cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Pleural Implants in Patients With Thymic Tumors

Background In patients with thymic neoplasms, the pleural space is a frequent site of either synchronous or metachronous tumor dissemination after surgical resection. The objective of this study was to identify factors that predict pleural dissemination, which would allow for better surgical planning and consideration of novel adjuvant or surveillance strategies. Methods A retrospective review of a prospective database (2000 to 2014) was performed to identify patients with thymic tumors (excluding neuroendocrine). Demographic, clinical, and pathologic data were reviewed. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of pleural implants (either occult synchronous or metachronous). Univariate predictors ( p Results One hundred sixty-two patients with thymic tumors were identified. Pleural deposits were incidentally identified intraoperatively in 4 patients (2.5%) and developed during follow-up in 15 patients (10%), with a median follow-up of 34 months (interquartile range, 12 to 71). Univariate predictors of pleural metastasis were macroscopic capsular/organ invasion, preoperative core/surgical biopsy, induction therapy, pathologic tumor size, and World Health Organization type B3/C. In the multivariable model, core/surgical biopsy (hazard ratio [HR] 9.45, p = 0.002), macroscopic capsular invasion (HR 10.18, p = 0.008), and larger tumor size (HR 1.34, p = 0.044) were found to be independent predictors of pleural metastasis. The relation between the pathologic tumor size and development of pleural metastasis was further investigated with the ROC curve (area under the curve 0.78, p Conclusions Development of pleural metastasis is predictable. Pathologic tumor size, an independent predictor of pleural implants, can be assessed intraoperatively. Because preoperative core needle biopsy is also an independent predictor of pleural dissemination, its use and execution should be carefully considered. Pleural exploration at the index operation should be considered in high-risk patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to assess the role of novel therapeutic strategies in reducing pleural disease.
Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures for Managing Revenue Streams of Intellectual Property Products: The Case of Motion Pictures

Abstract Purpose We examine the role of financial and nonfinancial performance measures in managing revenues derived from life cycles of a type of intellectual property products − motion pictures. Design/approach Our study focuses on the first two markets in which audiences can watch a motion picture – the upstream theatrical market and the downstream home video market. We combine data collected from numerous public and proprietary sources and form a final sample of 654 motion pictures. Then we perform regression analysis on the data. Findings First, three measures of a movie’s performance in the theatrical market, opening box office revenue, peak rank, and weeks at the peak rank, have positive effects on subsequent revenues in the home video market. Second, the same set of performance measures also predicts the motion picture’s life span in the theatrical market. Third, when the actual life span of a motion picture in the theatrical market deviates from its predicted value, the total return on investment in the motion picture decreases. Research limitations We do not have data on other downstream markets related to motion pictures, such as pay-per-view and online video streaming. Practical implications This study suggests that the public and proprietary data can be used to inform managerial decisions regarding intellectual property product life cycles. Originality/value This is the first accounting study that directly examines life cycle revenues of intellectual property products. We also extend literature on revenue driver and revenue management research to the product level.
PLP and GABA trigger GabR-mediated transcription regulation in Bacillus subtilis via external aldimine formation.

The Bacillus subtilis protein regulator of the gabTD operon and its own gene (GabR) is a transcriptional activator that regulates transcription of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT; GabT) upon interactions with pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) and GABA, and thereby promotes the biosynthesis of glutamate from GABA. We show here that the external aldimine formed between PLP and GABA is apparently responsible for triggering the GabR-mediated transcription activation. Details of the “active site” in the structure of the GabR effector-binding/oligomerization (Eb/O) domain suggest that binding a monocarboxylic γ-amino acid such as GABA should be preferred over dicarboxylic acid ligands. A reactive GABA analog, (S)-4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid (AFPA), was used as a molecular probe to examine the reactivity of PLP in both GabR and a homologous aspartate aminotransferase (Asp-AT) from Escherichia coli as a control. A comparison between the structures of the Eb/O–PLP–AFPA complex and Asp-AT–PLP–AFPA complex revealed that GabR is incapable of facilitating further steps of the transamination reaction after the formation of the external aldimine. Results of in vitro and in vivo assays using full-length GabR support the conclusion that AFPA is an agonistic ligand capable of triggering GabR-mediated transcription activation via formation of an external aldimine with PLP.
Utility values associated with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: data needs for economic modeling

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cost-effectiveness analyses often inform healthcare reimbursement decisions. The preferred measure of effectiveness is the quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained, where the quality of life adjustment is measured in terms of utility.Areas covered: We assessed the availability and variation of utility values for health states associated with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to identify values appropriate for cost-effectiveness models assessing alternative treatments. Our systematic search of six electronic databases (January 2000 to August 2015) found the current literature to be sparse in terms of utility values associated with NSCLC, identifying 27 studies. Utility values were most frequently reported over time and by treatment type, and less frequently by disease response, stage of disease, adverse events or disease comorbidities.Expert commentary: In response to rising healthcare costs, payers increasingly consider the cost-effectiveness of novel treatmen...
The Evolution of Animal Communication: Reliability and Deception in Signaling Systems

‘The Evolution of Animal Communication: Reliability and Deception in Signaling Systems’ by William A. Searcy and Stephen Nowicki is the latest book in the Monographs in Behavior and Ecology series (Eds. John R. Krebs and Tim Clutton-Brock). In this book the authors summarize and explain relevant honest signaling theory and they survey an appropriate selection of the empirical investigations towards these ideas. The book will have value to both students and professional scientists with an interest in this field. It is stacked with interesting content, however it is the skill in which it is organized and written that will make this book especially appreciated.
Non-operative management of ulnar collateral ligament injuries in the throwing athlete

Medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries have become increasingly prevalent in overhead athletes. The orthopaedic literature contains a wealth of information on operative management of these injuries. However, there are few high-quality longitudinal studies on non-operative care of UCL injuries. The purpose of this review is to describe the non-operative approach to managing UCL injuries, including recommended rehabilitation strategies and predictors of successful non-operative treatment.
Generation of interspike intervals of rat carotid body chemoreceptors.

Hypoxia is well established to stimulate carotid body chemoreceptors leading to an increase in sinus nerve activity, but the mechanism by which the nerve activity increases is unresolved. It is generally assumed that spike initiation is solely dependent on presynaptic transmitter secretion, but, synaptic blockade with low calcium solutions causes little change in baseline nerve activity (although it does eliminate the hypoxia response) (Donnelly & Kholwadwala, 1992). This suggests that the nerve endings can initiate action potentials independent of glomus cell secretion. However, it is difficult to study this directly because of the small size of the nerve terminals and uncertainty regarding the site of action potential generation. The present study was undertaken to better understand the process of spike initiation by examination of the interspike interval pattern from rat chemoreceptors. The results show that spike generation during normoxia and during hypoxia stimulation is a Poisson-type random process, and this generator characteristic is highly sensitive to the Na+ channel agonist, veratridine.
Population representation among anatomical donors and the implication for medical student education.

Dissection provides a unique opportunity to integrate anatomical and clinical education. Commonly, cadavers are randomly assigned to courses, which may result in skewed representation of patient populations. The primary aim of this study was to determine if the anatomical donors studied by students at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS) accurately represent the disease burden of the local patient population. This cross-sectional study compared the University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center patient claims data and body donation data from the UMMS Anatomical Gift Program (AGP). This study examined age, race, sex, and morbidities within a 10-year timeframe in 401,258 patients and 859 anatomical donors who met inclusion criteria. An independent t test was conducted to compare the mean ages of the two populations. Chi square analysis was conducted on race, sex, and 10 morbidity categories. A Fischer's exact test was conducted for two morbidity categories with n < 10. Demographic analysis showed a significant difference in age, and racial representation between the populations. No statistical difference was found regarding sex. Morbidities were separated into 22 ICD-10 categories. Twelve categories were excluded and 10 were analyzed for population comparison. Two categories were over represented and seven were under-represented in the AGP population. One category showed no significant difference between populations. Targeted selection of cadavers in anatomy courses would improve morbidity variability in the anatomy lab. In addition, AGP acceptance guidelines should be evaluated to increase disease variation among the donor population. Clin. Anat. 31:250-258, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-throughput AFLP analysis using infrared dye-labeled primers and an automated DNA sequencer.

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is currently the most powerful and efficient technique for the generation of large numbers of anonymous DNA markers in plant and animal genomes. We have developed a protocol for high-throughput AFLP analysis that allows up to 70 000 polymorphic marker genotype determinations per week on a single automated DNA sequencer. This throughput is based on multiplexed PCR amplification of AFLP fragments using two different infrared dyelabeled primer combinations. The multiplexed AFLPs are resolved on a two-dye, model 4200 LI-COR® automated DNA sequencer, and the digital images are scored using semi-automated scoring software specifically designed for complex AFLP banding patterns (AFLP-Quantar™). Throughput is enhanced by using high-quality genomic DNA templates obtained by a 96-well DNA isolation procedure.
A BIOENERGETIC MODEL OF ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION: SULFATE REDUCTION

Abstract A bioenergetic model of anaerobic decomposition has been developed in which rates of sulfate reduction were comparable to published experimental results for a detritus-sand system when the soluble organic matter pool in the detritus was the sole substrate source. These results were based on a model in which the proportion of organic substrate which was used to reduce sulfate was determined from Gibbs' free energy of reactions, cell maintenance requirements, and population turnover time. The actual rates of reduction in the model were predicted from a Monod-type equation. The model suggests that release of substrate for sulfate reducers by cellulose degradation is important only after the initial soluble organic matter pool has been released from detritus. From sensitivity analyses of the model, it was concluded that 1) sulfate reduction is limited primarily by the rate of supply of organic substrate; 2) the form of substrate, i.e., carbohydrate or fatty acid, has only a slight effect on the rate of sulfate reduction; and 3) knowing the fraction of the total microbial biomass that is active does not help to determine the sulfate reducing activity.
Three-photon absorption in InAs

Using 125 ps laser pulses, we observe three-photon absorption in room temperature InAs at a wavelength of 9.54 µm. This effect is readily identified by temperature-tuning the semiconductor bandgap through the three-photon absorption edge. A three-photon absorption coefficient of K3 = 1 ± 0.6 × 10-3 cm3 MW-2 is extracted from non-linear absorption data obtained with an open-aperture Z-scan. Time-resolved measurement at high irradiance reveals an increase of absorption due to hot carriers. We also present an autocorrelation measurement of our CO2 laser pulse that shows two complete optical free-induction-decay cycles.
Optimizing bone health in adolescents.

Purpose of review The purpose is to provide a brief overview of factors that impact adolescent bone health and review special populations that deserve extra consideration of their bone health status. Recent findings Optimization of modifiable factors is critical for adolescents to reach peak bone mass. Binge drinking, tobacco use, and certain medications all have accumulating evidence showing detrimental impacts on adolescent bone health and certain populations are more at risk for poorer bone health outcomes because of the nature of their conditions. Furthermore, very recent evidence suggests that in certain patients who have a history of insufficient nutritional and hormone status, 'catch-up' bone acquisition may not occur, underscoring the importance of early attention to these modifiable factors. Summary Providers caring for adolescents should be aware of the many different populations at risk for poor bone health. Treatment that might further compromise bone health should be considered judiciously and providers should encourage optimization of any modifiable factor when possible.
Effectuation, Bricolage, and Creation: Drawing the Boundary Lines

Research on the formation of opportunities in entrepreneurship has examined how uncertainty and the lack of resources affect entrepreneurial actions. Effectuation and bricolage are two concepts tha...
Nonlinear model predictive control of gas kick in a managed pressure drilling system

Abstract Managed pressure drilling (MPD) operation utilizes a fully automated control system to manage kicks during drilling which typically utilizes a proportional-integral (PI) controller and a single-phase flow model. This study proposes an MPD control system that uses a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) and a two-phase flow model for computing annular pressure and choke valve dynamics during kick control operation. The performance of the proposed model is demonstrated by simulating kick control operation and compared their results with a single-phase linear model. The results confirm that the single-phase model underestimates key well control parameters (including kick size, bottomhole pressure and choke pressure), which may be due to ignoring gas-phase flow behaviour on mud density and the choke valve performance. Additionally, the performance of the proposed model is tested by validating the gas kick simulation results from a lab-scale MPD setup and a gas kick event from a field's case study based on North Sea drilling operation. The comparison of the control performance between the proposed NMPC model against the PI controller utilized in the field study confirms that the NMPC response more swiftly to disturbance, such as kick than the PI controller.
Exploring Provider Cultural Competence and Patient Mood in an Outpatient Apheresis Unit

Introduction: Health care and culture are important to patient care. Theoretical frameworks, service delivery, and self-awareness are important to the provider/patient. Provider care varies, and st...
A Clinician's Approach to Peripheral Neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathies are a group of disorders that affect the peripheral nervous system, for which hundreds of etiologies have been identified. This article presents a stepwise approach to the evaluation and workup of peripheral neuropathy, which starts with a detailed history of symptoms, family and occupational history, and a neurological as well as general physical exam. Pattern recognition of various neuropathies can help to build a differential diagnosis based on the presentation. Such patterns include acute versus chronic, primary demyelinating versus axonal, hereditary versus acquired, asymmetric versus symmetric, presence of facial palsies, sensory or motor predominant, and presence of prominent autonomic symptoms. Early categorization of the type of neuropathy can help focus the workup for peripheral neuropathy. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography (NCS/EMG) is the primary diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with large-fiber polyneuropathy. One of the most important roles of NCS/EMG is to help categorize polyneuropathy as primary axonal versus primary demyelinating. The finding of a primary demyelinating polyneuropathy narrows the differential diagnosis of polyneuropathy dramatically and increases the chances of finding a treatable etiology. Laboratory workup includes serum studies and potentially cerebrospinal fluid, genetic studies, immunological markers, and fat pad biopsy for select patients. Skin biopsy may be used to assess intraepidermal nerve fiber density if small-fiber neuropathy is suspected, and nerve biopsy may be useful in select cases. In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging and neuromuscular ultrasound have also shown promise in the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy. Identification of the etiology of neuropathy is crucial and often time-sensitive, as an increasing number of causes are now reversible or treatable.
Steric hindrance and exchange in the coadsorption of octanethiol and decyl thiocyanate on Au(111)

Abstract Organic thiocyanates (R–SCN) form thiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on metal surfaces through the cleavage of the S–CN bond. Comparison of thiocyanate and thiol monolayers prepared using the same deposition conditions demonstrate substantial differences in the formation of the respective monolayers. These studies directly compare the self-assembly of thiocyanates and thiols. Mixed SAMs were formed through the simultaneous exposure of an Au(111) surface to octanethiol and decyl thiocyanate at different concentrations and ratios and were characterized under ambient conditions using scanning tunneling microscopy. The resulting SAMs consist primarily of octanethiolates, including when the concentration of decyl thiocyanate in solution is in excess by two orders of magnitude. Reducing the solution concentration of both octanethiol and decyl thiocyanate while maintaining the same relative ratio enhances the persistence and surface coverage of decyl thiocyanate on the surface. Thiocyanate displacement is likely facilitated by thiols, which is lessened when the octanethiol concentration is reduced. Furthermore, thiocyanate adsorption is limited by the bulkier head group. Here, we demonstrate how the deposition conditions of two compounds can be used to guide the formation of the mixed self-assembled monolayers from components with differing adsorption kinetics. This can provide greater control of the surface composition which would be useful in the patterning of surfaces.
A Contingency Approach to the Undergraduate Political Science Major

There is a variety of curricular models for organizing the undergraduate political science major. Among them are the traditional distribution model, which exposes students to various subfields in the discipline, and the sequenced learning framework recommended by the Wahlke Report. Other structures include the student learning outcomes approach and civic engagement education, the latter a recent area of emphasis in the discipline. Embedded in these and other course arrangements are underlying theories of how students learn, what a curriculum is, its purpose, and its pedagogy. This study applies curriculum theory to current and potential models of the political science curriculum, describing the strengths and limitations of each structure as a platform for promoting intended learning. The findings suggest that the future political science major should not be a one-size-fits-all framework, but rather a choice from curricula that best address different learning goals and objectives, kinds of students, and program needs.
Is Political and Intercultural Theology Real Theology, and Why Should Anyone Care?

Few would dispute that political and intercultural theologies are here to stay. What is disputed, however, is their place in the academy. It is frequently assumed that political and intercultural theologies are merely examples of special interests and concerns and thus optional, to be embraced by some but not by others. The terminology of contextual theology has added to the confusion, as contexts are often misunderstood as the special interests and concerns of some rather than others. This article argues that political and intercultural theologies are not optional but necessary for the academic study of theology and religion today. Rather than special interest, they promote fresh approaches to the common interest, challenging seemingly unilateral and universal approaches.
Rare-earth-free magnetically hard ferrous materials

Permanent magnets, especially rare-earth based magnets, are widely used in energy-critical technologies in many modern applications, involving energy conversion and information technologies. However, the environmental impact and strategic supplies of rare-earth elements hamper the long-term development of permanent magnets. Hence, there is a surge of interest to expand the search for rare-earth-free magnets with a large energy product (BH)max. Among these rare-earth-free magnets, iron-based permanent magnets emerge as some of the most promising candidates due to their abundance and magnetic performance. In this review, we present a summary of iron-based permanent magnets from materials synthesis to their magnetic properties.
Memory failure predicted by attention lapsing and media multitasking.

With the explosion of digital media and technologies, scholars, educators and the public have become increasingly vocal about the role that an ‘attention economy’ has in our lives1. The rise of the current digital culture coincides with longstanding scientific questions about why humans sometimes remember and sometimes forget, and why some individuals remember better than others2–6. Here we examine whether spontaneous attention lapses—in the moment7–12, across individuals13–15 and as a function of everyday media multitasking16–19—negatively correlate with remembering. Electroencephalography and pupillometry measures of attention20,21 were recorded as eighty young adults (mean age, 21.7 years) performed a goal-directed episodic encoding and retrieval task22. Trait-level sustained attention was further quantified using task-based23 and questionnaire measures24,25. Using trial-to-trial retrieval data, we show that tonic lapses in attention in the moment before remembering, assayed by posterior alpha power and pupil diameter, were correlated with reductions in neural signals of goal coding and memory, along with behavioural forgetting. Independent measures of trait-level attention lapsing mediated the relationship between neural assays of lapsing and memory performance, and between media multitasking and memory. Attention lapses partially account for why we remember or forget in the moment, and why some individuals remember better than others. Heavier media multitasking is associated with a propensity to have attention lapses and forget. Lapses in attention before remembering partially account for why we remember or forget in the moment, why some individuals remember better than others, and why heavier media multitasking is related to worse memory.
From Stripes to a Beating Heart: Early Cardiac Development in Zebrafish

The heart is the first functional organ to form during vertebrate development. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of human birth defect, many originating as anomalies in early heart development. The zebrafish model provides an accessible vertebrate system to study early heart morphogenesis and to gain new insights into the mechanisms of congenital disease. Although composed of only two chambers compared with the four-chambered mammalian heart, the zebrafish heart integrates the core processes and cellular lineages central to cardiac development across vertebrates. The rapid, translucent development of zebrafish is amenable to in vivo imaging and genetic lineage tracing techniques, providing versatile tools to study heart field migration and myocardial progenitor addition and differentiation. Combining transgenic reporters with rapid genome engineering via CRISPR-Cas9 allows for functional testing of candidate genes associated with congenital heart defects and the discovery of molecular causes leading to observed phenotypes. Here, we summarize key insights gained through zebrafish studies into the early patterning of uncommitted lateral plate mesoderm into cardiac progenitors and their regulation. We review the central genetic mechanisms, available tools, and approaches for modeling congenital heart anomalies in the zebrafish as a representative vertebrate model.
Rider University: Keeping Resources Available through the Pandemic & Construction

During 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, Rider University Libraries’ collections were unavailable to the entire Rider Community due to an executive order, but also because of Phase 1 library construction. Rider University Libraries’ interlibrary loan staff used open resources, controlled digital lending, and purchase on request to overcome the barriers to only being able to deliver digital resources. This paper documents both Rider University Libraries’ successes and failures in delivering materials digitally during the COVID-19 pandemic and Phase 1 construction, challenges that have been shared by many libraries in the past and that could face any library in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Electronic Reserves is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Good Friends, Better Enemies? The Effects of Sibling Sex, Co-Residence, and Relatedness on Sibling Conflict and Cooperation

While siblings can be close allies, they can also be significant competitors. They are also family members that are typically with us for most of our lives. Research has raised questions about the factors shaping sibling relationships, and an adaptationist perspective would predict a role for a number of factors including sex, genetic relatedness, and childhood co-residence. Recent work has highlighted sex differences with regard to conflict and emotional closeness, greater conflict among full-siblings than half-siblings, and a role for co-residence in increasing sibling altruism. This study examines levels of both sibling conflict and sibling cooperation as a function of respondent sex, sex of sibling, birth interval (or absolute age difference), co-residence, and relatedness. Results indicate that sibling conflict and cooperation may not be shaped by the same set of factors. Sibling conflict was predicted by own sex, sex of sibling, birth interval, duration of co-residence, and the degree of relatedness. Greater levels of conflict were reported by sisters, those closer in age, those who have co-resided longer, and full-siblings compared to half-siblings. However, sibling prosocialness was only predicted by sex and relatedness with females and full siblings reporting greater levels of sibling prosocialness. More research investigating patterns of conflict and cooperation within families using more ecologically valid cues are necessary to determine whether the two are operating under the same mechanism, sensitive to the same cues, or are, indeed, operating under different mechanisms.
Collateral Damage: The Relationship Between High-Salience Events and Variation in Racial Discrimination

To what extent are the organizational costs of bias affected by racially salient events? We propose that acts of discrimination and the individual biases that undergird them are sensitive to high-salience events and will oscillate with the salience of the focal attribute (here, race). In short, that the propensity to discriminate reflects both individual and environmental differences, and therefore a given person may become more prone to discriminate in the aftermath of a high-salience event. We test our hypothesis in three online experiments that examine how varying the salience of race affects the evaluation of in-group or out-group founders. We find that respondents evaluate their in-group members more favorably, and outgroup members less favorably, when exposed to a high-salience event, which translates into a significant disadvantage for the minority (African American) group. We complement these studies with an assessment of how police shootings affect fundraising outcomes on Kickstarter to confirm the external validity of our findings. Together, these studies indicate that racially salient events depress the quality evaluations and success odds of African American entrepreneurs relative to others. Hence, discrimination levels can be affected by salient yet unrelated events, and such events are consequential for the economic fortunes of individuals belonging to minority and disadvantaged groups.
Optimizing ACRT to reduce inclusion formation during the VGF growth of cadmium zinc telluride: I. Computational approach

Abstract Theoretical computations reveal insight into parameters that govern the accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT) applied to the gradient freeze (VGF) growth of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT). A metric based on the classic Mullins and Sekerka instability criterion is put forth that provides a quantitative means of assessing the impact of different ACRT rotation schedules on morphological stability and inclusion formation during CZT growth. This metric is employed in a 2-k factorial design of experiments that identifies the maximum rotation rate as the most important ACRT parameter, followed by the acceleration period and the rest period. Subsequent optimization of rotation schedule is performed for a specific VGF growth system, and mechanistic explanations are provided for the preferred ACRT schedule, which improves interface stability via slower rotation rates and longer acceleration periods than would be applied using classical ACRT schedules.
Time-Frequency Analysis Reveals Pairwise Interactions in Insect Swarms

The macroscopic emergent behavior of social animal groups is a classic example of dynamical self-organization, and is thought to arise from the local interactions between individuals. Determining these interactions from empirical data sets of real animal groups, however, is challenging. Using multicamera imaging and tracking, we studied the motion of individual flying midges in laboratory mating swarms. By performing a time-frequency analysis of the midge trajectories, we show that the midge behavior can be segmented into two distinct modes: one that is independent and composed of low-frequency maneuvers, and one that consists of higher-frequency nearly harmonic oscillations conducted in synchrony with another midge. We characterize these pairwise interactions, and make a hypothesis as to their biological function.
Furosemide Effect on Mineral Status of Parenterally Nourished Premature Neonates With Chronic Lung Disease

In this study, the effect of prolonged furosemide administration on calcium and phosphorus homeostasis was examined in 16 parenterally nourished very low birth weight infants with chronic lung disease. Patients received one of three different dosages of phosphorus: low, 0.91 +/- 0.06 mmol/kg per day; moderate, 1.24 +/- 0.02 mmol/kg per day; and high, 1.64 +/- 0.06 mmol/kg per day. All furosemide-treated patients had high levels of urinary calcium (12.1 +/- 2.2 mg/kg per day), phosphate (19.1 +/- 2.7 mg/kg per day), and cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate (76.8 +/- 6.7 nmol/kg per day) excretion, independent of their phosphorus intake. Parathyroid hormone concentrations were high in furosemide-treated patients (0.95 +/- 0.15 ng/mL) compared with patients not treated with furosemide and receiving either moderate (0.49 +/- 0.05 ng/mL) or low (0.42 +/- 0.07 ng/mL) phosphorus intakes. Furosemide administration may lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Understanding Short- versus Long-Run Risk Premia: Understanding Short- and Long-Run Risk Premia

This paper studies the link between short- and long-run risk premia. We extract short-term risk premia from contemporaneous information on short-term futures and cash equity markets under the assumption of no arbitrage. Predictability regressions reveal that short-term risk premia capture different information from long-run risk premia. Counter to the intuition that a high price of risk commands high returns, high short-run risk premia on dividend claims predict low returns on the index. While inconsistent with models featuring either habit persistence or long-run risk, the results may be reconciled with some models of uncertainty aversion.
Chipping away at the transcriptome

Although a first draft of the human genome is now available, our knowledge of the set of transcripts expressed from this sequence is still far from complete. A new method using ink-jet microarray technology to experimentally test predicted exons provides a genome-based platform for gene identification that bypasses an important limitation of older technologies based on cDNA libraries.
Factor-independent activation of Escherichia coli rRNA transcription. I. Kinetic analysis of the roles of the upstream activator region and supercoiling on transcription of the rrnB P1 promoter in vitro.

Abstract The region from position −154 to position −50 upstream from the start site of transcription of the Escherichia coli rrnB P1 promoter, the upstream activator region (UAR), is required for maximal promoter activity in vivo . Maximal activation (20 to 30-fold) requires the binding of Fis protein in vitro and in vivo . However, two- to fourfold activation remains in vivo even in the absence of Fis. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of the UAR increases the rate of formation of E σ 70 -promoter complexes in vitro in the absence of added protein factors (factor-independent activation). The UAR increases the rate of the RNA polymerase concentration-dependent step in the association pathway to a stable complex formed in the presence of the initiating nucleotides ATP and CTP (RP init ). The rate of dissociation from RP init is not affected. In addition, a supercoiled template of native superhelical density increases both the association rate for the formation of RP init and the lifetime of complexes formed in the absence of nucleotides (RP o or open complex), but does not affect factor-independent activation. The data are consistent with a model whereby the UAR affects only the initial recognition event (closed complex formation) without affecting either the rate or extent of isomerization to the locally denatured open complex. In the accompanying paper, a variety of chemical and enzymatic probes are used to characterize RP init and RP o both with and without the UAR.
William F. May, Testing the National Covenant

Of course it is a pleasure and an honor to be able to respond to Testing the National Covenant by William May who has helped to keep the covenant framework a ‘‘living tradition,’’ to use MacIntyre’s phrase. By doing this, May has drawn upon a critical strand of Christian tradition that counters or corrects many of the damaging aspects of capitalist modernity. Covenantal forms are able to stand against forms of instrumental rationality and hyper-individualism present in contractual frameworks. But they also have the capacity to counter with pluralist claims some forms of homogenizing exclusion and boundary blurring that can be mobilized by ideas of community. Much of May’s work with covenant has been focused in medical ethics where he has fruitfully used the metaphor and model of covenant as a form of moral pedagogy in response to complex forms of professionalization within ever-larger institutions, particularly evident in medicine. Here he has followed the work of Paul Ramsey in such works as The Patient as Person, albeit with a far more irenic spirit. In Testing the National Covenant, May has chosen a broader intervention, discussing the foundations of US identity, the always-fluid and contested story, or what Charles Taylor calls ‘‘the social imaginary,’’ that we need to tell ourselves. The scope of the intervention and the understanding of covenant remind me of the work of James Luther Adams, since both May and Adams make strong claims about the centrality of notions of the covenant within the American Christian heritage. For both of them, covenantal relationships shape positive human relationships of mutuality and shared responsibility which resist the instrumental relationship of the dominant social order. Adams linked the idea of covenant more clearly with the practices of voluntary associations and emphasized more explicitly than May the prophetic justice-oriented dimensions of covenant relationship. While both are concerned about the concentrated power of corporations, they take quite different attitudes toward the state. Both do see covenantal forms as
Commentary on Proctor and Wang

Publisher Summary In the chapter, set-level compatibility is treated as being equivalent to dimensional overlap. The principal issue addressed is whether set-level compatibility behaves like, and should be treated as, a single unitary concept, or whether it behaves more like a many-faceted concept and should be treated as such. The results of a series of experiments are summarized in the chapter that demonstrate that by varying set-level compatibility in different ways, different patterns of interactions are obtained. Set-level compatibility is probably not a unitary concept. The chapter discusses whether dimensional overlap is a unitary concept, a reasonable reaction time (RT)-based index of the degree of dimensional overlap (DO), the way by which the DO model or any other model deal with the effects of stimulus–response (S–R) mapping with non-overlapping S–R ensembles.
Endocannabinoids in the Dentate Gyrus

Recent years have produced rapid and enormous growth in our understanding of endocannabinoid-mediated signaling in the CNS. While much of the recent progress has focused on other areas of the brain, a significant body of evidence has developed that indicates the presence of a robust system for endocannabinoid-mediated signaling in the dentate gyrus. This chapter will provide an overview of our current understanding of that system based on available anatomical and physiological data.
Focusing on the glomerular slit diaphragm: podocin enters the picture.

The nature of the glomerular filtration barrier is currently one of the most intensely studied and exciting problems in nephrology research, primarily because of the relatively recent discoveries that two novel and two previously known genes are intimately involved in glomerular filtration. The two novel genes, NPHS1 and NPHS2 (encoding nephrin and podocin, respectively) were identified by positional cloning. NPHS1 is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type, 1 and NPHS2 is mutated in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. 2 The other two genes, previously characterized but not known to be involved in filtration, are ACTN4, encoding α-actinin-4, and Cd2ap, encoding CD2-associated protein (CD2AP). ACTN4 was found to be mutated in several families exhibiting inherited focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 3 and knockout mice lacking CD2AP exhibit congenital nephrotic syndrome. 4 Several recent reviews have addressed the potential roles of these molecules in glomerular filtration. 5-10
Accuracy of central venous pressure measurement from the abdominal inferior vena cava.

Central venous pressure measurements in the abdominal inferior vena cava were compared with measurements in the right atrium in 10 infants and 10 children during cardiac catheterization. At end expiration, the mean pressures at these two sites were within 1 mm Hg of each other in all 20 patients, with a mean difference of 0.0 ± 0.36 mm Hg. The abdominal inferior vena cava is a safe and convenient site for measurement of central venous pressure, and our study confirms that such measurements are accurate.
Root and Shoot Growth Response of Three Container-Grown Kalmia latifolia L. Cultivars at Two Locations to Growing Medium and Nitrogen Form

Abstract Rooted liners of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Elf’, ‘Freckles’ and ‘Goodrich’ were shipped to Griffin, Georgia, and Puyallup, Washington and were potted into 3.8 liter (# 1) containers. Factorial combinations of growing media (1 bark: 1 peat, 4 bark: 1 peat), NO3/NH4 ratios (100% NO3/0% NH4, 60% NO3/40% NH4, 20% NO3/80% NH4), and rates of N (40, 80, and 120 mg N/pot; 0.0014, 0.0028, and 0.0042 oz N/pot, resp.) were applied at both locations. Results indicated that a combination of the nitrate/ammonium forms of nitrogen (60/40 NO3/NH4) and the 80 mg/pot N rate produced the best overall shoot and root growth on all 3 cultivars at both locations. Root and shoot growth was not affected by growing media at either location. With the exception of lower pH readings for the Georgia media, results for the two locations were remarkably consistent.
NITRIC OXIDE REDUCES EXPRESSION OF ZINC-INDUCED OXIDANT STRESS GENES IN PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES. † 1828

NITRIC OXIDE REDUCES EXPRESSION OF ZINC-INDUCED OXIDANT STRESS GENES IN PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES. † 1828
Emotional Development in Infancy: Theoretical Models and Nursing Implications

TOPIC. Theories of emotional development in infancy that are relevant to clinical practice. PURPOSE. A discussion of the complementary theories such as EmdeS (1989) psycho-analytically based developmental model of early socioemotional reorganizations and Stern's (1985a) model of the developing self, with the goal of presenting an integrated view of key socioemotional processes and their developmental foundations during infancy. Concepts such as “emotional availability” and “affect attunement” are examined as vehicles for early socioemotional organization and adaptation. SOURCES. Relevant literature from nursing, child psychiatry, and developmental psychology. CONCLUSIONS. Implications are drawn from clinical assessment of high-risk caregiver-infant relationships and early causal pathways for later socioemotional dysfunction. Nurses should focus on the importance of assessing interpersonal variables and their ongoing contribution to internalizing patterns of dysfunctional behavior in children.
Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Subcultures in the Former Soviet Union

Attempting to examine and explain juvenile delinquency in the former Soviet Union in 1991 and 1992 is akin to what one Sovietologist reported as attempting to change a tire on a moving automobile. But to make matters worse, in this case the automobile has not only been moving, but in the meantime has changed into another form. The Soviet Union underwent accelerating social, economic, and political changes beginning in 1985. One cumulative effect of these changes seems to have been an accelerating increase in juvenile delinquency and youth crime. When the USSR finally imploded in December, 1991, it created a cataclysmic social upheaval. The expectation is that generally matters are only going to get worse before they begin to get better. This paper explores the nature of juvenile delinquency in the former Soviet Union during the period leading up to the country's final days. It pays particular attention to the emergence of youth subcultures and juvenile gangs. It draws some contrasts with comparable issues...
Families' self-interest and the cadaver's organs. What price consent?

IT IS TRAGIC for an eligible recipient to die for want of a lifesaving organ. The profession and society are under a clear moral compulsion to seek ways to prevent such deaths. But it would be equally tragic, even in order to save lives, to resort to such a morally dubious and destructive policy to increase the supply of donated organs as Peters suggests. His proposal that a $1000 death "benefit" be offered to motivate families to consent to removal of organs from their deceased relatives is logically, ethically, and practically flawed. In his sincere and understandable commitment to save lives, Peters follows an oversimplified line of reasoning: people die waiting for organ transplants. Organs are scarce because we have relied on altruism to motivate donors. Therefore, self-interest must replace altruism as a motive. With the obstacle of activism out of the way, Peters believes that an adequate supply, and
In Situ-Bound Antibodies Eluted From the Skin of Patients with Bullous Pemphogoid Are Preferentially Directed Against the 230-kD Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen

Two bullous pemphigoid antigens (BPAs) have been identified: a 230-kD intracellular hemidesmosome-associated molecule and a 180-kD transmembrane hemidesmosome-associated molecule, Although patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) have been shown to have circulating antibodies directed against one or both BPAs, the antigenic specificity of tissue-bound BP autoantibodies has not been studied. Because these skin-bound antibodies may play an important role in disease initiation, we sought to determine their antigenic specificity. In situ-bound BP antibodies were eluted with glycine from salt-split perilesional skin biopsy specimens and subjected to immunoprecipitation. Ten of 13 patients had glycine-eluted antibodies that recognized the 230-kD BPA, whereas four of 13 patients had glycine-eluted antibodies that recognized the 180-kD BPA. When these glycine-eluted BP skin specimens were sequentially eluted with urea, we found either antibodies of the same specificity or loss of reactivity to one of the BPAs, but no reactivity to any BPAs previously undetected with glycine elution. Sequential elution with sodium dodecylsulfate revealed no detectable BP antibodies. The heavy- and light-chain isotypes of the circulating, tissue-bound, and eluted BP antibodies were very similar, suggesting that we are not eluting certain subsets of BP antibodies, Sera from these patients contained circulating antibodies that recognized either one or both BPAs. Our observations demonstrate that in situ-bound antibodies eluted from the skin of patients with BP are preferentially directed against the 230-kD BPA.