cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vps1p, a member of the dynamin GTPase family, is necessary for Golgi membrane protein retention in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The KEX2-encoded endoprotease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resides in the Golgi complex where it participates in the maturation of alpha-factor mating pheromone precursor. Clathrin heavy chain gene disruptions cause mislocalization of Kex2p to the cell surface and reduce maturation of the alpha-factor precursor. Based on these findings, a genetic screen has been devised to isolate mutations that affect retention of Kex2p in the Golgi complex. Two alleles of a single genetic locus, lam1 (lowered alpha-factor maturation), have been isolated, which result in inefficient maturation of alpha-factor precursor. In lam1 cells, Kex2p is not mislocalized to the cell surface but is abnormally unstable. Normal stability is restored by the pep4 mutation which reduces the activity of vacuolar proteases. In contrast, the pheromone maturation defect is not corrected by pep4. Organelle fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation shows that Kex2p is not retained in the Golgi complex of lam1 cells. Vacuolar protein precursors are secreted by lam1 mutants, revealing another sorting defect in the Golgi complex. Genetic complementation reveals that lam1 is allelic to the VPS1 gene, which encodes a dynamin-related GTPase. These results indicate that Vps1p is necessary for membrane protein retention in a late Golgi compartment.
A 37-42 GHz 8x8 Phased-Array for 5G Communication Systems with 48-50 dBm EIRP

This paper presents a 5G 39 GHz 8x8 phased array. The array is based on 2x2 TRX beamformer chips in SiGe technology with 6 bits of phase control and 8 bits of gain control. Sixteen of the beamformer chips are flipped on a low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) with a 1:16 wilkinson network. The antenna is designed with a stacked-patch structure and has an impedance bandwidth of 7 GHz (35.5-42.5 GHz). The 8x8 phased-array has a measured EIRP of 48-50 dBm at P1dB and Psat with a 3-dB bandwidth of 36.5-42 GHz. The phased-array can scan to +/−50° in the azimuth plane and +/−45° in the elevation plane with very low sidelobes, and achieves < −30 dB cross polarization levels at all scan angles. An error vector magnitude (EVM) measurement was done with the 8x8 array using a 16-QAM 100 MHz waveform with α=0.35 (PAPR=6.6 dB) and a very low EVM is achieved (1.2-4.75%) over a wide range of EIRP, and up to 46 dBm of average power.
The process of skills training: A content analysis of evidence-based addiction therapies.

Abstract Overview This work builds on previous efforts to delineate cross-cutting factors of evidence-based therapies. In this report, we target a single therapeutic factor—skills training for addictive behavior change—and we operationalize this factor in a manner that will aid clinical training and quality control. Specifically, we identify principles, which we defined as broader understandings on the part of the therapist that must be kept in mind when implementing a specific therapeutic practice. We define a practice as discrete action step or specific type of intervention that the therapist uses when addressing skills training content with clients. Method We conducted a literature review and qualitative content analysis of 30 source documents (i.e., therapy manuals, literature reviews, and government issued practice guidelines) and videos (i.e., therapy demonstration videos). We performed analysis of source materials in NVIVO. Results We identified 10 principles and 30 therapeutic practices. Together, the principles suggest that skills training in evidence-based addiction therapies can be characterized as a client-centered approach to teaching and behavioral practice. The identified practices fell into four function themes: 1) client-centered goal-setting, 2) building client self-efficacy, 3) engaging in teaching, and 4) engaging in practice. Conclusions When the identified principles and practices are combined, they can inform a fidelity-based approach to behavioral skills training that is applicable to a wide range of alcohol or other drug (AOD) content topics, therapeutic modalities, and implementation settings. We discuss future implications regarding standardized training and fidelity assessment.
Understanding the chemical contribution to the enhancement mechanism in SERS: Connection with Hammett parameters.

The enhancement mechanism due to the molecule–surface chemical interaction in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been characterized using a theoretical approach based on time dependent density functional theory. This includes a systematic study of the chemical mechanism (CM) to the SERS enhancement for halogen substituted benzenethiols interacting with a silver cluster. Changing the halogen on benzenethiol enables us to systematically modulate interactions between the benzenethiol ring and the metal cluster. We observe a decrease in the CM enhancement factor with an increase in the atomic number of the halogen for para-substitutions. For meta-substitutions, there is no such trend. However, the results scale linearly with the Hammett parameters for both meta and para halogens, which provides an important predictive tool for interpreting chemical enhancements. We also study the effect of solvation on the CM, showing that there is a systematic increase in enhancement with the increasing solvent dielectric constant. The correlation of CM with other properties, such as the amount of charge transfer between adsorbate and metal and the excitation energies of charge transfer states, is much less predictive than the Hammett parameter correlation.
Identifying risk factors for enteral access procedures in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A novel risk-assessment score.

Abstract Background/Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) undergoing enteral access procedures (gastrostomy or jejunostomy) during their initial hospitalization, and establish a clinical scoring system based on these characteristics. Methods Data were obtained from the multicenter, multinational CDH Study Group database (CDHSG Registry) between 2007 and 2019. Patients were randomly partitioned into model-derivation and validation subsets. Weighted scores were assigned to risk factors based on their calculated β-coefficients after logistic regression. Results Of 4537 total patients, 597 (13%) underwent gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube placement. In the derivation subset, factors independently associated with an increased risk for enteral access included oxygen requirement at 30-days, chromosomal abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux, major cardiac anomalies, ECMO requirement, liver herniation, and increased defect size. Based on the devised scoring system, patients could be stratified into very low (0–4 points; Conclusion This study identifies risk factors associated with enteral access procedures in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and establishes a novel scoring system that may be used to guide clinical decision making in those with poor oral feeding. Type of study Prognosis study.
Expanding the scope of reproducibility research through data analysis replications

Abstract In recent years, researchers in several scientific disciplines have become concerned with published studies replicating less often than expected. A positive side effect of this concern is an appreciation that replicating other researchers’ work is an essential part of the scientific process. To date, many such efforts have come from the experimental sciences, where replication entails running new experiments, generating new data, and analyzing it. In this article, we emphasize not experimental replications but data analysis replications. We do so for three reasons. First, experimental replication excludes entire classes of publications that do not run experiments or even collect original data (e.g., archival data analysis). Second, experimental replication may in some cases be a needlessly high bar: there is great value in replicating just the data analyses of published experimental work. As data analysis replications require a lower investment of resources than experimental replications, their adoption should expand the number and variety of scientific reproducibility studies undertaken. Third, we propose that teaching undergraduate students to perform data analysis replications will greatly increase the number of replications done while providing them with research experience that should inform their decisions to pursue research or to attend graduate school. Towards this end, we provide details of a pilot program we created to teach undergraduates the skills necessary to conduct data analysis replications, and include a case study of the first set of students who completed this program and attempted to replicate the data analyses in a widely-cited social science paper on policing. In addition, we present a summary of ten additional data analysis replications carried out entirely by students in a university course.
Political transitions in Sudan and Ethiopia: an early comparative analysis

This article presents a comparative analysis of the political transitions occurring in neighbours Ethiopia and Sudan since 2018. To date, these political transitions have largely been analysed inde...
Severe Drug-Induced Liver Injury in the Military: A Retrospective Review

Objectives Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Establishing a diagnosis is challenging due to the broad differential diagnosis of liver injury. We retrospectively reviewed patients with severe idiosyncratic DILI at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in order to define the scope and patterns of injury in the military population. Methods Using the military health database, we identified a total of 110 patients who had an International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 code for toxic liver injury in the electronic medical record at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center between 2016 and 2019. Each patient record was reviewed, and all pertinent data for included patients were recorded into a database for analysis. Results Twenty-seven out of 110 patients with a diagnostic code for toxic liver injury met inclusion criteria for severe idiosyncratic DILI. Nine cases were caused by supplements, including 5 active duty service members using synthetic anabolic steroids or preworkout supplements. The majority of patients were men and one-third were serving on active duty. The ranges of liver enzyme elevation and patterns of liver injury widely varied. Conclusion Military service members are at particularly high risk for DILI given the frequent use of over-the-counter and other unregulated strength- and performance-enhancing supplements. These injuries not only have significant medical consequences but can profoundly impact military readiness and mission capability. Diagnosis of DILI among active duty service members requires a strong index of suspicion, and inquiry regarding all ingestions is crucial. Educating physicians, providers, and policy makers on the risks of supplement-induced liver injury among service members is crucial. These data will facilitate additional studies exploring susceptibility to severe idiosyncratic DILI among the military population.
A Comparison of Concurrent Programming and Cooperative Multithreading

This paper presents a comparison of the cooperative multithreading models with the general concurrent programming model. It focuses on the execution time performance of a range of standard concurrent programming applications. The results show that in many, but not all, cases programs written in the cooperative multithreading model outperform those written in the general concurrent programming model. The contributions of this paper are an analysis of the performances of applications in the different models and an examination of the parallel cooperative multithreading programming style.
On the use of intervals in scientific computing: what is the best transition from linear to quadratic approximation?

In many problems from science and engineering, the measurements are reasonably accurate, so we can use linearization (= sensitivity analysis) to describe the effect of measurement errors on the result of data processing. In many practical cases, the measurement accuracy is not so good, so, to get a good estimate of the resulting error, we need to take quadratic terms into consideration – i.e., in effect, approximate the original algorithm by a quadratic function. The problem of estimating the range of a quadratic function is NP-hard, so, in the general case, we can only hope for a good heuristic. Traditional heuristic is similar to straightforward interval computations: we replace each operation with numbers with the corresponding operation of interval arithmetic (or of the arithmetic that takes partial probabilistic information into consideration). Alternatively, we can first diagonalize the quadratic matrix – and then apply the same approach to the result of diagonalization. Which heuristic is better? We show that sometimes, the traditional heuristic is better; sometimes, the new approach is better; asymptotically, which heuristic is better depends on how fast, when sorted in decreasing order, the eigenvalues decrease.
Human factors in information systems: emerging theoretical bases

Human factors information systems - a position treatise human factors in management information systems - a taxonomy transactional use interfaces user interfaces design - a methodology for the comparative study of spreadsheet and financial modelling programmes an empirical evaluation of word processing task performance using different menu styles the supplanting function of colour in human information processing a cognitive approach to the influence of graphics on information presentation programme structure vs. knowledge structure - the impact of education on programme debugging skill integrating human factors into the information systems curriculum a user-based approach to online help for word processing integrating related documentation manuals through hypertext an evaluation of human factors research in decision support - observations and recommendations the evaluation of usability in interactive information systems user satisfaction with information systems - a research framework user learning and decision making - an evaluation of expert system explanation facilities experimental analysis of database record formats - some effects of format complexity and grouping on user performance development of a tool for measuring the user friendliness of software - the case of managers learning to use Lotus 123 flow in human-computer interactions - test of a model organizational implications of local area network systems - a sociotechnical perspective towards a social engineering of social technologies human values and the future of technology.
From aspiration to achievement: Assessment and noninvasive treatment of erectile dysfunction in aging men

More than 70% of elderly men (>or=65) remain sexually active, and more than 40%, according to one estimate, are dissatisfied with their sex lives. Declining sexual function and a reluctance to seek medical attention with advancing age are cross-cultural observations. Normal erection is largely dependent on intact function of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the penile vascular endothelium. Consequently, chronic conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus) and lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking) that have adverse effects on the vascular endothelium and central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as on endocrine function or connective tissues within the corpus cavernosum of the penis, can attenuate erectile function. Because of these associations, assessment of sexual function in elderly men often reveals not only erectile dysfunction (ED) but also other reversible conditions. An expanding array of noninvasive options is available to assist the clinician in individualizing ED therapy to the unique health and lifestyle needs of each elderly ED patient and his partner. These treatment alternatives include the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, as well as other oral medications, such as alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and topical vasoactive or testosterone therapy.
Spatial patterns of sand pine invasion into longleaf pine forests in the Florida Panhandle

Land use practices since European settlement have had profound effects on the composition and structure of certain forested ecosystems in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain. One significant change since the turn of the century has been the invasion of upland pine forests by sand pine in the state of Florida panhandle and peninsula. This study quantified sand pine extent and expansion and examined links between sand pine distribution and environmental factors in the Florida panhandle. Geographic information system analysis using aerial photographs (1949 and 1994) showed sand pine expansion and also increased canopy cover of sand pine over time. There was a high rate of conversion of longleaf pine to sand pine from 1949 to 1994 (44%), and conversion of sparse sand pine stands to dense sand pine stands (69%). Therefore, widespread changes in the Florida landscape were evident during a relatively short time period. Adjacency analyses showed a strong negative association between longleaf pine and dense sand pine and a positive association between riparian vegetation and dense sand pine. Distribution of sand pine across elevation demonstrated that sand pine expanded inland and upland into longleaf-pine forests. In 1949, sand pine was selectively located on sites below 30 m in elevations; by 1994, sparse and moderately dense sand-pine stands were found at all elevations. Thus, any area that may receive an input of sand pine seeds, most notably from riparian areas, is vulnerable to establishment.
Vertical Guidance for a Lockheed L1011-100 Using Optimal Dynamic Interpolation

In this paper, dynamic interpolation is applied to an L1011-100 vertical guidance problem. A flight management system's (FMS) optimized vertical flight plan is used to obtain way points which serve as inputs to the dynamic interpolation algorithm. The algorithm produces reference commands which are issued to a model obtained from a certified FAA L1011-100 and autopilot. The resulting dynamic behavior is compared to the results obtained from reference commands produced by an L1011-like commercial aircraft FMS. Quadratic and cubic spline solutions to the dynamic interpolation problem are presented. Performance degradation with respect to weight uncertainty is examined for both the FMS and the Dynamic Interpolation commands.
Desenvolvimento Instrumental do Raciocínio dos Professores em Geometria Dinâmica (Tradução)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271991323 To contribute to understanding how teachers can develop geometrical understanding, we report on the discursive development of teachers’ geometrical reasoning through instrument appropriation while collaborating in an online dynamic geometry environment (DGE). Using the theory of instrument-mediated activity, we analysis the discourse and DGE actions of a group of middle and high school mathematics teachers who participated in a semester-long, professional development course. Working in small teams, they collaborated to solve geometric problems. Our results show that as teachers appropriate DGE artifacts and transform its components into instruments, they develop their geometrical knowledge and reasoning in dynamic geometry. Our study contributes to a broad understanding of how teachers develop mathematical knowledge for teaching. Keywords : Dynamic geometry, Instrumental genesis, Mathematical knowledge for teaching, Collaboration. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
Declining alternative reinforcers link depression to young adult smoking

Aims Young adulthood represents a period of continued smoking progression and the establishment of regular and long-term smoking practices. Our understanding of the psychological processes that facilitate and solidify regular smoking patterns in this developmental period is limited. We sought to evaluate the role of depression symptoms in young adult smoking uptake and to evaluate whether non-smoking related alternative reinforcers was a mechanism by which depression symptoms influence smoking. Participants The sample was composed of 834 young adults who participated in a longitudinal study of smoking adoption (aged 18–22 years). Design and measurements In this prospective cohort study, smoking, depression, alternative reinforcers and several covariates were measured annually via telephone from emerging adulthood (age 18) to young adulthood (age 22). Findings Results of a parallel processes latent growth curve model showed that depression symptoms level (baseline age 18) had a significant negative effect on substitute alternative reinforcers trend (β = −0.01, Z = −3.17, P = 0.002) and that substitute reinforcers trend had a significant negative effect on smoking trend (β = −0.62, Z = −2.99, P = 0.003). An assessment of indirect effects revealed that depression symptoms level had a significant positive indirect effect on smoking trend through substitute alternative reinforcers trend (β = 0.01, Z = 2.09, P = 0.04, 99% CI = 0.001, 0.02), such that greater depression symptoms at baseline predicted decreases in substitute reinforcers across time which in turn predicted increases in smoking uptake/rate from emerging to young adulhood. Conclusions Depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood appear to influence smoking uptake and smoking rate through reductions in alternative reinforcers. This suggests that increasing involvement in alternative reinforcers may prevent smoking uptake and escalation in smoking rate.
The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: reproducibility of cup/disk ratio measurements over time at an optic disc reading center.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the reproducibility over time of visual estimates of the horizontal cup/disk ratio by trained technicians from optic disk stereophotographs. METHODS: Baseline optic disk stereophotographs are graded at entry and regraded annually in a masked fashion. The 1,636 participants in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) undergo stereoscopic optic disk photography at study entry and annually thereafter. Stereophotographs are graded independently by two technicians at the Optic Disc Reading Center. If the readers’ estimates of horizontal cup/disk ratio differ by more than 0.2 disk diameters (DD), they attempt to reach a consensus; if they cannot, the horizontal cup/disk ratio is adjudicated by a glaucoma specialist. RESULTS: The percent of regradings differing by 0.2 DD or more from the estimate of horizontal cup/disk ratio made at entry was 4%, 6%, and 7%, respectively at years 1, 2, and 3. The percent differing by more than 0.2 DD was 1% or less at all years. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.93, 0.92, and 0.92, respectively. Estimates of horizontal cup/disk ratio from sequential full-frame photographs and simultaneous split-frame photographs appeared comparable and equally reproducible. Gradings by technicians were comparable to gradings by glaucoma specialists. CONCLUSIONS: High reproducibility between repeated gradings of baseline horizontal cup/disk ratio was achieved by trained technicians adhering to a rigorous protocol. Horizontal cup/disk ratio measurements in OHTS are sufficiently reproducible to provide information about the relationship of cup/disk ratio to the prognosis of individuals with ocular hypertension.
Where Do Power Laws Come From

AbstractWhat distribution ofgraphical degree sequenceis invariant under“scal-ing”? Are these graphs always power-law graphs? We show the answeris a surprising “yes” for sparse graphs if we ignore isolated vertices, ormore generally, the vertices with degrees less than a ﬁxed constant k. Weobtain a concentration result on the degree sequence of a random inducedsubgraph. The case of hypergraphs (or set-systems) is also examined. 1 Introduction Quite a few recent papers use the term “scale-free networks” to refer to thoselarge sparse graphs formed from real-world data. Such graphs often exhibitpower-law degree distributions. Namely, the number of vertices with degree dis roughly proportional to d −β , for some positive β. However, the term “scale-free” is rarely deﬁned in the literature, at least in the rigorous mathematicalsense. Furthermore, accounts in the literature of how power laws arise have beenlargely model-dependent. That is, a number of models of random-graph growthhave been proposed that give rise, under circumstances of varying generality, topower-law degree distributions. The most popular growth model of this kind isthe “preferential attachment” scheme, exempliﬁed by [3, 5, 6, 23].Though many of the growth rules are quite intuitive – in that one expectsmany real-world phenomena to approximate them – an explanation of the sheerubiquity of power laws that does not appeal to particular models is conspicuouslylacking.Here we attempt to address these omissions. First, it is natural to ask, whatis a scale? An obvious candidate for a scale is the number of vertices of a graph.Here “scaling the graph down” means “taking an induced subgraph”. Of course,subgraphs may look quite diﬀerent from one another. Hence, we consider onlythe average behavior.Random induced subgraph G
Somnofluoroscopy: Its Role in the Selection of Candidates for Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of somnofluoroscopy in the selection of candidates for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). Somnofluoroscopy is a lateral fluoroscopic examination of the upper airway with synchronous polysomnography that provides information about the dynamic function of the airway and the level of stenosis or occlusion during sleep. Somnofluoroscopies were performed preoperatively in 26 consecutive patients undergoing UPPP. Preoperative and postoperative polysomnographic data were obtained on each patient. On review of the somnofluoroscopic recordings, two levels of the airway were considered: level 1, above the horizontal plane through the midportion of body of the second cervical disk, and level 2, below this plane. The examinations were then scored for the following: (A) most narrow level of airway during wakefulness, (B) first level(s) of airway to collapse during apnea, and (C) all levels of the airway to collapse during apnea. It was shown that patients whose nar...
Urodynamic catheter moisture sensor: A novel device to improve leak point pressure detection

Aims High-quality urodynamic studies in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction are important, as UDS may be the only reliable gauge of potential risk for upper tract deterioration and the optimal tool to guide lower urinary tract management. Reliance on direct visualization of leakage during typical UDS remains a potential source of error. Methods Given the necessity of accurate leak point pressures, we developed a wireless leak detection sensor to eliminate the need for visual inspection during UDS. Results A mean decrease in detrusor leak point pressure of 3 cm/H20 and a mean 11% decrease in capacity at leakage was observed when employing the sensor compared to visual inspection in children undergoing two fillings during a single UDS session. Conclusion Removing the visual inspection component of UDS may improve accuracy of pressure readings. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface nitridation of nickel using hydrazoic acid (HN3) and nitrogen ion implantation

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), in conjunction with argon ion sputtering/depth profiling have been used to study the nature of nickel substrates nitrided by chemical modification with hydrazoic acid (HN3) and nitrogen ion implantation. Nickelnitrogen bond formation was evidenced from both treatment strategies, although a thicker nitrided overlayer was observed during nitrogen ion implantation. For ion implantation, the rate of surface nitridation was found to be independent of ion energy in the range of 2–5 keV, although at higher beam energies thicker nitride films were produced. The NiN bond was stable under vacuum conditions until ≈650 K. The influence of the surface chemical composition on the N(KLL) AES transition in metalnitrogen (MN) containing compounds is also illustrated for Ni, Al, and NiAl substrates exposed to HN3.
Density Functional Theory Studies of the Co(Cp)2|V(CO)6 Radical-Pair System

We have performed density-functional theory calculations for the V(CO) 6 radical, the Co(Cp) 2 radical, and the Co(Cp) 2 ‖V(CO) 6 radical pair. Primary interest was in the V(CO) 6 radical in both the isolated species and in the radical pair. Several stable structures were found for the Jahn-Teller-active 17-electron V(CO) 6 radical for both the isolated radical and in the radical pair. We confirmed prior studies that identified a D 3 d structure as most stable, a D 4 h structure at higher energies, and a transition state of D 2 h structure. We also found a new stable structure of C 2 h geometry that is close (∼130 cm - 1 ) to the lowest-energy D 3 d structure. We calculated the relative energies of the isolated radical structures and the radical-pair structures as a function of the metal-metal distance. In addition, we estimated interconversion barriers between these structures and found similar results for both the isolated radical and the radical pair. This similarity suggests that the radical pair is rapidly interconverting at room temperature in the same manner as the isolated radical. This has implications in the interpretations of ultrafast electron-transfer dynamics. Specifically, a rise was observed for the radical carbonyl stretch vibration in the radical pair when the ion-pair charge-transfer absorption created excess vibrational energy in the radical pair. The rise time is not likely to be due to rapid geometric interconversion but is probably due to anharmonic coupling between highly excited low-frequency modes and the highfrequency carbonyl stretches leading to a broadened carbonyl absorption band immediately after excitation. The observed rise time in absorption is conjectured to correlate with cooling of the low-frequency vibrations to the solvent over 200 fs.
Morphological Projectile Point Typology: Replication Experimentation and Technological Analysis

Morphological typologies of projectile points in North America have often been employed as time-sensitive prehistoric cultural markers. This article demonstrates that the contingencies of point manufacture, hafting, use, and rejuvenation create morphological changes that may render questionable use of these morphological typologies as prehistoric cultural markers. Thirty projectile points were replicated according to the attributes of a commonly employed typological scheme for the Great Basin. Experiments with hafting, impact, and rejuvenation demonstrate that a single point-type may manifest more than one "time-sensitive" shape within its normal uselife.
Sequence-specific Retention and Regulated Integration of a Nascent Membrane Protein by the Endoplasmic Reticulum Sec61 Translocon

A defining feature of eukaryotic polytopic protein biogenesis involves integration, folding, and packing of hydrophobic transmembrane (TM) segments into the apolar environment of the lipid bilayer. In the endoplasmic reticulum, this process is facilitated by the Sec61 translocon. Here, we use a photocross-linking approach to examine integration intermediates derived from the ATP-binding cassette transporter cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and show that the timing of translocon-mediated integration can be regulated at specific stages of synthesis. During CFTR biogenesis, the eighth TM segment exits the ribosome and enters the translocon in proximity to Sec61alpha. This interaction is initially weak, and TM8 spontaneously dissociates from the translocon when the nascent chain is released from the ribosome. Polypeptide extension by only a few residues, however, results in stable TM8-Sec61alpha photocross-links that persist after peptidyl-tRNA bond cleavage. Retention of these untethered polypeptides within the translocon requires ribosome binding and is mediated by an acidic residue, Asp924, near the center of the putative TM8 helix. Remarkably, at this stage of synthesis, nascent chain release from the translocon is also strongly inhibited by ATP depletion. These findings contrast with passive partitioning models and indicate that Sec61alpha can retain TMs and actively inhibit membrane integration in a sequence-specific and ATP-dependent manner.
An extraction procedure for the isolation of copper

Abstract When solutions of copper ions are precipitated with hydroxide or carbonate ions and adjusted to the proper pH, addition of an aliphatic acid results in the formation of the copper salt of the acid. The extraction of this copper salt by organic solvents offers a neat method for isolating copper. Butyraldehyde-butyric acid, benzene-butyric acid and ethyl acetate-capric acid were investigated as solvent systems for the extraction. It was found that optimum extraction occurred to a pH between 6.3 and 10.3.
On the Politics and Practice of Muslim Fertility

Recent popular works have represented Muslim fertility as dangerously high, both a cause and consequence of religious fundamentalism. This article uses comparative, statistical methods to show that this representation is empirically wrong, at least in West Africa. Although religion strongly inflects reproductive practice, its effects are not constant across different communities. In West African countries with Muslim majorities, Muslim fertility is lower than that of their non-Muslim conationals; in countries where Muslims are in the minority, their apparently higher reproductive rates converge to those of the majority when levels of education and urban residence are taken into account. A similar pattern holds for infant mortality. By contrast, in all seven countries, Muslim women are more likely to report that their most recent child was wanted. The article concludes with a discussion of the relationship between autonomy and fertility desires.
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Aluminum: The Crucial Role of Vacancies

We report first-principles calculations which demonstrate that vacancies can combine with hydrogen impurities in bulk aluminum and play a crucial role in the embrittlement of this prototypical ductile solid. Our studies of hydrogen-induced vacancy superabundant formation and vacancy clusterization in aluminum lead to the conclusion that a large number of H atoms (up to 12) can be trapped at a single vacancy, which overcompensates the energy cost to form the defect. In the presence of trapped H atoms, three nearest-neighbor single vacancies which normally would repel each other, aggregate to form a trivacancy on the slip plane of Al, acting as embryos for microvoids and cracks and resulting in ductile rupture along these planes.
System stability limitations and generator loading

STEADY-STATE OR TRANSIENT STABILITY problems are not significant limitations on most power systems today. However, under some circumstances it is logical to split existing systems and perhaps add reactors to prevent costly increases in interrupting capacity of circuit breakers. It has become apparent recently that transient stability problems can readily develop if this approach is carried too far.
Determination of volume and surface contributions to the total attenuation in ZnS waveguides

We relate the modal waveguide attenuation of polycrystalline ZnS films to their mode field properties, namely the field amplitudes at the interfaces and the power confinement factor, to show that the totalwaveguide attenuation is caused by a combination of volume and surface effects. Our results show that the surface losses for the TE(0) mode, which are approximately 1.5 dB/cm, are independent of the total attenuation, which varies from 6 to 40 dB/cm. This suggests that the losses of the lower-order modes are dominated by volume effects such as scattering from crystallite boundaries and absorption.
The New Left Revisited: A Look at Recent Literature

The New Left in the United States spanned little more than a decade. It came into being in 1960 when a handful of young idealists in the Student League for Industrial Democracy began rejecting their social democratic roots and renamed themselves the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), whose activities, at the time of the occupation of Columbia University, are vividly described by Eleanor Ruskin in the present number of this journal. SDS died between 1969, when it splintered amid a chaos of sectarian conflict, and 1972, when an odd coalition of liberals, Trotskyists and exhausted radical leaders staged the last giant anti-war marches. In that short period the New Left came to represent hope or threat for millions of Americans. It imputed many of the traditional premises on which America based its optimism and its assurance of moral superiority. It left a lasting mark on the lives of its advocates and its opponents. Even while it existed the New Left encouraged a remarkable volume of publication from the very system it was attacking. A host of analysts stumbled over each other in a rush to explain the new movement and predict its future. The words of twenty-year-olds were carefully recorded and reproduced as profound revelation. Psychiatrists probed the radicals' minds, and sociologists studied their families. Political scientists examined their organizations and tactics, while historians made analogies between the young dissidents and the radicals of the past. A striking characteristic of these works was their immediacy. The first studies of the New Left appeared before 1965. By 1970, when the movement was already in its death throes, the publishing floodgates were thrown wide, spewing forth all manner of treatise and tract. Understandably the quality of the published products varied greatly. A respected historian such as Daniel Boorstin hardly enhanced his reputation in 1969 when he took time off from serious work to villify the radicals as the "New Barbarians" in a fiercely partisan essay.1 The less said the better about such contemporary classics as radical Jerry Rubin's Do It!.2
Asymptotic spectrum of Kerr black holes in the small angular momentum limit

We study analytically the highly damped quasinormal modes of Kerr black holes in the small angular momentum limit. To check the previous analytic calculations in the literature, which use a combination of radial and tortoise coordinates, we reproduce all the results using the radial coordinate only. According to the earlier calculations, the real part of the highly damped quasinormal mode frequency of Kerr black holes approaches zero in the limit where the angular momentum goes to zero. This result is not consistent with the Schwarzschild limit where the real part of the highly damped quasinormal mode frequency is equal to ${c}^{3}\mathrm{ln}﻿(3)/(8\ensuremath{\pi}GM)$. In this paper, our calculations suggest that the highly damped quasinormal modes of Kerr black holes in the zero angular momentum limit make a continuous transition from the Kerr value to the Schwarzschild value. We explore the nature of this transition using a combination of analytical and numerical techniques. Finally, we calculate the highly damped quasinormal modes of the extremal case in which the topology of Stokes/anti-Stokes lines takes a different form.
Float reaction between sodium aluminoborosilicate glassmelts and copper-base liquid metal alloys

Abstract Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) has been utilized in a study of redox chemical diffusion dynamics in reaction couples of two sodium aluminoborosilicate glassmelts – both lightly doped with Fe 3+ – with two copper-base liquid metal alloys: Cu–37 at.%Ge and Cu–36 at.%Sn. The glassmelts were floated on the alloys for 30 min in a controlled, reducing atmosphere at temperatures in the range 1200–1350 °C. Despite there being a significant driving potential to incorporate Cu +,2+ into the glassmelt, such does not occur: ionic Cu concentration in the glassmelts was below the detection limits of WDS (i.e., X Cu 2+,4+ and Sn 2+,4+ diffused into the glassmelt to a depth of ∼50 μm, a distance similar to that seen for ionic Sn in the soda-lime silicate on pure Sn float process that is operated at notably lower temperatures and for dramatically shorter reaction times. For reactions with Cu–37 at.%Ge, doping the glass with ferric iron had a profound effect on the depth of penetration of ionic Ge, decreasing it significantly: Fe 3+ acts as an electron acceptor from Ge 2+ ; the resultant tetravalent cation (Ge 4+ , a network former) is all-but immobile. A similar result was not seen for reactions with the Cu–Sn alloy, a consequence of considerable reduction of the glassmelt by its pre-reaction with molybdenum components of a delivery system. The reaction morphologies seen are consistent with the Wagner/Schmalzried formulation for dynamic redox reactions.
Constructional apraxia in patients with discrete missile wounds of the brain.

Summary Sixty patients with missile wounds confined to one of the four quadrants of the brain were investigated. All patients had neurosurgical verification of the limits of their lesions. The incidence and severity of constructional apraxia was studied using the WAIS Block Designs and Object Assembly subtests, and the Bender Gestalt Test. A uniformly significant caudality effect was obtained, with more posteriorly localized lesions resulting in more severe constructional apraxia. A significant laterality effect was obtained on two of three criterion measures with uniformly inferior performance by patients with right hemisphere lesions. The magnitude of the laterality effect, however, was less than that of the caudality effect for all criterion variables. The degree of severity of constructional apraxia in patients with right posterior lesions was uniformly greater than that of patients with other quadrant loci. The incidence of constructional apraxia in the four quadrants varied as expected with the left anterior lesion sample showing very little evidence of constructional apraxia, while the right posterior sample showed a high incidence of such deficits. The absolute incidence of significant constructional apraxia in all samples was surprisingly low. This finding might be partially accounted for by the age and general good health of the subjects studied, the relative absence of general cognitive impairment in the majority of subjects, and the discrete nature of the lesions.
How School and District Leaders Support Classroom Teachers' Work with English Language Learners.

Purpose: This study examines the ways in which school and district leaders create systems of support for classroom teachers who work with linguistically diverse students. We attempt to uncover the ...
Catenated Group 14 Compounds. Synthesis, Structural and Spectral Characterization, and Chemistry of the Chains Me3CSiMe2GeMe2SnR3 (R = Me, Ph)

The permethylated catenated group 14 compound with the periodic chain C−Si−Ge−Sn is reported, 1a, together with the triphenyltin analog, 1b. Complete spectral characterization, including multinuclear NMR, is provided. The single-crystal structure of 1b is reported: the bond lengths Ct-Bu−Si, Si−Ge, and Ge−Sn, 1.900(9), 2.386(2), and 2.608(1) A, respectively, are all in the normal range. Bond angle measurements indicate that the tert-butyl group dominates the structure resulting in significant distortions about the Ge atom. Photochemical treatment of 1a resulted in elimination of Me2Ge and Me2Sn, with a small amount of direct Ge−Sn cleavage. Treatment of 1a with n-butyllithium resulted in the predominant formation of Me3CSiMe2GeMe2Li and Me3Sn(n-Bu). Both the photochemical and n-BuLi reactions of 1a also produced (Me3CSiMe2GeMe2)2 as a significant byproduct.
Diagnostic approach to Cushing disease

In Cushing disease, a pituitary corticotroph neoplasm causes secondary adrenal hypercortisolism. This condition has known morbidity and mortality, underscoring the need for an efficient and accurate diagnostic approach. An 11 p.m. salivary cortisol level is a modern, simple initial screening tool for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. Confirmation with a 24-hour urinary free cortisol test and/or a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test may subsequently be performed. Patients with repeatedly equivocal results should be reevaluated after several months or undergo a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test following low-dose dexamethasone suppression to help rule out pseudo-Cushing states. The presence of low morning serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels then distinguishes primary adrenal hypercortisolism from Cushing disease and the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Patients with moderate ACTH levels can undergo CRH stimulation testing to clarify the underlying disease because those with an ACTH-independent disorder have blunted subsequent ACTH levels. Once ACTH-dependent hypercortisolemia is detected, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the pituitary gland can be performed to detect a pituitary neoplasm. Normal or equivocal MR imaging results revealing small pituitary lesions should be followed up with inferior petrosal sinus sampling, a highly specific measure for the diagnosis of Cushing disease in experienced hands. If necessary, body imaging may be used in turn to detect sources of ectopic ACTH.
A Commentary on “Measuring Systemic Risk”

This is a short commentary on the papers presented on the “Measuring Systemic Risk” panel at the 2010 FDIC Bank Research Conference.
Biology and the flow of molecular information

The developments during the century in the physical understanding of biological activity are briefly discussed.
Interpretation of the underground muon charge ratio

Abstract The MINOS experiment has observed a rise in the underground muon charge ratio r μ = μ + / μ - . This ratio can be related to the atmospheric production ratios of π + / π - and K + / K - . Our analysis indicates that the relevant variable for studying the charge ratio is E μ surface cos θ , rather than E μ surface . We compare a simple energy dependent parameterization of the rise in the charge ratio with more detailed previously published Monte Carlo simulations and an analytical calculation. We also estimate the size of two previously neglected effects in this context: the charge sign dependency of the dE/dx in rock, and the energy dependence of heavy primaries on the derived K + / K - ratio.