cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old Heads Tell Their Stories

Based on life history interviews with twenty veteran leaders of New York City's street gangs, a comparative analysis is made of the jacket gangs of the 1970's, the drug gangs of the 1980's and the street organizations of today. The data from these personal narratives (Reissman 1994) are supplemented by participant-and non-participant observations of current group activities and film footage of past gang­related events to provide an historical account of evolving youth street subcultural practices. The article argues that agency and empowerment, largely overlooked categories of gang analyses, exposes the poverty of conventional gang theory and the delinquency-centered criteria of gang studies.
The Nature of Seismicity Patterns Before Large Earthquakes

Various seismicity patterns before major earthquakes have been reported in the literature. They include foreshocks (broad sense), preseismic quiescence, precursory swarms, and doughnut patterns. Although many earthquakes are preceded by all, or some, of these patterns, their detail differ significantly from event to event. In order to examine the details of seismicity patterns on as uniform a basis as possible, we made space-time plots of seismicity for many large earthquakes by using the NOAA and JMA catalogs. Among various seismicity patterns, preseismic quiescence appears most common, the case for the 1978 Oaxaca earthquake being the most prominent. Although the nature of other patterns varies from event to event, a common physical mechanism may be responsible for these patterns; details of the pattern are probably controlled by the tectonic environment (fault geometry, strain rate) and the heterogeneity of the fault plane. Here a simple asperity model is introduced to explain these seismicity patterns. In this model, a fault plane with an asperity is divided into a number of subfaults. The subfaults within the asperity are, on the average, stronger than those in the surrounding weak zone. As the tectonic stress increases, the subfaults in the weak zone break in the form of background small earthquakes. If the frequency distribution of the strength of the subfaults has a sharp peak, a precursory swarm occurs. By this time, most of the subfaults in the weak zone are broken and the fault plane becomes seismically quiet. As the tectonic stress increases further, eventually the asperity breaks and sympathetic displacement occurs on the entire fault zone in the form of the main shock. Foreshocks do or do not occur depending upon the distribution of the strength of the subfaults within the asperity. Since the spatio-temporal change in the stress on the fault plane is most likely to dictate the change in seismicity patterns, detailed analysis of seismicity patterns would provide a most direct clue to the state of stress in the fault zone. However, because of the large variation from event to event, seismicity pattern alone is not a definitive tool for earthquake prediction; measurements of other physical parameters such as the spectra, the mechanism and the wave forms of the background events should be made concurrently.
Thymus Medulla Formation and Central Tolerance Are Restored in IKKα−/− Mice That Express an IKKα Transgene in Keratin 5+ Thymic Epithelial Cells

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) play an essential role in establishing central tolerance due to their unique capacity to present a diverse array of tissue restricted Ags that induce clonal deletion of self-reactive thymocytes. One mTEC subset expresses keratin 5 (K5) and K14, but fails to bind Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1) lectin. A distinct mTEC subset binds UEA-1 and expresses K8, but not K5 or K14. Development of both mTEC subsets requires activation of the noncanonical NF-kappaB pathway. In this study, we show that mTEC development is severely impaired and autoimmune manifestations occur in mice that are deficient in IkappaB kinase (IKK)alpha, a required intermediate in the noncanonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Introduction of an IKKalpha transgene driven by a K5 promoter restores the K5(+)K14(+) mTEC subset in IKKalpha(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, the K5-IKKalpha transgene also rescues the UEA-1 binding mTEC subset even though K5 expression is not detectable in these cells. In addition, expression of the K5-IKKalpha transgene ameliorates autoimmune symptoms in IKKalpha(-/-) mice. These data suggest that 1) medulla formation and central tolerance depend on activating the alternative NF-kappaB signaling pathway selectively in K5-expressing mTECs and 2) the K5-expressing subset either contains immediate precursors of UEA-1 binding cells or indirectly induces their development.
Wafer bonding using low temperature melting glass

Summary form only given. The two bonding substances investigated were BPSG TEOS and PSG glasses used in semiconductor manufacturing. Both substances can be deposited in an LPCVD furnace on either bare silicon or wafers covered by previously grown thermal oxides. BPSG TEOS (3% phosphorous, 3% boron) softens at 850 degrees C, and usable bonded wafers were achieved by bonding wafers at 950 degrees C, in oxygen or nitrogen, using a ramp-up/ramp-down procedure. PSG, formed by the reduction of POCl/sub 3/ gas, softens at a temperature of 900 degrees C, and usable bonded wafers were achieved by bonding wafers at 950 degrees C using times as short as one hour (no shorter times were tried). Wafers were assembled for bonding within 24 hours of deposition to avoid the creation of circular nonbonded areas caused by outgassing of moisture or dopant in the film. Spin on glass could be used to alleviate the outgassing problem, but in that case the minimum bonding temperature increases to 1100 degrees C. Bond quality was evaluated by destructive wafer separation and physical inspection of the bonded oxide and by grinding back the bonded wafer and assessing the strength of the bond with sonic treatment. Heat stressing was used to determine whether BPSG TEOS could be used to make bonded wafers capable of withstanding the rigors of the standard manufacturing process line. Bond reliability, dopant diffusion, induced bow, and wafer crystal slip were measured on bonded wafers. >
Intraventricular Administration of Bdnf Increases Neuropeptide Expression in Newborn Rat-Brain

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) specifically enhances and maintains the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and somatostatin (SOM) in cultured neocortical neurons (Nawa et al., 1993). In this article, we examined its effects in vivo on neuropeptide expression in various brain regions by injecting BDNF into the cerebroventricle of newborn rats. Repeated administration (2x) of BDNF increased contents of NPY- like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and substance P (SP)-LI most markedly in the anterior neocortex by 11- and 24-fold, respectively, in comparison to values in the animals receiving control injection. A smaller but significant increase was also observed in immunoreactivity for somatostatin (SOM), enkephalin (ENK), and cholecystokinin (CCK). mRNA for NPY, SP, and SOM was similarly upregulated in the anterior neocortex, suggesting that BDNF enhances peptide synthesis rather than inhibiting peptide release or degradation. Among the brain regions examined, however, peptidergic responses to BDNF were different with respect to their spatial distribution and time course. Induction of SP- LI, NPY-LI, and SOM-LI around the injection site was most pronounced in cortical layers II/III, layers IV-VI, and layer VI, respectively. Peptidergic immunoreactivity was also enhanced in other brain regions ipsilateral to the injection site, for example, NPY-LI in the hippocampus, thalamic nuclei, and striatum, and SOM-LI in the striatum. A single injection of BDNF elevated SP-LI to a plateau level within 12 hr while NPY-LI and SOM-LI reached maximum levels at 48 hr, and then all returned to control levels at 68 hr. In contrast, the same dose of NGF had no influences on the neuropeptide levels at 48 hr. These observations suggest that BDNF regulates the development of neuropeptide expression in the CNS in a plastic manner.
Benchmarking Macroscopic Transport Models for Nanotransistor TCAD

We benchmark macroscopic transport models against the ballistic limit in a realistic MOSFET structure to assess their validity in the near-ballistic regime and identify the challenges to a new macroscopic model valid from diffusive to ballistic limit. The macroscopic transport models tested in this study are drift-diffusion, Bude's drift-diffusion, and an energy transport model. We perform the benchmarking study with quasi-2D simulation on a model 10 nm ultra-thin body double-gate MOSFET. We confirm from our results that none of those macroscopic models successfully provides reliable predictions for nanotransistors operating in the near-ballistic regime and we explain the reason for the failure.
Filling the gaps: sensor network use and data-sharing practices in ecological research

Automated sensors are ubiquitous in ecological “research networks” and academic-led studies. We conducted a survey of academic ecologists to assess the extent of sensor use and how sensor-captured data are managed. There were 135 survey respondents, each representing a unique research group and collectively representing more than 1800 researchers from more than 90 universities in the US. This pool of represented academic researchers collectively matched the financial expenditure, sensor use, and data volumes of several large national research networks. Few respondents reported the use of metadata and workflows while almost 70% stored data locally instead of within institutional archives, though most recognized the importance of doing the latter. Most respondents also indicated that their research could be enhanced by taking advantage of cyber-expertise and software tools. Access to sensor-generated datasets may be improved by several means, including the promotion of targeted training, high-profile studies showcasing researchers' participation in large-scale syntheses, and incentives for industry to develop, adopt, or adapt technologies that facilitate data documentation, discovery, and sharing.
Identification of Structural Parameters in Mistuned Bladed Disks

The present investigation focused on the estimation of the parameters of a structural model to represent at best a set of measurements of the steady state response of a mistuned bladed disk. The applicability of the least squares and maximum likelihood approaches to the identification of the bladed disk model from this data is first investigated. The advantages and drawbacks of these techniques motivate the introduction ofa new mixed least squares-maximum likelihood formulation which is shown to recover well the true model parameters from noisy simulated response data.
Murdering babies. A cross-national study

Males are murdered at a higher rate than females in the world. Among babies this discrepancy is reduced, though still present. The murder of babies occurred at a higher rate in nations where the suicide rate was higher (but was unrelated to the overall murder rate). The sex ratio for the victimization by murder of babies was more egalitarian in those nations with a higher gross national product per capita and more female equality. Language: en
Enhancement of the critical temperature of aluminum by molecular inclusions

Abstract Critical temperatures as high as 5.24° have been observed in Al films containing organic molecules.
First observations of intense GPS L1 amplitude scintillations at midlatitude

[1] First observations of intense GPS L1 amplitude scintillation activity in the midlatitude ionosphere at latitudes corresponding to the northeastern United States have been made. Moderate to severe, these scintillations result from space weather effects due to a disturbed ionosphere. Moderate to severe scintillations can degrade or even disrupt communication and navigation systems relying upon transionospheric radio wave propagation. A modified GPS receiver was used to record GPS satellite signal strength at Cornell University (53.2° magnetic latitude) during a magnetospheric disturbance on September 25–26, 2001 from 0000–0400 UTC. This disturbance (Kp = 6, minimum Dst = −110 nT) prompted the ionospheric trough to move equatorward over the northeastern U.S. and produced large plasma densities and gradients attributed to storm-time effects. This disturbance resulted in intense L-band amplitude scintillations (≥20 dB, S4 ≈ 0.8) which are highly uncharacteristic at this magnetic latitude. Concurrent measurements of TEC showed steep density gradients (∼30 TEC/deg) and evidence of irregularity structuring.
Noninvasive Intracranial Hypertension Detection Utilizing Semisupervised Learning

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is an established clinical practice in managing patients with risk of acute ICP elevation although the clinically accepted way of measuring ICP remains invasive. However, the invasive nature of ICP measurement obviates its application in many clinical circumstances such as diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IH). We propose a noninvasive diagnostic tool for IH based on the morphological analysis of cerebral blood flow velocity waveforms. We mainly compare two types of IH detection methods: one based on the traditional supervised learning approach and the other based on the semisupervised learning approach. Our simulation results demonstrate that the predictive accuracy (area under the curve) of the semisupervised IH detection method can be as high as 92% while that of the supervised IH detection method is only around 82%. It should be noted that the predictive accuracy of the pulsatility index (PI)-based IH detection method is as low as 59%. Although the predictive accuracy is a widely used accuracy measurement, it does not consider clinical consequences of necessary and unnecessary treatments. For this reason, we have adopted the decision curve analysis to address this issue. The decision curve analysis results show that the semisupervised IH detection method is not only more accurate, but also clinically more useful than the supervised IH detection method or the PI-based IH detection method.
Sertoli cell-induced effects on functional and structural characteristics of isolated neonatal porcine islets

A lack of a sufficient number of human donor pancreases has stimulated interest in isolation and cryopreservation techniques for islets from the porcine pancreas. But because of a poorly developed outer membrane porcine islets are particularly susceptible to damage during cryopreservation. The aims of this study were two-fold: 1) to develop a method for isolation and storage of islets from neonatal porcine pancreas and, 2) to examine effects of Sertoli cells on islet yield and function in Sertoli cell-islet cell cocultures. A total of 170 neonatal porcine pancreases were processed by means of a short period of digestion with collagenase and culture of the tissues at 32 degrees C for periods up to 7 days following isolation. Results were: The mean +/- SEM, number of viable islets, and percentage loss of cells following 7 days of culture were 29,442 +/- 1,119 and 22.2 +/- 1.2, respectively, Cryopreservation had a marked impact on recovery of viable islets: In absence of Sertoli cells an average of only 64% of islets remained viable; by contrast, when cryopreserved islets were cocultured with Sertoli cells, a mean of 82% was recovered. Glucose at 16.7 mmol/L had the capacity to elicit insulin release from 3-day-old cultured islets. The concentration in absence of Sertoli cells was 57.3 +/- 3.8 uU/mL/10 islets; in the presence of Sertoli cells the level increased to a mean +/- SEM of 112.8 +/- 17.7, uU/mL/10 islets. Similar results were obtained following cryopreservation: glucose at 16.7 mmol/L stimulated a mean +/- SEM of 27.9 +/- 6.6, uU/mL/10 islets, of insulin in absence of, and 44.9 +/- 9.9, uU/mL/10 islets, in presence of, Sertoli cells. Our results show that isolation and cryopreservation of neonatal porcine islets can be successfully accomplished. In addition, coculture with Sertoli cells significantly improves both the yield and functional capacity of islets following cryopreservation.
Management of diagnostic dilemmas of the pancreas by ultrasonographically guided laparoscopic biopsy.

Abstract Introduction: Pancreatic lesions may be difficult to diagnose because of small size or inaccessibility. Such lesions are being seen with increasing frequency because of advances in pancreatic imaging techniques. In the past 18 months we have evaluated 14 patients whose pancreatic lesions could not be diagnosed by traditional means, including percutaneous biopsy. Methods: With the patient under general anesthesia, the anterior surface of the pancreas was exposed by a three-trocar laparoscopic technique. The lesion was located by laparoscopic ultrasonography. A core biopsy needle was inserted into the lesion under simultaneous visual and ultrasonographic guidance using picture-in-picture techniques. Results: The main diagnostic dilemma encountered was the differentiation of pancreatic cancer from pancreatitis. Other conditions were lymphoma and renal cell carcinoma. Excellent tissue samples were obtained, allowing diagnosis and planning of treatment in all cases. Operative time ranged from 1 to 4 hours, and length of stay ranged from 1 to 3 days. Blood transfusions were not required, and there were no complications. Alcohol nerve block was performed laparoscopically in one patient in this group after the diagnosis was made by frozen section. Conclusions: Direct ultrasonographically guided laparoscopic biopsy provides rapid, safe diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. (Surgery 1999;126:736-43.)
Magnetic structures at the ferromagnetic NiFe and antiferromagnetic NiMn interface in exchange-biased films: Role of noncollinear magnetism and roughness

The magnetic structures at the compensated ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (FM/AFM) interface of exchange bias FM NiFe/AFM NiMn films were determined with first-principles full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave calculations including noncollinear magnetism. The results predict that the magnetic moments of the FM NiFe layer lie perpendicular to those of the AFM NiMn layer. The intra-atomic noncollinear magnetism that arises near the interface is found to play an important role in stabilizing the perpendicular coupling that leads to a large biquadratic exchange energy (BEE). The BEE is large enough to require formation of a magnetic domain wall (with an estimated thickness $\ensuremath{\sim}370 \AA{})$ in the AFM NiMn layers, which may account for the observed large coercivity and exchange bias. We also discuss magnetic structures at a rough FM/AFM interface---as simulated in model calculations with the inclusion of line step defects---which may contribute to a unidirectional magnetic anisotropy.
Implementing an autonomic architecture for fault-tolerance in a wireless sensor network testbed for at-scale experimentation

The wireless sensor networking (WSN) community has increasingly grown to rely on experimentation with large-scale test-beds as a means of verifying protocols, middleware and applications. These testbeds need to be highly available in order to support this community, but are themselves complex, and complex to manage, being prone to faults in hardware, software specification and software implementation. In this paper we report on our experience in designing Kansei, a WSN testbed for experimentation at scale, to be autonomic - i.e. self-healing and self-managing. We implement autonomic management in Kansei through an architecture that consists of a hierarchy of self-contained components, extended with detectors for discovering faults and correctors for subsequent stabilization. We find that our invariant based architecture is well suited for large complex systems with unpredictable fault model and its fault monitoring framework can be extended to include user programs.
Vortex pinning in a rotated YBa2Cu3O7−δ crystal

Abstract Magnetization-vector measurements were made on an YBCO (YBa2Cu3O7−δ) crystal rotated about its c-axis in various fixed fields at different temperatures. The pinning torque per vortex (τP) in the ab-plane is found to have a broad distribution in strength, similar to previous findings for polycrystalline samples of YBCO and BKBO (Ba0.57K0.43BiO3). Simple modeling shows that the τP distribution function rises linearly with increasing τP and then drops rapidly to zero. With increasing field at each temperature, the average τP decreases gradually after rising to a broad peak. The peak value of τP/μ (μ being the vortex moment) defines HP, a characteristic pinning field per vortex, and it is found to decrease with increasing temperature (T) in a distinctly two-component manner. One component of HP falls off very rapidly as (1 − T/Tc)β with β ≈ 10, while the other component descends linearly to zero as T approaches Tc. A similar two-component behavior of HP versus T is found in polycrystalline YBCO, whereas in polycrystalline BKBO HP decreases gradually with increasing T at all temperatures. The strongly temperature dependent HP component in YBCO may derive from vortex pinning by oxygen vacancies, as suggested theoretically.
Effect of Oral Administration of Freeze-Dried Lactobacillus acidophilus on Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with End Stage Kidney Disease: Reducing Uremic Toxins and Improving Nutrition

Abstract Small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO), a condition found in patients with advanced chronic kidney failure, contributes to pathophysiology and decreased nutrition in the chronic dialysis population. Elevated levels of toxins including dimethylamine (DMA) and a carcinogen, nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) for which DMA is a precursor, are found in the blood and body fluids in patients with this condition, and are generated in the small bowel by SBBO. Previous studies have shown oral non-absorbable antibiotics lower DMA in these patients possibly by decreasing or altering the responsible flora. In this study, we demonstrated that two strains (NCFMTM and BG2F04) of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LBA) can lower DMA and NDMA in the blood and improve nutrition. In 19 dialysis patients, treatment with twice daily oral dose of 109 colonies per 80 mg capsule of freeze-dried LBA resulted in a significant (P=0.001) decrease in serum DMA from 282±91 to 163±82 μg dL-1. In a subgroup of seven patients, blood NDMA decreased (P=0.0053) by an average of 46%, from 236±69 to 118±38 ng kg-1 of blood. In six of the 19, two nutritional parameters (body weight and caloric intake) improved (P=0.05) from 49.8±3.8 to 51.4±3.8 kg and 27.9±3.7 to 32.4±8.2 kcal kg-1 of body weight, respectively. These findings suggest positive role for LBA in people on dialysis with end stage kidney failure.
Determination of Total Blood Volume from Measurements of Total Red Blood Cell Mass and Plasma Volume, using Simultaneously Injected Isotopes

IN both clinical practice and, experimental research, isotope dilution methods1–7 are being used routinely for the determination of total blood volume. The isotopes most commonly used are chromium.-51 (labelled red blood cells) and iodine-131 (serum albumin), both γ-emitting isotopes. Chromium-51-labelled red blood cells are used to obtain the total red blood cell circulating mass, which, in conjunction with the haematocrit, allows for an indirect determination of the total blood volume. Conversely, radioactive iodinated serum albumin gives a measure of total plasma volume and, with the haematocrit, an indirect measurement of the total blood volume. The use of either of these methods alone is subject to criticism, since the final calculations for total blood volume are based on the assumption that the peripheral haematocrit is the same as, or represents, a constant percentage of the total body haematocrit. It has been demonstrated that these assumptions are not valid5–14. The ideal method for excluding haematocrit error would be to measure the red cell portion and the plasma portion of the vascular compartment separately, the total blood volume then being the sum of these two independent measurements. Several methods3,9,15,16 have appeared utilizing chromium-51-tagged red cells and radioactive iodinated serum albumin in the same subject for measurements of total circulating red cell mass and total plasma volume, respectively. Some methods5,19 have combined repetitive injections of the respective isotopes; whereas others, the simultaneous injection of both. In those methods19 where the isotopes are injected separately, it is necessary to obtain repeated samplings of the subject's blood, which in clinical practice may be only a slight inconvenience to the patient, but is, with small animals, a significant handicap. Repeated bleeding and intravenous injecting of small laboratory animals are not only difficult but also may create stress in the animals which could influence the results in the final determinations.
Predictions of diagenetic reactions in the presence of organic acids

Abstract Stability constants have been estimated for cation complexes with anions of monofunctional and difunctional acids (combinations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Sr, Mn, U, Th, Pb, Cu, Zn with formate, acetate, propionate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, and salicylate) between 0 and 200°C. Difunctional acid anions form much more stable complexes than monofunctional acid anions with aluminum; the importance of the aluminum-acetate complex is relatively minor in comparison to aluminum oxalate and malonate complexes. Divalent metal cations such as Mg, Ca, and Fe form more stable complexes with acetate than with difunctional acid anions. Aluminum-oxalate can dominate the species distribution of aluminum under acidic pH conditions, whereas the divalent cation-acetate and oxalate complexes rarely account for more than 60% of the total dissolved cation, and then only in more alkaline waters. Mineral thermodynamic affinities were calculated using the reaction path model EQ3/6 for waters having variable organic acid anion (OAA) contents under conditions representative of those found during normal burial diagenesis. The following scenarios are possible: 1. 1) K-feldspar and albite are stable, anorthite dissolves 2. 2) All feldpars are stable 3. 3) Carbonates can be very unstable to slightly unstable, but never increase in stability. Organic acid anions are ineffective at neutral to alkaline pH in modifying stabilities of aluminosilicate minerals whereas the anions are variably effective under a wide range of pH in modifying carbonate mineral stabilities. Reaction path calculations demonstrate that the sequence of mineral reactions occurring in an arkosic sandstone-fluid system is only slightly modified by the presence of OAA. A spectrum of possible sandstone alteration mineralogies can be obtained depending on the selected boundary conditions: EQ3/6 predictions include quartz overgrowth, calcite replacement of plagioclase, albitization of plagioclase, and the formation of porosity-occluding calcite cement, smectite, and illite, all of which are commonly documented in rocks. Under some circumstances, OAA-bearing waters are less effective at producing porosity in an arkosic sandstone than are OAA-free waters. In the scenarios modeled in this study the role of OAA in fluid-rock interactions is to contribute to the total alteration assemblage but not necessarily to dominate it, except under exceptional circumstances that might include, for example, hydrocarbon contaminant plumes in aquifers, wetland environments, and within hydrocarbon source-rocks.
Rethinking the Organizational Weapon: The Soviet System in a Systems Age

There is growing realization in the U.S.S.R. that the “contemporary scientific and technological revolution” is as much a managerial and cultural revolution as a scientific and industrial revolution. The key task is to develop not only modern technical hardware, but also an effective and distinctive software appropriate for the times. Accordingly, Soviet authorities have begun to think seriously, really for the first time, about organization and the structural requirements of progress. As organizations become more complex, the area of organizational design gains importance. Because it focuses attention on interrelationships, interdependencies, and integration, the “systems approach” has emerged as a way of coping with advancing complexity. The real significance of the U.S.S.R.'s belated awakening to the modern systems age is the discovery that the Soviet system is, in fact, not a “system.” Lacking both the power and the technique to deal with contemporary issues, Soviet leaders are busy forging new organizational weapons. Despite their increasing efforts to use modern systems terminology and technology to enhance integrative capabilities, conditions militate against any radical systems engineering.
Rat liver lysosomal enzymes: Effects of animal age and phenobarbital

The activities of two rat liver lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase, undergo changes as a function of animal age. Acid phosphatase activity increases during maturation, but subsequently declines during senescence. β-glucuronidase remains unchanged during maturation, but increases during senescence such that old rats exhibit significantly higher activity than young animals. Acid phosphatase is unaffected by chronic phenobarbital administration, whereas β-glucuronidase is markedly stimulated in young and mature rats and to a lesser extent in senescent animals. The induced activities return to near control levels within two days after withdrawal of the drug, regardless of animal age. These data suggest (1) that these two hepatic lysosomal enzymes undergo different changes, and (2) that the inducibility of β-glucuronidase is diminished as a function of animal age.
Blackett Memorial Lecture Air safety: end of the golden age?

First-World aviation has become so safe that a passenger who takes a domestic jet flight every day would, on average, go 36 000 years before succumbing to a fatal crash. But certain aerial dangers that were practically absent from the First World in the 1990s might be poised for a resurgence. (Among these hazards are terrorism, mid-air collisions, and ground collisions.) We explore recent data about the mortality risk of air travel, and discuss the prospects for the years ahead.
Socioeconomic Status, Subcultural Definitions, and Violent Delinquency

This article examines the theoretical links between socioeconomic status and violent delinquency. The arguments draw on work on social structure and personality and learning theories of crime and delinquency. Hypotheses derived from the resulting explanation are tested using covariance structure models and panel data from a national sample of males. Consistent with these arguments, the results show that violent delinquency is a product of learning definitions favorable to violence, which itself is determined directly and indirectly by association with aggressive peers, socioeconomic status, parenting practices, and prior violent delinquency. The article concludes that explanations of violent adolescent behavior must take into account the joint contributions of social stratification and culture.
Comments on “locality, Bell's theorem, and quantum mechanics”

Two different ideas of locality are described. Both are due essentially to einstein. Quantum theory is compatible with the first but not the second. The problems encountered in the article cited in the title arise from trying to use only the first idea of locality, whereas Bell's-theorem considerations pertain to the second.
Bioenergetics and diet in a simple community of shrubsteppe birds.

Simulation model estimates of bioenergetics are coupled with observations of diet selection and arthropod prey abundances to assess (1) the role of bird populations in trophic energy fluxes in a temporally heterogeneous shrubsteppe ecosystem, and (2) the degree to which those populations may be limited by food.The model estimates a total annual energy demand of 2.91 kcal m-2 yr-1 by the entire passerine avifauna during 1974, with daily demands varying from 0.0025 to 0.0260 kcal m-2. Coupling energy requirements with estimates of arthropod availability implies that bird demands on the insect standing crop never exceeded 0.7% per day of that standing crop during the breeding season or summer.Overall, the bioenergetic estimates imply that these birds are unlikely to be important in ecosystem processes and, reciprocally, are unlikely to be limited by food resources even during peak energy demands. As a consequence, I suggest that biological interactions such as competition play a relatively minor role in structuring the bird community in this variable environment.
Plasmid Stability during In Vitro Propagation of Borrelia burgdorferi Assessed at a Clonal Level

ABSTRACT Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease in humans. The genome of the sequenced type strain B31 MI consists of a linear chromosome, 12 linear plasmids, and 9 circular plasmids. Previous studies by other investigators indicated that some of these plasmids are essential for the survival of the spirochetes in vivo but not in vitro. We have studied plasmid stability during in vitro growth at 23 and 35°C, conditions that approximate the temperatures of the tick vector and the mammalian host, respectively. Starting with two clones that have all 21 plasmids, we investigated plasmid maintenance within the population and on a clonal level. After three passages (27 generations), the cultures were no longer homogeneous and some derivative clones had already lost multiple plasmids. Despite this, one of six clones analyzed after 25 passages (225 generations) retained all but one plasmid (cp9) and was able to complete the mouse-tick-mouse infectious cycle. We analyzed protein composition and regulation of gene expression of clones differing in plasmid content after serial passages. All clones tested exhibited temperature-regulated expression of several proteins, including OspC. In addition, analysis of cultures inoculated from frozen stocks suggests that freezing and/or thawing contributes to heterogeneity in the outgrowth population with respect to plasmid content. Our investigations show that in vitro propagation of a clone leads to a heterogeneous population but that virulent clones can persist through extended passage. We therefore conclude that isogenicity of clones must be confirmed irrespective of their in vitro passage history.
Adaptive refinement of unstructured finite-element meshes

Abstract The finite-element method used in conjunction with adaptive mesh refinement algorithms can be an efficient tool in many scientific and engineering applications. In this paper we review algorithms for the adaptive refinement of unstructured simplicial meshes (triangulations and tetra hedralizations). We discuss bounds on the quality of the meshes resulting from these refinement algorithms. Unrefinement and refinement along curved surfaces are also discussed. Finally, we give an overview of recent developments in parallel refinement algorithms.
A science of system security

As the internet becomes the information-technology backbone for more and more operations, including critical infrastructures such as water and power systems, the security problems introduced by linking such operations to the internet become more of a concern. Various communities have considered these problems and approached solutions from a variety of perspectives. In this paper, we consider the contributions we believe control theory can make towards developing tools for analyzing whole system security, that is, security of a system that may include its physical and human elements as well as its cyber components. In particular, we contrast notions of security focused on protecting information, and thus concerned primarily with delivering the right information to the right people (and no one else), with a different perspective on system security focused on protecting system functionality, which is concerned primarily with system robustness to particular attacks (and may not be concerned with privacy of communications).
Amlodipine-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia in a Child: Case Report and a Review of the Literature:

Objective:To increase awareness of amlodipine-induced gingival hyperplasia in children, as well as review whether a dose-related relationship exists.Case Summary:A 9-year-old girl with a past medic...
Changes in nutrient distribution in forests and soils of Walker Branch watershed, Tennessee, over an eleven-year period

Changes in vegetation, litter, and soil nutrient content were measured in selected plots on Walker Branch watershed, Tennessee, from 1972–73 to 1982. The watershed has been allowed to revert to forest since 1942, before which it consisted of small subsistence farms and woodland pastures. Changes in Ca status were of particular interest because initial nutrient cycling characterizations indicated that net Ca accumulation in vegetation could have caused large decreases in soil exchangeable Ca2+ within 20 years.
Failure of the peroxisome proliferator WY-14,643 to initiate growth-selectible foci in rat liver

The ability of the peroxisome proliferator WY-14,643 to act as an initiator of hepatocarcinogenesis was examined using a modified growth-selection protocol in rats. Feeding rats 0.1% WY-14,643 in the diet for 3 weeks, coupled with partial hepatectomy after 10 days, failed to initiate the development of growth-selectable foci identifiable by 3 enzyme histochemical stains. Elevation of palmitoyl CoA oxidase activity in WY-14,643 rats from 1 to 11 days after partial hepatectomy suggested tht peroxisome proliferation, even when coupled with hepatocellular DNA replication, did not result in initiation. The failure of WY-14,643 to initiate growth-selectable foci may indicate that promotional activity is important in the hepatocarcinogenicity of the peroxisome proliferators.
Successful treatment of serpiginous choroiditis with alkylating agents

Abstract Objective To describe the management and long-term outcomes of patients with serpiginous choroiditis treated with alkylating agents. Design Retrospective, noncomparative case series. Participants Nine patients with active, vision-threatening serpiginous choroiditis who had progressive inflammation while on steroids and/or immunosuppressive agents other than alkylating agents treated at three tertiary care uveitis referral centers. Methods Patients received systemic immunosuppression with an alkylating agent, either chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide. Prednisone also was given initially and was tapered and discontinued. Main outcome measures Visual acuity, clinical disease activity, duration of treatment, duration of drug-free disease remission, and side effects of alkylating agent therapy. Results No patients had recurrences while on therapy. No further visual loss was encountered after starting the therapy. Six of the patients regained vision. All but two patients achieved prolonged drug-free remissions, ranging in duration between 15 and 96 months (median, 78 months). Side effects included transient bone marrow suppression, nausea, and fatigue. Secondary malignancy was encountered in one patient, whose carcinoma of the urinary bladder was treated successfully. Conclusions Adequate immunosuppression with alkylating agents may favorably alter the long-term prognosis of patients with serpiginous choroiditis.
Magnesium levels in premenstrual syndrome

Abstract This study was to determine whether changes in peripheral magnesium levels were associated with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Ten PMS patients and ten controls gave blood at two or three day intervals through three menstrual cycles. Serum magnesium, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured. The day of LH peak was defined as day LH 0. All other measurements were expressed as the number of days before or after LH surge. No significant changes in magnesium levels were noted between the follicular phase (day LH−14 to −3) and luteal phase (day LH+3 to +14) values in either the controls or the patients. No significant changes in magnesium levels were noted either between the controls and the patients during either the luteal or follicular phase. Magnesium deficiency, defined as values below the normal ranges in PMS patients, was not demonstrated in our study.
Persistent beneficial effect of postconditioning against infarct size: role of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels during reperfusion.

This study tested the hypothesis that inhibition of myocardial injury and modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction by postconditioning (Postcon) after 24 h of reperfusion is associated with activation of KATP channels. Thirty dogs undergoing 60 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion (R) were randomly divided into four groups: Control: no intervention at R; Postcon: three cycles of 30 s R alternating with 30 s re-occlusion were applied at R; 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD): the mitochondrial KATP channel blocker was infused 5 min before Postcon; HMR1098: the sarcolemmal KATP channel blocker was administered 5 min before Postcon. After 24 h of R, infarct size was smaller in Postcon relative to Control (27 ± 4%* Vs. 39 ± 2% of area at risk), consistent with a reduction in CK activity (66 ± 7* Vs. 105 ± 7 IU/g). The infarct-sparing effect of Postcon was blocked by 5-HD (48 ± 5%†), but was not altered by HMR1098 (29 ± 3%*), consistent with the change in CK activity (102 ± 8† in 5-HD and 71 ± 6* IU/g in HMR1098). In H9c2 cells exposed to 8 h hypoxia and 3 h of reoxygenation, Postcon up-regulated expression of mito-KATP channel Kir6.1 protein, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening evidenced by preserved fluorescent TMRE and calcein staining. The protective effects were blocked by 5-HD, but not by HMR1098. These data suggest that in a clinically relevant model of ischemia-reperfusion (1) Postcon reduces infarct size and decreases CK activity after prolonged reperfusion; (2) protection by Postcon is achieved by opening mitochondrial KATP channels and inhibiting mPTP opening. *P < 0.05 Vs. Control; † P < 0.05 Vs. Postcon.
Equivalent Volume Sources for Explosions at Depth: Theory and Observations

For simple theoretical models of an underground explosion, two apparently different relationships between isotropic moment and volume change have been published. We show that there is no inconsistency, because these relationships are based on two different definitions of volume change at the explosion source. We report observations of three 25-ton chemical explosions conducted in 1997 at the former nuclear test site near Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan. These show the theoretically predicted decrease of signal strength as the shot depth increases. We argue that the relationship between isotropic moment and volume change proposed by Muller (1973) is preferred.
The Limits of Sanctions in Low-Performing Schools

The article reports on a study of 11 schools that were labeled as low-performing by the state accountability systems of Maryland and Kentucky, nationally known for complex performance-based assessments. The study shows that putting schools on probation only weakly motivated teachers because the assessments were largely perceived as unfair, invalid, and unrealistic. Administrators responded with control strategies that rigidified organizations, forestalling dialog and learning processes. Instructional reform developed only feebly. On the other hand, some schools remedied inefficiencies and were able to "harvest the low-hanging fruit." The schools struggled with severe problems of teacher commitment.
Soy protein ingredients prepared by new processes—Aqueous processing and industrial membrane isolation

The production of food ingredients from undefatted soybeans by aqueous processing and isolation of protein from soy flour by ultrafiltration membranes has been demonstrated adequately during the past decade. These relatively new techniques offer significant advantages over conventional soy processing methods. Aqueous processing requires no petroleum-based solvent and consequently provides increased safety and flexibility of operation (because start-up and shutdown are safe and easy). It also provides opportunities for removal or deactivation of undesirable constituents of raw materials with appropriate water-soluble chemicals. It is, however, less efficient in oil extraction, and demulsification is required to recover clear oil when emulsions form. Ultrafiltration processes recover protein directly from soy flour extracts and thereby avoid generation of the whey which results from the conventional isoelectric precipitation. These processes have the advantages of increased isolate yield (as whey proteins are recovered in the isolate), and produce products having enhanced functionality and nitrogen solubility. The two processing techniques have subsequently been combined to obtain a single procedure with the advantages of each. Extracts from undefatted soybeans have been membrane processed with and without separating the oil to produce a variety of new soy protein ingredients.
Work, pregnancy, and distress

Abstract Increasing numbers of pregnant women are working throughout much, if not all, of their pregnancies. In this secondary analysis of existing longitudinal data on family health, pregnant women were grouped according to employment status: 126 homemakers, 70 employed part-time, and 135 employed full-time. There were no significant differences between the groups in measures of distress, including depression, trait and state anxiety, and perception of negative life events. Homemakers were significantly younger, less educated, and had lower family incomes than either group of employed women. There was also a non-significant trend towards higher distress scores among homemakers. Overall, among these women, it was the similarities which were more striking than the differences, which supports recent research findings about distress among pregnant women.