cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fixed point and Bregman iterative methods for matrix rank minimization

The linearly constrained matrix rank minimization problem is widely applicable in many fields such as control, signal processing and system identification. The tightest convex relaxation of this problem is the linearly constrained nuclear norm minimization. Although the latter can be cast as a semidefinite programming problem, such an approach is computationally expensive to solve when the matrices are large. In this paper, we propose fixed point and Bregman iterative algorithms for solving the nuclear norm minimization problem and prove convergence of the first of these algorithms. By using a homotopy approach together with an approximate singular value decomposition procedure, we get a very fast, robust and powerful algorithm, which we call FPCA (Fixed Point Continuation with Approximate SVD), that can solve very large matrix rank minimization problems (the code can be downloaded from http://www.columbia.edu/~sm2756/FPCA.htmfor non-commercial use). Our numerical results on randomly generated and real matrix completion problems demonstrate that this algorithm is much faster and provides much better recoverability than semidefinite programming solvers such as SDPT3. For example, our algorithm can recover 1000 × 1000 matrices of rank 50 with a relative error of 10−5 in about 3 min by sampling only 20% of the elements. We know of no other method that achieves as good recoverability. Numerical experiments on online recommendation, DNA microarray data set and image inpainting problems demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms.
Element abundances from solar flare spectra

Rapport d'abondances de Ar/Ca, K/Ca et Ca/Fe d'apres des spectres RX a haute resolution d'eruptions solaires obtenus par le satellite P78-1
Info-Greedy Sequential Adaptive Compressed Sensing

We present an information-theoretic framework for sequential adaptive compressed sensing, Info-Greedy Sensing, where measurements are chosen to maximize the extracted information conditioned on the previous measurements. We show that the widely used bisection approach is Info-Greedy for a family of $k$ -sparse signals by connecting compressed sensing and blackbox complexity of sequential query algorithms, and present Info-Greedy algorithms for Gaussian and Gaussian mixture model (GMM) signals, as well as ways to design sparse Info-Greedy measurements. Numerical examples demonstrate the good performance of the proposed algorithms using simulated and real data: Info-Greedy Sensing shows significant improvement over random projection for signals with sparse and low-rank covariance matrices, and adaptivity brings robustness when there is a mismatch between the assumed and the true distributions.
Crime and unemployment: Evidence from Europe

I investigate the impact of unemployment on crime using a country-level panel data set from Europe that contains consistently measured crime statistics. Unemployment has a positive influence on property crimes. Using earthquakes, industrial accidents and the exchange rate movements as instruments for the unemployment rate, I find that 2SLS point estimates are larger than OLS estimates.
Investigating the mechanism of thylakoid direct electron transfer for photocurrent generation

Abstract Bioanodes incorporating thylakoids from spinach were studied to determine the mechanism of direct electron transfer to carbon electrodes. These electrodes generated a photocurrent of 0.43 ± 0.02 μA/cm 2 . The change in this photocurrent was measured when individual components of thylakoids were removed, inhibited, or activated in order to determine which components contributed to the photocurrent. The results indicate that photosystems I and II, plastoquinone, cytochrome b 6 f, and plastocyanin are involved in the direct electron transfer mechanism and both electron transport pathways in photosynthesis (cyclic and noncyclic) contribute to the photocurrent. One of the benefits to using an organelle as a biocatalyst is the possibility for multiple electron transfer pathways at the electrode surface. The reported thylakoid electrodes show a contribution of electrons from the first five electron transfer steps in photosynthesis with only the last two steps not participating.
Synthesis, structure, and bonding of the Zintl phase Ba3Cd2Sb4

Reported are the synthesis of the new ternary compound Ba3Cd2Sb4 and its structure determination by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Ba3Cd2Sb4 crystallizes with the monoclinic space group C2/m (No. 12); unit cell parameters a = 17.835(2) A, b = 4.8675(5) A, c = 7.6837(7) A, and beta = 112.214(1) degrees; Z = 4. Its structure can be viewed as made of Ba2+ cations and [Cd2Sb4] double chains that are interconnected through Sb-Sb bonds to form 2D infinity2[Cd2Sb4]6- layers. The bonding arrangement in Ba3Cd2Sb4 can also be derived from other known structure types that feature similar fragments, such as TiNiSi, Ca3AlAs3, and Ca5Al2Sb6. Tight-binding linear muffin-tin-orbital band structure calculations are presented as well and show that the constituent elements have closed-shell configurations, indicative of Ba3Cd2Sb4 being a Zintl phase with poor metallic behavior. Crystal orbital Hamilton population analyses on selected atomic interactions in this structure are discussed within the context of the site preference, manifested in the mixed-cation compounds and Ba3-xAxCd2Sb4, where A = Ca, Sr, Eu, and Yb.
Integrated measures of sales, merchandising, and distribution

Abstract Managers track marketing performance with measures of sales, distribution, and merchandising. These can be calculated at different levels of aggregation with respect to geographic areas, time periods, and products. To be most useful, performance measures should have parallel and consistent meanings across the different levels. Starting from the decomposition of sales into base and incremental volume as provided by data suppliers at the underlying level of item-store-week, we define a set of performance measures that fit together into a simple model. It is shown that these definitions permit consistent aggregation into analogous measures and models at higher levels. An example drawing on Ocean Spray Cranberries data illustrates the advantages of the measures for comparing marketing performance across levels of aggregation.
Transient analysis of MOS transistors

Two methods have been developed for analyzing MOS transients. One method is analytical and uses the quasi-static approximation. It is useful when the stray capacitance dominates MOS transient performance. The second method is numerical and uses a new boundary value method which can be applied over a wide range of operating speeds. This method includes secondary effects and nonuniform doping, The validity and limits for both methods are verified by comparison with measurements. Transit-time delay and charge-pumping effects are also analyzed using the numerical method. Examples of short-channel behavior of MOS devices are included.
Geeks and Greeks

Rejects arguments that ICANN is engaged in mere technical management or technical co‐ordination, rather than political governance. Examines ICANN’s structure through the lens of Aristotle’s philosophy, stating Aristotle was not democratic in a modern sense. Proclaims Aristotle saw representative structures as an important check on elite and economic power, also as a source of valuable competing perspective.
Implications of nanoabsorber initiators for damage probability curves, pulselength scaling, and laser conditioning

Laser damage of large optics initiates at material imperfections. Absorbers of very small, nanoscale size are possible initiators. We will analyze experimental implications of assuming that the damage is initiated by a size distribution of nanoabsorbers. We will demonstrate that the model predicts damage fluence pulselength scaling consistent with experiment. The size distribution of nanoabsorbers is related to the resulting damage site density and to the shape of the damage probability curve (S-curve). Conditioning of KDP crystals can be explained within the same model. The relative efficiency of various conditioning strategies is discussed.
China's fare share? The growth of Chinese exports in world trade

The growth of Chinese exports in market share over the past two decades is a singular event in the history of world trade. Using data from 1995–2010, we document this growth in a variety of ways. We show that the expanded trade is pervasive. Virtually every country in the world has seen China claim a larger share of its import market. Then, we use Constant Market Share analysis to determine which country or countries have lost market share as China’s trade has grown. Contrary to much discussion in the popular press, we find strong evidence that other developing countries have not seen export shares fall as a result of China’s gains. Rather, our results suggest that China’s share growth has come largely at the expense of exporters based in developed countries, especially Japan and the United States.
Electrification by Impact

Electrification by Impact; Measurement of the Charge Produced by Collision between a Metal and a Dielectric.---After briefly discussing the unsuccessful attempts which have been made to formulate a satisfactory theory to explain electrification by friction, the author suggests that impact of dielectric upon metal, without sliding friction, may cause an electrical effect whose laws will shed light upon the frictional phenomenon. An apparatus is described for measuring the electric charge produced when a disc or sphere of dielectric material collides with a metal disc. The charges obtained in this manner ranged from 0.16 to 9.83 e.s.u., and produced potentials of 2.41 to 183.8 volts upon the metallic systems employed. These charges are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained by friction. The experiment was performed with various metals and dielectrics, and in every instance the metal received a positive charge. In no case was there any evidence of the erratic variation which others have found to be characteristic of electrification by friction. Curves are given which show the variation of charge with velocity of impact and with the mass of the impinging system. The charge produced by a single collision increases with each of these factors, but the velocity of impact was found to exert a greater influence than the mass of the moving body, in determining the amount of the charge. In certain cases velocities were attained at which the electrification due to a single impact reached a maximum value.Relation of Charge to Capacity.---The quantity of charge produced by a given collision was shown to be independent of the capacity of the metallic system.Effect of Repeated Impacts.---When many impacts were performed in rapid succession, the amount of charge increased to a maximum. This maximum was shown to be conditioned rather by the quantity of charge present upon the dielectric than by the potential of the metal anvil.Discussion of Results.---The author concludes that there is no direct dependence of the electrical energy upon the mechanical energy lost in impact, and that electrification by impact is similar in nature to the contact effect between metals. The results are considered to support Helmholtz's theory regarding the nature of electrification by friction.
D-brane gauge theories from toric singularities and toric duality

Via partial resolution of Abelian orbifolds we present an algorithm for extracting a consistent set of gauge theory data for an arbitrary toric variety whose singularity a D-brane probes. As illustrative examples, we tabulate the matter content and superpotential for a D-brane living on the toric del Pezzo surfaces as well as the zeroth Hirzebruch surface. Moreover, we discuss the non-uniqueness of the general problem and present examples of vastly different theories whose moduli spaces are described by the same toric data. Our methods provide new tools for calculating gauge theories which flow to the same universality class in the IR. We shall call it “Toric Duality”.
Modeling lossy propagation of non-classical light

The lossy propagation law (generalization of Lambert-Beer's law for classical radiation loss) for non-classical, dual-mode entangled states is derived from first principles, using an infinite-series of beam splitters to model continuous photon loss. This model is general enough to accommodate stray-photon noise along the propagation, as well as amplitude attenuation. An explicit analytical expression for the density matrix as a function of propagation distance is obtained for completely general input states with bounded photon number in each mode. The result is analyzed numerically for various examples of input states. For N00N state input, the loss of coherence and entanglement is super exponential, as predicted by a number of previous studies. However, for generic input states, where the coefficients are generated randomly, the decay of coherence is very different; in fact no worse than the classical Beer-Lambert law. More surprisingly, there is a plateau at a mid-range interval in propagation distance where the loss is in fact sub-classical, following which it resumes the classical rate. The qualitative behavior of the decay of entanglement for two-mode propagation is also analyzed numerically for ensembles of random states using the behavior of negativity as a function of propagation distance.
Reaction of in situ generated α,β-unsaturated imines with ch-nucleophiles: a novel and efficient synthesis of pyridines.*

Abstract A novel and highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of 2,4,6- trisubstituted and 2,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted pyridines has been developed. It is based on the one-pot reaction of in situ generated α,β-unsaturated imines with CH-nucleophiles.
Synthesis of 2-Alkyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone-ribonucleosides, Potential Oral Iron Chelators

Abstract Several ribonucleosides, named 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl or pyranosyl)-4-pyridinones, were synthesized in good yield. The method provides a useful means to obtain α-ketohydroxypyridin derivatives with different sugar moieties that, if used as drugs, might enhance their absorption from the intestine and certain other desirable pharmacological properties.
Kinetic isotopic fractionation during diffusion of ionic species in water

Abstract Experiments specifically designed to measure the ratio of the diffusivities of ions dissolved in water were used to determine D Li / D K , D 7 Li / D 6 Li , D 25 Mg / D 24 Mg , D 26 Mg / D 25 Mg , and D 37 Cl / D 35 Cl . The measured ratio of the diffusion coefficients for Li and K in water (DLi/DK = 0.6) is in good agreement with published data, providing evidence that the experimental design being used resolves the relative mobility of ions with adequate precision to also be used for determining the fractionation of isotopes by diffusion in water. In the case of Li, we found measurable isotopic fractionation associated with the diffusion of dissolved LiCl ( D 7 Li / D 6 Li = 0.99772 ± 0.00026 ) . This difference in the diffusion coefficient of 7Li compared to 6Li is significantly less than that reported in an earlier study, a difference we attribute to the fact that in the earlier study Li diffused through a membrane separating the water reservoirs. Our experiments involving Mg diffusing in water found no measurable isotopic fractionation ( D 25 Mg / D 24 Mg = 1.00003 ± 0.00006 ) . Cl isotopes were fractionated during diffusion in water ( D 37 Cl / D 35 Cl = 0.99857 ± 0.00080 ) whether or not the co-diffuser (Li or Mg) was isotopically fractionated. The isotopic fractionation associated with the diffusion of ions in water is much smaller than values we found previously for the isotopic fractionation of Li and Ca isotopes by diffusion in molten silicate liquids. A major distinction between water and silicate liquids is that water surrounds dissolved ions with hydration shells, which very likely play an important but still poorly understood role in limiting the isotopic fractionation associated with diffusion.
SAR Analysis of Innovative Selective Small Molecule Antagonists of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 4 (S1P4) Receptor

Abstract Recent evidence suggests an innovative application of chemical modulators targeting the S1P4 receptor as novel mechanism-based drugs for the treatment of influenza virus infection. Modulation of the S1P4 receptor may also represent an alternative therapeutic approach for clinical conditions where reactive thrombocytosis is an undesired effect or increased megakaryopoiesis is required. With the exception of our recent research program disclosure, we are not aware of any selective S1P4 antagonists reported in the literature to date. Herein, we describe complementary structure–activity relationships (SAR) of the high-throughput screening (HTS)-derived hit 5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)furan-2-carboxamide and its 2,5-dimethylphenyl analog. Systematic structural modifications of the furan ring showed that both steric and electronic factors in this region have a significant impact on the potency. The furan moiety was successfully replaced with a thiophene or phenyl ring maintaining potency in the low nanomolar range and high selectivity against the other S1P receptor subtypes. By expanding the molecular diversity within the hit-derived class, our SAR study provides innovative small molecule potent and selective S1P4 antagonists suitable for in vivo pharmacological validation of the target receptor.
Relativistic Hydrodynamic Flows Using Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Structured Mesh Refinement

Astrophysical relativistic flow problems require high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations. In this paper, we describe a new parallel 3D code for simulations of special relativistic hydrodynamics (SRHD) using both spatially and temporally structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). We used the method of lines to discretize the SRHD equations spatially and a total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta scheme for time integration. For spatial reconstruction, we have implemented piecewise linear method (PLM), piecewise parabolic method (PPM), third-order convex essentially nonoscillatory (CENO) and third- and fifth-order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) schemes. Flux is computed using either direct flux reconstruction or approximate Riemann solvers including HLL, modified Marquina flux, local Lax-Friedrichs flux formulas, and HLLC. The AMR part of the code is built on top of the cosmological Eulerian AMR code enzo. We discuss the coupling of the AMR framework with the relativistic solvers. Via various test problems, we emphasize the importance of resolution studies in relativistic flow simulations because extremely high resolution is required especially when shear flows are present in the problem. We also present the results of two 3D simulations of astrophysical jets: AGN jets and GRB jets. Resolution study of those two cases further highlights the need of high resolutions to calculate accurately relativistic flow problems.
Casing Design in Directionally Drilled Wells

THUMS Beach Co. developed a procedure to facilitate casing design in highly deviated holes. The method, using a combination of graph and calculations, can be readily adapted to computer use for <5 min average design time-eliminating time-consuming trial-and-error calculations. The procedure includes all the necessary aspects of deviated well casing design (bending load, tension, collapse, and burst) and adequate safety factors to allow for common departures from planned profiles. The only approximation concerns the collapse resistance correction due to a load. It was assumed that only 1 correction would be necessary in all but cases in which the load is extremely large. This approximation is accurate to about 1%, well within the safety factor (12.5% in tension).
Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Phase Transisions in A1C60 Compounds (A = K,Rb,Cs)

Abstract Optical measurements on doped C60 films provide evidence for a transition from a high temperature conducting phase to a low temperatcure insulating phase in quenched Rb1 C60 and K1C60 compounds, while CS1C60 did not exhibit this behavior. For slow cooled samples our study confirms earlier results indicating phase separation of K1C60 to K3C60 and C60, and the formation of a new Rb1C60 phase at low temperatures. Upon slow cooling CS1 C60 behaves similar to Rb1 C60.
Time-dependent dielectric breakdown measurements on RPECVD and thermal oxides

Abstract Time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) measurements have been made on 96, 121 and 147 A oxides deposited by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) upon 300°C Si( 100) device grade substrates. The oxides were used to form an array of 10 μm × 10 μm square capacitors. The oxides were then subjected to electron injection from the substrate at 0.1 A cm −2 constant stress current. Analysis of the forcing voltage during stress showed the RPECVD oxide to have an initial electron trap density of 1.7±0.2 × 10 18 cm −3 . The stress voltage rose linearly with time, giving net electron trap filling rates of 3.1±0.2 × 10 16 cm −3 s −1 . The TDDB data were analyzed to find breakdown occurring on average in localized areas of (69±9 A) 2 containing 19±4 filled electron traps. A similarly fabricated 92 A thermal oxide showed an initial electron trap density of 5.6±2 × 10 17 cm −3 and a net electron trap filling rate of 2.0±0.2 × 10 16 cm −3 s −1 . For the 92 A thermal and 96 A RPECVD oxides, both ≈ 100 A thick, an average localized breakdown area of (68±11 A) 2 , containing 18±3 filled electron traps was calculated. The breakdown area and electron trap numbers did not vary in a statistically significantly manner with deposition technique or oxide thickness. Analysis of the electric field showed that at breakdown for the thermal oxide 1/ E = 0.0702±0.0008 cm MV −1 , while the RPECVD oxide had 1/ E =0.11±0.01 cm MV −1 .
Synthesis of (+/-)-Oleocanthal via a Tandem Intramolecular Michael Cyclization-HWE Olefination.

Abstract A synthesis of racemic oleocanthal has been accomplished in 11 steps from 1,3 propanediol by a key tandem intramolecular Michael cyclization–Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination.
Consumer Search and Retailer Strategies in the Presence of Online Music Sharing

Advances in online technologies and bandwidth availability have opened new vistas for online distribution of digital goods, but potential benefits for consumers are juxtaposed against challenges for retailers. Here, we investigate one type of digital experience good-music-whose market environment includes the very real presence of online piracy. Although arguments abound for and against online distribution of such digital goods, little research exists in this area. We develop a model of consumer search for such an experience good, and study different emerging market environments for retailers, where consumers can pirate music online. Retailer cost to publishers is modeled using a variety of licensing schemas. Survey results, together with data from online sharing networks, are utilized to validate a key assumption. Finally, computational analysis is used to develop insights that cannot be obtained analytically. Our results indicate that decreasing piracy is not necessarily equivalent to increasing profit, and online selling strategies can provide additional profits for a traditional retailer even in the presence of piracy. We show that leading strategies for business in such goods should include pricing options, provision of efficient search tools, and new licensing structures.
Synthesis of Azepines by a Gold-Catalyzed Intermolecular [4 + 3]-Annulation

A convenient gold(III)-catalyzed synthesis of azepines from the intermolecular annulation of propargyl esters and α,β-unsaturated imines is reported (19 examples, 55−95% yield). This formal [4 + 3]-cycloaddition reaction is proposed to proceed via a stepwise process involving intramolecular trapping of an allyl−gold intermediate.
In Search of High Stereocontrol for the Construction of cis-Disubstituted Cyclopropane Compounds. Total Synthesis of a Cyclopropane-Configured Urea-PETT Analogue That Is a HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

A new azetidine-ligated dirhodium(II) catalyst that possesses a l-menthyl ester attachment provides significant diastereocontrol and high enantiocontrol for the formation of cis-cyclopropane products from reactions of substituted styrenes with diazo esters.
Search for non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase using chemical similarity, molecular docking, and MM-GB/SA scoring.

A virtual screening protocol has been applied to seek non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs) and its K103N mutant. First, a chemical similarity search on the Maybridge library was performed using known NNRTIs as reference structures. The top-ranked molecules obtained from this procedure plus 26 known NNRTIs were then docked into the binding sites of the wild-type reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) and its K103N variant (K103N-RT) using Glide 3.5. The top-ranked 100 compounds from the docking for both proteins were post-scored with a procedure using molecular mechanics and continuum solvation (MM-GB/SA). The validity of the virtual screening protocol was supported by (i) testing of the MM-GB/SA procedure, (ii) agreement between predicted and crystallographic binding poses, (iii) recovery of known potent NNRTIs at the top of both rankings, and (iv) identification of top-scoring library compounds that are close in structure to recently reported NNRTI HTS hits. However, purchase and ass...
Experimental evidence on returns to capital and access to finance in Mexico

A strong theoretical argument for focusing on access to finance is that financial market imperfections can result in large inefficiencies, as firms with productive investment opportunities underinvest. Lack of access to finance is a frequent complaint of microenterprises, which account for a large share of employment in developing countries. However, assessing the extent to which a lack of capital affects their business profits is complicated by the fact that business investment is likely to be correlated with a host of unmeasured characteristics of the owner and firm, such as entrepreneurial ability and demand shocks. In a randomized experiment that gave cash and in-kind grants to small retail firms, providing an exogenous shock to capital, the shock generated large increases in profits, with the effects concentrated among firms that were more financially constrained. The estimated return to capital was at least 20-33 percent a month-three to five times higher than market interest rates.
Reuse library interoperability and the World Wide Web

The Reuse Library Interoperability Group (RIG) was formed in 1991 for the purpose of drafting standards enabling the interoperation of software reuse libraries. At that time, prevailing wisdom among many reuse library operators was that each should be a stand-alone operation. Many operators saw a need for only a single library, their own, and most strived to provide the most general possible services to appeal to a broad community of users. The ASSET program, initiated by the Advanced Research Project Agency STARS program, was the first to make the claim that it should properly be one part of a network of interoperating libraries. Shortly thereafter, the RIG was formed, initially as a collaboration between the STARS program and the Air Force RAASP program, but growing within six months to a self-sustaining cooperation among twelve chartering organizations. The RIG has grown to include over twenty members from government, industry, and academic reuse libraries. It has produced a number of technical reports and proposed interoperability standards, some of which are described in this report.
Images of a Breakthrough Woman Candidate: Dianne Feinstein's 1990, 1992, 1994 Campaign Television Advertisements

This study explores the thesis that a shift in the dominant media of communication from print to electronic sources may aid outsider candidates' bids for high offices in U.S. politics. The shift in the kind of symbol—from printed word to icon—that holds the most currency in the contemporary media environment upsets conventional assumptions about social reality, leaving space for political outsiders to redefine public conceptions of authority and who should hold it. The 1990 gubernatorial and 1992 and 1994 U.S. Senate campaign ads run by “breakthrough” woman candidate Dianne Feinstein may provide evidence of this epistemological shift in political image-making. Semiotic analysis of 45 Feinstein television advertisements across the three campaigns reveals that she relied on non-traditional coding to construct a campaign persona that defied some traditional, masculinized entailments of candidate image while she redefined other image dimensions, such as competency, toughness, and leadership.
Vortex sheet approximation of boundary layers

Abstract A grid free method for approximating incompressible boundary layers is introduced. The computational elements are segments of vortex sheets. The method is related to the earlier vortex method; simplicity is achieved at the cost of replacing the Navier-Stokes equations by the Prandtl boundary layer equations. A new method for generating vorticity at boundaries is also presented; it can be used with the earlier vortex method. The applications presented include (i) flat plate problems, and (ii) a flow problem in a model cylinder-piston assembly, where the new method is used near walls and an improved version of the random choice method is used in the interior. One of the attractive features of the new method is the ease with which it can be incorporated into hybrid algorithms.
Optical communication subsystems using microphotonic integrated circuits based on nanoengineered materials

We describe state-of-the-art optical communication subsystems that leverage advances in optical components based on microphotonic integrated circuits. The optical ICs are based on nanoengineered polymeric materials with optimal optical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Photonic components based on these polymeric chips have met all performance and reliability requirements in the telecommunication industry, and passed Telcordia GR-1209 and GR-1221 qualification. Subsystems based on these components, such as variable multiplexers (VMUX) and reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADM), have met the requirements of Telcordia GR-1312 and GR-63, and are deployed in optical networks.
IceCube: A Cubic Kilometer Radiation Detector

IceCube is a 1 km3 neutrino detector now being built at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. It consists of 4800 Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) which detect Cherenkov radiation from the charged particles produced in neutrino interactions. IceCube will observe astrophysical neutrinos with energies above about 100 GeV. IceCube will be able to separate numu , nue and nutau interactions because of their different topologies. IceCube construction is currently 50% complete.
Financial accounting: its present state and prospects

Cet article passe en revue les statistiques nationales disponibles A l'heure actuelle sur les emprunts et les prAats A l'intA©rieur des collectivitA©s et sur les bilans nationaux. Les 17 pays sur lesquels il porte comprennent pratiquement tous ceux pour lesquels on dispose actuellement de ces donnA©es, et deux autres pour lesquels elles existaient dans le passA©. L'auteur avance quelques suggestions pour le dA©veloppement futur des statistiques financiA¨res, en insistant, sur l'importance des renseignements fournis par le bilan dans l'analyse des facteurs qui influencent les dA©cisions des membres d'une collectivitA©. L'article expose A©galement les grandes lignes d'une thA©orie des rapports entre les modifications de la structure des bilans nationaux et les dA©cisions d'investissement et d'A©pargne, avec leurs consA©quences sur la production, les prix, etc. /// Este artA­culo reseA±a las estadA­sticas nacionales de que actualmente se dispone referentes a la obtenciA³n y concesiA³n de prA©stamos en comunidades, asA­ como a balances nacionales. Comprende 17 paA­ses, entre los cuales se cuentan, junto con dos paA­ses sobre los que se informara anteriormente, prAicticamente todos aquellos de cuyos datos se dispone en la actualidad. Se sugieren algunas ideas para el desarrollo futuro de las estadA­sticas financieras, subrayando la trascendencia que tienen los datos del balance cuando se analizan las fuerzas que influyen en las decisiones de los miembros de la comunidad. El artA­culo propone una teorA­a--cuyos lineamientos generales avanza --sobre la relaciA³n entre los cambios de estructura de los balances nacionales y las decisiones conducentes a la inversiA³n y el ahorro, con los consiguientes efectos sobre la producciA³n, los precios, etc.
Multiple passages of light through an absorption inhomogeneity in optical imaging of turbid media

Multiple passages of light through an absorption inhomogeneity of finite size deep within a turbid medium are analyzed for optical imaging by use of the self-energy diagram. The nonlinear correction becomes more important for an inhomogeneity of a larger size and with greater contrast in absorption with respect to the host background. The nonlinear correction factor agrees well with that from Monte Carlo simulations for cw light. The correction is approximately 50%–75% in the near infrared for an absorption inhomogeneity with the typical optical properties found in tissues and five times the size of the transport mean free path.
Why Legal Theory is Political Philosophy

The concept of law is not a theorist's invention but one that people use every day. Thus one measure of the adequacy of a theory of law is its degree of fidelity to the concept as it is understood by those who use it. That means “saving the truisms” as far as possible. There are important truisms about the law that have an evaluative cast. The theorist has either to say what would make those evaluative truisms true or to defend her choice to dismiss them as false of law or not of the essence of law. Thus the legal theorist must give an account of the truth grounds of the more central evaluative truisms about law. This account is a theory of legitimacy. It will contain framing judgments that state logical relations between descriptive judgments and directly evaluative judgments. Framing judgments are not directly evaluative, nor do they entail directly evaluative judgments, but they are nonetheless moral judgments. Therefore, an adequate theory of law must make (some) moral judgments. This means that an adequate theory of law has to take a stand on certain (but not all) contested issues in political philosophy. Legal theory is thus a branch of political philosophy. Moreover, one cannot be a moral-aim functionalist about legal institutions without compromising one's positivism about legal norms.
Mind the map! The impact of transit maps on path choice in public transit

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of schematic transit maps on passengers’ travel decisions. It does two things: First, it proposes an analysis framework that defines four types of information delivered from a transit map: distortion, restoration, codification, and cognition. It then considers the potential impact of this information on three types of travel decisions: location, mode, and path choices. 1 Second, it conducts an empirical analysis to explore the impact of the famous London tube map on passengers’ path choice in the London Underground (LUL). Using data collected by LUL from 1998 to 2005, the paper develops a path choice model and compares the influence between the distorted tube map (map distance) and reality (travel time) on passengers’ path choice behavior. Results show that the elasticity of the map distance is twice that of the travel time, which suggests that passengers often trust the tube map more than their own travel experience on deciding the “best” travel path. This is true even for the most experienced passengers using the system. The codification of transfer connections on the tube map, either as a simple dot or as an extended link, could affect passengers’ transfer decisions. The implications to transit operation and planning, such as trip assignments, overcrowding mitigation, and the deployment of Advanced Transit Information System (ATIS), are also discussed.
Cyclobutene formation accompanying an intramolecular Lewis acid-promoted spirocyclization of a propargylic silane

Abstract An intramolecular Lewis acid-promoted conjugate addition of a propargylic silane to a functionalized cyclohex-2-en-1-one resulted in part in the remarkable formation of a highly fused cyclobutene. The reaction was found to be dependent on the stoichiometry and selection of Lewis acid.
MEASURING THE REMNANT MASS FUNCTION OF THE GALACTIC BULGE

I show that by observing microlensing events both astrometrically and photometrically, the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) can measure the mass function of stellar remnants in the Galactic bulge, including white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Neutron stars and black holes can be identified individually, while white dwarfs are detected statistically from the sharp peak in their mass function near M ~ 0.6 M☉. This peak is expected to be more than twice as high as the "background" of main-sequence microlenses. I estimate that of order 20% of the ~ 400 bulge microlensing events detected to date are due to remnants, but show that these are completely unrecognizable from their timescale distribution (the only observable that "normal" microlensing observations produce). To resolve the white dwarf peak, the SIM mass measurements must be accurate to ~ 5%, substantially better than is required to measure the mass function of the more smoothly distributed main sequence. Nevertheless, SIM could measure the masses of about 20 bulge remnants in 500 hours of observing time.
Groundwater use under incomplete information

Abstract This paper introduces a game theoretic model of groundwater extraction in a two-cell aquifer under incomplete information. A novel assumption is that individual users have incomplete knowledge of the speed of lateral flows in the aquifer: although a user is aware that his neighbor's water use has some influence on his future water stock, he is uncertain about the degree of this impact. We find that the lack of information may either increase or decrease the rate of water use and welfare. In a two-period framework, the relevant characteristic is the ratio of the periodic marginal benefits of water use. Depending on whether this ratio is convex or concave, the average speed with which the aquifer is depleted decreases or increases when users learn more about the local hydrologic properties of groundwater. In principle, welfare may decrease even in cases when the groundwater allocation is closer to the efficient groundwater allocation.
TRANSIENT MODELING/ANALYSIS OF HYPERBOLIC HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEMS EMPLOYING MIXED IMPLICIT-EXPLICIT α METHOD

This paper describes the evaluation of mixed implicit-explicit finite element formulations for hyperbolic heat conduction problems involving non-Fourier effects. In particular, mixed implicit-explicit formulations employing the alpha method proposed by Hughes et al. (1987, 1990) are described for the numerical simulation of hyperbolic heat conduction models, which involves time-dependent relaxation effects. Existing analytical approaches for modeling/analysis of such models involve complex mathematical formulations for obtaining closed-form solutions, while in certain numerical formulations the difficulties include severe oscillatory solution behavior (which often disguises the true response) in the vicinity of the thermal disturbances, which propagate with finite velocities. In view of these factors, the alpha method is evaluated to assess the control of the amount of numerical dissipation for predicting the transient propagating thermal disturbances. Numerical test models are presented, and pertinent conclusions are drawn for the mixed-time integration simulation of hyperbolic heat conduction models involving non-Fourier effects.
Aggression and the endangered self

Discussions of aggression in the psychoanalytic literature are dominated, both explicitly and implicitly, by loyalty to, or rejection of, Freud's theory of the aggressive drive, which has caused an unfortunate polarization. An approach to aggression is presented that preserves essential features of both drive theory and nondrive theory traditions. It is suggested that this way of thinking about aggression is actually prevalent in both contemporary Freudian and non-Freudian thought without being recognized as such.
Role of molybdenum at the iron oxide surface

Abstract The structure of Mo at the surface of Fe 2 O 3 /SO 4 and ferrihydrite catalysts was investigated using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Molybdenum is found to be surrounded by 3-4 oxygens at 1.73-1.75 A with no extended coordination shells beyond the nearest oxygen shell. X-ray diffraction results for the Mo/ferrihydrite catalysts after high temperature annealing demonstrate that the incorporation of Mo at the ferrihydrite surface effectively prohibits crystal growth and allows the catalyst to maintain its dispersion to higher temperatures.
Proline derived phosphine–oxazoline ligands in the asymmetric Heck reaction

Abstract A phosphine–oxazoline ligand system based on hydroxyproline is used as an asymmetric ligand for palladium. Complexes of this type are reported as catalysts for the asymmetric Heck reaction.
California energy efficiency: Lessons for the rest of the world, or not?

Abstract Since the 1970s California's residential electricity consumption per capita has stopped increasing while other states’ electricity use continued to grow steadily. What accounts for California's apparent savings? Some credit the strict energy efficiency standards for buildings and appliances enacted by California in the mid-1970s. They argue that the growing gap between California and other states demonstrates that other states and countries could replicate California's gains by adopting California-style regulations, and that California should build on its own success by tightening its standards further. Skeptics might point to three long-run trends that differentiate California's electricity demand from other states: (1) shifting of the U.S. population toward warmer climates of the South and West; (2) relatively small income elasticity of energy demand in California's temperate climate; and (3) evolving differences between the demographics of households in California and other states. Today, differences in climate and demographics account for almost 90 percent of the difference between California's and other states’ residential electricity use. That difference thus provides no lessons for other states or countries considering adopting or tightening their own energy efficiency standards.
The weak scale from BBN

The measured values of the weak scale, v, and the first generation masses, m u,d,e , are simultaneously explained in the multiverse, with all these parameters scanning independently. At the same time, several remarkable coincidences are understood. Small variations in these parameters away from their measured values lead to the instability of hydrogen, the instability of heavy nuclei, and either a hydrogen or a helium dominated universe from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. In the 4d parameter space of (m u , m d , m e , v), catastrophic boundaries are reached by separately increasing each parameter above its measured value by a factor of (1.4, 1.3, 2.5, ∼ 5), respectively. The fine-tuning problem of the weak scale in the Standard Model is solved: as v is increased beyond the observed value, it is impossible to maintain a significant cosmological hydrogen abundance for any values of m u,d,e that yield both hydrogen and heavy nuclei stability. For very large values of v a new regime is entered where weak interactions freeze out before the QCD phase transition. The helium abundance becomes independent of v and is determined by the cosmic baryon and lepton asymmetries. To maintain our explanation of v from the anthropic cost of helium dominance then requires universes with such large v to be rare in the multiverse. Implications of this are explored, including the possibility that new physics below 10 TeV cuts off the fine-tuning in v.
On the orbits and masses of the satellites of the Pluto–Charon system

Abstract Two small satellites of Pluto, S/2005 P1 (hereafter P1) and S/2005 P2 (hereafter P2), have recently been discovered outside the orbit of Charon, and their orbits are nearly circular and nearly coplanar with that of Charon. Because the mass ratio of Charon–Pluto is ∼0.1, the orbits of P2 and P1 are significantly non-Keplerian even if P2 and P1 have negligible masses. We present an analytic theory, with P2 and P1 treated as test particles, which shows that the motion can be represented by the superposition of the circular motion of a guiding center, the forced oscillations due to the non-axisymmetric components of the potential rotating at the mean motion of Pluto–Charon, the epicyclic motion, and the vertical motion. The analytic theory shows that the azimuthal periods of P2 and P1 are shorter than the Keplerian orbital periods, and this deviation from Kepler's third law is already detected in the unperturbed Keplerian fit of Buie and coworkers. In this analytic theory, the periapse and ascending node of each of the small satellites precess at nearly equal rates in opposite directions. From direct numerical orbit integrations, we show the increasing influence of the proximity of P2 and P1 to the 3:2 mean-motion commensurability on their orbital motion as their masses increase within the ranges allowed by the albedo uncertainties. If the geometric albedos of P2 and P1 are high and of order of that of Charon, the masses of P2 and P1 are sufficiently low that their orbits are well described by the analytic theory. The variation in the orbital radius of P2 due to the forced oscillations is comparable in magnitude to that due to the best-fit Keplerian eccentricity, and there is at present no evidence that P2 has any significant epicyclic eccentricity. However, the orbit of P1 has a significant epicyclic eccentricity, and the prograde precession of its longitude of periapse with a period of 5300 days should be easily detectable. If the albedos of P2 and P1 are as low as that of comets, the large inferred masses induce significant short-term variations in the epicyclic eccentricities and/or periapse longitudes on the 400–500-day timescales due to the proximity to the 3:2 commensurability. In fact, for the maximum inferred masses, P2 and P1 may be in the 3:2 mean-motion resonance, with the resonance variable involving the periapse longitude of P1 librating. Observations that sample the orbits of P2 and P1 well on the 400–500-day timescales should provide strong constraints on the masses of P2 and P1 in the near future.
Classification of graded Hecke algebras for complex reflection groups

The graded Hecke algebra for a flnite Weyl group is intimately related to the geome- try of the Springer correspondence. A construction of Drinfeld produces an analogue of a graded Hecke algebra for any flnite subgroup of GL(V ). This paper classifles all the algebras obtained by applying Drinfeld's construction to complex re∞ection groups. By giving explicit (though non- trivial) isomorphisms, we show that the graded Hecke algebras for flnite real re∞ection groups constructed by Lusztig are all isomorphic to algebras obtained by Drinfeld's construction. The classiflcation shows that there exist algebras obtained from Drinfeld's construction which are not graded Hecke algebras as deflned by Lusztig for real as well as complex re∞ection groups.
Controlling stereochemistry in crotyl additions to aldehydes with crotylmolybdenum complexes

Abstract Air stable (Cyclopentadienyl)Mo(NO) (Cl) (π-crotyl) complexes add to aldehydes in the presence of methanol to yield homoallylic alcohols with high regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. Reaction of (−)-(S)-(Neomenthylcyclopentadienyl)Mo(NO)(Cl)(π-crotyl) with benzaldehyde yields (+)-(R,R)-2-methyl-l-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol in > 98% ee.