cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D ordered assemblies of semiconductive micro/nanowires using microscale fibrous building blocks.

Three-dimensional (3D) ordered assemblies of semiconductive micro/nanowires are made by match-stick assembly of fibrous building blocks (FBBs). A glass tube filled with powders of starting material is processed drawn into centimeter-long, micrometer-diameter FBBs with controlled diameter and spacing. By repeating a draw-cut-stack process, the diameter and spacing of filling material can be programmably reduced from millimeters to hundreds of nanometers. The FBBs are densely packed into 3D ordered structures such that wires in one layer are at defined angle (θ) relative to those in the adjacent layers, where θ is between 0 and 180°. The electrical measurements at bundled wires and single wire level confirm semiconducting behavior of wires. By directly manipulating microscale FBBs, the method allows high yield production of 3D ordered micro/nanowires with controlled position and orientation, enabling the construction of a new class of micro/nanomaterials.
Temporal and morphologic characteristics of pinopod expression across the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle in normally cycling women with proven fertility.

Abstract Objective To assess the temporal and morphologic characteristics of pinopod expression on the surface of endometrium across the secretory phase, in LH-timed endometrial samples in normal, healthy women. Design Prospective, randomized study. Setting Academic teaching hospital. Patient(s) Sixty-eight healthy volunteers with proven fertility. Intervention(s) Urinary LH-timed endometrial and blood sampling was performed on each subject on a randomly selected day of the secretory phase. Main outcome measure(s) Histologic dating, assessment of pinopods using scanning electron microscopy, and comparison with serum P levels. Result(s) Eighty-six endometrial tissue samples obtained from 68 subjects were evaluated under scanning electron microscopy. Pinopods were first observed on luteal day 5, corresponding with the onset of the midluteal phase increase in serum P levels. Pinopods persisted for the entire duration of the secretory phase, but their morphology changed as the cycle advanced. Conclusion(s) The present findings demonstrate that pinopods are a characteristic feature of the mid to late secretory phase endometrial epithelium, exhibit cycle-dependent changes in morphology, and are most prominent during the putative implantation interval.
Do new towns increase disaster risk? Evidence from Kolkata, India

Abstract New towns are a key component of urban development strategies in many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. New towns are often planned on the peripheries of existing cities, on land that is hazard-prone or environmentally sensitive. An important question for planners and city officials is: how does new town development affect disaster risk? The following paper explores this question through a detailed case study of Salt Lake, a new town project on the periphery of Kolkata, India. The case is based on both qualitative and quantitative data, including two original surveys (N=598 and N=414). It finds that the Salt Lake development has a significant but uneven impact on disaster risk because it drives urban development onto hazard-prone land but only provides infrastructure and services to a limited number of the township’s constituents. Within the physical boundaries of the new town itself, disaster risk is lowered because of widespread and well-maintained infrastructure, quality building stock, parks and green space, and adequate service delivery. Just outside of the new town, where the vast majority of Salt Lake’s low-income workforce lives, disaster risk is elevated because of higher exposure to natural hazards, poor or non-existent infrastructure, low-quality housing materials, and poor service delivery. For planners and policy makers interested in disaster risk reduction and urban resilience, the Salt Lake case highlights the need for broad and inclusive planning that considers new towns within the broader context of the city and region.
The influence of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in dispersed acini from rat submandibular gland on cyclic AMP production and mucin release

Vasoactive intestinal peptide has been identified as an important regulator of submandibular salivary gland function, consistent with its localization with acetylcholine in parasympathetic neurones innervating this gland. Enzymatically dispersed acini from rat submandibular gland are a useful system in which to study gland regulation at the cellular level. Here, three aspects of vasoactive intestinal peptide interactions with acini were examined: inhibition of binding of [125I]-vasoactive intestinal peptide, stimulation of cyclic AMP production and enhancement of mucin release. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidineisoleucineamide inhibited [125I]-vasoactive intestinal peptide binding to intact acini, with IC50 values of 16 +/- 3 and 46 +/- 17 nM, respectively. This rank order of potency agrees with that observed previously in assays using rat submandibular gland membranes and is similar to values obtained in assays measuring increases in cyclic AMP production in which the ED50 values for vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidineisoleucineamide were 3.1 +/- 1.8 and 29 +/- 13 nM, respectively. Although vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of cyclic AMP production was only about 10% of that seen in response to isoproterenol, the levels of mucin release induced by the two agents were more similar. The ED50 for vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated mucin release was 0.12 +/- 0.05 nM, thus suggesting an activation anomaly in the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-coupled signal transduction pathway at a point between cyclic AMP production and mucin release.
KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF CALCIUM-BASED SORBENTS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE COAL-GAS DESULFURIZATION

ABSTRACT The absorption of H2S by large particles of limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolomite (average mass-radius of 0·40 mm) was tested under simulated coal gases. Below the calcination temperature of CaCO3 (about 900°C under 1 bar of CO2), complete conversion of the calcium carbonate to calcium sulfide can only be achieved with dolomite. Above the calcination temperature of CaCO3, the conversion to CaS is complete for all three sorbents in about one hour when 10,000 ppm H2S is present in the gas phase. Large particles of limestone thus appear to be a suitable sorbent for high-temperature coal-gas desulfurization (above about 900 °C). A mathematical model based on the kinetic information collected in this work predicts the desulfurization performance of a packed or moving bed of limestone particles. Finally, a low-temperature regeneration scheme for the spent sorbent (CaS) in which sulfur can be subsequently recovered as the element is suggested.
Ordering heuristics for parallel graph coloring

This paper introduces the largest-log-degree-first (LLF) and smallest-log-degree-last (SLL) ordering heuristics for parallel greedy graph-coloring algorithms, which are inspired by the largest-degree-first (LF) and smallest-degree-last (SL) serial heuristics, respectively. We show that although LF and SL, in practice, generate colorings with relatively small numbers of colors, they are vulnerable to adversarial inputs for which any parallelization yields a poor parallel speedup. In contrast, LLF and SLL allow for provably good speedups on arbitrary inputs while, in practice, producing colorings of competitive quality to their serial analogs. We applied LLF and SLL to the parallel greedy coloring algorithm introduced by Jones and Plassmann, referred to here as JP. Jones and Plassman analyze the variant of JP that processes the vertices of a graph in a random order, and show that on an O(1)-degree graph G=(V,E), this JP-R variant has an expected parallel running time of O(lgV/lglgV) in a PRAM model. We improve this bound to show, using work-span analysis, that JP-R, augmented to handle arbitrary-degree graphs, colors a graph G=(V,E) with degree Delta using Theta(V+E) work and O(lgV+ lg Delta . min sqrt-E, Delta +lg DeltaVlglgV) expected span. We prove that JP-LLF and JP-SLL --- JP using the LLF and SLL heuristics, respectively --- execute with the same asymptotic work as JP-R and only logarithmically more span while producing higher-quality colorings than JP-R in practice. We engineered an efficient implementation of JP for modern shared-memory multicore computers and evaluated its performance on a machine with 12 Intel Core-i7 (Nehalem) processor cores. Our implementation of JP-LLF achieves a geometric-mean speedup of 7.83 on eight real-world graphs and a geometric-mean speedup of 8.08 on ten synthetic graphs, while our implementation using SLL achieves a geometric-mean speedup of 5.36 on these real-world graphs and a geometric-mean speedup of 7.02 on these synthetic graphs. Furthermore, on one processor, JP-LLF is slightly faster than a well-engineered serial greedy algorithm using LF, and likewise, JP-SLL is slightly faster than the greedy algorithm using SL.
Ab initio study of defect properties in YPO4

Abstract Ab initio methods based on density functional theory have been used to calculate the formation energies of intrinsic defects, including vacancies, interstitials, antisites and Frenkel pairs in YPO4 under the O-rich and Y2O3-rich, and the O-rich and Y-rich conditions. The larger size of the yttrium atom may give rise to higher formation energy of the phosphorus antisite defect. In general, the formation energies of anion interstitials are much smaller than those of cation interstitials for both conditions considered. It is of greatly interest to find that the relative stabilities among the same types of interstitials are independent of the reference states. The most stable configuration for oxygen interstitials is an O–O split interstitial near the Ta site, while the most stable configuration for cation interstitials is a tetrahedral interstitial near the Ta site. The cation split interstitials are unfavorable in YPO4, with much higher formation energies. Furthermore, the properties of Frenkel pairs are compared with those calculated using empirical potentials. The results reveal that both ab initio and empirical potential calculations show a similar trend in the formation energies of Frenkel pairs, but the formation energies obtained by empirical potentials are much larger than those calculated by ab initio method.
Bees acquire route-based memories but not cognitive maps in a familiar landscape

Abstract Recent experiments suggested that forager honey bees, Apis mellifera , can store ‘cognitive maps’ of a landscape, i.e. internal representations that allow them to take novel short cuts while flying between sites that they had visited separately from the nest. Replication of these experiments revealed that the behaviour predicted by the map hypothesis is better explained by the hypothesis that bees use landmarks associated with specific routes travelled previously. As flexible as the bees' orientation is, there remains no evidence that the underlying spatial memory encodes the kind of geometrical information learned by humans and other vertebrates.
Diameter-extremal subsets of spheres

We investigate those spherical point sets which, relative to the Hausdorff metric, give local minima of the diameter function, and obtain estimates which, in principle, justify computer-generated configurations. We test the new sets against two classical conjectures: Borsuk's and McMullen's.
Truncation of the ectodomain of the human insulin receptor results in secretion of a soluble insulin binding protein from transfected CHO cells.

The Insulin receptor is an integral transmembrane glycoprotein comprised of two α-(∼ 135kDa) and two β-(∼ 95kDa) subunits, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain precursor (αβ). The primary sequence of the human insulin receptor (hIR) protein, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cloned human placental mRNAs, predicts two large domains (929 and 403 residues) on either side of a single membrane spanning domain (23 residues); each of these major domains has a distinct function (insulin binding and protein/tyrosine kinase activity, respectively). To experimentally test this deduced topology, and to explore the potential for independent domain function by the hIR extracellular domain, we have constructed an expression plasmid encoding an hIR deletion mutant which is truncated 8 residues from the beginning of the predicted transmembrane domain (i.e., 921 residues). This domain of the hIR is in fact processed into α-and truncated β-subunits and secreted with high efficiency from transfected CHO cell lines which express this mutant hIR, and the protein accumulates as an (αβ)2 dimer in the medium. This molecule is recognized by a battery of 13 monoclonal antibodies to epitopes on the IR extracellular domain, four of which block insulin binding and two of which require the native conformation of the IR for recognition. Further, this domain, binds insulin with an apparent dissociation constant comparable to that of the wild-type hIR. However, the secreted dimmer displays a linear Scatchard plot, while that of the wild-type membrane-associated hIR curvilinear. These results, together with previous results with a soluble derivative of the hIR cytoplasmic protein/tyrosine kinase domain, are consistent with the deduced topology. The IR is indeed comprised of two large soluble domains connected by a single membrane spanning domain, which on the one hand act concert upon ligand binding (insulin-dependent activation of the protein/tyrosine kinase) to initiate the insulin response in cells, but on the other hand are each capable of autonomous function (ligand binding and protein/tyrosine kinase activity, respectively).
Lessons learned from the damage produced by the tornadoes of 3 May 1999

Abstract After the tornadoes of 3 May 1999, the Federal Emergency Management Agency formed a Building Performance Assessment Team (BPAT) to examine the main tornado paths during the outbreak and to make recommendations based on the damage they saw. This is the first time a tornado disaster has been subjected to a BPAT investigation. Some aspects of the BPAT final report are reviewed and considered in the context of tornado preparedness in Kansas and Oklahoma. Although the preparedness efforts of many public and private institutions apparently played a large role in reducing casualties from the storm, a number of building deficiencies were found during the BPAT's evaluation. Especially in public facilities, there are several aspects of tornado preparedness that could be improved. Moreover, there is clear evidence that a nonnegligible fraction of the damage associated with these storms could have been mitigated with some relatively simple and inexpensive construction enhancements. Widespread implementation ...
Transition metal complexes of hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane

Abstract The displacement of tetrahydrofuran (THF) from W(CO)5(THF) with hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane yields a compound with a carbon-metal bond (CO)5W C[P(C6H5)3]2. The in situ photolysis of tungsten hexacarbonyl and hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane, however, yields a product (CO)5W−CC +P(C6H5)3. Ethylenebis(triphenylphosphine)platinum and hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane in benzene yield a platinum containing heterocycle [(C6H5)3P]2 PtC[ P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ]P -(C6H5)3.
Simultaneous two-channel wavelength conversion of 40-Gbit/s DPSK WDM signals without additional pumps

We experimentally demonstrate simultaneous two-channel wavelength conversion of 40-Gbit/s RZ-DPSK WDM signals using four-wave mixing (FWM) in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) without additional pumps. A power penalty of <1 dB is observed as channel spacing varies from 200 GHz to 1 THz.
Annual beet: Problems and prospects

Annual bolting sugar beets have contaminated fields in England and represent a potential hazard through their seed production capability (up to 150 viable seed/plant), which could make them an important weed in arable crops, and through their pollen production, which could lead to a degeneration in varieties of sugar beet being grown for seed nearby. Although control by rotation and herbicides in other crops are probably the easiest effective control measures, up to 100% reduction in seed production in the sugar beet crop resulted from bolter pulling, topping or treatment with a 100 g a.e./litre glyphosate solution (1 ml/plant) early in July. The glyphosate damaged other plants which it reached. Whichever control method is selected, mechanisation seems possible.
Molecular dynamics simulation of water properties using RWK2 potential: From clusters to bulk water

Abstract The accuracy of the two-body potential of Reimers et al. (RWK2, 1982) for water was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation. As a test of this potential's ability to describe microscopic properties, the predicted structure, binding energy, and vibrational frequencies of clusters of various sizes are shown to agree remarkably well with available measurements and results calculated from first principle methods. The reliability of the potential was further tested via molecular dynamics simulation of the properties of bulk water for a range of intensive parameters of geochemical interest. The simulated PVT properties, liquid structure, self-diffusion coefficients, vaporization enthalpy, and power spectra all agree within a few percent with experimental data. Compared to the more frequently used TIP4P potential, the RWK2 potential is more accurate in the prediction of second virial coefficients and vibrational spectra, but not less accurate in other properties studied here.
Thrombolytic Therapy with Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator in a Patient with Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Decision Analysis

Two commonly used thrombolytic agents are streptokinase (SK) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), which have different impacts on the incidence of mortality and thrombolysis-related acute intracra
Effects of time, temperature, and steel composition on growth and dissolution of inclusions in liquid steels

AbstractThe current knowledge of stability and growth/dissolution kinetics of inclusions in liquid steels is synthesised to understand their growth and dissolution behaviour. In particular, it is shown that the effects of time and temperature on the diffusion controlled growth and dissolution behaviour of inclusions can be represented by a set of time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagrams. The TTT diagrams for the growth of oxide, nitride, and sulphide inclusions show the characteristic C shape, with each plot having an optimal temperature where the highest growth rate is achieved. The inclusion dissolution rate depends strongly on the initial inclusion radius and temperature. Apart from the stability of various inclusions in a given composition of steel, the diagrams provide important kinetic information for diffusion controlled growth and dissolution of oxide, nitride, and sulphide inclusions.
RECENT TRENDS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF COAL

ABSTRACT Federal laws enacted in 1969 and 1970 strongly influenced the United States coal industry. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 limited the utility of high-sulfur coals. A consequence has been the loss of some markets for Appalachian and Midcontinent coals and a shift to more desirable low-sulfur varieties. The poor quality but low-sulfur subbituminous and lignite coals of the Western Region are now mined in greater quantities. Long distance delivery of Western coals is accomplished by railroad unit trains, extra high voltage electrical transmission lines, and inland waterways. Slurry pipelines are proposed. The 1969 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act has been a major factor in a decline in coal mine productivity in Appalachia. This law has been a stimulus to strip mining in the Midcontinent and Western Regions. State strip mine land reclamation acts have least favorable consequences for Appalachia. Revegetation clauses may prohibit extraction of coals in excessively dry segments of the Western Region.
Scandium triflate-catalyzed 6,6′-diiodination of 2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl with 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Abstract Scandium triflate-catalyzed iodination of 2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl with 2 equiv of 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DIH) proceeded to give 6,6′-diiodo-2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphtyl in 98% yield and subsequent deprotection of methyl groups provided 6,6′-diiodo-1,1′-binaphthol, which is a useful ligand or reagent for many enantioselective transformations. Use of 2 equiv of NIS in place of DIH in the presence of scandium triflate, however, did not successfully yield 6,6′-diiodo-2,2′-dimethoxy-1,1′-binaphtyl, indicating that one of two types of iodine atoms in DIH is more reactive toward the iodination than iodine in NIS.
An ambulatory ventricular function monitor validation and preliminary clinical results

Abstract A device for the continuous measurement of left ventricular (LV) function was tested in a series of 34 subjects. The instrument consisted of 2 arrays of radiation sensitive cadmium telluride detectors held in place over the region of the left ventricle and lung by a vest-like garment (hence the name VEST). The VEST electronic instrumentation included analogto-digital converters, a battery pack, microprocessor and gating device, which were worn in a back pack. Data generated by the VEST, including the digitized average electrocardiogram, RR interval, counts/13 ms in each radiation detector, and time since commencement of data recording, were recorded on a cassette tape recorder every 2 minutes for subsequent analysis. At the conclusion of conventional multigated blood pool imaging, the VEST was positioned and worn by the subjects while supine, standing in place and walking. The correlation of ejection fraction calculated independently from the VEST and scintillation camera data was > 0.95. The inter-record reproducibility of the ejection fraction measured by the VEST in sedentary subjects was
Letter from America: The Reality Approach to Deterring Drinking and Drug Use among Juveniles

Reality, an innovative prevention program that goes beyond teaching facts, makes first-time juvenile drug and alcohol offenders contemplate possible negative outcomes of their behaviour which have repercussions for their entire social circle. The program combats juveniles' rationalizations for adverse consequences resulting from drug and alcohol abuse and addresses their tendency towards short-term personal gratification. Data from 229 participants in Reality reveal that these offenders have few explicit long-term plans that might otherwise help them to focus on their future, and to deter behaviors that could jeopardize their aspirations. Although it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of such programs as Reality, its unique approach, supported by its theoretical foundation (techniques of neutralization and self-control theory) make the curriculum worthy of consideration for youthful drug and alcohol first-time offenders.
Characterization and evaluation of avian influenza NS1 mutant virus as a potential live and killed DIVA (differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals) vaccine for chickens

Influenza virus encoded NS1 protein is considered a virulence factor due to its ability to block cellular interferon pathway. Several studies have shown the potential use of NS1 mutant viruses as vaccines to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA), and the lack of antibodies against NS1 has been proposed as a DIVA marker. In the present study we characterized an NS1 mutant virus (H5N3/NS1/144), evaluated its potential use as a live vaccine candidate and its ability to revert to virulence. Within five back passages in chickens H5N3/NS1/144 reverted to wild-type phenotype, making H5N3/NS1/144 an unsafe live vaccine candidate. Alternatively, the killed form of H5N3/NS1/144 induced similar levels of protection as that of the wild-type H5N3 virus. We suggest the stability of candidate NS1 mutant avian influenza vaccines for chickens should be thoroughly tested, as NS1 mutant viruses have the ability to revert to virulence.
Evidence-based management of patients undergoing PCI: stent controversies.

Drug-eluting stents reduce restenosis, particularly in uncomplicated lesions. Despite limited on-label indications, drug-eluting stents have been universally adopted. However, there have been early sporadic reports of stent thrombosis. This article will review the risk factors for stent thrombosis and will briefly discuss recent trials comparing the safety, efficacy, and mortality for bare-metal and drug-eluting stents. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Properties of Separable Covariance Matrices and Their Associated Gaussian Random Processes

A number of properties of separable covariance matrices are summarized. Expressions for the divergence of the corresponding two-dimensional Gaussian random processes are given in terms of row and column covariance matrices, and in terms of linear prediction parameters and maximum likelihood spectral estimates. Such time and frequency domain expressions are not widely known, even for one-dimensional random processes.
Proximity compatibility and information display: effects of color, space, and objectness on information integration

We report two experiments in which different features of the display of multiple channels of information are varied in their proximity to one another. The display presents three indicators of aircraft stall danger (airspeed, flaps, and bank). On some trials the stall danger is estimated, requiring information integration. On other trials the value of individual indicators is estimated, requiring focused attention. In Experiment 1 the spatial proximity between indicators and their distinctiveness in color were manipulated. Spatial proximity had little effect on either focused attention or integration, whereas a distinct color code improved focused attention and disrupted integration. In Experiment 2 the three indicators were presented as a bar graph or were combined as features of an object display, either with or without color coding of the separate dimension. Relative to the bar graph display, the object display improved information integration but disrupted focused attention. The presence of color borders restored the focused attention accuracy, with a slight cost to response time. Language: en
Evaluation of the operational cost savings potential from a D-CHP system based on a monthly power-to-heat ratio analysis

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of a combined heat and power (CHP) system utilizing two power generation units operating simultaneously under differing operational strategies (D-CHP) on the basis of operational cost savings. A cost optimization metric, based on the facility monthly power-to-heat ratio (PHR), is presented in this paper. The PHR is defined as the ratio between the facility electric load and thermal load. Previous work in this field has suggested that D-CHP system performance may be improved by limiting operation of the system to months in which the PHR is relatively low. The focus of this paper is to illustrate how the facility PHR parameter could be used to establish the potential of a D-CHP system to reduce operational cost with respect to traditional CHP systems and conventional systems with separate heating and power. This paper analyzes the relationship between the PHR and the operational cost savings of eight different benchmark buildings. Achieving operational cost savings...
Mediation by indole analogues of electron transfer during oxygen activation in variants of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase R2 lacking the electron-shuttling tryptophan 48.

Activation of dioxygen by the carboxylate-bridged diiron(II) cluster in the R2 subunit of class I ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli results in the one-electron oxidation of tyrosine 12...
The Summer Threshold Program An Experiment in Preparatory Education

The Summer Threshold Program at the University of California at Berkeley provides entering freshmen with an introduction to college life. The program was evaluated using a variety of measures and data sources. Primary outcome variables centered on grade point averages and persistence levels of Threshold and non-Threshold freshmen. Other variables examined for program and comparison students include: expectations about college life, perceptions of first year at college, level of academic effort, faculty ratings of students' educational attitudes, and other attitudinal variables. Through comparative data, multiple measures, and longitudinal follow-up, useful conclusions were reached concerning the program's problems and successes.
The Flat Plate Fin of Constant Thickness, Straight Base, and Symmetrical Shape

A plate fin is an extended surface made from a plate. Classical longitudinal and radial fins are particular cases of plate fins with very simple shapes and no curvature. In this paper, the problem of a flat plate fin of constant thickness, straight base, and symmetrical shape given by a proposed power law is considered. Particular attention is paid to some basic shapes: rectangular, triangular, convex parabolic, concave parabolic, convergent trapezoidal, and divergent trapezoidal. One- and two-dimensional analyses are conducted for every shape and comparison of results is carried through the usage of a proposed shape factor. Beyond shape, temperature fields and performance for the considered plate fins are shown to be dependent on a set of three Biot numbers characterizing the ratio between conduction resistances through every direction and convection resistance at the fin surface. Effectiveness and shape factor are found to be hierarchically organized by an including-figure rule. For the rectangular, zero-tip, and convergent trapezoidal cases, effectiveness is limited by a maximum possible value of Bit-1/2, and two-dimensional effects are very small. For the divergent trapezoidal case instead, effectiveness can be larger than Bit-1/2, and one-dimensional over-estimation of the actual heat transfer can be substantially large.
Patterns of hydrological exchange and nutrient transformation in the hyporheic zone of a gravel‐bottom stream: examining terrestrial—aquatic linkages

SUMMARY 1 The terrestrial-aquatic interface beneath a riparian corridor was investigated as a region of hydrological and biological control of nutrient flux. Subsurface flow paths were defined from the channel toward the riparian zone and also from the riparian zone toward the channel using tracer-injection studies. Solute transport had a rapid channel component (m min−1) and a slow hyporheic flow component (mh−1, m day−1). Subsurface flow beneath the riparian zone approximated a straight path entering at meanders but could also cross beneath the stream, possibly using relic channels. 2 Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the hyporheic zone ranged from <1.0 to 9.5mgl−1 due to permeability variations in bankside sediments. DO concentration was related to the proportion of stream water in the lateral hyporheic zone, indicating that the channel water was the DO source. 3 The magnitude and riming of lateral water exchange was linked to previously published studies of nitrification and denitrificarion. Both nitrification potential and channel exchange decreased with distance from the channel and were absent at sites lacking effective exchange, due to low DO. Field amendment of ammonium to an aerobic flow path indicated nitrification potential under natural hydrological conditions. Denitrification potential was inversely related to channel exchange and was insignificant in channel sediments. Field amendment of acetylene plus nitrate to a flow path with low DO and minimal channel exchange indicated denitrificarion of amended nitrate. 4 Comparison of hydraulic head to distribution of the biologically important solutes DO, ammonium, and nitrate was useful for interpreting previous findings and conceptualizing the riparian zone as a functioning ecotone between terrestrial and aquatic systems.
Functionalization of ZrO2 nanofibers with Pt nanostructures: The effect of surface roughness on nucleation mechanism and morphology control

Abstract ZrO 2 nanofibers with different surface roughness were employed as supports for the deposition of Pt nanostructures. When the nanofibers had a smooth surface, both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation took place, producing Pt nanoparticles deposited on the nanofibers and free-standing Pt nanostars in the solution. By reducing the concentration of Pt precursor, Pt nanowires were formed on the nanofibers. For nanofibers with a rough surface, Pt nanoparticles were formed on the nanofibers through heterogeneous nucleation. These results demonstrate that the surface roughness had a significant impact on the nucleation mechanism and the morphology of the resultant Pt nanostructures.
Homelessness and Affiliation

Sociological theory portrays affiliation as an important source of personal power. Accordingly, some students of homelessness suggest that the extreme poverty and powerlessness of homeless individu...
A rapid method for the estimation of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis.

Abstract During investigations of fatty acid metabolism in Escherichia coli , the need arose for a method to differentiate between the incorporation of C 14 -labeled compounds into fatty acids and the incorporation into non-lipid cell constituents. Although a solvent extraction method (1) is available that yields quantitative and reproducible results for fatty acid biosynthesis, a somewhat simpler method was required which would allow rapid processing of a large number of samples. The method reported in this paper will allow rapid measurement of only that portion of the C 14 -labeled compound which is incorporated into fatty acids. The assay is not affected by incorporation of the labeled compound into other cellular constituents (e.g., protein). The method is based upon the solubility of fatty acids in hexane and the virtual insolubility of the other bacterial cell constituents in hexane.
Trelliscope: A system for detailed visualization in the deep analysis of large complex data

Trelliscope emanates from the Trellis Display framework for visualization and the Divide and Recombine (D&R) approach to analyzing large complex data. In Trellis, the data are broken up into subsets, a visualization method is applied to each subset, and the display result is an array of panels, one per subset. This is a powerful framework for visualization of data, both small and large. In D&R, the data are broken up into subsets, and any analytic method from statistics and machine learning is applied to each subset independently. Then the outputs are recombined. This provides not only a powerful framework for analysis, but also feasible and practical computations using distributed computational facilities. It enables deep analysis of the data: study of both data summaries as well as the detailed data at their finest granularity. This is critical to full understanding of the data. It also enables the analyst to program using an interactive high-level language for data analysis such as R, which allows the analyst to focus more on the data and less on code. In this paper we introduce Trelliscope, a system that scales Trellis to large complex data. It provides a way to create displays with a very large number of panels and an interactive viewer that allows the analyst to sort, filter, and sample the panels in a meaningful way. We discuss the underlying principles, design, and scalable architecture of Trelliscope, and illustrate its use on three analysis projects in proteomics, high intensity physics, and power systems engineering.
Dental Services in England, Wales, and the United States: A Comparison of National Survey Data

The countries are compared by DMF rates, filled tooth ratios, rates of edentulism, evolving community attitudes, and use of dental services through national survey data.
Evidence for an intermediate state in the B-to-Z transition of dna

We report here the study of the transition of a B-form of d(CGCGCGCGCGCG) to the Z-form as a function of the ions strength of PBS buffer. We used circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Decomposition CD spectra by linear superposition provides evidence for one or more intermediate states that are distinct from the Band Z-forms of DNA. Linear decomposition is performed according to the locally linearized model (LLM) modified by the explicit introduction of the weight function essentially present in any quadratic integral of the spectra.
Photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein in multidrug resistant cells with photoactive analogs of colchicine.

Two photoactive radiolabeled analogs of colchicine, N-(p-azido[3,5-[3H]benzoyl)aminohexanoyldeacetylcolchicine ([3H]NABC]) and N-(p-azido-[3-125I]salicyl)aminohexanoyldeacetylcolchicine ([125I]NASC) were synthesized and used to identify colchicine-specific acceptor(s) in membrane vesicles from multidrug resistant (MDR) variant DC-3F/VCRd-5L Chinese hamster lung cells. Both [3H]NABC and [125I]NASC specifically photolabeled a prominent 150–180 kDa polypeptide in membrane vesicles from DC-3F/VCRd-5L cells. The photolabeled polypeptide was immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibody C219 specific for the MDR-related P-glycoprotein (P-gp) indicating the identity of this protein with P-gp. Colchicine at 1000 μM reduced [3H]NABC photolabeling of P-gp by 72%. Furthermore, 100 μM of colchicine, vincristine, vinblastine, doxorubicin and actinomycin D inhibited [125I]NASC photolabeling by 45, 88.8, 91.1, 61.5, and 51% respectively. However, methotrexate did not affect the [125I]NASC photolabeling of P-gp, indicating the multidrug specificity of the P-gp colchicine acceptor for drugs to which these cells are resistant.
Blood Progesterone and Pregnenolone Levels During Phenobarbital (PB) Block of PMS-induced Ovulation in Immature Rats1

Phenobarbital (PB) block of ovulation in PMS-primed (day 30) immature rats is associated with altered blood levels of progesterone and pregnenolone. Progesterone decreased after administration of PB just prior to the critical period on day 32 and increased the next day, whereas pregnenolone was increased on the day of proestrus (day 32) and decreased the next day. Administration of progesterone before phenobarbital overcomes the PB block of ovulation and restores blood progesterone levels (during this PB block) to nearly the same levels and profile as that seen in the PMS-primed rats without PB. The pregnenolone levels were elevated during proestrus and decreased the next day in the progesterone-PB treated group. These data support and extend our previous in vitro findings that when PB is given just prior to the critical period it decreases the production of progesterone and increases the production of pregnenolone from ovarian tissue in PMSprimed rats. From these data and the present experiments it appea...
Synthesis and characterization of lanthanide orthothiophosphates: LaPS4

Abstract The single crystal structure of LaPS4, (1), is reported. The space group is tetragonal, I4(1)/acd. Unit cell dimensions are a = 10.9641(3) A and c = 19.4828(9) A. The far infrared absorption and Raman spectra (100–600 cm−1) are consistent with the PS 4 3 - groups being in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The room temperature emission spectrum of LaPS4 doped with Er3+ is also presented. Emission peaks at 529, 534, 549, and 554 nm were observed when the sample was excited at 492 nm. The compound reported here is isomorphous and isostructural to several other lanthanide orthothiophosphates.
Aphasia, apraxia and neurogenic stuttering as complications of metrizamide myelography (speech deficits following myelography).

ABSTRACT – Aphasia following metrizamide myelography has been reported infrequently. During a seven-month period, we examined two patients who developed Broca's aphasia, apraxia of speech, oral-buccal-facial apraxia and neurogenic stuttering after intrathecal metrizamide administration. In each case, focal neurologic deficits were accompanied by clinical, electroencephalographic and radiologic signs of generalized neurologic disease. Serial speech and language evaluations initially revealed severe deficits that were largely resolved by the third day post-myelography. Out-patient follow-up examinations demonstrated persistence of mild speech and language abnormalities in each case. Our findings suggest that metrizamide may cause longlasting neurologic dysfunction.
Pipelined data parallel algorithms—concept and modeling

A new style of efficient parallel algorithms on distributed-memory multiprocessors is introduced, which exploits parallelism through pipelined parallel computation, or large-grain pipelining. By using macro-pipelining between nodes in the system, large-grain pipelining regulates the flows of data in the multiprocessor so that the degree of overlapping can be maximized and the effect of communication overhead can be minimized. To model pipelined parallel computations, an analytic model is presented, which takes into account both underlying architecture and algorithm behavior. The resultant model is accurate enough to not only predict the performance of a given algorithm, but also assist in algorithm designs for determining optimal design parameters such as the granularity. Results from experiments performed on a 64-node NCUBE multiprocessor match closely to the predicted performance. A systematic procedure for designing pipelined data parallel algorithms from nested loop programs is described. The impact of the second generation distributed-memory multiprocessors on the pipelined parallel computations is also discussed.
A method to prepare bone-implant specimens for laboratory analysis.

A method for the preparation of bone samples containing metallic implants is presented. Technics are detailed for samples to be analyzed by mechanical, microradiographical and microangio-graphical means, and by tetracycline labeled fluorescent and polarized light microscopy.
Signal detection theory and vestibular thresholds: I. Basic theory and practical considerations

Detection theory has been applied to the measurement of vestibular thresholds and vestibular sensory integration. Yet, a formal detection theory analysis of vestibular responses has not been published. Such a de novo analysis seems warranted because the vestibular system has characteristics that differ from other sensory systems, which impacts the application of detection theory. For example, the physical stimuli evoking vestibular responses are typically bidirectional (e.g., leftward/rightward); this bidirectional nature of vestibular responses leads to another characteristic—what is sometimes called vestibular bias—that must also be considered, since it can impact threshold measurements, including thresholds found using staircase procedures. This paper develops a basic model of vestibular noise and then analyzes this model for four standard paradigms—one-interval recognition, one-interval detection, two-interval detection, and two-interval recognition. While any of these paradigms might be justified for a specific application, it is concluded that one-interval recognition paradigms have advantages over other paradigms for many vestibular applications. One-interval recognition is favored over one-interval detection because it lends itself to a fixed detection boundary, is more efficient, and is less impacted by device vibration. One-interval recognition is generally favored over two-interval recognition because it assesses vestibular bias and can require substantially less time than two-interval tasks.
A singularity function method for plate deflections

Abstract The method of singularity functions is most frequently used for calculating deflections of beams having discontinuous loading. This involves only ordinary differential equations. It is used here for the bending of rectangular and circular plates which involves partial differential equations. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the method.
Proteomic characterization of Her2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells

The receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 is an oncogene amplified in invasive breast cancer and its overexpression in mammary epithelial cell lines is a strong determinant of a tumorigenic phenotype. Accordingly, HER2-overexpressing mammary tumors are commonly indicative of a poor prognosis in patients. Several quantitative proteomic studies have employed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with MS/MS, which provides only limited information about the molecular mechanisms underlying HER2/neu signaling. In the present study, we used a SILAC-based approach to compare the proteomic profile of normal breast epithelial cells with that of Her2/neu-overexpressing mammary epithelial cells, isolated from primary mammary tumors arising in mouse mammary tumor virus-Her2/neu transgenic mice. We identified 23 proteins with relevant annotated functions in breast cancer, showing a substantial differential expression. This included overexpression of creatine kinase, retinol-binding protein 1, thymosin 4 and tumor protein D52, which correlated with the tumorigenic phenotype of Her2-overexpressing cells. The differential expression pattern of two genes, gelsolin and retinol binding protein 1, was further validated in normal and tumor tissues. Finally, an in silico analysis of published cancer microarray data sets revealed a 23-gene signature, which can be used to predict the probability of metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients.
Plasma tocopherol in sheep and cattle after ingesting free or acetylated tocopherol.

Abstract Two trials were carried out to evaluate the bioavailability of dl-α-tocopherol and dl-α-tocopherol acetate administered to sheep and cattle in a single oral dose. In the first trial, two groups of five sheep were used. They received 100 mg/kg body weight of either dl-α-tocopherol or its acetylated form. The blood plasma α-tocopherol tolerance curve area was higher in the dl-α-tocopherol group than in its ester form. The time to reach maximum plasma α-tocopherol concentration was less in the dl-α-tocopherol group than in its ester form. In a second trial, four heifers received the two forms (50 mg/kg body weight) in rotation after an appropriate washing period between the two dosings. Again, plasma tolerance curve area was greater in the cattle following administration of dl-α-tocopherol than its acetylated form.
Contacts between Bacillus subtilis catabolite regulatory protein CcpA and amyO target site

Catabolite control protein A (CcpA) is a global regulatory protein involved in catabolite repression and glucose activation in Gram-positive bacteria. cis -Acting DNA sequences, catabolite response elements ( cre s), involved in this regulatory system contain a 14 base pair (bp) region of dyad symmetry. CcpA, a repressor of the Lac I family, has been shown to bind specifically to cre s. To better understand cre recognition by CcpA, we have focused on the interaction between CcpA and the amyE cre , called amyO, which is located at the transcription start site of the alpha-amylase gene. DNA-protein complexes were probed with dimethylsulfate (DMS) and N -ethylnitrosourea (EtNU) to identify guanines and phosphates that participate in complex formation. Interaction between amyO and CcpA visualized through methylation protection and interference showed that CcpA contacts guanine residues at the outer bounds of amyO with higher affinity than near the dyad axis. From ethylation interference studies, it was found that CcpA contacts three phosphate groups at each end of amyO, and one or two phosphate groups near the dyad axis. Exonuclease III protection revealed that CcpA protects a 26 bp region centered around the dyad axis of amyO. The isolated N-terminal fragment still specifically bound to the sequence resembling the half sites of the amyO sequence. Considering these findings and the helical structure of B-DNA, our results suggest that each of the two monomers of the CcpA molecule contact the major groove in each half of the region of dyad symmetry and that the contacts are on the same face of the DNA helix, which is typical of bacterial repressor-operator interactions. However, the absence of strong contacts near the dyad axis by CcpA is in contrast to the situation with the gal repressor, another member of the Lac I family of repressors.