cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface viscosities of phospholipids alone and with cholesterol in monolayers at the air‐water interface

Surface viscosities in lipid monolayers at the air-water interface were measured by the oscillating pendulum method. The logarithms of successive oscillations decreased linearly with time. Surface viscosity is reported here in terms of the rate constant, k, for decay of oscillation. Viscosities were measured as a function of surface pressure at 22±2 C. Lipids investigated included cholesterol, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC), 4 other unsaturated PC, 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl PC, 1,2-distearoyl PC, 1-palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylserine, tetrapalmitoyl bisphosphatidic acid, and the dipalmitoyl species of PC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. Pressure-area curves are presented for the saturated phospholipids. Surface viscosities of most of the phospholipids were high and increased with increasing surface pressure. However, surface viscosiries in monolayers of cholesterol, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl PC, lysophosphatidylcholine or lysophosphatidylserine were very low and barely detectable under our experimental conditions. One mol % of cholesterol in monolayers of dipalmitoyl PC greatly reduced the surface viscosity of the film and, in mixed films containing 10% or more of cholesterol, surface viscosity was too low to measure. Cholesterol also reduced surface viscosities in monolayers of the other dipalmitoyl phospholipids. It is suggested that cholesterol functions in lung surfactant by reducing the surface viscosity of its highly saturated phospholipid components.
Evidence for interleukin-10-mediated inhibition of cyclo- oxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin production in preterm human placenta.

Problem Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is thought to be a key cytokine for the maintenance of pregnancy. Here we examined the expression profiles of IL-10 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the effect of IL-10 on COX-2 expression and prostaglandin release in the human placenta from preterm labor deliveries associated with chorioamnionitis. Method of study Placental tissues from preterm labor and term labor deliveries were processed for ex vivo placental explant culture system. IL-10 expression was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. COX-2 expression was evaluated by IHC, Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release was measured by ELISA. Results IL-10 was significantly reduced in chorioamnionitis-associated preterm labor as well as in term labor placental tissues compared with second trimester normal pregnancy samples obtained from elective terminations. Similar results were obtained with freshly isolated cytotrophoblasts from these deliveries. As expected, COX-2 mRNA was detected at significant levels in tissues from term and preterm labor deliveries compared with no labor term deliveries. Importantly, IL-10 inhibited COX-2 expression in cultured placental explants from preterm labor deliveries, but not from term labor samples. Inhibition of COX-2 expression coincided with reduced PGE2 release. Conclusion These results demonstrate the importance of IL-10 in countering inflammation associated with preterm labor, and suggest that term and preterm parturition may, in part, represent different conditions.
LOCALIZATION OF HYALURONIC ACID IN SYNOVIAL CELLS BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY

Cultured human synovial cells secrete hyaluronic acid (HA) into the culture medium. Glucosamine-6-3H was shown to be a direct and relatively specific precursor of HA-3H by the following observations: the susceptibility of nondialyzable radioactivity in the medium to hyaluronidase, its migration with hexuronic acid on zone electrophoresis in polyvinyl chloride, its exclusion from Sephadex G-200, and the localization of radioactivity to glucosamine after hydrolysis of the labeled polysaccharide. The presence of intracellular HA-3H was established by sequential extraction of labeled cells and by radioautography of synovial cell cultures digested with hyaluronidase in situ. When cells were exposed to medium lacking glucose, glucosamine-3H-uptake was enhanced; and this made possible electron microscopic radioautographic studies. These studies demonstrate the early and continued presence of HA-3H within the Golgi apparatus.
Comparison of predicted and measured mixed convection heat transfer from an array of discrete sources in a horizontal rectangular channel

Abstract Experiments and supporting three-dimensional computations have been performed to investigate mixed convection heat transfer from a four-row, in-line array of 12, square heat sources which are flush mounted to the lower wall of a horizontal, rectangular channel. The experimental data encompass heat transfer regimes characterized by pure natural convection, mixed convection, laminar forced convection, and the initiation of transition to turbulence. The variation of the row-average Nusselt number with Reynolds number exhibits a minimum, suggesting that, due to buoyancy-induced flow, heat transfer may be enhanced and pumping power requirements reduced by reducing the flow rate. Appropriate scaling parameters are introduced to characterize the strength of the buoyancy-induced secondary flow and to delineate conditions for which it is significant.
LIPID AUTOXIDATION AND AMINO ACID CHANGES IN PROTEIN—ENRICHED SWEET POTATO FLAKES

Three sweet potato flake formulations, containing (1) soy flour plus methionine, (2) casein and (3) no supplementary protein, were prepared and stored at room temperature (21–23°C) in air for 16 months. The formulations were analyzed periodically to ascertain changes in carotene content, amino acid levels and water-binding capacity. On the basis of carotene degradation as a measure of lipid autoxidation, it was found that after an induction period of 19 days required by the flakes supplemented with soy-methionine, all formulations were oxidized in an identical manner. Among the amino acids, only glutamic acid was lost from all three formulations, and isoleucine levels decreased in the control formulation only. Lysine concentration in the fortified flakes decreased while histidine decreased in the soy-methionine formulation. Storage had no effect on the water-binding capacity of any of the three formulations.
Relocating From Easy Street: Strategies for Moving Physical Education Forward

There is broad consensus in the literature that despite dramatic gains in the knowledge-base regarding best practice in teaching, teacher education, and related pockets of effective programming in the schools, the majority of physical education programs are in disarray. In a recent article, Kretchmar (2006) referred to this dilemma as life on “Easy Street” with most physical education programs being characterized by short instructional units that afford students little chance to develop the knowledge, skills, fitness, or positive dispositions needed to maintain a physically active lifestyle. At best this approach entertains students and informs them about the health benefits associated with regular physical activity while providing limited opportunities to experience these benefits and achieve significant learning or personal growth. In the present article we propose that the problem is a complex one and as such requires a multidimensional approach to making substantive and meaningful change in school phy...
Effects of Contextual Interference on Acquisition and Retention of Three Volleyball Skills

Manipulating the organization of practice conditions, through contextual interference, was identified as a method to promote motor skill acquisition by Brady in 1998. The generalizability of this learning effect is questionable and the amount of repetition versus the amount of change in task presentation requires investigation. The purpose of this study was to explore explanations for the performance of learners practicing the AAHPERD volleyball skills test when the change in task presentation varied. High school students were randomly assigned to blocked, random, and random-blocked practice groups. While all groups significantly improved all skills during acquisition, there was no support for the contextual interference effect. Potential explanations might be dependent upon the learners' skill and the complexity of the task to be learned. Further research is warranted examining contextual interference effect on practice organization at levels of difficulty appropriate to facilitate cognitive processing o...
A dynamic binary translation approach to architectural simulation

We present the design of a PowerPC-based simulation infrastructure for architectural research. Our infrastructure uses an execution-driven out-of-order processor timing simulator from the SimpleScalar tool set. While porting SimpleScalar to the PowerPC architecture, we would like to remain compatible with other versions of SimpleScalar. We accomplish this by performing dynamic binary translation of the PowerPC instruction set architecture to the SimpleScalar instruction set architecture, and by mapping the PowerPC architectural state onto the SimpleScalar register set. Using this infrastructure, we execute unmodified PowerPC binaries on an out-of-order processor timing simulator which implements the SimpleScalar architecture. We describe and investigate trade-offs in the translation of some complex PowerPC instructions and advocate adoption of speculative decode to optimize instruction translations for the common case. We find that simple decode predictors can reach better than 90% accuracy for guiding speculative decode.
Observations on the Reproductive Ecology of Pirate Perch Aphredoderus sayanus

ABSTRACT The pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) is common throughout its range; however, little is known about its reproductive ecology. Reports of spawning periods range from January to April, but it is unclear whether the pirate perch is a nest spawner or a branchial brooder. Results of this study indicated the major spawning period for pirate perch in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana, is February through March (12.6—22.8 °C). Larval pirate perch were collected in limnetic areas at 3.6-mm total length and were absent at 14-mm total length. It appears that adult pirate perch are not branchial brooders but release their adhesive eggs over leaf litter and woody debris.
Immunoregulatory properties of rapamycin-conditioned monocyte-derived dendritic cells and their role in transplantation.

In efforts to minimize the chronic administration of immunosuppression (IS) drugs in transplantation and autoimmune disease, various cell-based tolerogenic therapies, including the use of regulatory or tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) have been developed. These DC-based therapies aim to harness the inherent immunoregulatory potential of these professional antigen-presenting cells. In this short review, we describe both the demonstrated tolerogenic properties, and current limitations of rapamycin-conditioned DC (RAPA-DC). RAPA-DC are generated through inhibition of the integrative kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by the immunosuppressive macrolide rapamycin during propagation of monocyte-derived DC. Consistent with the characteristics of tolDC, murine RAPA-DC display resistance to phenotypic maturation induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli; exhibit the ability to migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue (important for ‘cross-presentation’ of antigen to T cells), and enrich for naturally-occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells. In rodent models, delivery of recipient-derived RAPA-DC pulsed with donor antigen prior to organ transplantation can prolong allogeneic heart-graft survival indefinitely, especially when combined with a short course of IS. These encouraging data support ongoing efforts to develop RAPA-DC for clinical testing. When compared to murine RAPA-DC however, human RAPA-DC have proven only partially resistant to maturation triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines, and display heterogeneity in their impact on effector T-cell expansion and function. In total, the evidence suggests the need for more in-depth studies to better understand the mechanisms by which mTOR controls human DC function. These studies may facilitate the development of RAPA-DC therapy alone or together with agents that preserve/enhance their tolerogenic properties as clinical immunoregulatory vectors.
Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Medical ICU Patients: Annual Utilization in Relation to the Incidence of Endoscopically Proven Stress Ulceration

OBJECTIVE:To measure changes in the proportion of medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients prescribed pharmacologic stress ulcer prophylaxis therapy over a 4-year period in relation to the incidence of stress-related ulceration detected by endoscopy at our institution.DESIGN:Retrospective 4-year review of pharmacy and endoscopy databases.SETTING:A 35-bed MICU.PATIENTS:Patients (n = 2941) admitted to the MICU for longer than 24 hours, between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 1996, without acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage on admission.METHODS:Records were reviewed to identify patients prescribed pharmacologic stress ulcer prophylaxis (>24 h of sucralfate or a histamine2-receptor antagonist [H2RA]), and patients with evidence of stress ulceration during endoscopy.RESULTS:The number of patients per year receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis significantly (p < 0.001) decreased between 1993 and 1996: 1993, 492/693 (71%); 1994, 478/798 (60%); 1995, 295/670 (44%); 1996, 164/780 (21%). There was no difference be...
Shear Forces during Blast, Not Abrupt Changes in Pressure Alone, Generate Calcium Activity in Human Brain Cells

Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) describes a spectrum of injuries caused by an explosive force that results in changes in brain function. The mechanism responsible for primary bTBI following a blast shockwave remains unknown. We have developed a pneumatic device that delivers shockwaves, similar to those known to induce bTBI, within a chamber optimal for fluorescence microscopy. Abrupt changes in pressure can be created with and without the presence of shear forces at the surface of cells. In primary cultures of human central nervous system cells, the cellular calcium response to shockwaves alone was negligible. Even when the applied pressure reached 15 atm, there was no damage or excitation, unless concomitant shear forces, peaking between 0.3 to 0.7 Pa, were present at the cell surface. The probability of cellular injury in response to a shockwave was low and cell survival was unaffected 20 hours after shockwave exposure.
Chromosome Polyploidization in Human Leukocytes Induced by Radiation

A great quantity of literature has accumulated on the effects of radiation and radiomimetic agents upon cells. Much of this work has been performed on mammalian cells both in vivo and in tissue cultures. Some of these damaging effects can be seen in dividing cells. After the development of a technique for tissue culture of human peripheral blood, we were able to demonstrate abnormal patterns and chromosomal polyploidy in cultures from patients who had been treated with A-8103 (a piperazine derivative with antitumor activity) , l nitrogen mustard, 6-mercaptopurine, and A-649 (another antitumor agent).2 During treatment and for some time after treatment in these patients, structural changes could be seen in the chromosomes as either chromatid or chromosome deletions and chromosomal breakage. Abnormally shaped chromosomes were also seen, particularly ring forms and dicentrics. Although aneuploidy was observed, the major numerical variation consisted of metaphases showing polyploidy with random distribution of chromosomes and diplochromosomes. When normal human leukocytes were tested in vitro with the chemotherapeutic agents already mentioned, as well as with streptonigrin and cycl~phosphamide,~ similar results were obtained. From these studies we postulated that two different types of damage were induced in the cells by the chemicals. One type of damage is apparent in the hereditary material, and it can be characterized by the structural chromosomal changes. The second type of damage is interpreted as damage to the mitotic apparatus of the cells, as evidenced by the induction of polyploidy. Simultaneously, initial studies from patients treated with x-rays and cobalt-60 demonstrated that the same type of chromosomal anomalies were present in their peripheral leukocytes as those induced with chemotherapeutic agents. Generally, these were structural variations and chromosome polyploidization. Certainly, chromosomal changes have been described in association with x r a d i a t i ~ n ~ , ~ and 1311 therapye,' and, rarely, following diagnostic x-radiation. However, in most of these reports, the occurrence of polyploidy was overlooked, and when polyploidy was mentioned, it was not characterized. Since both structural damage as well as polyploidy lead to genetic transformation or to somatic cell death, we thought it of paramount interest to determine whether or not induction of chromosomal polyploidy by radiation was a constant feature in human somatic cells. Such effects may have a bearing on both the induction as well as the treatment of cancer. For the present study, we determined not only polyploidy, but also the amount of aneuploidy, chromosomal breakage, ring forms, translocations, dicentrics, and tricentrics as well as other rearrangements appearing in patients exposed to radiation therapy. In addition, normal human leukocytes were exposed to x-rays in cultures, and information of induced damage was obtained.
Journalism‐as‐a‐Conversation: A Concept Explication

References to journalism-as-a-conversation abound in audience-centered literatures. Missing, though, are clear conceptual and operational definitions that allow theory building for purposes of explanation and prediction, a key goal in science. This essay identifies limitations to related audience-centered concepts in journalism and offers a richer, more coherent definition of conversation as a multidimensional phenomenon with a distinct democratic bent, consisting of both socio-psychological and technological features. The features/variables that theoretically appear to best index conversation: social presence, friendliness, informality, coorientation, and interactivity.
Advanced microscopic imaging methods to investigate cortical development and the etiology of mental retardation

Studies on human patients and animal models of disease have shown that disruptions in prenatal and early postnatal brain development are a root cause of mental retardation. Since proper brain development is achieved by a strict spatiotemporal control of neurogenesis, cell migration, and patterning of synapses, abnormalities in one or more of these events during prenatal development can lead to cognitive dysfunction after birth. Many of underlying causes of mental retardation must therefore be studied in developing brains. To aid in this research, live imaging using laser scanning microscopy (LSM) has recently allowed neuroscientists to delve deeply into the complex three-dimensional environment of the living brain to record dynamic cellular events over time. This review will highlight recent examples of how LSM is being applied to elucidate both normal and abnormal cortical development.
Thermal noise and radiation pressure in MEMS Fabry-Perot tunable filters and lasers

In this paper, we examine thermal noise and radiation-pressure effects in MEMS tunable Fabry-Perot etalons. We show that thermal noise causes a jitter in the center wavelength in very high finesse etalons. In turn, the jitter causes an effective increase in the time-averaged filter bandwidth. Radiation pressure is of little consequence in conventional Fabry-Perot etalons, but it can give rise to nonlinearities and hysteresis in the tuning response of high-finesse MEMS filters. We develop models of noise and optical nonlinearities and compare the models with a series of measurements on commercial tunable high-finesse MEMS Fabry-Perot etalons.
Control of Retinal Sensitivity : II. Lateral Interactions at the Outer Plexiform Layer

Test stimuli, presented at the center of the bipolar cell receptive field, spanning less than 2 log units of intensity, elicit the full range of graded response. The intensity range of test stimuli that elicits the graded response depends upon the background conditions. A higher range of log test intensities is required to elicit the graded bipolar response in the presence of surround backgrounds. But surround backgrounds can also serve to unsaturate the bipolar response and thereby increase sensitivity under certain conditions. The results suggest that a second stage of sensitivity-control is mediated by the horizontal cell system at the outer plexiform layer, concatenated with the effects of adaptation in the photoreceptors.
Gq-protein alpha subunit expression and distribution in pregnant rat myometrial tissues.

Multiple G-protein isoforms play an integral role in signal transduction; the Gq subtype of G-protein alpha subunits is involved in the activation of the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. The studies described herein evaluate the expression of Gq, along with Gs and Gi, in pregnant and nonpregnant rat myometrial tissues. Myometrium and other tissues were obtained from nonpregnant and timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Western blot studies were performed using polyclonal G-protein isoform-specific antibodies. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using the same antibodies with specimens of myometrium, intestine, and skeletal muscle. The Western blot studies confirmed differential expression of all of these G-protein a subunit subtypes in rat myometrial tissues. In pregnant rat myometrium, the expression of Gq and Gs was sustained through day 22, whereas, Gi expression decreased on day 20 and remained low through the remainder of gestation. The immunohistochemical studies revealed significant staining for Gq and Gs in the myometrial layers of the pregnant and nonpregnant rat uterus; in contrast, immunostaining for Gi was minimal in nonpregnant myometrium, and even lower in myometrium from pregnant uteri. These studies have confirmed expression of the Gq, Gi, and Gs a subunits in rat myometrial tissue. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that Gq was expressed at high levels in the myometrial layer of the pregnant and nonpregnant uterus. Tliese observations support the hypothesis that Gq expression is critically important for the transduction of hormone signals, such as those responsible for the generation of phasic myometrial contractions, (J Soc Gynecol Invest 1997;4:209-217) Copyright © 1997 by the Society for Gynecologic Investigation.
Zweck, Rechtgrundlagen, Inhalt und Form

Der Jahresabschlus besteht aus der Bilanz und der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung (§ 4 Abs. 1 KHBV). Die Bilanz gibt Aufschlus uber den Stand des Vermogens und der Schulden am Abschlusstichtag. In der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung wird aus dem Uberschus der Ertrage gegenuber den Aufwendungen der Gewinn im Abschluszeitraum (Kalenderjahr) ermittelt. Sind die Aufwendungen groser als die Ertrage, so entsteht ein Verlust. Durch das Betriebsergebnis (die Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung des Krankenhauses) kann der Nachweis einer sparsamen Wirtschaftsfuhrung erbracht werden, wie er in § 20 der Bundespflegesatzverordnung gefordert wird. Aus den Zahlen der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung wird das nach Form und Inhalt vorgeschriebene Selbstkostenblatt entwickelt. Damit bildet die Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung auch die Grundlage fur die Ermittlung der Pflegesatze im Krankenhaus. Die beim Jahresabschlus fur das vorangegangene Jahr erzielten Werte (Istwerte) bilden die Grundlage bei der Planung der Sollwerte fur das darauffolgende Jahr. Der Soll-Ist-Vergleich ist ein wirksames Mittel zur Uberwachung des Betriebsgeschehens. Durch eine Bilanzanalyse kann man sich einen sicheren Einblick in die Finanzlage des Krankenhauses verschaffen. Damit bildet der Jahresabschlus zugleich die Grundlage fur die Aufstellung ein- oder mehrjahriger Wirtschaftsplane. Ein den Jahresabschlus erganzender Geschaftsbericht hat die Wertansatze sowie die wesentlichen Veranderungen in der Bilanz und in der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung gegenuber dem Abschlus des Vorjahrs zu erlautern und damit die wirtschaftliche Lage des Krankenhauses zum Abschluszeitpunkt darzulegen. Damit zu verbinden ist ein Ausblick auf die Ertrags- und Vermogenslage im laufenden Geschaftsjahr.
A rare cause of intraabdominal tumor in childhood: Omental mesenteric myxoid hamartoma ☆

Omental masses are rarely seen in childhood. Omental mesenteric myxoid hamartoma is a very rare and a new entity, first described by Gonzalez-Crussi et al. The tumor originates from the omentum and mesentery and presents as multiple nodules. It shares many morphologic features with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and therefore, may be considered as a variant of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. However, the clinical course and prognosis of this tumor is different. This rare and relatively new pathology in childhood, mimicking malign tumor and sharing many histopathological features with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, is presented to emphasize that it is a clinically different entity in terms of clinical picture and prognosis.
Potential Renal Solute Load of Infant Formulas

The potential renal solute load (PRSL) of infant feedings is the sum of dietary nitrogen (expressed as mmol of urea, i.e., mg nitrogen divided by 28), sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus. The PRSL determines the renal solute load, and, therefore, the osmolar concentration of the urine. When water intake is reduced and/or water losses are increased, the renal concentrating ability may be exceeded, and negative water balance (dehydration) may ensue. Under these circumstances, feedings providing high PRSL lead more rapidly to dehydration than do feedings providing lower PRSL. On the basis of simulated clinical situations and epidemiologic data, it is concluded that conventional infant formulas (PRSL 135-177 mosmol/l, or 20-26 mosmol/100 kcal) provide a satisfactory margin of safety. A feeding providing the upper limits for concentrations of protein and electrolytes specified by the Food and Drug Administration rule does not afford a satisfactory margin of safety. It is recommended that the upper limit for protein content of infant formulas be decreased from 4.5 g/100 kcal to 3.2 g/100 kcal and that an upper limit for phosphorus concentration of infant formulas be set at 93 mg/100 kcal. Maximum PRSL will then be 221 mosmol/l (33 mosmol/100 kcal).
Two kinds of identity crisis

In order to outline a model of identity crisis, it is necessary to distinguish two types. In an identity deficit ("motivation crisis"), the individual experiences a lack of guiding commitments but struggles to establish personal goals and values. In an identity conflict ("legitimation crisis"), the person has several commitments which prescribe conflicting behavioral imperatives in some situations, such that at least one commitment may have to be betrayed. The literature on identity crisis is reviewed in connection with this distinction, and an attempt is made to delineate the causes, the subjective experiences, behavioral consequences, and modes of resolution of each type of crisis.
Variation in adult shell morphology and life-history traits in the land snail Oreohelix cooperi in relation to biotic and abiotic factors

ABSTRACTIn this study, we explore factors influencing variation in adult shell morphology and life-history characteristics (offspring size and number) in the ovoviviparous land snail, Oreohelix cooperi, from the Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, USA. To date, no study of shell morphology and life-history characteristics in ovoviviparous land snails has included a combination of datasets including genetic data, life-history traits, shell morphology and multiple environmental factors. We report that differences in shell size among populations are strongly related to mean annual temperature (and the highly correlated variable elevation) and population density (measured as shell density). In addition, shell size varies among populations, despite an apparent lack of population genetic differentiation. Common factors thought to influence adult shell size, like precipitation and calcium levels, do not have a significant effect in this study. Adult size strongly influences per-clutch reproductive output, with larger snails having larger and more offspring. As mean annual temperature and shell density affect adult shell size, they also indirectly affect per-clutch output. The results suggest that a large portion of the life-history variation in O. cooperi is environmentally induced, as has been found in oviparous land snails and brooding freshwater bivalves.
Inflammation Biomarkers and Near-Term Death in Older Men

Associations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen with death may weaken over time. Combining both markers may improve prediction of death in older adults. In 5,828 Cardiovascular Health Study participants (United States, 1989-2000), 383 deaths (183 cardiovascular disease (CVD)) in years 1-3 (early) and 914 deaths (396 CVD) in years 4-8 (late) occurred. For men, when comparing highest to lowest quartiles, hazard ratios for early death were 4.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7, 6.3) for CRP and 4.1 (95% CI: 2.7, 6.4) for fibrinogen in models adjusted for CVD risk. For early CVD death, hazard ratios were 4.3 (95% CI: 2.2, 8.4) and 3.4 (95% CI: 1.8, 6.3), respectively. When comparing men in the highest quartiles of both biomarkers with those in the lowest, hazard ratios were 9.6 (95% CI: 4.3, 21.1) for early death and 13.5 (95% CI: 3.2, 56.5) for early CVD death. Associations were weaker for late deaths. For women, CRP (hazard ratio = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.9), but not fibrinogen (hazard ratio = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.8, 2.2), was associated with early death. Results were similar for CVD death. Neither was associated with late deaths. CRP and fibrinogen were more strongly associated with death in older men than women and more strongly associated with early than late death. Combining both markers may identify older men at greatest risk of near-term death.
Seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle near the Perm Anomaly

The lower mantle is dominated by two large structures with anomalously low shear wave velocities, known as Large Low-Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs). Several studies have documented evidence for strong seismic anisotropy at the base of the mantle near the edges of the African LLSVP. Recent work has identified a smaller structure with similar low-shear wave velocities beneath Eurasia, dubbed the Perm Anomaly. Here we probe lowermost mantle anisotropy near the Perm Anomaly using the differential splitting of SKS and SKKS phases measured at stations in Europe. We find evidence for lowermost mantle anisotropy in the vicinity of the Perm Anomaly, with geographic trends hinting at lateral variations in anisotropy across the boundaries of the Perm Anomaly as well as across a previously unsampled portion of the African LLSVP border. Our observations suggest that deformation is concentrated at the boundaries of both the Perm Anomaly and the African LLSVP.
Effect of glass transition temperature and saturation temperature on the solid‐state microcellular foaming of cyclic olefin copolymer

Effect of glass transition temperature and saturation temperature on the solid-state microcellular foaming of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)—including CO2 solubility, diffusivity, cell nucleation, and foam morphology—were investigated in this article. COCs of low Tg (78°C) and high Tg (158°C) were studied. Solubilities are 20–50% higher in high Tg COC than in the low Tg COC across the saturation temperature range. Diffusivities are about 15% higher on average in high Tg COC for temperatures up to 50°C. A much faster increase of diffusivity beyond 50°C is observed in low Tg COC due to it being in the rubbery state. Under similar gas concentration, high Tg COC starts foaming at a higher temperature. And the foam density decreases faster in low Tg COC with foaming temperature. Also, high Tg COC foams show about two orders of magnitude higher cell nucleation density than the low Tg COC foams. The effect of saturation temperature on microcellular foaming can be viewed as the effect of CO2 concentration. Nucleation density increases and cell size decreases exponentially with increasing CO2 concentration. Uniform ultramicrocellular structure with an average cell size of 380 nm was created in high-Tg COC. A novel hierarchical structure composed of microcells (2.5 μm) and nanocells (cell size 80 nm) on the cell wall was discovered in the very low-density high-Tg COC foams. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42226.
Nonverbal Transmission of Stress Between Parent and Young Child: Considerations and Psychotherapeutic Implications of a Study of Affective Movement Patterns

Stressful experiences clearly make their way into the complex communicative systems shared by parent and young child. Transmission of stress is often discussed but infrequently explicated as a process. Recent research on the intricacies of explicit and implicit message exchanges between parent and young child invite further consideration of how various types and intensities of stress are manifest in different types of observable manners and behaviors. Employing the Kestenberg Movement Profile (KMP) as a descriptive movement-nonverbal behavior classificatory system, developed within a psychoanalytic frame of reference, Birklein and Sossin (in press) recently identified specific tension-flow and shape-flow patterns corresponding to parental stress, as manifest in the parent, the child, and the dyad. These findings are relevant to the identification of modalities of behavior and interaction in which stress (and an awareness of the other's affective state) is transmitted. Data underscore the links between par...
The Metaphysics of Social Groups

Social groups, including racial and gender groups and teams and committees, seem to play an important role in our world. This article examines key metaphysical questions regarding groups. I examine answers to the question ‘Do groups exist?’ I argue that worries about puzzles of composition, motivations to accept methodological individualism, and a rejection of Racialism support a negative answer to the question. An affirmative answer is supported by arguments that groups are efficacious, indispensible to our best theories, and accepted given common sense. Then, I turn to an examination of the features of social groups. I argue that social groups can be divided into (at least) two sorts. Groups of Type 1 are organized social groups like courts and clubs. Groups of Type 2 are groups like Blacks, women, and lesbians. While groups of both sorts have some features in common, they also have marked differences in features. Finally, I turn to views of the nature of social groups. I argue that the difference in features provides evidence that social groups do not have a uniform nature. Teams and committees are structured wholes, while race and gender groups are social kinds.
Tight-Skin Mouse an Experimental Model for Scleroderma

(1994). Tight-Skin Mouse an Experimental Model for Scleroderma. International Reviews of Immunology: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 253-271.
Team-based Interdisciplinary Materials Research using Image Processing

There is an acute and well-documented need for image processing of microscopy data in materials science regarding, for example, the characterization of the structure/property relationship of a given materials system. In our work, image processing has been used as a framework for conducting interdisciplinary team-based research that effectively integrates programs within the Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP) Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), e.g. research experiences for undergraduates (REU), teachers (RET) and high school fellowships. This research resulted from a five-year long collaboration between CRISP and the Physics and Computer Science Departments at Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU). This paper will focus on the implementation of team-based research experiences as a vehicle for interdisciplinary science and education. Representative results of several of the studies are presented and discussed.
Infrared detection using an InSb nanowire

Bulk indium antimonide (InSb) is an III–V semiconductor compound that is widely used to detect infrared (IR) signal of wavelength from 1 um to 5.5 um. InSb nanowire, with huge exciton Bohr radius and small band gap, has great potential in optoelectronics applications. However, IR detector based on InSb nanowire has never been reported due to the limitation of growth technique and the ambiguity of its detection principle. In this paper, IR detector based on a single InSb nanowire will be introduced. InSb nanowires were grown by a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) approach using InSb powder source and gold catalyst. Stoichiometric nanowires with diameters in the 10–35 nm range and tens of microns long have been obtained. The structure of the InSb nanowire detector consists of an InSb nanowire connecting an Au and a Cu electrode to form a Schottky photodiode, which can separate the photo-generated electron-hole pairs in order to generate photocurrent. An InSb nanowire IR photodetector with an individual InSb nanowire was demonstrated to detect IR signal at room temperature. High quantum efficiency and low dark current were obtained. The InSb nanowires may become significant building blocks for future nano-optoelectronics.
Progress in Chip-Scale Photonic Sensing

Chip-scale integrated planar photonic sensing systems for portable diagnostics and monitoring are emerging, as photonic components are integrated into systems with silicon (Si), Si complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, and fluidics. This paper reviews progress in these areas. Medical and environmental applications, candidate photonic sensors, integration methodologies, integrated subsystem demonstrations, and challenges facing this emerging field are discussed in this paper.
Thrombospondin Functions as a Cytoadhesion Molecule for Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

We explored the role that thrombospondin (TSP), a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein, plays in hematopoietic cell-cell and cell- matrix interactions. Thrombospondin synthesis is differentially regulated in human long-term bone marrow cultures. Consistent with this, human hematopoietic progenitor cells of all three lineages (erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, and granulocyte) use TSP as an attachment protein. However, terminally differentiated cells (erythrocytes and neutrophils) show absent or reduced attachment to TSP. The region within the TSP molecule that mediates cell attachment (cell binding domain) was delineated by examining both attachment to proteolytic fragments of TSP and by inhibition of cytoadhesion using monoclonal antibodies directed against TSP domains. The cell binding domain resides toward the C-terminus of a 140 Kd chymotryptic fragment of TSP. We conclude that thrombospondin functions as a hematopoietic cytoadhesion molecule, capable of binding primary hematopoietic progenitor cells, and may, therefore, be important in blood cell development.
Timing of Cortico-Muscle Transmission During Active Movement

Numerous studies have reported large disparities between short cortico-muscle conduction latencies and long recorded delays between cortical firing and evoked muscle activity. Using methods such as spike- and stimulus-triggered averaging of electromyographic (EMG) activity, previous studies have shown that the time delay between corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell firing and onset of facilitation of forelimb muscle activity ranges from 6.7 to 9.8 ms, depending on the muscle group tested. In contrast, numerous studies have reported delays of 60-122 ms between cortical cell firing onset and either EMG or movement onset during motor tasks. To further investigate this disparity, we simulated rapid active movement by applying frequency-modulated stimulus trains to M1 cortical sites in a rhesus macaque performing a movement task. This yielded corresponding EMG modulations, the latency of which could be measured relative to the stimulus modulations. The overall mean delay from stimulus frequency modulation to EMG modulation was 11.5 ± 5.6 ms, matching closely the conduction time through the cortico-muscle pathway (12.6 ± 2.0 ms) derived from poststimulus facilitation peaks computed at the same sites. We conclude that, during active movement, the delay between modulated M1 cortical output and its impact on muscle activity approaches the physical cortico-muscle conduction time.
Water stress causes stomatal closure but does not reduce canopy evapotranspiration in almond

We investigated the degree of physiological control of transpiration at the leaf and canopy-level in commercial almond orchards in California during periods of water stress ranging from −0.8 to −2.0MPa of stem water potential. Field measurement of evapotranspiration using the residual of the energy balance method failed to detect a decrease of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) relative to standardized reference evapotranspiration for short canopies (ETo) during weekly periods of water stress. Although a decline in the ratio Ka=ETa/ETo is expected in presence of water stress as a result of stomatal regulation, a flat response to water stress was observed for both daily and average midday Ka. A substantial decrease in Ka was observed after harvest, perhaps caused by the decrease in leaf area resulting from harvest operations. Weekly cycles of irrigation caused a clear reduction in midday stem water potential, a sensitive indicator of water status in plants. At the leaf level, there was a continuous decline in stomatal conductance with declining stem water potential for both sunlit and shaded leaves. Shaded leaves had lower conductance values and a flatter slope than sunlit leaves. The results suggest that a decrease in conductance of roughly 50% is expected at the leaf level for the observed range of stem water potential. A scaling-up exercise together with a model of the energy balance indicated the expected magnitude the reduction in Ka for the observed range of stem water potential but did not account for the apparent disconnect between the leaf scale and the canopy scale. Our results underscored the complications associated with estimating plant water stress by measuring field evapotranspiration, especially when grass ETo is used as the reference. From a water management point of view, this study suggests that inducing mild to moderate water stress in almond may not produce substantial water savings.
Yield of Continuous EEG Monitoring in Post Anoxic Encephalopathy Patients: EEG Findings during and after Therapeutic Hypothermia Therapy for Comatose Cardiac Arrest (P06.262)

Objective: To evaluate EEG findings during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and to compare EEG patterns with patient outcome. Background In cardiac arrest patients, TH improves survival and neurologic outcome. Continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG) is frequently used during TH. The significance of EEG patterns, including seizures, at various stages of hypothermia and patient outcome are not firmly established. Design/Methods: cEEG comprises part of our standard TH protocol, with cooling to 33 degrees Celsius for 24 hours and re-warming over 24 hours. Clinical data, EEG findings, and outcomes were recorded. Unpaired t-test was calculated. Results: Twenty consecutive patients were reviewed. Eleven were male, average age 61.2(SD 15) years. Arrest occurred out-of-hospital in 16. Initial cardiac rhythms were ventricular fibrillation(5), asystole(5), pulseless electrical activity(8), and ventricular tachycardia(2). cEEG during hypothermia showed global attenuation (GA) in 5, burst suppression (BS) in 4, slowing in 10, PLEDs in 1, and no seizures. EEG findings after hypothermia were GA in 2, BS in 1, slowing in 12, PLEDs in 3, and seizures in 2. Mean modified Rankin scores (MRS) by cEEG pattern for hypothermia (GA 3.6; BS 5.75; slowing 2.7; PLEDs 5) and after rewarming (GA 4.5; BS 5; slowing 2.75; PLEDs 5; seizures 5.5). Mean MRS during hypothermia were 2.7(SD=2.01) for slowing and 4.6(SD=2) for the other patterns combined. Mean MRS after re-warming were 2.75(SD=2.22) for slowing and 5(SD=1.3) for the other patterns combined. Differences in MRS between slowing and other patterns were significant (hypothermia p=0.048; re-warmed p=0.013). Conclusions: The rewarming period from hypothermia may be more predisposed to seizures. Findings of GA, BS, PLEDs, or seizures on cEEG (either during hypothermia or after rewarming) suggested a poorer outcome compared to diffuse slowing. A larger study is needed to validate these findings. Disclosure: Dr. Lombardi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tsimerinov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eliashiv has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc, UCB Pharma, Lundbeck Research USA, GlaxoSmithKline, Inc.
What does the study of signed languages tell us about ‘language’?

Linguists focusing on what all languages have in common seek to identify universals, tendencies, and other patterns to construct a general model of human language, Universal Grammar (UG). The design features of this model are that it must account for linguistic universals, account for linguistic diversity, and account for language learnability. Sign languages contribute to the construction of this model by providing a new source of data, permitting the claims and assumptions of UG to be rigorously tested and modified. One result of this research has been that the notion of ‘language’ itself has been clarified, clearly separating it from speech. It has also been possible to identify the design features of ‘natural languages’ themselves, and then to explain why pedagogical signing systems are not natural languages. This paper provides an overview of these issues.
On the impacts of different definitions of maximum dimension for nonspherical particles recorded by 2D imaging probes

AbstractKnowledge of ice crystal particle size distributions (PSDs) is critical for parameterization schemes for atmospheric models and remote sensing retrieval schemes. Two-dimensional in situ images captured by cloud imaging probes are widely used to derive PSDs in term of maximum particle dimension (). In this study, different definitions of for nonspherical particles recorded by 2D probes are compared. It is shown that the derived PSDs can differ by up to a factor of 6 for μm and mm. The large differences for μm are caused by the strong dependence of sample volume on particle size, whereas differences for mm are caused by the small number of particles detected. Derived bulk properties can also vary depending on the definitions of because of discrepancies in the definition of used to characterize the PSDs and that used to describe the properties of individual ice crystals. For example, the mass-weighted mean diameter can vary by 2 times, the ice water content (IWC) by 3 times, and the mass-weighted ter...
The Manufacturing Knowledge Model for Supporting Product Design Process

In order to reduce the design faults,which is due to missing concerning to manufacture during the product design process,it discusses the knowledge for supporting the product design process.According to the tasks of the every product design stage,it analyses the demand for manufacturing knowledge,proposes the product design process model and manufacturing knowledge mechanisms model for the platform supporting product design process with IDEF0 method.This provides the methods for the product design.