cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Interviews as a Needs Assessment Tool.

AbstractThis article concentrates on using interviews as an approach to conducting continuing education needs assessments. Topics reviewed in this article are the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews and important considerations for using interviews as a needs assessment technique, that
Management of childhood osteoporosis

I read with interest this recent review article that summarises current knowledge about this subject. I have a number of comments that are pertinent to the discussion. As the authors allude to, there is currently a lack of good evidence on which we can base preventive management. Although calcium and vitamin D supplements are routinely used by some paediatric rheumatologists, there appears to be only one short term study suggesting this may be beneficial for bone density. …
Large deletions in antigenic variants of the chlorella virus PBCV-1.

Abstract Four spontaneously derived, antigenic variants of chlorella virus PBCV-1 contained 27- to 37-kb deletions in the left end of the 330-kb genome. Two of the mutants, which were serologically identical, had deletions that began from map position 4.9 or 16 and ended at position 42.2 kb. In total, the two deleted regions encoded 28 putative functional open reading frames (ORFs); these deletions probably arose from homologous recombination. The other two mutants, which were serologically identical but distinct from the first two mutants, lacked the entire left terminal 37 kb of the PBCV-1 genome, including an identical 2.2-kb inverted terminal repeat region present at both ends of the wild-type genome. The deleted left end region was replaced by the transposition of an inverted 7.7- or 18.5-kb copy of the right end of the PBCV-1 genome. The region deleted in these two viruses encoded 26 single-copy ORFs, of which 23 were common to those deleted in the first two mutant viruses. The junctions of the deletions/transpositions probably arose from nonhomologous recombination. Taken together, the results indicate that 40.1 kb of single-copy DNA encoding 31 ORFs at the left end of the genome are unnecessary for PBCV-1 replication in Chlorella strain NC64A in the laboratory. The results also indicate that the size of the inverted terminal repeat region in this virus can be highly variable and that the PBCV-1 DNA packaging process tolerates large changes in genome size.
The role of endogenous prostaglandins in the regulation of gastric secretion in rhesus monkeys.

Prostaglandins (PG) are known to alter a variety of gastrointestinal functions, but the physiological role of endogenous PG remains unclear. This experiment was designed to evaluate chanes in gastric secretion following both acute and chronic inhibition of PG synthesis with indomethacin (5 mg/kg s.c.). Gastric juice was collected by continuous aspiration in 8 concious chair-adapted male rhesus monkeys following treatment with saline or indomethacin for one or four days. The gastric juice was anzlyzed for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl− concentrations. The amount of soluble mucus in the gastric juice was estimated using Alcian Blue dye binding of acidic glycoproteins and Periodic Acid Schiff reaction with neutral glycoproteins. PG levels were measured in the plasma and in biopsy samples of fundus, antrum and duodenum. Both one and four days of indomethacin significantly (p < 0.05) decreased tissue PG levels in the fundus, antrum and duodenu. Plasma levels of PGF2α were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased after both one and four days of indomethacin, while PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1α were significantly inhibited only after four days of indomethacin. Both acute and chronic inhibition of PG synthesis was accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of sodium and mucus in the gastric juice but by an incrase in the output and concentration of hydrogen ion. These changes suggest a possible mechanism by which endogenous PG play a role in the regulation of gastric secretion and in the protection against gastrointestinal damage.
The potential role of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in therapy of fungal infections: a commentary

In vitro data and clinical studies have demonstrated that GM-CSF reverses granulocytopenia in patients. In animal studies, it also augments the fungicidal activity of neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages. This in vitro effect may correlate with demonstrated clinical benefit, although further studies to determine optimal dosage, and route and time of administration are required. The promising results of the studies carried out to date indicate that this is an area which merits further investigation.
Cognitive femtocells: Breaking the spatial reuse barrier of cellular systems

We consider smart “cognitive” femtocells, that can decode the base station control channel and make decision on their transmission opportunities based on the scheduling and resource allocation of the overlaying macrocell. The operation of such femtocells is somehow reminiscent of “Type II” relays, as specified in the IEEE 802.16j standard. Under certain system assumptions, we consider the tradeoff region of the macrocell versus aggregate femtocell throughput. For the basic system architecture, we evaluate the impact of open versus closed access and interference cancellation at the femtocells. As possible improvements, we consider an application of the “downlink interference alignment” idea to our system, and the use of multiple antennas at the femtocell access points. We show that a careful combination of these techniques achieves a remarkably large aggregate femtocell throughput, at very low penalty in terms of the precious and scarce macrocell throughput. The unprecedented performance achievable by the proposed architecture advocates a system design that places femtocells at the core of future wireless networks, rather than treating them as an add-on afterthought.
Analysis of atomic density distributions in optical lattices using an optical mask

Abstract We use an optical-mask technique to study the atomic density distribution in two types of optical lattices. In a two-beam lattice involving magnetic-field-induced laser cooling (MILC lattice), the measurements show, in agreement with simulations, an atomic distribution having periodicity equal to half the wavelength, λ , of the lattice fields and a modulation depth of about 20%. In a four-beam optical lattice involving Raman transitions, clear evidence of a λ /4-periodicity of the atomic distribution is found.
Elevation, age, soil development, and chemical weathering at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway

Chemical weathering and associated soil development trends on glacial forelands are commonly assumed to exhibit increases with time elapsed since glaciation. However, this gross trend is complicate...
Mother–Child Interactions in the NICU: Relevance and Implications for Later Parenting

OBJECTIVE : This study examined the feasibility of observing mother-child interactions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), whether NICU interactions related to later interactions, and how interactions related to child and maternal characteristics. METHODS : The sample included 130 preterm infants and their mothers, observed in a feeding interaction in the NICU. Dyads were observed through 36 months postterm. RESULTS : Observed maternal positive affective involvement and verbalizations in the NICU were associated with the same parenting behaviors at 24 months, social support, socioeconomic status, and being born in the late preterm period. Maternal negative affect and behavior were unrelated to later maternal negativity or child and maternal characteristics. CONCLUSIONS : Positive parenting assessed in the NICU appears related to later parenting interaction quality, suggesting early assessment is possible. Maternal negative affect and behavior toward children may not consistently emerge until later in development. Language: en
Software on the edge

As our society becomes more technologically complex, computers (and the software that they run) are being used in a potentially alarming number of high consequence safety-critical applications. When these systems fail, the outcome can be devastating. Formal methods provide what, by a growing number of experts, is considered to be the best approach to making the software construction process more reliable. What makes formal methods so attractive, from a reliability standpoint, is that one has the ability to conclude, with mathematical certainty, that a software component is correct. In this context, when we say a software component is correct, we mean it satisfies its formal specification. The paper discusses the problems of software reliability and the use of formal methods.
A general framework for cobot control

A general framework is presented for the design and analysis of cobot controllers. Cobots are inherently passive robots intended for direct collaborative work with a human operator. While a human applies forces and moments, the controller guides motion by tuning the cobot's set of continuously variable transmissions. In this paper, a path following controller is developed that steers the cobot so as to asymptotically approach and follow a pre-planned path. The controller is based on feedback linearization. Generality across cobot architectures is assured by designing the controller in task space and developing transformations between each of four spaces: task space, joint space, a set of coupling spaces, and steering space.
Controversies in lung transplantation: management of cytomegalovirus infections.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains the single most important pathogen following solid organ transplantation. This is perhaps no better illustrated than in clinical lung transplantation, where CMV remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In addition to its short-term effects of tissue injury and clinical illness, CMV may have important long-term sequelae in the lung allograft. CMV, via mechanisms of enhanced allorecognition, has been associated with, although not causally linked, to the development of acute and chronic rejection. Ganciclovir (GCV) treatment of established disease may not alter CMV-induced immunopathogenic mechanisms leading to the development of chronic allograft failure. CMV induces augmented immunosuppression that predisposes patients to infection with opportunistic organisms or the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. CMV has also been shown to increase the costs associated with solid organ transplants by 40% to 50%. These observations have led to the use of various strategies for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment for CMV infection. However, despite more than a decade of experience with lung transplantation and the availability of GCV, the management of CMV in these patients remains controversial. A number of questions remain including: (1) What is the optimal prevention strategy. (2) What is the role of new diagnostic techniques in the management of CMV? (3) What is the optimal treatment regimen for established CMV infection or disease. (4) Does the treatment of CMV impact the indirect effects on long-term allograft function? (5) What are the incidence, risk factors for and impact of GCV resistance following lung transplantation? Finally, neither the cost efficacy nor the cost–benefit ratio of CMV prevention as it relates to shortand long-term outcomes following lung transplantation has been well defined.
Postmortem Confidentiality: An Ethical Issue

In an era of increased need and expectation for confidentiality, the counseling record of the deceased client challenges confidentiality. Using ethical codes and legal mandates, the authors explore...
GaAs versus quartz FGC lines for MMIC applications

The performance of finite-ground coplanar (FGC) lines on GaAs and quartz for high-frequency monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) applications is experimentally investigated in this paper. The FGC lines on GaAs are covered with a thin layer of polyimide for passivation purposes. Permittivity and attenuation characteristics for these lines up to 118 GHz are presented and compared with the corresponding characteristics of FGC lines on a quartz substrate, which are commonly used for millimeter-wave applications. The impact of different characteristic impedance values in attenuation properties for both GaAs and quartz is also addressed. Results indicate that the loss on the lines does not depend on the substrate material, but rather on line geometry. All the lines tested show low-loss and low-dispersion characteristics.
Kant's Debate with Herder about the Philosophical Significance of the Genius of Shakespeare

In this paper I suggest that one of Kant's motives in framing the account of artistic genius that he presents in the Critique of Judgment was to respond to Herder's veneration of Shakespeare. Kant agreed with Herder that Shakespeare was an exemplary artistic genius, but he disagreed with him about the relationship between genius and philosophy. Herder shared Kant's view that beautiful art should not infringe on the boundaries of the sciences, but in Kant's view Herder's own speculative metaphysics violated this principle. Kant accused Herder of allowing his genius to interfere with his philosophy – that is, of philosophizing in a Shakespearean manner. Instead of attempting to adjudicate this debate, I try to show how Herder could have defended his position by reading Kant through the lens of Shakespeare's Henry IV Part 1. I conclude by briefly indicating how the debate between Kant and Herder came to inform the analytic/continental division, which in light of this debate can be understood as a meta-argument about the nature of philosophical arguments.
Experimental and computational studies of determinants of membrane-protein folding

Recent experiments and analysis have demonstrated the important roles of hydrogen bonding and polar-polar interactions in driving transmembrane helix-helix association. Further details of the energetics of helix-helix association and interhelical packing geometry are being mapped out. Many sequence motifs and a few spatial motifs promoting helical associations have also been identified.
Adiponectin and risk of coronary heart disease in older men and women.

Context: Despite established insulin-sensitizing and antiatherogenic preclinical effects, epidemiological investigations of adiponectin have yielded conflicting findings, and its relationship with coronary heart disease (CHD) remains uncertain. Objective: Our objective was to investigate the relationship between adiponectin and CHD in older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a case-control study (n = 1386) nested within the population-based Cardiovascular Health Study from 1992–2001. Controls were frequency-matched to cases by age, sex, race, subclinical cardiovascular disease, and center. Main Outcome Measures: Incident CHD was defined as angina pectoris, percutaneous or surgical revascularization, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), or CHD death. A more restrictive CHD endpoint was limited to nonfatal MI and CHD death. Results: Adiponectin exhibited significant negative correlations with baseline adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammatory markers, and leptin. After contr...
Hall mobility in hafnium oxide based MOSFETs: charge effects

The Hall effect is used to measure the electron mobility in HfO/sub 2/ based n-channel field effect transistors with poly-Si gates. Large deviations between measured Hall and drift mobilities are explained by the presence of high concentrations of nonfixed charge (up to 4/spl times/10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/). Simulated mobility curves show that the observed concentrations of fixed and nonfixed charge can estimate the measured mobility significantly better than if only the fixed charge concentration is used.
Outcomes of lower extremity bypass performed for acute limb ischemia

Objective Acute limb ischemia remains one of the most challenging emergencies in vascular surgery. Historically, outcomes following interventions for acute limb ischemia have been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine contemporary outcomes following lower extremity bypass performed for acute limb ischemia. Methods All patients undergoing infrainguinal lower extremity bypass between 2003 and 2011 within hospitals comprising the Vascular Study Group of New England were identified. Patients were stratified according to whether or not the indication for lower extremity bypass was acute limb ischemia. Primary end points included bypass graft occlusion, major amputation, and mortality at 1 year postoperatively as determined by Kaplan-Meier life table analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to evaluate independent predictors of mortality and major amputation at 1 year. Results Of 5712 lower extremity bypass procedures, 323 (5.7%) were performed for acute limb ischemia. Patients undergoing lower extremity bypass for acute limb ischemia were similar in age (66 vs 67; P = .084) and sex (68% male vs 69% male; P = .617) compared with chronic ischemia patients, but were less likely to be on aspirin (63% vs 75%; P P P P = .004) or a prior ipsilateral percutaneous intervention (41% vs 29%; P = .001). Bypasses performed for acute limb ischemia were longer in duration (270 vs 244 minutes; P = .007), had greater blood loss (363 vs 272 mL; P P = .003). Acute limb ischemia patients experienced increased in-hospital major adverse events (20% vs 12%; P P = .77), but did have significantly higher rates of limb loss (22.4% vs 9.7%; P P P = .001) and mortality (hazard ratio, 1.41; confidence interval, 1.09-1.83; P = .009) at 1 year. Conclusions Patients who present with acute limb ischemia represent a less medically optimized subgroup within the population of patients undergoing lower extremity bypass. These patients may be expected to have more complex operations followed by increased rates of perioperative adverse events. Additionally, despite equivalent graft patency rates, patients undergoing lower extremity bypass for acute ischemia have significantly higher rates of major amputation and mortality at 1 year.
Cardiac Rehabilitation Patient and Organizational Factors: What Keeps Patients in Programs?

Background-—Despite documented benefits of cardiac rehabilitation, adherence to programs is suboptimal with an average dropout rate of between 24% and 50%. The goal of this study was to identify organizational and patient factors associated with cardiac rehabilitation adherence. Methods and Results-—Facilities of the Wisconsin Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcomes Registry Project (N=38) were surveyed and records of 4412 enrolled patients were analyzed. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for clustering of patients within facilities. The results show that organizational factors associated with significantly increased adherence were relaxation training and diet classes (group and individual formats) and group-based psychological counseling, medication counseling, and lifestyle modification, the medical director’s presence in the cardiac rehabilitation activity area for ≥15 min/week, assessment of patient satisfaction, adequate space, and adequate equipment. Patient factors associated with significantly increased adherence were aged ≥65 years, the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) high-risk category, having received coronary artery bypass grafting, and diabetes disease. Non-white race was negatively associated with adherence. There was no significant gender difference in adherence. None of the baseline patient clinical profiles were associated with adherence including body mass index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and blood pressure. Conclusions-—Factors associated with adherence to cardiac rehabilitation included both organizational and patient factors. Modifiable organizational factors may help directors of cardiac rehabilitation programs improve patient adherence to this beneficial program. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000418 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000418)
Ionotropic GABA and Glutamate Receptor Mutations and Human Neurologic Diseases

The advent of whole exome/genome sequencing and the technology-driven reduction in the cost of next-generation sequencing as well as the introduction of diagnostic-targeted sequencing chips have resulted in an unprecedented volume of data directly linking patient genomic variability to disorders of the brain. This information has the potential to transform our understanding of neurologic disorders by improving diagnoses, illuminating the molecular heterogeneity underlying diseases, and identifying new targets for therapeutic treatment. There is a strong history of mutations in GABA receptor genes being involved in neurologic diseases, particularly the epilepsies. In addition, a substantial number of variants and mutations have been found in GABA receptor genes in patients with autism, schizophrenia, and addiction, suggesting potential links between the GABA receptors and these conditions. A new and unexpected outcome from sequencing efforts has been the surprising number of mutations found in glutamate receptor subunits, with the GRIN2A gene encoding the GluN2A N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit being most often affected. These mutations are associated with multiple neurologic conditions, for which seizure disorders comprise the largest group. The GluN2A subunit appears to be a locus for epilepsy, which holds important therapeutic implications. Virtually all α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor mutations, most of which occur within GRIA3, are from patients with intellectual disabilities, suggesting a link to this condition. Similarly, the most common phenotype for kainate receptor variants is intellectual disability. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of disease-associated mutations in ionotropic GABA and glutamate receptor families, and discuss implications regarding the identification of human mutations and treatment of neurologic diseases.
Marriage Equality for Same-Sex Couples: Counseling Psychologists as Social Change Agents

The denial of civil marriage rights is a specific example of minority stress that can negatively affect the psychosocial well-being of self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals in same-sex partnerships, their families, and their allies. Counseling psychologists have an important role in addressing the minority stress that same-sex couples experience as a result of the lack of marriage equality. In the service of social justice, counseling psychologists can use their training as practitioners, advocates, and researchers to effectively intervene at multiple levels of the ecological system. The purpose of this practice forum is to suggest interventions at the micro, meso, and macro levels that support the goal of social justice for same-sex couples and their families.
An Objective Parameter for Quantifying the Turbulent Noise Portion of Voice Signals.

Summary Objectives Currently, there are no objective measures capable of distinguishing between all four voice signal types proposed by Titze in 1995 and updated by Sprecher in 2010. We propose an objective metric that distinguishes between voice signal types based on the aperiodicity present in a signal. Study design One hundred fifty voice signal samples were randomly selected from the Disordered Voice Database and subjectively sorted into the appropriate voice signal category on the basis of the classification scheme presented in Sprecher 2010. Methods Short-time Fourier transform was applied to each voice sample to produce a spectrum for each signal. The spectrum of each signal was divided into 250 time segments. Next, these segments were compared to each other and used to calculate an outcome named spectrum convergence ratio (SCR). Finally, the mean SCR was calculated for each of the four voice signal types. Results SCR was capable of significantly differentiating between each of the four voice signal types ( P Conclusion SCR was capable of objectively distinguishing between all four voice signal types. This metric could be used by clinicians to quickly and efficiently diagnose voice disorders and monitor improvements in voice acoustical signals during treatment methods.
Claim that Federal BAT Nexus Bill Would Have a Negligible Impact on State Revenue is False

The author writes that proponents of federal business activity tax (BAT) nexus legislation who claim it would not affect state revenue are being disingenuous. The legislation's proponents also lobby against measures that would help states to more effectively tax businesses, he says. Under the proposed BAT nexus legislation, states would not be able to tax some of the corporate income tax that they are currently taxing, the author says.
Development and implementation of optimization algorithms for small computers: Optimizing subcase solutions for (M, N)-transitivity

One paradigm for optimizing the efficiency of solutions to instances of a difficult problem is to factor the problem into subcases and to optimize the solution for each subcase. Although an optimal solution for the general problem may not be found by this approach, near optimal solutions may be found for many particular instances. This is the approach illustrated by the following problem domain. When designing a network (communication, computing etc.) it may be necessary to impose the following constraint: Given N and M with N < M, for each path from node (u) to node (v) of length M, there must exist a path from (u) to (v), passing through a subset of the same intermediate nodes, of length N. All paths are simple, thus may not pass through a given node more than once. This is essentially the definition of an (M, N)-transitive digraph. A natural question arises: Given a digraph, G, which may not be (M, N)-transitive, how may the minimum (or near minimum) number of edges be added to ensure that it has this property? (i. e. How may the (M, N)-transitive closure be computed?) An algorithm which answers this question for any digraph has been developed and is provided here, but the algorithm requires exponential time complexity in r, the number of nodes of the digraph. However, for many special cases (including, for any M and N, the computation of (M, 1)-transitive closures and all (M, N)-transitive closures on acyclic digraphs) more efficient, polynomial-time, specialized algorithms have been developed and are provided here. All algorithms have been implemented and tested using DEC Ada on a VAX8650. Comparative tests illustrating the time required to run each of the applicible algorithms have been run and the results are summarized.
A k -level data structure for large-scale traveling salesman problems

The problem of data representation is fundamental to the efficiency of search algorithms for the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The computational effort required to perform such tour operations as traversal and subpath reversal considerably influence algorithm design and performance. We propose a new data structure—the k-level satellite tree—for representing a TSP tour with a discussion of properties in the framework of general tour operations. The k-level satellite tree representation is shown to be significantly more efficient than its predecessors for large-scale instances.
Aedes Rides Again: Mosquitoes and Flaviviruses in the Americas

The author reflects on the role that the mosquito Aedes aegypti has had in spreading flaviviruses such as the Zika virus in the Americas and how dengue and yellow fever shaped history in the Americas. It comments on Scotland's attempt to establish a trading colony at Darien, Panama which resulted in 70 percent of 2,500 Scottish colonists dying from 1697-1698. It mentions a French colony in French Guiana in 1763 had upward of 90 percent of 11,000 colonists dying within 18 months.
Using the Ethical Context to Enhance Practicum Training

Ethics is a foundational competency that is critical to education, training, and future professional practice. In this article we define the ethical context as the articulated enactment of ethics in the academic program preparing psychologists to become health service providers. More specifically, we provide a broad road map and strategies for explicating the ethical context designed to enhance practicum training. We initially focus on the academic program that supports practicum training and describe how the ethical context approach can enhance graduate student understanding and appreciation of key program ethical responsibilities. These include the obligation to provide sufficient knowledge and developmental training experiences to achieve program objectives (i.e., identified competencies) within a supportive context and adhering to clearly stated policies regarding student personal disclosures and evaluations. The ethical context of practicum training itself is discussed in depth with an emphasis on early training for professional practice in the training clinic and community settings. Examples are provided for how this approach can be used to enhance professional and ethical competence through a focus on key ethical principles including competence, informed consent, confidentiality, and multiple relationships. Finally, it is suggested that future work could focus on examining related aspects of professionalism such as multicultural competence, and advocacy for the profession and social justice. We believe that this approach to explicating the ethical context may also serve to inspire faculty via its intentional focus on aspirational ethical principles and practices.
Introducing Hyperbolicity via Piecewise Euclidean Complexes

Many topics in a sophomore level geometiy class can be presented in a very tangible fashion. For example, spherical geometiy can be introduced by bringing string, stick-um, and a few large rubber balls to class. Students can use these manipulatives to experiment with the angle sums of spherical triangles, building intuition that leads to a proof that the area of a spherical triangle is directly related to its angular excess. (For other examples of exploratoiy activities in elementary geometiy see [2] and [3].) While spherical geometiy is relatively easy to introduce through such in-class exercises, hyperbolic geometiy is much more difficult. You can bring potato chips to class to indicate the local geometiy of the hyperbolic plane, but it isn't so easy to use them to explore geodesics and triangles. Because they are small and brittle, it's hard to construct geodesics on potato chips. Also, it's not clear how to measure angles on such surfaces. One can estimate angles between geodesics on a sphere by placing a sheet of paper (= tangent plane) on the sphere, and then measuring the angle between the tangent lines to the geodesics. You can't do this with a physical model of the hyperbolic plane since the hyperbolic plane is negatively curved, and any tangent plane you make will cut through the surface. If you are willing to let go of the local hyperbolic structure in favor of a model that mimics hyperbolic geometiy on a large scale, then Thurston paper does the trick. Thurston paper is briefly described in [5] and [6] and is the subject of exercise 2.1.4 in Thurston's book [4]. None of these sources discuss the topic we present here, that the geometiy of geodesics in Thurston paper nicely approximates the geometiy of geodesics in the hyperbolic plane. That this approach to hyperbolic geometiy is accessible to students is evidenced by the fact that four of the five authors wrote the first draft of this paper as part of a student research project! The Euclidean plane can be subdivided into equilateral triangles, where six triangles are joined at eveiy vertex. Thurston paper is constructed by joining together seven equilateral triangles at every vertex. The addition of the extra triangle causes the system to bend and twist, instead of lying flat like the Euclidean plane.
Nonadiabaticity in stimulated Raman adiabatic passage

This paper begins with the premise that stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) from one state to another by coupling to an intermediate state necessarily requires some population of that intermediate state. The usual view of the process depends on having no population in the intermediate state, but a simple argument from the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation shows that such adiabatic transfer cannot occur. From another perspective, removing the time dependence of the Hamiltonian by making the rotating frame transformation cancels the optical frequency oscillations but does not account for the envelopes of the pulses commonly used for STIRAP. By assuming a small but finite intermediate state amplitude ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{1}$ in the wave function, the propagator for the evolution between initial and final states is derived. Applying the propagator to the initial state produces a single compact formula for the final intermediate-state population that is readily evaluated for an arbitrary choice of laser pulse parameters. Several plots for various experimental conditions show that under the conditions normally used for STIRAP experiments the effects are typically a few percent or less, but in the end this effect puts an ultimate limit on total efficiency.
Deprotonation of the Transition Metal Hydride (η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)IrH2. Synthesis and Chemistry of the Strongly Basic Lithium Iridate (η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)Ir(H)(Li)

Treatment of (η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)IrH2 (1) with tert-butyllithium gives (η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)Ir(H)(Li) (2) as a bright yellow solid. NMR evidence indicates that the lithium iridate 2 is aggregated in benzene, is converted to a single symmetrical species in THF, and is present as a dimer in DME. Treatment of 2 with 3,3-dimethylbutane trifluoromethanesulfonate-1,2-syn-d2 (3-syn-d2) gave the alkylated hydridoiridium complex 4a-anti-d2, which was converted to the corresponding chloride Cp*(PMe3)Ir(CHDCHDCMe3)(Cl) (4c-anti-d2) by treatment with CCl4. Analysis of this material by NMR spectroscopy showed that it was contaminated with ≤15% syn isomer. The alkylation therefore proceeds with predominant inversion of configuration at carbon, indicating that the major pathway is an SN2 displacement and not an outer-sphere electron-transfer reaction. Protonation studies carried out on iridate 2 with organic acids of varying pKa allowed us to estimate that the pKa of the dihydride 1 falls in the range 38−41, making it less acidi...
Chemical ecology of marine plankton.

Covering: January 2013 to online publication December 2014 This review summarizes recent research in the chemical ecology of marine pelagic ecosystems, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of advances in the field in the time period covered. In order to highlight the role of chemical cues and toxins in plankton ecology this review has been organized by ecological interaction types starting with intraspecific interactions, then interspecific interactions (including facilitation and mutualism, host–parasite, allelopathy, and predator–prey), and finally community and ecosystem-wide interactions.
Abstract 2815: Antitumor activity of CDK4/6 inhibition in combination with radiation therapy on glioblastoma stem cells

Almost 80% of glioblastoma tumors have alterations in the CNKN2A-CDK-Rb pathway. Cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) act as cell cycle regulators and have been recognized as therapeutic targets for glioblastoma (GBM). In the current study, we determined the antitumor activity of CDK4/6 inhibition (palbociclib and abemaciclib) alone and in combination with radiation on a panel of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). The GSCs were molecularly characterized using multiple ‘omimcs’ techniques and Western blots identified specific phospho- and total protein levels. Approximately 50% of cell lines have homozygous deletion of CDKN2A although CDK4 and CDK6 protein expression was significantly elevated in most of the GSCs. RB protein was constitutively phosphorylated in only a subset (45%): GSC11, GSC262, GSC231, GSC304 and GSC7-2. In our panel of GSCs, there were total of three cell lines with CDKN2A loss, RB phosphorylation and CDK4/6 overexpression (GSC262, GSC11 and GSC231). Our data showed that GSC262, GSC11, GSC231 (CDKN2A deletion, RB intact), GSC7-2 and GSC300 (CDKN2A WT, RB intact) were sensitive to CDK4/6 treatment (IC50 ≤ 1μM). CDK4/6 inhibitor treated GSCs showed G1 cell cycle arrest and decreased phospho-RB levels in GSC262 and GSC7-2 cells. We next determined whether CDK4/6 inhibition combined with radiation has additive or synergistic antitumor effect. A clonogenic assay demonstrated that neurosphere formation was significantly decreased by CDK4/6 inhibition in combination with radiation compared to either treatment in GSC262 (resistant to radiation treatment) or GSC7-2 (sensitive to radiation treatment) cell lines. The radiation resistant GSC (GSC262) treated with radiation and CDK4/6 inhibitor became sensitive to radiation therapy whereas radiation sensitive GSC (GSC7-2) had a significant decrease in colony formation compared to radiation alone. CDK4/6 combined with radiation increased γ-H2AX protein expression levels and decreased cyclin D1 protein expression in a time dependent manner compared to single drug treatment. These data indicate synergistic antitumor effects of CDK4/6 inhibition combined with radiation therapy in GSCs in vitro. Further investigation is ongoing to evaluate this combination therapy. Citation Format: Christopher Nguyen, Yuji Piao, Juan Emmanuel Martinez-Ledesma, Jianwen Dong, Soon Yeung Park, Roel Verhaak, Erik Sulman, John F. De Groot. Antitumor activity of CDK4/6 inhibition in combination with radiation therapy on glioblastoma stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2815.
Conclusion: Problematic Subjectivism

This study was undertaken in the awareness that Hume’s skeptical and psychologistic philosophy was anathema to Husserl. Husserl, nonetheless, had studied intensively Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature. At issue was Hume’s impact on Husserl’s development of transcendental-genetic phenomenology. By design we have focused on Husserl’s favorable reactions to Hume in areas crucial to genetic reduction. If we have minimized the profound doctrinal differences between these two thinkers, these are too obvious to require elucidation. What we have attempted is to determine Hume’s positive contribution to the eidetic and, especially, the genetic reduction proper to Husserl’s phenomenology. This study’s main thrust was to reveal the developing affinity between the Humean “science of human nature” and the Husserlian genetic phenomenology. Central to both theories is the uncompromising move towards a truly radical subjectivism. The background question haunting this entire study has been this. Has Husserl actually avoided, in conformity to his own claim, the “bankruptcy” of skeptical solipsism more successfully than Hume?
Psychological First Aid: A Tool for Mitigating Conflict in the Middle East

Terrorism is a complicated construct in the Middle East, particularly in the last 15 years since the Al-Aqsa Intifada erupted in September 2000. The response to this terrorism is a challenge on both the political and the psychological level as Israel addresses the need for its people to cope with very difficult and ongoing events. Through a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) West Bank Gaza Conflict Management and Mitigation grant, a project titled Mitigating Conflict Via Early Mental Health Interventions: Community-Based Psychological First Aid Training for Palestinians and Israelis supported the development of psychoeducation materials to provide families and helpers with some of the tools necessary for coping and recovery as well as the training of community members in the practice of psychological first aid (PFA). This chapter reports on the activities of the grant that brought American trauma experts and partners in the Middle East together to use PFA as a means to promote coping following trauma, but also as a way to promote conflict mitigation among the project participants. The PFA training materials were translated and adapted from English into Arabic, Hebrew, and Russian, then educators worked to promote understanding and train community members in the practice of PFA. The challenges of doing such cooperative work amid a backdrop of conflict and war and cultural and language variations will be discussed, as well as the effectiveness of these programs in Gaza, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Israeli, and Bedouin communities.
Photoacoustic triplet differential imaging for substantial background noise reduction (Conference Presentation)

In vivo photoacoustic (PA) imaging with high spatial resolution and depth penetration has remained a challenge due to the high background signal from chromophores in biological tissue. In this study, we introduce a novel imaging technique called triplet differential (TD) imaging which allows for the substantial reduction of background signals from tissue. TD imaging uses the ability of molecules to enter a triplet state via intersystem crossing from an excited singlet state. Molecules in the triplet state exhibit a spectral shift in their optical absorption spectra, creating two separate absorption peaks for each molecule’s singlet and triplet states. Since the PA signal is proportional to optical absorption, a differential signal can be obtained by comparing the PA signal for molecules raised to the triplet state to those in the singlet state. We worked with methylene blue conjugated polyacrylamide nanoparticles with a polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate cross-linker (MBNP) which has a singlet peak absorption at 660nm and triplet peak absorption at 840nm. Since only certain molecules such as methylene blue can enter the triplet state efficiently, the difference in the PA signal before and after excitation of the MBNP to the triplet state is largely independent of the background noise and mainly contributed by the MBNP in the triplet state. Preliminary results have shown that up to an 8-fold increase in the PA signal of the MBNP in the triplet state can be achieved.
Intraprostatic botulinum toxin type “A” injection in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and unsatisfactory response to medical therapy: A randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial using urodynamic evaluation

Aims The injection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BTA) into the prostate represents a minimally invasive treatment in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We evaluated the effectiveness of BTA in treating patients with BPH unresponsive to combined medical therapy (CMT), using urodynamic investigations. Methods This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial. Twenty consecutive patients were randomly assigned to receive intraprostatic BTA injection (n = 10) or saline solution (SS) (n = 10). Patients in the intervention group (IG) received 200-300 UI of BTA diluted in 6-8 mL of SS and injected into the transitional zone. Patients in the control group (CG) were treated with SS alone. Primary endpoint was International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Secondary endpoints were: maximum flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual volume (PVR), maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI), safety, quality of life (QoL) score, and Patient Reported Outcome (PROs). Results All patients in the IG reported subjective improvement starting after 1 month. At 3 months of follow-up IPSS, QoL, PVR were reduced by 55,3% (P < 0.01), and 50% (P < 0.01), 80,6%, (P < 0.01), respectively. Qmax was increased by 68% (P < 0.01). MCC increased by 27% (P < 0.01) and BOOI decreased by 54% (P < 0.01). PROs analysis revealed that 90% of patients in the IG reported a subjective symptomatic relief and treatment satisfaction. No local or systemic side effects were observed in any group. Conclusions These results indicated that intraprostatic BTA is safe and can improve LUTS and QoL in patients with BPH and unsatisfactory response to CMT.
PROBLEMAS DE TRADUCCIÓN, DETECCIÓN Y DESCRIPCIÓN: UN ESTUDIO LONGITUDINAL EN LA FORMACIÓN DE TRADUCTORES

This research is framed within the area of translation and interpreting studies and more specifically within the field of translation didactics. The general research objective of this study is to observe and analyze the repercussions of Translation undergraduate courses at five different universities in Spain. With empirical methods combining quantitative and qualitative analysis relying on a macro-study of more than 1,000 subjects and a longitudinal study of 37 students, the research focuses specifically on the development of the strategic competence (SC) and, particularly, the student’s capacity to identify and describe translation problems. Furthermore, in the case of the longitudinal study, four hypotheses were tested against the students’ answers. In this paper, we present the results of hypothesis number 4: whether the richness of the metalanguage used by the TI students evolves from the beginning to the end of their study program. The longitudinal study results do not show any patterns for the development of the SC, although the metalanguage used by students does evolve.
College drinking and the Greek system: Examining the role of perceived norms for high-risk behavior

Participants were 376 members (157 men, 219 women) of Greek houses with reputations for high, average, and low drinking. The average participant was 19.75 years in age, and 88% of the sample was Caucasian. Participants were compared on measures of perceived house reputation (Organizational Perceptions Questionnaire), acceptability of high-risk drinking (House Acceptability Questionnaire), and alcohol norms (Drinking Norms Rating Form). Members of high-drinking houses viewed their social reputations more positively and heavy drinking as more acceptable than did members in houses with reputations for less drinking. Gender differences and implications for alcohol prevention are discussed.
State Level Efforts to Regulate Agricultural Sources of Water Quality Impairment

The U.S. policy regarding water quality is codified in the 1972 Clean Water Act and amendments. The Act formally distinguishes between point sources and nonpoint sources of pollution entering waterways and assigns primary responsibility for controlling nonpoint source pollution to the states. Point sources—such as industrial facilities or wastewater treatment plants—fall under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System requirements of the Clean Water Act, and being so are subject to federal regulation and permitting requirements. A substantial reduction of emissions from point sources to waterways has occurred since the adoption of these requirements, leading to much improved water quality in many watersheds. However, in many agriculturally dominated watersheds, point sources contribute a relatively small percent of the overall nutrient load and, therefore, the restrictions on these sources have not achieved the desired improvements in water quality. The nutrients of primary concern in these watersheds are nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause excessive plant and algae growth resulting in water quality degradation. Nutrient pollution from row crop agriculture is clearly identified as a nonpoint source in the Clean Water Act and, as such, its control is under state jurisdiction. States are free to develop regulations or enforceable standards on nonpoint sources including the agricultural sector, but until recently, few have chosen to do so. Instead, states have generally adopted a voluntary approach whereby conservation practices that reduce nutrient loss from fields— commonly called “best management practices” or BMPs, for short—are encouraged by extension agents and state agencies, sometimes in conjunction with cost-share programs provided by federal or state governments. A notable component of the cost-share programs is that, as the name implies, they typically cover only a fraction of the total cost of installing and maintaining conservation practices such that adopters of these practices do so at a cost. An important exception is the Conservation Reserve Program which pays landowners to remove land from crop production and