cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyretogenic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and the assay of antipyretic drugs in rats.

Abstract Intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of bacterial pyrogen (lipopolysaccharide prepared from Escherichia coli) into rats induces a fever after a latent period of about 1.5 hour. The magnitude of the response is related to log dose within the range 6.25–500 μg/kg i.p., or 1.5 to 25 μg/kg i.v. of the pyrogen preparation used. A dose of 100 μg/kg i.v. induces a state of shock with initial hypothermia, which is followed by fever. A peak rise in rectal temperature of about 1.5°C occurs about 5.5 hours after 500 μg/kg i.p., is held for about 2 hours, then gradually declines. The fever can be inhibited by injection of antipyretic drugs either at the peak of the fever, or 1 hour after administration of pyrogen, near the termination of the latent period. Employing mostly the latter method, we have found that the degree of inhibition of fever is related to log dose of drug, and the preparation is suitable for the assay of antipyretic drugs. Phenylbutazone, acetylsalicylic acid, aminopyrine, and antipyrine gave linear responses; the doses employed were within the range of 12.5 to 75 mg/kg.
Los Villagómez de Suchitepec, Oaxaca: un cacicazgo mixteco, 1701-1860

El cacicazgo persistio mas tiempo en la Mixteca Baja de Oaxaca occidental y Puebla meridional que en muchas otras partes de Nueva Espana. Este articulo delinea la historia del segundo cacicazgo en tamano de la region, el de los Villagomez de Suchitepec, Oaxaca, en los siglos XVIII y XIX. Este estudio de caso ilumina algunas tendencias generales en la Mixteca Baja de la epoca, incluso el retiro de muchos caciques de los cargos politicos y sus relaciones continuas con sus terrazgueros, a pesar de la oposicion creciente en muchos pueblos.
HR of the future: Conclusions and observations

The authors agree to the inevitability of ongoing change. They suggest that the pace and unpredictability of change will increase. Pace means that whatever will happen will happen faster than anticipated. Once the Internet becomes standard, for example, literally millions of people can sign-on overnite to learn new ideas for work and personal lives. What took months to share (e.g., printing and marketing a book, sharing the best practice from within a firm, or publishing research findings) may be disseminated in days or hours. Unpredictability of change means that we can not fully predict what will happen and as pace and unpredictability increase, questions which took a long time to answer need to be answered more quickly. Which organizational forms will become the norm? Which leaders who are deified today will be disparaged tomorrow? Which companies with great reputations today will lose them quickly? Most essays agree on the drivers for change. Globalization will require seeing and acting beyond local boundaries. Technology will make information more accessible and join people together electronically in ways that can impact organizations and work relationships. A more knowledge-based workforce will make many employees into volunteers because they could choose to work elsewhere for equal or more money, so they work in an organization by choice, not by obligation. Turning worker knowledge into productivity and leveraging intellectual capital will become workforce challenges of the future. Redefining firm performance away from merely cutting cost to profitable growth also will require change. Knowing the pace and unpredictability of change does not mean that firms have learned to manage change. Change redefines risk. In a low-change world, reducing risk means getting more of the right answer before taking action. In a world of high amounts of change, reducing risk means acting without full answers but having the capacity to adjust mid-stream. Agility becomes more important than accuracy in reducing risk. HR professionals cannot assume that they will design the “perfect” pro-
Teaching and Studying Planning Practice: An Analysis of the "Planning and Institutional Processes" Course at MIT

This article assesses an innovative experiment in the teaching and study of planning practice. It reports upon the "Planning and Institutional Processes" core course, taught in the Fall of 1985, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Department of Urban Studies and Planning. This course sought to expose students to different styles of practice (exemplified by the professional work of faculty in the Department), to engage students in correspondingly diverse classroom exercises, and to enable students and faculty together to reflect upon these multiple possibilities of planning practice.
Objective housing indicators as predictors of the subjective evaluations of elderly residents

Abstract This study examines objective housing indicators and their relationships with subjective housing quality evaluations for a representative national sample of independent elderly households. The environmental assessment paradigm in environmental psychology was applied to examine both main effects of objective housing indicators (E) and effects of possible interactions between personal (P) and environmental variables upon subjective evaluations. Objective environmental indicators were (1) structural adequacy, (2) maintenance quality, and (3) overhousing. Personal characteristics tested for interaction with environmental variables in affecting subjective evaluations were physical health and living arrangements (alone/with others). The main sample comprised householders age 80+ (1521 home owners and 644 renters); the cross-validation sample comprised householders age 75–79 years (1703 home owners and 666 renters). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that two indicators of physical housing quality (structural adequacy and maintenance quality) provided significant and meaningful predictions of subjective housing evaluations, explaining from 4·8–18·5% of the adjusted variance after potentially confounding variables were controlled, whereas overhousing was unrelated to this outcome. Interactions did not improve prediction of subjective housing assessments for elderly residents. Study findings are discussed in terms of their implications for environmental assessment research, the development of housing quality indicators, and practical applications in social gerontology.
Dynamic dialysis as a method for studying protein binding II: Evaluation of the method with a number of binding systems

Abstract A method for determining the concentrations of unbound and bound small molecule in a protein solution is described, based on the fact that the rate of disappearance of small molecule from a dialysis cell is proportional to the concentration of the unbound species. Curves describing the kinetics of dialysis for 8‐nitrotheophylline, 8‐chlorotheophylline, caffeine, warfarin, methyl orange, and phenol red in the presence and absence of albumin were obtained and analyzed to yield estimates of unbound and bound forms of the compounds. The data were treated by means of Scatchard plots to provide values for the binding parameters, n and K. The values were found to be in agreement with those reported in the literature and/or determined by independent methods. The ease of application and merits of the method were demonstrated by a comprehensive study of the influence of pH on the binding of 8‐nitrotheophylline by bovine serum albumin. Utilization of the method for the study of competitive inhibition of protein binding was also illustrated.
A Methane-Steam Reformer for a Basic Chemically Recuperated Gas Turbine

Several illustrative designs are presented for a methane-steam reformer (MSR) that is used as a chemical recuperator in a Basic Chemically Recuperated Gas Turbine power cycle (a «Basic» CRGT is defined as one without intercooling or reheat). In this cycle, an MSR, heated by the turbine exhaust flow, converts a methane-steam mixture into a hydrogen-rich fuel that powers the gas turbine. A computer code was developed to calculate the size and performance characteristics of counterflow reformers. The code consists of a one-dimensional marching scheme that integrates the chemical, thermodynamic, and geometric variables along the heat exchanger/reformer tubes. The calculated designs were selected to give near-minimum catalyst volumes. These designs show that maintaining a high reformer gas temperature, using combustion-side heat transfer augmentation techniques, and using a catalyst of high reactivity are critical to obtaining a compact reformer design
Assessing Students' Problem‐Solving Assignments

Professors can use rubrics as a valuable evaluation tool with probelm-based learning activities. In this article, we guide professors through the process of rubric development.
Data transformations enabling loop vectorization on multithreaded data parallel architectures

Loop vectorization, a key feature exploited to obtain high performance on Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) vector architectures, is significantly hindered by irregular memory access patterns in the data stream. This paper describes data transformations that allow us to vectorize loops targeting massively multithreaded data parallel architectures. We present a mathematical model that captures loop-based memory access patterns and computes the most appropriate data transformations in order to enable vectorization. Our experimental results show that the proposed data transformations can significantly increase the number of loops that can be vectorized and enhance the data-level parallelism of applications. Our results also show that the overhead associated with our data transformations can be easily amortized as the size of the input data set increases. For the set of high performance benchmark kernels studied, we achieve consistent and significant performance improvements (up to 11.4X) by applying vectorization using our data transformation approach.
Alternative Dispute Resolution A New Agenda for Special Education Policy

The number of due process hearings between parents of children with disabilities and school districts is growing nationwide. This litigation costs millions of dollars and destroys the relationships...
Robust multi-partite multi-level quantum protocols

We present two three-level tripartite state quantum protocols. Utilization of the entangled mixed state shared between any two parties for quantum key distribution is shown. The realization using photon orbital angular momentum is discussed.
The Wild Bull and the Sacred Forest

The Wild Bull and the Sacred Forest: Form, Meaning, and Change in Senegambian Initiation Masks, PETER MARK. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xv. 170 pp. 43 halftones; appendix, bibliography, index. $69.95 (cloth).
Enhancing Ergonomic Safety Effectiveness of Repetitive Job Activities: Prediction of Muscle Fatigue in Dominant and Nondominant Arms of Industrial Workers

Worki¾?related musculoskeletal disorders are very common in the workplace, especially with tasks involving repetitive lifting and motions. Repetitive lifting of excessively heavy objects in the workplace could increase the severity and rates of worki¾?related musculoskeletal disorders. In this article, the physiological effect of muscle fatigue on the dominant and nondominant arms of adult industrial workers performing various repetitive tasks was predicted using a muscular endurance model. Twentyi¾?four n = 24 industrial workers 18-45 years old were randomly selected for this research. The effects of electromyography EMG were observed during incremental loading of 5-40 kg on the muscle of the dominant and nondominant arms of the subjects during static lifting activities. Results of the analysis showed that the endurance time decreased with the application of additional loads on the dominant and nondominant arms of all the subjects. This inverse relationship was used to predict the behavior of muscle fatigue. Additional findings indicated that workers performing repetitive lifting tasks could maintain maximum load capacities ranging from 20 to 30 kg. The acceptable maximum load capacity of 23 kg recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is within this range. The results obtained from this research could be used in the beginning steps of the efforts to reevaluate and reestablish guidelines and limits in the design of industrial jobs involving repetitive motion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of Play and Leisure: Delineation of the Problem

This paper discusses current perspectives on play and leisure and proposes that if play and leisure are to be accepted as viable occupations, then (a) valid and reliable measures of play must be developed, (b) interventions must be examined for inclusion of the elements of play, and (c) the promotion of play and leisure must be an explicit goal of occupational therapy intervention. Existing tools used by occupational therapists to assess clients' play and leisure are evaluated for the aspects of play and leisure they address and the aspects they fail to address. An argument is presented for the need for an assessment of playfulness, rather than of play or leisure activities. A preliminary model for the development of such an assessment is proposed.
Correlations between estimated and true dietary intakes.

Abstract Purpose It is unclear how well questionnaire or so-called reference methods of dietary assessment correlate with true dietary intake. We develop a method to estimate such correlations. Methods An error model is described that uses data from a food frequency questionnaire (Q), a reference method (R), and a biological marker (M). The model does not assume the classical error model for either R or M, or that the correlation between errors in the questionnaire and reference data is zero. Credible intervals can be placed about correlations between R, Q, M and true dietary data (T), also about the correlations between errors in reference and questionnaire data. Results Application of this model to a validation data set mainly found correlations in the range 0.4 to 0.8, and that correlations (R,T) generally exceeded correlations (Q,T), providing evidence that R is more valid than Q. Estimated correlations between errors in R and Q were often far from zero suggesting that regression calibration to imperfect reference data is problematic unless these error correlations can be estimated. Conclusion A biological marker in addition to dietary data, allows calculation of correlations between estimated and true dietary intakes under reasonable assumptions about errors. However, sensitivity analyses are necessary on one variable.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF HYDROGEN TRANSPORT IN ANIMAL TISSUES : VI. INHIBITOR STUDIES WITH SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.

1. The mechanism of succinic dehydrogenase action was studied by means of inhibitors. 2. The enzyme is inhibited by a large number of diverse compounds whose only common denominator appears to be their ability to react with SH groups. These compounds include quinonoid structures, sulfhydryl reagents, sulfhydryl compounds, copper, zinc, selenite, and arsenite. 3. In contrast to the above inhibitors, the action of malonate does not appear to involve sulfhydryl groups and is explained on the basis of its affinity for the enzyme groups which react with the carboxyl groups of succinate. 4. The action of malonate and the sulfhydryl reactants is mutually exclusive, and this fact suggests the conclusion that the sulfhydryl group of the enzyme is located between the carboxyl affinity points. 5. On the basis of the deduced structure of the succinate-activating center of the enzyme, it is suggested that the enzyme may function by oscillating between the EnSH and EnS. forms, rather than by a thiol-disulfide equilibrium.
The Role Of Organizational Justice And Ethical Frameworks On Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action: The Moderating Role Of Organizational Support

The current study explores some of the challenges associated with Affirmative Action (AA) by clarifying the relationship between individuals’ ethical frameworks and equality justice norms and their effects on attitudes toward AA specifically targeting African Americans. The study reveals that employer support for affirmative action plans and programs not only reduce negative attitudes toward AA but also moderate the effects of ethical frameworks and equality values on such attitudes. More specifically, consequentialist ethical values relate negatively and nonconsequentialist ethical values relate positively to attitudes toward affirmative action. Additionally, organizational support positively moderates the relationship between both equality norms and consequentialist ethical values and attitudes toward affirmative action for African Americans. Implications for future research and practice are offered.
Experimental verification of mission planning by autonomous mission execution and data visualization using the NPS AUV II

The authors describe recent results in mission execution and post-mission data analysis from the NPS autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) II testbed underwater vehicle. Ongoing research is focused on control technology to meet the needs of future naval autonomous underwater vehicles. These vehicles are unmanned untethered free-swimming robotic submarines to be used for naval missions including search, mapping, surveillance, and intervention activity. The approach taken at NPS combines integrated computer simulation, real-time robust control theory, computer architecture and code development, vehicle and component design and experimentation, sonar data analysis, and data visualization. The major thrusts of this overall research program are in the areas of mission planning, both offline and online; mission execution including navigation, collision avoidance, replanning, object recognition, vehicle dynamic response and motion control; real-time control software architecture and implementation; and the issues of post-mission data analysis. >
Expression of infectious woodchuck hepatitis virus in murine and avian fibroblasts.

The liver is the primary site for replication of the hepadnavirus genome. We asked whether the posttranscriptional phase of the viral replication cycle would depend on hepatocyte-specific functions. For this purpose, we assayed a previously constructed chimera between sequences of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter-enhancer region and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) (C. Seeger and J. Maragos, J. Virol. 63:1907-1915, 1989) for its ability to direct the synthesis of infectious WHV in hepatoma cells and in murine and avian fibroblast cells. Viruslike particles containing WHV DNA were produced transiently in transfected hepatoma cells and in fibroblasts. Inoculation of woodchucks with culture medium from hepatoma cells or fibroblasts transfected with viral DNA led to productive WHV infection, as observed following infection of woodchucks with serum from WHV-infected animals. These results demonstrate that posttranscriptional events of the hepadnavirus replication cycle are not dependent on hepatocyte-specific functions. Images
Performance analysis of concurrency control using locking with deferred blocking

The concurrency control (CC) method employed can be critical to the performance of transaction processing systems. Conventional locking suffers from the blocking phenomenon, where waiting transactions continue to hold locks and block other transactions from progressing. In a high data contention environment, as an increasing number of transactions wait, a larger number of lock requests get blocked and fewer lock requests can get through. The proposed scheme reduces the blocking probability by deferring the blocking behavior of transactions to the later stages of their execution. By properly balancing the blocking and abort effects, the proposed scheme can lead to better performance than either the conventional locking or the optimistic concurrency control (OCC) schemes at all data and resource contention levels. We consider both static and dynamic approaches to determine when to switch from the nonblocking phase to the blocking phase. An analytical model is developed to estimate the performance of this scheme and determine the optimal operating or switching point. The accuracy of the analytic model is validated through a detailed simulation. >
A necessary and sufficient condition for quantization errors to be uniform and white

In this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition is given to model the output of a quantizer as an infinite-precision input and an additive, uniform, white noise. The statistical properties of the quantization error are studied, and a detailed analysis for Gaussian distributed inputs is given.
Dynamic Tuning of Algorithmic Parameters of Parallel Scientific Codes

We present a dynamic method for tuning algorithmic parameters of parallel scientific programs. By treating tuning as a separate concern in the software development process, our method supports personalized development of optimization schemes for existing programs that are not easily supported by conventional tuning techniques. We use a compositional framework to transparently combine tuning code with the original program without direct modification of an existing code base. In this way, the inserted tuning module can dynamically search for optimal values of algorithmic parameters, accounting for runtime factors such as input problem size and parallel characteristics of a given execution platform, as well as the architectural or runtime properties of a single machine of the platform. Applying our method to a parallel CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation, we demonstrate how a set of performancecritical parameters can be dynamically tuned, achieving up to 26% performance improvements over average cases.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy Calibration for Wood Chemistry: Which Chemometric Technique Is Best for Prediction and Interpretation?

This paper addresses the precision in factor loadings during partial least squares (PLS) and principal components regression (PCR) of wood chemistry content from near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra. The precision of the loadings is considered important because these estimates are often utilized to interpret chemometric models or selection of meaningful wavenumbers. Standard laboratory chemistry methods were employed on a mixed genus/species hardwood sample set. PLS and PCR, before and after 1st derivative pretreatment, was utilized for model building and loadings investigation. As demonstrated by others, PLS was found to provide better predictive diagnostics. However, PCR exhibited a more precise estimate of loading peaks which makes PCR better for interpretation. Application of the 1st derivative appeared to assist in improving both PCR and PLS loading precision, but due to the small sample size, the two chemometric methods could not be compared statistically. This work is important because to date most research works have committed to PLS because it yields better predictive performance. But this research suggests there is a tradeoff between better prediction and model interpretation. Future work is needed to compare PLS and PCR for a suite of spectral pretreatment techniques.
Rb1 and Pten co-deletion in osteoblast precursor cells causes rapid lipoma formation in mice

The Rb and Pten tumor suppressor genes are important regulators of bone development and both are frequently mutated in the bone cancer osteosarcoma (OS). To determine if Rb1 and Pten synergize as tumor suppressor genes for osteosarcoma, we co-deleted them in osteoprogenitor cells. Surprisingly, we observed rapid development of adipogenic but not osteosarcoma tumors in the ΔRb1/Pten mice. ΔPten solo deleted mice also developed lipoma tumors but at a much reduced frequency and later onset than those co-deleted for Rb1. Pten deletion also led to a marked increase in adipocytes in the bone marrow. To better understand the function of Pten in bone development in vivo, we conditionally deleted Pten in OSX(+) osteoprogenitor cells using OSX-Cre mice. μCT analysis revealed a significant thickening of the calvaria and an increase in trabeculae volume and number in the femur, consistent with increased bone formation in these mice. To determine if Pten and Rb1 deletion actively promotes adipogenic differentiation, we isolated calvarial cells from Pten(fl/fl) and Pten(fl/fl); Rb1(fl/fl) mice, infected them with CRE or GFP expressing adenovirus, treated with differentiation media. We observed slightly increased adipogenic, and osteogenic differentiation in the ΔPten cells. Both phenotypes were greatly increased upon Rb1/Pten co-deletion. This was accompanied by an increase in expression of genes required for adipogenesis. These data indicate that Pten deletion in osteoblast precursors is sufficient to promote frequent adipogenic, but only rare osteogenic tumors. Rb1 hetero- or homo-zygous co-deletion greatly increases the incidence and the rapidity of onset of adipogenic tumors, again, with only rare osteosarcoma tumors.
Lactoferrin and the newborn: current perspectives

Neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Inflammation secondary to sepsis and NEC increases morbidity, especially those related to the lung, brain and eye. Therapeutic strategies that target inflammation and decrease the emergence of antibiotic resistance are urgently needed. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional protein that modulates inflammation, cell growth and differentiation and has broad antimicrobial activity. Studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lf in the prevention of neonatal sepsis and NEC are currently in progress, and one completed study shows significant promise. In this article, the functions of this multifunctional molecule and current clinical evidence for its use in the newborn are reviewed. Lf prophylaxis and therapy may have a significant impact in improving clinical outcomes of vulnerable preterm neonates.
The Monopoly State

Although they provide services which we may not be accustomed to thinking of as “products,” it appears possible to treat states as firms. The question of market structure then arises immediately. Why are the punishment and collective protection industries so highly concentrated?1 Shoes are produced by hundreds of firms, and so are laundry and auto repair services, yet typically there are very few states producing their services for any given society. Why is it that we so rarely, and then in general so transiently, observe multiple states producing the same service in a society and what are the consequences of this “monopoly power”?
Being Green and Social Responsibility: Basic Concepts and Multiple Case Studies in Business Excellence

Through a qualitative business case approach, three major manufacturing firms in Pittsburgh, PA were reviewed for their eco-friendly sustainability strategic initiatives and products/services. Undoubtedly, use of green best practices are value adding steps for a company may be initially difficult to justify to spend the time and resources developing such a process. This is especially true when other core business needs are present, such as driving revenue, product development and meeting governmental or consumer expectations. However, green and sustainability initiatives may not be currently dictated needs, but many companies feel strongly that charting such a course would be to their stakeholders’ mutual advantage. As resources are being consumed more rapidly, it is logical to enact steps to ensure the sustainability of such scare resources. The added benefit of lower input needs greatly improves the companies’ stance in their market while also adding to the firms’ overall profitability. Besides the many intangible advantages, green initiatives in CSR frequently provide direct financial benefits as well. Not all green initiatives are fully profitable in the short-term. However, many sustainable projects not only pay for themselves, but return a profit. Green construction often costs no more than standard construction, yet it provides long-term returns in the form of reduced energy costs. Improving transportation efficiencies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can reduce transportation expenditures. Developing agriculture processes to increase crop yields while using less water, chemicals, and fertilizer can contribute to reducing product costs. And embracing alternative sources of energy can reduce energy expenses, especially in the long-term, by reducing dependence on finite sources of energy. Alcoa, Heinz, and PPG have all demonstrated that green-based CSR initiatives not only have a positive impact on the environment, but positively influence the internal organization. As a whole, these three companies are true leaders not only in their respective industries, but in environmental protection, sustainability, and responsibility. As technological advancements occur within each industry, we are confident that green-based initiatives will continue to play an important role in the growth of each of these organizations.
Density (Essay #3)

This is the third in a series of short, entertaining essays I've written about specific legal writing skills. Good legal writing is dense. Like poetry, it conveys lots of information in very few words. Judges don't have time to slough through a twenty-page discovery motion, and they shouldn't have to. Dense writing is likely to be read more carefully, and understood more thoroughly, than writing full of "fluff." This essay contains ten tips for improving writing density. Examples include incessant editing, omitting phrases that serve no useful function (as a matter of fact), omitting redundancies (null and void), and using the active voice.
Fluidic beam steering in parasitically coupled patch antenna arrays

A technique for designing a parasitic patch antenna array whose beam can be steered dynamically using a fluidic tuning mechanism is presented. Using this technique, a three-element patch antenna array operating at 5 GHz is designed and fabricated using 3D printing. Two oil-filled channels are placed in the substrate of the antenna along the radiating edges of the patches and filled with movable metal cylinders and glass balls. The parasitic elements are mutually coupled to the centre element in the H-plane. As the train of metal cylinders and glass balls are moved from the left or right with respect to the centre-driven patch element, the beam is steered towards the opposite direction. The proposed parasitic patch array is able to steer the beam ±22.5° with maintained impedance matching.
Therapeutic and adjunctive applications of an imidazoline anti-inflammatory agent.

A unique combination of anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities is described for 2-(2 methyl-4-chlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline (CDMI). CDMI administered i.p. produced a dose-related decrease in aspirin-induced ulcers which persisted even in the presence of exogenously added HCI. The carrageenin-edema reducing activities of i.p. CDMI and p.o. aspirin were additive. When oral CDMI was combined with oral aspirin or oral indomethacin, the combinations also resulted in additive anti-inflammatory activities (80 and 94% vs. 52% for CDMI, 62% for aspirin and 71% for indomethacin alone). Moreover, gastric ulcerogenicity was reduced by 92% when either aspirin or indomethacin was combined with CDMI. These results indicate that CDMI and related compounds deserve further study as adjuncts to increase the margin of safety of currently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. CDMI was also tested against a developing acute inflammatory reaction. When administered at 2 hr post carrageenin, CDMI was as effective as when it was administered 30 min before the carrageenin. These results are discussed as a possible reflection of an action on the lipoxygenase pathways of the arachidonic acid cascade that is not shared by the classical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Antithrombotic therapy and invasive procedures.

n engl j med 369;11 nejm.org september 12, 2013 1077 geography (distance from home to hospital), and even hospital administrative factors (prioritization of patients in a crowded ward). Possible varying practice among hospitals is unlikely to have influenced the main results, because we found no significant hospital–treatment interaction. Havard Ove Skjerven, M.D. Kai-Hakon Carlsen, M.D., Ph.D. Karin C. Lodrup Carlsen, M.D., Ph.D.
Surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review.

Background The objective of this work was to systematically review literature on the effectiveness of surgical management for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Methods We performed a literature search encompassing the last 25 years in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Inclusion criteria included English language papers containing original data, more than 6 subjects, and measurable clinical outcomes. Data was systematically collected on study design, patient demographics, clinical characteristics and outcomes, and level-of-evidence. Two investigators independently reviewed all manuscripts. A quality assessment of the included studies was performed. Results The initial search yielded 416 abstracts, of which 24 articles met inclusion criteria, detailing 680 adult and pediatric CF patients who underwent surgical therapy. Surgical treatment included primarily endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) (22/24). Outcome measures included sinonasal symptoms (14/24), endoscopic findings (8/24), pulmonary function testing (8/24), recurrence or revision surgery (5/24), hospitalization (4/24), need for antibiotic therapy (2/24), radiographic findings (2/24), and pulmonary exacerbations (1/24). The level-of-evidence was predominantly Level 4 (21/24); there were no Level 1 evidence studies. Most studies found improvement in symptom measures and endoscopic findings but no improvement in lower airway function after surgical therapy. Postoperative measures of the other outcomes were inconclusive or inconsistent. Conclusion For adult and pediatric CF sinusitis, ESS yielded clinical improvement as measured primarily by sinonasal symptoms and endoscopic findings. It is unclear if surgical intervention modifies lower airway disease. Future prospective studies with predetermined, objective, and validated outcome measures are needed to determine the effectiveness of surgical intervention for CF-related CRS. Overall evidence Grade B/C.
Multiscale stress-strain characterization of onion outer epidermal tissue in wet and dry states.

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Quantitative measurements of water's effects on the tension response of plant tissue will assist in understanding the regulatory mechanism underlying expansive growth. Such measurements should be multiscale in nature to account for plants' hierarchical structure.• METHODS Outer onion epidermal tissues were cut and bonded to uniaxial displacement-controlled mechanical loading devices to apply and measure the force on the sample. Fluorescent polystyrene beads (500 nm in diameter) were dispersed on the sample surface under various levels of tensile load conditions to obtain displacement maps with a confocal fluorescent microscope. The resulting strain was measured using a digital image correlation technique by tracking individual bead displacements. The applied forces were obtained by measuring the displacement of the calibrated force-sensing device. Tissue- and cell-scale mechanical properties were quantified by calculating the applied stress and the corresponding global and local strains.• KEY RESULTS The Young's modulus values of individual cell walls of dehydrated and rehydrated samples were 3.0 ± 1.0 GPa and 0.4 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively, and are different from the Young's modulus values of the global tissue-scale dehydrated and rehydrated samples, which were 1.9 ± 0.3 GPa and 0.08 ± 0.02 GPa, respectively. Poisson's ratio increased more than 3-fold due to hydration.• CONCLUSION The results on global, cell-to-cell, and point-to-point mechanical property variations suggest the importance of the mechanical contribution of extracellular features including the middle lamella, cell shape, and dimension. This study shows that a multiscale investigation is essential for fundamental insights into the hierarchical deformation of biological systems.
Isolation and Identification of Testosterone in Systemic Blood from Normal Human Male Adults.

SummaryBy criteria of paper chromatography in 2 systems, formation of an acetate derivate, ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry, testosterone has been isolated and identified in systemic blood of normal male subjects given HCG intramuscularly. Plasma testosterone could not be found in normal male subjects not stimulated with HCG.
Metaphoric Reference: An Eye Movement Analysis of Spanish-English and English-Spanish Bilingual Readers.

This study examines the processing of metaphoric reference by bilingual speakers. English dominant, Spanish dominant, and balanced bilinguals read passages in English biasing either a figurative (e.g., describing a weak and soft fighter that always lost and everyone hated) or a literal (e.g., describing a donut and bakery shop that made delicious pastries) meaning of a critical metaphoric referential description (e.g., “creampuff”). We recorded the eye movements (first fixation, gaze duration, go-past duration, and total reading time) for the critical region, which was a metaphoric referential description in each passage. The results revealed that literal vs. figurative meaning activation was modulated by language dominance, where Spanish dominant bilinguals were more likely to access the literal meaning, and English dominant and balanced bilinguals had access to both the literal and figurative meanings of the metaphoric referential description. Overall, there was a general tendency for the literal interpretation to be more active, as revealed by shorter reading times for the metaphoric reference used literally, in comparison to when it was used figuratively. Results are interpreted in terms of the Graded Salience Hypothesis (Giora, 2002, 2003) and the Literal Salience Model (Cieślicka, 2006, 2015).
Arterial stiffness increases during obstructive sleep apneas

STUDY OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) appears to be an independent risk factor for diurnal systemic hypertension, but the specific biologic markers for this association have not been well established. Increased arterial stiffness is an important measure of increased left ventricular load and a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and may precede the onset of systemic hypertension in humans. However, arterial stiffness has not been measured in association with obstructive apneas in patients with OSA, nor related to systemic blood pressure (BP) activity in this setting. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that arterial stiffness may be utilized as a sensitive measure of arterial vasomotor perturbation during obstructive events in patients with OSA, by demonstrating that (1) arterial stiffness increases acutely in association with obstructive apnea and hypopnea, and that (2) such increased stiffness may occur in the absence of acute BP increase. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional. SETTING A tertiary-care university-based sleep and ventilatory disorders center. PATIENTS Forty-four normo- and hypertensive adult patients (11 women, 33 men) with polysomnographically diagnosed moderate to severe OSA. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Beat-to-beat BP was recorded from the radial artery by applanation tonometry during nocturnal polysomnography. Arterial augmentation index (AAI), a measure of arterial stiffness, was calculated as the ratio of augmented systolic BP (SBP) to pulse pressure and expressed as a percentage for the following conditions: awake, the first 10 ("early apnea") and last 10 ("late apnea") cardiac cycles of obstructive events, and the first 15 cardiac cycles following apnea termination ("post apnea"). Mean AAI (+/-SD) for the group was significantly increased during NREM sleep from early apnea to late apnea (12.02 +/- 2.70% vs 13.35 +/- 3.54%, p<0.05, ANOVA). During REM (analyzed in 20 patients), MI again significantly increased from early apnea to late apnea (11.75 +/- 2.81% vs 13.43 +/- 4.97%). Conversely, neither mean SBP nor mean arterial BP was significantly changed from early apnea to late apnea in NREM (SBP 130 +/- 14 mmHg vs 129 +/- 14 mmHg) or REM (SBP 128 +/- 22 mmHg vs 127 +/- 21 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS Arterial stiffness increases acutely during obstructive apneas in both NREM and REM sleep, in the absence of measurable BP change. These data suggest that arterial stiffness may be a sensitive measure of acute arterial vasomotor perturbation in this setting and may have implications concerning cardiovascular sequelae in patients with OSA.
Quality Improvement Curriculum for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residents: A Needs Assessment.

This needs assessment survey of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR however, the quantity and types of learning experiences varied greatly. PDs assessed their ability as less than proficient to teach QI (67%) and lead a project (57%), and rated 60% of their faculty as having novice or advanced beginner QI skills. PDs reported 31% of graduating residents had less than competent QI skills. Almost all PDs were interested in a standardized QI curriculum.
Two-Way Fading Channels: Training Protocol and Diversity-Multiplexing Performance

Two-way communication over a fading wireless channel requires that nodes on both ends of the link acquire channel state information in order to successfully receive coherent signals. When the channel in question is symmetric and slow fading, channel state information at the receiving node can be used to perform power control when the same node becomes the transmitter. In this work, we propose and analyze a novel two-way training protocol that uses power control to improve diversity-multiplexing performance while saving overhead by exploiting channel symmetry.
Auditing Information Leakage for Distance Metrics

Many useful scenarios involve allowing untrusted users to run queries against secret data, so long as the results do not leak too much information. This problem has been studied widely for statistical queries, but not for queries with more direct semantics. In this paper, we consider the problem of auditing queries where the result is a distance metric between the query input and some secret data. We develop an efficient technique for estimating a lower bound on the entropy remaining after a series of query-responses that applies to a class of distance functions including Hamming distance. We also present a technique for ensuring that no individual bits of the secret sequence is leaked. In this paper, we formalize the information leakage problem, describe our design for a query auditor, and report on experiments showing the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach for sensitive sequences up to thousands of bits.
Acute kidney injury in the fetus and neonate

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an under-recognized morbidity of neonates; the incidence remains unclear due to the absence of a unified definition of AKI in this population and because previous studies have varied greatly in screening for AKI with serum creatinine and urine output assessments. Premature infants may be born with less than half of the nephrons compared with term neonates, predisposing them to chronic kidney disease (CKD) early on in life and as they age. AKI can also lead to CKD, and premature infants with AKI may be at very high risk for long-term kidney problems. AKI in neonates is often multifactorial and may result from prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal insults as well as any combination thereof. This review focuses on the causes of AKI, the importance of early detection, the management of AKI in neonates, and long-term sequela of AKI in neonates.
Impact of mobile technology on student attitudes, engagement, and learning

Mobile devices and collaborative learning environments are common tools in education but not all collaborative learning is structured the same. This study evaluated student learning in three different collaborative learning environments, both with and without mobile technology, to assess students' engagement, critical thinking, and attitudes toward collaborative learning. The results indicate that mobile technology is associated with positive student perceptions of collaborative learning but with increased disengagement by students during class. In addition, the level of students' critical thinking was more closely associated with the tools used to construct written responses than with the collaborative learning environment style. Students constructing paragraph responses on a mobile device demonstrated significantly less critical thinking than those who used a computer keyboard or wrote responses by hand. Speech and eye contact are strong indicators of student engagement in groups.Technology serves important functions but often distracts from engagement.Critical thinking is more evident in typed or written versus texted essays.
Comparison of Brain Tissue Material Finite Element Models Based on Threshold for Traumatic Brain Injury

Blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) may happen due to sudden blast and high-frequency loads. Due to the moral issues and the burden of experimental approaches, using computational methods such as finite element analysis (FEA) can be effective. Several finite element studies have focused on the effects of TBI to anticipate and understand the brain dynamic response. One of the most important factors in every FEA study of bTBI is the accurate modeling of brain tissue material properties. The main goal of this study is a comparison of different brain tissue constitutive models to understand the dynamic response of brain under an identical blast load. The multi-material FE modeling of the human head has several limitations such as its complexity and consequently high computational costs. Therefore, a spherical head model is modeled which suggests more straightforward observation/understanding of the FE modeling of skull (solid), CSF (fluid), and the brain tissue. Three different material models are considered for the brain tissue, namely hyperelastic, viscoelastic, and hyperviscoelastic. Brain dynamic responses are studied in terms of the head kinematics (linear acceleration), intracranial pressure (ICP), shear stress, and maximum mechanical strain. Our results showed that the hyperelastic model predicts larger ICP and shear than other constitutive brain tissue models. However, all material models predicted similar shear strain and head accelerations.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Investigation of retinal microstructure in healthy eyes and dry age-related macular degeneration using a combined AO-OCT-SLO system

Combined adaptive optics (AO) optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) imaging allows simultaneous en face and cross sectional views of the retina. We describe improvements to our AO-OCT-SLO system and highlight its resolution capability and clinical utility by presenting results from 3 control and 4 dry agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) subjects. From a group of subjects with healthy eyes, OCT A-scans were grouped as originating from cones or rods and were averaged. The resulting reflectance profiles were then used to identify the location of cone and rod segments. Results for rods and cones were compared, with the focus on inner segment (IS) and outer segment (OS) structures and where these cells embed into the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the AMD patients, cone IS and OS lengths were measured over and around drusen for two retinal regions (fovea–2° and 2°–4°), and those results were correlated to drusen height. For the fovea–2° region, the drusen height that caused statistically significant shortening of cone ISL and OSL compared to the unaffected adjacent area were 40 μm and 50 μm respectively (p = 0.009, and p < 0.001, respectively). For the 2°–4° region, the equivalent drusen heights that caused significant shortening of segment length were 60 μm for IS (p = 0.017) and 80 μm for OS (p < 0.001)