cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond the supermarket: analyzing household shopping trip patterns that include food at home and away from home retailers

Modifying a household’s food environment by targeting a single retailer type, like supermarkets, has a limited impact on dietary outcomes. This may be because the food environment has a limited impact on shopping behaviors, or because households are not as reliant on supermarkets as we assume. However, our understanding of how households shop for food, especially when considering the use of both food at home (FAH) retailers, such as supermarkets, and away from home retailers (FAFH), such as restaurants, is limited. Thus, understanding how households shop for food is a necessary first step when developing programs to modify food purchasing behavior. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify weekly food shopping trip patterns based on the percentage of trips to FAH and FAFH retailers in the 2013 Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) dataset (n = 4665 households). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between shopping trip patterns, household and food environment characteristics. Three patterns emerged: primarily supermarket, primarily supercenter, or mix (i.e. no dominant retailer type, but high FAFH use). Households with incomes below 185% of the federal poverty line were evenly divided between patterns that rely primarily on FAH retailers, and the mix pattern. While nearly 70% of households with incomes above 185% of the federal poverty line are in the mix cluster. Supermarket and superstore availability significantly influenced the likelihood of belonging to those clusters respectively, while having a child, higher income, and attitudes towards healthy meal preparation time or taste significantly influenced the likelihood of belonging to the mix cluster. Although lower-income households are more likely to rely primarily on FAH retailers, household’s, regardless of income, that primarily utilize FAH retailers show a strong preference for either superstores or supermarkets suggesting a need for interventions to reach both retailer types. However, altering the food environment alone may not be sufficient to discourage use of FAFH retailers as households relying on FAFH retailers are significantly influenced by meal preparation time and healthy food taste.
The Trouble with Kindness in the Acts of the Apostles

This article explores the theme of kindness in the book of Acts. Following Pentecost, the first act of kindness leads to the first act of persecution. Peter heals a man crippled from birth and charges his accusers of indicting him for “an act of kindness” (4:8-10). The story puts Peter and the earliest church in a positive light while simultaneously critiquing the religious and political establishment. Acts of kindness usher various disciples into the realm of spiritual warfare, and evil forces attempt to thwart the good deeds of the church at every turn. Peter describes Jesus as “doing good and healing all oppressed by the devil” (10:38). Thus, acts of kindness become a gateway into the spiritual battle. Luke's term translated as "kindness" is eὐeργeσίᾳ (­“benefaction”), a technical word embedded in social structure that depicts financial support for persons and groups; those who benefit from benefactors promise their loyalty to them. The Apostles assume the role of benefactors as they follow in the footsteps of Jesus and have a dramatic impact on society for the greater good. But, unlike Roman benefactors, they expect nothing in return. What the Apostles offer in contrast to the quid pro quo demands of benefactors is restoration of life. They declare this restoration in temple courts where the disciples become the new authority figures while testifying to “new life.” There disciples enter and authoritatively occupy sacred space while religious and civic leaders seek to obstruct them. Kindness may be the most powerful force in the world. It can harden or soften people’s hearts. Kindness can reach the heights of heaven and knock on the gates of hell.
ENSO Signals Contribute to Variations in Breeding Bird Densities in Grand Teton Nationl Park

We have monitored breeding bird densities over a variety of sites and habitats in GTNP since the early 1990s, utilizing fixed-area census sites of around 5 ha in size. The sites are located throughout the park in all habitat types and over a wide range of elevations, and number 30 in all. At some of these monitoring sites we have accumulated data in successive breeding seasons for almost two decades; the power of these census data in interpreting variation in bird species composition and breeding densities, species to species, site to site, and especially year to year, clearly increases with the span of the data set. Some of the measured variation in breeding densities is presumably attributable to conditions encountered by resident birds during the preceding winter, on-site in GTNP. Some may be attributable to conditions evaluated by migrant birds returning to GTNP after wintering elsewhere, also an on-site contribution. However, a further potential source of variation is off-site, and may be ascribed to conditions endured by the migrants on their wintering grounds. It is the source and extent of such variation in the winter habitats of GTNP migrants that is the subject of the ensuing discussion.
Learning from incomplete ratings using non-negative matrix factorization

We use a low-dimensional linear model to describe the user rating matrix in a recommendation system. A non-negativity constraint is enforced in the linear model to ensure that each user’s rating profile can be represented as an additive linear combination of canonical coordinates. In order to learn such a constrained linear model from an incomplete rating matrix, we introduce two variations on Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF): one based on the Expectation-Maximization (EM) procedure and the other a Weighted Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (WNMF). Based on our experiments, the EM procedure converges well empirically and is less susceptible to the initial starting conditions than WNMF, but the latter is much more computationally efficient. Taking into account the advantages of both algorithms, a hybrid approach is presented and shown to be effective in real data sets. Overall, the NMF-based algorithms obtain the best prediction performance compared with other popular collaborative filtering algorithms in our experiments; the resulting linear models also contain useful patterns and features corresponding to user communities.
Overwintering container-grown nursery crops: plant, air and medium thermal response to porous row covers.

Abstract Three structureless row covers (white, spunbonded polyester and two weights of white, spunbonded polypropylene) were evaluated for winter protection of container grown ‘Helleri’ holly (Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’), ‘Atropurpurea Nana’ nandina (Nandina domestica ‘Atropurpurea Nana’), Fraser photinia (Photinia × fraseri), and ‘Mohave’ pyracantha (Pyracantha Koidzumii × coccinea ‘Mohave’) relative to white copolymer film and white copolymer backed thermoblanket over quonset-shaped structures and an unprotected control. Air and rooting medium temperatures were monitored during the deployment period. Visual foliar injury ratings were taken immediately after treatments were removed and again four months later. Visual shoot injury ratings were correlated with the mean daily average and the mean daily minimum temperature of air and rooting medium within each treatment. Both polypropylene covers provided protection for plants in the interior of a consolidated group equivalent to white poly and the thermoblanke...
Spade: Decentralized orchestration of data movement and warehousing for physics experiments

The paper describes the implementation and experiences gathered from the Spade project which is a decentralized mechanism for data management that has been used in High Energy and Light Source physics experiments. The background and motivations that shaped the Spade project are covered, followed by an outline of the current design of the deployed application. The operational scenarios that have been developed from the use of Spade in a number of difference contexts are enumerated, after which there is a short discussion on how the implementation of the application has progressed. The paper finishes with some highlight of Spade's performance and a conclusion about what has been learnt from this project.
Delivery of gene silencing agents for breast cancer therapy

The discovery of RNA interference has opened the door for the development of a newclass of cancer therapeutics. Small inhibitory RNA oligos are being designed tospecifically suppress expression of proteins that are traditionally considerednondruggable, and microRNAs are being evaluated to exert broad control of geneexpression for inhibition of tumor growth. Since most naked molecules are notoptimized for in vivo applications, the gene silencing agents need to bepackaged into delivery vehicles in order to reach the target tissues as theirdestinations. Thus, the selection of the right delivery vehicles serves as a crucialstep in the development of cancer therapeutics. The current review summarizes thestatus of gene silencing agents in breast cancer and recent development of candidatecancer drugs in clinical trials. Nanotechnology-based delivery vectors for theformulation and packaging of gene silencing agents are also described.
Pancreatic stent placement is associated with resolution of refractory grade C pancreatic fistula after left-sided pancreatectomy

Pancreatic fistula have been a source of significant morbidity and mortality after left-sided pancreatectomy. The majority of fistulas are classified as Grade A and resolve quickly with no intervention. Grade C pancreatic fistulas, which require percutaneous or operative drainage, are less common and may be associated with morbidity and mortality. We used postoperative endoscopic pancreatic stent placement as an adjunctive strategy in the management of refractory Grade C pancreatic fistulas. Patients undergoing endoscopic pancreatic stent placement for persistent, refractory peripancreatic fluid collections/pancreatic fistula after left-sided pancreatectomy were identified. Eight patients underwent endoscopic pancreatic stent placement for refractory Grade C pancreatic fistulas. Six patients had percutaneous catheter placement; two patients had transgastric drainage. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed extravasation of contrast from the distal end of the pancreatic duct in seven patients. Pancreatic stents were placed in all patients at a median time of 48 days postoperation and left for a median of 47 days. Before stent removal, ERCP demonstrated pancreatic fistula closure. Median time to complete resolution of the fistula was 41 days after stent placement. Endoscopic pancreatic stents were associated with resolution of Grade C fistulas. After distal pancreatectomy, pancreatic stent placement should be considered in the postoperative period for refractory pancreatic fistulas.
Racialization and Muslims: Situating the Muslim Experience in Race Scholarship: Racialization and Muslims

This article reviews how racialization enables an understanding of Muslim and Muslim American experience as racial. Race scholarship in the United States has historically been a Black/White paradigm. As a result, the experiences of many racial and ethnic groups who have become a part of the American landscape due to the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 have largely been ignored in race scholarship. By reviewing racialization and its application to Arabs and Muslims, it is apparent that scholars must continuously explore newer theories and languages of race. Racialization not only provides a way to understand the fluidity of race and racism but it also contributes to the advancement of race scholarship by reflecting on the current contextual influences on race.
Cytotoxicity of amalgams, alloys, and their elements and phases☆

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative cytotoxicity of amalgams, alloys, and their constituent elements and phases, by means of a rapid and sensitive in vitro cell culture test. Pure copper and zinc showed intensive cytotoxicity, significantly greater than that of pure silver and mercury. Pure tin was non-cytotoxic. The gamma-one phase (Ag2Hg3) revealed moderate cytotoxicity, which was significantly decreased by the additioon of 1.5% and 5% Sn. However, the addition of 1.5% Zn to γ1 containing 1.5% Sn dramatically increased the cytotoxicity of γ1 to the same level as that of pure zinc. Whenever zinc was present in amalgams, higher cytotoxicity was revealed. High-copper amalgams showed the same cytotoxicity as a zinc-free low-copper amalgam. The addition of selenium did not reduce the cytotoxicity of amalgam. The cytotoxicity of amalgams was reduced after 24 h. The results of this study suggest that the major contributor to the cytotoxicity of alloy for amalgam is probably copper, while that for amalgam is zinc.
THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER(II) AND NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF NOVEL 16-MEMBERED MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS HAVING VARYING DEGREES OF SATURATION

Abstract Novel tetraaza[16] diene macrocyclic complexes of nickel(II) and copper(II) have been synthesized by the reaction of 4,4,9,9-tetramethyl-5,8-diazadodeca-2,11-dione with 1,4-butanediamine in the presence of the corresponding metal ion. The C[sbnd]N double bonds of the macrocycle have been hydrogenated using NaBH4 for both the nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes. The preparation and properties of a series of complexes of macrocycles having a varying degree of saturation are described.
On the Galois groups of the 2-class towers of some imaginary quadratic fields

Abstract Let k = Q ( −2379 ) and k n r , 2 be the maximal unramified 2-extension of k. To show that k n r , 2 / k is finite, Michael Bush gave 8 possible presentations of finite groups for G = Gal ( k n r , 2 / k ) . However, his methods did not further isolate G. We eliminate 4 of the possibilities, and explain how to isolate G, although carrying out the latter strategy is beyond current technological capabilities. We also discuss related examples.
Isolated nuclei adapt to force and reveal a mechanotransduction pathway in the nucleus.

Burridge and colleagues demonstrate that isolated nuclei respond to force by increasing their stiffness, and that this mechanical adaptation is mediated by emerin phosphorylation.
Development of an Intraoperative Left Atrial Thrombus

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5][![Graphic][6] ][6] A patient with an ascending aortic aneurysm and cardiomyopathy underwent aortic root and hemi-arch replacement with sparing of the aortic valve. While coming off cardiopulmonary
Underwater acoustic records from the March 2009 eruption of Hunga Ha'apai-Hunga Tonga volcano in the Kingdom of Tonga

Abstract A network of autonomous underwater hydrophones is used to monitor acoustic activity associated with Hunga Ha'apai-Hunga Tonga volcano during a period of 15 months. The data provide a continuous record spanning a surtseyan eruption (VEI 2) in March of 2009, which input ~ 10 13 J of acoustic energy into the ocean soundscape. In the months before the eruption, the volcano can be identified as an intermittent source of ambient noise. The period of seismic unrest that precedes the eruption begins at 15:11 UTC on 16 March (04:11 LT on 17 March), approximately 7 h before the first satellite confirmation of eruptive activity and 14 h before the first eyewitness reports. The initial seismic activity, which includes a single 4.8 m b event at 15:25, evolves as a typical foreshock–mainshock–aftershock sequence. By 15:38, however, the rate of small earthquakes begins to increase, marking the onset of the seismic swarm. The period of highest-amplitude acoustic energy release between 16:40 and ~ 17:10 is interpreted to mark the opening of the volcanic conduit. By 19:00 on 16 March, the acoustic signature of the volcano is marked by a continuous wide-band (1–20 Hz) noise and a set of transient very-broadband (1–125 Hz) explosion signals. This activity is characteristic of the main surtseyan phase of the eruption. Both the intensity of explosions and the amplitude of the lower frequency wide-band noise decay through time, and eruptive activity likely ends at ~ 09:00 on 19 March, ~ 2.7 days after the initiation of seismic activity. At this time the continuous low frequency noise decays to near background levels and signal coherence drops suddenly. Low-level acoustic unrest persists through June of 2009, after which the volcano becomes acoustically dormant during the remaining ten months of monitoring. The analysis of volcano-acoustic signals associated with Hunga Ha'apai-Hunga Tonga volcano highlights the potential role of regional hydroacoustic monitoring in assessing volcanic hazards in arc settings.
In Vitro Fermentation of Oat Flours from Typical and High β-Glucan Oat Lines

Two publicly available oat (Avena sativa) lines, “Jim” and “Paul” (5.17 and 5.31% β-glucan, respectively), and one experimental oat line “N979” (7.70% β-glucan), were used to study the effect of β-glucan levels in oat flours during simulated in vitro digestion and fermentation with human fecal flora obtained from different individuals. The oat flours were digested by using human digestion enzymes and fermented by batch fermentation under anaerobic conditions for 24 h. The fermentation progress was monitored by measuring pH, total gas, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Significant effects of β-glucan on the formation of gas and total SCFA were observed compared to the blank without substrate (P 0.05). Acetate, propionate, and butyrate were the main SCFA produced from digested oat flours during fermentation. More propionate and less acetate were produced from digested oat flours compared to lactulose. Different human fecal floras obtained from three healthy individuals had similar patterns in the change of pH and the production of gas during fermentation. Total SCFA after 24 h of fermentation were not different, but the formation rates of total SCFA differed between individuals. In vitro fermentation of digested oat flours with β-glucan could provide favorable environmental conditions for the colon and these findings, thus, will help in developing oat-based food products with desirable health benefits.
Studying the Novice’s Perception of Visual Vs. Command Line Programming Tools in CS1

Determining appropriate practices for novice programming has been an important research topic for some time. Programming tools and their effect on novices has been one research area. When learning to program, novices can be exposed to either visual or command line tools. The variation of feature sets between both tool schemes could influence how a novice perceives programming. Visual tools tend to possess features that are familiar, assistive, and user-friendly for novices. Command line tools, on the other hand, usually provide basic essential features for programming.Prior studies have shown the effects of programming tools on novices while learning to program. However, most of these studies primarily focus on visual tools. This article explores visual and command line programming and their effect on novices. Our findings show that visual tools could provide a lower learning curve for novices, while command line tools could broaden their understanding of programming.
Crystal structure and low-temperature magnetic properties of R m M In 3 m + 2 compounds ( M =Rh or Ir; m =1,2; R =Sm or Gd)

We have synthesized the series of compounds $\mathrm{RM}{\mathrm{In}}_{5}$ and ${R}_{2}M{\mathrm{In}}_{8}$ in single crystal form, where $R=\mathrm{Sm}$ or Gd and $M=\mathrm{Rh}$ or Ir. These materials form in tetragonal derivatives of the ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}\mathrm{Au}$ structure $R{\mathrm{In}}_{3}$. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and low-temperature heat capacity are reported. These compounds order antiferromagnetically at low temperature ${(T}_{N}l45$ K) and their low-temperature magnetic properties remain nearly unaltered compared to their ${\mathrm{SmIn}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{GdIn}}_{3}$ cubic relatives. The present data are compared to the magnetic properties of the isostructural (Ce,Nd) $(\mathrm{Rh},\mathrm{Ir}){\mathrm{In}}_{5}$ and $(\mathrm{Ce},\mathrm{Nd}{)}_{2}(\mathrm{Rh},\mathrm{Ir}){\mathrm{In}}_{8}$ compounds, and the validity of de Gennes scaling as a function of rare earth in a given structure is discussed.
Primary demyelination induced by exposure to tellurium alters mRNA levels for nerve growth factor receptor, SCIP, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, and myelin proteolipid protein in rat sciatic nerve.

Abstract Weanling rats fed a diet containing tellurium develop a peripheral neuropathy characterized by a highly synchronous primary demyelination; this demyelination is followed closely by a period of rapid remyelination. The demyelination is related to the inhibition of squalene epoxidase activity, which results in a block in cholesterol synthesis. Expression of mRNA for the major structural proteins of PNS myelin, myelin basic protein and P 0 , is coordinately down-regulated during the demyelinating phase and then up-regulated during the remyelinating phase (Toews et al., J. Neurosci. Res. , 26 (1990) 501–507). We now report tellurium-induced alterations in gene expression for several proteins which are not major structural components of myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Expression of mRNA for nerve growth factor receptor in sciatic nerve was very low in control animals, but was markedly up-regulated after 3–5 days of exposure to tellurium, a time corresponding to the beginning of demyelination. Levels remained elevated during the subsequent period of remyelination. Expression of mRNA for SCIP (a presumptive transcription factor) was also up-regulated in sciatic nerve following tellurium exposure, with a time course similar to that for nerve growth factor receptor. When examined as a fraction of total RNA, steady-state mRNA levels for 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase and the myelin proteolipid protein were decreased during the demyelinating phase; however, this decrease could be largely accounted for the increased levels of total RNA. When analyzed on a ‘per nerve’ basis, steady-state mRNA levels for these two proteins were actually increased about 2-fold by 9 days after beginning tellurium exposure. Differences in alterations of mRNA levels between these two ‘myelin-related’ proteins and the two major structural proteins of PNS myelin suggest that in the PNS, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase and the myelin proteolipid protein may play roles distinct from their functions in CNS myelin.
Actinides and radiation effects: impact on the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle

During the past 70 years, more than 2000 metric tonnes of Pu, and substantial quantities of the `minor' actinides such as Np, Am and Cm, have been generated in nuclear reactors. Some of these transuranium elements can be a source of energy in fission reactions (e.g. 239Pu), a source of fissile material for nuclear weapons (e.g. 239Pu and 237Np), and of environmental concern because of their long half-lives and radiotoxicity (e.g. 239Pu and 237Np). There are two basic strategies for the disposition of these transuranium elements: (1) to \`burn' or fission the actinides using nuclear reactors or accelerators; (2) to dispose of the actinides directly as spent nuclear fuel or to \`sequester' the actinides in chemically durable, radiation-resistant materials that are also suitable for geological disposal. For the latter strategy, there has been substantial interest in the use of actinide-bearing minerals, especially isometric pyrochlore, A 2 B 2 O 7 ( A = rare earths; B = Ti, Zr, Sn, Hf), for the immobilization of actinides, particularly plutonium, both as inert matrix fuels and nuclear waste forms. Systematic studies of rare-earth pyrochlores have led to the discovery that certain compositions ( B = Zr, Hf) are stable to very high doses of α-decay event damage. Recent developments in the understanding of the properties of actinide-bearing solids have opened up new possibilities for the design of advanced nuclear materials that can be used as fuels and waste forms. As an example, the amount of radiation damage that accumulates over time can be controlled by the selection of an appropriate composition for the pyrochlore and a consideration of the thermal environment of disposal. In the case of deep borehole disposal (3–5 km), the natural geothermal gradient may provide enough heat to reduce the amount of accumulated radiation damage by thermal annealing.
Monte Carlo techniques for scattering foil design and dosimetry in total skin electron irradiations

Total skinelectron irradiation (TSEI) with single fields requires large electron beams having good dose uniformity, d max at the skin surface, and low bremsstrahlung contamination. To satisfy these requirements, energy degraders and scattering foils have to be specially designed for the given accelerator and treatment room. We used Monte Carlo(MC) techniques based on EGS4 user codes (BEAM, DOSXYZ, and DOSRZ) as a guide in the beam modifier design of our TSEI system. The dosimetric characteristics at the treatment distance of 382 cm source-to-surface distance (SSD) were verified experimentally using a linear array of 47 ion chambers, a parallel plate chamber, and radiochromic film. By matching MC simulations to standard beam measurements at 100 cm SSD, the parameters of the electron beam incident on the vacuum window were determined. Best match was achieved assuming that electrons were monoenergetic at 6.72 MeV , parallel, and distributed in a circular pattern having a Gaussian radial distribution with full width at half maximum = 0.13 cm . These parameters were then used to simulate our TSEI unit with various scattering foils. Two of the foils were fabricated and experimentally evaluated by measuring off-axis dose uniformity and depth doses. A scattering foil, consisting of a 12 × 12 cm 2 aluminum plate of 0.6 cm thickness and placed at isocenter perpendicular to the beam direction, was considered optimal. It produced a beam that was flat within ± 3 % up to 60 cm off-axis distance, dropped by not more than 8% at a distance of 90 cm , and had an x-ray contamination of 3 % . For stationary beams, MC-computed d max , R p , and R 50 agreed with measurements within 0.5 mm . The MC-predicted surface dose of the rotating phantom was 41% of the dose rate at d max of the stationary phantom, whereas our calculations based on a semiempirical formula in the literature yielded a drop to 42%. The MC simulations provided the guideline of beam modifier design for TSEI and estimated the dosimetric performance for stationary and rotational irradiations.
Multiattribute Data Presentation and Human Judgment: A Cognitive Fit Perspective*

We assessed the ability of the cognitive fit theory to explain the performance of certain display formats on multiattribute judgment tasks. This theory suggests that for most effective and efficient problem solving to occur, the problem representation and any tools or aids employed should all support the strategies (methods or processes) required to perform that task. The theory was tested by assessing performance with schematic faces, graphs, and tables on a bankruptcy prediction task. Bankruptcy prediction involves integrating a large amount of data (a number of financial indicators over a number of years), as well as referring to ranges and/or levels of financial indicators. Schematic faces provide a cognitive fit with such tasks since the information in a face can be processed holistically; however, they do not permit decision makers to refer to the underlying data. Graphs facilitate a different integrating process; further, they preserve characteristics of the underlying data. Tables, on the other hand, do not aid the decision maker in integrating information; they provide only the underlying data values. It was hypothesized that graphs would provide the best cognitive fit for the bankruptcy prediction task since they permit processing both integrated and discrete data. Participants made judgments with two of the three display formats, at two levels of information load, in a fractional factorial design. The information load manipulation was designed to provide meaningful and meaningful plus redundant information to the decision maker in a test of information load “per se.” The research findings provided substantial support for the theory of cognitive fit. The findings also have implications for the study of information load.
Morphology in medicine; a reawakening.

This is the 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology. The Society is actually older than its 19 meeting years since it did not meet during World War II. As scientific organizations go, ours is a young society. According to our calendar years we have reached a recognized age of maturity.
The Empirical Performance of Measures of Association in the 2×2 Table:

A comparison of various measures of association for 2 x 2 data was carried out by computer analysis. Bivariate normal population distributions of known p were generated and divided into quadrants, yielding a total of 1,539 2 x 2 tables. For each of these tables, 14 measures of association were calculated and evaluated against the underlying p. A recently developed measure of association based on the odds-ratio (Chambers, 1982) appeared to be the most accurate in capturing the p underlying a majority of 2×2 tables. The phi coefficient, despite its continuing popularity, was found to be relatively inaccurate under most conditions studied.
Excitation of surface polaritons by nondegenerate four-wave mixing of evanescent waves

Abstract We propose a method for exciting a surface polariton wave by nonlinear mixing of three evanescent waves. The nonlinear polarization and phase matching conditions are analyzed for diatomic cubic crystals and a numerical example is given for GaP showing that this scheme is possible. Furthermore, by consideration of the energy balance in the crystal, the gain coefficient for the surface wave and the intensity of the wave coupled to the vacuum are also calculated.
Conservation of the Hydroxysteroid Sulfotransferase SULT2B1 Gene Structure in the Mouse: Pre- and Postnatal Expression, Kinetic Analysis of Isoforms, and Comparison with Prototypical SULT2A1

A novel mouse hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase cDNA has been cloned, and organization of its gene structure has been determined. The new mouse sulfotransferase, SULT2B1a, and its closely related isoform, SULT2B1b, are derived from a single SULT2B1 gene as a result of an alternative exon I and differential splicing. Thus, the only structural distinction between the two SULT2B1 isoforms is at their amino-terminal ends. Importantly, in contrast to the prototypical mouse hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1, the SULT2B1 isoforms have a predilection for cholesterol. Real-time RT-PCR reveals that the SULT2B1a isoform is most abundantly expressed in the brain and spinal cord, whereas SULT2B1b and SULT2A1 are weakly, if at all, expressed in the central nervous system. On the other hand, the SULT2B1b isoform is the most prominent hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase expressed in skin, whereas SULT2A1 is strikingly expressed in the liver. The substrate specificities and differential expression patterns of the three SU...
Brown-Séquard and his syndrome.

The contributions of Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard (1817-1894) to the advancement of medical science included his emphasis on functional processes in the integrative action of the nervous system, his discovery of the vasomotor nerves, his experimental demonstration that the adrenal glands are esential to life, and his pioneering work on hormone replacement therapy. He is best remembered, however, for his work in delineating the sensory pathways in the spinal cord. His later work on the sensory function of the cord emphasized dynamic spinal mechanisms that may well have major implications for the rehabilitation of patients with cord injuries.
A fresh fruit harvester for apples trained on horizontal trellises

Abstract A continuous, fresh market, apple harvester was developed for the single tier Lincoln Canopy and the Kearneysville multiple tier canopies. The harvester used a three wheel hydrostatic ground drive system. Detached fruit were caught on a collection conveyor which also served to transport and deposit the fruit in the bin. Fruit was initially detached using an arm which impacted the underside of the trellis wires. The effectiveness of this detachment system declined as the canopy matured, and a trunk impactor was adapted which proved to be very effective for fruit removal. Bruising of fruit harvested by this machine over a four year period was similar to, or less than, that resulting from hand harvested fruit.
The Kernel Relation for a Completely Regular Semigroup

Abstract The kernel relation for a regular semigroup S identifies two congruences on S if they have the same kernel. It is always a complete ∧-congruence on the congruence lattice C ( S ) of S . We give a great number of equivalent conditions on a completely regular semigroup S , one of which is that K be a (complete) congruence on C ( S ). These conditions bear upon minimal congruences identifying two comparable elements of S , variants of θ-modularity, the mappings ρ → ker ρ, ρ → ρ K , ρ → ρ ∩ H being (complete) ∨-homomorphisms, least group congruences on certain completely simple semigroups, certain subgroups of S , and the standard representation of S . The paper concludes with a discussion of special cases.
Evolutionary Algorithm-Based Approximation of the Capacity of Full-Surface Channels

Ideas of Evolutionary algorithms can be used to improve the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimate of the full-surface data, this improved estimate is used to compute the channel capacity of a full-surface communication channel, i.e. a noisy two-dimensional ISI channel. Channel capacity is computed as a function of the entropy rate. Using a Shannon-McMillan-Breimann theorem, the problem is further reduced to the computation of the probability associated with the output. This density function is estimated by using the improved ML data obtained.
MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small (19-25 nucleotides) non-protein-coding RNAs involved in development, differentiation, and aging; they act by inducing messenger RNA (mRNA) silencing through degradation, and post-transcriptional or decoy activity. miR profiles of human solid and hematologic malignancies have highlighted their potential value as tumor markers in cancer patient management. Different experimental lines of evidence have confirmed that deregulation of miRs not only results as consequence of cancer progression but also directly promotes tumor initiation and progression in a cause-effect manner. These findings reveal a potential and appealing role for miRs as cancer therapeutic targets. This review focuses on the causes and consequences of miR deregulation in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The work aims at providing the molecular bases for the understanding of the potential role of miRs in the translational and clinical setting.
Molecular evolution of viral fusion and matrix protein genes and phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxoviridae.

Phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxoviridae, a broad family of viruses whose members cause devastating diseases of wildlife, livestock, and humans, were examined with both fusion (F) and matrix (M) protein-coding sequences. Neighbor-joining trees of F and M protein sequences showed that the Paramyxoviridae was divided into the two traditionally recognized subfamilies, the Paramyxovirinae and the Pneumovirinae. Within the Paramyxovirinae, the results also showed groups corresponding to three currently recognized genera: Respirovirus, Morbillivirus, and Rubulavirus. The relationships among the three genera of the Paramyxovirinae were resolved with M protein sequences and there was significant bootstrap support (100%) showing that members of the genus Respirovirus and the genus Morbillivirus were more closely related to each other than to members of the genus Rubulavirus. Both F and M phylogenies showed that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was more closely related to the genus Rubulavirus than to the other two genera but were consistent with the proposal (B. S. Seal et al., 2000, Virus Res. 66, 1-11) that NDV be classified as a separate genus within the Paramyxovirinae. Both F and M phylogenies were also consistent with the proposal (L. Wang et al., 2000, J. Virol 74, 9972-9979) that Hendra virus be classified as a new genus closely related and basal to the genus Morbillivirus. Rinderpest was most closely related to measles and a more derived virus than to canine distemper virus, phocine distemper virus, or dolphin morbillivirus.
Creating Indigenous Discourse: History, Power, and Imperialism in Academia, Palestinian Case:

This article examines the impossibilities of implementing decolonizing research for indigenous scholars. In addition, it articulates the relationship between a decolonizing research approach and th...
Managing patterns and proportions over time

During vertebrate embryogenesis, new tissues are forged through the development of specific cell types in particular patterns. This patterning happens in the context of tissue growth, but how are these two phenomena coordinated? How does a tissue that changes size over time maintain the proportions of its different domains? Does patterning scale with tissue size? On page 1577 of this issue, Kicheva et al. ( 1 ) answer these long-standing questions. Their analysis of mouse and chick embryos of different sizes reveals that patterning proportions of different progenitor domains in the vertebrate neural tube—the rudiment of the spinal cord—do not scale with growing size. Instead, the authors propose a two-phase process for how tissue regions grow in register to one another, despite different growth rates.
Change in the phase composition and properties of zirconia refractories under the prolonged effect of high temperatures

A systematic study has been made of the behavior of ZrO2 stabilized with various oxides under the prolonged action of temperatures up to 2300°C. The optimal concentrations of Y2O3, Nd2O3, CaO, and MgO in the zirconia refractories have been established; this ensures the successful service life of the articles under conditions of multiple prolonged action of high temperatures. The ultimately permissible temperature at which is it possible to operate the zirconia articles has been determined: with the stabilization of ZrO2 by MgO it is 1900°C; with CaO, 2000°C; and with oxides of rare-earth elements, more than 2300°C.
Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Early and Late After a Diagnosis of Giant-Cell Arteritis

Involvement of large arteries is well-documented in giant-cell arteritis (GCA), but the risk for cardiovascular events is not well-understood. In this study, patients with incident GCA were compare...
A staged management diabetes foot program versus standard care: a 1-year cost and utilization comparison in a state public hospital system.

Abstract Horswell RL, Birke JA, Patout CA Jr. A staged management diabetes foot program versus standard care: a 1-year cost and utilization comparison in a state public hospital system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1743–6. Objective To determine whether staged management of foot ulcers reduces health care costs and utilization. Design Nonrandomized retrospective study using data from 1998–1999 in the Louisiana public hospital system. Setting Louisiana public hospital system. Participants Forty-five patients with diabetes foot ulcer who received staged management foot care and 169 patients with diabetes foot ulcer who received standard foot care. Interventions Staged management of foot ulcers consisting of devices to offload pressure; self-care education; and, after healing, custom-fabricated orthoses and footwear, and monitored progressive ambulation. Main outcome measures One-year levels of the number of foot-related inpatient hospitalizations, number of amputation-related hospitalizations, total number of foot-related inpatient days, total charges for foot-related inpatient hospitalizations, all-cause outpatient visits, total charges for all-cause outpatient visits, and combined outpatient and foot-related inpatient charges. Results Over the 12-month study period, the staged management group had a lower foot-related hospitalization rate than did the comparison group (.09 admissions per person vs .50 admissions per person, P =.0002); lower foot-related inpatient days (.91d per person vs 3.97d per person, P =.0289); lower foot-related inpatient charges ($1321 per person vs $5411 per person, P =.0151); fewer amputation-related hospitalizations (.04 per person vs .19 per person, P =.0351); fewer emergency department visits (.60 visits per person vs 1.22 visits per person, P =.0043); lower emergency department charges ($104 per person vs $208 per person, P =.0057); and lower total charges ($4776 per person vs $9402 per person, P =.0141). The staged management group had a higher number of outpatient visits (24.91 per person vs 8.04 per person, P P Conclusions A staged management diabetes foot program significantly reduced emergency department and hospital utilization and charges in a statewide public hospital system.
A programmable architecture for scalable and real-time network traffic measurements

Accurate and real-time traffic measurement is becoming increasingly critical for large variety of applications including accounting, bandwidth provisioning and security analysis. Existing network measurement techniques, however, have major difficulty dealing with large number of flows in today's high-speed networks and offer limited scalability with increasing link speeds. Consequently, the current state of the art solutions have to resort to conservative sampling of the traffic stream and/or accounting for only a few frequent flows that often fail to provide accurate estimates of traffic features.In this paper, we present a novel hardware-software co-designed solution that is programmable and adaptable to runtime situations offering high-throughputs that can easily match current link-speeds. The key to our design is orthogonalization of memory lookups from traffic measurements through our query-driven measurement scheme. We have prototyped our approach on a Xilinx platform using Microblaze soft-core processors integrated with Virtex-II Pro FPGA fabric. We demonstrate the scalability of our architecture and also compare it with a recent offline (non real-time) sampling-based software alternative. The comparison shows that our architecture performs orders better in terms of speed and throughput even while being used as an offline solution.
Technology Adoption in Cambodia: Measuring Factors Impacting Adoption Rates

This study was conducted to investigate which factors were most influential on Cambodian teacher trainers' decision to adopt the use of a spceific set of ICT skills. Discriminant analysis was used to study differences among five groups of teacher trainers. Group membership was determined based on the theory of the diffusion of innovations. The discriminant analysis indicated that after controlling for demographics (i.e., age, gender, experience, and type of training college) the choice to adopt use was most significantly influenced if use of the ICT skills was perceived to be easy and mandatory. Findings for future ICT in education initiatives in less developed countries are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs MQW studied by infrared ellipsometry and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The optical response of AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs MQW from near-infrared to far-infrared has been studied. Using infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry, we measured the optical response of the samples in the energy range 0.5-2.0eV, and oscillations have been observed. A multilayer film calculation indicates that this phenomenon results from interference. By Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the absorptance of double-well MQW has been measured in the energy range 0.08-0.25eV. The energy levels of subbands and the oscillator strengths were calculated from self-consistent interface potential theory. The calculation results are consistent with the measurements.
Age and Occupation in Selection of Human Mates

The present study was conducted to examine reasons one individual selects another for marriage. Strong findings in past research on preferences in selection of mates by humans indicate that the ear...
Time-varying alterations in the f2–f1 DPOAE response to continuous primary stimulation II. Influence of local calcium-dependent mechanisms

Abstract The distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) corresponding to the frequency f2–f1 displays stereotyped, time-varying amplitude alterations during continuous primary tone stimulation. The origin of these alterations is unknown; however, evidence that efferent neurons contribute little to the changes has been presented (Kujawa et al., 1994a, 1995; Lowe and Robertson, 1995). The present investigation examines the hypothesis that these alterations in f2–f1 amplitude are a reflection of local, Ca2+-dependent mechanisms involving the outer hair cell (OHC) response to sustained stimulation. Experiments were performed using urethane-anesthetized guinea pigs with sectioned middle ear muscles. Intracochlear perfusion was employed to reversibly lower perilymph Ca2+ levels and to introduce antagonists and agonists of L-type Ca2+ channels. Manipulations that lowered available Ca2+ (zero Ca2+ artificial perilymph; zero Ca2+ with BAPTA) or that blocked its entry into the cell via L-type Ca2+ channels (nimodipine) reduced, prevented or reversed the perstimulatory changes in f2–f1 DPOAE amplitude. These perilymph manipulations also reduced the overall amplitude of this distortion component while perfusion of an L-type Ca2+ channel agonist (Bay K 8644) increased its amplitude. Mg2+ did not substitute for Ca2+, suggesting that these are not merely divalent cation effects. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that continuous stimulation-related changes in f2–f1 DPOAE amplitude are sensitive to perilymph Ca2+ levels and to the function of L-type Ca2+ channels. However, nimodipine also reduced the endocochlear potential (EP) and Bay K 8644 increased the EP. The sensitivity of both the perstimulatory changes in f2–f1 DPOAE amplitude and the EP to the latter drugs leaves their site(s) of action unresolved.
Protein Transport in Constrained Anionic Hydrogels: Diffusion and Boundary-Layer Mass Transfer

The partitioning and transport of proteins in anionic, polyacrylamide-based gels were characterized by a direct visualization method using cytochrome c as the probe molecule. Homogeneous gels stabilized against mechanical and osmotic forces were made by synthesizing them inside fused-silica capillaries with a square cross section. Mixtures of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and acrylamide as the starting co-monomers and N,N‘-methylene bisacrylamide as a cross-linker were used in preparing these gels. After polymerization and equilibration of the samples in a buffer, the diffusional transport of cytochrome c was studied via the microscopic determination of the evolution of concentration profiles in the gel upon exposure to a protein solution. Calibrated digitized profiles were used to determine the protein diffusivity in the gel and the effects of boundary-layer mass-transfer resistance on transient adsorption and desorption. The effects of protein and salt concentrations in solution and the eff...