cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Movement Success: Business Responses to Civil Rights Mobilization1

This article explores why movements are successful in obtaining concessions from economic actors. While social movement theorists have suggested that economic actors weigh the costliness of protests, the author considers the vulnerability of movement targets to both the cost of disruptions in routine transactions and the cost of conceding to movement demands. By addressing the magnitude of these costs and their interaction, the author derives an economic opportunity structure to predict the receptivity of economic actors to movement demands and the likely struggles among them over the decision to yield. Also, this cost‐assessment approach reveals patterns of vulnerability across economic sectors to the costs of disruptive mobilization. The author tests this analysis based on case studies of the responses of economic actors to civil rights mobilization in the 1960s in five Southern localities. These cases depict how the character of protest and variation in the configuration of business communities defined...
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver following renal transplantation

A patient developed abnormalities in liver function tests 18 months after renal transplantation. Progressive hepatic failure, characterized by hyperbilirubinemia, portal-systemic encephalopathy, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, preceded death. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver (NRHL) was diagnosed from a surgical liver biopsy and at postmortem. NRHL is a liver disease which may be a consequence of renal transplantation.
ALLOCATION OF NITROGEN AND DRY MATTER FOR TWO SOYBEAN GENOTYPES IN RESPONSE TO WATER STRESS DURING REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH

Drought stress significantly limits soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield in the Southeastern United States. The Plant Introduction 416937 (PI), which has lower yields than adapted cultivars under favorable conditions but a relatively lesser yield reduction under water-stress conditions, has been identified as a potential source of drought avoidance germplasm. It is unclear whether the mechanism of drought avoidance is associated with shoot or root. Also unclear is the effect of the PI's restricted yield potential on the extent of its yield reduction in response to a water stress. To determine the differences in response between the PI and an adapted cultivar, Deltapine 105, to reproductive sink size and water stress, inoculated PI and Deltapine plants were grown in sand-filled pots in controlled-environment chambers. The fixed rooting volume of the pot culture restricts the influence that genotypic differences in rooting patterns may have in accessing soil water. During the 24-day period of pod developm...
Some effects of acute manganese excess in rats.

SummaryRats were injected subcutaneously with 5 to 120 mg of manganese as the chloride and various parameters were studied at periods from 1 to 72 hours. Blood hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyt...
Interface Shape and Melt Flow Near the Solid-Liquid Interface During Horizontal Unidirectional Solidification

Generally, unindirectional solidification experiments of transparent alloys are conducted using thin film samples sandwiched between two glass slides with a small channel height[1]. In such systems, natural convection and melt flow can be assumed negligible and the solification process is diffusive in nature [2,3]; these physical realities allow fundamental simplifications in theoretical/numerical modeling, without losing physical significance. However, natural convection and melt flow do exist in all actual solidification processes and have a significant effect on interface morphology and microstructure formation and development. Recognizing the latter, a great deal of effort went in recent years towards the investigation of the effect of melt flow on interface dynamics and morphology [3–5]. The objective of this paper is to study the natural convection and melt flow near the solid-liquid interface during horizontal unidirectional solidification. In particular, the authors are interested in the melt flow and solid-liquid interface under various channel heights (H) and temperature differences across the hot and cold ends (ΔT) of the samples. A horizontal unindirectional solidification experimental system was constructed. The samples used here are rectangular ampoules made of borosilicate glass that is 3.2 mm thick (on bottom and top sides) and 2.3 mm thick (on the vertical sides). The channel formed in the sample is 75 mm long and 50 mm wide. Three ampoules with channel heights of 1, 3.2 and 5 mm, respectively, are used in these experiments. The ampoules are filled with succinonitrile (99% pure) seeded with polyamide tracer particles (5 μm in diameter, density ρ=1030 kg/m3 ); the latter are used to resolve and visualize the fluid velocity in the melt. Surface temperatures of the sample on the hot end and cold end are measured with J-type thermocouples. The unidirectional solifification setup is mounted on a microscope stage so that the interface can be observed from the top with the regular microscope. A long distance microscope (LDM) affixed either to a photo- or video- camera is used to observe the vertical shape of the interface, as well as to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the flow. During experiments, the sample is allowed to reach both thermally and flow-wise a steady state situation. The heating and cooling systems are adjusted to make the solid-liquid interface stay at the center of the gap between the heating and cooling chambers for case of observation. The density of polymide particle being close to that of succinonitrile melt allows an almost neutrally buoyant behavior of the tracing particles and thus minimizes the error in flow velocity calculations as well as enhances confidence in the observed qualitative flow patterns. With the help of proprietary computer software, the flow velocity is obtained by evaluating the difference in successive two images of the same particle at time intervals consistent with the sampling speed of video-camera (0.033 sec).Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Acoustic Emission (AE) source localization using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)

This paper presents a method for Acoustic Emission (AE) source localization in isotropic plate-like structures based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The accuracy of the traditional triangulation methods depends on the time of flight (TOF) measurements and on the group velocity assumption so uncertainties in both should be taken into account and filtered out. An algorithm based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), capable of filtering out these uncertainties, has been developed for the estimation: 1) the AE source location and 2) the wave velocity. Experimental tests have been carried out on an aluminum plate to show accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach.
Wavefront Preservation In High-Gain Raman Amplification

The application of Raman amplification to the problem of adaptive control over high-power lasers is reviewed. This particular application requires that no phase or intensity distortion present on the pumping laser be transferred to the phasefront of the Stokes beam. Several, recent experiments have shown that high-gain Raman amplification can preserve the phasefront of the output Stokes beam. These results are reviewed and compared to the predictions of theory.
Clinical diuretic studies on three new mercurial compounds.

Abstract 1.1. Three new mercurial diuretics, 3-chloromercuri-2-methoxypropylurea (1347Ex), 3-carboxymethylmercaptomercuri-2-methoxypropylurea (1353Ex), and 3-(a-carboxyethylmercaptomercuri)-2-methylpropylurea (1431Ex), have been evaluated on 152 patients. The drugs were given twice per week, intramuscularly, in varying doses to 109 patients in the outpatient clinic. The diuretic effects of the drugs were compared to the previous responses of the patients to Mercuhydrin. 2.2. In doses equivalent to 10 and 20 mg. Hg of the experimental diuretics, none offered much of an advantage over Mercuhydrin. This is apparently due to the fact that a threshold amount of mercury must be presented to the renal tubules before any diuresis results, regardless of the mercurial compound. From clinical observations this amount appears to be between 10 and 20 mg. Hg. 3.3. When larger doses of the experimental diuretics (equivalent to 40 mg. Hg) were administered, they appeared to have a higher order of potency than Mercuhydrin when compared on the basis of mercurial content. When evaluated on a clinical basis, this ratio was greater than 2:2 and appeared to be about the same for all of the drugs under investigation. 4.4. Electrolyte studies were done on forty-three hospitalized patients. After all three of the diuretics there was a marked increase in urine and sodium excretion. The concentration of sodium per unit volume of urine was also increased. Potassium excretion was increased but this was erratic. 5.5. Of the three experimental diuretics studied, 1347Ex exhibited an increase in sodium and water excretion of highest order of statistical significance.
Characteristics of the Adult Learner

PURPOSEThis article provides an overview of adult learner characteristics, with an emphasis on those characteristics studied in diabetes patient education research.METHODSA selected review of the conceptual and research literature on general adult education and adult learning was conducted, with particular attention to diabetes patient education studies.RESULTSCharacteristics reviewed included learning styles, literacy level, age/aging, ethnicity or culture, gender, and knowledge. Studies of the learning style of group vs individual education indicated some positive benefits for group learning; questions remain about optimal size or periodicity. Studies evaluating the benefits of culturally specific interventions for diabetes management have yielded some information. Characteristics related to gender and age have been studied, but often in pilot or feasibility studies without the power to answer the study questions.CONCLUSIONSThere continue to be many gaps in knowledge related to adult learner characteris...
Making gender identity disorder of childhood: Historical lessons for contemporary debates

Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood (GIDC)—a psychiatric diagnosis given to gendervariant children—has been controversial since its creation. Critics inside and outside of the mental health professions have called for the removal or revision of GIDC, arguing that it has served to pathologize homosexuality, to enforce normative notions of masculinity and femininity, and to recast a social problem as individual pathology. Drawing on published clinical and research papers, archival materials, and interviews with clinicians, researchers, and advocates, this article analyzes early studies of gendervariant boys from the 1960s and 1970s and describes the process through which the GIDC diagnosis was created. The article examines some of the limitations of current debates over GIDC and points out new trends that hold the most promise for providing support to gender-variant children.
Cytomegalovirus Transmission in Child Care Homes

Background Children attending child care centers have high rates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) excretion. Women exposed to such children have an increased risk of acquiring CMV infection, and primary infection places the offspring of such women at risk of congenital CMV infection. We studied family child care homes to determine if this child care alternative might represent a safe haven from CMV. Methods One hundred thirty-two women providing care in their homes were studied using a latex agglutination method to determine the rate of CMV seropositivity at baseline. Women who were seronegative for CMV were then sampled prospectively at 6-month intervals between March 1991 and August 1994 to determine the annual rate of CMV acquisition. A point prevalence of CMV excretion in family homes was determined by sampling 106 children from 25 randomly selected homes. Cytomegalovirus isolates were compared by molecular analysis using polymerase chain reaction–based methods to identify transmission. Results At baseline, 57.6% of the 132 providers were seropositive for CMV. Seropositive providers were more likely to be caring for toddlers (aged 1-2 years) (67% vs 46%; P =.02) and had worked in child care somewhat longer (median of 28.5 vs 21.5 months; P =.11). Using stepwise logistic regression, the strongest predictors of seropositivity at baseline were caring for children aged 1 to 2 years (odds ratio [OR]=2.37; P =.02) and number of months as a child care provider (OR=1.17 for an increase of 24 months as provider; P =.08). Six or more years as a provider was highly associated with seropositivity (OR=3.27; P =.02). During follow-up, 5 of 51 seronegative providers seroconverted, yielding an annual infection rate of 6.8%. The point prevalence survey of children from the 25 homes (14 had seropositive providers) identified 8 CMV-excreting children. Three children in 1 home had indistinguishable isolates by polymerase chain reaction mapping. The provider seroconverted and excreted an isolate with a molecular profile indistinguishable from that of the children. Conclusions The prevalence of CMV excretion is low among children attending child care homes (8% vs 15% in prior studies of child care centers; P =.07), and only 1 (20%) in 5 of the homes had CMV-excreting children. However, the overall CMV seroconversion rate of home child care providers was comparable to the rate observed among providers in child care centers. Families who use family home child care as an alternative to large child care centers are exposed to a low and unpredictable risk of CMV infection.
ELECTRON IMPACT IONIZATION OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN AND ATOMIC OXYGEN

Total cross sections for the ionization of atomic oxygen and hydrogen were measured by a modulated molecular beam technique. The impact energies were 100 to 500 ev for oxygen and 100 to 750 ev for hydrogen. The number of ions formed in a region defined by the intersection of an electron beam and a modulated molecular beam was compared with the number formed when the neutral beam was partially dissociated. All ions were collected, including those energetic ions formed in dissociative ionization. The degree of dissociation was measured with a mass spectrometer. From the data, the ratio of the atomic to the molecular ionization cross sections were obtained. The absolute atomic values were calculated by multiplying these ratios by molecular ionization cross sections determined by others. The results are compared with theoretical estimates and previous experimental determinations. (auth)
Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: model studies

Model tangles, 13 amino acid sequences and 17 amino acid sequences (NF-M13, NF-M17) have been synthesized and phosphorylated. Circular dichroism studies of their interaction with Ca2+ and Al3+ have demonstrated the formation of β-pleated sheets. The Ca2+ effect can be reversed with citric acid. By the study of synthetic mutants, it has been shown that Al3+ binds to COO-, OH of Ser and the PO3H of SerPO3H. The β-sheet formation caused by Al3+ can be reversed by silicates. βA4 was converted to β-sheets by Al3+, which was also reversed by the addition of silicates. It was suggested that silicates be considered for therapeutic use to delay the onset of plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease.
Clinicoradiological correlation of scoliosis in children with Jarcho-Levin and Escobar syndromes: associated "flat bone or wing-like" imaging findings.

Congenital or early onset scoliosis may be the lead clinical feature in several rare syndromes. In this paper, we present the imaging findings in two children with early onset scoliosis related to the Jarcho-Levin and Escobar syndromes and an osseous plate or wing-like bar extending along the posterior elements of the spine on computed tomography. The clinical phenotypes in these syndromes are variable. A thorough clinical evaluation with imaging correlation is essential. The recognition of underlying spinal anomalies is essential in planning treatment and estimating prognosis. In young children with progressive scoliosis, cross-sectional imaging plays a major role in the diagnostic work-up. Conclusion: Congenital scoliosis requires a comprehensive clinical evaluation and imaging work-up. The presence of an osseous plate or wing-like fusion of posterior elements of the spine may suggest the diagnosis of Jarcho-Levin and Escobar syndromes.
Pharmacodynamics of inotropic and chronotropic responses to oral therapy with propranolol. Studies in normal subjects and patients with angina.

The course over time of the negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of oral therapy with propranolol at two dosages (80 and 160 mg daily) was studied in six normal subjects. The changes in total electromechanical systole, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, and blood pressure due to administration of isoproterenol were used to measure inotropic blockade, while the change in heart rate was used to measure chronotropic blockade. With each dose, chronotropic blockade was still present (more than 50 percent) at 24 hours after infusion of isoproterenol (P
GPS & GLONASS Current Bibliography

his quick bibliography is a compilation of recently (1998 onward) published peer-reviewed articles describing original research with citations that may be of interest to other investigators working in any of the GPS & GLONASS fields. Journal titles are abbreviated following the nomenclature adopted by their respective editors. Titles of new books (•) and conference proceedings (•) that include a significant number of chapters and/or articles dealing with GPS and GLONASS are also listed in this bibliography. Articles, primarily appearing in trade journals, containing interspersed advertisements are only identified by their first page number followed by the symbol +. Contributions with more than five authors will be referenced under the first author name and the extension et al. Acker, Y. et al. 1998. Virgo GPS network: Survey and data processing, Boll. Geod. Sci. Affini, 57(4), 385-404. Al-Gaadi, K.A. and P.D. Ayers. 1998. Assembling real-time DGPS—Testing and investigating factors that affect its accuracy, Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 14(6), 659-665. Anzidei, M. et al. 1998. Utilizzo della rete GPS IGM95 per lo studio delle deformazioni cosismiche dei terremoti umbro-marchigiani del 26 settembre 1997, Boll Geod. Sci. Affini, 57(3), 325-336. Anzidei, M. and A. Galvani. 1999. Monitoring the Alban Hills (Rome, central Italy) volcanic complex by GPS, Boll. Geod. Sci. Affini, 58(1), 1-15. Asher, M.S. 1998. Proposed improvements in precise GPS attitude determination using predetect data, gyro data, and redundant antennas, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 100(1), 367-376.
Common sense gun policy reforms for the United States

In the aftermath of the tragic mass shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, on 14 December—where 20 young children and seven adults, including the perpetrator, were killed—there seems to be a new-found willingness among policy makers and the public to consider common sense gun policy reforms. This is a debate that until now has been conspicuously absent in the United States. Although mass shootings have increased in recent years, the resultant deaths are just the tip of the iceberg. Guns are used to kill about about 86 people in the US each day, and the US has long been an outlier among high income countries in its firearm death rate. This difference is most starkly illustrated by the homicide rate in the US, which is seven times higher than that of 22 other high income nations. The high rate of homicides in the US is driven by a firearm homicide rate that is 20 times higher than in other countries.... Language: en
El Retorno de los Capitales Privados a América Latina en la Década de los Noventa

After a decade of almost complete financial isolation from world private capital markets, Latin America became an effective magnet for private capital in the 1990s. Capital returned to the region in many different forms, but foreign direct investment and
Virus dynamics in the presence of synaptic transmission.

Abstract Traditionally, virus dynamics models consider populations of infected and target cells, and a population of free virus that can infect susceptible cells. In recent years, however, it has become. clear that direct cell-to-cell transmission can also play an important role for the in vivo spread of viruses, especially retroviruses such as human T lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Such cell-to-cell transmission is thought to occur through the formation of virological synapses that are formed between an infected source cell and a susceptible target cell. Here we formulate and analyze a class of virus dynamics models that include such cell–cell synaptic transmission. We explore different “strategies” of the virus defined by the number of viruses passed per synapse, and determine how the choice of strategy influences the basic reproductive ratio, R 0 , of the virus and thus its ability to establish a persistent infection. We show that depending on specific assumptions about the viral kinetics, strategies with low or intermediate numbers of viruses transferred may correspond to the highest values of R 0 . We also explore the evolutionary competition of viruses of different strains, which differ by their synaptic strategy, and show that viruses characterized by synaptic strategies with the highest R 0 win the evolutionary competition and exclude other, inferior, strains.
Mechanochemical synthesis of metallic Ag2F and application to Ag3MoO3F3 based nanocomposites for lithium batteries

Abstract Metallic Ag2F phase has been successfully synthesized through the mechanochemical reaction of Ag and AgF. Its unique metallic character leads to a good electronic conductivity of 7.89 × 10−2 S cm−1. The efficacy of silver molybdenum oxyfluoride (SMOF) composites consisting of various conducting matrices (carbon black, Ag2F and Ag) for lithium battery was investigated through discharge rate studies. Results indicate that Ag2F phase can be utilized as an alternative conductive additive with a high density.
Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Types 304L/316L/316NG Stainless Steel in 288°C Water

Abstract The objective of this study is to identity the causes of intergranular environmentally assisted cracking in non-chromium-depleted stainless steels, a phenomenon that has been observed under irradiated and unirradiated conditions. Special emphasis is placed on quantifying the possible effects of sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen relative to the effects of chromium depletion and aqueous impurities in altering both the crack-growth rate and cracking morphology in 288°C water. Eleven custom and three commercial heats have been examined, including several containing exceptionally high sulfur levels. Slow strain rate (SSR) tests on smooth, cylindrical specimens and fracture mechanics, crack-growth rate tests on 1-T compact-type (CT) specimens were performed in 288°C water. The resulting cracking morphology and crack-growth rate data were interpreted using grain-boundary characterization data obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy and analytical electron microscopy. In both SSR and CT tests, the amount ...
Regional growth estimates of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua: Applications of the maximum likelihood GROTAG model to tagging data in the Gulf of Maine (USA/Canada) region

Abstract The maximum likelihood GROTAG model was applied to mark-recapture data collected by the region-wide, collaborative ‘Northeast Regional Cod Tagging Program’ to provide new, supplementary growth estimates for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, in the Gulf of Maine (USA/Canada) region. The dataset (114,467 releases and 6334 recaptures) were filtered for quality, resulting in 3675 growth records which were categorized into stock management areas (5Y, 5Z and 4X) and fine-scale general areas (Inshore Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, Cape Cod and the Bay of Fundy). Growth seasonality was detected and region-wide, growth peaked during July. The overall regional von Bertalanffy estimate for cod was L∞ = 135.3 cm and K = 0.17, however statistically significant variation was found between management areas and between general areas throughout the study region. The fastest growth (K = 0.31) and smallest asymptotic size (L∞ = 105.7) were found for 5Z cod, while cod in 5Y showed slower growth (K = 0.13) but a larger asymptotic size (L∞ = 151.3); estimates for the Canadian management area 4X (L∞ = 117.5, K = 0.22) were most similar to the 5Z estimates. Least squares analysis of length-at-age data yielded comparable results. The Inshore Gulf of Maine estimate (L∞ = 154.5, K = 0.13) was highly consistent with that for management area 5Y; similarly, the Georges Bank estimate (L∞ = 104.1, K = 0.26) supported the 5Z estimate. However, more variability was seen in estimates for the Bay of Fundy (L∞ = 134.2, K = 0.16) and Cape Cod (L∞ = 173.5, K = 0.13). The differing growth rates between regions are thought to be influenced by cod movement patterns, GROTAG methodology and the number and size–structure of fish sampled in each region.
Structure and magnetotransport properties of epitaxial nanocomposite La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:SrTiO3 thin films grown by a chemical solution approach

Epitaxial La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:SrTiO3 (LCMO:STO) composite thin films have been grown on single crystal LaAlO3(001) substrates by a cost effective polymer-assisted deposition method. Both x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirm the growth of epitaxial films with an epitaxial relationship between the films and the substrates as (002)film||(002)sub and [202]film||[202]sub. The transport property measurement shows that the STO phase significantly increases the resistivity and enhances the magnetoresistance (MR) effect of LCMO and moves the metal-insulator transition to lower temperatures. For example, the MR values measured at magnetic fields of 0 and 3 T are −44.6% at 255 K for LCMO, −94.2% at 125 K for LCMO:3% STO, and −99.4% at 100 K for LCMO:5% STO, respectively.
Supraspinal facilitation of cutaneous polysynaptic EPSPs in cat medial gastrocnemius motoneurons

We examined the characteristics of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) produced in antidromically-identified medical gastrocnemius (MG) alpha-motoneurons by electrical stimulation of low threshold (less than 3 x T) distal limb cutaneous afferents in the sural (SUR) nerve in adult cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, together with the effects of SUR PSPs of supraspinal conditioning stimulation of the contralateral red nucleus (RN) and pyramidal tract (PT). In the majority of MG motoneurons, SUR afferents with electrical thresholds less than 1.5 x T produced early excitatory synaptic potentials (EPSPs) with minimum central latency of about 2.0 ms, suggesting activation of a trisynaptic segmental pathway with two interposed interneurons. Such early EPSPs were often detectable with stimuli less than 1.2 x T, as determined by recording the compound action potential in the sciatic nerve and from the first appearance of the N1 wave of the cord dorsum potential. Inhibitory synaptic potentials (IPSPs) were regularly produced by SUR volleys of only slightly greater strength (often as low as 1.3 x T) and these had minimum central latencies of about 3.0 ms (about 1.0 ms longer than the earliest EPSPs), suggesting a three interneuron central pathway. Repetitive stimulation of RN and PT regularly produced facilitation of both EPSP and IPSP components in the SUR response, suggesting that these supraspinal systems directly or indirectly excite some of the same interneurons that convey the SUR effects to MG motoneurons. When using very low strength SUR stimuli, PT conditioning produced relatively pure facilitation of the SUR EPSPs but with larger SUr volleys, PT clearly facilitated both EPSPs and IPSPs. RN conditioning produced more parallel facilitation of SUR EPSPs and IPSPs. Supraspinal control of the polysynaptic pathway producing SUR EPSPs is of particular interest because of earlier evidence that this pathway is differentially distributed to motoneurons of fast twitch versus slow twitch MG motor units.
Grain boundary energy function for fcc metals

Abstract Anisotropy of interfacial energy is the principal driving force for thermally driven microstructure evolution, yet its origins remain uncertain and a quantitative description lacking. We present and justify a concise hypothesis on the topography of the functional space of interface energies and, based on this hypothesis, construct a closed-form function that quantitatively describes energy variations in the 5-space of macroscopic parameters defining grain boundary geometry. The new function is found to be universal for the crystallography class of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals.
Measures of the environmental footprint of the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle

Abstract Previous estimates of environmental impacts associated with the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle (FEFC) have focused primarily on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. Results have varied widely. This work builds upon reports from operating facilities and other primary data sources to build a database of front end environmental impacts. This work also addresses land transformation and water withdrawals associated with the processes of the FEFC. These processes include uranium extraction, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, depleted uranium disposition, and transportation. To allow summing the impacts across processes, all impacts were normalized per tonne of natural uranium mined as well as per MWh(e) of electricity produced, a more conventional unit for measuring environmental impacts that facilitates comparison with other studies. This conversion was based on mass balances and process efficiencies associated with the current once-through LWR fuel cycle. Total energy input is calculated at 8.7 × 10 − 3 GJ(e)/MWh(e) of electricity and 5.9 × 10 − 3 GJ(t)/MWh(e) of thermal energy. It is dominated by the energy required for uranium extraction, conversion to fluoride compound for subsequent enrichment, and enrichment. An estimate of the carbon footprint is made from the direct energy consumption at 1.7 kg CO 2 /MWh(e). Water use is likewise dominated by requirements of uranium extraction, totaling 154 L/MWh(e). Land use is calculated at 8 × 10 − 3 m 2 /MWh(e), over 90% of which is due to uranium extraction. Quantified impacts are limited to those resulting from activities performed within the FEFC process facilities (i.e. within the plant gates). Energy embodied in material inputs such as process chemicals and fuel cladding is identified but not explicitly quantified in this study. Inclusion of indirect energy associated with embodied energy as well as construction and decommissioning of facilities could increase the FEFC energy intensity estimate by a factor of up to 2.
The effects of the external debts of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and the Philippines on the United States

The external debts of developing countries have become a major issue recently, prompting debate among both academicians and policy markers. In this paper, the author describes the origins and history of debt problem, summarizes proposals for policies for creditor nations, and estimates the effects of debt-related austerity in five major debtor nations on US imports, exports, net exports, and output in 1985. He concludes that debt-related austerity was responsible for 11.0% of the US merchandise trade deficit in that year, caused decreases in US net trade in 40 to 61 non-service industries studied and decreases in output in 46 industries, and caused a decrease of 0.5% in GNP. Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. William Shakespeare (Hamlet, I. iii. 75)
Rupture of the radial collateral ligament of the index metacarpophalangeal joint: diagnosis and surgical treatment.

Purpose To report the diagnosis and results of 12 surgically treated cases of isolated radial collateral ligament (RCL) tears of the index finger (IF) metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Methods Between 1996 and 2002, there were 12 patients who were diagnosed with a tear of the index RCL based on clinical evaluation, had surgical treatment, and were followed up for a minimum of 23 months. All 12 patients sustained complete, full-thickness tears. Three patients chose immediate surgical treatment, and 9 patients failed an initial trial of conservative treatment. Surgical repair was performed because of pain, swelling, tenderness, and instability, and a suture anchor was used in all repairs. Intraoperative findings correlated with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging regarding to the site of the tear and the presence of associated injuries. Range of motion, grip strength, and lateral pinch strength were recorded. Patients were questioned regarding satisfaction with their treatment and with their ability to return to work and/or sporting activities. Results The RCL was avulsed more commonly from the metacarpal (7 patients) than from the proximal phalanx (5 patients). There were no midsubstance tears. All patients reported resolution of pain, ability to return to activities of daily living or sporting activities, and satisfaction with treatment. The mean IF MCP joint arc of motion was 80°, with a mean extension and flexion of 0° and 80°, respectively. There was no extensor lag and no laxity to stress in any of the repaired ligaments. The mean grip strength expressed as a percentage of the injured/noninjured side was 111%. The mean lateral pinch expressed as a percentage of the injured/noninjured side was 112%. Conclusions On the basis of this study, IF RCL ruptures can be treated successfully with surgical repair. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Design and evaluation of grammar checkers in multiple languages

This paper describes issues involved in the development of a grammar checker in multiple languages at Microsoft Corporation. Focus is on design (selecting and prioritizing error identification rules) and evaluation (determining product quality).
Medoids in fuzzy computation

The median has long been known as a measure more robust than the arithmetic mean as a stable estimator insensitive to problems such as outliers or extreme values. This paper suggests the application of median-related measures to fuzzy computation, especially in defuzzification and in combining fuzzy membership degrees.
Alterations of Regional Myocardial Function in a Swine Model of Myocardial Infarction Assessed by Echocardiographic 2-Dimensional Strain Imaging

Background Tissue Doppler strain and strain rate imaging have been introduced for quantitative assessment of regional myocardial function. These techniques are largely limited to the evaluation of overall longitudinal myocardial function. This study attempted to apply radial strain, circumferential strain, radial displacement, and strain-based torsion analysis to differentiating the infarct, adjacent, and remote zones in a swine model of myocardial infarction. Methods Seven pigs, body weight 24 to 26 kg, were subjected to myocardial infarction by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and followed up for 8 weeks. Regional radial and circumferential deformations were quantified noninvasively by ultrasonic strain rate imaging before LAD occlusion, LAD occlusion immediately, and 4, 6, and 8 weeks after LAD occlusion. Strain-based left ventricular torsion was assessed at the same time points. Results Both radial and circumferential strains, and torsion, were decreased significantly in the LAD territory areas as a result of myocardial ischemia and infarction. There were no significant changes in radial and circumferential strains, or torsion, in the areas of adjacent and remote zones over time. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that speckle-tracking strain imaging may be suitable for noninvasive quantification of left ventricular segmental function of ischemic heart disease.
On the approximation of trajectories and its applications to control systems optimization problems

Abstract : The problem of obtaining best approximate realization of a given trajectory by the system trajectory has been considered. In general this problem cannot be solved exactly and various upper bounds on the error are derived in the paper. In the case called independent control case each component of state variables can be controlled independently. Therefore, the proble becomes one-dimensional, and certai cases are shown to be solved exactly by utilizing certain graphical techniques and min-max theorems. ( uthor)
Parallelizing constraint programs transparently

The availability of commodity multi-core andmulti-processor machines and the inherent parallelism inconstraint programming search offer significant opportunities for constraint programming. They also present a fundamental challenge: how to exploit parallelism transparently to speed up constraint programs. This paper shows how to parallelize constraint programs transparently without changes to the code. The main technical idea consists of automatically lifting a sequential exploration strategy into its parallel counterpart, allowing workers to share and steal subproblems. Experimental results showthat the parallel implementationmay produces significant speedups on multi-core machines.
Mixed-Lineage Kinase 3 Deficiency Promotes Neointima Formation Through Increased Activation of the RhoA Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Objective— Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways play an important role in neointima formation secondary to vascular injury, in part by promoting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that activates multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and has been implicated in regulating proliferation in several cell types. However, the role of MLK3 in VSMC proliferation and neointima formation is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the function of MLK3 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Approach and Results— Neointima formation was analyzed after endothelial denudation of carotid arteries from wild-type and MLK3-deficient mice. MLK3 deficiency promoted injury-induced neointima formation and increased proliferation of primary VSMC derived from aortas isolated from MLK3-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, MLK3 deficiency increased the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RhoA, and Rho kinase in VSMC, a pathway known to promote neointimal hyperplasia, and reconstitution of MLK3 expression attenuated Rho kinase activation. Furthermore, cJun NH 2 -terminal kinase activation was decreased in MLK3-deficient VSMC, and proliferation of wild-type but not MLK3 knockout cells treated with a cJun NH 2 -terminal kinase inhibitor was attenuated. Conclusions— We demonstrate that MLK3 limits RhoA activation and injury-induced neointima formation by binding to and inhibiting the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, a RhoA activator. In MLK3-deficient cells, activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor proceeds in an unchecked manner, leading to a net increase in RhoA pathway activation. Reconstitution of MLK3 expression restores MLK3/p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction, which is attenuated by feedback from activated cJun NH 2 -terminal kinase.
Limitations of Fibrinogen-Polymyxin Medium in Detecting Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci in Raw Milk

A fibrinogen-polymyxin medium and Staphylococcus Medium 110 were used in the isolation of coagulase-positive staphylococci in raw milk. Results indicated that both media allow the growth of some rods and of many coagulase-negative cocci. A significantly greater number of coagulase-positive staphylococci were identified by the tube test than were revealed by halo formation on fibrinogen-polymyxin medium.
Schooling for Newcomers: Variation in Educational Persistence in the Northern United States in 1920

Early in the 20th century, high rates of international migration from Europe and an increasing number of migrants from the South were rapidly changing the composition of cities in the northern United States. Within this dynamic environment, families faced a more complex set of decisions for the preferred economic roles of their members. For adolescents, families chose between the immediate economic rewards of sending them into the workforce and deferring benefits by extending their educational careers. This article uses the 1920 Public Use Microdata Sample to examine racial and ethnic variation in school enrollment for adolescents aged 14 to 18. It proposes a conceptual model that uses a variety of social, economic, and cultural forces to anticipate differences in schooling between international immigrants and domestic migrants, as well as across generations of both groups. The statistical analyses reveal large racial and ethnic differences in schooling for both boys and girls. The most surprising finding is for second-generation black female migrants from the South, who were significantly more likely than were all other groups of female adolescents to be enrolled in school. The authors speculate that this result is due to a combination of "immigrant optimism" and restricted employment opportunities for second-generation black female migrants in the North.
Effect of growth and compositional traits on first parity and lifetime reproductive performance in U.S. Landrace sows

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of growth and compositional traits on first parity and lifetime reproductive performance of purebred Landrace females. Females with reproductive performance and growth/compositional records were obtained from the National Swine Registry. Using the raw data, adjusted backfat (BF), loin muscle area (LMA), and days to 113.4 kg (DAYS) were calculated. Females were grouped into six categories based on the standard deviation of each adjusted growth and compositional trait. Information calculated from raw reproductive data included: first farrowing age, sow longevity, maximum number of parities (MPP), adjusted first parity number of pigs born alive, weaned, and 21-day litter weight, adjusted lifetime number of pigs born alive, weaned, and pounds of pigs weaned. Sows within the lowest BF group had fewer (Pb0.05) lifetime number of piglets born alive compared to sows in other BF groups. Sows in the fattest (N 2.49 cm) BF group had more (Pb0.05) LNBA than sows in the BF group IV (1.70–2.11 cm fat) and group V (2.12–2.49 cm fat). The fattest group averaged a greater maximum number of parities (Pb0.05) when compared to the other five backfat groups. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Chronic ethanol consumption impairs receptor-mediated endocytosis of MAA-modified albumin by liver endothelial cells.

Abstract Alcoholic liver disease has been associated with abnormalities in receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) which results in abnormal degradation of metabolically altered proteins. Model systems using formaldehyde-modified albumin (f-Alb) have shown an impairment in RME following chronic alcohol consumption utilizing both in situ perfused rat livers and isolated rat liver endothelial cells (LECs). The discovery that alcohol metabolite derived aldehydes can modify proteins prompted a study to determine if malondialdehyde–acetaldehyde-modified albumin (MAA-Alb) would be degraded similar to that reported for f-Alb, and whether ethanol-fed rats would demonstrate an impaired RME with respect to this ligand which occurs as a consequence of chronic ethanol consumption. MAA-Alb was degraded slightly more than f-Alb in both in situ perfused livers and at the single cell level. This degradation was completely inhibited with 100× unlabeled f-Alb, which suggests the use of a similar receptor. Following alcohol consumption there was a 50–60% decrease in MAA-Alb degradation in whole livers and isolated LECs. Utilizing isolated LECs it was determined that impairment in internalization was the most likely mechanism for the decrease in the amount of MAA-Alb that was degraded. These data show that chronic alcohol consumption by rats does in fact impair RME of alcohol metabolite-derived adducted proteins, and this impairment is due to a defect in the post-internalization step rather than the binding or degradation of the modified protein.
A framework for constraint-based development and autonomic management of distributed applications

We propose a framework for the deployment and subsequent autonomic management of component-based distributed applications. An initial deployment goal is specified using a declarative constraint language, expressing constraints over aspects such as component-host mappings and component interconnection topology. A constraint solver is used to find a configuration that satisfies the goal, and the configuration is deployed automatically. The deployed application is instrumented to allow subsequent autonomic management. If, during execution, the manager detects that the original goal is no longer being met, the satisfy/deploy process can be repeated automatically in order to generate a revised deployment that does meet the goal.
Spatial Structure and Population Extinction: A Study with Drosophila Flies

: The total amount of habitat and also its distribution and subdivision affect the extinction probability of a resident population Two species of Drosophila are studied in spatial configurations of a single large habitat patch, single small habitat patches, and two small but connected habitat patches in which a low rate of migration, roughly one fly per generation, is possible. The single large habitat patch shows the lowest extinction rate lower than the combined rate of two small patches of the same total size. For one of the species, the “corridor” between the pair of small patches seems to produce a “rescue effect” that lowers extinction rates, probably due to a decrease in the coefficient of variation in fluctuations of the population sire in this coupled system. The systems seem to have been influenced by demographic stochasticity, based on the relationship of population size to extinction probability. Resumen: La cantidad total de habitat como, asi mismo, su distribucion y subdivision afectan la probabilidad de extincion de una poblacion residente de Drosophila Dos especies son estudiadas en configuraciones espaciales: en un area continuo grande de habitat en areas independientes pequenas de habitat y en dos areas pequenas pero conectadas en donde existe la posibilidad de una baja tasa de migracion de aproximadamente una mosca por generacion. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el indice mas bajo de extincion en el area mas grande, menos aun que la tasa de extincion combinado de dos areas independientes pero del mismo tamano total Para una de las especies estudiadas, el “corredor” entre un par de areas pequenas parece surtir un efecto de “rescate” reduciendo los indice de extincion en estas, probablemente debido a la reduccion del coeficiente de variacion de la fluctuacion de sus tamanos poblacionales. Las sistemas parecen baber sidos influenciados por condiciones demograficas estocaisticas basadas en la relacion entre el tamano poblacional y las probabilidades de extincion.
Individual Responses to Job Loss: Empirical Findings from Two Field Studies

This research examined the responses and coping strategies that laid-off employees use to deal with job loss. Data were gathered from two samples: (1) 198 former industrial workers who lost their jobs through a plant closing, and (2) 163 managerial, clerical, and technical employees who lost their jobs after the space-shuttle Challenger disaster. Financial distress and attachment to the previous job were the strongest predictors of negative reactions to job loss. In general, the findings regarding coping strategies, e.g., job search and retraining, were mixed: some coping strategies were positively related to reemployment although there were no strong predictors of individual use of such strategies. For both samples, there were no consistent findings concerning the effects of company assistance programs or the length of time spent out of work. The implications of these results for future research, theory, and practice are discussed.