cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Westward Growth of Laurentia by Pre–Late Jurassic Terrane Accretion, Eastern Oregon and Western Idaho, United States: A Discussion

Advances in the Blue Mountains province (BMP) and adjacent areas of the Pacific Northwest have required an occasional updating of terms used to express new concepts (“trans-Idaho discontinuity” [Yates 1968], “Sr-isotopic boundary” [Armstrong et al. 1977], “Salmon River suture zone” [Lund and Snee 1988], “western Idaho suture zone” [Strayer et al. 1989], “Bourne and Greenhorn subterranes” [Ferns and Brooks 1995], “western Idaho shear zone” [WISZ; McClelland et al. 2000], “Salmon River belt” [Gray and Oldow 2005], “Izee basin” [Dorsey and LaMaskin 2007], “Orofino shear zone” [McClelland and Oldow 2007], “Salmon River suture” [Lund et al. 2008], “arc-continent boundary” [Lewis et al. 2014]). As a consequence, tracking nomenclatural changes over time has presented periodic challenges to workers familiar with the regional geology; to the unfamiliar, this task is intensified by a literature fraught with tantalizing terminology understandable by few. Given the various tectonic elements (Helwig 1974) and etymological changes in the BMP, the probability of miscommunication is high. This discussion centers on a recent Journal of Geology article (LaMaskin et al. 2015) that misuses the Salmon River belt (SRB) terminology—and modifications thereof—when describing the geologic setting of west-central Idaho. Since the publication of Gray and Oldow (2005), various authors have referenced the SRB in tectonic models proposed to explain the outboard amalgamation, accretion, and/or truncation of volcanic-arc terranes comprising the BMP (e.g., Dorsey and LaMaskin 2007; McClelland and Oldow 2007; Giorgis et al. 2008; LaMaskin and Dorsey 2008; Blake et al. 2009;
New Syrphidae (Diptera) from Central and North America

The new forms from Mexico were collected by Professor Harvey G. Meyer of the University of Tennessee, and I wish to thank him for the donation of the specimens. The types of all species are deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Paratypes, when available, are retained in the collection of the author.
Self-Assembled E2L3 Cryptands (E = P, As, Sb, Bi): Transmetalation, Homo- and Heterometallic Assemblies, and Conformational Isomerism

A series of Group 15-containing homometallic (E2L3, E = P, As, Sb, Bi) and heterometallic (AsSbL3, AsBiL3, PSbL3) supramolecular cryptands were prepared by the self-assembly of pnictogen halides with dithiolate ligand or by direct transmetalation from a heavier congener. Structural characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the E−S bond distances and S−E−S bond angles are significantly affected by the identity of the pnictogen. 1H NMR spectroscopy reveals that the homometallic cryptands are dynamic in solution: surprisingly one ligand “flips”, perturbing the C3 symmetry of the complex and giving a new asymmetric conformer. Density functional theory calculations were carried out on both the symmetric and the asymmetric conformations of the cryptands, and the energies were compared to those observed by NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the relative stability of the asymmetric cryptand to its symmetric conformer increases with increasing size of the Group 15 element. Finally, it is rep...
The Genus Sphaerophragmium

Sixteen species of Sphaerophragmium are recognized. One new variety, S. fimbriatum var. millettiae, from Africa is cited. The genus is basically circumtropical. A key to the species is included wit...
CHALLENGES OF AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: ANALYSIS, SIMULATION, AND FIELD TEST

Expected growth in air traffic over the next several decades has led to requirements for increased capacity and operational flexibility. NASA has entered into a joint program with the FAA to develop the technologies and procedures to meet these requirements. This paper reviews the programs in air traffic management being conducted within NASA and then illustrates the research challenges by focusing on recent work in the development of a set of automation tools, referred to as the Center TRACON Automation System (CTAS). The technical approach pioneered by the CTAS development which emphasized the use of live traffic data in the laboratory, user participation, and early field tests has become the accepted model for ATM research.
Observe the therapeutic effect of cefepime on children's middling and severity bacteria pneumonia

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect and adverse reaction of cefepime on children's middling and severity bacteria pneumonia. Method: 11 cases of pneumonia whose 6-7 month treatments with other antibiotics turned out to be ineffective in 2003 were treated with cefepime. Then the observation of its therapeutic effect and adverse reaction was made. Result: The efficacious rate was 81.8% with the medicine stopped in use for two cases, one suffering tetter and the other no effect at all. Conclusion: Cefepime is the primary drug for children's middling and severity bacteria pneumonia.
Morphing spectral envelopes using audio flow.

We present a method for morphing between smooth spectral magnitude envelopes of speech. An important element of our method is the notion of audio flow, which is inspired by similar notions of optical flow computed between images in computer vision applications. Audio flow defines the correspondence between two smooth spectral magnitude envelopes, and encodes the formant shifting that occurs from one sound to another. We present several algorithms for the automatic computation of audio flow from a small 20 second corpus of speech. In addition, we present an algorithm for morphing smoothly between any two spectral magnitude envelopes, given the computed audio flow between them.
Optimizing unilateral electroconvulsive therapy

Abstract Review of the unilateral-bilateral literature cannot identify the factors that optimize the efficacy of right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (RUL), and we should not confuse hunches with facts. With the exception of stimulus dosing, there is little experimental support that the conditions suggested by Dr. J.-O. Ottosson affect RUL efficacy. The theoretical position that eliciting a full, maximally generalized seizure provides the basis for optimal efficacy also lacks experimental support and is imprecise. Further, the conditions proposed to optimize RUL efficacy also augment its side effect profile. We do not know whether an optimal form of RUL will retain cognitive advantages if compared to optimal bilateral ECT. We also lack a clinically useful marker that an optimal form of RUL has been delivered. Under these conditions, it seems appropriate that the choice of electrode placement be made on an informed case-by-case basis.
The Identification of Successful Teachers of Mentally or Physically Handicapped Children

To accomplish the purpose of identifying and quantifying characteristics which contribute to successful student teaching of mentally and physically handicapped children, five dimensions of human behavior were investigated. Three characteristic patterns of successful student teaching experiences emerged from the investigation. The successful student teachers (a) were well adjusted, emotionally stable, and able to encounter difficult special class situations; (b) possessed physical energy, vitality, and enthusiasm necessary to meet special classroom demands; (c) obtained high scores on measures of scholastic achievement and ability.
25-hydroxycholecalciferol: high affinity substrate for hepatic cytochrome P-450.

In vitro studies with hepatic microsomes showed that 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) is bound tightly by the microsomal cytochrome P-450 system, with the spectral dissociation constant of 84 nM the lowest reported to-date for a natural or xenobiotic compound. Vitamin D2 and dihydrotachysterol also were bound, but their dissociation constants were 200–300 times higher. Aminopyrine demethyl-ation was competitively inhibited in the presence of 25-OH-D3 and NADPH cytochrome. P-450 reductase activity was doubled by 25-OH-D3 addition. Taken together these findings suggest that liver microsomes are involved in the transformation and degradation of 25-OH-D3 and other vitamin D congeners. However, the enzyme systems are not vitamin D-dependent. Moreover, even though phenobarbital treatment led to a doubling of enzyme activity and, in animals undergoing vitamin D depletion, to a 40% faster time-dependent drop of 25-OH-D3 plasma levels, as compared to untreated controls, the two groups had the same levels of intestinal calcium-binding protein (CaBP). If CaBP is one expression of the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH) 2-D3), then alterations of a substrate (25-OH-D3)-product (1,25-(OH)2-D3) relationship at a single control point (liver), brought about by phenobarbital treatment, did not lead to detectable changes in hormone expression. The experiments underscore the stability of the calcium regulating system and point to the existence of multiple control loops.
Solution and Solid Phase Synthesis of Non-Peptide Peptidomimetic Aspartic Peptidase Inhibitors

A major research goal of medicinal chemistry is to design completely non-peptide scaffolds that mimic the topography and function of peptide-derived inhibitors. Researchers at Roche-Basel recently discovered novel topographical peptidomimetic inhibitors of the aspartic peptidases renin and plasmepsin based on a piperidine scaffold [1]. The aspartic peptidases are the current therapeutic targets for a variety of human diseases including AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and malaria. Consequently, the screening-based discovery of these non-peptide peptidomimetics constitutes a major advance for the development of medicinal compounds to treat these disease states. We have used the structure-generating program Growmol [2] to rationally design the related piperidine analogs 1 and 2 (Figure 1) that inhibit Rhizopus chinensis and porcine pepsin (IC50 2 and 0.2 µM, respectively), two aspartic peptidases not inhibited in the Roche reports. We developed enantioselective syntheses of the piperidine scaffolds as well as a solid supported traceless functionalization method to provide quick access to analogs of these non-peptide peptidomimetic inhibitors.
Effect of cigarette prices on smoking initiation and cessation in China: a duration analysis

Background China is the world9s largest producer and consumer of cigarettes. The status of tobacco as both a contributor to China9s economy and a liability for the health of its population may complicate the use of taxes for addressing smoking in the country. Understanding how cigarette prices affect transitions in smoking behaviour in China can increase understanding of how China9s high smoking rates can be influenced by tax policy. Methods In order to estimate the effect of cigarette prices on smoking initiation and cessation in China, we construct pseudo-longitudinal samples for duration analysis using data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey China 2010. We use the historical variation in prices representative of 4 China regions over a 20-year period to identify the average price effect on the hazards of initiation and cessation while controlling for unobserved fixed and time-varying region characteristics. Findings We find that initiation rates fall in response to higher prices (with a price elasticity of initiation estimated at −0.95 for men and −1.07 overall). Conclusions The effect of prices on smoking in China is likely to occur through averting initiation over time. At the population level, cessation behaviour may be less responsive to price increases as the wide range of cigarette prices in China may provide relatively high opportunity for switching to lower priced brands.
Fast track article: Balancing behavioral privacy and information utility in sensory data flows

Miniaturized smart sensors are increasingly being used to collect personal data which embed minute details of our everyday life. When shared, the data streams can easily be mined to draw a rich set of inferences regarding private behaviors and lifestyle patterns. Disclosure of some of these unintended inferences gives rise to the notion of behavioral privacy different from traditional identity privacy typically addressed in the literature. From the provider's perspective, we summarize these privacy concerns into three basic questions: (i) Whom to share data with? (ii) How much data to share? and (iii) What data to share? In this paper, we outline the architecture of SensorSafe as a software-based framework with support for three basic mechanisms to allow privacy-aware data sharing. First, it provides a library of routines accessible using a simple GUI for providers to define fine-grained, context-dependent access control. Second, it uses the trust network between consumers and providers to derive the optimal rate of information flow which would maintain both provider privacy and consumer utility. Finally, it introduces a compressive sensing based feature-sharing procedure to further control the amount of information release. We provide simulation results to illustrate the efficacy of each of these mechanisms.
Ultraviolet Photodissociation of Selected Gold Clusters: Ultraefficient Unstapling and Ligand Stripping of Au25(pMBA)18 and Au36(pMBA)24

We report the first results of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry of trapped monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) ions generated by electrospray ionization. Gold clusters Au25(pMBA)18 and Au36(pMBA)24 (pMBA = para-mercaptobenzoic acid) were analyzed in both the positive and negative modes. Whereas activation methods including collisional- and electron-based methods produced relatively few fragment ions, even a single ultraviolet pulse (at λ = 193 nm) caused extensive fragmentation of the positively charged clusters. Upon photoactivation using a low number of laser pulses, the staple motifs of both clusters were cleaved and stripped of the protecting ligand portions without removal of any contained gold atoms. This striking process involved Au–S and C–S bond cleavages via a pathway made possible by 6.4 eV photon absorption. Monomer evaporation (neutral gold atom loss) occurred upon exposure to multiple pulses, resulting in a size series of bare gold-cluster ions. All tandem mass spectromet...
The Role of “Safehouses” in the College Experience

As discussed in earlier chapters, a student’s relationship to her college can be endlessly complex. In addition to the question of acceptance by the prevailing college culture, there are the questions one asks oneself: “Do I like it here? Am I comfortable and supported?” Sometimes, the dissonance is so strong that a student will opt to leave, despite enjoying positive aspects of the college experience.
Control of flash gas bypass MAC system with emphasis on start-ups and transients

Abstract Most of the previous research on flash gas bypass (FGB) focused on performance improvement in steady state and demonstrated that compared to direct expansion mode (DX), FGB mode have better performance. However, the control strategy of flash gas bypass system and dynamic behavior during start-ups and transients were not yet clearly defined and investigated. In this paper, a novel control strategy has been proposed for an automobile air conditioning system operating in flash gas bypass mode with R134a as the refrigerant. The proposed control strategy utilized an electronic expansion valve (EV) for the control of subcooling from condenser outlet and a bypass valve (BV) for superheat from compressor inlet. Both start-up and transient system behaviors were studied. The experimental results showed that the proposed cycle control strategy was found to be able to provide reliable control to the system. In addition, proper sizing of bypass valve and flash gas bypass tank have also been studied.
Prevalence of Periapical Rarefying Osteitis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Abstract Introduction The effect of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the healing and pathophyisiology of apical periodontitis is unknown because there is no study in the literature evaluating the association of RA with the prevalence of periapical rarefying osteitis (PAR) and endodontic treatment. Therefore, the goal of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of PAR and root canal treatment in RA patients when compared with controlled individuals. Methods Full-mouth radiographs of 131 individuals with RA were examined and compared with 131 controls that were sex and age matched exactly with the diseased group. The total number of teeth, presence or absence of root canal filling, quality of root canal filling, quality of restoration, and periapical status were recorded. Results Overall, the prevalence of teeth with PAR was 4.0% in the diseased group and 3.5% in the control group ( P > .05). The prevalence of root canal–treated teeth was 6.2% in the RA group and 5.6% in the control group ( P > .05). Controls have significantly more teeth than those with RA ( P = .027). Conclusions The prevalence of PAR and endodontic treatment was not significantly different in individuals with RA compared with control patients.
Oncologists' influence on receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy: does it matter whom you see for treatment of curable breast cancer?

We know little about whether it matters which oncologist a breast cancer patient sees with regard to receipt of chemotherapy. We examined oncologists’ influence on use of recurrence score (RS) testing and chemotherapy in the community. We identified 7810 women with stages 0-II breast cancer treated in 2013-15 through the SEER registries of Georgia and Los Angeles County. Surveys were sent 2 months post-surgery, (70% response rate, n = 5080). Patients identified their oncologists (n = 504) of whom 304 responded to surveys (60%). We conducted multi-level analyses on patients with ER-positive HER2-negative invasive disease (N = 2973) to examine oncologists’ influence on variation in RS testing and chemotherapy receipt, using patient and oncologist survey responses merged to SEER data. Half of patients (52.8%) received RS testing and 27.7% chemotherapy. One-third (35.9%) of oncologists treated >50 new breast cancer patients annually; mean years in practice was 15.8. Oncologists explained 17% of the variation in RS testing but little of the variation in chemotherapy receipt (3%) controlling for clinical factors. Patients seeing an oncologist who was one standard deviation above the mean use of RS testing had over two-times higher odds of receiving RS (2.47, 95% CI 1.47–4.15), but a parallel estimate of the association of oncologist with the odds of receiving chemotherapy was much smaller (1.39, CI 1.03–1.88). Clinical algorithms have markedly reduced variation in chemotherapy use across oncologists. Oncologists’ large influence on variation in RS use suggests that they variably seek tumor profiling to inform treatment decisions.
Calcium Channels in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure

With the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, there are profound alterations in the ability of the cardiac cell to contract and relax. Despite several decades of intensive investigation, the precise cellular mechanisms responsible for this contractile dysfunction remain unknown. Recent advances in confocal microscopy and fluorescent calcium (Ca⊃2⊃+) indicators have allowed investigators to image the focal release of Ca⊃2⊃+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum for the first time. The use of these techniques offers the unique opportunity to study the elemental events of excitation–contraction coupling in diseased myocardium. In this review, we focus on the role of calcium channels (L-type and T-type) and the TTX-sensitive Ca⊃2⊃+-permeable sodium (Na⊃+) channel in normal and abnormal cardiac function. Additionally, the role of the sodium–calcium exchanger and the voltage-activated process in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling is discussed. The application of newer microscopic techniques to study animal models that mimic human disease longitudinally will provide the means to identify precisely the abnormalities in calcium handling that occur with the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Environmental Factors Contribute to β Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Neo-Antigen Formation in Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which immune-mediated targeting and destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet β cells leads to chronic hyperglycemia. There are many β cell proteins that are targeted by autoreactive T cells in their native state. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many β cell proteins are recognized as neo-antigens following posttranslational modification (PTM). Although modified neo-antigens are well-established targets of pathology in other autoimmune diseases, the effects of neo-antigens in T1D progression and the mechanisms by which they are generated are not well understood. We have demonstrated that PTM occurs during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a process to which β cells are uniquely susceptible due to the high rate of insulin production in response to dynamic glucose sensing. In the context of genetic susceptibility to autoimmunity, presentation of these modified neo-antigens may activate autoreactive T cells and cause pathology. However, inherent β cell ER stress and protein PTM do not cause T1D in every genetically susceptible individual, suggesting the contribution of additional factors. Indeed, many environmental factors, such as viral infection, chemicals, or inflammatory cytokines, are associated with T1D onset, but the mechanisms by which these factors lead to disease onset remain unknown. Since these environmental factors also cause ER stress, exposure to these factors may enhance production of neo-antigens, therefore boosting β cell recognition by autoreactive T cells and exacerbating T1D pathogenesis. Therefore, the combined effects of physiological ER stress and the stress that is induced by environmental factors may lead to breaks in peripheral tolerance, contribute to antigen spread, and hasten disease onset. This Hypothesis and Theory article summarizes what is currently known about ER stress and protein PTM in autoimmune diseases including T1D and proposes a role for environmental factors in breaking immune tolerance to β cell antigens through neo-antigen formation.
Assessment of Microclimatic conditions of St. Thomas University forest

Urban meteorology and biometeorology have become very important fields nowadays due to the high rate of urbanization worldwide. The load created within mega-urban centers is leading to the proliferation of many respiratory problems as well as a deterioration of green areas. Motivated by this situation this project is aimed at assessing the microclimatic conditions of St. Thomas University forest and evaluates the impact of canopy on the distribution on weather parameters within and around green areas as well as the extent of dispersal of pollutants from the Palmetto Expressway as a result of automobile exhausts. Observations from both, in campus Automated Weather Station (AWS) running in partnership with Earth-Network (Weatherbug) and mobile sensors (Xplorer from PASCO) are put together and mapped based on GIS information for points of measurements. The statistical analysis was done through the software R-Studio and packages for data visualization. As a result, a full characterization of soil and atmospheric conditions within the forest was done.
Diamond Optomechanical Crystals at Cryogenic Temperatures

We investigate the properties of optomechanical crystals (OMCs) fabricated in single-crystal diamond in a cryogenic environment (T ∼ 5K). We demonstrate high mechanical Q-factors (> 100, 000) from localized OMC mechanical modes at 5 & 8 GHz, a 30x improvement from room temperature.
Development of in vitro fertilization in the United States: a conversation between Zev Rosenwaks and Jairo E. Garcia

In commemoration of 40 years of in vitro fertilization (IVF), herein we describe the early evolution of the first IVF program at the Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk, Virginia. The birth of the first American IVF baby was the result of the work of many investigators, both in experimental animal models and in humans, heavily relying on the experience of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe in Great Britain. Although their first IVF baby was the result of the retrieval of a single oocyte in the natural cycle, duplicating their methods was not successful in Norfolk. It turns out that the achievement of the first pregnancy in the United States was associated with introducing ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins, establishing the appropriate timing for egg retrieval after hCG administration, retrieving multiple mature oocytes, determining the ideal time for in vitro insemination, and optimizing embryo culture media.
Laparoscopic splenectomy for ITP. The gold standard

Background: A comparison of safety, efficacy, and cost of laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) vs open splenectomy (OS) for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was performed.
Disparate distribution patterns between canopy and subcanopy life-forms in two temperate North American forests

Quantitative vegetational data of canopy and woody subcanopy species (two life-forms adapted to occupy different strata at maturity) were compared with data collected in two temperate forest ecosystems to determine whether they exhibit a similar pattern of distribution. Tidal freshwater swamps (21 stands) and southern Appalachian forests (19 stands) were examined from data obtained using identical sampling methods. Separate structural analyses of the canopy, sapling, and subcanopy species were compared using the indirect ordination algorithm Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Environmental measurements collected in each stand were assessed for their relationship to the distribution of stands depicted by the ordination diagrams.
Discriminating Formal Representations of Risk in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Considerable debate persists around the definition of risk. Depending on the area of study, the concept of risk may be defined as the variance of the possible outcomes, the probability of a loss, or a combination of the loss probability and its maximum possible loss. Mounting evidence suggests the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), including the surrounding medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are key neural regions that represent perceived risks. Yet it remains unclear which of these formalisms best accounts for the pattern of activation in brain regions representing risk, and it is also difficult to disentangle risk from value, as both contribute to perceived utility. To adjudicate among the possible definitions, we used fMRI with a novel gambling task that orthogonalized the variance, loss probability, and maximum possible loss among the risky options, while maintaining a constant expected value across all monetary gambles to isolate the impact of risk rather than value. Here we show that when expected value is controlled for ACC and IFG activation reflect variance, but neither loss probability nor maximum possible loss. Across subjects, variance-related activation within the ACC correlates indirectly with risk aversion. Our results highlight the variance of the prospective outcomes as a formal representation of risk that is reflected both in brain activity and behavior, thus suggestive of a stronger link among formal economic theories of financial risk, naturalistic risk taking, and neural representations of risk.
Legitimacy without Mobilization? How Social Justice Organizations Defend their Democratic Credentials

This article examines how and with what consequences social justice organizations defend their legitimacy as democratic representatives, especially in circumstances where their ability to organize and mobilize their constituents is sharply curtailed. Drawing on an ethnographic study of three organizations in Minneapolis, Minnesota, I argue that they do so by deploying four tactics, which I label magnification, description, identification, and projection. I explain how each tactic construes and “proves” their accountability to their constituents in the absence of mass engagement from these constituents, and I demonstrate that these tactics can help to legitimate their representational efforts. However, I also show that these tactics can simultaneously disempower their efforts by enabling organizers to neglect constituent mobilization. I conclude that, to best realize their egalitarian potential as representatives, social justice organizations must balance defending their democratic legitimacy in difficult circumstances with adopting routines that underscore constituent mobilization’s long-term importance for achieving their goals.
Light-activated Vitamin B12 Derivatives as Theranostic Agents (Conference Presentation)

The discovery of new tumor targeting agents is desirable to expand imaging and drug delivery platforms. Cobalamins, vitamin B12 derivatives, selectively accumulate in tumor versus benign tissue due to overexpression of transcobalamin receptors in a variety of cancer types. Multiple forms of this vitamin are taken into cells via transport through transcobalamin receptors on the cell surface. Alkylcobalamins are light-activatable, and we have discovered that the wavelength of this light activation is tunable via appendage of a fluorophore. We have been able to harness this cobalamin platform to release drugs with a variety of wavelengths of light, including those within the optical window of tissue. This cobalamin drug delivery platform provides selective spatiotemporal activation of drug only where needed, thereby diminishing side effects of traditional chemotherapy. A Bodipy650-cobalamin was synthesized and utilized to study the tumor targeting ability of cobalamin derivatives in athymic nude mice with subcutaneous MCF-7 and MIA PaCa-2 tumors, which have been demonstrated to overexpress transcobalamin receptors. The fluorescently labeled cobalamin was injected intravenously into the mice and allowed to incubate for a series of time points. Fluorescence imaging revealed that this cobalamin conjugate selectively accumulated in both tumor types. We utilized this cobalamin platform for tumor selective, light-activated delivery of the pancreatic cancer drugs erlotinib and SN38. We determined light-induced apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 cells in vitro and explored the reduction of MIA PaCa-2 tumors in vivo utilizing these cobalamin drug conjugates. This cobalamin platform provides potential for development of new theranostic tools for drug delivery.
A Robust and Efficient Cooler Design Inspired by Leaf Venation

After years of evolution and natural selection, leaf venation yields to a complicated pattern to achieve better transfer efficiency together with higher structure robustness. In this paper, we use the design of a cooler as an example to explore the benefits of using such venation pattern. We first utilize a bio-inspired venation generation algorithm called space colonization to generate the venation patterns, which is used as the topology of a cooler system. Numerical simulations show that, the venation-inspired design is 10% more efficient than typical cooler in heat conduction, while is about twice more robust under physical damage. These results demonstrate that plants arrange their venation in a very efficient strategy, which can be a very promising source design for both efficiency and robustness considerations.
Gender Differences in Intimacy and Related Behaviors: Context and Process

This chapter selectively considers evidence concerning the role that gender plays in the realization and expression of intimacy within social interaction. It provides a selective review of empirical evidence concerning sex differences in intimacy. The aim is to take a relatively broad perspective on sex differenees in intimacy and intimacy-related behavior, capturing both the robusiness with which sex differences have been demonstrated and the variety of distinct yet related phenomena that support similar conclusions. Thus, the male-female difference in same-sex interaction intimacy found in our research is reliable and substantial, and it is also among the largest sex differences reported in the literature. Evidence From Research on Related Phenomena Gender differences in intimacy and intimacy-related behaviors have been the subject of innumerable studies and many reviews. Thus, gender differences in social support provide further foundation for establishing the generality of sex differences in intimacy.
The huntingtin inclusion is a dynamic phase-separated compartment

Inclusions of disordered protein are a characteristic feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease. Huntington’s disease is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein; mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) is unstable and accumulates in large intracellular inclusions both in affected individuals and when expressed in eukaryotic cells. Using mHtt-GFP expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we find that mHtt-GFP inclusions are dynamic, mobile, gel-like structures that concentrate mHtt together with the disaggregase Hsp104. Although inclusions may associate with the vacuolar membrane, the association is reversible and we find that inclusions of mHtt in S. cerevisiae are not taken up by the vacuole or other organelles. Instead, a pulse-chase study using photoconverted mHtt-mEos2 revealed that mHtt is directly and continuously removed from the inclusion body. In addition to mobile inclusions, we also imaged and tracked the movements of small particles of mHtt-GFP and determine that they move randomly. These observations suggest that inclusions may grow through the collision and coalescence of small aggregative particles.
Collective Modes in Strongly Coupled Plasmas

In this paper we give a rather incomplete discussion of the collective excitation spectra of strongly coupled plasmas. The discussion is incomplete because our understanding of these phenomena is still rudimantary. While there is vast literature on the collective motions of weakly coupled plasmas — both classical and quantum — the study of the corresponding processes in strongly coupled systems has started relatively recently.
Supporting the Development of Agency in Music Teacher Education

The purpose of this article is to provide a framework for understanding and supporting the development of preservice teacher agency across undergraduate coursework and experiences. Emirbayer and Mi...
Creating Collaborative Library Spaces Through Partnerships with Campus Organizations

In 2018, the Merrill-Cazier Library at Utah State University tasked their Space Planning Committee with assessing if the Library was meeting user needs through physical spaces. Capitalizing on thei...
Ethnic, Racial, and Nationalist Movements

Ethnic, racial, and nationalist social movements organize around distinct ethnic identities, but they differ with respect to the scope of their claims, activities, and goals. Ethnic nationalist movements can be distinguished empirically from ethnic/racial movements by the presence of demands claiming legitimate rights to sovereignty and/or authority to administer a specific territory. As a result, nationalist movements are likely to come into conflict with existing state authorities and the international system. Theories explaining the rise, persistence, and decline of these movements vary with respect their emphasis on cognitive, rational, or instrumentalist motivations for such movements, and to the degree these movements come in conflict with state authorities.
Rainbow-Collar Jobs? Occupational Segregation by Sexual Orientation in the United States:

Lesbian and gay workers hold different occupations than straight workers, partly reflecting lesbian and gay workers’ tendency to avoid same-gender-dominated occupations. Previous studies have grapp...
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change and microvascular pathologies in community-dwelling older persons.

Limbic-predominant age-related transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) and microvascular pathologies, including microinfarcts, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and arteriolosclerosis are common in old age. A relationship between LATE-NC and arteriolosclerosis has been reported in some but not all studies. The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency of co-occurring LATE-NC and microvascular pathologies and test the hypothesis that arteriolosclerosis, specifically, is related to LATE-NC in brains from community-dwelling older persons. Analyses included 749 deceased participants with completed data on LATE-NC and microvascular pathology from 3 longitudinal clinical pathologic studies of aging. Given the specific interest in arteriolosclerosis, we expanded the examination of arteriolosclerosis to include not only the basal ganglia but also two additional white matter regions from anterior and posterior watershed territories. Ordinal logistic regression models examined the association of microvascular pathology with LATE-NC. LATE-NC was present in 409 (54.6%) decedents, of which 354 (86.5%) had one or multiple microvascular pathologies including 132 (32.3%) with moderate-severe arteriolosclerosis in basal ganglia, 195 (47.6%) in anterior watershed, and 144 (35.2%) in posterior watershed; 170 (41.5%) with moderate-severe CAA, and 150 (36.6%) with microinfarcts. In logistic regression models, only posterior watershed arteriolosclerosis, but not other regions of arteriolosclerosis was associated with a higher odds of more advanced LATE-NC stages (Odds Ratio = 1.12; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.01-1.25) after controlling for demographics, AD, and other age-related pathologies. Capillary CAA, but not the severity of CAA was associated with an increased odds of LATE-NC burden (Odds Ratio = 1.71; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.13-2.58). Findings were unchanged in analyses controlling for APOE e4, vascular risk factors, or vascular diseases. These findings suggest that LATE-NC with microvascular pathology is a very common mixed pathology and small vessel disease pathology may contribute to LATE-NC in the aging brain.
An optimal technology mapping algorithm for delay optimization in lookup-table based FPGA designs

Presents a polynomial time technology mapping algorithm, called Flow-Map, that optimally solves the lookup-table (LUT)-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology mapping problem for depth minimization for general Boolean networks. This theoretical breakthrough makes a sharp contrast with the fact that the conventional technology mapping problem in library-based designs is NP-hard. A key step in Flow-Map is to compute a minimum height K-feasible cut in a network, solved by network flow computation. The algorithm also effectively minimizes the number of LUTs by maximizing the volume of each cut and by several postprocessing operations. The Flow-Map algorithm was tested on a a set of benchmarks and achieved reductions of both the network depth and the number of LUTs in mapping solutions as compared with previous algorithms. >
Geographic Distribution of Cytomegalovirus Serology in Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Recipients in the United States.

Backgrounds Cytomegalovirus (CMV) negatively affects transplant outcomes. The current geographic distribution of CMV risk within the US has not been described. Methods CMV serostatus of donors and recipients in each US state were collected from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients between April 1, 2015, and March 31, 2019. The objective was to describe rates of CMV recipient seropositivity (R+) and high-risk serostatus (D+/R-) across the US in kidney transplant recipient (KTR) and pancreas transplant recipient (PTR) and explore geographic disparities. Results A total of 79 276 KTRs and 4023 PTRs were included. The average KTR R+ rate across states was 59.5% (range 39%-76%); PTR R+ rate was 49.5% but with a broader range (0%-100%). The average KTR D+/R- rate across the US was 19% (range 8.7%-25%); PTR D+/R- rate was notably higher (26.9%, range 0%-50%). KTR seropositivity varied geographically with more R+ recipients in the southern states, Alaska, and Hawaii. D+/R- KTRs also varied by region, with higher rates in the Rocky Mountain Region as well as the Midwest and the northern-most states of the Northeast. Trends found in KTR persisted in PTR. Conclusions The distribution of CMV serostatus in the US varies by state and allograft type. These data may be useful in further discussion of national CMV donor-matching strategies.
Complex s-Plane Modeling and 2D Characterization of the Stochastic Scattering Loss in Symmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides Exhibiting Ergodic Surface-Roughness With an Exponential Autocorrelation Function

The symmetric dielectric slab waveguide serves as an important canonical structure for the high-speed high-bandwidth optical and opto-electronic silicon-on-insulator interconnects. A stochastic model of propagation loss, due to electromagnetic wave scattering with surface-roughness of the nano-scale waveguide excited at frequencies in the 100s of THz, provides useful insights for analysis and design optimization of optical interconnects. In this work, we propose an analytic solution for the stochastic scattering integral based on contour integration of the exponential autocorrelation function in the complex s-plane that improves performance at larger autocorrelation length values, compared to previous works. An expression is proposed for computing the upper-bound value of scattering loss. Results show that the proposed 2D formulation offers reasonable correlation against data from experimental measurements of loss by previous investigators, while several discrepancies are noted compared to previous 2D models. An expression is proposed for the transverse magnetic (TM) modal field amplitude, and several discrepancies in the transverse electric (TE) modal amplitudes are noted compared to previous works. A method is proposed for computation of the effective index (and propagation constant) for arbitrary cladding that improves convergence of the Newton search method, and it is compared to two other methods. Background discussions include the stochastic theory and assumptions that lead to the stationary and ergodic treatment of the surface-roughness, extension of the ensemble-average and time-average to the spatial domain, and effective thickness due to the Goos-Hanchen shift.
Milankovitch cycles for a circumstellar Earth-analogue within α Centauri-like binaries

An Earth-analog orbiting within the habitable zone of $\alpha$ Centauri B was shown to undergo large variations in its obliquity, or axial tilt, which affects the planetary climate by altering the radiative flux for a given latitude (Quarles et al. 2019). We examine the potential implications of these obliquity variations for climate through Milankovitch cycles using an energy balance model with ice sheets. Similar to previous studies, the largest amplitude obliquity variations from spin-orbit resonances induce snowball states within the habitable zone, while moderate variations can allow for persistent ice caps or an ice belt. Particular outcomes for the global ice distribution can depend on the planetary orbit, obliquity, spin precession, binary orbit, and which star the Earth-analog orbits. An Earth-analog with an inclined orbits relative to the binary orbit can periodically transition through several global ice distribution states and risk runaway glaciation when periods of ice caps and an ice belt overlap. When determining the potential habitability for planets in stellar binaries, more care must be taken due to the orbital and spin dynamics.
Getting Everyone the IT Education They Need

The inventors of the term "computer science" meant for it to be something that was taught to everyone, to facilitate learning other subjects, and to help people understand the risks of technology in their lives. Alan Perlis (with Newell and Simon) published the first definition of "computer science" in Science in 1967 [6]. In 1961, he argued at MIT that everyone at the academia should learn to program, to give them a new way to understand their world [10]. At the same event, C.P. Snow (author of The Two Cultures [11]) argued that we should teach everyone about computing so that they would understand the dangers in our new computerized society [12]. He wrote: "A handful of people, having no relation to the will of society, having no communication with the rest of society, will be taking decisions in secret which are going to affect our lives in the deepest sense." The world today relies on information technology but, we mostly teach IT to people who will become professionals. This leaves us with only a privileged class that understands a critical part of our world. If we want to reach the original and more general goal, we will have to change how we teach about computing. With my students and collaborators, I have been identifying the barriers to giving everyone an understanding of the computing technology in their world.We have explored how socioeconomic status influences success in computing [9], and how increasing access to high school computing courses has not led to a commensurate increase in the number or diversity fo students taking those courses [7, 8]. We have been studying why students reject computer science [1], and how to invent new forms of computing education that meet the needs of students who have not succeeded in traditional computing courses [2]. In our most recent work, we ask questions like "What are fundamental ideas of computing that everyone needs to reason about and use the computational technologies in their world?" and "How can we re-design computation to make it more approachable, accessible, and adoptable?" [3-5]
NGO Failure: A Theoretical Synthesis

An extensive literature identifies conditions under which markets and states work efficiently and effectively toward their stated missions. When these conditions are violated, these institutions are deemed to show some level of failure. In contrast to the study of market and government failures, scholars have tended to focus on non-governmental organizations’ (NGOs) successes instead of failures. This is probably because they view NGOs as virtuous actors, guided by principled beliefs rather than instrumental concerns, not susceptible to agency conflicts, accountable to the communities they serve, and working cooperatively with each other. A growing literature questions this “virtue narrative.” When virtue conditions are violated, NGOs could exhibit different levels of failure. In synthesizing this literature, we offer an analytic typology of NGO failures: agency failure, NGOization failure, representation failure, and cooperation failure. Finally, given NGOs’ important role in public policy, we outline institutional innovations to address these failures.
Imaging of unresolved objects, superresolution, and precision of distance measurement with video microscopy.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the utility of video microscopy to visualize, resolve, and measure widths and distances to precisions that are conventionally considered to be below the limit of the resolution of the light microscope. In an image-forming system, resolution is generally expressed as a measure of the ability to separate the images of two neighboring object points. In the case of a light microscope, producing diffraction-limited images, the resolution limit is defined as the minimum distance between two self-luminous or incoherently illuminated objects or structures whose diffraction images can visually be distinguished as coming from two points. When the diffraction images of the two points overlap to an extent that they can no longer be distinguished from that of an individual object, the two are said not to be resolved or that the distance is less than the limit of resolution. For microscopy, the contrast boosting ability of video allows the use of the best corrected objective lenses not only for bright field and fluorescence but also for polarized light and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.