cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gibbon and the invention of Gibbon: Chapters 15 and 16 reconsidered

Before Edward Gibbon began his history of the Christian empire, he ended the first volume of the “Decline and Fall” with two chapters on the rise of Christianity before Constantine. These were believed to deny or ignore its character as revelation. It was also pointed out that this purpose was irrelevant to the history he had set out to write. The church historians he read focussed on the interactions between the Christian gospel and Hellenic philosophy. Gibbon, however, chose to emphasize the Christian rejection of cultic polytheism, and gave a Humean account of the early Christians as enthusiasts. Five years elapsed between the first and second volumes of his history. By the latter date his reputation as an unbeliever was established, and has since received more attention than the history he wrote.
Inhibition of hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity in vitro and in vivo by various thiono-sulfur-containing compounds.

Abstract Ten thiono-sulfur-containing compounds of varying structure were administered by intraperitoneal injection to untreated, phenobarbital-pretreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated adult male rats. Six hr later, the concentration of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and the ability of the hepatic microsomes to metabolize benzphetamine were examined. In the untreated, phenobarbital-pretreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated groups, two, four and four compounds, respectively, significantly decreased the concentration of cytochrome P-450 in the hepatic microsomes. A similar effect on benzphetamine metabolism was also seen. When examined 48 hr after the administration of the ten thiono-sulfurcontaining compounds, four, five and seven of the compounds decreased both the levels of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and the rate of benzphetamine metabolism in the untreated, phenobarbital-pretreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated animals respectively. Eight of the thiono-sulfur-containing compounds were incubated in the presence of NADPH with hepatic microsomes isolated from untreated, phenobarbital-pretreated or 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated animals. All of the compounds examined significantly decreased the concentration of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes from each treatment group. Similar reductions in benzphetamine metabolism were also seen. When these same compounds were incubated with microsomes in the absence of NADPH, no significant reduction of cytochrome P-450 or benzphetamine metabolism was seen. When the oxygen analogs of six of the thiono-sulfur compounds were administered in vivo or incubated with hepatic microsomes either in the presence or absence of NADPH, no significant reduction of cytochrome P-450 or benzphetamine metabolism was seen.
Transforming teaching into scholarship

Summary Background: Traditionally, scholarship has been defined very narrowly as the number of one’s publications and grant awards. Recently this definition has broadened to include dissemination of knowledge, experience or a tangible product shared with the educational community. Context: In an effort to enhance our own educational development, in 2005 we formed a ‘community of practice’ centred on teaching. The group was formed to share ideas, to reflect on teaching experiences and to transmit new knowledge to other clinician-educators within our paediatrics department. Innovation: By examining what we do as clinicians and teachers, we were able to gather information about how we teach and how our students learn. As we reflected on this information within our small learning community, we began to realise the value of other people’s input as a great source of learning. One of our first activities as a community was to develop a series of conferences on clinical teaching. We also asked ourselves how we could transform what we were doing into educational scholarship. It occurred to us that the conference topics could be the chapters of a book. Therefore, we chose to create a handbook that was a ‘learning journal’ on teaching. Implications: We transformed the initial list of conference topics to scholarship by using a three-phase model for transforming teaching into scholarship. Using this framework, we have demonstrated how clinician-educators can transform teaching activities into scholarship, and how important a community of practice can be for professional development.
Polarimetric z‐Scan Study of Nonlinear Chirooptic Properties of Chiral Polyfluorene

Chiral photonics is an emerging field which deals with enantioselective light–matter interactions, offering numerous exciting applications. Two main approaches to enhancing enantioselective interactions are currently under extensive study: 1) structuring light itself, and 2) developing materials with gigantic optical activity. Both are required to realize the full potential of this emerging field. Here, the intensity-dependent optical activity of a chiral polyfluorene film that has been studied by using open- and closed-aperture z-scan techniques with ∼775 nm and ∼160 fs laser pulses is reported. For a film of ∼20 μm thickness, the measured two-photon absorption coefficients are 1.24 and 1.49 cm GW-1, respectively, and the nonlinear refractive indices are 8.74 × 10−5 and 1.38 × 10−4 cm2 GW-1 for right and left circularly polarized laser beams, respectively. The nonlinear optical activity of pure, undoped polyfluorene is the highest reported so far.
Impurity-induced van der Waals transition during decohesion

We investigate the thermodynamics of impurity segration between the separating atomic planes of a decohering solid from first principles. We find that the traction curve for decohesion at constant impurity chemical potential differs qualitatively from that at constant impurity concentration. In fact, for hydrogen and oxygen segregation between separating (111) planes during decohesion of fcc aluminum, a first-order van der Waals transition is predicted above a critical impurity chemical potential that results in a dramatic drop in the maximum stress of decohesion.
Crystal structure of TlCa2Ba2Cu3O9

Abstract Attempts to prepare single cyrstals in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O superconductor system of phases having four or more consecutive copper oxide layers have produced small, single phase crystals of TlCa2Ba2Cu3O9 with a=3.8532 A and c=15.9223 A in P4/ mmm. The cyrstal has a superconducting transition at 117 K. The crystal structure is essentially that suggested from previous diffraction with three copper oxide layers which sandwich the calcium ions. The calcium sites contain a small amount of thallium and the structure refinement implies no oxygen vacancies.
Live Data Migration for Reducing SLA Violations in Multi-tiered Storage Systems

Today, the volume of data in the world has been tremendously increased. Large-scaled and diverse data sets are raising new big challenges of storage, process, and query. Tiered storage architectures combining solid-state drives (SSDs) with hard disk drives (HDDs), become attractive in enterprise data centers for achieving high performance and large capacity simultaneously. However, how to best use these storage resources and efficiently manage massive data for providing high quality of service (QoS) is still a core and difficult problem. In this paper, we present a new approach for automated data movement in multi-tiered storage systems, which lively migrates the data across different tiers, aiming to support multiple service level agreements (SLAs) for applications with dynamic workloads at the minimal cost. Trace-driven simulations show that compared to the no migration policy, LMsT significantly improves average I/O response times, I/O violation ratios and I/O violation times, with only slight degradation (e.g., up to 6% increase in SLA violation ratio) on the performance of high priority applications.
Development of a general finite difference approximation for a general domain part I: Machine transformation

The general idea of a ''numerical transform'' on a high speed computer for a general domain, abbreviated as a machine transformation, is illustrated by employing an equilateral triangle mesh plane for a general, second-order quasi-linear elliptic partial differential equation subject to a general third boundary value condition in a general domain. The feasibility of the technique for linear elliptic equations is demonstrated by two test problems, for which the numerical solutions are compared with exact analytic solutions. A new computing technique is devised for linear elliptic equations, and possible extensions to quasi-linear boundary value problems are discussed. This method eliminates the programming difficulties of a finite-difference method near the curved boundaries, and, most important, it can be preprogrammed for a general class of domains to yield numerical solutions.
Figures Of Merit For Characterizing Detector Performance

The figures of merit which are most commonly used to describe the performance characteristics of infrared detectors are briefly summarized. An indication of the applications in which the various figures of merit are most useful is also included, where feasible.
The detection of group-specific component from urine samples.

Abstract The detection of group-specific component (Gc) from serum and bloodstains has been widely used in the forensic laboratory. A recent increase in substituted or adulterated urine samples in various drug screening programs has necessitated methods to determine the donor. This paper discusses the detection of Gc from urine samples. The samples were concentrated and applied to ultrathin polyacrylamide gel and focused for 150 min. This method separates the samples into the three common phenotypes found in all human populations. A nitrocellulose membrane blotting technique was used to detect the Gc bands. Serum and urine samples were collected from each individual and were typed for Gc. Urine samples tested after 6 months of storage (4°C) were still readable. This method provides the forensic laboratory with an additional test from a body fluid which, until recently, provided little information.
Identification of ACE pharmacophore in the phosphonopeptide metabolite K-26.

Abstract The naturally occurring phosphonotripeptide K-26 is a potent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor containing an α-amino phosphonic acid analogue of tyrosine. Previous studies have demonstrated that canonical peptide analogues of K-26 are micromolar inhibitors of ACE. To ascertain the structure–activity relationships in this class of ACE inhibitory natural products, K-26 and eight analogues were chemically synthesized and evaluated. Phosphonyl substitution was found to be the critical determinant of activity, resulting in a 1500-fold increase in ACE inhibition versus carboxyl analogues. Secondarily, the absolute configuration of the terminal α-amino phosphonate and N-acetylation were found to significantly modulate ACE inhibitory activity.
Modeling of F‐region ionospheric upflows observed by EISCAT

High-latitude ionospheric bulk parameter profiles measured with the European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT) system are modeled with a modified version of the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) code. Three observed profiles of field-aligned ion velocities, densities, and ion and electron temperatures for the altitude range 200–800 km are modeled as influenced by the effects of soft (<1 keV) auroral electron precipitation, convection-driven frictional ion heating, and downward magnetospheric electron heat fluxes. Favorable matches between the observed and modeled profiles with reasonable precipitation, convection, and downward electron heat flux parameters suggest that soft electron precipitation, together with magnetospheric electron heat fluxes, are the primary drivers of the normal ionospheric F-region upflows observed at high latitudes.
Nest defence in the American goldfinch

Abstract In the American goldfinch ( Carduelis tristis ), vocalizations during nest defence consist largely of two different types of calls: either ‘sweeet’ (SWT) or ‘bearbee’ (BB). By recording call rates and behaviour during controlled experiments, it was demonstrated that: (1) SWT calls have a rallying function and attract more goldfinches than BB calls; (2) goldfinches attempt to distract potential predators away from their nests; (3) BB calls cause a decrease in nestling conspicuousness, both audibly and visually; (4) call rates show a positive relationship with increasing conspicuousness of nestlings; (5) call rates of BB and SWT calls vary inversely with danger to the nest; (6) high call rates are given by parents with successful nests whereas low call rates are associated with failures caused by nest predation; (7) call rates show a positive relationship with clutch and brood size; (8) call rates and types did not vary with different potential predators; and (9) call rates and types used by males and females are related to their respective roles in the nesting cycle. Several hypotheses are discussed that might explain changes in call rates through the nesting cycle.
Managing Older Adults With CKD: Individualized Versus Disease-Based Approaches

The last decade has seen the evolution and ongoing refinement of a disease-oriented approach to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Disease-oriented models of care assume a direct causal association between observed signs and symptoms and underlying disease pathophysiologic processes. Treatment plans target underlying disease mechanisms with the goal of improving disease-related outcomes. Because average glomerular filtrate rates tend to decrease with age, CKD becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age and those who meet criteria for CKD are disproportionately elderly. However, several features of geriatric populations may limit the utility of disease-oriented models of care. In older adults, complex comorbid conditions and geriatric syndromes are common; signs and symptoms often do not reflect a single underlying pathophysiologic process; there can be substantial heterogeneity in life expectancy, functional status, and health priorities; and information about the safety and efficacy of recommended interventions often is lacking. For all these reasons, geriatricians have tended to favor an individualized patient-centered model of care over more traditional disease-based approaches. An individualized approach prioritizes patient preferences and embraces the notion that observed signs and symptoms often do not reflect a single unifying disease process and instead reflect the complex interplay between many different factors. This approach emphasizes modifiable outcomes that matter to the patient. Prognostic information related to these and other outcomes generally is used to shape rather than dictate treatment decisions. We argue that an individualized patient-centered approach to care may have more to offer than a traditional disease-based approach to CKD in many older adults.
Gravitino decay and the cosmic gamma-ray background.

It is argued that the cosmic gamma-ray background (CGB) spectrum does not exhibit evidence for the decay of light gravitinos, in contradiction to the suggestion by Olive and Silk (1985), who observed a bump near 1 MeV in the CGB radiation spectrum. It is suggested that better fits to the CGB spectrum would be provided by mechanisms generating a power-law spectrum which is flattened below about 2 MeV. Olive and Silk maintain that the decays of a long-lived particle such as the gravitino may be responsible for features in the gamma-ray spectrum near 1 MeV.
Definition, prevalence and characteristics of sudden exhaustion: A possible syndrome of fatigue in cancer?

Although sudden fatigue/exhaustion is a symptom expression that oncology clinicians frequently hear from their patients, empirical information about this phenomenon is limited. This study investigated the occurrence and characteristics of sudden fatigue in patients treated for breast cancer. This cross-sectional descriptive study enrolled 114 breast cancer chemotherapy outpatients from a cancer clinic and an urban teaching hospital in the Midwestern United States. Subjects were screened for sudden fatigue and completed an investigator-developed Sudden Onset of Fatigue Questionnaire on the day of their chemotherapy treatment. Descriptive statistics were used to examine prevalence and clinical characteristics. Approximately half (46 %) of the patients (age 31–67, 62 % Black, and 70 % unemployed) experienced sudden fatigue. The majority (81 %) reported more than one (median = 3) episode per day; 67 % of episodes lasted 60 min or less. The sudden fatigue was most likely (77 %) to occur between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m., while individuals were active (94 %). When it occurred, individuals stopped activities and sought immediate rest. It was described as abrupt exhaustion/weakness often (66 %) accompanied by other symptoms. Fatigue intensity before, during, and after a specific episode were 5, 9, and 5, respectively, on 0–10 (highest) scale. To better characterize sudden fatigue, a new descriptor, sudden exhaustion syndrome, which encompasses observed abrupt onset, transitory exhaustion/paralysis, and multiple symptoms, is proposed. Individuals may experience multiple occurrences of sudden exhaustion across a day, especially during activities. The syndrome needs to be recognized by oncology professionals. Patients should be educated about the syndrome to enhance sense of control and prevent harm.
Coding of Multi-View Image Sequences with Video Sensors

We investigate coding of multiple image sequences with video sensors. The video sensors are arranged in an array to monitor the same scene from different view points. Furthermore, the sensors are connected to a central decoder via a network. Note that the video sensors process highly view-correlated images. This correlation can be exploited if the video sensors operate in a collaborative fashion. On the contrary, temporal correlation among the images of each sequence can be exploited locally at each sensor. Collaborative coding of the multi-view videos can be achieved by distributed processing of the multi-view imagery. If the video sensor network utilizes a central decoder, the view-correlation can be exploited by centralized disparity compensation at the decoder. But before the decoder is able to apply disparity compensation efficiently, accurate disparity values have to be estimated at the central decoder. This paper discusses the impact of disparity fields at the central decoder and uses these estimates for centralized disparity compensation at the decoder to improve the efficiency of the video sensor network.
Social Bookmarking in the Enterprise: Can your organization benefit from social bookmarking tools?

One of the greatest challenges facing people who use large information spaces is to remember and retrieve items that they have previously found and thought to be interesting. One approach to this problem is to allow individuals to save particular search strings to re-create the search in the future. Another approach has been to allow people to create personal collections of material. Collections of citations can be created manually by readers or through execution of (and alerting to) a saved search.
Rural Latino adolescent health: Preliminary examination of health risks and cultural correlates

Latino adolescents living in rural settings may be at increased risk of health problems; however, data describing the health status of this population are limited. This study examined 60 rural Latino adolescents and found high rates of health risk, including at-risk/clinical results for hemoglobin A1C (23.3%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (55%), systolic blood pressure (21.7%), and overweight/obesity (55%). Time in sedentary behaviors was high and physical activity was limited. Adolescent language use was associated with health risk status, with greater use of English associated with lower risk. Health psychologists could promote improved health by providing health behavior interventions to this underserved population.
Identification of superior clones by RAPD technology in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bge.

It is very important to select and identify superior Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bge. trees for purposes of breeding and exploration. For our study, we selected superior X. sorbifolia trees using RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) technology. The results show that certain specific amplification bands emerged with significantly different frequencies between superior and non-superior trees. The 1400-bp band of No. 2121 primer emerged in the superior trees at a frequency 2.4 times that of the non-superior trees and the 600-bp band of No. 2153 primer in the non-superior trees at a frequency 2.5 times that of the superior trees. There were very significant differences between the superior and non-superior trees. The frequency of the 1600-bp band of No. 1161 primer was the same in both kinds of trees, but significant differences were observed in point frequency (the frequency of the superior trees is 1.4 times that of the non-superior trees). These bands can be used as important targets to distinguish between superior and non-superior trees. The use of a combination of amplified bands simultaneously can play a guiding role in the selection of superior X. sorbifolia trees.
Air and Surface Temperature Coupling in the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer

AbstractIn a convective boundary layer, coherent structures were detected through their thermal signature on an artificial turf surface using high-frequency thermal infrared (TIR) imagery and surface layer turbulence measurements. The coherent structures cause surface temperature variations over tens of seconds and spatial scales of tens to a few hundred meters. Evidence of processes similar to those in a renewal event was observed. Spatial and temporal correlation analysis revealed the geometric and velocity information of the structures at the ground footprint of air temperature measurements. The velocity of the coherent structures was consistent with the wind speed at 6.5 m AGL. Practical implications of turbulence-driven surface temperature variability for thermal remote sensing are also discussed.
Scanning Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy to Study Plasma Torch Effects on B. cereus Spores

The occurrence of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) side-by-side is becoming increasingly common in analytical research. This article shows microscopy techniques to image Bacillus spores, to measure spore dimensions, and to demonstrate how these methods provide supplementary information to study plasma torch effects. This paper demonstrates that observed morphologies of spores before and after exposure to a plasma torch are remarkably different. The use of SEM and AFM as a tool complex enables examination of spore morphology and dimensions as well as their alterations during decontamination using plasma torch
Reactions of phosphinites with oxide surfaces: a new method for anchoring organic and organometallic complexes.

When a pincer-ligated iridium complex with a phosphinite substituent in the para-position of the aromatic backbone is immobilized on γ-alumina, it becomes a highly effective supported catalyst for the transfer-dehydrogenation of alkanes. The nature of the interaction between the organometallic complex and the support was investigated using solid-state 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy, solution-state 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, IR and GC/MS analysis of extracted reaction products. The phosphinite substituent is cleaved from the pincer ligand by its reaction with hydroxyl groups on the γ-alumina surface, resulting in covalent anchoring of the complex via the aryl ring. A similar reaction occurs on silica, allowing for ready grafting onto this support as well. A strategy for anchoring homogeneous catalysts on hydroxyl-terminated oxide supports though the selective cleavage of [POR]-containing ligand substituents is suggested.
Development and characterization of nineteen polymorphic microsatellite loci from seaside alder, Alnus maritima.

We isolated and characterized 19 microsatellite loci from the endangered seaside alder, Alnus maritima. Loci were screened in 24 individuals of A. maritima and four individuals of its congener the hazel alder, A. serrulata. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.952, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.126 to 0.850. These new loci provide tools for characterizing the population genetics of this rare tree.
Content Analytics System for Social Customer Relationship Management

We propose to demonstrate a system that helps enterprises manage their social Customer Relationship Management (CRM) presence. Our system performs deep analytics over consumer posts and authors to help companies monitor their CRM presence, and to identify and respond to actionable posts. In this paper we share challenges and experiences in building this system. Findings yield a step change in the ability to implement social systems for customer care and leverage communities as effective proxies for CRM. This work also identifies novel knowledge and data mining challenges, such as identifying content that requires enterprise action, and prioritizing actionable posts based on various types of intent.
Bacterial Endosymbionts as Extrachromosomal Elements in Amebas

While some free-living amebas (3,4,6,7,8,22,31) and other types of cells (5,11,14,29,30) have been known to carry infective or symbiotic bacteria, the roles of such bacteria have not been studied in detail. In one case, bacterial infection of soil amebas was found to be harmful, leading to the lysis of infected amebas within several days (9). In another, symbiotic bacteria were thought to function as substitutes for mitochondria that were absent from the cytoplasm of the giant ameba, Pelomyxa palustris (7).
Symbolic sub-systems and symbolic control of linear systems

This paper presents an approach to the control of continuous systems through the use of symbolic models describing the system behavior only at a finite number of points in the state space. These symbolic models can be seen as abstract representations of the continuous dynamics enabling the use of algorithmic controller design methods. We identify a class of linear control systems for which the loss of information incurred by working with symbolic sub-systems can be compensated by feedback. We also show how to transform symbolic controllers designed for a symbolic sub-system into controllers for the original system. The resulting controllers combine symbolic controller dynamics with continuous feedback control laws and can thus be seen as hybrid systems. Furthermore, if the symbolic controller already accounts for software/hardware requirements, the hybrid controller is guaranteed to enforce the desired specifications by construction thereby reducing the need for formal verification.
Local processes and regional patterns : appropriate scales for understanding variation in the diversity of plants and animals

Determining the causes of variation in species diversity requires linking the scales at which variation in diversity is measured to the scales at which the processes hypothesized to affect diversity actually operate. Published analyses of the relative effects of local versus regional processes on species diversity have failed to measure diversity at spatial scales relevant to local processes. The effects of local processes. such as competition, can only be detected at appropriately small local scales, and are obscured by large samples that aggregate environmental heterogeneity. Relatively few ecological and evolutionary processes can be identified as uniquely regional in scale. and local processes are expected to produce regional-scale differences between regions that differ consistently in environmental conditions that affect local processes. The relative contributions of regional properties and local processes are hypothesized to vary predictably along certain environmental gradients, and to produce locally regulated patterns of species diversity at scales ranging from a few millimeters to the entire globe.
The hippocampal formation participates in novel picture encoding: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging

Considerable evidence exists to support the hypothesis that the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are crucial for the encoding and storage of information in long-term memory. Few human imaging studies, however, have successfully shown signal intensity changes in these areas during encoding or retrieval. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied normal human subjects while they performed a novel picture encoding task. High-speed echo-planar imaging techniques evaluated fMRI signal changes throughout the brain. During the encoding of novel pictures, statistically significant increases in fMRI signal were observed bilaterally in the posterior hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus and in the lingual and fusiform gyri. To our knowledge, this experiment is the first fMRI study to show robust signal changes in the human hippocampal region. It also provides evidence that the encoding of novel, complex pictures depends upon an interaction between ventral cortical regions, specialized for object vision, and the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus, specialized for long-term memory.
The use of ICF codes for information retrieval in rehabilitation research: an empirical study.

Purpose. Rehabilitation research information can be obtained from various bibliographic sources. Nevertheless, search strategies and terminologies differ from one database to another making it chal...
Intracellular amounts of nucleic acids and protein during pollen grain growth in Tradescantia.

The rapid growth, large organelles, and synchronous development of T. paludosa pollen grains make them ideal subjects for cytochemical analysis. A microphotometric study of the nucleoli, chromosomes, and cytoplasm fixed at daily intervals during pollen grain maturation indicated that: 1. DNA (Feulgen) synthesis in the generative nucleus occurred during the first third of interphase, while the DNA content of the vegetative nucleus remained unchanged. 2. Throughout development, changes in RNA (azure B) content, in general, paralleled changes in protein (NYS1, Millon) content in each organelle of the vegetative cell. Initially, the RNA and protein of all organelles increased up to mid interphase, when chromosomal and nucleolar fractions began to decline despite a continued increase in cytoplasmic RNA and protein. At least 24 hours before anthesis, the vegetative nucleolus had disappeared and chromosomal protein and RNA of the vegetative nucleus were apparently in rapid decline. Such a system offered an opportunity to study the role of the nucleus, especially the nucleolus, in RNA and protein metabolism in the cytoplasm, by noting what cytoplasmic processes could and could not continue at a time when nuclear mechanisms were absent or minimal. It was found that at least 2 fundamental processes continued during this period: both RNA and protein accumulated in the cytoplasm at a rapid rate. It was concluded that the nucleus is not the sole source of cytoplasmic RNA, for the data suggest that there are at least 2 separate and independent, or remotely dependent synthesizing systems, one nuclear and the other cytoplasmic. It is evident that nuclear influence on cytoplasmic synthesis need be neither direct nor immediate.
A generalisation of Mackey's theorem and the uniform boundedness principle

We construct a locally convex topology which is stronger than the Mackey topology but still has the same bounded sets as the Mackey topology. We use this topology to give a locally convex version of the Uniform Bouudedness Principle which is valid without any completeness or barrelledness assumptions.
Vertical jets from standing waves. II

When a shallow‐water wave meets a steep cliff or harbour wall, a jet is sometimes thrown upwards with very high initial acceleration. In the present work it is shown that a similar phenomenon can occur in a standing wave in deep water, provided that the initial shape of the trough is narrow and an almost circular arc. During collapse of the trough, vertical accelerations exceeding 10 g are found, with subsequent vertical velocities exceeding 1.7 c , where c is the phase‐speed of a small‐amplitude progressive wave. The vertical acceleration, plotted as a function of the time, is shown to be very sensitive to the initial shape of the wave trough. The presence of a much shorter wave superposed on the initial wave profile can further increase the maximum acceleration and velocity.
Intra-patch clustering in mysid swarms revealed through multifrequency acoustics

Simultaneous multifrequency acoustic echosounders (70, 120, 200, 333, and 710 kHz), net tows, and video sampling were conducted on dense mysid aggregations in coastal waters off OR, USA, to study intra-patch dynamics in mysid swarms. Multifrequency differencing techniques demonstrated submetre, intra-patch clustering of individual mysids of different frequency response characteristics in all 33 samples collected. For samples that contained multiple sizes of mysids, frequency response curves showed a consistent peak 200 kHz. Samples dominated by only a single size class of small (5 mm long mysids) had a peak in scattering at 710 kHz. Intrapatch clustering of heterogeneous individuals shown here demonstrates patchiness at the scales of interactions among individual mysids; however, this patchiness is likely averaged out at the scale of large predator–mysid swarm interactions or the scale typical of most scientific surveys.
Measuring and Mapping Optical Properties and Chromophore Changes During Brain Injury in the Near-Infrared Spectral Range Using Spatial Modulation of Light: Initial Results

In this paper we describe the use of spatially modulated light projection for quantifying changes in chromophores during acute ischemic injury in the rat barrel cortex. The approach we use is based on spatial modulation of white light projected onto the brain by commercial projector. The reflected light is acquired on a CCD camera, which is then processed in the computer to obtain the concentration and distribution of chromophores through steady-state diffusion model. Experimental results from permanent stroke model underline the performance of the suggested techniques.
Multiple Surveys of Students and Survey Fatigue.

This chapter reviews the literature on survey fatigue and summarizes a research project that indicates that administering multiple surveys in one academic year can significantly suppress response rates in later surveys.
The Political Ecology of a Highway through Belize's Forested Borderlands

This paper examines how a new highway in Belize will change a tropical forest landscape. Since the end of British colonialism (1981), the Maya communities in Belize's Toledo District have struggled with the state for control of the lands they have customarily used to produce a livelihood. We were approached by some Maya leaders, who recognize that the paving of a new highway through their villages could transform Maya agricultural practices and thus land use and cover change (LUCC), and asked to produce an analysis that could assist them in managing their lands. We braid together historical, social, political, economic, and satellite data to answer two questions: (1) How has land cover changed since 1975 in areas with Maya customary versus noncustomary land-use practices? (2) What will be the consequences of paving the new highway through this region for the landscape and the Maya communities? Using a multifaceted LUCC/ political ecology analysis we found that forest clearing is greatest where noncustomary farming practices are employed. Noncustomary practices are spatially concentrated along the Belize-Guatemala border; the shift to noncustomary practices resulted from in- migration by war refugees who maintained close ties to Guatemalan markets. The paving of the highway promises to reduce the functional distance to Guatemala's markets, which could change land use in other villages to the detriment of the forests because of the likely diffusion of noncustomary farm practices. Forest change will be shaped by the region's complex political geography.
Context and Conscience: Public Attitudes Toward Abortion in Mexico

In recent years, abortion has become a salient issue in Mexican politics. In this study, we intend to use data from the World Values Surveys to acertain the correlates of attitudes toward abortion among Mexican mass publics. We will examine the effects of attitudinal variables (respect for life, attitudes toward sexual morality, feminism, ideology), religious variables (Catholicism, doctrinal orthodoxy, church attendance) demographic variables (gender, age, education, female labor force participation) and region. We estimate models with ordered logistic regression, while controlling for regional effects and other influences on attitudes.
The Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Human Cervical Mucus of Females Using Either A Coil or Combined Therapy

The effects of combination-type oral contraceptives and the Lippes loop on the biochemical components of the genital tract were analyzed in samples of cervical mucus obtained from a random sample of women (including student volunteers) at the Wayne County Michigan Family Planning Clinic. The mucoid samples from women without contraception using Lippes loops or combination-type oral contraceptives were checked for alkaline and acid phosphatase activity at 3 phases of the menstrual cycle: proliferative (Days 1-13) ovulatory (Days 13-17) and secretory (Days 17-35). A significant (p less than .01) midcycle rise in the amount of mucus was seen in the groups with oral contraceptives or with a coil. None of the groups demonstrated cyclic differences in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity though oral contraceptive users experienced a significant increase in level of activity in all 3 phases of the cycle. To achieve statistical significance more observations under carefully controlled conditions must be obtained.
Synchronization of nonlinear systems with dissipative nonlinearity over large-scale stochastic networks

In this paper, we study the synchronization of identical nonlinear systems over large-scale network with uncertainty in the interconnections. We consider a special class of nonlinear systems which have a dissipative nonlinearity and the stability of such systems can be analyzed using absolute stability theory tools like the Positive Real Lemma, Bounded Real Lemma and dissipativity theory. We extend this analysis to the stochastic setting over a network where the interconnection weights are drive by Wiener process with given mean and variance. To capture the stability of the synchronized state, we study the notion of mean square stability from stochastic stability theory and formulate a network size-independent sufficient condition based on the theory of stochastic dissipative systems. We also compute a heuristic margin of synchronization for the networked systems to indicate the tolerance to stochastic uncertainty in interconnection links.
High Internal Energies of Proposed Asphaltene Structures

Molecular structures proposed in the literature as representative of asphaltenes attempt to encompass the results of numerous experiments and quantum mechanics calculations. This work demonstrates that certain features of chemical bonding in proposed structures lead directly to high energies and thus low relative occurrence probabilities. Hartree–Fock, quantum density functional theory, and classical force field calculations indicate features such as nonplanar aromatic rings that occur in structures proposed recently in the literature. Energy differences for altered pendant group locations were compared using smaller molecules as a reference. Small changes to side-chain positions preserve the overall architecture of the proposed asphaltene molecules while decreasing repulsive forces and restoring planar aromatic rings. The resulting structures are more appropriate for pursuing molecular hypotheses about asphaltenes.
“We’re like community”: Collective identity and collective efficacy among transgender women in prisons for men:

Recognizing that prisons house diverse populations in equally diverse types of environments, we utilize a unique data set and employ two well-known sociological concepts—collective identity and col...
Deadly Triangles: The Implications of Regional Competition on Interactions in Asymmetric Dyads

Why do minor powers ever resist the demands of major powers? Although recent work has begun to provide answers to this question, we argue that research has missed a vital piece of bargaining dynamics in dyadic research: third-party influence. Using spatial modeling techniques with the Militarized Interstate Dispute and International Crisis Behavior datasets, we improve upon previous models of asymmetric conflict by showing that the presence of a neighboring rival of a minor power, and the relationship that rival has with a major power, conditions the likelihood that weak actors choose to fight the strong. The recent examples of Pakistan and Iraq, after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, serve as ideal types in which minor powers are respectively less and more likely to resist the demands of major powers. We find quantitative support that regional rivalries can act as both constrainers and enablers for minor powers when bargaining with major powers.
Identification of Endogenous mRNA-Binding Proteins in Yeast Using Crosslinking and PolyA Enrichment

The maturation, localization, stability, and translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are regulated by a wide variety of mRNA-binding proteins. Identification of the complete set of mRNA-binding proteins is a key step in understanding the regulation of gene expression. Herein, we describe a method for identifying yeast mRNA-binding proteins in a systematic manner using UV crosslinking, purification of polyA(+) mRNAs under denaturing conditions, and mass spectrometry to identify covalently bound proteins.
Entrepreneurship education: a strength-based approach to substance use and suicide prevention for American Indian adolescents

American Indian (AI) adolescents suffer the largest disparities in substance use and suicide. Predominating prevention models focus primarily on risk and utilize deficit-based approaches. The fields of substance use and suicide prevention research urge for positive youth development frameworks that are strength based and target change at individual and community levels. Entrepreneurship education is an innovative approach that reflects the gap in available programs. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a youth entrepreneurship education program in partnership with one AI community. We detail the curriculum, process evaluation results, and the randomized controlled trial evaluating its efficacy for increasing protective factors. Lessons learned may be applicable to other AI communities.
Deep sequencing and in silico analyses identify MYB-regulated gene networks and signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer

We have recently demonstrated that the transcription factor MYB can modulate several cancer-associated phenotypes in pancreatic cancer. In order to understand the molecular basis of these MYB-associated changes, we conducted deep-sequencing of transcriptome of MYB-overexpressing and -silenced pancreatic cancer cells, followed by in silico pathway analysis. We identified significant modulation of 774 genes upon MYB-silencing (p < 0.05) that were assigned to 25 gene networks by in silico analysis. Further analyses placed genes in our RNA sequencing-generated dataset to several canonical signalling pathways, such as cell-cycle control, DNA-damage and -repair responses, p53 and HIF1α. Importantly, we observed downregulation of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma signaling pathway in MYB-silenced pancreatic cancer cells exhibiting suppression of EGFR and NF-κB. Decreased expression of EGFR and RELA was validated by both qPCR and immunoblotting and they were both shown to be under direct transcriptional control of MYB. These observations were further confirmed in a converse approach wherein MYB was overexpressed ectopically in a MYB-null pancreatic cancer cell line. Our findings thus suggest that MYB potentially regulates growth and genomic stability of pancreatic cancer cells via targeting complex gene networks and signaling pathways. Further in-depth functional studies are warranted to fully understand MYB signaling in pancreatic cancer.
Genome editing in cardiovascular diseases

Genome-editing tools, which include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) systems, have emerged as an invaluable technology to achieve somatic and germline genomic manipulation in cells and model organisms for multiple applications, including the creation of knockout alleles, introducing desired mutations into genomic DNA, and inserting novel transgenes. Genome editing is being rapidly adopted into all fields of biomedical research, including the cardiovascular field, where it has facilitated a greater understanding of lipid metabolism, electrophysiology, cardiomyopathies, and other cardiovascular disorders, has helped to create a wider variety of cellular and animal models, and has opened the door to a new class of therapies. In this Review, we discuss the applications of genome-editing technology throughout cardiovascular disease research and the prospect of in vivo genome-editing therapies in the future. We also describe some of the existing limitations of genome-editing tools that will need to be addressed if cardiovascular genome editing is to achieve its full scientific and therapeutic potential.
CdS–CdTe heterojunction nanotube arrays for efficient solar energy conversion

We have established a protocol for the fabrication of CdTe–CdS, lateral p–n junction nanotube arrays, configured akin to either substrate or superstrate geometries. The protocol involves confined electrodeposition of p-type CdTe on lithographically patterned nanoelectrodes defined on conducting substrates, where the substrate surface has been coated with the n-type CdS layer deposited through chemical bath deposition. Post-lithography the underlying CdS layer could be revealed at selective positions, which is the key factor in defining the nature of the formed CdS–CdTe heterojunction. The aspect ratio of the CdTe nanotubes could be controlled by doing pulsed electrodeposition as well as altering the thickness of the polymeric resist used for lithography and tuning the diameter of the nanoelectrodes. Photoelectrochemical analysis in a liquid junction electrolyte has been performed to characterize the photoconductivity response of nanotube arrays. Both the substrate and superstrate p–n junction arrangements of CdS–CdTe nanotube arrays showed photocurrent comparable to that obtained from a bulk film covering a much larger surface area compared to the nanodevice. Typically it was observed that for the heterojunction CdS–CdTe nanotube device less than 10% coverage with the photoabsorber layer was required compared to the bulk film, in order to produce the same amount of photocurrent. Specifically, the photoconversion efficiency was increased by 50% on changing the morphology from bulk film (6.3%) to tubular (9.6%). Additionally, the advantage of the “holey” architecture in the photoabsorber layer was very evident as the photocurrent obtained from the nanotube arrays was larger than that obtained from the nanorod arrays electrodeposited under similar conditions. These observation suggest that these nanotube architectures combining the advantages of both the “holey” and nanopillar geometries might lead to an optimal nanostructured solar cell. The growth method of the nanotube arrays is simple and versatile which can be readily adapted to produce complex photoabsorber layers including the ternary and quaternary chalcogenides.