cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalous proximity effects at the interface of s - and s ± - superconductors

We study proximity effects close to a boundary between $s$ and ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ superconductors. Frustration, caused by interaction of the $s$-wave gap parameter with the opposite-sign gaps of ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ superconductor, leads to several anomalous features. In the case of strong frustration a nontrivial time-reversal-symmetry breaking (TRSB) state, with nonzero phase angles between all gap parameters, is possible. In a more typical state, the $s$-wave order parameter is aligned with one of the ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ gaps. The other (antialigned) gap induces negative feature in the $s$-wave density of states, which can serve as a fingerprint of the ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ state. Another consequence of the frustration is an extended region in the parameter space in which $s$-wave superconductivity is suppressed, despite being in contact with nominally stronger superconductor. This negative proximity effect is always present for the TRSB state, but extends even into the aligned states. We study these effects within a simple microscopic model assuming a dirty limit in all bands, which allows us to model the system in terms of minimum number of the most relevant parameters. The described anomalous features provide a route to establishing the possible ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ state in the iron-based superconductors.
Respiratory capacity of developing chick red and white skeletal muscle

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption, cytochrome oxidase and succinoxidase activity was measured in samples of leg and breast muscle from chick embryos ranging in age from 11 to 19 days. 2. 2. Respiratory parameters increased significantly in both muscle groups during embryonic life. 3. 3. By the later stages of incubation, leg and breast muscles differed significantly in cytochrome and succinoxidase activity. 4. 4. Oxygen uptake between leg and breast muscles did not differ significantly during later development. 5. 5. The results suggest at least a partial pre-natal differentiation of skeletal muscle in the domestic fowl.
Independent and interactive effects of digoxin and quinidine on the atrial fibrillation threshold in dogs.

To assess the effects of digoxin as single therapy and in combination with quinidine in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, the atrial fibrillation threshold was determined from the right atrial appendage and Bachmann's bundle in 11 open chest dogs. In group 1 (six dogs), the atrial fibrillation threshold was determined at baseline, post-quinidine (10 mg/kg intravenously) and then post-digoxin (50 µg/kg intravenously). In group 2 (five dogs), the order of drug administration was reversed. The results of this study were: 1) Digoxin had no significant effect on the atrial fibrillation threshold when given alone. 2) Quinidine significantly increased the atrial fibrillation threshold (p
Catalysts effect on single-walled carbon nanotube branching

The catalytic effect on the Y-shaped single-walled carbon nanotubes (Y-SWNTs) branching is investigated. The formation of Y-shaped branches is found to be dependent on the catalysts composition, which can be correlated to the Gibbs free energy of metal carbide formation. Easier carbide formers, like Mo or Zr, have a strong tendency to attach to the sidewall of SWNTs, enhancing the degree of carbon nanotube branching. The electrical conductance of the Y-SWNTs demonstrated rectification characteristics at room temperature, which is attributed to the Schottky barrier formed at the junction position. The Y-SWNTs can be used as a building block for future nanoelectronic, sensor and composite.
Reasoning from first principles in electronic troubleshooting

Abstract While expert systems have traditionally been built using large collections of rules based on empirical associations, interest has grown recently in the use of systems that reason “from first principles”, i.e. from an understanding of causality of the device being examined. Our work explores the use of such models in troubleshooting digital electronics. In discussing troubleshooting we show why the traditional approach—test generation—solves a different problem and we discuss a number of its practical shortcomings. We consider next the style of debugging known as discrepancy detection and demon-strate why it is a fundamental advance over traditional test generation. Further explor-ation, however, demonstrates that in its Standard form discrepancy detection encounters interesting limits in dealing with commonly known classes of faults. We suggest that the problem arises from a number of interesting implicit assumptions typically made when using the technique. In discussing how to repair the problems uncovered, we argue for the primacy of models of causal interaction, rather than the traditional fault models. We point out the importance of making these models explicit, separated from the troubleshooting mechanism, and retractable in much the same sense that inferences are retracted in current systems. We report on progress to date in implementing this approach and demonstrate the diagnosis of a bridge fault—a traditionally difficult problem—using our approach.
Physical models for amorphous-silicon thin-film transistors and their implementation in a circuit simulation program

A semianalytic theory to describe both the current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of amorphous silicon thin-film transistors on the basis of their physics of operation is presented. In this model, the drain current is directly related to the electron concentration at the source side of the channel. This enables one to describe the various regimes of operation of these devices (i.e. subthreshold or above threshold) using only one equation. The output conductance of these devices in saturation is also considered, and it is shown that the finite output impedance is a consequence of the drain voltage modulating the effective channel length by creating a space-charge limited current region of variable length near the drain. The results of this model are in good agreement both with experimental data and the results of comprehensive two-dimensional simulations. These device models have been successfully incorporated into a SPICE circuit simulation program. >
Optical Isotope Enrichment - A Scientific Overview

Laser developments within the past five years have opened opportunities for photo induced isotope separation that have fostered a field which is characterized by intense, competitive activity and f4ous growth. The tremendous, potential economic impact of the processes that may be developed for U"3 enrichment, estimated to be as high as $80 billion over the next three decades, coupled with the need for expansion of our nuclear power generating capability,have fueled the fires ignited by laser developments. Possible heavy water isolations by an economical laser process could lead to huge savings for the Canadian heavy water reactor plants. Implications of U235 separation in the proliferation of nuclear weapons numbs our hopes for success in this area and stimulates our efforts at the same time. While the overwhelming stimulus fostered by the potential applications of work in this field makes laser isotope separation a concern of every scientist, the conflicting interests involved in these developments have concealed much of the activity as government or corporation secrets. This aspect plus the rapid progress in this field make an up-to-date review difficult at best.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Further synthetic studies on rifamycin s

Abstract Two new highly stereocontrolled syntheses of the optically active form of the aliphatic segment 2 of rifamycin S are described.
Structure of the quaternary complex of interleukin-2 with its alpha, beta, and gammac receptors.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that acts through a quaternary receptor signaling complex containing alpha (IL-2Rα), beta (IL-2Rβ), and common gamma chain (gc) receptors. In the structure of the quaternary ectodomain complex as visualized at a resolution of 2.3 angstroms, the binding of IL-2Rα to IL-2 stabilizes a secondary binding site for presentation to IL-2Rβ. γc is then recruited to the composite surface formed by the IL-2/IL-2Rβ complex. Consistent with its role as a shared receptor for IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, γc forms degenerate contacts with IL-2. The structure of γc provides a rationale for loss-of-function mutations found in patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency diseases (X-SCID). This complex structure provides a framework for other γc-dependent cytokine-receptor interactions and for the engineering of improved IL-2 therapeutics.
Characteristics of Low-fat Beef Patties Formulated with Carbohydrate-Lipid Composites

: Chemical, physical, and sensory characteristics of low-fat beef patties containing carbohydrate-lipid composites (CLCs) were compared with those of all-beef patties. The CLC gels contained high-amylose cornstarch, maltodextrins, and canola oil. CLC patties had higher moisture, cooking yield, and fat retention than 20%-fat control patties. CLCs improved tenderness and juiciness and decreased cohesiveness of low-fat beef patties compared with 10%-fat control patties. Despite differences in CLC gel firmness, patties made with CLC gels containing corn, potato, and tapioca maltodextrins had similar physical and sensory properties. These results suggest that CLC gels perform well as a partial fat replacer in beef patties while providing flexibility in gel firmness selection.
An Engineering Analysis of the Aortic Valve Dynamics in Patients with Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Devices

The use of a rotary Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) as a bridge-to-recovery treatment is gaining considerable attention in the LVAD research community. Using a mathematical model of the cardiovascular-LVAD system, this paper intends to define the critical control parameters in terms of power and rotational speed of the LVAD to ensure normal dynamics of the aortic valve for different levels of patient's activity and severity of heart failure. The effects of permanent closure of the aortic valve on the hemodynamics of the patient and the pump flow characteristics, if the critical control values are exceeded, are also examined. Additionally, LVAD power and speed control parameters that yield a given percentage of the cardiac cycle during which the aortic valve remains open are examined indicating that the severity of the heart failure is a very important factor in deciding the appropriateness of the LVAD as a bridge-to recovery treatment.
A Combination Carbon-Graphite Electrode for DC Arc Analysis

A two-section electrode for d c. arc analysis is described. The crater section is amorphous carbon and the holder is graphite. In this way the advantages of the burning properties of amorphous carbon are obtained and the disadvantage of its poor machinability is largely eliminated. The electrode found suitable for this adaptation is the cathode layer electrode which is used in a variety of analyses The two-section electrode requires no complex cutting tools and proper dimensions are easily maintained by the dimensional consistency of the carbon and graphite rods used in their construction. A summary of test results is given in table form.
In Search of a New Paradigm for Teaching English as an International Language

In the context of more diverse communicative practices and social relations in globalization, scholars are increasingly defining English as constituting socially constructed situational norms in specific contexts of interaction, and not a homogeneous language or even discrete varieties of English. This shift requires treating pragmatics and not grammar, social context and not cognition, as more significant in accounting for one’s language competence. To address such changes in pedagogical practice, language teachers have to focus more on developing procedural knowledge (i.e., a knowledge of how, or negotiation strategies) rather than propositional knowledge (i.e., a knowledge of what, or norms and conventions of a language) in their classrooms. This article illustrates how teachers can cultivate procedural knowledge by developing language awareness, rhetorical sensitivity, and negotiation strategies among their students.
Ambiguities in the partial-wave analysis of pseudoscalar-meson photoproduction

Ambiguities in pseudoscalar-meson photoproduction, arising from incomplete experimental data, have analogs in pion-nucleon scattering. Amplitude ambiguities have important implications for the problems of amplitude extraction and resonance identification in partial-wave analysis. The effect of these ambiguities on observables is described. We compare our results with those found in earlier studies. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Projection properties of Plackett and Burman designs

The projection properties of the 2 R q–p fractional factorials are well known and have been used effectively in a number of published examples of experimental investigations. The Plackett and Burman designs also have interesting projective properties, knowledge of which allows the experimenter to follow up an initial Plackett and Burman design with runs that increase the initial resolution for the factors that appear to matter and thus permit efficient separation of effects of interest. Projections of designs into 2–5 dimensions are discussed, and the 12-run case is given in detail. A numerical example illustrates the practical uses of these projections.
Thermal stability of electrochemical–hydrothermal hydroxyapatite coatings

Dense, uniform hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were synthesized by hydrothermal crystal growth onto titanium substrates that were electrochemically seeded with HA nanocrystals. The HA was also doped with yttrium and/or fluoride during the hydrothermal reaction. The resulting HA coatings have a unique morphology consisting of crystal domains aligned with the crystallographic c -axis oriented normal to the surface of the coating. At elevated temperatures, the HA coatings were found to slowly decomposes via dehydroxylation to β β -tricalcium phosphate ( β β -TCP). Thermal decomposition negatively impacts the mechanical stability of the coating and can negatively impact performance in vivo due to the higher solubility of β β -TCP relative to HA. It is shown that thermal decomposition of HA membranes can be avoided by adding water vapor to suppress dehydroxylation during thermal processing, or by doping the membrane with fluoride during hydrothermal synthesis. Thermal decomposition of HA coatings to β β -TCP was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Coatings of HA or yttrium-doped HA were found to be unstable in dry air above 600 °C, but stable in a steam atmosphere at 900 °C. Coatings doped with fluoride or co-doped with yttrium and fluoride were also thermally stable in dry air at 900 °C. Therefore, the unique HA coating morphology and composition can be maintained during post-synthesis thermal processing or high temperature applications.
Coherence-collapsed 1.3-μm multimode laser diode for the fiber-optic gyroscope

Coherence-collapsing feedback applied to a 1.3-μm multimode laser diode is shown to sufficiently decouple the longitudinal modes and broaden their linewidth that the laser becomes suitable for use in a low-drift depolarized fiber-optic gyroscope.
From expert-derived user needs to user-perceived ease of use and usefulness

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted This framework leverages the complementarity of usability experts and end-users.Mixed-methods allow comprehensive data collection and triangulation.Mixed-methods improve understanding of vague or underspecified user needs. Underspecified user needs and frequent lack of a gold standard reference are typical barriers to technology evaluation. To address this problem, this paper presents a two-phase evaluation framework involving usability experts (phase 1) and end-users (phase 2). In phase 1, a cross-system functionality alignment between expert-derived user needs and system functions was performed to inform the choice of "the best available" comparison system to enable a cognitive walkthrough in phase 1 and a comparative effectiveness evaluation in phase 2. During phase 2, five quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods are mixed to assess usability: time-motion analysis, software log, questionnaires - System Usability Scale and the Unified Theory of Acceptance of Use of Technology, think-aloud protocols, and unstructured interviews. Each method contributes data for a unique measure (e.g., time motion analysis contributes task-completion-time; software log contributes action transition frequency). The measures are triangulated to yield complementary insights regarding user-perceived ease-of-use, functionality integration, anxiety during use, and workflow impact. To illustrate its use, we applied this framework in a formative evaluation of a software called Integrated Model for Patient Care and Clinical Trials (IMPACT). We conclude that this mixed-methods evaluation framework enables an integrated assessment of user needs satisfaction and user-perceived usefulness and usability of a novel design. This evaluation framework effectively bridges the gap between co-evolving user needs and technology designs during iterative prototyping and is particularly useful when it is difficult for users to articulate their needs for technology support due to the lack of a baseline.
The LC7 Light Chains of Chlamydomonas Flagellar Dyneins Interact with Components Required for Both Motor Assembly and Regulation

Members of the LC7/Roadblock family of light chains (LCs) have been found in both cytoplasmic and axonemal dyneins. LC7a was originally identified within Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein and associates with this motor’s cargo-binding region. We describe here a novel member of this protein family, termed LC7b that is also present in the Chlamydomonas flagellum. Levels of LC7b are reduced 20% in axonemes isolated from strains lacking inner arm I1 and are 80% lower in the absence of the outer arms. When both dyneins are missing, LC7b levels are diminished to <10%. In oda9 axonemal extracts that completely lack outer arms, LC7b copurifies with inner arm I1, whereas in ida1 extracts that are devoid of I1 inner arms it associates with outer arm dynein. We also have observed that some LC7a is present in both isolated axonemes and purified 18S dynein from oda1, suggesting that it is also a component of both the outer arm and inner arm I1. Intriguingly, in axonemal extracts from the LC7a null mutant, oda15, which assembles 30% of its outer arms, LC7b fails to copurify with either dynein, suggesting that it interacts with LC7a. Furthermore, both the outer arm heavy chain and DC2 from the outer arm docking complex completely dissociate after salt extraction from oda15 axonemes. EDC cross-linking of purified dynein revealed that LC7b interacts with LC3, an outer dynein arm thioredoxin; DC2, an outer arm docking complex component; and also with the phosphoprotein IC138 from inner arm I1. These data suggest that LC7a stabilizes both the outer arms and inner arm I1 and that both LC7a and LC7b are involved in multiple intradynein interactions within both dyneins.
Extended energy model for the low rate WPAN

Energy efficiency is a major concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and as such power control policies play an essential component in maximizing a network's lifetime. Optimal power control policies provide the correct trade-off in balancing packet transmission reliability within the operational environment with expanded energy based on the wireless transceiver characteristics. In this paper, an extension of an energy model previously developed for the Chipcon CC2420, an IEEE802.15.4trade device, is presented. The approach provides an extended energy model taking into account transitions energy cost between the Chipcon CC2420 operational states. The empirical testbed used to obtain the measured data is presented along with a summary of the measurements. A comparison is made between the extended model and the previous model to illustrate the importance of incorporating the transition energy requirements
Controversies in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background: The care of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage has evolved significantly with the advent of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Although it is believed that these advances have contributed to improved outcomes, considerable uncertainty persists regarding key areas of management. Objective: To review selected controversies in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, with a special emphasis on endovascular vs. surgical techniques for securing aneurysms, the diagnosis and therapy of cerebral vasospasm, neuroprotection, antithrombotic and anticonvulsant agents, cerebral salt wasting, and myocardial dysfunction, and to suggest venues for further clinical investigation. Data Source: Search of MEDLINE and Cochrane databases and manual review of article bibliographies. Data Synthesis and Conclusions: Many aspects of care in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remain highly controversial and warrant further resolution with hypothesis-driven clinical or translational research. It is anticipated that the rigorous evaluation and implementation of such data will provide a basis for improvements in short- and long-term outcomes. (Crit Care Med 2006; 34:511‐524)
Pollution, Politics, and Preferences for Environmental Spending in the States

While state environmental and natural resource spending is designed to address actual environmental problems, the budget process is also inherently political. Thus, in the following article we ask a simple question: to what extent does state environmental and natural resource spending respond to the scope of environmental problems in a state, versus the demands of the political process? Unlike the bulk of previous research, we consider both aggregate spending and program-specific spending. We also consider how the severity of environmental problems and the political environment may interact to determine spending. The findings show that politics, specifically the strength of the environmental movement, is a more important determinant of state environmental spending than pollution severity. However, for some program areas, it appears that strong environmental groups make state budgets more responsive to the severity of environmental problems.
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Applied to Heschl's Gyrus Modulates Pitch Discrimination

The neural basis of the human brain's ability to discriminate pitch has been investigated by functional neuroimaging and the study of lesioned brains, indicating the critical importance of right and left Heschl's gyrus (HG) in pitch perception. Nonetheless, there remains some uncertainty with regard to localization and lateralization of pitch discrimination, partly because neuroimaging results do not allow us to draw inferences about the causality. To address the problem of causality in pitch discrimination functions, we used transcranial direct current stimulation to downregulate (via cathodal stimulation) and upregulate (via anodal stimulation) excitability in either left or right auditory cortex and measured the effect on performance in a pitch discrimination task in comparison with sham stimulation. Cathodal stimulation of HG on the left and on the right hemispheres adversely affected pitch discrimination in comparison to sham stimulation, with the effect on the right being significantly stronger than on the left. Anodal stimulation on either side had no effect on performance in comparison to sham. Our results indicate that both left and right HG are causally involved in pitch discrimination, although the right auditory cortex might be a stronger contributor.
Modeling dose-dependent temperature responses to methamphetamine

Amphetamine derivatives are among the most abused drugs in the world. Long-term use can lead to cognitive, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical deficits. These problems are enhanced by hyperthermia, which itself is a major mortality factor in drug abusers. Temperature responses to amphetamine injections are multiphasic including both hypothermic and hyperthermic phases. These responses are highly dependent on ambient temperature, previous exposure to the drug, and the involvement of various brain areas. It is therefore not surprising that most amphetamine research is performed with only one dose and/or only at one ambient temperature – neither of which may adequately predict real-life situations. In this study we have attempted to mathematically describe temperature responses to several doses of methamphetamine (METH); drugs were intraperitoneally injected in freely moving rats (N=3-4 per dose) at room temperature. Our experimental data are consistent with earlier published data [1]: intermediate dose of METH (5 mg/kg) causes less hyperthermia than both low (1 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) doses of the drug. Also, maxima of all responses have different latency: responses to low and high doses are virtually immediate, while response to an intermediate dose is delayed. Based on the presumed neurocircuitry (Fig.​(Fig.1A),1A), we have devised a mathematical model in the form of an artificial neural network with first order pharmacokinetics. Each population was described as a three layer perceptron. All model parameters (weights of connections, sensitivity to the drug, pharmacokinetics and temperature response time constants) were subject to fitting three time-series (temperature responses to 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg of METH obtained in the experiment, Fig.​Fig.1B).1B). This model appeared to be sufficient to explain such complex phenomenon as dose-dependence of the temperature response (see Fig.​Fig.1B),1B), and reasonably predicted the effect of an additional dose METH not used in constructing the model (D=3 mg/kg on Fig.​Fig.1B1B). Figure 1 A. Neurocircuitry involved in neural control of temperature: DMH – Dorsomedial Hypothalamus; RP – Raphe Pallidus; RVLM – Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla; SC – spinal cord; HD – “high dose” activator; ... Our results are a promising start to constructing a comprehensive and physiologically relevant model of temperature responses to derivatives of amphetamine. Future will experimentally confirm the identity of the specific brain areas of the interconnected nodes. The power of mathematically modeling is that along with predicting responses to amphetamines in laboratory conditions it may predict scenarios in which life-threatening hyperthermia can occur.
Overlapping spreading centres: 3‐D inversion of the magnetic field at 9°03′N on the East Pacific Rise

Summary. Overlapping spreading centres (OSCs) represent a new type of plate boundary interaction in which en echelon rise segments overlap significantly and are not joined by a transform fault. A three-dimensional Fourier inversion of the magnetic field was performed on an overlapping spreading centre to remove the effects of topography and ridge orientation. A magnetic high exists at the tip of one of the two ridge segments. Forward modelling suggests that the anomalous magnetic field cannot be attributed to the effects of topography alone. The inversion reveals the existence of a magnetization high at the tip of the eastern spreading centre. Maximum magnetization values are consistent with ones obtained in other high amplitude zones in the Pacific as well as with the measured magnetization of samples dredged in the same areas. We suggest that the magnetization high over the eastern ridge tip of the 9°03′N OSC is associated with highly evolved basalts enriched in iron and titanium. Such enrichment may be caused by enhanced crystal fractionation within an axial magma chamber which is intermittent and occasionally freezes as the eastern spreading axis propagates into older lithosphere.
Decentralized compression and predistribution via randomized gossiping

Developing energy efficient strategies for the extraction, transmission, and dissemination of information is a core theme in wireless sensor network research. In this paper we present a novel system for decentralized data compression and predistribution. The system simultaneously computes random projections of the sensor data and disseminates them throughout the network using a simple gossiping algorithm. These summary statistics are stored in an efficient manner and can be extracted from a small subset of nodes anywhere in the network. From these measurements one can reconstruct an accurate approximation of the data at all nodes in the network, provided the original data is compressible in a certain sense which need not be known to the nodes ahead of time. The system provides a practical and universal approach to decentralized compression and content distribution in wireless sensor networks. Two example applications, network health monitoring and field estimation, demonstrate the utility of our method.
Developing information systems with creativity techniques: an exploratory study

Identifies creative measures for information systems development. Content analysis was used as a methodology for analyzing key attributes to distinguish between creative and less creative IS applications. 20 descriptions of information systems and the development process, published in 'Information & Management'-an international academic journal-served as the source for exploration. From a list of 43 possible keyword synonyms used to describe the novelty and value of creative products and services, 16 keywords and their derivations were chosen for study. The articles were scanned, cleaned and stored with a high rate of accuracy. A team of 3 raters were engaged for the project, rating the occurrence of each keyword in context. Inter-rater agreement scores all reflected acceptable reliabilities greater than 0.70. Summary statistics were used to evaluate average rater scores, average rating per article, total number of keywords per article, and other statistics useful to developing creativity measures. The average number of keywords per page was found to be an important variable, correlating highly with other key indicators. Expert judges' opinions were not found to add additional value to the raters' evaluations, lending evidence that the raters' evaluation of creativity were valid. Using the results from the correlation analysis, a metric for assessing the creativity in information systems development is suggested. >
Platelet biology for the clinician-scientist: an evolution of understanding

The constructs of protective hemostasis and pathological thrombosis, both platelet-mediated events with protective and destructive potential, respectively, depending on the site of occurrence, conditions and presence or absence of fully functional regulatory pathways are familiar to most clinicians. In contrast, platelet biology, to include emerging evidence for distinct functional platelet populations and platelet-dependent paracrine effects, represents an opportunity for expanded paradigms of knowledge and translatability [1].
Pyruvate uptake is increased in highly invasive ovarian cancer cells under anoikis conditions for anaplerosis, mitochondrial function, and migration

Anoikis resistance, or the ability for cells to live detached from the extracellular matrix, is a property of epithelial cancers. The “Warburg effect,” or the preference of cancer cells for glycoly...
Work in progress - educational implications of personal history, undergraduate experience, and professional values of practicing engineers

Our study gives voice to the practicing engineer—to let those professionals speak directly about their academic preparations for careers in engineering. In doing so, we gather primary data that reveals the need for change, innovation, and collaboration within undergraduate engineering curricula. Here, we pull information from three sets of data: a) online survey of college of engineering alumni from a large, public university (n= 280); 2) observations on-site within four engineering organizations (n=34); c) interviews completed by freshmen engineering students of practicing engineers (n=60). First, we explore commonalities and differences revealed through the participants' personal narrative about academic and career trajectories. Secondly, we look at their statements about what they value in work projects and colleagues. Common themes emerge from these practicing professionals about the undergrad experience: increase interdisciplinary work, emphasize communication, develop business skills, do more real design work, and foster mentoring relationships. As one participant advised new engineering graduates, “Put away your textbooks and find a mentor…you learn by doing.“
Down-regulation of S100A2 in lymph node metastases of head and neck cancer.

Background. Our cDNA microarray analysis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) previ- ously identified that S100A2 was down-regulated in highly meta- static 686LN-M3s cell lines established through in vivo selection using a metastatic xenograft mouse model. S100A2, a putative tumor suppressor, has been found to be down-regulated in sev- eral types of primary tumor as compared with the normal tissue. Only a few reports have explored its expression status and func- tion in metastasis. Methods. To further confirm down-regulation of S100A2 in human metastasis, we examined S100A2 expression using im- munohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded SCCHN tis- sues. The samples included primary SCCHN tumors (Tu-1) and involved lymph nodes (Met-1) from the same patients, and pri- mary tumors in node-negative patients (Tu-2). Results. Most of these tumors expressed S100A2 but lymph node metastases showed a pattern of reduced staining for S100A2 compared with primary tumors. A similar expression pat- tern of S100A2 was also observed in several SCCHN cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting. Particularly, S100A2 expression was lower in 686LN than Tu686 and hardly detectable in the metastatic de- rivatives 686LN-M3s. Further study of S100A2 promoter showed higher methylation intensity in these metastatic derivatives than in Tu686 and 686LN. Conclusions. S100A2 was down-regulated in lymph node metastasis of SCCHN, suggesting that instead of being a puta- tive tumor suppressor, S100A2 may play a role in the metastasis
Stoichiometric adsorption complexes in H-ZSM-5

Abstract We have examined the adsorption of methanol, 2-propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol on H-ZSM-5 samples with silica/alumina ratios of 38, 70, and 520 using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to examine the effect of Al concentration on the strength of the acid sites. In agreement with the results of a previous study [M. T. Aronson, R. J. Gorte, and W. E. Farneth, J. Catal.98, 434 (1986)], a clearly defined adsorption state corresponding to a coverage of one molecule per Al atom could be identified for each of the alcohols on each of the zeolites, with the possible exception of methanol on HZSM-5(520). Furthermore, the unimolecular reactivities of the molecules in these 1:1 adsorption complexes are unaffected by the Al concentration. Only secondary reactions, such as the extent of the oligomerization of olefin products formed from 2-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol, are found to be different for the different samples. Adsorption complexes with a 1:1 stoichiometry are also observed following adsorption and evacuation of 2-propanamine and 2-propanone on several zeolite samples, showing that molecules with other functional groups also form adsorption complexes at the Al sites. These results imply that the acid sites in H-ZSM-5 are identical and are present at a concentration of one per Al atom.
Transcription Factor AP-2α Is Preferentially Cleaved by Caspase 6 and Degraded by Proteasome during Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells

Several reports have linked activating protein 2α (AP-2α) to apoptosis, leading us to hypothesize that AP-2α is a substrate for caspases. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) on the expression of AP-2 in breast cancer cells. Here, we provide evidence that TNF-α downregulates AP-2α and AP-2γ expression posttranscriptionally during TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Both a general caspase antagonist (zVADfmk) and a caspase 6-preferred antagonist (zVEIDfmk) inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptosis and AP-2α downregulation. In vivo tests showed that AP-2α was cleaved by caspases ahead of the DNA fragmentation phase of apoptosis. Recombinant caspase 6 cleaved AP-2α preferentially, although caspases 1 and 3 also cleaved it, albeit at 50-fold or higher concentrations. Activated caspase 6 was detected in TNF-α-treated cells, thus confirming its involvement in AP-2α cleavage. All three caspases cleaved AP-2α at asp19 of the sequence asp-arg-his-asp (DRHD19). Mutating D19 to A19 abrogated AP-2α cleavage by all three caspases. TNF-α-induced cleavage of AP-2α in vivo led to AP-2α degradation and loss of DNA-binding activity, both of which were prevented by pretreatment with zVEIDfmk. AP-2α degradation but not cleavage was inhibited in vivo by PS-431 (a proteasome antagonist), suggesting that AP-2α is degraded subsequent to cleavage by caspase 6 or caspase 6-like enzymes. Cells transfected with green fluorescent protein-tagged mutant AP-2α are resistant to TNF-α-induced apoptosis, further demonstrating the link between caspase-mediated cleavage of AP-2α and apoptosis. This is the first report to demonstrate that degradation of AP-2α is a critical event in TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Since the DRHD sequence in vertebrate AP-2 is widely conserved, its cleavage by caspases may represent an important mechanism for regulating cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Long-Term Prospects for Arrhythmia Treatment: Advantages and Limitations of Gene and Cell Therapies

Gene and cell therapies of cardiac arrhythmias are novel approaches to long-standing clinical problems. They have been developed in recognition of the fact that the many drug and device treatments available for arrhythmias, all have shortcomings. In this chapter the current status of therapies for bradyarr­hythmias and tachyarrhythmias is reviewed, the prospects for gene and cell therapies are considered, and the steps required in moving toward clinical application are presented.
PROFILE ASYMMETRY OF SHOALING WAVES ON A MILD SLOPE

From limited experimental evidence, shoaling monochromatic waves seem to possess certain similarities. Specifically, the harmonic composition follows the trend of solitary or cnoidal waves, and the phase difference of harmonics vary with water depth monotonically. Based on the above observation a similarity model is constructed to study the asymmetric properties of shoaling waves. The implication of wave asymmetry on wave breaking is discussed.
Using standardized patients to teach end-of-life skills to clinical clerks.

Abstract Background. This study examines the use of standardized patients to teach end‐of‐life skills to clinical clerks. Methods. Forty‐four third‐year clinical medical students participated in a half‐day standardized patient workshop that was precepted by faculty members. The students were asked to report on their perceived abilities prior to the workshop and these were compared with post‐workshop responses. The students were also asked to provide an overall evaluation of the standardized patient workshop as a learning experience. Results. The students uniformly found the workshop to be realistic, found the faculty facilitators to be helpful, and found the workshop effective in enhancing their end‐of‐life skills. Following participation in the workshop, students reported significant improvements in their perceived abilities to deal with pain, to appreciate cultural differences in the dying process, to deliver bad news, and to understand the legalities of do‐not‐resuscitate orders. Conclusions. Standardi...
Review Topic Discovery with Phrases using the Pólya Urn Model

Topic modelling has been popularly used to discover latent topics from text documents. Most existing models work on individual words. That is, they treat each topic as a distribution over words. However, using only individual words has several shortcomings. First, it increases the co-occurrences of words which may be incorrect because a phrase with two words is not equivalent to two separate words. These extra and often incorrect co-occurrences result in poorer output topics. A multi-word phrase should be treated as one term by itself. Second, individual words are often difficult to use in practice because the meaning of a word in a phrase and the meaning of a word in isolation can be quite different. Third, topics as a list of individual words are also difficult to understand by users who are not domain experts and do not have any knowledge of topic models. In this paper, we aim to solve these problems by considering phrases in their natural form. One simple way to include phrases in topic modelling is to treat each phrase as a single term. However, this method is not ideal because the meaning of a phrase is often related to its composite words. That information is lost. This paper proposes to use the generalized Polya Urn (GPU) model to solve the problem, which gives superior results. GPU enables the connection of a phrase with its content words naturally. Our experimental results using 32 review datasets show that the proposed approach is highly effective.
Le grand mal de l'époque: Tocqueville on French Political Corruption

SUMMARYDuring the years he was involved in French parliamentary politics, Alexis de Tocqueville was obsessed with the issue of political corruption. This article presents the first sustained analysis of Tocqueville’s speeches and writings on French corruption. It examines Tocqueville’s initial encounter with corruption during his run for parliamentary office, his sophisticated account of the sources of corruption, and his strategies for reforming French politics. The article contends that taking seriously Tocqueville’s struggle against corruption has the effect of complicating several conventional interpretations of his thought. In his speeches and writings on corruption Tocqueville shows himself remarkably willing to compromise with, even to work with, centralisation. And he argues that in a nation like France which lacks substantial local self-government, a vibrant parliamentary politics could be an effective means for promoting energetic civic participation.
Broadband Unit-Cell Design for Highly Anisotropic Impedance Surfaces

A unit-cell design for highly anisotropic impedance surfaces is simulated and experimentally demonstrated. The unit cell consists of a grounded dielectric substrate with a metal patch and plated metal via. The design has a ring of metal removed from the patch so that the resonant effect of the via is reduced. The reduced resonance prevents backward-wave modes which are difficult to excite experimentally. On grounded dielectric substrates, the transverse-magnetic mode is fundamental and the transverse-electric (TE) mode is bound above a cutoff frequency. It is shown that highly anisotropic surface impedance can only be achieved below the TE cutoff frequency. The proposed unit cell is constructed using printed-circuit-board fabrication technology, and the result is a unit cell that obtains highly anisotropic impedance over a broader frequency range than traditional patch or mushroom unit cells.
Association of Breast Cancer Knowledge With Receipt of Guideline-Recommended Breast Cancer Treatment

Purpose:Knowledge about one’s breast cancer characteristics is poor, but whether this knowledge affects treatment is uncertain. Among women with breast cancer, we examined whether tumor knowledge was associated with adjuvant treatment receipt.Methods:We surveyed a population-based sample of women in Northern California with stage 0 to III breast cancer diagnosed during 2010 to 2011 (participation rate, 68.5%). Interviews were conducted between 4 months and 3 years after diagnosis. Among 414 respondents with stage I to III disease, we examined receipt of guideline-recommended chemotherapy, radiation, and hormonal therapy by reporting correct information about one’s tumor, including stage, estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and grade (using registry data for confirmation). We performed multivariate logistic regression to assess the probability of receiving each treatment in relevant patient groups, adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics, and examined the impact of r...
Banking on Infrastructure: Exploring the Fiscal Impacts of State Infrastructure Bank (SIB) Loans on Leveraging State and Local Transportation Investment

State Infrastructure Banks (SIBs) are revolving transportation infrastructure investment funds that are capitalized with federal assistance funds and state-matching funds. Despite decades of use, research on innovative infrastructure finance lags behind the practice. Little research has been conducted on examining whether SIBs achieve the goal of increasing state and local transportation investment through their awarded loans and other financing activities. To fill the void, the primary purpose of the paper is to empirically estimate the fiscal effects of SIB loans on leveraging state and local highway capital investment. Using panel data consisting of SIB loan parameters made by the seven states from 1998 to 2010, the study finds that one dollar of three-year lagged SIB loan disbursements to state and local highway project sponsors will increase state and local highway capital expenditure in the current year by nearly three dollars. In addition, the study confirms that higher SIB loan interest rates strengthen the role of the SIB program on stimulating state and local highway capital investment.
Home-Based Therapy After Stroke Using the Hand Spring Operated Movement Enhancer (HandSOME)

In previous work, we developed a lightweight wearable hand exoskeleton (Hand Spring Operated Movement Enhancer) that improves range of motion and function in laboratory testing. In this pilot study, we added the ability to log movement data for extended periods and recruited ten chronic stroke subjects to use the device during reach and grasp task practice at home for 1.5 h/day, five days per week, and for four weeks. Seven subjects completed the study, performing 448 ± 651 hand movements per training day. After training, impairment was reduced (Fugl–Meyer test; gain = 4.9 ± 4.1; p = .039) and function was improved (Action Research Arm Test; gain = 3.3 ± 2.6; p = .032). There was a significant correlation between gains in the Action Research Arm Test and the number of movements during training (r = 0.90; p = .005). Proximal arm control also improved, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the reach path ratio (p = 0.038). Five subjects responded well to the treatment, having gains of six points or more on the Fugl–Meyer or action research arm test, and achieving significant gains in digit extension (gain = 19.8 ± 10.2°; p = 0.024). However, all of the gains that were significant immediately after training were no longer significant at the three month follow-up. This treatment approach appears promising, but longer periods of home training may be needed to achieve sustainable gains.