cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Entrants Bring New Questions

This short essay comments on the future of LGBT scholarship. The mainstreaming of LGBT equality norms brings with it an increased presence of new actors. Aligned with the LGBT movement, government lawyers and private non-movement lawyers now invest heavily in LGBT rights litigation. Opposed to the LGBT movement, Christian Right organizations devote substantial time and money to fighting LGBT equality. These new investments pose significant new questions for sociolegal scholars: How do the changing relationships of state actors to the LGBT rights and Christian Right movements influence how each movement uses elite support to bring about social change? How do government lawyers negotiate their roles as public lawyers and cause lawyers? How do movement lawyers respond to loss of control at the hands of supportive elites? How does analysis of the Christian Right/LGBT rights movement/countermovement relationship complicate established theories of legal mobilization? At the same time that the presence of Christian Right organizations poses fascinating questions for sociolegal scholarship, it also turns attention to important questions at the intersection of sexual orientation nondiscrimination and religious liberty: How will religious exemptions carve out exceptions to LGBT rights? How should religious free exercise and expressive association affect the meaning of sexual orientation nondiscrimination? What similarities can we observe between religious and LGBT identities? And how can we clearly articulate LGBT equality norms and yet respect and accommodate sincere religious objections? These questions point to just some of the pressing issues that scholars should address in the years to come.
Student-Teacher: The Learning Machine as an Instructional Device

This article presents QUERIOUS, an educational tool based on expert system technology, functional analysis techniques, and Socratic method. Using a knowledge acquisition device originally developed to allow specialists to impart their knowledge to expert systems, our tool asks students questions, leads them through functional analysis of a problem and, in effect, induces them to teach the system their solution strategy. An existing prototype is described, and a proposal for further development is presented.
Pressure Dependence of the Mössbauer Effect

The pressure dependence of the M\"ossbauer effect is examined and expressions are given (in the Debye approximation) for the probability of recoiless emission (absorption) as a function of the specific volume. It is concluded that the effect of pressure is slight for metals such as Zn, Sn, etc., but that more compressible elements should exhibit observable pressure dependencies at moderate pressures. A calculation is given which predicts that the recoiless emission of the 81-kev line in ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ should become observable at a pressure of about 5000 atm. Some additional experiments involving the above pressure dependence are also discussed.
Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy of water/α-quartz interfaces

A new scheme of sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy that allows deduction of both amplitude and phase of surface nonlinear optical susceptibilities is developed for studies of crystalline surfaces and interfaces.
Partitions with Non-Repeating Odd Parts and Q-Hypergeometric Identities

We obtain a series expansion for the product generating function of partitions in which the odd parts do not repeat. This is done by studying the 2-modular Ferrers graphs of such partitions via Durfee squares. This provides a unified approach to several fundamental identities in the theory of partitions and q-series such as those of Sylvester, Lebesgue, Gauss, and Rogers-Fine, and provides links with Gollnitz’s deep theorem.
Fluid–Crystallized Theory of Intelligence

The fluid–crystallized theory of intelligence consists of several ability factors, most notably fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc). The theory is primarily concerned with providing a developmental framework for the structure of intelligence and with the assessment of adult intelligence. This entry describes the structure of the fluid–crystallized intelligence theory, the relationships between the factors, and the development and lifespan trajectories of Gf and Gc. Keywords: adult developmental psychology; Cattell, Raymond; cognition; individual differences; intelligence; lifespan and development psychology
Determining Significant Principal Components: a Probability Test For Eigenvalues

When employing factor analysis a major problem confronting researchers is the determination of how many components to retain for subsequent investigation. Many marketing scholars address this issue by automatically invoking the Kaiser-Guttman, or eigenvalue-greater-than-one, procedure. Yet this procedure is not without certain limitations. The authors therefore propose an alternative measure, a probability test for the significance of eigenvalues, based upon a random intercepts model. Preliminary results of the application of the model on marketing and psychology data are presented.
Experimental study of battery energy storage systems participating in grid frequency regulation

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have been regarded as a promising source for grid frequency regulation (GFR) through direct load control (DLC). This paper proposes a real-time GFR scheme using BESS that can respond to local and central DLC signals. Specifically, using the fast response time, the BESS compensate for high-frequency components of grid frequency deviation, while conventional generation units are controlled to mitigate low-frequency variations in load demand. To evaluate the contribution of DLC-enabled PEVs to GFR, a laboratory-scale isolated microgrid was implemented using a real inverter-interfaced battery pack. The experimental studies demonstrate that BESS can be effectively exploited as a DLC-enabled load in the proposed GFR, resulting in small variation of state-of-charge (SOC).
The Clinical Utility of the Leukocyte Differential in Emergency Medicine

Leukocyte differentials from 468 emergency room patients were assessed for clinical value by determining their associations with diagnosis, disposition, therapy, and prognosis. The test efficiency of an elevated band count as an indicator of infectious or inflammatory disease is 86%. However, all but 2 of the 99 patients in this disease category had additional indicators of inflammation, including elevated temperatures and/or white blood cell (WBC) counts. The band count lacks utility beyond this limited function. The remaining parameters of the differential count correlate poorly with all diagnostic subsets. The use of antibiotics correlates well with fever and WBC count (r = 0.95) and less well with the differential count, bands (r = 0.85), and granulocytes (r = 0.5). Elevations in the total WBC count and the band count are each associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization. However, in the absence of leukocytosis, an elevated band count was instrumental in suggesting admission for only one patient. The patient's outcome correlates poorly with the total WBC and differential count. It is concluded that most leukocyte differentials performed for emergency room patients provide information that is no more clinically significant than that obtained from the medical history, physical examination, and absolute leukocyte count.
What Counts as Good Teaching? How a Student Growth Percentile Model Has Defined Teacher Quality at One Urban Middle School

Employing a discursive analytical approach, the author of this chapter explores the practical and theoretical implications of the Student Growth Percentile (SGP) model as experienced by teachers and their evaluators at one urban middle school. The school had relied on the SGP model to evaluate teachers for four years by the time of the study. Over the course of a year, the author collected in-depth interviews with both teachers and their evaluators (i.e., peer evaluators and school-based administrators) regarding their experiences with the SGP model. She found that, despite expressed concerns with the reliability and validity of SGP estimates, the teachers and evaluators had developed an acceptance of the system and had begun to define teachers and teacher effectiveness in terms of the model results.
Superlinearity of Geodesic Length in 2 D Critical First-Passage Percolation

First-passage percolation is the study of the metric space \((\mathbb {Z}^d,T)\), where T is a random metric defined as the weighted graph metric using random edge-weights \((t_e)_{e\in \mathcal {E}^d}\) assigned to the nearest-neighbor edges \(\mathcal {E}^d\) of the d-dimensional cubic lattice. We study the so-called critical case in two dimensions, in which \(\mathbb {P}(t_e=0)=p_c\), where \(p_c\) is the threshold for two-dimensional bond percolation. In contrast to the standard case \(({ 1\) such that with probability at least \(1-\mathrm {e}^{-\Vert x\Vert _1^c}\), the minimal length geodesic from 0 to x has at least \(\Vert x\Vert _1^s\) number of edges. Our proofs combine recent ideas to bound T for general critical distributions, and modifications of techniques of Aizenman–Burchard to estimate the Hausdorff dimension of random curves.
Viral hepatitis in hemodialysis: An update

Hepatitis outbreaks in hemodialysis (HD) patients and staff were reported in the late 1960s, and a number of hepatotropic viruses transmitted by blood and other body fluids have been identified. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the first significant hepatotropic virus to be identified in HD centers. HBV infection has been effectively controlled by active vaccination, screening of blood donors, the use of erythropoietin and segregation of HBV carriers. Hepatitis delta virus is a defective virus that can only infect HBV-positive individuals. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most significant cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis and is mainly transmitted by blood transfusion. The introduction in 1990 of routine screening of blood donors for HCV contributed significantly to the control of HCV transmission. An effective HCV vaccine remains an unsolved challenge; however, pegylation of interferon-alfa has made it possible to treat HCV-positive dialysis patients. Unexplained sporadic outbreaks of hepatitis by the mid-1990s prompted the discovery of hepatitis G virus, hepatitis GB virus C and the TT virus. The vigilant observation of guidelines on universal precaution and regular virologic testing are the cornerstones of the effective control of chronic hepatitis in the setting of HD. Major recent advances in the viral diagnosis technology and the development of new oral, direct-acting antiviral agents allow early diagnosis and better therapeutic response. The current update will review the recent developments, controversies and new treatment of viral hepatitis in HD patients.
Ramsey Theory on Trees and Applications

Modern Ramsey Theory on infinite structures began with the following seminal result of Ramsey.
Helium-ion milling of gold slot antennas

We demonstrate helium-ion milled gold slot antennas with controllable 20-nm gap spacing that show large scattering polarization ratios of ∼37× and resonance shifts with length. Antennas with larger gaps show comparable quality to gallium-milled antennas.
Multiple domain evaluation of watershed hydrology models

Abstract. Watershed scale models simulating hydrology and water quality have advanced rapidly in sophistication, process representation, flexibility in model structure, and input data. Given the importance of these models to support decision-making for a wide range of environmental issues, the hydrology community is compelled to improve the metrics used to evaluate model performance. More targeted and comprehensive metrics will facilitate better and more efficient calibration and will help demonstrate that the model is useful for the intended purpose. Here we introduce a suite of new tools for model evaluation, packaged as an open-source Hydrologic Model Evaluation (HydroME) Toolbox. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of box plots to illustrate the full distribution of common model performance metrics, such as R2, use of Euclidian distance, empirical Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plots and flow duration curves as simple metrics to identify and localize errors in model simulations. Further, we demonstrate the use of magnitude squared coherence to compare the frequency content between observed and modeled streamflow and wavelet coherence to localize frequency mismatches in time. We provide a rationale for a hierarchical selection of parameters to adjust during calibration and recommend that modelers progress from parameters with the most uncertainty to the least uncertainty, namely starting with pure calibration parameters, followed by derived parameters, and finally measured parameters. We apply these techniques in the calibration and evaluation of models of two watersheds, the Le Sueur River Basin (2880 km2) and Root River Basin (4300 km2) in southern Minnesota, USA.
Bessemer Trust: Guardians of Capital

Henry Phipps, Jr. made his fortune in the steel industry alongside one of America's most celebrated entrepreneurs - Andrew Carnegie. His wealth was administered in the form of trusts, which he hoped would provide a stream of income for his family and their descendants into the future. Phipps had a clear vision for the intergenerational disposition of his assets, which required both an efficient organizational structure for the wealth to be administered and leadership on the part of family members to keep his original vision intact. Despite undergoing several significant legal and leadership changes, the trusts survived relatively intact and continued to achieve their express goal of preserving the capital Phipps created and providing income for Phipps family members. Learning Objective: To examine the origins and recycling of family wealth over generations in the United States.
Having and Raising Children During Physician Training: Residency

Some realities of becoming a parent during residency don’t have ideal answers. One program director mentioned that as a parent, her desire to feel excitement for her residents is overshadowed by the real understanding that despite her efforts, this will be difficult. It is not possible as a program director to truly prepare a resident for the difficulties that lie ahead. Particularly for first-time mothers, there is just no way to truly anticipate the physical and emotional changes of motherhood, and the reality of the training environment is just not ideal. This is especially true when long, physically demanding call schedules are an unavoidable reality. Residency alone can push trainees to emotional limits, and motherhood does the same; the combination can be daunting. In summary, try your best to plan and work with your program but realize that many things will be out of your control.
All-printed full-color pixel organic photodiode array with a single active layer

Abstract A new fabrication method to realize fully-printed organic photodiode (OPD) arrays capable of RGB light separation is presented. From the photocurrents generated by each pixel type under the light from RGB LEDs, we demonstrate that this “White”, “Yellow” and “Red” array can successfully detect and reconstruct colors in the RGB system, with an average accuracy of 98.5%. A flexible broadband OPD array is printed on PEN substrate by blade-coating PEDOT:PSS, a polyethylenimine cathode interlayer and the photo-active layer, and screen-printing on top a patterned PEDOT:PSS anode. The OPD array achieves an average EQE of ∼37% at −4 V bias over the whole visible spectrum, 5 orders of magnitude of linear dynamic range (LDR), a 0.5 nA/cm2 dark current, and maintains these performances in ambient conditions for more than 30 h. Pixels detecting “White”, “Yellow” and “Red” are fabricated by spray-coating two color filters. The substrate is used as a separator between the filters and OPD array. This physical separation allows solution processing of the filters regardless of their electrical properties or of the compatibility of their solvents with the OPD, thus broadening the choice of filter materials while offering a simple fabrication process. The combination of broadband OPD and broadband filters used in this configuration can significantly simplify the fabrication of spectrally-selective photosensors and full-color imagers.
Effect of cross-linked hemoglobin transfusion on endothelial-dependent dilation in cat pial arterioles

We determined whether addition of hemoglobin to the plasma would inhibit endothelial-dependent dilation in brain where tight endothelial junctions limit hemoglobin extravasation. Pial arteriolar di...
Anxiety, depression, and offending in the Columbia County longitudinal study: A prospective analysis from late adolescence to middle adulthood

Abstract Purpose We use data from a community sample, the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, which followed participants from childhood through adulthood, to examine the longitudinal relations between mental health (serious anxiety and serious depression) and offending across three waves of data collection (ages 19, 30, and 48). Method Participants were from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study (436 males and 420 females). The youth, their parents, and peers were first interviewed when the youth were age 8; the youth were later interviewed at ages 19, 30, and 48. Results We found significant longitudinal relations from offending to experiencing subsequent severe anxiety and weaker longitudinal relations from experiencing severe anxiety to subsequent offending. For the relation between offending and severe depression, we found similar but somewhat weaker longitudinal associations. Cross-lagged longitudinal structural modeling analyses controlling for the continuity of offending, anxiety, and depression and for family socio-economic status and education were conducted to test the plausibility of alternative causal effects. Conclusions The analyses suggest that it is more plausible to conclude that offending is stimulating serious anxiety and depression than to conclude that anxiety and depression are stimulating offending. These results mirror what has been found previously about general aggressive behaviour.
Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Programming Languages and Operating Systems

This year's program committee has put together a program of 7 refereed papers. These papers cover topics on programming language support for building kernels, kernel extensions, embedded systems, parallel data structures, big-data processing systems, and others.
Victorian Observing Practices, Printing Technology, and Representations of the Solar Corona, (1): The 1860s and 1870s:

L'ere victorienne fut une periode d'instabilite pour l'astronomie, l'art graphique et la photographie, car d'une part, la couronne solaire etait difficile a observer, et d'autre part, requerait diverses techniques elaborees pour la photographier et la reproduire
The dark side of amyloid aggregation: Exploring the productive and non-productive pathways with multi-scale modeling

ABSTRACT Atomistic description of protein fibril formation has remained prohibitive due to the complexity and long timescales of the conformational search problem. Here, we develop a multi-scale approach that combines a large number of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent to derive Markov State Models (MSMs) for simulation of fibril growth. The search for the in-registered fully bound fibril state is modeled as a random walk on a rugged 2D energy landscape along enumerated β-sheet registry and hydrogen bonding states, whereas interconversions among nonspecific bound states and between nonspecific and hydrogen-bounded states are derived from kinetic clustering analysis. The reversible association/dissociation of an incoming peptide and overall growth kinetics are then computed from MSM trajectories. This approach is applied to derive a comprehensive description of fibril elongation of wild-type Aβ16-22 and how it is modulated by phenylalanine to cyclohexane (CHA) mutations. The resulting models recapitulate the experimental observation that mutants CHA19 and CHA1920 accelerate fibril elongation, but have a relatively minor effect on the critical concentration for fibril growth. Importantly, the kinetic consequences of mutations arise from a complex perturbation of the network of productive and non-productive pathways of fibril grown. This is consistent with the expectation that non-functional states will not have evolved efficient folding pathways and, therefore, will require a random search of configuration space. This study highlights the importance of describing the complete energy landscape when studying the elongation mechanism and kinetics of protein fibrils.
The interplay between tissue healing and bone remodeling around immediately loaded tooth replacement implants

Long-term bone healing/adaptation after a dental implant treatment starts with diffusion of mesenchymal stem cells to the fracture callus and their subsequent differentiation. The healing phase is followed by the bone-remodeling phase. In this work, a mechano-regulatory cellular differentiation model was used to simulate tissue healing around an immediately loaded dental implant. All tissue types were modeled as poroelastic in the healing phase. Material properties of the healing region were updated after each loading cycle for 30 cycles (days). The tissue distribution in the healed state was then used as the initial condition for the remodeling phase during which regions healed into bone adapt their internal density with respect to a homeostatic remodeling stimulus. The short- and long-term effects of micro-motion on bone healing and remodeling were studied. Development of soft tissue was observed both in the coronal region due to high fluid velocity, and on the vertical sides of the healing-callus due to high shear stress. In cases with small implant micromotion, tissue between the implant threads differentiated into bone during the healing phase, but resorbed during remodeling. In cases with large implant micromotion, higher percentage of the healing region differentiated into soft tissue resulting in less volume available for bone remodeling. But, the remaining bone region developed higher density bone tissue. It was concluded that an optimal range of controlled micromotion could be designed for a given implant in order to achieve the desired functional properties.
Academic Preparation for Business, Industry, and Government Positions

According to the 2015 Annual Survey of the Mathematical Sciences, 1901 PhDs were awarded in the USA. The report shows that 52% of those recipients are working in academia. This is a decrease from the 2014 survey which stated that 56% of new doctoral recipients went on to academia. Thus, what support do we, as academics, provide to this growing population of business/industry, or government job seekers? The goal of this paper is to provide insight into programs tackling this question along with relevant information and advice for new PhDs interested in jobs outside of academia as well as those interested in making successful mid-career moves.
Foraging speed and precision of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions: An experimental approach.

To better understand the ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, we need to measure functional traits of individual fungal virtual taxa under field conditions. The efficiency of AM fungi in locating nutrient-rich patches in soil space is one of their central traits in this symbiotic relationship. We used plots of a long-term field experiment in grassland with manipulated functional group composition of host plant community to establish ingrowth patches with substrate free of roots and fungi and with varying nutrient availability. Comparison of the original AM fungal community before patch creation with that present 9 weeks after patch establishment enabled us to estimate relative hyphal foraging speed for 41 fungal taxa, and a comparison of the fungal community in neighbouring patches differing in nutrient availability provided estimates of hyphal foraging precision for 22 taxa. Members of two dominant fungal families, Glomeraceae and Claroideoglomeraceae, differed in their foraging speed and precision. Glomeraceae taxa responded more slowly, but with a higher focus on enriched patches. We further demonstrated the usefulness of the obtained fungal functional traits by testing the differences between grass and dicotyledonous plant hosts using a data set obtained in another experiment at the same plots. Grass species hosted AM fungal communities with higher foraging speed, but lower foraging precision than the dicotyledonous species. Our study results support the use of field experiments for measuring comparative characteristics of AM fungi, which are highly elusive (or misrepresented) under controlled conditions.
Children's Fruit "Juice" Drinks and FDA Regulations: Opportunities to Increase Transparency and Support Public Health

Objectives. To compare children’s drink products that contain or purport to contain juice and evaluate labels in light of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations.Methods. In 2019, we anal...
Institutional arrangements and airport solar PV

Abstract Combining a unique dataset of 488 public airports and interviews with managers and stakeholders at four airports in the United States, this study investigates how airports’ institutional arrangements shape their solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment decisions. The findings indicate that airports operated by general-purpose governments (i.e., city, county, or state governments) are more likely to deploy solar PV than airports operated by special-purpose governments (i.e., port or airport authorities). Airports more involved in the professional associations (e.g., the American Association of Airport Executives) are also more likely to deploy solar PV, but this relationship is stronger for special-purpose airports. Additionally, airport solar PV is less likely to appear in the service area of cooperatives than in the service area of investor-owned utilities. These findings help policymakers understand how airport governance, utility ownership, and involvement in professional associations may promote or hinder renewable energy transitions at airports and other large publicly used properties.
Western Liberalism At Twilight (

The chorus of doubts concerning the continued viability of the Western liberal tradition itself, in both ideational and institutional aspects, has grown much louder over the past several years. Can this tradition be said to be in a time of twilight – that time that falls? It is this question that would be explored in this paper. While searching the confirmation of the position, indicated in the title of the paper, author turns to contemporary ideological sources of Western liberalism. Such concepts as capitalism, socialism, justice, democracy are considered in this context based on the works of two thinkers, John Rawls and Fred Dallmayr. By stressing ideal justice and ignoring concrete injustice, Rawls’ ideas seem strange even apart from the present crisis. The subsequent evolution of his thoughts is estimated by the author as the transition from daylight to twilight. It has manifested in Rawls’ refusal to apply his principles of justice to the international arena, his condescending attitude toward underdeveloped countries. The atmosphere of The Law of Peoples is still redolent of the assumption of American hegemony. The author wishes to extract from Dallmayr’s book for present purposes is above all his commitment to a version of socialism. But what neither Dallmayr nor Rawls and other liberal thinkers will gainsay is that central to the twilight zone in which we are wandering is the heavy hand of global capitalism. The next problem is that the modern liberal democratic theory has always professed to make the assumption of equality, but it has never fully embraced it. The most important conceptual element in accounting for this failure is the notion of majority rule. The author mentions three difficulties with the idea of majority rule: the problem of time and the problem of the identity of the human units who compose the majority, and the problem of information. He analyzes the recent political evolutions of both the United Kingdom and the United States, and France as well, which have certainly given Western liberalism a badname in many quarters.
The brokerage firm effect in herding: Evidence from Indonesia

We examine herding behavior of domestic and foreign investors in the Indonesian stock market. We document that both domestic and foreign investors from a particular brokerage firm tend to herd. The foreign investors exhibit a greater propensity to herd than domestic investors. However, when examining investor trading across brokerage firms, we find only weak evidence of herding by domestic investors and no herding by foreign investors. Our overall findings suggest a strong brokerage firm effect on herding but a weak marketwide effect. Moreover, we find evidence that the strong brokerage effect on herding is likely driven by acting on common information.
Intraoperative consultation of vascular surgeons is increasing at a major American trauma center

Abstract Objective Vascular surgeons are often called to aid other surgical specialties for complex exposure, hemorrhage control, or revascularization. The evolving role of the vascular surgeon in the management of intraoperative emergencies involving trauma patients remains undefined. The primary aims of this study included determining the prevalence of intraoperative vascular consultation in trauma, describing how these interactions have changed over time, and characterizing the outcomes achieved by vascular surgeons in these settings. We hypothesized that growing endovascular capabilities of vascular surgeons have resulted in an increased involvement of vascular surgery faculty in the management of the trauma patient over time. Methods A retrospective review of all operative cases at a single level I trauma center where a vascular surgeon was involved, but not listed as the primary surgeon, between 2002 and 2017 was performed. Cases were abstracted using Horizon Surgical Manager, a documentation system used in our operating room to track staff present, the type of case, and use. All elective cases were excluded. Results Of the 256 patients initially identified, 22 were excluded owing to the elective or joint nature of the procedure, leaving 234 emergent operative vascular consultations. Over the 15-year study period, a 529% increase in the number of vascular surgery consultations was seen, with 65% (n = 152) being intraoperative consultations requiring an immediate response. Trauma surgery (n = 103 [44%]) and orthopedic surgery (n = 94 [40%]) were the most common consulting specialties, with both demonstrating a trend of increasing consultations over time (general surgery, 1400%; orthopedic surgery, 220%). Indications for consultation were extremity malperfusion, hemorrhage, and concern for arterial injury. The average operative time for the vascular component of the procedures was 2.4 hours. Of patients presenting with ischemia, revascularization was successful in 94% (n = 116). Hemorrhage was controlled in 99% (n = 122). In-hospital mortality was relatively low at 7% (n = 17). Overall, despite the increase in intraoperative vascular consultations over time, a concomitant increase in the proportion of procedures done using endovascular techniques was not seen. Conclusions Vascular surgeons are essential team members at a level I trauma center. Vascular consultation in this setting is often unplanned and often requires immediate intervention. The number of intraoperative vascular consultations is increasing and cannot be attributed solely to an increase in endovascular hemorrhage control, and instead may reflect the declining experience of trauma surgeons with vascular trauma. When consulted, vascular surgeons are effective in quickly gaining control of the situation to provide exposure, hemorrhage control, or revascularization.
The young and the restless: Examining the relationships between age, emerging adulthood variables, and the Dark Triad

Abstract The Dark Triad is a set of correlated personality variables (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) that are related to myriad behaviors. Myriad studies have been conducted to test the relations between the Dark Triad and other personality variables (e.g., the Big 5); however, the developmental correlates have been understudied. In the current study, we examined how markers of emerging adulthood and age predict the Dark Triad traits using a cross-sectional design. Participants ( N = 442) of varying ages ( M age = 32.99, range = 18–74) completed Dark Triad measures and a validated questionnaire used to assess the degree to which participants believe they have successfully navigated through various facets of emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood facets (e.g., negativity, other-focused, and feeling in-between) correlated with several Dark Triad traits. Additionally, several emerging adulthood facets mediated the relation between age and the Dark Triad traits; i.e., older participants were lower on the Dark Triad traits because of the successful transition through emerging adulthood. Results are discussed in terms of the Theory of Emerging Adulthood (Arnett, 2000).
Wear Testing for Office and Data Processing Equipment

The metallic wear situations frequently encountered in office and data processing equipment are reviewed. Motions producing the wear and the nature of the interfaces are discussed. The reasons for wear testing for these applications are identified and a test methodology is discussed. The more frequently encountered wear tests (for example, ball-plane, pin-on-disk, and block-ring tests) are evaluated in terms of this background. An overview is established based on these considerations.
Law, Politics, Religion and the Creation of Norms for Market Transactions: A Review of the Birth of Surrogacy in Israel

The Birth of Surrogacy in Israel, operates on three levels. The first is a straightforward account of Israel's adoption of legislation establishing a state-sponsored surrogacy program. To allow surrogacy to proceed, Israel had to grapple with its normative underpinnings and the circumstances in which it was to be conducted. The resulting legislation goes farther than any other in embracing surrogacy, and providing comprehensive legislation overseeing and regulating the practice. Second, the legislation spurred a far-reaching public debate in Israel, and the book provides a framework for this debate through discussion of the transformation of the relationship between home and market. The family was once viewed as the repository of the human values of warmth, affection, intimacy, love, and set in contrast to the formal, self-interested, arm's length relationships of the commercial world. Surrogacy invades the domestic world, the family becomes the creation of the marketplace, and children come into being as the product of contractual arrangements between perfect strangers. The book's third level, however, provides an intricate account of the creation of new understandings to guide the practice. If commodification has invaded the private space of the family, so too can values associated with warmth, affection, intimacy, love find their way into market transactions. The exploration of the Israeli enactment of surrogacy legislation occurs in the context of a globalized market for fertility services. This review first examines the nature of surrogacy, the changes in the practice since the American case of Baby M first captured public attention, and the debate over whether it should be permitted. The review then considers the forces that shaped the Israeli legislation. Third, the review weighs Israel's potential for success in creating shared, appropriate, and enduring values about the conduct of the practice. The review ends with a discussion of the role of state supervision in constructing a viable ethical framework for globalized and competitive market transactions.
Hidden Markov Models of Strategic Information Control

A stochastic process impinges on an agent and a principal in distinct ways. From the agent's perspective the process is noise that interferes with his perception of productivity states, leading him to sometimes take actions that are in retrospect mistaken. From the principal's perspective the noise is in fact the productivity of the agent's action, and he would like to coordinate the agent's actions with the process. The principal is not able to provide direct material payoffs to the agent in order to induce this coordination. He is however allowed to communicate with the agent. If he fully communicates the state of the noise process, the agent will eliminate all response to it, thus vitiating the principal's interests. If he communicates nothing, the agent's reactions to the noise are random, and will be in synchrony with the principal's interests only by accident. The principal can send a Pareto-improving signal however. Such a signal requires that the agent from his perspective make mistakes, and fails to fully coordinate actions with states from the principal's perspective. The strategic use of information is modeled using a hidden Markov model framework. In this framework, the state of a Markov process is unobservable, but it drives a signal that is correlated with it. This framework allows the agent's optimization problem to be simplified using a measure change (which may be familiar to some readers as a Girsanov transformation). The simplified representation of the agent's problem then becomes a set of constraints for the principal. The key methodological innovation here is that the informativeness of the signal is directly controllable by the principal. The informativeness is represented by elements of a matrix, reducing the information strategy to choosing elements of the matrix.
John Bell Hood: Extracting Truth from History

JOHN BELL HOOD: EXTRACTING TRUTH FROM HISTORY by Thomas J. Brown The year 2011 brings us the Sesquicentennial celebration of the American Civil War. Surprisingly, one hundred and fifty years later, students continue to find themselves asking many of the same questions about the great national tragedy faced during the Centennial in 1961. For example, did slavery cause the great conflict, or did constitutional questions act as the catalyst? Does the Battle of Gettysburg represent the turning point of the War, or did that occur elsewhere? In connection with the last question, Lost Cause advocates, those great proConfederacy propagandists, found convenient villains to blame for the southern defeat. One of these, Confederate General John Bell Hood, plays an important role. This paper contends that in his case, the Lost Cause is wrong, and that Hood’s historical treatment has been false. Standard critical treatment of John Bell Hood over the years has tended to characterize the general as rash, overaggressive, and lacking in strategic imagination. For such critical historians, Hood appears as old-fashioned and someone limited logistically to the frontal assault. These accounts mainly stress his negative aspects as a soldier and tend to center around the Battle of Franklin. This thesis, by analyzing every battle that Hood commanded as a leader of the Army of Tennessee, particularly those fought around Atlanta, reveals him to have been a far more bold, imaginative, and complex leader than has previously been portrayed.
Extended Performance of Alcohol Fumigation in Diesel Engines through Different Multipoint Alcohol infection Timing Cycles

This paper reports on the results of using multipoint port injection alcohol fumigation of a four-cycle turbocharged diesel engine in which the fumigation injection cycle was varied. The three cycles, dual with one-half of the alcohol injection on each engine revolution, single with all of the alcohol injection during the open intake valve revolution, and single with all of the alcohol injected during the closed intake valve revolution, lead to significant differences in the engines pressure-volume history and alcohol energy replacement tolerance. The engine was fumigated with both industrial grade ethanol and methanol and complete performance and emissions data (excluding aldehydes) were measured at low, medium, and high values of BMEP and rpm.
miRNA-181a is critical for the tolerogenic properties of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (TRAN3P.886)

Liver allografts are well tolerated and other solid organ allografts, when transplanted concurrently with livers, show improved graft outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying “hepatic tolerance” have yet to be elucidated. Previous data show that hepatic dendritic cells (HDC) have diminished antigen presenting and immune stimulatory function compared with DC in lymphoid tissue. It has been hypothesized that immature plasmacytoid (p)DC are inherently tolerogenic with studies supporting this hypothesis. Our work confirms that HpDC prolong cardiac allograft survival (p
Neuroprotection and enhancement of neurite outgrowth with small molecular weight compounds from screens of chemical libraries.

Publisher Summary Neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases adversely affect a significant proportion of the world's population. Few effective treatments are available to correct or ameliorate these serious conditions. Drugs that are available typically provide only modest improvement in those patients who show any positive response. This chapter summarizes recent developments that suggest new approaches for the treatment of brain deficit disorders. The goal of these novel therapeutic strategies is to move beyond superficial treatment of symptoms by addressing fundamental deficits in neuronal function and survival. The chapter focuses on schizophrenia because the brain defects in this disease are representative of other neurodevelopmental disorders that are less well understood. Potential therapeutic targets are discussed and a plan is outlined in the chapter for discovering new drugs that provide neuro-enhancement—that is, that enhance neurite outgrowth (function), optimize energy metabolism, and promote neuronal survival.
Applications of event study methodology to lodging stock performance

This dissertation presents three studies applying event study methodology to lodging stock performance and exploring two primary research questions: (a) Is there abnormal stock performance for lodging stocks surrounding specified events that could indicate market inefficiencies that can be exploited by market actors, and, (b) Are there event study methodologies that are more or less robust for use in lodging stock event studies that should be considered in future research? The literature review identifies and discusses the literature in four primary areas: (a) event study methodology; (b) issues identified with event studies conducted within a single industry, in this case the lodging industry (c) a review of hospitality stocks in general; and (d) a discussion of the extant lodging stock event study literature. The dissertation proposes revised procedures for addressing the methodological issues of non-normality and crosssectional dependence in the data through the use of both parametric and nonparametric tests, and the three studies within this dissertation utilized these revised procedures. The first paper, entitled “Parametric and Nonparametric Analysis of Abnormal Stock Return and Volume Activity for Lodging Stock Mergers from 2004 to 2007,” presents a study on the unprecedented number of hotel company mergers that took place between 2004 and 2007. The purpose of this study was to determine, using both parametric and nonparametric event study methodologies, whether there were abnormal stock returns or volume activity in the periods surrounding the merger announcement in the trading of 19 public hotel companies that were merged during this period. The study identified statistically significant abnormal returns only on the merger announcement date and statistically
Home birth: the wholeness of absence

ABSTRACTIn this essay, the author explores his family’s experience of home birth and the difficulty of narrating the event. He positions home birth within a shifting matrix of our shared life world and elucidates the complexities of new possibilities. The specific act of birthing was noticeably absent in both his and his wife’s accounts of their home birthing experience. The author explores the concept of absence as an act of narrating, writing, and political significance. He situates their home birthing experience within other embodied social movements and feminist concerns about the site of the body in political struggle.
Mode-specific study of nanoparticle-mediated optical interactions in an absorber/metal thin film system

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the electromagnetic interaction between a single gold nanoparticle and a thin gold substrate separated by a sub-50 nm-thick optically absorptive polythiophene spacer layer. Single-particle dark-field scattering spectra show distinct resonance features assigned to four different modes: a horizontal image dipole coupling mode, a vertical image dipole coupling mode and horizontal and vertical coupling modes between localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Relatively broadband spectral tuning of the modes can be achieved by modification of the thickness of either the absorptive spacer or the underlying metal film. Dark-field images also reveal the existence of particles for which the signal of the horizontal image dipole coupling mode is suppressed. This is attributed to partial-embedding of gold nanoparticles into the polythiophene spacer and leads to higher scattered light intensities at longer wavelengths. Full-field electromagnetic simulations show good agreement with the experimental results for the various sample conditions. Strong local electric field confinement at longer wavelengths in the polythiophene spacer, due to the vertical image dipole coupling mode and a LSPR–SPP coupling mode, is also observed in simulations and contributes to absorption enhancement in the spacer. Furthermore, we find absorption enhancement in the semiconducting polythiophene spacer increases with decreasing thickness, indicating the increased light trapping ability of the gold nanoparticles for ultra-thin semiconductor layers. The need for ever-thinner semiconductor layers in optoelectronic devices requires effective light trapping at deeply-subwavelength scales. This work demonstrates that light trapping in sub-50 nm-thick semiconductor layers is possible using a “sphere-on-plane” system and offers insight into how coupling modes can be manipulated in this system.
The Information Sciences Experiment System (onboard information)

A concept called the Information-Sciences Experiment System (ISES) is proposed which makes use of the earth observing system (EOS) to evaluate the role of onboard information extraction in space flight systems. Onboard information extraction is a possible part of the solution to the growing data glut problem associated with earth-viewing remote sensors. The ISES concept offers additional opportunities in better utilization of onboard instrumentation, real-time response to events, and a way to evaluate technology in space without jeopardizing mission safety. Finally, the applicability of the ISES concept to the core station is discussed, including important differences between a possible EOS version and core station version of the ISES concept. >
A thermally opaque, millimeter-wave radome for space

A thermally opaque radome, suitable for space applications is described. Because of the low-loss character of the materials from which it is constructed, it can be fabricated with little regard for the effects of tolerances. The insertion loss was measured between 18 and 50 GHz and found to be less than 0.25 dB. Theoretical calculations predict that the radome should also remain quite usable at frequencies well outside this band.