cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Organization, Economy, and Directed Cultural Change in Two Philippine Barrios

In the Philippines, as in many parts of the world today, spectacular increases in human population are outstripping economic growth at an alarming rate. This phenomenon seems particularly marked in the agricultural and rural sectors, especially when agricultural productivity is contrasted with industrial growth in the region. In 1521, the year of Magellan's arrival, the Philippine population is estimated to have been about 500,000. By 1903, less than four hundred years later, the population was about 8,000,000, or a sixteenfold increase. The next thirty-six years doubled the population to 16,000,000 by 1939. By 1968, the population had soared to about 35,000,000, and at present net birth rates will double again in about twenty years. An important consequence of such rapid population growth without compensating economic gains is increasing unemployment and underemployment; another is the growing possibility of drastic shortages of food.
Stability of weld metal subjected to cyclic static and seismic loading

Brittle fracture of the welded connections was observed in the steel framed buildings in the vicinity of Northridge, California after the 17 January 1994 earthquake. Fractographic examination of numerous beam-column moment connections revealed that the fractures initiated from a notch-like defect formed when the backing bar was left in place. The backing bar notch was enlarged when poor workmanship resulted in adjacent lack-of-fusion and slag inclusions. The problem was further exacerbated when low notch toughness weld metal was deposited that was unable to prevent initiation of unstable crack extension or brittle fracture.
The physical aging of isotactic polypropylene

The microstructural changes in isotactic polypropylene (PP), subsequent to quench from the melt to around Tg were studied using dynamic mechanical loss, volume dilatometry, small and wide angle X-ray scattering, infrared and NMR spectroscopy. The β-transition loss tangent and the specific volume decreased linearly with logarithm of aging time. Dynamic mechanical loss and NMR spectroscopy results established that amorphous chain mobility reduced during aging. X-ray and IR techniques showed that the crystallinity, the crystalline density, and the average chain conformation do not change during aging. Tensile tests indicated that diffusion of air or moisture into the polymer is not a competitive mechanism for the aging phenomenon. A simple free-volume model is quantitatively consistent with these observations. The fraction of the material which cannot age increased as the quench temperature decreased. Further, at lower temperatures a portion of the nonageable fraction is shown to reside in the amorphous fraction.
No changes in central quinolinic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease

Levels of the endogenous excitotoxin quinolinic acid were measured in brain and lumbar spinal fluid from Alzheimer patients and age-matched controls. Values in post mortem brain tissue, unlike those in spinal fluid, showed considerable variability among subjects. In the control group, frontal cortex and caudate nucleus had higher concentrations of quinolinic acid compared to other regions studied. No significant differences were found between Alzheimer brains and controls in any of the regions analyzed. Studies in lumbar spinal fluid showed no gradient for quinolinic acid along the neuraxis, a trend for increasing levels with normal aging, and no difference between Alzheimer patients and age-matched control subjects. The lack of increased central quinolinic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease does not necessarily negate the possibility of excitotoxins contributing to cell death in this disorder.
Hydrodynamic fluctuations and averaging problems in dense granular flows

The properties of dense granular systems are analyzed from a hydrodynamical point of view, based on conservation laws for the particle number density and linear momentum. We discuss averaging problems associated with the nature of such systems and the peculiarities of the sources of noise. We perform a quantitative study by combining analytical methods and numerical results obtained by ensemble-averaging of data on creep during compaction and molecular dynamics simulations of convective flow. We show that numerical integration of the hydrodynamic equations gives the expected evolution for the time-dependent fields.
Formation of Sootshell and Attendant Effects on Droplet Burning Rate and Radiative Heat Transfer in Microgravity Ethanol Droplet Flames

Microgravity ethanol droplet combustion experiments were performed at the NASA 2.2 s droptower in Cleveland, OH to investigate the formation of sootshell and its attendant influences on the burning behavior and radiative heat transfer. Measurements include the burning rate, soot standoff ratio, soot volume fraction, soot temperature, and radiative heat losses. These experiments demonstrated strong influence of inert gas substitution (that caused changes in the thermophysical properties and temperature) between nitrogen and argon. The experimentally measured soot standoff ratio (SSR) for the argon inert experiment was ∼1.4, whereas the value for the nitrogen inert experiment was ∼2.5. The SSR was also calculated using balance among Stefan, thermophoretic, and diffusiophoretic fluxes. This analysis represents the first quantitative study in which diffusiophoretic transport was considered using experimentally determined gas-phase temperature distributions for the analysis of sootshell formation. The computed...
Single channel recordings of reconstituted AMPA receptors reveal low and high conductance states

Glutamate receptors belonging to the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid) subclass were partially purified 30- to 60-fold from forebrain of adult rats and incorporated into planar bimolecular lipid membranes. The channel conductance associated with the reconstituted receptors was activated by kainate and AMPA in a manner that suggests cooperative binding of two to three agonist molecules is required to induce channel opening. This conductance was blocked by the specific antagonist DNQX (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione). When the partially purified AMPA receptors were reconstituted by the tip-dipping method in asymmetric saline conditions ('outside-out configuration'), the addition of 300 nM AMPA to the pseudo-extracellular solution elicited single channel current fluctuations that were also inhibited by DNQX. Analyses of the currents revealed that the ion channels of reconstituted AMPA receptors have two distinct conductance levels of 12 and 60 pS with the great majority of receptors belonging to the former variety. These results suggest that reconstitution may be useful in identifying factors that regulate the binding and conductance properties of AMPA receptors.
A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR SYNCHRONIZATION AND CONTROL OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

In this paper, we give a framework for synchronization of dynamical systems which unifies many results in synchronization and control of dynamical systems, in particular chaotic systems. We define concepts such as asymptotical synchronization, partial synchronization and synchronization error bounds. We show how asymptotical synchronization is related to asymptotical stability. The main tool we use to prove asymptotical stability and synchronization is Lyapunov stability theory. We illustrate how many previous results on synchronization and control of chaotic systems can be derived from this framework. We will also give a characterization of robustness of synchronization and show that master-slave asymptotical synchronization in Chua’s oscillator is robust.
Prophylactic heparin therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Twenty-four patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia were reviewed. Group I, treated between July 1970 and September 1973, received arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine, and there was one complete remission, with 4/7 dying during induction with intracerebral hemorrhages, and 2/7 dying within one month. Group II, treated between May 1974 and March 1975, received daunomycin and arabinosylcytosine without heparin and 2/8 went into remission, with 6/8 dying during induction, 5 with intracerebral hemorrhages. Group III, treated between March 1975 and November 1976, received the identical chemotherapy as group II but with the addition of prophylactic heparin and there were 7/9 complete remissions, with 2/9 dying with intracerebral hemorrhages. In Group III there was an increased incidence of remission induction when compared to Group II (p less than .05) or when compared to Groups I and II combined (p less than .05). There was also a decreased incidence of fatal hemorrhage in Group III. This suggests that prophylactic heparin is useful during remission induction in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Relationships Among Herd Life, Milk Production, and Calving Interval

Abstract Whether to select for longer life in the herd or shorter calving interval depends on the genetic and phenotypic relationships among herd life, amount of milk in first lactation, and calving interval. Herd life and average calving interval are essentially phenotypically uncorrelated. The phenotypic and genetic correlations of herd life and milk in first lactation ranged from .19 to .25 and from .54 to .77, respectively. The phenotypic correlation of average calving interval and milk in first lactation ranged from .19 to .21. Estimates of the heritability of herd life ranged from .05 to .14. This heritability was reduced by 30% when the influence of milk in first lactation was eliminated. Selection of females for longer herd life or shorter calving interval would not be advantageous, but some consideration of the herd life of half-sisters and close ancestors could be of value in choosing young sires for testing.
Ecdysteroids in the Camel Tick, Hyalomma Dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae), and Comparison with Sex Pheromone Activity

The ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-OH ecdysone) and 2 other radioimmunoassay (RIA) positive ecdysteroids were found in unfed and feeding adult Hyalomma dromedarii ticks . Increases in total ecdysteroids per tick occurred during female feeding, especially following mating and repletion. Ecdysteroid content in unfed and feeding males remained approximately the same (estimated by RIA) or declined (estimated by HPLC). Changes in concentration of 20-OH ecdysone resembled the changes in total ecdysteroid content in most cases. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gave substantially higher estimates of total ecdysteroid content in the various tick life stages or physiological states than did RIA. Increases in ecdysteroid concentrations during the first few days following female eclosion may indicate a regulatory role for stimulation of sex pheromone production. No apparent relationship was observed between ecdysteroid concentrations and sex pheromone secretion during feeding. The greatest increases in all ecdysteroids, including 20-OH ecdysone, occurred following mating and during repletion.
Erroneous modal-analysis data due to accelerometer base strain

The validity of modal-test results is no better than the measured data on which they are based. In this work, base-strain effects in accelerometers were shown to be capable of grossly distorting recorded structural-response data. While the glamor in modal testing is associated with the computer-performed analysis, the prerequisite for this analysis to be meaningful is a measurement system designed to acquire valid structural data.
Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.
Thermal analysis of coals using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry studies have been performed on 10 different coals: four lignite, four subbituminous and two bituminous coals. Both the d.s.c. and TG thermograms are coal-specific. Upon heating the coals in an inert atmosphere up to 500 °C, 30.8 to 43.7 % weight loss occurs. The two temperature regions of increased chemical reactivity, one at 75–118 °C and the second at 375–415 °C are evident in the samples. Indian Head lignite and its char react with hydrogen above 400 °C with greater mass loss.
Accelerated parallel magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction using joint estimation with a sparse signal model

Accelerating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by reducing the number of acquired k-space scan lines benefits conventional MRI significantly by decreasing the time subjects remain in the magnet. In this paper, we formulate a novel method for Joint estimation from Undersampled LinEs in Parallel MRI (JULEP) that simultaneously calibrates the GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) reconstruction kernel and reconstructs the full multi-channel k-space. We employ a joint sparsity signal model for the channel images in conjunction with observation models for both the acquired data and GRAPPA reconstructed k-space. We demonstrate using real MRI data that JULEP outperforms conventional GRAPPA reconstruction at high levels of undersampling, increasing the peak-signal-to-noise ratio by up to 10 dB.
Hydrodynamic characteristics of a gas blowdown into a two-dimensional liquid pool

Abstract Hydrodynamic experiments were performed on transient gas jet discharge into liquid pool. Liquid entrainment, jet development, and the possibility of liquid vaporization by a noncondensible gas were investigated. Liquid entrainment during jet expansion in the plenum was seen to increase with increasing pressure. However, the fraction of the expansion volume which is liquid was not affected by gas pressure. Higher initial entrainment was seen for a more dense fluid. A Taylor instability mechanism for entrainment seems to fairly predict the rate of entrainment. Another entrainment mechanism besides that of Taylor instabilities may exist at higher pressures.
On the time-dependent reversible stochastic compartmental model—II. A class of n-compartment systems

This paper discusses the solution of a general n-compartment system with time dependent transition probabilities utilizing the technique described by Cardenas and Matis (1975) (hereafter abbreviated (CM)). In addition, the cumulant generating function is derived for a special class of reversible n-compartment systems where the time-dependent intensity coefficients corresponding to the migration and death rates are some multiple of each other. The immigration rates can be any integrable function of time. The moments are also obtained and the solution to the two-compartment system is presented explicitly. The solution is illustrated with a linear and a periodic function which forms have been widely reported in the literature.
Pattern recognition of shape-encoded hydrogel biosensor arrays

A pattern-recognition and encoding system has been developed for a biochip platform using shaped hydrogel sensors batch produced via photolithography. Each sensor shape is fashioned with a unique pattern of dots that makes it identifiable to a pattern recognition system. By linking the sensor's function to its shape, "random" arrays can be created (i.e., arrays that do not require sensors to be located at specific positions). Random arraying can be quickly and cost-effectively achieved via self-assembly methods. Pattern-recognition software was written to perform automated recognition of micrographs exhibiting fluorescing sensors. As a test of the recognition process, an array of shape-encoded DNA sensors was fabricated using lithography. Fluorescent micrographs were taken of a DNA-sensing experiment, and then processed with the pattern-recognition software. The results show that this process is quite viable with 98% recognition accuracy of the nondefective sensors in both images.
The Stroop task as measure of construct accessibility in depression.

Abstract Verbal reaction times have been shown to be longer when depressed-content words are presented to depressed subjects in a Stroop task format. This finding is confirmed with more conventional parameters to define the task and psychometrically improved definitions of depression. Unexpectedly, depressed-content words produced significantly longer latencies only in subjects with Beck Depression Inventory scores in the 9–16 range. It was concluded that the measurement of construct accessibility with this technique is still in the exploratory stage.
The effect of hyperthyroidism on the uptake of I131-labeled triiodothyronine by the brain and pituitary of the male rat☆

The concentration of I131-labeled l-triiodothyronine by the central nervous system and pituitary of the normal male rat was compared with similar tissues from male rats made hyperthyroid by daily injections of 250 μg of l-thyroxine per kg. In both groups, the principal source of the radioactivity in the pituitary and CNS tissues was identified as triiodothyronine (T3). It was observed that: (1) the tissues from the hyperthyroid animals usually contained lower levels of radioactivity than did the normal tissues; (2) the reduction in the total amount of I131 present was shown by chromatographic studies to be due to an accelerated rate of degradation of triiodothyronine in the hyperthyroid animals; (3) the time necessary for attaining a maximum concentration of T3 was decreased in the hyperthyroid rats; (4) the normally much higher concentration of total I131 found in the anterior pituitary lobe and cerebral gray matter in relation to the posterior pituitary lobe and cerebral white matter was not observed in hyperthyroid animals. This is believed to be due to an accelerated degradation of the injected triiodothyronine, which, in conjunction with the decreased time for attaining a maximum concentration, would tend to prevent as high an accumulation of I131 as observed normally. It was noted that hyperthyroidism has an effect on the concentration and degradation of triiodothyronine by the CNS and pituitary which is the reverse of that previously seen in hypothyroid animals. This effect was of such a nature that the anterior pituitary lobe and cerebral gray matter of the rat might, under the influence of a metabolic agent such as thyroxine, have lower concentrations of total radioactivity than those areas which are normally lower in activity (i.e., posterior pituitary lobe and cerebral white matter). Thus, the concentration of labeled triiodothyronine within the tissues of the CNS and pituitary may depend not only on the density of the cell population or the existence of a “specific” relationship between the hormone and the cells, but also on the general metabolic state of the tissue.
Retractor-induced brain shift compensation in image-guided neurosurgery

In image-guided neurosurgery, intraoperative brain shift significantly degrades the accuracy of neuronavigation that is solely based on preoperative magnetic resonance images (pMR). To compensate for brain deformation and to maintain the accuracy in image guidance achieved at the start of surgery, biomechanical models have been developed to simulate brain deformation and to produce model-updated MR images (uMR) to compensate for brain shift. To-date, most studies have focused on shift compensation at early stages of surgery (i.e., updated images are only produced after craniotomy and durotomy). Simulating surgical events at later stages such as retraction and tissue resection are, perhaps, clinically more relevant because of the typically much larger magnitudes of brain deformation. However, these surgical events are substantially more complex in nature, thereby posing significant challenges in model-based brain shift compensation strategies. In this study, we present results from an initial investigation to simulate retractor-induced brain deformation through a biomechanical finite element (FE) model where whole-brain deformation assimilated from intraoperative data was used produce uMR for improved accuracy in image guidance. Specifically, intensity-encoded 3D surface profiles at the exposed cortical area were reconstructed from intraoperative stereovision (iSV) images before and after tissue retraction. Retractor-induced surface displacements were then derived by coregistering the surfaces and served as sparse displacement data to drive the FE model. With one patient case, we show that our technique is able to produce uMR that agrees well with the reconstructed iSV surface after retraction. The computational cost to simulate retractor-induced brain deformation was approximately 10 min. In addition, our approach introduces minimal interruption to the surgical workflow, suggesting the potential for its clinical application.
Fugitive species and priority during colonization in carrion‐breeding Diptera communities

. 1 Experiments were conducted to test for the presence of fugitive species and priority effects among the Diptera species that breed in dead slug carcasses (Limax maximus L.). 2 Slug carcasses exposed for only 1 day produced a community that was very similar to that bred from carcasses exposed until fully decomposed. This suggests that competitive ability and dispersal ability are positively correlated in this system. 3 The colonization of flies was manipulated by transferring larvae of the phorid, Megaselia scalaris Loew, to carcasses before and after they were exposed in the field. A‘priority effect’was demonstrated in that M.scalaris survived better and had a stronger impact on other species when it was the first species to colonize slug carcasses.
Facile synthesis of synthetic todorokite (OMS-1), co-precipitation reactions in the presence of a microwave field

Abstract A new application of microwave heating, co-precipitation in the presence of a microwave field, has been investigated. We report herein the synthesis of the octahedral molecular sieve, OMS-1 (synthetic todorokite), a manganese oxide that also contains magnesium, sodium, and/or other cations. Microwave aging of OMS-1 has been used to produce a pure phase material with increased catalytic activity. The material synthesized here shows no extraneous peaks in its XRD pattern, and can be synthesized in less than 20 h by microwave heating, as compared to 3–7 days by conventional heating. The material has been characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis, surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger, and elemental analyses. The materials prepared via microwave methods were compared to materials synthesized under similar conditions but by using conventional heating. Differences in these two sets of samples were noted via FTIR, SEM, surface area, extent of crystallinity, time of the total processing and catalytic activity experiments. This paper focuses on the synthetic parameters that control properties of resultant materials, which can lead to a better understanding of why microwave heating produces more crystalline products than conventional heating.
Fast Bayesian Inference in Dirichlet Process Mixture Models

There has been increasing interest in applying Bayesian nonparametric methods in large samples and high dimensions. As Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are often infeasible, there is a pressing need for much faster algorithms. This article proposes a fast approach for inference in Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) models. Viewing the partitioning of subjects into clusters as a model selection problem, we propose a sequential greedy search algorithm for selecting the partition. Then, when conjugate priors are chosen, the resulting posterior conditionally on the selected partition is available in closed form. This approach allows testing of parametric models versus nonparametric alternatives based on Bayes factors. We evaluate the approach using simulation studies and compare it with four other fast nonparametric methods in the literature. We apply the proposed approach to three datasets including one from a large epidemiologic study. Matlab codes for the simulation and data analyses using the propo...
Dramatic performance gains in vanadium redox flow batteries through modified cell architecture

Abstract We demonstrate a vanadium redox flow battery with a peak power density of 557 mW cm −2 at a state of charge of 60%. This power density, the highest reported to date, was obtained with a zero-gap flow field cell architecture and non-wetproofed carbon paper electrodes. The electrodes were comprised of stacked sheets of carbon paper and optimized through systematic variation of the total electrode thickness. We anticipate significant reductions in the ultimate system cost of redox flow battery systems based on this design.
ADAMTS13 Bound to Endothelial Cells Exhibits Enhanced Cleavage of von Willebrand Factor

ADAMTS13 is a plasma metalloprotease that cleaves ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers to generate less thrombogenic fragments. Although this cleavage can occur at the surface of endothelial cells, it is currently unknown whether this process involves binding of the ADAMTS13 to the endothelial cell plasma membrane. Using different assay systems, we present evidence that ADAMTS13 binds to endothelial cells in a specific, reversible, and time-dependent manner with a Kd of 58 nm. This binding requires the COOH-terminal thrombospondin type 1 repeats of the protease. Binding is inhibited in the presence of heparin and by trypsin treatment of the cells. ADAMTS13 that was prebound to endothelial cells exhibited increased proteolysis of VWF as compared with ADAMTS13 present only in solution. These data support the notion that cleavage of VWF occurs mainly at the endothelial cell surface.
Growth hormone stimulates hepatic lipid mobilization in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Rainbow trout were used to characterize the direct influence of growth hormone on hepatic lipid mobilization in vitro. Liver was removed from fish fasted 72 h, sliced into 1-mm3 pieces and incubated in Hanks' medium containing ovine or salmon growth hormone (0.28 ng·ml-1–28 μg·ml-1). Lipid mobilization, resulting from triacylglycerol hydrolysis, was evaluated by fatty acid and glycerol release into culture medium. Control rates of fatty acid release and glycerol release were 0.95±0.16 (mean ± SE) and 0.88±0.28 μmol·l-1·mg fresh weight, respectively. Both ovine growth hormone (28 ng·ml-1) and salmon growth hormone (28 ng·ml-1) stimulated fatty acid release into culture medium, increasing rates by 112% and 97%, respectively, during the course of a 24-h incubation. Glycerol release was similarly augmented by growth hormone treatment. Growth hormone-stimulated metabolite release became evident within 12 h and persisted for up to 72 h. The presence of amino acids in the culture medium potentiated the lipolytic action of growth hormone. Ovine growth hormone (28 ng·ml-1) in the presence of amino acids stimulated a 53% increase in fatty acid, and a 108% increase in glycerol, release over rates observed in the absence of amino acids. Salmon growth hormone (28 ng·ml-1) in the presence of amino acids stimulated a 53% increase in fatty acid, and a 44% increase in glycerol, release over rates observed in the absence of amino acids. Ovine growth hormone (28 ng·ml-1) also stimulated gluconeogenesis, as indicated by a 75% increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in liver pieces incubated in the presence of amino acids. These results indicate that growth hormone directly stimulates lipid breakdown in the liver of trout and that amino acids potentiate growth hormone-stimulated lipolysis.
Expansion of the kinetic hierarchy for a massive particle: The repeated ring and Fokker-Planck equations

The tagged particle BBGKY hierarchy is systematically expanded in inverse powers of the square root of the particle mass. In the Brownian limit, for fixed Knudsen number, the hierarchy reduces to the Brownian limit of the repeated ring equation which itself reduces to the Fokker-Planck equation. The friction coefficient of the Fokker-Planck equation is found to be a functional of the solution of Dorfman, van Beijeren, and McClure's extended Boltzmann equation for a fixed object in a flowing gas. As a consequence, the tagged particle diffusion coefficient calculated in the Brownian limit of the repeated ring equation is valid for all particle sizes.
Asymmetries of Sleep Spindles and Beta Activity in Pediatric EEG

Unilateral suppression of beta activity, unilateral suppression of sleep spindles, and unilateral delta slowing on EEG have not been previously compared regarding accompanying neuroradiological (NR) and clinical neurological (CN) findings in children. We studied EEGs in children under age 10 years with unilateral beta suppression (n = 80), spindle suppression (n = 51) or unilateral delta slowing (n = 49). There were no significant differences between the three groups of abnormal EEGs in their relationships with NR and CN. Unilateral suppression of sleep spindles and beta activity are at least as accurate as focal slowing in lateralizing NR and CN findings.
Impact production of CO2 by the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction bolide and the resultant heating of the Earth

Evidence at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary suggests that the proposed 'extinction' bolide struck a continental or shallow marine terrane. This evidence includes: shocked quartz and feldspar grains found in the boundary layer inherited from a range of rock types; a high ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratio in some planktonic fossils which could reflect continental-derived Sr(ref.5); and evidence that the platinum-group-element-rich clay layer is underlain (at some localities) by a deposit of possible tsunamic origin. These observations and data demonstrate that sea level at the end of the Cretaceous was ~150-200 m higher than at present, suggesting the possibility that the extinction bolide struck a shallow marine carbonate-rich sedimentary section. Here we show that the impact of such a bolide (~5km in radius) onto a carbonate-rich terrane would increase the CO_2 content of the atmosphere by a factor of two to ten. Additional dissolution of CO_2 from the ocean's photic zone could release much larger quantities of CO_2. The impact induced release of CO_2, by itself, would enhance atmospheric greenhouse heating and give rise to a worldwide increase in temperature from 2 K to 10 K for periods of 10^4 to 10^5 years.
Review of "Scholarly Practice, Participatory Design and the eXtensible Catalog", edited by Nancy Fried Foster et al.

Nancy Fried Foster, Katie Clark, Kornelia Tancheva, and Rebekah Kilzer, editors. Chicago, IL: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2011, 156 pp., ISBN 978-0-8389-8574-8. Scholarly Practic...
Optimum planning of highway construction under A + B bidding method

In recent years, many departments of transportation in the United States have started to apply the A + B bidding method in highway projects in order to reduce construction time and minimize its associated traffic congestion and adverse impact on local economies. The application of this method places an increased pressure on contractors to minimize both the time and cost of highway construction. This paper presents a practical model for optimizing resource utilization in highway projects that utilize the A + B bidding method. The model is designed to minimize the total combined bid by identifying the optimum crew formation and the optimum level of crew work continuity for each activity in the project. The model is developed using a dynamic programming formulation and is incorporated in a Windows application that provides a user-friendly interface to facilitate the optimization analysis. An application example of a highway project is analyzed to illustrate the use of the model and to demonstrate its capabil...
Chemistry of delignification during kraft pulping of bamboos

Abstract Milled Bamboo Lignin (MBL) from Phyllostachys pubescens (Bambuseae) was found to contain p-hydroxycinnamic acid (PC), guaiacylpropane and syringylpropane units in an approximate molar ratio of 1:4:3 on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic analyses. In addition, the MBL is comprised of a guaiacylsyringyl type lignin-core and PC type peripheral groups. At least 9 PC type units/100 C9-units were chemically bonded to the lignincore in the form of ester linkages at C-a and C-γ, and the remainder in the form of aryl ether linkages at C-a. Bamboo kraft lignin (BKL) was found to be a lignin of the guaiacyl-syringyl type, having a higher degree of condensation and a higher phenolic hydroxyl content than the MBL. The major low-molecular-weight constituents of bamboo kraft black liquor were determined to be acetosyringone, syringic acid, acetoguaiacone and vanillic acid. Structural change in bamboo lignin during kraft cooking are discussed on the basis of the observed results.
Glycation of proteins by ADP-ribose

Numerous metabolic pathways generate free ADP-ribose at many locations within cells. The metabolic fates of this nucleotide are poorly understood and measurement of itin situ is technically difficult at present. Yet considerable evidence has accumulated implicating that protein glycation by ADP-ribose can occur. This evidence is reviewed here along with recent developments in characterizing the chemistry of this reaction and the application of this information to the identification of this posttranslational modification in proteinin situ.
Multiparametric ISODATA analysis of embolic stroke and rt-PA intervention in rat.

Abstract To increase the sensitivity of MRI parameters to detect tissue damage of ischemic stroke, an unsupervised analysis method, Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique Algorithm (ISODATA), was applied to analyze the temporal evolution of ischemic damage in a focal embolic cerebral ischemia model in rat with and without recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment. Male Wistar rats subjected to embolic stroke were investigated using a 7-T MRI system. Rats were randomized into control ( n =9) and treated ( n =9) groups. The treated rats received rt-PA via a femoral vein at 4 h after onset of embolic ischemia. ISODATA analysis employed parametric maps or weighted images (T 1 , T 2 , and diffusion). ISODATA results with parametric maps are superior to ISODATA with weighted images, and both of them were highly correlated with the infarction size measured from the corresponding histological section. At 24 h after embolic stroke, the average map ISODATA lesion sizes were 37.7±7.0 and 39.2±5.6 mm 2 for the treated and the control group, respectively. Average histological infarction areas were 37.9±7.4 mm 2 for treated rats and 39.4±6.1 mm 2 for controls. The R 2 values of the linear correlation between map ISODATA and histological data were 0.98 and 0.96 for treated and control rats, respectively. Both histological and map ISODATA data suggest that there is no significant difference in infarction area between non-treated and rt-PA-treated rats when treatment was administered 4 h after the onset of embolic stroke. The ISODATA lesion size analysis was also sensitive to changes of lesion size during acute and subacute stages of stroke. Our data demonstrate that the multiparameter map ISODATA approach provides a more sensitive quantitation of the ischemic lesion at all time points than image ISODATA and single MRI parametric analysis using T 1 , T 2 or ADC w .
Molecular and pathologic insights from latent HIV-1 infection in the human brain

Objective: We aimed to investigate whether HIV latency in the CNS might have adverse molecular, pathologic, and clinical consequences. Methods: This was a case-control comparison of HIV-1 seropositive (HIV+) patients with clinical and neuropathologic examination. Based on the levels of HIV-1 DNA, RNA, and p24 in the brain, cases were classified as controls, latent HIV CNS infection, and HIV encephalitis (HIVE). Analysis of epigenetic markers including BCL11B, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation was performed utilizing immunoblot, confocal microscopy, immunochemistry/image analysis, and qPCR. Detailed antemortem neurocognitive data were available for 23 out of the 32 cases. Results: HIV+ controls (n = 12) had no detectable HIV-1 DNA, RNA, or p24 in the CNS; latent HIV+ cases (n = 10) showed high levels of HIV-1 DNA but no HIV RNA or p24; and HIVE cases (n = 10) had high levels of HIV-1 DNA, RNA, and p24. Compared to HIV+ controls, the HIV+ latent cases displayed moderate cognitive impairment with neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory alterations, although to a lesser extent than HIVE cases. Remarkably, HIV+ latent cases showed higher levels of BCL11B and other chromatin modifiers involved in silencing. Increased BCL11B was associated with deregulation of proinflammatory genes like interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor–α, and CD74. Conclusion: Persistence of latent HIV-1 infection in the CNS was associated with increased levels of chromatin modifiers, including BCL11B. Alteration of these epigenetic factors might result in abnormal transcriptomes, leading to inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurocognitive impairment. BCL11B and other epigenetic factors involved in silencing might represent potential targets for HIV-1 involvement of the CNS.
Demand and Production Management with Uniform Guaranteed Lead Time

Recently, innovation-oriented firms have been competing along dimensions other than price - lead time being one such dimension. Increasingly, customers are favoring lead time guarantees as a means to hedge supply chain risks. For a maketo-order environment, we explicitly model the impact of a lead time guarantee on customer demands and production planning. We study how a firm can integrate demand and production decisions to optimize expected profits by quoting a uniform guaranteed maximum lead time to all customers. Our analysis highlights the
Role of astroglia in Down’s syndrome revealed by patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells

Down’s syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Here we use induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from DS patients to identify a role for astrocytes in DS pathogenesis. DS astroglia exhibit higher levels of reactive oxygen species and lower levels of synaptogenic molecules. Astrocyte-conditioned medium collected from DS astroglia causes toxicity to neurons, and fails to promote neuronal ion channel maturation and synapse formation. Transplantation studies show that DS astroglia do not promote neurogenesis of endogenous neural stem cells in vivo. We also observed abnormal gene expression profiles from DS astroglia. Finally, we show that the FDA-approved antibiotic drug, minocycline, partially corrects the pathological phenotypes of DS astroglia by specifically modulating the expression of S100B, GFAP, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and thrombospondins 1 and 2 in DS astroglia. Our studies shed light on the pathogenesis and possible treatment of DS by targeting astrocytes with a clinically available drug.
Different roles of PKC and MAP kinases in arteriolar constrictions to pressure and agonists.

Protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases have been implicated in the modulation of agonist-induced contractions of large vessels. However, their role in pressure- and agon...
Comparison of Scatterometer and Radiometer Wind Vector Measurements

Abstract Coincident measurements with a 37-GHz polarimetric radiometer and a 10-GHz scatterometer during the Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment (COPE) in September and October of 1995 offered a unique opportunity to compare their relative sensitivity and performance in observing sea surface winds. The scatterometer cross section σo and the radiometer's second and third Stokes parameters, Q and U, were measured. The dependence of the angular signature of the radiometer on friction velocity was investigated by combining the COPE data with data collected in the Labrador Sea in February and March of 1997 at higher wind speeds than were encountered during COPE. The results of these experiments showed that the first harmonics of the radiometer azimuthal response were relatively insensitive to the friction velocity but that their second harmonics increased rapidly in amplitude with increasing friction velocity, with approximately the same sensitivity as a scatterometer cross section. The sensitivity of the radar a...
Long-term effects of treatment on endocrine function in children with brain tumors

Fourteen children with brain tumors received endocrine evaluations at least one year following completion of cranial irradiation. Treatment consisted of operation (13 patients), craniospinal irradiation (6), whole brain irradiation (5), posterior fossa irradiation (3), and chemotherapy (10). Endocrine evaluation included bone age roentgenography and measurement of growth hormone (using sequential arginine and insulin stimulation), thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, plasma cortisol, testosterone, prolactin, and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Ten of 12 children (83%) had abnormal responses to both tests of growth hormone stimulation. All growth hormone-deficient patients treated prior to puberty and tested at least 2 years following completion of cranial irradiation had decelerated linear growth. Results of thyroid function tests were abnormal in 4 patients: 2 patients had evidence of primary hypothyroidism, and 2 showed secondary or tertiary hypothyroidism. Two patients had inadequate cortisol responses to insulin hypoglycemia. Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, serum prolactin, and serum testosterone levels were appropriate for age in all patients.
Life-cycle implications and supply chain logistics of electric vehicle battery recycling in California

Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) use in the United States (US) has doubled in recent years and is projected to continue increasing rapidly. This is especially true in California, which makes up nearly one-third of the current US PEV market. Planning and constructing the necessary infrastructure to support this projected increase requires insight into the optimal strategies for PEV battery recycling. Utilizing life-cycle perspectives in evaluating these supply chain networks is essential in fully understanding the environmental consequences of this infrastructure expansion. This study combined life-cycle assessment and geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze the energy, greenhouse gas (GHG), water use, and criteria air pollutant implications of end-of-life infrastructure networks for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in California. Multiple end-of-life scenarios were assessed, including hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling processes. Using economic and environmental criteria, GIS modeling revealed optimal locations for battery dismantling and recycling facilities for in-state and out-of-state recycling scenarios. Results show that economic return on investment is likely to diminish if more than two in-state dismantling facilities are constructed. Using rail as well as truck transportation can substantially reduce transportation-related GHG emissions (23–45%) for both in-state and out-of-state recycling scenarios. The results revealed that material recovery from pyrometallurgy can offset environmental burdens associated with LIB production, namely a 6–56% reduction in primary energy demand and 23% reduction in GHG emissions, when compared to virgin production. Incorporating human health damages from air emissions into the model indicated that Los Angeles and Kern Counties are most at risk in the infrastructure scale-up for in-state recycling due to their population density and proximity to the optimal location.
Increased Terrestrial to Ocean Sediment and Carbon Fluxes in the Northern Chesapeake Bay Associated With Twentieth Century Land Alteration

We calculated Chesapeake Bay (CB) sediment and carbon fluxes before and after major anthropogenic land clearance using robust monitoring, modeling and sedimentary data. Four distinct fluxes in the estuarine system were considered including (1) the flux of eroded material from the watershed to streams, (2) the flux of suspended sediment at river fall lines, (3) the burial flux in tributary sediments, and (4) the burial flux in main CB sediments. The sedimentary maximum in Ambrosia (ragweed) pollen marked peak land clearance (~1900 a.d.). Rivers feeding CB had a total organic carbon (TOC)/total suspended solids of 0.24 ± 0.12, and we used this observation to calculate TOC fluxes from sediment fluxes. Sediment and carbon fluxes increased by 138–269% across all four regions after land clearance. Our results demonstrate that sediment delivery to CB is subject to significant lags and that excess post-land clearance sediment loads have not reached the ocean. Post-land clearance increases in erosional flux from watersheds, and burial in estuaries are important processes that must be considered to calculate accurate global sediment and carbon budgets.
Stable isotope methodology in a pharmacokinetic study of the interaction of theophylline and cimetidine.

Theophylline administered orally and (1, 3-15N,2-13C)theophylline administered intravenously in tracer quantities were used to investigate under steady-state conditions the interaction of theophylline with cimetidine in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both compounds were quantified simultaneously by mass spectral-analysis after solvent extraction and high pressure liquid chromatographic purification of plasma samples. The assay is reliable and accurate to a plasma level of 50 ng mI−1 for the stable isotope tracer with a practical lower limit of detection of 10 ng mI−1.
Quench propagation analysis in large solenoidal magnets

A quench analysis model that accurately accounts for experimental data, with no free parameters, was developed. The purpose of this analytical model is to incorporate, as much as practical, features of all MR magnet system components, describe their properties accurately, sequence efficiently through the quench event, and obtain reliable observable performance-critical parameters. The model treats adiabatic and convective processes and is well suited for optimizations because of good differential behavior in all quantities. This derives from the continuity to the first derivative of those properties modeled and the elaborate modeling of couplings, including AC losses, inductive, magnetic field, and convective processes. These optimizations have been exercized at the level of coil, cryostat, and protection scheme designs. The resulting algorithm was tested through a comparison of 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-coil systems in producing equal central fields on the same-scale magnet. All coils were designed with a 3:2 aspect ratio, axial to radial, and located at respective Legendre polynomials zeros. The vessel assumed is the same in all cases. The multiple-coil analysis indicates that, from the quench point of view, the 4-coil design may be safest for reasons of low layer-to-layer voltages, maximum temperature, and cross-coil quench transit time. The uniform-size cryostat, however, is conducive to a lower level of quench inhibition. for this, and many other analyses, it is found that the event development is very weakly dependent on dump resistor sizing. >