cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juxtaposition or “the Powers of Two”: A Tribute to Donald Capps in Conversation with Oliver Sacks

This essay focuses on Donald Capps’s proposal of juxtaposition as a method of pastoral theological reflection and the lessons that the author has learned from borrowing Capps’s method both as a scholar and a teacher. Resistance to psychological insights or theory is something that the author frequently encounters in teaching pastoral care courses. The use of juxtaposition, as Capps first presented it, has provided her with resources for overcoming resistance in ways that invite creativity and openness to learning by beginning with or improvising with metaphors, musical elements, or stories and movies focused on everyday life that are frequently more familiar to students than psychological theory. In this essay, the author juxtaposes the significance of story as employed by Donald Capps and Oliver Sacks in a “creative conversation” that is more realistically about the “powers of three.”
Community Organization and the Life Course

A fundamental proposition of developmental science is that social contexts affect human development. Communities and, more specifically, neighborhoods are one of several central settings of everyday life, and they undoubtedly lend the life course significant shape and meaning. Neighborhoods may affect the physical, psychological, or social development of individuals. These effects might be tied to the composition and structure of neighborhoods, the social processes that occur within them, or specific combinations of composition, structure, and process. Several aspects of neighborhoods seem especially important to human development. These include the age, sex, race, and socioeconomic composition of a neighborhood; the quality of schools and other local institutions; the availability of resources and services; the degrees and types of social cohesion, order, and control; and changes in these over time. Most scholarship has focused on the impact of neighborhood environments on the developmental outcomes of children and adolescents and, to a lesser degree, of the elderly. Several theoretical models have guided most inquiry in this area, namely contagion models, models of social disorganization, models of collective socialization, competition models, models of relative deprivation, and institutional models. The article ends with a brief discussion of new directions for research, policy, and practice.
Circadian Rhythm of Output from Neurones in the Eye of Aplysia: IV. A Model of the Clock: Differential Sensitivity to Light and Low Temperature Pulses

1. 1. A relaxation oscillator, feed-back model for the circadian clock in the eye of Aplysia is proposed to account for the experimental findings described earlier. Further data on the effects of light pulses and temperature pulses are reported here to test the hypothesis that light and temperature perturb the clock oscillation at different points in the feed-back loop. 2. 2. The rising phase of the CAP frequency rhythm is postulated to be due to an energy-requiring, synthesis process, and the falling phase to a passive, diffusional process. Synthesis produces a substance, C , which controls CAP frequency, and the level of which oscillates about a reference level, R . 3. 3. The synthesis phase of the oscillation is suggested to be temperature compensated from about 9 °C to at least 22.5 °C. Cooling the eye to 6 °C for long periods therefore inhibits synthesis so that the clock eventually stops at its lowest phase point. 4. 4. 12 h cold pulses of 4 °C applied during the rising phase of the rhythm (i.e. during synthesis) cause large phase delays (9 h), while similar cold pulses applied during the falling phase (i.e. during diffusion} cause only small phase delays (2 h). 5. 5. The action of light is to lower the value of the reference level, R , so that the constant illumination damps the oscillation until the clock is stopped at its lowest phase point. 6. 6. The model predicts that light pulses applied during the rising phase will effectively accelerate the increase in level of C , thus causing phase advances, while phase delays will result from light pulses applied during the falling phase. A phase response curve for 2 h, 1100 lux light pulses confirms this. A rhythm splitting effect due to an appropriately timed light pulse is predicted and tested. 7. 7. Possibilities of clock control of the CAP generating mechanism are discussed with reference to recent findings on the regulation of membrane potential oscillations in molluscan bursting pacemaker neurones. Note: Laboratory of Sensory Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.
Expertise or ideology? A response to Morris et al. 2016, 'Circumcision is a primary preventive against HIV infection: Critique of a contrary meta-regression analysis by Van Howe'.

I am grateful to the Editor-in-Chief of Global Public Health for offering me the opportunity to respond to the critique (Morris, Barbosa, Wamai, & Krieger, 2016) of my meta-regression analysis of t...
Perceptual Reasoning — Hermeneutics and Perception

A so-called hermeneutic philosophy of science is, within English speaking contexts, both a recent and a minoritarian tradition. Its roots are more deeply Euro-American than Anglo-American and the latter developments remain, even today, dominant in those contexts. Yet today there is a certain strength to be found amongst a generation of philosophers both appreciative of science and tutored in the Continental European traditions of philosophy.
New Cytokines with Thrombopoietic Activity

The use of growth factors to stimulate haemopoietic proliferation in various clinical conditions such as renal failure-associated anaemia, post-chemotherapy cytopenia and enhancement of bone marrow engraftment has been well described. Of the 3 haemopoietic lineages, the use of growth factors has been most beneficial in the erythroid and myeloid compartments. Currently, there are no cytokines available specifically for the purpose of stimulating thrombopoiesis. However, expanding knowledge of haemopoiesis in general and megakaryocytopoiesis in particular has led to an appreciation of the fact that multiple growth factors with overlapping or specific activities are involved in various stages of megakaryocyte proliferation and differentiation. Although application of early acting, multiline-age cytokines such as interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) has resulted in significant augmentation of thrombopoiesis in vitro, little such activity has been seen in vivo. The IL-3/GM-CSF fusion protein PIXY-321 (pixykine), also active in vitro, similarly has limited thrombopoietic effect in vivo. On the other hand, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and, in early studies, interleukin-11 (IL-11), which both augment IL-3-dependent progenitor proliferation and have significant megakaryocytopoietic activity in vitro, produce a more pronounced thrombopoietic effect. Further analyses and trials will be required to establish proper cytokine dosages, regimens and combinations in order to achieve maximal platelet enhancement.
Total Syntheses of the Reported Structures of Curcusones I and J through Tandem Gold Catalysis

Total syntheses of the reported structures of the rhamnofolane diterpene natural products curcusone I and J in racemic forms have been achieved. The synthetic strategy features a novel tandem gold-catalyzed furan formation and furan-allene [4+3] cycloaddition to build the 5,7-fused ring system with an oxa-bridge in one step and a stereoselective exo-Diels-Alder reaction to form the 6-membered ring. The newly developed tandem gold catalysis is quite general and can be scaled up. Our syntheses suggested that structural revisions of curcusone I and J are needed.
Single and multi-hazard capacity functions for concrete dams

Abstract In the context of performance-based engineering (PBE), it is essential to determine a functional relationship for the response in terms of externally (such as hydraulic or seismic) or internally (such as alkali silica reaction)-imposed stressors. The importance of nonlinear analyses for each of the critical load cases (or stressors) or combinations thereof, as well as the final safety assessment are discussed. This extensive survey paper reviews an extensive body of literature in multiple disciplines. This article aims to present all relevant methods (specially those not tailored for dams) in a more palpable way to dam engineers. Finally as a result of this extensive study new multi hazard capacity functions are introduced.
Association of School-Based Physical Activity Opportunities, Socioeconomic Status, and Third-Grade Reading.

BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status (SES) is the most accurate predictor of academic performance in US schools. Third-grade reading is highly predictive of high school graduation. Chronic physical activity (PA) is shown to improve cognition and academic performance. We hypothesized that school-based PA opportunities (recess and physical education) would moderate the negative association between SES and third-grade reading. METHODS Schools serving third-grade students were surveyed (N = 1279) for minutes/week of PA opportunities. Allotted weekly PA time and achievement data from participating schools (N = 784) were recorded and analyzed. To test the moderator hypothesis, moderated multiple regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS The interaction of PA opportunities and SES explained a significant increase in variance in third-grade reading (b = .053, p < .001), thus moderating the relationship between SES and third-grade reading. Further analysis showed that schools offering greater than 225 minutes/week of PA opportunities experienced a greater (+5%) moderating effect. CONCLUSION School-based PA opportunities positively moderate the relationship between SES and third-grade reading, and lowest SES schools experience greater moderating effects. Future research should consider PA opportunities as a moderator of the SES-academic achievement relationship, and school policy makers should consider the influence that PA opportunities have on student achievement at varying SES levels.
Spatial and temporal variation in three call traits and preferences of the tree cricket Oecanthus forbesi

Multiple selective forces act on the evolution of mating preferences. While mating preferences are central to pre-zygotic isolation, certain preferences and traits may make greater contributions. For some traits, females may exhibit preferences, but accept heterospecifics trait values when preferred values are scarce. For other traits, females may fail to reproduce before accepting heterospecifics trait values. Understanding patterns of variation and divergence in this later class of traits is particularly relevant to understanding divergence and speciation. Here, I focus on three call traits of Forbes’ Tree Cricket (Oecanthus forbesi) to quantify their capacity to produce reproductive isolation and to compare patterns of variation and divergence in these traits. By generating female preference functions and measuring male call parameters, I test two hypotheses: (1) traits and preferences vary in their capacity to contribute to reproductive isolation and (2) traits that are important to reproductive isolation have lower intrapopulation, interpopulation, and interannual variation and weaker correlation with male body size. I find that female response to one trait (pulse rate) decreased sharply when trait values fell within the heterospecific range. This trait had low variation and no correlation with male morphology. For two other traits (pulse duration and dominant frequency), females responded to many values, including values characteristics of co-occurring heterospecifics. Trait variation was higher and pulse duration correlated with male leg length. These results indicate that the evolutionary dynamics of a low-variation trait (pulse rate) may be more important to speciation than changes in more conspicuously variable sexually selected traits. Animals often attract and assess mates using complex signals. This paper tests whether some signal components contribute more to preventing mating between species. The data show that changes in a single trait [pulse rate of cricket calls] can eliminate female response to males, while other traits [dominant frequency (pitch) and pulse duration] can be changed to match the values produced by other species without reducing female response. Consequently, some traits may diverge without contributing to reproductive isolation between species. The paper then tests for correlations between trait function and patterns of trait variation within and between populations and species. Pulse rate has low variation within and between populations, but differs substantially between species. Dominant frequency and pulse rate are more variable within and between populations. Pulse duration also correlates with male body size, indicating that pulse duration could reflect male condition even if it is relatively unimportant for reproductive isolation.
A comprehensive system of measuring anisotropic dielectric properties of rock samples

An efficient dielectric property measurement system is introduced in this paper. In the proposed measurement system, a parallel-disk sample holder with a new designed substrate is employed, which enables measuring the anisotropic input impedance of rock samples by rotating testing samples inside the holder. Moreover, a full wave simulation method is utilized to numerically calculate anisotropic input impedances of rock samples using anisotropic permittivity and conductivity given in a wide range. Anisotropic dielectric properties of a rock sample can then be estimated by comparing and correlating its experimental results and pre-computed simulation results. Additional look-up tables can be numerically computed for different substrate materials. Based on measured anisotropic input impedance and known material property of the substrate, dielectric properties of a certain rock sample can be computed from the corresponding look-up table.
Analysis of IgA binding to FcαR+ T cells and characterization of anti-FcαR antiserum

Subpopulations of CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells from murine Peyer’s Patches (PP) express an Fc receptor for IgA (FcαR). A high frequency of FcαR+, CD8+ T cells were also found in spleens of mice bearing an IgA myeloma. We have established FcαR+ T cell lines to study the isotype specific regulatory role of this receptor in IgA responses. We have tested the expression of interleukins (IL) by FcαR+ T cells both at the level of mRNA and secreted proteins. These T cells secrete IL-5, a major cytokine for regulation of IgA responses. To better understand the precise regulatory role of FcαR+ T cells in IgA synthesis, we have analyzed the FcαR in more detail. Immunoprecipitation of membrane proteins from FcαR+ T cells with IgA resulted in a 38 kD protein as a major receptor component and antisera were raised against this 38 kD protein. The anti-FcαR antibodies blocked IgA binding to FcαR+ T cell hybridomas and to splenic CD8+ FcαR+ T cells of IgA myeloma-bearing mice, but did not interfere with the staining of CD3 and other surface markers. Furthermore, the anti-FcαR antibodies specifically stained FcαR+T cells. Thus, our results indicate that FcαR on T cell lines derived from PP is a 38 kD protein. Further, an antiserum has been produced which is either specific for this FcαR or else recognize determinants which are in close proximity to this receptor and should be useful for cloning the FcαR.
Motor Neuron Specification in Vertebrates

Distinct neuronal types are generated from precursor cells located at stereotypical positions along the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal axes of the nascent central nervous system. Motor neurons represent a major neuronal subpopulation that forms within the ventral portion of the hindbrain and spinal cord. These cells are related by virtue of their cholinergic phenotype, but as for many neuronal classes, individual motor neurons acquire specialized subidentities necessary to establish their intricate connectivity. Classical cellular experiments as well as emerging evidence from genetic and molecular studies have begun to define the interplay between extrinsic inductive signals and intrinsic transcription factors that form the basis for the developmental pathways involved in assigning the identity of individual subclasses of motor neurons. This article describes the progress made in defining the mechanisms that underlie the sequential steps in motor neuron development, including their specification and diversification, cell body migration, axon navigation, dendrite patterning, and synaptogenesis. The strategies used for generating subclasses of distinct motor neuron subtypes may provide insight into the developmental mechanisms used for diversification of other neuronal populations.
Passivity and Decentralized MPC of Switched Graph-Based Power Flow Systems*

This paper presents a decentralized approach to certifying closed-loop passivity for a class of switched graph-based dynamic models. The switched modeling framework is particularly suited to power flow systems in which paths of power flow are switched on and off. Passivity is shown to be preserved under the interconnection of multiple such graph-based models, allowing for the formation of passive “systems of systems.” Decentralized Model Predictive Controllers paired with each system can then be formulated with a passivity-preserving constraint to ensure closed-loop stability. This allows complex energy systems to be stabilized with decentralized or distributed control architectures, while centralized control may not be practical due to the inherent computational complexity or communication bandwidth limitations. A numerical example demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach on a fluid tank system.
Artificial Lungs for Lung Failure: JACC Technology Corner

Although lung transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage lung failure, its limitations have led to renewed interest in artificial lung support for patients with lung failure. The use of ventricular assist devices has significantly improved the quality of life and survival of patients with end-stage heart failure. In contrast, there are no devices that can be used long term as destination therapy for end-stage lung failure, and there is a strong need for them. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is widely used as a temporary treatment for acute lung failure and as a bridge to lung transplant. Many patients with advanced lung failure cannot return home with good quality of life once they are hospitalized. In this review, the authors discuss the history, status, and future of artificial lungs, focusing on long-term artificial respiratory support as a destination therapy. Respiratory assist devices, such as artificial lungs, could eventually become analogous to ventricular assist devices.
Multipolar Globalization: Emerging Economies and Development

Like a giant oil tanker, the world is slowly turning. The rapid growth of economies in Asia and the global South has led to a momentous shift in the world order, leaving much of the traditional literature on globalization behind. Multipolar Globalization: Emerging Economies and Development is the perfect guide to these ongoing 21st-century transformations, combining engaging and wide-ranging coverage with cutting-edge analysis. The rise of China and other emerging economies has led to the emergence of a new geography of trade, new economic and political combinations, new financial actors, investors and donors, and weaker American hegemony. This interdisciplinary volume combines development studies, global political economy, sociology, and cultural studies to ask what this growth means for domestic and global inequality and examines the role of multipolarity in the reshaping of globalization. Renowned globalization scholar Jan Nederveen Pieterse deftly guides the reader through the development of globalization in the West and the East, explaining key topics such as the 2008 crash, trends in inequality, the changing fortunes of the BRICs, and the role of governance and democracy. Accessible and insightful, this book will be an essential guide for both students in the social sciences and for professionals and scholars seeking a fresh perspective.
The ethics of play and participation in a tween virtual world: Continuity and change in cheating practices and perspectives in the Whyville community

Abstract Much attention has been paid to young people’s increased participation in digital publics and its potential impact on their development and learning. However, few studies have examined the ethics in online play and their interactions as a critical aspect in the development of youth digital culture. In this paper we turn to the issue of cheating, a widely accepted practice in many online communities, including Whyville.net, a virtual world with over 5.5 million registered players ages 8-16. Our analyses focused on culturally-relevant examples such as player-written articles on cheating and player-produced YouTube cheating videos associated with Whyville from 2000 to 2016. The findings reveal that cultural concepts like cheating are embedded and transformed in the context of youth digital interactions, productions, and reflections. In the discussion, we address implications of these findings for engaging youth with ethics in online gaming communities.
Introduction of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Semiconductor Device Manufacturing

This presentation introduces Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) and several novel techniques to control material removal during polishing. These real-time in situ control techniques may be of interest to the optics community. CMP originated from optics polishing.
Renew Orleans? Globalized development and worker resistance after Katrina

Renew Orleans? offers a sobering account of New Orleans’s recovery. In the 13 years since Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans has recovered in contradictory ways. Prior to 2005, New Orleans had more in ...
The Convergence Insufficiency Neuro-mechanism in Adult Population Study (CINAPS) Randomized Clinical Trial: Design, Methods, and Clinical Data.

Purpose: To describe the design and methodology of the Convergence Insufficiency Neuro-mechanism in Adult Population Study (CINAPS), the first randomized clinical trial (RCT) studying young adults ...
Psychosocial mediators of perceived stigma and suicidal ideation among transgender women

Transgender women (TGW) in the U.S. experience high rates of stigma, depression, and elevated rates of suicide. This study examined correlates of suicidal ideation and estimated the conditional indirect effects of perceived stigma and psychosocial mediators on suicidal ideation. Using a cross-sectional study design, TGW (N = 92) were recruited through snowball sampling in Atlanta, Georgia. Structured interviews were conducted. Suicidal ideation was assessed by combining two variables that measured suicidal thoughts. Logistic regression models were performed to identify the potential risk and protective factors for suicidal ideation. We examined hypothesized psychosocial factors, including anxiety, depression, psychosocial impact of gender minority status, and substance use behaviors as potential mediators for the relationship between perceived stigma and suicidal ideation. All models were controlled for age, race, education, and homelessness. Suicidal ideation was reported by 33% (N = 30) of the study participants. In multivariable analysis, suicidal ideation was associated with sexual abuse (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI = 1.10–9.30), anxiety (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.10–2.73), family verbal abuse (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.10–8.40), stranger verbal abuse (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.02–10.08), and psychosocial impact of gender minority status (AOR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.81–6.46). Partner support was found to be the protective factor for suicidal ideation (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.13–0.90). In the mediation analysis, the psychosocial impact of gender minority status mediated the relationship between perceived stigma and suicidal ideation. The estimated conditional indirect effect was 0.46, (95% CI = 0.12–1.11). Interventions that aim to reduce suicidal behaviors among TGW should address stigma, psychosocial impact of gender minority status, and different forms of violence and abuse.
Minimally interactive placenta segmentation from three-dimensional ultrasound images.

Purpose: Placental size in early pregnancy has been associated with important clinical outcomes, including fetal growth. However, extraction of placental size from three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) requires time-consuming interactive segmentation methods and is prone to user variability. We propose a semiautomated segmentation technique that requires minimal user input to robustly measure placental volume from 3DUS images. Approach: For semiautomated segmentation, a single, central 2D slice was manually annotated to initialize an automated multi-atlas label fusion (MALF) algorithm. The dataset consisted of 47 3DUS volumes obtained at 11 to 14 weeks in singleton pregnancies (28 anterior and 19 posterior). Twenty-six of these subjects were imaged twice within the same session. Dice overlap and surface distance were used to quantify the automated segmentation accuracy compared to expert manual segmentations. The mean placental volume measurements obtained by our method and VOCAL (virtual organ computer-aided analysis), a leading commercial semiautomated method, were compared to the manual reference set. The test-retest reliability was also assessed. Results: The overlap between our automated segmentation and manual (mean Dice: 0.824 ± 0.061 , median: 0.831) was within the range reported by other methods requiring extensive manual input. The average surface distance was 1.66 ± 0.96 mm . The correlation coefficient between test-retest volumes was r = 0.88 , and the intraclass correlation was ICC ( 1 ) = 0.86 . Conclusions: MALF is a promising method that can allow accurate and reliable segmentation of the placenta with minimal user interaction. Further refinement of this technique may allow for placental biometry to be incorporated into clinical pregnancy surveillance.
Debunking Myths Impeding Health Care Reform

Health care reform tops the list of issues that voters consider important going into the 2020 elections. As health professionals, it is imperative that we not only become informed about this issue ...
Hypoxic modulation of fetal vascular MLCK abundance, localization, and function

Changes in vascular contractility are among the most important physiological effects of acute and chronic fetal hypoxia. Given the essential role of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) in smooth muscle contractility and its heterogeneous distribution, this study explores the hypothesis that subcellular changes in MLCK distribution contribute to hypoxic modulation of fetal carotid artery contractility. Relative to common carotid arteries from normoxic term fetal lambs (FN), carotids from fetal lambs gestated at high altitude (3,802 m) (FH) exhibited depressed contractility without changes in MLCK mRNA or protein abundance. Patterns of confocal colocalization of MLCK with α-actin and 20-kDa regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20) enabled calculation of subcellular MLCK fractions: 1) colocalized with the contractile apparatus, 2) colocalized with α-actin distant from the contractile apparatus, and 3) not colocalized with α-actin. Chronic hypoxia did not affect MLCK abundance in the contractile fraction, despite a concurrent decrease in contractility. Organ culture for 72 h under 1% O2 decreased total MLCK abundance in FN and FH carotid arteries, but decreased the contractile MLCK abundance only in FH carotid arteries. Correspondingly, culture under 1% O2 depressed contractility more in FH than FN carotid arteries. In addition, hypoxia appeared to attenuate ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of MLCK, as reported for other proteins. In aggregate, these results demonstrate that the combination of chronic hypoxia followed by hypoxic culture can induce MLCK translocation among at least three subcellular fractions with possible influences on contractility, indicating that changes in MLCK distribution are a significant component of fetal vascular responses to hypoxia.
Gas entrainment from gaseous supercavities: Insight based on numerical simulation

Abstract The understanding of the internal gaseous flow of artificially ventilated supercavities is developed using a locally homogenous, multiphase computational fluid dynamics model that is benchmarked using experimental data. The solutions indicate that gas leakage from a ventilated supercavity originates from the gaseous shear layers forming at the gas-water interface. Not only do these observations corroborate previous theory developed for cavities with toroidal closure, they also display evidence that shear-layer mechanisms remain important for cavities in the twin-vortex regime and when interacting with bodies. It is also found that the treatment of turbulence in these shear layers affects the outcome of computational fluid dynamics approaches. Lastly, a semi-empirical model considering these shear layers is proposed. Results from the model indicate an improved prediction capability of the relationship between cavity size and ventilation rate for steady, twin-vortex supercavities.
Resurrection of Neural Networks

The renewed enthusiasm for neural networks in the 1970s was largely based on a computational means of altering the weights of network connections by a mathematical feedback technique called “back propagation.” This advance introduced a way of continuously modifying the weights of network connections based on feedback from the network outputs. Enthusiasm for this approach continues unabated today because, at least in part, this is what brains seem to be doing.
Microstructural development of platelet alumina while hot-pressing to transparency

Abstract Transparent alumina specimens were produced using non-pre-aligned (NPA) and pre-aligned (PA) platelet alumina powder and hot-pressing at several different pressures. The effects of powder alignment and pressure on the crystallographic orientation, relative density, microstructure, and optical properties were studied. Additionally, samples were quenched at certain times during the hot-press run to investigate the microstructural evolution of the specimens. No significant trends were observed with increasing hot-pressing pressure. However, it is shown that while the pre-alignment procedure results in a higher degree of crystallographic orientation, the aligned platelets of the PA specimens result in a higher starting relative density, which causes faster densification to occur, yielding more grain-growth, porosity, and a lower final relative density. This ultimately results in minimal improvements in the in-line transmission compared to the NPA specimens, illustrating the importance of both high relative densities as well as crystallographic orientation for transparent alumina.
Characterization of Educational and Behavioral Intervention Trials in U.S. Oncology Specialties.

Purpose/objective(s) Disproportionate educational deficits in U.S. minority cancer populations have been linked to decreased therapy compliance, suboptimal disease outcomes and low clinical trial enrollment rates. Investigating strategies to improve patient education and health-promoting behaviors is therefore critical to mitigating disparities in oncology. In this study, we characterized for the first time all current educational and behavioral intervention (EBI) studies in U.S. cancer specialties. Materials/methods EBI clinical trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov with completed, active or planned enrollment of adult cancer patients were collated. Clinical trials that were terminated, withdrawn or suspended were excluded from the analysis. EBI trial records were individually appraised and assigned into one of four subtype categories: prevention/screening, treatment experience/compliance, survivorship or clinical trial receptiveness study. EBI trials were further binned based on cancer specialty and type of target demographic. EBI study subtypes were compared between specialties using Chi-squared tests of independence. Results A total of 654 trials were reviewed, 567 met inclusion criteria. Trial subtype composition is summarized in Table 1. EBI trial subtypes included: 1) 225 prevention/screening (39.7%), 210 treatment experience/compliance (37%), 118 survivorship (20.8%), and 14 clinical trial receptiveness (2.5%). EBI trials with a recruitment focus of racial/ethnic minorities and women were 79 (13.9%) and 128 (22.6%) respectively, most of which are within medical oncology (P Conclusion We provide the first report of U.S. EBI trials in adult oncology. Interventions targeted towards racial/ethnic minorities are lacking in oncology and are non-existent in radiation oncology. In addition to developing EBI efforts with racial/ethnic minority cancer populations, studies aimed at improving survivorship and clinical trial receptiveness and enrollment within radiation oncology are greatly needed.
Enhancing Police Integrity

The Idea of Police Integrity.- Measuring Police Integrity.- Profiles of Integrity.- The Charleston, South Carolina, Police Department.- The Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina, Police Department.- The St. Petersburg, Florida, Police Department.- The Second Survey.- Recruitment, Selection, and Training.- Processing Citizen Complaints.- Meting out the Discipline.- Circumscribing the Code of Silence.- Enhancing Police Integrity.
Previous Open Rotor Research in the US

Previous Open Rotor noise experience in the United States, current Open Rotor noise research in the United States and current NASA prediction methods activities were presented at a European Union (EU) X-Noise seminar. The invited attendees from EU industries, research establishments and universities discussed prospects for reducing Open Rotor noise and reviewed all technology programs, past and present, dedicated to Open Rotor engine concepts. This workshop was particularly timely because the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) plans to involve Independent Experts in late 2011 in assessing the noise of future low-carbon technologies including the open rotor.
Antifibrinolytic Drugs (Aminocaproic Acid and Tranexamic Acid): Treatment Perspectives for Dental Surgery

The purpose of the review was to evaluate the risks and benefits of antifibrinolytic drugs, aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid, with respect to dental surgery. The literature supports the utilization of antifibrinolytic drugs particularly with regard to hemophilia and other bleeding dyscrasias. Systemic therapy has potential risks, although blood studies allow for the safe utilization of antifibrinolytics. The use of topical antifibrinolytic drugs demonstrates benefit without significant risk.
Streamlined Licensing Through Institutional Master Agreements: A Success Story

The University of Tennessee implemented a master agreement initiative in fall 2012 as an effort to create a more effective and efficient contract review and approval process. The initiative, a joint venture between the campus libraries, the University’s System Office of Contracts Administration, and the Purchasing Department, started with one basic master agreement and quickly expanded to over 115 signed documents. The agreements cover the vast majority of library electronic and media resource vendors and have reduced contract volume by more than half. When master agreements are in place, terms and conditions no longer sit awaiting review and approval for multiple weeks or months, which virtually eliminates the danger of access to library resources being shut off. Additionally, master agreements have removed obstacles which had previously impeded the University’s various campus libraries from working together to save money and broaden access through joint purchases.
Childhood studies and orphanage tourism in Cambodia

Abstract Interacting with children is one of the most popular activities among volunteer tourists, yet volunteer tourism research rarely is informed by insights from childhood studies. This paper shows how a greater understanding of the socially constructed nature of many assumptions about children and childhood, as well as a more accurate understanding of child development processes, can deepen understanding of the phenomenon widely referred to as orphanage tourism. Issues to be addressed include the definition and delineation of orphanage tourism, motivations for and consequences of orphanage tourism, and the anti-orphanage tourism campaign. Main points will be illustrated with excerpts from a content analysis of volunteers’ testimonials, blogs and other online sources.
Effect of dietary fat and sucrose on the activities of several rat hepatic enzymes and their diurnal response to a meal.

Regulation of the cytoplasmic enzymes, pyruvate kinase (PK), glucokinase (GK), phosphoenolpy ruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDP), ATP citrate-lyase (ATP-CL), NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MD), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MD), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), in rat liver by dietary fat (F diet) and dietary sucrose (S diet) was investigated. Mealfeeding the S diet to adult rats for 5 and 9 months resulted in a diurnal dietary response (i.e., food response) variation of FDP, GK, ATP-CL, 6PGD, and PK, while meal-feeding the S diet to young rats resulted in diurnal dietary response variation of ATP-CL, G6PD, NADP-MD, 6PGD, GPT, and PK. Meal-feeding the fat diet results in essentially no diurnal variation in enzyme activity. The overall effect of meal-feeding, as compared with ad libitum feeding, of the S diet was to increase the levels of G6PD, ATP-CL, and NADP-MD and to decrease the level of PEck in the meal-fed rats. Young rats meal-fed the two diets have higher enzyme activities than meal-fed adult rats for the observed enzymes (except for GPT and NAD-MD). In general, hepatic levels of the enzymes studied are low in the F diet-fed animals and markedly higher for the S diet-fed animals. These results suggest that dietary carbohydrate specifically induces those enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, whereas dietary fat does not affect their levels. On the basis of prior evidence for an early requirement of RNA synthesis for sucrose induction of G6PD, this widespread induction of liver enzymes by carbohydrate must indicate either increased synthesis of ribosomal RNA with later regulation of synthesis specifically of these enzymes or increased synthesis of a rather large group of specific messenger RNAs i.e., coordinate genetic control of a number of these enzyme messenger RNAs.
Academic Training in Initial Counseling of Parents of Preschoolers who Stutter: A Simulated Caregiver Model

Abstract No other therapeutic approach to stuttering in general has achieved the consensus of support given to parental involvement in the clinical management of early childhood stuttering. In most cases, this involvement begins with and is based on information received during the initial evaluation. This extremely important initial step in the therapeutic process often can prove difficult for beginning clinicians, especially given the current landscape of graduate clinical training opportunities. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a framework for the use of simulated caregivers in the process of enhancing the parent counseling skills during an initial evaluation of graduate students in communication sciences and disorders. Though the field of communication disorders has come late to the idea of using simulated patients, there is a rich and varied literature on this teaching tool in other healthcare fields (e.g., nursing, medicine, psychology). What follows is a review of: (1) the factors affecting graduate training in fluency, (2) the need for better training in parent counseling during the preliminary stages of working with preschool children who stammer (CWS), and (3) a possible framework for this incorporating this training in a tightly-controlled clinical opportunity.
Long-term outcome with cardiac resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure patients with left bundle branch block from US and Europe MADIT-CRT

Early intervention with cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) in mild heart failure (HF) patients with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) ECG pattern was associated with a significant reduction in mortality in the long-term MADIT-CRT trial. Whether patients in MADIT-CRT enrolled from centers in the USA and in Europe have different long-term clinical response to CRT-D remains unknown. We compared the baseline clinical characteristics and clinical and echocardiographic long-term clinical response to CRT-D between MADIT-CRT patients with LBBB who were enrolled in USA (n = 871) and European centers (n = 392). Although European patients had more advanced heart disease than US patients, CRT-D was associated with similar 60 % (p < 0.001) reductions in the risk of HF in US and European patients when compared to ICD-only therapy after adjustment for relevant baseline clinical covariates. US patients had significant long-term mortality reduction (38 %, p = 0.02) while among European patients the survival benefit associated with CRT-D was not statistically significant (HR 0.73, p = 0.18); subgroup analyses revealed a significantly greater CRT-D benefit among women who were enrolled in the USA, whereas no significant gender difference in the clinical benefit of CRT-D was observed in the European cohort. Reverse remodeling at 1 year was associated with significantly better clinical outcomes in both groups. Despite differences in baseline disease severity, European and US patients with LBBB experienced a similar clinical and echocardiographic response to cardiac resynchronization therapy during long-term follow-up. Clinical trial registration: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00180271 .
The Escherichia coli K-12 cyn operon is positively regulated by a member of the lysR family.

Abstract A regulatory gene, cynR, was found to be located next to the cyn operon but transcribed in the opposite direction. cynR encodes a positive regulatory protein that controls the cyn operon as well as its own synthesis. Positive regulation of the cyn operon requires cyanate and the cynR protein, but the negative autoregulation of the cynR gene appears to be independent of cyanate. The predicted amino acid sequence of the cynR protein derived from the DNA sequence was found to have significant homology to the predicted amino acid sequence of the lysR family of regulatory proteins.
Modeling erosion and sedimentation coupled with hydrological and overland flow processes at the watershed scale

[1] A novel two-dimensional, physically based model of soil erosion and sediment transport coupled to models of hydrological and overland flow processes has been developed. The Hairsine-Rose formulation of erosion and deposition processes is used to account for size-selective sediment transport and differentiate bed material into original and deposited soil layers. The formulation is integrated within the framework of the hydrologic and hydrodynamic model tRIBS-OFM, Triangulated irregular network-based, Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator-Overland Flow Model. The integrated model explicitly couples the hydrodynamic formulation with the advection-dominated transport equations for sediment of multiple particle sizes. To solve the system of equations including both the Saint-Venant and the Hairsine-Rose equations, the finite volume method is employed based on Roe's approximate Riemann solver on an unstructured grid. The formulation yields space-time dynamics of flow, erosion, and sediment transport at fine scale. The integrated model has been successfully verified with analytical solutions and empirical data for two benchmark cases. Sensitivity tests to grid resolution and the number of used particle sizes have been carried out. The model has been validated at the catchment scale for the Lucky Hills watershed located in southeastern Arizona, USA, using 10 events for which catchment-scale streamflow and sediment yield data were available. Since the model is based on physical laws and explicitly uses multiple types of watershed information, satisfactory results were obtained. The spatial output has been analyzed and the driving role of topography in erosion processes has been discussed. It is expected that the integrated formulation of the model has the promise to reduce uncertainties associated with typical parameterizations of flow and erosion processes. A potential for more credible modeling of earth-surface processes is thus anticipated.
A cyclic projection algorithm via duality

We consider the problem of finding the projection of a given point in a Hilbert space onto the intersection of finitely many closed convex sets. A very simple iterative procedure was established by Dykstra (1983), Boyle & Dykstra (1986), and Han (1988), which employs the projection operators onto the individual sets. When looking at a dual problem, the procedure turns out to be the primal formulation of a classical method. In this way a natural explanation of the projection method and a simpler proof of its convergence are obtained. Further investigations concern the asymptotic behaviour of dual quantities to be computed and convergence rates. Applications are given to convex quadratic programming and restricted least squares estimation, nonnegative MINQUE in covariance components models, and euclidean fit of distance matrices in data analysis.
CEREBROSIDE MAY BE FALSELY IDENTIFIED AS A SOLUBLE ‘BRAIN SPECIFIC PROTEIN’

—Injection of a soluble protein fraction from mouse brain into rabbits gave rise to an antibody which was specific for galactocerebroside. The antigen had the following characteristics: (1) it was present in the soluble fraction of a mouse brain homogenate but absent from the soluble fraction of homogenates of mouse liver, spleen, kidney and testis; (2) it was non-dialysable; (3) it voided from a Sephadex G200 column; (4) on immunodiffusion with antibody directed against it, it gave a sharp single precipitin band; (5) it bound to DEAE cellulose column and was eluted with high salt. Given these characteristics the antigen might have been identified as a ‘brain specific protein’. However, the lipid nature of the antigen was revealed when it was found that it was not destroyed by Pronase digestion and could be quantitatively extracted with chloroform-methanol. The antigen has been identified as a galaetocerebroside and is 100 times more abundant in the myelin fraction than in the soluble fraction of the mouse brain homogenates. The antigen could have been falsely identified as a ‘brain specific protein’ if the antigenicity and macromolecular behaviour of lipids was overlooked.
Vapor Pressure of Nitroglycerin in Sublingual Molded Tablets: Implications for Stability

To understand nitroglycerin intertablet migration, vapor pressures of nitroglycerin in tablets were measured using a modified gravimetric Knudsen effusion technique. To supplement the vapor pressure data, adsorption isotherms at 296°K were determined, and tablets were studied by scanning electron microscopy. For conventional tablets (i.e., tablets without stabilizing additives such as polyethylene glycol 400), the nitroglycerin vapor pressure in a tablet is within about 10% of that for pure liquid nitroglycerin, provided the potency is greater than 0.3 mg. Significant capillary condensation in tablets at relative vapor pressures close to unity is demonstrated. Stabilizing additives lower the vapor pressure of nitroglycerin, the magnitude of the effect depending on both the nature of the additive and the additive‐nitroglycerin weight ratio. The mechanism of intertablet migration involves capillary condensation. Vapor pressure reduction of about 15%, achieved through the use of an additive, appears sufficient to prevent significant intertablet migration.