cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The disappearance of polarized altruism

Abstract This paper uses a model of assortative mating and occupational choice to explain the 1976 distribution of family income with respect to the husband's personality. Data are from the 1976 survey of Americans' mental health. The occupational polarization of altruism, observed in the 1957 distribution of family income, is absent. It is hypothesized that the disappearance of polarized altruism is attributable to personality and occupational differences in responses to the decline in the real wage rate and the movement for gender equality.
Effects of Remolding on Fracture Performance of APC-2 Composites: Mode-I Initiation, Propagation and Arrest Toughness

Effects of remolding on mechanical performance are particularly important in post-processing of thermoplastic resin composites. The effects of molding and remold ing temperatures on the Mode-I delamination toughness of APC-2 composites are in vestigated experimentally. It is found that both the initiation and the propagation energies of delamination are influenced by the remolding process, and the effect depends on the previous molding history. In particular, the extent of fiber bridging strongly depends on molding and remolding conditions. Enhanced fiber bridging results in a rising R-curve and unstable crack propagation. The observed behaviors are interpreted from the viewpoint of matrix crystalline morphology.
Zero migration of monomers in glassy polymers: A possible artifact of thermal depolymerization

Efforts to remove traces of monomers contained in polymers by stripping with steam have resulted in reports that a small concentration of monomer is inextractable, or “locked-in,” the polymer. Any concomitant depolymerization to monomer and diffusive elution of the formed monomer would, in the steady state, result in a constant concentration of monomer within the confines of the polymer. If only the polymer phase were sampled and depolymerization were ignored, this result could be interpreted as an apparent “zero migration” level of monomer. A model that describes the coupled processes of depolymerization and diffusion is presented; predictions and estimates of an apparent “zero-migration” concentration are offered for various polymer/monomer systems considering a variety of kinetic schemes. The effects of temperature, geometry, and sample size on the transient and apparent steady-state, residual-weight fraction of monomer in the polymer are considered. Also, the weight fraction of monomer, neglecting diffusive elution, is estimated for comparison with the steady-state weight fractions calculated for the case in which diffusive elution significantly lowers the residual steady-state monomer level. The results predicted by the model presented are compared with experimental data reported in the literature. Transient approaches to the steady state are included in the model analysis. The steady-state monomer concentrations predicted for polystyrene and poly(acrylonitrile) at 100°C vary from 0.0001 ppm to 100 ppm as the diameter of the respective polymeric spheres varies between 0.5 μ and 500 μ. The predicted steady-state concentrations for vinyl chloride monomer in poly(vinyl chloride) are, under comparable conditions, seven orders of magnitude lower, reflecting the extraordinarily small tendency of polyvinyl chloride to degrade to monomer.
Subpoissonian photon statistics in lasers

Abstract Photon statistics for a laser is obtained by applying the standard laser theory. The condition to achieve a peak width less than that of a Poisson distribution has been discussed. It is shown that under certain conditions it is possible to obtain subpoissonian statistics in a laser.
Conservation planning for ecosystem services.

Despite increasing attention to the human dimension of conservation projects, a rigorous, systematic methodology for planning for ecosystem services has not been developed. This is in part because flows of ecosystem services remain poorly characterized at local-to-regional scales, and their protection has not generally been made a priority. We used a spatially explicit conservation planning framework to explore the trade-offs and opportunities for aligning conservation goals for biodiversity with six ecosystem services (carbon storage, flood control, forage production, outdoor recreation, crop pollination, and water provision) in the Central Coast ecoregion of California, United States. We found weak positive and some weak negative associations between the priority areas for biodiversity conservation and the flows of the six ecosystem services across the ecoregion. Excluding the two agriculture-focused services—crop pollination and forage production—eliminates all negative correlations. We compared the degree to which four contrasting conservation network designs protect biodiversity and the flow of the six services. We found that biodiversity conservation protects substantial collateral flows of services. Targeting ecosystem services directly can meet the multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity goals more efficiently but cannot substitute for targeted biodiversity protection (biodiversity losses of 44% relative to targeting biodiversity alone). Strategically targeting only biodiversity plus the four positively associated services offers much promise (relative biodiversity losses of 7%). Here we present an initial analytical framework for integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services in conservation planning and illustrate its application. We found that although there are important potential trade-offs between conservation for biodiversity and for ecosystem services, a systematic planning framework offers scope for identifying valuable synergies.
Basic principles of metabolic modeling of NMR 13C isotopic turnover to determine rates of brain metabolism in vivo

Metabolic modeling is a necessary part of the analysis of isotopic labeling data that is being obtained in the brain and other organs. Here are explained the basic principles of metabolic modeling of isotopic labeling studies, particularly with regard to (13)C isotopic measurements performed in vivo. The basic elements needed to simulate isotopic flows are described, and how to combine them to perform modeling analyses is explained. Procedures to introduce and evaluate model constraints and simplifications are discussed. The basic principle of isotopomer analysis is explained, as are mechanics of least-squares fitting of simulations to data. Closely related to the fitting is the effect of data scatter, which is discussed in the context of the non-normal distributions of uncertainty that are often seen with (13)C labeling measurements in vivo. This article is meant to provide a general background for investigators to begin to apply metabolic modeling analysis to (13)C isotopic labeling studies performed in vivo.
Venture Theory: A Model of Decision Weights

Several theories suggest that people replace probabilities by decision weights when evaluating risky outcomes. This paper proposes a model, called venture theory, of how people assess decision weights. It is assumed that people first anchor on a stated probability and then adjust this by mentally simulating other possible values. The amount of mental simulation is affected by the absolute size of payoffs, the extent to which the anchor deviates from the extremes of 0 and 1, and the level of perceived ambiguity concerning the relevant probability. The net effect of the adjustment i.e., up or down vis-i-vis the anchor reflects the relative weight given in imagination to values above as opposed to below the anchor. This, in turn, is taken to be a function of both individual and situational variables, and in particular, the sign and size of payoffs. Cognitive and motivational factors therefore both play important roles in determining decision weights. Assuming that people evaluate outcomes by a prospect theory value function Kahneman and Tversky 1979 and are cautious in the face of risk, fourteen predictions are derived concerning attitudes toward risk and ambiguity as functions of different levels of payoffs and probabilities. The results of three experiments are reported. Whereas only a subset of the model's predictions can be tested in Experiment 1, all fourteen are tested in Experiments 2 and 3 using hypothetical and real payoffs, respectively. Several of the model's predictions are not supported in Experiment 2 but almost all are validated in Experiments 1 and 3. The failures relate to the exact nature of probability × payoff interactions in attitudes toward risk and ambiguity for losses. The theory and results are discussed in relation to other experimental evidence, future tests of the theory, alternative models of risky choice, and implications of venture theory for explaining further phenomena.
Case Studies of Success: Supporting Academic Success for Students With High Potential From Ethnic Minority and Economically Disadvantaged Backgrounds

The underrepresentation of ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged students in gifted education must be understood in terms of broader school contexts and practices. This qualitative study i...
Effects of atrial natriuretic factor on cyclic nucleotides, bone resorption, collagen and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and prostaglandin E2 production in fetal rat bone cultures.

Abstract We examined the effects of synthetic human atrial natriuretic factor (human ANF 99–126) on adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP and cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels, bone resorption, collagen and DNA synthesis, and prostaglandin E2 (PGEu) production in fetal rat bone organ cultures. ANF (100 nM) inhibited PTH- and PGE2-stimulated cAMP production but had no effect on basal cAMP production in 21-day fetal rat calvaria. ANF increased cGMP levels, and this was not effected by PTH. ANF (10 nM) partially inhibited bone resorption stimulated by PGE2 but had no effect on control or PTH-stimulated resorption in 19-day fetal rat long bones. ANF had no effect on collagen and DNA synthesis or PGE2 production and did not alter responses to PTH or PGE2 in the fetal rat calvaria. Thus, ANF has no major direct effect on bone resorption or formation, but it is possible that ANF modulates the local regulatory function of PGE2in bone.
Hydrodynamic analysis, performance assessment, and actuator design of a flexible tail propulsor in an artificial alligator

The overall objective of this research is to develop analysis tools for determining actuator requirements and assessing viable actuator technology for design of a flexible tail propulsor in an artificial alligator. A simple hydrodynamic model that includes both reactive and resistive forces along the tail is proposed and the calculated mean thrust agrees well with conventional estimates of drag. Using the hydrodynamic model forces as an input, studies are performed for an alligator ranging in size from 1?cm to 2?m at swimming speeds of 0.3?1.8 body lengths per second containing five antagonistic pairs of actuators distributed along the length of the tail. Several smart materials are considered for the actuation system, and preliminary analysis results indicate that the acrylic electroactive polymer and the flexible matrix composite actuators are potential artificial muscle technologies for the system.
Resonant Nonlinear Optical Properties of CdSe Quantum Dots

We report theoretical and experimental results of nonlinear absorption and refraction in a series of colloidal CdSe quantum-dots. A two-level-model is used to describe the nonlinearities when quantum-dots are excited close to their first resonance.
Children's and adults' cognitive maps of very large unfamiliar environments

Groups of 8-, 11- and 19-year-olds were tested in two unfamiliar environments. The street system consisted of straight-line routes that generally ran at right angles to one another in the ‘grid’ environment, but not in the ‘curved’ environment. In Expt 1, subjects rode in an automobile through the environments three times, and made bearing and distance estimates to target locations after each trip. The results showed that performance was equivalent across the types of environments (i.e. grid vs. curved), and that only 8-year-olds were unable to integrate target information. There was an increase in accuracy over successive trials at each age level on the bearing measure, and Expt 2 suggested that this increase was due to repeated environmental trips rather than to successive recall of target locations. These results indicate that young children cannot readily integrate spatial information in a very large, unfamiliar environment. However, their accuracy does improve as they become increasingly familiar with the environment.
Engagement as a Brand Position in the Higher Education Marketplace

The purpose of this paper is to examine public engagement as a branding and public relations strategy at colleges and universities. Specifically, this paper posits the idea that engagement efforts require a focused and, if possible, centralized approach on the part of colleges and universities. Successful branding and marketing of engagement efforts require a similar approach—an alignment, if not centralization, of resources within the campus, led by the institution's president and focused on an integrated strategic message backed by research. As a result, this paper—through a case study of one large public university's efforts to brand engagement—suggests that successful branding and engagement are inter-related and, to a large, degree interdependent.
Improved sister-chromatid differentiation using paraffin-coated bromodeoxyuridine tablets in mice

Abstract A quick and easy method for partially coating 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine tablets with paraffin before they were subcutaneously implanted in mice increased availability of the chemical from 8 to more than 24 h and significantly reduced the baseline level of sister-chromatid exchanges. Accurate identification of first-, second- and third-division metaphases was possible for 30 h postimplantation.
Defendant's Previous History and Mock Sentencing.

Six hundred forty-four undergraduates served as mock judges in sentencing male or female defendants convicted of homicide, child molestation, embezzlement, fraudulent issuance of checks, heroin possession, and consensual homosexuality. Defendants had a reported history of psychiatric hospitalization, imprisonment, or neither hospitalization nor incarceration. Results indicated: (1) those defendants with a mental health history were more likely to be accorded a disposition that involved mandatory health treatment; (2) dispositions of persons with a mental health history tended to be more restrictive than those of defendants with neither a mental health nor criminal history; and (3) sex of defendant of mock judge influenced sentencing disposition only in child molestation cases.
Optimal Design of a Multilevel Modular Capacitor-Clamped DC–DC Converter

Magnetic-less multilevel dc-dc converters attract much attention in automotive industry due to their small size, high efficiency, and high temperature operation features. A multilevel-modular capacitor-clamped dc-dc converter (MMCCC) is one of the most promising topologies among them with simple control and reduced switch current stress. This paper presents the optimal design considerations for an MMCCC to achieve the highest efficiency and the smallest size. In order to design the converter with the highest efficiency, the analytical power loss equation of an MMCCC should be derived. By considering the stray inductance in the circuit, the optimal design approach should be divided into two cases, overdamped case and underdamped case. The converter can be designed to achieve high efficiency in both cases by varying circuit parameters. If the circuit is designed in overdamped case, huge electrolytic capacitor bank has to be used to achieve high efficiency, which will increase the total converter size. If the circuit is designed in underdamped case, small-size multilayer ceramic capacitor can be utilized due to the low capacitance requirement. Although relatively high switching frequency is required in underdamped case due to practical considerations, zero-current switching (ZCS) can be achieved for all the switching devices which minimize the converter switching loss. Therefore, the optimal design point of an MMCCC with the smallest size and the highest efficiency should be selected at the underdamped case with ZCS for all the switches. Simulation results are provided to validate the design. A prototype of an MMCCC by using the proposed optimal design procedure is built. Experimental results of this optimal designed MMCCC prototype are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
Shake Table Tests of a Quarter-scale Three-storey Building Model with Piezoelectric Friction Dampers

A previously designed and fabricated friction damper with four piezoelectric actuators was installed on the first storey of a quarter-scale, three-storey building model mounted on a shake table. The performance of the damper and a simple semi-active control strategy were evaluated both numerically and experimentally under four modified earthquake ground motion records of various amplitudes. The seismic effectiveness and adaptability of the algorithm as well as the effect of damper saturation on structural responses were investigated. Numerical simulations agree well with the experimental results. The proposed control strategy not only effectively suppresses the structural vibration, but also is adaptive to varying excitations from weak and strong earthquakes. Experimental results indicate that a piezoelectric friction damper with slight saturation could be advantageous to the seismic mitigation of buildings. However, significant saturation will degrade the performance of the semi-active control strategy. Further improvement in efficiency of force generation of the proposed device seems feasible to make the device competitive over other representative semi-active control devices. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laws Against Marijuana: The Price We Pay & The Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States

(1977). Laws Against Marijuana: The Price We Pay & The Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 83-84.
Le mariage et les femmes à Toulouse au temps des cathares

Women and Marriage in Toulouse at the Time of the Cathars. J. H. Mundy. ; ; Owing to their relatively depressed position, women are often said to have been especially drawn to Catharism. Initial investigation of materials from the town of Toulouse seems not to support this view. Although Catharism gave women a somewhat greater religions role than did Catholicism, they were not placed as high as they were among the Waldensians, yet that belief had little place in the community. Furthermore women were not unusually discriminated against there, and hence had no more reason than the members of their sex elsewhere in Europe to favor divergent thought, yet Toulouse was a center of Catharism. These propositions and questions derive from an examination of the position of married women and the relation of persons of that sex to parental and marital property. Save for concubinage, the sexual relationships between men and women are not explored here.
Effect of H1‐ and H2‐histamine receptor blockade on postexercise insulin sensitivity

Following a bout of dynamic exercise, humans experience sustained postexercise vasodilatation in the previously exercised skeletal muscle which is mediated by activation of histamine (H1 and H2) receptors. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake is also enhanced following dynamic exercise. Our aim was to determine if blunting the vasodilatation during recovery from exercise would have an adverse effect on blood glucose regulation. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that insulin sensitivity following exercise would be reduced with H1- and H2-receptor blockade versus control (no blockade). We studied 20 healthy young subjects (12 exercise; eight nonexercise sham) on randomized control and H1- and H2-receptor blockade (fexofenadine and ranitidine) days. Following 60 min of upright cycling at 60% VO2 peak or nonexercise sham, subjects consumed an oral glucose tolerance beverage (1.0 g/kg). Blood glucose was determined from "arterialized" blood samples (heated hand vein). Postexercise whole-body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda insulin sensitivity index) was reduced 25% with H1- and H2-receptor blockade (P < 0.05), whereas insulin sensitivity was not affected by histamine receptor blockade in the sham trials. These results indicate that insulin sensitivity following exercise is blunted by H1- and H2-receptor blockade and suggest that postexercise H1- and H2-receptor-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilatation benefits glucose regulation in healthy humans.
Limb Regeneration in Humans: Micromanaging a Plastic Environment

A popular topic as of late, stem cell research has intrigued many with its remarkable potential in the realm of human health. Multipotent stem cells have been found throughout the entire human body, indicating that adult tissues may be able to repair and regenerate themselves. Although organs such as the heart, liver, or lungs do not currently regenerate in humans, the presence of these somatic stem cells indicates that we possess the necessary structures to do so. By studying the axolotl, a species of salamander known to effectively regenerate limbs and organs, scientists have come closer to understanding human regeneration. After various studies performed on the axolotl, results have indicated that limb regeneration occurs in a step-wise fashion, in which certain qualifications must be met to progress to the next step. This is groundbreaking because the lack of human regeneration can be attributed to the absence of a correct preliminary environment, not in our sheer inability to do so. If we can determine the factors that influence each individual step of limb regeneration, we could theoretically micromanage regenerating environments to provide the exact outcome we desire.
Multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis diagnosed in children after long-term follow-up: comparison of presenting features

The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of the first demyelinating event between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Children with acute demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and an abnormal brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) were studied. Patients were assigned a final diagnosis after long-term follow-up. Comparisons were made between the MS and ADEM groups. Proposed definitions by the Pediatric MS Study Group were applied to our cohort in retrospect and are discussed. Fifty-two children and adolescents with a documented abnormal brain MRI were identified (24 females, 28 males; mean age 10y 11mo [SD 5y 4mo] range 1y 10mo-19y 7mo). To date, 26 children have been diagnosed with MS, and 24 with ADEM. One child has relapsing neuromyelitis optica and one child has clinically isolated optic neuritis. Follow-up duration was 6 years 8 months in monophasic patients, and 5 years 6 months in relapsing patients. None of the patients with MS had encephalopathy while encephalopathy was present in 42% of patients with ADEM. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands, an elevated immunoglobulin and the periventricular perpendicular ovoid lesions correlated with MS outcome. Several clinical characteristics differ between ADEM and MS at first presentation; encephalopathy, when present, strongly suggests the diagnosis of ADEM.
Studies of the stereochemistry of [2+2]-photocycloaddition reactions of 2-cyclohexenones with olefins.

Stereochemical studies of the photocycloaddition of a chiral α,β-enone and isobutylene lead to a working hypothesis for the geometry of the 3(π−π*) excited state of the enone.
Materials and mechanisms determining the performance of lead-acid storage batteries an invited review

Abstract Principles governing the performance of the various materials used in contemporary lead-acid storage batteries are reviewed. It is shown how basic developments in materials science and electrochemical technology have led to substantial improvements in this weel-established engineering system. The recent use of sophisticated microanalytical techniques to study battery plate behavior has contributed considerable insight into the mechanisms affecting performance under various conditions. These results are reviewed and their relevance to service behavior is emphasize. The interrelationships between the various component materials of lead-acid systems — grid alloys, active material compounds, polymeric separators, and conductors and containers — are considered.
Status, Symbol, and Meaning in the Dian Culture

Material symbols are often used to express social differentiation among human groups. These symbols bear meanings related to the ideology of the society. Therefore, the reconstruction of the organization and meanings of status symbols in archaeology is instrumental to the understanding of the working of past social systems. This paper first concentrates on the isolation of the status symbols in the Dian mortuary environment with multivariate statistical methods. It then proceeds to decipher the meanings of symbols based on the iconographic representations depicted on the bronze artifacts. By comparing the social interpretations of the bronze artifacts and the archaeological pattern, we have refined the methodology in the study of Dian Culture.
Effects of Immersion on Visual Analysis of Volume Data

Volume visualization has been widely used for decades for analyzing datasets ranging from 3D medical images to seismic data to paleontological data. Many have proposed using immersive virtual reality (VR) systems to view volume visualizations, and there is anecdotal evidence of the benefits of VR for this purpose. However, there has been very little empirical research exploring the effects of higher levels of immersion for volume visualization, and it is not known how various components of immersion influence the effectiveness of visualization in VR. We conducted a controlled experiment in which we studied the independent and combined effects of three components of immersion (head tracking, field of regard, and stereoscopic rendering) on the effectiveness of visualization tasks with two x-ray microscopic computed tomography datasets. We report significant benefits of analyzing volume data in an environment involving those components of immersion. We find that the benefits do not necessarily require all three components simultaneously, and that the components have variable influence on different task categories. The results of our study improve our understanding of the effects of immersion on perceived and actual task performance, and provide guidance on the choice of display systems to designers seeking to maximize the effectiveness of volume visualization applications.
Scan test design methodology and practical results

This work is associated with providing good test coverage on digital designs. The concept of using scan test circuitry in synchronous digital designs as a solution is introduced. There is a description of the methodology when using “Synopsys Test Compiler”. Finally, some results of the experience of the author on some of Analog Devices' video encoder products are outlined. (6 pages)
Boiling heat transfer enhancement using a submerged, vibration-induced jet

In this paper we describe a new two-phase cooling cell based on channel boiling and a vibration-induced liquid jet whose collective purpose is to delay the onset of critical heat flux by forcibly dislodging the small vapor bubbles that form on the heated surface during nucleate boiling and propelling them into the cooler bulk liquid within the cell. The submerged turbulent vibration-induced jet is generated by a vibrating piezoelectric diaphragm operating at resonance. The piezoelectric driver induces pressure oscillations in the liquid near the surface of the diaphragm, resulting in the time-periodic formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles that entrain surrounding liquid and generate a strong liquid jet. The resultant jet is directed at the heated surface in the channel. The jet enhances boiling heat transfer by removing attached vapor bubbles that insulate the surface and provides additional forced convection heat transfer on the surface. A small cross flow maintained within the cell increases heat transfer even further by sweeping the bubbles downstream, where they condense. In addition, the cross flow keeps the temperature of the liquid within the cell regulated. In the present experiments, the cell dimensions were 51×25×76mm and water was the working liquid. Heat fluxes above 300W∕cm2 were obtained at surface temperatures near 150°C for a horizontal cell.
What Should We Teach Civil Engineering Students

The results of a survey of Duke University civil engineering graduates is reported. Over 40% responded to a questionnaire by mail requesting information on the usefulness of various subject areas in their first job and in their present position. The results show that management skills are increasingly important in engineering careers, far outstripping the need for engineering during later stages of professional careers. The usefulness of environmental engineering and water resources engineering seems to be increasing for both first jobs as well as present positions. Structural engineering continues to be strong, while surveying and graphics are far less important now than in decades past. The results may be useful in the redesign of civil engineering curricula to meet the needs of modern engineers.
Seasonal Variations in Diet and Foraging Behavior of Ateles chamek in a Southern Amazonian Tropical Forest

I present data regarding the diet and feeding ecology of a spider monkey community at Lago Caiman in northeastern Bolivia. The community was highly frugivorous, only consuming significant amounts of folivorous material during times of relative fruit resource scarcity. Spider monkeys fed on parts of 86 plant species, but the majority of the diet comprised a few dominant fleshy fruit species that were available at temporally distinct periods across the year. Accordingly, I identified candidate keystone resources for the region and discuss the results with reference to previous studies on Ateles and the importance of considering keystone fruit resources in the management of forestry concessions.
The V-ATPase A subunit gene (vma-1) from Giardia lamblia.

The sequence of the gene encoding the A subunit of the vacuolar type ATPase from Giardia lamblia is reported. Comparison of the encoded protein with the homologous subunits of eukaryotic and archaebacterial ATPases reveals high levels of similarity throughout the sequence (e.g., overall 49.1 and 44.6% identity to the homologous subunit from carrot and Halobacterium, respectively). An exception are three regions which are unique to the Giardia subunit. The largest of these regions contains motifs characteristic for eukaryotic spliceosomal introns; however, comparison to the cDNA shows that this region is also present in the mRNA.
CCD backside coatings optimized for 200- to 300-nm observations

The high QE and large variety of formats make modern back illuminated Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) nearly ideal detectors for most scientific imaging applications. In the ultraviolet (UV), however, quantum efficiency (QE) instability with temperature and with environmental conditions has limited their widespread use, especially for space applications. We have developed several techniques to achieve stable and high QE in the 200 - 300 nm wavelength range with back illuminated CCDs fabricated by various manufacturers. In this paper we report peak QE of over 90% at 240 nm (uncorrected from quantum yield). We describe a series of tests which demonstrate stability of these devices with temperature, humidity, and UV illumination. These results are all based in the chemisorption backside coating processes developed at the Steward Observatory CCD Laboratory.
Visual properties of cells in anterior dorsal ventricular ridge of turtle

Abstract Single units in the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (ADVR), a structure in the major afferent visual pathway of turtle, were investigated electrophysiologically for response properties to varied light patterns. The majority of cells responded to a broad range of spatially, temporally, and chromatically varied stimuli over most of the monocular visual field. One category of cells, seemingly specialized for ‘novelty’ detection, indicates one possible role for ADVR in visual sensory processing.
The Peak Brightness of SN 1895B in NGC 5253 and the Hubble Constant

The light curve of the Type Ia supernova SN 1895B (in NGC 5253) is important because Sandage et al. have measured a distance to the host galaxy by means of Cepheid variables and thus have derived the Hubble constant. However, the last time the supernova plates were measured was in 1923, and the resultant photometry is inconsistent at the 0.8 mag level. In this paper, I report on the results of my remeasurement of the old supernova plates with a scanning microdensitometer. I find B-magnitudes of >11.3 ± 0.3, 8.36 ± 0.07, 8.51 ± 0.06, 8.54 ± 0.05, and 9.34 ± 0.08 on JD 2,413,359, 2,413,383, 2,413,384, 2,413,385, and 2,413,393, respectively. The last plate was a prism plate, for which I present a flux-calibrated spectrum, taken ~15 days after maximum. Even though only loose constraints can be placed on the light curve shape, the firm limit on the peak magnitude (<8.49 ± 0.03) will provide a firm limit on the Hubble constant. The most likely shape is that of the average Type Ia template of Leibundgut et al., for which the best-fit peak B-magnitude is 8.26 ± 0.11. The deduced probability distribution for H0 is peaked at 51 ± 7 km s-1 Mpc-1, with extreme limits of 61 ± 12 and 26 ± 5 km s-1 Mpc-1.
Great Lakes Estuaries

According to the geomorphology and physiography classification scheme for estuaries proposed by Pritchard (1967) and presented in Kennish (1986), Great Lakes estuaries can be classified as Type A: drowned river valleys or rias. The termination of Wisconsinian glaciation, which resulted in a eustatic rise in sea level of somewhat over 100 m and the formation of such Atlantic coast estuaries as Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay, also resulted in isostatic rebound in the northern Great Lakes region and the formation of drowned mouths of many tributaries to the lake. Based on analysis of literature and field observations, it is proposed that the term freshwater or Great Lakes estuary be applied to the drowned portion of streams entering the Great Lakes. The common denominator in virtually all definitions of estuaries is morphology, particularly the basins morphometry and the hydraulic relation of the water level contained therein to the entering stream. Where the land mass and the stream profile rise above a selected datum, the estuary begins and the river debouches. This concept can be useful in modeling water quality and physical attributes in connection with biotic, physiochemical, sedimentary and contemporary geological processes. It can also be applied in the Great Lakes as a practical way of identifying the margins of the lake, thus clarifying ownership disputes and clouded issues where demarkation of lake and river arise.
Microsimulation Models and Labor Supply Responses to Welfare Reforms

This paper focuses on the challenges inherent in using a microsimulation model to predict program reform effects. It reports simulations of the effect on labor supply of four welfare reforms that affect female heads of households. It also discusses the possibility that some behaviors could change as a direct effect of reform. Included is a discussion of the ongoing debate for use of behavioral responses. Discussed are the trade-offs in including or excluding these responses using the labor supply response to means-tested programs as an example; the methodology used to incorporate a labor supply response in the Transfer Income Model; and four possible reforms to existing means-tested programs.
Fatty Acids in the Tooth Lipids of 16 Animal Species

Lipids and fatty acids were extracted from the teeth of 16 animal species and were characterized by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. The types of lipids and fatty acids in the various teeth were similar, but the amounts were different. The major lipids were glycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids; the major fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. Trace amounts of many other lipids and fatty acids were present.
Amido, ureido and urethano neighbouring group participation

Bei der Ionisation eines 2-substituierten 1-Athylhalogenides oder -toluolsulfonates mit Beteiligung benachbarter Amidgruppen handelt es sich entweder um eine Ionisation (Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstantek △) mit Beteiligung der neutralen Amidgruppe, oder um eine Zyklisierung (Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstantek △ Θ ), bei der die anionische Form der Amidgruppe beteiligt ist. Solche Zyklisierungen sind von der Basenkonzentration abhangig; die gemessene Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstantek 2 ist gleichK k △ bO , wobeiK die Gleichgewichtskonstante fur die Neutralisation des Substratmolekuls ist. Unter neutralen Bedingungen in 80% igem Athanol ist die beobachtete Sequenz furk △ Werte fur verschiedene benachbarte Gruppen die folgende: Benzamido > Ureido > Urethano > Azetoxy, wahrend in athanolischer Natriumathoxyd-Losung die Sequenz die folgende ist: Urethano > Benzamido > Ureido.
Egr2-neurons control the adult respiratory response to hypercapnia.

`The early growth response 2 transcription factor, Egr2, establishes a population of brainstem neurons essential for normal breathing at birth. Egr2-null mice die perinatally of respiratory insufficiency characterized by subnormal respiratory rate and severe apneas. Here we bypass this lethality using a noninvasive pharmacogenetic approach to inducibly perturb neuron activity postnatally, and ask if Egr2-neurons control respiration in adult mice. We found that the normal ventilatory increase in response to elevated tissue CO₂ was impaired, blunted by 63.1 ± 8.7% after neuron perturbation due to deficits in both respiratory amplitude and frequency. By contrast, room-air breathing was unaffected, suggesting that the drive for baseline breathing may not require those Egr2-neurons manipulated here. Of the multiple brainstem sites proposed to affect ventilation in response to hypercapnia, only the retrotrapezoid nucleus, a portion of the serotonergic raphe, and a portion of the A5 nucleus have a history of Egr2 expression. We recently showed that acute inhibition of serotonergic neurons en masse blunts the CO₂ chemoreflex in adults, causing a difference in hypercapnic response of ∼50% after neuron perturbation through effects on respiratory amplitude only. The suppressed respiratory frequency upon perturbation of Egr2-neurons thus may stem from non-serotonergic neurons within the Egr2 domain. Perturbation of Egr2-neurons did not affect body temperature, even on exposure to ambient 4°C. These findings support a model in which Egr2-neurons are a critical component of the respiratory chemoreflex into adulthood. Methodologically, these results highlight how pharmacogenetic approaches allow neuron function to be queried in unanesthetized adult animals, reaching beyond the roadblocks of developmental lethality and compensation as well as the anatomical disturbances associated with invasive methods. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).
Some Needed Changes in DSM‐V: But What About Children?

The Maser et al. (2009) arguments for changes in DSM-V are extended by arguing for diagnostic quantification that includes, but is not limited to, dimensions. The following clinical and research realities require quantification of diagnostic criteria and adjustable diagnostic thresholds for children but are also desirable for adults: developmental and gender differences, differences between data from different sources, and cultural differences. Normative and ROC data should be used to provide empirical foundations for selecting diagnostic thresholds and for evaluating severity. Impairment should be separated from diagnostic criteria to avoid the illogical denial of disorders that do not (yet) cause impairment. Although DSM-V cannot solve all the problems of the prevailing paradigm, quantified diagnostic criteria could make the DSM less of an obstacle to progress.
Monolithically integrated Ge CMOS laser

Ge-on-Si devices are explored for photonic integration. Through the development of better growth techniques, monolithic integration, laser design and prototypes, it was possible to probe Ge light emitters with emphasis on lasers. Preliminary worked shows thermal photonic behavior capable of enhancing lamination at high temperatures. Increase luminescence is observed up to 120°C from L-band contribution. Higher temperatures show contribution from Δ -band. The increase carrier thermal contribution suggests high temperature applications for Ge light emitters. A Ge electrically pumped laser was probed under 0.2% biaxial strain and doping concentration ~4.5×1019cm-3 n-type. Ge pnn lasers exhibit a gain >1000cm-1 with 8mW power output, presenting a spectrum range of over 200nm, making Ge the ideal candidate for Si photonics. Large temperatures fluctuations and process limit the present device. Theoretically a gain of >4000cm- gain is possible with a threshold of as low as 1kA/cm 2 . Improvements in Ge work
Blue whale habitat and prey in the California Channel Islands

Abstract Whale Habitat and Prey Studies were conducted off southern California during August 1995 (WHAPS95) and July 1996 (WHAPS96) to (1) study the distribution and activities of blue whales and other large whales, (2) survey the distribution of prey organisms (krill), and (3) measure physical and biological habitat variables that influence the distribution of whales and prey. A total of 1307 cetacean sightings included 460 blue whale, 78 fin whale and 101 humpback whale sightings. Most blue whales were found in cold, well-mixed and productive water that had upwelled along the coast north of Point Conception and then advected south. They were aggregated in this water near San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands, where they fed on dense, subsurface layers of euphausiids both on the shelf and extending off the shelf edge. Two species of euphausiids were consumed by blue whales, Thysanoessa spinifera and Euphausia pacifica , with evidence of preference for the former, a larger and more coastal species. These krill patches on the Channel Island feeding grounds are a resource exploited during summer–fall by the world’s largest stock of blue whales.
Clostridium difficile and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

e describe the case of a 38-year-old patient, with nown psychiatric illnesses, who had systemic inlammatory response syndrome, acute respiratory istress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ dysunction syndrome (MODS) with Clostridium difficile olitis as the only identifiable cause. A syncopal vent from possible dehydration was followed by ymptoms of septic shock and ARDS. The untimely nd aberrant presentation of the C. difficile colitis, articularly with the uncertainty of recent antibiotic se, probably contributed to the severity of the linical course.
Mutual information, synergy and some curious phenomena for simple channels

Suppose we are allowed to observe two equally noisy versions of some signal X, where the level of the noise is fixed. We are given a choice: we can either observe two independent noisy versions of X, or two correlated ones. We show that, contrary to what classical statistical intuition suggests, it is often the case that correlated data is more valuable than independent data. We investigate this phenomenon in a variety of contexts, we give numerous examples for standard families of channels, and we present general sufficient conditions for deciding this dilemma. One of these conditions draws an interesting connection with the information-theoretic notion of "synergy," which has received a lot of attention in the neuroscience literature recently
Telling stories of Latino population growth in the United States Narratives of inter-ethnic conflict in the mainstream, Latino and African-American press

This article offers a critique of press coverage of recent demographic trends in the United States. It focuses on the reporting of statistics on race and ethnicity released by the US Census Bureau in 2003, when the public was first informed of a historical `benchmark': `Hispanics' had become `the nation's largest minority'. Based on a frame analysis of stories published in 20 mainstream, nine Latino and 10 African-American publications, the article traces dominant patterns in news discourses that privileged conflict and competition as the preferred frame for the interpretation of population trends and their implications for inter-ethnic relations between Blacks and Latinos. It also shows how nuances in the discursive strategies of these media reveal a symbolic contest that included minority reproduction and contestation of mainstream and official government reports.
The Dalig and Vadan Exercise: Teaching Students about Strategy and the Challenges of Friction and Fog

For classes which contain a discussion of strategy, war, political violence, terrorism, insurgency, peace operations, or ethno-nationalist conflict to name a few, students must have an effective, foundational understanding of the complexities of using military force. To that end, we have developed an operational “battlefield” exercise, the Dalig–Vadan Exercise (DVE), which allows an entire class of students to get a sense of the dynamics and complexities of command and execution of competing strategies without any military background, any particular emphasis on time, place, or context, and de-emphasizing the consequences of violence. Anchored on Clausewitz's friction and fog, the DVE provides students with a first-person encounter with decision making in a dynamic, multiparty, informational-limited, and time-sensitive environment that can be related to a wide range of courses and course material in international relations and related fields.
Studies on tolerance to ganglionic blocking agents in man; reversal of depressor action of quaternary ammonium compounds.

The hypotensive effects of intravenous injections of tetraethylammonium and hexamethonium chloride diminish and finally become pressor during the course of short-term treatment with subcutaneous hexamethonium. Evidence is presented to indicate that this "tolerance" is associated with a decreased sympathetic tone in the feet and forearm and is not due to increased amounts of circulating adrenal medullary or cortical hormones. Possibilities are discussed for this apparent vascular autonomy and the locus of vasoconstriction. Cross tolerance appeared between several ganglionic blocking agents tested and extended to a minor degree to adrenergic blocking agents.