cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On accuracy of adaptive grid methods for captured shocks

The accuracy of two grid adaptation strategies, grid redistribution and local grid refinement, is examined by solving the 2-D Euler equations for the supersonic steady flow around a cylinder. Second- and fourth-order linear finite difference shock-capturing schemes, based on the Lax-Friedrichs flux splitting, are used to discretize the governing equations. The grid refinement study shows that for the second-order scheme, neither grid adaptation strategy improves the numerical solution accuracy compared to that calculated on a uniform grid with the same number of grid points. For the fourth-order scheme, the dominant first-order error component is reduced by the grid adaptation, while the design-order error component drastically increases because of the grid nonuniformity. As a result, both grid adaptation techniques improve the numerical solution accuracy only on the coarsest mesh or on very fine grids that are seldom found in practical applications because of the computational cost involved. Similar error behavior has been obtained for the pressure integral across the shock. A simple analysis shows that both grid adaptation strategies are not without penalties in the numerical solution accuracy. Based on these results, a new grid adaptation criterion for captured shocks is proposed.
Glucose tolerance, insulin, and growth hormone in thyrotoxicosis and in myxedema.

In 32 consecutive patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis, oral glucose tolerance was normal in 60%, indicative of chemical diabetes in 29%, and diagnostic of overt diabetes in 11%. In 52 serial patients with myxedema, the corresponding figures were 50, 32, and 18 per cent.In subjects with glucose tolerance unimpaired, reactive hypoglycemia was absent in untreated thyrotoxicosis but occurred in 24% of the controls and in 43% of those with myxedema. Contrary to general belief, flat glucose tolerance curves were only slightly, if at all, more frequent in myxedema than in control subjects.In thyrotoxic or myxedema patients with normal glucose tolerance, the serum insulin responses were about the same as those of control subjects. Chemical diabetes in thyrotoxicosis or in myxedema was also accompanied by blood glucose and serum insulin responses indistinguishable from those recorded in control subjects with normal thyroid function and chemical diabetes. The same was true of overt or established diabetes in con...
Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter – Part 1: Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay

Abstract. Recent epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that health effects from inhalation of ambient particulate matter (PM) are governed by more than just the mass of PM inhaled. Both specific chemical components and sources have been identified as important contributors to mortality and hospital admissions, even when these end points are unrelated to PM mass. Sources may cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce reactive oxygen species in the body, possibly due to the transition metal content of the PM. Our goal is to quantify the oxidative potential of ambient particle sources collected during two seasons in Fresno, CA, using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. We collected PM from different sources or source combinations into different ChemVol (CV) samplers in real time using a novel source-oriented sampling technique based on single-particle mass spectrometry. We segregated the particles from each source-oriented mixture into two size fractions – ultrafine Dp ≤ 0.17 μm) and submicron fine (0.17 μm ≤ Dp ≤ 1.0 μm) – and measured metals and the rate of DTT loss in each PM extract. We find that the mass-normalized oxidative potential of different sources varies by up to a factor of 8 and that submicron fine PM typically has a larger mass-normalized oxidative potential than ultrafine PM from the same source. Vehicular emissions, regional source mix, commute hours, daytime mixed layer, and nighttime inversion sources exhibit the highest mass-normalized oxidative potential. When we apportion DTT activity for total PM sampled to specific chemical compounds, soluble copper accounts for roughly 50% of total air-volume-normalized oxidative potential, soluble manganese accounts for 20%, and other unknown species, likely including quinones and other organics, account for 30%. During nighttime, soluble copper and manganese largely explain the oxidative potential of PM, while daytime has a larger contribution from unknown (likely organic) species.
Non-neoplastic Pathology in Tumor Nephrectomy Specimens.

Risk factors for kidney cancers and medical kidney diseases are similar; therefore, it is not surprising that up to 25% of renal cell carcinoma patients have chronic kidney disease prior to nephrectomy and a significant number of patients with normal prenephrectomy renal function markers progress to chronic kidney disease over time. Evaluation of non-neoplastic parenchyma in tumor nephrectomy specimens can identify patients at risk for progression to chronic kidney disease, which is a critical step for early intervention and potential improvement of morbidity and mortality rates in this patient population.
Delayed diagnosis of critical congenital cardiovascular malformations (CCVM) and pulse oximetry screening of newborns

Objective: Congenital cardiovascular malformations (CCVMs) are relatively common with a prevalence of 5–10 per 1000 live births. Pulse oximetry screening is proposed to identify newborns with critical CCVMs which are missed by routine prenatal ultrasound and by pre-discharge physical examinations. The purpose of this study was to identify the number of infants with a delayed diagnosis of critical CCVMs potentially detectable by pre-discharge pulse oximetry screening. Patients and Methods: Hospital Discharge records in New Jersey from 199–2004 for infants with critical CCVMs were identified using ICD-9 codes. These records were matched to the Electronic Birth Certificate records to identify newborns who were discharged as normal newborns and were later admitted with a diagnosis of critical CCVMs. Chart review was completed on these cases to confirm a delay in diagnosis. Results: Chart reviews confirmed delayed diagnosis of critical CCVM in 47 infants out of 670,245 births. Coarctation of the Aorta was the most common delayed diagnosis. The age at final diagnosis varied from 3 days to 6.5 months. Conclusions: Further examination of pulse oximetry as a routine newborn screening service is warranted. Implementation of pre-discharge pulse oximetry screening for newborns may improve the timely detection of asymptomatic critical CCVMs.
Production, selection, and characteristics of mutants of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-742 constitutive for dextransucrases

Abstract Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-742 produces two dextransucrases on sucrose medium that synthesize a dextran containing α 1–4 branch linkages and a dextran with a high degree of single α 1–3-linked branched glucose residues. We performed mutagenesis on the parent strain with ethyl methane sulfonate and isolated mutants that are constitutive for dextransucrases. These dextransucrases synthesized dextrans that had different properties. The mutants produced extracellular dextransucrases on glucose with higher activities (2.5–11 times) than what the parent strain produced on sucrose. Based on the Penicillium endo -dextranase hydrolysis, mutant B-742C dextransucrases produced different dextrans when they were prepared from glucose and sucrose. Mutant B-742CA dextransucrase prepared from glucose and sucrose formed the same dextran. Mutant B-742CB dextransucrase, prepared from glucose and sucrose, also formed the same dextran; however, the dextran was different from that of B-742CA. Differences in physical appearence, solubility, and susceptibility to endo -dextranase hydrolysis of the dextrans prepared by different mutants grown on glucose and sucrose were found. Mutant B-742C appeared to elaborate on sucrose medium two dextransucrases that synthesized both fraction L-and fraction S-type dextrans. When grown on glucose, B-742C appeared to elaborate a dextransucrase that only synthesized fraction L-type dextran. Mutant B-742CA appeared to elaborate a dextransucrase that only synthesized fraction L-type dextran, and mutant B-742CB appeared to elaborate a dextransucrase that only synthesized fraction S-type dextran. Nondenaturing SDS-PAGE gave activity bands that had a molecular size of 184 kD for each of the dextransucrases produced by the different mutants.
Miniaturized Combustor for Supersonic Methane–Air Flames

A miniaturized combustor has been designed that can produce open supersonic methane–air flames amenable to laser diagnostics. The combustor is based on a two-stage design. The first stage is a vitiation burner that provides ignition and flameholding. The design of the vitiation burner was inspired by well-known principles of jet engine combustors. The salient parameters of operation were explored experimentally, and flameholding was verified computationally using a well-stirred reactor model. Both experiments and computations were used to verify a traditional scaling used in jet engine combustor design. The second stage of the combustor generated an external supersonic flame, operating in premixed and partially premixed modes. The equivalence ratio of the external supersonic flame was varied, as well as the total mass flow rate, and the overall flame phenomenology was examined, specifically supersonic flame length. The very high Reynolds numbers and strain rates present in the supersonic flames should pro...
Active neurohypophysial principles from a cyclostome (Petromyzon marinus) and two cartilaginous fishes (Squalus acanthias and Hydrolagus collei)

Abstract Fractions containing oxytocic activity have been separated by ion-exchange column chromatography from pituitary extracts from marine lampreys, spiny dogfish, and ratfish. The biological properties of the isolated components indicate that arginine vasotocin occurs in all three species. No other principle could be detected in the lamprey extract. The dogfish extract contained a neutral oxytocin-like principle (EOP I). This differs pharmacologically from all natural principles of known structure and from all the synthetic analogues of oxytocin to which it could be compared. The ratfish extract contains a principle with properties indistinguishable from those of oxytocin. An attempt is made to relate the apparent phyletic distribution of active neurohypophysial peptides in fishes to their evolutionary history.
Chance-constrained activity analysis

Abstract The methods of activity analysis (Koopmans [6,7]) are re-examined in the presence of technological uncertainty. In particular, such uncertainty arises when new emerging technologies are employed in the production process and/or when new product designs are being developed. Both input coefficients and output coefficients may be uncertain. If activity levels are to be determined and fixed a priori, one may not be able to require in advance that total output suffice to cover total demand. (Indeed, demand itself may also be uncertain.) Instead, the requirement is written as a chance-constraint, to hold on some predetermined probability level only. The purpose of the present note is to discuss the economic properties of the resulting optimal solution. The certainty equivalent of the chance-constrained program and the corresponding Kuhn-Tucker conditions are written down. At the point of optimum, each producer will hold some inventories of finished goods as a contingency against variation in the output coefficients and in demand. Equilibrium prices will suffice to provide each activity some expected positive profit (an explicit formula for the calculation of the magnitude of this profit is provided). In choosing between several risky activities, each producer may attempt to establish an optimal portfolio of activities, providing a trade-off between expected cost and risk. The nature of an emerging theory of activity portfolios, developed along the lines of standard concepts in financial portfolio analysis, is indicated.
Multidimensional Ability Tests and Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students: Evidence of Measurement Invariance.

Abstract Ability tests are used by teachers to provide additional context for interpreting student achievement and as a tool for differentiating instruction to the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of students. Tests that provide the most useful information for these purposes measure school-related content domains including verbal and quantitative reasoning. However, there is concern that verbal content affects validity for culturally and linguistically diverse students. In this study, the structure of a multidimensional ability test of verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal reasoning skills was explored in three groups of students who varied in language and cultural background. Configural invariance and invariant factor loadings were supported, but the verbal battery showed weaker relationships to the other batteries and reduced variability for English learners. Results indicate that battery-level scores are appropriate for all students, but that accounting for educational opportunity may be required for interpreting scores.
Regeneration of the eighth cranial nerve. III. Central projections of the primary afferent fibers from individual vestibular receptors in the bullfrog.

The projection site in the central nervous system of individual end-organ branches of regenerated vestibular nerves was documented in bullfrogs. The eighth cranial nerve was surgically sectioned in 12 bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and allowed to regenerate. Horseradish peroxidase was used to label the primary vestibular afferent fibers from the whole nerve (one frog) and the whole anterior branch (two frogs), and the individual receptor end-organ branches to the anterior semicircular canal (three frogs), the horizontal semicircular canal (three frogs), and the sacculus (three frogs). A sufficient number of fibers from the individual receptors were labeled in nine specimens to allow a description of their central projection pattern. The overall pattern of central projections of the regenerated nerves was similar to the pattern of normal nerves. In the eighth nerve root proper and in the area proximal to the vestibular nuclei, fibers from the anterior semicircular canal were ventral, fibers from the sacculus and posterior branch were dorsal, and fibers from the horizontal semicircular canal were in an intermediate position. In ventral, superior, and descending vestibular nuclei, a projection pattern was also identifiable in some specimens. The fibers of the anterior semicircular canal projected ventral to the fibers of the horizontal semicircular canal, with fibers from the posterior branch more dorsal. The saccular fibers projected to the dorsal aspect of the ventral nucleus and the ventral aspect of the dorsal nucleus. For the most part, projections in the regenerated specimens, as verified histologically, were comparable to individual end-organ projections previously identified in normal frogs. The only major discrepancy between the findings from the regenerated specimens and those from normal frogs was in the position of the vestibular tract and the innervation to the medial nucleus. The regenerated vestibular tract was shifted laterally in the brain stem. Regenerated thick and thin fibers were intermixed in the tract and projected to the medial nucleus. Normally, the thin fibers are lateral to the thick fibers in the tract. Therefore, the regenerated afferent fibers of the vestibular nerve selectively reinnervated the vestibular nuclei, and the fibers to the individual end-organs selectively reinnervated particular parts of the nuclei. In addition, the thick and thin regenerated fibers preserved the type of bouton endings normally found. The regenerated thick fibers had rare boutons en passant and a great number of collaterals, while the thin fibers had numerous boutons en passant and only a few collaterals. The previously observed functional recovery of regenerated fibers appears to be due to a normal distribution of fibers in the central nervous system and not due to plastic changes needed to correct abnormal reinnervation.
Accelerated induction therapy and resection for poor prognosis stage III non-small cell lung cancer

Background. Induction therapy and resection may improve the survival of patients with poor prognosis stage III non-small cell lung cancer, at the cost of significant treatment prolongation. The purpose of this study was to assess toxicity, response, and survival of an accelerated induction regimen and resection in poor prognosis stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Methods. Forty-two surgically staged patients with poor prognosis stage III non-small cell lung cancer received 11 days of induction treatment consisting of 96 hours of continuous chemotherapy infusions of cisplatin (20 mg · m −2 · day −2 ), 5 fluorouracil (1,000 mg · m −2 · day −2 ), and etoposide (75 mg · m −2 · day −2 ) concurrent with accelerated fractionation radiation therapy (1.5 Gy twice a day, to a dose of 27 Gy). Induction was followed in 4 weeks by resection. Postoperatively, a second course of continuous chemotherapy and concurrent accelerated fractionation radiation therapy (postoperative dose 13 to 36 Gy) was given. Results. Despite some degree of induction toxicity in all patients there was only one induction death (2.4%). A clinical partial response was seen in 24 patients (57%). Thirty-six patients (86%) underwent thoracotomy, and resection was possible in 33 (79%). Pathologic downstaging was seen in 17 patients (40%), and 2 patients (5%) had no residual carcinoma at operation. There were 11 postoperative complications (31%) and 4 postoperative deaths (11%). Thirteen patients (31%) are alive and disease-free, 24 (57%) have persistent disease or have recurred (15 distant, 5 locoregional, 4 both), and 9 patients are alive with disease. The median survival is 21 months and the 2-year Kaplan-Meier survival is 43%, with no differences identified between stages IIIA and IIIB patients ( p = 0.63). Conclusions. We conclude that accelerated induction therapy and resection in poor prognosis stage III non-small cell lung cancer (1) is toxic, with a 12% treatment mortality; (2) is effective with a 79% resection rate and 40% pathologic downstaging rate; (3) provides excellent local control; (4) may prolong survival; and (5) is of value in stage IIIB as well as stage IIIA patients.
A subacute exposure of beagle dogs to aflatoxin.

Young adult beagle dogs, 2 females and 1 male per group, were orally dosed with an aflatoxin mixture (in %: B 1 , 37.5; B 2 , 5.4; G 1 , 17.1; G 2 , 1.0) at a daily dose (DR) of 1, 5, or 20 μ g/kg body weight. The animals received the aflatoxin 5 days per wk for 10 wk. During these tests, 2 other dogs were dosed with 500 μ g/kg day for 2 days; 1 dog died on the second day. Clinical signs attributable to aflatoxicosis were generally absent among the dogs in groups DR-5 and DR-1, and in the controls. Icterus, inappetance, yellow-orange urine, and an increase in prothrombin time were noted in dogs of the DR-20 group. Histopathologic examinations revealed no hepatic morphologic changes in groups DR-5 and DR-1 or in the controls. In livers of group DR-20, there was moderate bile duct proliferation, bile pigment accumulation in the portal areas, and multiple vascular channels around the central and portal veins.
Juvenile Waiver 2003: Where Are We Now?

Juvenile waiver has received much attention from the public, practitioners, and scholars during the last decade. Prior studies have documented the increased use and effects of waiver. In this study we examine the current state of the law regarding juvenile waiver. We replicate a 1995 study of state waiver statutes and detail the changes in prosecutorial, judicial, and legislative waiver since 1995. While the juvenile crime rate has slowed, legislatures' fascination with waiver has increased. In less than 10 years, the number of states utilizing prosecutorial waiver has increased 25%, 27 states have modified their judicial waiver statutes, and 30 states have modified their legislative waiver statutes.
Ability of endothelial cells to condition culture medium

Endothelial cell-conditioned medium contains two classes of factors distinguishable by behavior during dialysis and on specificity for cell type. One species, which diffuses through dialysis tubing with an exclusion limit of 6,000 to 8,000 daltons, supports growth of bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells in medium containing a growth limiting concentration of serum (0.2% serum). The production of this material appears to depend upon the presence of serum in the medium being conditioned. The activity increases with time of exposure of BAE cells to serum and with increasing concentration of serum present in the incubation medium. This activity cannot be replaced by exogenous epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin, or thymidine. The second species, the endothelial cell-derived growth factor (EC-DGF), is retained by dialysis tubing with an exclusion limit of 6,000 to 8,000 daltons. ECDGF stimulates the growth of smooth muscle cells but does not support BAE cell growth in limiting serum concentrations. Unlike the dialyzable species, the production of ECDGF is independent of previous incubation of BAE cell cultures in serum. These studies suggest that BAE cells are able to utilize serum components to produce conditioning factors for their own growth that are distinct from the higher molecular weight ECDGF.
BNC1 is required for maintaining mouse spermatogenesis.

Basonuclin (BNC1) is a zinc finger protein expressed primarily in gametogenic cells and proliferative keratinocytes. Our previous work suggested that BNC1 is present in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids, but absent in the Sertoli cells. BNC1′s role in spermatogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that BNC1 is required for the maintenance of spermatogenesis. Bnc1-null male mice were sub-fertile, losing germ cells progressively with age. The Bnc1-null seminiferous epithelia began to degenerate before 8 weeks of age and eventually became Sertoli cell-only. Sperm count and motility also declined with age. Furthermore, Bnc1 heterozygotes, although fertile, showed a significant drop in sperm count and in testis weight by 24 weeks of age, suggesting a dosage effect of Bnc1 on testis development. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time BNC1′s essential role in maintaining mouse spermatogenesis. genesis 50:517–524, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absolute Activation Cross Sections for Reactions of Bismuth, Copper, Titanium, and Aluminum with 14.8-Mev Neutrons

Absolute neutron activation cross sections at 14.8 Mev have been measured for bismuth, copper, titanium, and aluminum based on comparison with the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}(n, 2n){\mathrm{Cu}}^{62}$ reaction (556 millibarns) which served as a standard for monitoring the flux. The reactions studied, measured half-lives, and cross sections are: ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Tl}}^{206}$, 4.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 min, 1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 mb; ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(n, p){\mathrm{Pb}}^{209}$, 3.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 hours, 0.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.40 mb; ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Bi}}^{210}$, \ensuremath{\le}1.7 mb; ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}(n, 2n){\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$, 12.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 hours, 954\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}130 mb; ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}(n, p){\mathrm{Ni}}^{65}$, 2.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 hours, 27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{50}(n, p){\mathrm{Sc}}^{50}$, 1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 min, 27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{50}(n, p){\mathrm{Sc}}^{50}$, 22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 min, 48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{50}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Ti}}^{51}$, \ensuremath{\le}9 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{49}(n, p){\mathrm{Sc}}^{49}$, 58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 min, 29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{48}(n, p){\mathrm{Sc}}^{48}$, 44.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9 hours, 58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}(n, p){\mathrm{Sc}}^{47}$, 3.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 days, 230\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}(n, 2n){\mathrm{Ti}}^{45}$, 3.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 hours, 50.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8.0 mb; ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}(n, p){\mathrm{Sc}}^{46}$, 85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 days, \ensuremath{\sim}520 mb; ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$, 15.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 hours, 114\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 mb; ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(n, p){\mathrm{Mg}}^{27}$, 9.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 min, 53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 mb.Comparisons of the experimental cross sections with values estimated according to the continuum theory of the compound nucleus outlined by Blatt and Weisskopf are in agreement within an order of magnitude, except in the case of the bismuth results which exhibit large discrepancies.From irradiations of natural titanium and highly enriched ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{50}$, a new activity was observed having a half-life of 22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 minutes. This activity is not produced from enriched ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}$ or ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{49}$ samples, and it is therefore assigned tentatively to an isomer of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{50}$. Further work on this activity is in progress.
The evidence for interactionism in psychology: a reply to Furnham and Jaspars

Abstract In a critical review of the person-situation debate, Furnham and Jaspars (1983) presented a reanalysis of nearly all the published studies in the field which they claimed provided strong support for the interactionist position. This paper contests that claim by arguing that the statistics computed do not constitute a proper test for interactions. A discussion of the interactionist position suggests other methods are appropriate for detecting interactions in future research.
Practicing Anthropology in Diverse Settings

Over the past few years I have had two opportunities to combine my interest in anthropology with practical problem solving. My first project began as a graduate student practicum with a sickle cell clinic.
A literate thrombus.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] A 60-year-old female with neurosarcoidosis presented to the hospital with dyspnea on exertion. Initial evaluation revealed sinus tachycardia and oxygen desaturation. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed large acute pulmonary emboli in the
Synthesis of oleophilic electron-rich phenylhydrazines

Phenylhydrazines 1 substituted with two or three long-chain alkyl, alkoxy or alkylsulfanyl groups were successfully prepared by acid-induced removal of the Boc group in hydrazides 2. The reaction is carried out with 5 equivalents of TfOH in CF3CH2OH/CH2Cl2 at −40 °C for 1.5 min. Under these conditions, the deprotected hydrazine 1 is fully protonated, which increases its stability in the reaction medium. The hydrazines were isolated in 60–86% yields and purities >90%. The hydrazides 2 were obtained in 43–71% yields from aryl bromides 5, which were lithiated with t-BuLi and subsequently reacted with di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (DTBAD).
Winter Roosting Ecology of Silver-Haired Bats in an Arkansas Forest

Although summer roosting by Lasionycteris noctivagans (Silver- haired Bats) has been studied in various ecological regions of North America, no quantitative studies have examined winter roost selection. We radiotracked 11 bats to 31 day-roosts during winter in forests of the Ouachita Mountains, AR. We quantifi ed roost structures and examined the association between roosts and forest stands. We also examined effects of temperature on roost use. Ninety percent of roosts were in trees (5 species): 55% of all roosts were under loose bark on the bole of live overstory Pinus echinata (Shortleaf Pine), 3% of roosts were in a rock outcrop, and 6% were at ground level (under a tree root or in a cavity at the base of a live pine). Bats selected pine or pine-hardwoods stands >50 years old, and used forest stands 15-50 years of age less than their availability. Roost locations were infl uenced by temperature and solar radiation; most (90%) roosts were on southern topographic aspects, and bats roosted in the rock outcrop or on the ground on colder days ( 50 years old on south slopes would likely maintain roost- ing habitat for wintering Silver-haired Bats in the Ouachita Mountains.
A Null Mutation in the Gene Encoding the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 UL37 Polypeptide Abrogates Virus Maturation

The tegument is an integral and essential structural component of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) virion. The UL37 open reading frame of HSV-1 encodes a 120-kDa virion polypeptide which is a resident of the tegument. To analyze the function of the UL37-encoded polypeptide a null mutation was generated in the gene encoding this protein. In order to propagate this mutant virus, transformed cell lines that express the UL37 gene product in trans were produced. The null mutation was transferred into the virus genome using these complementing cell lines. A mutant virus designated KΔUL37 was isolated based on its ability to form plaques on the complementing cell line but not on nonpermissive (noncomplementing) Vero cells. This virus was unable to grow in Vero cells; therefore, UL37 encodes an essential function of the virus. The mutant virus KΔUL37 produced capsids containing DNA as judged by sedimentation analysis of extracts derived from infected Vero cells. Therefore, the UL37 gene product is not required for DNA cleavage or packaging. The UL37 mutant capsids were tagged with the smallest capsid protein, VP26, fused to green fluorescent protein. This fusion protein decorates the capsid shell and consequently the location of the capsid and the virus particle can be visualized in living cells. Late in infection, KΔUL37 capsids were observed to accumulate at the periphery of the nucleus as judged by the concentration of fluorescence around this organelle. Fluorescence was also observed in the cytoplasm in large puncta. Fluorescence at the plasma membrane, which indicated maturation and egress of virions, was observed in wild-type-infected cells but was absent in KΔUL37-infected cells. Ultrastructural analysis of thin sections of infected cells revealed clusters of DNA-containing capsids in the proximity of the inner nuclear membrane. Occasionally enveloped capsids were observed between the inner and outer nuclear membranes. Clusters of unenveloped capsids were also observed in the cytoplasm of KΔUL37-infected cells. Enveloped virions, which were observed in the cytoplasm of wild-type-infected cells, were never detected in the cytoplasm of KΔUL37-infected cells. Crude cell fractionation of infected cells using detergent lysis demonstrated that two-thirds of the UL37 mutant particles were associated with the nuclear fraction, unlike wild-type particles, which were predominantly in the cytoplasmic fraction. These data suggest that in the absence of UL37, the exit of capsids from the nucleus is slowed. UL37 mutant particles can participate in the initial envelopment at the nuclear membrane, although this process may be impaired in the absence of UL37. Furthermore, the naked capsids deposited in the cytoplasm are unable to progress further in the morphogenesis pathway, which suggests that UL37 is also required for egress and reenvelopment. Therefore, the UL37 gene product plays a key role in the early stages of the maturation pathway that give rise to an infectious virion.
The Lower Semicontinuity of Optimal Solution Sets

Abstract We provide a sufficient condition which guarantees the lower-semicontinuity of the optimal solution set for a general nonlinear programming problem. It is shown that the same condition is both sufficient and necessary for convex programming problems that satisfy the Slater condition.
Depolymerization of a hydroxy fatty acid biopolymer, cutin, by an extracellular enzyme from Fusarium solani f. pisi: isolation and some properties of the enzyme.

Abstract Fusarium solani f. pisi was shown to grow on the hydroxy fatty acid biopolymer cutin as the sole carbon source. Such growth conditions induced the production of an extracellular cutin depolymerising enzyme. Analysis of products enzymatically derived from labeled cutin by thin-layer chromatography and radio gas-liquid chromatography showed that the Fusarium enzyme released all classes of cutin monomers. This enzyme preparation also catalyzed hydrolysis of several model ester substrates. It did not hydrolyze triacyl glycerol and pancreatic lipase did not hydrolyze cutin, indicating that the Fusarium enzyme is not a nonspecific lipase. With p-nitrophenyl palmitate as the model substrate the enzyme showed a broad pH optimum near 8.5 and it was stimulated by Triton X-100. Maximal stimulation was obtained at 3.7 mg/ ml of the detergent. Apparent Km for p-nitrophenyl palmitate was 1.6 × 10−4 m . p-Nitrophenyl esters of C2–C18 acids gave comparable values for Km and V revealing no striking specificity. Treatment with diisopropyl fluorophosphate severely inhibited the enzyme while iodoacetamide and p-chloromercuric benzoate did not affect the enzymatic activity, suggesting that the Fusarium enzyme is a serine hydrolase.
An Empirical Study of Object Relations in Adult Children of Depressed Elderly Mothers

This study used a psychodynamic perspective on psychological functioning, object relations, for understanding coping and emotional distress in (N = 50) sons and daughters providing assistance to an elderly mother hospitalized for major depression. Hypotheses that better maternal object relations would be related to more adaptive coping and less emotional distress received partial support. The hypothesis that an elderly mother's history of depression when a son or daughter was a child would be associated with adult children's poorer object relations received support. Results indicate that object relations may be a useful framework for studying family issues in late life depression.
The WHOI micromodem-2: A scalable system for acoustic communications and networking

A successor to the WHOI Micromodem-1 underwater acoustic modem has recently been developed. The Micromodem-2 has the same compact form-factor as the Micromodem-1 and will support all of the existing applications for the Micromodem-1, as well as interoperate with the Micromodem-1. Existing acoustic communications protocols using phase-shift keying (PSK) as well as frequency-hopping frequency-shift keying (FH-FSK) are supported, as are navigation features including narrow-band and broadband long-baseline (LBL) navigation.
Recursive subtyping revealed: (functional pearl)

Algorithms for checking subtyping between recursive types lie at the core of many programming language implementations. But the fundamental theory of these algorithms and how they relate to simpler declarative specifications is not widely understood, due in part to the difficulty of the available introductions to the area. This tutorial paper offers an "end-to-end" introduction to recursive types and subtyping algorithms, from basic theory to efficient implementation, set in the unifying mathematical framework of coinduction.
ENDF/B-VI benchmark calculations for the doppler coefficient of reactivity

Abstract Version VI of the ENDF/B nuclear data library was used to develop a set of numerical benchmarks for the Doppler coefficient of reactivity. This was done by using the continuous-energy Monte Carlo code MCNP to calculate eigenvalues of some selected idealized pressurized water reactor pin cell configurations with five different fuel enrichments. Two fuel temperatures corresponding to the hot zero power and the hot full power conditions were considered. These benchmarks are provided for evaluation of the accuracy of light water reactor codes for calculating the system eigenvalue as well as the Doppler coefficient of reactivity. It was found that ENDF/B-VI estimated Doppler coefficients are statistically the same as those based on version V of the nuclear data library.
Influence of load current on bipolar DC corona

Bipolar DC corona is known to be a strong function of conductor voltage but little is known about the influence of load current on bipolar corona. To evaluate the influence of load current, a bipolar cylindrical corona cage was constructed and operated with simulated DC load current flowing in the conductors. Measurements of load current, corona current, ion current density, and conductor temperature show that corona conductance is a function of load current. The load current depends on temperature rather than magnetic field. >
Heparin-immobilized microspheres for the capture of cytokines

The preparation and characterization of heparin-immobilized microspheres which were used to bind acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and regulation upon activation normal T cell express sequence (RANTES/CCL5) is described. These beads were used as trapping agents in microdialysis sampling experiments in a separate study. Both free heparin and a synthesized heparin-albumin conjugate were immobilized onto microspheres and compared for their effectiveness. The heparin-albumin conjugate microspheres exhibited significant nonspecific adsorption which appeared to be due to the albumin content. The prepared heparin-immobilized microspheres were stable for 3 months at 4 °C. A bead-based flow cytometric assay was developed to study the binding capacity and specificity of the heparin-immobilized microspheres to cytokines. These heparin-immobilized microspheres exhibited broad dynamic ranges for binding to the four cytokines (aFGF, 1.0-1,000 ng/mL; VEGF, 0.5-1,000 ng/mL; CCL2, 1.95-1,000 ng/mL; CCL5, 1.95-500 ng/mL). Fast binding kinetics of the cytokines to the heparin-immobilized beads suggests that these beads may be useful as affinity agents in microfluidic flow systems.
Freezing Polo in its sleep: targeting the inactive conformation of Polo-like kinase 1 in cancer cells.

Commonly, researchers have focused on designing inhibitory com-pounds that target the ATP binding site of the kinase when the kinase adopts an active con-formation that binds ATP. These type i kinase inhibitors do not require the DFG motif in the activation loop to adopt a “DFG-out” confor-mation for binding. However, they face two major challenges. First, inhibitors designed to target the ATP-binding site in the active conformation of the kinase have to compete with cellular ATP, which can be challenging with intracellular ATP concentrations as high as 10 mM. second, they have to be specific for only one kinase, a difficult problem consider-ing the high conservation of the ATP-binding, hydrophobic pocket of kinases. This issue is even more evident when the targeted kinase is a member of a kinase family that shares high homology among members, such as the family of Polo-like kinases (Plks). Plks regulate numerous cell cycle events.
Involvement of a plasmid in the hairy root disease of plants caused by Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

Abstract Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes a proliferation of roots on plants that it infects. This is in contrast to Agrobacterium tumefaciens which causes gall or tumor formation on its hosts. A large molecular weight plasmid (1.1 × 108) in A. rhizogenes strain A4 is correlated with the infectivity of this organism. However, this plasmid apparently carries additional information not vital to the infection process. Experimental evidence supporting these conclusions is: (i) A. rhizogenes A4 loses infectivity when all or part of the plasmid is lost after treatment with ethidium bromide or after heating at 37 °C. (ii) There occurs successful conjugational transfer of the A4 plasmid in planta to a noninfectious, antibiotic-resistant A. radiobacter. Infectious transconjugants were antibiotic resistant and contain a plasmid comparable to that of A. rhizogenes A4. (iii) A. rhizogenes A4 and the transconjugants possessed identical EcoR1 restriction endonuclease patterns, whereas three ethidium bromide-treated isolates that were noninfectious but plasmid containing had lost or gained bands in the pattern. The infectious plasmid of A. rhizogenes A4 has been designated pHrA4. Some potential benefits of the A. rhizogenes plasmid to agriculture are discussed.
Laser-Stark spectrum of NH3 with the CO laser: Determination of the ground state dipole moment

Abstract Results from analysis of sub-Doppler laser-Stark spectra of 14NH3 obtained using a CO laser and an intracavity Stark cell are given. Over 1500 Lamb dips have been identified, associated with about 200 NH3 lines. The data are analyzed to determine relative frequencies between the laser lines and the NH3 lines. In favorable cases this can be done with an accuracy of 5–10 MHz. Analyses of a portion of the data yield the expression for the ground state dipole moment in Debye, μH(J, K) = 1.47182(30) + 1.654(190) × 10−4 J(J + 1) − 3.095(300) × 10−4 K2.
Ah receptor regulation of mouse Cyp1B1 is additionally modulated by a second novel complex that forms at two AhR response elements

Cyp1B1 is expressed constitutively in many extrahepatic cells and is induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). An enhancer region (AhER-810 to -1075 of the mouse Cyp1B1 promoter), which mediates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulation of transcription, contains three consensus XRE sequences (designated XRE1, XRE4, and XRE5) and a central Ebox. XRE5 is essential for both basal and induced activity in C3H10T1/2 cells. AhR/ARNT binding to XRE1, XRE4, and the Ebox complex function in combination to support the AhR/ARNT complex at XRE5. The identical 12 base cores of XRE1 and XRE4 differ from the core of XRE5 by two bases outside of the consensus XRE. These sites bind a constitutive complex slightly smaller than AhR/ARNT (anomalous complex; anC), which is not formed at XRE5 or six Cyp1A1 XREs. Exchange of these bases (m3 mutations) restores selective AhR/ARNT binding at XRE1/XRE4 and introduces anC binding at XRE5. The activities of multimeric XRE1 and XRE5 luciferase reporters responded in parallel to the extent of AhR/ARNT binding. The consensus anC binding sequence ((C/T)GCG(C/T)GCGC(C/A)GC) overlaps the XRE1/XRE4 AhR/ARNT element. Gel mobility analyses show that anC binds to XRE1/XRE4 under basal conditions, while AhR/ARNT partially displaces anC following TCDD induction. Selective depletion of anC with biotin-oligonucleotides increases AhR/ARNT binding. M3-mutations at, respectively, XRE1 and XRE4 of the AhER sequence, had opposite effects on luciferase reporters. Activities increased for the XRE1 mutation and decreased for the XRE4 mutation, but also depended on the level of AhR transfected into AhR -/- fibroblasts. AnC compete with AhR at XRE1 while playing an activating role at XRE4. This positive effect of constitutive anC binding at XRE4 may contribute to the characteristic basal Cyp1B1 expression in embryo fibroblasts, which is mediated by low constitutive activities of AhR.
Shaping assessment through instructional innovation

Abstract How do changes in mathematics instruction shape the kind of assessment practices teacher use? This qualitative study examined the assessment beliefs and practices of four middle school mathematics teachers implementing a reformed mathematics curriculum for the first time. Through observations of classroom interaction, teacher interviews, and analysis of instructional documents, we charted the beginnings of change in the types of assessment information these teachers found valuable. Constraints on change in assessment included time available to develop, implement, and interpret alternative assessments, as well as parent and student beliefs about what it meant to do well in mathematics. Tightening the link between curriculum and assessment involves more than excellent curriculum materials—it will require support from multiple audiences and broadening beliefs about what it means to do and know mathematics.
Statins and delirium during critical illness: a multicenter, prospective cohort study.

Objective Since statins have pleiotropic effects on inflammation and coagulation that may interrupt delirium pathogenesis, we tested the hypotheses that statin exposure is associated with reduced delirium during critical illness whereas discontinuation of statin therapy is associated with increased delirium.
Localized Electroretinograms from the Isolated Retina of the Frog

A technique of recording localized electroretinograms (ERGs) with macroelectrodes is described. The localized ERG showed a typical a wave and b wave which confirmed the idea that the ERG can be a response to a focal as well as a nonfocal stimulus. An electroretinographic map of the retina is shown. At the optic nerve head the ERG is absent or is markedly reduced in amplitude. The change in the amplitude of the b wave from the central area to the periphery is not smooth; on the contrary, abrupt changes in the amplitudes were found. An area in the inferior half of the retina was found which gave large amplitude ERGs. This area was seen in all of the retinas plotted although its exact shape and size varied.
Nano-Scale Fission Product Phases in an Irradiated U-7Mo Alloy Nuclear Fuel

Irradiated nuclear fuel is a very difficult material to characterize. Due to the large radiation fields associated with these materials, they are hard to handle and typically have to be contained in large hot cells. Even the equipment used for performing characterization is housed in hot cells or shielded glove boxes. The result is not only a limitation in the techniques that can be employed for characterization, but also a limitation in the size of features that can be resolved The most standard characterization techniques include light optical metallography (WM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). These techniques are applied to samples that are typically prepared using grinding and polishing approaches that will always generate some mechanical damage on the sample surface. As a result, when performing SEM analysis, for example, the analysis is limited by the quality of the sample surface that can be prepared. However, a new approach for characterizing irradiated nuclear fuel has recently been developed at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in Idaho Falls, Idaho. It allows for a dramatic improvement in the quality of characterization that can be performed when using an instrument like an SEM. This new approach uses a dual-beammore » scanning microscope, where one of the beams isa focused ion beam (FIB), which can be used to generate specimens of irradiated fuel (-10µm x 10µm) for microstructural characterization, and the other beam is the electron beam of an SEM. One significant benefit of this approach is that the specimen surface being characterized has received much less damage (and smearing) than is caused by the more traditional approaches, which enables the imaging of nanometer­ sized microstructural features in the SEM. The process details are for an irradiated low-enriched uranium (LEU) U-Mo alloy fuel Another type of irradiated fuel that has been characterized using this technique is a mixed oxide fuel.« less
Abuse of quarantine authority. The case for a federal approach to infectious disease containment.

(2003). Abuse of Quarantine Authority. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 199-214.