cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urinary tract infections in the critically ill patient with a urinary catheter

Abstract BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of urosepsis should be entertained each time a patient has a febrile episode. Urosepsis carries with it a mortality rate of 25% to 60%. We determined the incidence and risk factors of urosepsis in the catheterized critically ill patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The charts of 142 subjects admitted from November 1994 to November 1995 to the trauma intensive care units at our institution with a urinary catheter were reviewed. Urosepsis was defined as (1) positive blood and urine cultures that correlated; (2) positive urine cultures with radiologic evidence of obstructive uropathy or infection; or (3) positive urine cultures and all other cultures negative to be eligible for the urosepsis group. RESULTS: Of the 126 patients evaluated for sepsis, 20 (15.8%) were diagnosed with urosepsis. Multivariant analysis demonstrated that the incidence of urosepsis was correlated with the following: age >60 years, extended length of stay in the intensive care unit and/or hospital, and duration of urinary catheterization. All 20 patients who developed urosepsis had a positive urinalysis and a positive urine culture (sensitivity 100%). However, urinalyses were positive in another 63 patients who did not have urosepsis (specificity 24.1%), and urine cultures were positive in 31 patients who did not have urosepsis (specificity 70.8%). CONCLUSION: We found a 15.8% incidence of urosepsis in our patient population. Urosepsis was more likely to occur in patients over 60 years of age, patients with extended length of stay in the intensive care unit or in the hospital in general, and patients with an extended duration of urinary catheterization.
A simple photolytic reactor employing Ag-doped ZnO nanowires for water purification

Abstract Well-aligned native zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver-doped ZnO (Ag-ZnO) films were deposited on borosilicate glass via a simple, low-cost, low-temperature, scalable hydrothermal process. The as-synthesized ZnO and Ag-ZnO films were characterized by X-ray diffraction; scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A simple photolytic reactor was fabricated and later used to find the optimum experimental conditions for photocatalytic performance. The photodegradation of methyl orange in water was investigated using as-prepared ZnO and Ag-ZnO nanowires, and was compared to P25 (a commercial photocatalyst) in both visible and UV radiations. The P25 and Ag-ZnO showed a similar photodegradation performance under UV light, but Ag-ZnO demonstrated superior photocatalytic activity under visible irradiation. The optimized doping of Ag in Ag-ZnO enhanced photocatalytic activity in a simple reactor design and indicated potential applicability of Ag-ZnO for large-scale purification of water under solar irradiation.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Partial Rotator Cuff Tears in Young Athletes A Preliminary Report

Forty-three athletes under age 40, more than half of which were collegiate or professional, with partial rotator cuff tears were treated arthroscopically and observed for a minimum of 24 months. By history and mechanism of injury, two main groups were identified. Group A had 14 patients with acute, traumatic injuries. All 14 had inflamed subacromial bursas, but increased glenohumeral translation and labral lesions were uncommon. Twelve patients (86%) had satisfactory postoperative results and nine (64%) returned to preinjury sports after arthroscopic subacromial decompression and tear debridement. Group B had 29 overhead athletes with insidious, atraumatic shoulder pain. They were not as successful with debridement (19 [66%] satisfactory and 13 [45%] return to preinjury sports). Within Group B, three subgroups were identified based on the examination under anesthesia and subacromial inflammation. Group B1 (8 patients) had normal-appearing subacromial spaces and often increased anterior glenohumeral translation with posterior labral tears. These patients did poorly after arthroscopic tear debridement (3 [38%] satisfactory and 2 [25%] return to sports). Group B2 (12 patients) had inflamed subacromial bursas and increased glenohumeral translation. This group had marginal results with debridement (7 [58%] satisfactory and 6 [50%] return to sports). Group B3 (9 patients) with subacromial inflammation, yet without increased glenohumeral translation, had excellent pain relief (100%) but less than half (4) returned to preinjury sports.
Recursion from iteration

In a simply-typed, call-by-value (CBV) language with first-class continuations, the usual CBV fixpoint operator can be defined in terms of a simple, infinitely-looping iteration primitive. We first consider a natural but flawed definition, based on exceptions and “iterative deepening” of finite unfoldings, and point out some of its shortcomings. Then we present the proper construction using full first-class continuations, with both an informal derivation and a proof that the behavior of the defined operator faithfully mimics a “built-in” recursion primitive. In fact, given an additional uniformity assumption, the construction is a two-sided inverse of the usual definition of iteration from recursion. Continuing, we show that the CBV looping primitive is in fact the direct-style equivalent of a continuation-passing-style fixpoint, and that this correspondence extends all the way to traditional definitions of these operators in terms of reflexive types.
Persistent Patterns of International Commerce

The authors examine a standard gravity model of international commerce augmented to include political as well as institutional influences on bilateral trade. Using annual data from 1980-2001, they estimate regression coefficients and residual dependencies using a hierarchy of models in each year. Rather than gauge the generalizability of these patterns via traditional measures of statistical significance such as p-values, this article develops and employs a strategy to evaluate the out-of-sample predictive strength of various models. The analysis of recent international commerce shows that in addition to a typical gravity-model specification, political and institutional variables are important. The article also demonstrates that the often-reported link between international conflict and bilateral trade is elusive, and that inclusion of conflict in a trade model can sometimes lead to reduced out-of-sample predictive performance. Further, this article illustrates that there are substantial, persistent resid...
Living the Way the World Does: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata

The transnational activities of migrants continue to gain attention from scholars, national governments, international institutions, and social movements. The migration–development nexus is of spec...
ROBUST MULTIMODAL PERSON RECOGNITION USING LOW-COMPLEXITY AUDIO-VISUAL FEATURE FUSION APPROACHES

In this paper, we first show the importance of face-voice correlation for audio-visual person recognition. We propose a simple multimodal fusion technique which preserves the correlation between audio-visual features during speech and evaluate the performance of such a system against audio-only, video-only, and audio-visual systems which use audio and visual features neglecting the interdependency of a person's spoken utterance and the associated facial movements. Experiments performed on the VidTIMIT dataset show that the proposed multimodal fusion scheme has a lower error rate than all other comparison conditions and is more robust against replay attacks. The simplicity of the fusion technique allows for low-complexity designs for a simple low-cost real-time DSP implementation. We then discuss some problems associated with the previously proposed design and, as a solution to those problems, propose two novel classifier designs which provide more flexibility and a convenient way to represent multimodal data where each modality has different characteristics. We also show that these novel classifier designs offer superior performance in terms of both accuracy and robustness.
Oleoresin chemistry mediates oviposition behavior and fecundity of a tree-killing bark beetle.

Many herbivores are sensitive to the secondary chemistry of their host plants. However, the influence of pine secondary chemicals (monoterpenes) on bark beetle fitness is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the monoterpene composition of the phloem oleoresin of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa var scopulorum, mediates rates of host acceptance, oviposition behavior, and fecundity of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis. We performed reciprocal rearing experiments, controlling for the monoterpene composition (chemotype) of host material. We tested the effects of two geographically interspersed host chemotypes on beetles with unknown (wild) and known (reared F1) chemical histories. Host chemotype and insect chemical history did not affect rates of acceptance of host material by female beetles. Insect chemical history affected egg gallery construction, and beetles constructed egg galleries that were on average 24.3% longer when reared in host material that was chemically similar to their natal host material. However, mean egg gallery lengths did not differ between host chemotypes. Insect chemical history also influenced fecundity: F1 beetles produced 52.7% more offspring on average when reared in host material that was chemically similar to their natal host. Our experiments demonstrate that the chemical history of bark beetles mediates egg gallery construction and fecundity, but not host acceptance. This implicates chemical history as a more important factor than host chemotype in the oviposition behavior and fecundity of D. brevicomis.
An SAS Program for Estimating a Mixture of Two Normal Regressions

This article presents an SAS program for estimating a mixture of two normal linear regression models. The program is an EM algorithm and is written in the IML language in SAS. The usefulness of the algorithm is demonstrated by using an education example.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY ON HEXADECANE BIODEGRADATION IN SOIL SYSTEMS

The biodegradation of hexadecane (C as hexadecane-C) was assessed under 34 different external nitrogen (N supplied as NO3-N) and phosphorus (P supplied as PO4-3-P) supply conditions in order to determine how different nutrient formulations affected nutrient limitation conditions during degradation. CO2 production yields indicated that shifts in N and P supply levels resulted in variable biodegradation responses due to shifts in the limiting-nutrient (e.g., from N to P). For example, the estimated maximum fractional CO2 yield ratio was 0.24 (mg CO2-C produced mg-1 hexadecane-C) for P-limited nutrient formulations (P:hexadecane-C<0.01), whereas the yield ratio was more than two times greater when the system was not P- limited. Similar effects were observed for N-limited (N:hexadecane- C<0.15) versus non-N-limited formulations. The relative bioavailability of natural soil-N and soil-P also was examined. In the soil studied, background soil-N was 96.3% organic-N and was found to be largely nonbioavailable. In contrast, high CO2 yields were observed even when no external P was supplied. An iterative mathematical procedure indicated that the Olsen soil-P subfraction (inorganic soil-P plus soluble organic soil- P) best approximated bioavailable soil-P for this soil. Our results indicate that both N and P additions affect biodegradation yields, but that stoichiometrically inappropriate nutrient mixes produce suboptimal CO2 yields. We also found that the bioavailable fractions of soil-N and soil-P should be incorporated into estimating the most suitable nutrient formulations for a given contamination scenario.
Azulenyl nitrone spin traps protect against MPTP neurotoxicity

Abstract Azulenyl nitrones are a unique class of free radical spin-trapping compounds. We administered both a water-soluble and a lipid-soluble azulenyl nitrone to mice prior to administration of MPTP. Both compounds produced significant neuroprotection against depletions of dopamine and its metabolites measured 1 week after MPTP administration. There were no effects on MPP+levels. These findings provide further evidence that free radical scavengers can produce significant neuroprotection against MPTP neurotoxicity.
Linking Youth Transition Support Services: Results from Two Demonstration Projects

Many youths with disabilities, especially those receiving or potentially eligible for Social Security benefits, need assistance as they transition into adulthood. Upon completing secondary school, they face an abrupt end to provider-initiated public entitlement services. They often lack the knowledge and support to access and link fragmented adult support services. This article presents an overview of two projects in the Social Security Administration's Youth Transition Demonstration: California's Bridges to Youth Self-Sufficiency and Mississippi's Model Youth Transition Innovation. We report key outcomes and highlight the experience of one youth in each project who successfully completed the program.
Rapidly converging sample weighting functions

In this communication, a family of sampling formulas are developed which have better convergence properties than the standard formula based on amplitude samples taken at the Nyquist rate. Sampling is done at higher than the minimum rate and a sampling function, whose Fourier transform has cosine tapered skirts, is used. Suitable choice of the taper results in a formula with no "crosstalk" at the sampling instants. Interpolation between samples generally requires fewer samples than required by the standard formula. Tables and curves for several cases are provided.
K(+) channel inhibition, calcium signaling, and vasomotor tone in canine pulmonary artery smooth muscle.

We investigated the role of K+ channels in the regulation of baseline intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), α-adrenoreceptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling, and capacitative Ca2+ entry in pulmo...
An improved algorithm for quantifier elimination over real closed fields

We give a new algorithm for quantifier elimination in the first order theory of real closed fields that improves the complexity of the best known algorithm for this problem till now. Unlike previously known algorithms the combinatorial part of the complexity of this new algorithm is independent of the number of free variables. Moreover, under the assumption that each polynomial in the input depend only on a constant number of the free variables, the algebraic part of the complexity can also be made independent of the number of free variables. This new feature of our algorithm allows us to obtain a new algorithm for a variant of the quantifier elimination problem. We give an almost optimal algorithm for this new problem, which we call the uniform quantifier elimination problem and apply it to solve a problem arising in the field of constraint databases. No algorithm with reasonable complexity bound was known for this latter problem till now. We also point out interesting logical consequences of this algorithmic result, concerning the expressive power of a constraint query language over the reals. Moreover, our improved algorithm for performing quantifier elimination immediately leads to improved algorithms for several problems for which quantifier elimination is a basic step, for example, the problem of computing the closure of a given semi-algebraic set.
The relevance of the Dewar model to neighboring p-block element analogs of metal hydrocarbon π-complexes

Abstract The existence of p-block element analogs of transition metal hydrocarbon π-complexes presents opportunities to examine the appropriateness of the Dewar model in describing the metal–main group η 2 -bonding interaction. Geometric structures and molecular orbital descriptions of electronic structures reveal both similarities and differences in the mutual perturbation of the metal and main group atom centers. Literature examples containing boron, silicon and phosphorus are used to illustrate the point in detail and the variety of metallaborane analogs of larger hydrocarbon π-complexes illustrates the scope of possibilities.
A hidden Markov random field model for genome-wide association studies

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are increasingly utilized for identifying novel susceptible genetic variants for complex traits, but there is little consensus on analysis methods for such data. Most commonly used methods include single single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis or haplotype analysis with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Since the SNPs in typical GWAS are often in linkage disequilibrium (LD), at least locally, Bonferroni correction of multiple comparisons often leads to conservative error control and therefore lower statistical power. In this paper, we propose a hidden Markov random field model (HMRF) for GWAS analysis based on a weighted LD graph built from the prior LD information among the SNPs and an efficient iterative conditional mode algorithm for estimating the model parameters. This model effectively utilizes the LD information in calculating the posterior probability that an SNP is associated with the disease. These posterior probabilities can then be used to define a false discovery controlling procedure in order to select the disease-associated SNPs. Simulation studies demonstrated the potential gain in power over single SNP analysis. The proposed method is especially effective in identifying SNPs with borderline significance at the single-marker level that nonetheless are in high LD with significant SNPs. In addition, by simultaneously considering the SNPs in LD, the proposed method can also help to reduce the number of false identifications of disease-associated SNPs. We demonstrate the application of the proposed HMRF model using data from a case-control GWAS of neuroblastoma and identify 1 new SNP that is potentially associated with neuroblastoma.
Issues in Composite Index Construction: The Measurement of Overall Quality of Life

We outline the principles for constructing a composite QOL index, and evaluate examples of current indices. We first review three of the most successful indices in economics: the Dow-Jones Industrial Average, the Consumer Price Index, and the Consumer Confidence Index, and consider why they are used so widely. We then propose seven principles for constructing a successful QOL index, and examine implications. One relatively new principle that we examine is that an index should maximize agreement with citizens, by requiring that the QOL index should correlate highly with citizens’ actual judgments of QOL when they are given full information. Fourteen existing QOL indices are then reviewed and evaluated on these criteria. We end with common criticisms of indices, and offer recommendations to construct QOL indices that are accepted by citizens and useful to policy makers.
Significant Questions in Thin Liquid Film Heat Transfer

Thin liquid films appear in many contexts, such as the cooling of gas turbine blade tips, rocket engines, microelectronics arrays, and hot fuel element surfaces in hypothetical nuclear reactor accidents. Apart from these direct cooling applications of thin liquid layers, thin films form a crucial element in determining the allowable heat flux limits in boiling. This is because the last stages of dryout almost invariably involve the rupture of a residual liquid film, either as a microlayer underneath the bubbles, or a thin annular layer in a high-quality burnout scenario. The destabilization of these thin films under the combined actions of shear stress, evaporation, and thermocapillary effects is quite complex. The later stages of actual rupture to form dry regions, which then expand, resulting in possible overheating, are even more complex and less well understood. However, significant progress has been made in understanding the behavior of these thin films, which are subject to competing instabilities prior to actual rupture. This will be reviewed briefly. Recent work on the advance, or recession, of contact lines will also be described briefly, and significant questions that still remain to be answered will be discussed. 68 refs., 7 figs.
Research Article: Generating Nested Deletions in PAC Clones Constructed in pJCPAC-Mam2

Abstract Genomic libraries served as the templates for the sequencing of all 3.2 billion base pairs of a human being. Genomic DNA cloned into the PAC shuttle vector pJCPAC-Mam2 can be propagated in both prokaryotic and mammalian cells. Since this vector contains both wild type and mutant loxP sites bracketing the genomic insertion site, genomic DNA cloned into this vector can be subjected to loxP-Cre-mediated deletion events from either end of the insert. Transposon vectors containing the same mutated loxP site and a tetracycline-resistance gene were created and introduced into individual PAC clones. Transposition of the mini-transposon cassette was initiated upon the addition of IPTG. Deletions were generated and recovered upon infecting the cells with the bacteriophage P1. The resulting phage lysate was used to infect bacterial cells to recover the deletions. The deletions were shown to emanate from the same starting point and could be generated from both ends of the genomic DNA depending on the transpo...
The Initiation of Moist Convection at the Dryline: Forecasting Issues from aCase Study Perspective

Abstract The processes that force the initiation of deep convection along the dryline are inferred from special mesoscale observations obtained during the 1991 Central Oklahoma Profiler Studies project, the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment 1994 (VORTEX-94), and the VORTEX-95 field projects. Observations from aircraft, mobile CLASS soundings, and mobile mesonets define the fields of airflow, absolute humidity, and virtual temperature in the boundary layer across the dryline on the 15 May 1991, 7 June 1994, and 6 May 1995 case days. Film and video cloud images obtained by time-lapse cameras on the NOAA P-3 are used to reconstruct the mesoscale distribution of cumulus clouds by photogrammetric methods, permitting inferences concerning the environmental conditions accompanying cloud formation or suppression. The results of the present study confirm the classical notion that the dryline is a favored zone for cumulus cloud formation. The combined cloud distributions for the three ...
Implication of the myokine irisin in maternal energy homeostasis in pregnancies with abnormal fetal growth.

AbstractObjective: To prospectively investigate maternal concentrations of the myokine irisin in large for gestational age (LGA) and intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) versus appropriate for gestational age (AGA) normal pregnancies and associate them with various perinatal parameters.Methods: Plasma irisin and insulin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), respectively, in a cohort of 80 mothers delivering LGA (n = 30), IUGR (n = 30) and AGA (n = 20) singleton full-term infants.Results: Maternal irisin concentrations were similar among LGA, IUGR and AGA groups and did not correlate with respective insulin ones or maternal body mass index. In a combined group, maternal irisin concentrations decreased with advancing gestational age (p < 0.001) and were lower in multi-, compared to nulliparous women (p = 0.004). In the IUGR group, maternal irisin concentrations were higher in cases of smoking (p = 0.006).Conclusions: Irisin may not be ...
Envelope retrofit analysis using eQUEST, IESVE Revit Plug-in and Green Building Studio: a university dormitory case study

Three building analysis software programs, DOE-2 eQUEST, IESVE Revit Plug-in and Autodesk Green Building Studio, are used to quantify the predicted energy savings of a scheduled envelope retrofit on a university dormitory. The study includes investigating the potential energy savings created by the removal and replacement of all original windows and exterior non-structural infill brick panels coupled with installation of supplementary insulation materials between the new brick panels and the interior concrete masonry unit walls. The rehabilitation will take place in four over 7000 m2 seven-storey residence halls originally constructed in 1965. Reports generated from baseline design simulations are compared with real energy consumption data in order to ascertain the accuracy of the three modelling programmes. Analysis of the retrofit proposal is carried out by comparing results of each retrofit design alternative against the baseline and assessing CO 2 emissions reduction resulting from the proposed retrof...
An Investigation of the Orbital Status of Viking-1

The dual orbiter-lander spacecraft of the Viking mission to Mars were launched in 1975 with an objective of analyzing the planet’s surface and atmospheric characteristics. The Viking-1 orbiter’s mission ended in 1980, after four years in orbit and a depleted supply of attitude control fuel, with the stipulation to the Viking navigation team that the spacecraft would not impact (i.e., contaminate) the planet before the year 2019. To date, it is presumed that no such impact has occurred. However, some preliminary analyses conducted in recent years at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) suggest that the Viking-1 orbit could have undergone significant changes that might have led to a Mars impact as early as two decades before the original requirement. These implications prompted further investigation of the spacecraft’s orbital evolution to determine the conditions under which an impact might be possible. Trajectory propagations using varied spacecraft states and models (planetary ephemeris, gravity field, solar radiation pressure, attitude, etc.) are examined. Findings point to the solar pressure force direction having a large influence on the spacecraft’s periapsis altitude; then, depending on the altitude, atmospheric drag forces may be such that a rapid descent to the planet’s surface (in effect, an “impact”) is achieved in these simulations. An attempt to infer the current status of the Viking-1 orbiter is made, but is difficult in the absence of accurate and critical end-of-mission spacecraft data.
Epidemiological Analysis of the Characteristics of Male Commercial Heterosexual Transmission of HIV in Several Provinces

OBJECTIVE To find out the epidemiological characters and distribution of commercial heterosexual transmission of HIV in several provinces in China.METHODS From June to August,2010,a cross-sectional study was performed to interview the sociodemographic characteristics,sexual behaviors characters among reported heterosexual transmission male HIV positives who were infected through commercial sexual partners in 2009 in several provinces in China.RESULTS A total of 291 male HIV positive adults infected by commercial sexual partners were recruited with informed consent for study.Most of male HIV positive adults had commercial sexual intercourses in low graded sex venues,which accounted for 64.50%of all.The rate of condom use in low graded sex venues was lower than that in high.HIV positive adults elder than 50 years old accounted for 38.80%of all,who had more commercial sexual partners than people in other age groups,and the rate of condom use are lower than people in other age groups.CONCLUSIONS Most of HIV positives had commercial sexual intercourses in low graded sex venues,HIV positive adults elder than 50 years old should not be neglected.
Differences in kinematics of the lumbar spine and lower extremities between people with and without low back pain during the down phase of a pick up task, an observational study.

Abstract Background Limited research exists on lumbar spine and lower extremity movement during functional tasks in people with and without low back pain (LBP). Objective To determine differences in lumbar spine and lower extremity kinematics in people with and without LBP during the down phase of a pick up task. Design Cross-sectional, observational study. Method 35 people (14 M, 21 F, 26.9 ± 10.9 years, 24.8 ± 3.2 kg/m 2 ); 18 with and 17 without LBP were matched based on age, gender and BMI. Kinematics of the lumbar spine and lower extremities were measured using 3D motion capture, while subjects picked up an object off the floor. People with LBP were examined and assigned to movement-based LBP subgroups. Repeated measures ANOVA tests were conducted to determine the effect of group and region on lumbar spine and lower extremity kinematics. A secondary analysis was conducted to examine the effect of LBP subgroup on lumbar spine kinematics. Results Compared to controls, subjects with LBP displayed greater upper and less lower lumbar flexion (P 0.05). Conclusions When evaluating movement during a functional task, the clinician should consider regional differences in the lumbar spine, pattern of movement, and lower extremity movement.
Simulation of electron dynamics subject to intense laser fields using a time-dependent Volkov basis

We present various intense laser-driven electron dynamics simulations performed using a Volkov basis set and compare results with other popular choices of basis. The Volkov basis is comprised of plane waves modified by a time-dependent phase factor, allowing for improved accuracy over other representations such as a real-space grid or plane-wave basis. Alternatively, this advantage may be realized by being afforded significantly larger time-step sizes in wave-function propagation techniques. Comparisons of the Volkov basis set to other popular bases have been carried out for model one-dimensional finite and periodic systems as well as three-dimensional systems using time-dependent density functional theory, and the efficiency and accuracy of the Volkov approach have been demonstrated.
Trauma care in India: A review of the literature

Background We reviewed the published literature related to prehospital and hospital trauma care in India to identify how trauma care is defined in the literature and what factors limit the delivery of appropriate trauma care. In summarizing the evidence and recommendations regarding trauma care, this review identifies essential research and development goals to address the burden of injury in India. Methods A review of the literature was conducted between August 2014 and September 2014. The literature was sorted into 3 categories: prehospital care, hospital clinical care, and hospital administrative care. The characteristics of trauma care were explored using the Essential Trauma Care Project of the World Health Organization. Results A total of 38 studies were included. Prehospital care lacked care provided at the scene of the injury, timely transport to a hospital, and transport via ambulance. With regard to hospital care, we found a lack of capabilities of basic clinical care, such as airway management, insertion of chest tubes, and efforts at resuscitation. There was a lack of administrative capabilities, including trauma data systems, trauma-specific training, quality improvement, and development of designated trauma teams. Conclusion The high rate of injury-related deaths and disabilities in India could be in part due to the absence of integrated and organized systems of trauma care. In the prehospital setting, a multisector approach must be implemented to address the training of emergency medical service providers and community members. Prehospital transport time can be decreased through improved communication and transport modalities. The Indian trauma care system could also be strengthened through hospital-based training programs and trauma response teams.
Circular Dichroism Analysis of the Calicheamicin-DNA Interaction Revisited

Calicheamicin, γ1I, is a remarkable DNA binding-cleaving, enediyne-containing, natural product that exhibits potent antitumor activity. In this study, we used electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy to monitor potential drug-induced DNA conformational changes and DNA induced conformational changes in the calicheamicin aglycone. Three DNA dodecamer sequences were examined: one containing a primary TCCT binding/cleavage site and two dodecamers containing less prominent CTCT and TCTC sites. The binding was monitored by taking advantage of the drug's unique negative exciton couplet (-313nm/+275nm) in phosphate buffer/ethanol 10%. Specifically the CD analysis focused at the longest wavelength region around 313nm where there is no interference by the positive CD contributions of the DNA. Upon binding at a DNA/drug ratio of 1/1.2 and 1/2.7 a slight red shift from 313nm to 319nm was observed. At a ratio of 1/1.2, the CE intensity remained practically unchanged from that of free drug, which indicates no conformational changes in the bound aglycone itself. A larger amount of drug, at a molar ratio of DNA/drug of 1/2.7 but especially at 1/6 and up to 1/10, however, caused a surprisingly distinct decrease in the intensity at this negative CD band and a further small red-shift to 322nm, evidence for non-specific binding.
Mechanisms of Repeat Instability in Fragile X Syndrome

Abstract Most cases of fragile X syndrome (FXS) result from the inheritance of an FMR1 allele that has >200 CGG/CCG-repeats in its 5’ untranslated region. This allele arises on maternal transmission of an allele that has 55–200 repeats, with the repeat tract undergoing an expansion, or an increase in repeat number, during oogenesis or early embryogenesis. The mechanism responsible for this unusual mutation is unknown, but it is likely shared with the 20+ other genetic disorders, known collectively as the repeat expansion diseases, that arise from a similar repeat expansion. This chapter will review what we know about the epidemiology and natural history of the expansion mutation from studies of fragile X families. It will also discuss what we have learnt about the mechanisms responsible for repeat instability from various model systems of FXS and other related disorders.
Postmarital Living Arrangements in Historically Patrilocal Settings: Integrating Household Fission and Migration Perspectives

This study integrates theory and research on household fission (or partition) and migration to better understand living arrangements following marriage, especially in historically patrilocal and primarily agricultural settings. Using panel data from the Chitwan Valley Family Study to analyze the sequential decision-making process that influences men's living arrangements subsequent to first marriage, we demonstrate the importance of distinguishing among extended family living, temporary migration, and the establishment of an independent household. We find that community economic characteristics, such as access to markets or employment, as well as household wealth affect the initial decision to leave the natal home. Household resources and use of farmland, along with the young men's own education, media exposure, travel, and marital behavior, influence the decision to make the departure from the natal home permanent. Our findings explain why previous results regarding household fission and those focused on migration have provided such mixed results, and we establish a new framework for thinking about how families and individuals manage living situations.
Proactive social validation of methods and procedures used for training speech production in aphasia

ABSTRACTBackground: Social validation evaluates the importance and acceptability of treatment goals, procedures, and outcomes. Previous studies for treatments that train speech production in aphasia have applied social validation during the posttreatment period or to treatment protocols that are already fully developed.Aims: The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the social validity of goals and procedures experienced in speech production treatment for people with aphasia and (2) evaluate the feasibility of procedural choice-making during such tasks.Method: Seven people with aphasia and eight speech–language pathologists were interviewed about previous treatment that targeted speech production. Participants were also observed and/or provided feedback following a simulated practice experience or description of practice techniques that were part of a treatment approach under development. Detailed field notes were obtained and analyzed.Results: Qualitative analysis revealed four themes: (1) experienc...
Studies on the Permissive Effect of the Thyroid on fat Cells

Fat cells from normal rats respond to a variety of hormones (including the catecholamines, glucagon and ACTH with an increase in the rate of lipolysis. Most of the available evidence is compatible with the hypothesis that this effect is mediated by cyclic AMP (1). Fat cells from hypothyroid rats are unresponsive to these hormones, which is to say that thyroid hormones exert a permissive effect for lipolysis. We have recently carried out a series of studies designed to elucidate the mechanism of this effect.
A Journey in Pattern Mining

The traditional research paradigm in the sciences was hypothesis-driven. Over the last decade or so, this hypothesis-driven view has been replaced with a data-driven view of scientific research. In almost all fields of scientific endeavor, large research teams are systematically collecting data on questions of great import. Knowledge and insights are gained through data analysis and mining, feeding this inversion of science, i.e., rather than going from hypothesis to data, we use data to generate and validate hypotheses and to generate knowledge and understanding. The same can be said for applications in the commercial realm.
DSM-5 and Psychiatry’s Second Revolution: Descriptive vs. Theoretical Approaches to Psychiatric Classification

A large part of the controversy surrounding the publication of DSM-5 stems from the possibility of replacing the purely descriptive approach to classification favored by the DSM since 1980. This paper examines the question of how mental disorders should be classified, focusing on the issue of whether the DSM should adopt a purely descriptive or theoretical approach. I argue that the DSM should replace its purely descriptive approach with a theoretical approach that integrates causal information into the DSM’s descriptive diagnostic categories. The paper proceeds in three sections. In the first section, I examine the goals (viz., guiding treatment, facilitating research, and improving communication) associated with the DSM’s purely descriptive approach. In the second section, I suggest that the DSM’s purely descriptive approach is best suited for improving communication among mental health professionals; however, theoretical approaches would be superior for purposes of treatment and research. In the third section, I outline steps required to move the DSM towards a hybrid system of classification that can accommodate the benefits of descriptive and theoretical approaches, and I discuss how the DSM’s descriptive categories could be revised to incorporate theoretical information regarding the causes of disorders. I argue that the DSM should reconceive of its goals more narrowly such that it functions primarily as an epistemic hub that mediates among various contexts of use in which definitions of mental disorders appear. My analysis emphasizes the importance of pluralism as a methodological means for avoiding theoretical dogmatism and ensuring that the DSM is a reflexive and self-correcting manual.
Surface-Wave Expression of Bathymetry Over a Sand Ridge

Abstract Satellite SAR and airborne SLAR produce strong surface imagery of bottom features in shallow seas. Lagrangian and Eulerian current measurements have been made in the vicinity of a sand ridge that generates a visual and remotely-sensible wave manifestation known as a rip. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of wave-current interaction in which the propagation of shorter waves is blocked by an adverse current.
Health Monitoring, Damage Prognosis and Service-Life Prediction — Issues Related to Implementation

This paper discusses the primary challenges to the implementation of a structural health monitoring system, while emphasizing the importance of assessing characteristics such as capacity and remaining life. A field test bed is presented to illuminate specific aspects and to identify key needs for the future.
Evaluation of the BioPlex 2200 syphilis total screen (IgG/IgM) with reflex to an automated rapid plasma reagin test.

Background We evaluated the recently FDA cleared BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total Screen and automated rapid plasma reagin (RPR) assay for the detection of total (IgG/IgM) treponemal and non-treponemal antibodies in the reverse syphilis algorithm. Methods Prospectively submitted samples (n = 885) were assayed by both the IgG/IgM BioPlex Syphilis Screen and the original IgG BioPlex Syphilis Screen. The IgG screen reactive samples were reflexed to traditional RPR, and IgG/IgM screen reactive samples were reflexed to the automated RPR. Nonreactive RPR samples were tested by the Treponemal Pallidum Particle Agglutination test (TP-PA). Additional samples were collected (n = 404 total samples) to directly compare the automated and traditional RPR assays with each other. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the IgG/IgM screen with automated RPR was 95.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 87.0-99.1) and 99.6% (CI 99.2-99.8) while the sensitivity and specificity of the BioPlex IgG screen with traditional RPR was 97.8% (CI 89.1-99.9) and 99.3% (CI 98.8-99.4). The sensitivity and specificity of the BioPlex RPR compared with traditional RPR was 95.8% (CI 93.9-97.0) and 94.1% (CI 89.4-91.1) and 95.3% (CI 92.6-97.1). The mean of the titer differences between the BioPlex RPR and the traditional RPR was 1.0 ± 0.9 SD titers. Conclusion The addition of the detection of treponemal IgM antibodies to the IgG/IgM screen did not significantly affect the sensitivity and specificity compared to the original IgG screen. However, the addition of the comparable BioPlex RPR assay to the instrumentation significantly reduces the overall labor of syphilis screening and confirmation.
Source form an automated crowdsourced object generator

Source Form is a stand-alone device capable of collecting crowdsourced images of a user-defined object, stitching together available visual data (e.g., photos tagged with search term) through photogrammetry, creating watertight models from the resulting point cloud and 3D printing a physical form. This device works completely independent of subjective user input resulting in two possible outcomes:1. Produce iterative versions of a specific object (e.g., the Statue of Liberty) increasing in detail and accuracy over time as the collective dataset (e.g., uploaded images of the statue) grows.2. Produce democratized versions of common objects (e.g., an apple) by aggregating a spectrum of tagged image results.This project demonstrates that an increase in readily available image data closes the gap between physical and digital perceptions of form through time. For example, when Source Form is asked to print the Statue of Liberty today and then print again 6 months from now, the later result will be more accurate and detailed than the previous version. As people continue to take pictures of the monument and upload them to social media, blogs and photo sharing sites, the database of images grows in quantity and quality. Because Source Form gathers a new dataset with each print, the resulting forms will always be evolving. The collection of prints the machine produces over time are cataloged and displayed in linear groupings, providing viewers an opportunity to see growth and change in physical space.In addition to rendering change over time, a snapshot of a more common object's web perception could be created. For example, when an image search for "apple" is performed, the results are a spectrum of condition and species from rotting crab apples to gleaming Granny-Smith's. Source Form aggregates all of these images into one model and outputs the collective web presence of an "apple". Characteristics of the model are guided by the frequency and order in response to the image web search. The resulting democratized forms are emblematic of the web's collective and popular perceptions.
An Empirical Exploration of Deep Recurrent Connections and Memory Cells Using Neuro-Evolution.

Neuro-evolution and neural architecture search algorithms have gained increasing interest due to the challenges involved in designing optimal artificial neural networks (ANNs). While these algorithms have been shown to possess the potential to outperform the best human crafted architectures, a less common use of them is as a tool for analysis of ANN structural components and connectivity structures. In this work, we focus on this particular use-case to develop a rigorous examination and comparison framework for analyzing recurrent neural networks (RNNs) applied to time series prediction using the novel neuro-evolutionary process known as Evolutionary eXploration of Augmenting Memory Models (EXAMM). Specifically, we use our EXAMM-based analysis to investigate the capabilities of recurrent memory cells and the generalization ability afforded by various complex recurrent connectivity patterns that span one or more steps in time, i.e., deep recurrent connections. EXAMM, in this study, was used to train over 10.56 million RNNs in 5,280 repeated experiments with varying components. While many modern, often hand-crafted RNNs rely on complex memory cells (which have internal recurrent connections that only span a single time step) operating under the assumption that these sufficiently latch information and handle long term dependencies, our results show that networks evolved with deep recurrent connections perform significantly better than those without. More importantly, in some cases, the best performing RNNs consisted of only simple neurons and deep time skip connections, without any memory cells. These results strongly suggest that utilizing deep time skip connections in RNNs for time series data prediction not only deserves further, dedicated study, but also demonstrate the potential of neuro-evolution as a means to better study, understand, and train effective RNNs.
Study of body constitution of 821 pregnant women

Der Gedanke vonA. Mayer, Geburtsprognose auf Grund der Konstitution zu treiben, sollte weiterverfolgt werden und eine mit den Methoden der Korrelationsforschung gewonnene theoretische Grundlage erhalten. Die eigens fur die Gynakologie und Geburtshilfe geschaffenen Typen vonMathes werden als nicht geeignet fur solche Zwecke angesehen. 821 Wochnerinnen wurden nach den Richtlinien vonKretschmer korperbaulich untersucht. Die visuelle und metrische Beurteilung ist in der Schwangerschaft durch die vermehrte Korperfulle erschwert. Die in die Zeit nach der Geburt verlegte Habitusdiagnostik fuhrt unter Mitverwendung der Indexmethode zur exakten Bestimmung der reinen Typen. Zur Beurteilung des funktionellen Verhaltens unter der Geburt sollen in erster Linie reine Typen Verwendung finden. Unter den 821 untersuchten Personen waren 57 rein pyknisch, 9 rein athletisch und 50 rein leptosom. Ferner fand sich eine Gruppe von 62 hypoplastischen Frauen.