cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural biology of allergens from stinging and biting insects.

The structures of insect venom allergens have beenstudied extensively since the mid 1970s. Insect salivaryallergens have been much less thoroughly investigatedand studies began with the era of molecular biologiccharacterization of proteins. The structures and charac-terization of insect venom allergens have recently beenextensively reviewed in 2006 [1]. Biting insect allergenshave also been recently reviewed [2]. During the last 2years a number of interesting studies have appearedextending our knowledge of insect allergen primarystructure of both venom and salivary proteins. Investi-gators have used the genomic studies of honeybees andmosquitoes as well as proteomic techniques to greatlyincrease knowledge of insect derived allergens.Additionalthree-dimensionalstructureshavebeendeter-mined, including the ﬁrst description of a Hymenopteravenom allergen B-cell epitope. Signiﬁcant progress hasalso been made in the understanding of the crossreactivecarbohydrate epitopes present on many insect proteins.
A review of behavioral approaches to weight control

Abstract Forty case reports and experimental studies of behavioral approaches to weight control were reviewed. The treatments, categorized as: aversive conditioning, covert sensitization, coverant conditioning, therapist controlled reinforcement and self-control of eating, were evaluated in terms of their empirical support. It was suggested that self-control procedures may be the most promising treatment, particularly when used in conjunction with therapist controlled reinforcement. Methodological difficulties and implications for future research were discussed.
Partial absence of the right ventricular musculature—partial parchment heart

Abstract A case of partial absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle has been presented. We found only 4 definite and 2 probable cases of the condition previously reported. Injury to the right cardiogenic fold at the four-somite stage might result in this developmental anomaly. In this condition, murmurs are absent or insignificant. Cyanosis is common. The electrocardiogram often shows right atrial hypertrophy and a lack of normal right ventricular activity. The right atrium and right ventricle are enlarged on the chest film, and paradoxic pulsation of the involved area may be seen with cineangiography. Diagnosis should be possible from clinical, catheterization, and angiographic data.
From Maxwell to Marconi: The genesis and birth of radio: A 30-year span saw the evolution of radio communications from an experimental novelty to an international commodity

Describes the theoretical and experimental advances that ultimately led to radio communication.
Native point defects in binary InP semiconductors

We present a holistic method to identify stable point defects in InP and the position of their defect states within the experimental band gap using density functional theory. We have calculated the formation energy of the different charge neutral native point defects for both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric InP by determining the chemical potentials of In and P within the compound correctly from thermodynamic considerations. For stoichiometric InP, we predict phosphorous vacancies and phosphorus antisites to be most probable, among the neutral defects. For In-rich and P-rich compositions, we find indium and phosphorous antisites to be most stable, respectively, when neglecting charges. We then present a careful analysis to identify the defect levels associated with each point defect within the experimental band gap and compare it with existing experiments. By comparing calculations with different cell sizes and with varying band gaps from different exchange–correlation functionals (GGA vs. hybrid functional), we examine the dependence of the defect states on cell size and position of the excited states and analyze their nature and expected position in real systems along with the resulting charges on the defects. Finally, we include a recipe to approximate the Fermi level dependence of the chemical potential of charged defects in binary compounds, allowing calculation of their formation energies. Considering charges, the dominant point defects for stoichiometric InP are +4 and +2 charged indium and phosphorous antisites for Fermi energies 1.1 eV, respectively. For non-stoichiometric InP, the respective antisites are constitutional defects in their minimum-energy charge states, depending on the Fermi level.
Prolonged self-paced hard physical exercise comparing trained and untrained men

Six fit male subjects (25 years, 180 cm, 72 kg, maximal [Vdot]O2 = 2 63 mmol kg-1 min-1 (590 ml kg-1 min-1)) and six sedentary male subjects (24 years, 175 cm, 73 kg, maximal [Vdot]O2=2 01 mmol kg-1 min-1 (45- 1ml kg-1min-1)) performed self-paced hard physical exercise while walking over a 17-07km course consisting of four different terrains (blacktop road, 4-02km; dirt road, 4-65 km; light brush, 4-35 km and heavy brush, 4-05 km). All subjects walked the entire course as fast as possible carrying no external load, 10 and 20 kg. Time on each terrain for individual subjects was used to determine walking velocity and predicted energy expenditure. Heart rate (HR) was recorded as each subject completed each terrain. Walking velocity and absolute predicted energy expenditure were not different between the two groups (p>0-05), and did not decline with time as the subjects traversed the course for any of the load carriage conditions. Relative energy expenditure, however, was significantly different (p<0-0 1) bet...
The Genetics Panel of the NAS BEAR I Committee (1956): epistolary evidence suggests self-interest may have prompted an exaggeration of radiation risks that led to the adoption of the LNT cancer risk assessment model

This paper extends a series of historical papers which demonstrated that the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model for cancer risk assessment was founded on ideological-based scientific deceptions by key radiation genetics leaders. Based on an assessment of recently uncovered personal correspondence, it is shown that some members of the United States (US) National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation I (BEAR I) Genetics Panel were motivated by self-interest to exaggerate risks to promote their science and personal/professional agenda. Such activities have profound implications for public policy and may have had a significant impact on the adoption of the LNT model for cancer risk assessment.
Evaluation by computer simulation of strategies to time metalaxyl applications for improved control of potato late blight

Abstract A complex and realistic computer simulation model was used to determine the type of spray scheme utilizing metalaxyl (in mixture with a protectant fungicide) that would allow a reduction in the amount of fungicide applied but still maintain suppression of potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans . Timing spray applications according to some weather-based decision rules improved disease suppression relative to the standard treatment when the same or a slightly reduced total amount of fungicide was applied. However, weather-dependent spray schemes did not maintain disease control equivalent to the standard schedule when the total amount of fungicide applied was reduced by amounts > 10%. Some programmes in which spray dosages and intervals were adjusted according to time in the season resulted in much better disease suppression than the standard treatment. Reduction of the dosage in each spray application resulted in better disease suppression than reduction in the number of sprays. The dosage of sprays applied late in the season can be reduced substantially (50%) without greatly affecting disease suppression. More frequent applications at a lower dosage resulted in better disease suppression than the standard treatment even though less total fungicide was applied.
Kinetic study of a new photosynthesis bioreactor design using TiO2 particles combined with enzymes

Abstract A new photo-bioreactor for an electron transfer system using a photocatalyst combined with enzymes is proposed by the use of a ceramic membrane separating photocatalysis from biocatalysis to allow highly selective production of enzymes that is promoted by photocatalysis without denaturation of the enzyme due to direct light irradiation. In this work, an electron transfer system which combines TiO 2 photocatalyst particles with two enzymes was studied with formate dehydrogenase (FDH) as a catalyst of CO 2 fixation. Methyl viologen (MV), NAD and diaphorase (DAH) were used to mediate electron transfer from TiO 2 to FDH. The kinetic study of MV + production by TiO 2 particles revealed that MV + production follows a reaction scheme consisting of MV + generation with Langmuir-Hinshelwood expression and an independent first-order decay of MV + in a homogeneous reaction. The performance of the total photo-bioreactor with a ceramic membrane, which separates enzymes from TiO 2 to protect them from direct UV irradiation, was successfully demonstrated. Using batch operations, the total performance of the system was examined. Concentrations both of MV and NADH affected the rate of CO 2 fixation: the total reaction kinetics was discussed to optimize the total performance. The kinetic parameters of the so-called ping-pong reaction of DAH were determined experimentally and the coupled reaction with TiO 2 -MV + -DAH-NADH-FDH-CO 2 was discussed quantitatively with an assumption of a steady-state.
Comparison of the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code and the Hoyme Diagnostic Guidelines for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

OBJECTIVE. The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the Hoyme fetal alcohol spectrum disorders diagnostic guidelines differ markedly. The performances of the 2 diagnostic systems were compared. METHODS. The fetal alcohol syndrome diagnostic criteria from the 4-Digit Code and Hoyme guidelines were applied to 952 patients who had received an interdisciplinary, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, diagnostic evaluation at the University of Washington with the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code and 16 children with confirmed absence of prenatal alcohol exposure. RESULTS. The prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome was 3.7% with the 4-Digit Code and 4.1% with the Hoyme guidelines. Although the prevalences were similar, the patients identified were not. Only 17 individuals met the fetal alcohol syndrome criteria for both systems. An extraordinary number of patients (35%) met the Hoyme criteria for the fetal alcohol syndrome facial phenotype, but only 39 of those 330 patients met the Hoyme criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome. Even some children with no alcohol exposure (25%) had the Hoyme fetal alcohol syndrome face. The specificities of the Hoyme fetal alcohol syndrome face for the Hoyme fetal alcohol syndrome diagnosis and prenatal alcohol exposure were low in these populations. CONCLUSIONS. Without a specific facial phenotype, a valid diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome cannot be rendered for patients with prenatal alcohol exposure, because a causal link between their outcomes and exposure cannot be established, and a valid diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome cannot be rendered for patients with unknown alcohol exposure, because the face cannot serve as a valid proxy measure for alcohol exposure. Diagnostic guidelines must confirm the specificity of their fetal alcohol syndrome facial criteria to validate their diagnostic criteria.
Possible Involvement of PI3K in Prolactin-Stimulated Milk Product Formation and Iodide Transport in Mouse Mammary Explants

The in vitro effect of wortmannin, an inhibitor of P13 kinase, on prolactin (PRL) stimulated p70S6K, iodide transport, and milk product synthesis were investigated in cultured mouse mammary tissues. Mouse mammary gland explants were initially incubated for 24 hr in media M199 containing 1 microg/ml insulin and 10(-7)M cortisol. A subsequent treatment with wortmannin impeded, in a dose-dependent fashion, the PRL stimulation of casein, lipid, and lactose synthesis as well as the PRL stimulation of iodide transport. Rapamycin (25 ng/ml), an inhibitor of p70S6K, also inhibited the effect of PRL on iodide transport; this drug was earlier shown to inhibit PRL effects on milk product synthesis. These results suggest the possible involvement of p70S6K and P13-kinase in PRL-stimulated milk product formation and iodide transport in mouse mammary explants. Since wortmannin caused a diminished cellular content of p70S6K and a reduced extent of P70S6K migration in polyacrylamide gels (likely due to dephosphorylation), P13-kinase likely lies upstream in the PRL signaling pathway for p70S6K activation.
Fluctuation and higher temperature superconductivity in lighter element systems

Abstract A charged, near degenerate quantum fluid, necessarily inhomogeneous by virtue of the presence of a dynamic and more massive compensating charge distribution (itself possessing internal structure composed in part of the same particles constituting the putative quantum fluid) is found to exhibit a liquid–liquid phase transition as temperature is lowered. The ensuing low temperature phase is dissipationless and in spite of long-ranged attractions between the quantum fluid and the compensating system, no energy transfer proceeds between the two. The quantum fluid in question is electronic in origin; the emerging state is, of course, one of superconductivity or superdiamagnetism and its lack of dissipation is entirely consistent with the existence of an energy gap in the spectrum of excitations of the quantum fluid. The degeneracy temperature of the quantum fluid originates with valence electrons, and ranges from 10 4 to 10 5 K. There is vast flexibility in the choice of structure, the degree of complexity of the compensating system, and of its dynamics. Acknowledging fluctuations in both itinerant and localized charge, is it therefore possible that systems can be found where the liquid–liquid transition of interest here can be found at significant temperatures, perhaps even near room temperature? In this quest it appears that the light elements in combination continue to offer considerable promise.
Subthreshold photoproduction of charm

Abstract Charm photoproduction rates off nuclei below the nucleon threshold are estimated using the phenomenologically known structure functions both for x >1. The rates rapidly fall below the threshold from values ∼10 pb for Pb close to the threshold (at 7.5 GeV) to ∼1 pb at 6 GeV.
Non-cooperative negotiation strategies for vendor selection

Vendor selection decisions are typically multi-objective in nature. In an environment of competing vendors for a product or service, some vendors are selected and some are not. This paper describes three approaches for the selection and negotiation with vendors who were not selected. Furthermore, it describes how in certain situations two multi-criteria analysis tools, multi-objective programming and data envelopment analysis, can be used together for this selection and negotiation process. The paper describes non-cooperative vendor negotiation strategies where the selection of one vendor results in another being left out of the solution.
Evolution of our knowledge of the heliosphere

The historical development of ideas and investigations leading to the present understanding of the heliosphere is presented. A summary of the most recent research in plasmas, magnetic fields and accelerated charged particles in the outer heliosphere based on spacecraft investigations, is reviewed. Current plans for investigating the heliosphere in three dimensions are discussed.
Two-fragment coincidence studies of molecular coulomb explosions induced by heavy ion impact

Abstract Time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy was used to study the ionic species produced in collisions of 40 MeV Ar13+ with molecular oxygen. Ions from the dissociation of molecular ions having charges as high as 10 + were observed. The flight times of the first ion and the difference in flight times between the first and second ions of binary dissociation events were recorded event-by-event, thereby retaining their correlation. Off-line sorting of the data provided TOF and time difference spectra containing well resolved peaks associated with each of the charge division pairs produced in the dissociation process.
Viral and cellular factors that regulate HIV-1 uncoating.

Purpose of reviewThe immediate events in HIV-1 infection following fusion of HIV-1 particles with the target cells are poorly defined and difficult to study. It is generally thought that the viral capsid undergoes a disassembly process that has broadly been referred to as uncoating. The recent ident
Power system Huber M-estimation with equality and inequality constraints

The solution to the power system state estimation problem using the Huber M-estimator has been previously discussed. In earlier methods, the state estimation problem has been formulated as an unconstrained nonlinear program. The power systems literature reports solution to this problem using an iteratively re-weighted least squares technique. In this paper, the Huber M-estimator is formulated as a constrained nonlinear programming problem in which all functions are twice continuously differentiable. Such a formulation entails two advantages. Firstly, it enables accurate modelling of both zero bus injections and realistic system limits via equality and inequality constraints. Secondly, the differentiability property allows the system state to be conveniently computed via a primal-dual interior-point approach. Simulations on standard power systems show that even in the presence of bad data, the equality constraints in the Huber M-estimator effectively model the zero bus injections. Moreover, the numerical results reveal that the enforcement of practical system limits via inequality constraints can be useful in the absence of complete system observability.
Limitations of autocorrelation in fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal heart rate monitors that use autocorrelation of the ultrasonic fetal signal usually produce a cleaner fetal heart rate record than that obtainable with conventional ultrasonic fetal monitors. However, since the autocorrelation function will emphasize any periodic signal originating from the fetus or the mother, in clinical situations the resultant fetal heart rate tracing may contain spurious data. To illustrate the limitations of the autocorrelation technique in fetal monitoring, we compared the autocorrelated ultrasound fetal heart rate records from 23 patients in active labor with the simultaneously recorded direct scalp fetal electrocardiogram tracings. The results indicate that every hour of recording contained, on the average, five instances in which data were missing (range, 0 to 13), four in which data were added (range, 0 to 23), and seven instances in which data were absent for greater than 1 minute (range, 0 to 26). The potential problem of misinterpretation of autocorrelated fetal heart rate data is discussed.
Holmium(III) binding to spin-labeled bovine calmodulin

Abstract The binding of holmium(III) to bovine brain calmodulin (spin labeled at tyrosine-99) was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Changes in the EPR spectrum detected during the titration of the spin-labeled calmodulin with HoIII indicate that HoIII binds initially to the carboxyl terminal domain of the protein, which contains two of the four calcium ion binding sites. The EPR spectral changes associated with the binding of the first two HoIII ions reflect a significant decrease in the mobility of the nitroxide spin label; however, subsequent HoIII addition results in EPR spectra reflective of increased motion. The increased motion may well be associated with the major conformational change (i.e. from “globular” to “dumb-bell” shape) known to occur following the binding of two “activating” metal ions to the protein.
Routine tracheotomy in Hemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis

bronchitis caused by the influenza A2 virus is not a new observation. Croup has been observed in infants and children during epidemics of influenza A virus infections. G-9 Forbes ~ observed 127 patients with croup during an epidemic of Asian influenza in Australia. Laryngeal obstruction was often severe and prolonged and occurred almost exclusively in young infants. Only occasional cases required tracheotomy. Eller and associates 9 recently reported the association of severe laryngotracheobronchitis and influenza A2 infection in 11 infants and children. Four of these 11 infants required tracheotomies. Illness and death related to influenza epidemics are considered to occur primarily in the aged and in patients with cardiorespiratory diseases. O u r experience with severe croup in infants and children caused by influenza A2 virus serves as a reminder that severe respiratory disease may occur in pediatric patients during influenza epidemics.
Light and electron microscopic observations of the developing chick interphalangeal joint

The development of the interphalangeal joint was studied by light and electron microscopy in a series of chick embryos and in posthatching chickens. The joint space was first seen in stage 37–41 embryos as a cleft either between the phalanges or peripherally in the synovial mesenchyme. The interphalangeal joint of the stage 44–46 embryos was completely formed although its articular surfaces often still had a loosely organized appearance that was reminiscent of the earlier joint lining. Neither in the embryonic synovial layer nor in that of the posthatching chick was a basement membrane found between the joint lining and its substratum. The loose organization of the synovial tissue was indicated by the complete absence of desmosomes. Blood vessels bordering the joint cleft and space were noted repeatedly at all stages throughout this study. Their endothelium was occasionally exposed directly to the joint cavity. Lysosome-like bodies or meylin figures were rarely seen. While the lining cell presented no specific structural differences from the underlying fibroblasts, in general, a vertical disposition of cell types could be determined, i.e., the cells lining the joint space (synovioblasts), the subsynovial fibroblasts, and the phalangeal chondroblasts. At no time during joint development was there evidence for more than one cell type forming the synovial surface.
The cellular basis of cardiotonic steroid action

Abstract Low (therapeutic) concentrations of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) inhibit the ubiquitous Na pump in a variety of types of cells including cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons and kidney tubule cells. Since these cells also have Na + Ca 2+ exchangers in their plasma membrane, partial Na pump inhibition causing [Na + ] in to rise will also result in a rise in [Ca 2+ ] in . With a stoichiometry of about 3 Na + :1 Ca 2+ , a small change in [Na + ] in may be associated with a relatively large increase in [Ca 2+ ] in . These effects can account for the direct cardiotonic action of CTS in cardiac muscle and can explain the effects of CTS on the kidneys, nervous system and vascular smooth muscle. Mordecai Blaustein focusses initially on direct cellular actions of CTS on cardiac muscle, then compares their effects on other tissues. He explains that the therapeutic action of CTS in patients with congestive heart failure appears to be the result of CTS action on one or more of these organs.
Periodontal disease in adolescents: some clinical and microbiologic correlates of attachment loss.

The influence of several clinical and microbiological variables on the site-specific risk of attachment loss was studied in Navajo Indian adolescents aged 14-19. Diagnoses were made at mesio-buccal sites of the four first permanent molars. Case-control analytical methods were used, with A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. gingivalis, and B. intermedius considered the "risk" variables, and with calculus, gingival bleeding, age, and gender treated as possible confounders.The presence of B. intermedius significantly increased the likelihood that attachment loss would be diagnosed at a site (odds ratio = 2.86). However, this association was confounded by calculus and gingival bleeding; when either or both were present, the effect of B. intermedius was markedly weaker.Step-wise multiple logistic regression analyses showed that, of the variables considered, the combination of calculus, gingival bleeding, and B. intermedius gave the most parsimonious explanation of the presence of attachment loss. The chance that attac...
Effects of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and β-naphthoflavone pretreatment on mouse liver microsomal enzymes and on metabolite patterns of benzo[a]pyrene☆☆☆

Abstract C57B1/6 (B6), C3H, and DBA/2 (D2) strains of mice were pretreated with either a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) or α-naphthoflavone (α-NF), or with daily injections of phenobarbital (PB) for 4 days; control mice were injected with corn oil or saline only. Comparisons were made of the patterns of hepatic microsomal-protein bands on acrylamide gel electropherograms as well as the patterns of individual metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) extracted by ethyl acetate from incubation systems using these microsomes. Hepatic microsomes from control mice of all three strains produced similar protein bands and BP metabolite profiles, with B6 mice having slightly higher yields of the 9,10-diol and phenols of BP. α-NF had no apparent effect on the protein bands or the yields of BP metabolites. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of hepatic microsomes revealed that PB pretreatment was followed by increases in the intensities of five protein bands with molecular weights between 43,000 and 68,000. The yields of BP metabolites were increased 1.5- to 3-fold for all three strains of mice after PB pretreatment. Pretreatment with 3-MC or β-NF had no apparent effect on the hepatic microsomal enzymes of D2 mice, either in terms of protein bands or metabolites of BP. For B6 and C3H mice, pretreatment with 3-MC or β-NF resulted in the appearance of a new protein band easily detectable in the range between molecular weights 53,000 and 58,000, as well as in increases of all BP metabolites. Pretreatment of B6 and C3H mice with 3-MC caused 10-fold increases in the microsomal yields of the 7,8-diol, and 5-fold increases in the yields of BP phenols. Pretreatment with β-NF caused a 7-fold increase of the 7,8-diol catalyzed by the hepatic microsomes of B6 mice and a 4-fold increase in the 7,8-diol in C3H mice; the yields of phenols were increased about 2.5-fold for both B6 and C3H mice. The results suggest that the induced microsomal proteins with molecular weights between 43,000 and 58,000 may contain induced forms of cytochromes(s) P-450 that activate different carbon atoms of the BP molecule and, therefore, lead to different metabolite profiles.
Desmethoxyviridiol, a new toxin from Nodulisporium hinnuleum

Abstract A new mycotoxin obtained from culture extracts of Nodulisporium hinnuleum was determined to be desmethoxyviridiol (C19H16O5,). The toxin had an oral median lethal dose of 4.2mg/kg in 1-day-old cockerels. Desmethoxyviridiol also produced plant-growth regulating and phytotoxic effects in plant systems. The physical and chemical characteristics of desmethoxyviridiol are described.
Interpretation of laser attenuation measurements in sooty fires

This paper presents a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact of particle size, and thus scattering, on the interpretation of the measurements from fiber optic soot probes of two different designs. The single-pass fiber optic probe is found to accurately estimate the monochromatic absorption coefficient in flames with soot size parameters up to 0.5. For larger-diameter soot particles, Beer's law yields values between the true absorption and extinction coefficients. If the probe is properly designed it can give reliable extinction coefficients for size parameters in excess of 10 for both lightly and heavily sooting flames.
Regional anesthesia at home.

Purpose of review To review the recently published peer-reviewed literature involving regional anesthesia and analgesia in patients at home. Recent findings The potential benefits and risks of regional anesthesia and analgesia at home are pertinent queries, and increased data regarding these topics are rapidly becoming available. Of particular interest is the use of continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home and their potential effect upon hospitalization duration and recovery profile. Summary Advantages of regional techniques include site-specific anesthesia and decreased postoperative opioid use. For shoulder surgeries, the interscalene block provides effective analgesia with minimal complications, whereas the impact and risks of intraarticular injections remain unclear. Perineural catheters are an analgesic option that offer improved pain relief among other benefits. They are now being used at home in both adult and pediatric populations.
Measuring the Inflationary Significance of a Government Budget

HE IMPACT of governmental fiscal activity on a country's employment, income, and prices is of great economic importance. Not only is a significant share of national income disposed of through the government budget; more important is the tendency in many countries to manipulate the budget with a view toward regulating employment, income, and prices. The intelligent use of the budget for this purposeor even the restriction of the budget to a neutral role-requires accurate knowledge of the budget's effects on the economy. The size of the budget surplus or deficit is customarily accepted as an indicator of these effects. In most cases, however, surpluses and deficits as usually computed do not accurately measure the budget's true deflationary or inflationary effect, and further adjustments are needed before this can be ascertained.' An examination of the questions which arise in this connection is of special interest at the present time when, in forecasting, the prospect of budgetary deficits has again to be given serious
Compulsive Procrastination: Some Self-Reported Characteristics:

In Sample 1, 46 procrastinators compared with 52 nonprocrastinators claimed lower self-esteem, greater public self-consciousness and social anxiety, and a stronger tendency toward self-handicapping. In Sample 2, 48 procrastinators compared with 54 nonprocrastinators reported a weaker tendency toward seeking self-identity information but a stronger tendency toward a diffuse-identity style, yet there were no significant differences in verbal and abstract thinking abilities. Further research must provide evidence for persistent procrastination as a personality disorder that includes anxiety, avoidance, and a fear of evaluation of ability.
Biowatt: A study of bioluminescence and optical variability in the sea

On entering water, light is both scattered and absorbed. The sum of these is attenuation. In the open ocean, the agent of most scattering and absorption is plankton, or plankton-derived products. The controls, therefore, governing the variability in light absorption and scattering are no less than the controls governing the distribution, abundance, and growth of plankton populations. Apart from being attenuated, light is also generated ubiquitously in the upper layers of the sea through mechanisms of bioluminescence. The overall and long-term goal of Biowatt is to establish causal links operating between the variability in light attenuation and light production in the ocean. The issues addressed range from behavioral relationships among macrozooplankton and micronekton, to the dynamics of absorbing and scattering populations, to the physical dynamics of the upper layers. A conceptual model is shown in Figure 1.
Stereotaxic presentation of subcortical aspiration1

A method of producing subcortical brain lesions by the stereotaxic presentation of aspiration is described. Advantages of the method are noted andadescription of the instrumentation is given.
Scale, Variable Density, and Conservation Planning for Mammalian Carnivores

: Many mammalian carnivores are in local or global decline. To slow this process, continued planning to protect these species is warranted, Still, the data bases that we have at our disposal do not adequately document population requirements for space at scales appropriate for conservation planning. To illustrate this problem, we have collected published data for 214 population censuses of carnivores. We tested for a relationship between the number of individuals censused and the size of study site for our entire data set. We conducted the same test for each family, for which we obtained sufficient and qualifying census data With areas ranging from less than 10 km2 to over 40,000 km2, we obtained a significant regression (p < .001; r2= 76%) for the sample as a whole. We examined the distribution of densities with increasing area and found that the relationship was not constant but decreased We noticed that numbers per census-area size increased with a slope (m < 1). We also noticed that the sizes of study areas were unevenly distributed Only 7% of the studies in our sample censused regions larger than 10,000 km2. It remains unclear to what extent and how the density decreases with increasing scale We expect that extrapolations from small scales to larger ones are likely to underestimate space requirements for carnivores. Resumen: Muchos mamiferos carnivoros estan disminuyendo en localidades o en todo el mundo. Para disminuir la velocidad de este proceso se exige una continua planiyicacion de proteccion de estas especies Aun asi las bases de datos que tenemos no documentan adecuadumente los requisitos de espacio de las poblaciones en escala apropiada para la planificacion de la conservacion Para ilustrar el problema, hemos recolectado datos publicados para 214 cmos de poblacion de carnivoros. Determinamos si habia una relacion entre el numero de individuos contados y el tamano del sitio estudiado, en nuestro juego total de datos Hicimos la misma prueba para cada familia de la que obtuvimos datos de censos suficientes y descriptivos Las zonas estudiadas variaron entre areas de menos de 10 km2 a mas de 40.000 km2. Encontramos una regresion significativa (p < 0,001; r2= 76%)para la muestra total. Examinamos la distribucion de las densidades en funcion del area, y encontramos que la relacion no era constante pero iba decreciendo. Notamos que las cifras para cada tamano de area censada, aumentaba con cierta pendiente (m < 1). Tambien notamos que el tamano de las areas estudiadas tenia una Distribucion heterogenea Solamente un 7% de los estudios en nuestra muestra inclufa censos en zonas de mas de 10.000 km2. No esta claro como y hasta que punto disminuye la densidad al aumentar la escala Sospechamos que las extrapolaciones de pequena a gran escala podrin subestimar los requerimientos de espacio para los carnivoros.
A Coordinate Transformation Method for Radiation Heat Transfer Prediction in Soot-Laden Combustion Products

To solve the governing equation of radiation heat transfer for analysis of thermal load in a combustor having soot-laden flames, the authors assume that the distribution of its optically participating species is given with respect to a reference location (in-combustor distribution). In finding the solution to this equation, difficulties are faced including those stemming from determination of the species distribution along the individual optical paths (in-optical path distribution) and use of such transformed information. An additionally difficulty of the problem may be the lack of proper mathematical form to express the in-combustor distribution that facilitates its transformation into in-optical path distribution. The present paper reports a new coordinate transformation method of the in-combustor species distribution into in-optical path distributions.
The specificity of the synthetic reaction of two yeast α-glucosidases

Abstract The specificity of the hydrolytic reaction has been compared to that of the synthetic reaction for maltase and isomaltase § (α-methyl- d -glucosidase) from Saccharomyces oviformis. Maltase which hydrolyzes the α-1,4-disaccharide, maltose, and the α-1,6-disaccharide, isomaltose, catalyzes the formation of both maltose and isomaltose from free glucose. Isomaltase, which hydrolyzes isomaltose but not maltose, catalyzes the formation only of isomaltose from glucose. Both enzymes hydrolyze p- nitropheny -α- d -glucoside releasing the α-anomer of glucose. The enzymes utilize the α-anomer but not the β-anomer for the synthesis of the disaccharides. These results are consistent with the double displacement mechanism for glycosidases and with the proposal that the glucosyl-enzyme complex is an intermediate in the reaction. The competitive inhibition by d -glucose is independent of its anomeric form for both enzymes.
Immediate memory by missing scan and modified digit span

The experiment was designed to determine whether the superiority of missing scan over modified digit span retention is due to either storage or retrieval processes. Subjects tried to recall either all numbers or a missing number from finite sets with retrieval method instructions given either before or after stimulus presentation. Results indicate that the relative superiority of missing scan retention is diminished when Ss are instructed after stimulus presentation. Superior retention estimates by the missing scan method were attributed largely to different storage processes under the two conditions.
The Role of the Cerebellum in Cognition and Emotion: Personal Reflections Since 1982 on the Dysmetria of Thought Hypothesis, and Its Historical Evolution from Theory to Therapy

The cognitive neuroscience of the cerebellum is now an established multidisciplinary field of investigation. This essay traces the historical evolution of this line of inquiry from an emerging field to its current status, with personal reflections over almost three decades on this journey of discovery. It pays tribute to early investigators who recognized the wider role of the cerebellum beyond motor control, traces the origins of new terms and concepts including the dysmetria of thought theory, the universal cerebellar transform, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and places these developments within the broader context of the scientific efforts of a growing community of cerebellar cognitive neuroscientists. This account considers the converging evidence from theoretical, anatomical, physiological, clinical, and functional neuroimaging approaches that have resulted in the transition from recognizing the cerebellar incorporation into the distributed neural circuits subserving cognition and emotion, to a hopeful new era of treatment of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations of cerebellar diseases, and to cerebellar-based interventions for psychiatric disorders.
Consumer Participation in the Informal Economy

This study investigates consumer use of informal suppliers in order to determine if there is a segment that is prone to deal with this type of vendor. Based on a national probability sample of households the authors found that such a segment exists and that the demographic profile of this segment is congruent with prior research on income tax evasion. The authors conclude that there appears to be a probable relationship between a propensity to evade income taxes and the heavy use of informal suppliers.
Melanoma Cell Galectin-1 Ligands Functionally Correlate with Malignant Potential.

Galectin-1 (Gal-1)-binding to Gal-1 ligands on immune and endothelial cells can influence melanoma development through dampening antitumor immune responses and promoting angiogenesis. However, whether Gal-1 ligands are functionally expressed on melanoma cells to help control intrinsic malignant features remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed expression, identity, and function of Gal-1 ligands in melanoma progression. Immunofluorescent analysis of benign and malignant human melanocytic neoplasms revealed that Gal-1 ligands were abundant in severely dysplastic nevi, as well as in primary and metastatic melanomas. Biochemical assessments indicated that melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) was a major Gal-1 ligand on melanoma cells that was largely dependent on its N-glycans. Other melanoma cell Gal-1 ligand activity conferred by O-glycans was negatively regulated by α2,6 sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2. In Gal-1-deficient mice, MCAM-silenced (MCAM KD ) or ST6GalNAc2-overexpressing (ST6 O/E ) melanoma cells exhibited slower growth rates, underscoring a key role for melanoma cell Gal-1 ligands and host Gal-1 in melanoma growth. Further analysis of MCAM KD or ST6 O/E melanoma cells in cell migration assays indicated that Gal-1 ligand–dependent melanoma cell migration was severely inhibited. These findings provide a refined perspective on Gal-1/melanoma cell Gal-1 ligand interactions as contributors to melanoma malignancy.
Image contrast enhancement using dual apodization with cross-correlation and beamforming by spatial matched filtering

Dual apodization with cross-correlation, or DAX, is a technique for sidelobe and clutter suppression in ultrasound imaging. Previous studies have shown DAX can improve contrast of images constructed using delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming, without worsening image resolution. However, artifactual black spots may arise in regions away from the transmit focus after DAX processing is performed. Beamforming by spatial matched filtering (SMF) is a novel method capable of focusing both transmit and receive beams throughout the field of view. In this method, instead DAS beamforming, echo signals from individual receive channels are passed through individual spatial matched filters built from the experimental impulse response of the imaging system. Then the filtered signals are summed up along the receive aperture. In this paper, we present our work on applying DAX to SMF beamforming to achieve enhanced image contrast at all imaging depths with minimum artifacts being introduced.
Whether cytochrome P450 induction accompanies glucuronosyl and glutathione transferase induction by isomers of dipyridyl appears unrelated to dose and iron chelation properties.

Administration of 4, 4′dipyridyl to rats induces the activities of xenobiotic transferases (phase II drug metabolizing enzymes), UDP-glucuronosyl-tranferase and glutathione-S-transferase, and also the concentration and activity of cytochrome P450 (a phase I drug metabolizing enzyme). 2, 2′Dipyridyl, an isomer possessing iron chelation properties, only induces the phase II enzymes. Although the magnitude of the phase II induction by 2, 2′dipyridyl increases with increasing dosages, the selective induction of only phase II activities remains inviolate. Co-administration of 2, 2′dipyridyl does not prevent 4, 4′dipyridyl from inducing cytochrome P450, suggesting that the iron chelation property is not the factor that precludes 2, 2′dipyridyl from coordinately inducing cytochrome P450 with the transferases.
Equilibrium sedimentation of uniform rods of tobacco mosaic virus.

Equilibrium was achieved in centrifugal fields with tobacco mosaic virus by the Beams magnetically suspended ultracentrifuge. An attempt was made to account for the earth9s gravitational component by using tilted cells in the rotor. The determinations of particle weight on highly uniform rods of tobacco mosaic virus in the apparent absence of nonideal behavior gave a value of (41.6 ± 0.1) 10 6 .
Some experiments in two-dimensional grammatical inference

This paper presents results of experiments conducted on a scheme for inferring two-dimensional, probabilistic Siromoney array grammars incorporating Markov random field distortion of binary images.
Use the water: In-situ resource technology for icy-surface landers

Abstract Robotic landers serve vital reconnaissance roles in the exploration of planetary surfaces, but are constrained by deliverable payload size and environment survivability. Although the Mars exploration rovers (MER) have shown incredible survivability, their solar power source limits the science output per sol. Future landers will be larger, and will incorporate more sophisticated data-collection and analysis packages, which will likely bring with them an increased demand for power. Anticipating this demand, we propose an innovative hybrid power system combining a primary radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) with a secondary alkaline fuel cell. This combination provides the opportunity to utilize more effectively the energy produced by the RTG, to produce and store O2 and H2 via electrolysis of melted ice, and use this obtained O2 and H2 in a variety of ways, including as fuel for a regenerative fuel cell. This hybrid system has applications ranging from planetary rovers and deep-space probes to human habitats.
Chemical processes in defective LWR fuel rods

Abstract The results of several experimental studies aimed at improving understanding of the chemical processes that cause severe degradation of defective light-water reactor fuel cladding are reported. The competition between oxidation and hydriding of zirconium and zircaloy exposed to steam-hydrogen mixtures at 70 bar and 350–400°C was studied by thermogravimetry. A critical H 2 /H 2 O ratio of the gas separates regimes of these two types of reaction. For sponge-Zr, the critical ratios at 350 and 400°C are ≈ 5000 and ≈ 200, respectively. Radiolysis of steam by alpha particles was studied mass spectrometrically. The yield of the hydrogen radiolysis product in saturated steam at 290°C was found to be ≈ 8 molecules per 100 eV of deposited energy. An in-reactor experiment demonstrated that fission-fragment-irradiated steam can oxidize UO 2 to UO 2+ x .
Investigation into the use of plasma NT-proBNP concentration to screen for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Objective To evaluate the utility of feline NT-proBNP plasma concentration [NT-proBNP] as a screening tool for cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Animals, materials and methods Forty adult Maine Coon or Maine Coon crossbred cats from the feline HCM research colony at the University of California, Davis were studied. All cats had previously been genotyped as heterozygous or negative for the A31P myosin binding protein C (MYBPC) mutation. Echocardiograms were performed to assess the severity of HCM in each cat. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of [NT-proBNP]. Results In these cats with severe HCM, [NT-proBNP] was significantly elevated ( P 44pmol/L accurately predicted the presence of severe HCM. However, [NT-proBNP] was not increased in cats with moderate or equivocal HCM when compared to normal cats. Cats heterozygous for the MYBPC mutation had a significantly elevated [NT-proBNP] when compared to cats without the A31P mutation ( P = 0.028). Conclusions Measurement of [NT-proBNP] has a high sensitivity and specificity as a means of detecting severe HCM in cats, but it is not sensitive for the identification of moderate HCM as judged by the evaluation of Maine Coon and Maine Coon cross cats in our colony. Consequently, we conclude that this test cannot be used to screen cats for the presence of mild to moderate HCM.
Ischaemia-induced expression of bFGF in normal skeletal muscle: A potential paracrine mechanism for mediating angiogenesis in ischaemic skeletal muscle

To test the hypothesis that induction of endogenous bFGF can lead to angiogenesis in ischaemic skeletal muscle, we studied the expression of bFGF after transposition of a well-vascularized muscle flap onto an ischaemic hindlimb in the rabbit. The results indicated a marked induction of bFGF mRNA throughout the myoblasts of the well-perfused muscle flap but not the myoblasts of the ischaemic muscle. bFGF protein was detected in the muscle flap, particularly in the myoblasts located closest to a newly formed, adjacent interface, and in the interface itself. In contrast, bFGF expression was not induced after transposition of a well-perfused muscle flap onto healthy muscle tissue. These data provide evidence that the juxtaposition of ischaemic skeletal muscle with healthy mesenchymal tissue triggers an increased expression of bFGF in the myoblasts of the well-perfused muscle. This paracrine induction of bFGF, in turn, leads to increased angiogenesis and regeneration of the ischaemic skeletal muscle.