cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gradient irregularity in the herbert gorge of Northeastern Australia

The seventy-kilometre-long Herbert Gorge of northeastern Australia preserves a record of past floods in slackwater deposits and palaeostage indicators. Step-backwater modelling of water-surface profiles indicates that discharges ranging from 11000 to 17000 m3s−1 have occurred six times in the gorge during the last 900 years. These flood reconstructions provide insight into the role of extreme flows in shaping bedrock channel morphology. In particular, the hydraulics of extreme flows can be related to boulder transport, and to the location of large boulder bars. Large boulder bars occur throughout the Herbert Gorge, being best developed at loci of stream power minima along the inside of bends, at tributary junctions, and at obstructions in the channel caused by bedrock highs. Only the flows exceeding approximately 8000 m3 s−1 are competent to transport the boulders which constitute the bars. In the straight channel reaches, the boulder accumulations and bedrock highs have a fairly regular spacing which appears to be independent of lithologic or structural controls. The bars provide an efficient means of energy dissipation, and they are interpreted as a result of the inherent high turbulence of flow in a steep channel. The regular spacing of the bars, and their correspondence with the hydraulics of large flows, suggest that the bars and associated bedrock highs may represent a self-regulating mechanism akin to the pool-riffle sequence of alluvial channels. It may therefore be appropriate to view bedrock channels as deformable on the timescale of extreme discharges.
Literacy, Orality, and Property: Church Documents in Ethiopia

Manuscript documents produced by the Ethiopian church are valuable historical sources about the relations of property and politics. Historians, however, should consider them as part of a political culture in which orality and literacy operated jointly to convey meaning and political validity.
Synthesis and characterization of [76Br]-labeled high-affinity A3 adenosine receptor ligands for positron emission tomography

Abstract Introduction Bromine-76-radiolabeled analogues of previously reported high-affinity A 3 adenosine receptor (A 3 AR) nucleoside ligands have been prepared as potential radiotracers for positron emission tomography. Methods The radiosyntheses were accomplished by oxidative radiobromination on the N 6 -benzyl moiety of trimethyltin precursors. Biodistribution studies of the kinetics of uptake were conducted in awake rats. Results We prepared an agonist ligand {[ 76 Br](1′ S ,2′ R ,3′ S ,4′ R ,5′ S )-4′-{2-chloro-6-[(3-bromophenylmethyl)amino]purin-9-yl}-1′-(methylaminocarbonyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2′,3′-diol (MRS3581)} in 59% radiochemical yield with a specific activity of 19.5 GBq/μmol and an antagonist ligand {[ 76 Br](1′ R ,2′ R ,3′ S ,4′ R ,5′ S )-4′-(6-(3-bromobenzylamino)-2-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2′,3′-diol (MRS5147)} in 65% radiochemical yield with a specific activity of 22 GBq/μmol. The resultant products exhibited the expected high affinity ( K i ∼0.6 nM) and specific binding at the human A 3 AR in vitro. Biodistribution studies in the rat showed uptake in the organs of excretion and metabolism. The antagonist MRS5147 exhibited increasing uptake in testes, an organ that contains significant quantities of A 3 AR, over a 2-h time course, which suggests the presence of a specific A 3 AR retention mechanism. Conclusion We were able to compare uptake of the [ 76 Br]-labeled antagonist MRS5147 to [ 76 Br]agonist MRS3581. The antagonist MRS5147 shows increasing uptake in the testes, an A 3 AR-rich tissue, suggesting that this ligand may have promise as a molecular imaging agent.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-Dependent Repression of E-cadherin in von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor–Null Renal Cell Carcinoma Mediated by TCF3, ZFHX1A, and ZFHX1B

A critical event in the pathogenesis of invasive and metastatic cancer is E-cadherin loss of function. Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by loss of function of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), which negatively regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Loss of E-cadherin expression and decreased cell-cell adhesion in VHL-null RCC4 cells were corrected by enforced expression of VHL, a dominant-negative HIF-1α mutant, or a short hairpin RNA directed against HIF-1α. In human RCC biopsies, expression of E-cadherin and HIF-1α was mutually exclusive. The expression of mRNAs encoding TCF3, ZFHX1A, and ZFHX1B, which repress E-cadherin gene transcription, was increased in VHL-null RCC4 cells in a HIF-1–dependent manner. Thus, HIF-1 contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in VHL-null RCC by indirect repression of E-cadherin . (Cancer Res 2006; 66(5): 2725-31)
The influence of experimentally created extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test

Abstract We examined the influence of extrapersonal associations ( Olson & Fazio, 2004 )—associations that neither form the basis of the attitude nor become activated automatically in response to the object—on the Implicit Association Test ( Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) by experimentally creating both attitudes and extrapersonal associations. The results revealed that participants who were given extrapersonal information that was inconsistent with their own attitudes were affected by this information when they later performed an IAT. They exhibited significantly reduced IAT scores compared to participants who were provided attitude–consistent extrapersonal information. This attenuation of the IAT effect occurred despite the fact that participants rated the source of the attitude–inconsistent extrapersonal information as irrational and foolish. On the other hand, the extrapersonal associations did not influence a subliminal priming measure in Experiment 1, nor a personalized version of the IAT ( Olson & Fazio, 2004 ) in Experiment 2. These measures proved sensitive to the attitude, regardless of the congruency of the extrapersonal information.
Patients' views about physician participation in assisted suicide and euthanasia.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effect of physician participation in physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia on the physician-patient relationship. DESIGN: A questionnaire administered to 228 adult patients. SETTING: A university-based family practice training program. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: We approached 230 individuals of at least 18 years of age who were patients in the study practice. These individuals were selected on the basis of age and gender to ensure a heterogeneous study population. Of these, 228 agreed to participate and completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of subjects felt that a physician who assists with suicide or performs euthanasia is capable of being a caring person (91% and 88%, respectively) and would still be able to offer emotional support to surviving family members (85% and 76%, respectively). Most also felt that a physician assisting in suicide or euthanasia would be as trustworthy as a nonparticipating physician to care for critically ill patients (90.5% and 84.6%, respectively). Five percent “likely would not” continue to see their physician if it was known that he or she assisted in suicide and 7.8% “likely would not” continue seeing their physician if it was known that this physician performed euthanasia. No individuals stated that they “definitely would not” continue seeing their doctor under either circumstance. Individuals who supported the ideas of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia were more likely to think that a physician who assisted with suicide and euthanasia could perform well in the tasks noted above and would be more likely to continue seeing such a physician (p=.001) CONCLUSION: Participating in physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia does not markedly adversely affect the physician-patient relationship.
A real-time head nod and shake detector

Head nods and head shakes are non-verbal gestures used often to communicate intent, emotion and to perform conversational functions. We describe a vision-based system that detects head nods and head shakes in real time and can act as a useful and basic interface to a machine. We use an infrared sensitive camera equipped with infrared LEDs to track pupils. The directions of head movements, determined using the position of pupils, are used as observations by a discrete Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based pattern analyzer to detect when a head nod/shake occurs. The system is trained and tested on natural data from ten users gathered in the presence of varied lighting and varied facial expressions. The system as described achieves a real time recognition accuracy of 78.46% on the test dataset.
17.4: Low‐cost Method to Improve Viewing‐Angle Characteristics of Twisted‐Nematic Mode Liquid‐Crystal Displays

By processing pixel data, a low-cost halftone method is proposed to improve viewing-angle characteristics of TN-mode TFTLCDs. The algorithm reduces the occurence of pixels in natural images with mid-tone graylevels, preserving the local luminance. The improvement in viewing-angle characteristics occurs with some loss of image detail. As the pixel density is increased, the halftone pattern becomes less noticeable.
Human Mut T homolog 1 (MTH1): A roadblock for the tumor-suppressive effects of oncogenic RAS-induced ROS

Oncogenic RAS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigger barriers to cell transformation and cancer progression through tumor-suppressive responses such as cellular senescence or cell death. We have recently shown that oncogenic RAS-induced DNA damage and attendant premature senescence can be prevented by overexpressing human MutT Homolog 1 (MTH1), the major mammalian detoxifier of the oxidized DNA precursor, 8-oxo-dGTP. Paradoxically, RAS-induced ROS are also able to participate in tumor progression via transformative processes such as mitogenic signaling, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), anoikis inhibition, and PI3K/Akt-mediated survival signaling. Here we provide a preliminary insight into the influence of MTH1 levels on the EMT phenotype and Akt activation in RAS-transformed HMLE breast epithelial cells. Within this context, we will discuss the implications of MTH1 upregulation in oncogenic RAS-sustaining cells as a beneficial adaptive change that inhibits ROS-mediated cell senescence and participates in the maintenance of ROS-associated tumor-promoting mechanisms. Accordingly, targeting MTH1 in RAS-transformed tumor cells will not only induce proliferative defects but also potentially enhance therapeutic cytotoxicity by shifting cellular response away from pro-survival mechanisms.
Aztreonam: Worldwide overview of the treatment of patients with gram-negative infections

Multicenter trials were conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of aztreonam in the treatment of patients with gram-negative bacterial infections. A total of 2,821 patients were treated; 2,117 received aztreonam and 704 received control antibiotics. All patients were evaluated for safety and 1,180 of those treated with aztreonam and 428 treated with the control drugs met the criteria for efficacy evaluation. The number of patients treated with aztreonam who were evaluable for efficacy and their microbiologic response rates were: urinary tract infections, 443 (82 percent); lower respiratory tract infections, 217 (79 percent); septicemia, 63 (98 percent); skin/skin structure infections, 136 (88 percent); intra-abdominal infections, 47 (85 percent); postpartum/gynecologic infections, 21 (100 percent); bone and joint infections, 12 (100 percent); acute uncomplicated gonorrhea, 209 (97 percent); and acute uncomplicated cystitis, 56 (84 percent). Adverse reactions were qualitatively similar to those reported for beta-lactam antibiotics, i.e., mild gastrointestinal upset, rash, eosinophilia, or transient increase in hepatic enzyme parameters. There was an apparent lack of adverse effects on kidney, inner ear, and blood coagulation system. The most frequent adverse effect was phlebitis at infusion site (2.4 percent of patients). Superinfections and colonization with new organisms occurred in 9.4 percent of aztreonam-treated patients and in 7.4 percent of control drug-treated patients; only 40 percent of patients in each group, approximately 4 percent of all patients receiving aztreonam and 3 percent of those receiving control antibiotics, required specific therapy for the superinfection. Overall, results indicated that aztreonam is a safe and effective antibiotic in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative infections, when used either as monotherapy or in combination with other antibiotics.
Complete surgical staging in endometrial cancer provides prognostic information only

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Surgical resection provides the best chance for cure and guides the potential need for adjuvant therapy. Controversy exists regarding the extent of surgical staging, in particular, the necessity and rationale for removing or sampling the draining lymphatics. An emerging practice in the United States is to perform more aggressive lymph node dissections. The data indicate that surgical staging provides prognostic information only and may indirectly influence survival only through guiding adjuvant therapy.
Optimal growth of dendritic cells from CD34+ requires serum containing media

Abstract Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells which induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Ex-vivo culture is one strategy to generate large numbers od dendritic cells. The purpose of this study was to compare DC generation in serum-containing media to that of serum-free defined media. CD34+ cells were isolated from the pheresis products of breast cancer patients mobilized with rh-G-CSF. The CD34+ cells were cultured in teflon bags using three different medias (α-MEM + 20% FBS, Amgen Defined Media, and QBSF-60). All 3 medias contained 25 ng/ml rh-GM-CSF, 100 ng/ml rh-SCF and 50 ng/ml rh-TNFα. The cells were fed every 7 days with fresh media and double the concentration of cytokines. Cells were harvested after 7, 10, 14, and 17 days, and were examined for dendritic cells morphology by light microscopy and phenotype by flow cytometry. The results are summarized in the following table: The α - MEM with 20% FBS generated a significantly higher number of dendritic cells (35e6) when compared to Amgen Defined Media (19e6), or QBSF-60 (1.8e6). These data demonstrate the requirement of FBS for optimal generation of DC from CD34+ cells. Published studies report 5-20e6 DCs infused per treatment. Using α - MEM with 20% FBS in the culture conditions described, a typical CD34+ selected pheresis product generates approximately 7e8 DCs. Clinical studies to define the clinical efficacy of large scale DC expansion using these conditions are planned.
A spatial equilibrium model for region size, urbanization ratio, and rural structure.

Earlier economic models of city size have either focused on urban agglomeration effects while ignoring the spatial structure of the rural hinterland, or made unrealistic assumptions (for example, uniform rural population distribution) so as to simplify the problem. Following the classic von Thunen framework, we present a two-sector spatial equilibrium model of a city located at the center of an agricultural hinterland. The city produces industrial goods, and the rural area produces agricultural goods. Both goods are consumed both by urban and by rural residents. Market equilibrium for these goods determines: (1) the spatial size of the region, (2) the urbanization ratio (urban to total population) and the population size of the city, and (3) the rural spatial structure (wage, population distribution, land rent, and agricultural yield). Given various sets of exogenous parameters pertaining to the industrial, agricultural, and transportation production functions and to population preferences, the model is s...
The development of sex differences in young children's activities at home: the effect of the social context

Randomly scheduled spot observations of 83 zero to six-year-old American middle-class children were used to investigate factors affecting the development of sex differences in young children's activities in and near their home. Sex and age differences in children's typical play and nonplay activities and in the people with whom they did activities were examined. The results showed that there were fewer sex differences in children's activities, activity partners, and general social settings than expected. Girls spent more time engaged in housework and school-related activities than boys, while boys spent more time in social gross motor play with other children and in self-care activities than girls. Children spent a surprisingly large amount of their time with members of their immediate family — particularly their mother and one other sibling. Boys and girls did not differ, however, in the time they were in settings or doing activities with their father, with their mother, or with same-or mixed-sex child groups.
Auditory cues and inhibition of return: the importance of oculomotor activation.

We studied the effects of eccentric auditory cues to clarify the conditions that evoke inhibition of return (IOR). We found that auditory cues positioned 12° to the left or right of midline failed to produce IOR whereas visual cues produced IOR under the same experimental conditions. The eccentric auditory cues elicited automatic orienting as evidenced by more rapid detection of cued than uncued visual targets at short stimulus onset asynchrony. Yet these same cues did not produce IOR unless observers were required to saccade to the cue and back to center before generating a manual detection response. Thus, under the conditions examined herein automatic orienting was not sufficient to evoke IOR, but oculomotor activation appeared to be essential. The functional significance of IOR and the question of modality-specific orienting processes are considered.
Electronic state representations at molecular potential pseudocrossings

A diabatic representation is introduced to describe electronic states around adiabatic pseudocrossings, as an alternative to presently available representations. A transformation from the adiabatic to the new diabatic representation is chosen to assure well behaved diabatic potentials for arbitrary momentum coupling strengths. Parameters of the transformation are determined by minimizing momentum couplings in the pseudocrossing region. The problem of two electronic states in one relative position variable is treated in detail and is studied with a numerical model. A comparison of results of our procedure and of other available ones is given. The present developments also provide a criterion for neglecting momentum couplings based on their strength and on the range of collision energies.
Auf der Suche nach neuer Reaktivität (Nobel-Vortrag) Copyright© The Nobel Foundation 2002. – Wir danken der Nobel-Stiftung, Stockholm, für die Genehmigung zum Druck einer deutschen Fassung des Vortrags. Abdruck in veränderter Fassung mit freundlicher Genehmigung aus „Coelacanths and Catalysis": K. B. Sharpless, Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4235.

Die Verfahren fur die selektive Oxidation von Olefinen gehoren seit langem zu den nutzlichsten und routinemasig eingesetzten Werkzeugen in der organischen Synthese. Dieser Vortrag legt den Schwerpunkt auf die von Sharpless und Mitarbeitern entwickelte asymmetrische Epoxidierung und asymmetrische Dihydroxylierung. Beide Reaktionen haben einen weiten Anwendungsbereich, sind einfach auszufuhren und verwenden einfach zugangliche Vorstufen. Die ligandenbeschleunigte Katalyse ist essentiell fur diese Reaktionen und konnte zur Aufklarung weiterer katalytischer Prozesse fuhren. Ihre Bedeutung erhalten katalytische Umwandlungen zum einen aus ihrer Selektivitat, zum anderen aus dem Katalysator-Turnover. Die entwickelten kleinen, hochenantioselektiven Katalysatoren unterliegen ferner nicht der Einschrankung durch das Schlussel-Schloss-Arbeitsprinzip der Natur und sind uberdies tolerant gegenuber Substraten quer uber den gesamten Bereich der Alkensubstitutionsmuster.
Salt fingers at low Rayleigh numbers

This is a laboratory study of salt fingers at low Rayleigh numbers. We report on the stability boundary in the ( R S , R T )-plane (where R S and R T are the salt and heat Rayleigh numbers respectively), the wavenumber of the observed fingers, and the planform. In this low R S , R T range, fingers have width comparable to their height, as predicted by linear stability theory. The planform appears to be close-packed polygonal cells when they are formed on curved profiles of temperature and salinity. However, the planform is distinctly rolls when care is taken to approximate linear profiles.
Strategic end-of-life management of electronic assembly product recovery in sustainable supply chain systems

In the past decade, technological advances in electronic data management have spurred economic growth while constant innovation and changing market forces have transformed the electronics industry into one of the most competitive business in the world. This industry is material constrained in which new products are constantly being introduced while used products are redesigned and recycled to support enhanced functionality. In this article, we discuss a case study based on a product recovery problem faced by an electronics company that faces complex materials separation while there is a need to balance holding and processing costs with fluctuating commodity markets for recovered materials. Based on our analysis, it is clear that reverse product flow offer unique opportunities for firms to create additional shareholder wealth while it is important to recognise the significant value remaining in product returns and the sensitivity to time that exists in such reverse logistics sustainable supply chains.
Suppression of corner effects in triple-gate MOSFETs

The abnormal corner effects on channel current in nanoscale triple-gate MOSFETs are examined via two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulations and quasi-2-D analysis. Heavy body doping [for threshold voltage (V/sub t/) control with a polysilicon gate] is found to underlie the effects, which can hence be suppressed, irrespective of the shape of the corners, by leaving the body undoped, and relying on a metal gate with proper work function for V/sub t/ control. Short-channel effects tend to ameliorate the corner effects, but the need for ad hoc suppression remains.
Keynote address: Immersive exploration of large datasets

Scientists, engineers and physicians are now confronted with a fire hose of data. Immersive visualization environments provide these users with a novel way of interacting and reasoning with large datasets. They allow them to utilize the entirety of their visual bandwidth, effectively engulfing the user in the data and enabling collaborative interaction. We present a custom-built 5-wall Cave environment, called the Immersive Cabin (IC). It is driven by a GPU cluster for both computation and 3D stereo rendering. We also propose a conformal deformation rendering pipeline for the visualization of datasets on partially-immersive platforms. Combined with a range of interaction and navigation tools, our system can support numerous interactive applications of large datasets. Several demonstrations include architectural visualization, urban planning, medical visualization, simulation and rendering of physical phenomena, and entertainment. Current visualization displays, however, have not kept up with the explosive growth in data size and resolution, which is beginning to match the resolution of the visuals that surround us in daily life. To ameliorate this challenge, we have developed a life-like, realistic immersion into the petascale data to be explored, appropriately called The RealityDeck. It is a one-of-a kind pioneering G-pixel immersive and collaborative display system - a unique assembly of high-res display panels, GPU cluster, sensors, networking, computer vision, and human-computer interaction technologies.
Exploiting irregular MoS 2 nanostructures for very high frequency (VHF) nanomechanical resonators with mode shape engineering and frequency control

Vibrating nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) made of atomically-thin two-dimensional (2D) crystalline nanostructures have demonstrated attractive potential for making new actuators and sensors. Nanoscale devices in new types of 2D materials are generally first obtained by mechanical exfoliation, which can often lead to irregular and asymmetric geometries. Here we investigate irregular molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes and ultrathin 2D nanomechanical resonators at high & very high frequencies (HF/VHF). We explore the effects of irregularities and imperfections, such as incomplete drumhead structures partially covering microtrenches, upon the device characteristics. We observe that such irregular and seemingly nonideal boundary conditions with free edges do not compromise device performance. Instead, they provide an additional geometrical degree of freedom which allows novel engineering of the device vibrations, such as controlling the mode shape and mode index, and tuning the frequency ratios between different resonant modes. This capability may be interesting for designing multimode resonators in nanomechanical circuits.
Enhanced gene transfer with fusogenic liposomes containing vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein

Exposure of Lipofectin-DNA complexes to the partially purified G glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope (VSV-G) results in loss of serum-mediated inhibition and in enhanced efficiency of gene transfer. Sucrose density gradient sedimentation analysis indicated that the VSV-G associates physically with the DNA-lipid complex to produce a VSV-G liposome. The ability to incorporate surrogate viral or cellular envelope components such as VSV-G into liposomes may allow more-efficient and possibly targeted gene delivery by lipofection, both in vitro and in vivo.
Interaction of Delta-like 1 Homolog (Drosophila) with Prohibitins and Its Impact on Tumor Cell Clonogenicity

Cancer stem cell characteristics, especially their self-renewal and clonogenic potentials, play an essential role in malignant progression and response to anticancer therapies. Currently, it remains largely unknown what pathways are involved in the regulation of cancer cell stemness and differentiation. Previously, we found that delta-like 1 homolog (Drosophila) or DLK1, a developmentally regulated gene, plays a critical role in the regulation of differentiation,self-renewal,andtumorigenicgrowthofneuroblastomacells.Here,weshowthatDLK1specifically interacts with the prohibitin 1 (PHB1) and PHB2, two closely related genes with pleiotropic functions, including regulationofmitochondrialfunctionandgenetranscription.DLK1interactswiththePHB1–PHB2complexviaits cytoplasmic domain and regulates mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species. We have further found that PHB1 and especially PHB2 regulate cancer cell self-renewal as well as their clonogenic potential. Hence, the DLK1–PHB interaction constitutes a new signaling pathway that maintains clonogenicity and self-renewal potential of cancer cells.
Comparison of mathematical models of fast oscillatory rhythms in inspiratory discharges

In this paper, three mathematic models were developed to characterize spectral activity of fast oscillatory rhythms inherent in inspiratory discharges. The performance of each model was evaluated using the fitting error.
A new class of 3-D filter/antenna integration with high quality factor and high efficiency

A novel approach to integrate high-Q 3-D filters with highly efficient slot antennas is presented in this paper. This technique allows for seamless integration of 3-D filters and antennas, which can greatly improve the antenna efficiency and significantly reduce the form factor of RF front ends. A prototype four-pole chebyshev cavity filter integrated with a slot antenna is demonstrated in X band. The center frequency and fractional bandwidth of the filter/antenna system are 9.96 GHz and 6.0%, respectively. Due to the high Q factor (∼1,000) of the cavity resonator, the efficiency of the filter/antenna system is measured to be 89%, compared with the measured S 21 of −0.5 dB (89%) for an identical filter. This means a near 100% efficient slot antenna is achieved within this integrated filter/antenna system. The measured impedance matching, efficiency, gain, and radiation pattern closely agree with simulation results.
Dendritic Cells Promote Macrophage Infiltration and Comprise a Substantial Proportion of Obesity-Associated Increases in CD11c+ Cells in Adipose Tissue and Liver

Obesity-associated increases in adipose tissue (AT) CD11c+ cells suggest that dendritic cells (DC), which are involved in the tissue recruitment and activation of macrophages, may play a role in determining AT and liver immunophenotype in obesity. This study addressed this hypothesis. With the use of flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and loss-and-gain of function approaches, the contribution of DC to the pattern of immune cell alterations and recruitment in obesity was assessed. In AT and liver there was a substantial, high-fat diet (HFD)–induced increase in DC. In AT, these increases were associated with crown-like structures, whereas in liver the increase in DC constituted an early and reversible response to diet. Notably, mice lacking DC had reduced AT and liver macrophages, whereas DC replacement in DC-null mice increased liver and AT macrophage populations. Furthermore, delivery of bone marrow–derived DC to lean wild-type mice increased AT and liver macrophage infiltration. Finally, mice lacking DC were resistant to the weight gain and metabolic abnormalities of an HFD. Together, these data demonstrate that DC are elevated in obesity, promote macrophage infiltration of AT and liver, contribute to the determination of tissue immunophenotype, and play a role in systemic metabolic responses to an HFD.
Defensive responses to charitable direct mail solicitations

Abstract Two studies examined consumers’ defenses against to catalog and charitable direct mail solicitations. First, 157 survey respondents completed questions about their charitable giving behavior. Significant correlations between four resulting principal components and demographic variables showed how people defend themselves against repeated appeals. In a second study, 34 subjects provided scripts of responses to charitable and catalog solicitations. The scripts further illustrated defensive responses. Several conclusions were drawn from these studies. First, recipients of charitable solicitations often use defensive mechanisms to protect themselves from frequent solicitations. Second, frequent recipients of charitable direct mail process their mail differently than infrequent recipients. Frequent recipients are much more likely to use defensive script elements. Multiple solicitations to prospective donors may increase charitable contributions. However, excess solicitation could lead them to develop a greater repertoire of defenses against solicitations and decrease the pool of available contributions over the long term.
Plagiarism Across Cultures: is There a Difference?

Trying to define plagiarism has been one of the most controversial issues in L2 writing classes. Much of the discussion has been about the relationship between how plagiarism is viewed in China and in the West, in part because there is a long, shared literacy tradition between them. This paper argues that while there are critical differences between how plagiarism is viewed, the relationship is often more complex than is sometimes thought. A study of this relationship can help us understand not only the nature of plagiarism but also concepts of imitation, originality, and authorship, which underlie how plagiarism is viewed. While the focus of this paper is on a comparison of Chinese- and English-language viewpoints, this perspective can help both researchers develop a framework for examining plagiarism across cultures and for teachers to develop a pedagogy for teaching about plagiarism that helps our students see its subtleties and contradictions involved in thinking about plagiarism in the same way they learn about any other aspect of literacy.
Altered Fidelity of Mitotic Chromosome Transmission in Cell Cycle Mutants of S. CEREVISIAE

Thirteen of 14 temperature-sensitive mutants deficient in successive steps of mitotic chromosome transmission (cdc2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 20) from spindle pole body separation to a late stage of nuclear division exhibited a dramatic increase in the frequency of chromosome loss and/or mitotic recombination when they were grown at their maximum permissive temperatures. The increase in chromosome loss and/or recombination is likely to be due to the deficiency of functional gene product rather than to an aberrant function of the mutant gene product since the mutant alleles are, with one exception, recessive to the wild-type allele for this phenotype. The generality of this result suggests that a delay in almost any stage of chromosome replication or segregation leads to a decrease in the fidelity of mitotic chromosome transmission. In contrast, temperature-sensitive mutants defective in the control step of the cell cycle (cdc28), in cytokinesis (cdc3) or in protein synthesis (ils1) did not exhibit increased recombination or chromosome loss.—Based upon previous results with mutants and DNA-damaging agents in a variety of organisms, we suggest that the induction of mitotic recombination in certain mutants is due to the action of a repair pathway upon nicks or gaps left in the DNA. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the induced recombination is dependent upon the RAD52 gene product, an essential component in the recombinogenic DNA repair pathway. Gene products whose deficiency leads to induced recombination are, therefore, strong candidates for proteins that function in DNA metabolism. Among the mutants that induce recombination are those known to be defective in some aspect of DNA replication (cdc2, 6, 8, 9) as well as some mutants defective in the G2 (cdc13 and 17) and M (cdc5 and 14) phases of the mitotic cycle. We suggest that special aspects of DNA metabolism may be occurring in G2 and M in order to prepare the chromosomes for proper segregation.
Electro-Optical Measurement Techniques

A common motivation for using optical techniques to measure voltages and currents is the need for electrical isolation of the measurement system from the system which is being measured. Ground current effects can be minimized because optical coupling eliminates the wires connecting the two systems. In addition, the effects of radiated electromagnetic interference on the measurement system can be mitigated by physically separating the measuring system from the higher power system which is the source of the interference. A second important motivation for optical measurement techniques is that they can provide increased precision and accuracy over conventional electrical measurements.
The effect of password management procedures on the entropy of user selected passwords

Maintaining the security of information contained within computer systems poses challenges for users and administrators. Attacks on information systems continue to rise. Specifically, attacks that target user authentication are increasingly popular. These attacks are based on the common perception that traditional alphanumeric passwords are weak and susceptible to attack. As a result of attacks targeting alphanumeric passwords, different authentication methods have been proposed. Nonetheless, traditional alphanumeric-based passwords remain the most common form of user authentication and are expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. This study provided empirical data to determine if the entropy of user-selected passwords was affected by the use of password management software. This research also provided data to determine if efforts to increase user-awareness of password strength affected the selection of passwords. The research results revealed that the use of a password management application resulted in an increase in average password entropy, but at a level that was not significant. The research results also indicated that the use of a password management application when coupled with electronic secondary information awareness efforts did result in a significant increase in average password entropy. The research results further illustrated that the use of a password management application when coupled with verbal secondary information awareness efforts also resulted in a significant increase in average password entropy. Finally, this investigation determined that the use of password management software together with electronic and verbal secondary information user-awareness efforts resulted in an increase in password entropy.
Life's Story Assignment

This note provides a self-assessment tool that students may use to write their life stories in 400 words or less and then chart the highs and lows using a frame developed by Noel Ticky. Students then identify the central lessons learned from each high and low. The note can be used to facilitate a discussion of leadership values and the value of storytelling in leadership roles.
The Life Histories of Two Horse-Flies

Biological studies on Tabanus atratus and Tabanus trimaculatus , carried on during the period 1929–1931 at Fayetteville, Arkansas, are reported upon in this paper. Supplementary field observations have been made at the Rice Branch Experiment Station near Stuttgart, Arkansas. Data are given on all the life stages for both species, except the preoviposition period for T. trimaculatus .
Opioid Prescribing for Chronic Pain — Achieving the Right Balance through Education

Groups advocating quick fixes to the opioid-misuse epidemic seek regulations limiting opioid availability, but prescriber education is a more finely tuned approach, allowing us to individualize care appropriately after a careful benefit–risk assessment.
ISLAND AREA AND BODY SIZE OF INSULAR MAMMALS: EVIDENCE FROM THE TRI-COLORED SQUIRREL (CALLOSCIURUS PREVOSTI) OF SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The presence of Pleistocene elephants on Crete only 1 m in shoulder height, of giant rodents on Caribbean Islands, and of other equally remarkable dwarf and giant mammals, has prompted a variety of responses from their startled discoverers. Most of the mechanisms suggested for their origins are simplistic-usually a single factor, ranging from extreme food deprivation to isolation of antediluvian species. To my knowledge, no one has described adequately either the pattern of variation of mammals on islands, or synthesized the many suggested causes (Van Valen, 1973). This paper is an initial attempt to redress this deficiency. It is not intended as a thorough review; rather, it presents significant new data, briefly summarizes trends in body size of mammals, and presents a causal model of body size evolution in insular mammals. It is possible that the processes and patterns discussed here apply to other animals but I have directed my studies to maimmals alone. Each topic discussed below is worthy of a lengthy review, and it is my hope that this paper will stimulate additional research and discussion. During a study of the systematics of Callosciurus prevosti, the tri-colored squirrel of Malaysia, Indonesia, and peninsular Thailand, it became evident that body size of these squirrels was related to the size of the island on which the squirrels lived. This observation stimulated a more detailed study of size variation in these squirrels and led to the present paper. Body size of C. prevosti is discussed at the beginning of the paper, because variation in this species provided insight into the evolution of body size of insular mammals and formed the basis of my hypotheses and models. The biology of C. prevosti is poorly known. Externally tri-colored.squirrels resemble the familiar North American tree squirrels but are more brightly colored. Most populations have a black dorsum and tail, a broad white lateral stripe, and a red venter; many have a prominent shoulder patch which may be black, gray, red, white, or a mixture of these. In Selangor, Malaysia, tri-colored squirrels nested in trees and fed on coconut and rubber seeds, and oil palm fruit (Harrison and Traub, 1950; Harrison, 1962). Davis (1962) stated that in Sabah, North Borneo, they were found in primary and old logged forest where they inhabited chiefly the smaller trees of the middle story. Stomach contents consisted of pulpy fruit and about 5% insect matter, chiefly ants and termites. Three pregnant females taken on 20 June, 24 June, and 2 August had two, two, and three embryos, respectively. At Bukit Lanjong, West Malaysia, they have been seen feeding on the fruit of fig trees (Ficus) in the upper story (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1974:36). Nothing definite is known of the predators or competitors of these squirrels. ' Parts of this study were carried out while the author was resident at the Division of Mammals, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, and the Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
Evidence of Farnesol as a Male Sex Attractant of the Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Males of Tetranychus urticae Koch are attracted strongly to quiescent female deutonymphs destined to become sexually mature. The male will remain until emergence of the adult female, when mating occurs. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and mass spectrometric analysis of the crude ether extracts of deutonymphs revealed the presence of the sesquiterpene alcohol farnesol. Males were highly attracted to the cis-trans isomer of synthetic farnesol in bioassays.
The Activity of the Gypsy Moth Sex Attractant Disparlure vs. That of the Live Female Moth

In simulated field tests in advance of the natural flight of Porthetria dispar (L.), laboratory-reared males were released, and the number attracted to traps containing live virgin females was compared with the number attracted to traps baited with formulations of disparlure, cis -7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, the newly synthesized sex lure of the gypsy moth. The lure was formulated with trioctanoin to regulate its volatility. Pure disparlure and many of its formulations attracted more males than did the live female. The attraction of the female was estimated to be equivalent to 1-6 μg of disparlure in 5 mg of trioctanoin. Information on the attraction of the synthetic lure relative to that of the females provides a basis for estimating the role of traps containing disparlure in the suppression of low-level or incipient populations of the gypsy moth.
Pant Growth Hormones in Ether Extracts of the Greenbug, Toxoptera graminum, and the Pea Aphid, Macrosiphum pisi, Fed on Selected Tolerant and Susceptible Host Plants1

Free auxins were detected and identified in extracts of homogenized aphids using paper chromatography in conjunction with a modified Avena coleoptile bioassay method. Variations in auxin content of extracts of the green bug, Toxoptera graminum (Rondani), and pea aphid, Macrosiphum pisi (Harris) feeding on susceptible or tolerant hosts were measured and possible relationship to the tolerance component of resistance investigated. The following auxins were detected in significant amounts and identified by RF values in the extract of the aphids feeding on the following susceptible and tolerant hosts: (1) susceptible Reno barley—3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), 3-indolebutyrie acid (IBA); (2) tolerant Dicktoo barley—auxins not present in significant amounts; (3) susceptible Pawnee wheat—indolepyruvic acid (IPA); (4) tolerant Dickinson wheat—auxins not present in significant amounts, growth inhibition present Extract of pea aphids that had previously fed on susceptible broad bean tissue contained 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) in significant amounts. Auxins were found in significant amounts in extract of aphids that had fed on susceptible plants but absent in aphids fed on tolerant varieties. Auxins present in green bugs and pea aphids were significantly reduced by a short starvation period prior to analyses, which indicated that auxins present in aphids were plant derived rather than synthesized by the aphids. NO evidence that insects can produce auxins was found. Determining growth substances present in the salivary glands of aphids would provide valuable information as to whether the toxin in salivary juices are plant-derived axons or inhibitors in toxic concentrations or whether the toxins have their source from pertinacious material synthesized by the aphids. The tolerance component of resistance is closely associated with the free-auxin content of plants and the ability of certain aphids to extract and concentrate these growth substances.
Malignant meningioma: a clinicopathologic study of 23 patients including MIB1 and p53 immunohistochemistry.

Malignant meningiomas are rarely encountered neoplasms. Few studies have examined MIB1 (marker of cell proliferation) or p53 (tumor suppressor gene) immunoreactivity in these tumors. This study retrospectively examines 23 malignant meningiomas (defined by the presence of either unequivocal brain invasion or metastasis) including MIB1 and p53 immunohistochemistry. The patients included 13 women and 10 men who ranged in age from 22 to 82 years (mean 63 years). Initial clinical presentation included weakness or numbness in 10 patients, visual signs or symptoms in 7 patients, and headaches in 6 patients. Histologically, nuclear pleomorphism was present in 23 of 23 tumors, disorganized architecture in 22 of 22, necrosis in 20 of 23, prominent nucleoli in 17 of 23, and hypervascularity in 4 of 23. One to 18 mitotic figures per 10 high power fields (HPF) (mean 6.1) were observed. Metastases were present in six patients (bone : 3 patients ; lung : 2 patients ; skin : 2 patients ; kidney : 1 patient ; and liver : 1 patient). MIB1 indices (positive tumor cells per 1,000 tumor cells evaluated X100) in 20 tumors ranged from 1.3 to 24.2 (mean 11.7). p53 nuclear staining was observed in only 2 of 20 tumors. Follow-up information was available in 21 patients : 6 died of tumor (mean 27 months) ; 9 are alive with residual tumor (mean 35 months) ; 5 are alive with no evidence of tumor (mean 12 months) ; and 1 died 13 days postoperatively. There was no obvious correlation of the MIB1 index and tumor behavior. The majority of malignant meningiomas are characterized by nuclear pleomorphism, architectural disorganization, necrosis, prominent nucleoli, and increased mitoses. MIB1 labeling in most malignant meningiomas was high, consistent with the generally rapid growth of these tumors. Only a rare malignant meningioma demonstrated p53 alteration by immunostaining.
Disparities in Viral Load and CD4 Count Trends Among HIV-Infected Adults in South Carolina

Abstract On a population level, trends in viral load (VL) and CD4 cell counts can provide a marker of infectivity and an indirect measure of retention in care. Thus, observing the trend of CD4/VL over time can provide useful information on disparities in populations across the HIV care continuum when stratified by demography. South Carolina (SC) maintains electronic records of all CD4 cell counts and HIV VL measurements reported to the state health department. We examined temporal trends in individual HIV VLs reported in SC between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2012 by using mixed effects models adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, age, baseline CD4 count, HIV risk category, and residence. Overall VL levels gradually decreased over the observation period. There were significant differences in the VL decline by gender, age groups, rural/urban residence, and HIV risk exposure group. There were significant differences in CD4 increases by race/ethnicity, age groups, and HIV risk exposure group. However, t...