cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the Influence of Abuse and Depression on Grades among Urban Ethnic Minority Adolescents and Young Adults

Background: Both depression and a history of abuse have known negative consequences on the overall health of adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Research is not clear, however, on the interactive influence of abuse and depression on academic achievement, especially among AYAs of color. Objective(s): This study aims to assess the interactive influence of abuse and depression on academic grades among African American and Latino AYAs. Methods: The study sample was made up of 476 predominantly urban African American and Latino youth ages 14 to 24. Study participants completed a demographic questionnaire (which included self-reported grades) and the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care-Fast Screen. Screenings for abuse were done through three structured methods using the Childhood Maltreatment Interview Schedule-Short Form, a short-structured questionnaire, and a face-to-face unstructured interview with a clinical provider. Findings: Depression had a significant main effect on grades, while abuse did not. Abuse and depression had a significant interactive effect on grades in that non-depressed adolescents who reported abuse had an almost four point higher average grade score than their non-depressed counterparts who did not report abuse. Conclusions: Our findings highlight an unexpected effect in AYAs of color with a history of abuse but no history of depression, suggesting that perhaps there is something intrinsic to this group’s resilience or their support systems that protects both against depression and supports their academic achievement. In conclusion, abuse alone does not serve as a predictor of grade achievement. Further work should be done to determine influential factors behind this relationship, with recommendations for school-based counselors and medical providers to screen for depression along with abuse in AYAs in order to determine how best to support this population.
Creating confident scientific writers engaged in productive writing and editing using a portfolio approach (Retraction Notice)

Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on July 2, 2019, was retracted from the SPIE Digital Library on April 22, 2021, due to similarities between specific portions of the text of the paper to the following publication: S. K. Vargas and P. Hanstedt, "Exploring Alternative in the Teaching of Lab Report Writing: Deepening Student Learning Through a Portfolio Approach," Double Helix Vol. 2 (2014). doi: 10.37514/DBH-J.2014.2.1.07
“I’m a completely different person now”: Extraordinary experiences and personal transformations in sport

Abstract Many sport programs aim to positively impact participants’ lives, but there is little understanding of how sport leads to those changes. The purpose of this study was to examine an extraordinary experience and the participants’ interpretations of that experience as well as their feelings of personal transformation through the experience. In doing so, the authors developed an understanding of how sport can be used to create meaningful life changes at the individual level. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 past participants of a long distance cycling ride that raised money and awareness for cancer research. Data analysis included three rounds of coding. Participants reported that the unusualness and sense of newness of the ride, the high levels of emotional intensity experienced, and the deep interpersonal connections developed led to a sense of empowerment and new meaning and purpose in life. Results indicate that extraordinary experiences contribute to lasting personal transformations, beyond intended behavior changes, within sport and out of sport. The characteristics of extraordinary experiences that contribute to personal transformation are discussed, as are suggestions for sport managers to leverage extraordinary experiences to create positive personal transformations.
Current Trends and Predictors of Case Outcomes for Malpractice in Colonoscopy in the United States

Background Over 14 million colonoscopies are performed annually, and this procedure remains the largest contributor to malpractice claims against gastroenterologists. The aim of this study was to evaluate reasons for litigation and predictors of case outcomes. Materials and methods Cases related to colonoscopy were reviewed within the Westlaw legal database. Patient demographics, reasons for litigation, case payouts, and verdicts were assessed. Multivariate regression was used to determine predictors of defendant verdicts. Results A total of 305 cases were included from years 1980 to 2017. Average patient age was 54.9 years (range, 4 to 93) and 52.8% of patients were female. Juries returned defendant and plaintiff verdicts in 51.8% and 25.2% of cases, respectively, and median payout was $995,000. Top reasons for litigation included delay in treatment (65.9%) and diagnosis (65.6%), procedural error (44.3%), and failure to refer (25.6%). Gastroenterologists were defendants in 71% of cases, followed by primary care (32.2%) and surgeons (14.8%). Cases citing informed consent predicted defendant verdict (odds ratio, 4.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.90-9.45) while medication error predicted plaintiff verdict (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.59). Delay in diagnosis (P=0.060) and failure to refer (P=0.074) trended toward plaintiff verdict but did not reach significance. Most represented states were New York (21.0%), California (13.4%), Pennsylvania (13.1%), Massachusetts (12.5%). Conclusions Malpractice related to colonoscopy remains a significant and has geographic variability. Errors related to sedation predicted plaintiff verdict and may represent a target to reduce litigation. Primary care physicians and surgeons were frequently cited codefendants, underscoring the significance of interdisciplinary care for colonoscopy.
EU policy must change to reflect the potential of gene editing for addressing climate change

Abstract The looming effects of climate change and the intensification of European climate activism show that it is both scientifically necessary and politically possible to reinterpret the Precautionary Principle and change EU regulation of plant gene editing.
Review of onsite temperature and solar forecasting models to enable better building design and operations

Advanced building controls and energy optimization for new constructions and retrofits rely on accurate weather data. Traditionally, most studies utilize airport weather information as the decision inputs. However, most buildings are in environments that are quite different than those at the airport miles away. Tree cover, adjacent buildings, and micro-climate effects caused by the larger surrounding area can all yield deviations in air temperature, humidity, solar irradiance, and wind that are large enough to influence design and operation decisions. In order to overcome this challenge, there are many prior studies on developing weather forecasting algorithms from micro-to meso-scales. This paper reviews and complies knowledge on common weather data resources, data processing methodologies and forecasting techniques of weather information. Commonly used statistical, machine learning and physical-based models are discussed and presented as two major categories: deterministic forecasting and probabilistic forecasting. Finally, evaluation metrics for forecasting errors are listed and discussed.
Coordinating Observation at Global and Local Scales: Service-Oriented Platform to Evaluate Mission Architectures

Achieving new observing strategies at global and local scales must overcome engineering challenges related to decentralized control of mission elements and their models. This paper introduces concepts of co-simulation and service-oriented architectures to orchestrate individual simulation components to evaluate new mission architectures. A prototype software platform identifies essential simulation services to model the environment, mission elements, mission operations, and visualization. An example application case evaluates the detection latency for wildfire events for existing mission elements and a proposed constellation of small satellites.
Flexible Electrostatic Energy Harvester Driven by Cyclic Eye Tear Wetting and Dewetting

We present the fabrication and experimental results of a flexible electrostatic energy harvester chip suitable for a smart contact lens application. The harvester consists of a variable area liquid capacitor formed between a hydrophobic film on the flex substrate and the rolling meniscus of a non-wetting eye tear drop. The harvester was tested under tear sliding motion emulating eyelid blinking. The 2×10 mm2 harvester generated 1.36 µJ of energy per blink and average power of 0.265 µW when pre-charged at 6 V and driven at typical blinking velocity conditions.
The Association Between Use of Rivastigmine and Pneumonia: Systematic Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System

Background Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition induced by infection of the lungs and is frequently a cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some studies have shown a correlation between acetylcholinesterase inhibitor use and elevated pneumonia risk. Objective The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the number of reported pneumonia cases in individuals prescribed rivastigmine relative to the association between pneumonia risk for other therapeutics including over-the-counter drugs and other AD therapeutics, as reported to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Methods A disproportionality analysis was conducted to investigate the association between using rivastigmine and risk of pneumonia. Age, gender, dosage, route of administration, temporality, and geographic distribution of reported cases were also assessed. Results Patients prescribed rivastigmine were more likely to report pneumonia as an adverse event than many drugs except galantamine. Males were found to be 46%more likely than females to report pneumonia as an adverse event while likelihood of pneumonia diagnosis increases 3-5-fold in patients older than 65 years of age. Conclusion The observed elevated frequency of aspiration pneumonia in patients prescribed rivastigmine may be due to an induced cholinergic crisis that is selective for the medulla oblongata, resulting in gastrointestinal distress, impaired swallowing, heightened salivation, and labored breathing. The observed elevated frequency of infectious pneumonia in patients prescribed rivastigmine may also be linked to overstimulation of neurons in the medulla oblongata and downstream suppression of localized inflammatory responses.
Continuous Travel In Virtual Reality Using a 3D Portal

In virtual reality (VR), continuous movement often leads to users experiencing vection, or cybersickness. To circumvent vection, users are typically given the choice to use teleportation. However, teleportation leads to less spatial awareness compared to continuous movement. One approach to combating cybersickness in continuous movement is to restrict the user’s field of view (FOV). This is typically done by occluding the user’s peripheral vision with a vignette. We developed a FOV restricting continuous locomotion system that does not occlude the user’s FOV and instead uses a 3D portal to display the continuous movement in a limited area in the user’s FOV. We found that this system reduces nausea and disorientation compared to continuous locomotion. However, our system did not significantly increase spatial awareness compared to teleportation.
Oxygen isotopes in iron (III) oxides: 1. Mineral-water fractionation factors

Experimental data obtained in this laboratory indicate that goethite and hematite may be isotopically indistinguishable at equilibrium. The hematite (goethite)-water oxygen isotope fractionation based on synthesis experiments at five temperatures over the range from 25° to 120°C is represented by the expression: 1000 ln 18αmin-H2O=1.63·106T−2−12.3 This equation predicts a “crossover” at 91°C. The hematite (goethite)-water curve of the current work is approximately parallel to the magnetite-water curve of Blattner et al. at temperatures of ≲ 200°C. Furthermore, the hematite (goethite)-water curve suggests that hematite should be enriched in 18O by ∼ 2.5−3‰ relative to coprecipitated magnetite defined by the curve of Blattner et al. This predicted temperature insensitivity of the hematite-magnetite oxygen isotope fractionation and the relative enrichment of 18O in hematite are generally consistent with the characteristics of hematite-magnetite oxygen isotope fractionation noted previously by Clayton and Epstein for natural samples.
All Illnesses Are (Not) Created Equal: Reforming Federal Mental Health Insurance Law

This article is the second, and most important, installment in a three-part series that presents a comprehensive challenge to lingering legal distinctions between physical and mental illness. The basic impetus for this historical, medical, and legal project is a belief that there exists no rational or consistent method of distinguishing physical and mental illness in the context of health insurance law. The first installment in this series narrowly inquired as to whether a particular set of disorders, the postpartum mood disorders, are or should be classified as physical or mental illnesses in a range of health law contexts. This second installment is broader in scope and challenges the less comprehensive public and private health insurance benefits that are available to individuals who have illnesses traditionally classified as mental. In so doing, this article proposes a reform of federal mental health insurance law. The third and final piece in the series undertakes a necessary correction of state mental health parity law. Throughout this three-part project, the aim is to bring greater attention to the origins and evolution of the concept of health and to discredit the notion that individuals with mental health conditions are less deserving of legal protection and benefits than individuals with physical health conditions. The purpose of this particular piece is to explore in greater detail the reasons offered by legislators, regulators, judges, insurers, and other stakeholders for providing less comprehensive insurance benefits for individuals with mental illness, and to question the logic, scientific bases, and empirical accuracy of these reasons. In the end, this article argues that federal health insurance law should not continue to discriminate against individuals with mental illness without adequate justification. Finding none, this article proposes a reform of federal mental health insurance law.
Nutritional-metabolic factors affecting nitrogen balance and substrate utilization in the critically ill

To determine clinical, anthropometric, metabolic, and nutritional factors affecting nitrogen balance somatic protein status and substrate utilization in critically ill children measured energy expenditure (MEE) was measured by indirect calorimetry within 24 hr of an acute illness, solid organ transplantation, or cardiovascular surgery. Predicted basal metabolic rate was calculated using the Schofield equation. Somatic protein was estimated by the creatinine-height index. Nitrogen balance (NB) was calculated by subtracting the total nitrogen input from output. The net substrate (fat, carbohydrate, and protein) oxidation rates were calculated using the Weir formula modified by Frayn. Sixty-eight NB studies, indirect calorimetric and anthropometric measurements performed in 37 patients. Nitrogen balance was worse when the MEE/Predicted basal metabolic rate ratio was 1.1. The incidence of negative NB was 91% when the caloric intake was less than MEE and 9% when it was equal to or greater than MEE (P < 0.05). On day 1, 27% had mild to moderate somatic protein depletion and 5.4% had severe somatic protein depletion. Only the persistence of stress and co-morbidity were associated with the creatinine-height index (P < 0.001). Without Multiple Organ System Failure (MOSF), there was a trend toward positive nitrogen balance by day 7 while with MOSF, negative nitrogen balance persisted even by day 7 (P < 0.05). When caloric intake was less than MEE, mean substrate utilization was 48.6% from lipid, 37.1% from carbohydrate, and 14.3% from proteins. But, when caloric intake was greater than MEE, mean substrate utilization was 83.3% from carbohydrate and 16.7% from protein. Significant negative nitrogen balance and somatic protein depletion develops in critically ill pediatric patients, especially when they are inadequately fed, develop MOSF, or have previous chronic illness. Caloric intake and MOSF independently affect substrate utilization.
6 Political Economy and the Routinization of Religious Movements: A View from the Eastern Woodlands

Max Weber’s concept of routinization offers a useful framework for understanding the relationship between political economy and the organization of religious movements. Here, we apply this concept to a comparison of Hopewell and Mississippian, two of the most important religious movements in the precolonial Eastern Woodlands. We focus on two archaeological contexts in particular—Mound 25 at the Hopewell site and Mound C at Etowah— to illustrate how Weber’s concept allows for a more nuanced comparison than concepts associated with a more traditional neoevolutionary logic. [political economy, routinization, Mississippian, Hopewell]
Carbon Substrates: A Stable Foundation for Biomolecular Arrays.

Since their advent in the early 1990s, microarray technologies have developed into a powerful and ubiquitous platform for biomolecular analysis. Microarrays consist of three major elements: the substrate upon which they are constructed, the chemistry employed to attach biomolecules, and the biomolecules themselves. Although glass substrates and silane-based attachment chemistries are used for the vast majority of current microarray platforms, these materials suffer from severe limitations in stability, due to hydrolysis of both the substrate material itself and of the silyl ether linkages employed for attachment. These limitations in stability compromise assay performance and render impossible many potential microarray applications. We describe here a suite of alternative carbon-based substrates and associated attachment chemistries for microarray fabrication. The substrates themselves, as well as the carbon-carbon bond-based attachment chemistries, offer greatly increased chemical stability, enabling a m...
The five modes of heat generation in a Li-ion cell under discharge

Abstract A lithium-ion cell under discharge generates thermal energy ( Q ) through five different internal parameters or modes: the electrolyte resistance ( R s ), anode resistance ( R a ), cathode resistance ( R c ), and entropy changes in the cathode (Δ S c ), and the anode (Δ S a ). This work demonstrates a set of tools to measure/quantify the heat generated by each parameter separately during discharge. These five sources are not dependent upon each other; they are dependent on the state of charge and the environmental temperature ( T env ). The Q generated by each mode varies with degree of discharge and T env . R s generates most of the Q in the −10 °C to 40 °C range; R c becomes significant at T env T a and T c ), due to the direction of change in Δ S c and Δ S a . Negative change in Δ S a for the carbon anode cools it, causing the T a to level off and even decrease with increased discharge. Δ S c for lithium manganese oxide cathode is positive at some SoC and negative at others, preventing a monotonic increase in T c . Measuring the five Q s separately opens the opportunity to study thermal-runaway from the perspective of the anode, cathode and electrolyte.
Comparison of subjective and objective measurements of balance disorders following traumatic brain injury.

Patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) often complain of dizziness. However, these problems may be undetected by a clinical exam. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the subjective and objective measures of balance impairment. Ten patients with TBI (6 men and 4 women) and 10 matched controls participated in this study. Average duration since the TBI was 2.8 years (range 0.4–14.4). Six of the 10 subjects with TBI had abnormal imaging studies. All subjects and controls had a normal neuromuscular exam. Tinetti Balance Assessments were obtained and the TBI group was not significantly different from the control group. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) score supported their complaints of “unsteadiness” and “imbalance” from the subjects with TBI. The DHI score was 32 ± 23 (range 4–68) out of a maximum possible score of 100. Balance was tested using computerized dynamic posturography. The Sensory Organization Test score was significantly lower for subjects who had a TBI (70 ± 12) compared to the control subjects (80 ± 8), which indicated that the subjects with TBI had poorer balance than the control subjects. A 13-link biomechanical model of the human body was used to compute the kinematics of the whole body center of mass (COM) while walking on a level surface. The subjects with TBI had significantly less displacement in the anterior/posterior direction, walked significantly slower, had significantly greater medial/lateral sway and velocity than the normal controls, and had significantly greater medial/lateral imbalance. There was a significant relationship between the physical aspects of the DHI and posturography. There was also significant relationship between the physical, functional, and total DHI and the motion of the COM. Overall, the motion of the COM predicted between 42 and 69% of the DHI score. The present study has demonstrated that objective measurements can quantify the patient’s functional deficits. Therefore, these objective measurement techniques should be used to assess the clinical complaints of imbalance from patients with TBI. © 2005 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reliable Old Wineskins: The Applicability of the Just War Tradition to Military Cyber Operations

This article argues that the traditional jus ad bellum and jus in bello criteria are fully capable of providing the ethical guidance needed to legitimately conduct military cyber operations. The first part examines the criteria’s foundations by focusing on the notion of liability to defensive harm worked out by revisionist just war thinkers. The second part critiques the necessity of alternative frameworks, which its proponents assert are required to at least supplement the traditional just war criteria. Using the latter, the third part evaluates ethical issues germane to responding to cyber force, including casus belli, moral aspects of “the attribution problem,” and respective rights and duties when attacks involve innocent third-party states. The fourth part addresses in bello issues, including compliance with discrimination, necessity, and civilian due care imperatives; whether civilians may be targeted with sub-“use of force” cyber-attacks and the permissibility of using civilian contractors to conduct cyber-attacks. Throughout these analyses, conclusions are brought into conversation with those of The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare.
Voluntary consumption of ethanol and its consequences in C57 mice treated with 4-methylpyrazole.

Abstract Daily injections of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4MP) were administered to C57BL/6J mice offered continuous free access to food, water and 10% v/v ethanol. There was a significant correlation (r=−0.82) between the rate of ethanol consumption during pretreatment and the effect of 4MP on subsequent intake. Mice drinking more than 2.5 g/kg per day decreased their intake, while subjects drinking less than this amount increased the quantity of ethanol self-administered. The elevated concentrations of plasma ethanol which resulted from voluntary consumption were sufficient to produce intoxication but did not induce physical dependence. Presenting mice with 10% ethanol as their only fluid or offering them a choice of water and saccharin-sweetened ethanol increased intake but failed to raise plasma ethanol to the concentrations observed in mice offered unflavored ethanol and water, and treated with 4MP. The evidence suggests that plasma ethanol does not limit voluntary drinking in untreated mice and that concentrations of 135 to 250 mg/dl are not avoided by C57 mice in a free-choise situation.
Effect of feature size on dielectric nonlinearity of patterned PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films

Lead zirconate titanate, PZT (52/48), thin films with a PbTiO3 seed layer were patterned into features of different widths, including various sizes of squares and 100 μm, 50 μm, and 10 μm serpentine designs, using argon ion beam milling. Patterns with different surface area/perimeter ratios were used to study the relative importance of damage produced by the patterning. It was found that as the pattern dimensions decreased, the remanent polarization increased, presumably due to the fact that the dipoles near the feature perimeter are not as severely clamped to the substrate. This investigation is in agreement with a model in which clamping produces deep wells, which do not allow some fraction of the spontaneous polarization to switch at high field. The domain wall mobility at modest electric fields was investigated using the Rayleigh law. Both the reversible, einit, and irreversible, α, Rayleigh coefficients increased with decreasing serpentine line width for de-aged samples. For measurements made immedia...
Reaction of trimethylphosphate with TiC and VC(100) surfaces

Abstract We have investigated trimethylphosphate [(CH3O)3PO] (TMP) chemistry on the TiC(1 0 0) and VC(1 0 0) surfaces as a function of temperature to understand the adsorption and reaction of this model lubricant additive on hard ceramic materials. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) have been used to determine that TMP adsorbs molecularly on both surfaces at low temperature. At room temperature and above, the molecule decomposes on TiC, forming strong Ti–O–P chemical bonds while breaking C–O bonds in the process. The reaction products that persist on the surface after heating up to 873 K are determined to be phosphate-like (POx) and carbonaceous species. This reaction, however, has been determined to be influenced by the initial coverage of molecular TMP at the cryogenic dosing temperature; when the monolayer coverage was substantially lower, phosphate-like species were chemically reduced at high temperature. Identical experiments on VC(1 0 0) indicated much less decomposition of TMP, even with large exposures, and the presence of a chemically reduced form of phosphorous and –O–C species on the surface at high temperatures.
Affinity and Selectivity of Immobilized N-Methyl-D-glucamine for Mercury(II) Ions

N-Methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) immobilized onto cross-linked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) beads is found to have a high affinity and selectivity for Hg(II) from nitric and hydrochloric acid solutions. In HNO3, complexation is >98% from a solution at pH 3, which decreases to 11.2% from 1 M HNO3. Hg(II) is complexed to a greater extent from HCl: 95.4% is complexed from 1 M HCl and >99.5% from solutions at pH 1.0 and greater. Control studies with immobilized sorbitol show that coordination of Hg(II) by the -OH groups is an important component of the mechanism. Complexation by sorbitol is dependent on the pH. Log−log plots of the distribution coefficients versus the hydrogen ion concentration at equilibrium show the importance of the changing nature of the solution species: since ion exchange is not mechanistically possible with sorbitol, the pH dependency reflects the effect of pH on shifting the species in solution from noncoordinating Hg(NO3)42- and HgCl42- to coordinating Hg(NO3)+ and HgCl2. Comparison to re...
A multinomial probability model of size income distribution

Abstract Applying a multinomial model, family income distributions are related to various family characteristics, using data from the March 1971 and 1985 Current Population Surveys. The relationships of the estimated probabilities to composite indexes and incomplete moments of the income distribution are described. Estimates of the structural relationship between family income and characteristics were markedly different in the two years, suggesting caution when using the estimates for purposes of prediction over time. Simulation results reveal little sensitivity of composite measures of income inequality to changes in the distribution of family characteristics in the cross-section.
INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING FROM LIQUID HELIUM IN ITS GROUND STATE.

Abstract Observed periodic fluctuations in the energy width as a function of momentum transfer of neutrons scattered off ground state helium liquid are explained as due to short range hard-core interactions between helium atoms.
Specific purification of avidin by column chromatography on biotin-cellulose☆

Abstract 1. 1. Biotin-cellulose has been synthesized by converting biotin with thionyl chloride to biotin acid chloride and esterifying the later in pyridine to cellulose. 2. 2. Avidin has been specifically purified by chromatography over biotin-cellulose using a linear gradient from high to low concentration of ammonium carbonate.
Immunogenicity induced in vivo by DIC in relatively non-immunogenic leukemias☆

Abstract Following a cycle of treatment with the compound 5 -( 3 , 3 -dimethyl- 1 -triazeno)imidazole- 4 -carboxamide (DIC), two murine tumors, the chemically induced EL 4 leukemia and the Gross-virus induced GL leukemia evidenced new immunogenic properties in syngeneic hosts. The increased survival-time and the increased effectiveness of a single BCNU treatment of animals challenged with the drug-treated cells, relative to that observed in animals challenged with parental, drug-untreated tumors or in immunosuppressed animals challenged with DIC-treated leukemias provide indirect evidence for increased immunogenicity of the tumor cells. In experiments involving immunization of syngeneic animals with X-ray-inactivated DIC-altered cells, clear evidence for a specific primary and a specific secondary immune-response was obtained. As observed previously in studies with other experimental tumors, the immunogenic properties were retained by the drug-treated cells over a long series of transplantations in normal or immunosuppressed syngeneic animals.
Opioids and consummatory behavior

Since the second decade of this century it has been known that opiates can influence ingestive behaviors. Generally, opioid agents enhance feeding and opioid antagonists decrease feeding. The present paper reviews the responsiveness of different animal species to opiates in relation to ingestive behaviors, the opioid receptors involved in such consummatory behaviors, the site of action of opioid modulation of feeding, the role of glucose in opioid induced feeding, and endocrine effects on opioid feeding systems. We emphasize the finding that more than one opioid receptor is involved in the modulation of feeding. A large body of evidence indicates a major role for the dynorphin/alpha-neo-endorphin kappa opioid receptor as one of the receptors involved in feeding modulation. Opioids appear to exert their effect predominantly within the central nervous system, though peripheral effects on taste and gastrointestinal function may play a role in opioid-induced feeding. Although opioid blockade acutely blocks food intake, chronic administration of opiate antagonists to humans and laboratory animals has not proven to be an effective means of decreasing body weight. Chronic opiate administration decreases body weight and autosensitization of beta-endorphin increases body weight. Thus, although it is clear that opioids can effect food intake, it is not clear what effect chronic administration of opioids has no food intake or body weight.
A Distributed Algorithm for Resource Allocation for Delay Sensitive Services

In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm that dynamically allocates the available resources of a service-oriented network to delay sensitive network services. Our algorithm is based on Gauss-Seidel type iterations. Thus, each node depends on its local information and sends/receives a small number of messages, until convergence is achieved. We use a utility-based framework to differentiate services based on both their relative profitability and quality-of-service requirements. Our performance metric is a network calculus driven, end-to-end delay that a service class experiences in the network. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our system under various scenarios, including an analysis with real instant messaging network traces.
ARE ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES PATHOGENIC?: Experimental Approaches to Understand the Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Phenomenon

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against the neutrophil enzymes PR3 and MPO are tightly associated with the development of small vessel vasculitis. This article reviews the large body of data derived from in vitro experiments documenting many different proinflammatory effects of these ANCA on neutrophils, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Taken in conjunction with clinical observations and data from animal models, a concept of the pathogenicity of ANCA emerges.
Melt motion in a Czochralski crystal puller with an axial magnetic field: uncertainty in the thermal constants

Abstract For a Czochralski silicon puller with a uniform axial magnetic field of at least 0.2 T (2000 G), the melt velocities are so small that the inertial effects can be neglected and viscous effects are confined to thin layers. Analytical solutions of the momentum equation are possible and provide physical insights into the melt motions. The asymptotic analysis for strong magnetic fields is used to treat the effects of changing the values of the thermal conductivity, coefficient of volumetric expansion and thermal gradient of surface tension. With a particular choice for the characteristic velocity, the dimensionless streamfunctions for the melt motions are relatively independent of the thermal conductivity and depend on the thermal expansion coefficient and surface tension gradient only through a single parameter reflecting the ratio of these two thermal constants. Variations with magnetic field strengths from 0.2 to 1.7 T are discussed as well.
Observational neutrino astronomy.

This branch of astronomy will provide information that cannot be obtained by conventional observations.
Survey of medically important true bacteria found associated with carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae).

Thirty-six carrion beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus tomentosus Weber, Oiceoptoma noveboracense (Forster), Necrophila americana (L.)) collected in the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Basking Ridge, N.J., were dissected and the midgut, hindgut, and associated hemolymph were cultured for bacteria. Analytical profile index rapid biochemical systems were used for bacterial identifications. Nineteen bacteria were identified to species and four to the genus level. Although frank pathogens were not found, several of the identified coliform and staphylococci bacteria were known opportunistic pathogens. More than 20 additional morphologically distinct bacteria were cultured, but these could not be identified using the rapid biochemical test strips because of data base limitations.
The redox states of basic and silicic magmas: a reflection of their source regions?

At present the best estimates of the oxygen fugacity of spinel-lherzolites that could be the source material of basic magmas is about five log units below the Ni−NiO buffer to one above it. However partially glassy basic lavas, ranging from MORBs to minettes, all with olivine on their liquidus, cover a wider range, and may have oxygen fugacities that extend to four log units above NNO. Surprisingly the range of oxygen fugacities observed in silicic lavas and ashflows with quartz phenocrysts is smaller, despite a crustal dominated evolution. The peralkaline silicic lava type pantellerite is the most reduced, equivalent to MORBs, whereas the large volume ashflows with phenocrysts of hornblende and/or sphene are the most oxidised. As the concentration of water in the basic lavas is correlated with increase in their redox state, it would seem that water could be the agent of this increase. That this is unlikely is seen in the behavior of silicic ashflows and lavas, particularly those of Yellowstone. Here the silicic magmas of the last 2Ma contain about 2 wt% FeO(total), and typically phenocrysts of fayalite, quartz and Fe−Ti oxides. Despite extensive exchange of the 18O of the magma with meteoric water after caldera collapse (Hildreth et al. 1984), there is no displacement of the redox equilibria. Thus the thermal dissociation of molecular H2O to H2, and its subsequent diffusive loss to cause oxidation must have been minimal. This could only be so if the activity of water was small, as it would be if H2O reacted with the silicate liquid to form OH groups (Stolper 1982). The conclusion is that silicic magmas with small amounts of iron and large amounts of water do not have their redox states reset, which in turn presumably reflect their generation. By analogy basic magmas with large amounts of iron and far less water are even less likely to have their redox equilibria disturbed, so that their oxygen fugacities will also reflect their source regions. The effect of pressure on the ferric-ferrous equilibrium in basic magmas can be calculated from experimental measurements of the partial molar volumes of FeO and Fe2O3, and their pressure derivatives ϖV/ϖP, in silicate liquids. The effect of pressure is found to be about the same on the liquid as it is for various solid oxygen buffers. Accordingly there should be mantle source regions covering the same range of oxygen fugacity as that found in basic lavas, but so far samples of spinel-lherzolite of equivalent oxygen fugacity to minettes or other potassic lavas have not been found. Whether or not the redox state of phlogopite-pyroxenites is equivalent to these potassic lavas cannot be established without experiment.
Portfolio insurance for foreign exchange risk management

Since the advent of floating exchange rates in the early 1970s management of exchange exposure has received much attention. Adler and Dumas [1, 21 and Dufey and Srinivasulu [14] contend that, because of imperfect markets for real goods and services and financial assets, exchange rate risk is relevant. Because of informational inefficiencies, exchange rate risk should be managed at the corporate rather than the shareholder level. Logue and Oldfield [22] and others suggest that hedging should be focused on cash flow rather than financial statement exposure. Several studies have evaluated and compared hedging alternatives that employ currency forward or futures contracts. Hill and Schneeweis 1191 compared the hedging capabilities of forward and futures contracts, finding no significant differences for the Deutschmark or British pound, but superior forward hedging for the Japanese yen. Babbel[5] used a mean-variance approach to compare the hedging effectiveness of the forward hedge and the money market hedge, Calderon-Rossel [12] provided a framework for choosing between either of these alternatives or not hedging. Swanson and Caples (291, Grammatikos [17], and others attempt to determine the optimal hedge ratio in currency futures and forward markets. Chang and Shanker [13] show that a synthetic futures contract generally exhibits less hedging effectiveness than currency futures contracts. And Eun and Resnick 1151, examining the hedging of interna~on~y diversified stock portfolios, report that substantial reductions in exchange rate risk obtain via forward contract hedging. While forward, futures, and ~ternational money market hedges effectively remove downside exchange risk, they also preclude the possibility of upside potential when exchange rates move in a favorable direction. An alternative
The End of the Road vs. End of the Road: The Perils of Adaptation

End of the Road, the 1970 film adaptation of John Barth's 1958 novel The End of the Road, offers an object lesson in the perils of transferring a subjective verbal medium, literary fiction, into an objective visual medium, film. End of the Road is finally unsuccessful because of its often puzzling departures from Barth's novel, its inability to seamlessly graft the filmmakers's explicit political agenda onto a novel whose politics are, at best, implicit, and its failure to find an equivalent in its mise-en-scene for Jake Horner's essential narrational voice.
Duplex selection facilitates single point-of-service endovascular and surgical management of aortoiliac occlusive disease.

We attempted to optimize management of aortoiliac occlusive disease by using duplex imaging to aid in selection of favorable lesions for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)/stenting, by avoiding nontherapeutic arteriography, and by providing single point-of-service care in which endovascular and open surgical reconstruction were combined. One-hundred consecutive patients with symptomatic (91 claudication, 9 limb threat) inflow occlusive disease based on clinical examination and physiologic testing underwent physician-directed duplex scanning of the infrarenal aorta through the femoral bifurcation. Iliac lesions suited to endovascular intervention were defined as focal (length 300 cm/sec and velocity ratio >2 by duplex and were differentiated from unfavorable (diffuse/long iliac stenosis, occlusions, aneurysms, femoral occlusive disease) inflow lesions. Patients with favorable iliac lesions according to duplex were considered candidates for PTA/stenting in an endo-capable operating room, without prior diagnostic angiography. On the basis of duplex imaging, 38 patients possessed endovascularly favorable iliac lesions, 58 patients had unfavorable aortoiliofemoral disease, and 4 obese patients had inadequate studies. Duplex interpretation correctly classified disease distribution/severity in 92% of 50 patients who subsequently underwent intraoperative or diagnostic arteriography. Thirty-one of the 45 (69%) total interventions performed in this patient group were based on duplex findings alone. Of 29 patients with favorable lesions by duplex scanning who had intervention, 25 (86%) received iliac PTA/stenting, while 4 patients required inflow surgical reconstruction for nonfocal iliac disease demonstrated on operative arteriography. Duplex imaging correctly identified the need for concomitant outflow reconstruction/bypass in 11 of the 25 (44%) patients treated by iliac PTA/stenting. Primary and assisted patency rates of iliac PTA/stenting were 83% and 100% at 24 months by life-table analysis. Duplex imaging in patients with symptomatic aortoiliac occlusive disease can provide sufficient information to permit endovascular and surgical intervention without formal diagnostic arteriography in most patients.
Politics, Criminal Prosecution, and the Rationalization of Justice: Italy and the United States

ABSTRACT Comparativists have suggested that the inquisitorial model of criminal justice may offer solutions to some problems in American justice including prosecutorial discretion. However, Goldstein and Marcus (1977) concluded that there is more discretion exercised in inquisitorial systems than the literature suggests. This paper is based on four months of interviews and observations of Italian criminal justice officials. It is not so much a refutation as a qualification of Goldstein and Marcus's conclusions. It places discretion in the larger context of the proper relationship between politics and criminal prosecution. It shows how ideological differences determine the way discretion gets exercised and can deny a country's access to potentially constructive tools in crime control. The analysis is set in terms of rationalizing the system in two Weberian meanings of that concept.
The end of print: digitization and its consequence--revolutionary changes in scholarly and social communication and in scientific research.

The transformation from print to digital media for scientific communication, driven in part by the growth of the Internet and the tremendous explosion in the amount of information now available to everybody, is creating fundamental changes in institutions such as publishers, libraries, and universities that primarily exist for the creation, management, and distribution of information and knowledge. Scientific, technological, and medical journals are the first publications to be completely transformed from print to digital format but monographs are beginning to appear in digital format as well and soon all communication and publishing of scientific information will be entirely electronic. In fact, this change is affecting all components of the scientific enterprise, from personal correspondence and laboratory methods to peer reviewing and the quality assessment of scientific research. Along with these radical and rapid changes in information presentation and distribution are coincident changes in the expec...
Paying the Price: Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador

Contents List of Illustrations Foreword -- Alvaro de Soto Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: One Night in November 1. Early Days in a New World 2. Choosing for the Poor 3. How Much More Does It Take? 4. With an Exemplary Archbishop in the Nation's Crisis 5. In the Kingdom of Terror and Lies 6. Congress Comes to Town 7. A Utopian Rector 8. The UCA in a Time of War 9. What's Done Here...Stays Here 10. Dialogue Was a Crime 11. Never So Close, Never So Far 12. Dead with Spirit Afterword: April 1994 Chronology Acronyms Notes Index
Local vascular effects of alkalosis in the dog gracilis muscle.

SummaryExperiments were completed in isolated, constant flow perfused, dog gracilis muscles to determine effects of local intra-arterial (IA) infusion of several alkalis on muscle vascular resistance. Stepwise increases in pH from approximately 7.44-7.60 with NaOH, Na2CO3, or NaHCO3 did not alter resistance. Extreme increases in pH were associated with marked increases in vascular resistance, excepting NaHCO3 which caused no change in resistance.The technical assistance of D. B. McKeag and S. Underwood is gratefully acknowledged.
Testosterone and imipramine have antidepressant effects in socially isolated male but not female rats

Abstract Rationale Affective disorders are twice as likely to occur in women as they are in men suggesting a critical role for gonadal hormones in their etiology. In particular, testosterone has been shown to have protective effects in men. Objective To investigate antidepressant effects and interactions between testosterone and imipramine in socially isolated male and female rats. Methods A chronic social isolation model was used to induce an anxiety and depressive-like state in adult gonadectomized (Gnx) male and ovariectomized (Ovx) female rats receiving chronic testosterone and imipramine treatments. Their anxiety and depression-like behaviors were examined using the light–dark box, elevated plus maze, open field, sucrose preference and novelty induced hypophagia tests. Results In socially isolated rats, the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of testosterone and imipramine were limited to male rats. Additionally, testosterone enhanced the neurogenic effect of imipramine on hippocampal cell proliferation in male rats. Although female rats exhibited signs of anxiety and depressive-like behaviors following social isolation, testosterone and/or imipramine administration had no anxiolytic or antidepressant effects in Ovx females. Conclusions Testosterone and imipramine had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in socially isolated male, but not female rats. Testosterone enhanced the effect of imipramine on cell proliferation in the hippocampus of male rats.