cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrospun nanocomposite fiber mats as gas sensors

Abstract Electrospinning was used to spin nanocomposite fiber mats from polymer solutions containing nanoparticles. The base polymer was polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and the nanoparticles included iron oxide, antimony tin oxide and zinc oxide with diameters ranging from 10 to 70 nm. The electrospun nanocomposite fiber mats were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The average fiber diameter was found to decrease from 200 nm for neat PAN fibers to 50–150 nm for nanocomposite fibers. The porosity increased from 70% for PAN fiber mat to an average of 86% for nanocomposite fiber mats. The fiber mats were used as a sensor in conjunction with FTIR spectroscopy to detect CO2 gas. The absorbance spectra showed a higher sensitivity with a fiber mat, regardless of its type, than without, indicating gas adsorption on the fiber mat. The highest sensitivity was obtained with PAN/Fe2O3 fiber mat. As the underlying mechanism is physisorption rather than chemisorption, the response time was short and the sensor could be used repeatedly.
Hypertonic saline alters hydraulic conductivity and up-regulates mucosal/submucosal aquaporin 4 in resuscitation-induced intestinal edema.

Objective To characterize membrane conductivity by applying mathematical modeling techniques and immunohistochemistry to localize and predict areas of the bowel where aquaporins may be associated with edema resolution/prevention associated with hypertonic saline. Intestinal edema induced by resuscitation and mesenteric venous hypertension impairs intestinal transit/contractility. Hypertonic saline decreases intestinal edema and improves transit. Aquaporins are water transport membrane proteins that may be up-regulated with edema and/or hypertonic saline.
Spherical harmonic feature analysis for 3D skull models

The shape descriptor is crucial for 3D model recognition. A new approach is presented to calculate 3D skull spatial decomposition feature vector through using the orthogonal decomposition property of spherical harmonic transform , the shape descriptor is constructed and the criterion is built to compare the similarity of different skull shape. The results indicate this method is effective for 3D skull identification.
Understanding the Hofmeister effect in interactions between chaotropic anions and lipid bilayers: Molecular dynamics simulations

A set of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to better understand critical phenomena regarding a Hofmeister series of anions and lipid bilayers. The simulations isolate the effect of anion size and show clear differences in the interactions with the dipolar phoshpatidylcholine headgroup. Cl- anions penetrate into the headgroup region of the bilayer, but the simulations confirm theories which predict that larger anions penetrate more deeply, into a more heterogeneous and hydrophobic molecular region. That anion size leads to such differences in partitioning in the bilayer provides atomic-level support to hypotheses inspired by several experimental studies. The ability of larger anions to bury deep within the bilayer is correlated with a less well-structured hydration shell, shedding of which upon penetration incurs a smaller penalty for the larger anions than for Cl-.
A Model for a Comprehensive Low Cost Health Program in Rural Malaysia

Contemporary West Malaysia (the population of which is roughly 50% Malay, and of these some 85% are rural) is coming to the end of the Second Malaysian Plan initiated in July 1971. This new economic policy, which is more ideologically than economically oriented, has two major goals. The first goal, the elimination of poverty, appears to be essentially non-racial. However, the second goal is expressed primarily in racial terms. The society is to be restructured so that "the present identification of race with particular forms of economic activity will eventually be eliminated." Specifically, the goal is that within 20 years (by 1991) some 30% of the commercial and industrial sector will be controlled by Malays and "other natives." The relevance of these current developments to comprehensive low cost health care in rural Malaysia is twofold. First it implies a relative de-emphasis on health care delivery in this decade. Second, it draws attention to the fact that in Malaysia, development-and in particular, rural development-means development affecting those who are ethnically Malay. The economist Stephen Chee (1974) has argued, with others, that in Malaysia development is essentially a transfer payment to the putatively disadvantaged (i.e., rural Malay) sector of the society. Before addressing aspects of rural health care delivery per se, it is important to note that in many significant ways Malaysia reflects a developmental advantage when compared to many of its Southeast Asian neighbors. Per capita income in 1970 exceeded that of the Philippines, Thailand, and dramatically exceeded that of Indonesia (respectively in U.S.$, $353 compared to $224, $186 and $92). Per capita daily caloric intake lags only slightly behind Thailand but exceeds the Philippines and Indonesia (respectively 2,210, 2,190, 2,040, and 1,920). Life expectancy at birth is among the highest in Southeast Asia at 65.3 years. In the biennium 1970-1972, average grain yields in Malaysia (2,842 kg/ha) were over twice that of Indonesia and roughly 30% above that of Thailand and the Philippines. Finally, with the exception of Taiwan, Malaysia leads Southeast Asia in the percentage of cultivated area under irrigation (FAO Production Yearbook 1972; UN Statistical Yearbook 1972; World Bank, Trends in Developing Countries 1973). The balance of this paper is a series of arguments in support of six general recommendations for low cost comprehensive health care among rural Malays. These recommendations are:
Occurrence of Specific Secretory immunoglobulin A in Bile After Inoculation of Giardia lamblia Trophozoites Into Rat Duodenum

We studied the appearance of specific secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody in bile after inoculation of live Giardia lamblia trophozoites into rat intestine. Serial bile specimens collected before and after inoculation of trophozoites were assayed for IgA antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Secretory IgA antibodies to Giardia lamblia were first detected in bile at 3 days after inoculation, remained elevated through 12 days, and then returned to control levels. Positive immunofluorescence of trophozoites for IgA was observed at bile titers of 1:80 to 1:160, whereas control biles were usually negative at dilutions of 1:10 or less. Scanning electron microscopic examination of Giardia in conjunction with immunocytochemistry revealed IgA antibodies bound to the flagella and surfaces of the trophozoites including the adhesive disk. These data demonstrate the occurrence of a secretory IgA immune response directed against surface antigens of Giardia lamblia trophozoites in the rat.
Recent charm mixing results from BABAR, Belle, and CDF

A summary of the results of several recent studies of charm mixing is presented. A number of different methods were used, including the measurement of lifetime ratios for final states of different CP, time dependence of wrong-sign hadronic decays, fits to time-dependent Dalitz plots, and searches for wrong-sign semi-leptonic decays. Taken together, they suggest mixing is of order 1%. The status of searches for indirect CP violation is also reported.
Quantification of recruitment properties of multiple contact cuff electrodes

Nerve-based stimulating electrodes provide the technology for advancing the function of motor system neural prostheses. The goal of this work was to measure and quantify the recruitment properties of a 12 contact spiral nerve cuff electrode. The cuff was implanted on the cat sciatic nerve trunk, which consists of at least four distinct motor fascicles, and the torque generated at the ankle joint by selective stimulation of the nerve was recorded in nine acute experiments. Comparisons of torques generated with the cuff to torques generated by selective stimulation of individual nerve branches indicated that the cuff allowed selective activation of individual nerve fascicles. Selectivity was dependent on the relative location of the electrode contacts and the nerve fascicles, as well as the size and relative spacing of neighboring fascicles. Selective stimulation of individual nerve fascicles allowed independent and graded control of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion torques in all nine experiments. Field steering currents improved selectivity as reflected by significant increases in the maximum torques that could be generated before spillover to other fascicles, significant increases in the difference between the current amplitude at spillover and the current amplitude at threshold, and significant increases in the slope of the current distance relationship.
Properties of Liquid‐Phase Deposited Silica Films for Low‐k Dielectric Applications

Both the electrical and mechanical properties of silica thin films deposited by liquid phase deposition (LPD) have been evaluated in this study. Silica thin films have been prepared on glass surface by immersing it in a supersaturated Hexafluorosilicic acid (H 2 SiF 6 )-based solution at a low temperature of 50°C. The as-deposited LPD silica fihns exhibit a low dielectric constant (k) that varies from 1.7 to 2.7 depending on the film morphology and fluorine content of the film. Young's modulus of these films was measured in the range of 18.9-24.5 GPa by a nanoindentation technique. The combination of extremely low k and fairly high modulus made this low-temperature-processed LPD silica films a very promising candidate for an interlayer dielectric film for the next-generation semiconductor devices.
Scanning transmission soft x-ray microscopy at beamline X-1A at the NSLS: advances in instrumentation and selected applications

Soft x-ray scanning transmission x-ray microscopy allows one to image dry and wet environmental science, biological, polymer, and geochemical specimens on a nanoscale. R ecent advances in instrumentation at the X-1A beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory are described. Recent results on Nomarski differential phase contrast and first results of investigations at the oxygen K edge and iron L edge of hydrous ferric oxide transformations are presented.
Health sector reforms in Orissa: the disconnecting paths.

Any health sector reform aims at improving the health status of the people by affecting the organisational structure, governance system and financing variables. The health system has to perform a number of functions in order to enable more people to avail health benefits. In this context this analyses health sector reforms, approaches and challenges faced in Orissa during the reform process. The reform effort has not made substantial improvement in rural health indicators as indicated by NFHS-III. Most of the organisational and institutional changes were introduced as a part of a donor support programme and this has not been integrated into the system. Thus the health system did not improve on a sustained basis in order to achieve health sector goals. As a part of public financing, the state has not allocated resources as per the policy stance. The fiscal crisis has also resulted in reducing share of state expenditure towards health. There was also a substantially low allocation for inputs and infrastruct...
The C-Terminal Domain of Sin1 Interacts with the SWI-SNF Complex in Yeast

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SWI-SNF complex has been proposed to antagonize the repressive effects of chromatin by disrupting nucleosomes. The SIN genes were identified as suppressors of defects in the SWI-SNF complex, and the SIN1 gene encodes an HMG1-like protein that has been proposed to be a component of chromatin. Specific mutations (sin mutations) in both histone H3 and H4 genes produce the same phenotypic effects as do mutations in the SIN1 gene. In this study, we demonstrate that Sin1 and the H3 and H4 histones interact genetically and that the C terminus of Sin1 physically associates with components of the SWI-SNF complex. In addition, we demonstrate that this interaction is blocked in the full-length Sin1 protein by the N-terminal half of the protein. Based on these and additional results, we propose that Sin1 acts as a regulatable bridge between the SWI-SNF complex and the nucleosome.
On the Connectivity of Graphs Embedded in Surfaces

In a 1973 paper, Cooke obtained an upper bound on the possible connectivity of a graph embedded in a surface (orientable or nonorientable) of fixed genus. Furthermore, he claimed that for each orientable genus?>0 (respectively, nonorientable genus?>0,??2) there is a complete graph of orientable genus?(respectively, nonorientable genus?) and having connectivity attaining his bound. It is false that there is a complete graph of genus?(respectively, nonorientable genus?), forevery ?(respectively?) and that is the starting point of the present paper. Ringel and Youngsdidshow that for each?>0 (respectively,?>0,??2) there is a complete graphKnwhich embeds inS?(respectivelyN?) such that n is the chromatic number of surfaceS?(respectively, the chromatic number of surfaceN?). One then easily observes that the connectivity of thisKnattains the upper bound found by Cook. This leads us to definetwokinds of connectivity bound for each orientable (or nonorientable) surface. We define themaximum connectivity ?maxof the orientable surfaceS?to be the maximum connectivity of any graph embeddable in the surface and thegenus connectivity ?gen(S?) of the surface to be the maximum connectivity of any graph which genus embeds in the surface. For nonorientable surfaces, the bounds?max(N?) and?gen(N?) are defined similarly. In this paper we first study the uniqueness of graphs possessing connectivity?max(S?) or?max(N?). The remainder of the paper is devoted to the study of the spectrum of values of genera in the intervals [?(Kn)+1, ?(Kn+1)] and [?(Kn)+1, ?(Kn+1)] with respect to their genus and maximum connectivities.
THE CASE FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF CHEMISTRY

The philosophy of chemistry has been sadly neglected by most contempory literature in the philosophy of science. This paper argues that this neglect has been unfortunate and that there is much to be learned from paying greater philosophical attention to the set of issues defined by the philosophy of chemistry. The potential contribution of this field to such current topics as reduction, laws, explanation, and supervenience is explored, as are possible applications of insights gained by such study to the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of social science.
An integrated model of cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism and calcium dynamics

We present an integrated thermokinetic model describing control of cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics. The model describes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling. The kinetic component of the model includes effectors of the TCA cycle enzymes regulating production of NADH and FADH(2), which in turn are used by the electron transport chain to establish a proton motive force (Delta mu(H)), driving the F(1)F(0)-ATPase. In addition, mitochondrial matrix Ca(2+), determined by Ca(2+) uniporter and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger activities, regulates activity of the TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The model is described by twelve ordinary differential equations for the time rate of change of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi(m)), and matrix concentrations of Ca(2+), NADH, ADP, and TCA cycle intermediates. The model is used to predict the response of mitochondria to changes in substrate delivery, metabolic inhibition, the rate of adenine nucleotide exchange, and Ca(2+). The model is able to reproduce, qualitatively and semiquantitatively, experimental data concerning mitochondrial bioenergetics, Ca(2+) dynamics, and respiratory control. Significant increases in oxygen consumption (V(O(2))), proton efflux, NADH, and ATP synthesis, in response to an increase in cytoplasmic Ca(2+), are obtained when the Ca(2+)-sensitive dehydrogenases are the main rate-controlling steps of respiratory flux. These responses diminished when control is shifted downstream (e.g., the respiratory chain or adenine nucleotide translocator). The time-dependent behavior of the model, under conditions simulating an increase in workload, closely reproduces experimentally observed mitochondrial NADH dynamics in heart trabeculae subjected to changes in pacing frequency. The steady-state and time-dependent behavior of the model support the hypothesis that mitochondrial matrix Ca(2+) plays an important role in matching energy supply with demand in cardiac myocytes.
Characterization of phagosome trafficking and identification of PhoP-regulated genes important for survival of Yersinia pestis in macrophages.

The transcriptional activator PhoP is important for survival of Yersinia pestis in macrophage phagosomes. However, the phagosomes inhabited by Y. pestis have not been well characterized, and the mechanism by which PhoP promotes bacterial survival in these vacuoles is not fully understood. Lysosomal tracers, as well as antibodies to late endosomal or lysosomal proteins, were used in conjunction with confocal or electron microscopy to study the trafficking of phagosomes containing phoP+ or phoP mutant Y. pestis strains or latex beads in J774A.1 macrophages. Phagosomes containing phoP+ or phoP mutant Y. pestis acquired lysosomal markers to the same degree that phagosomes containing latex beads acquired these markers after 1.5 h of infection, showing that nascent phagosomes containing Y. pestis fuse with lysosomes irrespective of the phoP genotype. Similar results were obtained when phagosomes containing viable or dead phoP+ Y. pestis cells or beads were analyzed at 8 h postinfection, indicating that the Y. pestis vacuole does not become secluded from the lysosomal compartment. However, only viable phoP+ bacteria induced the formation of spacious phagosomes at 8 h postinfection, suggesting that Y. pestis can actively direct the expansion of its vacuole. PhoP-regulated genes that are important for survival of Y. pestis in phagosomes were identified by Tn5-lacZ mutagenesis and oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Three such genes were identified, and the products of these genes are predicted to promote resistance to antimicrobial peptides (ugd and pmrK) or low-Mg2+ conditions (mgtC) found in phagosomes. Viable count assays carried out with Y. pestis ugd, mgtC, and ugd mgtC mutants revealed that the products of ugd and mgtC function independently to promote early survival of Y. pestis in macrophage phagosomes.
Toward an Era of Restoration in Ecology: Successes, Failures, and Opportunities Ahead

As an inevitable consequence of increased environmental degradation and anticipated future environmental change, societal demand for ecosystem restoration is rapidly increasing. Here, I evaluate successes and failures in restoration, how science is informing these efforts, and ways to better address decision-making and policy needs. Despite the multitude of restoration projects and wide agreement that evaluation is a key to future progress, comprehensive evaluations are rare. Based on the limited available information, restoration outcomes vary widely. Cases of complete recovery are frequently characterized by the persistence of species and abiotic processes that permit natural regeneration. Incomplete recovery is often attributed to a mixture of local and landscape constraints, including shifts in species distributions and legacies of past land use. Lastly, strong species feedbacks and regional shifts in species pools and climate can result in little to no recovery. More forward-looking paradigms, such a...
ARQ Error Control for Parallel Multichannel Communications

This paper shows that the SW and GBN retransmission protocols must be generalized when used in a multichannel communications system. The generalization takes the form of packet-to-channel assignment rules. A general condition governing the packet-to-channel assignment rule is derived and important special cases are identified. Simulation results were used to demonstrate that 1) packet-to-channel assignment impacts channel utilization when the channels are different and 2) the optimal assignment rule produces a channel utilization that is better than the channel utilization that results from doing something else or nothing at all
Advising and Consenting in the 60‐Vote Senate: Strategic Appointments to the Supreme Court

The requirements of presidential nomination and Senate confirmation of Supreme Court nominees present two anomalies: under what circumstances can ideologically extreme nominees win confirmation and, given political polarization and the possibility of a filibuster, how are any nominees successful? This paper employs a simple unidimensional spatial model to explore these anomalies. The principal results show that little change in Court policy is possible with a single appointment, and this fact interacts with certain contexts to give the president a relatively free hand in choosing extreme nominees. Less firm conclusions are reached about the second anomaly, but the analysis sets the stage for further work on that aspect.
The myth of spatial reuse with directional antennas in indoor wireless networks

Interference among co-channel users is a fundamental problem in wireless networks, which prevents nearby links from operating concurrently. Directional antennas allow the radiation patterns of wireless transmitters to be shaped to form directed beams. Conventionally, such beams are assumed to improve the spatial reuse (i.e. concurrency) in indoor wireless networks. In this paper, we use experiments in an indoor office setting of Wifi Access points equipped with directional antennas, to study their potential for interference mitigation and spatial reuse. In contrast to conventional wisdom, we observe that the interference mitigation benefits of directional antennas are minimal. On analyzing our experimental traces we observe that directional links do not reduce interference to nearby links due to the lack of signal confinement due to indoor multipath fading. We then use the insights derived from our study to develop an alternative approach that provides better interference reduction in indoor networks compared to directional links.
The synthesis of the αvβ3 integrin receptor ligand [125I]L‐775,219

The αvβ3 integrin receptor ligand [125I]L-775,219, 1c, was synthesized for use in an in vitro receptor binding assay with high specific activity (>1500 Ci/mmol) and a radiochemical yield of 15–20%. Conversion of iodide 1b to the corresponding aryl trimethylstannane 2, followed by radioiodination using Na125I/iodobead gave 1c. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved tomographic imaging of wavelength scanning digital holographic microscopy by use of digital spectral shaping

The technique of wavelength scanning digital holographic microscopy (WSDHM) is improved by use of a digital spectral shaping method which is used to suppress the sidelobes of the amplitude modulation function in WSDHM for non-Gaussian-shaped source spectra. Spurious structures caused by sidelobes can be eliminated in tomographic imaging and the performance of the tomographic system greatly improved. Detailed theoretical analysis is given. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the idea.
Growth-rate induced disequilibrium of oxygen isotopes in aragonite: An in situ study

Abstract Oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) of biogenic and inorganically precipitated calcium carbonate minerals are being used to reveal marine and terrestrial temperatures from the past. However, experimental and natural observations show factors other than temperature control δ18O in CaCO3 via disequilibrium fractionation. Crystallization rate is among these factors, and therefore, its effect on fractionation process has been studied during the last 30 years. However, most previous experimental assessments measured δ18O in polycrystalline precipitates using bulk analytical techniques and defined growth rate as the total amount of CaCO3 crystallized during the period of time. Because of this, inter- and intra-crystal isotopic variability has remained poorly constrained. In order to evaluate the effect of crystal extension rate (V) on 18O fractionation between aragonite and fluid an alternative analytical approach was used. Hemispherical bundles of aragonite crystals (spherulites) were measured for δ18O in situ with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) at lateral spatial resolution of 10–20 μm. The change in V over time was monitored by addition of multiple rare earth element (REE) spikes into the fluid from which the aragonite grew. δ18O in fluid was analyzed with stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results show a decrease in the oxygen isotope fractionation factor (α18O) by 2.4‰ with increasing growth rate of aragonite spherulites from 0.064 to 0.88 nm/s (5.5–76 μm/day). Crystal growth rate is therefore potentially an important consideration when using δ18O in natural carbonates as a proxy for ocean and terrestrial climate. Growth entrapment model (GEM) was applied to explain experimentally determined α18O-V relationships, assuming lattice-fluid equilibrium α18O values (0% of growth entrapment) at slow growth rates and complete disequilibrium fractionation (100% of growth entrapment) during fast crystallization. Although V values obtained experimentally do not fully cover the V range used in GEM, the combination of experiment and simulations suggests depletion of 18O in the near-surface region of aragonite relative to the bulk crystal lattice. This 18O-depleted zone can be “captured” during rapid (non-equilibrium) crystal growth.
Fabrication of MEMS ZnO Dome-Shaped-Diaphragm Transducers for High Frequency Ultrasonic Imaging

This paper presents the microfabrication technique for a dome-shaped-diaphragm transducer (DSDT) for 200 MHz cellular microstructure imaging. The DSDT uses piezoelectric ZnO film to generate acoustic waves, and is fabricated on a silicon substrate. The fabricated DSDTs have been tested with a pulse-echo method using a quartz target, and shown to produce an echo signal at 210 MHz with 20% bandwidth. The DSDT fabrication uses spherical balls to precisely shape wax molds, onto which parylene is deposited as a support layer for the DSDT. The wax molds are removed by toluene to release the parylene dome diaphragms. Piezoelectric ZnO film is sputter deposited on the parylene dome diaphragm. E-Solder silver epoxy is placed and cured on the back surface to function both as an acoustic backing and as structural support. Quarter wavelength thick parylene is deposited on the front side of the wafer for acoustic matching. The fabrication technique for the DSDTs is meant for low-cost mass production of the devices for high-frequency biomedical imaging. Moreover, the technique allows the precise control of the radius and curvature of the dome-shaped diaphragm through adjusting the size of the front-to-backside thru holes using different radii of the spherical balls.
Dynamic Planning of Facility Locations with Benefits from Multitype Facility Colocation

This article presents a mixed-integer programming model for a multitype facility colocation problem with capacity expansion over a multiperiod horizon. This problem is motivated by the emerging U.S. biofuel industry that is rapidly expanding its infrastructure facilities to produce bioethanol from agricultural crops. Each type of facility (e.g., corn- or cellulose-based biorefinery) requires a different type of raw material (e.g., corn or perennial grass), but they produce the same final product (e.g., bioethanol), and colocation of multiple types of facilities results in cost-saving benefits due to complementary production process and byproduct recycling. Multiple solution approaches (i.e., Lagrangian relaxation, Benders decomposition, and accelerated Benders decomposition) are proposed to solve this problem. Numerical experiments show that accelerated Benders decomposition most effectively solves large-sized problems in a short amount of time. Various managerial insights are also drawn from the computational results.
Development and Characterization of an In Vivo Pathogenic Molecular Clone of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus

An infectious nonpathogenic molecular clone (19-2-6A) of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was modified by substitution of a 3.3-kbp fragment amplified by PCR techniques from a pathogenic variant (EIAV(PV)) of the cell culture-adapted strain of EIAV (EIAV(PR)). This substitution consisted of coding sequences for 77 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the integrase, the S1 (encoding the second exon of tat), S2, and S3 (encoding the second exon of rev) open reading frames, the complete env gene (including the first exon of rev), and the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR). Modified 19-2-6A molecular clones were designated EIAV(PV3.3), and infection of a single pony (678) with viruses derived from a mixture of five of these molecular clones induced clinical signs of acute equine infectious anemia (EIA) at 23 days postinfection (dpi). As a consequence of this initial study, a single molecular clone, EIAV(PV3.3#3) (redesignated EIAV(UK)), was selected for further study and inoculated into two ponies (613 and 614) and two horses (700 and 764). Pony 614 and the two horses developed febrile responses by 12 dpi, which was accompanied by a 48 to 64% reduction in platelet number, whereas pony 613 did not develop fever (40.6 degrees C) until 76 dpi. EIAV could be isolated from the plasma of these animals by 5 to 7 dpi, and all became seropositive for antibodies to this virus by 21 dpi. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence demonstrated that the 3.3-kbp 3' fragment of EIAV(UK) differed from the consensus sequence of EIAV(PV) by just a single amino acid residue in the second exon of the rev gene. Complete homology with the EIAV(PV) consensus sequence was observed in the hypervariable region of the LTR. However, EIAV(UK) was found to contain an unusual 68-bp nucleotide insertion/duplication in a normally conserved region of the LTR sequence. These results demonstrate that substitution of a 3.3-kbp fragment from the EIAV(PV) strain into the infectious nonpathogenic molecular clone 19-2-6A leads to the production of progeny virus particles with the ability to induce clinical signs of EIA. Therefore, EIAV(UK), which is the first pathogenic, cell culture-adapted molecular clone of EIAV to be described, should be of value in identifying viral determinants of pathogenicity.
ACTIVITIES OF THREE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES DURING DEVELOPMENT IN THE CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKII (DECAPODA)

Abstract Enzyme extracts were used to characterize α-amylase-, trypsin-, and nonspecific-esterase-specific and total activities during the early life-history stages of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Significant increases in the specific activities of all three digestive enzymes were observed prior to the onset of feeding, suggesting that digestive competence is attained prior to feeding and appears to be controlled genetically. After the onset of feeding, the digestive-enzyme-specific and total activity increased steadily through the 42nd day of development, after which point activity did not change significantly. We hypothesize that the observed increase in specific activity reflects the maturation of the hepatopancreas, as greater amounts of digestive enzymes are being produced per unit weight of tissue. As individuals exceeded approximately 100 mg in total weight, specific activity was variable and did not change substantially. Further increases in total enzyme activity (total digestive ca...
Nitrene Metathesis and Catalytic Nitrene Transfer Promoted by Niobium Bis(imido) Complexes

We report a metathesis reaction in which a nitrene fragment from an isocyanide ligand is exchanged with a nitrene fragment of an imido ligand in a series of niobium bis(imido) complexes. One of these bis(imido) complexes also promotes nitrene transfer to catalytically generate asymmetric dialkylcarbodiimides from azides and isocyanides in a process involving the Nb(V)/Nb(III) redox couple.
Special Track on Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security

Introduction to the papers presented at the 2013 FLAIRS Conference Special Track on Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security.
The Causes of Populism

In this paper I will use qualitative comparative analysis to determine the causes of populism in Latin America. The data set will include all of the presidential elections in Spanish-speaking South America since 1980, roughly the time of the third wave of democratization. I will examine several explanatory variables, including economic crisis, institutional weakness, crisis of representation, political associational space, and others. My expectation is that political associational space in combination with either economic or social distress will create the permissive conditions for populism, yet ambitious politicians will not take advantage of those conditions in every instance (i.e., there is a role for agency). This research is important and timely, as populism has reappeared with some strength in recent years in Latin America and in other regions of the world. Despite this fact, the theorization on the causes of populism remains underdeveloped as it is largely based on single case studies, not broad comparative analysis.
Causation and Responsibility in Tort and Affirmative Action

This Article examines "reverse" discrimination cases through the lens of tort law. In reviewing "reverse" discrimination cases, federal courts are asked to determine whether a state actor may accept responsibility for past discrimination by crafting an affirmative action plan. In reviewing these cases, the federal courts are applying a seemingly neutral causal standard that requires public bodies to prove that they caused the past discrimination they now seek to redress. However, application of this causal standard virtually pre-determines these cases in favor of the "reverse" discrimination plaintiff, and effectively precludes public bodies from attempting to right past wrongs. Tort law is light years ahead of affirmative action law in its approach to the nuances of causation. While tort and affirmative action may appear to be widely disparate areas of law, they present remarkably similar themes and philosophical questions. Tort law has developed creative yet rigorous methods of reviewing thorny questions of causation, which should be imported to affirmative action jurisprudence. This Article argues that application of tort theory to affirmative action provides a solid, well-established approach, consistent with Supreme Court doctrine, that would allow the courts to weigh "reverse" discrimination cases on the merits rather than reaching predestined conclusions.
Range and Take-Off Calculations for Planes with Continuously Controllable Pitch Propellers

T purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, to develop a method for evaluating the ultimaterange parameter in miles per pound of fuel consumption for planes equipped with continuously controllable pitch propellers; and second, to utilize this method in investigating the effect of several geometrical parameters of the airplane upon range. An excellent recent treatment of the problem, in which several of the parameters are replaced by mean values, is given in reference 1, while the procedure which has become classical in this country is outlined in reference 2.
Payroll Taxes -- Why Should We Care? What Should Be Done?

Despite the importance of payroll taxes, and the clear defects in the rules, legislative proposals for change are limited, addressing primarily the lack of parity between a small service business carried on by an S corporation and directly or through a partnership. This report argues for more fundamental reform, such as the integration of payroll taxes and the personal income tax.
Probiotic Bifidobacterium species: potential beneficial effects in diarrheal disorders. Focus on "Probiotic Bifidobacterium species stimulate human SLC26A3 gene function and expression in intestinal epithelial cells".

diarrhea caused by enteric (bacterial/viral/parasitic) infections or diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease represents a major health care burden worldwide (10). In addition, diarrhea associated with antibiotic administration in adults, as well as children, is a significant health care issue (1, 3). Diarrhea is also a common side effect of chemo/radiotherapy during cancer treatment (6). Antidiarrheal drugs generally have been shown to cause nausea, loss of appetite, and constipation, which often hinder treatment protocols (15). Diarrhea is a consequence of the imbalance of water and ion absorption by epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, ultimately leading to enhanced secretion and/or diminished absorption of fluid and electrolytes. Aberrant ion movement across epithelia can occur through a paracellular pathway via tight junctions or a transcellular pathway via membrane transporters such as Na+-dependent glucose transporter 1, Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3, Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, and downregulated in adenoma (DRA), which can be dysregulated in diarrhea (10). Infectious pathogens can alter ion transporters directly or may induce electrolyte imbalance via increased inflammation or reduction in the absorptive capacity of the epithelial cells (12). Several studies of the functional implication of DRA in diarrheal disorders have been published (4, 7, 13).
Preembolization functional evaluation in brain arteriovenous malformations: the superselective Amytal test.

PURPOSE To describe our experience with the use of Amytal injected through a superselective catheter prior to planned embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS 109 superselective tests were performed with 30-mg injections of Amytal. All patients were evaluated by both clinical examination and EEG. RESULTS Twenty-three of these tests were positive. There were no prolonged neurologic complications of the Amytal test. We also examined the value of EEG monitoring compared to clinical monitoring during the Amytal test. Of the 23 positive Amytal tests, only 12 showed a change on clinical exam (52%). This meant that almost half of the positive Amytal tests would have been falsely called negative (false negative rate of 10%). There were also three positive Amytal tests with changes on clinical examination without any change on EEG. CONCLUSION The superselective Amytal test can be done safely as part of the interventional neuroradiologic procedure. Clinical and EEG monitoring of the patient are essential.
Does Economic Research in Education Work? For Which Studies?.

In their National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) working paper, “Does Gifted Education Work? For Which Students?” Card and Giuliano (C&G) made an enormous splash in not just gifted education bu...
Evaluation of drug penetration with cationic micelles and their penetration mechanism using an in vitro tumor model.

Elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) are major factors causing significant barriers to penetration of nanomedicines in solid tumors. To better understand the barriers, various in vitro tumor models including multicellular spheroids and multilayered cell cultures (MCCs) have been developing. Recently, we have established a unique in vitro tumor model composed of a MCC and an Ussing chamber system which is modified to add a hydraulic pressure gradient through the MCC. In this study, we evaluated the drug penetration ability of cationic micelles using the unique in vitro tumor model. The doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded cationic micelles, which are formed from a triblock copolymer of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-block-branched polyethyleneimine-block-poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide), deeply penetrated and released the DOX throughout the MCC against convectional flow caused by a hydraulic pressure gradient. The studies using endocytosis markers and inhibitors showed that the micelles utilized mainly macropinocytosis as an internalization pathway. Furthermore, the penetration was apparently inhibited by treatment with exocytosis inhibitor Exo1. These results suggest that the active penetration of the cationic micelles is induced by iterative transcytosis via macropinocytosis and exocytosis. Our findings could be beneficial information to improve intratumoral penetration in new nanomedicines for solid tumors.
Shared Decision Making and Office Insertion of Tympanostomy Tubes

Office insertion of tympanostomy tubes in young children without anesthesia is facilitated through shared decision making with families, including a candid discussion about anticipated pain (which is usually brief and transient) and how their child might react to being restrained. This commentary elaborates on the rationale for office tube insertion as an alternative to general anesthesia, including a clinical decision aid and suggestions for optimizing outcomes.
Circuit Design of Keyboard and Display Based on FPGA

Presented the design and realization of keyboard and display circuit.Six LED dynamic display and six keys keyboard circuit have been designed,which uses the complex scheduling function of FPGA combined with the serial input/parallel output shift registers.The circuit possesses the characteristics such as simple structure,high reliability,and it is convenient to extend and easy to realize.This circuit has been successfully applied to AC servo system.
Hepatitis B Virus Associated Glomerulonephritis in Children Treated with Lamivudine,Tripterygium Glycosides and Ahalysantinfarctasum

Objective To observe the effect of combination treatment of lamivudine,tripterygium glycosides and ahalysantinfarctasum on hepatitis B virus associated glomerulonephritis(HBV-GN)in children.Methods Sixty cases with HBV-GN were divided into 2 groups randomly.The observation group was treated with lamivudine(100 mg/d),tripterygium glycosides [0.5 mg/(kg·d)],and ahalysantinfarctasum [0.01 U/(kg·d),3 d];the control group were treated with tripterygium glycosides 0.5 mg/(kg·d)only.The effect was judged after treatment according to clinical research guide principle of chronic nephritis treated with new Chinese materia medica and clinical research guide principle of viral hepatitis treated with new Chinese materia medica.Statistic analysis were performed with the PEMS 3.1 for windows statistic program package.Values were considered statistically significant at P0.05.Results 1.In the observation group,there were 10 cases controlled(33.3%),9 cases with significant effect(30.0%),10 cases effective(33.3%)and 1 case ineffective(3.3%),total effective rate was 96.7%;but in control group,there were 6 cases controlled(20.0%),4 cases significant effect(13.3%),10 cases effective(33.3%)and 10 cases ineffective(33.3%),the total effective rate was 66.7%,so the difference was significant between two groups(P0.05).2.The total effective rate for urine protein and urine red blood cell was 93.3% and 96.6% respectively in the observation group;but 76.6% and 80.0% respectively in control group,and there was significant difference between 2 groups(P0.05).3.The liver and renal function were improved especially in the observation group compared with before treatment.There was not severe adverse effect during the treatment procedure.Conclusion The combination treatment of lamivudine,tripterygium glycosides and ahalysantinfarctasum on HBV-GN in children is safe and effective which is worth application.
Triple-continuum numerical well test interpretation method for a naturally fractured vuggy reservoir

Based on conceptual mathematical model of multi-continuum flows,using Gauss-Newton inversion method,an auto-match method of triple-continuum numerical well testing pressure response curve for a naturally fractured vuggy was presented and exemplified.It was pointed that it is very important to select a reasonable initial model and disturbing value and to determine inverted parameter according to the result of sensitivity analysis.This method was used successfully in well test interpretation in the Tahe oilfield.
Efficient Brownian dynamics simulation of DNA molecules with hydrodynamic interactions in linear flows.

The coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) or Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation is a particle-based approach that has been applied to a wide range of biological problems that involve interactions with surrounding fluid molecules or the so-called hydrodynamic interactions (HIs). In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed to simulate the motion of a single DNA molecule in linear flows. The algorithm utilizes the integrating factor to cope with the effect of the linear flow of the surrounding fluid and applies the Metropolis method (MM) by Bou-Rabee, Donev, and Vanden-Eijnden [Multiscale Model. Simul. 12, 781 (2014)] to achieve more efficient BD simulation. Thus our method permits much larger time step size than previous methods while still maintaining the stability of the BD simulation, which is advantageous for long-time BD simulation. Our numerical results on $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-DNA agree very well with both experimental data and previous simulation results. Finally, when combined with fast algorithms such as the fast multipole method which has nearly optimal complexity in the total number of beads, the resulting method is parallelizable, scalable to large systems, and stable for large time step size, thus making the long-time large-scale BD simulation within practical reach. This will be useful for the study of membranes, long-chain molecules, and a large collection of molecules in the fluids.
American Mythmaker: Walter Noble Burns and the Legends of Billy the Kid, Wyatt Earp, and Joaquín Murrieta . By Mark J. Dworkin.

American Mythmaker: Walter Noble Burns and the Legends of Billy the Kid, Wyatt Earp, and Joaquin Murrieta . By Mark J. Dworkin. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. xv + 269 pp. Illustrations, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95.) The myth of the West rode into twentieth-century America with Walter Noble Burns. Already a famed journalist and editor, Burns was covering the pursuit of Pancho Villa by General “Black Jack” Pershing when he met a friend of Pat Garrett in El Paso, Texas. Inspired, Burns returned to New Mexico, interviewed many of the actual people involved, and, in 1926 published his first book honoring the American West. The Saga of Billy the Kid (c. 1920s), “history as it should have been,” … mythicalwest{at}aol.com
Estado actual de los trastornos somatomorfos y conversivos en niños y adolescentes

Somatoform (SD) and conversion (CD) disorders have increased their incidence during the last two decades in children and adolescents, although both are curre...
Why is it difficult to wash aphids off from superhydrophobic kale

Many varieties of the cabbage family have leaves covered with superhydrophobic epicuticular wax, which provides them with self-cleaning characteristics. Since the wax also lowers insect adhesion, rinsing of the leaves with water should be an effective way of removing the insects. Conversely, we report that superhydrophobicity of tuscan kale increases resistance of aphids to hydrodynamic removal. The exterior surface of the insects is also superhydrophobic and acts as an extension of the leaf's surface. As a result even at moderate impact velocities impinging water drops cannot penetrate under the pests. Consequently, liquid impact aids the insect's adhesion by increasing the normal compressive forces they experience. We show that on a hydrophilic arugula leaf this mechanism is absent, and aphids can be easily washed off with water, as it is able to penetrate underneath them. As for removal of aphids from Tuscan kale, we show that lower surface tension liquids, such as oils and soapy water are more effective, because they are able to wet both the plant and insect surfaces. We also show that aerodynamic removal of aphids consisting of simply exposing the invaded leaf to an air flow is most effective.