cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inmate Suicide in Prisons: An Analysis of Legal Liability under 42 USC Section 1983

Case law pertaining to prison suicide liability in Section 1983 civil lawsuits shows several trends in future liability considerations. Supreme Court decisions regarding deliberate indifference standards, as set forth in Estelle v. Gamble, are compared with present deliberate indifference standards produced by the Farmer v. Brennan ruling. Although some researchers have hailed the Farmer decision as a potential benefit to plaintiffs in prison suicide cases, such claims do not appear to hold merit. The effects of the Farmer decision on Section 1983 prison suicide litigation have created difficulties in proving suicide liability as a violation of constitutionally established civil rights.
Nonpaternalistic altruism and functional interdependence of social preferences

Utility functions embodying nonpaternalistic altruism can be regarded as being generated through social interactions among altruistic individuals. As such, they show an important interdependence. Assuming linear altruism, the paper obtains the following results. First, nonpaternalistic altruism has a tendency to unify utility functions. Second, by linearly extrapolating a given structure of altruistic interactions, one can ascertain the extent to which the unification can proceed and its direction. Third, the unification implies narrowing down of the range of conflicting choices but the direction of unification lacks ethical principles. Fourth, the conditions utilitarianism imposes on the structure of altruistic interactions are characterized.
Dynamic Spherical Cavity Expansion of Strain-Hardening Materials

We developed models for elastic-plastic, rate-independent materials with power-law strain hardening. The models considered the material as incompressible and compressible
Antigen–immunostimulatory oligonucleotide conjugates: mechanisms and applications

Conjugation of protein antigen with immunostimulatory oligonucleotides creates a potent immunogen. Physical linking of oligonucleotides to antigen enhances antigen uptake and targets the adjuvant properties of the oligonucleotides to the antigen-presenting cell. In addition, the conjugated oligonucleotides appear to have improved immunostimulatory abilities compared to free oligonucleotides, presumably due to enhanced activation of Toll-like receptor 9. Immunization with these conjugate preparations elicits antigen-specific antibody responses, a T-helper cell 1-biased cytokine profile from CD4 T cells, and CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity that is CD4 independent. The humoral and cellular immune responses induced by these conjugates suggest they can be used to create effective vaccines against infectious pathogens and tumors and to beneficially modulate allergic responses. Indeed, recent clinical trial data show symptom relief and immunomodulation of the allergic response in patients with allergic rhinitis. This review considers the mechanisms of action of antigen-oligonucleotide conjugates and discusses available data regarding their use for the prevention and treatment of infectious, oncologic, and allergic diseases.
Irreversible wall motion in inductive recording heads

The effect of signal-induced irreversible domain wall motion on the isolated transition response of recording heads is investigated. An experimental method is presented allowing differentiation between the effects caused by irreversible wall motion and reversible wall motion. The method, utilizing the injection of a small DC current into the head coil, can also be used to determine whether the irreversible motion in a thin-film head occurs in the first pole tip, the second pole tip, or the backgap. The transients observed result from signal-induced irreversible wall motion in the second pole tip. The largest isolated impulse variations occur after saturation of the yoke. In addition, it is found that Barkhausen transitions can occur at or near the top of the isolated impulse (even on its leading edge) as well as after the impulse has decayed, and not only on the trailing edge of the impulse as reported previously. Finally, the authors observe two Barkhausen-noise-free zones, the one at the leading edge being the largest. >
Small depth beam-steered optical interconnect

An optical beam steering mechanism augments an optical perfect shuffle in a proposed small depth interconnect. In an abstract view, a beam is quickly steered directly from any source to any destination. In practice, beam steering is limited to only a small number of positions, and is limited to slow steering speeds. The limited number of steering positions is compensated by changing the topologies of the communication graphs to match the topology of the interconnect. Applications generally exhibit a degree of communication locality that offsets the time spent in reconfiguration, and so the slow steering speed is not a serious drawback of the approach as long as the beam steering speed is matched with a period of stasis after reconfiguration.
The Biology of Epstein—Barr Virus and Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) hijacks the normal B cell differentiation process to access, and persists in the memory B cell compartment in healthy individuals. Infection of bystander B cells or failure of EBV-infected B cells to successfully transit through the B cell differentiation process could result in EBV+ B cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed individuals. Over 90% of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) associated tumors are EBV+ and the vast majority are B cell lymphomas. EBV is present in a latent state in PTLD-associated B cell lymphomas and expresses a limited set of viral genes that drive tumor growth and survival. LMP1 is a key latent cycle gene of EBV that activates a variety of cellular signaling pathways to promote tumor growth and survival. EBV has evolved to actively evade and subvert host immune effector pathways and these maneuvers may impact the development of PTLD.
Cladistics of the ichneutinae revisited

(1996). Cladistics of the ichneutinae revisited. Journal of Natural History: Vol. 30, No. 10, pp. 1577-1578.
The Schistosoma mansoni host-interactive tegument forms from vesicle eruptions of a cyton network.

During trans-dermal invasion of the vertebrate host, larval schistosomes (cercariae) transform into schistosomula and become enveloped by a double lipid bilayered, tegumental membrane. The glucose transporter protein SGTP4 is found exclusively in these host-interactive tegumental membranes and in membranous vesicles proposed to be their precursor. In this study, we monitored the appearance and migration of this tegumental marker protein during larval transformation to test the current model of tegumental membrane biosynthesis in parasitic blood flukes. Only minutes after transformation was initiated, SGTP4 began accumulating in a previously unrecognized, bilaterally symmetrical, ‘cyton network’ beneath the peripheral muscle. Approximately 30min after the initiation of transformation the marker protein was seen in tubules connecting the network to the surface and erupting onto the surface in discrete patches. After 1h the patches were regularly arrayed over the schistosomula body and began to cover the anterior organ. By 3h the staining has largely resolved into a contiguous layer of fluorescence covering most of the worm surface. These findings confirm earlier suggestions, based on electron microscopy, that the parasite's surface tegumental membranes are derived from the migration of membranous vesicles produced within cytons and reveal a new subtegumental architecture interconnecting the cytons.
Spatial Variation of Shear Wave Velocity of Waste Materials from Surface Wave Measurements

The mechanical properties of waste materials are, typically, believed to be more variable than natural soils; however, detailed investigations into the variability of these materials is generally unavailable. The shear wave velocity and its variation with depth and laterally for five different waste types has been measured and analyzed at 26 locations. Shear wave velocity measurements were performed using the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and microtremor analysis method (MAM) techniques. Statistical analyses were performed for these locations as well as locations available in the literature. Waste types tested include municipal solid waste (MSW) in Subtitle D landfills in Michigan, MSW in a bioreactor landfill, MSW incineration ash, hazardous waste, construction and demolition waste, and municipal water treatment sludge. An empirical shear wave velocity model with depth is calibrated for each of the various waste types. Spatial variability of shear wave velocity is quantified using the coefficient of variation (COV) as a function of depth. The COV of the shear wave velocity of these waste types was found to be similar to values reported in the literature for soil and rock sites.
Hydrokinetic energy conversion: Technology, research, and outlook

Abstract Interest in the advancement of hydrokinetic energy conversion (HEC) technology has grown substantially in recent years. The hydrokinetic industry has advanced beyond the initial testing phase and will soon install demonstration projects with arrays of full-scale devices. By reviewing the current state of the industry and the cutting edge research this paper identifies the key advancements required for HEC technology to become commercially successful at the utility scale. The primary hurdles are: (i) reducing the cost of energy, (ii) optimizing individual turbines to work in concert considering array and bathymetry effects, (iii) balancing energy extraction with environmental impact, and (iv) addressing socioeconomic concerns. This review is split into three primary sections. The first section provides an overview of the HEC technology systems that are most likely to be installed in commercial arrays. The second section is an in-depth literature review. The literature review is sub-divided into five areas that are positioned to significantly impact the viability of HEC technology: (i) site assessment, (ii) turbine design, (iii) turbine wake modeling, (iv) array performance, and (v) environmental impact. The final section presents an outlook for the HEC industry and future research.
Fusing Loop and GPS Probe Measurements to Estimate Freeway Density

In an age of ever-increasing penetration of Global Positioning System-enabled mobile devices, the potential of real-time “probe” location information for estimating the state of transportation networks is receiving increasing attention. Much work has been done on using probe data to estimate the current speed of vehicle traffic (or, equivalently, trip travel time). While travel times are useful to individual drivers, the state variable for a large class of traffic models and control algorithms is vehicle density. Our goal is to use probe data to supplement traditional fixed-location loop detector data for density estimation. To this end, we derive a method based on Rao–Blackwellized particle filters, a sequential Monte Carlo scheme. We present a simulation where we obtain a 30% reduction in density mean absolute percentage error from fusing loop and probe data versus using loop data alone. We also present results using real data from a 19-mi freeway section in Los Angeles, CA, where we obtain a 31% reduction. In addition, our method's estimate when using only the real-world probe data and no loop data outperformed the estimate produced when only loop data were used (i.e., an 18% reduction). These results demonstrate that probe data can be used for traffic density estimation.
Technology as Inquiry Teaching Partner

This special issue explores how technology can strengthen teaching and professional development in K-12 science education. Consistent with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) the contribut...
The Structure of Neoprene. I. The Molecular Weight Distribution of Neoprene Type GN

Abstract Polychloroprene rubber (Neoprene Type GN) was fractionated by partial precipitation from dilute solution in benzene and the fractions were examined both osmotically and viscometrically in benzene solutions. The molecular-weight distribution curve for Neoprene Type GN based on osmotic pressure measurements shows a pronounced maximum at 100,000, but has a long extension to molecular weights of over one million, indicating the presence of branched or cross-linked material which is still soluble. The uniformity is somewhat less than that of sol natural rubber, while in shape the Neoprene distribution curve resembles more closely that of peptized natural rubber than fresh sol rubber. Observed variations in the slopes of the π/c vs. c and the ηsp/c vs. c curves also indicate the presence in solution of complex, branched and (or) cross-linked molecules. Calibration of the intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship by osmotic pressure measurements gave good agreement with the equation: [η]=KMa, wh...
Effect of diethylstilbestrol on plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels in humans.

SummarySeven patients with carcinoma of the prostate showed a significant rise in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels during treatment with stilboestrol as compared with pretreatment control levels. In a male with Addison's disease such a rise was not seen, while in a female with subtotal adrenal-ectomy a greater rise in these blood levels occurred following stilboestrol than following ACTH administration. Several mechanisms to explain these observations are discussed.Special thanks are due to Mrs. Angela Cahn and Mrs. Jean Sadler for their technical assistance.
With One Shot, Which Bullet Would You Use?: Market versus Accounting Data in Bankruptcy Prediction - Part III (The Strong Case of the Use of Neural Networks in Bankruptcy Prediction)

In this paper, we test the predictive power of neural networks to predict corporate bankruptcy. In contrast with the previous literature, we not only use nontraditional models and employ accounting ratios, but also market and microstructure variables. The most important findings are that market variables alone are best at correctly classifying bankrupt firms, the multi-layer perceptron is the preferable neural network model due to the nonlinear relation between predictive variables and bankruptcy, and the multi-layer perceptron has higher classification rates for all different input sets and years.
Methods and Rationale for the Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer often presents at an advanced stage that result in a very dismal five-year survival rates. Novel methods to detect tumors as early as possible are desperately needed. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against routine screening for pancreatic cancer in asymptomatic adults using abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, or serologic markers. The evidence for diet-based prevention of pancreatic cancer is limited and conflicting. Recommendations about lifestyle changes, such as stopping the use of tobacco products, moderating alcohol intake, and eating a balanced diet with sufficient fruit and vegetables is generally made. However, screening for persons with hereditary predisposition to develop pancreatic cancer has not been included in this review. Biomarkers represent one tool for the early detection of small, surgically resectable cancers in both the general and high risk populations. Some of the currently utilized biomarkers including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 19-9, SPan-1, and DUPAN-2 unfortunately have yet to show the sensitivity and specificity needed to be used for screening asymptomatic patients in the general population for pancreatic cancer. Herein, the authors report some updated information from the 2010 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium in detecting early stage pancreatic cancer. Image: From the Pharmacology Department, Yale University School of Medicine. New Haven, CT, USA.
Modifying vibrational properties of a fused silica cantilever with optical tweezers

This research effort is dedicated to examine the effects of an optical tweezer on the vibration of a small cantilever fiber made up of fused silica and to manipulate certain aspects of its vibrational properties with this tool. Optical tweezers has been used here to change the resonance frequency of the cantilever fiber by a small amount and also to damp its vibration.
Fetal Mortality in the Delta.

OBJECTIVES To compare the fetal mortality rate in the Delta counties of a state in the Mississippi Delta region of the United States with that of the non-Delta counties of the same state. METHODS Hospital discharge data for maternal hospitalizations were linked to fetal death and birth certificates for 2004-2010. Data on maternal characteristics and comorbidities and pregnancy characteristics and outcomes were evaluated. The frequency of characteristics of pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes between Delta and non-Delta areas of the state was compared. RESULTS There were a total of 248,255 singleton births, of which 35,605 occurred in the Delta counties. Delta patients were more likely to be younger than 20 years old, African American, multigravida, Medicaid recipients, smokers, and not married (P < 0.001) when compared with the non-Delta patients. The overall odds of fetal death within Delta counties are 1.40 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-1.61) higher than the non-Delta counties, and the odds of fetal death at ≤28 weeks are 1.56 times (95% CI 1.28-1.91) higher. After controlling for maternal age, race/ethnicity, level of prenatal care, and maternal comorbidities, the odds of fetal death remained 1.21 times higher (95% CI 1.05-1.41) and 1.28 times higher at ≤28 weeks' gestational age (95% CI 1.03-1.60). CONCLUSIONS Fetal mortality is significantly greater in the Delta counties compared with the non-Delta counties, with a 21% increase in the odds of overall fetal death in the Delta counties compared with non-Delta counties and a 28% increase in the odds of fetal death at ≤28 weeks.
SU-G-IeP4-12: Performance of In-111 Coincident Gamma-Ray Counting: A Monte Carlo Simulation

Purpose: The decay of In-111 results in a non-isotropic gamma-ray cascade, which is normally imaged using a gamma camera. Creating images with a gamma camera using coincident gamma-rays from In-111 has not been previously studied. Our objective was to explore the feasibility of imaging this cascade as coincidence events and to determine the optimal timing resolution and source activity using Monte Carlo simulations. Methods: GEANT4 was used to simulate the decay of the In-111 nucleus and to model the gamma camera. Each photon emission was assigned a timestamp, and the time delay and angular separation for the second gamma-ray in the cascade was consistent with the known intermediate state half-life of 85ns. The gamma-rays are transported through a model of a Siemens dual head Symbia “S” gamma camera with a 5/8-inch thick crystal and medium energy collimators. A true coincident event was defined as a single 171keV gamma-ray followed by a single 245keV gamma-ray within a specified time window (or vice versa). Several source activities (ranging from 10uCi to 5mCi) with and without incorporation of background counts were then simulated. Each simulation was analyzed using varying time windows to assess random events. The noise equivalent count rate (NECR) was computed based on the number of true and random counts for each combination of activity and time window. No scatter events were assumed since sources were simulated in air. Results: As expected, increasing the timing window increased the total number of observed coincidences albeit at the expense of true coincidences. A timing window range of 200–500ns maximizes the NECR at clinically-used source activities. The background rate did not significantly alter the maximum NECR. Conclusion: This work suggests coincident measurements of In-111 gamma-ray decay can be performed with commercial gamma cameras at clinically-relevant activities. Work is ongoing to assess useful clinical applications.
Efficacy and Safety of Postoperative Dexmedetomidine Administration in Infants and Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study

In this retrospective cohort study, we describe efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine administration in the cardiac intensive care unit, in children undergoing cardiac surgery. This study consisted of pediatric patients 3 days to 17.5 years of age, undergoing cardiac surgery from April 2010 to April 2011. In addition to a scheduled opioid, usually fentanyl, 107 patients received dexmedetomidine postoperatively, including 19 (18%) patients diagnosed with trisomy 21 and 9 (8%) neonates/newborns. Median dexmedetomidine starting dose was 0.45 µg/kg/h and overall median dose higher than previously published, ranging from 0.8 µg/kg/h to 2.17 µg/kg/h. We compared infants (younger than 1 year) with older children (1–17 years of age). Median duration of administration was 1.6 days (0–23.9 days) and duration to extubation in infants was 46.5 hours, and in the older children it was 22.6 hours. Seven patients (6.5%) were discontinued dexmedetomidine due to adverse events, most commonly bradycardia. Neonates experienced more pronounced heart rate reduction (no bradycardia) and received lower maintenance doses than older infants (0.56 vs. 0.77 µg/kg/h). The face, leg, activity, cry, consolability pain scale and the state behavioral scale scores indicated adequate sedation and good analgesia. The most common adverse reaction postdiscontinuation was agitation, more frequent in the infant group (20 vs. 11.2%). Thirty patients (28.3%) received prolonged infusion (>72 hours). Patients with and without trisomy 21 did not differ with dose, safety, efficacy, or adverse events. Dexmedetomidine, as part of multimodal management, appears to be a safe, efficacious agent providing analgesia and sedation throughout all pediatric age groups following cardiac surgery. Overall, dexmedetomidine is well tolerated and safe with higher doses than previously noted, and is well tolerated by neonates, infants, and patients with trisomy 21. Withdrawal effects were noted in patients following prolonged infusion.
Korean immigrants and their aesthetic perspectives on appearance

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. December 2013. Major: Design. Advisor: Marilyn R. DeLong. 1 computer file (PDF); xi, 163 pages, appendices A-B.
Superlubricity in Diamondlike Carbon Films

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the superlubricity of certain diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. The sliding friction and wear behaviors of DLC films are strongly influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. To achieve superlow friction in DLC films, these factors should be controlled very carefully. First, the sliding surfaces must be extremely smooth so that the adverse effects of mechanical interlocking or asperity–asperity interactions are at a minimum or absent. Second, the sliding DLC surfaces must have a high degree of chemical inertness so that the extent of adhesive or chemical interactions is extremely low. Owing to an amorphous structure, the surfaces of DLC films can be extremely smooth, provided that they are deposited on atomically smooth or highly polished substrates. To achieve high chemical inertness on sliding DLC surfaces, either large amounts of hydrogen can be introduced into DLCs during deposition or hydrogen gas can be supplied into their sliding surfaces during tribological testing. This can effectively eliminate those dangling σ -bonds that otherwise cause high friction. Because of its very small size in its protonic state, hydrogen can easily enter the amorphous structure of DLC films.
All dielectric zero-index metamaterials at optical frequencies

Dielectric metamaterials offer a potential low-loss alternative to plasmonic metamaterials at optical frequencies. However, demonstrations of dielectric metamaterials have so far been limited to microwave and mid-infrared frequencies. In this work, we outline the development of purely dielectric zero-index metamaterials operating at optical frequencies. The metamaterial, formed from silicon rods, exhibits impedance matching with air, resulting in unity transmission at the zero-index point. Design and experimental realization of the metamaterials is presented. The metamaterials can potentially be used for a number of applications including compact lens systems, directional emitters, and transformation optics devices.
Determinants of Debt Concentration at the State Level

We examine the general factors that affect the distribution of debt among state and local governments. We measure the distribution as the percentage of total state and aggregate local debt that is issued or held by the state level of government. Using a fiscal federalism framework, we discuss the fiscal, legal, and political factors that play an important role in determining the level of government that issues debt. Findings suggest that important factors of debt concentration at the state level include state political ideology and economic factors of income per capita and unemployment rates.
Effects of Front-End Planning under Fast-Tracked Project Delivery Systems for Industrial Projects

Front-end planning (FEP) may be a key element in project success because it helps project participants more efficiently mitigate risk and define project objectives in the preplanning phase. However, very little is known about the effect of FEP for industrial project performance under different project delivery systems. To this end, this study investigated the impact of FEP on project performance by focusing on two widely used fast-track delivery methods: design-build (DB) and construction manager at risk (CMR), compared to the benchmarking conventional design-bid-build (DBB). The Spearman’s correlation analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed on a real-world dataset, obtained from the Construction Industry Institute (CII), which comprised 438 industrial projects built between 1990 and 2010 in the US. The correlation analysis results revealed that better FEP resource allocation could help more design packages be completed efficiently and accurately to accelerate the fast-track process. The p...
Cardiotoxicity with Itraconazole.

Itraconazole is a commonly used antifungal drug. In addition to commonly described adverse effects, there have been few reports of heart failure with its use. We present two cases that developed acute systolic heart failure with Itraconazole use. A man in his early 30s was admitted with worsening leg swelling and dyspnoea on exertion. He had been on Itraconazole for blastomyces skin ulcer. His ejection fraction (EF) was found to be 10%–15%. Another man in his 50s was admitted with similar symptoms; his EF was 40%–45%. He had been on Itraconazole for forearm cellulitis. No other aetiology was identified in both patients despite extensive work-up including cardiac catheterisation. Itraconazole was stopped in both the cases. Our first patient did not improve even months after cessation of therapy and was referred for heart transplant. Our second patient improved after a few weeks, and his ejection fraction had improved on repeat testing.
U.S. credit-market sentiment and global business cycles

Abstract There is a growing literature on the international transmission of US credit-supply shocks. In this paper, we identify changes in the US credit supply with the methodology proposed by Lopez-Salido et al. (2017). Empirically, we find robust evidence suggesting that US credit-supply shocks influence real activities in economies that are more economically or geographically integrated with the US.
The odd power of dispersion

In ancient China, water has been regarded as one of the five vital components of life. It has been observed that water has many fascinating properties: water is ‘soft’ yet it can penetrate a hard rock; water is ‘pure’ yet it can tolerate other beings. Because of its unique properties, water is often associated with good quality and has been given the highest praise by Laozi in his book Tao Te Ching saying: the highest/best quality that one can have is being like water. However, little did people understand why and how water possesses such fascinating properties. Modern scientific developments made people realize that the macroscopic liquid water is made of a large number of water molecules held together via a network of hydrogen bonds. And those wonderful properties of water are merely the macroscopic manifestations of the interactions between water molecules and other molecules. For example, the dissolving ability of water is due to the fact that the interaction between a water molecule and the other molecular species is stronger than the interactions among their own molecular species. In fact the interactions between any two molecules are governed by the same physics and are termed intermolecular interaction (or intermolecularmore » forces in some literature, although technically ‘force’ is incorrect usage here). Although the very existence of the intermolecular interactions is easily proved, e.g. the mere presence of the solid phase of matter, and scientists today have recognized that the seemingly weak intermolecular interactions essentially hold the world together through a delicate and cooperative process, the theoretical understanding of various intermolecular interactions is still far from satisfactory. On the practical side, theoreticians need to balance computational cost and accuracy. Because of the relatively small magnitudes of the intermolecular interactions, errors that appear tiny compared to the usual chemical (covalent) bonding may change conclusions qualitatively. High-level ab initio methods including explicit description of electron correlation can achieve the desired accuracy at very high computational cost. (Chapter 5 and 6) However the cooperative network of hundreds of thousands of molecules that reflects the true power of intermolecular interactions cannot be modeled easily by ab initio methods. Deeper understanding of intermolecular interactions yields better theoretical models; better theoretical models facilitate and even deepen the understanding of intermolecular interactions. With the aforementioned motivation in mind, a significant portion of this dissertation is dedicated to developing a method to describe the intermolecular interactions accurately with affordable computational resources.« less
Systematic approaches for targeting an atom-probe tomography sample fabricated in a thin TEM specimen: Correlative structural, chemical and 3-D reconstruction analyses.

Abstract Atom-probe tomography (APT) is a unique analysis tool that enables true three-dimensional (3-D) analyses with sub-nano scale spatial resolution. Recent implementations of the local-electrode atom-probe (LEAP) tomograph with ultraviolet laser pulsing have significantly expanded the research applications of APT. The small field-of-view of a needle-shaped specimen with a less than 100 nm diam. is, however, a major limitation for analyzing materials. The systematic approaches for site-specific targeting of an APT nanotip in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) of a thin sample are introduced to solve the geometrical limitations of a sharpened APT nanotip. In addition to “coupling APT to TEM”, the technique presented here allows for targeting the preparation of an APT tip based on TEM observation of a much larger area than what is captured in the APT tip. The correlative methods have synergies for not only high-resolution structural analyses but also for obtaining chemical information. Chemical analyses in a TEM, both energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), are performed and compared with the APT chemical analyses of a carbide phase (M7C3) precipitate at a grain boundary in a Ni-based alloy. Additionally, a TEM image of a sharpened APT nanotip is utilized for calculation of the detection area ratio of an APT nanotip by comparison with a TEM image for precise tomographic reconstructions. A grain-boundary/carbide precipitate triple junction is used to attain precise positioning of an APT nanotip in an analyzed TEM specimen.
Addressing a Divide in the Conceptualization of the Gender-Crime Relationship: A Comparative Test of Gender and Sex Using General Strain Theory

ABSTRACTWhile criminology has long recognized the impact of gender on crime, many criminological theories continue to measure sex rather than socially constructed gender identities. Research has also struggled to directly compare these measures within a theoretical context. This study examines the impact of sex and gender identity variables using the framework of General Strain Theory. A total of 1,457 college students were surveyed on measures of General Strain Theory, biological sex, gender identity, and a range of deviant behaviors. Findings indicate that gender identity produced a stronger predictive model of deviance than biological sex, and suggest a means for research to account for gender when studying deviance.
Creep of Ice Containing Dispersed Fine Sand

Cylindrical samples of ice with 0.0 to 0.35 volume fraction fine sand were tested in unconfined uniaxial compression at stresses between 5.3 and 6.4 bar and at temperatures between −7.4 and −9.4° C. Secondary creep rates were obtained from the slope of the total strain vs. time curve and were normalized to 5.6 bar and −9.1° C. Creep rates in ice with low sand concentrations were in some cases higher and in other cases lower than in clean ice. However at higher sand concentrations the creep rate decreases exponentially with increasing volume fraction sand. The latter results are in general agreement with theories developed to explain dispersion hardening of metals, and suggest that each sand grain is surrounded by a tangled network of secondary dislocations which impede passage of primary glide dislocations.
Constructing Molecular π-Orbital Active Spaces for Multireference Calculations of Conjugated Systems.

Molecules with conjugated π systems often feature strong electron correlation and therefore require multireference methods for a reliable computational description. A key prerequisite for the successful application of such methods is the choice of a suitable active space. Herein the automated π-orbital space (PiOS) method for selecting active spaces for multireference calculations of conjugated π systems is presented. This approach allows the construction of small but effective active spaces based on Huckel theory. To demonstrate its performance, π → π* excitations for benzene, octatetraene, and free-base porphine are computed. In addition, this technique can be combined with the automated atomic valence active space method to compute excitations in complex systems with multiple conjugated fragments. This combined approach was used to generate two-dimensional potential energy surfaces for multiple electronic states associated with photoinduced electron-coupled double proton transfer in the blue-light-using flavin photoreceptor protein. These types of methods for the automated selection of active space orbitals are important for ensuring consistency and reproducibility of multireference approaches for a wide range of chemical and biological systems.
#MeToo: A Case Study in Re-Embodying Information

Abstract This article examines the feminist hashtag #MeToo. Like other feminist hashtags, #MeToo responds to public misunderstanding, disbelief, or complacency surrounding violence against women. This problem, I argue, is in part a byproduct of digital information sharing that separates bodies from the information that represents them, and cultural understandings of sexual assault and harassment that support rape culture. I draw on a new materialist approach, infused with feminist information studies, to examine the ways in which #MeToo acts as a rhetorical census that re-embodies information and resists rape culture.
Plasmodium Genomics and Genetics: New Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis, Drug Resistance, Epidemiology, and Evolution

Protozoan Plasmodium parasites are the causative agents of malaria, a deadly disease that continues to afflict hundreds of millions of people every year. Infections with malaria parasites can be asymptomatic, with mild or severe symptoms, or fatal, depending on many factors such as parasite virulence and host immune status. Malaria can be treated with various drugs, with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) being the first-line choice. Recent advances in genetics and genomics of malaria parasites have contributed greatly to our understanding of parasite population dynamics, transmission, drug responses, and pathogenesis. However, knowledge gaps in parasite biology and host-parasite interactions still remain. Parasites resistant to multiple antimalarial drugs have emerged, while advanced clinical trials have shown partial efficacy for one available vaccine. Here we discuss genetic and genomic studies of Plasmodium biology, host-parasite interactions, population structures, mosquito infectivity, antigenic variation, and targets for treatment and immunization. Knowledge from these studies will advance our understanding of malaria pathogenesis, epidemiology, and evolution and will support work to discover and develop new medicines and vaccines.
The Usefulness of Accounting Information Resulting from Standard-Setting Compromises: The Pension Accounting Case

SYNOPSIS Most U.S. employers sponsoring defined benefit pension plans use an accounting model that balances managers' preference for income smoothing with the FASB's belief in fair value measuremen...
Enzyme Reactor Performance Under Thermal Inactivation

Enzymes are labile catalysts when used under harsh process conditions. Modelling enzyme inactivation under operation is therefore relevant for the design and evaluation of enzyme reactor performance. A model is presented to describe thermal enzyme inactivation under protection by reaction effecters and applied to develop equations to describe reactor performance. Two case studies are presented: batch reactor with immobilized penicillin acylase and packed-bed continuous reactor with immobilized lactase.
Abstract 116: Inhibition of Autosis Attenuates Ischemia/reperfusion Injury in the Heart

Although autophagy is generally protective, uncontrolled or excessive activation of autophagy can be detrimental. Recent studies provided evidence that excessive autophagy induces cell death with c...
Automated Imaging, Tracking, and Analytics Pipeline for Differentiating Environmental Effects on Root Meristematic Cell Division.

Exposure of plants to abiotic stresses, whether individually or in combination, triggers dynamic changes to gene regulation. These responses induce distinct changes in phenotypic characteristics, enabling the plant to adapt to changing environments. For example, iron deficiency and heat stress have been shown to alter root development by reducing primary root growth and reducing cell proliferation, respectively. Currently, identifying the dynamic temporal coordination of genetic responses to combined abiotic stresses remains a bottleneck. This is, in part, due to an inability to isolate specific intervals in developmental time where differential activity in plant stress responses plays a critical role. Here, we observed that iron deficiency, in combination with temporary heat stress, suppresses the expression of iron deficiency-responsive pPYE::LUC (POPEYE::luciferase) and pBTS::LUC (BRUTUS::luciferase) reporter genes. Moreover, root growth was suppressed less under combined iron deficiency and heat stress than under either single stress condition. To further explore the interaction between pathways, we also created a computer vision pipeline to extract, analyze, and compare high-dimensional dynamic spatial and temporal cellular data in response to heat and iron deficiency stress conditions at high temporal resolution. Specifically, we used fluorescence light sheet microscopy to image Arabidopsis thaliana roots expressing CYCB1;1:GFP, a marker for cell entry into mitosis, every 20 minutes for 24 hours exposed to either iron sufficiency, iron deficiency, heat stress, or combined iron deficiency and heat stress. Our pipeline extracted spatiotemporal metrics from these time-course data. These metrics showed that the persistency and timing of CYCB1;1:GFP signal were uniquely different under combined iron deficiency and heat stress conditions versus the single stress conditions. These metrics also indicated that the spatiotemporal characteristics of the CYCB1;1:GFP signal under combined stress were more dissimilar to the control response than the response seen under iron deficiency for the majority of the 24 hour experiment. Moreover, the combined stress response was less dissimilar to the control than the response seen under heat stress. This indicated that pathways activated when the plant is exposed to both iron deficiency and heat stress affected CYCB1;1:GFP spatiotemporal function antagonistically.
Toolpack — An Integrated System of Tools for Mathematical Software Development

This paper describes the approach being taken in configuring a set of tool capabilities whose goal is the support of mathematical software development. The TOOLPACK tool set is being designed to support such activities as editing, testing, analysis, formatting, transformation, documentation and porting of code. Tools for realizing most of these functional capabilities already exist, yet TOOLPACK aims to do far more than simply bring them together as a collection of side-by-side individual tools. TOOLPACK seeks to merge these capabilities into a system which is smoothly integrated both internally and from a user’s external point of view. The internal integration approach involves the decomposition of all tools into a more or less standard set of modular “tool fragments”. The external integration approach involves the creation of a command language and a set of conceptual entities which is close to the conceptual set used by mathematical software writers in the process of creating their software. This paper describes both of these integration approaches as well as the rather considerable and novel software support needed to make them work.
Comparison and Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation Strategy in Power System

The loads of power system are mainly motor and transformer. They are all inductive loads. The establishment of magnetic field of these inductive loads needs to absorb reactive power in the power system, resulting in power factor decline, voltage instability, and even affect the stability of the power system. Therefore, the study of reactive power compensation measures in power system is of great significance to the stable operation of power system. Previous papers mostly introduced a single way of reactive power compensation. Few papers compared and analyzed different ways of compensation. This paper expounds the common reactive power compensation methods in power system, and makes comparative analysis.
Exposures and Emissions in Coffee Roasting Facilities and Cafés: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Other Volatile Organic Compounds.

Roasted coffee and many coffee flavorings emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Exposures to VOCs during roasting, packaging, grinding, and flavoring coffee can negatively impact the respiratory health of workers. Inhalational exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione can cause obliterative bronchiolitis. This study summarizes exposures to and emissions of VOCs in 17 coffee roasting and packaging facilities that included 10 cafes. We collected 415 personal and 760 area full-shift, and 606 personal task-based air samples for diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-hexanedione, and acetoin using silica gel tubes. We also collected 296 instantaneous activity and 312 instantaneous source air measurements for 18 VOCs using evacuated canisters. The highest personal full-shift exposure in part per billion (ppb) to diacetyl [geometric mean (GM) 21 ppb; 95th percentile (P95) 79 ppb] and 2,3-pentanedione (GM 15 ppb; P95 52 ppb) were measured for production workers in flavored coffee production areas. These workers also had the highest percentage of measurements above the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for diacetyl (95%) and 2,3-pentanedione (77%). Personal exposures to diacetyl (GM 0.9 ppb; P95 6.0 ppb) and 2,3-pentanedione (GM 0.7 ppb; P95 4.4 ppb) were the lowest for non-production workers of facilities that did not flavor coffee. Job groups with the highest personal full-shift exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione were flavoring workers (GM 34 and 38 ppb), packaging workers (GM 27 and 19 ppb) and grinder operator (GM 26 and 22 ppb), respectively, in flavored coffee facilities, and packaging workers (GM 8.0 and 4.4 ppb) and production workers (GM 6.3 and 4.6 ppb) in non-flavored coffee facilities. Baristas in cafes had mean full-shift exposures below the RELs (GM 4.1 ppb diacetyl; GM 4.6 ppb 2,3-pentanedione). The tasks, activities, and sources associated with flavoring in flavored coffee facilities and grinding in non-flavored coffee facilities, had some of the highest GM and P95 estimates for both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Controlling emissions at grinding machines and flavoring areas and isolating higher exposure areas (e.g., flavoring, grinding, and packaging areas) from the main production space and from administrative or non-production spaces is essential for maintaining exposure control.
Mode-Group Demultiplexers Using Thin-Film Filters

A novel mode-group demultiplexer using Fabry-Perot (FP) thin-film filters (TFFs) has been proposed and designed. This structure supports low-crosstalk mode-group demultiplexing with degeneracies commensurate with those of graded-index (GRIN) MMFs.
Enron Meets Academia... Altered Grades, Manufactured Transcripts, and Store-Bought Diplomas

As Enron and Bernie Madoff once showed us the depths that people will go to hide who they really are, there are many others out there who have created entire academic profiles... and even careers... under false pretenses. This is the story of only a few of them.
Operational-dependent wind turbine wake impact on surface momentum flux

Abstract As wind energy continues to expand, increased interaction between wind farms and their surroundings can be expected. Using natural snowfall to visualize the air flow in the wake of a utility-scale wind turbine at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution, intermittent periods of strong interaction between the wake and the ground surface are observed and the momentum flux during these periods is quantified. Significantly, two turbine operational-dependent pathways that lead to these periods of increased wake-ground interaction are identified. The first is caused by changes in tip speed ratio that lead to blade tip vortex leapfrogging, and the second results from increased power generation and the corresponding increase in tip vortex strength and wake expansion. Data from a nearby meteorological tower provides further insights into the strength and persistence of the enhanced flux for each pathway under different atmospheric conditions. Through the discovery of these pathways, discrepancies can be resolved between previous conflicting studies on the impact of wind turbines on surface fluxes. Furthermore, the results are used to generate a map of the potential impact of wind farms on surface momentum flux throughout the Continental United States, providing a valuable resource for wind farm siting decisions.