cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundus manifestations of orbital disease and treatment of orbital disease

Disorders of the orbit can secondarily involve the eye. Although nonspecific, changes which can be noted on funduscopic examination including abnormalities of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve, can be secondary to an underlying orbital process. Awareness of these findings and their association with orbital disease is of great importance to the practicing ophthalmologist, since many orbital disorders are treatable and indeed, some are life-threatening. In addition, treatment of these disorders can potentially result in a variety of ocular complications. An understanding of the potential risks is of the utmost importance in planning treatment of an orbital disease.
Elastic wave inverse scattering in nondestructive evaluation

Ultrasonic detection and characterization of flaws in metals and ceramics is of considerable technological interest. Scattering and inverse scattering theories have recently been applied to these tasks in a systematic manner and considerable progress has resulted. This paper first reviews briefly the development of scattering and inverse scattering methods in the AF/DARPA Program in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation.2 Then one particular inverse method studied in that program, the inverse Born approximation, is discussed in detail. Progress is reviewed and the ability of the method to distinguish volumetric and crack-like flaws is demonstrated in simple cases.
When Does RFID Make Business Sense for Managing Supply Chain

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is believed to change how supply chains operate today. While RFIDâ€™s promise for improved inventory visibility and automation in inventory management is making many supply chain players hopeful for increased sales and reduced operating costs, these benefits do come at a cost and involve risks. This article presents a financial returns analysis that captures RFIDâ€™s costs and benefits, and quantifies the financial risks of implementing RFID for various business sizes and products with different unit profits to understand when RFID makes business sense. More precisely, the returns analysis is performed using an econometric model to understand how break-even sales volumes, unit profits, tag prices, return on investment, and risks vary between a manufacturer and a retailer in a supply chain. The results are extended to multiproduct cases as well. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to understand the returns in pessimistic and optimistic scenarios.
A serum factor that recalcifies demineralized bone is conserved in bony fish and sharks but is not found in invertebrates.

We investigated the evolutionary origin of a serum activity that induces calcification within a type I collagen matrix, an activity previously described in rat and bovine serum. Serum was obtained from vertebrates with calcified tissues (bony fish and shark), vertebrates without calcified tissues (lamprey and hagfish), and three invertebrates (marine worm, crab, and sea urchin). Serum from the bony fish and shark proved to contain a potent nucleator of collagen calcification; like the previously described calcifying activity in rat serum, the fish and shark activities are both able to recalcify a demineralized rat tibia when tested in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium containing as little as 1.5% of the respective serum and have an apparent molecular weight of 50–150 kDa. No calcifying activity could be detected in any of several experimental tests of invertebrate or hagfish serum. Weak calcifying activity could be detected in lamprey serum, but calcification was restricted to the growth plate of the decalcified tibia, with no detectable calcification in the type I collagen of the midshaft. These studies reveal a correlation between the evolutionary timing of the appearance of calcified tissues in vertebrates and the appearance of the serum activity that initiates calcification within collagen and, therefore, support the hypothesis that this serum activity may play a role in normal calcification of bone.
Eosinophilic Fasciitis: Case Report

A 16-year-old healthy boy presented with an acute claw hand and signs of flexor tenosynovitis or possible necrotizing fasciitis of all 4 fingers in 1 hand. After an operative incision and drainage and treatment with antibiotic, the patient improved; cultures were negative. He relapsed shortly after completing the 10-day course of antibiotics. A second incision and drainage was performed. Cultures from the second operation also revealed no infectious agent. The pathological report indicated a diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. Our patient improved on antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication and has since had no further relapse. Eosinophilic fasciitis should be considered in the setting of acute claw hand and physical examination findings consistent with necrotizing fasciitis in which no infection is identified. One should consider biopsies as well as cultures during operative intervention in cases that clinically mimic serious infection but do not have purulence.
Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with specific food elimination diet directed by a combination of prick skin test and patch tests

Abstract Rationale Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EE) is a recently described disorder identified in patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophgeal reflux disease but unresponsive to conventional therapies. The hallmark pathologic finding is eosinophilia in the esophagus (>15/HPF) with normal pathology of the stomach and duodenum. Therapies have included corticosteroids, elemental diet, and diet restriction. We report our experience with prick and patch skin testing and food elimination diets in 115 patients diagnosed with Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Methods Patients were diagnosed with EE by biopsy and referred from gastroenterology. Food antigens were identified prospectively by prick skin test and patch skin testing. Repeat biopsy was obtained after 4 to 8 weeks of restricted diet. Demographics, atopic tendencies, and identified food antigens were identified. Results 115 patients diagnosed with EE were evaluated with skin and patch testing. 87/115 (75.6.9%) responded to diet elimination of identified food antigens and had resolution of their EE with normal biopsy results ( Conclusions The majority of patients with EE can be successfully treated by eliminating suspected foods identified by a combination of prick and patch skin testing.
Static and adaptive location management in mobile wireless networks

Location management is one of the most important issues in mobile computing. Location management consists of location updates, searches and search-updates. An update occurs when a mobile host changes location. A search occurs when a host wants to communicate with a mobile host whose location is unknown to the requesting host. A search-update occurs after a successful search, when the location information corresponding to the searched host is updated at some hosts. Various strategies can be designed for search, update and search-update. Static location management uses one fixed combination of search, update and search-update strategies. Simulations were carried out to evaluate the performance of different static location management strategies for various call-mobility patterns. It was noticed that performing search-updates significantly reduced the search costs without significantly increasing the cost of updates (upon moves and searches). To obtain good performance using static location management, the system designer should a priori have a fair idea of the call-mobility pattern of the users. Having this information, the system designer can select the combination which performs best for the given call-mobility pattern. The host behavior (call frequency, mobility) is not always available to the system designer. Thus, there is a need for adaptive location management. In this paper we present a scheme for adaptive location management. The basic assumption behind adaptive location management is that the past history of the system will reflect the behavior in the future. The adaptive scheme dynamically estimates the future host behavior with the help of the past callmobility patterns. Results indicate that the adaptive scheme performs better than the static scheme for a wide range of call-mobility patterns.
Leukemia survival in children, adolescents, and young adults: influence of socioeconomic status and other demographic factors.

Objective In California, leukemia represents ~35, 5, and 2% of all cancers in children (aged 0–14), adolescents (15–29), and young adults (30–39), respectively. Poorer survival has been previously noted in individuals residing in lower socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods. We explored the relationship between SES and survival as modified by age and race/ethnicity using data from the California Cancer Registry.
MLH1 promoter hypermethylation is associated with the microsatellite instability phenotype in sporadic endometrial carcinomas

Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been detected in endometrial carcinomas occurring in women affected by hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) as well as in 20% of presumably sporadic endometrial tumors. While the MSI+ phenotype observed in endometrial tumors from HNPCC patients is attributed to germ line mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, somatic mutations of known MMR genes are infrequent in MSI+ sporadic endometrial carcinomas. Recently, cytosine methylation of the MLH1 promoter region has been identified in a subset of MSI+ colon primary carcinomas and cell lines. We studied the MLH1 and MSH2 promoter methylation status in 29 presumably sporadic uterine endometrioid carcinomas (UECs), which had previously been characterized for the MSI phenotype and a subset for DNA MMR gene mutational status. We found that 13 (45%) of 29 cases of EC were hypermethylated in the 5' CpG island of MLH1. Hypermethylation of MSH2 was not observed. MLH1 was hypermethylated in 12 (92%) of 13 MSI+ tumors, while only 1 (6%) of 16 MSI- tumors (Fischer's exact test P<O.0001). Other tumor types we tested did not demonstrate MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. Our data suggest that hypermethylation of MLH1, but not of MSH2, is associated with the MSI phenotype in sporadic endometrial carcinomas.
Quality control and correct exposure for a whole-breast digital mammography system

Quality control practices in screen/film mammography are inadequate and not necessarily suitable for digital mammography due to differences in spatial resolution, contrast, and artifacts. And screen/film exposure techniques are not useful in determining the correct digital techniques. This study has produced changes and additions to mammography quality control appropriate for digital systems, and has revealed necessary changes in exposure to optimize digital image quality. Quality control has been studied for the TREX whole breast digital system with a phantom designed to test each CCD individually for SNR and calcification conspicuity. In addition, white fields were compared at different time intervals to determine the necessary frequency of recalibration. Optimal exposure techniques were determined by varying kVp, mAs, and filter in order to maximize SNR and calcification conspicuity while minimizing mean glandular dose. Variations in the white field were found to necessitate weekly recalibrations. Increasing the kVp or mAs or both was found to improve SNR and calcification conspicuity, and if rhodium filtration instead of molybdenum was used, mean glandular dose was lowered to mandated levels with no loss in SNR.
Methadone Anonymous: A 12-Step Program for Methadone Maintained Heroin Addicts.

Methadone Anonymous (MA) is a new 12‐step fellowship developed for methadone maintained heroin addicts. A total of 53 MA members completed a survey assessing factors related to methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) entry, drug use, MA participation, beliefs concerning effectiveness of MMTP and MA, and level of social cohesiveness. Length of time in MA was associated with a decreased use of alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana. Clients rated components of MA to be significantly more helpful to recovery than MMTP treatment components. Affiliation to five MA members known best by the respondents was significantly greater than affiliation to non‐MA members. Length of time in MA was positively associated with MA affiliation. Social affiliation and endorsement of 12‐step principles were positively correlated. These findings suggest that MA participation has benefits not available in professionally driven MMTP, and should be further studied.
Comparative pulmonary responses to inhaled inorganic fibers with asbestos and fiberglass

Abstract One group of rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs was exposed to amosite asbestos by inhalation of fibers of lengths greater than 5 μm at 3.1 × 10 6 /liter, fiberglass at 0.7 × 10 6 /liter, potassium octatitanate (Fybex, Du Pont's registered trademark for inorganic reinforcing titanate fibers) at 2.9 × 10 6 /liter, and pigmentary potassium titanate (PKT) at 2.0 × 10 6 /liter, respectively, for 6 hr/day for 3 months. One group of animals exposed to air alone was used as control. In addition, three groups of rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs were exposed to Fybex at 2.9 × 10 6 /liter, 13.5 × 10 6 /liter, respectively, for 3 months. One group served as control. Asbestos, Fybex, and PKT produced essentially similar pulmonary responses but with marked differences in fibrogenicity and species differences. Asbestos was the most potent fibrogenic agent and was more than 10 times more fibrogenic than Fybex in terms of exposure concentration. Dose-related fibrogenic activity was found in the animals exposed to Fybex. PKT was the least fibrogenic and produced very minute pulmonary fibrosis in rats and hamsters but not in guinea pigs. Fine fiberglass particles were not fibrogenic. Rats revealed more fibrogenic pulmonary reactions than guinea pigs or hamsters. A few pulmonary tumors developed in animals exposed to asbestos, Fybex, and fiberglass, but their numbers were too small to allow any conclusions on carcinogenicity to be drawn. Fybex produced mesotheliomas in a few hamsters and its possible carcinogenic potential cannot be ruled out.
Approaches to Measuring Public Goods Demands

Although some public finance textbooks still teach that public goods demands cannot be measured,1 substantial progress has been made in developing and implementing techniques for measuring one form of public good--the benefits of improving environmental quality. This paper presents a brief review of the three major approaches to estimation of demands and benefits and a somewhat more detailed discussion of those techniques which are based market interactions between public and private goods. The analysis is limited to those public goods which are arguments in individual utility functions. Public goods which are inputs in production processes for marketed goods, for example, air quality in agricultural. production, affect cost, supply, and factor demand functions and through them affect one or more of the following: output prices, factor prices, and profits (quasi-rents). The benefits of increases In public goods supply can be measured in a conceptually straightforward manner from observable market data. See Freeman (1979a) for an elaboration.
Complete Genome of Acinetobacter baumannii N4-Like Podophage Presley

ABSTRACT Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen. Bacteriophages may be useful as an alternative method of treatment against this and other multidrug-resistant bacteria. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of A. baumannii phage Presley, an N4-like podophage.
Simple asymptotic wave function for a continuum Dirac electron

A simple tractable asymptotic expression is obtained for a continuum Dirac electron in a Coulomb field. It is basically a WKB expression, which is to be matched to a solution valid for small values of $r$. Simple methods for estimating the error in the solution are also obtained. The expression is shown to be very accurate down to small values of $r$ (of approximately 1 Bohr radius). It is also shown to be accurate even where the ratio $\frac{Z}{k}$ is very large and in regions where the local kinetic energy far exceeds the total energy. Methods of employing this work in the normalization of numerical solutions and obtaining phase shifts are pointed out.
On sets of linear differential systems to which perturbed linear systems cannot be reduced

The paper [2] defines the noncoinciding irreducibility sets N2(a, σ) and N3(a, σ), σ ∈ (0, 2a], of all n-dimensional linear differential systems with piecewise continuous coefficient matrices A(t) such that ‖A(t)‖ ≤ a < + ∞ for t ∈ [0,+∞) and there exists a linear differential system that is not Lyapunov reducible to the original system and has coefficient matrix B(t) satisfying [for the case of N2(a, σ)] the condition $$\left\| {B(t) - A(t)} \right\| \leqslant const \times e^{ - \sigma t} ,t \geqslant 0,$$ or [for the case of N3(a, σ)] the more general condition that the Lyapunov exponent of the difference B(t) − A(t) does not exceed −σ. For these sets, which are related by the obvious inclusions $$N_i (a,\sigma _1 ) \supseteq N_i (a,\sigma _2 ),0 < \sigma _1 < \sigma _2 \leqslant 2a,i = 2,3,$$ , we prove that (i) they strictly decrease with increasing parameter σ ∈ (0, 2a], Ni(a, σ1) ⊃ Ni(a, σ2) for σ1 < σ2; (ii) there is a strict inclusion N2(a, σ) ⊂ N3(a, σ) for all σ ∈ (0, 2a].
Polyethyleneglycol methacrylate 200 as an electrophoresis matrix in hydroorganic solvents

The properties of gels composed of poly(polyethyleneglycol methacrylate) and copolymers of polyethyleneglycol methacrylate and acrylamide were studied. These novel electrophoresis matrices are amphigels (swellable in water and organic solvents) that have unprecedented organic solvent compatibility. Hydrophobic proteins which are poorly solubilized in aqueous detergent systems (e.g., zein) are well-resolved in these gels with hydro-organic solvents. This is especially relevant for isoelectric focusing, to avoid using either ionic detergents that may interfere with the focusing, or urea that may cause carbamylation of proteins. Variations of crosslinker, buffer, and solvent systems in these gels were explored.
Novel image markers for non-small cell lung cancer classification and survival prediction

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common type of lung cancer, is one of serious diseases causing death for both men and women. Computer-aided diagnosis and survival prediction of NSCLC, is of great importance in providing assistance to diagnosis and personalize therapy planning for lung cancer patients. In this paper we have proposed an integrated framework for NSCLC computer-aided diagnosis and survival analysis using novel image markers. The entire biomedical imaging informatics framework consists of cell detection, segmentation, classification, discovery of image markers, and survival analysis. A robust seed detection-guided cell segmentation algorithm is proposed to accurately segment each individual cell in digital images. Based on cell segmentation results, a set of extensive cellular morphological features are extracted using efficient feature descriptors. Next, eight different classification techniques that can handle high-dimensional data have been evaluated and then compared for computer-aided diagnosis. The results show that the random forest and adaboost offer the best classification performance for NSCLC. Finally, a Cox proportional hazards model is fitted by component-wise likelihood based boosting. Significant image markers have been discovered using the bootstrap analysis and the survival prediction performance of the model is also evaluated. The proposed model have been applied to a lung cancer dataset that contains 122 cases with complete clinical information. The classification performance exhibits high correlations between the discovered image markers and the subtypes of NSCLC. The survival analysis demonstrates strong prediction power of the statistical model built from the discovered image markers.
Matched case–control data analyses with missing covariates

Summary. We consider methods for analysing matched case-control data when some covariates (4 are completely observed but other covariates (X) are missing for some subjects. In matched case-control studies, the complete-record analysis discards completely observed subjects if none of their matching cases or controls are completely observed. We investigate an imputation estimate obtained by solving a joint estimating equation for log-odds ratios of disease and parameters in an imputation model. Imputation estimates for coefficients of W are shown to have smaller bias and mean-square error than do estimates from the complete-record analysis.
Simultaneous programmed temperature glc assay of phenol, chloroxylenol, and lidocaine hydrochloride in topical antiseptic cream

A simultaneous programmed temperature GLC assay for the active ingredients in a topical antiseptic cream is described. The sample is extracted directly using a dimethyl sulfoxide solution of p-cresol, 4-chlorophenol, and 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole as internal standards for phenol, chloroxylenol, and lidocaine hydrochloride, respectively. The resulting solution is chromatographed by temperature programming on an OV-225 column from 90 to 225°. The internal standard calculation is accomplished using peak heights or peak areas. The relative standard deviation of all assays is less than 2%.
Assessing Substitution Variation Across Sites in Grass Chloroplast DNA

We assess the similarity of base substitution processes, described by empirically derived 4 x 4 matrices, using chi-square homogeneity tests. Such significance analyses allow us to assess variation in sequence evolution across sites and we apply them to matrices derived from noncoding sites in different contexts in grass chloroplast DNA. We show that there is statistically significant variation in rates and patterns of mutation among noncoding sites in different contexts and then demonstrate a similar and significant influence of context on substitutions at fourfold degenerate sites of coding regions from grass chloroplast DNA. These results show that context has the same general effect on substitution bias in coding and noncoding DNA: the A+T content of flanking bases is correlated with rate of substitution, transition bias, and GC --> AT pressure, while the number of flanking pyrimidines on a single strand is correlated with a mutational bias, or skew, toward pyrimidines. Despite the similarity in general trends, however, when we compare coding and noncoding matrices we find that there is a statistically significant difference between them even when we control for context. Most noticeably, fourfold degenerate sites in coding sequences are undergoing substitution at a higher rate and there are also significant differences in the relationship between pyrimidines skew and the number of flanking pyrimidines. Possible reasons for the differences between coding and noncoding sites are discussed. Furthermore, our analysis illustrates a simple statistical way for comparing substitution processes across sites allowing us to better study variation in evolutionary processes across a genome.
Gene expression patterns in blood leukocytes discriminate patients with acute infections

Each infectious agent represents a unique combination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns that interact with specific pattern-recognition receptors expressed on immune cells. Therefore, we surmised that the blood immune cells of individuals with different infections might bear discriminative transcriptional signatures. Gene expression profiles were obtained for 131 peripheral blood samples from pediatric patients with acute infections caused by influenza A virus, Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) or Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) bacteria. Thirty-five genes were identified that best discriminate patients with influenza A virus infection from patients with either E coli or S pneumoniae infection. These genes classified with 95% accuracy (35 of 37 samples) an independent set of patients with either influenza A, E coli, or S pneumoniae infection. A different signature discriminated patients with E coli versus S aureus infections with 85% accuracy (34 of 40). Furthermore, distinctive gene expression patterns were observed in patients presenting with respiratory infections of different etiologies. Thus, microarray analyses of patient peripheral blood leukocytes might assist in the differential diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Strengthening primary care with better transfer of information.

The reality of modern health care is that patients commonly receive care from multiple providers, both physicians and nonphysicians, who often work in disconnected offices and facilities. This makes it a tremendous challenge to connect and integrate a patient's care into a coherent whole. Widespread
Protein requirements of very low birth weight infants.

Objective: To review existing information regarding protein (and energy) requirements of very low birth weight infants, and to determine whether revisions may be indicated in view of the commonly observed postnatal growth failure, or in view of adverse consequences of accelerated growth. Results: Nutrient requirements of very low birth weight infants have been estimated by the factorial method and by empirical methods. These approaches yield similar estimates of nutrient requirements. The factorial method provides estimates of requirements for protein and energy, including those of extremely small infants. Empirical methods yield estimates of protein requirements but tend to exclude extremely small infants. They also provide estimates of protein intakes that lead to catch-up growth. Reports of actual nutrient intakes received by very low birth weight infants show that intakes are generally less than estimated requirements. Conclusions: Growth failure is adequately explained by insufficient nutrient intakes. Upward revision of requirements is not indicated until it can be shown that growth failure occurs despite intakes that match current estimates of requirements. Downward revision also is not indicated because accelerated growth, in spite of some adverse effects later in life, is associated with improved neurocognitive outcome.
Translocation and Unwinding by DnaB

DNA replication requires the action of a helicase, a motor protein that unwinds dsDNA into its single-stranded components. In E. coli, the replicative helicase is DnaB, a hexameric, ring-shaped protein that encircles and translocates along ssDNA, denaturing dsDNA in advance of its motion. Using multiplexed single-molecule measurements with a magnetic tweezer (Ribeck and Saleh, 2008), we have investigated the translocation and unwinding activities of DnaB, both alone and in complex with other replisome components. We discuss our findings in the context of both ‘Brownian ratchet’ theories of dsDNA denaturation and mechano-chemical theories of motor protein motion.
A robust automated system elucidates mouse home cage behavioral structure

Patterns of behavior exhibited by mice in their home cages reflect the function and interaction of numerous behavioral and physiological systems. Detailed assessment of these patterns thus has the potential to provide a powerful tool for understanding basic aspects of behavioral regulation and their perturbation by disease processes. However, the capacity to identify and examine these patterns in terms of their discrete levels of organization across diverse behaviors has been difficult to achieve and automate. Here, we describe an automated approach for the quantitative characterization of fundamental behavioral elements and their patterns in the freely behaving mouse. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by identifying unique features of home cage behavioral structure and changes in distinct levels of behavioral organization in mice with single gene mutations altering energy balance. The robust, automated, reproducible quantification of mouse home cage behavioral structure detailed here should have wide applicability for the study of mammalian physiology, behavior, and disease.
Cross-linked Polymer Replica of a Nanoimprint Mold at 30 nm Half-pitch

This letter reports the demonstration of a photocurable polymer process for replicating the master mold for nanoimprint lithography. The cross-linked polymer mold was fabricated directly with high fidelity from a master by imprinting and photocuring a low viscosity liquid prepolymer film spun onto a substrate. The surface of the cross-linked polymer mold can be treated using an O(2) plasma, and then vapor primed with a low surface energy mold release layer for repeatable imprinting. The imprinting results demonstrated that the cross-linked polymer mold could be faithfully used for both thermal and photocurable nanoimprint lithography.
Id expression during mouse development: a role in morphogenesis.

We have characterized the spatial and temporal pattern of Id transcription during mouse embryogenesis. The Id gene encodes a helix–loop–helix (HLH) protein which can heterodimerize with the ubiquitously expressed HLH protein products of the E2A gene, and prevent them from binding DNA either alone or as a heterodimer with tissue specific HLH transcription factors such as the muscle determination gene, MyoD1 (Benezra et al., 1990: Cell 61:49–59). Since Id has been shown to be down-regulated during induced differentiation in several cell lines, it has been postulated that Id plays a general inhibitory role in cell differentiation (Benezra et al., 1990). In situ analysis of Id mRNA expression in the mouse embryo was performed in order to determine whether the pattern of Id expression is consistent with this postulate. A detailed study throughout the entirety of mouse postimplantation development reveals that Id is expressed upon gastrulation at very high levels in almost all regions of the mouse embryo and expression declines as embryogenesis proceeds. In skeletal muscle, in which the inhibitory action of Id has been established in tissue culture models (Benezra et al., 1990), Id and the HLH myogenic factors are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner suggesting that myogenic precursors do not express both types of HLH gene products. In addition, Id colocalizes both spatially and temporally with Hox-7.1, a murine homeobox gene which is associated with regions of high cell proliferation and positional fate assignment. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-energy unitarity and two-body state dominance

The contribution of the multi-particle intermediate states to the unitarity condition of the two-body scattering amplitudes is computed by using the multi-peripheral Regge model, and the domain is determined explicitly where two-body and quasi-two-body intermediate states completely dominate the unitarity relation when we calculate ImA2(s, t). This simplified form of the unitarity relation is applied to obtain the restrictions on the high-energy scattering amplitudes. As one of the applications, we shall prove that the Regge trajectory function α(t) cannot be a convex function when α(t) is plotted against −t for negative t, and in particular it excludes the linear trajectory: α(t) = α(0) − α′(0)(;−t)2.
Surface photovoltage measurements in vapour-deposited CdS

Abstract Surface photovoltage has been measured in vapour deposited CdS using metal-insulator-semiconductor structures. The photovoltage was measured using a.c. techniques. The surface potential at thermal equilibrium was studied as a function of the types of insulators used and the various surface treatments given to the CdS films. A depletion region with a surface barrier as high as 200 mV was measured with either vapour deposited CaF 2 or MgF 2 as the overlying insulator. For the CdS-SiO interface, a depletion region was found with a surface potential which varied between 20 and 100 mV, depending on the deposition procedure for the SiO films. The dependence of the photovoltage on light intensity is in good agreement with calculated values neglecting charge changes in the fast surface states, and is therefore at least consistent with previously reported results on fast surface states in vapour deposited CdS. The values of surface potential obtained have been compared to values obtained from field-effect capacitance measurements and good agreement was obtained. The significance of these results as pertains to the thin-film field-effect transistor is discussed.
Atomic Structure of the Passive Oxide Film Formed on Iron

We have used x-ray scattering to measure the structure of the passive oxide film formed at high anodic potentials on Fe(110) and Fe(001). The crystalline film has a small crystallite size ( $\ensuremath{\approx}50\AA{}$) and is oriented with the substrate. The film structure is based on ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, but with cation vacancies on octahedral and tetrahedral sites (80% and 66% occupancies, respectively) and with cations occupying octahedral interstitial sites (12% occupancy). These results resolve the long-standing controversy surrounding the film structure and provide a basis for understanding and modeling film properties important for corrosion resistance.
Composition and structure of vicinal Ge(100) surfaces exposed to tertiarybutylarsine

Germanium (100) substrates, 9° off axis towards the [011] direction, were heated in 2.0 Torr tertiarybutylarsine and 97.0 Torr hydrogen for 30 min at 650°C, then transferred to an ultrahigh vacuum system and annealed at several temperatures between 400 and 700°C. The arsenic coverage remained constant at 1.0 monolayer during heating in vacuum to 400°C. Further heating to 700°C caused the As coverage to gradually fall to zero. A mixed domain (l×2)+(2×l) dimer-terminated surface was observed by scanning tunneling microscopy after annealing at 400 to 510°C. Between 510 and 580°C, a single domain (l×2) reconstruction was recorded that contained equally spaced terraces separated by steps four atomic layers in height. Above 600°C, a (2×l) Ge(100) surface was produced that contained uniform terraces separated by steps two atomic layers in height.
Book Review: Arrestin: Roles in the Life and Death of Retinal Neurons

G protein-coupled receptors are a large family of signaling molecules that respond to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. The receptors relay the information encoded by the ligand through the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins and intracellular effector molecules. To ensure the appropriate regulation of the signaling cascade, it is vital to properly inactivate the receptor. This inactivation is achieved, in part, by the binding of a soluble protein, arrestin, which uncouples the receptor from the downstream G protein. In addition to the inactivation of G protein-coupled receptors, arrestins have also been implicated in the endocytosis of receptors and cross talk with other signaling pathways. Due to its central role in cellular signaling, misregulation or misfunction of arrestin can have dramatic affects on cell viability and have direct implications in human disease.
An Analysis of a Point-to-Multipoint Channel Using a Go-Back-N Error Control Protocol

This paper contains a performance analysis of an error control protocol operating in a point-to-multipoint environment. This protocol, called broadcast go-back- N [BGB( N )], is a generalization of the standard go-back- N point-to-point protocol. Expressions for the message throughput and expected message delay are obtained. Numerical results are provided for a satellite communications system.
Smart bookmarks: automatic retroactive macro recording on the web

We present a new web automation system that allows users to create a smart bookmark, consisting of a starting URL plus a script of commands that returns to a particular web page or state of a web application. A smart bookmark can be requested for any page, and the necessary commands are automatically extracted from the user's interaction history. Unlike other web macro recorders, which require the user to start recording before navigating to the desired page, smart bookmarks are generated retroactively, after the user has already reached a page, and the starting point of the macro is found automatically. Smart bookmarks have a rich graphical visualization that combines textual commands, web page screenshots, and animations to explain what the bookmark does. A bookmark's script consists of keyword commands, interpreted without strict reliance on syntax, allowing bookmarks to be easily edited and shared.
Distribution of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 in rat circumventricular organs, meninges, and dorsal root ganglia.

The glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 are primarily responsible for the removal of glutamate from brain extracellular fluid. This study compares the distribution of GLAST and GLT-1 expression in the circumventricular organs of the brain, in the meninges, and in the dorsal root ganglion. By using a highly sensitive nonisotopic in situ hybridization method and immunostaining, we demonstrate marked differences in the expression patterns for the two transporters. In the three sensory circumventricular organs that contain neuronal elements, i.e., the subfornical organ, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, and the area postrema, GLAST is strongly expressed, whereas GLT-1 is faintly expressed or absent. Both transporters are absent from the choroid plexus, and only GLAST mRNA is found in the subcommisural organ. In the pineal gland, GLAST is expressed by astrocytic cells near the pineal stalk, whereas GLT-1 is expressed by pinealocytes throughout the gland. In the pituitary gland, GLAST is likely expressed by folliculo-stellate cells in the anterior lobe, by a group of astrocyte-like cells and by marginal cells in the intermediate lobe, and by pituicytes in the posterior lobe, whereas GLT-1 is expressed only by the astrocyte-like cells in the intermediate lobe. Finally, GLAST, but not GLT-1, is expressed by specific layers of the meninges, and by satellite cells in the dorsal root ganglion. These results show that GLAST is the primary glutamate transporter in the circumventricular organs. The data provide further evidence that these two glutamate transporters fulfill markedly different functions in the nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 421:385–399, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assets, Livelihoods, and Social Policy

Assets, Livelihoods, and Social Policy, edited by Caroline Moser and Anis. A. Dani. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2008. 337 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6995-1 (pbk.). US$30.00. This book grew out of ...
Laser anemometer study of flow development in curved circular pipes

An experimental investigation was carried out of the development of steady, laminar, incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid in the entry region of a curved pipe for the entry condition of uniform motion. Two semicircular pipes of radius ratios 1/20 and 1/7 were investigated, covering a Dean number range from 138 to 679. The axial velocity and the component of secondary velocity parallel to the plane of curvature of the pipe were measured using laser anemometry. It was observed that, in the upstream region where the boundary layers are thin compared with the pipe radius, the axial velocity within the irrotational core first develops to form a vortex-like flow. In the downstream region, characterized by viscous layers of thickness comparable with the pipe radius, there appears to be three-dimensional separation at the inner wall. There is also an indication of an additional vortex structure embedded within the Dean-type secondary motion. The experimental axial velocity profiles are compared with those constructed from the theoretical analyses of Singh and Yao & Berger. The quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is found to be poor; however, some of the features observed in the experiment are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical solution of Yao & Berger.
Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy

Abstract Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). In pregnancy, deep vein thrombosis accounts for 75–80% of venous thromboembolism, the remainder are pulmonary embolisms. One half of these VTEs occur during pregnancy and the other half in the postpartum period. Venous thromboembolism is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide and is also the cause of significant maternal morbidity. This article discusses the risk factors for VTE in pregnancy, the management of the pregnant woman at risk both antenatally and postpartum and the acute management of VTE when it occurs during pregnancy.
Correlation of Cell Membrane Lipid Profiles with Daptomycin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

We compared the cell membrane (CM) lipid composition among nine well-characterized daptomycin-susceptible (Daps)/Dap-resistant (Dapr) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain pairs. Compared to the 9 Daps parental strains, Dapr strains (with or without mprF-yycFG mutations) exhibited significantly reduced phosphatidylglycerol (PG) content (P < 0.01), significantly increased total synthesis of lysyl-PG (LPG) (P < 0.01), and reduced carotenoid content (P < 0.05 for 5/9 strains). There were no significant changes in LPG flipping, cardiolipin content, or fatty acid composition among strain pairs.
Emergent issues in families experiencing adolescent‐to‐parent abuse

Episodes wherein adolescents verbally, physically, or emotionally abuse their parents require scholars to consider the relational dynamics in these family systems. The purpose of this study was to explore adolescent‐to‐parent abuse through the victims’ reports, identifying recurring issues to increase understanding of this form of domestic abuse. Data were drawn from in‐depth, face‐to‐face interviews with 20 parents whose adolescents had verbally, physically, and emotionally abused them. A qualitative/interpretive method was used to analyze these data. The results identified the following issues: (a) the progression and escalation of abuse episodes; (b) abused parents’ perception of their parental role within the family; and (c) abused parents’ perception of their parental role outside the family. These findings reflect how adolescent‐to‐parent abuse impacts family relationships.
Cost‐effectiveness of three strategies of managing tunnelled, cuffed haemodialysis catheters in clinically mild or asymptomatic bacteraemias

Background. Immediate tunnelled, cuffed catheter (TCC) removal is the current standard of care when bacteraemia is associated with severe clinical symptoms. When minimal or no symptoms are present, the optimal strategy of TCC management is controversial. The following three strategies have been proposed: TCC 'salvage' (antibiotic administration without TCC removal), TCC exchange over a guidewire with antibiotics or immediate TCC removal with delayed reinsertion and antibiotics. Methods. We developed a decision analytic model to assess the cost-effectiveness of 'each strategy for episodes of TCC-associated bacteraemia presenting with minimal symptoms, in a hypothetical cohort of haemodialysis patients followed for a 3 month period. Data regarding the probability of treatment failure due to recurrent infection for each strategy, secondary infectious complications and patient mortality were obtained from existing clinical trials and from the 1998 United States Renal Data System database. Costs were substituted with the current 2000 New York hospital charges. Results. Tunnelled, cuffed catheter exchange over a guidewire was associated with a reduction in net charges of $5241 and $750 when compared with TCC salvage and immediate TCC removal, respectively. The expected 3 month patient survival for TCC guidewire exchange and immediate TCC removal were similar (93%), whereas survival for TCC salvage was worse (89%). Tunnelled, cuffed catheter guidewire exchange remained the most cost-effective strategy when the probability of treatment failure with recurrent bacteraemia in 3 months was <25% for this strategy. Conclusions. Tunnelled, cuffed catheter guidewire exchange is the most cost-effective strategy of catheter management when mild or no symptoms are present.
Seattle “12th Man Earthquake” Goes Viral

Seismology occasionally interests the public, an occupational hazard that recently struck seismologists in the Pacific Northwest. The source time function was a professional football player: Marshawn Lynch, whose spectacular 15-second touch-down run assured the local Seahawk team an unlikely and coveted victory on 8 January 2011, and a victory in the playoffs. Through the response of the roar and stomping of the tens of thousands of feet, the ground shook enough that the vibrations were recorded by the Pacific Northwest …
Analyzing empowerment: An ongoing process of building state–civil society relations – The case of Walnut Way in Milwaukee

Abstract Arguments regarding citizen involvement and empowerment within neoliberal urban politics are ample in geographic literature. Existing discussions often define and evaluate empowerment as either some social, political, or economic end-product of a specific event. Such singular conceptualization is problematic. First, different kinds of social, political, and economic changes can simultaneously empower/disempower communities in contradictory ways. In addition, the view of empowerment as an end-product of a present event obscures a more nuanced understanding of empowerment as an ongoing process of state–civil society relation-building. An in-depth assessment of such a process is only possible with reference to the past and the potential future occurrences. Elwood’s (2002) multi-dimensional conceptualization of empowerment recognizes the limitations of a singular definition of empowerment. However, it falls short of operationalizing empowerment as a temporal process with a historically and geographically contingent past, dynamic present, and future in the making. Therefore, in this paper I expand on Elwood’s framework to show how a process-based view as opposed to a narrow end-product-based or event-based one can provide a deeper understanding of state–civil society interaction and community empowerment. This paper analyzes the interaction between the City of Milwaukee, the residents of a predominantly black inner-city neighborhood, the Walnut Way, and their community organization, the Walnut Way Conservation Corp. within a land-use dispute related to the development of a park space into a housing project. Using data collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, archival research, and participant observation, this paper emphasizes that despite methodological limitations of collecting long-term data, community empowerment can and should be studied as a process with reference to the past, present, and potential future state–civil society interactions.