cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jamin Action--What It Is and How It Affects Production of Oil and Gas

Jamin action is a physical phenomenon due to alternating globules of liquid and bubbles of gas in channel of capillary dimensions. It is beautifully illustrated in the Jamin capillary tube. This tube is easily prepared by placing a vacuum in communication with one end of an ordinary capillary tube, and filling with globules and bubbles by means of a wet cloth applied with the finger at the other end of the tube. When the globules are in equilibrium their menisci have equal radii of curvature. By applying a pressure at one end of the tube the globules become "distorted," in that their menisci assume unequal radii of curvature. In this condition they are able to offer a small resistance to the applied pressure. In doing this they retain some of the fluid within the tube, and prevent its escape from the open end. A natural reservoir may be described as a huge bundle of capillary tubes radiating in all directions from the well. The globules and bubbles offer a resistance to any hydrostatic pressure tending to push the fluids toward the open well. If this hydrostatic pressure is of sufficient intensity, it overpowers the combined resistance of all globules located on the radiating lines, but if it is not of sufficient intensity, these globules and bubbles may be said to dictate the conditions of production from the well. These alternative conditions with respect to pressure and resistance determine volumetric and capillary controls, respectively. Particular emphasis is placed upon the effects of Jamin action with regard to the rate of production, volume produced from the well, and percentage of ecovery from the sands by natural flow; also the features accompanying the use of pumps or gas-lifts are discussed. The forced drive is given a brief review, and the paper concludes with a description of the method of discriminating in the field between volumetric and capillary controls.
Trends in the Qualitative Study of Social Identities

This article reviews recent developments and trends in the qualitative study of social identities. Recent scholarship emphasizes multidimensionality and challenges notions of identity singularity and coherence. These challenges include critiques of the implicit identity monism of approaches that give master status primacy to a single marked identity attribute along race, class, gender, or sexuality axes or that portray static notions of a coherent single unified self-identity. After analyzing the social bases of collective identities and self-identities, this article examines identity strategies, claims to identity authenticity, identity shifts and transitions, and the contextual situatedness and multidimensionality of self-identities. Recent developments in the sociology of identity focus on the multidimensionality and mobility of contemporary identities. These developments can be understood by separating identity research into its analysis of markedness and unmarkedness, authenticity claims, and the role of mobility and flexibility, in contributing to the multidimensional character of social identities
GOOD TIMES AND GOOD WORKS: THE PLACE OF SOCIABILITY IN THE WORK OF WOMEN VOLUNTEERS*

This paper develops the concept of sociability work as a distinct and important form of labor. One place to observe this work is in the activities of women in the volunteer world who promote charitable causes. Using data from a study of volunteer workers in a metropolitan area, I show how the shape of this labor and its evaluation are affected by the social organization of work and gender. Women who are successful in charitable work take pride in their ability to create organizations and plan benefits that support symphony orchestras, welfare services, and other community causes. However, some of these women deprecate their work as mere "party giving" even as they stress its contribution to their community. This ambivalence reflects their awareness of negative stereotypes about sociability work and highlights the lack of significance generally accorded to this and other forms of invisible labor that women perform. Women volunteers who stand at the juncture of philanthropy and "high society" organize community service within a framework of sociability: a party-like ambience that encourages others to attend and participate in the activity. These women develop skills and interests that make them valuable participants at charitable events, where they inspire others to contribute as well. Those who do this work successfully have community renown and are called upon for advice and assistance in other projects. They become civic leaders: they serve on non-profit boards of directors for educational, cultural and health services, and on blue-ribbon panels (appointed by local and regional officials) to assess the status of schools, orphanages, libraries or parks; news of their activities appears in the local papers; their advice is sought by important citizens who wish to plan a benefit or start a new charitable organization. The benefits they themselves organize make the most money and attract the greatest attention in their communities. Their experience and abilities, then, have made them experts on how to capture interest and commitment from others through
Patterns of violent specialization: Predictors of recidivism for a cohort of parolees

Historically, there has been interest in the unfolding of criminal careers, especially in the persistence, specialization, and prediction of violent recidivism. Specialization in violent crime is particularly important as both the public and politicians have called for longer sentences, incapacitation, and prison expansion for violent offenders. However, research on the specialization of violent crime has been largely overlooked in spite of its importance to criminal justice practitioners and public interest. To examine the specialization in crime, this research uses data collected in Ohio in 1989 on a cohort of 3,353 parolees released from prison. Specialization is defined as the exclusive admission to prison for a violent crime with a subsequent violent recidivism offense. Logistic regression is used to delineate predictors of violent specialization. Race, county of commitment, age at release, time served, number of prior felony convictions, and number of prior parole revocations are found to be related to violent specialization.
Teaching Evolution of Open-Source Projects in Software Engineering Courses

In the traditional software engineering courses, the students develop small programs from scratch. This does not correspond to industry practice where programmers spend most of their time evolving medium to large systems. In order to narrow this gap, we developed a course where students practice software evolution through the implementation of change requests on medium-sized open-source software systems. The results of the course show that this type of software engineering course gives students a more realistic experience than traditional software engineering courses. In the survey at the end of the course, the students expressed a higher level of satisfaction with both rating the course and assessing how much they learned. Additionally, the resources required by such a course are not excessive.
Are Spin-Forbidden Crossings a Bottleneck in Methanol Oxidation?

The rate of spin-surface crossing from the singlet to the triplet potential energy surface during methanol oxidation has been examined for classically spin-forbidden crossings. The Landau−Zener equation has been used to calculate the thermally-averaged spin transition probabilities for the nonadiabatic surface crossing reaction. Two active sites have been investigated: isolated vanadate species supported on silica (VOx/SiO2) and titania (VOx/TiO2). The results show that the rate of spin-surface crossing is much faster than the rate-limiting H-abstraction step on both active sites and is therefore not kinetically relevant.
Exploiting idle floating-point resources for integer execution

In conventional superscalar microarchitectures with partitioned integer and floating-point resources, all floating-point resources are idle during execution of integer programs. Palacharla and Smith [26] addressed this drawback and proposed that the floating-point subsystem be augmented to support integer operations. The hardware changes required are expected to be fairly minimal.To exploit these idle floating resources, the compiler must identify integer code that can be profitably offloaded to the augmented floating-point subsystem. In this paper, we present two compiler algorithms to do this. The basic scheme offloads integer computation to the floating-point subsystem using existing program loads/stores for inter-partition communication. For the SPECINT95 benchmarks, we show that this scheme offloads from 5% to 29% of the total dynamic instructions to the floating-point subsystem. The advanced scheme inserts copy instructions and duplicates some instructions to further offload computation. We evaluate the effectiveness of the two schemes using timing simulation. We show that the advanced scheme can offload from 9% to 41% of the total dynamic instructions to the floating-point subsystem. In doing so, speedups from 3% to 23% are achieved over a conventional microarchitecture.
COMPARATIVE GONADOTROPIN ASSAYS AND USE OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE AS AN ADSORBENT IN CONCEN′TRATION OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING ACTIVITY FROM PITUITARY GLAND1

VERY SOON after the discovery of the gonadotropic activity of the pituitary with implants and extracts by Smith (i) and Zondek and Aschheim (2), it became obvious that the biological response was a complex one (3). At pre′ sent, the most commonly accepted view is that two specific biological responses are involved, and that they are due to two specific substances (4), the follicle′Stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinising hormone (LH). The former causes follicular growth and maturation in the ovary, and spermatogenesis in the testig. The latter causes luteinisation of the mature follicles in the ovary, and growth of the interstitial cells in the testis. Although the Evans (5) and the van Dyke (6) groups have reported the isolation of the luteinising hormone in pure form, devoid of follicle′Stimulating activity, nevertheless neither factor has been obtained in crystalline form.
ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes.

10 This guideline presents recommendations for the management of patients with hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. The initial assessment is the collection of a family history of cancers and premalignant gastrointestinal conditions and should provide enough information to develop a preliminary determination of the risk of a familial predisposition to cancer. Age at diagnosis and lineage (maternal and/or paternal) should be documented for all diagnoses, especially in fi rst- and second-degree relatives. When indicated, genetic testing for a germline mutation should be done on the most informative candidate(s) identifi ed through the family history evaluation and/or tumor analysis to confi rm a diagnosis and allow for predictive testing of at-risk relatives. Genetic testing should be conducted in the context of pre- and post-test genetic counseling to ensure the patient's informed decision making. Patients who meet clinical criteria for a syndrome as well as those with identifi ed pathogenic germline mutations should receive appropriate surveillance measures in order to minimize their overall risk of developing syndrome- specifi c cancers. This guideline specifi cally discusses genetic testing and management of Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP), MUTYH -associated polyposis (MAP), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Cowden syndrome, serrated (hyperplastic) polyposis syndrome, hereditary pancreatic cancer, and hereditary gastric cancer.
P2A-4 A Non-Linear Model Coupling the Ultrasound PulseEcho Procedure and Contrast Agent Excitation and Backscatter: Validation Studies in Water

By employing microbubbles to enhance ultrasound backscatter, we have recently developed a technique, termed echo particle image velocimetry (Echo PIV), to perform accurate measurements of velocity profiles, multiple velocity vectors and local shear stress in arteries. Maximizing bubble detectability from the surrounding environment is a key issue for Echo PIV, and significant optimization of all aspects from transducer design to bubble characteristics to backscatter signal processing is required for continued improvement of this technique. We present here a numerical model coupling the time-domain FEA simulation of a 1D ultrasonic transducer array and non-linear ultrasound propagation in water with the solution for non-linear equations describing backscatter from bubble populations with varying size distributions to simulate the ultrasound pulse-echo procedure and contrast agent excitation. Experimental validation for the FEA models of the transducer array and wave propagation in water was performed according to industry standards. The backscatter from micron- and sub-micron bubble populations (size range: 0.5-5 microns) was simulated by a previously-validated size-integration (SI) method. The coupled model also showed greater ability of the triangular wave to excite subharmonic and ultraharmonic frequency content in bubbles, while minimizing the possibility of bubble rupture. It should be useful as an efficient tool for array transducer simulations in the context of contrast imaging
Inability to ventilate while using a silicone-based endotracheal tube

Abstract We present a complication associated with herniation of a specially designed silicone-based endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff used for laryngeal nerve monitoring (electromyographic [EMG] ETT). Lung ventilation in our patient was initially unimpeded. However, 30 minutes after initiation of anesthesia with desflurane and nitrous oxide, there was a sudden inability to ventilate due to the herniation of the ETT cuff presumably caused by diffusion of nitrous oxide into the silicone-based cuff. In vitro testing has shown that the increase in intracuff pressure during ventilation with nitrous oxide in the silicone-based EMG ETT is much greater (approximately 50 mmHg) than that in the polyvinyl chloride–based ETT (approximately 10 mmHg) routinely used in our department.
Relative Transmission of Ultrasound by Media Customarily Used for Phonophoresis

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative transmission of ultrasound by the media commonly used by physical therapists to apply phonophoresis. The relative transmission of ultrasound energy through various phonophoresis media was compared with that of degassed water, which is the ideal standard. Transmission was assessed by placing a thin layer of the test medium on the transducer of a therapeutic ultrasound unit and measuring delivery of ultrasound with an ultrasound power meter. The media evaluated produced two significantly different groups of transmission results: (1) transmission greater than 80% of that of water and (2) transmission less than 40% of that of water. Media that optimize the therapeutic efficacy of phonophoresis in both clinical and experimental settings are discussed.
Banks’ Incentives to Over-Herd: An Overview

This paper evaluates the incentives that banks have to herd. It includes a complete literature review of papers from the last fifteen years, and a model of several banks and infinite time periods. The literature review looks at recent academic papers that have examined the different causes of bank herding. The model is discussed theoretically and then simulated with a numerical example that explores the significance of its coefficients. The model section concludes that any policy that reduces the costs of over-investment increases the incentives of banks to herd.
The Impact of Organizational Identity on Learning from Initial Experiences

In this dissertation I develop new theory which suggests that a complete understanding of how or if an organization learns from its experiences must take into account its identity. Specifically, identity serves as the lens through which organizations notice, interpret and respond to experiences. Adopting this perspective, I develop and test theory that suggests that different identities at founding can account for why organizations learn differently from similar experiences and how this learning affects time to commercialization of their product or service. I investigate my research questions using data from a sample of start-up organizations located around a large research university.
Habeas for the Twenty-First Century, Chapter One

This is the table of contents and introductory chapter of a forthcoming book published by the University of Chicago Press, about the future of the federal writ of habeas corpus. The book provides a compact, accessible, yet comprehensive history and analysis of habeas corpus in all of its diverse applications, an analysis that is based on the latest empirical research of habeas litigation in federal courts, and includes specific recommendations for reform. By examining how habeas has been applied to review pretrial detention, civil commitment, immigration and military detention, capital and non-capital state convictions and sentences, federal criminal judgments, and administrative decisions by prison and parole officials, the book exposes striking patterns that are not easily seen when the writ is viewed only in a single context or at a single moment in time. Two principles emerge to guide future modifications of the habeas remedy: Habeas must remain a flexible remedy so that it will be available, whenever it is needed, to provide judicial review during times of crisis; and habeas must be exercised prudently as a tool of last resort, used only so long as is absolutely necessary, until alternative review mechanisms take shape. This introductory chapter contrasts the remarkable story of the writ’s liberation of a Guantanamo detainee with the unremarkable saga of habeas litigation by a typical state prisoner, and previews some of the book’s specific proposals for reform.
Statistical methods for comparing directions to the orientations of focal mechanisms and Wadati-Benioff zones

We propose simple graphical methods for evaluating whether a set of direction vectors are clustered with respect to particular directions, axes, or planes. As examples of these techniques, we present data concerning the relationship between: (1) aftershock/initial event geometry and nodal planes of focal mechanisms; (2) aftershock/initial event geometry and the plane of the Wadati-Benioff zone; and (3) B axes of focal mechanisms and the plane of the Wadati-Benioff zone.
Concentrations of thiocyanate and goitrin in human plasma, their precursor concentrations in brassica vegetables, and associated potential risk for hypothyroidism

Brassica vegetables are common components of the diet and have beneficial as well as potentially adverse health effects. Following enzymatic breakdown, some glucosinolates in brassica vegetables produce sulforaphane, phenethyl, and indolylic isothiocyanates that possess anticarcinogenic activity. In contrast, progoitrin and indolylic glucosinolates degrade to goitrin and thiocyanate, respectively, and may decrease thyroid hormone production. Radioiodine uptake to the thyroid is inhibited by 194 μmol of goitrin, but not by 77 μmol of goitrin. Collards, Brussels sprouts, and some Russian kale (Brassica napus) contain sufficient goitrin to potentially decrease iodine uptake by the thyroid. However, turnip tops, commercial broccoli, broccoli rabe, and kale belonging to Brassica oleracae contain less than 10 μmol of goitrin per 100-g serving and can be considered of minimal risk. Using sulforaphane plasma levels following glucoraphanin ingestion as a surrogate for thiocyanate plasma concentrations after indole glucosinolate ingestion, the maximum thiocyanate contribution from indole glucosinolate degradation is estimated to be 10 μM, which is significantly lower than background plasma thiocyanate concentrations (40–69 μM). Thiocyanate generated from consumption of indole glucosinolate can be assumed to have minimal adverse risks for thyroid health.
A neoplasm with pancreatic and hepatocellular differentiation presenting with subcutaneous fat necrosis

A neoplasm demonstrating both pancreatic and hepatic phenotypes is described. The tumor, from a 53-year-old woman with the syndrome of subcutaneous fat necrosis and arthropathy, was studied histologically, immunohistochemically, ultrastructurally, and biochemically. The clinical features of this case can be explained by the production of large amounts of lipase by the tumor. The hepatocellular properties of the tumor included characteristic morphology and the synthesis of catalase. The pancreatic properties of the tumor included the production of pancreatic lipase. This neoplasm would appear to be analogous to animal models in which the transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells and hepatocytes has been demonstrated. Although the bulk of the tumor was present in the liver, the authors believe the tumor arose from the pancreas. The distinction between differentiation and site of origin of tumors is discussed.
Improving the Design of a Learning Game Through Intrinsic Integration and Playtesting

Designing and developing games for learning is a difficult endeavor. Educational game designers must not only make an engaging and motivating game, but must also ensure that learning takes place as a result of gameplay. Educational researchers have sought to define design principles in order to lessen the difficulty involved with game design. In spite of these efforts, there is still a paucity of empirical research in support of significant direct learning gains that result from time spent in a game environment. This study investigated the effectiveness of a design and development approach centered on playtesting, with the purpose of ensuring the proper intrinsic integration of multiplication properties, concepts, and strategies within the game’s mechanics.
Effect of a mercurial diuretic on thyroid uptake and renal clearance of radioiodine.

Summary1. Meralluride sodium (Mercuhydrin®) had no effect upon the results ol the 6 and 24 hour ithyroid uptake procedure in 8 euthyroid patients. 2. Renal I131 clearances were determined before and after injection of meralluride sodium in 4 patients, and compared with simultaneous chloride excretion data. Radioiodide clearances remained unchanged in the face of a consistent and marked increase in chloride excretion.
Recent centuries of vegetational change in the glaciated north-eastern United States

1) Pollen data from 55 sediment cores show complex patterns of change in the vegetation of the north-eastern United States in recent centuries caused both directly and indirectly by human impact, as well as by climate change. 2) In the few centuries before European colonization, the abundance of Picea increased and Tsuga canadensis and Fagus grandifolia decreased in the northern part of the region, possibly due to climate cooling. In the rest of the region the vegetation was fairly stable in the few centuries before European colonization. 3) After European colonization, the abundance of Betula increased throughout the region in response to forest disturbance, while Tsuga canadensis and F. grandifolia decreased, at least in part because of greatly increased fire frequency
Predicting Socio-Economic Indicators using News Events

Many socio-economic indicators are sensitive to real-world events. Proper characterization of the events can help to identify the relevant events that drive fluctuations in these indicators. In this paper, we propose a novel generative model of real-world events and employ it to extract events from a large corpus of news articles. We introduce the notion of an event class, which is an abstract grouping of similarly themed events. These event classes are manifested in news articles in the form of event triggers which are specific words that describe the actions or incidents reported in any article. We use the extracted events to predict fluctuations in different socio-economic indicators. Specifically, we focus on food prices and predict the price of 12 different crops based on real-world events that potentially influence food price volatility, such as transport strikes, festivals etc. Our experiments demonstrate that incorporating event information in the prediction tasks reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) of prediction by 22% compared to the standard ARIMA model. We also predict sudden increases in the food prices (i.e. spikes) using events as features, and achieve an average 5-10% increase in accuracy compared to baseline models, including an LDA topic-model based predictive model.
Intellectual Property Theories

This chapter focuses on the theoretical components of IP. First, IP as a collective concept is critically discussed, and some identical or similar terms are explained to avoid possible confusion in later chapters. Second, this section explains some major concepts covered under the IP ‘umbrella’, the scope of which has expanded considerably over recent years. Third, different types of IP that have common characteristics will be identified and discussed. Fourth, this chapter also focuses on the theoretical arguments for IPP, emphasizing both the importance and the difficulties of balancing the public interests with those of intellectual owners. Finally, the relevant theoretical schools of thought are summarized to position the book’s focus in its academic context.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Hematologic Neoplasia

Flow cytometry (FCM) is a powerful technology that allows the rapid analysis of cellular components such as surface and intracellular antigens, or DNA content. The measurements are fast and are based on optical signals emitted by cells labeled with fluorochromes as they flow suspended in a liquid medium through an intense laser beam. The signals include scattered light, which provides information on cell size and granularity, and fluorescence derived from dyes or fluorochrome-labeled antibodies bound to specific cell components.
Purification and Functional Evaluation of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the purification and functional evaluation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are mature phagocytic cells whose primary function is to ingest and kill invading microorganisms. When anticoagulated whole blood is centrifuged, the leukocytes collect as a buffy coat layer at the interface of the plasma and erythrocytes. This separation results from the difference in density between the various cell types in the whole blood. Taking advantage of these density differences, Vallee et al. separated leukocytes from erythrocytes by using albumin solutions of density intermediate to the two cell types. Other early techniques for separating leukocytes from erythrocytes utilized the ability of large-molecular-weight molecules. Human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes possess surface receptors for a variety of ligands, which, if bound, lead to their activation. Upon binding the ligand, PMN will undergo membrane potential changes, reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide anion, aggregate, release granule contents, adhere to surfaces, phagocytize opsonized particles, and move or exhibit chomotaxis.
Transfer on Death Deeds: A Texas Primer

The 2015 Texas Legislature enacted a “Texasized” version of the Uniform Real Property Transfer on Death Act joining over a dozen other states that have already done so. Transfer on death deeds (hereinafter “TODDs”) were previously authorized under Estates Code § 111.052 (recodifying Probate Code § 450) which validates “any provision in a...conveyance of property...stating that...property that is the subject of the instrument shall pass, to a person designated by the decedent in the instrument.” However, this “bare-bones” provision provided little guidance with regard to the myriad of issues that these type of deeds could raise. Passage of this legislation was designed to bring greater clarity to this technique. This article discusses the operation of the new statute.
Efficient index-based methods for processing large biological databases

Over the last few decades, advances in life sciences have generated a vast amount of biological data. To cope with the rapid increase in data volume, there is a pressing need for efficient computational methods to query large biological datasets. This thesis develops efficient and scalable querying methods for biological data. For an efficient sequence database search, we developed two q-gram index based algorithms, miBLAST and ProbeMatch. miBLAST is designed to expedite batch identification of statistically significant sequence alignments. ProbeMatch is designed for identifying sequence alignments based on a k-mismatch model. For an efficient protein structure database search, we also developed a multi-dimensional index based algorithm method called proCC, an automatic and efficient classification framework. All these algorithms result in substantial performance improvements over existing methods. When designing index-based methods, the right choice of indexing methods is essential. In addition to developing index-based methods for biological applications, we also investigated an essential database problem that reexamines the state-of-the-art indexing methods by experimental evaluation. Our experimental study provides a valuable insight for choosing the right indexing method and also motivates a careful consideration of index structures when designing index-based methods. In the long run, index-based methods can lead to new and more efficient algorithms for querying and mining biological datasets. The examples above, which include query processing on biological sequence and geometrical structure datasets, employ index-based methods very effectively. While the database research community has long recognized the need for index-based query processing algorithms, the bioinformatics community has been slow to adopt such algorithms. However, since many biological datasets are growing very rapidly, database-style index-based algorithms are likely to play a crucial role in modern bioinformatics methods. The work proposed in this thesis lays the foundation for such methods.
#PrayForDad: Learning the Semantics Behind Why Social Media Users Disclose Health Information.

User-generated content in social media is increasingly acknowledged as a rich resource for research into health problems. One particular area of interest is in the semantics individuals’ evoke because they can influence when health-related information is disclosed. While there have been multiple investigations into why self-disclose occurs, much less is known about when individuals choose to disclose information about other people (e.g., a relative), which is a significant privacy concern. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework to investigate how semantics influence disclosure routines for 34 health issues. This framework begins with a supervised classification model to distinguish tweets that communicate personal health issues from confounding concepts (e.g., metaphorical statements that include a health-related keyword). Next, we annotate tweets for each health issue with linguistic and psychological categories (e.g. social processes, affective processes and personal concerns). Then, we apply a non-negative matrix factorization over a health issue-by-language category space. Finally, the factorized basis space is leveraged to group health issues into natural aggregations based around how they are discussed. We evaluate this framework with four months of tweets (over 200 million) and show that certain semantics correspond with whom a health mention pertains to. Our findings show that health issues related with family members, high medical cost and social support (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, and Down syndrome) lead to tweets that are more likely to disclose another individual's health status, while tweets with more benign health issues (e.g., allergy, arthritis, and bronchitis) with biological processes (e.g., health and ingestion) and negative emotions are more likely to contain self-disclosures.
Heinrich events triggered by ocean forcing and modulated by isostatic adjustment

During the last glacial period, the Laurentide Ice Sheet sporadically discharged huge numbers of icebergs through the Hudson Strait into the North Atlantic Ocean, leaving behind distinct layers of ice-rafted debris in the ocean sediments. Perplexingly, these massive discharge events-Heinrich events-occurred during the cold portion of millennial-scale climate oscillations called Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. This is in contrast to the expectation that ice sheets expand in colder climates and shrink in warmer climates. Here we use an ice sheet model to show that the magnitude and timing of Heinrich events can be explained by the same processes that drive the retreat of modern marine-terminating glaciers. In our model, subsurface ocean warming associated with variations in the overturning circulation increases underwater melt along the calving face, triggering rapid margin retreat and increased iceberg discharge. On millennial timescales, isostatic adjustment causes the bed to uplift, isolating the terminus from subsurface warming and allowing the ice sheet to advance again until, at its most advanced position, it is poised for another Heinrich event. This mechanism not only explains the timing and magnitude of observed Heinrich events, but also suggests that ice sheets in contact with warming oceans may be vulnerable to catastrophic collapse even with little atmospheric warming.
Automatic RTL-to-Formal Code Converter for IP Security Formal Verification

The wide usage of hardware intellectual property (IP) cores from untrusted vendors has raised security concerns in the integrated circuit (IC) industry. Existing testing methods are designed to validate the functionality of the hardware IP cores. These methods often fall short in detecting unspecified (often malicious) logic. Formal methods like Proof-Carrying Hardware (PCH), on the other hand, can help eliminate hardware Trojans and/or design backdoors by formally proving security properties on soft IP cores despite the high proof development cost. One of the causes to the high cost is the manual conversion of the hardware design from RTL code to a domain-specific language prior to verification. To mitigate this issue and to lower the overall cost of PCH framework, we propose an automatic code converter for translating VHDL to Formal-HDL, a domain specific language for representing hardware designs in Coq language. Our code converter provides support to wide variety of hardware designs. Towards the goal of speeding up the verification procedure in our PCH framework, the code converter is the important first step. The applicability of the tool is demonstrated by converting soft IP cores of AES to its Coq equivalent code.
Production of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Through Anaerobic Digestion of Grass Clippings

Due to the progressive increase of organic solid waste generation worldwide and the awareness of its potential negative impacts on human health and the environment, there is a need for developing sustainable techniques for valorization of organic waste. This paper addresses this challenge. The paper describes the results of three experiments (T1, T2, and T3) to produce a plant-based liquid solution, called liquid organic fertilizer (LOF), through three successive cycles (C1, C2 and C3) of anaerobic digestion and bio-leaching of grass clipping waste in pilot-scale bioreactors. The study investigated the effects of organic load (defined as the mass of total solids in the organic input [grass and molasses] divided by the total input mass [grass, molasses and water]) and the use of liquid molasses as co-digestion element (in T3) on the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and potassium (K) accumulation in the leachate and the efficiency of nutrient recovery from grass clipping waste with the proposed technology. The organic loads considered were 7.0, 11.2, and 22.4% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The use of greater organic load in T2 led to significantly higher or comparable concentrations of TN–TP–K nutrients in the leachate at the end of each production cycle compared to T1. Co-digestion of grass clippings with molasses in test T3 showed a greater nutrient recovery from the grass substrate (RE = 53, 89, 97% for total Kjeldahl N, TP, K respectively) compared to T1 and T2. However, molasses contributes to the input nutrient content and, therefore, the net TN, TP, and K amounts should be also considered when evaluating the efficiency of the production process.
The Ecological Structuring of Police Officers’ Perceptions of Citizen Cooperation:

Neighborhood structural conditions influence police behavior, but few studies have addressed whether neighborhood conditions are associated with officers’ perceptions of residents in those communit...
Can you trust the parametric standard errors in nonlinear least squares? Yes, with provisos.

Abstract Background Questions about the reliability of parametric standard errors (SEs) from nonlinear least squares (LS) algorithms have led to a general mistrust of these precision estimators that is often unwarranted. Methods The importance of non-Gaussian parameter distributions is illustrated by converting linear models to nonlinear by substituting eA, ln A, and 1/A for a linear parameter a. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations characterize parameter distributions in more complex cases, including when data have varying uncertainty and should be weighted, but weights are neglected. This situation leads to loss of precision and erroneous parametric SEs, as is illustrated for the Lineweaver-Burk analysis of enzyme kinetics data and the analysis of isothermal titration calorimetry data. Results Non-Gaussian parameter distributions are generally asymmetric and biased. However, when the parametric SE is Conclusion Variable data uncertainty, or heteroscedasticity, can sometimes be handled by data transforms but more generally requires weighted LS, which in turn require knowledge of the data variance. General significance Parametric SEs are rigorously correct in linear LS under the usual assumptions, and are a trustworthy approximation in nonlinear LS provided they are sufficiently small — a condition favored by the abundant, precise data routinely collected in many modern instrumental methods.
The Hormel Institute International Cancer Research Conference—2017 meeting report

Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to cancer and improved treatment outcomes for many cancers, the burden of cancer still remains a huge issue for society. Thus, cancer researchers from around the globe must pool their resources to improve cancer care and outcomes. The 2017 Hormel Institute International Cancer Research Conference, co-sponsored by the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, provided an opportunity for a diverse group of scientists to meet and discuss recent advances in cancer research and prevention. The 2-day conference, held in Austin, Minnesota, on June 19–20, 2017, was divided into nine scientifically driven sessions that focused broadly on fundamental cancer research, molecular mechanisms of tumor development, tumor stem cells, tumor therapeutic and preventive mechanisms, and achievements in tumor prevention and therapy.
Reductions of a Rhenium(III) Terminal Oxo Complex by Isocyanides and Carbon Monoxide

We report on the reductive reactivity of the d4 rhenium(III) oxo olefin complex ORe(η2-DHF)(BDI) (DHF = dihydrofulvalene, BDI = N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,4-dimethyl-β-diketiminate) with isocyanides, R–NC (R = tBu, 2,6-xylyl), as well as carbon monoxide (CO). These reactions all proceed by an oxygen atom transfer (OAT) to generate rhenium(I) BDI complexes containing 4 equiv of the respective π-acidic reagent. In the case of isocyanides, the products (R–NC)4Re(BDI) (1, R = tBu; 2, R = 2,6-xylyl) were isolated and characterized. While these tetrakis(isocyanide) complexes are stable at room temperature, the tetracarbonyl complex (CO)4Re(BDI) quickly degraded upon formation, leading to demetalation of the BDI ligand. However, inclusion of a strong σ-donor in the reaction of ORe(η2-DHF)(BDI) with CO afforded the tricarbonyl complex fac-(CO)3Re(DMAP)(BDI) (3). In addition to 3, the oxidation product (O)2Re(DMAP)(BDI) (4) was also consistently isolated from this reaction in low yield. We hypothesize compl...
Interlocking Images: The Conceptual Core of a Discipline-Based Art Lesson

Discipline-based art education teaches children to understand a language of visual imagery in order to expand their expressive options when they use art materials. Putting imagic literacy at the center of studio art instruction departs from traditional practice, which encourages media manipulation but which discourages systematic image manipulation. Children's tutored images display visual concepts (aesthetic properties) acquired as a result of instruction. A discipline-based art lesson has three components: visual analysis, art production, and critical/historical analysis. Consistency of visual concepts (interlocking images) throughout all three components constitutes systematic studio art instruction that introduces children both to media and to the dimensions of artistic imagery.
Connexin distribution in the rabbit and rat ciliary body: A case for heterotypic epithelial gap junctions

PURPOSE To evaluate the distribution of different alpha- and beta-type connexins (Cx) present in the dual layered ciliary body epithelia (CBE) of both rabbit and rat. METHODS Immunocytochemical detection of Cx26, Cx32, Cx43, and Cx50 was performed on frozen sections of rabbit and rat ciliary body using indirect immunofluorescent methods. The identity of the antigens recognized by the monoclonal primary antibodies was further confirmed by Western immunoblots. Double labeling experiments based on either conventional or confocal microscopy were carried out to establish the exact spatial relationship between different connexins. RESULTS Connexin 50 was found only in the nonpigmented epithelium (NPE) at apical and basolateral membranes, whereas Cx43 was observed exclusively and at a very high concentration in the pigmented epithelium (PE), primarily in the apical cell membrane, with minimal extension to the proximal lateral zone. The correct antigenicity of the antibodies was confirmed by Western blots of rabbit ciliary body membranes. In rabbit, the Cx26 antibody detected an antigen that was abundant in the NPE and was weakly expressed in the PE. In rat, however, the Cx26 staining was confined to capillary wall endothelia. Western blots of ciliary body and liver membranes and liver immunohistology indicated that the Cx26 antibody used does not recognize rabbit Cx26. Cx32 did not yield any substantial epithelial labeling in either species. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of Cx50 around the entire NPE cell perimeter suggests its involvement in NPE-NPE cell homotypic gap junctions. The concentration of Cx43 and Cx50 at the apical membranes of the PE and NPE cells, respectively, and their complete absence from the opposite cell suggest that these connexins may participate in the formation of heterotypic gap junctions, either with each other or with other yet unidentified connexins.
An Inexpensive Approach for a Scalable, Multi-Boot Computer Lab

Just as a community benefits from a diverse population, students can benefit from experiencing a variety of Operating System environments. Valuable tools can often exist on one platform that are not available on all platforms. However, with limited resources, it can be challenging for institutions when attempting to provide multiple platforms for their students. This paper demonstrates how a lab can be maintained and configured to boot multiple Operating Systems using open source tools. In this example, all operating environments except Windows XP are kept invisible from general users to avoid confusion. While Windows is set to boot by default, the systems can also boot various Linux based systems such as a thin client with Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP), ROCKS clustering software and open source partition imaging software for maintenance.
Lipoprotein Receptors and Their Ligands: Structure and Function of Apoproteins E and B

Lipoprotein receptors, especially those within the liver, play a central role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Specific apolipoproteins (apo-) serve as the ligands for these receptors (for review, see Mahley and Innerarity, 1983; Mahley et al., 1984; Brown and Goldstein, 1983, 1986).
Watershed-scale chemical weathering in a merokarst terrain, northeastern Kansas, USA

Abstract Carbonate weathering in the merokarst landscape at the Konza Prairie (near Manhattan, KS) is governed by kinetically rapid reaction rates, similar to other carbonate settings. The geology of the site consists of repeating couplets of shale and limestone mantled by Pleistocene loess, on which most soils are built. The headwater stream that is the subject of this study is intermittent and well connected to the secondary porosity in the limestone aquifers, such that the water chemistry is groundwater-dominated. Despite increasing in situ weathering rates shown by increasing solute concentrations, long-term (~21 of 24 years) decline in stream-water discharge has reduced chemical denudation. The current chemical denudation rate is 0.02 mm yr−1. Limestone bedrock thickness (~26.6 m) is 38% of total bedrock thickness (~70 m); the present landscape would have taken 1–4 million years to dissolve at current weathering rates. Despite paleogeographic reconstructions suggesting exposure for the past 260 Ma, estimates of the time to erode younger strata using current physical and chemical denudation rates are 80–159 Ma, still much less than the age of the rocks. An alternate source of material, dust, is proposed that may slow limestone weathering, which in turn protects shales from physical erosion, thereby slowing landscape evolution.
The incident at Tuol Chrey: pathologic and toxicologic examinations of a casualty after chemical attack.

The results of the pathologic and toxicologic examinations of specimens from a casualty who died several weeks after a chemical attack in Kampuchea are discussed. While the effects of tricothecene mycotoxins have been described in domestic and experimental animals, there is a paucity of information about the pathologic effects of these toxins in humans. The possible effects of endemic diseases such as falciparum malaria, viral hepatitis, and nutritional deficiencies. as well as of the sudden, unexpected death syndrome among refugees from Southeast Asia, have been reviewed. If the results of the histologic examinations in this case are considered alone, it is not possible to establish a cause-effect relationship. However, the circumstances of injury, the relationship of pathologic findings to the studies of experimental animals, and the results of the toxicologic examinations of environmental and biologic specimens indicate that the combinations of tricothecene mycotoxins detected are not consistent with natural occurrence and provide evidence that the pathologic effects are related to a toxic agent.