cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric Properties and Microstructures of Ba(Ti,Zr)O3 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors with Ni Electrodes

The microstructures and dielectric properties of multilayer ceramic capacitors based on reoxidized Ba(Ti 0.88 ,Zr 0.12 )O 3 (BTZ) materials with Ni electrodes were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Dielectric measurements showed that the BTZ materials exhibited frequency relaxation effects. Although X-ray diffraction showed a single pseudocubic phase, split and elongated electron diffraction spots were observed using selected area diffraction (SAD). There were no super-lattice diffraction spots in the SAD pattern. The microstructures of BTZ dielectric materials were observed at dynamical diffraction conditions, and multidomain structures coexisting in one grain were imaged with high contrast. Bright field and centered dark field images revealed the pseudocubic (100) and (110) domain walls had developed in some regions of the same grain with normal ferroelectric macro-domain features, and bend contours and distorted domain walls were seen. Defects with the features of low angle grain boundaries, dislocations, and phase boundaries were also observed. Uneven distribution of internal stress and coexistence of multiphases and multidomains in individual grains were considered to be responsible for the frequency relaxor behavior observed in these materials. A model of the evolution of the microstructures with the decrease of temperature is presented.
Vibrational dynamics of biological molecules: Multi-quantum contributions

High-resolution X-ray measurements near a nuclear resonance reveal the complete vibrational spectrum of the probe nucleus. Because of this, nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) is a uniquely quantitative probe of the vibrational dynamics of reactive iron sites in proteins and other complex molecules. Our measurements of vibrational fundamentals have revealed both frequencies and amplitudes of 57Fe vibrations in proteins and model compounds. Information on the direction of Fe motion has also been obtained from measurements on oriented single crystals, and provides an essential test of normal mode predictions. Here, we report the observation of weaker two-quantum vibrational excitations (overtones and combinations) for compounds that mimic the active site of heme proteins. The predicted intensities depend strongly on the direction of Fe motion. We compare the observed features with predictions based on the observed fundamentals, using information on the direction of Fe motion obtained either from DFT predictions or from single crystal measurements. Two-quantum excitations may become a useful tool to identify the directions of the Fe oscillations when single crystals are not available.
PLANAR ROUTING AROUND A RECTANGLE

The problem of planar (single-layer) routing, of two- and multi-terminal nets, around a rectangle is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution is presented. An O(n) time algorithm for obtaining a minimum-area planar routing, if one exists, is proposed, where n is the number of terminals.
Revealing the Ubiquitous Effects of Quantum Entanglement-Toward a Notion of God Logic

Following Spinoza-Einstein’s interpretation of God or nature, the notion “God Logic” is proposed. This notion is to serve as an elicitation for a consistent set of necessary criteria for: 1) developing the logical foundation of quantum gravity as envisaged by Einstein, 2) revealing the ubiquitous effects of quantum entanglement as suggested by Roger Penrose, and 3) programming the universe as proposed by Seth Lloyd. An evolving set of eleven criteria is proposed for the notion. The possibility of inventing such a logical system is analyzed. A supersymmetrical candidate logic of negative-positive energy dynamic equilibrium is introduced and assessed against the set of criteria. It is shown that the first 10 criteria are met or partially met by the candidate. But the question whether the 11 th criterion has been or can be met is left open for discussion and further research effort. The assessment leads to a few predictions. Notably, it is predicted that, should Boson-Fermion symmetry or broken symmetry be observed, it would be caused by bipolar symmetry or broken symmetry of negative-positive energies.
Variations in treatment of rectal cancer : The influence of hospital type and caseload

PURPOSE: Surgical options for the treatment of rectal cancer may involve sphincter-sparing procedures (SSP) or abdominoperineal resection (APR). We sought to examine variations in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer for a large, well-defined patient population and specifically to determine if differences exist in management and survival based on hospital type and surgical caseload. METHODS: The Cancer Surveillance Program database for Los Angeles County was used to retrospectively retrieve data on all patients who underwent SSP or APR for rectal adenocarcinoma between 1988 and 1992. RESULTS: A total of 2,006 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum underwent SSP or APR during the study period. Overall, 55 percent underwent SSP, and the remaining 45 percent underwent APR. Use of SSP remained relatively constant for each year of the five-year period. Substantial variability was seen in the use of SSP at various hospital types. For localized disease, this varied from as low as 52 percent at teaching hospitals to as high as 78 percent at hospitals approved by the American College of Surgeons (P = 0.067). To examine the role of caseload experience, hospitals were divided into those completing an average of five or fewer rectal cancer cases per year vs. those completing an average of more than five cases per year. For localized disease, hospitals with higher caseloads performed SSP in significantly more cases, 69 vs. 63 percent (P = 0.049). Survival was seen to be significantly improved for patients operated on at hospitals with higher caseloads, in cases of both localized and regional diseases (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Surgical choices in the treatment of rectal cancer may vary widely, even in a well-defined geographic region. Although the reasons for this variability are multifactorial, hospital environment and surgical caseload experience seem to have a significant role in the choice of surgical procedure and on survival.
Effects of several microbial seedpiece treatments on emergence, yield, tuber defects, tuber size distribution, and specific gravity of Katahdin and Russet Burbank potatoes in Maine

Several microbial seedpiece treatments were applied to Katahdin and Russet Burbank to determine their effects on emergence rates, yield, tuber defects, tuber size distribution, and specific gravity under Maine conditions. None of the seedpiece treatments affected total yield, final plant stand, or specific gravity, although several treatments caused slight delays in rate of plant emergence. Several of the seedpiece treatments increased yield of small tubers of Russet Burbank and shifted the yield of Katahdin slightly toward the larger grade size classes. None of the microbial seedpiece treatments was substantially different in performance from the other treatments; and none can be recommended as beneficial for potatoes in Maine.
Astronomical theory of the Pleistocene ice ages: A brief historical review

Abstract This paper traces the evolution of the astronomical theory of the Pleistocene ice ages from its origin in the work of Adhemar and Croll, through its quantitative transformation in the hands of Milankovitch, to its current renaissance. Emphasis is given to the interplay between climatic theory and geologic observation. From 1941, when Milankovitch published his final version of the theory, until the early 1970s, most attempts to test the theory empirically were carried out in the time domain by comparing the geologic record of climate with predicted climate curves. These attempts ran into serious difficulties, particularly the inaccuracy of the geologic time scale and the ambiguity of climate predictions. Early attempts to evaluate the theory with simple radiation-balance models appeared to indicate that the climatic response to secular changes in the orbit would be too small to be observed geologically. But by the mid 1970s, the advent of an improved time scale for Pleistocene marine deposits, and the availability of long, closely sampled records, made it possible to arrange generalized but unambiguous tests of the theory in the frequency domain by comparing orbital and climatic spectra. These results decisively confirmed the idea that orbital variations significantly influenced the Earth's climate during the Pleistocene—but they did not tell us how this influence was exercised. The emphasis of current work has therefore shifted to the identification and quantitative modeling of physical mechanisms by which the climate system responds so dramatically to the predicted, rather subtle changes in radiative boundary conditions.
Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Delivery and Postpartum Hospitalizations in the United States

OBJECTIVES: To propose a new standard for monitoring severe maternal morbidity, update previous estimates of severe maternal morbidity during both delivery and postpartum hospitalizations, and estimate trends in these events in the United States between 1998 and 2009. METHODS: Delivery and postpartum hospitalizations were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the period 1998–2009. International Classification of Diseases, 9 th Revision codes indicating severe complications were used to identify hospitalizations with severe maternal morbidity and related in-hospital mortality. Trends were reported using 2-year increments of data. RESULTS: Severe morbidity rates for delivery and postpartum hospitalizations for the 2008–2009 period were 129 and 29, respectively, for every 10,000 delivery hospitalizations. Compared with the 1998–1999 period, severe maternal morbidity increased by 75% and 114% for delivery and postpartum hospitalizations, respectively. We found increasing rates of blood transfusion, acute renal failure, shock, acute myocardial infarction, respiratory distress syndrome, aneurysms, and cardiac surgery during delivery hospitalizations. Moreover, during the study period, rates of postpartum hospitalization with 13 of the 25 severe complications examined more than doubled, and the overall mortality during postpartum hospitalizations increased by 66% (P,.05). CONCLUSIONS: Severe maternal morbidity currently affects approximately 52,000 women during their delivery hospitalizations and, based on current trends, this burden is expected to increase. Clinical review of identified cases of severe maternal morbidity can provide an opportunity to identify points of intervention for quality improvement in maternal care.
Performance of Doubly Fed-Induction Machine Wind-Generators during Grid and Wind Disturbances

A doubly fed induction generator is under study for application with a wind turbine. The operation of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) under different disturbances namely, response to gradual increase or decrease in wind speeds, sudden change of wind speeds like wind gust and different fault scenarios near and farther to the wind turbine are demonstrated in this paper using the wind model developed by DIgSILENTreg in their power factory software.
Auxiliary tool allocation in flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract This paper analyses a new approach to the machine loading problem arising in flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). This approach allows the operations to be assigned to machines assuming that machines have access to all the tools required for their operations. This exploits the flexibility of the FMS completely. Next an allocation of tools to machines is determined which satisfies the tool requirements for each machine and minimizes the total number of tools. Thus this approach minimizes the unnecessary tool duplications in the system and maximizes the tool utilization. The problem is modeled as an integer linear program (ILP). We notice that the main problem has a block diagonal structure which is decomposable by relaxing a set of linking constraints. Each separated sub-problem represents a problem of allocation of a single type of tools. We develop a branch-and-bound based exact solution procedure and three heuristic procedures to solve the sub-problems. Our lower bounding approach uses Lanrangean relaxation. The solutions to the Lagrangean relaxation are further used to determine the branching sequences and to develop heuristic approaches. Since finding even a feasible solution to the main problem is NP-hard, we develop only enumerative procedures to solve the main problem. Finally, these solution procedures are tested on randomly generated test problems.
The semiconductor septum photoelectrochemical cell

Abstract CdSe semiconductor septum photoelectrochemical cells have been constructed and their photoelectrochemical characteristics studied using cyclic voltammetry. Photovoltages and photocurrent densities as high as 1.8 V and 7 mA cm−2 respectively were obtained. The changes in polarity of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the cell upon illumination suggest that a rechargeable photoelectrochemical cell may be developed using dual electrolyte semiconductor contacts.
Mapping of two immunodominant antigenic epitopes conserved among the major inner capsid protein, VP7 of five bluetongue viruses

A combination of polyclonal, monoclonal, and oligoclonal antibodies was used in Western blot to analyze intact VP7 proteins and their proteolytic peptide fragments of five bluetongue viruses found in the United States. Two linear immunodominant antigenic determinants were located and identified on this major inner capsid protein. One of the antigenic epitopes, which consisted of 11 residues (LTRAIARAAYV), was mapped by polyclonal antibody to the carboxyl terminus of the viral protein (residues 339 through 349). The second epitope (ARQPYGFFLETEEVYQPG) was located by both monoclonal and oligoclonal antibodies and mapped between residues 122 through 139. The exact locations of these two linear and continuous epitopes were also confirmed by competition with sequence-specific synthetic peptides. These epitopes were highly conserved among the VP7 proteins of all five U.S. bluetongue viruses.
Family strengths in long-term marriages

Considerable interest exists in identifying the characteristics of families that exhibit a high level of functioning. Since family strengths may be related to family stability, it is logical to examine long-term marriages for characteristics of strong and durable relationships. The present sample consists of 116 couples divided into two groups, higher family strengths and lower family sterngths, based on an empirical measure. Differences in the qualities of these families were identified. In most respects strengths found to be important in earlier studies of younger families also discriminated within long-term marriages. However, some variables may be more important in long-term marriages, including health, sexual relations, financial matters, and personality issues.
Frequency dependence in the initiation of ultrafast laser-induced damage

Numerous studies have investigated the role of photoionization in ultrafast laser-induced damage of bulk dielectrics. This study examines the role of spectral width and instantaneous laser frequency in laser-induced damage using a frequency dependent multiphoton ionization model and numerical simulation of an 800 nm laser pulse propagating through fused silica. When the individual photon wavelengths are greater than 827 nm, an additional photon is required for photoionization, reducing the probability of the event by many orders of magnitude. Simulation results suggest that this frequency dependence may significantly affect the processes of laser-induced damage and filamentation.
Structural robustness with suboptimal responses for linear state space model

A relationship between the closed-loop eigenvalues and the amount of perturbations in the open-loop matrix is addressed in the context of performance robustness. If the allowable perturbation ranges of elements of the open-loop matrix A and the desired tolerance of the closed-loop eigenvalues are given such that max(j) of the absolute value of Delta-lambda(j) (A+BF) should be less than some prescribed value, what is a state feedback controller F which satisfies the closed-loop eigenvalue perturbation-tolerance requirement for a class of given perturbation in A? The paper gives an algorithm to design such a controller. Numerical examples are included for illustration.
PRIORITIZING HABITAT FOR SURVEYS OF AN UNCOMMON MAMMAL: A MODELING APPROACH APPLIED TO PYGMY RABBITS

Determining occurrence and distribution is an essential 1st step in conservation planning for rare species. Spatial habitat models can be used to increase efficiency of field surveys and to improve understanding about factors influencing animal distributions. We used a modeling approach to identify and prioritize potential habitat for survey efforts for an uncommon mammal, the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis), for which detailed habitat data are limited. A base map of potential habitat in Idaho was defined using vegetation type and soil depth data. Documented locations (n = 164) were used to evaluate additional habitat variables to prioritize the potential habitat for surveys. We conducted field surveys to evaluate the predicted habitat attributes and document presence or absence of the species. Newly confirmed occurrences (n = 112) and absences (n = 139) were used to assess accuracy in predicting habitat priority ratings. Overall model accuracy was 65%. Eighty-four percent of the new occurrences were located in the 2 highest priority ranks, and <0.4% were located in the 2 lowest priority ranks. We offer several examples of how survey results can be used to improve the habitat model and increase efficiency of future survey efforts.
Patterns of failure following surgery alone for colorectal carcinoma

Two hundred fifty-one patients with colorectal carcinoma were studied following complete primary resection to determine patterns of failure. Seventy-two patients (29%) subsequently developed failures: Local failure (LF) occurred as the only failure in 49% of the failure group and as some component in 81%; distant metastases (DM) occurred in 19% and 47%, respectively. The groups at highest risk for local failure were those with extension of tumor through the bowel wall whether the nodes were involved or not. Furthermore, those with gross extension of disease through the wall developed a significantly higher incidence of distant metastases compared to those with microscopic extension through the wall (P less than 0.005). The absolute 5-year survival rate for those with tumor through the wall vs within the wall was 40% and 79%, respectively. Adjuvant therapy was discussed in view of the ability to identify subgroups of patients at highest risk for local vs distant failures.
Application of the trauma score in the prehospital setting

The Trauma Score (TS) is a physiologic measure of injury severity that correlates with patient outcome. Application of the TS has shown that it is useful for patient triage, for predicting patient outcome, and as a means of normalizing for case mix when comparing prehospital care and transport modalities. Our study explored the interrater reliability of assessments of TS variables that were made by emergency medical technicians and paramedics during the prehospital phase. Results showed that 95.3% of the assessments made by prehospital personnel agreed with those made by a highly-trained nurse observer, despite slight variations in assessment techniques. The results have implications for prehospital field use of the TS.
Abstract LB-339: Increase in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) after antiangiogenic therapy is associated with poor survival in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) patients.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Antiangiogenic therapy is associated with increased radiographic responses in glioblastomas (GBMs), but tumors invariably recur. Because tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been shown to mediate escape from antiangiogenic therapy in preclinical models, we examined the role of TAMs in recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) patients. We compared autopsy brain specimens from 20 rGBM patients who received antiangiogenic treatment and chemoradiation (AAT+) to 8 patients who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy without antiangiogenic therapy, or no treatment (AAT-). TAMs were morphologically and phenotypically analyzed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD68, CD14, CD163, and CD11b expression. Flow cytometry showed an increase in TAMs in the AAT+ patients. IHC analysis demonstrated an increase in CD68+ TAMs in the tumor bulk (p<0.01) and infiltrative areas (p=0.02) in AAT+ patients. We also observed an increase in CD11b+ cells in the tumor bulk (p<0.01) and an increase in CD163+ TAMs in infiltrative tumor (p=0.02). Of note, an increased number of CD11b+ cells in bulk and infiltrative tumor (p=0.05 and p=0.05, respectively) correlated with poor overall survival in patients who first received antiangiogenic therapy at recurrence. In summary, rGBMs showed an increased infiltration in myeloid populations in the tumor bulk and in the infiltrative regions after antiangiogenic therapy. Higher numbers of CD11b+ cells correlated with poor survival in rGBM patients. These data suggest that TAMs may participate in escape from antiangiogenic therapy and may represent a potential biomarker of resistance and a potential therapeutic target in rGBM. Citation Format: Christine Lu-Emerson, Matija Snuderl, Nathaniel D. Kirkpatrick, Jermaine Goveia, Jennie Taylor, Christian Davidson, Yuhui Huang, Lars Riedemann, S. Percy Ivy, G. Dan Duda, Marek Ancukiewicz3, Scott R. Plotkin, Andrew Chi, Elizabeth R. Gerstner, April F. Eichler, Jorg Dietrich, Anat O. Stemmer-Rachamimov, Tracy T. Batchelor, Rakesh K. Jain. Increase in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) after antiangiogenic therapy is associated with poor survival in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-339. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-339
PAH Exposures of Nine Preschool Children

Abstract The exposures to 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of 9 children, ages 2–5 yr, were measured over 48 hr at day care and at home. Sampled media included indoor and outdoor air, floor dust, outdoor play area soil, hand surface, and solid and liquid food. Urine samples were collected for metabolite analysis. Diaries of the children's activities during the sampling period were also kept. Significant positive correlations between media were found for total PAH in indoor air with floor dust (p<0.001), and for total PAH in outdoor air with floor dust (p<0.05). Also at the p<0.05 level, the B2 PAH (probable human carcinogens) were correlated in play area soil with outdoor air, and in outdoor with indoor air. Total PAH and B2 concentrations were correlated in play area soil and in floor dust (p<0.05). The relative importance of the exposure pathways differed for total PAH and B2 PAH. For total PAH, which included both volatile and semi-volatile compounds, inhalation was most important, then dietar...
DISCUSSION: ALTRUISM, SPIRITUALLY MERGING WITH A FELLOW HUMAN BEING'S SUFFERING

. This discussion focuses on the details of the wellsprings of altruism. The preceding articles in this section portray how spirit figures in various cultural guises appear in human lives with the gift of altruism, in a kind of seeding of the willing healer with the spirit's presence and its accompanying power of love, altruism, and healing. The word altruism is related to the French autre and autrui, “other,” with a special meaning here implying a relationship of identification.
`Relevance' in Management Research: A Critical Reappraisal

Reforms are under way in educational institutions that ultimately impact programmatic, educational, and research agendas. Of particular concern in this paper is the lingering debate over the relationship of management research to the practice of management. This article elaborates that debate by exploring the dilemma from both the practitioner's and academic researcher's perspectives, respecting the legitimacy of each viewpoint. Practitioners judge knowledge based on its instrumentality; academics view practitioners as one of several key constituents and therefore adopt a broader approach that considers instrumental knowledge among several potential outcomes. Particular attention is devoted to the avoidance of simplifying the issue by developing `solutions' that purport to resolve the dilemma, favoring instead an approach that problematizes it and thereby embraces the extant complexity. A framework for complex understanding is developed focusing on context, process, contradiction and action. The intent of...
Studies of Liquid−Liquid Demixing of Polystyrene Solutions Using Dynamic Light Scattering. Nucleation and Droplet Growth from Dilute Solution

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of liquid−liquid demixing from dilute polystyrene (PS)/cyclohexane and PS/methylcyclohexane solutions are described. Phase transitions were induced by temperature quenches into the metastable region and beyond using concentrations low enough to ensure liquid−liquid demixing by a nucleation growth (NG) mechanism. In a companion paper the NG results are compared with demixing studies at higher concentration, where the mechanism is spinodal decomposition (SD), and with DLS measurements in a good solvent. The present measurements employed polystyrenes of low or medium molecular weight, Mw,1 = 30 000, ρ1 = Mw/Mn = 1.05, Mw,2 = 90 000, ρ2 = 1.04 and Mw,3 = 400 000, ρ3 = 1.05. In the NG region DLS measurements yield well-behaved correlation lengths for quenches well into the metastable region, but that pattern ends in the immediate vicinity of the cloudpoint where it splits to a bimodal distribution. The larger (slow) component is associated with the nucleation and gro...
CONTROL OF SPOT-DEPENDENT PPGPP SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Escherichia coli has two ppGpp synthetases, PSI and PSII, encoded by the relA and spoT genes. The spoT gene also encodes a ppGpp hydrolase. During exponential growth and under various starvation conditions, the level of ppGpp depends on the balance of ppGpp synthetic and degradative activities of spoT gene products. To find out how these two activities respond to different physiological conditions and to learn about the signals involved in these responses, rates of ppGpp synthesis and degradation were determined in an E. coli B/r delta relA strain during: (1) multiple amino acid deprivation after a nutritional shift-down from glucose amino acids to glucose minimal medium; (2) carbon source starvation after a "glucose runout"; (3) energy starvation by treatment with sodium azide. To each of these conditions, bacteria responded with a similar gradual accumulation of ppGpp, occurring over a period of 20 to 40 minutes, from the basal level of 4 and 24 pmol/OD460 in glucose amino acids and glucose minimal medium, respectively, to about 100 pmol ppGpp/OD460 unit of culture mass. After multiple amino acid deprivation and during azide treatment, the rate of ppGpp synthesis increased and the rate of ppGpp degradation decreased, but in different proportions by the two kinds of treatment. After glucose runout, both ppGpp synthesis and degradation immediately decreased, but the rate of degradation was reduced more, which caused the accumulation of ppGpp despite its reduced synthesis. ppGpp synthesis required continuous protein synthesis, but ppGpp hydrolysis and its control did not: the rate of ppGpp degradation could be instantly up or down-regulated in response to changes in exogenous amino acid or glucose levels in the absence of protein synthesis. The results suggest that PSII is unstable with an average functional lifetime of 40 seconds or less, and that its activity is generated during or shortly after spoT mRNA translation in response to the availability of amino acids. This regulation is responsible for the growth medium-dependent changes in basal levels of ppGpp. ppGpp hydrolysis is controlled, i.e. inhibited, mainly during conditions of physiological stress, such as multiple amino acid deprivation or energy deprivation. This inhibition can be correlated with an inferred accumulation of uncharged tRNA. Since previous reports have indicated that uncharged tRNA inhibits purified SpoT hydrolase in vitro, it is proposed that ppGpp hydrolase activity is, indeed, controlled by the concentration of uncharged tRNA in the cell. Finally, it was found that neither relC, transcriptional regulation of spoT, nor different translation starts of spoT mRNA are directly involved in the environmental control of SpoT hydrolase and PSII activities.
Liquid Relations: Contested Water Rights and Legal Complexity

Liquid Relations: Contested Water Rights and Legal Complexity. Dik Roth, Rutgerd Boelens, and Margareet Zwarteveen, eds. New Brunswick: NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. 313 pp.
Daydreaming About Death Violent Daydreaming as a Form of Emotion Dysregulation in Suicidality

Anecdotal and empirical evidence suggests that suicidal individuals may daydream about suicide as a method of mood regulation (including increasing positive affect). These daydreams may center on future suicidal plans, previous suicide attempts, or on the ways that others will react to their death. Yet, even though violent daydreams may increase positive affect in the short term, in the long run they may actually increase both suicidality and the ability to engage in suicidal behavior. In this study, a sample of 83 college students was given the Beck Depression Inventory, Anger Rumination Scale, and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. The authors hypothesized that a two-way interaction would exist between high levels of depression and high levels of violent daydreaming to predict increased levels of suicidality. Using linear regression, the results of this study supported the hypothesis. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Statistical analysis of bubble and crystal size distributions: Application to Colorado Plateau basalts

Abstract A new analytical technique for the statistical analysis of bubble populations in volcanic rocks [Proussevitch, A.A., Sahagian, D.L. and Tsentalovich, E.P., 2007-this issue. Statistical analysis of bubble and crystal size distributions: Formulations and procedures. J. Volc. Geotherm. Res.] has been applied to a collection of Colorado Plateau basalts (96 samples). A variety of mono- and polymodal distributions has been found in the samples, all of which belong to the logarithmic family of statistical functions. Most samples have bimodal log normal distributions, while the others are represented by mono- or bimodal log logistic, and Weibull distributions. We have grouped the observed distributions into 11 groups depending on distribution types, mode location, and intensity. The nature of the curves within these groups can be interpreted as evolution of vesiculation processes. We conclude that within bimodal log normal distributions, the mode of smaller bubbles is the result of a second nucleation and growth event in a lava flow after eruption. In the case of log logistic distributions the larger mode results from coalescence of bubbles. Coalescence processes are reflected in growth of a larger mode and decreasing bubble number density. Another style of population evolution leads to a monomodal Weibull (or exponential) distribution as a result of superposition of multiple log normal distributions in which the modes are comparable in size and intensity. These various population distribution styles can be interpreted with an understanding of vesiculation processes that can be gained through appropriate numerical models of coalescence and population evolution. The applicable vesiculation processes include: a) a single nucleation-growth event, b) continuous multiple nucleation-growth events, c) coalescence, and d) Ostwald ripening.
13C NMR study of AsF5 doped polyacetylene

Abstract Natural abundance 13C NMR experiments using cross polarization and magic angle spinning are reported for polyacetylene as a function of AsF5 doping level. In contrast with previous authors we find that the doping of cis-polyacetylene leads, even at low doping levels, to a new signal characteristic of the doped regions of the polymer. Similar measurements on trans-polyacetylene indicate that the doping of the trans isomer proceeds considerably more uniformly than that of the cis isomer. Comparisons with appropriate model compounds suggest that the observed shift of the 13C NMR signal on doping is primarily a chemical shift rather than a Knight shift.
Extraction Distractions: A Comparison of Social Network Model Construction Methods

This study investigates the suitability of automated extraction to generate datasets for social network analysis (SNA) by constructing social networks through Pre Conflict. org's Dyna Link tool and the traditional manual snowball approach. Comparisons between the two techniques are accomplished via analytic results derived from commonly applied SNA centrality measures. Results indicate that automated extraction can incorporate a substantial amount of extraneous actors and relationships into the social network model necessitating an analyst review of the acquired data.
Adriamycin and hydroxyurea as radiopotentiators in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix implanted in nude mice: A preliminary report

Abstract A tumor model using human squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix implanted in nude mice was developed. Hydroxyurea and Adriamycin were used as radiopotentiators. A regression delay was observed in tumors treated with radiation therapy alone and radiation therapy and Hydroxyurea. No regression delay was observed when the tumors were treated with radiation therapy and Adriamycin. Six weeks after treatment, 75% of the tumors treated with radiation therapy and Adriamycin were not palpable, while all the tumors were present in the group treated with radiation therapy alone and radiation therapy and Hydroxyurea. No difference in tumor response was noted between the group receiving radiation therapy alone and radiation therapy and Hydroxyurea. This preliminary observation shows obvious interaction between Adriamycin and radiation therapy, suggesting radiopotentiating activity. The tumor model was found useful and practical.
Allosteric interactions between cyclothiazide and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists.

Abstract 1. Cyclothiazide blocks alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor desensitization and potentiates AMPA receptor gated currents. Interactions between cyclothiazide, and the non-competitive antagonist GYKI52466 (GYKI) and competitive antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo (F) quinoxaline (NBQX) were studied at native and recombinant AMPA/kainate receptors using whole-cell recording in order to characterize the modulation by cyclothiazide of these two antagonist sites. 2. GYKI 100 microM, which is sufficient to eliminate virtually hippocampal kainate (100 microM) currents, failed to prevent access of cyclothiazide to its site of potentiation, and was unable to enhance removal of cyclothiazide potentiation. However, cyclothiazide reduced GYKI (30 microM) block from 84 +/- 8.3% to 38 +/- 12%, and slowed the onset of the block with a time course much faster than the time course for onset and offset of potentiation induced by cyclothiazide. Cyclothiazide had qualitatively similar effects upon antagonism by NBQX 1 microM. 3. Kainate activated desensitizing currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones, which were unaffected by cyclothiazide. GYKI blocked these kainate currents with lower affinity (IC50 > 120 microM) than for hippocampal neurones (IC50 < 30 microM), and cyclothiazide did not affect GYKI antagonism. 4. Steady-state AMPA currents from homomeric GluRA-Dflip receptors in HEK 293 cells were dramatically potentiated (up to 216 fold) by cyclothiazide via reduction of desensitization. In contrast, kainate-gated currents in HEK 293 cells expressing GluR6R receptors exhibited pronounced desensitization that was unaffected by cyclothiazide. GYKI retains its inhibition at both recombinant AMPA and kainate receptors. 5. These results indicate that cyclothiazide allosterically influences two important antagonist sites on AMPA receptors. In addition, AMPA/kainate receptor subunit composition influences the affinity of GYKI for the receptor.
The stable isotope dilution method for measurement of methylmalonic acid: a highly accurate approach to the prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemia.

Summary: We report a stable isotope dilution method for the accurate measurement of methylmalonic acid (MMA) in amniotic fluid and its successful application to the prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemia. The stable isotopically-labeled analogue of MMA, (2-[2H3]methyl)malonic acid, was synthesized and used as an internal standard. Samples were extracted, methylated, and analyzed by chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CI-GC-MS) operated in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The analytical method is rapid (8 h), ultrasensitive (lower limit ~10 ng/ml), linear over three orders of magnitude, and reproducible. The concentration of MMA in amniotic fluids from normal pregnant women was 38 ± 15 ng/ml (mean ± 1 S.D.). This value is 20-fold less than our previous estimate by gas chromatographic analysis, indicating that interference by co-eluting materials was eliminated by use of SIM in the present method. Amniotic fluids from eight at-risk pregnancies were examined. MMA concentration in six of the pregnancies was in the normal range whereas the concentration in the remaining two pregnancies was elevated by greater than two orders of magnitude (125–250-fold). Analysis of urine from ten at-risk pregnancies showed a smaller (31/2–9-fold) but significant increase in urinary MMA excretion in two women carrying affected fetuses. A control group of normal pregnant women had a mean urinary MMA excretion of 1.7 ± 0.5 μg/mg creatinine, in excellent agreement with previous estimates. There was concordance in prenatal diagnosis of fetal status in all cases between amniotic fluid cell studies and MMA measurements in amniotic fluid and/or maternal urine. Amniotic fluid MMA determination by the stable isotope dilution technique provides a highly accurate technique for prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemia that is complementary to amniotic fluid cell studies, and may supplant such studies in selected instances. Speculation: The stable isotope dilution method may be extended to prenatal diagnosis of other inborn errors of metabolism in which low molecular weight metabolites accumulate in amniotic fluid. The concentrations of metabolites, which accumulate in some of these disorders, are below the sensitivity limits of currently available analytical techniques and it is thus impossible to distinguish differences that may be present in pregnancies carrying affected and unaffected fetuses. The enhanced sensitivity of the stable isotope dilution method may permit the desired discrimination.
How Development and Personality Influence Scientific Thought, Interest, and Achievement

In the present article, I review and summarize two subdisciplines of the psychology of science, namely development and personality. In the first section concerning developmental psychology of science, I review three major developmental topics: 1) the literature on the developmental and familial influences behind scientific interest and scientific talent (e.g., birth-order and theory acceptance, immigrant status and scientific talent); 2) gender and scientific interest and talent; and lastly, 3) age and scientific interest and productivity. In the second section concerning personality psychology of science, I organize the review around four major topics: 1) which traits make scientific interest in general more likely; 2) which traits make interest in specific domains of science more likely (especially social and physical science); 3) which traits make different theoretical orientations more likely; and finally, 4) which traits make scientific achievement and creativity more likely. From the empirical evidence reviewed, it is quite clear that developmental and personality factors impact directly and indirectly scientific thought, interest, and achievement.
Molecular pathways to Parkinson’s disease

Results Genetic studies suggest that PINK1 and parkin function in a common genetic pathway with PINK1 positively regulating parkin. The PINK1/parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial dynamics by positively regulating drp1 and negatively regulating mitofusin. Mammalian cell-based studies suggest that the PINK1/parkin may regulate mitochondrial quality control via mitophagy. How autophagy intersects with mitochondrial dynamics in vivo will be discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF PERIPHERAL SUBSTITUENTS ON THE KINETICS OF ZINC ION INCORPORATION AND ACID CATALYZED REMOVAL FROM WATER SOLUBLE SULFONATED PORPHYRINS

Abstract The kinetics of Zn2+ and Zn(OH)+ incorporation into and the kinetics of the acid catalyzed removal of Zn(II) from twelve water-soluble, sulfonated derivatives of tetraphenylporphyrin with alkyl or halogen groups in the para, ortho or di-ortho positions were investigated. While the incorporation reactions showed little dependence on porphyrin basicity, the Zn-P (P = porphyrin derivative) acid solvolysis reactions were faster the higher the basicity of the free base (H2-P) compound. Equilibrium constants for the formation of cadmium porphyrins decreased with an increase in porphyrin basicity. The predeformed tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-β-octabromo-porphyrin reacted with Zn2+ about 103 times faster than porphyrins of similar basicity. These results indicate how substituents on the phenyl and beta-pyrrole rings influence the solution chemistry of water soluble porphyrins.
Pool and riffle characteristics in relation to channel gradient

Abstract The depths of pools relative to the dephts of runs and riffles were correlated with reach-scale channel gradient along three rivers in coastal northern California. The sample included 122 pools formed in channels with gradients from 0.172 to 0.002. Relative pool depth on these rivers, and relative distance between pools, increase as channel gradient decreases. Mean pool:riffle depth is 2.8:1 at the highest channel gradient, and 6.2:1 at the lowest gradient, while mean pool:riffle length is 1:0.8 at high channel gradient, and 1:1.8 at low channel gradient. We hypothesize that these trends reflect changes in energy expenditure with decreasing gradient, as a result of the flow's ability to erode its channel boundaries. Channel reaches with high gradients are characterized by resistant channel boundaries, coarse material, and relatively low discharge and total stream power. Channel reaches with low gradients have less resistant channel boundaries, finger-grained bed material, and higher values of discharge and total stream power. These changes in channel and flow characteristics with decreasing gradient result in flows in high-gradient reaches expending a greater proportion of their energy in overcoming boundary and internal resistance, with less energy available for channel-bed scour and the formation of pools in their relatively resistant channels. In contrast, with less energy available for channel-bed scour the channel bed, creating deeper pools because the channel boundaries are less resistant, and the proportion of flow energy available for sediment entrainment and transport should be greater.
Hemihypertrophy and a poorly differentiated embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the pelvis

Background Asymmetry of the limbs (conventionally known as hemihypertrophy) is one of the overgrowth syndromes occurring sporadically in the general population at a frequency of approximately 1:86,000. Hemihypertrophy is also reported as part of the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome which has as its cardinal features omphalocele, macroglossia and gigantism with hypoglycemia, organomegaly, renal anomalies, hemihypertrophy, and embryonal tumors occurring less frequently. Various neoplasms are also associated with isolated hemihypertrophy. Wilms tumor, adrenocortical carcinoma, and hepatoblastoma are the most frequent. Rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, phaeochromocytoma, and undifferentiated sarcoma of the lung are encountered only rarely. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 11p15.5 is strongly associated with childhood embryonal tumors, particularly Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Procedure and Results In this article, we describe an adolescent male with congenital asymmetry of the lower limbs who presented with a large poorly differentiated pelvic sarcoma. Conventional histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies of this tumor were insufficient for accurate subclassfication. However, positive staining for MyoD1 (a recently identified embryonically expressed marker of muscle differentiation) and LOH at the tyrosine hydroxylase locus of chromosome 11p15.5 by molecular analysis favored the diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma over an undifferentiated sarcoma. Conclusions This case stresses the importance of pursuing clinical findings when they occur in conditions with an increased risk of developing cancer, which in this case was asymmetry of a limb. Also illustrated by this patient is the need for early consideration of molecular diagnostic tests where available, to refine an uncertain pathologic diagnosis that may ultimately have an impact on treatment and prognosis. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 32:38–43, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human peptidome display.

A peptide library representing the entire human proteome is applied to the discovery of autoantigens.
A 3-dimensional Abraham-Smale example

The author constructs an open set of non Q-stable diffeomorphisms on T3. To further the search for generic properties of diffeomorphisms, we construct a new counterexample to the genericity of Axiom A and Qstable diffeomorphisms in DiffT(T3), r> 1. This paper reduces the dimension in the original counterexample of Abraham and Smale [1] by applying a technique of Williams [3]. For a general reference, see [2]. Let go: T2--T2 be a hyperbolic automorphism with fixed point 0. Let gt for t E [-1, +1] be a smooth isotopy of go to "derived-from-Anosov" (D-A) maps g-1 and g, as constructed in ([2], [3]). g?1(0)=0, but 0 is a source for g+1 with 2-dimensional Wu(O, gl) and a sink for g-1. The nonwandering set Q(g1)={0}uXl, where El is a 1-dimensional attractor; and 2(g_1)={0}uX_1, where E-1 is a 1-dimensional source. T2= Wu(0,gl)uY2 -WS(0, g-1) uZU1. Let U, V be 2-disks in T2 with 0 e int Uc Uc int Vc Wu(0, gl) r-) WS(0, g-1) and with g1(U)D V. Using gt, construct diffeomorphism G of T2x [-1, 1] such that (i) T2x{+1} and {O}x [-1, 1] are invariant under G, (ii) G|T2x{?1}=g+1, (iii) 6 maps points in Ux [-1, 1] closer to T2x{+1}T+' and sends points outside Vx [-1, 1] closer to T2x{-1}_T=%. The Wu(x+?) and Ws(x-1) are now 2-dimensional for x+1 E Z+l and x_1 E E-1. Construct G so that for some such x+1 and x1, Wu(x+,) and W8(x-1) have a point of transversal intersection. (Alternatively, follow G by a map like b below which forces a Wu(x? 1) to intersect some Ws(x-1) transversely.) Since l are topologically transitive, we can write E1K<<E+l as in [1]. Extend 6 to a diffeomorphism of T2XS1 with (0, ?1)=0O+ and Z?1 still hyperbolic. By composing 6 with a C' perturbation with support in B= [V\U] x (-1-6, -1 + 6), one easily obtains G' whose 2-dimensional WS(0_1, G') intersects the 1-dimensional unstable manifolds of E-1 transversally in B. Received by the editors August 31, 1971. AMS 1970 subject class~flcations. Primary 58F20, 58F10.