cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instabilities in Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Thin-Film Transistors

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated using amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) exhibit good electron mobility (5 to >; 50 cm2/V · s), they are transparent, and they can be processed at low temperatures. These new materials show a great promise for high-performance large-area electronics applications such as flexible electronics, transparent electronics, and analog current drivers for organic light-emitting diode displays. Before any of these applications can be commercialized, however, a strong understanding of the stability and reliability of AOS TFTs is needed. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review and summary of the recently emerging work on the stability and reliability of AOS TFTs with respect to illumination, bias stress, ambient effects, surface passivation, mechanical stress, and defects, as well as to point out areas for future work. An overview of the TFT operation and expected reliability concerns as well as a brief summary of the instabilities in the well-known Si3N4/a-Si:H system is also included.
Intrarenal Angiotensin II Formation in Humans Evidence From Renin Inhibition

Abstract The intrarenal production of angiotensin II (Ang II) as a local hormone, suggested by multiple lines of investigation, has been difficult to buttress with evidence of functional significance in humans. During studies designed to assess the renal vascular responses to the renin inhibitor enalkiren, an agent (like others in its class) with great substrate specificity, we noted in some subjects that the time course of the effect of enalkiren on renal plasma flow was not congruent with the time course of its influence on the renin-angiotensin system in the plasma compartment. We pursued this discrepancy in the current study of 18 healthy men and 9 men with essential hypertension, who each received one or more doses of enalkiren while on a fixed sodium diet. Plasma enalkiren and Ang II concentration and renal plasma flow were measured in each subject at intervals during and after discontinuation of the enalkiren infusion. Plasma enalkiren concentration fell progressively in each subject after administration was discontinued, the fall becoming evident 10 minutes after discontinuation without exception. In plasma samples obtained 90 minutes after the end of the infusion, drug levels were generally less than half of their peak value. Plasma Ang II concentration, at nadir levels by the end of the enalkiren administration, rose consistently during recovery. Renal plasma flow, in contrast, rose during infusion but did not begin to fall when enalkiren was discontinued. In 26 of 31 studies, renal plasma flow remained at peak level or even continued to rise; this discordance in the effects on plasma Ang II concentration and on renal plasma flow after discontinuation of enalkiren was highly significant ( P
STUDIES OF THE ADSORPTION OF CYANOGEN (C2N2) ON Cu(001) USING HELIUM ATOM SCATTERING

The adsorption of cyanogen (C2N2) on Cu(001) has been investigated using helium atom scattering. Adsorption at 263 K produces a two domain structure with periodicity c(10 × 6) and symmetry c2 mm. The principle axes of the two domains in the c(10 × 6) pattern lie at right angles to one another. Adsorption at lower temperatures (163 K) produces a disordered structure with no observable diffraction features other than the specular. Annealing the disordered phase to 263 K does not produce an ordered structure. Cooling the ordered structure from 263 K to 163 K produces an enhancement of the diffraction features consistent with the Debye–Waller effect but no disruption of the c(10 × 6) periodicity. Annealing the ordered structure shows that the structure remains stable at temperatures up to 373 K. Analysis of the in-plane diffraction features suggests a reconstruction of the Cu(001) substrate consistent with the 2D Frenkel–Kontorova model for overlayer strain relief.
Development of a block Lanczos algorithm for free vibration analysis of spinning structures

This paper is concerned with the development of an efficient eigenproblem solution algorithm and an associated computer program for the economical solution of the free vibration problem of complex practical spinning structural systems. Thus, a detailed description of a newly developed block Lanczos procedure is presented in this paper that employs only real numbers in all relevant computations and also fully exploits sparsity of associated matrices. The procedure is capable of computing multiple roots and proves to be most efficient compared to other existing similar techniques.
Mechanism of thermoinactivation of immobilized glucose isomerase

Irreversible thermoinactivation of immobilized glucose isomerase from Streptomyces olivochromogenes has been mechanistically investigated at the pH-optimum of enzymatic activity (pH 8.0). Ligands (high fructose corn syrup and the competitive inhibitor xylitol) greatly stabilize the immobilized enzyme at high temperatures. At 90 degrees C in the presence of 2M xylitol, irreversible inactivation of immobilized glucose isomerase is caused by deamidation of its asparagine/glutamine residues. On the basis of the data obtained, it appears that the time-dependent decay of glucose isomerase activity in industrial bioreactors is brought about by oxidation of the enzyme's cysteine residue and/or heat-induced deleterious reactions with high fructose corn syrup or its impurities.
Mechanisms of aortic aneurysm formation: translating preclinical studies into clinical therapies

Aneurysms are common in the abdominal and thoracic regions of the aorta. While generally asymptomatic, progression of aneurysms is associated with the devastating consequences of aortic rupture. Current therapeutic options to prevent rupture are restricted to surgical repair, as there remains a lack of validated pharmaceutical approaches. Absence of proven medical therapies may be a consequence of the paucity of knowledge on mechanisms of aneurysmal initiation, progression and rupture. Many potential therapeutic targets have been identified in several widely used animal models of these diseases. A small number of these targets are currently under clinical evaluation, while many more are in preclinical stages of evaluation. The purpose of this review is to: (1) overview current understanding of mechanisms of aneurysmal initiation and progression and (2) summarise medical therapies that have been investigated clinically, as well as highlight future therapeutic targets.
English Language Learners at the Crossroads of Educational Reform.

In this essay, the author argues that English language earners (ELLs) can meet and exceed the Common Core State Standards, and that more complex materials are in fact precisely what they need. Lack of access to such materials is what prevents ELLs from attaining full proficiency in English.
Use of Reduced Temperature Cell Pausing to Enhance Flexibility of Cell-Based Assays

Construction and supply of cell-based reagents for in vitro plate-based screens are often highlighted as a bottleneck within drug discovery. Recent years have seen the successful application of both cryopreservation and automation to increase the capacity and flexibility of cell provision. However, routine cell culture remains a fixed experimental process that requires cells to be prepared and used at specific times. We have investigated the potential of reduced temperature incubation to be used as a simple methodology for stopping and starting cell growth and introduce further flexibility into cell provision. Our results show that incubation of CHOK1, HEK293, and 1321N1 cells at 23 °C arrested growth while maintaining cell viability. Recovery of these paused cells at 37 °C resulted in resumption of normal cell growth and target protein function. Experiments demonstrated that paused cells, expressing either a recombinant G-protein-coupled receptor or an ion channel, performed comparably with the equivalent continuously cultured cells in a 384-well cell-based assay. This simple technique offers the potential to introduce flexibility into cell culture experiments and processes that were previously considered to be fixed. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2009:716-722)
Towards distributed network classification for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks range from traditional MANETs where end-to-end paths exist from sources to destinations, to DTNs where no contemporaneous end-to-end paths exist and communication is achieved by the store, carry, and forward model of routing. Hence, nodes of these networks need to identify the level of connectivity of the network they belong to and classify it as a MANET or a DTN, in order to properly select appropriate protocols to achieve end-to-end communication. What is more, since mobile ad hoc networks change over time and space, nodes need to periodically re-access their network classification to adapt to the always changing environment.Recently, there has been an effort to classify the various types of mobile ad hoc networks assuming there is a centralized authority that has complete knowledge of the network and its dynamics. In this paper we design distributed mechanisms for nodes to perform the above classification on the fly, based only on local information that they collect as they move and encounter other nodes. The mechanisms take advantage of a combination of measurements and analytical techniques. We investigate the accuracy of our mechanisms by comparing the network classification of the centralized authority to that of a node using our schemes.
THE PHILLIPS CURVE ANALYSIS: AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE CLASSICAL FORCED-SAVING DOCTRINE

The Phillips curve analysis is now employed to demonstrate the neutrality of moneyon real output and employment in the long run, but money’s non-neutrality in theshort run when changes in the quantity of money are unanticipated. The classicalforced-saving doctrine – the proposition that rising prices cause wage, interest, andrental income earners to suffer a reduction in real consumption while proﬁt ratesincrease in the short run because of the lagged adjustment of producers’ costs (wages,interest, and rentals) – which is commonly traced to Jeremy Bentham or HenryThornton derives the same conclusion. Indeed, David Ricardo (4, pp. 36–37; italicsadded) traces the forced-saving doctrine to David Hume:
Measurement of RF properties of materials a survey

Methods for radio and microwave measurements of dielectric and magnetic pcoperties of materials are discussed and referenced. The reference period extends to mid-1966. Measurement errors are analyzed where appropriate.
Factors affecting threshold strength in laminar ceramics containing thin compressive layers

Compressive layers placed within a laminate can arrest cracks. With increasing applied stress, the arrested crack can propagate through the compressive layer. These phenomena produce a material with threshold strength, i.e., failure cannot occur below a critical applied stress. A previously reported stress intensity function describes different variables, e.g., magnitude of compressive stress, thickness of compressive layer, and distance between compressive layers, which govern threshold strength. Laminar composites composed of thicker Al2O3 layers separated by thinner Al2O3/mullite layers were fabricated to test the different variables that are predicted to govern threshold strength. The data agreed well with the predicted values only when the magnitude of compressive stress and/or the thickness of the compressive layer were low. For these conditions, the crack extended straight through the compressive layers, as assumed by the model used to predict threshold strength. On the other hand, when the compressive stress and/or layer thickness were large, threshold strength was larger than the predicted value. In addition, for these conditions, the crack bifurcated through the compressive layer. The angle between the bifurcated cracks increased with increasing compressive stress.
ZINC AND THE RISK FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human growth, development, and immune function. Zinc deficiency impairs overall immune function and resistance to infection. Mild to moderate zinc deficiency can be best detected through a positive response to supplementation trials. Zinc supplementation has been shown to have a positive effect on the incidence of diarrhea (18% reduction, 95% CI: 7-28%) and pneumonia (41% reduction, 95% CI: 17-59%), and might lead to a decrease in the incidence of malaria. Zinc has also proven to decrease the duration of diarrhea by 15% (95% CI: 5-24%). Maternal zinc supplementation may lead to a decrease in infant infections. Studies assessing the role of zinc supplementation among persons with HIV, tuberculosis, and the common cold have not been conclusive. Two studies have shown zinc supplementation to decrease child mortality by more than 50%. Zinc clearly has an important role in infant and childhood infectious diseases; programs to increase the intake of zinc among deficient populations are needed.
Narrative Research Methodologies: Learning Lessons From Disabilities Research

Presenting research well with regard to persons with disabilities is as important as conducting research well. Disembodied, technical writing does not accurately represent the dramas of athletes, fans, and people who are trying to exist in damaged or violated bodies. Our stories are left incomplete if we omit the metaphoric and symbolic codes we use in narrating our subjective and personal realities. We invite kinesiology scholars to present the fragmented stories that abound in sport and physical activity through narrative research: realist tales, autoethnographies, poetry, fictional representations, and ethnodrama. We present examples and explanations of a variety of narratives that attempt to draw the reader into the subjective experience of others. They conclude that professionals in the sub-disciplines can learn lessons from disabilities researchers. They also posit that narratives provide avenues for multiple realities to be shared, people who would most likely never read social or behavioral resear...
Management of pregnancies complicated by anti-Jka alloimmunization

LAURA HUGHES, KAREN ROSSI, DAVID KRUGH, RICHARD O’SHAUGHNESSY, Ohio State University, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University, Pathology, Columbus, Ohio OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the management and outcome of patients with antiFya alloimmunization at The Ohio State University. STUDY DESIGN: A database search conducted at The Ohio State University for patients with pregnancies complicated by only anti-Fya alloimmunization resulted in 16 patients with 18 pregnancies from 1970 to 2002. Collected information included maternal antibody titers, DOD450 values, Liley zones and neonatal hemoglobin, antigen typing, direct antiglobulin test as well as neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: A database query for patients at The Ohio State University with pregnancies complicated by anti-Fya alloimmunization resulted in 93 cases. The final data set included 18 pregnancies in 16 patients where anti-Fya was the only maternal alloantibody present and the fetus was Fya antigen positive. Maternal antibody titers alone were followed in 7 pregnancies (39%). Amniocentesis was performed in 11 pregnancies (61%), cordocentesis was performed in 2 pregnancies (11%), and intrauterine transfusion was performed 5 times in a single pregnancy (5%). Maternal antibody titers ofR32 and DOD450 values in zones IIB or III identified all fetuses/ neonates with significant hemolytic disease (2/18 = 11%). These included one fetus requiring serial fetal transfusions and a neonatal exchange transfusion and one other neonate requiring an exchange transfusion following delivery. No fetuses had hydrops and there were no deaths attributed to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. CONCLUSION: Although anti-Fya alloimmunization usually causes mild hemolytic disease in the fetus and newborn, it has the potential to lead to significant hemolysis requiring transfusion therapy. Management guidelines developed for RhD sensitization are appropriate for pregnancies complicated by anti-Fya alloimmunization.
Becoming music teacher educators: Learning from and with each other in a professional development community

During this heuristic phenomenological inquiry, we examined our lived experiences as five women (three doctoral students, two early career faculty) in the process of becoming music teacher educator...
Neonatal lupus erythematosus.

SUMMARY A brief review of the clinical manifestations of this rare disorder and its association with maternal autoantibodies and disease is presented.
Linking Worldview, Relationship Attitudes, and Behavioral Outcomes: Implications for the Study and Practice of Public Relations

Many public relations practitioners and scholars have warmed to the idea that the practice of public relations is relationship management. Recent research has begun to explore the ways in which adaptations of interpersonal relationship-building strategies can be incorporated into an organization-public relationship context. The current investigation is a longitudinal study that links respondents who identify themselves as in relationship with the university to the behavior of returning to the institution. The investigation also linked relationship attitude statements to personal, professional, and community relationship scores. The findings from this investigation suggest that relationship attitudes play a role in retention, providing a quantitative illustration showing that public relations strategies, grounded in interpersonal communication relationship-building theory and adapted to meet relationship needs and expectations, can positively affect public member attitudes, evaluations, and behaviors. The ...
Computing the Covariance of Two Brownian Area Integrals

We compute the expected product of two correlated Brownian area integrals, a problem which arises in the analysis of a popular sorting algorithm. Along the way we flnd three difierent formulas for the expectation of the product of the absolute values of two standard normal random variables with correlation µ. These two formulas are found: (a) via conditioning and the non-central chi-square distribution; (b) via Mehler’s formula; (c) by representing the correlated normal random variables in terms of independent normal’s and integration using polar coordinates.
Evaluation of NBTI in HfO/sub 2/ gate-dielectric stacks with tungsten gates

Negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) of the threshold voltage in ultrathin HfO/sub 2/ p-type field-effect transistors (pFET) with tungsten gates is reported. The dependence of threshold voltage, transconductance peak, and interface trap density on stress time is investigated for various negative stress voltages and temperatures. The measurements show that the threshold voltage shifts with a concomitant decrease in transconductance peak and increase in interface trap density as assessed by subthreshold slope and dc current-voltage (DCIV) method. The threshold voltage shift data are fitted with a stretched exponential equation and the fits are used for estimating lifetime. The measurements show that NBTI-related degradation in HfO/sub 2/ stacks is comparable to that observed in SiO/sub 2//poly Si pFETs.
Laboratory evaluation of a sensor for detection of aircraft wing contaminants

Instrumar Ltd. of Newfoundland, Canada is developing a sensor system to detect snow or ice on an aircraft prior to take-off. Itisintended to be flush mountedon theaircraft's wings, for example, and to provide pilots warning of snow and ice accretion. The sensor performs its contaminant discrimination by evaluating thecomplex admittancemeasurements it makes of the contaminants on its surface. This paper describes the National Research Council's independent evaluation of the capabilities and performance of the system. The sensor was fust subjected to varying depths of water, de-icing fluid, anti-icing fluid, ice and snow. The measurements gathered during this phase were input into a fundamental database of contaminant properties. These dataindicated that thesensorwasverycapableofdiscriminating between ice, snow and the fluids as a group. The signals from the fluids showed more similarity however. The current implementation of theoretical predictions of the sensor's response to the Contaminants requires refinement. As a result, the sensor was not always successful at discriminating between water, de-icing fluid, anti-icing fluid and combinations thereof. However, the sensor demonstrated its ability to detect the transition between these flnidsandthecommencementofice formation on the sensor.
Altering field dependence through stress.

Some researchers have noted the stability and regularity of field independence ( I ) , an "ability to overcome embedding context-to experience an item independently of an organized field of which it is a part," suggesting chat, somewhat like intelligence, field independence has a basic maturational basis. However, as an element of cognitive style, a person's field-dependent functioning may vary considerably, especially under threat to selfesteem which weakens internal frames of reference. Ss were 17 volunteer female college freshmen, tested individually in two sessions. In the first, a standard field-dependence rating was established for each S, using a modified version of Widria's Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) which defines field dependence in terms of a limited visual field (dark room, luminous square frame, luminous rod independently rotated at various angles); S tells E when the rod is positioned vertically with respect to gravity, the frame serving as a misleading item in the perceptual field. In Session 2 a week later, the 13 experimental Ss (but not the 4 controls) were asked ro take part in a supposedly unrelated test of their abilities to assess the social desirability standards of their upper-classmen as determined by survey. Using items from various personality inventories, Ss guessed the upper-classmen's results. Ss were told that they were wrong 56% of the time, were interrupted at pre-determined intervals by critical questions and glances, and at the end were told that they had done more poorly than other Ss. Stress was manifest in comments and post-test complaints. All 17 Ss were taken to the RFT room and given the same instructions as before. A rank-order correlation of .89 for RFT scores of experimental Ss over sessions indicated that the relative position of each S on the field dependence-independence dimension remained stable. A t of 2.19 ( P .25, d f = 5, one-tailed test), indicating these Ss were more affected by the social desirability test. The difference between the mean group changes was not significant ( t = 1.07, d f = 12, p = .20, one-tailed test). The little experiment suggests that stress-situations which threaten or deny the person's self-esteem will increase field dependence. This dimension is open to some control by S. Replication with a larger sample is planned.
Cyanide-Bridged Lanthanide−Transition Metal One-Dimensional Arrays {(DMF)10Yb2[Ni(CN)4]3}∞ and {(DMF)10Yb2[Pt(CN)4]3}∞

The one-dimensional arrays [(DMF){sub 10}Yb{sub 2}[Ni(CN){sub 4}]{sub 3}]{infinity} (1) and [(DMF){sub 10}Yb{sub 2}[Pt-(CN){sub 4}]{sub 3}]{infinity} (2) were prepared from the metathesis reactions of YbCl{sub 3} and K{sub 2}Ni(CN){sub 4} or K{sub 2}Pt(CN){sub 4} in DMF (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide). Unlike other one-dimensional structures adopted by complexes of M(CN){sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} anions, two unusual array structures were obtained.
Is Science Marketing

Science is analyzed as a special case of marketing—the marketing of ideas in the form of substantive and methodological theories. The marketing mix, target markets, and marketing objectives are dev...
Effects of hemorrhagic, endotoxin, and catecholamine shocks on canine gracilis muscle vasculature.

SummaryThe effects of hemorrhagic, endotoxin, and catecholamine shocks on canine gracilis muscle vascular resistance were determined. Endotoxin produced a transient increase in vascular resistance followed by a steady decline toward preendotoxin values. Norepinephrine produced a transient decrease in vascular resistance followed by a sustained increase in resistance. Slow hemorrhage (60% blood volume depletion) produced sustained, marked increases in vascular resistance; whereas rapid hemorrhage (60% blood volume depletion) produced only transient increases in vascular resistance, which soon waned and fell to prehemorrhage levels. Most of the animals subjected to rapid hemorrhage died after 2 hr despite partial transfusion of the shed blood when systemic pressure fell below 30 mm Hg. Control animals displayed only minor alterations in the variables under study. These data demonstrate that the response of skeletal muscle vasculature to circulatory shock depends on the type of shock, and also on the severit...
Radar operation in a hostile electromagnetic environment

Radar ISR does not always involve cooperative or even friendly targets. An adversary has numerous techniques available to him to counter the effectiveness of a radar ISR sensor. These generally fall under the banner of jamming, spoofing, or otherwise interfering with the EM signals required by the radar sensor. Consequently mitigation techniques are prudent to retain efficacy of the radar sensor. We discuss in general terms a number of mitigation techniques.
The Anatomy of Inverse Problems

A major task of geophysics is to make quantitative statements about the interior of the earth. For this reason, inverse problems are an important area of geophysical research and industrial application. Figure 1 shows how many texts present inverse problems. The earth model is an element of a mathematical space that contains all allowable parameterizations of the earth’s properties (or at least those properties relevant to a given experiment); this space is referred to as model space . The physics of the problem determines which data d correspond to a given model m . The problem of computing the model response (synthetic “data”) given a model is called the forward problem . The corresponding data reside in a mathematical space that is called data space . In many applications, one records the data, and the goal is to find the corresponding model. The task is called the inverse problem , as shown in Figure 1. FIG. 1. The conventional view of inverse problems: find the model that predicts the measurements. Unfortunately, Figure 1 is wrong. There is a simple reason for this. In general the model that one seeks is a continuous function of the space variables with infinitely many degrees of freedom. For example, the 3-D velocity structure in the earth has infinitely many degrees of freedom. On the other hand, the data space is always of finite dimension because any real experiment can only result in a finite number of measurements. A simple count of variables shows that the mapping from the data to a model cannot be unique; or equivalently, there must be elements of the model space that have no influence on the data. This lack of uniqueness is apparent even for problems involving idealized, noise-free measurements. The problem only becomes worse when the uncertainties of real …
EP9 Basic DNA Sequencing and Genotyping Educational.

Maps exist in the broadest range of scale possible, so this session will serve as a broad map of genotyping, with an emphasis on the basics of (1) DNA sequencing and (2) fragment analysis. There will be three speakers in this session, who will present an overview of the technologies and selected applications that are commonly found in core laboratories that study genes and DNA. The DNA-sequencing section will include the preliminary steps of template type and preparation, concentration determination, primer considerations, and sequencing reaction chemistries. There will also be a discussion of instrumentation, emphasizing capillary electrophoresis as it applies to both DNA sequencing and fragment analysis. In addition, the many reasons why researchers sequence DNA will be addressed, with specific examples. Finally, future directions for DNA-sequencing instrumentation will be mentioned, such as genome sequencing and micro-instruments. Whereas the DNA-sequencing section will be concentrated largely on technology, the fragment-analysis section will focus more on biology. Specifically, there will be a description of genetic variants, such as microsatellites (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and how they can be used as tools for linkage analysis and association studies to locate genes or chromosomal regions involved in biologically important traits. An overview of the strategies used for biomarker identification and bio-marker selection will be included, such as navigating public databases in search of biomarkers. The platforms used for genotyping, STRs, and SNPs will be described, along with costs, sample size considerations, and typical data analysis. As good maps not only contain the necessary information for reaching your goal, but also contain really useful information about getting there, this session will provide useful tips and recommendations for the core laboratory environment.
Minimum variance multiuser detection for impulse radio UWB systems

The minimum variance (MV) technique minimizes output variance of a receiver subject to a constraint, which guarantees no cancellation of the desired signal while interference is mitigated. It has been successfully applied to multiuser detection for a direct sequence code-division multiple access (CDMA) system even when multipath channel is unknown. Its applicability in multiple access ultra-wideband (UWB) systems is investigated in this paper. First, similarities between a time-hopping (TH) UWB system using pulse position modulation (PPM) and a multirate CDMA system are explored where a code matrix for each user can be defined based on its unique TH sequence, similar to a spreading code matrix in a CDMA system. Meanwhile, modulation delays are transformed to amplitudes of pulses, yielding a virtually linear model. After following MV optimization procedures, the desired signal can be detected from outputs of a bank of receivers. Performance of the proposed detection criterion is analyzed and verified.
Beyond Earned Citizenship

For more than a decade, a single rubric for legalization of the 11 million undocumented people in the United States has dominated every major proposal for comprehensive immigration reform, and continues to do so today: earned citizenship. Introduced as a rhetorical move intended to distinguish such proposals from amnesty, the earned citizenship frame has shaped the substantive provisions of the legislation by conditioning legalization on the performance of economic, cultural, and civic metrics. In order to regularize status, earned citizenship would require undocumented individuals to demonstrate their ongoing societal contributions at multiple intervals over a probationary period of many years, and they would remain subject to deportation for failure to do so. Such a behavioral approach expresses a particular moral basis for legalization and a normative vision of citizenship, and aspires to place millions of people on a path to citizenship. And yet, despite the centrality of earned citizenship in contemporary immigration debates and the magnitude of its ambition, there has been virtually no scholarly treatment of its substance, ideology or normative claims. This Article explores the origins and uncovers the deep structure of earned citizenship, and critically evaluates the virtues and shortcomings of earned citizenship as matters of politics, morality, policy and law. Although laudatory for its inclusionary promise, earned citizenship suffers from serious, previously unaddressed theoretical and conceptual flaws that illuminate and imperil our larger understandings of citizenship, and invite consideration of alternative frameworks for legalization.
Transforming the community college student experience through comprehensive, technology-mediated advising

To help guide students through program and course options, all community colleges provide academic advising services. However, to provide the support needed, colleges would have to substantially increase their number of advisers. Given increasing enrollments and decreasing public funding, more cost-effective solutions are needed. This chapter examines the use of technology and other structural changes to encourage comprehensive advising reforms. Using case study data gathered from several community colleges engaged in technology-mediated advising reforms, the authors suggest that e-advising tools may be most effective when they prompt colleges to rethink and restructure delivery of a range of services and programs into a more cohesive and international whole.
Censorship, Inc.: The Corporate Threat to Free Speech in the United States

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution is a landmark in the defense of free speech against government interference and suppression. In this book we come to see how it also acts as a smokescreen behind which a more dangerous and insidious threat to free speech can operate. Soley shows how as corporate power has grown and come to influence the issues on which ordinary Americans should be able to speak out, so new strategies have developed to restrict free speech on issues in which corporations and property-owners have an interest. Censorship, Inc. is a comprehensive examination of the vast array of corporate practices which restrict free speech in the United States today in fields as diverse as advertsing and the media, the workplace, community life, and the environment. Soley also shows how these threats to free speech have been resisted by activism, legal argument, and through legislation. Grounded in extensive research into actual cases, this book is at the same time a challenge to conventional thinking about the nature of censorship and free speech.
HYPERTHERMIC INTRAPERITONEAL CHEMOPERFUSION AS A COMPONENT OF MULTIMODALITY THERAPY FOR OVARIAN AND PRIMARY PERITONEAL CANCER

Background and Objectives The role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) in the multimodality treatment of ovarian peritoneal metastases (OPM) and primary peritoneal cancer (PPC) remains controversial. We hypothesized that cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC would provide meaningful survival benefit without excessive morbidity. Methods We reviewed clinicopathologic and perioperative data following 96 CRS-HIPEC procedures for primary or recurrent OPM and PPC. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox-regression models identified prognostic factors affecting oncologic outcomes. Results CRS-HIPEC was mostly performed for recurrent disease (56.3%) and high-grade serous carcinoma (72.9%). Platinum-based systemic chemotherapy was administered to 89.5% of patients, with 75.5% having platinum-sensitive disease at CRS-HIPEC. Complete macroscopic resection was achieved in 70.8% of patients. Clavien-Dindo grade 3/4 morbidity occurred in 23.4% of patients; three patients died within 60-days postoperatively. Median overall survival from diagnosis of peritoneal metastases and CRS-HIPEC was 78 and 38 months, respectively. Completeness of cytoreduction, pathologic subtype, and 30-day morbidity were independent predictors of survival in multiple regression analysis. Conclusions Our study demonstrates promising survival data and supports the role of HIPEC in the multimodality treatment algorithm for primary or recurrent OPM and PPC. However definite indications and timing of HIPEC need to be clarified by prospective studies.
Preventative effects of a HIF inhibitor, 17-DMAG, on partial bladder outlet obstruction-induced bladder dysfunction

Posterior urethral valves are the most common cause of partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in the pediatric population. Pathological changes in the bladder developed during PBOO are responsib...
Workshop: Work in the Age of Intelligent Machines

This all-day workshop aims to promote convergence among its participants on research related to working with intelligent machines. We define intelligent machines as both material (e.g., robots) and immaterial (e.g., algorithms) computing technologies that can be characterized by autonomy, the ability to learn, and the ability to interact with other systems and with humans. The workshop has three goals: identifying specific research problems around work and intelligent machines, developing a common language base that can facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers, and identifying information and cyber-infrastructure needs to support convergent research. Workshop activities will facilitate interdisciplinary dialogue and strive to generate high-impact research ideas to advance each of these goals.
Direction cosine matrix estimation with an inertial measurement unit

Abstract Estimating attitude using an inexpensive MEMS inertial measurement unit has many applications in smart phones, wearable sensors, rehabilitation medicine and robots. Traditional approaches to attitude estimation from the aerospace world focus on the use of either Euler angles or quaternions. These approaches suffer from disadvantages including singularities and nonlinear models. This paper proposes a method to estimate the direction cosine matrix (DCM) which encapsulates attitude information, instead of Euler angles or quaternions. The DCM does not suffer from singularities and also has linear dynamics. A rigorous DCM estimation algorithm, that incorporates automatic magnetometer bias calibration and satisfaction of an inherent orthonormal property of the DCM, is developed. The validity of the developed algorithm is demonstrated through experimental results with estimation of attitude on a 5-DOF robot. The estimation results are compared with values computed from encoders on the robot as well as with results from previously published algorithms.
Dynamics of Damage in Two-Dimensional Structures With Waiting Links

The paper deals with simulation of damage spread in special structures with “waiting links.” These structures are stable against dynamic impacts due to their morphology. They are able to transform “partial damage” through a large region, thereby dissipating the energy of the impact. We simulate various structures with waiting links and compare their characteristics with conventional designs.
A Lognormal State of Knowledge

The Lognormal distribution is derived as the representation of a particular state of knowledge using a combination of maximum entropy and group invariance arguments.
Neuroectodermal (Other than Melanocytic) and Neuroendocrine Markers

Antibodies directed specifically against cytokeratin 20 (CK20) were first reported in 1992 (1). Cytokeratin 20 is a low molecular weight keratin, an intermediate filament restricted to gastrointestinal and urothelial epithelium, and Merkel cells (2). The initial antibodies worked only on frozen tissue specimens and thus had limited diagnostic utility. Subsequent antibodies that recognize epitopes that survive formalin fixation and paraffin embedding have been developed, increasing the functionality of anti-CK20 antibodies as a diagnostic tool.
The role of embodied cognition for transforming learning

Cognitive psychology has undergone a paradigm shift in the ways we understand how knowledge is acquired and represented within the brain, yet the implications for how this impacts students’ learnin...
Directed self-assembly for advanced chips

Guided self-assembly of block copolymers can generate the patterns required for the fabrication of advanced integrated circuits.
Elusive Conformational Dynamics of PPARγ Inactivation Tied Down by Chemical Cross-Linking

In this issue of Structure, Zheng et al. (2018) have described the dynamics of PPARγ in complex with a non-agonist by exploring its solution-phase conformational landscape through chemical cross-linking in combination with a multitude of different treatment conditions, including their new synthetic anti-diabetic non-agonist, revealing the physical mechanism of PPARγ inactivation.
Charity Disparity: The Challenge of Applying Religious Law on Zakat in the United States

Legal pluralism is “generally defined as a situation in which two or more legal systems coexist in the same social field.” One type of legal pluralism occurs when a group of people is subject to both the law of its country and to a religious law. Practicing Muslims in the United States are in this situation — they must fulfill numerous personal obligations imposed by Islamic law within the context of the American legal system. Doing so is usually not difficult; however, it causes significant problems in at least one area: calculating their annual almsgiving (zakat) required by Islamic law. Muslim jurists disagree about how much zakat should be paid on certain modern financial assets created by American corporate, securities, and tax law, such as publicly traded stocks and 401(k) retirement accounts. As a result, American Muslims can choose from a wide range of zakat calculation opinions, which are usually presented on the internet without a framework of legal reasoning. This causes inequity, confusion, and creates a moral hazard for American Muslims that threatens to undermine the societal and spiritual purposes of zakat.
Removal of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances from aqueous systems by nano-enabled water treatment strategies

Exceptional properties at the nano-scale, if appropriately harnessed, will lead to innovations in water treatment. Nanomaterials can enable treatment processes with accelerated reaction kinetics, self-healing or self-regeneration abilities, and a high degree of selectivity for targeted pollutant removal. These materials can also introduce new pathways for the removal of contaminants that are challenging to degrade employing traditional techniques. One such class of contaminants is poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are widely detected in waterways of the U.S. and drinking water supplies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has listed two PFAS (i.e., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid or PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid or PFOA) in the Contaminant Candidate List and recently has revised the lifetime health advisories. PFAS molecules are persistent in the environment over long periods because they are not photolyzed or biodegraded. Current mitigation technologies mostly depend on non-destructive phase transfer processes (e.g., adsorption, filtration, or ion exchange) which results in a concentrated waste stream. Few destructive mitigation methods transform PFAS by cleaving C–C bonds but it is not clear if the transformation products (e.g., shorter chain PFAS) are less toxic or less persistent. Thus, the central challenge for PFAS transformation lies in cleaving the strong C–F bonds. Nanomaterials can enable treatment options by providing high-energy reaction pathways; e.g., electrolysis, thermolysis, or photolysis. This perspective aims to present a critical review on reported PFAS removal/destruction techniques, provide molecular-level insights into possible removal/destruction pathways, and propose potential nano-enabled remediation options for these persistent contaminants.
Heimdall: A Remotely Controlled Inspection Workbench For Debugging Microcontroller Projects

Students and hobbyists build embedded systems that combine sensing, actuation and microcontrollers on solderless breadboards. To help students debug such circuits, experienced teachers apply visual inspection, targeted measurements, and circuit modifications to diagnose and localize the problem(s). However, experienced helpers may not always be available to review student projects in person. To enable remote debugging of circuit problems, we introduce Heimdall, a remote electronics workbench that allows experts to visually inspect a student's circuit; perform measurements; and to re-wire and inject test signals. These interactions are enabled by an actuated inspection camera; an augmented breadboard that enables flexible configuration of row connectivity and measurement/injection lines; and a web-based UI that teachers can use to perform measurements through interaction with the captured images. We demonstrate that common issues arising in embedded electronics classes can be successfully diagnosed remotely and report on preliminary user feedback from teaching assistants who frequently debug circuits.
Synthesis of substituted furo[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidines and furo[3,2-e]tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines†

A series of substituted furo[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidines and furo[3,2-e]tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines were obtained from reactions of substituted 2-dimemylamino-4-hydrazmofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines with orthoesters or sodium nitrite in acetic acid, respectively.
What Makes Food Policies Happen? Insights from Portuguese Initiatives

Two key questions addressed in the current study are why urban agriculture and food initiatives in Portugal take so long to materialize, and why existing initiatives don’t scale up from projects to policies. We argue that existing initia­tives are mainly carried out as linear processes and have quite limited long-term political commitment. We carried out in-depth interviews with key informants involved in formulating the four initiatives examined. Findings suggest that political commitment and funding are critical points explaining why urban agriculture and food initiatives take so long to materialize in Portugal. These findings align with the conclusions of the recent reports from IPES-Food (Hawkes & Halliday, 2017) and ICLEI-RUAF (Dubbeling, 2013) on what makes food policy happen. In-depth interviews with key informants highlight additional constraints, notably the lack of several important facilitating tools such as monitoring and assessment of initiatives; strong vertical multilevel governance and horizontal city-based governance; and significant participatory processes for project implementation and policy formulation. Based on the results obtained so far, we conclude that the constraints found in Portugal come mostly from governance-related issues. Therefore, changes can only happen under a supportive policy at the national level and a facilitating legal system based on vertical and horizontal multilevel governance, strong political commitment, and a national awareness campaign among all the food systems actors. A national platform able to gather relevant data and assess and monitor ongoing initiatives may be the key step to assembling different stakeholders who can advocate and then lead to higher political commitment in Portugal.