cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Materials experience with tokamak plasmas

The primary effects of using various wall and limiter materials have been in the amount and kind of impurities they introduce into the plasma. The materials employed to date include gold, stainless steel, inconel, glass, alumina and titanium for first walls and carbon, stainless steel, inconel, alumina, silicon carbide, boron carbide, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium and tungsten for limiters and divertors. Limiter surfaces bear the brunt of the plasma bombardment and so typically introduce impurities far out of proportion to their relative size. The ratio of the bombarded limiter area to that of the first wall is of order 1 to 103. The effect of first wall materials per se on the plasma is often largely masked by coatings of foreign substances. Carbon and oxygen compounds are the most abundant impurities observed on walls with surface analysis techniques and this correlates well with plasma spectroscopic observations which show carbon and oxygen levels of 1–6% in typical tokamak plasmas. Metals with intermediate atomic numbers such as Fe, Ni, Cr and Ti usually constitute less than 1% of the plasma density. Limiters normally are the principal contributors to the heavy metal contamination observed in many plasmas. Plasma impurities act to reduce the energy stored in the plasma through line, bremsstrahlung and recombination radiationi Heavy metals are particularly bad since the radiated power is a strong function of the atomic number, ~Z3.7. As a consequence many tokamaks now employ either carbon or stainless steel limiters.
Career benefits associated with mentoring for mentors: A meta-analysis

Abstract Mentoring has been studied extensively as it is linked to protege career development and growth. Recent mentoring research is beginning to acknowledge however that mentors also can accrue substantial benefits from mentoring. A meta-analysis was conducted where the provision of career, psychosocial and role modeling mentoring support were associated with five types of subjective career outcomes for mentors: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intent, job performance, and career success. The findings indicated that mentors versus non-mentors were more satisfied with their jobs and committed to the organization. Providing career mentoring was most associated with career success, psychosocial mentoring with organizational commitment, and role modeling mentoring with job performance. Turnover intent was not linked significantly with any of the subjective career outcome variables. The findings support mentoring theory in that mentoring is reciprocal and collaborative and not simply beneficial for proteges. Longitudinal research is needed however to determine the degree to which providing mentoring impacts a mentor’s career over time. By alerting prospective mentors to the possible personal benefits of providing career, psychosocial, and role modeling mentoring support for proteges, HRD professionals can improve recruitment efforts for mentoring programs.
On Weil's proof of the bound for Kloosterman sums

Abstract While most proofs of the Weil bound on one-variable Kloosterman sums over finite fields are carried out in all characteristics, the original proof of this bound, by Weil, assumes the characteristic is odd. We show how to make Weil's argument work in even characteristic, for both ordinary Kloosterman sums and sums twisted by a multiplicative character.
Catechol-O-methyl transferase and monoamine oxidase activities in brains of mice susceptible and resistant to audiogenic seizures.

The activities of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and a methanol forming enzyme were studied in whole brain homogenates and in livers obtained from DBA/2J, C57B1/6J, and F1 hybrid mice. DBA/2J mice are extremely susceptible to audiogenic seizures, where as C57B1/6J mice are resistant to sound-induced convulsions. C57B1/6J mice were found to have significantly higher brain levels of COMT, while MAO activities were not different in animals of these genotypes. No methanol forming activity was detected in animals of either strain. No differences were found in hepatic activities of either COMT or MAO. Pyrogallol was shown to protect DBA/2J animals against audiogenic seizures.
The Reaction Mechanism for the Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization of l-Lactide Using a Guanidine-Based Catalyst: Hydrogen-Bonded or Covalently Bound?

We have investigated two alternative mechanisms for the ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide using a guanidine-based catalyst, the first involving acetyl transfer to the catalyst, and the second involving only hydrogen bonding to the catalyst. Using computational chemistry methods, we show that the hydrogen bonding pathway is considerably preferred over the acetyl transfer pathway and that this is consistent with experimental information.
Job‐shop Operations Reform: Strategies for Achieving Queueless Work Flow

Job‐shop operations, the emerging norm of industry, require reform of the management methods employed to achieve cost control and efficiency. Maximisation of capacity utilisation, the standard of efficiency for more than a century, does not work in the job shop. Queueless work flow and the flexible labour policies that support it offer potential for reform which can substantially enhance customer service and quality. Simulation of work flow and capacity to identify bottlenecks along with scheduling of set‐ups on a leadtime basis are potentially important supporting methodologies.
A naturalistic comparison of the effectiveness of methadone and two sublingual formulations of buprenorphine on maintenance treatment outcomes: Findings from a retrospective multisite study.

Objective This study sought to compare the effectiveness of the 3 most commonly prescribed maintenance medications in the United States indicated for the treatment of opioid dependence in reducing illicit drug use and retaining patients in treatment. Method Data were abstracted from electronic medical records for 3,233 patients admitted to 34 maintenance treatment facilities located throughout the United States during the period of July 1, 2012, through July 1, 2013. Patients were grouped into 1 of 3 medication categories based on their selection at intake (methadone [n = 2,738; M dosage = 64.64 mg/d, SD = 25.58], Suboxone [n = 102; M dosage = 9.75 mg/d, SD = 4.04], or Subutex [n = 393; M dosage = 12.21 mg/d, SD = 5.31]) and were studied through retrospective chart review for 6 months or until treatment discharge. Two measures of patient retention in treatment and urinalysis drug screen (UDS) findings for both opioids and various nonopioid substances comprised the study outcomes. Results The average length of stay (LOS) in terms of days in treatment for the methadone group (M = 169.86, SE = 5.02) was significantly longer than both the Subutex (M = 69.34, SE = 23.43) and Suboxone (M = 119.35, SE = 20.82) groups. The Suboxone group evinced a significantly longer average LOS relative to the Subutex group. After adjustment for relevant covariates, patients maintained on methadone were 3.73 times (95% confidence interval [CI]= 2.82-4.92) and 2.48 times (95% CI = 1.57-3.92) more likely to be retained in treatment at 6 months than patients prescribed Subutex and Suboxone, respectively. The 6-month prevalence rates of positive UDS findings for both opioids and nonopioid substances were similar across medication groups. Conclusions Comparable rates of illicit drug use at 6 months may be expected irrespective of maintenance medication, while increased retention may be expected for patients maintained on methadone relative to those maintained on Suboxone or Subutex.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HABITAT LOSS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR FAIRY SHRIMP IN THE CENTRAL VALLEY ECOREGION OF CALIFORNIA, USA

Combinations of habitat loss and climate change can alter the distribution of environmental conditions available to organisms. The magnitude and direction of these changes may have important implications for ecological processes and species persistence. This study explored the potential impacts of projected changes in climate and land-use for five fairy shrimp species (Crustacea: Anostraca) endemic to vernal pools in the Central Valley ecoregion of California, U.S.A. Scenarios describing habitat extent and climate were developed for 2040 and 2100 and compared to a 1990’s baseline. Hydrologic conditions in vernal pools were found to be sensitive to projected climate changes, and, in the absence of habitat loss, warmer temperatures and greater winter precipitation would drive vernal pools toward longer, more frequent periods of inundation. However, existing biological reserves for three of the five species are biased toward drier areas and if unprotected habitat were lost, the net change in hydrologic conditions would be reversed with remaining habitat providing shorter, less frequent inundations. Species with unbiased representation in reserves do not show this reversal, and they have predictable shifts in hydrologic conditions. These results demonstrate the importance of biologically and climatically representative reserve systems under climate change and habitat loss.
Updatable and evolvable transforms for virtual databases

Applications typically have some local understanding of a database schema, a virtual database that may differ significantly from the actual schema of the data where it is stored. Application engineers often support a virtual database using custom-built middleware because the available solutions, including updatable views, are unable to express necessary capabilities. We propose an alternative means of mapping a virtual database to a physical database that guarantees they remain synchronized under data or schema updates against the virtual schema. One constructs a mapping by composing channel transformations (CTs) that encapsulate atomic transformations --- including complex transformations such as pivoting --- with known updatability properties. Applications, query interfaces, and any other services can behave as if the virtual database is the implemented schema. We describe how CTs translate queries, DML, and DDL, and the properties that are necessary for such translation to be correct. We describe two example CTs in detail, and evaluate an implementation of channels for completeness and performance.
Ethnicity, Race, And American Foreign Policy: A History

This book sheds a disconcerting light on a familiar history, contending that ethnoracial considerations and especially British-American ethnocentrism have often taken priority over morality, ideology, and other factors in determining U.S. foreign policy.
Alcohol and drug‐related effects on development: A new emphasis on contextual factors

The articles in this special issue bring together two lines of research that reflect different perspectives on the effects of parental alcohol and drug abuse—the long-term impact of teratogenic insult due to prenatal exposure and the developmental risks associated with being reared by a substance-abusing parent. These articles reflect major methodological advances, including the use of moderator variables—particularly, parental psychopathology and child temperament—for detecting the adverse impact of parental substance abuse on child outcome. In several articles, more comprehensive sets of control variables are considered than in prior studies, and investigators examine the use of aggregate and cumulative risk factors in an attempt to better model underlying conditions of risk. Another advance is that most of these studies recognize the importance of quantifying levels of prenatal alcohol and drug exposure. In focusing our attention simultaneously on prenatal exposure, parental substance abuse and comorbid psychopathology, child temperament, and contextual factors, these studies offer a better understanding of the complex interrelated influences of risk factors on the child's cognitive and socio-emotional development. © 2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Thermophysical properties of atjs graphite at high temperatures

Abstract The spectral emittance (0.65μ), total hemispherical emittance, electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of Grade ATJS Graphite from about 1200 to 2400°K has been measured using a multi-purpose thermophysical properties apparatus.
Exchange transfusion as a treatment for hyperleukocytosis, anemia, and metabolic abnormalities in a patient with leukemia.

AN ELEVATED LEUKOCYTE COUNT ( > 20,000/mm ~) at the time of diagnosis of leukemia makes long-term survival from this disease unlikely? An extreme leukocytosis imposes more immediate and potentially catastrophic problems associated with both increased cellular catabolism and increased blood viscosity. Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperuricemia are well-known complications of treatment of leukemia and lymphoma.~_. 3 Other sequelae of markedly elevated leukocyte counts include disseminated intravascular coagulation, and intracerebral hemorrhage associated with perivascular infiltration of cells and increased blood viscosity. 4~ These latter phenomena have been generally associated with acute granulocytic leukemia in adults. However, in a recent study, in which six of nine children with markedly elevated leukocyte counts died prior to initiating therapy, four of six had acute lymphocytic l eukemia? One approach to avoiding the problems associated with hyperleukocytosis has been to perform leukapheresis. 7~ Other authorities have suggested immediate cranial radiation or early initiation of therapy with cyclophosphamide or hydroxyurea2 1o Leukapheresis requires special equipment, a minimal size (age) of the patient, does not correct existing metabolic imbalances, and has been associated with infection, hypovolemic shock, and thrombocytopenia.1 . . . . We report on a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia and hyperleukocytosis in whom exchange transfusion acutely reduced leukemic cell burden and simultaneously corrected metabolic imbalances, anemia, and heart failure.
The scientific basis of surgical glove selection in an in vitro fertilization laboratory.

Mouse embryos and human sperm are used as quality control bioassays in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories. These two models can reveal the cytotoxicty of items commonly used in IVF, such as surgical gloves. The literature published in this area points to the cytotoxicity of both glove powders and glove products.
Usefulness of Left Ventricular End-Systolic Dimension by Echocardiography to Predict Reverse Remodeling in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Severe Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

In many patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, the LV ejection fraction (LVEF)—a surrogate for reverse remodeling—fails to improve despite optimal medical therapy. The early identification of such patients would allow instituting aggressive treatment, including early therapy with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. We sought to establish the predictors of reverse remodeling in patients with LV systolic dysfunction receiving optimal medical therapy. Patients (n = 568) with newly documented LVEF of ≤0.35, who had ≥1 follow-up echocardiogram after ≥3 months, were evaluated. Reverse remodeling was defined as improvement in LVEF to >0.35. The clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data were compared between patients with (n = 263) and without (n = 305) reverse remodeling. The mean follow-up was 27 ± 16 months. Patients who demonstrated reverse remodeling had a significantly greater mean follow-up LVEF (0.51 ± 0.09 vs 0.25 ± 0.08; p
A Program for the Management of Fish Resources in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract Ideal natural stream conditions exist over the greater part of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and carefully planned management measures are in operation. Fishes taken for sport and food are the eastern brook trout, rainbow trout, smallmouth black bass and rock bass. Rainbow trout are used to fill the gap between the waters capable of supporting eastern brook trout and those in which smallmouth bass are native. Native species are stocked in virgin waters, in research areas, and in streams where rainbow trout are not well established. A modern trout hatchery, operated by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, and thirty-five concrete rearing pools make up the physical plant. More rearing pools are planned. All stocking has been done in the fall, but later at least part of the fish may be planted in the spring prior to the opening of the fishing season. The prohibition of natural baits insures the preservation of native stream organisms and prevents the introduction of undesirable exotic species. A cr...
Optical coherence tomography used for security and fingerprint-sensing applications

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging technology for high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of three-dimensional structures. In the past, OCT systems have been used mainly for medical applications, especially ophthalmological diagnostics. As the OCT system is capable of exploring the internal features of an object, the authors apply OCT technology to document security and fingerprint-based biometrics by directly retrieving the two-dimensional information form of a multiple-layer information carrier and internal human body objects. Since a typical depth-resolution of an OCT system is of micrometre scale, an information carrier having a volume of 20 mm×20 mm×2 mm could contain 200 mega-pixel images. On other hand, the technologies used in conventional biometrics can be easily fooled and tampered with by using artificial dummies, because these ID features are extracted only from the surface of the skin. Hence the use of OCT to explore the internal biometrics becomes increasingly important.
Estimating the proportion of intracranial aneurysms likely to be amenable to treatment with the pipeline embolization device

Objective A study was undertaken to estimate the fraction of intracranial aneurysms that might be amenable to treatment with the pipeline embolization device (PED), a current flow diverter device, and to determine the types of aneurysms that are probably not amenable to treatment with this device. Methods A retrospective analysis of 200 consecutive intracranial aneurysms as seen on three-dimensional rotational angiography images was conducted. Based on aneurysm and parent artery morphology, four independent observers experienced in the use of the PED judged the likelihood that a given aneurysm could theoretically be treated with one or more PED using a 5-point scale: grades 1 and 2 indicated amenability to treatment with multiple devices; grade 3 indicated amenability to treatment with one device; and grades 4 and 5 indicated the aneurysm would not be amenable to treatment with the PED. Aneurysms were analyzed on the basis of anatomical factors only. Rupture status was not considered. Interobserver agreement was determined. Results 94 of 200 aneurysms (47%) were judged to be likely to be amenable to treatment with the PED; 50 cases (25%) were judged to be amenable to the use of multiple overlapping devices while, in 44 cases (22%), coverage with a single device was preferred. There was a significant relationship between the location of the aneurysm and the grade of the aneurysm (p Conclusion On the basis of anatomical configuration, nearly half of the aneurysms in this study were likely to be amenable to treatment with the PED.
Use of organic cosmotropic solutes to crystallize flexible proteins: application to T7 RNA polymerase and its complex with the inhibitor T7 lysozyme.

Abstract We have crystallized, using several approaches that may be of general interest, T7 RNA polymerase (T7RP) and the T7 RNA polymerase-T7 lysozyme complex (T7RPL) in forms suitable for structure determination by X-ray crystallography. A series of polyhydric alcohols, sugars, amino and methylamino acids, compounds known to stabilize protein structure, were found to be critical for both crystallization and subsequent improvement of the crystal’s diffraction resolution. Moreover, optimal crystallogenesis was achieved through an unconventional “reverse” vapor diffusion sitting drop method that is suitable for proteins that are insoluble at low ionic strength. T7RP has been crystallized in an orthorhombic form (I), space group P 222, with cell parameters a = 220 A, b = 205 A, c = 67 A and a monoclinic form (II), space group P 21, with cell parameters a = 229 A, b = 205 A, c = 70 A, β = 106°. Crystal form I diffracts X-rays to 3.5 A and form II to 6.0 A. Three and six copies of the polymerase are predicted to be in the asymmetric unit forms I and II, respectively. Three monoclinic crystal forms of the T7RPL complex have been obtained in space group C 2. Form I has cell parameters a = 320 A, b = 93 A, c = 229 A, β = 129°, form II has parameters a = 293 A, b = 93 A,c = 68 A, β = 93°, and form III has parameters a = 270 A, b = 93 A, c = 63 A, β = 103°. Crystal form I diffracts synchrotron wiggler radiation to 3.2 A and form III to 2.8 A. Calculations of crystal density imply three or four copies of the complex in form I and one copy in the asymmetric unit of forms II and III.
Purification of relaxin by ion exchange resins.

The preparation of relaxin extracts from pregnant sow ovaries is described. Studies with ion exchange resins show that relaxin is a neutral substance. By the concomitant use of strong cationic and strong anionic ion exchange resins, a shortened extraction procedure was devised which allows the removal of most of the extraneous nitrogenous content of the relaxin extracts.
The structure of nonpremixed methyl chloride and methyl chloride/methane air flames near extinction

Abstract Experimental measurements are conducted to determine the structure of counterflow halogenated flames near extinction. The flames are simulated using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism. Two flames are studied, one burning methyl chloride, and the other an equimolar mixture of methane and methyl chloride as fuel. The measured velocity, temperature, and species composition profiles are compared with the calculations. Whereas there is overall good agreement between the measurements and predictions, it appears that methyl chloride consumption occurs at a rate slower than predicted, and some areas of further refinement in the kinetic mechanism are identified.
The e-Duke Scholarly Collection: e-book v. print use

Purpose – The aim of this study is to compare print and e-book use for identical titles in the e-Duke Scholarly Collection (e-DSC) from 2011 to 2013 to determine format preference for a discrete collection of titles in humanities and social sciences. Design/methodology/approach – Use statistics for the e-DSC were downloaded from the e-book platform by title and call number to determine use by title and subject. Circulation statistics were culled from the library’s integrated library system for the same titles to compare e-book use to that of the same print title. Findings – Although e-books had a high number of titles with use as a per cent of the collection, examination of substantive use shows a slight preference for print. While 73 per cent of the e-books garnered enough interest to click on them, only 12 per cent had substantive use. Research limitations/implications – The e-DSC changed platforms in December 2013. The new platform does not require users to create an account to download e-book sections...
The biology of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: opportunities for therapeutic interventions.

While great strides have been made in the improvement of outcome for newly diagnosed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) due to refinements in risk stratification and selective intensification of therapy, the prognosis for relapsed leukemia has lagged behind significantly. Understanding the underlying biological pathways responsible for drug resistance is essential to develop novel approaches for the prevention of recurrence and treatment of relapsed disease. High throughput genomic technologies have the potential to revolutionize cancer care in this era of personalized medicine. Using such advanced technologies, we and others have shown that a diverse assortment of cooperative genetic and epigenetic events drive the resistant phenotype. Herein, we summarize results using a variety of genomic technologies to highlight the power of this methodology in providing insight into the biological mechanisms that impart resistant disease.
Phenacenes: a family of graphite ribbons. Part 3: Iterative strategies for the synthesis of large phenacenes

Abstract Iterative strategies are reported for the synthesis of some large monodisperse [n]phenacenes, which are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives having n benzene rings fused in an extended phenanthrene-like structural motif. The key carbon–carbon bond-forming steps involve either Wittig or McMurry coupling reactions to give diarylethylenes, and oxidative photocyclizations of those diarylethylenes. tert-Butyl substituents on the phenacene framework serve as solubilizing groups.
A model of active prominences

A one-dimensional numerical model of active loop prominences is investigated. The model includes the effects of gravity, the geometry of the magnetic field, and conduction losses to the chromosphere. Calculations indicate that, as originally proposed by Goldsmith, the thermal instability mechanism is, by itself, sufficient to account for the appearance of bright H-alpha knots in postflare loops. Under certain conditions, initial perturbations in the loop temperature and density profiles of small, but finite, amplitude (approximately 5%) and large size scale (greater than or approximately equal to 10 to the 9th cm) can grow into condensations with temperature and density differences of over an order of magnitude and size scales of less than 10 to the 8th cm. In agreement with observations, the conditions that must be satisfied are such that loop prominence systems are likely to occur only in large flares and such that knots preferentially form at the tops of loops. The velocities, densities, and lifetimes calculated for the loop material are also in agreement with observations. It is concluded that in order for H-alpha knots to occur, heating of some form must continue into the late cooling phase of a flare loop, and that this heating is more intense near the loop base than near the apex.
p53-Dependent Apoptosis in the Inhibition of Spermatogonial Differentiation in Juvenile Spermatogonial Depletion (Utp14bjsd) Mice

In adult male mice homozygous for the juvenile spermatogonial depletion (Utp14b jsd) mutation in the Utp14b gene, type A spermatogonia proliferate, but in the presence of testosterone and at scrotal temperatures, these spermatogonia undergo apoptosis just before differentiation. In an attempt to delineate this apoptotic pathway in jsd mice and specifically address the roles of p53- and Fas ligand (FasL) /Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis, we produced jsd mice deficient in p53, Fas, or FasL. Already at the age of 5 wk, less degeneration of spermatogenesis was observed in p53-null-jsd mice than jsd single mutants, and in 8- or 12-wk-old mice, the percentage of seminiferous tubules showing differentiated germ cells [tubule differentiation index (TDI)] was 26-29% in the p53-null-jsd mice, compared with 2-4% in jsd mutants with normal p53. The TDI in jsd mice heterozygous for p53 showed an intermediate TDI of 8-13%. The increase in the differentiated tubules in double-mutant and p53 heterozygous jsd mice was mostly attributable to intermediate and type B spermatogonia; few spermatocytes were present. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling staining showed that most of these differentiated spermatogonia still underwent apoptosis, thereby blocking further continuation of spermatogenesis. In contrast, the percentage of tubules that were differentiated was not significantly altered in either adult Fas null-jsd mice or adult FasL defective gld-jsd double mutant mice as compared with jsd single mutants. Furthermore, caspase-9, but not caspase-8 was immunochemically localized in the adult jsd mice spermatogonia undergoing apoptosis. The results show that p53, but not FasL or Fas, is involved in the apoptosis of type A spermatogonia before/during differentiation in jsd mice that involves the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. However, apoptosis in the later stages must be a p53-independent process.
Toward Version 7 of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care: Psychological Assessment and Approaches to Treatment

ABSTRACT In the previous issue of the International Journal of Transgenderism, I reviewed the history of the development of the Standards of Care (SOC) of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), formerly the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (Coleman, 2009). In considering the next revision of the SOC, a number of articles were commissioned to examine various parts of the current WPATH SOC and to review the literature pertaining to those sections. These papers were designed to (1) review the evidence (and provide us with references), (2) point out where research is lacking and needed, and (3) make possible recommendations (significant and cosmetic) to the SOC based upon new evidence. This article introduces the second set of articles pertaining to psychological assessment and approaches to treatment.
Age and Sex Differences in the Cooperative and Noncooperative Behavior of Pairs of American Children

Game playing behavior of same and mixed sex pairs of 5-, 8-, and 11-year-old American children was compared, using a game in which cooperative behavior maximized reward. Pairs of 8- and 11-year-old children were relatively more cooperative and attained significantly more Joint Reward Goals than 5-year-old pairs. Older pairs were not maximally cooperative, however, in terms of all the dependent measures; in adjusting for initial differences on practice trials, 5-year-olds and 8-year-olds took less time than the 11-year-olds, and 11-year-old pairs of boys took significantly more time than all other pairs. In addition, cooperative behavior increased across trials, especially for the 11-year-old children.
Factorization for one-loop corrections in the Drell-Yan process

Abstract We study all the one-loop corrections to the Drell-Yan process in QCD, including gluon exchanges involving spectator partons. Our method demonstrates weak factorization at measured dimuon Q T , and is suitable for generalization to higher orders.
The role of CCR7 in TH1 and TH2 cell localization and delivery of B cell help in vivo.

Subsets of murine CD4+ T cells localize to different areas of the spleen after adoptive transfer. Naive and T helper 1 (TH1) cells, which express the chemokine receptor CCR7, are home to the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, whereas activated TH2 cells, which lack CCR7, form rings at the periphery of the T cell zones near B cell follicles. Retroviral transduction of TH2 cells with CCR7 forces them to localize in a TH1-like pattern and inhibits their participation in B cell help in vivo but not in vitro. Thus, differential expression of chemokine receptors results in unique cellular migration patterns that are important for effective immune responses.
The Dyck Language Edit Distance Problem in Near-Linear Time

Given a string σ over alphabet Σ and a grammar G defined over the same alphabet, how many minimum number of repairs (insertions, deletions and substitutions) are required to map σ into a valid member of G? The seminal work of Aho and Peterson in 1972 initiated the study of this language edit distance problem providing a dynamic programming algorithm for context free languages that runs in O(|G|2n3) time, where n is the string length and |G| is the grammar size. While later improvements reduced the running time to O(|G|n3), the cubic time complexity on the input length held a major bottleneck for applying these algorithms to their multitude of applications. In this paper, we study the language edit distance problem for a fundamental context free language, DYCK(s) representing the language of well-balanced parentheses of s different types, that has been pivotal in the development of formal language theory. We provide the very first it near-linear time} algorithm to tightly approximate the DYCK(s) language edit distance problem for any arbitrary s. DYCK(s) language edit distance significantly generalizes the well-studied string edit distance problem, and appears in most applications of language edit distance ranging from data quality in databases, generating automated error-correcting parsers in compiler optimization to structure prediction problems in biological sequences. Its nondeterministic counterpart is known as the hardest context free language. Our main result is an algorithm for edit distance computation to DYCK(s) for any positive integer s that runs in O(n1+ e polylog(n)) time and achieves an approximation factor of O(1/eβ(n)log|OPT|), for any e > 0. Here OPT is the optimal edit distance to DYCK(s) and β(n) is the best approximation factor known for the simpler problem of string edit distance running in analogous time. If we allow O(n1+e+|OPT|2ne) time, then the approximation factor can be reduced to O(1/e log|OPT|). Since the best known near-linear time algorithm for the string edit distance problem has β(n) = polylog(n), under near-linear time computation model both DYCK(s) language and string edit distance problems have polylog(n) approximation factors. This comes as a surprise since the former is a significant generalization of the latter and their exact computations via dynamic programming show a stark difference in time complexity. Rather less surprisingly, we show that the framework for efficiently approximating edit distance to DYCK(s) can be utilized for many other languages. We illustrate this by considering various memory checking languages (studied extensively under distributed verification) such as stack, queue, PQ and DEQUE which comprise of valid transcripts of stacks, queues, priority queues and double-ended queues respectively. Therefore, any language that can be recognized by these data structures, can also be repaired efficiently by our algorithm.
What can humans learn from flies about adenomatous polyposis coli

Somatic or inherited mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are a frequent cause of colorectal cancer in humans. APC protein has an important tumor suppression function to reduce cellular levels of the signaling protein β-catenin and, thereby, inhibit β-catenin and T-cell-factor-mediated gene expression. In addition, APC protein binds to microtubules in vertebrate cells and localizes to actin-rich adherens junctions in epithelial cells of the fruit fly Drosophila (Fig. 1). Very little is known, however, about the function of these cytoskeletal associations. Recently, Hamada and Bienz have described a potential role for Drosophila E-APC in cellular adhesion,1 which offers new clues to APC function in embryonic development, and potentially colorectal adenoma formation and tumor progression in humans. BioEssays 24:771–774, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learned helplessness: Now you see it, now you don’t

Eleven active avoidance tests of “leamed helplessness” were run on rats to determine the feasibility of using the paradigm as an analog of depression. In two experiments, the avoidance task required a barpress response. In the remaining experiments, a one- or two-way shuttle response was required. Numbers of trials, shock level, shock time, and several other aspects were varied. In seven cases, the “helpless” animals took marginally longer to learn. In four cases, the reverse was true. The differences between groups did not reach statistical significance in any of the 11 experiments. The authors concluded that “learned helplessness,” in rats, is too sensitive to minor procedural changes to constitute a good paradigm for the study of depression.
Interventional Program in Bacteremia in an Adult ICU of Chilean Teaching Hospital, 9-Year Follow-Up

Abstract ISSUE: Bacteremia (BAC) associated with central venous catheters (CVCs) is frequent in critical patients and increases costs and risk of death during hospitalization. The objective of this work was to evaluate results of an interventional program in BAC associated to CVCs in an adult ICU. PROJECT: During 1994–2002, an interventional program in bacteremia was established. It was based in three strategies: 1) inform and discuss the ICU rates of CVC-associated BAC, 2) inform the results of supervision, and 3) educational program to health personnel. Surveillance was done according to NNIS definitions. RESULTS: We surveilled 1799 patients with indwelling CVCs during this period (10,721 catheter days), 54 of them developed BAC (5/1000 catheter day). Average catheterization time was 15.9 days in patients with BAC, compared to 5.7 days in patients without infection (p=0.000764). The rate of CVC-associated BAC between 1994 and 1997 was 7.0 cases/1000 CVC days, which was reduced during 1998–2002 to 3.5 (OR 0.51 IC 0.29–0.87, p=0.018). There where 352 observations done, assessing techniques for insertion and care of CVC. Currently, fulfillment of recommended guidelines to prevent CVC-associated bacteremia is almost 100% for maximal sterile barriers precautions, handwashing, protection and care of insertion site, and connections replacement. CONCLUSION: We observed a significative reduction in the risk of CVC-associated bacteremia as improvement of practices dealing with CVC management was completely fulfilled. Catheterization time is significatively higher in patients with bacteremia.
Nitric oxide and short-term hibernation: friend or foe?

Subendocardial blood flow (as a surrogate of regional oxygen consumption) and myocardial function are closely coupled during acute myocardial ischemia.1 2 Whereas severe ischemia results in the rapid onset of irreversible injury, viability in the face of moderate levels of acute ischemia can be maintained for several hours.3 A uniform finding during moderate steady-state ischemia is the fact that the myocardium is able to restore a balance between a limited blood supply and demand by exquisite coupling between local flow and metabolism. Thus, the transient increases in myocardial lactate and reductions in creatine phosphate and ATP at the onset of ischemia gradually return toward normal over a period of hours.4 5 The intrinsic mechanism by which myocytes are able to metabolically adapt and match function to a reduced level of flow and oxygen delivery has remained elusive, and the phenomenon has become known as “short-term hibernation.”3 Nitric oxide (NO) is a potential candidate for such regulation because it is capable of modulating contractile function under a variety of circumstances. It has become increasingly apparent that the biological actions of NO in the heart are quite complex. The effects on contractility vary among experimental preparations, and they are highly concentration-dependent. Part of this variability undoubtedly reflects the complex cellular distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the partitioning of isoforms within particular subcellular compartments of the cardiac myocyte. As a result, local cardiac function can be modulated via NO originating from several sources. Coronary flow and shear stress stimulates NOS3 (or endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS]), which produces NO that can diffuse from the vascular endothelium to affect cardiac myocyte function and metabolism in a paracrine fashion. On the basis of this mechanism, it is somewhat counterintuitive that NOS activity and cardiac NO production increase during ischemia. …
Calabi–Yau metrics and string compactification

Abstract Yau proved an existence theorem for Ricci-flat Kahler metrics in the 1970s, but we still have no closed form expressions for them. Nevertheless there are several ways to get approximate expressions, both numerical and analytical. We survey some of this work and explain how it can be used to obtain physical predictions from superstring theory.
Crossing the limbs: a useful adjunct for successful deployment of the AneuRx stent-graft.

Purpose:To describe a technique for deploying an AneuRx stent-graft in an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with an acutely angled aortic neck.Technique:In routine cases, the AneuRx stent-graft main body is positioned with the nose cone notch facing the contralateral side. In severely angulated aortic necks, however, the main body of the AneuRx stent-graft can be positioned with the nose cone notch and iliac limb gate facing the ipsilateral side; this dramatically reduces the acuity of the angle at the aortic neck and the iliac gate. This technique of “crossing the limbs” has been successfully used in 7 cases since FDA approval of the AneuRx device.Conclusions:Proximal neck angulation is an important factor for successful endovascular AAA repair. Crossing the graft limbs reduces the effect of neck angulation on the proximal main body and may decrease the stress upon the contralateral limb gate, which may avoid graft gate disconnection and endoleak.
Review of the classical methods for the determination of geodetic datums

The paper examines some of the theoretical and practical aspects of (1) the relationship between the natural (astronomic) and the geometric sets of geodetic coordinates, expressed through the parameters of the geodetic datum, and (2) the reduction of the geometric and natural observations to their appropriate reference surfaces, that is, a rotational ellipsoid and the geoid, respectively. The distinction between absolute and astrogeodetic (relative) geodetic datums is made and the chief considerations for the reduction of observations are examined. Datum transformation and network distortions are discussed on the example of North American Datum 1927.
Monte Carlo Analysis for Spacecraft Thermal Protection System Design

This paper demonstrates a Monte Carlo analysis technique to establish margins on sizing a thermal protection system and identifies the chief sources of uncertainty in the material response modeling. Monte Carlo sensitivity and uncertainty studies are performed for the thermal protection systems of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule, Mars Exploration Rovers, and X-37 wing leading edge, using the Fully Implicit Ablation and Thermal response code. The computation results are presented and discussed in detail. It shows that a Monte Carlo approach provides more insight than the traditional Root-Sum-Square method into the relationship between the thickness margin of a thermal protection system and the probability of maintaining the temperature of the underlying material within specified requirements. Nomenclature erfi = inverse error function N = total number of samples R = random number x = input parameters y = output of interests σ = standard deviation * σ = mean x
Heart failure progression is accelerated following myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic rats

Clinical studies have shown a greater incidence of myocardial infarction in diabetic patients, and following an infarction, diabetes is associated with an increased risk for the development of left...
Hormones as regulators of brain development: life‐long effects related to health and disease

The life-long interplay between genes and the environment is instrumental in shaping the structure and function of the body, and these interactions apply to the brain as a plastic and ever-changing organ of the body. Hormones are key regulators of gene expression throughout the body, and the actions of hormones on the brain are instrumental in shaping sex differences and in determining the effects of stress on brain function, including the rate of brain aging. This article also introduces a new term, allostatic load, to describe the cost of adaptation to stressors. Allostasis (stability through change) refers to the output of hormones and autonomic regulators that help to maintain homeostasis, and allostatic load is the consequence of the overactivity of these systems when they are not shut off properly or are forced to be hyperactive by stressors. Key brain areas like the hippocampus are vital to the processing of information that affects how each individual adapts to and responds to potentially stressful life events, and the response of the brain through its control of endocrine and autonomic function in turn determines the degree of allostatic load that an individual will experience. This allostatic load in turn works with the intrinsic genetic susceptibility to determine the progression toward declining health.
Digital Fractional Order Savitzky-Golay Differentiator and Its Application

Firstly the one-dimension digital fractional order Savitzky-Golay differentiator (1-D DFOSGD), which generalizes the Savitzky-Golay filter from the integer order to the fractional order, is proposed to estimate the fractional order derivative of the noisy signal. The polynomial least square fitting technology and the Riemann-Liouville fractional order derivative definition are used to ensure robust and accuracy. Experiments demonstrate that 1-D DFOSGD can estimate the fractional order derivatives of both ideal signal and noisy signal accurately. Secondly, the two-dimension DFOSGD is obtained from 1-D DFOSGD by defining a group of direction operators, and a new image enhancing method based on 2-D DFOSGD is presented. Experiments demonstrate that 2-D DFOSGD has very good performance on image enhancement.© 2011 ASME
Analysis and minimization of power-transmission loss in locally daisy-chained systems by local energy buffering

Power-transmission loss can be a severe problem for low-power embedded systems organized in a daisy-chain topology. The loss can be so high that it can result in failure to power the load in the first place. The first contribution of this article is a recursive algorithm for solving the transmission current on each segment of the daisy chain at a given supply voltage. It enables solving not only the transmission loss but also reports infeasible configurations if the voltage is too low. Using this core algorithm, our second contribution is to find energy-efficient configurations that use local energy buffers (LEBs) to eliminate peak load on the bus without relying on high voltage. Experimental results confirm that our proposed techniques significantly reduce the total energy consumption and enable the deployed system to operate for significantly longer.
ErbB3 Ablation Impairs PI3K/Akt-Dependent Mammary Tumorigenesis

The ErbB receptor family member ErbB3 has been implicated in breast cancer growth but it has yet to be determined whether its disruption is therapeutically valuable. In a mouse model of mammary carcinoma driven by the polyomavirus middle T (PyVmT) oncogene, the ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib reduced the activation of ErbB3 and Akt along with tumor cell growth. In this phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent tumor model, ErbB2 is part of a complex containing PyVmT, p85 (PI3K), ErbB3, and Src, that is disrupted by treatment with lapatinib. Thus, full engagement of PI3K/Akt by ErbB2 in this oncogene-induced mouse tumor model may involve its ability to dimerize with and phosphorylate ErbB3, which itself directly binds PI3K. Here we report that ErbB3 is critical for PI3K/AKT-driven tumor formation triggered by the PyVmT oncogene. Tissue-specific, Cre-mediated deletion of ErbB3 reduced Akt phosphorylation, primary tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis. Further EZN-3920, a chemically stabilized antisense oligonucleotide that targets the ErbB3 mRNA in vivo, produced similar effects while causing no mouse toxicity. Our findings offer further preclinical evidence that ErbB3 ablation may be therapeutically effective in tumors where ErbB3 engages PI3K/Akt signaling.