cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ENERGY BALANCE CLIMATOLOGY OF A CITY‐MAN SYSTEM

The urban energy balance climatology of the city and man in the Los Angeles basin was examined during a cloudy day (“Catalina eddy”) in September, 1968, from about sunrise to sunset, by measuring or estimating solar radiation, net radiation, ground heat flux, actual surface temperature, terrain radiant temperature, radiant sky temperature, and dry and wet-bulb temperature for the physical urban interface. An analogous theoretical model attempted to define the input of energy to the human interface via the solar heat load, and the disposal of human net radiation was shown via the channels of latent, sensible, and body heat flux. In spite of an apparent uniform cloud cover, the energy parameters had considerable areal variation in intensity and trend. During the daylight hours seventy percent of the solar radiation was absorbed. An additional thirty-two percent was removed by longwave radiation. Of the net radiation received on the dry surface (forty-seven percent of solar radiation), about eighty percent was disposed via sensible heat flux, and the remainder entered the pavement as storage. Air temperatures taken at shelter height were out of phase with the ongoing energy regime and were deemed of dubious value in urban climatic studies. Urban man received only thirty-seven percent and seventy percent of the values available at the horizontal pavement for solar radiation and net radiation, respectively. A series of empirical and theoretical models show high correlations with the observations. It appeared that solar radiation and net radiation (physical and human) could have been estimated via the solar constant and appropriate transmissivities.
The "Kirby Connector".

The Toronto H3 continuous passive motion (CPM) unit (Toronto Medical Corp., Pickering, Ontario, Canada) is one of the newest CPM units on the market. It is designed to effectively move interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints through full flexion and extension in both intrinsic-plus and intrinsicminus positions. There is one problem with this device-its attachment to the digits! The unit comes with a variety of plastic finger attachments (Fig. 6) that are secured to the fingers by way of an adhesive strip. As the unit is taking the digits through the range of motion, the strip tends to slide, stretch out, and come loose, causing incomplete range of motion. This also occurs if the fingers give moderate resistance to the movement the unit is trying to perform. . The H3 CPM unit is used frequently at the Temple Hand Center. To increase both patient compliance and the effectiveness of the unit, one of the finger attachments has been adapted. The finger attachment shown in Figure 2 is used along with a 2.5
On high performance of updates within an efficient document retrieval system

Abstract This paper introduces fast, dynamic update algorithms for document retrieval systems. The M-B-T file directory structure, which provides an efficient access path for document retrieval, is utilized for the efficient updates. This directory structure was shown to be compatible with current automatic retrieval and query processing techniques, and to have the capability of including weights that are assigned to index terms and other secondary attribute values with no additional cost. Updates are achieved with a high degree of efficiency. It is shown that this structure achieves a better overall performance than inverted files, standard B-trees, and other directory structures.
RADIOSENSITIVITY STUDIES WITH WOODY PLANTS. I. ACUTE GAMMA IRRADIATION SURVIVAL DATA FOR 28 SPECIES AND PREDICTIONS FOR 190 SPECIES.

Abstract Survival curves were determined for 12 species of woody angiosperms and 16 gymnosperms given 16-hr γ-irradiations during the early period of spring growth. The plants were scored approximately one year after irradiation and annually thereafter for up to 6 years. Since second-year scoring has been found to be a reasonable approximation of ultimate survival, second-year survival data have been used throughout. ld 10 s, ld 50 s and ld 90 s were determined from survival curves fitted by probit approximation; ld 100 s were actual values (first exposure which killed all plants). ld 50 s in the gymnosperm species ranged from 460 to 1203 R (average 826 ± 54 R) and in the angiosperms from 477 to 17,500 R (with 8 of the 12 species between about 3000 and 8000 R). The relationship previously found between interphase chromosome volume (ICV) and radiosensitivity for other end points was confirmed for the above end points (the larger the ICV, the greater the sensitivity). The regressions obtained by plotting ld 10 s, ld 50 s, ld 90 s, and ld 100 s against ICVs had similar slopes (average −0·73). Predicted radiosensitivities of species not irradiated can be obtained from these regressions if the ICV is known. Within a species, nuclei of actively growing woody plants average 1·65 times larger than those of dormant plants, and nuclei of terminal buds, 1·25 times those of lateral buds. These differences are reflected in the expected differences in radiosensitivities. ICVs were determined for 190 additional unirradiated species of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms, mainly for the purpose of predicting ld 50 s and other end points. A wide range of ICVs was found, with gymnosperms tending to have large ICVs, and most angiosperms relatively small ICVs with very little overlap between the two groups. The rank order of ICVs and predicted ld 50 s is given for 45 plant families (mostly based on a small number of species per family). About 50 per cent of the 120 gymnosperms studied have predicted ld 50 s of 1 kR or less. Only five species have ld 50 s above 2 kR and none of these is of major economic value. The predicted ld 50 s for 95 angiosperm species tend to be much higher, with over 80 per cent between 2 and 8 kR, only 11 species at 2 kR or less and only 4 above 8 kR. Since exposure times much shorter than the 16-hr periods used here (but common in mammalian radiation studies) would lower the plant ld 50 s appreciably, it appears that the radiosensitivity of a high percentage of acutely irradiated gymnosperm species would be in the same general range as that of mammals. These predictions can be used as a rough estimate of the exposures required to produce a specified amount of radiation-induced injury in the planning of future experiments or in rough predictions of the consequences of the γ-component of fallout radiation. The usefulness of such predictions and some of the factors limiting their accuracy are discussed.
A Critical Study of Agglomerated Multigrid Methods for Diffusion

Agglomerated multigrid techniques used in unstructured-grid methods are studied critically for a model problem representative of laminar diffusion in the incompressible limit. The studied target-grid discretizations and discretizations used on agglomerated grids are typical of current node-centered formulations. Agglomerated multigrid convergence rates are presented using a range of two- and three-dimensional randomly perturbed unstructured grids for simple geometries with isotropic and stretched grids. Two agglomeration techniques are used within an overall topology-preserving agglomeration framework. The results show that multigrid with an inconsistent coarse-grid scheme using only the edge terms (also referred to in the literature as a thin-layer formulation) provides considerable speedup over single-grid methods but its convergence deteriorates on finer grids. Multigrid with a Galerkin coarse-grid discretization using piecewise-constant prolongation and a heuristic correction factor is slower and also grid-dependent. In contrast, grid-independent convergence rates are demonstrated for multigrid with consistent coarse-grid discretizations. Convergence rates of multigrid cycles are verified with quantitative analysis methods in which parts of the two-grid cycle are replaced by their idealized counterparts.
Fatigue crack growth resistance in SiC particulate and whisker reinforced P/M 2124 aluminum matrix composites

Abstract Fatigue crack growth is examined in P/M 2124 aluminum alloys reinforced with SiC particles (SiCp) and whiskers (SiCw) over a wide spectrum of growth rates from 10−12 to 10−4 m per cycle. Effects of aging treatment, orientation of crack growth direction with respect to the rolling direction, mean stress (or stress ratio), and reinforcement volume percent on the fatigue crack growth threshold are investigated in terms of crack tip shielding mechanisms. Comparison to fatigue crack growth in the unreinforced alloy indicates that crack growth resistance in the composites is superior to the monolithic alloy at low stress intensity ranges, ΔK. Specifically, at the lower growth rates the superior crack growth resistance of the composites is due to the formation of tortuous crack paths and a consequently enhanced roughness induce crack closure. Fatigue response near threshold is found to be relatively insensitive to changes in aging treatment with observed variations reflecting the associated changes in plastic behavior. In whisker reinforced composites, the orientation of the crack with respect to the rolling direction had a significant effect on fatigue crack growth rate while in the particulate reinforced composites orientational effects were not significant. Increasing the volume fraction resulted in higher crack growth resistance at low growth rates in the particulate reinforced materials. At high stress ratios, resistance in both whisker and particulate reinforced composites was lowered, and the measured fatigue crack propagation threshold, ΔKth, was found to be independent of the reinforcement morphology and volume percent.
TH‐C‐304A‐02: A Probabilistic Neural Network Using the Haralick Transform to Segment Ribs in Chest Digital Radiographs

Purpose: Segmenting ribs in chest radiographs is the first step toward a system of automated diagnosis in digital radiography (DR) of the lung.Methods: We use a probabilistic neural network (PNN) and selected components of the Haralick transform as a feature vector to train our neural network in this segmentation task. A Haralick transform composed of statistical components is employed as a feature vector where the relevance of each component to the particular task is determined using a simple scatter plot analysis. A training set is generated by randomly selecting pixels around which a 16 by 16 pixel ROI is constructed. This is done for rib and non‐rib regions. The Haralick transform is applied to this window as a feature vector characterizing the window and hence the region. Once the components from the scatter plot analysis are selected, the Haralick transform is applied. The method is automated in that each pixel is interrogated and classified by the PNN. Results: The PNN performs well with 50 training vectors each from rib and non‐rib areas. There are typically 7 relevant Haralick components after scatter plot analysis. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method with images that show rib segmentation on two different patients using the same Haralick components and PNN. Conclusion: A probabilistic neural network and the Haralick transform have been shown to be effective methods for segmenting the ribs in digital radiographs of the lung. The next phase would consist of morphological operations to turn the extracted rib images into binary images, thereby allowing the ribs to be disregarded in computer assisted diagnosis of lung DRs.
Effects of sublethal glyphosate rates on fresh market tomato

Abstract Two field trials were conducted to determine the effect of low doses of glyphosate on tomato plant growth and marketable yield. The herbicide was applied to the foliage 1 day before transplanting. There was a rapid decline on tomato plant vigour and height as the herbicide dose reached 100 mg/L. Marketable yield was also affected by sublethal herbicide doses, with a 41% yield decrease with 25 mg/L of glyphosate. These results confirm that low glyphosate doses, which could be found in multi-purpose spraying equipment, might severely reduce tomato marketable yield.
Modeling Take-or-Pay Contract Decisions

Long-term purchase contracts for natural resources, such as natural gas, often contain take-or-pay provisions that penalize the buyer for not purchasing (taking) a minimum quantity of output over some period of time. In some contracts for a limited time interval, known as the make-up period, the penalty payments can be credited against future “takes” in excess of the take-or-pay level. Additionally, options to “buy down” or “buy out” existing contracts, or to initiate new contracts, may exist. The purchaser, faced with projected requirements over some planning horizon, must determine purchase levels from a selected set of take-or-pay contracts so as to minimize purchase, inventory holding, penalty costs, contract initiation, and buy-out or buy-down costs. This paper presents a mixed-integer programming model of take-or-pay decisions with and without make-up provisions.
Two-dimensional stochastic exponential growth models

We consider a two niche model of two populations interacting through migration and undergoing exponential growth. Random effects enter through demographic stochasticity or randomization of the growth rates. Conditions for the moments to converge to zero or infinity are found. In addition, the asymptotic behavior of the paths of the diffusion process is characterized.
Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of semidilute polystyrene-cyclohexane solutions

Abstract Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to study semidilute polystyrene-cyclohexane solutions at temperatures from below the coexistence curve to above the Θ point. Deviations from Θ point concentration scaling were observed as the coexistence line was approached. A new scaling form is suggested which combines the concentration scaling near the Θ point with the temperature scaling near a spinodal; it collapses the experimental data. This approach assumes that the “bare” correlation length ge 0 scales as c −1 . The observed low-angle “excess scattering” is best described by the Debye-Bueche random heterogeneity model, rather than the attractive potential model of Medjahdi and co-workers. The “excess scattering” is virtually independent of temperature, suggesting that the inhomogeneities which cause it are not affected by the approaching phase transformation.
The immediate-shock deficit and postshock analgesia: Implications for the relationship between the analgesic CR and UR

Rats received a 3-sec, 1-mA footshock either immediately or 3 min after placement in a chamber. Postshock pain sensitivity was assessed with the formalin test. The animals that received the 3-min delay between placement and shock showed an analgesic response compared with noshock controls. The immediate-shock animals did not. Thus the immediate-shock deficit, previously reported for freezing and defecation, also occurs for analgesia. This suggests that shock levels sufficient to condition analgesia are not necessarily sufficient to produce analgesia as an unconditional response. As with freezing, there is a dissociation between conditional and unconditional responses in the fear-conditioning system. Increasing immediate-shock levels to 6 sec, 2 mA produced a transient unconditional analgesia. For analgesia, a conditional response is more readily produced than an unconditional response.
Disruption of thrombospondin‐2 accelerates ischemic fracture healing

Thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) is a matricellular protein that is highly up-regulated during fracture healing. TSP2 negatively regulates vascularity, vascular reperfusion following ischemia, and cutaneous wound healing. As well, TSP2-null mice show increased endocortical bone formation due to an enhanced number of mesenchymal progenitor cells and show increased cortical thickness. Mice deficient in TSP2 (TSP2-null) show an alteration in fracture healing, that is unrelated to their cortical bone phenotype, which is characterized by enhanced vascularization with a shift towards an intramembranous healing phenotype; thus, we hypothesized that there would be enhanced ischemic fracture healing in the absence of TSP2. We investigated whether an absence of TSP2 would enhance ischemic fracture healing utilizing Laser doppler, µCT and histological analysis. Ischemic tibial fractures were created in wildtype (WT) and TSP2-null mice and harvested 10, 20, or 40 days post-fracture. TSP2-null mice show enhanced vascular perfusion following ischemic fracture. At day 10 post-fracture, TSP2-null mice have 115% greater bone volume than WT mice. This is associated with a 122% increase in vessel density, 20% increase in cell proliferation, and 15% decrease in apoptosis compared to WT. At day 20, TSP2-null mice have 34% more bone volume, 51% greater bone volume fraction, and 37% more bone tissue mineral density than WT. By 40 days after fracture the TSP2-null mice have a 24% increase in bone volume fraction, but other parameters show no significant differences. These findings indicate TSP2 is a negative regulator of ischemic fracture healing and that in the absence of TSP2 bone regeneration is enhanced. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 935–943, 2013
Observations on the structure of a polyacrylamide gel from electron micrographs

Abstract We compare the results of electron microscopy from replicas obtained by the freeze-etch technique applied to a polyacrylamide gel and a polyacrylamide solution at the same concentration. The gel differs from the polymer solution in its preparation only by the presence of N , N ′-methylene bisacrylamide which crosslinks the linear chains. The comparison is made on samples prepared in a 75% water-25% glycerol solution to minimize crystallite formation during the quenching step. The structure of the polymer solution appears to be much more homogeneous than that of the gel at the same magnification level. Analyses of the micrographs with the help of diffraction patterns indicate that the gel has a much broader distribution of ‘pore’ or ‘mesh’ sizes than the corresponding polymer solution. Some support for the suggestion of aggregation of crosslink molecules to form somewhat denser regions (heterogeneities) in the gel can be deduced from the micrographs obtained from gels prepared in pure water and in a water-glycerol mixture.
Semarkona: Lessons for chondrule and chondrite formation

Abstract We consider the evidence presented by the LL3.0 chondrite Semarkona, including its chondrule fraction, chondrule size distribution and matrix thermal history. We show that no more than a modest fraction of the ambient matrix material in the Solar Nebula could have been melted into chondrules; and that much of the unprocessed matrix material must have been filtered out at some stage of Semarkona’s parent body formation process. We conclude that agglomerations of many chondrules must have formed in the Solar Nebula, which implies that chondrules and matrix grains had quite different collisional sticking parameters. Further, we note that the absence of large melted objects in Semarkona means that chondrules must have exited the melting zone rapidly, before the chondrule agglomerations could form. The simplest explanation for this rapid exit is that chondrule melting occurred in surface layers of the disk. The newly formed, compact, chondrules then settled out of those layers on short time scales.
Polybenzimidazole composite membranes for high temperature synthesis gas separations

High temperature gas separation techniques are of great interest for reduction in green-house gas emissions from hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas, coal or biomass used in power and chemical industry. In this work, a robust industrially viable polybenzimidazole (PBI)/stainless steel composite membrane is developed and evaluated for syngas separations at elevated temperatures for H2 production. A single tube laboratory scale PBI membrane module is tested for H2/CO2 perm-selectivity in pure and simulated dry syngas environments at industrially relevant operating conditions. Additionally, the effects of pressure and temperature on membrane performance are evaluated. The PBI composite membrane demonstrated exceptional long term thermo-chemical stability in the syngas environment even in the presence of H2S and excellent separation performance for H2 over the other syngas components. The H2 permeance and H2/CO2 selectivity for the PBI composite membrane in simulated dry syngas was recorded at 7 GPU (approximately, 88 barrer) and 47, respectively. In comparison to the other H2-selective polymeric membranes, the PBI composite membrane's performance exceeded the 2008 Robeson upper bound for the H2/CO2 permeability versus selectivity.
A proposed natural geometry of recovery from akinesia in the lateral hypothalamic rat

Abstract The Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation is used to analyze and describe neurological recovery from the akinesia caused by severe bilateral lateral hypothalamic (LH) damage in rats. Exploratory movement recovers along several relatively independent dimensions which appear successively. First, lateral head scanning movements recover. At about the same time or later, longitudinal (backward-forward) head scans appear. After movements along these two dimensions increase in amplitude and involve the whole body, vertical (dorsal-ventral) head scans with snout contact (along vertical surfaces) typically appear, and increase gradually in amplitude. Later, vertical rearing without snout contact emerges. Recovery proceeds cephalocaudally, as more caudal limb and body segments are recruited along each of the above dimensions separately. LH rats show delayed recruitment of caudal limb and body segments (‘strait-jacket ohenomenon’). Support of the body and management of limb and body segments' contact with the ground also recover relatively independently, in a proximodistal fashion. In recovery, arrests between bouts of activity become shorter. Movement first becomes organized in relation to the animals' own body, and only much later, in relation to the environment. In each sequence of movement after pronounced immobility, the rat recapitulates the process of recovery; and, any time it starts to move, it repeats the movements at a particular amplitude several times until there is an increase to the next larger size movement (‘warm-up’ phenomenon). These regularities explain the apparently bizarre stereotypes behavior in partial enclosures (behavioral traps) seen in LH rats recovering from akinesia. They also explain some aspects of exploration in rats and normal social behavior of wild animals, particularly in situations involving fear and conflict.
Breeding system of Macromeria viridiflora (Boraginaceae) and geographic variation in pollinator assemblages

This study explores the association between variation in pollinator type and flower size in Macromeria viridiflora (Boraginaceae) by studying the breeding system of the plant and the pollinator effectiveness of floral visitors. Studies were conducted at two sites where plants differ in flower size and floral visitors. Breeding system studies showed that while plants are self-compatible and occasionally produce seed autogamously, pollinators are important for reproductive success in the plants. However, plants are not pollinator-limited at these sites. Combining visitation rate and pollen deposition as measures of pollinator effectiveness, I found hummingbirds to be the most effective pollinators at both sites. Although hawkmoths also pollinate the flowers, they visit the flowers less frequently and, at one of the two sites, deposit less pollen. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that geographic variation in corolla size is the result of selection by different hummingbird species.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Activation Modulates Cyclin D1 Transcription via β-Catenin-independent and cAMP-response Element-binding Protein-dependent Pathways in Mouse Hepatocytes

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) following exposure to PPARgamma-specific ligands resulted in growth inhibition in various carcinoma cell lines. Our aim was to elucidate the pathway of PPARgamma2 activation-mediated modulation of cyclin D1 transcription in mouse hepatocytes. To address this we utilized stable control and PPARgamma hepatocyte cell lines created via retroviral overexpression utilizing AML-12 hepatocytes. Addition of PPARgamma ligand troglitazone (TZD) activated PPARgamma2 in proliferating hepatocytes and resulted in growth arrest accompanied by a down-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1, and beta-catenin expression. Furthermore activation of PPARgamma2 attenuated cyclin D1 promoter activity indicating a transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1. Since beta-catenin plays a pivotal role in regulating cyclin D1 transcription, we studied whether PPARgamma2-mediated inhibition of cyclin D1 transcription involved beta-catenin. Interestingly overexpression of either wild-type or S37A mutant beta-catenin was unable to rescue PPARgamma2-mediated suppression of cyclin D1 transcription, whereas overexpression of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) was capable of antagonizing this inhibitory effect of PPARgamma2. Additionally pretreatment with okadaic acid antagonized PPARgamma2-mediated inhibition of cyclin D1 transcription without any effect on beta-catenin expression. These studies also showed a TZD-mediated inhibition of total and phospho-CREB(Ser133) levels, CREB promoter activity, and cAMP-response element-mediated transcription in PPARgamma hepatocytes. Pretreatment of PPARgamma hepatocytes with okadaic acid, however, maintained higher total and phospho-CREB(Ser133) levels in the presence of TZD. These results indicated that PPARgamma2 activation inhibited cyclin D1 transcription in hepatocytes via CREB-dependent and beta-catenin-independent pathways.
Exploring co-citation chains

The game “Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon” is played by naming an actor and then, by thinking of other actors in movies such that a chain of connections can be made, linking the named actor with Kevin Bacon. The number of different movies that are used to link the actor to Bacon indicate the degree with which the two are linked. For example, using John Travolta as the named actor, he appeared in the movie Look Who' s Talking with Kirstie Alley, who was in She' s Having a Baby with Kevin Bacon. So, John Travolta has a Bacon number or degree of two, as connected via Kirstie Alley. (For a more thorough discussion, see (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_Kevin_Bacon). The example is taken from (http://www.geocities.com/theeac/bacon.html)). Based on the above, perhaps another title for this paper could be the “Six Degrees of Sir Francis Bacon,” as it indicates the framework for this paper by relating it to the above technique but placing it in an academic domain through the use of a scholarly bibliographic database. Additionally, the bibliometric technique of author co-citation analysis (ACA) will be used to help by automating the process of finding the connections.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Family History and Breast Cancer Risk: The Utah Population Database

Objective. —The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of family history on the risk of developing breast cancer. Design. —A case-control study design was used. Setting. —To provide a comprehensive assessment of family history risk, we used the Utah Population Database, a linked database compiled of genealogy data of the descendants of Mormon pioneer families, cancer data from the Utah Cancer Registry, and mortality data from the Utah Department of Vital Statistics. Patients. —All women diagnosed with breast cancer who were in the genealogy database and the Utah Cancer Registry were included. Controls were women selected from the genealogy, who like cases had no record of previous cancer. They were matched to the cases by age and place of birth. Outcome. —Several definitions of family history were used. The total familial risk variable, developed to work effectively in the Utah Genealogy Database, accounts for all family members, their degree of relatedness to the case, and the amount of time they were observed for possible cancer diagnosis. Results. —A threefold increase in risk, estimated by the odds ratio (OR), of breast cancer among those with the highest family history score (6% of cases) was observed when compared with those with the lowest family history score. The OR for women with a first-degree relative with breast cancer was 2.45 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.84 to 3.06). If the nearest relative was a second-degree relative, the OR was 1.82 (95% Cl, 1.39 to 2.24); if the nearest relative was a third-degree relative, the OR was 1.35 (95% Cl, 1.07 to 1.64). A slightly greater risk was observed if the first-degree relative was a woman's mother (OR, 2.44; 95% Cl, 1.77 to 3.42) rather than a sister (OR, 2.01; 95% Cl, 1.66 to 2.43). Among subjects diagnosed before the age of 50 years, the disease experience of relatives prior to age 50 was most important, while for older subjects the experience of relatives of all ages was of roughly equal importance. Women who developed contralateral breast cancer within 3 years of initial diagnosis were nearly 10 times as likely as women without breast cancer to have a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Based on the risk estimates in this study, we have estimated that approximately 17% to 19% of breast cancer in the population could be attributed to family history. Women who had a first-degree relative with colon cancer had a 30% increased risk of breast cancer. Conclusions. —In this study population, women with a family history of breast cancer, even if the nearest relative with breast cancer is a third-degree relative, are at increased risk of the disease. ( JAMA . 1993;270:1563-1568)
NEW REDUCTION OF THE FADDEEV EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE PION AS A THREE-PARTICLE BOUND STATE

A new separation of the angular momentum in the Faddeev equations is given. This separation makes use of the relative angular momentum of two particles, which is combined with the angular momentum of the third particle in the over-all center-of-mass system. With the assumption that the two-body amplitudes factorize in the initial and final momenta, the Faddeev equations are reduced to a coupled set of integral equations in one variable. This set is furthermore simplified in the case of identical particles to only one integral equation. Thereby the statistics is correctly taken into account. The resulting equation is used to investigate possible bound states of three pions with total angular momentum zero, isospin one, and odd parity. The two-body amplitude which determines the kernel is approximated by the isospin-zero, $s$-wave effective-range formula of Chew and Mandelstam. Use is also made of relativistic kinematics. The pion is found as a bound state of three pions in this model. The outcome is, however, strongly dependent on a physical cutoff parameter in the two-body form factor. As a result a detailed investigation of the form factor is desirable.
Characterizing knowledge deficits in phonological disorders.

To aid the development of finer-grained measures of phonological competence within a representation-based approach to phonology, two aspects of nonsymbolic phonological knowledge (knowledge of the ...
Communication between older women and physicians: preliminary implications for satisfaction and intention to have mammography.

Abstract Objective To explore the associations between physician communication styles and their older patients’ intentions to get mammography and satisfaction with physician communication. Methods This cross-sectional mixed methods study was conducted in a teaching hospital outpatient clinic with faculty general internists ( n = 7) and their female patients aged 65 years and older ( n = 56). Audiotaped communication was coded by researchers using the multidimensional interactional analysis and assisted doctor–elderly patient transactions coding systems. Demographic data was collected prior to the visit. Data on intention to have mammography and satisfaction with communication were collected immediately post-visit. Results The majority of encounters had some degree of joint decision-making. Communication styles tended to be associated with women's intentions to have screening mammography. Patients who described communication as “deep”, “trusting” and “bonding” were more satisfied with communication than women who rated physician communication as less trusting ( p = 0.03, 0.02 and 0.02, respectively). Conclusion Physicians’ communication styles affect their older female patients’ satisfaction. In this preliminary study, older women who rated communication as being deep, trusting and bonding tended to have a greater intention to have mammography. Practice implications Improving physicians’ communication styles may increase satisfaction with physician communication and result in higher mammography adherence among older female patients.
Analysis of dilute aerosol flow and noise generation in an acoustic transducer

Abstract This combined experimental and computational study is an extension of prior efforts by the present authors to provide a physical explanation of the ability of a particle detection technique based on the acoustic signature of airborne particles. As a particle-laden flow accelerates through a converging–diverging tube consisting of a capillary (called the acoustic transducer), the suspended particles cannot follow the rapidly changing flow velocity. Consequently, vortices are generated in the wake of the particle, which excite the air column inside the transducer tube producing noise. Experimental results show how the frequency content of the acoustic signatures relates to the fundamental frequency of the transducer's air column. The acoustic transducer is able to detect micron-sized particles and the sound intensity is a function of flow rate but not of particle size. The ability of the transducer to determine particle concentration (as low as a few ppl) is also experimentally shown and compared to data obtained from a commercially available aerodynamic particle sizer. A computational model is developed which incorporates detailed treatment of air compressibility as well as the variability in Reynolds number and particle drag coefficient. Computational results help determine the location of the acoustic disturbance, which is at the entrance of the capillary section of the transducer where the flow speed is nearly sonic and the acceleration is the greatest throughout the flow.
A new approximation technique for div-curl systems

In this paper, we describe an approximation technique for div-curl systems based in (L(Ω)) where Ω is a domain in 3 . We formulate this problem as a general variational problem with different test and trial spaces. The analysis requires the verification of an appropriate inf-sup condition. This results is a very weak formulation where the solution space is (L(Ω)) and the data reside in various negative norm spaces. Subsequently, we consider finite element approximations based on this weak formulation. The main approach of this paper involves the development of ”stable pairs” of discrete test and trial spaces. With this approach, we enlarge the test space so that the discrete inf-sup condition holds and use a negative-norm least-squares formulation to reduce to a uniquely solvable linear system. This leads to optimal order estimates for problems with minimal regularity which is important since it is possible to construct magnetostatic field problems whose solutions have low Sobolev regularity (e.g., (H(Ω)) with 0 < s < 1/2). The resulting algebraic equations are symmetric, positive definite and well conditioned. A second approach using a smaller test space which adds terms to the form for stabilization will also be mentioned. Some numerical results are also presented.
siRNA Screening of a Targeted Library of DNA Repair Factors in HIV Infection Reveals a Role for Base Excision Repair in HIV Integration

Host DNA repair enzymes have long been assumed to play a role in HIV replication, and many different DNA repair factors have been associated with HIV. In order to identify DNA repair pathways required for HIV infection, we conducted a targeted siRNA screen using 232 siRNA pools for genes associated with DNA repair. Mapping the genes targeted by effective siRNA pools to well-defined DNA repair pathways revealed that many of the siRNAs targeting enzymes associated with the short patch base excision repair (BER) pathway reduced HIV infection. For six siRNA pools targeting BER enzymes, the negative effect of mRNA knockdown was rescued by expression of the corresponding cDNA, validating the importance of the gene in HIV replication. Additionally, mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking expression of specific BER enzymes had decreased transduction by HIV-based retroviral vectors. Examining the role BER enzymes play in HIV infection suggests a role for the BER pathway in HIV integration.
Structural transformation in China and India: A note on macroeconomic policies

Abstract This paper explores macroeconomic policies that can sustain structural change in China and India. A two-sector open-economy model with endogenous productivity growth, demand driven output and income distribution as an important determinant of economic activity is calibrated to a 2000 SAM for China and a 1999/2000 SAM for India. Short-run analysis concerns temporary equilibria for output, productivity and employment growth rates in the formal sector. In the long-run, the model allows for multiple equilibria which can describe cases of (a) underdevelopment and structural heterogeneity or (b) sustained growth and development. Several simulation exercises are conducted. Specifically, we consider how changes in investment, wages, labor productivity trend and a depreciation of currency affect the macroeconomy and job creation in the formal sector.
Cancer: hay in a haystack.

Although some diseases occur when both copies of a gene are mutated, mutation of just one copy of certain tumour-suppressor genes promotes tumorigenesis. Identifying such mutations is arduous, but worth the effort.
Using the Rural Two-Lane Highway Draft Prototype Chapter

The TRB Highway Safety Manual Task Force is providing direction and oversight in the preparation of a new document to be called the Highway Safety Manual (HSM). The complete version of the HSM is expected to be released to the public in 2007. A draft prototype chapter (DPC) for rural two-lane highways is available for review. A Texas Department of Transportation project explored the use of the DPC by applying the methodology to two case studies and exploring methods to develop calibration factors. The lessons learned from the effort can be used to improve the DPC along with other chapters in development. Additional guidance is needed on (a) how to identify segments, (b) acceptable minimum segment lengths, (c) how best to combine the predictions for intersections with those for tangents and curves, (d) the key variables within the procedures and appropriate assumptions when data for those variables are not available, (e) the confidence in the approach for individual roadway segments as opposed to a roadway...
First Politics, Then Culture: Accounting for Ethnic Differences in Demographic Behavior in Kenya

Ethnic differences in demographic behavior tend to be disguised behind analytically opaque labels like “district” or “region,” or else subjected to simplistic cultural explanations. Drawing on new political economy, sociological theory and the political science literature on sub-Saharan Africa, this article proposes an alternative explanatory model and tests it empirically with reference to Kenya. Access to political power and, through power, access to a state's resources—including resources devoted to clinics, schools, labor opportunities, and other determinants of demographic behavior—are advanced as the key factors underlying ethnic differences. District-level estimates of “political capital” are introduced and merged with two waves of Demographic and Health Survey data. The effects on models of contraceptive use are explored. Results confirm that measures of political capital explain residual ethnic differences in use, providing strong support for a political approach to the analysis of demographic behavior.
Mechanical behavior of face-centered cubic metals containing helium

Abstract Helium was introduced into several f.c.c. metals by tritium decay and the resulting mechanical behavior studied. Concentrations of 30 at. p.p.m. 3He were found not to affect ductility of 304L and 309S stainless steels. Smaller amounts of He did not affect copper, aluminum and 70 - 30 brass. Increased helium concentration or pre-strain had no effect on these results. Tests on the stainless steels at 975 K, however, showed marked ductility losses due to helium bubbles at grain boundaries, in agreement with previous work. Since these bubbles were present in the room temperature tests also, it is the change to an intergranular fracture mode at high temperature which is critical for the observation of ductility loss. Analysis of strengthening by helium bubbles indicated that “shearing” of bubbles by dislocations is the critical process.
Donald Church Balfour 1882–1963

Donald Balfour was born August 22, 1882, in Toronto, Canada, and obtained his undergraduate education at the Hamilton Collegiate Institute. He was graduated from the University of Toronto Medical School in 1906. During his internship at the Hamilton City Hospital, he became influenced by Ingersoll Olmstead, a distinguished surgeon, who recommended him to the Mayo brothers. In 1907, he became a junior surgeon and in 1912 head of a section of general surgery. In 1910 he married Carrie Mayo, daughter of William J. Mayo. While displaying an interest in numerous surgical fields (having written extensively on tonsillectomy, thyroid surgery, and biliary surgery), and having devised numerous instruments (abdominal retractor, operating table, operating room mirror), he gradually focused his research and writings to that of gastrointestinal surgery. One of his early papers was a method of performing a safer anastomosis in the rectum by means of a tubestent, the subject of this Classic article. Balfour received recognition from the Mayo Clinic, as well as from numerous national and international organizations. He became director of the Department of Surgery in 1937, and he held honorary fellowship in the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Edinburgh, and Australasia. He was one of the founders of the World Medical Organization and a charter member of the World Health Organization and of the Central Surgical Association. Balfour died July 25, 1963, in his 81st year.
The Generalizability of Substance Use Predictors Across Racial Groups

Few studies have examined the predictors of substance use for ethnic minority adolescents. The current longitudinal study investigated whether factors predictive of substance use for Caucasian adolescents were also predictive for African American adolescents. Results indicated which predictors of substance use actually differ across African American and Caucasian adolescents (i.e., sensation seeking, peer substance use, and peer pressure resistance) and how they are different when race is crossed with gender. The current findings highlight the need for additional research on the similarities and differences in predictors of substance use across race. Directions for further research are provided including some discussion about contextual and cultural variables researchers might explore.
Classification of clutter using the bispectrum

Three statistically independent time series associated with three forms of clutter, namely ground, weather and bird, and sea clutter are being classified based on their bicoherences. The key feature used for identifying clutter is the skewness of each clutter distribution. The performance of the proposed bispectral based classifier is compared with that of spectral based classifiers. Scenarios entailing different combinations of clutter are also being examined under the assumption that all clutter scattering features are corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise. >
Metabolic Imaging: A Link between Lactate Dehydrogenase A, Lactate, and Tumor Phenotype

Purpose: We compared the metabolic profiles and the association between LDH-A expression and lactate production in two isogenic murine breast cancer cell lines and tumors (67NR and 4T1). These cell lines were derived from a single mammary tumor and have different growth and metabolic phenotypes. Experimental Design: LDH-A expression, lactate concentration, glucose utilization, and oxygen consumption were measured in cells, and the potential relationship between tumor lactate levels [measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI)] and tumor glucose utilization [measured by [ 18 F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography ([ 18 F]FDG-PET)] was assessed in orthotopic breast tumors derived from these cell lines. Results: We show a substantial difference in LDH-A expression between 67NR and 4T1 cells under normoxia and hypoxia. We also show that small orthotopic 4T1 tumors generate 10-fold more lactate than corresponding 67NR tumors. The high lactate levels in small primary 4T1 tumors are associated with intense pimonidazole staining (a hypoxia indicator). Less-intense hypoxia staining was observed in the larger 67NR tumors and is consistent with the gradual increase and plateau of lactate concentration in enlarging 67NR tumors. Conclusions: Lactate-MRSI has a greater dynamic range than [ 18 F]FDG-PET and may be a more sensitive measure with which to evaluate the aggressive and metastatic potential of primary breast tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 17(19); 6250–61. ©2011 AACR .
Parental Influence on Children’s Cognitive and Affective Responses to Competitive Soccer Participation

This study examined the relationship between children’s perceptions of parental influence and their psychosocial responses to competitive soccer participation. Female (n = 114) and male (n = 113) athletes completed self-reports of soccer competence, enjoyment, intrinsic motivation, and parents’ influence on their participation. Mothers (n = 160) and fathers (n = 123) reported their own attitudes and behaviors toward their child’s participation. Regression analyses revealed that mothers and fathers who were perceived as positive exercise role models, who had more positive beliefs about their child’s competency, and who gave more frequent positive contingent responses to performance successes were associated with athletes who had higher perceived competence, enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation. Children who also perceived their fathers as being more involved in their soccer participation and exerting lower amounts of pressure to perform had more positive psychosocial responses. However, a nonsignificant rel...
Epidemiologic Evidence that Prior Antimicrobial Exposure Decreases Resistance to Infection by Antimicrobial-Sensitive Salmonella

Exposure to antimicrobials is known to increase the risk of infection with antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, but this effect has not been previously demonstrated with antimicrobial-sensitive strains. The effect of prior antimicrobial exposure was studied during a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis caused by an antimicrobial-sensitive strain of Salmonella havana: 19 (26%) of 72 persons infected had taken an antimicrobial within 30 days before onset of symptoms. Antimicrobial therapy was begun a mean of 15.9 days before and stopped a mean of 7.9 days before onset. In a case-control study, 11 (31%) of 35 case-patients had taken antimicrobials within 30 days of onset compared with 9 (13%) of 70 age- and neighborhood-matched controls (matched odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3, 13.5). The association remained when controlled for the presence of underlying illness or immunosuppression. Prior antimicrobial exposure appears to increase the risk of infection with antimicrobial-sensitive and resistant strains of Salmonella. The delay between antimicrobial use and onset of symptoms suggests that the effect may be due to prolonged alteration of the colonic bacterial flora, resulting in decreased resistance to colonization.