cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward the automatic derivation of XML transformations

Existing solutions to data and schema integration require user interaction/input to generate a data transformation between two different schemas. These approaches are not appropriate in situations where many data transformations are needed or where data transformations have to be generated frequently.
The impact of stage, grade, and mucinous histology on the efficacy of systemic chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas of the appendix: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base

BACKGROUND Adenocarcinomas of the appendix represent a heterogeneous disease depending on the presence of mucinous histology, histologic grade, and stage. In the current study, the authors sought to explore the interplay of these factors with systemic chemotherapy in a large population data set. METHODS Patients in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) who were diagnosed with mucinous, nonmucinous, and signet ring cell-type appendiceal neoplasms from 1985 through 2006 were selected. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were developed. RESULTS A total of 11,871 patients met the inclusion criteria for the current study: 50.3% had mucinous neoplasms, 40.5% had nonmucinous neoplasms, and 9.2% had signet ring cell-type neoplasms. The 5-year overall survival (OS) stratified by grade was similar among patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I to stage III disease but not for those with stage IV disease. The median OS for patients with stage IV mucinous and nonmucinous tumors was 6.4 years and 2.3 years, respectively, for those with well differentiated histology (P<.0001) and was 1.5 years and 0.8 years, respectively, for those with poorly differentiated histology (P<.0001). In multivariable modeling for stage I to III disease, adjuvant chemotherapy improved OS for both mucinous and nonmucinous histologies, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.78 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.68-0.89 [P = .0002]) and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74-0.94 [P = .002]), respectively. For patients with stage IV disease, systemic chemotherapy significantly improved OS for those with nonmucinous (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.64-0.82 [P<.0001]) but not mucinous (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.86-1.04 [P = .2) histologies, although this was grade-dependent. The median OS for chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy was 6.4 years versus 6.5 years (P value not significant) for patients with mucinous, well-differentiated tumors and 1.6 years versus 1.0 years (P = .0007) for patients with mucinous, poorly differentiated tumors. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant chemotherapy demonstrated a significant OS benefit regardless of histology. However, for patients with stage IV disease, the benefit of systemic chemotherapy varied by tumor histology and grade, with patients with well-differentiated, mucinous, appendiceal adenocarcinomas deriving no survival benefit from systemic chemotherapy. Cancer 2016;122:213–221. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Computational Procedure for Normal Stresses in C-Sections and Z-Sections with One Flange Attached to Sheathing

AbstractA method is presented to calculate the elastic flexural and warping normal stresses in simple span cold-formed C- and Z-sections, with end torsional restraints and one flange attached to the sheathing. The method utilizes a displacement compatibility approach to calculate the normal stresses at transition points in the cross section, i.e., web-flange intersection, flange-stiffener intersection, and the end of the flange stiffener. The method incorporates the stiffness of the diaphragm and the torsion-restraining effects of the sheathing. The example provided shows that the distribution of stresses across the cross section is sensitive to the restraining effects of the sheathing and can deviate significantly from the typically assumed stress distribution of constrained bending. The procedure for calculating the stresses and deformations and system forces is outlined, and trends observed by the authors are discussed.
An evolutionary programming approach for detecting novel computer network attacks

Attacks against computer networks are becoming more sophisticated, with adversaries using new attacks or modifying exiting attacks. This research presents an initial step in using an evolutionary programming approach to develop a system for automatically detecting attacks with features similar to known attacks. Initial testing shows the algorithm performs satisfactorily.
The Drosophila Enhancer of zeste gene encodes a chromosomal protein: examination of wild-type and mutant protein distribution

The Drosophila Enhancer of zeste [E(z)] gene is a member of the Polycomb-group and, as such, is involved in maintaining the transcriptional repression of the homeotic genes of the Antennapedia (ANT-C) and bithorax (BX-C) complexes. It has been proposed that Polycomb-group (Pc-G)-mediated silencing requires the formation of heteromeric protein complexes which modify the chromatin structure of target genes. We describe the in vivo distribution of the E(Z) protein and show it to be ubiquitously present in embryonic and larval nuclei. In salivary gland polytenized nuclei, the identifiable E(Z) chromosome binding sites are a subset of those described for other Polycomb-group proteins, suggesting that E(Z) may also participate in Polycomb-group complexes. E(Z) binds to chromosomes in a DNA sequence-dependent manner, as illustrated by the creation of a new E(Z)-binding site at the location of a Pelement reporter construct that previously has been shown to contain a Polycomb response element (PRE). We also present the sequences of one null and three temperature-sensitive E(z) alleles, describe the effects these mutations have on the in vivo distribution of E(Z) protein and discuss their implications concerning putative functional domains. Finally, we describe the effect a trithorax mutation has on E(Z) chromosome binding.
Super High Efficiency Diode Sources (SHEDS) and Architecture for Diode High Energy Laser Systems (ADHELS): An Overview

We present a summary view of the DARPA SHEDS and ADHELS programs. The goal of these programs is development of a compact, field-deployable high energy laser (HEL) weapons system.
Photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide over TiO2.

Photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES, ClCH2CH2SCH2CH3) over TiO2 illuminated with UV light and maintained at 25 or 80 °C in air has been investigated. 2-CEES was found to suffer progressive oxidation to yield ethylene (CH2CH2), chloroethylene (ClCHCH2), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), acetaldehyde (CH3C(O)H), chloroacetaldehyde (ClCH2C(O)H), diethyl disulfide (CH3CH2S2CH2CH3), 2-chloroethyl ethyl disulfide (ClCH2CH2S2CH2CH3), and bis(2-chloroethyl) disulfide (ClCH2CH2S2CH2CH2Cl) as the main primary intermediates, and water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), surface sulfate ions (SO42-), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) as the final products. Trace concentrations of gaseous 2-chloroethanol (ClCH2CH2OH), ethanesulfonyl chloride (CH3CH2SO2Cl), ethyl thioacetate (CH3CH2SC(O)CH3), and considerable amounts of acetic acid (CH3C(O)OH), crotonaldehyde (CH3CHCHC(O)H), methyl acetate (CH3C(O)OCH3), and methyl formate (CH3OC(O)H) were also detected in the gas phase during the photoox...
Divided We Stand: Beyond Burkean Identification

Despite arguments to the contrary, division is as natural to the civic-minded human animal as is identification. Both sides of this natural inclination are explored in the works of Kenneth Burke, although the latter, rather than the former, tends to be championed. In this essay we explore Burkean ideas about the division/identification binary through a particularly personal and frequently ignored national example: Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin. As the first woman ever elected to Congress, Rankin is known best neither for her work toward universal suffrage nor for her fight against corporate excess. Instead, she is simply the woman who voted against US involvement in both World War I and World War II.
Signals for exotic quark production at hadron colliders

Abstract We consider the possibility of detecting the exotic D quarks present in E 6 theories at high energy hadron colliders (particularly the Superconducting Super Collider - SSC). The cleanest decay signature for a DD pair involves tow jets plus four charged leptons and is essentially background free. We show that D masses as high as ≈ TeV may be accessible in this manner.
How are companies planning now?—a survey

Abstract This article reports on the changes that have taken place in the long-range planning practices of several U.S. and Canadian firms over the last 5 years. In October 1974, the long-range practices of approximately 400 firms were reported in Long Range Planning. A follow-up survey of these same firms was recently completed. The percentage of responding companies that prepare some type of written long-range plan has not changed; however, there have been some changes in the extent and content of these plans. The mix of objectives, use of external factors, plans for growth, and methods for controlling the plan have all changed slightly between 1974 and 1979.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FEED INGESTION AND ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY OF NUTRIENTS BY THE MALAYSIAN PRAWN, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Feed ingestion and assimilation of dry matter, total lipid, total carbohydrate and inorganic material by adult, male Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) were measured at temperatures ranging from 22–34°C. Assimilation efficiency of dry matter was measured gravimetrically. Significantly less feed was ingested by prawns at water temperatures below 25°C than at higher temperatures. Water temperatures had little effect on the assimilation efficiency of dry matter, although there was a trend toward decreased dry matter assimilation at high temperature extremes. There was no effect of water temperature on assimilation efficiencies of lipid, carbohydrate or inorganic material. It is proposed that feed ingestion and metabolic rates are affected more by water temperature and are more responsible for differences in growth rates than is the efficiency of feed assimilation. Regurgitation was a consistent occurrence following feeding by prawns and accounted for a significant proportion of egested material. It is suggested that regurgitation results in energetic benefits to the prawn, owing to a decreased energy requirement because unassimilable material need not be transported through the entire digestive system. There may also be an increase in the rate of energy intake due to the clearance of ingested, but unassimilable, material from the proventriculus. The absorption of minerals from the diet and the phenomenon of regurgitation are taken into account in a critical discussion of assimilation determination methods used for aquatic invertebrates.
Spurious velocity dependence of free-space spontaneous emission.

It is shown that the standard calculation of the free-space spontaneous-emission rate leads to a spurious velocity dependence if the atomic motion is included nonrelativistically. The unphysical terms are of first order in v/c, akin to the nonrelativistic Doppler shift.
DUST EXTINCTION AND METALLICITIES OF STAR-FORMING Lyα EMITTING GALAXIES AT LOW REDSHIFT*

We present the results of an optical spectroscopic study of 12 GALEX-discovered star-forming Lyα emitting galaxies (LAEs) at z ~ 0.3. We measure the emission-line fluxes from these galaxies by fitting their observed spectra to stellar population models in order to correct for underlying stellar absorption. We revisit earlier stellar population model fitting results, finding that excluding now-known active galactic nuclei lowers the typical stellar population age and stellar mass of this sample to ~300 Myr and ~4 × 109 ☉, respectively. We calculate their dust extinction using the Balmer decrement, and find a typical visual attenuation of A V ~ 0.3 mag, similar to that seen in some high-redshift LAEs. Comparing the ratios of Lyα/Hα and the Lyα equivalent widths to the measured dust extinction, we find that the interstellar media (ISMs) in these objects appear to be neither enhancing nor seriously attenuating the Lyα equivalent widths, as would be the case in a quasi-clumpy ISM. Lastly, we perform a detailed analysis of the gas-phase metallicities of these galaxies, and we find that most galaxies in our sample have Z 0.4 Z ☉. We find that at a fixed stellar mass, these low-redshift LAE analogs are offset by ~0.3-0.6 dex lower metallicity from the general galaxy population at similar redshifts based on the local mass-metallicity relationship. This implies that galaxies with Lyα in emission may be systematically more metal-poor than star-forming galaxies at the same stellar mass and redshift, similar to preliminary results at z ~ 2.
Heterotrimeric G Proteins Interact with the Small GTPase ARF POSSIBILITIES FOR THE REGULATION OF VESICULAR TRAFFIC

Abstract Trimeric G proteins have emerged as important regulators of membrane trafficking. To explore a role for Gβγ in endosome fusion, we have taken advantage of β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK), an enzyme translocated to membranes by interaction with Gβγ. The COOH terminus of βARK (βARKct) has a Gβγ-binding domain which blocks some Gβγ-mediated processes. We found that βARKct and peptide G, a peptide derived from βARKct, inhibit in vitro endosome fusion. Interestingly, peptide G and ARF share sequence similarity. Peptide G and βARKct reversed ARF-mediated inhibition of endosome fusion and blocked ARF binding to membranes. Using an ARF fusion protein, we show that both Gβγ and Gαs interact with the small GTPase ARF, an interaction that is regulated by nucleotide binding. We conclude that G proteins may participate in the regulation of vesicular trafficking by directly interacting with ARF, a cytosolic factor required for transport.
Global control and freedom

Several prominent incompatibilists, e.g., Robert Kane and Derk Pereboom, have advanced an analogical argument in which it is claimed that a deterministic world is essentially the same as a world governed by a global controller. Since the latter world is obviously one lacking in an important kind of freedom, so must any deterministic world. The argument is challenged whether it is designed to show that determinism precludes freedom as power or freedom as self-origination. Contrary to the claims of its adherents, the global controller nullifies freedom because she is an agent, whereas natural forces are at work in conventional deterministic worlds. Other key differences that undermine the analogy are identified. It is also shown that the argument begs the question against the classical compatibilist, who believes that determinism does not preclude alternative possibilities.
Humans perceive object motion in world coordinates during obstacle avoidance

A fundamental question about locomotion in the presence of moving objects is whether movements are guided based upon perceived object motion in an observer-centered or world-centered reference frame. The former captures object motion relative to the moving observer and depends on both observer and object motion. The latter captures object motion relative to the stationary environment and is independent of observer motion. Subjects walked through a virtual environment (VE) viewed through a head-mounted display and indicated whether they would pass in front of or behind a moving obstacle that was on course to cross their future path. Subjects' movement through the VE was manipulated such that object motion in observer coordinates was affected while object motion in world coordinates was the same. We found that when moving observers choose routes around moving obstacles, they rely on object motion perceived in world coordinates. This entails a process, which has been called flow parsing (Rushton & Warren, 2005; Warren & Rushton, 2009a), that recovers the component of optic flow due to object motion independent of self-motion. We found that when self-motion is real and actively generated, the process by which object motion is recovered relies on both visual and nonvisual information to factor out the influence of self-motion. The remaining component contains information about object motion in world coordinates that is needed to guide locomotion.
THE INFLUENCE OF DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ON MOTOR VEHICLE FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

This paper shows that Daylight Saving Time (DST) reduces fatal traffic accidents involving motor vehicles by approximately one percent, during several weeks at the spring and fall DST transitions. There is also a net reduction of about 0.7% during the DST period, March and April 1974, compared to the non-DST period, March and April 1973. However, there is little net DST effect on fatal accidents in the winter. The basic method employed to obtain this estimate of the effect of DST on motor vehicle accidents is to compare numbers of persons killed (fatalities) in these accidents during both DST and non-DST periods. This is accomplished by identifying high frequencies in the Fourier spectrum of traffic fatalities which are relatively sensitive to DST, and then using a bandpass filter to remove low frequency components not associated with DST. A cause/effect relationship between DST and fatal traffic accidents is then established by measuring changes in the filtered time series of fatality data across DST transitions, and across non-DST or control transitions. Certain statistical criteria are then applied to these measurements in order to confirm the existence of a DST effect on fatal traffic accidents and resulting fatalities.
ANALYSIS OF PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES IN THE TRITICINAE BY PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

Crude seed-protein extracts of wheat and wheat relatives were fractionated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Homology of fractions in the resulting spectra was used as a criterion of genetic affinity among the species and among their genomes. The spectra of Triticum monococcum (AA), T. dicoccum (AABB) and T. aestivum (AABBDD) confirmed evidence from conventional methods that the A and B genomes are different, that the dicoccum A genome is only partially homologous with the monococcum genome, and that the affinity between T. dicoccum and T. aestivum involves the A and B genomes about equally. They also showed the monococcum genome to have more affinity with the aestivum A or both A and D, than with the dicoccum A genome. Protein homologies permitted discrimination of distant as well as close affinities: the spectra of T. monococcum (AA) and Secale cereale (EE) showed no homologous fractions (r = 0.05), while the spectra of T. dicoccum and T. durum (both AABB) showed 10 homologous and 5 sub-homologous fractions out of 15 (r = 0.92). Previous evidence that an amphiploid spectrum comprises essentially the sum of the fractions in its parental spectra was verified by the dissimilar spectra of T. aestivum (AABBDD) and S. cereale (EE) which accounted for all of the fractions of their amphiploid hybrid, Triticale (AABBDDEE). The effect of each parent upon the amphiploid spectrum was proportional to the number of genomes it contributes.
Cesium Removal Demonstration Using Selected Actual Waste Samples from the Hanford Reservation Tank Farm

Abstract Approximately 40 million curies of Cs‐137 are currently contained in High Level Waste stored in 177 underground storage tanks at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation near Richland, Washington. A series of actual waste, small‐scale column tests were performed to evaluate the performance of a selected ion exchange resin for cesium removal from a range of planned feed streams. These tests demonstrated that the selected cationic resin–SuperLig 644®‐has more than adequate resin capacity to treat each of three potential feed streams. Furthermore, tests indicate an acceptable mass transfer zone for each of the three types of feed material, and that the elution of the resin can be accommodated within the design criteria for the proposed Waste Treatment Plant.
Global background characterization in 4.2- to 4.4-μm MWIR by using NOAA-12 data

Background phenomenology databases and models are essential for the design and assessment of electro-optical sensing systems. The MWIR band has been proposed to satisfy a number of specific requirements in the DoD space based mission areas. However, the phenomenology database in the MWIR to support the design and performance evaluation is limited. Currently the high resolution infrared radiation sounder (HIRS/2) onboard NOAA 12, an operational polar orbiting environmental and weather satellite, offers continual global coverage of several bands in the MWIR. In particular, Channel 17 operates in the heart of the 4.23 micrometer carbon-dioxide band. Though with coarse resolution (approximately 20 km), the vast database offers a good baseline understanding of the MWIR phenomenology related to space based MWIR systems on (1) amplitude variation as function of latitude, season, and solar angle, (2) correlation to relevant MWIR features such as high-altitude clouds, stratospheric warming, aurora and other geomagnetic activities, (3) identification of potential low spatial frequency atmospheric features, and (4) comparison with future dedicated measurements. Statistical analysis on selected multiple orbits over all seasons and geographical regions was conducted. Global magnitude and variation in these bands were established. The overall spatial gradient on the 50 km scale was shown to be within sensor noise; this established the upper bound of spatial frequency in the heart-of-the-carbon-dioxide-band. Results also compared favorably with predictions from atmospheric background models such as the Synthetic High Altitude Radiance Code (SHARC-3).© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Arginine Vasopressin Response to an Osmotic Stimulus in the Fetal Sheep

Summary: Baseline plasma osmolality (pOsm) and plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) were measured in chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Mean baseline pAVP in fetuses from 101–120 days was 1.9 ± 0.46 μU/ml (mean ± SEM) with a pOsm of 293 ± 1.8 mOsm/kg. In fetuses of 121–141 days of gestation, mean pAVP was significantly lower, 0.77 ± 0.19 μU/ml (P < 0.05), with a similar pOsm (293 ± 1.9 mOsm/kg). The logarithmic baseline pAVP values were linearly correlated with pOsm for both groups. Hypertonic saline infusion resulted in a similar increase in the log pAVP corrected for the rise in pOsm in the 101–120-day fetuses and in 121–141-day fetuses. The slope of this response was similar to that of the steady state relationship. The data indicates that the fetal osmoreceptor system for control of arginine vasopressin secretion is fully functional in the last trimester of pregnancy. Speculation: The fetal hypothalamic posterior pituitary system appears to show a relatively heightened response to increases in plasma osmolality during the last trimester of gestation. This may reflect the heightened hypothalamic activity postulated to explain the high circulating growth hormone levels at this time. The higher baseline plasma vasopressin levels in the younger fetuses would support this view. Alternatively, the augmented responsiveness may represent an adaptive response to the immaturity of the fetal kidney with respect to free water clearance or an adaptive response to some extrarenal function of the hormone on salt and water homeostasis in utero.
Odontoblast-targeted Bcl-2 overexpression promotes dentine damage repair.

Objective Bcl-2 is widely expressed in a developing tooth organ and regulates tooth morphogenesis. However, whether Bcl-2 is related to tooth damage repair is unknown yet. Using an odontoblast-targeted Bcl-2 overexpression transgenic mouse (Col2.3Bcl-2) and artificial cavity preparation as a model system, the relationship between Bcl-2 and reparative dentinogenesis is investigated in this study.
OCCURRENCE OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND HIGH CYSTEINE CONTAINING ALBUMIN STORAGE PROTEINS IN OILSEEDS OF DIVERSE SPECIES

The proteins in the oilseeds of species from 11 families, including sunflower, mustard, linseed, almond, lupin, peanut, cucumber, Brazil nut, hazelnut, yucca, castor bean, and cottonseed were studied. Sucrose gradient centrifugation showed that a substantial proportion of the total seed protein from each species migrated with a 2S sedimentation coefficient. The 2S proteins, being water-soluble and thus termed albumins, comprised 20-60% of the total seed proteins, while faster migrating globulins comprised the rest. The amino acid compositions of the 2S proteins were characterisitic of storage proteins by having a high amide content. However, the 2S proteins are different from the classical globulin storage proteins in having a high content of cysteine. It is proposed that 2S albumins are seed storage proteins with a wide distribution and with chemical properties distinct from those of the globulin storage proteins. They play an additional and unique role of providing sulfur reserve for germination. SEED PROTEINS have been traditionally divided into classes based on their solubility in different solvents. In Angiospermae with the exception of Gramineae, the seeds contain primarily globulins and albumins (Osborne,
Directivity of planar array feeds for satellite reflector applications

Array-fed reflector antennas are used extensively in today's contour and multiple beam satellite antennas. To determine the directivity of these antennas theoretically, the total radiated power of the array feed must be accurately computed. In this paper, a closed-form expression for the radiated power is obtained for arrays with the well-known (\cos \theta)q -type element patterns. The formulation is general, and takes into account polarization, nonsymmetric E - and H -plane element patterns, nonuniform element spacings and arbitrary complex excitation coefficients. Selective numerical data are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this result. Comparisons are made with the available results obtained using direct numerical integration techniques, and with other available data based on less general formulations. Excellent agreement is observed for all cases. In particular, data are presented on the directivity of seven-element cluster feeds used in multiple beam designs, and an array feed for producing a contour beam covering the United States Eastern Time Zone (ETZ).
Comparisons of the Mann-Whitney, Student’s t, and Alternate t Tests for Means of Normal Distributions

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a simulation study to compare the performance of the Mann-Whitney U test, Studentߣs t test, and the alternate (separate variance) t test for two mutually independent random samples from normal distributions, with both one-tailed and two-tailed alternatives. The estimated probability of a Type I error was controlled (in the sense of being reasonably close to the attainable level) by all three tests when the variances were equal, regardless of the sample sizes. However, it was controlled only by the alternate t test for unequal variances with unequal sample sizes. With equal sample sizes, the probability was controlled by all three tests regardless of the variances. When it was controlled, we also compared the power of these tests and found very little difference. This means that very little power will be lost if the Mann-Whitney U test is used instead of tests that require the assumption of normal distributions.
Deep metastable eutectic nanometer-scale particles in the MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system

Laboratory vapor phase condensation experiments systematically yield amorphous, homogeneous, nanoparticles with unique deep metastable eutectic compositions. They formed during the nucleation stage in rapidly cooling vapor systems. These nanoparticles evidence the complexity of the nucleation stage. Similar complex behavior may occur during the nucleation stage in quenched-melt laboratory experiments. Because of the bulk size of the quenched system many of such deep metastable eutectic nanodomains will anneal and adjust to local equilibrium but some will persist metastably depending on the time–temperature regime and melt/glass transformation.
Su(4) mixed valence regime in carbon nanotube quantum dots

Abstract We study the evolution of conductance regimes in carbon nanotubes with doubly degenerate orbitals (“shells”) by controlling the contact transparency within the same sample. For sufficiently open contacts, Kondo behavior is observed for 1, 2, and 3 electrons in the topmost shell. As the contacts are opened more, the sample enters the “mixed valence” regime, where different charge states are strongly hybridized by electron tunneling. Here, the conductance as a function of gate voltage shows pronounced modulations with a period of four electrons, and all single-electron features are washed away at low temperature. We successfully describe this behavior by a simple formula with no fitting parameters. Finally, we find a surprisingly small energy scale that controls the temperature evolution of conductance and the tunneling density of states in the mixed valence regime.
Surface sticking probabilities for sputtered atoms of ^(93)Nb and ^(103)Rh

The sticking probabilities for sputtered atoms of ^(93)Nb and ^(103)Rh incident on Al_2O_3 surfaces have been measured using the backscattering of MeV heavy ions. In the circumstance where the collecting surface has become thickly covered, the sticking probabilities integrated over the energy distribution of sputtered atoms are 0.97 ± 0.01 and 0.95 ± 0.01 for ^(93)Nb and ^(103)Rh, respectively. In the limit of negligible areal coverage of the collector. the accuracy is less; in this case the sticking probabilities are 0.97^+_(0.08) and 0.95^(+0.05)_(0.08).
The study of American religion: looming through the glim

The study of American religion has been expanding to include new perspectives, previously neglected characters, and new geographic insights, driven by critical reflection on the assumptions and ideologies that historically have shaped the field, such as its focus on institutions, doctrines, and texts, its nationalistic westward-expansion historical narrative, and its Protestant biases. The past two decades have seen illuminating work emerge on race and gender, popular culture, class, and the marketplace. But we need to push beyond filling in gaps in the historical record to engage methodological and theoretical concerns in the academic study of religion. Exploring the development of theories of religion in the context of global networks of exchange shaped by 19th-century seafarers is one example of how Tom Tweed's recent call in this journal for a geographic and temporal expansion of the study of religion in America might raise new questions and perspectives for the field.
Influenza and parainfluenza.

1. Jennifer Cobelli Kett, MD 2. Anagha Loharikar, MD 1. Children's Hospital at Montefiore Bronx, NY Influenza. American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan JA, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:401– 411 Parainfluenza. American Academy of Pediatrics. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan JA, eds. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:479– 481 Prevention of Influenza: Recommendations for Influenza Immunization of Children, 2008–2009. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics. 2008;122 :1135– 1141[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Seasonal Influenza in Adults and Children–Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis and Institutional Outbreak Management: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Harper SA, Bradley JS, Englund JA, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48 :1003– 1032[OpenUrl][3][Abstract/FREE Full Text][4] Seasonal Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Available at: www.cdc.gov/flu Influenza is an orthomyxovirus, further classified into three types: A, B, and C. Types A and B are responsible for epidemic disease in humans. Influenza A viruses are categorized further based on surface antigens known as hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in humans are H1N1 and H3N2. Frequent antigenic change, or antigenic drift , caused by point mutations during viral replication, results in new influenza virus variants, causing seasonal epidemics that generally occur in winter months in temperate zones. Occasionally, influenza A viruses undergo formation of an entirely new subtype through antigenic shift , resulting in a new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein, which creates the possibility of a pandemic. Rates of influenza infection are highest in school-age children during community outbreaks, which usually last 4 to 8 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpeds.2008-2449%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18779253%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=122/5/1135&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F30%2F8%2F326.atom [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DClin%2BInfect%2BDis.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1086%252F598513%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19281331%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=cid&resid=48/8/1003&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F30%2F8%2F326.atom
Changing climate increases biological productivity in the Arctic

Climate change is leading to increased biological productivity in the coastal Arctic. As ice melts and recedes far from land, winds interact with open waters to increase the upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water and stimulate biological productivity. Tremblay et al. quantified these changes using remote sensing and in situ observations in the coastal Beaufort Sea. They found that ice ablation and the combination of increased upwelling and greater light penetration into the water column during fall 2007 and summer 2008 increased the production of ice algae, phytoplankton, and zooplankton by 2–6 times. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048825, 2011)
A joint model of longitudinal and competing risks survival data with heterogeneous random effects and outlying longitudinal measurements

This article proposes a joint model for longitudinal measurements and competing risks survival data. The model consists of a linear mixed effects sub-model with t-distributed measurement errors for the longitudinal outcome, a proportional cause-specific hazards frailty sub-model for the survival outcome, and a regression sub-model for the variance-covariance matrix of the multivariate latent random effects based on a modified Cholesky decomposition. A Bayesian MCMC procedure is developed for parameter estimation and inference. Our method is insensitive to outlying longitudinal measurements in the presence of non-ignorable missing data due to dropout. Moreover, by modeling the variance-covariance matrix of the latent random effects, our model provides a useful framework for handling high-dimensional heterogeneous random effects and testing the homogeneous random effects assumption which is otherwise untestable in commonly used joint models. Finally, our model enables analysis of a survival outcome with intermittently measured time-dependent covariates and possibly correlated competing risks and dependent censoring, as well as joint analysis of the longitudinal and survival outcomes. Illustrations are given using a real data set from a lung study and simulation.
Age-specific survivorship in relation to clutch size and fledging success in California gulls

Data from a natural population of California gulls (Larus californicus) demonstrated that increasing reproductive effort with age was associated with reduced survivorship. Number of offspring fledged but not clutch size was inversely related to adult survivorhip indicating that reproductively induced mortality resulted from the cumulative effects of the entire breeding season. Agerelated increases in fledging success were correlated with increased adult mortality. Young gulls fledged few offspring and had high survival rates. Old gulls tended to fledge more offspring and had low survival rates. However, those old gulls fledging few offspring survived as well as young gulls. Data also invalidate the assumption that survivorship is age-constant in this species.
Specificity of Sites within Eight-Membered Ring Zeolite Channels for Carbonylation of Methyls to Acetyls

The acid-catalyzed formation of carbon−carbon bonds from C1 precursors via CO insertion into chemisorbed methyl groups occurs selectively within eight-membered ring (8-MR) zeolite channels. This elementary step controls catalytic carbonylation rates of dimethyl ether (DME) to methyl acetate. The number of O−H groups within 8-MR channels was measured by rigorous deconvolution of the infrared bands for O−H groups in cation-exchanged and acid forms of mordenite (M,H-MOR) and ferrierite (H-FER) after adsorption of basic probe molecules of varying size. DME carbonylation rates are proportional to the number of O−H groups within 8-MR channels. Na+ cations selectively replaced protons within 8-MR channels and led to a disproportionate decrease in carbonylation turnover rates (per total H+). These conclusions are consistent with the low or undetectable rates of carbonylation on zeolites without 8-MR channels (H-BEA, H-FAU, H-MFI). Such specificity of methyl reactivity upon confinement within small channels appear...
The power of suggestion: teaching sequences through assistive robot motions

We present a preliminary implementation of a robot within the context of social skills intervention. The robot engages a human user in an interactive and adaptive game-playing session that emphasizes a specific sequence of movements over time. Such games highlight joint attention and encourage forms of interaction that are useful within various assistive domains. Noteworthy robot activities include those that could be used to promote social cues in children with autism, sequences that maintain or improve memory in Alzheimer's patients, and movements that encourage exercises to increase range of motion in post-stroke rehabilitation.
Treatment of Tear Trough Deformity and Lower Lid Bowing with Injectable Hyaluronic Acid

Tear trough deformity of the lower eyelid is one of the most difficult depressions to correct surgically. The thin skin of the trough, the overhanging abundant lower lid fat, the underlying cheek mound, and the tethering effect of the orbitomalar ligament create a surgical challenge. Until now, noninvasive methods used to treat this depression have been problematic, yielding a poor benefit-to-risk ratio in most hands. Even surgery does not completely manage this depression. The most common surgical techniques for lower eyelid rejuvenation do not even address it. Since December of 2003, 24 patients have had their tear troughs treated with injectable hyaluronic acid. For 23 patients, Restylane was injected superficially to elevate the surface from the orbitomalar ligament and add volume to the trough. Only two patients were dissatisfied with their results.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Losartan in Hypertensive Patients With Renal Impairment

We evaluated the blood pressure-lowering activity, tolerability, and safety of losartan in 112 hypertensive (sitting diastolic blood pressure, 90 to 115 mm Hg) patients with chronic renal insufficiency including mild renal insufficiency (30 to 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; n=51), moderate to severe renal insufficiency (10 to 29 mL/min per 1.73 m2; n=33), or hemodialysis (n=28). After a 3-week placebo period, once-daily losatan was administered for 12 weeks. The daily dose of 50 mg was increased to 100 mg after 4 weeks in patients whose sitting diastolic blood pressure remained > or = 90 mm Hg or was reduced by 6 mEq/L) requiring discontinuation of losartan occurred in only one (group 2) patient. We conclude that once-daily losartan, given as monotherapy at doses of 50 or 100 mg or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs, was effective in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease and that losartan regimens were well tolerated in all groups, including those on hemodialysis.
The natural history of vertebral artery origin stenosis.

Background We sought to determine the long-term survival and natural history of vertebral artery origin stenosis (VAOS) as it relates to stroke. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical data on patients admitted at a single institution for possible stroke between 2004 and 2007 and selected subjects who underwent angiography of the neck. We classified VAOS subjects as having “moderate” to “severe” (≥50%) occlusion. Age-, sex-, and race-matched control subjects with no evidence of VAOS on angiography were selected from our study population. Long-term follow-up data were collected and death certificates were searched for comparison among cases and controls. A Kaplan–Meier curve was plotted based on time to event (stroke or death). Results Fifty-eight of the 358 subjects were found to have VAOS (16.2%). Four subjects were excluded because of stenting; therefore, 54 cases and 54 matched controls were included for long-term follow-up analysis. In our study population, we calculated that the relative risk of having a stroke or dying in patients with VAOS was 6 times that of patients without VAOS (P Conclusions Patients with VAOS are at a significantly higher risk of having a stroke or dying. Subsequent prospective, multicenter studies are needed to validate our results.
Effect of Trypan Blue upon Cardiac Explants in Tissue Culture.

SummaryCardiac explants from 10-day chick embryos planted in a medium of lyophiled chicken plasma and embryo juice containing 1/4000 trypan blue, grew significantly better than control cultures from the same hearts grown in an identical medium without the dye.
Antagonization of clonidine- and morphine-promoted antinociception by kainic acid lesion of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the rat.

Abstract We evaluated the participation of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) in clonidine- and morphine-induced analgesia in young rats, using the hot-plate assay as the nociceptive test. Bilateral kainic acid lesion of the NRGC did not alter the baseline pain responses to noxious heat stimulus. Selective destruction of the NRGC neuronal perikarya, however, significantly attenuated the analgesic efficacy of an optimal dose of clonidine or morphine. Sham-lesion animals, on the other hand, showed no appreciable alteration in the antinociceptive potency of both the imidazoline compound and the opiate. We conclude that the NRGC may be a critical central site for clonidine- and morphine-promoted pain inhibition, although this reticular nucleus did not appear to function as a tonically active endogenous analgesic mechanism. The incomplete elimination of morphine-elicited antinociception by NRGC lesion confirmed the engagement of other neural substrates in the process. We discuss whether NRGC participates in pain suppression by the opiate in parallel or in series to these other central sites.
Dominance of the final state in photoemission mapping of the fermi surface of Co/Cu(001).

The Fermi surface of tetragonally distorted fcc Co films grown on Cu(001) has been investigated with first-principles calculations and compared with an experimental determination using angle-resolved photoemission. The angular distributions for $h\ensuremath{\nu}=21--45\text{ }\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ are dominated by the structure of the final states rather than by the shape of the Fermi surface. Theoretical estimates of the photoemission matrix elements support this observation. This suggests that photoemission can have limitations in mapping Fermi surfaces, especially for materials that exhibit flat, closely spaced valence bands.
Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the world and is responsible for ~500,000 deaths worldwide annually.1 The incidence almost equals the mortality. It is the most common cause of death in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. HCC usually arises in the setting of chronic liver disease, commonly from hepatitis B, C, or alcohol abuse. In fact, 80% of HCC arises in the setting of cirrhosis. Despite available treatment, survival rates of HCC remain poor, with an estimation of 54% at 1 year, 40% at 2 years, and 28% at 3 years.2 The only definitive therapy is liver transplantation. Resection, when possible, is not curative as cirrhosis remains a comorbidity. Even with transplantation in early HCC associated with cirrhosis, there is still a potential risk for HCC recurrence.3 Typically, transplantation is reserved for candidates with a single lesion up to 5 cm in diameter, or multiple lesions up to three with a total diameter of 9 cm, with no vascular invasion and no regional or distant nodal metastatic disease. The 4-year survival rate for transplantation is ~80%. Similar survival rates have been reported for larger HCCs.4 With transplantation the only curative option, qualified patients often languish on the waiting list due to the current organ shortage. It has been shown that a 6- to 12-month waiting time for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is associated with reduced overall survival compared with subjects with lesser waiting time due to progression of tumor beyond favorable criteria or due to drop-out for other reasons.5 In fact, the average waiting time can exceed one-year, at which point the drop-out rate is 30 to 40%. Drop-out rate from HCC progression beyond favorable criteria is estimated at 10% at 6 months.6 Surgical resection can increase the OLT rate to 3.7% and 10.7% for a waiting list of 6 and 24 months, respectively. However, surgical resection is associated with significant risks in the setting of cirrhosis, including hemorrhage and hepatic decompensation.7 It is in this setting that other therapies have been developed to treat, though not necessarily cure, patients with HCC to prevent HCC progression and increase the chance of organ transplantation, to downstage patients into favorable criteria for liver transplantation, and to prolong survival and improve quality of life for those who do not qualify for liver transplantation. Therapies that have been in use include transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), ablative therapies (including both thermal and cryoablation), radio embolization, and percutaneous alcohol injection. The focus of this article is on the rationale, technique, and results of TACE in HCC in the setting of cirrhosis.
Membrane potential independent binding of azidopyrene to LPS mutants of Salmonella typhimurium

The hydrophobic photoprobe azidopyrene has been used to probe the interaction of hydrophobic molecules with strains of Salmonella typhimurium carrying defined LPS mutations. We have found that whereas binding of this probe to cells having normal LPS is inversely related to the membrane potential (deenergized cells showed enhanced azidopyrene binding), mutants with defective LPS bind excess probe independent of the membrane potential. These results emphasize the role of LPS as a barrier to hydrophobic molecules.
The Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Pilot Resident-Organized and -Led Knowledge Base Review.

Objective The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires a sufficient medical knowledge base as one of the six core competencies in residency training. The authors judged that an annual “short-course” review of medical knowledge would be a useful adjunct to standard seminar and rotation teaching, and that a resident-designed course might more closely meet resident-identified needs and learning styles.