cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of divergent behavioral strategies upon risk allocation in juvenile flatfishes

Animals balance feeding and anti-predator behav- iors at various temporal scales. When risk is infrequent or brief, prey can postpone feeding in the short term and temporally allocate feeding behavior to less risky periods. If risk is frequent or lengthy, however, prey must eventually resume feeding to avoid fitness consequences. Species may exhibit different behavioral strategies, depending on the fitness tradeoffs that exist in their environment or across their life histories. North Pacific flatfishes that share juvenile rearing habitat exhibit a variety of responses to predation risk, but their response to risk frequency has not been examined. We observed the feeding and anti-predator behaviors of young-of-the-year English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis)—three species that exhibit divergent anti-predator strategies—following expo- sure to three levels of predation risk: no risk, infrequent (two exposures/day), and frequent (five exposures/day). The English sole responded to the frequent risk treatment with higher feeding rates than during infrequent risk, following a pattern of behavioral response that is predicted by the risk allocation hypothesis; rock sole and halibut did not follow the predicted pattern, but this may be due to the limited range of treatments. Our observations of unique anti-predator strategies, along with differences in foraging and species- specific ecologies, suggest divergent trajectories of risk allocation for the three species.
The long-term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in severely obese individuals.

Abstract Objective Severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥40 kg/m 2 ) is a serious public health concern. Although bariatric surgery is an efficacious treatment approach, it is limited in reach; thus, nonsurgical treatment alternatives are needed. We examined the 4-year effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors among severely obese, compared with overweight (25 ≤BMI Methods There were 5145 individuals with type 2 diabetes (45-76 years, BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ) randomized to an intensive lifestyle intervention or diabetes support and education. The lifestyle intervention group received a behavioral weight loss program that included group and individual meetings, a ≥10% weight loss goal, calorie restriction, and increased physical activity. Diabetes support and education received a less intense educational intervention. Four-year changes in body weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed. Results Across BMI categories, 4-year changes in body weight were significantly greater in lifestyle participants compared with diabetes support and education ( P s P 1c , and blood glucose were similar across BMI categories in lifestyle participants; however, the severely obese had less favorable improvements in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (3.1±0.4 mg/dL) and systolic blood pressure (−1.4±0.7 mm Hg) compared with the less obese ( P s Conclusion Lifestyle interventions can result in important long-term weight losses and improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors among a significant proportion of severely obese individuals.
Foot speed, foot-strike and footwear: linking gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Running performance, energy requirements and musculoskeletal stresses are directly related to the action-reaction forces between the limb and the ground. For human runners, the force-time patterns from individual footfalls can vary considerably across speed, foot-strike and footwear conditions. Here, we used four human footfalls with distinctly different vertical force-time waveform patterns to evaluate whether a basic mechanical model might explain all of them. Our model partitions the body's total mass (1.0 Mb) into two invariant mass fractions (lower limb=0.08, remaining body mass=0.92) and allows the instantaneous collisional velocities of the former to vary. The best fits achieved (R(2) range=0.95-0.98, mean=0.97 ± 0.01) indicate that the model is capable of accounting for nearly all of the variability observed in the four waveform types tested: barefoot jog, rear-foot strike run, fore-foot strike run and fore-foot strike sprint. We conclude that different running ground reaction force-time patterns may have the same mechanical basis.
Studying (Small) Businesses with the Michigan Employment Security Commission Longitudinal Data Base

This paper addresses the usefulness of a longitudinal data file constructed from records on employers from the Michigan Employment Security Commission. We describe the main features of the data file, which includes quarterly (and in some cases, monthly) data from the third quarter of 1978 through the first quarter of 1983, plus the fourth quarters of 1983–87. We then illustrate the uses of the data with two examples: (1) studying changes in the Michigan economy, in particular the early growth and survival of new units of different sizes; and (2) studying the behavior of wages and employment following changes in ownership.
Changing behaviors to prevent noncommunicable diseases

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)—largely comprising cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic pulmonary disease, and diabetes—are the most important global health issues of the 21st century, as measured by both mortality and morbidity ( 1 , 2 ). These diseases are as preventable across entire populations as are infectious diseases, but require a different approach—one that involves policy change to promote healthy behaviors.
An analysis of some problems in managing virtual memory systems with fast secondary storage devices

Some of the problems that are expected to be encountered in managing virtual memory systems using the newer-technology secondary storage devices are address. The difficulties that two proposed policies have in choosing the most economical program localities of reference to assign to primary memory are analyzed. K. Koh's (1981) criterion for examining the cyclic locality interval (CLI) hierarchy of a program and choosing the least-cost pathway is examined. Koh's criterion is designed for the case of a CLI containing a single inner CLI. The decision to descend the hierarchy is based on the cycle time of the outer CLI. If the outer CLI has two or more inner CLIs, it is possible for Koh's criterion to indicate that it is more economical to descend to one of the inner CLIs without that actually being the case. Choosing which CLI to descend to requires knowledge of its duration, and this is not generally available to the memory management system. An attempt to use Koh's criterion with the loop structure of a program in order to reduce space-time execution cost was not successful. >
Improved Static Resolution of Dynamic Class Loading in Java

Modern applications are becoming increasingly more dynamic and flexible. In Java software, one important flexibility mechanism is dynamic class loading. Unfortunately, the vast majority of static analyses for Java handle this feature either unsoundly or overly conservatively. We present a set of techniques for static resolution of dynamic-class-loading sites in Java software. Previous work has used static string analysis to achieve this goal. However, a large number of such sites are impossible to resolve with purely static techniques. We present a novel semi-static approach, which combines static string analysis with dynamically gathered information about the execution environment. The key insight behind this approach is the observation that dynamic class loading often depends on characteristics of the execution environment that are encoded in various environment variables. In addition, we propose generalizations of string analysis to increase the number of sites that can be resolved purely statically, and to track the names of environment variables. We present an experimental evaluation on 10,238 classes from the standard Java libraries. Our results show that a state- of-the-art purely static approach resolves only 28% of non-trivial sites, while our approach resolves more than twice as many sites. This work is a step towards making static analysis tools better equipped to handle the dynamic features of Java.
Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Through Total Cost Management

Total Cost Management (TCM) is a business paradigm for managing all company resources and the activities that consume those resources with a focus on stimulating and managing improvements. We address the theoretical approach of TCM to environmental sustainability and present a practical case of using costing approaches to evaluate the sustainability of the manufacture of a recycled product. Decision aids, the QFD matrix, B2B e-commerce, allowable costs, and market-based pricing are employed to demonstrate that companies can apply the TCM model to integrate environmental policy as an essential component of corporate strategy to achieve and maintain competitive superiority.
Model Uncertainty via the Integration of Hormesis and LNT as the Default in Cancer Risk Assessment

On June 23, 2015, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued a formal notice in the Federal Register that it would consider whether “it should amend its ‘Standards for Protection Against Radiation’ regulations from the linear non-threshold (LNT) model of radiation protection to the hormesis model.” The present commentary supports this recommendation based on the (1) flawed and deceptive history of the adoption of LNT by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956; (2) the documented capacity of hormesis to make more accurate predictions of biological responses for diverse biological end points in the low-dose zone; (3) the occurrence of extensive hormetic data from the peer-reviewed biomedical literature that revealed hormetic responses are highly generalizable, being independent of biological model, end point measured, inducing agent, level of biological organization, and mechanism; and (4) the integration of hormesis and LNT models via a model uncertainty methodology that optimizes public h...
Enhanced Cellular Entry and Efficacy of Tat Conjugates by Rational Design of the Auxiliary Segment

Conjugation with a cell penetrating peptide such as Tat presents an effective approach to improve the intracellular accumulation of molecules with low membrane permeability. This strategy, however, leads to a reduced cellular entry of molecules that can cross cell membrane effectively. We report here that covalent linkage of an additional hydrophobic unit that mimics a hydrophobic domain near the Tat sequence can further improve the cellular uptake of the parental conjugate into cancer cells regardless of the membrane permeability of the unconjugated molecule. Both fluorescent imaging and flow cytometry measurements confirmed the effect of palmitoylation on the increased internalization of the Tat conjugates with either 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a nonmembrane penetrating dye, or doxorubicin, an anticancer cancer drug that can readily diffuse across cell membranes. In the case of the Tat–doxorubicin conjugate, palmitoylation improves the conjugate’s anticancer activity in both drug sensitive and resist...
Production of Hydrogen Sulfide from Sulfur-Containing Compounds by Various Bacteria. II. Experiments with Synthetic Medium

Summary1. Production of hydrogen sul-fide by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, B. subtilis, and P. aeruginosa in synthetic media containing cysteine or methionine and their derivatives was studied. 2. With the exception of P. aeruginosa, all these organisms formed moderate to maximal amounts of hydrogen sulfide from cysteine and cystine. P. aeruginosa produced only traces.3. Only K. pneumoniae produced hydrogen sulfide from N-benzoyl-cysteine. This confirms previous observations made with beef infusion agar basic medium.1 Benzoylation of the alpha amino group of cysteine does not interfere with desulfurization by this organism, although it prevents the reaction in the case of other bacteria studied. This indicates fundamental metabolic differences prevailing in the organisms investigated with respect to this particular reaction. Additional strains of K. pneumoniae and other organisms should be tested under similar conditions.4. None of the organisms formed hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan from S-benzyl-cysteine, in co...
A 1-Day-Old Neonate Presents With an Unexpected Antibody

Patient: 1-day-old Caucasian male neonate. History of Present Illness: The neonate was born to a 26-year-old gravida 1 female at 37 weeks gestational age via Caesarean section, secondary to failure to progress in labor. The infant was delivered without complications. Routine blood work on the infant revealed an unexpected red cell antibody. A direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and antibody screen were both noted to be positive. Past Medical History: The mother received routine prenatal care throughout her pregnancy. She has a past medical history of chronic hypertension, an anti-E antibody, a pan-reactive autoantibody to red cell antigens, and mild intermittent asthma. The anti-E was discovered upon prenatal screening in the mother, but was not identified in subsequent auto-absorbed specimens. No previous transfusions were documented. Social History: Non-contributory. Family History: Non-contributory. Physical Exam: The neonate’s APGAR scores were 8 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. An exam showed the neonate to be in no acute distress and with essentially normal physical findings. Principal Laboratory Findings: See Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4. 1. What are the mother’s most striking laboratory findings? 2. The mother and neonate share the same antibody identification panel in Tables 3 and 4. Why? 3. What autoimmune conditions of pregnant women have been observed to produce transplacental antibodies resulting in neonatal disease? 4. What additional workup is necessary …
Complete Genome Sequence of Canine Papillomavirus Virus Type 12

ABSTRACT Papillomaviruses, of the family Papillomaviridae, are epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that contribute to benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report here the whole-genome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 12, found at a pigmented plaque located on the skin of a mixed-breed bloodhound.
The Effect of Secondary Tasks on Drivers' Scanning Behavior:

A study was designed to investigate the effect of cognitive task on drivers' visual scanning and driving performance in a single monitor, PC-based driving simulator. Twelve college student drivers' eye movements and driving performance were recorded as they drove in three types of environments (i.e, highway, rural, and urban) under three secondary task condition (none, verbal task and spatial-imagery task). The eye movement results replicate those of Recarte and Nunes (2000), indicating that extra cognitive tasks reduce the time and frequency of such safety-related behavior as checking the speedometer and rear view mirrors. Pupil diameter increases significantly when performing secondary tasks, confirming the usefulness of that measure as an indicator of processing load. The cognitive task also has an effect on driver's performance, such as reducing lane-keeping accuracy, and increasing variation in speed.
A case of computer science principles with traditional text-based programming languages

This paper presents the experience from University of Washington Bothell (UWB) at adapting the traditional text-based programming paradigm based Computer Science Principles (CSP) course from the University of Washington Seattle (UWS). (In this paper "text-based programming paradigm" is used to refer to the traditional method of developing programs by entering text in a text editor, e.g., programming with Java or C#. This is in contrast to the "visual-based programming paradigm" of synthesizing programming solutions via manipulating predefined icons in specialized environments, e.g., programming with Alice, or Scratch.) We replaced the programming language from the graphical-themed in Processing to a game-themed in C# to demonstrate the general viability of CSP implementation based on a text-based programming paradigm. During our course offering, student learning and engagement are closely monitored by independent consultants with weekly classroom visits and surveys. The outstanding programming projects, overwhelmingly positive feedback from our students, and the significant percentage that decide to enroll in subsequent CS1 class verify that this text-based programming paradigm based curriculum is indeed compatible with the primary goal of CSP in establishing a broad-based appeal to attract wide and diverse participation in CS. It is important to note that our study is not aimed at comparing visual- vs. text-based programming paradigms. Rather, we are interested in verifying that a text-based programming paradigm is indeed compatible with the CSP goal of reaching young college students with the ambitious content.
Research Progress and Development of B4C/Al Composite Materials

The preparation process,reaction products,structure and main performance of B4C/Al composite materials at home and abroad are introduced. It is pointed out that the main reaction products are B4C,Al,Al4BC(Al3BC)、AlB24C4、AlB2、Al3B48C2 and Al4C3.The influence of interfacial reaction products of B4C/Al composite on materials performance and the solutions are discussed respectively,and the developing tendency of B4C/Al gradient composites is pointed out.
Colorectal cancer: how emerging molecular understanding affects treatment decisions.

An analysis of vulvar carcinoma (ICD No. 176.0) from the California Tumor Registry data, 1942–1969, was performed. While the incidence rate for vulvar cancer has increased slightly from 1.8 (1960) to 2.2 (1969) per 100,000 population (age-adjusted), the absolute and relative survival rates for vulvar carcarcinoma in California for localized lesions have declined drastically (85% 5-year relative survival in 1942–1954 versus 75% 5-year relative survival in 1955–1969), and localized lesions have increased from 7 to 23% for these time periods, respectively. The reason for this decline appears to be a decline in the use of radical vulvectomy, radiation therapy and adjuvant radiation therapy. For all stages of vulvar cancer, the 5-year relative survival rates have increased from 66% (1942–1954) to 70% (1955–1969). A further study of these data by the FIGO classification scheme is in progress. The rarity of vulvar cancer in the nonwhite races is emphasized.
Extreme Hyperpyrexia of Uncertain Origin.

Abstract Background The definition of hyperpyrexia is currently limited to temperatures reaching 106.7°F. A wide range of etiologies have been identified in the literature for an insidious onset of hyperpryexia, however a rapid ascent higher than temperatures of 106.7°F has never been reported nor evaluated. We present the case of a young paraplegic who developed an extreme hyperpyrexia, which to our knowledge is the highest occurring temperature reported in contemporary medical literature. He had a number of medical conditions, none of which are known to produce fever. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Fever, although a common presentation in the ER in the presence of various symptoms and comorbidities can obscure the diagnosis and lead to unwarranted evaluations. As such this patients case identifies a diagnosis of a fatal ascension of fever.
Algebraic completely integrable Hamiltonian systems

In many integrable Hamiltonian systems of interest the general level sets of the moment map are isomorphic to affine parts of Abelian varieties and the flow of the integrable vector fields is linearized by this isomorphism. These two properties lead to the definition of an algebraic completely integrable Hamiltonian system (a.c.i. system). We will discuss three quite different definitions of an a.c.i. system and extract from it a definition which is consistent with our approach to integrable Hamiltonian systems. All constructions of integrable Hamiltonian systems easily specialize to the case of a.c.i. systems, except in the case of the quotient, which requires a real proof. The definitions and these properties will be considered in Section 2.
The Effect Of Problem Based Learning On Undergraduate Oral Communication Competency

Purpose: The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of Problem Based Learning (PBL) on student oral communication competency gains. Methods: Eighty students from two consecutive undergraduate Kinesiology courses (Spring semesters, 2014-15) formed into 29 small groups and were studied . Oral communication competency was assessed using a customized rubric and digital recordings of student presentations. Changes to oral communication competency across time were tested using a dependent t-test; a < .05. Results: Significant inter-rater agreement was found at both time points for oral communication rating, and student groups demonstrated significant oral communication gains across time. Conclusions: Collaborative learning was shown to improve students’ oral communication competency. Future study is required to determine the influence of student motivation and goal orientation on oral communication competency, in relation to the various phases of knowledge creation occurring within student groups.
Priming production: Neural evidence for enhanced automatic semantic activity preceding language production in schizophrenia.

Abstract Introduction Lexico-semantic disturbances are considered central to schizophrenia. Clinically, their clearest manifestation is in language production. However, most studies probing their underlying mechanisms have used comprehension or categorization tasks. Here, we probed automatic semantic activity prior to language production in schizophrenia using event-related potentials (ERPs). Methods 19 people with schizophrenia and 16 demographically-matched healthy controls named target pictures that were very quickly preceded by masked prime words. To probe automatic semantic activity prior to production, we measured the N400 ERP component evoked by these targets. To determine the origin of any automatic semantic abnormalities, we manipulated the type of relationship between prime and target such that they overlapped in (a) their semantic features (semantically related, e.g. “cake” preceding a , (b) their initial phonemes (phonemically related, e.g. “stomach” preceding a ), or (c) both their semantic features and their orthographic/phonological word form (identity related, e.g. “socks” preceding a ). For each of these three types of relationship, the same targets were paired with unrelated prime words (counterbalanced across lists). We contrasted ERPs and naming times to each type of related target with its corresponding unrelated target. Results People with schizophrenia showed abnormal N400 modulation prior to naming identity related (versus unrelated) targets: whereas healthy control participants produced a smaller amplitude N400 to identity related than unrelated targets, patients showed the opposite pattern, producing a larger N400 to identity related than unrelated targets. This abnormality was specific to the identity related targets. Just like healthy control participants, people with schizophrenia produced a smaller N400 to semantically related than to unrelated targets, and showed no difference in the N400 evoked by phonemically related and unrelated targets. There were no differences between the two groups in the pattern of naming times across conditions. Conclusion People with schizophrenia can show abnormal neural activity associated with automatic semantic processing prior to language production. The specificity of this abnormality to the identity related targets suggests that that, rather than arising from abnormalities of either semantic features or lexical form alone, it may stem from disruptions of mappings (connections) between the meaning of words and their form.
Multi-purposed Ar gas cluster ion beam processing for graphene engineering

Abstract Graphene, with unique mechanical and electrical properties, offers diverse application opportunities from beyond Moore’s nano-electronics to water filtration. However, accomplishing these relies on cleaning and processing large areas of supported and suspended graphene sheets. Here, we demonstrate the use of an Ar cluster ion beam as a versatile tool for graphene cleaning, defect engineering, and nanopore fabrication. In-situ and ex-situ characterization techniques were utilized in combination with first principles molecular dynamics, to highlight the differences in processing of the supported and suspended graphene samples. In this work, we monitor interaction of the Ar cluster ion beam with graphene as a function of ion dose with in-situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), as well as ex-situ Raman spectroscopy measurements. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) results confirm that the Ar cluster ion beam can form nanopores in the suspended graphene; while the basal plane of graphene remains intact maintaining the lattice structure. Finally, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image analysis of the irradiated samples allows quantitative tracking of pore areas and their distribution as a function of ion dose. This study highlights the flexibility of the Ar cluster ion beam in 2D material processing, and offers insights into Ar beam interaction with graphene.
“En Español Esa Palabra No Tiene Ningún Sentido:” A Cross-Case Analysis of Three Mexican American Dual Language Teachers’ Language Ideologies and Instructional Differences

This study profiles three Mexican American, dual language teachers in a qualitative cross-case analysis and asks (a) How do dual language teachers’ linguistic backgrounds influence their language i...
The Federal Reserve System as a Central Bank

A central bank is a bankers' bank. It is the central depository for the reserves of the banking system and the major source of new reserves. It is also the agency mainly responsible for issuing a country's currency. The Fed clearly performs these central banking functions. In this chapter we examine the mechanics of central banking as practiced by the Federal Reserve System. To this end, we first study the System's consolidated balance sheet. We then udlize this information to discuss the sources of bank reserves and of the monetary base.
Magnetization reversal in particulate recording media

Magnetization is a material property traced to the spin motion of electrons. Magnetic particles are used in making magnetic tapes and disks for recording media; such particles are suspended in a binder and then painted onto the substrate (a film or a disk). Micromagnetics deals with magnetic phenomena at the “intermediate” scale, which includes such small particles as used in recording media. In micromagnetic phenomena at the scale of 0.01μm to 10μm, domains and domain-walls play a fundamental role in the model; these were described in [1]; the particles which will be considered in the present chapter are smaller, and do not support domain walls. On September 25, 1992 T. R. Hoffend, Jr. from 3M presented ongoing work [2] on micromagnetics based, vector hysteresis model for studying the collective effect of particle interaction and non uniformities on magnetization reversal processes in particulate recording media. The motivation for this work is to understand the link between single particle properties and ensemble properties and, in particular, to investigate the origins of measured differences in the response of various types of particulate recording media. He described the model, consisting of a coupled system of Landau—Lifshitz equations, and then presented some numerical results and posed open problems.
E20. Exploring Map Coloring

The point of this problem is to “contradict” the Four-Color Theorem. In fact, problem 20.5 illuminates this famous theorem in a novel way.
Roles of Auxins and Cytokinins in Apical Dominance

The term apical dominance refers to the inhibition of growth of subtending lateral (axillary) buds by a growing shoot apex. Some degree of apical dominance is found in all seed plants, and the phenomenon obviously is of profound significance in determining growth form. In some herbaceous plants [e.g. pea (Pisum sativum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus)] apical dominance is quite strong, the lateral buds commonly are suppressed, and the shoot thus develops as a single main axis or monopodium. In other species [e.g. tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum)] apical dominance is much weaker and the shoot is extensively branched. Sometimes apical dominance is only partial, in which case some of the lateral buds develop while others remain fully inhibited.
Abstract 18385: The Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Survival in Patients With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Introduction: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide and it is associated with increased risk of cardiac death. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to increase survival in heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and interventricular conduction delay, but patients with moderate to severe CKD were excluded from the large pivotal randomized trials. Little is known regarding the impact of CKD on survival with CRT long-term. Hypothesis: CKD reduced long-term survival among patients with CRT. Methods: The follow up of a prospective cohort of 431 consecutive patients undergoing de novo CRT-D implantation from 2002-2010 was performed. The primary endpoint was all cause mortality and was determined using hospital records and the US Social Security Death Index. Glomerular filtration rate was calculated from pre-implant serum creatinine, weight, height, age and race using the Modified Diet in Renal Dysfunction equation. A Kaplan Meier survival analysis was performed grouping patients by CKD stage. Results: Patients were followed for up to 12 years with a mean follow up duration of 4.7 ± 3.0 years. The cohort was 72% male with a mean age of 67 ± 11 years, ejection fraction of 25 ± 10 percent and QRS duration of 156 ± 24 msec. The patients with normal renal function and mild CKD (Stages 1 and 2) had improved survival compared with patients with moderate, severe or end stage kidney disease (Stages 3-5). The estimated five year survival was 68.9% for stage 1, 73.5% for stage 2, 55.5% for stage 3 and 45.4% for stage 4/5 CKD with a p Conclusions: Renal disease is a strong predictor of long term survival with CRT. Moderate to severe CKD is associated with a near 2-fold increased mortality and this should be considered when making decision about the suitability for implantation.
A supervised machine learning approach for predicting variable drag forces on spherical particles in suspension

Abstract CFD-DEM simulations have been used extensively to study dense fluid-particle systems. In the point mass representation of particles in DEM, the modeled drag force plays an important role in the dynamics. Current state-of-the-art methodologies use the mean drag correlations based on the superficial Reynolds number and void fraction. In this work, as proof-of-concept, a new data-driven approach for drag force model development is presented using Particle Resolved Simulations (PRS). The key idea in the proposed framework is the use of supervised machine learning to build higher fidelity drag force models for CFD-DEM simulation based on data obtained by PRS. Results show that a trained artificial neural network (ANN) improves the accuracy of drag force prediction by accounting for the relative neighbor particle locations as inputs to the model along with the existing Reynolds number and void fraction information. The ANN trained prediction are within 15% of PRS predictions for 68% of particles, whereas only 46% of particles lie in the same error range if the mean drag is used. This work highlights the viability and potential of using machine learning to develop accurate drag models for particles in suspension.
Cognitive dispersion is a sensitive marker for early neurodegenerative changes and functional decline in nondemented older adults.

OBJECTIVE Intraindividual cognitive variability (IIV), a measure of within-person variability across cognitive measures at a single time point, is associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Little is known regarding brain changes underlying IIV, or the relationship between IIV and functional ability. Therefore, we investigated the association between IIV and cerebral atrophy in AD-vulnerable regions and everyday functioning in nondemented older adults. METHOD 736 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants (285 cognitively normal [CN]; 451 MCI) underwent neuropsychological testing and serial MRI over 2 years. Linear mixed effects models examined the association between baseline IIV and change in entorhinal cortex thickness, hippocampal volume, and everyday functioning. RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, apolipoprotein E genotype, amyloid-β positivity, and mean level of cognitive performance, higher baseline IIV predicted faster rates of entorhinal and hippocampal atrophy, as well as functional decline. Higher IIV was associated with both entorhinal and hippocampal atrophy among MCI participants but selective vulnerability of the entorhinal cortex among CN individuals. CONCLUSIONS IIV was associated with more widespread medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy in individuals with MCI relative to CN, suggesting that IIV may be tracking advancing MTL pathologic changes across the continuum of aging, MCI, and dementia. Findings suggest that cognitive dispersion may be a sensitive marker of neurodegeneration and functional decline in nondemented older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Predicting Financial Markets Using The Wisdom of Crowds

In the world of finance, one key lesson is the importance of psychology in the behavior of financial markets. Many investors are irrationally exuberant when making financial decisions, but predictive analytics can generate insights that are free of investors’ emotions, and hence human irrational exuberance in decision-making can be mitigated. Data sources that investors adopt in their investment decision-making are, in most cases, traditional – including quarterly earnings reports and financial statements. In this work, we propose a predictive analytics framework that aims at mining insights from two alternative data sources: news articles and micro-blogs. We investigate the predictive correlation and causation between (1) collective opinion mining in news articles fused with Twitter mood and (2) movements in financial markets. Experimental results indicate a relationship between stock market prices and collective opinion mining variations on news articles combined with Twitter’s sentiment variations. The framework introduced in this work could potentially be adopted as a supplement to the conventional analyses being used in major investment banks. This research was partially funded by the Australian government under the Awards-Endeavour research grant.
Investor Retention in Equity Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding platforms promise to disrupt investing as they bypass traditional financial institutions through peer-to-peer transactions. To stay functional, these platforms require a supply of investors who are willing to contribute to campaigns. Yet, little is known about the retention of investors in this setting. Using four years of data from a leading equity crowdfunding platform, we empirically study the length and success of investor activity on the platform. We analyze temporal variations in these outcomes and explain patterns using statistical modeling. Our models are based on information about user's past and current investment decisions, i.e., content-based and structural similarities between the campaigns they invest in. We uncover the role of past successes and diversity of investment decisions for novice vs. serial investors. Our results inform potential strategies for increasing the retention of investors and improving their decisions on crowdfunding platforms.
Effects of Parent-Child Relationships on Child Marriage of Girls in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam: Evidence From a Prospective Cohort.

Abstract Purpose Parental influence over early marriage of girls is well-documented in qualitative research, but little quantitative work in this area has been conducted. This study assesses the effects of the parent–child relationship in early adolescence (aged 12 years) on early marriage of girls. Methods We analyzed survey data from a multicountry prospective cohort of girls (n = 1,648) followed over four rounds from age 8 to 19 years (2002–2013), as part of the Young Lives study in India, Ethiopia, Vietnam, and Peru. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed the effects of parent–child communication and parent–child relationship quality, as reported when girls were aged 12 years on child and early marriage (married Results One in five girls (18.04%) reported marriage before 18 years of age, and 8.1% reported marrying before 16 years (8.3% and 13.7% in India and Ethiopia). Multinomial regression found that girls reporting good parent–child communication and high parent–child relationship quality at age 12 years were significantly less likely to marry before age 16 years (moderate relationship quality, adjusted relative risk ratio: .23, 95% confidence interval: .07–.72; high relationship quality, adjusted relative risk ratio: .34, 95% confidence interval: .11–.99). Conclusion Parent–child relationship quality and communication in early adolescence are protective against very early marriage of girls cross-nationally, although communication may facilitate marriage soon on completion of school. Primary prevention interventions targeting child marriage may benefit from components focused on improving the parent–child relationship.
Single Dose and Repeat Once-Daily Dose Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Valbenazine in Healthy Male Subjects

Valbenazine (VBZ) is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor approved for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of VBZ following single and repeat once-daily (QD) dosing were evaluated in 2 randomized, single-center, double-blind studies in healthy male subjects. In the first study, 2 cohorts of 8 subjects were administered single doses (SD) of placebo (PBO; N = 2/period) or VBZ (N = 6/period; 1, 2, 5, or 12.5 mg for Cohort 1 and 12.5, 25, 50, or 75 mg for Cohort 2) using a sequential escalation scheme. The second study consisted of 2 phases. In the initial phase, subjects were administered SD PBO (N = 2/period) or VBZ (N = 6/period; 75, 100, 125 or 150 mg) with sequential escalation. In the second phase, subjects received PBO, or 50 or 100 mg VBZ (N = 4:8:8) QD for 8 days (Cohort 1) or PBO or 50 mg VBZ (N = 6:6) QD for 8 days (Cohort 2). For both studies, plasma concentrations of VBZ and its active metabolite, NBI-98782, were determined. Safety was assessed throughout the studies. PK parameters were determined using noncompartmental methods. In both studies, VBZ was rapidly absorbed with peak concentrations typically observed within 1.5 hours. Peak NBI-98782 concentrations were typically observed at 4.0 to 9.0 hours. Terminal elimination half-life for both VBZ and NBI-98782 was ~20 hours. Across the 1 to 150 mg SD range evaluated across the studies, VBZ and NBI-98782 Cmax and AUC increased dose-proportionally from 50 to 150 mg and more than dose-proportionally from 1 to 50 mg. QD VBZ and NBI-98782 Cmax and AUC parameters were also dose-proportional between the 50 and 100 mg doses. Steady-state for both analytes appeared to be achieved by Day 8. The accumulation index was ~1.5 for VBZ and ~2.5 for NBI-98782. Peak to trough fluctuation was approximately 250% for VBZ and 70% for NBI-98782. Across both studies, NBI-98782 exposure was approximately 20%-30% that of VBZ based on molar ratios. In the first study, the maximum-tolerated dose was not achieved; headache (2 events) was the only treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) reported by more than one subject. In the second study, fatigue (4 events) was the only TEAE reported by more than one subject following SD VBZ. Following QD VBZ, the TEAEs of fatigue, insomnia, disturbance in attention, and nervousness were dose-dependent; the latter three TEAEs were considered dose-limiting. Subject withdrawals due to TEAEs were 1 each for PBO and 50 mg VBZ QD, and 3 for 100 mg VBZ QD. Clinically relevant effects on laboratory parameters, vital signs or ECGs were limited to increased CPK (SD: 1 each for 5 mg VBZ and PBO), ALT (QD: 1 each for 50 and 100 mg VBZ and PBO), and triglycerides (QD: 1 each for 50 mg VBZ and PBO). VBZ has an acceptable safety profile and predictable pharmacokinetics that result in stable concentrations of active compounds with low peak-to-trough fluctuation following once-daily dosing.
Taking Longer, but Finishing Just as Strong: A Comparison of Pell and Non-Pell Study Abroad Participants' GPA and Time-to-Graduation

Researchers compared Pell eligible and non Pell eligible undergraduate students’ pre study abroad GPA and graduation GPAs and time to graduation. The results indicated a longer time to graduation for Pell eligible students. However, Pell eligible students who had studied abroad graduated with comparable GPAs to their non Pell study abroad peers four and six years post matriculation. The results suggest that study abroad did not create an undue burden that impeded the success of students from low income households. We discuss implications for funding priorities, university development offices, and study abroad advising.
The Role of Biologic Agents in the Non-operative Management of Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries

Injuries to the elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) are especially common in the overhead throwing athlete. Despite preventative measures, these injuries are occurring at increasing rates in athletes of all levels. UCL reconstruction techniques generally require a prolonged recovery period and introduce the potential for intraoperative complications prompting investigations into more conservative treatment measures based on specific patient and injury characteristics. The purpose of this review is to describe the current literature regarding the use of biologic augmentation in the management of UCL injuries. Specifically, this review will focus on the basic science background and clinical investigations pertaining to biologic augmentation utilizing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and autologous stem cells. Despite some evidence supporting the use of PRP therapy in patients with partial UCL tears, there is no current consensus regarding its true efficacy. Similarly, due to a lack of clinical investigations, no consensus exists regarding the utilization of autologous stem cell treatments in the management of UCL injuries. Management of UCL injuries ranges from non-operative treatment with focused physical therapy protocols to operative reconstruction. The use of biologic augmentation in these injuries continues to be investigated in the orthopedic community. Currently, no consensus exists regarding the efficacy of either PRP or autologous stem cells and further research is needed to further define the appropriate role of these treatments in the management of UCL injuries.
Social Integration, Daily Discrimination, and Biological Markers of Health in Mid- and Later Life: Does Self-Esteem Play an Intermediary Role?

Background and objectives This cross-sectional study examines associations of social integration and daily discrimination with 4 biological markers of inflammation and cardiovascular health and tests whether self-esteem may mediate any of these effects. Research design and methods Data came from 746 participants of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher (2011-2014) and MIDUS Refresher Biomarker Project (2012-2016). Structural equation modeling estimated direct and indirect associations of social integration and daily discrimination with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6. Results Social integration and daily discrimination were both significantly associated with self-esteem, which was in turn associated with HbA1c, HDL, and interleukin-6 levels. Social integration was indirectly associated with HbA1c, HDL, and interleukin-6 via self-esteem. Daily discrimination was directly associated with HbA1c, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 and was indirectly associated with HDL and interleukin-6 via self-esteem. Discussion and implications Findings identify social correlates of inflammation and cardiovascular risk and suggest that self-esteem may serve as a pathway for effects. Overall, results were somewhat mixed: Daily discrimination was directly associated with both self-esteem and 3 of the 4 biological markers of health; however, although social integration was strongly associated with self-esteem, it was only weakly and indirectly associated with biological health markers. Moreover, the indirect effects of daily discrimination on the biomarker outcomes-while significant-were notably smaller than its direct effects. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are discussed, including the need for further study of self-esteem and physical health across mid- and later life.
Cortical representations of phantom movements in lower limb amputees

Understanding how sensorimotor cortex (SMC) organization relates to limb loss has major clinical implications, as cortical activity associated with phantom hand movements has been shown to predict phantom pain reports. Critically, earlier studies have largely focused on upper limb amputees; far less is known regarding SMC activity in lower limb amputees, despite the fact that this population comprises the majority of major limb loss cases. We aimed to characterize BOLD fMRI responses associated with phantom and sound limb movements to test the hypothesis that SMC organization is preserved in individuals with lower limb loss. Individuals with unilateral or bilateral lower limb loss underwent fMRI scans as they performed simple movements of their sound or phantom limbs. We observed that voluntary movements of the sound and phantom ankles were associated with BOLD signal changes in medial and superior portions of the precentral and postcentral gyri. In both hemispheres, contralateral limb movements were associated with greater signal changes compared to ipsilateral limb movements. Hand and mouth movements were associated with distinct activation patterns localized to more lateral SMC regions. We additionally tested whether activations associated with phantom movements related to self-report assessments indexing phantom pain experiences, nonpainful phantom sensations and phantom movement capabilities. We found that responses during phantom ankle movements did not correlate with any of the composite phantom limb indices in our sample. Our collective results reveal that SMC representations of the amputated limb persist and that traditional somatotopic organization is generally preserved in individuals suffering from lower limb loss.
Evaluating Field Theory as a Valid Theoretical Construct to Inform Christian Leadership Praxis

Leadership is a popular area of study but appears to be locked within a never-ending loop of retroactive behavioral analysis. Field theory offers modern leadership study an opportunity to break thi...