cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular epidemiology of Marek's disease virus in central Pennsylvania, USA.

The evolution of Marek’s disease virus (MDV, Gallid herpesvirus 2) has threatened the sustainability of poultry farming in the past and its continued evolution remains a concern. Genetic diversity is key to understanding evolution, yet little is known about the diversity of MDV in the poultry industry. Here, we investigate the diversity of MDV on 19 Pennsylvanian poultry farms over a 3-year period. Using eight polymorphic markers, we found that at least twelve MDV haplotypes were co-circulating within a radius of 40 km. MDV diversity showed no obvious spatial clustering nor any apparent clustering by bird line: all of the virus haplotypes identified on the commercial farms could be found within a single, commonly reared bird line. On some farms, a single virus haplotype dominated for an extended period of time, while on other farms the observed haplotypes changed over time. In some instances, multiple haplotypes were found simultaneously on a farm, and even within a single dust sample. On one farm, co-occurring haplotypes clustered into phylogenetically distinct clades, putatively assigned as high and low virulence pathotypes. Although the vast majority of our samples came from commercial poultry farms, we found the most haplotype diversity on a noncommercial backyard farm experiencing an outbreak of clinical Marek’s disease. Future work to explore the evolutionary potential of MDV might therefore direct efforts toward farms that harbor multiple virus haplotypes, including both backyard farms and farms experiencing clinical Marek’s disease.
Modeling of Transport Through Submicron Semiconductor Structures: A Direct Solution to the Coupled Poisson-Boltzmann Equations

We report on a computational approach based on the self-consistent solution of the steady-state Boltzmann transport equation coupled with the Poisson equation for the study of inhomogeneous transport in deep submicron semiconductor structures. The nonlinear, coupled Poisson-Boltzmann system is solved numerically using finite difference and relaxation methods. We demonstrate our method by calculating the high-temperature transport characteristics of an inhomogeneously doped submicron GaAs structure where the large and inhomogeneous built-in fields produce an interesting fine structure in the high-energy tail of the electron velocity distribution, which in general is very far from a drifted-Maxwellian picture.
«The Afrenta de Corpes: Embodied Empathy in Cantar de Mio Cid»

Abstract: This study is an effort to understand the ways in which the poet of the Cantar de Mio Cid employs rhetorical devices as a way of enhancing the embodied empathy in his audience. I look into theories of performativity extant during the composition of the Cantar that the Cid-poet may have utilized to heighten the dramatic effect of his poem. The Hispano-Roman rhetorician, Quintilian, offers a guideline for orators and performers on how to put themselves «in the shoes» of abused victims and in doing so, move their audience to tears and/or anger. Following these rhetorical strategies, the author of the Cantar stages a performative act of the Afrenta de Corpes , in which the Infantes de Carrion nearly killed their wives, to move the public to feel the harrowing pain of the victims as their own as well as intense anger toward the evildoers. Keywords: Embodied empathy, cognitive studies, Robledo de Corpes, Mio Cid , Infantes de Carrion. Resumen: Este estudio intenta entender las formas en las que el poeta del Cantar de Mio Cid emplea herramientas retoricas como una manera de aumentar la empatia encarnada en su audiencia. Me centro en teorias de performatividad vigentes durante la composicion del Cantar que el poeta cidiano pudo haber utilizado para intensificar el efecto dramatico de su poema. El retorico hispano-romano Quintiliano ofrece un manual con normas para oradores y artistas sobre como ponerse «en la piel» de las victimas de violencia y, al hacerlo, mover a la audiencia al llanto o a la rabia. Siguiendo estas estrategias retoricas, el autor del Cantar monta un acto performativo de la Afrenta de Corpes , en la cual los Infantes de Carrion casi asesinan a sus esposas, para mover al publico a sentir el dolor desgarrador de las victimas, asi como a sentir una furia intensa hacia los culpables. Palabras clave: empatia encarnada , estudios cognitivos, Robledo de Corpes, Mio Cid, Infantes de Carrion.
Risk Factors for Progression of Barrett's Esophagus to High Grade Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Methods of identifying BE patients at high risk for progression to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or EAC are needed to improve outcomes and identify who will benefit most from intensive surveillance or ablative therapy. Clinical predictors of BE progression to HGD or EAC are poorly understood, with multiple contradictory studies. We performed a retrospective study which included 460 patients at Johns Hopkins Hospital who underwent at least 2 upper endoscopies 6 months apart showing biopsy-documented BE between 1992 and 2013. Patients with EAC or HGD at the initial endoscopy were excluded. Demographic, clinicopathological, and endoscopic data were collected. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses with time to progression to HGD and EAC were performed. Among 460 patients included in the study, 132 BE patients developed HGD and 62 developed EAC. Significant EAC risk factors included age, abdominal obesity, caffeine intake, and the presence of HGD. Risk factors for HGD or EAC included age, caffeine intake, and low-grade dysplasia while colonic adenomas trended towards significance. Notably, a history of statin or SSRI usage reduced the risk of EAC or HGD by 49% or 61%, respectively. Our study validated several known and identified several novel risk factors, including a history of colonic adenomas or caffeine usage. Low-grade dysplasia was a risk factor for progression but various endoscopic characteristics were not, suggesting that screening strategies should focus on histology instead. We identified SSRIs as a new potentially chemoprotective medication.
Conductance-Based Structural Brain Connectivity in Aging and Dementia.

Background: Structural brain connectivity has been shown to be sensitive to the changes that the brain undergoes during Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Methods: In this work, we used our rece...
Impaired control in addiction involves cognitive distortions and unreliable self-control, not compulsive desires and overwhelmed self-control.

Abstract Impaired control in addiction involves a characteristic but obscure kind of partial control. Certain aspects of control over drug use are clearly reduced, reflected in difficulty cutting back and relapse. However, other aspects of control are clearly preserved, as reflected in substantial sensitivity to situational incentives—for example, the ability to defer use when needed. This juxtaposition is puzzling, and a clear mechanistically precise understanding of impaired control has yet to emerge. In this article, a Distortion model of impaired control is put forward. The key insight of the model is that the puzzling pattern of partial control seen in addiction can be understood in terms of unreliable control. The model posits large populations of distorted automatic thoughts (e.g., about drugs, one’s self, one’s circumstances, and one’s abilities to cope), coupled with unreliable control over these distorted thoughts. These distorted thoughts, typically gradually and cumulatively, lead to illusion-like misvaluation of costs and benefits of drug use, in turn eventually leading to decisions to use. The model captures an elusive middle ground in addiction in which substantially preserved control over drug use for briefer intervals coexists with difficulty maintaining sobriety over the long-term. Moreover, the model explains a range of clinical findings in addiction that are not easily accommodated on leading alternative views.
Psocoptera: Psocids, Booklice

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the insect order, psocoptera. This order constitutes of neopterous, exopterygote insects commonly called psocids, barklice, or booklice. Their closest relatives are the Phthiraptera or true lice. Adult psocids range from about 1 to 10 mm in body length. Most adults are fully winged with the forewings longer and more complexly veined than their hind wings. The forewings at rest generally exceed the tip of the abdomen. Antennae are long and slender, in the larger forms tending to be longer than the body. The head is rounded with compound eyes often large and bulging but sometimes greatly reduced. The postclypeus is usually swollen to accommodate the well-developed cibarial pump muscles. Most psocids are oviparous. In various taxa, eggs may be laid singly or in groups and either bare or with a covering of encrusting material, webbing, or both. Eclosion (emergence of the pronymph from the egg) is facilitated by means of an oviruptor, a blade-like or saw-like structure on the head of the pronymph. By means of a slight rocking motion, imbibing of air, and hemolymphatic pressure on the head, the insect pushes its oviruptor against the thin egg cuticle, creating a slit through which it exits. Immediately it molts again, casting off the pronymphal exuviae (the cast cuticle), which remain partially caught in the exit slit of the egg. Further, Psocoptera order has impact on human life also. The booklice, genus Liposcelis, are frequently household pests and may be among the causative agents of asthmatic reactions. Of greater monetary importance is their tendency to enter and reproduce rapidly in food storage and food processing facilities, where they may render the products unfit for human consumption.
Inhibition of Tumor Promoter-induced Activator Protein 1 Activation and Cell Transformation by Tea Polyphenols, (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate, and Theaflavins

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and theaflavins are believed to be key active components in tea for the chemoprevention against cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which EGCG and theaflavins block carcinogenesis are not clear. We have used the JB6 mouse epidermal cell line, a system that has been used extensively as an in vitro model for tumor promotion studies, to examine the anti-tumor promotion effects of EGCG and theaflavins at the molecular level. EGCG and theaflavins inhibited epidermal growth factor- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced cell transformation in a dose-dependent manner. At the dose range (5-20 microM) that inhibited cell transformation, EGCG and theaflavins also inhibited AP-1-dependent transcriptional activity and DNA binding activity. The inhibition of AP-1 activation occurs through the inhibition of a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent, but not an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk) 1-dependent or Erk2-dependent, pathway. Because the transcription factor AP-1 is important for tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation, the inhibitory effects on AP-1 activation by EGCG and theaflavins may further explain the anti-tumor promotion action of these tea constituents.
Image retrieval for alzheimer's disease detection

A project is described with the aim to develop a Computer-Aided Retrieval and Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The domain of focus is Alzheimer's disease A manually curated MRI data set from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) project (http://www.loni.ucla.edu/ADNI/) was used for training and validation. The system's main function is to generate accurate matches for any given visual or textual query. The system gives an option to perform the matching based on a variety of feature-sets, extracted using an adaptation of a discrete cosine transform algorithm. Classification is conducted using Support Vector Machines. Finally, ranking of most accurate matches are generated by applying an Euclidean distance score. The overall system architecture follows a multi-level model, permitting performance analysis of components independently. Experimental results demonstrate that the system can produce effective results.
Symposium: Issues in Estate Planning for Same-Sex and Transgender Couples: Foreword

Despite the sea of change in possibilities for creating lawful relationships for many gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender individuals, most jurisdictions do not allow them to marry or enter into any comparable legal status. The vast majority of states either by statute or state constitutional amendment actually prohibit marriage for same-sex couples. And, even when couples can marry or enter into a comparable legal status, they are faced with uncertainty regarding what effect, if any, will be accorded to that status should they travel or move. Given the legal challenges that same-sex couples face, the need for high-quality estate planning for same-sex couples is greater than ever.
Amino acid sequence of the vitronectin receptor alpha subunit and comparative expression of adhesion receptor mRNAs.

The amino acid sequence of the vitronectin receptor alpha subunit deduced from cDNA is presented. The sequence defines a 1047-amino-acid polypeptide precursor with a putative signal sequence, a large extracellular domain with several sites homologous to calcium binding sites in other proteins, a transmembrane domain, and a 32-amino-acid cytoplasmic domain. The 7-kilobase vitronectin receptor alpha subunit mRNA was found to be expressed in all cell lines examined, including endothelial cells, K562 and HEL leukemia cells, and osteosarcoma cells. In the two leukemia cell lines, the expression of the vitronectin receptor mRNA, as well as that of the fibronectin receptor, was enhanced in the presence of phorbol ester, a treatment known to increase the adhesiveness of these cells. The HEL cells were the only ones among the cell lines tested that also contained the mRNA of the platelet adhesion receptor alpha subunit, glycoprotein IIb. The expression of glycoprotein IIb was slightly enhanced by treatment of the cells with phorbol ester. These results complete the partial cDNA sequence of the vitronectin receptor alpha subunit published previously (Suzuki, S., Argraves, W. S., Pytela, R., Arai, H., Krusius, T., Pierschbacher, M. D., and Ruoslahti, E. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 83, 8614-8618), confirm that the vitronectin receptor, and not IIb, is expressed in endothelial cells, and show that changes in the level of its expression correlate with changes in cell adhesiveness.
Message Received: Virtual Ethnography in Online Message Boards

As the internet begins to encapsulate more people within online communities, it is important the social researcher have well-rounded ethnographic methodologies for observing these phenomena. This article seeks to contribute to the methodology by detailing and providing insights into three specific facets of virtual ethnography that need attention: space and time, identity and authenticity, and ethics. Because of the postmodern context that the internet is operating in/contributing to (space and time collapse, identity becomes more playful, ethics become more tenuous), understanding these aspects is crucial to the study online social groups. A second focus of this article is to apply these notions to the study of online message boards—a frequently used medium for online communication and a frequently overlooked one by methodologists.
Moduli Spaces of Punctured Poincaré Disks

The Tamari lattice and the associahedron provide methods of measuring associativity on a line. The real moduli space of marked curves captures the space of such associativity. We consider a natural generalization by considering the moduli space of marked particles on the Poincare disk, extending Tamari’s notion of associativity based on nesting. A geometric and combinatorial construction of this space is provided, which appears in Kontsevich’s deformation quantization, Voronov’s swiss-cheese operad, and Kajiura and Stasheff’s open-closed string theory.
Discriminating between Higgs Boson models using $e^+e^-\to t \anti t \h$ and $Z\h$ at the NLC

We demonstrate that the process $e^+e^-\to t\anti t h$ at the NLC provides a powerful tool for extracting the $t\anti t$ (Yukawa) couplings of the $\h$. In combination with the $\epem\to Z\h$ process, an accurate determination of the $ZZ$ coupling of the $\h$ is also possible. The resulting ability to distinguish different models of the Higgs sector is illustrated by detailed studies for two-Higgs-doublet models.
A monitoring program to measure changes in the mean atmospheric temperature of the earth

Abstract We outline a laser-absorption program to measure mean temperatures in the atmosphere of the earth. The proposed thermometer may involve, for example, a set of 5 ground-based, high-power CO gas lasers tuned to the P2 and P22 lines of the 0→1 vibration-rotation band. The transmitted radiation is detected on a platform that is located beyond the atmosphere of the earth (either on a satellite or else on a space shuttle). Our preliminary calculations indicate that mean temperature changes of about 0.2°C will be detectable with reasonable certainty. A careful optimization and evaluation of our proposed systems configuration remains to be done.
On resolving shear direction in foliated rocks deformed by simple shear

We present a three-dimensional model for the formation of crenulations in ductile shear zones, based on compatibility conditions, infinitesimal-displacement equations, and our own field observations. In many shear zones, at least two and probably three mesoscopic slip systems are active. Crenulation slip is interpreted to compensate for the displacement component of foliation slip normal to the shear zone wall. In zones in which foliation slip is an important mode of deformation, foliation and crenulation slip vectors do not necessarily lie in the same plane, nor are they necessarily perpendicular to crenulation axes. Solutions for the orientation of the crenulation plane, crenulation slip vector, and magnitude of the crenulation slip shear strain belong to one of two possible solution sets, given the orientation of slipping foliation, the foliation slip vector, and the magnitude of slip on foliation. Hence, shear sense may be reliably interpreted from composite planar fabrics in ductile shear zones, but more specifically, shear direction cannot. These results have broad implications in the interpretation of the kinematic significance of mineral lineations oblique to crenulation axes, and in the deduction of shear strain from angular relations between planar fabric elements.
Analytic properties of scattering amplitudes as functions of momentum transfer

Scattering amplitudes are shown to have analytic properties as functions of momentum transfer. The partial wave expansions which define physical scattering amplitudes continue to converge for complex values of the scattering angle, and define uniquely the amplitudes appearing in the unphysical region of non-forward dispersion relations. The expansions converge for all values of momentum transfer for which dispersion relations have been proved.
Physical volcanology and structural development of Cerro Azul Volcano, Isabela Island, Galápagos: implications for the development of Galápagos-type shield volcanoes

) erupted from circumferential vents near the summit. These flows are nearly an order of magnitude smaller in volume than the predominantly aa flows erupted from radial eruptive fissures near the break in slope (0.06–0.1 km3). The differences in volume and flow morphology with altitude are due to slower eruption rates from summit vents than from flank vents, which, in turn, are attributable to the different heights the magmas must ascend from shallow reservoirs. These observations support the contention that the steep upper flanks were constructed by the buildup of short lava flows rather than by the structural deformation of originally gently dipping flanks. In addition to the higher eruption rates, a subdued lower flank geometry is promoted by the deposition of lava deltas onto the shallow Galapagos platform on the western, northern, and eastern flanks of the volcano. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and volume estimates show that, despite their morphologic differences, the growth of the western Galapagos shields has been nearly synchronous, precluding an evolutionary model for their development. The wide variations in elevation, volume, area, and the distribution of slope angles among the western volcanoes can be linked instead to different long-term eruption rates and, to a lesser degree, the position of each volcano relative to the edge of the Galapagos platform.
The additive effects of glucose and insulin on the proliferation of infragenicular vascular smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Purpose: Peripheral vascular disease involving the infragenicular arterial tree is common in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Accelerated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Insulin and glucose stimulate VSMC proliferation and are elevated in patients with non–insulin-dependent DM. We have previously described the mitogenic effect of insulin on VSMCs in vitro; the effects of insulin and glucose separately and in combination on the proliferation of VSMCs grown in serum-free media were studied. Methods: Human infragenicular VSMCs isolated from diabetic patients with end-stage peripheral vascular disease undergoing below-knee amputation were used. Cells from passages 3 to 5 were grown in serum-free media with varying glucose (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%) and insulin (no added insulin, 100 ng/mL, and 1000 ng/mL) concentrations for 6 days. Results: Insulin stimulated VSMC growth at glucose concentrations more than 0.2% (0.4% glucose with no added insulin resulted in 13,073 ± 336 cells/mL, 0.4% glucose with 100 ng/mL insulin resulted in 16,536 ± 1175 cells/mL, 0.4% glucose with 1000 ng/mL insulin resulted in 17,500 ± 808 cells/mL, 0.6% glucose with no added insulin resulted in 14,167 ± 1062 cells/mL, 0.6% glucose with 100 ng/mL insulin resulted in 18,984 ± 1265 cells/mL, 0.6% glucose with 1000 ng/mL insulin resulted in 20,450 ± 1523 cells/mL, 0.8% glucose with no added insulin resulted in 15,853 ± 1650 cells/mL, 0.8% glucose with 1000 ng/mL insulin resulted in 26,302 ± 1919 cells/mL; P P P Conclusion: Both insulin and glucose stimulate the growth of diabetic infragenicular VSMCs. The mitogenic effects of insulin and glucose are additive and may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in patients with DM. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:1033-9.)
Concurrent linear scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus: a report of two cases.

Two patients with linear scleroderma (en coup de sabre) developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This association has been well documented in only one previous case. The presence of high titer antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) initially led to the diagnosis of the mixed connective tissue disease. Development of more serious clinical involvement and antibodies to Sm (case 1) or native deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA) (case 2) helped establish a diagnosis of SLE. Use of these studies in the differential diagnosis of systemic rheumatic diseases is discussed briefly. The presence of anti-RNP antibodies in patients with localized scleroderma may herald a more serious rheumatic disease.
A Brief Scale to Measure Problematic Sexually Explicit Media Consumption: Psychometric Properties of the Compulsive Pornography Consumption (CPC) Scale Among Men Who Have Sex With Men

Although the phenomenon of hypersexuality has been described in the literature, and scales of compulsive sexual behavior have been published, the existing measures do not assess compulsive sexually explicit media (SEM) consumption. This study tested the psychometric properties of a new scale, the Compulsive Pornography Consumption (CPC). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses results showed good psychometric performance of a five item two factor preoccupation-compulsivity solution. As hypothesized, the scale correlates positively with compulsive sexual behavior, internalized homonegativity, and negatively with sexual self-esteem. The scale will enable researchers to investigate the etiologic factors of compulsive SEM use, and enable clinicians to assess problematic consumption.
Optical scintillation measurements in a desert environment I: direct link ranges of 2 to 24 km

Experiments have been carried out over a series of ranges at China Lake in which the irradiance fluctuations, angle-of-arrival variance and images of the scintillation patterns were recorded, together with meteorological parameters. The decrease in scintillation index associated with the lower turbulence conditions at sunset was observed for the shorter ranges but not for the longer ranges of 19 and 24km where the propagation was in the saturated regime.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on Antarctic Ceramiaceae (Rhodophyceae). II. Pterothamnion antarcticum (Kylin) comb. nov. (Antithamnion antarcticum Kylin)

Reproductive structures in Antithamnion antarcticum Kylin (Rhodophyceae: Ceramiaceae) are described for the first time. Tetrasporangia are cruciately divided and sessile, replacing first- or second-order branchlets of major and minor whorl-branches. Spermatangia are cut off in whorls by spermatangial mother cells, which in turn are produced in whorls by distal cells of ordinary first- or second-order branchlets of major and minor whorl-branches. Procarps are produced by the basal cell of non-reduced major whorl-branches at least 10 cells below the apical cell of an indeterminate axis, 1 or 2 per axis. Gonimolobe initials apparently arise directly from the auxiliary cell. Carposporophyte development does not suppress further growth of the axis, but no additional procarps are formed. Carposporophytes are naked. Vegetatively, A. antarcticum is characterized by a sinusoidally curving apex that cuts off groups of first-formed laterals in an alternating secund pattern, always bending away from the side that is ...
Persistent currents and dissipation in the A and B phases of liquid 3He.

We report observations of long-lived persistent currents in both the $A$ and $B$ phases of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. In this work we have exploited the relation between the dissipation of small-amplitude oscillatory superflow and the average relative velocity between the superfluid and normal-fluid components. This provides a new technique for the nondestructive determination of the superfluid velocity associated with persistent currents in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$.
Flow profile of granular avalanches with imposed vertical vibration

We report experimental results on the effect of imposed vertical vibration on the flow of pentagonal grains in a two-dimensional rotation drum. While dimensionless acceleration $$\varGamma $$ can be tuned either by increasing vibration frequency or amplitude, the former leads to stabilization an increase in the angle of repose while the latter leads to destabilization and a decrease in the critical angle for failure. Increased vibration amplitude leads to continuous avalanching and a more uniform flow profile, with a flowing layer composed of increasingly long-lived, shallower avalanches before a continuous flow regime is reached. The slope and grain-scale roughness of the surface decrease and interface curvature increases as vibration amplitude is increased and collective motion allows relaxation of the surface. While qualitative flow characteristics are similar both with and without vibration, vibration allows the system to evolve continuously in a nearly steady-state profile.
Fit to be tied.

Two examples of protein structures that form knots raise questions about how protein knots should be defined and how such proteins fold.
Salad and satiety. The effect of timing of salad consumption on meal energy intake.

Abstract In a previous study, consuming a fixed amount of low-energy-dense salad as a first course reduced meal energy intake. We investigated whether this effect depended on serving salad before rather than with the main course, or on compulsory rather than ad libitum consumption. On five occasions, 46 women consumed ad libitum a main course of pasta, accompanied four times by low-energy-dense salad (300 g; 100 kcal [418 kJ]). At two meals the salad was served 20 min before the pasta (once compulsory; once ad libitum), and at two meals the salad was served with the pasta (once compulsory; once ad libitum). Results showed that adding a fixed amount of salad to the meal reduced energy intake by 11% (57 ± 19 kcal [238 ± 79 kJ]). Ad libitum salad consumption was less than compulsory consumption and did not significantly affect energy intake. Across all participants, the timing of serving the salad did not significantly influence energy intake, but the effect of timing depended on participant scores for flexible dietary restraint. Consuming low-energy-dense salad before rather than with the main course increased vegetable consumption by 23%. To moderate energy intake, maximizing the amount of salad eaten may be more important than the timing of consumption.
The association between urban form and physical activity in U.S. adults

Abstract Background: Physical inactivity is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. Results from the transportation literature suggest that aspects of the urban environment may influence walking for transportation. In this paper we examine the association between a proxy measure of the urban environment and walking behavior. Methods: We analyzed the association between home age and walking behavior in U.S. adults using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals and to control for the effects of gender, race/ethnicity, age, education level, household income, and activity limitations. Results: Adults who lived in homes built before 1946 and from 1946 to 1973 were significantly more likely to walk 1+ miles ≥20 times per month than those who lived in homes built after 1973. This association was present among people living in urban and suburban counties, but absent among those living in rural counties. The association was also found in models that controlled for gender, race/ethnicity, age, education, income, and any health-related activity limitation. Other forms of leisure-time physical activity were not independently associated with home age. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that environmental variables influence walking frequency and suggest that home age may be a useful proxy for features of the urban environment that influence physical activity in the form of walking. Such proxy measures could facilitate testing ecologic models of health behavior using survey data.
Alteration of neuronal responses in the subthalamic nucleus following globus pallidus and neostriatal lesions in rats.

Abstract Kainic acid (2–4 days) or ibotenic acid (7–9 days) lesions of the globus pallidus or neostriatum altered the responsiveness of subthalamic nucleus neurons to electrical stimulation of the agranular frontal cortex. Three changes in responsiveness were seen following pallidal lesion: a) An increase in the proportion of responding cells as compared to controls (approximately 90% vs. 60%); b) an increase in the total duration of the evoked response (62.5 ms vs. 28.6 ms); 3) an increase in magnitude of response (9.76 spikes per stimulus vs. 3.24). Both an increase in firing rate (17.94 spikes/s vs. 8.23) and a change to a bursty spontaneous firing pattern were seen. Lesion of the neostriatum had fewer but opposite effects including decreased firing rate (7.21 spikes/s) and decreased total response duration (18.9 ms). These results suggest that the normal tonic inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus by the globus pallidus may play an important role in controlling subthalamic neuronal spontaneous activity and responsiveness. The neostriatum may influence the subthalamic nucleus via the globus pallidus. Globus pallidus lesions may have important consequences on the specifity of cortical control of the subthalamic nucleus and may alter subthalamic influence on basal ganglia output.
Massive intracerebellar hemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants

The clinical and pathologic observations of massive intracerebellar hemorrhage (destruction of at least one-third of cerebellar tissue) are described in six low-birth-weight infants. In all infants, severe progressive apnea associated with a falling hematocrit were the prominent clinical features. Four infants were asphyxiated at birth. Some degree of cerebellar hemorrhage (macroscopic or microscopic) was observed in 21% of 157 newborn brains examined at autopsy. The cause of massive intracerebellar hemorrhage is unknown, but may result from deforming pressures on the skull secondary to perinatal trauma. A close follow-up of cerebellar function in low-birth-weight infants is important.
Identification and Localization of a Mucopolysaccharidase in Human Deciduous Teeth

The presence of a mucopolysaccharidase in resorbing deciduous teeth was investigated using histochemical techniques. The loss of toluidine blue metachromasia within glycosaminoglycan film substrates indicated the presence of enzyme activity, and was related to physiologic resorption. Such activity was localized to the periodontal ligament of these teeth.
Effects of pairing stimuli with reinforcement on multiple schedule performance of children

A nonsense word was paired with reinforcement to determine if pairing affected emission of a response that produced the word in the signalled absence of reinforcement. Children were trained on a multiple schedule that consisted of a reinforcement component, conditioned reinforcement component, and control component, each set of contingencies being signalled by a different colored light. In the primary reinforcement component, lever presses produced reinforcers which, in some phases, were paired with a word. In the other two components, lever presses were not reinforced and a button was made accessible. Button presses in the conditioned reinforcement component produced the word to be (or being) paired, e.g., "yafeh", while button presses in the control component produced another word, e.g., "grunch". Button pressing increased when one of the words was being paired and decreased when pairing was discontinued, but directly related rate changes occurred also in the control component. The order of components was shown to be a contributing variable.
Electrochromic films produced by ultrasonic spray deposition of tungsten oxide nanoparticles

Abstract Crystalline tungsten oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) and subsequently employed to form electrochromic thin films using ultrasonic spray deposition. Particle morphology may be tuned using HWCVD synthesis parameters including filament temperature, substrate temperature, and oxygen partial pressure. The electrochromic performance of films derived from three sets of NPs was characterized by performing cyclic voltammetry in direct registry with measurements of optical transmission. The coloration efficiency scaled with the specific surface area, and values obtained from films derived from HWCVD NPs were as high as 38 cm2/C, comparing favorably with leading WO3 films produced by sputtering. The HWCVD-based material formed continuous films that were mesoporous in nature, while the larger commercial NPs did not form homogeneous coatings. In addition to size, XRD and Raman analysis revealed a correlation between performance and the presence of the e-monoclinic crystal phase.
Effect of a polarized hydrogen target on the polarization of a stored proton beam.

We investigate the change of polarization of a stored proton beam induced by the presence of an internal, polarized, atomic hydrogen target. Three distinct mechanisms are identified that significantly contribute to the beam polarization. The calculated polarization rate agrees with the result of a recent experiment.
THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT AFTER THYROID LOBECTOMY

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and identify risk factors for postoperative hypothyroidism in patients undergoing thyroid lobectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent a thyroid lobectomy for benign disease from May 2004 to December 2007. Patients with known hypothyroidism or on preoperative thyroid hormone replacement were excluded. Results In this study, 14.3% of patients developed hypothyroidism and required thyroid hormone supplementation. These hypothyroid patients had a higher mean pre-operative thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lower mean free thyroxine (T4) serum levels compared with euthyroid patients (TSH, 2.12 vs 1.35 μIU/mL [P = .006]; free T4, 1.03 vs 1.34 ng/dL [P = .01]). When stratified into 3 groups based on their preoperative TSH measurement (≤1.5, 1.51–2.5, and ≥2.51 μIU/mL), the rate of hypothyroidism increased significantly at each level (13.5%, 20.5%, and 41.3%, respectively [P Conclusion After thyroid lobectomy, approximately 1 in 7 patients experience hypothyroidism requiring thyroid hormone treatment. Patients with preoperative TSH levels >1.5 μIU/mL, lower free T4 levels, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are at increased risk and should be counseled and followed appropriately.
Spatial and temporal genetic structure in a hybrid cordgrass invasion.

Invasive hybrids and their spread dynamics pose unique opportunities to study evolutionary processes. Invasive hybrids of native Spartina foliosa and introduced S. alterniflora have expanded throughout San Francisco Bay intertidal habitats within the past 35 years by deliberate plantation and seeds floating on the tide. Our goals were to assess spatial and temporal scales of genetic structure in Spartina hybrid populations within the context of colonization history. We genotyped adult and seedling Spartina using 17 microsatellite loci and mapped their locations in three populations. All sampled seedlings were hybrids. Bayesian ordination analysis distinguished hybrid populations from parent species, clearly separated the population that originated by plantation from populations that originated naturally by seed and aligned most seedlings within each population. Population genetic structure estimated by analysis of molecular variance was substantial (FST=0.21). Temporal genetic structure among age classes varied highly between populations. At one population, the divergence between adults and 2004 seedlings was low (FST=0.02) whereas at another population this divergence was high (FST=0.26). This latter result was consistent with local recruitment of self-fertilized seed produced by only a few parental plants. We found fine-scale spatial genetic structure at distances less than ∼200 m, further supporting local seed and/or pollen dispersal. We posit a few self-fertile plants dominating local recruitment created substantial spatial genetic structure despite initial long-distance, human dispersal of hybrid Spartina through San Francisco Bay. Fine-scale genetic structure may more strongly develop when local recruits are dominated by the offspring of a few self-fertile plants.
Synthesis of nonluminescent lanthanide(III) chelates tethered to an aminooxy group and their applicability to biomolecule derivatization.

Synthesis of nonluminescent lanthanide(III) chelates tethered to an aminooxy group (i.e., 1-[4-(6-aminooxyhexamido)benzyl] diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid lanthanides(III), 6a-d, where Ln 3 + is Eu, Dy, Sm, and Tb) is described. Their applicability to biomolecule derivatization is demonstrated by allowing them to react with a synthetic oligopeptide, a protein, two synthetic drugs, and a steroid. The oligopeptide and protein were linked to 6 after preoxidation of their N-terminal serine residues, while the drugs and the steroid reacted via their ketone functionality. Also some application data is included.
Adaptive Methods: Telling “The Rest of the Story”

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) draft guidance on adaptive design randomized clinical trials provides in-depth consideration of the difficulties that unblinded adaptation of clinical trial design might introduce. We provide extended discussion of these difficulties, with focus on the problems that the adaptive designs pose in the scientific interpretation of randomized clinical trial results, for regulatory authorities as well as for patients and caregivers who wish to make evidence-based decisions regarding the choice of treatment. We consider implications in adequate and well-controlled studies of the use of unblinded measures of treatment effect to make adaptive selection/modification of treatments, adaptive selection of primary endpoints, adaptive modification of maximal sample size, adaptive modification of randomization ratios, and adaptive modification of target populations (adaptive enrichment), and then we consider the special topic of seamless phase 2-3 designs. We examine the extent to which the adaptive designs do not meet the goals of having greater efficiency, being more likely to identify truly effective treatments, being more informative, and providing greater flexibility. We fully support the FDA's continued requirement of adequate and well-controlled confirmatory studies, complete with prospective, detailed specification of the entire randomized clinical trial design in a way that allows accurate and precise estimation of treatment effectiveness.
Roman Age Structure: Evidence and Models*

For many Romans, life was short. In consequence, the young greatly outnumbered the elderly. Historians have long accepted these basic truths, even if they are only beginning to come to terms with the social implications of an alien demographic regime. But how short is ‘short’, and how many Romans were children, how many adults? Does it matter, and can we know? The importance of demographic structure is not in doubt. High mortality causes scarce energy resources to be wasted in pregnancies and nursing, and poses a disincentive to investment in education. It destabilizes families and households, exposes orphans and widows to risk and potential hardship, and shortens the time-horizons of economic activity. In the long term, average life expectancy is the principal determinant of fertility. Poor chances of survival trigger high birth rates to ensure genetic survival. High fertility, in turn, is negatively correlated with the status and well-being of women, and constrains female participation in economic and public affairs. Overall age structure, in conjunction with cultural practices from marriage to child care, determines the prevalence of orphans and widows, and affects the age-specific distribution of fertility. In sum, age structure is instrumental in framing and shaping expectations and experiences. For this reason alone, our understanding of life in the Roman world is critically dependent on our knowledge of demographic conditions.
An exploratory study of managers' reactions to properties of verbal communication

Verbal communication (VC) is a major work activity of managers, but managers' reactions to the properties of this activity are rarely investigated and are poorly understood. A description and explanation of managers' reactions to VC is needed to further present understanding of managerial behavior. This exploratory study draws on past research to include seven properties of VC that potentially are related to managers' reactions. A procedure was used whereby managers recorded the properties of their VC activities and their reactions to these activities as they occurred during the workday. Results indicate that the VC properties included are related to some reactions. Explanations are provided for managers' reactions and the results are linked to other research on managerial behavior.
Small artificial currents enhance Xenopus limb regeneration

A steady, small (0.1 μA) current was artificially pulled out of the end of the stumps of amputated adult Xenopus forelimbs for three to four weeks. Six months to a year later, the following responses were observed: 1. Some stimulated regenerates formed broad, flattened bifurcated structures, while sham-treated controls formed typical hypomorphic spikes. 2. In the majority of the cathode-stimulated regenerates, there were nerve trunks with in their cartilage core. There was no nerve in control cartilage, except in one case in which a small amount of nerve was found. Overall, the cartilage core of the stimulated regenerates had 40-fold more nerve coursing through it than did the controls. 3. Mature thorn-shaped epidermal papillae formed on most of the stimulated animals, but on only one of the controls. We suggest that these minute electrical currents affect regeneration by first stimulating early nerve growth.
Cardinal Hermite interpolation using positive definite functions

In this paper, we study cardinal Hermite interpolation by using positive definite functions. Among other things, we establish a procedure that employs the multiquadrics for cardinal Hermite interpolation.
Generation of Regular Expressions for Automata by the Integral of Regular Expressions

In this paper, the integral of regular expressions is defined and its properties are presented— The concept of the integral is then applied to establishing an algorithm for generating the regular expression of an arbitrary finite automaton specified by its state diagram or flow table. The regular expression for a given automaton obtained by this algorithm is shown to be unique up to the commutative property of the sum. This algorithm is effective and suitable for machine implementation. Programmed results of this algorithm are also given and interpreted. (Received August 1971)
Developing a Vision of Teacher Education: How my classroom teacher understandings evolved in the university environment

Drawing on my experiences as a former classroom teacher making the transition to teacher education, this study examines how my vision of teacher education developed over the course of my first three years as a graduate teaching assistant in a social studies education program in the United States. A qualitative self-study methodology was used to identify and describe sources of tension and growth that contributed to the evolution of my classroom teacher understandings as I forged a distinct vision for teacher education. My vision of teacher education was informed by completing graduate coursework, engaging in the work of teacher education, interacting and collaborating with peers, and studying my practice as it developed and unfolded. Throughout the article, I discuss the potential of self-study methodology to encourage new teacher educators to examine both the features and motivations behind their practice, as well as the effects of this examination on the development of a vision of teacher education.
Functional renormalization group analysis of the half-filled one-dimensional extended Hubbard model.

We study the phase diagram of the half-filled one-dimensional extended Hubbard model at weak coupling using a novel functional renormalization group (FRG) approach. The FRG method includes in a systematic manner the effects of the scattering processes involving electrons away from the Fermi points. Our results confirm the existence of a finite region of bond charge density wave, also known as a ``bond order wave'' near $U=2V$ and clarify why earlier $g$-ology calculations have not found this phase. We argue that this is an example in which formally irrelevant corrections change the topology of the phase diagram. Whenever marginal terms lead to an accidental symmetry, this generalized FRG method may be crucial to characterize the phase diagram accurately.
Amino acid turnover and protein synthesis in leaves

Abstract Detached bean leaves were allowed to fix C 14 O 2 in the light for 10 min., and the remaining C 14 O 2 was flushed from the system. Subsequent changes in amino acid and protein radioactivity were used to calculate amino acid turnover rates and the rates of protein synthesis from particular amino acids. The free amino acids serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, and the leucines had roughly the same total turnover times (about 15–20 min.), whereas free aspartic acid turned over once in about 50 min. Protein synthesis occurred at a rate roughly equal to a 2% increase per hour.