cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PBRM1 and BAP1 as novel targets for renal cell carcinoma

Technological advances in genome sequencing have led to the identification of novel driver genes mutated in renal cancer. Hitherto, 1 gene was known to be frequently mutated in renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type (ccRCC), the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. VHL was identified by positional cloning as the gene responsible for a familial syndrome with renal cancer predisposition, von Hippel-Lindau. Subsequently, VHL was found to be inactivated in approximately 90% of sporadic ccRCC. The discovery of VHL, together with the elucidation of its function, transformed the treatment of ccRCC leading to the introduction of 5 new drugs into the clinic. However, no other familial ccRCC predisposing genes are frequently mutated in sporadic ccRCC. With the development of massively parallel sequencing, a plethora of somatically mutated genes has been identified. Most genes are mutated at low frequencies, but 3 genes are mutated in more than 10% of ccRCC, PBRM1 (mutated in ~50%), BAP1 (~15%), and SETD2 (~15%). Like VHL, all 3 genes are 2-hit tumor suppressor genes. Furthermore, these 3 genes are within a 50-Mb region on the short arm of chromosome 3p that encompasses VHL and is deleted in ~90% of ccRCC. We discovered that PBRM1 mutations tend to anticorrelate with BAP1 mutations in ccRCC and that PBRM1- and BAP1-mutated tumors exhibit different biology and are associated with markedly different outcomes. This established the foundation for the first molecular genetic classification of sporadic ccRCC. Herein, I review the evidence that implicated PBRM1 and BAP1 as renal cancer driver genes, provide an update on the function of the gene products, and speculate on how mutations in these genes may be exploited therapeutically.
Reduced GABAA Receptor-Mediated Tonic Inhibition in Aged Rat Auditory Thalamus

Age-related deficits in detecting and understanding speech, which can lead to social withdrawal and isolation, have been linked to changes in the central auditory system. Many of these central age-related changes involve altered mechanisms of inhibitory neurotransmission, essential for accurate and reliable auditory processing. In sensory thalamus, GABA mediates fast (phasic) inhibition via synaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) and long-lasting (tonic) inhibition via high-affinity (extrasynaptic) GABA(A)Rs, which provide a majority of the overall inhibitory tone in sensory thalamus. Due to a delicate balance between excitation and inhibition, alteration of normal thalamic inhibitory function with age and a reduction of tonic GABA(A)R-mediated inhibition may disrupt normal adult auditory processing, sensory gating, thalamocortical rhythmicity, and slow-wave sleep. The present study examines age-related homeostatic plasticity of GABA(A)R function in auditory thalamus or the medial geniculate body (MGB). Using thalamic slices from young adult (3-8 months) and aged (28-32 months) rats, these studies found a 45.5% reduction in GABA(A)R density and a 50.4% reduction in GABA(A)R-mediated tonic whole cell Cl(-) currents in the aged MGB. Synaptic GABA(A)R-mediated inhibition appeared differentially affected in aged lemniscal and nonlemniscal MGB. Except for resting membrane potential, basic properties were unaltered with age, including neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis determined using the gramicidin perforated patch-clamp method. Results demonstrate selective significant age-dependent deficits in the tonic inhibitory tone within the MGB. These data suggest that selective GABA(A)R subtype agonists or modulators might be used to augment MGB inhibitory neurotransmission, improving speech understanding, sensory gating, and slow-wave sleep for a subset of elderly individuals.
Darbepoetin decreased transfusions and fatigue, but increased adverse effects in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and anemia

Source Citation Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2019−32. 19880844
Nucleoli of thioacetamide-treated liver as a model for studying regulation of preribosomal RNA synthesis.

Abstract Nucleoli isolated from livers of rats injected intraperitoneally with one dose of thioacetamide had a five-fold increase in the rate of RNA synthesis in vitro when compared with livers of rats treated with saline or CCl4. The stimulation was maximal 24 hours after treatment and decreased to control values 73 hours after treatment. The enhanced level of nucleolar activity was maintained at that level when thioacetamide was injected daily. Along with the increase in the endogenous activity there was a 7-fold increase in the “free” RNA polymerase I activity determined by blocking the bound enzyme with actinomycin D (7). The nucleoli of the thioacetamide-treated rats offer a useful model of modulation of ribosomal gene function.
Resectable Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are the most common brain tumors seen in clinical practice, comprising well over half of all brain tumors. For many years, surgical resection of brain metastases was considered a form of palliative therapy only, but more recently it has been shown to have a more important role in extending survival in appropriately selected patients. Newer surgical techniques have helped to reduce the morbidity associated with tumor resection. Although randomized studies have demonstrated the need for postoperative whole-brain radiotherapy, there remains interest in the use of other surgical adjuncts to delay or eliminate the need for fractionated radiotherapy. The use of various treatment modalities, particularly image-guided surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery, allows clinicians who are focused on the treatment of brain metastases to achieve superior levels of tumor control within the brain. As a result, overall survival is much more dependent on the status of the patient's systemic disease.
Structure-function correlates of Vpu, a membrane protein of HIV-1.

Vpu, a membrane protein from human immunodeficiency virus-1, folds into two distinct structural domains with different biological activities: a transmembrane (TM) helical domain involved in the budding of new virions from infected cells, and a cytoplasmic domain encompassing two amphipathic helices, which is implicated in CD4 degradation. The molecular mechanism by which Vpu facilitates virion budding is not clear. This activity of Vpu requires an intact TM helical domain. And it is known that oligomerization of the VPU TM domain results in the formation of sequence-specific, cation-selective channels. It has been shown that the channel activity of Vpu is confined to the TM domain, and that the cytoplasmic helices regulate the lifetime of the Vpu channel in the conductive state. Structure–function correlates based on the convergence of information about the channel activity of Vpu reconstituted in lipid bilayers and on its 3-D structure in membranes by a combination of solution and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may provide valuable insights to understand the role of Vpu in the pathogenesis of AIDS and for drug design aimed to block channel activity.
The normal defect of some classes of matrices

Abstract An n × n matrix A has a normal defect of k if there exists an ( n + k ) × ( n + k ) normal matrix A ext with A as a leading principal submatrix and k minimal. In this paper we compute the normal defect of a special class of 4 × 4 matrices, namely matrices whose only nonzero entries lie on the superdiagonal, and we provide details for constructing minimal normal completion matrices A ext . We also prove a result for a related class of n × n matrices. Finally, we present an example of a 6 × 6 block diagonal matrix having the property that its normal defect is strictly less than the sum of the normal defects of each of its blocks, and we provide sufficient conditions for when the normal defect of a block diagonal matrix is equal to the sum of the normal defects of each of its blocks.
On the plastic deformation of built-in circular plates under impulsive load

Abstract This paper concerns a particular problem in the study of the behaviour of structures under dynamic loads of sufficient intensity to cause plastic deformation. A theoretical analysis is given of the plastic deformation of a circular plate. The plate is made of a perfectly-plastic rigid material that obeys the yield condition of Tresoa and the associated flow rule. The dynamic load is supposed to be such that at some given time a uniform transverse velocity is instantaneously imparted to the entire plate, save at the edge where the velocity is zero, and thereafter the plate is subject only to edge forces which effect built-in conditions of support. The most important numerical results obtained are estimates of the time that elapses before the plate comes to rest and of the plate central deflection at that time.
Klippel Feil syndrome with occipital encephalocele, duodenal web, left pelvic kidney, ASD, anorectal malformation fetal and postnatal imaging

Klippel Feil syndrome with occipital encephalocele, duodenal web, left pelvic kidney, ASD, anorectal malformation fetal and postnatal imaging
THE KEY ROLE OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β SYSTEM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

Progressive renal injury in diabetes mellitus leads to major morbidity and mortality. The manifestations of diabetic nephropathy may be a consequence of the actions of certain cytokines and growth factors. Prominent among these is transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) because it promotes renal cell hypertrophy and stimulates extracellular matrix accumulation, the two hallmarks of diabetic renal disease. In cell culture, high ambient glucose increases TGF-beta mRNA and protein in proximal tubular, glomerular epithelial, and mesangial cells. Neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibodies prevent the hypertrophic and matrix stimulatory effects of high glucose in these cells. In experimental and human diabetes mellitus, several reports describe overexpression of TGF-beta in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium. We demonstrate that short-term treatment of diabetic mice with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against TGF-beta significantly reduces kidney weight and glomerular hypertrophy and attenuates the increase in extracellular matrix mRNAs. Long-term treatment of diabetic mice further improves the renal pathology and also ameliorates the functional abnormalities of diabetic nephropathy. Finally, we provide evidence that the renal TGF-beta system is significantly up-regulated in human diabetes. The kidney of a diabetic patient actually elaborates TGF-beta1 protein into the circulation whereas the kidney of a non-diabetic subject extracts TGF-beta1 from the circulation. The data we review here strongly support the hypothesis that elevated production or activity of the TGF-beta system mediates diabetic renal hypertrophy and extracellular matrix expansion.
Bisalbuminemia in an amphibian

Abstract 1. 1. Improved electrophoretic resolution revealed two albumin-like proteins in Taricha granulosa plasma (bisalbuminemia). 2. 2. The Taricha proteins were compared to mammalian, avian and reptilian serum albumins regarding molecular weight, amino acid composition, isoelectric character, solubility and the binding of hemin and dyes. 3. 3. The results indicate that although the two Taricha proteins have demonstrated hemoglobin-binding ability, they possess traits that characterize them to be true serum albumins.
Fast Shallow-Water Equation Solvers in Latitude-Longitude Coordinates

Here we redirect attention to a fast pseudospectral method on the sphere developed by Merilees in 1973, recently revived by Fornberg. In these works, the required spatial derivatives are computed by the formal differentiation of one-dimensional Fourier series approximations to both scalar and vector functions on the surface of the sphere. Filters must be used to alleviate prohibitive time-stepping restrictions and maintain stability on the non-isotropic latitude-longitude grids. Merilees' original filter was eventually found to be unusable, as it was unstable for longer runs. In this paper we examine alternatives to Merilees' filter. In particular, we first use a harmonic filter that consists of a harmonic analysis followed directly by a synthesis. The resulting stability and accuracy are identical to the traditional spectral transform method. Fewer Legendre transforms are required since they are limited to the filter and not used to compute spatial derivatives. In theory, this approach can also be viewed as a fast spectral method since fast harmonic filters exist in the literature. Next we examine alternative fast Fourier filters with intent to reproduce the accuracy and stability provided by the harmonic filter. Computational examples are provided with both high order difference and Fourier derivative calculations. In addition, results are presented for both harmonic and Fourier filters.
Infected atrioventricular shunt: importance of delayed (24-hour) Tc-99m HMPAO leukocyte imaging.

The current recommendation for Tc-99m HMPAO-labeled leukocyte imaging is at 4-6 hours. This early imaging might not be long enough for localization of the labeled leukocytes at a site of infection and for further blood pool clearance. The scintigraphic findings of a patient with an infected ventriculoatrial shunt were negative at 4 hours, whereas at 24 hours there was intense uptake in the region of the right atrium. The case demonstrates that the 24-hour images were more sensitive to localize an infected catheter in the right atrium. If early images performed the same day as the administration of Tc-99m HMPAO-labeled leukocyte appear negative, delayed imaging the next day at 24 hours is recommended.
Measuring how design changes cognition at work

The various fields associated with interactive software systems engage in design activities to enable people who would use the resulting systems to meet goals, coordinate with others, find meaning, and express themselves in myriad ways. Yet many development projects fail, and we all have contact with clumsy software-based systems that force work-arounds and impose substantial attentional, knowledge and workload burdens. On the other hand, field observations reveal people re-shaping the artifacts they encounter and interact with as resources to cope with the demands of the situations they face as they seek to meet their goals. In this process some new devices are quickly seized upon and exploited in ways that transform the nature of human activity, connections, and expression.The software intensive interactive systems and devices under development around us are valuable to the degree that they expand what people in various roles and organizations can achieve. How can we measure this value provided to others? Are current measures of usability adequate? Does creeping complexity wipe out incremental gains as products evolve? Do designers and developers mis-project the impact when systems-to-be-realized are fielded? Which technology changes will trigger waves of expansive adaptations that transform what people do and even why they do it.Sponsors of projects to develop new interactive software systems are asking developers for tangible evidence of the value to be delivered to those people responsible for activities and goals in the world. Traditional measures of usability and human performance seem inadequate. Cycles of inflation in the claims development organizations make (and the legacy of disappointment and surprise) have left sponsors numb and eroded trust. Thus, we need to provide new forms of evidence about the potential of new interactive systems and devices to enhance human capability.Luckily, this need has been accompanied by a period of innovation in ways to measure the impact of new designs on: growth of expertise in roles,synchronizing activities over wider scopes and ranges,expanding adaptive capacities..This talk reviews a few of the new measures being tested in each of these categories, points to some of the underlying science, and uses these examples to trigger discussion about how design of future interactive software provides will provide value to stakeholders.
The Effects of Vignette Placement on Attitudes Toward Supporting Family Members

Vignettes are useful for measuring norms and beliefs, but little is known about how vignette placement affects responses to subsequent attitude questions. We investigate how the placement of a vignette about parents and adult children living together affects answers to subsequent questions about family obligations in a survey of the U.S. population. We randomly assigned the order of the vignette and three single-statement attitude questions. For the single-statement question about family members living together, the effect of vignette placement depended on respondents’ original attitudes. For individuals with ambivalent or positive attitudes, asking the vignette before the attitude questions doubled reports of favorable attitudes. Vignette placement had no effect for those with negative attitudes. For the single-statement attitude questions about financial support between parents and adult children, vignette placement had no effect, suggesting that vignette placement may only influence subsequent question...
Coating development for high-energy KrF excimer lasers

Damage resistant optical coatings are needed for cost effective beam delivery systems for high energy laser applications. At excimer wavelengths the photon energy either exceeds or is comparable to bandgap energies of most materials and limits the materials suitable for optical coatings. Other constraints are imposed by limits on near specular scatter and fluorine resistance for selected components.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interactive simulation with GASP IV on a minicomputer

In this paper, the implementation of an interactive version of GASP IV, a FORTRAN-based discrete/continuous simulation language (1,2,3) is described. Interactive GASP IV was implemented on a General Automation SPC 16/65 mini-computer configured with 16K words of core memory and operating under the control of a disk based operating system (4). All features of GASP IV are included in the interactive version. A list of the subprograms of GASP IV is presented in Figure 1 (5). In addition, four forms of real-time man-computer interaction have been designed into Interactive GASP IV:1) online presentation of simulated system status on requests through the use of clearly formatted reports and plots;2) free formatted online data input of GASP variables and model parameters;3) programmed decision events requiring online responses as part of the discrete event structure; and4) user intervention in an executing program through keyboard interrupts.
Laser tissue welding in genitourinary reconstructive surgery: assessment of optimal suture materials

Objectives. Laser tissue welding in genitourinary reconstructive surgery has been shown in animal models to decrease operative time, improve healing, and decrease postoperative fistula formation when compared with conventional suture controls. Although the absence of future material is the ultimate goal, this has not been shown to be practical with current technology for larger repairs. Therefore, suture-assisted laser tissue welding will likely be performed. This study sought to determine the optimal suture to be used during laser welding. Methods. The integrity of various organic and synthetic sutures exposed to laser irradiation were analyzed. Sutures studied included gut, clear Vicryl, clear polydioxanone suture (PDS), and violet PDS. Sutures were irradiated with a potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP)-532 laser or an 808-nm diode laser with and without the addition of a light-absorbing chromophore (fluorescein or indocyanine green, respectively). A remote temperature-sensing device obtained real-time surface temperatures during lasing. The average temperature, time, and total energy at break point were recorded. Results. Overall, gut suture achieved significantly higher temperatures and withstood higher average energy delivery at break point with both the KTP-532 and the 808-nm diode lasers compared with all other groups (P <0.05). Both chromophore-treated groups had higher average temperatures at break point combined with lower average energy. The break-point temperature for all groups other than gut occurred at 91°C or less. The optimal temperature range for tissue welding appears to be between 60° and 80°C. Conclusions. Gut suture offers the greatest margin of error for KTP and 808-nm diode laser welding with or without the use of a chromophore.
Sprouting of ipsilateral retinal projections in the optic system of the albino rat.

Abstract Tritiated fucose, when injected into the eye of the rat, is incorporated into glycoprotein and transported by axoplasmic flow to regions of the brain which receive retinal projections. After injection of this substance into the remaining eye of albino rats unilaterally enucleated 3 to 4 months previously, label can be observed over the medial terminal nucleus on sides ipsilateral as well as contralateral to the injected eye. In these preparations, no label could be seen over the dorsal terminal nucleus or the latral terminal nucleus of the ipsilateral side. In unenucleated rats unilaterally injected intraocularly with fucose, the presence of silver grains over the medial terminal nucleus of the ipsilateral side was not observed. These results support the existence of an ipsilateral projection into the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system and provide additional evidence that retinal fibers of the adult rat are capable of sprouting in response to denervation.
How much energy can we save from prefetching ads?: energy drain analysis of top 100 apps

Recently, there has been a surge of interests on developing techniques and architectures for prefetching ads to potentially reduce the smartphone energy drain by 3G/4G radios from fetching ads. Despite the development of prefetching techniques, it remains unclear (1) how much smartphone energy do ads consume in popular apps in dominant app markets, and (2) out of which, what portion can we realistically save from prefetching?We present a measurement study of the energy drain of top 100 free apps in Google Play, totaling more than 2.2 B downloads, to re-examine the above two motivational questions for ads energy research. We found the upper bound energy savings from prefetching ads is low: out of the top 100 apps, only 57 apps display ads, which incur on average 3.2% total energy on ads 3G tails. We further show the already-low upper bound ads energy saving is hard to achieve by ads prefetching as different apps exhibit very different ads behavior.
Advances in oxidized porous silicon for SOI

The formation of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure for VLSI applications by means of oxidized porous silicon (OPS) is attractive for both materials and device reasons. Despite these advantages, SOI by OPS may be liable to various processing contraints. These constraints include (a) limited silicon island size and geometry, (b) wafer warpage due to oxidation of the porous silicon, and (c) defects in the silicon islands that form during oxidation of the porous silicon. The purpose of this paper is to present a process which minimizes the first two problems and results in no TEM observable defects in the silicon islands. Also, some preliminary device results will be given from FETs fabricated in an SOI structure formed by OPS.
Biochemical identification and immunological localization of two non-keratin polypeptides associated with the terminal differentiation of avian scale epidermis.

The expression of two previously uncharacterized polypeptides produced in epidermal cells of chick reticulate and scutate scales during late embryonic scale histogenesis and in hatchling birds has been studied biochemically and immunologically. These polypeptides have been identified by two-dimensional pH gradient gel electrophoresis as basic in charge, with apparent molecular weights of 20 and 23 kD, and they have been characterized immunologically and by amino acid analysis as non-keratin in nature. Monoclonal antibodies which react with both polypeptides have been used for immunohistochemical and immunogold electron-microscopic localization. Immunoreactivity was observed in suprabasal cells of reticulate scale epidermis, where it codistributed with bundles of α-type cytokeratins in the α-keratin-rich layers of epidermis known as the alpha stratum and in suprabasal cells of the outer epidermal surface of scutate scales, where it codistributed with α-and β-type keratin filament bundles in the β-keratin-rich layers of epidermis known as the beta stratum.
Place-to-Place Migration: Some New Evidence

This paper presents new evidence on the determinants of place-to-place migration in the United States. For understanding the causes of differential migration rates into and out of labor markets knowledge of place-to-place migration functions is of interest for a number of reasons. Given a thorough understanding of gross place-to-place flows one can proceed to calculate net flows; the reverse of course is not possible. There are also other advantages of place-to-place studies: parallelism to micro-economic behavior opportunity to investigate specific origin-destination match-ups recognition of the number and location of alternative opportunities for persons residing in different origins and exploration of possible asymmetries. Following a large body of economic literature the analytical approach adopted regards migration as a form of human investment. Economic variables used in the empirical work exhibit effects in the hypothesized direction and explain up to two-thirds of the variance in intermetropolitan migration rates. However this high degree of explanatory power is achieved only for certain functional specifications involving particular independent variables. Thus the empirical results confirm the usefulness of the human investment approach to place-to-place migration but they show too that the economic factors used as explanatory variables must be carefully specified and measured. Section I of the paper sets out the model justifying the particular specifications used. Section II presents the empirical results. The economic variables included in the model that are found to be systematically related to migration rates are real income measures of turnover in the labor market and actual and average distance. Also significant in a number of the regressions are the amount and availability of non-work income specifically welfare and unemployment insurance benefits. When the functional specification permits the effects of origin and destination conditions to differ a persistent asymmetry is found whereby destination economic conditions exhibit the hypothesized effects more often than do origin conditions. Conclusions are found in section III. (excerpt)
Economic Growth under a Self-Interested Central Planner and Transition to a Market Economy

Abstract The Soviet-type economy is modeled as a self-interested planner maximizing a discounted stream of unproductive state consumption. Consumption is provided to workers in order to elicit labor supply, and the state is a monopsonist in the labor market. Comparison of this model's steady state with that of the Ramsey–Cass model provides insights into the longer-run consequences of transition. Two types of effects are identified: supply-side effects that increase output through elimination of deadweight losses and a preference-shift effect associated with the difference between state and household discount rates. The model is also used to explain the Soviet growth experience during 1929–1991, in particular the Stalinist industrialization drive and the postwar growth slowdown. J. Comp. Econom., April 1997, 24 (2), pp. 121–139. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124; and Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102.
A non-parametric test of a first-order Markov process for regimes in a non-cooperatively collusive industry

Abstract Models of collusion under incertainty imply that an industry switches between high and low profit regimes. We find evidence in favor of this theory's prediction that regime switches follow a first-order Markov process.
A new species of mullet (Teleostei: Mugilidae) from Venezuela, with a discussion on the taxonomy of Mugil gaimardianus

The original description of Mugil gaimardianus has created various taxonomic problems in the past since the description is ambiguous and the type specimen is apparently lost. The name M. gaimardianus could not be reliably applied to any known species and was suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 51: 286–287, 1994). Nevertheless, karyological evidence has shown that there is a species of mullet in Venezuelan coastal waters that does not conform to the description of any other mullet from the Western Central Atlantic and has the feature of a red eye that was often used by earlier authors to define nominal M. gaimardianus. The purpose of this study was to make a morphological description of these unusual specimens, provide a morphological diagnosis from other species of Mugil present in the Caribbean and Western Central Atlantic and establish a valid name for the species.
Nutritional quality of specific leaf tissues and selective feeding by a specialist leafminer

Many folivorous insects are selective feeders which consume specific leaf tissues. For specialist herbivores feeding on plants of overall low nutritional quality, selective feeding may allow consumption of a high quality resource. Selective feeding may also allow insects to avoid structural or allelochemical defenses. We examined the structure and chemistry of leaves of American holly, Ilexopaca Aiton, and the feeding site of its principal insect herbivore, the native holly leafminer, Phytomyza ilicicola Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae), to test the hypothesis that the leafminer consumes tissues which are of greater nutritional quality than the leaf as a whole. Holly leaves have a continuous layer of palisade mesophyll, uninterrupted by fibers or vascular bundles. The leafminer feeds entirely within this layer. The palisade mesophyll contained 196 mg/g dry wt extractable protein, more than twice as much as the leaf as a whole, and 375 mg/g dry wt saponins, more than 9 times that of the leaf as a whole. The water content of the palisade mesophyll was 66% higher than that of the leaf as a whole. The palisade mesophyll is 3–4 cell layers thick in leaves grown in full sun, but only 2 layers thick in shaded leaves. Crystals, probably of calcium oxalate, are abundant in the abaxial cell layer. These may impose mechanical constraints on larval feeding in shade leaves, which are thinner than sun leaves. Selective feeding on the middle palisade mesophyll of sun leaves allows the leafminer to consume a resource which is lacking in mechanical barriers and is rich in protein and water, but which contains large amounts of saponins.
Factor Structure of the California Verbal Learning Test in Moderate and Severe Closed-Head Injury

A factor analysis with principal components extraction and varimax rotation was performed on 19 California Verbal Learning Test age-uncorrected scores from a sample of 75 moderate and severe closed-head-injured patients. A 6-factor solution was obtained that accounted for 80% of the total variance and was similar to those reported previously. The factors were labeled General Verbal Learning, Response Discrimination, Learning Strategy, Proactive Effect, Self-monitoring, and Serial Position. Factor scores were derived and correlated with other neuropsychological measures. The General Verbal Learning factor scores were significantly correlated with those on measures of memory, complex attention, and strategy induction.
On Function Theory on Spaces with a Lower Ricci Curvature Bound

In this announcement, we describe some results of an ongoing investigation of function theoryon spaces with a lower Ricci curvature bound. In particular, we announce results on harmonic functions of poly- nomial growth on open manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature and Euclidean volume growth.
Full‐photon‐counting Rayleigh spectrometer: a correlation and/or fast Fourier transform instrument

A fast, flexible, and relatively inexpensive minicomputer based Rayleigh spectrometer has been constructed. This spectrometer can utilize photon pulses in a most efficient way by performing autocorrelation and/or FFT with any desired number of channels. Its capability has been demonstrated by measuring large latex particles, small sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, and a polydisperse latex‐γ‐globulin system. Detailed timing diagrams and circuit schematics are also included.
Amorphous metallic alloys: a new advance in thin-film diffusion barriers for copper metallization

Copper, which has a lower electrical resistivity and a higher resistance to electromigration than aluminum, is currently being evaluated for ULSI applications as a replacement for aluminum. Drawbacks to the use of copper include its strong tendency to oxidation, a high mobility in metals and semiconductors, and a high reactivity with silicon at temperatures as low as 200°C. To overcome these problems, very effective diffusion barriers need to be developed. These barriers should have a low diffusivity for copper, a high thermal stability, and should lack a driving force for chemical reactions with Cu, silicon or silicides. Unlike aluminum, copper does not form stable intermetallic compounds with the transition metals of the V and Cr groups, and the mutual solid solubilities of these metals with Cu are low, so that these metals would seem th be a logical choice for barrier applications. It has long been known, however, that these arguments are misleading[1]. Previous studies have indeed shown Cu diffuses through grain boundaries and defects in a tantalum layer and inth silicon at a relatively low temperature (450°C) causing a failure of devices[2,3]. The effectiveness of non-reactive and insoluble tantalum barriers can be improved by adding impurities like oxygen or nitrogen th stuff grain boundaries of the material in order th suppress fast grain boundary diffusion[4]. It is difficult, however to reproducibly improve the effectiveness of barriers by adjusting the level of impurities. Since amorphous alloys lack grain boundaries that can act as fast diffusion paths, they should offer an improved alternative for effective barriers [5-71. In this paper we report on the properties and diffusion barrier performance of amorphous tantalum and tungsten silicides and tantalum-silicon-nitrogen ternary alloys [3,81 for Cu metallizations.
Determination of CLA trans , trans Positional Isomerism in CLA-Rich Soy Oil by GC–MS and Silver Ion HPLC

A ~20% CLA-rich soy oil with low saturated fat and no cholesterol was produced by photoisomerizing soy oil linoleic acid. The oil is predominately trans,trans CLA, with the oil containing 17% trans,trans CLA. Recent studies have shown that trans,trans CLA-rich soy oil significantly reduces heart disease and diabetes risk factors in obese rats. However, the positional isomerism of these geometrical isomers has not been identified. The objectives of the study were to determine trans,trans CLA positional isomerism of CLA fatty acids in CLA-rich soy oil and determine the resolution of trans,trans CLA positional isomers by silver ion chromatography. GC–MS studies of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) derivatives of CLA-rich oil showed that 9,11 CLA and 10,12 CLA were the major positional isomers. These were hypothesized to be the trans,trans CLA isomers, which was confirmed by silver ion chromatography and subsequent GC–FID fatty acid and ATR-FTIR geometrical isomer analysis of the collected fractions. The identification of 9,11 trans,trans CLA and 10,12 trans,trans CLA as the major CLA isomers in CLA-rich oil then allowed the deduction of the synthetic mechanism of the photoisomerism of soy oil linoleic acid to trans,trans CLA.
Architectural design and fiber-type distribution of the major elbow flexors and extensors of the monkey (cynomolgus).

Because the architectural and biochemical properties of skeletal muscle dictate its force, velocity, and displacement properties, the major extensors (triceps brachii) and flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) of the elbow in a primate (cynomolgus, monkey) were studied. Functional cross-sectional areas (CSA) were calculated from muscle mass, mean fiber length (normalized to a 2.20 microns sarcomere length), and angle of fiber pinnation measurements from each muscle. Fiber-type distributions were determined and used as a gross index of the biochemical capacities of the muscle. The extensor group had a shorter mean fiber length (31 vs. 47 mm), a larger CSA (13 vs. 8 cm2), and a higher overall percentage of slow-twitch fibers (47 vs. 26%). Consequently, the elbow extensors had a relatively greater potential for force production and force maintenance than the flexors. In contrast, the flexors were designed to optimize their length-velocity potentials; i.e., they had relatively long fibers and a higher fast-twitch fiber composition than the extensors. These morphologic differences between antagonistic muscle groups should be considered when evaluating the motor control mechanisms regulating reciprocal movements about the elbow.
Evidence for repair of ultraviolet light-damaged herpes virus in human fibroblasts by a recombination mechanism

Abstract Human cells were either singly or multiply infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) damaged by ultraviolet (UV) light, and the fraction of cells able to produce infectious virus was measured. The fraction of virus-producing cells was considerably greater for multiply infected cells than for singly infected cells at each UV dose examined. These high survival levels of UV-irradiated virus in multiply infected cells demonstrated that multiplicity-dependent repair, possibly due to genetic exchanges between damaged HSV-1 genomes, was occurring in these cells. To test whether UV light is recombinogenic for HSV-1, the effect of UV irradiation on the yield of temperature-resistant viral recombinants in cells infected with pairs of temperature-sensitive mutants was also investigated. Increased recombination frequencies were observed after UV irradiation of the parental viruses, indicating that damaged sites on the HSV-1 genome stimulate genetic exchanges. This stimulation provides strong support for the model that genetic recombination between lethally damaged HSV-1 chromosomes can lead to the production of undamaged virus. Experiments similar to those described above were performed with repair-deficient (xeroderma pigmentosum, group A, and xeroderma pigmentosum variant) cells. The results of these experiments showed that the defective functions in these mutant host cells are not required for multiplicity-dependent repair or UV-stimulated viral recombination in herpes-infected cells.
Scheduling regular and irregular communication patterns on the CM-5

The authors study the communication characteristics of the CM-5 (Connection Machine 5) and the performance effects of scheduling regular and irregular communication patterns on the CM-5. They consider the scheduling of regular communication patterns such as complete exchange and broadcast. They have implemented four algorithms for complete exchange and studied their performances on a 2-D FFT (fast Fourier transform) algorithm. They have also implemented four algorithms for scheduling irregular communication patterns and studied their performance on the communication patterns of several synthetic as well as real problems such as the conjugate gradient solver and the Euler solver. >
Unsaturated hydrocarbons in the lakes of Titan: Benzene solubility in liquid ethane and methane at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract The solubility of benzene in liquid ethane has been measured using ultraviolet absorption. Spectra were recorded in the 200–1000 nm range. The secondary absorption band (1B2u) of benzene in the region 230–260 nm was recorded to determine the solubility of the sample. Ethane does not absorb in the benzene UV region but absorption bands are observed at 908 nm, 745 nm, and 634 nm corresponding to C–H vibrational overtone transitions of liquid ethane with Δυ=4, 5 and 6, respectively. Spectra were obtained at several concentrations and temperatures. The solubilities are: (26±6) ppm at 94 K, (39±6) ppm at 102 K, (48±8) ppm at 111 K, (72±10) ppm at 132 K, and (170±38) ppm at 162 K. With the solubility obtained at each temperature the enthalpy and entropy of solution were calculated from the experimental data. The spectra of solutions of benzene in liquid methane have been obtained to determine the solubility at 97 K. Thermodynamic parameters and solubility data from experimental measurements are important for more realistic simulations of the chemical composition of the lakes of Titan.
Caring doesn't end.

Despite the advances in healthcare technology and the new treatment regimens, all patients are not eligible for these treatments. Although some providers might indicate that there is nothing more that they can do, other healthcare providers do not give up on their patients and families. They continue to provide care, regardless of whether treatment options have been exhausted, and help these patients to have a "good death." The purpose of this article is to use two case examples to show how caring does not end but is rather transformed when intensive treatment ends. There is a discussion of the development of the hospice movement, upholding dignity and respect, and continuing to care. Recommendations for action that inform nursing practice are identified.
Self-Concept, School, and Social Setting: A Comparison of Rural Appalachian and Urban Non-Appalachian Sixth Graders

AbstractEducators have become increasingly interested in the ability of schools to enhance student selfconcept, either as a means to the end of academic achievement or as an educational end in itself. This research compared the general self-concept score and the scores on six self-concept clusters (behavior; intellectual and school status; physical appearance and attributes; anxiety; popularity; happiness and satisfaction) of 86 rural, Appalachian sixth graders and 80 urban, non-Appalachian sixth graders using the Piers-Harris Children s Self-Concept Scale. The rural, Appalachian sample scored significantly lower in general self-concept and on the following four selfconcept clusters: behavior; intelligence and school status; physical appearance and attributes; happiness and satisfaction. However, no significant relationship was found between self-concept and achievement in either of the samples. The indication is that regardless of achievement level the rural Appalachian children possess a significantly m...
Bone Mineral Density After Resumption of Menses in Amenorrheic Athletes

Amenorrheic athletes have been found to have a lower vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) than matched groups of eumenorrheic athletes. This study reports changes in BMD over a 15.5 month period in athletes who regained menses, athletes who remained amenorrheic, and athletes with regular cycles. The BMD was measured at two sites on the radius and at the lumbar vertebrae (L-1 through L-4), using single- and dual-photon densitometry, respectively. Changes in vertebral BMD were significant for the amenorrheic group (+6.3%), but not for cyclic women (-0.3%). A slight increase in radial density at S-1 and S-2 was not significant for either group. Two athletes who remained amenorrheic during this period continued to lose bone (-3.4%). We conclude that resumption of menses was the primary factor for the significant increase in the vertebral BMD of the formerly amenorrheic athletes.
Differential Incorporation of Natural Spawners vs. Artificially Planted Salmon Carcasses in a Stream Food Web: Evidence from δ15N of Juvenile Coho Salmon

Abstract Placement of salmon carcasses is a common restoration technique in Oregon and Washington streams, with the goal of improving food resources and productivity of juvenile salmon. To explore the effectiveness of this restoration technique, we measured the Δ15N of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) as an index of the incorporation of salmon-derived nutrients (SDN) in streams with varying amounts of natural spawners and artificially placed carcasses. Although Δ15N of juvenile coho salmon increased with salmon carcass mass in the stream channel, this relationship was only significant for natural spawners. Artificially placed carcasses did not appear to increase SDN utilization by juvenile coho salmon. Possible explanatory factors include the restricted spatial and temporal distribution of carcasses, general absence of eggs, and lack of substrate bioturbation associated with artificially placed carcasses. Our study suggests that artificially placed carcasses at the levels added in the Oregon Co...
The simultaneous diophantine approximation of certain kth roots

In a recent paper in this journal(1) Baker obtained a result giving effectively computable bounds on the simultaneous approximation of certain numbers of the form ( ab -1 ) nj/n by rational numbers of the form p ι q -1 where a, b, n , the n ι and q are positive integers while the p ι are non-negative integers. In this paper we shall obtain explicit bounds on the simultaneous approximation of certain numbers of the form r β 1 , …, r β n where β and each r ι, 1 ≤ j ≤ n , are positive rational numbers.
The interaction of a magnetically retained denture with osseointegrated implants

A replica of an atrophied mandible was constructed in which two Branemark implants were embedded to simulate osseointegration. Ferromagnetic keepers were then attached to the implants. A complete overdenture was constructed which had magnets positioned directly over the keepers. The denture was then subjected to different loads and the stresses were photographically recorded. The denture was also tested for its retention capabilities. Because of the equitable stress distribution with the absence of high foci of concentration, a magnetically-retained overdenture with osseointegrated supports lends itself well as a prosthetic replacement. In addition, the magnets exhibit sufficient retention without unduly loading the implants or residual ridge. It may be concluded that in a similar in vivo situation, magnets could be an alternative to other attachment systems; however, there are many variables to be considered on an individual patient basis.
Divinyl ethers and hydroxy fatty acids from three species of Laminaria (brown algae).

Three species of brown algae,Laminaria sinclairii, L. saccharina andL. setchellii, have been investigated for the presence of oxylipins. From one,L. sinclairii, three new divinyl ether fatty acids have been characterized as methyl ester derivatives (methyl 12-[1′ (Z),3′(Z)-hexadienyloxy]-6(Z), 9(Z), 11(E)-dodecatrienoate, methyl 12-[1′ (Z), 3′ (Z)-hexadienyloxy]-9(Z), 11(E)-dodecatrienoate, and methyl 14-[1′ (Z),3′ (Z)-hexadienyloxy]-9(Z),11(E)-dodecadienoate, and methyl 14-[1′ (Z),3′(Z)-hexadienyloxy]-5(Z),8(Z),11(Z),13(E)-tetradecatetraenoate) by a variety of spectroscopic methods. In addition, one new [13(S)-hydroxy-6(Z),9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatetraenoic acid] and four known monohydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids have been isolated from all three species as their methyl ester derivatives. The occurrence of these compounds in brown algae strongly suggests that these organisms possess an active lipoxygenase(s) with ω6 specificity.