cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locus-Specific DNA Methylation Reprogramming During Early Porcine Embryogenesis

During early mammalian embryogenesis, there is a wave of DNA demethylation postfertilization and de novo methylation around implantation. The paternal genome undergoes active DNA demethylation, whereas the maternal genome is passively demethylated after fertilization in most mammals except for sheep and rabbits. However, the emerging genome-wide DNA methylation landscape has revealed a regulatory and locus-specific DNA methylation reprogramming pattern in mammalian preimplantation embryos. Here we optimized a bisulfite sequencing protocol to draw base-resolution DNA methylation profiles of several selected genes in gametes, early embryos, and somatic tissue. We observed locus-specific DNA methylation reprogramming in early porcine embryos. First, some pluripotency genes (POU5F1 and NANOG) followed a typical wave of DNA demethylation and remethylation, whereas CpG-rich regions of SOX2 and CDX2 loci were hypomethylated throughout development. Second, a differentially methylated region of an imprint control region in the IGF2/H19 locus exhibited differential DNA methylation which was maintained in porcine early embryos. Third, a centromeric repeat element retained a moderate DNA methylation level in gametes, early embryos, and somatic tissue. The diverse DNA methylation reprogramming during early embryogenesis is thought to be possibly associated with the multiple functions of DNA methylation in transcriptional regulation, genome stability and genomic imprinting. The latest technology such as oxidative bisulfite sequencing to identify 5-hydroxymethylcytosine will further clarify the DNA methylation reprogramming during porcine embryonic development.
Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches

This article synthesizes the large but diverse literature on organizational legitimacy, highlighting similarities and disparities among the leading strategic and institutional approaches. The analysis identifies three primary forms of legitimacy: pragmatic, based on audience self-interest; moral, based on normative approval: and cognitive, based on comprehensibility and taken-for-grantedness. The article then examines strategies for gaining, maintaining, and repairing legitimacy of each type, suggesting both the promises and the pitfalls of such instrumental manipulations.
Epigenetic perspectives on development: Evolving insights on the origins of variation

Abstract The articles in this special section of Developmental Psychobiology explore topics discussed at the 24th Annual Winter Conference on Current Issues in Developmental Psychobiology held in January 2009 in St. Croix. The final session of the meeting: "Epigenetics and Behavioral Development Within and Across Generations" included discussion of several emerging issues relevant to the study of individual differences, parental influences on development, and the stability versus plasticity of the underlying mechanisms involved in behavioral variation. The contributions to this special section highlight the importance of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression to the field of developmental psychobiology and the critical role of these molecular mechanisms in mediating the interplay between genes and the environment. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: e1-e3, 2010.
Increasing the sensitivity of FGMOS dosimeters by reading at higher temperature

UVPROM devices programmed as dosimeters exhibit a linear dependence on the temperature maintained during the read operation. Raising the temperature lowers the absorbed dose per bit flip. This exposes latent measurements of lower absorbed doses, thus extending the dynamic range of the devices by two or more orders of magnitude.
Does Evidence-Based Fractions Intervention Address the Needs of Very Low-Performing Students?.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this set of analyses, conducted on a randomized control trial examining the effects of a fourth-grade fraction intervention, was to assess the initial academic deficit severity hypothesis. With this hypothesis, at-risk students with more severe initial academic deficits are expected to profit less from intervention than do students with less severe initial academic deficits. Moderation analyses indicated that students with varying degrees of initial academic deficits benefited comparably from the intervention, such that effect sizes comparing intervention against control students were similar across the range of initial academic deficits. In a similar way, across the range of initial academic deficits, intervention students' posttest (spring) calculation performance was normalized (one standard error of measurement above the 25th percentile of a not-at-risk normative group's spring performance). On the most distal fractions outcome, however, normalized performance was achieved for i...
The Future of the Federal Judiciary

This article surveys major power issues facing the federal judiciary in the Twenty-First Century. Professor Little organizes these issues around the following concepts: the prospect of a burgeoning docket, competing models for judicial exercise of power, congressional control of the federal judiciary, and the efficacy and appeal of federal remedies for social problems. The article discusses the Long Range Plan for the Federal Courts adopted in December 1995 by the Judicial Conference of the United States and proposes reasons why the nightmare projections in the Long Range Plan may never become actual.
Moderating effects of identification on volunteer engagement: An exploratory study of a faith-based charity organization

Purpose – Volunteers are often crucial components to many nonprofit organizations as their financial resources continue to decline. Volunteer activities in the nonprofit sector provide a broad range of services from administrative support (24 percent) such as fundraising and office work to providing social service and care (20 percent) such as preparing and delivering food, teaching, or counseling. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influences of important factors in creating volunteers’ engagement with nonprofit organizations. Design/methodology/approach – The population of the proposed survey was volunteers of a faith-based nonprofit organization in the Northeast region of USA. The organization is a synod that oversees more than 1,000 Presbyterian churches over eight states in the Northeast region of the USA. The primary focus of its mission is prison ministry that aims to help imprisoned immigrants and their families with legal and other necessary supports. With help from the organization’s ma...
Plasma cell myeloma with numerous cytoplasmic granules.

![Figure][1] A 74-year-old woman presented with fatigue. Laboratory studies showed an 8.0 g/dL M spike and immunoglobulin G κ paraprotein. Wright-Giemsa–stained bone marrow aspirate revealed increased atypical plasma cells containing numerous, large, cytoplasmic azurophilic granules, in
Renal Excretion of Mannitol.

ConclusionsI. The renal clearance of mannitol is frequently less than the simultaneous clearance of inulin in man. 2. The intravenous injection of manitol depresses the inulin clearance in man. 3. The clearance of inulin is equal to that of creatinine in the dog, but the mannitol clearance is usually less than that of creatinine. 4. mannitol undergoes metabolic alteration in man, and therefore, cannot be utilized in the infusion pump technique for measuring the rate of glomerular filtration. 5. Inulin appears to be the most generally useful substance for the measurement of glomerular filtration in man.
Millimeter-Scale True 3-D Antenna-in-Package Structures for Near-Field Power Transfer

This paper describes the modeling, fabrication, and measurement of a method to construct true 3-D antennas for radio frequency (RF) power harvesting in millimeter-scale sensors. The goal is to create an omnidirectional RF power-harvesting structure, which can provide power even if the sensor and external power source are not perfectly aligned. Because the orientation of the sensor is not known in advance, the antenna must work equally well in all directions. To realize such a structure, antennas will be built into the packaging of the sensor, and this allows for the largest possible antenna without increasing the size of the sensor and by combining antennas which are orthogonal to each other. This construction results in a cubic structure, where the power-transfer efficiency can be increased by 22 dB over a traditional single-coil setup at the worst case orientations for the sensor. The presented structures will range from 3 to 5 mm cubes.
Studies on the Molecular Weight Distribution and Biological Activities of Polysaccharide of Usneas from Different Locations

The molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides of Usneas from different locations and the DPPH radical scavenging activities were studied.The results showed that the molecular weight(MW)of the polysaccharide named USP was the highest among others.Generally the MW s of all polysaccharide studied were above 106 u.The DPPH·radical scavenging activity of the polysaccharides separated was in the order of UMPULDPUSPUSDULXP,and further purified polysaccharides such as UMP-1,ULXP-1, USP-2,and UDP-1demonstrated higher DPPH scavenging activity than Vc.No correlationships were found between the raw polysaccharides and further purified ones on DPPH scavenging capability.
Familial Aggregation of Blood Pressure |[dagger]| 551

Cumulative data indicate that essential hypertension begins to develop during the first two decades of life. However, it is currently impossible to identify which child will become a hypertensive adult. We investigated familial aggregation of blood pressure in 1,183 nuclear families (including mother, father, and their first two children) in a rural community in China. Information on blood pressure (BP) (via direct measurement) and related risk factors (via an interview) was obtained from all subjects. A generalized additive model was used to explore independent relations of the BP among the four family members, with adjustment for sex, age, height, weight, education, smoking, and alcohol use. A logistic regression model was used to assess the risk of high BP (>90th percentile of percent predicted value) in the second sibling by parental and the first sibling's BP. There was a significant parent-child and sib-sib correlation of BP. The parent-child correlation of BP was similar for the first and second child. There was no significant difference between mother-child and father-child correlation. The rate of high systolic BP in the second sibling was lowest (3.1%) when both parents and the first sibling were in the low BP tertile (low-low group) and highest (24.4%) when both parents and the first sibling were in the high BP tertile (high-high group). The rates were intermediate if only the parents (10.7%, high-low group) or only the first sibling (7.6%, low-high group) was in the high BP tertile. With the odds ratio (OR) for the low-low group as the reference value(1.0), the OR for the high-high group was 10.3 (95%CI 3.9-35.3); for high-low group 3.8 (95%CI 1.3-13.7); and for low-high group 2.6 (95%CI 0.9-9.87); indicating an interaction of the parents' BP and the first sibling's BP on an additive scale. The above analysis was performed for four age groups: 6-10, 11-14, 15-19, ≥20 years and no significant age-specific difference in association was found. A similar pattern was found for diastolic BP. The data indicate a strong familial aggregation of BP in this population and show that such a familial influence on BP can be detected from early childhood onward.
New approaches: innovations in cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and support.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To discuss and project changes in cancer care in the 21st century. DATA SOURCES: Projections are based on synthesis of multiple scholarly, professional, and governmental information sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: Changes will be reflected in the areas of patient subgrouping for more effective prevention and treatment; a redesigned therapeutic paradigm; a mind-body renaissance emphasizing holism and quality of life; and an accentuated influence of ethics on oncology nursing practice arising from healthcare reform and new scientific understanding of the human gene. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunities for nurses resulting from these changes include roles as genetic-risk analysts, health-education media designers, patient readiness evaluators, technology accessors, partners in a holistic care center, and treatment options advisors. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses will need to respond to these challenges by expanding their knowledge base with respect to genetics and computer science, refining the interactive skills that are necessary to address the psychosocial aspects of cancer care, and assimilating new technology while designing strategies to minimize the dehumanizing consequences of technology dependency.
Intensity of language treatment: contribution to children's language outcomes

Background Treatment intensity is an important factor in designing and delivering treatments to children with language impairment (LI). However, to date very little is understood about cumulative intervention intensity for children with LI in the US public school system. Aims To examine treatment intensity (dose: time spent on language; frequency: number of sessions; duration: one academic year) as delivered to children with LI within US public schools and to explore its relation to children's language outcomes. Methods & Procedures A total of 233 children with LI on the caseloads of 73 speech-language pathologists (SLPs) participated. Direct child measures, weekly treatment logs and videotapes were collected to characterize children's language outcomes and treatment experiences. Outcomes & Results Children on average received 36 min of treatment during 1.3 treatment sessions per week. Children's language severity did not predict children's treatment intensity. Structural equation modelling indicated a significant interaction between frequency and dose of treatment: children receiving high frequency and low dose, or low frequency and high dose treatment had better outcomes than children receiving high frequency, high dose or low frequency, low dose treatment. Conclusions & Implications Findings suggest that more intensive language treatment, measured as time, is not necessarily associated with better treatment outcomes.
Identification of Tyrosine O Sulfated Proteins in Cow Retina and the 661W Cell Line.

Lack of tyrosine O Sulfation compromises both rod and cone electroretinographic responses emphasizing the importance of this post-translational modification for vision. To identify tyrosine sulfated proteins in retina, cow retinal lysates were subjected to immunoaffinity purification using an anti-sulfotyrosine antibody. The tyrosine sulfated proteins were eluted from the column using a sulfotyrosine pentapeptide and identified using mass spectrometry. Similarly, tyrosine sulfated proteins secreted by the 661W cell line were identified. Proteins identified were vitronectin, fibronectin, fibulin 2, nidogen, collagen V alpha 2, complement component 3 and C4 and fibrinogen beta. All proteins were subjected to analysis by ‘Sulfinator’ to determine potential sulfated tyrosines.
High sensitivity to variation in the proton-to-electron mass ratio in O 2 +

Molecular vibrational transitions are prime candidates for model-independent searches for variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio. Searches for present-day variation achieve the highest sensitivity with deep molecular potentials. We identify several high-sensitivity transitions in the deeply bound ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}{}^{+}$ molecular ion. These transitions are electric-dipole forbidden and have narrow linewidths. The most sensitive transitions take advantage of an accidental degeneracy between vibrational states in different electronic potentials. We suggest experimentally feasible routes to a measurement with uncertainty below current limits on present-day variation in ${m}_{p}/{m}_{e}$.
Translating the transition: the translator-detective in Post-Soviet fiction

This article explores the ways in which the figure of the translator-detective in contemporary Russian literature functions to express and neutralize a range of fears and anxieties engendered by the post-Soviet transition. Tracing the roots of the motif of the translator in Russian literature back to F. M. Dostoevsky ’s Crime and Punishment, the paper then examines the translator-hero in the detective fiction of the best-selling contemporary authors Aleksandra Marinina, Boris Akunin, Dar’ia Dontsova, and Polina Dashkova. Representatives of the embattled Russian intelligentsia, their translator-detectives embody resistance to mindless cultural borrowing from the West.
Room-temperature mid-infrared quantum well lasers on multi-functional metamorphic buffers

The modern commercial optoelectronic infrastructure rests on a foundation of only a few, select semiconductor materials, capable of serving as viable substrates for devices. Any new active device, to have any hope of moving past the laboratory setting, must demonstrate compatibility with these substrate materials. Across much of the electromagnetic spectrum, this simple fact has guided the development of lasers, photodetectors, and other optoelectronic devices. In this work, we propose and demonstrate the concept of a multi-functional metamorphic buffer (MFMB) layer that not only allows for growth of highly lattice-mismatched active regions on InP substrates but also serves as a bottom cladding layer for optical confinement in a laser waveguide. Using the MFMB concept in conjunction with a strain-balanced multiple quantum well active region, we demonstrate laser diodes operating at room temperature in the technologically vital, and currently underserved, 2.5–3.0 μm wavelength range.
Application of the Solid-Supported Glaser–Hay Reaction to Natural Product Synthesis

The Glaser–Hay coupling of terminal alkynes is a useful synthetic reaction for the preparation of polyynes; however, chemoselectivity issues have precluded its widespread utilization. Conducting the reaction on a solid-support provides a mechanism to alleviate the chemoselectivity issues and provide products in high purities and yields. Moreover, the polyyne core is a key component to several natural products. Herein, we describe the application of a solid-supported Glaser–Hay reaction in the preparation of several natural products. These compounds were then screened for antibacterial activity, illustrating the utility of the methodology.
Cross-Continuum Tool Is Associated with Reduced Utilization and Cost for Frequent High-Need Users.

Introduction: High-need, high-cost patients can over-utilize acute care services, a pattern of behavior associated with many poor outcomes that disproportionately contributes to increased US healthcare cost. Our objective was to reduce healthcare cost and improve outcomes by optimizing the system of care. We targeted HNHC patients and identified root causes of frequent healthcare utilization. We developed a cross-continuum intervention process and a succinct tool called a Complex Care Map (CCM)© that addresses fragmentation in the system and links providers to a comprehensive individualized analysis of the patient story and causes for frequent access to health services. Methods: Using a pre/post test design, this quality improvement project focused on determining if the interdisciplinary intervention called CCM© had an impact on healthcare utilization and costs for HNHC patients. Analysis was conducted between November 2012 and December 2015 at Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, a Midwestern urban hospital with greater than 80,000 annual emergency department visits. Included patients had three or more hospital visits (ED or IP) in the 12 months prior to initiation of a CCM© (n=339). Individualized CCMs© were created and made available in the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) to all healthcare providers. We compared utilization, cost, social, and healthcare access variables from the EMR and cost accounting system for 12 months before and after CCMs© implementation. Both descriptive and limited inferential statistics were utilized. Results: ED mean visits decreased 43% (p<0.001), inpatient mean admissions decreased 44% (p<0.001), outpatient mean visits decreased 17% (p<0.001), CT mean scans decreased 62% (p<0.001), and OBS/IP LOS mean days decreased 41% (p<0.001). Gross charges decreased 45 % (p<0.001), direct expenses decreased 47% (p<0.001), contribution margin improved by 11% (p=0.002), and operating margin improved by 73% (p<0.001). Patients with housing increased 14% (p<0.001), those with primary care increased 15% (p<0.001), and those with insurance increased 16% (p<0.001). Conclusion: Individualized CCMs© for a select group of patients are associated with decreased healthcare system overutilization and cost of care.
Oxygen vacancies in LiAl O 2 crystals

Singly ionized oxygen vacancies are produced in $\mathrm{LiAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ crystals by direct displacement events during a neutron irradiation. These vacancies, with one trapped electron, are referred to as ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ centers. They are identified and characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption. The EPR spectrum from the ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ centers is best monitored near 100 K with low microwave power. When the magnetic field is along the [001] direction, this spectrum has a $g$ value of 2.0030 and well-resolved hyperfine interactions of 310 and 240 MHz with the two $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ nuclei that are adjacent to the oxygen vacancy. A second EPR spectrum, also showing hyperfine interactions with two $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ nuclei, is attributed to a metastable state of the ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ center. An optical absorption band peaking near 238 nm is assigned to ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ centers. Bleaching light from a Hg lamp converts a portion of the ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ centers to ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{0}$ centers (these latter centers are oxygen vacancies with two trapped electrons). The ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{0}$ centers have an absorption band peaking near 272 nm, a photoluminescence band peaking near 416 nm, and a photoluminescence excitation band peaking near 277 nm. Besides the oxygen-vacancy EPR spectra, a holelike spectrum with a resolved, but smaller, hyperfine interaction with one $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ nucleus is present in $\mathrm{LiAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ after the neutron irradiation. This spectrum is tentatively assigned to doubly ionized aluminum vacancies.
Sculpting Character: Aristotle's Voluntary as Affectability

I argue that the two criteria traditionally identified as jointly sufficient for voluntary behavior according to Aristotle require qualification. Without such qualification, they admit troubling exceptions (i.e., they are not sufficient). Through minding these difficult examples, I conclude that a third condition mentioned by Aristotle – the eph' hēmin – is key to qualifying the original two criteria. What is eph' hēmin is that which is efficiently caused by appetite and teleologically caused by reason such that the agent could have, in theory, acted differently. I propose that praise and blame are justified only when 1: the behavior is voluntary and 2: the agent is susceptible (at least in principle) to the positive influences of appropriate praise and blame to help form, improve, or strengthen a good character. Through concentrating on the agent's affectability in morally salient situations, we may better understand the qualified criteria's role in voluntary human behavior in general.
The Epic of Gilgamesh: Bridging the Culture Gap between East and West

The purpose of this work is to examine the unique perspectives that the epic saga of Gilgamesh offers to modern life, especially to the cultures of East and West. Set in the remote deserts of southern Mesopotamia (present day Iraq), Gilgamesh presents to the scholar and the student universal themes concerned with life and death, good v. evil, human mortality, and the quest for god. The epic is rich in bringing students to an understanding that there exists a common cultural ground that we can all live and learn from. Moreover, the epic teaches us that our lives are intertwined in the same complex web of human thought and action, and that we all moving along the same humanistic path, albeit with different instructions on where the end might be. The implications of this work are to bring students of different backgrounds, whether religious or cultural, together in examining what it means for all of us to be human.
State space design cycle and hardware in the loop testing and verification

Advances in real-time hardware in the loop (HIL) boards and software has provided an excellent opportunity to implement and test control algorithms rapidly on real systems [1-7]. Hardware in the loop development allows for rapid development, testing and verification of control systems. This paper, using a servo system as an example, clearly explores modern control systems design cycle, which includes real-time verification of the controller. This methodology illustrates design cycle from system specification, system constraints to controller design, HIL testing and verification of the developed controller. This rapid prototyping strategy to develop and test controllers can be used in industry as well as academia. In an academic environment, it helps student relate, better understand and implement theoretical concepts on real systems. Experiments described in this paper use a realtime hardware in the loop platform, which consists of a DC-servo control system, MATLAB, Simulink, dSPACE real-time hardware and ControlDesk software. This paper shows how this type of platform can is be used to verify system models and test designed state space controllers.
Challenging Standard-of-Care Paradigms in the Precision Oncology Era

The pace of genomic and immunological breakthroughs in oncology is accelerating, making it likely that large randomized trials will increasingly become outdated before their completion. Traditional clinical research/practice paradigms must adapt to the reality unveiled by genomics, especially the need for customized drug combinations, rather than one-size-fits-all monotherapy. The raison-d'etre of precision oncology is to offer ‘the right drug for the right patient at the right time', a process enabled by transformative tissue and blood-based genomic technologies. Genomically targeted therapies are most suitable in early disease, when molecular heterogeneity is less pronounced, while immunotherapy is most effective against tumors with unstable genomes. Next-generation cancer research/practice models will need to overcome the tyranny of tradition and emphasize an innovative, precise and personalized patient-centric approach.
Minimally Invasive Management of Abdominal Trauma

Management of traumatic abdominal injuries has traditionally relied upon a combination of systematic physical examination, image-guided evaluation, clinical judgment, and, when necessary, maximally invasive surgical intervention. Advances in the fields of interventional radiology, endoscopy, and laparoscopy have altered these traditional treatment algorithms. As growth of these techniques continues, an increasing number of minimally invasive strategies are available to clinicians for the management of abdominal trauma. Here reviewed is a brief overview of minimally invasive strategies for the management of non–solid organ abdominal trauma with a focus on new, minimally invasive diagnostic and treatment tools.
Farm Policy Reform in the United States

Efforts to reform farm policy (that is, efforts both to reduce interventions in markets and to reduce the fiscal cost of transfers to the agricultural sector) have a long and informative history in the United States. This chapter assesses recent policy developments in their historical context and draws inferences about limits to and prospects for future reforms. When the first Republican-controlled Congress in 40 years wrote the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996, it was thought that a new era had been launched in agricultural policy, one that marked a substantial departure from the scope and (eventually) cost of past farm programs. Analysis and subsequent events have proven otherwise. Changes to farm policy made in 1996 were expensive, incomplete, and not necessarily permanent. The Republican members of Congress who authored the FAIR Act were among the strongest defenders of farm support policies, not their most outspoken critics. They were dissatisfied with some aspects of past program implementation, and they initiated market-liberalizing changes in several policy instruments. But Congress failed in 1996 to repeal the permanent agricultural acts that authorized intrusive government interventions. To avoid reversion to the terms of the antiquated permanent legislation, Congress will have to write yet another farm bill by 2002, under conditions that may, or may not, be propitious for reform.
RAMS: a fast, low-fidelity, multiple agent discrete-event simulator

RAMS is a low-fidelity discrete-event simulator, created for simulating multiple agents in a single environment in faster than real-time. The simulator is designed to be modular and versatile for use in future research in the area of coordinated teams of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and other robotic vehicles. A low-fidelity wireless network module is incorporated for simulating network connectivity between agents. Algorithms for controlling the agents can be dynamically loaded in a wrapper, minimizing the effort required to port the algorithms from the simulator to an actual hardware platform. The agent model consists of a low-fidelity motion model based on simple flight dynamics combined with dynamically loaded guidance and control algorithms. The RAMS simulator differs for other simulation efforts in this area by providing a low to medium fidelity agent model and network simulation for use in rapid evaluation of high-level control and coordination algorithms. This paper discusses the motivation, basic architectural design, and implementation of the RAMS simulator.
Functional MRI in the Presurgical Epilepsy Evaluation

In the past two decades, functional neuroimaging techniques have revolutionized our understanding of normal brain functioning (Binder, Desai, et al., 2009; D'Esposito, 2000) and contributed to the evaluation and treatment of patients with neurological disorders (Bookheimer, 2007; Detre, 2006; Freilich & Gaillard, 2010). Understanding how and when to use functional localization methods such as fMRI in combination with or as an alternative to more traditional mapping methods such as the intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test is critical for the clinical treatment of epilepsy surgery candidates. fMRI detects task-correlated or event-related changes in blood flow associated with underlying neuronal activity and is now considered a noninvasive alternative to Wada testing for language (Binder, 2011). Functional MRI provides information not only about lateralization of higher cognitive functions but also localization and outcome prediction allowing epileptologists, neurosurgeons, and patients to make informed decisions prior to undertaking resective surgery.
Effect of simulated hyperemia on the flow field in a mildly atherosclerotic coronary artery casting of man

Changes in an arterial flow field due to mild atherosclerosis were determined using a main coronary artery casting with a maximum obstruction of about 50 percent by area. Local pressure changes were measured using six pressure tap holes along the wall of the casting. The test-fluid was a 33 percent sugar-water solution of approximately the same viscosity as human blood. Flow visualization results were obtained by injecting blue-dye through the pressure tap holes. Measurement of local pressure demonstrated a significant Reynolds number effect. At Reynolds numbers of 80-710, a local pressure rise was observed downstream of the mild atherosclerotic constriction due to momentum changes. The Reynolds number necessary for flow separation in the divergent region of the coronary casting was about 330. The experimental results can be used to obtain a quantitative relation between coronary morphology and the fluid dynamic consequences of mild diffuse disease under conditions of maximum cardiac demand i.e., higher coronary flow rates and Reynolds numbers associated with space and atmospheric flight.
Where are the family caregivers? Finding family caregiver-related content in foundational nursing documents

Informal or family caregivers are a substantial component of the U.S. health care system and are essential for addressing the needs of a growing number of U.S. citizens who are aging, managing chronic or disabling conditions, or facing life-limiting illness. The purpose of this study was to examine the representation of family caregiving in a set of foundational documents that shape nursing education, practice standard, and related policy. Electronic copies of these "canonical" documents were systematically mapped for the appearance of language, terms, and concepts related to family caregiving. Additionally, relevant passages of caregiving-related text were coded for content, phrasing, and meaning. Few meaningful references were found, exposing how the nursing profession may also be perpetuating the role of the family caregiver as unsupported and invisible. When present in the documents, family caregivers were generally situated as background or context for patient care, often as objects and less frequently as agents with influence. These findings are considered within the context of the emerging caregiving public health crisis and family caregiver health outcomes, family caregiver integration into the health care team, nursing education and practice standards, nursing leadership and workforce development, and nursing's policy advocacy role.
Unanticipated Airway Emergencies: Resuscitation in the Delivery Room and Emergency Department

Delivery room resuscitation is a high-stakes process that needs teamwork, provider skills, and coordination. The most common reason for newborns to have cardiorespiratory or hemodynamic instability in the delivery room is an inadequate airway or absent or inefficient breathing. Although the NRP guidelines are the current “gold standard” for delivery room resuscitation and management of a newborn, the birth of a baby with a difficult airway or critical airway can cause chaos and panic. High-level planning with proper equipment and personnel is critical to a successful outcome. In this chapter we will review the basic airway management in the delivery room based on the latest edition of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program and explore the many steps in preparation for the difficult or critical airway at birth.
The state of gender diversity in medical physics

The purpose of this study was to quantify gender diversity in leadership positions within the field of medical physics, as well as within award categories and other recognitions by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. The April 2019 PDF version of the AAPM membership directory was searched for all users self-reporting as holding a leadership position at their place of employment, those elected to leadership positions within the AAPM, those serving as chair of an AAPM council, and those listed as having received an award or other such recognition from AAPM (beginning in 1972 with the William D. Coolidge Award). Historical data for these categories were obtained from archived membership directories on the AAPM website. The AAPM website was also used to identify members who have served on the Medical Physics Editorial Board. The Commission on Accreditation of Medical Physics Education Programs (CAMPEP) website was used to identify the current directors of graduate and residency programs (as of July 2019). Because gender was not a reported field in any of these categories, gender was assigned by reviewing names and photographs. Percentage representation in these respects was compared to the overall percentage of women in the AAPM in 2019 (23.3%) and reported the number of women working as medical physicists globally (29.8%). Within the AAPM, the percentage of women reporting clinical leadership roles is 12.0% within the US, 13.6% in Canada, and 18.0% in all other countries combined. Women comprise only 7.5% of CAMPEP graduate program directors and 21.5% of residency program directors. The percentage of female presidents in AAPM is 8.1%. A woman has never served as Editor-in-Chief of Medical Physics, and the average for the past 10 yr for female board membership is 13.6%. With the exception of the John R. Cameron Young Investigators Symposium Award, the percentage of all female AAPM awardees is less than the percentage of women AAPM members. The lowest percentage of female representation within AAPM is among council chairs with only one woman having held a chair position out of 42 positions (2.4%) from 1970 to July 2019. Similar to the traditional discipline of physics, medical physics displays a clear gender disparity with regard to leadership positions, both within educational training programs and the AAPM. Further investigation into the demographics of the field and psychosocial factors affecting medical physicists may help to elucidate the origin of these disparities and inform strategies to address them.
Essential elements of the preoperative breast reconstruction evaluation

A plethora of options exist for breast reconstruction and preoperative evaluation must be thorough to lead to a successful outcome. We review multiple components of the preoperative assessment including the patient’s history, goals, imaging, and key elements of the physical exam. Consideration for tumor biology, staging, need or response to chemotherapy or radiation therapy is important in deciding on immediate versus delayed reconstruction. It is also important to consider the patient’s anatomy, breast size and whether the reconstruction will be unilateral or bilateral. The reconstructive surgeon must accommodate all these factors to consider partial or complete mastectomy defects and guide the patient to the most appropriate reconstructive technique whether it be an oncoplastic reduction mammoplasty, expanderbased reconstruction, immediate implant reconstruction, or immediate versus delayed autologous tissue reconstruction such as the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP)/transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM), latissimus, transverse upper gracilis (TUG)/profunda femoris artery perforator (PAP), or gluteal artery perforator (GAP) flaps.
Impact of compound flood event on coastal critical infrastructures considering current and future climate

Abstract. The changing climate and anthropogenic activities raise the likelihood of damage due to compound flood hazards, triggered by the combined occurrence of extreme precipitation and storm surge during high tides and exacerbated by sea-level rise (SLR). Risk estimates associated with these extreme event scenarios are expected to be significantly higher than estimates derived from a standard evaluation of individual hazards. In this study, we present case studies of compound flood hazards affecting critical infrastructure (CI) in coastal Connecticut (USA). We based the analysis on actual and synthetic (considering future climate conditions for atmospheric forcing, sea-level rise, and forecasted hurricane tracks) hurricane events, represented by heavy precipitation and surge combined with tides and SLR conditions. We used the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, to simulate the combined coastal and riverine flooding of selected CI sites. We forced a distributed hydrological model (CREST-SVAS) with weather analysis data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for the synthetic events and from the National Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) for the actual events, to derive the upstream boundary condition (flood wave) of HEC-RAS. We extracted coastal tide and surge time series for each event from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to use as the downstream boundary condition of HEC-RAS. The significant outcome of this study represents the evaluation of changes in flood risk for the CI sites for the various compound scenarios (under current and future climate conditions). This approach offers an estimate of the potential impact of compound hazards relative to the 100-year flood maps produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which is vital to developing mitigation strategies. In a broader sense, this study provides a framework for assessing the risk factors of our modern infrastructure located in vulnerable coastal areas throughout the world.
Rescue of retinal ganglion cells in optic nerve injury using cell-selective AAV mediated delivery of SIRT1

SIRT1 prevents retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in models of optic neuropathy following pharmacologic activation or genetic overexpression. The exact mechanism of loss is not known, prior evidence suggests this is through oxidative stress to either neighboring cells or RGC specifically. We investigated the neuroprotective potential of RGC-selective SIRT1 gene therapy in the optic nerve crush (ONC) model. We hypothesized that AAV-mediated overexpression of SIRT1 in RGCs reduces RGC loss, thereby preserving visual function. Cohorts of C57Bl/6J mice received intravitreal injection of experimental or control AAVs using either a ganglion cell promoter or a constitutive promoter and ONC was performed. Visual function was examined by optokinetic response (OKR) for 7 days following ONC. Retina and optic nerves were harvested to investigate RGC survival by immunolabeling. The AAV7m8-SNCG.SIRT1 vector showed 44% transduction efficiency for RGCs compared with 25% (P > 0.05) by AAV2-CAG.SIRT1, and AAV7m8-SNCG.SIRT1 drives expression selectively in RGCs in vivo. Animals modeling ONC demonstrated reduced visual acuity compared to controls. Intravitreal delivery of AAV7m8-SNCG.SIRT1 mediated significant preservation of the OKR and RGC survival compared to AAV7m8-SNCG.eGFP controls, an effect not seen with the AAV2 vector. RGC-selective expression of SIRT1 offers a targeted therapy for an animal model with significant ganglion cell loss. Over-expression of SIRT1 through AAV-mediated gene transduction suggests a RGC selective component of neuro-protection using the ONC model. This study expands our understanding of SIRT1 mediated neuroprotection in the context of compressive or traumatic optic neuropathy, making it a strong therapeutic candidate for testing in all optic neuropathies.
Determinants of homelessness in the U.S.: new hypotheses and evidence

This study seeks to provide new insights into factors that influence homelessness in the U.S. by empirically investigating two heretofore effectively unexplored hypotheses as they relate to homeles...
A Human Rights Code of Conduct: Ambitious Moral Aspiration for a Public Interest Law Office or Law Clinic

The standards regulating the decision-making and behavior of lawyers in the U.S. currently provide inadequate guidance for many of the ethical dilemmas that practicing attorneys face on a daily basis. Universal human rights principles—the concepts of morality underlying much of human rights law—provide more ambitious moral direction that lawyers can use to guide decision-making and behavior. This article discusses why additional aspirational goals are needed for the legal profession and explains how and why to apply universal human rights principles to lawyering in the U.S. The article goes on to introduce the idea of adopting a human rights code of conduct for a public interest law office or law clinic. Included with this article are sample human rights codes of conduct used by a legal aid organization, a human rights organization, and a law clinic, as well as practical suggestions for leading efforts to adopt a human rights code of conduct.
A review of LCA assumptions impacting whether landfilling or incineration results in less greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract One common life cycle assessment (LCA) focus is to understand whether landfill or municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) treatment is more environmentally favorable. Past studies have focused on evaluating which disposal treatment method had the least greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions footprint and in most cases MSWI treatment was more favorable. Surprisingly, several studies reported contrasting results where landfilling was more GHG emissions favorable than MSWI. Here, we compiled numerous peer-reviewed papers and identified which key LCA assumptions resulted in a paper reporting landfill or MSWI treatment to be more favorable. The assumptions related to landfill gas management, specifically, a high gas collection (>75%) and landfill gas-to-energy recovery efficiency (>90%) were reported as crucial for landfilling to be more favorable. The MSWI treatment assumptions of including energy recovery offsets from when energy is produced from incinerated waste and used to replace fossil fuel-based energy sources was key for MSWI to be more favorable. The review findings provided a general insight on key assumptions, however we aimed to understand which specific assumptions had the greatest influence on results. To do so, we used the review findings to tailor an LCA analysis where we assessed whether landfilling or MSWI was more GHG emissions favorable based on changing waste stream composition, landfill gas management, and energy grid. An aggressive gas collection management (collecting gas early and long with gas-to-energy), a waste stream with more plastic (>40%), and a more fossil-based energy grid (>50%) favored landfilling.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Opportunistic Infections in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

In the late 1970s, the first clues that an epidemic due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was beginning to unfold were the opportunistic infections that clinicians recognized in previously healthy individuals who, by the laboratory parameters available and in use at the time, appeared to have no underlying disease. Opportunistic infections continue to occur in HIV-infected individuals in the United States in 2000. Epidemiologic data concerning the frequency of opportunistic infections in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, as well as specific studies of clinical outcome for patients enrolled in clinical trials, clearly demonstrate that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces susceptibility to opportunistic infection. Viral load is an independent predictor of the likelihood of developing opportunistic infections, but the risk of developing such complications is still effectively predicted by the current CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The revised United States Public Health Service-Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines on prophylaxis of opportunistic infections, which were published in August 1999, continue to stress the importance of initiating primary prophylaxis for pneumocystosis, Mycobacterium avium complex disease, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis for patients who meet the well-established criteria.