cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olfactory Neuron Patterning and Specification.

Neurogenesis in olfactory and vomeronasal sensory epithelia proceeds through two phases: primary neurogenesis, an early morphogenetic phase in which neural stem cells are established and expanded, and established neurogenesis, in which cell proliferation and differentiation are balanced to maintain constant neuron number. Together with secreted signals (extrinsic factors), stage-specific transcription factors (intrinsic factors) direct progressive restrictions in developmental potential that occur as neuronal stem cells and committed progenitor cells produce terminally differentiated neurons during each phase of neurogenesis. Olfactory epithelium neurogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback circuit in which endogenous cytostatic factors regulate the size of the stem/progenitor cell pool and total neuron number, endowing the olfactory epithelia with the ability to rapidly respond to neuron loss with regeneration.
Sensitivity of peripheral blood smear review for the diagnosis of Candida fungemia.

Abstract Context.—Case reports have described detection of candidemia by examination of peripheral blood smears. It is unclear whether this method has wider applicability for early detection of fungemia. Objective.—To determine the sensitivity of smear review for detecting candidemia. Design.—Normal and cytopenic blood was spiked with increasing concentrations of yeast. Smears were prepared and reviewed by a pathologist and by technical staff. Staff members blinded to the purpose of the study first performed a routine slide review and then a targeted review for yeast. Results.—The pathologist detected isolated yeast forms at a concentration of 1 to 5 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. When blinded to the purpose of the study, technical staff could detect Candida in most samples when the yeast concentration was 1 to 5 × 107 CFU/mL, but found it in only a small fraction of samples with lower concentrations. When asked to examine the smears specifically for yeast, they could detect it in most samples conta...
MEETING ACCREDITATION REQUIREMENTS: ARE YOU SERVING DISTANCE LEARNERS?

Recent changes in the higher education landscape have called for greater access and accountability in a number of areas, most particularly distance learning. While there is a very significant instructional aspect to this equation, providing effective support and services to students enrolled in online education is becoming comparatively important, especially with accrediting bodies. However, in meeting the needs of this unique population, institutions are discovering that the services they provide to distance learners can be offered to all students, regardless of where they live or how they choose to take their classes. This article provides an overview of the Welcome Center, created in 2009 at Florida State College at Jacksonville, as a model for delivering quality and effective online student services to students, to include strategic planning, assessment and evaluation, environmental work design, functions, staffing, training, and technological systems.
Cytokine production in the bone marrow microenvironment: Failure to demonstrate estrogen regulation in early postmenopausal women

Recent studies in rodents and in human in vitro systems suggest that the action of estrogen on bone is modulated by various bone-resorbing cytokines produced by osteoblasts, bone marrow cells, or both, but results among studies have been conflicting. Thus, we studied 20 untreated women (controls) and 20 women who had received estrogen replacement therapy since the time of menopause; both groups were 5 +/- 1 yr (mean +/- SE) postmenopausal. From bone marrow aspirates, we obtained marrow plasma to evaluate the production of cytokines by marrow and trabecular bone cells in vivo and marrow mononuclear cells to assess in vitro the constitutive and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of cytokines and also to test the in vitro effects of 17 beta-estradiol (10(-8) mol/L). Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-6-soluble receptor were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No statistically significant difference between the two groups in the level ...
Percutaneous double balloon aortic valvuloplasty in an adult patient with calcific aortic stenosis and a Bjork-Shiley prosthetic mitral valve.

Percutaneous transluminal balloon valvuloplasty is a new technique in interventional cardiology which to date has been applied successfully in the dilatation of all four cardiac valves [1–4]. Although the different techniques appear to be quite effective, the safety of these procedures has not been fully explored. In particular, because of the close anatomic relationship of the aortic and mitral annuli, the safety of aortic valvuloplasty in patients with mitral valve prosthesis is unknown. Therefore, we report the applicability of a percutaneous double balloon valvuloplasty in an elderly patient with calcific aortic stenosis and a Bjork-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis.
Neutron branching processes

Neutron multiplication is studied as a branching process; a probabilistic model. Results for bare homogeneous reactors are expressed in terms of critical dimension and steady-state flux. A computational method for estimating these quantities by iteration of a nonlinear operator is presented. (L.N.N.)
Quantum-classical correspondence in response theory.

The correspondence principle between the quantum commutator $[\stackrel{^}{A},\stackrel{^}{B}]$ and the classical Poisson brackets $\ensuremath{\iota}\ensuremath{\hbar}{A,B}$ is examined in the context of response theory. The classical response function is obtained as the leading term of the $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ expansion of the phase space representation of the response function in terms of Weyl-Wigner transformations and is shown to increase without bound at long times as a result of ignoring divergent higher-order contributions. Systematical inclusion of higher-order contributions improves the accuracy of the $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ expansion at finite times. Resummation of all the higher-order terms establishes the classical-quantum correspondence $⟨v+n|\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(t)|v⟩\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{n}{e}^{\ensuremath{\iota}n\ensuremath{\omega}t}{|}_{{J}_{v}+n\ensuremath{\hbar}/2}$. The time interval of the validity of the simple classical limit $[\stackrel{^}{A}(t),\stackrel{^}{B}(0)]\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\iota}\ensuremath{\hbar}{A(t),B(0)}$ is estimated for quasiperiodic dynamics and is shown to be inversely proportional to anharmonicity.
The effects of 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin on expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat

Abstract Previous work by many groups has documented induction of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) following exposure of cells to ultraviolet light and other DNA damaging agents. Our experiments set out to determine the relative activation or repression of the HIV-LTR in response to two classes of chemotherapeutic agents: Doxorubicin is a DNA damage-inducing agent, and 5-fluorouracil has an antimetabolic mode of action. Using HeLa cells stably transfected with a construct in which HIV-LTR drives expression of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene, we demonstrated an up to ten-fold induction following doxorubicin treatment at 24 h post-treatment. This induction was repressed by treatment with salicylic acid, suggesting a role for prostaglandin/cyclo-oxygenase pathways and/or NF-κB in the inductive response. Induction by 5-fluorouracil, in contrast, was more modest (two-fold at most) though it was consistently elevated over controls.
Bones and beyond: an update on the role of vitamin D in child and adolescent health in Canada

Knowledge regarding the physiological role and dietary requirements of vitamin D has dramatically expanded over the past several decades. The “new” vitamin D is not only a mediator of calcium homeostasis, but also has important immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, and anti-proliferative actions. Amidst the growing interest in vitamin D as a mediator of many chronic diseases of adulthood such as cancer and type II diabetes, less attention has focused on the implications of the new understanding of vitamin D for child and adolescent health. This article reviews the definition of vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) as it applies to children and adolescents, the current vitamin D status of Canadian children and adolescents, pediatric conditions that may be related to VDI, and the evidence base for current dietary recommendations for vitamin D intake. Pharmacokinetic studies and epidemiologic research that incorporates clinical and functional outcomes are needed to clarify the role of vitamin D in growth and developmen...
Extending Storage Life of Fresh-Cut Apples Using Natural Products and Their Derivatives

Prevention of browning of apples slices has been difficult to achieve because of the rapidity of the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic substrates even under reduced atmospheric pressure storage. Combinations of enzymatic inhibitors, reducing agents, and antimicrobial compounds containing calcium to extend storage life were tested to decrease the browning of Red Delicious apple slices stored at 5 and 10 °C under normal atmospheric conditions. Treatments were devised to prevent browning for up to 5 weeks at 5 °C with no apparent microbial growth using dipping solutions of compounds derived from natural products consisting of 4-hexylresorcinol, isoascorbic acid, a sulfur-containing amino acid (N-acetylcysteine), and calcium propionate. Analyses of organic acids and the major sugars revealed that the slices treated with the combinations of antibrowning compounds retained higher levels of malic acid and had no deterioration in sugar levels at 5 and 10 °C, indicating that higher quality was maintained during stor...
Determination of total suspended particulate matter and airborne fiber concentrations at three fibrous glass manufacturing facilities.

Abstract A total of 115 environmental and personal air samples were obtained in 3 fibrous glass manufacturing facilities to determine airborne concentrations of total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) and fibers within the plants. Fiber characteristics of length and diameter were evaluated by analyzing samples by phase contrast and electron microscopic techniques. TSPM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 6.0 mg/m3, The total number of fibers in a filter sample and the sample weight, expressed as milligrams, were not clearly related in any single plant or when data from all plants were pooled. These results suggest that fiber content of the air cannot be reliably estimated from the weight of total suspended particulate matter in the air.
The efficacy of vitamin C supplementation on reducing total serum cholesterol in human subjects: a review and analysis of 51 experimental trials

Objective Observational studies in humans have shown an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and total serum cholesterol. However, experimental studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the ability of vitamin C to reduce total serum cholesterol.
Tumoricidal responses in vitro of peritoneal macrophages from conventionally housed and germ-free nude mice.

Abstract Peritoneal macrophages from untreated nude mice were nonspecifically cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro and were more responsive to chemotactic stimuli than macrophages from normal mice or from phenotypically normal littermates of nude mice. Tumoricidal and chemotactic responses of activated macrophages from nude mice were quantitatively comparable to responses of macrophages from BCG-infected normal mice. Peritoneal macrophages from germ-free nude mice, however, were not tumoricidal in vitro . These observations suggest that environmental stimuli, rather than thymic deficiency per se, induced activated macrophages in nude mice.
UTILITY OF THE GROUP COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION IN PREDICTING SPEECH-MOTOR EQUIVALENCE IN NORMAL AND ARTICULATORY DISORDERED SPEAKERS

Coefficients of variation of EMG signals from the orbicularis oris superior, orbicularis oris inferior, and masseter muscles of normal 4- and 8-yr.-olds and adults and of articulatory disordered 8-yr.-olds suggests that development of speech motor equivalence is individualized, muscle-dependent, and affects all children. Age-related differences were noted. Group data did not predict individual values.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Musca domestica L.: temporospatial examination of bacteria population dynamics and house fly antimicrobial responses

House flies associate with microbes throughout their life history. Bacteria ingested by adult flies enter the alimentary canal and face a hostile environment including antimicrobial defenses. Because the outcome of this interaction impacts bacterial survival and dissemination, our primary objective was to understand the temporospatial dynamics of fly-bacteria associations. We concurrently examined the temporospatial fate of GFP-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GFP-P. aeruginosa) in the house fly alimentary canal along with antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. Motile, viable GFP-P. aeruginosa were found in all regions of the alimentary canal and were culturable throughout the observation period (2-24 h). A significant decrease in recoverable bacteria occurred between 2 and 12 h, followed by an increase between 12 and 24 h. qRT-PCR analysis showed expression of the AMPs cecropin, diptericin, and defensin both locally (gut) and systemically. Furthermore, mRNA of all AMPs were expressed throughout gut tissues, with some tissue-specific temporal variation. Interestingly, fluctuation in recoverable P. aeruginosa was associated with AMP protein expression in the gut (immunofluorescent signal detection), but not with mRNA (qRTPCR). In regards to vector competence, flies excreted GFP-P. aeruginosa throughout the 24 h period, serving as both reservoirs and disseminators of this bacterium. Collectively, our data show flies can harbor and disseminate P. aeruginosa, and that the interactions of fly defenses with bacteria can influence vector competence.
Effects of mycobacterium bovis BCG, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and hydrocortisone on the development of immunity to Plasmodium berghei

Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) aumenta significantemente o desenvolvimento da imunidade nos camundongos CFW, C57BL/6, C57BL/l0ScN e BALB/c (Nu/+) para os estagios eritrocitos do Plasmodium berghei. Camundongos tratados com BCG requerem menos ciclos de infeccao com P. berghei e cura pelo Fansidar (pirimetamina + sulfadoxina) para desenvolverem imunidade solida a este parasita do que os controles. Contudo, os animais que receberam BCG 30 dias antes do inicio da imunizacao evidenciaram uma perda precoce da imunidade adquirida para o P. berghei, quando comparado com os animais que receberam BCG 14 dias antes ou que nao receberam BCG. Assim, sendo, o BCG aumentada a inducao na resposta imune do hospedeiro ao P. berghei no curso de infeccoes subsequentes. O tratamento de camundongos CFW, BALB/c e C57BL/6 com lipopolissacarideo bacteriano ou hidrocortisona faz com que os animais requeiram um numero maior de ciclos de infeccao e cura para tornarem-se imunes ao P. berghei que os controles. O tratamento dos camundongos C57BL/10ScN com hidrocortisona aboliu completamente a sua habilidade de sobrevida subsequentes a ciclos de infeccao com P. berghei e cura pelo Fansidar.
The Pressure to Cause Complete Contact Between Elastic-Plastic Sinusoidal Surfaces

This work examines the average pressure required to cause complete contact between sinusoidal shaped surfaces deforming elastically and plastically. Complete contact is defined as when there are no gaps remaining between the surfaces. The material of the surface is modeled as being elastic-perfectly plastic. This work confirms the results of a recent finite element analysis using a semi-analytical model. The results suggest that the pressure required to cause complete contact between surfaces can be much higher than the yield strength or hardness of the surface (in some cases 9 times the yield strength or more). This is because it appears that as the surfaces near complete contact, they begin to act again like an elastic contact. The critical amplitude of a sinusoidal surface below which it will deform entirely in the elastic regime from initial to complete contact is also derived.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Design and implementation of an internet-based medical image viewing system

Electronic medical image viewers combined with picture archival and communication systems have become a common part of how hospitals manage their images. Typically, these electronic viewers are platform-dependent and are designed to make use of images stored on a workstation or local area network. However, the rise of the Internet and the ubiquity of the Web browser open up a wide range of new possibilities for distributing and accessing these images. The Internet allows us to pull information distributed across many geographically separated data sources, while the Web browser provides a common environment from where programs can be launched. This document details the design of an Internet-based, platform-independent medical image viewing system that harnesses the potential of these technologies.
Anticipating Army Exit: Identity Constructions of Final Year UK Career Soldiers

There is recent concern about what becomes of Armed Forces leavers. This is most apparent among leavers themselves and is a feature of short careers that compel individuals to find replacement jobs and lifestyles. Concern for one’s civilian future rises to prominence in the preexit period and is confronted in resettlement processes during this time. Based on qualitative analysis of interviews with twenty-eight UK regular Army career soldiers and officers, the article argues that the final year of service—though mostly a practical endeavor—is also an important time for tackling matters of identity. The work is underpinned theoretically by a combination of Mead’s pragmatism and Ricoeur’s hermeneutics and constructs a typology of preexit orientation. This is an approach that casts some doubt about the utility of projecting oneself into unknown civilian futures from the context of distinctive and familiar Army relations.
A new approach for technical efficiency estimation in multiple output production

The nonparametric technique of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been used to measure technical efficiency. This approach has proven useful because, unlike regression analyses, it allows multiple outputs and does not require a priori functional form specification. DEA does, however, require correct model specification; inclusion of inappropriate variables or omission of relevant variables leads to distortions. The purpose of this paper is to develop an alternative methodology based on canonical correlation to measure technical efficiency for multiple output production correspondences. Using simulated data, the new methodology is compared with DEA. The results indicate that the canonical regression approach outperforms DEA in most cases.
Interrelationship of kernel water activity, soil temperature, maturity, and phytoalexin production in preharvest aflatoxin contamination of drought-stressed peanuts.

Samples of Florunner peanuts were collected throughout a period of late-season drought stress with mean geocarposphere temperatures of 29 and 25 °C, and determinations of maturity, kernel water activity (aw), percent moisture, capacity for phytoalexin production, and aflatoxin contamination were made. Results showed an association between the loss of the capacity of kernels to produce phytoalexins and the appearance of aflatoxin contamination. Kernel aw appeared to be the most important factor controlling the capacity of kernels to produce phytoalexins. Mature peanuts possessed additional resistance to contamination that could not be attributed solely to phytoalexin production. Kernel moisture loss was accelerated in the 29 °C treatment compared to the 25 °C treatment, and data indicated that the higher soil temperature also favored growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts susceptible to contamination.
Change in Size Distribution of Active Polyribosomes Associated with Puff Induction in Drosophila melanogaster Salivary Glands

The polytene cells of Drosophila melanogaster larvae are ideally suited for the study of gene information flow during differentiation, in that gene derepression is visualized in the form of chromosomal modifications called puffs. One special group of temperature-sensitive puffs can be experimentally induced within 5 min after transfer of salivary glands from 24–37 ° C. Glands at 37 ° C also begin synthesizing several new polypeptides which are of higher molecular weight than the prominent polypeptides being synthesized in glands at 24 ° C [1]. The present study demonstrates that there is also a shift toward the utilization of heavier or more rapidly sedimenting polyribosomes for protein synthesis in glands transferred from 24–37° C. As a result of such studies it is reasonable to assume that the polyribosome redistribution after a heat shock results from the translation of larger mRNA molecules synthesized by the temperature-sensitive loci. Further studies are suggested to describe the role of heat-induced gene activity in maintaining homeostasis, as well as the manner by which such activity is induced, in cells subjected to dramatic temperature fluctuations.
Control of shear flows by artificial excitation

Investigations involving artificial excitation of various shear flows are reviewed. Potential applications of excitation in flow control, e.g., in enhancing mixing, and in delaying transition and separation are discussed. An account is given of the current activities at NASA Lewis Research Center in this regard.
Estimating the remaining useful life of power grid transmission lines using synchrophasor data

This paper addresses the use of traditional PHM techniques for estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of a transmission line in a typical power grid. The sensor of interest is the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) which provides sampled data in the form of a synchrophasor. A Synchrophasor is a GPS based time stamped measurement of voltage and current at different physical locations on the grid. It is the fact that the measurements are time stamped to a common clock that allows one to obtain the absolute phase difference between measurements at different points in the grid. It is this phase difference that determines the health of the grid. Too large of a phase difference can result in voltage collapse and a subsequent blackout. In this paper, we propose a model for describing the aforementioned phase difference and obtain estimates of the model parameters. We subsequently use our model to formulate an equation that estimates the RUL of a given transmission line. This technique is applied to three different cases of phase difference that one might observe on an actual power grid, with estimates of the RUL presented for each case.
The December 7, 2012 Japan Trench intraplate doublet (Mw 7.2, 7.1) and interactions between near-trench intraplate thrust and normal faulting

A pair of large earthquakes ruptured within the Pacific plate below the Japan Trench about 14 s apart on December 7, 2012. The doublet began with an M_w 7.2 thrust event 50–70 km deep, followed by an M_w 7.1–7.2 normal-faulting event in the range 10–30 km deep about 27 km to the south–southwest. The deep lithosphere thrust earthquake is the largest such event to be recorded seaward of the rupture zone of the great March 11, 2011 Tohoku M_w 9.0 earthquake. It follows an extensive intraplate normal-faulting aftershock sequence since 2011 extending up to 100 km east of the trench. Many small normal faulting aftershocks of the doublet occurred along a 60 km-long trench-parallel-trend beneath the inner trench slope. The complex overlapping signals produced by the doublet present challenges for routine long-period moment tensor inversion procedures, but the inadequacy of any single point-source inversion was readily evident from comparisons of different data sets and solutions using different frequency bands. We use a two double-couple inversion of W-phase signals to quantify the doublet characteristics, along with an iterative deconvolution of P-wave signals that extracts a compatible three sub-event sequence. The occurrence of a large deep compressional event near the trench several years subsequent to a great megathrust event is similar to a sequence that occurred in the central Kuril Islands between 2006 and 2009, and appears to be associated with stress changes caused by the preceding interplate thrusting and intraplate normal faulting. Recent large deep compressional events in the Philippine Trench and northern Kermadec Trench regions may be influenced by strain accumulation on adjacent locked interplate megathrusts. Regions having more pronounced curvature of the subducting plate may have unrelaxed bending stresses, facilitating occurrence of large deep thrust faulting in advance of future megathrust failures, as was observed in 1963 in the central Kuril Islands region but not in the gently curving Pacific plate offshore of the great Tohoku event.
Characteristics of the stroke alert process in a general Hospital.

Background: The organized stroke alert is critical in quickly evaluating and treating patients with acute stroke. The purpose of this paper was to further understand how this process functions in a moderate sized general hospital by exploring the effects of patient location and time of day on the pace of evaluation and the eventual outcome of evaluation.
The silicon microstrip tracker for the DØ upgrade

Abstract The silicon microstrip tracker is a major element of the DO detector upgrade at Fermilab. After a general overview of the silicon tracker design, results are presented for a series of detector and electronics performance studies which include beam tests and proton irradiation. Charge sharing and strip-to-strip uniformity studies using an infrared laser are also presented.
Expectation values and fluctuations in a time-dependent mean-field approach

Time-dependent expectation values of many-body nuclear observables and their quantum fluctuations are considered within the framework of functional integration. We propose two quantization procedures through saddle-point approximations to a functional integral representation of the real-time generating function. The first method, referred to as Derivation After Variation, leads to the well-known TDHF approximation obtained also in Alhassid, Muller, and Koonin, Phys. Rev. C 23 (1981), 487, with a different functional integration method. The resulting saddle-point approximation of the time-dependent quantum fluctuations is found to include the contribution of the collective phonons of the corresponding time-dependent R.P.A. in addition to the bare contribution of the TDHF mean-field. Direct comparison is made with the time-dependent mean-field approach of Balian and Veneroni, Phys. Lett. B 136 (1984), 301, obtained by application of the variational principle proposed in Balian and Veneroni, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 (1981), 1353, 1765(E). The second method, referred to as Variation After Derivation, reproduces in a much simpler formulation the results of Troudet and Koonin, Phys. Rev. C 28 (1983), 1465, where the mean-field is found to be dependent upon the observable being measured. We propose this mean-field theory as a possible alternative to the previous mean-field approaches for the evaluation of many-body measurements that are known to be poorly described within the bare TDHF approximation, such as widths of mass distributions of final fragments in heavy-ion collisions. A comparative illustration of these various methods is proposed through the numerical evaluation of the time-dependent expectation values of a one-body observable for a simple shell-model hamiltonian.
A Synoptic Survey of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Tributary Streams and Great Rivers of the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River Basins

We combined stream chemistry and hydrology data from surveys of 436 tributary stream sites and 447 great river sites in the Upper Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio River basins to provide a regional snapshot of baseflow total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and to investigate the relationships between land use and stream chemistry. Catchments in the Upper Mississippi River basin had more land in agricultural uses (51%) than the Missouri or Ohio River basin catchments (25% and 29%, respectively). The difference in agriculture is reflected in the TN concentrations in tributary streams and the great rivers: 5,431 and 2,112 μg L−1 for the Upper Mississippi, 1,751 and 978 μg L−1 for the Missouri, and 1,074 and 1,152 μg L−1 for the Ohio River basins. This agricultural effect was not as evident for tributary stream or great river TP concentrations: 165 and 181 μg L−1 in the Upper Mississippi, 177 and 171 μg L−1 in the Missouri, and 67 and 53 μg L−1 in the Ohio River basins. We set reference thresholds based on the 75th percentile TN and TP concentrations at our least disturbed sites. The TN threshold was exceeded for 50–63% of the tributary stream and 16–55% of great river lengths, with the greatest proportion in the Upper Mississippi River basin. The TP threshold was exceeded in 32–48% of tributary stream and 12–41% of great river lengths. Tributary stream N/P ranged from 67:1 (Ohio) to 210:1 (Upper Mississippi); river N/P ranged from 20:1 (Missouri) to 60:1 (Ohio). N/P indicated that potential N-limitation occurred in 10–21% of total tributary stream length and in 0–46% of great river length; potential P-limitation ranged from 60–83% of cumulative tributary stream length and from 21–98% of cumulative great river length. Total N flux (concentration × discharge) was highest in the Upper Mississippi River basin; TP flux was lowest in the Ohio River basin. River TN yields and TP yields for both tributary streams and great rivers, was not significantly different between the sub-basins. Our study empirically links catchment land use and stream chemistry, and demonstrates using monitoring data for estimating nutrient yields at a large regional scale.
A new series of microscope objectives: I. Catadioptric Newtonian systems

The problem of computing a microscope objective corrected for visible light and for ultraviolet light is reviewed. As it does not seem possible to achieve freedom from chromatic aberrations over this interval with purely refractive objectives of large numerical apertures, a study of catadioptric objectives limited to spherical surfaces is initiated. Catadioptric objectives containing two mirror surfaces may be described as deriving from either the Newtonian or the Schwarzschild telescope objective. Construction data are given for Newtonian objectives which have numerical aperture 1.0 and which are corrected from 220 mμ through the visible spectrum. These modified Newtonian objectives have one serious defect: a large central portion of the aperture is obscured.
Mitochondrial DNA Gene Therapy: A Gene Therapy for Aging?

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause a group of diverse diseases that affect an estimated half a million people worldwide. These disorders are remarkably resistant to conventional treatments, and thus several gene therapy approaches are being explored. As some of these approaches develop towards maturity, one can't help thinking that some day they may be used against a much more common health problem currently affecting about 6 billion people— aging, which also has been quite resistant to treatment. Unfortunately, we still do not know whether mtDNA mutations significantly contribute to the aging process or not. The prospect of success in mtDNA gene therapy makes getting the answer a high priority.
Longitudinal changes in milk composition of mothers delivering preterm and term infants

Abstract The concentrations of protein nitrogen (PN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), energy, fat, sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) were determined in human milk from mothers giving birth to full-term (n = 13) and preterm infants (n = 8). Milk samples were collected under controlled conditions at two-week intervals for 12 weeks postpartum. Statistically significant differences in PN, Ca, and P concentrations were detected between the milk from mothers of preterm and term infants. The mean PN concentration in the preterm milk was statistically higher than that of term milk (198 vs. 164 mg N/dl), in contrast to the lower mean Ca (220 vs. 261 mg/1) and P (125 vs. 153 mg/1) concentrations detected in the preterm milk. No other differences in mean nutrient concentration were observed between the two groups. Concentrations of PN, NPN, Na, P, and Zn decreased over time. The concentration of Mg increased slightly. The content of fat, energy, and Ca did not change.
Quadratic Phase Coupling as a Quantitative Measure for the Developing Hippocampal Formation

This paper presents the bispectral analysis of the ontogeny of the hippocampal EEG recorded from the dentate gyrus and CA1, the primary sites that generate theta (theta) rhythm. The hippocampal EEG was collected during the vigilance state of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep of freely moving rats at 15, 30 and 90 days of age. In previous studies we demonstrated through bispectral analysis that significant quadratic phase coupling (QPC) of the EEG exists in the hippocampal formation of CA1 and the dentate gyrus during REM sleep, primarily in the theta (4-11 Hz) frequency range. In the present study we have examined whether QPC can be used as an effective measure of development, i.e., maturation of the hippocampal subfields CA1 and the dentate gyrus. We found that as animals mature from the age of 15 to 90 days, the occurrence of nonlinear QPC activities moves from (6.25 Hz, 6 Hz) to (7 Hz, 7 Hz) at CA1 and (6 Hz, 6 Hz) to (7.5 Hz, 7.5 Hz) at the dentate gyrus, respectively. The results indicate that bispectral analysis provides an additional and important description of the frequency characteristics of the hippocampal EEG and that the QPC measure is also a useful index to quantify the shift in the hippocampal theta frequency as animals mature.
Wittgenstein's kitchen: Sharing meaning in restaurant work

Talk is poetry: sociological poetry rhythmic webs of connotative meaning bound together within a social structural matrix. Meaning depends upon a community of shared understanding in which strings of lexical items are interpreted. When we talk about things we do not directly refer to the whole of our thought our language is necessarily imprecise and capable of variable interpretations. Garfinkel's recognition of the presence of the "etc. rule" underlines that much of what we know we must leave unstated full explication is a never-ending process.1
THE PROTESTATION PROTESTED, 1641 AND 1642

Parliament's Protestation of May 1641 pledged subscribers to defend the protestant doctrine of the Church of England against all popery and popish innovations, while upholding the honour of the king, the privileges of parliament, and the liberties of the subject. The following twelve months saw contentious debate about the ambiguity of these phrases and the conflicting obligations they entailed. Leaders of the political nation subscribed the Protestation voluntarily in the summer of 1641, emulated in some places by ordinary parishioners. In the more polarized political circumstances of early 1642, parliament ordered the Protestation to be taken nationwide by all men aged eighteen and above. Women, too, occasionally subscribed. This article traces the tendering and reception of the Protestation on both occasions, and examines some of its local consequences. The circulation of the Protestation significantly widened the arena for political and religious involvement in the opening stages of the English revolution.
An electromyographic method for the assessment of naloxone-induced abstinence in morphine-dependent rats.

The electromyographic (EMG) activities of suprahyoideal muscle were recorded to measure naloxone-precipitated abstinence signs in morphine-dependent rats anesthetized with urethane (1 g/kg). Rats were rendered dependent on morphine by implanting 2 morphine pellets (75 mg each) and abstinence signs were induced by intravenous injections of various doses of naloxone at different times after pellet implantation. Three precipitated abstinence signs, a) myoclonic twitch activity (MTA), b) mastication, and c) body shakes were observed on EMG recordings after the injection of naloxone. Of these symptoms, only the MTA induced by naloxone (10 μg/kg) occurred 4 h after pellet implantation and its sensitivity to naloxone increased with prolonged pellet implantation. Both mastication and precipitated shakes could be induced at 24 h. However, higher doses of naloxone were required to produce the shakes than is required to induce mastication. There appears to be a positive correlation between the intensity of naloxone-induced MTA and the degree of physical dependence on morphine. Since the MTA and mastication can be induced by low doses of naloxone in morphine-dependent rats, we suggest that these two parameters may be used to detect morphine abstinence signs in this species.
Electroanatomical Mapping and Ablation of the Substrate Supporting Intraatrial Reentrant Tachycardia after Palliation for Complex Congenital Heart Disease

In patients with congenital heart disease who have undergone palliative surgical interventions postoperative arrhythmias frequently complicate the clinical course. Intraatrial reentrant tachycardias (IARTs) are one of the most common forms of postoperative arrhythmias in these patients and can lead to significant morbidity and even mortality. Drug therapy and/or antitachycardia pacing have been disappointing. Ablative therapy with radiofrequency energy offers a potential for cure for these patients but the conventional approach using multielectrode recordings and fluoroscopic guidance is technically difficult and provides limited success. Recent development of a novel nonfluoroscopic technology with electroanatomical mapping using the CARTO mapping/ablation system has shown promising results in defining the arrhythmia circuit, facilitating diagnosis, and guiding ablative therapy. Based on our preliminary experience, a systematic approach to postoperative IART using electroanatomical mapping is described. Further studies are needed to fully evaluate the impact of this new technology on the management and therapy of IART.
Effect of Flow Pulsatility on Modeling the Total Cavopulmonary Hemodynamics: A Numerical Investigation

Single Ventricle Heart Defects (SVHD) are present in 2 per 1000 live births in the US. SVHD are characterized by cyanotic mixing between the de-oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation return and the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries. Palliative surgical repairs (Fontan procedure) are performed to bypass the right ventricle in these patients. In current practice, the surgical interventions commonly result in the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). In this configuration the systemic venous returns (inferior vena cava, IVC, and superior vena cava, SVC) are directly routed to the right and left pulmonary arteries (RPA and LPA), bypassing the right heart. The resulting anatomy has complex and unsteady hemodynamics characterized by flow mixing and flow separation. Pulsation of the inlet venous flow during a cardiac cycle results in complex and unsteady flow patterns in the TCPC. Although various degrees of pulsatility have been observed in vivo, non-pulsatile (time-averaged) flow boundary conditions have traditionally been assumed in modeling TCPC hemodynamics, and only recently have pulsatile conditions been incorporated without completely characterizing their effect or importance. In this study, 3D numerical simulations were performed to predict TCPC hemodynamics with both pulsatile and non-pulsatile boundary conditions and to investigate the accuracy of applying non-pulsatile boundary conditions. Flow structures, energy dissipation rate and pressure drop were compared under rest and estimated exercise conditions. The results show that TCPC hemodynamics can be strongly influenced by the presence of pulsatile flow. However, there exists a minimum pulsatility threshold, identified by defining a weighted pulsatility index (wPI), above which the influence is significant.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
EFFECTS OF COLCHICINE ON THE INCORPORATION OF NUCLEIC ACID PRECURSORS INTO RAT LIVER RIBOSENUCLEIC ACID.

Abstract Subcutaneous injection of 1.0–1.l mg of colchicine/kg body weight into adult Sprague-Dawley rats 16–18 hr prior to the administration of radioactive nucleic acid precursors led to elevation over control values of the specific activities of the pyrimidines and purines of liver RNA. The greatest changes were in the specific activities of cytosine after orotic acid-6-14C and uridine-2-14C and of guanine after adenine-8-14C and inosine8-144C. When xanthosine-8-14C was given, colchicine treatment increased the specific activity of RNA guanine at least twofold. The results indicate that treatment of rats with colchicine may lead to enhancement of amination reactions in the liver, whereby a uracil nucleotide is converted to a cytosine nucleoide, and xanthosine-5'-phosphate is converted to guanosine-5'-phosphate. The change produced by colchicine in the liver concentration of free glutamine, the amino-group donor in these reactions, was of insufficient magnitude to account for the results.
Analysis of magnetic interactions and structure in R6Mn23

The magnetic properties of R6Mn23 compounds are examined, with emphasis on representatives of the light rare earths. An exceptional antiferromagnetic coupling of light rare earth and transition metal moments is found to exist. A non-collinear model for the rare earth sublattice suggested elsewhere is generally satisfactory, but calculations of the exchange parameters suggest partial moment reorientation from the proposed configurations. Properties associated with important coercive materials such as large rare-earth transition metal exchange and uniaxial anisotropy are absent in the R6Mn23.
SURE Estimates for a Heteroscedastic Hierarchical Model.

Hierarchical models are extensively studied and widely used in statistics and many other scientific areas. They provide an effective tool for combining information from similar resources and achieving partial pooling of inference. Since the seminal work by James and Stein (1961) and Stein (1962), shrinkage estimation has become one major focus for hierarchical models. For the homoscedastic normal model, it is well known that shrinkage estimators, especially the James-Stein estimator, have good risk properties. The heteroscedastic model, though more appropriate for practical applications, is less well studied, and it is unclear what types of shrinkage estimators are superior in terms of the risk. We propose in this article a class of shrinkage estimators based on Stein’s unbiased estimate of risk (SURE). We study asymptotic properties of various common estimators as the number of means to be estimated grows (p → ∞). We establish the asymptotic optimality property for the SURE estimators. We then extend our...
Approximate stochastic dynamic programming for sensor scheduling to track multiple targets

The problem of sensor scheduling is to select the number and combination of sensors to activate over time. The goal is usually to trade off tracking performance and sensor usage. We formulate a version of this problem involving multiple targets as a partially observable Markov decision process, and use this formulation to develop a nonmyopic sensor-scheduling scheme. Our scheme integrates sequential multisensor joint probabilistic data association and particle filtering for belief-state estimation, and use a simulation-based Q-value approximation method called completely observable rollout for decision making. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach by an example with multiple sensors activated simultaneously to track multiple targets. We also explore the trade-off between tracking error and sensor cost using our nonmyopic scheme.
Mutagenesis of a Tropomyosin Isoform from Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic salmon striated muscle tropomyosins unfold over a lower temperature range than their mammalian counterparts. A single sarcomeric isoform belonging to the alpha-class exists in the fast skeletal muscle of the trunk. It shares 20 amino acids substitutions with rabbit alpha-skeletal tropomyosin but migrates closer to the beta isoform (40 substitutions) when electrophoresed in the presence of SDS. Interesting aspects of the sequence heterogeneity (versus rabbit alpha) include: a change in charge at neutrality - salmon fast skeletal tropomyosin is of greater net negative charge - the content of core residues in the carboxyl-terminal half of the molecule and glycine in the amino-terminal half. Mutation of threonine-77 in salmon to the corresponding residue in rabbit, lysine, results in an electrophoretic shift in the absence as well as the presence of SDS. The contribution of the various isomorphisms to the properties of salmon tropomyosin is under investigation using circular dichroism and limited proteolysis.
PB-SAM, a Novel Solution to the Poison-Boltzmann Equation for Applications in Coarse Grain Dynamics

While molecular dynamics (MD) simulations routinely and beneficially address questions focused on detailed atomistic chemistry, structure, and kinetics over fast timescales, there exists another set of problems on the mesoscale, where limitations of size and timescales in MD are reached. These problems may be overcome by the use of coarse-grain (CG) representations, e.g. the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE), of microscopic systems integrated into simulations utilizing stochastic dynamics. At supramolecular distances, electrostatic forces dominate many first interaction events. Applications of these interactions range from recognition events for biomolecular complex formation to proton transport in membranes.A realistic simulation must include an accurate treatment of bulk electrolytes for these large-scale systems. This can be achieved using continuum mean-field theory with the PB equation, which under low field condition be further simplified to the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation (LPBE). A variety of analytical and numerical techniques have been developed to solve the PB equation. Our group has achieved a fundamental result in deriving the first completely general analytical solution to the linearized Poisson Boltzmann equation (LPBE) for computing the screened (salty) electrostatic interaction between arbitrary numbers of nanoscale spheres of arbitrarily complex charge distributions, separated by arbitrary distance (or concentration), adapted from the generalized Kirkwood PBE solution. This analytical solution in turn serves as the foundation of a semi-analytical approach to solving the LPBE for any nanoscale shape (PB-SAM). We have recently incorporated PB-SAM into a Brownian Dynamic approach to create a robust coarse-grained simulation tool to study a range of biological systems, including a recent study of Barnase/Barstar association under crowded conditions. We have developed a highly parallelized version of PB-SAM that is competitive with current PBE software, and are exploring 3-body implementations to further increase PB-SAM efficiency.
Reduction of cartesian tensors and its application to stochastic dynamics

An explicit reduction scheme to dispaly the irreducible parts of a fourth-rank cartesian tensor is presented. Such a reduction scheme is of interest in connection with crystal physics, hydrodynamic turbulence, etc. As an immediate application, the stochastic dynamics of a spin-one system is briefly discussed.