cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of observing and attention in establishing stimulus control

Early theorists (Skinner, Spence) interpreted discrimination learning in terms of the strengthening of the response to one stimulus and its weakening to the other. But this analysis does not account for the increasing independence of the two performances as training continues or for increases in control by dimensions of a stimulus other than the one used in training. Correlation of stimuli with different densities of reinforcement produces an increase in the behavior necessary to observe them, and greater observing of and attending to the relevant stimuli may account for the increase in control by these stimuli. The observing analysis also encompasses errorless training, and the selective nature of observing explains the feature-positive effect and the relatively shallow gradients of generalization generated by negative discriminative stimuli. The effectiveness of the observing analysis in handling these special cases adds to the converging lines of evidence supporting its integrative power and thus its validity.
The Relationship of Stereotypes about Helpers to Help-Seeking Judgments, Preferences, and Behaviors

This study examined the relationship of two conceptually distinct components of stereotypes (perceived group stereo typicality and perceived group dispersion) to judgments and help-seeking behavior Eighty-six participants had an opportunity to request help on a math test from either an Asian American or a White American male target. Participants who perceived Asian Americans more stereotypically as a group relative to White Americans judged the Asian American target in a more stereotypic manner and requested more help from him than from the White American target. Participants who perceived Asian Americans to be more dispersed as a group relative to White Americans were less confident in their judgments and took longer to make help-seeking decisions. These results extend previous work by demonstrating that perceived stereo typicality and perceived dispersion are conceptually distinct components of stereotypes that not only have different relationships with judgments but also with behaviors.
A two-phase method for selecting IMRT treatment beam angles: Branch-and-Prune and local neighborhood search

This paper presents a new two-phase solution approach to the beam angle and fluence map optimization problem in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) planning. We introduce Branch-and-Prune (B&P) to generate a robust feasible solution in the first phase. A local neighborhood search algorithm is developed to find a local optimal solution from the Phase I starting point in the second phase. The goal of the first phase is to generate a clinically acceptable feasible solution in a fast manner based on a Branch-and-Bound tree. In this approach, a substantially reduced search tree is iteratively constructed. In each iteration, a merit score based branching rule is used to select a pool of promising child nodes. Then pruning rules are applied to select one child node as the branching node for the next iteration. The algorithm terminates when we obtain a desired number of angles in the current node. Although Phase I generates quality feasible solutions, it does not guarantee optimality. Therefore, the second phase is designed to converge Phase I starting solutions to local optimality. Our methods are tested on two sets of real patient data. Results show that not only can B&P alone generate clinically acceptable solutions, but the two-phase method consistently generates local optimal solutions, some of which are shown to be globally optimal.
Lack of mutagenicity of extracts and filtrates from “hog-fuel” fly ash

There has been concern that mutagenic material might be present in the fly ash released from burning bark and wood-chips (''hog-fuel'') in the boilers of various mills of a large forest products corporation. Using five different strains of histidine-requiring auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium, we have found that none of the samples from six different plants, in various parts of the United States, contains serum-extractable mutagens, and that only one of these contains mutagens extractable with hot benzene. Another sample, taken from a different boiler run at the same plant which produced the mutagenic sample, was without mutagenic activity. (JMT)
Stacking faults and microstrain in La1.85M0.15CuO4 (M = Ca, Ba, Sr) by analyzing X-ray diffraction line broadening

Abstract We obtained x-ray diffraction patterns for three oxides: La 1.85 M 0.15 CuO 4 ( M = Ca , Ba , Sr ). The superconductors show zero-resistance T c values of 19, 28, and 36 K, respectively. Diffraction- line profiles were fit with a convolution of specimen and instrumental functions. The specimen line-broadening angular dependence was analyzed by the Warren-Averbach method of real Fourier coefficients. Stacking-fault probability increases with increasing T c ; microstrain decreases.
Synthesis and characterization of reduced heme and heme/copper carbonmonoxy species.

Carbon monoxide readily binds to heme and copper proteins, acting as a competitive inhibitor of dioxygen. As such, CO serves as a probe of protein metal active sites. In our ongoing efforts to mimic the active site of cytochrome c oxidase, reactivity toward carbon monoxide offers a unique opportunity to gain insight into the binding and spectroscopic characteristics of synthetic model compounds. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of CO-adducts of (5/6L)FeII, [(5/6L)FeII···CuI](B(C6F5)4), and [(TMPA)CuI(CH3CN)](B(C6F5)4), where TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and 5/6L = a tetraarylporphyrinate tethered in either the 5-position (5L) or 6-position (6L) to a TMPA copper binding moiety. Reaction of (5/6L)FeII {in THF (293 K): UV−vis 424 (Soret), 543−544 nm; 1H NMR δpyrrole 52−59 ppm (4 peaks); 2H NMR (from (5L-d8)FeII) δpyrrole 53.3, 54.5, 55.8, 56.4 ppm} with CO in solution at RT yielded (5/6L)FeII−CO {in THF (293 K): UV−vis 413−414 (Soret), 532−533 nm; IR ν(CO)Fe 1976−1978 cm-1; ...
Bayesian probabilistic model for life prediction and fault mode classification of solid state luminaires

A new method has been developed for assessment of the onset of degradation in solid state luminaires to classify failure mechanisms by using metrics beyond lumen degradation that are currently used for identification of failure. Luminous Flux output, Correlated Color Temperature Data on Philips LED Lamps has been gathered under 85°C/85%RH till lamp failure. Failure modes of the test population of the lamps have been studied to understand the failure mechanisms in 85°C/85%RH accelerated test. Results indicate that the dominant failure mechanism is the discoloration of the LED encapsulant inside the lamps which is the likely cause for the luminous flux degradation and the color shift. The acquired data has been used in conjunction with Bayesian Probabilistic Models to identify luminaires with onset of degradation much prior to failure through identification of decision boundaries between lamps with accrued damage and lamps beyond the failure threshold in the feature space. In addition luminaires with different failure modes have been classified separately from healthy pristine luminaires. The α-λ plots have been used to evaluate the robustness of the proposed methodology. Results show that the predicted degradation for the lamps tracks the true degradation observed during 85°C/85%RH during accelerated life test fairly closely within the ±20% confidence bounds. Correlation of model prediction with experimental results indicates that the presented methodology allows the early identification of the onset of failure much prior to development of complete failure distributions and can be used for assessing the damage state of SSLs in fairly large deployments. It is expected that, the new prediction technique will allow the development of failure distributions without testing till L70 life for the manifestation of failure.
Alteration in TRPV1 and Muscarinic (M3) receptor expression and function in idiopathic overactive bladder urothelial cells

Aim To examine function of both cholinergic (muscarinic) and TRPV1 receptors in human bladder urothelial (HBUC) from non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) patients as compared to control subjects. Methods Primary HBUC cultures were derived from cystoscopic biopsies from OAB and control subjects. Muscarinic and TRPV1 function was assessed by acetylcholine (5 μm) or capsaicin (0.5 μm) evoked ATP release, measured by luciferase assay. Overall, expression of TRPV1 and muscarinic M3 receptors in bladder urothelial cells was accomplished using western immunoblotting. Results Our findings revealed that the response to acetylcholine in OAB HBUC cultures (which was blocked by the nonselective muscarinic antagonist, atropine methyl nitrate or AMN) was not significantly different than from controls. The acetylcholine M3 receptor was slightly decreased as compared to control. In contrast, OAB HBUC cultures exhibited a capsaicin hypersensitivity and augmented release of ATP (3.2 fold higher), which was blocked by the antagonist capsazepine. The increase in capsaicin sensitivity correlated with increased urothelial TRPV1 expression. Conclusion Though characterized in a small number of subjects, augmented release of urothelial-derived transmitters such as ATP could ‘amplify’ signalling between and within urothelial cells and nearby afferent nerves.
Instantaneous Kinematics and Singularity Analysis of a Novel Three-Legged Mobile Robot With Active S-R-R-R Legs

STriDER (Self-excited Tripedal Dynamic Experimental Robot) is a unique three-legged walking robot that utilizes its innovative tripedal gait to walk. Previous work on the kinematic analysis of STriDER mainly focused on solving the forward and inverse displacement problems. As a continuation, this paper addresses the instantaneous kinematics and singularity analysis. The kinematic configuration of STriDER is modeled as a three-legged in-parallel manipulator when all three feet of the robot are in contact with the ground without slipping. The results obtained from this study can be implemented to the velocity control and the resistance of disturbance forces, thus improving the motion accuracy and stability of the robot. By using screw theory, the screw-based Jacobian matrices of the manipulator can be derived since the forward displacement problems have already been solved. Based on these Jacobian matrices, the transformation equations from the active joint rates to the velocities of the body and vice versa are derived. Then, a complete investigation on the identification and elimination of singularities is presented. Unlike serial manipulators, in-parallel manipulators have two types of singularities, i.e., forward and inverse singularities. The inverse singularities are identified by checking the singular configurations of individual legs and the determinant of the inverse Jacobian matrix. By using Grassmann line geometry, the analytical conditions under which the forward singularities occur are obtained. A study on each case of these singular configurations shows that the redundant-actuation scheme of the active joints can effectively eliminate forward singularities.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Bolted patch repair of composite panels with a cutout

Abstract The present investigation concerns the analysis of bolted patch repairs of flat composite panels by using a complex potential–variational method. The validity of the current analysis predictions is established by comparison against experimental measurements and previous predictions. The experimental investigation used two patch repairs, with different bolt patterns, of a cutout in an aluminum skin under uniaxial loading. The previous predictions were made for a patch-repaired composite skin with 16 bolts under uniaxial loading. The same patch repair configuration is analyzed here under more complex loading conditions and with two bolts missing, leading to a non-symmetric bolt arrangement. Also, the influence of patch geometry and bolt pattern on the effectiveness of the repair is investigated by considering an elliptical cutout in the skin.
A ligand-gated, hinged loop rearrangement opens a channel to a buried artificial protein cavity

Conformational changes that gate the access of substrates or ligands to an active site are important features of enzyme function. In this report, we describe an unusual example of a structural rearrangement near a buried artificial cavity in cytochrome cperoxidase that occurs on binding protonated benzimidazole. A hinged main-chain rotation at two residues (Pro 190 and Asn 195) results in a surface loop rearrangement that opens a large solvent-accessible channel for the entry of ligands to an otherwise inaccessible binding site. The trapping of this alternate conformational state provides a unique view of the extent to which protein dynamics can allow small molecule penetration into buried protein cavities.
Intermediate energy proton and light-ion scattering

Abstract A review is presented of recent (1979–1981) developments in the field of intermediate-energy proton and light-ion scattering from nuclei. New theoretical and calculational techniques of particular interest to experimentalists are discussed. Emphasis is placed on topics in nuclear structure physics — giant resonances, pion-condensation precursor phenomena, and polarization transfer (spin-flip) experiments — where intermediate energy proton and light-ion scattering has made new and unique contributions.
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF LITHIUM INHIBIT THE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC AMP AND CYCLIC GMP IN THE RAT PINEAL GLAND

— Lithium chloride (2 mm) significantly inhibited the increases in cyclic AMP and in cyclic GMP caused by norepinephrine or high concentrations of potassium in intact rat pineal glands. Adenylyl cyclase activity in homogenates and its stimulation by isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, were also inhibited. Lithium reduced the apparent Vmax of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity without significantly affecting the apparent affinity for isoproterenol. There was no effect on the binding of the antagonist [3H]dihydroalprenolol to the β-adrenergic receptors, nor on the competition for binding sites by isoproterenol. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity by lithium was inversely related to the magnesium concentration in the reaction mixture. There was no differential effect of lithium on adenylyl cyclase activity from supersensitive vs subsensitive glands. Lithium may inhibit cyclic nucleotide synthesis by interfering with the role of divalent cations.
Analysis by immunofluorescence of alpha 1-antitrypsin levels on the surfaces of Trichomonas vaginalis strains differing in virulence.

Analysis by immunofluorescence of alpha 1-antitrypsin levels on the surfaces of Trichomonas vaginalis strains differing in virulence.
Experimental verification of buckling-mode interaction in intermediate-length composite columns

Column buckling is a major design concern for pultruded composite columns. Interaction between the local (flange) and global (Euler) buckling modes occurs in intermediate length thin-walled columns with near coincident buckling loads. The interaction of more than one buckling mode induce an unstable tertiary post-buckling path, causing imperfection sensitivity and premature failure. In this work, the existence of buckling-mode interaction is experimentally verified for intermediate length pultruded wide-flange columns subjected to uniaxial compression. Characterization of the interaction mode is done using both conventional testing techniques and the shadow moire optical technique, allowing for non-contact, full field measurement of the buckling modes.
RNA Recognition via the SAM Domain of Smaug.

The Nanos protein gradient in Drosophila, required for proper abdominal segmentation, is generated in part via translational repression of its mRNA by Smaug. We report here the crystal structure of the Smaug RNA binding domain, which shows no sequence homology to any previously characterized RNA binding motif. The structure reveals an unusual makeup in which a SAM domain, a common protein-protein interaction module, is affixed to a pseudo-HEAT repeat analogous topology (PHAT) domain. Unexpectedly, we find through a combination of structural and genetic analysis that it is primarily the SAM domain that interacts specifically with the appropriate nanos mRNA regulatory sequence. Therefore, in addition to their previously characterized roles in protein-protein interactions, some SAM domains play crucial roles in RNA binding.
Solid-state 13C-NMR and diphenol analyses of sclerotized cuticles from stored product Coleoptera

Abstract Sclerotized cuticles from eight species of stored product Coleoptera including the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais ; rice weevil, S. oryzae ; granary weevil, S. granarius ; red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum ; confused flour beetle, T. confusum ; sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica and flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus , were subjected to solid-state 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance and/or chemical analyses. Solid-state NMR was used to measure relative amounts of protein (30–38%), chitin (32–36%), diphenolic compounds (24–33%) and lipid (2–5%) in cuticles from the three weevil species and the confused flour beetle, as well as wild-type and black mutant strains of the red flour beetle. NMR difference spectroscopic data were consistent with melanin and β-alanine being more abundant in the black and wild-type strains, respectively. Cuticles were extracted in cold acid and the o -diphenolic compounds were quantitated by reversed phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. In all species, the major diphenols were 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (6–58 μmol g −1 ) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (5–48 μmol g −1 ). Dopamine, N - β -alanyldopamine, N - β -alanylnorepinephrine, N -acetylnorepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were detected at much lower concentrations. The diphenols extracted with cold acid accounted for less than 10% of the total estimated by solid-state NMR.
Brain specific proteins binding to the 3′ UTR of the 5-HT2C receptor mRNA

Abstract The 5-HT 2C receptor 2 is a prominent serotonin receptor that is uniquely expressed in the central nervous system and has been implicated in a variety of psychiatric diseases. While characterizing the 5-HT 2C receptor gene, we observed that the mRNA contains a long 3′ untranslated region that binds multiple brain proteins. Two proteins, molecular weights 55 and 58 kDa, were of particular interest because they were detected only in brain regions known to express the 5-HT 2C receptor abundantly, namely, the hippocampus and cortex. These proteins bind with high affinity to the 5-HT 2C receptor mRNA at its extreme 3′ end ( K d =1.8 nM), and binding can be specifically competed by selected regions of the 3′ UTR. Furthermore, binding of the 55 and 58 kDa proteins to the mRNA is directionally specific and shows preference for an AU-rich loop containing 6 to 7 nucleotides. These results suggest the possibility that these two brain specific proteins may play a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of the 5-HT 2C receptor, and that post-transcriptional control of 5-HT 2C receptor expression may be an important regulatory mechanism which has not been previously reported for this serotonin receptor subtype.
Morphogenesis of experimentally induced arnold-chiari malformation

The administration of a single dose of vitamin A to pregnant hamsters, early during the morning of their 8th day of gestation, induces types I and II Arnold--Chiari malformation (ACM), as well as various types of axial skeletal-dysraphic disorders known to be associated with the human disease. This new model provides a means of carrying comparative studies between the axial skeletal defects and neurological anomalies of this complex developmental malformation with those which characterize the other induced disorders related to it. Study of this experimental model has demonstrated that the basichondrocranium of fetuses with ACM is shorter than normal and slightly elevated (lordotic) in relation to the axis of the vertebral column. The shortness of the basichondrocranium of these fetuses is caused by the underdevelopment of the occipital bone specially noticeable in its basal component (basioccipital). This basic defect has resulted in a short and small posterior cerebral fossa which is inadequate to contain the developing nervous structures of that region. The developing cerebellum is displaced downward to an anomalous position just above the foramen magnum; and, the developing medulla is compressed or crowded into the small posterior cerebral fossa of affected fetuses. The lordotic elevation of the basichondrocranium is also responsible for the reduction of the pontine flexure and the increased angle of the cervical flexure of the hindbrain found in these fetuses. All of these neurological anomalies, which are characteristic and diagnostic of clinical ACm as well, are considered here to be secondary to the axial skeletal defects rather than primary abnormalities, as is generally believed. The peculiar type of protrusion of the odontoid process into the cranial cavity found in fetuses with ACM, as well as in those with cranioschisis aperta and occulta, is also considered to be caused by the slight depression of the underdeveloped basioccipital and therefore, comparable to the so-called basilar impression often described in clinical ACM. This study has emphasized various developmental features which are closely related with the morphogenesis of ACM, including: the somitic origin of the occipital bone, and the late growth of the cerebellum which is predominantly postnatal in almost all experimental animals. It has been pointed out that some developmental defects involving the occipital bone and the caudal vertebral column, such as those which characterize ACM type II, may be more closely related than previously recognized. It has been also pointed out that the so-called cerebellar herniation into the cervical spinal canal described in the human disease represents a late addition to this disorder which is related to the relatively late growth of the cerebellum...
Interpretation of the photoemission spectrum of chemisorbed carbon monoxide on Ni (100)

Abstract Cluster model calculations suggest that the molecular orbitals of CO are significantly perturbed upon chemisorption on Ni. The CO-Ni interaction is found to involve the Ni- d electrons in addition to the s -and p -derived states, contrary to some earlier suggestions. Based on our results, a new interpretation is proposed for the observed photoemission spectra of CO on Ni, which is consistent with the large bonding and relaxation shifts in other systems.
1095 COMPENSATORY RENAL HYPERTROPHY (CRH) IN FETAL LAMBS

Postnatal response to unilateral nephrectomy (UN) is age related and is greater in the young. We studied CRH in fetal lambs at 85-95 days gestation (term-150). RNA and DNA content in renal cortical slices (C) was measured in fetal kidneys from twin pregnancies, single fetuses after UN, and fetuses after maternal UN. Control studies were in 6 sets of twins; one fetus was delivered and the remaining fetus delivered 72 hrs. later. Left UN in 6 single fetuses was followed 72 hrs. later by renal function studies and removal of the right kidney. The weight of the remaining twin fetus increased by 3.3%; kidney weight (KW) increased 11% (p<.001). RNA and DNA in μgm/mgm C increased by 1.48 and 2.31 respectively (p<.005; p<.001). RNA/DNA fell by 0.09. 72 hrs. after left UN, mean right KW was 8.8 gms compared to 6.2 for the left (p<.005). Mean increase in right KW was significantly higher than that in the control twins (p<.001). Mean RNA and DNA in the left kidney was 2.88 and 7.08 μgm/mgm C compared to 4.28 and 9.75 for the right kidney (p<.005). RNA/DNA rose from 0.41 to 0.49. Control mean urine flow increased significantly after CRH (p<.001). Mean GFR increased from 1.43 to 1.53 ml/min. Mean CPAH increased from 1.74 to 1.85 ml/min. Mean FEphos increased significantly from 1.27 to 3.66 μgm/min (p<.001) These data suggest that significant CRH occurs in utero by both cell proliferation and an increase in cell size, and a significant increase in renal function parallels CRH in the fetus.
Partisan politics and election failure with ignorant voters

Abstract We analyze candidate competition when some voters do not observe a candidate's policy choice. Voters have a personality preference when both candidates offer the same policy. In equilibrium, the candidate with a personality advantage may get elected with a partisan policy even though his opponent's policy is preferred by all voters. The departure from the Downsian prediction is most pronounced when candidates have a weak policy preference and care mostly about winning the election. In that case, uninformed voters choose the candidate with the preferred personality even if electing this candidate implies a lower payoff on average .
Kinetics of phase transitions in equiatomic CuAu

The detailed ordering kinetics in equiatomic CuAu was studied using in situ time-resolved x-ray scattering. A subtle competition between the modulated CuAu II phase and the simple ordered CuAu I phase was found to occur across the CuAu I/CuAu II phase boundary. The correlation between ordering and the tetragonal distortion was also investigated, in particular the crossover from a heterogeneous incoherent nucleation to a continuous, coherent growth of the tetragonal lattice. The late stage coarsening process was found to obey the expected ${t}^{1/2}$ growth law but at high temperatures the kinetics is slowed down, possibly by the competition between the two ordered phases or the interaction between grain and domain boundaries.
Overview of the world's medical schools: an update.

Context That few data are available on the characteristics of medical schools or on trends within medical education internationally constitutes a major challenge when developing strategies to address physician workforce shortages. Quality and up-to-date information is needed to improve health and education policy planning. Methods We used publicly available data from the International Medical Education Directory and Avicenna Directories, and an internal education programme database to gather data on medical education provision worldwide. We sent a semi-structured questionnaire to a selection of 346 medical schools, of which 218 (63%) in 81 different countries or territories replied. We contacted ministries of health, national agencies for accreditation or similar bodies to clarify inconsistencies among sources. We identified key informants to obtain country-level specific information. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse current medical school data by country. Results There are about 2600 medical schools worldwide. The countries with the largest numbers of schools are India (n = 304), Brazil (n = 182), the USA (n = 173), China (n = 147) and Pakistan (n = 86). One-third of all medical schools are located in five countries and nearly half are located in 10 countries. Of 207 independent states, 24 have no medical school and 50 have only one. Regionally, numbers of citizens per school differ: the Caribbean region has one school per 0.6 million population; the Americas and Oceania each have one school per 1.2 million population; Europe has one school per 1.8 million population; Asia has one school per 3.5 million population, and Africa has one school per 5.0 million population. In 2012, on average, there were 181 graduates per medical school. Conclusions The total number and distribution of medical schools around the world are not well matched with existing physician numbers and distribution. The collection and aggregation of medical school data are complex and would benefit from better information on local recognition processes. Longitudinal comparisons are difficult and subject to several sources of error. The consistency and quality of medical school data need to be improved to accurately document potential supply; one example of such an advancement is the World Directory of Medical Schools.
Bcl-2 overexpression attenuates dopamine-induced apoptosis in an immortalized neural cell line by suppressing the production of reactive oxygen species.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is consequent to the loss of brain dopamine (DA) cells. These abnormalities are thought, in part, to be a manifestation of increased free radical production during the metabolism of catecholamines. The antiapoptic agent, bcl-2, has been shown to protect cells against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, we tested whether bcl-2 could attenuate the toxic effects of DA on immortalized neural cells. Our results show that DA caused dose-dependent cell death. The use of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated that DA caused cell death through an apoptotic process. Moreover, DA caused a marked increase in ROS in these cells. Furthermore, overexpression of bcl-2 caused significant protection against DA-induced apoptosis. These results are discussed in terms of their support for a role of bcl-2 in the development of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 35:228–233, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Channel Thickness Dependence of InGaAs Quantum-Well Field-Effect Transistors With High- $\kappa$ Gate Dielectrics

We have studied channel thickness dependence of InGaAs quantum-well field-effect transistors (QWFETs) with high-κ gate dielectrics. Device performances of ultrathin 5- and 10-nm-channel In0.7Ga0.3As QWFETs with gate length down to sub-50-nm regime have been investigated. Thinning down the channel improves subthreshold characteristics and reduces the short-channel effect. The 5-nm In0.7Ga0.3As channel (Lg = 40 nm) devices exhibit a reduced subthreshold swing (SS) of around 100 mV/dec and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 128 mV/V compared to 10-nm In0.7Ga0.3As channel devices (SS of ~ 140 mV/dec and DIBL of ~ 275 mV/V). However, the drawback for thinner channel devices is that the effective channel mobility also decreases. At inversion charge density of 3 ×1012/cm2, 10-nm In0.7Ga0.3As channel devices exhibit mobility of 1860 cm2/V·s versus mobility of 1460 cm2/V·s for 5-nm In0.7Ga0.3As channel devices.
Functional Characterization of a Novel Mammalian Zinc Transporter, ZnT6

We describe ZnT6, a new member of the CDF (cation diffusion facilitator) family of heavy metal transporters. The human ZNT6 gene was mapped at 2p21-22, while the mouse Znt6 was localized to chromosome 17. Overexpression of ZnT6 in both wild-type yeast and mutants that are deficient in cytoplasmic zinc causes growth inhibition, but this inhibition is abolished in mutant cells with high cytoplasmic zinc. ZnT6 may function in transporting the cytoplasmic zinc into the Golgi apparatus as well as the vesicular compartment, as evidenced by its overlapping intracellular localization with TGN38 and transferrin receptor in the normal rat kidney cells. We also demonstrate that the intracellular distributions of ZnT6 as well as ZnT4 are regulated by zinc in the normal rat kidney cells. The results from this report, combined with those from other studies, suggest that the intracellular zinc homeostasis is mediated by many ZnT proteins, which act in tissue-, cell-, and organelle-specific manners.
HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE SEPARATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF NORSESQUITERPENES FROM GYRINIDS

A rapid, sensitive, stable, and quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique was developed for the analysis of the norsesquiterpenes, gyrinidal, isogyrinidal, gyrinidone, and gyrinidione. Methods were developed for both normal-phase (μPorasil) and reverse-phase (μBondapak) columns. The applicability of this technique was demonstrated when the norsesquiterpenes of the defensive secretions of the water beetleGyrinus frosti Fall were isolated and identified as gyrinidal and isogyrinidal. This method was then used for the quantification of the norsesquiterpene titer ofG. frosti andDineutus assimilis (Kirby).
A taxonomy of integral reaction path analysis

W. C. Gardiner observed that achieving understanding through combustion modeling is limited by the ability to recognize the implications of what has been computed and to draw conclusions about the elementary steps underlying the reaction mechanism. This difficulty can be overcome in part by making better use of reaction path analysis in the context of multidimensional flame simulations. Following a survey of current practice, an integral reaction flux is formulated in terms of conserved scalars that can be calculated in a fully automated way. Conditional analyses are then introduced, and a taxonomy for bidirectional path analysis is explored. Many examples illustrate the resulting path analysis and uncover some new results about nonpremixed methane-air laminar jets.
Adopting Employees' Ideas: Moderators of the Idea Generation–Idea Implementation Link

This study examined the possibility that the relationship between the number of ideas an employee generated and the number of those ideas that were adopted by the organization was moderated by the general radicalness of the employee's ideas (i.e., the extent to which the ideas were breakthrough or groundbreaking), the employee's intention to stay, psychological safety, and coworker support. Ninety-three employees generated one or more ideas and raters evaluated the radicalness and implementation of these ideas. Results showed a positive relationship between the number of ideas generated by an employee and the number adopted when the employee's ideas were generally low in radicalness. However, when an employee's ideas were generally high in radicalness, there was a positive relationship between the numbers generated and implemented only when the employee intended to remain a member of the organization or felt psychologically safe at work. The implications of these results for future research and practice a...
Small vessel enhancement in MRA images using local maximum mean processing

The enhancement of small vessels in MRA imaging is an important problem. In this paper, we propose using local maximum mean (LMM) processing to enhance the detectability of small vessels. At each voxel in the original three-dimensional (3-D) data set, the LMM over the line segments in the cube centered at the voxel is taken and used to form the 3-D LMM data set. The maximum intensity projection (MIP) is then applied to the LMM data to produce the two-dimensional (2-D) LMM-MIP image. Through LMM processing, the variance of background tissue is reduced, thus increasing the detectability of small vessels. Moreover, the single bright voxels are suppressed and the disconnected small vessels can be connected. However, the LMM processing widens the larger, brighter vessels. To keep the advantages provided by both the LMM-MIP and MIP images, it is proposed that weight functions be used to combine them. The performance of the LMM-MIP algorithm is analyzed and compared with the performance of the MIP algorithm under three measures: The vessel voxel projection probability, the vessel receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the vessel-tissue contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Closed forms of the three measures are obtained. It is shown that the LMM-MIP algorithm improves the detectability of small vessels under all three measures. The longer the projection path and the larger the CNR of the original data, then the greater the improvement. Confirming the theoretical analysis, results of an experiment utilizing practical MRA data demonstrate the improved visual quality of small vessels.
Latanoprost: A Review

Latanoprost is a new topical ocular prostaglandin that decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing uveoscleral outflow. Its efficacy is comparable with that of timolol and it shows almost complete additivity with timolol. Once daily dosing of 0.005% latanoprost yields a maximal effect with no significant circadian fluctuation in IOP. Local side effects include increased iris pigmentation, conjunctival hyperemia, and punctate epithelial erosions. No significant systemic side effects have been reported. The effect of latanoprost on eyes with compromised blood-aqueous barriers and its additivity to other ocular medications are areas that will require further evaluation.
How Student Satisfaction Factors Affect Perceived Learning.

Data from students in two sections of a general education course offered at a research university in spring 2009 were used to explore whether student satisfaction factors are associated with perceived learning as rated by students. A list of 22 elements in the learning environment was explored. The 22 were used in creating 3 satisfaction factors related to the roles of student, instructor, and policy. The study showed all of these satisfaction factors to be associated with higher rates of perceived learning, measured via students' expectations of academic success. The findings' implications for practice are briefly discussed.
Recognizing protein-ligand binding sites by global structural alignment and local geometry refinement

Summary Proteins perform functions through interacting with other molecules. However, structural details for most of the protein-ligand interactions are unknown. We present a comparative approach (COFACTOR) to recognize functional sites of protein-ligand interactions using low-resolution protein structural models, based on a global-to-local sequence and structural comparison algorithm. COFACTOR was tested on 501 proteins, which harbor 582 natural and drug-like ligand molecules. Starting from I-TASSER structure predictions, the method successfully identifies ligand-binding pocket locations for 65% of apo receptors with an average distance error 2 A. The average precision of binding-residue assignments is 46% and 137% higher than that by FINDSITE and ConCavity. In CASP9, COFACTOR achieved a binding-site prediction precision 72% and Matthews correlation coefficient 0.69 for 31 blind test proteins, which was significantly higher than all other participating methods. These data demonstrate the power of structure-based approaches to protein-ligand interaction predictions applicable for genome-wide structural and functional annotations.
UV-modulated substrate rigidity for multiscale study of mechanoresponsive cellular behaviors.

Mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have profound effects on cellular functions. Here, we applied novel photosensitive polydimethylsiloxane (photoPDMS) chemistry to create photosensitive, biocompat- ible photoPDMS as a rigidity-tunable material for study of mechanoresponsive cellular behaviors. By modulating the PDMS cross-linker to monomer ratio, UV light exposure time, and postexposure baking time, we achieved a broad range of bulk Young's modulus for photoPDMS from 0.027 to 2.48 MPa. Biocompatibility of photoPDMS was assayed, and no significant cytotoxic effect was detected as compared to conventional PDMS. We demonstrated that the bulk Young's modulus of photoPDMS could impact cell morphology, adhesion formation, cytoskeletal structure, and cell proliferation. We further fabricated photoPDMS micropost arrays for multiscale study of mechanoresponsive cellular behaviors. Our results suggested that adherent cells could sense and respond to changes of substrate rigidity at a subfocal adhesion resolution. Together, we demonstrated the potential of photoPDMS as a photosensitive and rigidity-tunable material for mechanobiology studies.
Multiple curve presentation and zooming processor using Field Programmable Gate Arrays

This paper presents the design and implementation of a hardware graphical display custom processor for generating and manipulating plots based on a given set of time varying input signals. The paper primarily focuses on the design to generate plots of two sampled sine waves of 5 KHz and 10 KHz respectively, along with horizontal and vertical axes with proper scaling. This was achieved by designing the custom processor in Verilog HDL. A provision is made such that the plots can be zoomed horizontally and vertically, independent of each other. There are two levels of zooming provided for each signal plot, both horizontal and vertical zooming. A legend box at the top right corner of the screen was included to provide the scale details of both horizontal and vertical axes, at any level of zooming. The display of the signal plots and the different levels of zooming are controlled by switches of the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) DE2 development board. The proposed design gives a compromise solution for flexibility and reconfigurability at the hardware level.
Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities from chorionic biopsy samples: Improved success rate using a modified direct method

Several methods for fetal chromosome analysis using chorionic biopsy samples were compared. A modified direct method for culturing villi was considered to be the method of choice and details are presented of 186 pregnancies tested prenatally. The success rate in obtaining a fetal karyotype with the direct method was 93 per cent. The fetal loss rate in the prenatal series was 4.3 per cent and congenital abnormalities in the babies already born did not differ from the expected incidence.
Preparing technology students for design in the 21st century

The general phases of computer-aided engineering (CAE) are examined and the implementation of CAE in a technology curriculum is discussed. Particular attention is given to an elective three-credit-hour course entitled "Introduction to the Finite Element Method", being offered to seniors within the Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology at Purdue. >
Time-frequency scaling property of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

This paper presents the analogue of the time or frequency scaling theorem of continuous time/frequency Fourier Transform (FT) to the realm of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The scaling property applies to scaling by integers which are relatively prime to the length of the DFT. The time reversal property of DFT is identified as a special case of this theorem.
Alterations in dendritic morphology of frontal cortical neurons after basal forebrain lesions in adult and aged rats

The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is the major cholinergic projection to neocortex in the rat and plays a role in the modulation of cortical activity. Lesions of the NBM decrease thickness of lamina II-III of frontal cortex and decrease soma size of lamina II-III neurons. Additionally, aging produces changes in neuron size and numbers in the basal forebrain and frontal cortex of rats. We assessed dendritic changes in neurons from lamina II-III of frontal cortex in adult, middle-aged, and aged rats three months after unilateral lesions of the NBM. While lesions did not affect dendritic morphology in young adult rats, they decreased total dendritic length in middle-aged and aged rats, with dendritic alterations most pronounced in middle-aged rats. In middle-aged rats, lesion-induced changes in basilar arbor were apparently due to decreased dendritic branching: lesions markedly decreased the number of first-, second-, and third-order branches, but did not affect higher-order branching. In aged rats, lesions resulted in a small decrease in dendritic material proximal to the soma and a pronounced decrease in dendritic material distal to the soma, apparently due to a decrease in the length of terminal branches. These results suggest that the plasticity of neocortical neurons in the basalocortical system changes with age, and that early in aging this system may be particularly vulnerable to neural damage.
Frequency Domain System Identication for a Small, Low-Cost, Fixed-Wing UAV

This paper describes a practical and systematic procedure for modeling and identifying the ight dynamics of small, low-cost, xed-wing uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs). The procedure is applied to the Ultra Stick 25e ight test vehicle of the University of Minnesota UAV ight control research group. The procedure hinges on a general model structure for xed-wing UAV ight dynamics derived using rst principles analysis. Wind tunnel tests and simplifying assumptions are applied to populate the model structure with an approximation of the Ultra Stick 25e ight dynamics. This baseline model is used to design informative ight experiments for the subsequent frequency domain system identi cation. The nal identi ed model is validated against separately acquired time domain ight data.
Observation on modulation of short wind waves

Modulation of the propagation of short wind waves by the dominant long wind wave components is investigated in a laboratory experiment. The theoretical predictions are confirmed by the observed three dimensional frequency-wavenumber spectra of short waves.
Biochemical and genetic analysis of an antigenic determinant found on N-linked oligosaccharides in Dictyostelium.

Dictyostelium discoideum synthesizes many highly immunogenic carbohydrates of unknown structure and function. We have used monoclonal antibodies prepared against one of these called CA1 to investigate its structure and the consequences of its loss. CA1 is preferentially expressed on lysosomal enzymes as a specific arrangement of mannose-6-SO4 residues on N-linked oligosaccharides. Mutant strains HL241 and HL243 do not express CA1, and synthesize a truncated lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) precursor that lacks the critical mannose residues needed for expression. The lesion appears to result from the loss of mannosyl transferase activity involved in LLO biosynthesis. The truncated LLO is poorly transferred to an artificial peptide acceptor in a cell-free N-glycosylation assay, and this appears to result from improper topological localization of the LLO or to a lower affinity of the LLO for the oligosaccharyl transferase. Although both mutants share these lesions, they are biochemically and genetically distinct. Only HL243 is lower in N-glycosylation in intact cells, and this is not a result of an altered structure of the LLO. There are other differences between the strains. HL241 can form fruiting bodies at a slower rate than normal while HL243 cannot aggregate. Genetic analysis of defects shows that the CA1 lesion in HL241 is recessive, while the lesions in both CA1 and in development are dominant and co-segregate in HL243 and are, therefore, likely to be in the same gene. Lysosomal enzyme targeting is normal but enzyme processing proceeds at a 2–3 fold slower rate in HL241 and HL243 compared to wild-type. Strain HL244 does not express CA1 since it completely lacks protein sulfation, but lysosomal enzyme targeting and processing proceeds at a normal rate, showing that sulfate is not essential for these processes. Alterations in oligosaccharide structure can have individualized effects on the biosynthesis of lysosomal enzymes. The results presented here illustrate how this approach can be used to study both the structure and function of carbohydrate epitopes.
Drinking Patterns and Alcoholism in Soviet and American Societies: A Multidisciplinary Comparison

It is well known that the development of alcoholism is closely associated with many historical, cultural, social, and psychological factors. Historical and social conditions, economic and political structures, cultures and traditions in American and Soviet societies are not merely different; to a considerable extent, they are antithetical. Do the prevalence of drinking and the manifestation of the social and medical consequences of alcoholism in both countries reflect these differences?
Inside or out? Another option for incessant ventricular tachycardia*

Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is most commonly due to reentry in a region of prior myocardial infarction or ventricular scar. It may be hemodynamically tolerated, or if rapid, produce hemodynamic collapse with syncope or cardiac arrest. The vast majority of cases are paroxysmal