cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processes Associated with Stratospheric Ozone Decrease: Homogeneous Chemistry

The role of homogeneous (gas-phase) chemical reactions in controlling the stratospheric ozone concentration is briefly reviewed. An outline of definitions, conventions, and data sources is followed by a specific discussion of the most important ozone destroying reactions. The catalytic HOx, NOx, and ClOx cycles are described.
Offshore software development: an alternative solution for information technology staffing

The quiet emergence of Year 2000 supplementation of IT skill sets has become an increasingly viable alternative for many companies to lower costs and speed implementation. Offshore software development continues to grow. More countries recognize its economic impact and are providing infrastructure to nurture continued expansion. The challenges of the client/developer contract reach beyond coding quality and remote management. The chapter presents the evolution, rationale, and models used for offshore/nearshore software development with an analysis by major countries engaged in the delivery. Best practices and examples of some firms illustrate the critical success factors of these relationships.
Evaluation of 3 approaches for increasing patient engagement in clinical research: Feedback from a community engagement advisory board.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to obtain feedback from a diverse group of community advisory board members about different clinic or hospital-based approaches to increasing research participation. Methods Members of an established community engagement advisory board (n=16) provided qualitative and survey data regarding attitudes and preferences for 3 hospital and clinic system strategies to recruit patients into clinical research including universal consent for research, patient registries, and patient portals. Results Overall, there was moderate support for each of the 3 approaches discussed. Board members described advantages and disadvantages of each method. Based on the qualitative data, universal consent was viewed as the best strategy for consenting high volumes of patients for research. However, patient registries and portals were seen as more acceptable, less-intrusive and more likely to result in higher participation rates. Survey data were consistent with qualitative findings. Conclusions Input from community stakeholders is needed to identify strategies to enhance participation and increase diversity in clinical research. Members of our CEAB identified patient registries and portals as feasible and nonintrusive approaches to increasing research participation. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and to establish best practices for supporting patients in using registry approaches.
Metabolic Studies of the Cytosolic Calcium-Binding Protein of the Rat

Biosynthesis of the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) found in mucosal scrapings or isolated cells of rat intestinal mucosa (1) requires 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH) 2-D3), the dihydroxylated metabolite of vitamin D (2). Studies of this process have suggested (3,4) that it is akin to steroid hormone induced protein synthesis, involving a sequence of two cytosolic and one nuclear receptor for 1,25-(OH) 2-D3, with CaBP synthesis the ultimate result. Cell-free translation of the chick CaBP, a larger molecule, and of the pig CaBP (MW ≃ 10,000, like that of the rat [5]) has been effected (6,7). In addition to an absolute requirement for 1,25-(OH)2-D3, CaBP biosynthesis is also regulated by calcium, inasmuch as animals on high calcium intakes have low levels of CaBP, while low calcium intakes are associated with much higher CaBP levels (5,8,9). Moreover, in vitro studies with isolated intestinal cells have suggested (10) that raising the calcium concentration of the medium depresses the amount of CaBP that can be synthesized. In addition, the calcium status of the whole animal affects the amount of circulating 1,25-(OH)2-D3, with larger amounts circulating and reaching the intestinal target cells in animals on low calcium intakes (11).
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAVE BREAKING AND BLOCKING ON OPPOSING CURRENTS

A series of experiments on monochromatic waves being blocked by opposing currents are presented in this paper. A heirarchial pattern in the wave field characteristics was observed with increasing wave amplitude. A shoaling model using a bore dissipation formulation to simulate current limited breaking is compared with the data. It is observed that amplitude dispersion plays an important role in wave blocking and cannot be ignored. For the large amplitude waves side band instabilities radically affect the wave field and prevent wave blocking.
The Ama’s Position on the Ethics of Managed Care

The emergence of managed care as a major factor in the delivery of health care has raised concern about the resulting quality of care provided. This concern can be expressed purely in health policy terms (e.g., by studying the impact of managed care on measurable outcomes) or it can be expressed by considering the impact of the emergence of managed care on adherence by physicians to appropriate ethical standards. A prominent example of the latter is a statement issued by the American Medical Association’s Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs on “Ethical Issues in Managed Care” (CEJA, 1995). Because of the prominence of the issuing body, and because the document’s positions seem to capture so much of the current debate, I want to provide a detailed analysis and critique of that document. My goal is to advance the broader discussion of the ethical issues, but to do so by seeing the lessons that emerge from a close examination of this important document.
Harsh parenting, deviant peers and adolescent risky behavior: understanding the meditational effect of adolescent attitudes and intentions

The current study examined mechanisms proposed to explain the roles of harsh parenting and association with deviant peers on adolescent involvement in tobacco, alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors. Prospective, longitudinal data came from youth who participated throughout adolescence (n= 451). Information regarding observed harsh parenting and adolescent’s relations with their peers was assessed in early adolescence (13 years), adolescent attitudes and intentions about risky behavior was assessed during middle adolescence (15 years), and engagement in risky behavior was assessed in late adolescence (18 years). Adolescent’s gender, parents’ education, parent tobacco and alcohol use and early adolescent’ involvement in risky behaviors were used as control variables. Both harsh parenting and involvement with deviant peers was directly related to adolescent engagement in tobacco use, alcohol use and sexual behavior. Also, adolescent attitudes and intentions mediated this relationship. That is, harsh parenting and involvement with deviant peers was no longer associated with risky behavior once attitudes and intentions about risky behaviors was added in the model. This was true even after parent substance use and adolescent early involvement in risky behaviors were taken into account.
A review of guidance and structure in elementary school mathematics instruction

Guidance and structure have both been linked to higher achievement, but the two terms are not clearly defined and, thus, are used interchangeably. This makes it difficult to determine the practical implications of interventions and how teachers should apply guidance and structure in their own classrooms. This paper defines and differentiates guidance and structure in elementary school mathematics research. Specifically, guidance involves interactive and responsive student-teacher interactions during teaching while structure refers to the explicitness of the lesson plan, curriculum, or materials. We make this distinction because guidance provided by teachers requires a higher level of expertise and preparation from the teacher. We found some support for the benefits of guidance, with the caveat that teachers should consider individual student factors, such as prior knowledge. Structure encompasses a wider variety of activities, including worked examples, ordering problems from easy to difficult, or providing formula sheets during problem solving.
Cotranscriptional 3′-End Processing of T7 RNA Polymerase Transcripts by a Smaller HDV Ribozyme

In vitro run-off transcription by T7 RNA polymerase generates heterogeneous 3′-ends because the enzyme tends to add untemplated adenylates. To generate homogeneous 3′-termini, HDV ribozymes have been used widely. Their sequences are added to the 3′-terminus such that co-transcriptional self-cleavage generates homogeneous 3′-ends. A shorter HDV sequence that cleaves itself efficiently would be advantageous. Here we show that a recently discovered, small HDV ribozyme is a good alternative to the previously used HDV ribozyme. The new HDV ribozyme is more efficient in some sequence contexts, and less efficient in other sequence contexts than the previously used HDV ribozyme. The smaller size makes the new HDV ribozyme a good alternative for transcript 3′-end processing.
Evaluating temporal variability of exogenous variable impacts over 25 years: An application of scaled generalized ordered logit model for driver injury severity

Abstract The current study undertakes a unique research effort to quantify the impact of various exogenous factors on crash severity over time. Specifically, we examine if over time, the impact of exogenous variables has changed and if so what is the magnitude of the change. The research contributes to driver injury severity analysis both methodologically and empirically by proposing a framework that addresses the challenges associated with pooled (or pseudo-panel) data. For our analysis, we draw data from the General Estimates System (GES) over a span of twenty-five years. The data is compiled for driver injury severity in single or two vehicle crashes from 1989 through 2014 in 5-year increments (1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014). The alternative econometric frameworks considered for the analysis include ordered logit, generalized ordered logit, scaled generalized ordered logit and mixed generalized ordered logit models. A host of comparison metrics are computed to evaluate the performance of these alternative models in examining the pooled data. The model development exercise is conducted with a host of exogenous variables including driver characteristics, vehicle characteristics, roadway attributes, environmental factors, crash characteristics and temporal attributes. The model estimation results are further augmented by performing a detailed policy scenario analysis, probability profile representations and elasticity effects for different driving and situational conditions across different years.
Information brokers and the making of the Baring crisis, 1857–1890

This article offers a new interpretation of the Baring crisis, the most dramatic financial collapse of the nineteenth century, by focusing on how information brokerage allowed Barings to abandon its risk-averse practices in the mid 1880s. I argue that the mediators who bridged structural holes (gaps between social clusters) shaped actors’ access to information as well as their expectations regarding its quality. Information brokers who enjoyed philos ties with at least one of the parties connected by the bridging relationships could promote collaborative arrangements more likely to survive an environment of heightened uncertainty. The performance of such brokers in the 1880s enabled cooperation between Baring Brothers & Co. and the Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas and supported the London house's growing association with the Anglo-Argentine firm of S. B. Hale & Co. in the second half of the 1880s. Cooperation gave Barings an illusion of security amid the costs of increasing competition and supported the house's growing engagement in South American affairs. Nevertheless, the strategy proved ineffective at barring the entry of new players. By the late 1880s, ties produced by brokerage connected Barings to the house's former competitors, producing a cohesive social cluster. Barings thereafter had access to redundant information, which hindered the house's ability to assess risk.
Invited Paper: Thoreau: A fully-buried wireless underground sensor network in an urban environment

This paper describes the design and deployment of a functional Wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN) on a university campus. This is an unique system that is operational over a large area and over a long period of time, providing real time monitoring of the environment with the data being curated and displayed on an open website. The system details, including the architecture, node design, user interface, and deployment are provided. Initial measurement results are analyzed to show the functionality and performance of the system.
Demonstration of simultaneous nonlinear polarization rotation and dispersive bistability

We experimentally demonstrate the simultaneous occurrence of two nonlinear optical phenomena – nonlinear polarization rotation and dispersive optical bistabilty. The Stokes parameters exhibit bistable hystereses corresponding to a measured orthogonality of 30%.
The Role of Structural Factors in Antibiotic Use Among European Union Citizens: A Multilevel Analysis

Using the 2016 European Commission’s Eurobarometer survey, this study analyzed how a multitude of factors are associated with identification and intention of following proper antibiotic treatment. Multilevel analyses showed that knowledge and information from medical professionals and mass media (individual-level predictors), and advanced access to education (a structural-level factor) are associated with identification. For intention, structural factors (Access to Information & Communications, Health & Wellness, Nutrition & Basic Medical Care) contributed significant variances to the model, in addition to the individual-level effects (sources and trust in medical professionals and mass media). Results demonstrate a need to consider these structural-level influences to shed light on the process though which antibiotic resistance preventions and interventions might impact individuals’ health literacy and behavioral outcomes.
Differences in immunohistochemistry utilization by general and breast subspecialty pathologists at a large academic institution.

Abstract Objectives Immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be a useful adjunct in diagnostic breast pathology, but best practices have not been clearly established. We sought to compare the patterns of p63 utilization between general pathologists (GP) and subspecialized breast pathologists (BP), analyze diagnostic discrepancy rates, and identify types of lesions requiring immunohistochemistry. Methods The pathology database was searched over 6-year period to identify breast needle core biopsy cases utilizing p63 and subsequent excision results. Results P63 was ordered more frequently by BP (2.3% of cores) compared to GP (1.1% of cores, p = 0.0005). The most frequent utilization of p63 by GP for benign lesions (44.0%) followed by invasive carcinomas (36.0%) while BP most frequently ordered p63 on invasive carcinomas (49.5%) and DCIS (26.6%). Conclusions While IHC use may be thought to be most helpful to those with less experience or knowledge in breast pathology, these results suggest that utilization is increased with subspecialty training.
Holographic line defects in F (4 ) gauged supergravity

In this paper we construct a solution of six-dimensional $F(4)$ gauged supergravity using ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{3}$ warped over an interval as an ansatz. The solution is completely regular, preserves eight of the sixteen supersymmetries of the ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{6}$ vacuum, and is a holographic realization of a line defect in a dual five-dimensional theory. We calculate the expectation value of the defect and the one-point function of the stress tensor in the presence of the defect using holographic renormalization.
Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure and Temperature on the Oxidation Behavior of SiB 6

The oxidation kinetics of silicon hexaboride (SiB6) was studied at different partial pressures of oxygen. The specific weight gain was measured at 1173 K, 1223 K, and 1273 K for $$ P_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$ = 0.1, 0.23, and 0.33 atm using thermogravimetric analysis. The conventional empirical expressions for oxidation were observed at all selected oxygen partial pressures and temperatures. The structural characterization of the oxidation product was characterized using XRD and FT-IR, with SiB6, SiO2, B, and amorphous B2O3 observed after oxidation for 25 hours. The oxidation surface morphology was also characterized to obtain the oxidation product size, ranging from 4.54 to 24.69 µm with increasing $$ P_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$ and temperature. The diffusional activation energy for the oxidation process was also calculated from the empirical constant, obtained from the mathematical fitting of the specific weight gain with time. The oxidation activation energies for SiB6 are 250.72, 235.64, and 232.65 kJ/mol at $$ P_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$ = 0.1, 0.23, and 0.33 atm, respectively.
Abstract P5-14-19: Targeting the unfolded protein response components differentially sensitizes breast tumors to doxorubicin while modulating chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicities

Background: The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an endoplasmic reticulum pathway stimulated when the protein folding demand of a cell surpasses the bio-energetic capacity. UPR master regulator and protein chaperone, GRP78, binds to the three signaling arms (PERK, ATF6, and IRE1) rendering them inactive. When unfolded protein accumulate, GRP78 unbinds from these components enabling UPR activation. We, among other, previously showed elevated UPR in breast tumors promoted therapeutic resistance. However, studies exploring whether combinatoral therapies targeting UPR coupled with standard of care chemotherapeutics modulates the development of co-morbidities remain under-explored. Methods: 4T1-luciferase triple negative breast cancer cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of BALBc mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with 1 x weekly 30 µM GRP78, PERK, or IRE1 morpholino +/- four 1 x weekly 2.5 mg/kg doxorubicin (cumulative dose 10 mg/kg). Tumor volume was measured by calipers and IVIS. Cardiac function was determined by VEVO ultrasound in morpholino + DOX treated BALBc and WT/GRP78 heterozygous mice. In vitro and ex-vivo viability experiments were performed using ACEA xCELLigence RTCA system. Results: Targeting GRP78 or IRE1 potentiated doxorubicin-mediated tumor killing while targeting PERK enhanced 4T1 tumor growth and prevented chemotherapy efficacy. Targeting GRP78 or PERK reduced cardiac function in response to doxorubicin resulting in poor overall survival. However, targeting XBP1 either through upstream IRE1 protein reduction or inhibition of IRE1 activity protected in vivo heart function. In vitro pre-treatment of cardiomyoblast H9C2 cells with KIRA8 (a XBP1 inhibitor) reduced doxorubicin-mediated cell death and reduced chemotherapy-induced apoptosis as measured by cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP. Ex-vivo treatment of primary cardiac cells isolated from wild-type and GRP78 heterozygous mice indicate inhibition of XBP1 ameliorated GRP78 heterozygous sensitization to doxorubicin, suggesting the elevated cardiotoxicities observed by systemic GRP78 targeting is resulting from elevated IRE1 activation. Conclusions: We now show that while targeting GRP78 and IRE1 in vivo enhances tumor doxorubicin responsiveness, targeting these proteins results in differential effects on chemotherapy-mediated cardiotoxicities. Targeting PERK enhanced tumor growth and reduced chemotherapy responsiveness. Our study highlights the importance of testing these pre-clinical drugs on cardiac function to reduce future clinical trial side effects. Citation Format: David Soto-Pantoja, Kenysha Clear, Katherine Loree Cook. Targeting the unfolded protein response components differentially sensitizes breast tumors to doxorubicin while modulating chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-14-19.
Sensory Audio Focusing Detection Using Brain-Computer Interface Archetype

Everyday people are placed in environments where countless conversations simultaneously take place within earshot. Speech intelligibility in the presence of multiple speakers, commonly known as the 'Cocktail Party Phenomenon', is significantly reduced for most hearing-impaired listeners who use hearing assistive devices [1]. Prior research addressing this issue include noise filtering based on trajectories of multiple moving speakers and locations of talking targets based on face detection [2][3]. This study focuses on the practicality of audio filtering through measuring electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using a Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) system. The study explores the use of machine learning algorithms to classify which speaker the listener is focusing on. In this study, training data is obtained of a listener focusing on one auditory stimulus (audiobook) while other auditory stimuli are presented at the same time. A g.Nautilus BCI headset was used to obtain EEG data. After collecting trial data for each audio source, a machine learning algorithm trains a classifier to distinguish one audiobook between another. Data was collected from five subjects in each trial. Results yielded an accuracy of above 90% from all three experiments.
Breath Hold Facilitates Targeted Deposition of Aerosolized Droplets in a 3D Printed Bifurcating Airway Tree.

The lungs have long been considered a desired route for drug delivery but, there is still a lack of strategies to rationally target delivery sites especially in the presence of heterogeneous airway disease. Furthermore, no standardized system has been proposed to rapidly test different ventilation strategies and how they alter the overall and regional deposition pattern in the airways. In this study, a 3D printed symmetric bifurcating tree model mimicking part of the human airway tree was developed that can be used to quantify the regional deposition patterns of different delivery methodologies. The model is constructed in a novel way that allows for repeated measurements of regional deposition using reusable parts. During ventilation, nebulized ~3-micron-sized fluid droplets were delivered into the model. Regional delivery, quantified by precision weighing individual airways, was highly reproducible. A successful strategy to control regional deposition was achieved by combining an inspiratory wave form with a “breath hold” pause after each inspiration. Specifically, the second generation of the tree was successfully targeted, and deposition was increased by up to four times in generation 2 when compared to a ventilation without the breath hold (p < 0.0001). Breath hold was also demonstrated to facilitate deposition into blocked regions of the model, which mimic airway closure during an asthma that receive no flow during inhalation. Additionally, visualization experiments demonstrated that in the absence of fluid flow, the deposition of 3-micron water droplets is dominated by gravity, which, to our knowledge, has not been confirmed under standard laboratory conditions.
On IMC-Based PID Tuning Using Gain-Integrator-Delay Dynamics

The Internal Model Control (IMC)-based PID tuning using integrator dynamics is an effective technique for tuning the boost pressure control system in a turbocharged gasoline engine, as investigated in a previous work by the authors. In that work, two IMC-based PID tuning approaches were delineated: one that involved a post hoc modification of initial design to achieve a desired closed-loop performance, and another that assigned a desired closed-loop bandwidth exactly. This paper extends the results of that work by introducing a third design approach employing the technique: one that assigns the desired phase margin exactly. Also, the viability of all three approaches for use with more general plants that are less similar to the boost system is investigated through Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, to illustrate their effectiveness in practice, all three design approaches are applied to a DC motor control problem.
What factors are associated with travel liking on a recent commute? Evidence from commuters in Portland, Oregon

Abstract Travel can be a derived demand and exhibit intrinsic benefits beyond simply reaching destinations. While commuting is stressful for many people, others enjoy or like their commutes. Why? What trip and traveler characteristics explain variations in people’s affinity for travel? This research tackles these and other questions surrounding travel liking in the context of commuting. The data used in this study were collected from 609 commuters through a 30-minute online questionnaire survey in Portland, Oregon, in fall 2016. An ordered logit model examined associations between explanatory factors—commute mode, travel time, sociodemographics, a subjective assessment of travel usefulness, and (for a subsample) attitudinal and well-being measures—and travel liking for a recent commute, measured on a five-point scale from “strongly disliked” to “strongly liked.” Confirming previous research, most travelers (64%) liked their commutes and only 15% disliked the journey to work. People bicycling and walking had the most positive ratings of commute liking, and automobile drivers had the least. Furthermore, travel time was negatively associated with commute liking, especially for auto drivers and transit passengers. Few sociodemographic characteristics were significant, although people with an undergraduate degree, in a low-income household, and aged 65+ were more likely to like their commutes. There was also a strong and positive association between commute liking and the perceived usefulness of the commute. Additional analysis of a subsample found only a few attitudes and well-being scales that were significantly associated with commute liking: People who were satisfied with their life and led a purposeful life had a greater chance of liking travel.
A bit of information on identification with a zirconia sensor

Even though the zirconia-oxygen sensor serves as the primary feedback sensor in current production fuel-air ratio control architectures, there has been no work investigating the use of the one-bit output of this sensor to identify spark-ignition engine system parameters. In this research, we present experimental and simulation data that show portions of the important engine dynamics can be determined with this nonlinear sensor using a new identification algorithm proposed in the paper. Comparisons will be made between using the zirconia-oxygen and a linear sensor for this purpose.
Requirement for phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase to protect hemopoietic progenitors against apoptosis depends upon the extracellular survival factor

Hemopoietic growth factors promote survival of progenitor cells by preventing their apoptotic death. Recently, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI 3-kinase) has been shown to be integral in the pathway by which insulin and nerve growth factor prevent apoptosis. In this work, we show that IL-3-dependent FDCP-1/Mac-1 murine hemopoietic progenitors express receptors for another growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and that both IL-3 and IGF-I stimulate PI 3-kinase activity. We then demonstrate that IGF-I shares with IL-3 the properties of significantly promoting proliferation and enhancing survival of myeloid progenitor cells at concentrations as low as 3 ng/ml. IL-3 and IGF-I efficiently promote cell survival in the presence of inhibitors of either RNA synthesis (actinomycin D) or mitosis (mitomycin C), suggesting that both ligands promote survival by a process that is largely independent of RNA synthesis. To determine whether PI 3-kinase mediates IL-3- and IGF-I-induced inhibition of apoptosis, FDCP-1/Mac-1 cells were incubated with the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin. While wortmannin inhibited both basal and IGF-I- and IL-3-induced PI 3-kinase enzyme activity, it did not affect the ability of IL-3 to protect FDCP-1/Mac-1 cells from apoptosis, even though it abrogated the IGF-I-induced inhibition of apoptosis. These data demonstrate that even though activation of PI 3-kinase is a pleiotropic feature of both IL-3 and IGF-I receptors in myeloid progenitors, prevention of apoptosis by IL-3 but not IGF-I is independent of PI 3-kinase. Survival of hemopoietic progenitors is therefore maintained by at least two different intracellular signaling pathways, one requiring PI 3-kinase and one that does not.
Third-rank piezoelectricity in isotropic chiral solids

The highest symmetry in which piezoelectricity was thought to occur is cubic. Here, it is shown that third rank piezoelectricity can occur in isotropic chiral solids. Polarization is coupled via an isotropic third rank tensor to the antisymmetric part of the stress. Asymmetric stress can occur if balanced by moments distributed over area or volume. Such moments occur in heterogeneous solids, in which there exists a characteristic length associated with the microstructure: the Cosserat or micropolar solids. Effects associated with nonzero structure size are predicted, including radial polarization in response to torsion. These effects do not occur in gradient type flexoelectric materials; they are governed by a different tensorial rank and symmetry.
The economics of political campaign finance: FECA and the puzzle of the not very greedy grandfathers

This paper introduces a structural model of campaign finance which permits estimation of the marginal costs of raising money as well as the marginal benefits of spending and saving money. The model is estimated for the 1986 through 1990 election cycles; the results demonstrate that the probability of retirement hinders an incumbent's ability to raise money and that incumbents willingly trade off electoral security for financial gain.
Global Optimization of 0-1 Hyperbolic Programs

We develop eight different mixed-integer convex programming reformulations of 0-1 hyperbolic programs. We obtain analytical results on the relative tightness of these formulations and propose a branch and bound algorithm for 0-1 hyperbolic programs. The main feature of the algorithm is that it reformulates the problem at every node of the search tree. We demonstrate that this algorithm has a superior convergence behavior than directly solving the relaxation derived at the root node. The algorithm is used to solve a discrete i>p-choice facility location problem for locating ten restaurants in the city of Edmonton.
Explaining Movement and Countermovement Events in the Contemporary U.S. Women’s Movement

While feminist movements have been the subject of careful scholarly research, there has been less attention to the study of countermovements – those movements that arise in opposition to feminist movements (but see Schreiber 2008; Staggenborg and Meyer; Staggenborg 1989, 1991). Such movements are not just important in their own right but because they engage in interactive struggles with feminist movements, affecting women’s movements’ mobilization and ability to affect policy (Staggenborg and Meyer; Staggenborg 1989, 1991). In this paper we examine the causes of movement and countermovement mobilization (in the form of highly visible events), focusing specifically on the relationship between feminist and anti-feminist movements in the United States. We examine the effect that movement and countermovement have on each other and examine how political opportunities, gender opportunities and policy success affect each. In addition to analyzing overall movement and countermovement mobilization, we also examine two specific campaigns associated with these movements: abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment. Using quarterly time series of the number of events sponsored by feminist and anti-feminist movements as our dependent variable, we find that countermovement mobilization is less influenced by movement events than vice versa. We also find significant differences between the abortion and ERA campaigns suggesting that campaign level characteristics also affect movement mobilization.
ANAEROBIC GROWTH OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM

Gunner, H. B. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), and M. Alexander. Anaerobic growth of Fusarium oxysporum. J. Bacteriol. 87:1309–1316. 1964.—Fusarium oxysporum, an alleged obligate aerobe, was found to be capable of growth in the absence of molecular oxygen, provided the medium contained yeast extract, MnO2, nitrate, selenite, or ferric ions. The active substance in yeast extract was not identified. The fungus possessed hydrogenase, and was capable of utilizing H2. Under anaerobic conditions, the fungus effected the reduction of nitrate, ceric, ferric, selenite, and tellurite ions, as well as the reduction of several inorganic sulfur compounds and indicators having positive oxidation-reduction potentials. The products of anaerobic nitrate-dependent growth were ethanol, CO2, acetic acid, and ammonia. Possible explanations for the apparent inability of obligate aerobes to grow in the absence of O2 are discussed.
A Self-Configurable Architecture on an Irregular Reconfigurable Fabric

Reconfigurable computing architectures combine the flexibility of software with the performance of custom hardware. Such architectures are of particular interest at the nanoscale level. We argue that a bottom-up self-assembled fabric of nodes will be easier and cheaper to manufacture, however, one has to make compromises with regards to the device regularity, homogeneity, and reliability. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the performance and cost of a self-configurable computing architecture composed of simple reconfigurable nodes for unstructured and unknown fabrics. We built a software and hardware framework for this purpose. The framework enables creating an irregular network of compute nodes where each node can be configured as a simple 2-input, 4-bit logic gate. The compute nodes are organized hierarchically by sending a packet through a top anchor node that recruits compute nodes with a chemically-inspired algorithm. The nodes are then selfconfigured by means of a gate-level netlist describing any digital logic circuit. A topology-agnostic optimization algorithm inspired by simulated annealing is then initiated to self-optimize the circuit for latency. Latency comparisons between nonoptimized, brute-force optimized and our optimization algorithm are made. We further implement the architecture in VHDL and evaluate hardware cost, area, and energy consumption. The simple on-chip topology-agnostic optimization algorithm we propose results in a significant (up to 50%) performance improvement compared to the non-optimized circuits. Our findings are of particular interest for emerging nano and molecular-scale circuits.
Melt‐Processable Dynamic‐Covalent Poly(hemiaminal) Organogels as Scaffolds for UV‐Induced Polymerization

Hemiaminal poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based organogels are formulated in polymerizable solvents. The dynamic-covalent nature of the solvent-H-bonded hemiaminal crosslinks, together with the modification of the crosslinking density of the organogels allows for temperature-dependent viscoelastic control. The shape of uncured gels can be permanently retained by templated UV-curing of the solvent, offering great promise for complex manufacturing, printing, sealants, and materials repair.
Significance of Transplacental Hemorrhage in the Induction of Specific Maternal Unresponsiveness

Transplacental hemorrhage is reportedly detectable by erythrocytes containing fetal hemoglobin-F in the maternal circulation. The procedure in the present study is based on the premise that fetal hemoglobin is not eluted from red cells in blood smears by an acid buffer, whereas adult hemoglobin is removed. Erythrocytes containing hemoglobin-F were observed in blood smears of both virgin and pregnant BALB/c mice, but the relative number of these cells in the maternal blood increased during pregnancy, reached a peak around the time of parturition, and decreased thereafter. In BALB/c females pregnant by DBA/2 males, the relatively large numbers of acid-resistant erythrocytes in maternal blood were related to the maternal unresponsiveness to DBA/2 allografts. The fetal derivation of at least a fraction of these cells was suggested by the apparent activity of fetal immunogens in the maternal circulation. The blood of peripartum BALB/c mice multiparous by DBA/2 males was injected into normal, nonimmune BALB/c mice. The blood recipients were later challenged with an allotransplantable DBA/2 tumor. A low degree of immunity was indicated by a decreased size of tumor implants. Attempts to demonstrate vertical transmission of immune suppression from mothers to progeny were negative. These findings indicate that transplacental hemorrhage is a potential source of antigens involved in the induction of specific maternal unresponsiveness.
Changes in the distribution of Al and particulate Fe along A16N in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean between 2003 and 2013: Implications for changes in dust deposition

Abstract Particulate Al and Fe and dissolved Al concentrations were analyzed in seawater samples from the upper 1000 m of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean along the CLIVAR/CO 2 Repeat Hydrography Program section A16N in summer 2013, repeating trace metal observations made along the A16N transect a decade earlier. Upper-ocean trace metal distributions in the equatorial and subtropical regions of the North Atlantic are heavily influenced by atmospheric aerosol sources. Using changes in the concentrations of subsurface particulate Al and Fe and mixed-layer dissolved Al in the equatorial North Atlantic, we estimate dust deposition to surface waters in the eastern North Atlantic increased by approximately 15% between 2003 and 2013. Increased concentrations of dissolved Al in subtropical mode waters suggest that dust deposition may have also increased in the western basin. Our observations are consistent with recent reports linking increasing sea surface temperatures in the tropical North Atlantic to increased removal of atmospheric dust via precipitation over the past several decades and highlight the importance of accurate representation of dust deposition processes for modeling Fe biogeochemistry.
Advection and diffusion of substances in biological tissues with complex vascular networks.

For highly diffusive solutes the kinetics of blood–tissue exchange is only poorly represented by a model consisting of sets of independent parallel capillary–tissue units. We constructed a more realistic multicapillary network model conforming statistically to morphometric data. Flows through the tortuous paths in the network were calculated based on constant resistance per unit length throughout the network and the resulting advective intracapillary velocity field was used as a framework for describing the extravascular diffusion of a substance for which there is no barrier or permeability limitation. Simulated impulse responses from the system, analogous to tracer water outflow dilution curves, showed flow-limited behavior over a range of flows from about 2 to 5 ml min−1 g−1, as is observed for water in the heart in vivo. The present model serves as a reference standard against which to evaluate computationally simpler, less physically realistic models. The simulated outflow curves from the network model, like experimental water curves, were matched to outflow curves from the commonly used axially distributed models only by setting the capillary wall permeability–surface area (PS) to a value so artifactually low that it is incompatible with the experimental observations that transport is flow limited. However, simple axially distributed models with appropriately high PSs will fit water outflow dilution curves if axial diffusion coefficients are set at high enough values to account for enhanced dispersion due to the complex geometry of the capillary network. Without incorporating this enhanced dispersion, when applied to experimental curves over a range of flows, the simpler models give a false inference that there is recruitment of capillary surface area with increasing flow. Thus distributed models must account for diffusional as well as permeation processes to provide physiologically appropriate parameter estimates. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Kinematics and elasticity framework for materials with two fiber families

A kinematics framework is developed for materials with two fiber families that are not necessarily orthogonal or mechanically equivalent. These two latter conditions represent important subclasses that are analyzed. To succinctly define the strain, six scalar strain attributes are developed that have direct physical interpretation. In the hyperelastic limit, this approach allows the Cauchy stress t to be expressed as the sum of six response terms, almost all of which are mutually orthogonal (i.e. 14 of the 15 inner products vanish). For small deformations, the response terms are entirely orthogonal (i.e. all 15 inner products vanish). Experimental advantage is demonstrated for finite strain hyperelastic materials by showing that common tests, for the first time, can directly determine terms in the strain energy function of two fiber composites.
Long-term outcomes after off-pump or conventional coronary artery bypass grafting within a veteran population.

ObjectiveRecently published data indicate that outcomes for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) may be inferior to conventional CABG (cCABG) within the Veteran population, but this ha...
Pars Planitis and Autoimmune Endotheliopathy

A migrating endothelial rejection line is the clinical criterion of specific immune reaction in corneal allotransplantation. This line when seen in otherwise intact corneas has been presumed to be an autoimmune endotheliopathy. We have recorded corneal changes similar to autoimmune endotheliopathy in four of ten patients with the diagnosis of pars planitis. These observations suggest that pars planitis may be an autoimmune process directed against the vitreous humor.
Robust design modeling with correlated quality characteristics using a multicriteria decision framework

Robust design (RD) is a popular design methodology for minimizing the variability of product performance, thereby, improving the quality of a product. Although RD principles have been widely implemented in many industries, and a number of new RD models have been reported in the literature, there is ample room for improvement. First, a number of RD models consider a single quality characteristic (QC). In reality, however, the judgmental basis of a product from the perspective of the customer is characterized by the assessment of multiple QCs, which are often correlated. Second, previous models often fail to emphasize customer preferences in the modeling and optimization phases. To rectify these shortcomings, this paper proposes a compromise programming model for synthesizing Pareto solutions that represent compromised trade-offs between multiple correlated QCs based on the customer’s preferences. The Tchebycheff-metric-based compromise programming method employed to determine Pareto solutions is superior to the simplistic weighted sum and goal programming approaches that may fail to explore the full set of Pareto points for a multi-objective optimization problem.
INFRARED MEASUREMENTS OF POSSIBLE IR FILTER MATERIALS

A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTS) was used to obtain the transmission spectra of candidate materials for use as infrared (IR) filters in cryogenic receivers. The data cover the range from 50 cm−1 (∼1.5 THz), well below the peak of the 300 K black body spectrum, to 5000 cm−1 (∼150 THz), Z-cut quartz, Goretex, Zitex G and Zitex A, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Teflon (PTFE), Fluorogold and Black Polyethylene were measured. The relative effectiveness of each material as a filter is determined by integrating the transmission spectrum multiplied by the Planck distribution to obtain a normalized attenuation for the mid-IR band. Measurements at both room temperature and 8 K are compared.
A Decision-Making Approach to Needs Assessment and Objective Setting in Continuing Medical Education

This study was designed to describe educational needs assessment and objective setting strategies in continuing medical education (CME) program development. A general model por traying needs assessment, objective setting, and program development was developed from descriptions of practice at ten major medical schools. Research methods used to guide the inquiry were those of grounded theory.Results indicated that the predominant stimuli of program ideas were social structural forces external to the CME organizational unit. Planners responded by recognizing a possible problem in medical practice, identifying and gathering resources for analyzing a program idea, refor mulating the program idea, and proposing a change in learner behavior. Three types of planning behavior—coordinative, administrative, and consultative—enabled CME program planners to facilitate systematic decision-making by planning groups.
Neurons in and near insular cortex are responsive to muscular contraction and have sympathetic and/or cardiac-related discharge.

Abstract Insular cortex (IC) is recognized as a potential site for “central command” of cardiorespiratory responses during exercise. Muscular contraction (MC) decreased the discharge rate of most IC neurons. Activity of most contraction sensitive neurons was either not altered by elevating blood pressure or showed a response converse to that of MC. IC may thus have a role in central command but the area is clearly modulated by MC.
Standard enthalpies of formation of RhTi, RhZr and RhHf

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of the intermetallic compounds RhTi, RhZr and RhHf have been determined by high temperature mixing calorimetry at 1400 K. The following values of ΔH f o are reported: RhTi, −143.0 ± 9.8 kJ mol −1 ; RhZr, −151.8 ± 7.1 kJ mol −1 ; RhHf, −191.6 ± 4.3 kJ mol −1 . These results are compared with values predicted in the literature and with a recent experimental value for RhZr. Comparison of the new data with our recently published results for the corresponding compounds of palladium with titanium, zirconium and hafnium show that in both families there are increasing negative enthalpies of formation in the sequence TiX ZrX HfX .
A New Theoretical Perspective of Cognitive Abilities

Defining intelligence is a puzzle that has challenged educators and researchers for years. Such theorists as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Montessori, and Piaget developed various frameworks demon...
Mesoionic purinone analogs. II. A PPP π‐SCF variable integral study of mesoionie analogs based upon six‐membered ring mesoionie systems

A large virtually unknown class of mesoionic structures which are isoconjugate to the purinones may be formulated as bicyclie derivatives of known six-membered ring mesoionie compounds. These mesoionic purinone analogs have been investigated via variable-electronegativity PPP-SCF treatments of their π-electron systems. The electronic structures of these analogs are compared with those of their covalent isomers and with other mesoionie purinone analogs.
The epidural trial

The epidural trial is an integral part of the success of an intrathecal pump treatment. As described in this article, it will allow the practitioner to test for the best site for catheter placement, drugs to combine in the therapeutic regimen, and to get an idea of the doses per day to utilize of each of the drugs to be used. The trial is usually used for 1-2 weeks to allow for enough time to make all the appropriate changes to guarantee a high probability of success with intrathecal therapy.