cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Illustration of the Use of an Instructional Version of a Thermodynamic Cycle Simulation for a Commercial Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine

The development and use of an instructional version of a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation for classroom use is described. This simulation is based on well-established features, but which are not necessarily the most advanced. The major simplification of this instructional simulation is the use of constant specific heat capacities as opposed to the use of variable composition and properties. The cycle simulation was developed with an elementary set of conventional sub-model components. To account for the unsteady flow dynamics, an empirical adjustment factor was used. With the exception of this empirical adjustment factor, all of the constants associated with the sub-models are used as suggested by the original publications. Students, therefore, are readily able to develop and use this simulation.This paper then demonstrates the usefulness of such a basic simulation in describing the overall performance of a commercial automotive spark-ignition engine for a range of engine speeds and operating conditi...
Anatomic Lateral Ligament Reconstruction in the Ankle A Hybrid Technique in the Athletic Population

Background:Anatomic and checkrein tenodesis reconstruction techniques have been described as a means of treatment for chronic lateral ligament instability in the ankle. The current article describes a hybrid procedure using the most advantageous concepts of both techniques for use when insufficient normal ligament remains to fashion a direct repair of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL).Purpose:The authors report the results at a minimum 1-year follow-up of 57 patients who underwent a hybrid anatomic lateral ligament reconstruction technique in the ankle.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Fifty-seven patients underwent a hybrid anatomic lateral ligament reconstruction procedure under the care of the senior author. All patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Short Form–12 (SF-12) outcome score. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 28 years (range, 17-65 years), including 39 male and 18 female patients. T...
Silent Struggles—the Plight of Undocumented Students in Social Work Education

The purpose of this article is to explore factors that impact undocumented students in higher education in the USA. First, we explore the immigrant population in the USA and examine educational attainment among undocumented immigrants. Second, we highlight key contextual factors and political forces that impact undocumented students. Next, we discuss the ethical issues that arise for both undocumented students and faculty. Lastly, we suggest recommendations to improve the access to and experience of undocumented students in institutions of higher learning within the context of social work education, including suggestions for faculty.
Chorioamnionitis and Funisitis: Their Implications for the Neonate

Chorioamnionitis is a common complication of pregnancy, especially in preterm deliveries. This review covers the current understanding of the implications of the maternal and fetal inflammatory response in assessing the risk of neonatal sepsis, complications of prematurity, and risk of adverse neurologic sequelae.
Research on External Thread Pitch Diameter Measuring Technology Based on LS-7030

According to the characteristics and difficulties of measuring the diameter of the external thread, proposed a new method for non-contact measurement of the external thread diameter measured mainly includes laser measurement technology, grating displacement detection technology, precision mechanical structure and computer-aided design technology data processing technology. Accuracy of laser detection in the system of 2 μm, Raster displacement detection precision can reach 1 μm. The measuring device can meet most of the external thread pitch diameter measurement requirements, To avoid deformation of the traditional contact measurement of external screw diameter of workpiece caused by, improve the measurement accuracy and measurement efficiency. The paper expounds the measuring method, measuring device composed of data processing, algorithm, and error analysis etc..
Investigation of Delphi Method’s Application in the Establishment of Appraisal Index System for Integrated Benefits Among Disease Control and Prevention Institutions at County Level

OBJECTIVE To establish a set of index system for integrated benefits appraisal that was applicable to the disease control and prevention institutions at county level. METHODS The improved Delphi method was applied to carry on a two-round’s consultation. RESULTS Experts’authority coefficients in the two-round consultation were 0.776 and 0.766 respectively, and the corresponding coefficients of experts’opinion were 0.23 and 0.41 respectively. After experts’discussion and appraisal, a primary integrated benefits’appraisal system with 37 indexes among disease control and prevention institutions at county level was established, among which, three were first level indexes and 34 second level. CONCLUSIONS The establishment of this appraisal index system took every aspect of disease control and prevention institutions’integrated benefits into consideration; moreover, it’s easy to practice and well incarnates the policy orientation of"prevention dominating". It has a certain value in practical application.
Carcinoma of the Bladder in Children

Apparently, epithelial bladder tumors in children differ markedly from their more malignant counterparts in adults. The childhood bladder epithelial tumors morphologically are of a lower grade malignancy, show no evidence of invasion and no tendency to recur. Therefore, all cases thus far reported have resulted in a benign clinical course with a 100 per cent survival rate. These childhood epithelial bladder tumors apparently do not recur, which is in sharp contrast to their adult counterparts. However, this should not lessen the urologist's obligation to provide routine cystoscopic re-evaluation.
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP): Enriched HLA DQw3 Phenotype and Decreased Class I MHC Expression

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the upper respiratory tract and larynx can cause recurrent, life-threatening disease in both adults and children 1. Type 6 and 11 HPV are the most frequent causes of this disease 2,3. Latency is the most common and benign outcome of acute HPV infection 6. However, some HPV infected patients have a chronic course requiring many operative procedures to maintain a patent airway. The immunologic response(s) that should prevent recurrent respiratory papilloma (RRP) development are not well characterized. We recently identified a restricted expression of immune response genes by patients with RRP. This observation indicates that T-cell dysregulation may predispose susceptible individuals to develop RRP. Little is understood about the regulation of cellular immune responses to HPV. These patients show strong humoral. and non-MHC restricted cellular responses to HPV 4,13, yet fail to prevent HPV reactivation.
Quantum well lasers

The unique physical properties of QWs are caused by the 2-D confinement of the excited carriers. We describe how these properties are harnessed in a variety of configurations leading to ultralow threshold lasers, picosecond mode-locked lasers, widely tunable lasers, and tunneling injection lasers.
SU-F-T-323: A Post-Mastectomy Radiation Therapy Dose Distribution Study Using Nanodots and Films

Purpose: In post-mastectomy radiation therapy (RT), skin dose must be accurately estimated to assess skin reactions such as erythema, desquamation and necrosis. Planning systems cannot always provide accurate dosimetry for target volumes distal to skin. Therefore, in-vivo dosimetry is necessary. A female anthropomorphic phantom was used with optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (nanoDots) to measure dose to chest wall skin. In addition, EBT2 films was employed to measure dose to left lung and heart in post-mastectomy RT. Methods: Films and nanoDots were calibrated under full buildup conditions at 100cm SAD for 6MV photons. Five pieces of films were placed between slabs of Rando phantom to assess dose to left lung and heart. Two layers of 0.5cm thick bolus were used to cover the whole left chest. Six pairs of nanoDots were placed at medical and lateral aspects on the bolus surface, between the 0.5cm bolus layers, and under the bolus. Three control nanoDots were placed on chest wall to quantify imaging dose. The phantom was CT scanned with all dosimeters in place, and treatment planning was performed with tangential fields (200cGy). All dosimeters were contoured on CT and dose was extracted. NanoDots were read using nanoDot reader and films were scanned using film scanner. The measured and calculated doses were tabulated. Results: Dose to 12 nanoDots were evaluated. Dose variance for surface nanoDots were +3.8%, +2.7%, −5% and −9.8%. Those at lateral positions, with greater beam obliquity had larger variance than the medial positions. A similar trend was observed for other nanoDots (Table1). Point doses from films for heart and the left lung were 112.7cGy and 108.7cGy, with +10.2% and +9.04% deviation from calculated values, respectively. Conclusion: Dosimetry provided by the advanced planning system was verified using NanoDots and films. Both nanoDots and films provided good estimation of dose distribution in post-mastectomy RT.
Getting Started the Right Way

The first year will often make you or break you as a leader. Important benchmarks to make in that year include earning your authority, identifying the cultural beliefs and assumptions, demonstrating your values, defining the beginnings of a strategic plan, and putting together a leadership team. To accomplish this, we present a set of common rookie mistakes to avoid. We also offer a variety of ways to learn about the organization. In addition, we urge the use of a stump speech to develop a strategic plan and to get buy-in.
High-speed video investigation of jet dynamics from narrow orifices for needle-free injection

Abstract An experimental study to examine the hydrodynamic performance and start-up phase of liquid jets for needle-free injection was performed. With the use of high-speed videography at frame rates up to 311,111 fps, the initial stages of jets exiting from narrow orifices were captured. In addition to the very early-time (t w / w ). For the penetration into gels, we observe that the speed of the tip of the hole did not exhibit any quantifiable dependence of jet fluid properties. Moreover, we observe the formation of fluid reservoirs which led to a step-wise penetration regime for depths z ≳ 12 mm.
Scaling laws and phase transitions for target detection in MIMO radar

The performance of MIMO radar has been a subject of intense study in the past decades. For such a system, however, the important phenomenon of phase transition has received little attention in the literature. In this paper, we study the phase transition on the target detection probability of a SNR maximizing detector. Such a detector declares a target to be present when the largest eigenvalue of the observed data matrix exceeds a threshold. In particular, we identify a critical value below and above which the limiting detection performance is described by the Tracy-Widom law and the Gaussian law, respectively. Under both laws, the scaling limits and asymptotic expansions of misdetection probability at the vanishing regime are derived using tools from random matrix theory.
Recasting Justice for Internet and Online Industry Research Ethics

The rise of behavioral research and experimentation by online companies and, in particular, social networking sites presents new challenges for internet research ethics (IRE) today. It has also reinvigorated conversations about respect, autonomy, and consent in online research, especially as it relates to users who may not know that their data is being used for research purposes. Compared to these values, however, the value of justice for online industry research has received relatively little attention. In this chapter, we revisit feminist and other discussions that argue for a more expansive conception of justice in research ethics and explore their implications for industry and other researchers who have greater influence over the design and practices of online platforms, especially those platforms that foster hostile environments for vulnerable or otherwise disadvantaged populations. As we discuss below, conditions of harassment and abuse on social networking sites systematically affect women and people of color. Consequently, these groups shoulder a greater share of the social, political, and emotional burden of online participation – the very thing that generates the sorts of data that support the efforts of industry researchers. In view of this, we argue that researchers have – specifically as a matter of research ethics – an obligation not only to avoid replicating or compounding existing injustices in their research but to foreground the needs and safety of vulnerable users and attend to those conditions and practices that give rise to injustice in the first place.
Declining Legitimacy and Social Mobility

Organizations in an association derive social identity by virtue of their membership in the association. They also obtain social identities from membership in lower-order groups in the association and cross-cutting groups in the association formed by shared demographic attributes. When peers leave the association to join a rival association, members of the association may find their social identity disconfirmed by such defections. A study of why colleges left the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and joined the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) shows that colleges were simultaneously influenced by defectors from a lower-order category (athletic conference) and from crosscutting categories (historically black colleges and religious denominations). The results also indicate that defectors from an athletic conference were more influential than defectors from the same religious denomination or racial group. Implications for the study of multiple social identities are outlined.
Logical and Heuristic Developments

With large parts of the neural circuitry for lordosis behavior determined, we can look for opportunities to generalize. In several cases these facts speak to issues longstanding in the neural control of behavior; in other cases new concepts may be induced. Some principles of operation arise from the input (ascending) side of the lordosis behavior circuit (Sections B and C); other features have more to do with the middle of the circuit (Sections D and F); and still others are related to motor control on the output side of the circuit (Sections G and H). These principles may be considered in relation to the neural control of other behavior patterns.
Sugar sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health.

Purpose of reviewIt is widely accepted that sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) are implicated in weight gain and adverse cardiometabolic heath. To make informed recommendations about SSB, new evidence needs to be considered against existing literature. The present review will provide an update on the e
Ewing’s Sarcoma of Bone

Ewing's sarcoma of bone is a primary bone sarcoma found predominantly in patients during their second decade of life. It is a high-grade aggressive small round blue cell tumor that is part of the Ewing's family of tumors. Its exact eitiology is unknown but it commonly demonstrates reproducible staining of CD99 and translocations of the EWS gene. Historically, this diagnosis was associated with near certain metastasis and subsequent mortality. However, current management consists of extensive chemotherapy in addition to local control with surgical resection and/or radiation. As a result, survival has improved to the 55–75% range in those patients who present without known metastases. Current research aims to continue this improvement by looking further into the assocated gene abnormalities and possibly targeted therapies.
Pd model catalysts: Effect of air pulse length during redox aging on Pd redispersion

Abstract Nano-sized noble metal particles are an essential component in automotive catalytic converters. However, during customer in-use operation they agglomerate into larger particles and the performance of the catalytic converter is negatively affected. Engine control methods are needed to provide an environment capable of redispersing noble metal catalyst particles while the particle size is still small. In this study, Pd model powder catalysts, supported on three-way catalytic converter washcoat components of ceria-zirconia (Pd/CZO), 4 wt% La 2 O 3 stabilized γ-Al 2 O 3 (Pd/Al) and unstabilized γ-Al 2 O 3 (Pd/A) were exposed to redox cycling at 700 °C for 16 h (to simulate customer in-use operation engine exhaust) either continuously or interrupted with brief air pulses. The two goals of this research were to determine the air pulse length required so that any Pd redispersion gains achieved by air treatment in each 20 min redox cycle will be retained by the end of the 16 h aging, and to determine if these supports enable rapid Pd redispersion on the time scale of a common ∼10 s engine fuel cut. Pd particle size and dispersion measurements were performed with three complimentary techniques of H 2 chemisorption, XRD and electron microscopy since not one technique could be used exclusively. Catalyst activity was determined by CO oxidation with the Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction and Oxygen Storage Capacity (OSC) measurements to probe the contact between the noble metal and support at a given state of catalyst deterioration, and a CO light-off test to confirm trends observed with Pd metal dispersion. We found that air pulses lasting for 1/6 min applied to interrupt short redox aging spans enabled Pd redispersion only on the Pd/Al catalysts. Strong metal support interaction on the Pd/CZO catalysts by decoration of the Pd surface with support oxide was suspected to slow Pd redispersion by limiting metal mobility. Support oxides that promote the Pd 2+ state may have been required on the Pd catalysts in order to exhibit Pd redispersion. The insight gained from this work could be used to develop engine control and aftertreatment systems that actively intervene and regenerate a catalyst capable of rapid Pd redispersion.
Acute Rupture of the Proximal Biceps Tendon in a 55-Year-Old Female

Acute ruptures of the long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon typically occur in patients 40–60 years of age. The two main causes are a natural degeneration and fraying of the tendon that occurs slowly over time as part of the aging process and an acute traumatic event such as excessive weight lifting. Clinical history and a physical examination can raise suspicion for LHB rupture. Sharp, anterior shoulder pain, significant ecchymosis over the proximal arm extending toward the elbow, cramping in the biceps with use, a bulging biceps muscle (“Popeye” sign), and a visible indentation in the bicipital groove represent classic findings of a proximal biceps rupture. Magnetic resonance imaging should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate for any concomitant pathology, the most common of which is a rotator cuff tear.
Delay Within the 3-Hour Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guideline on Mortality for Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock.

Objectives:To specify when delays of specific 3-hour bundle Surviving Sepsis Campaign guideline recommendations applied to severe sepsis or septic shock become harmful and impact mortality.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:One health system composed of six hospitals and 45 clinics in a Midwe
Oxidative stress impairs cGMP-dependent protein kinase activation and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein serine-phosphorylation.

ABSTRACTReactive oxygen species induce vascular dysfunction and hypertension by directly interacting with nitric oxide (NO) which leads to NO inactivation. In addition to a decrease in NO bioavaila...
Dual-Positive CD4/CD8 Primary Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Previously Classified as Mycosis Fungoides a Tumor D'Emblée.

Cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified represents a "waste basket" of all cases that cannot be put into another of the categories of mature cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Previously, the sudden multifocal development of cutaneous CD4 tumors without preceding a patch or plaque stage was classified as d'emblee form of mycosis fungoides (MF). Currently, the term "MF" reserved only for the classic Alibert-Bazin type characterized by the evolution of patches, plaques, and tumors or for variants showing a similar clinical course. The authors describe a 75-year-old white woman who presented with a solitary skin tumor in the right supraclavicular region, with no lymph node or systemic involvement. Local external beam radiation treatment resulted in a complete response. The patient relapsed after 5 months with new tumors in the left neck and left upper chest. Biopsy of the lesions showed a dermal infiltrate of atypical small- to medium-sized T-lymphocytes, and immunohistochemical staining showed coexpression of CD4/CD8 in a subset of these cells, which was confirmed with flow cytometry of the tumor. Although the patient had no preceding patch or plaque stage, the authors herein report this extremely rare case of CD4/CD8 dual-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified presented as MF d'emblee and discuss the seldom similar cases published previously.
Children's Ethnobiological Notions of Contamination and Contagions among Maasai Agro-Pastoralists of Northern Tanzania

Humans and other living organisms harbor disease-causing pathogenic microorganisms. These microorganisms are often transmitted through physical contact with contaminated objects, such as food, water, or other people. While some theoretical and empirical research examines the ontogeny of contamination and contagion beliefs, cross-cultural research on this topic is limited. To help remedy this paucity of data, we conducted an ethnobiological study of contagion and contamination beliefs among Maasai children (n = 42) in the Simanjiro district, Tanzania. Participants include 36 middle-aged schoolchildren and six four-year-olds. We contrast the children's beliefs with those of 12 local adults. To measure children's views of contagion and contamination, we developed sentence-framed yes/no elicitation tasks using three different stimuli—a fly, a cough, and a cough from someone with respiratory symptoms. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted to further understand children's ethnotheories of contamination and contagion. Children generally reported that coughs and flies are directly contaminating, whereas they offered mixed results for associational and indirect contamination. Children discussed time, psychological contagion, saliva, wind, and the supernatural/natural as key elements to their beliefs, reasons, and personal actions taken to minimize contamination/contagion risk. We found education to be significantly positively correlated with children reporting that flies and coughs were directly contaminating, while age had no effect. Although children were more likely than adults to associate flies with contamination, their general belief pattern differs little from adults. Local cultural-ecological factors and explanatory models of disease, as well as formal religious and education institutions, shape Maasai children's ethnobiological beliefs of contagions and contamination.
Grit Use by Birds

The importance of grit in avian digestion has been recognized for at least two centuries (Spallanzani, 1783 [cited in Westerskov, 1965]). Grit is in the gizzards of most birds that eat plant parts (Meinertzhagen, 1964; Farner, 1960) and of many that eat invertebrates (Mayoh and Zach, 1986; Barrentine, 1980; Peterson and Ellarson, 1977; Jenkinson and Mengel, 1970; Barlow et al., 1963). Many studies have shown that, among avian species that use grit, most individuals have grit in their gizzards (Table I).
Role of T-Type Ca2+ Channels in Basal Insulin Release

Increases in plasma glucose concentration enhance the expression and activity of T-type Ca2+ channels in insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. The resulting elevation in T-type Ca2+ channel activity results in an elevation in the basal [Ca2+]i of β-cells. High [Ca2+]i in turn causes the internalization of L-type Ca2+ channels from cytoplasmic membrane, which contributes to glucose toxicity in β-cells. Increased activity of T-type Ca2+ channels, along with elevated [Ca2+]i, promotes low threshold exocytosis of insulin under non-stimulus conditions. Emptying immediately releasable secretory granules and internalization of L-type Ca2+ channels result in defective first phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion from the β-cells. Consequently, this defect in glucose-induced insulin secretion augments the plasma glucose concentration and slows glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. The overall effect of the glucose-T-type Ca2+ channel interaction is enhanced basal insulin levels but decreased glucose-induced insulin secretion. Thus, the T-type Ca2+ channel overexpression mechanism could play a role in the development of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which occurs during the early phase of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A phase II trial of albumin-bound paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with newly diagnosed PD-L1 IHC low/unknown stage IV squamous cell lung cancers.

e21035Background: Therapeutic options for SQCLC pts are limited. The efficacy of platinum doublets, the standard first-line treatment for PD-L1 < 50% pts and pts who have progressed on first-line p...
A new generation of the United States National Land Cover Database: Requirements, research priorities, design, and implementation strategies

Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with several federal agencies, has developed and released four National Land Cover Database (NLCD) products over the past two decades: NLCD 1992, 2001, 2006, and 2011. These products provide spatially explicit and reliable information on the Nation’s land cover and land cover change. To continue the legacy of NLCD and further establish a long-term monitoring capability for the Nation’s land resources, the USGS has designed a new generation of NLCD products named NLCD 2016. The NLCD 2016 design aims to provide innovative, consistent, and robust methodologies for production of a multi-temporal land cover and land cover change database from 2001 to 2016 at 2–3-year intervals. Comprehensive research was conducted and resulted in developed strategies for NLCD 2016: a streamlined process for assembling and preprocessing Landsat imagery and geospatial ancillary datasets; a multi-source integrated training data development and decision-tree based land cover classifications; a temporally, spectrally, and spatially integrated land cover change analysis strategy; a hierarchical theme-based post-classification and integration protocol for generating land cover and change products; a continuous fields biophysical parameters modeling method; and an automated scripted operational system for the NLCD 2016 production. The performance of the developed strategies and methods were tested in twenty World Reference System-2 path/row throughout the conterminous U.S. An overall agreement ranging from 71% to 97% between land cover classification and reference data was achieved for all tested area and all years. Results from this study confirm the robustness of this comprehensive and highly automated procedure for NLCD 2016 operational mapping.
Why Joanie Can Encrypt: Easy Email Encryption with Easy Key Management

Email privacy is of crucial importance. Existing email encryption approaches are comprehensive but seldom used due to their complexity and inconvenience. We take a new approach to simplify email encryption and improve its usability by implementing receiver-controlled encryption: newly received messages are transparently downloaded and encrypted to a locally-generated key; the original message is then replaced. To avoid the problem of moving a single private key between devices, we implement per-device key pairs: only public keys need be synchronized via a simple verification step. Compromising an email account or server only provides access to encrypted emails. We implemented this scheme on several platforms, showing it works with PGP and S/MIME, is compatible with widely used mail clients and email services including Gmail, has acceptable overhead, and that users consider it intuitive and easy to use.
FADE TO BLACK: Multiple Symbolic Boundaries in “Black/Brown” Contact

Increasingly, African Americans find themselves living side-by-side with immigrant newcomers from Latin America, the largest source of today’s immigrant population. Research on “Black/Brown” relations tends to a priori define groupness in ethnoracial terms and gloss over potential nuance in inter-group relations. Taking an inductive approach to understanding how African Americans interpret the boundaries that result from immigration-driven change, this paper draws on fieldwork among African Americans in East Palo Alto, California, a Black-majority-turned-Latino-majority city, to examine how African Americans construct multiple symbolic boundaries in the context of a Latino-immigrant settlement. Blacks’ rendering of these boundaries at the communal level invokes ethnoracial boundaries as a source of significant division. They see Latinos as having overwhelmed Black material and symbolic prowess. However, accounts of inter-personal interactions evince symbolic boundaries defined by language and neighborhood tenure that render ethnoracial boundaries porous. Respondents note intra-group differences among Latinos, pointing out how the ability to speak English and long-time residence in the neighborhood are important factors facilitating ties and cooperation across ethnoracial boundaries. The findings point to the importance of intra-ethnoracial-group differences for inter-ethnoracial-group attitudes and relations. Adopting ethnographic and survey research practices that treat boundaries as multiplex will better capture how growing intra-ethnoracial-group diversity shapes inter-ethnoracial-group relations.
Influence of a local change of depth on the behavior of walking oil drops

Bouncing liquid silicone oil drops on a vertically oscillating bath of the same liquid were studied experimentally. The different bouncing regimes previously described in the literature were observed, with transitions depending mainly on the droplet size and the forcing acceleration of the oil bath. In a particular range of forcing amplitudes, just below the Faraday instability threshold where standing waves appear on the free surface, walking drops traveling at a constant velocity over the surface were observed, consistent with previous studies. The influence of a local change of depth on this walking behavior was studied by submerging an obstacle in the oil bath. Notably different to the study of Eddi et al. (2009) [1], the depth change was such that walking was still observed over the obstacle. Previously unobserved drop trajectories, including trapping of a walking drop over the obstacle, crossing for non-normal drop approach to the obstacle, and reflection from the rear face of the obstacle were observed and explained in light of recent results and models in the literature.
Jerusalem unbound: geography, history and the future of the holy city: by Michael Dumper, New York, Columbia, University Press, 2014, 353 pp., £30 (hardback), ISBN 9780231161961

The scholarly attention devoted to the study of Jerusalem is not surprising given its political and religious importance as well as its unresolved status. As a result, there have been numerous stud...
Abstract 24: Amyloidogenic V122I Transthyretin Variant is Associated With Progression of Adverse Cardiac Mechanics in Middle-aged African American Adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Introduction: Direct-to-consumer testing (e.g. 23andme) reports now include common pathogenic variants in the transthyretin (TTR) gene, such as V122I. TTR cardiac amyloidosis due to V122I is an aut...
Regional Solutions for Rural and Urban Challenges

The complex and dynamic nature of rural–urban interactions raises questions about the capacity of existing governance structures to address pressing regional challenges. Regional collaboration is o...
The promise of big data for precision population health management in the US.

Abstract Objectives As we enter the year 2020, health data in the United States (US) is still in the process of being curated into a usable format. With coordinated data systems, it becomes possible to answer, with relative certainty, what preventive and medical interventions work in the real world and for whom they might work. Study design This is a non-systematic expert review. Methods A non-systematic expert review was undertaken to identify relevant scientific and gray literature on the current state and the limitations of evaluation of health interventions and the health data infrastructure in the US. This review also included the literature on nations with unified data systems. We coupled this review with non-structured interviews of data scientists to gain insight into the progress in establishing the components necessary to support a unified data system and to facilitate data exchange for evaluations, as well as further guide our review. Our goal was to produce a critical analysis of the existing attempts to standardize and use data collected during patient encounters with physicians for public health purposes. Results Data obtained from electronic health records are produced in a way that is challenging to use and difficult to compile across platforms in the US. One response to this problem has been to encourage the exchange and standardization of health record information through Distributed Research Networks and Common Data Models (CDMs). These data can be combined with mobile health, social media, and other sources of data to radically transform what we know about the prevention and management of disease. However, issues with the variety of CDMs and growing sense of distrust of institutions that maintain data continue to impede medical progress. Conclusions We present a framework for data use that will allow public health to answer a swath of unanswered research questions that can improve public health practice.
The "Dangerous Trades," Fifty Years After Alice Hamilton's Death

(All three authors are alumni of Taylor University, then located in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where Hamilton studied for her first year of medical school, and Brain went on to teach at Harvard for more than 50 years ) This formative period in Hamilton's life, and the "experiences that informed [her] throughout a lifetime of learning," has not been covered in such depth in the several biographies and dissertations about her, or in articles in this journal1 and related publications2 that focus on her time at Harvard and her many accomplishments and travails in the last three to four decades of her long life A few years later, Hamilton led the groundbreaking work of the Illinois Commission on Industrial Disease, broadening its focus beyond only lead and five other known "industrial poisons" to a dozen other toxicants, adding numerous industrial processes to the field work, and, most importantly, investigating case clusters (occupational deafness, Raynaud syndrome, and nystagmus) along with mapping exposures Besides describing her many findings during this project, the authors document her growing unwillingness to accept the notion that work is a market transaction in which the laborer who objects to the level of risk should simply go elsewhere;she wrote that this is like a sea captain telling his sailors, "If you don't like the ship, get overboard " Surely she would applaud the reduction in the national rate of fatal occupational injuries, from about 37 per 100 000 per year in 1933, to 18 per 100 000 in 1970, to 3 5 per 100 000 in 2017 (up slightly from an all-time low of3 3 per 100 000 in 2013) 4 But as the first leader who understood how occupational disease dwarfs the injury problem, would she believe that the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has sampled for toxicants at fewer than 5% of the inspections it has conducted over the last 50 years,5 and in a representative recent year sampled at only 1750 establishments out of the more than 8 million work sites it governs (see annual data files at https://bit ly/2Pmex9c)?
Bridging science, art, and community in the new Arctic

Although an increasing number of researchers focus on environmental, infrastructural and cultural dimensions of the Arctic, few efforts have been made to address how these various dimensions coales...
Training Federated GANs with Theoretical Guarantees: A Universal Aggregation Approach

Recently, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have demonstrated their potential in federated learning, i.e., learning a centralized model from data privately hosted by multiple sites. A federated GAN jointly trains a centralized generator and multiple private discriminators hosted at different sites. A major theoretical challenge for the federated GAN is the heterogeneity of the local data distributions. Traditional approaches cannot guarantee to learn the target distribution, which is a mixture of the highly different local distributions. This paper tackles this theoretical challenge, and for the first time, provides a provably correct framework for federated GAN. We propose a new approach called Universal Aggregation, which simulates a centralized discriminator via carefully aggregating the mixture of all private discriminators. We prove that a generator trained with this simulated centralized discriminator can learn the desired target distribution. Through synthetic and real datasets, we show that our method can learn the mixture of largely different distributions, when existing federated GAN methods fail to.
Kinetic mixing, dark photons and extra dimensions. Part III. Brane localized dark matter

Extra dimensions have proven to be a very useful tool in constructing new physics models. In earlier work, we began investigating toy models for the 5-D analog of the kinetic mixing/vector portal scenario where the interactions of dark matter, taken to be, e.g., a complex scalar, with the brane-localized fields of the Standard Model (SM) are mediated by a massive U(1)D dark photon living in the bulk. These models were shown to have many novel features differentiating them from their 4-D analogs and which, in several cases, avoided some well-known 4-D model building constraints. However, these gains were obtained at the cost of the introduction of a fair amount of model complexity, e.g., dark matter Kaluza-Klein excitations. In the present paper, we consider an alternative setup wherein the dark matter and the dark Higgs, responsible for U(1)D breaking, are both localized to the ‘dark’ brane at the opposite end of the 5-D interval from where the SM fields are located with only the dark photon now being a 5-D field. The phenomenology of such a setup is explored for both flat and warped extra dimensions and compared to the previous more complex models.
Filamin A Mediates Wound Closure by Promoting Elastic Deformation and Maintenance of Tension in the Collagen Matrix

Fibroblasts have a central role in wound healing via matrix production, remodeling, and contraction. Their role as mechanoresponsive cells during tissue repair is evident, but the molecular mechanisms of this process remain uncertain. Filamin A, an intracellular protein that stabilizes the actin cytoskeleton regulates fibroblast-matrix interactions. Fibroblast defects in cytoskeletal dynamics may underlie key aspects of chronic wound pathophysiology.
Diagnosing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: The need for accuracy and speed.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic condition resulting from pathogenic antibodies to complexes of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). The diagnosis of HIT can be challenging due to the widespread use of heparin and the frequency of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients. Laboratory testing for HIT typically includes an immunoassay to detect antibodies to PF4-heparin and a functional assay. Current HIT diagnostic algorithms recommend using the 4Ts score to determine the need for HIT laboratory testing. Automated calculation of HIT clinical prediction scores in the electronic health record may improve the identification of patients who should undergo HIT testing. Another challenge in the management of patients with suspected HIT is the turnaround time of the laboratory testing needed to confirm the diagnosis. Due to the high daily thrombotic risk of HIT, clinicians must treat patients with intermediate to high pretest likelihood of HIT empirically while awaiting the test results. Treatment for HIT often involves alternative anticoagulants that lack reversal agents, which may increase bleeding risk, prolong hospital stays, and increase costs for patients suspected of having HIT. Rapid immunoassays hold promise to improve the speed of HIT diagnosis. These assays must retain a very high sensitivity for this "can't miss" diagnosis, yet have sufficient specificity to be of diagnostic value. A Bayesian approach has been proposed using two rapid immunoassays in succession, which decreased analytic turnaround time to 60 minutes. Such an approach has the potential to be a much-needed clinical advance in improving accuracy and speed in the diagnosis of HIT.
Model responses to CO2 and warming are underestimated without explicit representation of Arctic small-mammal grazing.

We use a simple model of coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to examine how explicitly representing grazers versus having grazer effects implicitly aggregated in with other biogeochemical processes in the model alters predicted responses to elevated carbon dioxide and warming. The aggregated approach can affect model predictions because grazer-mediated processes can respond differently to changes in climate from the processes with which they are typically aggregated. We use small-mammal grazers in arctic tundra as an example and find that the typical three-to-four-year cycling frequency is too fast for the effects of cycle peaks and troughs to be fully manifested in the ecosystem biogeochemistry. We conclude that implicitly aggregating the effects of small-mammal grazers with other processes results in an underestimation of ecosystem response to climate change relative to estimations in which the grazer effects are explicitly represented. The magnitude of this underestimation increases with grazer density. We therefore recommend that grazing effects be incorporated explicitly when applying models of ecosystem response to global change.
Does inflammation mediate the effects of depression on heart disease? That may depend on the symptoms.

Abstract Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by grant number R01HL089336 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA, Robert M. Carney.
Prosecuting Worker Endangerment: The Need for Stronger Criminal Penalties for Violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act

Approximately 6000 workers are killed on the job each year - and thousands more suffer grievous injuries - yet penalties for worker safety violations remain appallingly small, and criminal prosecutions are almost non-existent. Prosecution under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (the OSH Act) is rare because the Act's substantive criminal provisions are limited to (1) willful violations of worker safety regulations that (2) result in worker death. Further, even when criminal provisions apply, the crime is only a Class B misdemeanor, which provides little incentive for prosecutors and law enforcement personnel who often have to reserve their limited resources for felonies. This article argues that Congress should pass legislation to strengthen the criminal provisions of the OSH Act early in the next Administration. First, the article describes one of the cases that prompted the Justice Department to launch a worker endangerment initiative, which exposed the inadequacy of the criminal provisions of the worker safety laws. Second, the article explains why a stronger criminal program under the OSH Act would promote greater compliance with the worker safety laws. Third, the article recommends changes to the criminal provisions of the OSH Act that would provide a more effective criminal enforcement scheme. New legislation should (1) make criminal violations of the Act felonies and provide enhanced penalties for violators; (2) expand the criminal provisions to include cases involving serious bodily injury and knowing endangerment; (3) modify the mental state requirements so that ignorance of the law is not a defense; (4) expand the scope of individual liability to include supervisors who knowingly expose their workers to unsafe conditions; and (5) provide resources to investigate and prosecute criminal violations of the OSH Act effectively.
Kinetic Studies of Iron Oxidation by Whole Cells of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans

A colorimetric assay was developed for studying the kinetics of iron oxidation with whole cells of the chemoautotroph, Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. The assay was more advantageous than the conventional method of Warburg manometry because of its simplicity, rapidity, and the small amount of cells required. The assay measured Fe3+ as a chloride complex which absorbs at 410 nm. Kinetic analysis showed the apparent Km for iron oxidation to be 5.4 × 10−3m in an unbuffered system and 2.2 × 10−3m in the presence of β-alanine-SO42− buffer. Glycine and β-alanine buffers were used in the measurement of the pH optimum for iron oxidation; the optimum ranged from 2.5 to 3.8. The effect of pH was primarily on the Vmax while the Km remained constant. Added SO42− was found to stimulate iron oxidation by increasing the Vmax of iron oxidation by whole cells, but it did not affect the Km. Results of assays of iron oxidation in systems containing various mole percentages of SO42− and Cl− indicated that Cl− did not inhibit iron oxidation but that SO42− was required. Sulfate could be partially replaced by HPO42− and HAsO42− but not by BO3−, MoO42−, NO3−, or Cl−; formate and MoO42− inhibited iron oxidation.
High performance Fortran 2.0

High Performance Fortran (HPF) was defined in 1993 as a portable data-parallel extension to Fortran. This year it was updated by the release of HPF version 2.0, which clarified many existing features and added a number of extensions requested by users. Compilers for these extensions are expected to appear beginning in late 1997. In this paper, we present an overview of the entire language, including HPF1 features such as BLOCK distribution and the FORALL statement and HPF2 additions such as INDIRECT distribution and the ON directive.