cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of techniques for mitigating snowmelt infiltration-induced landsliding in a highway embankment

Abstract Infiltration-induced landslides threaten transportation infrastructure around the world, and impose both direct costs through repair and remediation work and indirect costs through lost economic activity. Therefore, finding the most cost-effective techniques to mitigate slope failures that can impact critical infrastructure links is desirable. The Straight Creek landslide, which affects a segment of Interstate 70 in Summit County, Colorado (USA), has experienced seasonal failure driven by rapid springtime snowmelt infiltration since the early 1970s, allowing changes in its stability to be studied. Past studies have established that seasonal failure is driven by pore-water pressure increase caused by the rapid infiltration of snowmelt and the hydraulic conductivity contrast between upper slope materials and the highway embankment. Two remediation designs have been applied to the site, including lightweight caissons beneath the highway surface in 2011 and 2012, and horizontal drains near the slide toe in 2012. The effects of the lightweight caissons and horizontal drains, as well as an alternative drain design that would extend into the hillslope above the highway embankment, are evaluated within a rigorous hydro-mechanical simulation framework along with a method to generate a field of local factor of safety. Model results show that the effect of the lightweight caissons on the factor of safety is no more than 1% during times of critical instability, as they do not affect the seasonal changes in hydrology that cause destabilizing decreases in effective stress along the failure surface. Horizontal drains are intended to reduce pore-water pressures, but the location of existing drains limit their efficacy due to the low hydraulic conductivity of subsurface materials underneath the highway. Model results indicate that these drains are only partially responsible for a reduction in movement rate since their installation, which is also due to lower annual cumulative snowmelt infiltration levels since 2012. Results also show that an alternative drain design could result in increased stability during critical periods by intercepting downslope subsurface flow before it arrives at the hydraulic conductivity contrast at the embankment.
Ancillary bovine respiratory disease therapy

Ancillary therapeutics are often administered along with an antimicrobial for the treatment of the bovine respiratory disease complex. For non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the majority of clinical trial evidence supports a clear effect of a more rapid decrease in rectal temperature along with some evidence for more rapid improvement in clinical signs as compared to antimicrobials alone. However, there is no clear, consistent clinical evidence to support that NSAIDs result in increased treatment success, reduced case fatality, or improved post-treatment average daily gain as opposed to an antimicrobial alone. It should also be noted that the lumping of all NSAIDs together as a group can result in incorrectly attributing or not attributing important properties to individual drugs. The publicly available information on steroids and vitamin C is much more limited. The only clinical trials involving ancillary therapy with steroids are either negative or neutral. Two trials concerning the use of vitamin C were reviewed, one showing no effects and one presenting a large difference in mortality during the subsequent feeding period, but without enough details to evaluate either internal or external validity.
Selective social buffering of behavioral and endocrine responses and Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex of infants exposed to a novel environment

In mammals, the presence of the mother can reduce or "buffer" stress responses of her young in threatening conditions. We compared the effect of the mother, a familiar littermate, and an unfamiliar adult male on three classes of response shown by guinea pig pups in a novel environment: short latency active behaviors, particularly vocalizing; slower developing passive behaviors that appear mediated by inflammatory mechanisms; and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. We also examined Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex, a region hypothesized to mediate buffering effects. Only the mother significantly suppressed all classes of behavior. The greatest selectivity was observed for passive behavioral responses. Contrary to expectations, the adult male reduced plasma cortisol levels of pups as effectively as did the mother. The presence of the male also resulted in increased Fos induction in the prelimbic cortex and high levels of social interaction. Maternal buffering was not associated with prelimbic activity. These results confirm the ability of the mother to reduce active behavioral and HPA responses and suggest a specific maternal buffering effect on the later developing passive behavioral responses. The findings also demonstrate an unexpected ability of adult males to reduce HPA responses and raise the possibility that different social partners buffer HPA activity through different underlying processes.
The Nature of Hate: Definitions and Theories of Hate

On February 11, 2002, Iranians celebrated the twenty-third anniversary of their Islamic Revolution. While marching through the streets of Tehran they burned American flags and shouted “Death to America!” Said one woman, “I didn't hate Bush before, but now I really hate him” (Peterson, 2002). What made the Iranian demonstrators behave in this way? Do they hate the United States and all Americans? Or do they hate only President Bush? Are they angry because they believe that the United States influences their domestic affairs and has weakened the moderate reformers? Are they moved in the first place by fear of a foreign power that seems, to them, to oppose the Muslim world, and that has passed up opportunities for a detente between the two countries? Or is it perhaps a combination of all these feelings? It is difficult to determine what feelings drove the protestors' behavior. Most likely, they experienced many different emotions, which does not pose a problem per se, unless one wishes to study such emotions and behavior scientifically. In this case, one somehow needs to isolate and define each of them. In this book, we want to reflect upon various conceptions of the experience of hatred (see also Oppenheimer, 2005; Sternberg, 2005), from the time it is born (Akhtar & Kramer, 1995) to the time, hopefully, it dies. We will discuss how people can become, metaphorically, prisoners of hate (Beck, 1999; Beck & Pretzer, 2005), and how hate can spiral into violence (Gaylin, 2003).
Tinto's Separation Stage and Its Influence on First-Semester College Student Persistence.

Examination of student departure for various student populations, in different institutional settings, and at various stages in time is crucial in the quest to improve retention (Tinto, 1988, 1993). Therefore, this study explored first- to second-semester persistence of first-time, full-time freshmen at a public, four-year institution, focusing upon Tinto's concept of separation. The question of how various underlying dimensions of separation influence departure decisions was examined. The dimensions of (1) support and (2) rejection of attitudes and values were found to influence persistence in a statistically significant way.
Optimal Operation of a Concentrated Solar Thermal Cogeneration Plant

Abstract The integration of a new central receiver concept for concentrated solar thermal (CSP) into a cogeneration plant for electricity generation and seawater desalination is proposed. To optimize the conceptual design proposed, physics-based system-level dynamic models are developed including the energy storage system, a regenerative Rankine cycle and the multi-effect distillation (MED) for seawater desalination. The model predictions are validated over a wide range of operating conditions. Operation of the plant is systematically optimized through formulation as a nonlinear program via the sequential method. Both time-variable and time-invariable operating conditions are considered. A heuristic global optimization approach is used. Two case studies are considered, one with a time-invariant feed-in tariff (TIFIT) and another with a time-variable feed-in tariff (TVFIT) with the same timeweighted average using Cyprus as a case study. For the TIFIT, cogeneration of power and water via utilization of solar energy does not yield maximum income. In contrast, the implementation of a TVFIT results in a higher income and more closely follows the electricity demand, thereby reducing strain from the electricity grid via production of renewable electricity when it is most needed, i.e., on-peak hours.
Variables associated with peripartum traits in dairy cows. VII. Hormones, calf traits and subsequent milk yield.

Independent effects of certain partum and peripartum traits on subsequent milk yields (Y) during days 1 to 27 (Y27), 28 to 60 (Y60) and 1 to 200 (Y200) of lactation were estimated from data on 167 Holstein cows and first-calf heifers. The variables were health status, calf sex and covariates (linear, quadratic and cubic) of calf birth weight (CBW), cow age (CA), month of calving code (season) and the peripartum blood plasma concentrations (means of three samples taken from 48 hr prepartum to within 2 hr postpartum) of prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4), estrone (E1), estradiol-17 beta (E beta) and estradiol-17 alpha (E alpha). Except for Y200 values, the measures of milk yield were positively correlated (P < .01) with each other and with CA, CBW, plasma PRL and plasma E beta. Plasma PRL, E beta and E1 were positively correlated with each other and with CA (PRL and E beta) and CBW (E1 and E beta). Covariates prominently and independently related to increases in Y were CA, CBW and plasma PRL (P < .01). Predicted Y27, Y60 and Y200, calculated with equations of the cubic model, increased by 12.4, 6.5 and 3.7%, respectively, between CBW of 37 and 50 kg, and by 16.6, 15.9 and 14.8% between plasma PRL concentrations of 50 and 195 ng/ml. Season of calving, calf sex and health status were associated with changes in Y27 but not Y60 or Y200. Within the health status group, only infectious disorders (metritis or mastitis) decreased (P < .025) milk yield adjusted for CA and cow weight (adjusted Y60 and Y200). Among all other cows, including those with dystocia alone, adjusted yields were increased by heavier calves (P < .07, Y60), high plasma PRL (P < .025, Y60) and below average plasma E1 (P < .025, Y200). It may be practical to increase milk yield by providing supplemental light prepartum to increase plasma PRL and by selecting sires to maintain CBW above average.
Computation of certain infinite series of the form Σf(n)n k for arbitrary real-valued k

We provide a general method from which one may obtain more arbitrary closed form solutions for infinite series of the form @?f(n)n^k, for [email protected]?R and sufficiently well-behaved f(n). We illustrate the methods for the special case of f(n)=a^n/n!, obtaining generalizations to the Bell numbers and polynomials.
OCB and Performance: A Group-Level Meta-Analytic Review

Scholars have suggested that organizational citizenship behavior is performed by individuals but has its impact when aggregated over time and across people (Organ, 1988). Though much of the initial research regarding the relationship between OCB and performance was conducted at the individual level, this focus has expanded to higher levels of analysis during the past ten years. This study meta-analytically reviews 30 independent samples (N = 2,417) to examine the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and performance at the group level. Our analyses suggest a positive overall relationship between OCB and performance (p = .32), as well as the presence of several moderating variables. Theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
When past meets present: the relationship between website-induced nostalgia and well-being

The present research examined whether social media websites increase feelings of nostalgia, and whether this nostalgic reverie promotes psychological and social health. Specifically, in comparison to control conditions, participants exposed to the websites Dear Old Love and Dear Photograph reported greater feelings of nostalgia (Studies 1–3), positive affect (Studies 1 and 3), life satisfaction (Study 1), and relationship need satisfaction (Study 2). Further, mediational analyses revealed that increased thoughts of nostalgia heightened subjective well-being and social connectedness. Study 3 showed that the relationship between nostalgia and positive affect was specific to the Dear Photograph website and did not generalize to any website focused on close relationships. The implications of this research for nostalgia, internet use, and well-being are further discussed.
Measurement of IgD by a Double Antibody Radioimmunoassay: Demonstration of an Apparent Trimodal Distribution of IgD Levels in Normal Human Sera

A double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed to measure IgD in serum and secretions. One IgD myeloma protein was used as radiolabeled antigen and standard with antiserum to a second IgD myeloma protein. The IgD standard and normal sera yielded parallel inhibition curves in the RIA and inhibition was produced by IgD and not by any of the other immunoglobulins. The assay had a lower limit of sensitivity of 0.01 International Unit (I.U.)/ml and modifications increased the sensitivity to 0.0008 I.U./ml. Measurable IgD levels were found in all 112 normal adult sera assayed (geometric mean 13.0 I.U./ml, arithmetic mean 30.1 I.U./ml, median 14.8 I.U./ml, range 0.10 to 202 I.U./ml, 95% of values between 0.19 and 156 I.U./ml. The distribution of IgD in the 112 normal sera appeared trimodal with modes at approximately 0.25 I.U./ml, 5I.U./ml, and 35 I.U./ml. IgD was measurable in nasal and bronchial washes and human milk, but could not be detected in parotid fluid.
The Effects of Corner Radius and Edge Radius on Tool Flank Wear

Abstract The use of cutting tools with a honed edge radius to protect the cutting edge from chipping is ever increasing. The basic understanding of the fundamental cutting mechanics in the presence of an edge radius is increasing as well. The present state of knowledge leads one to question how edge-radiused tools behave under conditions that are more practical than straight-edged orthogonal cutting. Presented here is a study of the interaction of edge radius with corner radius, the latter of which is commonly seen in turning, boring, and face milling processes. Turning test data show that tool flank wear can be minimized for up-sharp tools by using a moderate corner radius. For tools with an edge radius, a wear-minimizing corner radius still exists but is higher than for upsharp tools. Physical interpretations of these direct and interaction effects are presented.
Estimation of relative order tensors, and reconstruction of vectors in space using unassigned RDC data and its application.

Abstract Advances in NMR instrumentation and pulse sequence design have resulted in easier acquisition of Residual Dipolar Coupling (RDC) data. However, computational and theoretical analysis of this type of data has continued to challenge the international community of investigators because of their complexity and rich information content. Contemporary use of RDC data has required a-priori assignment, which significantly increases the overall cost of structural analysis. This article introduces a novel algorithm that utilizes unassigned RDC data acquired from multiple alignment media ( n D-RDC, n ⩾ 3) for simultaneous extraction of the relative order tensor matrices and reconstruction of the interacting vectors in space. Estimation of the relative order tensors and reconstruction of the interacting vectors can be invaluable in a number of endeavors. An example application has been presented where the reconstructed vectors have been used to quantify the fitness of a template protein structure to the unknown protein structure. This work has other important direct applications such as verification of the novelty of an unknown protein and validation of the accuracy of an available protein structure model in drug design. More importantly, the presented work has the potential to bridge the gap between experimental and computational methods of structure determination.
Apoptosis: therapeutic significance in the treatment of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer.

To improve survival in men with metastatic prostatic cancer, a therapeutic modality that can effectively eliminate androgen-independent cancer cells is needed desperately. Combination of such an effective modality with androgen ablation could affect all of the heterogeneous populations within prostate tumors of individual patients, thus optimizing the chances of complete cure. Such a therapeutic approach will probably require two types of agents, one with antiproliferative activity affecting the small number of dividing androgen-independent cells and one with the capacity to increase the rate of cell death among the non-proliferating androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells present, i.e. the majority. Androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells are able to undergo programmed cell death after androgen ablation (even if the cells are not in the proliferative cell cycle). Androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells, however, do not activate this apoptotic pathway of cell death in response to androgen ablation. In contrast, androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells can be induced to undergo apoptosis following such alternative treatment modalities as: (a) non-androgen ablative cytotoxic drugs, such as fluorinated pyrimidines, which result in the “thymineless state”, and (b) ionizing irradiation. The apoptotic effect induced by radiation can be significantly potentiated by post-irradiation treatment of the cells with suramin. In contrast, this radiation-induced apoptosis can be substantially inhibited by pretreatment of cells with suramin, probably through suramin's ability to arrest proliferating cells in the Go/Gl phase of the cell cycle. These results suggest that treatment of prostate cancer patients with suramin prior to irradiation is likely to inhibit radiation palliation. On the other hand, radiation therapy followed by suramin treatment may yield enhanced effectiveness. Androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells, therefore, although they do not activate the genetic program of cell death in response to androgen deprivation, still retain the ability to activate the apoptotic pathway in response to non-androgen ablative stimuli. Moreover, the relative timing of combination treatment for the simultaneous induction of apoptosis among androgen-dependent and androgen-independent clones may have significant therapeutic implications in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Association between physical activity and major depressive disorder among current or former smokers with pulmonary disease

Abstract Objective To examine the association between physical activity and major depressive disorder (MDD) in a nationally representative sample of current or former smokers with pulmonary impairments. Methods The analyzed sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010 included 536 adults who indicated that they were current or former smokers, had at least mild pulmonary impairment (FEV1/FVC Results After controlling for asthma status, pulmonary impairment, age, poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), education, gender, marital status, body mass index (BMI), cotinine, comorbidity index, race-ethnicity, and smoking status, those who met physical activity guidelines had a 59% (odds ratio (OR) = 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18–0.94) lower odds of having MDD. Using multivariate linear regression with depression symptoms as the outcome variable, and after adjustments, physical activity was inversely associated with depression symptoms in a dose–response manner; lowest tertile was the referent group, middle tertile coefficient: − 1.06 (95% CI: − 1.98 to − 0.14), and highest tertile coefficient: − 1.10 (95% CI: − 1.84 to − 0.34). Conclusions Physical activity inversely associates with MDD in adults with pulmonary impairments, and does so in a dose–response manner. This suggests that individuals with pulmonary impairments should be encouraged to engage in enjoyable, safe forms of physical activity in a progressive manner.
Interconversion of acetyl- and terminal-carbonyl groups on labeled (η5-indenyl)(CO)2Fe13C(O)CH3

The 13C-labeled (95–99%) acetyl complex (η5-In)(CO)3Fe13C(O)CH3 (8) (In = indenyl) has been prepared by acylating In(CO)2Fe− Na+ (1) with CH3 13C(O)Cl. All of the starting 1 must be consumed in this reaction (at −78°C), or 45% of the product results as In(CO)(13CO)FeC(O)CH3 (9). Once isolated, neither 8 nor mixtures of 8 and 9 further redistribute or lose this label after pressurizing under 800 atm CO, or after heating in heptane, THF, or acetonitrile solution. Treating 8 with even trace amounts of 1 or of Cp(CO)2Fe− Na+ (5) rapidly interconverts the acetyl and terminal carbonyls, thus transforming 8 into mixtures of 8 and 9. A mechanism is proposed that involves a labile metalla-β-diketonate In(CO)Fe(Fp-CO)(CH313CO)− Na+.
Immunization of colorectal cancer patients with recombinant baculovirus-derived KSA (Ep-CAM) formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A in liposomal emulsion, with and without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Abstract KSA (Ep-CAM) is highly expressed by colorectal cancers. The safety and immunologic effects of a vaccine consisting of recombinant baculovirus-derived KSA formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in liposomes and emulsified in mineral oil were evaluated, with and without co-administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Eleven patients with metastatic colorectal cancer received three subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of the vaccine at 4-week intervals. Six patients were randomized to also receive human recombinant GM-CSF (rGM-CSF) by subcutaneous injection daily for 4 days with each vaccination. Immunizations with and without rGM-CSF were well tolerated. Seven of the 11 patients developed significant KSA-specific cellular immune responses as assessed by lymphoproliferation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) ELISPOT assays. All nine tested patients developed positive delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Eight of the 11 patients developed KSA-specific antibody responses. The highest levels of cellular immune responses were observed in patients who received GM-CSF. Immunization with baculovirus-derived KSA formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A in liposomal emulsion is safe and can elicit KSA-specific immune responses. Co-administration of GM-CSF with this formulation is an effective method of generating KSA-specific T-helper (Th) 1-associated cellular immune responses.
The regulation of cyclic nucleotides in a sympathetic ganglion

Abstract Preganglionic nerve terminal stimulation in rat superior cervical ganglia causes marked increases in the levels of cyclic nucleotides. Results are similar when preganglionic nerve stimulation is compared with elevated [K+]o or 4-aminopyridine. Although intact nerve terminals and Ca2+ are required for the response to occur, pharmacological studies indicate that acetylcholine and adrenergic transmitters are not involved in the cyclic nucleotide response. It is suggested that cyclic nucleotide accumulation occurs in the nerve terminals or an unknown transmitter or substance participates in the postsynaptic accumulation of the cyclic nucleotides. Polypeptides tested thus far do not seem to be implicated. Interrelationships among phospholipid turnover, Ca2+-exchange and cyclic nucleotide accumulation in rat sympathetic ganglia are considered, but are difficult to establish.
Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components.

Abstract College students (204 women, 103 men) completed a set of inventories on procrastination, perfectionism, self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping. Separate exploratory factor analyses with oblique (promax) rotations were performed for procrastinators (n = 168) and nonprocrastinators (n = 139), yielding two-factor solutions. For procrastinators, Factor 1 loadings were social anxiety, acquisitive and protective self-presentations, perfectionism, and self-handicapping, while Factor 2 loadings included private and public self-consciousness. For nonprocrastinators, Factor 1 loadings were public and private self-consciousness, self-handicapping, and social anxiety, and Factor 2 contained acquisitive self-presentation and perfectionism. Results suggest that perfect behavior for procrastinators may be a strategic act of self-presentation aimed at “getting along” with others, but for nonprocrastinators it is a striving for excellance motivated by “getting ahead” of others.
Metal-support interactions during the adsorption of CO on thin layers and islands of epitaxial palladium☆

Abstract Islands and continuous layers of palladium were grown in an ultrahigh vacuum on substrates of Mo(110)c(14 × 7)−O, designated MoO x , and of clean Mo(110). It was found that as-deposited islands and layers exhibited bulk palladium adsorption properties for CO when deposited at room temperature and for palladium thicknesses in excess of about 3 monolayers. CO adsorption was drastically reduced, however, on annealing. For islands, annealing temperatures of as low as 400 K led to some reduction in CO adsorption whereas more severe reductions were found to occur at 600 K for islands and at 800 K for continuous multilayers. The deactivation depended on the palladium thickness, the substrate species and the extent of thermal treatments. Auger electron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption and Δφ measurements were combined to interpret the deactivation behavior in terms of substrate-support interactions involving the diffusion of substrate species towards the palladium surface.
Total synthesis of (±)-α-lycorane and 4,5-dehydroanhydrolycorine

Abstract The total syntheses of (±)-α-lycorane and dehydroanhydrolycorine are described. The key intermediate in both approaches is the hydroindolone 5 , prepared from the [1+4] cycloaddition reaction of 1-isocyanatocyclohexene and cyclohexyl isocyanide. Alkylation of 5 with arylbromide 6 afforded 7 . Hydrolysis of enamide 7 followed by reduction of the resultant enol yielded 10 as a single diastereomer. Radical-based cyclization of this intermediate gave 11 possessing the requisite trans -fusion between rings B and C in good yield. Radical deoxygenation followed by reduction of the amide carbonyl function afforded (±)-α-lycorane. Similarly, alkylation of 5 with 6-(chloromethyl)-5-iodo-1,3-benzodioxole gave 14 . Treatment of 14 with Pd(OAc) 2 employing the Jeffery modification of the Heck reaction gave tetracycle 9 . Hydrolysis of 9 followed by oxidation with DDQ afforded 15 . Reduction of the two carbonyl functions in this material using lithium aluminum hydride afforded 4-hydroxyanhydrolycorine ( 16 ). Mesylation of the hydroxyl group led to rapid, spontaneous elimination producing anhydrodehydrolycorine.
Monocular deprivation alters the development of synaptic structure in the ectostriatum of the zebra finch.

The effects of monocular deprivation, beginning at hatching, were examined in the neuropil of ectostriatum, a visual telencephalic projection area in birds. The volume of ectostriatum, the number of synapses and subsynaptic features like the presynaptic terminal size and the length of the postsynaptic contact zone were quantified in juvenile (20 d) and adult (100 d) zebra finches. Monocular deprivation affects almost all of the parameters mentioned above in juvenile birds, but only one (i.e., the size of presynaptic terminals) is permanently altered in adulthood. Both hemispheres are affected in juvenile birds with respect to the volume of ectostriatum, the length of synaptic contact zones and the presynaptic terminal size when compared to normal values. In normal birds the number of synaptic contacts is established at 20 days and remains fairly constant at 100 days. In experimental birds there is an increase in synapse number during this time period. However, no interhemispheric differences or differences compared to normal animals could be identified. The presynaptic terminals in experimental birds are smaller compared to normal values in young (25% for the deprived side; 19% for the non-deprived side) and adult (13% for the deprived side; 11% for the non-deprived side) animals. The only permanent effect caused by monocular deprivation in the ectostriatum is characterized by smaller presynaptic terminals. It is surprising that the tectofugal pathway that is believed to be mostly ipsilateral is not very vulnerable to monocular deprivation in adult animals. It is even more surprising that the deprivation effects are seen on both sides of the brain. The implications of this plasticity will be discussed in this paper.
A Quantitative Approach to Analyze Binding Diffusion Kinetics by Confocal FRAP

Most of the important types of interactions that occur in cells can be characterized as binding-diffusion type processes, and can be quantified by kinetic rate constants such as diffusion coefficients (D) and binding rate constants (kon and koff). Confocal FRAP is a potentially important tool for the quantitative analysis of intracellular binding-diffusion kinetics, but how to dependably extract accurate kinetic constants from such analyses is still an open question. To this end, in this study, we developed what we believe is a new analytical model for confocal FRAP-based measurements of intracellular binding-diffusion processes, based on a closed-form equation of the FRAP formula for a spot photobleach geometry. This approach incorporates a binding diffusion model that allows for diffusion of both the unbound and bound species, and also compensates for binding diffusion that occurs during photobleaching, a critical consideration in confocal FRAP analysis. In addition, to address the problem of parametric multiplicity, we propose a scheme to reduce the number of fitting parameters in the effective diffusion subregime when D's for the bound and unbound species are known. We validate this method by measuring kinetic rate constants for the CAAX-mediated binding of Ras to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, obtaining binding constants of kon ∼ 255/s and koff ∼ 31/s.
U.S. Geological Survey standards—II. First compilation of data for the new U.S.G.S. rocks

Abstract Rock analyses, determinations of major and minor constituents, and determinations of 57 trace elements reported by analysts throughout the world are presented for the new series of U.S. Geological Survey rock samples. Averages for both the constituents generally reported in a rock analysis and the trace elements are given. Variances of the distributions of data by rock analysts for several oxides in G-2 are compared with similar variances for G-l.
Cognitive Style and Mathematics Learning: The Interaction of Field Independence and Instructional Treatment in Numeration Systems

Research in the learning of mathematics suggests that no single instructional treatment is likely to maximize learning for every student. Rather than searching for a single best treatment, Cronbach (1957) has recommended that researchers should design alternate treatments that are tailored to suit students with specific characteristics or aptitudes. This search for aptitudetreatment interaction (ATI) has become an important part of research on instruction.
Isolation of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus from a Naturally-Infected Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus∗

SummaryThe virus of St. Louis encephalitis was isolated from the brain of an abnormally-behaving California gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, shot July 27, 1957 in Amador County, California. This represents one of the first known isolations of this virus from a naturally-infected mammal other than man.
Recognition and confusion of the lowercase alphabet

The confusion matrix for the full lowercase English alphabet is estimated, based upon 25 trials per letter for each of seven subjects. Average correct recognition was controlled to 0.5 by limiting brightness and duration of displays to individually determined levels. Comparison of the obtained data to that reported by Bouma 11971t for eccentric vision supports the conclusion that limited energy foveal recognition is qualitatively different from eccentric vision recognition. Comparison of the obtained data to the uppercase confusion matrix reported by Townsend (1971) supports the inference that recognition performance has more between-letter variability for both recognizability and confusion pairings for the lowercase alphabet than for the upper.
Nonabelian family symmetry and the origin of fermion masses and mixing angles

Abstract The origin of fermion masses and mixing angles is studied in a class of gauged family-symmetry models broken by elementary Higgs scalars at ≈ 10 3 TeV. It is found that large hierarchies among fermion masses can be produced more naturally in a model with four generations rather than three.
Symbolic implicit Monte Carlo

Abstract We introduce a new implicit Monte Carlo technique for solving time dependent radiation transport problems involving spontaneous emission. In the usual implicit Monte Carlo procedure an effective scattering term in dictated by the requirement of self-consistency between the transport and implicitly differenced atomic populations equations. The effective scattering term, a source of inefficiency for optically thick problems, becomes an impasse for problems with gain where its sign is negative. In our new technique the effective scattering term does not occur and the execution time for the Monte Carlo portion of the algorithm is independent of opacity. We compare the performance and accuracy of the new symbolic implicit Monte Carlo technique to the usual effective scattering technique for the time dependent description of a two-level system in slab geometry. We also examine the possibility of effectively exploiting multiprocessors on the algorithm, obtaining supercomputer performance using shared memory multiprocessors based on cheap commodity microprocessor technology.
A Method for the Measurement of Foam Formation and Stability

A whipping method for the measurement of overrun and foam stability was developed. Using this method the characteristic foams formed by the following proteins were studied: sodium caseinate, milk protein isolate and whey protein. The method was able to detect differences between foams produced by different proteins. The effects of copper sulfate and proteose-peptone on egg white foams were studied to show the reliability of the method. It was demonstrated that the addition of ImM copper sulfate stabilized (p < 0.05) foams made from both fresh and powdered egg white. Addition of proteose-peptone (0.05% and 0.1%) reduced the overrun and destabilized egg white foams.
Current neuropharmacologic interventions for the management of brain injury agitation

Agitation following brain injury is a significant and difficult problem; severe agitiation is most effectively treated by concurrent environmental, behavioral, and pharmacologic interventions. Delirium and agitation are briefly com­ pared, however, a more thorough discussion of this topic appears in other articles within this issue. This article reviews the current literature in regard to practical pharmacologic interventions for agitation following brain injury and outlines short-term and long-term strategies. Common and serious side effects, as well as unique characteristics for each medication are highlighted.
Random Data Accesses on a Coarse-Grained Parallel Machine I. One-to-One Mappings

This paper describes deterministic communication-efficient algorithms for performing dynamic permutations on a coarse-grained parallel machine. Our analysis shows that the general permutation operation can be completed inC?n/p(+ lower order terms) time and is optimal and scalable providedn?p3+p2?/? (nis the size of the permutation or the number of elements distributed across thepprocessors, ? is the start-up overhead, and 1/? is the data transfer rate).Cis a small constant typically between 2 and 3 for write permutations, slightly higher for read permutations. Modifications to exploit locality of access are presented. Special classes of permutations that are optimal for smaller sizes are also described. A companion paper 22] deals with the problem of random data accesses with hot spots.
Plasma transport in the auroral return current region

The classical and anomalous transport properties of a multifluid plasma consisting of H(+), O(+), and electron populations in the presence of auroral field-aligned return currents are investigated, using a multimoment fluid model with anomalous transport coefficients. The macroscopic effects of the electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) instability and of an EIC-related anomalous resistivity mechanism which heats the electrons are included in the present version of the model. The responses of the outflowing polar wind plasma to the application of current, with and without instabilities, are exhibited. The simulations show that the electron drift velocity corresponding to a return current of 0.65 micro-A/sq m is above the threshold for EIC waves. Downward electron heat flow competes with upward convection and adiabatic effects to determine the direction of the electron temperature anisotropy. Resistive electron heating lowers the critical drift velocity for marginal EIC stability and leads to enhanced ion heating.
Heat Transfer Through Falling Film Evaporation and Boiling on Horizontal Tubes

Evaporation and boiling heat transfer coefficients are presented for thin, distilled water films flowing over the outside of horizontal, electrically heated brass tubes. Tests were conducted with a thin-slot water distribution system for 2.54- and 5.08-cm-dia smooth tubes. Both local and average heat transfer data were obtained for nonboiling and boiling conditions corresponding to feedwater temperatures ranging from 49 to 127C and heat-flux values ranging from 30 to 80 kW/m{sup 2}. Feedwater flow rates ranged from 0.135 to 0.366 kg/s per meter length per side of the tube. Both nonboiling and boiling correlations of the average heat transfer coefficients were developed and compared.
Intracellular Transport Apparatus of Phloem Fibers

Rotational streaming of cytoplasm occurs in the form of longicellular currents in immature and relatively mature fibers of bean stems. Plastids carried by these currents move continuously on their rotational course from one end of the cell to the other in relatively straight lines. A distance of approximately 2 millimeters, the average length of the fibers, is covered in about 3 minutes (3.6 cm per hour). The same type of streaming occurs in immature phloem fibers that develop within 24 hours after bean seeds are planted and before the plants appear above the soil surface. Rotational streaming also occurs in xylem fibers of bean stems and in cells which appear to be fibers in stems of young cucumber, tomato, sunflower, and flax.
Atypical antipsychotic drugs, quetiapine, iloperidone, and melperone, preferentially increase dopamine and acetylcholine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex: role of 5-HT1A receptor agonism

Abstract Preferential increases in both cortical dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) release have been proposed to distinguish the atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone from typical APDs such as haloperidol. Although only clozapine and ziprasidone are directly acting 5-HT1A agonists, WAY100635, a selective 5-HT1A antagonist, partially attenuates these atypical APD-induced increases in cortical DA release that may be due to combined 5-HT2A and D2 blockade. However, WAY100635 does not attenuate clozapine-induced cortical ACh release. The present study determined whether quetiapine, iloperidone and melperone, 5-HT2A/D2 antagonist atypical APDs, also increase cortical DA and ACh release, and whether these effects are related to 5-HT1A agonism. Quetiapine (30 mg/kg), iloperidone (1–10 mg/kg), and melperone (3–10 mg/kg) increased DA and ACh release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Iloperidone (10 mg/kg) and melperone (10 mg/kg), but not quetiapine (30 mg/kg), produced an equivalent or a smaller increase in DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), respectively, compared to the mPFC, whereas none of them increased ACh release in the NAC. WAY100635 (0.2 mg/kg), which alone did not affect DA or ACh release, partially attenuated quetiapine (30 mg/kg)-, iloperidone (10 mg/kg)- and melperone (10 mg/kg)-induced DA release in the mPFC. WAY100635 also partially attenuated quetiapine (30 mg/kg)-induced ACh release in the mPFC, but not that induced by iloperidone (10 mg/kg) or melperone (10 mg/kg). These results indicate that quetiapine, iloperidone and melperone preferentially increase DA release in the mPFC, compared to the NAC via a 5-HT1A-related mechanism. However, 5-HT1A agonism may be important only for quetiapine-induced ACh release.
Schistosoma mansoni: long-term maintenance of clones by microsurgical transplantation of sporocysts.

Abstract Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts originally derived from monomiracidially infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails were serially transplanted into the cephalopedal sinus of anesthetized snails by the microsurgical implantation of fragments of parasitized hepato-pancreas and ovotestis. Three to six passages each of five male and five female clones were maintained for as long as 2.0 years. Of the recipient snails which survived surgery, 87% released cercariae, usually beginning 5–7 weeks after surgery. The percentage of snails which released cercariae increased with successive passages. The mean survival time of surgically infected snails after cercarial emergence began was 9.2 ± 0.5 weeks, nearly the same as that of miracidially infected snails. Longevities of snails infected with male or female clones were similar. Recipient snail size and age did not influence cloning success. Beginning 5 weeks from the onset of cercarial emergence large numbers of cercariae (a mean of 3900/snail from male clones and 1300/snail from females) were obtained during each shedding period. These results clearly demonstrate that the microsurgical transplantation of sporocysts is a practical means of maintaining and expanding populations of genetically homogeneous schistosomes (clones).
Prediction of high-speed aerodynamic characteristics using the Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System (APAS)

An exercise was performed which illustrates the prediction of high-speed aerodynamic coefficients using the Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System. Two generic transatmospheric vehicle configurations are used as examples on which various inviscid and viscous estimation techniques are applied. As a means of evaluating the reliability of the Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System results, comparisons of predictions using this preliminary-level approach are compared with Shuttle-derived data, hypersonic helium tunnel data for several configurations, and computational fluid dynamics results. Overall, predictions using the Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System agree well with the other calculations and data.
New Retail Capital and Neighborhood Change: Boutiques and Gentrification in New York City:

Since the 1970s, certain types of upscale restaurants, cafes, and stores have emerged as highly visible signs of gentrification in cities all over the world. Taking Harlem and Williamsburg as field...
Multiple forms of α-1,4 glucan synthetase from spinach leaves

Abstract ADP-glucose:α-1,4 glucan-4-glucosyl transferase was extracted from spinach leaves and separated by gradient elution on a DEAE-cellulose column. Fractions I and II gave equal activity with amylose, amylopectin, or glycogen as a primer while the activity of fraction III with glycogen as primer was only 25% of the activity observed with amylose or amylopectin as primer. Glucan synthesis in the absence of primer was found in fraction III. This activity was stimulated over 1000-fold by bovine plasma albumin and high salt concentrations. The radioactive unprimed product was a glucan with principally α-1,4 linkages and some α-1,6 linkages.
Tissue response to a quaternary ammonium compound in a controlled release delivery system

The suitability of various antiseptic agents for use in a controlled release delivery system has recently been evaluated for use in endodontic therapy. Of the medicaments tested, a quaternary ammonium compound, dodecyl-dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, was found to be well suited for inclusion in the controlled release preparation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue response to the quaternary ammonium compound in the controlled release delivery system. For the purpose of comparison, formocresol, Cresatin® and eugenol were included in the study. The tissue-irritating effect was assessed by incubating muscle tissue that had been in contact with the antiseptics for the demonstration of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Medicaments with a tissue-irritating effect caused a zone of inhibited enzyme activity in the tissue-medicament contact areas. The quaternary ammonium compound in the controlled release delivery system was the least irritating of the medicaments tested and caused minimal inhibition of enzyme activity.
On the physical conditions in the photospheric network - An improved model of solar faculae

Semi-empirical models of solar faculae, cospatial with strong photospheric magnetic fields, have been constructed from continuum observations. The center-to-limb contrast of the various models was computed taking into account their geometrical shape. The adopted model whose horizontal size was taken to be 750 km, indicates that, in field regions, the temperature begins to rise outwards at z ≈ -125 km (above τ5000 = 1) and that the extrapolated temperature at z ≈ -400 km is about 1500 K above that of the undisturbed atmosphere; the electron density is higher by a factor of about 30.
Hypothesis: neoplasms in myotonic dystrophy

Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process due to an accumulation of genetic mutations in multiple genes in diverse pathways which ultimately lead to loss of control over cell growth. It is well known that inheritance of rare germline mutations in genes involved in tumorigenesis pathways confer high lifetime risk of neoplasia in affected individuals. Furthermore, a substantial number of multiple malformation syndromes include cancer susceptibility in their phenotype. Studies of the mechanisms underlying these inherited syndromes have added to the understanding of both normal development and the pathophysiology of carcinogenesis. Myotonic dystrophy (DM) represents a group of autosomal dominant, multisystemic diseases that share the clinical features of myotonia, muscle weakness, and early-onset cataracts. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) result from unstable nucleotide repeat expansions in their respective genes. There have been multiple reports of tumors in individuals with DM, most commonly benign calcifying cutaneous tumors known as pilomatricomas. We provide a summary of the tumors reported in DM and a hypothesis for a possible mechanism of tumorigenesis. We hope to stimulate further study into the potential role of DM genes in tumorigenesis, and help define DM pathogenesis, and facilitate developing novel treatment modalities.
Three-dimensional image-guided stereotactic resection of intracranial lesions

Multidimensional tomographic image processing can be used to provide the surgeon useful information on volume, size, shape, location and anatomical relationships of intracranial lesions. Using a reference system this information can be used to "simulate" and interactively optimize surgical treatment. Finally, this computer generated data can be transposed accurately on the "real" physical world or can be used to drive instruments such as microscopes, lasers, etc., leading to automation of neurosurgical procedures. The final goal is the optimization of surgical resection of intracranial lesions.