cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concepts of objects and substances in language

People distinguish objects from the substances that constitute them. Many languages also distinguish count nouns and mass nouns. What is the relation between these two distinctions? The connection between them is complicated by the facts that (a) some mass nouns (e.g., toast) seem to name countable objects; (b) some count and mass nouns (e.g., pots and pottery) seem to name the same objects; (c) nouns for seemingly the same things can be count in one language (English: dishes) but mass in another (French: la vaisselle); (d) count nouns can be used to name substances (There is carrot in the soup) and mass nouns to name portions (She drank three whiskeys); and (e) some languages (e.g., Mandarin) appear to have no count nouns, whereas others (e.g., Yudja) appear to have no mass nouns. All these cases counter a simple object-to-count-noun and substance-to-mass-noun relation, but they provide opportunities to see whether the grammatical distinction affects the referential one. We examine evidence from such cases and find continuity through development: Infants appear to have the conceptual OBJECT/SUBSTANCE distinction very early on. Although this distinction may change with development, the acquisition of count/mass syntax does not appear to be an effective factor for change.
A Survey of Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces

The Committee on Human Factors of the National Academy of Sciences convened a two-day workshop in June of 1985 to assess the feasibility of developing an integrated ergonomic model of the “human at work.” The specific objectives of the Workshop were to: (1) assess the usefulness of current anthropometric, biomechanical, and interface models; (2) identify critical points of compatibility and disparity among such models; (3) review the feasibility of using these existing models for the development of an integrated ergonomic model; and, if feasible, (4) recommend research approaches to the development of an integrated ergonomic model. Fifteen experts in anthropometry, biomechanics, bioengineering, work physiology, human factors engineering, psychomotor performance, computer modeling, and system design and operation participated in the Workshop. The Workshop was co-chaired by Stoover H. Snook and the author. The following text relies extensively on the Proceedings of this Workshop (Kroemer, Snook, Meadows, and Deutsch, 1988).
Material-Mind-Method: On the Teaching of Reference Incorporating Feminist Pedagogies in Reference Education

Reference education instruction is compatible with the theories and praxis of feminism. This column features key concepts in feminist theories and provides examples of how current education for fut...
The Neighborhood Context of Eviction in Southern California

AbstractIn the United States, soaring rent burdens and a dearth of affordable housing leave millions of renters at risk of eviction. The eviction epidemic is particularly pronounced in California w...
A molecular mediator for reductive concerted proton-electron transfers via electrocatalysis.

Electrocatalytic approaches to the activation of unsaturated substrates via reductive concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) must overcome competing, often kinetically dominant hydrogen evolution. We introduce the design of a molecular mediator for electrochemically triggered reductive CPET through the synthetic integration of a Bronsted acid and a redox mediator. Cathodic reduction at the cobaltocenium redox mediator substantially weakens the homolytic nitrogen-hydrogen bond strength of a Bronsted acidic anilinium tethered to one of the cyclopentadienyl rings. The electrochemically generated molecular mediator is demonstrated to transform a model substrate, acetophenone, to its corresponding neutral α-radical via a rate-determining CPET.
Maternal deaths in Brazil from severe COVID-19 respiratory disease: time for a global commitment to ending health disparities.

In this issue, Takemoto M. et al. report on 124 maternal deaths among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 attributable acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in Brazil leveraging an ARDS surveillance system established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2009 in response to the H1N1 pandemic (BJOG 2020 xxxx). A total of 978 pregnant or postpartum individuals with ARDS who met criteria for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and whose survival status was known were identified through this reporting mechanism between February 26th and June 18th of 2020. Risk factors for maternal mortality included diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and postpartum presentation.
[Using Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects Analysis to Reduce Intra-Arterial Thrombectomy Preoperative Preparation Error Rates in the Emergency Room].

BACKGROUND & PROBLEMS Intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) is a novel surgery that may restore cerebral blood flow in patients with ischemic stroke and lower the risks of permanent brain damage and disability. Because the process of preoperative preparation for IAT is complicated, error rates for this process have been reported in previous studies to be as high as 100%. Although these errors did not result in serious damage to patients, the risk to patient safety remains. Therefore, reducing the error rate for IAT preoperative preparation is necessary to improve patient safety. PURPOSE To reduce the rate of IAT preoperative preparation error in an emergency room. RESOLUTION This project applied healthcare failure mode and effect analysis (HFMEA) to evaluate the potential risks of IAT preoperative preparation in an emergency room. Based on the resultant hazard score, critical preventive measures were adopted, including creating a quick response code consent form, designing order packages, developing a checklist form, modifying stroke operating procedures and policies, planning suitable education content for staffs, developing criteria for evaluating preoperative preparation procedures, and installing vital signs equipment. RESULTS After implementation of these measures, the hazard scores of 13 out of the 16 potential failure causes decreased to < 8, and the progress rate was 81.3%. The follow-up error rate for preoperative preparation was 0% in October 2019, which fulfilled the goal of this project. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative preparation for IAT is complicated and time-consuming. In this project, HFMEA was introduced to ensure that preoperative preparation was accomplished in a complete and timely manner. Based on the results, after implementation, preparation work was effectively completed and operations were performed on schedule. Other hospitals may consider using this tool to evaluate potential risks to patient safety and to develop solutions to improve the quality of healthcare processes.
Unpacking Third-Party Standing

Third-party standing is relevant to a wide range of constitutional and statutory cases. The Supreme Court has said that, to assert such standing, a litigant must ordinarily have a close relationship with the right-holder and the right-holder must face obstacles to suing on their own behalf. Yet the Court does not seem to apply that test consistently, and commentators have long critiqued the third-party standing doctrine as incoherent. This Article argues that much of the doctrine’s perceived incoherence stems from the attempt to capture, in a single principle, disparate scenarios raising distinct problems of both theory and practice. The Article “unpacks” third-party standing in two respects. First, it identifies true third-party standing problems by distinguishing them from first-party claims, largely by reference to the “zone of interest” concept. If litigants fall within the zone of interests of the substantive right they wish to invoke and they have an injury-in-fact, they may rely on their own first-party rights for standing. If they do not fall within the zone of interests, then they must rely on the rights of third parties. Second, the Article distinguishes among three types of parties invoking third-party standing: directly regulated parties, collaterally injured parties, and representative parties. The results in the Supreme Court’s third-party standing cases tend to track these distinctions, and we argue that it is time for the Court to recognize those distinctions in doctrine. The Article also rejects prior efforts by scholars to posit a general “valid rule” requirement as a way of reconciling the cases, an approach that we contend is both under- and over-inclusive. The Article concludes by highlighting aspects of modern litigation practice that may need revision in light of the unpacked third-party standing doctrine.
Impact of various air mass types on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations along coastal southeast Florida.

Abstract Coastal southeast Florida experiences a wide range of aerosol conditions, including African dust, biomass burning (BB) aerosols, as well as sea salt and other locally-emitted aerosols. These aerosols are important sources of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which play an essential role in governing cloud radiative properties. As marine environments dominate the surface of Earth, CCN characteristics in coastal southeast Florida have broad implications for other regions with the added feature that this site is perturbed by both natural and anthropogenic emissions. This study investigates the influence of different air mass types on CCN concentrations at 0.2% (CCN0.2%) and 1.0% (CCN1.0%) supersaturation (SS) based on ground site measurements during selected months in 2013, 2017, and 2018. Average CCN0.2% and CCN1.0% concentrations were 373 ± 200 cm−3 and 584 ± 323 cm−3, respectively, for four selected days with minimal presence of African dust and BB (i.e., background days). CCN concentrations were not elevated on the four days with highest influence of African dust (289 ± 104 cm−3 [0.2% SS] and 591 ± 302 cm−3 [1.0% SS]), consistent with high dust mass concentrations comprised of coarse particles that are few in number. In contrast, CCN concentrations were substantially enhanced on the five days with the greatest impact from BB (1408 ± 976 cm−3 [0.2% SS] and 3337 ± 1252 cm−3 [1.0% SS]). Ratios of CCN0.2%:CCN1.0% were used to compare the hygroscopicity of the aerosols associated with African dust, BB, and background days. Average ratios were similar for days impacted by African dust and BB (0.54 ± 0.17 and 0.55 ± 0.17, respectively). A 29% higher average ratio was observed on background days (0.71 ± 0.14), owing in part to a strong presence of sea salt and reduced presence of more hydrophobic species such as those of a carbonaceous or mineral-dust nature. Finally, periods of heavy rainfall were shown to effectively decrease both CCN0.2% and CCN1.0% concentrations. However, the rate varied at which such concentrations increased after the rain. This work contributes knowledge on the nucleating ability of African dust and BB in a marine environment after varying periods of atmospheric transport (days to weeks). The results can be used to understand the hygroscopicity of these air mass types, predict how they may influence cloud properties, and provide a valuable model constraint when predicting CCN concentrations in comparable situations.
Collecting and analyzing smartphone sensor data for health

Evidence suggests that signatures of health and disease, or digital biomarkers, exist within the heterogeneous, temporally-dense data gathered from smartphone sensors and wearable devices that can be leveraged for medical applications. Modern smartphones contain a collection of energy-efficient sensors capable of capturing the device’s movement, orientation, and location as well characteristics of its external environment (e.g. ambient temperature, sound, pressure). When paired with peripheral wearable devices like smart watches, smartphones can also facilitate the collection/aggregation of important vital signs like heart rate and oxygen saturation. Here we discuss our recent experiences with deploying an open-source, cloud-native framework to monitor and collect smartphone sensor data from a cohort of pregnant women over a period of one year. We highlight two open-source integrations into the pipeline we found particularly useful: 1) a dashboard–built with Grafana and backed by Graphite–to monitor and manage production server loads and data collection metrics across the study cohort and 2) a back-end storage solution with InfluxDB, a multi-tenant time series database and data exploration ecosystem, to support biomarker discovery efforts of a multidisciplinary research team.
On Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and the Rule of Law: Constitutional Interpretation at the Crossroads

Introduction Vermont's Creation of Civil Unions When Are Benefits Equal Civil Unions and Parental Status The Right to Travel Retroactivity and the Hawaii Referendum Toleration and Same-Sex Relationships Marriage, Religion, and Free Exercise Understanding Loving and Equal Protection Guarantees Threats to the Right to Privacy Bibliography Index
From Word Embeddings To Document Distances

We present the Word Mover's Distance (WMD), a novel distance function between text documents. Our work is based on recent results in word embeddings that learn semantically meaningful representations for words from local cooccurrences in sentences. The WMD distance measures the dissimilarity between two text documents as the minimum amount of distance that the embedded words of one document need to "travel" to reach the embedded words of another document. We show that this distance metric can be cast as an instance of the Earth Mover's Distance, a well studied transportation problem for which several highly efficient solvers have been developed. Our metric has no hyperparameters and is straight-forward to implement. Further, we demonstrate on eight real world document classification data sets, in comparison with seven state-of-the-art baselines, that the WMD metric leads to unprecedented low k-nearest neighbor document classification error rates.
Water Treatment Unit Processes: Physical and Chemical

The unit process approach, common in the field of chemical engineering, was introduced about 1962 to the field of environmental engineering. An understanding of unit processes is the foundation for continued learning and for designing treatment systems. The time is ripe for a new textbook that delineates the role of unit process principles in environmental engineering. Suitable for a two-semester course, Water Treatment Unit Processes: Physical and Chemical provides the grounding in the underlying principles of each unit process that students need in order to link theory to practice. Bridging the gap between scientific principles and engineering practice, the book covers approaches that are common to all unit processes as well as principles that characterize each unit process. Integrating theory into algorithms for practice, Professor Hendricks emphasizes the fundamentals, using simple explanations and avoiding models that are too complex mathematically, allowing students to assimilate principles without getting sidelined by excess calculations. Applications of unit processes principles are illustrated by example problems in each chapter. Student problems are provided at the end of each chapter; the solutions manual can be downloaded from the CRC Press Web site. Excel spreadsheets are integrated into the text as tables designated by a "CD" prefix. Certain spreadsheets illustrate the idea of "scenarios" that emphasize the idea that design solutions depend upon assumptions and the interactions between design variables. The spreadsheets can be downloaded from the CRC web site.The book has been designed so that each unit process topic is self-contained, with sidebars and examples throughout the text. Each chapter has subheadings, so that students can scan the pages and identify important topics with little effort. Problems, references, and a glossary are found at the end of each chapter. Most chapters contain downloadable Excel spreadsheets integrated into the text and appendices with additional information. Appendices at the end of the book provide useful reference material on various topics that support the text. This design allows students at different levels to easily navigate through the book and professors to assign pertinent sections in the order they prefer. The book gives your students an understanding of the broader aspects of one of the core areas of the environmental engineering curriculum and knowledge important for the design of treatment systems.
Current USA Practices: Slurry Wall Specifications

The critical design criteria and the resulting specifications for slurry trench diaphragm walls and cutoff walls are discussed. To establish diaphragm and cutoff slurry wall design criteria and specifications, the designer must clearly establish the objectives or end results that are to be obtained, and shape his specifications accordingly. There are many portions or applications of slurry wall work where truly an end-result specification may be appropriate. However, the application of end-result specifications in the present practice is a long way off until the owners and engineers gain a more thorough understanding and knowledge of the technical and construction procedures involved in slurry trench work.
Who Benefits from Economic Development? Reply

Before the appearance of my 1977 paper in this Review, it was widely thought that the income distribution worsened during the economic growth which took place in Brazil during the 1960's. My paper demonstrated that the familiar data, when analyzed from an absolute perspective, could show that the poor had benefited from growth. I found that the entire income distribution shifted, benefiting every income class; that the proportion of the economically active population with incomes below the poverty level (as defined by Brazilian standards) declined during the decade; that those who remained poor were less poor than before in absolute terms; and that the rate of growth of income among the poor was at least as great as the rate of growth among the nonpoor. These results came as a surprise to me, and so I did not expect that my conclusion-that Brazil seemed to do better on the income distribution front than many observers had originally thought-would be received uncritically by others. The preceding comments paint a less rosy picture. Previously used data are shown to be deficient in important respects and new evidence is offered which contradicts the old. Because of this new and more critical evidence, I myself am less certain of what actually happened. But as I shall show, this latest reexamination also confirms some of the more positive aspects of the Brazilian experience. It is fair to say that neither the most favorable nor the most unfavorable position can be sustained unambiguously. I
Use-Dependent Regulation of GabaA Receptors

Prolonged occupancy of GABAA receptors by ligands, including GABA and benzodiazepine agonists, sets in motion a series of mechanisms that can be termed use-dependent regulation. These mechanisms can be subdivided into two distinct pathways, one for GABAA receptor downregulation and another for upregulation. Treatment of cortical neurons with GABA or benzodiazepines in cultures opens the pathway for GABAA receptor downregulation, which includes (in putative temporal order): (1) desensitization (tachyphylaxis), (2) sequestration (endocytosis) of subunit polypeptides and uncoupling of allosteric interactions between GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites, (3) subunit polypeptide degradation, and (4) repression of subunit gene expression. The end-point of GABAA receptor downregulation, a reduction in receptor number, is postulated to be established initially by degradation of the receptor protein and then maintained by a diminished level of de novo synthesis. Benzodiazepine treatment of many preparations, including cells expressing recombinant GABAA receptors, may elicit only desensitization, sequestration, or uncoupling, without a decline in receptor number. Components of the GABAA receptor downregulation pathway are also evoked by chronic administration of GABAmimetics, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and neurosteroids in animals. This downregulation correlates with the establishment of tolerance to and physical dependence on the pharmacological effects of these drugs, suggesting a cellular model for this behavior. The upregulation of GABAA receptors is observed as one of the neurotrophic actions of GABA, primarily in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Upregulation in culture is caused by enhanced expression of genes for GABAA receptor subunits and correlates with the establishment of GABAergic circuitry in the developing cerebellum. Thus, both the upregulation and downregulation of GABAA receptors appear to represent use-dependent pathways for guiding synaptic plasticity in the vertebrate central nervous system.
Nonlinear microwave/RF system design and simulation using Agilent ADS 'system - data models'

The successful design of multi-chip modules for microwave systems using EDA tools has been enabled by using behavioral models for the IC components. Data-based models were created from large-signal measurements or simulations of the ICs, and the nonlinear performance of the module, such as gain compression, was simulated accurately.
Studies on hyaluronic acid. I. The influence of ionic strength on the sedimentation and diffusion properties.

Abstract Hyaluronic acid was prepared by an electrophoretic separation technique. This was considered to be the mildest possible method of preparation and the method least likely to cause any changes during preparation. The following physicochemical parameters were obtained: Sedimentation constant, s 20 = 3.1 S; diffusion constant, D 20 = 1.25·10 −7 cm 2 /sec; intrinsic viscosity, [ η ] = 7.0. From these values we were able to calculate a molecular weight of M = 178,000 and a hydrodynamically effective volume of V e = 1.0 ml/g, indicating a hydration of about 30%. On this basis and on the assumption that the shape of the molecule approximates the shape of a prolate ellipsoid of revolution, the molecular length was calculated to be L = 1900 A and the diameter of maximal circumference, d = 17.5 A . A frequency distribution coefficient of γ = 0.44 was calculated from the spread of the sedimentation patterns. It was found that hyaluronic acid satisfies the Huggins equation when the constant k ′ = 0.275. The sedimentation and diffusion characteristics of hyaluronic acid have been studied as a function of ionic strength. It was found that these properties are very sensitive to changes in ionic strength, with the dependence most marked as zero ionic strength is approached. However, the changes induced by varying the ionic strength are perfectly reversible. Changes in temperature had no effect within the range investigated.
Morphological Properties of Elliptical Galaxies

In the poster as presented at the meeting, I described global morphological properties of elliptical galaxies, based on the data from a CCD surface photometry survey of ~ 200 ellipticals and ~ 50 S0’s (Djorgovski 1985). In this brief summary, I emphasize two points: (1) there is a very weak and very noisy trend of radial shape with luminosity, in the sense that more luminous galaxies are less concentrated, and (2) there is no preference for low-luminosity ellipticals to show boxy isophotes, and they differ in that respect from the bulges.
Can the “Single Point of Entry” strategy be used to recapitalize a systemically important failing bank?

The Single Point of Entry (SPOE)—the FDIC strategy to implement its new Dodd–Frank Orderly Liquidation Authority (OLA)—promises to reduce the financial market turmoil caused by the failure of a large complex financial institution by using parent holding company resources to recapitalize its large failing subsidiary banks. We identify legal and financial impediments that may prevent the use of a SPOE strategy for this purpose. Dodd–Frank does not authorize bank recapitalizations through SPOE or otherwise, and the OLA cannot be invoked unless the failure of a subsidiary puts the parent in danger of default. The imprecise legislative language that authorizes OLA creates a new source of systemic risk. Regulations required to operationalize SPOE will require bank holding companies to issue a substantial volume of new subordinated debt, increasing these institutions’ leverage and financial fragility. Unless the Dodd–Frank Act is amended, OLA could well magnify and not reduce market instability in the next financial crisis.
Management of thyroid carcinoma invading the aerodigestive tract

Objectives: To evaluate approaches to thyroid carcinoma invading the aerodigestive tract, with particular attention to well-differentiated carcinomas. Study Design: Retrospective review of experience with thyroid carcinoma invading the aerodigestive tract over a 20-year period at a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: The medical records of all patients with a diagnosis of thyroid cancer treated at Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, from 1977 through 1997 were reviewed. Multiple clinical variables were analyzed including treatment, development of recurrence, and survival. Survival and time to local recurrence were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and statistical comparisons were made using log-rank analysis. Results: Five hundred thirty-six cases were identified; 28 patients (5.2%) were identified with invasive disease involving the aerodigestive tract. Histologic findings at the time of invasion included 15 well-differentiated (WD) carcinomas and 13 poorly differentiated (PD) carcinomas. Eight of the 28 patients (5 WD, 3 PD) underwent surgical resection of some portion of the aerodigestive tract with curative intent. Ten patients (8 WD, 2 PD) underwent incomplete resection with tumor left adjacent to aerodigestive tract structures. All patients undergoing incomplete resection developed local recurrence. Six required salvage resection, as opposed to no recurrences in WD carcinomas following complete resection (P = .01). Survival at 5 years for WD carcinomas undergoing complete resection versus initial incomplete resection was 100% versus 50%, respectively (P = .27). Conclusion: Review of our experience shows that complete resection of thyroid carcinoma invading the aerodigestive tract can offer prolonged palliation, improved local control, and the opportunity for cure in selected patients.
Thermomagnetic effect in a superconducting ring containing a Josephson junction

A method for generating magnetic flux through a ring containing a Josephson junction by means of an applied temperature gradient is described. The size of the effect is estimated and a method of detection is suggested.
Developing a Performance Measure for Snow-Level Forecasts

Abstract The snow level, or altitude in the atmosphere where snow melts to rain, is an important variable for hydrometeorological prediction in mountainous watersheds; yet, there is no operational performance measure associated with snow-level forecasts in the United States. To establish a performance measure, it is first necessary to establish the baseline performance associated with snow-level forecasts. Using data collected by vertically pointing Doppler radars, an automated algorithm has been developed to detect the altitude of maximum radar reflectivity in the radar bright band that results from the precipitation melting process. This altitude can be used as a proxy for the snow level, partly because it always exists below the freezing level, which is defined as the altitude of the 0°C isotherm. The skill of freezing-level forecasts produced by the California–Nevada River Forecast Center (CNRFC) is evaluated by comparing spatially interpolated and forecaster-adjusted numerical model freezing-level fo...
Transformation of Religious Symbol in Indian Buddhism: Reflections On Method From a Reading of Mus's Barabudur

One half century ago Paul Mus engaged in an extensive investigation of the Javanese Buddhist monument Barabudur. In 1935 his labors bore fruit in a work of two volumes, the first of which outlines the history of Buddhism in India from what-some fifty years later-still may be considered an innovative perspective. Although much literature on Buddhism has been generated since, his work is nonetheless revolutionary.2 Mus wrote the history to give Barabudur an intelligible context. However, there is no doubt that his study of the monument, conversely, illumined his understanding of Indian religious history. From Mus's work on both archeology and history, an interdisciplinary method emerged that cast light on the morphology and development of religious symbols.3 It is no accident that Mus's pivotal insight regarding the history of Indian Buddhism involves the dynamic interaction between ritual and art. The monument is a microcosm of the Buddhist
Early accretion of water in the inner solar system from a carbonaceous chondrite–like source

Determining the origin of water and the timing of its accretion within the inner solar system is important for understanding the dynamics of planet formation. The timing of water accretion to the inner solar system also has implications for how and when life emerged on Earth. We report in situ measurements of the hydrogen isotopic composition of the mineral apatite in eucrite meteorites, whose parent body is the main-belt asteroid 4 Vesta. These measurements sample one of the oldest hydrogen reservoirs in the solar system and show that Vesta contains the same hydrogen isotopic composition as that of carbonaceous chondrites. Taking into account the old ages of eucrite meteorites and their similarity to Earth's isotopic ratios of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, we demonstrate that these volatiles could have been added early to Earth, rather than gained during a late accretion event.
High energy hadron-nucleus cross sections and their extrapolation to cosmic ray energies.

Old models of the scattering of composite systems based on the Glauber model of multiple diffraction are applied to hadron-nucleus scattering. We obtain an excellent fit iwht only two free parameters to the highest energy hadron-nucleus data available. Because of the quality of the fit and the simplicity of the model it is argued that it should continue to be reliable up to the highest cosmic ray energies. Logarithmic extrapolations of {ital p}-{ital p} and {bar {ital p}}-{ital p} data are used to calculate the proton-air cross sections at very high energy. Finally, it is observed that if the exponential behavior of the {bar {ital p}}-{ital p} diffraction peak continues into the few TeV energy range it will violate partial wave unitarity. We propose a simple modification that will guarantee unitarity throughout the cosmic ray energy region. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The effects of added sulphur amino acids, threonine and an ideal amino acid ratio on nitrogen metabolism in mature, overweight dogs

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of added essential amino acids in conjunction with a dietary lysine/MJ of 0.72 on nitrogen (N) metabolism in dogs. Treatments were; a control diet, a diet that provided an ideal amino acid profile (IAA), a diet with added total sulphur amino acids (TSAA), and a diet with added TSAA and threonine (TT). Diets were fed to eight overweight, mature, female hounds using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design. Food intake was similar across treatments, however, food N intake was higher (p < 0.001) for TSAA than control, IAA or TT. Nitrogen absorbed was higher (p < 0.01) for TSAA than IAA and control. Urea N excretion was greater for control than TT (p < 0.05). Urine N excretion did not differ between diets. There were no differences in digestibility or N retention of diets. There were no differences in protein turnover, synthesis, or degradation. Blood metabolites were within normal ranges and did not differ due to dietary treatment. Based on the measu...
Calculation of wave fields using elastodynamic reciprocity

Abstract We consider axisymmetric time-harmonic wave motions generated by point-load excitation. Such problems are conventionally solved by the use of integral transform techniques. A typical example is the wave motion generated by a point force in an elastic layer. In this article, it is shown that, in a much simpler manner, the unknown modal coefficients for a superposition of wave modes can be conveniently obtained by the use of the Betti–Rayleigh reciprocity theorem. In this integral relation, which connects two elastodynamic states, one of the states is a wave mode of the actual wave field, whereas the other is an appropriately selected auxiliary solution. Simple expressions for the unknown coefficients quickly follow. The approach is also applied to the surface wave field generated by a time-harmonic normal point load on a half-space, where the amplitude constant of the generated surface wave motion is obtained.
Strengths and widths in the first overtone band of hydrogen fluoride

Abstract The strengths and self-broadened half widths of 18 lines of the first overtone band of hydrogen fluoride have been measured using a direct measurement method. The lines were assumed to have the Lorentz or combination Lorentz-Doppler shape. Matrix elements have been calculated for a dipole moment function of the form μ(r) = ΣkMk(r-re)k. Best values of M1 and M2 were found to be M1 = 1.51 x 10-10 esu and M2 = -3.74 x 10-3 esu/cm for a rotating Morse oscillator and M1 = 1.52 x 10-10 esu and M2 = -2.15 x 10-3 esu/cm for the rotating anharmonic oscillator. Line widths were calculated using the Anderson theory. The first-order effect of the vibrational quantum number on the half widths has been taken into account, and a comparison with measurements on the pure rotation and fundamental bands has been made. The measurements show good agreement with theory in that the half widths tend to decrease with increasing Δv. Also in agreement with theory, measured values in the P branch are greater than in the R branch for moderate values of |m|. As |m| increases and the shorter range forces become more important, the R-branch widths tend to become greater than the corresponding lines in the P branch.
Complemented Invariant Subspaces in Bergman Spaces

It is shown that the invariant subspace of the Bergman space of the unit disk, generated by either an -interpolating sequence or a singular inner function with a single point mass on the unit circle, is complemented in .
Altered sensory behaviors in mice following manipulation of endogenous spinal adenosine neurotransmission.

Adenosine or adenosine analogs injected intrathecally (i.t.) induce significant antinociception. Recent studies support the existence of an endogenous spinal system that can modulate nociceptive input by releasing adenosine. Inhibition of adenosine metabolism by administration of an adenosine kinase inhibitor, in the present study, decreased behavior induced by putative pain neurotransmitters providing additional support for an endogenous purinergic system. Conversely, administration of high doses of methylxanthines (i.t.), adenosine receptor antagonists, induced behavior similar to that induced by pain neurotransmitters. Methylxanthine (i.t.)-induced behavior was partially inhibited by antagonists of receptors for pain neurotransmitters. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that an endogenous purinergic system tonically modulates nociceptive input involving a variety of chemical mediators. Preliminary studies also revealed methylxanthine-induced allodynia and suggested spinal purinergic systems may have a broader role in discriminating sensory input.
IQ Skew Monitoring and Alignment of Optical Quadrature Amplitude Transmitter using Reconfigurable Interference

IQ skew measurement of quadrature amplitude transmitter using reconfigurable interference is demonstrated with >20-dB dynamic range. The scheme is compatible with different modulation formats and patterns. Fast tracking scheme for large skew is discussed.
Controlled Tissue Expansion in the Initial Management of the Short Bowel State

The treatment of short gut syndrome has evolved dramatically during the past decade. The combination of surgical techniques and medical management in the context of a multidisciplinary approach has improved the outcomes of these children. The authors describe in detail their technique of controlled tissue expansion of the bowel before lengthening procedures. Monitoring of the child and troubleshooting actions during the controlled tissue expansion program also are discussed.
Influence of the Response Scale on Like-Dislike Judgments

72 college students rated 25 paintings on a like-dislike scale. During the first four judgment trials, half used a response scale with three discriminating categories on one or the other side of the “indifference” interval and a single nondiscriminating category on the other side. Then, all changed to the same balanced 7-category scale for three more trials. Although affectively significant stimuli were used, the unbalanced scales differentially affected the distributions of scale judgments of the paintings. The balanced scale produced expected judgmental changes that made the groups' ratings more comparable.
A SEMI-AUTOMATED APPROACH FOR PROCESSING AND EXTRACTING LOW-LEVEL PLUTONIUM FROM SOIL

A semi-automated approach for processing and extracting plutonium from large soil samples has been developed and implemented in our laboratory. The system approach was designed around basic plutonium techniques already published in the literature. The technique was carried out using modular work stations for the major analytical steps, namely; soil leaching, plutonium extraction and phase evaporation. This allowed the laboratory to operate in a batch mode which improved sample flow and significantly reduced analysis cost and time. The method has been validated and is routinely used in our laboratory. Chemical yield, accuracy and precision were comparable to those obtained from manual procedures. The system was designed with built-in flexibility to accommodate revised or similar procedures and to complement most existing laboratory equipment and resources.
Update on Therapy for Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a severe, incurable, neurological disorder that is treated by pharmacological management of its symptoms. The main symptoms are excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy, although addition symptoms that may require treatment include sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Sodium oxybate and modafinil/armodafinil are the first-line treatments for EDS, and sodium oxybate for cataplexy. Sodium oxybate treats all the symptoms of narcolepsy, whereas modafinil is effective for EDS only. Alternative medications for EDS include methylphenidate or amphetamines such as dextroamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, methamphetamine, or combination amphetamine salts. Non-FDA approved medications for cataplexy include norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as venlafaxine or atomoxetine. Combination therapy can be more effective for sleepiness such as sodium oxybate and modafinil/armodafinil. Medication for narcolepsy is generally well tolerated and usually required life-long although does not eliminate all symptoms of narcolepsy.
CARDIAC DISEASE AND HYPOTHYROIDISM: COMPLICATIONS INDUCED BY INITIAL THYROID THERAPY

Hypothyroidism was treated with desiccated thyroid substance or a rapid acting preparation in nine patients aged 39 to 84 years. The results are presented in tabular form. The treatment was generally effective, but four patients developed cardiac complications which are described in greater detail. Two patients died. In one patient, a woman 69 years old, it appeared that dosages of thyroid substance sufficient to remedy the myxedema could not be given without danger to the enfeebled heart. Intolerance to thyroid medication was most marked in older patients with a history and physical findings of arteriosclerotic heart disease. By commencing with small doses, two patients were enabled to take larger doses which had previously caused angina pectoris and congestive heart failure. Treatment of hypothyroidism in patients of this type should begin with doses of as little as 7.5 mg. of desiccated thyroid daily, with increments of 7.5 mg. every two or three weeks until a dose of 30 mg. a day is reached.
The Indo-Aryan Languages

1. Introduction 2. The modern Indo-Aryan languages and dialects 3. The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan 4. The nature of the New Indo-Aryan lexicon 5. NIA descriptive phonology 6. Writing systems 7. Historical phonology 8. Nominal forms and categories 9. Verbal forms and categories 10. Syntax Appendix I Inventory of NIA languages and dialects Appendix II Schemes of NIA subclassification.
A Systematic Study of Solution Aging Time Impact on Surface Morphology of Sol-Gel Derived ZnO Thin Films

Pure ZnO thin films were spin coated on glass substrates using 0.5M Zinc acetate dihydrate precursor solution and then annealed at 500°C for 2h in air to get good quality thin films. The effect of sol-aging time, from as-synthesized to 4week aged, on microstructure and morphology of ZnO thin films was investigated. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed the polycrystalline wurtzite structure preferentially oriented along the (002) polar plane with variable peak intensity. AFM analysis exposed an asymmetrical cyclic morphology transition with sol-aging time from comparatively smooth surfaces with small spherical particles to a rigid wrinkle network of a high rms surface roughness value of at～42.4nm which finally untied and evolved as homogeneous surface of uniform grain distribution after 4 weeks of aging time. The minimum surface roughness of 1.6nm was obtained for the film prepared from 24h aged solution.
CD30 contains two binding sites with different specificities for members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family of signal transducing proteins

CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family of proteins. CD30 can regulate proliferation of lymphocytes and may also play an important role in human immunodeficiency virus replication. However, little is known about CD30 signal transduction. We performed a yeast two-hybrid library screen with the cytoplasmic domain of CD30 and isolated multiple independent cDNAs encoding human tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 1, TRAF2, and CRAF1 (TRAF3). The ability of TRAF1, TRAF2, and CRAF1 to associate with CD30 was confirmed using an in vitro coprecipitation assay, further demonstrating that the interaction was specific and direct. The TRAF-binding domain of CD30 was mapped to the COOH-terminal 36 amino acid residues, which contained two independent binding sites. CRAF1 bound only a single site, which contained the sequence PEQET, whereas TRAF1 and TRAF2 were capable of binding to either the PEQET site or an additional downstream domain. These data indicate that the TRAF protein binding pattern of CD30 differs from other TNF receptor family members and suggest that signaling specificity through TNF receptor family proteins may be achieved through differences in their abilities to bind TRAF proteins.
High resolution in countercurrent extraction

Abstract In spite of years of experimentation and theoretical deduction a complete understanding of all the parameters contributing to high resolution in countercurrent separations is still lacking. Largely by trial and error the physical arrangement permitting high numbers of theoretical stages in a reproducible way have been established. This has stimulated extensive theoretical and mathematical interpretation but such does not insure that the complex interplay of the various parameters involved are really understood. Minor deviations from ideality ordinarily undetected with less efficient separations may furnish the real basis of the separation when high numbers of theoretical stages are brought into play. Correct interpretation therefore requires a stricter examination of the basic assumption used in the interpretation. It is known that relatively large interfaces and rapid rates of exchange are usually required. This sets the stage for individual events very difficult to measure and promotes reliance on the measurement of overall effects. In this paper an attempt will be made to suggest certain events and phenomena that may be important in contributing to the achievement of high resolution.
Occurrence of faecal contamination in households along the US-Mexico border.

Aims: The study aim was to determine the presence of total and faecal coliforms on kitchen surfaces, in tap water and on the hands of caregivers in households on both sides of the US–Mexico border. Methods and Results: Samples were collected in 135 randomly selected households in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and El Paso, Texas. Different surfaces throughout the kitchen and head of households’ hands were sampled using sterile cotton swabs moistened in D/E neutralizing solution. Sponge/dishcloth and drinking water samples were also obtained. Total and faecal coliforms were enumerated on m-Endo LES and mFC respectively. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli in drinking water samples were enumerated in accordance with the Quanti-TrayTM method. Sponge/dishcloth samples were the most commonly contaminated kitchen sites, followed by countertops and cutting boards. We recovered faecal coliforms from 14% of the hands of child caregivers, and this indicator was moderately associated with self-reported failure to wash hands after using the toilet (OR = 3·2; 95% CI: 0·9, 11·1). Conclusions: Hand washing should continue to be emphasized, and additional interventions should be directed to specific kitchen areas, such as sponges/dishcloths, tables/countertops and cutting boards. Significance and Impact of the Study: There is a need for additional interventions regarding kitchen sanitation.
Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 Is Expressed in Differentiated Human Epidermis, Affects Keratinocyte Differentiation, and Is Upregulated in Atopic Dermatitis

Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) has been shown to mediate the metabolism of sex hormones and prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ), a lipid mediator that promotes skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD). As both have a role in skin function and pathology, we first sought to investigate the expression pattern of AKR1C3 in normal human epidermis. Immunofluorescence revealed a strong expression of AKR1C3 in the differentiated suprabasal layers compared with the basal layer. Western blot analysis and quantitative PCR confirmed that AKR1C3 expression was also upregulated in differentiation-induced primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). To investigate the functional role of AKR1C3 during PHK differentiation, its expression and activity (measured as PGD 2 reduction to 9α,11β-PGF 2 by ELISA) were impaired by small interfering RNA or 2′-hydroxyflavanone, respectively. Cytokeratin 10 (K10) and loricrin expression were then examined by western blot analysis, thus revealing altered expression of these differentiation markers. Finally, following an observation that the AD-associated mediator, PGD 2 , upregulated AKR1C3 expression in PHKs, we used immunofluorescence to examine AKR1C3 expression in AD and psoriasis lesions. AKR1C3 was found to be upregulated in AD but not in psoriasis lesions compared with non-lesional skin. Our work demonstrates a function for AKR1C3 in differentiation-associated gene regulation and also suggests a role in supporting inflammation in AD.