cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of masonry infilled steel frames with seismic isolator subframes

Abstract The Seismic Infill Wall Isolator Subframe (SIWIS) system is developed for use in building frames with masonry infill walls in order to prevent damage to columns or infill walls and minimize life-safety hazards during potentially damaging earthquakes. The SIWIS system, which consists of two vertical and one horizontal sandwiched light-gauge steel studs with “rigid-brittle” elements in the vertical members, is designed to allow infill wall–frame interaction under wind loading and minor-to-moderate earthquakes for reduced building drift but to disengage them under damaging events. The SIWIS system acts as a “sacrificial” element just like a “fuse” to save the infill wall and frame from failure. Nonlinear finite element models for two cases, a single-bay, single-story steel frame and a two-bay, three-story steel frame, in three forms including bare frame and infilled frame with and without SIWIS system were performed to develop an understanding of how the system responds to lateral loading. Analysis results show that the concept of SIWIS system works in providing initially high stiffness followed by an isolation of infill wall from interaction with the confining frame. Practical design guidelines are proposed and applied to an eight-story office building.
Predictive Analytics Model for Power Consumption in Manufacturing

Abstract A Smart Manufacturing (SM) system should be capable of handling high volume data, processing high velocity data and manipulating high variety data. Big data analytics can enable timely and accurate insights using machine learning and predictive analytics to make better decisions. The objective of this paper is to present big data analytics modeling in the metal cutting industry. This paper includes: 1) identification of manufacturing data to be analyzed, 2) design of a functional architecture for deriving analytic models, and 3) design of an analytic model to predict a sustainability performance especially power consumption, using the big data infrastructure. A prototype system has been developed for this proof-of-concept, using open platform solutions including MapReduce, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and a machine-learning tool. To derive a cause-effect relationship of the analytic model, STEP-NC (a standard that enables the exchange of design- to-manufacturing data, especially machining) plan data and MTConnect machine monitoring data are used for a cause factor and an effect factor, respectively.
Earthly matters: On the Cold War and the earth sciences

Les sciences de la terre sont indispensables a l'elaboration des strategies nationales et a l'identification des innovations technologiques. La cartographie, les previsions meteorologiques et les enquetes geologiques ont ete pendant longtemps sous le patronage du gouvernement aux Etats-Unis et en Europe
Correctional Psychology and the American Association of Correctional Psychology: A Revisionist History

This revision of the history of correctional psychology begins in the 1960s, a time during which psychologists in correctional institutions had little influence or occupational preparation. Within ...
A hydrodynamic voltammetric study of the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide system with convective electrodes of platinum, gold, glassy carbon, carbon film, and boron carbide

Abstract Hydrodynamic voltammetry employing empirically determined mass transport coefficients is used to determine heterogeneous rate constants and transport coefficients for the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide system in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and other supporting electrolytes with turbulent tubular and rotated disk electrodes of platinum, gold, glassy carbon, carbon film, and boron carbide. Different kinetic parameters are obtained at the various electrode materials. For the platinum, gold, and boron carbide electrodes, the magnitudes of the rate parameters depend on scan direction. The nature of this hysteresis varies with the electrode material and is explained in terms of adsorbed oxide and ionic layers or other phenomena not described by simple double layer theory.
Gut health, genetics and personalised nutrition.

Diseases of the alimentary tract are major sources of morbidity and mortality across the globe. The gut is particularly prone to cancers, many of which show striking geographical variations in incidence. For example, colorectal cancer is one of the three most common causes of death from cancer in industrialised western countries, but it is strikingly rare in the less developed world. That this is due primarily to environmental rather than genetic factors is clear from the fact that the age-adjusted risk of colorectal cancer rises inexorably as industrialisation and prosperity increase, and the fact that migrants from countries with a low incidence rapidly acquire the disease incidence typical of the population that they join. It is estimated that around 80% of sporadic colorectal cancer is caused by environmental factors, which remain poorly understood. Amongst these, diet and physical activity seem to be particularly important. Within populations at high risk of colorectal cancer, the lifetime risk of developing the disease is currently around 5–6%, and genetic factors are thought to play an important role in shaping individual vulnerability. Only about 3% of sporadic colorectal cancer in western countries is caused by known genetic syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Nevertheless, individuals with a familial history of colorectal cancer show a substantial increase in risk of the sporadic disease compared to those with no family history. This indicates that low-penetrance genes are involved in the disease process, so that individual risk is shaped by a combination of environmental and genetic factors [1]. In view of the strong effects of diet on colorectal cancer, it is probable that many of the genetic variations that influence an individual’s risk do so by modulating the effects of environmental factors, including both the adverse and protective effects of diet and metabolic status. Genetic epidemiology, in which the effects of interactions between genes and the environment are investigated, provides the means to explore this issue. One increasingly important approach to the analysis of interactions between genetic and environmental factors is the use of Mendelian randomization in the design of epidemiological studies. This approach avoids the bias and potential confounding effects inherent in many conventional investigations of the relationship between
Monte Carlo simulations of ballistic-electron-emission-microscopy imaging and spectroscopy of buried mesoscopic structures

Monte Carlo simulations of the transport of electrons injected into the {Gamma} valley of GaAs are performed for ballistic-electron-emission-microscopy (BEEM) imaging and spatially resolved spectroscopy of model quantum dots and quantum wires buried beneath the Au-GaAs interface. To determine the spatial resolution and the energy resolution of BEEM for such buried mesoscopic structures, the current fluxes and the electron normal wave vector distributions are obtained as a function of the depth from the Au-GaAs interface. The BEEM current cross sections and the spatially resolved BEEM spectra on and off these structures are calculated in order to study their dependence on the depth and the scanning-tunneling microscope tip-to-sample bias. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Bioengineering the Skin–Implant Interface: The Use of Regenerative Therapies in Implanted Devices

This discussion and review article focuses on the possible use of regenerative techniques applied to the interfaces between skin and medical implants. As is widely known, the area of contact between an implant and the skin--the skin-implant interface--is prone to recurrent and persistent problems originated from the lack of integration between the material of the implant and the skin. Producing a long-term successful biointerface between skin and the implanted device is still an unsolved problem. These complications have prevented the development of advanced prosthetics and the evolution of biointegrated devices with new technologies. While previous techniques addressing these issues have relied mostly on the coating of the implants or the modification of the topology of the devices, recent in vitro developed techniques have shown that is possible to introduce biocompatible and possibly regenerative materials at the skin-device interface. These techniques have also shown that the process of delivering the materials has biological effects on the skin surrounding the implant, thus converting bioinert into bioactive, dynamic interfaces. Given that the best clinical outcome is the long-term stabilization and integration of the soft tissue around the implant, this article presents the basis for the selection of regenerative materials and therapies for long-term use at the skin-device interface, with focus on the use of natural biopolymers and skin cell transplantation.
Cleaning and characterization of stainless steel exposed to milk

Abstract Cleanliness criteria for a milk-stainless steel interface system were established by monitoring the elemental composition of the stainless steel surface by Auger electron spectroscopy. A reproducible chemical cleaning procedure to remove milk deposits from the surface was designed. If UV-ozone exposure of the chemically cleaned surface was included as a last step in the cleaning procedure, the amount of contaminants (as carbon) present at the surface was further reduced. Argon sputtering of the surface showed that the contaminants were confined to a surface layer 5 nm thick of the stainless steel plate. Chemically cleaned plates could be stored in Petri dishes in a desiccator for up to 56 days without significant recontamination as measured by the carbon content on the surfaces. However, storage in air resulted in gross recontamination of the surface within a few hours. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the surfaces of cleaned stainless steel plates and the topography of milk deposits attached to the plates. Preparation procedures for these special applications were developed.
Does glucose enhance the formation of nitrogen containing polycyclic aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis of proline

Abstract The gas-phase pyrolysis of proline, glucose, 1-[(2′-carboxy)pyrrolidinyl]-1-deoxy- d -fructose (the proline Amadori compound), and a 1:1 mixture by weight of proline and glucose was investigated at high temperatures (600–840 °C) and short residence time (i.e. 1.0 s) in an inert atmosphere to determine if glucose or Maillard reaction products enhance the formation of nitrogen containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (N-PACs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the pyrolysis of proline. To study the gas-phase formation of N-PACs and PAHs, the substrates were sublimed into the pyrolysis furnace at 460 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that glucose, the proline/glucose mixture, and the proline Amadori compound undergo solid-state decomposition reactions before subliming. Thus, the substrates were pyrolyzed in two stages: at 460 °C during the sublimation and at 600–840 °C. At 800 °C with a residence time of 1.0 s, proline produced low yields of N-PACs, such as quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, acridine, and carbazole, and PAHs, such as phenanthrene, pyrene, benz[ a ]anthracene, benzofluoranthene isomers, and benzo[ a ]pyrene. Increasing the temperature and residence time increased the yield of these products. Under similar pyrolysis conditions, the proline Amadori compound produced 2–8 fold more N-PACs and PAHs than proline. A 1:1 mixture of proline and glucose produced a similar slate of pyrolysis products as the proline Amadori compound, but it is unclear whether the proline Amadori compound was an intermediate in the reaction. In general, the proline Amadori compound produced a higher yield of N-PACs and PAHs than the proline/glucose mixture, but glucose clearly enhances the low temperature gas-phase formation of N-PACs and PAHs from the pyrolysis of proline. For example, a 1:1 mixture of proline and glucose was found to produce low yields of quinoline, isoquinoline, and indole at 600 °C while proline alone does not produce these compounds until 800 °C. Thus, glucose provides a low temperature pathway for the decomposition of proline, which leads to formation of N-PACs and PAHs.
Comparing 18- versus 12-mm spot size in hair removal using a gentlease 755-nm alexandrite laser.

Background. Laser epilation is based on the principle of selective photothermolysis, absorption of laser energy by the target chromophore melanin. It is claimed that larger spot sizes may be more effective for hair removal at identical fluences. Objective. To compare the efficacy of 18- vs. 12-mm spot size in hair removal using a Gentlelase Alexandrite laser from Candela Corporation (Boston, MA). Methods. In this double-blind, randomized control trial, patients underwent laser-assisted hair removal on the axillary region. Regions were randomly selected and treated with either an 18- or a 12-mm spot size. Three treatments at 6-week intervals with a 755-nm Gentlelase Alexandrite laser (Candela Corp., Canton, MA) at a fluence of 16 J/cm2 with cooling and delay times of 60 ms. Hair counts were taken before each treatment session and compared. The mean percentage hair reduction and student's paired t-test were used to compare 18 versus 12 mm versus control sites at each visit and compared it with the baseline hair count. Results. There was a 10.3% difference in mean reduction favoring the 18-mm spot size treated area at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion. Our results indicate that a larger spot size appears to be more effective for laser assisted hair removal.
Prolactin and LH release induced by kainic acid administration within the preoptic-suprachiasmatic region in behaving male rats.

Adult male rats were chronically implanted with a multiple metal cannula assembly to allow for the administration of kainic acid within the POA-SCH region. Kainic acid was applied in its solid form at two dose levels: 2 μg and 4 μg. A chronic heart cannula implanted through the external jugular vein allowed for sequential blood sampling. Animals were subjected to two different regimes, with 2–3 days difference, one in which blood sampling took place without kainic acid administration, and a second one in which the drug was administered after a first, control sample was obtained. Administration of kainic acid at both dose levels induced motor hyperactivity that lasted for more than 1 h in the group that received the higher dose. Prolactin concentration in plasma rose by 30 min and declined thereafter in the “low” dose group, or remained high for at least 90 min in the “high” dose group. LH levels increased significantly only after administration of the “high” dose. These results are indicative of the presence of facilitatory elements for the release of prolactin (and LH) which originate within the POA-SCH region, probably involving glutamatergic receptors. Stimulation of these elements, rather than passing fibers, are probably responsible for the observed hormonal results.
Nonsaturating Transistor Circuitry for Nanosecond Pulses

A system is described for pulse testing of transistors in the 10-10 to 10-9 sec range. Based on these measurements, a nanosecond, current switching, multiple coincidence system has been constructed. It is dc coupled and has input pulse limiters and clipping stubs. A ten-nonosecond scaler-discririnator stage is discussed which also employs current switching techniques. One output is scaled for pulse counting; another unscaled output is used to drive coincidence circuitry.
Preparation of tetrasubstituted pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine diones

A novel synthetic route to 1,3,5,7-tetrasubstituted pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones, of interest for potential antitumor activity, is reported. The route uses 1,3-disubstituted 6-amino uracils as starting materials. The key step is a hydrazine-induced cyclization reaction to form the fused pyrimidine ring. By choosing different uracils, acylation reagents and alkylation reagents, substituents at N-1, N-3, C-5, and C-7 may be selectively varied to provide a structurally diverse set of compounds for biological evaluation.
Synthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of Fluorine-18 and Iodine-123 Labeled 2β-Carbo(2-fluoroethoxy)-3β-(4‘-((Z)-2-iodoethenyl)phenyl)nortropane as a Candidate Serotonin Transporter Imaging Agent

2β-Carbo(2-fluoroethoxy)-3β-(4‘-((Z)-2-iodoethenyl)phenyl)nortropane (βFEpZIENT, 1) was synthesized as a serotonin transporter (SERT) imaging agent for both positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). The binding affinity of 1 to human monoamine transporters showed a high affinity for the SERT (Ki = 0.08 nM) with respect to the dopamine transporter (DAT) (Ki = 13 nM) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) (Ki = 28 nM). In vivo biodistribution and blocking studies performed in male rats demonstrated that [123I]1 was selective and specific for SERT. In vivo microPET brain imaging studies in an anesthetized monkey with [18F]1 showed high uptake in the diencephalon and brainstem with peak uptake achieved at 120 min. A chase study with (R,S)-citalopram·HBr displaced [18F]1 radioactivity from all SERT-rich brain regions. A chase study with the DAT ligand 2β-carbophenoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane (9, RTI-113) failed to displace [18F]1, indicating that [18F]1 ...
Chemokinetic and Chemotactic Factors in Psoriasis Scale Extracts

Soluble solutions of psoriasis scale were prepared by extracting scales in 6 M urea and removing urea by dialysis. Extracts were tested for chemokinetic and chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells in vitro using the migration under agarose assay. Five of 6 extracts demonstrated significant chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and 4 of 6 were also chemotactic for mononuclear cells. All extracts augmented random migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (chemokinesis). Checkerboard experiments showed extracts were truly chemotactic as well as chemokinetic. The kinetics of polymorphonuclear leukocyte and mononuclear cell chemotaxis toward psoriasis scale extracts were similar to kinetics of chemotaxis toward a bacteria-derived chemotactic factor and zymosan-activated serum. Since zymosan-activated serum and purified C5a were not chemokinetic, psoriasis scale extract was more like a bacteria-culture supernate than these complement factors in augmenting random migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Substances in psoriasis scale may be capable of influencing the inflammatory response.
Mesoscopic Analysis of Structure and Strength of Dislocation Junctions in fcc Metals

We develop a finite-element-based nodal dislocation dynamics model to simulate the structure and strength of dislocation junctions in fcc crystals. The model is based on anisotropic elasticity theory supplemented by the explicit inclusion of the separation of perfect dislocations into partial dislocations bounding a stacking fault. We demonstrate that the model reproduces in precise detail the structure of the Lomer-Cottrell lock already obtained from atomistic simulations. In light of this success, we also examine the strength of junctions culminating in a stress-strength diagram which is the locus of points in stress space corresponding to dissolution of the junction.
TNF-α suppresses IL-6 upregulation of protein S in HepG-2 hepatoma cells

The pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has, in part, been attributed to the impairment of the natural anticoagulant protein C/protein S pathway. DIC, which frequently occurs during sepsis, has been linked to cytokines that can induce or modulate procoagulant activity. Three of these cytokines, IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α have been reported to be increased in the early stages of sepsis. In the present study, we have stimulated HepG-2 hepatoma cell cultures with recombinant human IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, and oncostatin M (OSM). The results demonstrated that TNF-α, and to a lesser degree, IL-1α, could significantly suppress IL-6 upregulation of protein S, whereas the effects of OSM was only suppressed by the combination of IL-1α and TNF-α. The combination of IL-1α and TNF-α also suppressed protein S production below that of control or basal levels. These results indicate that IL-1α and TNF-α may play important regulatory roles in coagulation.
The implementation of laughter as a therapy facilitator with adult aphasics

Abstract In this clinical investigation, a humor/laughter stimulus was used as the independent variable in a therapy program for two adult aphasics. The results and implications are discussed in terms of humor/laughter as a therapy facilitator with the two subjects and with other clinical populations.
Quantification of runoff in laboratory-scale chambers

Many of the variables that control transport of agrochemicals and pathogens in the field are difficult to measure because parameters such as slope, soil and plant conditions, and rainfall cannot be adequately controlled in the natural environment. This paper describes the design, construction, operation and performance of a system useful for studying surface transport of agrochemicals and pathogens under controlled slope, rainfall and soil conditions. A turntable is used to support and rotate 4 soil chambers under oscillating dripper units capable of simulating rainfall intensities from 1 to 43 mm h-1. Chambers (35 x 100 x 18 cm i.d.) were constructed with an adjustable height discharge gate to collect runoff and three drains to collect leachate. Height adjustable platforms were constructed to support and elevate the chambers up to 20% slope. The chambers were uniformly packed with 35 to 45 kg of soil (bulk density 1.18-1.27 g cm-3) and initially saturated with two low intensity rain events. The coefficient of variation of the rainfall delivery over a range of 5 to 43 mm h-1 averaged 7.5%. An experiment to determine the variability between chambers in runoff amount and uniformity indicated that at least one runoff-equilibration cycle is needed to obtain steady state conditions for conducting runoff transport evaluations. Another experiment conducted to evaluate atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] runoff under simulated crop-residue covered vs bare soil conditions indicated six times more runoff from bare than crop residue covered soil. The system is capable of precise application of simulated rain, the simultaneous collection of runoff and leachate at slopes up to 20% and can be easily modified to meet a wide range of research parameters.
Optical/electrical technologies for high speed signal communications in high performance servers

Optics is a key technology for continued improvements in server performance. Substantial improvements in bitrate, packaging density, and costs of the optics for each server generation are required. Requirements, prospects, and future technologies are reviewed.
Phospholipid surface density determines the partitioning and permeability of acetic acid in DMPC:cholesterol bilayers.

Relationships between the permeability coefficient (PHA) and partition coefficient (Km/w) of acetic acid and the surface density of DMPC:cholesterol bilayers have been investigated. Permeability coefficients were measured in large unilamellar vesicles by NMR line broadening. Bilayer surface density, σ, was varied over a range of 0.5–0.9 by changing cholesterol concentration and temperature. The temperature dependence of PHA for acetic acid exhibits Arrhenius behavior with an average apparent activation energy (E a ) of 22±3 kcal/mole over a cholesterol mole fraction range of 0.00–0.40. This value is much greater than the enthalpy change for acetic acid partitioning between bulk decane and water (ΔH° = 4.8±0.8 kcal/mole) and the calculated E a (= 8.0 kcal/mole) assuming a “bulk phase” permeability model which includes the enthalpy of transfer from water to decane and the temperature dependence of acetic acid's diffusion coefficient in decane. These results suggest that dehydration, previously considered to be a dominant component, is a minor factor in determining E a . Values of 1n PHA decrease linearly with the normalized phospholipid surface density with a slope of κ = -12.4±1.1 (r = 0.90). Correction of PHA for those temperature effects considered to be independent of lipid chain order (i.e., enthalpy of transfer from water to decane and activation energy for diffusion in bulk hydrocarbon) yielded an improved correlation (κ = -11.7±0.5 (r = 0.96)). The temperature dependence of Km/w is substantially smaller than that for PHA and dependent on cholesterol composition. Values of 1n Km/w decrease linearly with the surface density with a slope of κ = -4.6±0.3 (r = 0.95), which is 2.7-fold smaller than the slope of the plot of 1n PHAvs. σ. Thus, chain ordering is a major determinant for molecular partitioning into and transport across lipid bilayers, regardless of whether it is varied by lipid composition or temperature.
Fault Current Limiters an Overview of EPRI Research

An overview of current EPRI research on fault current limiters is presented. This includes the switched impedance type as well as tuned-circuit impedance fault current limiters. Their projected performance and their applications on transmission as well as distribution systems have been examined.
Guidelines for Testosterone Therapy for Men: How to Avoid a Mad (T)ea Party by Getting Personal

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health–National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Grants U54 HD12629-27 and U54 HD042454. Disclosure Summary: The author has nothing to disclose. For article see page 2536 Abbreviation: PSA, Prostate specific antigen.
Integrating web query results: holistic schema matching

The emergence of numerous data sources online has presented a pressing need for more automatic yet accurate data integration techniques. For the data returned from querying such sources, most works focus on how to extract the embedded structured data more accurately. However, to eventually provide an integrated access to these query results, a last but not least step is to combine the extracted data coming from different sources. A critical task is finding the correspondence of the data fields between the sources - a problem well known as schema matching. Query results are a small and biased sample set of instances obtained from sources; the obtained schema information is thus very implicit and incomplete, which often prevents existing schema matching approaches from performing effectively. In this paper, we develop a novel framework for understanding and effectively supporting schema matching on such instance-based data, especially for integrating multiple sources. We view discovering matching as constructing a more complete domain schema that best describes the input data. With this conceptual view, we can leverage various data instances and observed regularities seamlessly with holistic, multiple-source schema matching to achieve more accurate matching results. Our experiments show that our framework consistently outperforms baseline pairwise and clustering-based approaches (raising F-measure from 50-89% to 89-94%) and works uniformly well for the surveyed domains.
The Temporal Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide under Snow in a High Elevation Rocky Mountain Subalpine Forest and Meadow

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration under snow was examined through two winter seasons at a 3100 m elevation subalpine site in the Snowy Range of Wyoming. CO2 was monitored every half hour at the soil/snow interface, and at about −25 cm soil depth the second year, in a meadow and in an adjacent forest. CO2 under snow in the meadow was significantly higher than that in the forest. CO2 at −25 cm depth in the soil was significantly higher than soil surface CO2. The CO2 under snow increased rapidly as snow melted and snowmelt began in the spring. CO2 concentration under snow depended primarily on amount occurring during the previous 24 or 48 h. However, CO2 concentration was related to snow depth and soil temperature, and indirectly to several seasonal environmental factors, especially solar radiation. Solar radiation, snow depth, and CO2 under snow all increase concurrently as the winter season progresses. CO2 flux was consistently higher in the meadow than in the forest and increased in late winter ...
Firm Conglomeration as a Market Structure Variable

B USINESS conglomeration is not new. There have long been examples of multimarket and multiproduct business enterprises, the distinguishing features of the conglomerate firm. What is new, and what makes business conglomeration a timely public policy issue, is the profusion and enormous size of many contemporary conglomerate enterprises. Today most huge industrial enterprises straddle numerous industries, often doing only a small share of their total business in any one industry. Hence, conglomerate enterprises are no longer the exception, but the rule, in many contemporary industrial markets. This development is of no lesser significance than was the replacement of many highly fragmented, small business industries by oligopolistic, big business enterprises beginning with the great merger movement around 1900. Economists responded to the new industrial structure emerging from that era by developing the theory of monopolistic or imperfect competition, and, ultimately, the body of price theory now encompassed by industrial organization theory. The multimarket character of the modern conglomerate enterprise raises a number of important questions regarding the relevance of contemporary industrial organization theory and empirical research. The conglomerate enterprise may enjoy economic power that differs from the traditional market-oriented concept of market power. According to traditional theory, market power is derived from the characteristics of a particular market, especially the level of seller concentration, the extent of product differentiation, and the condition of entry. In this theory, market power is shared-e.g., in the form of higher prices and profits-by the sellers in the market at the expense of buyers. Conglomerate-derived power, on the other hand, differs from traditional market power in important ways. It depends upon intrafirm structure-particularly upon a dissimilarity of intrafirm structure among the companies that may be rivals in a particular market-rather than solely upon the structure of that particular market.
Restricted environmental stimulation and the enhancement of hypnotizability: pain, EEG alpha, skin conductance and temperature responses.

Abstract Restricted environmental stimulation procedures were used with 10 Ss. The Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale: Adult (SHCS) of Morgan and J. R. Hilgard (1975), modified to include a posthypnotic suggestion for an analgesic reaction, and pain threshold and tolerance tests were administered prior to restricted environmental stimulation technique (REST), immediately after REST, and 10–14 days later. Occipital EEG alpha, skin conductance, and peripheral, core, and chamber temperature data were collected prior to, during, and after REST. A control group of 10 Ss was used to assess the effects of repeated hypnosis upon susceptibility scores and demand characteristics of the experiment. Multivariate analysis of variance results showed SHCS and pain tolerance scores to be significantly enhanced for Ss exposed to REST immediately after and 10–14 days later. Orne's (1959) postexperimental inquiry technique did not reveal experimental demand characteristics which might account for the results. EEG alpha densit...
Pallet Location and Freezing Rate Effects on the Oxidation of Lipids and Myoglobin in Commercial Fresh Pork Sausage

Effects of freezing rates on oxidation of commercial fresh pork sausage chubs were evaluated in association with location extremes on a production pallet. Three treatments requiring 9 hr, 2.4 days and 6.8 days for temperature declines from 7°C to − 15°C were tested. Sausage chubs were analyzed after 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wk of frozen (- 15°C) plus 3 wk of postfrozen refrigerated (1°C) storage. 2-Thiob-arbituric acid (TBA) numbers did not increase with slower freezing (P>0.05). Hunter “a” values were greater (P<0.05) for the two slower rates. Overall, pallet location of boxed chubs minimally affected oxidative stability. Significant correlations (P<0.05) suggested a positive relationship between lipid and myoglobin oxidation.
Guest editorial: 15th International Meshing Roundtable Special Issue

Numerical geometry and mesh generation is a cross-cutting technology that greatly influences its downstream meshbased computational technologies, such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational structural mechanics (CSM). However, this pre-processing step often is the most tedious and laborious one in the computational simulation cycle. Advances in core mesh generation algorithms have been steadily achieved throughout the past three decades. The popularity of unstructured meshes (tetrahedral, hexahedral, hybrid and polyhedral) facilitates the mesh generation step significantly. However, challenges remain in the CAD-to-mesh process. The papers in this volume were selected from the papers at the 15th International Meshing Roundtable, held 17–20 September 2006 in Birmingham, Alabama, USA. The conference was started by Sandia National Laboratories in 1992 as a small meeting of organizations striving to establish a common focus for research and development in the field of mesh generation. It is now an annual conference attended by researchers and developers from dozens of countries around the world. Selected by peer reviewers based on their perceived quality, originality, and contributions to the geometry and mesh generation technology development, these papers are collected into this special issue of the Journal of Engineers with Computers. As the editors of this special issue, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the contributing authors, reviewers, and publishing staff for their efforts and contributions to make this possible.
Be-Witching Scripture: The Book of Shadows as Scripture within Wicca/Neopagan Witchcraft

This article describes the idea of the Book of Shadows (BoS) within both historical and contemporary Wicca/Neopagan Witchcraft, focusing specifically on how the BoS may be understood as “scripture.” The concept of “scripture” within this work is defined as a tripartite matrix of textuality, performance, and iconicity. Through a descriptive investigation of the history of the religion and the BoS, its use as ritual text and as ritual object, its physical meaning and iconicity, and its invested authority, this article shows that the BoS can be understood as a form of scripture, in a functional and analogous sense. In addition, the article briefly discusses the effect of popular “howto” books on scriptural or canonical authority and how these, along with the concept of the BoS, are serving to routinize and standardize a tradition that largely prides itself on being creative and spontaneous.
Orthogonal sets of Young symmetrizers

Young symmetrizers are primitive idempotents in the group algebra of the symmetric group Sn that are indexed in a natural way by Young tableaux. Although the Young symmetrizers corresponding to standard tableaux may be used to decompose the group algebra into a direct sum of minimal left ideals, they are not pairwise orthogonal in general. We pose the problem of finding maximum sets of pairwise orthogonal (but not necessarily standard) Young symmetrizers, and show in particular that it is possible to find (nonstandard) complete orthogonal sets for all partitions of n if and only if n≤6.
A scientific note on the revised estimates of effective paternity frequency in Apis

We review the literature for studies that investigated paternity within honey bee colonies, and we report the average paternity numbers and effective paternity frequencies of eight species of Apis. Moreover, we employ a recently developed estimator of effective paternity, and we demonstrate that it has little effect on the average paternity estimates but that it can have a profound effect on the variance of individual estimates.
Rapid Introduction of Acetylene into Large Assay Chambers for Acetylene Reduction Experiments

A rapid and facile procedure has been developed for preparing the desired acetylene concentration in large sealed chambers for acetylene reduction assays. The gas dilution system incorporated an inexpensive manometer to monitor evacuation of a known amount of air from the chamber. A simple valving system then allowed for easy injection of acetylene to produce the desired assay conditions. Although 34-L chambers were used, the procedure is amenable to sealed chambers of any size. The entire procedure takes <1 min and exhibits excellent precision. This technique facilitates the use of very large assay chambers, and resolves the cumbersome problems and time involved in handling large volumes of gas
Depletion of 13 C in lignin and its implications for stable carbon isotope studies

Stable carbon isotope compositions of organic matter are now widely used to trace carbon flow in ecosystems, and have been instrumental in shaping current perceptions of the importance of terrestrial vegetation to estuarine and coastal marine environments. A general assumption in these and other studies relying on carbon isotope compositions for source identification of organic matter has been that the major biochemical components of plant tissues are isotopically invariant. We report here large differences between the carbon isotope compositions of the polysaccharide and lignin components of a variety of vascular plants, including the salt-marsh grass Spartina alterniflora, and demonstrate that the carbon isotope composition of Spartina detritus gradually changes during biogeochemical processing as polysaccharides are preferentially removed, leaving a material that is relatively enriched in lignin-derived carbon and depleted in 13C.
Amino acid transport in Neurospora crassa. I. Properties of two amino acid transport systems

Abstract Kinetic studies have revealed the existence of two transport systems for amino acids in Neurospora crassa. Transport system I corresponds to a system previously studied by Wiley and Matchett . Its activity is specifically missing in mtr mutant cultures previously described by Lester and Stadler . It is capable of transporting most neutral l -amino acids. Amino acid transport system II has not been described previously. It has an affinity for a wide variety of amino acids. It transports amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic side chains, both basic and neutral amino acids, and d - as well as l -amino acids. Transport system II has an affinity for both β- and α-amino acids. Transport system I has high activity in young, rapidly growing cultures. Transport system II has little or no activity in young cultures. In older, carbon-starved cultures, however, it is more active than transport system I. This, together with the high affinities it shows for many amino acids, suggests that amino acid transport system II serves a scavenger function, removing from the medium traces of exogenous amino acids.
An Impedance Camera for Spatially Specific Measurements of the Thorax

We have designed and built an impedance camera to generate electrical impedance images of the thorax. Our instrument makes 100 spatially specific admittance measurements per frame at rates up to 32 frames per second. An on-line raster-scan display provides direct visualization while recording of data allows off-line quantitative analysis. We have found that some of the admittance measurements change 25% in humans with forced respiration. We discuss the principle of a mutually guarding electrode array and its limitations and present ideal instrument specifications and a working design. Continuing development may allow noninvasive measurement of localized ventilation and perfusion.
Role of chloride transport in regulation of intracellular pH

IT is well known that introducing acid into a cell causes a rapid fall in intracellular pH (pHi) which is followed by a slower rise1–5. Since this return of pHi towards its original value could not be accounted for by the passive transmembrane movement of H+, OH−, or HCO3−, it was ascribed to the active removal of acid from the cell1,2. In the squid giant axon, this acid extrusion is reversibly blocked by cyanide and greatly enhanced by HCO3−/CO2 (ref. 3). More recently, it has been found that acid extrusion in the snail neurone also is stimulated by HCO3−/CO2 (ref. 4), and that, in addition, it is inhibited by 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (SITS)5, a known inhibitor of anion fluxes in erythrocytes6. In this respect it is interesting to note that a component of Cl− efflux in barnacle muscle also is stimulated by HCO3−/CO2 and blocked by SITS7. We now report that acid extrusion in the squid axon requires internal Cl− and ATP, that it is blocked by SITS, and that it is accompanied by the SITS-sensitive efflux of an equivalent amount of Cl−. These observations suggest that acid extrusion actually involves the neutral exchange of external HCO3− for internal Cl−.
Biochemistry of bovine lens proteins I. Isolation and characterization of adult α-crystallins

Abstract By the use of DEAE-cellulose fractionation it has been shown that the cortical fibers of the adult bovine lens contain several proteins not found in the nuclear lens fibers. Electrophoresis of the protein peaks obtained from the cellulose column revealed the heterogeneity of the α-, β-, and γ-crystallins. The α-crystallins were extensively purified by isoelectric precipitation and fractionation on DEAE-cellulose. Using these procedures, 4 α-crystallins have been isolated. Further evidence for the presence of 4 α-crystallins in the cortical lens fibers was obtained by immunochemical analysis of the isoelectric precipitated α-crystallin. Physicochemical data on these α-crystallins are also presented. In addition to this it has been shown that two of the α-crystallins undergo transformation under alkaline pH. This transformation results in the formation of a molecule which is half the size of the normal α-crystallin. The transformation is not reversible, and a mixture of the normal and transformed proteins can only be resolved by ultracentrifugation. This mixture cannot be resolved by electrophoresis at alkaline pH.
Development and experimental validation of an improved pressure-sinkage model for small-wheeled vehicles on dilative, deformable terrain

Abstract This paper presents a novel pressure-sinkage model for small-wheeled vehicles operating on dilative, deformable soils. Dilative soils, such as sand and Martian regolith, undergo negligible compaction during deformation. The proposed model takes both wheel diameter and width into account and is established using results from over 120 pressure-sinkage tests on two soils and 35 wheel geometries. The model builds on the authors’ previously established diameter dependent pressure-sinkage relationship, which has been shown to be more accurate for small wheels than classical models. X-ray images of the sub-surface strain field during soil indentation are used to visually validate the model. Using this model, an improved terramechanics framework is developed, which is subsequently implemented in an A∗ path planning algorithm. The algorithm determines the optimal route for an unmanned ground vehicle based on distance, energy consumption, and mobility. Field tests performed using a four-wheeled experimental UGV on moist, sandy terrain validate the modified terramechanics framework and its usefulness in field operations.
Phase structure of some supersymmetric theories

The phase structure of a family of supersymmetric gauge theories with heavy gauge superfields is investigated in the zero-range (Nambu---Jona-Lasinio) limit. Using a supersymmetric Hartree-Fock calculation, we discover a phase transition to vacuum instability caused by runaway field excitations. The models have no stable phases with a dynamically broken supersymmetry. In particular, the supersymmetric vacuum of left-right symmetric theories is absolutely stable in the entire space of coupling constants.
The Matrix Exponential Approach To Elementary Operations

In 1971, J.S. Walther generalized and unified J.E. Volder's coordinate rotation (CORDIC) algorithms. Using Walther's algorithms a few commonly used functions such as divide, multiply-and-accumulate, arctan, plane rotation, arctanh, hyperbolic rotation can be implemented on the same simple hardware (shifters and adders, elementary controller) and computed in approximately the same time. Can other useful functions be computed on the same hardware by further generalizing these algorithms? Our positive answer lies in a deeper understanding of Walther's unification: the key to the CORDIC algorithms is that all of them effect the multiplication of a vector by the exponential of a 2 X 2 matrix. The importance of this observation is readily demonstrated as it easily yields the convergence conditions for the CORDIC algorithms and an efficient way of extending the domain of convergence for the hyperbolic functions. A correspondence may be established between elementary functions such as square-root, √(x2+y) , inverse square-root or cubic root and exponentials of simple matrices. Whenever such a correspondence is found, a CORDIC-like algorithm for computing the function can be synthesized in a very straightforward manner. The algorithms thus derived have a simple structure and exhibit uniform convergence inside an adjustable, precisely defined, domain.
Real-time map building for fast mobile robot obstacle avoidance

ABSTRACT This paper introduces HIMM (histogramic in-motion mapping), a new method for real-time map building with a mobile robot in motion. HIMM represents data in a two-dimensional array (called a histogram gjid) that is updated through rapid continuous sampling of the onboard range sensors during motion. Rapid in-motion sampling results in a statistical maprepresentation that is well-suited to modeling inaccurate and noisy range-sensor data. HIMM is integral part of anobstacle avoidance algorithm and allows the robot to immediately use the mapped information in real-time obstacle-avoidance. The benefits of this integrated approach are twofold: (1) quick, accurate mapping; and (2) safe navigation ofthe robot toward a given target.HIMM has been implemented and tested on a mobile robot. Its dual functionality was demonstrated through numeroustests in which maps of unknown obstacle courses were created, while the robot simultaneously performed real-timeobstacle avoidance maneuvers at speeds of up to 0.78m/sec.
EEG markers of migraine in children and adults.

SYNOPSIS EEG markers of migraine in childhood were characterized using computer techniques for harmonic analysis of the EEG during photic stimulation. We examined values of coherence, power in the alpha range, response to photic stimulation and attenuation of power in the alpha range during photic driving. With these data, we were able to discriminate 12 of 13 children with migraine from age-matched controls. We compared our results to previous data with adults and found many properties in the spectral analyses common to both children and adults, but also found a small set of properties unique to children.