cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No consistent evidence of a disproportionately low resting energy expenditure in long-term successful weight-loss maintainers

Background Evidence in humans is equivocal in regards to whether resting energy expenditure (REE) decreases to a greater extent than predicted for the loss of body mass with weight loss, and whether this disproportionate decrease in REE persists with weight-loss maintenance. Objectives We aimed to1) determine if a lower-than-predicted REE is present in a sample of successful weight-loss maintainers (WLMs) and 2) determine if amount of weight loss or duration of weight-loss maintenance are correlated with a lower-than-predicted REE in WLMs. Design Participants (18-65 y old) were recruited in 3 groups: WLMs (maintaining ≥13.6 kg weight loss for ≥1 y, n = 34), normal-weight controls [NCs, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) similar to current BMI of WLMs, n = 35], and controls with overweight/obesity (OCs, BMI similar to pre-weight-loss maximum BMI of WLMs, n = 33). REE was measured (REEm) with indirect calorimetry. Predicted REE (REEp) was determined via 1) a best-fit linear regression developed with the use of REEm, age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass from our control groups and 2) three standard predictive equations. Results REEm in WLMs was accurately predicted by equations developed from NCs and OCs (±1%) and by 3 standard predictive equations (±3%). In WLMs, individual differences between REEm and REEp ranged from -257 to +163 kcal/d. A lower REEm compared with REEp was correlated with amount of weight lost (r = 0.36, P < 0.05) but was not correlated with duration of weight-loss maintenance (r = 0.04, P = 0.81). Conclusions We found no consistent evidence of a significantly lower REE than predicted in a sample of long-term WLMs based on predictive equations developed from NCs and OCs as well as 3 standard predictive equations. Results suggest that sustained weight loss may not always result in a substantial, disproportionately low REE. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03422380.
Design of a High-Q Raman Amplifier with Guided-Mode Resonant Gratings

We propose a Raman amplifier with one dimensional guided-mode resonant gratings with silicon-on-quartz. We provide an initial design based on nanopatterned c-Si films. Raman spectrum separation will be presented by two resonant modes with proper spectral and angular tuning.
Discussion Addendum For: The Direct Acyl‐Alkylation of Arynes. Preparation of Methyl 2‐(2‐acetylphenyl)acetate

For the past 50 years, benzynes and related arynes have been a major subject of study among physical organic chemists due to their unusual electronic and structural properties. However, the utility of these strained intermediates in the domain of chemical synthesis has only relatively recently undergone a vibrant expansion. The direct insertion of aryne and heteroaryne moieties into carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom σ bonds presents an intriguing and unique strategy for the rapid functionalization of aryl and heteroaryl systems. Following our 2009 Organic Syntheses article on the acyl-alkylation of arynes with β-ketoesters, there have been numerous reports of related transformations involving these highly reactive intermediates. This discussion addendum is intended to document advances made in the field of (hetero)arynes since our initial disclosure. Topics covered will be divided as follows: recent methods for the acyl-functionalization of arynes, syntheses of related strained systems, applications in heterocycle synthesis, miscellaneous transformations, and strategic uses in natural product synthesis. A supplemental review on aryne insertions into σ bonds is available. Applications of arynes in transition metal catalysis will not be discussed in detail, however there are thorough reviews on the subject.
Male nudity and trauma in Marc Recha’s Pau i el seu germà and Dies d’agost

In this article I analyse two of Marc Recha’s films, Pau i el seu germa (2001) [‘Pau and his Brother’] and Dies d’agost (2006) [‘August Days’], attending closely to their inclusion of several scene...
Aortic Aneurysms: General Considerations

Knowledge of plain radiographic and CT signs is useful in detection of aortic aneurysm and potential complications. Size description, growth rate, and symptomatology of aneurysms guided decisions for treatment.
The Association Between Hours Spent at Work and Obesity Status: Results From NHANES 2015 to 2016.

Purpose:To determine whether weekly hours worked is associated with obesity among employed adults in the United States.Design:Data from the 2015 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Su...
The Moral Imperatives of Humanistic Management

I discuss the nature of the moral imperatives that Humanistic Management seems to propose. In particular I discuss whether Humanistic Management should be seen as an inspirational invitation to reimagine how organizations could be conceived and practiced or as a mode of organizing which is mean to replace our current forms of organizing and which we have a moral imperative to adopt.
Nonmarket Responses to Regulation: A Signaling Theory Approach:

We examine how regulatory intensity and increases in regulation affect the nonmarket activities of firms. Using a signaling theory perspective, we seek to better understand how firms respond to reg...
The Internet of Things

The Internet can be configured to provide communications to a large number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. Devices can be designed to address the need for network layers, from central servers, through gateways, down to edge devices, to grow unhindered, to discover and make accessible connected resources, and to support the ability to hide and compartmentalize connected resources. Network protocols can be part of the fabric supporting human accessible services that operate regardless of location, time, or space. Innovations can include service delivery and associated infrastructure, such as hardware and software. Services may be provided in accordance with specified Quality of Service (QoS) terms. The use of IoT devices and networks can be included in a heterogeneous network of connectivity including wired and wireless technologies.
Protein conformational switch discerned via network centrality properties.

Abstract Network analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for examining structural biology systems. The spatial organization of the components of a biomolecular structure has been rendered as a graph representation and analyses have been performed to deduce the biophysical and mechanistic properties of these components. For proteins, the analysis of protein structure networks (PSNs), especially via network centrality measurements and cluster coefficients, has led to identifying amino acid residues that play key functional roles and classifying amino acid residues in general. Whether these network properties examined in various studies are sensitive to subtle (yet biologically significant) conformational changes remained to be addressed. Here, we focused on four types of network centrality properties (betweenness, closeness, degree, and eigenvector centralities) for conformational changes upon ligand binding of a sensor protein (constitutive androstane receptor) and an allosteric enzyme (ribonucleotide reductase). We found that eigenvector centrality is sensitive and can distinguish salient structural features between protein conformational states while other centrality measures, especially closeness centrality, are less sensitive and rather generic with respect to the structural specificity. We also demonstrated that an ensemble-informed, modified PSN with static edges removed (which we term PSN*) has enhanced sensitivity at discerning structural changes.
Abstract 2446: IL4 receptor-induced proliferation is mediated via Glut1 activity in metastatic breast cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. The breast cancer microenvironment supplies immune signals that influence tumor growth and metastatic behavior. The cytokine, Interleukin-4 (IL4), promotes increased survival, proliferation and invasion upon stimulation of the type II IL4 receptor alpha (IL4Rα) which is aberrantly expressed on epithelial cancer cells. Previously, we have shown that metastatic mouse mammary cancer cells have a strong dependence on IL4 signaling for colonization of metastatic sites in the lung and liver. Additionally, these cells uptake more glucose when treated with IL4 in vitro. Here, we assessed the importance of glucose consumption on pro-tumorigenic phenotypes induced by IL4/IL4Rα. In 4T1 cells, IL4/IL4Rα signaling increased protein expression of the glucose transporter, Glut1. IL4/IL4Rα activation also increased global glycosylation of Glut1. In human metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and BT549), Crispr-mediated knockout (KO) of Glut1 significantly reduced glucose consumption when assayed by 2-NBDG uptake, a fluorescently labelled glucose analog. Additionally, Glut1 KO reversed the proliferative effects of IL4/IL4Rα stimulation on human cancer cells in vitro. Our data suggest that IL4-induced Glut1 expression supports the increased metabolic activity necessary for cancer cell proliferation. Targeting the IL4/IL4Rα signaling axis could potentially be a therapeutic strategy to impede tumor-associated metabolism and reduce tumor burden at primary and metastatic sites. Citation Format: Ebony Hargrove-Wiley, Daniel Valent, Demond Williams, Wendy Bindeman, Barbara Fingleton. IL4 receptor-induced proliferation is mediated via Glut1 activity in metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2446.
SRNet: Spatial Relation Network for Efficient Single-stage Instance Segmentation in Videos

The task of instance segmentation in videos aims to consistently identify objects at pixel level throughout the entire video sequence. Existing state-of-the-art methods either follow the tracking-by-detection paradigm to employ multi-stage pipelines or directly train a complex deep model to process the entire video clips as 3D volumes. However, these methods are typically slow and resource-consuming such that they are often limited to offline processing. In this paper, we propose SRNet, a simple and efficient framework for joint segmentation and tracking of object instances in videos. The key to achieving both high efficiency and accuracy in our framework is to formulate the instance segmentation and tracking problem into a unified spatial-relation learning task where each pixel in the current frame relates to its object center, and each object center relates to its location in the previous frame. This unified learning framework allows our framework to perform join instance segmentation and tracking through a single stage while maintaining low overheads among different learning tasks. Our proposed framework can handle two different task settings and demonstrates comparable performance with state-of-the-art methods on two different benchmarks while running significantly faster.
The role of skin layer defects in organic solvent reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract The fractionation of complex liquid hydrocarbon mixtures is an important and emerging area of membrane science. Polymeric asymmetric hollow fiber membranes have the potential to be used for this purpose, especially if the size and number of defects in the membrane skin layer can be precisely engineered. Here, we fabricated various “defect-engineered” Torlon hollow fiber membranes by modifying hollow fiber spinning conditions and spin dopes to study the role of skin layer defects in the organic solvent reverse osmosis (OSRO) membranes. The quality of the membranes was investigated using several sets of pure gas permeation experiments, which provided input data for a permeation resistance model that estimates the pore size and surface porosity of the asymmetric hollow fiber membrane. We develop and experimentally validate a resistance permeation model for solvent permeation and utilize the surface properties derived from the gas permeation experiments to estimate the relative permeation rates of solvents in a mixture. The approach outlined here highlights the interconnection between gas permeation analysis and OSRO separation performance using Torlon hollow fiber membranes as an exemplar test case. The solvent permeation model is then utilized to provide quantitative insight on the differences between OSRO and organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN), and highlight the important transition region between these two modalities.
Finned hierarchical MOFs supported on cellulose for the selective adsorption of n-hexane and 1-hexene

Finned hierarchical MOF particles (Cu(BDC) nanosheets as fins grown perpendicularly on Ni2(BDC)2(DABCO) hexagonal prisms) were synthesized on modified cellulose support. The hierarchical MOF particles exposed the open Cu(II) sites on Cu(BDC) to enable selective 1-hexene/n-hexane separation.
Science as Ideology

The idea of science as theoria has since Aristotle dominated the philosophical consciousness of the West. Theoretical science, according to Aristotle, is the pursuit of knowledge of universal and necessary truths about the world for its own sake; if there is any interest that should motivate theoretical inquiry, it is the interest in knowing, nothing else. Aristotelian defenders of science will therefore eschew and debunk as ideology1 any cognitive enterprise that either has an explicit non-theoretical end or evinces an implicit non-theoretical interest. We should ask the following question to assess the idea of science as theoria: Can theoretical interest be as sharply distinguished from the non-theoretical as Aristotle thought? And, given a distinction, can such interest alone adequately justify theoretical inquiry? The answer to each question should be negative.
Unique proteins defined by monoclonal antibodies specific for human melanoma. Some potential clinical applications.

Abstract A panel of monoclonal antibodies, designated HMB 18, 45, and 50, have been isolated that are highly specific for malignant melanoma. When tested on fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, they reacted with 97 percent of melanomas tested (58 of 60), including pigmented, unpigmented, primary, and metastatic melanoma. The specificity in differentiating melanomas from other malignant tumors, including 112 carcinomas, 35 lymphomas, and 39 sarcomas, was 100 percent. Normal melanocytes were unreactive, although some benign melanocytic lesions were recognized. Using immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE analysis of 35 S-methionine-labeled melanoma cells in tissue culture, a previously undescribed protein of approximately 10 kd was recognized by all three antibodies. HMB 50 also precipitated two high molecular weight proteins of 97 kd and 110 kd from the conditioned medium of melanoma cells. These monoclonal antibodies are the most sensitive and specific antibodies generated against human melanoma to date. Their clinical application in diagnostic surgical pathology and potential use in immunotherapy are discussed.
Effect of do-not-resuscitate orders on hospitalization of nursing home residents evaluated for lower respiratory infections.

(See editorial comments by Dr. Joan Teno on pp 159–160) Objectives: To determine resident and facility characteristics associated with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and to test the effect of DNR orders on hospitalization of acutely ill nursing home (NH) residents with lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs). Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: Thirty-six NHs (almost 4,000 residents) in central and eastern Missouri in the Missouri Lower Respiratory Infection study. Participants: NH residents with a LRI (n=1031). Measurements: Data were obtained from new Minimum Data Set evaluations, resident examination, and chart review. Associations between resident, physician, and facility characteristics and the presence of a DNR order and hospitalization within 30 days from evaluation for an LRI were analyzed. Results: Sixty percent of subjects had a DNR order, and 2% had a do-not-hospitalize order. Resident characteristics associated with a DNR order included older age, white race, having a surrogate decision-maker, NH residence for longer than 3 years, and more-impaired cognition. Residents with DNR orders were more likely to live in facilities with more licensed beds, a lower proportion of Medicaid recipients, and a higher prevalence of influenza vaccination. After controlling for potential confounders, residents with a DNR order before the acute illness episode were significantly less likely to be hospitalized (adjusted odds ratio=0.69, 95% confidence interval=0.49–0.97). Conclusion: DNR orders independently reduce the risk of hospitalization for LRI and may function as a marker for undocumented care limitations or as a mandate to limit care (unrelated to resuscitation) in NH residents with LRI.
Controller Design for a Class of Multivariable Tracking Systems with Slow and Fast Modes

In this paper singular perturbation methods are used to provide a basis for the design of reduced order tracking systems for a class of multivariable linear time-invariant plants whose output vectors are required to track reference inputs satisfying a linear vector ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients. These results constitute a generalization of those previously obtained by Porter [1,2] for plants with step reference inputs and polynomial type reference inputs and are illustrated by designing a tracking system for a second order singularly perturbed plant.
The social buffering of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis in humans: Developmental and experiential determinants

Social buffering, a subset of social support, is the process through which the availability of a conspecific reduces the activity of stress-mediating neurobiological systems. While its role in coping and resilience is significant, we know little about its developmental history in humans. This brief review presents an integrative developmental account of the social buffering of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) stress reactivity in humans, from infancy to adulthood. During infancy, parents are powerful stress-regulators for children, but child temperament also plays a role and interacts with parenting quality to predict the magnitude of stress responses to fear or pain stimuli. Recent work indicates that parental support remains a potent stress buffer into late childhood, but that it loses its effectiveness as a buffer of the HPA axis by adolescence. Puberty may be the switch that alters the potency of parental buffering. Beginning in middle childhood, friends may serve as stress buffers, particularly when other peers are the source of stress. By adulthood, romantic partners assume this protective role, though studies often reveal sex differences that are currently not well understood. Translational research across species will be critical for developing a mechanistic understanding of social buffering and the processes involved in developmental changes noted in this review.
Empirical Comparison of Uniformization Methods for Continuous-Time Markov Chains

Computation of transient state occupancy probabilities of continuous-time Markov chains is important for evaluating many performance, dependability, and performability models. A number of numerical methods have been developed to perform this computation, including ordinary differential equation solution methods and uniformization. The performance of these methods degrades when the highest departure rate in the chain increases with respect to a fixed time point. A new variant of uniformization, called adaptive uniformization (AU), has been proposed that can potentially avoid such degradation, when several state transitions must occur before a state with a high departure rate is reached. However, in general, AU has a higher time complexity than standard uniformization, and it is not clear, without an implementation, when All will be advantageous. This paper presents the results of three different AU implementations, differing in the method by which the “jump probabilities” are calculated. To evaluate the methods, relative to standard uniformization, a C++ class was developed to compute a bound on the round-off error incurred by each implementation, as well as count the number of arithmetic instructions that must be performed, categorized both by operation type and phase of the algorithm they belong to. An extended machine-repairman reliability model is solved to illustrate use of the class and compare the adaptive uniformization implementations with standard uniformization. Results show that for certain models and mission times, adaptive uniformization can realize significant efficiency gains, relative to standard uniformization, while maintaining the stability of standard uniformization.
Improved reliability predictions for commercial computers

It is demonstrated that MIL-HDBK-217E predictions are overly conservative for both system and components in a small system in an office environment. The data collected and analyzed for this report suggest the quality factor and the environment factor used in MIL-HDBK-217E predictions need modification for office workstations. The data support quality factor recommended by R. Seidl and W. Gerry (1990), and suggest the descriptions of environmental conditions for determining the environment factor. The data provide working values for some families of components in the office workstation system, however, not enough data is available for a comprehensive model at this time. >
An isotopic method for measurement of muscle protein synthesis and degradation in vivo

In eight anaesthetized post-absorptive dogs we measured the concentration and specific radioactivity of phenylalanine and leucine in arterial and femoral-venous plasma, together with hindlimb flow during a continuous infusion of L-[ring-2,6-3H]phenylalanine and [1-14C]leucine. The femoral-venous plasma concentration was greater than arterial for both phenylalanine and leucine (P less than 0.05 for each). Despite net amino acid release there was a significant removal of both labelled phenylalanine and labelled leucine. Consequently, a significant dilution of specific radioactivity was observed between artery and vein for both radio-tracers. The uptake of leucine from the arterial circulation by the hindlimb exceeded by 2.6-fold that of phenylalanine; the measured molar ratio of leucine to phenylalanine in hindlimb muscle protein averaged 2.4 +/- 0.1. Since phenylalanine is neither synthesized nor degraded by muscle tissue, the measured removal of tracer and the dilution of tracer specific radioactivity across the hindlimb can be used to estimate rates of phenylalanine incorporation into, and release from, tissue protein. The estimated rate of protein synthesis by hindlimb averaged 644 +/- 250 nmol of phenylalanine/min. This was exceeded by the rate of tissue protein degradation (987 +/- 285 nmol of phenylalanine/min). The present results demonstrate that the dilution of the specific radioactivity of labelled phenylalanine can be readily measured across dog hindlimb. This measurement, coupled with an estimate of tissue blood flow, can provide a readily measured, non-destructive, method for estimation of protein turnover in specific muscle beds in vivo. Measurements can be made repeatedly over time in a single experiment, allowing the study of factors which regulate protein turnover. The method developed here in dogs can be readily extended to clinical studies.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis and rickettsial African tick-bite fever: a combination of exotic traveler's diseases in the same patient

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis and rickettsial African tick-bite fever are two zoonoses increasingly diagnosed in industrialized nations due to more international travel to endemic areas. Methods A 52-year-old American nurse was evaluated for a 0.5 cm well-demarcated, tender, shallow ulcer on her wrist, nonproductive cough, fever, chills, and night sweats, all of which began three weeks after travel to Botswana and a visit to a game reserve, where she reported being scratched on the ankle by a cheetah. Results This cutaneous finding was strongly suggestive of leishmaniasis, but the systemic symptoms were perplexing. Although excisional biopsy showed only nonspecific changes, a specimen sent to the United States Centers for Disease Control revealed leishmania promastigotes of L. tropica. Initial Rickettsia typhi titers and many other serologic tests were negative. However, four weeks after admission, R. typhi IgG titer was 1 : 64 and R. rickettsii IgG was 1 : 1024. Conclusion Thus, our patient had two tropical diseases simultaneously.
A Comparison of Three Indexes of Agreement between Observers: Proportion of Agreement, G-Index, and Kappa.

A simple model of observation is proposed which allows for guessing. The proportion of agreement, G, and kappa indexes are shown to differ in how they correct for chance agreements between two observers. On the basis ofthe findings,,it is suggested that no single agreement index is appropriate for all sets of data. TWO observers view a series of objects and determine separately the presence or absence of a characteristic about these objects. The correspondence between the two raters can be summarized by the use of a 2 X 2 table as shown in Table 1, where the P's indicate proportions, the first and second subscripts represent the judgments made by the first and second observers, respectively, and a dot indicates a summing of the proportions in respect to that subscript. The purpose of this paper is to compare three indexes of agreement that might be computed from the entries in Table 1: proportion of agreement,
Internal finishing of capillary tubes by magnetic abrasive finishing using a multiple pole-tip system

Abstract Due to difficulties in controlling magnetic abrasive in the finishing area during internal magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) of capillary tubes, the finished length is limited in practice to just a few times the pole-tip width. The accumulation of multiple short finishing passes is necessary for long-tube finishing, which results in excessive finishing times. The use of a multiple pole-tip system with a tool, a solid rod consisting of alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic regions, was proposed to overcome this issue. The tool enables multiple finishing regions to be engaged simultaneously. This paper clarifies the finishing characteristics and mechanism and shows the effects of the tool's magnetic properties (including the intervals between magnetic and non-magnetic regions) on the tool and abrasive motion and the interior finishing characteristics of capillary tubes. This paper also proposes a simple method to determine the pole-tip feed length, which allows the MAF process to achieve a uniformly finished surface in half the time of the existing single pole-tip system.
Changes in gene expression in response to mechanical strain in human scleral fibroblasts

Scleral fibroblasts are involved in scleral remodeling during axial elongation in myopia. Mechanical load is a potent stimulator of gene expression. This study seeks to identify changes in gene expression of scleral fibroblasts in response to mechanical load and speculate on possible mechanisms of scleral remodeling in the development of myopia. Human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) were mechanically stretched for 30 min and 24 hr. A gene microarray analysis was used to measure changes in gene expression. A total of 237 genes revealed differential and significant changes in expression (P<0.01) after 30 min of stretching. Of these, 28 unexpressed genes began to be expressed (turned on), while 31 expressed genes were no longer expressed (turned off). After 24 hr, 308 genes showed reproducible changes in expression (P<0.01), while 29 genes were turned on and 17 genes were turned off. After 30 min, 25 genes showed at least a threefold change in expression. These included genes for cell receptors, protein kinases, cell growth/differentiation factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, transcription factors, binding proteins and water channels. After 24 hr, 21 genes showed at least a threefold change in expression. These included genes for cell receptors, protein kinases, cell growth/differentiation factors, lipid metabolism, ECM proteins, transcription factors, and carbohydrate metabolism. RT-PCR and Southern blotting confirmed the changes in expression of selected genes. In this study we identified a large number of early and late mechanical response genes in HSFs. These changes in gene expression will provide potential candidate genes that might be involved in scleral remodeling during axial elongation in myopia.
Comparison of film properties for crosslinked core–shell latexes

Abstract Thermosetting acrylic latexes were synthesized using butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and methacrylic acid (MAA) via seeded two-stage process. A 2-level factorial experimental design was employed to investigate the effect of hydroxyl (core phase), carboxylate (shell phase) groups, and type of surfactant (Triton X200, Tergitol XJ) on the mechanical properties of thermosetting latexes. Eight latexes with varying concentration of HEMA, MAA and two types of surfactants were synthesized and crosslinked with three crosslinkers. Latex functionality for crosslinking was located in the core only, the shell only, and both the core–shell with varying concentrations. Melamine-formaldehyde (hexamethoxymethyl melamine) resin was employed to crosslink hydroxyl functionalities in the core. Carboxylic acid groups in the shell were crosslinked with zinc ammonium carbonate. HDI isocyanurate (Desmodur N3300A) were used to crosslink with hydroxyl or carboxyl functional groups in core and shell. The mechanical properties of coatings were evaluated in terms of tensile properties, cross-hatch adhesion, pencil hardness, and impact resistance. Design of experiment (DOE) was utilized to investigate the effect of variables on mechanical properties of crosslinked thermoset films.
The extraintestinal stages of Eimeria tenella and E. maxima in the chicken.

Abstract Donor chickens given feed medicated with one or two levels of decoquinate or given non-medicated feed were infected with oocysts of Eimeria tenella or E. maxima per os. Twelve hours after inoculation with oocysts liver, mid-intestine or ceca homogenates were fed to previously uninfected recipient chickens. The results showed that continuous medication with decoquinate was effective in preventing the transfer of sporozoites from the intestine to the liver. Oocysts were detected in the feces of all recipients of tissue from non-medicated donors, showing that some sporozoites of E. maxima and E. tenella are normally transferred to liver. Young broiler chickens were immunized by oral inoculation of E. maxima oocysts. The immune status of similar chickens inoculated with sporozoites of the same species directly into the liver or spleen were assessed. During the experimental period half of the chicks were provided with non-medicated food and the remainder were given feed supplemented with decoquinate; decoquinate was effective in arresting the development of the sporozoites. Two weeks after initial infection the birds were challenged with oocysts of E. maxima per os. Injection of sporozoites into the spleen did not protect against challenge. Birds inoculated with sporozoites into the liver were unable to develop a significant level of immunity. When the drug pressure was removed from these birds, parasitism of the intestine occurred and immunity developed.
Asymptotic Analysis of a Computational Method for Time- and Frequency-Dependent Radiative Transfer

We consider a time-dependent, energy-dependent, nonlinear radiative transfer problem in which opacities are large O(??1)] and interior sources are small O(?)]. An asymptotic analysis of this problem as ??0 leads to the equilibrium diffusion equation in the interior of the system, along with boundary conditions and initial conditions for this equation. We apply the same asymptotic analysis to a discrete version of the problem, in which the frequency variable is discretized by the multigroup method, the direction variable by the discrete-ordinates method, the time variable by the fully implicit method, and the spatial variable by a subcell-balance method. We find that as ??0 the discrete solution satisfies a robust discretized version of the correct equilibrium diffusion equation, with boundary conditions and initial conditions that are remarkably accurate. The analysis thus predicts that if a spatial grid is chosen that resolves interior temperature gradients, then the numerical method obtains an accurate solution in the interior of the system, even though the optical thickness of the spatial cells tends to ∞ and boundary layers in the transport solution are not resolved. We go a step further to analyze problems that are optically thin at some photon frequencies but thick at others, and show that once again the discrete solution is remarkably accurate. We present numerical results that verify these and other predictions of the analyses.
The nickel hydroxide electrode; the effects of ageing—I X-ray diffraction study of the electrode process

Abstract Structural changes during the anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction of nickelous hydroxide have been observed by direct X-ray examination of electrodes, combined with powder photography and optical microscopy. The tendency towards persistence of texture and lattice structure during anodic oxidation was confirmed by comparison of the processes for freshly prepared and for aged electrodes. The diffraction evidence is shown to imply the formation of a series of nearly related layer structures rather than of distinct crystalline phases.
Reflectance Spectra of Some Mercury (II) Compounds on Active Adsorbents

THE well-documented hypsochromic and bathochromic shifts observed in the wave-length maxima of the transmittance spectra of many solutes can be explained in many cases on the basis of solute–solvent interactions in which the polarity of the solvent and/or solute is an important factor in determining the type and magnitude of the shift1,2.
Enhancements to the Adaptive Polyphase Structure

The PPS algorithm1 offers an attactive solution to the identification of very long impulse responses by providing alias-free spectral estimates. Its speed of convergence however is limited by a need of excitation at points spaced uniformly over the entire frequency axis. This paper proposes to generalize PPS based on some a priori knowledge of the spectral distribution of the signal. Using rotations and dilations PPS can zoom in on the spectral range of interest and provide more accurate estimates at a fast rate. It is shown that low computational complexity and better performance under low SNRs make PPS a good alternative to the existing algorithms.
Effects of context on sweet and bitter tastes: unrelated to sensitivity to PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil).

In a double-shifting context paradigm, subjects gave magnitude estimates of the perceived intensity of qualitatively dissimilar taste substances (saccharin and quinine, sucrose and quinine) or qualitatively similar ones (saccharin and sucrose), with each pair of substances taking on different contextual sets of concentrations in different sessions. The dissimilar pairs produced substantial differential effects of context (e.g., a particular concentration of saccharin or sucrose was judged more intense than a particular quinine in one contextual setting, less intense in another), but the similar pair did not. This result accords with the hypothesis that differential context effects depend on qualitative similarity. Contrary to expectations, however, the magnitude of the context effect did not differ in tasters and nontasters of the bitter substance 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), groups previously shown to differ in sensitivity to bitterness in saccharin. Similarity judgments suggest that saccharin and sucrose were qualitatively alike for ail subjects, regardless of sensitivity to PROP.
Effects of Increasing Potassium Chloride and Calcium Chloride Ionic Strength on Pesticide Sorption by Potassium- and Calcium-Smectite

In aqueous suspension, the affinity of many pesticides for smectites is influenced by the clay properties such as surface area, surface charge density and location, exchangeable cations, and hydration status of exchangeable cations in clay interlayers. The amount and the type of salts present in the aqueous phase influence clay quasicrystal structures and hydration status, which we hypothesize as major determinants of pesticide sorption. To test this hypothesis, we measured sorption isotherms of alachlor, atrazine, dichlobenil, and diuron by K 1 –saturated smectite (K-SWy-2) in KCl solution and Ca 21 –saturated smectite (Ca-SWy-2) in CaCl2 solution at several ionic strengths. The results indicated that pesticide sorption by K-SWy-2 significantly increased with increasing aqueous KCl concentration. In contrast, sorption by Ca-SWy-2 at different CaCl2 ionic strengths remained nearly constant. The “salting-out” effect on the reduction of dissolution of pesticides failed to account for the significantly increased sorption by K-SWy-2 in aqueous KCl solutions. We conclude that formation of better-ordered clay quasicrystals and shrinkage of clay interlayer distanceowing toincreasedKCl ionic strength facilitatetheintercalation of pesticides leading to greater sorption by the clay, while the salting-out effect plays a minor role (if any) in the observed sorption enhancement.
Stability of Krill Meal, Astaxanthin, and Canthaxanthin Color in Cultured Rainbow Trout (Oncorthynchus mykiss) Fillets During Frozen Storage and Cooking

Rainbow trout were pigmented with diets containing synthetic astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, or dried krill meal to 6 mg carotenoid/Kg (wwb) flesh. Vacuum packaged frozen fillets were held at -18°C, -28°C or -80°C for 90 d, 180 d, or 90 d, thawed, and refrozen for an additional 90 d. Tristimulus color (L*,a*,b*), carotenoid concentration, fatty acid composition and TBARS were measured for raw and cooked fillets. We observed no change in pigment content or in a* values after 180 d frozen storage or following a thaw/refreeze cycle compared to fresh fish, even though a higher a* values were seen in fillets from fish fed synthetic astaxanthin or canthaxanthin after 90 d frozen storage suggesting that care should be used when interpreting tristimulus color values for grading programs.
Photoreversible Calcium Fluxes Induced by Phytochrome in Oat Coleoptile Cells

The chromometallic dye murexide was used to measure photoreversible Ca fluxes in apical tips of etiolated oat coleoptiles and in suspension cultures of protoplasts derived from the coleoptile segments. Phytochrome presence in the protoplasts was indicated by a repeatably photoreversible ΔA(725 - 800 nm) of >0.001 A centimeters−1, recorded on a dual wavelength spectrophotometer. Concentrations of Ca in the solution bathing the cells were observed to change photoreversibly, red irradiation inducing an increase in the medium Ca concentration and subsequent farred irradiation inducing a decrease down to near dark control levels. These changes could be measured in media with or without exogenously added Ca. Protoplasts from green primary leaves of oat, which had no spectro-photometrically detectable phytochrome, showed no photoreversible Ca fluxes when measured by the same method. These data imply that red light induces an efflux of Ca from phytochrome-containing cells and that far red light can reverse this change by promoting a Ca reentry into these cells.
Neural network based segmentation system

A neural network is used to segment double echo MR images. Images are acquired using an interleaved acquisition protocol that results in registered proton density and T2 weighted images. For each tissue class, a user selects approximately 15 - 20 points representative of the double echo signature of that tissue. This set of intensities and tissue classes are used as a pattern-target set for training a feed forward neural network using back propagation. The trained network is then used to classify all of the points in the dataset. Statistical testing of the network using pattern-target pairs distinct from those used in training showed roughly 90% correct classification for the selected tissues. The bulk of the error was due to ambiguities in classifying based solely on MR intensities. The resultant classified images can be further processed using special software that allows manual correction and interactive 2D or 3D connectivity analysis based on selection of seed points.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The honors class: hilbert’s problems and their solvers

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EFFECT OF THE MULTIPOLE PAIRING AND PARTICLE-HOLE FIELDS IN THE PARTICLE- VIBRATION COUPLING OF $sup 209$Pb. I.

The particle-vibration-coupling formalism for nuclei around closed shells is studied and a microscopic description is given. We consider as collective modes of excitation of the closed-shell-system (${N}_{0}$) ground state both particle-hole excitations and excitations that change the number of particles by 2 (pairing mode). To describe the pairing modes, multipole pairing residual interactions are used. The odd particle is allowed to couple to both types of vibrations. The coupling Hamiltonian is linear in the collective phonons and the particle variables. The effective Hamiltonian is constructed by a perturbative method. Explicit expressions are given for the spectroscopic amplitudes and spectroscopic factors associated with the (${N}_{0}\ensuremath{-}1$) ($t,p$) (${N}_{0}+1$) and (${N}_{0}+2$) ($p,d$) (${N}_{0}+1$) reactions, respectively. The concept of an effective transfer operator is used. Special attention is paid to the $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}(t,p)$ and $^{210}\mathrm{Pb}(p,d)$ reactions.
Abundance and dispersal potential of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) larvae in the Delaware estuary

The distribution, abundance, and dispersal patterns of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) trilobite larvae were determined from 671 plankton tows taken near a spawning beach in lower Delaware Bay, New Jersey, in 1998 and 1999. In both years, peaks in larval abundance occurred during periods of rough surf (>30 cm wave heights). Planktonic larvae were significantly more abundant nocturnally than during the day, but there was no evidence of a lunar component to larval abundance. Larvae were strongly concentrated inshore; trilobites were 10–100 times more abundant in the immediate vicinity of the shoreline than they were 100–200 m offshore. The strong tendency ofLimulus larvae to remain close to the beach suggests that their capability for long-range dispersal between estuaries is extremely limited. We suggest that limited larval dispersal potential may help explain previously observed patterns of genetic variation among the Mid-Atlantic horseshoe crab populations.
Sensor grating demodulation using a passively mode locked fiber laser

A fiber Bragg grating sensor array is interrogated using a broad bandwidth passively mode locked fiber laser source. A novel demodulation scheme is demonstrated using highly dispersive fiber to convert the grating wavelength shift to a temporal shift in the arrival time of the reflected pulses. The mode locked fiber laser was then modified and operated in the square pulse regime, where 4 W, 10 ns pulses with bandwidths greater than 60 nm were used successfully to illuminate 2% fiber Bragg gratings.
Variability in Deep Western Boundary Current transports: Preliminary results from 26.5°N in the Atlantic

[1] Transport fluctuations of the deep limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) near the western boundary are presented from a line of inverted echo sounders, bottom pressure sensors, and a deep current meter east of Abaco Island, Bahamas, at 26.5°N from September 2004 through September 2005. The mean southward flow between 800 dbar and 4800 dbar was 39 × 106 m3 s−1, with a northward recirculation of 28 × 106 m3 s−1, leaving a net southward flow of 11 × 106 m3 s−1 as the through-flow of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). The mean southward DWBC flow essentially equals previous values that were measured at the same location by arrays of current meters deployed from 1986 to 1992. DWBC transport spectra indicate that barotropic and baroclinic changes have very similar energy levels at most periods less than 10 days and that barotropic changes dominate at periods of 10–80 days.
Determinants of smallholder commercial tree cultivation.

Abstract This article contains a discussion of how output prices, tenure, information, credit, technology, government policies, and labor availability affect smallholder commercial tree cultivation. Output prices play the key role in smallholder commercial tree cultivation, even in the face of insecure tenure. Output prices, however, are a necessary but not a sufficient condition to induce smallholders to undertake commercial fuelwood cultivation.
Evaluation of a Diffused Oxygen Aeration System under On‐Farm Harvest Conditions

Abstract The aeration effectiveness of a diffused oxygen system was compared with that of a tractor-powered paddlewheel during eight harvests of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at Top Cat II Fishery in Chicot County, Arkansas. Dissolved oxygen and water temperature data were collected from a grading net aerated by the diffused oxygen system, from a grading net aerated by a paddlewheel, and from the open culture pond between the two grading nets and were not significantly different. However, comparison of estimated oxygen consumption by the biomass confined in each grading net indicated that the aeration effectiveness of the diffused oxygen system equaled or exceeded that of a paddlewheel during six field trials. An informal cost comparison indicated that a diffused oxygen system can be placed in service for a smaller capital investment than a tractor-powered paddlewheel and that the hourly operating expense of the diffused oxygen system is comparable to that of the paddlewheel. Results of the study in...
Lumbar disc herniation and military rank.

umbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common medical condition affecting the spine in which a weakness in the anulus L fibrosus of an intervertebral disc allows extrusion of the nucleus pulposus. LDH can occur secondary to age-related degeneration or secondary to a large biomechanical stress placed on the disc. In young people who do not usually have significant degenerative changes of the spine, biomechanical stress is typically the cause of LDH. Back pain may be the primary complaint in cases in which the disc herniation does not compress a nerve root. Lumbar radiculopathy occurs when the extruded disc fragment compromises a nerve root by either direct compression or inflammation (1-3, 11).