cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. policies and middle distillate markets in transition

Abstract The large mid-distillate market encompassing home heating and diesel fuels is analyzed in terms of its growth, price inflation, and shifting regional and demand patterns. Annual stock movements from 1974 are correlated with energy and weather disruptions along with Federal Government policies. These suggest a delicate balance between insecure petroleum sources and inventory practices of the refiners which could easily lead to shortages in the near future. In the long-run, the distillates are tied to the production and profits of the larger gasoline market, where demand is expected to fall sharply.
Critical velocity experiments in space

Published data from active space experiments designed to demonstrate the Alfven critical-velocity effect are compiled in graphs and compared with the predictions of numerical simulations. It is found that the discrepancies in the ionization yields obtained in shaped-charge releases of alkali metals are related to the macroscopic limits of time and energy in such releases. It is argued that the total ionization yield is an inadequate measure of the critical-velocity effect, and a new criterion based on eta, the efficiency of energy transfer from the recently ionized neutrals to a heated electron population, is proposed: the effect would be verified if eta values of 10 percent or greater were observed.
Quantitative nutritional studies with water-soluble, chemically defined diets. III. Individual amino acids as sources of non-essential nitrogen.

Abstract The basal diet described earlier, and consisting of the ten “essential” amino acids to 9.5 g. total N, B-vitamins, ascorbic acid, salts, and glucose was dissolved in water to 50% concentration and offered to weanling male rats. Over a 21-day period there was an average weight gain of 9 g. or about 0.45 g. per day per animal. Various amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds were individually added to the basal diet at the expense of an equal amount of the glucose component, and the resulting diets, also in 50% aqueous solution, were likewise offered ad libitum to weanling rats. These supplemented diets were all isonitrogenous, i.e., either 25.2 or 22.0 g. total N/kg. The diets providing the best growth, about 3 g. per day, were those in which l -alanine, ammonium l -glutamate, l -glutamine, ammonium l -aspartate, and l -proline were individually furnished as the sole source of “non-essential” nitrogen. The additions of the d -isomers of alanine and of arginine to the basal diet accelerated growth but not to the same extent as that produced by the corresponding l -isomers when also employed singly. Ammonium acetate proved more effective in promoting growth than either urea or glycine, while l -serine, l -hydroxyproline, and l -cysteine, at the levels used (15.7 g. total N/kg. diet) proved to be toxic to the animals.
The medial temporal lobe and visual working memory: comparisons across tasks, delays, and visual similarity.

Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Whether the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe (MTL) play any important role in visual working memory is a relatively new and controversial research question. The primary goal of this study was to assess working memory for faces over very short delays in patients with MTL damage. Patients and matched controls were required to remember one face that was parametrically morphed to be more or less similar to a probe face, over either a 1- or an 8-sec delay. Memory was assessed using both forced choice and old-new recognition tasks. The results show that MTL damage impairs both speed and accuracy of visual working memory across tasks. We speculate that the hippocampus is generally necessary for memory encoding.
Obstacle Avoidance Considerations for the REMUS Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Future Naval operations necessitate the incorporation of autonomous underwater vehicles into a collaborative network. In future complex missions, a forward look capability will also be required to map and avoid obstacles such as sunken ships. This work examines obstacle avoidance behaviors using a hypothetical forward-looking sonar for the autonomous underwater vehicle REMUS. Hydrodynamic coefficients are used to develop steering equations that model REMUS through a track of specified points similar to a real-world mission track. A two-dimensional forward-looking sonar model with a 120° horizontal scan and a 110 meter radial range is modeled for obstacle detection. Sonar mappings from geographic range-bearing coordinates are developed for implementation in MATLAB simulations. The product of bearing and range weighting functions form the gain factor for a dynamic obstacle avoidance behavior. The overall vehicle heading error incorporates this obstacle avoidance term to develop a path around detected objects. REMUS is a highly responsive vehicle in the model and is capable of avoiding multiple objects in proximity along its track path.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Phonemic behavior of aphasic patients with posterior cerebral lesions

Abstract The investigation analyzed the phonemic paraphasic errors of 10 asphasic patients with posterior cerebral lesions. The results indicated that paraphasic speech is characterized by complex confusions, often occurring at the ends of words and often involving phonemic transpositions. Many of the unusual and unexpected phonemic errors appeared to be due to simultaneous semantic and phonologic confusions.
Quadrature formulae on half-infinite intervals

We develop two classes of quadrature rules for integrals extended over the positive real axis, assuming given algebraic behavior of the integrand at the origin and at infinity. Both rules are expressible in terms of Gauss-Jacobi quadratures. Numerical examples are given comparing these rules among themselves and with recently developed quadrature formulae based on Bernstein-type operators.
A precise group size in Dictyostelium is generated by a cell-counting factor modulating cell-cell adhesion.

Abstract A remarkable aspect of Dictyostelium development is that cells form evenly sized groups of ∼2 × 10 4 cells. A secreted 450 kDa protein complex called counting factor (CF) regulates the number of cells per group. We find that CF regulates group size by repressing cell–cell adhesion. In both experiments and computer simulations, high levels of CF (and thus low adhesion) result in aggregation streams breaking up into small groups, while no CF (and thus high adhesion) results in no stream breakup and large groups. These results suggest that in Dictyostelium and possibly other systems a secreted factor regulating cell–cell adhesion can regulate the size of a group of cells.
Location of Food Stores Near Schools Does Not Predict the Weight Status of Maine High School Students

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between stores selling calorie-dense food near schools and student obesity risk, with the hypothesis that high availability predicts increased risk. Methods Mail surveys determined height, weight, and calorie-dense food consumption for 552 students at 11 Maine high schools. Driving distance from all food stores within 2 km (1.24 miles) of schools (or the closest store) was computed, and the impact of food store density and proximity to schools on student body mass index was determined by logistic regression. Results Ten schools had ≥ 1 store selling soda, and 8 schools had ≥1 fast-food restaurant within 1 km (0.62 miles). There were no significant relationships between the proximity or density of food stores around schools and student obesity risk. Students obtained sugar-sweetened beverages in many locations including at school. Conclusions and Implications Unhealthful food choices are ubiquitous. Consequently, stores selling these food items near schools have no significant affect on student obesity.
Activation of phospholipases A1 and A2 in heart, liver, and blood during endotoxin shock

Abstract The effects of endotoxin shock on the activities of phospholipases A1 and A2 were studied in canine heart sarcolemma, liver plasma membrane, and blood serum. Results obtained from control dogs indicate that phospholipases A1 and A2 were equally active in cardiac sarcolemma. In liver plasma membrane the activity of phospholipase A1 was twice that of phospholipase A2, while in blood serum phospholipase A1 activity was only half that of phospholipase A2. Results obtained 4 hr after endotoxin administration (0.5 mg/kg, iv) demonstrate that phospholipase A1 activities were activated by 117% in cardiac sarcolemma, 188% in liver plasma membrane, and 150% in blood serum, while phospholipases A1 activities were stimulated by 71% in cardiac sarcolemma, 175% in liver plasma membrane, and 31% in blood serum. The in vitro incubation of all three enzyme preparations from control dogs with endotoxin (5–15 μg/0.5 ml) stimulated both phospholipase A1 and A2 activities and the stimulation was concentration dependent. These data suggest that endotoxin may have a direct stimulatory effect on phospholipases A1 and A2 activities in the cell membranes of heart and liver, and also in blood serum. Since phospholipases A play an important role in the regulation of membrane structure and function, the observed activation of phospholipases A1 and A2 may have a physiological significance in the pathogenesis of cellular dysfunction in endotoxin shock.
Serum Free Thyroxine in Thyroidal and Nonthyroidal Illnesses: A Comparison of Measurements by Radioimmunoassay, Equilibrium Dialysis, and Free Thyroxine Index*

The present study was undertaken to examine serum concentrations of free T4 in various functional states of the thyroid by a two-tube (A and B) solid phase RIA (Corning Immophase free T4 RIA) using two methods of calculation (I and II). Method I employed the ratio of radioactive T4 bound to anti-T4 antibody in tube A without thiomerosal to that in tube B containing thiomerosal as an inhibitor of serum binding of T4 or A/B as an index of free T4. Method B employed the factor (A/Tc × total T4, in which A represents radioactive T4 bound to anti-T4 in tube A and Tc is the total radioactivity) as an indicator of free T4. Both methods yielded clearly subnormal values in hypothyroidism and clearly supranormal values in hyperthyroidism. However, method I yielded low free T4 concentration values in euthyroid subjects with high T4-binding globulin (TBG) and high values in euthyroid subjects with low TBG. Therefore, it did not appear to be of value in routine clinical work. On the other hand, RIA (method B) was infl...
Admissibility under the frequentist's validity constraint in estimating the loss of the least-squares estimator

Abstract We consider the problem of estimating the sum of squared error loss L = |β−β| 2 of the least-squares esitmator β for β, the regression coefficient. The standard estimator L 0 is the expected value of L . Here the error variance is assumed to be known. Previous results of Johnstone (1988. In Statistical Decision Theory and Related Topics IV (S. Gupta and J. Berger, Eds.), 1, 361-379, Springer-Verlag, New York) show that L 0 is inadmissible under the loss ( L − L ) 2 if the dimension of β is five or more. However, since we are estimating the loss, a typical frequentist principle will lead to the usage of estimators which are frequentist valid. Johnston′s improved esitmator, however, violates this principle. In this paper, we prove that it is impossible to improve upon L 0 among the class of frequentist valid estimators. The work parallels Hwang and Brown (1991, Ann. Statist. 10 1964-1977) for the corresponding confidence set problems, although the argument is entirely different and much simpler.
Intracellular localization of a 6-O-methyl-d-glucose containing soluble polysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract A soluble non-dialyzable low molecular weight (4400) polysaccharide has been purified from the cell-free extract of the H37Ra strain of Myobacterium tuberculosis. The polysaccharide is not covalently bound to other cellular constituents; no hydrolytic procedures are used in its isolation. The polysaccharide is composed of d -glucose (60%) and 6-O- methyl- d -glucose (40%) and one acid group whose location is not yet known. Periodate degradation suggests that most of the 6-O- methyl- d -glucoses serve as branch points in the backbone of the polysaccharide. The polysaccharide is limited in its distribution to the soluble portion of the cytoplasm; 6-O- methyl- d -glucose is absent from hydrolysates of purified preparations of the mycobacterial cell wall, cytoplasmic membranes and ribosomes.
Correlations of the 4.77–4.28‐eV luminescence band in silicon dioxide with the oxygen vacancy

A luminescence band observed at 4.77 eV (260 nm) in crystalline and at 4.28 eV (290 nm) in amorphous silicon dioxide has been found to correlate with optical and spin resonance measurements of oxygen vacancy concentrations in a series of irradiated samples. The 4.28‐eV (290‐nm) band has also been observed in the silicon dioxide layer of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) devices. The intensity of the bands can be increased by chemical reduction in carbon monoxide vapor or decreased by heating in oxygen or water vapor. The 4.28‐eV (290‐nm) luminescence intensity in the MOS samples also seems to be related to the trapped positive charge in the silicon dioxide. These facts all support a model for the luminescence center as being the oxygen vacancy.
Incidence of depression in a medical long‐term care facility: Findings from a restricted sample of new admissions

The prevalence rate of depression in medical long-term care facilities is high but varies over a large range. One source of variation may be differences in the underlying incidence rates. A cohort of 104 new admissions was followed for one year and showed and incidence rate of approximately 14%. This rate is comparable to the only other published study and suggests that incidence rates may be more uniform than expected from the range of prevalence reports.
The prognostic significance of lymph node involvement in pyriform sinus and supraglottic cancers

Three hundred and thirty-three patients with carcinoma of the pyriform sinus or supraglottis were reviewed with regard to lymph node involvement and prognosis. All patients were treated with curative intent and had a minimum follow-up of 3 years. Every patient was restaged according to the AJCC, 1983 recommendations. In addition, nodal fixation to cervical fascia or muscle was evaluated with regard to prognosis. Seventy-five percent (89/119) of the pyriform sinus cancer and 47% (101/214) of the supraglottic cancer patients presented with clinically palpable cervical nodes. The distribution of patients according to N stage was 143 (43%), 84 (25%), 58 (17%), 48 (14%) for N0, N1, N2, N3 respectively. In patients where information on nodal fixation was available, 29% had fixed nodes. No difference in prognosis was noted between N0 and N1 or N2 and N3 stages, and these groups were therefore combined. The 3-year survival was 85% for T1 (N0/N1), 77% for T2 (N0/N1), 63% for T3 (N0/N1), and 65% for T4 (N0/N1) cases compared to 19% for T1 (N2/N3), 34% for T2 (N2/N3), 33% for T3 (N2/N3), and 32% for T4 (N2/N3) cases demonstrating that N stage predominates over T stage with respect to survival. Both the local recurrences and distant metastases increased as N stage advanced. A noteworthy difference between patients with fixed nodes and mobile nodes was found with regard to neck recurrence (35% versus 17%), distant metastases (33% versus 19%) and survival (27% versus 58%). In conclusion, nodal stage is a highly significant determinant of survival independent of T stage in cancers of the pyriform sinus and supraglottis. N0, N1 status and mobility were predictive of a favorable prognosis as opposed to N2, N3 status and fixation. These findings were consistent when the pyriform sinus cancers and supraglottic cancers were analyzed separately.
Quantitative Analysis of the Expression and Distribution of Calcium Channel α 1 Subunit mRNA in the Atria and Ventricles of the Rat Heart

Two distinct calcium currents are present in mammalian cardiac myocytes. Utilizing quantitative RT-PCR methods, we have analysed the expression patterns and abundance of four calcium channel alpha 1 subunit mRNAs in different regions of the rat heart and compared them to the known density of calcium currents recorded from rat atria. Our results show that Ca(V)1.2 is the most abundant of the four alpha 1 subunit transcripts in the rat heart. The Ca(V)1.2 message is more abundant in ventricle than in atria and does not vary in expression as a function of developmental age. Ca(V)2.3, Ca(V)3.1 and Ca(V)3.2 mRNAs are 10-100 times less abundant than Ca(V)1.2. Interestingly, Ca(V)2.3, Ca(V)3.1 and Ca(V)3.2 are expressed in both atria and ventricle. The abundance of atrial Ca(V)3.1 mRNA does not change significantly during development and remains high in older animals. In contrast, levels of atrial Ca(V)3.2 mRNA are high in embryonic tissue and at 3- and 4-weeks postnatal but become undetectable at 5 weeks. Expression of atrial Ca(V)2.3 mRNA is highest at 4-weeks postnatal and then declines gradually. We have previously documented that the LVA calcium current density is highest within 4-5 weeks after birth and then declines gradually reaching less than 30% of its maximal value at 12-14 weeks. The complex relationship between atrial LVA current density and the abundance of Ca(V)2.3, Ca(V)3.1 and Ca(V)3.2 mRNA suggests that their contribution to the cardiac LVA current may vary as a function of postnatal age.
Addition of Grape Seed Extract Renders Phosphoric Acid a Collagen-stabilizing Etchant

Previous studies found that grape seed extract (GSE), which is rich in proanthocyanidins, could protect demineralized dentin collagen from collagenolytic activities following clinically relevant treatment. Because of proanthocyanidin’s adverse interference to resin polymerization, it was believed that GSE should be applied and then rinsed off in a separate step, which in effect increases the complexity of the bonding procedure. The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of combining GSE treatment with phosphoric acid etching to address the issue. It is also the first attempt to formulate collagen-cross-linking dental etchants. Based on Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and digestion assay, it was established that in the presence of 20% to 5% phosphoric acid, 30 sec of GSE treatment rendered demineralized dentin collagen inert to bacterial collagenase digestion. Based on this positive result, the simultaneous dentin etching and collagen protecting of GSE-containing phosphoric acid was evaluated on the premise of a 30-second etching time. According to micro-Raman spectroscopy, the formulation containing 20% phosphoric acid was found to lead to overetching. Based on scanning and transmission electronic microscopy, this same formulation exhibited unsynchronized phosphoric acid and GSE penetration. Therefore, addition of GSE did render phosphoric acid a collagen-stabilizing etchant, but the preferable phosphoric acid concentration should be <20%.
The origins of Afroasiatic

In their Review “Farmers and their languages: the first expansions” (25 Apr. 2003, p. [597][1]), J. Diamond and P. Bellwood suggest that food production and the Afroasiatic language family were brought simultaneously from the Near East to Africa by demic diffusion, in other words, by a migration
Identifying Quality-of-Life Priorities for Societal Development: Using a Market Orientation to Benefit Citizens:

Both national and international policy makers have long needed a better understanding of the relative importance of quality-of-life (QOL) dimensions in a society. By taking a market orientation to benefit citizens, this research uses con-joint analysis and primary data from respondents in three countries (the United States, France, and Turkey) to explore how individuals assign importance weights across seven dimensions of QOL. The mean values for the importance weights of these QOL dimensions in each country of this study were compared with those of an equal-weighting scheme and were found to be different in most instances. In addition, the same pattern of heterogeneity among the weights of the key QOL dimensions was observed across the three countries of this study.
Enhancing adherence to mood charting with an online version of the NIMH Life Chart

Longitudinal mood instability is the essential feature of bipolar disorder, however most rating scales are cross sectional in nature, and focus on acute symptoms. By contrast, the NIMH Life Chart Methodology (LCM) characterizes in detail the severity, duration, and frequency of mood episodes. Unfortunately, adherence to daily rating tends to be low. Compared to the traditional paper chart, an online adaptation of the LCM that used links embedded in a daily email as the primary form of data entry substantially increased the number of days rated by a sample of patients with bipolar disorder. An analysis of the ways in which users interacted with the application found that manipulation of the user interface affected the number of days that were rated. Features of video games and commercial web sites designed to reinforce repeated long-term use can be adapted to therapeutic applications to support adherence. These features include content delivery, point accumulation, personalization, discovery, and reward.
Wizards and witches: parent advocates and contention in special education in the USA

Drawing on interviews with parents of children with significant disabilities, as well as administrators and special education consultants, between the early 1990s and 2008 in a mid‐Atlantic US state, this paper examines the work of parental advocates as they translate special education policies to negotiate concessions for parents, bring issues into public debate, or attempt to incite other parents to activism. Advocates, we suggest, act as bridging agents in generating networks, connecting parents with others, articulating their knowledge with other parents’ knowledge, and bringing additional communicative resources to encounters. The paper illuminates approaches to advocacy work and traces the tensions and shifts from adversarial/participatory constructions of advocacy work toward more professionalizing/meditational constructions as the articulations of local institutional arrangements and national disability law and politics evolve.
Minding the Mediation: Examining One Teacher Educator's Facilitation of Two Preservice Teachers' Learning.

This manuscript explores how one teacher educator worked to facilitate preservice teachers’ (PSTs) learning across field- and university-based settings. Using socio-cultural learning theory as a le...
Embedded actives for terahertz circuit applications: Imaging array

An approach to embed active devices for the fabrication of THz circuits is presented in this paper. GaAs Schottky diodes are integrated with wide-band log-periodic antennas to demonstrate THz imaging array. Calculated noise equivalent power (NEP) based on measured I-V characteristic and diode small-signal equivalent model show that a minimum value of 2pW/Hz0.5 can be reached at 100GHz. Calculations of sensitivity based on measured detector parameters are also presented to 1 THz. The proposed fabrication approach is large-area, low-cost and low-temperature process compatible, and can be implemented in heterogeneous integration of THz devices on a host of substrates.
Community-level spatial heterogeneity of chemical constituent levels of fine particulates and implications for epidemiological research.

Studies of the health impacts of airborne particulates’ chemical constituents typically assume spatial homogeneity and estimate exposure from ambient monitors. However, factors such as local sources may cause spatially heterogeneous pollution levels. This work examines the degree to which constituent levels vary within communities and whether exposure misclassification is introduced by spatial homogeneity assumptions. Analysis considered PM2.5 elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon matter, ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, silicon, and sodium ion (Na+) for the United States, 1999–2007. Pearson correlations and coefficients of divergence were calculated and compared to distances among monitors. Linear modeling related correlations to distance between monitors, long-term constituent levels, and population density. Spatial heterogeneity was present for all constituents, yet lower for ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate. Lower correlations were associated with higher distance between monitors, especially for nitrate and sulfate, and with lower long-term levels, especially for sulfate and Na+. Analysis of colocated monitors revealed measurement error for all constituents, especially EC and Na+. Exposure misclassification may be introduced into epidemiological studies of PM2.5 constituents due to spatial variability, and is affected by constituent type and level. When assessing health effects of PM constituents, new methods are needed for estimating exposure and accounting for exposure error induced by spatial variability.
A contraction mapping proof of the smooth dependence on parameters of solutions to Volterra integral equations

Abstract We consider the linear Volterra equation x ( t ) = a ( t ) − ∫ 0 t K ( t , s ) x ( s ) d s and suppose that the kernel K and forcing function a depend on some parameters ϵ ∈ R d . We prove that, under suitable conditions, the solutions depend on ϵ as smoothly the functions a and K . The proof is based on the contraction mapping principle and the variational equation. Though our conditions are not the most generally possible, they nonetheless include many important examples.
Precipitation kinetics of rare gases implanted into metals

Abstract A rate-theory approach is used to interpret observations on the precipitation of Kr, Xe, and Ar injected into Ni at temperatures between 25 and 560 °C. At temperatures of 400 °C or higher, the implanted Kr precipitates evolve into a bi-modal size distribution containing small solid precipitates and an additional population of larger, faceted bubbles. The calculations explore the dependence of the Kr bi-modal size distribution on the maximum size of the solid Kr precipitates and on the bubble mobility. The sensitivity of the calculated size distribution to gas-atom diffusivity and gas-bubble nucleation rate is also investigated. The analysis suggests that the swelling in these high gas production rate experiments is primarily gas driven, and that during the irradiation whereas the large bubbles move by surface diffusion, the small, solid Kr precipitates are immobile. The relevance of the Kr-Ni interaction on the solid Kr precipitate size cutoff, and differences in behavior between implanted Kr, Xe, and Ar are discussed.
Severe hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism developing in a patient with hyperaldosteronism and renal resistance to parathyroid hormone

We evaluated an African American woman referred in 1986 at age 33 years because of renal potassium and calcium wasting and chronic hip pain. She presented normotensive, hypokalemic, hypocalcemic, normophosphatemic, and hypercalciuric. Marked hyperparathyroidism was evident. Urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) excretion did not increase in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusion, indicating renal resistance to PTH. X-rays and bone biopsy revealed severe osteitis fibrosa cystica, confirming skeletal responsiveness to PTH. Renal potassium wasting, suppressed plasma renin activity, and elevated plasma and urinary aldosterone levels accompanied her hypokalemia, suggesting primary hyperaldosteronism. Hypokalemia resolved with spironolactone and, when combined with dietary sodium restriction, urinary calcium excretion fell and hypocalcemia improved, in accord with the known positive association between sodium intake and calcium excretion. Calcitriol and oral calcium supplements did not suppress the chronic hyperparathyroidism nor did they reduce aldosterone levels. Over time, hyperparathyroid bone disease progressed with pathologic fractures and persistent pain. In 2004, PTH levels increased further in association with worsening chronic kidney disease. Eventually hypercalcemia and hypertension developed. Localizing studies in 2005 suggested a left inferior parathyroid tumor. After having consistently declined, the patient finally agreed to neck exploration in January 2009. Four hyperplastic parathyroid glands were removed, followed immediately by severe hypocalcemia, attributed to "hungry bone syndrome" and hypoparathyroidism, which required prolonged hospitalization, calcium infusions, and oral calcitriol. Although her bone pain resolved, hyperaldosteronism persisted.
Prosthetic management of edentulous mandibulectomy patients. Part III. Clinical evaluation

Abstract Thirty edentulous mandibulectomy patients participated in a clinical study to compare functionally developed prosthetic procedures with the more traditional techniques. The 30 patients were classified as to type of mandibular defect and were given both types of prostheses on a controlled basis. Anatomic and psychologic data, the adjustment problems, and denture preferences were recorded. Twenty-two patients could successfully use lower dentures. Fifteen (50 per cent) of the test patients preferred the “swallowing” prosthesis. Three (10 per cent) of the test patients preferred the conventionally constructed lower dentures. Six of the seven Class III mandibulectomy patients (the most difficult to treat prosthetically) were unable to use either denture. The remaining patients could use either lower denture and had no significant preference. This data is presented in the hope that these new prosthetic techniques will be accepted as possible alternatives when treating certain types of edentulous mandibulectomy patients and can, thereby, be studied, developed, and evaluated more extensively.
Problems recruiting volunteers: Nature versus nurture

In a national study of public charities in the United States, we find that some organizations experience little difficulty recruiting volunteers while others report substantial problems. We study which organizations are more likely to report recruitment problems, separating the underlying forces for those problems into two camps. One, which we label “nature,” represents organizational conditions that cannot readily be overcome by a management response. The other, which we label “nurture,” represents organizational conditions that volunteer resource managers and other members of the top management team can directly influence as they seek to make their organization more inviting to prospective volunteers. We find some support for both camps, concluding that managers must be prepared to work with both immutable and malleable conditions when devising strategies for recruiting volunteers whose schedule and skills fit the organization's needs.
Immunoglobulin G subclasses and isoimmunized pregnancy outcome

Immunoglobulin G antibodies are the most frequent type of red blood cell isoantibodies. They possess the ability to traverse the placenta and may cause hemolytic disease in newborn infants. Of the four subclasses, IgG1 and IgG3 are effective at binding erythrocytes to monocyte-macrophages and therefore are potentially destructive to erythrocytes. IgG2 and IgG4 are unable to react effectively with receptor sites on phagocytic cells and so are totally inactive relative to hemolysis. IgG subclasses were identified in 22 consecutive isoimmunized antepartum patients. Fifteen patients were subsequently delivered of babies who were either affected by or susceptible to hemolytic disease of the newborn. When maternal antibodies consisted of IgG1 only, hemolytic disease of the newborn developed in four of five cases. When only IgG3 was present, each of two patients developed hemolytic disease of the newborn. In eight cases both IgG1 and IgG3 were present and all the babies were born with hemolytic disease of the newborn. Determination of IgG subclasses might prove to be a useful adjunct in evaluating isoimmunized pregnancies. However, the limited information available does not permit the use of IgG subclasses exclusive of traditional means of diagnosis and management of isoimmunized pregnancies.
Interpreting the epidemiology and natural history of bacterial vaginosis: are we still confused?

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of vaginitis and increases women’s risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and risk of STD/HIV acquisition. The etiology of BV is unclear, though it is believed to involve loss of vaginal hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and acquisition of complex bacterial communities that include many fastidious BV-associated bacteria (BVAB) that have recently been detected using PCR methods. Treatment failure (persistence) is common, and may be facilitated by unprotected sex. Potential contributions to BV and BV persistence include (1) sexual partners as a reservoir for BVAB; (2) specific sexual practices, including male partners’ condom use; and (3) the composition of the vaginal microbiota involved in BV. Specific BVAB in the Clostridiales order may predict BV persistence when detected pre-treatment, and have been detected in men whose female partners have BV. BVAB may be associated with unprotected sexual behavior and failure of BV to resolve in women, supporting the hypothesis that BVAB colonization of male genitalia may serve as a reservoir for re-infection of female partners. Moreover, specific sexual practices may favor vaginal colonization with certain BVAB that have been associated with persistence. This review provides background on BV, and discusses the epidemiologic and microbiologic data to support a role for acquisition of BVAB and how this process might differ among subsets of women.
An investigation of mechanical properties and microstructural evolution in an aluminum alloy processed by severe plastic deformation

Processing by a combination of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressuretorsion (HPT) was performed on disks of an Al-7075 alloy. The alloy was annealed at 753 K, processedby ECAP for totals of 4 passes and then processed by HPT under a pressure of 6.0 GPa up to amaximum of 20 turns. Measurements of Vickers microhardness showed reasonable hardnesshomogeneity after processing through 20 turns. It is demonstrated that the results from mechanicaltesting and microstructural analysis are consistent with the hardness measurements.
Will my clavicle heal?: Commentary on an article by I.R. Murray, BMedSci(Hons), MRCSEd, DipSportsMed, et al.: "Risk factors for nonunion after nonoperative treatment of displaced midshaft fractures of the clavicle".

The management of clavicular fractures has changed substantially in the last fifteen years. In 1997, Hill et al. documented poor results and increased risk of nonunion in clavicular fractures with initial shortening of ≥20 mm1. McKee et al. confirmed this finding in a study involving more sophisticated outcome assessments including Constant and DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) scores as well as muscle strength testing2. However, the 2007 publication of the results of a randomized clinical trial conducted by the Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society3 showing improved outcomes with surgical management of displaced clavicular fractures appears to represent the “pivot point,” following which clinical practice began to be more commonly surgical. Despite the accumulating evidence of the potential for compromised functional outcome …
Predation resistance does not trade off with competitive ability in early-colonizing mosquitoes.

The tradeoff between colonization and competitive ability has been proposed as a mechanism for ecological succession, and this tradeoff has been demonstrated in multiple successional communities. The tradeoff between competitive ability and predation resistance is also a widely-described phenomenon; however, this tradeoff is not usually postulated as a cause of ecological succession. Early successional species that arrive before predator colonization could be either (1) less vulnerable to predation than their successors, by virtue of being poor competitors (direct competition-predation tradeoff); or (2) equally or more vulnerable to predation, because they normally colonize ahead of predators in succession and therefore are not evolutionarily adapted to avoid predators that they rarely encounter (no competition–predation tradeoff). To test these alternative hypotheses, we established water-filled containers in an oak–hickory forest. We allowed half of the containers to be naturally colonized by early-successional Culex mosquitoes, mid-successional Aedes mosquitoes, and the mosquito predator Toxorhynchites rutilus. In the other half of the containers, we prevented Aedes colonization via systematic removal of Aedes eggs, but allowed Culex and T. rutilus to colonize. The numbers of mature Culex larvae and pupae, and later the total number of Culex, were significantly greater in containers where Aedes had been removed, which suggests that Culex are competitively suppressed by Aedes. Toxorhynchites rutilus abundance and colonization rate were unaffected by the removal of Aedes, and densities of both Culex and Aedes decreased significantly with T. rutilus abundance in both treatments. In-laboratory bioassays showed that Culex were significantly more vulnerable to predation by T. rutilus than were Aedes. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Culex and Aedes demonstrate a direct colonization–competition tradeoff, and are inconsistent with the hypothesis of a direct competition–predation tradeoff.
Forensic radiology at the New York City office of the chief medical examiner (NYC OCME): Current US forensic radiology practices and reflections on the future

Introduction Forensic sciences must adhere to high quality standards in order to present their evidence in court. However, no standards currently exist regarding qualification and certification in Forensic Radiology. At the NYC OCME, medical examiners (ME) decide on a case-by-case basis whether or not post-mortem radiographs should be performed. Radiology technicians take the requested images of either specific areas or the whole body. The ME then interprets the images for use in identification or forensic investigation. There are currently no staff radiologists employed by the NYC OCME. Therefore, if the ME's find images challenging to interpret, they will call in a consultant radiologist for further evaluation. Method This study will retrospectively analyze all cases over the past 5 years to which consultant radiologists have been called. We will gather information on when, how often, and in what types of cases the decision is made to call in a radiology consultant. We will also evaluate what subspecialties within diagnostic radiology were involved and determine if radiologic evidence was given in a court case. Results The expected result is that the use of forensic radiologists is non-standardized within the NYC OCME. There are likely no set criteria for when a radiologist is to be consulted for a case. It is unlikely that radiologists with special training in forensic and post-mortem radiology are consulted. The cases for which the radiologists are most often consulted involve identification of individuals and child abuse. Either an oral or a written report may be submitted. Radiologists may give evidence in court in a small number of cases but most likely the forensic pathologists relay the information. Conclusion Forensic radiology is not standardized as seen in the NYC OCME. Future research should be geared towards establishing when and how Forensic Radiologic assessment should be performed. A drive towards publication of specialty guidelines, credentialing and certification will advance the quality of radiologic assessments in the forensic context.
FORMATION OF β-LACTOSE FROM THE STABLE FORMS OF ANHYDROUS ã-LACTOSE

Treatment of either of the stable anhydrous crystalline forms of or-lactose with potassium methoxide in methanol at reflux does not result in the formation of β-lactose, whereas the latter is formed from α-lactose monohydrate or hygroscopic anhydrous α-lactose under these conditions. We find that when β-lactose is added to a reaction mixture containing either form of stable anhydrous α-lactose, conversion of α-lactose to β-lactose proceeds readily. Further, we show that this conversion may be a solid-solid transformation rather than dissolution of α-lactose followed by crystallization as β-lactose.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CYCLIC 3',5'-ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE ON STEROID HYDROXYLATIONS IN ADRENAL HOMOGENATES,

Abstract Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic 3′,5′-AMP) has recently been shown to stimulate selectively steroid C-11β hydroxylase activity in rat adrenal homogenates fortified with glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and NADP + (Roberts, Creange and Fowler, 1964) . This stimulation resulted in increased formation of corticosterone (B) from exogenous 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) or progesterone and also augmented production of 11β-hydroxyprogesterone from the latter substrate. The effect of the cyclic nucleotide was presumed to be mediated via stimulation of α-glucan phosphorylase, which in turn led to enhanced production of G-6-P from glycogen and a concomitant increase in NADPH generation (Haynes, 1958) . However, if cyclic 3′,5′-AMP stimulated steroid 11β-hydroxylation in adrenal homogenates only by this mechanism, its effects on steroid hydroxylations should be accentuated under conditions where G-6-P concentrations were limiting and eliminated in the presence of maximally effective amounts of this hexose phosphate. The experiments reported below demonstrate that this is not the case and also provide evidence that the corticosteroidogenic effect of the cyclic nucleotide in adrenal homogenates is not dependent upon enhanced NADPH generation.
Labor and Cost Requirements of Two Commercial Assays for Qualitative Molecular Detection of Hepatitis C Virus

The Bayer transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) and the Roche PCR Amplicor version 2.0 molecular assays for the qualitative detection of hepatitis C virus were compared for cost, hands-on time, assay duration, and complexity. The TMA assay compares well to PCR and may be especially useful for laboratories with large numbers of test requests.
USANDO NOÇÕES DE BELEZA PARA RECORDAR E SER CONHECIDO NA REGIÃO DO GOLFO DE BENIM

This article studies how the architecture of a group of Afro- Brazilian returnees to the Bight of Benin at the turn of the 20th century was an embodiment of a constellation of factors that were characteristic of their return . First was how the Afro- Brazilians ’ returnees re-shaped their social identities . Second was how the architecture embodied their simultaneous affiliations to different religions . Third was how their re-conceptions of beauty reinforced their new social identities and multiple religious affiliations .
A note on “operant conditioning principles extrapolated to the theory of management

Abstract The following paper examines the application of the principles of operant conditioning to the prediction of individual behavior in an organizational setting. The review centers about the extended operant conditioning model of Jablonsky and DeVries (Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1972 , 7, 340–358). Conceptual errors, such as in an incorrect application of negative reinforcement and an incomplete operant conditioning framework are discussed. Several suggestions for future models are given.
Preferential induction of CYP1B1 by benzo[a]pyrene in human oral epithelial cells: impact on DNA adduct formation and prevention by polyphenols

The roles of CYP1A1 and 1B1 in tobacco smoke carcinogen, e.g. benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), induced DNA binding and their inhibition by the dietary polyphenol 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), compared with 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone (3',4'-DMF) and resveratrol, were investigated in the human oral epithelial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-9 cells. A low concentration of BaP (1 microM) dramatically induced BaP-DNA adduct formation (approximately 40-fold) in a time-dependent manner, while it only increased CYP1A1/1B1 activities, as measured by ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, approximately 3-fold. Furthermore, BaP induced both CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 mRNA and protein expression, as determined by the branched DNA assay and western blot analysis, but with considerably higher levels of CYP1B1. Combined treatment of SCC-9 cells with 1 microM BaP and 20 microM DMF inhibited BaP-DNA adduct formation. The mechanism of this effect appeared to be direct inhibition of CYP1B1 enzyme with a K(i) value of 0.58 microM, a highly potent inhibition considering the high cellular uptake of DMF in the SCC-9 cells. DMF also inhibited CYP1A1, but not CYP1B1 protein, and mRNA expression in the cells. In an extension to other polyphenols, the structural analog 3',4'-DMF, in contrast to DMF, inhibited the expression of CYP1B1 both at the mRNA and protein levels. Surprisingly, in contrast to previous studies in other cell types, resveratrol had no effect on CYP1B1 in the SCC-9 cells. Based on this study, CYP1B1 mRNA may be an early biomarker of oral cancer, being a sensitive signal for tobacco-carcinogen exposure. Methoxylated dietary flavonoids, e.g. DMF and 3',4'-DMF, may be potent chemoprotectants by direct inhibition of CYP1B1/1A1 function and/or their protein expression.
Industrial Concentration and the Capital Markets: A Comparative Study of Brazil, Mexico, and the United States, 1830–1930

This article examines the relationship between capital market development and industrial structure during the early stages of industrialization, contrasting the experiences of Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. It argues that constraints placed on the formation of credit intermediaries in Latin America by poorly defined property rights and government regulatory policies produced greater concentration in the Mexican and Brazilian cotton textile industries than that which developed in the United States. The relationship between the efficiency with which an economy mobilizes capital funds and the industrial structure that an economy develops has long been of interest to economic historians, development economists, and organizational theorists.' Surprisingly, almost all of the research to date has focused on countries that had, by world standards, fairly well developed capital markets. Little work has been done on the relationship between capital market integration and the degree of intraindustry concentration in economies with truly underdeveloped capital markets such as are found in Latin America and Africa. Moreover, the studies on developed economies have largely focused on the very recent past: lack of data has prevented researchers from developing systematic, cross-national estimates of concentration for the period prior to the Great Depression.2
Microstructure and Electrical Properties of Sodium-Diffused and Potassium-Diffused SrTiO3 Barrier-Layer Capacitors Exhibiting Varistor Behavior

In sodium-diffused strontium titanate internal-boundary-layer capacitors exhibiting good varistor properties, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed sodium segregation at grain boundaries in the absence of intergranular phases. The segregation layer is narrow (≅10 nm), unlike much broader diffused boundary layers which have also been observed. The nonohmic behavior in these and in potassium-diffused specimens suggests that segregated acceptor alkali ions act as grain-boundary electron traps leading to varistor electrical barriers.