cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-range studies of the biologic behavior of the human uterine cervix. III. Squamous metaplasia.

Abstract In an attempt to define the etiological factors important in the genesis of carcinoma of the uterine cervix, a large group of normal women has been followed for over 5 years. An initial careful history and physical examination have been followed by periodic pelvic examinations, vaginal cytology, and biopsies of the cervix. There appears to be a definite relationship between cervical metaplasia and age, as well as a correlation between metaplasia and the presence of cervical eversion in the patient under the age of 40 years. The suggested relationships of pregnancy, the menopause, and other uterine disease were found to represent merely the altered prevalence found within the age groups involved. In this series no relationship could be shown between cervical metaplasia and race, marital status, menarche, time of menopause, type of menopause (physiologic or surgical), pregnancy, leukorrhea, bloody discharge, history of venereal disease, use of contraceptives, circumcision of husband, height, weight, body type, size of breasts, presence of enlarged inguinal nodes, gravidity, parity, clinical parity of the cervix, type of cervical mucosa, size or irregularity of the uterus, adnexal or rectal pathology. Because of the low incidence of cervical malignancy in the general population and the comparatively small group of such patients studied, no direct evidence has yet been obtained concerning the relationship between cervical metaplasia and cervical malignancy. Continuation of this study with the accumulation of additional data may provide definitive information and answers to these problems.
A Modified Pulsed Gradient Technique For Measuring Diffusion in Powdered Samples

A modification of the pulsed field gradient (PFG) technique is described, which is advantageous for measuring diffusion coefficients in the presence of large static background magnetic field gradients in finely powdered samples.
Can mean platelet volume be used as a biomarker for asthma

INTRODUCTION Platelets play important roles in airway inflammation and are activated in inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma. AIM We evaluated the mean platelet volume (MPV), used as a marker of platelet activation, in asthmatic patients during asymptomatic periods and exacerbations compared to healthy controls to determine whether MPV can be used as an indicator of inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our patient group consisted of 95 children with exacerbation of asthma who were admitted to our allergy clinic. The control group consisted of 100 healthy children matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. Mean platelet volume values of the patient group obtained during exacerbation of asthma were compared to those of the same group during the asymptomatic period and with the control group. We investigated factors that can affect the MPV values of asthma patients, including infection, atopy, immunotherapy treatment, and severity of asthma exacerbation. RESULTS The patient group consisted of 50 (52.6%) boys and 45 (47.4%) girls with a mean age of 125 ±38 months old. Mean MPV values in the exacerbation period, the healthy period, and in the control group were 8.1 ±0.8 fl, 8.1 ±1.06 fl, and 8.2 ±0.9 fl, respectively; there were no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). The severity of asthma, severity of asthma exacerbation, immunotherapy, coinfection, eosinophil count, and IgE level also had no effect on MPV (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although platelets play a role in the pathophysiology of asthma, MPV measurement is insufficient to detect inflammation through platelets.
Seed Production Patterns in Zostera marina: Effects of Patch Size and Landscape Configuration

Zostera marina is a cosmopolitan, temperate seagrass species capable of both sexual and asexual (i.e., clonal) reproduction. Until recently, the importance of sexual reproduction has been largely dismissed, and clonal growth has dominated our understanding of space acquisition by Z. marina. This model of Z. marina growth was developed in locations where reproductive effort falls on the lower end of a wide range in sexual productivity. This study assessed Z. marina seed production as a function of patch size in a landscape where sexual reproduction has played a significant role in meadow expansion. Additionally, a landscape-scale analysis of seagrass proximity was performed to determine whether relationships between seed production and percent seagrass coverage exist. Reproductive shoots were collected from 58 seagrass patches of four different size classes: 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 m2 over a two-year period. Seeds were harvested, enumerated, and scored for viability. Viable seed density was significantly related to patch size, but no statistically significant difference was found for non-viable seed densities between patch sizes. Larger patches, with both an edge and center region, were evaluated by region; no difference was found between seed production at the edge vs. center for these size classes. Finally, seed densities were not positively correlated with the amount of proximate seagrass in the landscape. The results of this study suggest that more explicit regional studies of sexual reproduction dynamics must be undertaken to fully understand the complex reproductive ecology of this angiosperm.
About to Burst: How State Self-Regulation Affects the Enactment of Bullying Behaviors

Past research has demonstrated that employees’ perceptions of abusive supervision are positively associated with the enactment of bullying behaviors. However, an investigation of the factors influencing employees’ decision to bully others at work has yet to be completed. In this study, we propose that the relationship between perceptions of abusive supervision and the enactment of bullying behaviors is mediated by state self-regulation, and that active coping moderates the relationship between state self-regulation and bullying. Further, we analyze how the situational context (e.g., positive or negative) affects employees’ levels of self-regulatory resource depletion and ultimately, the extent to which they engage in bullying behaviors. A moderated mediation analysis using time-separated data (N = 136) provided support for our hypotheses, suggesting that employees’ state self-regulation helps explain why abusive supervision is associated with bullying and that active coping helps to reduce bullying behaviors. Further, the results suggest that negative environments are associated with more bullying. Contributions, practical implications, and future research directions are discussed.
Neurons Internalize Functionalized Micron-Sized Silicon Dioxide Microspheres

Microparticles have potential as neuron-specific delivery platforms and devices with many applications in neuroscience, pharmacology, and biomedicine. To date, most literature suggests that neurons are not phagocytic cells capable of internalizing microparticles larger than 0.5 μm. We report that neurons transport fluorescently labeled silica microspheres with diameters of 1–2 μm into neurons in vitro and in rat brain without having overt effects on cell viability. Using flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal and electron microscopy, we first found that SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells internalized 1-μm silicon microspheres with surface charges of −70 mV (hydroxyl and carboxyl), −30 mV (amino), and +40 mV (ammonio). Uptake was rapid, within 2–4 h, and did not affect cell viability 48 h later. Flow cytometry assays indicate that SH-SY5Y cells internalize 1- and 1.5-μm microspheres at the same rate over a 24-h incubation period. Electron microscopy confirms that SH-SY5Y cells internalize 1-, 1.5-, and 2-μm microspheres. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that primary cortical neurons also internalized 1-, 1.5-, and 2-μm amino microspheres within 4 h. Finally, we injected 1-μm amino microspheres into rat striatum and found microspheres inside neurons. Overall, neurons can internalize microspheres up to 2 μm in diameter with a range of surface chemical groups and charges. These findings allow a host of neuroscience and neuroengineering applications including intracellular microdevices within neurons.
O currículo de Hollywood: quem é o "bom " professor, quem é a "boa" professora?

In this article 26 motion pictures (distributed widely in the USA over the past 60years) are analysed to construct a theory of curriculum in the movies. Hollywood's "ideal" teachers are defined as those who share a set of character traits found consistently in these films, traits that cut across traditional film genres and remain intact throughtout the eras studied. Those "good" teachers in the movies also operate from a distintive curricular approach identified as "broadly aesthetic-ethical-political", a term explored in the context of Huebner's five value frameworks of curricular thought.
P- and N-Coordination of the Ambidentate Ligand HN[P(i-Pr)2]2 with Group 13 Trihalides.

Five different coordination motifs were observed upon reaction of the simple group 13 Lewis acids MCl3 (M = In, Ga, Al, B) or BF3·Et2O with the ambidentate bis(diisopropylphosphino)amine ligand HN[P(i-Pr)2]2. In a 1:1 reaction mixture, the softer Lewis acids InCl3, GaCl3 and BCl3 coordinate to one of the two P atoms of the ligand. In contrast, AlCl3 and BF3 prefer coordination to the harder N atom. In all cases, the acidic N–H proton is shifted to P upon complexation with a metal. By altering the reaction stoichiometry, 2:1 metal–ligand complexes could be isolated for three of the combinations. BCl3 gives a bis-adduct via the two P atoms. GaCl3 produces a salt consisting of a [GaCl4]− anion and a P,P-chelated [LGaCl2]+ cation. Most unexpectedly, the reaction with InCl3 in methanol resulted in solvent deprotonation by the ligand to give two symmetric [(i-Pr2PH)2N]+ cations in which all the basic P sites are coordinated to H rather than the group 13 Lewis acid. These cations are balanced by the unique compl...
The Prickly Embrace of Engaged Scholarship: What it Means to do Research in an Urban Secondary (6-12) School

This paper describes how two professors struggled with traditional and non-traditional approaches to scholarship in order to understand how they could best serve students in a new secondary school (grades 6-12) while fulfilling expectations for tenure and promotion. Using methods related to reflexive autoethnography, the authors explore the rewards and challenges of building a partnership between a college and school that enabled the development of a comprehensive and systemic college and career readiness program called the Career Institute (CI). The professors explore the tensions that arose when they tried to both build and study this program. Over time, the professors realized that in order for the program to be important and meaningful for students, they themselves needed to develop a non-traditional approach to scholarship that was engaged, responsive, and service-oriented. Accordingly, they developed a model from which to theorize about the goals and aims of community-engaged scholarship: “Community-engaged scholarship” creates, explores and extends research as it is valued by , valued for , and valued with .
Leisure-time physical activity and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in cancer survivors: a cross-sectional analysis using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Objectives Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) is associated with improved cancer prognosis in some studies, yet it may be a surrogate marker for physical activity. We investigated the associations of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with circulating 25-OHD levels in cancer survivors, and determined whether associations differ by indoor and outdoor activity. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants Cancer survivors with available data on demographic information, measures of adiposity, smoking history, self-reported LTPA and circulating 25-OHD levels in five waves of NHANES (2001–2010). Main outcomes measures Circulating 25-OHD levels. Results Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of self-reported LTPA with 25-OHD, adjusting for potential confounders. Due to the differences in LTPA measure, the analyses were conducted separately for 2001–2006 and 2007–2010 data. We further estimated associations by indoor and outdoor activity in the 2001–2006 data. There were 1530 cancer survivors (mean age=60.5 years, mean body mass index=28.6 kg/m 2 ). The prevalent cancer sites were breast (19.3%), prostate (18.8%), cervix (10.4%) and colon (8.6%). Compared with inactive cancer survivors, being physically active was associated with higher circulating 25-OHD levels (8.07 nmol/L, 95% CI 4.63 to 11.52) for 2001–2006 data. In the mutually adjusted model, higher outdoor activity (5.83 nmol/L, 95% CI 1.64 to 10.01), but not indoor activity (2.93 nmol/L, 95% CI −1.80 to 7.66), was associated with statistically significantly higher 25-OHD levels. The interaction between indoor and outdoor activities was, however, not significant (p=0.29). The only statistically significant association seen in the 2007–2010 data was among obese cancer survivors. Conclusion Physical activity, particularly outdoor activity, is associated with higher 25-OHD levels in cancer survivors. In view of the possible beneficial effects of vitamin D on cancer prognosis, engaging in outdoor physical activity could provide clinically meaningful increases in 25-OHD levels among cancer survivors.
Evaluation of Clavicle Injuries

The approach to evaluating clavicle injuries should hinge on the general principles of all orthopaedic injury evaluation. Injuries to the clavicle are often the result of acute trauma that can be high in energy. In addition, the proximal location of the clavicle within the upper extremity places it extremely close to the head, neck, and chest, which, if also injured, can lead to rapid decompensation of a patient. Therefore, as with any patient who sustains a traumatic injury, the treating provider should first ensure proper trauma triage stabilization of airway, breathing, and circulation along with proper immobilization of the cervical spine if there is any concern for injury to these areas. Once the patient is stabilized following this primary survey, the more detailed examination of any clavicle injury can begin.
Optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio of biphoton distribution measurements

Single-photon-sensitive cameras can now be used as massively parallel coincidence counters for entangled photon pairs. This enables measurement of biphoton joint probability distributions with orders-of-magnitude greater dimensionality and faster acquisition speeds than traditional raster scanning of point detectors; to date, however, there has been no general formula available to optimize data collection. Here we analyze the dependence of such measurements on count rate, detector noise properties, and threshold levels. We derive expressions for the biphoton joint probability distribution and its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), valid beyond the low-count regime up to detector saturation. The analysis gives operating parameters for global optimum SNR that may be specified prior to measurement. We find excellent agreement with experimental measurements within the range of validity and discuss discrepancies with the theoretical model for high thresholds. This work enables optimized measurement of the biphoton joint probability distribution in high-dimensional joint Hilbert spaces.
On the set of attainability of nonlinear autonomous control systems

An important tool in optimal control theory is the Pontrjagin maximum principle. A necessary condition for optimality, the principle is an analytic description of a control whose response stays in the boundary of the attainable set. See[2, 21]. It is useful to know that the attainable set has nonempty interior because the maximum principle gives no information otherwise. If we consider nonlinear, autonomous control systems determined on a manifold M by the set ℳk of autonomous, Ck controllable vector fields, then a few technical restrictions on the control system allow us to conclude that there is an open dense subset O of ℳk such that each element of O has an attainable set contained in the closure of its own interior.
Interaction of a Circularly Polarized Laser Pulse with Free Electrons

The interaction of an intense, circularly polarized, electromagnetic wave of finite duration with a free electron is analyzed classically. The effects of radiative reaction and intensity gradients in smoothly varying pulses are treated relativistically. It is shown that the effect of radiative reaction is to impart to the electron a final energy which depends only on the energy per unit area carried by the wave.
Claw Waving for Sex: An Inquiry-Based Lab to Teach Sexual Dimorphism and Behavior in Fiddler Crabs.

We designed a three-week guided inquiry-based lab for non-biology majors revolving around the ideas of sexual dimorphism, selection, and behavior, using fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) as a model. Specifically, students worked in small teams to design experiments, collect data, and present findings in a short oral presentation. Students gained exposure to scientific skills, including designing an ethogram, understanding the purpose of inter-observer reliability, graphing, statistics, and oral communication.
Anaerobic Urinary Infections: Bacteroides Fragilis Bacteremia from the Urinary Tract

AbstractA case is reported of Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia from an obstructed upper urinary tract. Although anaerobic bacteria rarely cause significant urinary tract infection it may occur, particularly in the presence of obstruction. The urinary tract must be considered a possible site for anaerobic infections.
Cascading Attacks on Wi-Fi Networks with Weak Interferers

Recent work shows that an adversary can exploit a coupling effect induced by hidden nodes to launch a cascading attack causing global congestion in a Wi-Fi network. The underlying assumption is that the power of interference caused by a hidden node is an order of magnitude stronger than the signal sent to the receiver. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of cascading attacks with weakly interfering hidden nodes, that is when the signal-to-interference ratio is high. Through extensive ns-3 simulations, including for an indoor building model, we show that cascading attacks are still feasible. The attacks leverage two PHY-layer phenomena: receiver capture and bit rate adaptation. We show that the attack relies on a coupling effect, whereby the average bit rate of a transmission pair drops sharply as the channel utilization of a neighboring pair gets higher. This coupling effect facilitates the propagation of the attack throughout the network.
Genetics and biochemistry on tylosin production: a model for genetic engineering in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces.

Antibiotics are economically-important chemicals produced by a variety of species of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Species of the prokaryotic genus, Streptomyces, produce about 70 percent of all known antibiotics (19). Therefore, the Streptomyces present a practical model for genetic manipulation. Streptomyces are also fundamentally interesting for at least two reasons. First, they undergo a differentiation cycle of spore germination, mycelial growth, aerial mycelium formation and sporulation (17). In general, the relationships between the differentiation cycles and antibiotic production are only poorly understood. Second, the Streptomyces contain circular genomes (17,19) with guanine plus cytosin (G+C) contents of 69 to 73 percent (49). This G+C content approaches the genetic code upper limit (50), beyond which the amino acid content of proteins would have to deviate substantially from the bacterial norm. Since the latter is highly unlikely (47), the Streptomyces must have severely constrained codon usage patterns which should maximize the G+C content in the third position of codons. It is not known if there are additional constraints in noncoding sequences which, for instance, might affect promoter sequences.
Geochronology—Introduction and Overview

Abstract Geochronology is the study of time as it relates to the geological events of Earth history. Relative age dating places geological materials such as fossils and rock strata or geological events such as magmatism, erosion/sedimentation, and faulting in sequential order. Absolute age dating determines the amount of time that has passed since a given geological event, and the quantitative measurement of absolute ages over the past century has been essential to our present understanding of planetary evolution and the geologic processes that formed the Earth. This article provides an introduction to, and overview of, the modern field of geochronology that uses measured time both as a fundamental tool and as a framework for understanding the workings of our planet and the solar system. The dating methods introduced here are discussed in detail in the separate articles of the geochronology section of this volume.
Atmospheric politics: protest drones and the ambiguity of airspace

This article addresses the emergence of a particular assemblage—the adoption of sUAS or small drones by subjects with different interests grouped in the same location: journalists, protestors, and police. Considering the use of sUAS by protestors in the USA during the occupy movement, the rebellion at Ferguson, Missouri, and at the #NoDAPL protests at Standing Rock, I argue for an expanded notion of airspace that does not reinforce the state violence of no-fly zones and regulatory restrictions. Once we situate drones as productive of atmospheric politics, spaces, and temporalities, we can account for their incorporation into military and governmental as well as beneficial or humanitarian uses and thereby develop a better understanding of the relational dynamics of the assemblage of airspaces, aerial vehicles, and their creators and operators.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip: can contrast-enhanced MRI predict the development of avascular necrosis following surgery?

To investigate the performance of contrast-enhanced MRI for predicting avascular necrosis (AVN) of the treated femoral head after surgical reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) using qualitative and quantitative methods. This IRB-approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective study included 47 children who underwent same-day contrast-enhanced MRI following unilateral surgical hip reduction between April 2009 and June 2018. Blinded to the clinical outcome, 3 reviewers (2 pediatric radiologists and 1 pediatric orthopedist) independently categorized the enhancement pattern of the treated femoral head. Signal intensities, measured using regions of interest (ROI), were compared between treated and untreated hips and percent enhancements were compared between hips that developed and did not develop AVN. Post-reduction radiographs were evaluated using Salter’s criteria for AVN and Kalmachi and MacEwen’s classification for growth disturbance. Non-parametric tests and Fisher exact test were used to compare enhancement values between AVN and non-AVN hips. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons. Ten (21%) out of the 47 children (7 boys and 40 girls; mean age 9.0 ± 4.7 months) developed AVN. Age at surgical reduction was significantly higher (p = 0.03) for hips that developed AVN. No significant differences were found in gender (p = 0.61), laterality (p = 0.46), surgical approach (p = 0.08), history of pre-operative bracing (p = 0.72), abduction angle (p = 0.18–0.44), enhancement pattern (p = 0.66–0.76), or percent enhancement (p = 0.41–0.88) between AVN and non-AVN groups. Neither enhancement pattern nor percent enhancement predicted AVN, suggesting that post-reduction conventional MRI does not accurately distinguish between reversible and permanent vascular injury.
O CONTROLE DA VIDA: ESTATUTO DO NASCITURO, DIREITOS REPRODUTIVOS E BIOPODER

O presente artigo busca analisar o Projeto de Lei no 478/2007, conhecido como estatuto do nascituro, em trâmite perante o Congresso Nacional Brasileiro, a luz da teoria do biopoder, de Michel Foucault, e dos direitos reprodutivos das mulheres. Para tanto, sera exposto o conceito de biopoder, seguido do historico de criacao e tramitacao do estatuto do nascituro e de sua caracterizacao como um instrumento de controle da vida e dos corpos femininos.
Long-term outcomes with the pulmonary autograft inclusion technique in adults with bicuspid aortic valves undergoing the Ross procedure

Abstract Objective To compare outcomes with wrapped (pulmonary autograft inclusion) versus unwrapped techniques in adults with bicuspid aortic valves undergoing the Ross procedure. Methods Between 1992 and 2019, 129 adults with bicuspid aortic valves (aged ≥18 years) underwent the Ross procedure by a single surgeon. Patients were divided into those without autograft inclusion (unwrapped, n = 71) and those with autograft inclusion (wrapped, n = 58). Median follow-up was 10.3 years (interquartile range, 3.0-16.8 years). Need for autograft reintervention was analyzed using competing risks. Results Pre- and intraoperative characteristics as well as 30-day morbidity or mortality did not differ between cohorts. Survival at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively, was 97.2%, 97.2%, and 95.6% in the unwrapped cohort and 100%, 100%, and 100% in the wrapped cohort (P = .15). Autograft valve failure occurred in 25 (35.2%) of the unwrapped and 3 (5.2%) of the wrapped patients. Competing risks analysis demonstrated the wrapped cohort to have a lower need for autograft reintervention (subhazard ratio, 0.28, 95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.91; P = .035). The cumulative incidence of autograft reintervention (death as a competing outcome) at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively, was 10.2%, 14.9%, and 26.8% in the unwrapped cohort and 4.0%, 4.0%, and 4.0% in the wrapped cohort. Conclusions In adults with bicuspid aortic valves, the Ross procedure with pulmonary autograft inclusion stabilizes the aortic root preventing dilatation and reduces the need for reoperation. The autograft inclusion technique allows the Ross procedure to be performed in this population with excellent long-term outcomes.
Basic Steps in Machine Learning-Based Modeling

Data-driven machine learning (ML) approaches are becoming very popular in analyzing facies, fractures, faults, rock properties, and fluid flow in subsurface characterization and modeling. Our reservoirs are becoming more data-rich due to the advent of new drilling, completion, and sensor technologies. Modeling of these variables from such data-rich reservoirs is a complex multivariate, multiscale, and multidisciplinary problem that we can handle with ML algorithms. In this chapter, we will learn about the fundamental steps in deploying ML models to solve our problems. Although there are several ML models available, including both traditional algorithms and deep learning algorithms, some steps are very similar. The selection of a particular algorithm over other depends on the data and the problem itself, complexity, interpretability, time, and cost. In this chapter, we focus on the nature of the problems and provide a systematic guide to building, evaluating, and explaining these data-driven models, irrespective of the algorithms.
Famous Trademarks and the Rational Basis for Protecting "Irrational Beliefs"

This Article challenges the common wisdom about the desirability of celebrated trademarks. Contrary to the traditional view, it argues that mega-brands are neither economic evils nor is their function limited to imparting information regarding the physical product they flaunt. The Article also rejects the view that famous marks persuade consumers (often referred to as “Snobs”) to “irrationally” pay more for the same physical product they could have purchased for less. Rather, it argues that in purchasing a branded good the consumer is actually purchasing three tied products in one package: a physical product, information about the physical product, and an intangible product such as fame, prestige, peace of mind or a pleasant feeling. Contrary to prior literature, this Article argues that the intangible product benefits both producers and consumers. It explores the demand for the intangible product, its impact on pricing, welfare and consumers’ and producers’ strategies. It argues that under certain conditions one may witness the anomaly of an increase in both price and output, but that such observation does not mandate the conclusion that consumers are facing an up-sloping demand curve as discussed in the literature of conspicuous goods. Instead, the Article proposes that this phenomenon may occur in the traditional down-sloping demand curves and that it is not limited to goods with conspicuous properties. The Article has normative and descriptive implications with regard to three distinct bodies of law: price discrimination, trademark anti-dilution and trade-name law. A direct result is that mega-brands neither confer a monopoly nor foster price discrimination. On the contrary, they enhance competition in both the physical and intangible spheres. The Article also offers a new rational basis for one of the most nebulous doctrines in trademark law: anti-dilution. Anti-dilution law provides special protection to famous marks which is not available to regular ones, and has been unanimously enthroned as one which protects only producers but is injurious to consumers. Conversely, this Article argues that anti-dilution law inures to the benefit of both consumers and producers. It attempts to clear the constitutional concerns that have been raised with regard to the doctrine and explains the fame requirement. The article concludes that Snobs are rational and that there are sound economic justifications for the law’s unique protection of famous marks.
QRnet: optimal regulator design with LOR-augmented neural networks

In this paper we propose a new computational method for designing optimal regulators for high-dimensional nonlinear systems. The proposed approach leverages physics-informed machine learning to solve high-dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations arising in optimal feedback control. Concretely, we augment linear quadratic regulators with neural networks to handle nonlinearities. We train the augmented models on data generated without discretizing the state space, enabling application to high-dimensional problems. We use the proposed method to design a candidate optimal regulator for an unstable Burgers' equation, and through this example, demonstrate improved robustness and accuracy compared to existing neural network formulations.
Objectively measured patterns of daily physical activity and phenotypic frailty.

BACKGROUND Self-reported low physical activity is a defining feature of phenotypic frailty but does not adequately capture physical activity performed throughout the day. This study examined associations between accelerometer-derived patterns of routine daily physical activity and frailty. METHODS Wrist accelerometer and frailty data from 638 participants (mean age 77 (SD=5.5) years; 44% women) were used to derive five physical activity metrics: active minutes/day, sedentary minutes/day, total activity counts/day, activity fragmentation (reciprocal of the average active bout length) and sedentary fragmentation (reciprocal of the average sedentary bout length). Robust, pre-frail and frail statuses were identified using the physical frailty phenotype defined as having 0, 1-2, or ≥3 of the following criterion: weight loss, exhaustion, slowness, self-reported low activity, and weakness. Frailty was collapsed into not frail (robust and prefrail) and frail, and each frailty criteria was dichotomized. Multiple logistic regression was used to model each accelerometer metric. Separate frailty criteria and interactions with age and sex were also examined. RESULTS With higher amounts and intensity of daily activity (more active minutes, fewer sedentary minutes, higher activity counts) and lower activity fragmentation, the odds of frailty were lower compared to robust/prefrail states (p<0.02 for all). For interactions, only an age by sedentary fragmentation interaction on the odds of frailty was observed (p=0.01). For each separate criteria, accelerometer metrics were associated with odds of slowness, low activity, and weakness. CONCLUSION Less favorable patterns of objectively measured daily physical activity are associated with frailty and the components of slowness, low self-reported activity, and weakness.
The 2.2 A crystal structure of Hsp33: a heat shock protein with redox-regulated chaperone activity.

Abstract Background: One strategy that cells employ to respond to environmental stresses (temperature, oxidation, and pathogens) is to increase the expression of heat shock proteins necessary to maintain viability. Several heat shock proteins function as molecular chaperones by binding unfolded polypeptides and preventing their irreversible aggregation. Hsp33, a highly conserved bacterial heat shock protein, is a redox-regulated molecular chaperone that appears to protect cells against the lethal effects of oxidative stress. Results: The 2.2 A crystal structure of a truncated E. coli Hsp33 (residues 1–255) reveals a domain-swapped dimer. The core domain of each monomer (1–178) folds with a central helix that is sandwiched between two β sheets. The carboxyl-terminal region (179–235), which lacks the intact Zn binding domain of Hsp33, folds into three helices that pack on the other subunit. The interface between the two core domains is comprised of conserved residues, including a rare Glu-Glu hydrogen bond across the dyad axis. Two potential polypeptide binding sites that span the dimer are observed: a long groove containing pockets of conserved and hydrophobic residues, and an intersubunit 10-stranded β sheet "saddle" with a largely uncharged or hydrophobic surface. Conclusions: Hsp33 is a dimer in the crystal structure. Solution studies confirmed that this dimer reflects the structural changes that occur upon activation of Hsp33 as a molecular chaperone. Patterns of conserved residues and surface charges suggest that two grooves might be potential binding sites for protein folding intermediates.
Prologue: Justice Holmes - Father of the Modern First Amendment

Prologue from 'The Fundamental Holmes: A Free Speech Chronicle & Reader' - Selections from the Opinions, Books, Articles, Speeches, Letters & Other Writings by & About Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
The Importance of Aphasia Community Programs in Supporting Self-Determination in PWA

Aphasia support groups and aphasia community centers have been increasing in number over the past 2 decades in the United States and abroad. Participation in these innovative community programs can...
Symptom recurrence after suboccipital decompression for pediatric Chiari I malformation: analysis of 256 consecutive cases.

Symptom recurrence remains a problem for some patients after surgical decompression for Chiari I malformation. We set out to identify variables at presentation that could identify subgroups most likely to experience incomplete symptom relief after hindbrain decompression for Chiari I malformation. We retrospectively reviewed the records of all pediatric patients undergoing first-time suboccipital decompression for Chiari I malformation over a 10-year period. Measured outcomes included (1) persistence or recurrence of symptoms regardless of severity and (2) need for revision decompression. Two hundred fifty-six children (10 5years old) underwent surgery for Chiari I malformation and were followed up for a mean of 27months. Presenting symptoms included headache in 192 (75%) patients and brainstem or cranial nerve symptoms in 68 (27%) patients. Fifty-seven (22%) patients experienced mild to moderate symptom recurrence. Nineteen (7%) patients required revision decompression for significant symptom recurrence. Headache was 70% more likely to persist or recur versus cranial nerve or brainstem symptoms (relative risk 1.70, p < 0.05). Vertigo and frontal headache independently increased the odds of symptom recurrence 2.9- and 1.5-fold, respectively. Each increasing year of preoperative headache duration was independently associated with 15% increase in likelihood of symptom persistence (p < 0.05). Severe tonsilar ectopia (caudal to C2 lamina) was twice as likely to require revision decompression (14% versus 6%). In our experience, recurrence of mild symptomatology not severe enough to justify revision surgery may occur in nearly a fifth of patients after surgery. Headache was more likely to recur than objective cranial nerve or brainstem symptoms. Increasing duration of headaches, frontal headaches, and vertigo may be more refractory symptoms of Chiari I malformation.
Antipsychotic drugs: recent developments and novel agents

A sizeable number of new chemical entities designed to effectively treat acute and chronic schizophrenic behaviour have been disclosed in the patent literature during 1995 and 1996 and are discussed in this update. While the majority of these cases involve compounds which display high affinity for CNS dopamine receptors (particularly D2 and D4 subtypes), many others claim the ability to produce efficacy through indirect regulation of dopaminergic activity, e.g., via serotonin selective mechanisms. Still others offer the possibility of relief through interactions with less obvious receptors including neurokinin, glutamate and nicotinic systems. Many of these inventions also claim the potential for clozapine-like ‘atypical’ profiles, but with the advantage of being free from the potential for inducing blood disorders, like agranulocytosis, which could limit market exposure of a commercial product. The gradual emergence and success of new antipsychotic drugs, including risperidone, which combine potent dopam...
Personal power imagery and relaxation techniques used in smoking cessation programs.

Abstract Background. Theoretically-based interventions are necessary for enhancing the power of self-control behaviors in smokers attempting to quit smoking cigarettes. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of guided imagery and relaxation techniques as interventions for smoking cessation. The relationship of imagery and self-control was also examined. Methods. A convenience sample of 84 adult smokers participated in one of three treatment conditions: power imagery (n = 28), relaxation imagery (n = 29), and “placebo” control (n = 27). Treatment group members were taught imagery during a six-session smoking cessation program, and the control group was provided imagery training upon study completion. Results. Smoking quit rates were 67% for the power imagery group, 69 % for the relaxation group, and 27% for the control group. At a three-month follow-up, the power imagery group had a continued abstinence rate of 52 % (relapse rate = 48%), the relaxation group had an abstinence rate of 55% (relapse...
Role of Nitric Oxide in Mediating Intracranial Hypertension in Experimental Meningitis. † 775

Role of Nitric Oxide in Mediating Intracranial Hypertension in Experimental Meningitis. † 775
Alopecia Mucinosa: Report of a Case and Review

Antecedents: La mucinose folliculaire semble associee a des maladies autant benignes que graves. Bien qu'elle puisse apparaitre chez les enfants, elle est plus frequente chez les adultes. La mucinose folliculaire se manifeste generalement sous trois formes: une forme idiopathique primaire; une forme associee a des tumeurs malignes et une forme consecutive a des maladies inflammatoires. Le signe histologique premier est l'accumulation de mucine dans l'epithelium folliculaire, d'ou son nom. Le traitement de la mucinose folliculaire reste problematique. Objectif: Nous presentons un cas representatif de mucinose folliculaire et en examinons l'etiologie, l'histologie, l'epidemiologie, le traitement et le pronostic. Conclusion: Nous rapportons un cas de mucinose folliculaire primaire, traitee a la minocycline et guerie, et passons en revue les articles portant sur cette maladie.
Supergravity duals of gauge field theories from SU(2) x U(1) gauged supergravity in five dimensions

We study the SO(4)-symmetric solution of the five-dimensional SU(2) x U(1) gauged N=4 supergravity theory obtained in [hep-th/0101202]. This solution contains purely magnetic non-Abelian and electric Abelian fields. It can be interpreted as a reduction of seven-dimensional gauged supergravity on a torus, which comes from type IIB supergravity on S^3. We also show how to obtain that solution from six-dimensional Romans' theory on a circle. We then up-lift the solution to massless type IIA supergravity. The dual gauge field theory is twisted and is defined on the worldvolume of a NS-fivebrane wrapped on S^3. Two other spatial directions of the NS-fivebrane are on a torus. In the IR limit it corresponds to a three-dimensional gauge field theory with two supercharges.
Isomap out-of-sample extension for noisy time series data

This paper proposes an out-of-sample extension framework for a global manifold learning algorithm (Isomap) that uses temporal information in out-of-sample points in order to make the embedding more robust to noise and artifacts. Given a set of noise-free training data and its embedding, the proposed framework extends the embedding for a noisy time series. This is achieved by adding a spatio-temporal compactness term to the optimization objective of the embedding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method for out-of-sample extension of manifold embeddings that leverages timing information available for the extension set. Experimental results demonstrate that our out-of-sample extension algorithm renders a more robust and accurate embedding of sequentially ordered image data in the presence of various noise and artifacts when compared to other timing-aware em-beddings.
On the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site of the 30-S ribosomal subunit and its relation to the chain initiation site of the ribosome.

Abstract Phenylalanyl-tRNA binding site of the 30-S ribosomal subunit corresponds to the donor site of the 70-S ribosome.
Effective Reading Instruction for Struggling Readers: The Role of Direct/Explicit Teaching

Struggling readers are more likely to learn essential reading skills and strategies if the direct or explicit model of instruction is part of the teacher's repertoire of teaching methods. Directly/explicitly teaching reading means imparting new information to students through meaningful teacher–student interactions and teacher guidance of student learning. In this approach, the teacher clearly leads the teaching–learning process. At the heart of the direct instruction method are explicit explanations, modeling or demonstrating, and guided practice. Direct/explicit instruction needs to be an integral part of learning the major content strands of the reading process—phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.
High recovery cycles for gas separations by pressure-swing adsorption

Cycling-zone pressure-swing adsorption (CZPSA) and combination PSA−CZPSA cycles have been developed to increase the high-pressure product recovery of the Skarstrom PSA cycle. CZPSA uses a low-pressure feed as purge, whereas the combination PSA−CZPSA cycles use both a low-pressure feed gas and a product gas as purge. Extensive parametric studies were simulated using ADSIM for the model system of dilute benzene in nitrogen on activated carbon to determine how process performance was affected by flow scheme, purge sequence, penetration distance, feed and purge pressures and velocities, and pressurization procedure. For example, a nitrogen product purity of yB,prod/yB,feed = 0.05 and a high-pressure nitrogen recovery of P/F1 = 0.46 were obtained using the Skarstrom cycle, whereas the CZPSA cycle achieved values of yB,prod/yB,feed = 0.18 and P/F1 = 0.58. Air drying with activated alumina and air separation with zeolite 13X were also modeled. The Skarstrom cycle produced dry air with a dew point of −71 °C and P...
Molar volume and elastic properties of multicomponent chalcogenide glasses

Abstract High purity chalcogenide glasses incorporating Ge, Sb, Se, As and Te were prepared by vacuum melting of previously distilled 5 N to 6 N pure raw materials from which the surface oxide was also removed in some cases. Molar volume and elastic properties of several isostructural chalcogenide glasses prepared by similar processing techniques were obtained from the measured values of densities and the velocities of transverse and longitudinal acoustic waves respectively. Property variations with the average coordination number, 〈r〉, were examined. Molar volume displayed a distinct minimum at 〈r〉 = 2.4, coincident with Phillips' ‘percolation threshold’ for each system studied. Elastic moduli, however, failed to show any dramatic changes at this threshold. Near the stoichiometric tie-line, a chemically ordered covalent network (COCN) model for the atomic arrangement in these glasses was found to be preferred over the chance coordination predicted by the random covalent network (RCN) model.
Efficacy of Hepatitis B Immunization in HIV‐Infected Patients on Hemodialysis (HD)

Patients on HD are at a high risk of hepatitis B infection. Therefore hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all HD patients, although compared with adults with normal immune status, the protective antibody response is lower and ranges from 34–88%. We hypothesized that HIV infected patients on HD are likely to have even lower antibody responses to hepatitis B vaccination. We therefore reviewed the immunization history of 16 HIV-infected dialysis patients who received chronic maintenance HD at our dialysis units. The mean age of the patients was 43 ± 11 (mean ± SD). Of the 16 patients the majority were black males (13). The mean CD 4 count of these patients was 261 ± 206 (mean ± SD, range: 18–668 cells/μL). The mean viral load was 96727 ± 184084 (range 50–650846 copies/ml). Six patients had undetectable plasma viral loads. Of the 16 patients, 10 had protective antibodies (HBs Ab ≥ 10 mIU/ml). Of these 10 patients, 3 had positive Hepatitis core antibody suggesting previous viral exposure, another 3 were negative for HBcAb and in the remaining 4 HBcAb was unavailable. Five of the 10 patients with protective antibody received vaccination after starting dialysis. Pearson product moment correlation showed negative correlation of HBsAb with viral load, r = − 0.45, p value = 0.07. No correlation was found between CD4 count and response to vaccination. We conclude that HIV-infected HD patients develop protective antibodies at a rate similar to HIV-negative HD patients.
Control in Energy Levels of Conjugated Polymers for Photovoltaic Application

A series of copolymers based on thieno [3,4-b]thiophene and thiophene unit have been synthesized. By controlling the ratio of thieno [3,4-b]thiophene to alkyl thiophene in the copolymer composition, the electro-optic properties of the copolymers can be fine tuned. It was shown that the energy gap of copolymers narrowed when the content of thieno [3,4-b]thiophene increased, brought by the decrease in lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and increase in highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels. When these copolymers were blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester to form solar cell’s active layer, an optimized copolymer composition was found that gave the best photovoltaic performance.