cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the symbiotic relationship between warnings research and forensics.

OBJECTIVE: We describe a major factor in research in warnings - namely, forensics. BACKGROUND: During the past three decades, much of the empirical warnings research has been published in human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) literature. A major impetus to that research has been concurrent activity by HF/E professionals participating as expert witnesses in product liability and personal injury cases in which there is a claim of failure to adequately warn about associated hazards. METHOD: We review how the issues in forensics can identify researchable questions. This effort has prompted important questions to be addressed that have resulted in publications. Two examples are provided: vehicle seat recline and explicitness. RESULTS: The research has contributed to theory and model building of the processing involved. The research prompted by practical forensic issues can contribute to knowledge that is not limited in scope to particular instances, as is sometimes ascribed to applied research; it can also offer confirmatory support for theory or its modification. CONCLUSION: A practice-driven approach to the initiation of research can benefit not only application and practice but also theory. APPLICATION: Results in the warnings research domain can enhance safety and aid decisions in forensic contexts. Language: en
Planning Transcaval Access Using CT for Large Transcatheter Implants

Transcaval (“caval-aortic”) access is a new approach to introduce large devices, such as transcatheter aortic valves, into the abdominal aorta in patients who otherwise lack access options. In this technique, coaxial catheters are introduced into the body from the femoral vein, and advanced
The physical nucleon in static source meson theory

Abstract A wave function for the physical nucleon in static source meson theory has been constructed by the method of moments. The wave function includes contributions from states containing as many as five mesons, and is shown to be a good approximation to the ground state of the Hamiltonian. Because of the restrictive nature of the static model, the probability that the meson cloud have a particular angular momentum or isotopic spin turns out to be almost independent of the dynamics of the system. Since the matrix elements of the nucleon spin and isotopic spin operators can be expressed in terms of these probabilities, such matrix elements are determined essentially by the kinematics of the meson cloud. This fact renders unreliable any predictions of the static model which depend on matrix elements of the nucleon operators. The consistent failure of the static model to explain satisfactorily the scalar part of the magnetic moment may be ascribed to this cause. The quantities which depend on meson operators are more closely related to the dynamics of the system. The vector part of the magnetic moment is in agreement with experiment, and the electron-neutron interaction turns out much too large; these results differ little from those obtained by the Chew—Low one-meson approximation. However, the contributions of the many meson states are not negligible, and the mean number of mesons is found to be closer to two than to one. Evaluation of the charge renormalization enables us to test the scattering amplitudes predicted by the static model against the sum rules of Cini and Fubini. It is found that, for the conventional value of renormalized coupling constant, the sum rules are strongly violated. This result, together with the substantial many meson component of the wave function, casts doubt on the validity of the one-meson approximation in the static model.
Retinal degeneration in Aipl1-deficient mice: a new genetic model of Leber congenital amaurosis.

Abstract Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe inherited retinopathy, with the earliest age of onset. Because this currently incurable disease is present from birth and is a relatively rare disorder, the development of animal models that closely resemble the phenotype in patients is especially important. Our previous genetic analyses of LCA patients identified mutations in the aryl-hydrocarbon interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) gene. Here we present development of an animal model of AIPL1-associated LCA, the Aipl1-deficient mouse. Aipl1 is expressed at low levels throughout human and mouse retinal development and is rapidly upregulated as photoreceptors differentiate. The mouse displays rapid retinal degeneration and massive Muller cell gliosis, resembling the phenotype of the rd mouse, which is caused by a mutation in the gene for the β-subunit of the rod-specific phosphodiesterase. We confirm that this phenotype is consistent with the human disease using electroretinograms, and document the disease pathogenesis by analyzing the development of all retinal cell types and synaptogenesis during retinal histogenesis. Ectopic expression of AIPL1 led to deregulated retinal progenitor cell proliferation and alterations in cell fate specification; however, no gross abnormalities of proliferation during retinal development were detected. Data from analysis of proliferation and cell fate specification during retinal development of Aipl1-deficient mice suggests that there may be redundancy or compensation for Aipl1 loss by other related proteins. Because this mouse model closely mimics the human retinopathy caused by homozygous mutations in this gene, it provides a preclinical model for testing therapies to rescue the vision of children whose blindness is caused by AIPL1 mutations.
Controlling Electron Transfer through the Manipulation of Structure and Ligand-Based Torsional Motions: A Computational Exploration of Ruthenium Donor−Acceptor Systems using Density Functional Theory

Computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) are reported for a series of donor-acceptor (DA) transition metal complexes and related excited-state and electron transfer (ET) photoproduct models. Three hybrid Hartree-Fock/DFT (HF/DFT) functionals, B3LYP, B3PW91, and PBE1PBE, are employed to characterize structural features implicated in the dynamical control of productive forward and energy wasting back ET events. Energies and optimized geometries are reported for the lowest energy singlet state in [Ru(dmb)(2)(bpy-phi-MV)](4+) (DA1), [Ru(dmb)(2)(bpy-o-tolyl-MV)](4+) (DA2), [Ru(dmb)(2)(bpy-2,6-Me(2)-phi-MV)](4+) (DA3), and [Ru(tmb)(2)(bpy-2,6-Me(2)-phi-MV)](4+) (DA3'), where dmb is 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, tmb is 4,4',5,5'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, MV is methyl viologen, and phi is a phenylene spacer. These indicate that the dihedral angle theta(1) between the aryl substituent and the bipyridine fragment to which it is bound, systematically increases with the addition of steric bulk. Energies, optimized geometries, and unpaired electron spin densities are also reported for the lowest energy triplet state of [Ru(dmb)(2)(4-p-tolyl-2,2'-bipyridine)](2+) (D1*), [Ru(dmb)(2)(4-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine)](2+) (D2*), [Ru(dmb)(2)(4-mesityl-2,2'-bipyridine)](2+) (D3*), and [Ru(tmb)(2)(4-mesityl-2,2'-bipyridine)](2+) (D3'*). Each of these serves as a model of a reactant excited state in the forward electron-transfer photochemistry allowing us to qualify and quantify the role of excited-state intraligand electron delocalization in driving substantial geometry changes (especially with respect to theta(1)) relative to its respective DA counterpart. Next, energies, optimized geometries, and spin densities are reported for the lowest energy triplet of each DA species: (3)DA1, (3)DA2, (3)DA3, and (3)DA3'. These are used to model the ET photoproduct and they indicate that theta(1) increases following ET, thus, verifying switch-like properties. Finally, we report data for geometry optimized DA1 and (3)DA1 in a continuum model of room temperature acetonitrile. This study shows a complete recovery of theta(1) to its ground state value which has implications in efforts to trap electrons in charge-separated states.
Current amplitude-dependent modulation of rotational behavior with GPi stimulation in the rodent model of Parkinson's Disease

The globus pallidus interna (GPi) is the main output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the neural circuit involved in motor and cognitive performance which is impacted by Parkinson's Disease (PD). Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the GPi is an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of PD in humans, the link between the stimulation signal space and the therapeutic benefits of DBS is not well understood. The rodent model of PD is useful for characterization of ameliorative DBS, though prior work focuses on the rodent model for DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). This work investigates GPi-DBS in the rat model of PD under the framework of an amphetamine-induced rotational behavior. This work elucidates the relationship between stimulation current intensity and the motor effects of the dopaminergic lesion. Our results show that rotational behavior is modulated by the current intensity and validates GPi-DBS as a beneficial treatment of PD.
Evaluating a model of global psychophysical judgments for brightness: I. Behavioral properties of summations and productions

Steingrimsson (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 1916–1930, 2009) outlined Luce’s (Psychological Review, 109, 520–532 2002, 111, 446–454 2004) proposed psychophysical theory and tested, for brightness, behavioral properties that, separately, gave rise to two psychophysical functions, Ψ⊕ and \( {\Psi_{{ \circ_p}}} \). The function Ψ⊕ maps pairs of physical intensities onto positive real numbers and represents subjective summation, and the function \( {\Psi_{{ \circ_p}}} \) represents a form of ratio production. This article, the second in a series expected to consist of three articles, tests the properties linking summation and production such that it forces \( {\Psi_{{ \circ_p}}} = {\Psi_\oplus } = \Psi \). The properties tested are a form of distributivity and, in three experiments, were subjected to an empirical evaluation. Considerable support is provided for the existence of a single function Ψ for both summation and ratio production. The scope of this series of articles is to establish the theory as a descriptive model of binocular brightness perception.
Single station CMT; Application to the Michoacan, Mexico, Earthquake of September 19, 1985

Observations of three-dimensional ground motion at a single point on the surface of the Earth following an earthquake can be sufficient to determine the zeroth order moment tensor of the event. We adapt the centroid-moment tensor (CMT) method [Dziewonski et al., 1981] of analysis to single station data and apply it to the September 19, 1985 Michoacan earthquake. The obtained mechanism indicates faulting on a shallow plane, consistent with the ongoing subduction of the Cocos plate. The scalar moment is 1.3 × 1028 dyne-cm. A direct deconvolution of the observed P-wave train indicates that the moment release occurred in two subevents, each of 20 seconds duration with a peak-to-peak separation in time of 25 seconds.
Nitrogen‐selective detection in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography of derivatized oligosaccharides

Methoximation of reducing oligosaccharides, combined with the additional derivatization of hydroxy groups, yields derivatives suitable for capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with thermionic detection. Detection limits on the order of picogram-per-second can easily be achieved. The utility of this analytical procedure has been verified by the analysis of the carbohydrate content of chicken trypsin inhibitor.
Monitoring Chemical Changes in Some Foods Using Fourier Transform Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

The potential of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) to characterize some common foods was studied. Lard, peanut butter, mayonnaise, and whipped topping were heated to 60 and 90 8C separately, and the spectra were obtained periodically for a period of up to 32 and 16 d, respectively. Key bands in the mid-infrared spectral region were examined to monitor changes presumably due to lipid oxidation. Spectral data were analyzed, using principal component analysis (PCA) correlation, and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) techniques with Mahalanobis distances to estimate the extent of deterioration attributable to oxidation. The PAS was found to be simple, rapid, and nondestructive. It required limited sample preparation, and proved highly desirable for analyzing low-moisture samples.
Hand preferences for coordinated bimanual actions in 777 great apes: Implications for the evolution of handedness in Hominins

Whether or not nonhuman primates exhibit population-level handedness remains a topic of considerable scientific debate. Here, we examined handedness for coordinated bimanual actions in a sample of 777 great apes including chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. We found population-level right-handedness in chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas, but left-handedness in orangutans. Directional biases in handedness were consistent across independent samples of apes within each genus. We suggest that, contrary to previous claims, population-level handedness is evident in great apes but differs among species as a result of ecological adaptations associated with posture and locomotion. We further suggest that historical views of nonhuman primate handedness have been too anthropocentric, and we advocate for a larger evolutionary framework for the consideration of handedness and other aspects of hemispheric specialization among primates.
Some strength features of natural snow surfaces that affect snow drifting

Abstract The load, travel distance, and work index needed to break surface elements on 21 natural snow surfaces were measured with a motor-driven, spherical probe. The strongest and least brittle surfaces were fresh deposits of wind transported snow. The weakest surface was a new surface formed during snowfall with no sun and no wind. The most brittle surfaces were two cases of sun-softened snow that had refrozen before measurement. In new snow that had aged 6–7 1 2 h with no sun and no wind, strength increased by a factor of 2–3, work index increased 10 times, and brittleness decreased by 4–9 times. On surfaces with both erosional and depositional features, the latter were stronger, less brittle, and had work indexes 10–100 times greater than the erosional features. The strength of snow surface elements as measured with the current hardness gage corresponded closely to the forces generated by saltating snow particles.
Field estimation of leaf nitrogen by light transmittance

Abstract A highly significant negative correlation was found between percentage transmittance of photosynthetically active radiation (%TPAR) through a varied sample of walnut leaves and their extractable chlorophyll content (expressed on a leaf‐area basis). The %TPAR was negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen (N) expressed on a leaf‐area basis. When leaves were sampled from throughout the canopy of a walnut tree, no correlation was obtained between either chlorophyll content or %TPAR and leaf N based on leaf dry wt.; this was due to variation between exposed and shaded leaves in leaf thickness and specific leaf weight (SLW). Regression analysis indicated better correlation between transmittance of photosynthetically active radiation (%TPAR) and leaf N when data were fitted to quadratic or exponential functions rather than to a linear formula. Thus, estimation of leaf N level by %TPAR is more sensitive at lower levels of leaf N. When exposed leaves from trees differing in N status were analyzed, %TPAR wa...
Abstract 2821: GRK6 deficiency promotes tumor aggressiveness and metastasis in a murine model of human lung cancer .

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC G protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) phosphorylate the activated form of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) followed by the association of β-arrestin (βarr) with the phosphorylated receptor, desensitization and down-regulation. We have recently shown that the chemokine receptor, CXCR2, couples to GRK6 to regulate cellular responses including chemotaxis, angiogenesis and wound healing. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of GRK6 in CXCR2-mediated tumorigenesis using a murine model of human lung cancer. Mice deficient in GRK6 (GRK6−/−) exhibited a significant increase in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) growth and metastasis relative to control littermates (GRK6+/+). GRK6 deletion had no effect on the expression of pro-angiogenic chemokine or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 release, tumor-infiltrating PMNs and microvessel density. Treatment of the mice with a CXCR2 inhibitor (SB225002) or a murine anti-CXCR2 antibody blocked the effect of GRK6 deletion. Surprisingly, a GRK6−/−/βarr2−/− double knockout animal model exhibited faster tumor growth relative to GRK6−/− or βarr2−/− animals. Exposure of GRK6−/−/βarr2−/− mice to the anti-CXCR2 antibody totally inhibited tumor growth. This suggest that the effects of βarr2 and GRK6 knockdown in CXCR2-mediated tumor development are additive. Altogether, the results indicate that CXCR2 couples to GRK6 to regulate angiogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. Deletion of GRK6 increases the activity of the host CXCR2, resulting in greater PMN infiltration and MMP release in the tumor microenvironment thereby promoting angiogenesis and metastasis. Since GRK6−/−/βarr2−/− mice showed greater tumor growth relative to GRK6−/− or βarr2−/− mice, the data also suggest that CXCR2 couples to a different mechanism to mediate tumor progression and metastasis. Citation Format: Natalie Sutton, Nikia Smith, Ariel J. Thomas, Sandeep K. Raghuwanshi, Ricardo M. Richardson. GRK6 deficiency promotes tumor aggressiveness and metastasis in a murine model of human lung cancer . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2821. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2821
Residential independence: Race and ethnicity on the road to adulthood in two U.S. immigrant gateways

Abstract The living arrangements of young Americans offer a window not only on the transition to adult independence, but also on the incorporation of immigrants and minorities into U.S. society. Of particular interest is whether young people reside with parents or live apart. Focusing on the nation's two largest immigrant gateways, pooled data from the 2005–2007 American Community Surveys show that there are significant racial–ethnic differences, which are even more marked when immigrant generation is taken into account. Further analysis confirms that residential arrangements are related to adult social roles and personal resources, and controlling for roles and resources eliminates the Black-White gap in parental co-residence. Several predictors, such as personal income and marital status, display distinctive patterns for the different racial and ethnic groups.
A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition

Abstract Dry deposition can account for a large portion of the removal of trace chemicals from the troposphere. Resistance schemes used in modeling often perform quite well in daytime conditions over flat terrain. Model results for hilly or mountainous areas, however, are considerably less reliable than those for flat terrain. Even for homogeneous atmospheric and surface conditions and flat terrain, an inadequate model description of surface properties such as vegetative species and soil moisture stress can lead to large differences between modeled and measured fluxes. Third-generation models of mesoscale meteorology and atmospheric chemistry have the potential to achieve several advances, but scaling up of local to regional flux information remains a subject of research. Also, the integrated modeling of gaseous emissions and deposition, which need to be tied together at a low level of model structure, has not yet been accomplished. Many of the processes affecting dry deposition of O3 over individual types of surfaces are fairly well understood. The role of rapid in-air chemical reactions involving NO, NO2, and O3 are difficult to quantify comprehensively, and the effects of water from rain or dew on uptake of gases can be highly variable. The influence of lipid solubility on the uptake of organic substances is not well understood. For large bodies of water, the dry deposition rate of most gases appears to be determined largely by water solubility. Parameterizations for the deposition of fine particles tend to be empirical or based on theories untested in natural settings outdoors. Direct measurements of fluxes are required for improved parameterizations for gases and particles and have been made successfully in many past experiments. Micrometeorological approaches have been used extensively, but they are sometimes limited by chemical instrumentation. Long-term flux measurements for diverse terrain and relatively large areas remain difficult.
Growth and survival of tadpoles (Bufo americanus) fed amorphous detritus derived from natural waters

Growth and survival of tadpoles (Bufo americanus) were used to assess the food value of three types of amorphous detritus thought to be derived from dissolved organic matter (DOM) transported in river water or groundwater: 1. Flocculent organic aggregates suspended at the mouth of a humic stained river which drains into Lake Superior; 2. Precipitates formed directly from humic stained river water; 3. The < 35 μm fraction of littoral lake sediment. Tadpoles were unable to grow when fed the amorphous detritus, but experienced lower mortality than unfed animals. Although the food quality of certain types of detritus derived from DOM may be inadequate to support the growth of aquatic fine particle feeders it may contribute to the nutrition of facultative detritivores.
Whatever Will Happen to Industrial Sociology

(1984). Whatever Will Happen to Industrial Sociology. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 251-256.
X-ray diffractometry investigation for ion-exchange properties on alpha-type manganese dioxides

Two materials of α-type manganese dioxide were synthesized and examined. They were prepared by the pyrolysis of mixtures of MnCO3 and (CH3)3COK. An ill-ordered material was obtained when prepared at large (CH3)3COK content. Both samples behave as acids, but their apparent capacities are obviously different: about 0.9 meq/g for a well-ordered sample and about 2.6 meq/g for an ill-ordered sample. Ion-exchange properties were examined on Kielland's plot. Zero intersections of the two samples are almost the same but slopes are different (about −50 for a well-ordered sample and about −10 for an ill-ordered sample). The difference in slope is likely caused by the flexibility. An evidence of the flexibility can be seen by x-ray diffractometry.
Femtosecond laser-tissue interaction

Time dispersion plays an important role in the propagation of femtosecond pulses through water. The combined effects of time dispersion, radial diffraction and the Kerr nonlinearity on the pulse propagation are analyzed and it is shown that normal time dispersion leads to significant temporal broadening of ultrashort pulses and that it increases the threshold power for catastrophic self-focusing.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Aprotinin and renal dysfunction: what does history teach us?

The safety profile of perioperative aprotinin in cardiac surgery was questioned early in the 1990s soon after its introduction in clinical practice for the control of bleeding and transfusion [1]. ...
Computational modelling of NOx emissions from biodiesel combustion

A detailed numerical spray atomisation, ignition, combustion and NOx formation model was developed for direct injection diesel engines using KIVA-3V code that could be applied to biodiesel fuels and this model was used to investigate the NOx emissions mechanisms of biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. In addition, computational modelling was applied to evaluate strategies for reducing NOx emissions from biodiesel combustion. The physical and thermodynamic properties of biodiesel used in the model were based on fatty acid composition. The model was verified with experimental data from an engine fuelled with diesel fuel, soyabean methyl ester, Yellow Grease Methyl Ester (YGME) and genetically modified soyabean methyl ester. Strategies for reducing NOx emissions from biodiesel combustion were evaluated with the aid of the model. Increasing spray cone angle, retarding start of injection, applying Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and charge air cooling were all effective approaches to reducing NOx emissions from biodiesel fuel.
Theory in Applied Social Psychology Past Mistakes and Future Hopes

Across the last four decades, applied social psychology has sought to apply theories to 'real world' social problems, hoping for some insight into intractable social issues. This paper reviews applied social psychology discourse on the application of theory in the resolution of social problems, with a focus on the 'post-crisis' literature. This analysis suggests that much of applied social psychology lacks serious theoretical analysis and has yet to use the kind of theory needed to understand social problems. While exceptions to these trends are noted and discussed, current mainstream applied social psychology, as exemplified by a survey of recent texts, seems highly individualistic, rarely focused on important social issues, and generally atheoretical. Two themes, which run counter to these trends—the emergence of critical psychology and renewed attention to the limits of generalizability, along with the importance of knowing contexts— may set the agenda for further theoretical efforts in applied social psychology.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION AND SOCIAL POLICY ANALYSIS

This paper explores the contribution that interactionist approaches may make to the study and understanding of social policy based on a discussion of: (1) the general orientation of the interactionist line on inquiry and the general assumptions which the theoretical stance makes about the character of the world, (2) the problems that are of primary interest to those who work within this perspective, and (3) the methodological and technical aspects of this approach. Fruitful foci for basic and applied research from the interactionist perspective include: (1) how policy is constructed through negotiation within a structural context, (2) the multiple interpretations of policy intent and implementation, (3) the experience and meaning of social “problems” for those who are the intended objects of the social policies, and (4) the consequences of policies for the social order. Some of the major properties of the social policy context (uncertainty, decentralization, and political pluralism) are explored for their relevance to social policy analysis. Finally, we discuss the contribution of an institutional-contextual-social worlds approach as a macro-micro bridging mechanism in social policy studies.
Representing demand by partial projections

The projection-based strictness analysis of Wadler and Hughes is elegant and theoretically satisfying except in one respect: the need for lifting. The domains and functions over which the analysis is performed need to be transformed, leading to a less direct correspondence between analysis and program than might be hoped for. In this paper we shall see that the projection analysis may be reformulated in terms of partial projections, so removing this infelicity. There are additional benefits of the formulation: the two forms of information captured by the projection are distinguished, and the operational significance of the range of the projection fits exactly with the theory of unboxed types.
A Bayesian ANOVA Scheme for Calculating Climate Anomalies, with Applications to the Instrumental Temperature Record

Climate datasets with both spatial and temporal components are often studied after removing from each time series a temporal mean calculated over a common reference interval, which is generally shorter than the overall length of the dataset. The use of a short reference interval affects the temporal properties of the variability across the records, by reducing the standard deviation within the reference interval and inflating it elsewhere. For an annually averaged version of the Climate Research Unit’s (CRU) temperature anomaly product, the mean standard deviation is 0.678C within the 1961‐90 reference interval, and 0.818C elsewhere. The calculation of anomalies can be interpreted in terms of a two-factor analysis of variance model. Within a Bayesian inference framework, any missing values are viewed as additional parameters, and the reference interval is specified as the full length of the dataset. This Bayesian scheme is used to re-express the CRU dataset as anomalies with respect to means calculated over the entire 1850‐2009 interval spanned by the dataset. The mean standard deviation is increased to 0.698C within the original 1961‐90 reference interval, and reduced to 0.768C elsewhere. The choice of reference interval thus has a predictable and demonstrable effectonthesecondspatialmomenttimeseriesoftheCRUdataset.Thespatialmeantimeseriesisinthiscase largely unaffected: the amplitude of spatial mean temperature change is reduced by 0.18C when using the 1850‐2009 reference interval, while the 90% uncertainty interval of (20.03, 0.23) indicates that the reduction is not statistically significant.
A Simple Method for Analysis of Point Anchored Rockbolts in Circular Tunnels in Elastic Ground

A simple analytical method for the analysis of point anchored rockbolts is presented in this paper. The solution has been derived for elastic ground and rockbolts, for plane strain conditions, and for tunnels with circular cross section. The method provides accurate results for the rockbolts’ loads and displacements and explicitly includes the connection of the rockbolts to the surrounding ground. The addition of such details to a Finite Element numerical model is critical; otherwise the solution obtained may be dependent on the discretization used and on the stiffness of rockbolts and ground. As an alternative to including details of the rockbolt head and anchor point in the numerical model, which could be computationally very expensive, an equivalent spring constant is proposed. The spring constant is obtained by matching numerical with analytical results for a simple case, but keeping the geometry, material properties, and discretization unchanged.
Evaluation of hand cleansers.

The effect of three industrial hand cleansers on transepidermal water loss (TWL) was evaluated in groups of healthy volunteers. After 2 weeks, subjects using Baracaide averaged 47 % less TWL than those using Swarfega und 35 % less than with Go-Jo. In a second study in printers, the use of Baracaide decreased TWL by 20 % after 2 weeks. Because it contains no volatile solvents, Baracaide may be less injurious to the barrier layer.
Scanning electron microscopy of the gingival wall of deep periodontal pockets in humans.

The epithelial surface of deep periodontal pockets has been described using scanning electron microscopy. The presence of microtopographically distinct areas suggests that the pocket wall is constantly changing as a result of the interaction between the host and the epithelial- and pocket-associated bacteria. Seven topographical areas were described: relative quiescence, bacterial accumulation, emergence of leukocytes, leukocyte-bacterial interaction, epithelial desquamation, hemorrhage, and ulceration.
Foraging behaviour of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and size‐dependent predation risk

Two hypotheses related to effects of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) foraging behaviour and size on their predation risk were evaluated using field data collected in Prince William Sound, Alaska 1995–97. My results supported the hypothesis that low macrozooplankton density leads to dispersion of juvenile salmon from shallow nearshore habitats and greater predation risk, but zooplankton type was an important factor. When the biomass of large copepods (primarily Neocalanus spp.) declined, salmon dispersed from shallow nearshore habitats, and mean daily individual predator consumption of salmon increased by a factor of 5. A concomitant five-fold increase in the probability of occurrence of salmon in predator stomachs supported the notion that increased predation on salmon was caused by a greater overlap between predator and prey when salmon dispersed offshore, not an increase in the number of salmon consumed per feeding bout. The results also generally supported the hypothesis that the timing of predation events modifies the nature of size-dependent predation losses of salmon to different predator groups (small and large planktivores and piscivores). Size-dependent vulnerabilities of salmon to predators were a function of both predator and prey sizes. When simulated predation was shifted from May to June, the vulnerability of salmon became more dependent on their growth than initial size. But, the size- and growth-dependent vulnerabilities of salmon differed more among predator groups than between May and June, suggesting that changes in the composition of predator fields could more strongly affect the nature of size-dependent predation than changes in the timing of predation losses.
Analysis of the probability of transaction abort and throughput of two timestamp ordering algorithms for database systems

The author analyzes and compares the performance of two timestamp ordering concurrency control algorithms, namely, the basic and multiversion, for database systems. The multiversion algorithm improves the performance of the basic timestamp ordering algorithm by keeping multiple versions of data objects. The author discusses the performance enhancement in the multiversion algorithm over the basic algorithm. The author also discusses the storage overhead due to multiple versions of data objects in the multiversion algorithm. The exact performance model of these algorithms is so complex that it is impossible to find a closed-form solution. The author reduces the complexity of the analysis by analyzing a single transaction in isolation and reflects the presence of other transactions on the isolated transaction by the probability of conflict/abort. The analysis provides useful insight into the performance of these algorithms. >
Hydraulic Properties and Uncertainty Analysis for an Unconfined Alluvial Aquifer

An inverse computational method was used to analyze pumping and recovery tests conducted in an unconfined alluvial aquifer along the Republican River valley in Nebraska. At each test site, a high-capacity irrigation well was used as a pumping well, and eight observation wells were constructed to measure drawdown during the pumping and recovery tests. The test data were analyzed for four hydraulic parameters: the vertical (K(z)) and the radial (K(r)) hydraulic conductivity, the storage coefficient (S), and specific yield (S(y)). This method provides not only the average values but also estimated standard errors, confidence intervals, and correlation for the aquifer parameters. The standard error and confidence interval indicate the quality of the parameter estimates, and the correlation coefficients are useful in the evaluation of the relationship among the four parameters. High pumping rates seemed to reduce the effects of well borehole storage on drawdown. Because of the significant amount of early-time data collected, the tests gave high-quality S values. K(r) values for most observation locations range from 90 to 120 m/d. It was found that K(r) and S(y) had a higher correlation and the ratio of K(r)/K(z) varied from approximately 10 to 30.
The scale of genetic differentiation in the Dunes Sagebrush-Lizard ( Sceloporus arenicolus ), an endemic habitat specialist

The Dunes Sagebrush-Lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus) is a North American species endemic to sand-shinnery oak habitats of the Mescalero and Monahans sand dunes in eastern New Mexico and western Texas. This lizard is listed as Endangered in New Mexico and exhibits habitat specificity at several geographic scales. Dunes Sagebrush-Lizards are only found in topographically complex shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) dominated landscapes within their small geographic distribution and are not found in surrounding human-altered landscapes. Within suitable sand-shinnery oak habitat, individuals predominantly occupy non-vegetated sand dune blowouts and utilize blowouts with particular physical characteristics due to thermoregulatory, reproduction, and foraging requirements. Here, we examined historical and contemporary patterns of genetic differentiation with respect to the current distribution of suitable habitat at multiple spatial scales using mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite data from individuals throughout the entire range. We found three genetic clusters of individuals generally concordant with geographic regions and low sequence divergence at mitochondrial loci suggesting a recent origin of these populations. We also found high levels of genetic structure at microsatellite loci among populations within each of these groups indicating restricted gene flow at intermediate scales. Despite high habitat specificity, we did not detect genetic structure among sand blowouts at finer spatial scales. Within each population, matrices comprised of both sand blowouts and vegetated shinnery oak patches are necessary for genetic connectivity, but the fine scale spatial arrangement of blowouts may not be as critical. We discuss our results with respect to the scale of landscape heterogeneity and habitat connectivity and consider the conservation implications for this threatened taxon.
Killer dendritic cells: mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications for cancer.

Dendritic cells (DC) are essential for the development and regulation of adaptive host immune responses against tumors. DC are heterogeneous and comprised of diverse cellular subsets. They are best known for mediating a crucial role in the initiation of acquired immunity by serving as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) that take up antigens in their local microenvironment, which are then processed and presented to naive T cells in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. In addition to these functions, DC can modulate the types of T cell responses they generate, and can also influence the responses of innate effectors, such as NK cells. There is also now evidence that they may mediate a more primordial role as innate, effector cells that are tumoricidal. 'Killer' DC (KDC) may represent a true 'multi-tasking' cell type that can sequentially act as a 'hunter-gatherer' of antigens; as well as, an instructor, then enforcer/regulator, of antigen-specific anti-tumor T-cell responses in vivo. In this review, we will critically examine the published record regarding KDC, their mechanism(s) of action, and then consider the potential integration of KDC into novel immunotherapies for patients with cancer.
Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction

A 40-year-old woman presents for a routine well-woman examination. She is not pregnant, is in good health, reports no symptoms, and her physical examination is unremarkable. After seeing a health news segment on television, she asks if she should have her thyroid function checked.
Ownership Matters? Content, Localism & Ownership on Local Television News

This study examines the relationship between local news content and ownership structure in five local television markets. It is an extension of the localism research that was conducted by researchers at the Federal Communications Commission in 2004. The findings of this study confirm that ownership does matter in the production of total news and local news on local television news broadcasts. There were statistically significant relationships that linked total content and local content to ownership profiles. In general, independent stations (stations that were neither owned-and-operated by a network nor part of a duopoly) broadcast more local content on their newscasts than those stations that were either (1) owned-and-operated and part of a duopoly; (2) owned- and-operated only; or (3) part of a duopoly only. In summary, consolidated media ownership negatively affects the production of local content on local television newscasts.
Influence of a Native Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigenum Potato Variety on Management of the Guatemalan Potato Moth in the Venezuelan Andes

Smallholder farmers in the Venezuelan Andes have observed that native Solanum tuberosum ssp. Andigenum (Andigena) potato varieties are less susceptible to damage from the invasive pest, Tecia solanivora P. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) than improved varieties. Surprisingly, the value of using Andigena varieties in the management of T. solanivora remains unexplored. Field trials were established in Misinta, Venezuela, to assess T. solanivora damage on potatoes from an Andigena variety, ‘Imilla negra’, and two improved varieties, ‘Andinita’ and ‘Unica’. The influence of intercropped Imilla negra varieties on T. solanivora damage and marketable yield in neighboring improved potato varieties was also assessed. While Imilla negra had significantly less T. solanivora damage per plant (percentage of damaged tubers) and per tuber (number of larval exit perforations) than Andinita and Unica in monoculture trials, intercropped Imilla negra did not reduce T. solanivora damage or increase undamaged tuber yield of improved varieties in polycultures. The results support Andean farmer knowledge on Andigena potato varieties and suggest that the proper incorporation of these varieties into potato cropping systems might be a promising strategy in managing T. solanivora. Nevertheless, further evaluation extending beyond a single growing season is needed to validate the findings of this study over time, as year to year variability in environmental conditions can alter host plant preference in herbivorous insects.
Computing Volumetric-Curvature Attributes Using Predictive Painting

Delineation of faults, fractures, and other discontinuities, either structural or stratigraphic, is crucial to seismic interpretation. Successful use of curvature attributes in the prediction of faults, fractures, and other stratigraphic features has proven curvature to be a powerful tool. The advent of volumetric estimation of curvature has exploited the curvature attribute to its fullest potential by overcoming the limitations of horizonbased attributes. We introduce a novel approach to computing volumetric curvature. The key idea is to transfer seismic image into a coordinate frame in which geometry follows the natural shape of each reflector, therefore assigning a horizon to each point in the seismic data volume is tractable. We employ the predictive-painting algorithm to estimate horizon shapes and to extract them automatically in the whole volume of seismic data. This computation can be used to transfer seismic data into two different coordinate systems that follow from predictive painting. The adopted curvature equations are defined in these two coordinate systems to compute curvature at each point in the volume. The proposed approach also enables multispectral curvature computation and capturing of curvatures at different scales. A field-data example shows that the proposed method can successfully estimate multispectral curvature of reflectors volumetrically.
The Cup Fungus, Ciboria Carunculoides, Pathogenic on Mulberry Fruits

A developmental study has been made of a disc fungus that attacks the fruits of Morus alba. From the results obtained, the organism is transferred from Sclerotinia to Ciborio, and is assigned the b...
Composting, Crop Rotation, and Cover Crop Practices in Organic Vegetable Production

For nearly a decade, there has been an increased awareness toward food quality, health standards, and global environmental issues in our communities. In that context, adoption of organic production practices has been increasing rapidly in vegetable production. Organic farming is grounded in a holistic view of agriculture that aims to reflect a profound interrelationship between on-farm living biota, farm production, and the overall environment. Organic agriculture has emerged as a powerful tool in re-establishing production practices that are self-sufficient, promote biodiversity, and support practices that conserve soil, water, and the environment. Organic production systems utilize practices such as composting, crop rotation, and use of cover crops, all of which have a positive impact on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Although these practices are widely used, there is still uncertainty among growers when it comes to the actual process of composting, compost nutrient concentration and availability, use of compost in transplant mixes, and application rates. Similarly, other areas that need attention are crop rotation, sequence of crops within a rotation, and integration of cover crops in these rotations. Cover crops have an important role in reducing soil erosion, suppressing weeds, improving soil structure and water holding capacity, and increasing soil organic matter. This chapter will highlight the role of composting, use of compost, crop rotation, and cover crops in organic vegetable production systems. This chapter will discuss in detail the composting process, raw materials used, composting methods, quality assessment of compost, and potential avenues where compost can be used in organic vegetable production. The crop rotation portion of this chapter will highlight various crop rotation plans and strategies that growers could utilize to improve soil quality, break pest and disease cycles, and increase yields. The chapter will also provide information on cover crop types, their planting, management, benefits, and challenges in organic vegetable cropping systems. Organic production systems are complex and dynamic. Understanding techniques and practices that directly influence soil is critical in building a production system that is self-sustaining, strong, and resilient. A better understanding of such practices is of paramount importance to build, strengthen, and support organic vegetable production.
Five year dynamic surveillance of infection indices among employees of catering trade in Jing'an district, Shanghai

Objective To investigate the five year dynamic changes of the indices of five infections among the employees of catering trade in Jing'an District, Shanghai Methods The data of medical examination for the employees of catering trade in Jing'an District from 1999 to 2003 were collected and analyzed Results In 2003 the positive rate of HBsAg was 39 59/1000 (1974/27129), lower than that in 1999 (41 92/1000, 1282/30582) with a decrease by 1 42%; the abnormal alanine transaminase (ALT) was 0 48/1000 (13/27129), lower than that in 1999 (1 01/1000, 31/30582); the HBsAg/HBeAg positive rate was 8 55/1000, lower than that in 1999 (4 51/1000, 138/30582) with a decrease by 17 33%; the Salmonella+Shigella positive rate was 0 55/1000 (15/27129), higher than that in 1999 (0 26/1000, 8/30582) with a decrease by 40 93%; and the tuberculosis (TB) positive rate was 0 26/1000 (7/27129), higher than that in 1999 (0 07/1000, 2/30582) In general, the positive rates in these 5 indices were lower in the native employees of catering trade than in the immigrant employees The employees of catering trade, basically, had higher positive rates in term of these 5 indices than the employees of recreation trade Conclusion The positive rates in terms of the 5 infections among the employees of catering trade in Jing'an District are generally higher than those of the general population in China and lower than those among the employees of catering trade in other areas The positive rates, in general, decrease gradually However, the rates, especially the HBsAg/HBeAg positive rate, remain higher among the immigrant employees than among the native employees