cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Democracy and Innovation in Eastern Europe

In this paper, the transition to democracy by Eastern European local governments is outlined. First, the 1990 elections are analyzed, the first democratic elections in half a century. Strategies of candidates and parties to gain power, and pressures toward privatization and economic development are discussed, drawing on fieldwork by Eastern European teams in the Local Democracy and Innovation Project. To clarify future directions of these new democracies, eight options are discussed—reliance on the traditional Soviet model, unions, clientelism, ethnic or regional identification, the church, the populist leader, voluntary associations, and the new political culture. These eight options constitute distinct rules of eight separate games. Rather than a single game or model predominating, continuity in these eight over time is expected. Still, the first games are likely to be superseded by those further down the list.
Anti-amyloid β activity of metallothionein-III is different from its neuronal growth inhibitory activity: structure–activity studies

Recent studies have shown that metallothionein-III (MT-III), but not MT-I or -II, antagonizes both the neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid beta peptides (Abetas). Further, its anti-Abeta-toxicity effect was attributed to the fact that it inhibits the formation of fibrillar Abeta. MT-III alone also affects neuron survival in culture-promoting at low but inhibiting at high concentrations. To characterize these biological activities of MT-III in relation to its neuronal growth inhibitory activity discovered by Uchida et al. [Neuron 7 (1991) 337-347], we here studied effects of the P7S/P9A double mutant, and the N- and C-terminal domains of MT-III on primary cultures of rat embryonic cortical neurons in the presence and absence of Abeta. Results show that (i). only the wild-type MT-III inhibited the formation of SDS-resistant Abeta aggregates and protected cortical neurons from the toxic effect of Abeta, and (ii). both the wild type and the N-terminal domain of MT-III promote neuron survival at low concentrations but inhibited it at high concentrations. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that the anti-Abeta activity of MT-III is different from its neuronal growth inhibitory activity and suggest that the increased trophic activity of AD brain extracts could be attributed to its low MT-III content.
Overlapping Faults, Intrabasin Highs, and the Growth of Normal Faults

Normal fault systems bounding extensional basins are typically adjoined by a series of subbasins separated by intrabasin highs. The strata within these basins form syndepositional anticlines and synclines whose axes are transverse to the strike of the main bounding fault. One possible explanation for these intrabasin highs is that they result from persistent along-strike deficits in fault displacement. Such deficits are incompatible with scaling relationships observed between fault displacement and length based on large populations of faults. We present data from active normal faults within the Basin and Range province and from inactive normal faults of the Newark basin of eastern North America demonstrating a clear correlation between the along-strike position of overlapping splay faults and the location of intrabasin highs as well as syndepositional transverse folds. Summed displacements for all faults within an intrabasin high are comparable to the displacements on faults bounding flanking subbasins. O...
Durability of concrete beams externally reinforced with composite fabrics

Abstract This study represents the second half of a research project at the University of Delaware concerning the flexural strengthening of concrete beams using externally applied composite fabrics. Initial results showed that significant increases in flexural capacity can be achieved by epoxy-bonding composite fabrics to the tension face of reinforced concrete beams. This paper deals with the environmental durability of the concrete-epoxy fabric system. The three types of fabric studied are made of aramid, E-glass and graphite fibres. To determine the durability of this type of strengthening procedure under aggressive environments, 48 small-scale reinforced-concrete beams were exposed to freezethaw or wet/dry cycling in a calcium chloride solution, and an additional 12 beams were left in a control environment. Of the 60 beams, 45 were reinforced with aramid, E-glass, and graphite composite fabrics (15 with each type), and 15 had no external reinforcement (unwrapped). By varying the time of exposure to the different conditions and loading the beams to failure following the environmental testing, the durability of the externally reinforced beams was assessed. The tests indicate that chloride exposure in both wet/dry and freezeAhaw environments causes degradation to the beams' strength, with the wet/dry condition being slightly more severe. Both conditions led to some deterioration of the bond between the composite fabric and the concrete. Of the three types investigated, the graphite-reinforced beams proved to be the most durable, losing less than 15% of their 140% strength increase over the unwrapped beams after 100 cycles of exposure.
The use of a daily goals sheet to improve communication in the paediatric intensive care unit.

Summary Objective To assess the impact of the implementation of a daily goals sheet upon nursing perception of communication in an academic, tertiary care paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Design Prospective, longitudinal, before-and-after intervention surveys. Setting University affiliated 12-bed PICU. Subjects Bedside nurses. Interventions A questionnaire was administered to PICU nurses addressing their perception of communication. Following this questionnaire, the use of a daily goals sheet was instituted. A second questionnaire was administered one year later. Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test was used to compare differences of the graded outcome variables. Measurements and main results The primary outcome was the perception of communication taken from a nursing perspective. Eighty-five percent of nurses felt the daily goals sheet led to improved communication between physicians and nurses in the PICU. All questions related to communication demonstrated a positive influence of the goals sheet, with the perception of the PICU staff working as a team reaching statistical significance (p = 0.05). The perception of the care of one surgical service being attending physician directed also significantly improved after the institution of the goals sheet (p = 0.04). Conclusion The institution of a daily goals sheet led to an improvement in nursing perception of communication. Future studies are required to determine if this change in process has a demonstrable effect on health care outcomes of critically ill children, or whether this tool can have the same beneficial effects in other academic and non-academic PICUs.
Bridgman crystal growth with a strong, low-frequency, rotating magnetic field

Abstract This paper treats the melt motion driven by a low-frequency, spatially uniform, rotating magnetic field that is perpendicular to the axis of a cylindrical Bridgman ampoule. The magnetic field is sufficiently strong that inertial effects are negligible and that viscous effects are confined to thin boundary layers that are adjacent to the ampoule surfaces and to the crystal–melt interface. Outside the boundary layers, the melt nearly rotates as a rigid body with the angular velocity of the rotating magnetic field. Each boundary layer provides a transition from this rigid-body rotation to the zero azimuthal velocity at each solid surface. In the boundary layer adjacent to the crystal–melt interface, which is parallel to the magnetic field, there are nonaxisymmetric radial and axial velocities associated with the azimuthal variations of the azimuthal velocity. Because of its nonzero electrical conductivity, the static crystal acts as a generator in the rotating magnetic field and drives electric currents through the crystal–melt interface boundary layer. These electric currents from the slightly conducting crystal interact with the magnetic field to accelerate the azimuthal velocity. Some of the melt in this layer may have an angular velocity that is more than twice the angular velocity of the magnetic field. For the actual small electrical conductivities of solid semiconductors, the radial and axial velocities inside the crystal–melt interface layer are very different from those for an electrically insulating crystal. The results indicate that a strong, low-frequency, rotating magnetic field would produce poor crystals with severe rotational striations.
Chromosome aberrations induced by benzo(a)pyrene in a feeder cell-mediated assay

Abstract Studies were made on chromosome aberrations induced by benzo(a)pyrene (Bp) in V79 cells in the presence or absence of feeder cells. In the presence of feeder cells, chromosome aberrations at Bp concentrations of 1.0–20.0 μg/ml depended on feeder cell density. The highest incidences of chromosome aberrations (aberrant cells) and of aberrant chromosomes per 100 metaphase cells were 24.0% and 38.0%, respectively, and were obtained at 20.0 μg/ml Bp in the presence of 2.0 · 106 feeder cells/60-mm plastic dish. In the absence of feeder cells, chromosome aberrations were not induced; the incidences of aberrant cells and chromosomes on treatment with Bp in the absence of a feeder layer were 3.0–5.0 and 3.0–6.0%, respectively, while the spontaneous rates (of both) were 5.0%.
EVOLVING HOT GENE TRANSCRIPTION

![Figure][1] THERMAL ADAPTATION How replicable are evolutionary outcomes? For example, can we expect the same changes in gene expression in replicate populations of an organism evolving at an extremely hot temperature? Riehle and colleagues from the University of California at Irvine
Delivery of Water-Soluble Drugs Using Acoustically Triggered Perfluorocarbon Double Emulsions

Purpose Ultrasound can be used to release a therapeutic payload encapsulated within a perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion via acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), a process whereby the PFC phase is vaporized and the agent is released. ADV-generated microbubbles have been previously used to selectively occlude blood vessels in vivo. The coupling of ADV-generated drug delivery and occlusion has therapeutically synergistic potentials.
Changes in Gender Distribution of Urinary Stone Disease

Objectives To explore using population-based data the extent to which gender-specific rates of stone disease are changing. Historically, stone disease has been more common among men than women. However, differential changes in dietary intake patterns, fluid intake, and obesity in men and women may cause shifts in stone disease incidence and prevalence. Methods The State Ambulatory Surgical Database and the State Inpatient Databases were queried for procedures related to renal colic or urolithiasis. Population-based rates of utilization were calculated for the years 1998-2004 by gender. Poisson regression models were fit to measure changes in utilization rates over time. Results Of the 107 411 discharges for stone disease, 41 272 (38%) occurred in women. Service utilization increased in both men and women (86.6-105.5 and 42.5-64.4 per 100 000; P P P P P Conclusions Resource utilization for stone disease continues to increase. Most of this increase appears to be due to an increase in disease among women. Increasing obesity, dietary changes, or decreased fluid intake may be contributing to the rapid increase in stone disease treatments in women.
Integration of reinforcement effects over time

Two accounts of how density of reinforcement affects steady-state performance on probabilistic schedules were compared: the real-time linear operator (RTLO) model and a temporal control model (in which response strength is determined by reinforcement probability as a function of postreinforcement time). In Experiment 1, the probability of reinforcement repeatedly cycled between extinction and a random-ratio 10 schedule. Response-rate gain and phase did not change with period of the cycle as predicted by the RTLO model, nor did either model predict the differences in response rate following reinforcement at different points in the cycle. In Experiment 2, the probability of reinforcement was elevated immediately following a reinforcement but fell after a few seconds. Previous reinforcements had no effect upon responding. An extension of the temporal control model, the cumulative impulse model, allowed for the summing of response strength over successive reinforcements and was consistent with the data of both experiments.
Association Between Work–Family Conflict and Smoking Quantity Among Daily Smokers

INTRODUCTION Recent work demonstrated a direct relation between work-family conflict and likelihood of smoking. This study furthered this area of research by (a) testing the association between work-family conflict and smoking quantity and (b) testing demographic, workplace, and home factors as moderators of this relation. METHODS Participants (N = 423) were daily smokers from a Midwestern community-based sample. Ordinal regression analysis tested work-to-home and home-to-work conflict as predictors (after controlling for demographic characteristics, home factors, and workplace factors) of smoking quantity. Additionally, we tested whether the demographic, home, and workplace factors moderated the effects of work-to-home conflict and home-to-work conflict on smoking quantity. RESULTS Males (OR = 8.81, p = .005), older participants (OR = 1.09, p = .012), those with less educational attainment (OR = 1.87, p = .001), those who reported lower levels of workplace smoking restrictions (OR = 0.87, p = .019), and those who reported higher levels of work-to-home conflict (OR = 1.39, p = .026) smoked more cigarettes per day. There was no significant main effect of home-to-work conflict on smoking quantity (OR = 1.46, p = .099). A significant interaction (OR = 0.55, p = .043) revealed that home-to-work conflict was associated with smoking quantity for females but not for males. CONCLUSIONS After controlling for demographic characteristics and potential confounders, work-to-home conflict had a negative impact on smoking quantity for all participants, and home-to-work conflict was associated with smoking quantity for women. Workplace wellness programs to reduce smoking among employees should take into account the direction of conflict and how the effect of the conflict on smoking behavior may vary based on other factors.
Nitrogen Balance and Electrolyte Requirements in Intralipid-Based Hyperalimentation

The present study was directed at determining whether or not a relatively low-calorie regimen in which 40 to 50% of the calories are provided as fat will produce positive nitrogen balance in most patients, and at establishing the electrolyte requirements for such a regimen. Clearly, the recommended regimen is successful in promoting nitrogen balance and provides adequate electrolytes. Further experience will be necessary to determine the place of intravenous fat emulsions in the clinical practice of total parenteral nutrition.
Splice variants of mda-7/IL-24 differentially affect survival and induce apoptosis in U2OS cells

Interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a cytokine in the IL-10 family that has received a great deal of attention for its properties as a tumor suppressor and as a potential treatment for cancer. In this study, we have identified and characterized five alternatively spliced isoforms of this gene. Several, but not all of these isoforms induce apoptosis in the osteosarcoma cell line U2OS, while none affect the survival of the non-cancerous NOK cell line. One of these isoforms, lacking three exons and encoding the N-terminal end of the mda-7/IL-24 protein sequence, caused levels of apoptosis that were higher than those caused by the full-length mda-7/IL-24 variant. Additionally, we found that the ratio of isoform expression can be modified by the splice factor SRp55. This regulation suggests that alternative splicing of mda-7/IL-24 is under tight control in the cell, and can be modified under various cellular conditions, such as DNA damage. In addition to providing new insights into the function of an important tumor suppressor gene, these findings may also point toward new avenues for cancer treatment.
Building XML query forms and reports with XQForms

Abstract XQForms is the first generator of Web-based query forms and reports for XML data. XQForms takes inputs (i) an XML Schema that models the source data to be queried and presented, (ii) a declarative specification, called XQForm annotation, of the query forms and reports that will be generated, and (iii) a set of template presentation libraries. The output is a set of query form and report pages that provide automated query construction and report formatting so that the end users can query and browse the underlying XML data. XQForms separates content (given by the XML Schema of the source data), query form semantics (specified by the annotations) and presentation of the pages (provided by the template library). The system architecture is modular and consists of four main components: (a) a collection of query controls that generate query fragments based on the values that the end user submits via the query form page; a set of query controls makes up a query form; (b) a graphical user interface, called XQForms Editor, for building the annotations; (c) a compiler that creates the query form pages based on the annotations and the template presentation libraries; (d) a run-time engine that constructs the queries that are executed against the XML data, and creates the reports by rendering the results using the template presentation libraries. All the components of the system have been implemented and an online demonstration is available at http://www.db.ucsd.edu/xqforms/ .
Reinforced concrete rectangular beams strengthened with CFRP laminates

Abstract Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete rectangular beams with epoxy bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate is experimentally investigated. Comprehensive test data are presented on the effect of CFRP laminates, bonded to the soffit of a beam, on the first crack load, cracking behavior, deflections, serviceability loads, ultimate strength and failure modes. The increase in strength and stiffness provided by the bonded laminates is assessed by varying the number of laminates. The results generally indicate that the flexural strength of strengthened beams is significantly increased. Theoretical analysis using a specially developed computer software is presented to predict the ultimate strength and moment deflection behavior of the beams. The comparison of the experimental results with theoretical values is presented, along with an investigation of the failure nodes.
Methods for large scale recording of clinical ratings.

Abstract Three methods have been developed for efficient computer input of clinical ratings. Two methods require minimal initial cost for equipment, but a large investment of staff time for preparation of materials, checking and correcting clerical errors, and initial computer programming. One of these methods involves rating by sorting a pack of prepunched cards. The other uses a machine scored answer sheet. The third method, which seems clearly superior to the other two for many applications, utilizes an automatic keyboard. It is easier and faster for the raters, effectively prevents clerical errors, and reduces turnaround time by punching data cards immediately. The apparatus will pay for itself by savings in maintenance and programming time in situations generating a large volume of ratings.
Optimal Markers for Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells from Melanoma, Breast, Colon, Esophageal, Head and Neck, and Lung Cancers

Background: The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may prove useful for screening, prognostication, and monitoring of response to therapy. However, given the large background of circulating cells, it is probably necessary to detect 1 cancer cell in >106 leukocytes. Although reverse transcription (RT)-PCR is potentially sensitive and specific enough to achieve this goal, success will require the use of appropriate mRNA markers. The goal of this study was to identify optimal marker combinations for detection of CTCs. Methods: An extensive literature and internet database survey was conducted to identify potential markers. We then used real-time quantitative RT-PCR to test for expression of selected potential markers in tissue samples from primary tumors of breast, colon, esophagus, head and neck, lung, and melanoma and normal blood samples. Markers with high expression in tumors and a median 1000-fold lower expression in normal blood were considered potentially useful for CTC detection and were tested further in an expanded sample set. Results: A total of 52 potential markers were screened, and 3–8 potentially useful markers were identified for each tumor type. The mRNAs for all but 2 markers were found in normal blood. Marker combinations were identified for each tumor type that had a minimum 1000-fold higher expression in tumors than in normal blood. Conclusions: Several mRNA markers may be useful for RT-PCR–based detection of CTCs from each of 6 cancer types. Quantification of these mRNAs is essential to distinguish normal expression in blood from that due to the presence of CTCs. Few markers provide adequate sensitivity individually, but combinations of markers may produce good sensitivity for detection of the presence of these 6 neoplasms.
The Structure of Alteration Layers on Cast Glass Surfaces

Alteration layers developed on SRL-165 simulated waste glasses in dilute sodium silicate/bicarbonate leaching solutions have been examined by Secondary Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) using fine-scale, multiple-element depth profiling. Selected samples were examined with an imaging detector system, which demonstrated the horizontal homogeneity of the layer development at all depths within the layer. After 1 day of reaction at 90°C the reaction layer shows depletion of glass elements to a depth of 0.2 μm. The surface of the layer in contact with the solution shows enrichment of Si, Al, and alkali elements even at this short reaction time, suggesting the early stages of development of secondary aluminosilicate phases. With increased reaction time, the layer thickens to about 1.3 μm at 91 days, while the evidence for aluminosilicate development at the surface of the layer becomes more prominent. Penetration of hydrogen into the “unreacted” glass proceeds to a depth of about 0.5 μm deeper than the alkali depletion zone. This suggests the mechanism of initial reaction of the glass is by attack of the silicate structure by molecular water or hydroxide ion rather than by alkali-hydrogen ion exchange. The simple structure of the layers developed in the silicate solution is in contrast to the complexity of layer structure found when glasses are reacted in deionized water. Since the conditions for geologic disposal will be closer to those used in the silicate leaching experiments, these results hold promise for the ability to model the system to predict long-term performance after disposal in a repository.
Asymptotic results for a persistent diffusion model of Taylor dispersion of particles

We study Taylor diffusion for the case when the diffusion transverse to the bulk motion is a persistent random walk on a one-dimensional lattice. This is mapped onto a Markovian walk where each lattice site has two internal states. For such a model we find the effective diffusion coefficient which depends on the rate of transition among internal states of the lattice. The Markovian limit is recovered in the limit of infinite rate of transitions among internal states; the initial conditions have no role in the leading-order time-dependent term of the effective dispersion, but a strong effect on the constant term. We derive a continuum limit of the problem presented and study the asymptotic behavior of such limit.
Stabilisation of the Trapezio-Metacarpal Joint

A new technique of trapezio-metacarpal stabilisation is described which uses the abductor pollicis longus tendon passed through the bases of the first and second metacarpals to fasten the base of the thumb. A biomechanical rationale is presented, as well as the surgical technique and 12 results at follow-up one to six years later.
Mobility of Σ5 tilt grain boundaries: Inclination dependence

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to examine the influence of grain boundary inclination on the stress-driven motion of flat Σ5 tilt asymmetric of different inclinations in Ni. The inclination dependence of the mobility, boundary diffusivity and energy are correlated. Special properties are associated with low index boundary planes.
The Air Pollution Experience and Physical Aggression1

Sixty undergraduate males delivered electric shocks to a confederate as punishment for making errors on a learning task. Half did so after being exposed to an aggressive model, whereas the other half did so without being exposed. Shocks were delivered from a room whose atmosphere was either unpolluted or contaminated by a moderately unpleasant odor (ethyl mercoptan) or an extremely obnoxious stench (ammonium sulfide). As hypothesized, the moderately unpleasant pollutant facilitated higher levels of aggression than either the extremely obnoxious one or the absence of pollution. However, contrary to a second hypothesis, pollution facilitated aggression only in the model's absence. The confirmation of the first hypothesis was interpreted as supporting and extending the affect-aggression model from heat research. It was speculated that disconfirmation of the second hypothesis resulted either from a ceiling effect or from malodor distracting attention away from the aggressive cues of the model. The methodological, theoretical, and applied implications of research on air pollution were discussed.
Experimental model of chronic global left ventricular dysfunction secondary to left coronary microembolization

Abstract A model of chronic left ventricular dysfunction characterized by left ventricular dilation, elevated filling pressures and histologic changes has been lacking. In this study the use of coronary microsphere embolization-induced ischemia was explored as a method of producing chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Acute ischemic left ventricular dysfunction was induced in 13 mongrel dogs with 50 μn plastic microspheres until the peak positive first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) decreased by 25% and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased to ≥12 mm Hg. After 8 weeks of observation, hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables were measured in each dog. Acute left ventricular dysfunction resulted in a dilated left ventricle with systolic dysfunction (area ejection fraction 24 ± 6% vs. 57 ± 9% initially, p Eight weeks after embolization, there was an increased left ventricular size (end-diastolic area 15.1 ± 2.1 cm2at 8 weeks vs. 13.5 ± 1.4 cm2early after microsphere injection, p Thus, coronary microsphere embolization resulted in a model of chronic moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction and abnormal diastolic function characterized by a “restrictive” filling pattern.
DIRECTED GRAPHS AND KRONECKER INVARIANTS OF PAIRS OF MATRICES

Call two pairs (M,N) and (M′,N′) of m × n matrices over a field K, simultaneously K-equivalent if there exist square invertible matrices S,T over K, with M′ = SMT and N′ = SNT. Kronecker [2] has given a complete set of invariants for simultaneous equivalence of pairs of matrices. Associate in the natural way to a finite directed graph Γ, with v vertices and e edges, an ordered pair (M,N) of e × v matrices of zeros and ones. It is natural to try to compute the Kronecker invariants of such a pair (M,N), particularly since they clearly furnish isomorphism-invariants of Γ. Let us call two graphs "linearly equivalent" when their two corresponding pairs are simultaneously equivalent. There have existed, since 1890, highly effective algorithms for computing the Kronecker invariants of pairs of matrices of the same size over a given field [1,2,5,6] and in particular for those arising in the manner just described from finite directed graphs. The purpose of the present paper, is to compute directly these Kronecker ...
Imaging sites of N-wasp activity in lamellipodia and invadopodia of carcinoma cells.

Cell migration is crucial for many biological and pathological processes such as chemotaxis of immune cells, fibroblast migration during wound healing, and tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Cells migrate forward by extending membrane protrusions. The formation of these protrusions is driven by assembly of actin filaments at the leading edge [1]. Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), a ubiquitous member of the WASP family, induces actin polymerization by activating Arp2/3 complex and is thought to regulate the formation of membrane protrusions [2, 3]. However, it is totally unclear how N-WASP activity is spatially and temporally regulated inside migrating cells. To detect and image sites of N-WASP activity during cell motility and invasion in carcinoma cells, we designed an N-WASP fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor that distinguishes between the active and inactive conformations and mimics the function of endogenous N-WASP. Our data show that N-WASP is involved in lamellipodia extension, where it is activated at the leading edge, as well as in invadopodia formation of invasive carcinoma cells, where it is activated at the base. This is the first time that the activity of full-length N-WASP has been visualized in vivo, and this has lead to new insights for N-WASP function.
The cytoprotective effects of (±)-15-deoxy-16-α,β-hydroxy-16-methyl PGE1 methyl ester (SC-29333) versus aspirin-shock gastric ulcerogenesis in the dog

Abstract SC-29333 (SC) has been reported to protect the gastric mucosa from the effects of topical aspirin. We compared SC and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (16-dm) in 20 chambered canine stomachs (6 controls and 7 of each PG). Prostaglandin was added to an acid solution (100 mM HCl; 54 mM NaCl) at 0, .001, .01, 0.1, and 1.0 ug/ml (two periods each). Then aspirin (20 mM) and PG (1.0 ug/ml) (two periods) were followed by hemorrhagic shock (near 60 mm Hg mean arterial pressure). 16-dm caused a significant efflux of fluid (−6.5 ± 5.3 to 17.3 ± 6.7 ul/min), Na+ (2.1 ± 0.5 to 6.8 ± 1.6 uEq/min), and Cl− (−0.9 ± 2.4 to 5.3 ± 1.3 uEq/min), but did not affect K+ or H+. 16-dm also caused a slight drop in potential difference (PD) (67.6 ± 1.7 to 60.3 ± 2.0 mV). 16-dm did not significantly affect total blood flow. Percent lesion formation was more severe than controls (20.2 ± 3.5 vs 11.6 ± 1.7 percent) but not statistically significant. SC had no significant effect on fluid, H+, Na+, K+, or Cl−. It caused an increase in blood flow (6.85 ± 1.46 to 26.20 ± 2.74 ml/min, p
Depositional history of the Eocene Chumstick Formation: Implications of tectonic partitioning for the history of the Leavenworth and Entiat‐Eagle Creek fault systems, Washington

The Chumstick basin opened as an extensional half-graben prior to 51 Ma, and was subsequently modified by two episodes of tectonic partitioning of drainage prior to basin deformation. Initially, westward flowing fluvial systems formed a unified depositional system with the Swauk basin. Tectonic partitioning of drainage at 51–49 Ma and at 44–42 Ma was controlled by localized uplift on the Leavenworth (LFZ), Eagle Creek (ECFZ), and Entiat (EFZ) fault zones and led in each instance to the truncation of regional depositional systems, modification and reversal of paleoflow, and internal drainage. Relief on the LFZ at 51–49 Ma may be the result of isostatic uplift of the extensional footwall, producing the Swauk and Chumstick basins as a pair of west facing half grabens. The earliest convincing evidence for the onset of oblique slip in the region is at about 48 Ma (folding in the Swauk basin) or about 44–42 Ma (probable transpressive uplift at left-stepping bends of the LFZ, development of a transtensional step-over basin between the ECFZ and EFZ, horsetail splays in the ECFZ, and possible flower structures in the LFZ and ECFZ in the Chumstick basin). Each episode of tectonic partitioning was followed by proximal onlap and overtopping of fault zones, to reestablish regional flow systems. The Chumstick Formation was deformed by dextral transpression between 37–34 Ma, and is unconformably overlain by the Oligocene Wenatchee Formation. The Chumstick basin is an example of an extensional basin modified by subsequent strike-slip tectonics, thus caution should be used in applying idealized basin models.
Role of endothelium in vasomotor responses to endothelin system and protein kinase C activation in porcine retinal arterioles.

PURPOSE Endothelial cells synthesize vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) and vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) from NO synthase (eNOS) and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), respectively. Protein kinase C (PKC) and Rho kinase (ROCK) are major signaling molecules mediating vasoconstriction. Although endothelial cells express eNOS, ECE-1, endothelin B (ET(B)) receptors, PKC, and ROCK, their influences on ET-1-induced vasoconstriction remain elusive. We studied whether these endothelial signaling molecules modulate retinal arteriolar constriction to ET-1. METHODS Porcine retinal arterioles were isolated and pressurized for vasomotor study, under conditions with intact or denuded endothelium, using videomicroscopic techniques. RESULTS Retinal arterioles developed similar resting tone (≈45% of maximum diameter) with or without endothelium. Endothelial denudation attenuated vasoconstriction to ET-1 precursor, big ET-1, by almost equal to 50%, but did not affect vasoconstrictions to ET-1, ET(B) agonist sarafotoxin S6c, or PKC activator phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu). The ROCK inhibitor H-1152 caused vasodilation, and abolished vasoconstrictions to ET-1 and PDBu independent of endothelium. With L-type voltage-operated calcium channel (L-VOCC) blocker nifedipine, PDBu-induced vasoconstriction was abolished and converted to NO-mediated vasodilation in the presence of endothelium. The ET-1-induced vasoconstriction was unaffected by NO released from endothelium during flow elevation. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial and smooth muscle ECE-1 contribute equally to synthesis of vasoactive ET-1 in retinal arterioles, with nominal role of endothelial ETB receptors in vasoconstriction to ET-1. The PKC activation leads to endothelium-dependent NO-mediated vasodilation when smooth muscle contraction is ablated by L-VOCC blockade. Endothelial cells and NO appear to have modest roles in modulating ROCK-dependent vasoconstriction, and are insufficient to counteract smooth muscle contractions to ET-1 and PKC activation.
Employee/employer interactions and responsibilities with special reference to genetically related sleep disorders.

Although genetic diseases are not communicable in the ordinary sense, the genetic profile of some individuals can influence them to act in ways that can cause direct harm to third parties. Significant scholarly work is beginning to address ethical, legal, and social issues raised by a person’s genetic susceptibility to engage in sociopathic and other forms of intentional or criminal behavior.1 Another major type of direct harm to third parties that may be causally related to an individual’s genetic endowment 6is the harm caused by accidents. (In the language of the law, the former work deals with crimes and intentional torts, while this project relates to accidental negligent or reckless torts.) Each year, approximately 94,000 Americans
Vitamin D Deficiency on Concentration of Blood and Tissue Enzymes of the Albino Rat.∗ V

Experimental rickets was produced according to the technique of Steenbock and Black,1 with the modification of our paired feeding technique, so as to eliminate the influence of the plane of nutrition.2 The animals were 29 to 55 days of age, and weighed 50 to 58 gm. at the beginning of the experiments. Since the ricketic type of diet employed allows only very small increases of weight, the size of the animals at the time of sacrificing yielded insufficient amount of blood for all the blood serum enzyme determinations; hence, some groups were taken for blood serum amylase and esterase, and others for blood serum phosphatase. Of the total numbers of groups studied, 24 showed by the line tests severe experimental rickets; 4, advanced; 8, moderate; and 2, mild.There was a total of 658 titrations carried out in this investigation in duplicate, the results of which are summarized in Table I.It will be noted that no noteworthy changes are apparent in concentration of blood and tissue enzymes in rickets developed ...
Luteinizing Hormone-Induced RUNX1 Regulates the Expression of Genes in Granulosa Cells of Rat Periovulatory Follicles

The LH surge induces specific transcription factors that regulate the expression of a myriad of genes in periovulatory follicles to bring about ovulation and luteinization. The present study determined 1) the localization of RUNX1, a nuclear transcription factor, 2) regulation of Runx1 mRNA expression, and 3) its potential function in rat ovaries. Up-regulation of mRNA and protein for RUNX1 is detected in preovulatory follicles after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection in gonadotropin-treated immature rats as well as after the LH surge in cycling animals by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. The regulation of Runx1 mRNA expression was investigated in vitro using granulosa cells from rat preovulatory ovaries. Treatments with hCG, forskolin, or phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate stimulated Runx1 mRNA expression. The effects of hCG were reduced by inhibitors of protein kinase A, MAPK kinase, or p38 kinase, indicating that Runx1 expression is regulated by the LH-initiated activation of these signaling mediators. In addition, hCG-induced Runx1 mRNA expression was inhibited by a progesterone receptor antagonist and an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, whereas amphiregulin stimulated Runx1 mRNA expression, demonstrating that the expression is mediated by the activation of the progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Finally, knockdown of Runx1 mRNA by small interfering RNA decreased progesterone secretion and reduced levels of mRNA for Cyp11a1, Hapln1, Mt1a, and Rgc32. The hormonally regulated expression of Runx1 in periovulatory follicles, its involvement in progesterone production, and regulation of preovulatory gene expression suggest important roles of RUNX1 in the periovulatory process.
Fast hyperspectral data processing methods

The need for fast hyperspectral data processing methods is discussed. Discussion includes the necessity of faster processing techniques in order to realize emerging markets for hyperspectral data. Several standard hyperspectral image processing methods are presented, including maximum likelihood classification, principal components analysis, and canonical analysis. Modifications of those methods are presented that are computationally more efficient than standard techniques. Recent technological developments enabling hardware acceleration of hyperspectral data processing methods are also presented as well as their applicability to various hyperspectral data processing algorithms.
Financial interests of authors in scientific journals: a pilot study of 14 publications.

Disclosure of financial interests in scientific research is the centerpiece of the new conflict of interest regulations issued by the U.S. Public Health Service and the National Science Foundation that became effective October 1, 1995. Several scientific journals have also established financial disclosure requirements for contributors. This paper measures the frequency of selected financial interests held among authors of certain types of scientific publications and assesses disclosure practices of authors. We examined 1105 university authors (first and last cited) from Massachusetts institutions whose 789 articles, published in 1992, appeared in 14 scientific and medical journals. Authors are said to “possess a financial interest” if they are listed as inventors in a patent or patent application closely related to their published work; serve on a scientific advisory board of a biotechnology company; or are officers, directors, or major shareholders (beneficial owner of 10% or more of stock issued) in a firm that has commercial interests related to their research. Applying the criteria to the reference population of journals and Massachusetts academic authors, we measured the following frequencies for lead authors: .20 for serving on a scientific advisory board; .07 for being an officer, director, or major shareholder in a biotechnology firm; and .22 for being listed as an inventor in a related patent or patent application. The joint frequency of articles in the journals reviewed with a lead author that meets one of the three conditions is .34. Implications of these results for the new conflict of interest guidelines and disclosure policies are discussed.
Low flow rate modifier addition in packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography

A new method to accurately deliver small amounts (0.5 to 20 mol%) of modifier into CO2 was used to study the effects of three different modifiers (methanol, water, and formic acid) in packed capillary column SFC. The method allows the use of different modifiers, with minimal instrument modification. The effects of the different modifiers at different concentrations on retention and peak shape are shown by analyzing a polarity test mixture and a sample of free fatty acids.
Subcortical gating in the human visual system during spatial selective attention.

Abstract The question of whether subcortical gating occurs as a function of spatial selective attention remains unsettled. This issue was investigated, using the paradigm of Eason et al. (1969) wherein subjects are instructed to attend to a specified location in a given visual field while attempting to ignore stimuli presented in the opposite field. Visual evoked responses failing within the 40–70 ms range were found to be significantly more negative when the location at which the evoking stimulus appeared was being attended to than when it was not. Also, later deflections (100–200 ms) were enhanced in amplitude and negatively biased. The very early effect provides further evidence for spatial attention-induced precortical gating.The later effects provide additional evidence for the amplitude enhancement of ‘exogenous’ components, along with the possible involvement of glial cell activity in the generation of slow wave negativity.
Boundary texture and scattering: practical directions to a soft diode

Our work on Cu damascene modelling [G.D. Knight, T. Smy, S. Crisan, MRS Proc. (2001), p. 371; G.D. Knight, T. Smy, Microelectron. Eng. 64 (2002) 417-428; G.D. Knight, TEXPO 2002 (Ottawa NAC - CMC, Poster); G.D. Knight, T. Smy, in: Ming Yang (Ed.), ECS Proceedings, 2002, pp. 295-304; G.D. Knight, T. Smy, EUROMAT Proceedings, Negotiating Publishing, Lausanne, 2003; G.D. Knight, T. Smy, ECS 204th Meeting, Orlando, 2003, unpublished] suggests size-limited conductivity may not be the last word debarring applications of metal in sub-micron devices such as field-effect pickups or stimulators adjacent to neuronal pathways. Regular grain structure of metal nanowires could be engineered to introduce soft-diode and sensitive field-effect characteristics, of potential service to neural detection, feedback and therapeutic support or bridging of function. We investigate further the effects of engineered grain and boundary texture in dacananoscale metallization structures, finding a directional property as in [G.D. Knight, T. Smy, in: Ming Yang (Ed.), ECS Proceedings, 2002, pp. 295-304; G.D. Knight, T. Smy, EUROMAT Proceedings, Negotiating Publishing, Lausanne, 2003]; and we consider metallic grain engineering as an enabling technology to link ULSI electronics to biotechnology.
Analysis of periprosthetic capsular tissue from women with silicone breast implants by magic-angle spinning NMR.

The amount of silicone (polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]) in capsular tissue surgically removed from women with breast implants was measured by using (29)Si and (1)H magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Twelve women having smooth surface silicone gel-filled implants, including a subject with "low-bleed" double-lumen implants, had detectable levels of PDMS ranging from 0. 05 to 9.8% silicon in wet tissue (w/w). No silicon-containing compounds other than PDMS were detected. No correlation was found between the amount of PDMS measured in the capsular tissue and the length of implantation time (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0. 22). The results showed no relationship between higher amounts of PDMS and capsular contracture (p = 0.74) or other symptoms (p = 0. 53). Magn Reson Med 42:436-441, 1999.
Transnationalism in Black–Jewish conflict: a study of global identification among established Americans

Abstract In this article, I introduce a model for understanding globalization’s impact on established Americans’ racial-ethnic identities, political views, and domestic relations. I contend that transnational oppression systems generate corresponding identities of an equivalent scale and that groups use these identities to influence and navigate global oppression. To test my model, I conduct a case study of Jewish- and African-Americans responses to international racism and anti-Semitism. The case study explores two questions. First, I investigate how the transnational breadth of racism and anti-Semitism affects Jewish- and African-Americans perspectives on Arab–Israeli conflicts. Second, I examine how Jewish- and African-Americans transnational identities—expressed as pan-nationalism and transethnicity—affect their relations in the U.S. I conclude by discussing the implications of my findings for racial-ethnic identities and racial-ethnic relations theories and research.
Host recognition by the VirA, VirG two-component regulatory proteins of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains about 25 vir genes localized on a 200-kb tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid that direct a conjugation-like transfer of tumorigenic DNA from the bacterium to the nuclei of infected plant cells. These genes are strongly and coordinately induced during infection in response to three different classes of stimuli which are thought to be key chemical features of a typical wound site. These stimuli are (i) guaiacol and syringol derivatives such as acetosyringone, (ii) sugars such as glucose and glucoronic acid, and (iii) acidic pH. The sensing of these compounds is carried out by the VirA, VirG and ChvE proteins. VirA is a four-domain histidine protein kinase, while VirG is a transcriptional activator which is activated by VirA-mediated phosphorylation. ChvE is a chromosomally encoded periplasmic sugar binding protein which is required for sensing sugars but dispensable for sensing the other two stimuli. Here we will review the nature of these chemical stimuli, the structure and function of the three regulatory proteins, their similarity to sensors found in human and animal pathogens, the factors influencing their pool size, and their role in the host range of different strains of A. tumefaciens .