cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decreased splanchnic perfusion measured by duplex ultrasound in humans undergoing small volume hemorrhage.

Objectives: To quantitate duplex Doppler measurements of splanchnic perfusion to determine if these measurements are reproducible in euvolemic humans and if such measurements are sensitive to mild degrees of systemic hypovolemia. Design: Prospective, nonrandomized, controlled trial. Setting: Clinical research center. Participants: Seven fasting, healthy male and female volunteers, ranging in age from 25 to 37 yrs and weighing 60 to 90 kg. Interventions: Pulse, blood pressure, hematocrit, and duplex Doppler measurements of the peak systolic velocity and time averaged velocity of the subdiaphragmatic aorta, celiac artery, and superior mesenteric artery were obtained at four time points. Time points I and II were on separate days before hemorrhage and consisted of routine blood donation of 450 mL. The point III was immediately after blood donation. Time point IV was 24 hrs after donation. Estimated blood flow was calculated from time averaged velocity (estimated blood flow=60[vessel cross-sectional area] [time averaged velocity]). Measurements and Main Results: Vital signs and hematocrit remained without significant change at all time points. Peak systolic velocity, time averaged velocity, and estimated blood flow were also unchanged between measurements at time points I and II. However, after a mean reduction of 9.1% of total blood volume, duplex ultrasound detected significant decreases of 14.5% in celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery peak systolic velocity, as well as 15.1%, 17.3%, and 20.2% decreases in aorta, celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery time averaged velocity and estimated blood flow, respectively (all values p<.05 vs. baseline, Duncan's multiple range test). All measured variables returned to baseline 24 hrs after hemorrhage. Conclusions: Noninvasive duplex Doppler measurements of splanchnic peak systolic velocity, time averaged velocity, and estimated blood flow are reproducible and sensitive to small changes in intravascular volume. These data suggest a potential clinical role for duplex imaging in the treatment of critically ill patients to guide therapy to optimize splanchnic perfusion
Pharmacogenomics: application to the management of cardiovascular disease.

Uncovering the causes of interpatient variability in drug response, and then using that information for the benefit of patients, is at the heart of clinical pharmacology. Although the term “pharmacogenetics” was coined in the 1950s, only in the past decade has an explosion occurred in research focused on discovering the genetic basis for variations in drug efficacy, toxicity, and dose requirements. Pharmacogenomic research on cardiovascular drugs has been among the more active areas of investigation within this field. The past decade has seen substantial advances in our understanding of the genetic determinants of response to two commonly used cardiovascular drugs—clopidogrel and warfarin—such that the data on these drugs can now be used in the clinical setting. We highlight the data surrounding these examples along with other areas of active research in cardiovascular pharmacogenomics that—although they have not yet reached the stage of translation into practice—hold promise. The data arising from research on cardiovascular pharmacogenomics have not only led to potential clinical applications but have advanced our understanding of the metabolism and/or pharmacological mechanisms of a number of drugs. We also highlight the potential for research on pharmacogenomics to influence discovery and development of new drugs.
Effect of continuous administration of nicotine on urinary histamine and Nτ-methylhistamme levels in the guinea pig

Abstract The effect of continuous subcutaneous administration of S -(−)- and R -(+)-nicotines on urinary excretion levels of histamine and N τ -methylhistamine in guinea pigs, over a 23-day period, has been studied. Urinary levels of these endogenous compounds were measured utilizing paired-ion reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with flow-through electrochemical detection. Urinary histamine levels of animals that had been administered either of these nicotine isomers were not significantly different from control values. Initial levels of urinary N τ -methylhistamine (days 2–3) in R -(+)- and S -(−)-nicotine-treated animals were, 2-fold and 8-fold higher, respectively than control levels but in both cases these levels returned to control values over the remainder of the time course examined (days 6–23). These results suggest that exposure to S -(−)-nicotine results in initial histamine release and/or inhibition of histamine uptake. However, longer term exposure to S -(−)-nicotine may not result in significantly altered levels of circulating histamine.
Direct photons in jets

Abstract Direct photons radiated off final-state quarks are predicted to be the dominant source of prompt photons at the SppS collider up to transverse momentum values of order k T ≅ 30 GeV . Although produced in processes which are higher order in α s such as qq → qq γ , they are shown to dominate the leading-order sources gq→ q γ and q q → q γ . On the experimental side we show that γ π could be as large as 0.1 for moderate transverse momenta (with γ π 1 for k T ⪆ 30 GeV ) and that most of these photons are accompanied by hadrons unlike the isolated prompt photons familiar from ISR experiments. We also point out that isolated prompt photons are expected to recoil against a quark jet for k T ⪅ 50 GeV and a gluon jet for larger k T values, allowing for a study contrasting quark and gluon jets in an extremely clean environment.
Biomass of bacteria, cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes and photosynthetic eukaryotes in the Sargasso Sea

Bacteria, cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes, and photosynthetic eukaryotes were enumerated in depth profiles at a station in the northern Sargasso Sea occupied for 9 days during September, 1988. Carbon biomass of each group was inferred from cell abundance using conversion factors taken from the literature. Over the upper 200 m in the water column, carbon biomass occurred in the approximate proportion of 1:2:4:8 for cyanobacteria: prochlorophytes: photosynthetic eukaryotes: bacteria. Taken together, the three phytoplankton groups represented about the same amount of carbon biomass as the bacteria. This conclusion was validated by the independent measure of bulk chlorophyll a if the carbomchl ratio was assumed to be about 44 in the nitrate-depleted layer and about 15 in the nitrate-rich layer. In reporting the biomass co-dominance of bacteria and phytoplankton, we do not deny that bacteria may dominate phytoplankton at other times and in other places in the oligotrophic ocean. Biomass co-dominance between these two trophic groups admits the possibility that oligotrophic bacterial assemblages may have high growth rates.
METHANE ACTIVATION BY TRIS(IMIDO) COMPLEXES : THE EFFECT OF METAL, LIGAND AND D ORBITAL OCCUPATION

An effective core potential (ECP) and molecular mechanics (MM) study of methane activation by tris(imido) complexes is presented. The effects of metal, ligand, and d-orbital occupation on the potential energy surface are determined for d0 systems M(NH)3 (M W), [M(NH)3]− (M  Ta), and [M(NH)3]+ (M  Tc, Re), and for d2 systems. The [M(NH)3]− (M  Tc) and M(NH)3 (M  Os). d2 (20 electron) tris(imido) complexes are planar, while d0 (18 electron) complexes are pyramidal, except for [Ta(=NH)3]−, which is planar. Methane activation is more exothermic for neutral, tris(imido) complexes than related bis(imido) and mono(imido) complexes. For a series of tris(imido) complexes the reaction enthalpy is more sensitive to d orbital occupation than metal or overall charge on the complex. The enthalpic barrier to methane elimination (microscopic reverse of methane activation) is strongly dependent on the extent of π-loading in the product. Methane elimination barriers (ΔHelim‡) to form tris(imido) complexes are much higher than ΔHelim‡ to form bis(imido) complexes and mono(imido) complexes. Activation barriers for [2σ + 2π] CH activation (ΔHact‡) of methane by d2 imidos are considerably larger (≈ 50 kcal mol−1) than activation by d0 analogues, owing primarily to overcoming a repulsive methane-complex interaction. The methane-complex interaction increases upon going from anion to cation, [Ta(=NH)3−] < W(=NH)3 < [Re(=NH)3]+, with ΔHadd = −8.3, −15.6, and −26.3 kcal mol−1, respectively. For this isoelectronic series more negative ΔHadd correlate with larger ΔHact‡. A combination of ECP and MM calculations suggests that an alkane adduct of [Tc(NAr)3]+ (and its Re analogue) is a plausible experimental target.
DE particle and field observations during the poleward expansion of an auroral surge through the plasma sheet

A substorm surge on September 25, 1981 was observed by the imagers on the high-altitude DE-1 spacecraft and encountered by the coplanar, low-altitude DE-2 spacecraft. This case is unique among those that we examined in that DE-2 traversed the surge during the ∼10–15 min period of its rapid poleward motion through the plasma sheet. Because of this, the DE-2 measurements provide a critical test for the recent proposal that the substorm expansion phase is due to an anti-sunward-propagating reduction in the large-scale magnetospheric electric field imparted to the magnetosphere from the solar wind [Lyons, 1995]. A specific prediction of this theory is that the electric field reduction in the equatorial magnetosphere maps to the ionosphere as a poleward-moving electric field reduction. In the ionosphere, large growth-phase electric fields are expected poleward of the active surge aurora, and significantly weaker electric fields are expected equatorward of the active aurora. This electric field pattern is expected to propagate poleward through the plasma sheet with the surge. The DE-2 measurements show significant southwestward electric fields within the portion of the plasma sheet poleward of the active auroral region, and greatly reduced electric fields within, the heated central plasma sheet that was left behind by the narrow region of poleward-moving, active aurora. We also find weak electric fields equatorward of the region of active aurora in typical DE-2 passes over auroral surges, where the region of active aurora had moved poleward to very near the magnetic separatrix prior to the satellite pass. These observations agree strongly with the Lyons [1995] predictions. Consistent with previous observations, the DE-2 measurements also show strong and variable electric fields within the region of active surge; however these fields are not specifically addressed by the theory.
Model considerations, calibration issues, and metrology methods for resist-bias models

This paper explores the application of phenomenological models that take into account photoresist processing effects when simulating the predicted shapes of small structures in state-of-the-art microelectronic fabrication. This work extends some of the 1D model development reported in recent years to 2D structures. A brief overview of the assumptions and background of the relatively simple energy threshold model is given, followed by a more extensive discussion on proceeding beyond this point with more advanced resists 'bias' models. A number of subtle, but critical methodology and calibration issues are also discussed including (1) use of SEM top-down micrographs for extraction of measured shape information, (2) calibration of the pixel size associated with the SEM data, (3) use of the measured mask shapes for input to the simulator, (4) evaluation of the projection system focus offset and inclusion of it in the calibration of the model, and (5) the optimization of parameters in the resist-bias model. Typically we have found that after proper calibration of the resist bias model, agreement between predicted and measured shapes for full 2D structures of 3- (sigma) variation equal to 15 nm can be realized for 248-nm photolithography, for nominal 0.25 micrometers critical dimensions. Increasing to 0.5 micrometers defocus typically increases this 3-(sigma) variation to about 40 nm. Further improvements can certainly be expected. Clearly, such predictability can greatly aid in improving the process window for chip design. Some discussion is given on the anticipated pitfalls when extending this approach beyond its region of applicability.
ε-Aminocaproic acid and clinical value in cardiac anesthesia.

Objective The primary aim was to compare the “clinical value” of tranexamic acid (TXA) with e-aminocaproic acid (EACA) when used for blood conservation during high-risk cardiac surgery. Design Data previously reported by the Blood Conservation Using Antifibrinolytics in a Randomized Trial (BART) study investigators were reanalyzed independently after appropriate statistical adjustment. The authors compared TXA with EACA for important primary and secondary outcomes and applied the “clinical value” equation to this comparison. Setting BART, the largest blinded multicenter study on this topic to date, compared all 3 commonly used antifibrinolytics head-to-head in a randomized dose-equivalent fashion during high-risk cardiac surgery. Comparisons of TXA with EACA with application of the clinical value equation was not performed specifically by the BART investigators. Participants One thousand five hundred fifty patients enrolled in 2 of the 3 arms of the BART study were included in the analysis (TXA, n= 770 and EACA, n = 780, with data reported by the investigators in the New England Journal of Medicine ). Main Results The major finding was that there were no significant differences in overall safety and clinically important efficacy between TXA and EACA. Conclusions Considering the substantial difference in costs and with the increasing volume of high-risk cardiac surgery, EACA has increased “clinical value” when compared with TXA. EACA should be the antifibrinolytic medication of choice for high-risk cardiac surgery.
Instantaneous frequency and the Wigner-Gabor signal

Determining the amplitude and phase of a signal is important in many areas of science and engineering. The derivative of the phase is typically called the "instantaneous frequency," which in principle mathematically describes (and ideally coincides with) the common physical experiences of variable-frequency phenomena, such as a siren. However, there is an infinite number of different amplitude-phase pairs that will all generate the same real signal, and hence there is an unlimited number of "instantaneous frequencies" for a given real signal. Gabor gave a procedure for associating a specific complex signal to a given real signal, from which a unique definition of the amplitude and phase, and consequently the instantaneous frequency, of the real signal is obtained. This complex signal, called the analytic signal, is obtained by inverting the Fourier spectrum of the real signal over the positive frequency range only. We introduce a new complex signal representation by applying Gabor's idea to the Wigner time-frequency distribution. The resulting complex signal, which we call the Wigner-Gabor signal, has a number of interesting properties that we discuss and compare with the analytic signal. In general the Wigner-Gabor signal is not the analytic signal, although for a pure tone A cos(ω 0 t) the Wigner-Gabor and analytic signals both equal A exp(jω 0 t). Also, for a time-limited signal s(t) = 0, |t| > T, the analytic signal is not time-limited, but the Wigner-Gabor signal is time-limited.
Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of venous thromboembolic complications of gynecologic surgery.

Abstract Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, collectively referred to as venous thromboembolic events, are a source of significant morbidity and mortality after gynecologic surgical procedures. In this literature review the advantages and disadvantages of various preventive measures for deep venous thrombosis, including low-molecular-weight heparins, are discussed. The most appropriate prophylactic methods for patients in varying risk categories are recommended. Current methods of diagnosing deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, including ultrasonography, venography, ventilation-perfusion scan, helical computed tomographic scan, and D -dimer measurement are then discussed. Finally, treatment modalities for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, including heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, warfarin, and thrombolytic therapy, are detailed. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:759-75.)
The Value of Narrative in Business Writing

As in the fields of composition and technical writing, the emphasis on hierarchical organization of texts in business writing has led to a devaluation of narrative, perhaps because the kind of knowledge that narrative creates has been insufficiently understood. By elucidating the special properties of narrative as a mode of discourse and as a cognitive instrument, this article argues for the potential power of narrative in many common business writing situations.
Metamorphosis alters contaminants and chemical tracers in insects: implications for food webs.

Insects are integral to most freshwater and terrestrial food webs, but due to their accumulation of environmental pollutants they are also contaminant vectors that threaten reproduction, development, and survival of consumers. Metamorphosis from larvae to adult can cause large chemical changes in insects, altering contaminant concentrations and fractionation of chemical tracers used to establish contaminant biomagnification in food webs, but no framework exists for predicting and managing these effects. We analyzed data from 39 studies of 68 analytes (stable isotopes and contaminants), and found that metamorphosis effects varied greatly. δ15N, widely used to estimate relative trophic position in biomagnification studies, was enriched by ∼1‰ during metamorphosis, while δ13C used to estimate diet, was similar in larvae and adults. Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were predominantly lost during metamorphosis leading to ∼2 to 125-fold higher larval concentrations and higher exposure risks fo...
Practical and Ethical Considerations for Using Social Media in Community Consultation and Public Disclosure Activities

Social media are becoming increasingly integrated into both the clinical and the research dimensions of emergency medicine. They can provide methods for sharing crucial information to targeted individuals or groups in a rapid fashion. As a result, investigators conducting emergency research under the exception from prospective informed consent requirements are beginning to turn to social media platforms as they engage in required community consultation and public disclosure activities before their research begins. At present, there are limited data regarding how effectively social media have been used for performing those consultation and disclosure activities. This article offers investigators four specific areas to consider before using social media in consultation and outreach efforts. First, understand the forms of outreach social media platforms can provide. Second, recognize how those outreach methods relate to the specific goals of community consultation and public disclosure. Third, consider whether or not the intended audiences of community consultation and public disclosure will be available via social media. Finally, think about how social media outreach efforts will be measured and assessed before consultation and disclosure activities are under way. Resumen Los medios sociales estan llegando cada vez mas a integrarse tanto en la dimension clinica como investigadora de la Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (MUE). Estos pueden proporcionar metodos para compartir informacion critica a grupos o individuos particulares de forma rapida. Como resultado, los investigadores que llevan a cabo investigacion en MUE bajo la excepcion de los requerimientos del consentimiento informado prospectivo estan comenzando a trasladarse a plataformas de medios sociales y estan obligados a requerir consultas a la comunidad y a divulger publicamente las actividades antes de iniciar su investigacion. Actualmente, hay datos limitados de la efectividad del uso de los medios sociales para la realizacion de estas consultas y de la divulgacion de actividades. Este articulo ofrece a los investigadores cuatro areas especificas a considerar antes de usar los medios sociales en la consulta y la divulgacion. Primero, comprender las formas de divulgacion que las plataformas de medios sociales pueden ofrecer. Segundo, reconocer como los metodos de divulgacion hacen referencia a los objetivos especificos de la consulta comunitaria y la divulgacion publica. Tercero, considerar si la pretendida audiencia de la consulta comunitaria y la divulgacion publica estaran disponibles en los medios sociales. Finalmente, pensar como los esfuerzos de alcance de los medios sociales seran medidos y valorados antes que se lleve a cabo la consulta y la divulgacion de actividades.
Renal and biliary abnormalities in a new murine model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

Current models of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) fail to demonstrate biliary abnormalities in association with renal cysts. We therefore studied a new murine model of ARPKD in which dual renal tubular and biliary epithelial abnormalities are present. Affected homozygous animals typically die 1 month postnatally in renal failure with progressively enlarged kidneys. Renal cysts shift in site from inner cortical proximal tubules at birth to collecting tubules 20 days later, as determined by segment-specific lectin binding. Increased numbers of mitosis were demonstrated in proximal and collecting tubular cysts. In addition, epithelial hyperplasia was demonstrated morphometrically in the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract of affected animals. The number of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells was increased by 50% on postnatal day 5 and by 100% on postnatal day 25 (P<0.01). Despite an increased frequency of “chaotic” portal areas in mice with renal cysts, no intrahepatic cysts or shape abnormalities of the biliary lumen were detected using biliary casts and morphometry. Additionally there was nonobstructive hyperplastic dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary tract which was linked in all animals to the presence of renal cysts. The hyperplastic abnormalities in both renal and biliary epithelium make this new mouse strain a good model for the study of the dual organ cellular pathophysiology of ARPKD.
Computer simulation of the Brice—Phoenix differential refractometer

Abstract We describe a computer program that simulates the performance of the Brice—Phoenix differential refractometer. It enables one to quickly and accurately assess the consequences of several types of cell misalignments and to predict the effects of possible instrumental modifications. The solution refractive index increment, Δn, is not “strictly” proportional to the displacement of the slit image, Δd, in the eyepiece field as claimed by the instrument's designers. For many applications, however, this is not a problem. Unless accuracy better than about 0.4% is required, small cell misalignments in position (⩽2 mm) and in angle (⩽0.5°) are not likely to cause serious trouble, especially if the misalignments are present at the time of calibration and persist through the measurements. Redesign of the projector lens is a promising avenue for reducing the dependence of Δn/Δd upon n.
Construction and purification of domain-deleted immunoglobulin variants of the recombinant/chimeric B72.3 (y1) monoclonal antibody.

Chimeric antibodies have been produced against a pancarcinomic tumor associated antigen, TAG-72, by fusing the genes for the variable region of mouse MAb B72.3 to the genes for the constant region of human IgG. In our efforts to optimize the pharmacokinetics of plasma clearance and the efficiency of tumor localization and penetrance of cB72.3, we have now developed truncated versions of immunoglobulin heavy chains. The domain-deleted antibodies are produced by transfecting cells that produce chimeric kappa chains with expression vectors that encode chimeric heavy chains lacking the sequences that encode the CH2 domain, CH3 domain, or both. Despite the absence of these domains, the transfectomas secrete H2L2 tetramers with appropriate antigenic specificity. All the domain-deleted immunoglobulins can be purified by chromatography on Protein G Sepharose which binds to a site on the Fab region that is retained in the domain-deleted antibodies. The CH2CH3 domain-deleted immunoglobulin produced in cell culture ...
A computer aided design and analysis software for motor sizing in servo control systems

Abstract Servo control systems are used in many industries involving motion control. Many new industries are beginning to apply servo systems that traditionally did not use servos. Machine tools, assembly machines, material handling, web processing, paper, printing, packaging and test equipment industries are some examples of applications where servo control systems are widely used. As servo systems find more and more applications, the analysis, design, and sizing of appropriate servo system for a particular application become more and more important. Computer aided design and analysis tools are needed to address all of these applications to optimize performance and cost. This paper presents a computer aided design (CAD) tool for servo system analysis, design, and sizing for various applications.
Interaction of Tantalum with Reinforcements in γ TiAl

Abstract Evidence suggests that tantalum alloying additions can segregate to fiber or reaction zone interfaces in TiAl. The behavior depends on the reinforcing material being studied. Inhomogeneities in tantalum concentration in TiAl owing to segregation are a matter for concern. Other refractory metal additions may also segregate, since they behave similar to tantalum. Samples of Ti-47Al-2Ta with a few reinforcing fibers were hot isostatically pressed. The fibers used were Al2O3-ZrO2 and Si3N4, uncoated and coated with TiC or TiB2. These samples were heated for times up to 500 h at 982 °C in order to simulate potential use temperatures and times. Backscattered scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and electron microprobe analysis were used for the examination. Results include a sixfold increase in tantalum at the interface between a TiB2 coating on a Si3N4 fiber and the matrix, while an uncoated fiber shows an increasing tantalum content in the fiber and reaction zones.
Analysis of nonlinear response in microbiological assay for folacin

Abstract A computational method is presented for treating response curves which are sigmoidal in ln concentration. The technique is rapid, of high accuracy, and yields statistical measures of validity. The test response is least-squares fitted to a cubic polynomial by Newton-Raphson iteration. Assay validity is tested for in part by a variation of the Student t test on linear regression coefficient distributions, while confidence limits on the results are obtained from the likelihood function. The method has been applied to the microbiological assay of folacin using Lactobacillus casei with turbidimetric response over a 250-fold concentration range. Assays of folacin extracts are obtained with approximately 4% coefficient of variation. The method is implemented in FORTRAN with optional plotter output. The method should find application with microbiological assays using automatic dilution and response measuring equipment.
Preparation of chiral statonary phase from an α‐amino phosphonate

A chiral statonary phase (CSP) derived from an N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-aminobenzylphosphonate has been prepared and evaluated for its utility in the direct separation of enantiomers. This CSP, 2, is structurally related to earlier N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-acids acid-derived phases (e.g., CSP 1), but the mode of attachment to the support is different. In scope; CSP 2 is qualitaively similar to CSP 1. However, it differs quantitatively from CSP 1, showing either greater or lesser selectivity for different pairs of enantiomers.
Collusion, entry, and market shares

This paper analyzes market entry and collusion in a model of duopoly with product-specific-set-up costs. The analysis demonstrates that collusion can alter the incentives for entry deterrence. We find conditions under which an established firm will permit entry and collude with a potential entrant even though entry deterrence is a viable option under noncooperative oligopoly rules. Conditions are also specified in which entry will be effectively impeded and collusion will not be undertaken.
Meat Packing Plant Production Planning: Application of Mixed Integer Goal Programming

A mixed integer, goal programming model designed to aid in management of a meat packing plant is presented along with empirical applications demonstrating its use. Data collection, model conceptualization, model/data development, model refinement, and model use phases are discussed. The influences of model development and its use on managerial decision making are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evolution of Academic Divisions of Cardiology

Elsewhere in this issue of Circulation , Feldman et al1 describe how a classic academic division of cardiology is being transformed into a regional system of cardiac care, research, and education. This proposal is important and timely. Cardiology, like all components of American medicine, is in a dizzyingly rapid transition, driven largely by efforts to restrain the rising costs of medical care. This pressure to control costs, combined with excess inpatient facilities and specialists (including cardiologists), will lead to ever fiercer competition among care providers. At the same time, if current research efforts continue, enormous further improvements in cardiac care might occur. For example, the development of safe and even more potent cholesterol-lowering and antiplatelet agents could greatly reduce the incidence of clinical coronary artery disease. Although sophisticated methods, including genetic analysis, may be necessary to identify patients at risk for developing atherosclerosis in whom these preventive …
Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes for Cardiac Repair

The adult mammalian heart has limited capacity for regeneration, and any major injury such as a myocardial infarction results in the permanent loss of up to 1 billion cardiomyocytes. The field of cardiac cell therapy aims to replace these lost contractile units with de novo cardiomyocytes to restore lost systolic function and prevent progression to heart failure. Arguably, the ideal cell for this application is the human cardiomyocyte itself, which can electromechanically couple with host myocardium and contribute active systolic force. Pluripotent stem cells from human embryonic or induced pluripotent lineages are attractive sources for cardiomyocytes, and preclinical investigation of these cells is in progress. Recent work has focused on the efficient generation and purification of cardiomyocytes, tissue engineering efforts, and examining the consequences of cell transplantation from mechanical, vascular, and electrical standpoints. Here we discuss historical and contemporary aspects of pluripotent stem cell-based cardiac cell therapy, with an emphasis on recent preclinical studies with translational goals.
Evaluation of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in different in vitro and in vivo models of fibrinolysis, coagulation and thrombus formation

Summary. Background: The serine protease inhibitor aprotinin and plasminogen inhibitor tranexamic acid are used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery to reduce bleeding. Clinicians may consider these agents as readily substitutable regarding their pharmacological profiles. Objective: These agents were evaluated in assays of hemostasis to elucidate their underlying mechanism(s) of action. Methods: In human plasma, effects on both clot fibrinolysis and coagulation were spectrophotometrically quantified in vitro. Rat-tail bleeding and arteriovenous shunt thrombus formation models were conducted in vivo. Results: Fibrinolysis was inhibited by aprotinin (IC50, 0.16 ± 0.02 μmol L−1) and tranexamic acid (IC50, 24.1 ±1.1 μmol L−1). In vivo, aprotinin dose-dependently reduced rat-tail bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg−1 bolus plus 6 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion); tranexamic acid reduced bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg−1 h−1). In vitro, coagulation time was doubled by aprotinin at 3.2 ± 0.2 μmol L−1, while tranexamic acid showed no effect at concentrations up to 3 mmol L−1. Aprotinin inhibited thrombus formation in vivo in a dose-dependent manner (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg−1 bolus plus 6 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion). Conversely, tranexamic acid dose-dependently increased thrombus formation and thrombus weight (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg−1 h−1 infusion). Conclusions: These data show that aprotinin and tranexamic acid have differential effects on hemostasis and are not necessarily substitutable with respect to mechanism of action. Although both agents have been shown to reduce bleeding in patients undergoing CABG, their divergent effects on thrombus formation observed in vitro and in vivo should be critically evaluated clinically.
Chemical nature and immunotoxicological properties of arachidonic acid degradation products formed by exposure to ozone

Ozone (O3) exposure in vivo has been reported to degrade arachidonic acid (AA) in the lungs of rodents. The O3-degraded AA products may play a role in the responses to this toxicant. To study the c...
The DSM-5: An Opportunity to Affirm “The Whole Child” Concept in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Residency Training

This article summarizes a 2013 American Psychiatric Association annual meeting presentation on the incorporation of the DSM-5 into child and adolescent psychiatric residency training with focus on the potential benefits of the DSM-5 for medical education.
The impact of managing school-aged children's diabetes: The role of child behavior problems and parental discipline strategies

Models of diabetes management in children emphasize family relationships, particularly parent–child interactions. In adolescents, parental involvement in disease-specific management relates to better health and adherence. However, information about parental involvement in disease management for young children is limited and mixed. This study investigated behavior problems of school-aged children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in association with parent discipline strategies and parents’ perceptions of (1) time spent managing diabetes and (2) the impact their child’s diabetes has on their discipline strategies. Parents of children ages 5–12 with T1DM completed standardized measures of child misbehavior, parent discipline strategies, and responded to questions regarding perceived time spent managing diabetes, and perceived impact of diabetes on ability to discipline. Results showed child mealtime misbehavior was common and associated with overreactive parental discipline. Further, overreactive discipline was also associated with reports of less time spent managing child’s illness. Child misbehavior was positively associated with parents’ perceived amount of time spent managing diabetes and with the impact of child diabetes on discipline. Findings suggest the importance of considering parent discipline strategies and child misbehavior when working with young children with diabetes.
Repetitive sigmoid stimulation induces rectal hyperalgesia in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Only a fraction of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) show hypersensitivity to rectal distention. The current study sought to determine if repetitive high-pressure stimulation of sigmoid mechanoreceptors modulates perception of rectal pain and discomfort. METHODS: In 14 patients with IBS and 11 healthy controls, perception thresholds for discomfort and pain during rectal sensory tracking and verbal descriptor ratings of the perceived intensity of a rectal tonic stimulus were obtained before and after repetitive high- pressure mechanical sigmoid stimulation. Gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms were assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS: Despite heterogeneity in baseline rectal sensitivity in patients with IBS, after sigmoid stimulation, 100% of patients, regardless of baseline sensitivity, developed rectal hyperalgesia manifested by at least two of the following three criteria: lowered thresholds for pain and discomfort and increased viscerosomatic referral and lower abdominal discomfort outlasting the experimental stimulation. This pattern of responses was not observed in any of the healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with IBS, repetitive stimulation of sigmoid splanchnic afferents results in the development of central sensitization manifested as hyperalgesia and increased viscerosomatic referral during rectal distention and as spontaneous rectosigmoid hyperalgesia in the absence of applied stimuli. Repetitive sigmoid contractions may induce rectosigmoid hyperalgesia in patients with IBS. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jan;112(1):55-63)
A note on finite-scale Navier–Stokes theory: The case of constant viscosity, strictly adiabatic flow

Abstract We investigate the “piston problem” for the case of a viscous, but non-thermally conducting, gas with constant transport coefficients under the recently introduced generalization of the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations known as the finite-scale Navier–Stokes (FSNS) equations. Along with determining and analyzing the integral curves of the resulting kink-type traveling wave solutions (TWS)s, the present study also reveals the importance of the bulk viscosity vis-a-vis this special case of FSNS theory and highlights the impact that averaging has on the structure of the shock profile.
Reemitted-positron energy-loss spectroscopy: A novel probe of adsorbate vibrational levels

Vibrational excitations of carbon monoxide on Ni(100) have been observed for the first time in the energy-loss spectrum of reemitted positrons. For $\mathrm{Ni}(100)c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\mathrm{CO}$ at room temperature, energy-loss peaks are found at \ensuremath{\sim} 57 and \ensuremath{\sim} 248 meV, corresponding to Ni-C and C-O stretching vibrations, respectively. These peak positions are in good agreement with previously reported results for electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Anticipated improvements in resolution promise to make reemitted-positron energy-loss spectroscopy competitive with high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy.
Leader Age and National Condition: A Longitudinal Analysis of 25 European Monarchs.

In order to determine the relationship between age and achievement in the politico-military domain, the reigns of 25 long-tenured European absolute monarchs were analyzed as cross-sectional time series of 238 5-year age periods. Both linear and curvilinear age functions were defined along with variables to control for individual differences, linear time trends, and other potential artifacts. A partial correlation analysis indicated that leader age tends to be negatively correlated with military success in foreign wars and with treaty negotiation, and positively correlated with civil instability at home, whether in the royal family or in the populace. Moreover, some indicators of military and diplomatic success are curvilinear inverted U-functions of leader age, the peak approximately occurring in the leader's 42nd year.
The molecular evolution of PL10 homologs

PL10 homologs exist in a wide range of eukaryotes from yeast, plants to animals. They share a DEAD motif and belong to the DEAD-box polypeptide 3 (DDX3) subfamily with a major role in RNA metabolism. The lineage-specific expression patterns and various genomic structures and locations of PL10 homologs indicate these homologs have an interesting evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that, in addition to the sex chromosome-linked PL10 homologs, DDX3X and DDX3Y, a single autosomal PL10 putative homologous sequence is present in each genome of the studied non-rodent eutheria. These autosomal homologous sequences originated from the retroposition of DDX3X but were pseudogenized during the evolution. In rodents, besides Ddx3x and Ddx3y, we found not only Pl10 but another autosomal homologous region, both of which also originated from the Ddx3x retroposition. These retropositions occurred after the divergence of eutheria and opossum. In contrast, an additional X putative homologous sequence was detected in primates and originated from the transposition of DDX3Y. The evolution of PL10 homologs was under positive selection and the elevated Ka/Ks ratios were observed in the eutherian lineages for DDX3Y but not PL10 and DDX3X, suggesting relaxed selective constraints on DDX3Y. Contrary to the highly conserved domains, several sites with relaxed selective constraints flanking the domains in the mammalian PL10 homologs may play roles in enhancing the gene function in a lineage-specific manner. The eutherian DDX3X/DDX3Y in the X/Y-added region originated from the translocation of the ancient PL10 ortholog on the ancestral autosome, whereas the eutherian PL10 was retroposed from DDX3X. In addition to the functional PL10/DDX3X/DDX3Y, conserved homologous regions on the autosomes and X chromosome are present. The autosomal homologs were also derived from DDX3X, whereas the additional X-homologs were derived from DDX3Y. These homologs were apparently pseudogenized but may still be active transcriptionally. The evolution of PL10 homologs was positively selected.
Childhood Sexual Abuse Severity Reconsidered: A Factor Structure of CSA Characteristics

To address the lack of empirically grounded measures of childhood sexual abuse severity, a survey of self-report items was developed following a thorough review of the childhood sexual abuse literature. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted using data collected from a convenience sample of college students that included 275 females and males with a history of childhood sexual abuse. The solution produced seven factors interpreted as the following: (a) less intrusive forms of childhood sexual abuse (e.g., sexual invitations, kissing), (b) more intrusive forms of childhood sexual abuse (e.g., oral sex, intercourse), (c) humiliation/fear, (d) childhood sexual abuse involving photography, (e) familiarity with the perpetrator, (f) physical force/rape, and (g) active digital penetration. Correlations among these factors further suggested the existence of two relatively independent second-order factors, one based on the levels of physical intrusiveness and the other composed of the psychological/emotional factors. While arguably the most common measurement of severity, physical intrusiveness had little association with critical factors such as humiliation, fear, and association with the perpetrator. Consequently, physical intrusiveness appears to be an inadequate stand-alone measure of childhood sexual abuse severity. These results are proposed to lay the groundwork for an improved, more comprehensive measure of childhood sexual abuse severity.
Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy in rotating solids

Abstract A two-dimensional homonuclear correlation experiment for magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of polycrystalline solids is described. The approach involves application of a multiple pulse mixing period that scales chemical shifts to zero, thereby removing the barrier to spin exchange among interacting nuclei. Transfer of spin coherence is achieved by a transverse mixing sequence in which eight π pulses, πx-πx-πy-πy-π−y-π−y-π−x-π−x, are applied per rotor period. Spectra of triply-labeled 1,2,3-13C3-D,L-alanine are presented, which demonstrate correlations among all three carbon spins.
Multicomponent Swelling of Polymer Networks

A mathematical model for treating multicomponent equilibrium in polymer networks is developed and tested against experimental data. Equations and numerical solution procedures for treating the full equilibrium problem of a binary mixed solvent in contact with a cross-linked polymeric network are provided. Case studies are presented for different values of the cross-link density (ρe) and Flory−Huggins interaction parameters (solute-1/solute-2 (χ12), solute-1/network-3 (χ13), and solute-2/network-3 (χ23)). Novel phenomena are observed in certain cases including decreasing concentration in the membrane with increasing component concentration in the contacting mixture. A simple renormalization procedure for capturing concentration dependence of the solute−network interaction parameters is proposed. Experiments on the swelling of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) (NBR rubber) by benzene−cyclohexane mixtures are also presented. Data obtained include cross-link densities from modulus measurements and interaction ...
Carbon dioxide exchange and transpiration in species of Echinocereus (Cactaceae), as related to their distribution within the pinaleno mountains, Arizona

1. Three species of Echinocereus are distributed over an altitudinal gradient within a southeastern Arizona mountain range; Echinocereus Fendleri (1120–1365 m), E. ledingii (1515–1970 m), and E. triglochidiatus (2180–2880 m). No overlap of species exists, suggesting that physiological mechanisms may be involved in establishing species altitudinal limits. 2. Simultaneous analysis of CO2 exchange and transpiration rates of representative plants showed species differences in water economy. 3. Increased nighttime transpiration along with massive dark carboxylation of atmospheric CO2 established the existence of mechanisms for crassulacean acid metabolism, including nocturnal stomatal opening. 4. Mean transpiration and total water loss with time (determined by weighing) increased with elevation of origin of the respective species. 5. A comparison of net assimilation to transpiration loss with time showed E. Fendleri to be the most efficient, E. ledingii somewhat less efficient, and E. triglochidiatus the least efficient in terms of net production and concurrent water economy. 6. Environmental measurements showed gradients of increasing temperatures, and decreasing precipitation and soil moisture with descending elevation, suggesting that lower elevational limits of the three species are determined according to the respective abilities of these to maintain a positive carbon balance and simultaneous favorable regulation of water loss.
Isoniazid and Levodopa

Excerpt To the editor: The letter of Lejonc and colleagues (1) in the November 1979 issue on a patient who developed flushing and palpitations and, later, elevated pulse rate and blood pressure as ...