cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water‐Soluble Fluorescent Boronic Acid Compounds for Saccharide Sensing: Substituent Effects on Their Fluorescence Properties

Four new naphthalene-based boronic acid compounds (1-4) were synthesized. The effect of various carbohydrates on their fluorescence properties has been studied in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Different substitutions on the aniline group of the naphthalene ring resulted in significant differences in fluorescence properties for these four compounds. Compound 1 shows ratiometric fluorescence changes upon addition of a sugar. Compounds 2 and 3 do not show ratiometric fluorescence changes but show very large fluorescence intensity changes (about 70-fold fluorescence intensity increase). In addition to the quantifiable fluorescence property changes upon sugar addition, the fluorescence color changes of 1-3 are also visible to the naked eye. However, amidation of the aniline nitrogen atom significantly diminishes the fluorescence intensity of compound 4. The crystal structure of one boronic acid provided some insight into the structural features that are important for the fluorescence properties of these compounds.
Interactions between xenon and phospholipid bicelles studied by 2H/129Xe/131Xe NMR and optical pumping of nuclear spins

Abstract The interactions between xenon and DMPC/DHPC bicelles ( q = 3.5%, 7.5% w/v) were studied via 2 H, 129 Xe, 131 Xe, and optically enhanced 129 Xe NMR. The chemical shifts, linewidths, and quadrupolar couplings of the xenon/bicelle NMR signals were correlated with different regions of the bicellar phase diagram. The addition of xenon ( 129 Xe T 1 values of ∼120 s, long enough to permit a variety of planned experiments.
Preparation and Characterization of Macroporous α‐Alumina

α-Al2O3 powders with three-dimensionally ordered or randomly positioned macropores were synthesized by templating with poly(methyl methacrylate) colloidal crystals. Aluminum nitrate was precipitated with ammonium hydroxide within the interstices of the template; calcination removed the polymer and converted the inorganic precursors into a macroporous skeleton of α-Al2O3. Subsequent calcination at higher temperatures and hot stage transmission electron microscopy experiments were performed to study sintering effects on the product morphology. These materials combine the thermal and chemical stability of corundum with a very open structure of uniform macropores that can permit facile transport of guest molecules in potential catalysis, filtration, and sensing applications.
Active Aerodynamic Control of Multi-Stage Axial Compressor Instability and Surge by Dynamically Adjusting the Stator Blades

A method of active aerodynamic control and prevention of axial compressor instability and surge is presented. The method is based on dynamically adjusting the stator blades to the compressor interstage unsteady aerodynamics. While concentrating on the active aerodynamic control and prevention of stall, it does not deal with control specific procedures and algorithms. Using a row-by-row dynamic prediction procedure, the dynamic state of the compressor is determined by the blade flow deflection, which is represented by a time dependent modified diffusion factor. For the case that an adverse dynamic operation condition causes the diffusion factor to exceed certain thresholds, the stator blades are adjusted by changing their stagger angle, thus shifting the surge limit beyond its design point. As a result, the compressor can operate at much lower mass flow rates than the steady state performance map allows. The active aerodynamic control method is applied to a single-spool, two shaft power generation gas turbine engine with a multistage compressor. Two complete dynamic engine simulation computations are performed. In the course of the first simulation, the stator-row stagger angles are kept at their design point and the compressor is forced into an unstable operating mode. In the second simulation, under the same adverse engine operation conditions, the stator blade rows are dynamically adjusted thus preventing the inception of instability and surge.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Strain state of bismuth zinc niobate pyrochlore thin films

The anisotropic strain of bismuth zinc niobate (BZN) cubic pyrochlore thin films deposited on Si, sapphire, MgO, and Vycor glass substrates is characterized through four circle X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Based on the X-ray measurements, it is found that all the films exhibit a hydrostatic compressive strain component with those on MgO substrate exhibiting the highest compressive strain component (0.4%). The effect of the compressive state on the local environment for the ions was investigated through Raman spectroscopy. The observed shifts in the peak position for Raman-active modes are consistent with the measured strain states and correlate well with previously reported dielectric properties for BZN films on MgO, Si, and sapphire.
Resist materials design: base-catalyzed chemical amplification

Many chemically amplified resists that function on the basis of acid catalysis of thermolytic reactions have been described as well as systems that function on the basis of free radical chain reactions. But there have been very few reports on the use of base catalysis of chemical transformations in resist materials. We describe here our initial results on base catalyzed chemically amplified deep-UV photoresists. Photogenerated amines were used as catalysts for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids. Two approaches to building resists around this chemistry were investigated. (1) Decarboxylation of a low molecular weight carboxylic acid led to base induced dissolution inhibition of a phenolic polymer giving negative tone images. (2) A carboxylic acid polymer was synthesized which also is susceptible towards base catalyzed decarboxylation. Wet development of this resist material gives negative tone images. Site specific gas-phase silylation of the carboxylic acid allows the use of this material in a positive tone dry develop process. A 0.5 micrometers line-space pattern obtained by this dry develop process illustrates the potential of base-catalyzed chemical amplification.
Probabilistic range queries in moving objects databases with uncertainty

This work addresses the issue of answering spatio-temporal range queries when there is uncertainty associated with the model of the moving objects. Uncertainty is inherent in Moving Objects Database (MOD) applications and capturing it in the data model has a twofold impact: -- the number of updates when the actual trajectory deviates from its MOD representation; -- the linguistic constructs and the processing algorithms for querying the MOD. The paper presents both spatial and temporal uncertainty aspects, which are combined into one model of uncertain trajectories. Given the model, the methodology is presented which enables processing of queries such as: "What is the probability that a given moving object was/will be inside a given region sometimes/always during a given time interval?" where the regions are bounded by arbitrary 2D polygons.
Superspace analysis of local Lorentz and gauge anomalies in the heterotic string theory

Abstract Local Lorentz and gauge anomalies in the sigma model describing the propagation of the heterotic string in an arbitrary background field are discussed in the superspace formulation. An expression for these anomalies is written down in terms of the superfields, and is shown to cancel against an anomalous variation of the antisymmetric tensor field. World-sheet supersymmetry is manifest throughout this analysis.
Trisomy D in a cyclops

Summary A case of cyclopia is presented in which the chromosomal complement was found to be that of a trisomy D 1 . The literature was reviewed and it is felt that cyclopia is not caused by any one specific chromosomal defect, but rather may be associated with various chromosome defects or environmental factors.
The suffering Sewards

A letter written by Frances Seward vividly describes her experience and that of her famous husband with tooth transplantation, a technic which the dental profession pioneered more than 200 years ago. An interesting picture of the dental care available in 19th century New York state emerges from this recently discovered letter.
Recurrent Exposure to Subclinical Lipopolysaccharide Increases Mortality and Induces Cardiac Fibrosis in Mice

Background Circulating subclinical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) occurs in health and disease. Ingesting high fatty meals increases LPS that cause metabolic endotoxemia. Subclinical LPS in periodontal disease may impair endothelial function. The heart may be targeted as cardiac cells express TLR4, the LPS receptor. It was hypothesized that recurrent exposure to subclinical LPS increases mortality and causes cardiac fibrosis.
Instruction and course content in sex knowledge and attitudes and internal locus of control

Scores of 297 college students from 3 different courses taught by different instructors on Lief and Reed's Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test and Levenson's Locus of Control test at Weeks 1 and 15 did not change significantly on Levenson's subscales but attitudes of students in the sexuality class changed on masturbation, abortion, and heterosexual relations. No change in knowledge was noted.
Decomposition theory of chemical reactions

The coupled channel formulation is utilized to variationally derive approximate closed‐form expressions for reactive transition matrices. In conjunction with this effort it is shown that the effect of differing choices of possible channel coupling arrays becomes important when incomplete channel basis sets are used. Generalized techniques are employed to derive the necessary variational principles. The inherent coupling of the Green’s functions in the resulting expression for the transition matrix makes inclusion of continuum states in the basis sets less crucial. The practical viability of this formulation as a computational scheme for chemical systems is discussed.
A multiphase mixture model for multiphase, multicomponent transport in capillary porous media—II. Numerical simulation of the transport of organic compounds in the subsurface

Abstract A newly developed multiphase mixture model is applied to numerically investigate infiltration and transport of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the unsaturated subsurface. Simultaneous flows of liquid and gas phases, solutal convection and the associated organic vapor transport in the gas phase are accounted for in the numerical model. It is shown that the numerical modeling of complex and interactive transport processes in multiphase, multicomponent systems can become computationally less intensive if based on this new model. The numerical results for three common contaminants reveal that the two-phase zone resulting from a NAPL spill is generally characterized by two distinct regions: an elongated pancake-shaped lens of high NAPL saturation which floats over the water table, and the area above it at lower saturation which was previously swept by the NAPL infiltration front. These predicted features are consistent with previous experimental observations for lighter than water NAPLs. It is also found that the vapor phase transport responsible for large-scale contamination is mainly caused by the displacement flow occurring during NAPL infiltration. In comparison, the density-driven flow due to evaporation of heavier organic chemicals is less important for systems with mobile NAPLs. Finally, several areas where future research is needed are discussed.
Fostering Students' Global Awareness: Technology Applications in Social Studies Teaching and Learning

Global education is essential to students’ development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for future employment and for building successful relationships in an increasingly interconnected and pluralistic society. Incorporation of technology in meaningful and authentic learning experiences with students in the classroom as supported by the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) framework allows teachers to foster students’ understandings of the interrelationships of peoples worldwide, thereby preparing them to participate meaningfully as global citizens. An overview of web-based organizations that foster global awareness and a description of professional development opportunities in global education are provided. “Children in this country must be provided an education that more than adequately prepares them for citizenship in the society and world they will soon inherit” (Schukar, 1993, p. 57).
A wireless IC for time-share chemical and electrical neural recording

A 1.1-mW 4-channel integrated circuit for wireless time-share monitoring of chemical and electrical neural activity in the brain is described. The chip architecture can be configured to perform neurochemical monitoring using 300-V/s fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and neuroelectrical recording using extracellular electrophysiology. The 5-mm2 IC is fabricated in AMI 0.5 ?m double-poly triple-metal n-well CMOS process and uses a 76-?W, third-order, continuous-time, ?? modulator (CT-??M) per channel that achieves an input-referred noise of 56.7 pArms (dc-5 kHz) and 3.5 ?Vrms (1.1-5 kHz) for chemical and electrical neuromonitoring, respectively. The chip architecture also incorporates monolithic circuitry for generating FSCV and biphasic constant-current stimulus waveforms. The chip has been externally interfaced with carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) implanted acutely in the caudate-putamen of an anesthetized rat, and enables chemically resolved monitoring of electrically evoked dopamine release and its postsynaptic bioelectrical response at the same recording site. The dopamine limit of detection (LOD) corresponding to a signal-to-rms noise ratio of three is estimated to be 16.7 nM based on the measured noise performance of the device and its sensitivity to dopamine determined empirically via flow injection analysis. This detection limit compares favorably with the amplitude of phasic dopamine transients that varies in the range of 40 nM-1 ?M.
Reverse-Body Biasing for Radiation-Hard by Design Logic Gates

Different radiation hardening by design techniques for mitigating total ionizing dose (TID) effects in NMOS transistors are presented. NMOS annular layout transistors are compared to two-edge and hardened by reverse-body bias (RBB) with respect to CMOS gate area, delay, active and leakage power, and TID hardness. Accelerated testing using Co-60 irradiation of test structures on a 130 nm bulk CMOS process shows that RBB provides smaller devices and allows less chip-level leakage at 1 Mrad(Si) than a design hardened using annular gates has pre-irradiation. Simulations of fanout-of-four (FO4) two-input NAND gates show that RBB provides an energy-delay product (EDP) comparable to conventional two-edge gates. Different annular topologies have EDP 35% to over 350% greater
Designing incentives for peer-to-peer routing

In a peer-to-peer network, nodes are typically required to route packets for each other. This leads to a problem of "free-loaders", nodes that use the network but refuse to route other nodes' packets. In this paper we study ways of designing incentives to discourage free-loading. We model the interactions between nodes as a "random matching game", and describe a simple reputation system that provides incentives for good behavior. Under certain assumptions, we obtain a stable subgame-perfect equilibrium. We use simulations to investigate the robustness of this scheme in the presence of noise and malicious nodes, and we examine some of the design trade-offs. We also evaluate some possible adversarial strategies, and discuss how our results might apply to real peer-to-peer systems.
Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents—A critical review

Arsenic's history in science, medicine and technology has been overshadowed by its notoriety as a poison in homicides. Arsenic is viewed as being synonymous with toxicity. Dangerous arsenic concentrations in natural waters is now a worldwide problem and often referred to as a 20th-21st century calamity. High arsenic concentrations have been reported recently from the USA, China, Chile, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Mexico, Argentina, Poland, Canada, Hungary, Japan and India. Among 21 countries in different parts of the world affected by groundwater arsenic contamination, the largest population at risk is in Bangladesh followed by West Bengal in India. Existing overviews of arsenic removal include technologies that have traditionally been used (oxidation, precipitation/coagulation/membrane separation) with far less attention paid to adsorption. No previous review is available where readers can get an overview of the sorption capacities of both available and developed sorbents used for arsenic remediation together with the traditional remediation methods. We have incorporated most of the valuable available literature on arsenic remediation by adsorption ( approximately 600 references). Existing purification methods for drinking water; wastewater; industrial effluents, and technological solutions for arsenic have been listed. Arsenic sorption by commercially available carbons and other low-cost adsorbents are surveyed and critically reviewed and their sorption efficiencies are compared. Arsenic adsorption behavior in presence of other impurities has been discussed. Some commercially available adsorbents are also surveyed. An extensive table summarizes the sorption capacities of various adsorbents. Some low-cost adsorbents are superior including treated slags, carbons developed from agricultural waste (char carbons and coconut husk carbons), biosorbents (immobilized biomass, orange juice residue), goethite and some commercial adsorbents, which include resins, gels, silica, treated silica tested for arsenic removal come out to be superior. Immobilized biomass adsorbents offered outstanding performances. Desorption of arsenic followed by regeneration of sorbents has been discussed. Strong acids and bases seem to be the best desorbing agents to produce arsenic concentrates. Arsenic concentrate treatment and disposal obtained is briefly addressed. This issue is very important but much less discussed.
Hypertension Status, Treatment, and Control Among Spousal Pairs in a Middle-aged Adult Cohort

Hypertension status among spouses is known to be concordant, but previous studies relied on history rather than direct measurement, and few data exist on treatment and control between spouses. The goal of this study was to estimate the spousal association of hypertension status, treatment, and control in adults. The authors identified and analyzed data on 4,500 pairs from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort, which sampled middle-aged adults and their spouses in 1986–1989, with 3 follow-up visits 3 years apart. Generalized estimating equations were used in logistic regression analyses to calculate the odds ratio of a spouse's being hypertensive on the basis of the other spouse's hypertension status across 4 visits, adjusting for age, race, body mass index, smoking status, and sodium intake in both individuals. There are marginally increased odds of hypertension for spouses married to someone with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.25). Treatment was positively associated between spouses (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.67). Control was suggestive of an association, although it was not statistically significant (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.56). In middle-aged adults, hypertension status and treatment were moderately associated between spouses after controlling for shared environment. Physicians may target hypertension education and prevention to spouses as a pair rather than as 2 separate patients.
A few new (?) facts about infinite elements

We discuss the (conjugated) Bubnov–Galerkin and Petrov–Galerkin infinite element (IE) discretizations to Helmholtz equation including the use of elements of locally variable order, optimal choice of IE shape functions, calculation of Echo Area (EA), and automatic hp-adaptivity. The discussion is illustrated with 2D numerical experiments.
Social Mobility in a Mexican-American Community

An analysis of social mobility of Mexican-Americans in Southern California indicated that the second generation is the most upwardly mobile and measures highest on several indices of socioeconomic status and acculturation compared with immigrants and descendants of Spanish colonial settlers. Upward mobile Mexican-Americans do not shed their ethnic identification significantly, and Catholicism rather than Protestantism is found to be most associated with upward mobility. It is the shedding of lower-class culture rather than ethnicity which is most related with upward mobility.
Cloning and Characterization of a Ninth Member of the UDP-GalNAc:Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase Family, ppGaNTase-T9

We have cloned, expressed and characterized the gene encoding a ninth member of the mammalian UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (ppGaNTase) family, termed ppGaNTase-T9. This type II membrane protein consists of a 9-amino acid N-terminal cytoplasmic region, a 20-amino acid hydrophobic/transmembrane region, a 94-amino acid stem region, and a 480-amino acid conserved region. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene encoding this enzyme is expressed in a broadly distributed manner across many adult tissues. Significant levels of 5- and 4.2-kilobase transcripts were found in rat sublingual gland, testis, small intestine, colon, and ovary, with lesser amounts in heart, brain, spleen, lung, stomach, cervix, and uterus. In situ hybridization to mouse embryos (embryonic day 14.5) revealed significant hybridization in the developing mandible, maxilla, intestine, and mesencephalic ventricle. Constructs expressing this gene transiently in COS7 cells resulted in no detectable transferase activity in vitro against a panel of unmodified peptides, including MUC5AC (GTTPSPVPTTSTTSAP) and EA2 (PTTDSTTPAPTTK). However, when incubated with MUC5AC and EA2 glycopeptides (obtained by the prior action of ppGaNTase-T1), additional incorporation of GalNAc was achieved, resulting in new hydroxyamino acid modification. The activity of this glycopeptide transferase is distinguished from that of ppGaNTase-T7 in that it forms a tetra-glycopeptide species from the MUC5AC tri-glycopeptide substrate, whereas ppGaNTase-T7 forms a hexa-glycopeptide species. This isoform thus represents the second example of a glycopeptide transferase and is distinct from the previously identified form in enzymatic activity as well as expression in embryonic and adult tissues. These findings lend further support to the existence of a hierarchical network of differential enzymatic activity within the diversely regulated ppGaNTase family, which may play a role in the various processes governing development.
Zooplankton Abundance Trends

Figures 7-1 and 7-2 give an overview of temporal abundance patterns in Lake Lanao zooplankton. Figure 7-1 shows how the three major trophic levels respond to major seasonal and nonseasonal variations in abiotic factors.
Demographics of Hawaii Leisure Travel

Tourist arrivals in Hawaii failed to grow during the 1990s, leading to recent strategic planning efforts to promote tourism in the state. These plans often refer to the demographics of target markets. This article measures the impacts of demographic and distance variables on household leisure travel to Hawaii. The results show that location, income, household type, and other demographic variables have large impacts on the probability that a household will travel to Hawaii. The results are based on individual household data from the 1995 American Travel Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are subject to inhibition/inactivation by various chemically diverse agents, which may interact directly or indirectly with either the P450 prosthetic heme or the protein moiety or with both moieties. This inhibition is clinically relevant, as it can block physiological pathways as well as result in therapeutically significant beneficial or adverse effects and clinically relevant drug–drug interactions. Herein, we discuss the various chemical agents and their chemical mechanisms that lead to such reversible, quasi-irreversible, or irreversible inhibition of these enzymes. We note that such inhibition targeted at P450-dependent physiological and/or pathological processes has been ingeniously and effectively harnessed not only in the design and development of clinically relevant therapeutic agents but also of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides.
Social Workers' Knowledge about AIDS: Working with Vulnerable and Oppressed People

This study assessed social workers' differential knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 500 members of the National Association of Social Workers in July 1988. Results show that social workers have the most information regarding transmission of HIV infection and the least information about the effects of HIV on specific subpopulations. Of particular concern was that respondents who stated they had either a personal or professional reason for being knowledgeable about acquired immune deficiency syndrome were no more informed about minority issues than those who did not think they had a personal or professional reason for being knowledgeable.
Human THP-1 Monocytic Leukemic Cells Induced to Undergo Monocytic Differentiation by Bryostatin 1 Are Refractory to Proteasome Inhibitor-induced Apoptosis

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the principal mechanism for the degradation of short-lived proteins in eukaryotic cells. We demonstrated that treatment of THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells with Z-LLL-CHO, a reversible proteasome inhibitor, induced cell death through an apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis in THP-1 cells induced by Z-LLL-CHO involved a cytochrome c-dependent pathway, which included the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and -3, and cleavage of Bcl-2 into a shortened 22-kDa fragment. Induction of apoptosis by protease inhibitor also was detected in U937 and TF-1 leukemia cell lines and cells obtained from acute myelogenous leukemia patients but not in normal human blood monocytes. Treatment of human blood monocytes with Z-LLL-CHO did not induce apoptosis or Bcl-2 cleavage in these cells that rarely proliferate. Interestingly, when THP-1 cells were induced to undergo monocytic differentiation by bryostatin 1, a naturally occurring protein kinase C activator, they were no longer susceptible to apoptosis induced by Z-LLL-CHO. Bryostatin 1-induced differentiation of THP-1 cells was associated with growth arrest, acquisition of adherent capacity, and expression of membrane markers characteristic of blood monocytes. Likewise, differentiated THP-1 cells were refractory to Z-LLL-CHO-induced cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and Bcl-2 cleavage. Resistance to Z-LLL-CHO-induced apoptosis in differentiated THP-1 cells was not due to cell cycle arrest. These findings show that the action of proteasome inhibitors is mediated primarily through a cytochrome c-dependent pathway and induces apoptosis in leukemic cells that are not differentiated.
Overlapping and Distinct Actions of the Neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4/5 on Cultured Dopaminergic and GABAergic Neurons of the Ventral Mesencephalon

The neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) were compared for their effects in promoting the survival and/or regulation of expression of phenotypic markers of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in cultures derived from embryonic rat ventral mesencephalon. Dopaminergic neuron number and phenotypic expression were monitored by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry, and measurement of high-affinity dopamine uptake activity and dopamine content, respectively. High-affinity GABA uptake, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity, and endogenous GABA content were used to detect GABAergic neurons. Seven days of treatment with either BDNF or NT-3 resulted in dose-dependent increases in the number of TH-positive neurons, with maximal responses of 3-fold and 2.3- fold, respectively. Dopamine uptake activity and dopamine content were similarly increased. The effects of BDNF and NT-3 on dopamine uptake activity showed no additivity. NT-4/5 treatment elicited the greatest increase (7-fold) in the number of TH-positive neurons, as well as a 2.6-fold increase in dopamine content. In marked contrast to BDNF or NT- 3, NT-4/5 had no effect on dopamine uptake capacity. BDNF, NT-3, or NT- 4/5 also produced dose-dependent elevations of 2–3-fold in GABA uptake activity. These effects were not additive. GAD activity was increased by BDNF (1.8-fold) and NT-3 (threefold) treatment, but not by NT-4/5, whereas GABA content was increased to a similar extent by all three neurotrophins. NGF had no effect on any of the parameters measured in this study. Northern analyses indicated that the mRNAs encoding TrkB and TrkC, the functional high-affinity receptors for BDNF and NT-4/5, and NT-3, respectively, are expressed in the substantia nigra of adult rat brain, as well as in cultures of developing ventral mesencephalon. Taken together, our results indicate that BDNF and NT-3 have broadly similar effects in promoting the survival and differentiated phenotype of both dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the developing substantia nigra. Although BDNF and NT-4/5 are thought to act through the same high-affinity receptor, TrkB, it is evident that these two neurotrophins have distinct as well as overlapping actions toward mesencephalic dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons.
Longitudinal distribution of ozone and chlorine in the human respiratory tract: simulation of nasal and oral breathing with the single-path diffusion model.

Abstract In the single-path model of the respiratory system, gas transport occurs within a conduit of progressively increasing cross-sectional and surface areas by a combination of flow, longitudinal dispersion, and lateral absorption. The purpose of this study was to use bolus inhalation data previously obtained for chlorine (Cl 2 ) and for ozone (O 3 ) to test the predictive capability of the single-path model and to adjust input parameters for applying the model to other exposure conditions. The data, consisting of uptake fraction as a function of bolus penetration volume, were recorded on 10 healthy nonsmokers breathing orally as well as nasally at alternative air flows of 150, 250, and 1000 ml/s. By employing published data for airway anatomy, gas-phase dispersion coefficients, and gas-phase mass transfer coefficients while neglecting diffusion limitations in the mucus phase, the single-path model was capable of predicting the uptake distribution for O 3 but not the steeper distribution that was observed for Cl 2 . To simultaneously explain the data for these two gases, it was necessary to increase gas-phase mass transfer coefficients and to include a finite diffusion resistance of O 3 within the mucous layer. The O 3 reaction rate constants that accounted for this diffusion resistance, 2 × 10 6 s − 1 in the mouth and 8 × 10 6 s − 1 in the nose and lower airways, were much greater than previously reported reactivities of individual substrates found in mucus.
Lyapunov functions and stability criteria for nonlinear systems with multiple critical eigenvalues

Lyapunov functions are explicitly constructed for nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations whose linearizations possess multiple critically stable eigenvalues. The construction yields efficient criteria imposed upon a nonlinear stability matrix constructed from the system dynamics for local asymptotic stability inference. Direct formulae for the entries of the nonlinear stability matrix are derived. A less restrictive notion of definiteness for symmetric real matrices, referred to as the relaxed definiteness, is presented. It is shown that in the presence of multiple critical modes, the equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable if the so-constructed nonlinear stability matrix is relaxed negative definite. The results not only facilitate stabilizing feedback synthesis and stabilizability analysis, but also provide additional design options for stabilization. >
Isolation, Radioimmunoassay and Physiologic Secretion of Rat Neurophysins

Rat posterior pituitaries were extracted in acid and total rat neurophysins were isolated. Preparative disc gel electrophoresis separated the total neurophysins into three main peptides of differing electrophoretic mobility. Antisera raised in rabbits recognized a common antigenic site in the three peptides and identical radioimmunoassay standard curves were obtained with each of the isolated rat neurophysins. A homologous rat neurophysin radioimmunoassay was utilized to measure neurophysin in samples of unextracted rat plasma. Basal neurophysin levels, 3.7 ± 0.2 ng/ml (mean ± SEM), did not differ in samples collected by decapitation, carotid artery cannulation, or tail vein bleeding. Water-loading caused a significant reduction in neurophysin, 2.8 ±0.1 ng/ml, while hypertonic saline and dehydration caused a significant elevation, 10.4 ± 2.1 and 8.0 ±1.4 ng/ml, respectively. A step-wise decrease in blood volume caused a step-wise increase in plasma neurophysin concentrations which returned to baseline wit...
Spin-Lattice Relaxation of Tetravalent Pa 231 in Cs 2 Zr Cl 6

The paramagnetic relaxation time was measured for ${\mathrm{Pa}}^{4+}$ in the cubic matrix ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$(99% Zr, 1% Pa) ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$ between 1.4 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, using pulse-saturation techniques. This complex, with its known and comparable spin-orbit and crystal field interactions, was chosen to determine whether the approximations for the orbit-lattice interaction, which are apparently valid for rare-earth ions, would remain so for ions of the $5f$ transition group. The data fit ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}={A}^{\ensuremath{'}}T+{C}^{\ensuremath{'}}{T}^{9}$, where ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.34$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{deg}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}=5.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{deg}}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$. The static crystal field parameters ${{A}_{4}}^{0}〈{r}^{4}〉=888$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${{A}_{6}}^{0}〈{r}^{6}〉=41.9$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are used to estimate the coupling parameters $|{{a}_{4}}^{m}〈{r}^{4}〉|$ and $|{{a}_{6}}^{m}〈{r}^{6}〉|$ to the fourth- and sixth-degree spherical harmonics in the orbit-lattice interaction. The coupling to the second-degree spherical harmonics is treated in terms of a a single parameter $|{{a}_{2}}^{0}〈{r}^{2}〉|$. The speed of longitudinal sound waves in a polycrystalline sample of pure ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$Zr${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$ was measured and found to be 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ cm/sec. Using this value for the effective phonon velocity, the theoretical relaxation rate is computed in terms of the single parameter $|{{a}_{2}}^{0}〈{r}^{2}〉|$. A comparison with the experimental direct-process coefficient ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ indicates $|{{a}_{2}}^{0}〈{r}^{2}〉|\ensuremath{\approx}17000$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, while comparison with the Raman coefficient ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ yields $|{{a}_{2}}^{0}〈{r}^{2}〉|\ensuremath{\approx}30000$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A dynamic point-charge model, based upon a phonon-induced distrotion of the octahedron of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions surrounding the ${\mathrm{Pa}}^{4+}$ site, shows that $|{{a}_{2}}^{0}〈{r}^{2}〉|$ should be approximately 23 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ if it is to be consistent with the values of $|{{a}_{4}}^{m}〈{r}^{4}〉|$ and $|{{a}_{6}}^{m}〈{r}^{6}〉|$ obtained from the static crystal field parameters. This reasonable agreement supports the contention that estimating correct order-of-magnitude spin-lattice relaxation rates by Orbach's simple phenomenological approach is not restricted to the rare-earth series.
Endolithic biota of belemnites from the Early Cretaceous Speeton Clay Formation of North Yorkshire, UK

Summary The Berriasian–Albian Speeton Clay Formation is renowned for its rich and diverse belemnite fauna. Borings occur in a considerable proportion of the belemnite guards that can be found in the type locality south of Filey, but have never been described. This preliminary survey of the endolithic biota colonizing Speeton belemnites reveals the presence of at least 15 ichnotaxa, including traces made by grazing echinoids ( Gnathichnus pentax ), brachiopod pedicles ( Podichnus centrifugalis ), and a variety of macro- and microendoliths. The commonest macroendolith borings belong to two ichnospecies of Trypanites and were probably excavated by polychaete worms. Examples of borings made by other suspension feeding animals, including bivalves ( Gastrochaenolites lapidicus ), acrothoracican barnacles ( Rogerella mathieui ) and sponges ( Entobia ), are less abundant. Among the microendoliths, Orthogonum ispp. and Saccomorpha clava , both of which are very common, were probably made by fungi, whereas Semidendrina pulchra is thought to be the trace of a boring foraminifer. The tentative identification of the microboring Rhopalia catenata , which is made by autotrophic chlorophyte algae, suggests that at least some of the Speeton Clay Formation was deposited within the photic zone. Endoliths in the Speeton belemnite guards have future potential for developing a better understanding of the changing environments on the seabed during the long period of deposition of the Speeton Clay.
THE DARWIN-FISHER THEORY OF SEXUAL SELECTION IN MONOGAMOUS BIRDS.

Males of monogamous birds often show secondary sexual traits that are conspicuous but considerably less extreme than those of polygynous species. We develop a quantitative-genetic model for the joint evolution of a male secondary sexual trait, a female mating preference, and female breeding date, following a theory proposed by Darwin and Fisher. Good nutritional condition is postulated to cause females to breed early and to have high fecundity. The most-preferred males are mated by early-breeding females and receive a sexual-selection advantage from those females' greater reproductive success. Results show that conspicuous male traits that decrease survival can evolve but suggest that the extent of maladaptive evolution is greatly limited relative to what is possible in a polygynous mating system for two reasons. First, in the absence of direct fitness effects of mate choice on the female, the equilibria for the male trait and female preference form a curve whose shape shows that the maximum possible strength of sexual selection on males (and hence the potential for maladaptive evolution) is constrained. Under certain conditions, a segment of the equilibrium curve may become unstable, leading to two alternative stable states for the male trait. Second, male parental care will often favor the evolution of mating preferences for less conspicuous males. We also find that sexual selection can appear in the absence of the nutritional effects emphasized by Darwin and Fisher. A review of the literature suggests that the assumptions of the Darwin-Fisher mechanism may often be met in monogamous birds and that other mechanisms may often reinforce it by producing additional components of sexual selection.
Ultrafast detection and quantification of brain signaling molecules with carbon fiber microelectrodes.

Carbon fiber microelectrodes provide the ideal platform for performing ultrafast, selective measurements of electroactive brain molecules. This article highlights the current status of the use of c...
Continuous Hydrologic Modeling Improved by Intensive Event Data

Continuous hydrologic modeling for a watershed involves characterization of a series of hydrologic processes affected by numerous factors over a long time period, which consists of both wet and dry conditions with/without rainfall. The complexity of those processes and their cumulative effects, and the lack of intensive long-term monitoring data, often prevent a modeler from effectively identifying the underlying processes and mechanisms, as well as accurately estimating the relevant hydrologic parameters. To circumvent this difficulty, a modeling strategy that combined event and continuous hydrologic modeling was implemented in this study. The fine-scale event hydrologic modeling, supported by intensive storm data, was used to improve the coarse-scale continuous modeling by providing more accurate and well-calibrated parameters. Two different rainfall-runoff models: the soil moisture accounting (SMA) and the SCS curve number (SCS-CN) models in HEC-HMS were utilized and discussed. In an application to the Mona Lake watershed in west Michigan, the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) and HEC-HMS were coupled for processing spatially-distributed GIS data, delineating the watershed, computing geometric and hydrologic parameters, and implementing hydrologic modeling. Several rainfall events were selected for calibrating/verifying the event model and identifying the related parameters, which were further used in the continuous hydrologic model. Two methods: normalized objective function (NOF) and modeling efficiency (EF) were utilized to quantify the goodness-of-fit between simulated and observed hydrographs and evaluate the model performance. Results from this study reveal that the joint event and continuous hydrologic modeling can be effective, as it takes full advantage of different hydrologic approaches and available data, and improves the overall quality of watershed hydrologic modeling.
Evidence for simian immunodeficiency virus-specific igm and igg response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-negative nonhuman primates

In vitro polyclonal activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 70% of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) serum enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-negative sooty mangabeys leads to synthesis and release of low but significant and reproducible levels of SIV-reactive antibodies, as determined by ELISA and Western blot analysis. The predominant isotype of SIV-reactive antibodies in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM) supernatant fluids from serum ELISA-negative mangabeys is IgM, whereas the predominant isotype of SIV-reactive antibodies in seropositive mangabeys is IgG. Depletion of CD8+ cells led to a marked increase in the levels of SIV-reactive antibodies detected in supernatant fluids from PWM-induced cultures from the serum ELISA-negative mangabeys. No evidence for such SIV-reactive antibodies has been found, to date, in similar unfractionated or CD8+ T-cell-depleted PWM-induced PBMC cultures from uninfected macaques. Supernatant fluids from PWM cultures of PBMCs from a select group of serum ELISA-negative mangabeys, when concentrated five times, were shown to give a Western blot profile against SIV, similar to the profile seen with plasma from seropositive infected macaques and mangabeys. Evidence is presented to show that these serum ELISA-negative mangabeys are most likely latently infected with SIV. This evidence, which was obtained in samples from such ELISA-negative mangabeys, includes the detection of reverse transcriptase activity and the presence of SIV p27 in supernatant fluids of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMCs in vitro. In addition, the data show the presence of CD8+ T cells that regulate SIV-specific Ig synthesis and show the detection of gag sequences by the polymerase chain reaction. Thus, the PWM assay described herein may provide a valuable additional tool for detection of lentivirus infection before or in the absence of seroconversion.
Serum progesterone levels in women treated with human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin for in vitro fertilization

For evaluation of the adequacy of luteal function after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET), serum progesterone (P) levels were measured on days 3, 7, and 10 after laparoscopic follicle aspiration. Fifty-six infertile patients were treated during 86 cycles with human menopausal gonadotropin-human chorionic gonadotropin (hMG-hCG) for stimulation of follicular development. Serum estradiol (E 2 ) levels were measured daily during hMG-hCG treatment. P levels were determined in 67 cycles. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) of the sums of 3 P levels was 55.63 ± 24.13 ng/ml. There were 11 pregnancies. The mean of the sums of 3 P levels of pregnant patients was 64.45 ± 26.23 ng/ml and of 56 nonpregnant cycles was 53.90 ± 23.35 ng/ml. The duration of luteal phase varied from 9 days to 15 days. The mean of the sums of 3 P values of patients with different luteal phase lengths ranged from 28.8 ng/ml to 60.51 ± 25.68 ng/ml. The mean of the sums of 3 P levels of women with normal luteal phase and that of women with luteal phase defect by endometrial biopsy study were used as controls for comparison. There was poor correlation ( r = 0.3441) between E 2 peak levels and P levels; the sum of 3 P levels did not indicate luteal phase inadequacy in IVF-ET patients; and the majority of the nonpregnant cycles (32/56) showed a luteal phase of 11 days or less, in spite of adequate P levels. There was no deficiency of P found in patients treated with hMG-hCG for IVF-ET, but a tendency toward a short luteal phase was noticed in these patients. P supplement may not be needed in these patients.
Modernity, Meaning, and Cultural Pessimism in Max Weber

Pour Weber, ni la science ni la religion n'offrent de systemes de croyance socialement unificateurs| il ne souscrit cependant pas a l'antimodernisme des tenants du pessimisme culturel, et depasse la nostalgie de l'unite pre-moderne par un pluralisme des valeurs et une defense de la libre decision.
Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections of the Newborn Infant

Early diagnosis of bacterial infection in newborns by identification of maternal and neonatal risk factors, improvement of laboratory methods, and preventive measures represents a challenge to clinician and investigator. The current status of diagnostic methods is discussed.
Thermodynamic Constraints in Using AuM (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Mo) Alloys as N2 Dissociation Catalysts: Functionalizing a Plasmon-Active Metal

The Haber-Bosch process for NH3 synthesis is arguably one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century, with a massive footprint in agriculture and, historically, warfare. Current catalysts for this reaction use Fe for N2 activation, conducted at high temperatures and pressures to improve conversion rate and efficiency. A recent finding shows that plasmonic metal nanoparticles can either generate highly reactive electrons and holes or induce resonant surface excitations through plasmonic decay, which catalyze dissociation and redox reactions under mild conditions. It is therefore appealing to consider AuM (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Mo) alloys to combine the strongly plasmonic nature of Au and the catalytic nature of M metals toward N2 dissociation, which together might facilitate ammonia production. To this end, through density functional theory, we (i) explore the feasibility of forming these surface alloys, (ii) find a pathway that may stabilize/deactivate surface M substituents during fabrication, and (iii...
Illuminating the Universe's Ignition

A research team based at the University of Texas at Austin used supercomputing resources at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory to create the first fully coupled simulation of the reionization of our universe's local group. The team's models helped researchers understand how reionization helped form the universe as we know it today, predict the impact of dwarf galaxies on reionization, and set the stage for simulating larger volumes of the universe in greater detail.