cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring change mechanisms in EMDR applied to "small-t trauma" in short-term dynamic psychotherapy: research questions and speculations.

This article represents a process of preliminary search and discovery regarding the active mechanisms in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) when used in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP). Patients' (N = 7) responses to EMDR interventions were categorized as either "trauma" or "resolution" responses and examined in relationship to (a) the number of EMDR sets, (b) patient Global Assessment of Functioning Rating (GAF) scores, and (c) raw change in Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) ratings of severity of traumatic memory and Validity of Cognition (VoC) ratings of positive cognitions before and after EMDR sessions. Further subcategorization and development of the broad categories of trauma and resolution were recommended and may be useful in shedding light on how change happens in EMDR. This study was exploratory and attempted only to identify possible variables for further study. However, the results show potential relationships among variables that merit further refinement and study. Research questions generated from this study are discussed.
Towards a universal test suite for combinatorial auction algorithms

General combinatorial auctions—auctions in which bidders place unrestricted bids for bundles of goods—are the subject of increasing study. Much of this work has focused on algorithms for finding an optimal or approximately optimal set of winning bids. Comparatively little attention has been paid to methodical evaluation and comparison of these algorithms. In particular, there has not been a systematic discussion of appropriate data sets that can serve as universally accepted and well motivated benchmarks. In this paper we present a suite of distribution families for generating realistic, economically motivated combinatorial bids in five broad real-world domains. We hope that this work will yield many comments, criticisms and extensions, bringing the community closer to a universal combinatorial auction test suite.
A Short Segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Region Is a Major Determinant of Resistance to V1/V2 Neutralizing Antibodies

Antibody PG9 is a prototypical member of a class of V1/V2-directed antibodies that effectively neutralizes diverse strains of HIV-1. We analyzed strain-specific resistance to PG9 using sequence and structural information. For multiply resistant strains, mutations in a short segment of V1/V2 resulted in gain of sensitivity to PG9 and related V1/V2 neutralizing antibodies, suggesting both a common mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to and a common mode of recognition by this class of antibodies.
Gene Selection for Microarray Expression Data with Imbalanced Sample Distributions

Microarray expression data, which contain expression levels of a large number of simultaneously observed genes, have been used in many scientific research and clinical studies. Due to its high dimensionalities, selecting a small number of genes has shown to be beneficial for tasks such as building prediction models for molecular classification of cancers. Traditional gene selection methods, however, fail to take the sample distributions into consideration for gene selection. Due to the scarcity of the samples, in Biomedical research it is very common to have severely biased data distributions with one class of examples (e.g., diseased samples) significantly less than other classes (e.g., normal samples). Sample sets with biased distributions require special attention for identifying genes responsible for particular disease. In this paper, we propose three filtering techniques, Higher Weight (HW), Differential Minority Repeat (DMR) and Balanced Minority Repeat (BMR), to identify genes relevant to fatal diseases for biased microarray expression data. Experimental comparisons with the traditional ReliefF method on five microarray datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in selecting informative genes from microarray expression data with biased sample distributions.
Functional characterization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in mouse pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells: divergent effect of ROS

Electromechanical coupling via membrane depolarization-mediated activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC) is an important mechanism in regulating pulmonary vascular tone, while mouse is ...
How do overwinter changes in body condition and hormone profiles influence Weddell seal reproductive success

Summary Reproductive success can be influenced by maternal physiological condition at the time of embryo implantation and by foraging success during gestation. Polar marine mammals experience drastic fluctuations in body composition (lipid stores) as a result of life-history events and large-scale changes in seasonal productivity and environmental conditions. These species provide the opportunity to explore physiological parameters important to reproductive success. There are conflicting physiological demands on Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) females during the moult period, when animals are at their leanest but still must generate an energetically costly new pelage and begin active gestation. To investigate the impact of post-moult condition and hormonal mediators on the reproductive success of the southernmost breeding mammal, body composition was determined for post-moult (fall; 53 non-reproductive) and pre-breeding (spring; 31 non-reproductive, 17 reproductive) adult female Weddell seals. Animals were significantly larger and had greater lipid stores in spring, after the winter foraging period. There were no differences in the proportion of mass or condition gained overwinter between females that gave birth (n = 12) and those that did not (n = 8) the following year. Changes in body condition were correlated with endocrine factors that influence energy allocation, such as cortisol, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Of these, GH and T4 were significantly higher during the post-moult period, likely to promote protein sparing and hair regeneration. In addition, females that had higher T4 concentrations in fall were significantly more likely to have a pup the following year, possibly due to the role of thyroid hormones in embryo attachment. This suggests that hormones influencing fuel use during the moult may also impact subsequent reproductive success. Unlike some other large pinnipeds, Weddell seals are not capital breeders. This work indicates that gestating Weddell seals do not gain as much mass or energy overwinter in preparation for lactation the following year as lower-latitude phocid species, which might explain why female Weddell seals rely on foraging to meet energetic demands during lactation.
Do aggressive funds reallocate their portfolios aggressively

This study examines pairs of asset allocation mutual funds that are controlled for all informational attributes, except for the level of risk aversion. Standard mean-variance models of portfolio choice suggest that the percentage rebalancing of common stocks in aggressive funds would be the same as that in conservative funds. However, this study finds the rebalancing of common stocks in aggressive funds to be disproportionally less intense.
Pulmonary function after non—heart-beating lung donation in a survival model

Background. Lung procurement from recently deceased cadavers has been suggested to enlarge the limited donor pool. We hypothesized that lungs harvested from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD) would function as well as those harvested from heart-beating donors. Methods. Sixteen adult swine underwent left lung allotransplantation. Controls received lungs procured from heart-beating donors, NHBD pigs received lungs immediately harvested from donors after death from asphyxiation, and NHBD-15 and NHBD-30 pigs received lungs harvested after 15 and 30 minutes after asphyxiation. Results. After 1 week of survival, mean dynamic airway compliance (mL/cm H2O ± standard error of the mean) was 16.3 ± 0.7 in controls, and 17.3 ± 1.0, 16.4 ± 6.0, and 7.3 ± 1.6 in the NHBD, NHBD-15, and NHBD-30 groups, respectively (p = 0.02, NHBD-30 versus others combined). No significant differences were noted in the pulmonary venous partial pressure of oxygen or pulmonary vascular hemodynamics compared with controls. Conclusions. The decrease in airway compliance noted in the NHBD-30 group may reflect an exacerbation of reperfusion injury caused by 30 minutes of warm ischemia during organ retrieval. We conclude that posttransplantation lung function using an NHBD with up to 15 minutes of warm ischemia is equivalent to lung function after heart-beating harvest.
Application of BiCMOS to smart power devices

The state-of-the-art power switch is the insulated gate transistor (IGT) in which MOS and bipolar devices are functionally merged. It is shown that with the advent of BiCMOS technology, lateral IGT-like structures can easily be fabricated together with signal-conditioning and logic circuits on the same die, providing smart power. With few process modifications, a wide variety of power devices having different current and speed characteristics can be realized simply by varying cell designs and/or chip layouts. It is concluded that the lateral-MOS-controlled thyristor, having the lowest forward voltage drop among all lateral devices appears to be an attractive choice for future smart-power applications. >
Evidence for kinetic Alfvén waves and parallel electron energization at 4-6 RE altitudes in the plasma sheet boundary layer

field amplitudes up to 300 mV m � 1 and associated magnetic field variations between 0.5 and 5 nT. Previous analysis has shown that the larger-scale Alfven waves have periods of � 20-60 s and carry enough Poynting flux to explain the generation of the most intense auroral structures observed in the Polar Ultraviolet Imager data set. In this paper it is shown that the smaller-scale waves have durations in the spacecraft frame of 250 ms to 1 s (but may have shorter time durations since the Nyquist frequency of the magnetic field experiment is � 4 Hz.). The characteristic ratio of the amplitudes of the electric to magnetic field fluctuations is strong evidence that the waves are kinetic Alfven waves with scale sizes perpendicular to the magnetic field on the order of 20- 120 km (with an electron inertial length c/wpe� 10 km and an ion gyroradius � 20 km). Theoretical analysis of the observed spikes suggests that these waves should be very efficient at accelerating electrons parallel to the magnetic field. Simultaneously measured electron velocity space distribution functions from the Polar Hydra instrument include parallel electron heating features and earthward electron beams, indicating strong parallel energization. The characteristic parallel energy is on the order of � 1 keV, consistent with estimates of the parallel R Edl associated with small-scale kinetic Alfven wave structures. The energy flux in the electron ''beams'' is � 0.7 ergs cm � 2 s � 1 . These observations suggest that the small-scale kinetic Alfven waves are generated from the larger-scale Alfven waves through one or more of a variety of mechanisms that have been proposed to result in the filamentation of large-amplitude Alfven waves. The observations presented herein provide strong evidence that in addition to the auroral particle energization processes known to occur at altitudes between 0.5 and 2 RE, there are important heating and acceleration mechanisms operating at these higher altitudes in the plasma sheet. INDEX TERMS: 2712 Magnetospheric Physics: Electric fields (2411); 2748 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetotail boundary layers; 2752 Magnetospheric Physics: MHD waves and instabilities; 2704 Magnetospheric Physics: Auroral phenomena (2407)
Recurrent chlamydial cervicitis in young women at a family planning clinic

Abstract A 1-year retrospective study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of, and reasons for, recurrent chlamydial cervicitis (CTC) in 110 young women (mean age 17.1 years) attending an inner city family planning clinic. The overall prevalence of recurrent CTC was difficult to assess due to attrition in subsequent clinic visits. Among returnees, the prevalence of CTC was 22% at the second visit, 26% at the third visit, and 33% at the fourth visit. The primary cause of recurrent CTC at the test-of-cure visit was medication noncompliance and at subsequent visits was reinfection. Recommendations to improve management of sexually transmitted diseases at a family planning clinic are discussed.
The role of educational drama in the composing processes of young writers

How do young children learn to write? What types of instruction best facilitate the composing processes of young learners and what role could educational drama play in these processes? Fortunately,...
A Refutation of Cartesian Fallibilism

According to a doctrine that I call “Cartesianism”, knowledge – at least the sort of knowledge that inquirers possess – requires having a reason for belief that is reflectively accessible as such. I show that Cartesianism, in conjunction with some plausible and widely accepted principles, entails the negation of a popular version of Fallibilism. I then defend the resulting Cartesian Infallibilist position against popular objections. My conclusion is that if Cartesianism is true, then Descartes was right about this much: for S to know that p, S must have reasons for believing that p which are such that S can know, by reflection alone, that she has those reasons, and that she could not possibly have those reasons if p is not true. Where Descartes went wrong was in thinking that our ordinary, fallible, non-theologically grounded sources of belief (e.g., perception, memory, testimony), cannot provide us with such reasons.
Solid state 13C NMR of unlabeled phosphatidylcholine bilayers: spectral assignments and measurement of carbon-phosphorus dipolar couplings and 13C chemical shift anisotropies

The direct measurement of 13C chemical shift anisotropies (CSA) and 31P-13C dipolar splitting in random dispersions of unlabeled L alpha-phase phosphatidylcholine (PC) has traditionally been difficult because of extreme spectral boradening due to anisotropy. In this study, mixtures of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) with three different detergents known to promote the magnetic orientation of DMPC were employed to eliminate the powder-pattern nature of signals without totally averaging out spectral anisotropy. The detergents utilized were CHAPSO, Triton X-100, and dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC). Using such mixtures, many of the individual 13C resonances from DMPC were resolved and a number of 13C-31P dipolar couplings were evident. In addition, differing line widths were observed for the components of some dipolar doublets, suggestive of dipolar/chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) relaxation interference effects. Oriented sample resonance assignments were made by varying the CHAPSO or DHPC to DMPC ratio to systematically scale overall bilayer order towards the isotropic limit. In this manner, peaks could be identified based upon extrapolation to their isotropic positions, for which assignments have previously been made (Lee, C.W.B., and R.G. Griffin. 1989. Biophys. J. 55:355–358; Forbes, J., J. Bowers, X. Shan, L. Moran, E. Oldfield, and M.A. Moscarello. 1988. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday, Trans. 1 84:3821–3849). It was observed that the plots of CSA or dipolar coupling versus overall bilayer order obtained from DHPC and CHAPSO titrations were linear. Estimates of the intrinsic dipolar couplings and chemical shift anisotropies for pure DMPC bilayers were made by extrapolating shifts and couplings from the detergent titrations to zero detergent. Both detergent titrations led to similar "intrinsic" CSAs and dipolar couplings. Results extracted from an oriented Triton-DMPC mixture also led to similar estimates for the detergent-free DMPC shifts and couplings. The results from these experiments were found to compare favorably with limited measurements made from pure L alpha PC. This detergent-based method for assigning spectra and for determining dipolar couplings and CSA in detergent-free systems should be extendable to other lipid systems. The resulting data set from this study may prove useful in future modeling of the structure and dynamics of DMPC bilayers. In addition, the fact that experiments utilizing each of the three detergents led to similar estimates for the spectral parameters of pure DMPC, and the fact that spectral parameter versus bilayer order plots were linear, indicate that the averaged conformation and dynamics of DMPC in the presence of the three detergents are very similar to those of pure L alpha DMPC.
Caregiver Responsiveness During Preschool Supports Cooperation in Kindergarten: Moderation by Children’s Early Compliance

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: The current study examined how children’s parent-reported compliance at age 3 (36 months) moderated the effects of 2 dimensions of directly observed early care and education (ECE) process quality (positivity/responsivity and cognitive stimulation) during the prekindergarten year (54 months) on teacher reports of children’s classroom cooperation in the fall of kindergarten. Compliance at 36 months and cooperation in kindergarten are operationalized as overt, behavioral aspects of self-regulation as appraised by parents and teachers. The sample consisted of 996 children from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development who attended formal or informal ECE settings during the prekindergarten year. Results indicated that children with low compliance at age 3 tend to demonstrate stronger cooperation skills by kindergarten when they experience more positivity/responsivity from their ECE caregivers. Main effects of positivi...
Contributing beyond the call of duty: examining the role of culture in fostering citizenship behavior and success in project‐based work

Shifting goals, priorities and evolving customer demands require an exceptional effort, beyond the call of duty, on the part of employees to increase the likelihood for successful implementation of technologically driven projects. Our model posits that citizenship behavior, which captures individuals' behavior that goes above and beyond prescribed roles, effects project success and is influenced by the culture that exists in the project. We provide support for the model utilizing 222 participants in 71 product development, IT implementation and engineering projects, originating in firms from various industries in the United States using structural equation modeling. Owing to the constraints typically facing project managers, in terms of personnel availability and control over rewards, our findings suggest that project culture can be used by managers as an alternative lever to trigger employees' citizenship behavior, which in turn drives success. We provide valuable implications for individuals assigned to lead projects, who are concerned with aligning project culture with citizenship behavior, as part of their planning activities.
The influence of reading unit size on the development of Stroop interference in early word decoding.

The purpose of the experiments was to determine the automatic use of large or small word reading units in young readers in the absence of word decoding strategies. Picture-word Stroop interference was examined from four types of conflicting labels: (a) words containing both highly predictable grapheme–phoneme correspondence (GPC) units and highly consistent rime units (henceforth, Hi-GPC + Hi-Rime); (b) words with highly predictable GPC units and less consistent rime units (Hi-GPC + Lo-Rime); (c) words with low predictability GPC units and highly consistent rime units (Low GPC + High Rime); (d) nonwords that contained both highly predictable GPC and highly consistent rime units. Naming time for pictures containing these labels was compared against that for pictures with random letter strings or no labels. In Experiment 1, Stroop interference was examined in first, second, and third grade children to determine whether there was developmental change in the presence of rime or GPC interference. In Experiment 2, Stroop interference was examined as a function of relative reading skill in first grade children. In Experiment 3, Stroop interference in adults was compared to the use of rime or GPC pronunciation strategies for nonword reading. In all experiments, Stroop interference in picture naming was longer for pictures with highly predictable GPC unit labels than less predictable GPC unit labels. However, in Experiment 3, even though adults showed interference from predictable GPC units in the Stroop task, they always preferred rime pronunciation for ambiguous nonwords in the nonword reading task. It is argued that the current experiments provide evidence for a flexible units model.
Comaparison of Two Question Sequences for Assessing Pregnancy Intentions

The authors examine the problems involved in measuring pregnancy intentions particularly concerning the level of unwanted pregnancies among young women. "Using a randomized crossover design National Survey of Family Growth [NSFG] and Demographic and Health Survey [DHS] intendedness questions were asked in a 1993 survey of Arizona women aged 18-44 years. Of 2352 ever-pregnant respondents 25% gave discordant responses to DHS and NSFG questions about the most recent pregnancy. Age marital status household income education parity time since pregnancy and outcome of pregnancy were significantly predictive of discordant responses. DHS and NSFG questions yielded similar prevalence estimates of intendedness and wantedness; but young unmarried respondents gave more `mistimed responses on whichever question was asked later. Classifying pregnancies as intended mistimed or unwanted may be a problem for women who have not decided on lifetime reproductive preferences." (EXCERPT)
Pathologic quiz case: an 85-year-old woman with weight loss and pruritus.

to be arising from the uncinate process of the pancreas, with encasement of the superior mesenteric vessels. The mass was noted to be extensively cystic and necrotic. A computed tomography‐guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the mass was performed to establish the diagnosis. Slides were air dried for Diff-Quik staining and immediate on-site evaluation. Additional smears were prepared and wet fixed in 95% ethanol for subsequent Papanicolaou staining. Needle rinses with balanced salt solution were made into a cell block, and 4-mm sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and also used for immunoperoxidase staining. Cytopathologic examination of the FNAB material revealed highly cellular smears composed of syncytial fragments of pleomorphic malignant cells. A biphasic appearance was noted, with a predominant population of mononuclear neoplastic cells, interspersed with anaplastic large cells and multinucleated giant cells (Figure 1, Diff-Quik stain, original magnification 3100). The malignant cells showed significant pleomorphism; a high nuclearcytoplasmic ratio; round and oval to spindle shapes; and hyperchromatic nuclei, often with macronucleoli (Figure 2, Diff-Quik stain, original magnification 3400). The most eye-catching feature was the presence of osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells, often containing several dozen uniform round nuclei (Figure 3, hematoxylin-eosin stain, original magnification 3200). There was no evidence of glandular differentiation on cytologic examination. What is your diagnosis?
The role of business agreements in defining textbook affordability and digital materials: A document analysis

Adopting digital materials such as eTextbooks and e-coursepacks is a potential strategy to address textbook affordability in the United States. However, university business relationships with bookstore vendors implicitly structure which instructional resources are available and in what manner. In this study, a document analysis was conducted on the bookstore contracts for the universities included in the State University System of Florida. Namely, issues of textbook affordability, digital material terminology and seller exclusivity were investigated. It was found that textbook affordability was generally conceived in terms of print rental textbooks and buyback programs, and that eTextbooks were priced higher than print textbooks (25% to 30% markup). Implications and recommendations for change are shared. DOI: 10.18870/hlrc.v5i4.284
A Short History of Research and Development Efforts Leading to the Commercialization of High-Pressure Processing of Food

The history of the development and commercialization of high hydrostatic pressure processing of foods includes groups in Japan, Europe, and the United States. This narrative focuses on early research and development commercialization efforts starting in 1984 in the Department of Food Science at the University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Research efforts expanded in 1990 as a joint program among the University of Delaware, the Department of Food Science and Technology at Oregon State University, and the US Army Combat Feeding Directorate at the Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts. Activities of an industry-university High Pressure Consortium, managed by Marcia Walker and D. Farkas, at Oregon State University, helped commercialization by providing a focus for research, development, technology transfer, regulatory challenges, and solutions. The plan was to develop the use of high hydrostatic pressure into a profitable, new food processing technology that provided safe, fresh-tasting, convenient foods, with an extended shelf life.
Personalized Medicine and the Law

It may be an understatement to suggest that health care in the United States is in a state of flux. Whether one looks at the science, the policy, the ethics or the business of medicine, Americans are witnessing changes like they never have in the past. Though many of these trends are affected by the vast numbers of people needing ever-increasing modes of treatment, one trend heads in the other direction: toward a focus on the needs of the individual. We are on the verge of a fundamental transformation from the “one size fits all” approach of the past to what may be called “personalized medicine”. In this approach, pharmaceuticals and other treatments are tailored to an individual’s genetic profile. This rapid change under way in the practice of medicine will have profound significance and implications for the practice of law. In a few important ways, Arizona is poised to be at the forefront of this paradigm shift to personalized medicine in both its medical and legal contexts. Arizona is also at the forefront in training the professionals who will be needed to implement the new paradigm of PM. The new Phoenix medical school will include an innovative teaching module in PM. The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy is pioneering a clinical pharmacogenomics program. And ASU’s Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law recently launched the world’s first LLM degree program for lawyers that specifically focuses on legal aspects of genomics and biotechnology, of which PM is a major emphasis.
Environmental aspects in local food promotion

The article aims to analyze environmental claims as a possible promotion element to support sales of local food. The article analyses some results of a questionnaire survey among customers of selected smaller food stores standing out of supranational retail chains.
Distributed Authorization with Distributed Grammars

While groups are generally helpful for the definition of authorization policies, their use in distributed systems is not straightforward. This paper describes a design for authorization in distributed systems that treats groups as formal languages. The design supports forms of delegation and negative clauses in authorization policies. It also considers the wish for privacy and efficiency in group-membership checks, and the possibility that group definitions may not all be available and may contain cycles.
New Results from KTEV: 2

The KTeV experiment at Fermilab is taking data since October 1996. A status report is given on the KTeV program on rare Kaon and Hyperon decays called the KTeV/E799 phase. The discoveries of a rare Kaon decay, K L → π+π−e+e−, and of a Hyperon decay, \({\Xi ^0} \to {\Sigma ^ + }{e^ - }\overline {{v_e}} \), are presented and commented upon.
Reoperation for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery: Outcomes and Considerations for Expanding Interventional Procedures

Background Owing to an inevitable degeneration of grafts over time, patients may require consideration for repeat coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. As our understanding of preoperative risks associated with redo CABG surgery is limited and availability of data is limited to historical cohorts, we sought to evaluate our contemporary 20-year experience with this challenging patient population. Methods Between January 1993 and June 2014, 748 patients underwent redo CABG surgery at our institution. Median age at reoperation was 69 years (range, 36 to 88), and 644 (86%) were male. Median follow-up was 15.1 years and was 100% complete. Preoperatively, 191 patients (26%) had diabetes mellitus, 562 (75%) had hypertension, 206 (28%) had peripheral vascular disease with 121 (16%) having a history of cerebrovascular disease, and 459 (61%) had prior myocardial infarction. Number of prior CABG operations was 1 in 682 patients (91%), 2 in 62 patients (8%), and 3 in 4 patients (1%). Results All patients underwent isolated redo CABG surgery; all 748 (100%) procedures were performed using cardiopulmonary bypass, with median time on pump of 95 minutes (maximum, 378) and cross-clamp time of 48 minutes (maximum, 176). There were 47 early deaths (6%); early nonfatal morbidity included renal failure in 51 patients (7%), stroke in 15 (2%), and pneumonia in 22 (3%). Overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival was 89%, 77%, and 51%, respectively. Age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.74, p p p p p Conclusions Redo CABG can be performed safely with low early and late morbidity and mortality. Important predictors of long-term mortality such as age, diabetes, renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease were identified and should guide the treatment strategy chosen for this challenging group of patients.
Magic angle spinning NMR study of the ferroelectric transition of KH2PO4: definitive evidence of a displacive component.

Variable temperature magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR measurements are reported on 1H and 31P nuclei in KH2PO4 (KDP) in the vicinity of its paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition temperature, T c, of 123 K, to examine the transition mechanism, in particular if this is a model order-disorder type or whether it also involves a displacive component. It has been well established that the temperature variation of the isotropic chemical shift, δ iso, in NMR measurements of the nuclei directly involved in the transition should remain constant or change smoothly through T c for an order-disorder type transition but it should show an anomalous change for a displacive one. Here we demonstrate that the δ iso for both 31P and 1H nuclei in KDP show clear anomalies as a function of temperature around KDP's T c, providing direct evidence of a displacive component for the phase transition of KDP in contrast to the generally accepted notion that it is a model order-disorder type.
Gender Differences in Predicting Unsafe Driving Behaviors in Young Adults

Past research has uncovered personality influences on dangerous driving behavior and vehicle crashes (Furnham & Saipe, 1993; Matthews, Dorn, & Glendon, 1991). Recently, females between 16 and 20 years of age showed an increase in overall crash rate, while males within the same age group showed a decrease in overall crash rate (NHTSA, 2004; NHTSA, 2002). Adolescent and young adult females have become a critical cohort in the study of unsafe driving behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in risky driving behavior and personality influences on these behaviors. Data presented are first year cross-sectional results in a 5-year longitudinal study. Participants were 141 male and female drivers who completed the NEO PI-R, the DDDI and a driving behavior questionnaire. In addition, the driving record of each participant was obtained from the State Department of Transportation. Females reported a higher rate of traffic violations and crashes than males. No personality traits were significantly related to crashes, but Extroversion was positively related to total traffic violations within females. The DDDI scales were not significantly related to traffic violations or vehicle crashes, but gender differences were shown within the risky driving and aggressive driving scales. Gender differences were also shown in the relationship between personality traits and DDDI scales. This data indicates that researchers and insurance companies should make an effort to consider females in their work. In addition, this study provides preliminary data on gender differences in personality as it relates to risky driving behavior.
The Failure of Trust-Based Retributivism

Many recent attempts at justifying the institution of legal punishment have departed from traditional consequentialist accounts, and have taken the form of retributivist theories. Retributivist theories of punishment are “backwards-looking”, in that they attempt to justify punishment on the basis of events that occurred prior to the time of punishment; whereas consequentialist theories of punishment are “forward-looking” in that they try to justify punishment on the basis of events that are expected to occur as a result of the punishment.1 Retributive theories commonly appeal to the negative desert acquired by the offender as a result of his crime as a means of justifying legal punishment. But there are less prominent varieties of retributivism that appeal to such considerations as the rights that the offender has forfeited as a result of his crime, the unfairness of the offender’s crime, or the offender’s violation of the victim’s trust. The theory of justification based on this last sort of consideration – which one might call “trust-based retributivism” – has received little critical attention, and will be the main focus of this paper. The interest in defending the moral permissibility of punishment on the basis of trust violations seems to have stemmed from a series of papers on trust by Annette Baier.2 The earliest attempt to justify punishment on trust-based grounds was made by David
Effects of Substance Abuse on the Cardiovascular System and Its Management

Abuse substances may interact with their targets in the central nerve system, the peripheral nerve system, and/or the end organs such as heart or vascular system to cause indirect or direct, acute or chronic change of the cardiovascular system. Withdrawal of the abuse substances may also effect both the central and the peripheral nerve system to cause change of the cardiovascular system. Treatment mostly is supportive besides acutely lavage, hemodialysis, and specific antagonist.
Sialic acid on avian erythrocytes.

Abstract Understanding variation in physiological traits across taxa is a central question in evolutionary biology that has wide-ranging implications in biomedicine, disease ecology, and environmental protection. Sialic acid (Sia), and in particular, 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), is chemically bound to galactose and the underlying glycan via α2–3 or α2–6 glycosidic linkage (i.e., Siaα2–3Galactose or Siaα2–6Galactose), conferring two different cell surface structures that affects cell to cell communication and interactions with foreign agents including microparasites and toxins. As an initial step towards understanding variation of Sia across the class Aves, we collected red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) and measured Sia quantity in 76 species and 340 individuals using HPLC-MS/MS and glycosidic linkage type in 24 species and 105 individuals using hemagglutination assay. Although Sia quantity did not, α2–6 glycosidic linkage did exhibit a discernable phylogenetic pattern as evaluated by a phylogenetic signal (λ) value of 0.7. Sia quantity appeared to be higher in after hatch year birds than hatch year birds (P
Evaluating crosstalk-induced radiometric deviations in Terra MODIS Band 29, 31, and 32

The radiometric stability of selected thermal emissive bands (TEBs) of Terra and Aqua MODIS is evaluated via a direct intersensor comparison with SNPP VIIRS. The analysis adapts a “nadir-only” refinement of the simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNOs) analysis to evaluate radiometric deviations in MODIS Collection 6.0 and 6.1 data releases, the latter having been implemented with a version of crosstalk effect mitigation for Terra MODIS Bands 27−30. The comparison time series shows radiometric deviation in Terra MODIS Band 29 (8.55 mm) up to 6%, or 3 K in brightness temperature (BT), in Collection 6.0, and -1.5%, or -0.7 K in BT, in Collection 6.1. In particular, the safe mode event of February 2016 has significantly worsened the effect. This study includes the inter-TEB comparisons of MODIS bands B31 and B32 with SNPP VIIRS, and also describes a procedure using both radiance-to-radiance comparison and BTdifference time series to estimate the BT-difference uncertainty specifications as well as the radiance-to-radiance time series baselines. The Terra MODIS Band 29 result highlights the continual impact of crosstalk effect on numerous TEBs of MODIS Collection 6.1 that is not fully mitigated, which can further impact cloud masks, sea surface temperatures and other product retrievals.
An examination of three-way interactions of paternalistic leadership in China

ABSTRACTThe tight and simultaneous combination of moral, benevolent and authoritarian leadership as well as the negative impact of authoritarian leadership imposes challenges to paternalistic leade...
An Oxy‐anion Accelerated 1,5‐o‐Quinone Methide Shift During the Nucleophilic Epoxidation of Salicylfulvene

A new facet of nucleophilic fulvene epoxidations has been uncovered. 6-Arylfulvenes containing an ortho or para hydroxyl group react with basic hydrogen peroxide in an unusual manner; the epoxidation of the fulvene exocyclic double bond is followed by a phenoxide ion initiated epoxide ring opening to form an o-quinone methide (o-QM) intermediate. The resulting cyclopentadienolate undergoes an unusual oxy-anion accelerated [1,5]-sigmatropic o-QM shift. Computational studies reveal that the activation energy for the [1,5]-QM-shift in the cyclopentadienolate intermediate is quite low, signifying the acceleration caused by the oxy-anion group. Placement of a second hydroxyl group in the 6-aryl ring at C5 epoxidation via electron donation to the o-QM carbon; instead, an intramolecular oxa-6-π-electrocyclization of the o-QM intermediate onto the cyclopentadiene is observed.
A portable, non-focusing optics spectrophotometer (NoFOSpec) for measurements of steady-state absorbance changes in intact plants

Kinetically-resolved absorbance measurements during extended, or steady-state illumination are typically hindered by large, light-induced changes in the light-scattering properties of the material. In this work, a new type of portable spectrophotometer, the Non-Focusing Optical Spectrophotometer (NoFOSpec), is introduced, which reduces interference from light-scattering changes and is in a form suitable for fieldwork. The instrument employs a non-focusing optical component, called a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), to simultaneously concentrate and homogeneously diffuse measuring and actinic light (from light-emitting diode sources) onto the leaf sample. Light passing through the sample is then collected and processed using a subsequent series of CPCs leading to a photodiode detector. The instrument is designed to be compact, lightweight and rugged for field work. The pulsed measuring beam allows for high sensitivity (typically < 100 ppm noise) and time resolution (∼ 10 μs) measurements in the visible and near infrared spectral regions. These attributes allow high-resolution measurements of signals associated with energization of the thylakoid membrane (the electrochromic shifting of carotenoid pigments), as well as electron transfer, e.g., the 820-nm changes associated with electron transfer through Photosystem I (PS I). In addition, the instrument can be used as a kinetic fluorimeter, e.g., to measure saturation-pulse fluorescence changes indicative of Photosystem II (PS II) quantum efficiency. The instrument is demonstrated by estimating electron and proton fluxes through the photosynthetic apparatus in an intact tobacco leaf, using respectively the saturation-pulse fluorescence changes and dark-interval relaxation kinetics (DIRK) of the electrochromic shift. A linear relationship was found, confirming our earlier results with the laboratory-based diffused-optics flash spectrophotometer, indicating a constant H+/e− stoichiometry for linear electron transfer, and suggesting that cyclic electron flow around PS I is either negligible or proportional to linear electron flow. This type of measurement should be useful under field conditions for estimating the extent of PS I cyclic electron transfer, which is proposed to operate under stressed conditions.
Amygdala Functional Connectivity Is Associated With Emotion Regulation and Amygdala Reactivity in 4- To 6-Year-Olds

Objective Emotion dysregulation has been suggested to be a potent risk factor for multiple psychiatric conditions. Altered amygdala−prefrontal cortex (PFC) connectivity has been consistently linked to emotion dysregulation. Recent data indicate that amygdala−PFC functional connectivity undergoes a prolonged period of development, with amygdala reactivity during early childhood potentially shaping this unfolding process. Little is known about the relationships between amygdala−PFC functional connectivity, amygdala reactivity, and emotion regulation during early childhood. This information is likely critical for understanding early emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology. The current study examined the relationships between amygdala functional connectivity, amygdala reactivity, and emotion regulation in preschoolers. Method A total of 66 medication-naive 4- to 6-year-olds participated in a study where resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and parent-reported child emotion regulation ability data were collected. fMRI data collected during a face viewing task was also available for 24 children. Results Right amygdala−medial PFC (mPFC) functional connectivity was positively associated with child emotion regulation ability and negatively associated with child negative affect and right amygdala reactivity to facial expressions of emotion. Right amygdala−mPFC functional connectivity also statistically mediated the relationship between heightened right amygdala reactivity and elevated child negative affect. Conclusion Study findings suggest that amygdala−mPFC functional connectivity during early childhood, and its relationships with amygdala reactivity and emotion regulation during this highly sensitive developmental period, may play an important role in early emotional development. These results inform the neurodevelopmental biology of emotion regulation and its potential relationship with risk for psychopathology.
Clustered cases of acral perniosis: Clinical features, histopathology, and relationship to COVID-19.

Author(s): Cordoro, Kelly M; Reynolds, Sean D; Wattier, Rachel; McCalmont, Timothy H | Abstract: Background/objectivesA recent marked increase in pediatric and adult patients presenting with purpuric acral lesions concerning for ischemia, thrombosis and necrosis has been observed in COVID-19 prevalent regions worldwide. The clinical and histopathological features and relationship to COVID-19 have not been well described. The objective of this case series is to describe the clinical features and determine the histopathologic findings and clinical implications of the clusters of acral perniosis cases identified in pediatric patients.MethodsWe describe six otherwise healthy adolescents-three siblings per family from two unrelated families-presented within a 48-hour period in April, 2020, with acral perniosis-like lesions in the context of over 30 similar patients who were evaluated within the same week.ResultsAffected patients had mild symptoms of viral upper respiratory infection (URI) or contact with symptomatic persons 1-2 weeks preceding the rash. They all presented with red to violaceous macules and dusky, purpuric plaques scattered on the mid and distal aspects of the toes. Skin biopsies performed on each of the six patients demonstrated near identical histopathologic findings to those of idiopathic perniosis, with a lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate without evidence of thromboembolism or immune complex vasculitis. While SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction was negative, testing was performed 1-2 weeks after URI symptoms or sick contact exposure.ConclusionWe offer a clinical approach to evaluation of patients with this presentation and discuss the possibility that these skin findings represent a convalescent-phase cutaneous reaction to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
History of Nuclear Cardiology

The field of Nuclear Cardiology utilizes the unique properties of radiopharmaceuticals to characterize the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. The images can be used to calculate global and regional function, perfusion, innervation, and apoptosis, among other characteristics. The ability to perform these measurements is the aggregate result of thousands of investigations and publications by dedicated investigators. This chapter describes some of the key contributions made by a few of these investigators and the role of their contributions in the development of this vibrant field.
The Pain of Paying Taxes

Behavioral economists have shown that spending money imposes a psychological cost—the pain of paying. This Article argues that the pain of paying has significant implications for our tax system that have escaped the attention of legal scholars, economists, and policymakers. With a few caveats, standard economic models assume that, from society’s perspective, the payment of a tax constitutes a costless transfer from the taxpayer to the government. The financial loss to the taxpayer is exactly offset by tax revenue, allowing the government to pay for beneficial public goods. The standard view, however, ignores the psychological burden imposed by revenue collection. Because the pain of paying reduces social welfare, a strong case exists for designing taxes in a way that minimizes it. Doing so is possible because the pain of paying varies in predictable ways depending on situational factors such as the method of payment. Moreover, policymakers can potentially reduce the pain of paying by clearly linking tax payments to the receipt of government benefits. The Article argues that the pain of paying supports a variety of tax reforms, including return-filing simplification efforts and greater reliance on user fees, earmarked taxes, and even lotteries. In addition, the pain of paying has profound consequences for democracy. Because tax payments are not tightly connected to the receipt of government benefits, the pain that they cause is almost certainly exaggerated in the minds of voters. This helps explain an enduring mystery of American democracy: Americans strongly support virtually all government programs, but they oppose the taxes necessary to pay for them. As a result, popular programs such as Social Security and Medicare are at risk for draconian cuts. Better understanding the pain caused by paying taxes and the techniques for mitigating it will help policymakers overcome anti-tax sentiment and raise the revenue needed to fund the programs that voters claim they want.