cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium-induced expression of immediate early genes in LLC-PK1 cells

Cadmium-induced expression of immediate early genes in LLC-PK 1 cells. To identify molecular mechanisms underlying renal cell damage by cadmium, the effect of this heavy metal on the level of immediate early genes (IEGs) transcripts in LLC-PK 1 cells was studied. Cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ) induced the expression of four IEGs examined, but with differing time courses. The level of c- fos mRNA peaked at 30 minutes, and then decreased. The levels of c- jun and c- myc transcripts reached a maximum at one hour, and remained elevated up to four hours. Egr-1 mRNA level peaked at one hour, and returned to the control level by three hours. Experiments with cycloheximide and actinomycin D showed, respectively, that induction of IEGs by cadmium occurred in a protein synthesis-independent and transcriptional activation-dependent manner. Cadmium induction of c- fos mRNA was reduced markedly by the intracellular calcium chelator, bis -( o -ammophenoxy)-ethme- N,N,N′,N′ -tetTadLceuc acid tetra(acetoxymethyl)-ester (BAPTA/AM), and was decreased partially by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, l-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). These data indicate that IEG induction by cadmium requires intracellular calcium mobilization and occurs in part by a PKC-dependent pathway. Exposure of LLC-PK 1 cells to CdCl 2 (20 µM for 1 to 24 hr) resulted loss of cell viability and DNA fragmentation, which was indicative of apoptosis.
Linear Equations and Rap Battles: How Students in a Wired Classroom Utilized the Computer as a Resource to Coordinate Personal and Mathematical Positional Identities in Hybrid Spaces.

This paper draws on the constructs of hybridity, figured worlds, and cultural capital to examine how a group of African-American students in a technology-driven, project-based algebra classroom utilized the computer as a resource to coordinate personal and mathematical positional identities during group work. Analyses of several vignettes of small group dynamics highlight how hybridity was established as the students engaged in multiple on-task and off-task computer-based activities, each of which drew on different lived experiences and forms of cultural capital. The paper ends with a discussion on how classrooms that make use of student-led collaborative work, and where students are afforded autonomy, have the potential to support the academic engagement of students from historically marginalized communities.
Variable Substrate Preference Among Phospholipase D Toxins From Sicariid Spiders

Venoms of the sicariid spiders contain phospholipase D enzyme toxins that can cause severe dermonecrosis and even death in humans. These enzymes convert sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates to cyclic phosphates by activating a hydroxyl nucleophile present in both classes of lipid. The most medically relevant substrates are thought to be sphingomyelin and/or lysophosphatidylcholine. To better understand the substrate preference of these toxins, we used 31P NMR to compare the activity of three related but phylogenetically diverse sicariid toxins against a diverse panel of sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates. Two of the three showed significantly faster turnover of sphingolipids over lysolipids, and all three showed a strong preference for positively charged (choline and/or ethanolamine) over neutral (glycerol and serine) headgroups. Strikingly, however, the enzymes vary widely in their preference for choline, the headgroup of both sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine, versus ethanolamine. An enzyme from Sicarius terrosus showed a strong preference for ethanolamine over choline, whereas two paralogous enzymes from Loxosceles arizonica either preferred choline or showed no significant preference. Intrigued by the novel substrate preference of the Sicarius enzyme, we solved its crystal structure at 2.1 Å resolution. The evolution of variable substrate specificity may help explain the reduced dermonecrotic potential of some natural toxin variants, because mammalian sphingolipids use primarily choline as a positively charged headgroup; it may also be relevant for sicariid predatory behavior, because ethanolamine-containing sphingolipids are common in insect prey.
The Blue Angel and Blackface: Redeeming Entertainment in Aleksandrov's Circus

A he critical recovery of Stalinist popular culture has been complicated, perhaps to a greater extent than popular culture in other national contexts, by moral condemnation of the producer's political complicity and abiding social revulsion for the very concept of light entertainment. Perhaps the hardest cases for critical expiation are the "feel good" products of the high Stalinist era?such fare as Grigorii Aleksandrov's famous quartet of musical comedy films: Veselye rebiata {The Happy Guys; 1934), Tsirk {Circus; 1936), Volga-Volga (1938), and Svetlyiput' {The Radiant Path; 1940). Like the kolkhoz musicals of Ivan Pyr'ev, Aleksandrov's one-time coworker, these films, dubbed "musical comedies" to mask their kinship to the bourgeois genre of "musical," were judged to exemplify the "varnishing of reality" that Khrushchev damned in his 1956 secret de-Stalinization speech.1 Indeed, the film scholar Maia Turovskaia asserts that while Aleksandrov's Volga-Volga did "not arouse as much passionate controversy as [Pyr'ev's] Cossacks of the Kuban" it "may qualify as the second most distorted work in Soviet cinema ... because [it] was made between 1936 and 1938."2
A DSM-IV-referenced, adolescent self-report rating scale.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the reliability and validity of the Youth's Inventory-4 (YI-4), a DSM-IV –referenced self-report rating scale. Method Youths ( N = 239) aged between 11 and 18 years who were clinically evaluated between 1996 and 1999 completed the YI-4, and 79% completed at least one additional self-report. Parents and teachers completed a companion measure. A second sample ( N = 47) was retested 2 weeks after an initial evaluation. Results The YI-4 demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α values=.66—.87) and test-retest reliability ( r values=0.54–0.92), convergent and to lesser extent divergent validity with other self-report measures, and discriminant validity by differentiating children with and without diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, substance use, generalized anxiety disorder, or major depressive disorder. Youth–parent ( r values=0.05–0.50) and youth–teacher ( r values Conclusions These findings provide preliminary support for the clinical utility of the YI-4 for symptom assessment in referred youths.
Phase-velocity measurements using prism output coupling for single- and few-mode optical fibers.

A measurement technique based on evanescent coupling between guided fiber modes and radiation modes in a bulk medium is described. Modal phase velocities have been measured to an accuracy of better than 0.01%. Direct measurement of modal beat lengths and cutoff wavelengths are also possible. For a step-index fiber, refractive indices for the core and cladding were determined to an accuracy of 10−4; the core diameter was determined to an accuracy of 1%.
Pleural Fluid Effusion and Eosinophilia Following Ventriculo‐pleural Shunting

UMMARY Three children are reported with ventriculo-pleural shunt malfunction secondary to pleural effusion and blood and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) eosinophilia. Malabsorption of csf is an infrequent cause of shunt malfunction and the etiology of the malabsorption is unclear. The role of a local immune response in the delayed appearance of pleural effusion following diversion of csf into the pleural space is discussed. RESUME Les auteurs rapportent les cas de trois enfants ayant presente un trouble de shunt ventriculo-pleural secondaire a un epanchement pleural associea une eosinophilie dans le sang et le lcr. Le trouble d'absorption du lcr est une cause rare de mauvais fonctionnement de shunt et l'origine de la mauvaise absorption n'est pas claire. Le role d'une reponse immunitaire locale dans l'apparition retardee de l'epanchement pleural a la suite de la derivation du lcr dans la plevre est discutee. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wird uber drei Kinder berichtet, bei denen der ventrikulo-pleurale Shunt infolge eines PJeuraergusses und eosinophilie im Blut und Liquor nicht funktionierte. Die mangelhafte Absorption von Liquor ist ein seltener Grund fur eine Ventilinsuffizienz; die Atiologie ist unklar. Es wird uber die Rolle einer lokalen Immunreaktion fur das spatere Auftreten eines Pleuraergusses nach einer Liquorableitung in die Pleurahohle diskutiert. RESUMEN Se aportan tres ninos con mala funcion de una derivacion ventriculo-pleural, secundaria a una efusion pleural, con eosinofilia en sangre y en lcr. La mala absorcion de lcr es una causa infrecuente de mala funcion de una derivacion y la etiologia de la mala absorcion no esta clara. Se discute el papel de una respuesta inmunitaria local en la aparicion retardada de una efusion pleural despues de una derivacion del lcr en el espacio pleural.
Lifetime Direct Costs After Spinal Cord Injury

Applying the latest data from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, we update the average lifetime direct costs of spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States. Assuming that health care price inflation equals future interest rates, the lifetime direct costs for persons injured at age 25 vary by severity of injury, ranging from 2.1 to 5.4 million dollars, which are much higher than what has been expected based on inflation-adjusted data from 1992. This increase is attributable to both the improvement in life expectancy in the SCI population and an increase in costs of care after SCI.
Microwave Ablation at 10.0 GHz Achieves Comparable Ablation Zones to 1.9 GHz in Ex Vivo Bovine Liver

We demonstrate the feasibility of using high-frequency microwaves for tissue ablation by comparing the performance of a 10 GHz microwave ablation system with that of a 1.9 GHz system. Two sets of floating sleeve dipole antennas operating at these frequencies were designed and fabricated for use in ex vivo experiments with bovine livers. Combined electromagnetic and transient thermal simulations were conducted to analyze the performance of these antennas. Subsequently, a total of 16 ablation experiments (eight at 1.9 GHz and eight at 10.0 GHz) were conducted at a power level of 42 W for either 5 or 10 min. In all cases, the 1.9 and 10 GHz experiments resulted in comparable ablation zone dimensions. Temperature monitoring probes revealed faster heating rates in the immediate vicinity of the 10.0 GHz antenna compared to the 1.9 GHz antenna, along with a slightly delayed onset of heating farther from the 10 GHz antenna, suggesting that heat conduction plays a greater role at higher microwave frequencies in achieving a comparably sized ablation zone. The results obtained from these experiments agree very well with the combined electromagnetic/thermal simulation results. These simulations and experiments show that using lower frequency microwaves does not offer any significant advantages, in terms of the achievable ablation zones, over using higher frequency microwaves. Indeed, it is demonstrated that high-frequency microwave antennas may be used to create reasonably large ablation zones. Higher frequencies offer the advantage of smaller antenna size, which is expected to lead to less invasive interstitial devices and may possibly lead to the development of more compact multielement arrays with heating properties not available from single-element antennas.
Targeting Human Dendritic Cell Subsets for Improved Vaccines

Dendritic cells (DCs) were discovered in 1973 by Ralph Steinman as a previously undefined cell type in the mouse spleen and are now recognized as a group of related cell populations that induce and regulate adaptive immune responses. Studies of the past decade show that, both in mice and humans, DCs are composed of subsets that differ in their localization, phenotype, and functions. These progresses in our understanding of DC biology provide a new framework for improving human health. In this review, we discuss human DC subsets in the context of their medical applications, with a particular focus on DC targeting.
Markov states of the quantum electromagnetic field.

A translation-invariant state (a quantum Markov chain) is associated with a nearest-neighbor interaction on a one-dimensional lattice by a new technique which provides closed forms for all the correlation functions. When applied to an Ising-type perturbation of a chain of harmonic oscillators, the dynamics can be computed explicitly. The resulting translation-invariant distribution is substantially different from the Planck distribution when the temperature and the coupling constant are large. For the evolution of the field operators on a given mode, we obtain a natural nonlinear generalization of the theorem which states that the free evolution of the field operators is obtained by second quantization of the classical free evolution.
A learning analytics approach to characterize and analyze inquiry-based pedagogical processes

Here we describe the use of learning analytics (LA) for investigating inquiry-based science instruction. We define several variables that quantify curriculum usage and leverage tools from process mining to examine inquiry-based pedagogical processes. These are initial steps toward measuring and modeling fidelity of implementation of a science curriculum. We use data from one school district's use of an online science curriculum (N=1,021 teachers and nearly 330,000 page views).
The Book of Judith in the Context of Twentieth-Century Studies of the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books:

Studies of Judith represent three overlapping but distinct periods of critical inquiry. Interests were awakened (1913-49), as three firsts in English wit ness: Charles's comprehensive APOT (1913), Oesterley's two one-volume introdutions to the Apocrypha (1914, 1935) and Pfeiffer's critical introduc tion (1949). In a second period (1950-85), Judith's context undergoes remarkable shifts both within the Bible and the wider community with the inclusion of the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books in translations like the RSV and NRSV, text-critical editions, literary analysis, initial feminist studies, and collaborative alliances of Protestant, Catholic and Jewish scholars. In a third period (1986-2001), critical strategies enlarge to represent increas ingly gender-inclusive, interdisciplinary, international and eclectic concerns.
COUNTER Flight Demonstrations

The Cooperative Operations in UrbaN TERrain (COUNTER) program has conducted seven flight demonstrations with multiple heterogeneous small UAVs to verify cooperative flight control algorithms developed under the program. This paper provides a brief overview of the COUNTER program and details results of the conducted flight demonstrations. A discussion of how to prepare for a UAV field test is also included with discussions of test facilities, various problems that may be encountered, shipping considerations, required permissions, and common mistakes to avoid.
Variability in global top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation between 2000 and 2005

Measurements from various instruments and analysis techniques are used to directly compare changes in Earth-atmosphere shortwave (SW) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation between 2000 and 2005. Included in the comparison are estimates of TOA reflectance variability from published ground-based Earthshine observations and from new satellite-based CERES, MODIS and ISCCP results. The ground-based Earthshine data show an order-of-magnitude more variability in annual mean SW TOA flux than either CERES or ISCCP, while ISCCP and CERES SW TOA flux variability is consistent to 40%. Most of the variability in CERES TOA flux is shown to be dominated by variations global cloud fraction, as observed using coincident CERES and MODIS data. Idealized Earthshine simulations of TOA SW radiation variability for a lunar-based observer show far less variability than the ground-based Earthshine observations, but are still a factor of 4-5 times more variable than global CERES SW TOA flux results. Furthermore, while CERES global albedos exhibit a well-defined seasonal cycle each year, the seasonal cycle in the lunar Earthshine reflectance simulations is highly variable and out-of-phase from one year to the next. Radiative transfer model (RTM) approaches that use imager cloud and aerosol retrievals reproduce most of the change in SW TOA radiation observed in broadband CERES data. However, assumptions used to represent the spectral properties of the atmosphere, clouds, aerosols and surface in the RTM calculations can introduce significant uncertainties in annual mean changes in regional and global SW TOA flux.
Benzenesulfonylcarbonitrile oxide. 5. Face selectivity of cycloaddition to chiral terminal alkenes

Abstract The diastereomer ratio for cycloaddition of benzenesulfonylcarbonitrile oxide (BSNO) to a series of (S)-vinylglycine-derived alkenes varied from 30:70 to 66:34 depending on the substitutents at the chiral center. Isomer ratios were routinely determined by 1H-NMR; isolation confirmed the results in several cases. Isomer assignment was based on comparison to acivicin where the absolute configuration has been determined by X-ray analysis. The results are interpreted as consistent with competitive cycloaddition to the alkene oriented in two differing conformations.
New model of human luminance pattern vision mechanisms: analysis of the effects of pattern orientation, spatial phase, and temporal frequency

Models of human pattern vision mechanisms are examined in light of new results in psychophysics and single-cell recording. Four experiments on simultaneous masking of Gabor patterns by sinewave gratings are described. In these experiments target contrast thresholds are measured as functions of masker contrast, orientation, spatial phase, and temporal frequency. The results are used to test the theory of simultaneous masking proposed by Legge and Foley that is based on mechanisms that sum excitation linearly over a receptive field and produce a response that is an s-shaped transform of this sum. The theory is shown to be inadequate. Recent single-cell-recording results from simple cells in the cat show that these cells receive a broadband divisive input as well as an input that is summed linearly over their receptive fields. A new theory of simultaneous masking based on mechanisms with similar properties is shown to describe the psychophysical results well. Target threshold vs masker contrast (TvC) functions for a set of target-masker pairs are used to estimate the parameters of the theory including the excitatory and inhibitory sensitivities of the mechanisms along the various pattern dimensions. The human luminance pattern vision mechanisms, unlike most of the cells, do not saturate at high contrast.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The relationship of oral Candida tropicalis infection to systemic candidiasis in a patient with leukemia

Oropharyngeal candidiasis is an extremely common complication in patients receiving chemotherapy for leukemia. Candida tropicalis appears to be the major infectious agent when these patients develop candidemia. In this article, a case of C tropicalis fungemia with oropharyngeal manifestations is presented. The relationship of oropharyngeal candidiasis to oral candidal infection is discussed.
Continuations and concurrency

Continuations have proven to be useful for implementing a variety of control structures, including exception handling facilities and breadth-first searching algorithms. However, traditional continuations are not useful in the presence of concurrency, because the notion of the rest of the computation represented by a continuation does not in general make sense. This paper presents a new type of continuation, called a process continuation, that may be used to control tree-structured concurrency. Just as a traditional continuation represents the rest of a computation from a given point in the computation, a process continuation represents the rest of a subcomputation, or process, from a given point in the subcomputation. Process continuations allow nonlocal exits to arbitrary points in the process tree and allow the capture of a subtree of a computation as a composable continuation for later use. Even in the absence of multiple processes, the precise control achievable with process continuations makes them more useful than traditional continuations.
Jaw Pain and Stiffness Levels After Repeated Maximum Voluntary Clenching

Ten normal male volunteers performed six maximum voluntary isometric jaw-closing muscle contractions within an 80-minute experimental period. Each individual contraction was sustained until maximum pain tolerance was reached. Before and one, two, three, and seven days after the experiment, the following measures were made: (1) superficial masseter and anterior temporalis muscle tenderness (pain threshold), (2) jaw movement (opening and lateral excursion), and (3) current pain level for the right and left sides of the jaw. In this study, measures of current jaw pain, muscle pain threshold, maximum active opening, and maximum lateral excursions showed no significant post-experimental changes. These results challenge the idea that sustained isometric clenching in healthy male subjects could be used as a model for chronic or even subacute muscle pain, as has been suggested by previous investigators.
Nature and origin of the lower continental rise hills off the east coast of the United States

Abstract Precision depth recordings, seismic reflection records, deep sea drill holes, and piston cores are used to develop a chronological interpretation for the origin of the lower continental rise hills off a portion of eastern United States. A detailed bathymetric map is presented which depicts the geometry and orientation of the “hills” as well as a system of distributory channels, some of which are active and others extinct. An elongated ridge (Hatteras Outer Ridge), which was formed parallel to the continental margin by the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC) is defined by an acoustically transparent zone on seismic reflection records. This ridge, which was eroded by turbidity currents during the Pleistocene, is composed of hemipelagic clays of Miocene—Pliocene age. The turbidity currents created a distributory channel system which gave rise to the “hill-like” features. Subsequent to the erosion of the Hatteras Outer Ridge, turbidity currents filled many channels and injected fine-grained sands, silts, and hemipelagic clays into the contour current (WBUC). The northeast to southwest moving contour current deposited these sediments onto the upcurrent (northeast) sides of the “hills” and gave rise to their apparent upcurrent migration.
Awake hippocampal sharp-wave ripples support spatial memory

The hippocampus is critical for spatial learning and memory. Hippocampal neurons in awake animals exhibit place field activity that encodes current location, as well as sharp-wave ripple (SWR) activity during which representations based on past experiences are often replayed. The relationship between these patterns of activity and the memory functions of the hippocampus is poorly understood. We interrupted awake SWRs in animals learning a spatial alternation task. We observed a specific learning and performance deficit that persisted throughout training. This deficit was associated with awake SWR activity, as SWR interruption left place field activity and post-experience SWR reactivation intact. These results provide a link between awake SWRs and hippocampal memory processes, which suggests that awake replay of memory-related information during SWRs supports learning and memory-guided decision-making.
The direction of propagation in carbohydrase-catalyzed polymerizations

The schema of Ebert and Patat for enzymic polysaccharide synthesis from sucrose, by anhydroglycose insertion at the reducing end of the growing chain, cannot be supported. Basically it presents a propagation direction opposite to that expected from the process that can be considered the mode of all carbohydrase action, i.e., transglycosylation or glycosyl–hydrogen interchange. Direct examination by pulse labeling shows that the latest glucose units added during amylopolysaccharide formation from sucrose by amylosucrase are, in fact, located in the outer nonreducing chains. The insertion schema further assumes that segmer transfer is a capacity of the sucrose polymerizing enzymes. Evidence of this is lacking. Dimer transfer is not observed when the theoretically appropriate trisaccharides (maltosyl- or isomaltosyl-β-D-fructofuranoside, levanbiosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside) are incubated respectively with amylosucrase, dextransucrase, or levansucrase. Moreover, the dextranyl moiety of low molecular weight sucrose-ended dextran (dextranyl-β-D-fructofuranoside) is neither polymerized by dextransucrase nor transferred to the anomeric OH of fructose, in contrast to the glucosyl moiety linked similarly. The insertion schema, finally, restricts the number of propagation sites to one per polymer molecule. This also lacks an experimental basis. The transglycosylation model allows for the possible occurrence of multiple foci of propagative activity in individual molecules, which may account for their extremely rapid growth to a high degree of polymerization.
The Highwire Ubiquitin Ligase Promotes Axonal Degeneration by Tuning Levels of Nmnat Protein

Axonal degeneration is a hallmark of many neuropathies, neurodegenerative diseases, and injuries. Here, using a Drosophila injury model, we have identified a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, Highwire (Hiw), as an important regulator of axonal and synaptic degeneration. Mutations in hiw strongly inhibit Wallerian degeneration in multiple neuron types and developmental stages. This new phenotype is mediated by a new downstream target of Hiw: the NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyltransferase (Nmnat), which acts in parallel to a previously known target of Hiw, the Wallenda dileucine zipper kinase (Wnd/DLK) MAPKKK. Hiw promotes a rapid disappearance of Nmnat protein in the distal stump after injury. An increased level of Nmnat protein in hiw mutants is both required and sufficient to inhibit degeneration. Ectopically expressed mouse Nmnat2 is also subject to regulation by Hiw in distal axons and synapses. These findings implicate an important role for endogenous Nmnat and its regulation, via a conserved mechanism, in the initiation of axonal degeneration. Through independent regulation of Wnd/DLK, whose function is required for proximal axons to regenerate, Hiw plays a central role in coordinating both regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal injury.
Women in Information Technology: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students in a Minority-Serving Institution

The issue of underrepresentation of women in information technology (IT) is of national interest due to the rapid growth of IT in recent years, the impact of IT on growth and productivity, the shortage of IT workers, and the gender equity in IT. Scholarly research has pointed its finger at bias in early socialization, math anxiety, masculinity of computers, the scarcity of role models, and women’s preference for relational work. A study of students majoring in computer science and computer engineering in a minority-serving university found some additional factors such as tension between demands imposed by IT curricula and students’family and work responsibilities.
The Impact of Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence on the Mental and Physical Health of Women in Different Ethnic Groups

Intimate partner violence, including threats, stalking, emotional, physical, and sexual assault by a spouse or partner, has significant influences on the well-being of women of all racial and social backgrounds. This study of a nationally representative sample of women from varying racial and ethnic groups examined specific types of violent acts on health and well-being. An association between intimate partner violence and poor physical and mental health was found. Types of partner violence also had different associations with the well-being of women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Social and demographic factors played an important role in moderating women's outcomes. Suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Y2K affiliation, immediate pedestrian density, and helping responses to lost letters.

Summary.-Of 75 letters "lost" in Florida, 41 were returned in the mail (the helpful response). Immediate pedestrian density was signi€icantly related to nonhelping responses. The greater the number of subjects passing by a lost letter, the less likely any one of hem would respond to it. The rates of return did vary with the addressees' affiliations. Returned responses for the af€iliates, Y2K Arkbuilders and the Believers of God's Judgement Against Homosexuals: Y2K Mdennium Bug, were substantially lower than for the affiliate, Y2K Computer Repair & Programming, Inc. Returns for the Believers of God's Judgement Against Homosexuals: Y2K Millennium Bug aff'iate were significantly lower than for the Y2K Arkbuilders aff'iate. Variables such as sex, race, and estimated age of subjects were not associated wich helping ro return a lost letter. The rate of return of lost letters is not the only imponant measure to be examined in studies using lost letters. Milgram, Mann, and Harter (1965) developed the lost-letter technique to measure helping behavior, using as a dependent variable passersby's wdingness to pick up and mail lost but stamped and addressed letters. With this technique, letters were addressed to fictitious persons considered to differ in evident conformity to conventional social norms. The technique was not centered upon indviduals' reactions to lost letters but rather upon the rate of return for a particular organization relative to that for a control group. Their results did not reveal anything unusual or new in that it was not a surprise that extremist political groups were helped less than a medical research one. However, the technique did help with the problem of interviewer bias in survey research. Not many field studies have measured situational or setting characteristics such as the number of pedestrians (volume) or sidewalk density in friendhess and helping behavior (Johnson & Powell, 1975; Korte, Ypma, & Toppen, 1975; Iwaca, 1977; Newrnan & McCaule~, 1977; Schwartz & Ames, 1977; Kammann, Thomson, & Irwin, 1979; Amato, 1980, 1983). Even fewer of these studies have done so when the helping act was picking up and returning in the mail a lost letter (Johnson & Powell, 1975; Schwartz & Ames, 1977; Kammann, et al., 1979). One (Johnson &
ATP released together with acetylcholine as the mediator of neuromuscular depression at frog motor nerve endings.

1. The hypothesis that ATP released by presynaptic stimulation is hydrolysed to adenosine and mediates prejunctional neuromuscular depression was tested at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. Electrophysiological recordings of evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release and perineural ionic currents at motor nerve endings were made using the frog cutaneous pectoris nerve-muscle preparation. Either tubocurarine or alpha-bungarotoxin was used to block muscle contractions. 2. Either alpha,beta-methylene ADP (which inhibits ecto-5'nucleotidases and thus prevents the degradation of ATP to adenosine) or selective adenosine receptor antagonists (8-cyclo-pentyl alkyl xanthines) prevented the inhibitory effects of exogenous ATP on ACh release in response to low-frequency nerve stimulation. These results confirm earlier findings that ATP must be hydrolysed to adenosine to inhibit ACh release. 3. The presence of alpha,beta-methylene ADP completely prevented neuromuscular depression in response to repetitive high-frequency nerve stimulation (0.5-1 Hz). alpha,beta-Methylene ADP had no effect on ACh secretion under conditions where ACh release is well maintained (low-frequency stimulation, 0.05 Hz). 4. Selective adenosine receptor antagonists completely eliminated neuromuscular depression produced by repetitive high-frequency nerve stimulation (1.0 Hz) but had no effect on ACh release at low frequencies of stimulation (0.05 Hz). 5. Exogenous adenosine deaminase (5 i.u. ml-1), which degrades adenosine to its inactive nucleoside inosine, also eliminated neuromuscular depression but had no significant effect on ACh release at frequencies of nerve stimulation too low to produce prejunctional depression. 6. During maximal neuromuscular depression, the effects of exogenous adenosine or 2-chloroadenosine, an adenosine agonist, were occluded. 7. The calcium-sensitive component of perineurial recordings of motor nerve terminal currents did not change during depression or during application of adenosine receptor antagonists and adenosine deaminase, suggesting that neuromuscular depression in this species was not associated with changes in presynaptic Ca2+ currents. 8. These results suggest that, under the conditions of these experiments, endogenous ATP, after hydrolysis to adenosine, causes prejunctional neuromuscular depression. This inhibitory effect of endogenous adenosine occurs at a site distal to the locus of Ca2+ entry in the frog.
Paleosol in Galesburg Formation (Kansas City Group, Upper Pennsylvanian), Northern Midcontinent, U.S.A.: Evidence for Climate Change and Mechanisms of Marine Transgression

ABSTRACT A widespread paleosol in the Galesburg Formation (Kansas City Group, Missourian) in the northern Midcontinent Upper Pennsylvanian cyclothem (MUPC) outcrop belt exhibits prominent features, including repeating sets of synformal slickensides and mukkara or "chimney" structures, which characterize it as a paleo-Vertisol. The Galesburg paleosol has pervasive low-chroma grayish to greenish coloration, an organic-matter profile, and geochemical characteristics with regard to S, Fe2O3, MnO, SiO2, and Al2O3 that indicate wetter soil conditions than those indicated by equally widespread high-chroma paleosols higher in the local stratigraphic succession (particularly a high-chroma paleo-Vertisol in the upper Lawrence Formation). The predominance of low-chroma (i.e., wetter) paleosols throughout the Kansas City Group in the northern Forest City Basin (southeastern Nebraska and southwestern Iowa), as exemplified by the Galesburg paleosol, compared to the greater frequency of high-chroma (i.e., drier) paleosols in overlying Pennsylvanian (especially Virgilian) strata, implicates decreasing rainfall in the interior of North America during the late Missourian. The variability in rainfall through this Missourian-Virgilian shift need not have exceeded the range of rainfall (400-1400 mm/a) associated with modern soil analogs in subtropical to warm-temperate North America. Thus, there is an indication of climate change on a longer-term time scale ( 105-106 a) than the intra- or inter-eustatic-cycle climate change proposed by other authors for late Paleozoic cyclothems in the North American interior. Regional differences in the nature of transgressive marine strata directly above the Galesburg further suggest: (1) that important information relevant to reconstruction of the sea-level curve is probably missing from the interval between regressive paleosols and subsequent regressive limestones in MUPCs, and (2) that there were probably appreciable differences in the overall mechanism of deposition of MUPC transgressive shales and black "core" shales within any particular interval of MUPC transgressive deposition.
Role of Surgery in Iliofemoral Venous Thrombosis

Thrombectomy has a limited but definite role in the clinical management of patients with iliofemoral venous thrombosis. It is best applied selectively to achieve specific goals in two different groups of patients at either end of the disease spectrum. In relatively active healthy young patients with phlegmasia alba dolens operated on relatively soon after thrombosis, better protection against the late postthrombotic sequelae can be achieved. Patients with malignancy, underlying coagulopathy, or those who are inactive or have a limited life expectancy due to age or concurrent disease should not be operated on for bland thrombosis. At the other extreme, when phlegmasia cerulea dolens causes painful tense swelling, increases compartmental or decreases ankle pressures, and threatens limb viability in spite of heparinization and leg elevation, thrombectomy should be performed.
Chiropractors Disciplined by a State Chiropractic Board and a Comparison with Disciplined Medical Physicians

Abstract Objective To determine categories of offense, experience, and gender of disciplined doctors of chiropractic (DC) in California and compare them with disciplined medical physicians in California. Methods Retrospective reviews of publicly available data from the California Board of Chiropractic Examiners. Results The DC disciplinary categories, in descending order, were fraud (44%), sexual boundary issues (22%), other offenses (13%), abuse of alcohol or drugs (10%), negligence or incompetence (6%), poor supervision (2%), and mental impairment (.3%). Conclusions The professions differ in the major reasons for disciplinary actions. Two thirds (67%) of the doctors of chiropractic were disciplined for fraud and sexual boundary issues, compared with 59% for negligence and substance misuse for medical physicians. Additional study in each profession may reveal methods to identify causes and possible intervention for those who are at high risk.
Basins of attraction in a Cournot duopoly model of Kopel

For a nonlinear Cournot duopoly map of Kopel, we show that a circle, lines, and rectangles play a key role in determining the basins of attraction in the case of three nontrivial Nash equilibria.
Nitric Oxide and Cardiac Function

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced from virtually all cell types composing the myocardium and regulates cardiac function through both vascular-dependent and -independent effects. The former include regulation of coronary vessel tone, thrombogenicity, and proliferative and inflammatory properties as well as cellular cross-talk supporting angiogenesis. The latter comprise the direct effects of NO on several aspects of cardiomyocyte contractility, from the fine regulation of excitation-contraction coupling to modulation of (presynaptic and postsynaptic) autonomic signaling and mitochondrial respiration. This multifaceted involvement of NO in cardiac physiology is supported by a tight molecular regulation of the three NO synthases, from cellular spatial confinement to posttranslational allosteric modulation by specific interacting proteins, acting in concert to restrict the influence of NO to a particular intracellular target in a stimulus-specific manner. Loss of this specificity, such as produced on excessive NO delivery from inflammatory cells (or cytokine-stimulated cardiomyocytes themselves), may result in profound cellular disturbances leading to heart failure. Future therapeutic manipulations of cardiac NO synthesis will necessarily draw on additional characterization of the cellular and molecular determinants for the net effect of this versatile radical on the cardiomyocyte biology.
Temperature-stable low-loss microwave filters using dielectric resonators

Recently developed high-permittivity low-loss temperature-stable dielectric materials have been used as resonators in microwave filters. The resulting low-loss filters possess extremely good temperature stability. Proper design and the use of metal-screw mode suppressors have eliminated the further problem in dielectric-resonator filters of spurious modes just above the passband.
Disruption of leptin signaling contributes to cardiac hypertrophy independently of body weight in mice

Background— Whether left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in obesity results from increased hemodynamic load or altered neurohormonal signaling remains controversial. Dysregulation of leptin, a neurohormone essential to energy homeostasis, is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Because leptin has cardiovascular bioactivity, we hypothesized that disruption of leptin signaling mediates the development of obesity-associated LVH. Methods and Results— We measured left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and LV mass with echocardiography in mice lacking leptin (ob/ob, n=15) or functional receptor (db/db, n=10) and controls at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. None of the mice had LVH at 2 months. Progressive obesity developed in ob/ob and db/db mice. At 6 months, LVH occurred in ob/ob and db/db compared with controls. We observed corresponding myocyte hypertrophy by light microscopy. To separate the direct contribution of leptin deficiency from mechanical effects of obesity, we induced weight loss in 6- to 8-month-old...
The Impact of (In)effective Listening on Interpersonal Interactions

On average, people spend between 45% and 70% of their day listening to others (Johnson, 1996). Despite the frequency with which people engage in this activity, its importance in interpersonal interactions may go overlooked. Individuals can typically identify that listening is a valued communication skill (Bambacas & Patrickson, 2008; Papa, 1989), yet they may not grasp the actual impact effective and ineffective listening have on interpersonal interactions. Thus, I present instructions for and an assessment of a 20-minute classroom activity intended to demonstrate the impact that effective and ineffective listening behaviors have on these interactions.
Correction of phenotype in a thalassemia mouse model using a nonmyeloablative marrow transplantation regimen

Gene therapy, the replacement of normal human beta- or gamma-globin genes into the hematopoietic stem cells of patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia, is a promising therapy for the future. High-level lineage-specific stable globin expression in transduced cells reinfused into patients in an autologous transplantation setting could be curative, if successful. Previous studies have shown high-level donor chimerism in nonmyeloablated non-thalassemic hosts. We have now studied the conditions for stable long-term engraftment of normal cells into a thalassemia mouse model that lead to high-level donor chimerism and correction of the abnormal phenotype. Thalassemic female mice treated with 0 to 300 cGy whole-body irradiation received transplantations of donor cells harvested from wild-type males. Engraftment of male cells was quantitated by Y-chromosome polymerase chain reaction analysis of blood and marrow progenitors, and changes in hemoglobin levels, red cell morphology, and spleen size were measured at various times posttransplantation. High-level stable donor cell engraftment was achieved in mice given 200 cGy and receiving transplants of 2 x 10(7) or more donor cells. The anemia, abnormal peripheral blood smears, and splenomegaly improved in the thalassemic mice that had successful engraftment. These studies demonstrate that stable and successful levels of engraftment of normal cells can correct the thalassemic phenotype without fully myeloablating the host. This animal model should allow us to test the amount of cytoreduction required and the level of engraftment and beta-globin expression needed in autologous transplantation of beta-globin gene-transduced cells to correct the abnormal phenotype in thalassemic mice, and it may be relevant to human clinical trials, as well.
Cytogenetic Findings in Pediatric T-Lymphoblastic Lymphomas: One Institution’s Experience and a Review of the Literature

Cytogenetic analyses of lymphomas commonly reveal nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities, but there are relatively few reports in childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). We retrospectively reviewed G-banded karyotypic analyses performed at Arkansas Children's Hospital between 1990 and 2004. Six children (2 to 20 years old) had LL that presented as mediastinal or cervical masses and had a T-cell immunophenotype and clonal abnormalities. The cytogenetic findings in these 6 patients were as follows: 46,XX,-7,inv(9)(p11q12),der (12)t(7;12)(q11.2;p13),t(16;18)(p13.1;q21),+22 in patient 1; 47,XX,+9,del(9)(q11q22)x2 in patient 2; 72-119, XY,+X,+1,+1, inv(2) (p11q13),-3,+5,+6,+7,+10,-12,-16, -21,-21,-22,+mar in patient 3; 48,XY,+5,+20,t(7;9) (q32;q34) in patient 4; 47 approximately 48,XX,der(10)t(10;14)(q23; q11.2),+12, del(12)(p12)x2, -14,del(16)(q22q22),+?add (19)(p13.3) in patient 5; and 48 approximately 49,XY,+7,+8,t(11;19) (q23;p?13.3),+der(19)t(11;19)[cp20] in patient 6. Eleven chromosome breakpoints in 6 of our patients (7q11, 12p13, 16p13, 18q21, 9q11, 2p11, 2q13, 7q32, and 7q23) have been reported in other patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or LL and involved regions containing TEL, ABL, E2A, MLL, and T-cell receptor-alpha genes. A review of the cytogenetic findings of these and other cases of LL reveals that clonal aberrations are common and most frequently involve T-cell receptor gene regions. The aberrations show some features similar to those of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and are not unique to LL, thus furnishing additional evidence of the equivalence of these two diseases. The cytogenetic features of LL may be helpful in the diagnosis of pediatric lymphomas and undifferentiated neoplasms.
Maddy and Mathematics: Naturalism or Not

Penelope Maddy advances a purportedly naturalistic account of mathematical methodology which might be taken to answer the question `What justifies axioms of set theory?' I argue that her account fails both to adequately answer this question and to be naturalistic. Further, the way in which it fails to answer the question deprives it of an analog to one of the chief attractions of naturalism. Naturalism is attractive to naturalists and nonnaturalists alike because it explains the reliability of scientific practice. Maddy's account, on the other hand, appears to be unable to similarly explain the reliability of mathematical practice without violating one of its central tenets.1Introduction2Mathematical Naturalism3Desiderata and the attraction of naturalism4Assessment: Naturalism and names4.1Taking ‘naturalism’ seriously4.2Second philosophy (or what's in a name)5A way out?6Or out of the way?
Multinuclear NMR studies of water in solutions of simple carbohydrates.

The dependence of water proton and deuterium transverse relaxation rates on pulse spacing is used to investigate the hydrogen exchange kinetics and water reorientational dynamics in glucose solutions over a wide concentration range. A complementary T 1ρ dispersion analysis is also undertaken. The results show that within the pH range 4–8 proton exchange between glucose and water occurs primarily by a non-ionic, cyclic transfer mechanism involving the interaction of two water molecules per glucose hydroxyl group. Interaction with the glucose introduces a slight anisotropy into the reorientational motion of the water. The two correlation times characterizing this anisotropic motion are estimated from the deuterium relaxation data. Similar phenomena are expected in all aqueous carbohydrate systems having accessible hydroxyl groups.