cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Studies Relevant to Bromouridine‐Enhanced Nucleoprotein Photocrosslinking: Possible Involvement of an Excited Tyrosine Residue of the Protein

The results of mechanistic studies on formation of uridine (U) and N-acetyl-in-(5-uridinyl)tyrosine N-ethylam-ide (2) from irradiation of aqueous, pH 7 solutions of bromouridine (BrU) and N-acetyltyrosine JV-ethylamide (1) are reported. Solutions were irradiated with monochromatic laser emission at 266, 308 and 325 nm. Quantum yield measurements as a function of excitation wavelength suggest that both products result from excitation of the tyrosine derivative followed by electron transfer to BrU, possibly with intermediacy of the hydrated electron. The BrU radical anion ejects bromide to form the uri-dinyl radical, which then abstracts a hydrogen atom from 1 or adds to the aromatic ring of 1. Formation of adduct 2 is a model for photocrosslinking of nucleic acids bearing the bromouracil chromophore to adjacent tyrosine residues of proteins in nucleoprotein complexes. The value of 325 nm excitation in photocrosslinking, where the tyrosine chromophore is more competitive for photons, was demonstrated with an RNA bound to the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein; more than a 60% increase in the yield of photocrosslinking relative to that obtained with 308 nm excitation was achieved.
Linkage of c-Harvey-ras-1 and INS DNA markers to unipolar depression and alcoholism is ruled out in 18 families

Eighteen families informative for c-Harveyras-1 and INS DNA markers were tested for linkage to unipolar depression and alcoholism. No evidence of linkage was found between these DNA markers and the disorders observed in the families. This study fails to replicate the Old Order Amish Study and suggests that a significant degree of genetic heterogeneity may be present among psychiatric disorders.
Older men, older women: Are their perceived sex roles similar?

Men and women age 60 or older responded to Bem Sex-Role Inventory “masculinity” and “femininity” scale items on two separate administrations of the test. In the first, they described their own attributes; in the second, they described what others expected them to be like. Item analyses determined that the two sexes were more alike than different in sex-role-related attributes and perceived social expectation that they adopt both M and F attributes. Conflicts between actual and expected attributes were more frequent on “masculine” items. Those conflicted on “feminine” items tended to report depression.
A scalable and high-density FPGA architecture with multi-level phase change memory

As CMOS technology is stretched to its limits it has become imperative to look to alternative solutions for the next generation of FPGAs. In particular, due to the configurable nature of FPGAs, on-chip memory remains to be a major concern for designers. In this work we explore the use of Phase-Change Memory (PCM). We exploit the ability of PCM to exist in multiple intermediate states to store 2 bits per cell and develop a new Look Up Table (LUT) architecture. The new LUT can either store two functions with shared inputs or a single function with an additional input. We also explore the use of PCM in local routing mechanisms and thus propose a new Configurable Logic Block (CLB) composed of CMOS and PCM. The new design promises significant improvements in logic density and performance with area improvements of over 40% for all LUT sizes and delay improvements of 7% to 13% on an average for LUTs of size 10 to 6.
Calorimetric Experiment on the Radiation Losses of 2-Mev Electrons

Various investigators report from cloud-chamber experiments that the energy lost in the scattering of 2-Mev beta-rays is several times the loss calculated from the Bethe-Heitler theory. However, other experimenters have found that the production of x-rays in this range agrees with theory. To account for the extra energy loss, Klarmann and Bothe and Champion have suggested the emission of neutrinos as well as x-rays. To test this hypothesis, a 2-Mev beam of electrons was directed on a target immersed in mercury, the assembly acting as a calorimeter. Experiments using beryllium, gold, and mercury targets show that within the experimental error, which is somewhat less than one percent, no energy is carried out of the calorimeter by neutrinos or other penetrating radiation. It thus appears that the production of such radiations cannot account for the large extra energy losses reported from cloud-chamber experiments.
Self-similar BEC dynamics: accuracy and applications

We discuss a simplified description of the dynamics of inhomogeneous dilute Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), based on the assumption that the time-evolving BEC preserves its shape (i.e. the density profile remains similar to the initial profile). While the validity of the self-similarity assumption is not a priori obvious, we show that this description becomes exact in the opposite limits of large and small condensates contained by time-dependent spherically symmetric harmonic oscillator trap potentials. We discuss applications of this simple description and we show how the insights derived from it suggest that phase-coherent BECs expanding from optical lattice sites can be used for the purpose of imaging.
Community Integration of Women with Spinal Cord Injuries: An Examination of Psychological, Social, Vocational, and Environmental Factors

This study examines four aspects of community integration--relationships, productive occupation, personal and environmental resources, and psychological resources--to determine the extent to which women with spinal cord injury (SCI) are able to achieve the same levels of community integration as women without disabilities. Data were collected using a mailed questionnaire that was completed by 946 women with and without physical disabilities. A subsample of 120 women with SCI and 406 women without disabilities met the inclusion criteria. The impact of SCI on the community integration of women can be seen primarily in lower rates of employment, environmental barriers to socializing, and unmet needs for personal assistance services. There was no significant difference between the groups on measures of marital status, living arrangement, satisfaction with relationships with friends and family members, personal and household income, self-esteem, or perceived control. There is discussion of new perspectives on ...
Crustal magnetization reveals subsurface structure of Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal vent fields

A near-bottom geophysical survey on the Endeavour segment of the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge shows that regions of well-defined low crustal magnetization are strongly correlated with both active and extinct submarine hydrothermal vent sites. In particular, at the Main Endeavour Field, we find discrete magnetization lows associated with each cluster of vents. Magnetization lows are directly centered beneath the vent clusters and have diameters of ∼100 m, which implies a near-vertical, narrow, pipe-like source region located directly beneath the surface expression of the vent edifices. Lows are also separated from each other by only 200 m, which further implies highly focused zones. Magnetization lows are also associated with inactive and extinct vent areas, which indicates that alteration of the magnetic minerals in the crust rather than (necessarily temporary) thermal demagnetization is the primary process responsible for the low magnetization. These narrow pipe-like bodies are highly characteristic of alteration pipes found in ophiolites and are indicative of hydrothermal fluid up-flow zones. Thus, each magnetization low may define an individual upwelling zone, with distinct subsurface plumbing and thermal structure. The crustal-magnetization patterns provide important constraints on the geometry of the subsurface plumbing beneath these hydrothermal vent systems. At the Main Endeavour Field, magnetization lows are distributed along the trend of the rift valley in a semiregular pattern with a spacing of ∼200 m, arguing that upward flow may be partitioned into regularly spaced intervals along the axis of the rift valley.
Stability properties of Cauchy's surface area formula

Cauchy's surface area formula expresses the surface area of ad-dimensional convex body in terms of the mean value of the volume of its orthogonal projections onto (d−1)-dimensional linear subspaces. We consider here averages of the same kind as those in Cauchy's formula but with respect to some direction dependent density function and investigate the stability problem whether the density must be close to 1 if the formula produces approximately the correct surface area. It will be shown that this relationship between surface area and density is, in general, unstable; but if the density function satisfies suitable regularity conditions, then explicit stability estimates can be obtained.
Are You My Mother? A Comic Drama

Alison Bechdel, author of the widely read comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For and the best‐selling graphic novel Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic, has created yet another hybrid form – the graphic comi...
Social capital and neighborhood mortality rates in Chicago.

Several empirical studies have suggested that neighborhood characteristics influence health, with most studies having focused on neighborhood deprivation or aspects of the physical environment, such as services and amenities. However, such physical characteristics are not the only features of neighborhoods that potentially affect health. Neighborhoods also matter because of the nature of their social organization. This study examined social capital as a potential neighborhood characteristic influencing health. Using a cross-sectional study design which linked counts of death for persons 45–64 years by race and sex to neighborhood indicators of social capital and poverty for 342 Chicago neighborhoods in the USA, we tested the ecological association between neighborhood-level social capital and mortality rates, taking advantage of the community survey data collected as part of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. We estimated a hierarchical generalized linear model to examine the association of race and sex specific mortality rates to social capital. Overall, neighborhood social capital—as measured by reciprocity, trust, and civic participation—was associated with lower neighborhood death rates, after adjustment for neighborhood material deprivation. Specifically, higher levels of neighborhood social capital were associated with lower neighborhood death rates for total mortality as well as death from heart disease and “other” causes for White men and women and, to a less consistent extent, for Blacks. However, there was no association between social capital and cancer mortality. Although, the findings from this study extend the state-level findings linking social capital to health to the level of neighborhoods, much work remains to be carried out before social capital can be widely applied to improve population health, including establishing standards of measurement, and exploring the potential “downsides” of social capital.
VLS-grown silicon nanowire tunnel FET

In the present work we demonstrate the successful implementation of tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) based on silicon nanowires (Si NWs) that were grown using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth method. Device optimization resulted in increased band-to-band tunneling with an on-current of 0.5mA/mm, and I on /I off ratio of about 6 decades combined with an inverse subthreshold slope (SS) of around 100mV/dec over several decades of current and even sub-60mV/dec for the lowest currents.
Negative Consequences of Poor Driving Outcomes Reported by Adolescents With and Without ADHD

OBJECTIVE: Although adolescents with ADHD report less driving experience, a greater proportion of adolescents with ADHD report receiving at least one ticket; however, no study has examined the severity of infractions committed by adolescent drivers with ADHD. METHOD: A total of 61 adolescents (28 ADHD, 33 controls) aged 16 to 17 with a valid driver's license completed a self-report Driving History Questionnaire (DHQ), which asked about months of driving experience, negative driving outcomes, and severity of consequences. RESULTS: A greater proportion of adolescents with ADHD reported receiving fines, points on their driver's license, and remedial driving class. Furthermore, adolescents with ADHD reported attending a greater number of hours in remedial driving class, and a greater expense associated with fines. CONCLUSION: Importantly, ADHD-related negative driving outcomes manifest early in driving careers. Furthermore, increased negative consequences of poor and/or risky driving among adolescents with ADHD were evident despite having fewer months of independent driving. Language: en
Rollback-free value prediction with approximate loads

This paper demonstrates how to utilize the inherent error resilience of a wide range of applications to mitigate the memory wall -- the discrepancy between core and memory speed. We define a new microarchitecturally-triggered approximation technique called rollback-free value prediction. This technique predicts the value of safe-to-approximate loads when they miss in the cache without tracking mispredictions or requiring costly recovery from misspeculations. This technique mitigates the memory wall by allowing the core to continue computation without stalling for long-latency memory accesses. Our detailed study of the quality trade-offs shows that with a modern out-of-order processor, average 8% (up to 19%) performance improvement is possible with 0.8% (up to 1.8%) average quality loss on an approximable subset of SPEC CPU 2000/2006.
Lifestyle regularity and activity level as protective factors against bereavement-related depression in late-life

This study sought to determine whether high regularity in the timing of daily activities among the elderly soon after spousal death was protective against depressive symptomatology 1 and 2 years later, and the degree to which the depression-buffering effects of high lifestyle regularity were contingent upon the level of activity performed. The regularity of daily activities was assessed at 3 months post-loss among 41 spousally bereaved subjects aged 60 and above; depressive symptomatology was measured at 3, 12, and 24 months post-loss. Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater lifestyle regularity at 3 months post-loss predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms at 1 year post-loss among those in the upper-half level of activity. There was a trend, which suggested that greater lifestyle regularity at 3 months post-loss was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms at 24 months post-loss among those in the upper-third level of activity. These preliminary results suggest that for aged widows and widowers, lifestyle regularity may prevent long-lasting depressive symptomatology secondary to spousal bereavement, provided an adequate number of activities are performed. Depression 3:297–302 (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Leakage from dielectric waveguide

This paper presents a memory of the author's interaction with Professor Arthur A. Oliner in regard to hidden phenomena of leakage from certain dielectric waveguide structures. These phenomena are very mild so that they can be revealed only by his insight backed by a rigorous analysis and physical understanding of guided waves. He found mistakes in the author's work but it is not fatal. However, this is a significant lesson to the author.
Report of a naturally masculinized female of the Clear Creek gambusia, Gambusia heterochir Hubbs

A naturally masculinized female of the Clear Creek gambusia, Gambusia heterochir Hubbs, was collected from the headspring of Clear Creek, Menard County, Texas. The fish had 11 well-developed, late stage embryos. It also possessed an incompletely developed gonopodium and a pair of male-like, pectoral fins. This discovery constitutes the first report of natural masculinization within the genus Gambusia.
BVRcIc Observations and Analysis of the Near-Contact Solar Type Eclipsing Binary, V530 Andromedae

We present the first precision UBVRcIc light curves, an initial period study, and a simultaneous light curve solution for the near-contact solar type eclipsing binary V530 And. Our observations were taken with the 0.81 m Lowell reflector on 27 and 29 September, 2011, with time being granted from the National Undergraduate Research Observatory (NURO). Our Wilson Devinney Program solution yields a semidetached, V1010 Oph configuration: the more massive component is filling its Roche lobe. The system is apparently approaching contact for the first time. It is not a classic Algol.
Incremental Value of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography over Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in the Assessment of Atrial Septal Defects

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v7i2.22243 Cardiovasc. j. 2015; 7(2): 67-71
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION : V. EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF A THEORY OF TROPIN ACTION.

Antisera against several strains of acid-fast bacteria have been separated into their euglobulin, pseudoglobulin and albumin fractions. The globulin fractions have been found to possess the essential properties of bacteriotropic sera: thus they alter the bacterial surface properties, and, in quantitative correspondence, cause agglutination and phagocytosis; these several effects withstand washing of the sensitized bacteria; the effects are little if at all affected by inactivation of the antisera before fractionation; the combination of antibody and antigen is serologically specific. The conclusion is drawn that the contact of antigen with fresh homologous immune serum results in the deposit on the antigen surface of a substance or substances contained in the globulin fractions of the antiserum; as a consequence of this surface deposit leucocytes can spread upon and engulf the antigen.
Knowing when to act: an optimal stopping method for smart grid demand response

A major benefit of the smart grid is that it can provide real-time pricing, which enables residential electricity customers to reduce their electricity expenses by scheduling their appliance use. A commonly utilized technique is to operate electrical appliances when the price of electricity is low. Although this technique is simple in principle and easy to apply, there are several issues that need to be addressed: Studies have shown that residents do not know how, or have the time to take advantage of real-time price information; residents seek to save money by delaying device usage but do not want the inconvenience of long wait times; and a lack of automated energy management systems - industry trials of real-time pricing programs requiring manual user intervention have performed poorly. In this work, we address these issues by the means of an optimal stopping approach, which can balance electricity expense and waiting time. We formulate the problem of deciding when to start home appliances as an optimal stopping problem, and combine optimal stopping rules with appliance energy usage profiles. Our result is an automated residential energy management and scheduling platform, which can reduce energy bills and minimize peak loads. Reduced peak loads result in lower usage rates of dirty coal-based peaker plants, reducing carbon emissions. Additional benefits include lower domestic energy use by controlling vampire loads. Simulation results show that our approach can reduce energy costs by about 10-50 percent depending on the appliance type, and demonstrate the usefulness of our approach in managing residential energy costs.
Quantification of mitochondria during the cell cycle of Chinese hamster cells.

Abstract Quantitative electron microscopy was used to study mitochondria during the cell cycle of Chinese hamster cells synchronized in metaphase following a 2 h Colcemid treatment. As the cells entered G1, the ratio of total mitochondrial volume to cytoplasmic volume increased by a factor of two because of the large decrease in cytoplasmic volume. The ratio decreased by about 20% as the cells entered early S phase at 3–5 h, and then increased again by 20% as the cells entered late S phase and G2 at 7–9 h. Most of the 2-fold increase in total mitochondrial volume during the cell cycle occurred between 5 and 9.5 h as the cells traversed S and G2. The number of mitochondria relative to cytoplasmic volume decreased by 30–40% during G1 and again during late S or G2, followed immediately during early S and G2 by a 100 and 60% increase, respectively, in the total number of mitochondria; these changes were associated with fusion and fission of mitochondria, as evidenced by a high frequency of dumbbell-shaped mitochondria as well as by changes in size and shape. During S phase between 3 and 7 h, the number of mitochondria per cytoplasmic volume also increased by about 50% (about a 2-fold increase in the total number of mitochondria) in association with an increase in the frequency of budding or branching mitochondria. Synchronous cells collected in mitosis without Colcemid treatment also were studied during the first 4 h when the cells were in G1 and early S phase, and fusion and fission of mitochondria were not observed. Thus, the fusion and fission during G1, mentioned above, apparently was induced by the Colcemid treatment and not associated with the normal G1. Also, there were no mitochondrial changes during G1 when the mitotic cells were X-irradiated (600 rads) or plated into medium containing actinomycin D (5 μg/ml). However, when the mitotic cells were plated into medium containing cycloheximide (5 μg/ml), the mitochondria appeared to fission during G1, as evidenced by both a 50% decrease in volume per mitochondrion and a 50% increase in number of mitochondria per cytoplasmic volume. Thus, there can be fundamental changes in mitochondrial number and size associated with changes in cellular physiology, such as those related to Colcemid treatment, cycloheximide treatment, and position in the cell cycle.
Microscopic origin of the structural phase transitions at the Cr 2 O 3 (0001) surface

The surface of a Cr${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ (0001) film epitaxially grown on Cr undergoes an unusual reentrant sequence of structural phase transitions ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$). In order to understand the underlying microscopic mechanisms, the structural and magnetic properties of the Cr${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ (0001) surface are here studied using first-principles electronic structure calculations. Two competing surface Cr sites are identified. The energetics of the surface is described by a configurational Hamiltonian with parameters determined using total-energy calculations for several surface supercells. Effects of epitaxial strain and magnetic ordering on configurational interaction are also included. The thermodynamics of the system is studied using Monte Carlo simulations. At zero strain the surface undergoes a $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ ordering phase transition at ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}165\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Tensile epitaxial strain together with antiferromagnetic ordering drive the system toward strong configurational frustration, suggesting the mechanism for the disordering phase transition at lower temperatures.
Application of a general system modeling program

Abstract GSMP is a general system modeling program that links together precompiled subroutines to model a system in which they then represent subsystems. Interconnection of the subsystems usually introduces feedback loops; hence, system behavior is defined only implicitly. The numerical solution is found by iterative methods developed most extensively in the chemical processing industry, and by a recursive decomposition scheme greatly facilitated by the programming language used, PL/I. (The component models may be written in FORTRAN.) GSMP and its earlier versions have been used for several years by the Systems Analysis Group Laboratory in modeling theta-pinch, tokamak, and inertial confinement power plants, open- and closed-cycle magnetohydrodynamic power plants, and total community energy systems. Most of this experience has been with advanced energy conversion systems. Analyses of power plants have been significantly automated by using GSMP as an executive code. The topology of the power plant being evaluated is not restricted to a small class of configurations; different concepts can be explored by altering the arrangement of plant components. This is especially helpful in investigations of new technologies where no preferred plant arrangement has yet been established. GSMP requires that the user indicate all the necessary constraints. It is mandatory to establish mass balance constraints for the entire system, and state point matching for all recycle loops. State point constraints are also needed for establishment of design conditions.
Optimum frequency demodulation in the presence of Gaussian noise

Optimum demodulation of frequency-modulated Gaussian signals in the presence of Gaussian noise is considered. A sampled-data approach, rather than a Karhunen-Loeve expansion, is employed to reduce the problem to one of finite dimensions. The derivation is based on maximizing the a posteriori probability density.
Should we trust models or observations

Abstract Scientists and laymen alike already trust observational data more than theories—this is made explicit in all formalizations of the scientific method. It was demonstrated again during the Supersonic Transport (SST) controversy by the continued efforts to reconcile the computed effect of the 1961–1962 nuclear test series on the ozone layer with the observational record. Scientists, caught in the focus of the political limelight, sometimes, demonstrated their faith in the primacy of observations by studiously ignoring or dismissing as erroneous data at variance with the prevailing theoretical consensus- thereby stalling the theoretical modifications required to accomodate the observations.
Testing Alternative Hypotheses in Economic History

This paper employs a statistical technique comparing non-nested quantitative models in order to address an important problem in economic history, namely, the appropriate role of microeconomic models in historical analysis. Discussion proceeds by example. As described in the paper, three research groups have offered explantations of the shift from corn to cotton production in the post-bellum US South but because their research methods are different, it is difficult to evaluate them effectively. This paper suggests a method for comparing them. The method is based on the Neyman–Pearson likelihood ratio and proceeds by focusing on the three groups’ models of crop choice, in turn hypothesizing each model as ‘truth’, and testing all other against it. Though restrictive in its own right, this excercise suggests one data-oriented approach to all-too-common problem of model proliferation in economic history.
The Length of the Neck Linker Domain Controls Processivity Across Diverse N-Terminal Kinesin Families

Consistent with their diverse intracellular roles, the processivity of N-terminal kinesin motors varies considerably between different families. Gating mechanisms that control kinesin processivity involve inter-head tension that must be transmitted through the neck linker domains of each head. The objective of this study is to determine the degree to which unloaded processivity is controlled by the length of the neck linker, as opposed to kinetic differences in the core motor domains. The motor and neck linker domains of Kinesin-2, 3, 5 and 7 were fused to the neck-coil and rod domains of Kinesin-1 and run lengths of GFP-tagged motors visualized by total internal fluorescence microscopy. When the neck linkers were shortened to the 14 amino acids found in Kinesin-1, all motors had similar run lengths, and when the neck linkers were extended the run lengths fell. These results suggest that inter-head tension, which is regulated by the mechanical properties of the neck linker, controls processivity in a conserved manner across diverse kinesins. Monte Carlo modeling of the kinesin hydrolysis cycle conclude that the results can be quantitatively accounted for by differences in either front head or rear head gating.
Four Hours of Continuous Albuterol Nebulization

Background and objectives: Continuous albuterol nebulization (CAN) is a therapeutic modality available to treat status asthmaticus. Currently, CAN may be administered using a large-volume nebulizer (LVN) or a small-volume nebulizer attached to an infusion pump or refilled as needed. Few data are available regarding the reproducibility of aerosol characteristics during CAN. In this study, we determined the aerodynamic profile, drug output (DO), DO in respirable range (RD), solution output (SO), and changes in reservoir's albuterol concentration (AR) hourly during 4 hours of CAN. Design: A modified Puritan-Bennett 1600 jet nebulizer was tested with a large reservoir (LR; 250 mL), medium reservoir (MR; 45 mL), and small reservoir with infusion pump (SRP; 18 mL). We used 100-, 40-, and 4-mL initial fill volumes (with 10-mL/h infusion for SRP) of 1 mg/mL albuterol solution for the LR, MR, and SRP, respectively. Particle size distribution and DO consistency were determined by impaction and spectrophotometric analysis (275 nm). We also determined albuterol mass output. The SO was determined by gravimetric technique. Results: The PBsj produced a heterodisperse aerosol with a median mass aerodynamic diameter range of 1.8 to 2.2 μm. DO and RD paralleled SO. The LR had the highest SO, DO, and RD (8.03 ± 2.36 vs 5.73 ± 2.48 and 5.85 ± 0.51 mg/h for MR and SRP, respectively). The AR showed no statistically significant changes. Conclusions: The PBsj demonstrated consistent and adequate aerosol production during 4 hours of CAN. These bench data support the widespread use of a LVN for CAN. (CHEST 1998; 114:847–853) Abbreviations: AR=variation in reservoir's albuterol concentration expressed as albuterol ratio; CAN = continuous albuterol nebulization; DO=drug output; %DO=drug output expressed as percentage of first hour's drug output; GSD=geometric standard deviation; IP=infusion pump; LR=large reservoir; LVN=large-volume nebulizer; MMAD=mass median aerodynamic diameter; MR=medium reservoir; RD=respirable dose; %RR=percentage of particles in the 0.4 to 5-μm size range; SO=solution output; SRP=small reservoir with attached infusion pump; SVN =small-volume nebulizer
Effectiveness of Merit-Pay-Pool Management:

A merit pay pool consists of individuals who are grouped together for the purpose of making merit pay computations. This paper investigates the consequences of variations in merit-pay-pool design and management for the linkage between performance and pay.
Semiconductor septum electrochemical photovoltaic cell with electrodeposited CdSe thin films

The performance of a semiconductor septum electrochemical photovoltaic (SC-SEP) cell based on electrodeposited CdSe thin films is reported. Photovoltages and photocurrent densities of 1.06 V and 15 mA/cm2, respectively, were obtained. The proper selection of the electrolyte/electrode combination in the back compartment is a key factor better performance. A low fill factor causes a relatively low conversion efficiency of about 3.5%.
Nerve sparing and continence preservation during radical prostatectomy.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies occurring in men. During the last decade, several advances have been made in decreasing the morbidity of surgical therapy. Two major advances hav
Determination of the activation barrier to energy transfer from 3ππ* to charge transfer levels via steady-state and transient luminescence measurements on bis(4-chlorothiophenol)(1,10-phenanthroline)zinc(II)☆

Abstract The effect of temperature on the luminescence intensity and excited state lifetimes of the title compound is interpreted in terms of a barrier to the transfer of energy from the lowest 3 ππ * level to lower-lying charge-transfer levels. Fits of an Arrhenius expression to both lifetimes and relative intensities yield an activation energy and pre-exponential factor of = 140 cm −1 and = 1 × 10 5 s −1 , respectively.
Some Factors Influencing the Feeding Behavior of Channel Catfish in Culture Ponds

Abstract Throughout the growing season, from March to October, marked fish usually made a daily trip to the feeding station. In the spring, they did not use the demand feeders until temperatures reached 12 C and they stopped demand feeding in the fall at approximately 22 C. In the spring, intermittent feeding appeared to be primarily temperature related. At cold temperatures fish did not feed daily. After the water had warmed to 22 C fish fed on a daily basis. During summer, low oxygen concentrations often caused fish to adjust or miss their daily feeding period. Feeding was reduced at oxygen values below 5 mg/liter, but fish occasionally fed at values as low as 3 mg/liter. Large fish were dominant in feeding and small fish usually had to wait. A daily feeding pattern for each size fish was established, and since each fish fed approximately the same time day after day it became acclimated to the prevailing oxygen and temperature values. Interruptions of this feeding routine were observed when oxygen or te...
A Long-term Clinical Trial of Timolol Therapy Versus No Treatment in the Management of Glaucoma Suspects

Abstract One hundred seven patients with intraocular, pressures (IOPs) between 22 and 28 mmHg with normal visual fields on Goldmann perimetry and without evidence of optic nerve damage were randomly assigned to either a timolol treatment (TT) or a no treatment (NT) arm in a prospective clinical trial. The patients were followed for an average of 56 and 51 months, respectively. Criteria for failure were a confirmed IOP of greater than 32 mmHg, stereophotographically documented optic nerve progression, or development of glaucomatous visual field loss by Goldmann or Octopus perimetry. Nine patients failed in the TT group and 17 in the NT group ( P = 0.07). Of the nine TT group failures, six had discontinued timolol before failure (4 for greater than 6 months). In a Cox proportional hazards analysis controlling for confounding variables, timolol was found to be significantly protective with an adjusted risk ratio of 0.38 (95% confidence interval=0.16-0.89, P = 0.03). When only field and disc failure criteria were considered, timolol treatment was found to be significantly protective in an analysis considering patients who stopped timolol as being lost to follow-up ( P = 0.05). A higher tonographic facility of outflow was protective in all analyses. A trend toward a substantial loss of effectiveness of timolol on IOP was not observed. Seasonal fluctuations in IOP were observed ( P = 0.0007), with higher IOP occurring in the winter. The results demonstrate a favorable influence of timolol therapy on the clinical course of patients with mildly elevated IOP. The data lead us to advocate earlier treatment of such patients.
Children are different from adults.

An often-quoted line of academic pediatricians is children are not miniature adults. The most common major disease processes of children involve a varied spectrum of pathological entities dissimilar to those seen in the adult population. These dissimilarities also extend to the realm of the spine. Congenital anomalies and ligamentous injuries, which are predominant in children, are less common in adults, who have more degenerative and traumatic injuries. In the evolution of spinal surgery, techniques developed and perfected in adults are often successfully transitioned to pediatric patients. An example of this process is the unique method described by Leonard and Wright 8 of atlantoaxial fixation using bilateral, crossing C-2 intralaminar screws. The lead author draws on his experience with a series of 10 adults safely treated with a similar construct. After perfecting the technique in adults, the authors selected a cohort of pediatric patients. Although biomechanical data regarding this unique construct exist, it appears to provide stability comparable to a C-1 lateral mass‐C2 pars interarticularis screw construct, but it does not provide as much stability as transarticular screws. 1‐3
Inhibition by acyclovir of herpes simplex virus type 2 morphologically transformed cell growth in tissue culture and tumor‐bearing animals

Rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) morphologically transformed by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and tumor-derived cells were tested for ability to grow in the presence of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine (acyclovir). Results indicated that the effective dose of acyclovir (ACV) required to inhibit HSV-2-transformed and tumor-derived cell growth by 50% (ED50) compared to mock-treated control cells averaged 15 to 75 μg/ml. In contrast, the ED50 of acyclovir was more than 250 μg/ml for nontransformed REF, retrovirus-transformed rat cells, and human HEp-2 cells. HSV-2-transformed and tumor-derived cells after both low (less than 30) and high (greater than 30) serial passages expressed detectable levels of the virus-coded thymidine kinase (TK) measured in cell extracts by serum neutralization assay. HSV-2-transformed or tumor-derived cells converted two- to ten-fold more acyclovir to phosphorylated forms than nontransformed REF cells. Preliminary data showed that the drug inhibited tumor development in newborn syngeneic rats inoculated with HSV-2-transformed cells. The inhibitory activity of acyclovir and presence of low levels of HSV-2 TK activity appeared to correlate.
The last mile: parallel programming and usability

Multiprocessors are now commonplace, and cloud computing is swiftly following suit. While it is possible to write high performance code for these systems, concurrency bugs are extremely common and theoretical performance is often difficult to realize. In order to take advantage of increasing numbers of parallel resources, numerous parallel programming systems have been proposed and deployed, usually without a systematic evaluation of their usability. In order to make both programmers and their parallel applications more effective, we need more useful metrics for measuring programmer productivity and a better way to evaluate such metrics. We posit that usability is a key factor in the effectiveness of a parallel programming system, and that theoretical performance gains can only be realized if programmers are able to successfully reason about their parallel code.
Solving the GRB mystery: future missions and observations

The solution of the GRB mystery will involve the determination of the correct burster distance scale. This is a necessary, although possibly not sufficient, first step. I briefly review approximately 15 “distance indicators”, some rather unconventional for astronomy, which could provide this scale. They range from the obvious, like the detection of quiescent counterparts, to statistical analyses which might reveal anisotropies, to measurements of gravitational radiation. I discuss several currently planned and proposed experiments which could carry out some of these measurements.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Temporary treatment of chin folds and lines with injectable collagen.

Abstract Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is characterized by calcification of dermal connective tissues. Typical rhytides and horizontal creases of the chin are cutaneous manifestations that begin at an early age and are often overlooked. We report 2 patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum who had characteristic rhytides and horizontal creases of the chin ("mental" creases). Rhytides and horizontal creases were successfully treated with injectable collagen.
Interior Design: 1st Place

The request from the Korean Assembly was to make a conference room with up-to-date equipment that would show simultaneously Korea’s advanced information technology and the country’s traditional sense of beauty. Therefore, the most significant issue for the designer was to interpret and express traditional aesthetics harmonized with technology. At the same time, it was important to symbolize the essential meaning of the Korean Assembly through a physical environment. The design solution symbolizes the space as a venue for making national decisions and to create a form inspired by one of the strongest traditional inventions of their predecessors: the first Korean sundial (Ang-bu-il-gu, 1434, by Young-sil Jang), the first exactly measured Korean map (Dae-dong-yeo-ji-do, 1861, by Jeong-ho Kim), and the first Korean map of the stars (Cheonsang-yeol-cha-bun-ya-ji-do, 1395, by Kun Kwen).
Calcium mobilization studies with young dairy calves.

Summary Young dairy bull calves were injected intravenously with solutions of the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na 2 EDTA) at various rates and amounts. The effect of the injections was ascertained by analyses of the oxalate-precipitable blood serum calcium and plasma inorganic phosphorus before, during, and after injection. The rate of administration of Na 2 EDTA in the single injection phases of the study varied from 17.7 to 5.1 mg/kg/min. The level to which the serum calcium is lowered is a function of the rate and amount of chelating agent injected. Oxalate-precipitable blood serum calcium reduced to tetanic levels is restored to preinjection levels within 2 hr. postinjection. The response of plasma inorganic phosphorus was variable. There was considerable variation among calves in the levels of oxalate-precipitable calcium at which tetany occurred. It is postulated that the rapidity with which the blood serum calcium levels was replenished indicates that calves have a large labile source of calcium. A chelating agent, the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na 2 EDTA), when injected intravenously combines with the blood serum calcium. The sodium ion of the chelate is displaced by calcium which forms a soluble, non-ionizable, physiologically unavailable complex with EDTA that is not precipitated with oxalate. EDTA thus provides a tool for immediate lowering of the blood serum calcium, so that the rate of mobilization of calcium may be studied.
Diastereoselectivity in the intramolecular cycloaddition reactions of nitrones derived from 5-alkenals and chiral hydroxylamines

Abstract Intramolecular cycloaddition of the nitrones derived from a series of 5-alkenals and α-methylbenzyl hydroxylamine leads to mixtures of diastereomeric products in the range of 1.7/1 to 16/1. Cyclization of a series of fifteen 5-alkenyl nitrones with a chiral group on nitrogen afforded diastereomeric isoxazolidines in ratios ranging from 1.7/1 to 16/1. When R* = (S)-α-methylbenzyl, C6a of the major product was also S in those cases known.
How Well Do Clinicians Estimate Patients' Adherence to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy?

OBJECTIVE: Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy is critical for clinical and virologic success in HIV-infected patients. To combat poor adherence, clinicians must identify nonadherent patients so they can implement interventions. However, little is known about the accuracy of these assessments. We sought to describe the accuracy of clinicians’ estimates of patients’ adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy. SETTING: Public HIV clinic. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. During visits, we asked clinicians (nurse practitioners, residents and fellow, and their supervising attending physicians) to estimate the percentage of antiretroviral medication taken by patients over the last 4 weeks and predicted adherence over the next 4 weeks. Adherence was measured using electronic monitoring devices, pill counts, and self-reports, which were combined into a composite adherence measure. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Clinicians estimated 464 episodes of adherence in 82 patients. RESULTS: Among the 464 adherence estimates, 264 (57%) were made by principal care providers (31% by nurse practitioners, 15% by fellows, 6% by residents, and 5% by staff physicians) and 200 (43%) by supervising attending physicians. Clinicians’ overestimated measured adherence by 8.9% on average (86.2% vs 77.3%). Greater clinician inaccuracy in adherence prediction was independently associated with higher CD4 count nadir (1.8% greater inaccuracy for every 100 CD4 cells, P=.005), younger patient age (3.7% greater inaccuracy for each decade of age, P=.02), and visit number (P=.02). Sensitivity of detecting nonadherent patients was poor (24% to 62%, depending on nonadherence cutoff). The positive predictive value of identifying a patient as nonadherent was 76% to 83%. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians tend to overestimate medication adherence, inadequately detect poor adherence, and may therefore miss important opportunities to intervene to improve antiretroviral adherence.
Characterization of high quality c axis oriented ZnO thin films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition using zinc acetate as source material

Abstract High quality c axis oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by low pressure, metal organic vapor deposition, using zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2) and H2O as source materials. Films have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy.
Awkward or Amazing Gender and Age Trends in First Intercourse Experiences

Although research continues to highlight significant gender differences in first coital experiences, developmental approaches suggest that some of these patterns may be age-related. Therefore, this...
Using “Props” to Enhance Your Counseling

The use of props as counseling aids can add a new dimension to any counselor's current repertoire of skills.
Bees and Flowers

IN last Thursday's impression (p. 62) is a letter from Mr. H. O. Forbes, referring to bees confining their visits to plants of one kind during each excursion, and thus in a measure preventing hybridisation of plants, &c.
High Affinity Dimerization by Ski Involves Parallel Pairing of a Novel Bipartite α-Helical Domain

Abstract c-Ski protein possesses a C-terminal dimerization domain that was deleted during the generation of v-ski, and has been implicated in the increased potency of c-ski in cellular transformation compared with the viral gene. The domain is predicted to consist of an extended α-helical segment made up of two motifs: a tandem repeat (TR) consisting of five imperfect repeats of 25 residues each and a leucine zipper (LZ) consisting of six heptad repeats. We have examined the structure and dimerization of TR or LZ individually or the entire TR-LZ domain. Using a quenched chemical cross-linking method, we show that the TR dimerizes with moderate efficiency (K d = 4 × 10−6 m), whereas LZ dimerizes poorly (K d > 2 × 10−5 m). However, the entire TR-LZ domain dimerizes efficiently (K d = 2 × 10−8 m), showing a cooperative effect of the two motifs. CD analyses indicate that all three proteins contain predominantly α-helices. Limited proteolysis of the TR-LZ dimer indicates that the two helical motifs are linked by a small loop. Interchain disulfide bond formation indicates that both the LZ and TR helices are oriented in parallel. We propose a model for the dimer interface in the TR region consisting of discontinuous clusters of hydrophobic residues forming “leucine buttons.”