cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Party Goals and Government Performance in Parliamentary Democracies

From assumptions of parties as rational actors, this study develops four measures of government performance: duration, mode of resignation, subsequent alternation, and electoral success. These measures are used in a test of competing hypotheses concerning minority government performance in parliamentary democracies. Minority governments are conventionally portrayed as poor performers, but tests of this proposition have been seriously limited. An alternative hypothesis depicts minority governments as rational cabinet solutions without significant performance liabilities. These hypotheses are tested against an extensive cross-national data set including 323 postwar governments in 15 parliamentary democracies. The conventional wisdom about minority governments is not supported by the evidence. In some respects, minority governments are clearly superior to majority coalitions. Moreover, minority government formation may enhance systemic responsiveness and accountability. The findings support the explanation of minority governments as rational cabinet solutions.
The strange discourse of The X‐Files: What it is, what it does, and what is at stake

Arguing that the popularity and critical acclaim of The X‐Files merits a thorough rhetorical investigation, the author begins by exploring the show's antecedent genre. The frequent contention that The X‐Files is a science fiction program is refuted, and the show is instead linked to the genre of ontological detective stories. Armed with this background, the author describes the way in which the show simultaneously deconstructs and reconstructs authority. In three major areas—science, government, and gender‐The X‐Files makes use of familiar characters and narratives to create a new story which calls into question traditional boundaries and definitions. The author concludes that the vision created by the show is subversive and potentially liberating, allowing modern society the opportunity to confront its concerns about various kinds of authority and integrate them into its waking consciousness.
Feeling of knowing in memory and problem solving.

This study investigates feelings of knowing for problem solving and memory. In Experiment 1 subjects judged their feelings of knowing to trivia questions they had been unable to answer, then performed a multiple-choice recognition test In a second task, subjects gave feeling-of-knowing judgments for "insight" problems to which they did not immediately know the answers. Later, they were given 5 mia to solve each problem. In contrast to the positive correlation found in the memory task, the feeling-of-knowing rank ordering of insight problems did not relate to problem solution. Experiment 2 provided a replication of Experiment 1 with a generation memory technique rather than a multiplechoice recognition test. Both experiments showed that although people could predict memory performance reasonably well, predictive metacognitions were nonexistent for the problems. The data are interpreted as implying that insight problems do involve a sudden illumination, and that illumination cannot be predicted in advance.
Chromosome breakage in children treated with LSD-25 and UML-491

Abstract The percentage of chromosome breakage was studied using 57 child psychiatric patients and eight non-hospitalized, non-drug treated volunteer controls. Out of this, there were 15 subjects who received LSD-25, nine who received UML-491 and eigh who received both the drugs. The per cent breakage in seven adults was 0.57 per cent and in 25 control children was 0.68. The per cent chromosome breakage in the children treated with LSD-25 and/or UML-491 ranged from 0.56 to 1 per cent. These differences, however, are not statistically significant. It is concluded that treatment with LSD-25 had no long lasting effects on human leukocyte chromosomes in child psychiatric patients.
Nonparametric classification of pixels under varying outdoor illumination

Using color for visual recognition outdoors has proven to be a difficult problem, chiefly due to varying illumination. Attempts to classify pixels or image patches in outdoor scenes often fail, partly because of the paucity of the data, but partly because color shifts due to changes in illumination are not well modeled as random noise. Approaches which attempt to recover the `true color' of objects by calculating the color of the incident light (i.e. color-constancy approaches) appear to work in constrained environments, but are not yet applicable to outdoor scenes. We present a technique that uses training images of an object under daylight to learn the shift in color of an object. Our method uses multivariate decision trees for piecewise linear approximation of the region corresponding to the object's appearance in color space. We then classify pixels in outdoor scenes depending on whether they fall within this region, and group clusters of target pixels in to regions of interest (ROIs) for a model-based RSTA system. The techniques presented are demonstrated on a challenging task: recognizing camouflaged vehicles in outdoor military scenes.
Effects of separation from spouse on pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the postpartum period.

The absence of her husband during woman's pregnancy, labor, and delivery, especially during first pregnancy, can result in additional stress for the woman. The couples’temporary separation produces practical and logistical problems, and may have significant psychologic effects. It is the nurse's responsibility to be aware of these problems, to provide emotional support, and to help the woman plan for her delivery and postpartum period.
Estimating available supermarket commodities for food bank collection in the absence of information

Food banks collect usable, yet unsellable commodities donated by supermarkets.The amounts of each donated food type is not known prior to collection.Four approximation methods are compared to determine which provides best estimates.The impacts of approximation methods on transportation costs is also evaluated.Neural networks provide good estimations for on-hand food and transportation costs. Food insecurity is a widespread concern in the United States. Addressing this concern is a chief goal of many non-profit organizations including food banks. Understanding the availability of donations is beneficial when addressing the demand in local communities, especially when their collection requires food bank-managed vehicles. High-volume donors such as supermarkets, however, do not provide information in regards to what items are available. This can negatively impact inventory management capabilities and cause unnecessary transportation costs.This research evaluates four approximation methods based on their ability to estimate food availability at supermarkets including the multiple layer perceptron artificial neural network, multiple linear regression, and two naive estimates for the average collection amount. Using a subset of the historic data provided by the Food Bank of Central and Eastern North Carolina (FBCENC), the four approximation methods are evaluated in terms of their ability to estimate collection amounts in the next planning period. Transportation cost estimates are then calculated using projections made using each approximation method and compared to those calculated using the actual transportation costs. Results suggest that the MLP-NN models provide the best approximations for each food type and provide closer estimations for transportation cost than other approximation methods.
Characterization of high energy ion implantation into Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract Ion implantation is a surface modification process that can improve the wear, fatigue, and corrosion resistance for several metals and alloys. Much of the research to date has focused on ion energies less than 1 MeV. With this in mind, Ti–6Al–4V was implanted with Al 2+ , Au 3+ , and N + ions at energies of 1.5 and 5 MeV and various doses to determine the effects on strengthening of a high energy beam. A post heat treatment on the specimens implanted with Al 2+ samples was conducted to precipitate Ti x Al type intermetallics near the surface. Novel techniques, such as nanoindentation, are available now to determine structure-mechanical property relationships in near-surface regions of the implanted samples. Thus, nanoindentation was performed on pre-implanted, as-implanted, and post heat treated samples to detect differences in elastic modulus and hardness at the sub-micron scale. In addition, sliding wear tests were performed to qualitatively determine the changes in wear performance. The effect of this processing was significant for samples implanted with Al 2+ ions at 1.5 MeV with a dose higher than 1 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 where precipitation hardening likely occurs and with N + ions.
Babesia microti: infectivity of parasites from ticks for hamsters and white-footed mice.

Abstract To compare the infectivity of tick-transmitted Babesia microti for natural and experimental hosts, we permitted parasitized nymphal Ixodes dammini to feed on white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) and hamsters. About nine-tenths of infested mice developed patent infection, but only about one-half of the hamsters become parasitemic. Tick-bitten mice become parasitemic more rapidly, but parasites became more abundant in hamsters than in mice. More than 100,000 B. microti were present in the salivary glands of nymphal ticks that remained attached to rodents for 60 hr. These parasites were collected, diluted, and inoculated into mice and hamsters. The mean infectious dose for both experimental hosts was in the range of 10,000 to 25,000 salivarian parasites. Compared to experimental hosts, natural hosts were more susceptible to tick-transmitted infection, became parasitemic more rapidly, but developed less intense parasitemias. Paradoxically, natural and experimental hosts were similarly susceptible to measured inocula of salivarian parasites.
The high-brightness LED

When the visible-light-emitting diode became commercially available in 1963, it brought to the market a device that promised advantages in the areas of efficient and reliable operation and of cost. This discussion of the light-emitting device considers some of the trade-offs with regard to the LED as well as the kind of performance that can be expected in actual use at the present state of the art. Particular emphasis is placed on the significant increase in performance over previous similar devices and the resultant increased compatibility with microcircuits.
Radiometric Bandwidth Normalization Using Root Mean Square Methods

Two new methods of bandwidth normalization using root mean square (RMS) techniques are described. Comparison is made with conventional techniques using several typical sources and detectors. Methods of placement of the passband are also discussed. A simple RMS technique yields results with approximately 30% less error than conventional peak normalization, while a more complex iterative process yields results with even lower errors. Implementation of these methods is indicated when the spectral radiance of either the source or the detector is unknown.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reducing electrical resistance in single-walled carbon nanotube networks: effect of the location of metal contacts and low-temperature annealing

The ability to control the density of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) during the formation of 2D networks allows one to tune the electrical properties of these thin-films from semiconductive to metallic conduction, allowing their use in numerous new materials applications. However, the resistances of such thin-films are generally non-optimal, dominated by the effects of inter-SWNT tunneling junctions, metal/SWNT contacts, sidewall defects, and the presence of residual dopants. These studies provide insight into the relative contributions of these various items to the overall resistance of an SWNT network contacted by Ti electrodes, and ways to reduce these effects via changing the structure of the metal/SWNT contact, and annealing at low temperature. Further, the addition of a mild-acid treatment was found to cause a 13-fold reduction in resistance and much greater reproducibility in inter-network conductivity.
Discrete Characterization of Cohesion in Gas-Solid Flows

Fluidization and the transport of solid particles either by gravity or by pneumatic means are used in a variety of industrial operations,including fluid catalytic cracking, fluid hydroforming and solid fuel processes such as coal gasification and liquefaction [1]. Despite the fact that a sizeable portion of gas-solid flows are cohesive in nature, the mechanics of cohesive flowing gas-particle systems is still poorly understood, and manipulation/control of the flow variables is still largely done on a trial-and-error basis.Cohesive forces between grains can arise from a variety of sources --such as liquid bridge (capillary) forces, van der Waals forces, orelectrostatic forces -- and may play a significant role in theprocessing of fine and/or moist powders. While recent advances havebeen made in our understanding of liquid-induced cohesion in quasi-static systems at the macroscopic level [2,3], in general, it is still not possible to directly connect this macroscopic understanding of cohesion with a microscopic picture of the particle properties and interaction forces. Moreover, conventional theories on gas-solid flows, make no attempt to distinguish between these modes of cohesion, despite clear qualitative differences (lubrication forces in wet systems or electrostatic repulsion are two good examples).In this work, we extend the previous work on discrete characterization tools of wet granular flows [4], using computations of gas-solid flows, in order to examine the transition from non-cohesive (dry) to cohesive (wet) behavior in gas-solid systems. Gas velocity and bridging liquid surface tension are varied to explore a range of the possible fluidization parameter space and a characterization criterion based on the the physical picture of liquid-induced particle-level cohesion is developed for gas-solid flows. Cohesion between wet particles has been modeled using the concept of liquid bridges. The characterization tool developed, namely the Granular Capillary Number, is tested by measuring both the minimum fluidization velocity as well as the mixing rate in fluidized systems. The systems explored here are traditionally thought to be cohesive but a marked difference is observed as the Granular Capillary Number changes.
Microfinance and mobile banking for the bottom of the pyramid

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to illuminate the necessary features of a microfinance mobile banking platform through the use of agents.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper, not an empirical one.Findings – The authors illuminate the importance of specifiying what successful partnership between the mobile network operator and the microfinance organization must include and they highlight what a mobile application should include.Social implications – There are roughly two billion unbanked mobile phone users who could be served by a partnership between mobile technology and microfinance. This type of partnership begins to address financial exclusivity among the poor.Originality/value – The paper offers an original, detailed solution about how agents and technology can be used to help the poor access mobile banking platforms.
Silent cells during interictal discharges and seizures in hippocampal penicillin foci. Evidence for the role of extracellular K+ in the transition from the interictal state to seizures

Abstract Intracellular recordings were obtained from silent cells during penicillin-induced interictal discharges and seizures in the cat hippocampus. Silent cell membrane potential changes were used as an index of changes in local extracellular K+ concentrations. During interictal discharges silent cells depolarize more slowly than neurons, reaching a peak at the end of the neuronal PDS (150–200 msec), and then repolarize over 3–5 sec. When seizures develop by evoking interictal discharges at rates slightly above spontaneous rates, the silent cells are not able to repolarize to baseline before the onset of each subsequent interictal discharge. During the seizure the silent cells depolarize further. It is suggested that K+ accumulation in the extracellular space occurs as a result of the action potential and synaptic activity during interictal discharges and is independent of the mechanism of action of the epileptogenic agent. On the other hand, some evidence suggests a possible causative role of extracellular K+ accumulation in the transition from interictal discharges to seizures.
Geochemistry of waters in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes region, Alaska

Abstract Meteoric waters from cold springs and streams outside of the 1912 eruptive deposits filling the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) and in the upper parts of the two major rivers draining the 1912 deposits have similar chemical trends. Thermal springs issue in the mid-valley area along a 300-m lateral section of ash-flow tuff, and range in temperature from 21 to 29.8°C in early summer and from 15 to 17°C in mid-summer. Concentrations of major and minor chemical constituents in the thermal waters are nearly identical regardless of temperature. Waters in the downvalley parts of the rivers draining the 1912 deposits are mainly mixtures of cold meteoric waters and thermal waters of which the mid-valley thermal spring waters are representative. The weathering reactions of cold waters with the 1912 deposits appear to have stabilized and add only subordinate amounts of chemical constituents to the rivers relative to those contributed by the thermal waters. Isotopic data indicate that the mid-valley thermal spring waters are meteoric, but data is inconclusive regarding the heat source. The thermal waters could be either from a shallow part of a hydrothermal system beneath the 1912 vent region or from an incompletely cooled, welded tuff lens deep in the 1912 ash-flow sheet of the upper River Lethe area. Bicarbonate-sulfate waters resulting from interaction of near-surface waters and the cooling 1953–1968 southwest Trident plug issue from thermal springs south of Katmai Pass and near Mageik Creek, although the Mageik Creek spring waters are from a well-established, more deeply circulating hydrothermal system. Katmai caldera lake waters are a result of acid gases from vigorous drowned fumaroles dissolving in lake waters composed of snowmelt and precipitation.
Influence of Season and Human-Induced Mortality on Spatial Organization of Bobcats (Felis rufus) in Maine

Movement patterns of 30 radio-equipped bobcats in two areas in Maine were studied in relation to reproductive seasons and trapping/hunting removals from 1979 to 1984. Resident male and female bobcats occupied stable home ranges ( X = 95.7 and 31.2 km2, respectively), with substantial seasonal variation in the percentage of total home range occupied. Resident males and females occupied the largest portion of their total home ranges during the gestation season ( X = 59%) and the smallest portion during the nursing season ( X = 18%). This variation may have been a response to seasonal availability of prey. The average overlap between successive seasonal ranges was 71%, indicating strong site fidelity by resident bobcats. Transient bobcats moved extensively through areas <220 km2. Annual survival rates of bobcats ≥1 year old varied by bobcat sex, age, and study area. Trapper- and hunter-caused mortality accounted for 55% of the total annual mortality of bobcats ≥1 year old (33%). Transients quickly settled into ranges after the removal of a resident bobcat, resulting in a stable spatial organization.
Are flood damage models useful outside their original context

For researchers and decision makers trying to understand the risks of extreme weather, complex damage prediction models—which in some cases consider physical, sociological, and economic variables—are proving to be a valuable tool. Yet at the same time, the effects of extreme weather are highly context specific: A snow storm easily shrugged off by Canadians can cripple the southwest United States, for instance.
Treatment of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) infections: a review of published case series and case reports

The emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) producing bacteria has become a significant global public health challenge while the optimal treatment remains undefined. We performed a systematic review of published studies and reports of treatment outcomes of KPC infections using MEDLINE (2001–2011). Articles or cases were excluded if one of the following was fulfilled: no individual patient data provided, no treatment regimen specified, no treatment outcome specified, report of colonization, or greater than three antibiotics were used to treat the KPC infection. Data extracted included patient demographics, site of infection, organism, KPC subtype, antimicrobial therapy directed at KPC-infection, and treatment outcome. Statistical analysis was performed in an exploratory manner. A total of 38 articles comprising 105 cases were included in the analysis. The majority of infections were due to K. pneumoniae (89%). The most common site of infection was blood (52%), followed by respiratory (30%), and urine (10%). Forty-nine (47%) cases received monotherapy and 56 (53%) cases received combination therapy directed at the KPC-infection. Significantly more treatment failures were seen in cases that received monotherapy compared to cases who received combination therapy (49% vs 25%; p= 0.01). Respiratory infections were associated with higher rates of treatment failure with monotherapy compared to combination therapy (67% vs 29% p= 0.03). Polymyxin monotherapy was associated with higher treatment failure rates compared to polymyxin-based combination therapy (73% vs 29%; p= 0.02); similarly, higher treatment failure rates were seen with carbapenem monotherapy compared to carbapenem-based combination therapy (60% vs 26%; p= 0.03). Overall treatment failure rates were not significantly different in the three most common antibiotic-class combinations: polymyxin plus carbapenem, polymyxin plus tigecycline, polymyxin plus aminoglycoside (30%, 29%, and 25% respectively; p=0.6). In conclusion, combination therapy is recommended for the treatment of KPC infections; however, which combination of antimicrobial agents needs to be established in future prospective clinical trials.
Sire Comparison for Holsteins in Mexico Versus the United States and Canada

Abstract Henderson's mixed model procedure was used to determine sire comparisons for Holstein sires from the United States, Canada, or local bred in 48 Mexican herds. For sires with five or more daughters, 74% of the sires in artificial insemination from the United States had plus values compared to 34% from Canada, 44% from the local stud, and 40% for local bred sires. Genetic correlations with Mexican sire comparisons were Northeast Artificial Insemination Sire Comparison with >20 daughters in Mexico .86, with 10 to 20 daughters .71, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) proof >10 daughters .81, and Canada Northeast Artificial Insemination Sire Comparison with >10 daughters .61. Correlations with United States proofs indicate effects of sire by location were small. Cow origins were imports from Canada or the United States (imports), sired by imported semen or sires (.5 imports), and locally bred (locals). Differences between imports and .5 imports were small, but cows of United States origin exceeded Canadian by 300 to 500 kg in milk yield. Progeny of imported sires (.5 imports) were lower in milk yield than progeny from sires in artificial insemination. Locally produced cattle were poorer than imports or .5 imports by sires in the United States or Canada.
Estimating Sliding Displacement of an Unanchored Body Subjected to Earthquake Excitation

Abstract A freestanding rigid body under the action of base excitation can move in many different ways. In this study, the sliding response of a body is considered. The body is placed on a horizontal base that undergoes a one-dimensional horizontal motion. In 1965, Newmark (1965) gave a simple formula to determine the sliding distance of a freestanding body subjected to a single rectangular acceleration pulse of short duration at the base. The objective of this study is to see if this formula can be applied to estimate the sliding displacement of a body under the action of real earthquakes. Newmark’s formula calls for the maximum velocity of the base which information is usually not directly available. To make use of the response spectrum commonly available to the engineers, Newmark’s formula is first re-derived and expressed in terms of the maximum displacement of the base, which can be determined from the absolute displacement response spectrum in low frequency range. An ensemble of 75 real earthquakes ...
Tuning analysis for the high-Q class-E power amplifier

The effects of component variations on a high-Q class-E amplifier are simulated and measured. Design equations are provided for the case of a 50% duty cycle with B at its optimum value for a given R. Six distinct operating points are analyzed for the output network. The problem of tuning a high-Q class-E amplifier is addressed. Normally, it cannot be tuned for maximum output power without degrading efficiency. An auxiliary circuit is added to the design so that it can be tuned for maximum output power in order to achieve optimum efficiency. Measured data are obtained at low frequencies for an amplifier with a loaded Q of 340.
Rational Design of Highly Filled Reactive Resins for Electronic Material Applications with Multiple Performance Constraints

Cyanate ester resin and its blends with epoxy resin demonstrate a lower viscosity build up when filled with thermally treated silica fillers than with untreated silica fillers. The reduced viscosity build up resulting from the use of the thermally treated materials results in faster capillary flow rates by a factor of 2 to 5 with respect to untreated silica particles. Surface properties of the filler materials are used to interpret the viscosity and flow rate data and guide design of filler surface properties. The flow rate performance improvement contributes to design of new capillary underfill materials for electronic materials applications.
A Microfluidic Chamber for Analysis of Neuron-to-Cell Spread and Axonal Transport of an Alpha-Herpesvirus

Alpha-herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus (PRV), infect the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of their hosts. Here, we describe an in vitro method for studying neuron-to-cell spread of infection as well as viral transport in axons. The method centers on a novel microfluidic chamber system that directs growth of axons into a fluidically isolated environment. The system uses substantially smaller amounts of virus inoculum and media than previous chamber systems and yet offers the flexibility of applying multiple virology and cell biology assays including live-cell optical imaging. Using PRV infection of cultured PNS neurons, we demonstrate that the microfluidic chamber recapitulates all known facets of neuron-to-cell spread demonstrated in animals and other compartmented cell systems.
A Study of Quality of Service Communication for High-Speed Packet-Switching Computer Sub-Networks

With the development of high-speed networking technology, computer networks, including local-area networks (LANs), wide-area networks (WANs) and the Internet, are extending their traditional roles of carrying computer data. They are being used for Internet telephony, multimedia applications such as conferencing and video on demand, distributed simulations, and other real-time applications. LANs are even used for distributed real-time process control and computing as a cost-effective approach. Differing from traditional data transfer, these new classes of high-speed network applications (video, audio, real-time process control, and others) are delay sensitive. The usefulness of data depends not only on the correctness of received data, but also the time that data are received. In other words, these new classes of applications require networks to provide guaranteed services or quality of service (QoS). Quality of service can be defined by a set of parameters and reflects a user's expectation about the underlying network's behavior. Traditionally, distinct services are provided by different kinds of networks. Voice services are provided by telephone networks, video services are provided by cable networks, and data transfer services are provided by computer networks. A single network providing different services is called an integrated-services network.
Radiative decay engineering-biomedical applications

Summary form only given. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a widely used research tool in biochemistry and molecular biology. Fluorescence has also become the dominant method enabling the revolution in medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, and genomics. Metallic surfaces can have unusual effects on fluorophores such as increasing or decreasing the rates of radiative decay and the rates of resonance energy transfer (RET). We describe the effects of metallic silver island films on the emission spectra, lifetimes and energy transfer. We show that proximity of fluorophores to the silver islands results in increased fluorescence intensity.
Bypassing web-based wireless authentication systems

A lot of college wireless networks use software systems and web-based logins to authenticate users. In this paper we find that it is not hard to bypass such authentication. An attacker can use DHCP request to collect information about the users on the network. It makes the attacker much easier to gain unauthorized access to the network facilities. This can be done by putting the network card on monitor mode, and filter the network frames based on the collected MAC addresses. Once any client is disconnected from the network, the attacker can spoof the client's MAC address and connect to the network. The authentication system is going to accept the spoofed MAC address and let the attacker to connect to the network.
Lateral mixing as a source of subtropical water vapor

It is hypothesized that the subtropical tropospheric water vapor distribution results from the interplay of three factors: subsidence, which brings down dry air from aloft; lateral mixing, which brings in moistened air from the convective region at various rates; and drying by processing of air through the cold extratropics. A simplified Lagrangian model is formulated, and used to study how this process works during the CEPEX period (March, 1993). A key result is that the Northern subtropics should be viewed as a general background of dry air with mass mixing ratio of 10−4 or less on the 330K surface, interrupted by a few coherent moist plumes with mixing ratios on the order of 10−3.
In Vivo Quantification Reveals Extensive Natural Variation in Mitochondrial Form and Function in Caenorhabditis briggsae

We have analyzed natural variation in mitochondrial form and function among a set of Caenorhabditis briggsae isolates known to harbor mitochondrial DNA structural variation in the form of a heteroplasmic nad5 gene deletion (nad5Δ) that correlates negatively with organismal fitness. We performed in vivo quantification of 24 mitochondrial phenotypes including reactive oxygen species level, membrane potential, and aspects of organelle morphology, and observed significant among-isolate variation in 18 traits. Although several mitochondrial phenotypes were non-linearly associated with nad5Δ levels, most of the among-isolate phenotypic variation could be accounted for by phylogeographic clade membership. In particular, isolate-specific mitochondrial membrane potential was an excellent predictor of clade membership. We interpret this result in light of recent evidence for local adaptation to temperature in C. briggsae. Analysis of mitochondrial-nuclear hybrid strains provided support for both mtDNA and nuclear genetic variation as drivers of natural mitochondrial phenotype variation. This study demonstrates that multicellular eukaryotic species are capable of extensive natural variation in organellar phenotypes and highlights the potential of integrating evolutionary and cell biology perspectives.
NK Cells and Trophoblasts Partners in Pregnancy

In placental mammals, viviparity—the production of living young within the mother's body—evolved under the auspices of the immune system. Elements of immunity were incorporated, giving pregnancy a mildly inflammatory character. Formation of the placenta, the organ that feeds the fetus, involves a cooperation between maternal natural killer (NK) cells and fetal trophoblast cells that remodels the blood supply. Recent research reveals that this process and human reproductive success are influenced by polymorphic HLA-C ligands and their killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR).
Simple Multiuser Detectors for DS-UWB Systems

UWB is an emerging technology inviting major advances in wireless communication, networking, radar and positioning systems. In this paper, we present novel algorithms for the multiuser detection based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) for a DS-UWB multiuser communication system. The algorithms exploit the inherent multipath diversity and also mitigate the effects of both inter symbol interference(ISI) and multiuser interference (MUI). Simulation results show that the given algorithms perform better than the other known detectors in literature. We also provide closed form expression for the BER results of the above scheme
Transportation or Communications Some Broad Considerations

Communication is replacing travel or transportation in an increasing number of ways. It is argued that this substitution should be studied in detail, taking account of the economic, political, and psychological, as well as technical factors involved. The basic problem is formulated in terms of the ways in which the substitution can be made and the kinds of environment in which it might be made. A decision matrix and a decision rule, which can be used to determine whether the decision to make a communications-transportation substitution should be made, are formulated. Ways in which the elements of the decision matrix will be determined are discussed.
Trapped Atomic Hydrogen

The rapid development of techniques for cooling and trapping atoms using laser light has created a new subfield of atomic physics. Research opportunities include the study of matter at ultra low temperature, ultra precise atomic spectroscopy and the study of light-matter interaction in a new quantum regime.
Software Management VIA Law‐Governed Regularities

The sections in this article are 1 A Kernelized Design: a Motivating Example 2 Aspects of Law-Governed Architecture Under the Darwin-e Environment 3 Interactions Regulated Under Darwin-e 4 Putting IT All Together 5 Related Work 6 Conclusion 7 Acknowledgment Keywords: regularities; static enforcement; object-oriented systems; law-governed architecture; kernel; immutable; side-effect-free functions
Chicago goes global: redevelopment, culture, and fear

Chicago's remarkably flexible growth machine, like their brethren across Rust Belt America, continues to aggressively press forward to build an internationally competitive city. This paper deepens our understanding of Chicago's recently changed growth machine. It focuses on its current redevelopment narrative as it is used on the South Side and chronicles two new features about it: its revamped use of fear and its re-fashioned notion of culture. I flesh out these two elements as they circulate through a now dominant redevelopment program: historic preservation. I chronicle three points in this paper. First, programs like historic preservation, like so many current city programs, have now fully shifted to being a neoliberal economic development tool to promote the “go-global Chicago” project. Second, two dominant fears recently nuanced anchor the narrative: fear of a city-destroying globalization and fear of city-subverting poor African-Americans. Third, a revamped notion of culture is used that helps prov...
The development of extremely dry surface air due to vertical exchanges under the exit region of a jet streak

Observations and numerical model simulations indicate that anomalous surface drying is strongly forced by mass and momentum adjustments under the right exit region of a polar jet streak overtaking and modifying a weak surface cold front. This drying event, which was associated with a wildfire in south-central New Jersey, is related to multi-scale atmospheric forcing that began far upstream and was likely not coupled to the classic cold conveyor belt model, as described by Carlson (Mon Wea Rev 108:1498–1509, 1980). The analyses indicate that both deep tropospheric circulations and boundary layer dry air advection occur in tandem to create a favorable environment for two closely associated extreme surface drying events. The first drying event occurs when lower tropospheric air is transported downwards in the descending branch of the low-level cold front’s thermally direct circulation. This low-level circulation, which is vertically separated from the upper-level jet, is still enhanced by the hydrostatic pressure rises under the velocity convergence in the equatorward exit region of the polar jet. The upper-level convergence phases with the low-level cold air advection to intensify the low-level isallobaric wind. Dry air increases at low levels in conjunction with the isallobaric divergence behind the low-level cold front. Sinking air occurs within the 100-hPa layer centered just above 900 hPa as a result of the isallobaric divergence. The shallow descending circulation within the upstream side of this low-level front produces the first injection of dry air into the surface layer independently of deep-boundary layer mixing. Surface moisture divergence and shallow sinking sustain the dry cold front in the boundary layer. The descending air in the upper tropospheric jet circulation does not immediately couple to the deepening boundary layer accompanying the cold front’s circulation. A second drying event occurs at the surface shortly thereafter, when surface heating deepens the well-mixed layer, such that the boundary layer behind the low-level front (i.e., within its trailing descending air) is linked to the dry air under the jet’s equatorward exit region descending branch. Thus, the first drying event is created by the low-level direct circulation in a region of isallobaric divergence, while the second drying event is created by the coupling between the upper level indirect circulation and the deepening convective boundary layer. The two dry events combine to create a favorable environment for an isolated wildfire as both dry air and increasing surface winds develop during maximum surface heating.
Overview of IBR: software and hardware issues

Image-based rendering is perceived as a new technique, as yet unsupported by hardware. In fact, IBR has been an integral part of computer graphics for some time. However it is not as well supported as one might wish in conventional graphics hardware and software libraries. This overview highlights some of the hardware and software issues of IBR, surveys current practice, and proposes guidelines for designing a unified IBR platform.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research Methods to Reach Women With Health Messages: Results From the North Carolina BEAUTY and Health Pilot Project:

This pilot study used a community-based participatory research approach to recruit and train five licensed cosmetologists from two beauty salons to deliver health promotion messages to their customers. Stylists attended a 4-hr workshop to develop skills for delivering targeted health messages. Educational displays in the salons reinforced these messages. Qualitative and quantitative methods assessed satisfaction, readiness to change, and self-reported health behavior changes in customers immediately postintervention and at 12 months. Trained stylists reported they would continue delivering health messages after the 7-week pilot was completed; 81% of customers read the educational displays, and 86% of customers talked with their cosmetologist about the Bringing Education and Understanding to You Project. At 12 months, 55% of customers reported making changes in their health because of the conversations they had with their cosmetologist. Customers who spoke more often with their cosmetologists about health ...
The diagnostic process and perioperative and anesthetic management of an undiagnosed congenital cyanotic cardiac defect in an adult for trauma surgery

A 39-year-old patient awaiting emergency surgery due to a crush foot injury, with an undiagnosed cyanotic cardiac lesion that was diagnosed later as a complete atrioventricular canal defect, is presented. Complete atrioventricular canal defects usually present in the first few months of life and can be fatal if not treated in the first few years. Adult patients with congenital cardiac malformations seem to be at increased risk for noncardiac surgery. The diagnostic process, perioperative management, and anesthetic implications are discussed.
Bending Boundary Layers in Laminated-Composite Circular Cylindrical Shells

An analytical, parametric study of the attenuation of bending boundary layers or edge effects in balanced and unbalanced, symmetrically and unsymmetrically laminated thin cylindrical shells is presented for nine contemporary material systems. The analysis is based on the linear Sanders-Koiter shell equations and specializations to the Love-Kirchhoff shell equations and Donnell's equations are included. Two nondimensional parameters are identified that characterize and quantify the effects of laminate orthotropy and laminate anisotropy on the bending boundary-layer decay length in a very general and encompassing manner. A substantial number of structural design technology results are presented for a wide range of laminated-composite cylinders. For all the laminate constructions considered, the results show that the differences between results that were obtained with the Sanders-Koiter shell equations, the Love-Kirchhoff shell equations, and Donnell's equations are negligible. The results also show that the effect of anisotropy in the form of coupling between pure bending and twisting has a negligible effect on the size of the bending boundary-layer decay length of the balanced, symmetrically laminated cylinders considered. Moreover, the results show that coupling between the various types of shell anisotropies has a negligible effect on the calculation of the bending boundary-layer decay length in most cases. The results also show that in some cases neglecting the shell anisotropy results in underestimating the bending boundary-layer decay length and in other cases it results in an overestimation.
Designing the optimal Total Cavopulmonary Connection: pulsatile versus steadyflow experiments.

BACKGROUND The Total Cavopulmonary Connection (TCPC), used for repair of patients with single ventricle physiology, creates a passive system of blood flow into the pulmonary circulation where enhanced energy efficiency may lead to improved long term patient outcomes. Previous numerical and in vitro studies using steady flow have shown that incorporation of SVC (superior vena cava) and IVC (inferior vena cava) offsets lead to decreased energy losses. We hypothesize that the optimal TCPC offset design found in these previous steady flow experiments may not be the optimal design in pulsatile flow situations. MATERIAL/METHODS 3-D finite volume numerical models were used to simulate flow through the total cavopulmonary connection. We ran steady and pulsatile flow experiments through 4 TCPC designs each with different SVC to IVC offsets (0.1/4, 1/2, 1 diameter offsets). The total energy (power) loss for each TCPC model was calculated. RESULTS In steady flow experiments, % difference in energy loss between the most optimal and least optimal design was 26%. In contrast, in pulsatile flow experiments the % difference was only 8%. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the improvements in energy loss seen using SVC-IVC offsets in steady flow experiments do not necessarily translate to pulsatile flow situations. Overall there was lower differences in efficiency between all TCPC designs in the pulsatile flow experiments. These results emphasize the need for further studies to fully define the relationship between energy losses and TCPC vessel architecture in non-steady flow physiologic situations.
Relational Accommodation in Negotiation: Effects of Egalitarianism and Gender on Economic Efficiency and Relational Capital (Formerly the O. Henry Effect: The Impact of Relational Norms on Negotiation Outcomes)

Highly relational contexts can have costs as well as benefits. Researchers theorize that negotiating dyads in which both parties hold highly relational goals or views of themselves are prone to relational accommodation, a dynamic resulting in inefficient economic outcomes yet high levels of relational capital. Previous research has provided only indirect empirical support for this theory. The present study fills this gap by demonstrating the divergent effects of egalitarianism on economic efficiency and relational capital in negotiation. Dyads engaged in a simulated employment negotiation among strangers within a company that was described as either egalitarian or hierarchical. As hypothesized, dyads assigned to the egalitarian condition reached less efficient economic outcomes yet had higher relational capital than dyads assigned to the hierarchical condition. Negotiations occurring between females resulted in lower joint economic outcomes than negotiations occurring between males. Results are consistent with the theory of relational self construal in negotiation.
Methylation polymorphism influences practice effects in children during attention tasks

Epigenetic mechanisms mediate the influence of experience on gene expression. Methylation is a principal method for inducing epigenetic effects on DNA. In this paper, we examine alleles of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene that vary enzyme activity, altering the availability of the methyl donor and thus changing the efficiency of methylation. We hypothesized that alleles of the MTHFR gene would influence behavior in an attention-related task in conjunction with genes known to influence attention. We found that seven-year-old children homozygous for the C allele of MTHFR in interaction with the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene showed greater improvement in overall reaction time (RT) and in conflict resolution with practice on the Attention Network Test (ANT). This finding indicates that methylation may operate on or through genes that influence executive network operation. However, MTHFR T allele carriers showed faster overall RT and conflict resolution. Some children showed an initial improvement in ANT RT followed by a decline in performance, and we found that alleles of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene were related to this performance decline. These results suggest a genetic dissociation between improvement while learning a skill and reduction in performance with continued practice.