cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Couples Who Live Apart: Time/Place Disjunctions And Their Consequences*

Couples who live apart present a unique opportunity to study the consequences of tampering with our culture's marital co-residence norm. Interviews with 37 spouses, representing members of 21 couples who are legally married and who live apart in service to career demands of both, suggest that time and place discontinuities result from two residence living. Two residences mean that spouses are not able to mesh and coordinate time schedules, nor do they share the common base of their co-resident counterparts. The time/place disjunctions that result threaten these marriages' ability to “make sense” to the partners of such unions. This paper examines the sense-jeopardizing consequence of living apart and suggest that this marital form's inherent strains make it a difficult lifestyle.
The President and Labor Disputes

And people talk about the powers of a President, all the powers that A Chief Executive has, and what he can do. Let me tell you something-from experience! The President may have a great many powers given to him in the Constitution, and may have powers under certain laws which are given to him by the Congress of the United States; but the principal power that the President has is to bring people in and try to persuade them to do what they ought to do without persuasion. That's what I spend most of my time doing. That's what the powers of the President amount to.1
Causality between conducting plates

Abstract A two-loop QED effect, uncovered by Scharnhorst, causes the phase and group velocities of an electromagnetic wave with ω ⪡ m e to slightly exceed c , when the wave is travelling in vacuo between, and perpendicular to, two parallel conducting plates. Using causal rather than Feynman graphs, we show that the wavefront still travels at exactly c . The two-loop effect thus poses no threat to causality in QED.
Agonist induced constitutive activation of the μ opioid receptor by phosphorylation

Abstract We previously proposed that constitutive μ opioid receptor activation during prolonged agonist stimulation represents a key step in narcotic tolerance and dependence. Morphine pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells was shown to lead to a gradual conversion of μ receptors to a constitutively active state, μ ∗ , detectable with an antagonist having negative intrinsic activity (naloxone) (1). μ ∗ formation was blocked and reversed by the general protein kinase inhibitor H7, and further, H7 rapidly reversed acute morphine induced tolerance and dependence in mice (1). These results suggest that constitutive μ receptor activation occurs via phosphorylation. To test these hypothesis, we transfected the cloned μ opioid receptor (2) into HEK 293 cells. Morphine pretreatment caused extensive formation of μ ∗ , as determined with cAMP measurements using naloxone and the neutral antagonist CTAP. H7 inhibited μ ∗ formation, whereas the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A enhanced it. μ receptor phosphorylation, measured by immunoprecipitating an epitope tagged μ receptor following 32 P labeling, paralleled the activity state of the receptor. These combined results strongly support the hypothesis that agonist induced phosphorylation of the μ receptor leads to its constitutive activation, rather than the commonly assumed desensitization.
Estimation of the base temperature and growth phase duration in terms of thermal time for four grapevine cultivars

Thermal time models have been used to predict the development of many different species, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). These models normally assume that there is a linear relationship between temperature and plant development. The goal of this study was to estimate the base temperature and duration in terms of thermal time for predicting veraison for four grapevine cultivars. Historical phenological data for four cultivars that were collected in the Pacific Northwest were used to develop the thermal time model. Base temperatures (T b) of 0 and 10 °C and the best estimated T b using three different methods were evaluated for predicting veraison in grapevine. Thermal time requirements for each individual cultivar were evaluated through analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Fisher’s test. The methods that were applied to estimate T b for the development of wine grapes included the least standard deviation in heat units, the regression coefficient, and the development rate method. The estimated T b varied among methods and cultivars. The development rate method provided the lowest T b values for all cultivars. For the three methods, Chardonnay had the lowest T b ranging from 8.7 to 10.7 °C, while the highest T b values were obtained for Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon with 11.8 and 12.8 °C, respectively. Thermal time also differed among cultivars, when either the fixed or estimated T b was used. Predictions of the beginning of ripening with the estimated temperature resulted in the lowest variation in real days when compared with predictions using T b = 0 or 10 °C, regardless of the method that was used to estimate the T b.
Geological and geophysical modeling on virtual globes using KML, COLLADA, and Javascript

Keyhole Markup Language (KML) has become established as the universal standard for scientific research using virtual globes such as Google Earth and NASA World Wind. We use KML to render geological maps and link associated COLLADA models to represent data such as structural orientations, cross-sections, and geophysical moment tensor solutions. Many other geologists and geophysicists have draped digital maps over a virtual globe's terrain, but some have paid little attention to the problems of image file size and orientation conservation. To maintain application responsiveness and enhance interactivity, we have created data pyramids matching Google Earth's own image pyramids for terrain rendering. This is critical in areas of the world where the terrain is poorly rendered, such as our field areas in the west of Ireland. Following four weeks in the field, we constructed data pyramid structures by hand and coded KML to control data fade-in and blending. This resulted in geological maps that show content appropriate to the current level of detail as defined by the tag in KML. Recent and current implementations of standard KML (versions 1.0 through 2.2) have limitations when it comes to mapping and modeling of subsurface geological and geophysical features. Initially, we overcame these limitations by rendering data in the style of seismic first motion ''beach balls'' hovering over their respective hypo-centers, and we developed KML code that permits COLLADA models to emerge from the subsurface using the Google Earth slider control. Our latest work includes subsurface views that are made possible by using the Google Earth application program interface (API) with multiple Javascript controls. The methods we have developed are applicable to a wide range of geological and geophysical mapping and modeling problems and have potential uses in both geoscience research and education.
Phonon Dynamics at Surfaces and Interfaces and Its Implications in Energy Transport in Nanostructured Materials—An opinion Paper

Nanoscale thermal transport has attracted considerable attention because of both fundamental scientific interest and important engineering applications. For semiconductors and insulators, energy transport is dominated by phonons, whose behavior at surfaces and interfaces plays a significant role in energy transport processes. In this article, we present opinions on phonon dynamics at surfaces and interfaces and the implications on nanoscale thermal transport. The effects of roughness, bonding strength, coherence, and nanoscale constrictions are discussed. The existence of two specularity parameters at an interface (separate values for transmitted and reflected phonons) and the implications of phonon reflection at free surfaces to the thermal conductance of nearby interfaces are two concepts that have not been previously discussed in the literature. We provide some outlook and potential topics for future studies.
A Motion Description Language for Robotic Reconnaissance of Unknown Fields

In this paper, we present two motion primitives that allow a mobile sensor to explore the features of an unknown scalar field. The first motion primitive is designed to follow and to map level contours (contours with constant value of the field). The second one steers the sensor to ascend or alternatively descend the field gradient and, as a result, to localize its extremum points. Both of these primitives are defined in terms of the geometric characteristics of the potential function and their performance is analyzed for different ranges of the parameters describing the geometry. The two motion primitives constitute a suitable library for rapid information acquisition aimed at the mapping of unknown fields. The motion control primitives developed below will provide the foundation of a theory of control for information acquisition in the exploration of unknown fields by means of mobile point sensors. This theory is treated in a companion paper.
Vagal stimulation of gastric secretion in Gallus domesticus.

Abstract 1. 1. The proventriculi of White Leghorn cocks were acutely cannulated under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. 2. 2. Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagi was found to be a potent stimulus for both acid and pepsin secretion. 3. 3. The threshold for vagal stimulation was found to be quite high (approximately 20 V), implying a very small fiber diameter for the nerves innervating the proventriculus. 4. 4. Peak outputs of acid and pepsin in response to vagal stimulation were 0·96 ± 0·05 m-equiv. H + /30 min and 103,500 ± 19,600 P.U./30 min, respectively. 5. 5. Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium during continuous vagal stimulation inhibited both acid and pepsin secretion equally.
Presentism and Historicism Once Again: The History of British Anthropology as Intellectual and Personal History

anthropology. Such a framework can and must tolerate anything except the existence of that rival mode of universalism, which for many centuries asserted the validity of such non-relativist principles as objective knowledge, ‘natural’ social laws, and the psychic unity of mankind. The Victorians, as prominent practitioners of the rival mode, must necessarily fall foul of late-twentieth century cultural criticism. This explains why, despite all Stocking’s ‘historicizing’ endeavours, one is left with the impression that there is one rule for cannibals and wifestranglers, quite another for anthropological Victorians. (University of Oxford) Endnotes
Multistage Optimization of the Supply Chains of Biofuels

In this study, a mathematical model that integrates spatial and temporal dimensions is developed for strategic planning of future bioethanol supply chain systems. The planning objective is to minimize the cost of the entire supply chain of biofuel from biowaste feedstock fields to end users over the entire planning horizon, simultaneously satisfying demand, resource, and technology constraints. This model is used to evaluate the economic potential and infrastructure requirements for bioethanol production from eight waste biomass resources in California as a case study. It is found that, through careful supply chain design, biowaste-based ethanol production can be sustained at a compatible cost around $1.1 per gallon.
On the duality of simultaneous time and size perception

When subjects are asked to judge the duration and size of visually presented circles that vary in duration and size, perceived duration is directly related to stimulus size and perceived size is, in most cases, directly related to stimulus duration. When subjects are asked to process time and size information simultaneously, their time judgments are the same as when only time processing is required, but their size judgments are less than when only size processing is required. These data are discussed within the context of an explicit model for the processing of size information, added to which is the assumption that time judgments are influenced by the time spent processing size information.
Growth of group III nitrides by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract This paper will review the status of materials growth by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE). Growth in the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment of MOMBE offers many advantages, including the ability to grow ternary materials with high concentrations of indium. Good crystal quality can in fact be obtained for both InGaN and InAlN by optimizing the growth conditions, though those alloys containing Al are in general of higher quality and have smoother surface morphologies. Although UHV growth offers the advantage of lower growth temperatures and hence higher In mole fractions, it suffers from the need to use very low growth rates in order to obtain acceptable crystallinity. This paper will also discuss possible causes for this behavior and the feasibility of overcoming this limitation through the use of novel sources. This paper will conclude with a discussion on doping during growth by MOMBE and the prospects for improving hole concentrations through the use of carbon.
The Natural History of Introducing New Information Technology into a High-Risk Environment

In order to study the impact of automation on complex, high consequence domains, we observed the introduction of a new computer based surgical operating room information system and its effect on cardiac anesthesiologists and their tasks. Recently developed operating room monitoring systems show considerable integration of function compared to older, discrete monitoring ensembles. The new systems differ from their predecessors in the method of display, human interface, and automation of functions previously divided between discrete monitoring elements. The results demonstrate how automation, especially clumsy automation, affects practitioner work patterns and suggests that clumsy automation constrains users in specific and significant ways.
An experience-based approach to software project management

The paper describes an experience-based model for software project management. In this approach, the focus is on concrete cases or episodes, rather than on basic principles. Past problem solving experience is recorded as a collection of solution instances indexed using a set of labels. When a new problem is presented, the case-based reasoner searches its case repository and retrieves an old record that closely matches the current context. In the proposed scheme, we employ fuzzy sets to represent case indices and fuzzy aggregation functions to evaluate cases. This provides a formal scheme to quantify the partial matches of a given problem with multiple cases in the database and to utilize these partial matches to compute an aggregated result. Cost estimation and risk assessment functions of software project management are covered here. The paper discusses the basic principles of case-based reasoning and provides a functional description of the proposed system with details of case representation and case evaluation strategies. >
The pathology of head and neck tumors: Mucosal melanomas, part 13

Pigmented lesions, including melanomas, of the mucous membranes of the head and neck are far outnumbered by their counterparts in the skin. This relative dearth is partially responsible for the fact that scientific inquiry into mucosal melanomas has not kept pace with the advances in knowledge of the pathogenesis of cutaneous melanomas and their diagnosis and treatment. Integral to these latter advances have been the refinements in clinical and histologic classification and clinicopathologic correlations with quantitative evaluation of melanomas of skin—enhancements that up to now have been singularly lacking for mucosal melanomas. This report acknowledges this slowness in progress, presents recommendations for purifying the nomenclature of pigmented lesions of the mucosae, and at the same time, also notes the poorer prognosis for melanomas of the upper aerodigestive tracts, as a group, when compared with cutaneous melanomas. Only prospective studies will answer the question of whether the poor prognosis is intrinsic to these mucosal melanomas or whether delay in detection and removal are responsible.
Optimal Search of a Moving Target

There are n boxes. A target is initially in box i with a given probability pi, where pi â§ 0, âpi = 1. Then at discrete time t = 1, 2, ', it moves from box to box. If at time t the target is in box i, then it will be in box i with probability pij at time t + 1, where pij â§ 0, âjpij = 1. A search of box i costs Cici > 0 and finds the target with probability αi if the target is in that box. A sequential search is made. The objective is either to maximize the probability of finding the target in a given number of searches or to minimize the expected searching cost before finding the target. Optimal strategies are characterized for special types of probability matrices [pij] for the n-box model.
Initialization of Fractional-Order Systems Using the Hankel Operator

This paper demonstrates the use of the Hankel operator to characterize the initial-condition response of a fractional-order system. A general initial-condition response can be determined for any input applied before t = 0 . Two techniques for approximating the Hankel operator are discussed. These approximation methods are applied to illustrative examples, demonstrating a general characterization of natural responses.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Market Competition and Density in Liver Transplantation: Relationship to Volume and Outcomes.

Background Liver transplantation centers are unevenly distributed within the Donor Service Areas (DSAs) of the United States. This study assessed how market competition and liver transplantation center density are associated with liver transplantation volume within individual DSAs. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 53,156 adult liver transplants in 45 DSAs with 110 transplantation centers identified from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients between 2003 and 2012. The following measures were derived annually for each DSA: market competition using the Herfindahl Hirschman Index, transplantation center density by the Average Nearest Neighbor method, liver quality by the Liver Donor Risk Index, and patient risk by the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease. A hierarchical mixed effects negative binomial regression model of the relationship between liver transplants and market factors was created annually. Patient and graft survival were investigated with a Cox proportional hazards model. Results Transplantation center density was associated with market competition (p Conclusions After controlling for demographic and market factors, a greater concentration of centers was associated with more liver transplants without impacting overall survival. These results warrant additional investigation into the relationship between geospatial factors and liver transplantation volume with consideration for the optimization of scarce resources.
White women and affirmative action in employment in six southern cities

Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine data from 167 randomly selected businesses on the impact of affirmative action and white female employment in six representative Florida cities. OLS regression analysis was used to explore the independent effects of affirmative action among other employment-related predictors. While white women are doing relatively well in the job market, employer support for affirmative action has no significant influence on their employment, even at higher job levels.
Preparation and applications of Arabidopsis thaliana guard cell protoplasts

Summary • Guard cells play an important role in the physiology and development of plants. The genetic resources available for Arabidopsis thaliana make it the most favorable plant species for the study of guard cell processes, but it is not easy to isolate highly purified preparations of large numbers of guard cells from this species. Here, we describe methods for isolation of both guard cell and mesophyll cell protoplasts from A. thaliana and their use in the study of unique biochemical and cellular properties of these cell types. • Protocols developed for large- and small-scale preparation of guard cell protoplasts and mesophyll cell protoplasts are described, followed by specific examples of their use in electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular approaches such as patch clamping, enzyme assays, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. • The protocols described yield millions of highly purified, viable guard cell protoplasts and mesophyll cell protoplasts from A. thaliana. These protoplasts have been used successfully in the study of ion channel properties, assay of ABA activation in phospholipase D activity and comparisons of gene and protein expression levels. • These techniques make it possible to elucidate electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular genetic pathways of guard cell function.
The Missing ‘Last Words’ of Gilbert Burnet in July 1687

The Glorious Revolution of I688 was, on any reckoning, a watershed in the long and wide-ranging career of Gilbert Burnet (i643-I7I5), the historian and bishop of Salisbury. A hunted fugitive with a large price on his head when William embarked for England,2 Burnet accompanied him in the same ship, was close to the centre of power in the exciting months which followed, and was named bishop of Salisbury the first week in March I689. From then until his death he was seldom out of the public eye. Burnet's fortunes had reached their nadir at the accession of James II in February i685. In I673, as duke of York, James had befriended the young Scottish divine when he first came to England following a row with the Scottish high commissioner, Lauderdale, which forced Burnet to quit his country and resign the professorship of Divinity at the university of Glasgow which he had held since I669. Burnet's favour with James came to an abrupt end, however, in I675 when a House of Commons committee investigating Lauderdale's regime forced Burnet to give evidence displeasing to his royal patron.3 Shortly after his accession to the throne James refused a request for an audience from his erstwhile protege, whereupon Burnet applied for the new king's permission 'to go beyond sea; which the king said he agreed to with all his heart'.4 Burnet travelled widely on the continent and published a number of anti-catholic writings intensely irritating to James in view of his campaign to restore catholic fortunes in England. When Burnet settled at The Hague in the summer of i686 and entered into close relations with James' daughter, Mary, and her husband William (who was also James' nephew), the king's irritation turned to active wrath. In January I687 he demanded through d'Albeville, his new ambassador at The Hague, that Burnet be dismissed from attendance upon William and Mary. For tactical reasons the prince acceded to this request, while maintaining contact with
A survey of participants in a mass CPR training course

To determine demographic data and reasons for CPR course taking among 891 participants of a mass CPR training event, a questionnaire was distributed at the time of the course. Of the 728 persons completing this initial survey, 379 (52.6%) were less than 20 years of age. Only 41 (5.6%) took the course because of a family member or close relative with cardiac disease. Of this subgroup, seven (17.1%) had taken a previous CPR course, compared with 25.7% for the entire population. Thirty-eight percent of the 60-and-over age group mentioned cardiac disease as their reason for taking the course, compared to only 2.1% for the under-20 age group. To assess recall and actual performance of CPR, a follow-up survey was mailed to all participants six months after the course. Seventy-two percent were still confident in their ability to perform CPR, although no one had performed the technique on a real victim; 61.9% thought there should have been more manikin practice time; 92.2% still had their CPR refresher card. Only 32.3% would perform CPR on a known AIDS patient. This survey provides demographic and personal data that should be considered when planning future large-scale CPR training programs.
Fiddlers on the Tax: Depreciation of Antique Musical Instruments Invites Reexamination of Broader Tax Policy

The article places two recent Circuit Court decisions (Simon v. Commissioner, 68 F.3d 41 (2d Cir. 1995); and Liddle v. Commissioner, 65 F.3d 329 (3d Cir. 1995)) within the broader context of the role of depreciation allowances in the federal income tax. The depreciation allowance has always been something of anomaly within the income tax regime. United States cost recovery policy reveals an unresolved tension among alternative tax bases - economic income, realized income, or consumption. The United States income tax is based on the realization principle, but nevertheless allows current deductions for the physical deterioration of property. It does so, in principle, accurately to reflect income, but the allowances are accelerated relative to economic depreciation, drawing the taxation of businesses towards a consumption tax. ACRS sought to simplify the depreciation regime and foster capital formation by severing the link between assets' recovery periods and their useful lives. It accelerated depreciation allowances to the point of converting the taxation of many businesses into something like a consumption tax. Nevertheless, it bows toward the principle of depreciation reflecting the affect of physical deterioration on economic income. Faced with this unresolved tension, the Second and Third Circuits accomplished the best one should expect in cases that forced them to decide what property is depreciable, and thereby the role of depreciation in the income tax regime. Some commentators have objected to their decision to allow five-year cost recovery for antique musical instruments. Seen in the broader context of depreciation policy, however, the objection is to ACRS itself. As such, these cases invite reexamination of those tensions by asking whether the income tax should (1) abandon the realization principle for mark-to-market accounting or (2) abandon the attempt clearly to measure income and instead tax consumption.
Investigation of the configurational stabilities of chiral isocyanoacetates in multicomponent reactions.

Isocyanoacetates are uniquely reactive compounds characterized by an ambivalent isocyano functional group and an enolizable α-carbon. It is widely believed that chiral α-substituted isocyanoacetates are configurationally unstable in some synthetically useful isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions. Herein, we demonstrate that chiral isocyanoacetates can be used with minimal to negligible epimerization in a variety of canonical Ugi four-component condensations as well as Joullie–Ugi three-component condensations, reactions that are particularly useful for constructing complex peptide structures in a single synthetic operation.
Utilization of an in vitro assay to evaluate chromatin degradation by candidate apoptotic nucleases

Apoptosis is commonly associated with the catabolism of the genome in the dying cell. The chromatin degradation occurs in essentially two forms: (1) internucleosomal DNA cleavage to generate oligonucleosomal-length fragments (180-200 bp and multiples thereof), and (2) cleavage of higher order chromatin structures to generate approximately 30-50 Kb fragments. To investigate this component of apoptosis and identify the nuclease(s) responsible, we have developed and utilized an in vitro assay that recapitulates the genomic destruction seen during apoptosis in vivo and allows the simultaneous analysis of both forms of DNA degradation from the same sample. Using this assay we evaluated the digestion patterns of several candidate apoptotic nucleases: DNase I, DNase II, and cyclophilin (NUC18) as well as the bacterial enzyme micrococcal nuclease (not thought to be involved in apoptosis). Chromatin degraded by DNase I formed a smear of DNA on conventional static-field agarose gels and approximately amp;30 - 50 Kb DNA fragments on pulsed field gels. In contrast, DNase II, at a physiologically relevant pH, had no effect on the integrity of HeLa chromatin in either analysis. Similar to DNase I, cyclophilin C produced only approximately 30-50 Kb DNA fragments but did not generate internucleosomal fragments. In contrast, micrococcal nuclease generated both oligonucleosomal and approximately 30-50 Kb DNA fragments. Nuclear extracts from glucocorticoid-treated apoptotic thymocytes generated oligonucleosomal DNA fragments and the larger approximately 30-50 Kb DNA fragments, fully recapitulating both types of apoptotic DNA degradation. Previously, differential sensitivity of nucleases to inhibition by Zn2+ was used to argue that two distinct enzymes mediate approximately 30-50 Kb DNA cleavage and internucleosomal DNA degradation. While, the nuclease activity present in thymocyte nuclear extracts was differentially sensitive to inhibition by Zn2+ during short term incubations it was not during prolonged digestions, suggesting that differences in DNA detection are likely to account for previous results. Together our studies show that none of the nucleases commonly associated with apoptosis could fully recapitulate the DNA degradation seen in vivo.
Investigation and analysis on awareness rate of HIV /AIDS related knowledge among Ganjingzi District

Objective To investigation the awareness rate of HIV/AIDS related knowledge among Ganjingzi District residents、MPO、CSW、MSM、health workers and young students,in order to provide scientific reference for making strategy and measures of HIV/AIDS control. Methods Random sampling methods was used in six group people of 1100 respondents. We use unified HIV/AIDS related knowledge questionnaire survey,and the results were statistically analyzed. Results 1041 pieces effective questionnaire was received,and the overall awareness rate was 81.54% . Different groups had statistically significant differences among respondents types,health workers had the highest awareness rate,and the MSM the lowest. Awareness rate of different marital status was statistically significant different,marriage was the highest,house-mate was lowest. The spread of HIV/AIDS related knowledge was well known. Conclusion The MSM and marital status for housemate is recent the major object of HIV/AIDS prevention and control,related work should pay attention to form and have knowledge emphasis.
Real-time Physical Simulation of Corn Canopy

Plant organ is physically soft.The key to plants colony real-time physical simulation is to efficiently handle the collisions and deformations happening inside the colony and between the plants and their organs.Take corn colony canopy as an example,a simulation framework was proposed,which integrated tetrahedral mesh with skin triangle mesh to physically simulate the plants colony canopy.Firstly,a coarser tetrahedral mesh around the triangle mesh was created,then this tetrahedral mesh was used to simulate.The original triangle mesh was deformed along with the tetrahedral mesh.The triangle mesh was displayed on the screen in the end.Smooth deforming animation of virtual plant models were thus obtained in real-time with highly realistic rendering effects.
Wear resistance of epoxy bonding coating

In this paper,epoxy is solidified by polyamide at atmospheric temperature. A series of coatings are formed with different weight and size of ceramic powders,and their wear resistance is measured by ML-100 wear test installations. Wear resistance tests have proved that the wearability of epoxy. Bonding coating is firmly connected with the size and weight of ceramic powders. The ratio of polyamide also affects wear resistance. The coating is more wearable than 45 steel. Coating s wearability is more than 5 times of 45 steel's.
Analysis on the quality of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) control in measures Chizhou city from 2006 to 2007

Objective To explore the epidemiogy of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) and quality of TB control in Chizhou city after having achieved the 3 controlling goals,to provide evidence for policy makers of TB control.Methods Using the registered data,routine inspection records and the special investigation data to summarize and analyze the TB epidemiology in Chouzhi.Results There were 1 620 new smear positive cases in Chizhou city from 2006 to 2007.The proportion of smear positive cases among the active cases was 63.68%.The registration rate of smear positive cases was 51.44 /100 000.The case-finding rate of new smear positive TB was 76.50 % and the cure rate was 88.91%.There were 3 878 reported TB cases in the Disease Surveillance Reporting System,with incidence rate of 123.13/100 000,which was the top one communicable disease in Chizhou.Among the new smear positive cases,most were young,79.74% were farmers,more males than females.Conclusion TB control strategy was effective during the first half term of 10 year project and the future policy and control strategy need to improve.The rural male and young residents would be still the main target population of TB prevention and control.
Nondirected C–H Activation of Arenes with Cp*Ir(III) Acetate Complexes: An Experimental and Computational Study

Combined experimental and computational studies have revealed factors that influence the nondirected C–H activation in Cp*Ir complexes that contain carboxylate ligands. A two-step acetate-assisted pathway was shown to be operational where the first step involves substrate binding and the second step involves cleavage of the C–H bond of the substrate. A nonlinear Hammett plot was obtained to examine substituted arenes where a strong electronic dependence (ρ = 1.67) was observed for electron-donating groups, whereas no electronic dependence was observed for electron-withdrawing groups. Electron-donating substituents in the para position were shown to have a bigger impact on the C–H bond cleavage step, whereas electron-withdrawing substituents influenced the substrate-binding step. Although cleavage of the C–H bond was predicted to be more facile with arenes that contain substituents in the para position by DFT calculations, the cyclometalations of anisole and benzonitrile were observed experimentally. This ...
Identification of Socially Compatible Environmental Cues for the Retailing Mix: A Preliminary Study

Observation was used to identify cues, in the residential environments of neighborhoods categorized by social class, which might be utilized by retailers in attracting (or repelling) members of a targeted (or untargeted) social class. Four potential cues are identified and will be tested in phase II of the project.
Diverse profiles of N-acyl-homoserine lactones in biofilm forming isolates of Cronobacter sakazakii.

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell physiological communication system in bacteria that depends on the production, secretion, and detection of a signaling molecule or autoinducer (AI) within a po...
Wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of high quality monolayer graphene for nanoelectronics

Recent progress in synthesis of large area mono- or few layer graphene on copper catalyst[1] has enabled various fascinating sensor, optical and electrical applications.[2–4] The idea for graphene to be employed for next generation nanoelectronics, however, require high quality films with wafer-scale uniformity and low defect density. Here we report our progress on wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of low-defect monolayer graphene for field-effect transistors that will enable graphene nanoelectronics.
Coping with sequential conflicting emotional experiences

Abstract What influences retrospective evaluations of sequentially arising conflicting emotions? The present research brings to light two competing views, one where the positive emotion enables successful coping with the negative emotion and the other where the most salient aspect of the experience guides evaluations. Results from study 1 support the coping view. Specifically, relatively close (vs. distant) temporal proximity between movie clips arousing positive emotions and those eliciting negative emotions produced more favorable evaluations of the overall viewing experience. Study 2 examines the underlying process of coping through relatively close (vs. distant) temporal proximity between positive and negative emotions. Findings from this study support the notion that reappraisal drives the beneficial effect of relatively close (vs. distant) temporal proximity, which in turn leads to more favorable evaluations of conflicting emotional experiences.
Monolingual stimuli as a foundation for analyzing code-switching data

Among methodological concerns specific to code-switching (CS) research is the design of the target stimuli used in experiments with an acceptability judgment task. We argue here that research which makes use of CS data of this type must also incorporate monolingual stimuli into the experimental design, specifically monolingual stimuli judged by the same bilingual participants who judge the code-switched stimuli. We do so by reviewing two sets of experimental CS data we collected and exploring the role that monolingual stimuli can play in the analysis of that data. In each experiment, an analysis based solely on acceptability judgments of the CS stimuli leads to one interpretation, while incorporation of results from the monolingual stimuli leads to a distinct interpretation. We show that it is the interpretation integrating the monolingual acceptability judgments which is more valid, thereby arguing for the value of monolingual stimuli in design and analysis.
Incivility in Nursing Education: Generational Differences

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the experiences of incivility of 2 generations of associate degree nursing faculty. A quantitative study was conducted using the Incivility in Nursing Education Survey to determine whether a difference exists between Baby Boomer ( n =50) and Generation X ( n =21) faculty's experience of incivility. Results indicate significant difference in reported student disruption, frequency of disruptive student behaviors, and number of student threats reported by the 2 generations.
Online adaptive controller design of partially unknown nonlinear systems with state time-delay via actor-critic architecture

The paper is concerned with online adaptive control for partially unknown nonlinear discrete-time time delayed systems. The main object is to establish an online adaptive control strategy using reinforcement learning principle, so that the long cost function can be optimized and the closed time delayed system is stable. The reinforcement learning based adaptive controller contains two neural networks(NNs), one is to give the reasonable control law and another is to evaluate the actor network performance. By utilizing the actor-critic (AC) architecture, the reasonable control law can be reached finally and the optimal long performance function can be approximated. An example is illustrated so as to show the practicability of the provided adaptive control strategy.
Single Molecule Detection with an Aptamer-Integrated Nanopore

Aptamers, also called “synthetic” antibodies, are a broad class of engineered oligonucleotides that can specifically bind targets with high affinity. Upon binding, these powerful molecules can form complex three-dimensional structures and possess sophisticated functions to inhibit pathogen protein, catalyze chemical reactions, controlling gene expression, and regulate cellular functions. These can be therefore potentially applied as tools for exploring biological systems and medical diagnosis. Nanopore detection technology, on the other hand, can “visually” capture the dynamic binding of a single molecule to a ligand in a nanometer-scaled pore through the discrete changes in conductance upon binding. This ability to track single molecule kinetics has made the nanopore a promising single molecule detector. This chapter will be focused on the use of nanopores as a research tool that can be combined with laboratory nanofabrication, bio-friendly surface engineering and site-directed protein engineering to understand aptamer folding process, the interaction between a single aptamer and its target, and to develop aptamer-encoded nanopore sensors for medical and bio-defense detection.
Learning to Read: Visual Cues to Word Recognition

The study of reading has a rich history in experimental psychology. Around the turn of the century,some of the most prominent experimental psychologists were conducting vigorous programs to study reading (cf. Huey, 1908/1968; Woodworth, 1938). While behaviorism depressed psychologists’ interest in reading for almost a half a century, they have once again become interested in the basic processes involved in skilled reading and learning to read (Gibson & Levin, 1975). These processes are, of course, also of fundamental interest to educators who must deal with reading instruction.
Fundamentals of High-Intensity Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF)

This chapter reviews the key aspects of pulsed electric field (PEF) technology as a suitable means to pasteurize food products, and finds it a significant innovation that may be implemented in the near future for the purpose of food preservation. It involves the application of a short burst of high voltage to a food placed between two electrodes, which destroys the bacterial cell membrane by mechanical effects with no significant heating of the food. PEF technology has the potential to economically and efficiently improve energy usage, as well as provide consumers with microbiologically safe, minimally processed, nutritious, and fresh-like foods. This chapter discusses the action mechanisms of the technology by describing the important components of the PEF system and how the energy from a high-voltage power supply is stored in a capacitor and discharged through a food material contained, or flowing through a treatment chamber. A technical drawback in PEF processing—of particular relevance—is the dielectric breakdown of foods, which is characterized by a spark and evolution of gas bubbles. This makes the technology unsuitable for the pasteurization of liquid foods containing particles.
Magnetic-free nonreciprocal photonic platform based on time-modulated graphene capacitors

We propose a paradigm for the realization of nonreciprocal photonic devices based on time-modulated graphene capacitors coupled to photonic waveguides, without relying on magneto-optic effects. The resulting hybrid graphene-dielectric platform is low loss, silicon compatible, robust against graphene imperfections, scalable from terahertz to near-infrared frequencies, and it exhibits large nonreciprocal responses using realistic biasing schemes. We introduce an analytical framework based on solving the eigenstates of the modulated structure and on spatial coupled mode theory, unveiling the physical mechanisms that enable nonreciprocity and enabling a quick analysis and design of optimal isolator geometries based on synthetic linear and angular momentum bias. Our results, validated through harmonic-balance full-wave simulations, confirm the feasibility of the introduced low-loss ($l3$ dB) platform to realize large photonic isolation through various mechanisms, such as narrow-band asymmetric band gaps and interband photonic transitions that allow multiple isolation frequencies and large bandwidths. We envision that this technology may pave the wave to magnetic-free, fully integrated, and CMOS--compatible nonreciprocal components with wide applications in photonic networks and thermal management.
SAE Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics

This is a status of activities for the SAE Aerospace Division Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee.
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Culturally Tailored Website to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Physical Activity Levels in African American Mother-Child Dyads: Observational Study.

BACKGROUND African American youth (aged 8-14 years) do not adhere to national dietary and physical activity guidelines. Nonadherence to these recommendations contributes to disproportionate rates of obesity compared with their white counterparts. Culturally tailored electronic health (eHealth) solutions are needed to communicate nutrition and physical activity messages that resonate with this target population. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the impact of exposure to a website hosting culturally tailored cartoons to inspire fruit and vegetable uptake and physical activity levels in African American mother-child dyads. METHODS Statistical analysis included paired sample t tests to evaluate knowledge gains, self-efficacy, and readiness to change. Adapted items from Prochaska's Stages of Change toward the following 4 behaviors were assessed with pre- and posttest surveys: (1) fruit and vegetable selection on my plate, (2) meal preparation, (3) fruit and vegetable selection outside of home, and (4) physical activity. Open-ended comments on videos from mother-child dyads were used to determine user acceptance. Observations of repeated responses during content analysis informed coding and development of key themes. RESULTS A final sample size of 93 mother-child dyads completed the study. Mothers reported significant improvement from precontemplation or contemplation stages to preparation or action stages for (1) fruit and vegetable selection on her plate (P=.03), (2) meal preparation for her family (P=.01), (3) fruit and vegetable selection outside the home (P<.001), and (4) physical activity (P<.001). Significant improvements were found in knowledge, stage of change, and self-efficacy for the 4 target behaviors of interest (P<.001). Children's open-ended commentary reported vicarious learning and positive character identification with brown-skinned cartoons exhibiting healthful food and exercise behaviors. Mothers commented on the lack of accessible produce in their neighborhoods not depicted in the cartoon videos. CONCLUSIONS Culturally adapted cartoons that incorporate tailored preferences by African American families, such as race or demography, may help increase adherence to target health behaviors when developing eHealth behavior solutions.
Sex Steroid Hormones and Asthma in a Nationwide Study of U.S. Adults

Rationale: Women have a higher burden of asthma than men. Although sex hormones may explain sex differences in asthma, their role is unclear.Objectives: To examine sex hormone levels and asthma in adults.Methods: Cross-sectional study of serum levels of free testosterone and estradiol and current asthma in 7,615 adults (3,953 men and 3,662 women) aged 18-79 years who participated in the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression was used for the multivariable analysis of sex hormones and current asthma, which was conducted separately in women and men.Measurements and Main Results: Free testosterone levels in the fourth quartile were associated with lower odds of current asthma in women (odds ratio [OR] for the fourth quartile [Q4] vs. Q1, 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.80). Given an interaction between obesity and sex hormones on current asthma, we stratified the analysis by obesity. In this analysis, elevated free testosterone (OR for Q4 vs. Q1, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.91) and estradiol (OR for Q4 vs. Q1, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.78) levels were associated with reduced odds of current asthma in obese women, and an elevated serum estradiol was associated with lower odds of current asthma in nonobese men (OR for Q4 vs. Q1, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90).Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sex hormones play a role in known sex differences in asthma in adults. Moreover, our results suggest that obesity modifies the effects of sex hormones on asthma in adults.
Opaque Wrappers and Patching: Negative Results

We introduce opaque wrappers to prevent attackers from exploiting software bugs, but we find no way to implement them.