cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sinonasal Renal Cell-Like Adenocarcinoma.

Sinonasal renal cell-like adenocarcinoma (SNRCLA) is a newly defined, rare malignant tumor of the nasal cavity. The clinical course and response to treatment remain uncertain. The purpose of this study is to report a new case of SNRCLA and review the literature to determine clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes. A 26-year-old male presented with headache, epistaxis, and nasal obstruction. Physical examination revealed a tumor involving bilateral ethmoid sinuses and MRI revealed extension through the cribriform plate. Surgical excision with endonasal and a bifrontal craniotomy was performed followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). After RT, the patient had persistent disease requiring salvage surgery. There are few previously reported cases of SNRCLA. A literature review yielded 14 previously reported cases with convincing diagnostic evidence of SNRCLA. Common presenting symptoms were epistaxis and nasal obstruction. Surgical excision was the primary treatment in fourteen cases, nine received RT, and none received chemotherapy. However, three cases had persistent or recurrent disease. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment for SNRCLA and adjuvant RT has been used in some patients with varying outcomes. The tumor is low grade with no reported cases of metastases or death. The best practice for treatment is yet to be determined.
Optical Imaging of Pancreatic Innervation

At the time of Ivan Pavlov, pancreatic innervation was studied by looking at pancreas secretions in response to electrical stimulation of nerves. Nowadays we have ways to visualize neuronal activity in real time thanks to advances in fluorescent reporters and imaging techniques. We also have very precise optogenetic and pharmacogenetic approaches that allow neuronal manipulations in a very specific manner. These technological advances have been extensively employed for studying the central nervous system and are just beginning to be incorporated for studying visceral innervation. Pancreatic innervation is complex, and the role it plays in physiology and pathophysiology of the organ is still not fully understood. In this review we highlight anatomical aspects of pancreatic innervation, techniques for pancreatic neuronal labeling, and approaches for imaging pancreatic innervation in vitro and in vivo.
Optimal number of baseline sessions before changing phases within single-case experimental designs.

Abstract Recommendations vary considerably for the minimum or optimal number of baseline sessions to conduct within single-case experimental design clinical analyses or research studies. We examined the optimal number of baseline sessions that produced minimal bias. First, we examined the relation between the number of baseline sessions and the degree of bias in calculating estimates of treatment effect size. As the number of baseline sessions increased, the bias in effect size estimates decreased, r = -0.36, p
Patent Term Extension and the Active Ingredient Problem

Patent term extension (PTE) is a statutorily-based mechanism to compensate inventors for patent term loss due to regulatory delay during the drug approval process at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the context of pharmaceutical products, PTE is only available for the active ingredient of a drug formulation. Case law and interpretation of the relevant statutory text have clearly delineated the boundaries of what qualifies as an active ingredient in a chemical formulation for purposes of PTE. As therapeutics expand beyond simple chemical formulations into cell-based and gene therapy-based formulations, where a chemical compound is not the active ingredient, an interpretation of active ingredient for purposes of PTE is lacking. I term this shortcoming “the active ingredient problem.” In the absence of applicable case law, it has become increasingly important to review FDA guidance and recommendations. Furthermore, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has offered limited indications of how it may interpret active ingredients in these scenarios. Moving forward, it will be essential for inventors to understand how these cutting- edge therapeutics will be protected and how their efforts will be compensated as a result of delays associated with the regulatory approval process. In this paper, I advocate the adoption of “treatment complex protocols” or TCPs, a novel framework for PTE for cellular and gene-based therapeutics. This framework moves away from considerations of an active ingredient and instead embraces the complexities of the production and development of cellular and gene-based therapies. Under this framework, PTE would be granted to a TCP, which is a complete protocol-based description of the inputs, modifications, and outputs required to develop these complex and clinically important therapeutics. Although TCPs are necessarily more complex than determinations of active ingredients for chemically based therapeutics, they have the potential to clarify this increasingly murky, yet clinically relevant, area of the law.
CRYSTAL ENGINEERING: FUNCTIONALITY AND AESTHETICS

Functionality and aesthetics are two major driving forces for the advancement of science and technology and of course crystal engineering is no exception. In this article we discuss our rational designing strategies for controlling the functional properties of materials using both organic and inorganic molecular building blocks. The targeted functional properties include light-harvesting, ion exchange, porosity and intercalation. Our efforts to construct porous solids by exploiting directional forces in conjunction with molecular symmetry unraveled beautifully interwoven and threaded supramolecular structures that resemble carpets and Chinese blinds of the real world. Efforts have been made to discuss our results in light of the narrowing gap between ‘discrete’ and ‘infinitely large’ supermolecules.
Soil-Water Behavior as Described by Transport Coefficients and Functions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the soil–water behavior, as described by transport coefficients and functions. Substantial advances in knowledge and understanding of soil–water behavior have come about through the development and application of flow concepts and theory based upon proportional-type water-transfer coefficients and functions These coefficients or functions arise from flow equations that express proportionality, between the velocity of water transfer and a pressure-gravity type of driving gradient. The earliest water-transport coefficient proposed for porous materials appears in the law of Darcy. One-dimensional water flow in layered systems is easily amenable to theoretical analysis, by a suitable application of Darcy's law. The analysis predicts that the hydraulic conductivity of the least permeable layer is not the sole determining factor for water flow through a layered system. Darcy-type analysis of layered systems has also been successful, in predicting the development and magnitude of soil-water suction, in water-saturated sublayers of soil, overlain by a material of reduced conductivity. The Darcy proportionality equation also permits mathematical generalization into certain types of partial differential equations that can be solved for the boundary conditions of various water-flow problems.
Crankshaft Position Measurement with Applications to Ignition Timing, Diagnostics and Performance Measurement

This paper introduces a high accuracy method of measuring crankshaft angular position of an internal combustion engine. The method uses a sensor which couples magnetically to the starter ring gear. There are may automotive applications of this measurement of crankshaft angular position including ignition timing reference, engine performance measurement and certain diagnostic functions. The present paper discusses only the ignition timing application.
Detection of valvular insufficiency by a platinum electrode technic. A preliminary study.

Abstract Hydrogen- and ascorbic acid-sensitive platinum electrodes have been applied through a catheter technic for the detection of tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary and mitral valvular insufficiency in the experimental laboratory. Miniaturization of these catheters might add a valuable technic for the evaluation of clinical valvular heart disease and for the quantitative determination of the amount of valvular regurgitation.
Toxicity of toxaphene to Bosmina longirostris and Daphnia spp. (Crustacea).

Examen de la toxicite aigue du taxophene chez B.l. et comparaison des EC50 48 h avec celles observees chez Daphnia pulex et D. magna. Importance des resultats pour la determination des criteres de qualite de l'eau dans les grands lacs canadiens
INTROGRESSION DESPITE SUBSTANTIAL DIVERGENCE IN A BROADCAST SPAWNING MARINE INVERTEBRATE

Understanding the relationship between reproductive isolation and time since divergence is critical to our understanding of speciation. One group for which we know little about the relationship between hybridization/introgression and time since divergence is the marine broadcast spawners. Here, we investigate the distribution of closely related cryptic species of marine broadcast spawners (Type A and B Ciona intestinalis) in areas of potential sympatry to determine whether these two types occur together and if so, whether they show evidence of hybridization and introgression. Then we combine our data with other studies to investigate general patterns of reproductive isolation versus divergence in marine broadcast spawners. We found that Type A and B C. intestinalis occurred sympatrically in 2007, and that 21 individuals show evidence of introgression in sympatry (out of approximately 500). Type A and B C. intestinalis are 12.4% divergent at mitochondrial COI (mtCOI), and in comparison with other marine broadcast spawning species at mtCOI, these two types may be near the upper limit of the range of divergence values in which introgression is still possible. However, introgression at divergence levels similar to those found in Ciona does exist, prompting questions about the strength of postmating prezygotic reproductive barriers in marine broadcast spawners.
Human collagens: differences in glycosylated hydroxylysines in skin and bone.

Abstract The levels of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine and galactosylhydroxylysine in collagen from human skin and bone have been determined. One third of the total hydroxylysine is glycosylated in these tissues, but the relative amounts of the glycosylated hydroxylysines, although quite constant for a tissue, are different from each other. Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine predominates in skin, whereas galactosylhydroxylysine predominates in bone.
Selectivity Factors for Several Pah Pairs on C18 Bonded Phase Columns

Abstract The selectivity factors for four pairs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been found to be very different on the HC-ODS column in comparison to most other C18 bonded-phase columns. The selectivity factors for these PAH pairs varied slightly with different manufacturing lots of the HC-ODS material, the selectivity variations for each PAH pair being linearly correlated with those for the other pairs.
Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor

Angiotensin II is an important effector molecule controlling blood pressure and volume in the cardiovascular system. Its importance is manifested by the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Angiotensin II interacts with two pharmacologically distinct subtypes of cell-surface receptors, AT1 and AT2. AT1 receptors seem to mediate the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. Here we report the isolation by expression cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a unique protein with the pharmacological specificity of a vascular AT1 receptor. Hydropathic modelling of the deduced protein suggests that it shares the seven-transmembrane-region motif with the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Knowledge of the AT1 receptor primary sequence should now permit structural analysis, definition of the angiotensin II receptor gene family and delineation of the contribution of AT receptors to the genetic component of hypertension.
Organic spintronics: Interfaces are critical.

A suitably chosen thin layer inserted between a ferromagnetic electrode and an organic semiconductor allows control over the polarization of the injected spins.
Dominance of iminopeptidase activity in the human oral bacterium Treponema denticola ATCC 35405

Treponema denticola ATCC 35405, a human oral spirochete associated with periodontal disease, was shown to contain three enzymes (I, II, and III) with proline iminopeptidase activity. II and III were considered to be true iminopeptidases, whereas enzyme I was found to be a benzoylarginine peptidase with iminopeptidase activity. Enzyme III, the dominant proline iminopeptidase ofT. denticola in terms of its activity towardN-l-prolyl-2-naphthylamine, was considered to be a sulfhydryl peptidase: 0.167 μM p-chloromercuribenzoic acid totally inactivated the enzyme, and 1.0 mM dithiothreitol restored 92% of activity. The activity of this enzyme was not affected by metal chelators. Chemical modification of enzyme III suggests that tyrosyl (or histidyl) and carboxyl groups may be necessary for its activity. The hydrolysis ofN-l-prolyl-2-naphthylamine was found to be very characteristic ofT. denticola ATCC 35405; out of 24 differentN-l-aminoacyl-2-naphthylamines tested, only the proline derivative was hydrolyzed at a high rate. The substrate specificity of the enzymes discovered indicates that they may be important for the nutrition ofT. denticola. The iminopeptidase activity may be related to the pathogenicity of this organism in periodontal disease.
The Social Health Intervention Project (SHIP): protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention for problem drinking and intimate partner violence in an urban emergency department.

Background There is a strong reciprocal association between two highly prevalent public health problems: intimate partner violence and heavy drinking, both of which remain major sources of morbidity and mortality. Brief interventions in the Emergency Department setting have been found to be effective in reducing alcohol-related injury but neither classic intimate partner violence nor substance abuse interventions have adequately integrated assessment and treatment for these co-occurring conditions. The overall goal of this study is to determine whether a motivational intervention delivered at the time of an Emergency Department visit will reduce heavy drinking and improve the safety of women experiencing intimate partner violence.
Clinician, Society and Suicide Mountain: Reading Rogerian Doctrine of Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)

Carl Rogers has become a legendary personage in the mental health field. Rogers (1957) “has been cited in the literature over a thousand times, in professional writings originating in 36 countries” (Goldfried, 2007, p.249). Clinicians in the behavioral health field (psychiatry, social work, counseling and psychology) are exposed to his teachings about human behavior. Of all the ideas propagated by Rogers, the concept of unconditional positive regard (UPR) has been elevated to the level of a doctrine (Schmitt, 1980). What then is unconditional positive regard? How can clinicians be faithful to the demands of unconditional positive regard in the face of other competing realities such as threat of suicide or terrorism? This paper seeks to discuss the impossible nature of Rogers' UPR, highlighting its inherent linguistic contradiction. Since psychotherapy is culturally normative, the doctrine of unconditional positive regard negates this fundamental principle. In this article, the author takes a critical look at the influence of American philosophy of education on Rogers--he was a product of his culture. Furthermore, this paper asserts that clinicians are guided by societal norms or 'conditions' which regulate clinical practice, including unconditional positive regard (Gone, 2011).
Response of the Columbia River fluvial system to Holocene climatic change

An understanding of the response of a fluvial system to past climatic changes is useful for predicting its response to future shifts in temperature and precipitation. To determine the response of the Columbia River system to previous climatic conditions and transitions, a well-dated sequence of floodplain development in the Wells Reservoir region was compared with the paleoenvironmental history of the Columbia River Basin. Results of this comparison indicate that aggradation episodes, occurring approximately 9000-8000, 7000-6500, 4400-3900, and 2400-1800 yr B.P., coincided with climatic transitions that share certain characteristics. The inferred climates associated with aggradation had at least moderate rates of precipitation that occurred mainly in winter coupled with moderate winter temperatures. Such conditions would have resulted in the buildup of snowpacks and a high frequency of rain-on-snow events. The warming and precipitation increases predicted for the Pacific Northwest under most CO2-doubling scenarios are likely to repeat these conditions, which could increase the frequency of severe, sediment-laden floods in the Columbia River Basin.
Spherical bent focusing analyzer for high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering

ABSTRACTA new technique for making a high resolution X-ray analyzer is presented. The analyzer consists of a silicon wafer with orientation, a Pyrex glass wafer and a concave polished Pyrex glass substrate. The energy resolution of theanalyzer was studied on the inelastic scattering beamline of the Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation CollaborativeAccess Team (SRI CAT) on sector 3 of the APS using the Si(777) back reflection at 13.84 keV. Details are presented and compared with other techniques, and we discuss contributions to the measured energy resolution.Keywords: inelastic X-ray scattering, high energy resolution, X-ray optics, synchrotron radiation instrumentation 1. INTRODUCTION High resolution inelastic X-ray scattering (HRIXS) is a technique that has been made practical with the adventof third-generation synchrotron sources. This technique is useful for studying low energy excitations in liquids and solids, a field of research traditionally studied using inelastic neutron scattering (INS), and is designed to complement
A Computer Program to Solve for Rates of Exchange of Material among Pools in an Open System Kinetic Model

Studies of the kinetics of metabolism can make an important contribution toward understanding partitioning of nutrients within the body. A computer program is described that calculates flow of material within an open system of interconnected pools. A description of techniques used to obtain data needed for entry into the program is included. From the data, the program builds and solves a system of linear equations. The program is written in FORTRAN and for use requires no previous experience of kinetic analysis or computer programming. Although more sophisticated programs are available, this program allows biologists to begin studies on kinetics of metabolism without prerequisite expertise in mathematics and computer programming.
Solid-State 31P NMR Study of Phosphonate Binding Sites in Guanidine-Functionalized, Molecular Imprinted Silica Xerogels

Phosphonate binding sites in guanidine and ammonium surface-functionalized silica xerogels were prepared via the molecular imprinting technique and characterized using solid state {sup 31}P MAS NMR. One-point, two-point, and non-specific host-guest interactions between phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) and the functionalized gels were distinguished by characteristic chemical shifts of the observed absorption peaks. Using solid state as well as solution phase NMR analyses, absorptions observed at 15.5 ppm and 6.5 ppm were identified as resulting from the 1:1 (one-point) and 2:1 (two-point) guanidine to phosphonate interactions, respectively. Similar absorptions were observed with the ammonium functionalized gels. By examining the host-guest interactions within the gels, the efficiency of the molecular imprinting procedure with regard to the functional monomer-to-template interaction could be readily assessed. Template removal followed by substrate adsorption studies conducted on the guanidine functionalized gels provided a method to evaluate the binding characteristics of the receptor sites to a phosphonate substrate. During these experiments, {sup 29}Si and {sup 31}P MAS NMR acted as diagnostic monitors to identify structural changes occurring in the gel matrix and at the receptor site from solvent mediated processes.
Dielectric Absorption and Theories of Dielectric Behavior

The first report of the Committee on Electrical Insulation of the Division of Engineering and Industrial Research of the National Research Council laid a plan for a review of existing data and information and its coordination, looking to a comprehensive plan of experimental attack. The whole field was divided into a number of divisions which have since been assigned to several groups of investigators. The present paper constitutes the second report of the Committee on Electrical Insulation, and in accordance with the plan. described presents the results of an extensive review of the literature on dielectric absorption and theories of dielectric behavior. The paper presents brirfly the fundamental classical theory of dielectrics as based on the work of Cavendisha, Faraday and Maxwell, and devotes its principal attention to the anomalies salies or departures from that theory. The principal experimental facts of anomalous behavior under continuous potential are reviewed and classified, together with the various theories proposed to account for them. These theories are divided into four classes: (1) those in which the fundamental magnetic equations are retained and the anomalies attributed to anomalies of the structure of the dielectric, (2) those in which the anomalies are attributed to special laws of dielectric displacement, without explanation of underlying mechanism, (3) those in which explanation of displacement and its anomalies is traced to the motion of electrons within the atom, and (4) those invoking anomalies of conductivity in explanation of dielectric behavior.
Characterisation of electromagnetically coupled superquadric loop antennas for mobile communications applications

Analysis of two mutually coupled loop antennas with arbitrary relative orientation and position and possibly different geometries is presented. The antennas are represented by generalised superquadric curves, which include circular, elliptical, and rectangular loop geometries, and they may be located either in a homogeneous region or next to an infinite ground plane. A Galerkin-type moment method with piecewise sinusoidal subsectional basis and weighting functions is used. Special consideration is given to implement the solution using curved wire segments instead of the commonly employed linear segments to improve computational efficiency. This very general computational tool is used to investigate the behaviour of coupled loops in configurations suitable for personal communications applications. A discussion of the use of antenna diversity to increase the received signal-to-noise ratio for communications equipment used in a multipath fading environment is also presented. Computational examples show that antenna diversity can provide significant improvements even for closely spaced loop antennas used in mobile communications applications.
Highly active hydrogen evolution catalysis from metallic WS2 nanosheets

We report metallic WS2 nanosheets that display excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) that is the best reported for MX2 materials. They are chemically exfoliated from WS2 nanostructures synthesized by chemical vapour deposition, including by using a simple and fast microwave-assisted intercalation method. Structural and electrochemical studies confirm that the simultaneous conversion and exfoliation of semiconducting 2H-WS2 into nanosheets of its metallic 1T polymorph result in facile electrode kinetics, excellent electrical transport, and proliferation of catalytically active sites.
Detection of Ambient NO by Laser-Induced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Using A(2)Sigma(+)- X(2)Pi (0,0) Transitions Near 226 nm,

Trace concentrations of NO are detected under ambient conditions by laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy. NO is excited via its A2S+ - X2P (0,0) band with radiation near 226 nm, and the subsequent heat released is monitored by a microphone. Rotationally resolved photoacoustic spectra are recorded and fit with the use of a multiparameter computer simulation based on a Boltzmaun distribution. Transition probabilities and rotational energies are used as input parameters. The effect of buffer gas pressure, buffer gas, laser energy, and NO concentration on the PA signal is investigated both experimentally and by model calculations. Limits of detection (LODs) of 1.2, 2.8, and 4.9 ppm are obtained for NO in Ar, N2, and air, respectively. The ultimate sensitivity of this approach is greater with LODs projected in the low-ppb range by utilizing higher laser energies and an improved system design. The results are compared with those of previous studies using complementary laser-based spectroscopic techniques.
REEFER MADNESS IN BLUEGRASS COUNTY: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ROLES IN THE RURAL KENTUCKY MARIJUANA INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT Based on interviews with 55 members of a rural Kentucky community that serves as a base for the marijuana industry, this paper examines the roles of industry participants, community members and examines how community structure and culture facilitate this illegal enterprise. The goal of this paper is to show that rather than being perceived as deviant activity introduced by a minority of residents, the production of marijuana is facilitated by community structures and roles of community members. Presented as an organized criminal network, the rural marijuana industry is comprised nearly entirely of men, who fulfill one of five distinct roles. In addition to the previously identified roles of the communal grower, hustler and pragmatist this analysis offers the roles of the young punk and entrepreneur. Community members fulfill one of seven basic roles, each of which is shown to facilitate the continued presence and success of the industry. Finally, women of marijuana industry rural communities are ...
Characterization of sources and solutions in Yang-Mills theories

Sikivie and Weiss have suggested that in Yang-Mills theories it is sufficient to characterize a source rho/sub a/(r) by the gauge-invariant rho/sub a/rho/sub a/. This has proved a popular notion in the literature. It is pointed out here that this is an incomplete characterization which can lead to misinterpretation of results.
Language Origin from an Emergentist Perspective.

In recent decades, there has been a surge of interest in the origin of language across a wide range of disciplines. Emergentism provides a new perspective to integrate investigations from different areas of study. This paper discusses how the study of language acquisition can contribute to the inquiry, in particular when computer modeling is adopted as the research methodology. An agent-based model is described as an illustration, which simulates how word order in a language could have emerged at the very beginning of language origin. Two important features of emergence, heterogeneity and nonlinearity, are demonstrated in the model, and their implications for applied linguistics are discussed.
Talk, Small Stories, and Adolescent Identities

Both commentators hint at a different interpretation of the participants™ ac-tions/interactions. They ask whether it is possible to interpret the silence or non-engagement of some participants as a counter strategy or even resistance to what I termed ‚slut bashing™ and what I assumed to be the dominant activity of the group. At first, I was surprised by this interpretation because I had been working with tran-scripts from the videotaped interactions and could
Distribution of cholecystokinin-B receptor genotype between patients with pancreatic cancer and controls and its impact on survival.

Objective Cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin stimulate growth of pancreatic cancer through the CCK-B receptor (CCK-BR). A splice variant of the CCK-BR that results from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified. Since the splice variant receptor has an extended 3rd intracellular loop, an area involved in cell signaling and growth, we hypothesized that this genetic variant could contribute to the poor prognosis and short survival of this malignancy.
Laboratory evaluation of stabilizing methods for porous asphalt mixtures

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the performance of different stabilizing additives (cellulose fibers, styrene–butadiene–styrene [SBS], and crumb rubber modifier [CRM]) in a porous asphalt mixture. The mix evaluation was based on draindown, permeability, abrasion resistance, moisture susceptibility, and rutting. The results emphasized the importance of stabilizing additives in porous asphalt mixtures. Further, the results indicated that the addition of fibers or CRM were the most effective at minimizing draindown; CRM or the combination of fibers and SBS were the most effective at increasing the abrasion resistance; and the fibers had no effect on the mix strength.
Carbon isotopic evidence for the emergence of C4 plants in the Neogene from Pakistan and Kenya

DETAILED palaeorecords of terrestrial environments are critical for interpretations of the late Miocene mammalian evolution. Here we assess the development of modern tropical grassland (C4) biomes, an important ecosystem for modern faunas. We present enamel apatite 13C/12C isotope ratios of fauna from two sequences, the Siwaliks from the Potwar Plateau in northern Pakistan, and the Tugen Hills Succession in Kenya (Fig. 1). Our data do not support previous suggestions of a restricted global date for C4 emergence associated with decreased atmospheric CO2 around 7 Myr ago1. Instead, C4 grasses are first recorded as a dietary component in Pakistan at 9.4 Myr and increase as a foraging resource over the next few million years. In Kenya, C4 grasses are present by 15.3 Myr but are not the primary dietary resource of herbivores until 7 Myr. A wide range of C3 and C4 dietary signals characterizes the latest Miocene/Pliocene of Kenya.
Perceptual accentuation in minimal groups

Differences between paired paintings in a minimal group context were accentuated when assigned preferences served as the categorization basis. Failure to replicate resource allocation bias in control groups was attributed to the procedural emphasis on paintings, which may have precluded the use of the random categorization as a meaningful comparison dimension.
Innervation of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal vagal nucleus by thyrotropin-releasing hormone-containing raphe neurons

The nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal vagal nucleus are richly innervated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing fibers arising from the caudal raphe nuclei. After transection of vertically oriented fibers by a horizontal knife-cut in the medulla oblongata, TRH-staining disappeared from the vagal nuclei while it increased in transected nerve fibers ventral to the knife-cut. TRH-containing cells are mainly located in the nucleus raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus. TRH-containing fibers run dorsally within the raphe and enter the dorsal vagal complex at its rostral tip. Then they turn caudally and send branches laterally. Immediately caudal to the level of the obex, several TRH-containing fibers cross over the central canal. Cells in regions other than the raphe (hypothalamus or other rostral areas, ventrolateral medulla, cranial nerves) must contribute little to the TRH innervation of the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal vagal nucleus, since various knife-cuts transecting all above possible connections did not alter the TRH innervation pattern or TRH concentrations of these vagal nuclei.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) infestation in the southeastern United States.

Climate variability is expected to have an influence on the population of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Say (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a serious insect pest of winter wheat in the southeastern United States. This study had two objectives: 1) to examine the effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Hessian fly infestation and 2) to develop a weather-based Hessian fly infestation model for wheat yield loss prediction. At least 20 years of Hessian fly infestation and wheat yield records from two locations in South Georgia were used for this study. The yearly values of infestation were separated by ENSO phase and tested to assess the infestation differences across ENSO phases. Each year, yield losses from infestation were calculated by subtracting the yields of resistant varieties from those of susceptible ones. The yield losses were then separated by ENSO phase and tested. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify the contribution of monthly weather variables and changes in wheat acreage to Hessian fly infestation. Results showed that Hessian fly infestation and yield losses were greatest during the La Nina and least during the El Nino phase. The weather conditions that significantly increased the risk for infestation were those of the August-February period. The risk of infestation was higher during August-September under wetter, cooler conditions and during October-February under drier, warmer conditions. These findings could help wheat growers reduce the risk of infestation in the years that are expected to have more infestation through the adoption of necessary mitigation measures before the crop season.
Urban vacancy and land use legacies: A frontier for urban ecological research, design, and planning

Abstract Around the world, many urban districts and some entire cities are dominated by vacant and abandoned property. Former uses of these properties range from heavy industry to residential neighborhoods, and each bears many potential legacies of past uses, including: introduction of contaminants that may threaten the health of humans and other species, engineering of land and infrastructure that may undermine hydrological ecosystem services, and introduction of species including invasives. While the ecological functions that characterize vacant urban lands have been only partially investigated, the legacies associated with their past uses are known to affect ecosystem services. In addition, changed industries, weakened economies, arcane financial systems, population migration, and aging resident populations have left many people living in the midst of this vacancy, with clear implications for human health and safety. Since market demand is weak in highly vacant districts, social capital may be particularly important to protecting quality of life and ecosystem services. New design and planning approaches should be informed by urban ecological knowledge that is synthesized with social and cultural understanding of residents’ perceptions and values. Interest in urban agriculture, green infrastructure, and open space planning for vacant urban lands is burgeoning. However, without adequate knowledge of highly vacant districts as socio-ecological systems, design and planning may have unintended consequences for human health, water quality, adaptation to climate change, and a panoply of other ecosystem services. Research questions and design and planning applications require a transdisciplinary approach to address highly vacant urban districts with legitimacy and relevance.
Collection of prolate spheroidal aerosol particles by charged spherical collectors

Abstract The effects of electrostatic forces and torques on the dynamics of prolate spheroidal particles are examined in relation to collision with a 30 μm radius collector droplet. When the non-spherical particles are uncharged the influence of the electrostatic torque can lead to either increases or decreases in collision efficiencies. Initial particle orientation is shown to be important for low collector charges but insignificant for high collector charges, when the electrostatic torque aligns the particle parallel to the electric field. For the charged particle case, where the Coulombic force is dominant, the collision efficiencies for particles having large aspect ratios are significantly lower than those for spherical particles. Depending on the particle and collector charge levels, both front and back capture modes are found. Image forces are shown to be insignificant for highly charged particles.
The second phase of cold hardening: freezing tolerance and fructan isomer changes in winter cereal crowns

Cold-hardening plants at above freezing temperatures significantly contributes to their overall winter hardiness. However, little research has been conducted on hardening at temperatures below freezing, before freezing injury results. To determine the effect of hardening at below freezing temperatures, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown and hardened under controlled conditions and freeze tested after being held at -3 degrees C from 1 to 7 d. A significant hardening effect was observed after exposure to below freezing temperatures. The biggest change, a reduction of 7 degrees C in the temperature at which 50% of the population survives, occurred after 7 d at -3 degrees C in the winter hardy oat cultivar, Wintok. The additional hardening appeared related to changes in carbohydrate concentration. While wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were not freeze tested, their changes in carbohydrates were even greater than oat and barley. In oat, the concentrations of all 15 fructan isomers of degree of polymerization 3 to 5 were lower after the below freezing treatment while the concentration of fructose and sucrose were higher. Some carbohydrate concentrations were highly correlated with freezing survival under these conditions, but the exact mechanisms behind this relationship are not understood. Controlled freeze tests which consistently quantitate the effect of individual mechanisms will allow plant breeders and geneticists to more effectively screen germplasm for winter hardiness genes.
Information Generation in the Design Process

This paper proposes and demonstrates a protocol for measuring information generated throughout a design process. The intent is to provide a consistent approach to allow the comparison of different design procedures and processes. The proposed method divides the design process into requirement, function, and component domains occurring within design iterations. To measure information or complexity in each of these domains, the elements describing the domains are counted and their mappings within and across the domains are computed. The results show that the proposed protocol and information metrics produce data points of comparable order across all domains under different design situations. Furthermore, it is shown that within-domain-coupling and across-domain-coupling metrics should be accommodate the continual increase in element count size without hiding relative changes in information generation throughout the process. When this correction is applied, it is observed that across-domain-coupling displays a decaying process of converging and diverging towards a steady state level. This presents possible support for the concepts of modeling the design process as a series of convergent and divergent processes while also suggesting that such oscillation may not be necessary.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Fractal nature of software-cache interaction

This paper uses fractals to model the clustering of cache misses. The clustering of cache misses can be quantified by a single number analog to a fractional dimension, and we are intrigued by the possibility that this number can be used as a measure of software complexity. The essential intuition is that cache misses are a direct reflection of changes in locality of reference, and that complex software requires more frequent (and larger) changes in this locality than simple software. The cluster dimension provides a measure (and perhaps the basis for a model) of the intrinsic differences between workloads. In this paper, we focus on cache miss activity as a discriminate between interactive and batch environments.
Studies in diffusion, II. Oxygen in phlogopite mica

Abstract Self-diffusion of oxygen in a natural phlogopite mica (annite 4%) has been measured under hydrothermal conditions at 2000 bars pressure and from 500 to 800°C using water enriched in 18 O. Diffusional transport is dominantly parallel to the c crystallographic axis. A linear Arrhenius plot was obtained with a pre-exponential term = (1.03 ± 0.38) × 10 −9 cm 2 sec −1 a and an activation energy of 29 ± 2kcal/g-atom O. The difference in transport rate between oxygens in the OH groups and those in tetrahedral sites is small to non-existent unless the OH oxygens diffuse much more slowly than the other oxygens, which we consider unlikely. A typical phlogopite crystal, 0.2 mm thick by 1 mm across will lose radiogenic argon faster than it will exchange oxygen at temperatures above 435°C, but the reverse holds at lower temperatures if the diffusion mechanism can be extrapolated to temperatures below 500°C. Such a crystal will lose only 5% of its argon if held at 380°C for 1 m.y., but could exchange 27% of its oxygen in that time. The rate at which phlogopite will undergo deformation by diffusional creep does not appear to be controlled by oxygen diffusion.
Urethral injury due to external trauma

Fifty-six patients with urethral injuries comprised 35 involving the posterior urethra and 21 involving the anterior urethra. Immediate retrograde urethrography confirmed the clinical diagnosis made when blood was found at the external urinary meatus after external trauma. Traffic accidents caused most of the posterior urethral injuries and were associated with severe injuries to multiple systems and a significant mortality rate (34 per cent). Primary realignment of the urethral injury by a urethral catheter in all cases of urethral rupture (plus a suprapubic cystostomy in most of these cases) resulted in a stricture rate of 62 per cent on follow-up. However, only half of these strictures required surgical correction. The incidence of incontinence was 10 per cent and of impotence 38 per cent.
Environmental Stresses Modulate Abundance and Timing of Alternatively Spliced Circadian Transcripts in Arabidopsis.

Environmental stresses profoundly altered accumulation of nonsense mRNAs including intron-retaining (IR) transcripts in Arabidopsis. Temporal patterns of stress-induced IR mRNAs were dissected using both oscillating and non-oscillating transcripts. Broad-range thermal cycles triggered a sharp increase in the long IR CCA1 isoforms and altered their phasing to different times of day. Both abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought or Pseudomonas syringae infection induced a similar increase. Thermal stress induced a time delay in accumulation of CCA1 I4Rb transcripts, whereas functional mRNA showed steady oscillations. Our data favor a hypothesis that stress-induced instabilities of the central oscillator can be in part compensated through fluctuations in abundance and out-of-phase oscillations of CCA1 IR transcripts. Taken together, our results support a concept that mRNA abundance can be modulated through altering ratios between functional and nonsense/IR transcripts. SR45 protein specifically bound to the retained CCA1 intron in vitro, suggesting that this splicing factor could be involved in regulation of intron retention. Transcriptomes of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)-impaired and heat-stressed plants shared a set of retained introns associated with stress- and defense-inducible transcripts. Constitutive activation of certain stress response networks in an NMD mutant could be linked to disequilibrium between functional and nonsense mRNAs.
The cost of environmental regulations to the United States petroleum industry

This paper presents estimates of environmental control costs to the United States domestic petroleum industry through 1990.* It shows both the combined costs of existing and expected regulations and the incremental costs of specific controls which might be added or deleted from the overall set of regulations. All sectors of the domestic petroleum industry, from exploration and production to marketing, have been considered in a consistent manner. Both capital expenditures and cash operating costs have been calculated. The results are reported as an equivalent annual cost that includes the cost of capital at 12.5 % (after taxes) and capital recovery (depreciation) as well as annual cash operating costs. Estimates of energy consumption for both construction and operation of pollution abatement facilities have been developed.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Blockade Restores Growth Hormone Signaling in Murine Colitis

Background & Aims: Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) may create a state of growth hormone (GH) resistance in Crohn's disease. Anabolic effects of GH are mediated via phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5b transcription factor. Although GH resistance in other settings has been linked to a defect in janus kinase-STAT signaling, the molecular basis for GH resistance in colitis was not known. We hypothesized that the GH-induced phosphorylation of STAT5b would be impaired in colitis, and that TNFα blockade would restore GH signaling. Methods: Growth, body composition, and molecular regulators of GH signaling were determined in interleukin-10 null mice with chronic colitis and wild-type controls, ± treatment with an anti-TNFα antibody. Results: Interleukin-10 null mice exhibited significant alterations in growth, body composition, and feed efficiency. Liver insulin-like growth factor 1 expression was reduced in colitic mice. This was associated with down-regulation of GH receptor (GHR) expression and impaired GH-dependent STAT5b activation. Down-regulation of GHR expression was associated with reduced nuclear abundance and DNA binding of the GHR gene-promoter transactivator, Sp3. TNFα down-regulated GHR abundance and prevented GH-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 in rat hepatocytes in culture. TNFα neutralization up-regulated liver GHR abundance and restored GH activation of STAT5 and serum insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in colitic mice; this preceded improvements in weight gain and disease activity. Conclusions: GH resistance in experimental colitis is caused by down-regulation of GHR expression, thereby reducing GH-dependent STAT5 activation. TNFα blockade restores liver GH signaling and improves anabolic metabolism in this setting.
Risk Factors for the Development of Tenon's Capsule Cysts after Trabeculectomy

Tenon's capsule cysts (TCCs) are a complication of glaucoma filtering surgery. They are frequently associated with substantial elevations in intraocular pressure (IOP) beginning 2 to 8 weeks postoperatively. To determine the incidence and possible risk factors for the development of TCCs, case records of all patients who received trabeculectomy over a 4-year period at the Wills Eye Hospital were reviewed. The incidence of TCCs was 28% in those who underwent trabeculectomy. Characteristics of patients after trabeculectomy in whom TCCs developed were compared with patients after trabeculectomy in whom TCCs did not develop. Both univariate and multivariate techniques were used to assess the association of characteristics associated with the development of TCCs. Factors associated with increased risk (P less than 0.05) were: history of prior TCCs, argon laser trabeculoplasty, male gender, and the use of preoperative sympathomimetics. The use of a compression shell was associated with decreased risk (P less than 0.05).