cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuity-preserving purely hyperbolic maxwell equations in inhomogeneous media

In the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations, tangential continuity of field components across a material interface is usually enforced by the numerical method, while the normal continuity of fluxes is not constrained. This is acceptable in the simulation of a pure electromagnetic (EM) problem. In a self-consistent simulation of the wave-particle interaction, however, the normal components are as important as the tangential components. In this paper, the normal continuity is taken into consideration by introducing a hyperbolic divergence cleaning technique into Maxwell's equations in inhomogeneous media. It is shown in the numerical example that by suppressing the numerical error related to Gauss's laws, the tangential continuity of the fields and the normal continuity of the fluxes can all be preserved across the interface of two different media.
Neural Interfaces: Nanoporous Gold Biointerfaces: Modifying Nanostructure to Control Neural Cell Coverage and Enhance Electrophysiological Recording Performance (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2017)

Author(s): Chapman, Christopher AR; Wang, Ling; Chen, Hao; Garrison, Joshua; Lein, Pamela J; Seker, Erkin
Photodissolution of charcoal and fire-impacted soil as a potential source of dissolved black carbon in aquatic environments

Abstract This study investigates the effect of photodissolution on the production of dissolved black carbon (DBC) from particulate charcoal and a fire-impacted soil. A soil sample and a char sample were collected within the burn vicinity of the 2012 Cache La Poudre River wildfire and irradiated in deionized water with artificial sunlight. Photoexposure of the suspended char and soil significantly enhanced production of DBC after 7 days continuous exposure to the simulated sunlight. The increase was coupled with an increase in the DBC polycondensed character. In agreement with this, characterization using Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) showed an increase in the number of BC molecular formulae detected and in their average molecular weight, suggesting that increasing photoexposure is required for dissolution of larger, more polycondenced DBC compounds. An increase in molecular signatures with lower H/C ratio and higher O/C ratio after 7 days photoexposure suggested increasing functionality of newly produced DBC with irradiation time, and therefore photooxidation as a potential mechanism for the photodissolution of BC. The photoproduced DBC was also strongly coupled with the photoproduced bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The results suggest that photodissolution may be a significant and previously unrecognized mechanism of DBC translocation to aquatic systems.
Salivary immunoglobulins in diseases affecting salivary glands.

Examination of salivary secretions from healthy subjects in a number of laboratories has been helpful in the elucidation of the nature and function of the secretory immune system. Additional information on local synthesis and transport has been provided by study of salivary secretions from individuals with either defective or excessive synthesis of serum immunoglobulins (1). Further insight might be provided by analysis of salivary fluids in inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands or in selected systemic diseases which affect the structure, function or synthetic capacity of the glands. Based on our observations on sialochemical changes in a variety of clinical situations (2,3) we selected chronic recurrent parotitis, Sjogren’s Disease, alcoholic cirrhosis, adult and juvenile onset diabetes and hemodialysis for chronic renal disease for further examination. In all instances saliva was collected directly from the parotid or submaxillary glands, or both, and flow rate and concentrations of immunoglobulins and albumin were measured.
Simultaneous Versus Sequential Heart-liver Transplantation: Ideal Strategies for Organ Allocation.

BackgroundSimultaneous heart-liver (SHL) transplantation is an efficacious therapeutic modality for patients with combined heart and liver failure. However, the extent to which heart transplantation followed by sequential liver transplantation (LAH) can match the benefit of simultaneous transplantat
Acquired monocular nystagmus in chiasmal glioma-a video-oculographic study.

We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with chiasmal glioma and longstanding monocular nystagmus, in whom video-oculography showed a disconjugate binocular nystagmus indistinguishable from spasmus nutans. The “acquired monocular nystagmus” associated with chiasmal glioma is actually a binocular nystagmus that is indistinguishable from spasmus nutans, except that it lacks the associated head nodding and torticollis. Superimposed visual loss in one eye predisposes to acquired monocular nystagmus and explains the absence of the other components of the spasmus nutans triad.
Where There is No Government: Enforcing Property Rights in Common Law Africa

1. Introduction 2. Colonization and the Myth of the Customary 3. "Under the Circumstances, We Do What We Can": Entrepreneurial Bureaucrats and the Allocation of Property Rights 4. Property Rights Enforcement by Other Means: The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations 5. Private Enforcement of Property Rights: The Demand for Specialists in Violence 6. In Search of Order: State Systems of Property Rights Enforcement and their Failings 7. Drawing Conclusions 8. Bibliography 9. Appendix
Investigating Rapid Thermoform Tooling Via Additive Manufacturing (3d Printing)

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has matured from a prototyping tool to a soft production tooling in recent years. This research elaborates the role of AM technology (3D printing) in the design, prototyping and development of a rapid thermoform tooling. The Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printer was implemented to fabricate thermoform tooling in Polypropylene Styrofoam (PPSF). We contrast the additively manufactured thermoform tooling with conventional tooling using computerized numerical control (CNC) machines. Findings showed that the additive thermoform tooling with PPSF was found to be (1) faster in development time, (2) comparable in quality and (3) lower in total cost. However, the (4) tool yield was 50% less than traditional tooling and production cycle times were 25-50% longer to allow for the additive tooling to cool. This research explores the fabrication thermoform tooling for low-volume environments using additive manufacturing (3D Printing) technology.
Machine Learning Classifiers In The Diagnosis And Follow-up Of Glaucoma Using Short-wavelength Automated Perimetry (SWAP)

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of machine classifiers in diagnosing glaucoma from short-wavelength automated perimetry (PHASE 1) and to evaluate the ability of machine classifiers to predict the development of abnormal fields at follow-up in eyes with a normal baseline field (PHASE 2). Methods: PHASE 1 Raw thresholds and ages from 158 eyes with glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and 186 normal eyes served as training input to a linear discriminant function (LDF) and two types of support vector machine (SVMl and SVMg), a mixture of Gaussian classifier (MoG), a constrained MoG (QDF) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP). PHASE 2 Serial SWAP fields from 68 eyes with IOP greater than 24, a normal baseline field, at least 4 fields and optic disc stereophotographs were included. Machine classifiers from Phase 1 categorized fields as normal or abnormal. Specificity was set at 95% for the machine classifiers using longitudinal data from 94 normal eyes, matching the specificity of the statpac-like analysis (STAT). Specificity cut-offs required confirmation of abnormality on two successive visual fields. Results: PHASE 1. Areas under the ROC were 0.77 for LDF, 0.80 for MLP, 0.82 for SVMl, and 0.83 for QDF and SVMg. PHASE 2. A mean±SD of 5.99±1.93 visual fields were completed over 6.67±2.40 years. 19% (13/68) of eyes converted by STAT. Of those eyes, 6 to 9 eyes were found to have converted by SVM (SVMl and SVMg). However, 20 eyes converted by at least 1 machine classifier that did not convert by STAT and 15 of these had GON. LDF identified the most converts (22 eyes) of which 17 had GON. Conclusion: The sensitivity in Phase 1 was not as good as our previous results with SAP. It is possible that SWAP may be influenced to a greater extent by generalized depression than SAP. We are currently pursuing this hypothesis. However, in Phase 2 the machine classifiers identified a larger number of GON as converts than STAT. CR:None Supported by NIH Grants EY08208 (PAS), LM05759 (MHG), and Research to Prevent Blindness (PAS)
Strategies to Promote Effective Student Research Teams in Undergraduate Biology Labs

Biology labs often make use of student teams. However, some students resist working in teams, often based on poor experiences. Although instructors sometimes struggle with student teams, effective teams in biology labs are achievable. We increased student learning and satisfaction when working in research teams by (1) including in the syllabus a teamwork learning objective “to practice effective teamwork and team management, including modeling behaviors of inclusion and ethics, and using leadership skills to foster problem solving, team communication, conflict management, consensus building, and idea generation”; and (2) designing and implementing exercises that teach students the value of working in a team and how to be part of an effective student team (e.g., developing shared expectations, creating norms of behavior and team culture, and building awareness of the importance of team conflict and likely student responses to such conflict). We also used individual and team reflections on team functioning, following formal online team assessment. This article presents details about our curricular innovations as well as pretest and posttest data demonstrating student attitudes and beliefs regarding teamwork. We experienced improved student satisfaction and success in introductory biology lab courses, as well as reduced instructor guesswork and stress regarding student teams.
Quality and Quantity of Social Support Show Differential Associations With Stress and Depression in African Americans.

Abstract Social support (SS) is typically associated with lower emotional distress (e.g., stress and depression) in individuals. However, SS is a multifaceted construct that can vary by quality, quantity (amount), and type (i.e., it can be emotional or instrumental in nature). Objective The current study examined the relationships between characteristics of SS, stress, and depression in aging African Americans. Participants Analyses focused on data from 705 participants aged 22–92 years from the Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging. Measurements Measures included the quality and quantity of emotional and instrumental support received, as well as stress and depression. Design A series of univariate and increasingly complex multivariate regression models were conducted in MPlus (using the cluster option to control for family structure) to examine the relationships between SS and emotional distress variables. Results Overall, better quality of emotional SS predicted fewer depression symptoms and less perceived stress, after controlling for age, gender, socioeconomic status variables, and the other subtypes of SS. However, more instances of emotional SS were associated with higher levels of perceived stress, depression symptoms, and more stressful life events within the past year. Likewise, more instrumental SS predicted more perceived stress, while holding the other variables constant. Conclusion African Americans who experience more emotional distress report more SS, but the quality of emotional support appears to play an important role in the association between reduced levels of stress and depression. These findings suggest that interventions should include approaches to reduce emotional distress as well as enhance the quality SS.
2020 Oersted Medal Presentation: If opportunity doesn't knock, build a door—My path to active dissemination of active learning

I've had the good fortune to be able to influence the way physics is taught around the world. The influence of a number of very special colleagues, the synergy of events, and a bit of chutzpah have all contributed. I will comment on these factors and also describe what I believe are the essential features of active dissemination of research-validated active learning strategies.
Taxonomy of Guatemalan water beetles in the genus Hydrochus (Coleoptera: Hydrochidae)

The taxonomy of Guatemalan water beetles in the genus Hydrochus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea: Hydrochidae) is presented. The known fauna now consists of six species, four of which are described as new species. The new species are diagnosed, and high-resolution images of the habitus and male genitalia of each species are given. The following new species are described: H. directus sp. nov., H. pertuberculatus sp. nov., H. sinuatus sp. nov., and H. steineri sp. nov. The historical types of H. debilis Sharp, 1882 and H. obscurus Sharp, 1882 are redescribed, their lectotypes are designated, and high-resolution images of the habitus, male genitalia and labels of the lectotypes are given.
COVID-19 and Trade in SSA : Impacts and Policy Response

Measures taken to curtail the spread of COVID-19 have led to a sharp contraction of the global economy and an even larger decline in trade, with significant implications on the livelihoods of people in Africa. Despite the relatively low number of cases, the region's economy would be hard hit due to its high reliance on trade, heavy dependence on commodities, a fragile food system, and limited fiscal capacity to respond. This reinforces the region's inherent vulnerabilities, posing risks of wiping out the gains made in poverty reduction. Countries that have been registering robust growth face rapid growth declines. The response calls for a regional and global coordination to scale up safety nets, facilitate flow of essential goods and ease the region's debt burden to free some fiscal space. There is a need for active policies to support enterprises so that disruptions are not permanent. As they chart their operations beyond the pandemic, countries should reexamine their industrial policies and firms need to rethink their strategies to address emerging uncertainties.
The Directional Dark Matter Detector (D 3 )

Gas-filled Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) with Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) and pixels appear suitable for direction-sensitive WIMP dark matter searches. We present the background and motivation for our work on this technology, past and ongoing prototype work, and a development path towards an affordable, 1-m 3 -scale directional dark matter detector, D 3 . Such a detector may be particularly suitable for low-mass WIMP searches, and perhaps sufficiently sensitive to clearly determine whether the signals seen by DAMA, CoGeNT, and CRESST-II are due to low-mass WIMPs or background.
Evaluation of Factors Associated With Fracture and Loss of Bone Mineral Density Within 1 Year After Liver Transplantation

OBJECTIVE Orthotopic liver transplant recipients are at high risk of fragility fractures both in pre-liver transplant (pre-LT) and in the immediate posttransplant (post-LT) period. The aims of this study were to identify risk factors associated with post-LT fracture and identify factors that contribute to changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in post-LT as they relate to the risk of fracture in the immediate post-LT period. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of first-time LT recipients who had BMD testing within 2-year pre-LT and 1-year post-LT. We assessed factors associated with immediate post-LT fracture using logistic regression models and linear regression models. RESULTS New fractures occurred in 41/286 (14.3%) of LT recipients during the first year following LT. In multivariate analysis, we noted an increased odds of fracture for patients with prior history of fracture (P < .001), patients who were older (P = .03), patients with higher end-stage liver disease score (P = .03), and patients with lower BMD. After adjustment for multiple testing, only a history of prior fracture was statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that prior fracture at any site was associated with developing a new fracture in the first year post-LT.
Assessing the impact of static and fluctuating ocean acidification on the behavior of Amphiprion percula

Coral reef organisms are exposed to both an increasing magnitude of pCO2, and natural fluctuations on a diel scale. For coral reef fishes, one of the most profound effects of ocean acidification is the impact on ecologically important behaviors. Previous behavioral research has primarily been conducted under static pCO2 conditions and have recently come under criticism. Recent studies have provided evidence that the negative impacts on behavior may be reduced under more environmentally realistic, fluctuating conditions. We investigated the impact of both present and future day, static (500 and 1000 atm) and diel fluctuating (500 {+/-} 200 and 1000 {+/-} 200 atm) pCO2 on the lateralization and chemosensory behavior of juvenile anemonefish, Amphiprion percula. Our static experimental comparisons support previous findings that under elevated pCO2, fish become un-lateralized and lose the ability to discriminate olfactory cues. Diel-fluctuating pCO2 may aid in mitigating the severity of some behavioral abnormalities such as the chemosensory response, where a preference for predator cues was significantly reduced under a future diel-fluctuating pCO2 regime. This research aids in ground truthing earlier findings and contributes to our growing knowledge of the role of fluctuating conditions.
Correction to: An emerging AI mainstream: deepening our comparisons of AI frameworks through rhetorical analysis

The original version of this article has an error in the affiliations of one of the authors, Will Penman
Baseline correction method for dynamic pressure gradient modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.

Abstract A baseline correction method is developed for comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) chromatography (GC × GC) with flame-ionization detection (FID) using dynamic pressure gradient modulation (DPGM). The DPGM-GC × GC-FID utilized porous layer open tubular (PLOT) columns in both dimensions to focus on light hydrocarbon separations. Since DPGM is nominally a stop-flow modulation technique, a rhythmic baseline disturbance is observed in the FID signal that cycles with the modulation period (PM). This baseline disturbance needs to be corrected to optimize trace analysis. The baseline correction method has three steps: collection of a background “blank” chromatogram and multiplying it by an optimized normalization factor, subtraction of the normalization-optimized background chromatogram from a sample chromatogram, and application of Savitzky-Golay smoothing. An alkane standard solution, containing pentane, hexane and heptane was used for method development, producing linear calibration curves (r2 > 0.991) over a broad concentration range (7.8 ppm – 4000 ppm). Further, the limit-of-detection (LOD) and limit-of-quantification (LOQ) were determined for pentane (LOD = 2.5 ppm, LOQ = 8.2 ppm), hexane (LOD = 0.9 ppm, LOQ = 3.0 ppm), and heptane (LOD = 1.9 ppm, LOQ = 6.4 ppm). A natural gas sample separation illustrated method applicability, whereby the DPGM produced a signal enhancement (SE) of 30 for isopentane, where SE is defined as the height of the tallest 2D peak in the modulated chromatogram for the analyte divided by the height of the unmodulated 1D peak. The 30-fold SE resulted in about a 10-fold improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for isopentane. Additional versatility of the baseline correction method for more complicated samples was demonstrated for an unleaded gasoline sample, which enabled the detection (and visual appearance) of trace components.
Assessing Nonresponse Bias in Farm Injury Surveillance Data.

HIGHLIGHTS Despite a response rate of about 18%, there was scant evidence of nonresponse bias. Farm and ranch characteristics of operations responding to a mailed survey were similar to those not responding. Responders were significantly more likely to be married but only slightly older and more educated than nonresponders. Earlier survey responders reported more injuries and greater severity when injured compared to later responders. ABSTRACT Nonresponse bias in a survey can result in misleading estimates of agricultural injuries and can misdirect prevention efforts aimed at reducing the burden of injuries on farmers. Responders (n = 2,977) and nonresponders (n = 13,849) were compared based on demographics and agricultural production characteristics to identify underrepresented subgroups. Injury characteristics were compared between early (n = 1,667) and late (n = 1,309) responders. Methods accounted for correlated data, sample size inflation of p-values, and assessment of meaningful differences. Few differences were identified between responders and nonresponders. Responders differed from nonresponders by state of residence, and responders were more likely to be married. Other characteristics (age, gender, education, farm size, crops grown, animals raised) were similar across groups. Early responders reported more injuries and more often sought medical care for an injury than late responders. The differences identified between responders and nonresponders were minimal and not likely to create bias. Differential reporting of injury and injury severity between early and late responders is worthy of further investigation.
Borel subrings of the reals

A Borel (or even analytic) subring of R either has Hausdorff dimension 0 or is all of R. Extensions of the method of proof yield (among other things) that any analytic subring of C having positive Hausdorff dimension is equal to either R or C.
Understanding mutable internet pathogens, or how i learned to stop worrying and love parasitic behavior

Worms are becoming increasingly hostile. The exponential growth of infection rates allows small outbreaks to have worldwide consequences within minutes. Moreover, the collateral damage caused by infections can cripple the entire Internet. While harmful, such behaviors have historically been short-lived. We assert the future holds much more caustic malware. Attacks based on mutation and covert propagation are likely to be ultimately more damaging and long lasting. This assertion is supported by observations of natural systems, where similarly behaving parasites represent by far the most successful class of living creatures. This talk considers a parasite for the Internet, providing biological metaphors for its behavior and demonstrating the structure of pathogens. Through simulation, we show that even with low infection rates, a mutating pathogen will eventually infect an entire community. We posit the inevitability of such parasites and consider ways that they can be mitigated.
Do People Play Nash Equilibrium? Lessons From Evolutionary Game Theory

Evolutionary game theory provides an answer to two of the central questions in economic modeling: when is it reasonable to assume that people are rational? And, when is it reasonable to assume that behavior is part of a Nash equilibrium (and if it is reasonable, which equilibrium)? The traditional answers are not compelling, and much of evolutionary modeling is motivated by the need for a better answer. Evolutionary game theory suggests that, in a range of settings, agents do (eventually) play a Nash equilibrium. Moreover, evolutionary modeling has shed light on the relative plausibility of different Nash equilibria.
A Review of: “Complex Worlds: Digital Culture, Rhetoric and Professional Communication Adrienne P. Lamberti and Anne R. Richards (Eds.)”

Complex Worlds: Digital Culture, Rhetoric and Professional Communication is a collection of 11 essays (in four parts) that explores the complexity of digital technology in educational, industrial, ...
Language and Culture Pedagogy: From a National to a Transnational Paradigm by RISAGER, KAREN

The article reviews the book "Language and Culture Pedagogy: From a National to a Transnational Paradigm," by Karen Risager.
An electrohydrodynamically actuated liquid microlens with areal density modulated electrodes

This paper reports an electrohydrodynamically actuated tunable liquid microlens with a novel electrode layout design, called areal density modulated electrodes. Compared to previously reported electrohydrodynamically actuated liquid microlenses, the proposed concept addresses both continuous tunability and centering of the microlens axis with a simple to fabricate, planar electrode structure. Based on the proposed concept, a microlens structure was designed. Preliminary electrostatic simulation was conducted that showed the effectiveness of the proposed concept. An electrowetting based microlens was fabricated and tested. The focal length of the microlens varied continuously from 33.7 mm to 6.4 mm as the applied voltage increased from zero to 120 V.
Puppis a and its environment as revealed by infrared observations

We present observations of the supernova remnant (SNR) Puppis A obtained by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). The infrared (IR) data can be used to study the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) in which the SNR expands, to constrain physical parameters of the SNR and the surrounding medium, and to investigate gas — dust interactions in the shocked x-ray emitting gas and the nature of the IR emitting dust.
Glucocorticoid Receptors CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIFICITY, AND ONTOGENESIS IN THE EMBRYONIC CHICK NEURAL RETINA

Abstract Specific glucocorticoid receptors from chick embryonic neural retina are demonstratable as early as 6 days in ovo. The receptor also binds progesterone with high affinity. Despite marked increases in glucocorticoid-provoked glutamine synthetase activity after Day 6, no increase in cytoplasmic receptor concentration occurs. Thus control of enzyme induction does not seem to depend simply on the presence of cytoplasmic steroid receptors but seems to be mediated by steps subsequent to the initial binding of hormone to receptor.
Corporate Governance, Non-Financial Stakeholders, and Innovation: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

I examine whether greater protection of non-financial stakeholders such as employees, customers and the community can enhance corporate benefits to these stakeholders, and hence impact firm innovation, value and capital structure. Using the exogenous passage of Constituency laws to measure stakeholder protection, I find that firms incorporated in states that pass the laws have a higher number of stakeholder-friendly policies. More importantly, I demonstrate that after the increase in stakeholder protection, firms with weaker governance experience lower innovation and firm value, and higher leverage than firms with better governance. This paper illuminates an understudied aspect of corporate governance by showing that managers are influenced by the diverse interests of financial and non-financial stakeholders, when determining investment and financial policies.
Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects about 36% of women and 29% of men; prevalence varies by race/ethnicity, age, and income. Women experience more severe injuries than do men. Women and men victims of IPV are at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and substance use disorders. Women are more likely to experience depression, and men are more likely to engage in externalizing behavior. Individual, group, and couples mental health services can be used to treat individuals engaging in and/or experiencing IPV. Because IPV often starts early in life, interventions have begun to target middle and high school students.
A saddle-point criterion for convex problems with infinite-dimensional equality constraints

In this paper, we develop a saddle-point criterion for convex optimization problems with infinite-dimensional equality constraints. The method used in the derivation of this criterion is based on the property of openness of the equality operator. As an application, we develop necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal control problem under a suitable controllability assumption. Constructing an optimal solution for a production planning problem is used as an illustrative example.
Storage of mixed feeds containing cane final molasses. 1. Effect on chick growth and feed utilization.

Abstract EXTENSIVE studies have been conducted at this Station in which cane final molasses was evaluated in chick starter, grower, and layer rations (Rosenberg, 1954a, b; 1955; Rosenberg and Palafox, 1956). The primary conclusion of these studies was that excellent growth and egg production could be obtained when high levels of molasses were incorporated into poultry rations. Although these studies have paved the way for the increased use of cane molasses in poultry feeds, a number of unresolved questions remain before extensive use of molasses may be made on a commercial scale. One of these questions is the effect of storage on the nutritive value of mixed molasses feeds. Numerous references appear in the literature on the effect of storage on the stability of the various vitamins, but no references have been found as to the effect of storing feeds containing molasses on the nutritive value of the mixed feed. Tanaka …
The Comparison of Five Discriminant Methods

The purpose of this article is to study advantages and disadvantages about discriminant analysis with five linear methods. And through comparison,we can obtain that there are not absolute rules to tell us which is best in discriminant analysis with linear methods. The conditions in practice determine mostly the power of five methods. Through this case,we find that FDA is a most stable discriminant analysis,compared with other five methods in this case.
The risks of eating and drinking

Life is full of risk—everyday we encounter all sorts of hazards, some of which are unavoidable. Eating and drinking are paramount to maintaining life, but unfortunately, are also coupled with a multitude of potential and sometimes fatal health risks. These risks are not to be taken lightly, which is highlighted by the current increase in obesity and related diseases in the developed world, a trend that has the World Health Organization worrying about a growing epidemic of obesity (WHO/FAO, 2003). Similarly, public health officials are increasingly concerned about a dramatic increase in diabetes and coronary heart diseases that are caused by an inappropriate and ultimately hazardous diet. But food holds many more health risks, and recognizing these would greatly benefit human health. > …obesity has become a leading cause of death in the USA, second only to smoking The extent to which consumers identify and appreciate food‐related risks, and allow this knowledge to direct their eating and drinking behaviour, is therefore of great research interest. In this article, we first detail the most significant sources of food and drink health risks and discuss the implications of consumers’ perceptions of these hazards. This discussion touches on generic research on how people perceive risks and considers the reasons behind apparent ‘misperceptions’ of risks. We also want to emphasize that, in the face of limited scientific knowledge, consumer concerns may be well grounded, and that scientists and policy makers would do well to consider the basis for consumer beliefs in order to preempt future food‐ and drink‐related health and policy crises. ![][1] A comprehensive list of all hazards associated with eating and drinking would clearly be beyond the scope of this article. Furthermore, the nature and degree of the different food and drink hazards is often specific for both time and culture. For instance, the … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Influence of Short Chain Branching on the Miscibility of Binary Polymer Blends: Application to Polyolefin Mixtures

The lattice cluster theory (LCT) is used to study the influence of monomer structure, i.e., short chain branching, on the miscibility of binary polymer blends. The systems are chosen as correspondi...
Local Bahadur efficiency of score tests

Abstract The Bahadur efficiency of the usual score test and Neyman's C(α) test is studied. Both the approximate and exact slopes of the usual score test are obtained and it is shown that locally they both coincide with the optimal slope. The approximate slope of Neyman's C(α) test is also obtained and it is shown to coincide locally with the optimal slope when the alternative approaches the null in a certain way. Some examples are discussed.
Living Within the Cellular Envelope: Subjectivity and Self From an Evolutionary Neuropsychoanalytic Perspective

A growing literature has been exploring the implications of reconciling psychoanalytic understandings of human behavior with the research findings of neuroscience. This essay proposes a new linking perspective--neurodarwinian psychoanalysis--as a way to revise the predominantly disembodied nature of existing analytic theory by grounding it in the biological realities of human nature, development, and psychopathogenesis. Beginning with a focus on the evolutionary significance of the cellular envelope within which all living organisms exist, it provides theoretical and clinical examples of how evolved neural assemblies in the brain play a key role in the representational depictions of both typical and atypical human predicaments. Conventional psychoanalytic concepts of such theoretical entities as the self and tripartite concretizations of intrapsychic tropes are reformulated in terms of naturally selected neural innervations. Accordingly, dynamically unconscious functioning and psychoanalytically-informed therapeutic process are considered as crucial adaptations that warrant natural selection.
A test of the single‐ and double‐ring types of infiltrometers

The results of field experiments with ring-type infiltrometers are reported. Infiltration rates obtained with the rings were compared to the infiltration rates obtained by flooding the entire area to determine the number of ring measurements required to characterize the infiltration rate of the area. It was found on a uniform soil profile having no layers restricting the downward movement of water that six infiltrometers gave an average figure that was within 3pct of the true mean. The single-ring infiltrometers were compared with the doublering infiltrometers. There was no significant difference in the results obtained with the two types of infiltrometers on a uniform soil under the conditions of the tests.
Rethinking Intersectionality: Towards an Understanding of Discursive Marginalization

In recent years, political science research on “intersectionality” has breathed new life into perennial debates about group politics, inequality, and marginalization, demonstrating that unitary identity categories are insufficient for understanding group interests. This article critiques this emergent body of literature, noting the theoretical tensions that have surfaced as the concept has taken hold within political science. It posits that the theoretical underpinnings of this growing research paradigm have to date relied upon a liberal conception of political power that advocates greater administrative attention to particularized subgroups. This pervasive liberalism glosses over the complex and dynamic power structures that both produce political marginalization and offer sites of political resistance. Using the internal tensions of LGBTQ politics as a guiding example, this article calls for a move beyond intersectionality and towards a notion of discursive marginalization to more accurately account for...
The pMTL nic− cloning vectors. I: Improved pUC polylinker regions to facilitate the use of sonicated DNA for nucleotide sequencing

A series of nic- cloning vectors have been constructed analogous to the pUC plasmids but which are smaller in size and carry more extensive polylinker regions within the lacZ' gene. The vectors pMTL20 and pMTL21 carry six additional sites (AatII, MluI, NcoI, BglII, XhoI and StuI) to those present in pUC18 and pUC19, while pMTL22 and -23 possess eleven new cloning sites (ActII, MluI, NcoI, BglII, XhoI, StuI, NaeI, EcoRV, ClaI, NdeI and NruI). More importantly, the relative order of the restriction sites within the polylinker of these latter vectors has been totally rearranged, relative to pUC18 and pUC19, to facilitate the conversion of DNA fragments with incompatible ends to fragments with compatible termini. The availability of such DNA fragments is a crucial requirement when M13 templates are generated for dideoxy sequencing by the sonication procedure. Derivatives of these vectors have also been constructed which demonstrate improved segregational stability by incorporation of the pSC101 par locus. During the construction of these new vectors data were obtained which demonstrated that the pUC and pMTL plasmids contain a previously unreported single base pair difference within the RNA I/RNA II region (compared to pBR322) responsible for a three-fold increase in plasmid copy number. The pUC and pMTL plasmids were also shown to be functionally nic-, thus affording the lowest categorisation in genetic manipulation experiments.
Teratogenetic periods for the principal malformations of the central nervous system

The teratogenetic periods of the most important CNS malformations are defined and briefly discussed. The results are presented in a synoptic figure. The present study is based on the analysis of normal CNS development and on morphogenetic interpretations of the pertinent anomalies. The data compiled from the literature concerning normal development are presented in an analytical table and are also summarized in a synoptic figure.
Butyrate Increases Colonocyte Protein Synthesis in Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract Butyrate promotes epithelial cell healing and improves symptoms when administered rectally in patients with distal ulcerative colitis (UC). It was hypothesized that butyrate may enhance healing in patients with UC by stimulating colonocyte proliferation and/or protein production. Mucosa from the descending colon was obtained from patients with UC ( n = 5), Crohn's disease ( n = 8), diverticulitis ( n = 6), and cancer (normal tissue 10 cm from tumor; n = 10). Epithelial cells were isolated using dispase/collagenase and differential sedimentation and incubated for 4 hr at 37°C with either Na butyrate (10 m M ) or NaCl (10 m M ). Protein synthesis was assessed by [ 14 C]leucine incorporation and proliferation was determined with [ 3 H]thymidine. Mean viability and purity were >88%. Spontaneous proliferation was significantly increased in UC when compared to diverticulitis and normal controls. Butyrate significantly increased protein synthesis in UC epithelial cells when compared to saline control. The therapeutic effects of butyrate in patients with UC may be due to its use by epithelial cells as a metabolic fuel to increase protein production and promote healing.
Tracing Activity Across the Whole Brain Neural Network with Optogenetic Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Despite the overwhelming need, there has been a relatively large gap in our ability to trace network level activity across the brain. The complex dense wiring of the brain makes it extremely challenging to understand cell-type specific activity and their communication beyond a few synapses. Recent development of the optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging (ofMRI) provides a new impetus for the study of brain circuits by enabling causal tracing of activities arising from defined cell types and firing patterns across the whole brain. Brain circuit elements can be selectively triggered based on their genetic identity, cell body location, and/or their axonal projection target with temporal precision while the resulting network response is monitored non-invasively with unprecedented spatial and temporal accuracy. With further studies including technological innovations to bring ofMRI to its full potential, ofMRI is expected to play an important role in our system-level understanding of the brain circuit mechanism.
Prevalence of Respiratory Symptoms in an Industrial Population

(1) An industrial population was sampled at random and 81.6 per cent of the sample was interviewed. The sample was separated into three groups: men involved in administrative and experimental work, men working on the factory floor, and women involved in clerical work. (2) The prevalence rate of respiratory symptoms in the population was ascertained. Chronic productive cough was present in 10.3 per cent of the respondents. (3) There was no statistically significant difference noted in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms between the younger (40 to 49) and older (50 to 59) respondents nor between men and women respondents. (4) The smoking habit of the three groups was remarkably similar. The women seem less inclined to stop smoking than did the men, and the very heavy smokers among the women (as determined by the consumption of over 9000 packs of cigarettes) seem at least as liable — and perhaps more liable — to develop the more severe forms of respiratory disease. (5) There was a statistically significant relationship, regardless of sex, between respiratory symptoms, pulmonary ventilation and cigarette smoking though some minor differences were noted. (6) A significant number of men involved in administrative work who had been heavy smokers and had consumed more than 9000 packs of cigarettes, had stopped smoking and they had prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms similar to that of people who had never smoked. This suggests that cigarette smoking is a reversible irritant. (7) The data were not sufficiently detailed to examine the effects of social class or atmospheric pollution. It is suggested that these two variables played relatively minor roles in the study, though the effect of atmospheric pollution in the results of other studies must be remembered.
Baseline measures are altered in biomechanical studies

The purpose of this investigation was to examine if baseline measures are altered between conditions in biomechanical studies and to determine the need for baseline measurements in biomechanics. Ten runners were asked to run at varying speeds and obstacle heights. Baseline measures were acquired between all conditions. Right lower extremity kinematic and kinetic data were collected for all baseline trials and evaluated by both a group and a single subject analysis. The group analysis revealed significant differences between baselines only for the obstacle perturbation. The single subject analysis indicated that baseline measures are altered in a greater degree for kinematics than kinetics. These findings suggested that baseline measures are altered between conditions in biomechanical studies, and they should be used when a repeated measures or a single subject experimental design is being utilized.
Summary of new data on rock samples G-1 and W-1☆

Abstract Published and unpublished analyses for major and minor constituents that have become available since April, 1960, are collected for the granite G-1 and diabase W-1. “Best values” are suggested for some of the elements.
Measurement of Cosmogenic 32P and 33P Activities in Rainwater and Seawater

We have developed a new method for the collection, purification, and measurement of natural levels of 32P and 33P in rain, marine particulates, and dissolved constituents of seawater. 32P and 33P activities were measured using a recently developed ultra-low-level liquid scintillation counter. Measurement by liquid scintillation counting allows, for the first time, simultaneous measurement of both 32P and 33P. Furthermore, 33P activities are measured with high efficiency (>50%), regardless of the amount of stable phosphorus in the sample. Liquid scintillation also produces energy specific β spectra which has enabled us to identify previously unrecognized β-emitting contaminants in natural samples. In order to remove these contaminants, new methods of purification have been developed which utilize a series of precipitations and anion and cation exchange columns. Rainwater and dissolved seawater samples were extracted from large volumes of rain- and seawater, 5−20 and >5000 L, respectively, using iron-impreg...
Thermally activated magnetization reversal in elongated ferromagnetic particles.

Elongated ferromagnetic single-domain particles are believed to exhibit a high stability of their remanent magnetization. However, here it is shown that for elongated particles thermal fluctuations lower the coercivity much more drastically than predicted by current theories. The rate for magnetization reversal is calculated for a classical model of a ferromagnet that allows for a spatially nonuniform magnetization distribution along the sample. The prefactor of the Arrhenius factor is explicitly evaluated and analytical results are obtained in the experimentally important limit of external magnetic fields close to the anisotropy field and for moderate damping.
Responses of the Superficial Portion of the Human Pilosebaceous Apparatus to Controlled Injury1

INTRODUCTION The intensive studies by Loeb (1) and Arey (2) on epithelial regeneration have furnished us with many of the important morphologic aspects of wound healing. More recently, Pinkus (3), employing the “Strip Method” as a means of producing controlled injury, has followed the cytological events during epidermal repair. Lobitz and Holyoke (4), pursuing the strip technic, have been able to correlate morphologic responses with histochemical changes in the accumulation and distribution of glycogen during the regeneration of human epidermis. In their study emphasis is placed upon appearance of glycogen in the basal cells. Few investigators, however, have dealt with the behavior of epidermal appendages in wound healing.
Turnable Second Harmonic Generation from an Organic Dye Laser

Abstract Ultraviolet light has been generated from a Rhodamine 60 organic dye laser by frequency doubling with a KDP crystal. The second harmonic was tuned from 2900A to 3000A with peak powers of 40 watts. Organic dye lasers have now been reported with output wave-lengths extending throughout the visible and near infrared1-12. The tunability4,6,13 and output energies now available in the visible protion of the spectrum suggest frequency doubling as a means of obtaining a tunable source of ultraviolet light. We wish to report the observation of tunable second harmonic radiation centered at 2950A generated from the laser output of a 10−4 molar solution of Rhodamine 6G dissolved in ethyl alcohol.
The role of natural hybridization in the derivation of cultivated tomatoes of western south America

Although the garden tomato is very highly self-polli nated in most regions of cultivation, it is cross-pollinated at much higher rates in the range of its wild relatives— Ecuador, Peru, and northern Chile. Cohabitation of garden tomatoes and an intercompatible species in this region permits extensive gene exchange between them. These factors lead to a high level of variability and promote rapid evolution of new forms.
Cohort Variations and Changes in Age-Specific Suicide Rates over Time: Explaining Variations in Youth Suicide

Dramatic changes in the age distribution of suicide in the U.S. are associated with variations in the demographic characteristics of birth cohorts. Using an age-period-cohort-characteristic model, we show that cohort characteristics theoretically linked to integration and regulation have substantively strong and statistically significant relationships with changes in age-specific suicide rates from 1930 to 1995. Members of relatively large cohorts and of cohorts with higher percentages of nonmarital births are at greater risk for suicide throughout their life spans. These results appear for the total population and for race-sex subgroups, even though the age distributions of suicide differ substantially across these demographic groups. They can account for recent sharp increases in youth suicide, as well as more moderate increases in earlier decades.