cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining Number of Specimen Replicates in Support of Pavement Construction Using AASHTO TP 125

AbstractThe bending beam rheometer (BBR) has long been used to test low-temperature properties of asphalt binders in cold regions. More recently, a newly released TP 125 standard by the American As...
How I treat polycythemia vera

Since its discovery, polycythemia vera (PV) has challenged clinicians responsible for its diagnosis and management and scientists investigating its pathogenesis. As a clonal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disorder, PV is a neoplasm but its driver mutations result in overproduction of morphologically and functionally normal blood cells. PV arises in an HSC but it can present initially as isolated erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, or any combination of these together with splenomegaly or myelofibrosis, and it can take years for a true panmyelopathy to appear. PV shares the same JAK2 mutation as essential thrombocytosis and primary myelofibrosis, but erythrocytosis only occurs in PV. However, unlike secondary causes of erythrocytosis, in PV, the plasma volume is frequently expanded, masking the erythrocytosis and making diagnosis difficult if this essential fact is ignored. PV is not a monolithic disorder: female patients deregulate fewer genes and clinically behave differently than their male counterparts, while some PV patients are genetically predisposed to an aggressive clinical course. Nevertheless, based on what we have learned over the past century, most PV patients can lead long and productive lives. In this review, using clinical examples, I describe how I diagnose and manage PV in an evidence-based manner without relying on chemotherapy.
Volcanoes in Literature and Film

Abstract The beauty and power of erupting volcanoes, as well as the often tragic outcomes of violent eruptions, have long inspired writers and filmmakers. The fictitious Mt Doom is probably one of the most famous volcanoes in the world. In 1954, the British philologist and writer JRR Tolkien (1892–1973) completed his three-volume work entitled The Lord of the Rings. The novel set the stage for modern fantasy literature and featured as one of the central and key elements the volcano Mt Doom or Orodruin (“Mountain of red flame”). This trilogy is one of the most popular works of fiction in the twentieth century and has been named the book of the millennium by many critics and readers. The Orodruin volcano in Mordor was the destination of the Fellowship of the Ring, in the quest to destroy the One Ring, leading to the climax of a long and complex epic struggle. This Tolkien tale became the source of an enormously successful film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2003), and The Return of the King (2003). The filming of the trilogy was a massive undertaking that took 8 years, but resulted in a product that is so far the highest grossing film series of all time.
Multiply accelerated ReaxFF molecular dynamics: coupling parallel replica dynamics with collective variable hyper dynamics

To tackle the time scales required to study complex chemical reactions, methods performing accelerated molecular dynamics are necessary even with the recent advancement in high-performance computin...
Preparing for a student with a service animal

This article offers guidance to nursing programs to assist in planning for a quality educational experience for a student with a service animal while ensuring patient safety and the continuation of efficient clinical operations. Nursing faculty should be aware of misperceptions about service animals in the workplace, address fears, concerns, and communicate plans for educating the student with the service animal to all faculty, staff and clinical personnel involved with the student. Examples are provided from experiences with multiple students using service dogs at two schools of nursing. Query: Embase, CINAHL, PubMed.
Izazovi produljenja ljudskoga života na razmeđu poboljšanja i agonije

© 2020 Strossmayer University of Osijek, Catholic Faculty of Theology in Djakovo. All rights reserved. The main aim of this paper is to present two different forms of human life extension. On the one hand there is dysthanasia, i.e. therapeutic persistence in the provision of life-sustaining measures to terminally ill patients, and on the other hand, transhumanism as a philosophical viewpoint which in its core strives towards unlimited extension of human life with the fundamental desire to eliminate disease, ageing and death. By putting them in correlation with the healthcare practice, the paper points to implications in clinical practice and draws attention to ethical and anthropological issues in connection with life extension.
Virtual organelle self-coding for fluorescence imaging via adversarial learning

Significance: Our study introduces an application of deep learning to virtually generate fluorescence images to reduce the burdens of cost and time from considerable effort in sample preparation related to chemical fixation and staining. Aim: The objective of our work was to determine how successfully deep learning methods perform on fluorescence prediction that depends on structural and/or a functional relationship between input labels and output labels. Approach: We present a virtual-fluorescence-staining method based on deep neural networks (VirFluoNet) to transform co-registered images of cells into subcellular compartment-specific molecular fluorescence labels in the same field-of-view. An algorithm based on conditional generative adversarial networks was developed and trained on microscopy datasets from breast-cancer and bone-osteosarcoma cell lines: MDA-MB-231 and U2OS, respectively. Several established performance metrics—the mean absolute error (MAE), peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural-similarity-index (SSIM)—as well as a novel performance metric, the tolerance level, were measured and compared for the same algorithm and input data. Results: For the MDA-MB-231 cells, F-actin signal performed the fluorescent antibody staining of vinculin prediction better than phase-contrast as an input. For the U2OS cells, satisfactory metrics of performance were archieved in comparison with ground truth. MAE is 40 / 34 / 33 dB; and SSIM is >0.925 / 0.926 / 0.925 for 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole/hoechst, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria prediction, respectively, from channels of nucleoli and cytoplasmic RNA, Golgi plasma membrane, and F-actin. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the understanding of the utility and limitations of deep learning image-regression to predict fluorescence microscopy datasets of biological cells. We infer that predicted image labels must have either a structural and/or a functional relationship to input labels. Furthermore, the approach introduced here holds promise for modeling the internal spatial relationships between organelles and biomolecules within living cells, leading to detection and quantification of alterations from a standard training dataset.
Leadership for Young Ophthalmologists

All physicians are inherent leaders for their patients, staff, practice, and trainees. Starting with the “why” or purpose will help physicians shape their leadership journey. Building a mentorship team is key in finding opportunities, growing skills, achieving goals, and growing professionally. Identifying effective leadership styles complementary to a particular environment and team structure will lead to enhanced success. Being a better leader requires work and coaching just like clinical and surgical skills. Strong communication, negotiation, time management, people management, and networking skills are necessary and need to be developed and enhanced. As you rise in your leadership journey, remember to lift others up on your ascent.
The effects of gene × environment interactions on silver nanoparticle toxicity in the respiratory system: An adverse outcome pathway.

The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is serving as a basis to integrate new data streams in order to enhance the power of predictive toxicology. AOP development for engineered nanomaterials (ENM), including silver nanoparticles (AgNP), is currently lagging behind other chemicals of regulatory interest due to our limited understanding of the mechanism by which underlying genetics or diseases directly modify host response to AgNP exposures. This also highlights the importance of considering the Aggregate Exposure Pathway (AEP) framework, which precedes the AOP framework and outlines source to target site exposure. The AEP and AOP frameworks interface at the target site, where a molecular initiating event (MIE) occurs and is followed by key events (KE) for adverse cellular and organ responses along a biological pathway and ends with the adverse organism response. The primary goal of this study is to use AgNP to interrogate the AEP-AOP framework by organizing and integrating in vitro dose-response data and in vivo exposure-response data from previous studies to evaluate the effects of interactions between host genetic and acquired factors, or gene × environment interactions (G × E), on AgNP toxicity in the respiratory system. Using this framework will help us to identify plausible key event relationships (KER) between MIE and adverse organism responses when KE are not measured using the same assay in order to derive future predictive models, guide research, and support development of tools for making risk-based, regulatory decisions on ENM. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
Barriers in Seeking Online and Face-to-Face Therapy for Romantic Relationship Problems

This study identifies how private stigma may impact one’s intent to seek therapy for romantic relationship issues via face-to-face and online therapy. The mechanisms of self-disclosure, self-concea...
Implausible sovereigns and their organizational logic: violent non-state actors’ response to COVID-19

The havoc and disarray among governments and societies caused by the COVID-19 outbreak also invited opportunities for violent non-state actors to exploit for their advantage governments’ failure to...
The Effect of Achieving Target Intraocular Pressure on Visual Field Worsening.

Purpose To estimate the effect of achieving target intraocular pressure (IOP) values on visual field (VF) worsening in a treated clinical population. Design Retrospective analysis of longitudinal data. Participants A total of 2852 eyes of 1688 patients with glaucoma-related diagnoses treated in a tertiary care practice. All included eyes had at least 5 reliable VF tests and 5 IOP measures on separate visits along with at least 1 target IOP defined by a clinician on the first or second visit. Methods The primary dependent variable was the slope of the mean deviation (MD) over time (decibels [dB]/year). The primary independent variable was mean target difference (measured IOP – target IOP). We created simple linear regression models and mixed-effects linear models to study the relationship between MD slope and mean target difference for individual eyes. In the mixed-effects models, we included an interaction term to account for disease severity (mild/suspect, moderate, or advanced) and a spline term to account for the differing effects of achieving target IOP (target difference ≤ 0) and failing to achieve target IOP (target difference >0). Main Outcome Measures Rate of change in MD slope (changes in dB/year) per 1 mmHg change in target difference at different stages of glaucoma severity. Results Across all eyes, a simple linear regression model demonstrated that a 1 mmHg increase in target difference had a −0.018 dB/year (confidence interval [CI], −0.026 to −0.011; P 0.05) effect on the MD slope. Conclusions In treated patients, failing to achieve target IOP was associated with more rapid VF worsening. Eyes with moderate glaucoma experienced the greatest VF worsening from failing to achieve target IOP.
A nullcline approach to global stability in discrete-time predator–prey models

In this paper, we consider a two-dimensional discrete-time predator–prey model that was recently developed in Ackleh et al. [Persistence and stability analysis of discrete-time predator-prey models...
Ligation‐Mediated PCR for Genomic Sequencing and Footprinting

This unit describes how PCR can be used to exponentially amplify segments of DNA located between two specified primer hybridization sites. A single-sided PCR method is used that initially requires specification of only one primer hybridization site; the second is defined by the ligation-based addition of a unique DNA linker. This linker, together with the flanking gene-specific primer, allows exponential amplification of any fragment of DNA. Because a defined, discrete-length sequence is added to every fragment, complex populations of DNA such as sequence ladders can be amplified intact with retention of single-base resolution. The ligation-based protocol was specifically designed for genomic footprinting and direct sequencing reactions, and is described in this context; it can, however, be used for other applications.
Adaptive MDC Control

MDC is used to design new fixed and variable caution adaptive controllers which are able to effectively handle difficult cases that arise when the process exhibits variable dead time, inverse response, open loop instability or a combination of the above.
Quasi-static analysis of floating-electrode unidirectional SAW transducers (FEUDT's)

Single-phase unidirectional transducers are commonly used to control multiple-transit ripples in low-loss SAW filters. One method of obtaining the necessary directivity is to incorporate floating electrodes, as done in the Floating Electrode Unidirectional Transducer (FEUDT). Unlike the DART transducer, FEUDT's are known to be effective with strongly-piezoelectric substrates such as lithium niobate. However, the analysis of FEUDT's can be very complex, as shown by previous algebraic and numerical work. This paper describes a Green's function analysis for FEUDT's with regular electrodes. The substrate excitation is described by electrostatic and SAW Green's functions, and the quasi-static approximation is made by assuming that electrode voltages and charges can be deduced from the electrostatic function alone. This gives a simple and effective method for transducer analysis, particularly when the electrodes are regular. The quasi-static method is suitable when electrode reflections are negligible, which is the case for FEUDT's because they have the electrode pitch less than λ/2. Here, the quasi-static theory is extended to allow for floating electrodes, giving algebraic results for a FEUDT in agreement with earlier analysis. The locations of the transduction and reflection centres are easily deduced, and the method can be applied to a wide variety of FEUDT's.
The need for communications to enable DC power to be successful

Alternating Current (AC) is the most common form of power available within buildings. This has historical reasons rooted in large-scale utility generation and distribution of power. With the rapid emergence of local renewables (notably solar) in buildings, the availability of Direct Current (DC) power is becoming more prevalent. In this position paper, we argue that managed power distribution of DC is possible with the addition of communications about power. We claim that with communications DC power distribution becomes much more efficient and effective than with no communication, and provides other benefits. The Local Power Distribution (LPD) model is described where commodity interfaces enable a “plug and play” approach to operating DC power sources, batteries, and loads within a building. We seek a future where communications coupled with DC power distribution, storage, and use can create buildings that are more efficient and easier to operate.
Nachweis humoraler Antikörper nach isologer Immunisierung mit einem chemisch induzierten Fibrosarkom der Maus

BALB/c-Mause wurden mit einem im gleichen Inzuchtstamm durch Methylcholanthren induzierten Sarkom-Ascites immunisiert. Mit Hilfe des cytotoxischen Tests konnte im Serum dieser Mause ein tumorspezifischer Antikorper nachgewiesen werden, der mit der zur Immunisierung verwendeten Tumorzelle, aber auch mit den Zellen einer Reihe spontaner und induzierter Leukosen und Tumoren reagierte. Das Auftreten der Kreuzreaktionen stand dabei in keiner Beziehung zur Art der Induktion und dem biologischen Verhalten der Tumoren. Von den bisher bekanntgewordenen leukosespezifischen Antigensystemen lies sich das hier beschriebene Antigen serologisch eindeutig unterscheiden. Der Antikorper zeigte im Beginn der Immunisierung einen cytophilen Charakter: die cytotoxische Aktivitat des Antiserums wurde durch Absorption mit verschiedenen Normalzellen und Tumorzellen vermindert. Dabei war der adsorbierte Antikorper nach Zerstorung der Tragerzelle durch Erwarmen auf 56°C wieder im Eluat nachweisbar. Bei Hyperimmunseren konnte eine Absorption durch Normalzellen nicht mehr beobachtet werden. Durch Tumorzellen wurde die Toxicitat jetzt nur dann beeinflust, wenn sich diese auch im direkten cytotoxischen Test als empfindlich erwiesen hatten. Bei Transplantationsexperimenten in vivo konnten die gleichen Kreuzreaktionen beobachtet werden, wie sie auch in vitro aufgetreten waren. Ferner gelang es, durch Ubertragung von Antiserum eine passive Immunitat zu erzeugen.
A Network for Rapid Analysis of Fireball Trajectories

The purposes of this network are threefold: (1) to recover meteorites shortly after their fall: (2) to obtain detailed information on phenomena accompanying meteorite fall; (3) to obtain data on the orbital elements of meteoroids.
Generalized Langevin equation for plasma turbulence

The generalized Langevin equation has been applied to the study of plasma turbulence. The evolution equation for the particle velocity in electrostatic plasma turbulence has been derived by the projection operator method. The time integral appearing in the equation indicates that the wave-particle interaction in a plasma is not a Markovian process. Thus, the wave-particle interaction cannot be described as instantaneous collisions between particles and wave quanta (quasi-particles), as is usually done in a conventional weak turbulence theory. Plasma particles placed in electrostatic plasma turbulence characterized by random electric fields (Gaussian process) are considered. It is found that the memory effect or the influence of the past on particle trajectories in phase space limits the particle diffusion in velocity space, in agreement with earlier observations. >
Discrete-time model to test links between EEG power and pupil diameter measured by infrared cameras

Using infrared sensitive cameras and on-line image processing, pupil diameters of awake, eyes-open subjects were measured. Concurrently, electroencephalography (EEG) was monitored and power in the delta (0.5-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), sigma (12-16Hz), beta1 (16-26Hz), and beta2 (26-50Hz) bands were calculated. Pupil diameter and EEG power measured were found to be significantly correlated. Other EEG measures including relative beta (defined here as [power of 16-50Hz]/[power of 4-50Hz]) and centroid frequency of the 4-50Hz band were also found to be significantly related to pupil diameter.
Netrin‐1 induces local translation of down syndrome cell adhesion molecule in axonal growth cones

Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) plays an important role in many neurodevelopmental processes such as axon guidance, dendrite arborization, and synapse formation. DSCAM is located in the Down syndrome trisomic region of human chromosome 21 and may contribute to the Down syndrome brain phenotype, which includes a reduction in the formation of long-distance connectivity. The local translation of a select group of mRNA transcripts within growth cones is necessary for the formation of appropriate neuronal connectivity. Interestingly, we have found that Dscam mRNA is localized to growth cones of mouse hippocampal neurons, and is dynamically regulated in response to the axon guidance molecule, netrin-1. Furthermore, netrin-1 stimulation results in an increase in locally translated DSCAM protein in growth cones. Deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), a netrin-1 receptor, is required for the netrin-1-induced increase in Dscam mRNA local translation. We also find that two RNA-binding proteins-fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB)-colocalize with Dscam mRNA in growth cones, suggesting their regulation of Dscam mRNA localization and translation. Finally, overexpression of DSCAM in mouse cortical neurons results in a severe stunting of axon outgrowth and branching, suggesting that an increase in DSCAM protein results in a structural change having functional consequences. Taken together, these results suggest that netrin-1-induced local translation of Dscam mRNA during embryonic development may be an important mechanism to regulate axon growth and guidance in the developing nervous system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 799-816, 2016.
Sibling Advocacy: Perspectives About Advocacy FromSiblings of Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Abstract As individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) live longer and begin to outlive their parents, siblings take on greater supportive roles including advocacy. Yet, lit...
A Social-Cognitive Model of Entrepreneurship Failure: Beyond Attributional Style

Attribution theory (Heider 1958; Kelley 1967) attempts to explain how individuals assign causes for events they both observe and have happen to them. For many first time entrepreneurs, that event may well be failure. The relationship between attribution and failure has been addressed in the entrepreneurship literature (for example, Askim—Lovseth and Feinberg 2012). We extend that work with the argument that people bring a particular belief system (known as a mindset) to the entrepreneurial venture and this belief system leads to specific attributions in the face of negative feedback and/or possible failure. Research proposals to test the model are presented.
On the Feasibility of Imaging Peripheral Nerves Using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging

Regional anesthesia is preferred over general anesthesia for many surgical procedures; however, challenges associated with poor image guidance limit its widespread acceptance as a viable alternative. In B-mode ultrasound images, the current standard for guidance, nerves can be difficult to visualize due to their similar acoustic impedance with surrounding tissues and needles must be aligned within the imaging plane at limited angles of approach that can impede successful peripheral nerve anesthesia. These challenges lead to inadequate regional anesthesia, necessitating intraoperative interventions, and can cause complications, including hemorrhage, intraneural injections and even nerve paralysis. ARFI imaging utilizes acoustic radiation force to generate images that portray relative tissue stiffness differences. Peripheral nerves are typically surrounded by many different tissue types (e.g., muscle, fat and fascia) that provide a mechanical basis for improved image contrast using ARFI imaging over conventional B-mode images. ARFI images of peripheral nerves and needles have been generated in cadaveric specimens and in humans in vivo. Contrast improvements of >600% have been achieved for distal sciatic nerve structures. The brachial plexus has been visualized with improved contrast over B-mode images in vivo during saline injection and ARFI images can delineate nerve bundle substructures to aid injection guidance. Physiologic motion during ARFI imaging of nerves near arterial structures has been successfully suppressed using ECG-triggered image acquisition and motion filters. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using ARFI imaging to improve the visualization of peripheral nerves during regional anesthesia procedures.
Let's Make Special Issues “Special” Once Again

The author revisits the issue of possible unintended consequences from special issue proliferation, in light of Mowday's and McKinley's responses, and then comments on their suggestions concerning the driving forces that may have led to so many special issues. The author especially emphasizes how the effects of both consequences and antecedents might differ when special issues are commissioned by the most prestigious journals versus less prestigious or niche journals.
The resolution of aryl sulfatase and heparin sulfamidase activities from various rat tissues.

Abstract Suspensions of various rat tissues were treated with Triton X-100 and then assayed for sulfate releasing activity using nitrocatechol sulfate or N- [ 35 S] — sulfated heparin as the substrate. Liver, lung, kidney, skin and spleen showed both activities to a significant extent. Whereas brain and blood were less active for heparin sulfamidase. High speed supernatant solutions obtained from suspensions of all of the above tissues, except blood, were subjected to isoelectric focusing. The activity releasing sulfate from nitrocatechol sulfate at pH 5.0 (aryl sulfatase) was resolved into two peaks which were different from the peak of activity responsible for the release of sulfate from N-sulfated heparin at the same pH. It is concluded that the enzyme responsible for the release of sulfate from N-sulfated heparin (sulfamidase), which was previously found in ileum, spleen and lung, is widely distributed among the mammalian tissues and is different from all the various aryl sulfatases found in the same tissues.
The effects of vanadium compounds on the activation of adenylate cyclase from rat adrenal membrane.

Abstract In rat adrenal membrane, vanadyl sulfate, but not vanadate, inhibits the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs-,forskolin- and NaF-stimulated activation process of adenylate cyclase. In these reactions, the half-maximum concentration of vanadyl for inhibition was approx. 0.3 mM. The binding of [3H]guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate to the membrane ( K d = 2 μ M ) was not affected by vanadyl sulfate under the conditions in which the vanadyl sulfate inhibits the activation process. Also, the binding of ACTH to its receptor was inhibited by neither vanadyl sulfate nor vanadate, and the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase appears to be unaffected by vanadyl sulfate. When the activation by nonhydrolyzable GTP analog was enhanced by Ca2+, vanadyl sulfate strongly inhibited the activation of adenylate cyclase.
Comparative analysis of an excitatory motor unit in crustaceans

1. The leg stretcher muscle motor unit was examined in five different decapod crustaceans (Gecarcinus, Grapsus, Goniopsis, Homarus andPanulirus) with the objective of establishing interrelationships between nerve terminal and muscle fiber properties. 2. In each species, nerve terminals varied greatly in their capacity for facilitation of transmitter release (Fe), muscle fibers varied with respect to sarcomere length (SL), and a wide range of excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes (EPSPs) was observed. 3. Fe was inversely correlated with EPSP amplitude and SL in all five species. Therefore, selective matching of nerve terminals to muscle fibers appears to be a general rule of organization in the stretcher excitatory motor unit in decapod crustaceans. 4. A correlation was found between the Fe type of terminal and total depolarization of the sarcolemma at frequencies up to 20 Hz for all species. No such correlation was evident above 40 Hz for any species, indicating that all muscle fibers in the motor unit are activated to approximately the same extent at the higher levels of activity. 5. Possible consequences of these interrelationships for the performance of the motor unit are discussed.
Culture and the Organization of Diversity: Reflections on the Future of Quantitative Methods in Psychological Anthropology

Abstract The dynamics of culture and social organization are emerging as current strengths within quantitative anthropology, building on previous developments in cultural consensus modeling and other cognitive anthropological methods. Theoretical developments indicate the need to consider other properties of culture than shared consensus, including the relative and local nature of social–cultural life and the impact of structural inequality. Important tasks include improved consideration of individual diversity (through experience and behavior) and the use of qualitative methods to not just start but also to complement, extend, and test quantitative research. [quantitative methods, cognitive anthropology, social epidemiology, culture theory, cultural consensus]
Theory of light scattering by surface polaritons in gyrotropic media

In recent years considerable effort has been devoted to the experimental and theoretical investigation of surface polaritons in dielectric and conducting media. In metals and semiconductors containing free carriers, interesting phenomena are exhibited by surface plasmon polaritons in the presence of an external magnetic field. A useful tool for probing such phenomena is the inelastic scattering of light. The theory of light scattering from surface polaritons can be conveniently developed in terms of the electromagnetic Green's tensor for the medium with a free surface. We have calculated the elements of the electromagnetic Green's tensor for a homopolar medium containing free carriers which is placed in a constant magnetic field normal to the surface. An expression for the light scattering cross-section has been derived. Other applications of the electromagnetic Green's tensor are discussed.
Capacity design: an application using discrete-event simulation and designed experiments

The use of front-end engineering techniques by a major world-class manufacturing company, to improve decision making on capacity planning, capital equipment selection and control strategies, is discussed. In particular, attention is focused on the modeling and analysis of a sequential plastic parts manufacturing line using discrete-event simulation. The use of simulation allied to designed experiments leads to the design of a semi-automated manufacturing line. The line could be built using standard equipment rather than custom-built equipment resulting in considerable cost savings. Using the model to obtain the control strategy before the actual production equipment was in place enabled the line to be commissioned in a shorter time than normal.
Comparison of anacardic acid biosynthetic capability between insect-resistant and-susceptible geraniums.

The garden geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum) has been shown to secrete anacardic acids in the form of a viscous sticky exudate from tall glandular trichomes, and this exudate provides a sticky trap defense against small pest species. The anacardic acids from genetically related pest-resistant and -susceptible plants have been characterized, and resistance has been shown to depend upon the presence ofω5 unsaturated anacardic acids. In this study, the biosynthesis of these anacardic acids was comparatively investigated by incubating [14C]methyl palmitate, margarate, stearate, oleate and linoleate on floral buds of resistant and susceptible plants. In addition, the incorporation of [14C]valine, -isoleucine, and -leucine into anacardic acids was also studied. Nineteen anacardic acids were quantitated utilizing an improved HPLC technique. Fatty acids and, to a much lesser extent, amino acids were incorporated into anacardic acids. There are at least two pathways of biosynthesis operating: direct elongation, and β-oxidation with reincorporation of the [14C]acetate, the latter being more prevalent in the resistant plant. The amino acids were processed into branched chain anacardic acids, isoleucine being the precursor of the anteiso compounds, and valine the iso branched ones. The major difference between resistant and susceptible plants was the ability of resistant plants, but not the susceptible plants, to synthesizeω5 unsaturated anacardic acids. Both types of plants were capable of directly incorporating14C-labeled fatty acid methy esters into anacardic acids regardless of the plant's normal anacardic acid composition, thus bypassing the plant's tightly controlled regulation of the chemical structures of anacardic acids. No evidence was found forω5 desaturation of saturated anacardic acids. A revised biosynthesis scheme is presented.
A new publisher for clinical orthopaedics and related research

With this issue of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research we begin with a new publisher, Springer, long and internationally known for their high-quality publications. The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons, the owners of CORR, and the CORR Board of Trustees deliberated on the proposals of numerous excellent publishers prior to making this decision. We have enjoyed working with Springer during the transition and look forward to implementing new online features available with their technical capabilities. Readers will immediately notice some changes in the cover and format of our articles. Our content will remain largely the same, although with this issue we are introducing several new features. In particular, we are creating a “Residents’ Corner,” which will appear at the back of each month’s issue. As most readers know, CORR was hardbound from 1953 through 2003. It appeared initially as two volumes per year and over the years the number of volumes per year increased until 1986, by which time 12 volumes per year were published. At that time, the publisher elected to maintain the tradition of renumbering each month’s offering as a separate volume, bringing us to volume 466. In recent years this has caused some problems with those who use reference managing software. Therefore beginning with this issue, the volume number will be retained throughout the year and the issues will be numbered 1–12 each year. We wish to thank the many dedicated individuals with whom we worked at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, our publisher since 1953, for their help in developing CORR into a high quality journal. We also thank our authors, reviewers, and symposia guest editors: through their submissions and reviews, we have been afforded the content that has created CORR. Finally, the journal could not have been published without our devoted full-time staff of editorial associates and copyeditors, and we owe them our gratitude.
Kernel Density Based Linear Regression Estimate

For linear regression models with non normally distributed errors, the least squares estimate (LSE) will lose some efficiency compared to the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). In this article, we propose a kernel density-based regression estimate (KDRE) that is adaptive to the unknown error distribution. The key idea is to approximate the likelihood function by using a nonparametric kernel density estimate of the error density based on some initial parameter estimate. The proposed estimate is shown to be asymptotically as efficient as the oracle MLE which assumes the error density were known. In addition, we propose an EM type algorithm to maximize the estimated likelihood function and show that the KDRE can be considered as an iterated weighted least squares estimate, which provides us some insights on the adaptiveness of KDRE to the unknown error distribution. Our Monte Carlo simulation studies show that, while comparable to the traditional LSE for normal errors, the proposed estimation procedure can h...
Jacobi fields in groups of diffeomorphisms and applications

This paper presents a series of applications of the Jacobi evolution equations along geodesics in groups of diffeomorphisms. We describe, in particular, how they can be used to perform implementable gradient descent algorithms for image matching, in several situations, and illustrate this with 2D and 3D experiments. We also discuss parallel translation in the group, and its projection on shape manifolds, and focus in particular on an implementation of these equations using iterated Jacobi fields.
Stimulation of myocardial function after brief regional ischemia by glucagon

Glucagon (1.5 to 45 μg/kg, i.v.) has been examined in open-chest anesthetized dogs subjected to 15 minutes of occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) and reperfusion. Regional segment lengths in myocardium supplied by the LCCA and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries were measured by sonomicrometry. Occlusion of the LCCA produced paradoxical bulging. At 2.5 hours after reperfusion, segmental shortening in the LCCA area remained significantly reduced at 33 ± 11% of baseline. Regional shortening in the LAD area increased upon LCCA occlusion but was not significantly different from baseline at 2.5 hours. Glucagon increased heart rate and peak positive dP/dt while decreasing systemic pressure. After glucagon 15 μg/kg i. v., LCCA regional shortening was 71 ± 10% of baseline, a significant increase compared with the 2.5 hours reperfusion value. For comparison, isoproterenol 0.3 mg/kg increased segment shortening to 119 ± 19% of baseline. Glucagon reduced end-diastolic segment length in both LCCA and LAD regions. In conclusion, glucagon significantly improved regional function in myocardium recovering from an episode of regional ischemia.
Extracellular Ca2+-Sensing Receptors Modulate Matrix Production and Mineralization in Chondrogenic RCJ3.1C5.18 Cells

Previous studies in chondrogenic RCJ3.1C5.18 (C5.18) cells showed that growth of these cells at high extracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]o) reduced the expression of markers of early chondrocyte differentiation. These studies addressed whether raising [Ca2+]o accelerates C5.18 cell differentiation and whether Ca2+ receptors (CaRs) are involved in coupling changes in [Ca2+]o to cellular responses. We found that high [Ca2+]o increased expression of osteopontin (OP), osteonectin, and osteocalcin, all markers of terminal differentiation, in C5.18 cells and increased the production of matrix mineral. Overexpression of wild-type CaR cDNA in C5.18 cells suppressed proteoglycan synthesis and aggrecan RNA, two early differentiation markers, and increased OP expression. The sensitivity of these parameters to changes in [Ca2+]o was significantly increased, as indicated by left-shifted dose-responses. In contrast, stable expression of a signaling-defective CaR mutant (Phe707Trp CaR) in C5.18 cells, presumably th...
A novel catalytic reactor system for transient response and its use in CO oxidation on Pd Al2O3

Abstract In this paper we describe a computer-controlled reactor system capable of imposing any concentration-forcing function on the input. Combination of a monolithic support with a fast-scan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) results in a system capable of detecting all the IR-active species inside the reactor simultaneously, with a time resolution of 0.17 s. Flow characteristics and typical results obtained from oxidation of CO over γ-alumina-supported palladium demonstrate the capabilities of this reactor system in detecting fast phenomena that could not be observed by analysis of the effluent stream.
North African Identity and Racial Discrimination in France: A Social Economic Analysis of Capability Deprivation

Abstract The interaction between ethnocentric republican ideology and post-colonial racist legacy has led to the creation of a North African social identity which is characterized by dichotomous and negative representations in the hegemonic discourse in France. These misrepresentations are the source of racial discrimination, particularly on the labor market, which result in capability deprivation for individuals of North African heritage. Recent French anti-discrimination policies are examined using a social economic capability approach based on a relational notion of society. It is argued that because these policies have been developed within the confines of the republican model, they fail to directly address limits to social-structural and individual capacities to act faced by individuals of Maghrebi origin. As long as the ethnocentric interpretation of the republican model in hegemonic discourse is not questioned, anti-racial discrimination policies will most likely be unsuccessful in eliminating capa...
“Scrub”: Using Multi-Site Analysis to Analyze the Status System among Basketball Players

Conducting ethnographic fieldwork in varied spaces, with different actors, enriches our understanding. A researcher may find paradoxes in practices and ideas and ask for clarification, or recognize that social dynamics and behavior are peculiar to group members present in a specific setting. This article highlights the usefulness of intentional variability and flexibility in the field. Researchers should plan to do multi-site analysis (MSA) to look for negative cases and opportunities to challenge commonsense notions. Additionally, this article emphasizes that the relationships built during fieldwork shape the data that are captured. Therefore, researchers need to consider the bases for their relationships, including what the subjects get out of them, and how subjects’ positionality affects what comes to be known. This perspective de-emphasizes false norms of objectivity and renders a more complete account of the social worlds we study.
Squalene: A Naturally Abundant Mammalian Skin Secretion and Long Distance Tick-Attractant (Acari: Ixodidae)

Squalene is a naturally occurring lipid on mammalian skin and is an attractant to the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). In this study, we compared squalene to the standard tick-attractants, benzaldehyde, isobutyric acid, methyl salicylate, nonanoic acid, and o -nitrophenol identified as active ingredients of tick aggregation-attachment pheromones and determined its effectiveness in field and laboratory settings at varying distances. Squalene was detected from ¼ m greater than the standard tick attractants, attracted a greater percentage of ticks (75 compared with 0–43%) and featured a rapid response time (<30 min). Thus, squalene contributes more to the tick's ability to locate hosts at greater distances than aggregation-attachment pheromones. These results have important implications for improving tick monitoring and control programs by adding squalene as a supplement to existing attractant baits.
Suppressing NOM access to controlled porous TiO2 particles enhances the decomposition of target water contaminants

Abstract Preferential oxidation of target chemicals of concern has been a challenging issue in TiO 2 photocatalysis, considering typical source water contains low concentrations of highly toxic substances along with high concentrations of less toxic naturally abundant organic matter (NOM). This study demonstrates simply controlling the porous structure of TiO 2 can suppress the access of large size NOM to the TiO 2 and thus improve the selective oxidation of small size target contaminants. Ibuprofen as a target contaminant was successfully decomposed even in the presence of humic acid as competing NOM. Selectivity enhancement mechanism was proposed, based on size exclusion principle.
Diagnosis and surgical management of ectopic ureters

Ureteral ectopia is a congenital abnormality of the terminal segment of one or both ureters in which the ureteral orifice is located distal to the trigone of the bladder. Continuous or intermittent urinary incontinence is the most frequently reported clinical symptom associated with ureteral ectopia. A variety of anatomic morphologies of ectopic ureters have been reported. Historically, surgical therapy focused on reestablishing drainage of the ureters into the bladder lumen. However, continued urinary incontinence after surgery is the most frequently reported complication. Specific classification and successful management of the various types of ectopic ureters remain diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the veterinary clinician. Cystoscopic evaluation of the lower urinary tract and urodynamic evaluation of bladder and urethral function has improved the presurgical assessment of the patient. Surgical procedures, which are aimed at repositioning the ureteral orifice(s) within the bladder lumen and treating primary sphincter incompetence, are necessary to successfully manage small animal patients with ectopic ureters.
An Observational and Theoretical Study of Highly Supercooled Altocumulus

The microphysics of two altocumulus clouds sampled at a temperature of about -30 C through the NCAR King Air aircraft and coincident lidar has been characterized. The clouds are structurally similar to stratocumulus and have extensive cloudtop entrainment, a capping temperature inversion, and a dry layer above. Microphysical and radiative properties of both clouds have been modeled numerically. When entrainment effects are incorporated in the model, calculations of droplet concentration and mean diameter profiles compare favorably with the measurements. Radiative transfer calculations indicate that radiative cooling causes sufficient negative buoyancy in cloudtop parcels for producing convective instability and reproducing the observed downdraft velocities. It is shown that entrainment of warmer, drier air near a cloudtop counteracts the radiatively induced negative buoyancy in the downdrafts.
Duplex imaging of residual venous obstruction to guide duration of therapy for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.

Background Clinical trials have shown that the presence of ultrasound-identified residual venous obstruction (RVO) on follow-up scanning may be associated with an elevated risk for recurrence, thus providing a potential tool to help determine the optimal duration of anticoagulant therapy. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the clinical utility of post-treatment duplex imaging in predicting venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence and in adjusting duration of anticoagulation. Methods The Ovid MEDLINE Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects were queried for the terms residual thrombus or obstruction, duration of therapy, deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis, DVT, venous thromboembolism, VTE, antithrombotic therapy, and anticoagulation, and 228 studies were selected for review. Six studies determined the rate of VTE recurrence on the basis of the presence or absence of RVO. Results Findings on venous ultrasound scans frequently remained abnormal in 38% to 80% of patients, despite at least 3 months of therapeutic anticoagulation. In evaluating for VTE recurrence, the definition of RVO varied widely in the literature. Some studies have shown an association between RVO and VTE recurrence, whereas other studies have not. Overall, the presence of RVO is a mild risk factor for recurrence (odds ratio, 1.3-2.0), but only when surveillance imaging is performed soon after the index deep venous thrombosis (3 months). Conclusions RVO is a mild risk factor for VTE recurrence. The presence or absence of ultrasound-identified RVO has a limited role in guiding the duration of therapeutic anticoagulation. Further research is needed to evaluate its utility relative to other known risk factors for VTE recurrence.