cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation studies of structure and edge tension of lipid bilayer edges: effects of tail structure and force-field.

Molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayer ribbons have been performed to investigate the structures and line tensions associated with free bilayer edges. Simulations carried out for dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine with three different force-field parameter sets yielded edge line tensions of 45 ± 2 pN, over 50% greater than the most recently reported experimentally determined value for this lipid. Edge tensions obtained from simulations of a series of phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayer ribbons with saturated acyl tails of length 12–16 carbons and with monounsaturated acyl tails of length 14–18 carbons could be correlated with the excess area associated with forming the edge, through a two-parameter fit. Saturated-tail lipids underwent local thickening near the edge, producing denser packing that correlated with lower line tensions, while unsaturated-tail lipids showed little or no local thickening. In a dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine ribbon initiated in a tilted gel-phase structure, lipid headgroups ten...
Severe Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis in a Crohn's Disease Patient Treated With Infliximab and Adalimumab.

Severe Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis in a Crohn’s Disease Patient Treated With Infliximab and Adalimumab
Epidemic trend analysis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Yichang City( 2005-2014)

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics and trend of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Yichang from2005 to 2014,so as to provide a basis for interventional strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis and chi-squared testing were applied. Results The epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis showed fluctuation between areas with the incidence in suburban areas being higher than that of urban areas( χ2= 498. 81,P = 0. 00 0. 05). The disease showed seasonal incidence with the highest incidences in August and September,constituting 73. 40% of annual cases. The proportion of men to women was 1. 56: 1,with incidence in men higher than in women( χ2= 199. 99,P = 0. 00 0. 05). Age groups of 10 to 14 and 15 to 19 had the higher incidence. Students,peasants and workers had the higher incidence in comparison to other populations. Conclusion The incidence of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis showed fluctuation between areas,making it the priority of preventative measures.
New DSP-based firing generator for the PPPL AC/DC converters

The control systems of the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX) are undergoing a significant upgrade. The new digital firing generator (FG) is a key component. The new FG is designed and implemented using two Texas Instrument (TI) digital signal processors (DSP) which accept the firing angle, convert and bypass command from the real time computer using the Front Panel Data Port (FPDP) protocol. It generates the six firing pulses to the thyristor power supplies for the NSTX magnet coils that operate with a variable frequency AC source. This paper provides a detailed description of the FG system, the optical communication link, the phase lock loop circuit and the DSP hardware and software. Some test results using the new FG for the power supply are also included.
Oxygen Point Defect Chemistry in Ruddlesden–Popper Oxides (La1–xSrx)2MO4±δ (M = Co, Ni, Cu)

Stability of oxygen point defects in Ruddlesden–Popper oxides (La1–xSrx)2MO4±δ (M = Co, Ni, Cu) is studied with density functional theory calculations to determine their stable sites, charge states, and energetics as functions of Sr content (x), transition metal (M), and defect concentration (δ). We demonstrate that the dominant O point defects can change between oxide interstitials, peroxide interstitials, and vacancies. In general, increasing x and atomic number of M stabilizes peroxide over oxide interstitials as well as vacancies over both peroxide and oxide interstitials; increasing δ destabilizes both oxide interstitials and vacancies but barely affects peroxide interstitials. We also demonstrate that the O 2p-band center is a powerful descriptor for these materials and correlates linearly with the formation energy of all defects. The trends of formation energy versus x, M, and δ and the correlation with O 2p-band center are explained in terms of oxidation chemistry and electronic structure.
Opportunity for compute partitioning in pursuit of energy-efficient systems

Performance of computing systems, from handhelds to supercomputers, is increasingly constrained by the energy consumed. A significant and increasing fraction of the energy is consumed in the movement of data. In a compute node, caches have been very effective in reducing data movement by exploiting the available data locality in programs. Program regions with poor data locality, then effect most of the data movement, and consequently consume an ever larger fraction of energy. In this paper we explore the energy efficiency opportunity of minimizing the data movement in precisely such program regions, by first imagining the possibility of compute near memory, and then partitioning the program’s execution between a compute core and the compute near memory (CnM). Due to the emergence of 3D stacked memory, a CnM implementation appears more realistic. Our focus is on evaluating the partitioning opportunity in applications and to do a limit study of systems enabled with CnM capabilities to understand and guide their architectural embodiment. We describe an automated method of analyzing the data access pattern of optimized workload binaries, via a binary-instrumentation tool called SnapCnM, to identify the beneficial program regions (loops) for CnM execution.We also perform a limit study to evaluate the impact of such partitioning over a range of parameters affecting CnM design choices. Our results show that compute partitioning a small (
Genres of Faith: God-Talk as Tragedy, Prayer, and Story

Provides examples of God-talk encountered during pastoral conversations and examines them under the categories of tragedy, prayer, and story. Explores each category in literary, biblical, and pastoral terms. Suggests how religious professionals can use the categories in their pastoral work.
Resonant vibrational excitation of H 2 CO by low-energy electron impact

We report the results of a theoretical study of resonant vibrational excitation of formaldehyde by low-energy electrons. The cross sections were calculated by using a one-dimensional complex-potential model. The electronic resonance energies and decay widths needed in this treatment were extracted from fully ab initio scattering calculations carried out using the complex Kohn variational method at a number of different values of the C-O bond distance. The substructure observed in the calculated cross sections is in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental data.
The empirical likelihood approach to simulation input uncertainty

We study the empirical likelihood method in constructing statistically accurate confidence bounds for stochastic simulation under nonparametric input uncertainty. The approach is based on positing a pair of distributionally robust optimization, with a suitably averaged divergence constraint over the uncertain input distributions, and calibrated with a χ2-quantile to provide asymptotic coverage guarantees. We present the theory giving rise to the constraint and the calibration. We also analyze the performance of our stochastic optimization algorithm. We numerically compare our approach with existing standard methods such as the bootstrap.
Examining the Effects of Neurotrophin 3 and Nerve Growth Factor on the Interaction of Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase A and C

Tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks) are known to initiate signaling cascades in response to their ligands, the neurotrophins. Trks are involved in multiple important key events responsible for the development of the mammalian nervous system. They are known to control synaptic strength, plasticity, neuronal survival, proliferation, migration, axonal growth/guidance and patterning, injury protection, and neuronal apoptosis. Trks belong to the second largest class of membrane proteins, known as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). There are three known members of the Trk family: Tropomyosin receptor kinase A, B and C. The signaling mechanism of Trks in response to neurotrophins is complex and the exact mechanism of their activation is still under study. We study the mechanism of activation of the Trk receptors in the presence and absence of different neurotrophins, and the effects of different neurotrophins on the dimerization energetics of each Trk receptor, using quantitative Forster Resonance Energy Transfer and Western Blotting techniques.
The Child Dying in the Hospital

In To Live Until We Say Good-Bye, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross tells the story of Linda and her daughter Jamie, age 5. Jamie is dying of a brain tumor. Linda, a single parent, decides to have Jamie die at home. Kubler-Ross relates how Linda telephoned her and “proudly announced ‘We did it!’ ‘We did it’ referred, naturally, to her own courage and her own pride that she had decided to take Jamie home.”1 The narrative continues with Kubler-Ross and Linda describing the many positive aspects of the decision. Linda identifies the unique opportunity: “to do all that was left to be done for her [Jamie]—to make her comfortable, to provide her with familiar things, and most important to surround her with the love of her family and friends.”2
Age and Growth of Elasmobranchs and Applications to Fisheries Management and Conservation in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

In addition to being an academic endeavour, the practical purpose of conducting age and growth studies on fishes is to provide biological data to stock assessment scientists and fisheries managers so they may better understand population demographics and manage exploitation rates. Age and size data are used to build growth models, which are a critical component of stock assessments. Though age determination of elasmobranchs in the northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP) began in the 1930s, the field has evolved substantially in recent years, allowing scientists to incorporate age data into assessments for more species than ever before. Owing to the highly diverse biology of this group of fishes, each species has its own set of challenges with regard to age determination. Age determination methods typically rely on semicalcified hard structures that form regular growth patterns; however, the structure selected and preparation method used is often species specific. New staining techniques have improved the ability to assess age and improve ageing precision for some species, and advances in microchemical methods have allowed for independent means of estimating age and validating age determination accuracy. Here we describe current age determination methods for NEP elasmobranchs. While the library of available techniques is increasing, there are still some NEP species for which reliable ageing methods have yet to be defined; we discuss these challenges and potential avenues of future research. Finally, we conclude by describing how age estimates are used in growth models and subsequently in stock assessments of selected NEP elasmobranchs.
Recommended amounts of nutrients do not abate the toxic effects of an alcohol dose that sustains significant blood levels of ethanol.

Les auteurs repondent a un article recemment paru qui affirmait que les effets de l'alcool pouvaient etre prevenus par des ajustements du regime alimentaire. Ils affirment que le regime Lieber-De Carli reste un bon modele pour etudier les degenerescences du foie dues a l'alcool et affirment que les quantites de nutriments recommandees par le NRC ne diminuent pas les effets toxiques d'une dose d'alcool administree a des rats
Analysis of Organophosphorus and Organic Iodine Pesticide Residues by Microwave Powered Emission Spectrometry

Several selective detectors for use in gas chromatographic analysis of organophosphorus insecticides have been developed. The microcoulometric detector [5] and the sodium thermionic detector [6] are well known and are being routinely used for residue analysis. More recently the flame emission [3], the stacked flame detector [7], and the phosphine reduction detector [4] have become commercially available for these compounds.
Faster-than-light propagations and their applications

Recent experiments have confirmed our predictions that the group velocity of light pulses propagating in transparent optical media can exceed c. In electronics, the causality principle does not forbid negative group delays of analytic signals in electronic circuits, in which the peak of an output pulse leaves the exit port of a circuit before the peak of the input pulse enters the input port. In condensed matter physics, negative transmission times of atoms are possible through superfluid helium slabs and through atomic BECs. Relativity is not violated by these phenomena.
Developmental genetics of the external genitalia.

The incidence of congenital malformation of the urogenital system is second only to that of the cardiovascular system, yet comparatively little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate urogenital organogenesis. In this chapter, I review recent advances in the developmental biology of the external genitalia, and discuss the implications of this work for our understanding of hypospadias. The majority of research into external genital development and hypospadias has focused on the endocrine system, particularly on the role of androgens (see accompanying chapters in this volume). A relatively unexplored area of genital morphogenesis is the early, genetically controlled process of pattern formation, when genital tubercle outgrowth and three-dimensional patterning occurs (Figure 1). These processes occur in the absence of endocrine signals, and identification of the molecular mechanisms of early genital development is crucial to our understanding of congenital anomalies.
Introduction: Rights-Based versus Conventional Needs-Based Approaches to Clinical Practice

This chapter defines torture and identifies some of the recent definitional controversies and key contextual factors. The prime targets of torture, prevalence estimates, and common sequelae are discussed and the problem of US exceptionalism is explored. Torture is framed as a human rights violation and relevant international human rights mechanisms and tools are identified. Core principles of a rights-based approach (RBA) to clinical and forensic social work practice with survivors of state-sponsored torture within a US context are described and promoted in this chapter. Discussion of the US’ use of torture is included, while drawing predominantly on cases of asylum seeking survivors in the USA who were tortured prior coming to the USA. Key roles for clinical social workers related to the implementation of the United Nations’ Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) are explored. The chapter concludes with discussion of the importance of combating impunity and suggested class activities and resources.
Uninterpretable interactions: epistasis as uncertainty

Epistasis is a common feature of genotype-phenotype maps. Understanding the patterns of epistasis is critical for predicting unmeasured phenotypes, explaining evolutionary trajectories, and for inferring the biological mechanisms that determine a map. One common approach is to use a linear model to decompose epistasis into specific pairwise and high-order interactions between mutations. Such interactions are then used to identify important biology or to explain how the genotype-phenotype map shapes evolution. Here we show that the coefficients extracted from such analyses are likely uninterpretable. They cannot be extracted reliably from experimental genotype-phenotype maps due to regression bias. Further, we can generate epistatic “interactions” indistinguishable from those in experimental maps using a completely random process. From this, we conclude that epistasis should be treated as a random, but quantifiable, variation in these maps. This perspective allows us to build predictive models with known error from a small number of measured phenotypes. It also suggests that we need mechanistic, nonlinear models to account for epistasis and decompose genotype-phenotype maps.
The relationship between latitude, migration and the evolution of bird song complexity

For the past several decades it has been proposed that birds show latitudinal variation in song complexity. How universal this variation may be and what factors generate it, however, are still largely unknown. Furthermore, while migration is confounded with latitude, migratory behaviour alone may also be associated with variation in song complexity. In this paper we review the literature to assess current ideas on how latitude and migratory behaviour may drive large‐scale geographical patterns of song complexity. At least seven distinct hypotheses have been proposed in 29 studies of the topic. Four of these hypotheses posit that sexual selection pressures co‐vary with latitude and/or migration, resulting in concordant changes in song. Other hypotheses suggest that mechanisms other than sexual selection, such as large‐scale changes in environmental sound transmission properties, may be at play. Sixteen studies found support for increased song complexity with increased latitude and/or migration, whereas 13 did not. Relatively few studies exist on this topic, and methodological differences between them and variable definitions of ‘complexity’ make it difficult to determine whether results are comparable and concordant. At a minimum, it is possible to conclude there is no strong evidence that song complexity increases with latitude and/or migration in all birds. Future work should focus on examining multiple hypotheses at once to further advance our understanding of how latitude, migration and song complexity may or may not be related.
A Large-Scale Comparison of Main Concept Production Between Persons With Aphasia and Persons Without Brain Injury

Purpose The purposes of this study are to provide clinicians and researchers with introductory psychometric data for the main concept analysis (MCA), a measure of discourse informativeness, and specifically, to provide descriptive and comparative statistical information about the performance of a large sample of persons not brain injured (PNBIs) and persons with aphasia (PWAs) on AphasiaBank discourse tasks. Method Transcripts of 5 semi-spontaneous discourse tasks were retrieved from the AphasiaBank database and scored according to detailed checklists and scoring procedures. Transcripts from 145 PNBIs and 238 PWAs were scored; descriptive statistics, median tests, and effect sizes are reported. Results PWAs demonstrated overall lower informativeness scores and more frequent production of statements that were inaccurate and/or incomplete. Differences between PNBIs and PWAs were observed for all main concept measures and stories. Comparisons of PNBIs and aphasia subtypes revealed significant differences for all groups, although the pattern of differences and strength of effect sizes varied by group and discourse task. Conclusions These results may improve the investigative and clinical utility of the MCA by providing descriptive and comparative information for PNBIs and PWAs for standardized discourse tasks that can be reliably scored. The results indicate that the MCA is sensitive to differences in discourse as a result of aphasia. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7485647.
When is the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney procedure a test of location? Implications for effect‐size measures

The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney procedure is invariant under monotone transformations but its use as a test of location or shift is said not to be so. It tests location only under the shift model, the assumption of parallel cumulative distribution functions (cdfs). We show that infinitely many monotone transformations of the measured variable produce parallel cdfs, so long as the original cdfs intersect nowhere or everywhere. Thus there are infinitely many effect sizes measured as shifts of medians, invalidating the notion that there is one true shift parameter and thereby rendering any single estimate dubious. Measuring effect size using the probability of superiority alleviates this difficulty.
Dynamic Protonation Dramatically Affects the Membrane Permeability of Drug-like Molecules

Permeability (Pm) across biological membranes is of fundamental importance and a key factor in drug absorption, distribution, and development. Although the majority of drugs will be charged at some point during oral delivery, our understanding of membrane permeation by charged species is limited. The canonical model assumes that only neutral molecules partition into and passively permeate across membranes, but there is mounting evidence that these processes are also facile for certain charged species. However, it is unknown whether such ionizable permeants dynamically neutralize at the membrane surface or permeate in their charged form. To probe protonation-coupled permeation in atomic detail, we herein apply continuous constant-pH molecular dynamics along with free energy sampling to study the permeation of a weak base propranolol (PPL), and evaluate the impact of including dynamic protonation on Pm. The simulations reveal that PPL dynamically neutralizes at the lipid-tail interface, which dramatically influences the permeation free energy landscape and explains why the conventional model overestimates the assigned intrinsic permeability. We demonstrate how fixed-charge-state simulations can account for this effect, and propose a revised model that better describes pH-coupled partitioning and permeation. Our results demonstrate how dynamic changes in protonation state may play a critical role in the permeation of ionizable molecules, including pharmaceuticals and drug-like molecules, thus requiring a revision of the standard picture.
Young Adolescents’ Digital Technology Use and Mental Health Symptoms: Little Evidence of Longitudinal or Daily Linkages

This study examines whether adolescents' digital technology use is associated with mental health symptoms (N=388) during early to mid-adolescence. Adolescents completed an initial Time 1 (T1) assessment in 2015, followed by a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) via mobile phone in 2016-2017 which yielded 13,017 total observations over 5270 study days. Adolescents' T1 technology use did not predict later mental health symptoms. Adolescents' reported mental health was also not worse on days when they reported spending more versus less time on technology. Little was found to support daily quadratic associations (whereby adolescent mental health was worse on days with little or excessive use). Adolescents at higher risk for mental health problems also exhibited no signs of increased risk for mental health problems on higher technology use days. Findings from this EMA study do not support the narrative that young adolescents' digital technology usage is associated with elevated mental health symptoms.
Detection of reactive dyes from dyed fabrics after soil degradation via QuEChERS extraction and mass spectrometry

Landfill is becoming a common method to dispose of unwanted or used clothes. The dyes and finishes present on these garments can be a new source of pollution that can potentially leach into soil. A set of knitted cotton fabrics dyed with four common reactive dyes used in the textile industry, C.I. Reactive Orange 35 (RO35), C.I. Reactive Blue 49 (RB49), C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RBlk 5), and C.I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB19), were studied by the ASTM D5988-03 method to determine potential degradation products in landfills. A modified QuEChERS method was used to extract all reactive dyes and derivatives from soil samples in which knitted dyed cotton fabrics were degraded. All extracts were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) by using a Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer, where native dyes and their hydrolysis products were identified in soil samples from 45 and 90 day degradation experiments. Four potential degradation derivatives were found and molecular formulas were proposed based on exact mass measurements. These results suggested that traces of reactive dyes and their derivatives from degraded knitted cotton fabrics can be extracted and detected by using a modified QuEChERS method and HRMS.
Teaching Requirements Engineering for All: A Preliminary Report

In this paper we discuss a Software Engineering Without Programming course we taught in the Winter 2020 quarter at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. We designed this course to target students outside of computing majors, and taught it with the purpose of getting them familiarized with the software development process. To provide software development support, we taught this course in concert with a traditional Software Engineering I course for Software Engineering majors.In this paper we concentrate on reporting our experiences related specifically to the teaching early stages of software development: development of software product vision, and requirements gathering. We discuss the topics covered in the course, the activities students participated in and the artifacts they created. Additionally, we report the results of two surveys (one conducted before the course started, and one conducted during Week 8 of the course) detailing student attitudes towards software development and the course material.
Towards a transdimensional home: home-making in the narrations of Norwegians of Turkish descent

Building on current scholarship and empirical evidence from the research conducted by the author on Norwegian Turkish communities in the city of Drammen, Norway, this paper discusses the process of home-making by the descendants of Turkish immigrants in Norway, the so-called second- and third-generation. By doing so it develops a model of a transdimensional home that attempts to embrace the multiple and seemingly contradictory meanings and reflections of home involving eight dimensions identified in the narrations of the respondents: spatial, material, relational, home as routines and protection, home as origin, sensorial home, gendered relationships at home, and rejection from home. The model of a transdimensional home highlights people’s emotional and practical balancing acts between the ancestral country of origin and the place they live in. It aims at grasping the dynamics between these dimensions, approaching home as occurring at their intersection. It also underlines the processual character of the making of home in relation to the surrounding circumstances.
Ethics and AI Issues: Old Container with New Wine?

This paper reflects on what differentiates AI ethics issues from more general concerns raised by all IS applications. Examination of the PAPA framework advanced in 1986 by Richard Mason suggests that the categories of problems remains much as they have over the decades, with the exception of a new set of societal issues. Within these categories, however, the increase in capabilities of computing generally and AI in particular, shift some affordances from only possible to realized and the ethical issues attached to these affordances come to the fore. AI, however, is a catalyst for deeper philosophical considerations about the nature of mind, thought, agency, and responsibility.
(Re)Counting Meaningful Learning Experiences: Using Student-Created Reflective Videos to Make Invisible Learning Visible During PjBL Experiences

This ethnographic case study investigated how the process of learning during a yearlong after-school, project-based learning (PjBL) experience could be documented by student-created reflective videos. Guided by social constructivism, constant comparative analysis was used to explore the meaningful learning that took place in addition to the planned curricula, resulting in an exploration of the intersections of life lessons that include (a) “making learning more real,” (b) being “on a mission to change the world,” and (c) “you can’t control anybody but yourself.” Findings from the study indicate that student-created reflective videos can document meaningful learning that is capable of “counting” both as a creative form of self-expression and an alternative form of measuring the learning process throughout PjBL.
Stick-Slip Vibration of Drill Strings

The stick-slip vibration is introduced as a new mechanism to explain the large amplitude torsional oscillation of the drill strings in oil and gas well drillings. A record of field data is identified and simulated according to the new mechanism. The analytical results derived from the numerical simulation agree with the field data with 95.6 percent accuracy. The physical phenomenon of the stick-slip vibration of drill string is explained by initiating a phase trace in the phase plane. The beating phenomenon in drilling is interpreted in terms of stick-slip vibration. The effects of viscous damping, rotary speed and natural frequency on the stick-slip vibration are discussed
Towards Memory Oriented Scalable Computer Architecture and High Efficiency Petaflops Computing

The separation of processor logic and main memory is an artifact of the disparities of the original technologies from which each was fabricated more than fifty years ago as captured by the ”von Neumann architecture”. Appropriately, this separation is designated as ”the von Neumann bottleneck”. In recent years, the underlying technology constraint for the isolation of main memory from processing logic has been eliminated with the implementation of semiconductor fabrication foundries that permit the merger of both DRAM bit cells and CMOS logic on the same silicon dies. New classes of computer architecture are enabled by this opportunity including: 1) system on a chip where a conventional processor core with its layers of cache are connected to a block of DRAM on the same chip, 2) SMP on a chip where multiple conventional processor cores are combined on the same chip through a coherent cache structure, usually sharing the L3 cache implemented in DRAM, and 3) processor in memory where custom processing logic is positioned directly at the memory row buffer in a tightly integrated structure to exploit the short access latency and wide row of bits (typically 2K) for high memory bandwidth. This last, PIM, can take on remarkable physical structures and logical constructs and is the focus of the NASA Gilgamesh project to define and prototype a new class of PIM-based computer architecture that will enable a new scalable model of execution. The MIND processor architecture is the core of the Gilgamesh system that incorporates a distributed shared memory management scheme including in-memory virtual to physical address translation, a lightweight parcels message-driven mechanism for invoking remote transaction processing, multithreaded single cycle instruction issue for local resource management, graceful degradation for fault tolerance, and pinned threads for real time response. The MIND architecture for Gilgamesh is being developed in support of ”sea of PIMs” systems for both ground based Petaflops scale computers and scalable space borne computing for long term autonomous missions. One of its specific applications is in the domain of symbolic computing for knowledge management, learning, reasoning, and planning in a goal directed programming environment. This presentation will describe the MIND architecture being developed through the Gilgamesh project and its relation to the Cray Cascade Petaflops computer being developed for 2010 deployment under DARPA sponsorship.
Mature woman seeks to study computer science

This panel will discuss the challenges faced by adult women students in college-level Computer Science programs. The panelists include three women who have survived such programs and will talk about their experiences first-hand. These women have recently earned degrees in Computer Science and are now employed either in academia or industry.
Mode of binding of folate analogs to thymidylate synthase. Evidence for two asymmetric but interactive substrate binding sites.

Human thymidylate synthase is a polymeric protein composed of two subunits with identical primary structures. In this study we determined the binding affinities of 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroyltetraglutamate (folate substrate) and a group of close structural folate analog inhibitors. Thymidylate synthase bound both mono and polyglutamylated folate substrates and analogs more tightly in the presence of deoxyuridylate. These results and product inhibition studies confirmed that the orders of substrate addition and product release from thymidylate synthase were similar for mono and polyglutamylated substrates. Equilibrium dialysis studies showed that the folate substrate in a ternary complex with deoxyuridylate bound to one of the subunits (site A) with a Kd of 720 nM. The binding of the substrate to the second subunit (site B) was much weaker, and the Kd could not be determined by this method. However, dissociation constants for each subunit could be measured for the folate analog inhibitors, and, depending on the inhibitor, the relative Kd value for each subunit varied substantially. For example, formyl-5,8-dideazafolate and tetraglutamylated 10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate bound to both sites with similar Kd values, whereas D1694Glu4 bound to subunit A with a higher affinity (Kd = 1.0 nM) than to subunit B (Kd = 30 nM). In contrast, 1843U89 (mono or diglutamylated form) had a much higher affinity for subunit B (Kd approximately 0.1 nM) compared with subunit A (Kd approximately 400 nM). Enzyme inhibition kinetic analyses showed that the Ki values of 1843U89 were quite low (0.1 nM) and that the inhibition was noncompetitive. In contrast, the other folate analogs inhibited the enzyme via mixed inhibition (i.e. both the Km for the folate substrate and the Vmax were altered). We conclude that the two subunits of thymidylate synthase bind folate substrates and analogs differently and that the asymmetric binding of the ligands is the major factor that determines the inhibition kinetics of each folate analog inhibitor.
High-frequency P- and S-wave Attenuation in the Earth

Investigations of the spectral characteristics of teleseismic body waves revealed that the spectral falloff rate between 1 Hz and 10 Hz is primarily controlled by anelastic attenuation along the path. In addition, the amount of high-frequency energy in teleseismic body waves is far above the level expected on the basis of Q estimates at low frequencies, thus leading to the idea of frequency dependence in Q. Q variations in the earth’s mantle can be investigated by mapping out the variations of high frequency (4–10 Hz) energy relative to the low frequency (1–3 Hz) energy in teleseismic P waves, and similar ratios at lower frequencies in teleseismic S waves. Because of the extreme sensitivity of spectral content of short-period body waves to Q variations, large uncertainties in other factors affecting spectral content can be tolerated in such studies. With the increasing number and density of broadband seismic stations recording at high sampling rates, tomographic studies of Q at high frequencies become possible.
Tales of two women

For many years, critics have railed against surrogate motherhood as oppressive to women; as representing the fragmentation and control of the (female) body by (male) technocrat physicians; or representing the exploitation of the rich by the poor in a medicalised version of alienated labour. Many of these theoretical critiques suppose that women subjecting themselves ‘voluntarily’ to surrogacy must be blinded by financial need or interpellated into the hegemonic ideology of their oppressors. Meanwhile, popular accounts of surrogacy tend to sensationalise rare cases of postpartum child custody disputes. These accounts typically rely on traditional constructions of motherhood, which assume that a woman who relinquishes a child she carried to term must be emotionally aberrant. Elly Teman’s ethnographic study of the experience of gestational surrogacy among Jewish–Israeli women in Israel provides a refreshing alternative view. Teman begins with the experience of gestational surrogates, who seek to define and manage boundaries between their own personal natures, the ‘artificial’ womb to which they are host, and the intended couple’s ‘nature’ which grows in the womb. To do so, surrogates create symbolic lines of demarcation between parts of their bodies (the womb, heart, brain, hormones, blood, egg, etc.), instinctively using this ‘body map’ to maintain emotional distance from the foetus and reaffirm the intended mother’s claim to it; to preserve self-identity and control; and to maintain a distinction between their own children (whom they love and would never give up) and the one cared for in the womb. Notably, Teman found that surrogates use IVF implantation, hormonal treatments, and ultrasound scanning of the foetus to facilitate the maintenance of the body map. They likewise embrace technological metaphors (e.g., ‘incubator’, ‘oven’) to demarcate the womb. Thus, the bodyfragmenting, depersonalising qualities for which these technologies have been
Correction for Kondas et al., Variola Virus-Specific Diagnostic Assays: Characterization, Sensitivity, and Specificity

Volume 53, no. 4, p. [1406–1410][1], 2015. Page 1410: The following should be inserted at the end of the sole paragraph in the Acknowledgment section. “The information presented in this article and its supplemental material reflects years of effort coordinated within the CDC with U.S.
The Hormonal Control of Lactose Synthetase in the Developing Mouse Mammary Gland

The levels of the A and B proteins of lactose synthetase were measured in organ cultures of mouse mammary glands treated with different hormone combinations. Both the A and B proteins were stimulated specifically by insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin. Prolactin, however, induced the synthesis of each protein when the organ cultures were pretreated with insulin and hydrocortisone. Under these conditions there was a 10-fold increase in the A protein activity and a 2-fold increase in B protein activity. Specific inhibitors of protein synthesis prevented the induction of both proteins by prolactin. When the levels of the proteins were measured in mammary glands from mice at different stages of pregnancy, it was found that the level of the A protein increased to a maximum towards the end of pregnancy. In contrast, the B protein remained at a low level during pregnancy, but rose dramatically on the initiation of lactation. The relative levels of the A and B proteins in glands from late pregnant mice are similar to those observed after prolactin stimulation of organ cultures pretreated with insulin and hydrocortisone. The asynchronous expression of the A and B proteins may represent a unique type of hormonal control of a biosynthetic pathway, and appears to reflect the specific functional requirements of the mammary gland during development and lactation.
A single base pair dominates over the novel identity of an Escherichia coli tyrosine tRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Escherichia coli su+3 tyrosine tRNA was shown recently to be a leucine-specific tRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This finding raises the possibility that some determinants for tRNA identity in E. coli may be different in S. cerevisiae. To investigate whether the fungal system is sensitive to the major determinant for alanine acceptance in E. coli, a single G3 . U70 base pair was introduced into the acceptor helix of the su+3 tyrosine tRNA. This substitution converts the identity of the E. coli suppressor in S. cerevisiae from leucine to alanine. Thus, as in E. coli, G3 . U70 is a strong determinant for alanine acceptance that can dominate over other features in a tRNA that might be recognized by alternative charging enzymes.
Synthesis of renewable jet and diesel fuels from 2-ethyl-1-hexene

An efficient method for the selective dimerization of the renewable feedstock, 2-ethyl-1-hexene, to a complex mixture of C16H32 hydrocarbons has been developed. To optimize the process, the activity of a variety of strongly acidic heterogeneous catalysts was investigated. Montmorillonite K-10 and sulfated zirconia readily isomerized 2-ethyl-1-hexene to a mixture of the cis- and trans isomers of 3-methyl-2-heptene and 3-methyl-3-heptene, but were inactive for the dimerization of 2-ethyl-1-hexene at temperatures up to 116 °C. In contrast, the cation exchange resins Amberlyst-15 and Nafion, readily dimerized 2-ethyl-1-hexene at elevated temperatures. For both sets of catalysts, the degree of hydration strongly affected the rate of isomerization/dimerization. After hydrogenation over PtO2 and fractional distillation, saturated dimer mixtures could be isolated in up to 90% yield. The dimers have a density of 0.78 g mL−1 and a freezing point <−60 °C, suggesting that they can be blended with renewable or conventional jet fuels, without adversely affecting the overall density and low temperature viscosity of the mixtures.
Design and tolerance analysis of an axial gradient-index singlet broadband laser collimator

A laser collimator is a narrow-field imaging system that is designed for near-diffraction-limited performance when operating at a single wavelength. Although a traditional design might consist of a homogeneous doublet, the design of an axial gradient-index (GRIN) singlet for such an application is described. The analysis begins with third-order aberration thin lens optical design principles in order to examine the effects of spherochromatism from the GRIN. The final design is optimized in CODE V® using GRIN aluminum oxynitride (ALON®), which allows for diffraction-limited operation from the visible through 5 μm. A tolerance analysis is performed on the slope, nonlinearity, and tilt of the GRIN profile in order to assess sensitivity to fabrication errors.
Long-Term Correction of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency by WPRE-Mediated Overexpression Using a Helper-Dependent Adenovirus

The urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are important models for developing gene replacement therapy for liver diseases. Long-term correction of the most common UCD, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, has yet to be achieved in clinical or preclinical settings. The single human clinical trial using early-generation adenovirus (Ad) failed to show any biochemical correction. In adult OTC-deficient mice, an E1/E2-deleted Ad vector expressing the mouse OTC gene, but not the human, was only transiently therapeutic. By using post-transcriptional overexpression in the context of the less immunogenic helper-dependent adenoviral vector, we achieved metabolic correction of adult OTC-deficient mice for >6 months. Demonstrating this result were normalized orotic aciduria, normal hepatic enzyme activity, and elevated OTC RNA and protein levels in the absence of chronic hepatotoxicity. Overexpressing the human protein may have overcome two potential mechanisms accounting for poor cross-species complementation: a kinetic block at the level of mitochondrial import or a dominant negative effect by the mutant polypeptide. These data represent an important approach for treating human inborn errors of hepatocyte metabolism like the UCDs that require high-level transduction and gene expression for clinical correction.
The impact of income and education on dietary habits in stone formers.

PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on dietary habits in stones formers (SF) as there is an obvious association between dietary habits and risks of urolithiasis. METHODS SF were selected to complete the Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) and an SES questionnaire. Meaningful dietary constituents were generated from DHQ raw data. SF were considered of lower SES if they had less than 12 years of education and lived below the poverty level. RESULTS Ninety-nine SF completed the DHQ and SES questionnaires. Thirty-seven SF had low education, whereas 62 high education levels. Significant mean dietary constituents by education level (lower vs higher) were calcium (1058.4 vs 705.0 mg/d), carbohydrate (394.9 vs 253.4 g/d), cholesterol (398.7 vs 253.4 mg/d), dietary fiber (24.6 vs 17.9 g/d), food energy (3307.9 vs 2051.5 kcal/d), phosphorus (1903.9 vs 1220.1 mg/d), potassium (4195.6 vs 2861.5 mg/d), and sodium (5136.8 vs 3050.5 mg/d) (P <.05). Thirty-four SF were below the poverty level and 60 above it. Significant mean dietary constituents by annual income (below vs above poverty level) were carbohydrate (397.6 vs 259.3 g/d), dietary fiber (26.1 vs 17.8 g/d), magnesium (481.8 vs 316.7 mg/d), and potassium (4141.9 vs 3031.6 mg/d), (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS SES impacts dietary habits and this may strongly influence stone formation and recurrence. Therefore, dietary counseling and modification as prevention for further stone formation should be more emphasized in SF of lower SES.
Glutathione S-transferase in the formation of cyanide from organic thiocyanates and as an organic nitrate reductase

Abstract Evidence is presented that glutathione S-transferases, a group of enzymes active in the formation of thioethers from glutathione and a large number of compounds with an electrophilic carbon atom, can also catalyze the formation of nitrous acid and oxidized glutathione from organic nitrate esters such as nitroglycerin. In addition, organic thiocyanates are cleaved by these enzymes to form cyanide and the respective asymmetric disulfide of glutathione.
Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of neonatal jaundice

In the neonate, hyperbilirubinaemia is usually due to a combination of an increased bilirubin load and decreased bilirubin elimination. Despite an understanding of the enzymatic pathways leading to bilirubin production and elimination, very few pharmacological interventions to prevent hyperbilirubinaemia are utilized and the mainstay of treatment remains phototherapy. Previously studied pharmacological agents such as D-penicillamine, phenobarbital and clofibrate may yet prove useful. Recent clinical trials using metalloporphyrins to inhibit heme catabolism and bilirubin production provides a novel pharmacological intervention for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. The safety and efficacy of these therapies will need to be confirmed prior to widespread use.
Gender and Utopian Visions in a Post-Utopian Era: Americanism, Human Rights, Market Fundamentalism

Utopian visions that produced distinctly dystopic projects are rightly associated with the catastrophically violent and repressive first half of twentieth-century European history— “the age of extremes” in Eric Hobsbawm's apt phrase. National Socialism, fascism, communism, and European colonialism represented totalizing, highly ideological visions of how politics and economics, society and culture should be dramatically reorganized. Each of these projects deployed gendered rhetorics and representations; each was explicitly preoccupied with redefining masculinity and femininity, marriage and family, domesticity and sexuality. Each sought to subordinate individuals to an overarching social project, integrating some, excluding others, always elaborating complex hierarchies of gender, race, and culture.
Risk-taking in new project selection: Additive effects of bonus incentives and past performance history

Abstract The goal of this study is to investigate how past project performance history and bonus incentive pay schemes affect managers' propensity to select more or less risky projects. Performance history is manipulated via past positive outcomes (i.e. beating a target profit rate) and negative outcomes (i.e. missing a target profit rate). Two types of bonus incentive pay schemes (hurdle bonus and graduated bonus) were employed in the study. The findings are consistent with prospect theory that predicts that prior bad outcomes (negative performance history) motivate greater risk-taking than prior good outcomes (positive performance history). In addition, we find evidence that hurdle and graduated bonus incentive schemes also affect risk taking. Overall, we find an additive effect of these two factors, such that the greatest (least) risk taking occurred when participants had negative (positive) prior experience coupled with a graduated (hurdle) bonus scheme.