cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimal Byzantine Storage

Byzantine fault-tolerant storage systems can provide high availability in hazardous environments, but the redundant servers they require increase software development and hardware costs. In order to minimize the number of servers required to implement fault-tolerant storage services, we develop a new algorithm that uses a "Listeners" pattern of network communication to detect and resolve ordering ambiguities created by concurrent accesses to the system. Our protocol requires 3f + 1 servers to tolerate up to f Byzantine faults--f fewer than the 4f + 1 required by existing protocols for non-self-verifying data. In addition, SBQ-L provides atomic consistency semantics, which is stronger than the regular or pseudo-atomic semantics provided by these existing protocols. We show that this protocol is optimal in the number of servers-- any protocol that provides safe semantics or stronger requires at least 3f + 1 servers to tolerate f Byzantine faults in an asynchronous system. Finally, we examine a non-confirmable writes variation of the SBQ-L protocol where a client cannot determine when its writes complete. We show that SBQ-L with non-confirmable writes provides regular semantics with 2f + 1 servers and that this number of servers is minimal.
Learning, life history, and productivity

This article introduces a new model of the relationship between growth and learning and tests a set of hypotheses related to the development of adult competency using time allocation, anthropometric, and experimental task performance data collected between 1992 and 1997 in a multiethnic community in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Building on seminal work in life history theory by Hawkes, Blurton Jones and associates, and Kaplan and associates, the punctuated development model presented here incorporates the effects of both growth and learning constraints on age-specific task performance. In addition, the payoff to investment in two forms of embodied capital, growth-based and learning-based, are examined in relation to features of the socioecology, including subsistence economy and family composition.
A Review of “Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education. (Vols. 1–4)”

One could only describe this as a massive literary work. The sheer size of this four-volume collection, at first, can be very intimidating. For those individuals who have worked in the field of mul...
Dose-Response Effects of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone on Plasma Concentrations of Gonadotropins and Testosterone in Fertile and Subfertile Stallions

Five fertile and five subfertile stallions were treated with a single intravenous injection of saline the first week followed by a single intravenous injection of varying doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (5, 10, 25, 100, 500 micrograms) given in a randomized fashion over the next 5 weeks during the nonbreeding season. Blood samples were collected periodically before and after treatment for analysis of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone content by radioimmunoassay. Before treatment, semen samples were collected every other day for 3 weeks for analysis of volume, concentration, motility, pH, and morphology. Basal plasma levels of luteinizing hormone were higher (P 0.05). Mean testosterone concentrations after treatment in terms of net increase and percent of baseline were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the subfertile group compared to the fertile group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Utilization of National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data to improve the rate of urinary tract infection in general surgery patients

Introduction Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of increased cost and morbidity in general surgery patients and is most often associated with indwelling urinary catheters. The NSQIP identified our hospital as a high outlier for UTI in general surgery patients. A UTI-Performance Excellence Team (UTI-PET) was instituted in Q4 of 2009 to reduce the incidence of UTI. Methods The UTI-PET used a Define-Research-Analyze-Improve-Control strategy to derive evidence-based guidelines for perioperative urinary care and Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) compliance for urinary catheter removal. This study is a retrospective review of NSQIP data for UTI in general surgery patients pre- and post-introduction of the UTI-PET quality improvement measures. Results Between 7/08 and 9/10, our hospital recorded 5,481 general surgery cases in the NSQIP with 86 UTIs. Prior to the implementation of the UTI-PET, the quarterly rate of UTI peaked at 3.2% (average 2.7%) with a NSQIP expected rate of 1.4% and observed-to-expected ratio of 2.3. Compliance with SCIP guidelines was 65.5%. After implementation of the UTI-PET, the rate of UTI decreased to 1.0% with 95.2% SCIP compliance in Q3 of 2010. This represents a 69% relative and 2.2% absolute reduction in UTI rate (p = 0.007). Conclusions Real-time use of the NSQIP identified a need for improvement in the area of UTI. By implementing a UTI-PET, a significant reduction in UTI rate occurred. NSQIP is a powerful tool to identify areas of increased institutional morbidity and mortality and, therefore, serve to guide patient care protocol improvements.
Derecho internacional: impugnación normativa en el ámbito de la delincuencia

International Law is a dynamic and flexible subfield which can serve as an example of how laws are contested, negotiated, and adopted without the presence of an overarching authority with coercive powers (a leviathan). A greater understanding of the relationship between international law and the vast array of actors currently operating the in interstices of the transnational system brought about by globalization can provide valuable insights as to how laws are created and legitimized through norm socialization and dialogue leading to a shared intersubjective understanding. This brief essay aims to connect some important insights from legal anthropology to the work of constructivist scholars studying regime formation and institution building in the growing field of international studies.
Learning from one's own teaching: New science teachers analyzing their practice through classroom observation cycles

The first three years of science teachers’ careers is an especially formative period, yet there remains only a limited literature base to support teacher educators who work with this population. Teachers in the induction phase benefit from professional development experiences that support them as they continue to learn about teaching by analyzing their own teaching experiences. The context of this qualitative study is the implementation of video recorded classroom observations within an established distance mentoring program, e-Mentoring for Student Success (eMSS; Jaffe et al. [2006] Online professional development for teachers, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press). These observations were designed to include a cycle of three activities: a pre-observation discussion in which the mentor–mentee pair set a focus for the observation, the sharing of a video recording of a short classroom episode, and a post-observation discussion in which mentor and mentee analyzed evidence from the video in light of the observation focus and determined an action plan of next steps for the new teacher to implement. Studying the dynamic interactions between mentors and mentees as they inquired into specific aspects of teaching and analyzed evidence from the classroom episode helped to identify the conditions that supported such collaboration and the impacts it had on mentees’ professional growth. Findings from this study indicate that observation cycles conducted with a disciplined inquiry stance help mentors and mentees to focus on concrete evidence, analyze a hypothesis about the impacts of teacher actions on student learning, and collaboratively evaluate instruction and determine instructional next steps. For science teacher educators who work with teachers in their induction years, this study suggests that observation cycles are an important activity to support teachers as they learn from the act of teaching, and can be incorporated into a mentoring program, whether it occurs at a distance or face-to-face. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 473–501, 2016
Large Margin Rule‐Based Classifiers

We introduce an optimization approach for the construction of large margin rule-based classifiers. We base our description on the Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) methodology, but the same approach can be applied to different rule-based classification algorithms. The novelty in our algorithm relies on the fact that it unifies the distinct tasks of pattern (rule) generation and creation of a so-called discriminant function for classification. Moreover, the algorithm has a single parameter, thus, significantly reducing the necessity for parameter calibration when learning a new data set. We investigate how accurate the LAD classification models built with our algorithm are and how they compare to other machine learning models. Keywords: LAD pattern; discriminant function; large margin classifiers; column generation; decision trees
An Elderly Woman With Dyspnea

A woman in her 70s with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and venous thromboembolismpresented to the hospital with 2months of progressivelyworsening dyspnea onexertion.Hermedical historywas significant for a singleepisodeof lower-extremitydeep venous thrombosis during a prior hospitalization, complicated by multiple subsegmental pulmonary emboli. At that time, she underwent inferior vena cava filter placement, followedby initiation of anticoagulation therapy. Her current medications includedmetoprolol tartrate, simvastatin, andwarfarinsodium. She denied any substantial tobacco or alcohol use, and her family history was negative for venous thromboembolicdisease.Her initial physical examinationhadunremarkable results,with laboratory evaluationof prothrombin time significant for an international normalized ratio of 2.8. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed a large filling defect within the main pulmonary artery, flattening of the interventricular septum, and multiple pulmonarynodules.Bedside transthoracicechocardiographydemonstratedevidenceof severely increased right ventricular systolic pressure, with moderate right ventricular dilation. She was referred for urgent pharmacomechanical interventions, including catheterdirectedembolectomyandthrombolysis, forapresumeddiagnosisofsubmassivepulmonary embolism. Following the procedure, she experienced no substantial clinical or radiographic improvement. She underwent a repeated CT scan of the chest (Figure). Quiz at jamaoncology.com A B
Decentralized online optimization with global objectives and local communication

We consider a decentralized online convex optimization problem in a static undirected network of agents, where each agent controls only a coordinate (or a part) of the global decision vector. For such a problem, we propose a decentralized variant of Nesterov's primal-dual algorithm with dual averaging. To mitigate the disagreements on the primal-vector updates, the agents implement a generalization of the local information-exchange dynamics recently proposed by Li and Marden [1]. We show that the regret has sublinear growth of O (√T) with the time horizon T when the stepsize is of the form 1/√t and the objective functions are Lipschitzcontinuous convex functions with Lipschitz gradients. We prove an analogous bound on the expected regret for the stochastic variant of the algorithm.
Evaluating temporal variability in the spectral reflectance response of annual ryegrass to changes in nitrogen applications and leaching fractions

A two‐year study was conducted in 2002 and 2003 at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas's center for urban water conservation to assess canopy spectral response of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) grown under various combinations of N and irrigation (based on leaching fraction: LF) treatments. Multispectral measurements were acquired using a ground‐based spectroradiometer (200–1100 nm) on a biweekly basis during the growing season (October–May) in 2002 and 2003. Multispectral parameters were correlated with soil–plant parameters and temporal variability was investigated. Results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), stress index (SI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and canopy reflectance at 693 nm, were highly correlated with tissue N concentration (TN), tissue moisture content (TM), TN×TM and canopy colour, as influenced by N and LF treatment combinations. Coefficients of determination ranged from 0.50 to 0.79 (P<0.001) based on single‐day correlations and correlat...
Influence of Coralline Hydroxyapatite Used as an Ocular Implant on the Dose Distribution of External Beam Photon Radiation Therapy

Coralline hydroxyapatite spheres are used as buried integrated ocular implants after enucleation or evisceration surgery. Because such implants are used after surgery for intraocular malignancy and because some patients may require postoperative radiation therapy for orbital tumor recurrence, the radiation attenuation characteristics of the implant are of interest. The authors evaluated the attenuation and scattering properties of coralline hydroxyapatite implants using a 4 MV photon beam and film dosimetry. Optical density analyses indicate that coralline hydroxyapatite implants have no significant influence on the attenuation or scattering properties of the photon beam. As such, there is no basis for concern that such implants might adversely affect external beam photon irradiation.
A team-based risk modification programme to make health care safer

Research studies have validated an epidemic of grossly underreported, preventable injuries due to medical management. Analysis of these events demonstrates that most are caused by weak systems. Patient safety improvement requires multi-level system changes, including addressing thorny challenges, such as attenuating the prevalent culture of ‘blame and shame’—singling out individual providers and blaming them for errors. Team training solutions have been offered as a way to make healthcare safer. Stand-alone team training of medical personnel has had limited effectiveness in this prevalent cultural context. Although individuals and teams trained in crew resource management may understand the benefits of crew management training, the cultural elements remain in the workplace to undermine lasting impact. An innovative team training risk modification programme is proposed to help inculcate safety into the organizational process. The clinical risk modification programme is built on three principles that have m...
Senate confirmation of cabinet nominations: Institutional politics and nominee qualifications

Abstract The outcomes of votes to confirm cabinet nominations can be viewed from the perspective of the individual nominee's qualifications for the position or one which places confirmation votes in the context of institutional politics between the president and the Senate. This article specifies and tests a linear regression model designed to assess which perspective best explains confirmation votes for the 201 cabinet nominations made between 1945 and 1993. The analysis indicates that, unlike nominations to the U.S. Supreme Court, the key conflict is between the nominee's own background and the Senate's standard of appropriate conduct in personal and business affairs. But when conflicts of interest arise, the president's standing with the public becomes an important factor. Mr. President, the nomination before us today confronts this body with extremely difficult choices. One choice—and the one I would much prefer to make—would honor the President's prerogative of selecting his own Cabinet and give to Mr. Donovan the benefit of the doubt with regard to the allegations that have been made against him. But the second choice, Mr. President, is to raise the question of whether we can in good faith confirm a nominee to an office of high public trust about whose background there remain so many serious questions and doubts (Senator Howard Metzenbaum).1
Orthogonal collocation and alternating-direction procedures for unsaturated flow problems

Abstract The alternating-direction collocation method has recently been developed for general parabolic equations. In order to test the applicability of the procedure to highly nonlinear problems, an alternating-direction collocation algorithm is developed to simulate two-dimensional flow in unsaturated porous media. The algorithm employs an alternating-direction solution procedure within the framework of a modified Picard iteration scheme. Numerical behaviour of the new procedure is compared to the behaviour of a standard two-dimensional collocation formulation. The new method is also tested on several infiltration problems of practical interest, including a layered and sloping soil. Results demonstrate the method to be accurate and highly mass conservative. The algorithm also produces significant savings in both execution time and storage.
Theory in historical context

(1983). Theory in historical context. History of European Ideas: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 331-335.
Ultrafast, dry microwave synthesis of graphene sheets

Through direct absorption of microwave irradiation by GO film, we developed a rapid, dry approach to synthesize reduced graphene.
A pharmacokinetic model in the rat and rabbit of the direct measurement of mature bone resorption in vivo with [3H]tetracycline.

This report presents a pharmacokinetic model in the rat and rabbit of the direct quantification of mature bone resorption in vivo. This is based on a first-order reaction rate describing the release of [3H]tetracycline from bone. Compared with the previous method, the model has two new means of expressing bone resorption. First, resorption rate of bone is precisely represented by explicit parameters derived from the model. Second, resorption rate of the whole skeletal system is measured and demonstrated by means of plasma, renal, and bone kinetics of elimination of the isotope. These are represented by the model parameters, the elimination constant, and the half-life of [3H]tetracycline for plasma, urine, and bone. Four ages of normal Sprague Dawley rats and one age of New Zealand white rabbits of both sexes were prelabeled extensively with [3H]tetracycline in utero or during 10 to 84 d of age. Following 1–21 d after the end of prelabeling, the loss of the isotope from femur into plasma and urine was measured at weekly intervals to determine bone resorption of mineral in vivo. The elimination constants of the isotope per day in plasma were −0.148 in weanling rats (4–7 weeks), −0.071 in adolescent rats (10–14 weeks), and −0.025 in mature rats (15–23 weeks). The urinary elimination constants of the isotope per day were 74, 76, and 76% of those in plasma in weanling, adolescent, and mature rats, respectively. The half-lives of the isotope in the femur were 10 d in neonatal rats (0–2 weeks), 32 d in weanling rats, 63 d in adolescent rats, and 198 d in mature rats. The different pharmacokinetic parameters lead to the conclusion that bone resorption rates decrease with age between newborn and maturity. The model was also applied to another species (rabbit). The half-life of the isotope was 53 d in femur of 7.5–11-week-old rabbits.
Optimizing the design of spiral inductors on silicon

Analysis of a physical model for spiral inductors on silicon leads to the conductor trace width that maximizes the quality factor at a given frequency. The simplicity of the physical model enables a computational procedure for efficiently optimizing the inductor quality factor and self-resonant frequency.
Single prolonged stress decreases glutamate, glutamine, and creatine concentrations in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

Application of single prolonged stress (SPS) in rats induces changes in neuroendocrine function and arousal that are characteristic of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD, in humans, is associated with decreased neural activity in the prefrontal cortex, increased neural activity in the amygdala complex, and reduced neuronal integrity in the hippocampus. However, the extent to which SPS models these aspects of PTSD has not been established. In order to address this, we used high-resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS (1)H MRS) ex vivo to assay levels of neurochemicals critical for energy metabolism (creatine and lactate), excitatory (glutamate and glutamine) and inhibitory (gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)) neurotransmission, and neuronal integrity (N-acetylaspartate (NAA)) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala complex, and hippocampus of SPS and control rats. Glutamate, glutamine, and creatine levels were decreased in the mPFC of SPS rats when compared to controls, which suggests decreased excitatory tone in this region. SPS did not alter the neurochemical profiles of either the hippocampus or amygdala. These data suggest that SPS selectively attenuates excitatory tone, without a disruption of neuronal integrity, in the mPFC.
Reactions of o-aminonitriles with isocyanates. 2. A facile synthesis of imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline-2,5-(3H,6H)dione

Anthranilonitrile reacts with ethyl isocyanatoacetate to form 2-(3-ethoxycarbonylmethylureido)benzonitrile (3b) which, upon heating, or treatment with a base, undergoes a double cyclization to yield imidazo[1,2-c]-quinazoline-2,5-(3H,6H)dione (5) in excellent yield. In the presence of acid, 3b is converted into 1,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxo-3-(2H)quinazolineacetic acid (11), or its ethyl ester (10). The action of concentrated sulfuric acid converts the adduct 13 of anthranilic acid and ethyl isocyanatoacetate into 2-ethoxycarbonyl-methylamino-4H-3,1 -benzoxazin-4-one (14).
Dealing with logical omniscience

We examine four approaches for dealing with the logical omniscience problem and their potential applicability: the syntactic approach, awareness, algorithmic knowledge, and impossible possible worlds. Although in some settings these approaches are equi-expressive and can capture all epistemic states, in other settings of interest they are not. In particular, adding probabilities to the language allows for finer distinctions between different approaches.
Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity of 2- and 4-chloronitrobenzene in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice

Toxicity studies were performed by exposing F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice to 2- and 4-chloronitrobenzene (CNB) by whole-body inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 13 weeks. Animals were evaluated for clinical chemistry (rats), hematology (rats), histopathology, and body/organ weights. Exposure concentrations were 0, 1.1, 2.3, 4.5, 9, and 18 ppm for 2-CNB and 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 ppm for 4-CNB. All rats in the 2-CNB study survived until the end of the study. Two male mice in the 18-ppm group in the 2-CNB study, however, died during Week 12; no deaths attributable to 4-CNB exposure occurred in rats or mice. In both studies, the mean body weight gains of exposed animals were similar to those of the respective controls. In rats, inhalation exposure to 2- or 4-CNB resulted in methemoglobinemia leading to a regenerative anemia and a variety of tissue changes secondary to the oxidative erythrocyte injury. In the 2-CNB study, methemoglobinemia resulted in a normocytic, normochromic, responsive anemia, whereas with 4-CNB, the methemoglobinemia was more severe and resulted in a macrocytic, hyperchromic, responsive anemia. Alterations of erythrocyte morphology were observed in both studies; changes included Heinz bodies, poikilocytes, and polychromasia. In rats, both isomers caused increases in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase and increased bile acid concentrations. Microscopic liver changes included hemosiderin deposition in Kupffer cells (rats and mice exposed to 4-CNB), hepatocytomegaly (mice), and cytoplasmic basophilia (rats). Hepatocellular necrosis and chronic inflammation observed in mice were rather specific to the 2-CNB isomer, as only slight evidence of focal necrosis in the liver was observed in mice exposed to 4-CNB. Splenic lesions included hemosiderin accumulation capsular fibrosis, and increased hematopoietic cell proliferation. Increased bone marrow hemosiderin and hematopoietic cell proliferation and kidney tubule hemosiderin deposition were also observed. Other findings, attributed to chemical exposure but not to the hematotoxicity, were described. Lesions included hyaline droplet nephropathy and degeneration of the testis in male rats exposed to 4-CNB, inflammation of the harderian gland in rats exposed to 4-CNB, hyperplasia of the nasal cavity epithelium in rats exposed to 2-CNB, and hyperplasia of the forestomach epithelium in mice exposed to 4-CNB; these lesions have not been described previously in studies with these chemicals. Based on the exposure concentrations evaluated, A no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for histopathological injury in mice was 4.5 ppm for 2-chloronitrobenzene and 6 ppm for 4-chloronitrobenzene; a NOAEL was not determined for rats.
Model of vapor-induced resistivity changes in gold-thiolate monolayer-protected nanoparticle sensor films.

An investigation of the modulation of charge transport through thin films of n-octanethiolate monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (MPN) induced by the sorption of organic vapors is presented. A model is derived that allows predictions of MPN-coated chemiresistor (CR) responses from vapor−film partition coefficients, and analyte densities and dielectric constants. Calibrations with vapors of 28 compounds collected from an array of CRs and a parallel thickness-shear-mode resonator are used to verify assumptions inherent in the model and to assess its performance. Results afford insights into the nature of the vapor−MPN interactions, including systematic variations in apparent film swelling efficiencies, and show that the model can predict CR responses typically to within 24%. Using CRs of different dimensions, vapor sensitivities are found to be virtually independent of the MPN film volume over a range of 104 (device-area × MPN layer thickness). Sensitivities vary inversely with analyte vapor pressure si...
The Adoption of Multiple Dependent Technologies

A firm often makes an adoption decision regarding an improvement of one technology depending on changes in other technologies. For example, a manufacturer with a serial production line considers jointly upgrading multiple machines, or a firm producing an assembled product considers improving several components simultaneously. Economies or diseconomies of scope in the fixed cost of adoption when multiple improvements are undertaken at the same time generate an economic dependence among the technological innovations. Although the literature on technological innovations has attributed slow adoption mainly to uncertainties outside the firm, this paper shows that the economic dependence that inherently defines cost relationships inside the firm can significantly influence the timing of adoption. Furthermore, this impact is not unidirectional: economic dependence can either expedite or delay the adoption of an improved technology.
Projection systems and terminal localization of dorsal column afferents: An autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study in the rat

Projection systems from the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nuclear complex to their terminal sites in the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebellum were examined by means of anterograde autoradiography and retrograde horseradish peroxidase methods. Three projection systems emerge from the dorsal column nuclei, decussate via internal arcuate fibers, and form the contralateral medial lemniscus (ML). At the obex, some fibers split off the ML and course dorsolaterally, forming an ascending lateral system which fits the “lemniscal adjunct channel” (LAC) concept of Graybiel ('72). The ML continues rostrally as the “main lemniscal line channel” (MLLC). At the inferior colliculus, some LAC fibers terminate in the pontine nuclei, parabrachial, dorsal reticular nuclei, and the external and ventral medial part of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. More rostrally at the level of the superior colliculus, terminal fields are found in the medial nucleus of the medial geniculate body, the suprageniculate, pretectal, and mesencephalic reticular nuclei, marking the end of the LAC. In the diencephalon, gracile fibers leave the MLLC and form a crescentlike terminal field along the extreme lateral border of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. Cuneate MLLC fibers terminate in a bandlike formation in the VPL medial to the gracile termination. The third fiber system, the cuneocerebellar projection, emerges from the cuneate, the external cuneate nuclei, and the “cellular bridge” and immediately enters the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle. Upon entering the cerebellum, the major fiber component remains ipsilateral and terminates as vertical bands in vermal and paravermal lobules, and lobules I through IVa. The posterior cerebellar lobe contains terminal bands in lobules VII–IX, the copula pyramidis, and the paramedian lobule. It is concluded that the dorsolateral fiber system conforms to Graybiel's LAC. It is more divergent and probably less modality specific, whereas the medial lemniscal system conforms to the MLLC, which is said to be modality specific, less divergent, and locked to specific sensory-motor response characteristics. The topography of cerebellar terminal bands indicates that there is sensory-motor representation from all parts of the body to all parts of the cerebellum, at least in the rat.
Effect of microstructure and temperature on high cycle fatigue of powder metallurgy astroloy

Abstract Load-controlled high cycle fatigue tests were performed on a powder metallurgy superalloy, hot isostatically pressed Astroloy, with fine (0.08 μm) or coarse (0.8–1.2 μm) γ′ phase varied by heat treatment. Tests were carried out in vacuum or in air at 25, 550, 650 and 725°C. Fracture characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The fine-γ′ specimens displayed approximately the same fatigue strength as the coarse-γ′ specimens at all test temperatures, even though they possess greatly different tensile properties. Therefore the coarse-γ′ specimens show higher normalized fatigue resistance than the fine-γ′ specimens. The fatigue ratio of the coarse-γ′ specimens increased gradually with increasing temperature to 725°C while the fatigue ratio of the fine-γ′ specimens increased sharply between 550 and 725°C. Both the fine- and the coarse-γ′ specimens exhibited stage I crack initiation at the surface and transgranular crack propagation when tested under vacuum. At high stress amplitudes, more extensive stage I cracking occurred in the fine-γ′ specimens. At low stress amplitudes, the fatigue lives for specimens with both γ′ sizes, tested in air, were extended compared with those under vacuum. No contribution of creep damage to the high cycle fatigue behavior was found for either microstructure.
Renal clearance of uric acid in nonhuman primates

Abstract 1. 1. Uric acid clearance in Old World monkeys upon urate loading is greater than the simultaneously determined glomerular filtration rate except for tje bushbaby. 2. 2. All monkeys studied, except the spider monkey, possess liver uricase. In New World monkeys, uric acid is reabsorbed to varying degrees by the renal tubules except for the howler monkey, in which tubular secretion is seen. 3. 3. Apes (chimpanzee and gibbon) are devoid of uricase and avidly reabsorb filtered urate.
Efferent inhibition and antidromic depression of chemoreceptor A-fibers from the cat carotid body

Single unit chemoreceptor A-fiber activity was isolated in very fine filaments peeled back from the peripheral cut end of the cat carotid nervein vivo. Electrical stimulation of the remainder of the carotid nerve produces two types of suppression of chemoreceptor discharge. The first type arises from activation of an efferent inhibitory pathway mediated by carotid nerve C-fibers, while the second type results from antidromic depression of chemoreceptor discharge consequent to the direct stimulation of the sensory fiber. The shortness of the carotid nerve gives rise to the problem of stimulus spread which can confuse the nature of the type of discharge suppresion observed. A technique based on the relative refractory period of carotid nerve A-fibers is described which monitored the stimulus spread and the direct excitation of the sensory fiber. Utilizing this technique, it was possible to separate the effects of antidromic depression from efferent inhibition. The possible functional significance of efferent inhibition and antidromic depression is discussed.
Selection of an initial contact lens power for infantile cataract surgery without primary intraocular lens implantation.

Purpose To provide guidelines for the selection of an initial contact lens (CL) power based on the preoperative characteristics of the patient in eyes undergoing infantile cataract surgery without primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Design Cohort study. Participants Eyes were included if cataract surgery was performed without primary IOL implantation before 1 year of age, a SilSoft CL (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) was placed immediately after surgery, and postoperative refraction data were available within 1 month after surgery. Methods The target CL power was calculated by using the postoperative refraction at the corneal plane for each eye. A regression formula was derived using the targeted CL power and the axial length (AL). The CL power also was estimated using various formulas. An A-constant was derived to estimate CL power using IOL power calculation formula. Main Outcome Measures Contact lens power. Results Fifty eyes of 50 patients were analyzed. Age at the time of cataract surgery was 2.4±1.7 months. Refraction at the corneal plane was 29.6±4.4 diopters (D). Regression analysis revealed that CL power = 84.4 – 3.2 × AL ( R 2 = 0.82; P Conclusions We devised guidelines on selecting the initial CL power based on preoperative AL. The IOL power calculator also can help to estimate CL power. Refraction at the conclusion of surgery in infants may be difficult, and preoperative biometry can be used to estimate CL power. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Sampling and Analysis of Airborne Fenitrothion and Tris(2-Ethylhexyl)Phosphate

ABSTRACT: An analytical technique is described for simultaneous determination of fenitrothion and tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) in air. Total airborne (vapor and aerosol) fenitrothion and TEHP were collected in glass tubes 75 by 6.3 mm outside diameter containing a 10-mm plug of Tenax GC. Air was drawn through the adsorber at a rate of about 1 L/min for a period of up to 4 h to measure the dosage of fenitrothion and TEHP or for 2 to 3 min to determine timewise variations of concentration. The break-through volume of the adsorbers was larger than 360 L at a sampling rate of 1 L/min. The material collected on Tenax GC was thermally released directly into a gas chromatographic column and analyzed using a thermionic detector. Cascade impactors were used to collect aerosol and measure the drop-size distribution over a range of 1 to 30 ..mu..m. The concentrations of fenitrothion and TEHP measured in field experiments varied over a range of 3 X 10/sup -12/ g/L to 2 X 10/sup -8/ g/L and 5 X 10/sup -12/ g/L to 2 X 10/sup -10/ g/L, respectively. The precision of the method was better than + or - 10 percent using different adsorbers and + ormore » - 5 percent for the same adsorber. Field tests were conducted in New Brunswick forests during the 1980 spruce budworm control program.« less
Failure of Spleen Cells from Immunologically Tolerant Mice to form Antibody Plaques to Sheep Erythrocytes in Agar Gel

DURING the past decade there have been numerous investigations concerned with establishment of specific immunological tolerance or unresponsiveness to either viable tissues or to a variety of non-living antigens, such as soluble serum proteins, bacterial products, and mammalian or avian erythrocytes1,2. Most investigators believe that tolerance is due to a central inhibition of antibody formation and not to masking or binding of antibody by excess antigen2.
Nature of the Unpaired Electron Orbital in Some Low Spin Oxygen-Co Complexes

Abstract The CoII complexes, Co(II)-bissalicylal-3,3′-diimino-di-n-propylamine peroxide I and decaammine-μ-peroxodicobalt cation II, were investigated by the electron spin resonance (esr). On the basis of the observed esr parameters, it was concluded that the unpaired electron is largely localized on the O2 group and, therefore, these complexes are better described as super-oxides. The equilibrium in solution of I between the paramagnetic and dia-magnetic forms implied by the previous studies was also demonstrated.
Towards a new way to measure power: Applying conjoint analysis to group decisions

This paper presents some preliminary development towards a methodology for measuring power in a group purchase decision. We define power as the capacity of an individual to change the probability of an alternative being chosen by expressing an opinion about that alternative. We present a linear model that relates the group members' preferences to the probability that a given alternative will be chosen. The model parameters reflect specific measures of power and can be estimated by conjoint analysis. We present the results of a pilot field study, conducted on a sample of purchasing managers, which favorably assesses certain psychometric properties of the resulting measures for dyads.
Numerical technique to correct for weak acid errors in gran function analysis of titration data

Abstract Ordinary Gran function analysis of titration data from samples which contain weak acids results in overestimates of strong acid acidity and underestimates of weak acid acidity. A numerical technique is developed which solves a general acid-base model from titration data. The technique is an iterative procedure which adjusts Gran functions for the effect of the weak acid components. The model and the method are validated with simulated titration data and laboratory data from test solutions.
The Incremental Validity of Positive Emotions in Predicting School Functioning.

Proponents of positive psychology have argued for more comprehensive assessments incorporating positive measures (e.g., student strengths) as well as negative measures (e.g., psychological symptoms). However, few variable-centered studies have addressed the incremental validity of positive assessment data. The authors investigated the incremental validity of positive emotions relative to negative emotions in predicting adolescents’ adaptive school functioning. Positive emotions demonstrated significant incremental validity in predicting school satisfaction, adaptive coping, and student engagement, but not self-reported GPA. The findings offer some support for the utility of positive measures in psychoeducational assessments.
Parenting classes: from birth to 3 years.

Abstract Parenting is a topic of great interest for pediatric nurse practitioners, because clinical practice is fraught with parenting concerns and dilemmas. This article provides information about resources available to health care providers that may be used to assist parents in their parenting endeavors. In addition, the article offers the philosophical basis and reported research supporting interventions with parents in general, as well as with specific curricula. J Pediatr Health Care. (2001). 15, 179-186.
Some aspects of language comprehension in anterior aphasia.

Abstract The competency of language comprehension was evaluated in three groups: anterior aphasics, posterior aphasics, and normal control subjects. Test material was divided into two sentence groups (Fill in the Blank and True/False) emphasizing either (1) semantic, “real world,” identity words or (2) syntactic, relational words, and one paragraph interpretation task. Matching auditory and visual (written) presentations were given. The control subjects performed almost flawlessly but many errors were made by each aphasia group. Qualitative study revealed a marked difference in the comprehension problem of the two groups. The anterior aphasic group performed well on semantically weighted sentences but made errors on syntactically weighted material, regardless of mode of presentation. In contrast, the posterior aphasics made almost the same number of errors on both types of material, regardless of mode of presentation. These findings support the concept of defective language comprehension in anterior aphasia and further suggest that the defect centers on the syntactical structures which are also poorly handled in expressive output.
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy as a detector for liquid chromatography

We have demonstrated the use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) as a detector for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For this use, we have designed and implemented a Brewster's angle flow cell such that cavity ring-down spectroscopy can be performed on microliter volumes of liquids. The system exhibits a linear dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude (30 nM to 30 μM quinalizarin at 470 nm) for static measurements and 2 orders of magnitude (0.5 μM to 50 μM) for HPLC measurements. For the static measurements, the baseline noise is 2.8 × 10-6 AU rms and 1.0 × 10-5 AU peak-to-peak, and for the HPLC separations, it is 3.2 × 10-6 AU rms and 1.3 × 10-5 AU peak-to-peak. The baseline noise is determined after the data are smoothed by an 11-point boxcar average. The peak areas detected from HPLC separations are reproducible to within 2−3%. The HPLC mass detection limit for a molecule with e = 9 × 103 M-1 cm-1 in a 300-μm path length cell (illuminated volume, 0.5 μL) is reported as 2.5 × 10-8 g/mL. T...
Macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity: genetic variation in macrophage tumoricidal capacity among mouse strains.

Abstract Development of activated tumoricidal macrophages following Mycobacterium bovis , strain BCG infection in vivo or lymphokine treatment in vitro was examined with more than 20 mouse strains. Peritoneal macrophages from 8 of 22 strains failed to develop tumoricidal capacity by 7 days after intraperitoneal BCG infection. Macrophages from 6 of 6 in vivo nonresponder strains also failed to develop tumoricidal capacity after in vitro treatment with lymphokines. Identification of nonresponder mouse strains should provide a useful resource for analysis of intermediary reactions in macrophage activation.
CUTTING OILS: Types, Designation, Suggested Symbols

Two committees have been working for several years on the standardisation of Cutting Fluid nomenclature and summarised symbols which can be used by both the oil chemist and production men to avoid misunderstandings and yet present the clear simple truth of the subject matter. The material given below has been approved both by the Research Committee on Cutting Fluids of the ASTM and the ASME, and they are presented here for the purpose of bringing them to the attention of more people interested and inviting comments from those wishing to improve this standard.
Possible localization of a major gene for cleft lip and palate to 4q

Two of the 13 PCR markers were most informative in tentatively identifying a major gene for cleft lip on the q arm of chromosome #4 with a maximum LOD score of 2.27 (O= 0)
Tongues and Ethics: William J. Seymour and the "Bible Evidence": A Response to Cecil M. Robeck, Jr.

The "Bible evidence" doctrine was one of the most significant teachings to emerge first at the Topeka revival and subsequently at Azusa Street. For better or worse, it has come to define classical Pentecostalism. Cecil M. Robeck, Jr. has argued that central Pentecostal pioneer William Joseph Seymour entertained doubts about the doctrine from early on and eventually came to reject it. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the arguments Robeck makes from the evidence he finds in the Apostolic Faith papers and the Doctrines and Discipline. Contrary to Robeck, the paper concludes that Seymour did not entirely reject the Bible evidence teaching; rather, he made certain key clarifications in light of personal and pastoral concerns.
On the high correlation between long‐term averages of solar wind speed and geomagnetic activity

Six-month and yearly averages of solar-wind speed from 1962 to 1975 are shown to be highly correlated with geomagnetic activity as measured by averages of the Ap index. On the same time scale the correlation between the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field and geomagnetic activity is poor. Previous studies with hourly averages gave opposite results. The better correlation with the southward component on an hourly time scale is explained by its large variation compared with the relatively constant solar-wind speed. However, on a yearly time scale the magnitude of the variations in both parameters are about the same. This problem can be solved by invoking an energy transfer mechanism which is proportional to the first power of the southward component and a higher power of the solar-wind speed.
PRACTICAL p-VALUE ADJUSTMENT FOR OPTIMALLY SELECTED CUTPOINTS

This paper concerns a series of simulations undertaken to examine the effects of two data features--number of cutpoints and true marker prognostic effect size--on three methods of p-value adjustment (asymptotic, P(acor); improved Bonferroni, P(bon); and empirical permutation, P(emp)). H(o) rejection rates for P(emp) and P(bon) are almost indistinguishable from those for an independent validation sample (P(vld)), while those of P(acor) are somewhat conservative, especially when the number of cutpoints is small. Analysis of a new breast cancer prognostic marker, heat shock protein 70, illustrates the methods. These results underscore many of the problems associated with data-derived cutpoints in general, and the need for p-value adjustment.
A single cysteine, Cys-64, is essential for assembly of tenascin-C hexabrachions

Tenascin-C is a large, multimeric extracellular matrix protein that is found in a variety of tissues and can have profound effects on cell adhesion. It is secreted from cells as a hexamer of six identical chains called a hexabrachion. Disulfide bonding among tenascin subunits mediates intracellular assembly into hexamers. The amino-terminal assembly domain consists of heptad repeats and at least six cysteine residues (Cys-64, -111, -113, -140, -146, -147) that could be involved in multimerization. We have now determined the requirements for these cysteine residues during hexamer assembly. Our results show that only Cys-64 is required to form the hexameric structure. Mutation of Cys-64 to glycine resulted in release of trimer intermediates, which probably form via the heptad repeats, but no hexamers were secreted. In contrast, individual or pairs of mutations of each of the other cysteines had no effect on tenascin hexamer formation, and inclusion of any other cysteine mutations along with C64G did not further disrupt the multimer pattern. However, when all six cysteines were mutated, monomers were the major extracellular form. Together, these results show that trimers are an intermediate of tenascin-C assembly and that Cys-64 is essential for formation of hexabrachions.
High diffraction efficiency in SBN with applied fields near the coercive field

We present the experiments and results of our investigation of electrical fixing in SBN:60. We propose an optical method for determining the value of the coercive field in ferroelectric crystals. An interferometric method is used to map the change in the index of refraction with negative applied fields, where the minimum of the index change is an indication of the coercive field. From this experiment, values of 1.55 kV±20 V for the coercive voltage and 147±6 pm/V for the linear electro-optic coefficient are found. Two electrical-fixing techniques that result in very high diffraction efficiencies are presented, discussed and compared to previous publications on electrical fixing in SBN. High diffraction efficiencies of about 95% were achieved with the application of negative fields near the coercive region, during and after holographic recording in the crystal.