cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Time-of-Day of Instruction on Beginning Reading Achievement

AbstractIt has been asserted that long-term memory functions better during the afternoon than the morning. Reading comprehension depends very much on the use of long-term memory . Therefore, a study was conducted to determine whether afternoon reading instruction, more than morning, results in greater achievement for beginning readers with high and low initial ability . An ex post facto design with random selection of 100 first grade pupils was used. An analysis of covariance on pretest and posttest achievement scores revealed a statistically significant main effect for time-of-day of instruction, but no interaction between time and ability . Implications for practice and continued research are discussed.
Effect of solvent treatments on the mechanical properties of nylon 6

The effects of absorbed solvents and chemical agents on the stress-strain and dynamic mechanical properties of nylon 6 film have been examined. The agents investigated were: water, benzyl alcohol, phenol and iodine. These materials produce changes in the crystalline structure as well as plasticization when they are absorbed. Repeated introduction and removal of phenol indicated that the change of structure takes place completely during the first absorption; after that, the effects of absorption are reversible. The pure plasticizer effect can therefore be observed by comparison of a sample containing plasticizer and a sample from which the plasticizer has been subsequently removed. The general effect of absorbed plasticizer (except for iodine) seems to depend primarily on the amount of plasticizer absorbed, and very little on its exact chemical nature. However, different agents can produce different crystalline forms. A method of analyzing the stress-strain curve is hypothesized based on the concept of a two-phase solid state structure consisting of a crystalline lattice imbedded in an amorphous matrix.
Comparison of Navier-Stokes and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Predictions with Separation

A N IMPORTANT feature of hypersonicflight vehicleflowfields is shock/boundary layer interaction, and in laminar flow this often provokes a sizable region of separation followed by reattachment. Accordingly, CFD tools are under development for predicting the details of such flows, combined with validating experiments and checks against basic theoretical relations [1]. One aspect of these studies seeks to establish the overlap between the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) codes designed to treat highly rarefied flows and Navier–Stokes codes appropriate to continuum flows. In particular, one may ask how far into the continuum regime can the DSMC approach be extended if it is finely enough gridded to treat the flow within interaction-induced separation zones. The present paper addresses this question by directly comparing a Navier–Stokes analytical theory of the separation and reattachment streamline angles with the DSMC predictions of Moss and Bird [2], while using Bird’s code called DS2V [3]. Such comparisons provide a severe test of the code because these angles depend sensitively on the local streamwise pressure and skin friction gradients. The paper first derives from a local analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations relationships for the separation and reattachment angles in steady laminar flow on cooled axisymmetric bodies including wall slip effects. Detailed comparisons of their predictions against DSMC code results are then presented for typical separation zones found on the hypersonic double-cone (Fig. 1) and hollow cylinder-flare body geometries. The results support the use of a finely gridded DSMC code to resolve the detailed physics of near continuum flows. II. Theoretical Background
Relationship of body fat percentage and fat distribution with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in premenopausal females.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has an antiobesity effect in rodents, and elevated endogenous levels of its sulfate ester (DHEAS) are associated with reductions in risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men. To examine the association of body fat and fat distribution, established correlates of CVD and CVD risk factors, with circulating DHEAS levels in women, we measured trunk and limb skinfold thicknesses and circumferences, total and regional body fat from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and serum levels of DHEAS in 96 healthy Caucasian females aged 28-39 yr. Body mass index, percentage fat from DXA and the waist-to-hip ratio were not significantly correlated (r or = 0.156) with serum DHEAS levels, regardless of statistical control for age, smoking behavior, and fasting status. However, the ratio of trunk/total skinfold thicknesses (r = 0.23, P = 0.030) and the percentage of total fat located on the trunk from DXA (r = 0.32, P = 0.002) were positively correlated with DHEAS, where...
Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans

Abstract purpose: Although labetalol is sometimes given to patients with cocaine-associated chest pain, its influence on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction is unknown. patients and methods: In 15 patients (7 men, 8 women, aged 40 to 79 years) undergoing catheterization for chest pain, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and coronary arterial area (by computer-assisted quantitative angiography) were measured (1) at baseline, (2) 15 minutes after intranasal cocaine, 2 mg/kg, then (3) 5 minutes after intravenous saline (n = 6) or labetalol, 0.25 mg/kg (n = 9). results: Of 40 coronary arterial segments analyzed, cocaine induced a 13% ± 10% (mean ± standard deviation) decrease in coronary arterial area in 32. Subsequently, no variable changed after saline administration. Although labetalol reduced mean arterial pressure (117 ± 14 mm Hg after cocaine, 110 ± 11 mm Hg after labetalol; p 2 after cocaine, 3.37 ± 1.32 mm 2 after labetalol; p=NS). conclusion: Labetalol reverses the cocaine-induced rise in mean arterial pressure, but does not alleviate cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction.
A modular system for the measurement of CO2 and O2 gas flux and photosynthetic electron transport in microalgae

Conventional means of assessing net photosynthetic rates of microalgae have largely relied upon the use of oxygen electrodes or carbon isotope radiolabeling. These methods are simple but inadequately resolve simultaneous fluxes of the gaseous substrates and products of photosynthesis, CO2, and O2. Fluorometric methods allow for assessment of the photosynthetic efficiency of excitation energy capture by the light-harvesting complexes and electron transport chain, but do not directly measure photosynthetic rates, because they do not resolve the fate of excitation energy downstream of electron transport chain. Here we describe and validate the accuracy of a compact system for the simultaneous, real-time, and comprehensive measurement of photosynthetic CO2 and O2 flux as well as photosynthetic electron transport in microalgae, from which net and gross rates of carbon fixation and oxygen evolution can be derived. Essential components include an infrared gas analyzer, gas-phase galvanic oxygen electrode, and pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer.
The Alteration of Soil Chemistry through Shell Deposition on a Georgia (U.S.A.) Barrier Island

Abstract St. Catherines Island, located off the coast of Georgia (United States), has been inhabited by humans for close to 5000 years. The island's long-term habitation and varied history of land use has left a legacy of anthropogenic impacts that has strongly influenced the composition and function of the current vegetation communities and underlying soils. In this study, we examined the chemistry of surface soils collected from 32 sites representing five historical land uses (old cotton plantations, longleaf pine savanna, hickory forest, maritime forests, and shell middens) to determine how human activities have affected the island's surface soils. We found that shell deposition left a strong chemical signal, significantly increasing soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and concentrations of Ca, total nitrogen, and several micronutrients. Soils under the hickory-dominated forest had chemical characteristics that were intermediate between the middens and the other three cover types. Despite a wide range i...
Characterization of interstitial stem cells in hydra by cloning

A procedure has been developed for cloning interstitial stem cells from hydra. Clones are prepared by introducing small numbers of viable cells into aggregates of nitrogen mustard-inactivated host tissue. Clones derived from added stem cells are identified after 1–2 weeks of growth by staining with toluidine blue. The incidence of clones increases with increasing input of viable cells according to one-hit Poisson statistics, indicating that clones arise from single cells. After correction for cell losses in the procedure, about 1.2% of the input cells are found to form clones. This compares with estimates from in vivo experiments of about 4% stem cells in whole hydra [David, C. N., and Gierer, A. (1974). Cell cycle kinetics and development of Hydra attenuata. III. Nerve and nematocyte differentiation. J. Cell Sci. 16, 359–375.] Differentiation of nematocytes and nerve cells in clones was analyzed by labeling precursors with [3H]thymidine and scoring labeled nerves and nematocytes 2 days later. Nine clones examined in this way contained both differentiated nerve cells and nematocytes, demonstrating that the interstitial stem cell is multipotent. This result suggests that the observed localization of nerve and nematocyte differentiation in whole hydra probably occurs at the level of stemcell determination. The observation that differentiated cells occur very early in clone development suggests that a stem cell's decision to proliferate or differentiate is regulated by shortrange feedback signals which are already saturated in young clones.
Membrane fusion of mumps virus with ghost erythrocytes and CV-1 cells

The octadecyl rhodamine (R18) fluorescent dequenching assay was used to examine membrane fusion between mumps virus and mammalian cells. Rapid fluorescent dequenching, indicative of membrane fusion, was observed when labeled mumps virus was mixed with either ghost erythrocytes or CV-1 cells. After 15 min a saturation limit of 18 virus per erythrocyte ghost and 6400 virus per CV-1 cell was observed. Fetuin was found to inhibit virus fusion, suggesting a role for sialic acid in virus binding to the cells. Two dequenching processes were observed of which the faster process is thought to be membrane fusion and the second process is thought to be probe proximal transfer.
Algorithm for designing phase-only filters with maximally sharp correlation peaks

Phase-Only filtering1 has received much attention recently because of its 100% light throughput efficiency and the resulting sharp correlation peaks. However, due to its wide bandwidth, conventional POF is very sensitive to noise in the input image. We have previously proposed that by turning off (i.e., by setting the magnitude to zero) some frequencies, we can improve the output Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). We termed such filter' as Optimal POFs (OPOFs). In this paper, we present an algorithm for designing a support function (which indicates the frequencies of the Phase-Only filters with unit magnitude) to get the sharpest possible output correlation peaks. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Next section introduces the performance measure used to characterize the sharpness of the correlation peak. An algorithm is developed in section 3 to maximize this figure of merit. Section 4 describes some of the computer experiments that illustrate these ideas and the final section provides our conclusions.
The Na+, K+, and Cl- Content of Goose Salt Gland Slices and the Effects of Acetylcholine and Ouabain

In goose salt gland slices incubated in bicarbonate-buffered medium which contained 170 mEq of Na+/liter, net total tissue Na+, expressed as milliequivalents per kilogram, was, in the presence of either acetylcholine (plus eserine) or ouabain, significantly higher than that of the bathing fluid. Acetylcholine caused an increase in the tissue Na+ content as compared with untreated slices; there was an approximately equivalent decrease in K+ and a significant decrease in Cl-. The calculated net intracellular concentrations of Na+, expressed as milliequivalents per liter of intracellular water, in unstimulated, acetylcholine-stimulated, and ouabain-treated slices were 2.1, 3.1, and 2.7 times higher, respectively, than the concentration of Na+ in the bathing fluid. The net intracellular concentration of Na+, expressed as milliequivalents per liter of intracellular water, in slices incubated in the presence of acetylcholine was 531 mEq/liter; this is approximately the same as the concentration of Na+ in the secreted fluid of the goose salt gland (515 mEq/liter). The results indicate that the main concentration gradient for Na+ could be established across the basal membrane. The data do not indicate whether this involves active transport of Na+ per se. A second stage which might involve Na-K ATPase activity at the luminal membrane is discussed. The sum of the total tissue Na+ and K+ was approximately 250 mEq/kg, whereas the Cl- content was only approximately 130 mEq/kg.
Rehabilitation Consumers' Use and Understanding of Quality Information: A Health Literacy Perspective

Abstract Magasi S, Durkin E, Wolf MS, Deutsch A. Rehabilitation consumers' use and understanding of quality information: a health literacy perspective. Objectives To explore consumers' use and understanding of quality information about postacute rehabilitation facilities. Design Thematic, semistructured interviews. Setting Two skilled nursing facilities and 2 inpatient rehabilitation facilities in a large Midwestern city. Participants Rehabilitation inpatients (n=17) with stroke, hip fractures, and joint replacements and care partners (n=12) of rehabilitation inpatients. Intervention None. Main Outcome Measure None. Results Health literacy imposed barriers to participants' understanding of quality information. Using the Institute of Medicine's Health Literacy Framework, we identified specific barriers that limited participants' abilities to (1) obtain quality information, (2) process and understand quality information, and (3) make appropriate decisions about the quality of a rehabilitation facility. Participants tended to rely on informal and nonquality information when choosing a rehabilitation facility. Conclusions Given the barriers imposed by low health literacy, rehabilitation providers have a responsibility to present quality information in a way that consumers, especially those with low health literacy, can use and understand.
Ground Systems and Flight Operations of the THEMIS Constellation Mission

THEMIS, a five-spacecraft constellation mission to study magnetospheric phenomena leading to auroral outbursts was launched on February 17, 2007 on a single Delta II rocket into a 31.4-hour, low-inclination insertion orbit. After an initial on-orbit check-out and science instrument commissioning period, the five spacecraft called probes were maintained in temporary coast phase orbits to control orbital dispersions. Beginning in early September 2007, four of the five probes were maneuvered into their highly elliptical, synchronized mission orbits with 1, 2 and 4-day periods in preparation for the primary winter observing season. The fifth probe, acting as an on-orbit spare, was maneuvered into its 4/5-day period orbit, once the four primary probes were completely deployed. This paper describes the concept of constellation operations including a description of the flight and ground systems, as well as mission, science and flight dynamics operations, and discusses challenges encountered and lessons learned during the first year of on-orbit operations.
Thiazolidinediones Up-regulate Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor via a Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ-Independent Pathway

There is increasing evidence that thiazolidinediones (TZDs), antidiabetic compounds that are synthetic ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), have cardiovascular effects through as yet poorly defined mechanisms. We tested the effect of two TZD class drugs, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, on human aortic smooth muscle cell (SMC) expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Both TZDs dose dependently up-regulated IGF-1R protein levels (rosiglitazone, 10 μmol/liter, 67% increase, n = 4, p
Health Monitoring and Reliability of Adaptive Heterogeneous Structures

New adaptive structural systems comprised of optimal material combinations, innovative sensors and actuators, and control subsystems need to be developed and tailored for damage tolerant applications associated with severe loading conditions and harsh environments. In this position paper, fundamental considerations related to the modeling, design, and performance prediction of adaptive heterogeneous structures and benchmark laboratory experiments that would be needed for developing new and reliable sensor-integrated adaptive structures are discussed. Recent progress in these areas is discussed and new research directions that are needed and the barriers to be overcome to fulfill these objectives are proposed. One major challenge is to optimally integrate a variety of sensors and actuators in the context of health monitoring in order to enhance structural performance and reliability. The other major challenge is of scaling material and structural behavior from the micro- and meso-levels to the macro-level ...
In Vivo Specular Microscopy of Edematous Human Corneal Epithelium with Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Correlation

A wide-field contact specular microscope was used to examine and to photograph the corneal epithelium in 35 eyes with chronic corneal edema. Seven of the patients subsequently underwent corneal transplantation allowing for correlation of the in vivo findings with the light and electron microscopic appearance. The early findings on specular microscopy included loss of the clear superficial epithelial cell outlines with easy dislodgement of these cells and a fine pattern of edema outlining basal cells. Individual cellular edema and fluid-filled cysts occurring at various epithelial layers and subepithelially appeared with worsening swelling. Subepithelial connective tissue and anamalous basement membrane were present at later stages.
Has hepatitis A virus been transmitted by clotting factor concentrates among hemophiliacs in the United States

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) infection occurred after administration of factor VIII concentrate in Europe associated with one manufacturing process. We determined if there was an excess prevalence of anti-HAV among hemophiliacs in the United States, and whether any infections here were potentially concentrate-associated. We observed clotting disorder patients and household members for up to 7 years at 6-month intervals. Selected specimens were titered for anti-HAV-immunoglobulin G content to distinguish whether they were passively or actively acquired. Our results show that anti-HAV prevalence was 20-25%, but males with clotting deficiencies had a 44% rate (p > 0.001). Passive anti-HAV (≥ 30 to >950 mIU/ml) from intermediate-purity factor VIII may have protected against community HAV exposure. Factor IX concentrates, which contain no anti-HAV, did not protect and a few instances of past transmission are possible. Criteria for present-day concentrate-associated cases were developed; no subject conclusively met these criteria during the period between late 1985 and May 1993. In conclusion, the excess of anti-HAV prevalence in male clotting disorders is attributable to both passive administration in concentrate, and past therapy prior to concentrates. No untoward HAV event related to concentrate was found in our population, but measures to prevent transmission of nonenveloped viruses should be instituted.
Anisotropic failure of Fourier theory in time-domain thermoreflectance experiments

The applicability of Fourier's law to heat transfer problems relies on the assumption that heat carriers have mean free paths smaller than important length scales of the temperature profile. This assumption is not generally valid in nanoscale thermal transport problems where spacing between boundaries is small (<1 μm), and temperature gradients vary rapidly in space. Here we study the limits to Fourier theory for analysing three-dimensional heat transfer problems in systems with an interface. We characterize the relationship between the failure of Fourier theory, phonon mean free paths, important length scales of the temperature profile and interfacial-phonon scattering by time-domain thermoreflectance experiments on Si, Si0.99Ge0.01, boron-doped Si and MgO crystals. The failure of Fourier theory causes anisotropic thermal transport. In situations where Fourier theory fails, a simple radiative boundary condition on the heat diffusion equation cannot adequately describe interfacial thermal transport.
Satellite Collision Probability Enhancements

This work refines collision probability calculations for rectangular object shapes of unknown orientation and compares those results to their representations as spheres. Conjunction probability analysis for spherical objects exhibiting near-linear relative motion is accomplished by combining covariances and physical object dimensions at the point of closest approach. The resulting covariance ellipsoid and hardbody can then be projected onto the plane perpendicular to relative velocity. Collision potential is determined from the object’s physical footprint on the projected, two-dimensional, probability density space. In the absence of object attitude information, a footprint that completely defines the region where the two objects might touch must be created. This footprint can then be rotated to determine the orientation that produces the largest probability making it the most conservative estimate for the given conjunction conditions. A further enhancement is presented to address the maximum possible probability for a given miss distance while also assessing the sufficiency of the orbital data to meaningfully support the calculations.
NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 inhibits cigarette smoke-induced neutrophil and eosinophil adhesion in rat tracheal venules.

The involvement of neurokinin NK1 receptors in cigarette smoke-induced adhesion of neutrophils and eosinophils to venules of the airway mucosa was investigated. Rats were pretreated with the NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 (4mg/kg IV), its vehicle, or its inactive enantiomer CP-100,263 before exposure to cigarette smoke. Adherent neutrophils and eosinophils were stained histochemically for endogenous peroxidase activity and were counted in tracheal whole mounts. Plasma leakage was quantified be stereological measurements of the extravasation of Monastral blue. Cigarette smoke induced the adhesion of 104 + 17 neutrophils and 10.4 ± 1.7 eosinophils per square millimeter of mucosa. CP-99,994 reduced neutrophil and eosinophil adhesion by 66 and 61%, respectively, and reduced plasma extravasation by 617c (p < .05), but CP-100,263 had no significant effect. The inhibitory effects of CP-99,994 appeared to be specific because CP-99,994 had no effect on neutrophil and eosinophil adhesion, or on plasma extravasat...
Pseudo-absence seizures: A frontal lobe phenomenon

The records of nine patients were evaluated to determine the origin of brief absences in focal epilepsy. In all patients, a frontal lobe seizure focus was suggested by interictal EEG, ictal closed-circuit television with EEG, and neuroimaging. In six patients, the ictal focus was established by intracranial EEG and/or surgical excision. “Pseudo-absence” was defined clinically as brief (5–40 s) episodes of loss of consciousness with minimal automatisms. All but one patient had other seizure types, and seven reported an aura. The interictal EEG was abnormal in seven, five of which suggested a frontal focus. All nine patients had some evidence of frontal involvement on the ictal EEGs. None of the ictal or interictal recordings revealed a well-formed 3-Hz spike-and-wave pattern. Intracranial recordings in four patients further localized the focus to the dorsolateral frontal region; in two of these, the actual loss of consciousness was shown to occur when the discharge progressed to the opposite hemisphere. Frontal lobe epilepsy should be a leading consideration in the differential diagnosis of absence seizures when the classic 3-Hz spike-wave pattern is not present on EEG.
Case study: Control of chronic self-injurious behavior by conditioning procedures

An unusually severe case of chronic self-injury is described. The patient was a retarded girl who had been restrained in bed for 7 1/2 years. Conditioning procedures brought the behavior under control during the first week of therapy. In succeeding weeks, efforts were directed toward maintaining control and preparing the patient to live in the institution free of restraints.
The effects of performance, environmental uncertainty and relational norms on customer commitments to suppliers over the duration of customer-supplier relationships

This paper investigates customer commitments to suppliers based on customer performance outcomes, supplier quality and delivery performance, the presence of relational norms and customer perspectives of environmental uncertainty over the duration of the customer-supplier relationship. Customer commitments to suppliers during short, intermediate and long-term relationships are investigated with the results showing that the influences of performance, relational norms and environmental uncertainty differ as the duration of the relationship extends over time. These results also offer suppliers insights into how they could vary their marketing and sales strategies to influence customer loyalty over time.
Thermal analysis of the electrically heated cylindrical test section for heat transfer experiments

Abstract This paper discusses the design, correction of data, and performance of a cylindrical test section prepared by inserting an electric cartridge heater into a hollow cylinder. The first part of the study presents a quantitative rule for the design of a test section providing the most uniform boundary condition for heat transfer experiments. The second part considers the effect of inactive zones in the cartridge heater on temperature and heat flux distributions in the test cylinder. The problem of circumferentially uneven heating by the cartridge heater is treated in the third part. A method is proposed to detect the degree of uneven heating, and formulas are derived to assess its influence on the boundary condition provided by the test cylinder during a heat transfer experiment. forced convection, instrumentation, measurement, techniques
Recombinant Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Is Capable of Exerting a Biological Effect in the Adult Hypophysectomized Rat by Reducing the Numbers of Degenerating Germ Cells*

There is considerable controversy as to whether FSH can, under normal circumstances, exert an effect to promote spermatogenesis in the adult rat. Recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) was used to answer a more limited question relating to whether FSH is capable of exerting a biological effect in promoting adult spermatogenesis. Can a pure preparation of FSH prevent the regressive changes seen after hypophysectomy (Hx) in a short term experiment? To answer this question, five groups of adult rats were used as follows: pituitary-intact animals, 3-day hypophysectomized (Hx), 3-day Hx given 3 mg testosterone propionate (T)/day for 7 days, 3-day Hx given 22 IU rhFSH for 7 days, and 3-day Hx given saline vehicle for 7 days. Testis weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, analysis of four degenerating germ cell types, the relative amount of lipid, and the levels of FSH receptors showed that FSH could, in a significant manner, prevent the regressive changes accompanying Hx. FSH was not as effective as T in doing so, because...
Moral objectivity: Husserl's sentiments of the understanding

A partir d'une description phenomenologique de l'intentionnalite evaluative, l'A. montre comment Husserl parvient a concilier la morale de l'entendement avec la morale du sentiment, au sein de sa conception de l'axiologie formelle. Resolvant le conflit moderne entre intellectualistes et emotivistes et entre intellectualistes et volontaristes, Husserl developpe une phenomenologie de l'experience morale ou la raison pratique et le sentiment sont co-constitutif du jugement moral
Near term and long term materials issues and development needs for plasma interactive components

Plasma interactive components (PICs), including the first wall, limiter blades, divertor collector plates, halo scrapers, and RF launchers, are exposed to high particle fluxes that can result in high sputtering erosion rates and high heat fluxes. In addition, the materials in reactors are exposed to high neutron fluxes which will degrade the bulk properties. This severe environment will limit the materials and designs which can be used in fusion devices. In order to provide a reasonable degree of confidence that plasma interactive components will operate successfully, a comprehensive development program is needed. Materials research and development plays a key role in the successful development of PICs. The range of operating conditions along with a summary of the major issues for materials development is described. The areas covered include plasma/materials interactions, erosion/redeposition, baseline materials properties, fabrication, and irradiation damage effects. Candidate materials and materials development needs in the near term and long term are identified.
IMPROVED ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES

Abstract Special Concentrically Braced Frames are commonly used as the seismic resisting system in buildings. Their inherent strength and stiffness assure serviceable performance during smaller, more frequent earthquakes. Inelastic tensile yield and post-buckling compressive deformations of the brace dominate performance during large seismic events. However, inelastic deformations of the brace place secondary yet significant inelastic deformation demands on beams, columns, and connections, which significantly affect the seismic performance. These response modes must be included in an analytical model of the system to capture the response. However, conventional practice uses beam–column elements for the brace, to simulate brace buckling, with pin-ended or rigid end connections; these computer models cannot capture the full range of SCBF behaviors. The research presented in this paper was undertaken to develop a modeling approach for SCBFs to more accurately predict their seismic performance. Beam–column elements are used for the braces, beams and columns and these elements include nonlinear geometric effects to simulate brace buckling. A new connection model is proposed to simulate the behavior of the gusset plate. The model parameters are based upon the member sizes, properties and connection designs. Simulated results are compared with experimental results and predictions from approaches more commonly used in practice. Although a step beyond models currently used in design practice, the proposed model remains simple in its implementation and is suitable for a wide range of practical applications. The proposed model provides accurate simulation of global behavior, while retaining simplicity and providing reasonable predictions for many local behaviors.
The Impact of Trauma Exposure on Parenting Stress in Rural America

This study investigates trauma exposure as a risk factor for increased parenting stress, controlling for social support utilization and specific caregiver characteristics. Interviews were conducted with 190 caregivers of children ages 3 to 12 in rural Appalachia to determine the prevalence and type of trauma exposure using a trauma detail form, and parenting stress as measured by the Parenting Stress Inventory. Half of the participants reported lifetime exposure to trauma, and 44% reported 3 or more exposures. A similar trend was noted for children with 73% of caregivers reporting more than one child exposure. Logistic regression revealed trauma exposure alone, as compared to trauma related disorder, predicted greater parenting distress; parent's perception of their child as difficult; and increased risk for dysfunctional parent–child relationships. Identifying individual trauma exposure as a family risk factor provides an opportunity for early intervention, and can help indicate relational models of care...
Osteosarcoma of the mandible in a dog: a case report

The radiographic and histological features of a boney tumour occurring in a 6-year-old Boxer dog are described. The relationship of the different tissues involved is discussed.
Tribological properties and structural features of pseudoalloys of the aluminum–tin system

We have studied the influence of alloying of aluminum with tin (2–15 mass %) on its wear resistance in a pair with a copper antibody under conditions of friction without lubrication. We have established that, with increase in the tin content in alloys, their wear is reduced to one-sixth to one-fourth. Alloying with tin over 10% leads to the appearance of liquations.
Type I interferon signaling limits reoviral tropism within the brain and prevents lethal systemic infection.

In vivo and ex vivo models of reoviral encephalitis were utilized to delineate the contribution of type I interferon (IFN) to the host’s defense against local central nervous system (CNS) viral infection and systemic viral spread. Following intracranial (i.c.) inoculation with either serotype 3 (T3) or serotype 1 (T1) reovirus, increased expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, and myxovirus-resistance protein (Mx1; a prototypical IFN stimulated gene) was observed in mouse brain tissue. Type I IFN receptor deficient mice (IFNAR−/−) had accelerated lethality, compared to wildtype (B6wt) controls, following i.c. T1 or T3 challenge. Although viral titers in the brain and eyes of reovirus infected IFNAR−/− mice were significantly increased, these mice did not develop neurologic signs or brain injury. In contrast, increased reovirus titers in peripheral tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and blood) of IFNAR−/− mice were associated with severe intestinal and liver injury. These results suggest that reovirus-infected IFNAR−/− mice succumb to peripheral disease rather than encephalitis per se. To investigate the potential role of type I IFN in brain tissue, brain slice cultures (BSCs) were prepared from IFNAR−/− mice and B6wt controls for ex vivo T3 reovirus infection. Compared to B6wt controls, reoviral replication and virus-induced apoptosis were enhanced in IFNAR−/− BSCs indicating that a type I IFN response, initiated by resident CNS cells, mediates innate viral immunity within the brain. T3 reovirus tropism was extended in IFNAR−/− brains to include dentate neurons, ependymal cells, and meningeal cells indicating that reovirus tropism within the CNS is dependent upon type I interferon signaling.
Organizational History and Budgetary Punctuation

The basic dynamics of punctuated policy change have been found to be present in a wide variety of political institutions from a range of countries. The presence -- even commonality -- of punctuated change has been clearly and persuasively demonstrated. A key challenge in the literature is now to identify the conditions and institutional arrangements that make punctuated change more likely.This article investigates the role of organizational history in punctuated budgetary change. An error correction model of punctuation suggested by the institutional friction frameworks contends that budgetary punctuation results from built up need for budgetary change that had been prevented by slow-moving institutions. The need builds up until the institutions give way in the form of a budgetary punctuation. This explanation suggests that the probability of a punctuation in a given year is negatively related to having experienced such a punctuation in previous years. An alternative model -- which we will call the institutionalist model -- contends that the propensity for budgetary punctuation is endemic to specific organizations. These organizations possess inherent characteristics that predispose them to punctuated change. The institutionalist model suggests that the probability of experiencing a punctuation in a given year is positively related to having experienced such a punctuation in previous years.The paper uses data from Texas public school districts over a 14 year period to see test these competing models of policy punctuation. The results indicate that recent non-incremental changes raise the probability of additional non-incremental changes -- supporting the institutional hypothesis.
Modeling the beliefs of other agents

This paper develops a formalism combining elements of epistemic and nonmonotonic logic, which is applied to the general topic of modeling the attitudes of other agents, and in particular to the problem of achieving mutuality.
Progradation along a deeply submerged Oligocene–Miocene heterozoan carbonate shelf: How sensitive are clinoforms to sea level variations?

We combine two- and three-dimensional seismic stratigraphic interpretation with paleobathymetric analysis from benthic foraminifera to understand the genetic significance of prominent seismic discontinuity surfaces typically mapped as sequence boundaries and flooding surfaces in the late Paleogene–early Neogene northern Carnarvon Basin.The progradational succession, dominated by heterozoan carbonate sediments, is divided into 5 northwest-prograding clinoformal sequences and 19 subsequences. Clinoform fronts progress from smooth to highly dissected, with intense gullying apparent only after the middle Miocene optimum. Once initiated, gullies become the focus for sediment distribution across the front. Bottomsets remain relatively sediment starved without the development of aprons on the lower slope and basin. Small-scale variability suggests heterogeneous sediment dispersal through the slope conduits. Along-strike sediment transport superimposed on progradation changes from southwest directed in the late Oligocene to northeast directed in the late middle Miocene, suggesting a major reorganization of circulation in the southeastern Indian Ocean.Prominent seismic discontinuity surfaces represent both intervals of shallow paleowater depth and flooding of the shelf. Partial exposure of the shelf indicated by karst morphology is coeval, with middle to outer neritic paleowater depths on the outer shelf. Instead of building to sea level, progradation occurs with shelf paleowater depths at the clinoform rollover greater than 100 m. Therefore, in the northern Carnarvon Basin, onlap onto the clinoform front is not coastal, and the sensitivity of the clinoforms to sea level changes is muted.
ON THE ORIGIN OF MODULAR VARIATION

We study the dynamics of modularization in a minimal substrate. A module is a functional unit relatively separable from its surrounding structure. Although it is known that modularity is useful both for robustness and for evolvability (Wagner 1996), there is no quantitative model describing how such modularity might originally emerge. Here we suggest, using simple computer simulations, that modularity arises spontaneously in evolutionary systems in response to variation, and that the amount of modular separation is logarithmically proportional to the rate of variation. Consequently, we predict that modular architectures would appear in correlation with high environmental change rates. Because this quantitative model does not require any special substrate to occur, it may also shed light on the origin of modular variation in nature. This observed relationship also indicates that modular design is a generic phenomenon that might be applicable to other fields, such as engineering: Engineering design methods based on evolutionary simulation would benefit from evolving to variable, rather than stationary, fitness criteria, as a weak and problem-independent method for inducing modularity.
Proarrhythmic aspects of atrial fibrillation surgery: mechanisms of postoperative macroreentrant tachycardias.

Background— Surgery for the treatment of atrial fibrillation may be associated with early or late postoperative atrial arrhythmias. In many cases, the arrhythmias that occur early in the postoperative course may be related to pericardial inflammation or increased catecholamine levels and tend to resolve without further therapy. In contrast, late postoperative arrhythmias often are persistent, highly symptomatic, and refractory to medical therapy. The incidence and mechanisms of these late atrial arrhythmias have not been thoroughly described. Methods and Results— In this study, a total of 143 consecutive patients undergoing atrial fibrillation surgery from 1996 to 2005 were prospectively followed up. Sustained atrial tachycardia developed in 22 of 143 patients (15%) >8 weeks after the surgical procedure. These patients underwent electrophysiological study. A total of 25 separate tachycardias were mapped in these 22 patients, including 15 located in right atrium and 10 in the left atrium. Right atrial tach...
White pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attack on various conifers in New York

Field studies were conducted in which adult white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck), were confined on the leaders of six different conifer species and various parameters of weevil attack were recorded. Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, the preferred native host, was the most susceptible to attack and the most suitable for brood production. All white pine leaders on which 3 or 6 male–female pairs of weevils were confined were killed, and mean numbers of emerging brood adults per leader were 26.0 and 37.3, respectively. Some leaders of the other species of pine and of spruce, Picea spp., were also killed, but brood production from them was very low. White spruce, P. glauca, leaders proved to be the least suitable for production of brood because no adult progeny emerged, even from leaders that had been killed.
Network-guided sparse regression modeling for detection of gene-by-gene interactions

Motivation: Genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies to date explain only a small fraction of total heritability. Gene-by-gene interaction is one important potential source of unexplained total heritability. We propose a novel approach to detect such interactions that uses penalized regression and sparse estimation principles, and incorporates outside biological knowledge through a network-based penalty. Results: We tested our new method on simulated and real data. Simulation showed that with reasonable outside biological knowledge, our method performs noticeably better than stage-wise strategies (i.e. selecting main effects first, and interactions second, from those main effects selected) in finding true interactions, especially when the marginal strength of main effects is weak. We applied our method to Framingham Heart Study data on total plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations and found a number of interactions among different classes of human leukocyte antigen genes that may interact to influence the risk of developing IgE dysregulation and allergy. Availability: The proposed method is implemented in R and available at http://math.bu.edu/people/kolaczyk/software.html. Contact: chenlu@bu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Selective type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition alters pulmonary hemodynamics and lung liquid production in near-term fetal lambs.

Nitric oxide causes dilation of the pulmonary circulation and reduction in net lung liquid production in the fetal lamb, two critical perinatal events. Phosphodiesterase inhibition alone causes sim...
Electrooptic Properties Of Lead Barium Niobate (PBN) Single Crystal

The lead barium niobate solid solution system, Pbl-xBaxNb206 (PBN[( l-x)%l), has drawn increasing interest mainly because of its unique properties as a tungsten bronze type ferroelectric relaxor with a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) separating a tetragonal ferroelectric phase 4mm (with polarization dipole along [OO 11) and an orthorhombic ferroelectric phase m2m (with polarization dipole along [ 1 lo]). Extraordinarily large dielectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties of morphotropic phase boundary PBN compositions have been reported. A morphotropic phase boundary has been shown to exist in the composition region near 1-x = 0.63l. Optical memory effects associated with a field-induced phase transition were also observed for the nearMPB composition single crystals172. In the present paper we report measurements of linear electrooptic coefficients and the temperature variation of the optical birefringence. Analysis of the above results were made in association with previously measured dielectric and pyroelectric properties. Electrooptic response of the PBN crystals to applied square wave voltage pulses were also studied. Transparent optical quality single crystals of Pb1-~BaxNb206 , where 1-x varies from 0.50 to 0.65, were grown by Czochralski technique. Transverse linear electrooptic coefficients were measured by using both a standard half wave voltage method and a Senarmont compensator method employing lock-in phase detection techniques. Measurements of temperature variation of optical birefringence, An(T), were carried out by monitoring the transmitted intensity between crossed polarizers in the temperature range from room temperature up to -450OC depending on the ferroelectric phase transition temperature of the corresponding sample.
A diffusion tensor imaging tractography algorithm based on Navier-Stokes fluid mechanics

We introduce a method for estimating regional connectivity in diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) based on a fluid mechanics model. We customize the Navier-Stokes equations to include information from the diffusion tensor and simulate an artificial fluid flow. The velocity vector field of this fluid construct is then used as a connectivity metric. We generate probable connection paths by maximizing the fluid velocity along a path between two regions of interest while constraining its bending energy. Our method is based on a second-order nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) and incorporates local anisotropy and similarity measurements into a viscosity term, which extends previous linear first-order methods. We tested our algorithm on a digital DTI phantom. Our method was able to correctly segment the structure of the phantom with various levels of noise, despite local distortion of the image pattern. We applied our method to DTI volumes from a normal human subject. Seed points were chosen along the corticospinal tracts, white matter regions with well-known connectivity. Our method produced paths that were consistent with both known anatomy and directionally encoded color (DEC) images of the DTI volumes. Applying our method to a digital phantom that simulates discrete white matter lesions, we also demonstrate that the fluid velocity field around areas of simulated localized white matter disruption becomes dampened and turbulent compared to the heat flow field from a first order PDE method. This provides a means for identifying lesion position from the fluid velocity field.