cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dictionary-based English text compression using word endings

In this paper, we propose an dictionary-based English text compression algorithm; we name it star word ending (StarWE) because of certain similarities to the StarNT algorithm. Furthermore, StarWE borrows techniques that are used in WRT such as EOL coding, punctuation mark modeling, and n-gram matching. The main difference between StarWE and StarNT is in the division of the external dictionary; StarWE divides it by word endings so that the compressor would be able to obtain some of the tag information
Adolescent rats show cognitive rigidity in a test of attentional set shifting.

As neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, and mood disorders all impact executive function and are likely to be diagnosed prior to adulthood, it is important to understand the normal ontogeny of executive function. Previous behavioral research has shown that adolescents' executive function is different than that of adults. In the present study, we use a previously validated cognitive test, the intradimensional/extradimensional (ID/ED) set-shifting task, to assess attentional set shifting and reversal learning in adolescent and adult, male, Long-Evans rats. These data suggest that adolescent rats are more cognitively rigid than adult rats and have impairments in the shifting, but not formation, of an attentional set. Adolescent rats are also more susceptible to distraction than adult rats when an irrelevant stimulus dimension is introduced as part of a complex stimulus. Moreover, we find that attentional set shifting becomes adult-like at an earlier age than reversal learning. As these functions are mediated by distinct prefrontal subregions, that is, the prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices, respectively, we hypothesize that prefrontal cortical subregions show slightly different developmental trajectories. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:391–401, 2011.
The rotational velocities of low-mass stars

The rotational velocities of stars provide important clues to how stars form and evolve. Yet until recently, studies of stellar rotation were limited to stars more massive than the sun. This is beginning to change, and an observational outline of the rotational velocity evolution of stars less massive than the sun can now be provided. Low-mass stars rotate slowly during the early stages of premain-sequence evolution, and spin up as they contract to the main sequence. This spin-up culminates in a brief period of very rapid rotation at an age of order 50 million years. Physical interpretation of this increase in rotation and the subsequent main-sequence spin-down are complicated by the possibility of differential internal rotation. The observed rapidity of spin-down among G dwarfs suggests that initially only the outer convective envelopes of these stars are slowed. The data suggest an intrinsic spread in angular momentum among young stars of the same mass and age, a spread which is apparently minimized by the angular-momentum loss mechanism in old low-mass stars.
Positron annihilation in alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin

We have measured positron annihilation lifetimes in α- and β-cyclodextrin samples both in air and in vacuum. The existence of different hollow spaces in these clathrates offers a good test of the “free volume” model of positronium decay in molecular solids.
The Time of Death's Misfortune

In the epigraph, Epicurus seems to commit himself to the first premise, which does have a certain intuitive pull. Moreover, it follows from a plausible general principle about things that are bad for people: i.e., that for all events e and times t, if e occurs later than t then e is not bad for anyone at t. Two of the assumptions that help to form the background of Epicurus' argument are the Termination Thesis-i.e., the claim that when a person dies, she or he ceases to exist-and a version of Hedonism, according to which certain of our sensations are the only things that are (intrinsically) good or bad for us. The Termination Thesis and Hedonism provide some of the reasoning behind the second premise of the Epicurean argument. If each person ceases to exist when she dies, and the only things that are intrinsically bad for a person are her sensations of pain or suffering, then death does not result in anything that is intrinsically bad for the person who has died. This is because one needs to
Communication Channels and Word of Mouth: How the Medium Shapes the Message

Consumers share word of mouth face to face, over social media, and through a host of other communication channels. But do these channels affect what people talk about and, if so, how? Laboratory experiments, as well as analysis of almost 20,000 everyday conversations, demonstrate that communicating via oral versus written communication affects the products and brands consumers discuss. Compared to oral communication, written communication leads people to mention more interesting products and brands. Further, this effect is driven by communication asynchrony and self-enhancement concerns. Written communication gives people more time to construct and refine what to say, and self-enhancement motives lead people to use this opportunity to mention more interesting things. These findings shed light on how communication channels shape interpersonal communication and the psychological drivers of word of mouth more broadly.
Effects of Doping on the Growth of ZnO Nanostructures

We report on the effects of doping on the growth of ZnO nanostructures. We find that the incorporation of dopants, such as Si, Li, and Na, usually lead to reduced quality of ZnO nanostructures. Although doping with Li and Na results in the formation of facets on ZnO nanostructures, doping of Si often reduces dramatically the quantity of ZnO nanostructures. The formation of facets on ZnO nanostructures is found to significantly affects the cathodoluminescence emissions of the nanostructures.
Interference-induced optical gain without population inversion in cold, trapped atoms

Continuous-wave (cw) optical gain of $1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2} {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is obtained on a probe transition in a driven, three-level, V-type atomic system. The atoms exhibit no population inversion between the probe excited state and the dressed ground states of the combined atom-drive Hamiltonian. This gain without population inversion is interpreted as direct evidence of quantum interference, arising from coherences established in the atom by the applied optical fields. Agreement with a simple four-level theoretical model is excellent.
Zeeman Effect Data for the Spectra of Erbium

Zeeman effect data have been collected for 18 resolved patterns in the Er I spectrum, 201 resolved patterns in the Er II spectrum, and 205 unresolved patterns. The use of digital computers in the analysis of spectra is discussed and applied, in an attempt to break into term arrays of the erbium spectra. The electrodeless discharge source unit that was used is described.
Beyond glucose: cardiovascular effects of incretins and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 substrates

The incretins are naturally occurring peptides that are pro-glucagon derivatives that have been implicated in the control of appetite and satiety. The class includes both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Incretins, particularly GLP-1 (7–36) amide, have been exploited clinically by virtue of their insulinotropic properties that are glucose dependent, thus mitigating the risk of hypoglycaemia that accompanies conventional secretagogues and exogenous insulins. However, the short circulating half-life of the native peptide limits their use as a therapeutic option. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an enzyme with multiple substrates, including GLP-1 and GIP. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inactivates GLP-1 and GIP via cleavage at specific sites within the molecules. This has led to the development of novel GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and analogues that are DPP-4 resistant and have a longer duration of action than GLP-1, and agents that inhibit DPP-4 to increase the circulating half-life of the native GLP-1 peptide. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors reduce fasting and post-prandial glucose concentrations and haemoglobin A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), similar to the effects of the GLP-1-like peptides. Preliminary evidence suggests that the native GLP-1 peptide, its active metabolites, GLP-1R agonists (exenatide) and analogues (liraglutide, albiglutide), and DPP-4 inhibitors themselves may also have direct cardiovascular (CV) benefits outside of glycaemic control. Whereas the on-target effects of these classes of anti-diabetic agents are similar in their ability to improve glycaemic control, the off-target effects are agent-specific and mediated through discrete cellular mechanisms. Randomized controlled trials are under way to determine whether GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors confer cardioprotective effects in patients with T2DM. This review discusses the potential CV benefits of native GLP-1, its metabolites, receptor agonists and analogues, and DPP-4 inhibition mediated through distinct DPP-4 substrates.
On the significance of the dispersion coefficient in two-phase flow

Abstract A multiphase generalization of Taylor dispersion theory is used to show that the axial dispersion model for the design and analysis of countercurrent contactors for mass transfer should be used with some circumspection. The axial dispersion coefficients have been demonstrated to depend in a complex manner on the hydrodynamic, physicochemical and mass transfer conditions existing within the equipment. This casts considerable doubt on the significance of the dispersion coefficients as independent design variables, and on the utility of the axial dispersion model as a whole.
Autophagy in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain incompletely understood. We have investigated the potential role of macro-autophagy, a cellular homeostatic mechanism, in COPD and cigarette smoke-induced lung-cell injury. Autophagy is a dynamic process for the turnover of organelles and proteins, which regenerates metabolic precursors through the lysosomal-dependent catabolism of cellular macromolecules. It is typically associated with survival pathways, especially in nutrient deficiency states. The role of autophagy in human diseases is less clear, and has been associated with both protective and detrimental consequences, depending on the disease model. While autophagy is considered cytoprotective, this process is often found in association with cell death, and the relationships between autophagy and cell death remain ambiguous. We have found elevated autophagy in COPD lung specimens, as well as in response to cigarette smoke exposure in vitro and in vivo. In our studies, the activation of autophagic proteins was associated with epithelial cell apoptosis in response to cigarette smoke, with pathogenic implications in COPD. Further studies are needed to determine the functional significance of autophagy in COPD and other diseases of the lung.
Representing geometric structures in d dimensions: topology and order

We develop a representation for the topological structure of subdivided manifolds (with and without boundary) of dimension d ≥ 1 which allows straightforward access of the available order information. It is shown that there exists a large amount of ordering information in subdivided manifolds: given a (k-2)-cell in the boundary of a (k+1)-cell, 1 ≤ k ≤ d, all of the k- and (k-1)-cells 'between them' can be ordered 'around' the (k-2)-cell. This includes the usual orderings in 2- and 3-dimensional objects. We introduce the 'cell-tuple structure', a simple, uniform representation of the incidence and ordering information in a subdivided manifold. It includes the quad-edge data structure of Guibas and Stolfi [GS 85] and the facet-edge data structure of Dobkin and Laszlo [DL 87] as special cases in dimensions 2 and 3, respectively.
Optimization of V-groove inductors using multilayer Co-Zr-O thin films for 10 MHz to 100 MHz dc-dc converters

Magnetic devices, which are difficult to integrate, are the largest and most lossy components in power conversion circuits. Increasing switching frequencies enable shrinking the size of magnetics and realizing integrating magnetics on-chip, but controlling losses of the magnetics at high frequencies is challenging. Thin-film V-groove inductors have demonstrated good performance on both power density and efficiency at frequencies in the MHz range, and are promising for low-voltage high-current power conversion applications. In this paper, V-groove inductors are designed for a 7-V to 3.3-V, 1-A dc-dc converter operating above 10 MHz. The V-groove inductors use multilayer Co-Zr-O/ZrO 2 thin films to improve the performance of the magnetic core and control eddy-current losses in the core. The design results are compared with published results from the literature for other thin-film on-chip inductors, and the V-groove inductors show advantages on both power density and efficiency. In this paper, the V-groove inductor is predicted to have power density of 19 W/mm2 and efficiency of 98% with converter efficiency of 85% at 117 MHz.
An automatic technique for optimizing Reed-Solomon codes to improve fault tolerance in memories

Modern SoC architectures manufactured at ever-decreasing geometries use multiple embedded memories. Error detection and correction codes are becoming increasingly important to improve the fault tolerance of embedded memories. This article focuses on automatically optimizing classical Reed-Solomon codes by selecting the appropriate code polynomial and set of used symbols.
A question of taste

A career in science is shaped by many factors, one of the most important being our tastes in research. These typically form early and are shaped by subsequent successes and failures. My tastes run to microscopes, chemistry, and spatial organization of cytoplasm. I will try to identify where they came from, how they shaped my career, and how they continue to evolve. My hope is to inspire young scientists to identify and celebrate their own unique tastes.
Interrogating the State's Roles in Human Trafficking

The state maketh and un-maketh; It giveth and it taketh away. It makes members and non-members, Exploiter, exploited, and exploitable. In accordance with law. And is, itself, exploiter, exploited, and exploitable. In accordance with law. This Essay identifies some examples of and interrogates the state’s role in human trafficking. The state is not a blameless onlooker with respect to trafficking in human beings; nor is it a whole heartedly committed crusader against this profitable illicit trade. Instead, states create the preconditions for and profit from human trafficking. Through the state’s power to legislate, it defines and re-defines reality – it is the creator and enforcer of paradigms of subordination and exploitation that normalize the exploitation of the individuals and groups it makes vulnerable. The state’s roles in this area arise from (i) foundational concepts, such as doctrines supporting and protecting the sovereignty of state actors; (ii) organizational principles, such as the implementation and policing of the concepts of belonging and non-belonging; and (iii) economic and political policies, such as the tension arising from the state’s simultaneously conflicted flirtation with and resistance to globalization. Anti-human trafficking campaigns, while emotionally gratifying and optically pleasing, do not address the structural foundations of state-created and implemented systems of exploitation.
Tobacco control among disadvantaged youth living in low-income communities in India: introducing Project ACTIVITY.

Religion and spirituality have been linked to medicine and to healing for centuries. However, in the early 1900's the Flexner report noted that there was no place for religion in medicine; that medicine was strictly a scientific field, not a theological or philosophical one. In the mid to the latter 1900's there were several lay movements that started emphasized the importance of religion, spirituality and medicine. Lay religious movements found spiritual practices and beliefs to be important in how people cope with suffering and find inner healing even in the midst of incurable illness. The rise of Complementary and Alternative Medicine as well as the Hospice movements also influenced attention on the spiritual aspect of medicine. The Hospice movement, founded by Dr. Cecily Saunders, described the concept of "total pain"--i.e. the biopsychosocial and spiritual aspects of pain and suffering. Since the 1960's there has been increased research done in the area of religion and health and spirituality and health. Most of the studies are association studies which demonstrate and association of religious or spiritual beliefs and practices and some healthcare outcomes. More recently, studies on meditation have demonstrated significant improvement in health care outcomes and suggest meditation as a therapeutic modality. There are also numerous surveys that demonstrate patient need for having spirituality integrated into their care. Finally, a recent study demonstrated that patients with advanced illness who have spiritual care have better quality of life, increased utilization of hospice and less aggressive care at the end of life. In spite of all these studies, we still do not have a biological evidence base for mechanisms of beliefs and practices. There is considerable controversy over whether spirituality and religion can or even should be measured as criteria for integration into clinical care. Many believe that healthcare professionals have an ethical obligation to attend to all dimensions of a person's suffering, including the psychosocial as well as the spiritual and that ethical obligation is sufficient to require integration of spirituality into clinical care. Over the last twenty years, there has been an increase in the number of required courses in spirituality and medicine in US medical schools giving rise to a new field of medicine. In February of 2009, a national consensus conference developed spiritual care guidelines for interprofessional clinical spiritual care. These guidelines as well as the educational advances, research and ethical principles have supported the newly developing field of spirituality and health.
The Role of Dopamine in the Mouse Frontal Cortex: A New Hypothesis of Behavioral Sensitization to Amphetamine and Cocaine

In previous studies we demonstrated that dopamine, specifically a D2-receptor system, in the frontal cortex of the mouse functions to inhibit the motor response elicited by systemically administered amphetamine or cocaine; the inhibition appears to be the result of the dopaminergic activation of a GABAergic system. In the present study the inhibitory role of dopamine and GABA in the cortex was investigated in animals that were behaviorally sensitized to stimulant-induced stereotypy. For these studies various dopaminergic and GABAergic drugs were injected intracortically (IC) and their effects on stimulant-induced stereotypy were compared in nonsensitized and sensitized mice. The results indicate that the dopaminergic system in the cortex of sensitized animals, in contrast to nonsensitized controls, no longer functions to inhibit the motor response to the stimulants. The change in dopaminergic function in sensitized animals appears to be the result of a qualitative change in the D2 dopamine receptor system and not the result of a change in the associated GABA system. The loss of the inhibitory activity of dopamine in the cortex correlated with the persistence of sensitization. These results suggest a new mechanism to account for behavioral sensitization; that is, the phenomenon is the result of a loss of stimulant-induced dopaminergic inhibition of motor activity normally mediated by the frontal cortex.
LANDSCAPE CHANGE, GLOBAL CHANGE, AND THE WISDOM OF ROY BEDICHEK

Studies of environmental change often belong to one of two traditions, each generating different human responses. Landscape change in the United States, defined as transformations of the country's land surface over the past half-century, typically is characterized as dominating in magnitude and ubiquitous in spatial extent. Two studies based on rephotography suggest otherwise: Stability seems to be characteristic of recent American landscape history. Perhaps the experiences of everyday lives–necessarily concentrated into those landscapes that have most changed in individual human lifetimes–influence human outlooks. By contrast, recent and anticipated global change, exemplified by human-induced climate modification, creates a different impression: People underestimate the magnitude and impact of such environmental modification. Part of this reaction may lie, again, in the limitations of human experience. Nonetheless, several examples suggest that the characteristics of a dynamic nature, structured by abrup...
An Analysis of Combined Thermal Protection and Thermal Propulsion Systems for Aerogravity Assist Vehicles

Aerogravity assist (AGA) is an orbital transfer technique that can enable high energy interplanetary missions by using aerodynamic lift to augment gravitational slingshot maneuvers. However, AGA has steep technological barriers to its implementation. The primary barriers are the extreme aerothermal environment and high required vehicle lift to drag ratio. A combined thermal protection system and thermal propulsion system (referred to here as ‘Thermal Aerogravity Assist’, or TAGA) may be an elegant way to address both the thermal management and drag loss problems simultaneously. This is done by incorporating an actively cooled thermal protection system where the coolant is then reused as propellant to produce thrust. TAGA effectively recycles the heat of reentry to propel the vehicle. This analysis develops a TAGA point design at the conceptual level, with the objective of providing insights into the feasibility and peculiar features of the TAGA concept.
Susceptibility Testing with Anaerobic Blood Culture Isolates: Comparison of a Rapid, Direct Method with a Standardized Method

The results of a direct anaerobic susceptibility testing method were compared with those of a standardized method. Seventy-three blood culture isolates and eight antimicrobial agents were used. The results of the direct and standardized testing methods were within one two-fold dilution for 95.2% of the 584 anaerobe-antibiotic combinations tested. The direct susceptibility testing method is accurate and potentially valuable because the results are available more rapidly than those of the standardized testing method.
Hydrocortisone and lysosomal enzymes in tourniquet shock.

SummaryHydrocortisone administered to tourniquet traumatized rats, in infusion fluids, was effective in lowering the levels of beta-glucuronidase in the serum. However, survival in hydrocortisone-infused animals was less than in saline-infused animals. Moreover, an effective infusate containing Cohn Fraction II of lyophilized, reconstituted, human plasma did not significantly alter the level of beta-glucuronidase in the blood. Hydrocortisone, as given in these experiments, proved an ineffective agent for resuscitation from tourniquet shock. Serum levels of beta-glucuronidase, presumed to reflect lysosomal enzyme release, did not correlate with survival.
Agent-Based Modeling of the Impact of Stakeholder Requirements on Sustainable Retrofit of Buildings

This paper uses an agent-based model to illustrate how social networks and agent interactions can help stakeholders of an existing building prioritize their values of cost awareness, energy saving and organizational performance, to ultimately come up with an optimal building retrofit decision. The model is tested using a small-world network to see how the network structure affects the overall retrofit priority in a medium size building case study. The agents interact based on the bounded confidence model, which may result in continuous changes in their three values over time. The results indicate that although sustainable retrofits are generally decided on from economical and environmental perspectives, incorporating social values may help the owner choose an approach that can reduce energy consumption while maintaining tenant comfort and well being. Further, the time to reach convergence in values was highly dependent on the owner’s initial values and how extreme these were relative to the other stakeholders.
Are college costs worth it? How ability, major, and debt affect the returns to schooling

Abstract This paper examines the financial value over the course of a lifetime of pursuing a college degree under a variety of different settings (e.g. major, student loan debt, individual ability). I account for ability/selection bias and the probability that entering freshmen will not eventually graduate. I find the financial proposition of attending college is a sound investment for most individuals and cost scenarios, although some scenarios do not pay off until late in life, or ever. I estimate the present discounted value of attending college for the median student to vary between $85,000 and $300,000 depending on the student’s major. Most importantly, the results of this paper emphasize the role that risk (e.g. the nontrivial chance that a student will not eventually graduate) plays in the cost-benefit analysis of obtaining a college degree.
When New Medicare Payment Systems Collide.

As Medicare expands its new payment programs, more patients will be treated by different providers participating in different payment models. Such overlaps make evaluation of outcomes difficult and create financial distortions that may undermine the models' goals.
[Multilevel regression analysis on regional-cluster and risk factors of blood pressure among adult residents in Zhejiang province].

Objective Using multilevel analysis model to analyze the regional-cluster and risk factors of blood pressure among adult residents in Zhejiang province.Methods Totally,17 437 residents were studied through a multi-stage cluster random sampling method from 60 streets/ townships.Risk factors on SBP and DBP were analyzed through a two-level regression model,respectively.Results The average blood pressure in males appeared as:SBP (125.14± 17.90)mmHg,DBP (80.02 ± 10.07) mmHg,conpared with SBP(123.36 ± 20.20)mmHg,DBP(77.42 ± 1 0.09) mmHg in females.The average blood pressure in urban areas were SBP (126.29 ± 19.46) mmHg,DBP (79.64 ± 10.20)mmHg,compared with SBP (122.82 ± 18.86) rnmHg,DBP (77.99 ± 10.08) mmHg in rural areas,with differences statistically significant (P＜0.001),between the two areas.Pearson corrclation coefficients between SBP,SDP and age were 0.44 and 0.21 (P＜0.001),respectively.5.24％ variation of the SBP and 4.96％ variation of the DBP were attributed to the environmental factors.Factors as age,gender,hypertension in family history,taking medication for blood pressure,physical exercise,smoking,alcohol drinking,BMI,waist,FPG,TG and TC at the individual level.were associated with both SBP and SDP (P＜0.05).Family income seemed to be related to SBP.Education,reducing salt intake,intensity of occupation would affect on DBP.Influence of FPG and TC on SBP varied among streets/townships while relation between TC and DBP also varied.Conclusion The distribution of blood pressure showed regional-cluster phenomenon.Strategies for different regions dirccted to prevent hypertension should consider the individual factors such as age,BMI,FPG,TG,TC,the regional factors and the sensitivity of different population to factors. Key words: Blood pressure; Risk factors; Multilevel analysis model; Region cluster
A Review on Brain Controlled Cars for Physically Challenged People

Every human being endears to be physically self-dependent. Physical disabilities like paralysis of limbs or absence of limbs hinders this independence and cast a shadow on their mental wellbeing. To mitigate their sufferings and help them earn their livelihood, brain driven cars are an excellent solution. Moreover, these cars can also used by people who lack the ability to drive on road. To achieve this, an ElectroEncephaloGram (EEG) helmet along with Brain Computer Interface (BCI) system is used. Various types of sensors like weather monitor and anti-collision are used to integrate the signals from the surroundings. The car works on the principle of asymmetric mechanism of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In addition to this, it also has an automatic navigation system in case of emergency. In this paper we have studied different Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques like single layer and Multilayer Neural Network , Back Propagation Neural Network, alongwith BCI and EEG. The prime objective of the paper is to identify an appropriate mechanism which incorporates EEG, BCI and ANN. This paper deals with a unique approach of developing cars which can directly be controlled with the brain signals.
Pregnancy of Unknown Location and Ectopic Pregnancy

Pregnancies of unknown location are diagnosed in patients with positive serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and pelvic ultrasounds without evidence of ectopic or intrauterine pregnancies. These may develop into ongoing intrauterine pregnancies, miscarriages, or ectopic pregnancies. This chapter discusses diagnostic approaches to pregnancies of unknown location, as well as the diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancies.
Irritable bowel syndrome

This issue provides a clinical overview of irritable bowel syndrome, focusing on diagnosis, treatment, and practice improvement. The content of In the Clinic is drawn from the clinical information and education resources of the American College of Physicians (ACP), including MKSAP (Medical Knowledge and Self-Assessment Program). Annals of Internal Medicine editors develop In the Clinic in collaboration with the ACP's Medical Education and Publishing divisions and with the assistance of additional science writers and physician writers.
Partial solar radiation exclusion with color shade nets reduces the degradation of organic acids and flavonoids of grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.).

The incidence of solar radiation on red-skinned grapes can promote the synthesis of flavonoids desirable for wine production, but elevated temperature may impair their accumulation. We performed a shade cloth trial covering the fruit zone (from pepper-corn size to maturity) with four polyethylene 1 m curtains with different optical properties (20% shading factor Pearl colored and 40% shading factor Aluminet, Blue, and Black colored) and a Control with no cover. Cluster temperature was 3.7 °C lower on the Southwest side in Black-40% clusters during the warmest part of the day compared to Control. Results indicated a lower berry weight under the Aluminet-40%. Berries under the nets often had significantly lower pH and higher TA than Control, but only the Black-40% were significant at harvest. Black-40% had higher values of anthocyanins than Control toward the last weeks of development. Berry skin flavonol and anthocyanin composition and concentration were measured by C18 reversed-phased HPLC; and proanthocy...
Ramey, Adam J., Jonathan D. Klingler, and Gary E. Hollibaugh, Jr. More Than a Feeling: Personality, Polarization, and the Transformation of the U.S. Congress: Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2017. 256 pages. $75 (hardcover); $25 (softcover).

Historical accounts of Congress are replete with descriptions of memorable characters whose strong personalities left enduring marks on the legislative branch, from Thomas Brackett Reed to Lyndon J...
Opioids and Operations.

* Abbreviation: POU — : persistent opioid use The opioid crisis is currently front-page news.1 The United States leads the world in per capita opioid use as global consumption steadily increases.2,3 The percentage of deaths from opioids, fentanyl, and heroin is rising year after year.3 Harbaugh et al4 used a commercial claims database (Truven Marketscan) to investigate the incidence of persistent opioid use (POU, defined as a filled opioid prescription 3–6 months after an index procedure) in opioid-naive children undergoing 1 of 13 common operations. The incidence of POU was 4.8% in children who had undergone an operation (versus 0.1% in controls who had not undergone an operation), similar to findings reported in adults.5 The risk factors for POU included female sex, older age, comorbid mental and medical conditions, and a history of previous substance abuse. Nearly 8% of the study group had a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, previous substance abuse, or other mental health disorders, versus 5.2% of controls. Individuals who had undergone colectomy and cholecystectomy had the highest risk … Address correspondence to Charles L. Snyder, MD, Department of Surgery, Children’s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108. E-mail: csnyder{at}cmh.edu
Interaction between unvegetated desert surfaces and the atmospheric boundary layer: a preliminary assessment

The nature of interactions between surface winds and natural desert surfaces has important implications for aeolian sediment transport. We report here initial results from measurements of boundary layer wind profiles and surface roughness at 5 sites in Death Valley, U.S.A. and discuss their implications. The sites studied were a flat to gently undulating gravel and sand reg, three alluvial fan surfaces, including one with a well-developed desert pavement, and a silt and clay playa. Aerodynamic roughness estimates range from 0.00018 to 0.00537 m and increase in parallel with the visual estimates of topographic roughness at each site. Microtopography was measured with template and laser profiling devices. The standard deviation of surface elevations (RMS height) appears to provide a good index of surface roughness. It correlates well with field observations of topographic roughness and aerodynamic roughness estimates.
Comment on “Asian Crisis: Causes and Remedies”

The IMF has been barraged by criticism from all sides—from debtor countries and creditors, from the left and from the right, for doing too much and for doing too little. Some want the IMF abolished. Others want it to have greatly augmented resources. In the face of such pervasive and sweeping criticism one perversely wonders if the IMF may not have been doing something right after all. Aghevli makes the case that it has.
Robotic Reasoning with Ontological Semantic Technology

The paper discusses the ways in which Ontological Semantic Technology (OST) can contribute to current robotic systems. Based on the example of a robotic car oil changer, the paper demonstrates how OST can represent background knowledge and drive object-based inference and anomaly detection rules as well as complex script-based behavior in field and service robots.
Water Markets, Water Rights and Strategies for Decentralizing Water Management

To implement effective water management, institutional and organizational arrangements must be developed to deal with market and government failures. The major types of market failure are: the positive and negative externalities, which lead to non-optimal resource provision; nonexcludability and nonsubtractability, which contribute to the under-provision of goods or services; and natural monopolies, which result in non-competitive pricing. Nonexcludability refers to the difficulty involved in preventing a non-paying consumer from using a good or service, which then makes it unprofitable for private firms to supply. Village wells and large gravity-flow irrigation systems are, in many instances, faced with nonexcludability problems. Nonsubtractability occurs when the use of a good or service by one individual does not subtract from its value to another. Examples include capital equipment such as dams, water and sewer pipes, and irrigation canals that are not used to full capacity. If there is little or no cost from added utilization of these facilities then expanded use leads to an increase in society’s total economic benefits. Goods and services that are both excludable and subtractable such as bottled water are easily rationed by price and provided by private firms. In contrast, goods that are characterized by nonexcludability and nonsubtractability in consumption are classified as public goods because they are difficult to allocate with market mechanisms and are likely to involve government provision. Flood control and instream uses of water are examples of water services that have required government intervention.
An adaptive allocation scheme for load balancing and SLA maintenance in multi-location data center networks

Allocation of resources in data centers (DCs) needs to be done in a dynamic fashion for cloud enterprise customers who require virtualized reservation-oriented services on demand. Due to the spatial diversity of data centers, the cost of using different DCs also varies. In this paper, we propose an allocation scheme to balance the load among these DCs with different cost to minimize the total provisioning cost in a dynamic environment while ensuring that the service level agreements (SLAs) are met. Compared to a benchmark scheme (where all requests are first sent to the cheapest data center), our scheme can decrease the proportional utilization from 24% (for heavy load) to 30% (for normal load) and achieve a significant balance in the cost incurred by individual DCs. Our scheme can also achieve 7.5% reduction in total provisioning cost under certain service level agreement (SLA) in exchange of low increment in blocking. Finally, we tested our heuristic on 5 DCs to show that our allocation scheme follows the weighted cost proportionally.
Sleep Disturbances Are Commonly Reported Among Patients Presenting to a Gastroenterology Clinic

Poor sleep quality is common among patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. However, few studies have assessed the presence of insomnia or reported circadian preferences and none have directly compared sleep between common GI conditions. To compare clinical sleep characteristics in patients presenting to a tertiary care GI clinic for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia (FD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and celiac disease (CD). Validated sleep measures were administered to consecutive patients if they were diagnosed with IBS, IBD in clinical remission, CD, FD, or GERD. Healthy Controls (HCs) with no reported GI diagnoses or symptoms were also recruited. A total of 212 eligible respondents completed this survey, 161 GI clinic patients (IBS (n = 48), GERD (n = 29), IBD in clinical remission (n = 44), CD (n = 40)), and 41 HCs. Only, 10 respondents had a diagnosis of FD, and these were excluded. The IBS group had the highest frequency of poor sleep (72%) followed by CD (61%), GERD (60%), IBD (54%), and HC (39%). IBS patients also had the highest frequency of clinical insomnia (51%), followed by GERD (37%), CD (35%), IBD (27%), and HC (18%). 40% of IBS patients reported taking sleep medications at least once per week, compared to 32% of GERD, 23% IBD, 13% CD, and 15% HC. Patients presenting to a tertiary care GI clinic report poorer sleep than healthy controls. In general, patients with IBS report the highest rates of sleep difficulties compared to patients with other diagnoses.
Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics under zone tillage of varying intensities in a kura clover living mulch system

Abstract Zone tillage is a reduced-tillage approach that attempts to capture both the environmental advantages of year-round ground cover and the agronomic benefits of in-row tillage. This study was conducted to determine the effect of differing levels of zone tillage intensity on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in a corn-kura clover cropping system (Zea maize-Trifolium ambiguum). Research took place in Rosemount, MN in 2015 and 2016 in an established kura clover stand. Soils and kura clover biomass were each sampled three times in crop rows per year in four treatments that varied by intensity: NT (spray-down no-till), ST (shank-till, traditional strip till unit), RZT (zone-till, PTO-driven rotary zone tiller), and DT (double-till, ST + RZT). Samples were analyzed for microbial biomass (MB), soil inorganic nitrogen, and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC). Additionally, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) was measured for 2016 post-spring tillage soils. Greater spring kura clover biomass in 2016 (2449 kg ha−1) relative to 2015 (187 kg ha−1) influenced overall differences in soil quality between years. The double-till (DT) treatment had greater post-till soil inorganic N than the no-till (NT) treatment in 2016, and by corn harvest, both zone-till (RZT) and double-till (DT) had higher soil inorganic N than NT, indicating that the addition of kura clover biomass contributed to in-row, plant-available nitrogen. Double-till was also more effective in reducing kura clover encroachment into crop rows than NT. No effect of tillage intensity on PMN, MB, or POXC was observed at any sampling time, although trends of decreasing POXC paired with increasing MB over the 2016 growing season suggest that the quantity of incorporated kura clover biomass may have governed belowground nutrient cycling and soil fertility.
Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction of Sport Management Faculty Members

Informed by self-determination theory, this study builds on previous research to examine the work motivation and job satisfaction levels of sport management faculty members, as well as any relationship between their job satisfaction levels and work motivations. A total of 193 sport management faculty responded to a survey consisting of the Job Satisfaction Survey and the Motivation at Work Scale. Results revealed that regarding job satisfaction, faculty members were more satisfied with work itself, supervision, and coworkers and were less satisfied with pay, operating procedures, and reward. While participating sport management faculty had the highest mean in intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction also was significantly positively correlated with identified regulation. Male faculty showed significantly greater overall job satisfaction than female faculty, but gender did not affect work motivation factors. Finally, results revealed no significant differences among tenured, tenure-track, and non-tenure-trac...
Decentralized Collaborative Localization in Urban Environments using 3D-Mapping-Aided (3DMA) GNSS and Inter-Agent Ranging

GPS navigation in urban environments is prone to error sources such as multipath and signal blockage. Shadow matching and likelihood-based 3D-mapping-aided (3DMA) ranging methods have shown high potential in 3DMA GNSS navigation for a single agent in urban environments. However, they suffer from errors such as ambiguity which cannot be reliably mitigated without external sensing and integrated systems. Collaborative localization (CL) is a way to aid navigation in a multi-agent system and is capable of providing the external sensing required to reduce error due to ambiguity in 3DMA approaches. CL algorithms face challenges such as scalability, robustness to noisy sensor data and single point of failure, and operability despite limited inter-agent communication. In this paper, we present a decentralized collaborative localization algorithm which is applicable to sparsely communicating networks, and has limited information exchange. Moreover, the proposed algorithm takes advantage of the variable visibility of the sky and variable building geometry for different agents. We propose a methodology for ambiguity mitigation by constraining an agent’s probability distribution using its neighbors. The methodology is based on coupling of agents’ GPS measurements with range-only sensors and is applicable to multi-agent systems with these modalities. The proposed method is validated on simulated datasets in an urban area of Champaign, Illinois with multiple agents in a variety of scenarios. We demonstrate the improved performance in terms of positioning accuracy and ambiguity mitigation. We also analyze the impact of network connectivity, and size of network on positioning accuracy.
Unsheltered Homelessness in Urban Parks: Perspectives on Environment, Health, and Justice in Salt Lake City, Utah

Abstract Unsheltered homelessness in the United States forces hundreds of thousands of people to sleep, eat, and live in the public sphere. Urban parks often become temporary homes for individuals ...
An Economic Interpretation of Rhode Island’s 1788 Referendum on the Constitution

In their 1788 popular referendum, Rhode Island voters overwhelmingly rejected ratification of the Federal Constitution: 92% against and 8% for adoption. The town-by-town voter lists, correlated with tax and estate records, show that “yea” voters were significantly wealthier than “nay” voters. Available data also indicates that yea wealth was concentrated in personal estate rather than real estate. Both these findings support Charles Beard’s original economic interpretation of the Constitution. Our detailed data provides new evidence about town-level voters, supplementing the usual data Beard’s supporters and critics have used from state ratifying conventions and the Philadelphia constitutional convention. We trace the outlines of the scholarly debate, provide political and economic context for the Rhode Island referendum, report on our initial findings, and suggest further avenues of research and analysis.
The Ventured Student: Impacts of University Startup Culture

Author(s): Davis, Daniel | Advisor(s): Binder, Amy | Abstract: Undergraduate entrepreneurial training in colleges and universities is rapidly expanding. The creation of university-sponsored venture incubators—programs providing workspace, resources, and advice to nascent startups—is another expanding campus phenomenon. I conducted observations for two years within the San Diego regional startup ecosystem anchored by two universities and their incubators. Additionally, across California, I conducted web analysis of university incubators, correspondence with incubator staff, interviews with 56 student participants, and followed the LinkedIn profiles of 301 student participants post-graduation. My findings come in three articles. In article one, I show that campus incubators have remarkable similarity in the services they offer, however universities differ greatly in the model of their startup ecosystems. Centralized models are dominated by business students, decentralized models are dominated by STEM students. STEM students are less likely to persist with their startups after graduation, but are also less likely to need supplemental work to make ends meet. In article two, I analyze student interviews and show why some of these gaps exist. Students come to college with little startup know-how, but find themselves drawn into campus entrepreneurial programming via events and peer influence. They report significant sacrifices in time and resources, and typically avoid other internships. Post-graduation, STEM majors at more research-oriented universities often find that their experience supplements their resumes nicely, making them more appealing to employers. On the flip side, others find that their non-STEM majors, from broader access colleges, and their typically less sophisticated products, fail to give them resume-boosting capital. Nevertheless, these student’s new entrepreneurial identities make it hard to let go of their startup dreams, and often persist in languishing projects. In article three, I take a more theoretical turn, exploring the foundations of emerging entrepreneurial identity. The language that new entrepreneurs use to talk about their entrepreneurial identity maps on to three traditions of sociological literature about identity formation—identity is simultaneously individually internalized, contextually performed, and collectively mobilized. I show how using a more integrative approach helps make sense of a range of complex identity experiences.