cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The yeast mitochondrial citrate transport protein: determination of secondary structure and solvent accessibility of transmembrane domain IV using site-directed spin labeling.

To explore the spatial organization and functional dynamics of the citrate transport protein (CTP), a nitroxide scan was carried out along 22 consecutive residues within the fourth transmembrane domain (TMDIV). This domain has been implicated as being of unique importance to the CTP mechanism due to (i) the presence of two intramembranous positive charges that are essential for CTP function and (ii) the existence of a transmembrane aqueous surface within this domain which likely corresponds to a portion of the citrate translocation pathway. The sequence-specific variation in the mobilities of the introduced nitroxides and their accessibilities to molecular O2 reveal an α-helical conformation along the sequence. The accessibilities to NiEDDA are out of phase with accessibilites to O2, indicating that one face of the helix is solvated by the lipid bilayer while the other is solvated by an aqueous environment. A gradient of NiEDDA accessibility is observed along the helix surface facing the aqueous phase, an...
Social Class and Test Performance: Comparative Validity of the Peabody with the WISC and WISC-R for Two Socioeconomic Groups:

Summary.-Comparability of 1Qs yielded by the Peabody and the revised Wechsler scale, the WISC-R, is important to interpret IQ estimates obtained from these two scales. In the present study, 40 normal 10-yr.-old children (20 male and 20 female, half of whom were from high and half from low socioeconomic status) were compared for performance on the Peabody, the WISC and the WISC-R. 1Qs obtained on Forms A and B of the Peabody correlate highly and, thus, the two Peabody forms are essentially parallel and equivalent forms. Concurrent validity coefficients ranging from .71 to .83 were obtained between the Peabody IQs and Verbal and Full Scale IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Much lower validity coefficients were obtained between the Peabody and Performance IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Large differences in IQ berween children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those from high socioeconomic backgrounds were obtained on all four tests. The Peabody IQs were closer in magnitude to the WISC-R IQs than to the WISC in the low socioeconomic group. The results support administering the Peabody to children for obtaining valid IQ estimates. Interpretations of Peabody scores in relation to the WISC-R should be somewhat different trom those of the Peabody and the WISC, however, in view of the effects of socioeconomic status (and rherefore ability level) on estimates of IQ. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, widely used in a variety of settings for both research and clinical purposes (Sattler, 1974), has often been compared to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The introduction for clinical use of the restandardized Wechsler scale (Wechsler, 1974), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised Form (WISC-R), necessitates reevaluation of the relationship between the Wechsler scales and the Peabody. The present investigation compared the Peabody IQs and WISC and WISC-R IQ estimates. Samples of children from divergent socioeconomic backgrounds also permitted study of the influence of socioeconomic status on the Peabody and the Wechsler scales. The Peabody has generally yielded lower IQ estimates than the WISC for children from lower socioeconomic parental groups, while the reverse has usually been found in children with other characceristics.
Method for radiometric calibration of an endoscope's camera and light source

An endoscope is a commonly used instrument for performing minimally invasive visual examination of the tissues inside the body. A physician uses the endoscopic video images to identify tissue abnormalities. The images, however, are highly dependent on the optical properties of the endoscope and its orientation and location with respect to the tissue structure. The analysis of endoscopic video images is, therefore, purely subjective. Studies suggest that the fusion of endoscopic video images (providing color and texture information) with virtual endoscopic views (providing structural information) can be useful for assessing various pathologies for several applications: (1) surgical simulation, training, and pedagogy; (2) the creation of a database for pathologies; and (3) the building of patient-specific models. Such fusion requires both geometric and radiometric alignment of endoscopic video images in the texture space. Inconsistent estimates of texture/color of the tissue surface result in seams when multiple endoscopic video images are combined together. This paper (1) identifies the endoscope-dependent variables to be calibrated for objective and consistent estimation of surface texture/color and (2) presents an integrated set of methods to measure them. Results show that the calibration method can be successfully used to estimate objective color/texture values for simple planar scenes, whereas uncalibrated endoscopes performed very poorly for the same tests.
Parasites of the Horn Fly in Missouri

Eleven species of parasitic insects were reared from Haematobia irritans (L.): Aphaereta pallipes (Say), Pseudeucoila sp., Trichopria haematobiae ? (Ashmead), Figites sp., Neralsia hyalinipennis (Ashmead), Eupteromalus sp., Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Spalangia haematobiae Ashmead, S. nigra Latreille, S. nigroaena Curtis, and Aleochara bipustulata ? (L.). The most common was S. nigra; S. nigroaenea was second, and S. haematobiae was third. These 3 species accounted for 61.2% of the observed parasitism. In the 3 years of the study, 56.7% of the samples from which pupae were collected showed no parasitism. Furthermore, parasitism higher than 10.0% occurred in only 11% of the samples, and more than 20.0% parasitism occurred in only 4%. Total seasonal parasitism during the 3 years averaged 3.71, 4.13, and 6.61 %, and of 30,634 pupae collected, only 4.55% were parasitized. It appears that the parasites are not very important as natural control agents of the horn fly in Missouri.
The end defines the means in bacterial mRNA decay.

Bacterial mRNAs begin with a triphosphate on the first transcribed nucleotide, but RNase E, the endonuclease long thought to initiate mRNA decay in Escherichia coli, only works well on RNA with a 5′-monophosphate. Conversion of the 5′-triphosphate to a monophosphate now appears to be the first committed step in mRNA decay in E. coli.
Absence of Fatty Acid Specificity During Lipolysis of Some Synthetic Triglycerides by B-Esterase Preparations from Milk

Summary The specificity of B-esterase preparations from bovine milk for short-chain fatty acids was studied by using as substrates glyceryl 1-oleate 2,3-dicaproate (OCC) and glyceryl 1-palmitate 2,3-dibutyrate (PBB). These triglycerides were emulsified into skimmilk, incubated with the B-esterase preparations for varying lengths of time at 38 C, and the products of lipolysis isolated by column and thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acid compositions of the isolated free fatty acids and mono- and diglycerides were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Absence of specificity for short-chain acids was indicated by the release of equimolar quantities of caproate and oleate or butyrate and palmitate during lipolysis periods of up to 1 hr. When PBB was incubated at 4 C for 24 hr, there was apparent specificity for butyrate which was probably caused by the comparatively rapid lipolysis of dibutyrin in contrast to glyceryl 1-palmitate 2-butyrate at the diglyceride stage.
A Novel Beryllium Thiolate Resulting from N−Si Bond Cleavage: Liberation of Ammonia in the Reaction of Be[N(SiMe3)2]2 with HSPh

A side reaction leads to the product. In the synthesis of [{Be(SPh)2 (py)(NH3 )}2 {[18]crown-6}] (1, py=pyridine) from [Be{N(SiMe3 )2 }2 ] and HSPh, the coordinated ammonia molecules (see the structure of 1 in the picture) are formed in a competing reaction between liberated hexamethyldisilazane and the thiol.
Research opportunities for bioactive natural constituents in agriculture and food prepared for the 50th anniversary of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry recently introduced a new subject matter category titled “Bioactive Constituents” to cover investigations of the composition of natural compounds and their biological activity in crops and foods. It is recognized by the Editors that a number of other journals specialize in various aspects of the chemistry of natural products, but the intent of this classification is to emphasize and stimulate submission of manuscripts in such areas of agricultural and food chemistry that have so far been neglected or under-represented. Selected topics dealing with bioactive constituents are given as representative examples of the types of investigations that would be appropriate to the scope of the Journal.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by a Ruthenium−Acetamido Complex: Evidence for a Stepwise Hydrogen Transfer Mechanism

The ruthenium−acetamido complex, prepared from the reaction of [(PCy3)2(CO)(CH3CN)2RuH]+BF4- with KOH in 2-propanol, was found to be an effective catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds and imines. Observation of both the inverse deuterium isotope effect and the competitive inhibition by added phosphine provided strong evidence for a stepwise mechanism of proton and hydride transfer via a coordinatively unsaturated ruthenium−amido species.
Distribution of polymer deposition in glow discharge polymerization in a capacitively coupled system

The manner by which polymers created by plasma uniformly deposit onto substrates was sought. By rotating the substrate placed midway between electrodes, completely uniform distribution of polymer deposition was accomplished, and the deviation of the polymer deposition in a radius direction of the rotating substrate was within experimental errors. Materials of the substrate on which the polymer deposited had no influence on uiniformity of polymer deposition, but the electrical circuit of power source, i.e., grounding an electrode, markedly disturbed the uniformity. Thickness of polymers deposited on the substrate was linearly proportional to reaction time. Surface energies of deposited polymers prepared from methane, ethylene, and acetylene by plasma were independent of reaction time and were rather higher than those for conventionally polymerized polyolefines.
Increased Intraocular Pressure in the Immediate Postoperative Period After Extracapsular Cataract Extraction

We evaluated the immediate intraocular pressure increase after extracapsular cataract surgery in 58 eyes. Two to three hours postoperatively, 34 eyes (59%) developed an intraocular pressure greater than or equal to 25 mm Hg. We found an intraocular pressure of at least 40 mm Hg in seven eyes. Mean intraocular pressure two to three hours postoperatively was 8.9 ± 9.8 mm Hg greater than the preoperative intraocular pressure. The use of intraocular sodium hyaluronate had no apparent effect on intraocular pressure.
The influence of metiamide on ouabain cardiotoxicity

The effect of metiamide on the cardiotoxicity produced by ouabain was studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. The onset of ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation was significantly delayed in cats treated with metiamide as compared with cats that did not receive metiamide. Although the mechanism by which metiamide inhibits ouabain toxicity is speculative, the data suggest that histamine H2-receptor blocking agents may be useful as anti-arrhythmic drugs in digitalis cardiotoxicity.
A proximal activator of transcription in epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism for phenotypic conversion in normal development and disease states such as tissue fibrosis and metastasis. While this conversion of epithelia is under tight transcriptional control, few of the key transcriptional proteins are known. Fibroblasts produced by EMT express a gene encoding fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1), which is regulated by a proximal cis-acting promoter element called fibroblast transcription site-1 (FTS-1). In mass spectrometry, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and siRNA studies, we used FTS-1 as a unique probe for mediators of EMT and identified a complex of 2 proteins, CArG box-binding factor-A (CBF-A) and KRAB-associated protein 1 (KAP-1), that bind this site. Epithelial cells engineered to conditionally express recombinant CBF-A (rCBF-A) activate the transcription of FSP1 and undergo EMT. The FTS-1 response element also exists in the promoters modulating a broader EMT transcriptome, including Twist, and Snail, as well as E-cadherin, beta-catenin, ZO 1, vimentin, alpha1(I) collagen, and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and the induction of rCBF-A appropriately alters their expression as well. We believe formation of the CBF-A/KAP-1/FTS-1 complex is sufficient for the induction of FSP1 and a novel proximal activator of EMT.
Synergism through direct covalent bonding between agents: a strategy for rational design of chemotherapeutic combinations.

Self-assembling chemotherapeutic agents are mixtures of relatively nontoxic precursors that can combine chemically under physiological conditions to form products with greater cytotoxic and/or antimicrobial activity than either of the precursors. Combinations that form products more rapidly in or near the target (tumor, pathogen, virally infected cell) than in normal tissues will exhibit target-selective synergism, thus exhibiting an antitarget selectivity that is greater than the selectivities of the product (e.g., a hydrazone) and of either precursor (e.g., a hydrazine derivative or ketone) used singly. This paper describes the target-selective cytotoxic synergism of a cationic aldehyde (A) and a cationic acylhydrazine (B) containing a triarylalkylphosphonium moiety against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (ELA) in culture, in addition to reviewing previous work on self-assembling cytotoxins. The synergism between A and B is carcinoma selective when the ELA cells (the target) are compared to CV-1, an untransformed African green monkey kidney epithelial line. Like tetraphenylphosphonium and rhodamine 123, which are selectively concentrated in ELA cells relative to CV-1, A, B and the hydrazone C resulting from their reaction are lipophilic delocalized cations that selectively inhibit ELA growth relative to CV-1 growth. The hydrazone C is more growth inhibitory than either A or B for both cell lines. A combination of A with an unreactive analogue of B and a combination of B with an unreactive analogue of A did not synergistically inhibit ELA proliferation. The degree of synergism is greater against the ELA cells than against the CV-1 cells. These data, together with hydrazone formation kinetics, suggest that A and B are both concentrated together selectively inside the ELA due to the transmembrane potentials, reacting inside the ELA cells at a higher velocity than inside the CV-1 cells to form the more growth-inhibitory hydrazone C.
A novel regioselective t‐butylation as applied to the synthesis of 5‐cyano‐1‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐N‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide

The title compound was synthesized in a regiocontrolled way from 5-cyano-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester (5) with isobutylene, p-toluenesulfonic acid and methylamine.
Induction of linked suppression in addition to the donor H-2 class I-specific unresponsiveness in recipient T cells by transfusing class I plus class II-disparate, but not class I alone-disparate, bone marrow cells.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine whether bone marrow (BM) cells contain a cell population with the capacity to induce an Unresponsiveness of T cells specific to the BM self-H-2 class I antigens in vivo , i.e., veto cell population. Recombinant or congenic mice were infused intravenously with H-2-incompatible BM cells. One to several weeks later, donor H-2- and irrelevant H-2-specific responses in mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures of recipient T cells were assessed. Transfusion of H-2-incompatible BM of C57BL/10 (B10) recombinant strains caused a long-lasting cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) unresponsiveness to the donor class I antigens in recipient lymph node cells. When class I plus class II-disparate BM cells were transfused, an anti-donor class I CTL response and a response against a third-party class I antigen, which was presented on the stimulator cells coexpressing the donor class I and class II, were significantly suppressed. This linked suppression lasted for less than 2 weeks after transfusion. Transfusion of class I alone-disparate BM induced the donor class I-specific CTL unresponsiveness, but not the linked suppression. The induction of linked suppression was prevented considerably by transfusing nylon wool-nonadherent BM or by treating recipients with cyclophosphamide 2 days before transfusion. An anti-third-party class I CTL response, stimulated in vitro with fully allogeneic spleen cells, was not hampered by the BM transfusion. Coculturing the lymph node (LN) cells obtained from the class I plus class II-disparate BM recipient with normal LN cells interfered with the generation of both anti-donor class I and anti-linked third-party class I CTL, whereas, coculturing LN cells from the class I alone-disparate BM recipient inhibited neither specificity of CTL generation. Transfusion of class I plus class II-disparate BM resulted in a significant suppression of the donor class II-specific proliferative response. In contrast, transfusion of class I alone-disparate BM did not suppress any proliferative responses, including even a “linked” third-party class II-specific response. Transfusion of bm1, (B6 X bm1)F 1 , or (bm1 X bm12)F 1 BM to B6 did not induce Unresponsiveness in bm1-specific CTL responses. However, the transfusion resulted in a significant suppression of bm1-reactive proliferative response of recipient LN cells. Transfusion of (bm1 X bm12)F 1 BM but not of (B6 X bm1)F 1 BM suppressed anti-bm1 plus bm12 proliferative response, although transfusion of (bm1 X bm12)F 1 BM into (B6 X bm1)F 1 mice did not induce any suppression in anti-bm12 response. The differences in the underlying mechanisms between the BM donor class I-specific unresponsiveness and the linked suppression are discussed.
Treatment Profiles of Troubled Female Adolescents: Implications for Judicial Disposition

Increasing numbers of girls are entering the juvenile justice system. This growing number of females creates a dilemma for judges concerned with appropriate disposition to treatment and diversion: since current intervention methodologies were developed primarily for males, how effective are they for females? The current paper describes a research process that addressed this issue. A sample of troubled adolescents was selected from a residential treatment facility. Data were collected from 137 youth between the ages of 12 and 17 (65 female [47%] and 72 male [52%]) regarding variables related to twenty-three behavioral and psychosocial problems. These data were then subjected to a cluster analysis. Two distinct treatment profiles were formed, each differing in composition by gender. Based on the results of the cluster analysis, the researchers conducted a literature review to determine the implications of those profiles for successful disposition and treatment.
An improved border detection in dermoscopy images for density based clustering

Dermoscopy is one of the major imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. In current practice, dermatologists determine lesion area by manually drawing lesion borders. Therefore, automated assessment tools for dermoscopy images have become an important research field mainly because of inter- and intra-observer variations in human interpretation. One of the most important steps in dermoscopy image analysis is automated detection of lesion borders. To our knowledge, in our 2010 study we achieved one of the highest accuracy rates in the automated lesion border detection field by using modified density based clustering algorithm. In the previous study, we proposed a novel method which removes redundant computations in well-known spatial density based clustering algorithm, DBSCAN; thus, in turn it speeds up clustering process considerably. Our previous study was heavily dependent on the pre-processing step which creates a binary image from original image. In this study, we embed a new distance measure to the existing algorithm. This provides twofold benefits. First, since new approach removes pre-processing step, it directly works on color images instead of binary ones. Thus, very important color information is not lost. Second, accuracy of delineated lesion borders is improved on 75% of 100 dermoscopy image dataset. Previous and improved methods are tested within the same dermoscopy dataset along with the same set of dermatologist drawn ground truth images. Results revealed that the improved method directly works on color images without any pre-processing and generates more accurate results than existing method.
Fatty Acid Synthesis During Fasting and Bovine Ketosis

Summary A study was made of the changes which occur in the fatty acid composition of milk fat during fasting and clinical ketosis. Samples were taken from normal Jersey, Holstein, and Guernsey cows and from the same cows following a five-day fast or during an acute attack of ketosis. The low molecular weight fatty acids fell on the average 36 and 64 mol per cent from normal milk fat values in ketotic and fasted cows, respectively. A compensatory increase was noted in the long-chain fatty acids, palmitoleic, stearic, and especially oleic. Further, the per cent decrease in the individual low molecular weight fatty acids appeared to be inversely proportional to their concentration in normal milk fat. This observation is not consistent with the hypothesis that a specific enzymatic defect inhibits fatty acid formation from acetate during fasting or clinical ketosis. Similarly, it seems unlikely that the diminished lipogenesis from acetate results from the preferential utilization of plasma lipid fatty acids or a shift in the normal pathway of acetate metabolism, i.e., from lipogenesis to gluconeogenesis. It was concluded that the cause of impaired acetate utilization during ketosis will remain obscure until the major pathways of fatty acid synthesis are more fully understood.
Public Policy, the Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Exports: Discussion

The impact of macroeconomic policies on trade sectors has been at the forefront of recent policy concerns. The papers in this session address a wide range of aspects of this important topic. Battan and Belongia challenge the reasoning that monetary and fiscal policies have substantial impacts on agriculture through their effects on the exchange rate. Given current controversies in macroeconomic theory, the authors are to be commended for focusing attention on the basics of exchange rate determination. However, their empirical analysis falls short with respect to clarifying the effects of macroeconomic policies on international capital and commodity markets. They err fundamentally by viewing these issues from too narrow a perspective.
On-Line Computation and Presentation of External Proton Beam Line Targeting Information

The system described calculates both horizontal and vertical beam size and center position at each experimenter's target. The measuring devices are of the nondestructive multiple-wire type. The necessary multiplexing and synchronized sampling of the devices are controlled by the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) control computer. As soon as the data are available, a program is called upon to calculate the beam center position and full width at half maximum (FWHM). As these values are calculated, they are formatted and multiplexed to displays for the ZGS operators and to the experimenters' location. The system processes up to eight profile devices and supplies results on a pulse-to-pulse basis immediately after the beam spill time.
Resonance broadening of Hanle-effect signals in rubidium

We have measured the broadening of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ level-crossing signals due to collisions with ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$. The depolarization or broadening rates for the $5^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state orientation, the $5^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state orientation and alignment, and the $5^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state 58-G crossing were measured. Theoretical resonance-broadening depolarization rates for the electronic angular momentum, due to Carrington, Stacey, and Cooper, have been incorporated into calculations of the Hanle-effect signals in the presence of nuclear-spin coupling. The experimental broadening rates are corrected for a minor amount of coherence narrowing. The measured broadening rate for the three $5^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state level-crossing signals are in 20% agreement with the theory. The measured $5^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state broadening rate exceeds the theoretical by about a factor of 2. This discrepancy may be due to the action of the hyperfine interaction during these unusually long duration collisions. The natural lifetimes of the $5^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $5^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states are determined from the low-density linewidth to be 27.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.5 and 29.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.7 nsec, respectively.
Varenicline's effects on acute smoking behavior and reward and their association with subsequent abstinence.

Rationale Varenicline may aid smoking cessation by attenuating smoking behavior and reward. We compared the effects of varenicline versus placebo on smoking behavior and reward, assessed both prospectively and retrospectively, and related these effects to subsequent success in a brief simulated quit attempt with medication.
Nitric oxide protects nitric oxide synthase function from hydroxyl radical-induced inhibition

The interdependent relationships among nitric oxide synthase (NOS), its coenzyme, cofactors and nitric oxide (NO(free radical) were studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was found that superoxide-dependent hydroxyl free radical (OH(free radical), derived from NOS coenzyme and cofactors, inhibits NOS activity, and that endogenous NO(free radical) generated by NOS scavenges OH(free radical) and protects NOS function. These results reveal a new role for NO(free radical) that may be important in NOS function and cellular free radical homeostasis.
Poster Sessions CP05: Intracellular Transport and Vesicle Trafficking

HnRNP A2 is an RNA trafficking protein that binds to a specific cis-acting RNA trafficking element (A2RE) in myelin basic protein RNA and other transported RNAs. A2RE/hnRNPA2 determinants mediate several different steps in RNA trafficking including granule assembly, transport to the plus ends of microtubules and translational activation. A yeast two hybrid screen designed to identify proteins that interact with hnRNP A2 selected a clone corresponding to the carboxyl terminal portion of TOG (tumor overexpressed gene), a microtubule-associated protein that regulates microtubule dynamics. Co-immunostaining of oligodendrocytes with antibody to hnRNPA2 and TOG revealed extensive colocalization of TOG with hnRNP A2 granules in the dendrites. A small population of hnRNP A2 granules lacked TOG and some regions of TOG staining lacked hnRNP A2. In oligodendrocytes injected with fluorescent A2RE RNA and stained for TOG, granules containing fluorescent RNA colocalized with TOG. Co-injection of anti-TOG antibody with fluorescent A2RE RNA decreased colocalization with TOG and increased transport of the injected RNA. These observations suggest that molecular interaction between hnRNP A2 and TOG serves to anchor A2RE mRNAs/hnRNPA2 granules at plus ends of microtubules. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH NS19943 (EB) and NS15190 (JHC), and NMSS RG2843 (EB).
A multi-material Q-boosted low phase noise optomechanical oscillator

A Radiation Pressure driven Optomechanical Oscillator (RP-OMO) comprised of attached concentric rings of polysilicon and silicon nitride has achieved a first demonstration of a mixed material optomechanical device, posting a mechanical Qm of 22,300 at 52 MHz, which is more than 2× larger than previous single-material silicon nitride devices [1]. With this Qm, the RP-OMO exhibits a best-to-date phase noise of -125 dBc/Hz at 5 kHz offset from its 52-MHz carrier - a 12 dB improvement from the previous best by an RP-OMO constructed of silicon nitride alone [1]. The key to achieving this performance is the unique mechanical Q-boosting design where most of the vibrational energy is stored by the high-Qm polysilicon inner ring which in turn boosts the overall Qm over that of silicon nitride, all while retaining the high optical Qo >190,000 of silicon nitride material. Simultaneous high Qo and Qm reduces the optical threshold power for oscillation, allowing this multi-material RP-OMO to achieve its low phase noise with an input laser power of only 3.6 mW.
Sedimentology of glacial and glacial marine deposits on the George V‐Adelie continental shelf, East Antarctica

Mineralogic and textural data suggest that glacial ice derived from the region of the present day Cook Ice Shelf extended to the edge of the d'Urville Sea continental shelf. As part of this glacial maximum, basal tills and glacial marine sediments were deposited over an irregular subglacial surface. Extensive redeposition of eroded material took place in the middle and outer portions of the continental shelf. Retreat of glacial ice was relatively rapid and was associated with widespread deposition of a thin residual glacial marine unit and turbidity current deposits in the far western and eastern parts of the region. Today, sedimentation on the continental shelf of the d'Urville Sea is controlled by biogenic and physical oceanographic processes. Deposition of ice-rafted detritus from icebergs undoubtedly occurs but is relatively insignificant. Glacial advances along this periphery of East Antarctica appear to the regulated by adjacent outlet glaciers rather than direct advance of the grounded ice sheet.
Oxidation of polycrystalline α-silicon carbide ceramic

Abstract Oxidation behaviours and associated flexural strength of pressureless-sintered α-SiC ceramic, with Al2O3 and Y2O3 as sintering additives, were investigated in the temperature range of 1200–1350 °C at 50 °C intervals. The oxidation kinetics typically exhibited a parabolic behaviour which indicated a diffusion controlled mechanism with an activation energy ranging from 128 kJ/mol to 92 kJ/mol, decreasing monotonically with increasing additive content from 5 wt% to 20 wt%. The oxide scale was characterized in terms of microstructure and phase formation. The scale is essentially a composite structure consisting of pores, crystalline yttrium silicate and YAG phases, and amorphous silica. The flexural strength of the SiC decreases somewhat with oxidation due primarily to surface pit formation. The microstructure, particularly the initial surface morphology, of the SiC with higher additive content may also be considered as an important factor for strength behaviour after oxidation at elevated temperatures.
Circles Drawing Toward High Risk Activism: The Use of Usroh and Halaqa in Islamist Radical Movements

Kurzman (2004) argued that social movements research and Islamic studies “followed parallel trajectories, with few glances across the chasm that have separated them.” This article will illuminate one influential process that has relevance to both these areas, the use of small groups for the purpose or radical mobilization. Specifically, it examines the impact of the use of small Islamic study groups (usroh and halaqa) for fundamental and radical Islamic movements. Although small-group mobilization is not unique to Islam, the strategic use of these study groups empowered by the Islamic belief system has yielded significant returns in capacity building for high-risk activism.
Albert's construction for semifields of even order

Albert's construction for commutative semifields of order 2 n , n odd, is presented. It avoids the construction of a presemifield and, in the case that n is prime, allows us to determine automorphism groups and the isomorphism classes. If n is a prime greater than three, the semifields are strictly not associative. These semifields are new for all n greater than three, differing from the binary semifields in that each admits only the trivial automorphism. The authors present an explicit construction of an isotope of the 25-element semifield that contains a subsemifield of order 22.
Popular support for progressive taxation and the relative income hypothesis

Abstract We show that a marginal rate progressive tax always defeats a marginal rate regressive tax under pairwise majority voting (so long as the latter collects at least as much revenue as the former one) irrespective of whether the voters care at all about their relative incomes or not.
Calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels mediate the β2-adrenergic regulation of Na,K-ATPase

β2-Adrenergic agonists have been shown to regulate Na,K-ATPase in the alveolar epithelium by recruiting Na,K-ATPase-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). Here, we provide evidence that β2-agonists induce store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in AECs. This calcium entry is necessary for β2-agonist-induced recruitment of Na,K-ATPase to the plasma membrane of AECs. Specifically, we show that β2-agonists induce SOCE via stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)-associated calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels. We also demonstrate that the magnitude of SOCE affects the abundance of Na,K-ATPase at the plasma membrane of AECs.
The effect of immobilization on recombinant protein production in plant cell culture

The effects of encapsulation on the production of recombinant human proteins by Nicotiana tabacum cells were investigated using alginate, carrageenan, and agar as immobilization matrices. Experiments showed that cell encapsulation in alginate increased the production of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in tobacco cells by approximately 50%. Alginate also yielded the highest quality beads and the most reproducible growth results. The most likely cause for this increased protein production is the altered growth conditions within the alginate beads resulting in a prolonged exponential growth phase. To characterize these effects, we compared growth performance and protein production for various gel geometries, bead sizes, and volume fractions of beads.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based Vibrational Stark Effect as a Spatial Probe of Interfacial Electric Fields in the Diffuse Double Layer

Potential-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of the nitrile stretching mode were acquired from a series of monolayers composed of alkanethiols (HS(CH2)xCH3, where 6 ≤ x ≤ 10) and mercaptododecanenitrile (HS(CH2)11CN). These spectra were used to investigate the diffuse double layer at a silver electrode interface modified with mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The alkanethiol species acts to dilute the nitrile-terminated thiol to isolate the nitrile reporter group within the diffuse double-layer region. Nitrile groups co-immobilized with shorter diluent alkanethiol chains are placed more deeply into the diffuse double layer (relative to the methyl terminus of the surrounding alkanethiol). Interfacial electric fields, measured using observed Stark tuning rates of the nitrile stretching frequency, were examined as a function of SAM composition to map the structure of the diffuse double-layer region versus distance from the SAM/solution interface. The trends in the experimental d...
Single-mode laser instability induced by frequency perturbations.

The effect of frequency perturbations on the stability of tuned, standing-wave gas lasers is determined, by use of the assumption of strong Doppler broadening. It is shown that such perturbations determine the instability threshold over a part of the parameter space, and that such thresholds correspond to bifurcations in the steady-state amplitude and frequency of the field. While the effect on the amplitude is found to be small, significant frequency bistability, resulting from the bifurcation, is indicated.
Cross protection of cantaloupe with a mild strain of zucchini yellow mosaic virus: effectiveness and application

Abstract Plants infected with a severe strain of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV-CA) produced fewer marketable fruit than non-infected control plants or plants infected with a mild strain of ZYMV (ZYMV-WK); cross protection conserved marketable yield by nearly 75%. Cantaloupe plants in the non-infected control treatment and plants infected solely with ZYMV-WK produced similar numbers of marketable fruit. In another study, ZYMV-WK was introduced successfully into cantaloupe plants using standard agricultural spray equipment at 2.1 kg cm −2 pressure. Infection with the mild strain was related directly to the concentration of virus in our sprays. The highest infection rate (77%) was achieved with a 10% solution of fresh tissue in buffer. Lower percentage solutions, 2 and 1%, resulted in 27.5 and 25% infection, respectively. A 10% spray solution made from frozen infected tissue resulted in 56% infection. Our studies demonstrate the effectiveness of cross protection in cantaloupe and offer a method to growers for applying this technology to large-scale, direct-seeded agriculture.
Zinc-sulfur and cadmium-sulfur association in metalliferous peats: evidence from spectroscopy, distribution coefficients, and phytoavailability.

Peat deposits can concentrate chalcophilic metals such as Zn and Cd by biogeochemical processes; as a result, there is a possibility that the solubility, mobility, and bioavailability of these metals could increase when such deposits are drained and cropped, initiating oxidation of organic matter and sulfides under aerobic conditions. We use spectroscopic, chemical, and bioassay approaches to characterize high Zn (88−15 800 mg kg-1), Cd (0.55−83.0 mg kg-1), and S (3.52−9.54 g kg-1) peat soils collected from locations in New York State and Ontario that overlie Silurian-age metal-enriched dolomite bedrock. Total and KNO3-extractable trace metals were determined by ICP emission spectrometry, and labile Cd and Zn were measured in the KNO3 extracts by anodic stripping voltammetry. A greenhouse bioassay with maize and canola was conducted to determine the bioavailability and toxicity of the soil Zn and Cd. The electronic oxidation states of sulfur in the peat soils were determined by X-ray absorption near edge ...
Race, Politics, and Arab American Youth Shifting Frameworks for Conceptualizing Educational Equity

Educators concerned with creating equitable school environments for Arab American students must focus on how contemporary global and national politics shape the lives of these youth and their families. Arab immigrants and Arab American citizens alike experience specific forms of racial oppression that hold implications for school curricula, practices, and policies. Practitioners committed to social justice must assess how schools teach about culture, educate students for knowledgeable deliberation of global politics, and support students and teachers to explore the passions of patriotism. The questions raised by the education of Arab American youth have profound implications for teaching for social justice in a world characterized by global interdependence and increasing transnational migration. No longer can national boundaries mark the limit of concern for social justice. Educating for social justice requires that we teach youth to confront racial, economic, social, and political injustices within and b...
Complex partial seizures and psychiatric disturbance in end-stage renal disease

Patients undergoing hemodialysis and renal transplan­ tation for the treatment of end-stage renal disease are subject to considerable psychological and metabolic stress. Psychotic episodes infrequently occur in this patient population. I .' In the following cases three se­ verely ill patients demonstrated psychotic behavior and abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) findings consistent with a diagnosis of complex partial seizure. They improved significantly in mental status after anti­ convulsant treatment was initiated.
Organization and implementation of the register-renaming mapper for out-of-order IBM POWER4 processors

We present a new nonconventional approach for designing and organizing register rename mappers that can be applied in modern out-of-order processor chips. A content-addressable memory (CAM) configuration optimal for such a register mapper application was developed. The structure of the CAM and search engine, described in this paper, facilitates the implementation of the register mapper as a group of custom arrays. Each array is dedicated to executing a specific function. Among the functions we implemented are allocation of registers, maintaining the register map and status, source lookup, saving a shadow copy of the register map, and freeing up of registers. We made a novel implementation of the register mapper to provide rename resources for the IBM POWER4TM chip, which provides the processing power for the IBM eServerTM p690. Such register renaming allows for a high level of concurrency in the pipeline and contributes to superior machine performance.
Rapid Treatment of Contamination Phobia with Hand-washing Compulsion by Flooding with Hypnosis

Abstract Two obsessive-compulsive patients with contamination phobias and hand-washing compulsions are presented. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy had resulted in little change. Behavior therapy techniques of thought-stopping, systematic desensitization, progressive muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring and self-imposed response prevention were first used, resulting in some subjective improvement, but no change in the hand-washing rate. Hypnosis, emphasizing relaxation, positive suggestion and corrective information provided further temporary subjective improvement but little change in compulsive rituals. Hypnosis, combined with the behavioral technique of flooding, produced rapid improvement. The patients maintained improvement at seven years and two years. Flooding under hypnosis may afford obsessive-compulsive patients a rapid and economical therapeutic procedure.
Effects of inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on basal anterior segment ocular blood flows and on potential autoregulatory mechanisms.

Experiments were undertaken to determine the role played by nitric oxide (NO) in basal ocular blood flow in the anterior aspect of the eye. Subsequent studies focused on existence of autoregulatory mechanisms and on the potential involvement of NO. Cats were anesthetized with pentobarbital (36 mg/kg, i.p.). A femoral artery and vein were cannulated for measuring blood pressure and for drug administration, respectively. Anterior segment blood flow was measured in a continuous fashion from the long posterior ciliary artery (LPCA) using ultrasonic flowmetry and from the anterior choroid using laser-Doppler flowmetry. A needle was placed into the anterior chamber, and autoregulatory mechanisms were studied by decreasing ocular perfusion pressure via stepwise elevations of IOP. Non-selective inhibition of NO synthase with L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly decreased basal blood flow from both sites. L-NAME (5 mg/kg, i.v.) was without effect as was D-NAME (25 mg/kg, i.v.). Increasing IOP produced a linear decrease on LPCA blood flow indicating absence of autoregulation. In contrast, stepwise elevation of IOP produced a delayed, non-linear response in the anterior choroid suggestive of a strong autoregulatory response. Neither response to elevated ocular perfusion pressure was further altered by inhibition of NO synthase with L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.). The results confirm previous reports that nitric oxide plays a pivotal role in maintenance of basal ocular blood flow. Autoregulation was not seen in the LPCA. In contrast, there was a clear autoregulatory response in the anterior choroid, although neither response was altered by inhibition of NO synthase.
Somebody's grandma and grandpa. Children's responses to contacts with elders.

Purpose: This article describes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of a program that introduced children into a nursing home. Method: A qualitative descriptive design was employed to measure the responses of children to the program. The sample consisted of 61 children, including preschoolers and adolescents. Data were collected from children who participated in the activities (n = 33), and from children who had not participated (n = 28). Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: There were no differences in perceptions of preschoolers who participated or did not participate in the nursing home visitation program. In contrast, adolescents who had not participated in the activities with elders described physical infirmities and negative experiences with elders, and talked about smells and boredom. However, adolescent participants in the program demonstrated positive perceptions and descriptions of elders. A favorite activity for all ages was hearing the residents' stories and memories. Adolescent participants reported that their experiences and activities in the program had altered their opinions and beliefs, and they expressed the intent to include elders in their lives in the future. Clinical Implications: Because adolescent children exposed to these visits expressed positive perceptions of elders it is prudent to plan larger scale studies with these populations, and also to evaluate the effects of the visits on nursing home residents.
Microencapsulation of Naproxen Using Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions

The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process was used to produce polymeric microparticles or microspheres loaded with pharmaceuticals for drug delivery applications. Poly(L-lactic acid) (L-PLA), naproxen, and a mixture of naproxen/L-PLA were dissolved in supercritical CO 2 and precipitated by the RESS process. Composite particles appear as a naproxen core encapsulated in a polymer coating. The solubility of L-PLA and naproxen/L-PLA has been measured at 333.15 K and pressures ranging from 90 to 200 bar by using a dynamic flow apparatus. The lattice fluid theory of Sanchez and Lacombe was tested for its correlative and predictive capability of modeling these supercritical fluid mixtures. The solubility data are combined with morphology studies to investigate the effects of fluid phase interactions on particle formation using RESS.
Genetics of Huntington disease.

HD : Huntington disease CAG : cytosine-adenine-guanine Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic condition that can affect movement and cognition and is progressive and fatal. It results from genetic mutations involving trinucleotide repeats of the huntingtin gene, which encodes
Adjuvant Radiation for Stage II-B Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Extremity

PURPOSE: Adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) has been shown to improve local control in patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the extremity. This study sought to define the optimal management in patients with stage II-B (high-grade, size ≤ 5 cm) tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July 1982 and December 1998, 204 adult patients with primary stage II-B STS underwent limb-sparing surgery with negative microscopic margins. Eighty-eight patients (43%) received RT; 116 (57%) did not. The RT and no-RT groups were balanced with regard to age, site (upper v lower extremity), whether patients had prior unplanned excision, and location (central, ie, shoulder/groin v noncentral). The RT group had more deep tumors (P = .03). Adjuvant RT was delivered with brachytherapy in 60% and external-beam radiation in 40% of patients. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 67 months, the 5-year local control, distant relapse-free survival, and disease-specific survival rates were 82%, 80%, and 88%, respectively. There...