cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nela Rio, "ese hacerse siempre"

Sobre poesia y diaspora, dialogo con Nela Rio, tambien compartiendo lecturas de poemas expresivos de los temas principales de la conversacion. Reconcida escritora de origen argentino, residente em Canada desde hace mas de cuarenta anos, su obra integra las ricas vivencias de una mujer artista en viaje transcultural, a la vez que ilumina constantes humanas universales. El presente dialogo focaliza su experiencia como escritora de traslaciones y desplazamientos, mediadora entre figuras, paisajes, lenguas, destacando sus relevantes contribuciones a la idea y praxis de una literatura transnacional, abierta a las nuevas formas de identidad que se desenvuelven en el seno de los movimientos migratorios contemporaneos. Abstract : This is a dialogue with Nela Rio about poetry and diapora, also sharing readings of poems pertaining to the principal themes of our conversation. A recognized writer, argentine-canadian, resident in Canada for more than forty years, incorporates the rich experiences of a woman artist on a transcultural journey, at the same time illuminating universal human constants. The present dialogue emphasizes her work as a writer of translations and displacements, mediator of forms, scenaries and languages, giving emphasis to her contributions to the idea and experience of transnational literature, open to new forms of identity transparent in the development of contemporary migratory movements. Palavras-chave : Nelo Rio; poesia; disaspora; transculturalidade; Canada; Argentina
Photoluminescence from suspended Ge/SiGe quantum-well microdisks

We demonstrate, for the first time, the photoluminescence from suspended Ge/SiGe quantum-well microdisks. The optical mode resonances of the photoluminescence spectra are associated with Fabry-Perot modes and whispering gallery modes.
TALI: LOCAL ALIGNMENT OF PROTEIN STRUCTURES USING BACKBONE TORSION ANGLES

Torsion angle alignment (TALI) is a novel approach to local structural motif alignment, based on backbone torsion angles (ϕ, ψ) rather than the more traditional atomic distance matrices. Representa...
Acute Right Ventricular Dysfunction: Real-Time Management With Echocardiography

In critically ill patients, the right ventricle is susceptible to dysfunction due to increased afterload, decreased contractility, or alterations in preload. With the increased use of point-of-care ultrasonography and a decline in the use of pulmonary artery catheters, echocardiography can be the ideal tool for evaluation and to guide hemodynamic and respiratory therapy. We review the epidemiology of right ventricular failure in critically ill patients; echocardiographic parameters for evaluating the right ventricle; and the impact of mechanical ventilation, fluid therapy, and vasoactive infusions on the right ventricle. Finally, we summarize the principles of management in the context of right ventricular dysfunction and provide recommendations for echocardiography-guided management.
Organometallic catalysis in air and water: oxygen-enhanced, nickel-catalyzed polymerizations of isocyanides

La polymerisation des isocyanures de t-butyle, d'α-methylbenzyle ou de cyclohexyle catalysee par le complexe trifluoroacetate de η 3 -allylnickel dans le toluene ou par NiCl 2 dans l'eau donne quantitativement les polymeres correspondants [C(=NR)] n . Un mecanisme faisant intervenir la reduction du nickel(II) en nickel(I) puis sa reoxydation est proposee
Internal magnetic field measurements on the helicity injected tokamak (HIT) using the transient internal probe (TIP)

Summary form only given, as follows. The transient internal probe (TIP) is a novel diagnostic designed to measure internal magnetic fields in hot plasmas. The diagnostic involves shooting a magneto-optic probe through the plasma at high velocities (greater than 2 km/s) using a two stage light gas gun. Local fields are obtained by illuminating the probe with an argon ion laser and measuring the amount of Faraday rotation in the laser light reflected from the moving probe. Currently, internal magnetic profile measurements are being conducted on the helicity injected tokamak (HIT). HIT is a low aspect ratio (A=1.5) tokamak designed to investigate steady state current drive using coaxial helicity injection. Operating parameters are T/sub e/=100, n/sub e//spl ap/5/spl times/10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ and I/sub p/=250 kA. Internal magnetic field profile data will be presented. The TIP diagnostic has a spatial resolution of 1 cm and 20 Gauss magnetic field resolution. System frequency response is 10 MHz.
Abstract 1263: Dietary patterns after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to disease-specific and total mortality

Objective: We investigated the relation of post-diagnostic dietary patterns with prostate cancer-specific and all-cause mortality. Methods: 926 men participating in the Physicians9 Healthy Study diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) a median of 5.1 years after diagnosis, and were followed thereafter to assess mortality for a median of 9.9 years. Two dietary patterns, a Prudent and a Western pattern, were identified using principal component analysis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the relative hazard of prostate cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in relation to post-diagnostic dietary pattern scores. Models were adjusted for age at diagnosis, time between diagnosis and FFQ completion, energy intake, vigorous exercise, BMI, smoking status, and a modified D9Amico risk score. Results: We identified 333 deaths, 56 due to prostate cancer, during 8,093 person-years of follow-up. The Prudent pattern was characterized by higher intake of vegetables, fruits, fish, legumes and whole grains, while the Western pattern was characterized by higher intake of processed and red meats, potatoes, high-fat dairy and refined grains. Men in the highest quartile (Q4) of the Western pattern had a higher risk of prostate cancer-specific death than men in the lowest quartile (Q1) (Hazard ratio [HR]: 2.39; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.95, 6.00; P for linear trend=0.03). The association between the Western pattern and prostate cancer-specific mortality appeared to be driven by intake of potatoes (HR[Q4 vs Q1]: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.06, 7.62; P for linear trend=0.01). In addition, the Western pattern was associated with higher all-cause mortality (HR[Q4 vs Q1]: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.49; P for linear trend=0.005). A Prudent pattern after diagnosis was unrelated to prostate cancer-specific mortality but was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR[Q4 vs Q1]: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.88; P for linear trend=0.007). Conclusions: A Western dietary pattern may increase risk of prostate cancer-specific and all-cause mortality, whereas a Prudent dietary pattern may decrease the risk of all-cause mortality, all among men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer. Citation Format: Meng Yang, Stacey A. Kenfield, Erin L. Van Blarigan, Julie L. Kasperzyk, Howard D. Sesso, Jing Ma, Meir Stampfer, Jorge E. Chavarro. Dietary patterns after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to disease-specific and total mortality. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1263. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1263
Systems Engineering and Management of Multinational Cooperative Development Programs

International research and development programs present unique challenges in relation to business mobilization and in how organizations must deal with outside technology, financing, program planning, joint program management, and engineering issues. The systems engineer must address technical issues set against multinational parochial interests, while the program manager holds the industrial team together and works with a sponsor that is often a consortium of nations.
Osmotic changes in experimental galactose cataracts.

Evidence has been presented indicating that when galactose is made available to the lens, either by feeding experiments, or by in vitro incubation, there is an accumulation of dulcitol. As dulcitol accumulates, water is drawn into the lens fibres to maintain osmotic equilibrium. The resulting increase in water volume may be sufficient to cause the lens fibres to swell and perhaps to rupture their membranes. This sequence of events could conceivably explain the histopathological changes which occur in the initial phase of experimental galactose cataract.
Effect of streptomycin on bacteriophage φX174

The inhibitory action of certain cationic and anionic agents on the T2 phage-antiphage system has been reported ( Mora and Young, 1962 ). During the course of testing for the inhibitory action of certain of these agents on the neutralization reaction of bacteriophage φX174, it was noted that streptomycin sulfate (SM) enhanced the neutralization reaction rather than inhibiting it, while not affecting the φX174 virions in the absence of antibody. Brock (1962) also showed that SM has no effect on bacteriophage φX174, but that it does inactivate streptococcal bacteriophage P9 apparently by preventing injection of DNA by cross-linking between adjacent protein subunits ( Brock et, al. , 1965 ). This paper presents preliminary studies concerning the effect of SM on the φX174 phage-antiphage system.
Differentiation of Occupational Perceptions Among Different Age Groups.

Abstract The perception of occupations plays a key role in many vocational behaviors and in theories of vocational development. This study hypothesizes that occupational perceptions are more specific for older age groups than for younger age groups. This hypothesis was tested by using latent root analysis and minimum residual factor analysis to analyze the intercorrelations among six Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) scales for five large and diverse samples-elementary school students, rural high school seniors, college freshmen, employed salesmen, and employed women. Both analyses supported the hypothesis. The results are discussed in relation to those of Cureton (1970) and the implication is drawn that occupational perceptions may be used to estimate a person's level of vocational development.
KINEMATIC SEPARATIONS FOR THREE BODY FINAL STATE REACTIONS.

Abstract Three body final state reactions at low energy in which two nonidentical charged particles are detected are complicated by kinematic interference in certain regions of the kinematic plane. Preliminary results are presented which indicate that a time-of-flight technique can be used to separate interfering kinematic events without the loss of any experimental information.
The construction of negatively Ricci curved manifolds

The purpose of this paper is to construct complete Riemannian Manifolds with negative Ricci curvature metric. We shall mostly concentrate on threedimensional manifolds. In [BJ], Bourguignon raised the problem that the connected sum of two Riemannian Manifolds with negative Ricci curvature has a metric with negative Ricci curvature. Yau first observed that the connected sum of two hyperbolic manifolds has a negative Ricei curvature metric. In the first part of the paper, we shall give the affirmative answer to the above question. We actually prove something more. We shall prove that the "connected sum along circles" of two Riemannian Manifolds with negative Ricci curvature metric (Sect. 1) has a negative Ricci curvature metric. In the second part, we only consider three-dimensional manifolds. We use the above results and some topological constructions to obtain new manifolds with negative Ricci curvature metric from a given manifold with negative Ricci curvature metric. Give M a complete Riemannian three-dimensional manifold with negative Ricci curvature metric, then there are complete negative Ricci curvature Riemannian metric on M # S 2 x S I ; M ~ S 2 x S I # L ( p , q ) , and M ~ S 2 x S ~ 1; x S 1, where 2; is any oriented Riemann surface. For the motivation of this paper see [YS]. This paper is an extended version of the second part of the author's Ph.D. thesis at Stony Brook. I would like to thank my advisor Professor Blaine Lawson for suggesting this problem to me, and inspiring discussions and valuable advice.
The Effects of Hydrogen on Microstructural Change and Surface Originated Flaking in Rolling Contact Fatigue

The effects of hydrogen on microstructural change and surface originated flaking in rolling contact fatigue were investigated using JIS-SUJ2 bearing steel specimens charged with hydrogen. Under clean lubrication conditions, subsurface originated flaking occurred and the rolling contact fatigue life was reduced and the amounts of the microstructural change called white structure that formed in the specimens increased as the hydrogen content increased. The localized microstructural changes were found in the hydrogen-charged specimens by electron microscope observations. It is supposed that the localization of plasticity was enhanced by hydrogen during the process of rolling contact fatigue. Under contaminated lubrication conditions, which included debris in the lubricating oil, surface originated flaking occurred and the rolling contact fatigue life of the hydrogen-charged specimens became shorter than the uncharged specimens, although white structure was not observed around the flaking. Enhancement of fatigue crack formations due to hydrogen was observed in specimens with artificial dents. It is presumed that hydrogen facilitated the formation of fatigue cracks on the raceway surface.
Steady-state concentration of venlafaxine enantiomers: model-based analysis of between-patient variability.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate patients treated for depression with respect to steady-state concentration of venlafaxine enantiomers, to quantify within- and between-subject variability and to study the possible influence of individual characteristics such as gender and age. METHODS: Thirty-five inpatients received venlafaxine orally at a fixed 300-mg daily dose. Blood samples were taken on day 14 and day 28 for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. All measurements reflected steady-state trough values. In a first stage, plasma concentrations of racemic venlafaxine (V) and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) were measured using a gas chromatography method. In a second stage, (+)/(-) enantiomeric ratios for V and ODV were determined using a stereoselective capillary electrophoresis method. RESULTS: Interindividual variability was 77% and 33% for concentrations of racemic V and ODV, respectively. Intraindividual variability was below 20% for both compounds. Enantiomeric ratios did not statistically differ from unity, with median (+)/(-) ratios of 1.14 for V and 0.97 for ODV. ODV/V metabolite formation ratios for the (+) and (-) enantiomers did not significantly differ from each other (median values 2.85 and 2.37, respectively). However, reduced ODV/V ratio for the (-) enantiomer was strongly associated with decreased (+)/(-) ratio for V (r(S)=0.71, P<0.001) and increased (+)/(-) ratio for ODV (r(S)=-0.79, P<0.001). In contrast, ODV/V ratio for the (+) enantiomer did not significantly correlate with parent compound (+)/(-) ratio and correlated only weakly with metabolite (+)/(-) ratio (r(S)=-0.38, P<0.05). When compared with males, females displayed a significantly lower ODV/V ratio for the (-) enantiomer (median values 1.42 vs 5.08 on day 14, P<0.05) but not for the (+) enantiomer (median values 2.36 vs 3.27, n.s.). Analysis did not reveal any significant association between ODV/V ratios and age, weight, height, creatinine clearance, smoking or co-medication. A pharmacokinetic model at steady state was developed that postulated two different enzyme systems to contribute to O-desmethylation. ODV(-) formation was supposed to largely depend on a single pathway, possibly impaired in a patient subpopulation. ODV(+) formation was postulated to rely on both pathways to a similar extent. Model predictions were in close agreement with observations in patients. CONCLUSION: Observations, together with model-based simulations, suggested that marked stereoselectivity in a patient subgroup may be related with impairment of O-desmethylation greater for (-) than (+) venlafaxine. This hypothesis requires testing against phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of patients.
Methyl Transfer Reaction IX. Linear Free Energy Relations and the Reactivity—Selectivity Principle

Methyl transfers between nucleophiles are representative and uncomplicated examples of group transfer reactions. Data are shown for rates and equilibria sufficient to allow a nearly rigorous application of the Marcus equation. Selectivities with a series of nucleophiles do not vary significantly with reactivity over a wide range of reactivities, except for diffusion controlled reactions. The Marcus equation, for which the necessary data are now available to calculate the rate, fits very well in cases to which it has been applied. It is shown that the (quadratic) Marcus equation is expected to be compatible with experimental linear free energy relations for most reactions; generally only very fast reactions will reveal the curvature, thus the Hammond postulate, the reactivity—selectivity principle, the variable transition state and the Marcus equation are not incompatible with linear free energy relations.
Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and cancer rehabilitation. 1. Cardiac rehabilitation review.

Abstract Bartels MN, Whiteson JH, Alba AS, Kim H. Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and cancer rehabilitation. 1. Cardiac rehabilitation review. Cardiac rehabilitation includes not only the rehabilitation of people with ischemic heart disease but also those with congestive heart failure, heart transplantation, congenital heart disease, and other conditions. New advances in medical treatment have arisen, and there are new approaches in treatment, including alternative medicine and complementary care. New surgical approaches that help restore cardiac function have also been introduced, and rehabilitation professionals must be aware of these advances and be able to incorporate this knowledge into the practice of rehabilitation medicine. Overall Article Objectives (a) To identify major categories of cardiac disease, (b) to elucidate appropriate interventions and support for patients with coronary artery disease, (c) to describe the new interventions available for the treatment of cardiac disease, and (d) to describe the appropriate role of cardiac rehabilitation for people with various forms of cardiac disease.
Effect of Near-Substrate Plasma Density in the Reactive Magnetron Sputter Deposition of Hydrogenated Amorphous Germanium

Abstract The properties of hydrogenated amorphous germanium (a-Ge:H) are studied as a function of near-substrate plasma density and hydrogen partial pressure at fixed temperature. Near substrate plasma density is varied by using an unbalanced magnetron and an external magnetic field, and characterized using a guard ring flat probe and a cylindrical Langmuir probe. Films are characterized by infrared absorption, optical transmission, dark conductivity, activation energy, and photoconductivity. A major effect of increasing the near-substrate plasma density is to increase the dihydride component content of the films. The photoconductivity of these films is lower than those whose hydrogen content is increased by increasing the hydrogen partial pressure during deposition, implying a degradation in film properties with increasing near-substrate plasma density. These results show that chemical effects, as well as ion bombardment effects, need to be considered in the plasma-based deposition of a-Ge:H.
Female-female aggression and male indifference in response to unfamiliar intruders in lion tamarins

The role of intolerance toward unfamiliar conspecifics in promoting exclusivity of mating and preferential association among breeding pairs was examined in captive golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. In their home cage, resident breeding pairs were presented with an intruder that varied in sex and age (adult or subadult). Resident female tamarins directed high levels of attack, agonistic displays, and approaches toward subadult and adult female intruders. Male residents, in contrast, showed virtually no attack responses to intruders of any sex-age class, and showed only moderate levels of agonistic displays in the presence of adult male intruders. Attacks and threats by resident females were associated with the number of subadult helpers present in the social group: females in groups with more helpers present exhibited higher levels of aggression to intruders. The results suggest that female intolerance of conspecifics may be important in the regulation of sociosexual relationships in breeding pairs, and that female-female reproductive competition is particularly extreme in this species.
Aggregation State-Dependent Binding of β-Amyloid Peptide to Protein and Lipid Components of Rat Cortical Homogenates

Abstract β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is the primary protein component of senile plaques in Alzheimer′s disease. Aβ is toxic to neuronal cell cultures, although the mechanism of neurotoxicity is unknown. Neurotoxicity has been correlated to the aggregation state of the peptide. In this work, the synthetic β-amyloid peptide Aβ(1-39) was radioiodinated and fractionated into samples containing varying degrees of aggregated material. Binding of the peptide to rat cortical homogenates (containing both lipids and membrane-associated protein) and to artificial neuronal membrane (containing only lipids) was measured. Binding increased with increasing percent aggregated peptide in the solutions. Aggregated peptide bound to both cortical homogenate and membrane, whereas monomeric peptide bound to homogenate only. These results may help discriminate among alternative mechanisms of neurotoxicity of Aβ.
Anatomical adaptations to rocky substrates and surf exposure by the seagrass genus Phyllospadix

Abstract In this study, we examined anatomical adaptations in the seagrass genus Phyllospadix to rocky substrates and surf exposed habitats not generally exploited by seagrasses. It was hypothesized that the genus exhibits anatomical features related to its specific habitat that distinguish it from a closely related sediment-rooted seagrass. Zostera marina L. A corollary to this hypothesis predicted that individual Phyllospadix species show additional specialization, based on observations that three species are distinctly zoned where they occur together. Comparison with Z. marina was used to define anatomical features in Phyllospadix that are considered adaptations to rocky littoral environments. These features include greater hypodermal fiber and root hair development, thickened rhizomes and smaller lacunae. Comparison among Phyllospadix spp. for microhabitat adaptations was less fruitful, although distribution patterns and comparative leaf thickness of the three species indicated that where P. torreyi S. Watson co-occurs with P. serrulatus Rupr. ex Aschers. P. torreyi may out-compete the latter for space, possibly because it is less vulnerable to disturbance.
Using framework interfaces with design fragments

Framework interfaces are complex, so programmers often copy repeating patterns, either their own or from others, to interact with them. Design Fragments allow framework interactions to be explicitly defined, describing known-good uses of the framework. We demonstrate a tool that provides continual feedback on framework conformance as a program evolves.
Induction of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Causes Release of the Apoptogenic Factor Cytochrome c

It was recently reported that the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c is required for the induction of apoptosis, and that the overexpression of Bcl-2 caused increased retention of this apoptogenic factor by mitochondria. Several cellular toxins, including H2O2, tBOOH and Ca++, induce the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT); we tested the possibility that MPT is an intracellular sensor of toxicity that results in the release of cytochrome c. We observe that the release of cytochrome c from purified mitochondria is stimulated by the classical inducers of MPT, and is inhibited by the classical inhibitor of MPT, cyclosporin A (CsA). After induction of MPT, mitochondrial supernatants gained the activity to induce cleavage of caspase 3 (CPP32) in cytosolic extracts, and this gain of activity was inhibited by CsA pretreatment of mitochondria, and was cancelled by immunodepletion of cytochrome c from the supernatants. After induction of MPT, mitochondrial supernatants mixed with or without cytosolic extract gained the activity to ladder nuclei, and this gain of activity was inhibited by CsA pretreatment of mitochondria, and cancelled by immunodepletion of cytochrome c from the supernatants. These results demonstrate that the induction of MPT causes release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which is required for the hallmarks of cytosolic and nuclear apoptosis, caspase 3 activation and nuclear laddering, and identify the MPT as a potential intracellular sensor of oxidants and other toxins, and as a target for the pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis.
Confucian ethics and Japanese management practices

This paper proposes that an important method for understanding the ethics of Japanese management is the systematic study of its Confucian traditions and the writings of Confucius. Inconsistencies and dysfunction in Japanese ethical and managerial behavior can be attributed to contradictions in Confucius' writings and inconsistencies between the Confucian code and modern realities. Attention needs to be directed to modern Confucian philosophy since, historically Confucian thought has been an early warning system for impending change.
Uses of Managerial Perceptions in Clustering Countries

One of the advantages of the multinational firm is that it markets products in several countries. Several methods exist for a firm to determine which of these countries are similar for marketing purposes. This article explores the possibility of another method–clustering countries in which the firm operates on the basis of the perceptions of the firm's marketing managers.
A quantitative study of the lithosphere and gravity anomalies along the atlantic coast

Abstract The principle of isobaric equilibrium is quantitatively applied to a strong lithosphere near a continental boundary. Following methods outlined in earlier papers, the deformation of the lithosphere near Cape Henry is determined from the magnitude and distribution of the sedimentary and fluid load superimposed on the original crystalline basement. From the calculated figure and the equivalent load, the resulting distribution of vertical stress and gravity defect are estimated. Except for the prediction of appreciable positive gravity defects at the continental shelf the calculated and observed gravity distributions are quite similar. The fibre stress due to the deformation is evaluated and it is shown that the position of the calculated maximum stress in tension on the landward side coincides with the observed position of lithospheric failure or the Fall Line. The strength in tension of the upper lithosphere here is shown to be less than 8.5 X 108 dynes/cm2. The simultaneous prediction of the approximate magnitudes of the gravity anomalies, their distribution and the location of the Fall line appears to show that a strong elastic lithosphere characterized by the constant b = 8.4 ± 2 × 10−8 cm−1 has a real and important geological existence.The investigation shows that due to the finite strength of the lithosphere, long linear areas parallel to continental coast lines are usually regions of disturbed gravity.
The Perceptions and Satisfactions of Youth in Residential Care with Two Caregiving Models

Former residents (N = = 76) of a residential facility were interviewed 1 year after discharge to solicit their perceptions and degree of satisfaction with houseparent and child care worker models o...
Can Lasers Be Used To Break Chemical Bonds Selectively

We discuss the possibility of selective bond breaking induced by the multiple photon absorption of infrared (IR) radiation. The rate at which a reactant molecule's internal vibrational energy distribution relaxes to a random distribution (intramolecular vibrational relaxation [IVR] rate) plays the central role in this discussion. It is pointed out that statistical theories of unimolecular decay, like the Rice Rampsburger Kassel (RRK) and Rice Rampsburger Kassel Marcus (RRKM) theories, preclude any possibility of selectivity because of their assumption of very rapid IVR rates. A new model of IVR and unimolecular decay which does not assume very rapid IVR rates, the restricted IVR model, is presented. Within the framework of this model the conditions necessary for selectivity are discussed quantitatively. A review of the available evidence concerning IVR rates suggests that selectivity is possible with sufficiently short and intense laser pulses. In the light of current knowledge about IVR rates we see no reason to doubt that Hall and Kaldor's experiment using separately two laser pulses of widely differing frequencies to induce the simultaneous isomerization and fragmentation of cyclopropane is a genuine example of selective bond breaking.
Précis of Morality: Its Nature and Justification*

In this book I provide descriptions of the concepts of morality, rationality and impartiality, and show how they are related to each other. My accounts of the concepts of rationality, impartiality, and morality explain their central and coherent use by thoughtful people in everyday life. I intend to describe, not revise these concepts. I am concerned with the actual coherent employment of these concepts, not with what philosophers and others say about them. When a rational person uses only those beliefs that are shared by all rational persons (what I call rationally required beliefs), I show that impartial rational persons share a common attitude toward morality. Even with this limitation to rationally required beliefs, I acknowledge that not all rational persons agree on all of their moral decisions and judgments, but I try to show that they agree on the general moral system or framework that they use in making these moral decisions and judgments. However, if a rational person uses idiosyncratic beliefs, e.g., religious beliefs, there may be no way to reach agreement about morality, even among impartial rational persons. Whenever I talk about all rational persons agreeing, I mean all rational persons who use only rationally required beliefs. I justify common morality by showing how it is related to the concepts of rationality and impartiality, but I do not derive morality from these two concepts. I provide a detailed description of morality before I attempt to justify it. My justification has force because the analyses of rationality, impartiality, and morality are each accurate descriptions of the basic concepts as they are commonly employed. That my descriptions of these three concepts clarify how these concepts are related to each other in such an intimate way not only shows that common morality is justified, it also supports my analyses of the three concepts.
Character displacement: in situ evolution of novel phenotypes or sorting of pre-existing variation?

Character displacement – the divergence of traits between species in response to competition for resources or mates – has long been viewed as a major cause of adaptive diversification and species coexistence. Yet, we lack answers to basic questions concerning the causes and consequences of character displacement, not the least of which is why some species are more prone than others to undergo character displacement. Here, we address these questions by describing how character displacement can proceed through two nonexclusive routes that differ in the source of phenotypic variation, and, hence, in the ease with which character displacement may unfold. During in situ evolution of novel phenotypes, new traits that are divergent from a heterospecific competitor are generated and spread in sympatry. During sorting of pre-existing variation, such traits are initially favoured in allopatry before the two species encounter one another. Later, when they come into contact, character displacement transpires when these pre-existing divergent phenotypes increase in frequency in sympatry relative to allopatry. Because such sorting of pre-existing variation should unfold relatively rapidly, we suggest that species that express resource or mating polymorphism prior to interactions with heterospecifics may be more prone to undergo character displacement. We discuss the key differences between these two routes, review possible examples of each, and describe how the distinction between them provides unique insights into the evolutionary consequences of species interactions, the origins of diversity, and the factors that govern species coexistence.
Glucose transporter and hypoxia-associated gene expression in the mammary gland of transition dairy cattle

Glucose is an important energy substrate, especially needed by dairy cows postpartum to support the onset of lactation. The prioritization and regulation of glucose uptake is accomplished, in part, by changes in expression of cellular glucose transport molecules (GLUT) within the mammary gland. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the expression and cell-type specific localization of GLUT and hypoxia-associated genes that may regulate GLUT expression over the transition period and through lactation in bovine mammary tissue and (2) determine functionality of GLUT on primary bovine mammary endothelial cells (BMEC). Mammary tissue biopsies were taken from cows at 15 d before calving and again at 1, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 d post-parturition for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of GLUT and hypoxia-associated genes. Additional mammary tissue samples were used to localize GLUT within the cells of the lobulo-alveolar system via fluorescence microscopy. Cultures of primary bovine mammary endothelial cells were used to confirm the functionality of GLUT with a fluorescent glucose analog uptake assay. Significant increases in GLUT1 gene expression were observed during early lactation, whereas both GLUT3 and GLUT4 gene expression increased during late lactation. The gene expression for 2 receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor increased significantly during early lactation and remained increased throughout lactation when compared with gene expression during the transition period. All GLUT were detected on cultured BMEC and were capable of internalizing glucose through GLUT-mediated mechanisms. These data suggest mammary vascular tissues express GLUT during lactation and BMEC express functional glucose transporters. A better understanding of glucose uptake at the endothelial level may prove to be critical to improve glucose absorption from the blood for utilization by mammary epithelial cells.
Tracer diffusion of proteins in DNA solutions. 2. Green fluorescent protein in crowded DNA solutions

Proteins diffuse to their sites of action within cells in a crowded, strongly interacting environment of nucleic acids and other macromolecules. To investigate the dynamics of a typical globular protein in such an environment, we used fluorescence photobleaching recovery to measure the probe diffusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in dilute to highly concentrated aqueous solutions of glycerol, Ficoll 70, and persistence-length calf thymus DNA. In glycerol, GFP accurately obeyed the Stokes−Einstein equation that relates diffusion coefficient to solution viscosity. In concentrated Ficoll 70, GFP diffused moderately faster than predicted from viscosity, demonstrating the phenomenon of microviscosity in a molecularly heterogeneous solution. In DNA, the diffusion coefficient of GFP was markedly greater than predicted from the Stokes−Einstein equation, with deviations increasing at lower ionic strength. This behavior reflects microviscosity, Coulombic interactions, and the dynamics of probe diffusion in DN...
Thermal-blooming compensation: experimental observations using a deformable-mirror system

A laboratory experiment has demonstrated the effectiveness of compensating for forced-convection-dominated cw thermal blooming by using a deformable mirror to add phase corrections to the laser beam. In agreement with theoretical predictions, the peak focal-plane irradiance has been increased by a factor of 3 under severely bloomed conditions.
Superconductivity of rare earth-barium-copper oxides

Abstract We report the superconductivity of R-Ba-Cu-O compounds for rare earths R = Sm through Ho. The Nd and Tm compounds were not observed to be superconducting. The Tc onsets for the Eu and Gd compounds are comparable to that observed for Y-Ba-Cu-O. An approximate value for the upper critical field slope of the Gd compound is given.
Lésion vasculaire bilatérale du membre supérieur par brûlure électrique à haute tension

Les brulures electriques a haute tension sont rares mais causent des lesions devastatrices, ayant pour resultat la perte potentielle du membre et une morbi-mortalite grave. Ces lesions sont plus insidieuses que des brulures par flamme parce que l’importance du prejudice n’est pas evidente au premier regard. Des lesions des muscles sous-jacents, des nerfs, et des vaisseaux peuvent se produire, ayant pour resultat une ischemie menacant le membre et une hemorragie retardee. La gestion de tels dommages demeure controversee et peut etre difficile pour le chirurgien vasculaire et le chirurgien plastique. Nous presentons un cas de lesions electriques a haute tension bilaterales des membres superieurs ayant pour resultat une ischemie menacante de membre, passons en revue la litterature sur le traitement de ces lesions, et proposons un algorithme pour guider la gestion de ces lesions devastatrices.
Molecular-Level Processing of Conjugated Polymers. 4. Layer-by-Layer Manipulation of Polyaniline via Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions

The molecular-level layer-by-layer processing of polyaniline with a variety of different nonionic water soluble polymers has been demonstrated. This new type of layer-by-layer adsorption process is driven by hydrogen-bonding interactions and has been accomplished with poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylamide), and poly(ethylene oxide). FTIR spectroscopy measurements confirm a high level of hydrogen bonding between polyaniline and the nonionic polymer in the multilayer films. The effects of solution pH and polymer molecular weight on the deposition process were investigated. Comparisons with polyaniline films assembled via an electrostatic mechanism with sulfonated polystyrene indicate that the nonionic polymers adsorb onto polyaniline with a greater density of loops and tails and form highly interpenetrated bilayers with a high polyaniline content. The conductivities of these self-assembled multilayer films were found to be on the order of 1−4 S/cm for films doped with methane sulfonic...
Freshwater mussel community response to warm water discharge in western Lake Erie.

Abstract Native unionid mussels are endangered in the Laurentian Great Lakes due to habitat degradation and biofouling by invasive dreissenids. However, a robust community was discovered living within the thermal discharge of a power plant at Oregon, Ohio, on the south shore of Lake Erie. Our study compared this community to nearby communities outside the thermal plume, and examined habitat characteristics that may affect unionids. Unionids were sampled from the exposed lake bed at three sites during a seiche in 2011: (1) within the thermal plume, (2) at Bayshore Park (2.0 km east of the plant), and (3) at the University of Toledo's Lake Erie Center (4.0 km east). In 2010, sediment samples were collected along a 2 km transect extending east from the plant discharge roughly parallel to the south shore of Lake Erie. Results indicated that the community within the thermal plume had higher densities, higher diversity ( H ′), more small individuals but overall larger sizes than communities outside the plume. Both the rate and intensity of fouling by dreissenids were lower within the plume. Dry mass of coarse surface sediment and sediment organic matter content were negatively related to distance from the plant (R 2 = 0.497, and 0.479, respectively). An unexpected discovery was that the bulk of the coarse sediment was comprised of shell material from Asian clams and dreissenid mussels, suggesting a contribution of these exotic species to sediment accumulation. In total, our results suggest that several habitat characteristics close to the power plant are favorable to unionids.
Effect of label and sublabel rates of metam sodium in combination withTrichoderma hamatum, T. harzianum, T. virens, T. viride on survival and growth ofRhizoctonia solani

This work was undertaken to determine the effects ofTrichoderma spp. combined with label and sublabel rates of metam sodium on survival ofRhizoctonia solani in soil. Soils were infested with wheat bran preparations ofTrichoderma hamatum Tri-4,T. harzianum Th-58,T. virens Gl-3, andT. viride Ts-1-R3. Soil was also infested with sterile beet seeds that were colonized withR. solani. Beet seeds were later recovered, plated onto water agar plus antibiotics, and the growth ofR. solani was recorded. Preliminary experiments showed thatT. hamatum andT. virens reduced survival and saprophytic activity ofR. solani when the biocontrol fungi were incorporated into soil at 1.5% (w:w) or greater. Based on these data, biocontrol fungi in subsequent experiments were incorporated into soil at 2%. Metam sodium at label rate killed all biocontrol fungi andR. solani. At 1:2 and 1:5 dilutions, metam sodium reduced survival ofR. solani and allTrichoderma spp. When biocontrol fungi plus the label rate of metam sodium and 1:5, 1:10, 1:50 or 1:100 dilutions of the label rate were tested together, there were no interactions between any biocontrol agent and the fumigant with respect to colony diameter, reflecting that allTrichoderma isolates tested reacted similarly to increasing concentrations of metam sodium. At the label rate of metam sodium, allTrichoderma spp. significantly reduced colony diameter, but not growth rate, ofR. solani from beet seed. For the levels of metam sodium tested in combination withTrichoderma, it does not appear feasible to use a reduced rate of metam sodium to controlR. solani. However, the combination ofTrichoderma with metam sodium does reduce growth ofR. solani in comparison with that provided by metam sodium at the label rate.
CO2-ENRICHMENT AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY ALTER ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), a phylogenetically and physiologically diverse guild, form symbiotic associations with many trees and greatly enhance their uptake of nutrients and water. Elevated CO2, which increases plant carbon supply and demand for mineral nutrients, may change the composition of the EMF community, possibly altering nutrient uptake and ultimately forest productivity. To assess CO2 effects on EMF communities, we sampled mycorrhizae from the FACTS-I (Forest–Atmosphere Carbon Transfer and Storage) research site in Duke Forest, Orange County, North Carolina, USA, where Pinus taeda forest plots are maintained at either ambient or elevated CO2 (200 ppm above ambient) concentrations. Mycorrhizae were identified by DNA sequence similarity of the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA gene region. EMF richness was very high; 72 distinct phylotypes were detected from 411 mycorrhizal samples. Overall EMF richness and diversity were not affected by elevated CO2, but increased CO2 concentrations altered the relative abundances of particular EMF taxa colonizing fine roots, increased prevalence of unique EMF species, and led to greater EMF community dissimilarity among individual study plots. Natural variation among plots in mean potential net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates was a key determinant of EMF community structure; increasing net N mineralization rate was negatively correlated with EMF richness and had differential effects on the abundance of particular EMF taxa. Our results predict that, at CO2 concentrations comparable to that predicted for the year 2050, EMF community composition and structure will change, but diversity will be maintained. In contrast, high soil N concentrations can negatively affect EMF diversity; this underscores the importance of considering CO2 effects on forest ecosystems in the context of background soil chemical parameters and other environmental perturbations such as acid deposition or fertilizer runoff.
PURIFICATION OF PORCINE LEUKOCYTE LYSOSOMAL HYDROLASES

Leukocytes were separated from porcine blood and their cellular components fractionated either by differential centrifugation or by n-butyl alcohol extraction. Acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatases, β-glucuronidase and cathepsin D were purified by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex column chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Histochemical reactions were used to identify enzymes in the latter procedure.
Effect of chemical modifiers on borax crystal growth, nucleation and habit

The effects on the fine-crystal CSD of various surface active and ionic additives were studied for the sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) system. The organic modifiers used were effective at the ppm level. Surface active agents inhibited nucleation rate, while ionic additives increased nucleation. A simultaneous reduction in both the linear-crystal growth rate and the degree of polycrystalline growth was observed in both cases. These effects correlated with modifier concentration in the liquor, but not with modifier/solids ratio. Borax exhibits classical magma and RPM-dependent secondary nucleation and the results were well-correlated with a conventional power-law kinetic model.
The penetrance of ductal carcinoma in situ among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a precancerous lesion of the female breast and is strongly suspected to be a precursor of invasive breast cancer (IBC). Our goal is the estimation of the age-specific and lifetime penetrances of DCIS among carriers of either a BRCA1 or BRCA2 deleterious mutation. We jointly re-analyze the SEER9 database and a previous study by Claus et al. (JAMA 293:964–969, 2005). Estimation is performed via Bayes theorem after the evaluation of the ratio of age-specific DCIS incidences, and extrapolation to the general population of the study-specific penetrance obtained from Claus et al. From the SEER9 database, we estimate the lifetime risk of DCIS to be 0.98 %, in contrast to value of 12.5 % usually reported for IBC. By extending the result in Claus et al. to the general population, we obtain a lifetime risk for carriers of a deleterious mutation of either BRCA1 or BRCA2 of 6.21 % (95 % CI 6.09–6.33 %). The increase in lifetime risk of DCIS for a BRCA mutation carrier compared to a non-carrier is therefore about six-fold. Our quantification is directly relevant to the identification and genetic counseling of BRCA mutation carriers, and emphasizes the potential importance of including information on diagnoses of DCIS in counseling of individuals who are at familial risk for breast cancer. All these factors can contribute to a more specific and targeted prevention, potentially reducing the impact of IBC among BRCA mutation carriers.