cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SHEAF RECURSION AND A SEPARATION THEOREM

Define a second order tree to be a map between trees (with fixed codomain). We show that many properties of ordinary trees have analogs for second order trees. In particular, we show that there is a notion of “definition by recursion on a well-founded second order tree” which generalizes “definition by transfinite recursion”. We then use this new notion of definition by recursion to prove an analog of Lusin’s Separation theorem for closure spaces of global sections of a second order tree.
Seismic response of self‐centring hysteretic SDOF systems

The seismic response of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems incorporating flag-shaped hysteretic structural behaviour, with self-centring capability, is investigated numerically. For a SDOF system with a given initial period and strength level, the flag-shaped hysteretic behaviour is fully defined by a post-yielding stiffness parameter and an energy-dissipation parameter. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to determine the influence of these parameters on SDOF structural response, in terms of displacement ductility, absolute acceleration and absorbed energy. This parametric study was conducted using an ensemble of 20 historical earthquake records corresponding to ordinary ground motions having a probability of exceedence of 10% in 50 years, in California. The responses of the flag-shaped hysteretic SDOF systems are compared against the responses of similar bilinear elasto-plastic hysteretic SDOF systems. In this study the elasto-plastic hysteretic SDOF systems are assigned parameters representative of steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) with post-Northridge welded beam-to-column connections. In turn, the flag-shaped hysteretic SDOF systems are representative of steel MRFs with newly proposed post-tensioned energy-dissipating connections. Building structures with initial periods ranging from 0.1 to 2.0s and having various strength levels are considered. It is shown that a flag-shaped hysteretic SDOF system of equal or lesser strength can always be found to match or better the response of an elasto-plastic hysteretic SDOF system in terms of displacement ductility and without incurring any residual drift from the seismic event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A compact 180° hybrid for mode-based beamforming networks

In this work, a compact cascadable 180deg hybrid is proposed for use in the mode-based beamforming networks described. It utilizes a pair of broadside-coupled asymmetric coplanar stripline (ACPS) to achieve strong coupling required by the lambda/4 coupled-line section, and at the same time, to facilitate a cascadable realization. While presenting the fundamental principles for the device, some layout issues are also addressed. An experimental verification is provided to validate the proposed concept.
Efficient, Unified, and Scalable Performance Monitoring for Multiprocessor Operating Systems

Programming, understanding, and tuning the performance of large multiprocessor systems is challenging. Experts have difficulty achieving good utilization for applications on large machines. The task of implementing a scalable system such as an operating system or database on large machines is even more challenging. And the importance of achieving good performance on multiprocessor machines is increasing as the number of cores per chip increases and as the size of multiprocessors increases. Crucial to achieving good performance is being able to understand the behavior of the system. We have developed an efficient, unified, and scalable tracing infrastructure that allows for correctness debugging, performance debugging, and performance monitoring of an operating system. The infrastructure allows variable-length events to be logged without locking and provides random access to the event stream. The infrastructure allows cheap and parallel logging of events by applications, libraries, servers, and the kernel. The infrastructure was designed for K42, a new open-source research kernel designed to scale near perfectly on large cache-coherent 64-bit multiprocessor systems. The techniques are generally applicable, and many of them have been integrated into the Linux Trace Toolkit. In this paper, we describe the implementation of the infrastructure, how we used the facility, e.g., analyzing lock contention, to understand and achieve K42's scalable performance, and the lessons we learned. The infrastructure has been invaluable to achieving great scalability.
Stroke in the medical intensive-care unit.

Objective To analyze the occurrence and outcome of new-onset stroke in critically ill patients admitted to a medical intensive-care unit. Material and Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients admitted to the medical intensive-care units of two hospitals between 1985 and 1995. In addition, computed tomographic scans or scan reports were assessed. Results We identified 19 patients with a critical medical illness and a new-onset stroke. Of this study group, ischemic stroke developed in 10 patients, 8 of whom were found to have bihemispheric infarction. A single territory infarct (the middle cerebral artery territory) was noted in two patients. The presumed mechanisms for ischemic stroke were disseminated intravascular coagulation (N = 6), cholesterol embolization (N = 1), discontinuation of warfarin therapy before an invasive procedure (N = 1), septic emboli (N = 1), and cardioversion (N = 1). In nine patients, an intracranial hemorrhage developed. Seven patients had a single lobar hematoma, whereas multiple intracerebral hematomas were found in two patients. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and rupture of a mycotic aneurysm in proven infective endocarditis were the most common mechanisms for hemorrhagic stroke. In all patients with an ischemic stroke, sudden hemiparesis rapidly progressed to coma. In patients with an intracranial hematoma and sudden onset of coma, unilateral fixed pupil was the most common initial manifestation. Of the 19 patients, 17 died and 2 remained severely disabled. Conclusion Coma is a common initial manifestation of stroke in patients with a critical medical illness,. and disseminated intravascular coagulation has a major etiologic role. New-onset stroke in the setting of critical medical illness generally is a complication in a terminally ill patient.
Organizations, Naturalism, and Complexity

The paper discusses the ontological aspect of naturalism by recasting the debate between reductionist and functionalist views of organization. Crude naturalism advocates the reduction of organizational goals to the presumed preconstituted preferences of its members, while antinaturalism maintains that the organization has an individuality to the extent that the behavior of members is a function of organizational goals. The paper argues that both camps ignore complexity. The idea of complexity highlights the context-sensitivity of the action of agents. The idea promises to supersede the simplistic reductionism/functionalism dichotomy and, hence, to embrace naturalism without falling into reductionism.
The Early Intervention project: An innovative initiative to return disability insurance applicants to work

Efforts by the Social Security Administration (SSA) to help beneficiaries of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) return to work have had limited success. The Early Intervention project represents the first initiative by SSA in which SSDI applicants will be provided temporary inducements and return-to-work services. Inducements will include a 1-year cash stipend and public health insurance for 3 years. Early Intervention is expected to be successful because it will focus on SSDI applicants who have not been detached from the labor force as long as persons already receiving benefits. The magnitude of this success, however, will depend on (a) the ability to screen for applicants who are likely to become SSDI beneficiaries and to go back to work and (b) the provision of adequate inducements and services. As the first return-to-work initiative targeted at SSDI applicants, the Early Intervention project is expected to provide valuable information to policymakers, researchers, and other interest groups.
A scan BIST generation method using a Markov source and partial bit-fixing

Recently, Markov sources were shown to be effective in designing pseudo-random test pattern generators with low area overhead for built-in self-test of scan designs. This paper presents a new test pattern generation scheme based on a Markov source and a partial bit-fixing technique. A new method is proposed for the computation of the state transition probabilities of the Markov source based on the statistics of a deterministic test set. This is enhanced by partial bit-fixing logic, which fixes a group of consecutive inputs to all-0 or all-1. Experimental results show that the proposed BIST scheme can achieve 100% fault coverage for large benchmark circuits with reduced hardware overhead and reduced pattern counts compared to the earlier method using Markov sources.
The effects of experimenter expectancy on guessing performance and level of confidence in guessing accuracy

An exploratory study was conducted to examine the effects of E expectancy on guess-type data and to find out if S’s level of confidence in the correctness of each guess was related to the consistency of his guessing performance with that expected by E. To accomplish this, 15 Es and 64 Ss were assigned randomly to three experimental conditions, differing only in the information given E about the number of “head” responses his Ss typically emitted in a sequence of coin toss guesses. The task required each S to guess the outcomes of 30 consecutive coin tosses and to express his level of confidence, on a 10-point scale, in the correctness of each guess. The E expectancy effect on the coin toss data was nonsignificant, but analysis of the confidence data suggested that S’s level of confidence in the correctness of his guesses might be related to the consistency between E’s expectation regarding S’s guessing performance and the data he actually receives from S.
Intelligence and Policy-making in Foreign Affairs

When he set out to form a secret intelligence agency for President Roosevelt in 1941, “Wild Bill” Donovan made little effort to curb his own characteristic receptivity to the new, the different, and even the unorthodox. Completely in character, he took up with quick enthusiasm the novel idea that scholars—those dreamy inhabitants of ivory towers—would be ideal for the job. He believed that by searching through the Library of Congress and through the files of the many government agencies these men could uncover much of the information for which secret agents risked their lives. In a sense, he dedicated the Research and Analysis Branch of the wartime Office of Strategic Services to the task of making the romantic secret agent obsolete. Since then, more and more people have come to believe that research—and the social sciences—have at last found a home within the formal structure of government.
Localization of the Deoxyribose Phosphate Lyase Active Site in Human DNA Polymerase ι by Controlled Proteolysis

Abstract Human DNA polymerase ι (pol ι) is a member of the Y-family of low fidelity lesion bypass DNA polymerases. In addition to a probable role in DNA lesion bypass, this enzyme has recently been shown to be required for somatic hypermutation in human B-cells. We found earlier that human pol ι has deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) lyase activity and unusual specificity for activity during DNA synthesis, suggesting involvement in specialized forms of base excision repair (BER). Here, mapping of the domain structure of human pol ι by controlled proteolysis revealed that the enzyme has a 48-kDa NH2-terminal domain and a protease resistant 40-kDa “core domain” spanning residues Met79 to ∼Met445. A covalently cross-linked pol ι-DNA complex, representing a trapped intermediate in the dRP lyase reaction, was subjected to controlled proteolysis. Cross-linking was mapped to the 40-kDa core domain, indicating that the dRP lyase active site is in this region. To further evaluate the BER capacity of the enzyme, the dRP lyase and DNA polymerase activities were characterized on DNA substrates representing BER intermediates, and we found that pol ι was able to complement the in vitro single-nucleotide BER deficiency of a DNA polymerase β null cell extract.
Some Controversial Issues in Clinical Trials

In clinical development of a test treatment, clinical trials are usually conducted to collect data for evaluation of safety and efficacy of the test treatment under investigation. To provide accurate and reliable assessment, well-controlled clinical trials under valid study designs are necessarily conducted. The clinical trial process is lengthy and costly, consisting of protocol development, trial conduct, data collection, statistical analysis and interpretation, and reporting. In practice, some controversial issues are commonly encountered regardless of compliance with good clinical practice. These issues include, but are not limited to, statistical hypotheses for clinical evaluation, instability of classical sample size calculation, integrity of blinding, clinical strategy for endpoint selection, impact of protocol amendments, flexibility and feasibility of adaptive design methods, multiplicity in clinical trials, and independence of data monitoring committees. In this article, these issues are briefly outlined. The impact of these issues on the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the test treatment under investigation is assessed and discussed with examples whenever applicable. Recommendations regarding possible resolutions of these issues are also provided whenever possible.
Defending the independence constraint: a reply to Snider

In an earlier paper I argued that Alvin Plantinga's defence of pure experiential theism (a theism epistemically based on religious experience) against the evidential problem of evil is inappropriately circular. Eric Snider rejects my argument claiming first that I do not get Plantinga's thought right. Second, he rejects a key principle my argument relies on, viz. the ‘independence constraint on neutralizers’. Finally, he offers an alternative to the independence constraint which allows the pure experiential theist to deal successfully with the evidential problem of evil. In this paper I argue that: (a) I have correctly characterized Plantinga's argument; and (b) that Snider's proposed counter-example to the independence constraint fails. Finally, I argue (c) that Snider's proposed alternative to the independence constraint is not a plausible epistemic principle.
Serum Antibodies Protect against Intraperitoneal Challenge with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

To assess whether anticolonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae antibodies (Abs) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) can protect against various routes of challenge, BALB/c mice were immunized with a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine vector expressing CFA/I fimbriae. Vaccinated mice elicited elevated systemic IgG and mucosal IgA Abs, unlike mice immunized with the empty Salmonella vector. Mice were challenged with wild-type ETEC by the oral, intranasal (i.n.), and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes. Naive mice did not succumb to oral challenge, but did to i.n. challenge, as did immunized mice; however, vaccinated mice were protected against i.p. ETEC challenge. Two intramuscular (i.m.) immunizations with CFA/I fimbriae without adjuvant conferred 100% protection against i.p. ETEC challenge, while a single 30 μg dose conferred 88% protection. Bactericidal assays showed that ETEC is highly sensitive to anti-CFA/I sera. These results suggest that parenteral immunization with purified CFA/I fimbriae can induce protective Abs and may represent an alternative method to elicit protective Abs for passive immunity to ETEC.
Temperature dependence of the laser emission threshold in organic semiconductor lasers

Summary form only given. Despite numerous reports of line narrowing and laser emission in optically pumped conjugated polymers, the demonstration of electrically injected polymer lasers remains a challenging task due to the high pump power requirement for laser emission. The current studies focus on the development of low threshold laser geometries such as whispering gallery mode lasers, and on a better understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for line narrowing and gain in conjugated polymers. Laser emission in conjugated polymers is generally described in terms of a four level system analogous to that used for laser dyes. In this model, excitation starts mainly from the lowest vibrational level of the ground state S/sub 0/ (/spl nu/=0) (level I) and populates higher vibrational levels of the excited state S/sub 1/ (/spl nu/'/spl ne/0) (level II). After relaxation, emission occurs from the lowest vibrational level of the excited state S/sub 1/ (/spl nu/'=0) (level III) to a higher vibrational level of the ground state S/sub 0/ (/spl nu//spl ne/0) (level IV). Previous studies have suggested that the threshold for line narrowing and laser emission was limited by the population of level IV at thermal equilibrium and that this threshold could be reduced significantly by lowering the temperature. We studied the temperature dependence of whispering gallery mode microring lasers using the conjugated polymer BEH:PPV as a gain medium.
Labor Market Monopsony in the Context of Heterogenous Workers and Employers: The Market for Judicial Clerks and Medical Residents

This paper describes behavior in labor market monopsonies relaxing the standard assumptions of a single monoposony wage offered to homogenous workers and addressing contexts where workers differ substantially in marginal productivity - ability and skill - and employers differ substantially in their provision of non-wage benefits above the monopsony wage. The paper illustrates the analysis with a description of the market for federal judicial law clerks and for medical residents, both of which, it will be claimed, are characterized by monopsony pricing of labor.
Modernization, Globalization, Trends, and Convergence in Health Expenditure in Latin America and the Caribbean

Are health care systems converging in developing nations? We use the case of health care financing in Latin America between 1995 and 2009 to assess the predictions of modernization theory, competing strands of globalization theory, and accounts of persistent cross-national differences. As predicted by modernization theory, we find convergence in overall health spending. The public share of health spending increased over this time period, with no convergence in the public-private mix. The findings indicate robust heterogeneity of national health care systems and suggest that globalization fosters human investment health policies rather than neoliberal, “race to the bottom” cutbacks in public health expenditures.
A Product Feature Inference Model for Mining Implicit Customer Preferences Within Large Scale Social Media Networks

The acquisition and mining of product feature data from online sources such as customer review websites and large scale social media networks is an emerging area of research. In many existing design methodologies that acquire product feature preferences form online sources, the underlying assumption is that product features expressed by customers are explicitly stated and readily observable to be mined using product feature extraction tools. In many scenarios however, product feature preferences expressed by customers are implicit in nature and do not directly map to engineering design targets. For example, a customer may implicitly state “wow I have to squint to read this on the screen”, when the explicit product feature may be a larger screen. The authors of this work propose an inference model that automatically assigns the most probable explicit product feature desired by a customer, given an implicit preference expressed. The algorithm iteratively refines its inference model by presenting a hypothesis and using ground truth data, determining its statistical validity. A case study involving smartphone product features expressed through Twitter networks is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Bug Report Networks: Varieties, Strategies, and Impacts in a F/OSS Development Community.

Our empirical research has shown that a predominant structural feature of defect tracking repositories is the evolving "bug report network" (BRN). Community members create BRNs by progressively asserting various formal and informal relationships between bug reports (BRs). In one F/OSS bug repository under study, participants assert two formal relationships (duplications and dependencies) and various informal relationships (like "see also" references). BRNs can be interpreted as (1) information ordering strategies that support collocation of related BRs, decreasing cognitive and organizational effort; (2) sense-making strategies wherein BRNs provide more refined representations of software and workorganization issues; (3) social ordering strategies that rearrange collective relationships among community members. This paper presents findings from an investigation of the nature, extent, and impact of BRNs in one large F/OSS development community. We investigate whether and how specific classes of BRNs influence problem management within the community, and identify several new research questions.
Nonlinear elastic analysis of the hardness test on rubber-like materials

Abstract Both the Ogden-Tschoegl nonlinear elastic constitutive law and a contact algorithm in the general-purpose finite-element program AFEM have been used to examine the use of IRHD values to relate the elastic properties of elastomers. We are aware that large deformations of rubber specimens and complicated interface conditions are involved in this so-called simple test. However, from the finite-element results, we find that the linearly elastic Hertz contact solution is a reasonably accurate model. This can be attributed to several points. First, the hardness test involves mainly compression and shear deformation and the linearly elastic behavior is more closely followed in rubbers for the above two types of deformation. Second, although nonlinear effects become significant in soft rubbers and higher indentation cases, the ASTM D 1415 standard defines larger indentation depth differences for smaller IRHD values. The definition itself compensates for the nonlinear effects. Third, although the interfac...
Surgical repair of extensive aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection with elephant trunk procedure

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of elephant trunk techmque in surgical repair of extensive aortic dissection and anemysm,Methods Between December 1997 and June 2006,a total of 199 patients with extensive aortic dissection and aneu- rysm underwent surgical repair with elephant trunk technique.There were 169 males and 30 female.Ascending aorta of aortic arch re- placement with stented elephant tnmk technique was performed in 167 patients and ascending aorta or aortic arch replacement with conventional elephant trunk procedure was performed in 32 patients.Results Average cardiopulmonary bypass time was(171.68± 51.64)rain and average aortic cross clamp time was(108.05±29.87)min.In hopital mortality was 3.02%(6/199).During follow up there was 1 late death case due to rupture of residual aortic aneurysm.Conclusion Our experience indicates that it is safe and ef- fective to utilize elephant tnmk technique in surgical repair of extensive aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection.Stented elephant trunk is more effective for eliminating the false lumen of extensive aortic dissection when compared with conventional elephant mink tech- nique.
Acute diseases of the pancreas and biliary tract. Management in the emergency department.

Summary The rapid diagnosis of acute biliary tract disease has dramatically improved with the development of ultrasonography and nuclear scanning. For patients with this disease, the emergency physician's role is to determine the need for hospitalization and surgical consultation. Beyond the initial medical stabilization, treatment remains primarily surgical.
Enough Already! Buffalo's Snowvember

Snow has a suffocating quality about it, where copious amounts of falling snow become not only a hazard to those out in it, but bring about a paralyzing effect on those thought safe in their homes....
Abstract 306: Atheroprone Hemodynamics Regulate Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Through Endothelial PECAM and Fibronectin

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that develops preferentially in regions of disturbed hemodynamic shear stress. The extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) is deposited in the sub-endothelial layer of pre-atherosclerotic and advanced lesions. Atheroprone shear stress promotes FN deposition and inflammatory signaling pathways in endothelial cells (ECs). Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), a mechanosensory protein, is necessary for the production, secretion, and assembly of FN matrix by ECs. Similar to ECs, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) also display a pro-inflammatory phenotype in regions of atherogenesis, and this phenotype is key to the progression of atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that endothelial PECAM and FN signaling promotes a pro-inflammatory smooth muscle cell phenotype in response to atheroprone shear stress patterns. Methods: An in vitro cone-and-plate viscometer model was used to apply human-derived atheroprone or atheroprotective shear stress patterns to human umbilical vein ECs co-cultured with underlying human umbilical vein SMCs. Results: Atheroprone flow increased SMC NFkB activity compared to atheroprotective flow (1.94±0.35 fold, p Conclusion: These results suggest that SMCs switch to a pro-inflammatory phenotype when overlying ECs are exposed to atheroprone shear stress, and that PECAM and FN signaling in the ECs regulate this phenotype.
Improving the quality of oncology fellows' clinical documentation.

124Background: Proper documentation in oncology is a vital skill for fellows to learn. It not only allows for delivery of safe patient care by providing a mean for communication within providers, b...
Probabilistic Visitor Stitching on Cross-Device Web Logs

Personalization -- the customization of experiences, interfaces, and content to individual users -- has catalyzed user growth and engagement for many web services. A critical prerequisite to personalization is establishing user identity. However the variety of devices, including mobile phones, appliances, and smart watches, from which users access web services from both anonymous and logged-in sessions poses a significant obstacle to user identification. The resulting entity resolution task of establishing user identity across devices and sessions is commonly referred to as ``visitor stitching.'' We introduce a general, probabilistic approach to visitor stitching using features and attributes commonly contained in web logs. Using web logs from two real-world corporate websites, we motivate the need for probabilistic models by quantifying the difficulties posed by noise, ambiguity, and missing information in deployment. Next, we introduce our approach using probabilistic soft logic (PSL), a statistical relational learning framework capable of capturing similarities across many sessions and enforcing transitivity. We present a detailed description of model features and design choices relevant to the visitor stitching problem. Finally, we evaluate our PSL model on binary classification performance for two real-world visitor stitching datasets. Our model demonstrates significantly better performance than several state-of-the-art classifiers, and we show how this advantage results from collective reasoning across sessions.
A Computationally Efficient Optimization Approach for Battery Systems in Islanded Microgrid

In islanded microgrids, it is a challenge to optimize battery energy storage systems (BESSs) with other power supply units (e.g., renewable energy and traditional power generator) and achieve the minimum daily operational cost. In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient near optimal control approach to tackle this problem. Specifically, a new islanded microgrid model, including the power supply and demand as well as battery lifetime characteristics, has been formulated based on Markov decision process. Then, we propose an approximate dynamic programming approach to solve this energy optimization problem, and achieve near minimum operational cost efficiently. We use linear programming (LP) and dynamic programming (DP) approaches to validate the percentage of optimality of our proposed approach for deterministic and stochastic case studies, respectively. Our proposed approach can obtain 100% optimality in deterministic cases comparing with results from LP, and can obtain competitive percentages of optimality with around 50% less computational time in stochastic cases comparing with results from DP. Moreover, we quantify that discharging the BESS at a certain state of charge range can increase the battery lifetime and the yearly net savings of the system. In addition, we validate our proposed approach for different sets of large data samples and achieve 18.69 times faster response than that of the traditional DP approach for 0.5 million of data samples.
Beyond the identification of reliability for system with binary subsystems

Consider a stochastic system composed of multiple subsystems, each subsystem with binary outputs. Based on the test data from both the subsystems and the full system, the goal is to estimate the parameters of the whole system. Beyond the interest of full system mean parameter, this paper studies the identification of the system parameters under a more general setting, where the full system can follow an exponential family distribution with more than one unknown parameter. Using the maximum likelihood estimation technique, we derive the general formula of the score vector and the Fisher information matrix. It is also shown that under some conditions, the full system maximum likelihood estimators converge to the true parameter value as long as the total sample size goes to infinity.
Taking an Active Stance: How Urban Elementary Students Connect Sociocultural Experiences in Learning Science.

ABSTRACTIn this interpretive case study, we draw from sociocultural theory of learning and culturally relevant pedagogy to understand how urban students from nondominant groups leverage their sociocultural experiences. These experiences allow them to gain an empowering voice in influencing science content and activities and to work towards self-determining the sciences that are personally meaningful. Furthermore, tying sociocultural experiences with science learning helps generate sociopolitical awareness among students. We collected interview and observation data in an urban elementary classroom over one academic year to understand the value of urban students’ sociocultural experiences in learning science and choosing science activities.
Measures of SES for Electronic Health Record-based Research.

Introduction Although infrequently recorded in electronic health records (EHRs), measures of SES are essential to describe health inequalities and account for confounding in epidemiologic research. Medical Assistance (i.e., Medicaid) is often used as a surrogate for SES, but correspondence between conventional SES and Medical Assistance has been insufficiently studied. Methods Geisinger Clinic EHR data from 2001 to 2014 and a 2014 questionnaire were used to create six SES measures: EHR-derived Medical Assistance and proportion of time under observation on Medical Assistance; educational attainment, income, and marital status; and area-level poverty. Analyzed in 2016–2017, associations of SES measures with obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, chronic rhinosinusitis, fatigue, and migraine headache were assessed using weighted age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression. Results Among 5,550 participants (interquartile range, 39.6–57.5 years, 65.9% female), 83% never used Medical Assistance. All SES measures were correlated (Spearman’s p≤0.4). Medical Assistance was significantly associated with all six health outcomes in adjusted models. For example, the OR for prevalent type 2 diabetes associated with Medical Assistance was 1.7 (95% CI=1.3, 2.2); the OR for high school versus college graduates was 1.7 (95% CI=1.2, 2.5). Medical Assistance was an imperfect proxy for SES: associations between conventional SES measures and health were attenuated Conclusions Because systematically collected SES measures are rarely available in EHRs and are unlikely to appear soon, researchers can use EHR-based Medical Assistance to describe inequalities. As SES has many domains, researchers who use Medical Assistance to evaluate the association of SES with health should expect substantial unmeasured confounding.
Some Experiments in Dynamic Plasticity under Combined Stress

The deformation of aluminum at strain rates from 10−3 sec−1 to 103 sec−1 and temperatures from 300° K to 700° K is studied experimentally under a range of stress states including tension, compression, torsion, and combined tension and torsion. The results from these tests are compared with a generalized constitutive equation developed from the thermally-activated dislocation model of deformation. Predicted functional relationships between the stress, strain and strain-rate invariants and temperature are supported by the experimental data.
Enhanced collection efficiencies and performance of interband cascade structures for narrow bandgap semiconductor thermophotovoltaic devices

We report on a comparative study of narrow-bandgap (∼0.2 eV at 300 K) thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices with InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice absorbers. By comparing the characteristics of three narrow bandgap TPV structures with a single absorber or multiple discrete absorbers, it is clearly demonstrated that the device performance of a conventional single-absorber TPV cell is limited mainly by the small collection efficiency associated with a relatively short diffusion length (1.5 μm at 300 K). Furthermore, this study revealed that multi-stage interband cascade (IC) TPV structures with thin individual absorbers can circumvent the diffusion length limitation and are capable of achieving a collection efficiency approaching 100% for photo-generated carriers. Additionally, the open-circuit voltage, the fill factor, the output power, and the power conversion efficiency can be significantly increased in IC TPV devices compared to the conventional single-absorber TPV structure. These results have further validate...
Experimental Random Excitation of Nonlinear Systems with Multiple Internal Resonances

Small nonlinear modal interactions may have considerable effect on the pattern of forced vibration response of certain types of dynamic systems possessing low damping characteristics. The design of these systems may create two or more linear algebraic relationships between the system’s normal mode frequencies. These relationships are referred to as internal (or autoparametric) resonances, and usually take the form £ \(\sum {\rm K}_{\rm j} {\rm \omega}_{\rm j} = 0\). The constant \({\rm K} = \sum {\Bbb K}_{\rm j} {\rm l}\) is referred to as the order of internal resonance. where kj are integers. and ωj are the system normal mode frequencies. Third-order internal resonance results from quadratic nonlinear coupling of normal modes. while fourth-order is due to cubic nonlinearities. Cubic nonlinearities can also cause second-order internal resonance (i.e., one-to-one). Simultaneous internal resonances are classified as independent and interacting. Independent internal resonances usually take the form $$\sum\limits_{\rm j}^{\rm m} {{\rm K}_{\rm j} {\rm \omega }_{\rm j} } = 0,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\sum\limits_{\ell}^{\rm n} {{\rm K}_{\ell} {\rm \omega }_{\ell} } = 0$$ (1) such that j=1,2,.., m. and l=m+1. m+2,..., n
Social Support in the Etiology of Depression: A Panel Study

The substantial contemporary interest in the epidemiologic functions of social support or social support networks in depression and other disorders is rooted in a number of sources. These include (1) the growing scientific and clinical conviction that stress may be a significant factor in a wide variety of psychiatric and physical disorders. (2) In the epidemiologic literature in particular, the weight of evidence that recent life changes have a significant, if modest, effect on the occurrence of depression leads to a sustained search for clarification of factors which may explain the differential vulnerability of individuals to illness in the context of recent life changes or other stressors. These factors include biological, psychological or social support. (3) The existence of highly suggestive evidence that social support may serve to reduce the risk of illness in the face of stress (the buffering effect of social support). And, (4) the theoretical importance of intimate relationships within the fields of sociology, clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Colored Girl Student

A female African-American medical student is instructed by her neurology resident to start admitting history and physical of a Caucasian male who comes to the emergency room with his wife after a seizure. The patient’s wife refuses to allow the student to see the patient.
The tale of two mosques: Marxloher Merkez Mosque vs. Cologne Central Mosque

On October 2008, the biggest mosque in Germany at the time was opened in Duisburg's Marxloh district. In addition to its size, what distinguishes this building from other mosques in Germany was the lack of protests against the construction of this building. On the other hand, in Cologne, just 40 minutes away from Duisburg, the construction of the Cologne Central Mosque was faced with so many disputes that its opening has delayed by 10 years, opening in June, 2017 in spite of the fact that both project were started around the same time. This paper presents two stories: the success story of the DITIB commissioned Marxloher Merkez Mosque and problems surrounding the Cologne Central Mosque. Through this analysis and a theoretical framework based on the notion of visibility, the aim is to investigate the factors that contribute to the successful reception of the mosque by the public through an exhaustive contextual analysis. I theorize that three factors enabled this positive reception of the mosque. These factors are: (1) the architecture and local context, which contributes to the visibility of the mosque (2) urban design process of the mosque, which plays a role bringing different actors together and (3) the politics of visibility which was framed through the self-presentation and the reception of the mosque by the media. I argue that although the Marxloher Merkez Mosque project compared to the Cologne Central Project is perceived as a successful project that managed to overcome the risks associated with social conflict, this "Miracle” of Duisburg only provides social cohesion on the surface and leads to "self-orientalism” and further alienation. Keywords: Turkish diaspora in Germany, Cologne Central Mosque, Marxloher Merkez Mosque
Exact Analytical Solution for Ultrafast Electron Emission Due to Two-Color Laser Fields

This paper presents an analytical model for ultrafast electron emission from a metal surface illuminated by two-color continuous laser fields. The exact solution is valid for arbitrary fundamental and harmonic laser frequencies, laser intensities, phase difference between the two lasers, metal work function and Fermi level. We found two-color laser fields can strongly modulate the emission current up to 99%. Our results are in excellent agreement with recent experiments.
Multiobjective Sustainable Operation Dynamics and Optimization

Biobased production has gained much attention in academia and industries as it can achieve environmental, social, and economic sustainability based on renewable materials. This paper addresses a sustainable operation control problem of biobased production with a particular focus on continuous process. We first formulate a dynamical model of biobased continuous production and present its optimal control problem. Furthermore, we discuss the characterization of solutions to the dynamical model and the relevant properties of the optimal control problem. This control problem is a multiobjective nonlinear optimization program. To tackle this problem, we develop a hybrid algorithm by combining a particle swarm algorithm with a multisearch procedure. We further provide a real case to validate our proposed models and algorithm. For this case, we evaluate the impact of inputs on operation dynamics, compared with experimental data. We find that the flow rate of raw materials have a higher impact on the productivity and sustainability of biobased operations than initial concentrations. Finally, we adopt the flow rate of raw materials as a control variable and identify the best operations policies. Computational results reveal that the proposed dynamical and control models are valid and that the hybrid algorithm is capable of solving multiobjective nonlinear optimization.
Playing Mobile Games for Stress Recovery Purposes: A Survey of Chinese Adolescents

Abstract Mobile gaming has become a popular leisure activity for adolescent students in China. However, little is known about the use of mobile games while adolescents are stressed and exhausted. Drawing on the framework of recovery experiences, this study examined: (a) which mobile game cluster can elicit the highest recovery experiences for adolescent players? And (b) what drives them to play mobile games for stress recovery purposes? To answer these questions, a probability sample of 638 adolescents was recruited from 14 high schools in Shenzhen, China. Results showed that social mobile games characterized by high sociability but low control complexity had the highest potential to elicit recovery experiences, as it was positively related to relaxation, mastery, and control experience. The recovery dimension of psychological detachment and relaxation were found positively related to the use of mobile games for stress recovery purposes, whereas mastery and control experiences were not. Among all five adolescent stressors, only peer pressure was found positively correlated with the use of mobile games while adolescents were stressed and exhausted. Theoretical implications for understanding the relationships among four recovery dimensions and practical implications for promoting the positive effects of mobile gaming for adolescent players were discussed.
Uniformization of Sierpiński Carpets by Square Carpets

In this chapter we prove a uniformization result for planar Sierpinski carpets by square Sierpinski carpets, by minimizing some kind of energy. For the convenience of the reader, we include here some definitions, some of which are also given in Chap. 2. We will also point out, whenever necessary, any discrepancies in the notation between the two chapters. However, for the most part, this chapter is independent of Chap. 2 and we will only use certain results from there that we quote again here.
Effects of increasing dietary zinc sulfate fed to primiparous ewes: I. Effects on serum metabolites, mineral transfer efficiency, and animal performance

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this research was to determine the effects of increasing Zn concentrations during late gestation on serum metabolites, serum mineral element transfer efficiency ratios (TE), and ewe and lamb performance in a semi-extensive management system. Materials and Methods Commercial white-face (WF; n = 23) and black-face (BF; n = 24) ewes (age ≈18 mo; BW 87.48 ± 8.37 kg) were sorted into breed-type groups and within groups ranked by BW and randomly divided into 3 dietary supplement treatment groups along the rank: CON (n = 13, 40 mg/kg Zn, ≈1 × NASEM recommendations), Zn500 (n = 19, 500 mg/kg Zn, ≈4 × NASEM recommendations), and Zn1000 (n = 15, 1,000 mg/kg Zn, ≈7 × NASEM recommendations). Treatments were administered in pelleted alfalfa (0.45 kg/ewe per day) fortified with Zn sulfate to increase Zn concentrations fed from 87.5 ± 8.9 d of gestation until parturition. Results and Discussion Maternal treatment did not affect ewe BW change throughout the experiment, nor serum metabolites, mineral element TE, or progeny performance through weaning (P ≥ 0.06). However, ewe greasy fleece weight the following year was greater for Zn500 than Zn1000 ewes (4.13 ± 0.18 kg vs. 3.48 ± 0.19 kg; P = 0.03) but did not differ between CON and the other treatments (3.68 ± 0.22 kg; P ≥ 0.22). The most marked effects were observed between breeds where Zn TE of WF ewes and lambs (264.3 ± 23.2) was approximately twice that of BF ewes and their lambs (165.4 ± 19.7; P Implications and Applications The results suggest feeding Zn supplemented from Zn sulfate beyond current NASEM recommendations from d 87 of gestation until parturition had minimal beneficial effects on fine-wool or meat-type ewes and lambs. Breed differences observed in serum mineral element concentrations (Fe and Zn) and related TE of the neonatal lamb may provide insights into adaptive trace mineral supplementation strategies based on breed type and related levels of production.
Acoustical characterization of a portable pneumatic infrasound source

A portable infrasound source based on a pneumatic siren design is described. The source is capable of producing narrowband tone bursts over a frequency range of approximately 0.25–10 Hz. The acoustical characteristics of the infrasound source are presented, including measured sound pressure levels and horizontal directivity. The methodologies for processing the received acoustic signals are reported, and comparisons of measurements are made with a simple multipole model of the source. Measurements indicate that the pneumatic infrasound siren can be useful for a variety of applications for which a controlled, known infrasound source is required.
Supporting actors: The role of state policy and private programs in advancing local and renewable heating technology

Abstract This article examines policy approaches impacting the adoption of alternative energy technology. Researchers investigated the factors affecting the transition to automated wood pellet heating (AWPH) in northeastern US as an example of the early stages of an energy transition in small-scale heating. The research team applied diffusion of innovation theory and the multi-level perspective on sociotechnical transitions to develop a system-wide analysis of the AWPH transition, incorporating multiple actor groups and policy strategies. Sixty interviews were conducted across four northeastern states with adopters and informed non-adopters of AWPH, and with industry, policy, and community representatives. Using interview results and theory, surveys were developed and distributed state-wide to both adopters and non-adopters with 690 useable responses (38% response rate). Qualitative and quantitative data analysis found differences in the factors impacting AWPH adoption between those within the Model Neighborhood Project (MNP), a privately-run program aimed at accelerating the diffusion of AWPH, and those who had access to state-run programs alone. These differences and the success of the MNP suggest that policy aimed at supporting early-stage energy transitions should incorporate not only consumer financial incentives, but also build a local network of supply-side actors through community-based outreach and technical support.