cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling residence-time response to freshwater input in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA

Residence time of an estuary can be used to estimate the rate of removal of freshwater and pollutants from river inflow. In this study, a calibrated three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to determine residence time in response to the change of freshwater input in Apalachicola Bay. The bay is about 40 km long and 7 km wide, with an average 3 m water depth. Through hydrodynamic model simulations, the spatial and temporal salinity and the total freshwater volume in the bay were calculated. Then the freshwater fraction method was used to estimate the residence time. Results indicate that the residence time in Apalachicola Bay typically ranges between 3 and 10 days for the daily freshwater input ranging from 177 m 3 /s to 4561 m 3 /s. Regression analysis of model results shows that an exponential regression equation can be used to correlate the estuarine residence time to changes of freshwater input. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infection in 2012: mixed results of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.

In 2012, three trials of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) were reported, with conflicting results. Taken together with data from 2010 we now have two trials that showed no benefit and four studies that demonstrated moderate-to-high efficacy. Accordingly, it seems that PrEP might have a limited role for HIV prevention in individuals at high-risk of infection.
Databases as Social Entities

Databases can be seen as social entities, since they are used by a group of users, not a single one. This article describes methods to transform this group into a social network and then use the added social dimension for collaborative tasks. The author defines user similarity based on the similarity of SQL statements and proposes ways to let users add tags or metadata to the databas. This user-generated content is stored with the data it refers to.
The WCST-64: A Standardized Short-Form of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

The Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST) is a well-established measure of executive function. Practical and financial constraints have increased the need for abbreviated neuropsychological procedures. A number of abbreviated versions of the WCST have been introduced and cogent arguments can be made for one over another in certain situations. However, the single deck, 64-card WCST (WCST-64) is the most logical and practical short form. Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR) has recently published a new manual with comprehensive norms for the WCST-64. This paper reviews the new product, discusses the comparability of the WCST-64 and the standard version, and suggests directions for future research.
Hyperfine spectrum of NaF

Abstract The molecular beam electric resonance technique has been used to conduct a high precision examination of the hyperfine spectrum of 23 Na 19 F. Coupling constants for the nuclear electric quadrupole interactions, the spin–rotation interactions, the tensor and scalar spin–spin interactions, and their dependence on vibrational and rotational state have been determined.
Justifying Preventive Force

Steven Lee offers a probing and fair minded critique of our effort to show that the preventive use of military force could be justified if the decision to undertake preventive action was reached through an appropriate institutional process. Our responses to his thoughtful criticisms will help to clarify both the moral-philosophical arguments and the institutional proposal presented in our earlier paper.
Immune cell infiltration of primary and metastatic lesions: Mechanisms and clinical impact

The infiltration of tumors and their metastases by hematopoietic cells can contribute both positively and negatively to tumor growth, invasion, and patient outcomes. These differing outcomes are associated with both tumor heterogeneity and the diversity of leukocytes infiltrating neoplastic lesions. Tumors infiltration by histiocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs)) is associated with poor clinical outcomes, although infiltration by a subset of DCs is related to improved outcomes. T-cell infiltration of tumors and metastases are surrogates for positive outcomes, although subset analysis suggests that not all infiltrating T-cells have this potential. Overall, tumor infiltration by CD8(+) T-cells is associated with a positive outcome, while the frequency of infiltrating CD4(+) cells may be a negative predictor. In addition to tumor infiltration by macrophages and T-cells, recent studies have shown that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), also infiltrate tumors, inhibiting T-cell and DC number and function and facilitate tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In summary, hematopoietic cell infiltration of tumors can regulate tumor progression and provide a useful diagnostic surrogate. Further, strategies focused on the manipulation of cellular infiltration via cellular, gene and molecular immunotherapies have the potential to provide a novel target for adjuvant therapy.
Is there harvesting in the association of airborne particles with daily deaths and hospital admissions

Although many studies have shown that airborne particles are associated with increased daily death and hospitalization rates, some have questioned whether these events are occurring in persons who would die or enter the hospital within a few days in any case. This hypothesis is usually called the harvesting effect. Harvesting is postulated to occur because the size of the pool of susceptibles decreases as a result of air pollution. I have developed a framework for examining this hypothesis. I used a smoothing technique that allowed me to examine the association between daily deaths and daily hospital admissions net of any such rebound that occurred within a fixed time scale. By varying that time scale I could look at effects net of rebounds on successively larger time scales, ranging from 15 to 60 days. I examined daily deaths and hospital admissions in Chicago for the years 1988-1993. In baseline analyses, particulate matter less than 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) was associated with increased daily deaths and hospital admissions for heart disease, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A 10 microg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 0.89% increase in daily deaths (95% confidence interval = 0.61-1.16%), for example. Using smoothing to look at effects net of short-term rebounds, the effect-size estimates for daily deaths and for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions more than doubled. They did not change for pneumonia and heart disease admissions. The increased effect size for daily deaths occurred only for deaths outside of the hospital. These results are consistent with air pollution increasing the size of the risk pool and for most of the deaths being advanced by months to years.
Quaternary Ammonium Germicides as Surface Disinfectants

The quaternary ammonium compounds tested proved to be excellent germicides in the dilutions recommended by the manufacturer for waxed and unwaxed floor coverings. In the case of waxed stainless steel, it was assumed that the wax interfered with the disinfectant action because the unwaxed stainless steel was found to be sterile. Quaternary ammonium germicides were found to be unsatisfactory disinfectants for vinyl tile.
Relationships among textural properties and modal compositions of some granitic rocks

Abstract Plots of modal percentages of mineral pairs in granitic rocks show negative correlation between the abundance of potassium feldspar and the abundances of plagioclase and biotite, and the percentage anorthite in plagioclase. A positive correlation is found between plagioclase and biotite, plagioclase and percentage anorthite in plagioclase, and biotite and percentage anorthite in plagioclase. The distribution of quartz is erratic as shown by the absence of correlation between quartz and other mineral abundances. Study of modal compositions of groups of granitic rocks subdivided on the basis of various textural properties leads to characterization of granitic rocks in terms of two ideal “end members”. One type of granite consists of subhedral zoned plagioclase laths with interstitial quartz and potassium feldspar; abundances of plagioclase, biotite and hornblende are comparatively high in this type, whereas potassium feldspar is scarce. The other end member granite contains roughly equal amounts of quartz, potassium feldspar and plagioclase, with minor biotite; all minerals are anhedral, and the plagioclase is twinned and unzoned. Complete gradation exists between these two types of granite. The complete gradation between the two granitic textural and compositional types indicates that most granites have evolved by one general process. In view of the definite correlations, both positive and negative, among the abundances of potassium feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and percentage anorthite in plagioclase, it is proposed that this process is one of magmatic differentiation. The relationships can be explained by differentiation but would appear fortuitous if metasomatism were a major factor.
Aesthetic Expectations for Information Visualization

This article explores the landscape of creative endeavors in the new media art and reflects on aesthetics of information visualization. When using computer based information visualization to show data interactively in many dimensions, the user can navigate across big data sets, find patterns, relationships, and structures that would be invisible if presented numerically. The authors also explore ways of combining information visualization techniques with the principles of creative design, enhancing artistic influences on the technical implementations, and raising the level of training in design. Finally, the authors offer suggestions for creating knowledge visualizations with the use of art and graphics to strengthen the readiness of computer scientists to fulfill aesthetic expectations and gain recognition from art world specialists for factual solutions done in visualization projects and new forms of art.
A quest for new acyclic sulfur(IV) fluorides

Abstract The reactions of CF 3 SF 3 with silanes of the general formula (CH 3 ) SiR, R = H, Cl, N(CH 3 ) 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 )Si(CH 3 ) 3 , and SCH 3 have been investigated. Treatment of CF 3 SF 3 with (CH 3 ) 3 SiN(CH 3 ) 2 results in the production of CF 3 SF 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 (I). The reaction of CF 3 SF 3 with (CH 3 ) 3 SiOCH 3 leads to a mixture of CF 3 SF 2 OCH 3 (II) and CF 3 S(O)F 2 (CH 3 ) (III). Compound (I) has been characterized by mass, infrared, and NMR spectroscopy. Compounds (II) and (III) were indentified on the basis of NMR spectroscopy. All other silane reactions resulted in the isolation of decomposition products. Similar observations were made when SF 4 was treated with (CH 3 ) 3 SiH, (CH 3 ) 3 SiCl, or (CH 3 ) 3 SiOCH 3 . New preparations of CF 3 SF 3 and (CF 3 ) 2 SF 2 are reported.
Trade Negotiations in the Americas and What They Mean for You

The United States is engaged in two huge trade negotiations—the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership—that will have a profound impact on our economy and on the world trade system. These agreements can be an important template for new rules governing world trade, and they address some important new areas, such as regulatory issues. However, if they are to be a good template, U.S. negotiators have to alter some of their proposals, and these new agreements have to prohibit predatory trade practices, such as currency manipulation.
Quantum noise of actively mode-locked lasers with dispersion and amplitude/phase modulation

A quantum theory for the noise of optical pulses in actively mode-locked lasers is presented. In the presence of phase modulation and/or group velocity dispersion, the linear operator that governs the time evolution of the pulse fluctuations inside the laser cavity is not Hermitian (or normal) and the eigenmodes of this operator are not orthogonal. As a result, the eigenmodes have excess noise and the noise in different eigenmodes is highly correlated. We construct quantum operators for the pulse photon number, phase, timing, and frequency fluctuations. The nonorthogonality of the eigenmodes results in excess noise in the pulse photon number, phase, timing, and frequency. The excess noise depends on the frequency chirp of the pulse and is present only at low frequencies in the spectral densities of the pulse noise operators.
Alternate sources and growth chemistry for OMVPE and CBE processes

Abstract Until recently, the choice of group V source molecules for organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) of III/V semiconductors has been simple: only A s H 3 and PH 3 produced device quality material. The hazard posed by the hydride sources, as well as the desire for precursor molecules producing higher quality epitaxial layers has motivated the development of new, organometallic group V precursor molecules. Novel group III precursors are also under development. Fundamental knowledge of bond strengths between metal atoms and various radicals, as well as the reactivity of the radicals, has guided the development of these new source materials. In addition, some knowledge of the actual chemical reactions which constitute the growth process is also necessary for the intelligent design of new precursor molecules. This paper reviews the pyrolysis and growth reactions occuring during atmospheric pressure OMVPE growth of several III/V semiconductors. The group III precursors are discussed briefly, with the major attention paid to the group V source molecules. The pyrolysis and growth mechanisms are analyzed in an effort to predict pyrolysis and growth reactions under the ultra-high vacuum conditions of chemical beam epitaxial growth. Suggestions are made of the most promising precursors for use in this growth technique.
An electromotive force study of solutions of bismuth in bismuth(III) chloride At 240

Abstract Melts of BiCl3 containing 0.2 to 20 mole % metal have been studied in sealed concentration cells without fixed reference at 240°. The marked nonideality required by the EMF data above about 1% Bi contrasts with the substantially ideal solutions of Bi+ and Bi3+ (vice Bi44+) previously established at higher temperatures and lower metal concentrations. Combination of the EMF results with published cryoscopic data allows some limits to be placed on the activity coefficients of these species; in particular, positive deviation is required for the low-field Bi3+ over much of the range. Other thermodynamic measurements on the concentrated solutions at higher temperatures are also considered briefly.
VIBRATION-INDUCED CONDUCTIVITY FLUCTUATION MEASUREMENT FOR SOIL BULK DENSITY ANALYSIS

Soil bulk density is a physical property of soils that affects water storage, water and nutrient movement, and plant root activity in the soil profile. The ability to quantify soil bulk density using vibration-induced conductivity fluctuation was investigated with possible field applications in the future. The AC electrical conductance of soil was measured using a pair of blade-like electrodes while exposing to periodic vibration. The blades were positioned longitudinally and transversally to the direction of the induced vibration to enable the calculation of a normalized index. This normalized index was expected to provide data independent from the vibration strength, and to reduce the effect of soil salinity and water content. Simulations on a simplified resistor lattice indicate that the ratio of transversal and longitudinal fluctuation decreases as soil bulk density increases. The experiment was conducted on natural and salinized fine sand at two moisture conditions and four compaction levels. The blade-shaped electrodes improved electrode-soil contact compared to cylindrical electrodes, and thereby, reduced measurement noise. Dry sand measurements showed an inverse correlation between the normalized conductivity fluctuation and soil bulk density for both longitudinal and transversal fluctuation. The wet natural and salinized soils performed very similarly as hypothesized, but their normalized VICOF response was not associated with bulk density changes. This lack of sensitivity might be attributed to the heavy electrodes and/or the specific vibration method used. The effects of electrode material, vibration method and soil properties on the experiment need further study.
Prevalence and impact of nocturia in a urogynecologic population

To determine the prevalence of nocturia and associated bother among patients presenting to a tertiary urogynecology clinic and to describe patient characteristics related to nocturic frequency and associated bother. Chart review of sequential new patients presenting to our clinic between June 2004 and May 2005. We recorded patients’ response to a question about their frequency of nocturia, the level of associated bother, demographic data, history of chronic medical illness and clinical urogynecologic diagnosis. Seven hundred sixty patients were of mean age 56 (19–95) years. Eighty-seven percent of patients voided at least once nightly, and 60% usually voided at least twice nightly. Forty one percent of patients reported bother ≥5/10 from nocturia. High bother rating was associated with increasing number of nocturic episodes (p < 0.0005) and mixed incontinence (p = 0.012). Nocturia is common and bothersome to women presenting for urogynecologic care. Concomitant mixed incontinence significantly increases bother arising from nocturia.
Ignacio Barraquer (1884-1965) and the Barraquer family of ophthalmologists.

T he Barraquer name is well known among ophthalmologists. The Barraquer family has produced generations of ophthalmologists who continue to be productive today. The role of the Barraquer family in ophthalmology may be clarified by understanding its most prominent member, Ignacio Barraquer. Ignacio was one of the great Spanish ophthalmologists of the 20th century. His ideas, instruments and surgical techniques are still in use today. Both of his sons, whom he trained, as well as several grandchildren are currently internationally recognized ophthalmologists. Ignacio was born on Mar. 25, 1884, in Barcelona. He was the second generation of what has become four generations of outstanding ophthalmologists. His father, Jose Antonio Barraquer Roviralta, was one of the founders of the specialty of ophthalmology in Spain. I Jose founded the chair of ophthalmology at the University of Barcelona and was a leader in the study of the hi~tology of the eye.I In addition, in 1888 he initiated the teaching of ophthalmology in Spanish medical schools. Interestingly, Jose's brother, Llufs Barraquer Roviralta (1855-1928), founded the specialty of neurology in Spain and was the first to describe progressive, or partial, lipodystrophy, otherwise known as Barraquer's syndrome.2,3 Jose Barraquer began teaching Ignacio ophthalmology while Ignacio was still a young boy (Fig. 1). Ignacio entered medical school at the University of Barcelona and received his medical degree in 1908. After his graduation he spent 1 year taking special classes in physics and chemistry in Paris. In 1909 he was granted
Offshore Finfish Aquaculture in the United States: An Examination of Federal Laws That Could be Used to Address Environmental and Occupational Public Health Risks

Half of the world’s edible seafood comes from aquaculture, and the United States (US) government is working to develop an offshore finfish aquaculture industry in federal waters. To date, US aquaculture has largely been regulated at the state level, and creating an offshore aquaculture industry will require the development of a new regulatory structure. Some aquaculture practices involve hazardous working conditions and the use of veterinary drugs, agrochemicals, and questionable farming methods, which could raise environmental and occupational public health concerns if these methods are employed in the offshore finfish industry in the US. This policy analysis aims to inform public health professionals and other stakeholders in the policy debate regarding how offshore finfish aquaculture should be regulated in the US to protect human health; previous policy analyses on this topic have focused on environmental impacts. We identified 20 federal laws related to offshore finfish aquaculture, including 11 that are relevant to preventing, controlling, or monitoring potential public health risks. Given the novelty of the industry in the US, myriad relevant laws, and jurisdictional issues in an offshore setting, federal agencies need to work collaboratively and transparently to ensure that a comprehensive and functional regulatory structure is established that addresses the potential public health risks associated with this type of food production.
Signaling domains of the interleukin 2 receptor.

Interleukin (IL-)2 and its receptor (IL-2R) constitute one of the most extensively studied cytokine receptor systems. IL-2 is produced primarily by activated T cells and is involved in early T cell activation as well as in maintaining homeostatic immune responses that prevent autoimmunity. This review focuses on molecular signaling pathways triggered by the IL-2/IL-2R complex, with an emphasis on how the IL-2R physically translates its interaction with IL-2 into a coherent biological outcome. The IL-2R is composed of three subunits, IL-2Ralpha, IL-2Rbeta and gammac. Although IL-2Ralpha is an important affinity modulator that is essential for proper responses in vivo, it does not contribute to signaling due a short cytoplasmic tail. In contrast, IL-2Rbeta and gammac together are necessary and sufficient for effective signal transduction, and they serve physically to connect the receptor complex to cytoplasmic signaling intermediates. Despite an absolute requirement for gammac in signaling, the majority of known pathways physically link to the receptor via IL-2Rbeta, generally through phosphorylated cytoplasmic tyrosine residues. This review highlights work performed both in cultured cells and in vivo that defines the functional contributions of specific receptor subdomains-and, by inference, the specific signaling pathways that they activate-to IL-2-dependent biological activities.
Stressful life events influence nocturnal growth hormone secretion in depressed children

Pharmacologic challenge studies of growth hormone (GH) secretion in depressed children, adolescents, and adults have consistently reported blunted GH responses (Ansseau et al 1984; Jarrett et al 1990; Puig-Antich et al 1984a; Ryan et al 1988, 1994). In contrast, studies of baseline nocturnal (or sleep stimulated) GH have revealed varied results across age groups. Studies of depressed adults have found blunted nocturnal GH secretion in recurrent depressives (Jarrett et al 1990; Steiger et al 1989; Voderholzer et al 1993), which remains blunted over time (Jarrett et al 1994) and predicts recurrence (Franz et al 1995); however, the findings from nocturnal GH studies in depressed children and adolescents have been inconsistent. In an early report, Puig-Antich et al (1984b) found that depressed children hypersecreted GH during sleep compared to controls. In contrast, a larger study of prepubertal depressed children found no differences in nocturnal GH secretion compared to normal controls (DeBellis et al 1995). One study of depressed adolescents found nocturnal GH to be elevated (Kutcher et al 1988). Another study of adolescents found no differences in GH secretion between depressed and normal controls during the night (Dahl et al 1992), but a subgroup of suicidal depressed adolescents did show blunted nocturnal GH (Dahl et al 1992). Since age has been shown to effect GH secretion beginning in early adolescence (Copinschi and Van Canter 1995), it is possible that maturational changes in GH regulation associated
Monocular and binocular low-contrast visual acuity and optical coherence tomography in pediatric multiple sclerosis

Background Low-contrast letter acuity and optical coherence tomography (OCT) capture visual dysfunction and axonal loss in adult-onset multiple sclerosis (MS), and have been proposed as secondary outcome metrics for therapeutic trials. Clinical trials will soon be launched in pediatric MS, but such outcome metrics have not been well-validated in this population.
Biologic Phenotyping of the Human Small Airway Epithelial Response to Cigarette Smoking

Background The first changes associated with smoking are in the small airway epithelium (SAE). Given that smoking alters SAE gene expression, but only a fraction of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we hypothesized that assessment of SAE genome-wide gene expression would permit biologic phenotyping of the smoking response, and that a subset of healthy smokers would have a “COPD-like” SAE transcriptome. Methodology/Principal Findings SAE (10th–12th generation) was obtained via bronchoscopy of healthy nonsmokers, healthy smokers and COPD smokers and microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Individual responsiveness to smoking was quantified with an index representing the % of smoking-responsive genes abnormally expressed (ISAE), with healthy smokers grouped into “high” and “low” responders based on the proportion of smoking-responsive genes up- or down-regulated in each smoker. Smokers demonstrated significant variability in SAE transcriptome with ISAE ranging from 2.9 to 51.5%. While the SAE transcriptome of “low” responder healthy smokers differed from both “high” responders and smokers with COPD, the transcriptome of the “high” responder healthy smokers was indistinguishable from COPD smokers. Conclusion/Significance The SAE transcriptome can be used to classify clinically healthy smokers into subgroups with lesser and greater responses to cigarette smoking, even though these subgroups are indistinguishable by clinical criteria. This identifies a group of smokers with a “COPD-like” SAE transcriptome.
Metabolomic Biomarkers Reflect Usual Dietary Pattern: A Review

The composition of dietary intake plays an important role in metabolism, maintaining health and preventing chronic disease. Because we eat many foods every day and not just one nutrient or food, nutrition researchers began studying the whole diet by characterizing usual dietary intake as ‘diet patterns’, ‘diet quality’, diet scores, or diet indexes. Because self-report dietary intake is typically misreported, employing metabolomic biomarkers or a panel of biomarkers may better classify usual dietary intake or diet pattern than the use of self-reported dietary intake alone. We reviewed the current metabolomic literature with the aim of identifying relevant compounds among dietary pattern studies that may be useful in future dietary-metabolomic research. The most common diet patterns were the Western pattern (or high meat intake) and the plant-based pattern (or high in fruit and vegetables, and low in meat). Similar findings of greater carnitine and TMAO concentrations were demonstrated for the diet patterns high in meat. The plant-based diet patterns had higher glycerophosphatidylcholines and sphingolipids, but lower TMAO concentrations. However, the metabolomic pattern varied regardless of the common intake of high or low meat pattern. This may be partly explained by several methodologic differences in study design, which make comparison of the study findings difficult.
Joint channel intrinsic randomness and channel resolvability

This paper investigates the separation of channel intrinsic randomness and channel resolvability. We derive joint exponents, which are compared to the tandem exponents obtained with a separate approach. We prove at once, in a simple manner, achievability results for channel intrinsic randomness, random number generation, and channel resolvability. We also provide converse results in different special settings.
Nuclear-localizing O6-benzylguanine-resistant GFP-MGMT fusion protein as a novel in vivo selection marker.

Objective We characterized a novel in vivo selectable fusion protein, green fluorescence protein-O 6 -benzylguanine (BG)-resistant O 6 -methylguanine-methyltransferase (GFP-MGMT ∗ [ ∗ refers to mutant MGMT]) used to delineate optimum selection regimens for transduced hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) ex vivo and in vivo. Materials and methods We transduced human or mouse HSC with retrovirus vector encoding GFP-MGMT ∗ where BG-resistant forms of human P140K-hMGMT ∗ and mouse P144K-mMGMT ∗ were studied. We evaluated selection of transduced HSC ex vivo and in vivo using either BG/1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or BG/temozolomide (TMZ) combinations, evaluating transduction marking by flow cytometry and real-time TaqMan PCR. Results GFP-MGMT ∗ transduction confers nuclear-localized GFP fluorescence and BG resistance. Optimum selection ex vivo of GFP-MGMT ∗ -transduced HSC occurred with BG (2.5–10 μM)/BCNU (5–10 μM) or TMZ (100–200 μM), which increases marking while preserving maximum viable transduced cells. Starting at low levels (0.1%) or high levels (>30%) of in vivo bone marrow gene making in mice, in vivo selection with BG/BCNU (20/6 mg/kg) (weeks 4 and 5) or BG/TMZ (20/60 mg/kg) (daily × 5 at week 4) increased bone marrow marking to 8.58% ± 3.52% or 82.0% ± 3.4% GFP + cells, respectively, in the low- or high-level initial marking mice. Conclusions GFP-MGMT ∗ is an informative tool to explore optimization of in vivo selection regimens using BG/BCNU or BG/TMZ to increase gene marking of HSC. Both timing and dosing of selection regimens and the starting level of marking may all be important to the level of selective increase of in vivo marking achieved.
Radiation-induced apoptosis and its relationship to loss of clonogenic survival.

Ionizing radiation can be an effective inducer of apoptosis and studies of many aspects of the pathways and mechanisms involved in this apoptosis induction have been published. This review stresses two aspects: the relationship between apoptosis and loss of clonogenic ability in irradiated cells and the time course for the appearance of apoptosis after radiation exposure. Although it was initially assumed that apoptosis occurred relatively quickly (within hours) after irradiation, evidence is presented and discussed here showing that apoptosis can occur at long times after irradiation (out to 20 days) in some cell types. This late, or delayed, apoptosis occurs after the cells have divided once or several times. The impact of delayed apoptosis on loss of clonogenicity after irradiation remains unclear. It seems likely that in some cell types, e.g., fibroblasts, the occurrence of late apoptosis is minimal and may have little impact on long term cell survival of the population, but in at least one instance, with a cell line of hematopoietic origin, it appears that late apoptosis can account for all the loss of clonogenicity in irradiated cells. The role of p53 in radiation-induced apoptosis is also discussed, with data presented showing that both p53-dependent and independent pathways for radiation-induced apoptosis exist, depending on the cell type.
Community Psychology in the Library: Potentials for Consultation

Libraries are unique community resources and fertile territory for the community psychologist consultant. This paper describes several themes which influence libraries" conceptions o f their place in the community, conflicts which can hamper libraries" realization of their potential, and methods which the community psychologist might use in consulting with libraries. Examples from a staff development project in an academic library are presented.
Dynamics of coherently generated polaritons in naphthalene

Abstract High resolution (∼0.03 cm-1) two-photon polariton fusion data for naphthalene crystals (pure and doped) are discussed in terms of polariton-phonon and -defect scattering and energy transfer.
Matrix-isolation study of the vibrational spectrum and structure of the CO3− radical anion

Abstract Charge-transfer interaction processes which occur upon codeposition at 14°K of an Ar:CO2:N2O or an Ar:CO:O2 mixture with an atomic beam of potassium lead to the stabilization of CO3− in the solid deposit. Infrared spectroscopic data require a C2v structure for this molecule. Although the deviation of the structure from the expected D3h symmetry may result in part from Jahn-Teller distortion, cation interactions have been found to play a significant role. Evidence is presented for the initial formation of CO3− with trigonal symmetry. Upon mercuryarc irradiation of the deposit, absorptions due to CO3−2 grow in importance.
A geomorphic classification of ephemeral channels in a mountainous, arid region, southwestern Arizona, USA

article i nfo Despite the global abundance of arid-region ephemeral streams, hydrologic and geomorphic data for these systems are limited compared to their perennial counterparts. High spatial and temporal variability in flow makes hydrologic and geomorphic aspects of dryland ephemeral channels difficult to characterize. Perennial stream classifications have been extended to dryland ephemeral streams but do not adequately describe ob- served differences in channel geometry and characteristics of ephemeral channels in desert environments. We present a geomorphic classification for ephemeral streams in mountainous regions based on planform, degree of confinement, and composition of confining material. Five stream types were identified in the Sonoran desert ofsouthwestern Arizona: (1) piedmontheadwater,(2) bedrock, (3) bedrockwith alluvium,(4) incisedalluvium, and (5) braided channels. Nonparametric permutational multivariate analysis of variance for 101 surveyed reaches indicated differences (p b 0.001) in channel geometry and hydraulics among the five stream types. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination identified the strongest channel geometry and hydraulic vari- ables capable of distinguishing the five channel types, and a classification tree determined relative importance of these variables in the following order: width-to-depth ratio (W/D), stream gradient (S), stream power (Ω), and shear stress (τ). A classification tree and discriminant analysis used W/D, S, Ω, and τ for 86 study reaches on the U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground (77% and 77% internal validation hit rate, respectively) to predict stream type of 15 separate study reaches on Barry Goldwater Air Force Range with 67% and 73% external validation hit rates, respectively. Differences in channel geometry among the five stream types reflect likely differences in hydrology, hydraulics, and sediment transport with implications for disturbance regime, channel adjustment to disturbance, and ecological sensitivity.
The sequence of porcine αs2-casein cDNa

Summary. cDNA clones encoding the entire porcine αs2-casein message were isolated and sequenced. The porcine αs2-casein cDNA is 1093bp, excluding the poly(A) tail, in length and encodes a preprotein of 235 amino acids.
Craniotomy: True Sham for Traumatic Brain Injury, or a Sham of a Sham?

Neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by both the primary injury and a secondary cascade of biochemical and metabolic events. Since TBI can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, numerous models have been developed to facilitate its study. The most prevalent models are controlled cortical impact and fluid percussion injury. Both typically use “sham” (craniotomy alone) animals as controls. However, the sham operation is objectively damaging, and we hypothesized that the craniotomy itself may cause a unique brain injury distinct from the impact injury. To test this hypothesis, 38 adult female rats were assigned to one of three groups: control (anesthesia only); craniotomy performed by manual trephine; or craniotomy performed by electric dental drill. The rats were then subjected to behavioral testing, imaging analysis, and quantification of cortical concentrations of cytokines. Both craniotomy methods generate visible MRI lesions that persist for 14 days. The initial lesion generated by the drill technique is significantly larger than that generated by the trephine. Behavioral data mirrored lesion volume. For example, drill rats have significantly impaired sensory and motor responses compared to trephine or naive rats. Finally, of the seven tested cytokines, KC-GRO and IFN-γ showed significant increases in both craniotomy models compared to naive rats. We conclude that the traditional sham operation as a control confers profound proinflammatory, morphological, and behavioral damage, which confounds interpretation of conventional experimental brain injury models. Any experimental design incorporating “sham” procedures should distinguish among sham, experimentally injured, and healthy/naive animals, to help reduce confounding factors.
An Exploration of the Subject Matter Knowledge of Alternate Route Teachers: Can We Assume They Know Their Subject?

To explore the mathematics knowledge of teachers in two alternate route programs, the authors analyzed questionnaire and interview data collected at the beginning of the teachers' programs and at t...
Lithiation of 1‐benzenesulfonylimidazole. Characterization of authentic 2‐lodoimidazole

Lilhiulion of 1-betizenesulfonylimidazole takes place readily at −20° or 0° in THE. The lithium reagent gives products of addition to typical carhonyl compounds but only in low yield, lodination occurs at the 2-position, in low yield, and authentic 2-iodoimidazole is obtained by cleavage ol the henzenesulfonyl group.
Diazeniumdiolate mediated nitrosative stress alters nitric oxide homeostasis through intracellular calcium and S-glutathionylation of nitric oxide synthetase.

Background PABA/NO is a diazeniumdiolate that acts as a direct nitrogen monoxide (NO) donor and is in development as an anticancer drug. Its mechanism of action and effect on cells is not yet fully understood. Methodology/Principal Findings We used HPLC and mass spectrometry to identify a primary nitroaromatic glutathione metabolite of PABA/NO and used fluorescent assays to characterize drug effects on calcium and NO homeostasis, relating these to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Unexpectedly, the glutathione conjugate was found to be a competitive inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) presumably at the same site as thapsigargin, increasing intracellular Ca2+ release and causing auto-regulation of eNOS through S-glutathionylation. Conclusions/Significance The initial direct release of NO after PABA/NO was followed by an eNOS-mediated generation of NO as a consequence of drug-induced increase in Ca2+ flux and calmodulin (CaM) activation. PABA/NO has a unique dual mechanism of action with direct intracellular NO generation combined with metabolite driven regulation of eNOS activation.
Synthesis of unsymmetric bile pigments: Mesobilirubin‐VIIIα, 17‐desvinyl‐17‐ethyl‐bilirubin‐VIIIα and 12‐despropionic acid‐12‐ethyl‐mesobilirubin‐XIIIα

The unnatural bile pigments 17-desvinyl-17-ethylbilirubin-VIIIα, mesobilirubin-VIIIα and 12-despropionic acid-12-ethyl mesobilirubin-XIIIα were synthesized via (1) “reverse scrambling” of bilirubin-XIIIα or mesobilirubin-IXα with mesobilirubin-IVα or etiobilirubin-IV-γ or (2) following coupling of xanthobilirubic acid methyl ester with ψ-xanthobilirubic acid methyl ester, or coupling of xanthobilirubic acid methyl ester with kryptopyrromethenone.
Psychosocial Correlates of the Short-Form-36 Multidimensional Health Survey in University Students

Stress, social support, and coping correlates of the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) were examined in 307 undergraduate students. Instruments included the SF-36, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Ways of Coping Inventory-Revised. HRQOL appeared worse and reported stress and use of maladaptive coping strategies were higher than age-appropriate national norms. Stress, social-support, and coping strategies were correlated with SF-36 physical and mental health subscales. In a stepwise multiple regression equation predicting the SF-36 Mental Health Composite Scale, stress, escape-avoidance coping, problem-focused coping, and accepting-responsibility coping emerged as significant predictors. In another stepwise multiple regression equation predicting the SF-36 Physical Composite Scale, self-control coping and family support emerged as significant predictors. Results suggest that psychosocial measures are excellent predictors of mental HRQOL but are not as strong for physical HRQOL. Possible interventions for improving health status among college students are offered.
Electron tunneling measurement of the energy gap in a LaSrCuO superconductor

Abstract We have used the break junction technique to determine the energy gap of lanthanum—strontium—copper—oxide, one of the new high critical temperature superconductors. The current—voltage characteristics demonstrated a variety of tunneling behaviours. The best characteristic indicating quasiparticle tunneling between superconducting electrodes implied an energy gap of 7.0 ± 0.1 meV. Derivatives of other characteristics showed weak structure indicating possible energy gaps up to 9 meV.
Extensive sequence polymorphisms associated with chromosome 10 alpha satellite DNA and its close linkage to markers from the pericentromeric region

Extensive sequence polymorphisms exist in the chromosome 10 alpha satellite DNA (the D10Z1 locus). Polymorphic morphs revealed by the enzymes PstI, EcoRV, and HincII, can be unambiguously scored and make this centromeric region an excellent genetic marker for the study of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2A (MEN2A), as well as for chromosome 10 linkage studies in general. Strong positive lod scores and linkage distance relationships between D10Z1 and DNA markers from the chromosome 10 pericentromeric region, especially FNRB and RBP3, known to be on either side of the centromere, provide independent support for mapping of all these loci.
Simian foamy virus infection in a blood donor.

BACKGROUND: Infections with simian foamy virus (SFV) are widely prevalent in nonhuman primates. SFV infection was confirmed in a worker, occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates, who donated blood after the retrospectively documented date of infection. Human-to-human transmission of SFV through trans- fusion and its pathogenicity have not been studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Recipients of blood from this donor were identified and blood samples from such recipients were tested for SFV infection by Western blot and PCR assay. RESULTS: One recipient of RBCs and another recipient of FFP had died; retroviral infections were not implicated. One platelet recipient could not be tested. Recipients of RBCs (two), a WBC-reduced RBC unit (one), and a platelet unit (one) tested SFV-negative 19 months to 7 years after transfusion. Tested recipients had transfusions 3 to 35 days after blood donation. Samples of one lot of albumin and three lots of plasma protein fraction (manufactured from recovered plasma from two donations) tested negative both for antibodies and for viral RNA. CONCLUSION: SFV transmission through transfusion was not identified among four recipients of cellular blood components from one SFV-infected donor. Derivatives containing plasma from that donor tested negative for SFV.
A survey of system administrator mental models and situation awareness

Little empirical research has been conducted on the mental models and situation awareness of system administrators. To begin addressing this deficiency, a short survey was prepared and broadcast to system administrators via Internet newsgroups. Fifty-four sysadmins responded. These respondents indicated that there is much about the systems they oversee that they don't understand, and the more they do not understand about their systems, the more likely they are to attribute this ignorance to hardware, and not software, unknowns. The respondents attribute little of the expertise they do possess to formal education or training. Further, when faced with a novel situation, the respondents were more likely to rely on themselves and their personal contacts than on the system's manufacturers, or on third party support. However, the more the sysadmins attributed their ignorance of their systems to hardware unknowns, the more likely they were to rely on manufacturer and third party support. Compared to Microsoft oriented sysadmins, Unix oriented sysadmins were more likely to attribute their expertise to working with others, and were more likely to attribute their ignorance to hardware unknowns. Finally, respondents who felt that their organizational superiors understood what is involved in system administration were more likely to perceive these superiors as providing the sysadmins with adequate support.
Design of dominant-type control systems with large parameter variations†

Optimum design of dominant type adaptive control systems with large parameter variations, using fourth order approximation
Gender Differences in Leadership: Current Social Issues and Future Organizational Implications:

Executive Summary This paper seeks to review and discuss recent literature devoted to the tasks of identifying and explaining gender difference in leadership behavior(s) and effectiveness. In addit...
Correlation of Room-Temperature Shelf Aging with Accelerated Aging

Abstract In 1931, a series of compounds was mixed to obtain data for publication purposes. After the necessary data for use at that time had been obtained, the remaining vulcanized test slabs of each compound were tied together in a bundle and stored in a desk drawer without wrapping. The compounds used for this series of tests contained different percentages of antioxidant. After being stored for 22 years, the several stocks were analyzed to determine whether there had been any migration of antioxidant from stocks containing antioxidant to those containing no antioxidant. A definite migration was found; compounds that had originally contained no antioxidant definitely showed its presence. It was, therefore, decided in this work to use a compound that had originally contained antioxidant, so that the results would not be affected by the gradual acquisition of an antioxidant.
Reactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is associated with contractile dysfunction in hypertrophied rat heart

In pressure overload-induced hypertrophy, the heart increases its reliance on glucose as a fuel while decreasing fatty acid oxidation. A key regulator of this substrate switching in the hypertrophied heart is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). We tested the hypothesis that down-regulation of PPARalpha is an essential component of cardiac hypertrophy at the levels of increased mass, gene expression, and metabolism by pharmacologically reactivating PPARalpha. Pressure overload (induced by constriction of the ascending aorta for 7 days in rats) resulted in cardiac hypertrophy, increased expression of fetal genes (atrial natriuretic factor and skeletal alpha-actin), decreased expression of PPARalpha and PPARalpha-regulated genes (medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4), and caused substrate switching (measured ex vivo in the isolated working heart preparation). Treatment of rats with the specific PPARalpha agonist WY-14,643 (8 days) did not affect the trophic response or atrial natriuretic factor induction to pressure overload. However, PPARalpha activation blocked skeletal alpha-actin induction, reversed the down-regulation of measured PPARalpha-regulated genes in the hypertrophied heart, and prevented substrate switching. This PPARalpha reactivation concomitantly resulted in severe depression of cardiac power and efficiency in the hypertrophied heart (measured ex vivo). Thus, PPARalpha down-regulation is essential for the maintenance of contractile function of the hypertrophied heart.