cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Carbon Footprint of Lean Waste

The objective of this paper is to provide a method of quantifying lean wastes in terms of carbon dioxide emissions by using value stream mapping. Lean manufacturing, based on waste identification and reduction, is a growing trend in industry and a proven method of lowering costs. The environmental impact of these wastes can be quantified in a new way by treating green waste as an outcome of lean wastes. Growing environmental concerns are prompting federal government regulation of greenhouse gas or carbon dioxide emissions, as introduced in the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009. This bill would have a significant economic impact on manufacturing businesses. And while many carbon footprint calculators are available for citizens to quantify their own emissions, there are currently none available for manufacturing companies to use in order to accurately quantify their carbon dioxide emissions to meet impending governmental regulations.
Can drive voltages of less than one volt be systematically achieved for polymeric electro-optic devices?

It is generally conceded that to systematically achieve electro-optic device operational voltages of 1 volt or less will require that such devices be fabricated from materials characterized by electro-optic coefficients of 75 pm/V or greater at the operational wavelength.
Phase Measurements and Phase-Locking in Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Combs

We present a novel scheme for precise phase measurements of individual modes in microresonator-based optical frequency combs. We find microcomb states with characteristic phase-steps of multiples of π and π/2 in the comb spectrum.
Identifying Barriers and Enablers in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes in M’Bour, Senegal

The purpose of this study was to identify cultural enablers and barriers to dietary management of type 2 diabetes in M’Bour, Senegal. This qualitative study used the PEN-3 cultural model to explore diabetes dietary management within a cultural framework. Content analysis identified emergent themes based on the PEN-3 model. Forty-one individuals completed interviews. Themes reflecting ways that culture affects adherence to the diabetic diet included (a) having a different diet or eating separately from the communal family plate creates feelings of social isolation; (b) forgoing the diabetic diet sometimes occurs so that family members have enough food; (c) reducing servings of traditional foods feels like abandoning culture; and (d) women being responsible for preparing food, while men typically manage money for purchasing food yet do not provide input on what food is purchased. Results suggest that educating family units on the dietary management of diabetes may be more effective than individual education.
Long-Term Followup of 103 Patients with Bladder Exstrophy

AbstractWe reviewed 103 patients with exstrophy of the bladder. Followup was more than 15 years in 51 patients. Initial management consisted of primary bladder closure in 32 patients and urinary diversion in 71. Urinary continence, renal function, urinary tract infections and development of malignant lesions were evaluated. Factors leading to success or failure were analyzed. Although the highest continence rate (83 per cent) was achieved in 40 patients with ureterosigmoidostomy, renal functional deterioration was highest in this group, with 70 per cent of the evaluable renal units being abnormal. Furthermore, 10 per cent of this group died of renal failure and 23 per cent lost 1 kidney each. In 26 patients with an ileal conduit 69 per cent of the renal units evaluated were abnormal. Only 1 patient died of renal failure but 27 per cent lost 1 kidney each. Of 32 patients with primary bladder closure 31 had preservation of renal function. Twelve of 18 patients (67 per cent) in whom vesical neck reconstructi...
Cytogenetics of habitual abortion and other reproductive wastage.

Twenty-eight couples were studied with standard chromosome analyses and Giemsa-banding (G-banding) techniques. Sixteen couples had had three or more spontaneous abortions. Of these, five (31.2 per cent) demonstrated balanced chromosome translocations in females. The abnormal karyotypes seen were 46,XX,t(2p −;7p +) in 75 per cent of cells, 46,XX,t(2q +;8q −) in 50 per cent of cells, 46,XX,t(3p −;8q +), 46,XX,t(l p +;17q −), and 46,XX,t( 1q −;16q +) in 50 per cent of cells. Of the twelve couples with pregnancy wastage, two (16.6 per cent) demonstrated balanced translocations—one in a male and one in a female. The anomalies seen were 46,XY,t(7q +: 10p −) and 46,XX,t(lp +;2q −) in 50 per cent of cells. All studies were carried out on blood leukocytes. It is concluded that these chromosome and G-banding analyses are justified in the work-up of couples with reproductive failure, particularly in those suffering from habitual abortion.
Calcium carbonate deposition drives nutrient cycling in a calcareous headwater stream

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposition is common in aquatic ecosystems and may reduce phosphorus availability via coprecipitation of phosphate, an impact with broad implications for ecosystem processes. To determine if CaCO3 deposition in streams increases phosphorus (P) retention in minerals while reducing P availability to organisms, we studied paired streams (with and without active CaCO3 deposition) subjected to experimental shading and monitored changes in ecosystem attributes (e.g., periphyton biomass content, nutrient spiraling, periphyton nutrient limitation, and leaf litter decomposition). Shading reduced rates of CaCO3 deposition by over 50%, suggesting that a substantial proportion of CaCO3 deposition is supported by photosynthetically induced changes in alkalinity. Shading-induced reductions in CaCO3 deposition led to increases in epilithon biomass P content (P < 0.05) and periphyton growth (F2,12 = 5.79, P < 0.05). Reductions in CaCO3 deposition also relieved P limitation of periphyton growth (F3,16 = 59.32, P < 0.001), extended P uptake lengths at least an order of magnitude, and reduced both P mass transfer velocity and areal uptake rates by over 80% (F2,3 = 22.62, P < 0.05 and F2,3 = 13.19, P < 0.05, respectively). Finally, while shading caused reductions in leaf litter decomposition in the non-CaCO3 depositing stream (F5,7 = 22.45, P < 0.001), shading had no effect on leaf litter decomposition in the stream with active CaCO3 deposition. These results indicate that CaCO3 deposition can regulate P bioavailability and retention in streams and may drive streams to be P limited, as has been suggested in lake and wetland ecosystems.
CDC-funded HIV testing, HIV positivity, and linkage to HIV medical care in non-health care settings among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in the United States

ABSTRACTIn the United States, HIV infection disproportionately affects young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, aged 13–24 years (collectively referred to as YMSM), specifically black YMSM. Knowledge of HIV status is the first step for timely and essential prevention and treatment services. Because YMSM are disproportionately affected by HIV, the number of CDC-funded HIV testing events, overall and newly diagnosed HIV positivity, and linkage to HIV medical care among YMSM in non-health care settings were examined from 61 health department jurisdictions. Differences by age and race/ethnicity were analyzed. Additionally, trends in number of HIV testing events and newly diagnosed HIV positivity were examined from 2011 to 2015. In 2015, 42,184 testing events were conducted among YMSM in non-health care settings; this represents only 6% of tests in non-health care settings. Overall and newly diagnosed HIV positivity was 2.8% and 2.1%, respectively, with black/African–American YMSM being dispro...
Break-induced replication: an unhealthy choice for stress relief?

Determining the molecular mechanisms responsible for trinucleotide DNA repeat expansions is critical, as such expansions underlie many neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders. Mirkin and colleagues now propose that large-scale expansions of trinucleotide repeats can be generated by DNA-break-induced replication.
RhoVe method: A new empirical pore pressure transform

Abstract A new empirical pore pressure transform has been developed that includes many of the advanced, state-of-the-art concepts that are useful in today’s pore pressure estimation and theory. The rhob-velocity-effective stress (Rho-V-e) method produces a model-driven, stand-alone set of “virtual” rock property relationships, which at intermediate positions are consistent with Bowers method default values for the Gulf of Mexico. The RhoVe method uses a single transform to convert both compressional sonic and bulk density to common estimates of effective stress and pore pressure where convergence of the two transformed properties offers a robust solution. Velocity-density conversion functions are mathematically linked to a continuous series of velocity-depth normal compaction trend functions. The calculations are limited by bounding end-member curves that provide a basis for intermediate (fractional) solutions of velocity-effective stress and density-effective stress relationships that are applied to a well of interest. Paired “virtual” velocity-depth compaction trends were iteratively solved by using published theoretical smectite and illite porosity trends and velocity-depth normal compaction trends. By using the RhoVe-derived velocity-density functions that match the well of interest in cross-plot, normal effective stress for each end-member and intermediate solution can be calculated. Effective stress is calculated by taking the difference between the integrated density-depth virtual overburden profile, converted from velocity-depth, and the inclusion of hydrostatic pressure. The method produces robust solutions as tested on multiple deep water Gulf of Mexico wells, and extends the predictability of high-velocity, low-effective stress rock types such as those found in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Wilcox-equivalent Paleogene and older section. The velocity-effective stress trend curves can also improve pore pressure characterization of the overlying overburden section extending to the mud line. Advantages of the RhoVe method are that it can be made interactive and fast, relative to the application of other acoustic transform methods. This paper attempts to build on previous efforts by other workers to include the role of clay type, clay volume and diagenesis on altering velocity-effective stress relationships and presents a technique in which the effects of clay diagenesis and other factors may be captured and utilized empirically for pore pressure analysis and prediction.
Kimberlites, Supercontinents and Deep Earth Dynamics: Mid-Proterozoic India in Rodinia

Diamonds and the mineral inclusions in diamonds demonstrate ­unequivocally that the kimberlites and lamproites (kimberlite clan rocks-KCRs) that transport these exotic assemblages to Earth’s surface from subcratonic lithospheres (∼200 km), the transition zone (410–660 km), and the lower mantle (>660 km), must have a thermal source to induce the eruptive process that is deeper than the deepest samples. The diamonds are old (2.8–3.2 Ga) but the KCRs are young. A synchronously global diamond eruptive event occurred in the Mesozoic at ∼100 Ma, with eruptions of huge volumes of basalt in large igneous provinces (LIPS), fragmentation and disruption of Pangaea, superchron behavior of Earth’s geomagnetic field, and superplumes from the D″ core–mantle boundary layer at 2,900 km. There was another significant diamond eruptive episode in the mid-Proterozoic at ∼1.1 Ga in the supercontinent of Rodinia. This event is examined in the context of the Mesozoic paradigm of LIPS, superplumes and superchrons. The conclusion is positive, and is particularly fitting, given the nature of this dedicated volume, and the fact that the largest number (>100) of known diamondiferous KCRs are in India.
Targeted Gene Disruption with Engineered Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)

Reverse genetics in Xenopus has been limited to knockdown strategies using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs). Recently, engineered zinc-finger nucleases have been used to induce targeted mutations resulting in null alleles. Zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) technology has been adapted to induce null mutations in many systems previously refractory to targeted gene inactivation. Here we provide a general protocol for inducing targeted mutations in Xenopus tropicalis using ZFNs, a method to detect resulting mutations, and the steps to generate homozygous mutant embryos.
Are All Periprosthetic Joint Infections the Same? Evaluating Major vs Minor Criteria

Abstract Background The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be made when 1 major criterion or 3 of 5 minor criteria are present. However, the outcomes of patients with a major vs minor criteria for diagnosis have not been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate if a difference in outcome of surgical intervention existed between patients with PJI who were diagnosed with a major criterion or a combination of minor criteria. Methods A retrospective chart review identified 277 primary total hip or knee arthroplasty patients who had developed PJI based on the International Consensus Meeting definition. Patients were further stratified into “major” vs “minor” groups. Patient demographics, PJI workup, surgical treatment, microbiological growth, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Treatment success was defined by using the Delphi criteria. Standard statistical analysis was performed. Results Overall, 34 patients met minor-only criteria (12.2%), whereas 243 met major criteria. Of the minor-only patients, 16 (47%) were culture negative. When controlling for confounding variables, there was no statistically significant difference with regard to treatment success (minor 94.1% vs major 82.3%, P = .085) between groups at final follow-up (mean 110 months, range 2.3-567 months). Only higher Charlson comorbidity index (P = .001) and an initial 2-stage surgical procedure (P = .003) were associated with decreased treatment success. Conclusion PJI patients were similar between both criteria groups, and there was no difference in treatment success as defined by the Delphi criteria between minor-only PJI and major criteria PJI patients.
MPC as a DVI: Implications on sampling rates and accuracy

We show that closed-loop model predictive control (MPC) can be cast as a differential variational inequality (DVI). The DVI abstraction reveals that standard sampled-data MPC implementations (in which the control law is computed using states that are sampled at predefined sampling intervals) corresponds to an explicit Euler time-stepping scheme applied to the DVI. As expected, this explicit scheme induces large approximation errors (with respect to the optimal solution manifold of the DVI) when long sampling intervals are used. Motivated by this observation, we propose to use an implicit Euler scheme which allows us to use much longer sampling intervals, but note that this scheme requires the solution of a complicated variational inequality at every sampling time. We thus propose to use a predictor-corrector scheme, which can be implemented with off-the-shelf optimization tools and which mimics the performance of the implicit scheme.
Islam in US Politics

This chapter explores the place of Islam in US politics, from history to the current times. It analyzes the encounter of Americans with Muslims and the relation of Islam, Muslims, and America during and after the Cold War; how American foreign policy is conducted, with reference to Islam; and finally, it introduces the campaign of the securitization of Islam in US politics and Islamophobia, prior to going into discourse analysis of US presidents.
Medical Consultation Via Telebrowsing

The rapid advance of medical science has created several problems which severely hamper timely utilization of new medical knowledge without the assistance of computerized information systems. Physicians of all levels find themselves unable to keep abreast of new medical developments and diagnostic discoveries. This paper attempts to present a solution to this problem. The design of a computerized medical consultation system is discussed. The system consists of a medical knowledge database and a telebrowsing scheme. The heart of the database is an associative category file which contains the disease categories and subcategories together with their associated manifestations, diagnostic descriptions, and treatment plans. The telebrowsing scheme enables the physician to consult with the system through computer-physician interaction.
Development and Applications of Macroinvertebrate Instream Flow Models for Regulated Flow Management

Since the classic papers of Dodds and Hisaw (1924; 1925) and Nielsen (1950) and standard references on the ecology of running water ecosystems (Hynes 1970), aquatic biologists and entomologists have agreed that benthic macroinvertebrates display a wide variety of morphological and behavioral adaptations to a flowing environment. In general, benthic invertebrates have operated to take advantage of flow for feeding (Wallace & Merritt 1980) and have evolved some variation of dorso-ventral flattening to either reduce shear stress, as proposed by Steinmann (1907), Thienemann (1926), and, most recently, Statzner and Holm (1982) or to occupy a less rigorous “boundary layer” (Ambuhl 1959). Since adaptations to hydraulic forces seem to be common among a wide variety of benthic invertebrate groups, it should be expected that distributions and densities of these organisms could be predicted by assessing the heterogeneity of flow characteristics within a stream reach. It is interesting to note that many aquatic biologists proceed from this basic assumption to demonstrate that distribution, density, and diversity are primarily determined by biotic interactions rather than responses to the physical environment. Recently, with increasing demands for water for energy development in the arid and semi-arid environments of the western United States, aquatic biologists and stream managers have begun to examine the impacts of altered flow regimes upon the biota of rivers and streams.
Morbidity and Mortality in Late Preterm Infants with Severe Hypoxic Respiratory Failure on Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Objectives To evaluate morbidity, mortality, and associated risk factors in late preterm term infants (34-0/7 to 36-6/7 weeks) requiring extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Study design We reviewed 21 218 neonatal ECMO runs in Extra-corporeal Life Support Organization registry data from 1986-2006. Infants were divided in 3 groups: late preterm (34-0/7 to 36-6/7 weeks), early-term (37-0/7 to 38-6/7 weeks), and full-term (39-0/7 to 42-6/7 weeks). Results There were 14 528 neonatal ECMO runs that met inclusion criteria. Late preterm infants experienced the highest mortality rate on ECMO (late preterm, 26.2%; early-term, 18%; full-term, 11.2%; P Conclusion Late preterm infants treated with ECMO have higher morbidity and mortality rates than term infants. This underscores the need for special consideration of this vulnerable population in the diagnosis and treatment of hypoxic respiratory failure.
ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. V. Eli Lilly & Co.: Brief of Amici Curiae Mark D. Janis and Timothy R. Holbrook in Support of Neither Party

Professors Mark D. Janis (Indiana University School of Law-Bloomington) and Timothy R. Holbrook (Emory University School of Law) argue that there is no written description requirement in 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1 separate from requiring the patent specification contain a disclosure sufficient to enable one of skill in the art to make and use the claimed invention. Neither the statutory language itself does nor the policies articulated by the Federal Circuit support a separate written description requirement. Enablement doctrine alone is sufficient both to correlate claim scope with the inventor's contribution and to determine whether the disclosure provides adequate support for later-added claims. Janis and Holbrook further urge the Federal Circuit not to use the § 132 "new matter" prohibition to craft a "back-door" written description requirement.
“Solitary” rectal ulcer syndrome: Are “solitary” rectal ulcer syndrome and “localized” colitis cystica profunda analogous syndromes caused by rectal prolapse?

The hypothesis that SRUS and localized CCP are analogous syndromes is supported by the similarities in clinical presentation and biopsy pathology of patients with these conditions. The theory that rectal mucosal prolapse causes SRUS and localized CCP is strengthened by the observation of like pathology in other clinical situations and various animal models in which mucosal prolapse occurs. However, rectal prolapse is not clinically demonstrable in all patients. Therefore, the definitive diagnosis of SRUS and localized CCP must depend upon the recognition of specific histopathologic features in rectal biopsy specimens from ulcer margins or otherwise abnormal mucosa. Conservative medical management is satisfactory for most patients, and surgical intervention should be reserved for highly selected patients.
Old School Rules

This article considers the unique features of what we call Old School storefront signs in Brooklyn, NY. These signs, which were often hand-painted and notably text-rich with large-size fonts, signaled an openness to all in a highly diverse, multi-cultural urban area. At the same time, very laconic, ambiguous and ironic gentrifying (or what we call New School) signage is replacing these Old School storefront signs at a rapid pace. Using sociolinguistic, semiotic and aesthetic analysis, we show how Old School shop signage acts as a “register of place.” The openness of this register allows it to adopt and incorporate elements preferred by Brooklyn’s gentrifying population. Also, we show how New School businesses begin to take on certain semiotic and textual features of Old School shops in order to survive in the face of corporate development. This appropriation of form/format, we argue, further demonstrates the effectiveness of Old School “rules,” which allow these signs to remain despite accelerating gentrification and the relentless march of corporate capitalism. Old School, as a marker of history and as an iconic form of place, is a living style that represents the past, has been transformed by the present, and perhaps has the power to change the future.
Progressive reduction of hospital length of stay following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum: A retrospective comparison of three analgesia modalities, the role of addressing patient anxiety, and reframing patient expectations.

Abstract Purpose Management of postoperative pain is a significant challenge following the Nuss procedure. Epidurals, PCAs, and newer analgesia modalities have been used elsewhere without demonstrating consistent improvement in the reported length of hospital stays (LOS). We reviewed a large single surgeon experience identifying three different methods of analgesia used over time to highlight marked improvement in patient LOS. Methods IRB approval was obtained and patient clinical information was retrospectively reviewed from 2001 to 2017. The primary outcome variable was length of hospital stay. An expanded preoperative consultation reviews the issue of pain, the negative impact of anxiety on recovery, and our current success of shortened hospital stays with our patients. Results One hundred and seventy-three patients representing three different analgesia approaches had a LOS of 4.4 days (epidural); 2.2 days (PCA/intercostal nerve block); and 1.6 days (scheduled oral pain meds/intercostal nerve blocks). The current LOS for patients is 1.0 day. Patients successfully stop using narcotics by the end of the first week postoperatively. Conclusions Intraoperative intercostal nerve blocks, scheduled postoperative pain medications, and enhanced preoperative consultation aimed to educate patients about anxiety and reframe patient pain expectations have collectively decreased LOS, and reduced postoperative narcotic usage. Type of study Clinical research Level of evidence Level III
Nonlinearity of the NIST Calculable Capacitor

We re-examine the nonlinearity of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA calculable capacitor (CC) which is used for realizing the capacitance unit. The dominant error originates from the electrode nonuniformity. We use a boundary perturbation technique to develop a convolution method for estimating capacitance nonlinearity due to the electrode nonuniformity. We conclude that an improved accuracy can be achieved by avoiding the end effect and operating the CC in a shortened range from 0.2 to 0.6 pF.
Exploring the Relationship of Home Country Government Reforms and the Choices of International Higher Education Scholarship Program Participants

Many international scholarship programs expect that graduates will return home to apply their education for socioeconomic development, yet national contextual factors shape these anticipated outcom...
Tobacco cash behind cannabis research in Oxford

A research collaboration that includes Oxford University is taking funding from the tobacco industry for research into the medicinal properties of cannabis. Jonathan Gornall continues his investigation into the links between big business and the push to widen cannabis access for patients.
Eigenvectors from Eigenvalues Sparse Principal Component Analysis (EESPCA)

We present a novel technique for sparse principal component analysis. This method, named Eigenvectors from Eigenvalues Sparse Principal Component Analysis (EESPCA), is based on the recently detailed formula for computing normed, squared eigenvector loadings of a Hermitian matrix from the eigenvalues of the full matrix and associated sub-matrices. Relative to the state-of-the-art LASSO-based sparse PCA method of Witten, Tibshirani and Hastie, the EESPCA technique offers a two-orders-of-magnitude improvement in computational speed, does not require estimation of tuning parameters, and can more accurately identify true zero principal component loadings across a range of data matrix sizes and covariance structures. Importantly, EESPCA achieves these performance benefits while maintaining a reconstruction error close to that generated by the Witten et al. approach. EESPCA is a practical and effective technique for sparse PCA with particular relevance to computationally demanding problems such as the analysis of large data matrices or statistical techniques like resampling that involve the repeated application of sparse PCA.
Small Cell Carcinoma and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma represent approximately 15% and 3% of all lung neoplasms, respectively. They are considered high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas and are associated with a significant cigarette smoking history. Both tumors express immunophenotypic evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation, but they have distinct morphologic features. Small cell carcinomas have inconspicuous nucleoli, lack of cytoplasm, and significant nuclear molding, while large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas have morphologic features of non-small cell carcinoma. Importantly, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, by definition, must have immunophenotypic evidence (i.e., positive immunohistochemical studies with neuroendocrine antibodies) as well as neuroendocrine morphologic features to distinguish them from non-small cell carcinomas.
Capacitance Type Moisture Sensors in Unbound Granular Material of Pavement Structures

Moisture gauges have proven to be effective measures of volumetric soil moisture content in agriculture applications. However they have historically exhibited mixed performance in pavements applications. This paper discusses the use of capacitance moisture gauges at the MnROAD research facility which has found that a custom calibration should be used to improve accuracy over the manufacturer recommended calibration equation for mineral soils. The data presented show the need for material specific calibration that was developed in the laboratory. The capacitance device was used to provide reliable volumetric water content data only after custom calibration to develop material specific equations to relate measured dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Material specific calibrations are presented and installation guidelines from lessons learned in using these devices in compacted base and subgrade soils from over 15 years of experience at MnROAD.
Repression of CTSG, ELANE and PRTN3-mediated histone H3 proteolytic cleavage promotes monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation

Chromatin undergoes extensive reprogramming during immune cell differentiation. Here we report the repression of controlled histone H3 amino terminus proteolytic cleavage (H3ΔN) during monocyte-to-macrophage development. This abundant histone mark in human peripheral blood monocytes is catalyzed by neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. NSPs are repressed as monocytes mature into macrophages. Integrative epigenomic analysis reveals widespread H3ΔN distribution across the genome in a monocytic cell line and primary monocytes, which becomes largely undetectable in fully differentiated macrophages. H3ΔN is enriched at permissive chromatin and actively transcribed genes. Simultaneous NSP depletion in monocytic cells results in H3ΔN loss and further increase in chromatin accessibility, which likely primes the chromatin for gene expression reprogramming. Importantly, H3ΔN is reduced in monocytes from patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, an autoinflammatory disease with prominent macrophage involvement. Overall, we uncover an epigenetic mechanism that primes the chromatin to facilitate macrophage development. Chromatin undergoes extensive reprogramming during immune cell differentiation. Here Kuo and colleagues uncover an epigenetic mechanism that primes the chromatin to facilitate macrophage development.
Total diffuse CO2 flux from Yellowstone caldera incorporating high CO2 emissions from cold degassing sites

Abstract Previous calculations of total diffuse carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Yellowstone National Park have been based on flux measurements from thermally active, altered basins. However, our recent measurements show that thermally inactive, cold degassing sites can emit more diffuse CO2 per km2 than thermally active basins. The contribution of these cold degassing sites must be included in calculations of total diffuse CO2 flux for adequate quantification of Yellowstone's role as a major contributor within the global CO2 budget. We acquired 1342 diffuse CO2 flux point measurements across 19 different sites in Yellowstone National Park during summer 2018 and 2019. Eleven of the measured sites are thermally active with heat flux elevated above background, four sites are vegetation sites, and four sites are thermally inactive, cold degassing sites outside the caldera. Our measurements of diffuse CO2 flux agree with previous findings that the highest average flux occurs in acid sulfate soils (706 ± 79 gm−2 day−1, average for both thermally active and cold degassing sites) with lower diffuse CO2 flux in travertine (189 ± 98 gm−2 day−1) and neutral-chloride (19 ± 8 gm−2 day−1) soils. All cold degassing sites measured were in acid sulfate dominated soil chemistries. The average diffuse CO2 flux for these cold degassing sites was higher (840 ± 163 gm−2 day−1) than the average flux through acid sulfate soils in thermally active basins (625 ± 79 gm−2 day−1). We also measured the carbon isotope composition of diffuse CO2 soil gas samples from most sites to characterize the potential source(s) of these emissions. The majority of carbon isotope values from cold degassing sites are within the typical range of values for Yellowstone fumaroles. This suggests that cold degassing sites have a similar magmatic source for diffuse CO2. Previous calculations of the total daily diffuse CO2 emitted through Yellowstone National Park use the arithmetic average flux per soil chemistry and extrapolate that value across the entire park using only thermally active altered soils. Instead, we calculate the total CO2 flux per site in tons CO2 per km2 per day using Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations through the Geostatistical Analyst toolbox in ArcGIS. To account for the large component of cold degassing CO2, we extrapolate the average emission rate per soil chemistry to all hydrothermally altered soils rather than only thermally active soils across the entire area of Yellowstone National Park. We calculate a total deeply sourced (biogenic flux removed) CO2 flux of 24 ± 12 kt CO2 per day, with nearly two-thirds of that flux estimated to be from cold degassing acid sulfate soils. Cold diffuse degassing sites can be significant sources of magmatic carbon emissions and this has implications for the relationship between the flux of CO2 and heat as well as for global contributions from mantle CO2 emissions.
Syntheses and characterization of Cp2Ce[η3-N(QPPh2)2] (Q = S, Se) and Cp2Ce[η3-N(SPiPr2)(SePPh2)]

Abstract The compounds Cp2Ce[η3-N(QPPh2)2] (Q = S (1), Se (2)) and Cp2Ce[η3-N(SPiPr2)(SePPh2)] (3) have been synthesized from the protonolysis reactions between Cp3Ce and HN(QPPh2)2 or HN(SPiPr2)(SePPh2) in THF. The structures of these compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. The three compounds have similar structures in which the ligands are coordinated to Cp2Ce moiety in an η3 fashion through the two chalcogen atoms and an N atom. Whereas the 77Se NMR resonances are normal the 31P NMR resonances are shifted to much lower frequencies than in similar rare-earth compounds.
Cell-mediated immunity in interstitial nephritis. I. T lymphocyte systems in nephritic guinea pigs: the natural history and diversity of the immune response.

Guinea pigs immunized with renal tubular antigens develop a severe interstitial nephritis. The complete expression of disease depends on a complex interplay between cellular and humoral mechanisms. The present studies were undertaken to analyze the lymphocyte diversity engendered during the course of this nephropathy. The results demonstrated a strong cellular recognition of the sensitizing antigens, as well as the concomitant development of a potent nonspecific suppressor system. Sequential analyses indicated that reactive T cells from different anatomic compartments maintained these distinctive functions. Judged from isotope incorporation studies, lymphocytes harvested from peritoneal exudates were more likely to recognize sensitizing renal tubular antigens than either spleen, lymph node, or peripheral blood cells. Lymph node cells, however, were more efficient in mediating the intense polyclonal immunosuppression that was typically present in nephritic animals after 1 week of disease. Delayed hypersensitivity measurements confirmed the in vivo presence of this immunosuppression. All of these observed T cell functions were fully developed before the appearance of antitubular antibodies in the kidneys of diseased animals. Eventually, however, the cellular recognition of the sensitizing antigens started to decline in the face of continued suppression and pathologic damage along cortical tubules. These findings are discussed in terms of the complex role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis and regulatory modulation of interstitial kidney disease.
Radio-as-a-Service: Auction-based model and mechanisms

We envision that in the near future, just as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), radios and radio resources in a wireless network can also be provisioned as a service to Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs), which we refer to as Radio-as-a-Service (RaaS). In this paper, we present a novel auction-based model to enable fair pricing and fair resource allocation according to real-time needs of MVNOs for RaaS. Based on the proposed model, we study the auction mechanism design with the objective of maximizing social welfare. First, we present an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based auction mechanism for obtaining optimal social welfare. To reduce time complexity, we present a polynomial-time greedy mechanism for the RaaS auction. Both methods have been formally shown to be truthful and individually rational. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed greedy auction mechanism can quickly produce close-to-optimal solutions.
Seeding a field: The growth of bibliometrics through co‐authorship ties

Editor's Summary A series of bibliometrics-based visualizations illustrate the contributions of five preeminent researchers in information science. With data drawn from the Web of Science, the views reflect a total of 1,993 publications by Christine Borgman, Blaise Cronin, Eugene Garfield, Katherine McCain and Howard White spread across seven time periods between 1955 and 2012. Contributions by the authors rose over time as they became active in the field and collaborated with others. The visualizations reveal the temporary nature of some co-authorship linkages while others were reinforced over time. Trends in the strength of author citations varied. The later time slices show the dynamic connections among the five authors studied, revealing the prominent and influential role played by Garfield and his collaborators through the years.
Take Care of the Living: Reconstructing Confederate Veteran Families in Virginia – By Jeffrey W. McClurken

This study covers over 3,400 Confederate soldiers and their families from Pittsylvania County, Virginia's largest, and Danville, its biggest city, in the southern Piedmont. The author built two dat...
Step by step analysis toward optimal MTF algorithm using an edge test device

Comprehensive research focus on the use of an edge test device for accurate determination of the modulation transfer function (MTF) in x-ray imaging has resulted in the development of numerous edge processing algorithms. While the overall results of the relative algorithms have been compared, the individual steps within the algorithms have not previously been evaluated for similarities and differences that could significantly affect the resultant MTF. Therefore a step by step investigation to evaluate the alternative methods for each step separately holds the potential to provide insight into improving the overall algorithm by optimizing the method employed for each step. Thus this research study focused on comparing methods applicable for each step comprising the edge algorithm and providing a step by step guide for implementing the optimal algorithm based on given experimental conditions. In addition, new methods and combinations of methods were investigated in several of the algorithm steps, and were determined to provide comparable, if not superior, results to the existing methods. This included the use of different numbers of rows and columns in the region of interest (ROI) for determining the edge spread function (ESF), implementing a new three-step ESF filtering approach, and applying a median filter in both the ESF and line spread function (LSF) smoothing steps.
Repression of enzyme synthesis of the pyrimidine pathway in Salmonella typhimurium.

It has been reported by other workers that a uridine and probably also a cytidine nucleotide are required for maximal repression of aspartate transcarbamylase encoded by the gene pyrB in Salmonella typhimurium. We have identified the repressing metabolites for three more biosynthetic enzymes, namely, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (encoded by pyrD), orotidine-5′-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (encoded by pyrE), and orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (encoded by pyrF), as well as examining the repression profiles of aspartate transcarbamylase in more detail. Using a specially constructed strain of S. typhimurium (JL1055) which lacks the enzymes for the interconversion of cytidine and uridine compounds, thus allowing the independent manipulation of endogenous cytidine and uridine nucleotides, we found that a cytidine compound is the primary effector of repression in all cases except for aspartate transcarbamylase where little repression is observed in excess cytidine. For aspartate transcarbamylase, we found that the primary repressing metabolite is a uridine compound.
Treatment with the type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20-1724 protects renal and mesenteric blood flow in endotoxemic rats treated with norepinephrine.

We recently reported that pretreatment with the type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20-1724 attenuates the development of endotoxin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Norepinephrine is an important therapeutic agent in human endotoxemia, but its efficacy is limited by its deleterious side effect of potent renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction. In this study we examined whether posttreatment with Ro 20-1724 after endotoxin infusion 1) attenuates increased renal vascular resistance and the development of acute renal failure in the absence and presence of norepinephrine infusion, 2) improves mesenteric blood flow in the presence of norepinephrine and 3) improves survival rates in the absence and presence of norepinephrine infusion. Forty-eight rats were anesthetized and instrumented, and eight 20-min clearance periods were performed. Endotoxin (20 mg/kg i.v.) was administered after the first period, and a constant-rate i.v. infusion of either Ro 20-1724 (10 micrograms/kg/min) or vehicle was initiated after period 3, in the absence and presence of norepinephrine infusion (1 microgram/kg/ min, begun after period 4). Urinary cAMP excretion in the Ro 20-1724-treated groups was 2- to 3-fold (P < .001) higher, compared with the vehicle-treated groups. Ro 20-1724 markedly attenuated endotoxin-induced (P < .01) increases in renal vascular resistance and attenuated norepinephrine-induced (P < .05) increases in renal vascular resistance in rats pretreated with endotoxin. Moreover, Ro 20-1724 reduced endotoxin-induced decreases in renal blood flow (P < .05) and glomerular filtration rate (P < .01) in the absence and presence of norepinephrine. In animals pretreated with endotoxin, Ro 20-1724 attenuated norepinephrine-induced increases in mesenteric vascular resistance (P = .054) and decreases in mesenteric blood flow (P < .01). Ro 20-1724 also improved survival rates for endotoxin-treated rats, whether or not the rats were administered norepinephrine (P < .01). Type IV-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors warrant further study as selective therapeutic agents that protect against endotoxin/vasopressor-induced renal and mesenteric ischemia and death.
X-ray scattering in the plane of membrane

We demonstrate a technique for measuring x-ray (or neutron) scattering with the momentum transfer oriented in the plane of a membrane, for the purpose of studying the lateral organization of proteins and peptides. As an example, the controversial question of whether gramicidin forms aggregates in membrane was investigated. We measured dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) bilayers containing gramicidin in the molar ratio of 10:1. Very clear scattering curves reflecting gramicidin channel-channel correlation were obtained. Analysis of the data shows that the channels were randomly distributed in the membrane. We suggest that oriented proteins may provide substantial x-ray contrast against the lipid background without requiring heavy-atom labeling. This should open up many possible new experiments
Electrodynamics of the high-latitude mesosphere

The discovery of apparent large (V/m) electric fields within the mesosphere suggests that this region is more active electrically than originally suspected. High-latitude observations have been particularly productive in developing new concepts regarding mesospheric electrodynamics. Several high-latitude observations of large mesospheric fields have been made under both quiet and aurorally active conditions but always below heights where enhanced ionizing radiations could significantly penetrate. Two measurements from Andoya, Norway, have also produced an anticorrelation of horizontal electric field directions with neutral wind velocities, leading to the theoretical description of a newly defined mechanism for V/m electric field generation involving wind-induced separation of charged aerosols. Evidence for mesospheric aerosols and winds exists at all latitudes but is most evident at high latitudes during the appearance of noctilucent and/or polar mesospheric clouds.
Ankle dislocation without fracture.

Injuries to the ankle ligaments are common, but injuries severe enough to cause complete tibiotalar dislocation are uncommon. Not all dislocations cause fractures, as seen in the case report of a recreational Softball player. Despite the dramatic appearance of the injury, if radiographs do not indicate a fracture and no neurologic or vascular complications are seen, congruent reduction of the ankle can be achieved nonsurgically. After a period of splinting, non-weight bearing, and rehabilitating, most patients make a full recovery.
Preschool-age adopted Chinese children's sleep problems and family sleep arrangements

Designed to examine the relationship between family sleep arrangements and children's sleep problems in families with preschool-age children adopted from China, this study documented types of sleep arrangements and explored the nature and sources of advice received by parents on co-sleeping. Mothers of 480 children provided survey data on their children's night-time sleep locations, sleep and wake schedules, and changes in sleep arrangements. Children's sleep problems were measured with the Sleep Problem Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. Descriptive and qualitative analyses showed that most children (71.3%) had a single exclusive sleep location (e.g. solitary sleeping, sharing bedroom with a sibling, sleeping in parents' bedroom, or co-sleeping with parents) and the rest used a combination of two or three different locations. Children with more sleep problems were more likely to have more sleep locations and to co-sleep or share a bedroom with parents. Parents of children with more sleep problems were more likely to seek advice on co-sleeping. When they did, paediatricians were more likely than extended family members and fellow adoptive parents to recommend against co-sleeping. Careful integration of the descriptive and qualitative data permitted us to draw the conclusion that sleep arrangements reflected parental responsiveness to children's sleep behaviours. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lanthanide titanates and LnxBi4−xTi3O12 solid solutions; their raman spectra

Abstract The formation of Ln x Bi 4− x Ti 3 O 12 solid solutions, where x max ranges from 0.08 for Lu to 2.92 for La, has been examined by Raman spectroscopy. A review of the literature concerning Ln 2 O 3 Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 , solid solutions and Ln 2 TiO 5 is presented and the Raman spectra of many of these phases are reported.