cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma in mice expressing a probasin-Neu oncogenic transgene

NEU (ERBB2) and other members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family have been implicated in human prostate cancer (CAP) development and progression to an androgen-independent state, but the extent of involvement and precise role of this signaling pathway remain unclear. To begin addressing such open questions in an animal model, we have developed a transgenic line in which an oncogenic Neu cDNA (Neu*) driven by the probasin gene promoter is overexpressed in the mouse prostate and causes development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) that progresses to invasive carcinoma. Expression profiling using microarrays, which was selectively validated and extended by immunophenotyping of Neu*-induced PIN and CAP, led to the identification of some novel biomarkers and also revealed increased expression of Egfr, Erbb3 and phosphorylated androgen receptor. In view of this information from our mouse model, which can be used to analyze further the role of Erbb signaling in prostatic tumorigenesis, we examined human prostate cancer tissue arrays by immunohistochemistry. Based on statistical analyses of the results, we propose the testable hypothesis that ERBB3, shown to be expressed in 86% of the human CAP cases that we examined, is the pivotal element of the Erbb pathway promoting tumorigenesis by heterodimerization with NEU or EGFR, while a NEU/EGFR dimer does not appear to play a significant role in CAP.
Nanophotonic Optical Interconnection Network Architecture for On-Chip and Off-Chip Communications

An architecture for an integrated low-power, high-bandwidth optical interconnection network based on microring resonator technology is presented. The layout of the non-blocking network is described and a simulation-based performance evaluation is conducted.
Cytochrome P-450 3A4, 3A5, and MDR-1 as pharmacogenomic predictors of tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes in liver transplant recipients

Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant used to prevent allograft rejection in organ transplantation. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and P-glycoprotein (MDR1) may play significant roles in drug disposition of xenobiotics including tacrolimus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP3A4 (A-290G), CYP3A5 (A22893G), and MDR1 (C3435T) may result in altered in vivo catalytic activity. This study explored the pharmacogenomic impact of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and MDR1 on tacrolimus dosing and clinical outcomes in liver transplant recipients. In 45 patients, phenotypic data were collected for the first 10 days post-transplant and at Month 4. Genomic DNA was isolated from human liver tissue with genotypic determination done via PCR-based detection methods. Unpaired T-tests compared two genotype groups with P<0.05 considered significant. Significantly, CYP3A4 AA genotype had higher mean tacrolimus trough concentrations than AG/GG (11.8±2.7 vs 9.7±2.9 mcg/dL, p=0.027), and individuals with CYP3A5*3/*3 required higher tacrolimus doses than those with a CYP3A5*1 allele (0.054±0.02 vs 0.040±0.02 mg/kg/d, p=0.040). Renal clearance significantly declined from transplant to Month 4 in all groups (p<0.0001), but no genotype interactions were identified. Thus, genetic variants of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 may be useful predictors of tacrolimus requirements and outcomes in liver transplant patients and may contribute to the construction of clinically relevant pharmacogenomic models in transplantation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P39–P39; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.149
Cell adhesion and signaling networks in brain neurovascular units

Purpose of reviewCentral nervous system (CNS) neurovascular units are multicellular complexes consisting of neurons and astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, as well as an assortment of growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Here, I will discuss the current knowledge
Increasing the Reach of Snowball Sampling: The Impact of Fixed versus Lottery Incentives

Though many researchers have studied how to incentivize people to respond to surveys, little is known about how these incentives impact respondents' willingness to recruit others to participate as well. In this paper, we show that the incentives offered for individual survey responses can have a dramatic impact on the overall reach of a survey through a network of peers. In a field experiment in India, we made a survey accessible via mobile phones and offered respondents either a fixed incentive (guaranteed payment of about $0.17) or a lottery incentive (1% chance of winning $17). When asked to choose, a significant fraction of respondents preferred the lottery incentive. However, when encouraged to spread the survey, the fixed incentive spread over 100 times further, reaching about 800 people in a day. We interpret this surprising result and discuss the implications for HCI.
Making data structures persistent

Abstract This paper is a study of persistence in data structures. Ordinary data structures are ephemeral in the sense that a change to the structure destroys the old version, leaving only the new version available for use. In contrast, a persistent structure allows access to any version, old or new, at any time. We develop simple, systematic, and efficient techniques for making linked data structures persistent. We use our techniques to devise persistent forms of binary search trees with logarithmic access, insertion, and deletion times and O (1) space bounds for insertion and deletion.
Sofya: Supporting Rapid Development of Dynamic Program Analyses for Java

Dynamic analysis is an increasingly important means of supporting software validation and maintenance. To date, developers of dynamic analyses have used low-level instrumentation and debug interfaces to realize their analyses. Many dynamic analyses, however, share multiple common high-level requirements, e.g., capture of program data state as well as events, and efficient and accurate event capture in the presence of threading. We present SOFYA - an infra-structure designed to provide high-level, efficient, concurrency-aw are support for building analyses that reason about rich observations of program data and events. It provides a layered, modular architecture, which has been successfully used to rapidly develop and evaluate a variety of demanding dynamic program analyses. In this paper, we describe the SOFYA framework, the challenges it addresses, and survey several such analyses.
Initiation of Organized Nanopore/Nanotube Arrays in Anodized Titanium Oxide I. Criterion for Initiation

A mechanism is proposed to describe the initiation of organized arrays of nanopores and nanotubes formed via anodization of titanium. The mechanism may be applicable to other valve metals in addition to titanium. Initiation is triggered by compositional changes in the oxide and electrolyte, near the interface region, that break down the planar surface. In the electrolyte, the compositional changes are enhanced by species (such as fluoride) that form complexes with metal cations. The planar instability is driven by the variation of the oxide's composition with distance from the oxide/electrolyte interface. Specifically, breakdown may occur in oxides with metal cation (M +z ) transport coefficients that are significantly less than 1, resulting in M +z depletion at and near the oxide's surface. The proposed mechanism indicates that, in addition to the compositional gradient, the initiation of nanopores is controlled by the potential gradient in the oxide as well as the oxide's dissolution rate.
Is race medically relevant? A qualitative study of physicians' attitudes about the role of race in treatment decision-making

The role of patient race in medical decision-making is heavily debated. While some evidence suggests that patient race can be used by physicians to predict disease risk and determine drug therapy, other studies document bias and stereotyping by physicians based on patient race. It is critical, then, to explore physicians' attitudes regarding the medical relevance of patient race. We conducted a qualitative study in the United States using ten focus groups of physicians stratified by self-identified race (black or white) and led by race-concordant moderators. Physicians were presented with a medical vignette about a patient (whose race was unknown) with Type 2 diabetes and untreated hypertension, who was also a current smoker. Participants were first asked to discuss what medical information they would need to treat the patient. Then physicians were asked to explicitly discuss the importance of race to the hypothetical patient's treatment. To identify common themes, codes, key words and physician demographics were compiled into a comprehensive table that allowed for examination of similarities and differences by physician race. Common themes were identified using the software package NVivo (QSR International, v7). Forty self-identified black and 50 self-identified white physicians participated in the study. All physicians - regardless of their own race - believed that medical history, family history, and weight were important for making treatment decisions for the patient. However, black and white physicians reported differences in their views about the relevance of race. Several black physicians indicated that patient race is a central factor for choosing treatment options such as aggressive therapies, patient medication and understanding disease risk. Moreover, many black physicians considered patient race important to understand the patient's views, such as alternative medicine preferences and cultural beliefs about illness. However, few white physicians explicitly indicated that the patient's race was important over-and-above medical history. Instead, white physicians reported that the patient should be treated aggressively regardless of race. This investigation adds to our understanding about how physicians in the United States consider race when treating patients, and sheds light on issues physicians face when deciding the importance of race in medical decision-making.
REFINEMENT OF THE NACRITE STRUCTURE

Nacrite crystals from a vug within a matrix ofdickite at Red Mountain near Silverton, Colorado, have a = 8.906(2), b = 5.146(1), c = 15.664(3)/~,,/3 = 113.58(3) ~ V = 657.9(3)/~3, and space group Cc. The structure was solved by direct methods to determine phase angles, followed by electron density maps to locate all atoms. Refinement by least-squares ceased at R = 4.5%. Each 7/~ layer has structural detail very similar to those of dickite and kaolinite, although nacrite stacking is based on -a/3 interlayer shifts along the 8.9 )k axis (with octahedral cations alternating between the I and II sites in successive layers), whereas dickite and kaolinite are based on shifts of -a/3 along the 5.1 ~ axis (with octahedral cations in the same set of sites in each layer). The angle of tetrahedral rotation is 7.8 ~ and the octahedral counter- rotations are 7.6 ~ and 8.1~ The H + protons were located on DED maps. The inner 0..H1 vector points exactly toward the vacant octahedron and is depressed -18.6 ~ away from the level of the octahedral cations. All three surface OH groups have 0...H vectors at 50 ~ to 66 ~ to (001), although OH2 may not participate in interlayer hydrogen bonding. All three interlayer OH-H-O contacts are bent to angles between 132 ~ and 141 ~ and form contacts between 2.94 and 3.12/~,. The interlayer separation of 2.915 /k is slightly larger than in dickite, interpreted as due to a less favorable meshing of the oxygen and hydroxyl surfaces in nacrite--a direct consequence of layer shifts along the 8.9/~ axis.
The Effects of Prescribed Burning on Soil and Litter Invertebrate Diversity and Abundance in an Illinois Oak Woodland

ABSTRACT The effect of 23 years of low intensity prescribed burning on soil and litter invertebrates was studied over 18 months. Samples were collected from 40 plots distributed among annually burned, periodically burned (every 3–4 yrs), and unburned areas of an oak woodland. A total of 26,416 invertebrates representing 21 classes and orders were extracted from soil core and litter layer samples using Berlese-Tullgren funnels. Invertebrates were 25 times more abundant in litter than soil, and Acari and Collembola were the most prevalent taxa, accounting for 76% and 17%, respectively, of the total collection. Statistical analyses of the Shannon entropy index for diversity and associated values of class and order richness, evenness, and abundance indicated that burning was not associated with significant changes in the broad invertebrate community. Average Shannon entropy indices (H) ranged from 0.73 to 0.78 across burn treatments for soil samples and from 0.43 to 0.46 for litter samples. However, within Ac...
The influence of erythrocyte concentration upon the pressure-flow relationships in the dog's hind limb.

Since alterations in cell-plasma ratios are of paramount importance in the assessment of peripheral resistance, a study of pressure-flow relations was made in which blood having wide hematocrit values was perfused through a dog's hind limb in which collateral circulation has been excluded. When vessels were moderately dilated by denervation, the relative apparent viscosity was not affected by the perfusion pressure. When, however, the vessels were maximally dilated after a preceding period of anoxia, the relative apparent viscosity was found to become greater as perfusion pressure was progressively reduced. The in vivo relative apparent viscosity did not significantly exceed that of plasma until the erythrocyte concentration reached 30 per cent.
Multivariate objective analysis of the coastal circulation of Barbados, West Indies: implication for larval transport

A multivariate spatial objective analysis (MVOA) assimilating high spatio-temporal resolution of hydrographic (CTD) and acoustic (ADCP) observations near Barbados provided a comprehensive view of the local surface circulation (0–100 m) during early spring of two consecutive years (1996 and 1997). Significant submesoscale fluctuations of the velocity and salinity fields exhibit a very dynamic environment. In the middle of each cruise, lowsalinity water originating from the Amazon and entrained by a North Brazil Current Ring (NBCR) intruded from offshore and persisted on the west coast of Barbados throughout the rest of the survey. Principal component analysis (PCA) of velocity relative to the vertical structure and temporal factors in the study area demonstrated that the local circulation was mostly baroclinic and was dominated by a strong salinity front impinging on the island and large amplitude current reversals with a periodicity of ca. 20 d. During transition times, indicated by a change of the sign of the amplitude of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF), the flow became barotropic. This situation produced strong southward currents followed by the onset of vertical velocity shear. Most of the flow variability occurred in the upper 40 m of the water column, which was also found to be the depth of penetration of the low-salinity lenses. These results indicate that the NBCR structure was retained during both intrusions. Lagrangian trajectories using the MVOA currents were found to be consistent with in situ drifter trajectories, suggesting that the analyzed flow field is representative of the near-shore circulation. Tracking of particles released in the surface layer (0–20 m) from the reef shows a maximum residence time of 18 d indicating the possibility of larval retention within the island-scale flow field. Finally, our results suggest that MVOA, within its limitations, is a powerful tool that can be applied elsewhere to infer circulation and larval transport, even in situations when forcing is unknown. r 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Tissue transglutaminase localization and activity regulation in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) catalyzes a Ca2+-dependent transglutaminase (TGase) activity which cross-links proteins and stabilizes many tissues [C.S. Greenberg et al. FASEB J. 5 (1991) 3071]. Because cartilage is subjected to great stress in vivo, an enzyme that strengthens and stabilizes tissue could play an integral role in maintaining cartilage integrity. The purpose of this study was to determine if active tTG is present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of adult human osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Using a TGase activity assay along with immunolabeling for tTG of cartilage sections, TGase activity and tTG immunoreactivity were localized in the ECM in cartilage sections, predominantly in the superficial layer. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that the Mg-GTP complex inhibits the TGase activity of tTG [T.S. Lai et al. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 1776]. To investigate the in situ regulation of the TGase activity of tTG, a TGase activity assay was done with a dose response of GTP, measuring incorporation of fluorescein cadaverine. TGase activity was inhibited by GTP in a similar manner as in vitro. These results not only confirm tTG presence in the ECM. but also indicate tTG as the major TGase activity of the ECM. Secondly, the study provides a possible mechanism by which extracellular tTG is regulated in vivo.
Asymmetrische Katalyse durch chirale Wasserstoffbrückendonoren

Wasserstoffbrucken bestimmen die Struktur eines grosen Teils der uns umgebenden Materie. Die ungewohnlichen Eigenschaften von flussigem Wasser, die Faltung von Proteinen zu stabilen dreidimensionalen Strukturen, die DNA-Basenpaarung und die Bindung von Liganden an Rezeptoren beruhen auf dieser nichtkovalenten Wechselwirkung. Neben ihrer strukturgebenden Rolle haben Wasserstoffbrucken auch entscheidende Funktionen bei katalytischen Prozessen. Enzyme beschleunigen viele biochemische Reaktionen, indem sie die Elektronendichte eines Elektrophils durch Bildung einer Wasserstoffbrucke verringern und es so fur den nucleophilen Angriff aktivieren. In der organischen Synthese hat man das Potenzial dieser Strategie erkannt, und niedermolekulare Verbindungen, insbesondere chirale Wasserstoffbruckendonoren, wurden als Katalysatoren fur enantioselektive Synthesen entwickelt. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt, welche strukturellen und mechanistischen Merkmale in wasserstoffbruckenvermittelten Katalyseprozessen zu hohen Enantioselektivitaten fuhren.
Approximate Monte Carlo Conditional Inference in Exponential Families

Summary. This article presents an algorithm for approximate frequentist conditional inference on two or more parameters for any regression model in the Generalized Linear Model (GLIM) family. We thereby extend highly accurate inference beyond the cases of logistic regression and contingency tables implimented in commercially available software. The method makes use of the double saddlepoint approximations of Skovgaard (1987, Journal of Applied Probability24, 875–887) and Jensen (1992, Biometrika79, 693–703) to the conditional cumulative distribution function of a sufficient statistic given the remaining sufficient statistics. This approximation is then used in conjunction with noniterative Monte Carlo methods to generate a sample from a distribution that approximates the joint distribution of the sufficient statistics associated with the parameters of interest conditional on the observed values of the sufficient statistics associated with the nuisance parameters. This algorithm is an alternate approach to that presented by Kolassa and Tanner (1994, Journal of the American Statistical Association89, 697–702), in which a Markov chain is generated whose equilibrium distribution under certain regularity conditions approximates the joint distribution of interest. In Kolassa and Tanner (1994), the Gibbs sampler was used in conjunction with these univariate conditional distribution function approximations. The method of this paper does not require the construction and simulation of a Markov chain, thus avoiding the need to develop regularity conditions under which the algorithm converges and the need for the data analyst to check convergence of the particular chain. Examples involving logistic and truncated Poisson regression are presented.
Rapid Solidification of YBa2Cu3O7−x, EuBa2Cu3O7−x, and GdBa2Cu3O7−x

Rapid solidification of YBa2Cu3O7−x, EuBa2Cu3O7−x and GdBa2Cu3O7−x has resulted in the formation of amorphous materials with crystallization temperatures in the range of 730–750°C. Higher temperature anneals in oxygen result in the evolution of the orthorhombic phase. The peritectic decomposition temperature for MBa2Cu3O7−x→M2BaCuO7 + liquid (M=Y, Eu, Gd) is in the range of 1035–1085°C with the Eu and Gd compositions having the highest values.
Information Distortion, Receiver Reaction, & Organizational Responsiveness: The Impact of Information Distortion Within the Context of Implementing and Sustaining a Market Orientation

Marketing literature has predicated market orientation on information generation, information dissemination, and responsiveness to such information, implicitly assuming that information is perfect (Kohli and Jaworski 1990). Unfortunately, information distortion is a commonplace phenomenon in business (Bella 1987). It is therefore conceivable that the generation and dissemination of distorted information can impede an organization's responsiveness to such information.
Social inclusion facilitates interest in mating

According to a life history framework, variability across an organism's lifespan necessitates trade-offs between behaviors that promote survival and those that promote reproduction. Adopting this p...
The Schizoid Implied Authors of Two Jewish-American Novels

Booth treats the problem of moral confusion in certain novels, whose readers cannot distinguish between the implied authors and the immoral narrators. Such novels, he says, are often misread by sophisticated readers, still more often by unsophisticated ones. Booth argues that, while the naive reader may misread such novels, taking sadistic pleasure from scenes intended to rouse horror, or accepting intellectual positions the author intended to satirize, such misreadings" come from the reader's inability to dissociate himself from a vicious center of consciousness presented to him with all of the seductive self-justification of skillfull rhetoric."2 Booth demands that an author make his moral orderings clear: When human actions are formed to make an art work, the form that is made can never be divided from the human meanings, including the moral judgements, that are implicit whenever human beings act. And nothing the writer does can be finally understood in isolation from his effort to make it all accessible to someone else-his peers, himself as imagined reader, his audience. The novel comes into existence as something communicable, and the means of communication are not shameful intrusions unless they are made with shameful ineptitude.3
Development of Diagnostic Monitoring Techniques for Larval Pyrethroid Resistance in Heliothis spp. (Lepid Resistance Monitoring in H. virescensoptera: Noctuidae) in Cotton

Techniques were developed to monitor pyrethroid resistance in larval stages of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and the bollworm, H. zea (Boddie). Neonate larvae as well as the other instars of a susceptible tobacco budworm strain were tested with cypermethrin with a glass vial technique to estimate concentration-mortality lines. An approximate LC80-90was selected to discriminate for resistance in each larval stage. Tests with pyrethroid-resistant tobacco budworms at these concentrations showed minimal mortality. Tests with bollworm larvae resulted in 93-100% mortality for the different stages. A formula [100 – (MF/MS ×100)] allowed us to determine the percentage of insects resistant in the field and simultaneously to correct for partial survival of susceptible insects at the discriminating concentration used. The methods were then tested on field-collected insects at times when numbers of eggs, larvae, or both, justified concern. Accuracy of the method was confirmed with another technique for measuring insecticide resistance. These techniques were developed to supplement monitoring data for adult resistance, to provide timely and accurate resistance data for the stage when the insect is an actual pest, and to provide producers or consultants with a predictive bioassay useful in detecting resistance before an insecticide application.
Effect of acute alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate administration on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in the mouse.

SummaryWhen alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate was administered orally to mice, the hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing activity for hexobarbital and aniline was significantly depressed 2 hours after treatment; the inhibition persisted for 9 days. Chlorpromazine metabolism was not affected. Phenylisothiocyanate and beta-naphthylisothiocyanate also inhibited some drug metabolizing pathways at 2 hours, but were neither as effective, nor as persistent, as alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate. Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate added directly to hepatic microsomes inhibited hexobarbital metabolism in concentrations as low as 10-5 M. Chlorpromazine metabolism was affected only when the concentrations were 10-3 M.
Druckhammersysteme für Zeilenschnelldrucker

In Druckhammersystemen mechanischer Schnelldrucker soll eine moglichst kleine Hammermasse mit hoher Geschwindigkeit den Aufzeichnungstrager treffen. Bedingt durch die elektro-magnetomechanische Energieumwandlung sind die bewegten Massen groser als erwunscht. Es wird gezeigt, wie durch ein Zwei-Massen-Feder-System zu erreichen ist, das die gesamte mechanische Energie zum Zeitpunkt des Druckens in einer kleinen Hammermasse enthalten ist, die mit hoher Geschwindigkeit auf das Papier trifft.
Toxicity of methotrexate and metoprine in a dihydrofolate reductase gene-amplified mouse cell line.

The comparative effects of methotrexate (MTX) and the lipid-soluble antifolate metoprine [DDMP, 2,4-diamino-5-(39,49-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine] on DNA synthesis and cell viability were studied in an MTX-resistant mouse fibroblast 3T6R400 cell line. MTX levels as high as 1000 µM inhibited deoxyuridine incorporation into cellular DNA by only 28%, whereas a relatively low concentration (3 µM) of DDMP produced 50% inhibition. Inhibition of DNA synthesis and of cytotoxicity (measured by cloning efficiency) were approximately proportional with both drugs. Partially purified dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from the mutant cell was about 100 times more resistant to both MTX and DDMP than was enzyme from the wild-type cell. Furthermore, the resistant cell line took up MTX as efficiently as did the sensitive cell line. However, since the mutant cell contained very high levels of drug-resistant DHFR, a normal rate of drug entry apparently did not permit sufficient MTX to saturate the dihydrofolate reductase binding sites; consequently, cells escaped toxicity. Low concentrations of DDMP (relative to MTX) inhibit deoxyuridine incorporation by resistant cells. This inhibition occurs presumably because DDMP is not dependent on active transport. DDMP also was slightly more inhibitory (relative to MTX) for the DHFR of the mutant cell line than for this enzyme from the wild-type cells. Because toxicity to antifolates is mediated by a variety of factors in this mutant cell line, its observed sensitivity to lipid-soluble antifolates lends added importance for further developmental work on these compounds. We suggest that such drugs may be useful against tumors where resistance is a result of the complex interplay of transport limitations, altered target enzyme affinity, and changes in the amount of target enzyme.
The Impact of Flipped Online Kanji Instruction on Written Vocabulary Learning for Introductory and Intermediate Japanese Language Students

This study explored the pedagogical benefits of flipped online kanji (i.e., Chinese characters used in Japanese) instruction integrated into college-level introductory and intermediate Japanese language courses. Using a quasi-experimental mixed design, the investigation looked at the effects of two instructional approaches: (1) a flip approach in which students learned new characters using online materials prior to class, and (2) the conventional (nonflip) approach in which in-class lectures were followed by printed exercises. During the 2014–2015 academic year, a total of 46 students who were enrolled in introductory or intermediate courses learned 9 to 12 sets of 10 new kanji characters per semester through one lesson per week. Half of the lessons were taught in the flip format, and the other half were taught in the nonflip format. The results showed that introductory students scored better on postlesson tests in the flip condition than in the nonflip condition only for fall 2014 but not for spring 2015, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed for intermediate students. However, the students in both courses reported that online exercises helped them improve their kanji knowledge. Consequently, a substantial portion of kanji instruction can be shifted to self-paced, semi-structured online learning with no negative impact on instructional quality
Ultimate strength of steel beam-columns under axial compression:

This article presents a semi-analytical method to calculate the ultimate strength of inelastic beam-columns with I-shaped cross section using geometrically exact beam theory. A computer code based ...
Barriers and Opportunities to the Acquisition of Systems Thinking Skills for K-12 Teachers

Conceptual and pedagogical barriers in post-secondary education inhibit student preparedness in system thinking skills (STS) critical for success in the workplace. To improve instruction in systems and sustainable engineering skills at the undergraduate level it is instructive to look at STS barriers and opportunities K-12 teacher’s face when they take part in a systems engineering (SE) project. This case study presents our approach to instructing K-12 educators about systems engineering through the design of a wind farm. Demographics of the 35 participants in this NSF-sponsored program who are all grades 3–8 classroom teachers include that they are 66% elementary level teachers, mostly female (80%), with an average of 10 years’ experience. Assessment of the project included a pre- and post-assessment of engineering and SE concepts, student reflections, customer feedback and an Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) driven rubric. Results include that K-12 teachers exhibit strong interpersonal skills but were challenged by technical skills more common to the university level. Vertical collaborations between K-12 and post-secondary is a suggested approach to address barriers at both levels.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Surgical Ablation Assay for Studying Eye Regeneration in Planarians

In the study of adult stem cells and regenerative mechanisms, planarian flatworms are a staple in vivo model system. This is due in large part to their abundant pluripotent stem cell population and ability to regenerate all cell and tissue types after injuries that would be catastrophic for most animals. Recently, planarians have gained popularity as a model for eye regeneration. Their ability to regenerate the entire eye (comprised of two tissue types: pigment cells and photoreceptors) allows for the dissection of the mechanisms regulating visual system regeneration. Eye ablation has several advantages over other techniques (such as decapitation or hole punch) for examining eye-specific pathways and mechanisms, the most important of which is that regeneration is largely restricted to eye tissues alone. The purpose of this video article is to demonstrate how to reliably remove the planarian optic cup without disturbing the brain or surrounding tissues. The handling of worms and maintenance of an established colony is also described. This technique uses a 31 G, 5/16-inch insulin needle to surgically scoop out the optic cup of planarians immobilized on a cold plate. This method encompasses both single and double eye ablation, with eyes regenerating within 1-2 weeks, allowing for a wide range of applications. In particular, this ablation technique can be easily combined with pharmacological and genetic (RNA interference) screens for a better understanding of regenerative mechanisms and their evolution, eye stem cells and their maintenance, and phototaxic behavioral responses and their neurological basis.
Integration of Biomolecules with Metal–Organic Frameworks

Owing to the progressive development of metal–organic-frameworks (MOFs) synthetic processes and considerable potential applications in last decade, integrating biomolecules into MOFs has recently gain considerable attention. Biomolecules, including lipids, oligopeptides, nucleic acids, and proteins have been readily incorporated into MOF systems via versatile formulation methods. The formed biomolecule-MOF hybrid structures have shown promising prospects in various fields, such as antitumor treatment, gene delivery, biomolecular sensing, and nanomotor device. By optimizing biomolecule integration methods while overcoming existing challenges, biomolecule-integrated MOF platforms are very promising to generate more practical applications.
Retrovirus Lymphomagenesis: Relationship of Normal Immune Receptors to Malignant Cell Proliferation

In our view the central lesion in oncogenesis is the sustained, apparently uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells beyond the regulated number of their normal counterparts. In general, therefore, the properties of cancer cells are most similar to those of the proliferating stem cells of that particular tissue or cell type. Thus in this view malignant cells do not differ in kind from normal cells, but mainly in the size of their proliferative compartments. Given this point of view, it is logical to assume that malignant cells utilize normal mitogenic pathways for their sustained proliferation and that one must look to means by which a particular class of cells controls its proliferation if one wishes to understand how malignancy is controlled in that cell type.
Comparison of Athletic Trainer Stress and Job Satisfaction with Different Models of Care Delivery

A patient-centered model (PCM) for athletic training services may function as a better model to decrease athletic trainer (AT) stress and result in a more desirable work-life balance compared to the traditional model (TM). The purpose of this study was to assess differences in AT stress and job satisfaction between healthcare models for delivery of AT services. A one-time electronic stress survey was administered to ATs working in both settings. ATs who work in the TM are more likely to report greater work-related stress, and less likely to report job satisfaction than ATs who work in the PCM setting.
Pathophysiology and Causes of Heart Failure in Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease (CHD) predisposes patients to numerous types of heart failure (HF) including systolic and diastolic myocardial dysfunction. There are multiple causes of HF including genetics, arrhythmia, cyanosis, ischemia, and residual hemodynamic lesions. Initial diagnosis, cardiac morphology, and type of surgical repair set the seeds for late-onset heart failure in the adult patient. This chapter will focus on the complex pathophysiology of heart failure in this population and will examine both left and right ventricular disease.
7 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

This chapter discusses cross phenomena or coupled heat and mass transfer using the linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer plays an important role in various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Heat and mass transfer occurs in absorption, distillation extraction, drying, melting and crystallization, evaporation, and condensation. Mass flow due to the temperature gradient is known as the thermal diffusion or Soret effect. Heat flow due to the isothermal chemical potential gradient is known as the diffusion thermoeffect or the Dufour effect. The Dufour effect is characterized by the heat of transport, which represents the heat flow due to the diffusion of component i under isothermal conditions. Soret effect and Dufour effect represent the coupled phenomena between the vectorial flows of heat and mass. Since many chemical reactions within a biological cell produce or consume heat, local temperature gradients may contribute in the transport of materials across biomembranes. Various formulations and methodologies have been suggested for describing combined heat and mass transfer problems, such as the integral transform technique, in the development of general solution.
Measurement of Antenna Radiation Characteristics on Far-Field Ranges

To assess the performance of a communication, radar, or telemetry system, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the antennas employed to within specified confidence limits. This usually requires a measurement program, the extent of which depends on the severity of the system requirements as well as economic factors. Chart 1 is a tabulation of antenna* characteristics that are often measured.
Novel Grating Coupled and Normal Incidence III-V Quantum well Infrared Photodetectors with Background Limited Performance at 77 K

We report four novel III-V quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) fabricated on the MBE grown n-type GaAs/AlGaAs, AlAs/AlGaAs, and p-type strained layer (PSL) InGaAs/InAlAs material systems. The detection schemes for these QWIPs are based on bound-to-continuum (BTC) and bound-to-miniband (BTM) intersubband transitions with wavelengths covering from 2–6 μm and 8 –14 μm. QWIP-A is a dual mode (PV & PC) operation GaAs/AlGaAs BTC QWIP with heavily-doped enlarged (11 nm) GaAs quantum wells and thick AlGaAs barrier layers (87.5 nm) grown on the semi-insulating (SI) GaAs substrate for 7.7 and 12 μm two-color detection. QWIP-B is a GaAs/AlGaAs BTM QWIP using an enlarged GaAs quantum well (8.8 nm) and a short-period GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice barrier layer grown on (100) SI GaAs. QWIP-C is a normal incidence type-II AlAs/AlGaAs QWIP grown on the (110) SI GaAs for 2 -14 μm multicolor detection. QWIP-D is a normal incidence p-type strained layer (PSL) InGaAs/InAlAs QWIP grown on the (100) SI InP. For QWIP-A and B, a planar square mesh metal grating coupler is used to achieve high coupling efficiency under normal incidence illumination. Detectivities ranging from 109 to 1012 cm-Hz1/2/W have been obtained for these QWIPs at 77 K operation. The PSL-InGaAs/InAlAs QWIP shows the best overall performance, featuring the lowest dark current density ever reported for the QWIPs and a background limited performance (BLIP) at λp = 8.1 μm and T = 77 K.
Current Clinical Trials in Germ Cell Tumours in the United States

The astonishing success of systemic chemotherapy in patients with disseminated germ cell tumours is largely a result of logical application of clinical trial principles and foresight in asking and answering clinically meaningful questions.
Global new product development: moderating role of national culture on the link between buyer–seller interactions and innovation outcomes

The emergence of varying perspectives on globalization has meant that buyer-seller interactions in the context of new product development (NPD) are becoming culturally more nuanced. Important research findings exist on the factors influencing the various stages of the NPD process, the role of buyer-seller interactions on NPD, and the role of national culture on NPD. What happens when global NPD occurs between buyers and sellers in different cultures? Does the type of interaction and the stage of NPD matter? How can buyers leverage NPD success globally using the dimensions of national culture? Extant research does not offer a conceptual framework to examine the moderating role of national culture differences on the link between buyer-seller interactions and different stages of NPD. Such a framework is important to expand our knowledge of the NPD process in the increasingly global environment and to offer meaningful guidance to executives when managing the NPD process cross culturally. Our research sheds light on these important questions at the intersection of NPD, national culture, and buyer-seller interactions. In doing so, we differentiate between the initiation and implementation stages of NPD and distinguish between variety and intensity of interactions. We then consider the moderating role of six national cultural dimensions (individualism, power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence). Important implications of our work for research and managerial practice are highlighted.
Shifting Out of Neutral: Centering Difference, Bias, and Social Justice in a Business Writing Course

Through an auto-ethnographic reflection, this article describes an attempt to enact a Black Feminist pedagogy in an undergraduate business writing course. Discussing both benefits and challenges to...
On the Relative Role of Different Age Groups During Epidemics Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Background While circulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) results in high rates of hospitalization, particularly among young children and elderly individuals, little is known about the role of different age groups in propagating annual RSV epidemics. Methods We evaluate the roles played by individuals in different age groups during RSV epidemics in the United States between 2001 and 2012, using the previously defined relative risk (RR) statistic estimated from the hospitalization data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Transmission modeling was used to examine the robustness of our inference method. Results Children aged 3-4 years and 5-6 years each had the highest RR estimate for 5 of 11 seasons included in this study, with RSV hospitalization rates in infants being generally higher during seasons when children aged 5-6 years had the highest RR estimate. Children aged 2 years had the highest RR estimate during one season. RR estimates in infants and individuals aged ≥11 years were mostly lower than in children aged 1-10 years. Highest RR values aligned with groups for which vaccination had the largest impact on epidemic dynamics in most model simulations. Conclusions Our estimates suggest the prominent relative roles of children aged ≤10 years (particularly among those aged 3-6 years) in propagating RSV epidemics. These results, combined with further modeling work, should help inform RSV vaccination policies.
Model reactivity of inorganic and organometallic materials in EUV (Conference Presentation)

The looming industry transition towards EUV for high-volume manufacture of semiconductors has demonstrated the need for high sensitivity resists capable of delivering the resolution enhancements offered by the 13.5 nm platform. Inorganic and organometallic based resists have demonstrated themselves viable alternatives to traditional chemically amplified (CA) photoresists, as the EUV absorptivity enhancement of metal nuclei can enable efficient reactivity at minimal photon doses. Despite the demand for EUV photoreactive materials, relatively little has been reported on the fundamental reactivity of inorganic and organometallic compounds towards EUV that may enable the rational design of metal-based resists. To facilitate the design of next-generation metal-based resists, we have evaluated the reactivity of well-known metal-based model photosystems that undergo ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT), metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT), outer-sphere charge-transfer (OSCT), and ligand field (LF) based photochemistry in the UV and visible towards EUV and 100 KeV e-beam, with product characterization carried out by infrared, Raman, and UV-Vis spectroscopies. We will report the findings of these studies, emphasizing the relationships between quantum yields in the UV-Vis and EUV, role of the EUV absorption cross-section of the central metal, and trends in reaction classes and their relative sensitivity towards EUV.
“I Just Wanna Get My Self, or My Story, Back Again”: Narrative Identity, Neurosurgical Intervention, and the Temporary Change Argument

When dealing with identity—whether numerical or narrative—a neglected type of argument might be called a “temporary change” argument. The argument earns its name from the fact that it examines case...
Mannose receptor is an HIV restriction factor counteracted by Vpr in macrophages.

Human cells have defense mechanisms against viral infection known as restriction factors. These are proteins that break down parts of a virus including its DNA or proteins. To evade these defenses, viruses in turn make proteins that block or break down restriction factors. This battle between human and viral proteins determines which types of cells are infected and how quickly a virus can multiply and spread to new cells. HIV produces a protein called Vpr that counteracts a restriction factor found in immune cells called macrophages. However, the identity of the restriction factor targeted by Vpr is a mystery. When Vpr is missing, this unknown restriction factor breaks down a virus protein called Env. Env is a glycoprotein, which is a protein with sugars attached. When Env levels are low, HIV cannot spread to other cells and multiply. Identifying the restriction factor that breaks down Env may lead to new ways of treating and preventing HIV infections. Now, Lubow et al. reveal that the unknown restriction factor in macrophages is a protein called the mannose receptor. This protein binds and destroys proteins containing mannose, a type of sugar found on bacteria and some viruses. The experiments revealed that the mannose receptor grabs mannose on the HIV protein Env. This causes Env to be broken down and stops HIV from spreading. Lubow et al. also find that Vpr works with another protein produced by HIV called Nef to reduce the number of mannose receptors on macrophages. The two proteins do this by targeting different steps in the assembly of mannose receptors, allowing the virus to multiply and spread more efficiently. The experiments suggest that drugs that simultaneously block Vpr and Nef might prevent or suppress HIV infections. More studies are needed to develop and test potential HIV-treatments targeting Vpr and Nef.
Fracture shearing of polycrystalline material simulations using the material point method

In this work, we present a newly developed workflow to study the combined effect of shear and normal stresses upon a preexisting fracture plane. This workflow is used to study the behavior of both single grain and polycrystalline materials, with varying material properties. The surface roughness and aperture of preexisting fractures are highly dependent upon the dynamic stress behavior within rock formations. Due to shear slippage, or variation in normal stress, a preexisting fracture may become more or less conductive, leading to changes in effective porosity, where such changes are caused by purely elastic deformation, plastic deformation, material failure, or a combination thereof. The numerical modeling framework demonstrated herein is based upon the meshless material point method (MPM). In using MPM, the workflow can capture large deformations due to applied shear and normal stresses. Additionally, no special geometric treatment is required at the point of contact between fracture surfaces. Models involving purely elastic, single-grain materials, as well as more complex, plastic, polycrystalline bodies, are presented, highlighting the flexibility of the proposed approach.