cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Respiratory Muscle Function

Activity of the respiratory muscles is disturbed by virtually every respiratory disorder. Clinical manifestations of respiratory muscle involvement are subtle and commonly missed. The critical step in diagnosing problems is for a clinician to suspect a muscle problem when the presentation is camouflaged by obscuring features. This chapter provides a detailed discussion of methods to detect and monitor respiratory muscle function. Screening tools consist of physical examination, pulmonary function testing, and recordings of inspiratory and expiratory pressures. Precise quantification of diaphragmatic contractility is provided by recordings of transdiaphragmatic pressure in response to phrenic-nerve stimulation. Mechanical load on the respiratory muscles is best captured by computation of work of breathing and its subfractions. Electromyographic recordings of electrical activity of the diaphragm help in assessing neuromuscular coupling. Burgeoning reports on ultrasound and airway pressure recordings reflect a craving for easy-to-use noninvasive tools, but the techniques are beset by poor reproducibility and failure to validate proposed threshold values. The greatest challenge for improving patient care remains physician understanding of the basic physiology that underpins methods used to diagnose and monitor respiratory muscle pathology.
Single-Cell transcriptional changes in hypothalamic CRH-expressing neurons after early-life adversity inform enduring alterations in responses to stress

Mental and cognitive health, as well as vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders, involve the interplay of genes with the environment, particularly during sensitive developmental periods. Early-life stress / adversity (ELA) promotes vulnerabilities to stress-related affective disorders, yet it is unknown how a transient ELA dictates life-long neuroendocrine and behavioral reactions to stress. The population of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-expressing neurons that regulate stress-responses is a promising candidate to mediate the enduring influences of ELA on stress-related behavioral and hormonal responses via enduring transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. Capitalizing on a well-characterized model of ELA, we examined here the ELA-induced changes in gene expression profiles of stress-sensitive CRH-neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male mice. Given the known heterogeneity of these neuronal populations, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approaches. The use of single-cell transcriptomics identified distinct CRH-expressing neuronal populations characterized by both their gene expression repertoire and their neurotransmitter profiles. Expression changes provoked by ELA clustered around genes involved in neuronal differentiation, synapse formation, altered energy metabolism and the cellular responses to stress and injury. Notably, the ELA-induced transcriptional changes took place primarily in subpopulations of glutamatergic CRH cells. Finally, ELA-induced transcriptional reprogramming of hypothalamic CRH-expressing neurons heralded significant, enduring disruptions of both hormonal and behavioral responses to stress throughout life.
Give Yourself a Nudge to Make Smarter Business Decisions

The author offers innovative concepts and practical guidelines for making smarter business decisions. They will help you to determine and define the decision you need to make, identify the complete set of objectives which your decision should achieve, and create a range of high-quality alternatives. Learn these skills to obtain the ultimate business advantage: making smarter decisions.
Case 12: No Blood Bank. Now What?

What do you do when you do not have a blood bank? The following story illustrates a remarkable/unusual way to solve this problem.
Investigation of Buoyancy Driven Flow in a Simplified Full Scale Underhood – PIV and Temperature Measurements

Results of the detailed flow measurements for an underhood buoyancy driven flow using a simplified full scale model of an engine compartment, engine block, and exhaust heaters are presented. The engine block surface temperature and exhaust heaters are kept at about 100 °C and 600 °C, respectively. This investigation reveals the complex dominant flow structures and thermal behavior of a vehicle underhood under steady state and transient states.
Induction and enhanced reactivation of mammalian viruses by light.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the certain studies that concern the induction and enhanced reactivation of DNA-containing mammalian viruses by light. The chapter also discusses the enhanced reactivation and induction of mammalian viruses because (a) they represent potential mammalian “SOS” functions, (b) they may be associated with mammalian cell oncogenic transformation; and (c) to use viruses as tools to study phenomena related to DNA repair. Response curves were obtained by determining induced SV40 infectivity for different values of light exposure and dye concentration. The induction was clearly a function of both these parameters, which gave partial justification for calling the effect a photodynamic induction. The maximum levels of induction found for each response curve were similar in amount and represented about a thousandfold increase above spontaneous background levels observed with untreated cells. The results suggest that photodynamic treatment also reduces the capacity of the cells to support the growth of induced virus. The ultraviolet-enhanced reactivation of herpes simplex virus in host monkey kidney cells is described.
SU‐E‐J‐163: A Biomechanical Lung Model for Respiratory Motion Study

Purpose: This work presents a biomechanical model to investigate the complex respiratory motion for the lung tumor tracking in radiosurgery by computer simulation. Methods: The models include networked massspring-dampers to describe the tumor motion, different types of surrogate signals, and the force generated by the diaphragm. Each mass-springdamper has the same mechanical structure and each model can have different numbers of mass-spring-dampers. Both linear and nonlinear stiffness parameters were considered, and the damping ratio was tuned in a range so that the tumor motion was over-damped (no natural tumor oscillation occurs without force from the diaphragm). The simulation was run by using ODE45 (ordinary differential equations by Runge-Kutta method) in MATLAB, and all time courses of motions and inputs (force) were generated and compared. Results: The curvature of the motion time courses around their peaks was sensitive to the damping ratio. Therefore, the damping ratio can be determined based on the clinical data of a high sampling rate. The peak values of different signals and the time the peaks occurred were compared, and it was found that the diaphragm force had a time lead over the tumor motion, and the lead time (0.1–0.4 seconds) depended on the distance between themore » tumor and the diaphragm. Conclusion: We reported a model based analysis approach for the spatial and temporal relation between the motion of the lung tumor and the surrogate signals. Due to the phase lead of the diaphragm in comparing with the lung tumor motion, the measurement of diaphragm motion (or its electromyography signal) can be used as a beam gating signal in radiosurgery, and it can also be an additional surrogate signal for better tumor motion tracking. The research is funded by the American Cancer Society (ACS) grant. The grant name is: Frameless SRS Based on Robotic Head Motion Cancellation. The grant number is: RSG-13-313-01-CCE.« less
Cytokines in Neural Signaling to the Brain

Abstract Cytokines signal the brain via multiple pathways, which include both direct action at brain barrier regions, including circumventricular organs, vascular endothelium, choroid plexus, and meninges, and via peripheral nerves. Immune-sensitive neural signals are carried by neurons associated with general visceral and somatic sensory cranial and spinal nerves. Although general viscerosensory nerves (glossopharyngeal and vagus) seem to function to activate symptoms of sickness, particularly sickness behavior, cytokine activation of trigeminal and spinal nerves enhances pain transmission. Peripheral nerves and sensory ganglia contain cytokine-expressing immune cells that respond to infection or inflammation. Cytokine receptors have been localized in primary sensory neurons of the vagus and dorsal root ganglia, as well as in chemosensory cells in specialized structures, the carotid bodies and vagal paraganglia of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves. Functional studies implicate peripheral nerves most notably in the induction of sickness behaviors, primarily social withdrawal and pain-related behavior. Cytokine signaling via peripheral nerves may play a role in affective changes associated with systemic infection as well as in chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel syndrome.
Intraoperative peripheral nerve stimulation and recording

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a background in the equipment, the techniques, and the interpretation of intraoperative peripheral nerve stimulation and recording. The uses for intraoperative peripheral nerve monitoring includes: identifying peripheral nerve, localizing pre-existing disease processes along the course of a nerve, determining continuity across a pre-existing lesion prior to detection by other electrophysiological means, and determining likelihood of nerve root avulsion. The chapter reviews that performing high-quality intraoperative monitoring (IOM) of peripheral nerves is a challenging endeavor. With proper equipment, training, and techniques vital electrophysiological information can be obtained quickly, interpreted, and input given to the surgical team. It includes the identification of peripheral nerve, determination of continuity of peripheral axons, and localization of peripheral nerve lesions. This information can then be utilized to maximize the effectiveness and safety of surgical intervention.
IL-2 Is Essential for TGF-β to Convert Naive CD4+CD25− Cells to CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and for Expansion of These Cells

IL-2 and TGF-beta both have important roles in the induction and maintenance of immunologic tolerance, but whether these cytokines act separately or together to achieve this effect is poorly understood. Although others have reported that IL-2 can directly enhance forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) transcription factor expression by natural CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, in this study, we report that the role of IL-2 on the generation of peripheral regulatory CD4(+) cells is indirect. Ab neutralization studies and experiments with IL-2-deficient mice have revealed that IL-2 is required for TGF-beta to induce naive CD4(+)CD25(-) cells to become CD25(+) and express Foxp3, and develop the characteristic properties of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory cells. This effect of IL-2 on the generation and expansion of these adaptive Foxp3(+) regulatory cells is nonredundant, but IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15, other common gamma-chain cytokines, could sustain Foxp3 expression. Because subjects with autoimmune diseases often have defects in the production of IL-2 and/or TGF-beta, the generation of autologous T regulatory cells ex vivo with these cytokines for transfer in vivo may have considerable therapeutic potential.
Perceptions of the birth experience: a cross-cultural comparison.

A comparison of 66 Calgary, Alberta and 294 San Francisco, California first‐time mothers’ perceptions of their birth experiences following vaginal and cesarean births found that both populations perceived the surgical birth less positively. The Calgary group of women as a whole tended to be more traditional in their plans and attitudes toward motherhood; they attended prenatal classes more often, and fewer planned to return to work after the birth of the baby. There were no significant differences in the two populations for those choosing to breastfeed; however, within the combined populations, breastfeeders perceived their birth experience more positively.
How effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS handshake in ad hoc networks

IEEE 802.11 MAC mainly relies on two techniques to combat interference: physical carrier sensing and RTS/CTS handshake (also known as "virtual carrier sensing"). Ideally, the RTS/CTS handshake can eliminate most interference. However, the effectiveness of RTS/CTS handshake is based on the assumption that hidden nodes are within transmission range of receivers. In this paper, we prove using analytic models that in ad hoc networks, such an assumption cannot hold due to the fact that power needed for interrupting a packet reception is much lower than that of delivering a packet successfully. Thus, the "virtual carrier sensing" implemented by RTS/CTS handshake cannot prevent all interference. Physical carrier sensing can complement this in some degree. However, since interference happens at receivers, while physical carrier sensing is detecting transmitters (the same problem causing the hidden terminal situation), physical carrier sensing cannot help much, unless a very large carrier sensing range is adopted, which is limited by the antenna sensitivity. We investigate how effective is the RTS/CTS handshake in terms of reducing interference. We show that in some situations, the interference range is much larger than transmission range, where RTS/CTS cannot function well. Then, a simple MAC layer scheme is proposed to solve this problem. Simulation results verify that our scheme can help IEEE 802.11 resolve most interference caused by large interference range.
Control of uncertain mechanical systems with robustness in the presence of unmodelled flexibilities

We consider a class of uncertain mechanical systems containing flexible elements and subject to memoryless output-feedback controllers. The damping and stiffness properties of some of the flexible elements are parameterized linearly in μ−1 and μ−2, respectively, where μ>0 and these components become more rigid as μ approaches zero. We propose a class of “stabilizing” controllers for a system model in which the above components are rigid. Subject to a “linear growth condition,” the controllers also stabilize the model in which the components are flexible, provided μ>0 is sufficiently small. The results are illustrated by an example.
RESOURCE COMPLEMENTARITIES, TRADE-OFFS, AND UNDERCAPITALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY-BASED VENTURES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS (SUMMARY)

Among technology-based ventures, undercapitalization is frequently identified by practitioners and academics as a central obstacle facing new ventures. For example, Albert Bruno and several colleagues tracked the evolution of 250 technology ventures started in Silicon Valley in the 1960’s for 20 years and reported that, based on interviews with founders, challenges associated with “initial undercapitalization” was a central cause of firm failure. Among technology ventures, these capitalization challenges often arise from the use of a commercialization model characterized by high-fixed costs coupled with non-existent revenues during the start-up phase. Over time, once investments into the development and production of the venture’s core technology are complete, firms with superior products and services should enjoy high rates of revenue growth. A hypothetical “J-curve” illustrated below charts the generation of net income by a venture successfully utilizing this commercialization model (i.e., initially negative followed by the exponential growth of net income).
Evaluating Multiple Intensively Collected Media Use Measures: Validity and Reliability of Momentary Assessments

Momentary assessment data collection methods can capture information about constructs that vary greatly throughout the day. The Measuring Youth Media Exposure methodology implemented multiple momentary measures of media use in addition to a time use diary (TUD), allowing evaluation of the convergent and divergent validity of these momentary assessment methodologies relative to the TUD. This article presents the reliability and validity of momentary questionnaires and momentary video recordings of media use in relation to conventional TUD using an adaptation of the multi–trait-multi-method matrix. Both momentary measures show good reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity for assessing TV, video game, computer, and cell phone use in adolescents relative to the TUD.
Case Study on Sustainability: Accountants’ Role in Developing a New Business Model

Current product costing systems capture costs to produce inventory; few of these cost systems have a sustainable business focus that captures the economic, social, and environmental costs of the products. Yet, in 2010, the International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC), comprised of the top international accounting organizations and firms, recognized a need for this and began a project to develop a model that integrates sustainable matrixes with financial information. This case uses the experience of Nike to introduce students to sustainable business and the role accounting plays in assisting firms as they become more sustainable. Through the case, students learn about economic, social, and environmental factors of business strategy, and work to develop sustainable accounting models that capture these costs. Additionally, students learn the difficulties in both quantifying sustainable costs and in electing sustainable products. The case also highlights the diverse opportunities within the accounting profession. Key words: Sustainability, Accounting for sustainability, Sustainable assessment model
NMR Spectroscopy in the Solid State

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solid materials has seen substantial advances in the past two decades and has now become a powerful tool for the materials scientist. Its main strengths lie in the possibility of obtaining and dynamic information with molecular specificity in highly disordered and even fully amorphous materials. In this article, the fundamental interactions that affect the dynamics of nuclear spins are introduced. These include the chemical shift, dipolar spin–spin coupling, and quadrupolar coupling. In contrast to the liquid state, where molecules tumble rapidly compared to the timescale of NMR, all these interactions are aniostropic in the solid state, their magnitude depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the magnetic field. This anisotropy provides a wealth of structural and dynamic information, as discussed in the text. Solid-state NMR provides numerous opportunities to influence spin evolution and therefore render spectra selectively sensitive to structural and/or dynamic information of a desired type. Several such schemes, including magic angle spinning (MAS), cross-polarization, multiple-pulse, and Lee–Goldburg decoupling, as well as multiple-quantum techniques, are discussed. Finally, specific applications of NMR techniques to the study of organic and inorganic solids, including techniques such as rotor-synchronized magic angle spinning and DECODER (for the study of orientational order), spin–lattice relaxation time measurements and two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy (molecular dynamics on various timescales) and multiple-quantum magic angle spinning (chemical information from transition-metal nuclei) are introduced. Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NMR; molecular dynamics; molecular orientation; amorphous solids; Lee–Goldburg decoupling; magic angle spinning
Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies

Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies. Joseph Henrich, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, and Herbert Gintis, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 451 pp.
A benthic δ13C‐based proxy for atmospheric pCO2 over the last 1.5 Myr

[1] A high-resolution marine proxy for atmospheric pCO2 is needed to clarify the phase lag between pCO2 and marine climate proxies and to provide a record of orbital-scale pCO2 variations before the oldest ice core measurement at 800 ka. Benthic δ13C data should record deep ocean carbon storage and, thus, atmospheric pCO2. This study finds that a modified δ13C gradient between the deep Pacific and intermediate North Atlantic (Δδ13CP−) correlates well with pCO2. Δδ13CP− reproduces characteristic differences between pCO2 and ice volume during Late Pleistocene glaciations and indicates that pCO2 usually leads terminations by 0.2–3.7 kyr but lags by 3–10 kyr during two “failed” terminations at 535 and 745 ka. Δδ13CP− gradually transitions from 41- to 100-kyr cyclicity from 1.3–0.7 Ma but has no secular trend in mean or amplitude since 1.5 Ma. The minimum pCO2 of the last 1.5 Myr is estimated to be 155 ppm at ∼920 ka.
Charge Instabilities in Lateral Super‐Lattices under Conditions of Population Inversion

Lateral super-lattices along the surface of a semiconductor can generate mini-band structure for distances of the order of 1000 A or less. The detailed gap structure depends noticeably on the charge in the structure. Under conditions of strong population inversion, synergetic switching behavior and space-charge waves can be expected to occur. Ein laterales Ubergitter an der Oberflache eines Halbleiters kann eine Mini-Bandstruktur fur Abstande der Grosenordnung 1000 A oder kleiner erzeugen. Die genaue Gap-Struktur hangt wesentlich von der Ladung in der Struktur ab. Unter Bedingungen der strengen Besetzungsumkehr kann das Auftreten eines synergetischen Schaltverhaltens und von Raumladungswellen erwartet werden.
Ultra-violet Absorption Spectrum of Anhydrous Nitric Acid

RECENTLY, Ingold and co-workers have presented evidence of the existence of the nitronium ion (NO2+) in solutions of nitric acid in concentrated sulphuric acid1,2. We wish to report some observations on the ultra-violet absorption spectrum and electrical conductance of the system water/nitric acid/nitrogen pentoxide which are of relevant interest.
CEACAM6 as a novel target for indirect type 1 immunotoxin-based therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Immunotoxins are a potentially powerful approach for targeted anticancer therapy. We evaluated a novel immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the immunoglobulin superfamily member carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6). Using pancreatic adenocarcinoma as a model, we show that crosslinking CEACAM6 induces its cytoplasmic accumulation and that this effect can be utilized to increase the efficacy of antibody-mediated delivery of the ribosomal inhibitory protein saporin. Exposure of cells to anti-CEACAM6 antibody, followed by secondary saporin-conjugated immunoglobulin (IgG), induced marked cytotoxicity, via caspase-mediated apoptosis, in vitro. In an in vivo nude mouse xenograft model, this immunotherapeutic approach markedly suppressed pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumor growth and enhanced tumor apoptosis. Given the prevalence of CEACAM6 overexpression among human malignancies, immunological targeting of this tumor antigen may have therapeutic applicability.
Recent work on Wittgenstein, 1980–1990

While Wittgenstein wrote unconventionally and denied that he was advancing philosophical theses, most of his interpreters have attributed conventional philosophical theses to him. But the best recent interpretations have taken the form of his writing and his distinctive way of doing philosophy seriously. The 1980s have also seen the emergence of a body of work on Wittgenstein that makes extensive use of the unpublished Wittgenstein papers. This work on Wittgenstein's method and his way of writing are the main themes of this literature review. Section 1 surveys Wittgenstein's conception of philosophical method and its reception. Section 2 is a review of recent work on rule-following and the methodological issues it raises. Section 3 concerns research on the WittgensteinNachlass and its implications for the interpretation of his philosophy.
Adaptive migratory scheme for distributed shared memory

This paper presents an adaptive {\em migratory} scheme for software Distributed Shared Memory (DSM). On a migratory sharing, a message for sending a copy of a page to a remote node, on which a page fault occurs, is directly followed by an invalidation request from the remote node. Our adaptive migratory scheme eliminates an overhead for invalidation by {\em self-invalidation} on sending a copy of a page. Each node can independently detect {\em migratory} memory access pattern and {\em self-invalidate} local copy of a page by using the local information only. Experimental results show that the performance is improved by dynamically selecting the {\em migratory} protocol.
Power management strategy for DC microgrid interfaced to distribution system based on solid state transformer

A typical DC microgrid, which can be enabled by Solid State Transformer (SST), is investigated in this paper. One unidirectional DC/DC converter for photovoltaic (PV), one bidirectional DC/DC converters for battery, and a SST based on distribution system level, are included in the proposed DC microgrid system. In order to manage the system operation, a distributed power management strategy is proposed. In the proposed control algorithm, not only the DC microgrid system can interface to the distribution system, but each module in the system can be distributed based on its own characteristics. Experimental results verify that the proposed power management strategy can be applied to a DC microgrid stably and achieve good performance.
Variation and evolutionary trends in the dentition of late pleistocene Mcrotus pennsylvanicus from three levels in bell cave, Alabama

Dental remains of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, were recovered from three superposed day units (zones) and four excavations (pits) in Bell Cave, Alabama. Bone collagen 14C dates of 26,500 + 480/ ‐ 500 and 11,800 + 480/‐ 500 yr BP. are associated with the bottom and top units, respectively. Length, width, number of closed triangles (five or six), and a measurement to determine the amount of closure of the sixth triangle were taken on the first lower molar (M1) from the three zones in Pits 1 and 4. Length and width of the third upper molar (M3) were also determined for the three zones in Pit 4. Analysis of Variance revealed no effect of pit origin or number of triangles on M1 length or width. A trend from large to small size in M3 is documented, but is not statistically significant The same trend is evidenced by length and width of M1. Size changes in length and width of M1 from Pit 4 are statistically significant, but those from Pit 1 are not Although there is no difference in the lengths or wi...
Systemic lupus erythematosus and the brain: What mice are telling us

Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex, autoimmune disease of unknown origin. Although several pathogenic mechanisms have been suggested to play a significant role in the etiology of the disease, the exact underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. Several inbred strains of mice are used as models to study SLE, which exhibit a diversity of central nervous system (CNS) manifestations similar to that observed in patients. This review will attempt to give a brief overview of the CNS alterations observed in these models, including biochemical, structural and behavioral changes.
Supersymmetric two-time physics

We construct an Sp(2,R) gauge invariant particle action which possesses manifest space-time SO(d,2) symmetry, global supersymmetry and kappa supersymmetry. The global and local supersymmetries are non-Abelian generalizations of Poincar\'e type supersymmetries and are consistent with the presence of two timelike dimensions. In particular, this action provides a unified and explicit superparticle representation of the superconformal groups OSp(N/4), SU(2,2/N) and $\mathrm{OSp}{(8}^{*}/\mathrm{N})$ which underlie various AdS-CFT dualities in M or string theory. By making diverse Sp(2,R) gauge choices our action reduces to diverse one-time physics systems, one of which is the ordinary (one-time) massless superparticle with superconformal symmetry that we discuss explicitly. We show how to generalize our approach to the case of superalgebras, such as OSp(1/32), which do not have direct space-time interpretations in terms of only zero branes, but may be realizable in the presence of p-branes.
Comments on the Observation of Two-Photon Decay in n − p Capture

Two-photon decay in $n\ensuremath{-}p$ capture has been reported as having a branching ratio of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ relative to single 2.23-MeV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission. It is suggested that this result can be explained by crosstalk effects between detectors due to single $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays, principally that associated with annihilation in flight following pair production. The shape of the observed $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence spectrum is consistent with this type of crosstalk and the apparent two-photon branch is about what is expected from a rough calculation of the magnitude of the crosstalk effect.
Do your neighbors affect your bicycling choice? A spatial probit model for bicycling to The Ohio State University

Neighborhood social effects have recently become a focus of interest in transportation research, whereby transportation mode choice is not only affected by an individual’s characteristics and transportation system conditions, but also by the mode choices of that individual’s social neighbors. This study supports the neighborhood social effects argument, using a spatial econometrics approach and data from The Ohio State University (OSU) 2012 Campus Transportation Survey. A spatial probit model of commuters’ mode choices (bicycling versus non-bicycling) is estimated, accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The results show that the more OSU-affiliated bicycle riders are residing around an individual OSU commuter, the more attractive bicycling becomes, controlling for other factors such as gender, status, proximity to campus, bicycle infrastructure and attitudes. The results indicate that students and males are more likely to commute by bicycles. The probability of choosing bicycles decreases with distance from campus. In addition, proximity to bicycle infrastructure and physical environment both encourage respondents to bicycle. Feeling of safety, travel cost and concern for the environment also affect bicycling choice.
Adaptation to contradictory information from vision and touch

Is proprioceptive information the source of adaptation to optically distorted visual stimulation? In an experiment where the only information as to optical minifica-tion of size is given by touch, there is no change in the visual perception of size. Rather the judgment of size via touch undergoes a transformation
Computational research on interaction and agency

Recent research in artificial intelligence has developed computational theories of agents' involvements in their environments. Although inspired by a great diversity of formalisms and architectures, these research projects are unified by a common concern: using principled characterizations of agents' interactions with their environments to guide analysis of living agents and design of artificial ones. This article offers a conceptual framework for such theories, surveys several other fields of research that hold the potential for dialogue with these new computational projects, and summarizes the principal contributions of the articles in this special double volume. It also briefly describes a case study in these ideas-a computer program called Toast that acts as a short-order breakfast cook. Because its designers have discovered useful structures in the world it inhabits, Toast can employ an extremely simple mechanism to decide what to do next.
Radiofrequency endocardial catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathway atrial insertion sites.

BACKGROUNDHigh rates of success using radiofrequency ablation energy have rapidly transformed catheter ablation from an investigational procedure to the nonpharmacological therapy of choice for sym...
Predicting Consumer Response to Fashion Apparel

The objective of this research was to explore the utility of Fishbein's Behavioral Intentions Model for predicting consumer intention to purchase fashion apparel. Relationships were examined between consumer attitudes toward purchasing specific examples of fashion apparel, attitudes toward purchasing from a general category of apparel, intention to purchase an item from the category within a two-month period of time, and actual purchasing behavior. Behavioral intentions were found to be closely related to a combination of attitudes toward purchasing each of the stimuli presented and motivation to comply with reference groups. When respondents were asked to consider the purchase of a specific item of apparel, the relationships between the components of the theoretical model were stronger than when the respondents were asked to consider their intention to purchase from within the more general category.
Fast and slow skeletal muscles: effect of ethanol on contractility of muscles from mice.

In vitro studies were performed on fast and slow muscles from mice to determine if secobarbital sodium (SCB) has a direct effect on muscle contractility. All preparations were curarized and stimulation was direct. After baseline studies, SCB was added to the muscle bath in 1 of 4 concentrations-10, 20, 100 and 200 microgram/ml. Tetanic tension was reduced for both muscle types at SCB concentrations greater than or equal to 20 microgram/ml, and loss was progressive with increasing dose. In contrast, twitch tension (P) was increased by SCB at the 2 higher concentrations. The increase in P was due to an increase in rate of tension development plus prolongation of the time parameter (duration) of the twitch. Fatigue was accelerated by SCB for both muscle types. The results indicate that SCB has a direct and similar effect on fast and slow skeletal muscles. The probable sites of action of the drug are the excitation contraction coupling mechanisms and the mechanisms for energy production and/or utilization.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF SIMPLY REPRESENTED KNOTS

We provide an algorithm to decompose any diagram of a simply represented knot into an unlink diagram via certain local moves; such a decomposition exhibits an equivalent knot as a band-sum of represented unknots. This gives a represented ribbonlike surface respecting the knot's representation, extending the branch set to a smoothly embedded surface in the 4-ball. Via application of the methods in [2], as extended in [3], we can thus solve the problem [1] of algorithmically obtaining a Kirby diagram for any 3-manifold presented as a finite-sheeted (not necessarily simple) covering of the 3-sphere branched over a knot (or graph).
Leptin is related to epinephrine levels but not reproductive hormone levels in cycling African-American and Caucasian women

This study examined the effects of the menstrual cycle and race on plasma leptin levels. Sixty-one healthy African-American and Caucasian women and men (mean age 32 years) were studied twice, approximately six weeks apart, women once during the follicular phase (days 7-10 following menses) and once during the luteal phase (days 7-10 following LH surge) of the menstrual cycle. Consistent with the literature, women showed approximately 4-fold higher leptin levels as compared to men (p<0.001). There were no effects of the menstrual cycle nor race on leptin levels. Leptin levels were correlated with BMI in both women and men respectively, r=0.602, p<0.001 and r=0.338, p<0.05. Leptin levels showed a high degree of test-retest reliability across the 6-week testing interval (r=0.62, p<0.001 for women and r=0.91, p<0.001 for men). In addition, in women, and independent of BMI, leptin was negatively correlated with plasma epinephrine levels (r=-0.38, p=0.01). No such relationship was observed in men. The findings indicate that in women leptin levels are not associated with cyclic changes in estrogen or progesterone but may be associated with catecholamine levels.
Marketing Higher Education: Models of Marketing Internship Programs as Tools for the Recruitment and Retention of Undergraduate Marketing Majors.

ABSTRACT Practitioners and marketing academics believe that the 1990's will see a greater need for marketing internship programs (MIPs). A substantial shift in the demographic trends for traditional aged college students 18 to 24 years old from 30,350,000 in 1980 to 25,231,000 will occur by the year 2000. This decrease of prospects for institutions of higher education will stimulate a significant rise in competitive efforts to recruit and retain undergraduate students. Such efforts may include increases in financial aid, scholarships, housing facilities, co-curricular activities and/or the hiring of more specialized faculty. Notably, they will also result in a modification of the curriculum. It is this curriculum transformation which will continue to accelerate the introduction of marketing internship programs into academia. This article will explore four alternate models of MIPs: (1) the Faculty Model, (2) the Faculty/Administrative Model, (3) the College of Business Administration Model and (4) the Admi...
Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) activation in breast cancer: requirement for mTORC1 activity associates with ER-alpha expression.

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an attractive target for cancer treatment. While rapamycin and its derivatives (e.g., everolimus) have been shown to inhibit mTOR signaling and cell proliferation in preclinical models of breast cancer, mTOR inhibition has demonstrated variable clinical efficacy with a trend toward better responses in estrogen receptor alpha positive (ERα+) compared to ERα negative (ERα−) tumors. Recently, serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) was identified as a substrate of mTOR kinase activity. Previous studies have alternatively suggested that either mTORC1 or mTORC2 is exclusively required for SGK1’s Ser422 phosphorylation and activation in breast cancer cells. We investigated the effect of rapamycin on the growth of several ERα+ and ERα− breast cancer cell lines and examined differences in the phosphorylation of mTOR substrates (SGK1, p70S6K, and Akt) that might account for the differing sensitivity of these cell lines to rapamycin. We also examined which mTOR complex contributes to SGK1-Ser422 phosphorylation in ERα+ versus ERα− breast cell lines. We then assessed whether inhibiting SGK1 activity added to rapamycin-mediated cell growth inhibition by either using the SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394A or expressing an SGK1 shRNA. We observed sensitivity to rapamycin-mediated growth inhibition and inactivation of insulin-mediated SGK1-Ser422 phosphorylation in ERα+ MCF-7 and T47D cells, but not in ERα− MDA-MB-231 or MCF10A-Myc cells. In addition, either depleting SGK1 with shRNA or inhibiting SGK1 with GSK650394A preferentially sensitized MDA-MB-231 cells to rapamycin. Finally, we found that rapamycin-sensitive SGK1-Ser422 phosphorylation required ERα expression in MCF-7 derived cell lines. Therefore, targeting SGK1 activity may improve the efficacy of rapamycin and its analogs in the treatment of ERα− breast cancer.
Colopexy of the Left Large Colon to the Right Large Colon in the Horse

Three colopexy techniques were examined in 11 normal horses to determine which would prevent recurrence of targe colon displacement and volvulus. The medial free band of the left ventral colon was sutured to the medial free band of the right ventral colon (technique A). The free band of the left dorsal colon was sutured to the free band of the right dorsal colon (technique B). In technique C, both the ventral and dorsal colon were sutured as in techniques A and B, and the pelvic flexure was sutured to the mesocolon between the right dorsal and right ventral colon. Absorbable (surgical gut) and nonabsorbable (polypropylene) suture material were compared. One horse from each group was euthanized 2 weeks and 6 months after surgery. The position of the colon and the integrity of the colopexy were examined. At necropsy, attempts were made to produce displacement and volvulus of the colon. In the remaining horses, exploratory celiotomy 1 year after surgery was used to examine the integrity of the colopexy. Although all horses initially lost weight after surgery, all but one began gaining weight 2 to 4 weeks later and had attained their preoperative weight by 6 months. The horse that continued to lose weight was euthanized 2 months after surgery. Numerous small colon, omental, and large colon adhesions were found at necropsy. For all colopexy techniques, the colopexy adhesion remained short and intact at polypropylene suture sites. At surgical gut sites, the adhesion had lengthened by 6 months and was absent at 1 year. At necropsy, all colopexies prevented manual displacement of the large colon and volvulus of the colon at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures. The colopexies did not prevent manual creation of volvulus at the base of the colon. Technique A was the easiest to perform.
Influence of environment on GABA receptors in muricidal rats

Abstract The influence of environment (isolation) on GABA receptor numbers ([3H]-muscimol binding sites) and affinities was investigated in specific limbic areas known to be involved with the development of muricide. Olfactory bulbs of isolated rats were found to have identical numbers of [3H]-muscimol binding sites whether or not they were muricidal. However, in the olfactory bulbs of the aggregated animals a greater than two-fold increase was found in numbers of [3H]-muscimol binding sites in those rats that were muricidal. In the amygdala muricidal rats had a 32–34% increase in [3H]-muscimol binding sites over non-muricidal rats regardless of environment. In the septum non-muricidal rats had fewer [3H]-muscimol binding sites than muricidal rats and although the trend was evident, statistical vigor was seen only in the aggregated animals. Neither muricide nor isolation significantly influenced [3]-muscimol binding numbers in the hypothalamus. GABA Ki values were examined in all brain regions and found to be the same in the isolated and aggregated animals whether or not they were muricidal. We concluded that environment appears to influence apparent GABA receptor numbers in the olfactory bulbs and septum whereas muricidal behavior correlates well with an increase in apparent number of GABA receptors in the amygdala. GABA receptors in the hypothalamus were not influenced by either environment or aggression.
HYPNOSIS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A CONTEXTUALIST

We set out to formulate a theory that makes counterexpectational conduct expectational. Our contextualist position has led us to the dramaturgical perspective. This perspective guided our examination of the hypnotic performance, and we noted that both the hypnotist and the subject are actors, both enmeshed in a dramatic plot, both striving to enhance their credibility. The dramatistic concepts of actor and spectator helped us make sense of the contradictory self-reports in Hilgard's analgesia studies. We underscore the proposition (long overlooked) that the counterfactual statements in the hypnotist's induction are cues to the subject that a dramatistic plot is in the making. The subject may respond to the cues as an invitation to join in the miniature drama. If he accepts the invitation, he will employ whatever skills he possesses in order to enhance his credibility in enacting the role of hypnotized person. This proposition emphasizes the need for analyzing the implied social communications contained in any interaction.
Toxicity of mercuric chloride to the developing rat kidney: III. Distribution and elimination of mercury during postnatal maturation

Mercuric chloride is a potent nephrotoxicant in the adult rat, but has little effect on newborns. Nephrotoxicity increases with postnatal maturation. This study assesses the changes in tissue distribution and excretion of Hg during postnatal development. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected sc with 5 mg/kg 203HgCl2 on postnatal Day 1, 8, 15, 22, or 29. Hg concentration was measured in the whole body, renal cortex, medulla and papilla, liver, and subcellular fractions of liver and kidney. Binding to cytosolic metallothionein was assessed. Whole-body elimination of Hg was slow at the three younger age groups, as only 20% of the initial load was eliminated by 5 days after injection. Excretion was much more rapid in the two older groups, which eliminated about half of the initial load within 5 days. Concentration of Hg was highest in renal cortex (the principal site of Hg toxicity), and there was an age-related increase in cortical Hg concentration. This may explain the increased toxicity of Hg with age. There was an age-related decrease in hepatic Hg concentration. The high levels of metallothionein present in perinatal rat liver may protect the renal cortex from receiving a toxic dose of Hg; however, the increased concentration of hepatic Hg in newborns is insufficient to account for all of the cortical decrease. It is probable that Hg was distributed to other tissues. In liver and kidney cells of neonates, Hg concentration was highest in the cytosol, decreasing in an age-related manner. This was accompanied by an age-related increase of Hg in the nuclear/mitochondrial fraction. Hg in the cytosol was largely bound to metallothionein, although there were substantial amounts associated with very low-molecular-weight molecules and high-molecular-weight proteins. There are significant maturational changes in the organ, cellular and subcellular distribution of Hg in the rat during the first 4 weeks after birth. These probably explain the increasing sensitivity with maturity to Hg nephrotoxicity.
The Nuclear Argonaute NRDE-3 Contributes to Transitive RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans

The Caenorhabditis elegans n uclear R NA interference de fective (Nrde) mutants were identified by their inability to silence polycistronic transcripts in e nhanced R NA i (Eri) mutant backgrounds. Here, we report additional nrde-3 -dependent RNAi phenomena that extend the mechanisms, roles, and functions of nuclear RNAi. We show that nrde-3 mutants are broadly RNAi deficient and that overexpressing NRDE-3 enhances RNAi. Consistent with NRDE-3 being a dose-dependent limiting resource for effective RNAi, we find that NRDE-3 is required for eri -dependent enhanced RNAi phenotypes, although only for a subset of target genes. We then identify pgl-1 as an additional limiting RNAi resource important for eri -dependent silencing of a nonoverlapping subset of target genes, so that an nrde-3 ; pgl-1 ; eri-1 triple mutant fails to show enhanced RNAi for any tested gene. These results suggest that nrde-3 and pgl-1 define separate and independent limiting RNAi resource pathways. Limiting RNAi resources are proposed to primarily act via endogenous RNA silencing pathways. Consistent with this, we find that nrde-3 mutants misexpress genes regulated by endogenous siRNAs and incompletely silence repetitive transgene arrays. Finally, we find that nrde-3 contributes to transitive RNAi, whereby amplified silencing triggers act in trans to silence sequence-similar genes. Because nrde -dependent silencing is thought to act in cis to limit the production of primary transcripts, this result reveals an unexpected role for nuclear processes in RNAi silencing.