Translating cardiovascular knowledge: a global health perspective.

Depending on whom you talk to, translational science may have different meanings. The scientific community agrees that moving laboratory science into preclinical settings (T1 translation) and from there into humans (T2 translation) is part of the translational continuum. But beyond that, and when it comes to larger groups of people or even populations, it becomes more nebulous, and many put T3 (from patients to clinical practices) and T4 translation (from clinical practices to real world settings), as well as implementation science, in the same basket [1]. Yet, these are critical components of translational science. For the last decade, more emphasis has been put into translating the knowledge that we have gained through decades of basic and clinical science research into populations. Scientists and clinicians struggle with issues like adherence to medications and promoting behavioral changes that could stop the epidemic of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Those are complex issues as they depend not only on individuals but also on communities, health-care systems, and country policies. Developing interventions that work requires resources, and many developed countries have embarked in efforts that support research and programs, in particular, at the community level. Although the challenge is still there, we have seen some progress on childhood obesity, tobacco consumption, and early cancer detection. When it comes to lowand middle-income countries (LMICs), the conversation, although similar, is more complex, and it has to take into account the realities of those countries, the limited resources and research infrastructures, and the triple, and sometimes quadruple, burden of disease of many of those countries. For cardiovascular disease (CVD), and since the identification of the major risk factors through the Framingham heart study, we have been able to decrease mortality significantly. In the USA, for example, the mortality due to CVD has decreased by 50 % in a few decades due in part to better prevention, control, and treatment [2]. However, CVD continues being the number one killer in the USA. Part is due to still inadequate detection and management of individuals at high risk and the adoption of unhealthy behaviors (poor diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption), but lack of access to care and chronic disease management play a critical role. Sixty-three percent of the global mortality is due to NCDs, with CVD being the leading cause of NCD death (48 %). About 80 % of NCD-related deaths are ocurring in LMICs, as indicated by WHO (http://www.who.int/chp/ncd_ global_status_report/en). In 2010, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute commissioned the Institute of Medicine a report on cardiovascular health in the developing world (www.iom.edu/globalcvd). Five years later, we have made some progress (http://www.scientificamerican.com/products/ cardiovascular-health), but a lot needs to be done. The areas of diagnostics and technology present tremendous promise, but it is crucial that before interventions are scaled up, evidence-based and rigorous scientific approaches are utilized to demonstrate their effectiveness. In recent issues of the Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, we presented four articles intended to review the current state of the science and provide opportunities for research and infrastructure building. We started with a focus on mobile technology, which has revolutionized the world, Editor-in-Chief Jennifer L. Hall oversaw the review of this article