cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational Susceptibility to Institutional Complexity: Critical Events Driving the Adoption and Implementation of the Ethics and Compliance Officer Position

The institutional environment is complex. This complexity is characterized by forces that ebb and flow in wavelike patterns as societal expectations evolve, with attention coalescing around specific events and then dissipating. Some of these critical events are broad and affect many firms, whereas others are narrow and affect individual firms. In either case, when they occur, these events elevate organizational susceptibility to societal demands but encourage different kinds of behavior in response. This study seeks to model this complexity in an area of growing interest for organization scholars-business ethics. In particular, I examine how firms respond to shifting societal pressures for greater ethical behavior by adopting and implementing the Ethics and Compliance Officer position, from 1990 to 2008. Results demonstrate that although firms decide when to adopt in response to broad fieldwide critical events, it is narrower firm-specific critical events that determine resource commitments in implementation.
Language and cognition influence on evolution of cultures

Abstract Evolution of cultures is influenced by languages. To understand this influence the paper analyzes how language and cognition interact in thinking. Is language just used for communication of completed thoughts, or is it fundamental for thinking? We review a hypothesis that language and cognition are two separate but closely interacting mechanisms, and identify each of them. Language accumulates cultural wisdom; cognition develops mental representations modeling surrounding world and adapts cultural knowledge to concrete circumstances of life. Language is acquired from surrounding language ‘ready-made’ and therefore can be acquired early in life. Cognition can not be acquired directly from experience; language is a necessary intermediary, a “teacher.” This model is consistent with recent neuroimaging data about cognition, remaining unnoticed by other theories. The proposed theory explains a number of properties of language and cognition, which previously seemed mysterious. It suggests mechanisms by...
Caging for 2D and 3D micromanipulation

In this paper we demonstrate coordinated control of multiple micromanipulators for use in 2D and 3D micromanipulation tasks. We develop a feature-defined (FD) micro-caging transport primitive for 2D micromanipulation and use a similar methodology to extend it to the 3D case. Simultaneous movements of the coordinated micromanipulators allow for both 2D planar micro-caging grasps and micro-force closure grasps suitable for 3D micro-transporting tasks. Experimental results illustrate the success and accuracies of both the 2D and 3D methodologies. The new transport primitives are used in conjunction with our previous micromanipulation primitives and coordinated XY stage movements to semi-autonomously execute a number of representative 2D and 3D micromanipulation tasks.
Comparison of Two-Dimensional Fractionation Techniques for Shotgun Proteomics

Two-dimensional (2D) fractionation is a commonly used tool to increase dynamic range and proteome coverage for bottom-up, shotgun proteomics. However, there are few reports comparing the relative separation efficiencies of 2D methodologies using low-microgram sample quantities. In order to systematically evaluate 2D separation techniques, we fractionated microgram quantities of E. coli protein extract by seven different methods. The first dimension of separation was performed with either reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), or strong cation exchange (SCX-HPLC). The second dimension consisted of a standard reversed-phase capillary HPLC coupled to an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer for tandem mass spectrometric analysis. The overall performance and relative fractionation efficiencies of each technique were assessed by comparing the total number of proteins identified by each method. The protein-level RP-HPLC and the...
Simple and inexpensive current-driven magnetic multipole plasma homogenizer

Magnetic multipole plasma confinement geometries employing permanent magnets are commonly used to confine laboratory plasmas and improve uniformity. Here we describe the design and operation of a particularly simple and low-cost kind of current-driven multipole system that makes use of a similar magnetic field structure but does not require permanent magnets. The magnetic field is generated by current carrying wires attached to the inside wall of a cylindrical supporting structure to provide a magnetic field resembling that of permanent multipole magnetic homogenizers. We demonstrate the use of the current-driven homogenizer to improve the uniformity of the radial density profile of a vacuum arc generated metal plasma. Our configuration of metal plasma gun, macroparticle filter, and current-driven homogenizer was used for thin film deposition, and was able to produce a relatively homogeneous film thickness profile while maintaining a deposition rate comparable to that at the peak point of the freely expan...
Isolated angiitis of the brain case in a renal transplant recipient

Dementia developed in a renal transplant recipient who was receiving prednisone (15 mg per day) and azathioprine (50 mg per day). Cerebral computed axial tomography showed multiple areas of infarction. Cerebral angiography demonstrated bilateral vessel changes suggestive of diffuse vasculitis. A search for other causes of vasculitis revealed none. This case demonstrates that isolated angiitis of the brain may develop and progress despite medication capable of suppressing rejection of a transplanted kidney.
Effects of a learning-centered approach to assessment on students' attitudes towards and knowledge of statistics

Abstract Objective To examine the effects of learning-centered assessment on students' attitudes toward and knowledge of statistics. Methods This nonequivalent control group study examined second-year (P2) and third-year (P3) year PharmD students enrolled in a required course on statistics. P2 students received a learning-centered assessment approach; P3 students received an instruction-centered approach. Course topics, sequencing, and examinations were identical between the courses. Students' statistical self-efficacy, attitudes toward statistics, statistical knowledge, and course perceptions were measured at the beginning and end of the course. Results Statistical self-efficacy increased over time but was not statistically different between classes. Statistical knowledge increased significantly ( p p = 0.026) over the semester, but this was not different between classes. Compared with P3s (instruction-centered), the P2 students (learning-centered) had significantly better perceptions regarding the course with respect to having multiple opportunities to demonstrate learning ( p p p = 0.033), and receiving adequate feedback ( p = 0.006). Conclusions There were changes in statistical self-efficacy and attitudes toward statistics among the students, but these appeared to be the effect of time rather than the assessment approach. Students in the learning-centered course had greater increases in statistical knowledge and more positive perceptions of the learning environment. More research comparing learning-centered teaching with traditional approaches is needed.
Introducing Discipline-Based Computing in Undergraduate Engineering Education

This article investigates the effectiveness of a course employing a discipline-based computing approach. The research questions driving this study were: (1) Can experiences with discipline-based computing promote students’ acquisition and application of foundational computing concepts and procedures? (2) How do students perceive and experience the integration of discipline-based computing as relevant to their future career goals? (3) How do students perceive the structure of the class as useful and engaging for their learning? We used qualitative and quantitative research methods to approach the research questions. The population studied was 20 engineering undergraduates from Johns Hopkins University. Results of this study suggest that students performed proficiently in applying computing methods, procedures, and concepts to the solution of well-structured engineering problems. Results also suggest that student self-perceptions of their overall computing abilities and their abilities to specifically solve engineering problems shifted from low to high confidence. Students consistently found the course to be important and useful for their studies and their future careers. They also found the course to be of very high quality and identified the instructors and the teaching and feedback methods employed as very useful for their learning. Finally, students also described the course as very challenging compared with other courses in their own department and at the university in general.
Natural and land-use history of the Northwest mountain ecoregions (USA) in relation to patterns of plant invasions

Abstract Although the Northwest currently has the least proportion of non-native invasive plant species relative to other regions of North America, invasions continue to increase into the mountainous areas of the region. Landscape structure, such as the variation found along the complex gradients of the Northwest mountain ecoregions, affects the expansion of invasive plant species and the invasibility of plant communities. Also, the history of land use and current use patterns affect the expansion of invasive plants, and many of the deteriorated environments in the region's mountains may invite and stabilize plant invasions. We examined the patterns of invasive plant diversity in Northwest mountain ecoregions, as derived from literature sources, to analyze which factors influence plant invasions. Our analysis found altered riparian systems and disturbed forests to be especially vulnerable to plant invasion. Conversely, alpine and wilderness areas are still relatively unaffected by invasive plants. Both riparian and alpine communities, while making up a relatively small area across Northwest mountain ecoregions, have significant ecological importance and deserve special protection from invasive plant introductions. Human settlement at low elevations and intense land use of upland forests will likely continue to enhance invasive plant introductions into Northwest mountain ecosystems. Knowledge of the relationships between biological and environmental factors, disturbance, and human land use will be critical for future management strategies that proactively locate, prevent, or contain plant invasions in the mountains of the Northwest.
No and tampoco : a pragmatic distinction in Spanish negation

Abstract Cases of variation between canonical and non-canonical negative forms are widespread across the world's languages. Typically, the difference between the forms is characterized as regulated by pragmatic factors, albeit fuzzy or undefined, such as “emphasis”: the non-canonical form conveys an “emphatic” meaning while the canonical form does not. In this paper I examine in depth one of these cases, heretofore unmentioned in the literature on negation: the distinction between the canonical negator no and non-canonical tampoco in mainly spoken Spanish. It is shown that the distinction between the two expressions is not regulated by “emphasis” at all, but instead constrained by a more specific set of pragmatic considerations. These are, first of all, the argumentatively de-realizing (Ducrot, Oswald, 1995. Les modificateurs derealisants. Journal of Pragmatics 24, 145–165 nature of tampoco versus the argumentative neutrality of no. And second, the special information-structural requirements of tampoco, requirements not shared by no: tampoco, as opposed to no, can only be used in denials of discourse-accessible propositions. From a theoretical perspective, the analysis illustrates how tools from modern pragmatic approaches can be employed to go beyond commonsense explanations based in intuitive notions like “emphasis”.
Power comparison of regression methods to test quantitative traits for association and linkage.

George et al. [1999 Am J Hum Genet 65:236-245] proposed a regression-based TDT method for quantitative traits consisting of regressing the trait on the parental transmission of a marker allele. Zhu and Elston [2000] also developed a TDT method for quantitative traits by defining a linear transformation to condition out founder information. Both methods test the null hypothesis of no linkage or association and can be applied to general pedigree structures. In this paper, we compare the power of these two methods through simulation, sampling those nuclear families with at least one heterozygous parent. Overall, we find that a variant of Zhu and Elston's method with 2 d.f. is more powerful. However, if the mode of inheritance is known, then a most powerful test with 1 d.f. can be found. All these regression TDT tests require linkage to detect association, but a test that does not require linkage will be more powerful.
Drying in the Context of the Overall Process

Abstract Although drying has traditionally been considered as a unit operation, it is strongly affected by upstream operations such as crystallization and solid–liquid separation, and in turn can affect downstream processes such as gas cleaning and micronization. Process design needs to consider the complete flowsheet and the interactions between the different steps as early as possible. Key points are the particle formation method and the final product specification. The mean particle diameter and particle size distribution are vital parameters throughout the process, as smaller particles and fines make solids handling, dewatering, and washing more difficult. This in turn affects the inlet moisture content to the dryer, and hence the heat duty and performance. Intermediate size enlargement or reduction may be used to give a more easily dried particle or agglomerate. There are important links to the new subject of product engineering, for example in the choice of processing route to achieve a given produc...
Pleomorphic microvilli and low-grade human urothelial cancer Need to correlate diagnostic modalities

It is technically feasible to examine human urothelial biopsy specimens by light microscopy after the same specimen has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. This combined microscopic procedure demonstrates that surface microfeatures of human urothelial cells, including pleomorphic microvilli, are variably present in atypical and in malignant vesical tissues. Scanning electron microscopy of a urothelial specimen requires direct light microscopic correlation of the pathologic disorder which is present in a particular area of the specimen which has been examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Modeling of Amorphous Carbon Overcoat for Investigation of Lubricant Transfer at the Head-Disk Interface

In current hard disk drives, the spacing between the slider and the disk is reduced to the order of 1–2 nm. At such a narrow spacing, intermolecular forces at the head-disk interface play an important role in achieving a stable slider-disk interface. Even in the absence of actual head-disk contact, lubricant transfer between a slider and a disk may occur. Transferred lubricant can change the flying characteristics of the slider in subsequent read-write operations. It is therefore apparent that lubricant transfer at the head-disk interface is undesirable. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate lubricant transfer between a slider and a disk. A so-called coarse-grained bead spring (CGBS) model was implemented. In this model, the Lennard-Jones potential, the short-range polar attractive potential, and the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic potential functions were used to describe the intermolecular interactions at the head-disk interface. Also, in order to develop a realistic model of the carbon overcoat, different modeling approaches are discussed, including the use of rigid coarse-grained beads and a 3-body Tersoff potential function.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
An experimental investigation of the flow of aqueous non-Newtonian high polymer solutions past a sphere

The terminal velocities of spheres falling in aqueous solutions of hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyethylene oxide were determined with ruby and steel spheres. For each sphere the terminal velocity was obtained in seven cylinder sizes covering a range of sphere-to-cylinder diameter ratio from 0.0067 to 0.18. The data were used in an extrapolation to correct for the cylindrical wall effect. Several alternative extrapolation procedures for estimating the zero shear viscosity were attempted and the results were compared. An empirical correlation for the drag coefficient was developed in terms of the Ellis parameters of the fluids, and the Faxen wall correction for Newtonian flow. the correlation gives the drag coefficient within 4% for all cases in which the quantity ηvt/Dτ1/2 is less than 0.3.
Chlorimipramine, fenfluramine and quipazine decrease 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in discrete rat brain nuclei.

Abstract A procedure for studying 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis by determining the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan after administering m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, an inhibitor of aromatic- l -amino acid decarboxylase, and large doses of l -tryptophan was characterized. The utility of this method as an index of 5-hydroxytryptamine neuronal activity was studied by determining the effects on 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation of direct and indirect 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists; viz, chlorimipramine-a 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor, fenfluramine-a 5-hydroxytryptamine releaser, and quipazine-a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist. In the absence of m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine pretreatment 5-hydroxytryptophan and the dopamine precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were not readily detectable in any brain region studied. They both accumulated after m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine treatment in a time-dependent manner with the 30 min time point being on the linear portion of the curve. Administration of l -tryptophan 60 min before sacrifice increased 5-hydroxytryptophan, but not 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, in a dose-related manner with the peak effect occurring after 100–300 mg/kg. Chlorimipramine, fenfluramine and quipazine all decreased 5-hydroxytryptophan, but not 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, in m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine and l -tryptophan-treated animals. Chlorimipramine produced these effects in a dose-related manner only after l -tryptophan loading and without affecting brain concentrations of l -tryptophan. These results suggest that the measurement of 5-hydroxytryptophan after l -tryptophan administration and aromatic- l -amino acid decarboxylase inhibition might serve as a useful index of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis.
The ANK Repeats of Erythrocyte Ankyrin Form Two Distinct but Cooperative Binding Sites for the Erythrocyte Anion Exchanger

The 24 ANK repeats of the membrane-binding domain of ankyrin form four folded subdomains of six ANK repeats each. These four repeat subdomains mediate interactions with at least seven different families of membrane proteins. In the erythrocyte, the main membrane target of ankyrin is the Cl-/HCO-3 anion exchanger. This report presents the first evidence that ankyrin contains two separate binding sites for anion exchanger dimers. One site utilizes repeat subdomain two (repeats 7-12) while the other requires both repeat subdomains three and four (repeats 13-24). The two sites are positively coupled with a Hill coefficient of 1.4. Since the anion exchanger exists as a dimer in the membrane, the presence of two binding sites on ankyrin allows ankyrin to interact with four anion exchangers simultaneously. These findings provide a direct demonstration of the versatility of ANK repeats in protein recognition, and have important implications for the organization of ankyrin-linked integral membrane proteins in erythrocytes as well as other cells.
TRANSPORT OF D-GLUCOSE IN CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM ATCC-27405

The uptake of D-glucose by glucose-adapted cells of C. thermocellum ATCC-27405 seems to be mediated by an ATP-dependent permease transport system. The existence of this transport system can hypothetically explain the observation that D-glucose is energetically less favorable than cellobiose in sustaining the growth of this microorganism.
Novel method for ultrahigh-frequency electro-optic time-domain reflectometry

We propose a new approach to time-domain reflectometry utilising picosecond electro-optic sampling and counter-propagating electrical pulses on a coplanar transmission line. This method enables direct acquisition of the incident and reflected waveforms at the interface between a device and transmission line without requiring temporal separation between the waveforms or deconvolution of the effect of the transmission line on the waveforms.
The Emergence of Emphatic ‘ne’ in Conversational Swiss French

This study explores ne use in a previously unexamined variety of French: Swiss French. Based on a corpus of conversation among friends and family recorded at home, the results of this study show the lowest ne use reported for adult, middle-class speakers of European French, 2.5%. It also shows that ne functions micro-stylistically to effect micro-shifts in register allowing speakers to enact the institutional talk of public discourse. Finally, a new function appears to emerge: the use of ne as an emphatic, where it tends to appear in foregrounded clauses often with other emphatics, functioning as speaker evaluation or involvement.
Reactivation of DNA synthesis in aging diploid human skin fibroblasts by fusion with mouse L karyoplasts, cytoplasts and whole L cells

Abstract Diploid human skin fibroblasts derived from an 82-year-old donor with a 21–28 cell population doubling (CPD) range (where 28 CPD marked the end of the in vitro life span of the cells) were fused with whole L cells, L karyoplasts and L cytoplasts. The proportion of human nuclei incorporating tritiated thymidine after fusion was measured autoradiographically. Statistically significant increases in the labeling indices were found in the human nuclei in hybrid, heterodikaryon and cybrid cells when compared to control unfused human cells. Fusion of human diploid fibroblasts with human cytoplasts derived from cells of the same CPD showed no significant changes in the labeling indices of the human nuclei.
Early Cambrian Foraminifera from West Africa

Agglutinated foraminifera have been recovered from siltstones in the Walidiala Valley, Taoudeni Basin, West Africa. Associated faunas suggest an Early Cambrian age for these strata. These now earliest known unequivocal foraminifera help constrain hypotheses concerning the origin of skeletalization at the beginning of the Phanerozoic.
Secretin Activation of Chromogranin A Gene Transcription IDENTIFICATION OF THE SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN CIS AND IN TRANS

Abstract Secretin evokes catecholamine secretion from PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. We tested whether secretin activates transcription of the major vesicular core protein chromogranin A (CgA). Secretin stimulated both endogenous CgA gene transcription (∼4–6-fold) as well as transfected CgA promoter activity (∼8–10-fold; EC50, ∼7 nm) in PC12 cells. Studies on CgA promoter 5′-deletion mutant/luciferase reporter constructs, point mutations of the CgA cAMP response element (CRE), and their transfer to a heterologous promoter implicated CRE in cis as both necessary and sufficient for secretin-stimulated CgA gene transcription. Secretin-induced CgA gene transcription was inhibited/abolished by cytosolic Ca2+ chelation, chemical blockade of phospholipase C, protein kinase A (PKA), or mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and the expression of dominant negative mutants of ERK1/2, CRE binding protein (CREB) kinase RSK2, or CREB. Secretin also augmented (∼4-fold) phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Trans-activation (∼21-fold) of GAL4-CREB fusion protein by secretin indicates involvement of CREB in secretin signaling to gene transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays also identified CREB as the mediator of secretin-induced CgA gene transcription, and pCREB supershifts indicated Ser-133 as the active CREB moiety in vitro. This conclusion was reinforced in vivo by results of chromatin pCREB immunoprecipitation assays. We conclude that secretin signals to CgA gene transcription through the CRE domain in cis and through cAMP, Ca2+, PKA, MAP kinase, and the transcription factor CREB in trans. Thus, multiple signal transduction pathways seem to subserve the function of stimulus-transcription coupling after this peptidergic stimulus to chromaffin cells.
Development and Clinical Status of Cytomegalovirus Vaccines

Neonates and immunodeficient patients need protection against cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Neonates who acquire CMV either via transfusion or transplacentally are protected against severe CMV disease if their mothers had antibodies to CMV prior to pregnancy, suggesting that immunisation will provide protection for neonates. For immunocompromised patients, protection against severe CMV-associated disease is afforded by immunity acquired either by naturally acquired infection prior to immunosuppression or by passive or active immunisation.
Ozone distribution and phytotoxic potential in mixed conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains, southern California

In the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, ozone (O(3)) concentrations have been elevated since the 1950s with peaks reaching 600 ppb and summer seasonal averages >100 ppb in the 1970s. During that period increased mortality of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines occurred. Between the late 1970s and late1990s, O(3) concentrations decreased with peaks approximately 180 ppb and approximately 60 ppb seasonal averages. However, since the late 1990s concentrations have not changed. Monitoring during summers of 2002-2006 showed that O(3) concentrations (2-week averages) for individual years were much higher in western sites (58-69 ppb) than eastern sites (44-50 ppb). Potential O(3) phytotoxicity measured as various exposure indices was very high, reaching SUM00 - 173.5 ppmh, SUM60 - 112.7 ppmh, W126 - 98.3 ppmh, and AOT40 - 75 ppmh, representing the highest values reported for mountain areas in North America and Europe.
Clusters of hafnium, Hfn n = 2-8

Abstract Small Hf n clusters are studied using density functional theory. The clusters tend to have high symmetry with multiple metal bonds. The atomization energy converges slowly toward the bulk value. All of the vibrational modes are computed to be very weak in the infrared.
Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: Prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability, handicap, and subjective well-being

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence, severity, and correlates of chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Survey. Setting: Community. Participants: Seventy-seven men with SCI randomly selected from a sampling frame solicited from the community. Method: Participants completed standardized questionnaires assessing many areas of life, were interviewed in their homes, and underwent a physical examination at a hospital. There they were interviewed by an anesthesiologist regarding chronic pain, and a nurse administered objective pain measures. Results: Seventy-five percent of the men reported chronic pain. Chronic pain was associated with more depressive symptoms, more perceived stress, and poorer self-assessed health. Greater intensity of pain was related to less paralytic impairment, violent etiology, and more perceived stress. Area of the body affected by pain was related to independence and mobility. Conclusions: Because of the high prevalence of chronic pain in the population with SCI and its relation to disability, handicap, and quality of life, health care providers need to give this issue the same priority given to other SCI health issues. Analysis of individual pain components provides better information than assessing overall pain. It is futile to treat SCI pain without giving full attention to subjective factors.
The Nature of Interchain Excitations in Conjugated Polymers: Spatially-Varying Interfacial Solvatochromism of Annealed MEH-PPV Films Studied by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)

The nature of interchain electronic species in conjugated polymers has been the subject of much debate. In this paper, we exploit a novel near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)-based solvatochromism method to spatially image the difference in dipole moment, and hence the difference in degree of charge separation, between the ground and electronic excited states of the emissive interchain species in films of poly(2-methoxy5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV). The method uses NSOM to collect emission from near the surface of solid samples that are placed into contact with liquids of varying polarity. The solvatochromic spectral shifts of the interfacial luminescence are measured as a function of solvent polarity; the results are analyzed with an interfacial dielectric continuum model to determine the dipole moment of emissive excited states. Experiments performed on films of the laser dye trans-4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p-dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran (DCM) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) demonstrate that our interfacial NSOM solvatochromic method and analysis can successfully reproduce the known dipole change of DCM upon photoexcitation. With the method calibrated, we then apply it to the interchain luminescence from the surface of thermally annealed MEH-PPV films. The interfacial solvatochromic analysis reveals that the dominant interchain species in annealed MEH-PPV films is “excimer-like”, exhibiting an 4-7 D decrease in dipole moment upon optical excitation. In a few highly localized regions of the film (ca. 1-2 Im in diameter), however, the interchain excited state exhibits a large (9-13 D) increase in dipole moment upon excitation, indicative of minority interchain species with a large degree of charge separation, such as exciplexes or polaron pairs. The large variation in excited-state dipole moments observed throughout the film is suggestive of an entire family of interchain species, each characterized by a different degree of charge separation. The fact that the large-dipole interchain species are found in spatially segregated domains implies that interchain charge separation in conjugated polymer films is associated with the presence of defects. When the molecular weight of the polymer is lowered, the large excited-state dipole regions increase in spatial extent, suggesting that the defects that promote charge separation are intrinsic and may be associated with the chain ends.
Beauty and the feast: Examining the effect of beauty on earnings using restaurant tipping data

This paper looks at the effect of beauty on earnings using restaurant tipping data. Customers were surveyed as they left a set of five Virginia restaurants about the dining experience, their server, and themselves, including about their tip and their server’s beauty and productivity. I find that attractive servers earn approximately $1261 more per year in tips than unattractive servers, the primary driver of which is female customers tipping attractive females more than unattractive females. Potential explanations of this earnings gap are drawn from both the labor and experimental economics literatures, the most compelling of which is customer taste-based discrimination.
Sound and complete models of contracts

Even in statically typed languages it is useful to have certain invariants checked dynamically. Findler and Felleisen gave an algorithm for dynamically checking expressive higher-order types called contracts. They did not, however, give a semantics of contracts. The lack of a semantics makes it impossible to define and prove soundness and completeness of the checking algorithm. (Given a semantics, a sound checker never reports violations that do not exist under that semantics; a complete checker is – in principle – able to find violations when violations exist.) Ideally, a semantics should capture what programmers intuitively feel is the meaning of a contract or otherwise clearly point out where intuition does not match reality. In this paper we give an interpretation of contracts for which we prove the Findler-Felleisen algorithm sound and (under reasonable assumptions) complete. While our semantics mostly matches intuition, it also exposes a problem with predicate contracts where an arguably more intuitive interpretation than ours would render the checking algorithm unsound. In our semantics we have to make use of a notion of safety (which we define in the paper) to avoid unsoundness. We are able to eliminate the “leakage” of safety into the semantics by changing the language, replacing the original version of unrestricted predicate contracts with a restricted form. The corresponding loss in expressive power can be recovered by making safety explicit as a contract. This can be done either in ad-hoc fashion or by including general recursive contracts. The addition of recursive contracts has far-reaching implications, deeply affecting the formulation of our model and requiring different techniques for proving soundness.
IIB or Not IIB: The Current Question in Staging Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

It has been suggested that T3/N0-I/M0 non-small cell lung cancer should be classified as stage IIB rather than IIIA. This is the result of a widespread perception that the survival of patients with T3/N0-1 lung cancers greatly exceeds that of patients with stage IIIA (N2) lung cancers. This perception is based primarily on the survival of T3/N0-1 patients who have chest wall involvement. However, the T3 classification also includes tumors that involve mediastinal structures, the main stem bronchus
Growing Up and Growing Out: Emerging Adults Learn Management Through Service-Learning

This article describes a journey introducing service-learning based on large-scale projects in an undergraduate management curriculum, leading to supplementing this approach with more conventional ...
Genomic imprinting and the evolutionary psychology of human kinship

Genomic imprinting is predicted to influence behaviors that affect individuals to whom an actor has different degrees of matrilineal and patrilineal kinship (asymmetric kin). Effects of imprinted genes are not predicted in interactions with nonrelatives or with individuals who are equally related to the actor's maternally and paternally derived genes (unless a gene also has pleiotropic effects on fitness of asymmetric kin). Long-term mating bonds are common in most human populations, but dissolution of marriage has always affected a significant proportion of mated pairs. Children born in a new union are asymmetric kin of children born in a previous union. Therefore, the innate dispositions of children toward parents and sibs are expected to be sensitive to cues of marital stability, and these dispositions may be subject to effects of imprinted genes.
Factors for Computing Requirements of Protein for Maintenance of Cattle

Abstract Factors for daily losses of endogenous urinary nitrogen, skin nitrogen, and metabolic fecal nitrogen were derived from published data. Endogenous urinary nitrogen from 82 experiments with cattle ranging from 28 to 625kg normal body weight averaged .44g per kg .5 . Mean daily skin nitrogen losses from 61 experiments were .035g per kg .6 body weight. From healthy calves fed whole milk, practically all fecal nitrogen is metabolic. Under such conditions metabolic fecal nitrogen averages .2% of dry-matter intake. Metabolic fecal nitrogen for ruminating cattle was estimated from 70 natural and semi-synthetic low protein diets by subtracting from fecal nitrogen 10% of feed nitrogen. Mean metabolic fecal nitrogen was 10.9g per kg fecal dry matter or 4.7g per kg dry-matter intake. The sum of factorial nitrogen losses multiplied by 6.25 is the net protein requirement for maintenance. Crude protein of feed is obtained by dividing the net protein for maintenance by the product of percentage of feed protein absorbed and percentage of absorbed protein utilized. Net protein efficiency varies from .7 for milk-fed calves to .45 for mature ruminant diets. Protein for maintenance can be calculated from body weight, type of diet, dry-matter intake, and dry-matter digestibility.
Rho-kinase inhibition suppresses bladder hyperactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Aims Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) exhibit overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and have an up-regulated calcium sensitizing RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in their vascular smooth muscle tissues. This study examined the role of RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in bladder hyperactivity by evaluating the effect of a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) on SHR bladder function. Methods Adult male SHR (n = 9) and their normotensive controls (Wistar–Kyoto; WKY) (n = 8) were anesthetized and the carotid artery cannulated for blood pressure monitoring. A catheter was fixed into the bladder dome and connected to a pressure transducer and an infusion pump. After equilibration, systemic and bladder pressure were recorded. Continuous filling cystometrograms (CMGs) were performed and threshold pressure (TP), peak pressure (PP), and number of voids and non-voiding contractions (NVCs) per unit time recorded. Each SHR then received Y-27632, 10 μmol intra-arterially. After 10 min, CMG was repeated and the same measurements recorded. Bladder tissues were evaluated immunohistochemically (IHC) for RhoA protein expression. Results SHR exhibited significantly higher number of voids and NVCs than normotensive WKY rats (P < 0.05). In SHR, Y-27362 administration significantly decreased the number of voids (29%, from 0.83 ± 0.3 to 0.63 ± 0.17 voids/min) and NVCs (61%, from 1.8 ± 0.54 to 0.64 ± 0.167 NVC/min). IHC showed significantly higher RhoA protein expression in SHR bladder tissues. Conclusions Overexpression of RhoA may play a role in hypertension-related OAB. Inhibition of Rho-kinase activity with Y-27632 produced a significant suppression of bladder overactivity. Identification of Rho-kinase isoforms that are bladder-tissue specific and their selective inhibitors may help to disassociate the unwanted hypotensive effects of this approach. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimating spectral information of complex fenestration systems in a video-goniophotometer

The effective use of complex fenestration systems in buildings requires knowledge of their optical spectral and directional properties. While the directional properties are commonly assessed by the measurement of bidirectional transmission or reflection distribution functions, the addition of spectral information would significantly aid in the design and analysis of such systems. This paper describes the development of a spectral estimation method that reconstructs reflectance and transmittance spectra of unknown complex fenestration samples in the Heliodome, an innovative video-goniophotometer. The estimation method relies on the digital output of a tri-chromatic charge-coupled device camera in eight filterbands to reconstruct a sample's spectrum using the truncated generalised singular value decomposition. This method is validated by comparing estimated spectra with documented reflectance and transmittance spectra of reference samples. In most spectrally selective materials, the method achieved average improvements of 50% over the Heliodome's previous quasi-spectral assessment method.
Suppression of Interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE)-induced apoptosis by SV40 large T antigen

The Interleukin-1b converting enzyme (ICE) family of proteins, homologs of the C elegans cell death gene product CED-3, play important roles in controlling vertebrate programmed cell death. Because inhibition of apoptosis may be an essential step in tumorigenesis, we investigated the interaction of the simian virus 40 large T antigen (T ag) with the ICE family. COS-1 cells which were transformed by the simian virus 40 do not die when transfected with expression constructs of Ice or Ich-1L. We found that expression of T ag alone significantly prevents the ICE-induced apoptosis. p53, but not pRb or p107, antagonizes the eAect of T ag on the suppression of ICE-induced cell death, but not on ICH-1L-mediated cell death. Thus, wild type p53 may potentiate ICEinduced apoptosis. Expression of a temperature sensitive mutant p53Val 135 sensitizes COS-1 cells to apoptosis induced by ICE at permissive but not at non-permissive temperature. While induction of bax, p21 WAF1/CIP ,o r cyclin D1 gene expression is observed in the COS-1 p53Val 135 cells at the permissive temperature, overexpression of bax, but not p21 WAF1/CIP or cyclin D1, potentiates ICE-induced COS-1 cell death. Taken together, these results suggest that T ag may modulate the cells’ susceptibility to death by suppressing activity of the ICE family through inhibiting p53.
Nanoscale structural evolution of Al3Sc precipitates in Al(Sc) alloys

Precipitation of the Al3Sc (L12) phase in aluminum alloys, containing 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 wt% Sc, is studied with conventional transmission and high-resolution (HREM) electron microscopies. The exact morphologies of the Al3Sc precipitates were determined for the first time by HREM, in Al-0.1 wt% Sc and Al-0.3 wt% Sc alloys. The experimentally determined equilibrium shape of the Al3Sc precipitates, at 300°C and 0.3 wt% Sc, has 26 facets, which are the 6 {100} (cube), 12 {110} (rhombic dodecahedron), and 8 {111} (octahedron) planes, a Great Rhombicuboctahedron. This equilibrium morphology had been predicted by first principles calculations of the pertinent interfacial energies. The coarsening kinetics obey the (time) 1/3 kinetic law of Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory and they yield an activation energy for diffusion, 164±9 kJ/mol, that is in agreement with the values obtained from tracer diffusion measurements of Sc in Al and first principles calculations, which implies diffusion-controlled coarsening.  2001 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Determining the 3-D motion of a rigid surface patch without correspondence, under perspective projection: I. planar surfaces. II. curved surfaces

A method is presented for the recovery of the 3-D motion parameters of a rigidly moving textured surface. The novelty of the method is based on the following two facts: 1) no point-to-point correspondences are used, and 2) "stereo" and "motion" are combined in such a way that no correspondence between the left and the right stereo pairs is required.
Domestication of the Ivory Tower: Institutional Adaptation to Cultural Distance

Several years ago, a student and a faculty member in our off-campus teacher education program went on a hunting trip out on the tundra of western Alaska. The student, a Yup'ik Eskimo who had grown up in the area, had completed only a few years of formal schooling but had successfully worked as a teacher's aide in the local school and had decided to pursue becoming a certificated teacher. The faculty member, who had a doctorate and several years of teaching experience, had just moved to the area as a field coordinator for the University of Alaska's Cross-Cultural Education Development (X-CED) Program and was about to begin his postdoctoral training in arctic survival. The student and the faculty member had worked out a deal in which the faculty member would help the student overcome some weaknesses in his reading and writing skills, while the student would teach the faculty member a few things about living on the tundra. Everything went fine during the first day out, as the faculty member followed closely behind his mentor, carefully staying in the track of the leading snow machine. By the second day the faculty member had built up enough confidence in his ability to read the seemingly featureless terrain that he decided to venture off the track and break a trail of his own.
Resilience Strategies of African American Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse A Qualitative Inquiry

This qualitative study explores the daily lived experiences of African American women (N = 10) who have survived child sexual abuse. The researchers used a phenomenological research tradition and a feminist framework for the study. Using semistructured interviews and integrating methods of trustworthiness, the researchers identified six themes in the data: (a) understanding traumatic symptoms, (b) externalizing racist and sexist stereotypes of African American women, (c) negotiating family relationships and accessing community support, (d) transforming religion and spirituality into sources of healing, (e) reclaiming sexuality, and (f) integrating multiple identities as a survivor. Implications for future research, practice, and advocacy with African American women survivors of child sexual abuse are described.
Potential fields methods for location of unexploded ordnance

Millions of acres of land, formerly and currently used for military activities are potentially contaminated by surface and buried unexplored ordnance (UXO). Surface and buried UXO exists at hundreds of sites with diverse geologic and environmental conditions. UXO exists from the surface to depths as great as 10 m and ranges in size from 20-mm projectiles to 2000-lb bombs (Figure 1). UXO cleanup is currently the highest priority U.S. Department of Defense environmental quality issue at Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) sites and Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS). UXO cleanup is also required at active test and training ranges for continued safe use of existing facilities.
Object Detection Using Principal Contour Fragments

Contour features play an important role in object recognition. Psychological experiments have shown that maximum-curvature points are most distinctive along a contour. This paper presents an object detection method based on \emph{Principal Contour Fragments (PCFs)}, where PCFs are extracted by partitioning connected edge pixels at maximum-curvature points. An object is represented by a set of PCFs and their mutual geometric relations. The mutual geometric relations are described in each PCF's local coordinate system, and they are invariant to translation, rotation, and scale. With this representation, given any individual PCF, the system is capable of predicting all other PCFs' geometric properties. Object instances are detected in test images by sequentially locating PCFs whose geometric properties best match their predictions. Detected objects are verified according to their similarity to the model based on both individual PCF descriptors and mutual relation descriptors. Evaluation results show that the system works well in the presence of background clutter, large scale changes, and intra-class shape variations.