cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the CYP2ABFGST gene cluster in rat, and a fine-scale comparison among rodent and primate species

The evolution of gene families can be best understood by studying the modern organization and functions of family members, and by comparing parallel families in different species. In this study, the CYP2ABFGST gene cluster has been characterized in rat and compared to the syntenic clusters in mouse and human, providing an interesting example of gene family evolution. In the rat, 18 loci from six subfamilies have been identified by specifically amplifying and sequencing gene fragments from cloned DNA, and have been exactly placed on chromosome 1. The overall organization of the gene cluster in rat is relatively simple, with genes from each subfamily in tandem, and is more similar to the mouse than to the human cluster. We have reconstructed the probable structure of the CYP2ABFGST cluster in the common ancestor of primates and rodents, and inferred a model of the evolution of this gene cluster in the three species. Numerous nontandem and block duplications, inversions, and translocations have occurred entirely inside the cluster, indicating that pairing between duplicate genes is keeping the rearrangements within the cluster region. The initial tandem duplication of a CYP2 gene in an early mammalian ancestor has made this region particularly subject to such localized rearrangements. Even if duplicated genes do not have a large-scale effect on chromosomal rearrangements, on a local level clustered gene families may have contributed significantly to the genomic complexity of modern mammals.
Observations on the Florida flora

The present paper is mainly an account of the distribution in Florida, most particularly in western Florida, of 53 kinds of vascular plants. Thirty-two of them are indigenous to the phytogeographical area of which Florida is a part and 21 of them are introductions or adventives. On the basis of published records examined, it seems likely that at least 33 of the taxa are newly reported for Florida.
Intraoperative radiation therapy at the National Cancer Institute: technical innovations and dosimetry.

Abstract The technical complexity of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) requires modification of the standard physical and dosimetric methods used in external electron beam therapy. At the National Cancer Institute, a number of technical innovations have been integrated into ongoing clinical studies of IORT. These include: (1) an electron beam applicator system that is significantly different from other IORT systems and includes customized "squircle" applicators; (2) peripheral dose shields; (3) a modified surgical table replacing the standard radiation treatment couch; and (4) routine use of multiple IORT fields that necessitates field matching. The IORT applicator system and related devices and techniques are dosimetrically characterized in detail both for use in the IORT program and in order to illustrate many useful facets of electron dosimetry.
Simultaneous detection of changes in chromosome number, gene conversion and intergenic recombination during mitosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: spontaneous and ultraviolet light induced events.

We have employed a hyperhaploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae disomic for chromosome VII to monitor spontaneous and ultraviolet light induced restitution of haploidy (chromosomal loss and/or nondisjunction), mitotic gene conversion and mitotic intergenic recombination. The disomic chromosomal pair incorporates six heterozygous markers, including cyh2r, distributed on both sides of the centromere. Cycloheximide resistant segregants of spontaneous origin were analyzed to calculate the spontaneous mitotic rates of restitution of haploidy, intergenic recombination and gene conversion that result in expression of the cyh2r mutation. Restitution of haploidy was found to be the most common source of spontaneously arising cycloheximide resistant segregants. In contrast, those induced by ultraviolet light resulted most frequently from gene conversion of CYH2s to cyh2r. The chromosome VII hyperhaploid system provides a sensitive method to detect the aneugenic and recombinagenic effects of suspect chemical and physical agents.
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of a Series of Mixed-Metal d(6),d(8) Bimetallic Complexes of the Form [(bpy)(2)M(BL)PtCl(2)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-Bipyridine; BL = dpq (2,3-Bis(2- pyridyl)quinoxaline) or dpb (2,3-Bis(2-pyridyl)- benzoquinoxaline); M = Os(II) or Ru(II)).

A series of new polymetallic complexes have been prepared which couple d6 pseudooctahedral lightabsorbing centers to a d8 square planar platinum site. These systems have lowest lying excited states that are M → BL charge transfer in nature. Hence, optical excitation directs charge flow toward the coupled platinum site. Synthetic variation of the lightabsorbing metal and the bridging ligand has been quite useful in the interpretation of the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of these systems.
A novel laryngoscope instrument stabilizer for operative microlaryngoscopy

Objective To evaluate and optimize the design of a removable and inexpensive internal stabilization device to reduce the effect of intention tremor during laryngeal microsurgery. Study design and setting In this laboratory investigation, stabilizers were designed and constructed to allow a nonobstructing view of the surgical field, permit simple insertion and removal, and accommodate microsurgical instruments. Prototype stabilizers were tested by using a Dedo laryngoscope, a measurement grid, and video recording equipment, which recorded instrument tremor within the magnified operative field for later analysis. Physicians also rated instrument stability, mobility, visualization, and ease of use on a survey form. Results Instrument tremor was reduced approximately 90%, with little obstruction of view of the surgical field. Instrument range of motion was reduced but improved rapidly as the stabilizer bar was moved further from the tip of the laryngoscope. Conclusions Use of a stabilization device in the laryngoscope lumen reduces instrument tremor and has the potential to improve surgical performance during laryngeal microsurgery. EBM rating: B-3.
A review of data on the health sector of the United States.

This report presents data on the state of U.S. health care in mid-2000. It provides information on the number of uninsured and underinsured (with special attention to health coverage among Hispanics and drug coverage among seniors); the increasing costs of health care; inequalities in the socioeconomic, health, and medical spheres; and the role of corporate money in health care. Recent data are presented on the pharmaceutical industry (with special notes on drug industry lobbying, drug safety, the use of publicly funded research to boost industry profits, and drug marketing to physicians) and the hospital and nursing home industries (including Medicare HMOs). The author also summarizes the health proposals of the presidential candidates, recent health care legislation, and some health system changes in Canada.
Oblivious RAMs without cryptogrpahic assumptions

ithmic increase in the time and space requirements is possible on a probabilistic (coin flipping) RAM without using any cryptographic assumptions. The simulation will fail with a negligible probability. If n memory locations are used, then the probability of failure is at most n-log n. Pippenger and Fischer has shown in 1979, see [7], that a Turing machine with one-dimensional tapes, performing a computation of length n can be simulated on-line by an oblivious Turing machine with two dimensional tapes, in time O(n log n), where a Turing machine is oblivious if the movements of it heads as a function of time are independent of its input. For RAMs the notion of obliviousness was defined by Goldreich in 1987 in [2], and he proved a simulation theorem about it. A RAM is oblivious if the distribution of its memory access pattern, which memory cells are accessed at which time, is independent of the program running on the RAM, provided that the time used by the program is fixed. That is, an adversary watching the memory access will not know anything about the program running on the machine apart from its total time. Ostrovsky, improving Goldreich's theorem, has shown in 1990, see [4], [5], [3], that a RAM using n memory cells can a be simulated by an oblivious RAM with a random oracle (where the random bits can be accessed repeatedly) so that the increase of the space and time requirement is only about a factor of ln (Goldreich's factor was about exp[(log n)1/2]). In both cases the oblivious RAM with a random oracle, can be replaced, by an oblivious probabilistic (coin-flipping) RAM, provided that we accept some unproven cryptographic assumptions, e.g., the existence of a one-way function. In this paper we show that simulation with an oblivious, coin-flipping RAM, with only a factor of ln increase in time and space requirements, is possible, even without any cryptographic assumptions.
Third-order intermodulation distortion in graphene resonant channel transistors

Third-order intermodulation distortion (IM3) is an important metric for electromechanical resonators used in radio frequency signal processing applications since it characterizes the nonlinearity of the device, and the amount of in-band interference it generates when subject to unwanted, out-of-band signals. In this letter, we measure and model IM3 in a strain-engineered graphene mechanical resonator operated as a graphene resonant channel transistor (G-RCT). The device analyzed in this work has a voltage third-order intercept point (VIIP3) of 69.5 dBm V at a gate-to-source DC bias (Vgs) of 2.5 V, which drops to 52.1 dBm V at Vgs = 4.5 V when driven with two out-of-band input tones spaced 5 and 10 MHz from the resonant frequency. The decrease in the VIIP3 with Vgs coincides with an increase in the transmission response (S21) of the device, illustrating a trade-off between transduction efficiency and linearity. In addition, we find that conventional micro-electro-mechanical systems theory for IM3 calculati...
Orthaea (Ericaceae‐Vaccinieae): New species and redefinition of the genus

A historical review of Orthaea is provided and the present generic concept is amplified to include Empedoclesia and Lysiclesia. A key to the 31 recognized species is given. Orthaea paniculata, O. glandulifera, O. oedipus, and O. coriacea are described as new. New combinations are Orthaea caudata, O. minor, O. panamensis, O. brachysiphon, and O. stipitata.
The design and evaluation of online lesson units for teaching virtual reality to undergraduates

Virtual reality (VR) is an exciting area of study with many contemporary applications in health care, art, training, and simulation. Unfortunately, virtual reality receives little coverage in the curriculum of most undergraduate institutions. This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a series of flexible online lesson units for teaching virtual reality concepts to undergraduate students. Topics for the lesson units were chosen from the Computing Curricula 2001 recommendations for an elective course on Virtual Reality. The VR lesson units were evaluated through focus groups, student surveys, and assessment of student learning. The results of the evaluation have been positive and indicate that this approach does have the potential to achieve the goal of making VR accessible to undergraduate students without disrupting curricular structures.
Corporate Marketing Objectives and Evaluation Measures for Integrated Television Advertising and Sports Event Sponsorships

To determine how integrated TV advertising and event sponsorship should be evaluated, a theoretical framework derived from global exploratory research of academic literature and consulting reports of more than 50 authors was validated by 16 experts. To investigate how evaluation was managed in practice, 12 campaigns which had sponsored a televised event and placed advertisements during the broadcast of this event were analyzed via case studies. The investigated competitions included the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament in London and the Olympic Games in Sydney. The examined brands comprised automotive, financial services, retail chain, office equipment, and consumer goods. The study identified the key techniques that lead to increased corporate sales—four objectives and necessary performance measures, which could be useful to all executives promoting brands through televised sport.
Regulating a complex adaptive system via its wasp-waist: grappling with ecosystem-based management of the New England herring fishery

We use the New England herring fishery as an example of the unresolved scientific issues pertinent to ecosystem-based management of forage-fish fisheries. The biomass of herring off New England is currently well above maximum sustainable yield (BMSY), leading to pressure for expanded harvests. Associated concerns include: the maintenance of sufficiently abundant forage to meet the current needs of marine mammals and seabirds while supporting the rebuilding of overfished groundfish resources; the preservation of the service functions of a healthy population of pelagic zooplanktivorous fish to prevent possible outbreaks of pests, or hypoxia events; and the limitation of unintended bycatch of marine mammals, seabirds, and juvenile stages of groundfish. Perhaps a self-enhancing feedback loop, involving predation by herring on the early life stages of their groundfish predators, might result in regime shifts that could not be easily reversed. A plausible outcome of these ideas is a dichotomy in management choice between (i) promoting an ecosystem dominated by valuable groundfish resources and (ii) promoting the current ecosystem that features a large herring resource associated with abundant and energy-rich forage for marine mammals, seabirds, and continued high productivity of valuable shellfish resources.
Neuronal sprouting and synapse formation in response to injury in the mouse organ of corti in culture

The effect of mechanical injury on induction of regenerative phenomena within the neurosensory epithelium was investigated in cultures of neonatal mouse cochlea. The oldest examined culture in which new neuronal growth followed insult, was injured at 13 days in vitro and fixed 24 h later. By far, the most vigorous regenerative reaction was observed in a 3-day culture 4 h post-injury. The reaction included sprouting of nerve fibers injured directly, synapse formation between the surviving hair cells and sprouting neuronal growth cones, wrapping of growing nerve fibers by extending processes of hair cell cytoplasm, and collateral sprouting of synaptically-engaged nerve endings and of nerve fibers in passage.
Benin art revisited: Photographs and museum collections

Sometimes surprising results were obtained in doing ethnographic fieldwork among the Benin people of southern Nigeria by using photographs of art objects seized by a British military expeditionary force against the Benin kingdom, in 1897. These results have import for the documentation of museum collections today. The more than two thousand objects taken from the Oba's palace in 1897, dating from the 16th to 19th centuries, were sold to offset the expedition's expenses and subsequently entered European and American museums around the turn of the century with little documentation. Photographs are here used to revisit Benin art and to probe the events represented, the identity of persons portrayed, and the content and meaning of the objects collected. Ethnohistoric photographs as well as studio portraits, made available in Nigeria, were used in this study along with field photographs. Specific objects reveal continuities and discontinuities of form and meaning, and manifest the effects of conquest and colon...
Non-invasive monitoring of changes in rabbit hearts with aging using MR microscocpy

Background Loss of myocytes followed by compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining cells and interstitial fibrosis are common hallmarks observed in aging hearts [1,2]. The cardiac conduction system is also subject to alterations with aging, resulting in reduced thresholds to diseases [3]. Biopsy is an accurate and informative means to delineate the age-related changes. However, it is destructive and requires intensive labor, often with severe complications for 3D reconstruction. The aim of this study was to investigate non-invasively morphological changes in aging heart using MR microscopy.
Studies of the low temperature distillation of hydrogen isotopes

The merits of producing deuterium by hydrogen distillation are quite well known. However, the best methods of distillation column design are not so well established.
Circular dichroism studies on human chorionic somatomammotropin.

Abstract The conformation of human chorionic somatomammotropin has been studied by means of circular dichroism spectra. The protein appears to contain about 45% α-helix in the native state. Circular dichroism bands in the region of side chain absorption have been assigned to phenylalanine and tryptophan residues. Tentative assignments has also been made to bands probably arising mostly from tyrosine residues. The stability of the native structure has been assessed by challenging the protein with four perturbing solvents. With the exception of 0.1 n NaOH which produced permanent denaturation, all conformational changes produced by the perturbants were fully reversible. In addition, the monomer molecular weight has been evaluated by gel filtration and osmotic pressure measurements. A value of 21,600 ± 900 was found by osmotic pressure at pH 8.4. The results have been compared with similar findings on human pituitary growth hormone and ovine pituitary lactogenic hormone.
Rural-urban variations in psychological distress: findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2007

Objectives: To describe rural and urban differences in the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in the United States.
NEUTRON THERMALIZATION MEASUREMENTS USING AN ELECTRON LINEAR ACCELERATOR

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the reactor physics measurement, which have been made at General Atomic using the electron accelerator. A linear accelerator is ideally suited for neutron spectrum measurements, because data may be obtained rapidly and the great flexibility of the facility allows changes to be made in experimental arrangements. The spectrum can be measured under conditions in which there are essentially no spatial effects on the spectrum and then the geometry can be altered in such a way that there is a change in gradient (buckling), a linear variation of the spatial distribution of the flux, or a temperature discontinuity. The idea is to start with the simplest possible system and go on to more complicated situations. The linear accelerator, as a pulsed source, allows a high degree of flexibility providing that accurate methods of measurements are developed—especially techniques for time dependent measurement. The chapter also discusses die-away experiments in water, which help to determine the amount of time the higher modes take to die out if a modal analysis is not desired to be done. In a pure water system, the waiting time is quite long about five mean lifetimes.
A CMOS Hall-Effect Sensor for the Characterization and Detection of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

A CMOS Hall-effect sensor chip designed for the characterization and detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) achieves over three orders of magnitude better temporal resolution than prior solutions based on superconducting quantum interference devices and fluxgate sensors. The sensor relies on wires embedded in the chip to generate a local magnetizing field that is switched OFF rapidly to observe the relaxation field of the MNPs. The CMOS sensor chip, with integrated high-speed readout electronics, occupies 6.25 mm2. It can be easily integrated with microfluidics and is suitable for lab-on-a-chip and point-of-care applications.
A Medley of Midbrain Maladies: A Brief Review of Midbrain Anatomy and Syndromology for Radiologists

The midbrain represents the uppermost portion of the brainstem, containing numerous important nuclei and white matter tracts, most of which are involved in motor control, as well as the auditory and visual pathways. Notable midbrain nuclei include the superior and inferior colliculus nuclei, red nucleus, substantia nigra, oculomotor nuclear complex, and trochlear nucleus. In addition, white matter tracts include the brachium conjunctivum, medial and lateral lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts, and the fiber tracts within the cerebral peduncles. Although neurologically vital, many of these small midbrain nuclei and white matter tracts are not easily individually identified on neuroimaging. However, given their diverse functions, midbrain pathology often leads to distinct clinical syndromes. A review and understanding of the location and relationships between the different midbrain nuclei and fiber tracts will allow more precise correlation of radiologic findings with patient pathology and symptomatology. Particular syndromes associated with midbrain pathology include the Weber, Claude, Benedikt, Nothnagel, and Parinaud syndromes. The oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves also reside at this level. An understanding of their functions as well as their projected courses from the midbrain towards the eye allows identification of distinct locations which are particularly vulnerable to pathology.
Plant behavioural ecology: dynamic plasticity in secondary metabolites

Behaviour is in part the ability to respond rapidly and reversibly in response to environmental stimuli during the lifetime of an individual. Plants and animals both exhibit behaviour, but plant behaviour is most often examined in the context of morphologically plastic growth. Rapid and reversible secondary metabolite production and release is also a key mechanism by which plants behave. Here, we review plant biochemical plasticity as plant behaviour, and explicitly focus on evidence for responses that display rapid induction, reversibility and ecological relevance. Rapid induction and attenuation of plant secondary metabolites occur as chemically mediated root foraging, plant defence, allelochemistry and to regulate mutualistic relationships. We describe a wealth of information on the induction of various plant biochemical responses to environmental stimuli but found a limited body of literature on the reversibility of induced biochemical responses. Understanding the full cycle of dynamic plasticity in secondary metabolites is an important niche for future research. Biochemical behaviours extend beyond the plant kingdom; however, they clearly illustrate the capacity for plants to behave in ways that closely mirror the classic definitions and research approaches applied to behaviour in animals.
Caspase-2-Dependent Dendritic Cell Death, Maturation, and Priming of T Cells in Response to Brucella abortus Infection

Smooth virulent Brucella abortus strain 2308 (S2308) causes zoonotic brucellosis in cattle and humans. Rough B. abortus strain RB51, derived from S2308, is a live attenuated cattle vaccine strain licensed in the USA and many other countries. Our previous report indicated that RB51, but not S2308, induces a caspase-2-dependent apoptotic and necrotic macrophage cell death. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells critical for bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to Brucella-infected macrophages, here we report that S2308 induced higher levels of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in wild type bone marrow-derived DCs (WT BMDCs) than RB51. The RB51 and S2308-induced BMDC cell death was regulated by caspase-2, indicated by the minimal cell death in RB51 and S2308-infected BMDCs isolated from caspase-2 knockout mice (Casp2KO BMDCs). More S2308 bacteria were taken up by Casp2KO BMDCs than wild type BMDCs. Higher levels of S2308 and RB51 cells were found in infected Casp2KO BMDCs compared to infected WT BMDCs at different time points. RB51-infected wild type BMDCs were mature and activated as shown by significantly up-regulated expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I, and MHC-II. RB51 induced the production of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL12/IL23p40 in infected BMDCs. RB51-infected WT BMDCs also stimulated the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to uninfected WT BMDCs. However, the maturation, activation, and cytokine secretion are significantly impaired in Casp2KO BMDCs infected with RB51 or Salmonella (control). S2308-infected WT and Casp2KO BMDCs were not activated and could not induce cytokine production. These results demonstrated that virulent smooth strain S2308 induced more apoptotic and necrotic dendritic cell death than live attenuated rough vaccine strain RB51; however, RB51, but not its parent strain S2308, induced caspase-2-mediated DC maturation, cytokine production, antigen presentation, and T cell priming.
Redundancy management system for the X-33 vehicle and mission computer

The X-33 is an unmanned advanced technology demonstrator with a mission to validate new technologies for the next generation of reusable launch vehicles. Various system redundancies are designed in the X-33 to enhance the probability of successfully completing its mission in the event of faults and failures during flight. One such redundant system is the vehicle and mission computer that controls the X-33 and manages the avionics subsystems. Historically, redundancy management and applications such as flight control and vehicle management tended to be highly coupled. One of the technologies that the X-33 will demonstrate is the redundancy management system (RMS) that uncouples the applications from the redundancy management details, much in the same way that real-time operating systems have uncoupled applications from task scheduling, communication and synchronization details. This paper describes Honeywell's RMS, its role and implementation in the X-33, some of the tradeoffs that were chosen, the fault tolerance concepts it embodies and its suitability as an off-the-shelf solution for a range of high reliability and high availability applications. This paper concludes with insights on current and future RMS developments.
Intracoronary brachytherapy: past, present, and future.

The purpose of intracoronary brachytherapy is to reduce the incidence of lesion recurrence (restenosis) after percutaneous coronary intervention. Its rationale is based on the concept that restenosis is a process of benign tissue proliferation and that locally applied radiation can prevent or attenuate the magnitude of this response. After encouraging results from animal models,1,2⇓ small observational and randomized clinical trials were initiated to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of this unique application of radiation.3–5⇓⇓ Positive findings led to larger randomized trials that demonstrated a powerful treatment effect.6,7⇓ In patients presenting with restenosis within a previously implanted stent, the likelihood of repeat restenosis was reduced by ≈50%. Results of brachytherapy administered to patients undergoing balloon angioplasty alone or at the time of stent implantation have been inconsistent. At this time, brachytherapy is considered to be a standard treatment alternative for selected patients with in-stent restenosis, and it is performed as a component of routine practice in interventional cardiology. See p 2737 Several questions remain unanswered, however, about intracoronary brachytherapy. In particular, does this treatment delay or prevent restenosis? Can it stimulate atherosclerosis elsewhere in the coronary circulation? Does it create the potential for spontaneous coronary rupture or thrombosis? Are there any untoward extra-coronary effects, such as myocardial or pericardial fibrosis? In this issue of Circulation , Grise and colleagues8 provide information to help answer these questions. They report the 5-year clinical outcomes of 55 patients enrolled in …
Immunological Factors in Homogenous-Bone Transplantation

1. The intramuscular insertion in the rabbit of whole iliac bone, washed iliac bone, and cortical bone from an A-positive dog resulted in the formation of high-titer agglutinins against dog red blood cells. Adsorption tests did not demonstrate any specificity of these agglutinins for the canine A factor in dog red blood cells. 2. In two of five A-negative dogs in each of which was transplanted a knee joint from an A-positive dog, low-titer agglutinins against the donor dog's red blood cells developed. Adsorption tests on the sera of these two dogs suggest the possible specificity of the agglutinins for the canine A substance, although the possibility of the agglutinin being due to a factor other than the canine A factor was not excluded. 3. Transplanted dog bone or its contained cellular elements appears to act as an antigen, but no relation between that action and the blood type of the donor dog could be established with certainty.
Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pediatric thyroid nodules.

The role of US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) of thyroid nodules is not well-established in children. To retrospectively assess the utility of US-FNAB of pediatric thyroid nodules. We reviewed Department of Radiology records to identify children who underwent US-FNAB of the thyroid between 2005 and 2013. Two board-certified pediatric radiologists reviewed pre-procedural thyroid US exams and documented findings by consensus. We recorded cytopathology findings and compared them to surgical pathology diagnoses if the nodule was resected. We also recorded demographic information, use of sedation or general anesthesia, and presence of on-site cytopathological feedback. The Student’s t-test was used to compare continuous data; the Fisher exact test was used to compare proportions. US-FNAB was conducted on a total of 86 thyroid nodules in 70 children; 56 were girls (80%). Seventy-eight of the 86 (90.7%) US-FNAB procedures were diagnostic; 69/78 (88.5%) diagnostic specimens were benign (including six indeterminate follicular lesions that were proved at surgery to be benign) and 9/78 (11.5%) were malignant/suspicious for malignancy (all proved to be papillary carcinomas). There was no difference in size of benign vs. malignant lesions (P = 0.82) or diagnostic vs. non-diagnostic lesions (P = 0.87). Gender (P = 0.19), use of sedation/general anesthesia (P = 0.99), and presence of onsite cytopathological feedback (P = 0.99) did not affect diagnostic adequacy. Microcalcifications (P < 0.0001; odds ratio [OR] = 113.7) and coarse calcifications (P = 0.03; OR = 19.4) were associated with malignancy. Diagnoses at cytopathology and surgical pathology were concordant in 27/29 (93.1%) nodules; no US-FNAB procedure yielded false-positive or false-negative results for malignancy. US-FNAB of pediatric thyroid nodules is feasible, allows diagnostic cytopathological evaluation, and correlates with surgical pathology results in resected nodules.
Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective

Interpersonally controlling approaches are often used to keep individuals in line, ostensibly in order to create a safer, more civilized society. Ironically, emerging research findings indicate that when people feel controlled, they often respond by behaving in a less civilized, more antisocial manner (Gagne, 2003; Knee, Neighbors, & Vietor, 2001; Mask, Blanchard, Amiot, & Deshaies, 2005; McHoskey, 1999). The present research investigation explored whether a process of mechanistic dehumanization might help to explain the observed relation between interpersonal control and antisocial behavior, specifically with regard to tendencies toward violence. The results indicated that a significant relation between interpersonal control and tendencies toward interpersonal violence was partially mediated by perceived mechanistic dehumanization.
Protecting Free Trade: The Political Economy of Rules of Origin

The design of rules of origin in free trade agreements (FTAs) arouses spirited lobbying campaigns that mostly escape public attention. This article argues that the domestic groups generally most favorable to FTAs differ in their preferences over rules of origin: industries with large returns to scale favor strict rules of origin to gain scale economies in an FTA, while industries with multinational supply chains prefer lenient rules of origin to accommodate offshore procurement. An econometric analysis of rules of origin in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) finds tougher rules of origin the higher the external trade protection and the larger the returns to scale, and more permissive rules of origin the greater the involvement in foreign sourcing. The results suggest that rules of origin may be critical to building domestic coalitions for FTAs. Industry preferences toward rules of origin therefore have important implications for the politics of FTA ratification.
Writing to Learn by Learning to Write in the Disciplines

The traditional distinction between writing across the curriculum and writing in the disciplines (WID) as writing to learn versus learning to write understates WID's focus on learning in the disciplines. Advocates of WID have described learning as socialization, but little research addresses how writing disciplinary discourses in disciplinary settings encourages socialization into the disciplines. Data from interviews with students who wrote lab reports in a biology lab suggest five ways in which writing promotes learning in scientific disciplines. Drawing on theories of situated learning, the authors argue that apprenticeship genres can encourage socialization into disciplinary communities.
Effects of temperature, body size and feeding on rates of metabolism in young‐of‐the‐year haddock

The mean rate of oxygen consumption (routine respiration rate, RR, mg O2 fish−1 h−1), measured for individual or small groups of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus(3–12 cm standard length, LS) maintained for 5 days within flow-through respiratory chambers at four different temperatures, increased with increasing dry mass (MD). The relationship between RR and MD was allometric (RR = α Mb) with b values of 0·631, 0·606, 0·655 and 0·650 at 5·0, 8·0, 12·0 and 15·0° C, respectively. The effect of temperature (T) and MD on mean RR was described by indicating a Q10 of 2·27 between 5 and 15° C. Juvenile haddock routine metabolic scope, calculated as the ratio of the mean of highest and lowest deciles of RR measured in each chamber, significantly decreased with temperature such that the routine scope at 15° C was half that at 5° C. The cost of feeding (RSDA) was c. 3% of consumed food energy, a value half that found for larger gadoid juveniles and adults.
The Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Wasting Disease During Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection

Infection with pathogens often leads to loss of body weight, but the cause of weight loss during infection is poorly understood. We used the infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as a model to study how pathogens induce weight loss. If LCMV is introduced into the CNS of CTL-deficient mice, the immune response against the virus leads to a severe weight loss called wasting disease. We planned to determine what components of this antiviral immune response mediate wasting disease. By adoptive transfer, we show that CD4 T cells activated by LCMV infection are sufficient to cause wasting disease. We examined the role of cytokines in LCMV-induced wasting disease using mice lacking specific cytokines or cytokine receptors. Results of adoptive transfer experiments suggest that TNF-α is not involved in LCMV-induced wasting disease and show that IFN-γ contributes to the disease. Consistent with a role for IFN-γ in wasting, we find that IFN-γ is necessary for LCMV-specific CD4 T cell responses in the CNS, most likely because it is required to induce MHC class II expression. Our data also indicate that IL-1 is required for LCMV-induced wasting and that IL-6 contributes to the wasting disease. Additionally, our results identify α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone as a potential mediator of the disease. Overall, this work defines the critical role of virus-primed CD4 T cells and of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of wasting disease induced by LCMV infection.
Poset belief propagation-experimental results

Poset belief propagation, or PBP, is a flexible generalization of ordinary belief propagation which can be used to (approximately) solve many probabilistic inference problems. In this paper, we summarize some experimental results comparing the performance of PBP to conventional BP techniques.
Quality of Life After Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy in Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients Who Underwent BRCA1/2 Gene Testing

Purpose Recent studies indicate that high-risk breast cancer patients (ie, women who carry mutations in BRCA1/2 genes) who opt for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) have a substantially reduced risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. However, the immediate and long-term impact of this decision on women's quality of life and psychosocial functioning is largely unknown. In this study, we compared the impact of BRCA1/2 genetic test result and CPM on these outcomes among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients who opted for CPM at the time of their definitive surgical treatment versus patients who did not. Patients and Methods Participants were 149 high-risk women who underwent genetic counseling and testing for alterations in the BRCA1/2 genes. We measured self-reported quality of life, cancer-specific distress, and genetic testing–specific distress using standardized instruments before receipt of genetic test results and again 1 and 12 months later. Results Compared with patients who chose ...
Late Cenozoic Antarctic paleoclimate reconstructed from volcanic ashes in the Dry Valleys region of southern Victoria Land

We report the discovery of numerous in situ Miocene and Pliocene airfall volcanic ashes that occur within the hyperarid Dry Valleys region of the Transantarctic Mountains in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Ashes that occur above 1000 m elevation rest at the ground surface, covered only by a thin ventifact pavement 1 to 2 cm thick. The ash deposits are loose and unconsolidated and show no signs of chemical weathering. Laser-fusion 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses of volcanic crystals and glass shards indicate that the ashes range from 4.33 Ma to 15.15 Ma in age. The Arena Valley ash (4.33 ± 0.07 Ma) rests on the surface of a well-developed desert pavement and ultraxerous soil profile at 1410 m elevation. Lack of geomorphic evidence of liquid water on surficial sediments coeval and older than the Arena Valley ash, together with the pristine condition of volcanic crystals and lack of authigenic clay formation, indicates a cold desert at and since 4.33 Ma. The Beacon Valley ash (10.66 ± 0.29 Ma), the Koenig Valley ash (13.65 ± 0.06 Ma), and the Nibelungen Valley ash (15.15 ± 0.02 Ma) fill the upper half of relict sand-wedge troughs that form only in cold-desert conditions. The lack of authigenic clay-sized minerals in these ash deposits, along with preservation of sharp lateral contacts with surrounding sand-and-gravel deposits, suggests that frozen conditions (without rain or well-developed active layers during summer months) have persisted in Beacon, Koenig, and Nibelungen Valleys since ash deposition. Ash-avalanche deposits that rest on rectilinear slopes contain matrix ash dated to 7.42 ± 0.31 Ma in upper Arena Valley and 11.28 ± 0.05 Ma in lower Arena Valley. Little slope development has occurred since emplacement of these ash-avalanche deposits. Such slope stability is consistent with cold-desert conditions well below 0 °C. Taken together, these ash deposits point to persistent polar conditions similar to the present at elevations above 1000 m in the western Dry Valleys region during at least the last 15.0 m.y. This conclusion contradicts the view that, during part of the Pliocene epoch, East Antarctica was largely free of glacier ice and that scrub vegetation (Nothofagus, Southern Beech) survived along the Transantarctic Mountain front in the Dry Valleys region and to at least lat 86°S (Webb and Harwood, 1993). Instead, it supports marine and geomorphological evidence that calls for a stable Antarctic cryosphere, much the same as today, since middle Miocene time.
Validating software metrics: producing quality discriminators

The author proposes a comprehensive metrics validation methodology that has six validation criteria, each of which supports certain quality functions. New criteria are defined and illustrated, including consistency, discrimination power, tracking, and repeatability. He shows that certain nonparametric statistical methods like contingency tables play an important role in evaluating metrics against the validity criteria. A detailed example emphasizing the discriminative power validity criterion is presented. >
Analysis and use of FMRI response delays

In this study, we implemented a new method for measuring the temporal delay of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses and then estimated the statistical distribution of response delays evoked by visual stimuli (checkered annuli) within and across voxels in human visual cortex. We assessed delay variability among different cortical sites and between parenchyma and blood vessels. Overall, 81% of all responsive voxels showed activation in phase with the stimulus while the remaining voxels showed antiphase, suppressive responses. Mean delays for activated and suppressed voxels were not significantly different (P < 0.001). Cortical flat maps showed that the pattern of activated and suppressed voxels was dynamically induced and depended on stimulus size. Mean delays for blood vessels were 0.7-2.4 sec longer than for parenchyma (P < 0.01). However, both parenchyma and blood vessels produced responses with long delays. We developed a model to identify and quantify different components contributing to variability in the empirical delay measurements. Within-voxel changes in delay over time were fully accounted for by the effects of empirically measured fMRI noise with virtually no measurable variability associated with the stimulus-induced response itself. Across voxels, as much as 47% of the delay variance was also the result of fMRI noise, with the remaining variance reflecting fixed differences in response delay among brain sites. In all cases, the contribution of fMRI noise to the delay variance depended on the noise power at the stimulus frequency. White noise models significantly underestimated the fMRI noise effects.
On the ratio of lifetimes of the neutral short-lived and long-lived kaons

The author’s investigation of elementary-particle physics from a basis of general relativity, and the consequent implication of composite stuctures for all bosons, is applied to the problem of different lifetimes for the neutral short-lived and long-lived kaons. The predicted ratio for these lifetimes, sensitive to their composite structures in terms of pions and electromagnetic spinor fields of coupling, is found to be close to the experimental value.
The Origins of Forensic Psychiatry in the United States and the Great Nineteenth- Century Crisis over the Adjudication of Wills

Forensic psychiatry emerged as a professional activity in the United States during the first third of the nineteenth century when four major factors coalesced: the medicolegal vision of early American physicians, the introduction of new theories about insanity, the concern of early state governments with mental health, and the advent of marketplace professionalism. From the outset, forensic psychiatry found itself involved in the adjudication of wills. The evidence suggests that postmortem diagnoses of insanity were employed through the middle decades of the nineteenth century to maintain stable and predictable patterns of property conveyance in the new republic. But such diagnoses then became something of a fad, a way to raid estates. Courts and legislatures reacted against that trend during the last decades of the nineteenth century, when fundamental social stability was no longer an issue, in order to protect individual testators and limit the power of forensic psychiatry. By the early decades of the twentieth century, patterns had emerged that have since been taken as normative.
Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Extent of Coronary Artery Disease and Prognosis of Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: An Analysis From the ACUITY Trial (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy)

Objectives This study sought to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes for smokers with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS). Background Smoking has been associated with the “paradox” of reduced mortality after acute myocardial infarction (MI). This is thought to be due to favorable baseline characteristics and less diffuse coronary artery disease (CAD) among smokers. Methods In the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) trial, 13,819 patients (29.1% smokers) with moderate- to high-risk NSTE-ACS underwent angiography and, if indicated, revascularization. Results Smokers were significantly younger and had fewer comorbidities than nonsmokers. Incidence of death and MI were comparable at 30 days, although smokers had significantly reduced risks of 30-day major bleeding (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67 to 0.96; p = 0.016) and 1-year mortality (HR: 0.797, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.97; p = 0.027). After correction for baseline and clinical differences, smoking was no longer predictive of major bleeding (odds ratio: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.32; p = 0.56) and was associated with higher 1-year mortality (HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.7; p = 0.013). This pattern of reversed risk after multivariable correction held true for those smokers requiring percutaneous coronary intervention. Core laboratory angiographic analysis showed that smokers and nonsmokers were comparable in terms of the extent of CAD, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow, myocardial blush, and the presence of thrombi. Conclusions In contrast to the paradox previously described in ST-segment elevation MI, our analysis finds smoking to be an independent predictor of higher 1-year mortality in patients presenting with NSTE-ACS, and our angiographic study demonstrates CAD in smokers that is comparable to that in nonsmokers but evident ∼1 decade earlier. (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy [ACUITY]; NCT00093158 )
Demonstrating the Effect of Supply Chain Disruptions through an Online Beer Distribution Game.

This article describes a classroom tool to teach the impact of supply chain disruptions and mitigation strategies based on information sharing and collaboration. The tool is an adaptation of the Beer Distribution Game, is easy to play, and can be hosted online or on local servers. The game considers several scenarios based on the location of the disruptions (i.e., upstream or downstream) and the information available to supply chain partners. Students play the roles of managers who make ordering decisions in a serial supply chain and experience decision-making under disruptions.
New Evidence on Glass-Steagall and Its Impact on Future Legislation

I show that the effect of commercial bank entry into the underwriting market is dependent on whether the offering is shelf registered. Since virtually all public debt is shelf registered today, this provides new evidence on the extent to which prior findings are relevant in today’s capital markets. I find that commercial bank entry reduces fees only for non-shelf offerings. Entry reduces yields for both shelf and non-shelf offerings, but the effect is significantly larger for non-shelf offerings. I also find that bank-underwritten offerings have lower fees and higher yields for non-shelf offerings and lower yields for shelf offerings.