cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timed conditional null of connexin26 in mice reveals temporary requirements of connexin26 in key cochlear developmental events before the onset of hearing

Mutations in the Gjb2 gene, which encodes a gap junction protein connexin26 (Cx26), are the most prevalent form of hereditary deafness in humans and represent about half of non-syndromic congenital deafness cases in many ethnic populations. Cochlear potassium (K+) recycling in mature cochlea is required for normal hearing. It is thought that gap junctions are essential for K+ recycling and that Gjb2 mutations cause Gjb2-associated deafness by disrupting K+ recycling in mature cochlea. Here we present evidence showing that Gjb2 is required for normal development of the neonatal organ of Corti prior to the onset of the hearing in mice. In the conditional Gjb2 null (cCx26 null) mice, ribbon synapses in inner hair cells remained poorly developed, the afferent type I fibers failed to finish the refinement process to form convergent innervation to individual inner hair cells. The spontaneous depolarizing activities in the supporting cells, which normally diminish in the wild type cochleae after postnatal day 8 (P8), remained strong in the cochlea after P8 in the mutant mice. Furthermore, the deafness phenotype was readily generated only if the Cx26 expression in the organ of Corti was significantly reduced before P6. Similar amount of Cx26 reduction in more mature cochleae had a much weaker effect in damaging the hearing sensitivity. Our findings indicated that Cx26 plays essential roles in the maturation process of the organ of Corti prior to the establishment of high K+ in the endolymph and the onset of hearing. These results suggest that successful treatment of Cx26 deafness requires early intervention before the cochlea fully matures.
Thermal convection with large viscosity variation in an enclosure with localized heating

The present study is undertaken in order to gain an understanding of convective transport in a magma chamber. We have chosen to represent the chamber by an enclosure with localized heating from below. Results of both laboratory experiments and computer modeling are reported. The experimental apparatus consists of a transparent enclosure with a square planform. An electrically heated strip, with a width equal to one-fourth of the length of a side of the enclosure, is centered on the lower inside surface of the enclosure. For the experiments reported here, the top of the fluid layer is maintained at a constant temperature and the depth of the layer is equal to the width of the heated strip. The large viscosity variation characteristic of magma convection is simulated by using corn syrup as the working fluid. Measured velocity and temperature distribution as well as overall heat transfer rates are presented. The experiment is numerically simulated through use of a finite element computer program. Numerically predicted streamlines, isotherms, and velocity distributions are presented for the transverse vertical midplane of the enclosure. Good agreement is demonstrated between predictions and measurements. 23 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
Cleaning up drug hot spots in Oakland, California: The displacement and diffusion effects

This paper examines the displacement and diffusion of a civil remedy program in Oakland, California. Coined the “SMART” (Specialized Multi-Agency Response Team) approach, the program uses municipal codes and drug nuisance abatement laws to control drug and disorder problems. The study finds that the SMART program not only decreases drug problems at the target sites, but also leads to a “net diffusion of benefits” in the areas surrounding targeted places.
Disappearance and reappearance of macroscopic quantum interference.

A simple experiment with ordinary interference of macroscopic laser beams is proposed which demonstrates that interference can be made to disappear and reappear, as in a ``quantum eraser,'' without using an entangled state.
Mentoring In Organizations: A Social Judgment Perspective For Developing Tomorrow's Leaders:

Executive Summary Mentoring has been identified as an effective means of leadership development in organizations. This paper presents a theory of mentoring that proposes that effective mentorship f...
Assumptions implicit in remote sensing data acquisition and analysis

Abstract The literature contains many examples of image acquisition and analysis which have been inappropriately applied and which have led to empirical results which may not be reproducible, or which are not conclusive. In this paper, we deal with eleven major assumptions which are implicit in the acquisition and in the analysis of passively sensed digital image data. It is hoped that an enumeration of such assumptions might lead to improved rules for image acquisition and analysis.
Role of colony‐stimulating factor‐1 in reproduction and development

The CSF-1 null mouse, osteopetrotic, has provided a powerful model in which to study the biological functions of CSF-1. In this review, I will describe our studies that have used this mouse model to determine the impact of a lack of CSF-1 on developmental processes and in reproduction. A role for CSF-1 in reproduction was originally suggested by the sex steroid hormone-regulated uterine epithelial synthesis of CSF-1 and the expression of its receptor in trophoblast and decidual cells. Studies on the fertility of CSF-1 deficient osteopetrotic mice (csfmop/csfmop) mice confirmed this suggestion and in addition revealed an unexpected function for CSF-1 in male fertility. In both sexes, CSF-1 appears to regulate gonadal steroidogenesis, probably through its action on macrophages that are abundant throughout the ovary and testis. In the female, CSF-1 affects ovulation in vivo and in vitro, and impacts the preimplantation embryo, increasing both its rate of development and the number of trophectodermal cells in the blastocyst. CSF-1 also has a role in mammary gland development during pregnancy, since at mid-gestation in csfmop/csfmop mice, ductal branching is impaired, and after partiturition, there is a failure to switch to lactation. The relative failure of csfmop/csfmop mice to respond to external stimuli also suggested a role for CSF-1 in the brain. CSF-1 mRNA is expressed in a regional specific manner in the brain through development whilst the CSF-1 receptor is expressed throughout the brain in microglia. CSF-1 is neurotrophic in embryonic neuronal cultures and its absence in csfmop/csfmop mice results in severe electro-physiological abnormalities in the cortex. This suggests that CSF-1 is a neurotrophic factor acting through the microglia. The pleiotropic roles for CSF-1 in reproduction and in the brain suggest that CSF-1 exerts many of its action through the trophic activities of cells of the mononuclear phagocytic lineage.
Verification in syngeneic hamsters of in vitro transformation of hamster oral mucosa by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.

The carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) has been used to induce oral carcinogenesis of the hamster buccal mucosa in an experimental model that exhibits many of the genetic, biochemical and pathological features of human oral squamous cell carcinoma. To complement this in vivo process we have established an in vitro transformation procedure that involved the treatment of normal hamster oral mucosal keratinocytes (NHKs) with DMBA. Uptake of DMBA in NHKs was verified by observing autofluorescence of DMBA in the oral mucosal cells. Treatment doses ranged from 5, 50 and 200 ng and the NHKs were generally treated with DMBA for 1–14 days. The 200 ng dose proved to be toxic to these cells. The 5 and 50 ng treatments were found to maintain the viability of the NHKs and demonstrate anchorage-independent agarose growth, producing 18 and 40 colonies, respectively, after 14 days of treatment. Characterisation assays included determinations for cellular growth through plating efficiency, counting of cell colony number, and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Differentiation was ascertained by counting cornified cells, specification of either high or low molecular weight keratins, the percentage of cells expressing gamma glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), the level of p53 expression, and a determination of cell cycle. After 24 h the plating efficiency of the NHKs was found to be slightly increased following treatment with a 5 or 50 ng dose of DMBA compared to the untreated NHKs. After 14 days of incubation these doses also enhanced the number of colonies formed by the NHKs (e.g. plating efficiency). In contrast, the number of cornified cells was reduced in these colonies, while immunohistochemistry disclosed an increase in the number of NHKs expressing low molecular weight keratins, significantly lower levels of high molecular weight keratins and high levels for GGT. Flow cytometric analysis verified an increase in p53 expression (e.g. p53 wild type, 19% and p53 mutant, 66%). Cell cycle analysis of NHKs treated with DMBA (5 ng) demonstrated a shift in the number of cells in S phase (17.2%) and G2 + mitosis (11.0%). Cells from this DMBA treatment group were injected into syngeneic hamster recipient buccal pouches (10 × 106 cells/0.25 ml). Squamous carcinomas grew in four of six hamster buccal pouches as determined by histopathological analysis. The in vitro assay system will enhance our ability to define the genetic and molecular changes related to chemical carcinogenesis and oral malignant transformation.
Factors contributing to physical activity in a chronic low back pain clinical sample: a comprehensive analysis using continuous ambulatory monitoring

Back pain is one of the most common causes of disability in industrialized nations. Despite this, the variables that contribute to disability are not well understood and optimal measurement strategies of disability have not yet been determined. The present study sought to comprehensively assess the strongest predictors of physical activity as a proxy for disability. New patients in a chronic pain specialty clinic completed questionnaires to assess the predictors of physical activity and engaged in 5 days of home data collection wearing an accelerometer to assess physical activity in daily life, which is how disability was operationalized in this study. Analysis of repeated measures patient data revealed that, of 3 composite variables each representing a theoretical model, the model representative of operant factors significantly predicted physical activity. Subsequent analyses showed that pain sensitivity, fear avoidance, and solicitous spousal responses account for a significant amount of the variance in physical activity. These findings suggest that external sources of reinforcement or punishment may serve to influence physical behavior beyond that of internal cues such as fear avoidance or pain. Implications for treatment are discussed, including the potential benefits of specifically incorporating the patient's sources of operant reinforcement or punishment into treatment.
A hybrid genetic programming approach for the analytical solution of differential equations

This paper presents a novel addition to the current genetic programming techniques for solving differential equations. Rather than using numerical approximation of derivatives during fitness evaluation, automatically computed analytical derivatives of the candidate solutions are employed. Because analytical derivatives are used, symbolic constants can be incorporated in the solution. This permits the development of a single solution for a range of material properties, boundary conditions or other design parameters. Additionally, for the special case of linear differential equations, a modified Gram–Schmidt algorithm is used to reduce the set of general solutions located by genetic programming to a basis set.
How to Think about Future Health Care Spending

Congress makes explicit projections of federal government spending on health care over the next decade, and the media dutifully report these numbers. Victor Fuchs warns us that lost in the din are two critical problems related to future spending — one empirical, the other conceptual.
Sufficient excitation criteria for reduced-order adaptive observers

Sufficient excitation conditions are derived for three adaptive observation schemes for the case in which the order of the observer is less than that of the plant being observed. The reduced-order excitation requirement, found to be identical for all three observers, is that the input contain more than (n+N-1)/2 frequencies, where n is the observer order, and N is the dimension of the portion of the plant which is both controllable and observable.
Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging correlates of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis

Although cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow (CBF) have long been acknowledged in MS and advances in perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow for their assessment in vivo. We investigated the relationship between regional perfusion changes and neuropsychological (NP) dysfunctions in patients with relapsing-remitting and primary-progressive MS. Absolute CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time were measured in 32 MS patients and 11 healthy controls using dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced T2(*)-weighted MRI. A comprehensive NP test battery was administered to all patients. A mixed model analysis of covariance was performed for group comparisons in terms of perfusion measures in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and deep gray matter (GM). Pearson's correlations were used to describe the association of perfusion metrics with NP Z-scores. CBF and CBV values were significantly decreased in both NAWM and deep GM in MS patients compared with controls (P=0.01). In all patients, deep GM CBF was significantly associated with Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT)-Copy (r=0.5; P=0.001) and deep GM CBV and NAWM CBV were significantly associated with Color-Word Interference Inhibition Switching test (D-KEFSIS) (r=0.4; P=0.008 and r=0.4; P=0.02). However, the only associations that remained significant after Bonferroni correction were between deep GM CBF and RCFT-Copy (P=0.006), and deep GM CBV and D-KEFSIS (P=0.04). Our results suggest a role for tissue perfusion impairment in NP dysfunction in MS. Large-scale studies are needed to characterize better this association.
The Effect of Oil Price on the Optimal Speed of Ships

The tradeoff between fuel savings through slow steaming on the one hand, and the loss of revenues due to the resulting voyage extension on the other hand is analyzed, and three models for the expli...
Single-ended measurement of infrared extinction using lidar

The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of single-ended measurement of the total extinction coefficient using an ir lidar system. Extinction was measured using a CO(2) laser radar system at four wavelengths near 10.3 microm. The measured results agree with theoretical estimates of extinction over a wide range. Single-ended measurements of extinction appear feasible to a horizontal range of 10 km using commercially available components. The system could potentially generate extinction data in a 3-D grid, enabling one to determine ir transmission between any two points in the field.
Immunofluorescent staining of keratin fibers in cultured cells

Antibody prepared against a group of keratins purified from human stratum corneum was used to identify cells containing keratins by immunofluorescence. In sectioned tissue and in culture, keratinocytes of skin and other stratified squamous epithelia-whether human, rabbit of mouse-stained strongly, indicating homologous amino acid sequences in the keratins of these species. In all cases, the antibody revealed a dense cytoplasmic network of discrete fibers probably consisting of aggregated (tono-) filaments. The pattern of staining was not affected by cytochalasin B or colcemid. No keratins were detected in cultured cells of mesenchymal origin (3T3, NIL, BHK, human diploid fibroblasts) or in connective tissues, indicating that the 100 A filaments of fibroblasts are not related to the keratins. Keratinocytes at all stages of differentiation, including basal cells, stained brightly and therefore contained abundant keratins.
Diurnal variation in the concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines in the median eminence and in the intermediate and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland of the male rat.

Abstract Diurnal changes in monoamine concentrations were studied in the median eminence and in the intermediate and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland of the male rat. The concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) were analyzed at 7 time points over a 24-h period. Diurnal variation was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time of day as a class variable as well as by 24 h and 12 h cosine curve fittings. There were marked time-dependent changes in the median eminence concentrations of 5-HT (ANOVA: P = 0.0085), 5-HIAA ( P = 0.003) and NA ( P = 0.0003). Cosine curves with 24-h periods fit the data points with peaks around 13.00 h. DA levels also varied with an apparent 24-h rhythm in the median eminence, but the changes did not reach the level of significance in the ANOVA. In the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland, the concentrations of DA varied significantly during the course of the 24-h cycle ( P = 0.0011) and were well-fitted to a 24-h cosine wave. The 5-HIAA levels also showed marked dirunal changes ( P = 0.025) with an evident 12-h rhythm. In contrast, NA and 5-HT concentrations did not appear to vary during the 24-h cycle. In the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, DA had a 24-h rhythm ( P = 0.0005) similar to the intermediate lobe. NA and indoleamine levels did not show any significant variation. The present study provides biochemical evidence that monoamine levels have different diurnal variation in the median eminence and in the intermediate posterior lobes of the pituitary gland of the male rat. These changes may be related to diurnal patterns of release of various pituitary hormones.
All the Four-Dimensional Static, Spherically Symmetric Solutions of Abelian Kaluza-Klein Theory.

We present the explicit form for all the four-dimensional, static, spherically symmetric solutions in (4+{ital n})-d Abelian Kaluza-Klein theory by performing a subset of SO(2,{ital n}) transformations corresponding to four SO(1,1) boosts on the Schwarzschild solution, supplemented by SO({ital n})/SO({ital n}{minus}2) transformations. The solutions are parametrized by the mass {ital M}, Taub-NUT charge {ital a}, and {ital n} electric {ital {rvec Q}} and {ital n} magnetic {ital {rvec P}} charges. Nonextreme black holes (with zero Taub-NUT charge) have either the Reissner-Nordstroem or Schwarzschild global space-time. Supersymmetric extreme black holes have a null or naked singularity, while nonsupersymmetric extreme ones have a global space-time of extreme Reissner-Nordstroem black holes. {copyright} {ital 1995} {ital The} {ital American} {ital Physical} {ital Society}.
Predicting costs of care in heart failure patients

Identifying heart failure patients most likely to suffer poor outcomes is an essential part of delivering interventions to those most likely to benefit. We sought a comprehensive account of heart failure events and their cumulative economic burden by examining patient characteristics that predict increased cost or poor outcomes. We collected electronic medical data from members of a large HMO who had a heart failure diagnosis and an echocardiogram from 1999–2004, and followed them for one year. We examined the role of demographics, clinical and laboratory findings, comorbid disease and whether the heart failure was incident, as well as mortality. We used regression methods appropriate for censored cost data. Of the 4,696 patients, 8% were incident. Several diseases were associated with significantly higher and economically relevant cost changes, including atrial fibrillation (15% higher), coronary artery disease (14% higher), chronic lung disease (29% higher), depression (36% higher), diabetes (38% higher) and hyperlipidemia (21% higher). Some factors were associated with costs in a counterintuitive fashion (i.e. lower costs in the presence of the factor) including age, ejection fraction and anemia. But anemia and ejection fraction were also associated with a higher death rate. Close control of factors that are independently associated with higher cost or poor outcomes may be important for disease management. Analysis of costs in a disease like heart failure that has a high death rate underscores the need for economic methods to consider how mortality should best be considered in costing studies.
Bipolar proximal femoral replacement prostheses for musculoskeletal neoplasms

While bipolar proximal femoral replacement prostheses (PFRP) have become a common treatment for tumors of the proximal femur, long-term results are not specified in the literature. The objective was to determine the complication and revision rates of bipolar PFRP and compare them to historical controls of bipolar hemiarthroplasties for nontumor indications. Information was retrospectively collected on 62 patients who received bipolar PFRP with cemented diaphyseal stems for primary or metastatic disease of the proximal femur from 1981 to 2003. Mean followup was 5 years. Twelve of 62 (19%) bipolar PFRPs underwent revision. Aseptic loosening was the most common complication with six (10%) undergoing revision. None were converted to THA due to acetabular erosion. Three patients (5%) had problems with dislocation and three (5%) had deep infections. Mean MSTS functional rating was 71% of normal function. The limb salvage rate was 98% and the 5-year event-free prosthetic survival was 79%. Bipolar PFRPs were found to have higher revision, dislocation, and deep infection rates compared to bipolar hemiarthroplasty for nontumor indications, but a lower rate of conversion to THA due to acetabular erosion. Bipolar PFRPs have good long-term durability with some complications, but are able to preserve the limb and provide good function for patients.
Electronic structure of high pressure phase of AlN

Results of ab initio Hartree–Fock calculations for the electronic structure of aluminum nitride in the (high-pressure) rocksalt phase are reported. In the rocksalt phase, the calculated lattice constant is 3.982 A with the bulk modulus of 329 GPa. The band structure is predicted to be indirect at the X point with a gap of 8.9 eV. In this phase, the bonding is shown to be essentially ionic between Al and N. The direct gap shows a stronger linear dependence on pressure with a pressure derivative of 68 meV/GPa compared to that of the indirect gap with a pressure derivative of 31.7 meV/GPa.
Namibia’s Unstable Northern Frontier

Namibia’s borders with Angola and Zambia have been periodically unstable beginning with its long war (1966–89) of independence from South Africa. After several years of post–independence calm, serious problems have surfaced in the Caprivi and neighbouring Kavango regions. The problems in the Caprivi have their roots in colonial politics and the war, and could be the most damaging long term. The situation in Kavango is the result of a questionable decision by Namibia in early 2000, which permitted the government faction in the Angolan civil conflict to use its strategic northern territory for military purposes. Unanticipated destabilisation has resulted from getting involved in Angola’s troubles. By staying in the field and remaining capable of the occasional cross border ‘hit and run’ operation, the anti–government UNITA faction in Angola has negatively impacted Namibia’s tourist sector. The Caprivi’s location will benefit Namibia economically whenever Central Africa’s mineral exports are attracted westward.
Spin susceptibility of a many electron system

Abstract A stationary principle is set up to calculate the spin susceptibility of a many electron system with the equations obeyed by the one-electron Green's function and the appropriate irreducible vertex function (which are mutually coupled) as constraints, thereby incorporating properly the corresponding renormalizations. The results are discussed briefly.
A Highly Efficient Runtime and Graph Library for Large Scale Graph Analytics

Graph analytics on big data is currently a very active area of research in both industry and academia. To support graph analytics efficiently a large number of graph processing systems have emerged targeting various perspectives of a graph application such as in memory and on disk representations, persistent storage, database capability, runtimes and execution models for exploiting parallelism, etc. In this paper we discuss a novel graph processing system called System G Native Store which allows for efficient graph data organization and processing on modern computing architectures. In particular we describe a runtime designed to exploit multiple levels of parallelism and a generic infrastructure that allows users to express graphs with various in memory and persistent storage properties. We experimentally show the efficiency of System G Native Store for processing graph queries on state-of-the-art platforms.
First use of a HyViSI H4RG for astronomical observations

We present the first astronomical results from a 4K2 Hybrid Visible Silicon PIN array detector (HyViSI) read out with the Teledyne Scientific and Imaging SIDECAR ASIC. These results include observations of astronomical standards and photometric measurements using the 2.1m KPNO telescope. We also report results from a test program in the Rochester Imaging Detector Laboratory (RIDL), including: read noise, dark current, linearity, gain, well depth, quantum efficiency, and substrate voltage effects. Lastly, we highlight results from operation of the detector in window read out mode and discuss its potential role for focusing, image correction, and use as a telescope guide camera.
Determination of gas/surface interaction potentials: Extraction of the Lennard-Jones, Devonshire strength parameter

Abstract A simple relationship is established which allows the extraction of the strength of the periodic part of the Lennard-Jones, Devonshire gas/surface potential. Applications are made illustrating the usage of the method.
Studying programmer behavior experimentally: the problems of proper methodology

The application of behavioral or psychological techniques to the evaluation of programming languages and techniques is an approach which has found increased applicability over the past decade. In order to use this approach successfully, investigators must pay close attention to methodological issues, both in order to insure the generalizability of their findings and to defend the quality of their work to researchers in other fields. Three major areas of methodological concern, the selection of subjects, materials, and measures, are reviewed. The first two of these areas continue to present major difficulties for this type of research.
Cycling in linear complementarity problems

A bound for the minimum length of a cycle in Lemke's Algorithm is derived. An example illustrates that this bound is sharp, and that the fewest number of variables is seven.
Determinants on simian virus 40 large T antigen are important for recognition and phosphorylation by casein kinase I.

Casein kinase I has been shown to phosphorylate Ser123 and possibly Thr124, in simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen; the same sites are also modified in cultured cells incubated with 32Pi [Friedrich A. Grasser, Karl H. Scheidtmann, Polygena T. Tuazon, Jolinda A. Traugh & Gernot Walter (1988) Virology 165, 13–22]. The peptide, A-D-S-Q-H-S-T-P-P, which corresponds to the amino acid sequence 118–125 of SV40 large T antigen, was synthesized together with peptides containing changes in specific amino acid residues on either side of Ser123. These peptides were used as model substrates to determine the amino acids in the SV40 large T antigen important for recognition by casein kinase I. The native peptide identified above, with aspartate at the −4 position, was a poor substrate for casein kinase I in vitro. Peptides with acidic residues added at the −2 and −3 positions, preceding Ser123, were phosphorylated by casein kinase I with apparent Km values around 2 mM and Vmax values up to 500 pmol · min−1· ml−1. When acidic residues were added at both sides of the phosphorylatable serine, the peptide had a first-order rate constant over 20-fold higher than peptides with acidic amino acid residues at the N-terminus only; the apparent Km value was 0.65 mM with a Vmax of 2900 pmol · min−1· ml−1. The effects of modifying Ser120 to phosphoserine were examined by addition of a recognition sequence for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase prior to Ser120. Prior phosphorylation of the peptide at Ser120 lowered the apparent Km to 0.061 mM and increased the Vmax to 360 pmol · min−1· ml−1, a 50-fold decrease in Km for casein kinase I and a 6-fold increase in Vmax as compared to the non-phosphorylated peptide. This indicates that Ser120, which has been shown to be phosphorylated in vivo, provides an appropriate recognition determinant for casein kinase I.
Distribution and metabolism of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridine (PhIP) in female rats and their pups at dietary doses

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a mammary carcinogen in female rats and is present in a wide variety of cooked meats. We address here the excretion of PhIP and its metabolites into the breast-milk of lactating rats and the ability of chlorophyllin, a food product derivative with chemopreventive properties, to affect these levels at low PhIP doses. Lactating female F344 rats with suckling pups were orally administered 50, 500 and 1000 ng [14C]PhIP/kg body weight. The excretion of the [14C]PhIP into milk and its distribution among the mammary tissue, liver and blood of the dam, as well as among stomach contents and liver of their suckling pups was measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). PhIP, PhIP-4'-sulfate, 4'-hydroxy-PhIP, and N2-hydroxy-PhIP-N3-glucuronide were found in the milk at all doses. The chlorophyllin (500 microg/kg) co-administration with PhIP (500 ng/kg) caused increased levels of [14C]PhIP in the milk (32%) and stomach contents (35%) of the pups relative to the animals not receiving chlorophyllin at these low PhIP doses. In contrast, lower [14C]PhIP levels in the chlorophyllin treated animals were observed in the blood (47%) and mammary tissue (68%) of the dam, as well as the pup's liver tissue (37%) compared to the animals receiving only PhIP. Chlorophyllin co-administration resulted in an increased amount of N2-hydroxy-PhIP-N3-glucuronide (42%), increased PhIP (79%) and decreased levels of PhIP-4'-sulphate (77%) relative to the animals not receiving chlorophyllin. These results suggest that PhIP and PhIP metabolites are present in the breast-milk of lactating rats at human dietary PhIP exposures and that PhIP is absorbed by the newborn. Furthermore, these results suggest that other dietary components can affect the dosimetry of PhIP in breast-feeding offspring.
On enhanced translational diffusion or the fractional Stokes-Einstein relation observed in a supercooled ionic liquid.

From their experimental studies of the supercooled molecular ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM−HFP), Ito and Richert [J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, in press.] found that the Stokes−Einstein and the Debye−Stokes−Einstein laws do not hold. Instead, enhanced translational diffusion or fractional Stokes−Einstein and fractional Debye−Stokes−Einstein relations are observed, just like in nonionic glass-forming liquids, including 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene, o-terphenyl, and sucrose benzoate. The comprehensive measurements made by Ito and Richert have determined the critical parameters that the coupling model needs to explain the observed fractional Stokes−Einstein and fractional Debye−Stokes−Einstein relations in the supercooled molecular ionic liquid.
Signaling to the Rho GTPases: networking with the DH domain

The Dbl homology (DH) domain was first identified in the Dbl oncogene product as the limit region required for mediating guanine nucleotide exchange on the Rho family GTPase Cdc42. Since the initial biochemical characterization of the DH domain, this conserved motif has been identified in a large family of proteins. In each case, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain immediately follows the DH domain and this tandem DH–PH module is the signature motif of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Recent structural studies have provided significant insight into the molecular basis of guanine nucleotide exchange by Dbl family GEFs, opening the door for understanding the specificity of the DH/GTPase interaction as well as providing a starting point for understanding how the exchange activity of these proteins is modulated to achieve specific biological outcomes in the cell.
Dural ectasia in the Marfan syndrome: MR and CT findings and criteria

Purpose: To create criteria for detecting dural ectasia on MR or CT images in adult Marfan patients. Methods: Images were analyzed using a workstation. Parameters that predicted dural ectasia were included in our criteria. Results: Major criteria include: (1) width of dural sac below L5 > width above L4; (2) anterior sacral meningocele. Minor criteria include: (1) L5 nerve root sleeve diameter > 6.5 mm and (2) S1 scalloping > 3.5. Dural ectasia exists if 1 major or 2 minor criteria are present. Conclusion: MR and CT diagnose dural ectasia with high specificity and sensitivity. Our criteria accurately diagnose dural ectasia in adult Marfan patients.
“Telanthropus” and the Single Species Hypothesis1

“Telanthropus” has been suggested as a refutation of the single species hypothesis. In order to judge the validity of this refutation, both the stratigraphy at Swartkrans and the morphology of the “Telanthropus” specimens are examined. The stratigraphic evidence is far from being clear. No morphological evidence validly distinguishes the specimens from the other australopithecines. Rather, they represent a reasonable extension of the estimated australopithecine range of variation.
Current-induced scour along a breakwater at Ventura Harbor, CA—experimental study

This paper describes a 1:25 scale movable-bed physical model study of scour resulting from longshore current on the leeside of the detached breakwater at Ventura Harbor, CA, USA. The current-induced scour developed as an unanticipated result of structural modifications that reduced chronic shoaling of the main navigation channel. The physical model was calibrated by adjusting the total flow discharge to achieve equilibrium scour development that matched the scour hole measured at Ventura Harbor. The calibrated model was then used to predict future scour potential and to optimize the design for remedial toe protection intended to prevent leeside armor layer damage on the detached breakwater. The optimized toe protection design cross-section used 25% less stone than the initial remediation design, and the new design prevented an estimated US$475,000 in additional breakwater damage that would have occurred in the absence of adequate toe scour protection. In addition, the model study identified and eliminated several construction problems that could have caused significant unforeseen expenditures.
Stress signaling in Drosophila

Cells commonly use multiprotein kinase cascades to signal information from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Several conserved signaling pathways related to the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway allow cells to respond to normal developmental signals as well as signals produced under stressful conditions. Genetic and molecular studies in Drosophila melanogaster over the last several years have related that components of stress signaling pathways, namely the Jun kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase signaling modules, are functionally conserved and participate in numerous processes during normal development. Specifically, the JNK pathway is required for morphogenetic movements in embryogenesis and generation of tissue polarity in the adult. The role of the p38 pathway in generation of axial polarity during oogenesis has been inferred from phenotypic analysis of mutations in the Drosophila homolog of DMKK3. In addition to their requirement for normal development, cell culture and genetic investigations point to a role for both the JNK and p38 pathways in regulation of the immune response in the fly. This review details the known components of stress signaling pathways in Drosophila and recent insights into how these pathways are used and regulated during development and homeostasis.
ON A NEW SYSTEM OF DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF SEVERAL DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS BY EQUALITY OF DISTRIBUTIONS

This paper deals with a new system of discrete distributions. It also gives several characterizations of the Waring (and hence the Yule) distribution (and its truncated versions), the super-Poisson, the discrete uniform and other discrete distributions by using this system and other such systems existing in the literature, and linear regression. Continuous analogues of the above results are also briefly discussed.
The Nature and Meaning of Identity in Retired Professional Women

Through this study we sought to understand the complex experience of retirement and the meaning of identity for women who recently retired from a professional career. Through the use of qualitative methods, including photo elicitation, journaling, and a series of two in-depth interviews with each of six women, a fluid description of the meaning of identity among a small, homogenous sample of retired professional women was constructed. Salient themes included consistency of significant identity components from work to retirement, importance of social connectedness, engagement in continued learning; involvement in aspects of former work roles, and the importance of helping others.
Computing answers in default logic

A class of logic programming systems based on R. Reiter's (1980) default logic is discussed. The first question addressed is how to compute answers when a query is a set of clauses and a program is a set of clauses and defaults. The clauses are not restricted to be Horn clauses and the defaults are a special case of Reiter's open normal defaults. Then, the problem of computing answers is discussed in the context of the concept of typical elements. This concept of typicality is carefully defined and given a clean semantics. >
Electrical characterization of germanium p-channel MOSFETs

In this letter, we report germanium (Ge) p-channel MOSFETs with a thin gate stack of Ge oxynitride and low-temperature oxide (LTO) on bulk Ge substrate without a silicon (Si) cap layer. The fabricated devices show 2 /spl times/ higher transconductance and /spl sim/ 40% hole mobility enhancement over the Si control with a thermal SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectric, as well as the excellent subthreshold characteristics. For the first time, we demonstrate Ge MOSFETs with less than 100-mV/dec subthreshold slope.
Overeating Among Adolescents: Prevalence and Associations With Weight-Related Characteristics and Psychological Health

Objective. To assess the prevalence of overeating among adolescents and to examine associations between overeating and sociodemographic characteristics, weight status, dieting behaviors, body satisfaction, depressive mood, self-esteem, and suicide. Method. A school-based sample of 4746 boys and girls in public middle and high schools in Minnesota completed the Project EAT (Eating Among Teens) survey and anthropometric measurements of height and weight. Results. Overall, 17.3% of girls and 7.8% of boys reported objective overeating in the past year. Youths who engaged in overeating were more likely to be overweight or obese, to have dieted in the past year, to be trying to lose weight currently, and to report that weight and shape are very important to their overall feelings about self. Youths who met criteria for binge eating syndrome (high frequency of objective overeating with loss of control and distress regarding the binge eating) scored significantly lower on measures of body satisfaction and self-esteem and higher on a measure of depressive mood than those who reported either subclinical or no binge eating. Overeating was associated with suicide risk; more than one fourth of girls (28.6%) and boys (27.8%) who met criteria for binge eating syndrome reported that they had attempted suicide. Conclusions. Overeating among adolescents is associated with a number of adverse behaviors and negative psychological experiences. As the current study is cross-sectional, it is not possible to ascertain cause and effect. Future research should seek to identify whether objective overeating is an early warning sign of additional psychological distress or is a potential consequence of compromised psychological health. Clinical implications are discussed.
Characterization and comparison of noise generation for quasi-resonant and pulse-width modulated converters

A buck converter with a given output filter is operated with pulse-width modulated and quasi-resonant switching schemes at the same nominal load and switching frequency. Electromagnetic interference generated by the natural switching action of the converter is examined by spectral analysis. Interference caused by excitation of parasitic elements is examined experimentally. Quasi-resonant converters are found to have a lower switching frequency harmonic bandwidth than the equivalent pulse-width modulated converter, even with switching frequency control. The most significant parasitic responses are the turn-on current and turn-off voltage of the catch diode and the gate current of the MOSFET. A significant decrease in radiated and conducted noise occurs when the gate drive voltage rise and fall times are increased, which is possible without loss of efficiency using quasi-resonant switching. >
THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRY SYSTEM: A Case Study of Politics and Institutions in Cleveland, 1967–1997

This article examines the emergence of community development corporations (CDCs) from a peripheral component of neighborhood-based community development in the late 1960s to a leading role in commu...
Developing a Lexicon for Descriptive Analysis of Soymilks

: A descriptive vocabulary was developed to fully describe the sensory characteristics of soymilks. Five commercial soymilks and 1 laboratory-prepared soymilk were used in the study. Nine subjects participated in 8 round-table discussions to develop descriptive language and references. The 6 soymilks were evaluated in 4 replications using this language. Principal component analysis was conducted on the resulting data to eliminate redundant terms and differentiate between samples. Thirty-one terms were identified to describe soymilks. The lexicon could be used as a starting place to describe any product containing soy; therefore, it will be beneficial to soy food processors in research and development and quality assurance.
Neurofibromatosis-1 (Nf1) heterozygous brain microglia elaborate paracrine factors that promote Nf1-deficient astrocyte and glioma growth

The tumor microenvironment is considered to play an important role in tumor formation and progression by providing both negative and positive signals that influence tumor cell growth. We and others have previously shown that brain tumor (glioma) formation in Nf1 genetically engineered mice requires a microenvironment composed of cells heterozygous for a targeted Nf1 mutation. Using NF1 as a model system to understand the contribution of the tumor microenvironment to glioma formation, we show that Nf11 /2 brain microglia produce specific factors that promote Nf12 /2 astrocyte growth in vitro and in vivo and identify hyaluronidase as one of these factors in both genetically engineered Nf1 mouse and human NF1-associated optic glioma. We further demonstrate that blocking hyaluronidase ameliorates the ability of Nf11 /2 microglia to increase Nf12 /2 astrocyte proliferation and that hyaluronidase increases Nf12 /2 astrocyte proliferation in an MAPK-dependent fashion. Lastly, inhibiting microglia activation in genetically engineered Nf1 mice significantly reduces mouse optic glioma proliferation in vivo. Collectively, these studies identify Nf11 /2 microglia as an important stromal cell type that promotes Nf12 /2 astrocyte and optic glioma growth relevant to the pathogenesis of NF1-associated brain tumors and suggest that future brain therapies might be directed against paracrine factors produced by cells in the tumor microenvironment.
Is "Count" and "Mass" Information Available When the Noun Is Not? An Investigation of Tip of the Tongue States and Anomia

Abstract To use a word in a sentence requires speakers to access information such as the meaning of the word, its use in a sentence (i.e., its syntax), and its sound form. In this study we examine whether when speakers cannot retrieve the sound form of a word, they are nevertheless able to indicate its syntactic properties. More specifically, we investigated whether English speakers in a tip of the tongue state, and a brain-damaged speaker in an anomic state, could correctly guess whether target words are either “count nouns” (e.g.,an opinion) or “mass nouns” (e.g.,some knowledge) when they could not say them. Results showed that speakers can correctly guess syntactic features such as count and mass, extending previous results concerning grammatical gender in Italian. We discuss the implications for models of language production in which lexical retrieval includes two steps. The first step involves retrieval of a word's abstract representation, specifying meaning and syntax. The second step involves the retrieval of the sound pattern of the word. Additional evidence from slips of the tongue in Italian, Spanish, and German showing syntactic constraints on phonological errors is also presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOELECTROTRANSFER BLOT (EITB) ASSAY USING TWO BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSED RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF TAENIA SOLIUM TAENIASIS

Taeniasis diagnosis is an important step in the control and elimination of both cysticercosis and taeniasis. We report the development of 2 serological taeniasis diagnostic tests using recombinant antigens rES33 and rES38 expressed by baculovirus in insect cells in an EITB format. In laboratory testing with defined sera from nonendemic areas, rES33 has a sensitivity of 98% (n = 167) and a specificity of 99% (n = 310) (J index: 0.97); rES38 has a sensitivity of 99% (n = 146) and a specificity of 97% (n = 275) (J index: 0.96). Independent field testing in Peru showed 97% (n = 203) of the taeniasis sera were positive with rES33, and 100% of the nontaeniasis sera (n = 272) were negative with rES33; 98% (n = 198) of taeniasis sera were positive with rES38, and 91% (n = 274) of the nontaeniasis sera were negative with rES38. Among the Peruvian sera tested, 17 of 26 Peruvian Taenia saginata sera were false positive with rES38 test. Both tests were also examined with cysticercosis sera, with a positive rate ranging from 21% to 46%. rES33 and rES38 tests offer sensitive and specific diagnosis of taeniasis and easy sample collection through finger sticks that can be used in large-scale studies. They are currently being used in cysticercosis elimination programs in Peru.
Through the Looking Glass Does the Labor Department's New Form LM-2 Really Deliver Greater Transparency?

This article examines whether the new labor organization annual financial report (Form LM-2) has significantly improved transparency of union finances over the old form by providing useful and easi...