cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Adversarial Games in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networking based Covert Timing Channels

In this paper, we study tactical covert timing networks with dynamic spectrum access capability amidst adversaries. We present a two-tier game framework to model the attackdefense scenario. There are very few studies available in the literature on covert timing channels with multiple parallel transmissions. This paper presents a new paradigm combining the time diversity provided by covert timing channels and frequency diversity provided by dynamic spectrum switching, to combat jamming. The dynamic sensing of different spectrum bands and subsequent jamming by the attacker, and the camouflaging defense by the covert network are modeled as a two-tier game. We present a dynamic minimax camouflaging strategy for the covert network and sensing and jamming strategies for the attacker. We compare the performance of our proposed equilibrium strategies with that of other well known strategies and demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solution. We use theoretical analysis, simulations and testbed experiments to illustrate our ideas.
Characterizing adult cognitive development

A paradigm of adult cognitive development is elaborated that is derived from concepts inherent in the study of consistency and change during the adult years. It is argued that the antecedents and consequences of adult cognition are substantially different from those that pertain to earlier growth-oriented developmental periods and to later decline-oriented periods. Adult cognition and its development are characterized in terms of adaptive competencies in specific domains, elasticity of function within selected domains, and knowledge encapsulation. Another major characteristic of adult development is that knowledge and computation are integrated or encapsulated with experience and use. It is suggested that these characteristics serve to distinguish adult cognitive development from the discontinuous emerging properties of earlier cognitive development and from the general deficiencies of cognitive function that are characteristic of very late life.
Three-dimensional, high-resolution skeletal kinematics of the avian wing and shoulder during ascending flapping flight and uphill flap-running.

Past studies have shown that birds use their wings not only for flight, but also when ascending steep inclines. Uphill flap-running or wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) is used by both flight-incapable fledglings and flight-capable adults to retreat to an elevated refuge. Despite the broadly varying direction of travel during WAIR, level, and descending flight, recent studies have found that the basic wing path remains relatively invariant with reference to gravity. If so, joints undergo disparate motions to maintain a consistent wing path during those specific flapping modes. The underlying skeletal motions, however, are masked by feathers and skin. To improve our understanding of the form-functional relationship of the skeletal apparatus and joint morphology with a corresponding locomotor behavior, we used XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) to quantify 3-D skeletal kinematics in chukars (Alectoris chukar) during WAIR (ascending with legs and wings) and ascending flight (AF, ascending with wings only) along comparable trajectories. Evidence here from the wing joints demonstrates that the glenohumeral joint controls the vast majority of wing movements. More distal joints are primarily involved in modifying wing shape. All bones are in relatively similar orientations at the top of upstroke during both behaviors, but then diverge through downstroke. Total excursion of the wing is much smaller during WAIR and the tip of the manus follows a more vertical path. The WAIR stroke appears “truncated” relative to ascending flight, primarily stemming from ca. 50% reduction in humeral depression. Additionally, the elbow and wrist exhibit reduced ranges of angular excursions during WAIR. The glenohumeral joint moves in a pattern congruent with being constrained by the acrocoracohumeral ligament. Finally, we found pronounced lateral bending of the furcula during the wingbeat cycle during ascending flight only, though the phasic pattern in chukars is opposite of that observed in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).
Depressive symptoms are associated with incident coronary heart disease or revascularization among blacks but not among whites in the Reasons for Geographical and Racial Differences in Stroke study

Abstract Purpose To examine the association of depressive symptoms with coronary heart disease (CHD) end points by race and income. Methods Study participants were blacks and whites ( n = 24,443) without CHD at baseline from the national Reasons for Geographical and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort. Outcomes included acute CHD and CHD or revascularization. We estimated race-stratified multivariate Cox proportional hazards models of incident CHD and incident CHD or revascularization with the 4-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, adjusting for risk factors. Results Mean follow-up was 4.2 ± 1.5 years; CHD incidence was 8.3 events per 1000 person-years ( n = 366) among blacks and 8.8 events per 1000 person-years ( n = 613) among whites. After adjustment for age, sex, marital status, region, and socioeconomic status, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with incident CHD among blacks (hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–1.91) but not among whites (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.74–1.64). In the fully adjusted model, compared with blacks who reported no depressive symptoms, those reporting depressive symptoms had greater risk for the composite end point of CHD or revascularization (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01–1.81). Depressive symptoms were not associated with incident CHD end points among whites. Conclusions High depressive symptoms were associated with higher risk of CHD or revascularization for blacks but not whites.
Precipitation and lithification of magnesian calcite in the deep‐sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea*

Magnesian calcite is an important sedimentary component in the deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, comprising an average of 20–50% of the carbonate fraction in most areas. The lack of any obvious biogenic source, plus similarities with magnesian-rich lutites from the Red Sea and deep-sea cements from other areas suggest that this magnesian calcite was precipitated inorganically. Although the exact mode of precipitation is not understood at present, it probably occurred at the water-sediment interface under elevated salinity and temperature conditions, such as those present in the modern eastern Mediterranean. Precipitation did not occur during periods of lower temperatures and/or salinities such as during the stagnant conditions caused by the influx of fresh waters from melting Pleistocene glaciers. The eastern Mediterranean magnesium-rich sediments appear to represent an intermediate stage between normal deep-sea sediments and those from the warm hpyersaline Red Sea. Normal deep-sea carbonates are composed almost entirely of biogenic calcite, whereas the Red Sea magnesian calcite alternates with layers of aragonite that were precipitated under elevated salinity and temperature conditions brought about by lowered stands of sea level.
Impact of template overhang-binding region of HIV-1 RT on the binding and orientation of the duplex region of the template-primer

Fingers domain of HIV-1 RT is one of the constituents of the dNTP-binding pocket that is involved in binding of both dNTP and the template-primer. In the ternary complex of HIV-1 RT, two residues Trp-24 and Phe-61 located on the β1 and β3, respectively, are seen interacting with N + 1 to N + 3 nucleotides in the template overhang. We generated nonconservative and conservative mutant derivatives of these residues and examined their impact on the template-primer binding and polymerase function of the enzyme. We noted that W24A, F61A, and F61Y and the double mutant (W24A/F61A) were significantly affected in their ability to bind template-primer and also to catalyze the polymerase reaction while W24F remained unaffected. Using a specially designed template-primer with photoactivatable bromo-dU base in the duplex region at the penultimate position to the primer terminus, we demonstrated that F61A, W24A, F61Y as well as the double mutant were also affected in their cross-linking ability with the duplex region of the template-primer. We also isolated the E–TP covalent complexes of these mutants and examined their ability to catalyze single dNTP incorporation onto the immobilized primer terminus. The E–TP covalent complexes from W24F mutant displayed wild-type activity while those from W24A, F61A, F61Y, and the double mutant (W24A/F61A) were significantly impaired in their ability to catalyze dNTP incorporation onto the immobilized primer terminus. This unusual observation indicated that amino acid residues involved in the positioning of the template overhang may also influence the binding and orientation of the duplex region of the template-primer. Molecular modeling studies based on our biochemical results suggested that conformation of both W24 and F61 are interdependent on their interactions with each other, which together are required for proper positioning of the +1 template nucleotide in the binary and ternary complexes.
Topical agents in the treatment of rheumatic disorders.

In the late 1800s, if you were a Parisian who suffered from le rheumatisme, you might have consulted Dr. Bengue, the French practitioner who had developed various pills and ointments that had achieved great popularity. A century later, one of his preparations, Baume Bengue, a combination of methyl salicylate and menthol, remains quite popular for those same complaints, although the spelling has become anglicized (Ben-Gay, Pfizer Consumer Health Care Group, New York, NY).
Comparison of Electrical Conductivity of Milk with Other Indirect Methods for Detection of Subclinical Mastitis

Efficacy of detecting subclinical mastitis by electrical conductivity of milk was compared with that of other indirect methods including chloride, sodium, potassium, lactose, bovine serum albumin, and somatic cell count of milk. Quarter samples of foremilk, strippings, and bucket milk were obtained from 75 cows at the afternoon milking over 8 wk. Infection of quarters was ascertained by bacteriological analysis. Electrical conductivity, chloride, and sodium content of milk were more accurate for predicting infection status of quarters than were other variables. Most variables were more accurate in predicting infection when measures were in strippings rather than in foremilk or bucket milk. For measures in strippings, misclassifications by electrical conductivity were 11.2 and 15.5% for false positives and false negatives. The accuracy of the electrical conductivity of milk for detection of subclinical mastitis compared favorably with all indirect methods. Accuracy of detection and adaptability to both manual and automatic cow-side mastitis detection systems indicate that the method has considerable potential as a screening test for subclinical mastitis.
trans-1,2-Bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)cyclohexane monohydrate

Chiral mol­ecules of the title compound, C22H24N4·H2O, have approximate twofold symmetry, essentially planar benzimid­azole fragments, and a ladder-like appearance in profile, with the benzimidazole planes exhibiting a dihedral angle of 68.75 (4)°. Geometric parameters are consistent with those of comparable species containing benzimidazole or cyclo­hexyl fragments. Adventitious water mol­ecules of solvation form strong O—H⋯N(imine) hydrogen bonds to yield infinite 21 columns along the c-axis direction. The columns are related by glide-plane symmetry operations and are linked by C—H⋯π inter­actions to yield racemic crystals.
Responses to selection for body size and age at sexual maturity in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

Abstract The direct and correlated responses to individual selection for 42-day weight of females and age at maturity of males were evaluated through five generations. Realized heritabilities of 42-day weight and age at maturity were estimated as 0.024 (±0.076) and 0.466 (±0.088; P
Extremity Fracture Management in Acute Spinal Cord Injury

Extremity fracture management in acute spinal cord-injured individuals can be summarized by the following principles. Fracture management should be based on the belief that the individual, regardless of neurologic dysfunction, will ambulate in his or her lifetime. Nondisplaced, low-energy fractures may be managed nonoperatively. Upper extremity fracture care should follow general orthopedic principles with a tendency toward surgical fixation. Most lower extremity fractures, including the hip, should undergo open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).
Characterization of Mercury Species in Contaminated Floodplain Soils

The chemical form or speciation of mercury (Hg) in the floodplain soils of the East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, a site contaminated from past industrial activity, was investigated. The speciation of Hg in the soils is an important factor in controlling the fate and effect of Hg at the site and in assessing human health and ecological risk. Application of three different sequential extraction speciation schemes indicated the Hg at the site was predominantly relatively insoluble mercuric sulfide or metallic Hg, though the relative proportions of each did not agree well between procedures. Application of X-ray and electron beam studies to site soils confirmed the presence of metacinnabar, a form of mercuric sulfide, the first known evidence of authigenic mercuric sulfide formation in soils.
The graduate student's double bind: A professional socialization problem in sociology

The problem some graduate students have developing a confident professional self is argued to be at least partially a result of a double bind structured into the graduate sociology program. The double bind consists of two contradictory communications: the communication of shapeless complexity and the communication of closure, the first pointing to an infinitely complex and shapeless knowledge pool and the second to finality and comprehensiveness. After elucidating the double bind and its communicators, its variability is examined in terms of 13 working hypotheses. Finally, some solutions to the double bind are suggested. The paper's goals are twofold: to provoke thought on this particular professional socialization problem and to expose and alleviate one harmful dimension of our professional socialization process.
Ventriculoperitoneal shunts in low birth weight infants with intracranial hemorrhage: neurodevelopmental outcome.

Fifty preterm infants (mean birth weight, 1266±303 g; mean gestational age, 30±2 weeks) who required a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (92% with Grade III or IV hemorrhage) were followed for neurodevelopmental problems. VP shunts were placed at a median age of 29 days (range, 18 to 87 days) after serial lumbar punctures failed to control progressive and symptomatic ventriculomegaly. A total of 34 infants (68%) required one shunt revision or more (median, 4 revisions) for infection or obstruction. Shunt infection occurred in 25 infants (50%) after initial placement or revision for a gross operative infection rate of 18.8%. Seven infants died, 2 from shunt infections. The infants were evaluated with audiological, ophthalmological, and neurodevelopmental examinations. Of the survivors, 11 (28%) have severe visual loss, 10 (24%) have hearing loss, and 4 (11%) have impairment of both senses. Of the infants, 21 (49%) have significant paralysis or muscle weakness, 19 (38%) have seizure disorders, and 7 (16%) are microcephalic. Developmental and motor scores were obtained using the Bayley or Knobloch-Gesell scales at 2, 6,12,18 and 24 months of age. Both developmental and motor scores were normal in 7 of the surviving infants (18%). Sixteen infants (41%) have one abnormal score and in 16 infants (41%) both developmental and motor scores were abnormal, indicating profound developmental delay. Twenty-six of the survivors (60%) have multiple handicaps. There was no association between developmental or motor scores and the number of shunt infections or revisions. Grade IV hemorrhage or the occurrence of repeated seizures was a predictor of poor neurodevelopmental outcome.
A further evaluation of the mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) combustion model for diesel engine combustion using large eddy simulation

Abstract The local mixing effect at sub-grid scale (SGS) is explored using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model with a mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) model. The MCDC model is developed using the computation of chemical kinetics, thermo-chemical equilibrium state and SGS mixing effects by combining a mixing time scale and a kinetic time scale with the integration of direct chemistry solver (DCS) solutions. The mixing time scale is based on the SGS scalar variance and SGS scalar dissipation rate. The kinetic time scale is based on thermal–chemical equilibrium state and the kinetic reaction rate. These two time scales have been previously evaluated in experiments and computations, showed reasonable quantifications of local mixing and kinetic progress, which improved accuracy of combustion modeling. In this study, the conventional diffusion-type operating conditions are represented by a Caterpillar 3401™ single cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE). The cylinder-averaged results are compared between the DCS model, MCDC model and ‘Kong-Reitz’ model. A grid dependence study for the MCDC model on a baseline grid and a coarse grid is performed. The mixing time scale and kinetic time scale analysis for the MCDC model and ‘Kong-Reitz’ model is provided to investigate the differences in predictions. Compared to the DCS model and ‘Kong-Reitz’ model, the MCDC model shows improved capability in modeling mixing effects at the SGS level, which is represented by the improved prediction of combustion phasing and good matching with experimental results.
Direct Measures in Environmental Education Evaluation: Behavioral Intentions versus Observable Actions.

The objective of many environmental education programs is to promote pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors in students. However, evaluation of these programs has focused on asking participants what they think (attitudes) and what they do (behaviors) regarding the environment problems through self-report questionnaires and interviews. These methods of collecting information provide data on the participants' perspective based on their reported behavior, which in many cases is not the same as their actual behavior. Unfortunately, few evaluations use direct measures of behavior instead of self-reports. This article reviews existing research on evaluation of environmental education programs, and proposes alternatives that incorporate direct measures of observable behavior as an additional evaluation tool. Examples of situations where direct measures are adaptable include assessment of students' learning after a stream ecology activity through a performance assessment, observations of students' behaviors re...
A fine-grained analysis of the role of self-efficacy in self-initiated attempts to quit smoking

The relation between self-efficacy ratings and smoking behavior was explored among 36 people who were trying to quit smoking on their own. Ss self-monitored high-risk situations, coping efforts to withstand the temptation to smoke, and self-efficacy in coping with similar temptations for 4 weeks after quitting. Self-efficacy ratings were significantly related to the outcome of these situations, with Ss reporting higher efficacy ratings after situations in which they did not smoke as opposed to those in which they did smoke. Self-efficacy was predictive of smoking outcome, but there was considerable intersubject variability in the strength of the relation between efficacy and smoking behavior. Both efficacy and previous smoking behavior predicted smoking outcome equally well, however.
Thermal stresses in a cylinder: Application to optical waveguide blanks

Abstract An analysis is presented for the calculation of thermal stresses in a hollow cylinder with free ends, in which the elastic and thermal properties are all functions of radius, r . When Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio vary with r , the solution is obtained by the method of successive approximations, but the first approximation is sufficiently accurate for most purposes. For the particular case of optical waveguide blanks, it is shown that the variation in set point with radius can have a significant effect on the calculated stresses. When variations in all properties are considered, the calculated axial stress is in good agreement with a measured value.
How will changes in resident work hours affect medical students

The Patient Doctor III course at Harvard Medical School is designed to help third year students adjust to the clinical setting. The students meet once a week in small groups with tutors, to talk about their experiences on the wards and topics of importance to reflective practice, such as ethics, giving bad news and end of life decision making. As part of the curriculum, the students are asked to take a role in quality improvement by focusing on a problem they have identified, working out a framework for change and presenting a summary to their fellow students, faculty and medical school administration. The observations and recommendations of the students are carefully considered and used to implement directions for change in the medical school. We are pleased to present one of these group projects along with faculty commentary in the Reflections section. Susan Pories, MD Reflections editor
Linear models for high-density magnetic recording of data

Noise in magnetic recording is contributed by the media, electronics, and mechanical imperfections in servoing. These affect signal-to-noise as a function of track width and linear density in different ways. Coding and modulation schemes for high-density recording must address these noise sources accurately. It is proposed to linearize the channel using AC biasing and then use techniques from information and communication theory to increase track densities without sacrificing too much in linear densities. >
Distributed Multilevel Secure Data Stream Processing

Data Stream Management Systems (DSMSs) have been proposed to address the data processing needs of situation monitoring applications that collect high-speed data from various sources, compute results on-the-fly, and take actions in realtime. Traditional DSMSs are not suitable for processing military applications which involve data belonging to multiple security levels and there are rules governing information flow. Moreover, a centralized DSMS may not be suitable for military applications. Towards this end, we propose a distributed multilevel secure DSMS systems. We provide an architecture and an implementation and demonstrate how simple queries can be executed in our system.
t(1;18)(q32.1;q22.1) associated with genitourinary malformations

We report a male infant who has impaired penile development, hypospadias, and mild developmental delay with a 46,XY,t(1;18)(q32.1: q22.1) karyotype. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to more precisely map the translocation breakpoint. The translocation breakpoint maps to a region that has been implicated in genitourinary malformations in the 18q- syndrome. This case report suggests that a gene involved in genitourinary development maps at or near the chromosome 18 translocation breakpoint.
Questionable Advertising of Psychotropic Medications and Disease Mongering

David Healy raises intriguing questions regarding the rapid increase in bipolar diagnoses and the use of “mood stabilizing” medications [ 1]. Although this phenomenon is multifactorial, surely consumer advertising has played a role.
Evaluation of flexible automation investments: a model management perspective

This paper develops a model management system structure to support the design and evaluation of flexible automation systems. A modeling language suitable for one of the important, but ill-structured phases in the evaluation process is selected and used to represent a mathematical programming formulation. The experience gained is then used to propose a meta-language approach for integrating different model types required when evaluating flexible automation investments.
Side-Arm Grafts for Femoral Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulation

Lower extremity ischemia is an important source of morbidity with femoral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. We describe our experience with the use of a side-arm graft sewn to the femoral artery that facilitates adequate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation flow while preventing lower extremity ischemia.
Application opportunities for nanostructured materials and coatings

Abstract Nanostructured materials have the potential to change materials science as we know it today significantly, as well as to provide a new generation of materials with a quantum improvement in properties. While many interesting properties have been generated in the laboratory, there is still much work to be done before there are production applications for nanostructured materials and coatings in gas turbine engines and similar demanding strength- and temperature-limited applications. This paper (1) describes the need for improved materials in gas turbine engines, (2) summarizes the improved physical and mechanical properties that have been reported for nanostructured materials, (3) discusses a research and development methodology that has the potential for accelerating technology implementation, and (4) describes high pay-off applications.
Long-term stability of a hermetically packaged MEMS disk oscillator

A low phase noise oscillator referenced to a wineglass disk MEMS resonator, hermetically vacuum packaged in a purpose-built packaging system, and measured in a double-oven, has provided a first long-term measurement of a MEMS disk oscillator over 10 months. After an initial burn-in period, the frequency can be seen to stabilize to within the short-term measurement variation of 300 ppb over a period of months, a significant improvement from previous studies on other MEMS resonator types, where frequency fluctuations were between 3.1 ppm and 1.2 ppm over similar time scales. Including burn-in, the total observed aging of 10 ppm is now on par with many consumer-grade quartz oscillators designed for timing applications and sufficient for target wireless sensor network applications.
The NASA Spitzer Space Telescope

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Spitzer Space Telescope (formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility) is the fourth and final facility in the Great Observatories Program, joining Hubble Space Telescope (1990), the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (1991–2000), and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (1999). Spitzer, with a sensitivity that is almost three orders of magnitude greater than that of any previous ground-based and space-based infrared observatory, is expected to revolutionize our understanding of the creation of the universe, the formation and evolution of primitive galaxies, the origin of stars and planets, and the chemical evolution of the universe. This review presents a brief overview of the scientific objectives and history of infrared astronomy. We discuss Spitzer’s expected role in infrared astronomy for the new millennium. We describe pertinent details of the design, construction, launch, in-orbit checkout, and operations of the observatory and summarize some science highlights from the first two and a half years of Spitzer operations. More information about Spitzer can be found at http://spitzer.caltech.edu/.
Strategic competition in the banking industry

A model of interbank rivalry is developed and tested in the context of a one period duopolistic game with stochastic variability in deposit and loan demand. A procedure involving two specification tests is used to examine model implications. Results confirm that banks change their lending rates not only in response to changing own cost conditions but also in recognition of mutual interdependence – strategic competition. The possibility that banks respond strategically to each other may have implications for antitrust analysis.
2 Respiratory Physiology in Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a normal but altered physiologic state that results in significant hormonal,mechanical, and circulatory changes. The increases in progesterone and estrogen associated with pregnancy contribute to vascular and central nervous system effects, changes in the balance of bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator prostanoids, and increases in peptide hormones that alter connective tissue characteristics. The course of pregnancy is accompanied by structural changes to the ribcage and abdominal compartments as a consequence of the hormonal changes and the enlarged uterus. Cardiac output, pulmonary blood flow, and circulating blood volume are all increased due to increased metabolic demands. This increase in blood volume without an increase in red cell mass results in a decreased hemoglobin concentration. There is a reduction in plasma oncotic pressure due to both increased blood volume and a decrease in albumin concentration. The combination of increased pulmonary blood flow, increased pulmonary capillary blood volume, and decreased oncotic pressure all promote the formation of edema in the periphery and in the lung. Given the dramatic physical and hormonal alterations of pregnancy, perhaps the most remarkable aspect of respiratory physiology is the relatively minor impact that pregnancy has on the function of the lung. To be able to accurately identify and diagnose respiratory abnormalities in pregnant patients, the clinician must first understand normal physiologic changes of pregnancy. Over the years, there have been several excellent reviews of the effects of pregnancy on the respiratory system in health and disease (1–6). This chapter provides an updated overview of respiratory physiology in healthy pregnant women (6).
Impact of bio-optical data assimilation on short-term coupled physical, bio-optical model predictions

[1] Data assimilation experiments with the coupled physical, bio-optical model of Monterey Bay are presented. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the assimilation of satellite-derived bio-optical properties can improve the model predictions (phytoplankton population, chlorophyll) in a coastal ocean on time scales of 1–5 days. The Monterey Bay model consists of a physical model based on the Navy Coastal Ocean Model and a biochemical model which includes three nutrients, two phytoplankton groups (diatoms and small phytoplankton), two groups of zooplankton grazers, and two detrital pools. The Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation system is used for the assimilation of physical observations. For the assimilation of bio-optical observations, we used reduced-order Kalman filter with a stationary forecast error covariance. The forecast error covariance is specified in the subspace of the multivariate (bio-optical, physical) empirical orthogonal functions estimated from a monthlong model run. With the assimilation of satellite-derived bio-optical properties (chlorophyll a or absorption due to phytoplankton), the model was able to reproduce intensity and tendencies in subsurface chlorophyll distributions observed at water sample locations in the Monterey Bay, CA. Data assimilation also improved agreement between the observed and model-predicted ratios between diatoms and small phytoplankton populations. Model runs with or without assimilation of satellite-derived bio-optical observations show underestimated values of nitrate as compared to the water sample observations. We found that an instantaneous update of nitrate based on statistical relations between temperature and nitrate corrected the model underestimation of the nitrate fields during the multivariate update.
Three-dimensional large displacement analysis of orthodontic appliances

Abstract An incremental technique for predicting the nonlinear load-displacement characteristics of orthodontic appliances is developed. The analysis is based upon a three-dimensional finite-difference formulation which permits the treatment of appliances that have arbitrary configurations and non-uniform material and cross-sectional properties. The effects of intermediate loading and attached springs may also be studied. The results show the activated configurations and the associated force-couple systems for three appliances that are activated to the yield point. The incremental analysis results are compared to those of the linear solution for each case.
Stress in the Lives of Music Students

here is increasing recognition today that professional musicians aren't the only ones vulnerable to performance-related injuries and high levels of stress. College-age music students and even students in middle and high school are experiencing many of the same types of overuse syndromes and similar levels of performance anxiety. Indeed, many aspects of musical activities are probably more stressful for a student than they are for an accomplished professional. Students may find practicing more taxing mentally and emotionally than professional musicians do. The mastery of complex skills takes years of hard work, requiring patience and a capacity for delayed gratification. Lessons and rehearsals mean hearing a lot of criticism. And then, performing may carry more emotional challenge for students who have not yet fully consolidated their technique or developed the kind of confidence in their abilities that professional musicians rely on. We should be concerned about the longterm effects of elevated stress in students.
Estimation of dispersion and hydrogen bonding energies in liquids

It is proposed that the product of the molar volume and the internal pressure is a measure of the dispersion interaction energy in liquids regardless of the presence of other intermolecular forces. If this is true, then the energy of interaction due to hydrogen bonding may be estimated for hydrogen bonding liquids by the difference between the energy of vaporization and the product of the molar volume and the internal pressure. It is also shown that Small's group contribution technique provides a good estimate of internal pressure of hydrogen bonding liquids.
1.5mW/Gbps Low Power Optical Interconnect Transmitter Exploiting High-Efficiency VCSEL and CMOS Driver

We demonstrate a low power optical interconnect transmitter which employs a 990 nm VCSEL with high efficiency and low threshold current, and a 130 nm CMOS driver. The power dissipated by the transmitter is 15.1 mW at 10 Gbps.
1-Adamantyl di-tert-Butylphosphine

[338799-92-1] C18H33P (MW 280.83) InChI = 1S/C18H33P/c1-16(2,3)19(17(4,5)6)18-10-13-7-14(11-18)9-15(8-13)12-18/h13-15H,7-12H2,1-6H3/t13-,14+,15-,18- InChIKey = JKGPULQIZNLFQN-OVMOHIIOSA-N (ligand used for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions) Physical Data: not reported. Solubility: soluble in ether, benzene, toluene, THF. Form Supplied in: white solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 31P NMR (C6D6): δ 63.0. Preparative Methods: prepared from the cuprate-mediated addition of 1-adamantyl Grignard reagent to But2PCl. Purification: distillation at 159–165 °C at 1 Torr under nitrogen atmosphere. Handling, Storage, Precautions: it is prone to oxidation in air and should be kept under inert atmosphere.
Design, Modeling, and Capacity Planning for Micro-solar Power Sensor Networks

This paper describes a systematic approach to building micro-solar power subsystems for wireless sensor network nodes. Our approach composes models of the basic pieces - solar panels, regulators, energy storage elements, and application loads - to appropriately select and size the components. We demonstrate our approach in the context of a microclimate monitoring project through the design of the node, micro-solar subsystem, and network, which is deployed in a challenging, deep forest setting. We evaluate our deployment by analyzing the effects of the range of solar profiles experienced across the network.
Immunologic markers of cancer progression and prognosis

During the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the interactions between the immune system and cancer. The re-emergence of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting concepts has provided an understanding of several immunologic markers that are associated with cancer progression and prognosis. Recent studies have attempted to define the critical role of tumor infiltration by lymphocytes as a reflection of a tumor-related immune response. More recently, there has been an improved ability to demonstrate distinct subsets of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in different tumor compartments. Several of these studies indicate that the presence of TILs may be associated with improved clinical outcome in several human cancers. However, this improved clinical outcome is dependent upon the intratumoral balance and quality of TILs, or infiltration of regulatory T cells or myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunologic markers have an important role in demonstrating intermediate end po...
Interactions between soil and tree roots accelerate long‐term soil carbon decomposition

Decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) is the main process governing the release of CO2 into the atmosphere from terrestrial systems. Although the importance of soil– root interactions for SOC decomposition has increasingly been recognized, their longterm effect on SOC decomposition remains poorly understood. Here we provide experimental evidence for a rhizosphere priming effect, in which interactions between soil and tree roots substantially accelerate SOC decomposition. In a 395-day greenhouse study with Ponderosa pine and Fremont cottonwood trees grown in three different soils, SOC decomposition in the planted treatments was significantly greater (up to 225%) than in soil incubations alone. This rhizosphere priming effect persisted throughout the experiment, until well after initial soil disturbance, and increased with a greater amount of root-derived SOC formed during the experiment. Loss of old SOC was greater than the formation of new C, suggesting that increased C inputs from roots could result in net soil C loss.
State of the Art in Evaluation and Control of Steel Cleanliness

This paper first reviews the current “state-of-the-art” in the evaluation of steel cleanliness, discussing over 20 different methods. The demand for cleaner steels requires lowering non-metallic oxide inclusions and also controlling their morphology, composition and size distribution. Because no single method can measure all of these aspects accurately, it is best to combine several methods together to quantify steel cleanliness in a given operation. Owing to the cost, time requirements, and sampling difficulties, steel cleanliness is widely inferred using total oxygen, nitrogen pick-up, and other indirect methods. Recent cleanliness values using these indicators are summarized for LCAK at many steel plants around the world. Secondly, this paper reviews operating practices to improve steel cleanliness at the ladle, tundish and continuous caster, emphasizing findings quantified with plant measurements. Inclusions come from many sources, including deoxidation, reoxidation, slag entrapment, refractory wear, and chemical reactions. They generate many defects such as cracks and slivers in the steel product. Steel cleanliness is controlled by attention to a wide range of important operating conditions throughout the steelmaking and casting processes. For ladle operations, FeO and MnO in the slag, ladle treatments, and inclusion modification are discussed. For tundish operations, tundish depth and capacity, casting transitions, refractory lining, tundish flux; gas stirring, and flow controls are discussed. Important transfer operations from ladle to tundish and from tundish to mold, such as argon protection, sealing issues, and SEN clogging are summarized. Caster operations reviewed include the effect of casting speed, fluid flow pattern control, surface level control, and caster curvature.
Active pages: a computation model for intelligent memory

Microprocessors and memory systems suffer from a growing gap in performance. We introduce Active Pages, a computation model which addresses this gap by shifting data-intensive computations to the memory system. An Active Page consists of a page of data and a set of associated functions which can operate upon that data. We describe an implementation of Active Pages on RADram (Reconfigurable Architecture DRAM), a memory system based upon the integration of DRAM and reconfigurable logic. Results from the SimpleScalar simulator [BA97] demonstrate up to 1000X speedups on several applications using the RADram system versus conventional memory systems. We also explore the sensitivity of our results to implementations in other memory technologies.
Optimization of thermal interface materials for electronics cooling applications

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used in electronics cooling applications to decrease the thermal contact resistance between surfaces in contact. A methodology to determine the optimal volume fraction of filler particles in TIMs for minimizing the thermal contact resistance is presented. The method uses finite element analysis to solve the coupled thermo-mechanical problem. It is shown that there exists an optimal filler volume fraction which depends not only on the distribution of the filler particles in a TIM but also on the thickness of the TIM layer, the contact pressure and the shape and the size of the filler particles. A contact resistance alleviation factor is defined to quantify the effect of these parameters on the contact conductance with the use of TIMs. For the filler and matrix materials considered-platelet-shaped boron nitride filler particles in a silicone matrix-the maximum observed enhancement in contact conductance with the use of TIMs was by a factor of as much as nine.
Genetic markers and their application in poultry breeding

The current chicken genetic map contains at least 1,965 loci within 50 linkage groups, and it covers about 4,000 cM. About 235 of these loci have homology with known human or mammalian genes. The remaining loci are anonymous molecular DNA markers, including microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), CR1 elements, and others. A third generation genetic map for human uses single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), which have allowed the mapping of complex traits by linkage disequilibrium. One advantage of SNP is that they are usually linked to the gene of interest, and association of the SNP with traits of economic importance can be analyzed using candidate gene approaches. With the tremendous advancements in characterizing chicken expressed sequence tags (EST), the identification of genetic polymorphisms such as SNP in chicken genes has become a reality. Our laboratory has undertaken an in silico analysis of the chicken EST at the University of Delaware by using a Phred/Phrap/Polyphred/Consed pipeline to identify candidate chicken SNP. Initial scanning of 23,427 chicken EST identified a total of 1,209 candidate SNP, with at least 182 non-synonymous SNP that result in an amino acid change observed. Validation of these candidate chicken SNP is ongoing. Placement of the SNP on the chicken genetic map will enhance marker density, thus allowing for mapping of complex traits through linkage analysis and linkage disequilibrium. Application of SNP to identify disease resistance genes in chickens is of special interest to our laboratory, especially in regards to Marek's disease and coccidiosis.
MUCOSITIS: THE IMPACT, BIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES OF ORAL MUCOSITIS

The history of mucositis is as old as radiation- and chemotherapy. Despite being regularly reported and documented as one of the worst side effects of cancer therapy, relatively little was appreciated about the complexities of mucositis' pathogenesis until relatively recently. More frustrating for patients and clinicians, no effective treatment existed. Fortunately, the situation is changing; ongoing research is leading to a comprehensive understanding of the biology of mucositis, which has resulted in the development of novel interventions. While the FDA's approval of palifermin in 2004 was limited to only a small percentage of the at-risk population, the fact that the first registered anti-OM agent derived its efficacy from its pleotropic activities was conceptually demonstrative of the therapeutic potential of drugs that selectively interfere with mucositis' pathogenesis. A number of eclectic molecules, all designed to interfere with pathways that lead to injury are in pre-clinical and clinical development.
Radiation Response of Neural Precursor Cells: Linking Cellular Sensitivity to Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress

Abstract Limoli, C. L., Giedzinski, E., Rola, R., Otsuka, S., Palmer, T. D. and Fike, J. R. Radiation Response of Neural Precursor Cells: Linking Cellular Sensitivity to Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress. Radiat. Res. 161, 17–27 (2004). Therapeutic irradiation of the brain can cause a progressive cognitive dysfunction that may involve defects in neurogenesis. In an effort to understand the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced stem cell dysfunction, neural precursor cells isolated from the adult rat hippocampus were analyzed for acute (0–24 h) and chronic (3–33 days) changes in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) after exposure to X rays. Irradiated neural precursor cells exhibited an acute dose-dependent apoptosis accompanied by an increase in ROS that persisted over a 3–4-week period. The radiation effects included the activation of cell cycle checkpoints that were associated with increased Trp53 phosphorylation and Trp53 and p21 (Cdkn1a) protein levels. In vivo, neural pr...
Recognizing familial myeloid leukemia in adults

Germline testing for familial cases of myeloid leukemia in adults is becoming more common with the recognition of multiple genetic syndromes predisposing people to bone marrow disease. Currently, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments approved testing exists for several myeloid leukemia predisposition syndromes: familial platelet disorder with propensity to acute myeloid leukemia (FPD/AML), caused by mutations in RUNX1; familial AML with mutated CEBPA; familial myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukemia with mutated GATA2; and the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, including dyskeratosis congenita, a disease of abnormal telomere maintenance. With the recognition of additional families with a genetic component to their leukemia, new predisposition alleles will likely be identified. We highlight how to recognize and manage these cases as well as outline the characteristics of the major known syndromes. We look forward to future research increasing our understanding of the scope of inherited myeloid leukemia syndromes.
Establishing a Pecking Order for Finance Academics: Ranking of U.S. Finance Doctoral Programs

Ranking of colleges, programs, departments and faculty has reached a feverish pitch in recent years. Missing from the vast list of rankings is research covering doctoral programs in finance. This study ranks 91 U.S. finance doctoral programs based on productivity of current finance department faculty, graduates of those programs, and a survey of doctoral program directors/chairs. The resulting rankings should be of value to those seeking to earn a finance doctorate in the future as well as satisfy the natural curiosity of finance faculty regarding bragging rights on their respective doctoral programs.