cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship Marketing Management

Abstract ‘History of Marketing Thought: An Update’ (Sheth & Gardner, 1982) was the last published work documenting the evolution of the various schools of marketing in context of history of marketing thought. This article provides an account of the emergence of the ‘newest’ mainstream school of thought in marketing; that is, Relationship Marketing. In pursuit of this update we became increasingly convinced that Relationship Marketing is ‘as much about management as it is about marketing.’ Indeed, the propeller of the Relationship Marketing school of thought is the recognition by academicians and practitioners alike of the need for some measure of ‘customer,’ and ‘partner,’ relationship management in the marketing system. Therefore, we propose a new name for the newest school of thought in marketing, ‘Relationship Marketing Management.’ We conclude that while Relationship Marketing Management will not rise to the status of a discipline, it will replace traditional Marketing Management as the mainstream sch...
Optimal effort allocation by U.S. Senators: the role of constituency size

Legislators in a representative democracy are modeled as being able to allocate a fixed amount of effort between two objectives: national policymaking and local benefit-seeking. The model predicts that the effort allocated to local benefit-seeking should be a negative function of the population size of a legislator's constituency. We empirically test and confirm this prediction by examining the manner in which United States senators allocate their personal staff between home state and Washington D.C. offices.
Comment on Elvin K. Wyly and Daniel J. Hammel's “Islands of Decay in Seas of Renewal: Housing Policy and the Resurgence of Gentrication”

Abstract Wyly and Hammel raise a number of important issues regarding the role of low‐income housing assistance in the more recent resurgence of inner‐city capital investment. However, their methodologies are found to be limited, and their results only weakly support a number of the strong conclusions they draw. Despite these limitations, Wyly and Hammel do present some interesting findings, such as greater loan denial rates for higher‐income applicants in the inner cities than in the suburbs, and raise the possibility of a changing income mix of urban gentrifiers. Building on the article's main theme, the comment suggests strategies to improve low‐income housing policy outcomes and highlights the gentrification conundrum.
Instruments of Coercion: International Institutions and the Sites of Power in International Relations

The international institutions literature suggests that institutions help states cooperate by allowing states to credibly commit to specific policies. This paper argues that these commitments increase the costs associated with some foreign policy options, causing members to substitute towards less costly policies. The analysis is focused on a particular institution, examining how WTO membership affects states' manipulation of trade policies for coercion. I argue that because WTO membership curtails states' use of trade policies for foreign policy leverage, donors employ others levers of influence instead. After presenting detailed case study evidence in support of the theory, I test the model's predictions systematically, demonstrating that once states join the WTO, their trade flows become less correlated with political events, while other policy instruments, such as foreign aid allocation and unilateral preference programs, become more responsive to foreign policy issues.
Tales of the Unintended in Copyright Law

Abstract Copyright law has been oft-criticized for its unintended consequences. This paper retells three “tales of the unintended” concerning the 1976 Copyright Act, the present U.S. copyright statute. The first tale focuses on fair use, the second on statutory damages, and the third on formalities. From these three tales, the paper draws five different morals that provide insights into the ongoing process of copyright reform. These insights will enable policymakers and commentators to rethink the ongoing and future development of copyright law.
The Evolution of Communication

Part 1 Synopsis of the argument: some background information - communication and information, the comparative method - which species to compare and what to conclude?. Part 2 The evolution of communication - historical overview - the design of natural communication systems language evolution - linguists take a look - uniqueness, Noam Chomsky, Derek Bickerton, Philip Lieberman, Charles Hockett, Steven Pinker language evolution - biologists take a look - general comments, Peter Marler, W. John Smith synthesis. Part 3 Conceptual issues in the study of communication: signals designed for a complex environment - the ecology of signal transmission, the ecology of signal detection, adaptation and signal design problems of similarity and classification - the concept of similarity, similarity and classification, units of analysis and their classification in communication potential fruits of Tinbergen's research design. Part 4 Biological design and communication: mating signals - frogs and birds - anuran advertisement calls, avian song survival signals - bats - bat echolocation - the problem social signals - nonhuman and human primates - nonhuman primate vocalisations - general, human language, facial expression and perception in primates. Part 5 Genetic design and communication: mating signals - birds - avian song survival signals - squirrels and primates - ground squirrel alarms, vervet monkey alarm calls social signals - primates - nonhuman primate vocalisations, human spoken language, human sign language, facial and gestural expressions in primates. Part 6 Design and communication: mating signals - frogs, birds, and primates - anuran advertisement calls,, avian advertisement signals, primate copulation calls and sexual swellings survival signals - insects, birds, squirrels, and primates - alarm signals, warning colours, food-associated signals social signals - birds and primates - dominance signals and cues. (Part contents).
Enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase and Na+, K+ ATPase in osteoblastoma cells by intermittent compression.

Rat osteoblatoma cells (ROS 23) were subjected in culture to a physiologic, intermittent, compressive force. The mechanical perturbation enhanced the activity of ornithine decarboxylase by 60%. Investigation of the mechanism of enzyme activation revealed an increase in ouabain inhibitable 86Rb+ uptake, indicating an elevated Na+, K+ ATPase activity. Ouabain (1 μM) reduced ornithine decarboxylase activity by 75% in control cultures. This inhibition was partially overcome by intermittent compression. It appears that a functioning Na+, K+ ATPase is essential for the maintenance of ornithine decarboxylase activity and that activation of Na+, K+ ATPase may be associated with the trophic effects of mechanical stimuli in these cells.
Dynamic Changes in Dominant Antigen Responses Following Primary CMV Infection in Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose Lung transplant recipients (LTRs) mismatched for CMV (D + /R - ) are at highest risk for active CMV infection and have increased 1- and 5-year mortality. We have previously shown the immunodominance of pp65-specific CD8 + T cell effector responses (compared to IE1) during primary infection. We observed during chronic infection that a significant proportion of LTRs display “inflation” of IE1 responses relative to pp65. Therefore, we hypothesized that immunodominance matures from primary into chronic CMV infection. Methods and Materials PBMC obtained from 22 D + R - LTRs were studied during primary CMV infection (acute) and 6-12months following primary infection (chronic) using multi-parameter flow cytometric analysis for cytokine/effector responses. Results Consistent with our previous data, we found CD8 + effector (IFN-γ) responses directed toward pp65 were predominant over IE1 in D + /R - LTRs during acute infection (p=0.03). Compared to primary infection, IE1-specific responses were “inflated” during chronic infection (p=0.014). Additionally, 16/22 (72%) LTRs showed pp65-specific>IE1-specific responses during primary infection, compared with 14/22 (64%) IE1-specific>pp65-specific responses during chronic infection (p=0.03). Conclusions Together, these data demonstrate a dynamic change in CMV-specific CD8 + T cell responses from acute, primary infection into chronic infection with relative “inflation” of IE1-specific responses compared to pp65-specific responses. These dynamic changes may be important for determining the ability of high-risk D + /R - LTRs to maintain durable viral control after primary infection.
Stochastic simulation of ocean waves and their effect on microwave scattering

This paper is concerned with estimation of the tri-variate Probability Density Function (PDF) of the sea surface elevation and slope components for use in studies of radar sea scattering. The effects of Monte Carlo simulations of linear and nonlinear waves on radar backscatter from low grazing angles are compared to the results obtained from the tri- variate PDF. Simplified examples that eliminate one slope component are analyzed to show some of the differences between linear and nonlinear wave properties. The tri-variate PDF for the linear case is given in the form of a multivariate normal distribution whose covariance matrix is calculated from the wavenumber-direction spectrum. An extension to the nonlinear case is described. The results are consistent with present knowledge of nonlinear ocean wave dynamics and exhibit such well-known features as sharp crestedness and elevation PDF skewness. The second way to describe the wavy surface is to Monte Carlo representative surfaces and determine those portions illuminated by the radar for selected grazing angles. The stochastically generated and empirical PDFs are consistent with each other. Nonlinearization of the sea surface does not appreciably alter the wave spectrum but has a large effect on the shadowing that severely affects the sea scatter of a radar beam incident at a small grazing angle.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bifurcation to standing and traveling waves in large arrays of coupled lasers.

We consider the equations for N coupled class-B lasers in a ring geometry. We investigate the first bifurcation to time-periodic solutions in the limit of (i) small damping, (ii) small coupling, and (iii) large N. We identify the relevant scaling between these three quantities from the linear stability analysis and derive a nonlinear partial differential equation for the slow time and slow space evolution of the time-periodic traveling-wave modes. The equation is similar but not identical to the Ginzburg-Landau equation derived in the areas of fluid or chemical instabilities. It contains an additional term and the boundary conditions are different if N is even or odd. We next determine solutions of this equation. If N is even, the first bifurcation corresponds to a time-periodic standing wave and its amplitude is identical to the amplitude previously obtained for N even but arbitrary [Li and Erneux, Phys. Rev. A 46, 4252 (1992)]. If N is odd, the bifurcation diagram is quite different. We find two primary bifurcations to traveling-wave solutions and one secondary bifurcation to a standing-wave solution. Our analytical results are in agreement with a detailed numerical study of the original laser equations.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and airway diseases

Parasympathetic nerves provide the dominant autonomic innervation of the airways. Release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves activates postjunctional muscarinic receptors present on airway smooth muscle, submucosal glands, and blood vessels to cause bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and vasodilatation, respectively. Acetylcholine also feeds back onto prejunctional muscarinic receptors to enhance or inhibit further acetylcholine release. In asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion is increased and the airways are hyperresponsive to contractile agents. These changes are due to increased parasympathetic nerve activity. The number and function of postjunctional muscarinic receptors in the airways are unchanged in animal models of asthma. Rather, it is the supply of acetylcholine to the postjunctional cells (smooth muscle and submucosal gland) that is increased. The increase in acetylcholine release occurs because prejunctional, inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on the parasympathetic nerves are dysfunctional. M2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction and subsequent airway hyperreactivity have been demonstrated to occur in animals in response to a variety of triggers, including antigen challenge, virus infection, ozone exposure, and vitamin A deficiency. In humans, there is evidence that loss of M2 muscarinic receptor function is related to asthma. The mechanisms by which neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function is lost and its relevance to human airway disease are discussed in this review.
Statistical, risk, and reliability analyses of bridge scour

Bridge scour is the loss of soil by erosion because of water flowing around bridge supports. Scour has been the number one cause of bridge failure in the United States with an average annual rate of 22 bridges collapsing or being closed owing to severe deformation. This paper addresses three topics related to bridge scour. First, a set of databases was used to quantify the statistical parameters associated with the scatter between the predicted and measured pier scour depth, as well as the probability that a deterministically predicted pier scour depth will be exceeded. These databases also were used to provide the bias factors in current predictions. Secondly, these statistical parameters were used to develop a reliability-based load and resistance factor design for shallow and deep foundations subjected to scour. The goal was to provide a design procedure where the reliability of the foundation is the same with or without scour. Reliability only addresses the probability of success and, therefore, of failure. Finally, the discussion was broadened by using the concept of risk defined as the probability of failure times the value of the consequences. In this third part, the risk associated with bridge scour was quantified and compared to risks associated with other engineering structures. Target values of acceptable risk were recommended as part of the conclusions.
Schistosoma mekongi infection in a leiomyosarcoma of the small bowel: a case report.

Abstract We report a fortuitous occurrence of a small bowel leiomyosarcoma infected with Schistosoma mekongi in an elderly patient from Kampuchea. S mekongi is endemic in countries along the lower Mekong River basin (Laos, Thailand, and Kampuchea), where its intermediate snail hosts ( Lithoglyphopsis aperta ) are found. The diagnosis was made by examining the numerous ova that were embedded in the tumor and along the small bowel wall. The ova with their small lateral spines are easily confused with those of Schistosoma japonicum , but are consistently smaller and round. The patient presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to tumor invasion of the small bowel rather than from heavy parasitic infection. Because of the spindle-cell morphology of the tumor, an exuberant fibroblastic host reaction to the ova was considered during frozen section examination. Unlike the more common species of schistosoma (eg, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium ) that are associated with the development of malignant neoplasms, we believe our case represents a chance findign and that the possible role of S mekongi infection in the neoplastic process is unlikely.
Comparing the risk of suicide of college students with nonstudents

Suicide rates for college students were compared with rates for nonstudents using two definitions of students: full-time enrollment at 4-year institutions, and all-inclusive postsecondary enrollment. For traditionally aged females, comparing the suicide rate of students (3.0 per 100,000) to the rate for same-age nonstudents rather than the same-age general population did not meaningfully affect the relative risk for suicide. For traditionally aged male students (overall suicide rate 10.25 per 100,000), changing the comparison group to same-age nonstudents rather than the same-age general population did meaningfully enhance the favorable relative risk for students aged 18–24 in the smaller student cohort, and for those 18–29 in the more inclusive student cohort. These findings are interpreted as reinforcing the importance of environmental factors in affecting suicide rates, specifically the importance of restricting access to firearms in reducing rates.
Sanitation of entire broods of dead nestlings may bias cause-specific nest failure rates

Sanitation of entire broods of dead nestlings C. Kirkpatrick et al. Sanitation of entire broods of dead nestlings may bias cause-specific nest failure rates CHRIS KIRKPATRICK, 1 * COURTNEY J. CONWAY 2 & MOEZ H. ALI 1 1 University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA 2 USGS Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Vitamin D in allergic disease: Shedding light on a complex problem

Vitamin D is unique among nutritional factors because the intake of this special vitamin represents the sum of vitamin D obtained from diet, nutritional supplements, and endogenous production after exposure to sunlight. The current recommended nutritional intake requirements reflect needs based on its established role in calcium absorption and bone health. However, recent studies have revealed that vitamin D has important functions in the immune system and might influence the course of immune-mediated disorders, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. This review discusses the scientific rationale for a role for vitamin D in immune function, gives an update on allergic disease associations with lower vitamin D serum levels, and discusses recent observations relating to vitamin D in immune function.
The Requirement for Organic Nitrogen in Zea mays Embryos.

Previous investigations have shown that, during germination, there is a transfer of organic nitrogen from storage tissues to the developing embryo (16). Indeed in both barley (10) and pea (5) specific storage proteins are the first components to disappear. If this supply of storage nitrogen represents an obligate requirement for the developing embryo, the growth of excised embryos in culture with an adequate supply of carbohydrate should show abnormal features reflecting this deficiency. Oat and barley embryos which grow feebly when removed from their storage parts are at least partially revived by additions of amino acids (9, 12). This suggests that the systems for the transformation of carbohydrate into amino acids are inadequate in the young embryo. The fact that Edelman et al. (8) found very little C14 from glucose in the proteins of cereal embryos supports this view. Excised maize embryos, which show normal increases in dry weight and shoot length when supplied with glucose (7), and which have been grown to maturity (1), present an apparent exception to the general picture. However, Nason (18) has shown that excised maize embryos have abnormally low levels of trypotophan, and when our own preliminary investigation showed that the amount of protein in such embryos was drastically reduced, an investigation was made of the importance of organic nitrogen normally supplied by the endosperm. A progress report of this work has appeared previously (20).
Estimation of regurgitant flow volume based on centerline velocity/distance profiles using digital color M-Q Doppler: application to orifices of different shapes.

Abstract Objectives. In this study we investigated the centerline velocity profile method for flow computation as applied to noncircular, as well as circular, orifices using digital color flow data. Background. Recently it has been suggested that flow volume through an orifice can be estimated more accurately by computing the axial “centerline” flow velocity/distance profile proximal to the orifice. Methods. A total of seven different orifices were mounted in a constant-flow model: four circular orifices, two rectangular orifices with a major/minor axis ratio of 4:1 and 8:1 and an ovoid orifice having a major/minor axis ratio of 2:1. Three different flow rates were examined (1.68, 3.48 and 6.48 liters/min). Digital measurements of flow velocity at discrete positions along the centerline progressing toward the orifice were analyzed to yield complete flow velocity profiles for each orifice at each flow rate. Results. A clear separation of the flow profiles for the three different flow rates was observed independent of orifice size for all of the circular orifices. The velocity/distance acceleration curves showed highly significant correlations using multiplicative regression fits (y = ax−b, r = 0.94 to 0.99, all p Conclusions. In view of the various sizes and shapes encountered clinically for regurgitant orifices, the simplicity of this method for the estimation of the severity of regurgitant lesions might be of importance for clinical applications of this method.
R Cassiopeiae: Relative Strengths of SiO Masers at 43 and 86 GHz

We present simultaneous VLBI maps of the J = 1 → 0 (43.1 GHz) and J = 2 → 1 (86.2 GHz) silicon monoxide (SiO) v = 1 masers in the circumstellar envelope of the asymptotic giant branch star R Cassiopeiae that have been registered to submilliarcsecond precision. Our images allow specific comparisons of maser strengths from volumes that are about 1/10 AU in projected size. Bright 86.2 GHz v = 1 masers in two cases operate from the same gas volumes as the 43.1 GHz v = 1 masers. The relative strengths of the 43.1 and 86.2 GHz masers vary from roughly unity to lower limits of several hundred to 1. The low strength of J = 2 → 1 masers relative to J = 1 → 0 might arise from neutral densities of H2 ≤ 4 × 109 cm-3 at 1.5-2 times the photospheric radius from R Cas. The SiO masers of R Cas at this epoch are not consistent with emission models that employ pulsation-driven shocks unless the phasing of such models can be shifted.
Natural history of high-grade atrioventricular block following permanent pacemaker implantation

Abstract We followed 120 patients 4–14 yr after permanent pacemaker implantation for highgrade atrioventricular block to assess the effect of sex, age at implantation, date of implantation and various chronic co-existent illnesses on survival. The overall survival rates were 91% at 1 yr, 63% at 5 yr and 41% at 10 yr. Patients with congestive heart failure demonstrated the lowest survival rates of all cohorts studied. Survival rates of patients with congestive heart failure were significantly lower than survival rates of patients without congestive heart failure and were also significantly lower than those of patients with conduction system disease only. Similarly, patients with coronary heart disease demonstrated significantly lower survival rates than both patients without coronary heart disease and patients with conduction system disease only. The presence of hypertension, valvular heart disease, diabetes mellitus or cerebral infarction influenced survival less adversely than congestive heart failure or coronary heart disease. Survival decreased progressively with increasing age; however, the differences were not significant. Sex and date of implantation had no apparent effect on survival. Thus, coronary heart disease and the presence of congestive heart failure appear to be the major determinants of survival following permanent pacemaker implantation for high-grade atrioventricular block.
Effects of elevated ammonia levels on the fingernail clam, Musculium transversum , in outdoor experimental streams

The effects of ammonia on survival, growth, and reproduction of the fingernail clamMusculium transversum were tested in outdoor experimental streams. In the summers of 1983 and 1984 caged clams were exposed in the streams. During the 1983 studies, the weekly mean NH3 ranges in the low, medium and high concentration streams were, respectively, 0.02–0.08, 0.04–0.25 and 0.14–0.56 mg/L; in 1984 the ranges in the same streams were 0.04–0.20, 0.07–0.38 and 0.48–1.17 mg/L. In the first year studies, survival was highest (50–85%) in the control and low NH3 streams, lower (30–55%) in the medium NH3 stream and no clams survived the high NH3 treatment. Growth was also greater in the control and low NH3 streams. In the second year studies, total yields of clams in the control, low, medium, and high NH3 streams, respectively, were 12.8 x, 4.7 x, 1.1 x and 0.03 x the original stock. During 30-day tests, the second year mean growth was 2 mm less and reproduction 90% lower in the low NH3 than in the control stream. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations affecting survival and growth were lower than in previous reports. The site-specific criterion concentration was low enough to protect the clams in the streams.
Investigation of Particle Interactions in Concentrated Colloidal Suspensions Using Frequency Domain Photon Migration: Monodisperse Systems

Abstract Frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) measurements were conducted to assess particle interactions of concentrated, monodisperse, polystyrene samples obtained directly from industry by using multiple scattering light. The angle-integrated static structure factor, 〈S(q)〉, and static structure factor at small wave vector q, S(0), were obtained from FDPM measurements at high volume fractions ranging from 0.05 to 0.3, and were compared with those obtained from the monodisperse hard sphere Percus-Yevick (HSPY) model. Effects of different colloid sizes on structure factor evaluated at two different wavelengths were also investigated. Results show that the monodisperse HSPY model is suitable for accounting for particle interactions and local microstructures in these colloidal suspensions. Upon using the HSPY model, particle sizes of polystyrene suspensions were recovered from FDPM measurements at high volume fractions (up to 0.3), which agree well with the DLS measurement of diluted sample (∼0.001). The study of polydispersity effect shows that the FDPM method can be successfully used for recovering the mean particle size of polydisperse colloidal suspension with low polydispersity (
Planning Ground Water Monitoring Field Projects

Project organization problems are not uncommon in ground water monitoring projects, particularly those which occur at sites remote from the office. Successful project management depends on coordination of the personnel, supplies, and equipment necessary to carry out each phase of the project. Procedures for planning and organizing field projects involving well installation, ground water sampling, and aquifer testing are outlined. Methods are suggested that will aid the Project Manager in planning and scheduling field work to make efficient use of personnel and material resources. Cautions are given regarding common pitfalls of projects involving operations at remote sites, and means of avoidance are enumerated. A checklist of commonly used field equipment and supplies is provided.
A mechanism to describe the basal twinning of sapphire

Abstract The mechanical twinning of sapphire can be simply explained by the passage of pairs of partial dislocations of the type 1 3 〈 1 010〉(0001) on adjacent planes. This can occur in one of two different ways where the basal planes of oxygen and aluminum ions move as a unit to produce a macroscopic shear of 0.634. In one case a perfect mirror twin is formed and in the other the mirror twin appears only in the aluminum sublattice.
Severe acute intermittent hypoxia elicits phrenic long-term facilitation by a novel adenosine-dependent mechanism

Acute intermittent hypoxia [AIH; 3, 5-min episodes; 35–45 mmHg arterial Po2 (PaO2)] elicits serotonin-dependent phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF), a form of phrenic motor facilitation (pMF) initiated by Gq protein-coupled metabotropic 5-HT2 receptors. An alternate pathway to pMF is induced by Gs protein-coupled metabotropic receptors, including adenosine A2A receptors. AIH-induced pLTF is dominated by the serotonin-dependent pathway and is actually restrained via inhibition from the adenosine-dependent pathway. Here, we hypothesized that severe AIH shifts pLTF from a serotonin-dependent to an adenosine-dependent form of pMF. pLTF induced by severe (25–30 mmHg PaO2) and moderate (45–55 mmHg PaO2) AIH were compared in anesthetized rats, with and without intrathecal (C4) spinal A2A (MSX-3, 130 ng/kg, 12 μl) or 5-HT receptor antagonist (methysergide, 300 μg/kg, 15 μl) injections. During severe, but not moderate AIH, progressive augmentation of the phrenic response during hypoxic episodes was observed. Severe AIH (78% ± 8% 90 min post-AIH, n = 6) elicited greater pLTF vs. moderate AIH (41% ± 12%, n = 8; P 0.05). Thus severe AIH shifts pLTF from a serotonin-dependent to an adenosine-dependent mechanism; the adenosinergic pathway inhibits the serotonergic pathway following moderate AIH. Here we demonstrate a novel adenosine-dependent pathway to pLTF following severe AIH. Shifts in the mechanisms of respiratory plasticity provide the ventilatory control system greater flexibility as challenges that differ in severity are confronted.
Order-disorder effects in the phase transitions of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 measured by perturbed-angular-correlation spectroscopy.

Perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions at the LI sites in two isostructural, ferroelectric ternary-metal oxides, ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$. These compounds were prepared as ceramics doped with approximately 0.01 at. % Hf that carried the radioactive $^{181}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{181}$Ta PAC probes. PAC measurements were made over a temperature range from 295 to \ensuremath{\approxeq}1100 K, which included the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition for ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$. Because the transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ exceeded the accessible temperature range of the available apparatus, the investigation focused mainly on the features of the ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$ transition. In particular, the measured perturbation functions show well-defined, high-frequency, static interactions that are characterized by extensive line broadening at temperatures well below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and by significantly less line broadening at temperatures above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$.
New Uses of Linear Arithmetic in Automated Theorem Proving by Induction

Inspired by Boyer and Moore''s approach for generating induction schemes based on terminating function definitions, Zhang, Kapur and Krishnamoorthy introduced a cover set method for designing induction schemes for automating proofs by induction from specifications expressed as equations and conditional equations. This method has been implemented in the theorem prover Rewrite Rule Laboratory (RRL) and a proof management system Tecton built on top of em RRL, and it has been used to prove many nontrivial theorems and reason about sequential as well as parallel programs. The cover set method is based on the assumption that a function symbol is defined using a finite set of terminating (conditional or unconditional) rewrite rules. The left side of the rules are then used to design different cases of an induction scheme, and recursive calls to the function made in the right side can be used to design appropriate instantiations for generating induction hypotheses. A weakness of this method is that it relies on syntactic unification for generating an induction scheme for a conjecture. This paper goes a step further by proposing semantic analysis for generating an induction scheme for a conjecture from a cover set. We discuss the use of a decision procedure for Presburger arithmetic (quantifier-free theory of numbers with the addition operation and relational predicates , , =, ) for performing semantic analysis about numbers. The decision procedure is used to generate appropriate induction schemes for a conjecture using cover sets of function taking numbers as arguments. This extension of the cover set method automates proofs of many theorems which otherwise, require human guidance and hints. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated using some examples which commonly arise in reasoning about specifications and programs. It is also shown how semantic analysis using a Presburger arithmetic decision procedure can be used for checking the completeness of a cover set of a function defined using operations such as check, many function definitions used in a proof of the prime factorization theorem stating that every number can be factored uniquely into prime factors, which had to be checked manually, can now be checked automatically in procedure for guiding generalization for generating conjectures and merging induction schemes is also illustrated.
OBSERVATIONS ON LIPOSOME SUBSTITUTION IN PRETERM INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

Surface active large unilamellar vesicles containing 80% dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and 20% phosphatidylglycerol were injected into the tracheal tube of 6 preterm infants (birth weight 820-1230 g)with severe RDS and poor prognosis. Entry criteria for the pilot study were:Respiratory failure x ray grade >2, gestational age <30 weeks,weight <1500 g,age <6 hours,parental informed consent. The phospholipid lung profile was studied in tracheal aspirates, tidal volume was measured by pneumotachography. - Neonatal courses were highly variable,probably due to different age and degree of RDS at the time of substitution. No infant showed complete and continuing recovery immediately after phospholipid application. 4 newborns survived. No patent ductus, but 2 pneumothoraces were observed.After a short initial decrease,tidal volume increased from 4 to 8 ml/kg and compliance from 0.3 to 0.6 ml/cm H2O/kg in 3 infants within 6 hours after treatment. In two of them, FiO2 could be reduced from 1.0 to .25 within few hours, in one of them respiratory failure returned after 24 hours. The other showed a dramatic improvement of compliance and oxygenation, but died at the age of 46 hours from intraventricular hemorrhage.One infant did not respond to substitution and died at 16 hours from hypoxia.In two infants treated at 3-5 hours of age, an increase of tidal volume and oxygenation did not occur until 6-24 hours after substitution.Phosphatidylglycerol was detectable in tracheal aspirates 24 hours to 4 days after liposome application.
Equal opportunity of access: A responsibility and a challenge

Abstract Equal opportunity of access to knowledge and information through resource sharing on an equitable basis represents a national goal enunciated by the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science in 1975. Progress towards attaining effective resource sharing on a local, state, and national basis; the developing barriers to access caused by funding problems; and the proposed revisions of information policies are briefly reviewed.
Multiple Scattering of Neutrons. II. Diffusion in a Plate of Finite Thickness

The diffusion of neutrons in an infinite plate of finite thickness is studied. Analytic expressions are derived for the density and current of the returning and transmitted neutrons at the boundaries. Density and current distribution inside the material at sufficiently large distances from the boundaries are also calculated.
Converting an electronic calculator into a combination stopwatch-calculator

A method for adding electronic stopwatch capabilities to a calculator is described. An integrated circuit (NE555) is used for a time base. The circuit drives an opto-isolator or light-emitting diode that operates a photocell. The opto-isolator or photocell substitutes for a switch closure to increment the calculator in .10-sec intervals.
Stepwise pyrolysis-gas chromatography of kerogen in sedimentary rocks

Abstract Stepwise pyrolysis-gas chromatography is used to examine and characterize the carbonaceous matter in sedimentary rocks. Low-temperature steps remove material normally volatile or extracted by benzene-methanol. Successively-higher temperature steps degrade the insoluble carbonaceous matter (kerogen) into smaller molecular pieces. The sequential pyrolysis steps have the advantage of breaking the kerogen at several temperatures which may be related to bond type or strength. The pyrolysis product chromatograms from each step can be compared. The molecular sizes (chain length) of kerogens fragments can be determined. The results presented here show the molecules in the range C 11 to C 23 because: (1) they can be compared to normal petroleum source rock extractables; and (2) these large molecules give a feeling for the molecular construction of the kerogen. Green River and Antrim shales show low-temperature material which is indigenous and not modified compared to the pyrolyzed kerogen fragments in the range C 11 C 23 . Kupferletten shows low-temperature material of a narrow molecular weight range of C 15 C 19 which is probably derived from the kerogen. Monterey shale low-temperature material appears to be unrelated to the kerogen as represented by its pyrolysis products. The Pierre shale kerogen shows molecules over the range C 11 C 23 . Kerogen from the Romney shale has no molecules large than C 8 in its pyrolysis products and no petroleum potential due to thermal and tectonic diagenesis.
Impact detection for smart automotive damage mitigation systems

Occupant safety and severity of vehicle damage are important factors in automotive vehicle design. Smart automobiles of the future could potentially use distributed smart material sensors and actuators in order to identify impact and take appropriate evasive or mitigative actions. This provides the motivation for this study. The first part of this study is focused on detecting the location and magnitude of impact, particularly for the case where the automotive structure is subjected to minimal damage. This is accomplished by developing a generalized algorithm using the Reissner–Mindlin plate theory, the Rayleigh–Ritz energy approach, and the Lagrangian–Hamilton principle. The level of performance of this methodology is demonstrated for impacts on a simply supported rectangular plate. Different case studies for static as well as impact loading with point as well as area contacts are presented. An algorithm using deconvolution for identifying impact location and magnitude has been developed and implemented. Additionally, the influence of damage on the structural vibratory content is studied via a frequency analysis. Modal analyses for undamaged and damaged plates, with nine different damage locations and six different damage sizes, are performed. Changes in frequency and mode shapes are observed as regards the severity of the damage.
Heidegger, the Erotics of Ontology, and the Mass-Market Romance

In her paper, "Heidegger, the Erotics of Ontology, and the Mass-Market Romance," Deborah Lutz explores a particular formula of mass-market romance -the dangerous lover or "sweet savage" one -as an allegory for Heidegger's theories of nearness and being-toward-an-end in Being and Time. The postponements, secrets, and failed presence of the final immanence of love in these narratives allegorize the flight and entanglement of Dasein in the everyday. The romance's narrative movement as always in relationship with its end -the full presence of love -and its structure of being always ahead of itself, mirrors the narrativity of Dasein's being-toward-death. With the meeting of these two registers, Lutz explores what romance has to teach philosophy about transcendence through the "vulgarity" of the everyday, about transcendence as a repetition, and failure as a constituent of presence. Deborah Lutz, "Heidegger, the Erotics of Ontology, and the Mass-Market Romance” page 2 of 13 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 5.3 (2003):
Continuous versus Discrete Advection Adjoints in Chemical Data Assimilation with CMAQ

Abstract Data assimilation obtains improved estimates of the state of a physical system by combining imperfect model results with sparse and noisy observations of reality. In the four dimensional variational (4D-Var) framework data assimilation is formulated as an optimization problem, which is solved using gradient based optimization methods. The 4D-Var gradient is obtained by forcing the adjoint model with observation increments. The construction of the adjoint model requires considerable development effort. In the continuous approach the adjoint differential equations are discretized. In the discrete approach the numerical solution of the forward equations is differentiated. The two routes lead to different gradients. In this paper we investigate numerically the effect of using discrete and continuous adjoints of the advection equation in chemical transport modeling. Continuous advection adjoints are easily implemented by calling the same advection subroutines as the forward model, with a sign change for the winds, and with rescaling the solution. Discrete advection adjoints involve the differentiation of a nonlinear, monotonic advection scheme like the piecewise parabolic method. The numerical experiments are carried out with CMAQ-ADJ. The results show that, while discrete advection adjoints are more accurate in point-to-point comparisons against finite differences, the continuous adjoints of advection perform better as gradients for optimization in 4D-Var data assimilation.
Effect of isolated tuned dampers on response of multispan structures.

An approximate analysis, utilizing the normal-mode method, is derived for the response of a multispan skin-stringer structure with isolated tuned viscoelastic dampers located at arbitrary points on the surface. The analysis is shown to lead to no coupling (or very little) between the modes of vibration of structures with identical panels when the dampers are placed at the center of each span and particularly simple solutions are derived in this case. To illustrate the technique, a solution is obtained for a specific idealized multispan structure.
A Prospective Study of Personality Changes in Students in Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing.

Seventy male medical students from two classes took the California Psychological Inventory in years 1 and 4. Eight scales differentiated significantly in one class, 4 in the other. Analysis of all 140 CPI protocols in a Time-2 versus Time-1 regression identified 4 key variables: sociability, socialization, and good impression weighted negatively, and achievement via independence weighted positively. Of 168 students of nursing tested at entry and graduation, the equation produced a hit rate of 62.5 percent in classifying the 336 protocols; for 47 dental students tested twice (94 protocols), the hit rate was 56.4 percent. Chance both times would be 50.0 percent. Adjectival descriptions of 70 medical school applicants depicted Ss scoring higher on the equation as more reasonable, taciturn, and insightful, those scoring lower as more suggestible, conventional, and emotionally expressive.
Prototypes and scripts: The effects of alternative methods of processing information on rating accuracy

Abstract The relation between two different types of schematic processing and memory for events or leader behavior were investigated in a sample of 120 student observers who viewed the videotaped interaction of a five-person board meeting. It was hypothesized that two experimental factors, observational purpose and observers' knowledge about group goals, would influence the type of schema-guided attention, organization, and retrieval of information used. Results provided strong support for the hypotheses. First, subjects receiving a memory observational purpose or knowledge about group goals processed the information using a script schema, whereas subjects receiving an impression-formation observational purpose or no knowledge of the group goals used a leader prototype schema. Second, for meeting events, as prototypicality of the item increased, subjects were less accurate in recognizing which events were present, less confident, and took longer to respond. Third, for leader behavior, subjects were less accurate, less confident, and took longer to respond to absent prototypical items, and also were less accurate but more confident for present antiprototypical ones. The practical implications of these results are also discussed.
Creating micro-structured hydrogel-forming polymer films by photopolymerization in an evaporating solvent: Compositional and morphological evolutions

A new method of photopolymerization/photocrosslinking in an evaporating precursor solution was exploited to synthesize films with hierarchical microstructures for a common hydrogel-forming system. The hierarchical microstructure featured a dense skin layer atop of a particulate layer, uniquely determined by the interplay between fast solvent evaporation and reaction induced phase separation between the reactive monomers and the remaining solvent. Using N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm)/carbon disulfide (CS2) as a model system, the evolution of the composition and morphology within the solution drop was determined.
Reciprocal Transplant Reveals Trade-off of Resource Quality and Predation Risk in the Field

Balancing trade-offs between avoiding predators and acquiring food enables animals to maximize fitness. Quantifying their relative contribution to vital rates in nature is challenging because predator abundance and nutrient enrichment are often confounded. We employed a reciprocal transplant study design to separate these confounded effects on growth and reproduction of snails at wetland sites along a gradient of predator threats and phosphorus (P) enrichment associated with a canal. We held snails in mesh bags that allowed the passage of waterborne predator cues and fed them local or transplanted periphyton. Molluscivores were more abundant near the canal, and snails tethered near the canal suffered 33% greater mortality than those tethered far from it (far sites). The greatest difference in snail growth rates was at the far sites where growth on far periphyton was 48% slower than on P-enriched (near canal) periphyton. Close proximity to the canal reduced growth on near periphyton by 21% compared to growth on the same periphyton far from the canal; there was no difference in growth rate on either periphyton type when snails were raised near the canal. Snails laid 81% more egg masses at far sites than at near sites, regardless of periphyton origin. Top-down and bottom-up processes were elevated near the canal, and their effects canceled on growth, but not reproduction. Phenotypic trade-offs such as these may explain why some taxa show little response to nutrient enrichment, compared to others, or that the effects of nutrient enrichment may be context dependent.