cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water quantity and quality requirements of guayule: Current assessment

Abstract Because of the stragetic and industrial importance of natural rubber, there is renewed interest in cultivating guayule (Parthenium argentatum) in the Southwestern U.S.A. and several other arid regions of the world. This review was made to assess the quantity and quality of water required to cultivate this crop under irrigation. Data from Arizona and West Texas show that under high transplant densities (44 000 to 54 000 plants per ha), shrub and rubber yields increase almost linearly with increasing irrigation up to 300 cm for the first 2 years. The amount of water required to produce a ton of dry shrub in 2 years ranges from 1200 to 1600 m3 for a wide range of irrigation regimes and irrigation water salinity. Although rubber content in the shrubs increases with increasing water stress, the increase is generally insufficient to offset the reduction in shrub yield under high plant densities. Salinity stress may increase rubber content slightly, but reduces shrub and rubber yields when salinity of irrigation water exceeds 4 to 6 dS m−1 in sandy soils. The amount of water required to produce 1 kg of rubber with existing cultivars (with rubber contents of 40 to 70 g kg−1) ranges from 20 to 30 m3, and should decrease substantially with the development of cultivars with higher rubber contents. The resin content in the shrubs does not change greatly with irrigation or salinity levels, thus the resin yield increases proportionally with shrub yield or irrigation amount. If guayule is to be established through direct seeding, additional water of low salinity needs to be allocated. Nursery grown seedlings have been transplanted successfully in spring months with 10–25 cm of water having salinity less than about 4 dS m−1. If high rubber yields are to be achieved in 2–3 years, water requirements for guayule would be comparable to those for alfalfa. However, guayule can be grown with less quantities of water because of its high drought tolerance, especially when rubber production is the sole purpose.
Design of a parallelly cascaded two-layered perceptron consisting of hard-limited neurons

When the given mapping in the supervised learning of a one-layered perceptron (OLP) satisfies the positive-linear-independency (or PLI) condition, the connection matrix of this OLP can be solved in a noniterative manner. On the other hand, if the given mapping violates this PLI condition, then no connection matrix exists for this OLP no matter what learning rule we use. This latter mapping is called an illegal mapping for the OLP. For an illegal mapping, it is found that a parallelly-cascaded, two-layered perceptron (PCTLP) consisting of hard- limited neurons will generally fulfill the learning duty and provide robust recognitions. The design of this PCTLP system is derived from the PLI condition. This PCTLP system is generally a much faster learning system than the conventional 3-layered perceptron system which is cascaded in series. The reason that it is much faster is not only that it is cascaded in parallel, but also that the learning is done noniteratively in a few algebraic steps.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Equilibrium two-dimensional dilatonic spacetimes.

We study two-dimensional dilaton gravity coupled to massless scalar fields and look for time-independent solutions. In addition to the well-known black hole, we find another class of solutions that may be understood as the black hole in equilibrium with a radiation bath. We claim that there is a solution that is qualitatively unchanged after including Hawking radiation and back reaction and is geodesically complete. We compute the thermodynamics of these spacetimes and their mass. We end with a brief discussion of the linear response about these solutions, its significance to stability and noise, and speculation regarding the end point of Hawking evaporation in four dimensions.
Kinematic Synthesis With Contact Direction and Curvature Constraints on the Workpiece

In this paper, we consider the synthesis of a planar RR chain that guides a rigid body, or workpiece, such that it does not violate normal direction and curvature constraints imposed by contact with objects in the environment. These constraints are transformed into conditions on the velocity and acceleration of points in the moving body. We use this to formulate the synthesis equations for an RR chain, which are solved by algebraic elimination. An example of the design of a planar RR linkage and a four-bar chain in which the coupler maintains in contact with two objects in two locations is used to illustrate the results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Skeletal muscle high energy phosphate metabolism in patients with obesity and impaired fasting blood glucose

To determine whether SM CK energy metabolism is impaired in obesity-associated IFG SM at rest and whether there is any relationship between SM CK energy metabolism and exercise capacity in these patients.
Testing a unidimensional, qualitative unfolding model for attitudinal or developmental data

Assuming that subject responses rank order stimuli by preference, statistical methods are presented for testing the hypothesis that responses conform to a unidimensional, qualitative unfolding model and to an a priori stimulus ordering. The model postulates that persons and stimulus variables are ordered along a single continuum and that subjects most prefer stimuli nearest their own position. The underlying continuum need not form an interval scale of the stimulus attribute. The general assumptions of the test for the unfolding model make it suitable for the analysis of structure in attitude responses, preference data, and developmental stage data.
Risk-sensitive therapeutic strategies for coronary artery disease: Toward testing-driven therapy in stable angina patients with low-to-intermediate risk cardiac imaging results

The weight of existing data, while inconclusive, suggests that stress testing with noninvasive imaging can be used to identify chronic stable angina patients who are at a finite low risk for future cardiac events. This population is characterized by good global left ventricular function, myocardial perfusion abnormalities consistent with single-vessel CAD and mild-moderate ischemia, and good effort tolerance. Such patients warrant an initial trial of antiischemic medical therapy. If multiple coronary risk factors or angiographic coronary disease are documented, aggressive risk-factor reduction is beneficial. The hypothesis that cost-effective lipid-lowering drug treatment algorithms can be developed based on combined lipid and scintigraphic risk profiling remains highly attractive, but unproven at this time. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A02KH022 00006
Pleural effusion as a cause of right ventricular diastolic collapse.

BACKGROUNDWe hypothesized, after seeing several suggestive clinical examples, that a process leading to a large bilateral pleural effusion in the presence of an otherwise insignificant pericardial effusion could result in right ventricular diastolic collapse (RVDC) as seen by two-dimensional echocardiography. This noninvasive marker for hemodynamically significant cardiac tamponade occurs when pericardial fluid is under pressure. Therefore, RVDC resulting from a large pleural effusion would represent a false-positive indication of cardiac tamponade caused by excessive pericardial fluid.METHODS AND RESULTSSeven spontaneously breathing dogs were chronically instrumented to measure ascending aortic, right atrial, intrapericardial, intrapleural, left atrial, and pulmonary artery pressures and cardiac output. Intravascular volume was adjusted before each experiment to the euvolemic range with saline solution. The onset of RVDC was observed in each animal by two-dimensional echocardiography during seven paired ...
Real-time materials evolution visualized within intact cycling alkaline batteries

The scientific community has focused on the problem of inexpensive, safe, and sustainable large-scale electrical energy storage, which is needed for a number of emerging societal reasons such as stabilizing intermittent renewables-based generation like solar and wind power. The materials used for large-scale storage will need to be low cost, earth-abundant, and safe at the desired scale. The Zn–MnO2 “alkaline” battery chemistry is associated with one-time use, despite being rechargeable. This is due to material irreversibilities that can be triggered in either the anode or cathode. However, as Zn and MnO2 have high energy density and low cost, they are economically attractive even at limited depth of discharge. As received, a standard bobbin-type alkaline cell costs roughly $20 per kW h. The U.S. Department of Energy ARPA-E $100 per kW h cost target for grid storage is thus close to the cost of alkaline consumer primary cells if re-engineered and/or cycled at 5–20% nominal capacity. Herein we use a deeply-penetrating in situ technique to observe ZnO precipitation near the separator in an alkaline cell anode cycled at 5% DOD, which is consistent with cell failures observed at high cycle life. Alkaline cells designed to avoid such causes of cell failure could serve as a low-cost baseload for large-scale storage.
Luteinizing hormone stimulates the production of prostacyclin by isolated ovarian cell in vitro.

Abstract Granulosa cells isolated from mature Graafian follicles of swine produced significant quantities of immunoreactive 6-keto-PGF 1 α under chemically defined conditions in vitro . Luteinizing hormone elicited a dose-dependent stimulation of 6-keto-PGF 1 α accumulation, but follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, L-epinephrine, estradiol-17B, or PGE 2 were devoid of effect. The time-dependent in vitro production of 6-keto-PGF 1 α by ovarian cells was susceptible to inhibition by indomethacin, U-51506, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D. These observations implicate granulosa cells in the specific and hormonally regulated production of prostacyclin.
Standing Pion Waves in Superdense Matter

Previous results for the ground-state energies of systems of nucleons interacting with a condensed running-wave mode of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons are extended to the case of standing-wave modes. The onset density of the condensation turns out to be the same as in the running-wave case; at higher densities the standing-wave case has a somewhat lower energy, at least in the case in which ordinary nuclear forces are not taken into account. There are reasons to believe that the effects of these nuclear forces on the condensation will be much greater for the standing-wave case than for the running-wave case. The possibilities of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ condensation are discussed.
Effects of Two Artificial Lights on Cabbage Looper Oviposition

Abstract Female cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), laid 31% more eggs when they were maintained under a plant lamp than when they were laid under a cool white lamp. However, there was little difference in percentage hatch and numbers of abnormal eggs. With the plant lamp, fewer moths were needed to produce the same number of eggs laid.
Who Wins in Research on Bilingualism in an Anti-bilingual State?

Despite its multilingual heritage, the USA has a history of linguistic intolerance. Arizona, in the country's desert Southwest, is decidedly anti-bilingual although it has significant non-English-speaking groups, especially Spanish-speaking Mexicans/Mexican–Americans and indigenous groups such as the Navajo, Hopi and Yaqui tribes, among many others. This anti-bilingual ideology has resulted in the passage of legislation restricting residents' linguistic rights, such as Proposition 106 to make English the sole official language of all state business and Proposition 203 to eliminate bilingual education in state-funded schools. Several explanations have been put forth to account for this anti-bilingual ideology, from racism to ignorance to fear. In this paper I argue that researchers of bilingualism in a state ideologically opposed to language minority groups' bilingualism have certain responsibilities vis-a-vis the members of language minority groups who are the participants in their research. I suggest tha...
Laboratory Study on Geosynthetic Protection of Buried Steel-Reinforced HDPE Pipes from Static Loading

AbstractGeosynthetic layers above a pipe can potentially reduce the deflection and strain in the pipe attributable to static loads. This paper discusses the laboratory results of shallowly buried steel-reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes subjected to static loads with or without geogrid. In the testing, static loads were applied to a steel plate seated on the ground with a 0.61-m-diameter steel-reinforced HDPE pipe buried in a compacted-sand trench. Four static loading tests were run with two different base courses and geogrids inside and above the trench. The test section was instrumented to record pipe deflections, earth pressures, and strains in the pipe wall and geogrid. Installation deflections were monitored and compared with a theoretical model. The measured earth pressures were compared with those estimated by the current AASHTO live-load distribution method. Reduced deflections and strains of the pipe were recorded as a result of the geogrid reinforcement. The type of base course al...
The effects of open skies agreements on transatlantic air service levels

Abstract This paper examines the effects of Open Skies agreements on service levels in transatlantic aviation markets. Our route analysis reveals that Open Skies agreements between European countries and the US have resulted in both increases and decreases in service levels. Of the 22 European countries with US Open Skies agreements in place by 2007, only seven demonstrated increases in service levels while six showed reductions. Five countries saw no significant change and the remaining four have yet to receive direct transatlantic service, suggesting that liberalization alone does not lead to service level increases.
Effects of Administering Feedback Following Extended Problem Solving

This article reports the results of research on the effects of detailed feedback on problem solving. In this study, 54 undergraduate college students were randomly assigned to one of six feedback conditions. Each student worked through two problem tasks within a computer-based electrical circuit board simulation. Feedback was given between problems and varied according to 1) the model from which it was generated and 2) the amount and nature of verbal commentary. Results indicated that highest performance was associated with feedback based on an expert model supplemented with provided textual commentary, suggesting that under some circumstances expert-model based feedback messaging may be more effective at facilitating student performance gains.
Prenatal Secondhand Cigarette Smoke Promotes Th2 Polarization and Impairs Goblet Cell Differentiation and Airway Mucus Formation

Parental, particularly maternal, smoking increases the risk for childhood allergic asthma and infection. Similarly, in a murine allergic asthma model, prenatal plus early postnatal exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke (SS) exacerbates airways hyperreactivity and Th2 responses in the lung. However, the mechanism and contribution of prenatal versus early postnatal SS exposure on allergic asthma remain unresolved. To identify the effects of prenatal and/or early postnatal SS on allergic asthma, BALB/c dams and their offspring were exposed gestationally and/or 8–10 wk postbirth to filtered air or SS. Prenatal, but not postnatal, SS strongly increased methacholine and allergen (Aspergillus)-induced airway resistance, Th2 cytokine levels, and atopy and activated the Th2-polarizing pathway GATA3/Lck/ERK1/2/STAT6. Either prenatal and/or early postnatal SS downregulated the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet and, surprisingly, despite high levels of IL-4/IL-13, dramatically blocked the allergen-induced mucous cell metaplasia, airway mucus formation, and the expression of mucus-related genes/proteins: Muc5ac, γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors, and SAM pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor. Given that SS/nicotine exposure of normal adult mice promotes mucus formation, the results suggested that fetal and neonatal lung are highly sensitive to cigarette smoke. Thus, although the gestational SS promotes Th2 polarization/allergic asthma, it may also impair and/or delay the development of fetal and neonatal lung, affecting mucociliary clearance and Th1 responses. Together, this may explain the increased susceptibility of children from smoking parents to allergic asthma and childhood respiratory infections.
Future Care Planning Practices of Aging Services Professionals in Rural Appalachia

Planning for future care is an important aspect of professional practice with older adults, and social workers play a key role in helping elders engage in future care planning (FCP). This study examined geriatric social service professionals’ practices and perspectives on helping older rural Appalachians plan for care needs in later life. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 case managers who live and work in southeast Ohio, a part of rural north central Appalachia. Themes related to efforts made to assist elders with FCP include: a) valuing client self-determination; b) developing positive helping relationships; and c) using initial crises to encourage FCP. Practice implications for rural social work professionals are included.
A Comparative Review of Selected Methods for Learning from Examples

Research in the area of learning structural descriptions from examples is reviewed, giving primary attention to methods of learning characteristic descriptions of single concepts. In particular, we examine methods for finding the maximally-specific conjunctive generalizations (MSC-generalizations) that cover all of the training examples of a given concept. Various important aspects of structural learning in general are examined, and several criteria for evaluating structural learning methods are presented. Briefly, these criteria include (i) adequacy of the representation language, (ii) generalization rules employed, (iii) computational efficiency, and (iv) flexibility and extensibility. Selected learning methods developed by Buchanan, et al., Hayes-Roth, Vere, Winston, and the authors are analyzed according to these criteria. Finally, some goals are suggested for future research.
Nonlinear oscillation of a dielectric elastomer balloon

Much of the existing literature on dielectric elastomers has focused on quasi-static deformation. However, in some potential applications, the elastomer deforms at high frequencies and undergoes nonlinear oscillation. While nonlinear oscillation has been studied in many areas of science and engineering, we are unaware of any theoretical analysis of nonlinear oscillation of dielectric elastomers. This paper reports a theoretical study of the dynamic behavior of a dielectric elastomer balloon subject to a combination of pressure and voltage. When the pressure and voltage are static, the balloon may reach a state of equilibrium. We determine the stability of the state of equilibrium, and calculate the natural frequency of the small-amplitude oscillationaroundthestateof equilibrium.Wefocus ontheparametricresponsesof thedielectric elastomerballoon.Whenthe voltage is sinusoidal, the balloon resonates at multiple frequencies of excitation, giving rise to superharmonic, harmonic and subharmonic responses. When the frequency of excitation varies continuously, the oscillating amplitude of the balloon may jump, exhibitinghysteresis. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Combining static analysis and runtime monitoring to counter SQL-injection attacks

Our dependence on web applications has steadily increased, and we continue to integrate them into our everyday routine activities. When we are making reservations, paying bills, and shopping on-line, we expect these web applications to be secure and reliable. However, as the availability of these services has increased, there has been a corresponding increase in the number and sophistication of attacks that target them. One of the most serious types of attack against web applications is SQL injection. SQL injection is a class of code-injection attacks in which user input is included in a SQL query in such a way that part of the input is treated as code. Using SQL injection. attackers can leak confidential information, such as credit card numbers, from web applications' databases and even corrupt the database. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to counter SQL-injection. The technique combines conservative static analysis and runtime monitoring to detect and stop illegal queries before they are executed on the database. In its static part, the technique builds a conservative model of the legitimate queries that could be generated by the application. In its dynamic part, the technique inspects the dynamically generated queries for compliance with the statically-built model. We also present a preliminary evaluation of the technique performed on two small web applications. The results of the evaluation are promising---our technique was able to prevent all of the attacks that we performed on the two applications.
Implementation Challenges to Using Respondent-Driven Sampling Methodology for HIV Biological and Behavioral Surveillance: Field Experiences in International Settings

Using respondent-driven sampling (RDS), we gathered data from 128 HIV surveillance studies conducted outside the United States through October 1, 2007. We examined predictors of poor study outcomes, reviewed operational, design and analytical challenges associated with conducting RDS in international settings and offer recommendations to improve HIV surveillance. We explored factors for poor study outcomes using differences in mean sample size ratios (recruited/calculated sample size) as the outcome variable. Ninety-two percent of studies reported both calculated and recruited sample sizes. Studies of injecting drug users had a higher sample size ratio compared with other risk groups. Study challenges included appropriately defining eligibility criteria, structuring social network size questions, selecting design effects and conducting statistical analysis. As RDS is increasingly used for HIV surveillance, it is important to learn from past practical, theoretical and analytical challenges to maximize the utility of this method.
Nanoprecision MEMS Capacitive Sensor for Linear and Rotational Positioning

This paper presents a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive position sensor for nanopositioning applications in Probe storage systems. The objective of the sensor system design is to develop a high-precision X-Y linear and rotational position sensor with a minimum sensor area and a large range of movements at high speed. To achieve this, first, a simple sensor noise model scalable with a sensor area was developed, in which all the parasitic capacitances are taken into account. Furthermore, a signal-processing solution was developed to compensate for the nonlinearities caused by rotational disturbances and, at the same time, to generate a rotational position signal for active rotation-control purposes. A MEMS capacitive sensor prototype was constructed with the design of a 13-mum pitch, a 300-mum peak-to-peak linear stroke, and a 3.46-mm2 sensor area at a 3-mum gap. The measured sensor noise was 0.2 nm 1sigma, which corresponds to 12 mudeg 1sigma for the fabricated prototype sensor, at 25-kHz bandwidth. Furthermore, the signal linearity was significantly enhanced by the proposed sensor signal processing, with a measured sensor signal nonlinearity of 0.78% for an 80-mum peak-to-peak stroke at 200 Hz. Finally, the capacitive sensor-based dynamic closed-loop X -Y linear and rotational position control of an electromagnetic scanner was successfully demonstrated.
Prototype testing simplified by scannable buffers and latches

Conventional logic devices incorporating boundary scan with the proposed IEEE P1149.1 interface have been shown to offer great improvements in board testing. These improvements are contrasted with traditional approaches for the design verification, debugging, and testing of a prototype system. The incorporation of boundary scan has been demonstrated to impose a minimal real estate overhead and change the process of design verification and testing making it beneficial to both the design engineer and test engineer. The use of devices incorporating boundary scan will reduce the cost of testing. By using the devices that support the P1149.1 architecture in the prototype system considered, some of the problems and questions associated with the verification and testing of prototype systems (or even production systems) were solved. In addition to solving the problems, the verification and testing processes were simplified. >
Domed and Released Thin-Film Construct—An Approach for Material Characterization and Compliant Interconnects

An approach for microfabricating precisely defined spherical 3-D domes through a simple low-temperature polymer reflow process was developed. Release of a thin metal film patterned over the domed structure was accomplished by the removal of the underlying polymer using two different methods: dry thermal decomposition and wet supercritical release. The domed shape impacted the effect of stiction during the release step and assisted in the release of large millimeter-size film geometries. The dome and release procedures were used to fabricate an experimental test specimen that functions as either a tensile or interfacial fracture test for thin films on rigid substrates. Other potential applications of the domed metal structures such as compliant electrical interconnects are discussed.
Seagrass genotypic diversity increases disturbance response via complementarity and dominance

Summary 1. Genetic diversity, like species diversity, can enhance resistance or resilience to perturbation. However, we know little about how disturbance intensity affects this relationship or what mechanisms underlie the positive effects of genetic diversity. 2. We experimentally tested the independent and interactive effects of seagrass genotypic diversity (two levels) and disturbance (three levels) on seagrass biomass in a 2-year field experiment. 3. Our results indicate that genotypic diversity enhances seagrass resilience from experimental biomass removal, but only at the highest level of disturbance; in the absence of disturbance, monocultures out-perform polycultures over the short term. 4. Following recovery from the planned experimental disturbance, a natural macroalgal bloom caused a loss of seagrass shoots in our plots. In this case polycultures lost fewer shoots than monocultures (i.e. were more resistant to the disturbance), and this positive effect of genetic diversity persisted until the end of the experiment (1 year in total, including 6 months after all plots had recovered to pre-disturbance densities). At the end of the 2-year experiment, polycultures had higher shoot density and above-ground biomass than monocultures. 5. The positive effects of diversity on shoot density and biomass were caused by both trait-independent complementarity (TIC; due to differential resource use among clones) and positive dominance (due to one genotype achieving high density in both monoculture and polyculture). 6. Synthesis. Our results confirm that genetic diversity, like species diversity, can influence disturbance response and does so via similar mechanisms. They also highlight that over longer time frames, these effects are likely to result from a complex mix of dominance and complementarity mechanisms that depend on the traits of the specific taxa involved and the response variables of interest.
Endogenous adenosine contributes to renal sympathetic neurotransmission via postjunctional A1 receptor-mediated coincident signaling

Adenosine A1 receptor antagonists have diuretic/natriuretic activity and may be useful for treating sodium-retaining diseases, many of which are associated with increased renal sympathetic tone. Th...
Schooling the New South: Pedagogy, Self, and Society in North Carolina, 1880-1920

Schooling the New South deftly combines social and political history, gender studies, and African American history into a story of educational reform. James Leloudis recreates North Carolina's classrooms as they existed at the turn of the century and explores the wide-ranging social and psychological implications of the transition from old-fashioned common schools to modern graded schools. He argues that this critical change in methods of instruction both reflected and guided the transformation of the American South. According to Leloudis, architects of the New South embraced the public school as an institution capable of remodeling their world according to the principles of free labor and market exchange. By altering habits of learning, they hoped to instill in students a vision of life that valued individual ambition and enterprise above the familiar relations of family, church, and community. Their efforts eventually created both a social and a pedagogical revolution, says Leloudis. Public schools became what they are today--the primary institution responsible for the socialization of children and therefore the principal battleground for society's conflicts over race, class, and gender. Southern History/Education/North Carolina |Linking educational history to social change, this book shows how the transition from common schools to graded institutions (1880-1920) both reflected and guided the transformation of the American South. (Please see cloth edition, published 4/96.)
Magnesium sulfate and ritodrine hydrochloride: Systemic and uterine hemodynamic effects

Effects of magnesium sulfate and ritodrine hydrochloride on cardiovascular physiologic characteristics were studied in 70 human subjects treated for preterm labor. Systemic and uterine hemodynamic effects were investigated in five pregnant rhesus monkeys. Systolic blood pressure was minimally affected by either agent. Diastolic pressure, while not affected by magnesium sulfate, decreased 26.3% during ritodrine therapy. Maternal and fetal heart rates were minimally affected by magnesium sulfate. Ritodrine increased maternal and fetal heart rates significantly. In the monkeys, magnesium sulfate increased uterine and placental blood flows (by the microsphere technique) but failed to alter cardiac output. Ritodrine produced an increase in cardiac output but decreased perfusion pressure. Placental blood flow decreased by an average of 27.6%. Ritodrine would therefore seem contraindicated with a compromised fetal environment. Magnesium sulfate, by not altering perfusion pressure, may have a beneficial effect on uterine hemodynamics. These specific and distinct differences in cardiovascular and hemodynamic effects should be considered when either magnesium sulfate or ritodrine is selected as a tocolytic agent.
The language you cry in : The story of a Mende song

The Language You Cry In: The Story of. Mende Song. 1998. 52 minutes, color. video by Alvaro Toepke and Angel Serrano. In English and Mende with English subtitles. For more information contact California Newsreel, 149 Ninth Street/420, San Francisco, CA 94103.
The Annual American Men's Internet Survey of Behaviors of Men Who have Sex with Men in the United States: 2014 Key Indicators Report.

The American Men’s Internet Survey (AMIS) is an annual web-based behavioral survey conducted in the United States of men who have sex with men (MSM). This rapid surveillance report describes the sixth cycle of data collection (September-December 2018; AMIS 2018). The key indicators were the same as those previously reported for past AMIS cycles. The AMIS methodology has not substantively changed since AMIS 2017. MSM were recruited from a variety of websites using banner advertisements and email blasts. In addition, participants from AMIS 2017 who agreed to be recontacted for future research were emailed a link to AMIS 2018. Men were eligible to participate if they were aged ≥15 years, resided in the United States, provided a valid US ZIP code, and reported ever having sex with a man or identified as gay or bisexual. The analysis was limited to those who reported having oral or anal sex with a male partner in the past 12 months. We examined demographic and recruitment characteristics using multivariable regression modeling (P<.05) stratified by the participants’ self-reported HIV status. The AMIS 2018 round of data collection resulted in 10,129 completed surveys from MSM representing every US state, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Most participants were non-Hispanic White, aged between 15 and 24 years, living in urban areas in the southern United States, and recruited from general social networking websites. The plurality (4230/10,129, 41.76%) of participants was in the youngest age group, 15-24 years, followed by the 40 years and older age group (3088/10,129, 30.49%). The self-reported HIV prevalence was 6.08% (616/10,129). Compared with HIV-negative or unknown status participants, HIV-positive participants were more likely to have had anal sex without a condom with a male partner in the past 12 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.02, 95% CI 1.63-2.50) and more likely to have had anal sex without a condom with a serodiscordant or an unknown status partner (aOR 3.90, 95% CI 3.27-4.66). The reported use of marijuana in the past 12 months was higher among HIV-positive participants than among HIV-negative or unknown status participants (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.15-1.68). The reported use of methamphetamines and other illicit substances in the past 12 months was higher among HIV-positive participants than among HIV-negative or unknown status participants (aOR 3.42, 95% CI 2.41-4.87 and aOR 1.90, 95% CI 1.56-2.32, respectively). Most HIV-negative or unknown status participants (6838/9513, 71.88%) reported ever taking an HIV test previously, and 52.51% (4995/9513) of the participants reported undergoing HIV testing in the past 12 months. HIV-positive participants were more likely to report testing and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections than HIV-negative or unknown status participants (aOR 3.50, 95% CI 2.89-4.24 and aOR 2.61, 95% CI 2.10-3.25, respectively).
The influence of pre- and postnatal caloric intake on colon carcinogenesis.

Abstract Mother rats were allowed to litter under conventional conditions. They were fed a complete, semipurifted diet during gestation, and at time of littering the numbers of pups were reduced to either eight per litter or four per litter in two additional groups. At weaning, all rats were continued on the same diet that their mothers had consumed. One group of those reduced to four per litter at birth was allowed to continue to eat ad libitum while the other group, reduced to four per litter, was pair fed to the ad libitum eight per litter group. The group reduced to four per litter at birth and allowed to eat ad libitum during postnatal life gained the most weight and were heaviest at the termination of the study. This group also had the greater incidence and frequency of colon tumors when exposed to dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The group pair fed to rats fed conventional diets, eight rats per litter, had an incidence and frequency of tumors between the other two groups. These data demonstrate that early ...
Increased NaCl preference of rats fed low-protein diet

Four studies were conducted to assess the effect of a low-protein diet on NaCl intake. Young rats fed either control (20% casein) or low-protein (5% casein) high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet were allowed to drink either water alone or water and 300 mM NaCl. Relative to rats fed control diet, rats fed the low-protein diet progressively increased NaCl intake so that, despite lower food and water intakes, they drank 180% more NaCl during the last 3 days of the 21-day test. Additional studies found that rats fed low-protein diet always maintained positive sodium balance, were neither sodium depleted nor hypovolemic, and had normal plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations. The elevated NaCl intake was not secondary to calcium deficiency and was unaffected by mineral supplementation of the protein-deficient diet. Increases in the diet's CH and/or fat content incidental to decreases in its protein content influenced, but could not completely account for, the effect of protein deficiency on NaCl intake. We conclude that protein deficiency is the primary cause of the elevated NaCl preference produced by being fed a low-protein diet and that a novel physiological mechanism underlies this behavior.
Black Women in Colonial Pennsylvania

SOMETIME BEFORE 1750, and perhaps as early as 1720, Rachel Pemberton, the wife of long-term assemblyman and Quaker leader Israel Pemberton, Sr., offered freedom to her slave Betty. The black woman refused the offer, preferring to remain with the family.1 Later in the century, in the spring of 1776, another wealthy Quaker couple, provincial councilor William Logan and his wife Hannah, discussed freedom with their slave Dinah. In this case, how ever, the black woman broached the subject. According to William and Hannah, Dinah asked them to set her free. The Logans had already freed her daughter Bess, but they seem to have been saddened by Dinah's request because she had been in Hannah's family since she was a child and they considered her a part of their family. She was a grand mother and perhaps the Logans thought she should remain under their protection. But Dinah wanted the status of a free black, and in the end the Logans agreed to give her "full Liberty to go and live with whom & Where She may Chuse."2 Dinah elected to stay in the household as a hired servant, though both Hannah and William Logan soon died, and she is the woman who is supposed to have saved Stenton, their Ger mantown mansion, from being burned by the British in 1777.3
Simulating the hydrologic response when streams are incorporated in valley-fill design

AbstractThe geomorphic landform design (GLD) approach has the potential to incorporate stream networks into valley-fill reclamation. This work modelled the potential hydrologic response of GLD by evaluating storm response as well as flooding of the receiving reach of one West Virginia valley fill in several construction phases (i.e. pre-mining, conventional design and GLD). The GLD during construction condition resulted in peak flowrates that were more than twice the undisturbed pre-mining condition, but peak flowrates reduce to pre-mining conditions over time. A GLD that included surface ponds was presented to offer on-site streamflow. A retrofit example was presented to improve bond failing sites.
Responses of the Pacific Spider Mite and the Citrus Red Mite to Laboratory and Field Applications of Tricyclohexyl Tin Hydroxide

Tricyclohexyl tin hydroxide (TCTH) was found to be relatively toxic to the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), and the Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor. It was slightly more toxic to the nymphs than to the adult females and more toxic by direct contact than as a spray residue. There was no change in the susceptibility of our laboratory strain of the Pacific spider mite after 10 selections with TCTH where selection occurred at the LC50 level. Residues from field-spray applications to lemons were toxic to adult mites for 30–60 days after applications. The time interval of toxicity was dependent on the dosage and time of year applied. During an elapsed period of more than 20 days a sizeable proportion of TCTH residues could be removed from lemon fruit and leaves by a detergent wash as indicated by the toxicity of the residues to adult female mites. Effective control of the citrus red mite was achieved in more than 20 experimental orchards by dilute or “misttype” spray applications. However, under some conditions TCTH sprays were slightly less effective than the quinoxiline applications which were used as a standard treatment. Necrotic spots were observed on very young citrus growth following some spray applications. Severe leaf drop occurred when TCTH was applied to lemon trees immediately following an application of 1.2% petroleum oil.
Abstract 2888: SOCS3-deficient cells are defective in the DNA damage response

The SOCS family of proteins are negative feedback inhibitors of cytokine and growth factor signal transduction, targeting primarily the STAT family of transcription factors. Several SOCS genes, including SOCS1 and SOCS3 are hypermethylated and silenced in solid tumors, which is believed to impart a growth advantage via hyperactivation of the STAT pathway. Despite the growing role of SOCS in the pathogenesis of cancer, very little is known of their role in modulating tumor cell responses to therapy. We recently identified an unexpected function for SOCS3 in the context of the DNA damage response. We found that cells lacking SOCS3 are sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR) in a clonogenic survival assay due to impaired p21 (Cip1/Waf-1) upregulation, which results in failure of the radiation-induced G1-S checkpoint. Normal cell cycle arrest and p21 upregulation could be restored in SOCS3-/- MEFs by overexpression of a phosphorylation-deficient, dominant-negative (DN) mutant of STAT3. Two STAT3-dependent genes known to suppress p21 expression, c-Myc and BCL6 are overrepresented in SOCS3-deficient MEFs. Likewise, human tumor cells that repress SOCS3 expression by epigenetic silencing are also more radiosensitive than their SOCS3+ counterparts. In agreemwnt with our data in MEFs, c-Myc and BCL6 are overexpressed in human tumor cells that silence SOCS3 expression by promoter hypermethulation, suggesting that tumors lacking SOCS3 may be more vulnerable to IR-based therapies due to impaired cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. Our data suggest that therapeutic targeting of SOCS3 in tumor cells could sensitize cells to IR and improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2888. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2888
Liquidus Temperature of Spinel Precipitating High-Level Waste Glasses

The liquidus temperature (TL) often limits the loading of high-level waste in glass through the constraint that TL must be at least 100°C below the temperature at which the glass viscosity is 5 Pa-s. In this study, values of TL for spinel primary crystalline phase were measured as a function of glass composition. The test glasses were based on high-iron Hanford Site tank wastes. All studied glasses precipitated spinel (Ni,Fe,Mn)(Cr,Fe)2O4 as the primary crystalline phase. TL was increased by additions of Cr2O3, NiO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and MnO; while Li2O, Na2O, B2O3, and SiO2 had a negative effect. Empirical mixture models were fitted to data.
Beneficial Lattice Strain in Heterogeneously Doped Ceria

Oxygen ion conduction in heterogeneously doped films composed of alternating layers of pure Y2O3 and pure CeO2 was reported recently, with conduction coming predominantly from vacancies trapped in interfacial space charge regions in CeO2. Here, we expand this concept to films composed of CeO2 heterogeneously doped with Y2O3, Gd2O3, or La2O3 in order to study the effects of heterodopant identity on the oxygen ion conductivity. For all samples, the thickness of the entire structure and that of the individual dopant layers were kept constant. The dopant oxides used in this work adopt the cubic bixbyite crystal structure with pseudo-fluorite lattice parameters that are, relative to CeO2, smaller (Y2O3), larger (La2O3), and nearly equal (Gd2O3). The total conductivity of the films increased with increasing lattice parameter of the dopant oxides. An electrostatic Gouy–Chapman model is not sufficient to explain this behavior because all of the dopants theoretically contribute identical interfacial oxygen vacancy...
Human Rights, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Fortune Companies

ABSTRACTHuman rights and its relationships with businesses such as Fortune Companies are reviewed in light of their corporate social responsibility. Fortune Companies' commitments to society and the implementation of their “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) are examined. Fortune Companies focus on three areas of human rights–forced labor, human trafficking, and the trade in conflict minerals. This article discusses Fortune Companies' challenges and opportunities, reviews the three areas of human rights reported by Fortune Companies, proposes a transparent reporting structure, and calls for compassion and the inclusion of other human rights issues in the annual reporting of Fortune Companies.
Improvement and Implementation of Replacement Algorithm for Cooperative Web Cache

On basis of LRU algorithm,this paper proposes an improved replacement algorithm for cooperative Web cache,which uses different storage strategies aiming at different sizes of documents.For example,small documents are increased to gain high locally hit rates while reducing big documents to economize the cache space.Simulation experimental results show this algorithm can achieve better performance,and is effective.
Investigation and analysis on the status of blood lead leuel in Children aged 0-14 years around the storage battery factory

Objective To investigate the blood lead level of children living around the rechargeable battery factory,provide scientific basis for establishing prevention and treatment strategy of the children lead poisoning. Methods The children aged 0-14 years old living around the rechargeable battery factory were selected as the object of investigation. The children were investigated about their basic situation according to the drawn up questionnaire. Vein blood was collected and the lead value was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method. All the blood lead level and abnormal rate was analyzed and compared among different gender,age,living habits and living environment. Results The median of 186 children blood lead was 20 μg /L( P25: 20μg/L,P75: 50μg/L),11 children blood lead was greater than100μg / L,exceed ratio of blood lead was 5. 91%. The average of boys' blood lead and exceed ratio were significantly higher than girls'. The blood lead and exceed ratio of some children who had family members engaging high lead-exposure work was significantly higher than those who did not,and the differences were statistically significant( P 0. 01). Different age groups and living environment had no effect on the children blood lead and exceed ratio( P 0. 05). Conclusion Environmental intervention and health education could maximally prevent and reduce the harm of lead to children.
Glutamine Synthetase Immunoreactivity in Peritumoral Hyperplasia in Liver Case Report of a Metastatic Paraganglioma With Focal Nodular Hyperplasia-Like Changes and Review of an Additional 54 Liver Masses

Objectives: Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and peritumoral hyperplasia in the liver exhibit increased immunoreactivity for glutamine synthetase (GS). We observed FNH-like changes with map-like GS staining surrounding a metastatic paraganglioma and sought to determine how often such changes occur around primary and metastatic liver lesions. Methods: We performed GS immunohistochemistry in liver cases of 20 metastatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), 21 metastatic colon carcinomas (CCs), seven hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and six FNHs and assessed lesions for size, degree of fibrosis (scored 1-3), and peritumoral hyperplasia. Results: Most NEC or CC cases had few peritumoral hyperplastic features. Three NECs, two CCs, and one HCC (13%) had patchy GS staining at the periphery of the lesions. One CC case had both histologic and immunohistochemical peritumoral hyperplasia. Conclusions: Peritumoral hyperplasia or FNH-like changes are uncommon findings around primary or metastatic lesions in the liver. GS immunohistochemistry assists in distinguishing true peritumoral hyperplasia from mass effect.