cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grain growth in austenitic stainless steels

Abstract Despite the extensive use of Type 347 stainless-steel tubing for regeneratively cooled thrust chambers, very little is known about its grain growth characteristics. Lacking, also, is information on the other 18 Cr8 Ni austenitic steels. Therefore, grain growth curves for AISI Type 304, 316, and 321 were obtained and compared. Grain growth characteristics were established at temperatures between 1900°F and 2300°F, for periods of 5, 15, and 60 minutes. Rapid heating and cooling were used with all samples to simulate, to some degree, conditions experienced in thrust chambers. Some similarity in grain growth behavior of Types 321 and 347 was noted; rapid grain growth was found to occur at about 2000°F. Some grain growth similarity also exists between Types 304 and 316; grain growth was rapid at temperatures above 1900°F. Where grain growth occurred, the greatest changes were during the first 15 minutes at temperature. Where micrographs are available in a failure analysis, these data can be used to make estimates of the temperatures to which the austenitic steel tubes were heated.
Freedom Russet—A Dual Purpose Russet Potato Cultivar with Resistance to Common Scab and Good Fry Quality

Freedom Russet was developed from a cross between ND14-1, a parent with scab resistance, and W1005rus, a parent with good processing quality. It is a mid-season cultivar and can be used for dual purposes for both fresh market and processing. The tubers of Freedom Russet are oblong-long with medium-dark russet skin, and have an attractive appearance. Freedom Russet tubers have better external and internal qualities than Russet Burbank tubers. The total and US No. 1 yield of Freedom Russet is equal to or higher than Russet Burbank in most environments. The specific gravity of Freedom Russet is similar or 1–3 unit less than Russet Burbank. Freedom Russet produced better fry color than Russet Burbank when processed after storage at 10, 8.9, and 7.2°C. It showed similar susceptibility to both early blight and late blight compared to Russet Burbank. Freedom Russet is resistant to common scab and moderately resistant to powdery scab. It is similarly susceptible to soft rot and pink rot as Russet Burbank, and clearly expresses bacterial ring rot symptoms. Freedom Russet is tolerant to Verticillium wilt and showed better yield potential than Russet Burbank under early dying pressure.
Species differences in the in vitro metabolism of phencyclidine

1. The metabolism of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-piperidine (phencyclidine or PCP) by liver preparations from cat, monkey, rabbit and rat has been studied.2. 4-Phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol (I), 1-1-phenylcyclohexyl-4-hydroxy-piperidine (II), N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (IX) and 5-(l-phenylcyclohexylamino)-valeric acid (X) were found in all species, but liver preparations of rat and rabbit were much more active than those of cat or monkey in metabolizing PCP.3. Only rabbit produced 4-(4′-hydroxypiperidino)-4-phenylcyclohexanol (III) in amounts detectable by g.l.c.4. Mass balance calculations of PCP, I, II, III, IX and X in the cat, monkey and rat indicate that other metabolic pathways not measured in this study are operative.
The effect of image charges on molecular adsorption

Abstract Hartree-Fock calculations, which include the potential due to the image charges of an adsorbed molecule, are carried out for a CO molecule near the surface of a perfectly conducting metal. It is found that the image effects generate a negligible binding energy and cause small changes in the molecular dipole moment and vibrational behavior.
What Nurses Can Do Right Now to Reduce Medication Errors in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Recent medication error events involving newborns in California and Indiana highlight the complex nature of medication use in hospitals and the importance of the nurse's role in preventing medication errors. Patients in the neonatal intensive care unit are especially vulnerable to medication errors, experiencing more medication errors and more potentially serious medication errors when compared to other patients in the hospital. Several studies cite specific technology such as computerized physician order entry, bar-code medication administration, computerized methods that promote easy access to patient information, and pharmacists participating in patient care rounds as effective methods to significantly reduce medication errors in the neonatal population. Unfortunately, owing to a variety of organizational barriers, the majority of hospitals nationwide have not implemented these recommendations completely. Due to the complexity of medication errors and how they occur, technology improvements alone will not prevent all medication errors and may create new and different errors. Technology in concert with an aware, safety-minded healthcare professional provides a comprehensive approach to medication error reduction. Nurses can reduce medication errors by implementing important changes to their individual practice including reporting medication errors, reducing distractions, implementation of safe medication double checks (comprehensive, consistent, and independent) before medication administration, and promoting a safety culture.
The (n, π∗) absorption spectrum of benzophenone. A new model for the excited state dynamics

Abstract We present a new model for the excited state dynamics and S 1 ← S 0 ( n , π ∗ ) absorption spectrum of benzophenone. As part of this model, we present compelling evidence for the activity of a symmetric bending mode (ν62) with frequency of approximately 140 cm−1 in the excited state. This result contrasts with previous work based on models in which the second low-frequency mode is the asymmetric twist whose activity is due to coupling with the symmetric twist. We analyze the effects of deuterium and fluorine substituents, and show how the results could be used to test the identity of the optically active modes.
Incorporating both physical and kinetic limitations in quantifying dissolved oxygen flux to aquatic sediments

Traditionally, dissolved oxygen (DO) fluxes have been calculated using the thin-film theory with DO microstructure data in systems characterized by fine sediments and low velocities. However, recent experimental evidence of fluctuating DO concentrations near the sediment-water interface suggests that turbulence and coherent motions control the mass transfer, and the surface renewal theory gives a more mechanistic model for quantifying fluxes. Both models involve quantifying the mass transfer coefficient (k) and the relevant concentration difference (ΔC). This study compared several empirical models for quantifying k based on both thin-film and surface renewal theories, as well as presents a new method for quantifying ΔC (dynamic approach) that is consistent with the observed DO concentration fluctuations near the interface. Data were used from a series of flume experiments that includes both physical and kinetic uptake limitations of the flux. Results indicated that methods for quantifying k and ΔC using the surface renewal theory better estimated the DO flux across a range of fluid-flow conditions.
Massive Hemoptysis: Control by Transcatheter Bronchial Artery Embolization

Massive hemoptysis (600 ml in 48 hours) has an ominous prognosis with a mortality of 50 to 100% in medically treated patients and up to 35% in patients undergoing operation. Surgical resection has been the procedure of choice in patients with massive hemoptysis. Those with a contraindication to operation present a particularly frustrating problem. We have treated 7 such patients with massive hemoptysis by transcatheter bronchial artery embolization. In all 7, the bleeding was arrested. Two patients died of recurrent hemoptysis, 1 ten days and the other 2 months following embolization, and 5 are well 1 month to one year later. Transcatheter bronchial artery embolization is a valuable therapeutic modality in patients with massive hemoptysis. However, the procedure is palliative, and, therefore, elective resection must be considered as definitive treatment in those patients who have no contraindication to operation.
Dietary polyunsaturated fat decreases coronary artery atherosclerosis in a pediatric-aged population of African green monkeys.

The hypothesis tested was that juvenile African green monkeys consuming diets enriched with n-6 polyunsaturated fat from birth until young adulthood would have significantly less coronary artery atherosclerosis than comparable animals consuming diets enriched with saturated fat. African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops, n = 108) of both sexes were fed atherogenic diets (0.8 mg cholesterol/kcal) throughout their lives so that death at 16, 32, or 60 months of age permitted quantification of atherosclerosis. In the coronary arteries, the average intimal area increased significantly with age (P = .02), showing increases of 28-fold and sevenfold between 32 and 60 months in the saturated fat- and polyunsaturated fat-fed groups, respectively. Young adult male animals at 60 months of age were found to have significantly (P = .03) more coronary artery atherosclerosis than female animals. Animals fed polyunsaturated fat had significantly (P < or = .01) less coronary artery atherosclerosis. By 60 months of age in the animals consuming polyunsaturated fat, the average coronary artery intimal area was one fourth and the average size of the largest coronary intimal lesion was one fifth that in monkeys fed saturated fat. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and LDL particle size were each found to be positively correlated with coronary artery atherosclerosis end points in both diet groups. In addition to the coronary arteries, atherosclerosis in the abdominal and thoracic aorta and carotid arteries was also evaluated; the coronary arteries were the only arterial system with significantly less atherosclerosis in the polyunsaturated fat group as measured by intimal area. However, evaluation of histological sections of abdominal aorta showed relatively more sterol clefts in the saturated fat-fed group, and more free cholesterol was measured, suggesting that lesions were more complicated in this group. These results show that dietary intervention early in life with n-6 polyunsaturated fat can be effective in decreasing the development of atherosclerosis, particularly in the coronary arteries of primates. This outcome supports the concept that dietary intervention beginning early in childhood can have beneficial effects on the coronary heart disease of later life.
Importance of vegetation type in forest cover estimation

Forests are an important natural resource that play a major role in sustaining a number of vital geochemical and bioclimatic processes. Since damage to forests due to natural and anthropogenic factors can have long-lasting impacts on the health of the planet, monitoring and estimating forest cover and its losses at global, regional and local scales is of primary concern. Developing forest cover estimation techniques that utilize remote sensing datasets offers global applicability at high temporal frequencies. However, estimating forest cover using satellite observations is challenging in the presence of heterogeneous vegetation types, each having its unique data characteristics. In this paper, we explore techniques for incorporating information about the vegetation type in forest cover estimation algorithms. We show that utilizing the vegetation type improves performance regardless of the choice of input data or forest cover learning algorithm. We also provide a mechanism to automatically extract information about the vegetation type by partitioning the input data using clustering.
Modeling the stochastic behavior of short-term interest rates: Pricing implications for discount bonds

Abstract This paper models the stochastic behavior of short-term interest rates, and determines the correct specification of the drift and diffusion functions of the spot rate process. A wide variety of one-factor diffusion and two-factor stochastic volatility models is compared in terms of their ability to capture the dynamics of interest rate volatility. The empirical evidence on the one-, three- and six-month Eurodollar deposit rates indicates that a new class of models with stochastic volatility is better than the single-factor diffusion models in forecasting the future volatility of interest rate changes. The paper extends the one-factor BDT term structure model to a two-factor setting, and presents the pricing implications for discount bonds. Monte Carlo simulation results for the implied yields of three- and six-month zero-coupon bonds imply that incorporating the so-called level and GARCH effects in volatility improves the pricing performance of the interest rate models.
A computational investigation of iceberg capsize as a driver of explosive ice-shelf disintegration

Potential energy released from the capsize of ice-shelf fragments (icebergs) is the immediate driver of the brief explosive phase of ice-shelf disintegration along the Antarctic Peninsula (e.g. the Larsen A, Larsen B and Wilkins ice shelves). The majority of this energy powers the rapidly expanding plume of ice-shelf fragments that expands outward into the open ocean; a smaller fraction of this energy goes into surface gravity waves and other dynamic interactions between ice and water that can sustain the continued fragmentation and break-up of the original ice shelf. As an initial approach to the investigation of ice-shelf fragment capsize in ice-shelf collapse, we develop a simple conceptual model involving ideal rectangular icebergs, initially in unstable or metastable orientations, which are assembled into a tightly packed mass that subsequently disassembles via massed capsize. Computations based on this conceptual model display phenomenological similarity to aspects of real ice-shelf collapse. A promising result of the conceptual model presented here is a description of how iceberg aspect ratio and its statistical variance, the two parameters related to ice-shelf fracture patterns, influence the enabling conditions to be satisfied by slow-acting processes (e.g. environmentally driven melting) that facilitate ice-shelf disintegration.
Validating gender-specific defining characteristics of altered sexuality.

The authors conducted a retrospective study to validate gender-specific defining characteristics for the proposed nursing diagnosis altered sexuality. An investigator-designed tool was used to collect data from 100 randomly selected members of NAND A. The Fehring method of diagnostic content validity was used to identify major and minor defining characteristics for men and women. The defining characteristics identified and validated encompass all dimensions of human sexuality, and are more concise and descriptive of this human response than those currently in use. Findings of this study will be used to develop a tool for assessment of altered sexuality in a variety of populations and settings.
Alleviating soil erosion/pollution stock externalities: alternative roles for government

Abstract This paper addresses two temporal externalities due to agriculture: soil erosion and related pollution. The possibility of decentralization of decisions, the appropriate role of a resource manager, and the efficiency of alternative policies are examined using traditional welfare economics concepts for a two-sector model of rural–urban linkage. Three alternative types of policies can be socially efficient, but imply different involvement by government, and have different knowledge requirements. A Pigouvian policy requires full information. A bargaining solution involves government only in setting an entitlement, but it may require too much knowledge by rural households in terms of understanding dynamic environmental relationships. A third way is that government and rural households be co-producers of environmental goods. This concept assigns government the responsibility for maintaining knowledge about environmental relationships, and government is a participant in a market system that determines prices for environmental-related goods.
Chemical defensive symbioses in the marine environment

Summary Marine organisms are a prolific source of natural products, many of which have become the target of pharmacological investigations. As well as being bioactive, these compounds can play an important role in the survival of the organisms and potentially affect community structure. Sessile invertebrates such as sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans and tunicates, in particular, are an especially rich source of ecologically relevant compounds. These organisms are typically soft-bodied and unable to escape predators, and as such, they rely on chemical defence for their persistence. These invertebrates are also frequently hosts for microbial symbionts. Marine microbes are a prolific source of bioactive natural products, many of which can be allelopathic and prevent the growth of pathogens. For sessile marine invertebrates, which often have both bioactive natural products and microbial symbionts, it is logical to hypothesize that microbial symbionts may produce the secondary metabolites. While symbionts are often thought to be responsible for producing bioactive natural products that play a role in host defence, relatively few studies have experimentally demonstrated that symbiont-produced compounds defend the hosts. One reason for this is the difficulty of manipulating the host–symbiont relationship, which is often obligate for one or both partners. Given the importance of natural products to marine invertebrates for defence, the prevalence of symbiosis in the marine environment and the diverse metabolic capabilities of micro-organisms, symbiont-mediated host chemical defence may be more prevalent than currently understood. In this review, I document evidence supporting chemical defensive symbioses in marine organisms, discuss commonalities and differences among the diverse relationships, and provide future research directions. Epibiont-produced defensive compounds would seem to result in the most efficient manner of protection, as the compounds are most accessible to the predators. By contrast, endosymbiont-produced compounds may need to be transported to exposed tissues. Elucidating mechanisms to transport symbiont-produced defensive compounds within the host will provide greater insight into the breadth and complexity of host–symbiont interactions. Another important unexplored issue is how the hosts are able to tolerate symbiont-produced metabolites that are often eucaryotic cell effectors. A greater understanding of defensive symbiosis will result from detailed studies of the co-evolution of predator, host and symbiont, and if or how predators can influence the production of defensive metabolites.
Economies of scale in computing: Grosch's law revisited

Does Grosch's law apply in the 1980s? A look at the price and performance of computer systems concludes that there are no economies of scale in computing. Computer technology is characterized by constant returns to scale, a fact that has important implications on future centralization/decentralization decisions.
Water-soluble copolymers: 66. Phase transfer studies of structural and environmental effects on domain organization in aqueous solutions of hydrophobically modified poly(sodium maleate-alt-ethyl vinyl ether)s

Abstract Hydrophobically modified, water-soluble terpolymers based on maleic anhydride and ethyl vinyl ether were evaluated for their ability to act as a host for hydrophobic molecules in water. Alternating copolymers of maleic anhydride and ethyl vinyl ether were reacted with primary amines in organic solvent, then hydrolysed in a dilute aqueous base. This modification technique allows precise, stoichiometric substitution with hydrophobic groups and accessibility to a wide range of association-driven conformations in aqueous media. The degree of naphthalene sequestration in solutions of hydrophobically modified poly(sodium maleate- alt -ethyl vinyl ether) was found to depend on hydrophobic modification, electrolyte concentration, and pH. As octyl substitution increased from 10 to 50 mol%, micellar domains formed by intrapolymer hydrophobic associations became more compact and mobility constraints within micelles hindered phase transfer. Increasing sodium chloride concentration and decreasing pH also enhanced micellar organization. The presence of hydrophobic groups on the micellar surface in some cases was postulated to account for the enhanced recruitment of naphthalene into hydrophobic domains. Data from these studies are discussed in relation to previous viscosity and fluorescence studies that confirm the conformational changes driving the transition from an extended polyelectrolyte to a compact, globular structure.
Memory lower bounds for XPath evaluation over XML streams

We consider the XPath evaluation problem: Evaluate an XPath query Q on a streaming XML document D. We consider two versions of the problem: 1) Filtering Problem: Determine if there is a match for Q in D. 2) Node Selection Problem: Determine the set Q(D) of document nodes selected by Q. We consider Conjunctive XPath (CXPath) queries that involve only the child and descendant axes. Let d denote the depth of D, and n denote the number of location steps in Q. Bar-Yossef et al. (2007, 2005) [6,7] presented lower bounds on the memory space required by any algorithm to solve these two problems. Their lower bounds apply to each query in a large subset of XPath, and are obtained (mostly) using nonrecursive(Q,D). In this paper, we present larger lower bounds for a different class of queries (namely, CXPath queries with independent predicates), on recursive(Q,D). One of our results is an @W([email protected]?maxcands(Q,D)) lower bound for the node selection problem, for a worst-case Q; maxcands(Q,D) is the maximum number of nodes of D that can be candidates for output, at any one instant. So, there is no algorithm for the node selection problem that uses O(f(d,|Q|)+maxcands(Q,D)) space, for any function f. This shows that some previously published algorithms are incorrect.
Correlative feature analysis of FFDM images

Identifying the corresponding image pair of a lesion is an essential step for combining information from different views of the lesion to improve the diagnostic ability of both radiologists and CAD systems. Because of the non-rigidity of the breasts and the 2D projective property of mammograms, this task is not trivial. In this study, we present a computerized framework that differentiates the corresponding images from different views of a lesion from non-corresponding ones. A dual-stage segmentation method, which employs an initial radial gradient index(RGI) based segmentation and an active contour model, was initially applied to extract mass lesions from the surrounding tissues. Then various lesion features were automatically extracted from each of the two views of each lesion to quantify the characteristics of margin, shape, size, texture and context of the lesion, as well as its distance to nipple. We employed a two-step method to select an effective subset of features, and combined it with a BANN to obtain a discriminant score, which yielded an estimate of the probability that the two images are of the same physical lesion. ROC analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the individual features and the selected feature subset in the task of distinguishing between corresponding and non-corresponding pairs. By using a FFDM database with 124 corresponding image pairs and 35 non-corresponding pairs, the distance feature yielded an AUC (area under the ROC curve) of 0.8 with leave-one-out evaluation by lesion, and the feature subset, which includes distance feature, lesion size and lesion contrast, yielded an AUC of 0.86. The improvement by using multiple features was statistically significant as compared to single feature performance. (p<0.001)
Single crystal sapphire: a thermally stimulated conductance (TSC) radiation dosimeter.

We show measurement of thermally stimulated conduction (TSC) in high‐purity sapphire to be a potentially useful technique for ionizing radiationdosimetry. The TSC thermogram, conduction current vs temperature or time, has current peaks that are proportional in height to irradiation. The peak height response to x rays is: (1) linear with doses from 10 mR to 100 R (60Co energy); (2) useful from 10 mR to 104 R (60Co energy); (3) reusable with no additional treatment for exposures less than 1000 R; (4) exposure rate independent from at least 0.12 mR/sec to 3.2 R/sec; (5) stable; and (6) reasonably similar to tissue response as a function of energy. The stability of response, simplicity of instrumentation requirements, and dependable supply of materials at competitive price with other dosimetry systems favor application of this technique.
A simple method to ordered mesoporous carbons containing nickel nanoparticles

A series of ordered mesoporous carbons containing magnetic Ni nanoparticles (Ni-OMCs) with a variety of Ni loadings was made by a simple one-pot synthetic procedure through carbonization of phenolic resin-Pluronic block copolymer composites containing various amount of nickel nitrate. Such composite materials were characterized by N2 sorption, XRD, and STEM. Ni-OMCs exhibited high BET surface area, uniform pore size, and large pore volume without obvious pore blockage with a Ni loading as high as 15 wt%. Ni nanoparticles were crystalline with a face-center-cubic phase and observed mainly in the carbon matrix and on the outer surface as well. The average particle size of Ni nanoparticles was dependent on the preparation (carbonization) temperature and Ni loading; the higher the temperature was used and the more the Ni was incorporated, the larger the Ni nanoparticles were observed. One of the applications of Ni-OMCs was demonstrated as magnetically separable adsorbents.
A mother instruction program: behavior changes with and without therapeutic intervention.

Mother-child behavior changes over therapeutic intervention and no-contact periods were compared. Fifteen dyads had 8 weeks of instruction followed by no contact; 15 followed a reversed schedule. Overall change was about the same in both groups, and both changed more during instruction than during no-contact periods. Mothers receiving immediate instruction showed greater and more systematic immediate changes following instruction. Children in the group with later follow-up exhibited a greater proportion of behavior change during the no-contact period than during instruction. Thus, no-contact periods cannot be considered no-change periods, though immediate intervention probably ensures more systematic change than intervention preceded by waiting-list experience.
Oropharyngeal Swallowing Variability

Objectives/Hypothesis The pharyngeal phase of deglutition is considered to occur in a reflexive, preprogrammed fashion. Previous studies have determined a general sequence of events based on the mean timing of bolus transit and swallowing gestures. However, individual variability has not been studied. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the amount of sequence variability that normally occurs during the oropharyngeal phase of deglutition. Study Design Prospective analysis of conservative subjects. Methods Dynamic swallow studies from 60 normal volunteers were evaluated, and event sequence variability was determined around two event sequences during swallowing of three bolus sizes. Results There was found to be substantial variability in event sequences for all events analyzed. Variability was greater during a smaller bolus swallow. Conclusions The evaluation of variability within the study group of individuals reveals the complexity of the swallowing mechanism and underscores the importance of not relying on general guidelines in evaluating the coordination of swallowing gestures in a given individual with dysphagia complaints.
EFFECTS OF L-GLUTAMATE ON THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA IN HYPOTHERMIC NEWBORN PIGLETS. † 2022

We have previously demonstrated that hypothermic newborn piglets have a depressed ventilatory response to hypoxia. This is accompanied by a decrease in the extracellular glutamate (GLU) concentration in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)(Pediatr Res 37: 342A, 1995). To assess whether microinjection of L-GLU into the NTS of newborn piglets can reverse the hypoxic ventilatory depression observed during hypothermia, 7 anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated piglets < 7 days old were studied at a brain temperature of 35± 0.5°C. L-GLU (50 nmol bolus over 10 sec, followed by 200 nmol/min for 10 min) or the vehicle solution were administered in random order into the area of the NTS upon initiation of hypoxia. Central respiratory output was assessed by measuring burst frequency and moving time average area of phrenic nerve activity. Minute phrenic output (MPO), arterial blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), and arterial blood gases were obtained in room air (RA) and during isocapnic hypoxia (FiO2= 0.10). Mean± SD values for MPO (au/min) were: Table
Cultivating new and more ethical calculative agencies

Readers familiar with the work of J.K. Gibson-Graham and the wider Community Economies Collective will know already that their writings and action research projects have made important contribution...
Cluster-based localization in wireless sensor networks

Localization is an important challenge in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Localization usually refers to the process of dynamically determining the position(s) of one or more node(s) in a larger network. The challenge lies in efficiently providing "acceptable" accuracy while conforming to the many constraints of WSNs. We propose a Cluster-based Partial Localization (CPL) to provide efficient localization, where the focus is on providing scalable partial localization suitable to a large and high-density network. CPL utilizes both a computationallyintensive localization technique (non-metric MDS) and a less intensive triangulation to achieve balance between complexity and performance. Clustering is utilized to select a subset of nodes to perform the non-metric MDS localization and then extend to the rest of the network. We show, with simulation results, that CPL will provide a considerable reduction in both computation and communication, while still yielding an acceptable accuracy.
Hormonal effects on the development of rat brain gangliosides—II. Thyroxine☆

Abstract Rats were given thyroxine ( ∼ 1 μg/g of body weight) on days 2–4 of life. After this, endogenous ganglioside levels and incorporation of radionuclide from 1-[ 14 C]glucosamine were determined at various ages up to 3 weeks. Thyroxine caused an initial stimulation of ganglioside development, maximal at 1 week of age, followed by a diminution in production, resulting in decreased ganglioside levels at 20 days. The brainstem was affected least and the cerebellum most severely. Of seven resorcinol-positive materials studied individually, the initial stimulation was particularly noticeable in G M 1 , G D 1a and G T 1 with G D 1b in some cases decreased. The ganglioside pattern at 20 days showed an abnormal preponderance of the less polar compounds.
INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE AND POLYURIDYLIC ACID ON THE INCORPORATION OF PHENYLALANINE INTO PEPTIDE LINKAGE BY PROSTATIC RIBOSOMES.

RECENT studies1 on the transfer of radioactivity from soluble ribonucleic acid-(sRNA)-valine-14C to protein-like material by isolated prostatic ribosomes suggested that the levels of template RNA associated with these particles are controlled by testicular hormones. In line with this conclusion was the observation that randomly ordered copolymers of uridylic and guanylic acids (poly UG) stimulated valine incorporation by prostatic ribosomes from orchiectomized animals to a much greater extent than was found with ribosomes prepared from castrates which were treated with testosterone. However, two considerations complicate interpretation of the response of cell-free valine incorporating systems to poly UG. First, poly UG (prepared by the action of polynucleotide phosphorylase on a mixture of uridine and guanosine diphosphates) represents a complex mixture of polyribonucleotides of varying size and base sequences, the exact composition of which is difficult to ascertain. Secondly, the effects of guanine-containing polyribonucleotides on ribosomal amino-acid incorporating systems seem to depend not only on the base compositions of the polymers, but also on the degree of ordered secondary structure which they may exhibit in solution2. It became of interest, therefore, to examine the response of prostatic ribosomes to polyribonucleotides containing only one base. It is well established that polyuridylic acid (poly U) directs the entry of phenylalanine into peptide linkage in the presence of ribosomes from a number of tissues3–8. The following experiments concern factors which influence the transfer of radioisotope from sRNA-phenylalanine-14C to acid-insoluble products by prostatic ribosomes, incubated in the absence and presence of poly U.
Finite horizon stochastic optimal control of uncertain linear networked control system

In this paper, finite horizon stochastic optimal control issue has been studied for linear networked control system (LNCS) in the presence of network imperfections such as network-induced delays and packet losses by using adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) approach. Due to an uncertainty in system dynamics resulting from network imperfections, the stochastic optimal control design uses a novel adaptive estimator (AE) to solve the optimal regulation of uncertain LNCS in a forward-in-time manner in contrast with backward-in-time Riccati equation-based optimal control with known system dynamics. Tuning law for unknown parameters of AE has been derived. Lyapunov theory is used to show that all the signals are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) with ultimate bounds being a function of initial values and final time. In addition, the estimated control input converges to optimal control input within finite horizon. Simulation results are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Surfactant replacement therapy on ECMO does not improve outcome in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Background purpose Respiratory failure in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) may in part be caused by a primary or secondary surfactant deficiency. Knowledge of the optimal approach to surfactant replacement in neonates with CDH and respiratory failure is limited. The aim of this study was to determine if surfactant replacement on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) results in improved outcomes in neonates ≥35 weeks' gestation with unrepaired CDH. Methods Using the CDH Study Group Registry, the authors identified 448 neonates with CDH who were ≥35 weeks' gestation, had no major anomalies, were treated with ECMO within the first 7 days of life, and underwent repair on or after ECMO therapy. Patients in 2 groups were compared: group 1 (− Surf, n=334) consisted of patients who received no surfactant and group 2 (+ Surf, n=114) consisted of patients who received at least 1 dose of surfactant while on ECMO. An analysis of all patients in both groups was performed. Additionally, subgroup analyses stratified by gestational age were performed for patients 351/7 to 366/7 weeks' gestation and for patients ≥37 weeks' gestation. Primary end-points for the study were survival and length of ECMO run. Secondary end-points were length of intubation, need for supplemental oxygen at 30 days of life, and at discharge to home. Demographic, clinical, and outcome variables were examined using Fisher's Exact tests for categorical variables and using unpaired t tests for continuous variables. Odds ratios were calculated for categorical end-point variables. Results Demographic and clinical variables were similar between groups. Analyses of aggregate data showed no significant differences between groups in length of ECMO run, survival, number of days intubated, and percent of patients requiring supplemental oxygen at 30 days or discharge. Subgroup stratification by gestational age did not show significant differences between groups in any of the outcome variables. Conclusions The data from this study suggest that surfactant replacement on ECMO for neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia does not provide significant benefit in the infant's clinical course with respect to survival, length of ECMO course, length of intubation, or subsequent need for supplemental oxygen.
Distribution of myelinated nerves in ascending nerves and myenteric plexus of cat colon

The parts of the colon differ in motor function and in responses to extrinsic and intrinsic nerve stimulation. The distribution of myelinated nerve fibers in the colonic myenteric plexus is not known. Because these fibers might be largely extrinsic in origin, their distribution might indicate the domain of influence of extrinsic nerves and help to explain the different behaviors of the different parts of the colon. Myelinated fibers were examined by electron microscopy in cross sections of the ascending nerves and in myelin-stained whole-mount preparations in the colon. The ascending nerves are much like one another. They have the structure of peripheral nerves, not that of myenteric plexus. The proportion of myelinated fibers in the ascending nerves declines rostrad with no uniform change in total nerve fiber number. Cross-sectional areas of ascending nerves, 3,304 to 7,448 μm2; total number of nerve fibers per profile, 703–2,651; and mean myelin coat thickness, 0.45 ± 0.01 μm, do not change uniformly along the ascending nerves. Myelinated fibers are about 2% of total fibers in the extramural colonic nerves, 7–9% in the ascending nerves in the sigmoid colon, and 2–3% at the rostrad ends of the ascending nerves in the transverse colon. Blood vessels lie at the core of each ascending nerve and on the nerve sheath. Myelinated fibers in the ascending nerves degenerate after section of colonic branches of the pelvic plexus and after section of the pudendal nerves, indicating that myelinated nerves reach the colon through both pathways. Myelinated fibers extend into the myenteric plexus through short lateral branches from the ascending nerves to adjacent ganglia where they turn to run cephalad throughout most of the colon but caudad in the rectum. Myelinated fibers do not extend into the cecum or proximal ascending colon. The nonuniform distribution of myelinated fibers along the colon, many of which are extrinsic in origin, could in part explain the disturbances in defecation that sometimes follow limited distal colonic resection, gynecologic surgery, and obstetric damage to the pudendal nerves in man.
Some Limitations on the Use of the Forced-Choice Technique for Target Detection Research

The forced-choice (FC) format is used for stimulus presentation and performance assessment in a variety of tasks, including target detection and acquisition, tasks that involve primarily vigilance,...
Trace formula for compact Γ∖PSL2(ℝ) and the equidistribution theory of closed geodesics

Soit Γ un sous-groupe cocompact discret d'elements hyperboliques de G=PSL 2 (R), et soit X T la surface hyperbolique associee Γ\G/K. Le fibre-unite (co-) tangent S*(X T ) peut s'identifier a Γ\G. Des classes de conjugaison {γ} d'elements hyperboliques determinent des geodesiques fermees γ dans S*(X T ). Pour chaque geodesique fermee γ, soit μγ la mesure positive sur C(S*X Γ ) definie par =∫γ p uf. Soit μ T =∑ Ld γ <T μγ, ou Lγ est la longueur de γ. On donne des developpements asymptotiques de μ T (f) quand f est une fonction propre de Casimir de poids m
Trait list bias and a reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny.

Les auteurs reviennent sur un point particulier, a savoir la relation de l'Australopithecus aethiopicus aux autres hominides, d'une etude concernant la phylogenese des premiers hominides, parue dans JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION (Vol. 32, n°1, 1997, pp.17-82)
The relationship between age and body size of individuals in isolated clutches of the terrestrial slug, Limax maximus (linnaeus, 1858)

The variability of the relationship between age and growth rate was analyzed using isolated clutches of eggs from the terrestrial slug, Limax maximus. The slugs that hatched from isolated clutches of eggs were weighed every 30 days until they were 150 days old. The weights of the slugs at every age were highly variable. For example, the range of weights at 150 days was 0.21–8.15 gm, which represents a 39-fold difference. In addition, there was considerable variation in the age of slugs that weighed the same. The mean weights of slugs in clutch T4 at 90 days and of slugs in clutch T2 at 150 days were the same (2.19 gm). Also the ranges of weights at 30 and 150 days indicate that there were 30-day-old slugs that weighed the same as some 150-day-old slugs. The large variability of growth rate of Limax indicates that age-related studies of gastropod molluscs will require knowledge of the hatch dates, as well as developmental or biochemical staging schemes.
Observations of Buoyant Plumes in Calm Stably Stratified Air

Abstract Buoyant plumes, in a stably stratified environment, have a definite height limit. This was studied in the calm stably stratified air of an ice skating rink by using model and schileren techniques. Observed plume heights were found to be 2 per cent greater than those predicted by Priestley and Ball (1955) and 20 per cent greater than those predicted by Morton, Taylor and Turner (1956).
Relationship between 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate concentrations and gestational age at delivery in twin gestation

Objective We sought to evaluate in women with twin gestation the relationship between 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) concentration and gestational age at delivery and select biomarkers of potential pathways of drug action. Study Design Blood was obtained between 24-28 weeks (epoch 1) and 32-35 weeks (epoch 2) in 217 women with twin gestation receiving 17-OHPC or placebo. Gestational age at delivery and concentrations of 17-OHPC, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, C-reactive protein (CRP), and corticotrophin-releasing hormone were assessed. Results Women with higher concentrations of 17-OHPC delivered at earlier gestational ages than women with lower concentrations ( P P = .005) concentrations of CRP in epoch 1 than women receiving placebo but CRP values were similar in epoch 2 in both groups. A highly significant ( P Conclusion 17-OHPC may adversely impact gestational age at delivery in women with twin gestation.
Scaling climate simulation applications on the IBM Blue Gene/L system

We examine the ability of the IBM Blue Gene/L™ (BG/L) architecture to provide ultrahigh-resolution climate simulation capability. Our investigations show that it is possible to scale climate models to more than 32,000 processors on a 20-rack BG/L system using a variety of commonly employed techniques. One novel contribution is our load-balancing strategy that is based on newly developed space-filling curve partitioning algorithms. Here, we examine three models: the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), the Community Ice CodE (CICE), and the High-Order Method Modeling Environment (HOMME). The POP and CICE models are components of the next-generation Community Climate System Model (CCSM), which is based at the National Center for Atmospheric Research and is one of the leading coupled climate system models. HOMME is an experimental dynamical "core" (i.e., the CCSM component that calculates atmosphere dynamics) currently being evaluated within the Community Atmospheric Model, the atmospheric component of CCSM. For our scaling studies, we concentrate on 1/10° resolution simulations for CICE and POP, and 1/3° resolution for HOMME. The ability to simulate high resolutions on the massively parallel systems, which will dominate high-performance computing for the foreseeable future, is essential to the advancement of climate science.
Improving the Photostability of Membrane Probes through Fluorination

High photostability is a desired property for fluorescent probes, especially when long recording time is necessary. It becomes more crucial for long wavelength fluorescent dyes because they generally have lower fluorescence quantum yields and are more vulnerable to chemical and photochemical attacks. We have developed a series of optical probes with high membrane affinities that are able to report on their local membrane environment and act as sensors of membrane voltage. These dyes have hemicyanine chromophores with donor-bridge-acceptor structures. Following our recent success in developing near-infrared fluorescent membrane probes, we further tried to improve the performance of these dyes through fluorination. Synthetic pathways to hemicyanines with fluorine substitution at various positions have been developed and the performances of these fluorinated dyes have been evaluated. It was found that the effect of fluorination depends critically on the site of fluorination: donor, acceptor, or bridge. Fluorination on the vinylene bridge appears to give optimal outcomes: improvement in photostability, red-shifts in absorption and emission spectra, and increase in absorption cross section. On the other hand, fluorination on the pyridinium acceptor results in an undesirable outcome: the dye is much less stable than the nonfluorinated counterpart in PBS buffer. Fluorinated membrane dyes generally show response kinetics and voltage sensitivities similar to their nonfluorinated counterparts when tested in a voltage-clamped hemispherical lipid bilayer (HLB) apparatus and in nonlinear optical imaging. (Supported by NIH grants EB001963 and U54RR022232)
An Empirical Measure of Factor Intensity for Many Factors and Products

Factor intensity is a two-dimensional concept with no clear meaning when there are numerous factors of production and numerous outputs. The present article considers the potential application of mean weighted factor intensity, a cardinal ranking across products for each factor of production. If output is measured as valued added, mean weighted intensity also ranks factors for each product. Mean weighted factor intensity successfully anticipates the comparative static elasticities of a high dimensional factor proportions model of production and trade, and may prove useful in predicting long term export potential.
Differential association of socioeconomic status in ethnic and age-defined suicides.

Suicide rates vary among racel- and age-defined groups, yet little is known about how suicide risk factors differentially impact individual groups. This study assessed differential associations of socioeconomic status among age- and race-defined groups of suicide victims. A database containing demographic information on declared suicides in Fulton County, GA, from 1 January 1988 through 31 December 2003 was combined with annual per capita income by zip code in Atlanta, GA. Analyses were performed to evaluate differential associations of socioeconomic status among age- and race-defined groups of suicide victims. Compared with the respective ethnic populations of Fulton County, white suicide victims lived in areas with lower per capita income ($51,232 vs. $35,893); African American suicide victims did not ($17,384 vs. $18,179). Elderly suicide victims (≥ 65 years) were more likely to live in the lowest per capita income areas compared with other age groups (OR 1.80, 95% C.I. 1.14, 2.84). Cox proportional hazards models showed increasing income increased the instantaneous risk of suicide among adolescents (HR 2.76; 95% C.I. 2.15, 3.53), particularly African American adolescents (HR 4.22; 95% C.I. 2.19, 8.11), and decreased risk among the elderly (HR 0.58; 95% C.I. 0.50, 0.68). Socioeconomic status had differential associations among age- and race-defined groups of suicide victims.
Undergraduate research behavior: Using focus groups to generate theory

Abstract This article reports on a study of the attitudes toward and skills in conducting library research among a group of undergraduate library assistants. The author used two study methods, focus groups and individual interviews, to obtain qualitative data. She posits several theories of undergraduate research behavior and poses several questions for further research.