cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yeast aminopeptidases Ape2, Aap1′ and Yin7

Publisher Summary This chapter covers the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of yeast aminopeptidases Ape2, Aapl′ and Yin7. Three yeast metallo-aminopeptidases—Ape2 aminopeptidase, Aapl aminopeptidase and Yin7 aminopeptidase—are grouped on the basis of their sequence relationships. Although all three show high degrees of similarity and identity (especially in putative catalytic regions), the closest are Ape2 and Aapl, with Yin7 being more divergent. The Ape2 protein is found in two forms, unglycosylated and glycosylated. The size of the unglycosylated form was found by gel filtration to be between 85,000 and 90,000 Da. The gene structure of the APE2 gene shows several features. There is a strong TATA region 324 bases up from a strong consensus start site AAAATGACC. A putative polyadenylation signal sequence of AAATAAA is present 184bp downstream from the termination codon. The APE2 mRNA transcript of 2.7 kb correlates well with the 97 kDa size of the unglycosylated form of the protein. The normal function of the Ape2 aminopeptidase is thought to be in the uptake of hydrophobic peptides, especially leucine N-terminal peptides; this is based on analysis of mutants in Ape2.
Economic Theory of Bilateral Accidents

Rail-highway grade-crossing collisions, trespassing fatalities, and occupational injuries are called bilateral accidents because the level of care taken by both the railroad and the other party to the accident affects the probability of occurrence. The analysis of these accidents is a three-step process. The first step is to determine the level of care, called due care, that should be taken by both parties so as to minimize social costs. The second step is to observe whether the parties will, in practice, select the appropriate levels of care. If they do not, the third step suggests legal rules of liability that provide both parties with the incentives to take due care. This chapter reviews the theory. Applications to grade-crossing collisions, trespasser fatalities and occupational injuries are in the following three chapters.
Abstract WP81: Clinical Outcomes of Unruptured Intracranial Arterial Aneurysm Treatment in the US

Introduction: The decision for active intervention for unruptured intracranial aneurysm patients are challenging due to most unruptured intracranial aneurysm patients are asymptomatic and they are ...
The Round Taylor Method

AbstractThis article provides a numerical method for providing approximate solutions to initial-value differential equations. Even though this method is a small modification of the Taylor series me...
Abstract 164: Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status is Significantly Associated with Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Objective: Area Deprivation Index (ADI) is a geographically-derived measure of socioeconomic status composed of 17 education, employment, housing-quality, and poverty measures derived from census d...
Teaching at the Bedside

In this chapter, we explore bedside teaching and its importance in clinical medicine. Bedside teaching was a customary part of training and formalized rounding on the inpatient floor and ICU until recently. As modern medicine has evolved with the advent of new technology, specialized facilities, and duty hour restrictions for trainees, bedside rounding has been depriotitized. Nevertheless, bedside teaching is as relevant today as it was in the mid-seventeenth century. Currently, other teaching modalities have replaced bedside teaching due to its perceived time constraints and emphasis on maximizing efficiency. However, there are countless benefits for bedside teaching and compelling evidence that bedside teaching should play a central role in physician training. Some misperceptions about the limitations of bedside teaching have propagated these sentiments, but the key to success of bedside teaching is through planning and preparation. Included in this chapter are best practice measures that teaching physicians may use to improve not only clinical teaching, but patient centered rounding in the wards, ICU and even in the emergency department and the outpatient settings. The fruits of successful bedside teaching are innumerable and commitment to this modality can be enriching not only to trainees but also to patients and their families’ understanding.
The Weak Type Estimates of Two Different Martingale Transforms Coincide

We consider several weak type estimates for dyadic singular operators using the Bellman function approach. We write the precise formula for the unweighted weak type estimate Bellman function. We prove that the weak norms of two different martingale transforms coincide. The proof uses the precise form of the Bellman function of the weak type estimate of martingale transform.
Obtención de jarabe de glucosa a partir de almidón de yuca Manihot (esculenta Crantz) y estudio comparativo entre los métodos de hidrólisis acida y enzimática

Starch hydrolysis cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to 30% (w/v) was evaluated by the method of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. In the acid hydrolysis process was evaluated effect of hydrochloric acid in concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5% on the performance of glucose syrup. For enzymatic hydrolysis fungal amylase α 1% was used. There was significant difference between the percentage of reducing sugars and percentage dextrose equivalent (DE) measured for different temperatures liquefaction starch (65, 70 and 75°C) by the α-amylase enzyme at 1%, with 70°C temperature increased activity. For acid hydrolysis significant difference between the percentage reducing sugars and ED percentage measured for various acid concentrations Hydrochloric being the 5% which had higher yields. Comparing both types of hydrolysis was found that there are significant differences between the percentage of sugars and reducing percentage of ED measure acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis of starch cassava, where the enzymatic hydrolysis being a product of greater value was obtained aggregate. Operating conditions and process steps defined.
The role of the community health delivery system in the health and well-being of justice-involved women: a narrative review

Over seven million imprisoned and jailed women are released into the community each year and many are ill-equipped to meet the challenges of re-integration. Upon release into their community, women are faced with uncertain barriers and challenges using community services to improve their health and well-being and reuniting with families. Few studies have identified and described the barriers of the community health delivery system (CHDS)- a complex set of social, justice, and healthcare organizations that provide community services aimed to improve the health and well-being (i.e. safety, health, the success of integration, and life satisfaction) of justice-involved women. We conducted a narrative review of peer-reviewed and gray literature to identify and describe the CHDS and the CHDS service delivery. Peer-reviewed and gray literature (n = 82) describing the CHDS organizations’ missions, incentives, goals, and services were coded in three domains, justice, social, and healthcare, to examine their service delivery to justice-involved women and their efforts to improve the health and well-being of justice-involved women. We found that the CHDS is fragmented, identified gaps in knowledge about the CHDS that serves justice-involved women, and offer recommendations to reduce fragmentation and integrate service delivery aimed to improve the health and well-being of justice-involved women.
Eigenmodes of the Laplacian on some Laakso spaces

We analyse the spectrum of a self-adjoint operator on a Laakso space using the projective limit construction originally given by Barlow and Evans. We will use the hierarchical cell structure induced by the choice of approximating quantum graphs to calculate the spectrum with multiplicities. We also extend the method for using the hierarchical cell structure to more general projective limits beyond Laakso spaces.
Paradigm of Sudden Death Prevention in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a worldwide genetic heart disease and a common cause of sudden death in the young. Penetration of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) into this patient population over the past 20 years has made accurate selection of patients for primary prevention ICDs a priority. Consequently, a new paradigm has emerged in the management of this complex disease with ICD therapy responsible for a substantial decrease in overall HCM-related mortality (to 0.5%/y) and independent of patient age. Selection of candidates for ICDs has matured substantially with the formulation of an enhanced risk stratification algorithm. One or more contemporary risk markers judged major within a given patient's clinical profile, in association with physician judgment and shared decision-making, is sufficient to consider a primary prevention ICD implant. An enhanced American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association risk factor model (including new contrast-magnetic resonance-based markers, such as left ventricular apical aneurysm) used prospectively to make ICD decisions proved to be 95% sensitive for identifying patients who would experience ≥1 appropriate device therapies terminating ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. The number of HCM patients required to treat with ICDs to save 1 patient with abolition of lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias was 6:1, similar to randomized defibrillator trials in other cardiomyopathies. In contrast to patients with ischemic heart disease, after ICD shock HCM patients rarely experience transformation to heart failure deterioration or sudden arrhythmic death. The mathematically derived risk score model proposed by the European Society of Cardiology was inferior for identifying high-risk patients susceptible to arrhythmic sudden death with a sensitivity of only 33%, leaving many patients exposed to the possibility of sudden death without ICDs. In conclusion, introduction of the ICD associated with a matured risk stratification algorithm has altered management strategy and clinical course of many HCM patients, making the likelihood of sudden death prevention a reality and fulfilling the aspiration of preservation of life and reduced mortality for this vulnerable patient population.
Effects of Winding and Slot-Pole Configurations on Sizing of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

In order to meet the desired application requirements, the design choices must consider the types of machine configurations, nature of winding, limitations of volume or dimensions set by the application as well as the system specifications such as the available voltage and current rating. The effects of winding and slot-pole combination selection on the sizing of permanent magnet synchronous machines for given system requirements will be outlined in this paper. By way of example, surface permanent magnet machines are designed, and scaling laws utilized to compare the performance variation due to slot-pole and winding configuration choice.
Phosphorylation of Sterol Carrier Protein 2 by Protein Kinase C

Ca++ has been implicated in the regulation of the steroidogenic response to tropic hormones (1–3), including the transport of cholesterol to the mitochondrial site of side-chain cleavage, a step thatmay also involve sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) (4). SCP2 is a cholesterol carrier that facilitates the intracellular transfer of cholesterol to cytochrome P450scc, the rate-limiting enzyme in the steroidogenic process, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Thus, changes in the content and/or activity of SCP2 may be expected to play a key role in cholesterol transport and, therefore, in steroidogenesis (5). SCP2 is present in nonsteroidogenic and steroidogenic tissues, including the ovary (6,7). Ovarian SCP2 closely resembles hepatic SCP2 in its amino acid composition (7) and, presumably, in its overall structure.
Contributions of Major Cell Populations to Sjögren's Syndrome.

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a female dominated autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into salivary and lacrimal glands and subsequent exocrine glandular dysfunction. SS also may exhibit a broad array of extraglandular manifestations including an elevated incidence of non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma. The etiology of SS remains poorly understood, yet progress has been made in identifying progressive stages of disease using preclinical mouse models. The roles played by immune cell subtypes within these stages of disease are becoming increasingly well understood, though significant gaps in knowledge still remain. There is evidence for distinct involvement from both innate and adaptive immune cells, where cells of the innate immune system establish a proinflammatory environment characterized by a type I interferon (IFN) signature that facilitates propagation of the disease by further activating T and B cell subsets to generate autoantibodies and participate in glandular destruction. This review will discuss the evidence for participation in disease pathogenesis by various classes of immune cells and glandular epithelial cells based upon data from both preclinical mouse models and human patients. Further examination of the contributions of glandular and immune cell subtypes to SS will be necessary to identify additional therapeutic targets that may lead to better management of the disease.
A data-driven model for thermodynamic properties of a steam generator under cycling operation

Abstract The varying electricity demand from coal power plants due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources leads to load-follow and on/off operations referred to as cycling. Cycling causes transients of properties such as pressure and temperature within various components of the steam generation system.These transients cause increased damage because of fatigue and creep-fatigue interactions shortening the life of components. An algorithm is developed to identify cycling operations from the gross power data. The data-driven model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) is developed using 10 years data from Coal Creek Station power plant located in North Dakota, USA to estimate properties of the steam generator components during cycling operations. The uniqueness of this model is the ability to predict component properties for the cycling as well as base-load operations and is reported for the first time. The ANN model estimates the component properties, for a given gross power profile and initial conditions, as they vary during cycling operations. As a representative example, the ANN estimates are presented for the superheater outlet pressure, reheater inlet temperature, and flue gas temperature at the air heater inlet. The changes in these variables as a function of the gross power over the time duration are compared with measurements to assess the predictive capability of the model. Mean square errors of 4.49E-04 for superheater outlet pressure, 1.62E-03 for reheater inlet temperature, and 4.14E-04 for flue gas temperature at the air heater inlet were observed.
National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS): Description of 2019 Survey Methods and Assessment of Nonresponse Bias

National Pharmacist Workforce Studies (NPWS) have been conducted in the U.S. every five years since 2000. This article describes the online survey methods used for the latest NPWS conducted in 2019 and provides an assessment for nonresponse bias. Three waves of emails containing a link to the online survey were sent to a random sample of about 96,000 pharmacists licensed in the United States. The survey asked about pharmacist employment, work activities, work-life balance, practice characteristics, pharmacist demographics and training. A total of 5467 usable responses were received, for a usable response rate of 5.8%. To assess for nonresponse bias, respondent characteristics were compared to the population of U.S. pharmacists and a benchmark, while a wave analysis compared early and late respondents. The pharmacist sample-population comparison and the benchmark comparison showed that the NPWS respondents had a higher percentage of female pharmacists and a lower proportion of young pharmacists compared to the population of U.S. pharmacists and the benchmark sample. In some contrast, the wave analysis showed that the early respondents had a higher percentage of males and older pharmacists compared to the late respondents. Both the wave analysis and the benchmark comparison showed that the NPWS respondents (and early respondents) had a lower percent of pharmacists with a PharmD degree than did the late respondents and the benchmark group. These differences should be considered when interpreting the findings from the 2019 NPWS.
Metagames and Hypergames for Deception-Robust Control

Increasing connectivity to the Internet for remote monitoring and control has made cyber-physical systems more vulnerable to deliberate attacks; purely cyber attacks can thereby have physical consequences. Long-term, stealthy attacks such as Stuxnet can be described as Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). Here, we extend our previous work on hypergames and APTs to develop hypergame-based defender strategies that are robust to deception and do not rely on attack detection. These strategies provide provable bounds—and provably optimal bounds—on the attacker payoff. Strategies based on Bayesian priors do not provide such bounds. We then numerically demonstrate our approach on a building control subsystem and discuss next steps in extending this approach toward an operational capability.
Implementation of a self‐consistent slab model of bilayer structure in the SasView suite

Slab models are simple and useful structural descriptions which have long been used to describe lyotropic lamellar phases, such as lipid bilayers. Typically, slab models assume a midline symmetry and break a bilayer structure into three pieces, a central solvent-free core and two symmetric outer layers composed of the soluble portion of the amphiphile and associated solvent. This breakdown matches reasonably well to the distribution of neutron scattering length density and therefore is a convenient and common approach for the treatment of small-angle scattering data. Here, an implementation of this model within the SasView software suite is reported. The implementation is intended to provide physical consistency through the area per amphiphile molecule and number of solvent molecules included within the solvent-exposed outer layer. The proper use of this model requires knowledge of (or good estimates for) the amphiphile and solvent molecule volume and atomic composition, ultimately providing a self-consistent data treatment with only two free parameters: the lateral area per amphiphile molecule and the number of solvent molecules included in the outer region per amphiphile molecule. The use of this code is demonstrated in the fitting of standard lipid bilayer data sets, obtaining structural parameters consistent with prior literature and illustrating the typical and ideal cases of fitting for neutron scattering data obtained using single or multiple contrast conditions. While demonstrated here for lipid bilayers, this model is intended for general application to block copolymers, surfactants, and other lyotropic lamellar phase structures for which a slab model is able to reasonably estimate the neutron scattering length density/electron-density profile of inner and outer layers of the lamellae.
Vitamins and Minerals in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

The complicated and multifactorial nature of acne pathophysiology provides a multitude of opportunities for vitamins and minerals to disrupt the inflammatory cascade. In their traditional roles as dietary necessities, vitamins and minerals participate in keratinocyte proliferation and maturation, modulation of lipid production in human sebocytes, and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and antimicrobial peptides, as well as act as antioxidants. Not surprisingly, then, there is considerable in vitro and preclinical data predicting their efficacy in acne. Although conclusive clinical evidence is currently lacking for many of them, more vigorous trials are being conducted with increasingly convincing in vivo data. At this time, data for vitamin A analogs, zinc, and niacinamide is most compelling. It may well be that combination therapy will be more efficacious than monotherapy. Fortunately, due to their large safety margin, we can afford to be generous with our recommendations while awaiting more definitive results.
Major poisonous plant problems in cattle

Animal agriculture plays an important role in the economic well being of the United States. Harvesting of the rangelands by ruminants is one of the main stays of this aspect of agriculture. As a result the occurrence of toxic plants in pastures causes a tremendous economic loss to livestock owners in the form of animal deaths, loss of production of meat and milk, and reproduction problems. In some years it has been estimated in Texas alone that the loss due to cattle deaths may be as high as 24 to 30 million dollars, annually. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to attempt to describe some of the more common plants toxic to cattle in the United States.
Robustness of Model Predictive Control to (Large) Discrete Disturbances

Abstract In recent years, theoretical results for model predictive control (MPC) have been expanded to address discrete actuators (decisions) and high-level planning and scheduling problems. The application of MPC-style methods to scheduling problems has been driven, in part, by the robustness afforded by feedback. The ability of MPC, and feedback methods in general, to reject small persistent disturbances is well-recognized. In many planning and scheduling applications, however, we must also consider an additional class of discrete and infrequent disturbances, such as breakdowns and unplanned maintenance. In this paper, we establish that nominal MPC is robust, in a stochastic context, to this class of discrete and infrequent disturbances. We illustrate these results with a nonlinear blending example.
Accuracy of stereolithography printed alumina with digital light processing

Abstract Digital light processing (DLP) stereolithography was used to prepare layers and samples for dimensional calibration from commercial alumina slurries. Single-layer squares were studied to understand the penetration depth and curing behavior, and samples with varying curing time and intensity were printed and sintered. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the squares was performed to measure the relative amount of curing based on the change of the bond transparency of the polymer during various printing conditions. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) scans were performed after printing of squares and parts as well as after sintering parts. The morphologies and structures of the squares and parts were studied after printing and after sintering. The dimensions were measured, and the differences before and after sintering are reported for the various printing conditions. The study shows how FTIR can monitor curing of printed parts, and dimensional accuracy of 0.20 mm can be achieved.
Self-organization of human dorsal-ventral forebrain structures by light induced SHH.

Organizing centers secrete morphogens that specify the emergence of germ layers and the establishment of the body’s axes during embryogenesis. While traditional experimental embryology tools have been instrumental in dissecting the molecular aspects of organizers in model systems, they are impractical in human in-vitro model systems to dissect the relationships between signaling and fate along embryonic coordinates. To systematically study human embryonic organizer centers, we devised a collection of optogenetic ePiggyBac vectors to express a photoactivatable Cre-loxP recombinase, that allows the systematic induction of organizer structures by shining blue-light on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We used a light stimulus to geometrically confine SHH expression in neuralizing hESCs. This led to the self-organization of mediolateral neural patterns. scRNA-seq analysis established that these structures represent the dorsal-ventral forebrain, at the end of the first month of development. Here, we show that morphogen light-stimulation is a scalable tool that induces self-organizing centers. Organizing centers act to pattern surrounding tissues during embryogenesis through the secretion of morphogens. Here the authors model human organizers using light stimulus to geometrically confine SHH expression in differentiating hESCs, generating spatially resolved proximal distal patterns.
HydroBlocks v0.2: enabling a field-scale two-way coupling between the land surface and river networks in Earth system models

Abstract. Over the past decade, there has been appreciable progress towards modeling the water, energy, and carbon cycles at field scales (10–100 m) over continental to global extents in Earth system models (ESMs). One such approach, named HydroBlocks, accomplishes this task while maintaining computational efficiency via Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs), more commonly known as “tiles” in ESMs. In HydroBlocks, these HRUs are learned via a hierarchical clustering approach from available global high-resolution environmental data. However, until now there has yet to be a river routing approach that is able to leverage HydroBlocks' approach to modeling field-scale heterogeneity; bridging this gap will make it possible to more formally include riparian zone dynamics, irrigation from surface water, and interactive floodplains in the model. This paper introduces a novel dynamic river routing scheme in HydroBlocks that is intertwined with the modeled field-scale land surface heterogeneity. Each macroscale polygon (a generalization of the concept of macroscale grid cell) is assigned its own fine-scale river network that is derived from very high resolution ( ∼ 30 m) digital elevation models (DEMs); the inlet–outlet reaches of a domain's macroscale polygons are then linked to assemble a full domain's river network. The river dynamics are solved at the reach-level via the kinematic wave assumption of the Saint-Venant equations. Finally, a two-way coupling between each HRU and its corresponding fine-scale river reaches is established. To implement and test the novel approach, a 1.0 ∘ bounding box surrounding the Atmospheric Radiation and Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in northern Oklahoma (United States) is used. The results show (1) the implementation of the two-way coupling between the land surface and the river network leads to appreciable differences in the simulated spatial heterogeneity of the surface energy balance, (2) a limited number of HRUs ( ∼ 300 per 0.25 ∘ cell) are required to approximate the fully distributed simulation adequately, and (3) the surface energy balance partitioning is sensitive to the river routing model parameters. The resulting routing scheme provides an effective and efficient path forward to enable a two-way coupling between the high-resolution river networks and state-of-the-art tiling schemes in ESMs.
Justice in America: The Separate Realities of Blacks and Whites

As reactions to the O. J. Simpson verdict, the Rodney King beating, and the Amadou Diallo killing make clear, whites and African Americans in the United States inhabit two different perceptual worlds, with the former seeing the justice system as largely fair and color blind and the latter believing it to be replete with bias and discrimination. The authors tackle two important questions in this book: what explains the widely differing perceptions, and why do such differences matter? They attribute much of the racial chasm to the relatively common personal confrontations that many blacks have with law enforcement – confrontations seldom experienced by whites. More importantly, the authors demonstrate that this racial chasm is consequential: it leads African Americans to react much more cynically to incidents of police brutality and racial profiling, and also to be far more skeptical of punitive anti-crime policies ranging from the death penalty to three-strikes laws.
STUDY ON ELASTO-PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT CARBON TYPES IN CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES

Indentation tests combined with the knowledge of corresponding microstructure of carbonaceous materials offer valuable information that cannot be extracted from the conventional indentation tests alone. Since mechanical properties of carbon are sensitive to the crystal orientation, inelastic mechanisms can be detected by studying the stress-strain behavior of carbon/carbon composites. The aim of this paper is to investigate the elasto-plastic behavior and related microstructure of pan-fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites heat-treated at 2100 C. The microstructure was characterized using polarized light microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy. Elastic modulus of each constituent of the composites was measured. Nanoindentation tests were carried out to obtain loading-unloading cycles at different indentation depths using a berkovich-type diamond indenter tip. The residual displacement at complete unloading was correlated with the microstructure data to reveal the extent of the deformation mechanisms of crystallites and graphene sheets. The pitch fiber and rough laminar pyrocarbon exhibited plastic behavior, which can be attributed to the low shear resistance due to weak bonding between the well-organized graphene sheets. On the other hand, the PAN fiber, charred resin and isotropic pyrocarbon, exhibited almost full elasticity within applied displacement limits.
When two worlds collide.

This special issue of Human Biology commemorates the quincentennial of Christopher Columbus's journeys to the New World. This historical event, the collision of New and Old World cultures, forever altered the demography of the world. As a result of this contact, the native peoples of the Americas experienced innumerable hardships, disease, death, and the destruction of civilizations, tribes, and a way of life. However, Europe was enriched by the acquisition of an assortment of agricultural products, gold, and a haven for millions of immigrants fleeing persecution and poverty. This collision of the worlds also resulted in the creation of a unique social experiment, democracy under a constitution, but at a phenomenal cost to the natives of the Americas and to the Africans brought to work the land. We should not celebrate this so-called discovery of the New World, but we can reflect on the 500th anniversary of a profound historic event. This commemorative volume of Human Biology summarizes the available information on the biology of New World populations. Given spatial constraints, I solicited contributions that examined the controversial issues of late versus early peopling of the New World and the effects of cultural contacts. The eight articles are grouped temporally; that is, the first section deals with Amerindian populations before European contact, and the second section describes contemporary genetic and morphological variation.
Carotid baroreceptor stimulation alters cutaneous vascular conductance during whole‐body heating in humans

Prior studies investigating carotid baroreflex control of the cutaneous vasculature have yielded mixed findings. However, previously used methodological and analytical techniques may limit the ability to detect carotid baroreflex-mediated changes in cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that dynamic carotid baroreceptor stimulation (i.e. 5 s trials) using neck pressure (NP, simulated carotid hypotension) and neck suction (NS, simulated carotid hypertension) will decrease and increase CVC, respectively, during normothermic and whole-body heating conditions in resting humans. Data were obtained from nine subjects (age, 31 +/- 2 year). The ratio of forearm skin blood flux (laser-Doppler flowmetry) and arterial blood pressure (Finapres) was used as an index of CVC. Multiple 5 s trials of NP (+40(Torr)) and NS (-60(Torr)), as well as breath-hold/airflow control trials, were applied during end-expiratory breath-holds while subjects were normotheric and heat stressed (change in core temperature approximately 0.75 degrees C). CVC responses to each NP and NS trial were averaged into 1 s intervals during the following periods: 3 s prestimulus, 5 s during stimulus, and 5 s poststimulus. Peak CVC responses (3 s average) to NP and NS were compared to prestimulus values using paired t test. During normothermia, NP decreased CVC by 0.032 +/- 0.007 arbitrary units (a.u.) mmHg(-1); (P < 0.05); however, breath-hold/airflow control trials resulted in similar decreases in CVC. NS did not change CVC (Delta = 0.002 +/- 0.005 a.u. mmHg(-1); P = 0.63). During whole-body heating, NP decreased CVC (by 0.16 +/- 0.04 a.u. mmHg(-1); (P < 0.05), whereas NS increased CVC by 0.07 +/- 0.03 a.u. mmHg(-1); (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these changes were greater than, or directionally different from, the breath-hold/airflow control trials. These findings indicate that carotid baroreceptor stimulation elicits dynamic changes in CVC and that these changes are more apparent during whole-body heating.
The yeast prion [PSI+]: molecular insights and functional consequences

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular processes underlying the inheritance and functional consequences of the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeprion [PSI+]. Prions are unique proteins that can exist in more than one stable conformation, and at least one of these states can be transmitted to newly synthesized protein as a form of templated replication. Because each physical state is associated with a distinct phenotypic state, the trait becomes heritable. A single prion protein can adopt alternate conformations, and hence functional states, expanding the phenotypic breadth of a single genome. Because prion inheritance is reversible (i.e., epigenetic; associated phenotypes can be sampled by the organism prior to fixation. In strains classified as [PSI + ], nonsense mutations were suppressed (or read-through) at low efficiency, while in [psi - ] strains, translation terminated faithfully at all stop codons. Strong [PSI + ] is inherited by nearly 100% of progeny, while weak [PSI + ] can be transmitted to less than 70% of progeny. Nevertheless, a fundamental understanding of the regulation of the [PSI + ] prion cycle in vivo remains elusive.
Entropic and enthalpic contributions to the solvent dependence of the thermodynamics of transition-metal redox couples

Abstract Measurements of the formal potentials E f for Cr(bpy) 3 3+/2+ , Fe(bpy) 3 3+/2+ , Co(bpy) 3 3+/2+ and Co(phen) 3 3+/2+ (where bpy=2,2′-bipyridine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline) were evaluated as a function of temperature using cyclic voltammetry in eight solvents (water, dimethylsulfoxide, N-N -dimethylformamide, N -methylformamide, formamide, propylene carbonate, acetonitrile and nitromethane) in order to unravel the various structural influences of the solvent upon the redox thermodynamics of such simple redox couples where the oxidized and reduced forms have identical structures and the composition of the coordination shell remains unchanged when the solvent is varied. The reaction entropies Δ S rc 0 for each redox couple in each solvent were evaluated from the temperature dependence of E f using a nonisothermal cell arrangement. Estimates of the free energy of transfer for each redox couple Δ(Δ G rc 0 ) s−w from water to each non-aqueous solvent were obtained from the difference in E f relative to the corresponding differences for the ferricinium-ferrocene couple. The corresponding enthalpies of transfer Δ(Δ H rc 0 ) s−w were obtained by combining these values of Δ S rc 0 and Δ(Δ G rc 0 ) s−w . Substantially larger values of Δ S rc 0 were found for all four redox couples in non-aqueous solvents compared to water, particularly in aprotic media where for a given couple Δ(Δ S rc 0 ) s−w ∼20–40 cal K −1 mol −1 . Markedly larger values of Δ S rc 0 in each solvent were found for the Co(III)/(II) couples compared with the low spin Cr(III)/(II) and Fe(III)/(II) couples. These entropic variations appear to reflect the ease by which solvent molecules are able to be oriented by the additional field around the oxidized compared to the reduced form of the redox couple. Small negative values of Δ(Δ G rc 0 ) s−w were typically obtained as a result of partial compensation of the entropic terms by the corresponding enthalpic components. The utility of reaction entropy measurements for interpreting the dependence of electron-transfer kinetics upon the nature of the solvent is pointed out.
The Schur algorithm and coefficient characterizations for generalized Schur functions

In this paper we analyze the existence of a Schur algorithm and obtain coefficient characterizations for the functions in a generalized Schur class. An application to an interpolation problem of Caratheodory type raised by M.G. Krĕin and H. Langer is indicated.
On-orbit performance validation plan for the Geosat Follow-on radar altimeter

The Geosat Follow-on Altimeter will be subject to regular performance validation throughout its performance lifetime. The development of a methodology for performing this validation presents issues that have not been part of past performance analyses. This paper describes a proposed methodology and presents some results of its application to the Topex altimeter.
SHOCK FORMATION IN NEARLY ELASTIC MATERIALS

One dimensional wave propagation in nonlinear viscoelasticitic materials is discussed by using a nonlinear version of the compliance integral stress strain relation of linear viscoelasticity theory. The analysis is phrased in terms of longitudinal waves in a stretched string in order to apply most directly to Kolsky's observation of tensile shock waves in stretched natural rubber
Characterization of Ga2Se3 at ZnSe/GaAs heterovalent interfaces

Despite the valence difference across the junction, it has been shown that ZnSe/GaAs epilayer/epilayer interface state densities can be reduced to values comparable to the (Al,Ga)As/GaAs interface. We have previously reported a transmission electron microscopy study indicating that ZnSe/GaAs structures exhibiting low interface state densities are associated with the formation of an interfacial layer of zinc‐blende Ga2Se3. In this letter we describe a procedure whereby an interfacial layer can be deliberately introduced prior to nucleation of ZnSe. In situ x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to study the nature of the bonding at the interfacial layer. A comparison of the Se 3d core level features from the ZnSe epilayer surface, a Se‐reacted GaAs surface, and from a separately grown Ga2Se3 epilayer, clearly indicates the same Se bonding characteristic for the Se‐reacted interfacial layer and the Ga2Se3 epilayer.
Isotropy and homogeneity of lung tissue deformation

Abstract Triaxial force-extension tests on lung tissue cubes taken from excised dog lungs were performed to examine relative directional-dependent deformation behavior (isotropy) and locational-dependent deformation behavior (homogeneity). Four types of speciments were used: parenchyma tissue cubes from relatively young dogs (group A), parenchyma cubes from older aging dogs (group B), tissue cubes with intact pleural membranes on the cube surfaces (group C), and tissue cubes with one relatively large airway oriented along one of the principal axes (group D). The effects of aging and the presence of a pleural membrane and an airway on the deformation of lung tissue were also examined. Results indicate that mild anisotropic parenchymal deformation (less than 10% of the mean deformation) exists in relatively young lungs and to a lesser degree in older dogs. No significant locational dependence of deformation was found between upper and lower lobes. The pleural membrane slightly affected the directional deformation behavior pattern of the parenchyma tissue. The presence of an airway caused considerable data scatter with possible deformation characteristic change. It is concluded that the assumption of an intially isotropic and homogeneous parenchyma in gross modeling of lung deformation is reasonable.
Human Herpesvirus 6 Reactivation Is Associated with Cytomegalovirus Infection and Syndromes in Kidney Transplant Recipients at Risk for Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection

A potential association between human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) following kidney transplantation was explored by retrospectively testing serial serum specimens for HHV-6 IgG and IgM antibody. HHV-6 reactivation occurred in 35 (66%) of 53 transplant recipients. Fungal or parasitic opportunistic infections, graft rejection or loss, and mortality were not associated with HHV-6 reactivation. HHV-6 reactivation was associated with primary CMV infection (P = .001) and CMV syndrome (P= .003) and with trends for CMV-related hepatitis (P =.095), CMV-related neutropenia (P =.104), and serious CMV disease (P = .085). After controlling for CMV immune globulin (CMVIG) prophylaxis, the association between HHV-6 reactivation and primary CMV infection and syndrome remained significant (P = .002 and 0.006, respectively). The reduction in CMV syndrome among those receiving CMVIG prophylaxis remained significant (P = .007) after controlling for HHV-6 reactivation. HHV-6 reactivation in kidney transplant recipients at risk for primary CMV infection is associated with CMV infection and CMV-related disease, and these effects are independent of CMVIG prophylaxis.
Lattice parameters and zone overlap in solid solutions of lead in magnesium

Abstract Lattice parameters have been measured as a function of composition for solid solutions of lead in magnesium with a relative precision of 1: 25,000. Both parameters vary smoothly with composition, with no sign of a break or rapid change in slope, and thus give no evidence of any onset of electron overlap across faces of the Brillouin zone, contrary to the results of Raynor. Further consideration of the various lattice parameter data in the literature for five other dilute solid solutions in magnesium suggests that in none of these particular solid solutions do the lattice parameter data give satisfactory evidence of the onset of overlap.
Introduction: The Untimely Jean Améry

This special section of The Germanic Review is inspired by two panels on Jean Amery in the fall of 2012, one at the German Studies Association Conference in Milwaukee and one at New York University...
Plasma Oscillations in a Static Magnetic Field

A theory of the small-amplitude oscillations of an ionized gas in a static magnetic field is developed, including the effects of temperature motions. The Boltzmann equation is solved for this problem, and exact expressions are obtained for the distribution function and dispersion relation. A general feature of the dispersion relation is the existence of gaps in the spectrum at frequencies which are approximately multiples of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}=\frac{\mathrm{eH}}{\mathrm{mc}}$. The magnitude of the gap depends on the temperature of the gas, being proportional to it for long wavelengths. This leads to the prediction of selective reflection of waves impinging on a plasma with frequency in the forbidden range.For $\mathrm{ck}\ensuremath{\gg}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ the waves split into approximately longitudinal plasma waves and transverse waves. Detailed analysis is made of the plasma waves for ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ small and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ large. At long wavelengths the frequency is ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{\omega}_{p}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\ensuremath{\omega}_{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\ensuremath{\beta}(\frac{\ensuremath{\kappa}T}{m}){k}^{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\beta}$ depends on ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$. For waves near the Debye length the waves are heavily damped.Two simplified treatments of plasma oscillations based on transport equations are compared with the above treatment. Expressions of the form ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{\omega}_{p}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\ensuremath{\omega}_{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\ensuremath{\beta}(\frac{\ensuremath{\kappa}T}{m}){k}^{2}$ are obtained where the factor $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is independent of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$. In addition, the transport treatments fail to predict the heavy damping near the Debye length and the existence of gaps in the frequency spectrum.
How the Financial Crisis Affects Pensions and Insurance and Why the Impacts Matter

This paper discusses the key sources of vulnerabilities for pension plans and insurance companies in light of the global financial crisis of 2008. It also discusses how these institutional investors transit shocks to the rest of the financial sector and economy. The crisis has re-ignited the policy debate on key issues such as: 1) the need for countercyclical funding and solvency rules; 2) the tradeoffs implied in marked based valuation rules; 3) the need to protect contributors towards retirement from excessive market volatility; 4) the need to strengthen group supervision for large complex financial institutions including insurance and pensions; and 5) the need to revisit the resolution and crisis management framework for insurance and pensions.
A process for performing security code reviews

No one really likes reviewing source code for security vulnerabilities; its slow, tedious, and mind-numbingly boring. Yet, code review is a critical component of shipping secure software to customers. Neglecting it isn't an option
An improved method for finite element mesh generation of geometrically complex structures with application to the skullbase

An automated method has been developed to generate finite element meshes of geometrically complex structures from CT images using solely hexahedral elements. This technique improves upon previous voxel-based mesh reconstruction approaches by smoothing the irregular boundaries at model surfaces and material interfaces. Over a range of mesh densities, RMS error in surface Von Mises stress was higher in the unsmoothed circular ring models (0.11–0.24 MPa) than in the smoothed models (0.080–0.15 MPa) at each mesh density. The element-to-element oscillation in surface element stress, as measured by the average second spatial derivative of Von Mises stress along the outer surface of the ring, was higher in the unsmoothed models (11.5–15.0 kPa mm−2) than in the smoothed models (4.0–6.8 kPa mm−2). Similarly, in a human skullbase model, the element-to-element oscillation in surface Von Mises stress was higher in the unsmoothed model (5.52 kPa mm−2) than in the smoothed model (1.83 kPa mm−2). Using this technique, finite element models of complex geometries can be rapidly reconstructed which produce less error at the surface than voxel-based models with discontinuous surfaces.