cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatiles in pillow rim glasses from Loihi and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii

Abstract Volatiles and major elements in submarine glasses from Loihi seamount and Kilauea volcano. Hawaii were analyzed by high temperature mass spectrometry and the electron microprobe. Loihi glasses are subdivided into three groups: tholeiitic, transitional and alkali basalts. The glasses are evolved: Mg numbers range from 48–58. The alkalic lavas are the most evolved. Total volatiles range from 0.73 to 1.40 wt.%. H 2 O shows a positive linear correlation with K 2 O content [ H 2 O = 0.83 (± .09) K 2 O + 0.08 (± .06)]. Concentrations of H 2 O are higher in the alkalic lavas, but Cl and F abundances are highly variable. Variations in ratios of incompatible elements (K 2 O, P 2 O 5 , H 2 O) indicate that each group was derived from a distinct source. CO 2 contents range from 0.05 to 0.19 wt.% but show no systematic correlation with rock type or Mg #. A well-defined decrease in glass CO 2 content with increasing vesicularity is shown by the alkalic lavas. CO 2 may have been outgassed from the tholeiitic and transitional magmas prior to eruption during storage in a shallow magma chamber. Reduced carbon species (CO and CH 4 ) were found in small amounts in most of the alkalic samples. Although the redox histories of Hawaiian lavas are poorly known, these new data indicate the presence of a reduced source for Loihi magmas. The Kilauea tholeiitic glasses are evolved (Mg # 48.3 to 55) and have higher H 2 O contents (av. 0.54 wt.%) than Loihi tholeiites (av. 0.42 wt.%) at the same Mg # (~55). Cl is distinctly lower in Kilauea glasses (0.01 wt.%) compared to Loihi glasses (0.09 wt.%). The data indicate significant source differences for the two volcanoes, consistent with results of other geochemical studies. Loihi tholeiites have distinctly higher 3 He/ 4 He ratios than Kilauea tholeiites and are the highest measured in submarine basalts (KURZ et al. , 1983). These high ratios have been used to invoke a primitive source for Loihi basalts. The high Cl content of these basalts, the highest we have ever measured in submarine basalts, may be a fingerprint of this primitive source, as previously noted for Icelandic basalts ( Schilling et al. 1980).
Image distortion and spatial resolution of a commercially available cone-beam computed tomography machine

Introduction: Our objective was to evaluate images produced by a commercially available cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) machine (i-CAT model 9140-0035-000C, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa) for measurement and spatial resolution (ie, the ability to separate 2 objects in close proximity in the image) for all settings and in all dimensions. Methods: A custom phantom containing 0.3 mm diameter chromium metal markers approximately 5 mm apart in 3 planes of space was developed for analyzing distortion and measurement accuracy. This phantom was scanned in the CBCT machine by using all 12 commercially available settings. The distance between the markers was measured 3 times on the 3-dimensional images by using a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) viewer and was also measured 3 times directly on the phantom with a fine-tipped digital caliper. A line-pair phantom was used to evaluate spatial resolution. Thirty evaluators analyzed images and assigned a resolution from 0.2 to 1.6 mm according to the separation of the line pairs. Results: There were no statistically significant differences among the 3-dimensional images for any setting, in any dimension, or in images divided by thirds in terms of measurement accuracy. Comparison of the CBCT measurements to the direct digital caliper measurements showed a statistically significant difference (P <0.01). However, the absolute difference was <0.1 mm and is probably not clinically significant for most applications. The worst spatial resolution found was 0.86 mm. Spatial resolution was lower at faster scan times and larger voxel sizes. Conclusions: This CBCT machine has clinically accurate measurements and acceptable resolution.
Character strengths in 75 nations: An update

This study represents an extension of Park, Peterson, and Seligman, who found substantial convergence across 54 nations and all 50 US states in the self-report of character strengths. Though their overall sample was substantial, some countries were represented by as few as 20 cases. The present study updates their work, using a sample of 1,063,921 adults who completed the Values in Action Inventory-Inventory of Strengths online between 2002 and 2012. The results for 75 nations each represented by at least 150 respondents suggest substantial cross-cultural similarity in endorsement of the strengths. The most highly endorsed character strengths were Honesty, Fairness, Kindness, Judgment, and Curiosity, while the least endorsed were Self-Regulation, Modesty, Prudence, and Spirituality. Though the participants probably represent a biased sample for many of the countries examined in the study, these results suggest grounds exist for cross-cultural dialog on how to advance the development of good character.
Nonequilibrium phonon effect on time-dependent relaxation of hot electrons in semiconductor heterojunctions.

We have studied the effect of a nonequilibrium population of optical phonons on the energy relaxation of two-dimensional (2D) hot electrons in a semiconductor quantum well. A time-dependent analysis of the coupled electron--LO-phonon system is presented. The 2D electrons are described by a temperature ${T}_{e}$(t). The dynamics of the nonequilibrium lattice excitations is governed by a kinetic equation for ``phonon wave packets'' that was derived recently by us. If the lifetime of the LO phonons is larger than 5 psec, phonon reabsorption can slow down considerably the carrier cooling. The time evolution of the carrier temperature is calculated. The comparison with recent experiments is discussed.
Performance, overhead, and packetization characteristics of Java application level protocols

This paper presents the results of a set of performance tests designed to determine the relative efficiencies of five different Java application level protocols used for peer-to-peer communications. Efficiency was determined by measuring transmission latency, number of packets sent, packetization of data, and bytes transmitted. The protocols tested include: datagram (UDP), DataStreams, ObjectStreams, Remote Method invocation, and Piped Streams. The tests revealed a great variation in packetization efficiency and latency between the protocols. A new record oriented data stream is proposed and prototyped and testing. Preliminary performance tests showed this new record oriented data stream to be several times more efficient than ObjectStreams.
Rsp Inhibits Attachment and Biofilm Formation by Repressing fnbA in Staphylococcus aureus MW2

Biofilms contribute to virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Formation of biofilms is multifactorial, involving polysaccharide, protein, and DNA components, which are controlled by various regulators. Here we report that deletion of the rsp gene resulted in an increase in biofilm formation in strain MW2, suggesting that Rsp is a repressor of biofilm formation. Using SDS-PAGE, we found that Rsp profoundly affected cell surface and secreted proteins. The rsp gene was transcribed monocistronically, and the transcripts were most abundant at the exponential growth phase. Microarray analyses revealed that Rsp represses 75 genes, including 9 genes encoding cell wall-anchored proteins, and activates 22 genes, including 5 genes encoding secreted proteases. Among these genes, fnbA, fnbB, sasG, and spa (which encode cell wall-anchored proteins) and splABCD (which encode secreted proteases) have been implicated in biofilm formation. To deconvolute Rsp's contribution to biofilm formation, we analyzed deletion mutants of these genes either in the wild-type or in the rsp mutant background. We found that fnbA deletion in the rsp mutant restored biofilm formation to the wild-type level, indicating that FnbA plays a major role in Rsp regulation of biofilm formation. Further studies revealed that Rsp inhibited biofilm formation at the stage of primary attachment through repressing fnbA. Rsp belongs to the AraC/XylS family of regulatory proteins. We expressed the putative Rsp DNA binding domain (RspDBD) in Escherichia coli and showed that RspDBD was able to specifically bind to a short DNA fragment containing the fnbA promoter, suggesting that Rsp represses fnbA expression by direct DNA binding.
Allergy to β-lactams: A survey of current practices

Abstract Many issues related to the diagnosis and management of β-lactam drug allergy still await definitive recommendations. To determine how practicing allergists deal with some of these dilemmas, a questionnaire was mailed to 3500 physician members and fellows of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology. It was also sent to each of the allergy training program directors in the United States to determine what is currently taught to fellows in training. Benzylpenicilloyl-polylysine (Pre-Pen) and fresh penicillin G are used for skin testing by more than 86% of both respondent groups, whereas minor determinant mixtures are used by only 40%. Epicutaneous followed by intradermal injection was the skin test technique used by 86% of these allergists. More than 90% said they would skin test in cases of reaction history of urticaria, whereas only 1.5% would test in cases of family history of penicillin allergy. Practicing allergists and program directors differed slightly when queried about cephalosporin cross-reactivity. Program directors were more cautious in their use of cephalosporins with patients allergic to penicillin. Program directors were also more likely to repeat skin testing before future penicillin courses than were practicing allergists. Clearly, some individual approaches to the diagnosis and management of β-lactam allergy are practiced. Development of practice guidelines by our professional organizations may be useful.
Who volunteers for companionship with mental patients? A study of attitude-belief-intention relationships1

Summary 329 students were asked to join a companionship program for mental hospital patients. It was expected that the relationship between humanitarian attitudes and intention to participate would be stronger for subjects with benign beliefs than for subjects with unfavorable beliefs about patients The findings were (a) subjects’ intentions corresponded to their later joining (p<.001), and were unrelated to social desirability, (b) general helping and social-responsibility attitudes correlated higher than did specific beliefs about patients, with willingness to become a companion, (c) attitude-intention correlations were greatest for subjects with neutral beliefs, and weakest for subjects with benign beliefs (upsetting the main hypothesis), (d) the same pattern of correlations obtained in subgroups trichotomized on the basis of another scale (ostensibly unrelated to volunteering for companionship) which had an authoritarian component. Result (d) suggests that a personality factor, not beliefs about patients, moderated variations in the attitude-intention relationship
A magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors

Abstract Background Long-term behavioral, immunologic, and neurochemical alterations have been found in primates exposed to adverse early rearing. Methods Bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata ) mother–infant dyads were exposed to uncertain requirements for food procurement (variable foraging demand, VFD) for a few months. Ten years later, these offspring and age- and gender-matched control subjects were studied using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Results In anterior cingulate, VFD-reared subjects displayed significantly decreased N -acetylaspartate (NAA) resonance and significantly increased glutamate–glutamine–γ-aminobutyric acid (Glx) resonance relative to the stable neurometabolite creatine (Cr). Across all subjects, NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr ratios in the anterior cingulate were negatively correlated ( r = −.638, p = .014). In the medial temporal lobe, the ratio of choline-containing compounds to Cr was significantly increased in VFD subjects. Conclusions These findings indicate that adverse early rearing in primates has an enduring impact on adult MRSI measures considered reflective of neuronal integrity and metabolism, membrane structure and glial function, and cerebral glutamate content, and that these alterations occur in the same brain regions implicated in trauma-related psychiatric disorders.
GARDASIL: prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccine development--from bench top to bed-side.

GARDASIL® (Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ) is a non-infectious recombinant, quadrivalent vaccine prepared from the highly purified virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid proteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18. GARDASIL® is the first vaccine approved for use in women aged 9–26 years for the prevention of cervical cancer and genital warts, as well as vulvar and vaginal precancerous lesions. This report describes some of the key preclinical efforts, achievements in pharmaceutical development, in vivo animal evaluation, and clinical trial data. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 81, 259–264. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100055
Interactions between the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sonorensis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) and the saprobic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales).

Abstract In this study, we assessed the effect of the saprobic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on the fitness of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sonorensis (Caborca strain). Sand column assays were considered to evaluate the effect of fungal mycelia on infective juvenile (IJ) movement and host access. Additionally, we investigated the effect of fungal spores on the nematodes’ ability to search for a host, its virulence, penetration efficiency and reproduction. Three application timings were considered to assess interactions between the fungus and the nematodes. In vitro assays were also considered to determine the effect of fungal extracts on the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria. Our observations indicate that presence and age of fungal mycelia significantly affect IJ movement in the sand columns and their ability to establish in the host. These results were also reflected in a reduced insect mortality. In particular, treatments with the 15 days old mycelia showed a significant reduction in insect mortality and penetration efficiency. Presence of fungal spores also impacted nematode virulence and reproduction. In particular, two of the application timings tested (simultaneous [EPN and fungal spores applied at the same time] and alternate I [EPN applied first, fungus applied 24 h later]) resulted in antagonistic interactions. Moreover, IJ progeny was reduced to half in the simultaneous application. In vitro assays revealed that fungal extracts at the highest concentration tested (10 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of the symbiotic bacteria. Overall, these results suggest that saprobic fungi may play an important role in regulating. EPN populations in the soil, and that they may be one of the factors that impact nematode survival in the soil and their access to insect hosts.
Infrared Spectroscopy and Inelastic Recoil Dynamics of OH Radicals in Complexes with ortho- and para-D2

The rotationally resolved infrared (IR) spectrum of D2−OH in its ground electronic state has been obtained in the OH overtone region at 1.4 μm via IR−ultraviolet (UV) action spectroscopy. The pure ...
The molecular organization of asymmetric lipid bilayers and lipid-peptide complexes.

Abstract Oriented fatty acid bilayers with asymmetric distributions of lipid head group types, hydrocarbon chain lengths, and associated polypeptides have been analyzed by a combined use of high resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The exclusion of fixatives, stains, and embedding materials has made it possible to relate unequivocally microscopic images to molecular composition. The ultrastructure of asymmetric bilayers has been determined by a novel analysis in which one half of the bilayer serves as a structural reference for the entire bilayer. Absolute electron density profiles at 7 A resolution have been computed for bilayers formed from long and short chain length lipids either segregated to opposite sides or mixed together in both sides of the bilayer. The data indicate that the two lipids self organize in a specific paired configuration. Detailed analysis of bilayers associated with poly- l -lysine shows that although this hydrophilic peptide resides near the lipid head group region, its presence alters the arrangement of the bilayer hydrocarbon chains.
Basal Ganglia Beta Oscillations Accompany Cue Utilization

Beta oscillations in cortical-basal ganglia (BG) circuits have been implicated in normal movement suppression and motor impairment in Parkinson's disease. To dissect the functional correlates of these rhythms we compared neural activity during four distinct variants of a cued choice task in rats. Brief beta (∼20 Hz) oscillations occurred simultaneously throughout the cortical-BG network, both spontaneously and at precise moments of task performance. Beta phase was rapidly reset in response to salient cues, yet increases in beta power were not rigidly linked to cues, movements, or movement suppression. Rather, beta power was enhanced after cues were used to determine motor output. We suggest that beta oscillations reflect a postdecision stabilized state of cortical-BG networks, which normally reduces interference from alternative potential actions. The abnormally strong beta seen in Parkinson's Disease may reflect overstabilization of these networks, producing pathological persistence of the current motor state.
Single-layer microfluidic “spring” diodes via optofluidic lithography for ultra-low reynolds number applications

Microfluidic components that are capable of autonomous “on-chip” operations at ultra-low Reynolds number (e.g., Re 0.1. At maximum, we observed an experimental average Di of 4.10±0.01, corresponding to 0.075 <; Re <; 0.1 fluid flow.
Impact of mapping and sparsity on parallelized finite element method modules

Abstract The efficient parallelization of a flexible h-version finite element method (FEM) algorithm is investigated. The actual implementation and benchmarking are performed on a distributed memory-multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) machine (NCUBE). After an initial modularization and benchmarking, three specific parameters that could influence the efficiency of a concurrent finite element analysis (FEA) solver are identified: (i) sparsity of matrices, (ii) storage format for stiffness matrix, and (iii) mapping of domain onto processors. These factors are interdependent and they heavily influence the overall efficiency of the implemented FE code. This study includes a performance evaluation of the FE modules using the techniques outlined below. The results demonstrate the importance of these parameters, and the advantages of exploiting different levels of concurrency in a parallel FEA code. Three direct methods of solving systems of linear equations are analyzed, a Block Cholesky method exhibiting a coarse grain concurrency, and Gauss Elimination and Cholesky Decomposition methods with inherit medium grain parallelism. Additionally, work on two Assembly/Storage Modules (One-Way Dissection and Shifted Banded), and their corresponding simple Domain Decomposers (Vertical Strip and Wrap Mapping) is performed.
Studies on the special properties of actomyosin in the gel form II. An analysis of the turbidity changes seen in gel suspensions

The turbidity changes induced by MgATP in suspensions of actomyosin gel particles have been studied systematically over a wide range of MgATP concentrations at different temperatures with and without the regulatory proteins. An analysis of these changes distinguishes three separate protein-protein interactions in the gel: (1) The transient cyclic interactions between actin and myosin involved in the hydrolysis of MgATP and contraction. (2) Cross-links that cause turbidity in the original suspension. (3) Cross-links that cause the high turbidity usually associated with superprecipitation. In general, there was a good correlation between the half-time for reaching maximum turbidity during superprecipitation and the rate of hydrolysis. On the other hand, the actual magnitude of the turbidity increase was progressively diminished as the concentration of substrate was raised in the millimolar range. It appears that some essential phase of the superprecipitation process is limited by the same enzymatic step that limits the rate of hydrolysis. However, whether or not this phase leads to an increase in turbidity depends on the concentration of MgATP. Apparently, high physiological levels of MgATP (1-5 mM) inhibit the formation of the specific cross-links that cause high turbidity in the superprecipitate. It is proposed that MgATP interferes with these links when it can bind to a low-affinity site on myosin that is separate from the high-affinity active sites for hydrolysis. Thus, in contracting muscle, interfilament interactions analogous to those that increase turbidity and cause isodimensional shrinkage in the gel would be prevented by the high level of MgATP in the sarcoplasm. Observations relating the shortening of isolated myofibrils to their turbidity in suspension lend support to this interpretation.
The Joan Robinson Legacy

(1992). The Joan Robinson Legacy. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 1299-1301.
Finding researchable topics via a taxonomy of a field of knowledge

There are many paths leading to knowledge creation. This paper offers one step-by-step methodology for systematically identifying voids and hence researchable topics within a given field of knowledge. The method is based on transforming a descriptive taxonomy into a prescriptive one. Two disparate literature surveys, one for Combining Probability Distributions in Rational Group Decision Making and the other for Perishable Inventory Theory are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the procedure.
Railroads, runaways, & researchers : Returning evidence rhetoric to its practice base

Using observations of railroad employees and two 17-year-old girls who wanted to board a train without proper identification or parental permission, one of the major themes of the First International Congress on Qualitative Inquiry, which raised challenges to the growing practice of defining “good science” as the result of “evidence-based, biomedical models of inquiry,” is considered. Limitations of evidence-based practice (EBP) in dealing with complicated, situated, and practice-based assessment problems are discussed. The qualitative research community ought not to concede the framing of EBP. It should be reframed to focus on practice-based evidence(s) (PBE). Doing so changes the nature of debate, highlights the practitioner role, recognizes practitioner agency in evaluating evidence, focuses on real-world situations (thus embracing complications), and honors the notion of multiple and competing evidence sources. PBE encourages research designs favored by qualitative researchers that explore contextuall...
A study of MVNO diffusion and market structure in the EU, US, Hong Kong, and Singapore

Mobile virtual network operators (MVNO's) are emerging as alternative channels for network operators to increase market share and drive traffic over their networks. MVNO's have gained popularity recently in Europe, but have a dismal track record in Asia. In comparing the two regions, this study analyzes how the MVNO market has changed and what opportunities and/or threats network operators and potential MVNO entrants are likely to face. The essential question in next generation MVNO's is how the roles of mobile network operators, service providers and content producers will change current and future value chains. This study conducts an economic assessment of market structure and environment for different countries' MVNO diffusion. The data on market structure is analyzed by means of factor analysis techniques in order to group countries according to their market environments. Then, structural equation modeling is used to investigate the relations of MVNO diffusion and independent variables. The results show that the MVNO diffusion significantly relates to market and industry structure.
Bipolar disorder: current clinical research trends.

Although meaningful clinical research in bipolar disorder has continuously evolved over the last 50 years, the last few years have witnessed a particularly productive time. During the last 5 years,...
THE REBIRTH OF MYTH?: NIETZSCHE'S ETERNAL RECURRENCE AND ITS ROMANTIC ANTECEDENTS

There is increasing evidence of the influence of various Romantic thinkers on Nietzsche's early philosophy, especially on The Birth of Tragedy , with its announcement or prediction of a rebirth of myth. The prophetic Thus Spoke Zarathustra , which Nietzsche introduced with the words "tragedy begins," expresses his later philosophy, particularly his central doctrine of the Eternal Recurrence, in symbols, parables, and riddles, suggesting an attempt at mythopoeia. However, the critical, ironic, and parodying elements in Nietzsche's later philosophy have led to its characterization as "antimyth." This essay demonstrates that Nietzsche's idea and symbolism of the Eternal Recurrence as a temporal cycle of opposites represented by various forms of the circle, especially the ouroborus or serpent biting its own tail, and associated with Zoroaster, Heraclitus, and Dionysus, was influenced by the tradition of Romantic mythology. Before the publication of The Birth of Tragedy , Nietzsche encountered the writings of Johann Jakob Bachofen and Friedrich Creuzer, where the cycle of opposites is identified as a specifically mythic idea, which developed later into a philosophy, as metonymically represented in the relationship between the myth-maker Zoroaster and the philosopher Heraclitus. In The Birth of Tragedy , the cycle of opposites became for Nietzsche a symbol of the unity of myth and philosophy, and the rebirth of the former from the self-overcoming of the latter. This symbol continued to serve Nietzsche throughout his career as a model for his own development as a philosopher. The Eternal Recurrence appears to have been his own attempt to unite myth and philosophy, through the transformation of an originally Romantic mythological idea into its opposite, and the adoption of a symbolic and "mythic" style of expression.
Peroxisomal enzyme activity in Todea barbara gametophytes and sporophytes

Abstract Catalase and glycolate oxidase activity were observed in cultured gametophytes and sporophytes of the fern Todea barbara (L.) Moore. The biochemical characteristics of the glycolate-oxidizing enzyme in both plants indicates it is a glycolate oxidase. The results suggest that these plants are capable of photorespiration by a process similar to that occurring in leaves of higher plants.
Circulating tumor cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma - a review of the spread of HL tumor cells or their putative precursors by lymphatic and hematogenous means, and their prognostic significance.

Abstract About 15% of patients diagnosed with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) are considered high risk with unfavorable prognosis. The biology of the disease bears a direct relationship to its clinical course. However, some aspects of the disease are still being debated. Related topics include origin of neoplastic cells as circulating precursor versus germinal center B cell, and disease metastasis via hematogenous routes and the effect of HL circulation on relapse potential and further spread of the disease. The terminally differentiated giant neoplastic Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells (HRSC) have limited proliferation and lack mobility. Therefore, they are unable to penetrate epithelium. Thus, the clinical aggressiveness of HRSCs that disseminate via both lymphatic and hematogenous may be determined by their molecular composition. This review discusses in detail the historical perspectives on scientific and clinical evidences of precursors of circulating HL cells and the prognostic importance of these circulating cells for predicting outcome.
Capillary zone electrophoresis with time-resolved fluorescence detection using a diode-pumped solid-state laser

Abstract A capillary electrophoresis system with time-resolved fluorescence detection was developed using a diode-pumped solid-state laser. The laser provides 2.5-ns pulses at 349 nm with kHz repetition rates, and the Gaussian-shaped beam can easily be focused to the dimensions of a capillary. The short pulse width makes it possible to achieve nanosecond resolution and time-filtered detection. With this approach, the total signal from one injection can be collected and digitally processed to yield simultaneously “two-channel” data. Instrument capability is demonstrated by resolving short-lived fluorescent interferences in biological sample matrixes from long-lived fluorophores.
Challenges in cardiac arrest research: Data collection to assess outcomes

To enhance comparability in reports on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, an international task force recently developed a set of guidelines for uniform terminology, definitions, and data collection for outcome research on cardiac arrest—the Utstein style. Because the data collection recommended is limited to information available through emergency medical services systems, the potential for bias in comparisons of cardiac arrest outcomes remains. By expanding data collection to include the identification of all cases of cardiac arrest in the community, including patients who do not present for care by an emergency medical services system, a population -based approach can be achieved. We review the strengths and limitations of both emergency medical services-based and population-based data collection to assess outcomes of cardiac arrest, outline practical steps required to implement a population-based approach, and suggest that extension of the Utstein style guidelines to include all cardiac arrest cases within a defined population is needed to minimize potential bias in comparisons of cardiac arrest outcomes across communities or over time.
Primary changes of membrane currents during retention of associative learning

A single identified neuron was repeatedly isolated by axotomy from the central nervous system of the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis. An early voltage-dependent outward K+ current of this neuron was reduced and more rapidly inactivated for animals previously trained with paired but not randomized light and rotation. Since this current change can affect interneuron and motorneuron output via known synaptic pathways, it helps explain a long-lasting behavioral change that shows the defining features of vertebrate associative learning.
Use of concanavalin a as a topographical probe for protein-protein interaction Application to lactose synthase

Abstract Galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.38) has been shown to bind to Con A-Sepharose. Concentration of methyl-α-mannoside greater than 0.7 M were required to release the enzyme from the immobilized lectin. Molecular weight determination by gel filtration revealed that galactosyltransferase formed a 1:1 complex with concanavalin A. Preincubation of the enzyme with excess concanavalin A did not affect its catalytic activity either in the presence or absence of α-lactalbumin. The galactosyltransferase-concanavalin A complex was retained on an α-lactalbumin-Sepharose column in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine and manganese chloride and was eluted from the column in their absence. Galactosyltransferase immobilized onto a Con A-Sepharose was still active either in the presence or absence of α-lactalbumin. Lactose synthase activity was also observed when the galactosyltransferase-concanavalin A complex was assayed with α-lactalbumin immobilized on Sepharose. These data indicate that the carbohydrate moiety of galactosyltransferase is involved in neither the catalytic process nor the binding of a α-lactalbumin and must be linked to the enzyme at a location where it does not present any steric hindrance on the binding of concanavalin A, either free or immobilized on Sepharose.
Liquid-liquid two-phase systems for the production of porous hydrogels and hydrogel microspheres for biomedical applications: A tutorial review.

Abstract Macroporous hydrogels may have direct applications in regenerative medicine as scaffolds to support tissue formation. Hydrogel microspheres may be used as drug-delivery vehicles or as building blocks to assemble modular scaffolds. A variety of techniques exist to produce macroporous hydrogels and hydrogel microspheres. A subset of these relies on liquid–liquid two-phase systems. Within this subset, vastly different types of polymerization processes are found. In this review, the history, terminology and classification of liquid–liquid two-phase polymerization and crosslinking are described. Instructive examples of hydrogel microsphere and macroporous scaffold formation by precipitation/dispersion, emulsion and suspension polymerizations are used to illustrate the nature of these processes. The role of the kinetics of phase separation in determining the morphology of scaffolds and microspheres is also delineated. Brief descriptions of miniemulsion, microemulsion polymerization and ionotropic gelation are also included.
A cross-species analysis of the aversiveness of denatonium saccharide and quinine

Although a recent report (Davis, Grover, & Erikson, 1987) indicated that humans perceive denatonium saccharide as significantly more bitter than quinine, Davis, Grover, Erickson, Miller, and Bowman (1987) indicated that albino laboratory rats perceive quinine as the more bitter substance. The present investigation sought to extend the generality of the latter finding to two additional species. The results of two-bottle preference tests using several concentrations of these bitter substances with prairie dogs and gerbils corresponded more closely to the laboratory rat data than to the human data.
Horizontal cooling towers: riverine ecosystem services and the fate of thermoelectric heat in the contemporary Northeast US

The electricity sector is dependent on rivers to provide ecosystem services that help regulate excess heat, either through provision of water for evaporative cooling or by conveying, diluting and attenuating waste heat inputs. Reliance on these ecosystem services alters flow and temperature regimes, which impact fish habitat and other aquatic ecosystem services. We demonstrate the contemporary (2000‐2010) dependence of the electricity sector on riverine ecosystem services and associated aquatic impacts in the Northeast US, a region with a high density of thermoelectric power plants. We quantify these dynamics using a spatially distributed hydrology and water temperature model (the framework for aquatic modeling in the Earth system), coupled with the thermoelectric power and thermal pollution model. We find that 28.4% of thermoelectric heat production is transferred to rivers, whereas 25.9% is directed to vertical cooling towers. Regionally, only 11.3% of heat transferred to rivers is dissipated to the atmosphere and the rest is delivered to coasts, in part due to the distribution of power plants within the river system. Impacts to the flow regime are minimal, while impacts to the thermal regime include increased river lengths of unsuitable habitats for fish with maximum thermal tolerances of 24.0, 29.0, and 34.0 C in segments downstream of plants by 0.6%, 9.8%, and 53.9%, respectively. Our analysis highlights the interactions among electricity production, cooling technologies, aquatic impacts, and ecosystem services, and can be used to assess the full costs and tradeoffs of electricity production at regional scales.
Using artificial intelligence to facilitate manufacturing systems simulation

Abstract Manufacturing systems is now the largest application domain for simulation modelling. Yet much of the simulation modelling and analysis in manufacturing is being attempted with inappropriate, and in some cases arcane, methods and tools. Manufacturing systems simulation places three demands on future simulation tools. First, as manufacturing systems can be quickly reconfigured, there is a need to make both development and valid analysis more rapid. Second, the intelligent production scheduling present in many manufacturing systems must be modelled by the simulation. Third, many of the components of modern manufacturing systems are designed to be capable of responding to dynamic product demand, particularly small batch orders. Analysis of model of these systems can be difficult. This paper discusses these issues, and the use of Artificial Intelligence to facilitate the application of simulation to manufacturing systems design and analysis. Projects that approach these issues are then presented, including an Intelligent Front End for manufacturing systems design that generates simulation models in SIMAN, methods for automatic simulation optimization, and a PROLOG based simulation tool that allows the addition of heuristic knowledge to a simulation model.
[Extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis for transient ischemic attack. Possible candidate and operative indication (author's transl)].

Extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis has been attempted in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) or reversible neurological deficits (RIND) in order to prevent subsequent strokes. This study was undertaken to seek appropriate candidates for this procedure from the clinical and angiographic points of view. Sixty-four cases with carotid TIA' (s) and/or RIND' (s) were investigated by angiography. Of the sixty-four cases, thirty-four had TIA' (s) only, twenty had RIND' (s) with history of TIA' (s) and ten had RIND' (s) only. Severe stenosis (more than 50%) and/or occlusion was found in eleven cases. One case had extracranial carotid occlusion, eight cases had intracranial internal carotid or middle cerebral artery stenosis and two cases had both intracranial and extracranial severe stenosis and/or occlusion. Seven patients out of these eleven cases had experienced frequent TIA's and RIND's. Three cases out of fifty-seven cases, excluding seven operated cases developed completed stroke (2 cerebral infarction, 1 stroke) during the follow-up period from five months to three years (average, 19.2 months). Two patients developed cerebral infarction in the above mentioned seven cases, namely those cases that had experienced frequent TIA's and/or RIND's. Consequently, if the patient has frequent TIA's and/or RIND's and has severe lesions in the intracranial or both intra-extracranial arteries, there is high possibility of subsequent cerebral infarction. Thus, these seven cases may be possible candidates for the extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis, which means seven cases out of our sixty-four cases (11%). Extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis was performed in two cases out of these seven cases, because etiology was considered to be cerebral vascular insufficiency confirmed by regional blood flow (rCBF) study or suspected by angiography which showed only one stenotic vertebral artery supplying blood to the brain. These two cases are to date free from symptoms following the operation, during follow-up period of five months and one year respectively. Our data suggest that extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis may be beneficial in a small group of patients with TIA's or RIND's. As more operated cases and non-operated cases are accumulated, more will be known both about the selection of patients and the value of this operation.
A Smad-binding element in intron 1 participates in activin-dependent regulation of the follistatin gene.

Follistatins exert critical autocrine or paracrine control in many tissues by binding and bio-neutralizing activin and several other transforming growth factor-β ligands. In the pituitary, activin acts locally to induce follistatin expression and thus modulate its own actions. This local feedback loop safeguards against excessive activin signaling and maintains the necessary balance of activin and follistatin tone. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the activation of follistatin by activin A, follistatin transcription was evaluated in gonadotrope-derived αT3-1 cells. Transient transfection experiments established that follistatin-luciferase plasmids that incorporate up to 2.86 kb of the upstream region of the rat follistatin gene are not induced by activin A in αT3-1 cells. On the other hand, plasmids that incorporate intron 1 are responsive to activin A and induced by a constitutively active form of ALK4. These experiments ultimately identified a conserved Smad-binding element (SBE1) in intron 1, between +1791 and +1795. In αT3-1 cells treated with activin A, SBE1 preferentially recruits Smad3, but not Smad2, and mediates Smad3-dependent activation of follistatin transcription. shRNA knockdown of endogenous Smad3 in these cells compromises SBE1-mediated transcription in response to activin A and interferes with its ability to positively regulate follistatin mRNA levels. The findings of the current work illustrate the critical role of intron 1 of the follistatin gene in mediating Smad-dependent effects of activin and regulating the expression level of this gene in some cell types, such as pituitary cells of gonadotrope lineage.
Variations in the digestible lysine requirement of broiler chickens due to sex, performance parameters, rearing environment, and processing yield characteristics

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate variations in the digestible lysine (DLYS) requirement estimates of broilers due to rearing environment, sex, or growth performance during the starter period (7 to 21 d) and due to sex, growth, and carcass yield characteristics during the grower period (21 to 38 d). In the first 3 experiments, chicks were allocated to either battery or floor pens. The fourth experiment was conducted during the grower period with birds reared in floor pens only. All the studies used a lysine-deficient corn-soybean meal-corn gluten meal basal diet formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Treatments consisted of 5 graded levels of DLYS varying from 0.70 to 1.21% in the first 3 experiments and from 0.73 to 1.13% in the fourth experiment. The DLYS requirement was estimated by broken-line methodology based on body weight gain (BWG) and gain:feed ratio (G:F) for the starter period, and the same variables plus breast meat yield for the grower period. During the starter period, the average DLYS requirement of males based on BWG was slightly higher than that of females reared in battery (0.96 vs. 0.94%) or floor pens (0.98 vs. 0.93%). However, based on G:F, the average DLYS requirement of females was slightly higher than that of males reared in both battery (0.99 vs. 0.96%) and floor pens (1.01 vs. 0.99). The DLYS requirement based on G:F was higher than that based on BWG only for females in both rearing environments. Rearing environment did not affect the DLYS requirement of broilers during the starter period. In the grower period, the DLYS requirement of males was higher than that of females based on BWG (0.97 vs. 0.93%), but for G:F it was similar for both sexes (0.96%). The DLYS requirement for females based on G:F was higher than that based on BWG. The DLYS requirement for maximum breast meat yield of males (0.98%) or females (0.90%) was similar to the estimate for maximal growth performance.
Elastolysis of insoluble elastin.

We developed an assay for measurement of elastolytic activity using insoluble 3H-labelled particulate elastin adherent to plastic that is capable of detecting 150 picograms of pancreatic elastase. This equals or exceeds the sensitivity of the most sensitive previously reported systems, without requiring sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of the elastin. Elastin digestion is dependent upon substrate and elastase concentration, but is not linearly related to time. This is partially attributable to elastase denaturation or autolysis under the assay conditions.The assay could easily detect elastase secreted by either peritoneal or alveolar macrophages. Compared to previously described assays using substrates that closely resemble the physiologic substrate, this represents a considerable increase of sensitivity of detection of elastolytic activity of enzymes.
Dopamine biosynthesis is selectively abolished in substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area but not in hypothalamic neurons in mice with targeted disruption of the Nurr1 gene.

Abstract To ascertain the function of an orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1, a transcription factor belonging to a large gene family that includes receptors for steroids, retinoids, and thyroid hormone, we generated Nurr1-null mice by homologous recombination. Mice, heterozygous for a single mutated Nurr1 allele, appear normal, whereas mice homozygous for the null allele die within 24 h after birth. Dopamine (DA) was absent in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of Nurr1-null mice, consistent with absent tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), l -aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, and other DA neuron markers. TH immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in hypothalamic, olfactory, and lower brain stem regions were unaffected. l -Dihydroxyphenylalanine treatments, whether given to the pregnant dams or to the newborns, failed to rescue the Nurr1-null mice. We were unable to discern differences between null and wild-type mice in the cellularity, presence of neurons, or axonal projections to the SN and VTA. These findings provide evidence for a new mechanism of DA depletionin vivoand suggest a unique role for Nurr1 in fetal development and/or postnatal survival.
Management of Hysteroscopic Surgery Complications

ABSTRACT Hysteroscopic surgery is considered a safe, routine gynecologic procedure performed in the OR and in office settings. Complications are rare; however, when complications do occur they can be severe and rapid. The surgical team members must understand the significance of patient monitoring and proper equipment operation to ensure positive patient outcomes. This article discusses complications from intravasation of various distending media used during hysteroscopy and the complication of hyponatremia. A physiologic approach to these problems enhances awareness of the significance of patient monitoring during hysteroscopic procedures. AORN J 69 (Jan 1999) 194–209.
Immune dysregulation accelerates atherosclerosis and modulates plaque composition in systemic lupus erythematosus

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have accelerated atherosclerosis. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, and investigations have been hampered by the absence of animal models that reflect the human condition of generalized atherosclerosis and lupus. We addressed this problem by transferring lupus susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient (LDLr−/−) mice, an established model of atherosclerosis, creating radiation chimeras with NZM2410-derived, lupus-susceptible, B6.Sle1.2.3 congenic or C57BL/6 control donors (LDLr.Sle and LDLr.B6, respectively). LDLr.Sle mice developed a lupus-like disease characterized by production of double-stranded DNA autoantibodies and renal disease. When fed a Western-type diet, LDLr.Sle chimeras had increased mortality and atherosclerotic lesions. The plaques of LDLr.Sle mice were highly inflammatory and contained more CD3+ T cells than controls. LDLr.Sle mice also had increased activation of CD4+ T and B cells and significantly higher antibody to oxidized LDL and cardiolipin. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the lupus-susceptible immune system enhances atherogenesis and modulates plaque composition.