cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature Weighting in k -Means Clustering

Data sets with multiple, heterogeneous feature spaces occur frequently. We present an abstract framework for integrating multiple feature spaces in the k-means clustering algorithm. Our main ideas are (i) to represent each data object as a tuple of multiple feature vectors, (ii) to assign a suitable (and possibly different) distortion measure to each feature space, (iii) to combine distortions on different feature spaces, in a convex fashion, by assigning (possibly) different relative weights to each, (iv) for a fixed weighting, to cluster using the proposed convex k-means algorithm, and (v) to determine the optimal feature weighting to be the one that yields the clustering that simultaneously minimizes the average within-cluster dispersion and maximizes the average between-cluster dispersion along all the feature spaces. Using precision/recall evaluations and known ground truth classifications, we empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of feature weighting in clustering on several different application domains.
Some relationships between the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, and Mattesia grandis McLaughlin (Protozoa: Neogregarinida)

Abstract The neogregarine, Mattesia grandis McLaughlin, infects larvae and adults of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, when the spores are ingested; larvae, pupae, and adults are susceptible. Sporogony and production of free spores usually occurred 7 days after infection. Development of the pathogen was retarded in adults when little or no lipoid material was deposited in the adipose tissue, but normal development resumed when the adult diet was altered to result in deposition of fat. The rate of development of the pathogen also appeared to vary directly with temperature changes. Infected female weevils laid fewer eggs per day than healthy females.
Myocardial infarction in the perinatal period with long-term survival

A patient with documented perinatal myocardial infarction of unknown etiology with a 5 year survival is presented. Of 5 previously reported cases, all of which were fatal, 4 were unsuspected clinically and were diagnosed at postmortem examinations. The fifth patient had diagnostic electrocardiographic changes of myocardial infarction and the diagnosis was confirmed as postmortem examination. Evidence of difficult delivery was common to these 5 patients.
Microdomains shift and rotate in the lateral wall of cochlear outer hair cells.

Outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility, a response consisting of reversible changes in cell length and diameter induced by electrical stimulation, confers remarkable sensitivity and frequency resolution to the mammalian inner ear. Looking for a better understanding of this mechanism, we labeled isolated guinea pig OHCs with microspheres and, using high-speed video recording, investigated their movements at the apical, mid, and basal regions of osmotically and electrically stimulated cells. After hypoosmotic challenge, OHCs shortened and their diameter increased, with microspheres moving always toward the central plane; iso-osmolarity returned OHCs to their original shape and microspheres to their original positions. Under electrical stimulation, microspheres exhibited robust movements, with their displacement vectors changing in direction from random to parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cells with peak reorientation speeds of up to 6 rad/s and returning to random after 5 min without stimulation. Alterations in plasma-membrane cholesterol levels as well as cytoskeleton integrity affected microsphere responses. We concluded that microspheres attach to different molecular microdomains, and these microdomains are able to shift and rotate in the plane of the OHC lateral wall with a dynamics tightly regulated by membrane lipid composition and the cortical cytoskeleton.
Muertos de risa: Reconsideraciones sobre el lenguaje en El doctor Centeno de Galdós

El doctor Centeno, by Benito Perez Galdos, has repeatedly been criticized for not conforming to the bases of literary realism, for being "loose, disjointed and poorly articulated," according to William Shoemaker (The Novelistic Art of Perez Galdos). This article suggests something contradictory to these perceptions. It considers the novel to be a great example of Spanish realism, taking into account that Spanish literary realism does not reflect reality through a perfectly delineated plot, but rather questions a coherent conception of reality, presenting very subtly a fragmentary reality: a reality of crisis. In his fiction, Galdos uses humor in a way that challenges the definition of language in a traditional conception of literary realism. His use of it also starts to show the influence of the modern episteme in his late-nineteenth-century novels, which are no longer directed toward the representation of reality but toward the questioning of it.
Election Laws and Representative Governments: Beyond Votes and Seats

A sophisticated research tradition has explored theoretically and empirically the consequences of election laws for vote–seat disproportionality and, more recently, for the distance between citizen and legislative left–right medians. In contemporary parliamentary systems, policy making tends to be dominated by governments, not legislatures. This article extends election law theory to its expected effects on the left–right representativeness of governing parties and examines whether these are realized after eighty-two elections in fifteen mature parliamentary systems. The analysis shows how the legislative median party, the legislative plurality party and pre-election coalition agreements between parties shape these connections between citizens, legislatures and governments. The article also develops more nuanced measures of party influence on policy making and re-examines the governmental findings using these. Governments and policy-making configurations emerging from bargaining after PR elections are in net significantly closer to their citizens than those created by SMD elections.
Effective Simulations of Gas Diffusion Through Kinetically Accessible Tunnels in Multisubunit Proteins: O2 Pathways and Escape Routes in T-state Deoxyhemoglobin

The diffusion of small gases to special binding sites within polypeptide matrices pivotally defines the biochemical specificity and reactivity of proteins. We investigate here explicit O2 diffusion in adult human hemoglobin (HbA) as a case study employing the recently developed temperature-controlled locally enhanced sampling (TLES) method and vary the parameters to greatly increase the simulation efficiency. The method is carefully validated against standard molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and available experimental structural and kinetic data on ligand diffusion in T-state deoxyHbA. The methodology provides a viable alternative approach to traditional MD simulations and/or potential of mean force calculations for: (i) characterizing kinetically accessible diffusion tunnels and escape routes for light ligands in porous proteins; (ii) very large systems when realistic simulations require the inclusion of multiple subunits of a protein; and (iii) proteins that access short-lived conformations relative ...
All-Fiber, Discrete Arbitrary Picket-Pulse Shaping

A novel all-fiber, hybrid pulse-shaping system based on the temporal stacking of discrete optical picket pulses combined with continuously shaped optical pulses provides 100-ps resolution with high dynamic range and flexibility required for laser fusion.
Real time monitoring of aging process in power converters using the SSTDR generated impedance matrix

A non-interfering measurement technique has been proposed in this paper to identify aging in various components in a power converter circuit. Several power MOSFETs and IGBTs were aged in a controlled environment, and spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) technique was applied to these components to determine the associated level of electrical degradation while they were connected in an energized circuit. Multiple impedance matrices have been created based on the measured reflection across multiple node pairs of the circuit, and these reflections are the true representations of the impedance across those node pairs. Therefore, these matrices provide key information about the level of electrical degradation associated to the core power components in the power circuit, and it is possible to predict the remaining life of the power converter by using this impedance matrices.
Engineering large functional plasmids for biosafety

Abstract Large bacterial plasmid constructs (generally 25–100 kb, but can be greater), such as those engineered with DNA encoding specific functions such as protein secretion or specialized metabolism, can carry antibiotic resistance genes and/or conjugation systems that typically must be removed before use in medical or environmental settings due to biosafety concerns. However, a convenient in vivo recombineering approach for intact large plasmids to sequentially remove multiple different genes using non-antibiotic selection methods is not described in the literature to our knowledge. We developed strategies and reagents for convenient removal of antibiotic resistance markers and conjugation genes while retaining non-antibiotic-based plasmid selection to increase practical utility of large engineered plasmids. This approach utilizes targeted lambda Red recombination of PCR products encoding the trpE and asd genes and as well as FLP/FRT-mediated marker removal. This is particularly important given that use of restriction enzymes with plasmids of this size is extremely problematic and often not feasible. This report provides the first example of the trpE gene/tryptophan prototrophy being used for recombineering selection. We applied this strategy to the plasmids R995 + SPI-1 and R995 + SPI-2 which encode cloned type III secretion systems to allow protein secretion and substrate delivery to eukaryotic cells. The resulting constructs are functional, stably maintained under conditions where the original constructs are unstable, completely defective for conjugative transfer, and transferred via electroporation.
Determinants of the real exchange rate in a small open economy: Evidence from Canada

Abstract This study develops a theoretical monetary model of the real exchange rate and shows that over the long run the real exchange rate is a function of real money supply, domestic and foreign interest rate, real GDP, real government expenditure, deficit per GDP, domestic and foreign outstanding debt per GDP, domestic and foreign externally financed debt per GDP and commodity price. The model was tested on Canadian data (1972Q1–2010Q3 period). It was found that all variables, except real money supply, domestic and foreign interest rate and domestic externally financed debt have a statistically significant impact on the real exchange rate in Canada. However, the domestic fiscal variables do not have any impact on the real exchange rate over the short run. The change in interest rate, the growth of money supply, the commodity price and the US debt per GDP have a negative impact on the growth of the real exchange rate over the short run.
Relative susceptibility of potato varieties to Streptomyces scabiei and S. acidiscabies

In 2000 and 2004, 19 potato varieties were grown in separate plots inoculated with the scab pathogensStreptomyces scabiei andS. acidiscabies. Reaction of the varieties to these two species were highly correlated in both years, with no host variety-pathogen species interaction. These results are consistent with the central role of the bacterial toxin thaxtomin in scab development, and indicate that this and other mechanisms involved in pathogen infection and establishment are not expressed differentially with regard to variety. Likewise, there is no apparent differential response of the pathogens to those host factors determining the degrees of resistance and symptoms expressed in different varieties.
Organizational Policy Recommendations for Control of STI/HIV among Female Sex Workers in China: Regular Examination of Workers in Social Hygiene Clinics

Abstract This article aims to address female sex workers at high risk for contracting HIV in China by recommending evidence-based socio-structural interventions and policies at the national level that have yielded effective outcomes in other countries. National governments such as the Philippines and Hong Kong have utilized the Social Hygiene Clinic (SHC) model. A similar national policy can be highly effective in China. Evidence-based research study results indicate significant reductions in STI and consistent condom use among female sex workers in both China and the Philippines. Consistent condom use in both countries continues to be significantly associated with interpersonal- and venue-level factors. Individuals who had higher appointment-keeping ratios in the Philippines had higher rates of consistent condom use (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.6–3.7) and significantly lower rates of STI (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.26–0.57). By beginning with provinces, which already have a good relationship between establishment ve...
Development of a research specialty: Instructional psychology portrayed in The Annual Review of Psychology

The relatively new research specialty, instructional psychology, has been the topic of five chapters in the Annual Review of Psychology. Development of this specialty is studied through content analysis and citation analysis of these chapters. Cognitive structure of the field is found to be more converging than diverging and more conforming than radical. Social structure shows growth without divergence and a close fit with established institutions. The field would be enriched through greater attention to research being conducted outside the United States and to research reflecting conceptions and methods in addition to those from the experimental-quantitative tradition.
A Simple Adjunct to a Plantar Local Random Flap for Submetatarsal Ulcers

Plantar local random flaps provide a versatile method of plastic coverage for many types of pedal soft tissue defects. The ability of a local random flap to replace "like with like tissue" on the weight-bearing surface of the forefoot makes it a useful option for coverage of recalcitrant submetatarsal ulcerations. The authors describe a technique of adjunctive temporary stabilization of the affected metatarsophalangeal joint to maximize the likelihood of ultimate flap survival.
Effects of clomipramine on self-control choice in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats.

Rates of delay discounting (impulsive choice) have been shown to vary among individuals, particularly people who abuse drugs relative to those who do not, but factors that may contribute to these differences have not been identified. To explore a role for possible genetic and neurochemical determinants, Lewis (n=8) and Fischer 344 (n=8) rats were allowed to choose between one food pellet delivered immediately and three food pellets delivered after increasing delays. The delays to the large reinforcer (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 s) were increased across five blocks of trials in daily experimental sessions. For both groups of rats, choice for the larger reinforcer decreased as the delay to presentation increased. However, the Lewis rats were more likely to choose the smaller, immediate reinforcer earlier in the session, i.e., at shorter large-reinforcer delays, than the Fisher 344 rats. This difference in choice was statistically significant. Repeated administration of 3.0 mg/kg, i.p. clomipramine (mean of last five sessions) did not significantly alter choice, relative to baseline, for either strain. The present findings suggest that differences in delay discounting/impulsive choice may involve genetic, e.g., neurochemical, differences.
Combined atomistic-continuum model for simulation of laser interaction with metals: application in the calculation of melting thresholds in Ni targets of varying thickness

The threshold laser fluence for the onset of surface melting is calculated for Ni films of different thicknesses and for a bulk Ni target using a combined atomistic-continuum computational model. The model combines the classical molecular dynamics (MD) method for simulation of non-equilibrium processes of lattice superheating and fast phase transformations with a continuum description of the laser excitation and subsequent relaxation of the conduction band electrons based on the two-temperature model (TTM). In the hybrid TTM-MD method, MD substitutes the TTM equation for the lattice temperature, and the diffusion equation for the electron temperature is solved simultaneously with MD integration of the equations of motion of atoms. The dependence of the threshold fluence on the film thickness predicted in TTM-MD simulations qualitatively agrees with TTM calculations, while the values of the thresholds for thick films and bulk targets are ∼10% higher in TTM-MD. The quantitative differences between the predictions of TTM and TTM-MD demonstrate that the kinetics of laser melting as well as the energy partitioning between the thermal energy of atomic vibrations and energy of the collective atomic motion driven by the relaxation of the laser-induced pressure should be taken into account in interpretation of experimental results on surface melting.
On the contribution of alpha rays from the ground to the total ionization of the lower atmosphere

Alpha-ray ionization is perhaps the most variable single component of the ionization of the lower atmosphere. Many measurements have been made to determine the ionization from airborne sources of alpha rays. This depends principally on the amount of radon and thoron in the atmosphere. An attempt is made here to evaluate the role of alpha rays originating from the surface of the ground and other naturally occurring surfaces. It was found that about ten per cent of the small ions observed at one meter above ground are originally produced at the ground and carried upward by convection
Herpesvirus sylvilagus in cottontail rabbits: evidence of shedding but not transplacental transmission.

Herpesvirus sylvilagus was inoculated into five cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) at various stages of pregnancy; they subsequently had litters in the laboratory. Three other cottontails chronically infected with the virus were bred and bore young in large outdoor pens. Thirty-four living neonates and dead fetuses were weighed, measured and aseptically necropsied. A total of 31 liver, spleen and kidney samples, 16 lymph node, 28 heart and 10 brain samples were collected and processed for inoculation into rabbit kidney cell cultures to attempt virus isolation. Virus was not detected in the 147 tissue samples tested. Pre-conception viremias ranged from 10-21 plaque-forming units per 0.5 ml. Virus isolation was attempted from 26 oral and lacrymal, 23 genital, nine urine and fecal, and four milk and male ejaculate samples from eight infected rabbits. Virus was recovered from two salivary samples from the same rabbit. Triamcinolone acetonide administered daily for four days to five rabbits did not sti...
Fatigue-crack-propagation thresholds in a nickel-base superalloy at high frequencies and temperatures

Fatigue-crack-propagation (FCP) tests were conducted on the powder metallurgy nickel-base superalloy KM4 at temperatures of 20 °C, 550 °C, and 650 °C. Two different heat treatments were investigated, one yielding a relatively coarse grain size of 55 µm and another yielding a fine grain size of 6 µm. Tests were conducted at 100 Hz and 1000 Hz and at load ratios between 0.3 and 0.7. In the Paris regime, trends observed at high frequencies for KM4 were identical to those observed by earlier investigators at lower frequencies: coarse grains, low load ratios, low temperatures, and higher frequencies generally resulted in lower crack-propagation rates. However, in contrast to the Paris-regime behavior, thresholds were a complicated function of microstructure, load ratio, temperature, and frequency, and the only variable that resulted in a consistent trend in threshold was the load ratio. For example, thresholds increased from 100 to 1000 Hz for the fine-grained material at 550 °C, but decreased with the same frequency variation at 650 °C. One reason for this complexity was a change to intergranular fracture in the fine-grained microstructure at 650 °C, which was beneficial for high-frequency thresholds. Higher load ratios and lower frequencies promoted intergranular fracture. However, not all of the complexity could be explained by changing fracture mechanisms. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) stereofractography was utilized to determine quantitative measures of fracture-surface roughness. The most useful quantitative measure was found to be the standard deviation of the fracture-surface height, which is a physically meaningful length parameter and which corresponded to about half the grain size during room-temperature fatigue at near-threshold ΔK levels. The roughness of the fracture surface was found to increase as the load ratio was increased for both microstructures. For the coarse-grained microstructure, there was a direct correlation between fracture-surface roughness and FCP threshold over the entire range of temperatures, frequencies, and load ratios. However, measurements of closure loads indicated that roughness-induced closure was not the sole reason for the varying FCP thresholds.
Bilingual referents in cognitive processing

Abstract The study reported investigated whether using both of a bilingual's languages to process expository text enhanced or impaired comprehension. Eighty French-English bilinguals read a passage written in either French or English, took notes on the passage in either French or English, and completed tests of free recall and inference in French and English. Bilinguals who used both of their languages to read and take notes neither recognized nor recalled more information overall than their counterparts who read and took notes in the same language. Bilinguals who read and took notes in alternate languages, however, recalled more of those notes than subjects who read and took notes in the same language. Implications for future research pertaining to the interaction of bilinguals' languages during processing of text are discussed.
Nonacademic careers, internships, and undergraduate research

The benefits for students who do undergraduate research are mainly thought of in terms of graduate school success and opportunities for future careers as professors. These benefits also help students who go into business, industry, or government. Faculty mentors are often unaware of careers and internships in business, industry, or government. In this paper, some of these opportunities will be presented so that professors can better direct students to them as they are mentoring students. Much of this information has been obtained while organizing the summer internship program at Brigham Young University’s Department of Mathematics, the “Careers in Math” speaker series funded by NSF grant DUE1019594, and our academic-year undergraduate research program, which involves about 75 mathematics majors a year in original research.
Modeling, simulation and kinetic parameter estimation in batch crystallization processes

A dynamic model of a seeded batch crystallizer is used to investigate the process-dependent aspects of nucleation and growth kinetic parameter estimation by computer simulation. The satisfactory identification of all parameters in power-law-type kinetics with respect to supersaturation requires the use of nonlinear parameter transformations. The proper choice for transformation is problem-dependent, becoming more sensitive as nucleation rates increase, and the percentage of crystals below the measurable range increases.
Optical pulse compression and breaking in nonlinear fibre couplers

Abstract The analysis of a curved, fibre coupler with a Kerr-type nonlinear medium between the fibres is presented. The nonlinear fibre coupler is seen to produce compression of optical pulses. A new feature, that of optical pulse breaking, is presented as well.
Microwave radiation by a relativistic electron beam propagation through low-pressure air

Intense relativistic electron beams fired into air at varying pressures display a wide range of microwave signatures. These experiments held beam current, energy, and pulse length constant while varying gas pressure. Our observing window is 10 to 40 GHz. At low pressures (<10 mTorr) exponential spectra result, consistent with beam reflexing or virtual cathode oscillations. Above 20 mTorr the spectrum flattens and suggests collective emission at the beam‐generated plasma frequencies. Power falls linearly with pressure above 20 mTorr, until electron‐Neutral collisions damp the emission at a few Torr. However, weak 10 GHz emission appears at full atmospheric pressure.
Fault location estimation using current magnitude measurements

This paper presents a general approach to locate any type of fault on either a single-circuit or a double-circuit transmission line when only current magnitude measurements are available. Emphasis is given to double-circuit line. The distinctive feature of the proposed fault location method is the current measurements employed can be from one or more branches, which are not restricted to those of the faulted section. Evaluation studies based on EMTP simulation have shown quite accurate results.
Computer capabilities at western european universities

This report on the author's trip to universities in Western Europe in the summer of 1966 gives brief descriptions of computing activities at each institution visited. Present equipment capabilities vary from moderate to large scale; however, many institutions plan to acquire complex time-shared systems in the near future. In the author's opinion, the state of the art lags behind that on this continent. This lag is attributed to four principal factors: (a) the handicapping organization of academic procedures; (b) the university-government financial relationship; (c) the subordinated organization of the computing facility; (d) the paucity of professional interchange of knowledge. The effects of these constraints are explicated.
The Structure and Function of the Old Cordilleran Culture Concept1

DOUBTS about the validity or "reality" of the Old Cordilleran culture (Butler 1961) have been expressed in various reviews of the concept (e.g., Carlson 1962; Daugherty 1962; Gruhn 1962; Osborne 1963). Behind these doubts, as indicated by the character of their expression, lie uncertain assumptions about the proper roles of observation and conceptualization in field archaeology. As a consequence of the fact that these assumptions were not understood, the reviewers either tacitly rejected or failed to perceive the logic of the approach employed in the framing of the Old Cordilleran culture concept. The present paper is an attempt to provide some insight into the structure and function of the concept so that its merits and deficiencies can be more clearly discerned than has been the case previously. There are three main parts to the paper: the first is a history of the Old Cordilleran culture concept from its inception to the present; the second is a discussion of the logic of this concept; and the third is a summary statement of what this concept signifies for Northwest prehistory.
The activation of mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons by FG 7142 is absent in rats treated chronically with diazepam.

Abstract Administration of methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG 7142, 15 mg/kg i.p.) to rats has previously been shown to cause a selective increase in the levels of 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area (VTA) via an interaction with benzodiazepine receptors. On withdrawal 3 days following chronic treatment with diazepam for 21 days, FG 7142 no longer increased DOPAC levels in either the prefrontal cortex or the VTA. Chronic diazepam treatment alone was ineffective in altering dopamine metabolism in the eight brain regions examined. The present findings indicate that chronic diazepam treatment may cause changes at the level of GABA/benzodiazepine receptor macromolecular complex, which is normally functionally integrated with the mesoprefrontal dopaminergic neurons, so that FG 7142 can no longer exert its intrinsic actions.
From all walks of life--nontraditional medical students and the future of medicine.

Nontraditional students bring maturity, diversity, broader perspectives, and “life experience.” Dr. Sandeep Jauhar asks, are the diverse backgrounds and interests of nontraditional medical students really what the profession needs?
Surgical treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: The role of intraoperative mapping and consideration of the presently available surgical techniques

T IS well known that ventricular arrhythmias may be serious and even life-threatening. Furthermore, it is also known that these arrhythmias may not be adequately controlled with available medical therapy. It is a logical consequence that if the region of the myocardium responsible for generating such arrhythmias could be identified and was amenable to effective surgical treatment, such treatment would be not only desirable, but also would be a significant advance in antiarrhythmic therapy. The first surgical approach to treatment of ventricular arrhythmia was that reported by Couch,’ who performed a surgical resection of a left ventricular aneurysm as treatment of a lifethreatening arrhythmia in one patient. With the subsequent advances in the various techniques of cardiac catheterization, cardiac electrophysiology, and open heart surgery, it is a natural outgrowth that surgical approaches to treatment of these serious and life-threatening arrhythmias should be considered. The first systematic approach to intraoperative electrophysiologic investigation of ventricular arrhythmias with subsequent therapeutic surgical intervention was reported in 1974 by Fontaine et al.’ They studied three patients with right ventricular tachycardia utilizing epicardial mapping at the time of surgery, followed by selective right ventriculotomy as the surgical therapy. Since that time, active investigation in this field has continued to the point where it is probably reasonable to suggest that we may be at the threshold of yet another era in cardiac surgery, namely, the surgical treatment of lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias. This article reviews the utility and application of intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping in patients with serious or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, it reviews the present state of surgical treatment of these ventricular arrhythmias.
Silicon p-i-n focal plane arrays at Raytheon

Raytheon has been building silicon p-i-n (Si-PIN) detector arrays for the past twenty years for various remote sensing instruments such as MODIS, EO-1, and Landsat now on orbit. See Figure 1. The Si-PIN technology at Raytheon has matured in the past five years with the addition of a dedicated silicon wafer fab, improvements in hybrid technologies, and the enhanced digital functionality of RVS custom read out integrated circuits (ROICs). This paper will discuss the advantages that Raytheon Si-PIN arrays offer over conventional CCDs and monolithic CMOS imagers such as 100% optical fill factor, high QE (visible - near IR), high MTF, and radiation hardness.
Pathogen identification of abscesses and cellulitis

The goal of culturing abscesses and/or cellulitis is to identify the offending pathogen in order to understand and treat the infection. Abscesses respond to incision and drainage. Antibiotics are not indicated in the patient with normal host defense, and thus in these patients cultures and Gram stains are not indicated. In immunocompromised patients, in patients with abscesses of the central face, and in those with abscesses that contain gas or involve muscle or fascia, Gram stain, culture, and antibiotics are necessary. The Gram stain is a reliable indicator of sterile abscesses, abscesses in pure culture (especially Staphylococcus aureus ), and those in mixed anaerobic culture. Location and odor of abscesses are clues to offending bacteria. Cultures of tissue or blood in patients with cellulitis usually are positive in less than 40% of cases, regardless of the technique used. Hemophilus influenzae cellulitis in pediatric patients is an exception; blood cultures are positive in more than two-thirds of cases. Although not specific, certain types of cellulitis show different clinical characteristics. Treatment with elevation, warm soaks, and antibiotics is still the mainstay of therapy. Gram stain and culture are limited to those patients who do not respond to initial therapy or who are immunocompromised.
On the Nature of the V -Particles

Disintegration of a neutral $V$-particle into a proton and negative meson strongly suggests that the $V$-particle is an excited state of the neutron. In order to account for the very long lifetime of this state, it is suggested that the nucleon has a very complex structure involving many mesons in virtual states. The excitation is then distributed over many degrees of freedom, so the probability for formation of that state which leads directly to disintegration may be very small. If ${n}_{0}$ is the average number of pions of each charge in the nucleon and $f$ is the number of states available to a single pion, the lifetime for pion emission is estimated to be $t=fn_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2f}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ sec. For the reasonable choice $f=10$ and ${n}_{0}=4$ this agrees with the observed lifetime of the neutral $V$-particle.
Approximate eigenvalues for a circular rod of arbitrary relative permittivity

A simple and useful approximate expression for the eigenvalues of a circular dielectric or glass waveguide of arbitrary relative permittivity are found. Although the approximation is derived for conditions far from cutoff, it is accurate except close to cutoff.
Exploring the role of central astrocytic glutamate uptake in ethanol reward in mice.

Background Alcoholism is associated with specific brain abnormalities revealed through postmortem studies, including a reduction in glial cell number and dysregulated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Whether these abnormalities contribute to the etiology of alcoholism, are consequences of alcohol use, or both is still unknown. Methods We investigated the role of astrocytic glutamate uptake in ethanol (EtOH) binge drinking in mice, using the “drinking in the dark” (DID) paradigm by blocking the astrocytic glutamate transporter (GLT-1) with intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of dihydrokainic acid (DHK). To determine whether astrocytic glutamate uptake regulates the conditioned rewarding effects of EtOH, we examined the effects of ICV DHK on the acquisition and expression of EtOH-induced conditioned place preference. Results Blocking central astrocytic glutamate uptake selectively attenuated EtOH binge drinking behavior in mice. DHK did not alter the acquisition or expression of preference for EtOH-associated cues, indicating that reduced astrocytic glutamate trafficking may decrease binge-like drinking without altering the conditioned rewarding effects of EtOH. Conclusions Several alternative conclusions are plausible, however, interpreting these data in the context of the human literature, these findings suggest that the reduction of glia in the alcoholic brain may not be a predisposing factor to developing alcoholism and could be a consequence of EtOH toxicity that decreases excessive EtOH intake.
Dynamic instability of thermal-flying-height-control sliders at touchdown

With the wide application of thermal flying-height control (TFC) technology in the hard disk drive industry, the head-disk clearance can be controlled to as low as ~1 nm. At this ultra-low clearance, the air bearing slider is subject to relatively large interfacial forces, and it experiences more complicated dynamics, compared with the flying case. In this study we conduct a numerical analysis to investigate the dynamics of TFC sliders during touchdown. The general trend of the slider’s motion predicted by the numerical simulation qualitatively agrees with experimental findings. The touchdown process begins with a slight intermittent contact between the slider’s trailing edge and the disk, followed by a partial slider-disk contact at the trailing edge accompanied by a large pitch motion at the 1st air bearing mode; this pitch motion gets suppressed and the slider comes into stable sliding on the disk as the protrusion is further increased.
Biological laser printing of three dimensional cellular structures

This proceeding presents experiments demonstrating that BioLPTM, Biological Laser Printing, can be used to rapidly and accurately print individual cells as well as patterns of cells in three dimensions. Human osteosarcoma cells were deposited into a biopolymer matrix, and after twenty-four hours of incubation, the printed cells remained viable and had multiplied. Multiple layers of human osteosarcoma cells were transferred into a MatrigelTM substrate, producing a three-dimensional cellular construct. Live/dead assays were performed, demonstrating that greater than 95% of the cells were viable after the being printed into the biopolymer. The ability to selectively print individual cells has potential benefits for cell selection studies and genomics and proteomics research. In addition, this technique could enable layers of tissue scaffolding to be seeded with cells at exceedingly high precision and resolution.
Effects of Chronic Hypoxemia on the Electrophysiological Properties of Right Atria Tissue in Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the electrophysiological properties of normal right atrial tissue in children and to evaluate the role of chronic hypoxemia in the genesis of atrial arrhythmias. Using standard mocroelectrode techniques we studied the electrophysiological properties of preparations of right atrial tissue obtained during open heart surgery in two groups of patients. Group A consisted of 6 patients with uncomplicated ventricular septal defects. Group B comprised 6 patients with tetralogy of Fallot with arterial O2 saturations of 80-84%. All patients underwent cardiovascular diagnostic studies and had normal right atrial pressures and no evidence of atrial shunting. In Group A mean resting potential (RP) was −86±5.7 mV, action potential duration was 210±8 msec at a cycle length of 1,000 msec and conduction velocity was 0.45±0.05 M/sec. The relationship between the rate of rise of phase 0 of the action potential (AP) and the membrane potential at which the AP was elicited (membrane responsiveness) was ‘S’ shaped. Cells were unresponsive at a mean RP of −56±1.6 mV and maximum rate of rise occured at a mean RP of −86±5.7 mV. An increase in extracellular [K+] above control caused a decrease in the RP which was linearly related to log [K+]. When [K+] was reduced below control levels, RP decreased slightly. There were no significant differences (p = >0.05) between Group A and Group B for all properties measured. Results from Group A can be used for ‘normal’ reference values. Chronic hypoxemia does not seem to alter the electrophysiological properties of right atrial tissue. This is consistent with the clinical observation of the lack of atrial arrhythmias in cyanotic congenital heart disease when there is no pressure or volume overloading of the right atrium.
Numerical study of liquid metal film flows in a varying spanwise magnetic field

A 2D model with focus on field gradient effect is presented and explained. The numerical schemes to solve the time-dependent governing equations in volume-of-fluid (VOF) methodology are described. A model case of flow through a partially full exit-pipe between toroidal field coils, as it applies to the parameters of the APEX CLiFF-Sn concept, is explored using this tool. The results show that the field gradient restrains and destabilizes the flow, but that an applied streamwise current can propel the flow through the gradient region. A small change of the magnetic field variation with the streamwise coordinate may lead to large difference of flow behavior, and an increase in back wall electrical conductance may intensify the instability of the film flow.
Analytical wave-packet design scheme: Control of dynamics and creation of exotic wave packets

A general analytical formalism is described for the design of the excitation pulse (in the weak-field limit) that will excite a specified target wave packet. These analytical formulas (accurate to third order in the phase) provide multiple solutions for a class of target wave packets and provide a basis for choosing between these solutions. In addition, the possibility of independent compensation of the second- and third-order phase terms offers flexibility in the creation of exotic wave packets. A concrete design example is given for the generation of a well-localized Rydberg atomic wave packet at a specific target time.
Reaction time to the offset of brief auditory stimuli

An earlier investigator has found that the time at which the offset of a stimulus is perceived depends on the time of stimulusonset, rather than on the time of stimulus offset, for stimuli briefer than a critical duration of the order of 100 msec. In an attempt to determine whether this effect extends to reaction time (RT), we have determined RT to the offset of brief noise bursts. RT was found to be essentially constant as a function of stimulus duration. Thus, RT to stimulus offset appears not to be related to the time of perception of offset, as determined in the earlier investigations.
Preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators

The prostheses described evolve from preoperative to immediate to transitional, and the distinction between them is not clearly defined. How long the temporary stage should be maintained depends upon the rapidity of healing of the defect and the judgment of the prosthodontist. Usually, healing is complete 3 to 6 months following surgery, and a definitive obturator may then be constructed. Construction, modification, and insertion of preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators for patients after partial and total maxillectomies were discussed. The purpose of an immediate obturator is to shorten the recovery period of the patient and restore speech, deglutition, and appearance as soon as possible after surgery.
Clinical importance of morphology and nomenclature of distal attachment of temporalis tendon.

Purpose The objective of the present study was to examine and clinically relate the morphology of the anterior distal temporalis tendon attachment and describe its osseous nomenclature. The temporalis tendon muscle is arguably 1 of the 2 most important muscles of mastication. Materials and Methods Contemporary anatomy texts and atlases regarding the anterior distal temporalis tendon attachment demonstrate a coronoid process attachment and/or an extension inferiorly along the anterior border of the ramus, and its representation is often unclear and inconsistent. The osseous nomenclature of the retromolar triangle or fossa where the anterior distal temporalis tendon attaches is even less clear in most texts and atlases. We conducted a literature review and dissected 30 embalmed human cadavers to examine the morphology of the anterior distal temporalis tendon, including an analysis of commonly used anatomic texts and atlases. Results Only 2 of 24 texts described or illustrated a retromolar triangle area (although not labeled) for anterior distal temporalis tendon insertion. Including the variations, we observed that the distal insertion continues downward onto the retromolar triangle, posterior to the mandibular third molar. The dissection results revealed that the anterior distal temporalis tendon consistently attached onto the medial and lateral borders of the retromolar triangle or fossa. Clinically, the anterior distal temporalis tendon is a landmark for manual temporomandibular junction reduction and identifying the long buccal nerve. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest the anterior distal temporalis tendon attachment could be further depicted and that the nomenclature of the retromolar triangle and fossa should be consistently included because of their clinical relevance.
MACHIAVELLIANISM ACROSS SEXES: AN EXAMINATION OF MARKETING PROFESSIONALS

The Mach IV scale was administered to 1,076 marketing practitioners. Analysis indicated that, contrary to past findings, women were significantly more Machiavellian than men, with respect to various levels of education, income, age. Compared with male marketing practitioners, women were higher on the Machiavellianism scale, perhaps by “self-selection”.
Detection of cell cycle subcompartments by flow cytometric estimation of DNA-RNA content in combination with dual-color immunofluorescence.

BACKGROUND Correlated flow cytometric measurements of phenotype and DNA–RNA content offer detailed information on cell cycle status of subpopulations in heterogeneous cell preparations in response to stimulation. We have developed a method for flow cytometric analysis of DNA–RNA content that has been optimized for simultaneous measurement of dual-color immunofluorescence. METHODS Nucleic acid staining was performed at low pH in the presence of saponin. DNA was stained with 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) and RNA with pyronin Y(G) (PY); both dyes were used at low concentrations, and 7-AAD was exchanged with nonfluorescent actinomycin D after DNA staining to minimize fluorochrome–fluorochrome interactions. For cell surface antigen staining, allophycocyanin was combined with pH-independent Alexa™488 instead of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) because FITC is pH sensitive. RESULTS This method identified cell cycle subcompartments in CEM cells comparable to published results on cell lines using other dyes and staining methods. Measurement of DNA–RNA content in CD8 lymphocyte subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells costimulated with CD3/CD28.2 showed that, after 48 h of stimulation, 80% of CD8+ T cells were in the proliferative state, whereas 86% of CD8+ non–T cells remained in G0. CONCLUSIONS This technique permits the clear identification of cellular subpopulations by phenotype and assessment of their cell cycle status. Cytometry 39:108–116, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On random pulse train and its evolutionary spectral representation

Abstract In this paper, relationship is established between two seemingly unrelated stochastic processes, both of which have been applied widely to engineering problems; namely, the random pulse train and the evolutionary process. In particular, a random pulse train has an evolutionary spectral representation if the pulse shape remains unchanged, and the pulse arrivals are uncorrelated events. This is also true for correlated pulse arrivals, provided that the ensemble average of the random pulse magnitude is zero.
Onsager's shortcut to proper forces and fluxes

Abstract In his 1931 papers, Onsager mentioned that his diffusion driving forces and fluxes, when multiplied and added pairwise, summed to the entropy generation. In 1945 he stated a minimum-dissipation principle, that any set of forces and fluxes which yield the entropy generation when so added would also yield a symmetric transport matrix. This last statement has been criticized by Coleman and Truesdell. This work discusses how to construct a transport formulation with a symmetric matrix and how to connect Onsager's forces and fluxes with gradients of mole fractions and species velocity differences. More general sets of forces and fluxes can be expressed in terms of those given here.