cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Complementary or Disjointed Phenomena?

Purpose – The formation of entrepreneurial ecosystems is recognized as an activity that can produce economic development and community revitalization. Social entrepreneurship is also an activity that is receiving growing attention because of its potential for addressing social and economic problems. However, while scholars have focused on how the participants in entrepreneurial ecosystems, such as investors and support organizations, influence ecosystem functioning, it is not clear what role social entrepreneurs can play in entrepreneurial ecosystems. Nor is it known how the entrepreneurial ecosystems in which social entrepreneurs are located can influence the founding and operation of their ventures.Design/methodology/approach – In this conceptual paper, theory is proposed to explain the interrelationship between entrepreneurial ecosystems and social entrepreneurship.Findings – It is theorized that entrepreneurial ecosystems will influence the operations and effectiveness of social entrepreneurs through mechanisms such as the ecosystem’s diversity of resource providers, support infrastructure, entrepreneurial culture, and learning opportunities. In turn, social entrepreneurs can shape the entrepreneurial ecosystems in which they are situated by influencing the heterogeneity of ecosystem participants, garnering attention for the ecosystem, and increasing its attractiveness to stakeholders.Originality/value – Scholars examining entrepreneurial ecosystems have not studied the role of an increasingly important market actor: the social entrepreneur. At the same time, work on social entrepreneurship has not emphasized the community of social relations and cultural milieu in which social entrepreneurs found their ventures. The theory developed addresses both of these omissions and has important implications for practitioners focused on spurring entrepreneurial ecosystems and social entrepreneurship.
Borges sobre la traducción / Borges on translation

El presente articulo tiene por objeto exponer la personal teoria de Borges sobre la traduccion, y en concreto la traduccion literaria. A partir de la literatura secundaria, pero sobre todo de la propia obra de Borges al respecto ¾ concretamente los ensayos Las dos maneras de traducir (1926) , Las versiones homericas (1932), Los traductores de las 1001 noches (1936), El enigma de Edward Fitzgerald (1951) y la «ficcion» Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote (1939) ¾ , se presentan y contextualizan las principales ideas del autor argentino, entre las que destaca el valor de la traduccion como paradigma de lectura, escritura e interpretacion de un texto. Asimismo se abordan aspectos que, si bien un sector de la teoria da hoy por supuestos, en su momento fueron pioneros, como son: la equiparacion de original y traduccion, la importancia del enfoque descriptivo y de la obra por encima del autor, el valor de la creatividad, la imposibilidad de que exista una sola traduccion valida, el potencial de los errores de traduccion, el concepto de ganancia a traves de la traduccion (no de perdida), la (auto)censura y la ideologia, etc. The aim of this article is to present Borges’ personal translation theory, particularly regarding literary translation. The Argentine author’s main ideas are introduced and contextualised through secondary literature, but especially through Borges’ own works in this regard ¾ specifically the essays The Two Ways to Translate (1926), The Homeric Versions (1932), The Translators of the 1001 Nights (1936), The Enigma of Edward Fitzgerald (1951) and the « ficcion » Pierre Menard, Author of Don Quixote (1939). Among those ideas, the value of translation as a paradigm for reading, writing, and text interpretation stands out. The article also deals with aspects that were pioneering in their time, even though nowadays they are taken for granted by some scholars. Those aspects include placing both the original and the translation on an equal plane, the importance of the descriptive approach and of the work over the author, the value of creativity, the impossibility of there being only one correct translation, the potential of mistranslations, the notion of gain through translation (instead of loss), (self)censorship and ideology, etc.
American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) Presidential Address Themes, 1964–2018: Revisiting Our History as We Move Forward

The American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) was established in 1946. Since then, important advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the upper extremity. However, there has been little documentation regarding how the largest and oldest society dedicated to hand surgery has evolved over time. Furthermore, an understanding of the history of the ASSH and the specialty of hand surgery should be emphasized in resident and fellow education. The authors aim to provide a historical overview of the ASSH through the speeches of ASSH past presidents that sheds light on future directions and long-term goals. Presidential addresses from 1961 to 2018 (courtesy of ASSH Chase Library historical archives) were reviewed. The overall percentage of ASSH presidents by specialty was 67% orthopedic, 25% plastic surgery, and 8% general surgery. The most common speech theme overall was how to be a good hand surgeon (31%). The most common speech themes were, by decade: the 1960s, history and the current state of ASSH; the 1970s and 1980s, assessments of how to be a good surgeon and goals for ASSH; the 1990s, health care and governmental regulation; the 2000s, how to be a better hand surgeon; and the 2010s goals for ASSH. In earlier years, there was more of a focus on education and technical skill development in the ASSH. Work-life balance, introduced in the 1990s, has become more of a focus in the past 20 years. Revisiting the history of the ASSH and its goals allows us to reflect on progress made while recognizing what is important as we look into the future. Furthermore, as we strive to make progress in the field of hand surgery during the current pandemic, valuable tools surface that will allow the specialty to strengthen its education, research, and patient care delivery in the future.
No Difference in Mortality Between Level I and II Trauma Centers for Combined Burn and Trauma.

Abstract Background Trauma patients with burn injuries have higher morbidity and mortality rates compared with patients who solely experience burn or trauma injuries. There is a paucity of data regarding burn-trauma (BT) patient outcomes at level I (LI) trauma centers compared with level II (LII) centers. We hypothesized that BT patients at LI trauma centers have lower mortality rates than those at LII trauma centers. Methods The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2010-2016) was queried for patients aged ≥18 y who had BT injuries. Patients treated at an LI were compared with those at an LII center with a primary outcome of in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay (LOS) and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with all-cause mortality. Results From 1971 BT patients, 1540 (78%) were treated at an LI trauma center, and 431 (22%) at an LII center. Compared with LII centers, LI BT patients had a longer median LOS (10 versus 7 d; P Conclusions We report that LI trauma center BT patients had an increased hospital and ICU LOS compared with those at LII centers. However, there was no significant difference in mortality between patients cared for at LI and LII trauma centers in risk-adjusted models.
Abstract 14089: Reduced Pain External Defibrillation (RPD) and MRI-conditional RPD: Reduced Pain ind Equivalent Efficiency Validation in Swine

Introduction: External defibrillators are used for cardioversion and resuscitation after sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). External defibrillators are also required for emergency MRI (acute stroke, spin...
Earnings Volatility, Post-Earnings Announcement Drift, and Trading Frictions: earnings volatility, post-earnings announcement drift

We find that lower ex ante earnings volatility leads to higher Post–Earnings Announcement Drift (PEAD). PEAD is a function of both the magnitude of an earnings surprise and its persistence. While prior research has largely investigated market reactions to the magnitude of the earnings surprise, in this study we show that the persistence of the earnings surprise is equally important. A unique feature of the anomalous PEAD returns documented here concerns the association between abnormal returns and trading frictions. Besides demonstrating that firms with lower earnings volatility have higher abnormal returns, we also find that lower earnings volatility firms have lower trading frictions. Taken together, these findings imply that higher abnormal returns are associated with lower trading frictions. We exploit this implication to empirically demonstrate that PEAD returns due to earnings volatility are not concentrated in the firms with the largest trading frictions, which is in contrast to the findings in prior anomaly studies.
Applying the Hunt Vitell ethics model to artificial intelligence ethics

The Hunt-Vitell (H-V) model of marketing ethics has been validated over the last 30 years. The model explains how people make ethical decisions. Artificial intelligence (AI), involving machine lear...
Measuring the Impact of the COVID-19 Shutdown on Great Lakes Water Quality Using Remote Sensing

The states of Michigan and Ohio issued shutdown orders in mid-March 2020 in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19, resulting in widespread disruption to economic and human activity. This study, which was commissioned by NASA headquarters, utilized satellite remote sensing data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite to investigate whether these changes in activity led to any short-term changes in water quality in the Great Lakes region by comparing 2020 data to a historic baseline. The water quality parameters examined included chlorophyll-a (CHL) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, water clarity, and harmful algal bloom (HAB) extent. These parameters were investigated in two Great Lakes basins which experience significant anthropogenic pressure: the western basin of Lake Erie (WBLE) and Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron (SBLH). TSS concentrations in April 2020 were below the historic baseline in both basins, and largely remained low until September. SBLH also experienced elevated CHL concentrations in April which persisted through the summer. Additionally, the WBLE HAB extent was down in 2020 after an early end to the growing season. However, this investigation found that the COVID-19 shutdowns were likely not a direct driver of these short-term anomalies. Instead, recent trends in the indicators and co-occurring anomalies in hydrological and meteorological conditions (e.g., lake temperature, river discharge, and wind speed) appeared to be more responsible for the detected water quality changes. Future work will investigate whether the shutdowns have a long-term or delayed impact on Great Lakes water quality.
Old and high: a guide to understanding the neuroscience and psychotherapeutic treatment of baby-boom adults’ substance use, abuse, and misuse: Youdin, Robert, 2019, New York, New York, Oxford University Press. 272 pages with index, $58.00 Hardcover (e-book available), ISBN 9780190672898

Scholars have responded to the demographic imperative of the aging population with texts and curriculum guides focused on substance use and substance use disorders among those aged 60 and older (Co...
Implementation of mandatory opioid prescribing limits in North Carolina: healthcare administrator and prescriber perspectives.

BACKGROUND Recent increases in state laws to reduce opioid prescribing have demonstrated a need to understand how they are interpreted and implemented in healthcare systems. The purpose of this study was to explore the systems, strategies, and resources that hospital administrators and prescribers used to implement the 2017 North Carolina Strengthen Opioid Prevention (STOP) Act opioid prescribing limits, which limited initial prescriptions to a five (for acute) or seven (for post-surgical) days' supply. METHODS We interviewed 14 hospital administrators and 38 prescribers with degrees in medicine, nursing, pharmacy, business administration and public health working across North Carolina. Interview guides, informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, explored barriers and facilitators to implementation. Interview topics included communication, resources, and hospital system support. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, then analyzed using flexible coding, integrating inductive and deductive coding, to inform analytic code development and identify themes. RESULTS We identified three main themes around implementation of STOP act mandated prescribing limits: organizational communication, prescriber education, and changes in the electronic medical record (EMR) systems. Administrators reflected on implementation in the context of raising awareness and providing reminders to facilitate changes in prescriber behavior, operationalized through email and in-person communications as well as dedicated resources to EMR changes. Prescribers noted administrative communications about prescribing limits often focused on legality, suggesting a directive of the organization's policy rather than a passive reminder. Prescribers expressed a desire for more spaces to have their questions answered and resources for patient communications. While hospital administrators viewed compliance with the law as a priority, prescribers reflected on concerns for adequately managing their patients' pain and limited time for clinical care. CONCLUSIONS Hospital administrators and prescribers approached implementation of the STOP act prescribing limits with different mindsets. While administrators were focused on policy compliance, prescribers were focused on their patients' needs. Strategies to implement the mandate then had to balance patient needs with policy compliance. As states continue to legislate to prevent opioid overdose deaths, understanding how laws are implemented by healthcare systems and prescribers will improve their effectiveness through tailoring and maximizing available resources.
The Toxicology of Biological Response Modifiers

Major advances have been achieved in cancer therapeutics during the past 30 years. At this time patients with many different types of neoplasms can be brought into complete remission by therapeutic means and are free of detectable disease 5 years or longer after diagnosis. Despite these advances substantial obstacles still remain to be overcome before medical treatments can be generally useful in the management of cancer, particularly of the more common solid tumors.
Fast Software Encryption Functions

Encryption hardware is not available on most computer systems in use today. Despite this fact, there is no well accepted encryption function designed for software implementation - - instead, hardware designs are emulated in software and the resulting performance loss is tolerated. The obvious solution is to design an encryption function for implementation in software. Such an encryption function is presented here - on a SUN 4/260 it can encrypt at 4 to 8 megabits per second. The combination of modern processor speeds and a faster algorithm make software encryption feasible in applications which previously would have required hardware. This will effectively reduce the cost and increase the availability of cryptographic protection.
Death in the Cathedral: mortuary practices in sport stadiums

This article discusses an emerging mortuary practice: the establishment of columbaria in sport stadiums, and surreptitious ash dispersal on their playing fields. Focusing on a Spanish-Basque fan community, I explore ethnographically the beliefs, identifications, and experiences that allow fans to think their insertion, once dead, into a football stadium. Contrary to the view that considers the mobility of ash remains as a result of increasing individual choice, and decreasing concern with space and place, ash dispersal in stadiums shows that, while the act is an individual decision, there remains a great concern with place, and with the act's consequences for the community. Stadiums are becoming final resting places precisely because of their pivotal social, communal, and emotional relevance. In sum, the article argues that individualized approaches to death and dying take collective forms.
Detecting Functional Changes in the Patient’s Vision: Visual Field Analysis

The ability to evaluate visual function is one of several important clinical components for the detection, management, and treatment of glaucoma. The structural integrity of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer, risk factors for development and progression of glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP), and other factors are key elements in the clinical assessment of glaucoma. The status of visual function is vital for examining the efficacy of therapy and disease progression as well as for determining the impact of visual damage on a patient’s quality of life and activities of daily living.1–8 Although contrast sensitivity, vernier acuity, and many other visual functions have been studied in glaucoma patients, perimetry and visual field testing are the primary visual function tests that are useful for glaucoma.9–14 This chapter provides an overview of perimetry and visual field testing with regard to its use in the clinical assessment of glaucoma.
Waldspurger’s involution and lifting of characters

We show that Adams's L-packet of discrete series representations of the two-fold metaplectic cover of SL 2 coincides with Waldspurger's local near equivalence class.
Localization of bicarbonate transport along the crypt-villus axis in rabbit ileum.

Abstract Background/Aims: HC0 3 − can be absorbed as well as secreted in the rabbit ileum. With 25 mmol/L HC0 3 − on the serosal side only, a serosa-to-mucosa flux (J sm ) is found; with 25 mmol/L on the mucosal side only, epinephrine elicits a mucosa-to-serosa flux (J ms ). This study aimed to localize these two processes along the crypt-villus axis. Methods: Excised ileal segments were exposed luminally to 2 mol/L Na 2 S0 4 (hypertonic treatment) or to isotonic Ringer's solution for 15 minutes. Mucosa was then chamber-mounted, and measurements were made of J sm or J ms and of short-circuit current (Isc) responses to glucose plus alanine and to either theophylline or epinephrine. Results: With HC0 3 − /C0 2 added to the serosal side only, hypertonically treated tissues showed a 22% decline in J sm ; a 25% decline in Isc response to theophylline; and a 71% decline in Isc response to glucose plus alanine compared with control. With HC0 3 − /C0 3 added to the mucosal side only, tissues showed 92% and 87% declines in J ms and Isc responses to epinephrine, respectively, and a 87% decline in Isc response to glucose plus alanine. Histological examination showed destruction of villus caused by hypertonic treatment but sparing of crypt cells. Conclusions: Both HC0 3 − and Cl t- are secreted mainly by crypt cells and absorbed mainly by villus cells.
Seawater pH and Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide

In 2005, the Royal Society published a report titled "Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide". The report's principal conclusion-that average ocean pH could decrease by 0.5 units by 2100-is demonstrated here to be consistent with a linear extrapolation of very limited data. It is also shown that current understanding of ocean mixing, and of the relationship between pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, cannot justify such an extrapolation.
Concussion management in soccer

Abstract Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms (e.g., motor vehicle accidents) are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among teenagers. Notwithstanding, as many as 1.6 to 3.8 million TBI result from sports and recreation each year in the United States alone. These injuries are extremely costly to the global health care system, and make TBI among the most expensive conditions to treat in children. This article serves to define common brain injuries in sport; describe their prevalence, what happens to the brain following injury, how to recognize and manage these injuries, and what you can expect as the athlete recovers. Some return-to-activity considerations for the brain-injured athlete will also be discussed.
A preparative study of the reaction between antimony(III) bromide and amine hydrobromide compounds

Abstract The reactions between antimony tribromide and twenty amine hydrobromides were studied. The complex compounds formed were recrystallized, analyzed for bromine and antimony content, their melting points and qualitative solubilities were determined. Analytical results indicated fifteen of the complex compounds had bromine to antimony ratios of 5 to 1; four of the compounds had bromine to antimony ratios of 6 to 1; one of the compounds had bromine to antimony ratio of 9 to 2.
Integrative set enrichment testing for multiple omics platforms

Background Enrichment testing assesses the overall evidence of differential expression behavior of the elements within a defined set. When we have measured many molecular aspects, e.g. gene expression, metabolites, proteins, it is desirable to assess their differential tendencies jointly across platforms using an integrated set enrichment test. In this work we explore the properties of several methods for performing a combined enrichment test using gene expression and metabolomics as the motivating platforms.
Effects of sponge and barnacle encrustation on survival of the scallop Chlamys hastata

The scallop Chlamys hastata frequently carries epibionts such as sponges and barnacles on its shells. Although the scallop-sponge relationship has been characterized as a mutualism, little is known about the scallop-barnacle relationship. This study investigated the effects of sponge and barnacle encrustation on the ability of C. hastata to avoid predation by the sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides. In feeding trials, P. helianthoides caught and consumed significantly more barnacle-encrusted scallops (7.7 ± 0.8 out of 20 scallops) than scallops encrusted by either of the sponges Myxilla incrustans (4.1 ± 0.9) or Mycale adhaerens (3.0 ± 0.5). Epibiont-free scallops (5.7 ± 0.5) formed an intermediate treatment between barnacle-encrusted and sponge-encrusted scallops. Possible mechanisms by which the sponges protected the scallops were investigated in two ways: two feeding trials were videotaped to allow qualitative analysis of sea star and scallop behavior and sea star feeding responses to scallop and sponge homogenates were determined to investigate if sea stars accept scallops and sponges as prey. Sea stars displayed positive feeding responses to scallop puree 97.5% ± 1.6 of the time while only displaying positive responses to Mycale adhaerens homogenate 4.4% ± 2.0 of the time and to Myxilla incrustans homogenate 4.4% ± 2.9 of the time. The videotaped feeding trials indicated that interference with tube feet adhesion by the sponge deterred predation. Observations of both sea stars that were videotaped showed that neither avoided trying to capture sponge-encrusted scallops, and at no time was a captured scallop willingly released by the sea stars. Thus, it appears that sponges provide tactile-mechanical protection and possibly chemical or tactile camouflage in this predator/prey relationship. Finally, the effects of sponge encrustation on barnacle settlement were determined. Field experiments showed that barnacle larvae settled more frequently on epibiont-free scallops than on those with either of the two sponges, potentially protecting the scallops from an epibiont that increases the scallop’s susceptibility to predation.
Cancer therapy-associated CNS neuropathology: an update and review of the literature

Standard therapeutic options for brain tumors include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, these same therapies pose risks of neurotoxicity, the most common long-term complications being radiation necrosis, chemotherapy-associated leukoencephalopathy, and secondary neoplasms. These side effects remain difficult to predict, but are associated with risk factors that include patient age, therapeutic modality and dosage, genetic background, and idiosyncratic predispositions. Experimental treatments designed to enhance efficacy and to minimize neurotoxicity include molecularly targeted, genetic, stem cell, and immune therapies. Newer modifications in radiation and drug delivery include stereotactic radiosurgery, interstitial therapy such as intracavitary brachytherapy and gliadel wafer placement, 3D conformal radiation, boron neutron capture therapy, radiosensitizers, blood–brain barrier disrupting agents, and convection enhanced delivery. Toxicities associated with these newer modalities have yet to be fully investigated and documented. Additionally, a number of recently implemented radiographic techniques such as PET and SPECT imaging have enhanced the ability to distinguish recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis. Nevertheless, post-therapeutic brain biopsies and autopsies remain the gold standard for assessing neurotoxicity, therapeutic efficacy, tumor progression, and the development of secondary neoplasms. At the same time, treatment-associated changes such as tumor necrosis, vasculopathy, inflammation, and cytologic atypia can pose significant diagnostic pitfalls, particularly if the pathologist is not provided a detailed therapeutic history. Therefore, it is critical to recognize the full spectrum of cancer therapy-associated neuropathology, the topic of the current review.
Isolation of auxotrophic and antimetabolite-resistant mutants of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana

Antimetabolite-resistant and auxotrophic mutants of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana were isolated to provide strains with genetic backgrounds amenable to genetic analyses. Norleucine, azaleucine, 4-nitropyridine-N-oxide, and 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole did not affect growth, while 5-fluorouracil (5 μg/ml), 5-methyltryptophan (250μg/ml), 6-azauracil (100 μg/ml), and 4-fluorophenylalanine (30 μg/ml) inhibited growth at the indicated minimum inhibitory concentrations. The effect of 5-fluorouracil was analyzed and found to be bacteriostatic. These inhibitors were used to select spontaneously arising resistant mutants. In addition, auxotrophic mutants requiring leucine, tryptophan, adenine, and histidine were isolated following mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. Six other auxotrophs with undefined growth requirements were also isolated. These strains will be useful for the development of genetic methods for T. neapolitana.
The difference between steady-state and unsteady-state relative permeabilities

In constructing simulations, it is commonly assumed that steady-state relative permeabilities can be used to describe displacements, which are unsteady-state flows. In order to test this assumption, a statistical structural model is used in the context of local volume averaging to examine the effects of interfacial tension, the interfacial viscosities, wetting and the viscosity ratio upon the capillary pressure and relative permeability functions in a displacement. The statistical structural model is a highly simplified idealization of the local pore structure, in which pores are randomly oriented in space, but no pore interconnections are recognized. While the statistical structural model is too simplified to give accurate descriptions of the relative permeabilities, it should be sufficient to determine whether significant qualitative differences between steady-state and unsteady-state relative permeabilities might be expected.
Spectral least squares quantification of several atmospheric gases from high resolution infrared solar spectra obtained at the South Pole

Abstract Spectral least squares fitting has been used to analyze high resolution (0.02 cm -1 ) i.r. solar spectra obtained at the South Pole in 1980. The spectral regions analyzed allow the simultaneous quantification of CO 2 , H 2 O, N 2 O, CH 4 , and O 3 . Information is obtained on the column amount and on the vertical distribution.
SENSITIZER-INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN LENS CRYSTALLIN—I. PHOTODYNAMIC ACTION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND N-FORMYLKYNURENINE ON BOVINE α-CRYSTALLIN

— Fluorescence and circular dichroic properties of bovine a-crystallin have been monitored to detect changes in the structural integrity of the protein following photoreactions in the presence of sensitizer, either methylene blue or N-formylkynurenine. Methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation causes a change in the tertiary structure as manifested in the near-UV CD; this is observed within 0.5 h of irradiation during which time tryptophan emission decreases rapidly. Using inhibitors specific for active species of oxygen, it has been shown that singlet oxygen predominantly causes this change but the sensitizer molecules also have some role in this process. Upon 6 h of irradiation in the presence of methylene blue under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the thiol groups that were in a non-polar region of the protein are exposed to polar environments. In conformity with these fluorescence results. near-UV CD (tertiary structure) suffers a drastic alteration whereas the far-UV CD (secondary structure) remains virtually unchanged. The studies with inhibitors indicate that sensitizer molecule itself is primarily responsible for this process. This major change in the conformation has been explained by suggesting that a large portion of the protein unfolds in the photosensitized reaction, thereby altering microenviron-ments, orientation, and intermolecular interactions of different amino acids. N-formylkynurenine also shows some changes in the near-UV CD, presumably, caused by H2O2 generated in the photosensitized reaction. But the major alteration in the microenvironments of thiol groups and in the near-UV CD, as observed in the case of methylene blue, does not occur even when the protein is irradiated for 6 h in the presence of N-formylkynurenine and air.
First Results from the High-altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory

Abstract The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory is designed to observe extensive air showers produced by cosmic rays and gamma rays between 50 GeV and 100 TeV. HAWC is unique among existing TeV detectors because it can be used to observe air showers from a wide range of arrival directions, enabling us to perform a synoptic survey of the TeV sky. HAWC is also designed to have a high livetime (> 90%), making the detector ideal for observations of transient sources such as gamma-ray bursts and flaring active galactic nuclei. While the observatory is only partially built, we have already accumulated one of the largest data sets of TeV air showers ever recorded. Using these data, we have observed a significant anisotropy in the arrival directions of the cosmic rays on angular scales > 60 and –3 level. We discuss the origin of the anisotropy and compare the data to previous observations by other cosmicray experiments. We also describe our ongoing program to observe gamma-ray bursts and flares in the TeV band and report current upper limits. Finally, we discuss prospects for the observation of point-like and diffuse emission of TeV gamma rays when HAWC is completed in 2014.
Evidence that PACAP and GnRH down-regulate follicle-stimulating hormone-β mRNA levels by stimulating follistatin gene expression: effects on folliculostellate cells, gonadotrophs and LβT2 gonadotroph cells

Abstract Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates α-subunit transcription and lengthens LH-β mRNA transcripts, but reduces FSH-β mRNA levels in rat pituitary cell cultures. PACAP also stimulates follistatin transcription, an effect which may explain the decrease in FSH-β mRNA. To begin to investigate the cells in which PACAP activates the follistatin gene, quantitative in situ hybridization for follistatin mRNA combined with immunostaining for LHβ and S100 protein was performed. In control cultures, follistatin mRNA was expressed in 70% of gonadotrophs and in 47% of folliculostellate cells (S-100+). PACAP increased (P
Two-step contributions to the 40Ar(p,n)40K anti-analog state transition

Abstract Calculations for the 40 Ar(p,n) 40 K reaction to the 0 + anti-analog state (AAS) are given along with experimental angular distributions for an incident proton energy of 22.8 MeV. The results of the calculations show little sensitivity to the parameters. The large angle data and the relative strengths of the analog state and AAS cross sections indicate that the two-step (p,d) (d,n) process plays a dominant role in the AAS transition.
2009 Special Issue: A configurable simulation environment for the efficient simulation of large-scale spiking neural networks on graphics processors

Neural network simulators that take into account the spiking behavior of neurons are useful for studying brain mechanisms and for various neural engineering applications. Spiking Neural Network (SNN) simulators have been traditionally simulated on large-scale clusters, super-computers, or on dedicated hardware architectures. Alternatively, Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) can provide a low-cost, programmable, and high-performance computing platform for simulation of SNNs. In this paper we demonstrate an efficient, biologically realistic, large-scale SNN simulator that runs on a single GPU. The SNN model includes Izhikevich spiking neurons, detailed models of synaptic plasticity and variable axonal delay. We allow user-defined configuration of the GPU-SNN model by means of a high-level programming interface written in C++ but similar to the PyNN programming interface specification. PyNN is a common programming interface developed by the neuronal simulation community to allow a single script to run on various simulators. The GPU implementation (on NVIDIA GTX-280 with 1 GB of memory) is up to 26 times faster than a CPU version for the simulation of 100K neurons with 50 Million synaptic connections, firing at an average rate of 7 Hz. For simulation of 10 Million synaptic connections and 100K neurons, the GPU SNN model is only 1.5 times slower than real-time. Further, we present a collection of new techniques related to parallelism extraction, mapping of irregular communication, and network representation for effective simulation of SNNs on GPUs. The fidelity of the simulation results was validated on CPU simulations using firing rate, synaptic weight distribution, and inter-spike interval analysis. Our simulator is publicly available to the modeling community so that researchers will have easy access to large-scale SNN simulations.
The Little Ice Age and Medieval warm period in the Sargasso Sea

Sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, and flux of terrigenous material oscillated on millennial time scales in the Pleistocene North Atlantic, but there are few records of Holocene variability. Because of high rates of sediment accumulation, Holocene oscillations are well documented in the northern Sargasso Sea. Results from a radiocarbondated box core show that SST was {approximately} 1{degree}C cooler than today {approximately} 400 years ago (the Little Ice Age) and 1700 years ago, and {approximately} 1{degree}C warmer than today 1000 years ago (the Medieval Warm Period). Thus, at least some of the warming since the Little Ice Age appears to be part of a natural oscillation. 39 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
An arrayed human genomic library constructed in the PAC shuttle vector pJCPAC-Mam2 for genome-wide association studies

Genomic libraries constructed in the original Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) and P1 Artificial Chromosome (PAC) cloning systems were very useful for completion of the Human Genome Project. Libraries constructed in these vector systems were used to generate physical maps of all twenty three-chromosome pairs and served as the templates for DNA sequencing. The PAC vector pJCPAC-Mam2 is a 23 kilobase (kb) shuttle vector that is highly versatile and useful for functional studies in human tissue culture cell lines. pJCPAC-Mam2 contains the P1 single-copy replicon for low copy expression and a multi-copy lytic replicon under the control of the lac repressor for high copy expression in Escherichia coli, wild type and mutant loxP sites for generation of bidirectional nested deletions in any clone of interest and the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) latent replication origin oriP, the Epstein Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene, and a puromycin-resistance gene for propagation in mammalian cells. We constructed an arrayed 115,000-member human genomic library in pJCPAC-Mam2 that is housed in twelve hundred 96 well dishes. Subsequent pooling using a column and rows strategy reduced the library to 19 final pools for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) screening. We estimate that the average insert size is approximately 57 kb based on NotI digestion and Field Inversion Gel Electrophoresis (FIGE) analysis of 473 random PAC clones. The library appears to represent a two- to three-fold coverage of the human genome based on screening of the library with PCR primers representing nine genes. This library should serve as a valuable resource to validate potential disease genes identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in human tissue culture cell lines and in animal models. Also, individual library members could potentially be used for gene therapy trials for a variety of recessive disorders.
Michigan's Approach to a Statewide Investigation of Materials-Related Distress in Concrete Pavements

An approach is described that is used to identify to what degree Michigan's concrete pavements are affected by materials-related distress (MRD) and to determine what distress mechanisms are at work. The approach taken includes a network-level visual assessment and detailed visual inspections, field sampling, and laboratory analyses on 14 selected projects to determine the distress mechanisms. It is concluded that although the majority of Michigan's concrete pavements are unaffected by MRD, a significant percentage of the concrete pavement network have distress manifestations consistent with the occurrence of MRD. These manifestations included staining in the vicinity of joints and cracks, D-cracking, joint-crack deterioration, progressive map cracking with exudate, scaling, and corrosion of embedded steel. Each pavement section was visually assessed and then tested using a falling weight deflectometer. Field air permeability measurements were also made, and core samples were removed from the pavement to b...
Gate control of a spin transistor via spin-orbit “focusing” of electron beams

Current proposals and implementations of spin field effect transistors (spin-FETs) rely on three key elements: (1) spin injection of highly spin polarized distribution into a channel, (2) gate control of the spin orientation or polarization in some fashion within the channel, and (3) sensitivity of current through a drain contact to spin polarization in the channel. Although all three of these effects have been demonstrated experimentally to some degree, elements (1) and (3) are still well below the required performance to yield a competitive device. Here we describe a new approach to gate-controlled electronic transport in a two-dimensional electron gas, which relies on gate control of the spin-orbit interaction to control the direction and focusing of “electron beams” which propagate along specific crystal axes. A major advantage of this approach is that the electron beams exist even when the propagating electrons are not spin-polarized when injected. Thus no spin-selective injection or detection is required for this device, nor any magnetic materials or applied magnetic field only gate-control of the spin-orbit interaction.
Conversions of isopropanol by processed coal minerals and pyrite

Pyridine-extracted residues from coal liquefaction processes catalyze the conversion of isopropanol into acetone and propene, as do samples prepared from powdered pyrite. At 350 C and conversions above 10%, the ratio of (propene/acetone) is near to the equilibrium value for all coal- or pyrite-derived samples, independent of the degree of isopropanol conversion. This result suggests that all samples directly catalyze the reaction (propene +H/SUB/2O) to (acetone + H/SUB/2). As all tests for such a direct path were negative, the direct path does not exist for this latter reaction. Possible conversion paths for isopropanol are indicated. (8 refs.)
A Group Theoretic Approach to a Famous Partition Formula

that some subset of B is mapped bijectively to a(B). But then f-' a is a mapping in TB. Moreover, ,-6 is noninvertible since a is noninvertible. Hence -'a is a product of idempotent mappings in T by Theorem 1.1. Each of these idempotent mappings can be extended to an idempotent linear mapping from V to V. Let 8 denote the product of these linear mappings. It follows that a(B) = 8(/--1)(B) = 8(B), demonstrating that a = 38. Because both 8 and /3 are products of idempotents, so is a. U
Design of a Payload Recovery/Trajectory Control System

This paper describes the development and testing of a recovery/trajectory control system designed for use with a small payload. Due to unique program requirements, and with the extremely short development timeline available, the resulting system was made up of a very small drogue parachute, an extremely fast -opening main parachute, and a ground detection laser used to release the parachutes at the optimum height above the ground. Subsystem testing was performed on all components, and two preliminary flight tests were successfully completed prior to delivery of the laser units. Unfortunately, the program was cancelled prior to the full -up system testing using the lasers. In an effort to complete the system testing for documentation purposes after the program was cancelled, a novel parachute test method was implemented, which is also discussed.
Management Learning Organizations: Enhancing Business Education for the 21 st Century

Although the topic of organizational learning is still in the early stages of development, there are two interrelated issues that guide most discussions in the literature. How is knowledge acquired and used by individuals and organizations? How can the speed at which knowledge is acquired and used be increased? This article resolves these key questions in terms of describing, controlling and improving learning processes within self-designed subunits and across organizational networks. Such an approach can then use the extensive literature on quality management and organizational development as the basis for building and improving learning organizations. This article then describes how an entire incoming class of 250 full-time MBA students was formed into 18 self-designed learning organizations for the purpose of speeding up and improving their acquisition and use of business knowledge. Last, the conclusion outlines how all other types of organization can also form self-designed global learning networks in...
Hydration behavior of laser dye aerosols of mixed composition having high critical supersaturations

Abstract This study concerns aerosol particles of mixed composition. The particles contain a water insoluble core (polystyrene latex), surrounded by a water soluble shell (various fluorescent dyes). A Collison nebulizer and an electrostatic aerosol classifier are used to prepare the aerosol; its critical supersaturation spectrum is measured with a diffusion cloud chamber. Experiments were done using four different dyes (disodium fluorescein, sulforhodamine 640, sulforhodamine B and rhodamine 560 chloride) with five different polystyrene latex sphere sizes. The results indicate that a Kohler-type behavior is obeyed. This technique of putting a soluble coating onto an insoluble core is found to be a successful method for generating particles with relatively high critical supersaturations.
On coding over finite “packets” in wireless communication systems

Future wireless communications will face the dual challenge of supporting large traffic volume while providing reliable service for various kinds of delay-sensitive traffic. In light of this challenge, this paper investigates the throughput performance of a wireless communication system under channel coding over finite “packets.” When we apply coding over multiple “packets,” the underlying wireless channel can be effectively modeled as a finite-state Markov process. By linking the characteristics of the underlying physical channel to the parameters of the Markov process, we are able to derive the channel dispersion of the corresponding system. The channel dispersion is then used to assess the coding performance of various communication strategies. It is interesting to find that when there is a constraint on the total blocklength, coding over large “packets” will give better performance than that of coding over small “packets”.
Why did so many German doctors join the Nazi Party early

Abstract During the Weimar Republic in the mid-twentieth century, more than half of all German physicians became early joiners of the Nazi Party, surpassing the party enrollments of all other professions. From early on, the German Medical Society played the most instrumental role in the Nazi medical program, beginning with the marginalization of Jewish physicians, proceeding to coerced “experimentation,” “euthanization,” and sterilization, and culminating in genocide via the medicalization of mass murder of Jews and others caricatured and demonized by Nazi ideology. Given the medical oath to “do no harm,” many postwar ethical analyses have strained to make sense of these seemingly paradoxical atrocities. Why did physicians act in such a manner? Yet few have tried to explain the self-selected Nazi enrollment of such an overwhelming proportion of the German Medical Society in the first place. This article lends insight into this paradox by exploring some major vulnerabilities, motives, and rationalizations that may have predisposed German physicians to Nazi membership—professional vulnerabilities among physicians in general (valuing conformity and obedience to authority, valuing the prevention of contamination and fighting against mortality, and possessing a basic interest in biomedical knowledge and research), economic factors and motives (related to physician economic insecurity and incentives for economic advancement), and Nazi ideological and historical rationalizations (beliefs about Social Darwinism, eugenics, and the social organism as sacred). Of particular significance for future research and education is the manner in which the persecution of Jewish physician colleagues was rationalized in the name of medical ethics itself. Giving proper consideration to the forces that fueled “Nazi Medicine” is of great importance, as it can highlight the conditions and motivations that make physicians susceptible to misapplications of medicine, and guide us toward prevention of future abuse.
Sonography of the right upper quadrant

Sonography of the right upper quadrant generates a wealth of information for the clinician. Color Doppler has added value to the examination. Endoscopic sonography has further expanded the possibilities, especially in pancreatic imaging. The use of contrast agents and intraoperative applications further the applicability of sonography. As resolution improves and transducer development proceeds, with three-dimensional imaging on the horizon, ultrasound will continue to be the mainstay of imaging in the right upper quadrant.