cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
We Have All Been Working in Our Own Little Silos Forever: Exploring a Cross-Sector Response to Child Maltreatment.

Abstract Objective A child protective services (CPS) investigation for maltreatment signals risk for childhood toxic stress and poor health outcomes. Despite this, communication between child welfare and health care professionals is rare. We present a qualitative exploration of experiences with, barriers to, and hopes for cross-sector collaboration for children with suspected maltreatment. Methods We conducted focus groups with child welfare and health care professionals participating in a cross-sector learning collaborative to improve care for children at high risk for toxic stress. Participants were asked to describe 2 phenomena: identifying and responding to childhood adversities in their professional settings and cross-sector collaboration in cases of suspected maltreatment. Analysis included an iterative process of reading, coding and comparing themes across groups. Results Health care professionals shared positive experiences in screening for social risks in clinic, while child welfare professionals expressed mixed attitudes toward social risk screening during CPS investigations. Consistent with prior research, health care professionals reported limited communication with CPS caseworkers about patients but suggested that relationships with child welfare professionals might reduce these barriers. Child welfare professionals described the poor quality of information provided in referrals from medical settings. Caseworkers also recognized that improved communication could support better understanding of maltreatment concerns and sharing of outcomes of CPS investigation. Conclusions Our project extends previously published research by describing potential benefits of child welfare and child health care collaboration in cases of suspected maltreatment. Lack of effective cross-sector communication and concerns about confidentiality present significant barriers to uptake of these collaborative practices.
A nonlinear relationship between visceral adipose tissue and frailty in adult lung transplant candidates.

Frailty is a state of decreased physiologic reserve associated with poor outcomes before and after lung transplantation. Obesity, particularly central obesity characterized by excess proinflammatory visceral adipose tissue (VAT), is associated with incident frailty in middle-aged and older adults. The association between VAT and frailty in advanced lung disease, however, is unknown. In two, nonoverlapping multicenter cohorts of adults listed for lung transplantation, we measured VAT area on bioelectrical impedance assay (BIA) in one cohort and cross-sectional VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas on abdominal computed tomography (CT) in the other. We identified a nonlinear relationship between greater VAT by BIA and frailty. In fully adjusted piecewise regression models, every 20 cm2 increase in VAT area was associated with 50% increased odds of frailty in subjects with high VAT (95% CI 1.2-1.9, P < .001), and 10% decreased odds of frailty (95% CI 0.7-1.04, P = .12) in subjects with low VAT. Compared to frail subjects with low VAT, those with high VAT were more likely to have low grip strength and less likely to have weight loss, suggesting that mechanisms of frailty may differ by VAT. Further investigation of mechanisms linking VAT and frailty may identify new targets for prevention and treatment.
Sentinel: Runtime Data Management on Heterogeneous Main MemorySystems for Deep Learning.

Software-managed heterogeneous memory (HM) provides a promising solution to increase memory capacity and cost efficiency. However, to release the performance potential of HM, we face a problem of data management. Given an application with various execution phases and each with possibly distinct working sets, we must move data between memory components of HM to optimize performance. The deep neural network (DNN), as a common workload on data centers, imposes great challenges on data management on HM. This workload often employs a task dataflow execution model, and is featured with a large amount of small data objects and fine-grained operations (tasks). This execution model imposes challenges on memory profiling and efficient data migration. We present Sentinel, a runtime system that automatically optimizes data migration (i.e., data management) on HM to achieve performance similar to that on the fast memory-only system with a much smaller capacity of fast memory. To achieve this,Sentinel exploits domain knowledge about deep learning to adopt a custom approach for data management. Sentinel leverages workload repeatability to break the dilemma between profiling accuracy and overhead; It enables profiling and data migration at the granularity of data objects (not pages), by controlling memory allocation. This method bridges the semantic gap between operating system and applications. By associating data objects with the DNN topology, Sentinel avoids unnecessary data movement and proactively triggers data movement. Using only 20% of peak memory consumption of DNN models as fast memory size, Sentinel achieves the same or comparable performance (at most 8% performance difference) to that of the fast memory-only system on common DNN models; Sentinel also consistently outperforms a state-of-the-art solution by 18%.
Standard peak-to-peak bipolar voltage amplitude criteria underestimate myocardial scar during substrate mapping with a novel microelectrode catheter.

Background Ventricular bipolar voltage values Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether traditional bipolar voltage criteria for scar apply during substrate mapping with a microelectrode catheter. Methods Paired bipolar and microbipolar voltage values were acquired from control swine (n = 2) using the microelectrode catheter and assessed for systemic differences. In a postinfarction swine model (n = 6), scar characteristics were compared between the bipolar maps and microbipolar maps using both standard and adjusted voltage criteria derived from the control animals. Results In control swine, although 5th percentile values for bipolar and microbipolar voltage were similar (1.12 vs 1.22 mV [left ventricular (LV) endo]; 0.88 mV vs 0.98 mV [epi]), median values were significantly greater when acquired by microbipolar electrodes (3.60 vs 6.76 mV, P = .002 [LV endo]; 2.61 vs 2.72 mV, P = .02 [epi]). Microbipolar values were systematically larger by 2.0× and 1.4× in the LV endocardium and epicardium, respectively. Application of standard voltage values to microbipolar maps in postinfarct swine underestimated scar area by approximately 41% in the LV endocardium (13.7 vs 33.4 cm2, P = .004). Conclusion Bipolar voltage values acquired from microelectrodes are systemically larger than those acquired from standard catheters. New reference values should be established for these novel catheters.
Grade Inflation in the Family Medicine Clerkship.

Background and objectives Medical educators perceive grade inflation to be a serious problem. There is some literature discussing the magnitude of the problem and ways to remediate it, but little literature is available in the field of family medicine. We sought to examine what methods of remediating grade inflation have been tried by family medicine clerkship directors, and what factors influence the chosen method of addressing this problem. Methods We conducted a national Council of Academic Family Medicine's (CAFM) Educational Research Alliance (CERA) survey of family medicine clerkship directors, inquiring about their perceptions of the seriousness of grade inflation, whether it was perceived as a remediable problem, and what methods had been tried within the last 3 years to address this problem. Results The response rate was 69%. Clerkship directors' perceptions that grade inflation is a serious problem either nationally or in their own clerkship did not correlate with how they weighted the objective versus subjective portions of the clerkship grade. Clerkship directors who agreed that grade inflation was a remediable problem had a higher percentage of nonexamination objective criteria and a lower percentage of subjective criteria in their grading formula. Clerkship directors who agreed grade inflation is a problem in their clerkship were more likely to have tried giving feedback to graders on grade distribution than those who didn't think grade inflation was a problem. Conclusions Family medicine clerkship directors perceive grade inflation to be a serious problem, both at a national level and in their clerkships. Various methods of addressing grade inflation have been tried by family medicine clerkship directors.
Procrastinating Together: Flocking Graduate Students into Groups Based on a Shared Proclivity to Procrastinate.

Marketing instructors have long struggled with the issue of free-riding in groups. “Flocking” students based on shared motivation levels has been found to reduce free-riding among undergraduates, b...
Navigating the Cytoplasm: Delivery of the Alphaherpesvirus Genome to the Nucleus

Herpesviruses virions are large and complex structures that deliver their genetic content to nuclei upon entering cells. This property is not unusual as many other viruses including the adenoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and retroviruses, do likewise. However, the means by which viruses in the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily accomplish this fundamental stage of the infectious cycle is tied to their defining ability to efficiently invade the nervous system. Fusion of the viral envelope with a cell membrane results in the deposition of the capsid, along with an assortment of tegument proteins, into the cytosol. Establishment of infection requires that the capsid traverse the cytosol, dock at a nuclear pore, and inject its genome into the nucleoplasm. Accumulating evidence indicates that the capsid is not the effector of this delivery process, but is instead shepherded by tegument proteins that remain capsid bound. At the same time, tegument proteins that are released from the capsid upon entry act to increase the susceptibility of the cell to the ensuing infection. Mucosal epithelial cells and neurons are both susceptible to alphaherpesvirus infection and, together, provide the niche to which these viruses have adapted. Although much has been revealed about the functions of de novo expressed tegument proteins during the late stages of assembly and egress, this review will specifically address the roles of tegument proteins brought into the cell with the incoming virion, and our current understanding of alphaherpesvirus genome delivery to nuclei.
Syracuse Random Variables and the Periodic Points of Collatz-type maps

Let $p$ be an odd prime, and consider the map $H_{p}$ which sends an integer $x$ to either $\frac{x}{2}$ or $\frac{px+1}{2}$ depending on whether $x$ is even or odd. The values at $x=0$ of arbitrary composition sequences of the maps $\frac{x}{2}$ and $\frac{px+1}{2}$ can be parameterized over the $2$-adic integers ($\mathbb{Z}_{2}$) leading to a continuous function from $\mathbb{Z}_2$ to $\mathbb{Z}_p$ which the author calls the numen of $H_{p}$, denoted $\chi_p$; the $p=3$ case turns out to be an alternative version of the Syracuse Random Variables constructed by Tao [arXiv:1909.03562]. This paper establishes the Correspondence Theorem, which shows that an odd integer $\omega$ is a periodic point of $H_p$ if and only if $\omega=\chi_{p}\left(n\right)/\left(1-r_{p}\left(n\right)\right)$ for some integer $n\geq1$, where $r_{p}\left(n\right) = p^{\#_{1}\left(n\right)} / 2^{\lambda\left(n\right)}$, where $\#_1 \left(n\right)$ is the number of $1$s digits in the binary expansion of $n$ and $\lambda\left(n\right)$ is the number of digits in the binary expansion of $n$. Using this fact, the bulk of the paper is devoted to examining the Dirichlet series associated to $\chi_p$ and $r_p$, which are used along with Perron's Formula to reformulate the Correspondence Theorem in terms of contour integrals, to which Residue calculus is applied so as to obtain asymptotic formulae for the quantities therein. A sampling of other minor results on $\chi_p$ are also discussed in the paper's final section.
Molecular Engineering of Chromophores to Enable Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion.

Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is an unconventional photophysical process that yields high-energy photons from low-energy incident light and offers pathways for innovation acros...
MPN-402: Delayed Resolution of Bone Marrow Morphological Changes of Myelofibrosis Following Successful Stem Cell Transplant and Molecular Clearance of Disease: A Cautionary Tale

Context: Allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) is a curative option for patients with myelofibrosis (MF). Reversal of the bone marrow (BM) morphologic features of MF often lags following allo-SCT and may create diagnostic challenges in disease surveillance. Objective: To determine which morphologic parameters could determine the disease persistence in patients with BM fibrosis following allo-SCT. Design: We compared the morphologic features typically associated with myelofibrosis in pre-transplant and post-transplant BM samples in a cohort of patients with BM fibrosis who achieved complete clearance of JAK2, MPL, and/or CALR mutations following allo-SCT. Setting: MDACC. Patients or other participants: Patients with primary or secondary MF and a driver mutation in a pre-transplant BM sample who achieved a molecular clearance after allo-SCT. Interventions: N/A. Main outcome measures: N/A. Results: Patients (n=27) included 12 men and 15 women with a median age of 63 years (range 42-76 years) diagnosed with primary myelofibrosis (n=17), post-essential thrombocythemia (post-ET) MF (n=5), and post-polycythemia vera (post-PV) MF (n=5). Driver mutations included JAK2 p.V617F (n=18), MPL (n=4), and CALR (n=7). Two patients with post-PV-MF had concurrent JAK2 and MPL mutations. Compared to pre-transplant samples, post-transplant samples demonstrated significantly fewer megakaryocytes (p Conclusion: Reversal of BM morphologic features following allo-SCT for MF lags behind molecular clearance. Re-appearance of erythroid islands, normalization of BM cellularity and disappearance of high-grade BM fibrosis and endosteal localization of megakaryocytes represent reassuring findings in evaluation of a response or recurrence.
The International Court of Justice

Earlier in this study, we have had occasion to examine US interactions with and attitudes toward the International Court of Justice. In this chapter we seek to focus more precisely on the reasons for the present malaise. From an historic perspective, the first movement toward the establishment of an international adjudicatory body came at the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1908. Despite enjoying the support of a number of states, however, proposals for a permanent international court came to naught. The only institution to emerge from these conferences was the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA, created in 1899). But the so-called permanent court is not a true judicial institution. Rather, the PCA merely provides facilities for international arbitration, including lists of available arbitrators. After World War I, in the wake of the extensive carnage caused by that conflict, the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) came into being as the judicial organ of the League of Nations. As is well known, the United States never joined the League of Nations or ratified the Court's Statute. As a result, in the words of Rosalyn Higgins, a British national and judge of the International Court of Justice: The United States – in a pattern of treaty participation that was to occur many times later in history, down to this very day – was a major player in the formulation of the Protocol and Statute, and then failed to endorse their terms because Senate approval was not forthcoming. Although refusing to approve the Paris Peace Treaties whose terms it had done so much to secure, a Judge of American nationality nonetheless served on the Bench of the PCIJ throughout its lifetime.
Nearrings of functions without identity determined by a single subgroup

Let $(G, +)$ be a finite group, written additively with identity 0, but not necessarily abelian, and let $H$ be a nonzero, proper subgroup of $G$. Then the set $M = {f : G to G | f(G) subseteq H hbox{and} f(0) = 0 }$ is a right, zero-symmetric nearring under pointwise addition and function composition. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for $M$ to be a ring and determine all ideals of $M$, the center of $M$, and the distributive elements of $M$.
What Can We Really Learn from TIMSS

Important policy implications regarding American mathematics and science education are available through the results of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). This is especially true if the results from all parts of the study including those pertaining to curriculum and instructional practices are combined with those related to the achievement testing in grades three, four, seven, eight and the end of secondary school. The decline in relative standing for the U.S. from grade four to grade 12 in both mathematics and science achievement is clear as are the corresponding differences in intellectual rigor in the U.S. curriculum as compared to that of the top achieving countries, especially during the middle and high school years.
Demonstration: bringing lives to light: browsing and searching biographical information with a metadata infrastructure

In this demonstration we will show how a metadata infrastructure comprised of gazetteers, biographical dictionaries, and a "Time Period Directory" can be dynamically exploited to help searchers navigate through multiple web-based resources, and displayed in context with related information about "Who?, What?, Where?, and When?" and providing dynamic searches of those external resources. The demostration will show both a web-based interface and a Google Earth-based geo-temporal browser.
40-Gb/s optical buffer design and simulation

This work proposes a new approach to create optical random access memory for 40-Gb/s optical telecommunications. Results of simulations that investigate the maximum achievable delay are also presented. The design combines silica waveguides for low loss recirculation with InP-based semiconductor devices for high gain and fast switching. This approach provides smaller devices in comparison to fiber-based alternatives and lower loss recirculation than competing material systems.
Hyperglycemia-suppressed expression of Serpine1 contributes to delayed epithelial wound healing in diabetic mouse corneas.

Purpose. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at an increased risk for developing corneal complications, including delayed wound healing. The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression and the function of Serpine1 and other components of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)–proteolytic system in delayed epithelial wound healing in diabetic mouse corneas.
Toward Efficient Support for Multithreaded MPI Communication

To make the most effective use of parallel machines that are being built out of increasingly large multicore chips, researchers are exploring the use of programming models comprising a mixture of MPI and threads. Such hybrid models require efficient support from an MPI implementation for MPI messages sent from multiple threads simultaneously. In this paper, we explore the issues involved in designing such an implementation. We present four approaches to building a fully thread-safe MPI implementation, with decreasing levels of critical-section granularity (from coarse-grain locks to fine-grain locks to lock-free operations) and correspondingly increasing levels of complexity. We describe how we have structured our implementation to support all four approaches and enable one to be selected at build time. We present performance results with a message-rate benchmark to demonstrate the performance implications of the different approaches.
Many-Body Effects in Energetic Atomic Transitions

When a target atom is bombarded with a beam of energetic photons, electrons, heavy charged particles, or other atoms, one or more of the atomic electrons from the target atom may be ejected or excited to different orbits. In many of these atomic processes, the quantitative study of the transition based on the straightforward independent-particle calculation, when compared with the experimental measurement, fails to provide a satisfactory physical interpretation. The failure of the independent-particle calculation suggests that the interaction to be considered should not be limited to the one between the incident particle and the ejected or excited electron alone. A more comprehensive quantitative estimation should also include interactions between (i) the ejected or the excited electron and the remaining electrons of the target atom, (ii) the incident particle and the remaining electrons of the target atom, and (iii) electrons within the target atom at various stages of the transition.
THE MOTION OF THE SUN AND THE LOCAL GROUP AND THE VELOCITY DISPERSION OF "FIELD" GALAXIES

Distances to a complete sample of nearby galaxies with radial velocities less than 500 km/s computed via the blue Tully-Fisher relation are used to redetermine the vector of the solar motion, the streaming motion of the Local Group of galaxies and the velocity dispersion of field galaxies. The Hubble expansion is found only outside the Local Group. An upper limit of 120 km/s for the velocity dispersion of “field” galaxies within 10 Mpc is derived.
Integration of Environmental Objectives in a System Optimal Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model

Maintaining air-quality standards is a major concern for transportation planners and policy makers in the United States. This necessitates considering nontraditional emission objectives in transportation systems modeling. In this research, the authors integrate emission-based objectives into the traditional travel time based dynamic assignment framework. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from vehicles are computed as functions of space mean speed (determined from an embedded mesoscopic traffic flow model). Different performance metrics (CO emission, system wide travel time, and speed profiles) from the integrated model are compared with traditional dynamic assignment model (with travel time minimization objective). In addition, results indicate changes in route choice behavior of the road users when emission objective is integrated to dynamic assignment framework.
An update on the etiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms: implications for future diagnostic testing

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease is multifactorial with both environmental and genetic risk factors. The current research in AAA revolves around genetic profiles and expression studies in both human and animal models. Variants in genes involved in extracellular matrix degradation, inflammation, the renin-angiotensin system, cell growth and proliferation and lipid metabolism have been associated with AAA using a variety of study designs. However, the results have been inconsistent and without a standard animal model for validation. Thus, despite the growing body of knowledge, the specific variants responsible for AAA development, progression and rupture have yet to be determined. This review explores some of the more significant genetic studies to provide an overview of past studies that have influenced the current understanding of AAA etiology. Expanding our understanding of disease pathogenesis will inform research into novel diagnostics and therapeutics and ultimately to improve outcomes for patients with AAA.
Compact, all-fiber PMD emulator using an integrated series of thin-film micro-heaters

We demonstrate a 30-section, compact, all-fiber polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) emulator that uses an integrated series of evaporated micro-heaters to thermally tune the birefringence of each differential group delay (DGD) section and accurately reproduce PMD statistics.
Characterization of Pigment Particle Absorption Efficiencies Using Frequency Domain Photon Migration

Time-dependent measurements of multiply scattered light were made using frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) techniques in polystyrene latex as a function of ppm pigment concentration (by weight) in order to determine the wavelength-dependent absorption efficiencies for three different pigment particles. The results demonstrate that the absorption spectra of pigment particles within their dispersing vehicles concur with the complementary color chart. FDPM offers a first-principles method for assessing optical characteristics of pigments within their dispersing vehicles and without the need to resort to conventional measurement of diffuse reflectance from coatings and data analysis using phenomenological theory.
Berkeley Micro/NanoLab Affiliate Members Program: A Critical Component of Laboratory Growth and Stability

In fiscal year 1995, the Berkeley Microlab formalized access to the university laboratory cleanroom and use of the lab's micro/nano-fabrication academic research equipment by industrial researchers. The system wide bureaucratic coordination to establish this program was significant. Input, review and final approval from multiple campus offices was required to address contract administration, recharge and overhead rates, intellectual property policies, and workers compensation and university liability issues. The return on investment of this program cannot be overstated. Since program inception over $7.7M of recharge revenue has been generated representing on average 20% of the Laboratory's annual operations budget. Critical to the faculty support of the program is management evaluation of all materials and processes planned by commercial researchers and the commitment to reject any application that risks or interferes with academic research priorities. The compensation to faculty have been stable recharge rates, a well-defined path for startup companies and a discretionary fund that enables infrastructure and equipment upgrades and funded a majority of the transition to our new laboratory. This affiliate program is not linked to the NNIN.
Gd-doping of HfO2

Abstract An increase in the density of states between the oxygen 2p bands and the Fermi level is seen with increasing Gd concentrations. In addition, for the Gd-doped HfO 2 films, the Gd 4f photoexcitation peak at 5.5 eV below the valence band maximum was identified using resonant photoemission. Electrical measurements show pronounced rectification properties for lightly-doped Gd:HfO 2 films on p -Si and for heavily-doped Gd:HfO 2 films on n -Si, suggesting a crossover from n -type to p -type behavior with increasing doping level. In addition, there is an increase in the reverse bias current with neutron irradiation.
Critical Responses to the Los Angeles School of Urbanism

This article reviews critical responses to the Los Angeles School of Urbanism that have appeared in the urban studies literature since 1986. Common categories of complaint include the accusation that L.A. scholarship lacked sufficient evidence to support its claims and that the language and rhetoric of the School were hyperbolic. Some criticism was also decidedly personal and discipline-specific in tone. Constructive engagement with the L.A. School was evident in the growing corpus of empirical and theoretical comparative urban research. In particular, recent research work of the "New Chicago School" reveals several concordances with the L.A. School.
The Coastal Ground-Water Boundary

In many island and coastal ground-water problems, the position of the ground-water/free sea-water interface is an essential, but highly dynamic boundary. The fluctuating boundary commonly is simplified to a fixed position in problem formulation. This fixed position is frequently taken as the location of local mean free-water level (mean sea level) in the adjacent salt-water body. However, tidal fluctuation and wave runup on a sloping beach cause mounding of sea water in the upper beach with a consequent effective mean sea level as much as two feet higher than local mean sea level. This phenomenon is particularly important in small islands and coastal situations where the ground-water flow pattern is highly dependent on the position of the effective boundary both vertically and horizontally. In coastal hydrological situations, a good approximation for the effective vertical position, i.e. effective mean sea level, of the ground-water/free sea-water boundary is the mean equivalent salt-water head in a deep discretely screened piezometer located in the beach near the upper swash line. The veracity of this technique is demonstrated by the results of field research in a New England barrier beach.
Increased Copper Metallothionein in Menkes Cultured Skin Fibroblasts

Summary: Menkes fibroblasts contain a significantly greater amount of cysteine-rich 10,000 dalton copper-binding protein(s) (metallothionein) than normal cells. Mutant fibroblasts incorporated 30 to 40% more tritiated amino acids into 10,000 dalton protein(s) than normal cells. The protein(s) was deficient in aromatic amino acids. The amount of 35-cysteine incorporated by the same protein(s) in Menkes fibroblasts was twice that of normal fibroblasts. Comparison of the 35S:3H isotopic ratios of chromatographic fractions of both normal and Menkes cell lysates showed that only the proteins eluted in the 10,000 dalton peak were enriched in 35S-cysteine, and this ratio was always greater in Menkes than in normal cells. The 10,000 molecular weight 35S-cysteine- and 3H-amino acid-labeled peaks coincided with the 84Cu peak in both cell strains. The copper-labeled peak was always greater in Menkes than in normal cells. No difference in the 84Cu:35S isotopic ratio in the 10,000 dalton peak was observed between normal and Menkes fibroblast strains. This finding shows the direct relationship between the amount of cysteine-rich 10,000 dalton protein(s) and the amount of 84Cu bound by this protein(s) in both Menkes and normal fibroblasts. DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography resulted in a further two-fold enrichment of the 10,000 dalton, sulfur-rich proteins that were eluted from the Sephadex G-75 column. Most of the labeled proteins from both normal and Menkes fibroblasts were eluted from the ion-exchange column in a single peak at a chloride concentration of approximately 30 mM. Poly-acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of pooled fractions of the 10,000 dalton proteins eluted from the G-75 column and the DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange column showed no consistent differences in the staining pattern between normal and mutant fibroblast strains. When the acrylamide gels were sliced and subsequently counted for radioactive content, no band showed a further increase in the 35S:3H isotopic ratio when compared to the electrophoresed samples that were eluted from the Sephadex G-75 or the ion-exchange columns. Also, no significant increase in the amount of radioactivity associated with a specific protein band could be demonstrated between the Menkes and the normal fibroblast strains. Speculation: The increased accumulation and the reduced efflux of coppe observed in cultured Menkes fibroblasts is associated with a greater amount of copper metallothionein(s) present in the mutant than inth e normcellas. lT he abnormally high copper concentrations observed in several extra-hepatic tissues of patients with Menkes disease may also relate to the presence in these tissues of increased levels of copper metallothionein(s).
Ontogenetic and interspecific variation in the protection of anemonefishes from sea anemones

Anemonefishes are well known for their ability to live unharmed among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. This study examined whether there is ontogenetic and interspecific variation in the protection of anemonefishes from being stung by symbiotic anemones. Ontogenetic variation in protection was studied by determining if the tentacles of anemones would adhere to the eggs, larvae (0–5 days old), and recently metamorphosed anemonefish juveniles (7–14 days old). Interspecific variation in protection was examined by forcing juveniles of 10 species of anemonefishes to contact the tentacles of up to 9 anemone species. The tentacle adhesive forces of the anemone species were also measured. The eggs of anemonefishes were protected from all species of symbiotic anemones tested. Larval fishes were captured and killed by anemones, but recently metamorphosed juvenile fishes were protected from certain host species. Thus, the anemonefishes developed some form of protection during metamorphosis from a pelagic larva to a benthic juvenile. The juveniles of only one anemonefish species (Amphiprion percula) were protected from all the symbiotic anemone species tested, while most other anemonefish species were stung by at least one anemone species. The extreme host specialist, Premnas biaculeatus, was only protected from its natural host species (Entacmaea quadricolor) and was stung by 6 other symbiotic anemone species. The juveniles of all anemonefish species were protected from E. quadricolor, but only a few fish species were able to contact Stichodactyla gigantea without being stung. Fish that were stung by anemone species with strongly adhesive tentacles (e.g., S. gigantea, S. haddoni), were generally captured and killed. However, there was no correlation between the tentacle adhesive force of an anemone species and the number of anemonefish species that it stung.
Chronic inhibition of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase 5A prevents and reverses cardiac hypertrophy

Sustained cardiac pressure overload induces hypertrophy and pathological remodeling, frequently leading to heart failure. Genetically engineered hyperstimulation of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis counters this response. Here, we show that blocking the intrinsic catabolism of cGMP with an oral phosphodiesterase-5A (PDE5A) inhibitor (sildenafil) suppresses chamber and myocyte hypertrophy, and improves in vivo heart function in mice exposed to chronic pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction. Sildenafil also reverses pre-established hypertrophy induced by pressure load while restoring chamber function to normal. cGMP catabolism by PDE5A increases in pressure-loaded hearts, leading to activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase with inhibition of PDE5A. PDE5A inhibition deactivates multiple hypertrophy signaling pathways triggered by pressure load (the calcineurin/NFAT, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways). But it does not suppress hypertrophy induced by overexpression of calcineurin in vitro or Akt in vivo, suggesting upstream targeting of these pathways. PDE5A inhibition may provide a new treatment strategy for cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling.
Evaluation of in vitro biological activity of new agmatine analogs of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)

The effects of agmatine analogs of growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH) were compared to GH-RH(1-29)-NH2 after intravenous (iv) and subcutaneous (sc) administration to pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats. After the iv injection, the analogs [desNH2-Tyr1,Ala15,Nle27] GH-RH(1-28)Agm (MZ-2-51); [desNH2-Tyr1,D-Lys12,Ala15,Nle27] GH-RH(1-28)Agm (MZ-2-57); [desNH2-Tyr1,Ala15,D-Lys21,Nle27] GH-RH(1-28)Agm (MZ-2-75) and [desNH2-Tyr1, D-Lys12,21, Ala15, Nle27] GH-RH(1-28)Agm (MZ-2-87) showed a potency equivalent to 4.4, 1.9, 1.07 and 1.03 times that of GH-RH (1-29)-NH2, respectively, at 5 min and 5.6, 1.8, 1.9 and 1.8 times higher, respectively, at 15 min. After sc administration, analogs MZ-2-51, MZ-2-57 and MZ-2-75 showed to be 34.3, 14.3 and 10.5 times more potent than the parent hormone at 15 min and 179.1, 88.9 and 45.0 times more active, respectively, at 30 min. In addition, MZ-2-51 had prolonged GH-releasing activity as compared to the standard. We also compared the activity of MZ-2-51 and MZ-2-57 with their homologous L-Arg and D-Arg analogs [desNH2-Tyr1,Ala15,Nle27] GH-RH(1-29)-NH2 (MZ-2-117), [des-NH2Tyr1,D-Lys12, Ala15, Nle27] GH-RH(1-29)NH2 (MZ-2-123) and [desNH2-Tyr1,D-Lys12,Ala15, Nle27,D-Arg29] GH-RH(1-29)NH2 (MZ-2-135) after intramuscular (im) injection. MZ-2-51 induced a somewhat greater GH release than MZ-2-117 at 15 min, both responses being larger than the controls (p < 0.01) at 15 and 30 min. MZ-2-57, MZ-2-123 and MZ-2-135 given i.m. were able to stimulate GH release only at 15 minutes (p < 0.05). Animals injected i.m. with MZ-2-51, but not with MZ-2-117, showed GH levels significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05) at 60 min. GH-RH(1-29)NH2 had low activity intramuscularly when tested at a dose of 2.5 mu;g. No toxic effects were observed after the iv administration of 1 mg/kg of Agm GH-RH analogs. These results indicate that our Agm analogs are active iv, sc and im and that the substitutions made in these compounds produce increased and prolonged GH releasing activity. These analogs, especially MZ-2-51, should be useful for clinical and veterinary purposes.
Coronary heart disease: an older woman's major health risk.

Coronary heart disease has traditionally been considered a problem which predominantly affects men—its extent and poor prognosis in women have only recently been identified. As shown in the Framingham study,1 women are more likely than men to die after myocardial infarction; this is now also evident after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and coronary angioplasty. However, the prognosis is currently also influenced by access to coronary diagnostic procedures and treatments, which may in turn be affected by factors such as women's and their doctors' decisions about diagnostic procedures and treatments, by the allocation of health care resources, and by society's perceptions of the importance of coronary heart disease in women. Coronary heart disease is more dependent on age in women than in men: women are usually 10 years older than men when any coronary manifestations first appear, and myocardial infarction occurs as much as 20 years later.1 One in 8 or 9 American women aged 45-64 years has clinical evidence of coronary heart disease and this increases to 1 in 3 in women older than 65 years (fig 1). Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in women in the United States; it is responsible for over 250 000 deaths annually (fig 2).2 With the aging of the population, more women than men now die of coronary heart disease each year in the United States. A white postmenopausal woman in the United States is 10 times more likely to die of heart disease than of breast cancer.3 But most women do not understand the coronary threat. Studies show that women do not usually list heart disease among the health problems they consider most important.4 5 Morbidity from coronary heart disease in older women is also considerable; 36% of American women aged 55-64 …
Understanding Why Workers Engage in Rude Behaviors: A Social Interactionist Perspective

Interpersonal deviance is a form of counterproductive workplace behavior that is directly harmful to other individuals within an organization (Bennett and Robinson 2000). We argue that an important piece to understanding why deviance occurs is to go straight to the source—by asking individuals why they did it. Using Felson and Tedeschi’s (1993) social interactionist perspective of aggression and violence as a theoretical frame, the purpose of the current study was to explore individuals’ justifications for engaging in interpersonal deviance. The sample for this study consisted of 291 full-time working individuals obtained through an online service. Constructs were measured through the use of a web-based survey. Iterative K-means cluster analyses revealed interesting patterns that demonstrate the differential importance of power, retaliation, and having “no reason” in the decision to be deviant.
Flexibility through case handling in careflow systems: A case study of cutaneous melanoma

This paper deals with a form of workflow flexibility called case handling as applied to healthcare systems, called careflow systems. We consider a case study of cutaneous melanoma to illustrate flexibility of careflow systems. We first present algorithmic version of medical guidelines for cutaneous melanoma and then model these medical guidelines using YAWL workflow design tool that is based on Petri nets model of computation. We consider both rigid and flexible models of related careflow systems. The YAWL flexible model uses case handling as a form of careflow flexibility. We compare both models from a perspective of functionality and usability.
Helical crystallization on nickel-lipid nanotubes: perfringolysin O as a model protein.

Abstract To facilitate purification and subsequent structural studies of recombinant proteins the most widely used genetically encoded tag is the histidine tag (His-tag) which specifically binds to N -nitrilotriacetic-acid-chelated nickel ions. Lipids derivatized with a nickel-chelating head group can be mixed with galactosylceramide glycolipids to prepare lipid nanotubes that bind His-tagged proteins. In this study, we use His-tagged perfringolysin O (PFO), a soluble toxin secreted by the bacterial pathogen Clostridium perfringens , as a model protein to test the utility of nickel–lipid nanotubes as a tool for structural studies of His-tagged proteins. PFO is a member of the cholesterol dependent cytolysin family (CDC) of oligomerizing, pore-forming toxins found in a variety of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. CDC pores have been difficult to study by X-ray crystallography because they are membrane associated and vary in size. We demonstrate that both a wild-type and a mutant form of PFO form helical arrays on nickel–lipid containing nanotubes. Cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis of the helical arrays were used to reconstruct a 3D density map of wild-type PFO. This study suggests that the use of nickel–lipid nanotubes may offer a general approach for structural studies of recombinant proteins and may provide insights into the molecular interactions of proteins that have a natural affinity for a membrane surface.
Effects of valinomycin, ouabain, and potassium on glycolysis and intracellular pH of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Both valinomycin and ouabain block reaccumulation of K(+) by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells depleted of K(+) and cause loss of K(+) from high-K(+) cells. Glucose largely reverses the effect of valinomycin and to a lesser extent that of ouabain.In cells depleted of K(+), glucose utilization and lactate production are impaired. Neither extracellular pH (pHe) nor intracellular pH (pHi) falls to the extent seen in non-depleted glycolyzing cells. Addition of K(+) to depleted cells reverses these effects. Valinomycin increases glycolysis in K(+)-depleted cells but to a greater extent in nondepleted or K(+)-repleted cells. The increase in lactate production caused by valinomycin is accompanied by a correspondingly greater fall in pHe and pHi. Valinomycin, unlike other uncoupling agents, does not abolish the pH gradient across the plasma membrane. Increased utilization of glucose resulting from addition of K(+) to K(+)-depleted cells or addition of valinomycin either to depleted or non-depleted cells can be entirely accounted for by increased lactate production. Ouabain blocks the stimulatory effect of added K(+) on K(+)-depleted cells and has an inhibitory effect on glycolysis in non-depleted cells. It does not obliterate the difference in glycolytic activity between K(+)-depleted and nondepleted cells. Ouabain does not completely block the effect of valinomycin in augmenting glycolysis in depleted or non-depleted cells. Increased accumulation of glycolytic intermediates, particularly dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is found in glycolyzing K(+)-depleted cells. The most marked accumulation was found in ouabain-treated K(+)-deficient cells.
The M5 (m5) receptor subtype: fact or fiction?

By comparison to the other subtypes of muscarinic receptors, very little is known about the binding properties, locations, mechanisms and physiological functions of the M5 (m5)∗ receptor subtype. Studies of the m5 receptor have been hampered by the lack of m5-selective ligands or antibodies and a source that endogenously expresses predominantly the m5 receptor subtype. We have developed a pharmacological labeling strategy using the non-selective muscarinic antagonist [3H]NMS, in the presence of muscarinic antagonists and toxins in green mamba venom to occlude the m1-m4 receptor subtypes, to selectively label the m5 receptor subtype. This m5-selective labeling approach, along with those developed for the other four receptor subtypes, has permitted for the first time a comparison of the relative expression levels and anatomical localizations of the five muscarinic receptor subtypes in the brain. The distribution profile of the m5 receptor is distinct from the other four subtypes and is enriched in the outer layers of the cortex, specific subfields of the hippocampus, caudate putamen, olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens. These studies have also demonstrated that the levels of m5 receptor protein expression are apparently higher and more widespread than anticipated from previous in situ hybridization and immunoprecipitation studies. Taken together, the results suggest a unique and potentially physiologically important role for the m5 receptor subtype in modulating the actions of acetylcholine in the brain.
Once More Unto the Breach: PostBehavioralist Approaches to Judicial Politics

The field of "public law" in political science is somewhat ill defined. Its practitioners range from political theorists interested in the normative underpinnings of the law to statisticians interested in the correlates of judicial voting. The output of the Supreme Court, however, looms large on the landscape for many approaches to the field. In the first decades of the century, political scientists were unlikely to focus specifically on the explanations for the Court's decisions but were more likely to be interested in a broad range of issues related to the courts and the law. Since the "behavioral revolution" that swept the social sciences in the 1950s, however, judicial decision making has been at the core of the field. Over the past several decades, substantial progress has been made in identifying patterns of judicial voting behavior and the determinants of Court decisions. That progress, though real, has also been narrow. The scholarly focus has been on individual justices and how they cast their votes, leaving a great deal of the judicial process relatively unexplored.
Mating behaviour in sexually inexperienced cats after desensitization of the glans penis

Abstract 1. 1. Only three out of eleven sexually inexperienced adult male cats in which the glans penis was desensitized by resection of the dorsal nerve of the penis developed sexual behaviour. These males showed the typical behavioural abnormalities reported previously for sexually experienced, adult males. The abnormalities seen were: (a) genital disorientation while mounting the female causing loss of intromission; (b) a cyclical low period in sexual arousal in the fall of each year; and (c) a non-seasonal decline in sexual behaviour during the third and fourth years of testing. 2. 2. Five out of eight prepuberally nerve-cut males developed sexual behaviour and had similar behavioural abnormalities, except that the seasonal cycles did not appear until the third year. Intromission occurred occasionally during the first 1 1 2 years of testing, but ceased completely thereafter.
Native pulmonary valve restoration after remote tetralogy of fallot repair: how to do it.

Methods to repair tetralogy of Fallot have evolved from large ventriculotomy, large transannular patch placement techniques to smaller, transatrial approaches with valve-sparing strategies in selec...