cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sampling framework for accurate curvature estimation in discrete surfaces

Accurate curvature estimation in discrete surfaces is an important problem with numerous applications. Curvature is an indicator of ridges and can be used in applications such as shape analysis and recognition, object segmentation, adaptive smoothing, anisotropic fairing of irregular meshes, and anisotropic texture mapping. In this paper, a new framework is proposed for accurate curvature estimation in discrete surfaces. The proposed framework is based on a local directional curve sampling of the surface where the sampling frequency can be controlled. This local model has a large number of degrees of freedoms compared with known techniques and, so, can better represent the local geometry. The proposed framework is quantitatively evaluated and compared with common techniques for surface curvature estimation. In order to perform an unbiased evaluation in which smoothing effects are factored out, we use a set of randomly generated Bezier surface patches for which the curvature values can be analytically computed. It is demonstrated that, through the establishment of sampling conditions, the error in estimations obtained by the proposed framework is smaller and that the proposed framework is less sensitive to low sampling density, sampling irregularities, and sampling noise.
Reactive species and pulmonary edema.

Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid flux into the lung interstitium exceeds its removal, resulting in hypoxemia and even death. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) generally results when microvascular and alveolar permeability to plasma proteins increase, one possible etiology being oxidant injury. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can modify or damage ion channels, such as epithelial sodium channels, which alters fluid balance. Experimental systems in which either RONS are increased or protective antioxidant mechanisms are decreased result in alterations of epithelial sodium channel activity and support the hypothesis that RONS are important in NPE. Both basic and clinical studies are needed to critically define the RONS–NPE connection and the capacity of antioxidant therapy (either alone or as a supplement to β-agonists) to improve patient outcome.
Steroidogenic factor-1 regulates the rate of proliferation of normal and neoplastic rat ovarian surface epithelial cells in vitro.

Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) is a transcription factor that is expressed by many cell types within the ovary and has been shown to inhibit granulosa cell proliferation. The present studies were designed to determine whether: 1) SF-1 is expressed by primary and transformed rat ovarian surface epithelial cells (i.e. ROSE cells); and 2) SF-1 expression effects the proliferation of both normal and neoplastic ROSE cells. These studies used immature, gonadotropin-primed and mature rat ovaries, as well as ROSE-179 cells from early passages (EP) and late passages (LP), T-sv-40 transformed ROSE cells, and T-ras transformed ROSE cells. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that SF-1 was detected in the surface epithelium of rat ovaries, independent of age or gonadotropin treatment. Further, Northern blot and quantitative in situ hybridization studies revealed that significant amounts of SF-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) were present in EP-ROSE-179 cells but not in the other cell lines. Interestingly, EP-ROSE-179 cell...
Applying Common Core Standards to Students with Disabilities in Music.

The following article includes general information on the Common Core State Standards, how the standards apply to the music and academic education of students with disabilities, and web resources that will helpful to music educators teaching students with and without disabilities.
The Treacher Collins syndrome (TCOF1) gene product, treacle, is targeted to the nucleolus by signals in its C-terminus

The TCOF1 gene product, treacle, responsible for the craniofacial disorder Treacher Collins syndrome, has been predicted to be a member of a class of nucleolar phosphoproteins based on its primary amino acid sequence. Treacle is a low complexity protein with ten repeating units of acidic and basic residues, each of which contains a large number of putative casein kinase 2 and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. In addition, the C-terminus of treacle contains multiple putative nuclear localization signals. The overall structure of treacle, as well as sequence similarity to several nucleolar phosphoproteins, predicts that treacle is a member of this class of proteins. Using green fluorescent protein fusion constructs with the full-length and deleted domains of the murine homolog of treacle, we demonstrate that the cellular localization of treacle is nucleolar. This localization is mediated by the last 41 residues of the C-terminus (residues 1262-1302). At least two functional nuclear localization signals have been identified in the protein, one between residues 1176 and 1270 and the second within the last 32 residues of the protein (1271-1302). The nucleolar localization signal is disrupted by two constructs that split the C-terminal region between residues 1270 and 1271. This study provides the first direct analysis of treacle and demonstrates that the protein involved in TCOF1 is a nucleolar protein.
Anatomy and physiology of multipolar cells in the rat inferior collicular cortex using the in vitro brain slice technique

Coronal brain slices from 21-50-d-old hooded rats were used to characterize intracellular responses of cells in both the external and dorsal cortices of the inferior colliculus (IC). These cells could generate both sodium and calcium spikes. Depending on current amplitude, depolarizing current pulses could elicit either phasic or tonic firing patterns, with spike frequency adaptation. Spiking also occurred at the offset of a hyperpolarizing pulse. These patterns were due primarily to the activation of calcium conductances. Stimulation of the commissural pathway connecting the left and right IC produced a short-latency monosynaptic IPSP followed by an EPSP(s) and a late polysynaptic IPSP(s). Non-NMDA glutamate antagonists eliminated or reduced the amplitude of the EPSP and the late portion of the inhibition, while both IPSPs were blocked by GABAA antagonists. As described previously in guinea pig (Smith, 1986) and rat (Pierson et al., 1989), a large NMDA-mediated depolarizing event (paroxysmal depolarizing shift, or PDS) could be elicited by shocking the commissure of the IC in the presence of picrotoxin or bicuculline, NMDA, 4-aminopyridine, or in 0 Mg2+ Ringer's. The picrotoxin-induced PDS was significantly reduced or abolished in Ringer's containing aminophosphonovalerate. Cells displaying the responses described were labeled with neurobiotin. Those labeled are medium-sized multipolar cells. Their dendrites are usually spiny and can extend superficially up to the cortical surface. Their thin axons give rise to collaterals that branch profusely within the cortex. The main axons project laterally along the circumference of the IC or medially into the commissure separating the collicular hemispheres.
Protein Assembly Through Site-specific Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles

A universal method is described to design and construct protein-nanoparticle assemblies controlled by nanoparticle functionality, and placement of genetic tag into proteins. Well-defined binding complexes of nanoparticles and two proteins, the adenovirus serotype 12 knob and the mycobacterium tuberculosis 20S proteasome, were formed through site-specific binding between 6x-histidine tags in proteins and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid functional groups on gold nanoparticles.
Does your facility have a dust problem: Methods for evaluating dust explosion hazards

Abstract The hazards of dust explosions prevailing in plants are dependent on a large variety of factors that include process parameters, such as pressure, temperature and flow characteristics, as well as equipment properties, such as geometry layout, the presence of moving elements, dust explosion characteristics and mitigating measures. A good dust explosion risk assessment is a thorough method involving the identification of all hazards, their probability of occurrence and the severity of potential consequences. The consequences of dust explosions are described as consequences for personnel and equipment, taking into account consequences of both primary and secondary events. While certain standards cover all the basic elements of explosion prevention and protection, systematic risk assessments and area classifications are obligatory in Europe, as required by EU ATEX and Seveso II directives. In the United States, NFPA 654 requires that the design of the fire and explosion safety provisions shall be based on a process hazard analysis of the facility, process, and the associated fire or explosion hazards. In this paper, we will demonstrate how applying such techniques as SCRAM (short-cut risk analysis method) can help identify potentially hazardous conditions and provide valuable assistance in reducing high-risk areas. The likelihood of a dust explosion is based on the ignition probability and the probability of flammable dust clouds arising. While all possible ignition sources are reviewed, the most important ones include open flames, mechanical sparks, hot surfaces, electric equipment, smoldering combustion (self-ignition) and electrostatic sparks and discharges. The probability of dust clouds arising is closely related to both process and dust dispersion properties. Factors determining the consequences of dust explosions include how frequently personnel are present, the equipment strength, implemented consequence-reducing measures and housekeeping, as risk assessment techniques demonstrate the importance of good housekeeping especially due to the enormous consequences of secondary dust explosions (despite their relatively low probability). The ignitibility and explosibility of the potential dust clouds also play a crucial role in determining the overall risk. Classes describe both the likelihood of dust explosions and their consequences, ranging from low probabilities and limited local damage, to high probability of occurrence and catastrophic damage. Acceptance criteria are determined based on the likelihood and consequence of the events. The risk assessment techniques also allow for choosing adequate risk reducing measures: both preventive and protective. Techniques for mitigating identified explosions risks include the following: bursting disks and quenching tubes, explosion suppression systems, explosion isolating systems, inerting techniques and temperature control. Advanced CFD tools (DESC) can be used to not only assess dust explosion hazards, but also provide valuable insight into protective measures, including suppression and venting.
OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF AMORPHOUS AND CRYSTALLINE H2O-ICE: 2.5-22 μm (4000-455 cm −1 ) OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF H2O-ICE

Using new laboratory spectra, we have calculated the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice from 20-150 K in the wavelength range 2.5-22 μm (4000-455 cm–1) and joined these results with previous measurement from 1.25 to 2.5 μm. These optical constants improve on previous measurements by having better temperature and spectral resolution and can be used to create model spectra for comparison to spectra of solar system objects and interstellar materials. In this wavelength range, the infrared band shapes and positions of amorphous H2O-ice are strongly dependent on deposition temperature. Amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice have distinctive spectral bands at all wavelengths in this region with bands weakening and shifting to shorter wavelength in amorphous H2O-ice compared to crystalline H2O-ice. Some notable exceptions are the band near 6 μm, which is stronger in amorphous H2O-ice, and the bands near 4.5 μm and 12.5 μm, which shift to longer wavelength in amorphous H2O-ice.
Assessment of codependency behavior in two health student groups.

The present study examines the relationship between codependency and caregiving to determine whether codependent persons tend to be attracted to caregiving professions. The study also examined the relationship between codependency, self-esteem, and locus of control, as measured by the Friel Co-Dependency Assessment Inventory (Friel, 1985; Friel & Friel, 1987), the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965), and the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), respectively. Voluntary participants consisted of 15 occupational therapy students and 15 health information administration (HIA) students believed to be different from one another with respect to the caregiving aspects of their respective professions. The occupational therapy group scored significantly lower than the HIA group on the measure of codependency (m = 21.2 vs. m = 28.8, respectively) [t(28) = 2.258, p = 05]. No other significant differences were noted between groups for the other test scores. Only codependency scores between 31 and 60, that is, moderate-to-severe and severe concerns (n = 6), had a strong correlation with self-esteem scores (r = -.974) and a moderate correlation with locus of control scores (r = .683). No student in the occupational therapy group scored within the moderate-to-severe or severe range. The results did not support a relationship between codependency and choice of a caregiving-oriented profession. Further, only moderate-to-severe and severe codependency scores were indicative of low self-esteem and high external locus of control. Implications of this study suggest incorporation into the academic preparation of occupational therapy students information regarding codependency and self-assessment of codependency to facilitate awareness of the student's need to nurture others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vascular plants of a Delaware River tidal freshwater wetland and adjacent terrestrial areas: Seed bank and vegetation comparisons of reference and constructed marshes and annotated species list1

Abstract Leck, M. A. (Dept. Biol., Rider Univ., Lawrenceville, NJ 08648) and C. F. Leck (Dept. Ecol. & Evol. Biol., Cook College, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08901). Vascular plants of a Delaware River tidal freshwater wetland and adjacent terrestrial areas: Seed bank and vegetation comparisons of reference and constructed marshes and annotated species list. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 323–354. 2005.—Constructed wetland soil samples contained many more species with densities > 100 seeds / m2 than reference marsh ones (102 vs. 28); constructed wetland densities for many species were considerably higher and richness (species / sample) were > 2× greater than the reference marsh. Of the total 218 seed bank species, 60 were common to both and 34 occurred only in reference marsh samples. Numbers of cover species were similar, but composition differed. Invasive species, notably Lythrum salicaria, Phalaris arundinacea, and Phragmites australis, were more important in constructed wetland soil samples and vegetat...
Lexicography in Fieldwork

Within descriptive linguistic fieldwork, as we define it ( Chapter 2), lexicography or dictionary writing can be considered a tangential activity. This might seem surprising in view of the modern fieldworker’s adoption of the Boasian trilogy, which considers that, for a language to be documented or described, we need a grammar, a collection of texts, and a dictionary (Evans and Dench 2006:10, 12; Dixon 2007). These three components would typically be compiled from fieldworkers’ notes, wordlists, grammatical elicitations, and texts.
Performance modeling and parametric study of a stratified water thermal storage tank

Abstract Thermal energy storage (TES) can significantly increase the overall efficiency and operational flexibility of a distributed generation system. A sensible water storage tank is an attractive option for integration in building energy systems due to its low cost and high heat capacity. As such, this paper presents a model for stratified water storage that can be used in building energy simulations and distributed generation simulations. The presented model considers a pressurized water tank with two heat exchangers supplying hot and cold water respectively, where 1-D transient heat balance equations are used to determine the temperature profiles at a given vertical location. The paper computationally investigates the effect of variable flow-rates inside the heat exchangers, the effect of transient heat source, and buoyancy inside the tank induced by location and length of the heat exchangers. The model also considers variation in thermophysical properties and heat loss to the ambient. TES simulation results compare favorably with similar 1-D water storage tank simulations, and the buoyancy model presented agrees with COMSOL 3-D simulations. The analysis shows that when the inlet hot fluid temperature is time dependent, there is a phase lag between the stored water and the hot fluid temperature. Furthermore, it was observed that an increase in flow-rate inside the hot heat exchanger increases the stored water and the cold water outlet temperature; however, the increment in temperature observes diminishing returns with increasing flow-rate of hot fluid. It was also noted that for either heat exchanger, increasing the vertical height of the heat exchanger above a certain value does not significantly increase the cold fluid outlet temperature. Results from the model simulations can assist building designers to determine the size and configurations of a thermal storage tank suited for a given distributed generation system, as well as allowing them to accurately predict the fraction of heat generated by the system that could be stored in the tank at a given time when charging, or the fraction of heating load that could be met by the tank when discharging.
Prioritizing research needs for analytical techniques suited for engineered nanomaterials in food

Abstract Background The ability to detect, characterize, and quantify engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in foods is needed to not only understand consumer exposures to ENMs but also to comply with recent changes to European food labeling laws relevant for ENMs. Significant challenges exist, however, in terms of relying on currently-available analytical tools and techniques suited for ENMs in food, as most of these are still in development. Scope and approach Based on a literature review, this analysis highlights the current state of knowledge in the area of analytical tools relevant for ENMs in food and then proposes strategies to prioritize near-term research and decision support efforts based on selected high-priority ENM-food applications. Key findings and conclusions After reviewing available analytical tools and techniques as well as challenges to using these, we identify and select six ENM-food applications as being of high-priority based on their current use as well as their potential to cause adverse health impacts in vulnerable life stages. Based on these findings, we recommend “fast tracking” the development of analytical techniques suited for high priority ENM-foods as one strategy to prioritize near term research efforts. We also recommend implementing screening-level approaches to first detect ENMs in food followed by characterization techniques to provide minimal ENM characterization information, including elemental composition, size, and size distribution. These strategies may help focus research efforts and decision support priorities in the near-term while the full suite of analytical tools are developed specifically for ENMs in food.
A COMBINED ANALYTICAL-NUMERICAL MODEL FOR A TWO-PHASE FLOW THROUGH A SUDDEN AREA CHANGE IN MICROCHANNELS

In this paper, two new analytical models have been developed to calculate two-phase slug flow pressure drop in microchannels through a sudden contraction. Even though many studies have been reported on two-phase flow in microchannels, considerable discrepancies still exist, mainly due to the difficulties in experimental setup and measurements. Numerical simulations were performed to support the new analytical models and to explore in more detail the physics of the flow in microchannels with a sudden contraction. Both analytical and numerical results were compared to the available experimental data and other empirical correlations. Results show that models, which were developed based on the slug and semislug assumptions, agree well with experiments in microchannels. Moreover, in contrast to the previous empirical correlations which were tuned for a specific geometry, the new analytical models are capable of taking geometrical parameters as well as flow conditions into account.
Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Apostle of the Guaraní

This essay highlights the accomplishments of one of the foremost Jesuit missionaries in seventeenth-century Paraguay, Antonio Ruiz de Montoya. Born in Lima, Montoya distinguished himself as a chronicler of the first encounters between the Jesuits and the Guarani Indians of South America. He defended Indian rights by speaking out against Indian slavery. Montoya spent approximately twenty-five years among the Guarani indigenous peoples who influenced his worldview and sense of spirituality, which are reflected in his 1636 first account of the Jesuit reducciones in Paraguay, Conquista espiritual hecha por los religiosos de la Compania de Jesus en las provincias del Paraguay, Parana, Uruguay, y Tape.
Examining College Readiness

College readiness has become a growing concern for educational policy makers, practitioners, and researchers. This chapter briefly reviews some of the issues surrounding college readiness and previews the issue that follows.
Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Regionalism

This chapter analyzes regional orders along a conflict/cooperation spectrum. Regional orders are shaped by global, regional, and domestic forces and, in turn, influence the internal politics of states. Globalization affects regional orders directly and indirectly through domestic politics. The chapter builds on micro-foundations centered on two ideal-typical domestic ruling coalitions each advancing competing models of political survival. Internationalizing coalitions benefit from embracing the global political economy; inward-looking coalitions from resisting it. Regions dominated by internationalizing models typically are more cooperative than regions controlled by inward-looking models. In turn, cooperative regions reinforce the domestic logic of internationalizing models, whereas more conflictive regions strengthen inward-looking ones. Underlying regional coalitional configurations explain features of regional institutions. Internationalizing regions exhibit institutions more attuned to market-friendly “open regionalism” that lubricates ties to the global economy. A region’s coalitional center of gravity also affects how regions interact with one another and how models diffuse across regions.
The effect of immunologic syrup on the immunologic function of neutrophil in mice

Objective To Investigate the immunologic syrup on the immunologic function of neutrophil in normal and immunosuppressed mice. Methods Mice in the immunologic syrup group (group 1) were orally given immunologic syrup 15g/kg (crude drugs) for 10 days; the mice in the immunosuppressed group (group 2) received CTX 100mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, for 3 days; the mice in the immunosuppressed experimental group were orally taken 15g/kg (crude drugs) for 10 days, except for CTX (group 3); the mice in the normal control group (group 4) were orally taken 0.3% normal saline for 10 days. The leukocyte count, the neutrophil migration function and the phagocytic power were detected. Results The immunologic syrup is ineffective on the neutrophil immunologic function in normal mice (P0.05), but it can obviously resist the immunosuppression induced by CTX and can improve the leukocyte count (P0.05), promote the phagocytic power (P0.01). Conclusion Immunologic syrup does not affect the neutrophil immunologic function in normal mice, but it can resist the immunosuppression induced by CTX in the mouse neutrophil and can promote the neutrolphil migration and phagocytic function.
Changes of Cold Acclimatization on Northern Youth Induced by Cold Tolerance Training

[Objective] To observe the changes of cold-resistant ability of northern youth before and after cold tolerance training, and evaluate its cold acclimatization level.[Methods]Twenty new soldiers from Heilongjiang Province and 20 old soldiers who stayed in the cold area for 2 years also came from Heilongjiang Province were chosen randomly. They were taken cold tolerance training in the average temperature -3~-15 ℃ environment. The index of vaso-response to cold (VRCI) of new soldiers were tested before cold tolerance training and after training 40 days, old soldiers were also tested after new soldiers training 40 days.[Results]After the new soldiers were trained for 40 day, their VRCI had significantly increased(P0.01). VRC1 of old soldiers was significantly higher than the levels of new soldiers before training (P0.01 ). but after 40 days training, the difference was not significant (P0.05).[Conclusion]The cold-resistant ability of the northern youth can enhance obviously after a certain period of cold tolerance training.
Vancomycin resistance: when failure becomes an opportunity for leadership.

ObjectiveTo discuss the emergence of the enterococci as significant nosocomial pathogens and reports of glycopeptide resistance as demonstrating the failure of healthcare professionals to limit the...
Entrepreneurial acts in the academy: Disrupting the textbook model to create an open, digitally-delivered technical communication text

This article examines the development of an Open Educational Resource for technical and professional communication courses. Beginning with a grant to create an open textbook, as described by the Affordable College Textbook Act, the advantages of open textbooks are considered. Additionally, the challenges of working with existing materials and developing a process from the ground up are discussed. Key in this article are best practices for other teams who may consider the entrepreneurial act of textbook creation.
Predicting Lap Shear Strength for Friction Stir Scribe Joining of Dissimilar Materials

Friction stir scribe technology has been developed to join materials with vastly different properties, most importantly different melting regimes. Specifically lighter, lower temperature materials such as aluminum or magnesium can be joined to higher temperature materials such as steel and titanium. The scribe portion of the modified friction stir welding pin tool creates in situ mechanical interlocks at the material interface. This mechanical interlocking, or hook-like interface morphology, has shown promising joint strength. However, this morphology can vary along a weld length and is sensitive to joining and tooling parameters. The current work seeks to determine the sensitivity of joint strength to the morphology of the hook interface and predict joint strength based on key morphology parameters. Key morphology features of the hooks extracted from joined samples are varied to quantify their impact on simulated lap shear strength. Predictable joint strength is key to wide spread use of this technique.
Genitourinary emergencies and glucagon

Renal colic constitutes a common problem in emergency medicine. A recent study reported a hospital discharge rate for ureteral calculi of 140 inpatients per 100,000 population1. Sierakowski, in 1978, calculated that 12 percent of the population will develop urinary colic at some point in their lives2. These studies are based on inpatient statistics and, therefore, underestimate the true incidence of urinary stone disease. The annual total direct cost of hospitalization in patients with stone disease has been estimated to exceed $7 billion, an enormous economic drain on the medical system in the United States3.
Four-Year Visit

Alberto comes to the pediatric clinic with his mother, Mrs. Guayas-Cardozo, for his 4-year checkup in their suburban community outside a major urban area. Mrs. Guayas-Cardozo brings along Alberto’s 6-month old brother Jose for the checkup. Alberto weighs 14.5 kg (31.9 lb), which is above the 40th percentile in weight but stands 94 cm (37.6 in.) which is in the 10th percentile for height. His father is a contractor and his mother, who appears obese, is a domestic worker. She brings Alberto after day care for the checkup. His mother is concerned that Alberto is not eating enough. Alberto has a body mass of 16.4 which is in the 75th percentile for BMI. He is not very active at home or in the playground at school. He doesn’t always take time to go to the bathroom when he needs to so he has many accidents during the day. Alberto knows his first and last name and that he is a boy. He can describe events and tell a story. Developmentally, he can skip and hop on one foot and go upstairs with alternating feet. He can catch a bounced ball and can identify several colors and numbers. Alberto enjoys playing with other children in school and has friends in the day care center. He likes singing rhyming songs and counting. He is able to dress himself, wash his hands, and brush his teeth. His parents remind him to spit out the toothpaste. There are no safe parks nearby in their neighborhood. When he comes home from day care, Alberto tells his mother that his friend Raphael takes out all the toys and makes a mess. Mrs. Guayas-Cardozo was told by the teacher that no such child is in the class and she is concerned. Alberto usually watches television for about 2.5 h; then he plays with his toys. He especially likes his fire engine and blocks that his father made for him. Mrs. Guayas-Cardozo is still concerned that Alberto has temper tantrums when he does not get what he wants. Mrs. Guayas-Cardozo is also concerned that Alberto complains to her that she spends too much time with his new brother and Alberto wants more of her attention.
On the fracture toughness and stable crack growth in shape memory alloy actuators in the presence of transformation-induced plasticity

The effect of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) on the fracture response of polycrystalline shape memory alloys is analyzed in the prototype infinite center-cracked plate subjected to thermal cycling under constant mechanical loading in plain strain. Finite element calculations are carried out to determine the mechanical fields and the crack-tip energy release rate using the virtual crack closure technique. Similar to phase transformation, TRIP is found to affect both the driving force for crack growth and the crack growth kinetics by promoting crack advance when occurring in a fan in front of the crack tip and providing a “shielding” effect when occurring behind that fan. Accumulation of TRIP strains over the cycles results in higher energy release rates from one cycle to another and may result in crack growth if the crack-tip energy release rate reaches a material “specific” critical value after a sufficient number of cycles. During crack advance, the shielding effect of the TRIP strains left in the wake of the growing crack dominates and therefore TRIP is found to both promote the initiation of crack growth and extend the stable crack growth regime.
Autism spectrum disorder among US children (2002-2010): Socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities

Objectives. To describe the association between indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States during the period 2002 to 2010, when overall ASD prevalence among children more than doubled, and to determine whether SES disparities account for ongoing racial and ethnic disparities in ASD prevalence.Methods. We computed ASD prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from population-based surveillance, census, and survey data. We defined SES categories by using area-level education, income, and poverty indicators. We ascertained ASD in 13 396 of 1 308 641 8-year-old children under surveillance.Results. The prevalence of ASD increased with increasing SES during each surveillance year among White, Black, and Hispanic children. The prevalence difference between high- and low-SES groups was relatively constant over time (3.9/1000 [95% CI = 3.3, 4.5] in 2002 and 4.1/1000 [95% CI = 3.6, 4.6] in the period 2006–2010). Significant racial/ethnic di...
The Effect of Massive Transfusion of Stored Blood on Oxygen Transport — A Preliminary Report

Recently Lemieux et al. reported that skeletal muscle pH is a reliable index of both arterial pH and tissue perfusion in dogs subjected to hemorrhage, acidosis and alkalosis. (1,2,3,) The combination glass pH electrode probe was redesigned and miniaturized so that it could be easily applied and secured on the surface muscle of an infant. In 53 critically ill infants and children, muscle surface pH was recorded for periods up to 100 hours. The clinical findings correlated with the experimental results and indicated that muscle pH is a reflection of both arterial pH and the adequacy of tissue perfusion. (4,5)
L(R,μ) is unique

Abstract Under various appropriate hypotheses it is shown that there is only one determinacy model of the form L ( R , μ ) in which μ is a supercompact measure on P ω 1 ( R ) . In particular, this gives a positive answer to a question asked by W.H. Woodin in 1983.
Anti-Idiotype Antibodies as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Human Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths in women. Recurrent breast cancer is not curable by standard therapies and new therapeutic approaches are needed. The goal of this study is to employ an alternative and safe approach to immunotherapy of breast cancer patients using monoclonal anti-idiotype (Id) antibodies in two conceptually different ways. In the first approach, monoclonal anti-Id antibodies which mimic breast cancer tumor-associated antigens (TAA) will be used to actively immunize patients for the production of anti-tumor immunity. In the second approach, monoclonal anti-Id antibodies will be used to remove unwanted excess radioactivity from the circulation of patients previously treated with radiolabeled monoclonal anti-breast TAA antibodies.
High-Altitude Arachnida (Partly from Beron 2008, Updated in Beron 2016)

The study of extreme habitats and the animals adapted to them (e.g., high mountain fauna) is interesting in many ways. It gives us the opportunity to reveal many ecophysiological mechanisms for adaptation to extreme environments. The recent detailed studies from large and difficult to explore mountains have provided specialists with the opportunity to describe hundreds of new taxa and to clarify the composition of entire faunas, unknown until then. A good example is the campaign in the Himalayas of the German Zoologist Prof. J. Martens, who in 3–4 years managed to significantly contribute to the knowledge of some groups living in the huge mountain systems that form the boundary between two zoogeographical kingdoms. Little by little, the altitudinal limits for the separate taxa and whole groups are being discovered, thanks to fieldwork by such intrepid travelers as H. Janetschek, H. Franz, and others.
PrEP implementation by local health departments in US cities and counties: Findings from a 2015 assessment of local health departments.

Objective The United States Public Health Service released clinical practice guidelines for daily oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in May 2014. Local health departments (LHDs) are expected to play a critical role in PrEP implementation. We surveyed LHDs to assess awareness of and interest in supporting PrEP implementation, what roles they were taking, or believed they should take, in supporting PrEP, and what resources would be required to do so. Methods LHDs were surveyed in 2015 to assess their engagement in PrEP implementation (n = 500). The study employed a cross-sectional survey design with a randomly selected stratified sample. Results Among responding LHDs (n = 284), 109 (29%, weighted proportion) reported engagement in PrEP implementation. LHDs serving large jurisdictions (population 500,000+) and located in the West were more likely to be engaged in PrEP implementation. Making referrals for PrEP (74%) and conducting education and outreach to community members (51%) were the activities most frequently reported by LHDs engaged in PrEP implementation; 45% anticipated expanding their level of engagement. Among LHDs not engaged in PrEP implementation, 13% expected to become engaged over the next four years, 46% were undecided, and 41% reported it was unlikely. Information about PrEP for health care providers and information about PrEP for health department staff were the most frequently reported resource needs for LHDs engaged and not engaged in PrEP implementation, respectively. Conclusions PrEP implementation by LHDs was limited in 2015, three years after Food and Drug Administration approval and one year after the U.S. Public Health Service issued clinical practice guidelines. PrEP is a recently available intervention that is requiring LHDs to adjust existing HIV prevention efforts and service delivery models. Additional resources and implementation research is needed to effectively support PrEP scale-up by LHDs. Efforts must also be undertaken to increase PrEP awareness, knowledge, and implementation capacity among LHDs.
Inguinal hernias in premature neonates: exploring optimal timing for repair.

Inguinal hernias have been reported in as many as 10–30% premature neonates, making inguinal herniorrhaphy (IHR) one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures. The timing of surgery remains controversial. The purpose of this report is to compare outcomes of IHR while in the NICU (inpatient) versus repair following discharge (outpatient) to determine optimal timing. Premature neonates having undergone IHR over a 5-year period were identified and a retrospective case cohort analysis was performed. 263 patients underwent IHR during the 5-year study period with 115 (43.7%) having surgical repair inpatient (IP; prior to discharge) and 148 having outpatient herniorrhaphy (OP). Patients with IHR performed IP had significantly lower birth weight (p < 0.001), gestational age (p < 0.001), longer duration of surgery (p = 0.01) and were more likely to have post-operative ventilator dependence following repair; however, there were no differences in the rate of recurrence (p = 0.44) and incarceration (p = 0.45). Our study demonstrated no significant differences in the rates of incarceration or recurrence, following in- or out-patient IHR. These findings suggest that IHR can potentially be offered as an outpatient procedure following hospital discharge in appropriate patients. The optimal timing of IHR in premature infants remains elusive and will likely require additional multicenter investigation.
“Casualties of War”: The Japanese Occupation of Korea and Its Impact on Mothers and Daughters in Yoko Kawashima Watkins’ So Far from the Bamboo Grove and Sook Nyul Choi’s Year of Impossible Goodbyes

World War II is only partially represented in American history and culture, with the Japanese occupation of Korea rarely acknowledged. An analysis of two middle-grade novels, Yoko Kawashima Watkins’ So Far from the Bamboo Grove and Sook Nyul Choi’s Year of Impossible Goodbyes, illuminates three underrepresented issues: conflicting portrayals of the occupation of Korea in two popular children’s texts, the influence of American readers on those narratives, and the ways in which the constructs of stereotypical mothers and daughters are impossible to sustain during wartime.
Nighttime roosting substrate type and height among 4 strains of laying hens in an aviary system

Multi-tiered aviaries for laying hens are designed to provide resources, such as perches, that allow birds to perform natural behaviors, thus improving their welfare. This research examined nighttime roosting heights and substrates used by laying hens of 4 genetic strains (Dekalb White: W1, Hy-Line W36: W2, Hy-Line Brown: B1, Bovans Brown: B2), in multitier aviaries (144 hens/unit, 4 units/strain) at 25 to 28 wk of age (peak lay). Influence of litter provision on roosting patterns of the strains was also tested. Direct observations of hens' nighttime roosting patterns on wire floors, ledges and perches across tiers were conducted before (PRE), immediately after (IMM), and 3 wk after (ACC) hens gained access to litter. During all periods, more W1 and W2 hens roosted on middle and upper ledges than B1 and B2 hens (all P≤0.05), while more B1 and B2 hens used perches throughout the aviary than W1 and W2 hens (all P≤0.05). W1 (15±1.9, 14±3.36) and W2 (19±2.1, 18±2.6) hens occupied perches in the upper tier in greater numbers than B1 (7±3.2, 3±4.6) and B2 (11±2.1, 5±3.36) hens during PRE (P = 0.01) and ACC (P = 0.02) periods, respectively. B1 and B2 hens occupied wire floors in larger numbers than W1 and W2 hens during PRE (P = 0.02) and IMM (P = 0.03) periods, though this difference disappeared in the ACC period. During the IMM period, more W1 and W2 roosted in the lower tier, while more B1 and B2 hens were observed in the middle and upper tiers (all P ≤ 0.05). These findings demonstrate the importance of perches for B1 and B2 hens and space to roost higher in aviary units for W1 and W2 hens during the night, and underscore the need to consider aviary design, management practices, and preferences of different hen strains to ensure good hen welfare in aviaries.
Chapter 21 – Concluding Thoughts: Launching Successful Process-Integration Initiatives and Applications

By now (unless you have skipped too many chapters!), you have seen a wide variety of process integration (PI) tools and techniques that systematically provide unique insights, performance benchmarks, and best-in-class implementations. Transforming process integration into value-added applications requires more than just the tools. It requires an effective work process that considers and integrates various technical and business matters. This chapter discusses key items associated with the successful initiation, development, and implementation of successful PI applications.
Leveraging MOOCs

Due to advances in technology and increasing demand there has been tremendous growth in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in recent years, with especially heavy representation in computing. Although MOOCs have been touted as an alternative to both the costs and pedagogical limitations in the traditional education system, a more traditional education may be a more appropriate choice for many students. However, traditional educators can still leverage the strengths of MOOCs to benefit their students. This paper reviews some insights from the use of MOOCs in three different areas: 1) providing the content for a "flipped classroom", 2) using MOOCs as additional guidance for teaching a traditional course, and 3) using MOOCs to provide balance between structure and flexibility in independent study courses.
VHDL (Part 1)

Based on the material presented in Chap. 4, there are a few observations about logic design that are apparent. First, the size of logic circuitry can scale quickly to the point where it is difficult to design by hand. Second, the process of moving from a high-level description of how a circuit works (e.g., a truth table) to a form that is ready to be implemented with real circuitry (e.g., a minimized logic diagram) is straightforward and well defined. Both of these observations motivate the use of computer-aided design (CAD) tools to accomplish logic design. This chapter introduces hardware description languages (HDLs) as a means to describe digital circuitry using a text-based language. HDLs provide a means to describe large digital systems without the need for schematics, which can become impractical in very large designs. HDLs have evolved to support logic simulation at different levels of abstraction. This provides designers the ability to begin designing and verifying functionality of large systems at a high level of abstraction and postpone the details of the circuit implementation until later in the design cycle. This enables a top-down design approach that is scalable across different logic families. HDLs have also evolved to support automated synthesis, which allows the CAD tools to take a functional description of a system (e.g., a truth table) and automatically create the gate-level circuitry to be implemented in real hardware. This allows designers to focus their attention on designing the behavior of a system and not spend as much time performing the formal logic synthesis steps that were presented in Chap. 4. The intent of this chapter is to introduce HDLs and their use in the modern digital design flow. This chapter covers the basics of designing combinational logic in an HDL and also hierarchical design. The more advanced concepts of HDLs such as sequential logic design, high-level abstraction, and adding functionality to an HDL through additional libraries and packages are covered later so that the reader can get started quickly using HDLs to gain experience with the languages and design flow.
Chapter 4.2 – Five-Membered Ring Systems: Pyrroles and Benzo Analogs

The synthesis and reactions of pyrroles, indoles, carbazoles, and related fused heterocyclic ring systems from the year 2012 are reviewed in this monograph. Pyrroles and indoles are treated in separate sections; ring-forming reactions are discussed by bond disconnection. Other sections include reactivity of the parent rings, reactions of side chains, C–H activation/organometallic reactions, and examples in total synthesis.
Diagnosis of the phenomenon of cognitive-motor dissociation in patients with chronic consciousness disorders

Locked-in syndrome in basilar artery thrombosis is a classic example of dissociation between preserved consciousness and complete deefferentation as total myoplegia with preserved vertical eye movement. Something similar is observed in post-comatose patients, described under the name “functional locked-in syndrome”, and is also a clinical reflection of the phenomenon of cognitive-motor dissociation (CMD). Diagnosis of this condition in a patient with chronic consciousness disorders indicates that there may be a cognitive imprint, which gives a chance for the maximum realization of the rehabilitation potential of latent consciousness as an exit to the clinical level of small consciousness or creation of a brain-interface. In any case, this patient should be given an extended rehabilitation program. Objective : to search for the optimal set of clinical and instrumental diagnostic methods, allowing the identification of CMD in patients with chronic consciousness disorder. Patients and methods . The 2016–2018 prospective single-center study enrolled patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) who had received a treatment cycle at the Clinical Brain Institute (Yekaterinburg). The study included 39 patients (22 men, 17 women) aged 19 to 71 years who had sustained various cerebral injuries (traumatic, hypoxic, and acute vascular disease-associated) in different periods (from 32 to 2431 days) before being included in the study. All the patients underwent 5-fold clinical assessments according to the Coma Recovery ScaleRevised (CRS-R) and navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) in order to determine the time course of changes in the activity of the cortical motor centers at the time of presentation of verbal paradigms. Registration of the changes was assessed as the presence of a cognitive imprint and served as a criterion for diagnosing CMD as a positive predictor for the outcome of UWS. The outcome of the state was analyzed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 180 days. Results and discussion . Positive changes (GOS >3) were noted in 10 (66%) patients with established CMD; the patients who had not diagnosed as having the cognitive potential showed a further increase in the level of cognition in 3 (12.5%) cases. Whether the identified sign could be used in the comprehensive prediction of chronic consciousness disorder was discussed. Conclusion . The use of TMS in diagnosing the phenomenon of CMD optimizes the routing of patients, for whom intensive rehabilitation can contribute to more favorable long-term outcomes.