cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cryo-EM method microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED)

In 2013 we established a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) technique called microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED). Since that time, data collection and analysis schemes have been fine-tuned, and structures for more than 40 different proteins, oligopeptides and organic molecules have been determined. Here we review the MicroED technique and place it in context with other structure-determination methods. We showcase example structures solved by MicroED and provide practical advice to prospective users.
Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder

Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. As with other personality disorders, individuals can become so focused on their rituals that social and personal relationships suffer. The disorder typically begins in early adulthood and presents in a variety of contexts. In this article, we examine the psychopathology, etiology, assessment, and treatment of OCPD. We highlight what is currently known about this personality disorder.
Incidence of Complications following Volar Locking Plate Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures: An Analysis of 647 Cases.

Background This study assessed the risk and factors of complications after volar locking plate fixation of distal radius fractures. Methods A single-institution retrospective review of patients undergoing volar locking plate fixation of distal radius fractures between May of 2000 and May of 2015 was undertaken. Demographic data, major complications, minor complications, and radiographic parameters were evaluated. Results Six hundred forty-seven distal radius fractures managed with volar plate fixation in 636 patients were reviewed. Mean follow-up was 9.1 months. Mean age was 56.5 years. Mean body mass index was 28.0, and 14.6 percent of patients had a body mass index greater than 35. Fractures were classified as Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen class 23-C (67.2 percent), 23-A (26.6 percent), and 23-B (6.2 percent). The incidence of major and minor complications was 13.8 percent and 17.5 percent, respectively. The most common complication was transient paresthesia (9.7 percent). The incidence of tendon rupture or irritation was 0.5 percent or 2.5 percent, respectively. Hardware removal for painful/symptomatic hardware occurred in 6.2 percent at an average of 427.8 days after surgery. Major complications and minor complications were increased 2.2- and 1.9-fold, respectively, in patients with a body mass index greater than 35. Major complications were also increased 3.19 times in patients with residual intraarticular step-off. Hardware removal was 3.3 times more likely in patients with Soong grade 2 plate prominence and 2.9 times more likely in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus. Conclusions Volar plate osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures is associated with an overall low complication rate. Patient factors, including diabetes mellitus and obesity, and intraoperative factors, including intraarticular fracture alignment and plate prominence, were associated with a higher rate of complications or revision surgery. Clinical question/level of evidence Risk, III.
Depression in patients with CKD and ESRD

Abstract Depression is disproportionally prevalent in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations. The screening for depression is complicated by the overlap of symptoms of uremia and dialysis treatment and the lack of information regarding screening techniques and the utility of instruments for diagnosis of depression in patients with ESRD. The major screening instruments used are reviewed, and recommendations about their utility in this population are made. The literature on the pharmacological treatment of depression is reviewed in depth. The chapter includes consideration of the major classes of antidepressants and their use in ESRD populations. There is a discussion of the nonpharmacological approaches to treating comorbid depression in ESRD patients, focusing on cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise interventions. The chapter ends with a discussion of the challenges and offers solutions for the widespread adoption of depression treatment in dialysis centers.
Patient Satisfaction for Telehealth Physical Therapy Services Was Comparable to that of In-Person Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the practice of physical therapy (PT), from a model based on in-person delivery to one that includes telehealth. However, research is needed to asses...
In from the cold: M-protein light chain glycosylation is positively associated with cold agglutinin titer levels

Background Primary cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a monoclonal antibody (M-protein) and complement-mediated chronic hemolytic disease process. Antibody glycosylation can play a role in both antibody half-life and complement fixation. Recently, M-protein light chain (LC) glycosylation has been shown to be associated with AL amyloidosis. We hypothesized that M-protein LC glycosylation is also associated with cold agglutinin (CA) titers and CA-mediated hemolysis. Study design and methods A cross-sectional study of patients undergoing CA titer evaluation underwent mass spectrometric analysis for M-proteins and M-protein LC glycosylation. A subset of serum samples also underwent evaluation for the ability to trigger cold hemolysis in vitro. M-protein and M-protein LC glycosylation rates were compared across CA titer groups, clinical diagnosis, direct antiglobulin testing (DAT) results, and cold in vitro hemolysis rates. Results Both M-protein and M-protein LC glycosylation rates significantly differed across CA titer groups with the highest rates in those with elevated CA titers. M-protein LC glycosylation occurred almost exclusively on IgM kappa M-proteins and was significantly associated with positive DAT results and a clinical diagnosis of CAD. Cold in vitro hemolysis was demonstrated in two patients who both had a CA titer of more than 512 but there was no significant association with CA titer group or M-protein LC glycosylation status. Conclusion M-protein LC glycosylation is significantly associated with higher CA titer levels. Given the role that antibody glycosylation can play in antibody half-life and complement fixation, further studies are needed to clarify the effects of LC glycosylation within the context of CAD.
Why Cross-Cultural Issues in Management and Marketing Are That Important and Worth Our Undivided Attention?

Global business continues to evolve at a mind-boggling speed; it absorbs all types of endeavors and, first and foremost, integrates the activities of human beings representing different cultures. Culture and cultural theory remain the subjects of research by various disciplines. Marketing scholars and practitioners explore and analyze how culture affects consumer motivation and consumption patterns. Management scientists and consultants examine and scrutinize the influence of culture on the organizational structures and effectiveness of teamwork. Without attention to the cultural content in the management of organizations and marketing activities, all strategic plans will remain the proverbial good intentions paving the road to hell. The Journal of Management and Training for Industries espouses a multi-disciplinary perspective and represents the forum for open-minded discussions useful for academics, practitioners, and policy-makers. It was only logical to invite to this forum the representatives from the management and marketing disciplines to consider the exceedingly important cross-cultural issues affecting such diverse business topics as international marketing, organizational diversity, corporate social responsibility, and performance of global virtual teams.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment: Gulf of Maine Sediments and Nova Scotia Soils

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) occur widely in the lithosphere. They have been reported in various soils (Youngblood and Blumer, 1975; Laflamme and Hites, 1978), in marine sediments (Youngblood and Blumer, 1975; Hites et al, 1977), and in urban limnic sediments in the United States (Hites and Biemann, 1975; Wakeham, 1977) and in Europe (Grimmer and Bohnke, 1975; Muller et al, 1977; Giger and Schaffner, 1978). The concentrations of PAH range from less than 100 ppb for abyssal plain sediments to more than 100,000 ppb for sediments from highly urbanized areas. Much of the past work on the organic geochemistry of PAH has centered on understanding their sources, and there now seems to be a consesus (Youngblood and Blumer, 1975; Laflamme and Hites, 1978; Hites et al, 1977) that most (but not all) PAH in the sedimentary environment are due to combustion processes. However, little information is available on the mode(s) by which PAH are transported from the combustion source to the sediment. Existing data indicate high PAH levels at those locations which are close to centers of intense human activity and very low PAH levels at sites remote from anthropogenic influence. This is, however, only a qualitative observation which needs to be supplemented by a quantitative study. This paper represents such a study.
Conflict and Peacebuilding in the African Great Lakes Region

Acknowledgements Introduction: Conflict and Peacebuilding in the African Great Lakes Region Kenneth Omeje and Tricia Redeker Hepner Part I. The Great Lakes Region: Challenges of the Past and Present 1. Understanding the Diversity and Complexity of Conflict in the African Great Lakes Region Kenneth Omeje 2. The History and Politics of Regionalism and Integration in East Africa Hannington Ochwada 3. Multipolar Politics and Regional Integration in East Africa: Opportunities and Challenges for Non-State Actors Doreen Alusa Part II. Case Studies of Conflict and Peacebuilding in the Great Lakes 4. Historical Dynamics of Northern Uganda Conflict: A Longitudinal Struggle for Nation-Building Elias Omondi Opongo 5. Kofi Annan's Conflict Resolution Model and Peacebuilding in Kenya Alfred Anangwe 6. Justice versus Reconciliation: The Dilemmas of Transitional Justice in Kenya Ozonnia Ojielo 7. Climate Change and Peacebuilding among Pastoralist Communities in Northeastern Uganda and Western Kenya Julaina A. Obika and Harriet K. Bibangambah Part III. Social and Cultural Dimensions of Conflict and Peacebuilding in the Great Lakes 8. Media Sustainability in a Post-Conflict Environment: Radio Broadcasting in the DRC, Burundi and Rwanda Marie-Soleil Frere 9. Youth in Transition: The Arts and Cultural Resonance in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda Lindsay M. McClain and Tricia Redeker Hepner 10. Gender Issues in Reintegration: A Feminist and Rights-Based Analysis of the Experiences of Formerly Abducted Child Mothers in Northern Uganda Eric Awich Ochen 11. "The Ambivalence of the Sacred": Christianity, Genocide and Reconciliation in Rwanda Janine Natalya Clark List of Contributors Index
The Trustee's Duty with Regard to Conversion of Investments

I N THE course of the next few years there will doubtless be many efforts to surcharge trustees for failure to sell, or for delay in selling, or for selling, trust investments. Since I929 the great reductions in the market prices of bonds and stocks, the defaults in interest payments, the passing of dividends, and the shrinkage of security margins on mortgages, have all raised questions as to the suitability of various trust investments. When to convert, or whether to convert at all, has been a perplexing problem, in view of the uncertainty of business conditions and the constant hope that there would soon be a turn for the better.I It may be useful, therefore, to review and analyze the cases, statutes and opinions of writers bearing upon the questions of the duty of a trustee toward non-legal investments received from his settlor or from a predecessor trustee, and his duty with regard to investments made by himself which were originally legal but by change of circumstances have become non-legal.2 On such an important issue one might expect to find the law well settled and clearly stated. But there seems to be conflict and uncertainty.
Escaping an Epidemic

SARS . A Case Study in Emerging Infections. Angela R. McLean, Robert M. May, John Pattison, and Robin A. Weiss, Eds. . Oxford University Press, New York, 2005. 141 pp. $99.50, £55. ISBN 0-19-856818-5. Paper, $39.50, £24.95. ISBN 0-19-856819-3. Twenty-First Century Plague . The Story of SARS. By Thomas Abraham . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2005. 173 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-8018-8124-2. Two distinct and interesting perspectives on the sudden appearance and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003. The contributors to the McLean et al . volume approach the disease from academia and the laboratory. Abraham explores the biology and epidemiology of SARS, the political responses to the threat of the disease, and their interactions.
A Reaction Time Study of Four Control-Display Linkages

Fifteen subjects were tested on each of four different wooden models of stoves containing various control-burner arrangements. The experiment measured reaction times and errors made by subjects who matched a control to a given burner as quickly as possible. Subjects were tested for 80 consecutive trials. The data show significant improvement in performance throughout the 80 trials. No significant improvement is evident in the second half of the trials, i.e., for trials 41 through 80. Analysis of the data for trials 41 through 80 shows one control-burner arrangement to be superior to all the others. Another arrangement is significantly worse than the best, but better than the remaining two.
Mission Design and Trajectory Optimization

The fundamental concepts associated with designing spacecraft missions and optimizing trajectories with impulsive and/or finite thrust maneuvers are discussed. The description of ballistic motion for the central two-body force field and a more realistic force field used in interplanetary mission design is presented. Basic orbital transfer maneuvers are discussed which form the basis for more complex transfers. The rocket equation is used to relate velocity impulses to propellent mass consumption and finite thrust maneuvers. The gravity assist maneuver is described to illustrate its use in the design of multi-body trajectories. The state transition matrix and its applications to the trajectory design process is discussed. The trajectory design and optimization process is discussed in the context of solving nonlinear root finding or constrained optimization problems. A complex interplanetary trajectory problem is posed and solved to illustrate some of the concepts and ideas presented. Keywords: spacecraft mission design; impulsive maneuvers; finite burn maneuvers; trajectory optimization; constrained optimization; interplanetary trajectories
Isolation of Amylolytic Strains of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and Production of Thermophilic Actinomycete Amylases

Kuo, M. J. (Iowa State University, Ames), and P. A. Hartman. Isolation of amylolytic strains of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and production of thermophilic actinomycete amylases. J. Bacteriol. 92:723-726. 1966.-Of 759 isolates obtained from dung, compost, and soil samples, a culture of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (strain 5) was selected for further study on the basis of quantities of amylase produced in synthetic and nonsynthetic media, rapid growth and sporulation, culture stability upon prolonged storage at 5 C, and growth temperature range. Inoculum preparation, temperature optimum for amylase formation, and the effects of various kinds and levels of carbon and nitrogen sources on amylase production were studied with T. vulgaris strain 5. An optimal procedure for production of T. vulgaris amylases is proposed.
Solution-Processed Self-Assembled Nanodielectrics on Template-Stripped Metal Substrates

The coupling of hybrid organic-inorganic gate dielectrics with emergent unconventional semiconductors has yielded transistor devices exhibiting record-setting transport properties. However, extensive electronic transport measurements on these high-capacitance systems are often convoluted with the electronic response of the semiconducting silicon substrate. In this report, we demonstrate the growth of solution-processed zirconia self-assembled nanodielectrics (Zr-SAND) on template-stripped aluminum substrates. The resulting Zr-SAND on Al structures leverage the ultrasmooth (r.m.s. roughness <0.4 nm), chemically uniform nature of template-stripped metal substrates to demonstrate the same exceptional electronic uniformity (capacitance ∼700 nF cm(-2), leakage current <1 μA cm(-2) at -2 MV cm(-1)) and multilayer growth of Zr-SAND on Si, while exhibiting superior temperature and voltage capacitance responses. These results are important to conduct detailed transport measurements in emergent transistor technologies featuring SAND as well as for future applications in integrated circuits or flexible electronics.
Perceived CT-Space for Motion Planning in Unknown and Unpredictable Environments

One of the ultimate goals in robotics is to make high-DOF robots work autonomously in unknown changing environments. However, motion planning in completely unknown environments is largely an open problem and poses many challenges. One challenge is that in such an environment, the configuration-time space (CT-space) of a robot is not known beforehand. This paper describes how guaranteed collision-free regions in the unknown CT-space can be discovered progressively via sensing in real time based on the concept dynamic envelope, which is not conservative, i.e., does not assume worst-case scenarios, and is robust to uncertainties in obstacle behaviors. The introduced method can be used in general by real-time motion planners for high-DOF robots to discover the existence of guaranteed collision-free future motions efficiently. The utility is further confirmed both in simulation and in real-world testing involving a 5-DOF robot manipulator.
Summable processes versus semimartingales

The classical stochastic integral f HdX is defined for real-valued semimartingales X. For processes with values in a Banach space E, the stochastic integral f HdX is defined for locally summable processes X, using a measure-theoretical approach. We investigate the relationship between semimartingales and locally summable processes. A real-valued, locally summable process is a special semimartingale. We prove that in infinite-dimensional Banach spaces, a locally summable process is not necessarily a semimartingale.
Comparative Statistical and Information Analysis of Combat in the Fiddler Crabs, Uca Pugilator and U. Pugnax

Statistical and information theory analyses were performed with data derived from the aggressive interactions of two temperate species of fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator and U. pugnax). Over 400 fights were observed for each species, in their natural habitats. The two species showed differences in the distributions of their aggressive acts and in the average number of acts performed during combat. Many acts were statistically linked in ways which align meaningfully with the contribution of aggressiveness to the survival of the animals. Information analysis showed quantitative differences in uncertainty measures, but the "efficiency" of their communication systems, i.e., the amount of information transmitted, remained the same between combatants of each species. An interesting finding is the relative difference (about 15%) in intraspecific normalized transmission values which occur between Resident and Wanderer. We suggest that this role-specific relationship can be addressed by hypothesizing the optimum strategies that would tend to maximize the combatant's burrow-holding potential, while minimizing the penalties for losing a burrow.
Crucial role of surface in stability and mobility of vacancy clusters in metals

Ab initio electronic structure calculations are employed to study the stability and mobility of vacancy clusters at or below the Cu(111) surface. The monovacancy formation energy decreases on going from bulk to surface. The strong binding of a nearest-neighbor (NN) surface divacancy and the negligible binding of a NN divacancy, consisting of a surface and subsurface vacancy, demonstrate the strong (weak) intraplane (interplane) attractive interaction between vacancies. Similarly, NN surface trivacancies exhibit a wide range of layer-dependent binding behavior. The underlying mechanism is the different elastic contribution (atomic relaxation) of each layer, giving rise to a preferential two-dimensional clustering of vacancies on the surface. The results reveal a migration mechanism for a NN surface divacancy involving a two-step counterclockwise and clockwise rotation of the center of mass. The migration paths of the NN surface trivacancy include purely translation, rotation, and mixed translation-rotation mechanisms with different energy barriers.
Photoperiod effects on neurohypophyseal and tuberoinfundibular dopamine metabolism in the male hamster.

Exposure of golden hamsters to a short photoperiod (< 12.5 h light/day) leads to suppression of gonadal function secondary to reduced gonadotropin and PRL secretion. PRL secretion is decreased despite a reduction of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic activity. In the present study, the ability of photoperiod to affect tuberohypophyseal dopamine (DA) turnover was evaluated in long day (LD; 16 h of light, 8 h of darkness) and short day (SD; 8 h of light, 16 h of darkness) male hamsters. Exposure to SD led to decreases in testicular weight within 10 weeks and decreases in plasma PRL levels within 1 week. DA turnover in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary, as estimated by measuring the depletion of DA 60 min after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (250 mg/kg), was significantly elevated 1 and 4 weeks after transfer to SD, but returned by 10 weeks to the levels seen in LD animals. After 14 days of SD exposure an enhanced lactotroph sensitivity to DA was demonstrated and may also...
Lens differentiation from the cornea following lens extirpation or cornea transplantation in Xenopus laevis.

Larvae of Xenopus laevis at stage 46 or 50 were lentectomized and then fixed at various time intervals after the operation. Serial sections through the eye region were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or by the Himes-Moriber technique to follow the histological changes taking place and to demonstrate any alterations in the basement membrane of the outer cornea. Lenses were observed to regenerate from the outer cornea while the basement membrane contributed to the capsule of the developing lens. A small lens with primary and secondary fibers was usually present by ten days after lentectomy. Corneas of Xenopus laevis larvae were implanted into lentectomized eyes, dorsal fins, amputated hindlimbs or subcutaneously in the head region. Lenses formed from the implants in the lentectomized eyes and in the amputated hind-limbs, but no lenses developed in the dorsal fins or from the subcutaneous implants. It is hypothesized that some conditions in the environment of the lentectomized eye and the amputated hindlimb may be similar.
Patterns of Platelet Response in Idiopathic TTP/HUS: Frequency of Declining Platelet Counts With Plasma Exchange and the Recognition and Significance of a Pseudo Refractory State

For thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), daily plasma exchange (TPE) is typically discontinued when the platelet count normalizes (>150 x 10(9)/L). We observed a decline in platelet count during TPE and in patients who appeared pseudo-refractory because of a platelet count plateau (100-150 10(9)/L range). In the present study, we evaluated platelet count trends in TTP patients. Retrospective review of TTP patients from 01/1999 to 12/2004 was completed. Patients were categorized based on platelet count trends: Group I, counts rose then decreased to levels 100 x 10(9)/L. Additionally, we identified pseudo-refractory patients caused by a platelet count plateau (>100 x 10(9)/L but 100 x 10(9)/L. With a declining platelet count and daily TPE, it is generally sufficient to stay the course and the decline will reverse. Our limited experience with pseudo-refractory patients supports discontinuing TPE when counts plateau between 100 and 150 x 10(9)/L when a therapy goal is a platelet count of 150 x 10(9)/L. Recognition of this pseudo-refractory state can minimize the risks of prolonged TPE and the risks of adjunct interventions.
Muscle Characteristics and Meat Tenderness of Cimaterol‐fed Lambs

Shear values of loineye muscle from (cimaterol) CIM-fed lambs were 32 and 28% greater than those of controls at 1 and 8 days postmortem. The CIM-fed animals showed lower (p<0.01) cytochrome oxidase activity, lower (p<0.01) initial glycogen, and higher (p<0.05) 24 hr pH in the longissimus and semimembranosus muscles. Intramuscular fat of treated lambs (2%) was lower (p<0.01) than that of controls (5.1%), whereas muscle protein concentration was greater (p<0.05). The decreased aerobic capacity, lower intramuscular fat, lower initial glycogen, higher ultimate muscle pH (5.8–6.2) with subsequently reduced postmortem proteolysis and higher protein concentration all appeared to contribute to greater meat toughness of CIM-fed lambs.
Threshold characteristics of multimode laser oscillators

The oscillation characteristics of a multimode laser are considered in detail, and for the first time saturation by all of the cavity modes is included. Analytical expressions are obtained for the mode amplitudes, linewidths, and over‐all spectral characteristics of lasers operating above and below threshold. It is found that with increasing excitation the spontaneous emission spectrum is gradually resolved into a set of narrow discrete modes. Slightly above threshold the number of modes reduces in a homogeneoulsy broadened laser until only a single mode is oscillating strongly. The theoretical results are in agreement with experimental data that have been reported using semiconductor lasers. With inhomogeneous broadening the spectral width goes through a minimum near threshold.
From RF Circuits to Optical Nanocircuits

This article presents a brief review of the concept of optical metatronics, i.e., the metamaterial-inspired optical nanocircuitry that my group has introduced and developed in recent years. In this paradigm, deeply subwavelength nanostructures, when judiciously designed and properly arranged, may act as optical lumped nanocircuit elements, thus extending the concept of circuit elements from the RF and microwave into the optical frequencies. Collections of such optical lumped elements provide functionalities that resemble their RF circuit counterparts while operating with light. Such metatronic circuitry has the potential to provide a new platform for optical information processing at the nanoscale, with ultrafast, low-power, high-bandwidth, and deeply miniaturized operation.
Direct bonded orthodontic brackets for maxillomandibular fixation.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Mandibular fracture treatment often includes arch bar maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), either alone or in combination with open reduction/internal fixation (ORIF) techniques. The glove perforation rate associated with arch bar placement, the incidence of blood-borne pathogen positivity in facial fracture patients, and the injurious effects of arch bars on dental enamel and gingiva have prompted the development of safer alternatives to arch bar MMF. This study evaluates the efficacy, ease of use, and safety profile of one such alternative: orthodontic direct bonded bracket fixation (MMF/DBB). Study Design: Prospective study of consecutive mandible fracture patients treated with MMF/DBB. Methods: Thirty-two patients with mandibular fractures were evaluated from January 1994 to July 1997. Fourteen were appropriate for treatment with MMF/DBB (12 men and two woman; mean age, 24.6 ± 7.2 y; range, 16-42 y). Fracture sites included symphysis, angle, condylar neck, coronoid, and body. Nine patients underwent MMF/DBB alone; five underwent MMF/DBB with subsequent ORIF. Results: No infection, malocclusion, malunion/nonunion, or enamel/ gingiva injury occurred. Mean follow-up was 6 months (range, 1-12 mo). Oral hygiene with MMF/DBB was superior to historical controls using arch bars. Conclusions: MMF/DBB can serve as the single treatment method with satisfactory results in patients with favorable, less complicated mandible fractures, although with increased experience, we have treated several more complex cases with MMF/DBB alone. In cases necessitating ORIF, MMF/DBB can be performed preoperatively to align fracture segments and reestablish occlusion. This facilitates placement of osteosynthesis plates and reduces ORIF operative time. MMF/DBB is an economical, safe technique that minimizes blood-borne-pathogen risk to the operative team, eliminates periodontal injury, facilitates postoperative dental hygiene, and is painless to apply and remove.
Polarization of Attitudes: Belief Inference From Consonant Behavior

The present study investigated the conditions under which shifts to more extreme attitudes may result from attitude-consistent behavior. Subjects agreed to deliver arguments favoring stricter controls on water pollution (a consonant position) either to passersby on a street corner (Proselytizing Act) or to a tape recorder for research use (Tape Recording Act). Half the time a confederate agree to perform the same act (about a different issue) either because he believed in the issue (Belief-Relevant Cue) or because he wanted to help the study along (Belief-Irrelevant Cue). Subjects in the Proselytize-Belief Relevant condition adopted a more extreme attitude favoring controls on water pollution relative to subjects in the remaining conditions, consistent with our analysis.
A SELF-STABILIZING DISTRIBUTED ALGORITHM TO FIND THE CENTER OF A TREE GRAPH

We propose a simple and elegant distributed self-stabilizing algorithm to find the center of an arbitrary tree graph. The algorithm is uniform over all nodes of the tree. We prove the self-stabilization of the distributed algorithm using mathematical induction; we did not need to design a bounded function on the global state (which is customary for proving correctness of self-stabilizing algorithms).
Solution structure of a synthetic lytic peptide: the perforin amino terminus.

Abstract Background: Killer lymphocytes secrete perforin, a 67 kDa protein that initiates T-cell cytolysis following aggregation and pore formation in target membranes. The resulting pores cause a breakdown of the transmembrane osmotic gradient and allow other cytolytic mediators to enter the target cell and initiate apoptosis. The cytolytic domain resides within the first 34 residues of the amino terminus of perforin, with residues 1–19 being sufficient for cytolytic activity. Results: The solution structure of a 22-residue synthetic peptide (P 22 ), corresponding to the amino terminus of human perforin, has been determined using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the presence and absence of perdeuterated detergent (SIDS) micelles. In aqueous solution, P 22 exists mainly in a random conformation. However, it adopts a hooklike structure at the carboxyl terminus in the presence of SIDS micelles when the positively charged residues cluster to form a turn that provides a binding surface to the negatively charged sulfate headgroups. Conclusions: The strong electrostatic interaction between the cationic region of the P 22 peptide and the lipid headgroups probably weakens the membrane, facilitating insertion of the relatively neutral/hydrophobic stretch of P 22 , and is representative of the initial step of the lytic pathway. The structural model described here is probably relevant to understanding the mechanisms of other cationic antimicrobial peptides.
Dynamic nuclear-medicine image display system using standard multiformatter images

There is much interest in visualizing dynamic physiological function using nuclear‐medicine techniques. In particular, these methods are used in cardiac studies, but it is likely that many other functions will be better visualized with cinematographic‐type displays. A new instrument is described which takes a sequence of images, records on a single sheet of film by standard formatting devices and, by means of digitally controlled mirrors, projects them in rapid sequence onto a screen to produce the dynamic movie display.
Down regulation of Tim50 in Trypanosoma brucei increases tolerance to oxidative stress

Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent for African trypanosomiasis, possesses a single mitochondrion that imports hundreds of proteins from the cytosol. However, the parasite only possesses a few homologs of the canonical protein translocases found in fungi and animals. We recently characterized a homolog of the translocase of the mitochondrial inner membrane, Tim50, in T. brucei. TbTim50 knockdown (KD) moderately reduced cell growth, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited import of proteins into mitochondria. In contrast to Tim50 KD, we show here that TbTim50 overexpression (OE) increased the mitochondrial membrane potential as well as increased the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, TbTim50 OE also inhibits cell growth. In addition, TbTim50 OE and KD cells showed different responses upon treatment with H2O2. Surprisingly, TbTim50 KD cells showed a greater tolerance to oxidative stress. Further analysis revealed that TbTim50 KD inhibits transition of cells from an early to late apoptotic stage upon exposure to increasing concentrations of H2O2. On the other hand TbTim50 OE caused cells to be in a pro-apoptotic stage and thus they underwent increased cell death upon H2O2 treatment. However, externally added H2O2 similarly increased the levels of cellular ROS and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in both cell types, indicating that tolerance to ROS is mediated through induction of the stress-response pathway due to TbTim50 KD. Together, these results suggest that TbTim50 acts as a stress sensor and that down regulation of Tim50 could be a survival mechanism for T. brucei exposed to oxidative stress.
Tedium in the life and work of professional women as compared with men

The experience of tedium, its antecedents, and its chronic life and work correlates in professional women as compared to men, were the foci of the present study. “Tedium” was defined as a general experience of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion characterized by depression; emotional and physical depletion; burnout; and negative attitudes toward one's life, one's environment, and oneself. Women did not differ significantly from men in the experience of tedium. This is particularly noteworthy, since women reported less positive features and rewards and more negative features, pressures, and stresses in their work environments than men. There were far more significant sex differences in work features than in life-outside-of-work features, and many variables emerged as equally important tedium correlates for both sexes. For both sexes, life outside of the work sphere provided more positive aspects, while work presented more negative ones.
Beyond “No Means No” Outcomes of an Intensive Program to Train Peer Facilitators for Campus Acquaintance Rape Education

As part of a larger multimethod evaluation, this study examined the effects of a uniquely intensive rape education program. Participants included 74 undergraduates (53 women and 21 men) enrolled in Campus Acquaintance Rape Education (CARE), a semester-long university course designed to train peer facilitators to conduct rape education workshops. Ninety-six students (58 women and 38 men) enrolled in a general human sexuality course constituted a specialized comparison group. First, quantitative analysis of pre- and postcourse responses suggested that comprehensive attitude change occurred for students in CARE but not for those in the human sexuality course. Next, qualitative analyses explored the differences between pre- and postcourse responses to videotaped scenarios involving (hetero)sexual conflict. Responses suggested that, as a result of participating in CARE, both women and men become more willing and able to directly express themselves and assert their needs in ways that facilitated increased sexua...
Transient particle acceleration in strongly magnetized neutron stars. II - Effects due to a dipole field geometry

Sheared Alfven waves generated by nonradial crustal disturbances above the polar cap of a strongly magnetized neutron star induce an electric field component parallel to B. An attempt is made to determine the manner in which the strong radial dependence of B affects the propagation of these sheared Alfven waves, and whether this MHD process is still an effective particle accelerator. It is found that although the general field equation is quite complicated, a simple wavelike solution can still be obtained under the conditions of interest for which the Alfven phase velocity decouples from the wave equation. The results may be applicable to gamma-ray burst sources.
Nascent rotational distribution of the minor v = 0 channel in the N+2 product of the Ar++ N2 charge transfer reaction at near thermal energy

Abstract An improved ion beam apparatus is used to study the nascent state distribution of products in the Ar + +N 2 charge transfer reaction at 0.28 eV collision energy. The rotational distribution of the minor v = 0 vibrational channel under single-collision conditions can be characterized by a Boltzmann distribution with a temperature v = 710 ± 70 K, compared to the higher temperature of 980 ± 10 K for the major v = 1 vibrational pathway. It is suggested that these two vibrational channels are formed by different reaction mechanisms, most likely a relatively direct reaction for v = 0, and a more intimate collision for v = 1.
Audience Valuation in the New Media Era: Interactivity, Online Engagement, and Electronic Word-of-Mouth Value

This national survey of broadband users ( N = 200) investigates people’s participatory behavior on Internet video websites by analyzing their use of interactive features. It seeks to identify a group of “interactive audiences” who take full advantage of web interactivity and may be most valuable to advertisers. This study defined audience interactivity based on people’s frequency in using interactive features and three groups were identified—non-interactive audience, average audience, and interactive audience. It compared three audience groups based on traditional audience valuation criteria such as demographics and media consumption levels, as well as newly proposed criteria including online engagement level and electronic word-of-mouth value. Results indicated that interactive audiences are younger, more engaged online, and have higher electronic word-of-mouth value than non-interactive audiences. Because audience interactivity is related to audience value, findings suggest that advertisers should invest more in this highly engaged and influential group online. The results also reveal the need for expanding audience valuation criteria, particularly in the online space, to include other variables such as online engagement level and electronic word-of-mouth influence. The study then offers practical implications for website managers and marketers. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Synthesis and Properties of Substituted CBI Analogs of CC-1065 and the Duocarmycins Incorporating the 7-Methoxy-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (MCBI) Alkylation Subunit: Magnitude of Electronic Effects on the Functional Reactivity.

The synthesis of 7-methoxy-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (MCBI), a substituted CBI derivative bearing a C7 methoxy group para to the C4 carbonyl, is described in efforts that establish the magnitude of potential electronic effects on the chemical and functional reactivity of the agents. The core structure of the MCBI alkylation subunit was prepared by a modified Stobbe condensation/Friedel−Crafts acylation for generation of the appropriately functionalized naphthalene precursors (15 and 20) followed by 5-exo-trig aryl radical−alkene cyclization (24 → 25, 32 → 33) for completion of the synthesis of the 1,2-dihydro-3H-benz[e]indole skeleton and final Ar-3‘ alkylation of 28 for introduction of the activated cyclopropane. Two approaches to the implementation of the key 5-exo-trig free radical cyclization are detailed with the former proceeding with closure of 24 to provide 25 in which the required product functionalization was introduced prior to cyclization and the latter with Tempo trap...
American Sign Language and Contemporary Deaf Studies in the United States

SOMMAIRELangage gestuel americain des sourds et etudes sur les sourds aux Etats-Unis: Compte renduCe compte rendu presente un bref apercu des principaux ouvrages sur l'histoire, la structure et l'enseignement du langage gestuel americain des sourds (ASL) publies au cours des vingt-cinq dernieres annees. Il met egalement en evidence les recherches sur les qualites linguistiques de ASL et propose une introduction aux etudes sur la culture des sourds. Bien que cet article mette l'accent sur ASL, il y est question egalement des etudes sur le langage gestuel britannique des sourds (BSL), le plus etudie de ces langages apres ASL.RESUMOAmerika Gesto-lingvo kaj nuntempaj usonaj studoj pri surdecoLa aǔtoro donas mallongan superrigardon de la cefaj verkoj en la historio, strukturo kaj instruado de Amerika Gesto-lingvo (ASL) eldonitaj en la pasintaj dudek kvin jaroj. Li ankaǔ emfazas esplorojn pri la lingvaj ecoj de ASL kaj donas enkondukon al studoj pri la surdula kulturo. Kvankam la eseo fokusiĝas je ASL, ankaǔ diskutigas studoj pri Brita Gesto-lingvo (BSL), kiu estas, post ASL, la plej vaste studata natura gesto-lingvo.
Atmosphere/vegetation feedbacks: A mechanism for abrupt climate change over northern Africa

[1] Modeling studies and paleoclimate data of the mid-Holocene provide strong evidence of abrupt climate change over northern Africa. Regional climate model simulations are used to isolate and diagnose the role of interactions between vegetation and the dynamics of the West African summer monsoon in generating abrupt climate change. Simulations with both fixed and interactive vegetation distributions are included. The modeled climate is largely insensitive to the latitude of the desert border when the border is located south of 17.9°N. But when the desert border is located only 180 km north of 17.9°N, the climate is quite sensitive, with summer precipitation rates a factor of 5 greater over the Sahara desert and an African easterly jet that is 50% weaker. Prescribing vegetation north of the threshold latitude places moist soil beneath the thermal low, increasing the low-level moist static energy and convective instability. The atmospheric model is asynchronously coupled with a simple vegetation model that allows the vegetation to respond to and influence climate. When the model is initialized with the desert border at 10.0°N, the resulting equilibrium vegetation distribution is similar to that of the present day. In contrast, when the model is initialized with the desert border at 20.9°N, a new equilibrium vegetation distribution results in which the central Sahara is vegetated. The existence of these two stable climate and vegetation states and the threshold latitude indicates that interactions between vegetation (specifically through soil moisture) and the atmosphere (through the African easterly jet) can produce abrupt climate change.
The study of academic department performance

The paper proposes a systems model of academic department performance and reports an empirical test of the model in a set of 20 departments. Departmental input and process variables related to eight departmental outcomes were identified: (1) student satisfaction with their overall learning experience, (2) student satisfaction with faculty, (3) student satisfaction with academic advising, (4) student graduate school admissions ratio, (5) student employment in field ratio, (6) faculty satisfaction with departmental research quality, (7) faculty job satisfaction, and (8) degrees conferred per faculty member. The eight departmental outcomes were found to be largely independent of one another and predicted by relatively unique patterns of departmental characteristics. Salient among the correlates of departmental outcomes were faculty workload, tenure pattern, and disciplinary differences.
One-dimensional quantum liquids: Beyond the Luttinger liquid paradigm

For many years, the Luttinger liquid theory has served as a useful paradigm for the description of one-dimensional (1D) quantum fluids in the limit of low energies. This theory is based on a linearization of the dispersion relation of the particles constituting the fluid. Recent progress in understanding 1D quantum fluids beyond the low-energy limit is reviewed, where the nonlinearity of the dispersion relation becomes essential. The novel methods which have been developed to tackle such systems combine phenomenology built on the ideas of the Fermi-edge singularity and the Fermi-liquid theory, perturbation theory in the interaction strength, and new ways of treating finite-size properties of integrable models. These methods can be applied to a wide variety of 1D fluids, from 1D spin liquids to electrons in quantum wires to cold atoms confined by 1D traps. Existing results for various dynamic correlation functions are reviewed, in particular, the dynamic structure factor and the spectral function. Moreover, it is shown how a dispersion nonlinearity leads to finite particle lifetimes and its impact on the transport properties of 1D systems at finite temperatures is discussed. The conventional Luttinger liquid theory is a special limit of the new theory, and the relation between the two is explained.
On the ion-scale structure of thin current sheets in the magnetotail

A numerical and analytical investigation of the formation and structure of thin current sheets which form in a magnetotail-like plasma model is presented. Current sheet formation is driven by the application of a boundary electric field similar to what would be expected from solar wind driving. As a result, a thin current sheet forms which involves strong Hall-type electric fields, which, by means of electric field drifts, strongly increase the electron contribution, and reduce the ion contribution to the cross-tail current density. This result is also supported by analytical investigations of the total plasma momentum. The thin current sheet forms on strong gradients in the ion density and the magnetic field. The simulation leads to a well defined equilibrium state.
OBSERVATIONS OF SIMULTANEOUS AURORAL D AND E LAYERS WITH INCOHERENT SCATTER RADAR.

WE present here electron density profiles [Ne(h)] for the aurorally-disturbed ionosphere in the height range 80–150 km obtained by the incoherent-scatter technique. Simultaneous data obtained with an approximately co-located vertical ionosonde, magnetometer, 30 MHz riometer and an all-sky camera are used to interpret the Ne(h) data. The electron density profiles were obtained using the Incoherent Scatter Radar located at Chatanika, 30 miles north of Fairbanks, Alaska. This facility has a north latitude of 65° 06′ (geographic) and 64° 55′ (geomagnetic) with a geomagnetic declination of 29° east, inclination of 76.5° and an L value of 5.7; a description has been given elsewhere1. The radar uses a 27 m diameter parabolic reflector antenna with a gain of 46.5 db over isotropic and half-power beam-width of 0.6°. Other operating parameters for this set of observations are: pulse power output, 2.5 MW; pulse repetition frequency, 75 Hz; pulse length, 67 µs; integration time 30 s and system noise temperature, 150 K.