cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress in laser-triggered high power microwave plasma interaction

Experimental, theoretical, and simulation results of the propagation characteristics of a high power microwave pulse in an unbounded atmospheric-pressure laser-initiated plasma are described. Due to resonant and collisional absorption, the high power microwave pulse with relativistic parameter v = eEem/mωc has been demonstrated experimentally to permeate and be absorbed inside a non-uniform laser plasma despite having low frequency (ω<;<;ωp). When the overcritical laserinduced breakdown of air is irradiated with a high power microwave pulse, further ionization can be achieved due to the resonant excitation of a plasma surface wave by the evanescent component of the incident electromagnetic wave [1]. For low density plasmas, the electromagnetic waves lead to avalanche ionization from elastic electron-neutral collisions. In this regard, to enhance the breakdown region, a high-power Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at wavelength 1064 nm and energy per pulse of 600 mJ is focused onto a volume in air. An Xband relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO) at the Pulsed Power, Beams and Microwaves Laboratory at the University of New Mexico is used as the high power microwave source. The RBWO produces a microwave pulse with a TM01 radiation pattern that can be converted to a TE11 mode and has maximum power of 400 MW, and frequency about 10 GHz. A complete theoretical investigation using the impedance transformation method including scattering, partial reflections, and collisional absorption based on the transfer of energy from the wave to plasma and generation of fast electrons, is presented. A discussion on the effects of various unmagnetized plasma parameters on the transmitted, absorbed, and reflected power is calculated. Experimental diagnostic results of the laser deposition are interpreted using the compressible spatially adaptive radiation magnetohydrodynamic particle-in-cell code, Flash, invoking the ponderomotive approximation to describe the laser-plasma interaction. Features of the code, such as ray tracing and gas medium ionization, allows for greater confidence in data interpretation. 2-D simulations of the temporal and spatial evolution of the laser-induced plasma are in agreement with the theoretical results. Experimental results to-date will be provided as well.
Defective slow inactivation of sodium channels contributes to familial periodic paralysis

Objective: To evaluate the effects of missense mutations within the skeletal muscle sodium (Na) channel on slow inactivation (SI) in periodic paralysis and related myotonic disorders. Background: Na channel mutations in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and the nondystrophic myotonias interfere with the normally rapid inactivation of muscle Na currents following an action potential. This defect causes persistent inward Na currents that produce muscle depolarization, myotonia, or onset of weakness. Distinct from fast inactivation is the process called SI, which limits availability of Na channels on a time scale of seconds to minutes, thereby influencing muscle excitability. Methods: Human Na channel cDNAs containing mutations associated with paralytic and nonparalytic phenotypes were transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney cells for whole-cell Na current recording. Extent of SI over a range of conditioning voltages (−120 to +20 mV) was defined as the fraction of Na current that failed to recover within 20 ms at −100 mV. The time course of entry to SI at −30 mV was measured using a conditioning pulse duration of 20 ms to 60 seconds. Recovery from SI at −100 mV was assessed over 20 ms to 10 seconds. Results: The two most common hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyperPP) mutations responsible for episodic attacks of weakness or paralysis, T704M and M1592V, showed clearly impaired SI, as we and others have observed previously for the rat homologs of these mutations. In addition, a new paralysis-associated mutant, I693T, with cold-induced weakness, exhibited a comparable defect in SI. However, SI remained intact for both the HyperPP/paramyotonia congenita (PMC) mutant, A1156T, and the nonparalytic potassium-aggravated myotonia (PAM) mutant, V1589M. Conclusions: SI is defective in a subset of mutant Na channels associated with episodic weakness (HyperPP or PMC) but remains intact for mutants studied so far that cause myotonia without weakness (PAM).
Affinity purification and characterization of a β-1,3-glucanase from celery

Abstract β-1,3-glucanase was purified in a single column step from crude root extracts of celery, Apium graveolens L. using a novel affinity chromatography procedure. The β-1,3-glucanase was bound to an insoluble anhydroglucose substrate (pachyman) and then eluted by the addition of a soluble substrate (laminarin). The celery enzyme has an isoelectric point of 4.1, an estimated molecular mass of 35 kDa, maximum endo-β-1,3-glucanase activity at pH 5.2 and a turnover rate of t 2800 nmol substrate/nmol enzyme/min with laminarin as substrate. The purified enzyme partially hydrolyzed isolated cell walls of the celery with pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum Schlect f. sp. apii (R. Nels. and Sherb.) Snyd. and Hans.; its activity was substantially increased by the addition of crude root extract containing chitinase. Chitinase activity on the fungal cell walls was not enhanced by supplementing crude root extract with additional purified β-1,3-glucanase.
Light curve of the optical counterpart of 2A0311-227

Visual and blue light curves are presented for the optical counterpart of the X-ray source 2A0311-227. This system, which is the newest member of the AM Herculis class of binaries, has an orbital period of 81 minutes which also modulates the visual light curve. A Fourier analysis of the data has revealed the presence of a 6-minute oscillation, at least in the visual light curve. Whether or not it is also present in the blue light curve is unclear.
Variable cellular composition of Chromatium in growing cultures

Chromatium strain D was grown on autotrophic medium with sulfide as the sole electron donor and on heterotrophic media. The following growth parameters were monitored: sulfide, intracellular sulfur, cell number, bacteriochlorophyll, protein, storage polysaccharide, dry weight, and turbidity. In addition, electron micrographs of the bacteria at each stage of growth were prepared. The metabolism and structure of the bacteria were found to be dependent on whether sulfide or sulfur was the primary photosynthetic electron donor during growth as autotrophs. The major effects in shifting from sulfide to sulfur were noted as cessation of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis, decreased cellular protein content, and increased rate of cell division. Such effects were not seen in heterotrophic growth on succinate.
The specific contributions of force and velocity to muscle power in older adults.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relative importance of the force-based and velocity-based measures of muscle performance to explain inter-individual differences in power production capability and functional task performance. Participants included seventy-nine men and women: middle-aged healthy adults (MH: 40–55 years), older healthy adults (OH: 70–85 years), and older adults with mobility limitations (OML: 70–85 years). Muscle power at 180°/s, isometric maximal torque, and maximal contraction velocity at 40% 1RM were measured during unilateral leg extension. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to differentiate between healthy and mobility limited older adults. Functional task performance was assessed using multiple chair rise and stair climb tests. Leg extensor force (torque), but not maximal contraction velocity, was significantly associated with muscle power in MH. Both torque and velocity were significantly associated with muscle power in OH. Maximal velocity, but not torque, was associated with power in OML. Maximal velocity demonstrated an association with multiple chair rise time and stair climb time in OML, but not MH or OH. It is concluded that movement velocity is an increasingly important determinant of maximal power output with advancing age. Furthermore, movement velocity is also a critical component of functional task performance with aging and may contribute to functional deficits. These findings help to explain why the rate-dependent variable power has emerged as a critical component of both assessment and rehabilitation of muscular performance and physical function in older adults.
Duplication/deficiency mapping of situs inversus viscerum (iv), a gene that determines left-right asymmetry in the mouse.

A recessive mutation in the mouse, situs inversus viscerum ( iv ), results in randomization of organ position along the left-right body axis: approximately 50% of the progeny of homozygous matings exhibit situs solitus and 50% exhibit situs inversus. Recent studies have established genetic linkage between iv and the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene complex ( Igh-C ), located on distal mouse chromosome 12. In the present study, we have refined the genetic map location of iv relative to the breakpoint of a reciprocal translocation, T(5;12)31H, involving the telomeric region of chromosome 12 distal to Igh-C and the proximal region of chromosome 5. The translocation results in a large 12 5 derivative chromosome and a small 5 12 derivative chromosome. Because mice with either monosomy or tertiary trisomy for the 5 12 chromosomal region are viable, duplication/deficiency mapping is possible. Deficiency mapping was performed by mating iv/iv homozygotes and T31H heterozygotes. Two animals monosomic for distal mouse chromosome 12 were produced. One of the animals with cytogenetically confirmed monosomy for distal chromosome 12 exhibited situs inversus, indicating that the iv mutation is located at or distal to the T31H breakpoint. For duplication analysis, matings were initially carried out between iv/iv homozygotes and unbalanced T31H animals trisomic for distal chromosome 12. Cytogenetically verified tertiary trisomic progeny were identified and backcrossed with iv/iv homozygotes. The resulting trisomic progeny, 50% of which are expected to carry the iv mutation on both cytogenetically normal copies of chromosome 12, were scored for phenotype. In agreement with the conclusion of the deletion analysis, all of the trisomic animals exhibited situs solitus, consistent with the presence of a functional Iv gene on the small 5 12 translocation chromosome bearing the distal region of chromosome 12.
Placental Leptin: An Important New Growth Factor in Intrauterine and Neonatal Development? † 1379

Placental Leptin: An Important New Growth Factor in Intrauterine and Neonatal Development? † 1379
Graphene nanopores for nucleic acid analysis

Solid-state nanopores are being widely investigated as potential tools for DNA sequencing and early detection of diseases. We review our recent work in the formation of nanopores in graphene embedded in thin layers of dielectrics for sensitive, controllable, and low-noise detection of bio-molecules. We also discuss applications in medical diagnostics.
Electrochemical oxidation of glucose on single crystal gold surfaces

The electrooxidation of glucose has been studied extensively because of the interest in the development of the glucose sensor [l] and the glucose-oxygen fuel cell [2] for cardiac pacemakers and artifical hearts. The understanding of the reaction kinetics is far from complete. It has been established, however, that the oxidation of glucose is a typical electrocatalytic reaction whose kinetics depend on the nature of the electrode material [3,4]. Platinum, as the electrode material, has been the subject of most of the studies, although gold displays a higher activity in neutral and alkaline electrolytes [4]. The pronounced poisoning of the platinum electrode by some intermediates and/or products apparently suppresses its intrinsic activity for the initial stages of the reactions. The crystal plane dependence of the electrooxidation of small organic molecules with similar poisoning effects is now well documented [5,6]. Therefore, the oxidation of glucose is expected also to be structure sensitive. Kokkinidis et al. [7] indeed have found different catalytic activities for glucose oxidation on the low-index platinum surfaces in acid solution. The Pt (111) surface has a higher activity than the other two low-index planes as a consequence of a lower self generated poison effect on this surface. The present research has indicated that gold appears to be a more active electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation in neutral and alkaline electrolytes, which makes it an attractive choice for sensor application. This calls for a study of the glucose oxidation on single crystal gold electrodes in order to determine which
Schwarz methods with local refinement for the p -version finite element method

In some applications, the accuracy of the numerical solution of an elliptic problem needs to be increased only in certain parts of the domain. In this paper, local refinement is introduced for an overlapping additive Schwarz algorithm for the p-version finite element method. Both uniform and variable degree refinements are considered. The resulting algorithm is highly parallel and scalable.
Simultaneous nucleation, condensation, and coagulation in aerosol reactors

Abstract A simple model for simultaneous aerosol nucleation, condensation, and coagulation is presented over the entire particle size spectrum approximately the size distribution by a unimodal lognormal function. This model is applied to the constant rate aerosol reactor and four ordinary differential equations suffice to describe the aerosol dynamics in this system. Five dimensionless groups uniquely determine the key product aerosol characteristics (concentration, polydispersity, and volume average particle size) from this reactor. The validity and accuracy of this model are examined by comparing its predictions to known exact solutions at certain limiting cases of aerosol dynamics. The effects of nucleation, condensation, and coagulation on product aerosol characteristics are investigated in the parameter space of the reactor. This model has high potential to be used for the description of aerosol dynamics in highly complex (nonuniform and nonisothermal) aerosol systems for which detailed knowledge of the particle size distribution may not be required.
New design of simulated moving bed (SMB) for ternary separations

A semicontinuous two-zone SMB/chromatography hybrid system was designed for ternary separations, and compared to cascades with two two-zone SMBs and two four-zone SMBs. Operating conditions, produc...
Characterization of three species of nucleocapsids of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1)

Abstract Three distinct species of nucleocapsids of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) were isolated from infected L-M cell nuclei. The particles were classified on the basis of their densities in Renografin gradients as Light (L; ϱ = 1.237 g/cc), Intermediate (I; ϱ = 1.244 g/cc), and Heavy (H; ϱ = 1.258 g/cc). Analysis of the three nucleocapsid species, radioactively labeled with an 3 H-labeled or 14 C-labeled amino acid mixture, by discontinuous SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed significant and reproducible differences in their structural protein compositions. H nucleocapsids were comprised of six major proteins (I, II, III, IV, IVa, and V) with respective molecular weights of 148,000, 59,000, 46,000, 37,000, 30,000, and 18,000; these proteins comprised 63.7, 9.3, 6.0, 10.8, 5.3, and 4.1%, respectively, of total protein. These six proteins were also present in I nucleocapsids, however nucleocapsid protein IVa (MW, 30,000) was present only as a minor component and comprised less than 1% of total protein. L nucleocapsids were comprised of only four of these major structural proteins, as proteins III (MW, 46,000) and IVa (MW, 30,000) were absent. In addition, several minor proteins, each comprising less than 1% of total nucleocapsid protein, were present in each nucleocapsid species. Electrophoretic analysis of nucleocapsids labeled with [ 3 H]arginine indicated that proteins extremely rich in arginine are not present in these three species. Phosphoproteins both of enveloped virions and of nucleocapsids were identified by electrophoretic analysis of particles radioactively labeled with inorganic phosphate (H 3 32 PO 4 ). Twelve virion structural proteins were phosphorylated in vivo ; five of these, including the major virion phosphoprotein VP 10 (MW, 127,000), were envelope specific proteins. Four of these 12 viral proteins were also phosphorylated in nucleocapsids, however the pattern of phosphorylation of nucleocapsid proteins varied among the three species. The two major phosphoproteins of nucleocapsids were proteins III and IVa which are absent in L nucleocapsids; protein V is phosphorylated only in H nucleocapsids. Analysis of the DNA content of the three nucleocapsid species indicated that preparations of H nucleocapsids contain more DNA than do those of the I and L species. Electron microscopic analysis of the nucleocapsids supported these results, as L and I nucleocapsids lack a dense inner nucleoid structure characteristic of the H species.
Damping of plasmons in the alkali metals: Interband transitions and many-electron interactions

The wave-vector dependence of the lifetimes of plasmons in the alkali metals, over the range from zero to the Fermi wave vector, is due to two important decay mechanisms. They are decay into interband transitions, important at small wave vectors, and electron-electron interactions beyond the random-phase approximation, important at the larger wave vectors. A simple calculation including both of these is in agreement with the available data. Further work can provide a new test of our understanding of many-electron phenomena.
The effects of changes in ring geometry on computer models of amylose

Abstract A review of single-crystal studies shows that α- D -glucopyranose, residues of which constitute the monomeric units of amylose, is flexible within the constraints of the Cl conformation, and that the internal differences among the rings are most clearly indicated by the variety in ring-torsion angles (or conformation angles). An index of the cumulative effect of changes in these angles is provided by the length of the virtual bond, O-1—O-4, and classification of residue geometries by virtual bond-length permits a systematic selection of suitable residues for the construction of models of amylose. By the use of D -glucopyranose residues having different geometries, it is possible to build models of ( a ) V-amylose helices having 6, 7, and 8 residues per turn, ( b ) single and double helical B-amyloses, and ( c ) KBr-amylose, all of which satisfy reasonable stereochemical criteria. Because no single residue can satisfactorily model all of the well known polymorphs of amylose, it is suggested that structural determinations that utilize a rigid residue approximation should make use of the full range of known, residue geometries.
The management of economic ramification of information and network security on an organization

Although information security is becoming more complex everyday, many organizations' security systems are failing, with serious results. More and more organizations are experiencing an increase in threats to computer systems and networks and the damage caused by malicious attacks. Because organizations rely heavily upon computers and network communication, network security failures and threats are a major business problem. So, organizations should consider information security cost management to maximize a security budget without compromising risk management initiatives. Information security cost management examines common pitfalls in security initiatives and recommends cost saving methods to achieve results.This paper discusses information security cost management and the economic impact of network security threats. More specifically, it discusses the cost of security issues, building a cost argument, establishing the business value, and the return on investment.
Volar plate arthroplasty of the distal interphalangeal joint

Ten patients with chronic dorsal fracture subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint were managed over 5 years with volar plate advancement arthroplasty. The mean time from injury to definitive surgical treatment was 8 weeks (range, 2 weeks to 4 months). All injuries were characterized by volar comminution and impaction of the distal phalanx, with associated dorsal subluxation. Surgical treatment included volar plate advancement arthroplasty and K-wire fixation of the reduced joint for 4 weeks. All patients were evaluated at an average postoperative duration of 25 months (range, 10-60 months). The average arc of motion of the distal interphalangeal joint of the 4 fingers (6) was 42 degrees and of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb (4) was 51 degrees. All patients had a residual flexion contracture averaging 12 degrees (range, 6 degrees to 25 degrees ). Volar plate advancement arthroplasty is an effective treatment for chronic distal interphalangeal joint dorsal fracture subluxation.
A STUDY OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR EQUATING RIGHTS SCORES TO FORMULA SCORES

The principal purpose of this study was to determine whether it would be possible to eqtate Rights-scored tests to Formula-scored tests without causing a discontinuity in the meaning of the score scale. Several other subsidiary studies -of the characteristics of the two scoring methods, of nonresponse and guessing, and of reliability and pardilelism--were also indertaken. The study was conducted in two phases: 1) of two forms of the SAT-verbal and one form of the College Board Chemistry Achievement Test, based on data from a specia:t experimental test administration; and 2) of operational and experimental subtests of the Graduate Management Admission Test, based on data from the (regular) October 1980 administration of the GMAT to applicants for business school. Several outzomes of the study were observed that will be useful for the understanding of some of the issues of Rights and Formula scoring. In addition, it was found that the data of this study support the hypothesis that Formula scores for tests administered with Rig!its directions are directly comparable to Formula scores for the fme tests administered with Formula directions. Thus, the directions under which a test is administered can be,changed without serious concern that a discontinuity in the score scale will result.
Use of a Hearing and Balance Screening Survey With Local Primary Care Physicians

Purpose This investigation is a follow-up to a national survey of hearing/balance screening and referrals in elderly patients by primary care physicians (PCPs). This local study focused on PCPs who actually treated elderly patients and could be contacted and followed in a single community. Method PCPs in Santa Barbara, CA, were surveyed with a 35-item questionnaire via mailings, phone calls, and hand delivery to determine their participation in, knowledge of, and attitudes toward hearing/balance screening and referrals for the elderly. Potential respondents were 154 PCPs obtained from WebMD, Google, and telephone and provider directories for Santa Barbara. Of the 154 surveys mailed/delivered, 33 were returned undeliverable or unusable, and 32 were returned usable, producing an overall response rate of 26.5%. Results Results were similar to those of the national study; PCPs were unlikely to screen for hearing/balance problems unless patients complained. The PCPs were unaware of patient self-report screenin...
Raman studies of bovine serum albumin.

The Raman Spectra of bovine serum albumin have been obtained in the solute state, in alkaline and acidic solutions, and in the gel. The reversible denaturations of bovine serum albumin solutions by heat, acid's, and alkali were studied and a new mechanism for heat denaturation has been proposed based on a continuous unfolding of the α-helices.
How do firm characteristics affect the subsidies provided by the unemployment insurance system

The experience-rated method of financing unemployment insurance in the US is incomplete because of the imposition of both maximum and minimum tax rates. The result is a pattern of cross-subsidization to those firms that generate considerable layoffs from those firms that exhibit a stable pattern of employment. Past studies have investigated this cross-subsidization by industries, but have not examined in detail whether or not the characteristics of the firm play an important role. The research presented herein examines the relationship between particular characteristics of the firm – age, size, average wage, and seasonality of employment – and their effect on whether the firm is subsidized or not. Other than the industry classification, age appears to be the most significant determinant of subsidization. It appears that both young and old firms display a higher probability of subsidizing middle-age firms.
A Method To Quantize The Dicrotic Notch In BVP Waveforms

A method has been developed to assign a numerical weight to the dicrotic notch feature present in the blood volume pulse (BVP). This method, which utilizes the slope reversal as its parameter, is being applied to the signals from photoplethysmographic transducers on the finger pad or ear lobe. The goal is the development of an instrument which evaluates the response of the cardiovascular system to exercise.
Writing Assignments with a Metacognitive Component Enhance Learning in a Large Introductory Biology Course

Writing assignments, including note taking and written recall, should enhance retention of knowledge, whereas analytical writing tasks with metacognitive aspects should enhance higher-order thinking. In this study, we assessed how certain writing-intensive “interventions,” such as written exam corrections and peer-reviewed writing assignments using Calibrated Peer Review and including a metacognitive component, improve student learning. We designed and tested the possible benefits of these approaches using control and experimental variables across and between our three-section introductory biology course. Based on assessment, students who corrected exam questions showed significant improvement on postexam assessment compared with their nonparticipating peers. Differences were also observed between students participating in written and discussion-based exercises. Students with low ACT scores benefited equally from written and discussion-based exam corrections, whereas students with midrange to high ACT scores benefited more from written than discussion-based exam corrections. Students scored higher on topics learned via peer-reviewed writing assignments relative to learning in an active classroom discussion or traditional lecture. However, students with low ACT scores (17–23) did not show the same benefit from peer-reviewed written essays as the other students. These changes offer significant student learning benefits with minimal additional effort by the instructors.
Costs of unnecessary admissions and treatments for “threatened preterm labor”

Objective Cervical length (CL) of 3 cm or greater has been shown to have a 97-99% negative predictive value for preterm delivery in women with threatened preterm labor. Consequently, hospitalization and treatment are not indicated in these patients. We analyzed how often patients with a CL of 3 cm or greater are still being admitted and treated for preterm labor and how much this contributes to the economic burden of preterm labor hospitalizations. Study Design Twelve month hospitalizations for preterm labor at less than 34 weeks at a single institution were reviewed and patients with a CL of 3 cm or greater were identified. We chose to use patients' hospital charges as a surrogate for health care costs, recognizing that charges are not synonymous with the final patient bill and also do not reflect additional costs such as the cost of treatment at the referring facility, transportation, physician fees, and other such costs as lost wages, need for additional child care, etc. Results Between July 2009 and June 2010, 139 patients were admitted and treated for preterm labor at our level III center. Fifty of these patients (36%) had a CL of 3 cm or greater. None of them delivered preterm. Total hospital charges for the management of these patients were $1,018 589 (mean, $20,372; median, $14,444). Conclusion Unnecessary admissions and treatments for threatened preterm labor are part of clinical practice and contribute to exploding health care costs. Using currently available diagnostics, these costs could be lowered significantly without jeopardizing outcome.
Non-GPS navigation with the personal dead-reckoning system

This paper introduces a positioning system for walking persons, called "Personal Dead-reckoning" (PDR) system. The PDR system does not require GPS, beacons, or landmarks. The system is therefore useful in GPS-denied environments, such as inside buildings, tunnels, or dense forests. Potential users of the system are military and security personnel as well as emergency responders. The PDR system uses a small 6-DOF inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the user's boot. The IMU provides rate-of-rotation and acceleration measurements that are used in real-time to estimate the location of the user relative to a known starting point. In order to reduce the most significant errors of this IMU-based system−caused by the bias drift of the accelerometers−we implemented a technique known as "Zero Velocity Update" (ZUPT). With the ZUPT technique and related signal processing algorithms, typical errors of our system are about 2% of distance traveled. This typical PDR system error is largely independent of the gait or speed of the user. When walking continuously for several minutes, the error increases gradually beyond 2%. The PDR system works in both 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D environments, although errors in Z-direction are usually larger than 2% of distance traveled. Earlier versions of our system used an impractically large IMU. In the most recent version we implemented a much smaller IMU. This paper discussed specific problems of this small IMU, our measures for eliminating these problems, and our first experimental results with the small IMU under different conditions.
Multiple-View Self-Maintenance in Data Warehousing Environments

A data warehouse materializes views derived from data that may not reside at the warehouse. Maintaining these views effciently in response to base updates is diffcult, since it may involve querying external sources where the base data reside. This paper considers the problem of view self-maintenance, where the views are maintained without using all the base data. Without full use of the base data, however, maintaining a view unambiguously is not always possible. Thus, the two critical questions that must be addressed are to determine, in a given situation, whether a view is maintainable, and how to maintain it. W e provide algorithms that answer these questions for a general class of views, and for an important subclass, generate SQL queries that test whether a view is self-maintainable and update the view if it is. We improve significantly on previous work by solving the view self-maintenance problem in the presence of multiple views, with optional access to a subset of the base data, and under arbitrary mixes of insertions and deletions. We provide better insight into the problem by showing that view self-maintainability can be reduced to the problem of deciding query containment. Work supported by ARO grant DAAH04{95{1{0192. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment. Proceedings of the 23rd VLDB Athens, Greece, 1997
Security model consistency in secure object-oriented systems

Examines three techniques for evaluating the logical consistency of an object-oriented Database security model. The first technique consists of judging the model with respect to a set of general consistency properties for database security models. The second technique compares the SODA model against two other database security models. The third technique consists of defining a set of entities and mechanisms fundamental to the object-oriented model and considering the effect on them by the security model. Each of these techniques are applied to the Secure Object-Oriented Database (SODA) security model and are evaluated with respect to their applicability difficulty and usefulness. Using the results of this analysis the authors characterize the consistency of the SODA security model. >
Bibersteinia trehalosi Inhibits the Growth of Mannheimia haemolytica by a Proximity-Dependent Mechanism

Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica is the only pathogen that consistently causes severe bronchopneumonia and rapid death of bighorn sheep (BHS; Ovis canadensis) under experimental conditions. Paradoxically, Bibersteinia (Pasteurella) trehalosi and Pasteurella multocida have been isolated from BHS pneumonic lungs much more frequently than M. haemolytica. These observations suggest that there may be an interaction between these bacteria, and we hypothesized that B. trehalosi overgrows or otherwise inhibits the growth of M. haemolytica. Growth curves (monoculture) demonstrated that B. trehalosi has a shorter doubling time ( approximately 10 min versus approximately 27 min) and consistently achieves 3-log higher cell density (CFU/ml) compared to M. haemolytica. During coculture M. haemolytica growth was inhibited when B. trehalosi entered stationary phase (6 h) resulting in a final cell density for M. haemolytica that was 6 to 9 logs lower than expected with growth in the absence of B. trehalosi. Coculture supernatant failed to inhibit M. haemolytica growth on agar or in broth, indicating no obvious involvement of lytic phages, bacteriocins, or quorum-sensing systems. This observation was confirmed by limited growth inhibition of M. haemolytica when both pathogens were cultured in the same media but separated by a filter (0.4-microm pore size) that limited contact between the two bacterial populations. There was significant growth inhibition of M. haemolytica when the populations were separated by membranes with a pore size of 8 mum that allowed free contact. These observations demonstrate that B. trehalosi can both outgrow and inhibit M. haemolytica growth with the latter related to a proximity- or contact-dependent mechanism.
On the simultaneous estimation of poles and zeros in speech analysis

Kopec, Oppenheim, and Tribolet have described a homomorphic technique for producing, from a speech signal, a minimum-phase estimate of the vocal-tract impulse response. Once such an estimate has been obtained, the problem of modeling the vocal tract with a pole-zero model is a classical one in nonlinear estimation theory. It is shown in this paper that Shanks' method, Kalman's method, and the iterative prefiltering method are all different linearizations of the same nonlinear problem, and the iterative prefiltering method is proposed as an approach to estimating the poles and zeros of the vocal-tract transfer function simultaneously. A simulation is described which shows the advantage of estimating poles and zeros simultaneously rather than sequentially as in Shanks' method. A preliminary example of application to real speech is also given.
Gene expression atlas of the mouse central nervous system: impact and interactions of age, energy intake and gender

Background The structural and functional complexity of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is organized and modified by complicated molecular signaling processes that are poorly understood.
The 5′-Deiodinases Are Not Essential for the Fasting-Induced Decrease in Circulating Thyroid Hormone Levels in Male Mice: Possible Roles for the Type 3 Deiodinase and Tissue Sequestration of Hormone

Fasting in rodents is characterized by decreases in serum T4 and T3 levels but no compensatory increase in serum TSH level. The types 1 and 2 deiodinases (D1 and D2) are postulated to play key roles in mediating these changes. However, serum T4 and T3 levels in fasted 5'-deiodinase-deficient mice decreased by at least the same percentage as that observed in wild-type mice, whereas serum TSH level was unaffected. D3 activity was increased in kidney, muscle, and liver up to 4-fold during fasting, and the mean serum rT3 level was increased 3-fold in fasted D1-deficient mice, compared with fed animals. In wild-type mice, the tissue contents of T4 and T3 in liver, kidney, and muscle were unchanged or increased in fasted animals, and after the administration of [(125)I]T4 or [(125)I]T3, the radioactive content in the majority of tissues from fasted mice was increased 2- or 4-fold, respectively. These findings suggest that the observed fasting-induced reductions in the circulating T3 and T4 levels are mediated in part by increased D3 activity and by the sequestration of thyroid hormone and their metabolites in tissues. Studies performed in D3-deficient mice demonstrating a blunting of the fasting-induced decrease in serum T4 and T3 levels were consistent with this thesis. Thus, the systemic changes in thyroid hormone economy as a result of acute food deprivation are not dependent on the D1 or D2 but are mediated in part by sequestration of T4 and T3 in tissues and their enhanced metabolism by the D3.
Osseous landmarks of the femoral attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament: an anatomic study.

Purpose: Anatomic tunnel placement is critical to the success of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the osseous landmarks of femoral attachment of the ACL. Methods: The femoral attachment of the ACL was studied histologically in seven human fetuses, arthroscopically in 60 patients who underwent ACL surgery, and grossly in 16 cadaveric knees. Three-dimensional laser digitizer pictures of the cadaveric specimens were taken to quantify length, area, and angulations of the femoral attachment of the ACL. Results: Two different osseous landmarks were detected. An osseous ridge that runs from proximal to distal ends was present in all the arthroscopic patients and cadaveric knees. It was named "lateral intercondylar ridge." Another osseous landmark between the femoral attachment of the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles running from anterior to posterior was observed in 6 out of 7 fetuses, 49 out of 60 arthroscopic patients, and 13 out of 16 cadaveric knees. It was named "lateral bifurcate ridge." A change of slope between the femoral attachment of the AM and PL bundles was observed in all specimens studied. The femoral attachment of the AM bundle formed an angle with the PL bundle of 27.6° ± 8.8° and a radius of curvature of 25.7 ± 12 mm. The area of the entire ACL footprint, AM, and PL bundle was 196.8 ± 23.1 mm 2 , 120 ± 19 mm 2 , and 76.8 ± 15 mm 2 , respectively. Conclusions: The ACL femoral attachment has a unique topography with a constant presence of the lateral intercondylar ridge and often an osseous ridge between AM and PL femoral attachment, the lateral bifurcate ridge. Clinical Relevance: These findings may assist surgeons to perform ACL surgery in a more anatomic fashion.
Managing usual and unexpected pain with physical disability: a qualitative analysis.

Objective With physical disabilities, persons often experience secondary pain that adds to restrictions in activity and participation. We investigated pain-management strategies used by those with physical disabilities. Method Qualitative phenomenological inquiry was used in multiple interviews with (N= 28) adults with physical disabilities (9 with amputation, 7 with cerebral palsy, and 12 with spinal cord injury) and subsequent thematic analysis. Results Among those with physical disabilities, a distinction is made between usual and unexpected pains. Usual pain is experienced consistently or as a consequence of not getting adequate rest, exercise, or stress-free time. Managing usual pain involves uses of prevention (e.g., exercise/fitness) and/or pragmatic actions through scheduling and pacing daily activities and taking interim retreats. Unexpected pain is experienced periodically and requires an immediate response and change of activity. To manage, persons describe making efforts to create a mind and body disassociation, activating safety nets to support function and alleviate pain, and making decisions to persevere with activity and participation. Conclusion Advising those with physical disabilities to do proactive planning for both usual and unexpected pain may help them to use varied pain-management strategies to enhance function and minimize negative impacts on participation.
Tumor associated macrophages enhance the establishment and growth of prostate cancer bone metastasis

2458 Objectives: The progressive growth of androgen-independent metastases is a major cause of death from prostate cancer. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by tumor cells correlates with tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Since prostate cancer bone metastases are infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) that can produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) which up-regulates expression of IL-6, we determined whether TAM can facilitate the establishment and growth of human prostate cancer bone metastasis in nude mice. Materials and Methods: Human prostate cancer, PC-3MM2 cells were transfected with IL-6 small inhibitory RNA (SiRNA) in a Lenti virus or control virus (mock transfected). The level of IL-6 produced by tumor cells and cells treated with IL-1 or TNF-α was determined by ELISA. In the first set of in vivo experiments, parental, SiRNA or mock transfected cells (2x10 5 )were injected into the tibia of male nude mice. Four weeks later, the mice were killed and necropsied. Tumor incidence and size, and incidence of lymph node metastasis were recorded. Bone structure was examined by digital radiography. The number of infiltrating tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) was determined by immunohistochemical staining for F4/80. In the second set of in vivo experiments, we depleted macrophages in recipient mice by serial intraperitoneal injections of clodronate-liposomes prior to the injection of PC-3MM2 parental, SiRNA and mock transfected cells into the tibia of nude mice. The mice were killed four weeks later and the data were recorded as described above. Results: Parental and mock transfected PC-3MM2 cells secreted IL-6. Exogenous TNF-α, but not IL-1, increased the production of IL-6 (p Conclusion: The results suggest that IL-6 secreted by prostate cancer cells is chemotactic to TAM and TNF-α produced by TAM can up-regulate the production of IL-6 by tumor cells. Since the increased level of IL-6 contributes to tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, the data recommend that TAM and IL-6 may be attractive targets for therapy of prostate cancer bone metastasis.
Dealing with Real Estate Booms and Busts

The global financial crisis changed the way we view macroeconomic policy, especially in the context of housing and mortgage markets. The main policy tenet in dealing with a real estate boom used to be 'benign neglect' (Bernanke (2002)): better to wait for the bust and pick up the pieces than to attempt to prevent the boom. Two assumptions underlie this advice: the belief that it is extremely difficult to identify unsustainable booms, or 'bubbles', in real time and the notion that the distortions associated with preventing a boom outweigh the costs of cleaning up after a bust. But the crisis has shown that post-bust policy intervention can be of limited effectiveness, and thus the costs associated with a bust can be daunting. While early intervention may engender its own distortions, it may be best to undertake policy action on the basis of a judgment call if there is a real risk that inaction could result in catastrophe. Yet a call for a more preventive policy action raises more questions than it provides answers to. What kind of indicators should trigger policy intervention to stop a real estate boom? If policymakers were fairly certain that intervention was warranted, what would be the policy tools at their disposal? What is their impact? What are their negative side effects and limitations? What practical issues would limit their use? This short paper explores these questions. It should be recognized at the outset that there is no silver bullet. A more proactive policy stance can help reduce the risks associated with real estate booms, but will inevitably entail costs and distortions, and its effectiveness will be limited by loopholes and implementation problems. With this in mind, we reach the following conclusions. Policy efforts should focus on booms that are financed through credit, and when leveraged institutions are directly involved, as the following busts tend to be more costly. In that context, monetary policy is too blunt and costly a tool to deal with the vulnerabilities associated with increased leverage, unless the boom occurs as a result of or at the same time as broader economic overheating. Fiscal tools may be, in principle, effective. But in practice they would likely create distortions and are difficult to use in a cyclical fashion. Macroprudential tools (such as limits on loan-to-value ratios) are the best candidates to deal with the dangers associated with real estate booms as they can be aimed directly at curbing leverage and strengthening the financial sector. But their careful design is crucial to minimize circumvention and regulatory arbitrage. Further, they will entail a cost to the extent that some agents find themselves rationed out of credit markets. In what follows, we first give a summary of how real estate boom-bust cycles may threaten financial and macroeconomic stability. Then we discuss different policy options to reduce the risks associated with real estate booms, drawing upon several country experiences (a more detailed analysis of country cases is in Crowe et al (2011). We conclude with a brief discussion of guiding principles in dealing with real estate booms.
A call for more research on ‘green’ or environmental advertising

‘Green’ advertising has received considerable attention from academics over the years and our knowledge of environmental issues and advertising has grown considerably as a result. The Journal of Ad...