cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephrectomy Combined With Lower Abdominal Extraperitoneal Ureteral Bladder Augmentation in the Treatment of Children With the Vesicoureteral Reflux Dysplasia Syndrome

ABSTRACTUreterocystoplasty is a novel procedure well suited for treating children with megaureters and small or noncompliant bladders. It combines the benefits of enterocystoplasty without many of its drawbacks. We performed nephrectomy through a posterior approach with extraperitoneal ureteral augmentation in 6 patients with bladder neck obstruction and reflux into a nonfunctioning kidney (the vesicoureteral reflux dysplasia/vesicoureteral reflux nonfunctioning kidney syndrome). In all patients capacity increased significantly. Bladder pressure at capacity decreased in patients who were evaluated by urodynamics postoperatively, and continence was achieved or preserved. There were no complications and hospital stay was short. Nephrectomy via a posterior approach with extraperitoneal ureteral augmentation is an appropriate procedure for children with the vesicoureteral reflux dysplasia syndrome. It should be considered for all such patients before nephroureterectomy is done and irreversible loss of valuabl...
Insulin and IGF‐I signaling through the insulin receptor substrate 1

The insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors are tyrosine kinases. Consequently, an approach to investigating signaling pathways from these receptors is to characterize proteins rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to insulin and IGF-I. In many cell types the most prominent phosphotyrosine (Ptyr) protein, in addition to the receptors themselves, is a protein of approximately 160 kD, now known as the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). We have purified IRS-1 from mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes, obtained the sequences of tryptic peptides, and cloned its cDNA based on this information. Mouse IRS-1 is a protein of 1,231 amino acids. It contains 12 tyrosine residues in sequence contexts typical for tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Six of these begin the sequence motif YMXM and two begin the motif YXXM. Recent studies have shown that the enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) binds tightly to the activated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptors, through interaction of the src homology 2 (SH2) domains on the 85 kD subunit of PI 3-kinase with Ptyr in one of these motifs on the receptors. We have found that, upon insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, a portion of the Ptyr form of IRS-1 becomes tightly complexed with PI 3-kinase. Since IRS-1 binds to fusion proteins containing the SH2 domains of PI 3-kinase, association most likely occurs through this domain. The association of IRS-1 with PI 3-kinase activates the enzyme about fivefold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gender differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in adolescents

Abstract Purpose: To determine: (a) what demographic and psychosocial factors are associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms in adolescence; (b) whether girls and boys show different profiles of correlates and probable risk factors for depressive symptoms; and (c) what the implications are of these results for future research directions and policy decisions. Methods: Using a nationally representative sample of adolescent school students in Grades 5–12, the Commonwealth Fund Adolescent Health Survey assessed depressive symptoms as well as a number of variables posited to be risk factors and correlates of depression. Results: Depressive symptoms were found to differ by gender, age, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. In addition, life stress, social support, and coping were associated with depressive symptoms. Importantly, stress and social support appear to be particularly salient aspects of depression among girls. Both physical and sexual abuse were strongly linked with depression for both boys and girls, with sexual abuse having a stronger impact among boys. Finally, high levels of depressive symptoms were associated with increased use of both mental and physical health care resources among boys and girls. Conclusions: The correlates of depression in this adolescent sample closely resemble those seen in adult samples, including demographic and psychosocial variables. Some psychosocial variables, such as stress and social support, may have a greater impact on depressive symptoms for girls than for boys. Results of this study also have important implications for the health care system, given that higher levels of depressive symptoms were found to be associated with greater utilization of physical health care resources.
Simulation and development of sub-wavelength grated dielectric ARCs for CPV applications

Here, and in an attempt to identify a better alternative to the conventional dual layer ARCs for III-V multi-junction concentrator cells operating with or without protective cover glass in conjunction with wide acceptance angles, we have undertaken a systematic analysis of design parameters and angular dependent antireflective properties of dielectric grating formed, through the implementation of sub-wavelength arrays of 2D pyramidal gratings of ZnS and TiO2. Though the study indicated no or limited improvement for devices operating with a SiO2 like cover glass, in the absence of a cover the evaluation indicates that through a careful selection of the design these dielectric gratings can reduce reflection-loss related current losses by 2-3 fold by comparison to their planar double layer ARC counterparts. i.e. for a 3J metamorphic device this lead to a current improvement of 0.7 mA/cm2 for a 60 degree acceptance angles.
A Bayesian Reliability Analysis of Neutron-Induced Errors in High Performance Computing Hardware

A soft error is an undesired change in an electronic device's state, for example, a bit flip in computer memory, that does not permanently affect its functionality. In microprocessor systems, neutron-induced soft errors can cause crashes and silent data corruption (SDC). SDC occurs when a soft error produces a computational result that is incorrect, without the system issuing a warning or error message. Hence, neutron-induced soft errors are a major concern for high performance computing platforms that perform scientific computation. Through accelerated neutron beam testing of hardware in its field configuration, the frequencies of failures (crashes) and of SDCs in hardware from the Roadrunner platform, the first Petaflop supercomputer, are estimated. The impact of key factors on field performance is investigated and estimates of field reliability are provided. Finally, a novel statistical approach for the analysis of interval-censored survival data with mixed effects and uncertainty in the interval endpo...
Multiparticle production in high-energy collisions: validity of statistical and hydrodynamical approximations

We discuss the conditions under which it is meaningful to use thermodynamics and hydrodynamics in describing the state of matter produced in high-energy collisions. We find that the criteria for neglecting quantum effects necessitate a minimum size for the system studied and are the same for using either thermodynamics or hydrodynamics. We also estimate, in the Fermi-Landau picture of proton-proton collisions, the fraction of time the collective state spends in the quantum phase.
Carcinoid tumors of the appendix detected at laparoscopy for gynecologic indications.

Abstract Study Objective . To evaluate the significance of the abnormal-appearing appendix during gynecologic laparoscopy. Design . Retrospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting . University-affiliated hospital. Patients . One hundred sixty-six women. Interventions . Laparoscopic appendectomy. Measurements and Main Results . Five of 166 appendixes removed for abnormal appearance contained a carcinoid tumor. At least one patient was a candidate for additional resection. Conclusion . It is important for gynecologists to be aware of the possibility of a carcinoid tumor of the appendix, particularly if an abnormality is seen at the time of surgery.
Analysis on the surface adsorption of PEO/PPO/PEO triblock copolymers by radiolabelling and fluorescence techniques

We have examined the adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide)/ poly(propylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO/PPO/PEO) triblock copolymers (Pluronics™) on dimethyldichlorosilane-treated glass (DDS-glass). The surface concentration of 125I-labeled Pluronic F-68(76/30/76) reached a maximum of 0.3 μg/cm2 when the bulk concentration in the adsorption solution was 3.0 mg/mL. Above 5.0 mg/ml, the surface Pluronic F-68 concentration started to decrease and reached 0.17 μg/cm2 when the bulk concentration for adsorption was 10 mg/mL. The surface concentration of Pluronic F-108 (129/56/129), on the other hand, increased to 4.0 μg/cm2 at the same bulk concentration. Fluroscence spectroscopic studies using pyrene suggested that the Pluronic F-68 molecules self-associated at the bulk concentration of 5.0 mg/mL and above. Because the aggregates are expected to expose the hydrophilic PEO segments to water, they may have lower affinity to DDS-glass. Aggregation of Pluronic F-68 also decreases the number of individual Pluronic molecules for adsorption. Pyrene fluorescence in Pluronic F-108 solution, however, suggests that Pluronic F-108 molecules do not form aggregates. It appears that the high surface concentrations of Pluronic F-108 may result from the preferential adsorption of individual molecules in multilayers. This explains the high effectiveness of Pluronic F-108 in preventing protein adsorption and platelet adhesion when adsorbed on to be hydrophobic surface. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quark and Gluon Latent Heats at the Deconfinement Phase Transition in SU(3) Gauge Theory

The authors have run computer simulations of the quark and gluon internal energies in SU(3) lattice gauge theory neglecting dynamical fermion loops. At the first-order deconfinement-chiral symmetry restoration transition the internal energies display large discontinuities. With finite-size effects estimated by a procedure suggested by the Bielefeld group, the total latent heat per unit volume is found to be roughly 1.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.50 GeV/${\mathrm{fm}}^{3}$, if the transition temperature is 190\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 MeV. Timing estimates for fermion computer simulation methods are presented.
Role of gastrin/pentagastrin in regulation of intestinal cytochrome P-450.

Abstract 1. 1. In the absence of intraluminal inducers, low “basal” levels of cytochrome P-450 and its dependent MFO activities are detected in the rat intestinal mucosa, and may be regulated by endogenous hormones. 2. 2. Rats were nutritionally maintained by either short term (48 hr) intravenous glucose infusion or chronic (8 days) intravenous hyperalimentation, and were treated with various doses of pentagastrin in the infusate. 3. 3. Regardless of the dose (6–90 μg/kg/hr) or duration of infusion (2–8 days), pentagastrin had no effect on small intestinal cytochrome P-450, its dependent MFO activity, or the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. 4. 4. The intestinal trophic peptide hormone, gastrin, apparently does not regulate the cytochrome P-450-dependent MFO system of the small intestine.
New directions in computer center decision-making: what are the needs?

Public speaking has never been a strength of mine, and it was a tough decision for me to accept the invitation from Howard Dockery to speak to you on "New Directions in Computer Center Decision-Making--What Are the Needs?" but I had to accept. I do consider it a high honor to be invited to address my peer group; and besides, there are several things I wanted to get off my chest.
Identification of tumor-associated antigens and their purification from cyst fluids of ovarian epithelial neoplasms

Abstract Based on several earlier reports demonstrating the existence of ovarian tumor-associated antigens in the cyst fluids of adenocarcinoma, we attempted to confirm these results, purify the tumor-associated antigens, and characterize the molecular species. Several antisera were produced in rabbits with clarified whole mucinous cystadenocarcinoma fluids. Unadsorbed antisera demonstrated very complex immunodiffusion patterns. Following adsorption with normal human serum and plasma and extracts of normal cervix and ovary strong cyst-associated reactivity remained. Further adsorption with A+ and B+ erythrocytes had no effect on antisera activity. A major cyst fluid antigen was purified from mucinous cysts by ammonium sulfate fractionation (0.20–0.60 saturation), DEAE-agarose chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and Bio-Gel A-5m agarose gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a single prominent band with minor contaminants. Approximately 70% of purified and radiolabeled antigen was precipitable by antisera, and 80% precipitated in either 10% trichloroacetic acid or 0.6 M perchloric acid. Tissue distribution was assessed by immunodiffusion analysis and showed strong association with mucinous tumors (benign and malignant) of the ovary. Purified antigen showed no reactivity by immunodiffusion analyses against antisera to other common tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen, alphafetoprotein, ferritin, and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins.
Arsinous acid as a thiol binding group: potential cysteine peptide tagging functionality that binds a single thiol

A simple aryl arsinous acid (ArAs(CH3)OH) was prepared by ortho mercuration of p-cresol followed by Pd-catalyzed reaction with methylarsenic dibromide, purification as the mercaptoethanol adduct, and deprotection using a silver salt. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed reaction with mercaptoethanol with an association constant of 6 × 104 M−1. Rapid exchange of thiols at the arsenic atom was demonstrated by 1H-NMR.
Specialized Neural Systems Underlying Representations of Sequential Movements

The ease by which movements are combined into skilled actions depends on many factors, including the complexity of movement sequences. Complexity can be defined by the surface structure of a sequence, including motoric properties such as the types of effectors, and by the abstract or sequence-specific structure, which is apparent in the relations amongst movements, such as repetitions. It is not known whether different neural systems support the cognitive and the sensorimotor processes underlying different structural properties of sequential actions. We investigated this question using whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy adults as they performed sequences of five key presses involving up to three fingers. The structure of sequences was defined by two factors that independently lengthen the time to plan sequences before movement: the number of different fingers (1–3; surface structure) and the number of finger transitions (0–4; sequence-specific structure). The results showed that systems involved in visual processing (extrastriate cortex) and the preparation of sensory aspects of movement (rostral inferior parietal and ventral premotor cortex (PMv)) correlated with both properties of sequence structure. The number of different fingers positively correlated with activation intensity in the cerebellum and superior parietal cortex (anterior), systems associated with sensorimotor, and kinematic representations of movement, respectively. The number of finger transitions correlated with activation in systems previously associated with sequence-specific processing, including the inferior parietal and the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and in interconnecting superior temporal–middle frontal gyrus networks. Different patterns of activation in the left and right inferior parietal cortex were associated with different sequences, consistent with the speculation that sequences are encoded using different mnemonics, depending on the sequence-specific structure. In contrast, PMd activation correlated positively with increases in the number of transitions, consistent with the role of this area in the retrieval or preparation of abstract action plans. These findings suggest that the surface and the sequence-specific structure of sequential movements can be distinguished by distinct distributed systems that support their underlying mental operations.
Deep Focusing of Light in Tissues by Optoelectronic Time-reversal

I will discuss our recent work on the use of digital optical phase conjugation and ultrasound tagging to accomplish time-reversal deep tissue optical focusing for fluorescence imaging and other applications.
Mountain Building in the Central Andes: An Assessment of the Contribution of Crustal Shortening

Geologic mapping in the Bolivian Andes and balanced cross-section construction permit the determination of bounds on the amount of crustal shortening that has occurred in the mountain belt. Assumptions are carefully selected in the cross-section interpretations so that a precise minimum is calculated, as well as larger, more plausible estimates. The minimum bound on crustal shortening within the Cordillera Oriental and Subandean Zone is 210 km. Relaxation of specific assumptions yields estimates of 325 and 670 km; independent estimates cluster in the range of 300 to 350 km. The estimates are used to evaluate the contribution of crustal shortening to the present crustal thickness in the central Andes, and, by inference, that of magmatic addition. The minimum estimate of crustal shortening accounts for at least two-thirds of the present cross-sectional area, whether the entire crust across the width of the mountain belt is considered, or just the sedimentary wedge within the Cordillera Oriental and Subandea...
Theoretical description of photochemical hole burning in soft glasses

Abstract The temperature dependence of the photochemical hole widths of molecules in soft glasses ( T α , α ≈ 1.3–1.5) is explained by a combination of two dephasing mechanisms. The narrow distribution of two-level systems in such glasses gives rise to one contribution, and the dephasing of localized librational modes by long-wavelength phonons provides a second contribution. We show that in the range T ⩽ 25 K, the theoretical temperature dependence agrees with the experiment.
CRANBEFCRY JUICE MARINADE IMPROVES SENSORY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF VACUUM‐PACKAGED LAMB CHOPS

Marination was investigated as a means to add value and improve the palatability of lamb chops. Vacuum-packaged whole lamb loins (n = 24) were assigned randomly to a 14 or 20-day aging period. Loins were split and right and left sides were designated to receive one of two treatments: control or marinade with spice rub. Loins were cut into chops and chops were vacuum-packaged and displayed for 0–, 7– or 14-days in a retail display case. Chops from both aging periods assigned to the 0 day retail display period were evaluated for both raw and cooked characteristics by consumers. Consumers indicated that cooked appearance. odor, juiciness, flavor, tenderness, and overall-like were higher for treated chops than for controls (P < 0.05). However, consumers preferred the appearance of raw control chops over the appearance of raw treated chops (P < 0.05). Treated lamb chops had lower aerobic plate counts at 7 and 14 days of retail display for both aging periods (P < 0.05), and lower 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) values than control chops (P < 0.05). A treatment × retail display day interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for TBARS values as treated chops had lower TBARS values than control chops as days of retail display increased. Marinating lamb chops improved palatability traits of cooked lamb chops and extended the shelf-life characteristics of raw lamb chops.
A system for the automatic segmentation and classification of chord sequences

Automatic chord recognition has been a topic of interest in the context of Music Information Retrieval (MIR) for several years, and attempts have been made at implementing such systems using well understood Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition techniques. The sequence of chords in a musical recording, in addition to providing the melody, often provides the most effective way to summarize a piece of music. Information on the chord structure of a musical work is also useful in the context of Interactive Music Systems. In nearly every previous chord recognition system, a summation of filterbank outputs, called the Pitch Class Profile (PCP), (which is a measure of the spectral energy in different frequency regions), has been used to represent the signal. Because spectral characteristics of the musical sounds vary between different sound sources,spectral energy measurements (if not properly preprocessed)will capture information inherent to a particular instrument.In this paper we give experimental results that show the benefits of proper signal processing before calculating the spectral energy via the PCP (or any related measure). Also,we discuss a method for finding the boundaries between different chord labels by suitably combining multiple measures of audio novelty. Together, the segmentation and classification methods that we have developed have enabled high recognition rates for musical chords.
Morphological and structural investigation of the early stages of epitaxial growth of α-Fe2O3 (0001) on α-Al2O3 (0001) by oxygen-plasma-assisted MBE

Abstract We have investigated the early stages of α-Fe2O3 (0001) film growth on α-Al2O3 (0001) using oxygen-plasma-enhanced molecular beam epitaxy along with reflection high-energy electron diffraction, non-contact atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffraction. A compressionally strained, fully stoichiometric α-Fe2O3 film three monolayers thick forms prior to the onset of three-dimensional island formation and lattice relaxation. The surface of this film appears to buckle along 〈1120〉, giving rise to a new set of inwardly contracted diffraction spots, which, if not resolved from the substrate spots, could be interpreted as a 12% in-plane lattice parameter expansion. Such an interpretation has led prior investigators to conclude that the interfacial layer consists of a disordered cation layer with an in-plane lattice parameter ∼6% larger than that of α-Fe2O3 [T. Fujii, D. Alders, F.C. Voogt, T. Hibma, B.T. Thole, G.A. Sawatzky, Surf. Sci. 366 (1996) 579]. Our interpretation of the diffraction data suggests that the interfacial layer is badly distorted but commensurate with the substrate.
Quartz solubilities in NaCl solutions with and without wollastonite at elevated temperatures and pressures

Abstract The effect of NaCl on the solubility of quartz with and without wollastonite in aqueous solutions was investigated at temperatures between 200 and 600°C and pressures of 0.5, 1.0, 1.75, and 2.0 kbars. At 0.5 kbar and temperatures of 300°C and greater, quartz solubility increases with increasing NaCl concentration up to 1.86 molal; that is, it salts in. The extent of salting-in increases with increasing temperature. At 500°C, quartz solubility in 0.83 m NaCl solution is about 0.2 log units higher than in pure water. At 1 kbar, quartz does not start to salt-in until the temperature is above 400°C. Below 400°C at 1 kbar, quartz tends to salt-out in NaCl solutions up to 4.0 molal and the extent of salting-out increases with decreasing temperature. Above 400°C at 1 kbar, the degree of salting-in also increases with temperature with quartz solubility in 0.83 m NaCl solution being about 0.15 log units greater than in pure H2O. Within experimental error, at 1.75 and 2 kbars and between 300 and 600°C, there is no significant saltingin or salting-out effect on quartz solubility in NaCl solutions up to 0.83 molal. Our solubility data combined with experimental measurements of previous investigators were interpreted with a Setchenow-type equation which accounts for both solvent effects and short-range interactions between charged solute species and aqueous silica. The calculation indicates that Born-type dipole-dipole interactions between NaCl solutes and the aqueous silica monomer are not strong enough to cause the quartz salting-in in NaCl solutions that is observed at supercritical conditions.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of etoposide distribution after administration directly into the fourth ventricle in a piglet model

We hypothesize that infusion of chemotherapeutic agents directly into the fourth ventricle potentially may play a role in treating malignant posterior fossa brain tumors. Accordingly, we used a piglet model developed in our laboratory to test the safety of etoposide infusions into the fourth ventricle and to study the pharmacokinetics associated with these infusions. In 5 piglets, closed-tip silicone catheters were inserted into the fourth ventricle and lumbar cistern. Five consecutive daily infusions of etoposide (0.5 mg) were administered via the fourth ventricle catheter. Serum and CSF from both catheters were sampled for measurement of etoposide level by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For CSF samples, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was calculated. Piglets underwent daily neurological examinations, a 4.7 Tesla MRI scan, and then were sacrificed for post-mortem brain examination. No neurological deficits or signs of meningitis were caused by intraventricular chemotherapy infusions. MRI scans showed catheter placement within the fourth ventricle but no signal changes in the brain stem or cerebellum. In all piglets, the mean fourth ventricular CSF peak etoposide level exceeded the mean peak lumbar etoposide levels by greater than 10-fold. Statistically significant differences between fourth ventricle and lumbar AUC were noted at peaks (ΔAUC = 3384196 ng h/ml with 95%CI: 1758625, 5009767, P = 0.0044) and at all collection time points (ΔAUC = 1422977 ng h/ml with 95%CI: 732188, 2113766, P = 0.0046) but not at troughs (ΔAUC = −29546 ng h/ml (95%CI: −147526, 88434.2, P = 0.5251). Serum etoposide was absent at two and four hours after intraventricular infusions in all animals. Pathological analysis demonstrated meningitis, choroid plexitis, and ependymitis in the fourth and occasionally lateral ventricles. Etoposide can be infused directly into the fourth ventricle without clinical or radiographic evidence of damage. Autopsy examination revealed ventriculitis and meningitis which did not have a clinical correlate. Etoposide does not distribute evenly throughout CSF spaces after administration into the fourth ventricle, and higher peak CSF levels are observed in the fourth ventricle than in the lumbar cistern.
Polymers from 12-hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietic acid and its vinyl and acrylate esters

12-Hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietic acid has been homopolymerized by melt condensation and homopolyester has been obtained. Vinyl 12-hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietate has been prepared from 12-hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietic acid by vinyl interchange procedure with vinyl acetate, and has been homopolymerized, copolymerized with vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and terpolymerized with styrene and acrylonitrile. The acrylate ester of 12-hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietic acid also has been prepared from 12-hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietic acid and acrylyl chloride. The acrylate thus obtained has been homopolymerized and copolymerized with vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate. Polymers thus obtained have been characterized.
Older Partner Selection in Young African-American Men Who Have Sex With Men

Purpose: Young African-American (AA) men who have sex with men (YAAMSM) have experienced the greatest proportional increase in new HIV cases compared with other groups. Bridging sexual partnerships between YAAMSM and older aged cohorts with higher rates of primary HIV infection has emerged as an important independent risk factor for the development of HIV. We explored reasons young AAMSM cite for being attracted to and seeking an older partner and the interpersonal needs met within older sexual partnerships. Methods: Seventeen in-depth semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted in YAAMSM residing in a midsized urban city with high HIV prevalence. Two coders independently evaluated transcribed data to identify/collapse codes that emerged. We analyzed data using categorical and contextualizing analytic methods. Results: Two themes emerged from the text for seeking an older sexual partner: the emotional maturity the older partner represented and the ability of the older partner to expose the younger partner to more life experiences. In addition, two themes emerged around attraction: support and physical attractiveness of the older partner. Few men described seeking age-discordant relationships for the sole purpose of exchange sex. Older partners during first same-sex experience helped younger partners sort through sexual position and how to perform in relationships. Conclusions: These interviews suggest that YAAMSM may be seeking older partners to fulfill desires to be in a stable, emotionally mature relationship and for exposure in the larger community. Prevention strategies aimed at targeting adolescent MSM age-discordant relationships will need to address the interpersonal needs met within older sexual partnerships.
Effect of β-phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine on electrical self-stimulation of brain

Abstract β-phenylethylamine (PEA) has been viewed as amphetamine-like in its effects on behavior. Support for this putative similarity of action has been derived primarily from observations that both of these structually related compounds increase locomotor activity in a dose-related manner and at higher doses evoke stereotypies. Since d-amphetamine (d-A) produces a dose-related increase in the rate of bar pressing for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, the effect of PEA on this behavioral paradigm was examined. Male Long-Evans rats implanted with bipolar electrodes self-administered 250 msec 60 Hz constant current sine wave trains over a 30–70 μA range of intensities in daily 20-min tests. Over a range of 1–40 mg/kg IP of PEA, a dose-related decrease in self-stimulation rate was observed; pretreatment with para-chlorophenylalanine or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine did not alter the response to 2.5 or 30 mg/kg IP of PEA. Since within the dose range of PEA used in this study a dose-related increase in locomotor activity was observed, and since d-A increases self-stimulation rate at doses that increase locomotor activity, it would seem that there are qualitative differences in the actions of d-A and PEA on behavior.
The US brewing industry, strategic windows and survival

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate how dynamic capabilities enabled survival in a select group of brewers, during one of the lengthiest and most severe industry consolidations in history. In doing so, we advance Abell’s (1978) theory of strategic windows through integration with the resource-based view of the firm. Design/methodology/approach – Using a mixed method approach, we first apply case study methods to develop hypotheses around the timing and level of operational capability required for survival. In the second phase, we test these hypothesized estimations on the USA Brewing population. Findings – Indicate that brewers which had advanced distribution and manufacturing operational capabilities before the strategic window of opportunity closed had higher survival rates. Practical implications – This study reinforces the importance of making timely strategic investments in capabilities. Originality/value – The integration of strategic window and capability theories advances our understanding of...
Spin-transfer in magnetic metallic nanopillars

Summary form only given. Presents experiments on spin-transfer induced magnetization reversal and excitations in magnetic metallic nanopillars. For these studies, sub-micron lateral dimension (/spl sim/50 nm) pillar devices have been fabricated by means of a new nano-stencil mask process ideal for systematic variation of layer composition and thickness. The author addresses three aspects of the physics of spin-transfer: (A) The phase-diagram for magnetic switching in bilayer (Co/Cu/Co) nanopillars in large magnetic fields applied perpendicular to the plane of the layers; (B) Current-induced excitations in single cobalt ferromagnetic layer (Cu/Co/Cu) nanopillars (i.e., in structures without a fixed spin-polarizing magnetic reference layer); and (C) the dependence of the switching current on free magnetic layer thicknesses in bilayer structures. In the latter case, the thickness of a cobalt layer has been systematically varied from 0.5 to 4 nm. However, the slope of the switching current, dI/sub c//dH, is found to have only a weak dependence on this thickness at low temperature (4.2 K), in contrast to the linear thickness dependence expected in the original model of spin-transfer. The author discusses interpretations of this behavior, including the possible importance of spin-pumping induced magnetic damping in these ultra-thin free magnetic layers.
Lipid droplet targeting domains of adipophilin.

Adipophilin (ADPH), a prominent protein com- ponent of lipid storage droplets (LSDs), is postulated to be necessary for the formation and cellular function of these structures. The presence of significant sequence similarities within an � 100 amino acid region of the N-terminal por- tions of ADPH and related LSD binding proteins, perilipin and TIP47, has implicated this region, known as the "PAT" domain, in LSD targeting. Here we investigate the role of the PAT domain in targeting ADPH to LSDs by expressing this region, as well as selected N- and C-terminal trunca- tions of mouse ADPH in COS 7 cells as epitope-tagged fu- sion proteins. Our studies show that truncations lacking ei- ther the PAT domain or the C-terminal half of ADPH both correctly targeted LSDs and increased the LSD content of transfected cells. Neither the PAT domain nor the C-termi- nal half of ADPH appeared to target LSDs or affect the LSD number. Instead, targeting fragments encompassed a putative � -helical region between amino acids 189 and 205, implicating this region in both LSD targeting and regu- lation of LSD formation. —McManaman, J. L., W. Zabaro- nick, J. Schaack, and D. J. Orlicky. Lipid droplet targeting domains of adipophilin. J. Lipid Res. 2003. 44: 668-673.
Architecture-level thermal behavioral characterization for multi-core microprocessors

In this paper, we investigate a new architecture-level thermal characterization problem from behavioral modeling perspective to address the emerging thermal related analysis and optimization problems for high-performance multi-core microprocessor design. We propose a new approach, called ThermPOF, to build the thermal behavioral models from the measured architecture thermal and power information. ThermPOF first builds the behavioral thermal model using generalized pencil-of-function (GPOF) method. And then to effectively model transient temperature changes, we proposed two new schemes to improve the GPOF. First we apply logarithmic-scale sampling instead of traditional linear sampling to better capture the temperature changing characteristics. Second, we modify the extracted thermal impulse response such that the extracted poles from GPOF are guaranteed to be stable without accuracy loss. To further reduce the model size, Krylov subspace based model order reduction is performed to reduce the order of the models in the state-space form. Experimental results on a practical quad-core microprocessor show that generated thermal behavioral models match the measured data very well.
Cigarette Taxation and Pregnancy: Policy-Based Estimates of the Price Elasticity of Smoking during Pregnancy

Cigarette taxation has long been a policy tool used to incentivize healthier behavior. Pregnant women are a group of particular interest in this context due to their unique position to pass health capital down to the next generation. This paper reviews the literature on the tax and price responsiveness of pregnant women to smoking during pregnancy. I first discuss the use of cigarette taxes as a natural experiment and the econometric specifications typically used in the literature. I continue to review overall trends in the tax responsiveness of smoking during pregnancy as well as results by subgroups. Next, I discuss evidence on how facing a tax during pregnancy might uniquely effect women’s decision to smoke. I conclude with a discussion of how taxes have been extended into second-stage effects on birth outcomes and future avenues of research. I generally find evidence of pregnant women responding to tax increases, although the elasticities have decreased in magnitude in more recent years. This is consistent with the story suggesting that the least addicted smokers quit in the 1990s, leaving less elastic smokers in the 2000s. Furthermore, women seem to be more responsive to taxes during pregnancy than before pregnancy. Overall, cigarette taxes can be used to evaluate health outcomes, which is a fertile area for future research.
Compliance with barrier precautions during paediatric trauma resuscitations.

Abstract Purpose Barrier precautions protect patients and providers from blood-borne pathogens. Although barrier precaution compliance has been shown to be low among adult trauma teams, it has not been evaluated during paediatric resuscitations in which perceived risk of disease transmission may be low. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with compliance with barrier precautions during paediatric trauma resuscitations. Methods Video recordings of resuscitations performed on injured children ( Results Over twelve weeks, 1138 trauma team members participated in 128 resuscitations (4.7% penetrating injuries, 9.4% highest level activations). Compliance with barrier precautions was 81.3%, with higher compliance seen among roles primarily at the bedside compared to positions not primarily at the bedside (90.7% vs. 65.1%, p p p = 0.01), during resuscitations triaged to the highest activation level (OR = 2.61 [95% CI: 1.34–5.10], p = 0.005), and among team members present before patient arrival (OR = 4.14 [95% CI: 2.29–7.39], p Conclusions Compliance with barrier precautions varies by trauma team role. Team members have higher compliance when treating children with penetrating and high acuity injuries and when arriving before the patient. Interventions integrating barrier precautions into the workflow of team members are needed to reduce this variability and improve compliance with universal precautions during paediatric trauma resuscitations.
Countermeasure development for Rift Valley fever: deletion, modification or targeting of major virulence factor NSs

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease characterized by a high rate of abortion in ruminants, and febrile illness, hemorrhagic fever, retinitis and encephalitis in humans. RVF is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV), belonging to the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae. RVFV encodes a major virulence factor, NSs, which is dispensable for viral replication, yet required for evasion of host innate immune responses. RVFV NSs inhibits host gene upregulation at the transcriptional level, while promoting viral translation in the cytoplasm. In this article, we summarize the virology and pathology of RVF, and countermeasure development for RVF, with emphasis on NSs function and applications.
Epstein-Barr Virus LMP2A Alters In Vivo and In Vitro Models of B-Cell Anergy, but Not Deletion, in Response to Autoantigen

A significant percentage of the population latently harbors Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in B cells. One EBV-encoded protein, latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), is expressed in tissue culture models of EBV latent infection, in human infections, and in many of the EBV-associated proliferative disorders. LMP2A constitutively activates proteins involved in the B-cell receptor (BCR) signal transduction cascade and inhibits the antigen-induced activation of these proteins. In the present study, we investigated whether LMP2A alters B-cell receptor signaling in primary B cells in vivo and in vitro. LMP2A does not inhibit antigen-induced tolerance in response to strong stimuli in an in vivo tolerance model in which B cells are reactive to self-antigen. In contrast, LMP2A bypasses anergy induction in response to low levels of soluble hen egg lysozyme (HEL) both in vivo and in vitro as determined by the ability of LMP2A-expressing HEL-specific B cells to proliferate and induce NF-κB nuclear translocation after exposure to low levels of antigen. Furthermore, LMP2A induces NF-κB nuclear translocation independent of BCR cross-linking. Since NF-κB is required to bypass tolerance induction, this LMP2A-dependent NF-κB activation may complete the tolerogenic signal induced by low levels of soluble HEL. Overall, the findings suggest that LMP2A may not inhibit BCR-induced signals under all conditions as previously suggested by studies with EBV immortalized B cells.
Top Marginal Effective Tax Rates by State and by Source of Income, 2012 Tax Law vs. 2013 Tax Law (as enacted in ATRA)

This paper compares state-by-state estimates of the top marginal effective tax rates (METRs) on wages, interest, dividends, capital gains, and business income for tax year 2012 to the rates enacted into law for 2013 by the American Tax Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA). Overall, the average top METR on wage income increased by approximately six percentage points (41.8 percent to 47.9 percent), while taxes on dividends and capital gains increased by an average of 9.4 percentage points. The top METRs on wages, interest, and partnership/sole proprietor income now exceed 50 percent in California, Hawaii, and New York City.
Exploring ethical conflicts in emergency trauma research: The COMBAT (Control of Major Bleeding after Trauma) study experience

Background Up to 25% of severely injured patients develop trauma-induced coagulopathy. To study interventions for this vulnerable population for whom consent cannot be obtained easily, the Food and Drug Administration issued regulations for emergency research with an exception from informed consent (ER-EIC). We describe the community consultation and public disclosure (CC/PD) process in preparation for an ER-EIC study, namely the Control Of Major Bleeding After Trauma (COMBAT) study. Methods The CC/PD was guided by the four bioethical principles. We used a multimedia approach, including one-way communications (newspaper ads, brochures, television, radio, and web) and two-way communications (interactive in-person presentations at community meetings, printed and online feedback forms) to reach the trials catchment area (Denver County's population: 643,000 and the Denver larger metro area where commuters reside: 2.9 million). Particular attention was given to special-interests groups (eg, Jehovah Witnesses, homeless) and to Spanish-speaking communities (brochures and presentations in Spanish). Opt-out materials were available during on-site presentations or via the COMBAT study website. Results A total of 227 community organizations were contacted. Brochures were distributed to 11 medical clinics and 3 homeless shelters. The multimedia campaign had the potential to reach an estimated audience of 1.5 million individuals in large metro Denver area, the majority via one-way communication and 1900 in two-way communications. This resource intensive process cost more than $84,000. Conclusion The CC/PD process is resource-intensive, costly, and complex. Although the multimedia CC/PD reached a large audience, the effectiveness of this process remains elusive. The templates can be helpful to similar ER-EIC studies.
Identification of an outer segment targeting signal in the COOH terminus of rhodopsin using transgenic Xenopus laevis

Mislocalization of the photopigment rhodopsin may be involved in the pathology of certain inherited retinal degenerative diseases. Here, we have elucidated rhodopsin's targeting signal which is responsible for its polarized distribution to the rod outer segment (ROS). Various green fluorescent protein (GFP)/rhodopsin COOH-terminal fusion proteins were expressed specifically in the major red rod photoreceptors of transgenic Xenopus laevis under the control of the Xenopus opsin promoter. The fusion proteins were targeted to membranes via lipid modifications (palmitoylation and myristoylation) as opposed to membrane spanning domains. Membrane association was found to be necessary but not sufficient for efficient ROS localization. A GFP fusion protein containing only the cytoplasmic COOH-terminal 44 amino acids of Xenopus rhodopsin localized exclusively to ROS membranes. Chimeras between rhodopsin and α adrenergic receptor COOH-terminal sequences further refined rhodopsin's ROS localization signal to its distal eight amino acids. Mutations/deletions of this region resulted in partial delocalization of the fusion proteins to rod inner segment (RIS) membranes. The targeting and transport of endogenous wild-type rhodopsin was unaffected by the presence of mislocalized GFP fusion proteins.
Strategy and strategic action in the global era: overcoming the knowing-doing gap

Efficiency and effectiveness are not sufficient in the global era. Explicability and ethics - not only doing the things right but also doing the right things - are emerging as major components of corporate success. Key aspects of competitiveness have moved from data and information to knowledge and wisdom. Strategy and strategic action have upstaged efficient performance and flawless execution. The world has changed. In the world of information, the notion of strategy has been reduced to the 'mission-vision' descriptions, declarations and statements. In the world of knowledge, the notion of strategy has reinstated the action in the center. Your strategy is what you are doing, not what you are saying and, significantly, what you are doing is your strategy, no matter what you say. Each company has a powerful strategy, whether they know it or not. Modern view of the strategy is not about a statement and its implementation, but about transforming one action portfolio into another action portfolio, one implicit strategy into another. Here we present a methodology for overcoming the knowing-doing gap in the area of strategic management.
Gender and the Guild Order: The Garment Trades in Eighteenth-Century Paris

This article concerns female labor, guild organization, and eighteenth-century political economy. The first half of the article analyzes the changing relations between the major men's and women's guilds in the Parisian clothing trades, the norms that governed those relations, and the social and economic forces that reshaped them. The second half focuses on pre-revolutionary petitions from the guilds, which illustrate dramatically the different ways in which guildsmen and women interpreted the rules of gender in the corporate order. The guildswomen's distinctive perspective reflected their history, experience, and changing currents of economic thought.
High-Throughput Lead Finding and Optimisation for GPCR Targets

Driven by past successes and the detailed knowledge of signalling cascades and physiological processes, G-protein-coupled receptors are taking a prominent place in the portfolios of many pharmaceutical companies. To successfully address this target class, scientists need not only a good understanding of the specific receptor under investigation, but also the right tools from assay technology, reagent production to a hit-to-lead process that acknowledges the importance of parameters beyond potency and embraces the gain in knowledge of the last decade. This manuscripts attempts to summarise some of the changes and progress made across the pharmaceutical industry to design an efficient and effective strategy for finding and optimising small molecules modulating the activity of GPCRs.