cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facial Expression Based Imagination Index and a Transfer Learning Approach to Detect Deception

In this paper, we introduce a framework to automatically distinguish between facial expression sequences associated with imagining vs. remembering while answering a question. Our experiment includes a baseline and relevant questioning technique in the context of deception with 220 participants (20 hours long). Baseline questioning includes participants being separately asked to remember and imagine an arbitrary experience. During the relevant questioning, participants were prompted to either lie or tell the truth about a certain task. We trained a neural network model on the baseline data and achieved an accuracy of 60% on classifying imagining vs. remembering, whereas human performance for this task is 51%. Relevant questioning included a set of questions, each of which became an independent response segment. Using a transfer learning approach, we use the pretrained model from the baseline to obtain an imagination probability score for each relevant response segment. We define this individual probability per response as the Imagination Index. We apply the imagination indices as a feature vector to classify the whole relevant section as truth vs. bluff with an accuracy of 70%, significantly outperforming the human performance of 52%.
Uncertainty quantification of fatigue S-N curves with sparse data using hierarchical Bayesian data augmentation

Abstract A novel statistical uncertainty quantification (UQ) method for fatigue S-N curves with sparse data is proposed in this paper. Sparse data observation is very common in fatigue testing due to various reasons, such as time and budget constraints, availability of testing materials and resources. A brief review of existing UQ methods for fatigue properties with sparse data is given. Following this, a new method, called Hierarchical Bayesian data augmentation (HBDA) is proposed to integrate the hierarchical Bayesian modeling (HBM) and Bayesian data augmentation (BDA) to deal with sparse data problem specifically for fatigue S-N curves. The key idea is to use: (1) HBM for analyzing the variability of S-N curves both within one stress level and across stress levels; (2) BDA to build up a large-size sample of fatigue life data based on the observed sparse samples. Four strategies to estimate the probabilistic S-N curves with sparse data are proposed: (1) hierarchical Bayesian modeling (HBM) only, (2) Bayesian data augmentation (BDA) only, (3) posterior information from HBM used as prior information for BDA (HBM + BDA), and (4) augmented data from BDA used by HBM (BDA + HBM). The strategy (3) and (4) are named HBDA hereafter. Next, the four strategies are validated and compared using aluminum alloy data and laminate panel data from open literature. Convergence study and confidence estimation is performed, and it is shown that the HBDA methods (i.e., HBM + BDA or BDA + HBM) have better performance compared with the classical method and HBM/BDA alone. The performance gain is especially significant when the number of available data samples is small. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to a practical engineering problem for fatigue property quantification of the demolished Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge, where only limited samples are available for testing. Conclusions and future work are drawn based on the proposed study.
A Developmental Model of Intercultural Competence: Scaffolding the Shift from Culture-Specific to Culture-General

The iterative and reflective process of intercultural learning, for both instructors and students, is key to questioning our own assumptions and underlying values as well as those of our discipline. We propose a framework for the longitudinal integration of intercultural competence (IC) throughout the curriculum and share how we are beginning to implement this framework across language curricula in the context of a diverse modern language department. This framework foregrounds attention to the constructedness of identities and to the revision of mental models of different cultures, while nurturing an openness to change within oneself. It challenges learners through experiential learning to develop their self-awareness, tolerance for ambiguity, strategies for dealing with discomfort, and understanding of cultural value orientations.
Effect of icosapent ethyl on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with elevated triglycerides on statin therapy: a prospective, placebo-controlled randomized trial (EVAPORATE): interim results.

Aims Though statin therapy is known to slow coronary atherosclerosis progression and reduce cardiovascular(CV) events, significant CV risk still remains. In the REDUCE-IT study, icosapent ethyl (IPE) added to statin therapy reduced initial CV events by 25% and total CV events by 30%, but its effects on coronary atherosclerosis progression have not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, this study is to determine whether IPE 4g/d will result in a greater change from baseline in plaque volume measured by serial multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) than placebo in statin-treated patients. Methods and results EVAPORATE is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients had to have coronary atherosclerosis by coronary computed tomographic angiography CCTA (≥1 angiographic stenoses with ≥20% narrowing), on stable statin therapy with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 40 to 115 mg/dl, and persistently high triglyceride levels (135-499 mg/dL). Patients underwent an interim scan at 9 months and were followed for an additional 9 months with CCTA at 0, 9 and 18 months. Here we present the protocol-specified interim efficacy results.A total of 80 patients were enrolled, with 67 completing the 9-month visit and having interpretable CCTA at baseline and at 9-months (age=57±6 years, male=36, 63%). At the 9-month interim analysis, there was no significant change in low attenuation plaque (LAP) between active and placebo groups (74% vs 94%, p = 0.469). However, there was slowing of total non-calcified plaque (sum of LAP, fibrofatty, and fibrous plaque)(35% v. 43%,p=0.010), total plaque (non-calcified + calcified plaque)(15% v. 26%,p=0.0004), fibrous plaque (17% v. 40%,p=0.011) and calcified plaque (-1% v. 9%,p=0.001), after adjustment by baseline plaque, age, sex, diabetes, baseline triglyceride levels, and statin use. Conclusions EVAPORATE is the first study using CCTA to evaluate the effects of IPE as an adjunct to statin therapy on atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in a high-risk CV population with persistently high TG levels. It provides important mechanistic data in regards to the reduction in CV events in the REDUCE-IT clinical trial. Translational potential Given the robust cardiovascular event reduction seen in clinical trials of Icosapent ethyl, this study demonstrates that one potential mechanism of benefit of this therapy is to slow atherosclerosis progression. This study shows that most coronary plaque types show slowed rates of progression under the influence of statin plus Icosapent ethyl. A translational use of this information would be to potentially use this therapy in addition to statin therapy in cases with presence of significant atherosclerosis.
Capitalizing on Competition: An Evolutionary Model of Competitive Release in Metastatic Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer Treatment

The development of chemotherapeutic resistance resulting in tumor relapse is thought largely to be a consequence of the mechanism of competitive release of pre-existing resistant cells in the tumor selected for growth after chemotherapeutic agents attack the previously dom- inant population of chemo-sensitive cells. To study this process, we use a mathematical model based on the replicator equations with a prisoner's dilemma payoff matrix defining fitness levels of three competing cell populations: healthy cells (cooperators), sensitive cells (defectors), and resistant cells (defectors). The model is shown to recapitulate prostate- specific antigen (PSA) measurement data of patients (a surrogate for tumor growth) from three randomized clinical trials with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer for pa- tients treated with 1) prednisone only, 2) mitoxantrone and prednisone and 3) docetaxel and prednisone. In each trial, continuous maximum tolerated dose (MTD) schedules reduce the sensitive cell population, initially shrinking tumor volume, but subsequently release the resistant cells to re-populate and eventually re-grow the tumor in a resistant form. The evolutionary model allows us to quantify responses to conventional therapeutic strategies as well as to design novel adaptive strategies which are able to maintain the tumor volume at reduced levels by keeping a sufficient number of sensitive cells to prevent tumor re-growth from the resistant population.
Immunologic responses of beef calves to concurrent application of modified-live viral vaccine (intranasal and systemic administration) and systemically administered Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid.

A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid, given separately or concurrently with a multivalent intranasally administered modified-live viral vaccine to range beef calves. Initially 202 spring-born calves were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody titers on day-30. A total of 154 calves with day 0 geometric mean IBR titers of <1:6 were accepted into the study. Fifty-one calves were assigned to treatment group T1 (M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid only; One Shot®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) and 51 calves were assigned to group T2 (intranasal modified-live virus (MLV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) vaccine; TSV-2®, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). Fifty-two calves were assigned to group T3 intranasal MLV BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV vaccine (INFORCETM 3, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). On day 0, all study calves were administered their assigned vaccine. On day 91, all calves in the study were administered a pentavalent MLV vaccine containing BHV-1, BVD types 1 and 2, BRSV, and PI3 antigens (Bovi-Shield GOLD® 5, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®) at separate injection sites. On days 0, 14, 28, 91, and 112, blood samples were collected, serum separated, and held frozen until completion of the study, at which time samples were evaluated for IBR and BRSV serum neutralization antibody titers and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody concentrations. Results demonstrated concurrent administration of the intranasal vaccines and the M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid did not affect the bacterin-leukotoxoid serological response. Calves vaccinated with intranasal BRSV vaccine had a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in BRSV antibody response when revaccinated systemically with injectable 5-way MLV vaccine 90 days later. Vaccination with M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid at approximately eight weeks of age resulted in a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) anamnestic response following revaccination 90 days later.
The properties of bicyclic and multicyclic hydrocarbons as bio-derived compression ignition fuels that can be prepared via efficient and scalable routes from biomass

A series of multicyclic hydrocarbons were synthesized in high yield and under mild conditions from 2,5-hexanedione, cyclohexanone and cyclopentanone, on a scale of 200 g. Aldol products were obtained with conversions of 95% (2,5-hexanedione), 80–90% (cyclopentanone) and 75–80% (cyclohexanone), based on the consumption of starting materials. Cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone aldol condensations resulted in mixtures containing mainly bicyclic products (90%) as well as tricyclic analogs (<10%). The 2,5-hexanedione aldol condensation produced 50% methylcyclopentenone (MCP) as expected and about 50% oligomers. Surprisingly, the complex heavy fraction after the removal of MCP contained mainly the products of Michael addition of MCP and only a minor fraction of the self-aldol condensation product of MCP. The hydrogenation–hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of cyclohexanone- and cyclopentanone-derived reactants with a nickel on alumina (Ni–Al2O3) catalyst at 250 °C and pressures between 800 and 1200 psig produced the expected saturated hydrocarbons with good recovery (80% and 76% respectively), with only small amounts of oxygenated residual starting materials remaining (<2%). However, the HDO of the 2,5-hexanedione aldol mixture produced an equally complex mixture compared to its respective aldol/Michael addition product which contained unreacted oxygenates. All crude mixtures, only treated to remove water after HDO unless stated otherwise, were evaluated for their properties as potential compression-ignition fuels: distillation curve, derived cetane number, sooting tendency, lower heating value, density, flash point and cold flow properties. The results show the utility of these hydrocarbons as viable compression-ignition fuels or blendstocks, particularly the cyclopentanone- or cyclohexanone-derived products.
Impact of surface area and current generation of microbial electrolysis cell electrodes inserted into anaerobic digesters

Abstract The integration of microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) and anaerobic digestion (AD) has recently been pursued to improve methane production through a combined system (AD-MEC). Analysis of 24 different experimental results published in 13 different studies showed that the only significant correlation between increased methane generation rate and other parameters was the surface area provided by the electrodes per volume of reactor, or the S/V ratio (R2 = 0.63, p-value
Proteomics Indicates that Lactate Dehydrogenase is Prognostic in Acetaminophen-induced Acute Liver Failure Patients and Reveals a Role for LKB1-AMPK Signaling

Better biomarkers to predict death early in acute liver failure (ALF) are needed. To that end, we obtained early (study day 1) and later (day 3) serum samples from transplant-free survivors (n=28) and non-survivors (n=30) of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced ALF from the NIH sponsored Acute Liver Failure Study Group, and from control volunteers (n=10). To identify proteins that increase early in serum during ALF, we selected individuals from this cohort for whom ALT was lower on day 1 than day 3, indicating a time point before the peak of injury (n=10/group). We then performed untargeted proteomics on their day 1 samples. Out of 1,682 quantifiable proteins, 79 were elevated ≥4-fold in ALF patients vs. controls and 23 of those were further elevated ≥4-fold in non-survivors vs. survivors, indicating potential to predict death. Interestingly, the biomarker with best performance was LDH. To confirm the prognostic potential of LDH, we measured activity in all day 1 and 3 samples from all 58 ALF patients. LDH was elevated in the non-survivors vs. survivors on both days. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed that LDH alone performed similarly to the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), while a combination of MELD and LDH outperformed either alone. Finally, Upstream Analysis of our proteomics data indicated activation of LKB1-AMPK signaling in liver regeneration after APAP overdose and we confirmed that in mice. Overall, we conclude LDH can predict death in APAP-induced ALF and that LKB1-AMPK signaling may be a promising therapeutic target to improve survival.
A Study of Steroid Use among Athletes: Knowledge, Attitude and Use

Abstract This study investigates the relationship of knowledge, attitudes and prevalence of steroid use among athletes and non-athletes. There was a total of 222 participants, 116 males and 106 females, who completed a questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and prevalence of steroid use. The median age for this group was 24 years old. In all, 23 percent of the sample reported use. Users were significantly more knowledgeable than non-users, and their attitude toward use was, as expected, more positive. A moderate, significant correlation (r = .48, p < .001) was found between attitude and knowledge. In other words, the more individuals knew about steroids, the more favorable was their attitude toward their use. As expected, in this sample more athletes (32.5 percent) than non-athletes (1.5 percent) reported use (Chi-Square = 24.54, p < .001), and almost all (98 percent) of users could be classified as athletes. Among male athletes, 35 percent reported use as opposed to only 10 percent of female athletes. Powe...
Constrained Optimization Path Following of Wheeled Robots in Natural Terrain

A smooth-primitive constrained-optimization-based path-tracking algorithm for mobile robots that compensates for rough terrain, predictable vehicle dynamics, and vehicle mobility constraints has been developed, implemented, and tested on the DARPA LAGR platform. Traditional methods for the geometric path following control problem involve trying to meet position constraints at fixed or velocity dependent look-ahead distances using arcs. We have reformulated the problem as an optimal control problem, using a trajectory generator that can meet arbitrary boundary state constraints. The goal state along the target path is determined dynamically by minimizing a utility function based on corrective trajectory feasibility and cross-track error. A set of field tests compared the proposed method to an implementation of the pure pursuit algorithm and showed that the smooth corrective trajectory constrained optimization approach exhibited higher performance than pure pursuit by achieving rough four times lower average cross-track error and two times lower heading error.
A Taq attack displaces bases.

The cocrystal structure of TaqI DNA methyltransferase in complex with its specific DNA substrate adds to the growing list of structurally confirmed DNA base-flipping enzymes, and provides a basis for the general mechanism of AdoMet-dependent DNA N-methylation.
Tuning properties and dynamic range of type 1 vomeronasal receptors.

The mouse vomeronasal organ expresses chemosensory receptors that detect intra-species as well as inter-species cues. The vomeronasal neurons are thought to be highly selective in their responses. The tuning properties of individual receptors remain difficult to characterize due to the lack of a robust heterologous expression system. Here, we take a transgenic approach to ectopically express two Type 1 vomeronasal receptors in the mouse vomeronasal organ and characterize their responses to steroid compounds. We find that V1rj2 and V1rj3 are sensitive to two sulfated estrogens and can be activated by a broad variety of sulfated and glucuronidated steroids at high concentrations. Individual neurons exhibit narrow range of concentration-dependent activation. Collectively, a neuronal population expressing the same receptor covers a wide dynamic range in their responses to sulfated estrogens. These properties recapitulate the response profiles of endogenous neurons to sulfated estrogens.
Information Systems That also Project into the Future

We study requirements to make information systems used for decision-making support effective. Lacking today is support for projection within these systems: the action that a decision maker initiates has effects in the future, and these must be assessed. Information systems however, focus on the past, and leave projection to be performed either by the decision makers intuition, or to a variety of tools that are not well integrated. After enumerating needed functions, we present concepts needed for an adequate infrastructure.We then describe some research that has demonstrated a capability for integrating output from spreadsheets and other simulations into information systems. We close by indicating research and development direction that should be pursued to make the vision of information systems that can also project into the future a reality.
Recognition and binding of mismatch repair proteins at an oncogenic hot spot

The current investigation was undertaken to determine key steps differentiating G:T and G:A repair at the H-ras oncogenic hot spot within the nuclear environment because of the large difference in repair efficiency of these two mismatches. Electrophoretic mobility shift (gel shift) experiments demonstrate that DNA containing mismatched bases are recognized and bound equally efficiently by hMutSα in both MMR proficient and MMR deficient (hMLH1-/-) nuclear extracts. Competition experiments demonstrate that while hMutSα predictably binds the G:T mismatch to a much greater extent than G:A, hMutSα demonstrates a surprisingly equal ratio of competitive inhibition for both G:T and G:A mismatch binding reactions at the H-ras hot spot of mutation. Further, mismatch repair assays reveal almost 2-fold higher efficiency of overall G:A repair (5'-nick directed correct MMR to G:C and incorrect repair to T:A), as compared to G:T overall repair. Conversely, correct MMR of G:T → G:C is significantly higher (96%) than that of G:A → G:C (60%). Combined, these results suggest that initiation of correct MMR requires the contribution of two separate steps; initial recognition by hMutSα followed by subsequent binding. The 'avidity' of the binding step determines the extent of MMR pathway activation, or the activation of a different cellular pathway. Thus, initial recognition by hMutSα in combination with subsequent decreased binding to the G:A mismatch (as compared to G:T) may contribute to the observed increased frequency of incorrect repair of G:A, resulting in the predominant GG C → GT C (Gly → Val) ras- activating mutation found in a high percentage of human tumors.
Foundations of Mindfulness and Contemplation: Traditional and Contemporary Perspectives

The growing use of mindfulness and contemplative methods in treating mental illness and addiction has elicited interest in their relationship to the comprehensive Buddhist theory and practices that underlie them. This article discusses traditional Buddhist meta-theoretical assumptions regarding ontology and epistemology, along with its perspectives on the self, human functioning, dissatisfaction and dysfunction, and the relationship to mindfulness human well-being. It then describes contemporary elaboration of the concepts of mindfulness and psychological well-being by Buddhist-oriented practitioners and provides examples of therapeutic methods that incorporate these views and techniques.
Surface oxidation: a major sink for water on Mars.

Surface oxidation irreversibly removes both oxygen and hydrogen from the Martian atmosphere at a rate of 10 million-100 billion per square centimeter per second. This rate corresponds to a net loss of 100 to 100,000 grams per square centimeter of H2O, if it is assumed that the loss rate is uniform over geologic time. Heretofore, exospheric escape was considered to be the principal irreversible sink for H2O, but the loss rate was estimated to be only 100 million per square centimeter per second. It is possible that surface oxidation may have had a minor effect on the supply of H2O in the regolith and polar caps.
Identity Change in Newly Married Couples: Effects Of Positive And Negative Feedback

Previous research has examined individuals' relative preference for consistent and enhancing feedback by examining reactions to negative and positive feedback. Recent research shows that, in general, individuals prefer feedback that is consistent with self-views, even if feedback is negative. It is unclear, however, whether negative and positive feedback equally affect actual changes in individuals' self-views. Using insights from Identity Control Theory (Burke 1991, 1996) and a sample of newly married couples, we examine whether positive and negative feedback are equally influential in affecting change in individuals' self-views. We also examine possible change in spouses' views. Results show that when there is a discrepancy between individuals' self-views and their spouses' views, both change in ways to become more consistent with the views of the other. Moreover, individuals and spouses are as likely to adopt negative views as they are to adopt positive views, supporting self-consistency theories.
Intra‐operative radiation therapy in pediatric neuroblastoma

External beam irradiation (EBRT) has been shown to improve response rates and event-free survival in children with neuroblastoma and regional lymph node metastases. Irradiation during surgical exposure (intra-operative radiotherapy, IORT) with displacement of adjacent radiosensitive organs out of the treatment field allows for more precise delineation of the target volume and significantly reduces the amount of normal tissue exposed to irradiation. We have incorporated IORT into the treatment regimen of 24 children with neuroblastoma between the years 1983–1991. IORT was directed to any residual tumor or the tumor bed; the median dose of radiation was 1,000 cGY, equivalent to 3,000 cGY of conventional EBRT. There were 11 males and 13 females. Two patients had stage II, 12 patients had stage III, and 10 patients had stage IV disease. Ten children received IORT for suspected recurrent or persistent neuroblastoma. Twelve patients were disease-free survivors following IORT with a median follow-up of 54 months. For those patients with stage III disease, seven children were disease-free survivors, while only three of 10 patients with stage IV disease survived (median follow-up 30 months). Disease-free Survival (DFS) correlated with the achievement of local tumor control in children with both stage III and IV neuroblastoma. There was limited morbidity and no episodes of obstructive uropathy were encountered. We conclude that IORT appears to be well tolerated and may have therapeutic benefit for a select group of patients with neuroblastoma. IORT merits future exploration by prospective study. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 28:424–428, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of an Acellular Regenerative Tissue Matrix in Combination with Vacuum-assisted Closure Therapy for Treatment of a Diabetic Foot Wound

Diabetic foot ulcers can be difficult to treat for a variety of reasons, and may result in amputation. The use of skin grafts can often be a useful method of achieving wound coverage and subsequent healing of diabetic foot ulcers; however, this method of treatment requires creation of a donor site wound that adds to the patient's overall wound burden. Application of an acellular regenerative tissue matrix may eliminate the need for harvesting a skin graft in order to cover a nonhealing wound. The use of vacuum-assisted wound closure has been shown to promote an environment that enhances wound bed contraction and surface epithelialization. The combination of an acellular regenerative tissue matrix with vacuum-assisted wound closure can be used to promote healing in the management of a nonhealing diabetic foot wound. Level of Clinical Evidence: x
Analysis of in vivo mutation in exon 8 of the rat hprt gene.

Abstract We have analyzed mutations in exon 8 of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase ( hprt ) gene in T-lymphocytes from the spleens of ethylnitrosourea-treated female rats. Presumptive hprt − mutants were isolated by clonal growth in the presence of 6-thioguanine. DNA from 6-thioguanine-resistant colonies was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using intronic primers flanking hrpt exon 8. The identification of mutant sequences and the separation of mutant DNA from contaminating wild-type DNA was accomplished by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Of 118 clones analyzed, 19 contained mutations and DNA sequence analysis identified eight unique sequence alterations. We also used single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis to screen for mutations in the same fragment of the hprt gene. This analysis was less successful than denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in detecting the eight unique mutations. The procedures described here may represent a useful approach for studying the mechanisms of in vivo mutation.
A correct derivation of acceleration parameter for hopscotch and checkerboard (P, Q)-cyclic relaxation schemes

Abstract The correct method for applying the von Neumann stability analysis to composite finite difference schemes for numerical solution of partial differential equations is investigated. Our results provide justification of the hopscotch method and give correction to earlier analyses [1,7]. The methods employed here to analyze checkerboard and hopscotch iterative processes are also applicable to the study of more general composite ( P, Q )-cyclic finite difference schemes.
Use of Electromyogram Telemetry to Assess Swimming Activity of Adult Spring Chinook Salmon Migrating Past a Columbia River Dam

Abstract Electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry was used to estimate the swim speeds of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha migrating upstream past a Columbia River dam. Electrodes from EMG transmitters were surgically implanted in the red muscle of fish captured at Bonneville Dam, and output from the tags was calibrated to defined swim speeds for each fish in a tunnel respirometer. The fish were then released below Bonneville Dam and radio-tracked as they migrated through the tailraces, fishways, and forebays of the dam. On average, swim speed was significantly higher when tagged salmon were moving through tailraces than when they were moving through other parts of the dam. Specifically, swim speeds for fish in tailraces (106.4 cm/s) were 23% higher than those of fish in fishways (84.9 cm/s) and 32% higher than those of fish in forebays (80.2 cm/s). Swim speeds were higher in fishways during the day than during the night, but there were no diel differences in swim speeds in tailraces and forebays...
Response of granular powders to uniaxial loading and unloading

Abstract This study examines the effects of organic binder content and binder plasticity on the stress–strain response of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-containing spray dried alumina powder (A16SG) in uniaxial compaction and ejection. Binder content ranged from 2.45 to 7.80 wt.% and the binder glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranged from −32°C to +35°C. As binder content increases, the compaction stress required to attain a specified density increases due to the greater amount of binder, which needs to be deformed and displaced. When pressing a powder, which contains a binder with a Tg much lower than the working temperature, the binder is easily deformed and high green densities can be achieved at moderate stresses. As binder Tg is increased, it becomes stiffer, requiring higher compaction stresses to achieve a given density. Pellet expansion after ejection occurs mainly in the axial direction and the total dimensional change is dominated by instantaneous springback. Increasing sample size resulted in less instantaneous springback and time-dependent relaxation. This effect may be due to a limited region of expansion in the pellets.
Dispersal of Western Bean Cutworm Larvae from Egg Masses as Measured by Damage to Beans

Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris (L), were infested with egg masses of 50, 100, and 200 eggs of the western bean cutworm, Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith), and the dispersal of larvae was measured in terms of damage. Linear regression indicated dispersal of 3.05 to 3.66 m in the release row and 2.45 to 3.05 m across rows. At the higher egg levels, dispersal across rows was also indicated as up to 3.66 m. However, 72% of the damage occurred within a smaller area, 1.83 m (three rows) wide and 3.66 m long. This confirms general observations of spotty damage in the field and has implications for sampling. The western bean cutworm, Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith), lays eggs in groups on the undersurface of bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., leaves and usually on the upper surface of corn, Zea mays L., leaves in the whorl or top of the plant. The number of eggs per mass is variable and has been reported as ranging from 3 to 79 on beans (Hoerner 1948), from 5 to 225 on beans (Douglass et al. 1955), and from 21 to 195, with an average of 52 on corn (Hagen 1962).
An expert system for evaluation of sports injuries (abstract only)

A knowledge-base system was developed using the INSIGHT 2+ rule-based expert system tool. The user is questioned about the area of the injury, such as the foot, ankle, knee, or elbow. The inference engine then selects the appropriate knowledge base. Symptoms of the injury are requested from the user, who is also instructed to perform manual tests on the injured part. The input is evaluated through a set of rules, and the exact type of injury is evaluated as well as the severity. A recommended treatment is then suggested.The user is expected to have a basic knowledge of athletic training terms and sports medicine anatomy; however, screen displays can be requested on certain technical details by the user. This system can be used as a training tool for student athletic trainers and can also be used as a substitute in the absence of a more experienced trainer. Our experiences with the design of this system, our work with experts, and the implementation will be discussed along with a report about the performance and use of the system.
Branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: does cyst size change the tip of the scale? A critical analysis of the revised international consensus guidelines in a large single-institutional series.

Objective:The aim of this study was to critically analyze the safety of the revised guidelines, with focus on cyst size and worrisome features in the management of BD-IPMN.Background:The Sendai guidelines for management of branch duct (BD) intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) espouse safet
On Structural and Asymptotic Properties of Some Classes of Distributions

We consider the two-parametric classes of distributions which comprise exponential dispersion models possessing a simple structure. Some of our models are related to Galton-Watson processes and branching diffusions. We study asymptotic properties of related classes of distributions emphasizing their convergence to Poisson-exponential law. We establish/refute infinite divisibility for certain classes of distributions. The critical value for the deflation of zeros from a geometric law which preserves infinite divisibility is determined. A class of distributions related to zero-modified geometric and logarithmic laws is considered.
The Effect of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infection on the Binding of Triiodothyronine to Nuclei Isolated from Rat Liver

Hepatic nuclei were isolated from control and Streptococcus (S.) pnemoniae-infected rats to determine the effect of S. pneumoniae infection on the binding capacity and affinity of hepatic nuclei for T3. Infection did not affect the purity or yield of the isolated nuclei. A significant decrease in serum total T3 was observed 40 h after inoculation with S. pneumoniae. Serum free T3 was significantly decreased by 20 h after inoculation, but returned to control levels by 40 h after inoculation. Scatchard analysis of nuclear T3 binding, determined under optimal conditions, confirmed the presence of high affinity, low capacity sites for T3 on nuclei isolated from both control and infected rats. During infection, the maximum binding capacity of the purified nuclei for T3 decreased significantly, but infection had no significant effect on the affinity of the receptor for T3. These results suggest that the decrease in serum T3 observed during infection is not contributed to by increased hepatic nuclear T3 receptor...
Efficacy and toxicity of 4-(2-sulfonatoethylthio)-cyclophosphamide cyclohexylamine salt (ASTA Z 7557, INN mafosfamide) after intraperitoneal administration to mice.

4-(2-sulfonatoethylthio)-cyclophosphamide cyclohexylamine salt (AZ; ASTA Z 7557) is a cyclophosphamide (CP) analog designed to be without acute bladder toxicity and to undergo spontaneous activation yielding phosphoramide mustard (PM). Studies in murine systems with intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration suggest that AZ may have a therapeutic index favorable to CP without an associated risk of bladder toxicity. Pericapsular hepatic fibrosis after i.p. administration suggests that regional AZ therapy may cause local toxicity. Further study of this compound, especially with intravenous (i.v.) administration, will be of interest.
Stress development in plastic sheet extrusion

The development of flow-induced stresses in extruded sheet made of polypropylene was analyzed. A theoretical model was developed to simulate velocity, temperature, and stress profiles for polymeric materials flowing inside a slit die. The output of this simulation was then used to compute temperature and stress profiles as the extrudate emerged from the die, cooled, and relaxed under no draw conditions. Simulated surface stresses and stress profile across the extruded sheet agreed well with the experimental data for the die temperature effect and the die gap effect at low draw ratios.
Multigroup particle transport in a moving material

Abstract The linear Boltzmann equation is formulated against a moving material background in both Eulerian and Lagrangian representations. One-dimensional slab and spherical geometries and two-dimensional cylindrical geometry are treated. Material acceleration terms are expanded locally, effective cross sections and moving sources are defined, and the continuity equation is coupled to the transport equation in a consistent manner. Relative importances of material motion terms are discussed and a simple approximation to the material acceleration term is suggested. Standard multigroup representations for the material motion terms are obtained and an iteration strategy used to solve the transport equation is reviewed. Specific applications are presented and contrasted.
Oxygen isotopic exchange at an igneous intrusive contact

Oxygen isotope exchange at the contact of an igneous intrusion with host rock of different initial δ 18 O is examined for two examples in the Santa Rosa Range, Nevada. Exchange zones near the contacts may have formed solely by diffusive transport of oxygen through the rock. However, the δ 18 O variation within the zones may also be consistent with fluid flow across the intrusive/host rock contact, perhaps due to the exsolution of magmatic water as the intrusion crystallized. To explain the observed width of the exchange zones, several mechanisms of diffusion are examined. Solid statediffusion, either volume diffusion through silicate minerals or grain boundary diffusion, is 4–5 orders of magnitude too slow. Diffusion through a water-rich fluid phase, released by dehydration reactions during contact metamorphism, can be sufficiently rapid to produce the exchange zones. The narrow width of these zonesimplies that only a small fraction of the water that could have been released by metamorphic dehydration reactions formed connected pathways through the rock.
Endogenous thrombospondin-1 is not necessary for proliferation but is permissive for vascular smooth muscle cell responses to platelet-derived growth factor

We have reexamined the role of endogenous thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) in growth and motility of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Based on the ability of aortic-derived SMCs isolated from TSP1 null mice and grown in the absence of exogenous TSP1 to grow at comparable rates and to a slightly higher density than equivalent cells from wild-type mice, TSP1 is not necessary for their growth. Low concentrations of exogenous TSP1 stimulate growth of TSP1 null SMCs, but higher doses of TSP1 or its C-terminal domain are inhibitory. However, SMCs from TSP1 null mice are selectively deficient in chemotactic and proliferative responses to platelet-derived growth factor and in outgrowth in three-dimensional cultures. Recombinant portions of the N- and C-terminal domains of TSP1 stimulate SMC chemotaxis through different integrin receptors. Based on these data, the relative deficiency in SMC outgrowth during an ex vivo angiogenic response of muscle tissue from TSP1 null mice is probably due to restriction of platelet-derived growth factor dependent SMC migration and/or proliferation.
Use of dual foil stripping at the Brookhaven tandem accelerator facility for improved heavy-ion performance☆

Abstract It is shown that the use of a dual foil-stripper system in a model MP tandem Van de Graaff accelerator is practical for routine operation and that significant improvements in high-energy heavy-ion performance are obtained in two-stage as well as in three-stage configuration.
WIYN OPEN CLUSTER STUDY. XVIII. THE TIDAL CIRCULARIZATION CUTOFF PERIOD OF THE OLD OPEN CLUSTER NGC 188

Based on a sample of 22 main-sequence solar-type spectroscopic binaries, we find the tidal circularization cutoff in the open cluster NGC 188 (age 7 Gyr) to be well defined at a period of 15.0 days. When compared to shorter tidal circularization cutoff periods in the younger clusters M67 and the Hyades, this result establishes that tidal circularization processes are effective in solar-type main-sequence binaries for timescales longer than 1 Gyr. This result is in contrast to the theoretical prediction by Zahn & Bouchet that tidal circularization due to equilibrium tides is ineffective for late-type main-sequence stars, and that tidal circularization cutoff periods are instead set only by pre-main-sequence tidal circularization. The NGC 188 cutoff period is also longer than can be explained by present theories of tidal circularization due to dynamical tides.
Hotel ethical codes: a content analysis

Abstract Ethical codes are used by many organizations as a way of articulating ethical policies. While not a solution to unethical behavior, they are one way companies are trying to manage culture and the ethical values of their employees. This study analyzed the content of 42 hotel and management company ethical codes. It was premised that ethical issues which are most important to the organizations would appear in the codes. Hotel codes discussed conflict of interest most frequently, followed by personal character, customer relations, and payments and gifts. Management companies put customer relations first, followed by personal character, payments and gifts, and conflict of interest. Ethical codes do not appear to be as common in this segment of the hospitality industry as they are in corporate America.
Stratigraphical Relationships of the Plio-Pleistocene Deposits, East Rudolf, Kenya

This report summarizes the stratigraphical relationships of the Plio-Pleistocene sediments at East Rudolf and formalizes the Stratigraphical nomenclature.
Effects of wind on thermoregulation and energy balance in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

The effects of various convective and temperature regimes on heat production, evaporative heat loss, and thermal resistance were studied in deer mice,Peromyscus maniculatus. Heat production (measured as oxygen consumption) increased with increasing wind speed (V) and decreasing ambient temperature (Ta), except atTa=35°C which was thermoneutral for allV from 0.05 through 3.75 m/s. Evaporative water loss (\(\dot V_{\operatorname{H} _2 \operatorname{O} } \)) increased with increasingTa, but wind had little effect on\(\dot V_{\operatorname{H} _2 \operatorname{O} } \) except at highTa. In the absence of forced convection, the animals' total resistance to heat transfer (rt) was high and stable atTa below thermoneutrality. However, at highV thert increased steadily with decreasingTa. Although deer mice rarely experience high wind speeds in natural microhabitats, the convective regime is nevertheless important in determining rates of heat loss, and must be considered in studies of ecological energetics.
Software specification using the special language

This paper presents a tutorial overview of special, a formal specification and assertion language created by SRI International as part of their hierarchical design methodology. The language is based on a formal model of system behavior and is supported by language processors that assist in the interactive development of specifications. special is a strongly typed language that models data and programs as abstract resources known as objects. Collections of modules known as abstract machines are the major building blocks of a software specification in special. The technical foundations of special and the components of a special specification are described. A sample specification is detailed in an appendix.
Abstract 3340: Exploiting the non-overlapping dysregulation of Notch and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways as a guide for personalizing uterine cancer therapy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Objective: The Notch pathway plays a critical role in cell-to-cell communication, proliferative signaling, and cell differentiation, but can have oncogenic or tumor suppressive effects depending on the tissue type. Dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway has been implicated in a variety of cancers and represents an attractive therapeutic target. We analyzed the clinical significance and interplay of these two pathways in endometrial cancer. Methods: We accessed clinical, somatic mutations, and Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to perform integrated analyses and determine the clinical significance of Notch pathway aberrations in uterine cancer patients. In this cohort, we also identified concomitant PI3K/AKT abnormalities. Clinical information extracted included age, BMI, tumor histology, tumor grade, clinical stage, estrogen(ER)/progesterone(PR) receptor status, and overall survival. Results: A total of 232 samples were available for analysis. Within the Notch pathway, 18.1% of evaluable samples had amplification or upregulation of Notch2/Notch3 and/or DLL3 genes, which was significantly correlated with worse overall survival (p=3.08e-7). Median ERα, ERα(pS118), and PR RPPA levels were significantly higher for patients with no abnormalities or mutations present in Notch2/Notch 3 and/or DLL3 than those with amplification and/or upregulation of these genes (p=0.0016, p=0.0002, and p=0.003, respectively). Of the 52 identified mutations in Notch2/Notch3 and/or DLL3, 92.3% and 7.7% were missense and nonsense mutations, respectively. PI3KCA represented the most frequently mutated gene within this subset affecting 59% of patients; 159 mutations were identified and 95% were missense mutations. Overexpression or amplification of mRNA involved in the PI3K/AKT pathway was present in 108 (46.5%) of the evaluated endometrial tumors. Of these, only 35 tumors (32.4%) had overlapping, concomitant Notch2/Notch3/DLL3 mRNA overexpression or amplification. Conclusions: Upregulation or amplification of Notch 2, Notch 3, and/or DLL3 genes predicted a more aggressive clinical course for endometrial cancer patients. Given the non-overlapping expression of PI3K/AKT and Notch pathways, personalized options for targeted therapy could be considered for each group. Citation Format: Rebecca A. Previs, Cristina Ivan, Heather J. Dalton, Ashley N. Davis, Justin N. Bottsford-Miller, Behrouz Zand, Michael H. McGuire, Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena, Robert L. Coleman, Keith A. Baggerly, Anil K. Sood. Exploiting the non-overlapping dysregulation of Notch and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways as a guide for personalizing uterine cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3340. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3340
Effect of sucrose gradient composition on resolution of RNA species

Abstract Resolution of RNA samples on sucrose gradients was strikingly dependent upon the sucrose concentration in the gradients. Linear 10–70% gradients separated peaks which were barely discernible as shoulders in 10–20% gradients. The resolution obtained in steep sucrose gradients was comparable to that observed upon electrophoresis in acrylamide/agarose gels.