cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value of GATA3 Immunostaining in Tumor Diagnosis: A Review

GATA3 is a member of a group of zinc-finger transcription factors that is involved in cell development and differentiation. Recent studies have shown that, among tumors, GATA3 is commonly expressed in both urothelial tumors and breast epithelial neoplasms. With the exception of salivary gland and parathyroid tumors, GATA3 has been reported to be either absent or only rarely expressed in other epithelial tumors. Owing to its restricted expression in urothelial and breast carcinomas, GATA3 has proved to be a useful immunohistochemical marker for assisting in distinguishing these 2 groups of neoplasms from other malignancies with which they may be confused.
Assessing the High-Temperature Capabilities of SiGe HBTs Fabricated on CMOS-compatible Thin-film SOI

We quantitatively assess, for the first time, the capabilities of SiGe HBTs fabricated on thin-film SOI for emerging high-temperature circuit applications. The dc and ac performance of both fully-depleted and partially-depleted SiGe HBTs-on-SOI are measured up to a temperature of 330degC (for dc) and 200degC (for ac). Gummel characteristics, current gain, and output characteristics are reported. M-l is used to investigate how collector doping affects the device behavior at high temperatures. We demonstrate that despite the harsh conditions imposed by high-temperature operation, SiGe HBTs-on-SOI maintain adequate performance for many applications for temperatures in the 200-300degC range.
Some aspects of transport and digestion in the lens of the normal young adult rat

Abstract The normal young-adult rat lens was studied morphologically and histochemically. Morphological findings included the presence of dense bodies, smooth and coated vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. These were present in greater number in the epithelium and bow region than elsewhere. Acid phosphatase was demonstrated histochemically. The bow and epithelium were the most reactive parts of the lens. Accumulations of reaction product were observed within dense bodies, Golgi vesicles and cisternae, a few multivesicular bodies, and some elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Injections of cadmium-free ferritin or horseradish peroxidase into the posterior aqueous chamber of the eye were used to demonstrate the extent and mode of transport of protein molecules into the lens. At intervals ranging from 90 sec to 4 hr following injection, eyes were removed and their lenses fixed in glutaraldehyde. Ferritin did not appear to penetrate the lens capsule. The peroxidase penetrated the capsule and entered portions of the intercellular space. It was incorporated in vesicles at the cell surface and, subsequently, in multivesicular bodies and dense bodies.
Growth of single crystals of fast-ion conducting binary and ternary copper and silver halides for neutron scattering

We report the room temperature solution growth of single crystals of the halides Cul, CuBr, Ag 2 Hgl 4 and Cu 2 HgI 4 of sizes sufficient for single-crystal neutron diffraction studies. High quality Cul crystals to volumes of 9 mm 3 have been obtained by decomplexation reactions, exchange reactions and by evaporation of solutions. Growth of single crystals of CuBr to 10 mm 3 was successfully achieved by decomplexation of a HBr-CuBr solution upon diffusion through a gel. Crystals of Ag 2 HgI 4 , of several mm 3 in volume, larger than previously reported, have been produced by decomplexation of an HI solution. Both decomplexation and exchange reactions provided high quality single crystals of Cu 2 HgI 4 . A single crystal diffraction study of these ternary phases shows unambiguously that the room temperature phases are not isomorphic.
The Effects of Layout on Detecting the Role of Design Patterns

A controlled experiment investigating the effect layout has on how students identify design pattern roles in UML class diagrams is presented. Two layout schemes, multi-cluster and orthogonal, are compared with respect to three open source systems and four design patterns. Seventeen students were asked a series of eight design pattern role detection (comprehension) questions for each layout, followed by eight preference rating questions. Results indicate a significant improvement in role detection accuracy with the multi-cluster layout for the strategy pattern and a significant improvement in detection time with the multi-cluster layout for all four patterns. Preference ratings significantly favored the multi-cluster layout for pattern role detection ease. These results can be used to help improve the teaching of design patterns.
Olefin metathesis reactions with vinyl halides: formation, observation, interception, and fate of the ruthenium-monohalomethylidene moiety.

Ru(CHPh)(H2IMes)(PCy3)Cl2 (2) reacts with vinyl chloride to form Ru(CHCl)(H2IMes)(PCy3)Cl2 (8) and styrene. Complex 8 is thermally unstable and decomposes rapidly to phosphoniocarbene complex Ru(CHPCy3)(H2IMes)Cl3 and/or carbide complex Ru(⋮C:)(H2IMes)(PCy3)Cl2, depending on conditions. However, 8 can be observed at low temperature and can be trapped by alkyne, as shown by enyne metathesis of vinyl chloride with trimethylsilylacetylene. Vinyl bromide reacts similarly with 2.
Characterization of oriented cracks with differential strain analysis

Linear strain of a rock sample as a function of hydrostatic pressure can be measured with a precision of 2 × 10−6. Such high-precision data for three orthogonal directions allow calculation of the distribution function for the porosity due to cracks closing completely at a given pressure. Such data for at least six independent directions yield the zero-pressure strain tensor due to cracks closing completely at a given pressure. The principal values and axes of this tensor distribution function provide information about the orientation of cracks as a function of closure pressure. In this manuscript we first develop the mathematical basis for the technique and then illustrate it with differential strain data for two samples, the Westerly (Rhode Island) granite and the Twin Sisters (Washington) dunite. Strain tensor calculations reveal that each of these samples has a different type of anisotropic crack distribution.
Platelet hyperaggregability across the coronary bed in response to rapid atrial pacing in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUNDPlatelet aggregation is believed to contribute to the precipitation of acute ischemic syndromes. Because physical activity has been proposed as one possible trigger in converting a patient with chronic coronary artery disease to one with an acute ischemic syndrome, we examined the hypothesis that platelets become activated when coronary blood flow velocities (and thereby shear stress) increase across an atherosclerotic bed.METHODS AND RESULTSDuring catheterization, 82 patients (36 with left coronary artery disease, 12 with only right coronary artery disease, and 34 with normal coronary arteries) had measurement of whole blood platelet aggregation performed on blood samples obtained simultaneously from the coronary sinus and aorta at rest, 2 minutes after onset of rapid atrial pacing, and 10 minutes after pacing was terminated. There was no arteriovenous difference in platelet aggregation under resting conditions in patients with versus those without coronary artery disease. Atrial pacing in pati...
A life course perspective on migration and mental health among Asian immigrants: The role of human agency

The relationship between human agency and health is an important yet under-researched topic. This study uses a life course perspective to examine how human agency (measured by voluntariness, migratory reasons, and planning) and timing (measured by age at immigration) affect mental health outcomes among Asian immigrants in the United States. Data from the National Latino and Asian American Study showed that Asian immigrants (n=1491) with multiple strong reasons to migrate were less likely to suffer from mental health problems (i.e., psychological distress and psychiatric disorders in the past 12 months) than those without clear goals. Moreover, Asian immigrants with adequate migratory planning had lower levels of distress and lower rates of 12-month psychiatric disorders than those with poorly planned migration. Compared with migrants of the youngest age category (six or younger), those who migrated during preteen and adolescent years without clear goals had higher levels of psychological distress, and those who migrated during adulthood (25 years or older) were less likely to suffer from recent depressive disorders (with the exception of those migrating for life-improving goals). Furthermore, we found that well-planned migration lowered acculturative stress, and multiple strong reasons for migration buffered the negative effect of acculturative stress upon mental health. Findings from this study advance research on immigrant health from the life course perspective by highlighting the effects of exercising human agency during the pre-migration stage upon post-migration mental health.
Consumer Reaction to Nutritional Labels on Food Products

In order to design the most useful instruments of consumer protection, it is necessary to understand how consumers perceive and use such instruments. Often, basic consumer rights are considered more extensively in the design of consumer protection policies than basic patterns of consumer behavior and motivation. We are more likely to make information on labels complete as viewed by the expert than useful in the normal behavior of the consumer. This study is devoted to discovering how consumers perceive nutritional labels on food products. It draws conclusions about their meaning and usefulness to consumers.
Compassionate utilitarianism: the unknown Bentham revealed.

Unlike the compassionate conservatism of George Bush, Compassionate Utilitarianism is not a confusing concept. Nor is it a newly minted version of Utilitarianism given that it is embedded in the writings of Jeremy Bentham, writings that have come to light only with the Oxford University Press publication of his Deontology in 1983 as edited by me. Bentham's An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (IPML) expresses the standard interpretation of Hedonistic Utilitarianism. What he said in Deontology serves as the basis of Compassionate Utilitarianism.
Mechanical Testing and Material Modeling of Thermoplastics: Polycarbonate, Polypropylene and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene

The work presents some results of an ongoing research program aimed at building a material database and material models for specific types of polymers. Results for three thermoplastics are the focus of the present article: polycarbonate, polypropylene, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Uniaxial compression / tension tests at room temperature and different strain rates have been performed to characterize their mechanical response. A rate-dependent material model has been developed and implemented in a finite element code to predict such mechanical behavior. The model predictions have shown good agreement with the tests results.
A SOLUTION TO A PROBLEM ON INVERTIBLE DISJOINTNESS PRESERVING OPERATORS

We construct an invertible disjointness preserving operator T on a normed lattice such that T−1 is not disjointness preserving. Two elements x1, x2 in an (Archimedean) vector lattice X are said to be disjoint (in symbols: x1 ⊥ x2) if |x1| ∧ |x2| = 0. Recall that a (linear) operator T : X → Y between vector lattices is said to be disjointness preserving if T sends any two disjoint elements in X to disjoint elements in Y, that is, Tx1 ⊥ Tx2 in Y whenever x1 ⊥ x2 in X . Assume now that a disjointness preserving operator T : X → Y is bijective, i.e., one-to-one and onto, so that T−1 : Y → X exists. It was conjectured by the first named author (see, for example, the problem section in [HL, page 143]) that T−1 is also disjointness preserving. The purpose of this note is to give a counterexample to this conjecture. Moreover, we will construct a bijective disjointness preserving automorphism T on a normed lattice G such that T−1 is not disjointness preserving. We precede our construction by several comments on some recent developments regarding the above conjecture. The two most important classes of vector lattices are the Banach lattices and the Dedekind complete vector lattices. The vector lattice G that we will construct is in neither of these classes. It cannot be a Banach lattice in view of the fact that, as has been recently shown by Huijsmans and de Pagter [HP] and independently by Koldunov [K], the above conjecture has an affirmative solution for Banach lattices. More precisely, they proved the following theorem. Theorem 1 ([HP, Theorem 2.1], [K, Theorem 3.6]). Let T be a one-to-one disjointness preserving operator from a relatively uniformly complete vector lattice X into a normed lattice Y . Then T is a d-isomorphism, that is, x1 ⊥ x2 in X if and only if Tx1 ⊥ Tx2 in Y . In particular, if TX = Y then T−1 : Y → X is a disjointness preserving operator. Since each Banach lattice is relatively uniformly complete, the previous theorem includes the case of Banach lattices. Here we should also cite the paper by K. Jarosz [J], which preceded [HP] and [K] and in which a special case of Theorem 1 was Received by the editors November 7, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 47B60.
GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR PAK1 AUTOINHIBITION AND ITS RELEASE BY CDC42

Pak1 protein kinase of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a member of the p21-GTPase-activated protein kinase (PAK) family, participates in signaling pathways including sexual differentiation and morphogenesis. The regulatory domain of PAK proteins is thought to inhibit the kinase catalytic domain, as truncation of this region renders kinases more active. Here we report the detection in the two-hybrid system of the interaction between Pak1 regulatory domain and the kinase catalytic domain. Pak1 catalytic domain binds to the same highly conserved region on the regulatory domain that binds Cdc42, a GTPase protein capable of activating Pak1. Two-hybrid, mutant, and genetic analyses indicated that this intramolecular interaction rendered the kinase in a closed and inactive configuration. We show that Cdc42 can induce an open configuration of Pak1. We propose that Cdc42 interaction disrupts the intramolecular interactions of Pak1, thereby releasing the kinase from autoinhibition.
The Political Environment and Ballot Proposition Awareness

Studies that examine whether voters make informed decisions on direct legislation and whether direct legislation enhances civic engagement presume a basic awareness of ballot propositions, yet little is known about why some ballot propositions are more widely known than others. Despite the fact that research on awareness of ballot propositions and political awareness focus on individual factors, the political environment plays a vital role. This study seeks to advance our understanding of environmental factors in explaining awareness of ballot propositions. Using data on California ballot elections between the years 1956 and 2000, I find that the political environment has a substantial effect on voter awareness. Specifically, I find that the electoral cycle, media coverage, campaign spending, voter fatigue, the number of days before an election, and issues that concern morality, civil liberties, and civil rights contribute to ballot proposition awareness.
Scattering of elastic waves by a general anisotropic basin. Part 1: a 2D model

Scattering of incident plane harmonic pseudo P-, SH-, and SV-waves by a two-dimensional basin of arbitrary shape is investigated by using an indirect boundary integral equation approach. The basin and surrounding half-space are assumed to be generally anisotropic, homogeneous, linearly elastic solids. No material symmetries are assumed. The unknown scattered waves are expressed as linear combinations of full-space time-harmonic two-dimensional Green functions. Using the Radon transform, the Green functions are obtained in the form of finite integrals over a unit circle. An algorithm for the accurate and efficient numerical evaluation of the Green functions is discussed. A detailed convergence and parametric analysis of the problem is presented. Excellent agreement is obtained with isotropic results available in the literature. Steady-state surface ground motion is presented for semi-circular basins with generally anisotropic material properties. The results show that surface motion strongly depends upon the material properties of the basin as well as the angle of incidence and frequency of the incident wave. Significant mode conversion can be observed for general triclinic materials which are not present in isotropic models. Comparison with an isotropic basin response demonstrates that anisotropy is very important for assessing the nature of surface motion atop basins.
A Model-Based Behavior Analysis Approach for Open-Ended Environments

Open-ended learning environments (OELEs) are learner-centered, and they provide students with opportunities to take part in authentic and complex problem-solving tasks. These experiences may support deeper learning and the development of strategies that support future learning. However, many students struggle to succeed in such complex learning endeavors. Without proper adaptive scaffolding, these students often use system tools incorrectly and adopt suboptimal learning strategies. Developing adaptive scaffolds for students in OELEs poses significant challenges, and relatively few OELEs provide students with such support. This paper develops a model-based approach to interpreting and evaluating the actions students take as they learn in an OELE using a model of the cognitive and metacognitive processes that are important for completing the complex learning tasks. The model provides a means for classifying and assessing students' learning behaviors as they work on the system, and it allows the system to identify opportunities to offer adaptive scaffolds to students. An evaluation of the analysis technique is presented in the context of Betty's Brain, an OELE designed to help middle school students learn about science content.
Major basic protein from eosinophils and myeloperoxidase from neutrophils are required for protective immunity to Strongyloides stercoralis in mice.

Eosinophils and neutrophils contribute to larval killing during the primary immune response, and neutrophils are effector cells in the secondary response to Strongyloides stercoralis in mice. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms used by eosinophils and neutrophils to control infections with S. stercoralis. Using mice deficient in the eosinophil granule products major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), it was determined that eosinophils kill the larvae through an MBP-dependent mechanism in the primary immune response if other effector cells are absent. Infecting PHIL mice, which are eosinophil deficient, with S. stercoralis resulted in development of primary and secondary immune responses that were similar to those of wild-type mice, suggesting that eosinophils are not an absolute requirement for larval killing or development of secondary immunity. Treating PHIL mice with a neutrophil-depleting antibody resulted in a significant impairment in larval killing. Naive and immunized mice with neutrophils deficient in myeloperoxidase (MPO) infected with S. stercoralis had significantly decreased larval killing. It was concluded that there is redundancy in the primary immune response, with eosinophils killing the larvae through an MBP-dependent mechanism and neutrophils killing the worms through an MPO-dependent mechanism. Eosinophils are not required for the development or function of secondary immunity, but MPO from neutrophils is required for protective secondary immunity.
Pulsed dielectric surface flashover in nitrogen at atmospheric conditions

Dielectric flashover along insulators in vacuum has been comprehensively researched in the past. Less studied, but of similar importance, is surface flashover at atmospheric pressures and the impact of an atypical electrode geometry, humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Previous research has shown distinct discharge behavior in air and nitrogen environments for an electrode geometry in which the applied electric field lines curve above the dielectric surface. It was concluded that the discharge development path, whether along the electric field lines or the surface of the dielectric, is related to the oxygen content in the atmospheric background. It is believed that this dependence is due to the discharge's production of UV radiation in an oxygen rich environment. Thus, experiments were conducted in a nitrogen environment employing UV surface illumination in order to observe the affects on the flashover spark behavior. From the experimental data, it can be ascertained that UV illumination and intensity play a significant role in the discharge development path. Based on these results an explanation of the physical mechanisms primarily involved in unipolar surface flashover will be presented. Additional experiments regarding the effects of humidity on the discharge behavior will be discussed as well
Availability of Outpatient Clinical Nutrition Services for Patients With Cancer Undergoing Treatment at Comprehensive Cancer Centers

Comprehensive cancer centers rely on referral-based clinical nutrition services, which are not always a part of multidisciplinary care. An in-depth comparison of clinical nutrition services among other approaches to cancer care is needed.
Malnutrition in pediatric hospital patients: Current issues

Malnutrition in hospitalized children is still very prevalent, especially in children with underlying disease and clinical conditions. The purpose of this review is to describe current issues that have to be taken into account when interpreting prevalence data. Weight-for-height and height-for-age standard deviation scores are used for classification for acute and chronic malnutrition, respectively. Body mass index for age can also be used for the definition of acute malnutrition but has a few advantages in the general pediatric population. The new World Health Organization child-growth charts can be used as reference but there is a risk of over- and underestimation of malnutrition rates compared with country-specific growth references. For children with specific medical conditions and syndromes, specific growth references should be used for appropriate interpretation of nutritional status. New screening tools are available to identify children at risk for developing malnutrition during admission. Because of the diversity of medical conditions and syndromes in hospitalized children, assessment of nutritional status and interpretation of anthropometric data need a tailored approach.
An Evaluation of Soil‐Gas Surveying for H2S for Locating Subsurface Hydrocarbon Contamination

A soil-gas survey was conducted at a gasoline service station and a former fire training facility to determine if surveying for hydrogen sulfide could be useful in locating nonaqueous phase hydrocarbon fuel in the subsurface. Relative to total organic vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide distributions, detectable hydrogen sulfide concentrations were much more restricted to the suspected source vicinity at both sites. Appreciable levels of soil-gas hydrogen sulfide, up to 600 Vppb, were observed in areas characterized by anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions having bulk oxygen levels below 4 percent. Based on the hydrogen sulfide distribution, nonaqueous phase hydrocarbon fuel was located at each site. These results suggest that soil-gas surveying for hydrogen sulfide may help locate mobile or residual gasoline and other nonaqueous phase hydrocarbons in the subsurface.
Cyclosporin A enhances paclitaxel toxicity against leukemia and respiratory epithelial cancers

Multidrug resistance is probably the single greatest obstacle to successful systemic therapy of human cancer. We have reported that cyclosporin A (CsA) can overcome multidrug resistance and improve the efficacy of etoposide in a murine model of drug-sensitive leukemia. The combination of CsA and paclitaxel (PCL) was also significantly superior to either drug alone against murine P388 (sensitive) and L1210 (resistant) leukemia. Lung cancer cells provide an ideal model system to study this phenomenon because both de novo and acquired drug resistance occur. Standard chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer is poorly effective, and although PCL is one of the most active new agents for this disease, responses occur in only 20% of patients. In vitro, CsA significantly enhanced the efficacy of PCL against lung (Lu-CSF-1 and 3LL) and oropharyngeal (CSCC-20) cancer cell lines. The combination also produced an increase in expression of interleukin 1beta, a cytokine known to inhibit the growth of Lu-CSF-1 cells. CsA alone had little or no antiproliferative activity in vitro and did not alter PCL transport. These results indicate that the activity of chemotherapy modulators may extend beyond mitigation of drug resistance to enhancement of therapeutic efficacy against drug-sensitive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
Cement pulmonary embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: An overview

Abstract Background Because of the aging of the American population, osteoporotic vertebral fractures are becoming a common problem in the elderly. Minimally invasive percutaneous vertebral augmentation techniques have gained a great deal of importance in relieving the pain associated with these fractures, and are becoming the standard of care. Methods These procedures involve the injection of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) into the vertebral body. However, these techniques have their complications, and among these, pulmonary embolism is one of the most feared. It is attributable to the passage of cement into the pulmonary vasculature. After encountering a case of PMMA embolism in our practice, we decided to highlight this topic and discuss the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of cement pulmonary embolisms.
Mazur's Incidence Structure for Projective Varieties (I)

Let X be an m dimensional smooth projective variety with a Kahler metric. We construct a metrized line bundle \({\mathcal{L}}\) with a rational section s over the product \({\mathcal{C}}_p \left( X \right) \times {\mathcal{C}}_q \left( X \right)\) of Chow varieties \({\mathcal{C}}_p \left( X \right) \times {\mathcal{C}}_q \left( X \right)\) such that $$\frac{1}{{\left( {m - 1} \right)}}\log \left| {s\left( {A,B} \right)} \right|^2 = \left\langle {A,B} \right\rangle $$ for disjoint A, B. That gives an answer to a part of Barry Mazur's proposal in a private communication to Bruno Horris about the Archimedean height pairing 〈 A, B〉 on a smooth projective variety X.
Using Fictional Sources in the Classroom: Applications from Cognitive Psychology

Fictional materials are commonly used in the classroom to teach course content. Both laboratory experiments and classroom demonstrations illustrate the benefits of using fiction to help students learn accurate information about the world. However, fictional sources often contain factually inaccurate content, making them a potent vehicle for learning misinformation about the world. We briefly review theoretical issues relevant to whether learners process fictional sources differently before exploring how individual differences, learning activities, and assessment characteristics may affect learning from fiction. This review focuses on our own experimental approaches for studying learning from fiction, including learning from short stories and from films, while connecting to a broader educational literature on learning from fictional sources. Throughout the review, implications for educational use and future directions for experimental research are noted.
Very low dose alpha-2b interferon for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia [see comments]

Alpha-2b interferon (alpha-2b IFN), administered at 2 x 10(6) U/m2 three times per week is highly effective in the treatment of progressive hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and in the retreatment of patients who have relapsed after previous IFN therapy. To determine if a lower interferon dose would induce a comparable antileukemic effect with less toxicity, a-2b IFN was administered at 2 x 10(5) U/m2 subcutaneously three times per week to 17 patients with progressive HCL. Thirteen patients had HCL in relapse after a previous response to alpha-2b IFN; four patients were previously untreated. The median duration of treatment was 9 months. Toxicity consisted only of transient, mild flu-like symptoms in two patients. Of the 13 previously IFN-treated patients, four had a minimal response, one had no response, and eight had progressive disease. Of four previously untreated patients, one had a partial response, two had a minimal response, and one had no response. In seven of eight patients whose disease progressed on low-dose IFN, the dose was escalated to 2 x 10(6) U/m2 three times per week, and all seven patients demonstrated hematologic response within 3 months to the dose escalation. We conclude that alpha- 2b IFN at 2 x 10(5) U/m2 three times per week is relatively ineffective for the treatment of relapse after previous IFN therapy.
Elevated ST2 Distinguishes Incidences of Pediatric Heart and Small Bowel Transplant Rejection

Elevated serum soluble (s) suppressor of tumorigenicity-2 is observed during cardiovascular and inflammatory bowel diseases. To ascertain whether modulated ST2 levels signify heart (HTx) or small bowel transplant (SBTx) rejection, we quantified sST2 in serially obtained pediatric HTx (n = 41) and SBTx recipient (n = 18) sera. At times of biopsy-diagnosed HTx rejection (cellular and/or antibody-mediated), serum sST2 was elevated compared to rejection-free time points (1714 ± 329 vs. 546.5 ± 141.6 pg/mL; p = 0.0002). SBTx recipients also displayed increased serum sST2 during incidences of rejection (7536 ± 1561 vs. 2662 ± 543.8 pg/mL; p = 0.0347). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that serum sST2 > 600 pg/mL could discriminate time points of HTx rejection and nonrejection (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.724 ± 0.053; p = 0.0003). ROC analysis of SBTx measures revealed a similar discriminative capacity (AUC = 0.6921 ± 0.0820; p = 0.0349). Quantitative evaluation of both HTx and SBTx biopsies revealed that rejection significantly increased allograft ST2 expression. Pathway and Network Analysis of biopsy data pinpointed ST2 in the dominant pathway modulated by rejection and predicted tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β as upstream activators. In total, our data indicate that alloimmune-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines increase ST2 during rejection. They also demonstrate that routine serum sST2 quantification, potentially combined with other biomarkers, should be investigated further to aid in the noninvasive diagnosis of rejection.
Studies on the oxygen sensitivity of tryptophan hydroxylase.

Tryptophan hydroxylase [EC 1.14.16.4; 1- tryptophan, tetrahydropterin: oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)] catalyzes the initial and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin (Jequier et al, 1967). Since the discovery of this enzyme in extracts of brain tissue (Lovenberg et al, 1967; Gal et al, 1966, Grahame-Smith, 1964) relatively little progress has been made in delineating its physical properties and kinetic mechanisms, apparently because of the extreme lability of the enzyme to standard purification procedures. For example, the most highly purified (85–90% pure) preparation of brain tryptophan hydroxylase (Tong and Kaufman, 1975) is scarcely 2 to 3 times more active than the crude enzyme (see Levine et al, 1979). Since a number of recent studies have reported only moderate success in the purification of tryptophan hydroxylase from a variety of tissues (Youdim et al, 1975; Widmer et al, 1975), we decided to determine which factors are most important in contributing to the liability of this enzyme. The studies of Hori and colleagues (Hori, 1975; Hori et al, 1976; Hori and Ohotani, 1978; Ichiyama et al, 1974) on the activation of bovine pineal tryptophan hydroxylase by dithiothreitol-Fe2+ were perhaps the most influential in suggesting to us that the hydroxylase could be an oxygen sensitive enzyme.
Design and Fabrication of a Soft Robotic Direct Cardiac Compression Device

A direct cardiac compression (DCC) device is an active sleeve that is surgically placed around the heart to help the failing heart to pump without contacting blood. Soft robotic techniques enable fabrication of a conformable DCC device containing modular actuators oriented in a biomimetic manner that can restore the natural motion of the heart and provide tunable active assistance. In this paper we describe the fabrication of a DCC device; the optimization of pneumatic actuators, their integration into a matrix with a modulus in the range of cardiac tissue and methods to affix this device to the heart wall. Pneumatic air muscles (PAMs) were fabricated using a modified McKibben technique and four types of internal bladders; low durometer silicone tubes molded in-house, polyester terephthalate (PET) heat shrink tubing, nylon medical balloons and thermoplastic urethane (TPU) balloons thermally formed in-house. Balloons were bonded to air supply lines, placed inside a braided nylon mesh with a 6.35mm resting diameter and bonded at one end. When pressurized to 145kPa silicone tubes failed and PET, nylon and TPU actuators generated isometric axial forces of 14.28, 19.65 and 19.05N respectively, with axial contractions of 33.11, 28.69 and 37.54%. Circumferential actuators placed around the heart reduced the cross-sectional area by 33.34% and 50.63% for silicone and TPU actuators respectively. PAMs were integrated into a soft matrix in a biomimetic orientation using three techniques; casting, thermal forming and layering. Designs were compared on an in vitro cardiac simulator and generated a volumetric displacement of up to 96ml when actuated for 200ms at 1Hz. Layering produced the lowest profile device that successfully conformed to the heart and this design is currently undergoing in vivo testing.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Solitonlike propagation of zero sound in superfluid /sup 3/He

We report observations of nonlinear phenomena in the propagation of zero-sound pulses near a collective-mode attenuation peak in /sup 3/He-B. These include saturation of the sound absorption, amplitude dependence of the group velocity, and pulse breadup. Our data show effects similar to those observed in nonlinear optical systems. We suggest that above a threshold input level, the sound pulse propagates as a soliton.
Inclusion of women in clinical trials--policies for population subgroups.

Although the inclusion of women and minorities in medical research is necessary for valid inferences about health and disease in these groups, both women and members of minority groups have been excluded from or underrepresented in many clinical trials. Congress has therefore proposed that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ensure that all federally funded clinical research include a valid analysis to determine whether the intervention under study affects women or members of minority groups differently from other subgroups. In particular, Section 429B of the NIH Revitalization Act1 provides that the director of the NIH shall ensure that women and . . .
Microstructure Analysis of Melt Spun FeN foils with α’’-Fe16N2 Phase

We are reporting an approach to prepare bulk foils of α″-Fe16N2 that can be directly obtained from a melt spinning process. The diffraction peaks from α″-Fe16N2 phase were found in X-ray diffraction spectrum of the foil, for which a nitrogen composition of 8.7at% was found by Auger electron spectroscopy. The microstructure of this melt spun foil was analyzed. We found 600 nm subgrains inside 8 μm grains for this foil. The coercivity of the α″-Fe16N2 foil was found as 222 Oe with a saturation magnetization of 223 emu/g. We analyzed the coercivity based on the microstructure and proposed a model to explain how to further improve it in melt spun FeN foils.
Role of fluid therapy in treatment of septic shock in children

Objective To investigate the role of fluid therapy in treatment of septic shock in children. Methods A total of 48 pediatric patients with septic shock were enrolled. Twenty-seven patients were treated with volume expansion and 21 patients were treated with fluid resuscitation. There were no differences in use of antibiotics,inotropic and vasoactive agent in two groups. The time needed for haemodynamic stability,occurrence of pulmonary edema,length of PICU stay,and mortality were compared between two groups. Results Compared with volume expansion group,the time needed for haemodynamic stability significantly decreased in fluid resuscitation group ( ( 216.10 ± 168.13) minutes vs (121.63 ± 75.59) minutes) (P 0.05) . There were no significant difference in occurrence of pulmonary edema between volume expansion group and fluid resuscitation group ( 14.8% vs 9.5% ,P 0.05) . Compared with volume expansion group,length of PICU stay significantly decreased in fluid resuscitation group ((6.188 ± 3.250) days vs (3.944 ± 2.711) days,P 0.05) . Compared with volume expansion group,mortality significantly decreased in fluid resuscitation group ( 40.7% vs 14.3% ,P 0.05) . Conclusions Rapid fluid resuscitation was associated with early reach of haemodynamic stability,short stay in PICU,improved survival rate and no increase in the risk of complication in pediatric patient with septic shock.
Echo Simulator Design for New Generation Airborne Fire-Control LPI Radar

Low Probability of Intercept(LPI)radar is the inevitable choice of aerial wars in the future,with its waveform design and validity test as the key contents. This paper deals with simulation of radar echo signal about the new generation of airborne fire control LPI radar,including LPI radar waveform design and radar echo signal simulation technology which contains the simulation of target echo and the environmental clutter and so on. The radar echo simulator designed here can enable users to select and set waveforms and parameters flexibly according to various situations,thus meeting the demands of LPI radar echo signal simulation modeling and computer simulation in different echo situations. It can also be applied to testify the validity of the performance about LPI radar waveform and signal processers,which has great practical value.
Bayesian Approach to Personalized Benefit-Risk Assessment

ABSTRACTBenefit-risk assessment is critical in evaluating the effectiveness of a new drug before and after the approval. Some benefit-risk measures depend on the probabilities of benefit-risk categories in which the subject-level benefit and risk outcomes are characterized. The existing benefit-risk methods for analyzing the categorical data depend only on the frequencies of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories that the subjects fall in, and thus ignore the subject-level differences. We propose a Bayesian method for analyzing the subject-level data with multiple visits. A generalized linear model is used to model the subject-level response probability, with respect to a “reference” category, assuming a logit model with subject-level category effects and multiple visit effects. The random longitudinal visit effects are modeled by a multivariate normal distribution with zero means and first-order autoregressive structured variance-covariance matrices. In the proposed Bayesian setup, a D...
Chapter 17 – Climate Change

Climate projections show that for all regions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the median temperature increase lies between 3°C and 4°C, roughly 1.5 times the global mean response. The hydrologic cycle also points to dire consequences for the region. There are both market and nonmarket impacts due to climate change. Market impacts are quantifiable in monetary terms, and nonmarket impacts using valuation approaches such as hedonic pricing, travel cost, or contingent valuation . Projected climate change impacts on agriculture in SSA point to potential food security challenges. There is a need for a strong policy response by governments using science and technology information to enhance adaptation and mitigation decisions by firms and households. SSA countries can benefit from environmental services, participation in carbon trading markets, and the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. No climate change court cases have been brought before courts in SSA.
Talking in the Marketplace: A "New" Approach to Political Philosophy.

The standard approach to teaching political philosophy involves the transmission of a given body of information, organized either historically (Plato, Aristotle, St. Thomas, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Marx, Nietzsche, etc.) or topically (the state, freedom, equality, human rights, authority, etc.). The aim is to transfer a core of knowledge to the students, whose responsibility is to comprehend the factual material much as they would material in any other course. The historical and topical approaches to political philosophy are useful in that they allow the student to familiarize himself with the great themes of western (or world) civilization, but they have their limitations. The problem of these approaches, to use an expression of Edmund Husserl's is “sedimentation.” The tradition of philosophy is so covered with generations of silt that it is almost impossible to uncover the original experiences that led to the development of philosophy in the first place. To understand Nietzsche you have to understand Marx; to understand Marx you have to understand Hegel; to understand Hegel you have to understand Kant; to understand Kant you have to understand … ad infinitum until we reach … to understand Aristotle you have to understand Plato, and to understand Plato you have to understand Socrates. A second approach to political philosophy is more concerned with encouraging students to engage in philosophical reflection than it is in developing the mastery of scholarship encouraged by the first approach. This second approach returns us to the origins of political philosophy.
Sex and gender matters: The health of women and girls determines the health of our modern world

As we look to 2030, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide us with a roadmap for attention and emphasis. Focusing on the SDGs without a gender lens or recognition of sex difference will h...
Improved simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of bioethanol from industrial potato waste with co-cultures of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by medium optimization

Abstract For economical production of bioethanol from industrial wastes, enzyme cost for saccharification is the significant cost for the overall process. Therefore, the fermentation medium optimization for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) by using co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for potato wastes was undertaken in this study. A medium consisted of waste potato mash, malt extract and FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O were defined as the optimum medium for co-culture of A. niger and S. cerevisiae SSF. Statistical optimization of defined medium was conducted using central composite design. Optimization results suggested that optimum concentrations of industrial waste potato mash, malt extract, and FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O were 92.37 g/L, 59.42 g/L and 0.159 g/L, respectively. Under the optimal medium, 35.19 g/L ethanol production and 31.36 U/ml glucoamylase activity giving a yield of 0.38 g ethanol/g starch and 0.34 U/g starch respectively, achieved at 30 °C and 120 h of fermentation.
Calorie Restriction and Obesity

Dietary restriction regimens are commonly employed to facilitate weight loss in obese individuals. The dietary restriction regimen most frequently implemented is daily calorie restriction (CR), which involves decreasing energy intake by a certain percentage daily. Another dietary restriction regimen employed, although far less commonly, is alternate day fasting (ADF). ADF regimens include a “feed day” where food is consumed ad libitum, alternated with a “fast day”, where food intake is partially reduced. Adipose tissue physiology plays an important role in mediating the risk of obesity-related disorders. The present review examines the ability of CR versus ADF regimens to improve parameters adipose tissue biology (body weight, regional fat distribution, and fat-cell derived hormone levels) in overweight and obese humans. Interactions between these various physiological parameters, and how they combine to impact disease risk, is also discussed.
Primary γ-rays

Within our Galaxy, cosmic rays can reveal their presence in interstellar space and probably in source regions by their interactions with interstellar matter which lead to γ-rays with a very characteristic energy spectrum. From the study of the intensity of the high energy γ radiation as a function of galactic longitude, it is already clear that cosmic rays are almost certainly not uniformly distributed in the Galaxy and are not concentrated in the centre of the Galaxy. The galactic cosmic rays appear to be tied to galactic structural features, presumably by the galactic magnetic fields which are in turn held by the matter in the arm segments and the clouds. On the extra-galactic scale, it is now possible to say that cosmic rays are probably not at the density seen near the Earth. The diffuse celestial γ-ray spectrum that is observed presents the interesting possibility of cosmological studies and possible evidence for a residual universal cosmic ray density, which is much lower than the present galactic cosmic-ray density.
Baptismal Theology and Practices and the Spiritual Nurture of Children Part II: Reformation to the Present:

Baptismal theology and practices have always had a major influence on the educational efforts of the church, either setting expectations for those who are to be baptized or establishing requirement...
The Functional Roles of Metals in Metalloenzymes

There is now widespread appreciation for the fact that overall and local changes in protein conformation are critical to the mechanism of enzymatic catalysis. Yet, it has been difficult to document the occurrence and judge the significance of such changes, since methods for the analysis of protein structure often require conditions which cannot be compared easily and directly with those designed for determining function. This is true even while the number, resolving power and sophistication of suitable approaches has increased rapidly.
The Hall Effect in Limiting Cases

In Section 1.1 are listed the theoretical limiting conditions which can be defined in the study of the galvanomagnetic effects in metals. In the present chapter we shall give a survey of the theories which have been developed for the two most important of these conditions: the high- and low-field limits. These are considered separately in this and in Section 2.2, respectively. Section 2.3 contains a description, for both of these limiting cases, of the two-band model of conduction. Originally introduced to account for the magnetoresistance in a free-electron metal, this model has frequently been applied to the galvanomagnetic properties of metals, and no survey of the interpretation of the Hall effect data would be complete without some consideration of it.