cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia utilizing concealed bypass tract induced by ventricular pacemaker

oral contraceptives, and both factors are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. The second patient had had recurrent pulmonary emboli unrelated to the LV thrombus and perhaps indicative of a hypercoagulable state. DeMaria et al3 suggested that the 2-D echo appearance of thrombus may be useful in predicting the risk of embolism. A smooth contour indicates older, organized thrombus and an irregular edge indicates new and friable thrombus that is more likely to dislodge.3 Mobile pedunculated thrombus is less frequent than mural thrombus, but the relative risk of embolism of either type is unknown. The role of anticoagulation in the prevention of recurrent emboli from intracardiac thrombus is unclear. Asinger et a1,5 in their report of patients with LV thrombus secondary to myocardial infarction, reported no embolic events and resolution of thrombus in both anticoagulated and nonanticoagulated patients, but LV thrombus recurred in 3 of 4 patients in whom anticoagulation was withdrawn. Reeder et al2 reported that the frequency of thrombus
On the refinement of the variable lead time/constant demand lot-sizing model: the effect of true average inventory level on the traditional solution

SUMMARY This paper considers lot-sizing situations where lead time is allowed to vary in accordance with a known, discrete probability distribution. The demand during lead time is assumed to be constant. This paper refines the traditional analysis approach by redefining the base average inventory to account for lower average values under conditions of stockouts. An inventory-level correction factor is introduced that results in order quantity polynomials. Differences in lot-sizing policies between the two methods are enumerated, as are conditions where the two approaches yield approximately the same results.
Electrical transport in NiOCeO2 mixtures

Abstract The a.c. electrical conductivity of two-phase NiOCeO 2 mixtures of various compositions has been measured as a function of temperature in the range ∼600–1000°C in air. The variation of the specific electrical conductivity at 850°C and the activation energy for conduction show, respectively, a small minimum and maximum at the CeO 2 -rich end of composition. Results are explained by postulating the trapping of transporting species at the NiO-CeO 2 interfaces.
A New Pathotype of Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae That Causes Bacterial Leaf Spot of Radish

A previously undescribed pathotype of Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae was found in 1995 on radish plants grown on organic soil in north central Ohio. Radish foliage developed numerous small, circular, water-soaked black spots, eventually with yellow halos, on the underside of the leaves, giving the foliage a yellowish, ragged appearance. Spots were also visible on the upper surface of leaves and on petioles. Yellow xanthomonad-like bacteria were consistently isolated from the lesions and confirmed as the causal agent of the disease by fulfilling Koch's postulates. All five strains purified were gram negative, rod shaped, motile, aerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, amylolytic, and pectolytic. They were identified as X. campestris pv. armoraciae by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis (similarity indices [SI] range = 0.21 to 0.39), the Biolog 95 GN reaction (SI range = 0.31 to 0.36), and serological reactions with X. campestris pv. campestris/X. campestris pv. armoraciae-specific monoclonal antibodies X9, X11, X21, A11, and B35 (1). All strains caused bacterial leaf spot on collard, kale, radish, horseradish, and cabbage but not on tomato or pepper. These strains were different from X. campestris pv. raphani, which is pathogenic on kale, radish, cabbage, tomato, and pepper, but not on horseradish. These strains also differed from other previously reported strains of X. campestris pv. armoraciae that do not cause infection on kale and radish (1,2). This is the first report on the existence of a different pathogenic group within X. campestris pv. armoraciae that can cause bacterial spot on kale and radish. References: (1) A. M. Alvarez et al. Phytopathology 84:1449, 1994; (2) H. E. White. Phytopathology 20:653, 1930.
Imprecise selection and fitness approximation in a large-scale evolutionary rule based system for blood pressure prediction

We present how we have strategically allocated fitness evaluations in a large-scale rule based evolutionary system called ECStar. We describe a strategy that culls potentially weaker solutions early, then later only compete with solutions which have equivalent fitness evaluations, as they are evaluated on more fitness cases. Despite incurring some imprecision in fitness comparison, which arises from not evaluating on all the fitness cases or even the same ones, the strategy allows our system to make effective progress when the resources at its disposal are unpredictably available.
Crystallographic refinement and structure analysis of the complex of wheat germ agglutinin with a bivalent sialoglycopeptide from glycophorin A.

Abstract Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) elicits a number of biological effects in erythrocytes as a result of specific binding to the transmembrane protein glycophorin A. The structure of cocrystals of WGA (isolectin 1: WGA1) with a bivalent sialoglycopeptide fragment of glycophorin A (T5), determined at 2·0 A resolution, has been further refined and analyzed with respect to ligand-induced changes in the tertiary structure, mobility, solvation, saccharide conformation and protein/saccharide interactions at three independent N -acetyl- d -neuraminic acid · (NeuNAc) binding sites. The final model, which includes the two independent WGA1 monomers (composed of domains A, B, C and D), two positions for bound T5 sialo-tetrasaccharide (NeuNAc-α2,3-Gal-β1,3-(α2,6-NeuNAc)GalNAc) and 386 water molecules, refined to a crystallographic R -factor of 17·1% ( F o > 1.0σ) and an average temperature factor of 31·99 A 2 . Comparisons between the tertiary structures of the liganded and unliganded WGA1 dimers indicate that the largest deviations from 2-fold symmetry are localized in domains engaged in sugar binding (B1 and C2) and at the C-terminal domain of monomer II (D2), forming a strong lattice contact. Interactions of the tetrasaccharide with amino acid ligands in the three binding sites and with water were carefully analyzed and compared. Bound conformations of terminal NeuNAc match to within a root-mean-square Δ r of 0·3 A. The specificity-determining N -acetyl group superimposes best in comparison with other substituents of the sugar ring. Of the five domain binding sites that are not occupied in this dimeric crosslinked complex, only one is accessible to the NeuNAc monosaccharide as determined from a difference Fourier map at 3·0 A resolution.
Fundamental problems associated with “eigenshape analysis” and similar “factor” analysis procedures

Recent advances in image analysis techniques have allowed rapid generation of peripheral points of two-dimensional objects. Such points, defining overall shape of an object, have been analyzed using several techniques including geometric shape analysis, Fourier analysis, and, more recently, by “eigenshape” analysis. The latter technique purports to represent a general, optimal, and universally best technique to analyze shapes of fossils. Such a technique was devised allegedly due to failure of exisiting techniques. We seriously question the validity of the eigenshape technique and discuss limitations of such an approach. Objections presented in this paper are applicable to a variety of other multivariable data reduction techniques as well.
The social shaping of health and smoking

When major disease processes move from processes that humans cannot control to processes we do understand and do control at least to some extent a social shaping of health disparities occurs. When humans control, it is their policies, their knowledge, and their behaviors that shape the consequences of biomedical knowledge and technology to achieve a powerful social shaping of extant patterns of disease and death. Evidence to support this approach is garnered from data showing dramatic improvements in population health and in the uneven distribution of those improvements across persons, places and times. Health improvements suggest that humans have gained control of disease whereas the uneven and very slow spread of such improvements underscores the critical importance of social factors. Smoking beliefs and behaviors gathered in surveys conducted over the past 50 years conform to this social shaping notion providing insights into the current distribution of beliefs and behaviors.
THE SIX HEMOGLOBINS OF THE SEA LAMPREY (PETROMYZON MARINUS).

Abstract The separation and purification of the six lamprey hemoglobins from Petromyzon marinus is reported. These six hemoglobins, which are single-chain, single heme, molecules (mol. wt. = 18,400), differ in their electrophoretic mobilities and isoelectric points. They show slight differences in their absorption spectra at different pH values, minor differences in solubility in strong salt solutions, and minor differences in stability at acid and alkaline pH. All these differences indicate that the primary structures of the six hemoglobins are different. Four of the six hemoglobins (1, 3, 4, 5) have been crystallized.
Preparation of a Trans α,β-Epoxysilane by Selective Pyrolysis

Abstract α,β-Epoxysilanes have been shown to be useful synthetic intermediates2 for the preparation of carbonyl compounds3 and stereoisomerically-pure olefins4 and heteroatom-substituted olefins5 (vinyl bromides,5 enol acetates,5 enol ethers,5 enamides,5 and vinyl mesylates6). In many of their reactions, α,β-epoxysilanes serve as stereospecific vinyl cation equivalents;4–6 therefore methods to prepare stereoisomerically-pure α,β-epoxysilanes are of considerable importance. Although other methods for preparing α,β-epoxysilanes have recently been developed,7 the only general method for preparing stereoisomerically-pure α,β-epoxysilanes is epoxidation of the corresponding vinylsilanes.
Fitting dynamic models to the Geosat sea level observations in the tropical Pacific Ocean. I - A free wave model

Free, equatorially trapped sinusoidal wave solutions to a linear model on an equatorial beta plane are used to fit the Geosat altimetric sea level observations in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The Kalman filter technique is used to estimate the wave amplitude and phase from the data. The estimation is performed at each time step by combining the model forecast with the observation in an optimal fashion utilizing the respective error covariances. The model error covariance is determined such that the performance of the model forecast is optimized. It is found that the dominant observed features can be described qualitatively by basin-scale Kelvin waves and the first meridional-mode Rossby waves. Quantitatively, however, only 23 percent of the signal variance can be accounted for by this simple model.
Evaluación de mercados para el frijol centroamericano en comunidades étnicas de EE.UU

This paper presentsinformation about the U.S. ethnic market for dry beans ofCentral American origin, describes the potential opportunitiesand constraints that these four countries face in expandingbean exports, and provides information to policymakers andpotential exporters in these countries regarding ways to relaxthese constraints. No study has been carried out to describethe potential ethnic demand in the USA for Central Americandry beans. USA Census Bureau data were analyzed toidentify the states and cities with the highest concentration ofpeople from these countries. Five cities were identified andvisited in order to: a) obtain data on the availability of beansin retail stores, b) survey Central American consumers ontheir dry beans preferences, c) survey Central Americanorganizations, importers, and distributors to understand thedynamics of the dry bean trade. Traders in Miami are alsoimporting dry beans from Honduras. Central American drybeans sell at a price 25-50% higher than USA beans of similarmarket classes. Furthermore, people of Central Americanorigin have a strong preference for dry beans from theircountry of origin.
Be About It: Graffiteras Performing Feminist Community

What is the future of feminist movement? What can we learn about that future by looking to the performance of feminism in purportedly “nonfeminist” approaches to women's empowerment and community-building efforts? As participants in a male-dominated, transnational subculture heavily informed by patriarchal ideologies, female graffiti artists are making their presence known in major metropolitan centers across the globe—even as many disidentify with feminist identities.
Construction of tomato genomic DNA libraries in a binary- BAC (BIBAC) vector

Carol M. Hamilton1,*,†, Anne Frary1,‡, Yimin Xu1,‡, Steven D. Tanksley2 and Hong-Bin Zhang3 1Plant Science Center, Center for Advanced Technology/ Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA , 2Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA, and 3Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
Defect-Related Donors, Acceptors, and Traps in GaN

Point defects have been created in GaN by various types of irradiation: electrons (1 and 2.5 MeV, and the spectrum from 90 Sr); protons (0.15 MeV, 2 MeV, and 24 GeV); He ions (5.4 MeV); γ-rays ( 60 Co); and sputtering and e-beam deposition of metals. They have been studied by temperature-dependent Hall-effect measurements (T-Hall), deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), and photoluminescence (PL). Confirmed defect energies, and firm or tentative defect assignments, are as follows: T-Hall (donor at 0.06 eV, V N ); DLTS (electron trap at 0.18 eV (thermal 0.06 eV), V N ; electron trap at 0.9 eV, N I or Ga I -X); ODMR (Ga I and Ga I -X); PAS (V Ga ); PL (0.85 eV band with 0.88 eV zero-phonon line, ON or O N -Ga I ; 0.93 eV band; 3.37 eV line; 3.39 eV line). Many of these defect signatures have also been observed in as-grown GaN. Dislocations, of the threading-edge type, are found to be acceptor-like in n-type GaN.
Evaluating Multicast Message Authentication Protocols for Use in Wide Area Power Grid Data Delivery Services

Modern computer communication technologies make it possible to create very flexible Data delivery service (DDS) design that can efficiently meet the quality-of-service needs of a wide variety of power system control and monitoring applications, some which only become possible with better communications. One aspect of the smart grid is that multiple applications will use data from each location. Furthermore, the use of the data for important power grid control functions requires each message's source be authenticated, leading to the need for multicast message authentication. All known multicast message authentication approaches carry trade-offs between quality-of-service (QoS) aspects such as added latency, computational cost, and the precise authentication guarantees they afford. This paper surveys several multicast authentication approaches for use in a power grid DDS based on an experimental evaluation of their latency and computational costs and an assessment of the appropriateness of their authentication guarantees for use in power grid applications.
Background of recent JE vaccine issues

In Japan, more than 5,000 patients were reported in 1950, and there have been less than 10 cases annually since 1992. However, Japanese encephalitis virus caused of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are still existed highly and widely in the country, reported by National Institute of Infectious Diseases with serological examination among domestic pig population. JE immunization had been provided to children as category 1 routine immunization in Japan. However, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (HOHLW) decided not to recommend JE immunization to children as a routine immunization at May 2005. Major reason on this decision was that the Minter of MOHLW certified to pay loss of medical costs for the case of ADEM (acute disseminated encephalomyelopathy) after JE immunization, recognized as adverse events with JE vaccine, although MOHLW stated that the strict scientific evidence was unknown. MOHLW stated also that it is expected Vero cell derived JE vaccine should be replaced with the present mouse brain derived JE vaccine as the next generation, to be able to avoid theoretical possibility of neurological adverse events associated with JE vaccine. Small but increasing number of requests recently to be certified as health injuries on ADEM cases associated with JE immunization is also another reason for MOHLLW's decision. Further, fifth doses of JE vaccine given to children at 14-15 years old as a routine immunization was decided to be discontinued by MOHLW at July 2005, considering present epidemiological situation on JE and JE immunization status in Japan, although four doses has been recommended continuously as routine. The background details on JE vaccine issues decided by MOHLW in 2005 were reviewed on this paper.
Large-scale machine translation: an interlingua approach

In this paper we discuss the design and development of an interlingua for a large-scale MT project. We also discuss how the resulting KANT interlingua constrains complexity, supports staged development, evolves in a balanced fashion, and seeks maximal coverage. We address issues such as granularity of the data representation, its specification, the types of information it encodes, and how it supports a modular system architecture. Our experience shows that through a careful, reasoned design and implementation effort, it is possible to achieve multilingual target-language generation for extensive technical domains.
Development and evaluation of a cancer information Web portal: the impact of design and presentation on user engagement.

Although cancer is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses in the United States, many consumers do not have access to reliable, state-of-the-art cancer information on the Web. The Cancer Information portal translates evidence-based disease prevention and management information for text-based and multimedia delivery for diverse and low literacy citizens. Open-ended “key informant” interviews with consumers provided feedback on content presentation, and the portal's look, feel, and navigation. Evaluation assessed the portal's (1) readability, (2) required expertise, (3) user satisfaction, and (4) user comfort. Recommendations include improvements in key design areas to increase user efficacy and strengthen the portal's identity.
Redox control of the cell cycle in health and disease.

Abstract The cellular oxidation and reduction (redox) environment is influenced by the production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In recent years, several reports support the hypothesis that cellular ROS levels could function as “second messengers” regulating numerous cellular processes, including proliferation. Periodic oscillations in the cellular redox environment, a redox cycle, regulate cell-cycle progression from quiescence (G0) to proliferation (G1, S, G2, and M) and back to quiescence. A loss in the redox control of the cell cycle could lead to aberrant proliferation, a hallmark of various human pathologies. This review discusses the literature that supports the concept of a redox cycle controlling the mammalian cell cycle, with an emphasis on how this control relates to proliferative disorders including cancer, wound healing, fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesize that reestablishing the redox control of the cell cycle by manipula...
Active Control of Sound Transmission Through Windows With Carbon Nanotube-Based Transparent Actuators

This paper explores the development of active sound transmission control systems for windows that can achieve a significant reduction in window noise transmission. Two major challenges need to be addressed in order to make the development of such noise blocking windows feasible. These are the need for a distributed actuation system that is optically transparent and the unavailability of a real-time reference signal that can be used by the active control system to provide advance information on the noise affecting the window. To address the first challenge, a transparent thin-film actuator (speaker) is first developed for the control system, which consists of a piezoelectric poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) thin film coated with compliant carbon nanotube-based transparent conductors on both sides. The developed thin-film speaker shows excellent acoustic response over a broadband frequency range, and has the advantages of being flexible, transparent, thin, and lightweight. To address the second challenge of providing a time-advanced reference signal from a moving noise source, a small microphone array distributed on the outside wall of the home is used. New noise source identification algorithms are employed, by which an appropriate microphone from the array can be chosen to provide a reference signal. Experimental results show that over 12 dB reduction in sound transmission is achieved globally in the case of broadband sound, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the control system in blocking sound transmission.
Advanced circuit techniques for high-performance microprocessor and low-power DSPs

This article presents the challenges and solutions for a high-performance microprocessors and low-power digital signal processing chips. It discusses the high-performance power-efficient execution core such as the 6.5 GHz single-rail domino 32-bit Han-Car ALU; the 4 GHz semi-dynamic 32-bit sparse-tree AGU. It also deals with leakage-tolerant register files; conditional/burn-in keeper; pseudo-static bitlines; low-power datapaths for DSP applications; and the 1 GHz 16-bit static multiplier.
Lack of interaction between Sendai virus and bacterial cells.

SummaryFusion of E. coli cells and spheroplasts, B. megaterium cells and protoplasts, and M. laidlawii by UV-inactivated Sendai virus could not be demonstrated by direct methods or indirectly by recombination analysis. Studies show that E. coli cells and spheroplasts adsorb, in contrast to HeLa cells, only small amounts of Sendai virus, indicating that fusion may be blocked at the adsorption stage. The NANA in E. coli appears to be inaccessible to the virus neuraminidase.
Time-dependent changes in brain biogenic amine dynamics following castration in male rats.

—Alterations in whole-brain and hypothalamic levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) as well as the turnover rates of NE and DA of adult male rats were analysed fluorometrically at either 3 weeks or 6 weeks following castration. Significant increases were observed in whole-brain (minus hypothalamus) 5-HIAA levels and hypothalamic DA levels, fractional rate constants and utilization rates at the 3 but not the 6 week intervals. Elevated levels of 5-HT were observed at both time intervals while an increase in whole-brain DA was seen only at the 6 week interval. Whole brain NE turnover rates of castrated animals did not differ significantly from those of sham-castrate control animals at either test interval. However, a tendency toward increased hypothalamic NE turnover rates was seen in the castrated animals. These biochemical changes resulted in decreased NE/5-HT and DA/5-HT ratios for the castrate rats as compared to controls. The results are discussed in relation to emotional and aggressive behavior and are interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis purporting an inhibitory role for 5-HT and excitatory role for NE and DA in sex-specific behavior patterns including aggression.
Neonatal hemochromatosis and patent ductus venosus: clinical course and diagnostic pitfalls

Neonatal hemochromatosis is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by excessive iron deposition within the liver leading to hepatic failure and portal hypertension. We describe the clinical course and imaging findings in three infants with neonatal hemochromatosis associated with patent ductus venosus. We paid special attention to the diagnostic challenges encountered in these patients in order to emphasize some of the potential diagnostic pitfalls. We conducted a comprehensive search of our radiology database of the last 10 years (1999–2008) for the keywords “neonatal hemochromatosis.” Medical records and imaging studies of various modalities were reviewed. Three neonates were found to have neonatal hemochromatosis; all of them were associated with patent ductus venosus. Two of these patients were referred to our tertiary center for embolization of an inaccurately diagnosed hepatic vascular malformation. Two patients underwent successful liver transplantation and one died shortly after referral. The awareness and inclusion of neonatal hemochromatosis in the differential diagnosis of newborns with liver failure and patent ductus venosus has critical treatment implications.
The 26th Annual Charles T. Dotter Lecture: IR Generations

am the first second-generation interventional radiologist to ive the Dotter Lecture. My mother, Renate Soulen, MD, as a Founding Fellow of the Society of Interventional adiology (SIR). She chaired the third meeting of the SIR n 1978, 20 years before I served as the Annual Meeting cientific Chair. Interventional radiology (IR) developed at several ceners around the country in the 1960s (1). Kurt Amplatz in innesota, Charles Dotter in Portland, Herb Abrams at tanford, and Cesar Gianturco in Houston were early pioeers of what would become the Western Angio group. On he East Coast, early hotbeds of IR appeared in Boston, ew York, and Baltimore, but perhaps nowhere more than n Philadelphia. Philadelphia was home to many historical firsts, inluding the first hospital (Pennsylvania Hospital, founded y Benjamin Franklin in 1751) and the first medical school n the United States (the University of Pennsylvania, 1765). y the end of the 19th century, there were six medical chools in Philadelphia, each with affiliated hospitals, and y the mid-20th century, there were about 50 metropolitanrea hospitals. Physicians at several hospitals learned the echniques of percutaneous angiography that had been deeloped in Scandinavia, and soon began to meet informally o share their experiences and learn from each other. This roup became the Philadelphia Angiography and Intervenional Radiology Society in 1964 (Fig 1), the oldest angio lub in the country, 10 years before the organization of hat is now the SIR (2).
The chemoreflex: adult versus child comparison.

Purpose: Compare the influence of the chemoreflex on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses between children and adults. Methods: Seventy children (35 boys and 35 girls) and 70 adults (35 men and 35 women) performed 30% maximal voluntary contraction static handgrip exercise (SHG) for 3 min, followed by 4 min of muscle ischemia and then 6 min of recovery, while HR and BP were measured. Results: During 3 min of SHG, systolic BP (SBP) increased significantly more in men versus boys (23 ± 9 vs 18 ± 9%) and women versus girls (21 ± 10 vs 15 ± 7%), respectively. Diastolic BP (DBP) increased similarly during SHG in adults versus children. During SHG, HR increased similarly in males but significantly more in girls versus women (16 ± 10 vs 11 ± 9%), respectively. During occlusion, HR fell to baseline and remained through recovery in adults and children. Both SBP and DBP decreased similarly during the first minute of occlusion but remained significantly above baseline in adults and children. During the first minute of recovery, BP decreased to baseline in adults. In children, DBP decreased but remained significantly above baseline through recovery. SBP decreased in children during minute 1 of recovery yet remained significantly above baseline for 1-2 min in children. Conclusions: The muscle chemoreflex influence on HR and BP is similar in children and adults as evident in the return of HR to baseline, with a similar concomitant maintenance of BP above baseline during occlusion. When occlusion is released, BP returns to baseline in adults, whereas in children DBP remains significantly above baseline through recovery and SBP for 1-2 min. The differing BP response may be explained by a more active arterial chemoreflex in children.
PACS Status Review: 1983

The history of Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) is reviewed. PACS-related activities before and after the first PACS Conference are discussed. The effect of PACS Conferences on industrial R&D programs of well established and newer companies is analyzed and documented. The challenges offered by "electronic PACS" are also discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Primordial lithium and the standard model(s).

The results of new theoretical work on surface Li-7 and Li-6 evolution in the oldest halo stars are presented, along with a new and refined analysis of the predicted primordial Li abundance resulting from big-bang nucleosynthesis. This makes it possible to determine the constraints which can be imposed on cosmology using primordial Li and both standard big-bang and stellar-evolution models. This leads to limits on the baryon density today of 0.0044-0.025 (where the Hubble constant is 100h km/sec Mpc) and imposes limitations on alternative nucleosynthesis scenarios.
Antidepressant drug interactions and the cytochrome P450 system. The role of cytochrome P450 2D6.

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and venlafaxine display the following rank order of in vitro potency against the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzyme CYP2D6 as measured by their inhibition sparteine and/or dextromethorphan metabolism: paroxetine > fluoxetine identical to norfluoxetine > or = sertraline > or = fluvoxamine > venlafaxine. On this basis, paroxetine would appear to have the greatest and fluvoxamine and venlafaxine the least potential for drug interactions with CYP2D6-dependent drugs. In vivo, inhibitory potency is affected by the plasma concentration of the free (unbound) drug, a potentially important consideration since many CYP2D6-metabolised drugs exhibit nonlinear (saturable) kinetics, and by the presence of metabolites, which might accumulate and interact with the CYP system. Under steady-state conditions, paroxetine and fluoxetine are approximately clinically equipotent inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vivo (as determined through their effects on desipramine metabolism); sertraline, in contrast, shows lower steady-state plasma concentrations than fluoxetine and, hence, a less pronounced inhibition of CYP2D6. Of the drugs that are metabolised by CYP2D6, secondary amine tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics (e.g. phenothiazines, and risperidone), codeine, some antiarrhythmics (e.g. flecainide) and beta-blockers form the focus of clinical attention with regard to their potential interactions with the SSRIs. Coadministration of desipramine and fluoxetine (20 mg/day) at steady-state produced an approximately 4-fold elevation in peak plasma desipramine concentrations, while the long half-life of the active metabolite norfluoxetine was responsible for a significant and long lasting (approximately 3 weeks) elevation of plasma desipramine concentrations after discontinuation of fluoxetine. Similarly, coadministration of desipramine with paroxetine produced an approximately 3-fold increase in plasma desipramine concentration. In contrast, coadministration of desipramine and sertraline (50 mg/day) for 4 weeks resulted in a considerably more modest (approximately 30%) elevation in plasma desipramine concentrations. Coadministration of fluoxetine (60 mg/day, as a loading dose) [equivalent to serum concentrations obtained with 20 mg/day at steady-state] with imipramine or desipramine resulted in approximately 3- to 4-fold increases in plasma area under the curve (AUC) values for both imipramine and desipramine (illustrating a significant drug interaction potential at multiple isoenzymes). Consistent with its minimal in vitro effect on CYP2D6, fluvoxamine shows minimal in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction with desipramine, but does interact with imipramine (approximately 3- to 4-fold increase in AUC) through inhibition of CYP3A3/4, CYP1A2, and CYP2C19. Thus, the extent of the in vivo interaction between the SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants mirrors to a large extent their in vitro inhibitory potencies against CYP2D6 and other isoenzyme systems, especially if one takes into account pharmacokinetic factors.
Rapid lymph accumulation of polystyrene nanoparticles following pulmonary administration.

Pulmonary administration of polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery systems is of great interest for both systemic and local therapies. However, little is understood about the relationship of particle size and pulmonary absorption. We investigated uptake and biodistribution of polystyrene nanoparticles (PN) of 50 nm, 100 nm, 250 nm, and 900 nm diameters in mice following administration to lungs via pharyngeal aspiration. The amount of PN in tissues was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). At 1 h, larger diameter PN (250 nm and 900 nm) had the highest total uptake at around 15% of administered dose, whereas the smaller diameter PN (50 nm and 100 nm) had uptake of only 5–6%. However, at 3 h, the 50 nm PN had the highest total uptake at 24.4%. For each size tested, the highest nanoparticle deposition was observed in the lymph nodes (LN) as compared to other tissues accounting for a total of about 35–50% of absorbed nanoparticles. PN size impacts the rate and extent of uptake from lungs and, further, the extent of LN deposition. The extent of uptake and lymph distribution of the model, non-degradable PN lends potential to pulmonary administered, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutics to regional lymph nodes.
Cascade with subsonic leading-edge locus

The paper investigates a two-dimensional oscillating cascade with a subsonic leading edge locus in a supersonic flow. The blades are assumed to be of small thickness and camber, and are undergoing small amplitude-harmonic oscillations. The problem is reduced to the solution of a functional integral equation, and an expression is given for the kernel function.
The Ontogeny of Vervet Monkey Alarm Calling Behavior: A Preliminary Report

Abstract Adult vervet monkeys effectively classify animals in the world around them by giving alarm calls to some species but not to others, and by giving acoustically different alarms to leopards, martial eagles, pythons, and baboons. When compared to adults, infant vervet monkeys give alarm calls to a significantly wider variety of species. Even for infants, however, the relation between eliciting stimulus and alarm call type is not arbitrary. Infants restrict leopard alarms to terrestrial mammals, eagle alarms to birds, snake alarms to snakes, and baboon alarms to baboons. The mechanisms by which infants come, during development, to sharpen the association between predator species and alarm call type are discussed. Among adults, playback of each alarm call type elicits a distinct, and apparently adaptive set of responses. In contrast, the responses of infants seem more generalized than those of adults. Preliminary data suggest that, among infants, the development of alarm-specific responses depends at least in part on cues received from other individuals. Alarm playbacks significantly increase the proportion of time infants spend looking at their mothers, and the responses of infants are more adult-like if their mothers are nearby than if their mothers are farther away. Zusammenfassung Drei Meerkatzen-Trupps (C. aethiops) wurden 14 Monate lang im Amboseli-Park (Kenia) beobachtet. Die Erwachsenen auserten 4 verschiedene Warnlaute vor Leoparden, Kampfadlern, Pythons und Pavianen. Jungtiere warnten vor mehr Feinden und ofter als Erwachsene auch vor fur sie harmlosen Warzenschweinen, Tauben, Mausen usw. Aber schon die Jungen ausern die Leoparden-Warnung meist vor Boden-Saugern, die Adlerwarnung vor Vogeln, die Schlangenwarnung vor Schlangen und die Pavian-Warnung vor Pavianen. Auf Warnrufe, die aus versteckten Lautsprechern kamen, reagierten Erwachsene verschieden, je nach Typ des Warnrufes; Jungtiere reagierten weniger genau und oft mit Verhalten, das dem betreffenden Feind gegenuber unangebracht war. Fur Junge ist wichtig, was Truppmitglieder tun. Kinder sahen, wenn Warnrufe erklangen, mehr zu ihren Muttern hin. War die Mutter nicht in der Nahe, haufte sich falsches Verhalten und Hinblicken zu anderen Truppgenossen. Junge Meerkatzen teilen also, wie Kinder, mindestens einige Objekte aus ihrer Umwelt in bestimmte Kategorien ein. Das Ausstosen von Warnrufen und die Reaktionen darauf werden uber Jahre weiterentwickelt. Solche Untersuchungen lassen sich ausbauen in Parallele zur wohlbekannten Sprachentwicklung des Menschen und zu den Signalen gefangener Menschenaffen, deren Entwicklung aus der Natur unbekannt ist.
Noise and Sleep Among Adult Medical Inpatients: Far From a Quiet Night

Despite the importance of sleep for recovery, hospital noise may put patients at risk for sleep loss and its associated negative effects. Objectively measured hospital noise can range as high as 67 dB in the intensive care unit to 42 dB in surgical wards, far from the World Health Organization (WHO) international recommendations of 30 dB for patient rooms.1 Although almost half of Medicare patients report that their hospital rooms were not quiet at night, data to objectively characterize noise levels and sleep in hospitalized adults in medical wards are limited.2 One study that objectively measured sleep and noise among hospitalized adults older than 70 years found no association.3 This study aimed to objectively measure noise and sleep duration in adult medical ward patients.
Alkali ionic transport in mixed alkali glasses

Abstract The diffusion coefficient of an alkali ion in oxide glass, as well as dc conductivity, decreases drastically when a second alkali ion is introduced. This reduction in ionic transport rate is attributed to an increase in the activation energy. An expression is derived for the composition dependence of the activation energy for ionic transport in mixed alkali glasses by assuming that the activation energy is affected by type the of alkali around a particular alkali ion. The distribution of alkali neighbors is assumed to be related to the enthalpy of mixing between two dissimilar alkali components, which has been found to be negative (exothermic) by ion-exchange experiment. The activation energies calculated simulate the observed activation energies reasonably well. The dc conductivity minimum can be calculated from the diffusion coefficient using the Nernst-Einstein relation. The present approach shows that the negative enthalpy (exothermicity) of the mixing between two alkali components may be the source of the mixed alkali effect, as suggested earlier for dielectric relaxation of mixed alkali glasses.
MECHANISM OF IMPACTING CHATTER WITH STICK IN A GEAR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

In this paper, an investigation on nonlinear dynamical behaviors of a transmission system with a gear pair is conducted. The transmission system is described through an impact model with a possible stick between the two gears. From the theory of discontinuous dynamical systems, the motion mechanism of impacting chatter with stick is investigated. The onset and vanishing conditions of stick motions are developed, and the condition for maintaining the stick motion is achieved as well. The corresponding physics interpretation is given for a better understanding of nonlinear behaviors of gear transmission systems. Furthermore, such an understanding may be very helpful to improve the efficiency of gear transmission systems.
Differences in the composition of preterm and term human milk during early lactation

The composition of human milk from mothers delivering prematurely (PT) and at term (T) was studied over the first weeks of lactation. Complete 24 h milk expressions were obtained by electric pump at weekly or biweekly intervals through 44 wk conceptual age (120 samples from 20 PT mothers and 28 samples from 7 T mothers). PT milk was found to contain significantly higher concentrations than T milk of the following nutrients: total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, sodium, chloride, magnesium and iron. No differences were found between T and PT milk for nonprotein nitrogen, volume, solids, total calories, lactose, fat, fatty acids, potassium or calcium. The nutrients supplied to a 33 wk preterm infant fed 200 ml/kg/day of "average" PT milk were in excess of theoretic intrauterine requirements for all substrates except calcium and phosphorus. PT human milk is theoretically more suitable for the premature infant than either mature or term human milk, but may be deficient in specific nutrients for the very low birth weight baby.
Deformation of Inhomogeneous Elastic Solids With Two-Dimensional Damage

A general correlation is derived between macroscopic stresses/strains and microscopic deformation on the damage surfaces for inhomogeneous elastic solids with two-dimensional damage. Assuming linear elastic behavior for the undamaged materials, the macroscopic deformation associated with nonlinear strains, or damage strains, is shown to be the weighted sum of the microscopic deformations on the damage surfaces, For inhomogeneous materials with periodic structures (laminated composites, for example) and various identifiable damage modes, simples relations are derived between the macroscopic deformation and microscopic damage. When the number of identifiable damage modes is less than or equal to the number of relevant measurable macroscopic strains, the correlation can be used to evaluate the damage progression from simple macroscopic stress and strain measurements. The simple case of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite under longitudinal load is used to show how the results can help detect and characterize the damage using macroscopic measurements, without resorting to assumptions of detailed microscopic deformation mechanisms.
Issues in Regional Economics: An Overview

This Special Issue consists of five studies. In the first of these, “Banks and Payday Lenders: Friends or Foes?” Barth, Hilliard, and Jahera observe that banks and payday lenders do not cater to the same customers. Banks typically serve moderately and higher income individuals as well as small and medium size enterprises. Payday lenders, on the other hand, typically serve lower income individuals. The biggest difference, however, given this difference in customers, is that payday lenders charge interest rates that are 30 to 80 times those charged by banks. This paper investigates the geographic distribution of payday lenders versus banks throughout the nation using county level data for all 50 states during the past decade, inclusive of the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods. The analysis takes into account differences in economic factors and demographic characteristics across the counties, permitting an assessment as to whether demographic characteristics are important determinants of the number of payday lenders relative to banks after taking into account economic factors. Moreover, the analysis examines the relationship between the number of payday lenders and community and smaller banks in counties to determine whether the geographical distribution of payday lenders versus banks is different for small banks as compared to big banks. Based upon the empirical findings, the paper discusses various policy options that may make credit available to lower income individuals at lower interest rates in contrast to the current situation. In the study “Access to Higher Public Education and Locational Choices of Undocumented Migrants: An Exploratory Analysis,” Cebula and Nair-Reichert note that many states have experienced a large influx of undocumented migrants in recent years. This phenomenon has created new demands on higher educational systems at the state level. Some states have passed legislation restricting the access of undocumented migrants to higher public education, whereas others provide increased access in various forms including in-state tuition. This research examines the impact of educational access on the location decisions of undocumented migrants in the U.S. It is found that undocumented migrants appear to locate in states with high average median real per capita incomes. There is also evidence of clustering of undocumented migrants in states with large migrant networks. However, the effect of educational access on the Int Adv Econ Res (2015) 21:137–138 DOI 10.1007/s11294-015-9517-0
The initial effects of immigration reform on farm labor in California.

Agriculture was the major industry singled out for preferential treatment in the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986. Farmers argued that their traditional reliance on unauthorized workers and the seasonal nature of work in perishable commodities required extra time for them to adjust to immigration reforms. A February 1989 survey of California farm employers indicates that these employers had not yet adjusted to IRCA. Instead of revising their personnel policies to retain newly legalized farmworkers, farmers expected to hire more workers through labor contractors if the seasonal workforce contracts in the years ahead.
In premenopausal women with recurrent UTI, antibiotics were more effective than capsules of cranberry extract for the prevention of UTI, but resistance was higher in the antibiotic group.

Commentary on: MA Beerepoot, G ter Riet, S Nys, et al.. Cranberries vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: a randomized double-blind noninferiority trial in premenopausal women.Arch Intern Med2011;171:1270–8.
Synthesis of heterocycles by cyclization of unsaturated organolithiums: a review

The preparation of oxygen and nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds by cyclization of unsaturated organolithium compounds has been reviewed. The review contains 57 references to relevant literature through early 2001.
Numerical modeling for thermographic inspection of fiber metal laminates

Abstract This study combines experiments and finite element analysis to assess the capabilities and limitations of both pulsed and lock-in thermography for the detection of delaminations in fiber metal laminate (FML) panels. The assessment is based on the minimum detectable defect size and the maximum depth at which a defect can be detected. Based on experimental validation, a finite element model is created and used to predict the detectability of defects and to explain the heat transfer mechanism associated with the thermographic inspection. Both modeling and experimental results show that thermography is suitable for the inspection of FMLs. However, delaminations smaller than 5×5 mm2 or those located deeper than 0.6 mm from the inspected surface are more challenging to detect experimentally. Numerical analyses showed that it is necessary to double the energy input used to be able to detect defects as small as 3×3 mm2 located at 0.6 mm depth and those as small as 10×10 mm2 located at 1.65 mm depth.