cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade-offs in data acquisition and processing parameters for backscatter and scatterer size estimations

By analyzing backscattered echo signal power spectra and thereby obtaining backscatter coefficient vs. frequency data, the size of subresolution scatterers contributing to echo signals can be estimated. Here we investigate trade-offs in data acquisition and processing parameters for reference phantom-based backscatter and scatterer size estimations. RF echo data from a tissue-mimicking test phantom were acquired using a clinical scanner equipped with linear array transducers. One array has a nominal frequency bandwidth of 5 to 13 MHz and the other 4 to 9 MHz. Comparison of spectral estimation methods showed that the Welch method provided spectra yielding more accurate and precise backscatter coefficient and scatterer size estimations than spectra computed by applying rectangular, Hanning, or Hamming windows and much reduced computational load than if using the multitaper method. For small echo signal data block sizes, moderate improvements in scatterer size estimations were obtained using a multitaper method, but this significantly increases the computational burden. It is critical to average power spectra from lateral A-lines for the improvement of scatterer size estimation. Averaging approximately 10 independent A-lines laterally with an axial window length 10 times the center frequency wavelength optimized trade-offs between spatial resolution and the variance of scatterer size estimates. Applying the concept of a time-bandwidth product, this suggests using analysis blocks that contain at least 30 independent samples of the echo signal. The estimation accuracy and precision depend on the ka range where k is the wave number and a is the effective scatterer size. This introduces a region-of-interest depth dependency to the accuracy and precision because of preferential attenuation of higher frequency sound waves in tissue-like media. With the 5 to 13 MHz, transducer ka ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 for scatterers in the test phantom, which is a favorable range, and the accuracy and precision of scatterer size estimations were both within ~5% using optimal analysis block dimensions. When the 4- to 9-MHz transducer was used, the ka value ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 to 1.1 for the experimental conditions, and the accuracy and precision were found to be ~10% and 10% to 25%, respectively. Although the experiments were done with 2 specific models of transducers on the test phantom, the results can be generalized to similar clinical arrays available from a variety of manufacturers and/or for different size of scatterers with similar ka range.
Electronic coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in CeF 3

The coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) of electronic states of the Ce3+ ion in a CeF3 crystal at 3.8 K is reported. CARS resonances involving the ground state of the 2F5/2 manifold and the Stark components of the 2F7/2 manifold at 2161 and 2239 cm−1 have been detected. Measurements were made with both visible (λ1 ≈ 476 nm, λ2 = 532 nm) and near-ultraviolet (λ1 = 355 nm, λ2 ≈ 385 nm) lasers. The enhancement of the third-order susceptibility owing to the electronic transitions, |χ(3)R/χ(3)NR|max, is as great as 4.8. This represents an order-of-magnitude increase over that in singly resonant electronic CARS experiments in other rare-earth crystals. The CARS data also yielded accurate measurements of the Ce3+ electronic Raman cross sections. In the visible region, σzz(2161 cm−1) = (5.0 ± 1.1) × 10−30 cm2 and σzz(2239 cm−1) = (1.9 ± 0.7) × 10−30 cm2. One could calculate both the absolute magnitude and the dispersion of |χ(3)R|max by modeling the virtual intermediate states as a single degenerate 5d state at 45 000 cm−1.
FORMATION OF A GOD REPRESENTATION

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore recent theories in psychoanalysis and data from the observation of infants from birth to the age of three in order to help answer two questions. (1) What is the human condition that causes people to form an image of god? (2) Are psychological characteristics of individuals formed before they adopt a religion strong enough to influence their interpretation of religion? A description of Freud's drive/structure model of human nature is contrasted with the object relations school of psychoanalyst's model. The work of D. W. Winnicott on transitional objects and Stephen Mitchell's effort to integrate the views of various theorists of object relations is used to show how a god representation is formed in the infant's mind. Following the lead of Ana‐Maria Rizzuto, this is a psychological paper about god. How an image of god, constructed to fill a mental need, is converted to a Christian image of God is beyond the scope of this paper. However, some implications for ...
Soft x-ray spectroscopy undulator beamline at the Advanced Photon Source

Construction of the high-resolution soft x ray spectroscopy undulator beamline, 2ID-C, at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) has been completed. The beamline, one of two soft x ray beamlines at the APS, will cover the photon energy range from 500 to 3,000 eV, with a maximum resolving power between 7,000 and 14,000. The optical design is based on a spherical grating monochromator (SGM) giving both high resolution and high flux throughput. Photon flux is calculated to be approximately 10{sup 12}--10{sup 13} photons per second with a beam size of approximately 1 x 1 mm{sup 2} at the sample.
Laboratory-Measured Optical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Aerosols at Relative Humidities up to 95%

Relative humidity (RH) affects the liquid water content of an aerosol, altering its scattering and absorption of visible light, which is important for aerosol effects on visibility and climate. Particle light extinction, light scattering, and light absorption coefficient values are reported here for laboratory-generated inorganic and organic carbon (OC) aerosols at RH values between 8% and 95%. Light scattering was measured with a nephelometer, light extinction was measured with an extinction cell, and light absorption was determined on the basis of the difference between those two values at three visible wavelengths (467, 530, and 660 nm). The instrumentation was benchmarked with nonabsorbing ammonium sulfate, absorbing polystyrene microspheres (PSMs) and nigrosin aerosol under controlled RH conditions. Agreement between dry measured scattering and extinction coefficients for ammonium sulfate was achieved within 3%. Optical closure with modeled scattering values based on measured ammonium sulfate particl...
Radiation from free electrons in a laser focus at 10^18 W/cm^2: modeling of photon yields and required focal conditions

In support of an experiment designed to measure the strength of radiation scattered from low-density free electrons in an intense laser focus, we model a variety of physical parameters that impact the rate of scattered photons. We employ a classical model to characterize duration of electron exposure to high-intensity laser light in a situation where the electrons are driven by strong ponderomotive gradients. Free electrons are modeled as being donated by low-density helium, which undergoes strong-field ionization early in the pulse or during a prepulse. When exposed to relativistic intensities, free electrons experience a Lorentz drift that causes redshifting of the scattered 800 nm light. This redshift can be used as a signature to discern light scattered from the more intense regions of the focus. We characterize the focal volume of initial positions leading to significant redshifting, given a peak intensity of 2×1018 W/cm2. Under this scenario, the beam waist needs to be larger than several wavelengths for a pulse duration of 35 fs. We compute the rate of redshifted scattered photons from an ensemble of electrons distributed throughout the focus and relate the result to the scattered-photon rate of a single electron. We also estimate to what extent the ionization process may produce unwanted light in the redshifted spectral region.
Walsh operational matrices for fractional calculus and their application to distributed systems

The Walsh operational matrix for performing integration and solving state equations is generalized to fractional calculus for investigating distributed systems. A new set of orthogonal functions is derived from Walsh functions. By using the new functions, the generalized Walsh operational matrices corresponding to √s, √(s2 + 1), e-s and e-√s etc. are established. Several distributed parameter problems are solved by the new approach.
Entrapment of PMMA Polymer Strands in Micro- and Mesoporous Materials

The synthesis of host−guest composites consisting of entrapped strands of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) within the pores of inorganic hosts is described. Methyl methacrylate was adsorbed into microporous hosts including zeolite NaY, mordenite, beta, and ZSM-5 and then polymerized. Adsorption and polymerization was also performed in the mesoporous materials MCM-41 and MCM-48. The adsorption of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and its conversion to PMMA was followed by FTIR spectroscopy. Nitrogen sorption isotherms confirm the filling of the micro- and mesopores with the polymer. Thermogravimetry (TGA) shows that the polymer content of the composites increases with increasing pore volume, while no polymer deposition on the external host surface is detected with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The polymers confined in the 6−35 A diameter channels of the hosts do not show characteristic bulk behavior with respect to their glass transition temperature.
Fetal Diagnosis of Interrupted Aortic Arch

To determine the frequency of prenatal detection among liveborn patients with an interrupted aortic arch (IAA), the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis, and the anatomic features associated with IAA in the fetus. The prenatal diagnosis of an IAA is challenging. The data on the features and outcomes of fetal IAA are limited. This was a retrospective review of the fetuses and neonates diagnosed with IAA at the Children's Hospital Boston. From 1988 to 2009, 26 fetuses were diagnosed with an IAA. Of these, 21 were live born, and 5 pregnancies were terminated. Of these 21 patients, 18 were confirmed to have an IAA after birth and 3 had severe aortic coarctation. Of the 56 patients diagnosed with an IAA as neonates, 3 had a prenatal echocardiogram that did not include the correct diagnosis. Among the liveborn patients with a postnatally confirmed IAA, 24% were diagnosed prenatally, which increased from 11% during the first 7-year period to 43% more recently. Also, 15% of the prenatally diagnosed patients with IAA had a family history of structural or genetic anomalies. In fetuses with an IAA, echocardiographic Z-scores for the aortic valve and ascending aorta were significantly lower than in normal fetuses, but the left ventricular dimensions were normal. Aortopulmonary diameter ratios were abnormally low. In conclusion, although the identification of IAA on a prenatal echocardiogram can be challenging, a number of anatomic features can facilitate the diagnosis. In particular, a low aortopulmonary diameter ratio in the absence of a ventricular size discrepancy should prompt consideration of this diagnosis. Despite the diagnostic challenges, the frequency of prenatal diagnosis of the IAA is increasing.
Targeting the spliceosome

The U2 snRNP particle is an essential component of the eukaryotic pre-mRNA splicing apparatus, the spliceosome. Natural and semisynthetic inhibitors that bind the SF3b subunit of the U2 snRNP block splicing and prompt nuclear export of intron-bearing precursors, defining a new mode of action in anticancer drugs.
Computer Graphics-Based Models Of Target Detection: Algorithms, Comparison To Human Performance, And Failure Modes

Target detection is one of the fundamental phenomena that must be modeled in military simulations. When the target detection model fails, entities that should not be mutually aware engage, and entities that should fight ignore one another. The potential negative consequences for training and analysis are obvious. We describe three closely related computer graphics-based detection models for virtual simulation that can avoid some of the limitations of previous approaches. These models incorporate a standard target detection model, but feed it with more accurate target exposure and contrast data than has been done previously. Two variants of the base model attempt to improve the target contrast calculation and add color sensitivity. We compare the predictions of these models to human performance to show that the model variants have their intended effect. The performance of even the best models can deviate drastically from the performance of the human eye under some circumstances represented in our experimen...
The Tritone Paradox A Link Between Music and Speech

Pasek, K. (1996). Infants' sensitivity to word boundaries in fluent speech. Journal of Child Language, 23, 1-30. Newsome, M., & Jusczyk, PW. (1995). Do infants use stress as a cue for segmenting fluent speech? In D. MacLaughlin & S. McEwen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Vol. 2, pp. 415^26). Somerville, MA: Casca dilla Press. Saffran, J.R., Aslin, R.N., & Newport, E.L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Sci ence, 274, 1926-1928. Suomi, K. (1993). An outline of a developmental model of adult phonological organization and behavior. Journal of Phonetics, 21, 29-60. Woodward, J.Z., & Aslin, R.N. (1990, April). Seg mentation cues in maternal speech to infants. Pa per presented at the biennial meeting of the International Conference on Infant Studies, Montreal, Quebec.
An in vivo RNAi screening approach to identify host determinants of virus replication

RNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively used to identify host factors affecting virus infection but requires exogenous delivery of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), thus limiting the technique to nonphysiological infection models and a single defined cell type. We report an alternative screening approach using siRNA delivery via infection with a replication-competent RNA virus. In this system, natural selection, defined by siRNA production, permits the identification of host restriction factors through virus enrichment during a physiological infection. We validate this approach with a large-scale siRNA screen in the context of an in vivo alphavirus infection. Monitoring virus evolution across four independent screens identified two categories of enriched siRNAs: specific effectors of the direct antiviral arsenal and host factors that indirectly dampened the overall antiviral response. These results suggest that pathogenicity may be defined by the ability of the virus to antagonize broad cellular responses and specific antiviral factors.
Public health importance of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and its relatives.

Species of Angiostrongylus are fairly common nematode parasites of a variety of small mammals, but some species - particularly A. cantonensis and A. costaricensis — are increasingly seen as human infections. The worms make use of a range of aquatic, amphibious or terrestrial gastropod molluscs as intermediate hosts, which become infected by ingestion of eggs shed in the faeces of infected mammals. Porotenic hosts, including crustaceans, amphibians and reptiles, are known for most Angiostrongylus species, and can also be a source of the in fective third-stage larvae that initiate mammalian infections.
Effects of hemicholinium and bretylium on the release of autonomic transmitters in the isolated sino-atrial node

Summary 1 In the isolated, spontaneously beating, sino-atrial node of the rabbit selective electrical excitation of intranodal autonomic nerve fibres results in a biphasic chronotropic response. This chronotropic response (negative followed by positive chronotropism) is due to the release of the autonomic transmitters (acetylcholine and noradrenaline, respectively) from intranodal nerve fibres. 2 In the presence of 2 × 10−4 g/ml hemicholinium, the negative chronotropic (cholinergic) response is abolished while the positive chronotropic (adrenergic) response is unaltered. 3 In the presence of 5 × 10−6 g/ml bretylium, the positive chronotropic response is abolished while the negative chronotropic response is little affected. 4 After blockade of the negative chronotropic response by hemicholinium, bretylium abolishes the remaining positive chronotropic response. The effect of bretylium is not altered in the presence of hemicholinium. 5 Considering currently accepted mechanisms of action for hemicholinium and bretylium, the results of these experiments do not lend support to the cholinergic link hypothesis of adrenergic neuro-effector transmission.
Wham‐O's Offer to Buy Sprig Toys: Selling In or Selling Out?

Sprig Toy's mission was to deliver eco–friendly, battery–free, paint–free, kid–powered toys. The company had seen a meteoric rise since its beginning in 2007. Now, however, the founders were at a c...
Microparticle drug delivery syringe

This syringe will be used to deliver biodegradable PLGA microspheres containing a pharmaceutical agent to patients during surgery. A hydrogel will be utilized to keep the microspheres in suspension once inserted in vivo.
A Follow-Up Study of Diagnostic Medical Sonography Graduates

This study was undertaken to provide baseline data on the ptacties and activities of graduates of the Diagnostic Medical Sonograpphy (DMS) program at Central Ohio Technical College. The results show that'graduates were upwardly mobile in their careers and believed that their training prepared them well for their job.
Top-down, intelligent reservoir modelling of oil and gas producing shale reservoirs: case studies

Producing hydrocarbon from shale plays has attracted much attention in recent years. Advances in horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing have made shale reservoirs a focal point for many operators. Our understanding of the complexities associated with the flow mechanism in shale has not kept up with our interest in shale formations. We present the application of a new reservoir modelling approach to history matching, forecasting and predicting hydrocarbon production from shale reservoirs, where instead of imposing our understanding on the reservoir model, we allow the production history, well log, and hydraulic fracturing data to force their will on our model. By carefully listening to the data, we developed a data-driven model and history match the production process and validate our model (using blind production history). Examples of three case studies in Lower Huron and New Albany shale formations (gas producing) and Bakken shale (oil producing) are presented in this article.
A Computer Program for the Analysis of Categorical Data.

A computer program is described which performs the Bowker test of symmetry in a square contingency table, the Light-Margolin and Pearson tests for homogeneity in non-ordered contingency tables, the Kruskal-Wallis test for ordered dependent variables, and the Kendall and Maxwell tests for monotonic trend in ranks. The description includes the input, output, limitations, and availability of the program.
Reactions of Cyanide Ion

Phase transfer catalysis found one of its earliest applications in cyanide displacement reactions. Starks studied this reaction in some detail and it was due in large part to his work that the concepts of phase transfer were so clearly understood at an early stage [1, 2]. There was, of course, other early interest in cyanide ion and these efforts should not be overlooked. Brandstrom had solubilized cyanide ion by his ion pair extraction technique [3]; Solodar had facilitated the benzoin condensation by utilizing tetrabutylammonium cyanide [4]; and Durst [5] and Liotta [6] both used crown ethers to phase transfer cyanide ion. A good deal of other work has now been carried out on phase transferred cyanide ion and is the subject of this chapter.
The cardiac-somatic relationship: some reformulations.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a scheme as to how the activities of the heart might be viewed in psychophysiological endeavors and theory. It is proposed that a necessary starting point is the metabolically relevant relationship between cardiac and somatic processes. This relationship is relevant to both an understanding of basic behavioral processes as well as psychopathological states of cardiac functioning. For these purposes, a strategy is outlined which, among other things, involves the evaluation of the influence of the cardiac innervations. Here it is proposed that heart rate most unequivocally reflects vagal activity, while the contractile properties of the heart manifest most unequivocally sympathetic effects. The implications of these arguments are discussed with regard to current studies involving the operant modification of heart rate. It is suggested that the significance of current operant to both issues of learning theory and psychopathology of cardiac function is questionable.
An experiment in software redundancy with diverse methodologies

The goal of this experiment was to study the possibility of achieving highly reliable software using an approach to software redundancy with diverse methodologies. The experiment was similar to an experiment done by Knight and Leveson (1986) except that two different programming methodologies were used. Data from the experiment were analyzed using the simple statistical model for multiversion programming developed by Knight and Leveson and the more sophisticated statistical model of Eckhardt and Lee (1985), to see if results were consistent with the previous results for a single methodology. A still more sophisticated statistical model due to Littlewood and Miller (1989) was used to assess the effectiveness of using diverse methodologies. >
Hyperacute Therapy of Ischemic Stroke: Intravenous Thrombolysis

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the United States following heart disease and cancer. Following the success of thrombolysis for myocardial infarction in the early 1990s, major trials for evaluation of this new therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke were initiated. The majority of ischemic strokes are due to occlusion of a cerebral vessel by a blood clot. Occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel leads to a core of infracted tissue surrounded by a relatively hypoperfused but viable brain tissue (the ischemic penumbra), which can be potentially salvaged by rapid recanalization of the target vessel. The underlying rationale for introduction of thrombolytic drugs is the lysis of an obliterating thrombus and reestablishment of blood flow. In this article we review the major intravenous thrombolysis trials leading to approval of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, the only FDA approved treatment available today for acute ischemic stroke.
Practical slicing and non-slicing block-packing without simulated annealing

We propose a new floorplanner BloBB based on multi-level branch-and-bound. It is competitive with annealers in terms of runtime and solution quality. We empirically quantify the gap between optimal slicing and non-slicing floorplans by comparing optimal packings and best seen results. Optimal slicing and non-slicing packings for apte, xerox and hp are reported. We also discover that the soft versions of all MCNC benchmarks, except for apte, and all GSRC benchmarks can be packed with zero dead-space.Additionally, realistic floorplans often have blocks with similar dimensions, if design blocks, such as memories, are reused. We show that this greatly reduces the complexity of black-packing.
Kappa, mu and the metagon hypothesis in Paramecium aurelia.

1. The loss of mu 540, mu 138, and kappa 51 following the loss of the dominant genes required for their maintenance was studied. With mu 540 and mu 138 the loss usually occurred within 4–7 cell generations, but occasional cells with mu were found as late as generation 12 with mu 540 and generation 17 with mu 138. Kappa 51 was lost between 5 and 60 fissions in different clones. The variability in time of loss remains unexplained. 2. No trail of inheritance of resistance to specific kappa killing comparable to the trail of inheritance reported for mu 540 by Gibson & Beale (1962) was found. 3. No loss of kappa 51, mu 540, mu 138, or mu 130 was found following treatment of paramecia with RNase. 4. Didinium nasutum was shown to be able to acquire and maintain kappa 51 when it could not possibly have acquired any RNase-sensitive metagons from paramecia. 5. These results show that the metagon hypothesis cannot be accepted without a number of ad hoc and at present untestable assumptions.
Oxidative signaling and glutathione synthesis.

The major endogenous small molecular weight thiol, glutathione (GSH, γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) has roles in cellular protection against oxidants and xenobiotics, and in signal transduction. In antioxidant defense, the major reaction of GSH is reduction of hydroperoxides by glutathione peroxidases (GSHPx) and at least one peroxiredoxin, which yields glutathione disulfide (GSSG). GSHPx also catalyzes reduction of peroxynitrite to nitrite, which also yields GSSG. GSSG is usually rapidly reduced by glutathione reductase but it and other glutathione-conjugates may also be excreted from cells. In physiological redox signaling, GSH participates through both the removal of H2O2, which has the properties of a second messenger, and the reversal of thiolate (S−) oxidation. For example, protein tyrosine phosphatases contain thiolate residues in their active sites that are converted to a catalytically inactive sulfenic acid through reaction with H2O2 during cell signaling but are then reduced by GSH to restore the active form. In contrast, during oxidative stress, GSSG is elevated through the GSHPx reaction and consequently, formation of glutathione-mixed disulfides results in a less specific type of signaling process. GSH synthesis occurs in two enzymatically catalyzed steps: The first, catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), which produces γ-glutamyl cysteine, is generally considered to be rate limiting. Glutathione synthase adds glycine to complete the synthesis of GSH. GCL is composed of two subunits and is regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Although the catalytic subunit (GCLC) does not require the modulatory subunit (GCLM) for catalytic activity, the kinetics under physiological conditions are largely controlled by GCLM.
Application of Homelessness to Teaching Social Work Foundation Content

The characteristics and needs of homeless people, combined with the difficulties of designing and delivering accessible and effective services to members of this population, serve as a rich source of examples and applications for teaching generalist social work practice. Meeting the needs of homeless clients requires skills in advocacy, community coalition building, brokering services, and the development, coordination, and evaluation of service programs. The authors describe how a task-centered practice model can be applied to work with the homeless to illumniate the nature of generalist practice. In addition, this paper includes a discussion of possible examples from this population in the teaching of policy and research.
An Energy-efficient Multi-bit Quaternary Current-mode Signaling for On-chip Interconnects

We present a multi-bit quaternary current-mode signaling system which transmits two digital signals over one interconnect using current levels and is implemented on a 130nm IBM CMOS process. Measurement results show the multi-bit quaternary current-mode signaling system with data rates of 2.3Gb/s/ch to l.lGB/s/ch and energy of 0.19pJ/b to 0.57pJ/b for wires between 1mm to 5mm respectively. Measurement results also show 2x reduction in energy per bit compared to repeaters for a 5mm wire. Overall, multi-bit quaternary current-mode signaling provides an energy-efficient, crosstalk noise resilient, on-chip interconnect signaling system with data rates comparable to conventional repeaters.
A comparison of galactomannan-ELISA and a newly developed galactomannan-LATEX test in the serologic diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies

We compared the sensitivity and specificity of galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM-ELISA) with that of a newly developed version of the commercially available latex agglutination test (GM-LATEX) in our patient population. Serum samples were collected from 144 healthy adult donors (controls); another 17 consecutive hematologic malignancy (HM) patients with probable or proven invasive aspergillosis (IA) were tested. Clinical, microbiological, and pathological data were obtained. The sensitivity of the GM-LATEX test was 53% per patient and 66% per sample and that of the GM-ELISA test was 41% per patient and 21% per sample. Both tests demonstrated a specificity of 99%. The GM-LATEX test demonstrated a superior sensitivity in terms of detecting galactomannan and thus may be useful in the diagnosis of IA in patients with HM.
PREDICTING ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS EPIDEMICS: Lessons from Recent, and Not So Recent, Outbreaks

▪ Abstract St. Louis encephalitis virus was first identified as the cause of human disease in North America after a large urban epidemic in St. Louis, Missouri, during the summer of 1933. Since then, numerous outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis have occurred throughout the continent. In south Florida, a 1990 epidemic lasted from August 1990 through January 1991 and resulted in 226 clinical cases and 11 deaths in 28 counties. This epidemic severely disrupted normal activities throughout the southern half of the state for 5 months and adversely impacted tourism in the affected region. The accurate forecasting of mosquito-borne arboviral epidemics will help minimize their impact on urban and rural population centers. Epidemic predictability would help focus control efforts and public education about epidemic risks, transmision patterns, and elements of personal protection that reduce the probability of arboviral infection. Research associated with arboviral outbreaks has provided an understanding of the stre...
Pilot symbol assisted modulation in frequency selective fading wireless channels

Frequency-selective fading channels are typically modeled either as a combination of Doppler components or as lowpass stochastic processes. In both cases, accurate parameter and/or Doppler frequency estimation is impeded by the fact that the Doppler frequencies are typically very low (compared with the data rate) and closely spaced. This problem is mitigated in pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM) systems that employ distributed training. Those systems can provide information about a time-undersampled version of the channel that may be easier to identify. We address the problem of estimating the fading channel's correlation matrices from the received data by exploiting the distributed training symbols. Multichannel autoregressive (AR) models are estimated to fit the channel's variations, and the Doppler frequencies are identified through the peaks of the AR spectrum. The performance of the proposed methods is studied through analytical and experimental results. Finally, Kalman filtering ideas are employed to track the time-varying channel taps based on the estimated AR model.
La « perruque » en usine : approche d'une pratique marginale, illégale et fuyante > Factory "homers": Understanding a highly elusive, marginal, and illegal practice

La « perruque » consiste en l’utilisation de materiaux et d’outils par un travailleur, sur le lieu de travail et pendant le temps de travail, dans le but de fabriquer un objet en dehors de la production normale de l’entreprise. Meme si de nombreuses traces juridiques, artistiques et ethnographiques attestent cette pratique, elle reste entouree d’un silence qui n’est pas simplement lie a sa marginalite et a son illegalite, ce qui ressort de l’examen de ces traces et des entretiens a ce propos avec des retraites ayant travaille dans une usine aeronautique. La perruque met en evidence une forte complicite entre salaries, independamment de leur niveau hierarchique. Parce qu’une telle complicite entre peu dans le cadre institutionnel de l’usine, ce silence est sans doute plus le signe d’une incapacite a parler de cette pratique que le signe de sa marginalite ou de son illegalite.A “homer” is an artifact that a worker produces using company tools and materials outside normal production plans but at the workplace and during workhours. Despite legal, artistic and ethnographic evidence of their existence, silence surrounds homers. Along with this evidence, interviews conducted mostly with retirees from a French aeronautics plant are used to show that this silence is not linked just to the marginal and illegal quality of these artifacts. Homers shed light on a high degree of “complicity” between employees regardless of their position in the hierarchy. Since the factory’s institutional framework has little room for this complicity, the silence surrounding homers is a sign probably of an inability to talk about them rather than of their marginality or illegality.
Parental Permissions: H19 and Keeping the Stem Cell Progeny under Control

H19 is shown by Venkatraman et al. (2013), using maternal-allele-specific deletion of the differentially methylated region, to maintain hematopoietic stem cell repopulating ability through a miR-675-Igf1r signaling circuit. This work establishes function in somatic stem cells for another member of a putative imprinted gene network that may influence organismal growth.
International Business Education in a Global Environment: A Conceptual Approach

The globalisation phenomenon poses a different set of challenges to the higher education system in countries around the world and requires that international business students be prepared to function professionally in an increasingly complex, interdependent, and dynamic economy. Understanding the educational implications of the internationalisation process requires faculty, staff, and senior-level administrators with a global mindset. The education system in the United States, aiming to satisfy the demand from business students, should be framed in a context in which students emerge better prepared to cope with the forces that govern today’s world economy. This paper introduces a conceptual framework based on social, legal, economic, political, and technological (SLEPT) conditions to justify greater internationalisation in business curricula in North American institutions of higher education. A combination of distinctive student exchanges, study abroad programs, corporate overseas internships, and more importantly, a solid international business curriculum should allow them to become more effective, problem-solving individuals.
Low-Concentration Kinetics of Atmospheric CH4...Oxidation in Soil and Mechanism of NH4... Inhibition

NH4+ inhibition kinetics for CH4 oxidation were examined at near-atmospheric CH4 concentrations in three upland forest soils. Whether NH4+-independent salt effects could be neutralized by adding nonammoniacal salts to control samples in lieu of deionized water was also investigated. Because the levels of exchangeable endogenous NH4+ were very low in the three soils, desorption of endogenous NH4+ was not a significant factor in this study. The Km(app) values for water-treated controls were 9.8, 22, and 57 nM for temperate pine, temperate hardwood, and birch taiga soils, respectively. At CH4 concentrations of </=15 ml liter-1, oxidation followed first-order kinetics in the fine-textured taiga soil, whereas the coarse-textured temperate soils exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Compared to water controls, the Km(app) values in the temperate soils increased in the presence of NH4+ salts, whereas the Vmax(app) values decreased substantially, indicating that there was a mixture of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition mechanisms for whole NH4+ salts. Compared to the corresponding K+ salt controls, the Km(app) values for NH4+ salts increased substantially, whereas the Vmax(app) values remained virtually unchanged, indicating that NH4+ acted by competitive inhibition. Nonammoniacal salts caused inhibition to increase with increasing CH4 concentrations in all three soils. In the birch taiga soil, this trend occurred with both NH4+ and K+ salts, and the slope of the increase was not affected by the addition of NH4+. Hence, the increase in inhibition resulted from an NH4+-independent mechanism. These results show that NH4+ inhibition of atmospheric CH4 oxidation resulted from enzymatic substrate competition and that additional inhibition that was not competitive resulted from a general salt effect that was independent of NH4+.
High levels of household food insecurity on the Navajo Nation.

Objective To assess levels of and identify factors associated with food insecurity on the Navajo Nation. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing the ten-item Radimer/Cornell food insecurity instrument. Sociodemographic, psychosocial and anthropometric data were collected. Setting Navajo Nation, USA. Subjects Two hundred and seventy-six members of the Navajo Nation were randomly selected at food stores and other community locations. Results Of the sample, 76·7 % had some level of food insecurity. Less education (mean years of schooling: P = 0·0001; non-completion of higher education: P = 0·0003), lower full-time employment rates (P = 0·01), and lower material style of life (P = 0·0001), food knowledge (P = 0·001) and healthy eating self-efficacy (P < 0·0001) scores were all positively associated with food insecurity. Perceived expensiveness (P < 0·0001) and perceived inconvenience (P = 0·0001) of healthy choices were also positively associated with food insecurity. Conclusions Food insecurity rates on the Navajo Nation are the highest reported to date in the USA and are likely attributable to the extremely high rates of poverty and unemployment. Reducing food insecurity on the Navajo Nation will require increasing the availability of affordable healthy foods, addressing poverty and unemployment, and providing nutrition programmes to increase demand.
Investigating teacher growth in the context of content innovation

Our study expands current literature on the professional growth of experienced teachers in educational innovations. Using a case study approach, we investigate changes in instructional practice of an experienced science teacher over two cohorts of students in the context of a content innovation, and reveal the reasons behind these changes. The Interconnected Model of Teacher Professional Growth framework is used to interpret findings.
Effect of Heat Shock and Incubation Atmosphere on Injury and Recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 cells were grown at 30°C for 6 h and subjected to a heat stress, or heat shock, at 42°C for 5 min. Heat-shocked and nonheat-shocked controls were heat treated at 55°C for up to 60 min. The number of injured cells was significantly higher in heat-shocked cells than in controls, and the rate of release of cell components was higher in heat-shocked cells. Anaerobic plating resulted in higher recovery of injured cells, when compared with aerobic plating, regardless of whether the cells were heat shocked or not. In addition, heat shocking resulted in lower catalase and superoxide dismutase activities when compared with controls. It also resulted in greater survivability after exposure to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that heat shocking somehow enables the cells to survive exposure to toxic substances in addition to heat. The heat-shock response, coupled with anaerobic conditions, increased the ability of E. coli O157:H7 cells to recover after a heat treatment. Thus, heat shock did not afford protection to the cells against injury, but rather enhanced their ability to recover during storage.
Conformational basis of energy transduction in membrane systems VIII. Configurational changes of mitochondria

A method has been devised for the study of configurational changes in mitochondriain situ during the transition from nonenergized to energized conditions. The method depends upon the following component features: (a) subdivision of the tissue into finely diced sections; (b) the use of a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution as the suspending medium; (c) aerobic conditions as the tactic for imposing the energized state; (d) anaerobic conditions or the presence of uncoupler under aerobic conditions as the tactic for imposing the nonenergized state; and (e) rapid fixation of the diced sections by addition of a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde at a controlled temperature. Regardless of the tissue of source (heart, liver, skeletal muscle, retina, kidney) or the species (beef, rat, canary), all mitochondria show unambiguous configurational changes during the transition from nonenergized to energized conditions. The present study has revealed various optional features of the configurational states. Thus, there are two nonenergized configurations of the crista—orthodox and aggregated. The osmotic pressure of the suspending medium determines which nonenergized configuration will be observed. There are at least two variant forms of the energized-twisted configuration—tubular and zigzag. Again the osmotic pressure of the medium is an important factor in determining the form of the crista in the energized-twisted configuration. Mitochondria, such as those of heart muscle with relatively little matrix protein, show the clearest and most regular configurational changes, whereas mitochondria, such as those of liver with an abundance of matrix protein, show a more complex and less regular pattern of configurational change. From this comparative study of mitochondriain situ, it can be concluded that no exceptions have been found to the generalization that changes in configurational state of the cristae accompany changes in the energy state; this exact correlation provides additional support for the hypothesis of the conformational basis of energy transduction in the mitochondrion.
Ineffectiveness of sulfonylureas in alloxan diabetic rats.

SummaryOral administration of 100 mg 1-3-butyl-p-tolylsulfonylurea per kg body weight to normal rats results in a marked hypoglycemia within one hour which persists for 4 hours. No significant change occurs in blood sugar of similarly treated alloxan diabetic rats.
Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma Causing Ataxia in a Horse

Abstract A 24-year-old Thoroughbred mare had a history of weight loss, progressive bilateral hind limb weakness, and ataxia. An infectious neurologic disease was suspected, and the mare was euthanized due to poor prognosis. At necropsy, a yellow firm mass replaced most of the skeletal muscles of the left thigh. Numerous similar nodules were in several other muscles and in multiple organs, including brain and spinal cord. Microscopic examination revealed a leiomyosarcoma with disseminated metastases. Although of rare occurrence, this case is a reminder of noninfectious causes of ataxia in horses.
Determination of baicalin in Shuanghuanglian Oral Solution by UPLC

OBJECTIVE Use the UPLC to determine the baicalin in Shuanghuanglian Oral Solution.METHODS Convert and optimize the high-performance liquid chromatography method to the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography by the reference of existing literature.A Shim-pack XR-ODS C18 column(4.6mm×150mm,2.2μm) was adopted with the mobile phase of methanol-water-glacial acetic acid(45∶55∶1) at a flow rate of 0.6mL·min-1.The detecting wavelength was 274nm and the column temperature was 45℃.RESULTS The calibration curve of baicalin was linear in the range of 0.119～0.358μg(r=0.9992),the mean recovery(n=6) was 101.2% with RSD 1.8%,the time for an analysis program was about 3 minutes.CONCLUSION Comparing with the HPLC method,the UPLC method for determination of baicalin in Shuanghuanglian Oral Solution increase the analysis speed and efficiency.It can also increase the analysis sensitivity and save the solvents.
Multisensory integration in the developing tectum is constrained by the balance of excitation and inhibition

Multisensory integration (MSI) is the process that allows the brain to bind together spatiotemporally congruent inputs from different sensory modalities to produce single salient representations. While the phenomenology of MSI in vertebrate brains is well described, relatively little is known about cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Here we use an isolated brain preparation to describe cellular mechanisms underlying development of MSI between visual and mechanosensory inputs in the optic tectum of Xenopus tadpoles. We find MSI is highly dependent on the temporal interval between crossmodal stimulus pairs. Over a key developmental period, the temporal window for MSI significantly narrows and is selectively tuned to specific interstimulus intervals. These changes in MSI correlate with developmental increases in evoked synaptic inhibition, and inhibitory blockade reverses observed developmental changes in MSI. We propose a model in which development of recurrent inhibition mediates development of temporal aspects of MSI in the tectum.
NEUROLOGIC CONDITIONS PRESENTING AS PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

Neurologic disease can present as psychiatric disorders. An overview of the functional divisions of the brain that produce neurobehavioral abnormalities and the psychiatric symptoms of specific neurologic diseases are discussed.
Deafferentation pain in man and animals as it relates to the DREZ operation.

As a resident of Dr. Penfield, I was impressed by his clinical analysis of each patient's complex medical problem. This always included a detailed history and physical examination by the “Neuro” staff with added information gathered by Dr. Penfield during his personal interviews with each patient. This clinical information was later reinforced by extensive operative notes and hand drawn pictures by Dr. Penfield along with photographic studies of the operative site. I soon realized how important it was to collect complete documentation on each patient.
Fluorometric Estimation of Viral Thermal Stability

Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) is a rapid, economical, and a straightforward technique for estimating the thermal stability of proteins. The principle involves the binding of a fluorescent dye to thermally exposed hydrophobic pockets of a protein. The dyes used in this technique are highly fluorescent in a non-polar environment and are quenched when exposed to aqueous solution. The change in fluorescence can be used to follow unfolding of proteins induced by temperature, pH, or chaotropic agents. The method is well characterized for monomeric proteins. Here, we extend the application to supramolecular protein and nucleo-protein complexes using virus particles as an example. SYPRO-orange™ dye is the dye of choice because it is matched for use with q-PCR instruments and the fluorescence response is stable across a wide range of pH and temperatures. Advantages of this technique over standard biophysical methods include the ability for high-throughput screening of biological and technical replicates and the high sensitivity.