cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of sine-Gordon soliton dynamics in the presence of perturbations

We have developed a computer simulation program to study the dynamical behavior of soliton solutions of the sine-Gordon equation in the presence of external perturbations. Our work extends numerical and formal mathematical analysis on the sine-Gordon system in four directions. First, we demonstrate that lossless soliton propagation on a lattice is complicated by a lattice pinning effect and the generation of "harmonic excitations" as "radiation." We define regimes according to the coefficient ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}^{2}$ of the nonlinear potential term in which propagation can (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$) or cannot (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}^{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1$) occur. Second, we study two examples of perturbation which are of particular importance in condensed matter: (i) a model impurity binds low-velocity solitons but merely space shifts those with high velocities, and (ii) spatial inhomogeneities in the coefficient of the nonlinear term ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}^{2}$ cause the soliton to adjust its velocity and shape in the regions of imperfection. We find that the results of Fogel et al., who treat these types of perturbation in a linear perturbation theory, are accurate to better than 25% as long as the small parameter does not exceed 0.1. Third we demonstrate that their conclusion that solitons can be treated as classical $\ensuremath{\phi}$ particles obeying Newton's laws is in excellent agreement with the simulation results. Finally we indicate several applications of our simulation results for the propagation of a quantum of flux along a Josephson-junction transmission line.
Planning for hospital emergency mass-casualty decontamination by the US department of veterans affairs

The 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States and subsequent concerns about terrorist attacks at other US locations led the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to determine that preparing for emergency mass-casualty events is part of the cost of operating the 163 VA hospitals across the nation. This report describes how VA assembled internal and external policy experts and developed a comprehensive hospital-wide emergency masscasualty decontamination program, entitled ‘‘Emergency Mass-Casualty Decontamination Program.’’ The program is cost-efficient, protective of hospital staff, and suitable for implementation at other US hospitals. The VA’s primary goals for creating a program are (1) to protect facilities, staff, and patients to ensure continuity of health care capabilities, and (2) to respond to emergency needs of civilian casualties overflowing from local community emergency capabilities. The VA program includes (1) formal evaluation of emergency decontamination needs at each VA hospital, (2) selection of equipment, and (3) development of an appropriate staff training program. The long-term program also addresses the sustainability, reporting requirements, oversight, and certification of the participants.
The effect of vaccinations in an immigrant model

Childhood diseases such as rubella, measles, mumps, and pertussis can pose serious threats to both children and adults. Years of diligent vaccination campaigns in the U.S. have resulted in high levels of immunity among the population, but these diseases have not yet been eradicated. It is a commonly accepted hypothesis that in large cities, the less-vaccinated immigrant population carries the diseases. We develop two compartmental models that describe the disease dynamics in New York City, specifically tracking the cases among immigrants. We derive thresholds that determine which vaccination rates result in the die-out or persistence of the disease. The analysis is applicable to any communicable disease that falls into the SIR criterion.
Studies on the Deposition of Oil Drops.

SUMMARY At low wind speeds of up to 4 m.p.h. in a horizontal tunnel, deposition of air-borne oil droplets, up to 60 μ in diameter, occurred more readily on tsetse flies at rest on obstacles representing approximately the shapes of branches and leaves than on the obstacles themselves. Under some conditions deposition occurred on all flies irrespective of resting position, although the obstacle remained completely free from deposit. At 1 m.p.h. deposition was largely by sedimentation; at higher wind speeds it was largely by impaction. The optimum drop-size range for deposition on tsetse flies at rest on the obstacles appeared to be from 10 to 30 μ. Deposition of these drops by impaction on the obstacles themselves, however, was less than that of larger drops.
Comparison of normal and tumorigenic endothelial cells: differences in thrombospondin production and responses to transforming growth factor-beta

Cultured endothelial cells constitutively synthesize significant levels of thrombospondin, an extracellular matrix-associated protein with reported anti-anti-angiogenic properties. However, two murine endothelial cell lines, bEND.3 and Py-4-1, which have been immortalized with polyoma T oncogenes and which generate vascular malformations in vivo, produce little or no thrombospondin though bEND.3 (but not Py-4-1) growth is inhibited by the addition of exogenous thrombospondin. In addition, Py-4-1 cells are not growth-inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta, a potent endothelial inhibitor. These results indicate that these two cell lines may be useful tools in understanding the role and mechanism of action of thrombospondin and transforming growth factor-beta in endothelial cell biology. A role for thrombospondin in vascular development is further suggested by the observation of significant differences in the levels of thrombospondin mRNA and protein between capillary and aortic endothelial cells. Transforming growth factor-beta-1 treatment of normal endothelial cells increases steady-state levels of thrombospondin mRNA and protein and results in extensive deposition of thrombospondin into the extracellular matrix. In contrast, transforming growth factor-beta-1 has little effect on thrombospondin levels in the tumorigenic endothelial cell lines. In view of our earlier finding that contact between endothelial cells and mural cells generates activated transforming growth factor-beta-1, and the fact that thrombospondin is present in a fibrillar network around vascular structures in vitro, we speculate that modulation of thrombospondin production and distribution by transforming growth factor-beta may be a physiological process to enjoin stabilization of vessels and cessation of vessel growth.
Comparison of transparent back contacts for CdTe top cells in tandem thin-film photovoltaic devices

Two-junction tandem thin-film photovoltaic cells are composed of a wide-bandgap top cell overlying a narrower-bandgap bottom cell. CdTe, with a bandgap of 1.5 eV, can function effectively as a top cell when paired with a bottom cell of appropriate bandgap. Effective two-junction cells require a back contact to the top cell that is transparent to the sub-bandgap radiation absorbed by the bottom cell. In this study, we fabricate CdTe top cells with transparent back contacts. We form the ohmic contact to CdTe by using semi-transparent Cu-doped ZnTe as the back-contact interface layer. We compare Al-doped ZnO, indium tin oxide, and single-wall carbon nanotube networks for use as the final transparent conductor. These transparent cells demonstrate device efficiencies comparable to those of control devices using the standard Ti metallization.
A novel curvilinear approach for prostate seed implantation

Purpose: A new technique called ''curvilinear approach'' for prostate seed implantation has been proposed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dosimetric benefit of curvilinear distribution of seeds for low-dose-rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy. Methods: Twenty LDR prostate brachytherapy cases planned intraoperatively with VariSeed planning system and I-125 seeds were randomly selected as reference rectilinear cases. All the cases were replanned by using curved-needle approach keeping the same individual source strength and the volume receiving 100% of prescribed dose 145 Gy (V{sub 100}). Parameters such as number of needles, seeds, and the dose coverage of the prostate (D{sub 90}, V{sub 150}, V{sub 200}), urethra (D{sub 30}, D{sub 10}) and rectum (D{sub 5}, V{sub 100}) were compared for the rectilinear and the curvilinear methods. Statistical significance was assessed using two-tailed student's t-test. Results: Reduction of the required number of needles and seeds in curvilinear method were 30.5% (p < 0.001) and 11.8% (p < 0.49), respectively. Dose to the urethra was reduced significantly; D{sub 30} reduced by 10.1% (p < 0.01) and D{sub 10} reduced by 9.9% (p < 0.02). Reduction in rectum dose D{sub 5} was 18.5% (p < 0.03) and V{sub 100} was also reduced from 0.93 ccmore » in rectilinear to 0.21 cc in curvilinear (p < 0.001). Also the V{sub 150} and V{sub 200} coverage of prostate reduced by 18.8% (p < 0.01) and 33.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Significant improvement in the relevant dosimetric parameters was observed in curvilinear needle approach. Prostate dose homogeneity (V{sub 150}, V{sub 200}) improved while urethral dose was reduced, which might potentially result in better treatment outcome. Reduction in rectal dose could potentially reduce rectal toxicity and complications. Reduction in number of needles would minimize edema and thereby could improve postimplant urinary incontinence. This study indicates that the curvilinear implantation approach is dosimetrically superior to conventional rectilinear implantation technique.« less
Effects of shell morphology on mechanics of zebra and quagga mussel locomotion

Although zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) initially colonized shallow habitats within the North American Great Lakes, quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) are becoming dominant in both shallow- and deep-water habitats. Shell morphology differs among zebra, shallow quagga and deep quagga mussels but functional consequences of such differences are unknown. We examined effects of shell morphology on locomotion for the three morphotypes on hard (typical of shallow habitats) and soft (characteristic of deep habitats) sedimentary substrates. We quantified morphology using the polar moment of inertia, a parameter used in calculating kinetic energy that describes shell area distribution and resistance to rotation. We quantified mussel locomotion by determining the ratio of rotational (K(rot)) to translational kinetic energy (K(trans)). On hard substrate, K(rot):K(trans) of deep quagga mussels was fourfold greater than for the other morphotypes, indicating greater energy expenditure in rotation relative to translation. On soft substrate, K(rot):K(trans) of deep quagga mussels was approximately one-third of that on hard substrate, indicating lower energy expenditure in rotation on soft substrate. Overall, our study demonstrates that shell morphology correlates with differences in locomotion (i.e. K(rot):K(trans)) among morphotypes. Although deep quagga mussels were similar to zebra and shallow quagga mussels in terms of energy expenditure on sedimentary substrate, their morphology was energetically maladaptive for linear movement on hard substrate. As quagga mussels can possess two distinct morphotypes (i.e. shallow and deep morphs), they might more effectively utilize a broader range of substrates than zebra mussels, potentially enhancing their ability to colonize a wider range of habitats.
The Effects of Practice on the Concurrent Performance of a Speech and Postural Task in Persons with Parkinson Disease and Healthy Controls

Purpose. Persons with Parkinson disease (PD) demonstrate deficits in motor learning as well as bidirectional interference (the performance of one task concurrently interferes with the performance of another task) during dual-task performance. Few studies have examined the practice dosages necessary for behavioral change in rehabilitation relevant tasks. Therefore, to compare the effects of age and PD on motor learning during dual-task performance, this pilot study examined persons with PD as well as neurologically healthy participants during concurrent performance of postural and speaking tasks. Methods. Seven persons with PD and 7 healthy age-matched and 10 healthy young control subjects were tested in a motion capture facility. Task performances were performed concurrently and recorded during 3 time periods (acquisition (beginning and ending), 48-hour retention, and 1-week retention). Postural control and speech articulatory acoustic variables were measured. Results. Healthy young participants consistently performed better than other groups on all measured postural and speech variables. Healthy young participants showed decreased variability at retention, while persons with PD and healthy age-matched controls were unable to consistently improve their performance as a result of practice. No changes were noted in the speech variables. Conclusion. The lack of consistent changes in motor performance in any of the tasks, except in the healthy young group, suggests a decreased efficiency of motor learning in the age-matched and PD groups and argues for increased practice dosages during balance training.
Quantification of Parametric Uncertainty via an Interval Model

The quantification of model uncertainty becomes increasingly important as robust control is an important tool for control system design and analysis. This paper presents an algorithm to characterize the model uncertainty in terms of parametric and nonparametric uncertainties directly from inputloutput data. We focus on the quantification of parametric uncertainty, which is represented as an interval system of the transfer function. Using this family of transfer functions (interval system), we give complete analysis of the system. A numerical example is used to demonstrate and verify the developed algorithm. The example illustrates the application of recently developed interval system techniques to the identified interval models.
Inhibition of hydrogen sulfide restores normal breathing stability and improves autonomic control during experimental heart failure

Cardiovascular autonomic imbalance and breathing instability are major contributors to the progression of heart failure (CHF). Potentiation of the carotid body (CB) chemoreflex has been shown to contribute to these effects. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) recently has been proposed to mediate CB hypoxic chemoreception. We hypothesized that H2S synthesis inhibition should decrease CB chemoreflex activation and improve breathing stability and autonomic function in CHF rats. Using the irreversible inhibitor of cystathione γ-lyase dl-propargylglycine (PAG), we tested the effects of H2S inhibition on resting breathing patterns, the hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses, and the hypoxic sensitivity of CB chemoreceptor afferents in rats with CHF. In addition, heart rate variability (HRV) and systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) were calculated as an index of autonomic function. CHF rats, compared with sham rats, exhibited increased breath interval variability and number of apneas, enhanced CB afferent discharge and ventilatory responses to hypoxia, decreased HRV, and increased low-frequency SBPV. Remarkably, PAG treatment reduced the apnea index by 90%, reduced breath interval variability by 40–60%, and reversed the enhanced hypoxic CB afferent and chemoreflex responses observed in CHF rats. Furthermore, PAG treatment partially reversed the alterations in HRV and SBPV in CHF rats. Our results show that PAG treatment restores breathing stability and cardiac autonomic function and reduces the enhanced ventilatory and CB chemosensory responses to hypoxia in CHF rats. These results support the idea that PAG treatment could potentially represent a novel pathway to control sympathetic outflow and breathing instability in CHF.
Role of promoter hypermethylation in Cisplatin treatment response of male germ cell tumors

Background Male germ cell tumor (GCT) is a highly curable malignancy, which exhibits exquisite sensitivity to cisplatin treatment. The genetic pathway(s) that determine the chemotherapy sensitivity in GCT remain largely unknown.
An Automated Optimal Engagement and Attention Detection System Using Electrocardiogram

This research proposes to develop a monitoring system which uses Electrocardiograph (ECG) as a fundamental physiological signal, to analyze and predict the presence or lack of cognitive attention in individuals during a task execution. The primary focus of this study is to identify the correlation between fluctuating level of attention and its implications on the cardiac rhythm recorded in the ECG. Furthermore, Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals are also analyzed and classified for use as a benchmark for comparison with ECG analysis. Several advanced signal processing techniques have been implemented and investigated to derive multiple clandestine and informative features from both these physiological signals. Decomposition and feature extraction are done using Stockwell-transform for the ECG signal, while Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is used for EEG. These features are then applied to various machine-learning algorithms to produce classification models that are capable of differentiating between the cases of a person being attentive and a person not being attentive. The presented results show that detection and classification of cognitive attention using ECG are fairly comparable to EEG.
Group A Streptococcal Infections

• GAS is a common cause of upper respiratory tract and skin infections.• Based on strong research evidence, (1) throat culture is the gold standard for diagnosing GAS pharyngitis.• Based on strong research evidence, (1) oral penicillin V K is the antibiotic treatment of choice for GAS pharyngitis because of its efficacy, safety, and narrow spectrum.• Based on strong research evidence, (2) primary prevention of complications of GAS such as ARF involves prompt diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of GAS pharyngitis.• GAS nonsuppurative and suppurative complications may occur and are mediated by interactions between GAS antigens or exotoxins and the patient’s immunesystem.
Isotopically engineered semiconductors: from the bulk to nanostructures

Research performed with semiconductors with controlled isotopic composition is evolving from the measurement of fundamental properties in the bulk to those measured in superlattices and nanostructures. This is driven in part by interests associated with the fields of 'spintronics' and quantum computing. In this topical review, which is dedicated to Prof. Abstreiter, we introduce the subject by reviewing classic and recent measurements of phonon frequencies, thermal conductivity, bandgap renormalizations, and spin coherence lifetimes in isotopically controlled bulk group IV semiconductors. Next, we review phonon properties measured in isotope heterostructures, including pioneering work made possible by superlattices grown by the group of Prof. Abstreiter. We close the review with an outlook on the exciting future possibilities offered through isotope control in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions that will be possible due to advances in nanoscience.
A New Species ofSchaereria(Lichenized Fungi) from the Falkland Islands

Abstract The new species, Schaereria porpidioides, is described from collections made by H. A. Imshaug & R. C. Harris from the Falkland Islands in 1968. The systematic position of Schaereria, with respect to its relationship to Trapelia, is discussed.
Structural and Kinematic Analysis of Eastern Ovda Regio, Venus: Implications for Crustal Plateau Formation

Crustal plateaus on Venus constitute one of that planet’s most intriguing tectonic features. They host so-called “tessera” terrain, or deformed crust exhibiting two or more sets of intersecting tectonic lineaments, which comprises»8% of Venus’ surface. Major questions surrounding crustal plateaus and tessera terrain include: (1) What is the nature of crustal plateau deformation? What structures are present, and what are their spatial and temporal relations? (2) What is the global distribution of tessera terrain? Does it form a global layer under the regional plains, cropping out in crustal plateaus, or is it confined to crustal plateaus? and (3) What are the implications of (1) and (2) for understanding the processes responsible for formation and deformation of crustal plateaus? Structural and kinematic analyses reveal that deformation at Ovda Regio, Venus largest crustal plateau, is characterized by linear shallow steep-sided troughs (ribbons), long arcuate long-wavelength folds, short mid-wavelength folds, and wide complex graben. Temporal relations between structures lead to a three-phase regional strain history consisting of (1) layer-normal flattening of a thin competent membrane resulting in radially oriented, distributed extension (ribbon formation); (2) modest contraction of a thicker layer (concentric folding at plateau margins, interference folding in the plateau interior); and (3) limited extension localized at fold crests (graben formation). Wavelength analysis of ribbons and folds places limits on the thickness of the competent layer during each stage of deformation and reflects an early shallow brittle‐ductile transition (BDT) that deepened with time. Ovda’s deformation, topography, and gravity are all spatially correlated, strongly suggesting a genetic relationship between surface deformation and processes causing crustal thickening and plateau uplift. Thus tessera terrain at Ovda Regio is likely confined to the topographically high plateau and does not extend beneath the surrounding regional plains. Similar patterns persist at other crustal plateaus, indicating that tessera terrain is in general confined to crustal plateaus and does not form a globally continuous layer. Ovda’s structures, their spatial and temporal relations, the resulting strain history, and the behavior of the BDT through time support a model of mantle plume upwelling in a thin lithospheric regime for crustal plateau formation and contradict previous downwelling models. Similarities between structural and kinematic trends at Ovda Regio and other crustal plateaus lend support to this idea. c ∞ 1999 Academic Press
Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Headwater Seepages Inhabited by the Endangered Bunched Arrowhead (Sagittaria fasciculata) in the Upper Piedmont of South Carolina

Abstract Sagittaria fasciculata (Bunched Arrowhead) is an endangered plant known to grow only in Greenville County, SC, and Henderson and Buncombe counties, NC. This study compared the hydrogeochemical characteristics (hydrologic setting, water chemistry, substrate grain size, and organic matter content) of fourteen Bunched Arrowhead sites across Greenville County. All Bunched Arrowhead were found in partially to fully shaded and saturated discharge areas in close proximity to and fed by continuous and consistent groundwater seeps. The plants grew in sandy substrata with highly variable organic matter contents. Surface waters at these sites were shallow, dilute, and acidic (pH 4.5–5.7). However, the degree to which water chemistry influences the plant's growth and survival remains to be determined.
Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β and Type IV Collagen in Early Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

The earliest manifestations of type I diabetic nephropathy include mesangial matrix expansion, basement membrane thickening, and renal hypertrophy. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, a potent inducer of matrix protein synthesis, is a prime candidate to mediate the glomerular changes observed in diabetes. However, the temporal expression of TGF-beta and matrix proteins during the early stage of diabetic nephropathy has not been clearly defined. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we determined the expression of TGF-beta and type IV collagen mRNAs and proteins in glomeruli and interstitium of diabetic rats 3, 7, and 14 days after streptozotocin (STZ) administration. There was a marked increase in the expression of TGF-beta and alpha1(IV) procollagen mRNAs in glomerular and tubulointerstitial cells as early as 3 days after induction of diabetes, an effect that persisted for 14 days. A concomitant increase in TGF-beta and type IV collagen proteins was also observed at each time point. Insulin treatment substantially inhibited the increased expression of TGF-beta and collagen type IV mRNAs and proteins. We conclude that TGF-beta is increased in glomeruli during the early phase of rapid renal growth in diabetes. These findings suggest that TGF-beta may be a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of basement membrane thickening and extracellular matrix accumulation. Inhibition of TGF-beta and type IV collagen expression by insulin treatment suggests that they may be useful structural markers for determining the efficacy of therapeutic intervention during early diabetic nephropathy.
On-Campus and Online Virtual Laboratory Experiments with LabVIEW

Virtual laboratory experiments for electronics course in undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum have been developed using data acquisition board (DAQ) and National Instruments LabVIEWtrade software package. These applications are suitable for Internet delivery where students can conduct the experiments online. The undergraduate laboratories have been poorly equipped due to rising cost of laboratory instruments. This trend has created a strong market for software based (virtual) laboratory instruments. LabVIEW provides a low-cost solution for laboratory instrumentation compared to its traditional counterpart since appropriate software, operating through a plug-in DAQ board, are readily available at a very low cost. Since LabVIEW is software based, it can model standard laboratory instruments while providing more flexibility. These applications will be used to teach laboratory experiments in our basic electronics course either in-class and/ or remotely. Computer based learning has become an important part of education. The Internet further contributed greatly to long distance learning and remote laboratories. The lab is still under construction and some basic electronic experiments are briefly presented here
Daily intermittent hypoxia enhances walking after chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized trial.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that daily acute intermittent hypoxia (dAIH) and dAIH combined with overground walking improve walking speed and endurance in persons with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). Methods: Nineteen subjects completed the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants received 15, 90-second hypoxic exposures (dAIH, fraction of inspired oxygen [Fio 2 ] = 0.09) or daily normoxia (dSHAM, Fio 2 = 0.21) at 60-second normoxic intervals on 5 consecutive days; dAIH was given alone or combined with 30 minutes of overground walking 1 hour later. Walking speed and endurance were quantified using 10-Meter and 6-Minute Walk Tests. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01272349). Results: dAIH improved walking speed and endurance. Ten-Meter Walk time improved with dAIH vs dSHAM after 1 day (mean difference [MD] 3.8 seconds, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–6.5 seconds, p = 0.006) and 2 weeks (MD 3.8 seconds, 95% CI 0.9–6.7 seconds, p = 0.010). Six-Minute Walk distance increased with combined dAIH + walking vs dSHAM + walking after 5 days (MD 94.4 m, 95% CI 17.5–171.3 m, p = 0.017) and 1-week follow-up (MD 97.0 m, 95% CI 20.1–173.9 m, p = 0.014). dAIH + walking increased walking distance more than dAIH after 1 day (MD 67.7 m, 95% CI 1.3–134.1 m, p = 0.046), 5 days (MD 107.0 m, 95% CI 40.6–173.4 m, p = 0.002), and 1-week follow-up (MD 136.0 m, 95% CI 65.3–206.6 m, p Conclusions: dAIH ± walking improved walking speed and distance in persons with chronic iSCI. The impact of dAIH is enhanced by combination with walking, demonstrating that combinatorial therapies may promote greater functional benefits in persons with iSCI. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class I evidence that transient hypoxia (through measured breathing treatments), along with overground walking training, improves walking speed and endurance after iSCI.
Using an Existential Psychotherapy Framework to Assist Students in Mindful Internet Use

ABSTRACTThe use of the mobile Internet continues to play an increasing role in all of our lives and particularly in the lives of college and university students. Questions have been raised about the impact of the Internet on adolescents’ and college students’ fulfillment of traditional developmental tasks and more broadly their mental health. The present article posits potentially negative values associated with Internet use and shows how existential psychotherapy promotes corrective values that can help students navigate their Internet use. The existential psychotherapy framework brings mindfulness and conscious choice into students’ decision-making process. This approach intentionally focuses on universal aspects of being human such as dealing with death, making decisions, confronting isolation, and creating meaning. The article will conclude with a case vignette on applying an existential psychotherapy framework to working with a college student.
Learning semantic structures from in-domain documents

Semantic analysis is a core area of natural language understanding that has typically focused on predicting domain-independent representations. However, such representations are unable to fully realize the rich diversity of technical content prevalent in a variety of specialized domains. Taking the standard supervised approach to domain-specific semantic analysis requires expensive annotation effort for each new domain of interest. In this thesis, we study how multiple granularities of semantic analysis can be learned from unlabeled documents within the same domain. By exploiting in-domain regularities in the expression of text at various layers of linguistic phenomena, including lexicography, syntax, and discourse, the statistical approaches we propose induce multiple kinds of structure: relations at the phrase and sentence level, content models at the paragraph and section level, and semantic properties at the document level. Each of our models is formulated in a hierarchical Bayesian framework with the target structure captured as latent variables, allowing them to seamlessly incorporate linguistically-motivated prior and posterior constraints, as well as multiple kinds of observations. Our empirical results demonstrate that the proposed approaches can successfully extract hidden semantic structure over a variety of domains, outperforming multiple competitive baselines. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
A Theory of Differential Games

The differential games that we shall consider can be formulated intuitively as follows. The state of the game at time t is given by a vector x(t) in R n and is determined by a system of differential equations $$ {{dx} \over {dt}} = f\left( {t,x,u(t),v(t)} \right)\,x({t_0}) = {x_0}, $$ (1.1) where u(t) is chosen by Player I at each time t and v(t) is chosen by Player II at each time t. The choices are constrained by the conditions u(t) ∊ Y and v(t)∊ Z, where Y and Z are preassigned sets in euclidean spaces. The choice of u(t) is governed by a set of rules or “strategy” U selected by Player I prior to the start of play and the choice of v(t) is governed by a “strategy” V selected by Player II prior to the start of play. Play proceeds from the initial point (t0,x0) until the point (t, ϕ(t)), where ϕ is the solution of (1.1), reaches some preassigned terminal set T. The point at which (t, ϕ(t))reaches T is called the terminal point and is denoted by (t f ,ϕ(t f )),or (t f ‚x f ). The payoff is $$ P({t_0},{x_0};U,V) = g({t_f},{x_f}) + \int_{{t_o}}^{{t_f}} {{f^o}(s,\phi (s),u(s),v(s))ds,} $$ (1.2) where g and f 0 are preassigned functions. Player I wishes to choose U so as to maximize P while Player II wishes to choose V so as to minimize P.
Sprint training normalizes Ca2+ transients and SR function in postinfarction rat myocytes

Previous studies have shown that myocytes isolated from sedentary (Sed) rat hearts 3 wk after myocardial infarction (MI) undergo hypertrophy, exhibit altered intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+...
Transparency and Fiscal Responsibility: Traditional Critics vs. Participatory Budgeting

In the recessionary years following the 2008 financial crisis, prominent voices predicted an imminent crisis in state and municipal finances. The voices – including those of Bill Gates; Josh Ruah; Meredith Whitney; Paul Volcker; and Richard Ravitch – implied that the road to fiscal responsibility lies in reining in the pensions and benefits of public servants. We argue that by painting public employees as the villains, these voices are inserting divisiveness in what should be a universal goal of sound public finances. Instead, we suggest that the road to fiscal responsibility lies with budgetary transparency and widespread public knowledge of state and municipal finances. A key to achieving these objectives is the movement towards participatory budgeting.
Structure and Microstructure of Al2Ti Intermetallic Alloy

Alloys based on intermetallic compounds in the Ti-Al binary system have been extensively investigated as candidate light weight structural materials for elevated temperature applications. However, one compound in this system, Al2Ti, has been virtually ignored. Al2Ti, like Al3Ti, is expected to possess lower density and better oxidation resistance compared to Ti3Al and TiAl based alloys. Since the structure and stability of Al2Ti are poorly understood, this work was undertaken to determine the compound’s equilibrium crystal structure and the microstructures in the as-cast, melt-spun, and annealed conditions. Powder X-ray diffraction shows that annealed melt-spun Al2Ti has the tetragonal Ga2Hf crystal structure containing 24 atoms per unit cell with a = 3.9705 A, c = 24.322 A and a calculated density of 3.530 g/cm3. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to investigate the material’s microstructures. Cast Al2Ti has a small volume fraction of TiAl second phase particles. Rapidly solidified and annealed Al2Ti is single phase. Powder processing (melt spinning and hot isostatic pressing) Al2Ti yields material with a finer microstructure, a higher hardness, and increased resistance to room temperature cracking than as-cast material. Additionally, microhardness results indicate that Al2Ti has an increased resistance to cracking at room temperature than identically processed Al3Ti with a similar hardness.
An agricultural drought severity index using quasi-climatological anomalies of remotely sensed data

Obtaining an agricultural drought index using solely remotely sensed products has numerous benefits over their in situ counterparts such as if a country does not have the resources to implement an in situ ground network. One such index, created by Rhee et al. 2010, uses a combination of precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TRMM, with land-surface temperature LST data and vegetation indices VIs using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS to assess drought conditions. With TRMM data becoming no longer available as of mid-2015, this study sought to test precipitation data from the Climate Prediction Center CPC Morphing CMORPH Technique over the study period of January 2003–September 2014, in order to take the place of the TRMM data set in a drought severity index DSI. This study also attempted to refine the methodology using the quasi-climatological anomalies short-term climatological anomalies of each parameter within the DSI. We validated the results of the DSI against in situ percentage available water PAW data from a soil water balance SWB model over the country of Uruguay. The results of the DSI correlated well with the PAW over the warmer months October–March of the year with average r-values ranging from 0.74 to 0.81, but underperformed during the colder months April–September with average r-values ranging from 0.38 to 0.50. This underperformance is due to the fact that precipitation during this season continues to have high variability, whereas PAW stays relatively constant. Spatially the DSI correlates well over the majority of the country with the possible exception of underperformance near the coastal area in the southeastern portion of the country. Ultimately, this research has the ability to aid Uruguay in better drought monitoring and mitigation practices as well as emergency aid resource allocation.
ISOLATION OF HUMAN PLASMA PROTHROMBIN OF HIGH SPECIFIC ACTIVITY BY GEL FILTRATION.

SummaryHuman plasma prothrombin has been subjected to gel filtration analysis and products having a specific activity at least twice that of bovine prothrombin have been obtained. Thus far, columns of Sephadex G-200 equilibrated with phosphate buffer pH 6.0, μ = 0.15, at flow rates of about 4 ml/hr have achieved the best results. It is concluded that gel filtration offers an extremely useful tool for assessing the degree of heterogeneity of these or similar products.
Inter- and Intrasubject Variation of Digoxin Renal Clearance in Normal Adult Males

Three methods of estimating inter- and intrasubject variances and coefficients of variation of digoxin renal clearance are discussed and illustrated. All three methods gave essentially the same values for intrasubject variation; two of the methods (II and III), based on two-factor and one-factor analyses of variance, respectively, gave the same estimates of intersubject variation. The preferred method I involves directly calculating variances from the rows and columns of the tabular data, where the rows are repetitive treatments in the same subject and the mean variance represents intrasubject variance; a column represents different subjects' results on a given treatment and the mean of the column variances represents intersubject variance. Problems in attempting to use components of variance are discussed. Intrasubject coefficients of variation of digoxin renal clearance averaged 23.8 percent by method I and ranged from 15.2 to 28.6 percent. Intersubject coefficients of variation averaged 30.5 percent wi...
Distinguishing normal and glucocorticoid-induced maturation of intestine using bromodeoxyuridine

Exogenous glucocorticoids administered during the first two postnatal weeks are capable of eliciting precocious maturation of the rat intestine. However, it is not known whether this represents an alternative developmental pathway or is essentially an advancement of normal ontogeny. The goal of the present study was to address this question using the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), which is known to selectively inhibit differentiation in a number of tissues. Intestinal development was assessed by following changes in sucrase, trehalase, glucoamylase, and lactase activities. The first experiment assessed whether BrdU has any influence on the cellular differentiation that occurs continuously along the crypt-villus axis. After administration of BrdU to suckling and mature animals, there was no effect on lactase and sucrase activities, respectively. Thus BrdU does not inhibit crypt-villus differentiation in either the suckling or mature jejunum. In the second experiment, dexamethasone was used to induce precocious maturation in the rat jejunum on day 10. BrdU treatment significantly inhibited glucocorticoid-induced elevation of sucrase, trehalase, and glucoamylase but had no effect on the lactase activity. In contrast, treatment with BrdU during normal development significantly accelerated the ontogenic rise of sucrase and trehalase as well as the ontogenic decline of lactase. The acceleration of development was also seen in adrenalectomized rats, indicating that it is the glucocorticoid-independent component of normal intestinal ontogeny that is activated by BrdU. The opposite effect of BrdU on glucocorticoid-induced precocious maturation suggests that such maturation involves different molecular mediators than normal ontogeny.
Selective Detection of RGD-Integrin Binding in Cancer Cells Using Tip Enhanced Raman Scattering Microscopy.

Ligand–receptor interactions play important roles in many biological processes. Cyclic arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) containing peptides are known to mimic the binding domain of extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and selectively bind to a subset of integrin receptors. Here we report the tip enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) detection of RGD-functionalized nanoparticles bound to integrins produces a Raman scattering signal specific to the bound protein. These results demonstrate that this method can detect and differentiate between two different integrins (α5β1 and αvβ3) bound to RGD-conjugated gold nanoparticles both on surfaces and in a cancer cell membrane. In situ measurements of RGD nanoparticles bound to purified α5β1 and αvβ3 receptors attached to a glass surface provide reference spectra for a multivariate regression model. The TERS spectra observed from nanoparticles bound to cell membranes are analyzed using this regression model and the identity of the receptor can be determined. The...
'EEOC v. Abercrombie' and Title VII's Broad Definition of Religion

This paper looks at how the 10th Circuit turned Title VII's broad definition of religion on its head — and used that broad definition as a justification for denying an employee's claim of religious discrimination. The ideas in this article are further developed in the following article, Debbie Kaminer, Religious Accommodation in the Workplace: Why Federal Courts Fail to Provide Meaningful Protection of Religious Employees, 20 Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. 107 (2015).
Health Outcomes in Relation to Physical Activity Status, Overweight/Obesity, and History of Overweight/Obesity: A Review of the WATCH Paradigm

Previous research has shown that physical activity may mitigate the association between overweight/obesity and a number of negative health outcomes; however, less is known on how the duration of overweight/obesity alters this association. Therefore, the purpose of this leading article was to synthesize recent studies from our research group examining how physical activity, overweight/obesity classification, and importantly, overweight/obesity duration impact the association with a variety of different health outcomes. Five studies were analyzed, each of which used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to analyze six mutually exclusive groups and their respective association with cardiovascular disease risk, all-cause mortality, multi-morbidity, health-related quality of life, and mild depressive symptoms. These studies detailed that physical inactivity, overweight/obesity classification, and overweight/obesity duration were each independently associated with cardiovascular disease risk and multi-morbidity. Additionally, physical activity reduced the risk of all-cause mortality across all weight classifications/durations, and also reduced the association with depressive symptoms and poor health-related quality of life among those overweight/obese for longer durations. These results illustrate that, while physical activity may reduce the association with negative health outcomes, overweight/obesity appears to increase this association independent of physical activity level, with this further exacerbated by the duration of overweight/obesity. Therefore, the emerging studies examining the importance of physical activity among overweight/obese individuals should also consider the duration of overweight/obesity as this will likely alter the associations present.
Dye-sensitized solar cells using Aloe Vera and Cladode of Cactus extracts as natural sensitizers

Abstract The purpose of this study is to develop dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) from natural plant-based dyes, extracted from the Cladode ( nopal ) of the Thornless Prickly Pear Cactus ( Opuntia ficus - indica ), the gel of Aloe Vera ( Aloe barbadensis miller ), and the combination of Cladode and Aloe Vera extracts on side-by-side configuration. Optical properties were analyzed using UV–Vis Absorption and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Open circuit voltages ( V oc ) varied from 0.440 to 0.676 V, fill factors ( FF ) were greater than 40%, short-circuit photocurrent densities ( J sc ) ranged from 0.112 to 0.290 mA/cm 2 and highest conversion efficiency of 0.740% was reported for the Cladode DSSC.
Prostate-derived Ets factor, an oncogenic driver in breast cancer

Prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF), a member of the Ets family of transcription factors, differs from other family members in its restricted expression in normal tissues and its unique DNA-binding motif. These interesting attributes coupled with its aberrant expression in cancer have rendered PDEF a focus of increasing interest by tumor biologists. This review provides a current understanding of the characteristics of PDEF expression and its role in breast cancer. The bulk of the evidence is consistent with PDEF overexpression in most breast tumors and an oncogenic role for this transcription factor in breast cancer. In addition, high PDEF expression in estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors showed significant correlation with poor overall survival in several independent cohorts of breast cancer patients. Together, these findings demonstrate PDEF to be an oncogenic driver of breast cancer and a biomarker of poor prognosis in this cancer. Based on this understanding and the limited expression of PDEF in normal human tissues, the development of PDEF-based therapeutics for prevention and treatment of breast cancer is also discussed.
Neural specialization of phonological and semantic processing in young children.

This study aimed to examine early specialization of brain regions for phonological and semantic processing of spoken language in young children. Thirty-five typically developing children from 5- to 6-years of age performed auditory phonological (same sound judgment) and semantic (related meaning judgment) word-level tasks. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we examined specialization within the language network, by conducting three levels of analysis. First, we directly compared activation between tasks and found a greater sound judgment as compared to meaning judgment activation in left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and supramarginal gyrus. In contrast, greater meaning judgment as compared to sound judgment task activation was found in left middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Second, we examined the brain-behavior correlations and found that phonological skill was correlated with the task difference in activation in left superior temporal sulcus, whereas semantic skill was correlated with the task difference in activation in left MTG. Third, we compared between two experimental conditions within each task and found a parametric effect in left STG for the sound judgment task, and a parametric effect in left MTG for the meaning judgment task. The results of this study indicate that, by the age of 5-6 years, typically developing children already show some specialization of temporo-parietal brain regions for phonological and semantic processes. However, there were no task differences in the left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting that the frontal cortex may not yet be specialized in this age range, which is consistent with the delayed maturation of the frontal cortex.