cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical Coordination and the Design Process for Supply Chains to Ensure Food Quality

There is growing interest in vertical integration and supply chain management in the food system. Several dimensions of supply chain performance have been analyzed such as logistic efficiency, quantitative input control, risk reduction. This paper focuses on supply chain design strategies for ensuring food quality. We present a series of brief descriptions of food supply chains in the U.S. and Europe. These help illustrate both the common features and the diversity of emerging supply chains in the food system. We review key theories that can serve as the conceptual foundation for supply chain analysis and design, including transaction cost economics, agency theory, property rights theory, and the resource-based theory of the firm. We assess the usefulness of these theories in explaining similarities and differences in the illustrative supply chains with respect to chain leadership, choice of mechanisms for quality assurance, the distribution of margins among chain participants, and adaptability in the face of change. In our concluding remarks, we look ahead to challenges and opportunities for future work on supply chain design in the food system.
Monoclonal antibody study of Philadelphia chromosome-positive blastic leukemias using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technic.

The leukemic cells from 15 cases of Philadelphia chromosome-positive blastic leukemia were immunophenotyped by the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunocy-tochemical technic using nine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) reactive with various myeloid or lymphoid antigens. On the basis of morphology, cytochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) reactivity, and electron microscopy, five of the cases had been classified as lymphoid; eight, myeloid; one, mixed my-eloid-lymphoid; and one, undifferentiated. The blasts from all five lymphoid cases were reactive with lymphocyte differentiation antigen MoAb, and four of five reacted with MoAb to anti-common acute lymphoblastic leukemia-associated antigen (CALLA) (BA3). The blasts from all eight myeloid cases were reactive with MY7, a marker of myelomonocytic differentiation. Some of the blasts from three of the eight myeloid cases reacted with HP1-1D and AP3, markers of megakaryocyte differentiation; megakaryocyte differentiation was confirmed by electron mi-croscopy. In the case classified as mixed myeloid-lymphoid, the blasts showed morphologic and immunophenotypic heteroge-neity; ultrastructural studies demonstrated lymphoid, basophil, and erythroid differentiation. The blasts from the case classified as undifferentiated were immunophenotypically heterogeneous. In all cases in which the leukemic cells were also immunopheno-typed by flow cytometry, the results correlated well with those obtained by the APAAP technic. The APAAP technic is a reliable method for immunophenotyping leukemias. Advantages of this method include its applicability to routinely prepared blood and bone marrow smears and cytocentrifuge preparations, lack of endogenous peroxidase background staining, and a permanent record.
Basketball Player Assumes the Risk of Injury

The plaintiff allegedly was injured during a high school basketball game when he was kicked in the leg by another student. The court dismissed the claim on the grounds that the plaintiff had assume...
Evaluation of ACI Training on User Preparedness

In this paper, we present the results of two studies. In an initial evaluation of a summer workshop series, the goal was to determine the impact of the workshops on user preparedness to use high-performance computing. A new questionnaire was created, and help tickets and utilization of computing resources were analyzed. New users were compared with advanced users, relative to jobs run and tickets submitted after the workshops. The second study focused on new users who attended introductory workshops, their utilization of resources, and on further automating the evaluation. Results showed that a perception of preparedness was validated by examining resource utilization, and that tracking users objectively can be automated to help facilitators make informed statements about attendee population, the impact of training, the best times to offer training, and the differences between new and advanced users.
R&D Needs: Summary and Highlights of Discussion Sessions

During the 1993 NATO Advanced Research Workshop, two evening discussion sessions addressed research and development needs in Integrated Resource Planning and Demand-Side Management. The key conclusions are: • For the near term the most-cited R&D needs are in technology and program performance data, as well as in end-use technologies-notably lighting and motors/drives • For the longer term a wide variety of both supply-side and end-use technology R&D needs were cited, with some focus on industrial processes, building envelope technologies, and energy supply technologies such as biomass, photovoltaics and storage • Recommendations for specific fundamental scientific research underlying IRP/DSM application were diverse. • The Eastern European situation involves broad and urgent needs for basic knowledge-building and IRP/DSM implementation assistance as well as research.
A Taxonomy of Sourcing Strategic Types for MNCs Operating in China

This paper presents a taxonomic study of sourcing strategy types and their relationships to subsidiary profitability. Using the taxonomic approach, this study identifies five sourcing strategy types based on the decision rules of direction and volume of sourcing activities, namely market access, offshore platform, offshore manufacturing, local sourcing, and complex sourcing. We validated these sourcing types by linking them to a set of business and investment strategic factors. Based on a sample of 319 foreign subsidiaries in China, the results confirm the taxonomy of sourcing types indicating that sourcing strategy types indeed vary along the strategic factors including wage rates, R&D intensity, subsidiary size, capital commitment, ownership control and partner type.
Terrorism and Women Political Elites

Nearly one hundred years ago the Women’s Peace Party advocated for women in power positions as a way to stop political violence, yet women are not even close to half of politicians in most countries’ governing bodies. As of 2012, women on average are 20% of legislators worldwide, and only two countries—Rwanda and Andorra—have women as 50% of their legislators (Interparliamentary Union, 2012). Furthermore, women do not make up top leadership positions related to foreign policy (Goldstein, 2001). Thus, women often have better representation in terrorist groups, than in parliaments
Galilean Critiques of the Biblical Objection

We have seen that, besides the astronomical observational difficulties, another serious obstacle to the acceptance of the Copernican system stemmed from the theological biblical objections. Galileo himself, however, attached no significant force or great relevance to the biblical objections, as he did for the case of the observational difficulties. But many other people found the biblical objections unanswerable and decisive, and these people included highly competent and otherwise progressive minded astronomers and mathematicians, such as Tycho Brahe and Christopher Clavius. Thus Galileo did not get involved in the theological controversy until his views and his person were attacked as heretical and theologically erroneous. But when he did get involved, his defense of the Copernican system from theological objections was intellectually as cogent and forceful as his defense of heliocentrism from the astronomical objections. Moreover, although opposed by the ecclesiastic establishment, Galileo was inspired, encouraged, and supported by several maverick professional Catholic theologians who wrote similar and complementary critiques of the scriptural objections. Notable among them were Carmelite friar Paolo Antonio Foscarini and Dominican friar Tommaso Campanella.
Sociological Research and Modernity: the Rise and Fall of the Survey Subject

This article examines the relationship between sociology and modern society by exploring the methodological implications of a modern ontology of society. Focusing on one of the signature methods of sociological research, the survey, we discuss how modern society has given rise to the survey subject who is able to participate in survey research. We finally consider recent developments that foreshadow the fall of the survey subject.
Incorporating an Interprofessional Education Emergency Medicine Simulation into Medical Laboratory Science Curriculum

Incorporating Interprofessional education IPE events into current Medical Laboratory Science (MLS) curriculum is crucial but challenging. MLS, physical therapy (PT), paramedic, physician assistant (PA), and nursing faculty developed an interprofessional emergency medicine simulation. The case involved transferring a patient with an adverse event during rehabilitation services via the paramedic training ambulance to the simulated emergency room for diagnosis and treatment. Faculty met monthly to develop a case which fulfilled each program9s learning objectives. The event was scheduled to ensure all students had acquired the necessary skills and knowledge for successful participation. Evaluation tools were chosen to collect data regarding the participants9 experience. The IPE emergency simulation event included 87 students from 5 programs. The primary goal was use of communication skills to safely transfer a patient between providers. Data was collected using the TeamSTEPPS observation tool and Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire, and self-reflections to gauge student learning, application of TeamSTEPPS tools, teamwork, and perspective of the event. Preliminary analysis of the pre- and post-surveys revealed a significant positive change in the MLS student understanding of the importance of communication. Two questions in particular showed post-hoc, ANOVA significant differences. For the question "patients are a critical component of the care team," the initial mean score for MLS students was 4.5, with 5 indicating strongly agree. Post-hoc analysis revealed a mean difference of 0.33 (SD 0.651). MLS students had an initial mean of 4.08 on the question "leaders should create informal opportunities for team members to share information" and demonstrated a mean difference of 0.83 (SD 0.835). On the same question, PT had a mean difference of 0.18 (SD 0.476) while PA showed 0.09 (SD 0.294). Overall, more significant changes were seen in MLS than the other professions. Self-reflections contained positive comments from all professions. IPE simulations enhance student learning as they utilize critical thinking, practice patient safety, and demonstrate collaborative problem-based learning. Outlining steps and considerations for implementation can assist healthcare programs in creating interprofessional opportunities for students to learn with, about, and from each other, ultimately strengthening collaborative patient-centered care.
Overview of EPA's Occupational Exposure Tools and Approaches Used in New and Existing Chemical Evaluations Under Amended TSCA

On June 22, 2016, the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act was signed into law amending the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Nation’s primary chemicals managem...
Efficient variography with partition variograms

Abstract Directional variograms were introduced in geostatistics as a tool for revealing major directions of correlation in spatial data. However, their estimation presents some practical challenges, particularly in the case of large irregularly-sampled data sets where efficient spectral-based estimation methods are not applicable. In this work, we propose a generalization of directional variograms to general partitions of spatial data, and introduce a parallel estimation algorithm that can efficiently handle large data sets with more than 105 points. This partition variogram generalization is motivated by a five-spot point pattern in the petroleum industry, which we named more generally as the isolated-lines arrangement. In such an arrangement, traditional estimators of directional variograms such as r -tube estimators very often fail to incorporate measurements from adjacent lines (e.g. vertical wells) without also incorporating measurements from other planes (e.g. horizontal layers). We provide illustrations of this new concept, and assess the approximation error of the proposed estimators with bootstrap methods and synthetic Gaussian process data.
Deconstructing Community-Based Collaborative Design: Towards More Equitable Participatory Design Engagements

Participatory Design (PD) is envisioned as an approach to democratizing innovation in the design process by shifting the power dynamics between researcher and participant. Recent scholarship in HCI and design has analyzed the ways collaborative design engagements, such as PD situated in the design workshop can amplify voices and empower underserved populations. Yet, we argue that PD as instantiated in the design workshop is very much an affluent and privileged activity that often neglects the challenges associated with envisioning equitable design solutions among underserved populations. Based on two series of community-based PD workshops with underserved populations in the U.S., we highlight key areas of tension and considerations for a more equitable PD approach: historical context of the research environment, community access, perceptions of materials and activities, and unintentional harm in collecting full accounts of personal narratives. By reflecting on these tensions as a call-to-action, we hope to deconstruct the privilege of the PD workshop within HCI and re-center the focus of design on individuals who are historically underserved.
Ezh2 maintains retinal progenitor proliferation, transcriptional integrity, and the timing of late differentiation.

Epigenetic regulation, including histone modification, is a critical component of gene regulation, although precisely how this contributes to the development of complex tissues such as the neural retina is still being explored. We show that during retinal development in mouse, there are dynamic patterns of expression of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalytic subunit EZH2 in retinal progenitors and some differentiated cells, as well as dynamic changes in the histone modification H3K27me3. Using conditional knockout of Ezh2 using either Pax6-αCre or Six3-Cre, we find selective reduction in postnatal retinal progenitor proliferation, disruption of retinal lamination, and enhanced differentiation of several late born cell types in the early postnatal retina, including photoreceptors and Muller glia, which are ultimately increased in number and become reactive. RNA-seq identifies many non-retinal genes upregulated with loss of Ezh2, including multiple Hox genes and the cell cycle regulator Cdkn2a, which are established targets of EZH2-mediated repression. ChIP analysis confirms loss of the H3K27me3 modification at these loci. Similar gene upregulation is observed in retinal explants treated with an EZH2 chemical inhibitor. There is considerable overlap with EZH2-regulated genes reported in non-neural tissues, suggesting that EZH2 can regulate similar genes in multiple lineages. Our findings reveal a conserved role for EZH2 in constraining the expression of potent developmental regulators to maintain lineage integrity and retinal progenitor proliferation, as well as regulating the timing of late differentiation.
A Six Year Review of the Biomedical Engineering in Simulations, Imaging, and Modeling Undergraduate Research Experience

Undergraduate research continues to serve as an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of a leaky pipeline. Significant funding from institutions and government agencies has increased the number of students participating in undergraduate research. In this paper, we report on the six-year experience of a National Science Foundation funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Site: Biomedical Engineering in Simulations, Imaging, and Modeling. The operation and evaluation of the program are both described. We report on the results from 55 students over six summers from 2014-2019. Our program was successful in attracting a diverse group of participants including 46% underrepresented minority students and 53% women. Based on evaluation results, students reported significant gains in technical skills, communication skills, and knowledge of graduate school. Our findings indicate baseline gender differences for several learning outcomes, where women and non-binary students report lower levels of mastery. These gaps are closed by the end of the program except for confidence in skills which is still significantly lower than those reported by male counterparts. The impact of the experience on ultimate career path is difficult to determine due to underlying biases and other motivating factors; however, 67.6% of graduates have entered graduate programs. Lastly, we have provided lessons learned for those who are interested in building a summer research program. In conclusion, we have described the successful implementation of an REU site and the positive learning outcomes of the student participants. Key Words: Biomechanics, Modeling, and Undergraduate Research.
Prognostic value of proliferation index and expression of the RNA component of human telomerase (hTR) in papillary meningiomas.

Papillary meningioma is a rare subtype of meningioma that often behaves aggressively. In order to characterize factors that may influence this behavior, we chose to compare MIB-1 labeling index (LI) and telomerase RNA localization (hTR) in papillary meningiomas, meningiomas, and atypical meningiomas. LI is now often used to supplement histologic grade in the evaluation of these lesions. More recent studies indicate that increased expression of hTR is detected in many neoplastic cells, and may play an essential role in cell immortalization. The study group consisted of five papillary meningiomas (and a recurrence in one case), 11 conventional meningiomas, and eight atypical meningiomas. Conventional meningiomas showed either negative or 1+ hTR. Atypical meningiomas showed 1+ hTR. Papillary meningiomas showed the highest hTR (five of six, including recurrence, 2–3+ and one 1+). Generally, the LI was very low for conventional meningiomas (<2%). The LI of atypical meningiomas ranged from 3–19%, mean 12%, and from 5.5–17.5%, mean 11.75% for papillary meningiomas. LI differentiated between meningiomas, and papillary or atypical meningiomas. hTR further delineated papillary (moderate to high) from atypical meningiomas (low). The combined variable of LI and hTR expression could be a useful independent prognostic indicator in patients with papillary meningioma.
Trends in Premature Deaths among Women Living with HIV/AIDS and Cervical Cancer.

Objectives There is a lack of updated information on premature death and years of potential life lost (YPLL) among human immunodeficiency (HIV)-positive women with cervical cancer. We hypothesize that increased access to preventive resources such as antiretroviral therapy, preexposure prophylaxis, and human papillomavirus vaccines has reduced premature mortality and YPLL in these women in the previous decades. Methods We used data from the National Inpatient Sample database from 2003 to the third quarter of 2015, and restricted the analysis to HIV-positive women with or without cervical cancer. Joinpoint regression models were run to identify trends in the rates of HIV and cervical cancer. Overall and age-stratified YPLL were calculated for HIV-positive women with cervical cancer. Adjusted survey logistic regression models were built to determine the predictive factors of in-hospital mortality among women living with HIV. Results Among hospitalized women, low-income, non-Hispanic Blacks, and patients aged 40 to 59 years experienced greater frequencies of HIV/cervical cancer comorbidity. The prevalence of HIV hospitalizations increased by an average annual percentage of 0.9% (95% confidence interval 0.3-1.6). YPLL decreased in HIV-positive women living with and without cervical cancer by 4.9% and 4.3%, respectively. The trajectory for YPLL was not uniform across age groups. YPLL decreased substantially in women aged 20 to 29 years with HIV/cervical cancer comorbidity. Cervical cancer remained a significant predictor of mortality among HIV-positive women when adjusted for age, race, and insurance coverage. Conclusions Within a large, national sample from 2003 to 2015, we found an overall declining trend in YPLL in women living with HIV/cervical cancer comorbidity. In-hospital mortality among HIV-positive women was associated with cervical cancer, age, race, and insurance coverage. We recommend further investigation into the quality of HIV and cervical cancer treatment and prevention services for the sociodemographic groups described.
Power and temperature control on a 90nm Itanium/sup /spl reg//-family processor

This paper describes the embedded feedback and control system on a 90 nm Itanium/spl reg/-family processor, code-named Montecito, that maximizes performance while staying within a target power and temperature (PT) envelope. This system utilizes on-chip sensors and an embedded micro-controller to measure PT and modulate voltage and frequency to meet PT constraints.
Lecture notes on geometric analysis

§0 Introduction §1 First and Second Variational Formulas for Area §2 Bishop Comparison Theorem §3 Bochner-Weitzenbock Formulas §4 Laplacian Comparison Theorem §5 Poincare Inequality and the First Eigenvalue §6 Gradient Estimate and Harnack Inequality §7 Mean Value Inequality §8 Reilly’s Formula and Applications §9 Isoperimetric Inequalities and Sobolev Inequalities §10 Lower Bounds of Isoperimetric Inequalities §11 Harnack Inequality and Regularity Theory of De Giorgi-Nash-Moser References
Is the physical functioning of older adults with diabetes associated with the processes and outcomes of care? Evidence from Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD).

Aims To examine the relationship between physical function limitations and diabetes self-management, processes of care, and intermediate outcomes in adults ≥65 years of age with type 2 diabetes.
The role of ACE gene polymorphism in rapidity of progression of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

BACKGROUND: The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with progression of renal diseases. AIMS: We investigated its role in the rate of progression of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). METHODS: Forty-seven patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to FSGS were evaluated. RESULTS: The distribution of ACE genotype was II-25.5%, ID-55.5%, and DD-19%, as compared to 40 controls with genotype of 7.5%, 60%, and 32.5%, respectively (p= NS). In African Americans (AA) the gene frequencies among patients and controls were I-43%, D-57% vs I-36%, D-64%, respectively. This was different than the gene frequencies in White/Hispanic (W/H) patients I-61.5%, D-38.5% vs I-38.6%, D-61.4%, in controls (P 0.05). With respect to rate of progression, D allele frequency was similar in AA patients (RP 64% vs SP 50%) and W/H patients (RP 36% vs SP 40%). CONCLUSION: Our study reveals no association between the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and the presence of and rapidity progression of FSGS.
Our (Almost) Perfect Constitution.

I doubt that we would write the Constitution in quite the same way if we were to undertake the task afresh. Would anyone today actually propose giving the Providence metro area the same representation in one branch of the legislature as half the West Coast? Nor do I doubt that there are details of the Constitution in need of improvement. (Like the sponsors of the symposium, I regard slavery as too obvious a failing to require discussion here). The interesting question is not whether the Constitution might not have been improved here or there. As with any human document, the answer is undoubtedly "yes."t But the more significant question is whether changes in the text would produce large practical benefits-or to put it another way, whether any parts of the Constitution (again putting aside slavery) have produced major social harms. On this score, I am quite skeptical. The individual rights side of the Constitution is probably the easiest to deal with. No -doubt each of us can think of individual rights that should ideally be protected in the Constitution but are not mentioned there. Still, it is hard to identify any individual rights that are truly precluded from recognition by the constitutional text. What prevents the judicial recognition of additional individual rights is usually not the text. Instead, it is the same thing that prevents their explicit incorporation into the Constitution: the lack of any strong national consensus in their favor. Liberals must be aware, for example, that the chances of getting the Supreme Court to recognize a constitutional right to welfare are just as small as getting Congress to pass such an amendment, and for roughly the same reason: most people in this country think the idea is nuts. On the other hand, if our society were really prepared to recognize such a right, Professors Michelman
Designing DSP-based systems using multiple processor hardware platforms

A new integrated design environment for implementing DSP applications onto multiprocessor systems is presented. The environment is based on a structured methodology, and has distinct features such as the use of a commercially available CAE front-end for design capture and verification, independence of the multiprocessor hardware platform and interconnection topology, suitability for multiprocessor implementation of complex DSP applications and provision of a post-implementation performance analyser for enhancing system efficiency and throughput. The design environment, its distinct features and main functional blocks are presented and discussed as are typical experimental results. >
Regulation of S49 Lymphoma Cell Growth By Cyclic Adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate

S49 lymphoma tissue culture cells arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle when treated with agents that elevate endogenous cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cAMP), such as cholera toxin or exogenously added active congeners of cAMP such as N 6, O 2′-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (Bt2cAMP). This phenomenon requires that cells contain the appropriate receptors: Mutant cells deficient in adenylyl cyclase fail to arrest in response to cholera toxin, and another mutant that lacks cAMP-dependent protein kinase does not respond to cholera toxin or to Bt2cAMP. The size distribution of cell populations treated with Bt2cAMP changes in a manner that reflects only the perturbation of cell cycle distribution. Arrested G1 cells in particular have the same volume as the G1 cells of an exponentially growing population. When G1 cells that have been arrested by Bt2cAMP are grown in fresh medium free of Bt2cAMP, they begin to reenter S phase after a delay of about 6 hr and do so with pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 5 hr. These and other properties previously described suggest that cAMP regulates S49 cell growth by physiologically significant rather than artifactual mechanisms.
Energy Production from Food Industry Wastewaters Using Bioelectrochemical Cells

Conversion of waste and renewable resources to energy using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is an upcoming technology for enabling a cleaner and sustainable environment. This chapter assesses the energy production potential from the US food industry wastewater resource. It also reports on an experimental study investigating conversion of wastewater from a local milk dairy plant to electricity. An MFC anode biocatalyst enriched on model sugar and organic acid substrates was used as the inoculum for the dairy wastewater MFC. The tests were conducted using a two-chamber MFC with a porous three dimensional anode and a Pt/C air-cathode. Power densities up to 690 mW/m2 (54 W/m3) were obtained.
Recombinational inactivation of the gene encoding nitrate reductase in Aspergillus parasiticus.

Abstract Functional disruption of the gene encoding nitrate reductase (niaD) in Aspergillus parasiticus was conducted by two strategies, one-step gene replacement and the integrative disruption. Plasmid pPN-1, in which an internal DNA fragment of the niaD gene was replaced by a functional gene encoding orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (pyrG), was constructed. Plasmid pPN-1 was introduced in linear form into A. parasiticus CS10 (ver-1 wh-1 pyrG) by transformation. Approximately 25% of the uridine prototrophic transformants (pyrG+) were chlorate resistant (Chlr), demonstrating their inability to utilize nitrate as a sole nitrogen source. The genetic block in nitrate utilization was confirmed to occur in the niaD gene by the absence of growth of the A. parasiticus CS10 transformants on medium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source and the ability to grow on several alternative nitrogen sources. Southern hybridization analysis of Chlr transformants demonstrated that the resident niaD locus was replaced by the nonfunctional allele in pPN-1. To generate an integrative disruption vector (pSKPYRG), an internal fragment of the niaD gene was subcloned into a plasmid containing the pyrG gene as a selectable marker. Circular pSKPYRG was transformed into A. parasiticus CS10. Chlr pyrG+ transformants were screened for nitrate utilization and by Southern hybridization analysis. Integrative disruption of the genomic niaD gene occurred in less than 2% of the transformants. Three gene replacement disruption transformants and two integrative disruption transformants were tested for mitotic stability after growth under nonselective conditions. All five transformants were found to stably retain the Chlr phenotype after growth on nonselective medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Solid State Imagers for Astronomy

This is a summary of the meeting “Solid State Imagers for Astronomy” held at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in June 1981. The main emphasis of this report is a comparison of the performance characteristics of the CCD detectors now in use.
Genome sequencing. Genes blossom from a weed

Arabidopsis thaliana is a tiny weed that serves as a genetic model for over 250,000 species of plant, because of its small genome and the ease with which it can be manipulated. The sequence of the first contiguous stretch of Arabidopsis DNA has now been reported. Although this represents only 1.5% of the Arabidopsis genome, at 1.9 million base pairs the sequence is longer than most of the genomes that have been completely sequenced to date.
The size distributions of nanoscale Fe-Ni-S droplets in Stardust melted grains from comet 81P/Wild 2

Abstract– To constrain the effects of capture modification processes, the size distribution of nanoscale refractory Fe-Ni-S inclusions (“droplets”) was measured in five allocations extracted from throughout the depth of Stardust Track 35. The Fe/S ratio has been previously shown to increase significantly with penetration depth in this track, suggesting increasing capture-related modification along the track. Astronomical image analysis tools were employed to measure the sizes of more than 8000 droplets from TEM images, and completeness simulations were used to correct the distribution for detection bias as a function of radius. The size distribution characteristics are found to be similar within independent regions of individual allocations, demonstrating uniformity within grains. The size distribution of the Fe-Ni-S droplets in each allocation is dominated by a mode near 11 nm, but is coarse-skewed and leptokurtic with a mean of ∼17 nm and a standard deviation of ∼9 nm. The size distribution characteristics do not vary systematically with penetration depth, despite the strong trend in bulk Fe/S ratio. This suggests that the capture modification process is not primarily responsible for producing the morphology of these nanoscale droplets. The Stardust Track 35 droplet size distribution indicates slightly smaller sizes, but otherwise resembles those in carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094, and chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles that escaped nebular annealing of sulfides. The size distribution of metal-sulfide beads in Stardust’s quenched melted-grain emulsions appears to be inherited from the size distribution of unmelted sulfide mineral grains in comet-dust particles of chondritic character.
Weakening portfolio effect strength in a hatchery-supplemented Chinook salmon population complex

Biocomplexity contributes to asynchronous population dynamics, buffering stock complexes in temporally variable environments, a phenomenon referred to as a “portfolio effect”. We previously reveale...
Quantifying fiber formation in meat analogs under high moisture extrusion using image processing

High moisture extrusion using twin-screw extruders shows great promise of producing meat analog products with vegetable proteins. The resulting products have well defined fiber formations; resemble real meat in both visual appearance and taste sensation. Developing reliable non-destructive techniques to quantify the textural properties of extrudates is important for quality control in the manufacturing process. In this study, we developed an image processing technique to automatically characterize sample fiber formation using digital imaging. The algorithm is based on statistical analysis of Hough transform. This objective method can be used as a standard method for evaluating other non-invasive methods. We have compared the fiber formation indices measured using this technique and a non-invasive fluorescence polarization method and obtained a high correlation.
Feasibility study of a solar‐assisted heating/cooling system for an aquatic centre in hot and humid climates

This paper reports on a feasibility study of a solar-powered heating/cooling system for a swimming pool/space combination in a tropical environment. The system utilizes an absorption chiller and a cooling tower to meet the facilities and locker room load. The heating is accomplished by employing hot water generated by heat exchange with the solar collector working fluid. Two thermal storage tanks were employed for the collector and domestic use. The absorption chiller utilizes hot water to regenerate the LiBr solution. The proposed system enables the swimming season to be extended from sixteen weeks to fifty-two weeks. Simulation results indicate that a combination of a double glazed collector area of 600–4800 m2 and a storage tank volume of 11·36 m3 results in a 25–37% reduction in the consumption of natural gas. Economic analysis is performed based on the life-cycle-cost method and takes into account the effects of discount rate, fuel price and fuel inflation rate. Different scenarios for which the solar-assisted system is economical are presented and analysed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastasis to the colon from bronchogenic carcinoma

Two cases of primary carcinoma of the lung with clinically demonstrated colon metastases are presented. Such metastases may present with intermittent or continuous colonic obstruction, lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding, or anemia. The metastases may be synchronous or metachronous with respect to diagnosis of the lung lesion. Potential problems in management are discussed and the literature, relating to colonic metastasis from bronchogenic carcinoma, is reviewed.
Geographic variation and environmental risk factors for the incidence of initial kidney stones in patients with spinal cord injury.

Purpose: Although geographic variability in cases of kidney stones, primarily calcium stones, is reported in the general population, little is known about geographic variability in subjects with spinal cord injury, in whom struvite stones predominate. We examined regional variation in the incidence rate of initial kidney stones and clarified the contributing factors in a spinal cord injury cohort.Materials and Methods: We used data from the national spinal cord injury database between 1986 and 1999 on 7,784 participants from 21 spinal cord injury centers with 24,492 person-years of followup accumulated and 286 incident stone cases. A multilevel Poisson model was constructed to evaluate the ecological effects of latitude, air temperature, water hardness and sunlight index on stone formation while controlling for individual factors, including participant age, race, gender, severity of injury and bladder management.Results: The incidence rate was significantly greater in the southeast and tended to increase ...
Dosimetric aspects of a rotating beam splitter used in tangential field breast treatment.

A rotating beam splitter was designed and fabricated for use in treating tangential breast fields on an AECL Theratron‐80 cobalt teletherapy unit. Its dosimetric properties were studied using a 0.6‐cm3 Baldwin–Farmer ionization chamber with Keithley electrometer and a Scanditronix RFA‐3 three‐dimensional water phantom scanner with semiconductor detector. An aluminum plate, which held the semicircular rotating 5‐HVL (half‐value layer) lead block, extended to the phantom surface (80‐cm source–surface distance). The beam was blocked directly along the central axis and also at distances up to 7.5 mm off‐axis, corresponding to the projected extent of the 1.5‐cm‐diam source. The penumbra at the central ray and at each off‐axis point was measured at d max and at 5‐cm depth in water. A reduction in the penumbra from 8 to about 2 mm for 20×20 cm2 beam was observed regardless of the off‐axis distance of the block. Isodose distributions obtained for various field sizes indicated that the percent depth doses of the split fields agree well with the equivalent squares of the irradiated field sizes. Output measurements in water and in air indicated that scatter from the aluminum plate more than compensates for the reduction in backscatter factor, due to the decrease in irradiated area when the beam splitter is used. Isodose curves in various planes were obtained at clinically useful rotational angles of the beam splitter. Computer generated isodose curves have been obtained that match the measured curves to be used in treatment planning.
Human Homologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rad1, Hus1, and Rad9 Form a DNA Damage-responsive Protein Complex

DNA damage activates cell cycle checkpoints in yeast and human cells. In the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombecheckpoint-deficient mutants have been characterized, and the corresponding genes have been cloned. Searches for human homologs ofS. pombe rad1, rad9, and hus1 genes identified the potential human homologs hRad1, hRad9, and hHus1; however, little is known about the roles of these proteins in human cells. The present studies demonstrate that hRad1 and hHus1 associate in a complex that interacts with a highly modified form of hRad9, but hHus1 and hRad1 do not associate with hRad17. In addition to being a key participant in complex formation, hRad9 is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. Together, these results suggest that hRad9, hRad1, and hHus1 are central components of a DNA damage-responsive protein complex in human cells.
Progesterone and allopregnanolone attenuate blood–brain barrier dysfunction following permanent focal ischemia by regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown after stroke is linked to the up-regulation of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammation. This study examines the effects of progesterone (PROG) and its neuroactive metabolite allopregnanolone (ALLO) on BBB integrity following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Rats underwent pMCAO by electro-coagulation and received intraperitoneal injections of PROG (8 mg/kg), ALLO (8 mg/kg) or vehicle at 1 h post-occlusion and then subcutaneous injections (8 mg/kg) at 6, 24, and 48 h. MMP activation and expression were analyzed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and gelatin zymography 72 h post-pMCAO. Occludin1, claudin5, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were analyzed at 72 h post-pMCAO with Western blots. BBB permeability was measured by Evans blue extravasation and infarct size was evaluated by cresyl violet at 72 h after pMCAO. Ischemic injury significantly (p<0.05) increased the expression of MMP-9, MMP-2, TNF-α and IL-6, and reduced the levels of occludin1 and claudin5. These changes were followed by increased infarct size (% contralateral hemisphere) and Evans blue extravasation into the brain indicating compromise of the BBB. PROG and ALLO attenuated BBB disruption and infarct size following pMCAO by reducing MMPs and the inflammatory response and by preventing the degradation of occludin1 and claudin5. We conclude that PROG and ALLO can help to protect BBB disruption following pMCAO.
Dynamics and control of continuous microbial propagators to subject substrate inhibition

Inhibitory substrate levels are common in industrial fermentations and in biological waste-water treatment of many industrial wastes. Continuous microbial cultures are unstable to certain disturbances, such as shock loading by inhibitory substrates. Two feedback proportional control strategies are analyzed and compared for a simple model culture assumed represent able by the culture concentrations of biomass and a single rate-limiting and growth-limiting nutrient (substrate). One control strategy, the well known turbidostat, consists of adjusting culture holding time (e.g., by flow rate adjustment) in response to deviations in turbidity or some other measure of culture biomass concentration. The other control strategy is to adjust holding time in response to deviations in limiting nutrient concentrations in the culture. This second control strategy, termed the nutristat, can be superior to the turbidostat in many applications. The sign and magnitude of the dimensionless group {(X/YD)[dμ/dS]s}, is shown to be an important determinant, in the behavior of the open loop and the two closed loop processes. This characteristic group is positive when the specific growth rate is increased by increases in the nutrient concentration, zero when the growth rate is unaffected by the nutrient concentration, and negative in the presence of nutrient or substrate inhibition. The effects of process modifications and of modeling assumptions on the control of the process are discussed and more sophisticated control schemes are also proposed.
Trading arms for hostages? How the government and print media “spin” portrayals of the United States' policy toward Iran

The relationship between the United States and Iran has had an important influence on world affairs during the past two decades. Accordingly, the U.S. news media have an instrumental role in portraying U.S.‐Iran relations to the public. The Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis of 1979–1981, the TWA hijacking of 1985, the Irangate controversy of 1986–1987, and the Persian Gulf War of 1990–1991 are examples of important media events that have impacted public opinion regarding U.S. policy toward Iran. This research analyzes government and print media portrayals of the Reagan administration's U.S.‐Iran policy during Irangate. Results supported the prediction that the print media would fulfill their “watchdog” function by providing more critical portrayals of the United States' policy toward Iran than the Tower Commission Report, an investigative document published by President Reagan's Special Review Board. Among the three leading newspapers analyzed, there was significant diversity in the reporting of U.S.‐...
Nonhydrostatic aspects of coastal upwelling meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries

Coastal upwelling meanders and filaments are common features off eastern ocean boundaries.Their growth is reinvestigated herein using a nonhydrostatic three-dimensional model and areduced-gravity model, with the objective of assessing contributions from two mechanisms thatemerge in the nonhydrostatic regime. The first mechanism is caused by the vertical projectionof the Coriolis force in the momentum equation. It is found that the vertical Coriolis forceoften acts as a restoring force against numerical damping off eastern ocean boundaries andthus enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. The second mechanism arises fromunstable ocean stratification when the cold upwelled water intrudes seaward over the warmlayer. The unstable stratification, albeit transient, further enhances the growth of meanders andfilaments. It is concluded that although nonhydrostatic effects do not change our understandingof how meanders and filaments grow, the realism can be enhanced using a nonhydrostaticmodel insofar as meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries are concerned. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.00228.x
Coming of Age in New Jersey: College and American Culture

"With Kinseyesque diligence [Moffatt] catalogues the sexual habits and fantasies of his students...His book vibrates with quirky authenticity." --New York Times Book Review "Useful for understanding the student experience ...throughout the United States...Beautifully written, carefully researched ...a classic."--John Thelin, Educational Studies "Michael Moffatt is a multitalented, multidisciplinary scholar ...who writes without a trace of gobbledygook. He deserves a wide following." --Rupert Wilkinson, Journal of American Studies "One of the most thoughtfully crafted case studies of undergraduate culture ...ever written ...a book every professor should read." --Paul J. Baker, Academe Coming of Age is about college as students really know it and--often--love it. To write this remarkable account, Michael Moffatt did what anthropologists usually do in more distant cultures: he lived among the natives. His findings are sometimes disturbing, potentially controversial, but somehow very believable. Coming of Age is a vivid slice of life of what Moffatt saw and heard in the dorms of a typical state university, Rutgers, in the 1980s. It is full of student voices: naive and worldy-wise, vulgar and polite, cynical, humorous, and sometimes even idealistic. But it is also about American culture more generally: individualism, friendship, community, bureaucracy, diversity, race, sex, gender, intellect, work, and play. As an example of an ethnography written about an anthropologist's own culture, this book is an uncommon one. As a new and revealing perspective on the much-studied American college student, it is unique.
Spatial release from energetic and informational masking in a selective speech identification task.

A masker can reduce target intelligibility both by interfering with the target’s peripheral representation (“energetic masking”) and/or by causing more central interference (“informational masking”). Intelligibility generally improves with increasing spatial separation between two sources, an effect known as spatial release from masking (SRM). Here, SRM was measured using two concurrent sine-vocoded talkers. Target and masker were each composed of eight different narrowbands of speech (with little spectral overlap). The broadband target-to-masker energy ratio (TMR) was varied, and response errors were used to assess the relative importance of energetic and informational masking. Performance improved with increasing TMR. SRM occurred at all TMRs; however, the pattern of errors suggests that spatial separation affected performance differently, depending on the dominant type of masking. Detailed error analysis suggests that informational masking occurred due to failures in either across-time linkage of target segments (streaming) or top-down selection of the target. Specifically, differences in the spatial cues in target and masker improved streaming and target selection. In contrast, level differences helped listeners select the target, but had little influence on streaming. These results demonstrate that at least two mechanisms (differentially affected by spatial and level cues) influence informational masking.