cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteins induced by DNA-damaging agents in cultured Drosophila cells.

Abstract In Drosophila cultured cells, the effects of several DNA-damaging agents on the expression of proteins were investigated. Poly(A+) RNA prepared from both untreated cells and cells treated with DNA-damaging agents was translated in vitro. The translation products were analyzed by two-dimentional electrophoresis. Methyl methanesulfonate,the most potent agent used, induced about 25 proteins, some new and some enhanced pre-existing proteins. Angelicin plus near UV irradiation, 4-nitrogquinoline N-oxide and ethyl methanesulfonate were efficient inducers. Mitomycin C, UV irradiation and hydrogen peroxide were poor inducers, inducing only a few proteins at low levels. A tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and a DNA gyrase inhibitor, nalidixic acid, also were used. In this sytem they were weak inducers of new proteins. Several of the new or enhanced proteins were common to several agents, but others were agent specific. The distribution of mutgen-induced proteins was compared with that of protein induced in cells heated at 37°C. Some of the proteins induced by DNA-damaging agents were found to overlap heat-shock proteins. These results suggest that there are sets of induced genes that are regulated differently.
Reproductive steroid hormones and recurrence-free survival in women with a history of breast cancer.

Epidemiologic studies fairly consistently show in postmenopausal women that reproductive steroid hormones contribute to primary breast cancer risk, and this association is strongly supported by experimental studies using laboratory animals and model systems. Evidence linking sex hormone concentrations with risk for recurrence in women diagnosed with breast cancer is limited; however, beneficial effects of antiestrogenic therapy on recurrence-free survival suggest that these hormones affect progression and risk for recurrence. This study examined whether baseline serum concentrations of estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin were associated with recurrence-free survival in a nested case-control cohort of women from a randomized diet trial (Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study) who were followed for >7 years after diagnosis. In 153 case-control pairs of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in this analysis, total estradiol [hazard ratio (HR), 1.41 per unit increase in log concentration; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01−1.97], bioavailable estradiol (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03−1.53), and free estradiol (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03−1.65) concentrations were significantly associated with risk for recurrence. Recurred women had an average total estradiol concentration that was double that of nonrecurred women (22.7 versus 10.8 pg/mL; P = 0.05). Testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin concentrations did not differ between cases and controls and were not associated with risk for recurrence. Although genetic and metabolic factors likely modulate the relationship between circulating sex hormones and risk, results from this study provide evidence that higher serum estrogen concentration contributes to risk for recurrence in women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer.
Effect of γ irradiation on the hemocyte-mediated immune response of Aedes aegypti against microfilariae

The effect of gamma irradiation on the melanotic encapsulation response of Aedes aegypti black eye Liverpool strain against inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 days postinoculation (PI). Mosquitoes received 6000 rad from a 137Cs source (Shepard Mark I irradiator) at 3 days postemergence and were inoculated with 15-20 mff 24 hr later. These mosquitoes were compared to nonirradiated controls that also were inoculated with 15-20 mff at 3 days postemergence. The immune response was significantly reduced in irradiated mosquitoes as compared with controls at all days PI. Although the response was significantly inhibited compared with controls, irradiated mosquitoes were still capable of eliciting a response against 69% of recovered mff at 6 days PI. External gamma irradiation did not significantly affect the proliferation of hemocytes associated with the melanotic encapsulation response of A. aegypti. The number of circulating hemocytes increased in irradiated mosquitoes in response to inoculated mff in a manner similar to nonirradiated, inoculated controls. Hemocyte monophenol oxidase activity, however, was significantly reduced in gamma-irradiated mosquitoes at 12 hr PI as compared with controls. The reduced immunological capacity of irradiated mosquitoes might be related to an interference with gene activity required formore » the synthesis or activation of enzymes that are directly or indirectly involved in the biochemical processes associated with the production of melanotic substances that sequester mff.« less
Parent Skills Training: Expanding School-Based Services for Adolescent Mothers:

This article reports the results of a collaborative intervention effort between a teen-parent program and a school of social work Social work faculty and students participated in a program aimed at strengthening parental skills and the utilization of social support among adolescent mothers who were enrolled in a special high school program. The results of this evaluation study point to additional factors, such as empathy training and stress management, which need to be included in a comprehensive service-delivery program for school-age mothers. The ability of teen mothers to stay in school is influenced by multiple factors and is not limited solely to the availability of child care, housing, food, clothing, and other basic needs. School dropout is a particularly severe problem for this group of adolescents, because only 50% of teen mothers complete their high school education. School-based services and other teen-parent programs designed to prevent school dropout seem to have a positive impact on school retention among this target population, but they often fail to influence mothers’ attitudes or anxiety about the maternal role. These programs are usually targeted toward academic training, and they generally offer limited services to help adolescents cope with their new parental roles, so that they can continue their education (Adler, Bates, & Merdinger, 1985). Parent skills training may, at first glance, seem unrelated to school retention, but such skills have been found to be an important aspect of the overall competence that adolescent mothers must develop to meet the multiple demands of school, child care, and - in some cases - employment (Moore, 1987). Brindis and Jeremy (1988) suggest that the effectiveness of teen-parent programs can be increased by introducing a comprehensive range of services, including parental and other skills training required for successful coping with day-to-day demands of the new parental role. Further, an
The Paleobiosphere: a novel device for the in vivo testing of hydrocarbon producing-utilizing microorganisms.

The construction and testing of a unique instrument, the Paleobiosphere, which mimics some of the conditions of the ancient earth, is described. The instrument provides an experimental testing system for determining if certain microbes, when provided an adequate environment, can degrade biological materials to produce fuel-like hydrocarbons in a relatively short time frame that become trapped by the shale. The conditions selected for testing included a particulate Montana shale (serving as the “Trap Shale”), plant materials (leaves and stems of three extant species whose origins are in the late Cretaceous), a water-circulating system, sterile air, and a specially designed Carbotrap through which all air was passed as exhaust and volatile were hydrocarbons trapped. The fungus for initial testing was Annulohypoxylon sp., isolated as an endophyte of Citrus aurantifolia. It produces, in solid and liquid media, a series of hydrocarbon-like molecules. Some of these including 1,8-cineole, 2-butanone, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester, benzene (1-methylethyl)-, phenylethyl alcohol, benzophenone and azulene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl), [1S-(1α,7α,8aβ)]. These were the key signature compounds used in an initial Paleobiosphere test. After 3 weeks, incubation, the volatiles associated with the harvested “Trap Shale” included each of the signature substances as well as other fungal-associated products: some indanes, benzene derivatives, some cyclohexanes, 3-octanone, naphthalenes and others. The fungus thus produced a series of “Trap Shale” products that were representative of each of the major classes of hydrocarbons in diesel fuel (Mycodiesel). Initial tests with the Paleobiosphere offer some evidence for a possible origin of hydrocarbons trapped in bentonite shale. Thus, with modifications, numerous other tests can also be designed for utilization in the Paleobiosphere.
Selective LPE Growth Kinetics Of GaAs On MBE-Grown GaAs On Si

Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) has been successfully employed to grow GaAs selectively on GaAs-coated Si which was previously prepared by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). A defect density reduction of more than two orders of magnitude compared to that in MBE layer was obtained. The growth was found to depend strongly on the mask pattern, and a marked difference between the growth on GaAs-coated Si and on pure GaAs substrates was observed. The growth may be explained in terms of the transport of the growing species from bulk of the melt to the substrate surface and the succeeding incorporation into the solid. The experimental results suggest that the transport process plays major roles in the growth on GaAs/Si substrates, while the surface reaction also contributes to the growth rate on GaAs substrate.
Effect of Pelvic-Floor Muscle Exercise Position on Continence and Quality-of-Life Outcomes in Women With Stress Urinary Incontinence

Background and Purpose. Pelvic-floor muscle (PFM) exercises are effective in reducing stress urinary incontinence (SUI), but few studies have investigated the effect of specific exercise variables on treatment outcomes. This study explored the effect of exercise position on treatment outcomes in women with SUI. Subjects and Methods. Forty-four women were randomly assigned to exercise in the supine position only or in both supine and upright positions. Bladder diary, pad test, urodynamic test, quality-of-life (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire [IIQ]), and PFM strength outcomes were obtained at baseline and after treatment. Results. Exercise position did not affect outcomes. After data from both groups were collapsed, statistically significant improvements with treatment were observed in bladder diary, IIQ, PFM strength, and urodynamic test results. Discussion and Conclusion. Exercise position did not differentially affect treatment outcomes. However, women in this study achieved a mean 67.9% reduction in the frequency of SUI episodes and improvements in other study outcomes. [Borello-France DF, Zyczynski HM, Downey PA, et al. Effect of pelvic-floor muscle exercise position on continence and quality-of-life outcomes in women with stress urinary incontinence. Phys Ther . 2006;86:974–986.]
AT-46VORINOSTAT AND BEVACIZUMAB FOR RECURRENT HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA: INTERIM ANALYSIS OF A PHASE II CLINICAL TRIAL

Prognosis for recurrent glioblastoma remains poor with progression-free survival at six months (PFS6) of 9-15%, but with the addition of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), studies have shown PFS6 improved to 40-50%. Vorinostat, a small molecule inhibitor of histone deactylase (HDAC), has anti-tumor activity directly through HDAC inhibition and indirectly by promoting anti-angiogenesis. Its good oral bioavailability and favorable toxicity profile make it a promising additive agent. We designed a clinical trial to examine the addition of vorinostat and bevacizumab (BEV) in recurrent GBM. This was a phase II open-label, single arm study. Primary endpoint was PFS6. Secondary endpoints were safety/tolerability, radiographic response, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Chief eligibility criteria included age ≥ 18 years, KPS ≥ 70, time interval ≥4 wks from last treatment, and ≤2 prior progressions. Dosing regimen was BEV 10 mg/kg iv q2wks, and vorinostat 400 mg po for 7 days on then 7 days off in a 28 day cycle. To date, 38 of 40 recurrent GBM patients have been enrolled. Most common treatment-related grade 2 and above toxicities were lymphopenia (50%), leukopenia (34%), neutropenia (26%), and hypertension (22%). There were two grade 4 toxicities (sinus bradycardia and pulmonary embolism) and no treatment-related grade 5 toxicities. With a median follow-up of 5.7 months (95% CI: 3.4, 8.8 months), PFS6 was 22.6% (95% CI: 8.9-40.1). Best radiographic responses included 4 partial responses, 30 stable responses, 1 radiographic progression, 2 too early to assess and 1 termination due to toxicity without follow-up imaging. In initial interim analysis, the combination of voriniostat and BEV did not improve PFS6 in comparison to historical controls on BEV alone, but median follow-up is only 5.7 months. Additional data will be presented with a longer follow-up time for analysis.
Novel export control of a Legionella Dot/Icm substrate is mediated by dual, independent signal sequences.

Summary The Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm T4SS injects ∼ 300 protein effector proteins into host cells. Dot/Icm substrates have been proposed to contain a carboxy-terminal signal sequence that is necessary and sufficient for export, although both traits have been demonstrated for only a small fraction of these proteins. In this study, we discovered that export of the substrate SidJ is mediated by dual signal sequences that include a conventional C-terminal domain and a novel internal motif. The C-terminal signal sequence facilitates secretion of SidJ into host cells at early points of infection, whereas the internal signal sequence mediates secretion at later time points. Interestingly, only the internal signal sequence is necessary for complementation of the intracellular growth defect of a ΔsidJ mutant. Although this is the first report of a Dot/Icm substrate being secreted by an internal signal sequence, many other substrates may be exported in a similar manner. In addition, efficient translocation of SidJ is dependent on the chaperone-like type IV adaptors IcmS/IcmW. Five IcmS/IcmW binding domains that are distinct from both signal sequences were elucidated and, interestingly, only secretion mediated by the internal signal sequence requires IcmS/IcmW. Thus, Legionella employs multiple sophisticated molecular mechanisms to regulate the export of SidJ.
Use of temporal moment analysis to study reactive solute transport in aggregated porous media

Abstract The paper presents an overview of the use of temporal moment analysis as a useful alternative to more complete analytical or numerical solutions of mathematical models describing adsorbing solute transport in aggregated, saturated porous media. The goal of temporal moment analysis is to derive analytical formulas for the lower-order time moments of the solute breakthrough curve, thereby yielding significant physical insight into the behavior of solute transport models. Only the bi-continuum conceptual model and one-dimensional systems are emphasized in this paper. The transfer function approach for calculating temporal moments is described and illustrated with several examples involving diffusion into spherical aggregates, first-order mass transfer, and kinetically controlled intra-aggregate adsorption. The use of moment analysis for model comparison and sensitivity analysis is discussed; in particular, the paper shows how simplified empirical first-order mass transfer models can be utilized to approximate more complex models involving diffusion into nonuniformly sized spherical aggregates.
Simulation of pulse shortening in a relativistic klystron oscillator

Summary form only given. The relativistic klystron is a strong candidate for a high power microwave source for a number of applications, including accelerators and electronic warfare. In this work, we simulate a high power, high perveance relativistic klystron oscillator using XOOPIC (a 2d, electromagnetic PIC-MCC code) and ICEPIC (a parallel, 3d, electromagnetic PIC code). The experimental klystron operates as an injection-locked oscillator at 1.25-1.35 GHz, with up to 1 GW rms output power for a 100 ns pulse. The beam voltage is 500 kV, with current of 10 kA, and a beam pulse length of 300 ns. Of particular interest for this device is the shortening of the rf pulse compared to the current pulse. Two mechanisms for rf pulse shorting are examined: plasma formation near the extractor gap, and diode impedance collapse.
On the superconvergence patch recovery techniques for the linear finite element approximation on anisotropic meshes

We provide in this paper an analysis on the superconvergence patch recovery (SPR) techniques for the linear finite element approximation based on adaptively refined anisotropic meshes in two dimensions. These techniques include the gradient recovery based on local weighted averaging, the recovery based on local L^2-projection, and the recovery based on least square fitting. The last one leads to the Zienkiewicz-Zhu type error estimators popular in engineering communities. Based on the superconvergence result for anisotropic meshes established recently in Cao (2013), we prove that all three types of SPR techniques produce super-linearly convergent gradients if the meshes are quasi-uniform under a given metric and each pair of adjacent elements in the meshes form an approximate parallelogram. As a consequence, the error estimators based on the recovered gradient are asymptotically exact. These results provide a theoretical justification for the extraordinary robustness and accuracy observed in numerous applications for the recovery type error estimators on anisotropic meshes.
Reply to K. Satharasinghe et al

In our report, we did not discuss how relapses were documented— we assumed it would be self-evident that they must be confirmed unequivocably before salvage therapy is initiated. Satharasinghe et al raise concern about the 27% of patients whose relapse was detected only by iodine-123 (I) metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan. Among those 25 patients, 24 had abnormal radiotracer uptake in one or more osteomedullary sites and one patient had new uptake in a small postoperative paraspinal site. Relapse was deemed unequivocal when multiple skeletal sites of abnormal MIBG uptake were present (n 7). In contrast, with a single new abnormal MIBG-avid osteomedullary site (n 17), the finding was judged as indicative of relapse only after magnetic resonance imaging revealed a corresponding lesion and follow-up MIBG scan remained abnormal (by which time other staging studies often also showed new disease). The paraspinal relapse was confirmed by disease resection after follow-up I-MIBG scintigraphy remained abnormal. None of the above patients had the most common form of I-MIBG false positivity, that is, uptake in the abdomen after retroperitoneal tumors are resected and renal function is impaired, leading to delayed or altered excretion of the radiotracer. Uncertainty in these situations is rare with tomographic (SPECT) imaging techniques or fusion MIBG/computed tomography (CT) that correlate uptake to anatomy; hybrid [F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT can also be helpful in clarifying disease status. Relapse of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) has long been viewed as a systemic event and tantamount to eventual death from disease or toxicity of retrieval therapy. Developments in the past decade, however, raise the welcome possibility that the absolute equivalence between relapse in these patients and a lethal outcome may no longer hold true. Thus, close monitoring using sensitive techniques may now be detecting focal or well-localized relapses. These might be controlled by surgery and/or radiotherapy, supplemented by relatively nontoxic systemic therapies that are noncrossresistant with prior treatments. For patients with no evidence of disease after treatment of highrisk NB, we continue to advocate close monitoring for recurrence. Despite being the most common study to reveal unsuspected relapse, I-MIBG scan was falsely negative in 16% of cases. Clearly, this scintigraphic evaluation cannot serve as a “stand-alone surveillance test” but should be part of a battery of tests required for accurately assessing relapse-free survival.
Quinolines and Isoquinolines

The fusion of a pyridine and a benzene ring produces two heterocyclic aromatic systems usually referred to by their common names, quinoline and isoquinoline. In addition to the chemistry to be expected, this combination opens a wide range of additional possibilities. It is therefore not surprising that both quinoline and isoquinoline have been the subject of extensive studies ranging from the theoretical to the most applied. The dye and photographic industries, the metallurgical, analytical, and polymer sciences all provide extensive examples. However, it continues to be the medical field and the pharmaceutical industry that provides the major driving force for an impressive array of studies of the synthesis and properties of molecules containing these structures. The toxicity of these compounds is sufficient to warrant care in their handling. The literature has been reviewed through March, 2005. Keywords: quinolines; coal tar; corrosion inhibitors; fungicides; metallurgy; isoquinoline; drugs; pesticides; 1,2-dihydroxyquinolines; antioxidants; pharmaceuticals
PLUTONIUM SOLUBILITY IN SIMULATED SAVANNAH RIVER SITE WASTE SOLUTIONS

To address the accelerated disposition of the supernate and salt portions of Savannah River Site (SRS) high level waste (HLW), solubility experiments were performed to develop a predictive capability for plutonium (Pu) solubility. A statistically designed experiment was used to measure the solubility of Pu in simulated solutions with salt concentrations and temperatures which bounded those observed in SRS HLW solutions. Constituents of the simulated waste solutions included: hydroxide (OH−), aluminate , sulfate , carbonate , nitrate , and nitrite anions. Each anion was added to the waste solution in the sodium form. The solubilities were measured at 25 and 80°C. Five sets of samples were analyzed over a six month period and a partial sample set was analyzed after nominally fifteen months of equilibration. No discernable time dependence of the measured Pu concentrations was observed except for two salt solutions equilibrated at 80°C which contained OH− concentrations >5 mol/L. In these solutions, the Pu so...
Variation in orthopaedic surgeons' perceptions about the indications for rotator cuff surgery.

BackgroundEpidemiologic studies have demonstrated substantial variations in per capita rates of many surgical procedures, including rotator cuff repair. The purpose of the current study was to characterize orthopaedic surgeons' attitudes concerning medical decision-making about rotator cuff surgery
Repression: Active Censorship of Stressful Memories vs. Source Amnesia for Self-Consciously Dissociated Memories:

Three groups of subjects were presented solvable and unsolvable anagrams, along with clues that were either perceived or imaged. For the two groups in which failure was made stressful, the perceptu...
Detecting and locating the stator turn-to-turn faults in a closed-loop multiplemotor drive system

Multiple motors connected to a single closed-loop inverter drive is a common type of drive topology which has wide application in steel processing industry, electric railway systems and electric vehicles. But condition monitoring for this type of drive configuration remains largely unexplored. This paper proposes a new method not only to detect but also to locate the stator turn-to-turn fault in a multiple-motor drive system. The method achieves very high sensitivity yet remains easy to implement by utilizing the characteristics of current regulators in the motor controller. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reliably detect and locate the stator turn fault on two shaft-coupled 5-hp induction machines under different operating conditions and fault levels with no need of any machine parameters. Although originally developed for multiple-motor drives, the detection scheme can be directly applied to most of conventional closed-loop induction motor drive.
Testicular Cancer: A Reflection on 50 Years of Discovery

Introduction The advances in the treatment of testicular cancer are among the great achievements in medicine. Cancer researchers from around the globe have asked and answered nearly every fundamental question about the treatment of patients with testicular cancer. The results are astonishing: cure in 95% of all patients; refined surgical techniques that preserve sexual function; minimization of short-term and longterm toxicities of therapy; FDA approval of several agents due entirely or in part from trials in testicular cancer including vinblastine in the 1960’s, bleomycin in 1973, cisplatin in 1978, etoposide in 1983, and ifosfamide in 1988. This article will help the reader understand this journey to a cure, which in many ways mirrors the history of drug development and cancer management during the 20th century. The basic tenets of cancer care were established, reinforced, or challenged during the methodical study of testicular cancer. These tenets include the use of randomized clinical trials to minimize toxicity and maximize outcomes; the rational utilization of combination chemotherapy; and the integration of care involving medical and surgical specialties.
Geropsychological Problems in Medical Rehabilitation: Dementia and Depression Among Stroke and Lower Extremity Fracture Patients

Background. Although stroke and lower extremity fracture are often viewed as distinct medical rehabilitation conditions, they share similarities in that they are both experienced primarily among older adults, and are often accompanied by gero­ psychological problems such as dementia and depression. In spite of these similarities, actual comparisons of these prevalence rates have been rare in the previous literature, most likely due to obvious differences in the nature of the injuries involved (neu­ rological vs peripheral injury). Methods. One hundred and one stroke and 198 lower extremity fracture patients were assessed with neuropsychological tests from the Normative Studies Research Project test battery. The prevalence rates of dementia and depression were then compared between these two patient groups. Results. Overall, 34.7% of stroke and 27.8% of lower extremity fracture patients met the criteria for dementia. In addition, 33.3% of stroke and 25.1 % of lower extremity fracture patients scored in the depressed range on the Geriatric Depression Scale. The prevalence rates for dementia and depression did not differ significantly between these two patient groups. Conclusions. Although rehabilitation efforts focus mainly upon the primary diagnoses of geriatric patients, these findings suggest that stroke and lower extremity fracture should be considered within the context of the geriatric issues (e.g., dementia, depression, and comorbid medical illness) which accompany them.
Green chemistry as systems science

Green chemistry does not operate as an isolated subsystem, but within higher lev- els of corporation and society. From an environmental standpoint, the ideal focus is to achieve optimum performance across the system, not at a single systems level. This paper proposes a four-level system for green chemistry and provides examples of performance at each level that can legitimately be termed sustainable. TECHNOLOGY WITHIN SOCIETY It is beyond question that technology influences society, and that the inverse is also true. One well- known and obvious example is the automobile and its related systems. Over the past three decades, the environmental performance of various measures of an individual vehicle has improved by factors of between 10 and 100. This laudable technological feat has occurred, however, coincident with a greater number of vehicles and more distance driven per vehicle. The result has been increasing congestion and increasing environmental impacts. Overall, technology has not been sufficient to produce a satisfacto- ry result because the approach has not been to think of the auto exhaust catalyst as part of a larger prod- uct, dependent on common infrastructure and strongly influenced by culture and society (1). In much the same way, green chemistry is part of a larger system, and must be optimized from that perspective.
Vanishing viscosity in the plane for vorticity in borderline spaces of Besov type

The existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Euler equations for initial vorticity in B \L p0 \L p1 was proved by Misha Vishik, where B is a borderline Besov space parameterized by the function and 1 < p0 < 2 < p1. Vishik established short time existence and uniqueness when ( n) = O(logn) and global existence and uniqueness when ( n) = O(log 1 2n). For initial vorticity in B \L 2 , we establish the vanishing viscosity limit in L 2 (R 2 ) of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations to a solution of the Euler equations in the plane, convergence being uniform over short time when ( n) = O(logn) and uniform over any nite time when (
Zinc enhances ionic currents induced in skate Muller (glial) cells by the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

We describe here a novel effect of zinc on GABA receptors of glial cells in the skate retina. The GABA-induced currents of skate Mϋller cells, the radial glia of the retina, are mediated by activation of GABA A receptors (GABA A Rs). In other parts of the nervous system, GABA A -mediated currents are inhibited by zinc. However, in isolated, voltage-clamped Mϋller cells, coapplication of zinc (10 μM) and GABA (1 μM) resulted in an enhancement of the GABA A R current. Surprisingly, zinc alone induced a current similar in many respects to that elicited by GABA, i. e. the reversal potential was the same as for the GABA-induced current, the current was blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxin, and the current-voltage relation obtained in the presence of 10 μM zinc was virtually identical to that obtained with 1 μM GABA. Both bicuculline and picrotoxin suppressed a current that was present with cells bathed only in Ringer, suggesting that some of the GABA channels were spontaneously open in the absence of externally applied GABA. This possibility was supported by cell-attached patch recordings. Under conditions in which potassium and calcium currents were suppressed, spontaneous channel activity was observed. Moreover, the frequency of these channel openings was greater when zinc was included in the pipette solution, and reduced when bicuculline was added. These findings suggest that zinc acts directly to enhance the GABA A receptor activity of the Mϋller cells, and raise the possibility that the subunit composition of the GABA A Rs of skate Mϋller cells differs from that of GABA A Rs identified previously in other neuronal and glial preparations.
Prolactin increases ATP-dependent taurocholate transport in canalicular plasma membrane from rat liver

The taurocholate (TC) maximal secretory rate (SRm) in the isolated perfused liver is increased in postpartum rats and ovariectomized rats treated with ovine prolactin (oPRL). The present studies were designed to characterize the mechanism(s) by which oPRL increases TC transport in the liver. oPRL (300 micrograms/day i.v. for 7 days) increased the SRm 1.6-fold from 185 to 364 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1 in the perfused rat liver and the maximal rate of transport for ATP-dependent transport 1.7-fold from 66 to 109 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1 in canalicular liver plasma membrane (cLPM) vesicles without changing the Michaelis constant (5-6 microM). The oPRL-mediated increases in biliary excretion in the perfused liver and ATP-dependent TC transport in cLPM vesicles were significantly inhibited by cycloheximide treatment (2 mg/kg). oPRL (300 micrograms/day iv for 7 days) increased expression of Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ecto-adenosinetriphosphatase mRNA sixfold and increased protein expression two- to threefold, but had no effect on the expression of P-glycoprotein (mdr1b and mdr2) mRNA. Thus the increase in ATP-dependent transport in cLPM vesicles due to oPRL treatment accounts for the increased TC SRm in the perfused liver. The oPRL-mediated increased TC transport may be associated with increased expression of proteins related to bile acid transport.
Commenting to Promote Exploration of the Design Space: Digital Collaborations in Online Open Innovation Communities

Online open innovation communities often provide ways for people to remix previous work. This remixing can be triggered by others’ comments. In this paper we conduct exploratory empirical studies in an online open innovation community in order to study this phenomenon. Comments trigger remixes. Two patterns of this process were observed: a direct pattern in which remixes are created directly after comments are made and a second-degree pattern in which contributors first reply to the comments and then make changes. The choice of comment style also affects the number of remixes made. Comments can be generative, because they spark further investigation of the design space.
The critical role of communications in a multilevel obesity-prevention intervention: Lessons learned for alcohol educators.

Abstract Objective Multilevel interventions to prevent underage drinking are more effective than individual-level strategies, and messaging campaigns are key to such approaches. Recognizing the benefits of translating best practices across public health domains, this paper details the communications campaign from Shape Up Somerville (SUS), an exemplar for multilevel community-based approaches to address pediatric obesity, highlighting lessons learned for alcohol educators. Methods All elements of SUS, including the communications strategy, were developed collaboratively with local partners. Communication initiatives included community-engaged brand development to unify diverse intervention components; school-based communications to promote new opportunities for healthy eating and physical activity; and media partnerships to promote healthy behaviors community-wide. Results The overall SUS intervention was effective in reducing prevalence of overweight/obesity among first- to third-graders in Somerville relative to control communities. Process evaluation showed that communications successfully reached diverse community segments and raised awareness of and receptivity to changes. Conclusions and practice implications Communications campaigns are essential components of multilevel interventions addressing public health challenges including obesity and underage drinking. Such communications should be developed collaboratively with the target audience and stakeholders, designed to engage community members at multiple levels through multiple channels within a systems framework, and sustained through local partnerships.
Eruptive behavior of the Marum/Mbwelesu lava lake, Vanuatu and comparisons with lava lakes on Earth and Io

Abstract Observations from field remote sensing of the morphology, kinematics and temperature of the Marum/Mbwelesu lava lake in the Vanuatu archipelago in 2014 reveal a highly active, vigorously erupting lava lake. Active degassing and fountaining observed at the ~ 50 m lava lake led to large areas of fully exposed lavas and rapid (~ 5 m/s) movement of lava from the centers of upwelling outwards to the lake margins. These rapid lava speeds precluded the formation of thick crust; there was never more than 30% non-translucent crust. The lava lake was observed with several portable, handheld, low-cost, near-infrared imagers, all of which measured temperatures near 1000 °C and one as high as 1022 °C, consistent with basaltic temperatures. Fine-scale structure in the lava fountains and cooled crust was visible in the near infrared at ~ 5 cm/pixel from 300 m above the lake surface. The temperature distribution across the lake surface is much broader than at more quiescent lava lakes, peaking ~ 850 °C, and is attributed to the highly exposed nature of the rapidly circulating lake. This lava lake has many characteristics in common with other active lava lakes, such as Erta Ale in Ethiopia, being confined, persistent and high-temperature; however it was much more active than is typical for Erta Ale, which often has > 90% crust. Furthermore, it is a good analogue for the persistent, high-temperature lava lakes contained within volcanic depressions on Jupiter's moon Io, such as Pele, also believed from spacecraft and ground-based observations to exhibit similar behavior of gas emission, rapid overturn and fountaining.
Skepticism and moral justification

The moral skeptic challenges us to show that we are justified in accepting certain moral judgments rather than others; for the skeptic doubts that any rational basis can be found for such preferences
QDP-JIT: A QDP++ Implementation for CUDA-Enabled GPUs

These proceedings describe briefly the QDP-JIT/PTX framework for lattice field theory calcula- tions on the CUDA architecture. The framework generates compute kernels in the PTX assembler language which can be compiled to efficient GPU machine code by the NVIDIA JIT compiler. A comprehensive memory management was added to the framework so that applications, e.g. Chroma, can run unaltered on GPU clusters and supercomputers.
Shock-Induced Decomposition of 1, 3, 5-triamino-2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene: A Reactive-Force-Field Molecular Dynamics Study

Shock-induced detonation simulation provides critical information about high explosive (HE) materials including sensitivity, detonation velocity and reaction pathways. Here, we report a reactive force-field molecular dynamics simulation study of shock-induced decomposition of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) crystal. A flyer acts as mechanical stimuli to induce shock in the system, which initiates chemical reactions. Reaction pathway study reveals that the detonation process of TATB is distinct from those in Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,4,7-terazocine (HMX) and 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX). Unlike the latter HE materials, N2 production in TATB occurs via three different intermolecular reaction pathways. Being an oxygen deficient HE material, a large carbon rich aggregate remains after the reaction.
Effect of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water applied in disinfection of simple respirators used for infants

OBJECTIVE To explore the disinfection effect on infant simple respirators with Acidic electrolyzed oxidizing Water(EOW) aiming to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) caused by manual resuscitators.METHODS According to the Criteria of Disinfection Techniques(2002),totally 90 infant simple respirators were taken as samples randomly.And then each pediatric manual resuscitator was disassembled and the parts were rinsed and soaked for 3min with EOW respectively.Furthermore,bacteriological tests on the external surface,internal surface and interface of the selected randomized samples were made before and after disinfection.The results were judged with logarithm value.RESULTS The germicidal logarithm value before and after disinfection on the external surface,internal surface and the interface of the silicone bag of the infant simple respirators were 2.949,5.235 and 3.987,respectively.All of them were more than 1.Therefore,according to the Criteria of Disinfection Techniques,the results were regarded as eligible disinfection.CONCLUSION EOW can be effectively applied in the cleaning and disinfection of the infant simple respirators and is fast,economical,safe,convenient,non-corrosive,non-irritable,and so on.Therefore,the EOW method is an effective measure to prevent VAP.Thus,this method has wide application and is worth of popularizing clinically.
A Comparative Study of the Means of Fund Raising between China and America in Higher Education

Fund is "blood" of universities that can insure their sound development,and a key element for a school to remain competitive strength under the circumstances of market economy,while in the process of China's popular development of higher education,the shortage of educational fund is an ever growing problem. The U.S. has a long history of fund raising for education and with rich experiences which would be an useful enlightenment and reference to China in improving fund raising for education.
Maize and Arabidopsis ARGOS proteins interact with ethylene receptor signaling complex, supporting a regulatory role for ARGOS in ethylene signal transduction

The phytohormone ethylene regulates plant growth and development as well as plant response to environmental cues. ARGOS genes reduce plant sensitivity to ethylene when overexpressed in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (Zea mays). A previous genetic study suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-localized maize ARGOS1 targets the ethylene signal transduction components at or upstream of CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1, but the mechanism of ARGOS modulating ethylene signaling is unknown. Here, we demonstrate in Arabidopsis that ZmARGOS1, as well as the Arabidopsis ARGOS homolog ORGAN SIZE RELATED1, physically interacts with Arabidopsis REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 (RTE1), an ethylene receptor interacting protein that regulates the activity of ETHYLENE RESPONSE1. The protein-protein interaction was also detected with the yeast split-ubiquitin two-hybrid system. Using the same yeast assay, we found that maize RTE1 homolog REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 LIKE4 (ZmRTL4) and ZmRTL2 also interact with maize and Arabidopsis ARGOS proteins. Like AtRTE1 in Arabidopsis, ZmRTL4 and ZmRTL2 reduce ethylene responses when overexpressed in maize, indicating a similar mechanism for ARGOS regulating ethylene signaling in maize. A polypeptide fragment derived from ZmARGOS8, consisting of a Pro-rich motif flanked by two transmembrane helices that are conserved among members of the ARGOS family, can interact with AtRTE1 and maize RTL proteins in Arabidopsis. The conserved domain is necessary and sufficient to reduce ethylene sensitivity in Arabidopsis and maize. Overall, these results suggest a physical association between ARGOS and the ethylene receptor signaling complex via AtRTE1 and maize RTL proteins, supporting a role for ARGOS in regulating ethylene perception and the early steps of signal transduction in Arabidopsis and maize.
Bertrand Russell on Keynes's A Treatise on Probability: What One Would Expect from the Twentieth Century's Greatest Philosopher

Bertrand Russell gives an excellent review of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability. It is what one would expect from the Twentieth Century’s top philosopher. Russell concentrates on Parts I, II and III of the TP and shows that Keynes had done a spectacular piece of path breaking work. Russell places heavy emphasis on the analysis that Keynes presented on pp. 234-37 (also pp. 254-257) of the A Treatise on Probability (1921), which is built on and derived from a modified problem of George Boole’s that Keynes used as his foundation. Russell is even more effusive of praise for Keynes’s achievement in his 1959 My Philosophical Development. The objections of Ramsey and Popper are simply ignored as being insignificant. Thus, Russell handles Ramsey and Popper in the same way that Adam Smith handled Jeremy Bentham -he simply ignores the body of their work dealing with Keynes as being of no consequence. Russell also noticed that an improved relative frequency theory of probability is needed in order to deal with work in sciences like engineering, physics, chemistry and biology and notes that Keynes’s criticisms of these types of theories are not as relevant when dealing with a frequency theory such as Whitehead’s. Russell was also aware of Keynes “weight of the evidence” analysis and found no flaws as weight must be consistent with the relative nature of probability. Thus, the claim the Keynes uses weight in an absolute sense in the A Treatise on Probability is not mentioned by Russell. Finally, Russell does not commit the fatal mistake made by all Post-Keynesian and Institutionalist economists, which is conflating Keynes’s “non numerical" probabilities with ordinal, rank order or comparative probability, as Frank P. Ramsey did. Russell recognizes a possible role for "numerical approximation” and shows that it would have to be an interval. Unfortunately, Russell appears to have overlooked Keynes’s own approximation technique based on Boole’s “indeterminate” probabilities approach.
N2 Fixation and N Dynamics of a MyricaGale Stand in Massachusetts

I examined N2 fixation, net primary production, litter deposition and leaf litter decomposition in an open peatland dominated by M. gale in central Massachusetts. Nitrogen fixation was measured by acetylene reduction, net primary production by the harvest method, litter deposition in litter traps, and leaf litter decomposition in litter bags.
Simulation for Pediatric Disaster and Multiple Casualty Incident Training

Multiple casualty incidents (MCIs) are infrequent events that strain available healthcare resources, while disasters completely overwhelm them. These events vary in etiology, number of victims, duration, and the available healthcare resources of the impacted communities. In a pediatric environment, simulation offers a means of learning to specifically care for children in disasters and MCIs, explore the interface between emergency medical services and hospital care, and evaluate and practice disaster/MCI-specific skills, such as mass triage and family reunification. Another role of simulation in disaster and MCI planning is testing response strategies, such as the efficacy of multiple triage methods and revealing limitations of decontamination strategies, among others. Following a disaster or MCI simulation, debriefing learners and participants about perceived self-efficacy and team communication is crucial. A cyclical model, ranging from gap assessment to tabletop exercises, followed by live simulations and scripted debriefing, then a follow-up plan to make specific changes to disaster/MCI response and ongoing reevaluation, increases the likelihood that simulation will improve and sustain the response to actual disasters and MCIs.
Hybrid strategies and technologies for full spectrum solar conversion

Harvesting the full spectrum of sunlight using a hybrid approach offers the potential for higher efficiencies, lower power production costs, and increased power grid compatibility than any single technology by itself. In this article, the base technologies for converting sunlight into electricity, including photovoltaics and solar thermal approaches are discussed. Then feasible strategies for combining them to utilize the various portions of the solar spectrum most effectively are discussed. In this study, we particularly focus on the advantages of a spectral splitting approach. This helps to convert higher energy photons (UV and visible) directly into electrons using optimized single or tandem photovoltaic (PV) cells, while capturing lower energy photons as heat using a selective solar absorber, which absorbs photons within a range of energies, down to a cutoff in the mid-infrared. The solar heat is then thermally concentrated and driven through a high temperature thermoelectric generator on top of a high efficiency mechanical engine (e.g., a steam-driven Rankine cycle) through a heat exchanger, which connects to both thermal storage and the mechanical engine at 550 °C. The thermal storage allows for significant flexibility in the time of power generation (also known as dispatchability) at a modest cost. Hence, the system can produce power for hours after sunset. Ideally, the system can achieve efficiencies over 50% using a combination of an InAlAs/InGaP tandem photovoltaics, ErAs:(InGaAs)1−x(InAlAs)x thermoelectrics, and mechanical Rankine cycles. The configuration and operating conditions can be optimized to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE).