cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Do Things with Belief

This chapter challenges the scholarly commonplace of ‘Protestant interiority’. Rather than imagining the Reformation turn from ritual participation to individual belief as a turn inward, Shagan argues that Protestants developed and deployed new understandings of beliefs as performative actions that did things in the world. Part of a larger study of how the category of ‘belief’ itself changed over time, by analysing how English Protestants tried to do things with belief rather than merely believing things, Shagan elucidates the paradox that the very people usually charged by scholars with turning religion inward—English puritans—were also the people who most sought to use religion to change the world.
Do perforated duodenal ulcers need an aciddecreasing surgical procedure now that omeprazole is available

If a chronic duodenal ulcer perforates, the choice of operation will depend on the patient's condition. Preoperative shock, concurrent medical diseases, severe generalized peritonitis, or the presence of an intra-abdominal abscess are contraindications to a definitive ulcer operation; hence, simple closure or omental patch closure is performed. Omeprazole can then be used to heal the ulcer in the early postoperative period, with long-term H2-blocker therapy to follow. The patient without a contraindication to a definitive operation should have a proximal gastric vagotomy in addition to an omental patch closure of the perforation. The addition of this procedure does not change the operative mortality rate in properly selected patients, does not cause the gastrointestinal sequelae associated with truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty or resection, and has a low rate of recurrent ulcer in experienced hands. The presence of a synchronous posterior "kissing" duodenal ulcer would prompt some to choose a vagotomy and pyloroplasty in preference to a proximal gastric vagotomy. The appropriate operation to perform after perforation of an acute duodenal ulcer in a patient with any of the contraindications listed above is simple closure or omental patch closure. In the stable nonseptic patient, the choice is not as clear. Boey and associates noted cumulative recurrent ulcer rates of 37% and 31% at 3 years in separate studies in which omental patch closure was used for perforated acute duodenal ulcers. This may reflect the asymptomatic nature of chronic duodenal ulcers in some patients prior to perforation, the failure of the surgeon to recognize the extent of periduodenal scarring at operation, or differences in the length of postperforation follow-up in series reporting perforations of acute or chronic ulcers. Jordan has suggested that all stable patients with perforated duodenal ulcers should undergo a proximal gastric vagotomy in addition to omental patch closure. In his hands, the addition of proximal gastric vagotomy has an operative mortality rate of 0 to 1%, a recurrent ulcer rate of 3% to 5%, and no adverse postoperative sequelae. He has noted that "this operation gives protection from further ulcer disease to those who need it and will produce no harm to the unidentifiable patients that might not have benefited from definitive surgery." Boey and Wong suggested that omental patch closure is indicated for "acute ulcers associated with drug ingestion or acute stress" in addition to those that occur in patients who are considered to be poor risk, while proximal gastric vagotomy should be added in the remaining patients with perforations of acute ulcers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Near-Term Environmental Stressors: Climate Change

This chapter begins with an introduction to the climate warming phenomenon globally and briefly chronicles China’s involvement in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It treats China’s energy policy, its heavy reliance on coal, low energy efficiency, and development of alternate energy sources. Then, China’s traditional agriculture is discussed, with an emphasis on methane formation through wet rice cultivation. The chapter examines natural climate variability, for example the East Asian monsoon, which influences climate variability, and then presents information on observed climate change effects: changes in temperature, precipitation, surface evaporation, and sunshine duration. A special section examines extreme weather events in recent years, covering floods, drought, heat waves, sea level rises, and typhoons. The last section of the chapter introduces models used by Chinese scientists and preliminary estimates on ways in which climate change will affect production of rice, wheat, maize, and cotton. It also discusses the limitation of climate change models in predicting outcomes for China’s food security.
Changes in Buprenorphine-Naloxone and Opioid Pain Reliever Prescriptions After the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion.

Importance Expanding Medicaid eligibility could affect prescriptions of buprenorphine with naloxone, an established treatment for opioid use disorder, and opioid pain relievers (OPRs). Objective To examine changes in prescriptions of buprenorphine with naloxone and OPRs after the US Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, longitudinal, patient-level, retail pharmacy claims were extracted from IQVIA real-world data from an anonymized, longitudinal, prescription database. The sample included 11.9 million individuals who filled 2 or more prescriptions for a prescription opioid during at least 1 year between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015, from California, Maryland, and Washington (expansion states) and Florida and Georgia (nonexpansion states). Data analysis was conducted from August 1, 2017, to May 31, 2018. Data were aggregated to county-year observations (N = 2082) and linked to county-level covariates. For each outcome, a difference-in-differences regression model was estimated comparing changes before and after expansion in expansion vs nonexpansion counties. Models were adjusted for county demographics, uninsured rate, and overdose mortality in the baseline year (2010). Exposures Presence of Medicaid expansion in the year. Main Outcomes and Measures For buprenorphine with naloxone and OPRs, rates per 100 000 county residents were calculated separately for any prescriptions overall and by different payment sources. Mean days of medication per county among people filling prescriptions for these agents were also determined. Results The study sample included 11.9 million individuals (expansion states: 40.9% men; mean [SD] age, 44.1 [13.8] years; nonexpansion states: 41.0% men; mean [SD] age, 43.7 [13.7] years). In expansion counties, 68.8 individuals per 100 000 county residents filled buprenorphine with naloxone and 5298.3 filled OPR prescriptions in 2010. After expansion, buprenorphine with naloxone fills per 100 000 county residents increased significantly in expansion relative to nonexpansion counties (8.7; 95% CI, 1.7 to 15.7). Opioid pain reliever fills per 100 000 county residents did not significantly change in expansion counties relative to nonexpansion counties (327.4; 95% CI −202.5 to 857.4). The rate of OPRs per 100 000 county residents paid for by Medicaid significantly increased (374.0; 95% CI, 258.3 to 489.7). There were no significant changes in days per 100 000 county residents of either medication after expansion. Conclusions and Relevance Medicaid expansion significantly increased buprenorphine with naloxone prescriptions per 100 000 county residents in expansion counties, suggesting that expansion improved access to opioid use disorder treatment. Expansion did not significantly increase the overall rate per 100 000 county residents of OPR prescriptions, but increased the population with OPRs paid for by Medicaid. This finding therefore suggests the growing importance of Medicaid in pain management and addiction prevention.
Ability of Sterile Males to Inhibit Female Remating in the Melon Fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

This study investigated the ability of mass-reared, sterile males of a genetic sexing strain to inhibit remating by wild females in the melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Virgin wild females were initially mated to either virgin wild or sterile males, and then given the opportunity to remate with wild males at 1, 10, or 20 d after the initial mating. Two-way ANOVA revealed that both male type and time since initial mating significantly influenced female remating levels. Initial matings with wild males resulted in lower female remating than initial matings with sterile males. Female remating levels increased with time elapsed since the initial mating, regardless of whether the first mate was a wild or sterile male.
Organizing Matters: The Case of Medical Rehabilitation:

Students frequently struggle to understand the differences among various types of organizational structures and how these differences affect organizational processes and outcomes. In the exercise d...
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor Cabozantinib resolves bone scans in mice with tibial fractures.

1196 Objectives The notable clinical activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib against several indications has led to its approval for medullary thyroid cancer. Some early clinical reports regarding this drug have demonstrated a rapid and complete resolution of bone scans in malignancies, such as breast and prostate, which affect the bone. This striking phenomenon is rarely observed in patients even among therapies which have previously displayed a survival benefit. In castration-resistant prostate cancer, other conventional responses do not change as dramatically post-treatment, leading to the possibility that the bone scan resolution is a secondary affect to cabozantinib treatment. Methods To test our hypothesis, we surgically induced bone remodeling via physical insult in non-tumor-bearing mice. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-sodium fluoride and technetium 99m-methylene diphosphate single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were then performed pre- and post-treatment with cabozantinib and a number of other related inhibitors. Results The accumulation of either radiotracer at the site of injury was consistently reduced following treatment with cabozantinib. As cabozantinib is known to inhibit multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, we drugged the animals with a variety of more specific inhibitors to further define the mechanism of bone scan resolution. Neither the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor axitinib, the MET inhibitor crizotinib, nor the combination was capable of inhibiting radiotracer accumulation at bioactive doses. Conclusions Although the molecular basis of the bone scan resolution seen with cabozantinib treatment remains unknown, the conclusion that this phenomenon occurs in non-tumor-bearing animals suggests that caution should be taken while interpreting the clinical relevance of this event.
Detecting host location attacks in SDN-based networks

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging technology that has increasingly become popular for implementing modern infrastructures. SDN offers advantages of programmable and flexible network management over the traditional practice. As more and more SDN-based networks are being implemented, it is necessary to consider security issues especially those that are inherent from SDN. This paper addresses an important SDN specific security issue, namely a host location (tracking) attack, where an attacker compromises a host and captures its location information to manipulate the packets and trick the controller. Such an attack can potentially lead to many harmful effects including disruption of network traffic and denial of services. In particular, we introduce a new host location attack that exploits unused ports, along with its countermeasure for the controller to detect and take appropriate actions. We illustrate and evaluate the proposed detection mechanism by network simulations. The results obtained from our experiments are effective and promising.
Abstract 14495: Clinical Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for De Novo Aortic Valve Insufficiency After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Objective: This study aimed to assess clinical outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for de novo aortic valve insufficiency (AI) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) impl...
Preemption through Privatization

Many states offer their citizens protections, benefits, and services that go well beyond those of federal law, ranging from consumer protection, education, environmental preservation, and healthcare. The Trump administration and an increasingly conservative Supreme Court disapprove of many of these measures. However, rather than forthrightly use its power to pass statutes that preempt state law, the federal government, especially recently, has removed its actions from the public eye by using private corporations as stand-ins. It has assisted, incented, and delegated power to private corporations to flout and displace state laws that are—from the corporations’ view—too protective of individuals. The federal government uses private firms to displace state law in three ways. Under the preempt and delegate approach, the federal government preempts state law, and leaves private entities to regulate the area. State regulation is displaced by private contract. Under incented preemption, the federal government provides incentives to undermine state policies and programs. For example, the administration has sought to provide subsidies to private religious schools and health entities, which undercuts state policies and programs with which the private entities compete. Finally, under delegated preemption, the federal government has sought to devolve the power to preempt certain state industry regulation to a firm in the industry. Each approach presents escalating dangers to the structure of federalism, of government, and of individual-protecting laws. In adopting a solution, I place the vast literatures on privatization and preemption in full conversation for the first time. Federalism can be used to check and balance privatization. Just as the constitutional structure contemplates a bilateral system in which states check and balance the federal government, I propose a trilateral system, in which states have greater authority with the federal government over private entities, but the latter continue to have a voice. The federal government should give states the option of carrying out the functions of federal contractors ex ante, create forums for ongoing interaction between the entities, and give states enforcement authority ex post to address the harms of privatized preemption in a structural manner.
The impact of a universal inpatient palliative care consultation protocol for patients with gynecologic cancer: a quality improvement project

Objectives: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recommends early palliative care assessment (PCA) for patients with advanced or recurrent malignancy. We report initial findings of a protocol designed to meet this standard. Methods: We used key stakeholders from a multi-disciplinary team of gynecologic oncologists and palliative care providers to inform an initiative to increase compliance with the ASCO recommendation. As a result, in April of 2020, a quality improvement protocol was initiated whereby a palliative care consult was ordered for all patients with a gynecologic cancer diagnosis admitted to the gynecologic oncology service. Admissions for 23-hour observation and those who did not receive outpatient care from the gynecology oncology team were excluded. Admissions meeting the inclusion criteria 3 months prior to protocol initiation (PPI) were compared to admissions in months 4-6 after protocol initiation (API) to allow for a 3 month wash out period. A retrospective chart review was completed to identify clinicodemographic characteristics for each admission. The primary outcome was completion of inpatient PCA calculated per admission. Secondary outcomes were palliative care and hospice interventions, and advanced care documentation (code status, power of attorney or living will). T-test, Fisher's exact test, relative risk (RR) and exact binomial confidence intervals (CIs) were used. Results: There were 152 admissions, 82 PPI and 70 API. The mean age was 61 years (±13), the majority were White (49%) or Black (39%), had a primary diagnosis of ovarian/primary peritoneal (37%) or uterine cancer (32%) and had advanced/recurrent disease (93%). The majority were medical admissions (n=91, 62%) with 10 (7%) for radiation and 44 (30%) for postoperative care. The demographics of admissions PPI and API are summarized in Table 1. PCA was significantly higher API versus PPI (63% vs. 38%, RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.26-3.02). Additionally, API admissions were more likely to receive follow-up outpatient PCA referrals (20% vs 5%, p=0.005). Death (inpatient or outpatient) was more commonly observed in Black patients compared to White (61% vs 39%, p=0.049). Of the 24 patients who died during the study period, 7 died inpatient. Notably all patients who died inpatient were Black (0% White vs 0% other vs 100% Black p=0.03). Documentation of goals of care discussions, code status, or power of attorney did not change after protocol implementation (RR 1.14, CI 0.90-1.41). Conclusions: This universal palliative care consultation protocol improved the frequency of PCA on an inpatient gynecologic oncology service and increased outpatient PCA referrals, but did not achieve complete compliance. Early observations have also identified a potential disparity in frequency and location of death that warrants further exploration. The next phase of this QI initiative will explore and address barriers to achieving universal PCA.
Control using capacity constraints for interfering MIMO links

This paper considers joint optimization of power and array weights for a set of interfering cochannel links, given the desired capacity for each link. All transmitters and receivers are assumed to have array antennas. An iterative method for determining the link parameters is given. In this method, the desired capacities for the interfering links are the control parameters. It is also shown that the iterative method does not maximize the network throughput. Reducing the number of independent data streams for each link may enhance the network performance.
Molecular basis for arsenic-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 3130 Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in nature, air, water and soil. Epidemiological findings indicate that arsenic is a paradoxical human carcinogen that results in increased risk of skin, lung, bladder, liver and kidney cancers. Although the mechanism of arsenic toxicity is not fully understood, we hypothesize that oxidative stress is capable of inducing DNA damage, which may play a role in arsenic-induced toxicity. In this study, we used human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells as a model to study oxidative stress and genotoxicity associated with exposure to arsenic trioxide at 24 and 48 hrs, using the thiobarbituric acid test and the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay), respectively. The results of the thiobarbituric acid test showed a significant increase (p <0.05) of MDA (malondialdehyde) levels with increasing arsenic trioxide concentrations. These results indicate that oxidative stress may play a key role in arsenic induced toxicity and cellular damage. Data generated from the comet assay showed a significant time and dose-dependent increase in DNA damage, with respect to comet tail-length, tail arm and tail moment, as a result of arsenic trioxide exposure. Our findings indicate that reactive oxygen species, such as MDA is capable of inducing DNA damage in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, further supporting our hypothesis that arsenic toxicity is mediated by oxidative stress.
Reconfigurable miniature three dimensional fractal tree antennas

When used as antenna elements, fractal tree structures can be designed to produce multiband characteristics or to achieve miniaturization. Dipole antennas that use fractal tree structures as end loads can achieve a resonant frequency lower than a standard dipole of comparable length. In addition, increasing the density of fractal tree end loads can significantly improve the miniaturization of such antennas. Two design examples are considered where these miniature fractal tree antennas are made reconfigurable by the introduction of strategically placed reactive loads or RF switches. The first design is a fractal dipole antenna that operates at several frequency bands by adding reactive loads in the tree structure. The second design considered is a reconfigurable miniature dipole antenna that achieves a 43% size reduction with respect to its conventional counterpart (i.e., a half-wave dipole for the lowest operating band) and has a tunable bandwidth of nearly 70%.
A Technique for Constructing Symmetric Designs

Let M be a set of incidence matrices of symmetric (v,k,λ)-designs and G a group of mappings M→ M. We give a sufficient condition for the matrix W⊗ M, where M∈ M and W is a balanced generalized weighing matrix over G, to be the incidence matrix of a larger symmetric design. This condition is then applied to the designs corresponding to McFarland and Spence difference sets, and it results in four families of symmetric (v,k,λ )-designs with the following parameters k and λ (m and d are positive integers, p and q are prime powers): (i) k = q^2m-1p^d, λ = (q-1)q^2m-2p^d-1, q = p^d+1-1/p-1; (ii) k = (q ^2m-1p^d-1)p^d/(p-1)(p ^d+1), λ = (q^2m-2p^2d-1)p^d/(p-1)(p ^d+1), q = p^d+1+p-1; (iii) k = 3^d q ^2m-1, λ = 3^d(3^d+1)q^2m-2/2, q = 3^d+1+1/2; (iv) k = 3^d(3^dq^2m-1-1/2(3^d-1), λ = 3^d(3^2dq^2m-2-1)/2(3^d-1) , q = 3^d+1-2.
Tabulation of Replies to Questionnaire on Girls' Basket Ball

(1927). Tabulation of Replies to Questionnaire on Girls' Basket Ball. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 41-45.
Point Sources of TEV and PEV Cosmic Gamma Rays

The study of PEV gamma ray sources seems to be the best method to search for the origin of high energy cosmic ray nuclei. Detection of TeV and PeV gamma ray sources is the only method which combined with other observations, such as anisotropy measurements, can answer the question whether the ultra high energy cosmic ray particles are accelerated in point sources, or on large scales. The two major experimental methods used for observing and measuring very high energy cosmic gamma rays, the atmospheric Cerenkov technique and the extensive air shower technique are reviewed. With the rapid development of very high energy gamma ray astronomy a relatively large number of TeV and PeV gamma ray sources has been observed using the above techniques, but only one TeV source, the Crab Nebula is completely well confirmed, and is the best candidate for the standard candle of TeV gamma ray astronomy. Observations of other potential TeV and PeV gamma ray point sources are presented, and some of the major questions of very high energy gamma ray astronomy and astrophysics are discussed.
Understanding awareness deficits following brain injury

The critical role that awareness deficits play in contributing to rehabilitation outcome and independent functioning of brain injured adults is readily acknowledged by rehabilitation professionals. However, there are inconsistencies in the scope of what is included within the concept of awareness and the way in which it is measured within the literature. A comprehensive model of awareness is needed to guide the development of measurement tools and interventions. This paper expands upon concepts originally proposed by Crosson and colleagues [12] and proposes a comprehensive model of awareness that integrates parallel themes in cognitive psychology, social psychology and neuropsychology. It argues that a hierarchical view of awareness does not capture the complexities and subtleties of awareness symptoms and proposes a dynamic relationship between knowledge, beliefs, task demands and context of a situation. A distinction between knowledge and awareness, that one has prior to a task, and that, which is activated during task performance, is emphasized. Suggestions for expanding assessment and intervention methodology are derived from the perspective of research within the areas of metacognition and self-efficacy.
Medial olivocochlear efferent reflex inhibition of human cochlear nerve responses

Inhibition of cochlear amplifier gain by the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent system has several putative roles: aiding listening in noise, protection against damage from acoustic overexposure, and slowing age-induced hearing loss. The human MOC reflex has been studied almost exclusively by measuring changes in otoacoustic emissions. However, to help understand how the MOC system influences what we hear, it is important to have measurements of the MOC effect on the total output of the organ of Corti, i.e., on cochlear nerve responses that couple sounds to the brain. In this work we measured the inhibition produced by the MOC reflex on the amplitude of cochlear nerve compound action potentials (CAPs) in response to moderate level (52-60 dB peSPL) clicks from five, young, normal hearing, awake, alert, human adults. MOC activity was elicited by 65 dB SPL, contralateral broadband noise (CAS). Using tympanic membrane electrodes, approximately 10 h of data collection were needed from each subject to yield reliable measurements of the MOC reflex inhibition on CAP amplitudes from one click level. The CAS produced a 16% reduction of CAP amplitude, equivalent to a 1.98 dB effective attenuation (averaged over five subjects). Based on previous reports of efferent effects as functions of level and frequency, it is possible that much larger effective attenuations would be observed at lower sound levels or with clicks of higher frequency content. For a preliminary comparison, we also measured MOC reflex inhibition of DPOAEs evoked from the same ears with f2's near 4 kHz. The resulting effective attenuations on DPOAEs were, on average, less than half the effective attenuations on CAPs.
An Incremental Updating Based Fast Phenotype Structure Learning Algorithm

Unsupervised phenotype structure learning is important in microarray data analysis. The goal is to (1) find groups of samples corresponding to different phenotypes (e.g. disease or normal), and (2) find a subset of genes that can distinguish different groups. Due to the large number of genes and a mass of noise in microarray data, the existing methods are often of some limitations in terms of efficicency and effectiveness. In this paper, we develop an incremental updating based phenotype structure learning algorithm, namely FPLA. With a randomly selected initial state, the algorithm iteratively tries three possible adjustments, i.e. gene addition, gene deletion and sample move, to improve the quality of the current result. Accordingly, four incremental updating based optimization strategies are devised to eliminate the redundancy computations in each iteration. Further, by utilizing a harmonic quality function, it improves the result accuracy by penalizing the “outlier” effect. The experiments conducted on several real microarray datasets show that FPLA outperforms the two representative competing algorithms on both effectiveness and efficiency.
Field-Dependence and Social Responsiveness as Determinants of Spontaneously Produced Words:

18 female Ss generated words in response to a metronome-signal under 3 conditions: baseline, after an interpolated task involving incidental stimuli, and blindfolded. Significant multiple rs were f...
The Tips, Tricks, and Challenges of Teaching Undergraduate Kinesiology Students Research Methodology Through a Programmatic Lens

This article describes a programmatic approach to undergraduate research (UGR) at Washington State University. In a programmatic approach, UGR is woven throughout the curriculum, with the expressed intent of producing undergraduate students who have at least a moderate ability to read, use, conduct, and present research. Washington State University's approach is primarily course based but also includes extra-departmental opportunities for student involvement in UGR.
Inhibition of growth by imadazol(on)e propionic acid: Evidence in vivo for coordination of histidine catabolism with the catabolism of other amino acids

Imidazole propionic acid (ipa), a gratuitous inducer of the histidine-utilization (hut) system in Salmonella typhimurium, inhibits the organism's growth on succinate minimal medium. Induction of the hut system is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause inhibition. A study of the ability of single amino acids to relieve ipa-restricted growth suggests that insufficient glutamate is the cause of slow growth. The inhibition of growth by imidazolone propionic acid (iopa), an intermediate in the catabolism of histidine to glutamate, is similar to that by ipa. Studies using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride plates to examine amino acid catabolism suggest that accumulation of ipa or iopa leads to inactivation of aspartate amino-transferase (AAT). This interpretation is supported by studies of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking AAT. The mutant grows poorly on succinate minimal medium, and the poor growth is relieved by the same amino acids that relieve ipa- and iopa-restricted growth. These and other findings are discussed in terms of coordination of the histidine-utilization system with enzymatic activities involved in the catabolism of other amino acids.
Average coronary blood flow per unit weight of left ventricle in patients with and without coronary artery disease.

Average left ventricular flow per unit mass (F/W) has been evaluated at rest in 20 normal individuals and 26 patients with arteriographically proven, advanced coronary artery disease, using inert gas techniques modified to take into account methodological problems presented by heterogeneous perfusion within the ventricle. Preliminary studies in a canine model in which corornary flow could be measured directly before and after coronary occlusion indicated (1) that inert gas techniques utilizing venous sampling are suitable for abnormal situations when appropriately long periods of saturation and desaturation, and careful resolution of prolonged venous-arterial differences, are employed; and (2) that traditional inert gas methods are not adequate when F/W is abnormally heterogeneous. Using helium as a tracer, coronary disease patients showed a systematic reduction, in comparison to normal individuals, in average left ventricular F/W at rest (54 ± 11 vs 70 ± 13 ml/min/100 g, P < 0.01). Simultaneous studies with traditional nitrous oxide and krypton techniques did not show this difference because of the methodological limitations of these techniques in the presence of abnormally heterogeneous F/W. We conclude: (1) that useful, accurate measurements of F/W can be obtained in coronary disease if appropriate methodological precautions are taken; and (2) that appreciable portions of the left ventricle have an abnormally low F/W, even at rest, in patients with advanced coronary disease.
Linear Conjugated Coordination Polymers Containing Eight-Coordinate Metal Centers

Abstract Two linear coordination polymers are reported in which conjugated organic ligands and nonrigid eight-coordinate metal centers are linked to form macromolecules with molecular weights of greater than 104 Daltons. The tungsten(IV) chelate is an inert low-spin d2 species with four oxygen and four nitrogen donors per metal with two bidentate blocking ligands and one bis-bidentate bridging ligand. The zirconium(IV) chelate is rendered inert through the use of a bis-quadridentate Schiff-base ligand. Future possibilities and potential uses are also discussed.
Use of lower-end technology etch platforms for high etch loads

In order to meet the needs of multiple customers with varying design specifications, merchant photomask suppliers need to provide photomasks for a wide range of design patterns. Some masks require etching less than 1% of the total mask film, while others require etching over 80% of the mask. Etching masks with these extremes in pattern loads can often require upgrading existing tool sets, particularly as the mask specifications become tighter. One alternative to upgrading tools is to develop new load-specific processes on existing lower-end tools, which requires a substantial amount of development work. Dry etching MoSi Embedded Attenuating Phase Shift Material using sulfur hexafluoride and helium under all etch loads presents challenges in the Unaxis Generation II mask etch platform. Etch processes developed for low load masks cannot always be used for high load masks due to problems in maintaining a stable process with good performance. In order to improve the etch performance for high MoSi loads (> 70% clear), a Gen II specific hardware design which can adversely affect uniformity at high loads was identified and eliminated as a dominant source of nonuniformity. A DOE studying total gas flow, He/SF6 ratio, pressure, ICP, and RIE power was then used to identify a stable process window for high MoSi loads. Another DOE studying the effects of pressure, ICP power, and RIE power on process uniformity was then carried out within the stable process window. Process conditions were identified which produced highly loaded 248nm and 193nm EAPSM masks with phase uniformity below 3°. Sidewall profiles were vertical for 193nm MoSi films but were slightly tapered for 248nm MoSi films, both with less than 5nm of CD bias.
Translating genetics, cognitive science, and other basic science research findings into applications for prevention.

A growing body of research across genetics, cognitive science, and other basic science suggests the complexity and interconnectedness of multiple factors contributing to individual variation in susceptibility to engage in risk behaviors. Advances in these disciplines may direct new research directions and the development and evaluation of innovative intervention components for prevention that consider novel but central susceptibility factors. This article highlights findings from three interrelated areas of basic science research—genetics, neuroscience, and cognitive science—that together continue to inform prevention science. A primary objective of this article is to suggest how this research might guide primary prevention interventions. Translating findings from these disciplines can help to facilitate testable hypotheses for prevention science and explain potential limitations of current intervention approaches.
Dependence of central-lobe output power on fill factor of an in-phase laser array

In a multiple-emitter diode laser array, coupled in-phase, a substantial amount of the output power is radiated in off-axis lobes. An approximate calculation of the central (0°) lobe output power of an in-phase array as a function of emitter width and array spacing is presented. The results for an array of Gaussian emitters indicate that a near-field fill factor of 70% is required to obtain 95% of the output power in the central lobe.
Dielectrophoretic separation of platelets from diluted whole blood in microfluidic channels

The dielectrophoresis (DEP) phenomenon is used to separate platelets directly from diluted whole blood in microfluidic channels. By exploiting the fact that platelets are the smallest cell type in blood, we utilize the DEP-activated cell sorter (DACS) device to perform size-based fractionation of blood samples and continuously enrich the platelets in a label-free manner. Cytometry analysis revealed that a single pass through the two-stage DACS device yields a high purity of platelets (∼95%) at a throughput of ∼2.2×104 cells/second/microchannel with minimal platelet activation. This work demonstrates gentle and label-free dielectrophoretic separation of delicate cells from complex samples and such a separation approach may open a path toward continuous screening of blood products by integrated microfluidic devices.
2,3-Bis(5-bromo-2-thien­yl)-6,7-dichloro­quinoxaline

The title compound, C16H6Br2Cl2N2S2, was synthesized from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1,2-diamino-4,5-dichloro­benzene and 1,2-bis­(5-bromo­thien-2­yl)ethanedione. The crystal structure was determined at 100 K.
Natural polarizability and flexibility via explicit valency: The case of water

As the dominant physiological solvent, water drives the folding of biological macromolecules, influences conformational changes, determines the ionization states of surface groups, actively participates in catalytic events, and provides “wires” for long-range proton transfer. Elucidation of all these roles calls for atomistic simulations. However, currently available methods do not lend themselves to efficient simulation of proton transfer events, or even polarizability and flexibility. Here, we report that an explicit account of valency can provide a unified description for the polarizability, flexibility, and dissociability of water in one intuitive and efficient setting. We call this approach LEWIS, after the chemical theory that inspires the use of valence electron pairs. In this paper, we provide details of the method, the choice of the training set, and predictions for the neat ambient liquid, with emphasis on structure, dynamics, and polarization. LEWIS water provides a good description of bulk properties, and dipolar and quadrupolar responses.
Medical resident choices of electronic drug information resources.

Objective:To determine medical residents’ day-to-day use of drug information resources since their choices of these resources, when faced with common questions, are unknown.Methods:An online survey including simulated drug information questions was administered to 146 medical residents in the Department of General Internal Medicine during July 2012. Residents were given a wide range of choices in drug information resources to answer these questions and were instructed to select what they would choose in actual practice. A score was assigned to each resource corresponding to a “best,” “intermediate,” or “not good” choice.Results:Seventy-three respondents completed the survey and results were analyzed for statistical significance. Fifty-seven percent of respondents reported receiving no formal training regarding drug information. Statistical analyses revealed there were no significant differences in performance based on postgraduate year (P = .43) or extent of prior training (P = .45). Individual question r...
Does unemployment affect compensating wage differentials for work-related fatal injuries? Empirical evidence from occupational data

The study examines the hypothesis that high unemployment rates in local labour markets weaken the bargaining power of workers and reduce the wage premium given to compensate for the risk of death in the workplace. Analysis of fatal occupational injury risk and demographic data from the Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) and the Current population Survey (CPS) over 2004 to 2007 finds strong evidence for this hypothesis. Results show that both blue-collar union and nonunion workers are likely to receive a lower wage premium in locations where unemployment rates are high. They also indicate that the compensating differentials for fatal injury risks are larger for union workers than those of their nonunion counterparts.
Intestinal villus microcirculatory response to hemorrhage in adult and immature rats.

The response of the villus microcirculation to moderate hemorrhage was compared in adult and immature rats. As an estimate of villus blood flow, flux of red blood cells through the terminal arteriole loop at the villus tip was quantified in vivo using fluorescence epilumination videomicroscopy. Baseline red blood cell flux and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of immature rats (973 cells/s, 84 mm Hg) were significantly less than that of adults (1,435 cells/s, 131 mm Hg). Following hemorrhage of 30% of estimated blood volume, MAP of immature rats was still 24% less than that of adults; however, villus flux was not significantly different (578 cells/s immature, 640 cells/s adult; P = .63). Thus, as indicated by changes in villus flux, immature rats do not appear to be more susceptible to acute intestinal blood flow reduction induced by a single moderate hemorrhage. Immaturity of villus microvascular anatomy and of intestinal vasoregulatory mechanisms may account for the differential response.
High quantum efficiency GaP avalanche photodiodes

Gallium Phosphide (GaP) reach-through avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are reported. The APDs exhibited dark current less than a pico-ampere at unity gain. A quantum efficiency of 70% was achieved with a recessed window structure; this is almost two times higher than previous work.
Computational science and engineering: tools and techniques for teaching

The methods of computational science and engineering have been applied to a wide range of problems such as weather forecasting, cosmology, drug design, and car crash simulation. More recently, high performance computers have been applied to problems in biology (e.g., molecular biology, bioinformatics). The development of CSE as an interdisciplinary field has had a profound effect on the way science and engineering is done, both for basic research and product development. Less than ten years ago, these methods required very expensive supercomputers and special software skills to be effective. Today, while supercomputers are still important, the power of widely available PCs and workstations means that many of these methods can be introduced into the undergraduate curriculum. The objectives of this session are, therefore:• To introduce participants to some of the methods of CSE (e.g., modeling, scientific visualization).• To demonstrate the range of software tools that can be utilized.• To provide examples of these tools applied to teaching topics from different scientific disciplines.• To provide participants ideas and resources that they can use in their own courses.
Catheter-Induced Ablation of the Atrioventricular Junction to Control Refractory Supraventricular Arrhythmias

Five patients with recurrent bouts of supraventricular tachycardia proved resistant or became intolerant of both conventional and experimental drugs. These patients were subjected to a new procedure involving delivery of DC shocks to an electrode catheter positioned adjacent to the His bundle. Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was produced in all, one patient died suddenly six weeks after shock therapy, and the remainder had complete AV block with follow-up intervals ranging from four to 12 months. Shock therapy was associated with mild elevations of creatine phosphokinase MB (31 +/- 18 units), but there was no hemodynamic evidence of tricuspid insufficiency. If this new technique proves safe and effective, it should supplant the need for open heart surgical procedures for His-bundle ablation.
Reboot of The Family International

Since its founding in 1968, The Family International (TFI) has been an important case study for social science investigation of new religious movements. Its persistence and adaptive organizational development throughout the world, in spite of periodically strong social opposition, initially suggested a long and increasingly stable career ahead. However, in 2009, TFI leaders announced a dramatic shift in belief, practice, and organization, which they termed The Reboot. As a consequence, most of the structures and previous functioning of TFI as a visible organization have been dismantled, leading to questions about the group’s future viability. This article summarizes the changes that have taken place, suggests some of the reasons for these, and assesses TFI’s prospects for continued existence in the new form it has assumed.
Attenuation of the Endotoxin-Stimulated Increase in Hepatic Amino Acid Transport with a Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist

The role of the glucocorticoid hormones in mediating the accelerated hepatic amino acid transport that is characteristic of endotoxemia was investigated. To determine the role of these steroid hormones, rats that received endotoxin (LPS) were pretreated with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486. The activities of the Na(+)-dependent amino acid transport systems A, ASC, and N and the Na(+)-independent systems L, y+, n, b0,+, and asc in hepatic plasma membrane vesicles were measured 4 hr after exposure to LPS. Endotoxin treatment resulted in time- and dose-dependent 5-fold (System A), 2.5-fold (System N), 2.6-fold (System ASC), and 2-fold (System y+ and b0,+) increases in transport activity attributable to an increase in carrier Vmax. The activities of L, asc, and n were unchanged by LPS administration. Pretreatment of endotoxemic animals with RU38486 attenuated the LPS-induced enhancement in transport activity by 20-60% by diminishing carrier Vmax, with no effect on transport Km. We conclude that the marked increase in hepatic amino acid transport activity that occurs during endotoxemia requires participation of the glucocorticoid hormones.
Femtomole Peptide Mapping by Derivatization, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and Fluorescence Detection

A highly sensitive peptide mapping method using derivatization and fluorescence detection is described. Bovine cytochrome c was digested using a buffer compatible with the derivatization that followed. The derivatization was performed with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate. The peptide mapping of the tagged digest was conducted with both HPLC and capillary LC (CLC) systems. A capillary LC–electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (MS) was set up for measuring the molecular weights of the tagged peptides. Optimization was made of the conditions used for digestion, derivatization, and mapping. MS measurements of the tagged peptides suggested that there was only one derivatization product produced from all peptides (except one) and that all the identified peptides were fully tagged. Peptide mapping of the tagged digest reviews a larger number of peptides, covering almost the entire sequence. Peptide mapping of a 20 fmol amount of tagged digest was readily performed with the CLC system. By using derivatization and fluorescence detection, the sensitivity of peptide mapping could be improved 2000 times compared to that observed with uv detection of untagged peptides.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EGG WHITE PROTEINS OF SOME SPECIES OF THE AVIAN ORDER GRUIFORMES

Summary No agreement has been reached on the classification of the avian order Gruiformes as defined by Peters (1934) and Wetmore (1960). Starch gel electrophoresis of egg white proteins was therefore carried out in an attempt to obtain additional taxonomic data. Individual and intrafamilial variability was observed to be small, and the protein patterns thus seem to provide a basis for classification above the familial level. These protein patterns, together with the historically conventional characters, suggest that a relationship exists between the Rallidae, Heliornithidae, Eurypygidae, Turnicidae, and Psophiidae; and that the Gruidae and Aramidae are not far removed from this assemblage. The Aramidae are thought to occupy a separate but intermediate position between the Gruidae and the rail-like assemblage. The Otididae have a very different pattern which, together with the unusual combination of classical characters, suggests that the bustards should be removed from the order. The insufficient sampling from the Cariamidae and Rhynochetidae does little to clarify their systematic positions.