cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer Perceptions of Tensile Price Claims in Advertisements: An Assessment of Claim Types Across Different Discount Levels:

Findings are reported for two studies that examined the effects of three forms of tensile price claims (i.e., stating a minimum, maximum, or range of savings) on consumers’ price perceptions, search and shopping intentions, and estimates of price reduction across four different discount range levels. Hypotheses are offered based on a rationale drawn from an anchoring and adjustment framework. Results of both studies indicate that for broader discount ranges, tensile claims stating the maximum level of savings have more positive effects than those stating the minimum level or the entire savings range. For more narrow discount ranges, tensile claims stating the maximum level of savings appear to be no more effective than claims stating the minimum level or the entire savings range.
Effect of intra-articular hydrocortisone on complement in synovial fluid.

Abstract The effect of an intra-articular injection of hydrocortisone succinate on whole complement, C4, C3, and immune adherence in synovial fluid was investigated in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 1 with regional enteritis, and 2 with indeterminate synovitis. After the injections, serial joint aspirations revealed a marked decrease in whole complement in 4 of 5 patients. A similar but less marked decrease occurred in C3 and C4 in 5 of 6 patients. Complement values tended to return to preinjection levels within 5 days. A close parallel between decrease in concentration of complement and in granulocyte count and alleviation of the patients' symptoms was observed, which suggested that the hydrocortisone effect on complement may contribute significantly to the action of intra-articular corticosteroid noted clinically. A number of in vitro studies of the effect of hydrocortisone on complement failed to uncover the mechanism for the in vivo complement depletion.
15-HYDROXYPROSTAGLANDIN DEHYDROGENASE IS A TGF-beta INDUCED SUPPRESSOR OF HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), the enzyme catalyzing the key step in prostaglandin synthesis, is over-expressed in 85% of colon cancers. The prostaglandin products of COX2, e.g. PGE2, have been implicated in regulating proliferation, migration and angiogenic properties of tumor cells. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) is the key enzyme responsible for prostaglandin inactivation by converting the 15-hydroxyl group to a 15-keto group. In contrast to numerous studies on COX2 and its prostaglandin products, relatively little is known about the role of PGDH in tumorigenesis. We have found that PGDH expression is markedly reduced in most colon cancer samples compared to normal colon at both RNA and protein level. Reconstitution of functional PGDH expression to physiological level in colon cancer cells markedly suppresses their capacity to form tumors in athymic mice. These data indicate PGDH has a role in suppressing colon cancer, and that PGDH loss in colon cancer may functionally promote tumor growth. Meanwhile, mutant PGDH with little enzyme activity does not confer growth inhibition on colon cancer cells in vivo. In addition, we have found TGF-beta directly induces PGDH expression in multiple colon cell lines, suggesting that PGDH induction is recruited as one effector of TGF-beta mediated suppression of colon tumorigenesis. This is the first unequivocal connection between TGF-beta and prostaglandin pathway in human colonocytes. Indeed, PGDH expression is localized to colonocytes located on the upper reaches and luminal surface of colon crypts, where colonocytes have ceased cell division and undergone differentiation. In addition, we demonstrate that TGF-beta induction of PGDH occurs at the transcriptional level without need of new protein synthesis. We also provide evidence that PGDH induction may not be a secondary effect of TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition. Our data not only implicates PGDH as another crucial hit in the prostaglandin pathway in colon tumorigenesis besides COX2, but also provides evidence that loss of TGF-beta responsiveness accounts for reduction of PGDH expression in colon cancer.
Prolonged potentials in gastrointestinal muscles induced by calcium chelation

When stomach muscles of skate, toad, or frog or intestinal muscle of cat are treated with Ca-free physiological solutions containing 2-5 mM EGTA or EDTA, spontaneous spikes and slow waves disappear reversibly. With continued treatment, depolarization of 25-30 mV from resting potentials of -65 mV occurs and rhythmic prolonged potentials of several seconds duration appear. They show rapid depolarization to near zero and rapid repolarization and they may continue for several hours. The prolonged potentials disappear when Na is replaced by Li, Tris, or choline. They are insensitive to TTX. The EGTA-induced waves are abolished by Mn, Co, La, verapamil, and D 600. After 10-15 min in 5 mM EGTA, voltage-current and abolition of anomalous rectification. It is concluded that when bound Ca is removed by a chelator, nonspecific reduction in resistance occurs and Na ions may enter rhythmically through channels normally used by Ca.
Satisficing in Split-Second Decision Making Is Characterized by Strategic Cue Discounting.

Much of our real-life decision making is bounded by uncertain information, limitations in cognitive resources, and a lack of time to allocate to the decision process. It is thought that humans overcome these limitations through satisficing, fast but "good-enough" heuristic decision making that prioritizes some sources of information (cues) while ignoring others. However, the decision-making strategies we adopt under uncertainty and time pressure, for example during emergencies that demand split-second choices, are presently unknown. To characterize these decision strategies quantitatively, the present study examined how people solve a novel multicue probabilistic classification task under varying time pressure, by tracking shifts in decision strategies using variational Bayesian inference. We found that under low time pressure, participants correctly weighted and integrated all available cues to arrive at near-optimal decisions. With increasingly demanding, subsecond time pressures, however, participants systematically discounted a subset of the cue information by dropping the least informative cue(s) from their decision making process. Thus, the human cognitive apparatus copes with uncertainty and severe time pressure by adopting a "drop-the-worst" cue decision making strategy that minimizes cognitive time and effort investment while preserving the consideration of the most diagnostic cue information, thus maintaining "good-enough" accuracy. This advance in our understanding of satisficing strategies could form the basis of predicting human choices in high time pressure scenarios. (PsycINFO Database Record
A proposed dispersal mechanism for Septosperma rhizophydii

action of temperature, minerals and carbon source on growth in vitro. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 49: 313-321. Hames, B. D., and J. M. Ashworth. 1974. The metabolism of macromolecules during differentiation of myxamoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discodeum containing different amounts of glycogen. Biochem. J. 142: 301-315. Huang, K., and E. Cabib. 1974. Yeast glycogen synthetase in the glucose-6-phosphate dependent form. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 3851-3857. Issa, H. A., and J. Medicino. 1973. Role of enzymeenzyme interaction in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 685-696. Kahn, V., and J. J. Blumm. 1971. The glycogen phosphorylase of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 143: 80-91. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680-685. Leloir, L. F., and S. H. Goldemberg. 1962. Glycogen synthase from rat liver. Method. Enzymol. 5: 145153. Lyda, S. D. 1978. Ecology of Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Annual Rev. Phytopathol. 16: 193-209. McVerry, P. H., and K. H. Kim. 1972. Dephosphorylation and aggregation of rat liver glycogen synthetase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48: 1636-1640. Preiss, J. 1969. The regulation of the biosynthesis of 1,4 glucans in bacteria and plants. Pp. 125-160. In: Current topics in cellular regulation. Vol. 1. Eds., B. L. Horecker and E. R. Stadtman. Academic Press, New York. . 1984. Bacterial glycogen synthesis and its regulation. Annual Rev. Microbiol., 38: 419-458. Roach, P. J. 1981. Glycogen synthase and glycogen synthase kinases. Curr. Top. Cell Regul. 20: 45105. Rosness, P. A., and B. E. Wright. 1974. In vivo changes of cellulose, trehalose and glycogen during differentiation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 164: 6072. Rothman, L. B., and E. Cabib. 1967a. Allosteric properties of yeast glycogen synthetase. II. The effect of pH on inhibition and its physiological implications. Biochemistry 6: 2107-2112. , and . 1967b. Allosteric properties of yeast glycogen synthetase. I. General kinetic study. Biochemistry 6: 2098-2106. Sambandam, T., and M. Gunasekaran. 1987. Purification and properties of phosphorylase from Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 254: 579-585. Soderling, T. R., J. P. Hickenbottom, E. M. Reimann, F. L. Hunkler, D. A. Walsh, and E. G. Krebs. 1970. Inactivation of glycogen synthetase and activation of phosphorylase kinase by muscle adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 6317-6328. Spector, T. 1978. Refinement of the coomassie blue method of protein estimation. Anal. Biochem. 86: 142-146. Takahara, H., and K. Matsuda. 1978. Biosynthesis of glycogen in Neurospora crassa. Purification and properties of the UDPGlucose-glycogen 4-a-glucosyltransferase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 522: 8489. Thomas, J. A., K. K. Schlender, and J. Larner. 1973. Specificity of activation of glycogen synthetase I from skeletal muscle and heart. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 493: 84-89. Wilkinson, J. F. 1958. The extracellular polysaccharides of bacteria. Bacteriol Rev. 22: 46-73.
Renal Artery Response to Epinephrine.

Conclusions(1) Pharmacologic doses of intravenous epinephrine in dogs caused a significant decrease in the vascular phase and a slower ascent to peak concentration of the I131 radiorenogram. These changes are essentially the same as noted to occur in humans who suffered with acute apprehension during the test procedure. (2) These same doses of epinephrine caused an intense constriction of the renal arteries proximal to or at the first major bifurcation as visualized with angiography and cineradiography. In one-fourth of the dogs the renal artery constriction was noted to occur within one to one and one-half centimeters of their aortic origin. The renal arteries proximal to the constricted zone were dilated.
Combined effects of interferon and 2'-deoxycoformycin on 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and adenosine deaminase in hairy cell and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.

ABSTRACT The combined effects of interferon (IFN) and 2′-deoxycoformycin (DCF) on 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity were examined in vitro in peripheral ...
RtI at West Elementary: Supplement, Supplant, or a Little of Each?

This case, which addresses supplementing or supplanting special education in a school, is applicable to aspiring and practicing principals who require more experience in special education law and p...
Studies of sputter deposited Cu1-xTax alloys

Copper-refractory metal composites/alloys are of interest for aerospace and related applications requiring good thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures[1]. These materials, due to generally very low mutual solubilities, may allow high strength microstructures to be developed which are stable at temperatures exceeding those suitable for precipitation strengthened alloys. Phase stability and mechanical property characteristics of bulk fabricated Cu-refractory metal composites were recently reviewed[2-3]. This paper reports the results of structure-property studies of a series of Cu1-xTax alloys created by RF sputter deposition. It will be shown that nanoscale face-centered-cubic and body-centered-cubic Ta particles form in the Cu matrix and that these Ta particles are very resistant to coarsening at temperatures up to 900°C. Nanoindentation studies of these alloys reveal that their strengths are also essentially unaffected by exposure to 900°C for times up to 100 hours.
Design and Study on a New Type Magnetorheological Driving Mechanism

Utilizing the controllable characteristic of magnetorheological(MR)fluid,MR technology was applied in electro-mechanical driving and control system.Based on the working principle,the moment model of the MR actuator was built.The affections of structure parameters on the dynamic character,power losing and velocity range of the MR actuator were studied theoretically.The results show that rational designing of the structure parameters will decrease the power losing,increase the velocity range and improve the dynamic character.
3D printing: a future collapse-compliant means of production

In areas of resource scarcity, 3D printing has the potential to provide an environmentally sustainable and collapse-compliant means of production. 3D printing can reduce waste, utilize local and sustainable printing materials, and create an extensive variety of objects to help localized communities produce goods in resource-scarce environments. The possibility of societal collapse provides an opportunity to discuss the future of 3D printing technology under the notion of collapse informatics, and to discuss current opportunities and limitations of 3D printing as a collapse-compliant means of production. Because of 3D printing's novelty and rapid development, it is difficult to predict the future of personal 3D printing technologies. 3D printer designers should use the present to evaluate a possible future of collapse and realize the industry's potential to become a collapse-compliant means of production.
The Patient With Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) was fatal prior to the discovery of insulin in 1921. Insulin injections saved the lives of patients with T1D with a dramatic improvement in the symptoms of hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (1). Vascular and neuropathic complications of T1D became apparent by the 1950s (2).
Glycosidases of Trichinella spiralis.

Abstract The exoglycosidases β- N -acetyl- d -glucosaminidase, β-N-acetyl- d -galactosaminidase, α-1-fucosidase, α- d -glucosidase and α- d -mannosidase, and a non-specific acid phosphohydrolase are present at high levels in extracts of adult and muscle-stage (L 1 ) Trichinella spiralis and at lower (5–30-fold) levels in extracts of the newborn larvae. The enzyme activities from the L 1 extract were characterized. All displayed maximum activity at acid pH. β- N -acetyl- d -glucosaminidase andβ- N -acetyl- d -galactosaminidase had identical molecular weights (110 000), pH optima (5.0), and isoelectric points (5.7) indicating that both of these substrate specificities reside in the same protein molecule. α-1-Fucosidase had a molecular weight of 125 000 and exhibited two pH optima (5.0 and 6.0) and four isoelectric points (5.9, 6.4, 6.7 and 7.1) indicating its presence in multiple molecular forms. α- d -Glucosidase had a molecular weight of 85 000, a pH optimum of 6.0 and an isoelectric point of 5.2; α- d -mannosidase had a molecular weight of 192 000, a pH optimum of 6.0 and an isoelectric point of 4.5; and acid phosphatase had a molecular weight of 81 000, a pH optimum of 6.0 and two isoelectric points (4.8 and 5.9) indicating its existence in two molecular forms. The same glycosidases and acid phosphatase were detected also in culture fluids collected after 15–20-h incubation of both L 1 and adults. As in the worm extracts, β- N -acetyl- d -glucosaminidase was present in these culture fluids at the highest activity with acid phosphatase present at the next highest activity.
Rett Syndrome: A Mitochondrial Dysfunction?

Ultrastructural and biochemical alterations of muscle mitochondria are reported in two girls, aged 4 years, with Rett syndrome examined at the Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Italy.
A semiparametric model for vQTL mapping.

Summary Quantitative trait locus analysis has been used as an important tool to identify markers where the phenotype or quantitative trait is linked with the genotype. Most existing tests for single locus association with quantitative traits aim at the detection of the mean differences across genotypic groups. However, recent research has revealed functional genetic loci that affect the variance of traits, known as variability-controlling quantitative trait locus. In addition, it has been suggested that many genotypes have both mean and variance effects, while the mean effects or variance effects alone may not be strong enough to be detected. The existing methods accounting for unequal variances include the Levene's test, the Lepage test, and the D-test, but suffer from their limitations of lack of robustness or lack of power. We propose a semiparametric model and a novel pairwise conditional likelihood ratio test. Specifically, the semiparametric model is designed to identify the combined differences in higher moments among genotypic groups. The pairwise likelihood is constructed based on conditioning procedure, where the unknown reference distribution is eliminated. We show that the proposed pairwise likelihood ratio test has a simple asymptotic chi-square distribution, which does not require permutation or bootstrap procedures. Simulation studies show that the proposed test performs well in controlling Type I errors and having competitive power in identifying the differences across genotypic groups. In addition, the proposed test has certain robustness to model mis-specifications. The proposed test is illustrated by an example of identifying both mean and variances effects in body mass index using the Framingham Heart Study data.
Direct Simulations of Periodic Burgers’ Flow

It is a common practice in turbulence research to make use of available experimental information to test analytical theories or closure models. An attractive option in this regard consists of computing numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, with grid sizes and time steps so small that all the scales present in the fluid motion are well resolved. This is what is now known as “direct simulations of turbulence.” One of the advantages of this procedure is that more precise control can be exerted on “numerical,” as opposed to laboratory, experiments. On the other hand, as was mentioned earlier, the main drawback of direct simulations is that the number of nodes required for the resolution of the smallest scales of the motion is too large for the range of Reyolds numbers of interest in practice (see expression (2.1)). Moreover, even for low Reynolds numbers, for which such simulations are feasible, required supercomputer (e.g., CRAY-1, CRAY-XMP) CPU-time is of the order of several tenths of hours. For these reasons, especially in the initial testing stages of filtering techniques, a one-dimensional analogue of the (three-dimensional) Navier-Stokes equations, namely, Burgers’ equation, has been frequently used. Due to the one-dimensional character of this equation, the resolution requirement for “turbulence” in this context is much less restrictive than in the Navier-Stokes case. Accordingly, direct simulations with Burgers’ equation can be performed at much smaller computer cost. In the next section we define the model problem that we used to test the filtering theory that was previously presented.
Validity evidence for two objective structured clinical examination stations to evaluate core skills of the shoulder and knee assessment.

We developed two objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) to educate and evaluate trainees in the evaluation and management of shoulder and knee pain. Our objective was to examine the evidence for validity of these OSCEs. A multidisciplinary team of content experts developed checklists of exam maneuvers and criteria to guide rater observations. Content was proposed by faculty, supplemented by literature review, and finalized using a Delphi process. One faculty simulated the patient, another rated examinee performance. Two faculty independently rated a portion of cases. Percent agreement was calculated and Cohen’s kappa corrected for chance agreement on binary outcomes. Examinees’ self-assessment was explored by written surveys. Responses were stratified into 3 categories and compared with similarly stratified OSCE scores using Pearson’s coefficient. A multi-disciplinary cohort of 69 examinees participated. Examinees correctly identified rotator cuff and meniscal disease 88% and 89% of the time, respectively. Inter-rater agreement was moderate for the knee (87%; k = 0.61) and near perfect for the shoulder (97%; k = 0.88). No correlation between stratified self-assessment and OSCE scores were found for either shoulder (0.02) or knee (−0.07). Validity evidence supports the continuing use of these OSCEs in educational programs addressing the evaluation and management of shoulder and knee pain. Evidence for validity includes the systematic development of content, rigorous control of the response process, and demonstration of acceptable interrater agreement. Lack of correlation with self-assessment suggests that these OSCEs measure a construct different from learners’ self-confidence.
Benefits of Sleep for Undergraduate Students’ Academic Performance

The study and importance of sleep for physical health has intensified. The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of sleep behaviors on academic performance among undergraduate students and to examine two groups: hospitality students and shift workers. An online survey was used to collect data from 240 students, including 62 hospitality students and 86 shift workers. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Of the 240 participants, three quarters delayed their sleep–wake schedule on weekends, half did not achieve their sleep requirements, and one fifth reported poor sleep quality. Participants who maintained a consistent sleep schedule and/or got enough sleep had a grade point average 0.28 to 0.52 points higher than those who did not. No difference in sleep behaviors was found between hospitality and nonhospitality students or between shift workers and nonshift workers. This suggests that the same sleep problems may exist across student groups.
Why are neurons susceptible to Zika virus

Flaviviruses are plus-strand RNA viruses that cause a variety of human diseases, from encephalomyelitis, hepatitis, and hemorrhagic fever to congenital abnormalities. These pathologies reflect different target tissues for virus infection. Zika virus, a flavivirus, shows a tropism for neural progenitor cells, but a detailed understanding of this tendency for infection is not yet well understood. On page 83 of this issue, Chavali et al. ( 1 ) report that a specific region of Zika's RNA genome binds to an RNA-binding protein called Musashi-1 (MSI1), which is highly expressed in neural progenitor cells. These progenitors are precursors for neurons and astrocytes ( 2 ), cells required for cortical development. The interaction between Zika viral RNA and MSI1 may explain why these precursor cells are targets for infection (see the figure).
Multi-objective optimization of capacitive wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle charging

This paper presents a methodology for multi-objective optimization of capacitive wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle charging that allows for a favorable tradeoff between power transfer density and efficiency. By quantifying the tradeoff between these two objectives, this multi-objective optimization approach can inform engineering decisions, given the requirements of a particular charging application. The capacitive WPT system considered in this paper utilizes L-section matching networks with air-core inductors and capacitors realized using the parasitic capacitances of the system. The proposed optimization methodology incorporates constraints on achievable matching network capacitances, realizable inductor designs, and fringing electric fields set by safety considerations. The models used in the optimization methodology are validated using a 12-cm air-gap 6.78-MHz prototype capacitive WPT system, which transfers 589 W, achieving a power transfer density of 19.6 kW/m2 and an efficiency of 88.2%.
Design of the glass pulse-tube cryocooler

With the purpose of generating the curiosity of the public, a pulse-tube cryocooler with regenerator, pulse-tube, inertance tube and reservoir made of glass has been designed constructed and operated. The dimensions of the glass regenerator have been determined using REGEN3.3 [1] from given parameters of the conductive porous medium inside of the regenerator and a 150K target cooling temperature at the cold head. The geometry of the glass pulse-tube and glass inertance tube has been fixed using an approximate design method [2], and the entire system parameters checked using SAGE [3]. The thickness of each glass component is based on a charge pressure of around 7 bar and a pressure ratio of about 1.35. The dimensions of the after-cooler are calculated using ISOHX [4] assuming a gas temperature of 300 K at the inlet of the regenerator.
Portable SHMEMCache: A High-Performance Key-Value Store on OpenSHMEM and MPI

The integration of Big Data frameworks and HPC capabilities has drawn enormous interests in recent years. SHMEMCache is a distributed key-value store built on the OpenSHMEM global address space. It has solved several practical issues in leveraging OpenSHMEM’s one-sided operations for a distributed key-value store and providing efficient key-value operations on both commodity machines and supercomputers. However, being based solely on OpenSHMEM, SHMEMCache cannot leverage one-sided operations from a variety of software packages. This results in several limitations for SHMEMCache. First, we cannot make SHMEMCache available to a wider range of platforms. Second, an opportunity for potential performance improvement is missed. Third, there is a lack of deep understanding about how different one-sided operations can fit in with SHMEMCache and other distributed key-values in general. For example, the one-sided operations in OpenSHMEM and MPI have many differences in their interfaces, memory semantics and synchronization methods, all of which can have distinct implications and also increase the complexity in supporting both OpenSHMEM and MPI for SHMEMCache. Therefore, we have taken on an effort on leveraging different one-sided operations for SHMEMCache and proposed a design of portable SHMEMCache. Based on this new framework, we have supported both OpenSHMEM and MPI for SHMEMCache. We have also conducted an extensive set of experiments to compare the performance of the two versions on both commodity machines and the Titan supercomputer.
Synthesis and Desymmetrization of meso Tricyclic Systems Derived from Benzene Oxide

Ozonolysis of the Diels–Alder adducts derived from benzene oxides and N-alkylmaleimides resulted in fully substituted, meso bicyclic systems bearing six contiguous stereocenters, isolated as diols upon reductive workup with NaBH4. Variation in the workup allowed for isolation of two different diastereoisomers, through double epimerization of the imide stereocenters. Desymmetrization of the resulting meso diols via asymmetric nucleophilic epoxide opening and acylation reactions provided access to highly substituted, enantioenriched fused rings.
Peptide nanosponges designed for rapid uptake by leukocytes and neural stem cells

The structure of novel binary nanosponges consisting of (cholesterol-(K/D)nDEVDGC)3-trimaleimide units possessing a trigonal maleimide linker, to which either lysine (K)20 or aspartic acid (D)20 are tethered, has been elucidated by means of TEM. A high degree of agreement between these findings and structure predictions through explicit solvent and then coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations has been found. Based on the nanosponges' structure and dynamics, caspase-6 mediated release of the model drug 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the binary (DK20) nanosponges have been found to be virtually non-toxic in cultures of neural progenitor cells. It is of a special importance for the future development of cell-based therapies that DK20 nanosponges were taken up efficiently by leucocytes (WBC) in peripheral blood within 3 h of exposure. The percentage of live cells among the WBC was not significantly decreased by the DK20 nanosponges. In contrast to stem cell or leucocyte cell cultures, which have to be matched to the patient, autologous cells are optimal for cell-mediated therapy. Therefore, the nanosponges hold great promise for effective cell-based tumor targeting.
Molecular Basis for Accumulation of Compatible Osmolytes in Mammalian Cells

In the kidney medulla the blood and interstitial fluid NaCl and urea concentrations are much higher than in the rest of the body and vary considerably with the operation of the renal concentrating mechanism (Jamison and Kriz 1982). Systematic screening by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry identified four predominant compatible organic osmolytes in the renal medullas of rabbits and rats, namely sorbitol, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), betaine, and myo-inositol (inositol) (Bagnasco et al. 1986). The same solutes are present in the renal medullas of other mammals.
Re-determination of the RaαBe neutron spectrum

Abstract A determination free of the distortions arising from lead gamma-shielding has been made, using CsI(Tl) as spectrometer of protons from a polyethylene radiator in coincidence with two gas proportional counters. Gamma response was completely suppressed by the combination of coincidence selection and pulse height discrimination. The spectrum shape matches that computed from contributing cross sections, an agreement which includes a larger rising slope than has previously been observed. Structure above the main peak is identifiable with (α,n) transitions to the 4.43-MeV state in 12 C. Comparison of the spectrum integral with moderated thick-target yields indicates that the low-energy contributions of 9 Be(α,n)3α and photo-neutrons (not measured in this experiment) constitute 30% of the entire spectrum, in agreement with the a priori estimate.
Spontaneous hematoma caused by arteriovenous malformation of the hyoid bone: A case report

Abstract Arteriovenous malformations are congenital vascular anomalies in which there is a direct communication between arteries and veins. Extracranial lesions in the head and neck are rare, and may not be detected until adolescence. We present a case of a 14-year-old male who presented with an expanding neck hematoma. After securing the airway, angioembolization was performed, followed by hematoma evacuation and surgical resection of the lesion. Imaging and histologic examination demonstrated an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the hyoid bone. While uncommon, AVMs must be considered in the evaluation of a pediatric neck mass, given the propensity for rapid deterioration.
Automaker Energy Storage Needs for Electric Vehicles

The success of electric vehicles (EVs) is strongly tied to their performance and ability to meet customer expectations. A comparison of EV battery performance against the requisite targets created by the international community is presented. The performance attributes of greatest interest are energy, power and life. It is shown that only power has achieved the level of performance required by the automotive community for mass commercialization.
Boron-Doped Graphene Catalyzes Dinitrogen Fixation with Electricity

The development of catalysts for electrochemical dinitrogen reduction has so far focused on metal-based compounds and materials. In a recent report published in Joule, Zheng and colleagues demonstrated that boron-doped graphene electrochemically reduces dinitrogen in aqueous solution under ambient conditions.
Preliminary evaluation of flicker sensitivity as a predictive test for exudative age-related maculopathy.

Flicker contrast sensitivity was tested in the "good' eyes of 13 patients with monocular exudative age-related maculopathy (ARM). The stimulus was a foveal, long-wavelength, low spatial frequency 2.8° circle in an equiluminant (photopic) surround. Two of these ARM-risk eyes have since developed exudative ARM. Compared to healthy age-matched eyes, the two eyes that developed exudative ARM had significantly lower sensitivity at 10-40 Hz up to 9 mo before exudative symptoms appeared. The implications of these results regarding the time-course of ARM and the predictive value of foveal contrast sensitivity testing are considered. Based upon data and theoretical considerations, the authors speculate that sensitivity loss between 10 and 40 Hz is a good predictor of which eyes will develop exudative ARM. This proposal will be tested by new data from current as well as new ARM-risk subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:3150-3155,1992
Integrated services digital network

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the concept of an integrated services digital network or ISDN. Now, integrating voice and data communications is also motivated by advances in computer and communications technology. Also, The ISDN is based on the well-known Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model of the International Organization for Standardization, which defines seven-layer architecture for communications functions. ISDN is a result of a dozen of years of effort by communications experts the world over, and is an international push to upgrade business and home communications. ISDN is the final step in which digital reaches the customer premises, first on copper and later on fiber optical wires. ISDN is the first network-based standard for simultaneous integrated voice, data, and image signal transmission. ISDN is not itself a service but rather an interface to existing and future services. ISDN promotes innovation and the convergence of information technology and telecommunications in open network structures. ISDN is mutually beneficial to the network operator, service provider, the equipment manufacturer, and the end user. ISDN is the replacement of the analog plant using standardized access to permit the user to transmit voice and/or data over a worldwide network to any other user on a demand basis. Subsequently, as an all-digital network, ISDN offers increased clarity, accuracy, and speed; ISDN allows users to achieve convenience, flexibility, and economy.
The first example of a gold bis(diphenylphosphino)methane cationic dimer with a bridging iodide. The X-ray crystal structures of (μ-I)[Au(dppm)]2[I] and [Au(dppm)Br]2

(μ-I)[Au(dppm)] 2 [I] cristallise dans le systeme orthorhombique avec le groupe d'espace P2 1 2 1 2 1 . [Au(dppm)Br] 2 cristallise dans le systeme triclinique avec le groupe d'espace P1. Affinement de la structure jusqu'a 0,0425 et 0,0535 respectivement
Associations of ethnic/racial discrimination with internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors among juvenile justice-involved youth of color.

Abstract Introduction Youth of color (e.g., Black/African American and Latinx/Hispanic) are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system and experience greater health disparities compared to non-Hispanic White youth. Ethnic/racial discrimination (ERD) is a risk marker for poor mental health and behavioral outcomes among youth of color, and traumatic stress and emotion dysregulation have been implicated in these pathways. Despite the relevance of these factors for justice-involved youth of color, understanding of their interrelations within this demographic is lacking. Methods Participants were 173 recently arrested adolescents (86% African American; 45% girls; ages 13–18) on probation in a large Midwest city in the United States. Participants completed surveys assessing ERD, traumatic stress, emotion dysregulation, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Using linear regression and path analysis, this study tested the cross-sectional links among two types of ERD (i.e., interpersonal experiences and perceptions of group experiences), traumatic stress symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Results Interpersonal ERD (e.g., hearing racial insults) was associated with increased internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors; for internalizing symptoms, the relation was stronger for girls than boys. Gender differences were partially accounted for by traumatic stress symptoms and emotion dysregulation. Conclusions This study offers new insights into ERD experiences among juvenile justice-involved youth of color, gender differences in ethnic/racial discrimination experiences, and the potential value of gender-sensitive and culturally responsive programming in strengthening youths’ ability to cope with ERD.
Determination of gel point and completion of curing in a single fiber/polymer composite

Abstract By embedding both a single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and a thermocouple during the cure cycle of a room temperature cure epoxy, a novel in-situ approach was developed to identify certain properties of the polymer. Residual strains during curing and cooling of the epoxy were determined as a function of time for three different ambient curing temperatures. Comparing the thermocouple based temperatures to those of the ambient environment allowed for the calculation of the degree of cure and the full cure time of the epoxy. Analyzing the wavelengths of the FBG sensor and compensating for the temperature measured by the internal thermocouple, the gel point was precisely identified and validated using Flory-Stockmayer theory. As expected the residual strains increased with the curing temperature while the gel time and the completion of curing time decreased with temperature. The integrated approach of using both FBG sensors and embedded thermocouples presented in this study could be used for other polymer systems and polymer matrix composites during their manufacturing.
Real-Time Detection and Localization of Distributed DoS Attacks in NoC-Based SoCs

Network-on-chip (NoC) is widely employed by multicore system-on-chip (SoC) architectures to cater to their communication requirements. Increasing NoC complexity coupled with its widespread usage has made it a focal point of potential security attacks. Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) is one such attack that is caused by malicious intellectual property (IP) cores flooding the network with unnecessary packets causing significant performance degradation through NoC congestion. In this article, we propose an efficient framework for real-time detection and localization of DDoS attacks. This article makes three important contributions. We propose a real-time and lightweight DDoS attack detection technique for NoC-based SoCs by monitoring packets to detect any violations. Once a potential attack has been flagged, our approach is also capable of localizing the malicious IPs using the latency data in the NoC routers. The applications are statically profiled during design time to determine communication patterns. These patterns are then used for real-time detection and localization of DDoS attacks. We have evaluated the effectiveness of our approach against different NoC topologies and architecture models using both real benchmarks and synthetic traffic patterns. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach is capable of real-time detection and localization of DDoS attacks originating from multiple malicious IPs in NoC-based SoCs.
New insights into abasic site repair and tolerance

Thousands of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP or abasic) sites form in each cell, each day. This simple DNA lesion can have profound consequences to cellular function, genome stability, and disease. As potent blocks to polymerases, they interfere with the reading and copying of the genome. Since they provide no coding information, they are potent sources of mutation. Due to their reactive chemistry, they are intermediates in the formation of lesions that are more challenging to repair including double-strand breaks, interstrand crosslinks, and DNA protein crosslinks. Given their prevalence and deleterious consequences, cells have multiple mechanisms of repairing and tolerating these lesions. While base excision repair of abasic sites in double-strand DNA has been studied for decades, new interest in abasic site processing has come from more recent insights into how they are processed in single-strand DNA. In this review, we discuss the source of abasic sites, their biological consequences, tolerance mechanisms, and how they are repaired in double and single-stranded DNA.
Extracting Velocity-Based User-Tracking Features to Predict Learning Gains in a Virtual Reality Training Application

Virtual Reality (VR) for training and education of real-world tasks has been researched extensively and has growing use in industry. The data generated by trainees in VR could be leveraged to improve the ability to evaluate learning beyond that which is possible in traditional training scenarios. In this paper, we present a machinelearning approach that is able to classify users into participants with low-learning (LL) and high-learning (HL) gains, based on a knowledge test, using only the linear and angular velocities of the head-mounted display (HMD) and handheld controllers. To collect this data, we conduct a VR training user study. We demonstrate that even with a limited data set, it is possible to train a machinelearning classifier to predict a trainee’s learning performance for a given task with high degrees of accuracy and confidence. We investigate three different sets of velocity-based input features and two feature representations in a machine learning experiment. Our results indicate that all feature combinations resulted in high degrees of accuracy and confidence for predicting learning gains in our testing data. By employing a novel visualization technique, we were able to determine that participants with HL gains moved with greater velocities and fewer changes in direction than those with LL gains. These results indicate that it may be feasible to create VR training applications that can predict a user’s learning gains and dynamically adapt the training to better support the user’s learning, based on commonly available tracking data.
Has There Been a Change in the Age of Presentation of Patients with DDH After the Implementation of a Dedicated Ultrasound-screening Program?

Introduction: We sought to determine if the age of patients presenting to a tertiary subspecialty hospital dedicated to paediatric orthopaedics has changed over the last 17 years and determine if a dedicated ultrasound-screening program implemented 10 years ago has made any difference. Methods: Hospital charts for 6394 patients with the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip were reviewed looking at the age …
Cavity mode dephasing via the optomechanical interaction with an acoustic environment

We consider an optomechanical system comprising a single cavity mode and a dense spectrum of acoustic modes and solve for the quantum dynamics of initial cavity mode Fock (i.e., photon number) superposition states and thermal acoustic states. The optomechanical interaction results in dephasing without damping and bears some analogy to gravitational decoherence. For a cavity mode locally coupled to a one-dimensional (1D) elastic string-like environment or two-dimensional (2D) elastic membrane-like environment, we find that the dephasing dynamics depends respectively on the string length and membrane area--a consequence of an infrared divergence in the limit of an infinite-sized string or membrane. On the other hand, for a cavity mode locally coupled to a three-dimensional (3D) bulk elastic solid, the dephasing dynamics is independent of the solid volume (i.e., is infrared finite), but dependent on the local geometry of the coupled cavity--a consequence of an ultraviolet divergence in the limit of a "pointlike" coupled cavity. We consider as possible respective realizations for the cavity-coupled-1D and 2D acoustic environments, an LC oscillator capacitively coupled to a partially metallized strip and a cavity light mode interacting via light pressure with a membrane.
Abstract IA26: Carcinogens in consumer products: How science can inform policy to benefit public health

Flame-retardant chemicals have been added to furniture, baby products, electronics, and building materials since the 1970s to meet flammability standards, but their effectiveness is questionable and many are associated with serious health and environmental concerns. Flame-retardant chemicals are associated with health concerns including loss of IQ in children, ADHD, fertility problems, and cancer. Flame retardants do not stay inside products; they migrate out into indoor air and dust and result in human exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Significant exposure disparities are seen by age, race, and socioeconomic status (SES), with higher flame-retardant levels documented in infants/ toddlers, nonwhite children, and children of lower SES. Exposures to the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are associated with increased risks for testicular cancer, estimated to result in thousands of excess cancer cases in the U.S. population at a cost of over $80 million annually. The phaseout of PBDEs resulted in a large number of halogenated and nonhalogenated chemicals being used as replacement flame retardants, with studies finding almost 50 unique replacement flame retardants in U.S. indoor dust samples alone. A number of these replacement flame retardants, especially chlorinated chemicals, have identified cancer hazards. A recent assessment from the European Chemicals Agency found increased risks of cancer from infants’ exposures to “chlorinated Tris” flame retardants in children’s products and furniture. Chemical policies have generally managed flame retardants through a paradigm of allowing use while conducting an in-depth, quantitative risk assessment of specific chemicals to inform risk management. Risk assessments include studies of human exposures and effects, and if the chemical is found to be harmful, health damages may already have occurred prior to regulatory decisions. However, there is increasing recognition that this paradigm is insufficient to address current chemicals and their exposures before harm or keep pace with the proliferation of new chemicals. This presentation will review policy approaches attempting to address existing and emerging flame retardants and where possible, present data on their effectiveness in reducing chemical risks. Citation Format: Veena Singla, Tracey Woodruff. Carcinogens in consumer products: How science can inform policy to benefit public health [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA26.