cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRICAL STUDIES OF ELECTRON-IRRADIATED n-TYPE Si: IMPURITY AND IRRADIATION-TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE.

Electrical-conductivity and Hall-coefficient measurements have been used to investigate the crystal growth and irradiation-temperature dependence of the introduction and annealing of defects in electron-irradiated $n$-type silicon. Irradiations of 10-\ensuremath{\Omega} cm, phosphorus-doped silicon with 1.7-MeV electrons were performed at controlled temperatures between 75 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and isochronal annealing was investigated between 80 and 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Both intrinsic defects and impurity-associated defects are observed. The impurity independence of annealing between 100 and 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K suggests the annealing of intrinsic defects. The introduction rate for these intrinsic defects is independent of the irradiation temperature between 75 and 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The introduction rates for the impurity-associated defects, however, exhibit an exponential dependence on the reciprocal irradiation temperature between 75 and 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K consistent with a model based on metastable vancacy-interstitial pairs that predicts a temperature-dependent probability for vacancy-interstitial dissociation during irradiation and subsequent trapping by crystal impurities. For irradiations above 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the introduction rates of impurity-associated defects are relatively independent of the irradiation temperature. Excluding the carrier-removal annealing which is associated with the intrinsic-defect stage, 90% of the annealing in crucible-grown silicon and \ensuremath{\sim}70% of the annealing in float-zone, Dash, and Lopex silicon correlate with the annealing of the divacancy and impurity-associated defects observed in EPR and optical-absorption studies on $n$-type silicon. In crucible-grown silicon, the annealing temperatures of the dominant electrically active, impurity-associated defects correlate with those for the $A$ center and other oxygen-associated defects. Measurements of carrier concentration versus temperature provide additional evidence for the dominance of the $A$ center which has an energy level near ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.185$ eV, where ${E}_{c}$ is the energy of the conduction-band minimum. A level near ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.13$ eV also is observed in crucible-grown silicon for the oxygen-associated defects responsible for reverse annealing between 200 and 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In float-zone silicon, the annealing temperatures of the dominant electrically active defects correlate with the $E$-center and divacancy annealing. Lopex silicon is very similar to Dash silicon, and in these materials all the annealing stages of crucible and float-zone silicon are observed.
Applications of Genetic Algorithms in Process-Planning: Tool Sequence Selection for 2.5D Pocket Machining

Tool sequence selection is an important activity in process-planning for milling and has great bearing on the cost of machining. Currently, it is accomplished manually without consideration of cost factors a priori. Typically, a large tool is selected to quickly generate the rough shape and a smaller clearing tool is used to generate the net-shape. In this paper, we present a new systematic method to select the optimal sequence of tool(s), to machine a 2.5-axis pocket given pocket geometry, a database of cutting tools, cutting parameters, and tool holder geometry. Algorithms have been developed to calculate the geometric constructs such as accessible areas, and pocket decomposition, while considering tool holders. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) formulation is used to find the optimal tool sequence. Two types of selection mechanisms namely “Elitist selection” and “Roulette method” are tested. It is found that the Elitist method converges much faster than the Roulette method. The proposed method is compared to a shortest-path graph formulation that was developed previously by the authors. It is found that the GA formulation generates near optimal solutions while reducing computation by up to 30% as compared to the graph formulation.
Some things are better left unsaid: Topic avoidance in family relationships

This study extends topic avoidance research by investigating both child/parent and sibling relationships. Results indicated that: (1) Adolescents and young adults avoid discussing negative life experiences and dating experiences more with parents than siblings, and more with male targets; (2) adolescents and young adults avoid discussing sexual matters with opposite‐sex family members; (3) female dyads (daughter/mother, sisters) practice the least avoidance on topics involving relationship issues or friendships; and (4) males avoid discussing relationship issues, negative life experiences, dating experiences, and friendships more than females. Wanting to protect oneself was highly predictive of topic avoidance across all family relationships except for sister‐sister relationships. For sisters, partner unresponsiveness and social inappropriateness were predictive of topic avoidance.
Model reduction of large-scale interconnected systems

The paper addresses model reduction of large-scale interconnected systems in the component connection model framework. It is shown that model reduction at the component level is equivalent to model reduction at the system level. A general procedure is presented to obtain a reduced-order model when (a) at least one of the components is exactly aggregable, and (b) none of the components are reducible. In the latter case, a reduced-order model is obtained by keeping the key state variables and compensating for the deleted ones using a numerical QL algorithm. An interconnected electric power system example is given to illustrate the proposed procedure.
A rapid method for estimating log P for organic chemicals

Abstract The logarithm of the retention time (log RT ) of organic chemicals on a permanently bonded (C-18) reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography system is shown to be linearly related to the logarithm of the n -octanol/water partition coefficient (log P ). A rapid, inexpensive technique based on reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography has been developed to estimate the n -octanol/water partition coefficient of organic chemicals. The system consists of a preparative Micro-Pak ® C-10 reverse-phase column eluted with a 15% water/85% methanol solvent flowing at 2 ml min −1 at room temperature. A linear calibration of the logarithm of retention time with the logarithm of the partition coefficient (log P ) is attained by using a mixture of benzene, bromobenzene, biphenyl, bibenzyl, p,p'DDE, and 2,4,5,2′,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl as reference standards of known log P . Using a calibration mixture, the log P of other organic chemicals were estimated with a mean accuracy of 22.8% of the log P values reported in the literature. The technique permits estimation of log P in a maximum of 25 min and does not require a knowledge of the structure of the chemical for the estimate.
Towards fully automated genotyping : use of an X linked recessive spastic paraplegia family to test alternative analysis methods

Advances in dinucleotide-based genetic maps open possibilities for large scale genotyping at high resolution. The current rate-limiting steps in use of these dense maps is data interpretation (allele definition), data entry, and statistical calculations. We have recently reported automated allele identification methods. Here we show that a 10-cM framework map of the human X chromosome can be analyzed on two lanes of an automated sequencer per individual (10–12 loci per lane). We use this map and analysis strategy to generate allele data for an X-linked recessive spastic paraplegia family with a known PLP mutation. We analyzed 198 genotypes in a single gel and used the data to test three methods of data analysis: manual meiotic breakpoint mapping, automated concordance analysis, and whole chromosome multipoint linkage analysis. All methods pinpointed the correct location of the gene. We propose that multipoint exclusion mapping may permit valid inflation of LOD scores using the equation max LOD — (next best LOD).
Fumonisin B1-induced increases in neurotransmitter metabolite levels in different brain regions of BALB/c mice

Fumonisin B1, a toxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, causes a variety of diseases in animals, including those involving the central nervous system, such as equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM). The changes of biogenic amines may reflect fumonisin B1 neurotoxicity. It was previously reported that consumption of feed contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme cultures produced an elevation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the major metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in whole rat brains. In a subsequent study from the same laboratory, rats given fumonisin B1 orally for 4 weeks showed no changes in neurotransmitter levels of the whole brain. In the current study, groups of five male BALB/c mice were injected with fumonisin B1 subcutaneously at doses of 0, 0.25, 0.75, 2.25, 6.75 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 5 days. One day after the last treatment, their brains were dissected into cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, midbrain, corpus striatum and hypothalamus. Levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), DA metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-HT and 5-HIAA were determined. A significant elevation of HVA was observed in mice treated with high doses of fumonisin B1 in most brain regions. In striatum, a decrease of 5-HT was observed by the fumonisin B1 treatment. Ratios of neurotransmitters to metabolites such as HVA/DA and 5-HIAA/5-HT were elevated in several brain regions of the treated groups. An accumulation of neurotransmitter metabolites is suggestive of increased neuronal activity or interference with their efflux from cells.
Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in the Late Twentieth Century: Apocalyptic, Representation, Politics

Abstract How might scholars of religion understand the many and seemingly increasing apparitions of the Virgin Mary at the close of the twentieth century? This essay looks at the phenomenon from a historical point of view, focusing on the various ways devotional practices have been accepted and understood in the late twentieth century. The essay is in three parts. It begins with a descriptive overview of the phenomenon, drawing on sources as diverse as academic studies, supermarket tabloids, web sites and Vatican responses. The focus in this section is on the relationship between Marian apparitions Christian culture andfin-de-siecle apocalypticism. In the second section a closer consideration is given to the phenomenon of ‘miraculous photography’ in this evolving tradition of piety, a tradition of divination by images. The third part of the essay addresses more fully the Vatican's response to this phenomenon in light of the personal Marian piety of Pope John Paul II, especially in view of the recent procl...
The Business of Palliative Medicine—Part 5: Service Utilization in a Comprehensive Integrated Program

The aim of palliative medicine is to provide multidisciplinary comprehensive care in advanced illness. Patient and family utilization of various product service lines offered by the Harry R Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation was studied. Newly referred patients were followed up prospectively until 85% had either died or been lost to follow-up. Demographic, clinical, and referral data were recorded; subsequent product service line utilization was updated daily. The total study period was 171 days, and 238 patients entered. Acute care inpatient unit, outpatient clinic visits, and 24-hour phone contacts were the most frequently used product service lines. Patients had a median of 3 contacts (range, 1 to 27) with individual service lines. Multiple palliative medicine product service lines were utilized often, with repeated use of the individual service lines. A comprehensive integrated palliative medicine program is necessary to fully meet the complex needs of those with...
Water quality model structure identification using dynamic linear modeling: River Cam case study revisited

This paper investigates the use of dynamic linear modeling and maximum likelihood estimator for water quality model structure identification. In addition to the posterior trajectories of model9s parameters, the proposed method also examines the trajectory of the estimated prediction error variance. The premise is that the model predictability should be improved as we move down in a time series. If absurd variation in either the trajectories of model9s parameter or the trajectory of the model9s prediction error variance is observed, the adequacy of the candidate model should be questioned. This method is applied to three candidate models using the time series data from the River Cam, and it is shown that both the trajectories of model9s parameters and the trajectory of prediction standard deviation are important in exposing the structural weakness of a candidate model.
Freeze-preservation of cultured flax cells utilizing dimethyl sulfoxide.

Since the first use of glycerol (14) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (8) as protective agents during freeze-preservation of cells, numerous types of tissue from many different organisms have been successfully preserved for long periods of time (11). Cultured mammalian cell lines have been preserved in a defined medium in the presence of glycerol (5) or DMSO (2) and a culture bank of certified animal cell lines has been established. Similar techniques have not been described for the successful low temperature storage of cultured cells of higher plants. Although Caplin (3) has reported that reduced growth of plant tissue cultures under mineral oil can increase the subculture period from weeks to months. such tissue is still growing and capable of variations in differentiative ability. Well-documented studies have concluded that long-term subculturing of plant cells may lead to increased chromosome abnormalities which appear in some instances to be correlated with loss of differentiative capacities of the culture (12, 20). Attempts to preserve plant tissue cultures should, therefore, aim at a total arrest of growth Cells of overwintering plants can naturally withstand low temperatures for several months. and the nature of survival properties possessed by cold hardy cells has recently been reviewed (7). However. relatively few studies have been concerned with the protective effects of various agents. Recently, ethylene glycol and DMSO were found to protect tissue sections of mulberry twigs from damage due to cooling in liquified nitrogen and subsequent warming (16,17). These reports prompted me to examine several methods which combined chemical treatment and low temperature for the preservation of plant tissue cultures. This communication describes a freeze-thaw method using DMSO for low temperature storage of flax cell cultures for short periods of
Characterization of protective and non-protective surface membrane carbohydrate epitopes of Schistosoma mansoni

We have produced a number of monoclonal antibodies, protective and non-protective, which recognize a complex of schistosomula antigens, including the 38 kDa antigen. Eight different protective and non-protective monoclonal antibodies, varying in isotypes, were used in the binding assays. Lectin inhibition studies suggested that the monoclonal antibodies probably recognized carbohydrate epitopes on the antigen(s). Immunoprecipitation studies showed that at least two of the monoclonal antibodies recognized different epitopes on the same molecule. Additionally, we tested for monoclonal antibody binding after the antigens were treated with; 1) proteases, 2) periodate, 3) various exo- and endoglycosidases, 4) mild acid hydrolysis. We also tested for binding of the antibodies to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Using the 8 monoclonal antibodies as probes, we were able to define at least 4 different carbohydrate epitopes related to the protective monoclonal antibodies, and at least one epitope which is seen by the non-protective antibodies. The epitope seen by the non-protective antibodies was shown to be cross-reactive with epitopes on KLH. These results demonstrate the importance of epitope mapping studies for any defined vaccine.
How important are tariffs and nontariff barriers in international markets for fresh fruit

International markets for agricultural products are often subject to a range of trade barriers, and horticultural products are no exception. This article examines the economic implications of tariffs and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulations that are applied to global markets for fresh apples and fresh oranges. We calculate regional-level tariff rates and ad valorem equivalents for SPS barriers following the price-wedge approach. A simulation model is developed and used to assess the price, quantity, and welfare implications of reducing tariffs, removing SPS barriers, and removing SPS barriers that have been identified as a Specific Trade Concern (STC) by the World Trade Organization. Results suggest that a 36% reduction in global tariffs would lead to greater welfare gains than would the elimination of SPS measures in apple markets. However, in orange markets, we find that SPS measures have much larger economic implications for producers and consumers. Here, a 36% reduction in tariffs would lead to smaller overall welfare effects compared to removal of all SPS measures, and only slightly larger effects than those from removal of STCs alone.
Some electron-induced changes at surfaces

Abstract Electron beams can cause significant changes in surface composition and structure as a result of a variety of interactions. In addition to the well known thermal effects, there are a number of quantum processes that may occur. In this paper, three specific effects will be discussed. These include (1) electron-stimulated desorption of adsorbed gases, (2) electron-stimulated dissociation of complex substrates such as metal oxides and alkali halides, and (3) electron-induced adsorption. Typical examples will be considered. Electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of adsorbed CO is an excellent example of the first process. Dissociation of the oxides of tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobium, etc., leading to the preferential desorption of oxygen, represents an important example of the second process. The rapid increase in absorption of oxygen in silicon under a bombarding electron beam is shown as an example of the third process.
Physical performance as a predictor of attention and processing speed in fibromyalgia.

Cherry BJ, Weiss J, Barakat BK, Rutledge DN, Jones CJ. Physical performance as a predictor of attention and processing speed in fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009;90:2066-73. Objective: To explore the associations between physical (both self-report and objective measures) and cognitive func- tion for persons with fibromyalgia (FM). Design: Correlational study. Setting: An exercise testing laboratory in southern California. Participants: Community-residing and functionally inde- pendent (not wheelchair-bound) adults meeting the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for FM (N51) with a mean age of 54 years and no history of stroke. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Composite Physical Function Scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, adapted Trail Mak- ing Test parts A (TMT-A) and B (TMT-B), Digit Symbol Substitution Test, a composite index of TMT-A, TMT-B, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test combined, and physical perfor- mance assessments. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that bet- ter objective physical performance predicted increased cogni- tive function for TMT-A and the composite cognitive score after controlling for age and symptom burden. That is, as the physical performance level decreased, cognitive performance levels decreased. Conclusions: Findings suggest that research is needed to determine whether patterns of physical activity participation, through their effects on physical fitness and performance, can enhance cognitive performance in persons with FM. Physio- logic changes in specific brain regions in FM (eg, hippocam- pus, neural pain regions) suggest that further research is also warranted in determining specific relationships between bi- omarkers and cognitive performance in persons with FM.
Fabrication and evaluation of 11.2 and 16.2 μm cutoff C-QWIP arrays

Corrugated quantum well IR photodetector (QWIP) focal plane arrays (FPAs) with cutoff wavelength of 11.2 and 16.2 micrometers were fabricated and tested. Each detector array has 256 X 256 pixel elements, indium bumped to a direct injection readout circuit manufactured by Rockwell Science Center. The rest of the supporting electronics were designed and built in-house to provide biases and clock functions to the FPAs. IR imageries with good aesthetic attributes were obtained from both FPAs. For the 11.2 micrometers FPA, background limited IR performance (BLIP) was obtained at 63 K under F/2 optics, consistent with the test results of a large area detector. This operating temperature is substantially higher than the grating coupled arrays with comparable cutoff wavelengths. On the other hand, the optics of the present camera were not optimized for wavelengths beyond 14 micrometers . As a result, the BLIP temperature for the 16.2 micrometers FPA, observed to be 38 K, was somewhat lower than the expected 42 K from the single detector characterization. Despite the reduced detector volume of a C-QWIP structure, the measured internal quantum efficiency remains to be high, being 20.5 percent and 25.4 percent at 2 V bias for the 11.2 micrometers and the 16.2 micrometers FPA, respectively.
Internal forces, tension and energy density in tethered cellular membranes

We analyze tethered cellular membranes by considering the membrane resultants, tension and densities of two modes of energy, bending and adhesion. These characteristics are determined based on a computational (finite-difference) analysis of membrane shape. We analyze the relative contribution and distribution of the membrane characteristics in four typical zones of the membrane surface. Using an axisymmetric model, we found that the meridional and circumferential components of the resultant are different near the tether body and they converge to the value of membrane tension farther from the tether. At the beginning of the area of membrane detachment from the cytoskeleton, the density of bending energy is on the same order of magnitude as membrane tension (resultant). Away from the tether, the bending energy density quickly decreases and becomes of the same order as that of the adhesion energy in the membrane–cytoskeleton attachment area. In that area, both modes of energy are significantly smaller than the membrane tension. We also consider the effect of the membrane bending modulus on the distribution of the membrane characteristics. An increase in the bending modulus results in changing the length and position on the membrane surface of zone 1 characterized by significant evolution of the resultant components. It also results in shortening zone 2 that covers the rest of the area of membrane detachment. The obtained results can help in a better interpretation of the measurements of membrane mechanical properties as well as in analyses of proteins and channels in curved membranes.
Short chain diol metabolism in human disease states

Abstract Recent clinical studies have shown the presence of two short chain diols, meso -2,3-butanediol and d/l-2,3-butanediol, and in most cases 1,2-propanediol in either serum or urine collected from humans in several apparently unrelated disease states: congenital propionic and methyl-malonic acidemia, premature infants, and alcoholics both in the presence and absence of ethanol. In addition 1,2-propanediol has been shown in patients during prolonged starvation, and in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. No common defect is known to exist in these metabolic states. Understanding how these compounds are produced in clinically well-defined diseases such as methyl malonic and propionic aciduria, however, may help explain how and why these compounds are produced in alcoholics.
Evaluation of carbide grades and a new cutting geometry for machining titanium alloys

Abstract A new cutting geometry consisting of a high clearance angle (from 10° to 15°) together with a high negative rake angle (from −10° to −15°) is proposed for increasing cemented tungsten carbide tool life during the machining of titanium alloys. This geometry would allow the use of a conventional insert (with an included angle of 90°) of any suitable shape (e.g. round, square or triangular) on a modified tool holder. The new geometry is found to yield longer tool life than does a high clearance angle (+15°) alone or a conventional tool with a low negative rake angle (−5°) and a low clearance angle (+5°). Further, the lower cobalt grade (Carboloy grade 999) and finer carbide grain size tools (Carboloy grade 895) are found to yield longer tool life than the higher cobalt grade medium carbide grain size tools (Carboloy grade 883), which are currently the most commonly used grade. A new ceramic tool material, an Si-Al-O-N compound, is found not to be suitable for machining titanium alloys because of rapid wear.
Mental Health Practitioners Collaboration with the Families of Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Mixed Method Study

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to further the understanding of mental health practitioners level of collaboration with the families of individuals with schizophrenia in association with the rates of psychiatric hospitalizations and residential crisis. Findings indicate that practitioners of all disciplines (N 1⁄4 120) rarely collaborate with families of individuals with schizophrenia, and when they do, it frequently is in a time of crisis/hospitalization. The hospitalization rates of individuals with schizophrenia on the practitioners’ caseloads (N 1⁄4 1,183) had significantly higher hospitalization and residential crisis usage rates and more mean hospitalization and residential crisis days than clients with all other diagnoses (N 1⁄4 4,715), indicating a need for interventions that reduce hospitalization rates and shift from a reactive paradigm of treatment to a more proactive and preventative paradigm of treatment. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 8:342–351 (2009)]
Peripheral consideration in improving obturator retention

Abstract The anatomic features of a maxillary resection are described. A simple geometric principle incorporated in an obturative treatment is explained. The application of such a mechanical action to attain greater retention is offered as a practical feature in the obturator design.
Unusual Reactivity of the {ReVO}3+ Core: Syntheses and Characterization of Novel Rhenium Halide Complexes with N-Methyl-o-diaminobenzene

The reactions of 1 or 2 equiv of N-methyl-o-diaminobenzene with trans-[ReOX3(PPh3)2] (X = Cl, Br) in refluxing chloroform gave oxo-free rhenium complexes [ReVIX4(NC6H4NHCH3)(OPPh3)] (X = Cl, 3; X =...
Solution structure and backbone dynamics of the functional cytoplasmic subdomain of human ephrin B2, a cell-surface ligand with bidirectional signaling properties.

The cytoplasmic domain of B ephrins plays a central role in bidirectional signal transduction processes controlling pattern formation and morphogenesis, such as axon guidance, cell migration, segmentation, and angiogensis. In particular, the extremely conserved last 33-residue cytoplasmic subdomain was shown to bind to both a PDZ domain for one signaling pathway [Lu et al. (2001) Cell 105, 69-79] and an SH2 domain from an alternative signaling network [Cowan and Henkemeyer (2001) Nature 413, 174-179]. To date, no structural information is available for the cytoplasmic domain of ephrin B proteins. We report here a detailed NMR study on the structural and dynamic properties of the cytoplasmic domain of human ephrin B2. Our results reveal the following: (1) the N-terminal region of the cytoplasmic domain from residues 253 to 300 lacks the ability for structure formation and is particularly prone to aggregation; and (2) the C-terminal functional subdomain from residues 301 to 333 assumes two distinctive structural elements with residues 301-322 adopting a well-packed hairpin structure followed by a flexible C-terminal tail. Furthermore, the backbone 1 5 N relaxation data demonstrate that the hairpin structure has significantly limited backbone motions, indicating a high conformational stability for the folded structure. Therefore, while the flexible C-terminal tail is suitable for binding to the PDZ domain, the folded hairpin may represent a latent structure requiring phosphorylation-induced conformational changes for high-affinity interactions with the SH2 domain.
Generating Synthetic Irises by Feature Agglomeration

We propose a technique to create digital renditions of iris images that can be used to evaluate the performance of iris recognition algorithms. The proposed scheme is implemented in two stages. In the first stage, a Markov random field model is used to generate a background texture representing the global iris appearance. In the next stage a variety of iris features, viz., radial and concentric furrows, collarette and crypts, are generated and embedded in the texture field. The iris images synthesized in this manner are observed to bear close resemblance to real irises. Experiments confirm the potential of this scheme to generate a database of synthetic irises that can be used to evaluate iris recognition algorithms.
Effects of acute myocardial infarction on the circulation of the conscious rat.

Abstract This study was conducted to determine if experimental left coronary artery ligation resulting in a small myocardial infarction (MI, 15% of the left ventricle) affects the peripheral circulation in conscious rat during the first 48 h of recovery. At 24 or 48 h post-MI or sham surgery, animals were instrumented and evaluated using the radioactive microsphere technique. There were no overt central hemodynamic changes 24 h post-MI but at 48 h, left ventricular end diastolic pressure was significantly increased compared to the parallel control (MI: 5.9 ± 0.6, sham 2.0 ± 0.5 mm Hg, P
HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: The aging horse: Effects of inflammation on muscle satellite cells.

Abstract With improvements in care, the equine population is living longer, remaining active, and competing at increasingly older ages. Both advancing age and exercise result in increased concentrations of circulating and local cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Athletic endeavors in the aged horse may further increase the proinflammatory environment in muscle, decreasing the ability to react appropriately to exercise. Poor response to exercise limits the athletic ability of geriatric horses, thus reducing their useful life span and potentially increasing the risk of injury. Satellite cells are muscle stem cells that reside adjacent to muscle fibers in skeletal muscle and are at least partially responsible for maintenance of muscle mass and muscle hypertrophy. In the adult animal, these cells normally exist in a quiescent state, becoming active, proliferating, and differentiating in response to specific stimuli. Growth factors and cytokines present during hypertrophy and following exercise affect satellite cell activity. Whereas the specific effects of cytokines on equine satellite cells are not well established, cytokines can influence satellite cell and myoblast proliferation and differentiation both positively and negatively. Understanding the effects of cytokines on equine satellite cell function will provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for the poor response to exercise in the aged horse. The proinflammatory environment in aged horses may inhibit exercise induced satellite cell activity, thereby diminishing exercise-induced hypertrophy. As more horses are surviving and competing into their 20s, more research is required to understand the response of these animals to exercise during normal aging.
MAINTENANCE OF TIDAL VOLUME IN INFANTS ON CONTINUOUS DISTENDING AIRWAY PRESSURE (CDAP) BY INCREASED INSPIRATORY MUSCLE ACTIVITY

We have previously shown that tidal volume is unaffected and that respiratory system compliance decreases when CDAP is applied to healthy infants. To determine if changes in respiratory muscle activity cause tidal volume to remain constant, we measured electromyograms (EMG) in healthy infants. Seven full term infants were studied during the first four days of life while sleeping and enclosed below the neck in a negative pressure box. EMG were recorded using surface electrodes in the right sixth intercostal space and on the right lateral abdominal wall before and after application of five and ten cm H2O continuous negative pressure to the box. Changes in thoraco-abdominal configuration were monitored with anterior-posterior magnetometers and showed that most of the lung volume increase was accounted for by rib cage expansion. Inspiratory EMG amplitude from the intercostal space increased in all infants on CDAP. The increase was greater with greater amounts of distending pressure. Small increases in abdominal muscle activity were observed in four of the infants on CDAP. The increase in EMG with CDAP may compensate for a small decrease in mechanical advantage of the inspiratory muscles to hold tidal volume constant, and may offset the decrease in compliance. This is consistent with a reflex mechanism that allows rapid compensation for changes in lung volume.
Estimating the entropy and quantifying the impurity of a swarm of surface-hopping trajectories: A new perspective on decoherence

In this article, we consider the intrinsic entropy of Tully's fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) algorithm (as estimated by the impurity of the density matrix) [J. Chem. Phys. 93, 1061 (1990)]. We show that, even for a closed system, the total impurity of a FSSH calculation increases in time (rather than stays constant). This apparent failure of the FSSH algorithm can be traced back to an incorrect, approximate treatment of the electronic coherence between wavepackets moving along different potential energy surfaces. This incorrect treatment of electronic coherence also prevents the FSSH algorithm from correctly describing wavepacket recoherences (which is a well established limitation of the FSSH method). Nevertheless, despite these limitations, the FSSH algorithm often predicts accurate observables because the electronic coherence density is modulated by a phase factor which varies rapidly in phase space and which often integrates to almost zero. Adding “decoherence” events on top of a FSSH calculat...
Photochemical Redox Reactions of Inner-Sphere Copper(II)-Dicarboxylate Complexes: Effects of the Dicarboxylate Ligand Structure on Copper(I) Quantum Yields

Studies were carried out on the photochemical redox reactions of a series of structurally related inner-sphere Cu(II)/dicarboxylate complexes in aqueous solution (N2-purged), using steady-state ill...
A Characterization of Node Uptime Distributions in the PlanetLab Test Bed

In this paper, we study nodes from the PlanetLab test bed to form a model of their uptime behavior. By applying clustering techniques to over a year's worth of availability data for the nodes, we identify six uptime distributions, each exhibiting unique characteristics shared by the nodes within it. The behavioral patterns exhibited by these groups, combined with the behaviors exhibited by the aggregate across the system, provide useful information for researchers designing applications that are run or tested on PlanetLab.
Cytochrome P450IA mRNA expression in feral Hudson River tomcod.

We sought to determine if levels of cytochrome P450IA gene expression are environmentally induced in feral populations of Hudson River tomcod, a cancer prone fish, and whether laboratory exposure of tomcod to artificially spiked and naturally contaminated Hudson sediments can elicit a significant response. Using Northern blot analysis, we found levels of P450IA mRNA in tomcod collected from two Hudson River sites higher than those in tomcod from a river in Maine. Depuration of environmentally induced Hudson tomcod P450IA mRNA was rapid, with an initial detectable decline in P450 gene expression by 8 hr and basal levels reached by 5 days. Intraperitoneal injection of β-napthoflavone in depurated Hudson tomcod resulted in a 15-fold induction of P450 gene expression within 26 hr. Exposure of depurated Hudson tomcod to natural sediment spiked with two PAHs resulted in a 7-fold induction of P450 gene expression. Exposure of depurated tomcod to sediment from a contaminated Hudson site also resulted in a 7- to 15-fold induction of P450IA mRNA expression. Northern blot analysis revealed a second polymorphic cytochrome P450IA mRNA band in some tomcod which was also detected by Southern blot analysis. Induction of cytochrome P450IA mRNA in Atlantic tomcod may provide a sensitive biomarker of environmentally relevant concentrations of some pollutants in the Hudson and other northeastern tidal rivers.
A Critical Analysis of Methods of Calculation of a Potential in Simulated Polar Liquids: Strong Arguments in Favor of “Molecule-Based” Summation and of Vacuum Boundary Conditions in Ewald Summation

The calculation of the electrostatic potential inside a polar liquid in an infinitely large system simulated with periodic boundary conditions allows several alternative choices for carrying out th...
An ultrastructural analysis of early fertilization in the sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma.

The morphology of gametes of a representative echinoid, Echinarachnius parma were investigated ultrastructurally with particular emphasis on gamete interaction during fertilization. The acrosomal region of the spermatozoon is characterized by the presence of two components: an acrosomal vesicle and periacrosomal materials. The acrosomal vesicle, which is completely bounded by a limiting membrane, is surrounded by periacrosomal materials. Nuclear and mitochondrial regions of the spermatozoon are also described briefly. The ovum is surrounded by two extraneous coats: an outer jelly layer and an inner vitelline envelope. Pigment cells are present within the outer jelly layer. Ooplasmic organelles and inclusions including cortical granules and the female pronucleus are described.
SPECTRAL LINES FOR POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS OF THE CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD. II. CONSISTENT TREATMENT OF THE STOKES VECTOR FOR MAGNETIC-DIPOLE TRANSITIONS

We present a compact, self-consistent formulation for the description of polarized radiation from magnetic-dipole transitions occurring in the magnetized solar corona. This work differs from earlier treatments by Sahal-Brechot and House in the 1970s, in that the radiative emission coefficients for the four Stokes parameters, I, Q, U, and V, are treated to first order in a Taylor expansion of the line profile in terms of the Larmor frequency of the coronal magnetic field. In so doing, the influence on the scattered radiation of both atomic polarization, induced through anisotropic irradiation, and the Zeeman effect is accounted for in a consistent way. It is found that the well-known magnetograph formula, relating the V profile to the frequency derivative of the I profile, must be corrected in the presence of atomic alignment produced by anisotropic irradiation. This correction is smallest for lines where collisions and cascades dominate over excitation by anisotropic radiation, but it systematically increases with height above the solar limb (up to a theoretical maximum of 100%, in the collisionless regime and in the limit of vanishing longitudinal magnetic field). Although the correction to the magnetograph formula must be calculated separately for each line as a function of heliocentric distance, it is likely to be small for some lines of practical interest, along lines of sight close to the solar limb.
Computer-assisted image analysis of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs): a pilot study of astrocytomas and glioblastomas.

Summary Computer-assisted image analysis was used to measure nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of 22 astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Image analysis provides reproducible information about number and size of NORs together with further karyometric data, which can be compared and processed with other patient-related data. Our study exhibits a statistical relationship between number and size of NORs and malignancy of the measured gliomas.
Some entomogenous fungal infections of a sporophagous Tubuliferan Elaphrothrips denticollis (Insecta: Thysanoptera)

Nature of infection, sites of localization and propagule production byCunninghamella echinulata (Matruchot) Thaxter,Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, andPenicillium Link ex. Gray, onElaphrothrips denticollis (Bagnall), a sporophagous tubuliferan, were studied using a scanning electron microscope.
A bayesian approach to testing the arbitrage pricing theory

Abstract We consider new methods of testing the restrictions imposed on asset returns implied by an equilibrium version of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory. In the competitive equilibrium version of the APT [see, for example, Connor and Korajczyk (1988)], excess returns on a collection of portfolios or individual assets are related to measured factors in a multivariate regression model without intercepts. The traditional significance testing approach uses estimates of these intercept terms and a likelihood ratio procedure for statistical testing. In our approach, we quantify differences between the restricted and unrestricted models by computing posterior model probabilities. These posterior model probabilities are combined to form posterior odds ratios which represent the weight of prior and sample evidence for or against the pricing restrictions. A dramatic simplification of the odds ratio calculation is achieved by using the Savage density ratio method. The special structure of the APT model with factors extracted by principal components is exploited to produce a simple prior. The sensitivity of the odds ratio to different prior specifications is explored. We apply these new methodologies to tests of the APT with a collection of ten size-based portfolios. The factors are extracted by a principal components technique developed by Connor and Korajczyk using all listed AMEX/NYSE firms over the period 1964–1983. The odds ratios show that the sample evidence is weak and does not favor the APT pricing restrictions. We are able to gauge the strength of the evidence in the data by examining the sensitivity of the odds ratio to the prior.
The structure of inhibited counterflowing nonpremixed flames

Abstract Numerical simulations of the structure of laminar counterflow methane-air nonpremixed flames with chemical (chloromethane) and inert (nitrogen) agents added to the oxidizer stream were performed using a previously developed computer code. The computations were substantiated by measurements of the temperature and velocity fields. The simulated flame structure demonstrated that the addition of chloromethane to the oxidizer side of a nonpremixed flame leads to a broadened reaction zone, increased flame temperatures, decreased concentrations of key flame radicals, and decreased rates of important exothermic chemical reactions. The addition of nitrogen to the oxidizer side of the flame had a very different impact on the flame structure, leading to decreased flame temperatures and decreased concentrations of key flame radicals. The reaction pathways associated with inhibition by chloromethane were identified through an analysis of the calculated flame structure. Simulated flames inhibited by molecular chlorine and hydrochloric acid are also discussed.
Creating a web‐based incident analysis and communication system

BACKGROUND: Hospitals perform root cause analyses (RCA) and implement action plans for sentinel events (SE) to prevent similar adverse events. Dissemination of RCA action plans between hospitals has been limited by an absence of universal definitions of terms and classification frameworks, which have been recently proposed by the World Health Organization's International Classification for Patient Safety (ICPS). Tools do not exist, however, to assist hospitals in performing SE reviews aligned with the ICPS framework. METHODS: We developed an intranet-based decision support tool that aligns SE reviews with the ICPS framework, and captures SEs and action plans into a searchable database for aggregate reporting. Its structural elements include: 1) encrypted database on a secure server; 2) decision support resources that align SE analyses with the ICPS classification; 3) drop-down lists and help tools to standardize input; 4) standardized individual and aggregate SE reports that vary depending on recipients; 5) real-time access to Web-based RCA resources; 6) fishbone diagramming; and 7) query functions for database searches. RESULTS: Entry of 15 SE reports into the database framework identified gaps in our previous reviews. Safety personnel and health system leadership have expressed positive assessments of the database and approved funding for evaluation of system-wide implementation. DISCUSSION: Expansion of our database to all safety incidents beyond SEs provides a resource for communicating safety opportunities between hospitals. We demonstrate how the ICPS classifications can be migrated into a decision support tool that has potential for standardizing root cause analyses, disseminating action plans, and improving patient safety. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
NF-κB, an Active Player in Human Cancers

NF-κB comprises a family of five transcription factors that form distinct protein complexes, which bind to consensus DNA sequences at promoter regions of responsive genes regulating cellular processes. The past three decades have witnessed remarkable progress in understanding the NF-κB signaling pathway in physiologic and pathologic conditions. The role of NF-κB in human cancer initiation, development, metastasis, and resistance to treatment has drawn particular attention. A significant number of human cancers have constitutive NF-κB activity due to the inflammatory microenvironment and various oncogenic mutations. NF-κB activity not only promotes tumor cells' proliferation, suppresses apoptosis, and attracts angiogenesis, but it also induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which facilitates distant metastasis. In certain circumstances, NF-κB activation may also remodel local metabolism and anergize the immune system to favor tumor growth. Suppression of NF-κB in myeloid cells or tumor cells usually leads to tumor regression, which makes the NF-κB pathway a promising therapeutic target. However, because of its vital role in various biologic activities, components of the NF-κB pathway need to be carefully selected and evaluated to design targeted therapies.
The Internalization of the Female Stereotype by College Women

It has often been assumed that through the process of socialization sex stereotypes are internalized, becoming, so to speak, second nature. This investigation examines the self-concepts, public selves, and perceptions of the female stereotype of a sample of college women and finds significant differences between the self-concepts of individuals and their public selves and their perception of the female stereotype, which suggest that the female stereotype is not internalized but rather acts as an external constraint in the behavior of such females.