cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustaining Economic Welfare: Estimating Changes in Total and Per Capita Wealth

Genuine saving measures the real change in0 total wealth, factoring in the depreciation of produced assets, depletion of natural resources, pollution damages, and expenditures on education. This paper presents a theoretical framework for measuring changes in wealth in total and per capita terms, establishes the link between savings measures and prospects for social welfare, and provides summary empirical estimates of the savings measures. China excepted, the majority of countries below median income are distinguished by apparent declines in total wealth per capita.
Energy-dependent accumulation of calcium and phosphate by purified inner membrane vesicles of rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract 1. Inner membrane vesicles of rat liver mitochondria prepared by treating inner membrane + matrix particles with Lubrol WX to remove matrix (Chan, T. L., Greenawalt, J. W., and Pedersen, P. L. (1970) J. Cell Biol. 45, 291) are impermeable to sucrose and exhibit a rapid phase of swelling in ammonium phosphate but not in ammonium chloride. The mercurials mersalyl and p-mercuribenzoate, inhibitors of the phosphate transport system in intact mitochondria, markedly inhibit swelling of these vesicles. Ruthenium red, an inhibitor of the Ca++ transport system of intact mitochondria, has no effect on the swelling process. 2. When phosphate and a respiratory substrate are present, these vesicles accumulate up to 450 nmoles of Ca++ per mg of protein in 2 min. When arsenate, ATP, and ADP replace phosphate as anion a much lower level of Ca++ uptake is observed. The following anions when substituted for phosphate have essentially no supporting capacity: AMP, acetate, malate, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, glutamate, sulfate, nitrate, and thiocyanate. Unlike intact mitochondria, inner membrane vesicles neither support Ca++ uptake when ATP replaces respiratory substrates as an energy source, nor require addition of ADP or ATP to support maximal uptake in the presence of substrates. 3. Ca++ uptake is inhibited by uncoupling agents, respiratory inhibitors, ruthenium red, and the mercurials mersalyl and p-mercuribenzoate. Similar to its action on intact mitochondria ruthenium red inhibits Ca++ uptake catalyzed by inner membrane vesicles without significantly inhibiting respiration or phosphorylation. 4. Phosphate is accumulated together with Ca++ by a process also inhibited by uncoupling agents, mercurials, and ruthenium red. Phosphate accumulation is prevented by omission of Ca++ from the incubation medium. Calculation of Ca++:Pi accumulation ratios gives values near 1.50 corresponding to Ca3(PO4)2. 5. Two conclusions seem evident from these studies. First, the process of Ca++ uptake catalyzed by inner membrane vesicles, although similar, is not identical with the Ca++ uptake process catalyzed by intact mitochondria. Secondly, the active uptake of Ca++ and the active uptake of phosphate by these vesicles are interdependent processes which require both mercurial- and ruthenium red-sensitive components.
Theories of the Universe in the Late Eighteenth Century

Together with D’Alembert we may take cosmology to mean “la science qui discourt sur le monde,” that is to say in the language of the enlightenment, that science which reasons upon the actual universe. But to reason upon the universe by the eighteenth century was not, spider-like, to spin a web of fancy from within oneself, however lovely the final design or rational the rules of argument along the way. Properly practiced cosmology was to be considered a general physical science tied to the facts of the world, though loosely at time, and constrained to account for the world visible as well as invisible by the sum of things known. The metaphysical meaning behind an assembly of facts, the analogies and bonds among them and their actual interrelationships under the rule of the general laws governing the universe, this was the task to undertake, and to lay bare such things in a satisfying account of the world was the minimum demanded of any competent cosmologist.
A counselor in your pocket: feasibility of mobile health tailored messages to support HIV medication adherence.

PURPOSE Medication adherence is a major challenge in HIV treatment. New mobile technologies such as smartphones facilitate the delivery of brief tailored messages to promote adherence. However, the best approach for tailoring messages is unknown. Persons living with HIV (PLWH) might be more receptive to some messages than others based on their current psychological state. METHODS We recruited 37 PLWH from a parent study of motivational states and adherence. Participants completed smartphone-based surveys at a random time every day for 2 weeks, then immediately received intervention or control tailored messages, depending on random assignment. After 2 weeks in the initial condition, participants received the other condition in a crossover design. Intervention messages were tailored to match PLWH's current psychological state based on five variables - control beliefs, mood, stress, coping, and social support. Control messages were tailored to create a mismatch between message framing and participants' current psychological state. We evaluated intervention feasibility based on acceptance, ease of use, and usefulness measures. We also used pilot randomized controlled trial methods to test the intervention's effect on adherence, which was measured using electronic caps that recorded pill-bottle openings. RESULTS Acceptance was high based on 76% enrollment and 85% satisfaction. Participants found the hardware and software easy to use. However, attrition was high at 59%, and usefulness ratings were slightly lower. The most common complaint was boredom. Unexpectedly, there was no difference between mismatched and matched messages' effects, but each group showed a 10%-15% improvement in adherence after crossing to the opposite study condition. CONCLUSION Although smartphone-based tailored messaging was feasible and participants had clinically meaningful improvements in adherence, the mechanisms of change require further study. Possible explanations might include novelty effects, increased receptiveness to new information after habituation, or pseudotailoring, three ways in which attentional processes can affect behavior.
A mutual coupling study of circular polarized microstrip antennas with applications to diversity combining mobile communications

The reliability of communication in mobile wireless systems can be improved by transmitting and/or receiving the signal on multiple independent channels and combining the received signals in some optimum manner. Diversity combining, as this technique is called, can be realized by using independent antenna elements as the channels. The correlation between the signals at each antenna element can be reduced by decreasing the mutual coupling between the antenna elements. The antenna geometry is an aperture coupled microstrip antenna. The center frequency, f/sub 0/=5.22 GHz, lies within the Personal Communications Service (PCS) band 5.1-5.3 GHz. For two antennas on a rigid foam plastic substrate, /spl epsi//sub ra/=1.07, and at the same interelement distance D, the mutual coupling can be reduced an additional 5-10 dB when both antennas have the same sense of polarization as compared to when both antennas have the opposite sense of polarizations. Conversely, using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite and ceramic polymer composite substrates, /spl epsi//sub ra/=2.2, 4.5, respectively, the mutual coupling can be reduced an additional 5-10 dB when the antennas have the opposite sense of polarization as compared to the same sense of polarization. The mutual coupling is independent of the feed substrate parameters.
Signaling mechanisms of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential mechanism in embryonic development and tissue repair. EMT also contributes to the progression of disease, including organ fibrosis and cancer. EMT, as well as a similar transition occurring in vascular endothelial cells called endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), results from the induction of transcription factors that alter gene expression to promote loss of cell-cell adhesion, leading to a shift in cytoskeletal dynamics and a change from epithelial morphology and physiology to the mesenchymal phenotype. Transcription program switching in EMT is induced by signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt-β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and receptor tyrosine kinases. These pathways are activated by various dynamic stimuli from the local microenvironment, including growth factors and cytokines, hypoxia, and contact with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). We discuss how these pathways crosstalk and respond to signals from the microenvironment to regulate the expression and function of EMT-inducing transcription factors in development, physiology, and disease. Understanding these mechanisms will enable the therapeutic control of EMT to promote tissue regeneration, treat fibrosis, and prevent cancer metastasis.
HDA1 and HDA3 Are Components of a Yeast Histone Deacetylase (HDA) Complex

Histone acetylation is maintained through the action of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases and has been correlated with increased gene activity. To investigate the functional role of these enzymes in the regulation of transcription, we have purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae two histone deacetylase activities, HDA and HDB, with molecular masses of ∼350 and 600 kDa, respectively. In vitro, the HDA activity deacetylates all four core histones, has a preference for histone H3, and is strongly inhibited by trichostatin A (a specific inhibitor of histone deacetylases). HDB is considerably less sensitive to trichostatin A. We report the extensive purification of the HDA activity and the identification of peptides (p75, p73, p72, and p71) whose presence correlates with deacetylase activity on native polyacrylamide gels. An antibody to p75 immunoprecipitates peptides with molecular masses similar to those in the 350-kDa complex. Additionally, antibodies to p75 and p71 specifically precipitate histone deacetylase activity and co-immunoprecipitate each other. Gene disruptions of p75 (HDA1) or p71 (HDA3) cause the loss of the 350-kDa (but not the 600-kDa) activity from our chromatography profiles. These data argue strongly that HDA1 and HDA3 are subunits of the HDA complex, which is structurally distinct from the second, HDB complex.
Effect of Whole-body Irradiation on the Uptake of Sulphur-35 as Sodium Sulphate into Rat Brain Sulphatides

SPLEEN and thymus have been found to exhibit a biochemical lesion; namely, uncoupling after they have been exposed in vivo to sub-lethal doses of ionizing radiation1–5. Hall et al.6 have shown that the rate of synthesis of ATP in liver mitochondria was decreased by 20 per cent after irradiation for 1 h and remained at this lower level for 12 h. Florsheim et al.7 have shown that in vivo irradiation with 500–800 r. of X-rays did not impair the ability of adult mouse brain to metabolize oxygen. Whole-body irradiation increases plasma phospholipids8 and increases the total mitochondria phospholipids, especially the phosphatidyl glycerol fraction9. Kennedy10 and Garbus et al.11 have demonstrated that synthesis of phospholipids occurs in isolated mitochondria and requires the maintenance of oxidative phosphorylation or the addition of ATP. The incorporation of 35S-sulphate into rat brain sulphatides has been investigated12. The concentration of sulphatides–sulphur in brain is a function of age and the incorporation of the isotope into the sulphalipid takes place only in the young animal12–14. The synthesis of sulphalipids requires ATP16. With these observations in mind, experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of whole-body X-irradiation on the uptake of 35S-sulphate into rat brain sulphatides.
TU-D-211A-01: U.S. NRC Regulatory Initiatives in Enhancing Accountability of Radioactive Material

As the lead U.S. regulatory agency for civilian uses of radioactive material, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) plays a key role in domestic and international security activities. The events of September 11, 2001 highlighted the need to enhance security to address potential terrorist threats. The USNRC took numerous immediate actions to enhance materials security and also initiated broader programs, designed to improve security in a comprehensive manner over the long‐term. As with its other regulatory programs, USNRC utilized a risk‐informed, graded approach to enhance security. Consistent with the risk‐informed approach, it was necessary to categorize radioactive sources and materials according to risk. USNRC cooperated with other domestic organizations and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in revising and adopting the security principles and source categories in the IAEA Code of Conduct. The highest risk sources were designated as Category 1 and 2. Based on these categories, USNRC then developed and issued enhanced security requirements to the U.S. licensees who possess Category 1 and 2 radioactive sources. In parallel with these efforts, USNRC worked with other organizations to improve the overall nuclear security infrastructure. The U.S. Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which created the Radiation Source Security and Protection Task Force. This Task Force is chaired by USNRC and is composed of representatives from 13 Federal agencies and 2 States. It is a primary vehicle for advancing source security issues across the U.S. government. This presentation describes an important element of the security infrastructure, the National SourceTracking System (NSTS). The system was launched in late 2008 after several years of development. The NSTS maintains an inventory of all Category 1 and 2 sources in the U.S. Licensees are required to maintain their inventory data and report transfers online. This enhances security by allowing close tracking of the locations of sources, and identifying possible unauthorized transfers. For the future, USNRC plans to integrate the NSTS into a broader electronic license verification system so that questions about sources and license authorization can be quickly resolved. This presentation will focus on the following topics regarding tracking Category 1 and 2 sealed sources with the National SourceTracking System: 1. Deployment and Implementation of NSTS 2. Experience with NSTS 3. Credentialing Process for Access to NSTS 4. Potential Expansion of the System 5. User Feedback 6. Questions
Studies on the Effects of the Administration of Insulin by Iontophoresis

SummaryA fall in blood sugar in dogs has been demonstrated following cathode iontophoresis with insulin.
Fathers' involvement and child behavior problems in poor African American single-mother families

Abstract The present study examined the effects of nonresident fathers' involvement–measured by the frequency of fathers' contact with their children and the quality of fathers' parenting–on their children's behavior problems. Using data from a subsample of African American single and non-cohabiting mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, results indicate that more frequent contact between fathers and their child and fathers' more adequate parenting were associated indirectly with fewer child behavior problems transmitted through more adequate parenting by mothers. The quality of mothers' parenting was associated positively with the quality of the mother–father relationship and with both the quality and the frequency of the fathers' contacts with their child. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Nanostructured magnetic networks: a materials comparison

Abstract One method to achieve the enhanced coercivity necessary for the next generation of ultra high density recording media is to use a patterned substrate to nanostructure the magnetic material. By sputter-depositing a magnetic film onto the surface of a nanoporous substrate, unique magnetic properties result from the reduced dimension and topography of the film. The resultant “network” film has a coercivity nearly two orders of magnitude higher than a continuous thin film of the same thickness. This increase in coercivity has been attributed primarily to shape anisotropy due to the proportional relationship observed between the coercivity and the moment of the deposited network. To better understand the effect of the shape anisotropy, a number of different classes of magnetic materials of varying moment and magnetocrystalline anisotropy were deposited onto porous templates and compared. In general, these materials show a peak coercivity in the thickness range of 15–20 nm. In this thickness the range a linear relationship between the coercivity and moment is observed confirming the influence of shape anisotropy. A simple model assuming coherent reversal of a magnetized ellipsoid gives a ratio of 1.1 between the short and long axes. This value is significantly smaller than what it is observed by direct imaging. However, if a more realistic model of magnetization reversal is employed (such as fanning) the ratio obtained is in close agreement with the experiments.
Polymerization of vegetable oils and their uses in printing inks

Ink vehicles were prepared by the polymerization of vegetable oils. By controlling the polymerization conditions, the desired viscosity, color and molecular weight could be achieved for a variety of vegetable oils with a broad range of iodine values and fatty acid compositions. The effect of temperature and catalyst on polymerization rates were evaluated, and polymerization rate constants were calculated. Of the oils tested, the polymerization rate constant of safflower oil was the highest, followed by soybean, sunflower, cottonseed and canola oils in decreasing order. Use of a catalyst shortened the heating time by about 25–50% or lowered the polymerization temperature requirement by 25–30°C.
Effects of thrombolysis and venous thrombectomy on valvular competence, thrombogenicity, venous wall morphology, and function

Abstract Purpose: The experiments were designed to compare the effects of thrombolytic therapy (TL) and balloon-catheter thrombectomy (TX) on valvular competence, thrombogenicity, venous wall morphology, and function after acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in canine veins. Methods: The femoral veins of male mongrel dogs were ligated proximally and distally for 48 hours to induce DVT. The thrombosed veins were treated with either TL (n = 5) or TX (n = 9), or no treatment was rendered (n = 6). Sham-operated dogs were used as controls. TL was performed with catheter-directed infusion of urokinase at 4000 U/min for 90 minutes. Three hours after the treatment, the valvular competence was determined with duplex scanning, thrombogenicity determined with deposition of radio-labeled platelet and fibrin, and function determined with response to contractile and relaxing agonists in organ chambers. The structural integrity of the endothelial layer was assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Results: The removal or lysis of the thrombus was successful in all cases. The valvular competence did not differ among the groups. The platelet deposition was the highest after TX ( P P Conclusions: After experimental acute DVT, the TL and the TX at 3 hours had similar effects on the valvular competence and the endothelial morphology. However, the TL reduced thrombogenicity, which is consistent with the preserved endothelial responses to platelet products. These data suggest that TL may preserve vein function after DVT and may reduce the long-term potential for recurrent DVT and post-thrombotic syndrome. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:787-99.)
Moralizing and Ideologizing: An Analysis of Political Illocutions.

This essay asks, when and to what purpose does society label discourse ideological? To answer this question, the cluster of terms used to denote moral choices and the processes of moral suasion are analyzed and placed in a taxonomy of illocutionary acts. Differences and similarities among judging, moralizing, and ideologizing are detailed. These distinctions are illustrated in the struggle among educational reformers over the values of freedom and order. Finally, the essay explores some implications for analysts of public discourse.
Pesticide use by persons who reported a high pesticide exposure event in the agricultural health study.

Almost 16% of the pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) cohort (a cohort that includes 52,629 private applicators) reported having a high pesticide exposure event (i.e., an incident or experience while using a pesticide that caused an unusually high personal exposure). Pesticides involved in these events were compared to the frequency with which specific pesticides were ever used by the AHS cohort. Generally, pesticides with greater acute toxicity were more frequently involved with the high pesticide exposure event than were other pesticides. Whereas it is clear that the use of acutely toxic pesticides may be related to more frequent visits to health care facilities, the reason that the spills and immersions of the high pesticide exposure events are associated with the acute toxicity of the pesticide is not intuitively clear. This analysis suggests that current practices directed at minimizing pesticide exposures may not be sufficient for acutely toxic or irritating chemicals.
Genetic organization of antibiotic resistance genes (aac(6')-Ib, aadA, and oxa9) in the multiresistance transposon Tn1331.

Abstract The multiresistance transposon Tn 1331 has two 520 bp direct repeats flanking a DNA region similar to the variable portion of the integrons. This region harbors three antibiotic resistance genes, aac(6′)-lb, aadA , and a β-lactamase gene which encodes an enzyme that was characterized as an oxacillinase-carbenicillinase and was named OXA-9. Within the direct repeat located upstream of these genes there is a copy of the TEM β-lactamase promoter. Determination of ampicillin resistance levels of Escherichia coli harboring various recombinant clones and an insertion mutant showed that all three genes are transcribed from this promoter in a polycistronic mRNA. These results also indicated that the oxa9 gene possesses another functional promoter, located immediately upstream of this gene. The transcription start site of the mRNA driven by this promoter was identified by primer extension. Within the DNA sequence harboring all three antibiotic resistance genes it is possible to distinguish insert units as defined before in the variable region of the integrons (R. Hall, D. Brookes, and H. W. Stokes (1991) Mol. Microbiol. 5, 1941-1959).
The role of matrix vesicles in calcification

In recent years, interest has been renewed in the process of biological calcification and in the elucidation of factors which may regulate its initiation. Several rheumatic disorders, notably chondrocalcinosis, osteoarthritis, scleroderma and dermatomyositis, exhibit characteristics indicative of abnormal calcification, and recent work on these disease states has pointed to a role of various putative calcification initiators in both pathologically and normally mineralized tissues [1].
Magnetic field characteristics of electric bed‐heating devices

Measurements of the flux density and spectra of magnetic fields (MFs) generated by several types of electric bed heaters (EBH) were made in order to characterize the MFs to which the fetus may be exposed in utero from the mother's use of these devices. Data on MPs were gathered from more than 1,300 in-home and laboratory spot measurements. In-home measurements taken at seven different positions 10 cm from the EBHs determined that the mean flux density at the estimated position of the fetus relative to the device was 0.45 microT (4.5 mG) for electric blankets and 0.20 microT (2.0 mG) for electrically heated water beds. A rate-of-change (RC) metric applied to the nighttime segment of 24 h EMDEX-C personal-dosimeter measurements, which were taken next to the bed of volunteers, yielded an approximate fourfold to sixfold higher value for electric blanket users compared to water-bed heater users. These same data records yielded an approximate twofold difference for the same measurements when evaluated by the time-weighted-average (TWA)MF exposure metric. Performance of exposure meters was checked against standard fields generated in the laboratory, and studies of sources of variance in the in-home measurement protocols were carried out. Spectral measurements showed that the EBH's measured produced no appreciable high-frequency MFs. Data gathered during this work will be used in interpreting results from a component of the California Pregnancy Outcome Study, which evaluates the use of EBHs as a possible risk factor in miscarriage.
Synthesis of “K-region” quinones and arene oxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A new general synthesis of arene oxides recently reported’ from this laboratory has allowed the synthesis of the previously inaccessible “K-region” oxides (@, ,b) of the potent carcinogens ‘7,12-dimethylbenzraY anthracene (‘7.1 P-DMBA) and benzola] pyrene2. This approach, however, still suffers from the limitation of requiring the use of osmium tetroxide in the initial step. This reagent is both costly and hazardous, affords only moderate yields, and necessitates time-consuming operations in handling the air sensitive products6. As a consequence, the quantities of the oxides available for biological studies remain severely limited.
Boom/Bust Cycles and Ricardian Rent

North American agriculture has been characterized by many as a boom/bust industry. For example, between 1973 and 1983, prairie farmers experienced the most prosperous period of grain farming ever known in western Canada. Had the Golden Age finally arrived for prairie agriculture? Prosperity came to a grinding halt in the mid 1980s, and in the late 1980s prairie grain farmers entered into one of the worst economic situ-
Early Development of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Network in Transgenic Zebrafish

Understanding development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal circuits is fundamental to our understanding of reproduction, but not yet well understood. Most studies have been focused on GnRH neurons located in the hypothalamus and preoptic area (POA), which directly regulate the pituitary-gonadal axis. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), two forms of GnRH have been identified: GnRH2 and GnRH3. GnRH3 neurons in this species plays two roles: hypophysiotropic and neuromodulatory, depending on their location. GnRH3 neurons in in the ventral telencephalon, POA and hypothalamus control pituitary-gonadal function; in other areas (e.g., terminal nerve), they are neuromodulatory and without direct action on reproduction. To investigate the biology of GnRH neurons, a stable line of transgenic zebrafish was generated in which the GnRH3 promoter drives expression of a bright variant of green fluorescent protein (Emerald GFP, or EMD). This provides unprecedented sensitivity in detecting and imaging GnRH3 neurons during early embryogenesis in the transparent embryo. Using timelapse confocal imaging to monitor the time course of GnRH3:EMD expression in the live embryo, we describe the emergence and development of GnRH3 neurons in the olfactory region, hypothalamus, POA, and trigeminal ganglion. By 50 hours post fertilization, these diverse groups of GnRH3 neurons project broadly in the central and peripheral nervous systems and make anatomical connections with each other. Immunohistochemistry of synaptic vesicle protein 2 (a marker of synaptic transmission) in this transgenic model suggests synaptic formation is occurring during early development of the GnRH3 neural network. Electrophysiology reveals early emergence of responsiveness to the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin in terminal nerve GnRH3 neurons. Overall, our findings reveal that the GnRH3 neuronal system is comprised of multiple populations of neurons as a complicated network.
New Drug Development --- Alzheimer' Disease

Tacrine (Cognex) is now FDA approved and is currently the only drug specific for Alzheimer's Disease. Because of the frequency of Alzheimer's disease and the disability it causes many new drugs are currently in development specifically for this condition. The mechanisms of action of these drugs will be discussed (10 different mechanisms) and 20 different drugs in development will be mentioned. Although none represent a cure, new drug development in Alzheimer's Disease is entering a new era.
Duty cycle metrics system for the W. M. Keck Observatory

We describe the system to monitor and analyze the duty cycle of observing nights at the W. M. Keck Observatory. The system is almost completely automated, and relies predominantly on existing data. Lists of discrete "events" during the night are compiled (e.g. the start of a science exposure), and the sequence of events is interpreted as an "activity" (e.g. collecting science photons). The metrics system has proven extremely valuable, allowing scientists and engineers to identify the largest causes of inefficiency, and to quantify their impacts. This has led directly to prioritization decisions in upgrades and repairs at the Observatory.
Scale-free models of galaxies. II - A complete survey of orbits

A complete set of orbits starting at over 400 distinct points spread out in the phase space of an oblate scale-free potential is investigated. Each orbit is followed for a time that corresponds to a Hubble time in a realistic galaxy potential suitable for an E5 or E6 galaxy. It is noted that none of the orbits in the survey is ergodic. All of the survey orbits are regular, visiting a region at least one dimension smaller than expected from the classical integrals of motion. Thus, for all practical purposes, they have an extra nonclassical isolating integral. Approximately 95% of the survey orbits are box orbits, the rest being pipes (formerly tubes). The survey exposes an ambiguity in the original classification scheme for orbits, which, it is noted, can be resolved on the basis of the topology of an orbit's surface of section. Nevertheless, the distinction between high order very convoluted pipes and boxes is probably artificial for practical purposes.
The token economy in day hospital settings: Contingency management or information feedback

Abstract The token economy was evaluated as a contingency management system with chronic psychiatric patients in a day hospital setting. The hospital population was considered an N of 1, and the results were evaluated in a single case experimental design. Patients' performance in the token economy remained essentially the same whether the contingencies were in effect or not. A self-report questionnaire administered in phase 3 indicated that most patients viewed points earned as indicating how well they were doing in the program as opposed to allowing them to purchase various rewards. The token economy as a feedback system in a day hospital was discussed.
Estradiol-dependent modulation of auditory processing and selectivity in songbirds

The steroid hormone estradiol plays an important role in reproductive development and behavior and modulates a wide array of physiological and cognitive processes. Recently, reports from several research groups have converged to show that estradiol also powerfully modulates sensory processing, specifically, the physiology of central auditory circuits in songbirds. These investigators have discovered that (1) behaviorally-relevant auditory experience rapidly increases estradiol levels in the auditory forebrain; (2) estradiol instantaneously enhances the responsiveness and coding efficiency of auditory neurons; (3) these changes are mediated by a non-genomic effect of brain-generated estradiol on the strength of inhibitory neurotransmission; and (4) estradiol regulates biochemical cascades that induce the expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity. Together, these findings have established estradiol as a central regulator of auditory function and intensified the need to consider brain-based mechanisms, in addition to peripheral organ dysfunction, in hearing pathologies associated with estrogen deficiency.
Synthesis of the Amino Sugar from C-1027

The amino sugar side chain (2) from C-1027Chr was synthesized in 12 steps from mannose. The key reactions are an internal displacement by nitrogen to introduce the cis amino group at C-4 and the methylation of an enolate at C-5.
Reliability Evaluation and Prediction for Discrete Semiconductors

The use of accelerated step-stress and constant stress-in-time test techniques is demonstrated for generating models for predicting reliability at use conditions. Reliability prediction models were obtained for a signal diode, signal and power transistors, silicon trolled rectifier, and metal oxide varistor. Each of these device types follows the Arrhenius model for reliability prediction. Techniques are demonstrated for determining 1) the acceleration factor between extremely high acceleration testing conditions and field operating conditions on the signal diode; and 2) the acceleration or multiplying factor between high level stresses and use conditions which can be used to predict the performance of the signal diode over time. The effect of relative humidity on reliability is discussed. Devices under power operation have a lower relative humidity (RH) than the environment. This low RH suppresses humidity activated mechanisms. A transistor high-reliability screen which removes devices with early manufacturing type defects is described. This screen was effective, efficient and economical for improving the reliability of systems. A technique of combining acceleration factors for a number of items which affect reliability was demonstrated for the diode. This same technique should be useful for most device reliability predictions. The acceleration factors, however, can not be extrapolated into stress levels much above maximum ratings where new failure modes may appear that override the established failure rate relation with stress. The straight line plots of failure rates in this paper are terminated before these threshold limits.
Mechanically or optically switchable photonic crystal structures

Photonic crystal structures open new possibility for the construction of novel optical switch structures that are highly compact and functional. In this paper, we introduce two novel examples of photonic crystal switches: a mechanically switchable photonic crystal filter structure, and a low-power and high-speed all-optical transistor based upon cross waveguide geometry in photonic crystals.
LEAD IN CORALS: RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL FLUXES TO THE SURFACE OCEAN

Twentieth century environmental lead chronologies for the western North Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans have been reconstructed from annually-banded scleractinian corals. Measurements of lattice-bound Pb in sequential coral bands reveal temporal changes in surface water Pb concentrations and Pb isotopic distributions. Perturbations are observable in all specimens studied, attesting to global augmentation of environmental Pb by industrialization. In the western North Atlantic, Pb perturbations have occurred in direct response to the American industrial revolution and the subsequent introduction and phasing-out of alkyl Pb additives in gasoline. Surface ocean conditions near Bermuda may be reliably reconstructed from the coral data via a lead distribution coefficient of 2.3 for the species,Diploria strigosa. Based on210Pb measurements, a similar distribution coefficient may be characteristic of corals in general. Surface Pb concentrations in the pre-industrial Sargasso Sea were about 15–20 pM. Concentrations rose to near 90 pM by 1923 as a result of metals manufacture and fossil fuel combustion. Beginning in the late 1940's, increased utilization of leaded gasoline eventually led to a peak concentration of 240 pM in 1971, representing an approximate 15-fold increase over background. Surface ocean concentrations are presently declining rapidly (128 pM in 1984) as a result of curtailed alkyl Pb usage. Lead isotopic shifts parallel the concentration record indicating that characteristic industrial and alkyl Pb source signatures have not changed appreciably in time. Industrial releases recorded in the Florida Keys reflect a weaker source and evidence of recirculated Pb (5–6 years old) from the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. An inferred background concentration of 38 pM suggests influence of shelf and/or resuspended inputs of Pb to these coastal waters. In remote areas of the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, industrial signals are fainter and the corals studied much younger than their Atlantic counterparts. Contemporary Pb concentrations implied by coral measurements (assumingKD = 2.3) are 40–50 pM for surface waters near Tutuila and Galapagos in the South Pacific, and 25–29 pM near Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. A single coral band from Fiji (1920 ± 5yr) implies a pre-industrial surface water concentration of 16–19 pM Pb for the South Pacific. In view of reported surface water measurements and the North Atlantic coral data, the Pacific coral extrapolations may be slightly high. This could be a result of small variations inKD among different coral genera, or incorporation of diagenetic Pb by corals sampled in coastal environments.
The ultra-violet degradation of scissioning copolymers

Abstract A description is given of investigations into the u.v. degradation of the vinyl acetate-ethyl acrylate copolymer system. Also included are reactivity ratios calculated from the literature. AZBN was used to initiate polymerization. A possible extension to all scissioning systems is indicated.
A kinetic model for traffic flow with continuum implications

A statistical model for the flow of traffic on an n lane highway is presented. The model is based on the hypothesis that each driver will maintain a minimum space, between himself and the next car, which is proportional to his speed. Both the first and second order continuum formulations, which are derived from the basic statistical formulations, are also presented.
Scanning tunneling and force microscopies of low-dimensional organic conductors and superconductors

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been successfully applied to investigate the surface structure and the electron density of states of organic conductors and superconductors. The structural nature of organic conductors and superconductors makes their transport properties susceptible to one-dimensional effects. Low- dimensionality effects in the electrical conductivity of these materials are investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy at room and low temperatures. Effects such as charge density waves and Peierls instabilities are directly observed with the STM. The consequences of low- dimensionality in the electrical conductivity of these materials will be presented.
Heart Valve Disease

Heart valve disease is often characterized by a prolonged asymptomatic period that lasts for years and presents primary care physicians with an opportunity to detect disease before irreversible heart failure or other cardiac complications develop. Acute valvular disease can masquerade as respiratory illness or present with nonspecific systemic symptoms, and an astute examination by a primary care physician can direct appropriate care. Therefore, an understanding of the common pathologies and presentations of valvular heart disease is critical. This review focuses on the 2 most common valve lesions, aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, and provides an overview of other valve disease topics.
Distribution of variable fluorescence among subchloroplast fractions.

Spinach chloroplasts were fragmented by the French press technique and were separated by fractional centrifugation. Variable fluorescence was assayed by adapting a Cary 14 spectrophotometer for use as a modulated detector. The amount of variable fluorescence was directly related to the abundance of Photosystem II in the fractions. The 160K fraction which possesses negligible Photosystem II activity also possesses negligible variable fluorescence. The yield of background fluorescence from the 160K fraction is also much less than that from the other fractions. The presence of inactive chlorophyll in the 160K fraction cannot be explained by damage of Photosystem II during French press fragmentation.
Comparison of two nitric oxide supplement formulations on indices of anaerobic power

Background Previous studies have indicated that ingestion of nitric oxide (NO) supplements prior to exercise may potentially enhance anaerobic performance. Collectively, NO products are marketed to increase energy, strength, stamina and endurance during anaerobic exercise. However, delivery modes and formula combinations of NO supplements differ in regards to other nutrients included (i.e., creatine, caffeine, etc.) that could possibly impact the efficacy of NO product claims. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the effects of two NO supplement formulations (NO1 & NO2) on indices of anaerobic power. Methods
Tidal energy resource characterization: methodology and field study in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA (USA):

Tidal energy resource characteristics are presented from a multi-year field study in northern Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA (USA). Measurements were conducted as part of a broader effort to characterize the physical and biological environment at this location ahead of a proposed tidal energy project. The resource is conceptually partitioned into deterministic, meteorological, and turbulent components. Metrics with implications for device performance are used to describe spatial variations in the tidal resource. The performance differences between passive and fixed yaw turbines are evaluated at these locations. Results show operationally significant variations in the tidal resource over length scales less than 100 m, likely driven by large eddies shed from a nearby headland. Finite-record length observations of tidal currents are shown to be acceptable for estimating device performance, but unsuitable for direct investigation of design loads.
Electromagnetic Hydrodynamics of Liquid Crystals

We have developed a set of differential equations which describe the hydrodynamics of a conducting liquid crystal subjected to external electromagnetic fields. The mechanical forces resulting from the interaction of the fields with the liquid are expressed as operations on the Maxwell stress tensor. The use of this description allows a concise statement of the equations of motion. As an example of the validity of the formalism, we rigorously solve the boundary-value problem associated with the Williams domain (vortex) mode in nematic liquids. Using standard constitutive relations, physical boundary conditions, and experimentally measured material $p$-azoxylanisole constants, we quantitatively reproduce the significant experimental observations.
Hepatobiliary effects of 90yttrium microsphere therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

Summary 90 Yttrium (Therasphere) microspheres administered via hepatic artery are a valuable option for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. This therapy targets tumor nodules while largely sparing hepatic parenchyma. This retrospective study examines liver explants from 13 adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who received intrahepatic Theraspheres and subsequently underwent liver transplantation. Histopathologic and laboratory reviews are performed. Theraspheres preferentially migrated to the lobe(s) supplied by the injected artery branches and frequently localized to tumors. Tumors showed a chronology of changes beginning with confluent necrosis typically accompanied by hemorrhage and later by fibrinoid change. This was followed by fibrosis with regenerative activity at tumor peripheries. Adjacent hepatic parenchyma went through a similar sequence of injury and repair that could lead to markedly fibrotic cirrhotic nodules in the vicinity of treated tumors. No consistent pattern of thrombomodulin loss was seen in endothelial cells of the tumors or adjacent parenchyma, suggesting that direct endothelial cell injury was likely not a major contributor to the necrotic process. However, the pattern of injury and repair is suggestive of a localized and subclinical form of radiation-induced liver disease. The pathologist should be aware of these changes to distinguish them from the diffuse "radiation hepatitis" associated with older forms of radiotherapy.
Erosion of belief and disbelief: effects of religiosity and negative affect on beliefs in the paranormal and supernatural.

The authors investigated the effects of religiosity and negative affect on beliefs in the paranormal and supernatural among 94 undergraduate students enrolled in psychology classes at a small, private U.S. university. They hypothesized that religiosity would predict differential beliefs in the supernatural versus the paranormal but that negative affect would attenuate these beliefs. In addition, the authors predicted that belief in the supernatural and negative affect would interact to predict belief in the paranormal. Overall, the results were consistent with predictions. The religious participants were skeptical of paranormal phenomena but were accepting of supernatural phenomena. In addition, increased reports of negative affect over the preceding year appeared to attenuate belief in the supernatural for the religious participants. By contrast, for the nonreligious participants, increased belief in both the supernatural and paranormal was predicted when reports of negative affect were high. Finally, the interaction of supernatural belief and negative affect significantly predicted belief in the paranormal.
Orographic Effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the East Asian Summer Monsoon: An Energetic Perspective

This paper investigates the dynamical processes through which the Tibetan Plateau (TP) influences the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) within the framework of the moist static energy (MSE) budget, using both observations and atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations. The focus is on the most prominent feature of the EASM, the so-called meiyu–baiu (MB), which is characterized by a well-defined, southwest–northeast elongated quasi-stationary rainfall band, spanning from eastern China to Japan and into the northwestern Pacific Ocean between mid-June and mid-July. Observational analyses of the MSE budget of the MB front indicate that horizontal advection of moist enthalpy, and primarily of dry enthalpy, sustains the front in a region of otherwise negative net energy input into the atmospheric column. A decomposition of the horizontal dry enthalpy advection into mean, transient, and stationary eddy fluxes identifies the longitudinal thermal gradient due to zonal asymmetries and the meridional stationary eddy velocity as the most influential factors determining the pattern of horizontal moist enthalpy advection. Numerical simulations in which the TP is either retained or removed show that the TP influences the stationary enthalpy flux, and hence the MB front, primarily by changing the meridional stationary eddy velocity, with reinforced southerly wind over the MB region and northerly wind to its north. Changes in the longitudinal thermal gradient are mainly confined to the near downstream of the TP, with the resulting changes in zonal warm air advection having a lesser impact on the rainfall in the extended MB region.