cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source Derogation and Persuasion on Controverted Issues

Sumnzary.-The present study attempted to extend knowledge of persuasion reduction via source derogation in the context of congruity theory by using controverted issues rather than non-controverted truisms. Source derogation reduced persuasion on controverted issues only when the source was unfavorably evaluated. Controverted issues are more varied in favorableness than truisms, and chis difference may explain the conditional acceptance of the hypothesis. Time of source derogation was important; source derogation before issue support reduced persuasiveness while derogation after support did not. A further prediction, that persuasion would be reduced more if there were only one derogated source rather than several sources and only one derogated, was not supported. Some caution in the application of congruiry theory was noted. A number of different explanatory principles have been used to describe how various treatments diminish persuasion. McGuire ( 1964) introduced the concept of "inoculation" (analogous to biological immunization) to account for his finding that a weak attack on a cultural truism apparently protects the belief from future stronger attacIrs. Tannenbaum and Norris ( 1965 ) , Tannenbaum, Macaulay, and Norris ( 1366), and Anderson ( 1967), employing congruity theory, have derived and verified strategies to reduce the persuasiveness of a negative message. Further research on the validity and scope of the congruity principle is warranted because the theory is intended to be widely applicable. The present srudy attempted to extend knowledge of the role of source derogation in reducing persuasion. Previous studies have examined source derogation in situations where the source attacked a previously non-controverted truism. The present study sought to study the generality of such effects by using a situation where the source ~u~ported an issue of a more controversial narure. In addition, the effect of multiple sources was explored. Tannenbaum, et al. (l966) indicated that, when a source attacks a culturally accepted truism, derogstion of the source minimizes changes in belief. If a source that attacks an accepted belief is derogated, the acceptance of the belief is unchanged or even increzsed; where there is a derogation of a source that supports a belief, acceptance of the belief should be reduced. The use of previously non-controverted beliefs was presiunably not necessary for the application of congruity theory, although McGuire (1964) had suggested that the use of health truisms in such studies may represent very special condicions. Therefore, co test
Basin-scale internal wave dynamics during a winter cooling period in a large lake

[1] Basin-scale internal waves are examined using a combined field observation and 3-D numerical approach. The field site, Lake Tahoe (CA-NV) during winter, is characterized by the presence of a weak density stratification and the passage of several storm fronts of varying character. Under these conditions internal waves with periods greater than 5 days and displacements of 30 m are possible. The model used is shown to have negligible numerical dissipation and sufficiently small phase lag over the time periods needed to represent basin-scale waves. Both the numerical results and the observations identify the presence of three Kelvin modes and one Poincare mode. While the wave periods are consistent with theoretical predictions, the spatial characteristics are far more complex than theory can predict. The spatial features are revealed through analysis of the integrated potential and kinetic energy fields yielded by the model. This shows that the basin topography exerts an influence on both Kelvin and Poincare waves. The effect of the variable storms and, in particular, the phasing of the storms with respect to the internal waves is shown to be responsible for the amplification and annihilation of the basin-scale waves.
Against the Tide: The Battle for America's Beaches

Beaches play an important role in America's livelihood and economy. More than one-half of all Americans live within an hour's drive of the beach, and coastal towns depend on tourist revenue for their survival. Catastrophic events in coastal areas,such as hurricanes, earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis, cost the nation more than $30 billion per year and have serious economic consequences for coastal communities. In addition, all 35 coastal states and the island territories are experiencing coastal erosion. Continued development of the coast, combined with the rise in global sea level, will only increase the problems and the cost of dealing with them.
Onset of function in the human fetal thyroid: biochemical and radioautographic studies from organ culture.

ABSTRACT Nineteen human fetal thyroids obtained in fresh condition were studied by the use of short-term organ culture. The incorporation of 125I added to the culture medium was investigated by means of biochemical and histologic techniques both in the gland and in a suitable control tissue. The crown-rump length of the fetuses ranged from 22 to 142 mm, which is equivalent to an estimated gestational period of 45–112 days. In the 7 fetuses of less than 68 mm no organic iodine, central colloid cavity or tissuebound 125I were found. At the 68 mm stage (74 gestational days) and at all later stages a full spectrum of organically bound, iodinated products was found (MIT, DIT, T4, and occasionally T3) and the tissue evidenced 125I binding in radioautographs. Sequential steps of biochemical maturation as reported in experimental animals were not identified in these tests. The control tissue contained only radioiodide. Sections of epon-embedded thyroid tissue, 1 μ in thickness, permitted identification of intrace...
Weak localization in the presence of combined magnetic and electric fields.

We have studied the combined effects of static magnetic H and ac electric ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{ac}}$ fields on electron phase coherence in thin Sb films. Both fields effectively limit phase coherence, and may be viewed as competing with the phase breaking due to electron scattering processes, such as inelastic scattering. Careful measurements of the conductance as a function of H, ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{ac}}$, and temperature have provided a detailed, quantitative test of the theory when all three sources of phase breaking are significant. Reasonably good agreement is found.
Electrical properties of Neurospora crassa. Respiration and the intracellular potential.

The internal potential of Neurospora appears to have two components, one ( a ) which is reduced by anoxia or abolished by respiratory inhibitors such as azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol, and ( b ) a fraction that remains in the presence of respiratory inhibitors and is sensitive to the external potassium concentration. Under standard conditions 1 mM azide or dinitrophenol diminishes internal potentials from near -200 mv to about -30 mv within 1 minute and at a maximal rate of 20 mv/second. The internal potential usually recovers within 10 minutes after the inhibitor has been removed. The effect of carbon monoxide on the internal potential is similar to that of azide or dinitrophenol, but can be reversed by visible light, specifically of the wavelengths (430 mµ and 590 mµ) known to decompose cytochrome-CO complexes in yeast. Respiration and internal potentials vary proportionally with azide concentration, but dinitrophenol at low (3 x 10-6 M) concentrations enhances oxygen consumption without affecting the internal potential. In the presence of 0.1 mM calcium, the fraction of the internal potential which persists during respiratory inhibition increases (becomes more negative) about 30 mv for each tenfold decrease of external potassium over the range 10 to 0.1 mM. The surface resistivity of Neurospora , normally about 5000 ohm.cm2, is unchanged by respiratory inhibitors during the period of rapid potential shift.
Forty-Five Years of Public–Private Partnership in the Rawlins Field Office

P ublic–Private Partnerships are an integral part of successful public land management. The Sul- phur Springs allotment, which is administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Rawlins Field Of ce, Rawlins, Wyoming, USA, contains a largely checkerboard land-ownership pattern that is 56% public. The signi cance of this allotment is its location at the con uence of the perennial headwaters of Muddy Creek. Other than the southeast corner and western edge, most of the stream miles are on private land. Within the Rawlins Field Of ce boundary, only 10% of all riparian habitats are located on public land. It is essential that BLM work with partners to manage riparian habitat on a landscape scale. Sulphur Springs allotment is one example of this approach. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i4_warren
Asymmetry of Columbia River tidal plume fronts

Abstract Columbia River tidal plume dynamics can be explained in terms of two asymmetries related to plume-front depth and internal wave generation. These asymmetries may be an important factor contributing to the observed greater primary productivity and phytoplankton standing crop on the Washington shelf. The tidal plume (the most recent ebb outflow from the estuary) is initially supercritical with respect to the frontal internal Froude number FR on strong ebbs. It is separated from the rotating plume bulge by a front, whose properties are very different under upwelling vs. downwelling conditions. Under summer upwelling conditions, tidal plume fronts are sharp and narrow ( FR and plume depth are key parameters in distinguishing the upwelling and downwelling situations, and these two asymmetries can be explained in terms of potential vorticity conservation. The divergence of the tidal outflow after it leaves the estuary embeds relative vorticity in the emerging tidal plume water mass. This vorticity controls the transition of the tidal plume front to a subcritical state and consequently the timing and location of internal wave generation by plume fronts.
Baryo-exodus in the standard model

Abstract The electroweak theory includes anomalous baryon and lepton number (B+L) violations which can cause any B+L, generated at temperatures above the weak scale, to relax to its equilibrium value of zero. This will happen if the relaxation rate R for this process is greater than the expansion rate. We use an analytic expression for R to derive an explicit relation between the relaxation rate at high temperatures and the cross sections for baryon violating processes due to electroweak interactions at high energies. The analytic expression for R was obtained (Khlebnikov and Shaposhnikov, and Raby, Starkman and Mottola) by using an explicit form for the nonequilibrium density operator to describe the out of equilibrium baryon density. We then use some recent estimates of the high energy baryon number violating amplitudes to obtain a lower bound on R.
Electrophysiological characterization of putative C1 adrenergic neurons in the rat

Abstract Recent studies in the rat have demonstrated that at least two populations of sympathoexcitatory reticulospinal neurons reside in the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis. It appears that only one of these populations consists of C1 adrenergic neurons. The present study used both double-labeling (one retrograde tracer and immunohistochemistry) and triple-labeling (two retrograde tracers and immunohistochemistry) to determine if C1 adrenergic neurons, which are immunoreactive for phenylethanolamineN-methyltransferase, exhibit a projection pattern that is sufficiently unique to permit the electrophysiological discrimination between C1 adrenergic and non-adrenergic neurons in the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis. Double-labeling experiments indicated that 71% (range: 53–80) ofphenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis could be retrogradely labeled from the thoracic cord, as were 76% (range: 67–94) following tracer injection in the central tegmental tract at pontine levels. Triple-labeling experiments indicated that 88% (range: 82–93) of nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis neurons with projections to both spinal cord and central tegmental tract werephenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive. Single-unit recording, in nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis, was used to identify antidromic potentials elicted from stimulation sites in the spinal cord and/or central tegmental tract. Since clonidine is known to reduce central adrenaline turnover, sensitivity to this drug was used to identify putative adrenergic neurons. Twenty-six nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis neurons with axonal projections to both the ipsilateral spinal cord and the central tegmental tract were recorded in halothane-anesthetized rats. All these cells were barosensitive, pulse-modulated, and 16 of the 16 cells tested exhibited a66 ± 8% reduction in activity upon the intravenous administration of clonidine (20 μg/kg). Most (13 out of 16) exhibited a strong respiratory modulation. The conduction velocity of their spinal collateral was generally low (0.9 ± 0.1m/s) and their firing rate moderate (7.4 ± 1.2spikes/s). Forty-three nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis cells with axonal projections exclusively to the thoracic cord were studied for comparison. These cells were strongly barosensitive and pulse-synchronous, had a high discharge rate (25 ± 3spikes/s) and a moderate conduction velocity (3.4 ± 0.3m/s). Only one of the 15 cells tested was inhibited by clonidine and only two to these 15 cells exhibited a detectable respiratory modulation. Thus barosensitive nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis neurons with axonal projections to both the spinal cord and the central tegmental tract likely belong the the C1 adrenergic cell group. It is concluded that this subgroup of adrenergic neurons probably subserves a vasomotor function.
Zinc-binding Domain of the Bacteriophage T7 DNA Primase Modulates Binding to the DNA Template

The zinc-binding domain (ZBD) of prokaryotic DNA primases has been postulated to be crucial for recognition of specific sequences in the single-stranded DNA template. To determine the molecular basis for this role in recognition, we carried out homolog-scanning mutagenesis of the zinc-binding domain of DNA primase of bacteriophage T7 using a bacterial homolog from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The ability of T7 DNA primase to catalyze template-directed oligoribonucleotide synthesis is eliminated by substitution of any five-amino acid residue-long segment within the ZBD. The most significant defect occurs upon substitution of a region (Pro-16 to Cys-20) spanning two cysteines that coordinate the zinc ion. The role of this region in primase function was further investigated by generating a protein library composed of multiple amino acid substitutions for Pro-16, Asp-18, and Asn-19 followed by genetic screening for functional proteins. Examination of proteins selected from the screening reveals no change in sequence-specific recognition. However, the more positively charged residues in the region facilitate DNA binding, leading to more efficient oligoribonucleotide synthesis on short templates. The results suggest that the zinc-binding mode alone is not responsible for sequence recognition, but rather its interaction with the RNA polymerase domain is critical for DNA binding and for sequence recognition. Consequently, any alteration in the ZBD that disturbs its conformation leads to loss of DNA-dependent oligoribonucleotide synthesis.
Pressure on the emergency department : the expanding right to medical care

Lack of a comprehensive health care system in the United States has resulted in a series of legal cases that have expanded the common-law right to care in the hospital emergency department, thereby bringing increased pressure on hospitals to provide care under an ever-widening variety of nonemergency conditions. Health care legislation at the state and federal level during the 1980s expanded the concept of physician duty to include women in labor as well as any condition that could reasonably be expected to lead to serious impairment to bodily functions or serious dysfunction of any bodily organ or part. Presently, any patient presenting to a hospital ED must be examined to determine whether an emergency exists. The expanding definition of an emergency and mandated patient examination requirements have hit urban hospitals particularly hard, as the uninsured and disenfranchised increasingly find the ED their only source of medical care. The United States needs a national health care solution that does not rely on the ED as the locus of care for general medical practice. Failure to act will jeopardize the ability of hospital EDs to provide the highly specialized care that only they can provide and will put more hospitals at financial risk as they struggle to comply with state and federal law while serving a growing population of uninsured and underinsured patients.
Spatial Compatibility Effects With Unimanual and Bimanual Wheel-Rotation Responses: An Homage to Guiard (1983)

ABSTRACT. Y. Guiard (1983) reported a prescient study of compatibility effects in response times for clockwise/counterclockwise wheel rotations to stimuli in left/right locations. Left-right coding of responses predominated in his study, but some results suggested that unimanual versus bimanual operation was also a factor. The authors report 3 experiments directly examining whether there is a difference in spatial compatibility effects obtained with wheel-rotation responses executed bimanually or unimanually (with left or right hand). Adopting a right-to-clockwise or left-to-counterclockwise mapping was advantageous for top, side, and bottom hand placements. This benefit interacted neither with unimanual or bimanual responding nor with the response hand. The results confirm that the critical relation is between the wheel and stimulus position, and is not effector dependent. This finding is in agreement with results from studies using discrete keypress responses, emphasizing that spatial coding of stimuli,...
A Look Inside a Muve Design Process: Blending Instructional Design and Game Principles To Target Writing Skills:

The number of games, simulations, and multi-user virtual environments designed to promote learning, engagement with subject matter, or intended to contextualize learning has been steadily increasin...
A Knowledge Based Expert-System For Synthetic Aperture Radar Target Recognition

This paper describes a knowledge-based expert system that uses return features, provided by image analysts, to identify an object as a specific instance or class of object, such as a tank or truck. Partial feature sets allow the expert system to classify occluded and unfamiliar or falsified object data returns to the most likely class with a specified reasoning path. The rule based system was developed using the Prolog version of Ml.
Susceptibility Results for the Bacteroides fragilis Group: Comparison of the Broth Microdilution and Agar Dilution Methods

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of members of the Bacteroides fragilis group were compared using the agar dilution and broth microdilution methods. A total of 455 B. fragilis group isolates were tested against 10 antibiotics. Significant disparity in susceptibility results for most antibiotics was observed between the two methods. Broth microdilution susceptibility results were most similar to agar dilution results when a twofold lower breakpoint was used. In addition, broth microdilution failed to detect resistance to some antibiotics when the recommended agar dilution breakpoint was used. MIC 5O , MIC 90 , and geometric mean MIC values for broth microdilution were consistently twofold to fourfold less than those for agar dilution. Susceptibilities of Bacteroides that are determined with use of broth microdilution may more accurately correspond to those determined with use of agar dilution if lower breakpoints are used for interpretation.
Body composition and metabolic changes associated with massive intestinal resection in mice

Abstract Background The specific changes in body composition and metabolism during the adaptation response to massive intestinal loss are presently unclear. The present study was designed to determine alterations in these parameters using an established mouse model. Methods Male C57/Bl6 mice underwent either 50% small bowel resection (SBR) or transection with reanastomosis (Sham) operation. Oxygen consumption per unit time, carbon dioxide production per unit time, respiratory quotient, and energy expenditure were measured by indirect calorimetry along with body composition determination by nuclear magnetic resonance at postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Results The mice that underwent SBR had lower rates of metabolism as measured by decreased energy expenditure, carbon dioxide production per unit time and oxygen consumption per unit time when compared with the Sham group throughout the study period. During adaptation, SBR mice had restoration of body fat at two weeks after the operation while the lean mass and body weight remained lower throughout. Conclusion Without supplemental parenteral nutrition, the adaptation response to massive SBR is characterized by reduced energy metabolism and an inappropriate replenishment of fat stores over lean mass. Futures studies will be needed to determine the metabolic effects of various growth factors designed to enhance structural features of adaptation.
Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Findings from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study

Objectives To determine risk factors for, and long-term effects of, glycemic control on urinary incontinence among women with type 1 diabetes enrolled in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study. Methods The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (1982-1993) cohort follow-up, Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications trial, began in 1994. In 2004, the female participants (n = 550) completed a self-administered questionnaire on incontinence. Our primary outcome was weekly or greater incontinence, overall and by type. Multivariate regression models were used to determine independent predictors of weekly urinary incontinence, both overall and by type. Results Overall, 38% of women reported any incontinence and 17% reported weekly or greater incontinence. An increasing body mass index (odds ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 1.1-1.2) was significantly associated with weekly incontinence, overall and by type. Advancing age and ≥2 urinary tract infections in the previous year were associated with weekly urge incontinence (odds ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0-2.0 per 5 years, and odds ratio 4.9, 95% confidence interval 1.8-13.5, respectively). Weaker evidence was seen for increased risk with age for overall weekly incontinence (22% per 5 years, P = .06) and stress incontinence (21% per 5 years, P = .08). Conclusions Urinary incontinence is common among women with type 1 diabetes and the risk factors, including advancing age, increased weight, and previous urinary tract infection, are important. Weight reduction and the treatment of urinary tract infections might have the additional benefit of preventing incontinence or reducing its severity.
Statistical analysis and spectral estimation techniques for one-dimensional chaotic signals

Signals arising out of nonlinear dynamics are compelling models for a wide range of both natural and man-made phenomena. In contrast to signals arising out of linear dynamics, extremely rich behavior is obtained even when we restrict our attention to one-dimensional (1-D) chaotic systems with certain smoothness constraints. An important class of such systems are the so-called Markov maps. We develop several properties of signals obtained from Markov maps and present analytical techniques for computing a broad class of their statistics in closed form. These statistics include, for example, correlations of arbitrary order and all moments of such signals. Among several results, we demonstrate that all Markov maps produce signals with rational spectra, and we can therefore view the associated signals as "chaotic ARMA processes," with "chaotic white noise" as a special case. Finally, we also demonstrate how Markov maps can be used to approximate to arbitrary accuracy the statistics any of a broad class of non-Markov chaotic maps.
Complete solution of the one-dimensional Hubbard model.

We show how to construct a complete set of eigenstates of the Hamiltonian of the one-dimensional Hubbard model on a finite lattice of even length L. This is done by using the nested Bethe ansatz and the SO(4) symmetry of the model.
Multicrop Production Decisions in Western Irrigated Agriculture: The Role of Water Price

Applying a model of the multioutput firm, econometric results are reported for irrigated production in four multistate regions of the American West. Cross-sectional microdata from the Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey and limited-dependent variable methods are used to estimate crop-choice, supply, land allocation, and water demand functions for field crops. Farm-level water demand is decomposed into the sum of crop-level water demands, and crop-level demands are further separated into an extensive margin (land allocations) and intensive margin (short-run water use). Response to water price (measured as groundwater pumping cost) occurs primarily at the extensive margin.
Arousal, Capacity, and Intense Indoctrination

This article considers the process of intense indoctrination, specifying procedural conditions, internal states, mechanisms of social influence, and key output behaviors associated with extremely manipulative and coercive programs of attitude and value change. Most descriptions of intense indoctrination point out that emotional arousal and stress are integral features of such programs of systematic persuasion. This article focuses on the hypothesis that this arousal, coupled with other features of the indoctrination process, compromise the attentional capacity of indoctrinees and that this impairment of attentional capacity increases the impact of several social influence mechanisms in such settings. The research evidence relevant to this hypothesis is reviewed.
The Sears Island Saga: Law in Search of Geography

: Although the influence of law in shaping human use of land and water has long been recognized, the role of geographic factors in the resolution of legal disputes involving such resources is less appreciated. When the outcome of litigation or administrative procedures depends upon accurate understanding of geographic context and uncertainties, and such understanding is flawed, the legal process may become a faltering, costly exercise in futility. Such has been the case with the 20-year battle over the fate of Sears Island, a sizable tract of undeveloped coastal Maine at the head of Penobscot Bay. This controversy has reflected competition between economic and environmental goals in coastal zone management, the issue of local versus nonlocal control of resources, and the uneasy interaction of geography and law in the process of environmental impact assessment under the National Environmental Policy Act.
The journey from stem cell to macrophage.

Essential protectors against infection and injury, macrophages can also contribute to many common and fatal diseases. Here we discuss the mechanisms that control different types of macrophage activities in mice. We follow the cells’ maturational pathways over time and space, and elaborate on events that influence the type of macrophage eventually settling a particular destination. The nature of the precursor cells, developmental niches, tissues, environmental cues, and other connecting processes appear to contribute to the identity of macrophage type. Together, the spatial and developmental relationships of macrophages comprise a topo-ontogenic map that can guide our understanding of their biology.
Evaluation of Functional Interaction between K+Channel α- and β-Subunits and Putative Inactivation Gating by Co-Expression in Xenopus laevisOocytes

Animal K(+) channel alpha- (pore-forming) subunits form native proteins by association with beta-subunits, which are thought to affect channel function by modifying electrophysiological parameters of currents (often by inducing fast inactivation) or by stabilizing the protein complex. We evaluated the functional association of KAT1, a plant K(+) channel alpha-subunit, and KAB1 (a putative homolog of animal K(+) channel beta-subunits) by co-expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Oocytes expressing KAT1 displayed inward-rectifying, non-inactivating K(+) currents that were similar in magnitude to those reported in prior studies. K(+) currents recorded from oocytes expressing both KAT1 and KAB1 had similar gating kinetics. However, co-expression resulted in greater total current, consistent with the possibility that KAB1 is a beta-subunit that stabilizes and therefore enhances surface expression of K(+) channel protein complexes formed by alpha-subunits such as KAT1. K(+) channel protein complexes formed by alpha-subunits such as KAT1 that undergo (voltage-dependent) inactivation do so by means of a "ball and chain" mechanism; the ball portion of the protein complex (which can be formed by the N terminus of either an alpha- or beta-subunit) occludes the channel pore. KAT1 was co-expressed in oocytes with an animal K(+) channel alpha-subunit (hKv1.4) known to contain the N-terminal ball and chain. Inward currents through heteromeric hKv1. 4:KAT1 channels did undergo typical voltage-dependent inactivation. These results suggest that inward currents through K(+) channel proteins formed at least in part by KAT1 polypeptides are capable of inactivation, but the structural component facilitating inactivation is not present when channel complexes are formed by either KAT1 or KAB1 in the absence of additional subunits.
Identification and functional characterization of a novel UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A1 splice variant: potential importance in tobacco-related cancer susceptibility.

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2A1 is a respiratory and aerodigestive tract-expressing phase II detoxifying enzyme that metabolizes various xenobiotics including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study, a novel exon 3 deletion splice variant was identified for UGT2A1 (UGT2A1Δexon3). As determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), UGT2A1Δexon3 was shown to be expressed in various tissues including lung, trachea, larynx, tonsil, and colon. The ratio of UGT2A1Δexon3/wild-type UGT2A1 expression was highest in colon (0.79 ± 0.08) and lung (0.42 ± 0.12) as determined by real-time PCR; an antibody specific to UGT2A1 showed splice variant protein (UGT2A1_i2) to wild-type protein (UGT2A1_i1) ratios in the range of 0.5 to 0.9 in these tissues. Using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography, we found that homogenates prepared from UGT2A1_i2-overexpressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells exhibited no glucuronidation activity against PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (B[a]P-7,8-diol). An inducible in vitro system was created to determine the effect of UGT2A1_i2 expression on UGT2A1_i1 activity. Increasing UGT2A1_i2 levels resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the UGT2A1_i1 Vmax against 1-hydroxy (OH)-pyrene, 3-OH-benzo[a]pyrene, and B[a]P-7,8-diol; no significant changes in KM were observed for any of the three substrates. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested the formation of UGT2A1_i1 and UGT2A1_i2 hetero-oligomers and UGT2A1_i1 homo-oligomers; coexpression of UGT2A1_i1 or UGT2A1_i2 with other UGT1A or UGT2B enzymes caused no change in UGT1A or UGT2B glucuronidation activity. These data suggest that a novel UGT2A1 splice variant regulates UGT2A1-mediated glucuronidation activity via UGT2A1-specific protein-protein interactions, and expression of this variant could play an important role in the detoxification of carcinogens within target tissues for tobacco carcinogenesis.
Expert patients: learning from HIV

The outbreak of HIV in the early 1980s saw widespread activism among patients and community supporters. The author, a young physician in San Francisco at the time, describes how coming of age as a clinician in the midst of this activism affected her concept of the patient–physician relationship. The insistence of a particular patient, Robert, on specifying his treatment goals illustrates that even people with substantial cognitive challenges can participate in their own care in an egalitarian and active manner.
A survey of recent developments in theoretical neuroscience and machine vision

Efforts to explain human and animal vision, and to automate visual function in machines, have found it difficult to account for the view-invariant perception of universals such as environmental objects or processes, and the explicit perception of featural parts and wholes in visual scenes. A handful of unsupervised learning methods, many of which relate directly to independent components analysis (ICA), have been used to make predictive perceptual models of the spatial and temporal statistical structure in natural visual scenes, and to develop principled explanations for several important properties of the architecture and dynamics of mammalian visual cortex. Emerging principles include a new understanding of invariances and part-whole compositions in terms of the hierarchical analysis of covariation in feature subspaces, reminiscent of the processing across layers and areas of visual cortex, and the analysis of view manifolds, which relate to the topologically ordered feature maps in cortex.
Impacts of professional education in diabetes on trainees' reports.

Over a three-year period, 202 nurses and dietitians attended professional edu cation courses conducted at the Diabetes Research and Training Center. The courses were designed to develop trainee knowledge and skill for diabetes management and to guide the expansion of patient education programs. Trainees' satisfaction with the course components was high and knowledge changes were significant. Sixty-one percent of the trainees returned a follow- up survey indicating im provements in counseling and teaching skills. Trainees' reports indicated greatest progress in areas over which they had most direct control.Professional education may have positive effects on trainee knowledge, teaching preparation and counseling skills, and patient education programs.
Starvation and Desiccation in Tsetse Flies (Glossina).

Collections of tsetse flies were made from different regions and at different seasons, and their fat and water contents determined. The results showed that of the two potential causes of death, starvation is far more important than desiccation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERHUNGERN UND AUSTROCKNUNG BEI DER TSETSEFLIEGE (GLOSSINA) In verschiedenen Gegenden und zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten wurden Tsetsefliegen gesammelt und ihr Fett- und Wassergehalt bestimmt. Durch Extrapolation der Regressionen an Fett- und Wasserreserven konnten Schatzungen der nach Erschopfung der Fettreserven ubrigbleibenden Wasserreserven ermittelt werden, wie auch umgekehrt der ubrigbleibenden Fettreserven nach Erschopfung der Wasserreserven. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass von diesen zwei moglichen Todesursachen der Hunger viel wichtiger ist als das Vertrocknen. Dieses Ergebnis wurde durch eine Prufung der Verteilung des Fett- und Wassergehalts bestatigt. Sie zeigte, dass sich eine betrachtliche Anzahl der Fliegen in der kritischen Zone des Fettgehalts oder sehr nahe daran befand, wahrend nur ein geringer Bruchteil von ihnen einen Wassergehalt aufwies, der sich der kritischen Zone naherte.
Valid Inequalities Based on Demand Propagation for Chemical Production Scheduling MIP Models

Although several mixed-integer programming (MIP) models have been proposed for the scheduling of chemical manufacturing facilities, the development of solution methods for these formulations has received limited attention. In this article, we develop a constraint propagation algorithm for the calculation of lower bounds on the number and size of tasks necessary to satisfy given demand. These bounds are then used to express four types of valid inequalities which greatly enhance the computational performance of the MIP scheduling model. Specifically, the addition of these inequalities leads to reductions in the computational requirements of more than three orders of magnitude, thereby allowing us to address medium-sized problems of industrial relevance. Importantly, the proposed methods are applicable to a wide range of problem classes and time-indexed MIP models for chemical production scheduling. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59:872-887, 2013
Generic entity resolution with negative rules

Entity resolution (ER) (also known as deduplication or merge-purge) is a process of identifying records that refer to the same real-world entity and merging them together. In practice, ER results may contain "inconsistencies," either due to mistakes by the match and merge function writers or changes in the application semantics. To remove the inconsistencies, we introduce "negative rules" that disallow inconsistencies in the ER solution (ER-N). A consistent solution is then derived based on the guidance from a domain expert. The inconsistencies can be resolved in several ways, leading to accurate solutions. We formalize ER-N, treating the match, merge, and negative rules as black boxes, which permits expressive and extensible ER-N solutions. We identify important properties for the rules that, if satisfied, enable less costly ER-N. We develop and evaluate two algorithms that find an ER-N solution based on guidance from the domain expert: the GNR algorithm that does not assume the properties and the ENR algorithm that exploits the properties.
A temporal constraint structure for extracting temporal information from clinical narrative

Introduction. Time is an essential element in medical data and knowledge which is intrinsically connected with medical reasoning tasks. Many temporal reasoning mechanisms use constraint-based approaches. Our previous research demonstrates that electronic discharge summaries can be modeled as a simple temporal problem (STP).Objective. To categorize temporal expressions in clinical narrative text and to propose and evaluate a temporal constraint structure designed to model this temporal information and to support the implementation of higher-level temporal reasoning.Methods. A corpus of 200 random discharge summaries across 18 years was applied in a grounded approach to construct a representation structure. Then, a subset of 100 discharge summaries was used to tally the frequency of each identified time category and the percentage of temporal expressions modeled by the structure. Fifty random expressions were used to assess inter-coder agreement.Results. Six main categories of temporal expressions were identified. The constructed temporal constraint structure models time over which an event occurs by constraining its starting time and ending time. It includes a set of fields for the endpoint(s) of an event, anchor information, qualitative and metric temporal relations, and vagueness. In 100 discharge summaries, 1961 of 2022 (97%) identified temporal expressions were effectively modeled using the temporal constraint structure. Inter-coder evaluation of 50 expressions yielded exact match in 90%, partial match with trivial differences in 8%, partial match with large differences in 2%, and total mismatch in 0%.Conclusion. The proposed temporal constraint structure embodies a sufficient and successful implementation method to encode the diversity of temporal information in discharge summaries. Placing data within the structure provides a foundational representation upon which further reasoning, including the addition of domain knowledge and other post-processing to implement an STP, can be accomplished.
Intensity–intensity fluctuations of stochastic fields produced upon weak scattering

We derive expressions for the intensity–intensity correlations of a field produced on scattering of a random field governed by Gaussian statistics from a particle with a deterministic or a random refractive index distribution. Our results generalize the ones in [Opt. Lett. 35, 4000, 2010] to the case of an arbitrarily correlated incident field. We consider as specific examples the cases of a single plane wave and two partially correlated plane waves incident upon the scatterer.
Faunal turnover rates and mammalian biodiversity of the late Pliocene and Pleistocene of eastern Africa

Two models of faunal turnover patterns, one with constant turnover and another with climatically induced turnover pulses, were tested against the empirical fossil data of first and last appearances of large mammals from the late Pliocene and Pleistocene of East Africa. Computer simulations of each model were generated by first creating change in hypothetical faunal com- munities and then sampling the evolving communities in a manner scaled to the specific contin- gencies of the East African fossil record. Predictions of the two turnover models were compared with the empirical data. Neither model yielded predictions that deviated significantly from the observed patterns of first and last appearances of species, and both models produced extremely similar results. The implication is that the fossil data of East Africa are not refined enough to detect variations in the pace of turnover; the patterns of first- and last-appearance frequencies are deter- mined more by the contingencies of the fossil record than by the underlying evolutionary and mi- grational patterns. Whereas these results undermine the primary basis of empirical support for the turnover-pulse hypothesis, they do not imply that other models are more likely. However, the sim- ulation results were highly suggestive of significant reduction in species biodiversity of large mam- mals during the past 2 Myr.
Environmental Interactions of Geo- and Bio-Macromolecules with Nanomaterials

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are mostly synthesized with modified surfaces using various surfactants, polymeric, or biomolecule coatings to achieve desired functionality. When exposed to the environment, coatings on the ENMs will undergo the first set of interactions with natural geo- and bio-macromolecules pre-existing in aqueous and/or soil matrices. Such interfacial interaction will likely alter the conformation and extent of coverage of the synthetic ENM surface coatings via exchange, displacement, and/or overcoating by environmental macromolecules. The exchange kinetics and extent of replacement of the synthetic coatings will profoundly impact environmental fate, transport, transformation, and toxicity of the ENMs. This chapter discusses the state-of-the-art literature to identify key synthetic coating types, their interaction with the environmental and biological macromolecules, and illustrate the existing challenges to determine coating exchange kinetics and its environmental implications on ENMs.
Hope mediates the relationship between depression and quality of life among youths enrolled in a family-based pediatric obesity intervention

ABSTRACTThis study examined the hypothesis that hope mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life (QOL) among youths with obesity. Children (N = 93; aged 7–17) enrolled in the “Positively Fit” treatment study completed the Children’s Hope Scale, Behavior Assessment System for Children—Second Edition, Self-Report of Personality Depression Subscale (BASC-2, SRP), and the PedsQLTM to operationalize the hypothesized constructs. A bias corrected bootstrap of the indirect effect was conducted to assess the study hypothesis. There was an indirect effect of depression on QOL through hope. The 95% confidence interval ([CI] = −0.34 to −0.07) had an effect size (standardized indirect effect of −0.14). Hope is a significant mediator of the relationship between depression and QOL. Future research should examine this effect with a longitudinal study design and should test other possible mediators.
Landings: Decolonizing Disability, Indigeneity and Poetic Methods

The article witnesses encounters in Australia, many centered in Aboriginal Australian contexts, and asks what arts-based research methods can offer to intercultural contact. It offers a meditation on decolonizing methodologies and the use of poetry and performance by a white Western subject in disability culture. The argument focuses on productive unknowability, on finding machines that respectfully align research methods and cultural production at the site of encounter.
Medicine: The 'Proof' of Anatomy

From the Hippocratics and Aristotle of the classical period of Greece through Herophilus in the Hellenistic period to Soranus and Galen in the Roman period observation on the anatomy of women became more accurate due, in part, to the use of animal and human dissection. The discoveries led to women's bodies being increasingly assimilated to the male paradigm, albeit as an inferior example of that paradigm. This development coincided with an increase in the roles women were allowed to fill in ancient society. However, there was also an increased emphasis on the anatomical and physiological differences that remained so that, for example, while there is little discernible menstrual taboo in the earlier period, by the Roman period menstruation had developed strong sinister connotations.
Submergence and Herbivory as Divergent Causes of Marsh Loss in Long Island Sound

Tidal marsh degradation has been attributed to a number of different causes, but few studies have examined multiple potential factors at the same sites. Differentiating the diverse drivers of marsh loss is critical to prescribing successful interventions for conservation and restoration of this important habitat. We evaluated two hypotheses for vegetation loss at two marshes in Long Island Sound (LIS): (1) marsh submergence, caused by an imbalance between sea-level rise and marsh accretion, and (2) defoliation associated with herbivory by the purple marsh crab, Sesarma reticulatum. At our western LIS site, we found no evidence of herbivory: crabs were scarce, and crab-exclusion cages provided no benefit. We attribute degradation at that site to submergence, a conclusion supported by topographic and hydrologic data showing that loss of vegetation occurred only in wetter parts of the marsh. In contrast, at our central LIS site, our observations were consistent with herbivory as a driving force: There were substantial populations of Sesarma, crab-exclusion cages allowed plants to thrive, and vegetation loss took place across a variety of elevations. We also analyzed soil conditions at both sites, in order to determine the signatures of different degradation processes and assess the potential for restoration. At the submergence site, unvegetated soils exhibited high bulk density, low organic content, and low soil strength, posing significant biogeochemical challenges to re-colonization by vegetation. At the herbivory site, unvegetated soils had a characteristic “riddled-peat” appearance, resulting from expansion and erosion of Sesarma burrow networks. The high redox potential and organic content of those soils suggested that revegetation at the herbivory site would be likely if Sesarma populations could be controlled before erosion leads to elevation loss.