cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulation Evaluation of Current U.S. and European Headlamp Meeting Beams, and a Proposed Mid Beam

The evaluation of headlapm beams has been carried out mostly by means of field testing. Such tests have taken many different forms, making it difficult to compare the results of one with those of another. As one means of providing uniform evaluation procedures and of overcoming many of the other problems inherent in large scale field tests, an analytical technique was devised for the comparison of the performance of headlamp beams. This technique has been implemented in the form of a digital computer simulation of a meeting between two vehicles at night, with beam performance being measured in terms of the predicted visibility distance of the driver and the glare intensities to which he is exposed. In its present form, the computer simulation is of a straight, level road with two vehicles approaching each other on parallel paths at any desired lateral spacing, with a specific target positioned in any lateral or vertical coordinates, and with each vehicle capable of using up to five headlamp beams at any one time and aimed as desired. The psychological foundations and the mathematical logic used in implementing the simulation are described in detail elsewhere. In order to establish the validity of the model, comparisons were made between visibility distances obtained in field tests and those predicted by the model for the same conditions. Fig. 1 provides an example of comparisons between field test data and those obtained by means of the computer simulation for the case of a target located on the left side of the lane for meetings between two vehicles equipped with typical U. S. low and high beams. It will be noted that the fit between the experimental data and those obtained by simulation is acceptably close. The computer simulation lends itself to the evaluation of numerous factors that can play a role in the visibility provided to drivers by headlamps and the associated glare effects.
Sex-related Resistance in Hamsters to Adenovirus-12 Oncogenesis II. Influence of Virus Dose

A significantly higher proportion of female hamsters developed tumors than did males given the same dose of adenovirus-12 (Huie) at birth over a dose range from 10(5.0) to 10(7.0)tcd(50) for human embryonic kidney cells. The 50% tumor dose (td(50)) was calculated to be 10(5.90)tcd(50) for females and 10(6.27) for males. Tumor response patterns induced with approximate td(50) inocula, 10(6.0) for females and 10(6.3) for males, were quite similar. The greater susceptibility of females was not found to be characteristic of a single strain of hamsters; nor was it attributable to a single lot of virus, to a single type of human cell used to produce the virus, nor to the degree of purification of the virus inoculum. The inoculation route did not appear to be of importance. Inasmuch as the foregoing extrinsic factors were of little influence, it was concluded that the mechanism is host-mediated, presumably hormonally controlled. The possibility that female cells, independent of host control, are more susceptible to adenovirus-12 oncogenesis than male cells has not been explored. Tumor regression occurred in 20% of the 211 tumors in males and in 15% of the 355 tumors in females. Adenovirus-12 T-antibody was detected in all but six of 473 sera tested from tumor-bearing hamsters and in 50% of 94 sera tested from non-tumor-bearing animals given virus at birth. Antibodies in the latter group were detected almost exclusively by indirect immunofluorescence. This technique appears to be extremely sensitive for detection of low levels of adeno-12 T-antibodies. The implications of T-antibody in nontumor-bearing virus-injected hamsters are discussed. Sera from normal hamsters were free of T-antibody.
Kidney function in young infants.

IT IS with gratitude that I accept this second E. Mead Johnson Award, being fully aware of the honor it brings to all of us who have shared in the work. The progress of the work has been stimulated by the encouragement and guidance given previously by Dr. Alexis F. Hartmann in St. Louis and, more recently, by Dr. Samuel Z. Levine in New York. I also wish to thank the doctors, nurses, technicians, secretaries and laboratory helpers who have actively participated and especially Miss Helen McNamara who makes the editorial "we" a reality. The nature of our studies required substantial financial support and we wish to express appreciation to the U. S. Public Health Service and the New York Heart Association for supplementing the excellent facilities for research at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. It is the purpose of this paper to consider the development and present status of our knowledge of kidney function in young infants and to indicate some of its application to clinical problems. This knowledge is understandably incomplete because it is only during the last 10 years that the precise technics of kidney physiologists have been applied to the study of kidney function in young infants. The primary role of the kidneys in regulating the composition and volume of body fluids had been established earlier by an important series of observations, utilizing the technics of water and electrolyte balances. In many of these earlier observations there were already indications of an underdeveloped kidney function in young infants.
The Market for Local Public Goods

Markets are an efficient way to allocate goods and services in an economy, but sometimes markets are said to “fail,” such as when they are unable to provide public goods. I argue that for a wide class of environmental and other public goods—namely, local public goods provided by local jurisdictions—a market-like process does provide and allocate those goods. This argument, originally articulated by Charles Tiebout in 1956, has been criticized in recent decades as ignoring a jurisdictional choice externality, in which too many households crowd into desirable communities in an attempt to free ride on the public goods provided by neighbors. However, zoning is a key mechanism for closing the commons and preventing overcrowding. Proponents of the critique have offered various types of empirical evidence purporting to support their point of view and the ineffectualness of zoning. However, I argue that the empirical work to date on this issue either fundamentally misunderstands the issues or actually imposes the critique as a maintained assumption, rather than testing it. I present empirical evidence that is consistent with the idea that zoning achieves the desired end of pricing access to local public goods. † Spencer Banzhaf, Professor, Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University; Research Associate, National Bureau for Economic Research (NBER); Senior Research Fellow, Property and Environment Research Center (PERC). P.O. Box 3992, Atlanta, GA 30302. E-mail: hsbanzhaf@gsu.edu. Case Western Reserve Law Review·Volume 64·Issue 4·2014 The Market for Local Public Goods
Energy Restriction Reduces Fractional Calcium Absorption in Mature Obese and Lean Rats

Bone loss has been associated with weight reduction in humans (1–4) and in animal models (5–7), and may be greater in leaner subjects (3,8). However, the mechanisms regulating bone mobilization because of energy restriction (EnR)4 and the importance of initial body weight remain unclear. Bone-regulating hormones such as 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estradiol (E2) may be altered during EnR (5,9,10) and thus be associated with changes in Ca absorption. For example, there is evidence that vitamin D accumulates in adipose tissue, and its release during weight loss may increase circulating levels (11). Serum PTH may rise with weight reduction (9), and the increased Ca-PTH axis activity may be driven by a decrease in Ca absorption due to EnR. In addition, intestinal Ca absorption is influenced by serum E2 (12–14), and E2 may decline with EnR (5,6), but the relationship between EnR, E2 and Ca absorption is not known. Finally, there may also be an association between weight loss, increased glucocorticoids and decreased calcium absorption (15). We hypothesized that EnR in mature lean and obese rats would decrease Ca absorption and that this could be explained by changes in bone-regulating hormones.
Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy for In-Line Optical Characterization of Crystalline Solar Cells

Techniques to permit in-line characterization during various stages of solar cell research, development, and manufacturing provide a convenient means for optimizing yield, cost, and efficiency. Photoluminescence measurements are widely used for material characterization. This paper examines photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (PLE) in which the steady-state photoluminescence is monitored as a function of the wavelength of the incident illumination. The use of PLE for in-line optical characterization of direct bandgap crystalline solar cells is explored. With a novel LED-based setup, we measure the PLE response of a GaAs solar cell. Using drift-diffusion numerical simulations, we evaluate the relation between PLE and EQE measurements, and also compare the PLE measurement with the corresponding EQE measurement in order to establish the correspondence between the two techniques.
Origin of the structural and magnetic anomalies of the layered compound SrFeO2: a density functional investigation.

The structural and magnetic anomaly of the layered compound ${\mathrm{SrFeO}}_{2}$ are examined by first-principles density functional calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. The down-spin Fe $3d$ electron occupies the ${d}_{{z}^{2}}$ level rather than the degenerate (${d}_{xz}$, ${d}_{yz}$) levels, which explains the absence of a Jahn-Teller instability, the easy $ab$-plane magnetic anisotropy, and the observed three-dimensional (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) antiferromagnetic order. Monte Carlo simulations show that the strong interlayer spin exchange is essential for the high N\'eel temperature.
Identification of the Allosteric Regulatory Site in Bacterial Phosphoribulokinase

Bacterial phosphoribulokinases (PRKs) are octameric members of the adenylate kinase family of enzymes. The enzyme is allosterically activated by NADH and allosterically inhibited by AMP. We have determined the crystal structure of PRK from Rhodobacter sphaeroides bound to the ATP analogue AMP-PCP to a resolution of 2.6 A. The structure reveals that the ATP analogue does not bind to the canonical ATP site found in adenylate kinase family members. Rather, the AMP-PCP binds in two different orientations at the interface of three of the monomers in the octamer. This interface was previously characterized as having an unusually large number of arginine residues. Of the five arginine residues that are near the bound nucleotide, one (Arg 221) is highly conserved in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic (nonallosterically regulated) PRKs, two (Arg 234 and Arg 257) are on a second subunit and conserved in only prokaryotic PRKs, and two (Arg 30 and Arg 31) are on a third subunit with only one of them (Arg 31) conserved in prokaryotic PRKs. Each of these arginine residues was converted by site-directed mutagenesis to alanine. Fluorescence binding data suggest that none of these arginines are involved in active site ATP binding and that Arg 234 and Arg 257 on the second subunit are directly involved in NADH binding, while the other arginines have a minimal effect on NADH binding. While the wild-type enzyme exhibits low maximal activity and hyperbolic kinetics with respect to ATP in the absence of NADH and high maximal activity and sigmoidal kinetics in the presence of NADH, the R31A mutant exhibits identical hyperbolic kinetics with respect to ATP in the presence or absence of NADH. Thus, the transmission of allosteric information from one subunit to another is conducted through a single path that includes NADH and Arg 31.
Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiac Depression and Recovery in Endotoxemic Mice

Sepsis and septic shock are associated with a reversible cardiac dysfunction, that complicates management and worsens prognosis. In patients that survive septic shock, cardiac function recovers spontaneously, through mechanisms that are currently unknown. Here we aimed to identify the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transporters responsible for cardiac recovery after endotoxemic challenge in mice. Male C57Bl6 mice were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 7 μg/g weight, ip). 12h after LPS administration, cardiomyocyte sarcomere shortening (SS) and Ca2+ transients (ΔCai, measured with fura2-AM) were decreased to 53 ± 10% and 78 ± 5% of control, respectively, in association with a decrease in trans-sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx (Cainf) through the L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC, to 65± 9%) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pump (SERCA) reuptake (88 ± 5%, n > 19 cells from 3 mice for all). SR Ca2+ load (CaSR, measured with caffeine) was unchanged, while SR fractional release (FR, as αCai/CaSR) was decreased to 84 ± 6% of control (n's as above). 72h after LPS administration, survival was 40%. In cells isolated from surviving mice 72h after LPS, ΔCa, FR and Cainf were fully recovered, while SERCA showed a supranormal function (138 ± 4% of control, n's as above). SS showed a trend towards a partial depression (to 82 ± 7% of control, p = 0.077, n's as above) at 72h, that persisted up to 6 days after LPS administration. In conclusion, the recovery of cardiac Ca2+ handling after LPS challenge is associated with a full recovery of LTCC dysfunction, a supranormal activation of SERCA, despite, possibly, a persistent dysfunction in the contractile mechanisms downstream of the Ca2+ transient.
Birefringent Crystals in a Pulmonary Specimen

Aspergillus fungi are versatile pathogens associated with a spectrum of pulmonary diseases in humans, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, secondary aspergilloma, and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Invasive aspergillosis is usually seen in immunocompromised patients, but it may also occur in noncompromised patients with significant preexisting lung disease. The most commonly identified pathogens, in decreasing frequency of occurrence, are Aspergillusfumigatus, Aspergillusflavus, and Aspergillus niger [1]. Antemortem diagnosis of aspergillosis can be difficult, but it is suggested by typical radiographic findings, especially in the case of aspergilloma (figure 1), positive sputum culture results, and sputum cyto-
Risk of Alzheimer’s disease in relatives of Parkinson’s disease patients with and without dementia

Objective: To determine whether first-degree relatives of PD patients with dementia were at increased risk for the development of AD compared with first-degree relatives of nondemented PD patients and nondemented normal subjects from the community. Methods: A structured family history interview was administered to 146 nondemented PD patients, 120 patients with PD and dementia, and 903 normal subjects from the community to ascertain the presence of AD among parents and siblings of these subjects. Cox proportional hazards models with double censoring techniques for missing information were used to model the risk of AD among relatives. Results: No increase in risk of AD was found among parents of patients with PD and dementia or parents of nondemented PD patients compared with parents of normal subjects. However, siblings of demented PD patients were three times as likely (relative risk [RR] = 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 9.4, p 65 years of age were considered, there was a fivefold increase in risk of AD among siblings of demented PD patients compared with siblings of normal subjects (RR = 4.9, 95% CI = 1.1 to 21.4, p APOE genotype did not affect dementia status among relatives. Conclusions: The increased risk of AD in siblings of demented PD patients compared with siblings of normal subjects supports the possibility of familial aggregation of AD and PD with dementia.
2-trichloromethylthio-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (Folpet).

The title compound (C9H4Cl3NO2S), commonly known as Folpet, belongs to a group of phthalimides which function as fungicides or can be used in the laboratory as sulfurizing agents. The phthalimide moiety is slightly folded with a dihedral angle of 3.5 (4)°. The molecule participates in C—H⋯O and Cl⋯Cl intermolecular interactions.
The Relationship of Language Brokering to Ethnic Identity for Latino Early Adolescents

Children of immigrant parents often translate written and face-to-face communication for parents and other adults, also known as language brokering. Fifty-five sixth-grade, Latino adolescents report their experiences and feelings toward language brokering, their level of acculturation, and their ethnic identity in a questionnaire. Generally, the participants view language brokering positively. Those who are less acculturated are translating more frequently than those who are more acculturated. Feelings toward language brokering also positively influence level of ethnic identity. This study demonstrates that language brokering may result in stronger feelings toward the ethnic group and greater ethnic identity.
Differential synthesis of IgM and IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody in vitro following in vivo booster immunization of humans

Abstract The in vitro syntheses of IgM and IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody by human peripheral blood leukocytes were compared prior to and at various intervals following in vivo booster immunization with soluble tetanus toxoid. Prior to booster immunization, the in vitro synthesis of IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody by combinations of B cells and irradiated T lymphocytes was negligible following pokeweed mitogen stimulation. Within 2 weeks after booster immunization, the quantity of IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody synthesized in vitro increased 5- to 20-fold. There was no comparable increase in total IgG synthesis. In contrast to the synthesis of IgG antibody, in vitro synthesis of IgM anti-tetanus toxoid antibody occurred prior to booster immunization and did not increase significantly following booster immunization. This dichotomy in anti-tetanus antibody production was further demonstrated in an individual with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia whose lymphocytes synthesized normal quantities of total IgG, IgM, and IgM anti-tetanus toxoid antibody in vitro , but failed to synthesize IgG anti-tetanus antibody following in vivo booster immunization.
Ferroelectric-Specific Peptides as Building Blocks for Bio-Inorganic Devices

The integration of biomolecules with inorganic materials to create functional composites represents a critical step in the development of next-generation biosensors, micro/nanofluidic devices, and biochips that require a combination of abiotic (inorganics) and biotic (proteins, DNA, antibodies) components. Toward this end, we have previously applied combinatorial phage display techniques to identify a constrained heptapeptide sequence (CISLLHSTC) that selectively binds to a perovskite ferroelectric (MOCVD-deposited lead zirconium titanate, PZT). In this work, we examine the binding of this heptapeptide sequence, prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis to sol-gel PZT. In particular, the surface roughness has been examined and the long-term stability of the PZT films in biological buffered aqueous solutions by atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction and P-E hysteresis loop. In addition, the selectivity of the peptide binding to PZT has been determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and the nature of peptide binding to the PZT surface is probed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy.
The Right Arm Likes to be Close

A prior study revealed that the left (vs. right) hemisphere has a visual attentional bias toward the body, a finding that is consistent with the observation that most of the visual cognitive activities performed by the left hemisphere (e.g., reading) take place in proximal (peripersonal) space. In addition, when right-handed people perform bimanual motor tasks their right hand is often held more proximal to the body than their left hand. In this study, we wanted to test the hypothesis that the right hand is also more biased toward the body than is the left hand. Thus, we had blindfolded right-handed subjects attempt to draw straight horizontal lines (at the junction of the transverse and coronal planes), with their left and right hands, on sheets of paper placed in front of them and then measured their deviation from the coronal plane. We found that these subjects' right hands deviated closer to their body than did their left hands. These results support the postulate that in addition to an attentional bias, the left hemisphere-right hand has a proximal motor bias. This bias might account for means by which right-handed people position their hands when using both hands on tools and implements.
Analysis of frequency lock-in using integrated colpitts and multivibrator oscillators for RFID-based telemetry

This paper discusses the design and development of a multi-vibrator oscillator, the design and development of an integrated circuit (IC) Colpitts oscillator and performance comparison of the two oscillators regarding frequency lock-in behavior. Experiments were conducted to determine frequencies at which lock-in is most likely to occur and recommendations are made to prevent locking of oscillators that are used in RFID telemetry systems.
A mathematical model of ionic transport in a porous diaphragm of a chrome-alum cell

A model of the homogeneous chemistry and transport processes within the separator of a chrome-alum electrowinning cell is introduced, discussed, and compared to experiment. The influences of diffusion, electromigration, and convection are included; it is found that convection was the dominant mode of transport for the experimental conditions. Simulation results explain experimental observations concerning an apparent disappearance of dichromate ions produced at the cell anode. The relation between potential drop across the diaphragm and the current and fluid flow is also illustrated. The model is used to recommend future experimental and theoretical work.
Solution and solid-state structures of phosphine adducts of monomeric zinc bisphenoxide complexes. Importance of these derivatives in CO2/epoxide copolymerization processes.

Phosphine derivatives of the monomeric zinc phenoxide complexes, (phenoxide)2ZnLn, where phenoxide equals 2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxide, and 2,6-diphenylphenoxide and n = 1 or 2, have been synthesized from the reaction of Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2 and the corresponding phenol followed by the addition of phosphine. The complexes have been characterized in solution by 31P NMR spectroscopy and in selected instances in the solid-state by X-ray crystallography. The small, basic phosphine, PMe3, provided the only case of an isolated complex possessing two phosphine ligands (i.e., n = 2). For all other larger phosphines only the monophosphine adducts were obtained. Furthermore, only fairly basic phosphines were found to bind to zinc, e.g., whereas PPh3 (pKa = 2.73) was ineffective, PPh2Me (pKa = 4.57) did form a strong bond to zinc. The solid-state structures of the monophosphine adducts consist of a near-trigonal planar geometry about the zinc center, where the average P−Zn−O angles are larger ...
Application of nuclear track detectors in biology and medicine

ABSTRACT Nuclear track detectors have found extensive applications in biology and medicine. These range from dosimetry and radiography to the use of filters and membranes for the collection of aerosol particles and cancer cells, to more exotic applications such as the imaging of individual chromosomes. Some of these and other biomedical applications are reviewed in this paper.
Diastereoselective epoxidation of alpha’-alkoxy substttuted cyclohexenyl ketones

Abstract The stereochemistry of nucleophilic epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated-α′-alkoxy substituted ketones with t -butylhydroperoxide in the presence of Triton B is determined by the α′-alkoxy substituent via a Felkin-Ahn type transition state.
To give or not to give antibiotics in non-severe acute otitis media? The American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines that do not guide

Abstract Objective To assess whether the recently published guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) on acute otitis media (AOM) are in line with the requirements set by the GRADE system (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation system of rating quality of evidence and grading strength of recommendations in systematic reviews, health technology assessments, and clinical practice guidelines) and to compare them with the most recently published related guidelines (Korean and Japanese). Results The AAP guidelines fail to answer the simple and explicit fundamental question on pediatric AOM management: whether antibiotics should be prescribed or not in non-severe AOM. Instead of giving a type C recommendation (option) if the available evidence was considered as inadequate or even a type D (no recommendation) the AAP guideline is to prescribe antibiotics or offer a watchful waiting for 48–72 h (strength of recommendation type B). This is in sharp contrast with the most recent guidelines (Korean and Japanese) that both recommend watchful waiting for 48–72 h (with the highest strength of recommendation – type A). Conclusion The AAP guidelines do not seem to be in line with the GRADE system as in an important, simple, and explicit question on: antibiotic administration in non-severe AOM, given in an ambiguous statement. This statement is in reality a vicious circle as the guidelines avoid to take any side and do not even categorize the answer as an option.
Islanding detection in microgrids

The idea of reshaping existing centralized electricity networks to decentralized small scale local power networks namely micro-grids, operating whether autonomous or interconnected to main distribution grid, became an important discussion. Islanding of a generator inside the micro-grid can cause problems in operation and management of the network; therefore proper islanding detection is crucial. This paper presents the design and simulation of a micro-grid network to observe islanding detection and behavior of the system. One active method, rate of change of frequency (Rocof) and one passive method reactive power export error (Rpeed) are studied for detecting islanding. Study cases were modeled in software based system and results verified experimentally on the small scaled power system available at Smart Grid Test Bed at Florida International University.
All your base are belong to US

In this paper we examine an important example of where a decision designed to improve security has quite the opposite effect due to the longevity of the decision's side effects. The primary example we use to illustrate our point is the deliberate obfuscation and alteration of satellite imagery available online, in an attempt to deprive attackers of sensitive information about certain installations. We will demonstrate that such image modification techniques are short sighted and counterproductive: better security would have been provided if the concerned parties had simply done nothing. This result illustrates the importance of examining security decisions from a temporal perspective, accounting for inevitable progression of technology. Furthermore, we believe this paper illustrates an oft overlooked class of security problems that present non-reversible challenges to the defender long after the questionable security decision has been reversed.
Changes in histone f2a2 associated with proliferation of Friend leukaemic cells

HISTONE–HISTONE interactions with DNA form the basic structural unit of chromatin1–3, and quantitative changes in the cellular histones correlate with alterations in chromatin structure4,5. More subtle changes in chromatin structure follow chemical modification of the histones. These changes may enable genes to assume proper configuration for specific regulation by the non-histone proteins.
Context-Based Parenting in Infancy: Background and Conceptual Issues

Infancy is a sensitive period during which parenting is crucial to healthy development, and inadequate parenting may have serious and longlasting effects for children's health and development. While many domains of parenting have been widely studied, the specific daily practices involved in caring for infants have not been well researched, particularly outside the context of clinical settings for parents with recognized problems in parenting. This manuscript reviews and discusses the essential aspects of parenting infants, taking into account the essential developmental tasks of infants from birth to age one and using a comprehensive framework developed by Bradley and Caldwell (1995). Literature and research from pediatrics, nursing, psychology, human ecology, child development, and child and family studies are highlighted to illustrate what is known about the parenting of infants. Explication and exploration of the full range of parenting tasks with infants may serve as a foundation for social work research in a number of areas, including specific areas of neglectful parenting with infants and interventions for a range of parenting problems.
Design and measurements of a broadband two-dimensional acoustic lens

We describe the design, fabrication, and measurement of a 2D broadband gradient index acoustic lens in air. The index of refraction is tuned by controlling the dimensions of acoustic metamaterial unit cell inclusions designed through numerical simulations. The lens was fabricated in plastic through rapid prototyping stereolithography, and measurements of the sound field show good agreement with the theoretical lens performance. The broadband performance of the lens is confirmed for frequencies ranging from 1.5 kHz to 4.5 kHz.
Immunolocalization and Redistribution of the FAC1 Protein in Alzheimer's Disease

The presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are hallmark neuropathologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many proteins have previously been immunolocalized to amyloid-containing plaques in AD brain. Using a monoclonal antibody to a recently described developmentally regulated gene product, we demonstrate the presence of FAC1 protein in a subset of diffuse and neuritic plaques in AD brain. FAC1 is not observed in neurofibrillary tangles common in the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex, nor is it localized in diffuse plaques of nondemented elderly control subjects. FAC1 protein is also immunolocalized in swollen dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells observed in some cases of early stage AD. Therefore FAC1 is a novel protein localized in early pathologic features of AD and in a subset of plaques.
Comparative biochemistry of hepatic arylsulfatases from North and South American opossums

1. The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) possessed an arylsulfatase which had a relative molecular weight of 130 +/- 12 kDa, displayed anomalous kinetics, hydrolysed AA2S, and exhibited other properties of arylsulfatase A. No arylsulfatase B was found. 2. The arylsulfatase present in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) had a relative molecular weight of 56 +/- 4 kDa, exhibited linear kinetics, was inhibited by chloride, and possessed other characteristics of arylsulfatase B. No arylsulfatase A was found. 3. Arylsulfatases from both species occurred as multiple isozymes which were unaffected by neuraminidase or alkaline phosphatase treatment.
Genome-wide transcriptional profiling data from skin of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) patients.

Cutaneous features manifest as a wide range of clinically significant, and in many cases disfiguring and debilitating components of lupus erythematosus (LE). While the definitive etiology is in question, multifactorial and polygenic causes are likely to be involved in the production of the characteristic anti-nuclear autoantibody titers and immune cell infiltrates observed in chronic cutaneous LE (CCLE) [1–3]. There is significant overlap of patients with systemic and cutaneous manifestations of LE, which suggests shared pathways and genetic background between the two. We have employed genome-wide microarray technology along with pathway-based analyses to investigate transcriptional differences between lesional and non-lesional skin from CCLE patients to address existing gaps in knowledge regarding disease mechanisms in lupus [4].
Hemifacial spasm and facial myokymia: Electrophysiological findings

In two patients, one with clinical hemifacial spasm (HFS) and one with clinical facial myokymia, the spontaneous electromyographic findings consisted of regular burst activity: each burst composed of high frequency repetitive motor unit potentials. These bursts fired synchronously in multiple ipsilateral facial muscles in both patients and from a contralateral facial muscle in the patient with HFS. In addition, the patient with HFS exhibited crossed evoked responses on the affected side with stimulation of the facial and supraorbital nerves on the unaffected side. It is concluded that the current electrophysiological distinctions between HFS and facial myokymia may be unsupportable and that facial nuclear hyperactivity with activation of bilateral facial nuclear connections plays a role in the pathophysiology of HFS.
Enzymic and physicochemical characterization of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from diploid and tetraploid cultivars of perennial ryegrass

Abstract Homogeneous preparations of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) were isolated from several diploid and tetraploid cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by three different purification protocols. The apparent Km values for substrate CO2 were essentially identical for the fully CO 2 Mg 2+ -activated diploid and tetraploid enzymes, as were the kinetics for deactivation and activation of the CO 2 Mg 2+ activated and -depleted carboxylases, respectively. Similarly, virtually indistinguishable electrophoretic properties were observed for both the native and dissociated diploid and tetraploid ryegrass proteins, including native and subunit molecular weights and the isoelectric points of the native proteins and the large and small subunit component polypeptides. The quantity of carboxylase protein or total soluble leaf protein did not differ significantly between the diploid and tetraploid cultivars. Contrary to a previous report ( M. K. Garrett, 1978, Nature (London)274, 913–915 ), these results indicate that increased ploidy level (i.e., nuclear gene dosage) has had essentially no effect on the quantity or enzymic and physicochemical properties of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase in perennial ryegrass.
Behavioral Compensation: Contrastlike Effects in the Classroom

When the consequences of a response become less reinforcing in the presence of one stimulus, reinforced responding in the presence of a second stimulus often increases. This phenomenon is called po...
Sputter cleaning and etching of crystal surfaces (Ti, W, Si) monitored by Auger spectroscopy, ellipsometry and work function change

Surfaces of Ti, W and Si have been cleaned in an ultra high vacuum system by ion bombardment with Cs+ and Ar+. Also a thin film (220 A) of Si3N4 on Si has been etched off by sputter-etching with Cs+ at 500V. The surface composition was monitored with Auger spectroscopy, film thickness with ellipsometry and work function changes with surface potential difference measurements. Surface contamination on Si, Ti and W samples is mostly C, probably from hydrocarbons used for cleaning or as adsorbed CO. The C and O contamination (∼ 12 A) on Si3N4/Si can be removed with about 6.2 μA-min/cm2 of bombardment with Cs+ at 500 V. At 800 °C no Cs is left on the sample but if the sample is near room temperature, Cs is left embedded in the sample. C and O contanination can be removed from the surface of W and Ti by ion bombardment with Cs+ or Ar+. However, at low temperatures these ions are left embedded in the Ti substrate. The embedded Cs or Ar change the work function and ellipsometer values and therefore must be removed by annealing at high temperature. Ti presents the special problem that during the anneal Cl and S segregate and cover the surface even though the bulk concentration is ∼0.1 ppm. A minimum of contamination (<0.1 monolayer) by Ar, Cl and S is obtained by bombarding with Ar+ at about 525 °C. Analysis of the composition of thin films can be made by monitoring the surface composition by Auger spectroscopy as the film is sputter-etched away. The sputter-etching efficiency for 500V Cs+ to remove Si3N4 from Si3N4/Si is between 0.55 and 0.73 A(μA-min/cm2) or about 4 atoms/ion. Since the ion current ∼ 1 μA/cm2, it takes about 15 min to remove 10 A. The conductivity of the SiO2 is much larger than for the Si3N4 and much larger ion currents and sputter-etching rates could be obtained.
The role of the anterior left hemisphere in real-time sentence comprehension: evidence from split intransitivity.

Abstract We investigate Broca’s sentence comprehension as an impairment on normal syntactic composition: the slow-syntax hypothesis (SSH). Experiment 1 examines comprehension of object-relative clauses (Wh-movement). Experiment 2 examines comprehension of sentences with unaccusative verbs (NP-movement), which like passives, base-generate their theme -argument in object position. Guided by the SSH, both experiments test the prediction that syntax-dependent effects such as “gap-filling” are observable but in a delayed fashion. Results show that whereas no priming was obtained at the point of the trace, antecedent reactivation emerged 650 and 800 ms after the verb (for Wh- and NP-movement respectively). This shows, contrary to dependency-based generalizations, that Broca’s patients are able to successfully implement dependencies, albeit in a protracted manner. Given the localization value provided by Broca’s aphasia, this supports the notion that the temporal implementation of syntactic structure formation (i.e., the requirement that it be fast and automatic) depends on the integrity of the anterior left hemisphere.
“Turn on the radio, bust out a song”: the experience of driving to work

Though driving to and from work has become a prevalent experience in the lives of individuals in every metropolitan region in the US, much remains to be learned about the activity from the perspective of the drivers. To increase our understanding of the motivation for certain travel behaviors, we must first know something about what those drivers experience. The existing literature explains much, but the application of new methodologies could improve our ability to explain the willingness of individuals to choose to drive through increasingly congested road networks. The results of this study of oral histories of 12 women commuters underscore the idea that commute should be seen as a set of subjective behaviors that contradict some existing assumptions about why individuals commute.
Physiology and disorders of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and GH-GHR signal transduction.

GH exerts its actions through binding with two receptor molecules at the cell surface and interaction with Janus kinase and signal transducers and activators of transcription, and other likely effectors to stimulate metabolic effects and IGF synthesis. The circulating GH binding protein is the proteolytic product of the cell surface receptor and serves as a marker of receptor number and function. Thirty-six distinct mutations of the receptor in the extracellular and transmembrane domains cause a clinical picture of severe GH/IGF-1 deficiency, whereas two dominant negative mutations of the intracellular domain result in a milder clinical syndrome. These mutations have provided insight into the physiology of the GH receptor. A few patients have been described with what appears to be primary GH insensitivity due to defective signal transduction by the GH-GH-receptor complex. Clinical and biochemical features of primary GH insensitivity are not a function of genotype, with as much variability in a genetically homogeneous population as in a heterogeneous one. Except for those dominant negative mutations where co-transfection of the mutant GH receptor gene with wild-type receptor gene has been informative, evidence for an effect of a single mutant allele remains speculative. Treatment of GH receptor deficiency with recombinant human IGF-I suggests that the absence of a direct effect of GH limits growth response.
Protein-protein interaction and functionTRPC channels.

Since their identification in the concluding years of the last century, the mammalian transient receptor potential (canonical) (TRPC) channels have remained in the limelight as the primary candidates for the Ca2+ entry pathway activated by the hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters that exert their effect through activation of PLC. Although TRPC channels have been shown clearly to mediate, at least in part, receptor-activated Ca2+ entry in literally all cell types, several of their central characteristics, as recorded in expression systems using recombinant channels, differ from those of the native receptor-dependent Ca2+ influx channels. The present review attempts to highlight the interaction of TRPC channels with other proteins, which may explain the variability of TRPC channel activation and regulatory mechanisms observed with the native and recombinant channels. These include the homologous and heterotopous interactions of TRPC channel isoforms, the interaction of TRPC channels with calmodulin, PLCγ, IP3 receptors, and with scaffolding proteins like InaD, EBP50/NEHRF, caveolin, Janctate and Homers.
Hierarchical model of natural images and the origin of scale invariance

The study of natural images and how our brain processes them has been an area of intense research in neuroscience, psychology, and computer science. We introduced a unique approach to studying natural images by decomposing images into a hierarchy of layers at different logarithmic intensity scales and mapping them to a quasi-2D magnet. The layers were in different phases: “cold” and ordered at large-intensity scales, “hot” and disordered at small-intensity scales, and going through a second-order phase transition at intermediate scales. There was a single “critical” layer in the hierarchy that exhibited long-range correlation similar to that found in the 2D Ising model of ferromagnetism at the critical temperature. We also determined the interactions between layers mapped from natural images and found mutual inhibition that generated locally “frustrated” antiferromagnetic states. Almost all information in natural images was concentrated in a few layers near the phase transition, which has biological implications and also points to the hierarchical origin of scale invariance in natural images.
Barriers to gene exchange in hybridizing field crickets: the role of male courtship effort and cuticular hydrocarbons

Pre-zygotic barriers often involve some form of sexual selection, usually interpreted as female choice, as females are typically the choosier sex. However, males typically show some mate preferences, which are increasingly reported. Here we document previously uncharacterized male courtship behavior (effort and song) and cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles in the hybridizing crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. These two species exhibit multiple barriers to gene exchange that act throughout their life history, including a behavioral barrier that results in increased time to mate in heterospecific pairs. We demonstrated that male mate choice (as courtship effort allocation) plays a more important role in the prezygotic behavioral barrier than previously recognized. In gryllids females ultimately decide whether or not to mate, yet we found males were selective by regulating courtship effort intensity toward the preferred (conspecific) females. Females were also selective by mating with more intensely courting males, which happened to be conspecifics. We report no differences in courtship song between the two species and suggest that the mechanism that allows males to act differentially towards conspecific and heterospecific females is the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) composition. CHC profiles differed between males and females of both species, and there were clear differences in CHC composition between female G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus but not between the males of each species. Although many barriers to gene exchange are known in this system, the mechanism behind the mate recognition leading to reduced heterospecific mating remains unknown. The CHC profiles might be the phenotypic cue that allow males to identify conspecifics and thus to adjust their courtship intensity accordingly, leading to differential mating between species.
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Brain Death

Since the establishment of the concept of declaring death by brain criteria, a large extent of variability in the determination of brain death has been reported. There are no standardized practical guidelines, and major differences exist in the requirements for the declaration of brain death throughout the USA and internationally. The American Academy of Neurology published evidence-based practice parameters for the determination of brain death in adults in 1995, requiring the irreversible absence of clinical brain function with the cardinal features of coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and apnea, as well as the exclusion of reversible confounders. Ancillary tests are recommended in cases of uncertainty of the clinical diagnosis. Every step in the determination of brain death bears potential pitfalls which can lead to errors in the diagnosis of brain death. These pitfalls are presented here, and possible solutions identified. Suggestions are made for improvement in the standardization of the declaration of brain death.
Liz and Norbert at the movies

As most of us are aware, today's primary school, high school and undergraduate biology programs are struggling to incorporate even a fraction of the `molecular revolution' of biological knowledge and technologies that surround us. In the first term alone, life science and biology classes of the new
VSAT communications networks-an overview

The very-small-aperture-terminal (VSAT) fixed satellite communication network is a star network in which many dispersed micro terminals attempt to send data in a packet form through a random access/time-division multiple-access (RA/TDMA) satellite channel with transmission delay. The basic concept of the VSAT and its service potential are discussed. Two classes of traffic are addressed, namely business-oriented low-rate-data traffic and bulk data traffic of corporate networks. Satellite access, throughput, and delay are considered. The size of the network population that can be served in an RA/TDMA environment is calculated. User protocols are examined. A typical VSAT business scenario is described. >
Bias Stress Effect in “Air‐Gap” Organic Field‐Effect Transistors

The origin of the bias stress effect related only to semiconductor properties is investigated in "air-gap" organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in the absence of a material gate dielectric. The effect becomes stronger as the density of trap states in the semiconductor increases. A theoretical model based on carrier trapping and relaxation in localized tail states is formulated. Polar molecular vapors in the gap of "air-gap" OFETs also have a significant impact on the bias stress effect via the formation of bound states between the charge carriers and molecular dipoles at the semiconductor surface.