cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Decision Making in Early Wound Drainage Following Posterior Spine Surgery in Pediatric Patients

Abstract Study Design Retrospective. Objectives To identify the clinical factors suggestive of infected and non-infected drainage to help clinical decision making. Summary of Background Data Differentiating between drainage caused by a benign seroma and deep spinal infection may be difficult in the early postoperative period. Methods Institutional spine surgery database was searched to identify the cases that were taken back to the operating room for drainage from the surgical wound in the early postoperative period between 2000 and 2012. Results A total of 38 cases of early wound drainage (within 6 weeks postoperatively) were identified that were treated with opening all layers, irrigation, and debridement. Intraoperative cultures were sent in all cases. Twenty-five patients proved to have non-infected drainage and did not require further treatment. In 13 patients, infection was confirmed with intra-operative findings and cultures; these patients were treated with serial debridements. In 4 cases, implants had to be removed after multiple debridements (after a quiescent period). The group with non-infected drainage differed from the infection group in that most patients (21 of 25) had non-neuromuscular deformities, whereas 77% of the infected group had neuromuscular etiology (10 of 13) (p = .0004). Average number of days to revision was 8.5 (range, 5–14 days) for the non-infected group. Of the 25 patients, 23 presented in the first 10 days. In the infected group, average number of days to revision was 19. Ten of the 13 patients presented on postoperative day 14 or later. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between increased likelihood of infection and increased time from the index procedure (p = .0085). Conclusions The findings suggest that early presenting drainage in pediatric idiopathic spine deformity is often not infected. Drainage, especially presenting after the second postoperative week in neuromuscular patients, proved to be mostly deep spinal wound infections.
‘Tough love’: Mediation and articulation in the urban boxing gym

This article examines how a group of men negotiate the social problems that postindustrial racial, class, and gender hierarchies create. In a Brooklyn boxing gym, trainers coach amateur fighters inside and outside the ring. In the ring, trainers prepare amateurs for competition and help them develop masculine identities. Outside the ring, trainers provide forms of social support. As trainers engage these practices, they negotiate a discursive tension. When they work with boxers, trainers use discourses espousing individualism and personal responsibility. And yet, when talking about the motivation for their work, trainers utilize discourses critiquing systemic inequality and anti-black racism. This article analyzes the presence of these apparently contradictory discourses. I argue that neoliberal ideology at the structural level is rearticulated as critical discourse in the gym; context shifts meaning.
Pollen recovery in atmospheric samples collected with the Rotorod Sampler over multiple-day periods such as weekends

Background Conventional wisdom holds that multiple-day samples should not be obtained with the Rotorod Sampler because sampling efficiency declines over long sampling periods such as weekends. Objective The purpose of this present investigation was to test this position under experimental conditions. Methods Atmospheric pollen samples were collected over 24-hour, 48-hour, and 72-hour periods by five Rotorod Samplers operated in a compact sampling array. Pollen counts obtained from the latter two sampling periods were compared with corresponding values computed from 24-hour samples. Differences in pollen recovery were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and paired comparisons t-tests. Results Two hundred seventeen atmospheric samples were obtained between March 30 and October 8, 1998. Differences between the 48-hour and 72-hour samples and their computed counterparts were not statistically significant when the atmospheric pollen concentration was less than 100 pollen grains per cubic meter of air (p/m 3 ). At higher pollen concentrations large quantitative and statistically significant differences were noted. Conclusions These data suggest that particle loading on Rotorod collector rods caused sample quality to deteriorate when atmospheric pollen concentrations exceed 100 p/m 3 . Multiple-day sampling periods appear to be justified when the atmospheric pollen concentration is less than this threshold. Adjusting the Rotorod Sampler's duty cycle may offer a means to collect samples over periods longer than 24 hours during times of the year when pollen shed is heavy.
THE USES OF BUSINESS GAMING IN EDUCATION AND LABORATORY RESEARCH

This paper reports an empirical investigation of business gaming in education and research. Subjects were approximately 200 junior and senior undergraduate students who were assigned to seven-man teams on the basis of scores on the Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) leadership style questionnaire, and who played the Marksim business game during one academic semester. Relationships were explored between post-game perceptions of the game, team atmosphere and the leader, combinations of congruent and incongruent leadership styles, and measures of team performance. Also explored were relationships between several predictor variables (including grade point average) and measures of team performance. The results were generally disappointing in regard to business gaming as an educational tool. However, it seems that business gaming may hold promise for laboratory research in the behavioral sciences. The results of this investigation suggest that relationship-oriented and task-oriented leadership styles and combinations of these styles within hierarchically structured groups affect members' perceptions of the task and other aspects of the task environment but do not affect group performance, at least directly. These results may have significance for those interested in organizational design and the selection and development of leaders for first and second-level managerial positions.
The relationship between perceived parental expectations and pediatrician antimicrobial prescribing behavior.

Context. Despite growing concern over the escalating antimicrobial resistance problem, physicians continue to inappropriately prescribe. It has been suggested that a major determinant of pediatrician antimicrobial prescribing behavior is the parental expectation that a prescription will be provided. Objectives. To explore the extent to which parental previsit expectations and physician perceptions of those expectations are associated with inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing; and to explore the relationship between fulfillment of expectations and parental visit-specific satisfaction. Design. Previsit and postvisit survey of parents and postvisit survey of physicians. Setting. Two private pediatric practices, one community based and one university based. Participants. Ten physicians (response rate = 77%), and a consecutive sample of 306 eligible parents (response rate = 86%) who were attending sick visits for their children between October 1996 and March 1997. Parents were screened for eligibility in the waiting rooms of the two practices and were invited to participate if they spoke and read English and their child was 2 to 10 years old, had a presenting complaint of ear pain, throat pain, cough, or congestion, was off antimicrobial therapy for the past 2 weeks, and was seeing one of the participating physicians. Main Outcome Measures. Antimicrobial prescribing decision, probability of assigning a bacterial diagnosis, and parental visit-specific satisfaction. Results. Based on multivariate analysis, physicians9 perceptions of parental expectations for antimicrobials was the only significant predictor of prescribing antimicrobials for conditions of presumed viral etiology; when physicians thought a parent wanted an antimicrobial, they prescribed them 62% of the time versus 7% of the time when they did not think the parent wanted antimicrobials. However, physician antimicrobial prescribing behavior was not associated with actual parental expectations for receiving antimicrobials. In addition, when physicians thought the parent wanted an antimicrobial, they were also significantly more likely to give a bacterial diagnosis (70% of the time versus 31% of the time). Failure to meet parental expectations regarding communication events during the visit was the only significant predictor of parental satisfaction. Failure to provide expected antimicrobials did not affect satisfaction. Conclusions. The antibiotic resistance epidemic should lead to immediate replication of this study in a larger more generalizable population. If inaccurate physician perceptions of parent desires for antimicrobials for viral infections are confirmed, then an intervention to change the way physicians acquire this set of perceptions should be undertaken.
Potassium Triphenylmethide A Strong Base for Organic Synthesis

Abstract Although a great many very strong bases have been used in organic synthesis1, virtually all of them suffer from one or more disadvantages. Probably the greatest disadvantage to most of these bases is that those which are soluble in organic sollvnts (dimsyl ion, alkoxides) are also nucleophiles while those with nonnucleophilic anions such as the alkalai metal hydrides are insoluble in inert solvents.
History of Academic General and Ambulatory Pediatrics

Academic general pediatrics and ambulatory care are closely linked to the development of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association, an organization with nearly 2000 members active in teaching, patient care, and research. Primary care, behavioral-developmental pediatrics, prevention, health promotion, community pediatrics, socioeconomic issues, cultural and ethnic diversity, advocacy, research in education, social issues, and environmental health lie within the purview of general pediatrics. In part, because of their teaching and patient care obligations, but also due to a lack of fellowship research training, many general pediatrics faculty have had difficulty in accomplishing significant research. By supporting fellowship training in general pediatrics, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation General Pediatrics Academic Development Program and the current fellowship program supported by the Bureau of Health Manpower are important efforts to remedy this deficiency. The sciences basic to general pediatrics research include epidemiology, biostatistics, and the behavioral sciences. In addition, general pediatrics research often borrows from other sciences and collaborates with investigators in other disciplines. Partnerships between general pediatrics divisions and practicing pediatricians for teaching and research, e.g. the Community Education in Community Settings program, provides a realistic educational program for future pediatricians. The Pediatric Research in Office Setting network is another important vehicle for translation of research into the practice of general pediatrics. The steady growth of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association over the past four decades is testimony to the creativity, adaptability, and verve that has characterized the discipline of general pediatrics.
TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE

Summary.-Analysis of responses of 19 men and 28 women, who were 18 or 19 years old and who performed poorly on a mathematics entrance test showed attitudes toward mathematics was a stronger correlate of performance in mathematics than scores on locus of control. Research has indicated that attitudes toward mathematics often have a stronger association with performance in mathematics courses than does aptitude (Eccles & Jacobs, 1986). The present study was designed to explore whether belief in locus of control might also be associated with mathematics performance in poorly prepated college students. Nineteen men and 28 women, aged 18 or 19 years (M: 18.4, SD: 0.51, who had failed the basic skills entrance test at a state college and who were enrolled in a required course on Quantitative Reasoning, were given an academic external locus of control scale (Trice, 1985) and a measure of four attitudes toward mathematics (Aiken, 1979): enjoyment, motivation, importance of mathematics, and freedom from fear of mathematics. Scores on these tests were then correlated with the students' performance on the basic slulls test for Computation and for Algebra. Mean scores and standard deviations were for external locus of control 11.7 and 4.0, enjoyment - 2.8 and 5.5, motivation - 2.9 and 5.8, importance of mathematics 1.6 and 3.7, freedom From fear - 2.3 and 4.7, computation score 14.7 and 4.2, and algebra score 9.8 and 4 8 Academic locus of control scores were not associated with computation or algebra scores (Peatson rs = 0.02 and 0.14). However, mathematics attitudes scores for enjoyment (rs = 0.25 and 0.24), motivation (rs = 0.26 and 0.25), and freedom from fear of mathematics (rs = 0.24 and 0.27) were significantly associated (one-tailed p<.05) with computation and algebra scores, respectively, but not scores on the importance of mathematics (rs = 0.18 and 0.20). Controlling for age and sex by means of partial correlation coefficients Qd not change these results. Incidentally, locus of control scores were negatively associated with the attitude toward mathematics scores. A multiple regression identified no significant predictors of computation scores, while locus of control and enjoyment of mathematics contributed significantly to the prediction of algebra scores (Multiple R = 0.38). Attitudes toward mathematics proved a stronger correlate of mathematics performance than locus of control in this sample of students whose performance was poor.
The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Applied to Male Prisoners

The interpersonal theory of suicide proposes that severe suicide ideation is caused by the combination of thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB), yet few studies have actually examined their interaction. Further, no studies have examined this proposal in male prisoners, a particularly at-risk group. To address this gap, the current study surveyed 399 male prisoners. TB and PB interacted to predict suicide ideation while controlling for depression and hopelessness. High levels of both TB and PB were associated with more severe suicide ideation. The interpersonal theory may aid in the detection, prevention, and treatment of suicide risk in prisoners.
Protein composition of the tail and contracted sheath of bacteriophage T4.

Abstract The protein composition of phage T4 tails and tail precursors has been examined using acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Sheathed tails contain 18 protein species. The precursor to a sheathed tail consists of the baseplate and tail tube, but lacks an extended sheath. It has the same protein composition as the sheathed tail except that it lacks the gene 18 product (P18). This is the only protein in extended sheaths. Contracted sheaths isolated from whole phage also contain only P18. Baseplates, the precursors to unsheathed tails, have the same protein composition as unsheathed tails except that they lack P19. Thus tail tubes are composed of P19. The size of P18 is the same before and after sheath contraction. Whatever the mechanism of the irreversible contractions process is, it does not involve any detectable cleavage of P18.
Devices for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide whose incidence is increasing. Traditionally these aneurysms have been repaired by a standard surgical approach. Over the past decade, spurred by the development of endovascular therapies for a variety of vascular pathologies, the endoluminal treatment of AAAs has rapidly proliferated. Early stent-grafts used to treat AAAs were primarily ‘home-made’. Presently there are a number of industry-made devices available on both an investigational and approved for use basis and the number is growing. This review focuses on the types of stent-grafts currently available, indications for use and patient selection, as well as new patents issued over the years 1998 - 2000. The ideal stent-graft is yet to be developed and not all AAAs are amenable to endovascular treatment. This is a dynamic field where developments are likely to continue at a rapid pace.
Effects of scopolamine on acquisition of passive avoidance.

Scopolamine was tested for effects on acquisition of a passive-avoidance problem. First mice were given four trials 24 hours apart on a step-off apparatus. Various dose levels of the drug were studied. For one group the drug was injected i.p. 20 minutes prior to each trial, in the other immediately after. Doses of 5.0 mg/kg and higher greatly interfered with the acquisition of the response, but only when injected prior to the trial. These results failed to indicate any direct effect of the drug on the learning process. The only time the drug affected the behavior was when the animal was under its influence at the time of testing.
Bereavement and remarriage for older adults

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess differences in bereavement outcomes between surviving spouses aged 50 and over who remarried within 4–5 years and those who did not. Fifteen bereaved respondents out of 192 in a longitudinal prospective study who later remarried were compared with 15 other matched nonremarried respondents. Analyses of sociodemographic data, standardized measures of depression, life-satisfaction, resolution of grief, and self-perceived ratings of coping, stress, self-esteem, health and social support were performed with correlated t-tests. Statistically significant differences indicated that over time, the remarried subjects displayed more positive outcomes.
Contributions of Leta Hollingworth to school psychology

Recent accounts of the contributions of Leta Stetter Hollingworth to feminism and giftedness have not described her association with the development of school psychological services. Her contributions to the earliest organizations of professional psychologists and her related writing were important to the long‐term development of school and clinical psychology. Though some information has been uncovered, much remains to be learned of her contributions to the development of these professional organizations.
Neonatal brain injury.

More than 95 percent of infants who have neonatal stroke survive to adulthood, and many have residual motor or cognitive disabilities. This article makes the point that recognition of at-risk newborns by means of advanced methods of neuroimaging, combined with a plan for rational intervention, may result in the prevention or the reduction in the incidence of lifelong disabilities such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and behavioral and learning disorders.
Effect of Group Size and Physiological State of a Cagemate on Reproduction in the Parthenogenetic Lizard, Cnemidophorous uniparens (Teiidae)

Cnemidophorous uniparens, an all-female, parthenogenetic species of whiptail lizard (Teiidae), were housed in the laboratory under seminatural conditions in groups of four, in pairs, or as isolates. Group structure and an animal's position in the dominance hierarchy affect reproductive effort. Housed in pairs, the dominant animals exhibit a higher rate of reproduction, as measured by number of clutches and length of clutch cycle, than do their subordinate cagemates. Females housed with dihydrotestosterone-treated ovariectomized females lay more clutches than females housed with ovariectomized hormone-untreated females, those housed with intact females, or housed alone.
The capacity of human subjects to process directional information provided at two skin sites.

The ability of human subjects to discriminate direction of tactile stimulus motion on the dorsum of the hand was determined (1) in the absence and (2) in the presence of a moving stimulus delivered to a second skin site on the ipsilateral or contralateral forelimb. When the two skin sites were simultaneously contacted by stimuli moving in the same direction, directional sensitivity was typically below that predicted for a hypothetical subject who could independently process the information provided at each of the two skin sites. Even when the stimulus delivered to a second site was deliberately ignored, it could still alter a subject's perception of stimulus direction on the dorsal hand. Moreover, its influence was greatest whenever it moved in a direction opposite to that of the attended stimulus.Whenever the two moving stimuli were delivered nonsimultaneously to two skin sites, directional sensitivity rarely matched the levels predicted for a hypothetical subject who could independently process the info...
MR angiography fusion technique for treatment planning of intracranial arteriovenous malformations.

Purpose To develop an image fusion technique using elliptical centric contrast-enhanced (CE) MR angiography (MRA) and three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF) acquisitions for radiosurgery treatment planning of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Materials and Methods CE and 3D-TOF MR angiograms with disparate in-plane fields of view (FOVs) were acquired, followed by k-space reformatting to provide equal voxel dimensions. Spatial domain addition was performed to provide a third, fused data volume. Spatial distortion was evaluated on an MRA phantom and provided slice-dependent and global distortion along the three physical dimensions of the MR scanner. In vivo validation was performed on 10 patients with intracranial AVMs prior to their conventional angiogram on the day of gamma knife radiosurgery. Results Spatial distortion in the phantom within a volume of 14 × 14 × 3.2 cm3 was less than ±1 mm (±1 standard deviation (SD)) for CE and 3D-TOF data sets. Fused data volumes were successfully generated for all 10 patients. Conclusion Image fusion can be used to obtain high-resolution CE-MRA images of intracranial AVMs while keeping the fiducial markers needed for gamma knife radiosurgery planning. The spatial fidelity of these data is within the tolerance acceptable for daily quality control (QC) purposes and gamma knife treatment planning. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improving CSE software through reproducibility requirements

It is often observed that software engineering (SE) processes and practices for computational science and engineering (CSE) lag behind other SE areas [7]. This issue has been a concern for funding agencies, since new research increasingly relies upon and produces computational tools. At the same time, CSE research organizations find it difficult to prescribe formal SE practices for funded projects.Theoretical and experimental science rely heavily on independent verification of results as part of the scientific process. Computational science should have the same regard for independent verification but it does not.In this paper, we present an argument for using reproducibility and independent verification requirements as a driver to improve SE processes and practices. We describe existing efforts that support our argument, how these requirements can impact SE, challenges we face, and new opportunities for using reproducibility requirements as a driver for higher quality CSE software.
Oxidation of olefins by palladium(II). 18. Effect of reaction conditions, substrate structure and chiral ligand on the bimetallic palladium(II) catalyzed asymmetric chlorohydrin synthesis

Abstract The effect of electronic factors, solvent composition, identity of the chiral bidentate, and olefin structure on the yields and enantioselectivities of the asymmetric chlorohydrin synthesis were investigated. Electronic effects on the chlorohydrin reaction were tested by oxidation of phenyl allyl ether p-substituted by H, Cl, CH3O and CN. All species gave same similar yields and enantioselectivities indicating that electronic effects are not important. Varying the solvent composition of the THF–H2O mixtures indicated that the optimal solvent mixture contains more than 85% THF. Variation of added [Cl−] indicated that the added chloride had to be greater than 0.2 M for high yields and %ee's. Under ideal conditions the enantioselectivities of the chlorohydrins from the phenyl allyl ethers were more than 90%ee. Vinylacetic acid, methyl acrylate and trans-cinnamaldehyde were unreactive under the usual reaction conditions while 2-hydroxy-3-butene and allyl acetate give lower %ee's than did the phenyl allyl ethers. Styrene and α-methylstyrene gives comparable rates of reactions but the %ee's were lower with the latter. (2,6-Diisopropyl)phenyl allyl ether and 2-hydroxy-3-butene give high %ee's indicating that steric hindrance was not a major factor. All of the chiral bridging ligands tested gave satisfactory results except for DACH. A strange case was BZOX which did not give any induction at all. Structural studies showed the ligands are not large enough to bridge both Pd(II) in the bimetallic catalyst so one Pd(II) contained both ligand groups of the bidentate ligand and was thus unreactive. The other Pd(II) of the dimer was reactive but did not contain any chiral ligands to induce optical activity.
Simplified GPS model for UAV fault tolerant control laws design

Purpose – A simplified global positioning system (GPS) error model including models for a variety of abnormal operational conditions and failures is developed to provide simulation tools for the design, testing, and evaluation of autonomous flight fault tolerant control laws. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Analysis and experimental data are used to build simplified models for GPS position and velocity errors on all three channels. The GPS model is interfaced with West Virginia University unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) simulation environment and its utility demonstrated through simulation for several autonomous flight scenarios including GPS abnormal operation. Findings – The proposed simplified GPS model achieves desirable levels of accuracy and realism for all components for the purpose of general UAV dynamic simulation and development of fault tolerant autonomous flight control laws. Research limitations/implications – The simplified GPS model allows investigating ...
Severity of child maltreatment, pain complaints and medical utilization among women

Abstract High medical utilization in adults has been linked to both reported history of childhood abuse and mental health problems. However, few studies have explored relationships between abuse severity and psychological distress to identify subgroups with unique utilization patterns and medical complaints. This study compared two groups of psychologically distressed, high utilizers. One group (DS) was comprised of those with psychological distress, who reported a history of child sexual abuse (CSA); the other group (DSP) consisted of those with psychological distress, who reported CSA plus a history of childhood physical abuse. The groups were compared on severity of sexual and nonsexual child maltreatment, medical complaints and medical utilization. From a convenience sample of 206 females age 20–63, recruited while waiting for a physician appointment in a primary care clinic, we compared 25 DSPs to 33 DSs. Compared with DSs, DSPs reported significantly more severe: (1) sexual abuse including completed intercourse; (2) emotional abuse; (3) emotional neglect; and (4) psychological distress. DSPs also showed a nonsignificant trend towards more severe physical neglect. In addition to being significantly higher on emergency room visits, DSPs were marginally higher than DSs on nonpsychiatric outpatient visits. DSPs had significantly more frequent chronic and acute pain complaints at emergency room (ER) visits. Headaches were the most frequently coded diagnosis at ER visits in this sample. DSPs accounted for 89% of these ER visits attributable to headaches. The interaction of psychological distress and reported severity of child maltreatment reveals subgroups with unique utilization patterns and medical complaints. Physicians should screen patients for child maltreatment severity and psychological distress and should be involved in mental health referral where necessary.
Evidence that reserve cells are a source of regenerated adult newt muscle in vitro

Skeletal muscle of adult, metamorphosed urodele amphibians regenerates despite the absence of satellite cells1, the myogenic reserve cells present beneath the external lamina of muscle fibres in larval urodeles and in other vertebrates2–9. Adult-stage muscles of several urodeles examined (Notophthalmus viridescens1,10, Ambystoma maculatum10, Triturus vulgaris, Triturus cristatus11, Hynobius tokyoensis12 and Ambystoma mexicanum13) have instead a unique cell type enveloped in its own external lamina. Several studies suggest that these cells are larval satellite cells that have become completely surrounded by a segment of external lamina during metamorphosis10–12. Although Popiela10 termed these cells ‘pericytes’, he suggested that they might function as a myogenic reserve population. Cherkasova, who was the first to recognize these cells as distinct from vascular pericytes, termed them post-satellite cells and also proposed that they might be myogenic11. Here, we present evidence that post-satellite cells in adult N. viridescens give rise to regenerated myotubes in vitro. The myotubes could be stained with MF20, a monoclonal antibody to purified skeletal muscle myosin14, and also with 22/18, a monoclonal antibody that reacts with an antigen present in newt-limb blastema myogenic cells15. The presence of myogenic post-satellite cells in adult newt muscle provides an alternative to the hypothesis that myoblasts in regenerating adult urodele limbs arise through dedifferentiation of mature myofibres15–17.
Construction of Values in Online and Offline Dating Discourses: Comparing Presentational and Articulated Rhetorics of Relationship Seeking

This manuscript compares presentational rhetorics in online personal advertisements to articulated rhetorics generated through interviewing sessions to understand rhetorics of online dating. Online self-presentation literature is reviewed and an argument for a rhetorical-epistemological approach to studies of online dating is presented. 30 online daters from a metropolitan region of the Midwestern United States mostly white, aged 25-35, gender diverse provided a copy of their online personal advertisement and participated in an interview. Personal advertisements and interview transcripts were analyzed separately using values coding to consider rhetorical dimensions. Results indicate ethos is a primary concern of online daters and limits what can be stated in online profiles. Discussion explores implications of articulated and presentational rhetorics as well as potential future studies.
Definitional Issues and Mediating Variables in the Sexual Revictimization of Women Sexually Abused as Children

This study examined the effect of child sexual abuse, defined three different ways, and three definitions of adult sexual assault on revictimization rates. Child definitions varied in the degree of contact; adult definitions varied in degree of contact and force used. Variables hypothesized to mediate the rate of revictimization included parental support, attributional style, coping style, severity of abuse, and involvement in psychotherapy. Subjects were 654 college females. Contact forms of child sexual abuse were associated with significant rates of revictimization, although noncontact child sexual abuse was not associated with revictimization. Revictimized women could not be discriminated from nonrevictimized women on the basis of the proposed mediating variables. Level of adult sexual experience was the best predictor of adult sexual assault. High levels of sexual activity is proposed as the link between child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault.
Perceived Control as a Predictor of Distress in Children Undergoing Invasive Medical Procedures

Children's anticipatory attributional assessment of the source(s) of perceived control is hypothesized to play an important role in the etiology of distress in children undergoing invasive medical procedures. Four perceived control types, based on learned helplessness theory, are specified by a conceptual model that guides this research: Mutual, Powerful Other, Personal, and Unknown. Among 73 children between the ages of 4 and 18 having their blood drawn, it was predicted that children with an attributional analysis of unknown perceived source of control prior to the impending medical procedures would experience a heightened level of anxiety (procedure-related distress). As predicted, children with an anticipatory attributional assessment of unknown perceived control interfered with or extended the medical procedure significantly more (41%) than children who could attribute some perceived source of control (13%). They were also rated by themselves, the parents, and a trained clinical observer as manifesting significantly greater (p < .05) anticipatory procedural distress using both cognitive (subjective) and behavioral (objective) assessment perspectives. These findings were independent of children's age. This paper supports the need for additional theory-driven research and the importance of investigating the role of attributional variables in the etiology of procedure-related distress in children.
Synaptic signaling by nitric oxide

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) mediates certain aspects of synaptic plasticity and neurotoxicity associated with NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Neuronal NO synthase contains a modular protein-protein interaction motif, termed the PDZ domain, that links the synthase to a synaptic protein complex containing postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 and NMDA receptors. Characterization of this pathway has provided new insights into the role of NO in brain physiology and disease.
Light chain disease associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome

The hyperviscosity syndrome refers to a group of symptoms and signs related to increased blood viscosity often produced by monoclonal immunoglobulins. It is most frequently associated with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and, on occasion, with other immunoglobulins that are capable of forming highly polymerized molecules. This article is a report on the first case of pure light chain myeloma associated with the hyperviscosity syndrome. The hyperviscous plasma in this case is secondary to the unusual degree of aggregation of kappa light chain as demonstrated by high-resolution electrophoresis, serum immunofixation, and Sephadex g-200 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) column chromatography.
Slime mold inspired coordinations for wireless sensor and actor networks

We adapt the tubular network formation behavior of slime mold to design coordination protocols for wireless sensor and actor networks.
Effects of some phosphorus substituents on the carbon-13 chemical shifts of alkyl chains

The carbon-13 NMR spectra of 16 aliphatic phosphorus compounds with -PCl2, -P(OCH3)2, -P(CH3)2 or -PS(CH3)2 groups were determined and interpreted on the basis of the usual α, β-deshielding and γ-shielding effects. The α-effects of all the groups were quite large (15 to 30 ppm), though the β-effects were small (0 to 3 ppm). The γ-effects were also small (0·2 to 1·6 ppm), but of significance in suggesting reduced steric compression relative to that found for methyl and most of the common organic functional groups. This may be attributed to the greater length of the CP bond. The phosphorus-31 NMR spectra of these compounds also show the existence of interaction with γ-carbons by exhibiting small additive upfield shifts.
Regulatory interactions in the dimeric cytochrome bc1 complex: The advantages of being a twin

Abstract The dimeric cytochrome bc1 complex catalyzes the oxidation–reduction of quinol and quinone at sites located in opposite sides of the membrane in which it resides. We review the kinetics of electron transfer and inhibitor binding that reveal functional interactions between the quinol oxidation site at center P and quinone reduction site at center N in opposite monomers in conjunction with electron equilibration between the cytochrome b subunits of the dimer. A model for the mechanism of the bc1 complex has emerged from these studies in which binding of ligands that mimic semiquinone at center N regulates half-of-the-sites reactivity at center P and binding of ligands that mimic catalytically competent binding of ubiquinol at center P regulates half-of-the-sites reactivity at center N. An additional feature of this model is that inhibition of quinol oxidation at the quinone reduction site is avoided by allowing catalysis in only one monomer at a time, which maximizes the number of redox acceptor centers available in cytochrome b for electrons coming from quinol oxidation reactions at center P and minimizes the leakage of electrons that would result in the generation of damaging oxygen radicals.
Focus shaping using cylindrical vector beams

We report a focus shaping technique using generalized cylindrical vector beams. A generalized cylindrical vector beam can be decomposed into radially polarized and azimuthally polarized components. Such a generalized cylindrical beam can be generated from a radially polarized or an azimuthally polarized light using a two-half-wave-plate polarization rotator. The intensity pattern at the focus can be tailored by appropriately adjusting the rotation angle. Peak-centered, donut and flattop focal shapes can be obtained using this technique.
Attitudes of introductory college biology students toward evolution

Introductory college biology students were surveyed to investigate their attitudes toward evolution. Thurstone's Scale No. 30, Form A, Attitudes Toward Evolution was used to survey the sample. Results indicate that the majority of introductory biology students believe in the theory of evolution. Two demographic variables, sex and influence of the church, produced a significant correlation with the attitude scores. There were significant interactions between sex and influence of high school biology teacher and between sex and major. Self rating by the individual students and attitude scores also produced a significant correlation. Construct validity of the attitude scale was supported by the significant correlation between student self rating and scale scores. ANOVA produced a F value significant at the 0.01 probability level, and Spearman's correlation coefficient between the two measures was 0.73. Although the Thurstone Scale No. 30, Form A, is over 45 years old, the results of this study suggest that it is a reliable instrument for use today with modifications in item construction, scaling or adaptation to other scoring methods.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for thin melanoma-con.

When sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for the regional staging of melanoma was first introduced, it was recommended for any patient with a melanoma between 1.0 and 4.0 mm in Breslow thickness. Patients with thin melanomas were not felt to have a sufficiently high risk to warrant the additional cost and morbidity of the procedure. As experience grew, several retrospective series identified risk factors beyond Breslow thickness that were associated with an increased risk of regional metastases, and should therefore prompt consideration of SLN biopsy for patients with melanomas shy of 1.0 mm (generally considered to be 0.76–0.99 mm). These were quite varied and included Clark level IV or V, ulceration, mitotic rate (MR), angiolymphatic invasion, and the age of the patient (younger patients having a higher rate of SLN metastases than their older counterparts), with the last three being the most consistent. SLN biopsy is also often recommended for patients with thin melanoma who have significant regression or a positive deep margin, as the true Breslow thickness is often unknown. When the most recent version of the AJCC staging system for melanoma was released [1], one of the most significant changes was the classification of stage T1b as any melanoma 1.00 mm with ulceration or a MR of 1/mm 2 . Despite the caveat that ‘‘the AJCC Melanoma Staging Database did not contain sufficient data to assess risk of occult nodal micrometastases in this population,’’ many surgeons have advocated extending the indications for SLNB to include any T1b melanoma. This would include any melanoma <0.76 mm with a MR of at least 1/mm 2 . However, this is not an accurate interpretation of the data. One might assume that the majority of these patients recur regionally first, then distally, and survival may be impacted because of regional recurrence. However, recent data suggests that this is not true; T1b status does not impact regional recurrence but does increase the likelihood of distant recurrence [2]. These data support the new AJCC staging system for prognostication, but not for selection for SLNB. So should SLN biopsy be performed for patients with T1b melanoma? As with most debates in medicine, most of the controversy centers on the semantics. Are there some patients with T1b melanomas who require SLN biopsy? Absolutely, this has never been in debate, as discussed above. So the real controversy centers on two questions:
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of bisubstrate analog inhibitors of cholera toxin

Bisubstrate analog inhibitors in which a nicotinamide mimic is attached to a series of structurally diversified guanidines (arginine mimics) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of cholera toxin. The mechanism-based bisubstrate inhibitors were up to 1400-fold more potent than the natural substrate NAD+ and 400-fold more potent than the artificial substrate diethylamino (benzylidine-amino)guanidine (DEABAG) in an assay toward an intrinsically active mutant of wild-type cholera toxin.
Using the refinement equation for the construction of pre-wavelets

A variety of methods have been proposed for the construction of wavelets. Among others, notable contributions have been made by Battle, Daubechies, Lemarie, Mallat, Meyer, and Stromberg. This effort has led to the attractive mathematical setting of multiresolution analysis as the most appropriate framework for wavelet construction. The full power of multiresolution analysis led Daubechies to the construction ofcompactly supported orthonormal wavelets with arbitrarily high smoothness. On the other hand, at first sight, it seems some of the other proposed methods are tied to special constructions using cardinal spline functions of Schoenberg. Specifically, we mention that Battle raises some doubt that his block spin method “can produce only the Lemarie Ondelettes”. A major point of this paper is to extend the idea of Battle to the generality of multiresolution analysis setup and address the easier job of constructingpre-wavelets from multiresolution.
Improving Estimates of Rangeland Carbon Sequestration Potential in the US Southwest

Rangelands make an important contribution to carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. We used a readily accessible interface (COMET VR) to a simulation model (CENTURY) to predict changes in soil carbon in response to management changes commonly associated with conservation programs. We also used a subroutine of the model to calculate an estimate of uncertainty of the model output based on the similarity between climate, soil, and management history inputs and those used previously to parameterize the model for common land use (cropland to perennial grassland) and management (stocking rate reductions and legume addition) changes to test the validity of the approach across the southwestern United States. The conversion of small grain cropland to perennial cover was simulated acceptably (, 20% uncertainty) by the model for soil, climate, and management history attributes representative of 32% of land area currently in small grain production, while the simulation of small grain cropland to perennial cover + legumes was acceptable on 73% of current small grain production area. The model performed poorly on arid and semiarid rangelands for both management (reduced stocking) and restoration (legume addition) practices. Only 66% of land area currently used as rangeland had climate, soil, and management attributes that resulted in acceptable uncertainty. Based on our results, it will be difficult to credibly predict changes to soil carbon resulting from common land use and management practices, both at fine and coarse scales. To overcome these limitations, we propose an integrated system of spatially explicit direct measurement of soil carbon at locations with well-documented management histories and climatic records to better parameterize the model for rangeland applications. Further, because the drivers of soil carbon fluxes on rangelands are dominated by climate rather than management, the interface should be redesigned to simulate soil carbon changes based on ecological state rather than practice application. Resumen
17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of preterm delivery: A cost-effectiveness analysis

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the use of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of recurrent preterm deliveries is cost-effective. METHODS Using decision-analysis modeling, we compared the cost-effectiveness of using 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in four subgroups: 1) Prior preterm deliveries less than 32 weeks; 2) prior preterm deliveries 32-37 weeks; 3) prior term delivery; and 4) no prior delivery. Each subgroup was compared with a "no treatment" group. Costs included those for 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hospital admissions, and complications from preterm deliveries. The main outcome measures include cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained and the number of preterm deliveries prevented. Secondary outcomes include neonatal complications prevented. One-way and multiway sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS The use of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of preterm deliveries result in cost-savings in women with prior preterm deliveries less than 32 weeks and 32-37 weeks. The sensitivity analyses revealed the model to be robust over a wide range of values for evaluated variables. CONCLUSION Within our baseline assumptions, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate was associated with cost-savings when used for the prevention of preterm deliveries in women with prior preterm deliveries.
Herefords and 1/4 Brahman–3/4 Hereford cross-breds: comparison of carcasses and meat palatability

A comparison of eighty-eight steers and heifers, representing equal numbers of Herefords and 3/4 Hereford–1/4 Brahman cross-breds, showed that the cross-bred dressed higher (60·3 % against 58·7 %) and that the cross-bred carcasses had more flank (6·9 % against 5·6 %).In two out of three palatability experiments, Hereford meat was more tender and, in one experiment, juicier than cross-bred meat. When breeds were compared as to colour of meat, cross-bred was judged darker. Also, heifer meat was judged darker than steer meat.
Assisting the searcher: utilizing software agents for Web search systems

Much previous research on improving information retrieval applications has focused on developing entirely new systems with advanced searching features. Unfortunately, most users seldom utilize these advanced features. This research explores the use of a software agent that assists the user during the search process. The agent was developed as a separate, stand‐alone component to be integrated with existing information retrieval systems. The performance of an information retrieval system with the integrated agent was subjected to an evaluation with 30 test subjects. The results indicate that agents developed using both results from previous user studies and rapidly modeling user information needs can result in an improvement in precision. Implications for information retrieval system design and directions for future research are outlined.