cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of the gene for a glycophorin-binding protein implicated in erythrocyte invasion by a malaria parasite

Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal of the malarial parasites that infect humans, undergoes three cycles of development in its vertebrate host and elicits stage-specific immune responses. This stage specificity of the immune response has made it difficult to isolate antigens that would be useful in developing a vaccine against malaria. A complementary DNA clone for a glycophorin-binding protein of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites has been isolated and characterized. The protein interacts with glycophorin, the erythrocyte receptor, during invasion of the host cell by the parasite. Antigenic determinants of this protein expressed in Escherichia coli have been used to produce antibodies to a glycophorin-binding protein. The antibodies show schizont-specific immunofluorescence and react with the merozoite protein. The primary sequence of these determinants reveals a 150-nucleotide tandem-repeating sequence coding for a 50-amino-acid repeat. The characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum glycophorin-binding protein represents one approach toward designing serologic agents to block the parasite's development in the vertebrate host.
Poliomyelitis virus in human blood during the minor illness and the asymptomatic infection.

SummaryPoliomyelitis virus has been isolated from the blood of 4 children in one family during a poliomyelitis epidemic in Ohio in 1952. Three of the children had characteristic clinical pictures of the minor illness or abortive poliomyelitis, and one was asymptomatic. All were found to have virus in the throut and rectal swabs as well as in the blood. None went on the develop signs or symptoms of the major illness, either paralytic or nonparalytic.
A constructive theory of triple and quintuple product identities of the second degree

The groundwork for a theory of quadratic identities involving the classical triple and quintuple products is layed. The approach is through the study and use of affine maps that act on indexing lattices associated with the terms (double sums) in the given identity. The terms of the identity are found to be connected by the invariant of a ternary quadratic form.
C2-hydroxyglycosylation with glycal donors. Probing the mechanism of sulfonium-mediated oxygen transfer to glycal enol ethers.

The C2-hydroxyglycosylation reaction employing the reagent combination of a diaryl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride offers a novel method for glycal assembly whereby a hydroxyl functionality is stereoselectively installed at the C2-position of a glycal donor with concomitant glycosylation of a nucleophilic acceptor. Mechanistic investigations into this reaction revealed a novel process for sulfonium-mediated oxidation of glycal enol ethers in which the sulfoxide oxygen atom is stereoselectively transferred to the C2-position of the glycal. 18O-labeling studies revealed that the S-to-C2 oxygen-transfer process involves initial formation of a C1−O linkage followed by O-migration to C2, leading to the generation of an intermediate glycosyl 1,2-anhydropyranoside that serves as an in situ glycosylating agent. These findings are consistent with the initial formation of a C2-sulfonium−C1-oxosulfonium pyranosyl species upon activation of the glycal donor with Aryl2SO·Tf2O.
Polyhedral dynamics and conflict mobilization in social networks

Abstract A representation of social networks in terms of polyhedral dynamics is used to study the mobilization of individuals in a specific social network. By making use of the distinction between backcloth and traffic, the analysis shows there are compelling structural reasons for the outcome of the mobilization process in the particular network studied.
Residual yolk energetics and postnatal shell growth in Smooth Softshell Turtles, Apalone mutica.

Abstract We examined functions of residual yolk (RY 1 ) in hatchling Smooth Softshell Turtles ( Apalone mutica ). Removal of RY did not affect survival, shell growth, or resting metabolic rates of turtles for 40 d after hatching. Our estimates of metabolic rate suggest that RY can fuel maintenance and activity metabolism for approximately 25 days. A. mutica absorb more than 1 g of water in the first 2 weeks of life, which appears to be the basis of post-hatch shell expansion rather than yolk-provisioned growth. Post-hatch growth may be limited by the magnitude of RY remaining at hatching, but RY protein and lipid proportions do not differ from those of freshly-laid eggs. In addition, A. mutica did not use RY to fuel nest emergence. Our results suggest that RY does not fulfill several hypothetical functions in A. mutica , including postnatal growth, catabolic fuel for nest emergence, and long-term nutritional sustenance for maintenance, activity, or hibernation. Instead, A. mutica appear to absorb most yolk prior to hatching, and are left with a minimum of RY. Variation in RY mass with incubation regime in other species suggests that mothers may overprovision their eggs to ensure successful development across a diversity of possible incubation conditions.
Moving the crowd, ‘crowding’ the emcee: The coproduction and contestation of black normativity in freestyle rap battles

This article shows how participants in freestyle rap battles coproduce and contest hip hop as a black space. Through discourse analysis of long-term ethnographic fieldwork at an open mic venue in Los Angeles, we show how black normativity is co-constructed and sometimes challenged by non-black emcees and audience members. Specifically, we examine videotaped data of verbal artistic duels between a black and a Latino emcee, analyzing instances in which the black emcee draws on stereotypes of Mexicans to racialize the Latino emcee. We show how the Latino emcee sometimes participates in his own racialization, while, in other instances, he opposes this process with the support of the audience. This multiparty coproduction and contestation of black normativity highlights the fact that the normative status of particular social identities across sociocultural contexts cannot be seen as given, but rather, as constantly challenged and maintained by invested actors.
A woman's trek: What difference does gender make?

Abstract When she introduces her 1907 narrative, A Woman's Trek from the Cape to Cairo as “a book, written from a woman's point of view, minus big game romances, and the usual exaggerations incidental to all things African,” Mary Hall raises a question central to feminist studies of empire: in the relation of Europeans to empire, what difference does gender make? While there is little difference in the explicit statements about empire in African travel narratives by men and women at the height of the imperial period, a comparison of the representations of the relationship between traveler and Africans—the relationship between Self and Other that parallels empire on a personal scale—in the Cape-to-Cairo narratives of Mary Hall and her two closest male contemporaries reveals differences that are directly tied to gender.
Assessment of Computational Models for Multilayered Composite Shells

A review is made of the different approaches used for modeling multilayered composite shells. Discussion focuses on different approaches for developing two-dimensional shear deformation theories; classification of two-dimensional theories based on introducing plausible displacement, strain and/or stress assumptions in the thickness direction; first-order shear deformation theories based on linear displacement assumptions in the thickness coordinate; and efficient computational strategies for anisotropic composite shells. Extensive numerical results are presented showing the effects of variation in the lamination and geometric parameters of simply supported composite cylinders on the accuracy of the static and vibrational responses predicted by eight different modeling approaches (based on two-dimensional shear deformation theories).
« L’appel du sang » : le débat sur la restitution des enfants de disparus en Argentine post-dictatoriale

« L’appel du sang » : le debat sur la restitution des enfants de disparus en Argentine post-dictatoriale Durant la dictature en Argentine (1976-1983), quelque 30 000 personnes disparurent, y compris 500 nouveau-nes et jeunes enfants. La majorite de ces enfants ont ete remis a des familles de militaires qui les ont eleves comme les leurs. Las Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo (Les grands-meres de la Place de Mai) est un organisme humanitaire qui s’est forme dans le but de retrouver les petits-enfants disparus et de les retourner a leur famille biologique. Durant les annees 1980, dans la phase formative de l’organisme, celui-ci a adopte des arguments en faveur de la restitution fondes sur l’importance des liens biologiques. Cette rhetorique est encore utilisee dans le discours de l’organisme. Cet article analyse l’argument de « l’appel du sang », et montre comment il a contribue a la recherche de justice post-dictature du groupe.
Subgradient projection algorithm, II

Abstract Using only easily computable portions of certain e-subdifferentials an implementable convergent algorithm for finding the minimizer of a non-differentiable convex program is given. At each iteration cycle certain projections are computed and corrected suitably. The negatives of these directions are feasible directions of strict descent for the objective function. The convergence of the algorithm is proved.
Characterization of Corrosion Mechanisms Occurring in a Sintered Sic Exposed to Basic Coal Slags

The high-temperature reactions occurring between an a-Sic and a basic coal slag were examined. The resulting corrosion behavior was found to involve at least three mechanisms, including passivation of the Sic via SiO2 formation, dissolution of the SiO2 by the coal slag, and formation of a localized Fe-Ni silicide. This mechanism, which dominated when the slag thickness exceeded 100 μm, was also responsible for the degradation in high-temperature strength.
Polarization-dependent photoionization cross sections and radiative lifetimes of atomic states in Ba I

The photoionization cross sections of two even-parity excited states 5d6d {sup 3}D{sub 1} and 6s7d {sup 3}D{sub 2} of atomic Ba at the ionization-laser wavelength of 556.6 nm were measured. We found that the total cross section depends on the relative polarization of the atoms and the ionization-laser light. With density-matrix algebra, we show that, in general, there are at most three parameters in the photoionization cross section. Some of these parameters are determined in this work. We also present the measurement of the radiative lifetime of five even-parity excited states of barium.
Effect of inelastic processes on the self-consistent potential in the resonant-tunneling diode

Abstract The self-consistent electrostatic potential of a biased resonant-tunneling diode is examined using a quantum kinetic theory of open systems. The potential obtained is sensitively dependent upon the assumed magnitude of inelastic processes within the device and its contacts. If inelastic processes are neglected one finds a solution with an unphysically large electric field at one boundary, which is also obtained from an analysis using Schroedinger's equation. Including inelastic processes within the device permits screening of the electric field, leading to a much more credible potential. Furthermore, if the mean velocity of the electron distributions on the boundaries is allowed to shift in response to the boundary electric field, the resulting potential profiles closely resemble those obtained from simple screening theory.
Brain metastasis from cervical carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to describe the features of patients with brain metastasis from cervical cancer. Twelve patients with brain metastasis from cervical cancer were identified. Information regarding symptoms, treatment, and survival was analyzed. The incidence of brain metastasis in our population was 0.77%. Median patient age at initial diagnosis of cervical cancer was 43.5 years (range 29–57 years) compared with 44.5 years (range 31–58 years) at identification of brain metastasis. Six patients had FIGO stage IB disease; three had stage IIB disease; and one each had stage IIIA, IIIB, and IVB disease. The median interval from diagnosis of cervical cancer to identification of brain metastasis was 17.5 months (range 1.1–96.1 months). All but one patient presented with neurologic symptoms. Eight patients received whole-brain irradiation and steroids, three received steroids alone, and one underwent surgery, followed by irradiation. All the patients who received whole-brain irradiation experienced improvement in their symptoms. Median survival from diagnosis of brain metastasis to death was 2.3 months (range 0.3–7.9 months). Five patients who received chemotherapy after brain irradiation had a median survival of 4.4 months compared to 0.9 months for those who received no additional treatment after brain irradiation (P= .016). Most patients with brain metastasis from cervical cancer presented with neurologic sequelae. Brain irradiation improved these symptoms. Survival after diagnosis of brain metastasis was poor; however, patients who received chemotherapy after brain irradiation appeared to have improved survival.
Synthesis of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate-graft-Isobutylene) Copolymers by the Combination of Living Carbocationic and Group Transfer Polymerization

Abstract The synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate-graft-isobutylene), p(MMA-g-IB) copolymers was accomplished by group transfer copolymerization (GTP) of MMA and polyisobutenyl methacrylate (PIBMA). The PIBMA macromer was obtained by living carbocationic polymerization (LC+P) of IB using a novel functional initiator 3,3,5-trimethyl-5-chloro-1-hexyl methacrylate. Well-defined macromers with perfect functionalities were obtained in the molecular weight range of 2000 to 50,000. The PIBMA macromers were copolymerized with MMA using GTP. The structure and the properties of the resulting p(MMA-g-IB) copolymers were determined by the [MMA]/[I] and [MMA]/[PIBMA] ratios. The homopolymerization of the macromer resulted in a mixture of dimers and unreacted macromer.
Sound from silence.

Hearing loss is generally incurable because the sensory cells of the cochlea, the hair cells, do not regenerate. Viral introduction of the transcription factor Math1 into the damaged cochlea now brings back lost hair cells and partially restores hearing in deaf guinea pigs ( pages 271–276 ).
A Theoretical Approach to Web Design in E-Commerce: A Belief Reinforcement Model

Effective website design plays a critical role in attracting and maintaining customers' interest. Despite the importance of websites as the major and, at times, sole channel of communication in e-business, little theoretical knowledge is available about how websites may influence online shoppers' attitudes and behavior. In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework for measuring the impact of Web-design elements on the beliefs and behavior of Web customers. In developing the theoretical model (called the belief reinforcement model, or BRM), we synthesize the theory of planned behavior with theories in social psychology, consumer behavior, and management to categorize Web-design elements and conceptualize the salient aspects of Web shoppers' behavior. The empirical examination of BRM indicates that various categories of Web-design elements reinforce Web customers' beliefs, which in turn positively impact attitudinal constructs that lead to changes in their purchase intentions. BRM and its results provide an initial guideline for a rigorous approach to designing websites for e-business and testing their effectiveness before their full deployment.
Meiosis in Dictyostelium mucoroides

THE cellular slime moulds are favourable organisms for the study of morphogenetic processes. But so far, genetic analysis of their development has been hampered by the apparent absence of a true sexual cycle, although progress has been made in parasexual genetic analysis1–3. Recent ultrastructural observations of the macrocysts of two species have suggested, but not proved, that karyogamy and meiosis are an integral part of dormancy and germination of this developmental stage4–6. We present here genetic confirmation that in D. mucoroides (strain DM-7) the assortment of mutant traits among progeny of single macrocysts is consistent only with meiosis.
On a theorem of Carey and Pincus

Abstract If H is self-adjoint and spectrally singular with respect to Lebesgue measure, then there exists a self-adjoint V of arbitrarily small trace norm such that H + V has pure point spectrum. If the multiplicity of H does not exceed r , then V may be chosen of rank r .
METHYLATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOACETICUM AND MECHANISM OF ACETYL COENZYME A SYNTHESIS

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum was methylated such that all bound methyl groups could subsequently react with CO and coenzyme A (or OH-) to yield acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) (or acetate). Methyl groups could not bind enzyme lacking the labile Ni of the A-cluster, but could bind such samples after incubation in aqueous Ni2+, a process known to reinsert the labile Ni and reactivate the enzyme. Bound methyl groups inhibited the ability of 1,10-phenanthroline to remove the labile Ni, and the amount bound approximately correlated with the amount of labile Ni. This is strong evidence that the methyl group used in acetyl-CoA synthesis binds the labile Ni. Evidence is presented that a redox site (called the D site) other than the spin-coupled metals that define the A-cluster must be reduced before methylation can occur. Both methyl and acetyl intermediates appear to be EPR-silent. The acetyl intermediate reacted slowly with OH- to yield acetate and rapidly with CoAS- to yield ace...
Consumer Acceptability and p‐Carotene Content of Beef as Related to Cattle Finishing Diets

Ribeye steaks (Longissimus muscle) and ground beef from 15 Angus or Angus × Hereford steers slaughtered at weights of 480–500 kg were evaluated for proximate composition, color, β-carotene content and consumer preference. Three groups of five animals were finished on annual ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum), ryegrass and ‘Coastal’ bermu-dagrass hay (Cynodon hybrid), or a feedlot diet.β-carotene content of ribeye steaks and ground beef was higher (p < 0.05) for the forage finished animals than those finished in the feedlot. There was no difference in scores from consumer panels (n = 80) for steaks from feedlot or pasture finished animals, but scores for ground beef from cattle finished on the feedlot diet were higher than other treatments (p < 0.05).
Direct medical costs of disease and gastrointestinal side effects during treatment for arthritis

Abstract We conducted a study to determine the costs of caring for patients with arthritis. Data were obtained from the Medicaid Management Information System (MMIS) of Washington, DC. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all direct medical costs related to individual Medicaid recipients who obtained treatment for arthritis. First, all data were adjusted for patient compliance with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Second, we determined the actual expenditure of treating arthritis. Last, the medical costs of treating adverse gastrointestinal side effects were examined. There was a linear relationship between compliance and pharmaceutical dose schedule per diem. Treatment costs per quarter were $145; 54 percent of the cost was for NSAIDs with the remainder equally divided between physician and hospital costs. Approximately 25 percent of the population experienced NSAID-related gastrointestinal side effects that required further medical care. The per-quarter mean cost of treating these adverse gastrointestinal drug reactions was $66 per person, which added nearly 46 percent to the per-quarter mean cost of treatment. The total cost of treating patients with arthritis therefore averaged $211 per quarter. Nearly one third of overall cost went to provide medical care to the 25 percent of the population who experienced adverse reactions, and slightly more than two thirds went towards treating the disease itself. Overall costs of treating adverse drug reactions were accounted for by pharmaceuticals (about 42 percent), usually the histamine (H 2 )receptor antagonist cimetidine, rare but expensive inpatient hospital care (about 38 percent) and physician visits (about 20 percent).
Forces limiting acropetal transport op radiophosphorus in the stem

Abstract Radiophosphorus solution under hydrostatic pressure was passed through the xylem of bean stem sections (Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Red Wade), and the amount of isotope retained by the stem under various experimental situations noted. Retention of phosphorus followed a linear gradient with time, and was influenced by the physiological age of the plant. Rate of flow of the solution through the stem had no effect on retention. Neither did composition of the radiosolution with respect to pH, various mineral cations, and the water regulators phenylmercuric acetate and polyethylene glycol. Approximately 25 percent of the retained phosphorus was in the soluble state, and only a negligible amount in the exchangeable state.
A Systematic Study of the Lowest Order Small Slope Approximation for a Pierson–Moskowitz Spectrum

In an earlier work, a model for calculating scattering from rough surfaces at very low grazing angles was presented. The utility of this model depends on the lowest order small slope approximation (SSA1). In order to ascertain when this new model, called the SSA+, is applicable, we present a systematic study of the accuracy of the SSA1 bistatic scattering cross section for 1-D surfaces for a Pierson-Moskowitz roughness spectrum and the Dirichlet boundary condition. Different frequencies, angles of incidence, and wind speeds are combined to examine 112 different cases. The ranges of scattering angles for which the SSA1 is accurate are given, and an analysis of when the SSA+ can be used is presented. All data and plots are available online.
A cost effective question-asking strategy for Horn clause systems

In many applications of knowledge based systems, the initial data are insufficient to fulfill inference. In that case, knowledge based systems ask users questions in order to acquire more information. When and what to ask is determined by a question-asking strategy. This paper deals with question-asking strategies for a Horn system in which the response costs of the questions and the probablistic estimates of the answers are given. We introduce a question sequencing rule and enhance an efficient question-asking strategy. Our computational experiments show that the proposed question-asking strategy is very effective.
Plasma thyroid hormones in cyclostomes: Do they have a role in regulation of glycemic levels?

Plasma levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in intact Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) undergoing the period of natural fasting and in Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) maintained unfed in the laboratory. Plasma T3 levels in both lamprey and hagfish were always severalfold lower than T4 levels. The influence of thyroid hormones on glycemic level was studied following intraperitoneal injection of T4 or T3 (13-20 micrograms/100 g body wt), as well as after implantation of sealed Silastic capsules containing the goitrogen, 6-propylthiouracil (6-PTU), or after intraperitoneal injections of an antithyroglobulin serum (ATgS) exhibiting both anti-T4 and anti-T3 activities. Measured plasma T4 and T3 levels after hormonal injection were extremely high and could be considered pharmacological. The 6-PTU treatment decreased plasma levels of both T4 and T3 within several weeks. The glycemic levels in lampreys and hagfish after thyroid hormone treatment were lower than in control animals, whereas in animals treated with either 6-PTU or ATgS, hyperglycemic levels prevailed. It is concluded that thyroid hormones, possibly acting with other hormones, may participate in the maintenance of glycemic levels in cyclostomes and that their action is to reduce glycemic levels.
Quantitative temperature gradient focusing performed using background electrolytes at various pH values.

Temperature gradient focusing (TGF) has previously been shown to be a practical technique for simultaneous concentration and separation of a variety of samples. In this paper, we demonstrate that TGF can be conducted at a wide range of pH values. Techniques for first-order prediction of the suitability of a given BGE for focusing are discussed. Buffer suitability for TGF is assessed experimentally by simultaneously concentrating and separating a pair of fluorescent analytes. One analyte is held at constant concentration for use as an internal standard while the concentration of the other dye is varied. Peak area is shown to vary linearly with the input dye concentration. A high degree of resolution (R s >3) of fluorescein and carboxyfluorescein, as well as for two LysoSensor-based dyes, is also observed. Foucusing and separation by TGF was successfully conducted quantitatively in BGE solutions of pH from 3.0 to 10.5.
Cultural Trauma and Recovery Perspectives from Terror Management Theory

This article examines an essential psychological function of culture and the consequences of its traumatic disruption from the perspective of terror management theory. The experience of indigenous ...
Physicochemical and biological properties of canine prothrombin and thrombin.

Abstract Canine prothrombin was purified by a combination of BaSO4 adsorption, elution of adsorbed prothrombin in 0.25 M sodium citrate, concentration of the eluate by (NH4) 2SO4 fractionation at 80 % saturation and DEAE cellulose chromatography. The prothrombin was pure by immunoelectrophoresis but some trace impurities were visible by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The molecular weight was 81,300 ± 850(SD) by SDS PAGE, the extinction coefficient was 13.8 ± 0.4(SD) for 10 mg per ml, and the specific activity was 1,200 ± 50 (SD) NIH units per mg prothrombin. Then, the activation behavior of prothrombin by activated Factor X in the presence of Factor V, phospholipids and Ca ++ was studied, and the molecular weight of each product was determined by SDS PAGE. The molecular weights for P2 (intermediate 1), Fa(fragment 1), P3(intermediate 2) and Fb(fragment 2) were 60,000, 28,540, 40,400 and 21,240, respectively. Next, thrombin was separated by the use of QAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. The molecular weight averaged 38,111 ± 500(SD), the extinction coefficient was 16.0 ± 0.2(SD) for 10 mg per ml and the specific activity was 2,000 ± 65(SD) NIH units per mg thrombin. Comparison of these results with previous studies of bovine material(Biochem. 11: 4502, 1972; J. Biol. Chem. 249: 594, 1974) showed that the results were generally similar. One peculiar finding with the canine material was that P2 appeared to consist of two polypeptide subunits. Further studies are required to elucidate its significance.
Multi-sensor ATTenuation Estimation (MATTE): Signal-strength prediction for teams of robots

Multi-robot teams are often constrained by communications; better signal-strength models enable more efficient coordination while still maintaining adequate communication. This work discusses several prediction algorithms applicable to this scenario. Whereas previous approaches typically focus on prediction in the presence of deployed base-stations, we consider the more general problem where all nodes in the network can be mobile. Our new algorithm, Multi-sensor ATTenuation Estimation (MATTE), addresses this problem by leveraging other forms of sensor data in combination with signal-strength measurements to infer the locations of attenuating materials in the robots' environment. We also extend prior tomographic and correlation-based approaches to the multi-robot case, allowing a competitive evaluation. All methods are evaluated on a large corpus of real-world indoor and outdoor environments.
An Inexpensive Fluorescent Graticule

Introduction Oft en investigators need to make accurate size measurements within microscope images. Images of an object of a known size are typically used to calibrate data collection and analysis soft ware. Although this is an easy proposition using brightfi eld optics, it is more challenging when using an imaging system that does not have a brightfi eld path but rather relies on a fl uorescent pathway (for example, epifl uorescent, confocal, or two-photon microscopy). Th is article shows how to create a reliable, inexpensive means to calibrate images using purely fl uorescent imaging.
Dual-color polymer light-emitting pixels processed by hybrid inkjet printing

We present a successful demonstration of controllable patterning of dual-color polymer light-emitting pixels using a hybrid inkjet printing technique. In this demonstration, the polymer buffer layer is a wide bandgap, blue emitting semiconducting polymer, poly[2,5-bis[2-(N,N,N-triethylammonium) ethoxy]-1,4-phenylene-alt-1,4-phenylene] dibromide (PPP-NEt 3 + ), prepared by the spin-casting technique. The inkjet printed layer is a red-orange semiconductor polymer, poly(5-methoxy-2-propanoxysulfonide-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MPS-PPV) which was printed onto the buffer layer. When a proper solvent was selected, MPS-PPV diffused into the buffer layer and efficient energy transfer took place from the PPP-NEt 3 + to the MPS-PPV generating a red-orange photoluminescence and electroluminescence from the inkjet printed sites. Based on this principle, blue and orange-red dual-color polymer light-emitting pixels were fabricated on the same substrate. The use of this concept represents an entirely new technology for fabricating polymer multicolor displays with high-resolution, lateral patterning capability.
Design optimization of PM couplings using hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Simplex Method (PSO-SM) Algorithm

Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the use of the proposed hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Simplex Method (PSO-SM) algorithm to optimize the design of PM couplings subject to several key design constraints. The proposed hybrid optimization algorithm is constructed based on combining two well-known optimization techniques: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simplex Method (SM). The PSO has obvious capabilities in global search while the SM has exceptional advantages in local search. As a hybrid algorithm, the PSO-SM has the outstanding feature of combining the ability of global searching and local canvassing. On the other hand, Permanent Magnet (PM) drive couplings are used in power transmission in a wide range of industrial applications. A standard coupling design is used as a good starting point for the conventional Simplex Method and to define the performance constraints for the proposed hybrid optimization algorithm. New coupling designs are developed and optimized to demonstrate the superior capabilities of PSO-SM algorithm as a global optimization technique.
CD, absorption and thermodynamic analysis of repeating dinucleotide DNA, RNA and hybrid duplexes [d/r(AC)]12·[d/r(GT/U)]12 and the influence of phosphorothioate substitution

Circular dichroism (CD) spectra and melting temperature (Tm) data for five duplexes containing phosphorothioate linkages were compared with data for four unmodified duplexes to assess the effect of phosphorothioate modification on the structure and stability of DNA. DNA and DNA.RNA duplexes. Nine duplexes were formed by mixing oligomers 24 nt long in 0.15 M K+(phosphate buffer), pH 7.0. Unmodified DNA.DNA and RNA.RNA duplexes were used as reference B-form and A-form structures. The CD spectra of the modified hybrids S-d(AC)12.r(GU)12 and r(AC)12.S-d(GT)12 differed from each other but were essentially the same as the spectra of the respective unmodified hybrids. They were more A-form than B-form in character. CD spectra of duplexes S-d(AC)12.d(GT)12 and d(AC)12.S-d(GT)12 were similar to that of d(AC)12.d(GT)12, except for a reduced long wavelength CD band. Sulfur modifications on both strands of the DNA duplex caused a pronounced effect on its CD spectrum. The order of thermal stability was: RNA.RNA > DNA.DNA > DNA.RNA > S-DNA.DNA > S-DNA. RNA > S-DNA.S-DNA. Phosphorothioation of one strand decreased the melting temperature by 7.8+/-0.6 degrees C, regardless of whether the substitution was in a hybrid or DNA duplex. Thermodynamic parameters were obtained from a multistate analysis of the thermal melting profiles. Interestingly, the destabilizing effect of the phosphorothioate substitution appears to arise from a difference in the entropy upon forming the DNA.DNA duplexes, while the destabilizing effect in the DNA.RNA hybrids appears to come from a difference in enthalpy.
Morphology, Paleoanthropology, and Neanderthals

Morphology carries the primary signal of events in the evolutionary history of any group of organisms but has been relatively neglected by paleoanthropologists, those who study the history of the human species. Partly this is the result of historical influences, but it is also due to a rather fundamentalist adherence among paleoanthropologists to the tenets of the Neodarwinian Evolutionary Synthesis. The result has been a general paleoanthropological desire to project the species Homo sapiens back into the past as far and in as linear a manner as possible. However, it is clear that the human fossil record, like that of most other taxa, reveals a consistent pattern of systematic diversity—a diversity totally unreflected in the conventional minimalist interpretation of that record. Thus, the Neanderthals, both morphologically and behaviorally as distinctive a group of hominids as ever existed, are conventionally classified simply as a subspecies of our own species Homo sapiens—a classification that robs these extinct relatives of their evolutionary individuality. Only when we recognize the Neanderthals as a historically distinctive evolutionary entity, demanding understanding in its own terms, will we be able to do them proper justice. And we will only be able to do this by restoring morphology to its proper place of primacy in human evolutionary studies. Anat. Rec. (New Anat.) 253:113‐117, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new derivation of the displacement potentials for motion in a homogeneous isotropic elastic medium

Summary. We give a derivation of the displacement potentials and the wave equations which they satisfy. The derivation is similar to one given by Richards but is more general and yields explicit formulas for the source terms. This generality is retained when the moment tensor representation of the source is used. Formulas for the source terms are given in both spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems and are evaluated for the particular case of a point source with second order moment tensor.
White matter fiber tractography and color mapping of the normal human cerebellum with diffusion tensor imaging

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) color mapping and fiber tractography was used to study the white matter within the cerebellum along with the afferent and efferent tracts associated with the cerebellum in 24 normal human subjects. The most prominent structures that can be readily identified using these DTI techniques are the middle, inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles. Furthermore DTI shows transverse white matter fiber that cross between the two cerebellar hemispheres at the level of the vermis. At the hemispheric level fibers to the dentate, to the emboliform nuclei are clearly visible on DTI as is the afferent pathway represented by the middle cerebellar peduncle. Selective DTI fiber tractography provides very exquisite images of the cerebellar peduncles and of the fibers projecting to and from the cerebellar cortex. This study demonstrates that DTI is complementary to conventional MRI in that DTI elucidates the orientation of white matter fiber bundles that are associated with the cerebellum. Therefore we anticipate that DTI will become an important adjunct to conventional MRI for clinical and basic studies of cerebellar ataxias and congenital disorders involving the cerebellum and brain stem. This work provides a summary of the normal DTI appearance of the cerebellar white matter which will be useful for interpreting DTI results in clinical populations.
Reliability of biomechanical spasticity measurements at the elbow of people poststroke.

Starsky AJ, Sangani SG, McGuire JR, Logan B, Schmit BD. Reliability of biomechanical spasticity measure- ments at the elbow of people poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1648-54. Objective: To determine the minimum number of measure- ments required to obtain a reliable estimate of upper-extremity spasticity using biomechanic assessment across multiple test- ing trials and dates. Design: Single-center, longitudinal study with repeated measurements of spastic upper-extremity torque measures taken 1 week apart. Setting: A hospital-based laboratory with an isokinetic test- ing system. Participants: Sixteen subjects more than 6 months post- stroke with upper-extremity spasticity. Intervention: Elbow flexor hypertonia was assessed with a custom-made manipulandum attached to a 6-axis load cell and a Biodex System 3 isokinetic testing machine. Movements into extension were imposed at 4 speeds: 6°/s, 30°/s, 60°/s, and 90°/s. Main Outcome Measures: The resistive torque and elec- tromyographic response to these imposed movements were measured. The torque response at the slowest speed (6°/s) was attributed solely to the passive elements of the elbow and was subtracted from the torque response at the higher speeds (30°/s, 60°/s, 90°/s), leaving only reflex torque. The reflex torques at 30°/s, 60°/s, and 90°/s were used for further analysis. Peak torque, peak joint stiffness, and onset angle of reflex torque responses were found; repeatability and daily variability of these measures were statistically examined. The variabilities due to the subject, test day, and trial number were computed. The overall reliability of each parameter at the 3 higher test speeds using different testing schemes was also calculated. Results: Ninety percent reliability in the measurement of all parameters was obtained after at least 2 days of testing during which 3 tests a day were performed. The variability in be- tween-subjects measurements was at least 4 times greater than the intertrial variability when testing at the highest speeds; daily variability that was up to 50% of the intersubject vari- ability was also observed. The biomechanic measures corre- lated well with the Ashworth Scale (Spearman .84, P.005), a clinical measure of hypertonia. Conclusions: We recommend at least 2 test dates to account for the daily variability in the spastic reflex response and to ensure reliable spasticity measurements.
Impression creep of a viscous layer

Impression creep of a flat-ended cylindrical punch pushed into a viscous layer overlaid on a rigid substrate is analyzed. The method developed here permits us to relate the impression velocity to the punching stress in terms of an auxiliary function, which represents the solution of a set of Fredholm integral equations with a continuous symmetrical kernel. By a series of numerical analysis, the influence of the boundary conditions and the effect of the thickness of the layer on the impression velocity are obtained. For infinite thickness (i.e., h/a →∞, where h is the thickness of the layer and a is the radius of the punch), the impression creep is independent of the stick or slip boundary condition at the indenter/layer interface. For finite thickness such as h/a = 20, the boundary conditions have about 5% effect on the impression velocity. For a thin film, the impressing velocity is very sensitive to the boundary conditions. In fact it suggests a possible experimental way to detect debonding at the interface between the thin film and the substrate.
The Impact of Social Media on the Consumer Decision Process: Implications for Tourism Marketing

ABSTRACT Social media have fundamentally changed the consumer decision process, and in the last decade a more sophisticated view of how consumers engage with brands has emerged. This research note describes this new consumer decision journey with examples from all sectors of the travel industry, and describes how savvy tourism marketers are benefiting from social media engagement. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed along with suggestions for further research in this rapidly changing digital environment.
Curiosity Killed the Cat and Found New Myocytes

See related article, pages 1226–1237 Not very long ago when I set up my first research laboratory in the early 1990s, the prevailing wisdom was that new myocyte formation in the mature myocardium was nonexistent or occurred with about the same frequency as an appearance of Halley's comet.1,–,3 Occasional sightings of myocytes undergoing what appeared to be mitotic division4,5 in adult tissue sections were compared to the proverbial “needle in a haystack” and often dismissed as biologically irrelevant in terms of cardiomyocyte replacement or myocardial repair.6 In short, the heart was a postmitotic organ with essentially no capacity for new myocyte formation. If only there were cells that possessed the capability for de novo formation of cardiomyocytes and vasculature, then perhaps we could repair pathological injury in the heart. Researchers tried to force myocytes to divide using molecular maneuvers,7,8 force neonatal myocytes to engraft into mature hearts,9 and even force chimeric marriage between skeletal muscle and the heart in attempts to restore contractile function.10,11 A lot of hearts were broken, but we were not doing a very good job of fixing them. Amazing what a difference a decade can make. After years of searching for the source of new myocyte formation, it turns out that while isolating adult and neonatal myocytes, we had been “throwing the baby out with the bathwater.” In retrospect, it seems so obvious. Precursors for new myocyte …
Human CASK/LIN-2 Binds Syndecan-2 and Protein 4.1 and Localizes to the Basolateral Membrane of Epithelial Cells

In Caenorhabditis elegans, mutations in the lin-2 gene inactivate the LET-23 receptor tyrosine kinase/Ras/MAP kinase pathway required for vulval cell differentiation. One function of LIN-2 is to localize LET-23 to the basal membrane domain of vulval precursor cells. LIN-2 belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family of proteins. We have cloned and characterized the human homolog of LIN-2, termed hCASK, and Northern and Western blot analyses reveal that it is ubiquitously expressed. Indirect immunofluorescence localizes CASK to distinct lateral and/or basal plasma membrane domains in different epithelial cell types. We detect in a yeast two-hybrid screen that the PDZ domain of hCASK binds to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-2. This interaction is confirmed using in vitro binding assays and immunofluorescent colocalization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hCASK binds the actin-binding protein 4.1. Syndecans are known to bind extracellular matrix, and to form coreceptor complexes with receptor tyrosine kinases. We speculate that CASK mediates a link between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton via its interaction with syndecan and with protein 4.1. Like other membrane-associated guanylate kinases, its multidomain structure enables it to act as a scaffold at the membrane, potentially recruiting multiple proteins and coordinating signal transduction.
Dynamics and Control of a Stop Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

The objective of this work was to develop a variety of control systems for a Stop-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in hover flight. The Stop-Rotor UAV has capabilities of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) like a helicopter and can convert from a helicopter mode to an airplane mode in mid-flight. Thus, this UAV can hover as a helicopter and achieve high mission range of an airplane. The stop-rotor concept implies that in mid-flight the thrust generating helicopter rotor stops and rotates the blades into airplane wings. The thrust in airplane mode is then provided by a pusher propeller. The aircraft configuration presents unique challenges in flight dynamics, modeling and control. In this paper a mathematical model is derived, and then the model is simulated with non-zero initial conditions. Various control systems are then implemented. The control techniques utilized are a linear control, optimal linear control and a nonlinear control with the objective of stabilizing the UAV in hover flight. Settling time and control effort are then compared across the different control systems.
Measuring Organizational Strategies: Some Theoretical and Methodological Problems

In this article we address the major theoretical and methodological problems encountered in attempts to arrive at valid and reliable measures of organizational strategy. Our discussion is based on a series of empirical studies of the strategic behaviors of nearly 200 organizations in ten industries. In these studies, four different approaches for measuring strategy have been employed. We describe each approach and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Stereochemistry of the Allylation and Crotylation Reactions of α-Methyl-β-hydroxy Aldehydes with Allyl- and Crotyltrifluorosilanes. Synthesis of anti,anti-Dipropionate Stereotriads and Stereodivergent Pathways for the Reactions with 2,3-anti- and 2,3-syn-α-Methyl-β-hydroxy Aldehydes

A new method for the stereoselective synthesis of the anti,anti-dipropionate stereotriad via the reaction of α-methyl-β-hydroxy aldehydes with (Z)-crotyltrifluorosilane (24) is described. These reactions were designed to occur through bicyclic transition states (e.g., 31) in which the silane reagent is covalently bound to the β-hydroxyl group of the aldehyde and the crotyl group is transferred intramolecularly. This methodology was used to synthesize the C(7)−C(16) segment (58) of zincophorin, which contains a synthetically challenging all-anti stereopentad unit. Surprisingly, 2,3-anti- and 2,3-syn-α-methyl-β-hydroxy aldehydes react in a stereodivergent manner with 24: 2,3-anti-β-hydroxy aldehydes give the targeted anti,anti-dipropionate adducts with high selectivity, but the reactions of 2,3-syn-β-hydroxy aldehydes are poorly selective. The stereodivergent behavior of 2,3-syn- vs 2,3-anti-α-methyl-β-hydroxy aldehydes is also exhibited in their reactions with the allyl- (68) and (E)-crotyltrifluorosilane...