cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clone wars in CML.

In many recent leukemia presentations, the suggestion that leukemia can be turned into a long-term minimum residual disease, consistent with prolonged life, but without offering the prospect of cure, is raised. Obviously, any intervention that prolongs life at a reasonable quality of life is a significant advance. However, there is precious little evidence to support the notion that leukemia can lie dormant for many years without undergoing genetic change. Such changes are usually associated with eventual clinically overt relapse and resistance to subsequent therapy. Imatinib has transformed the survival potential for patients with chronic phase CML, has had a significant impact for those in accelerated phase and had a minimal impact for those patients with blastic phase disease.1 It is clear that most patients in chronic phase who have clinically responded to imatinib and who have achieved complete cytogenetic responses have easily detectable disease at the molecular level. The connection between the amount of 'residual' disease, detectable abl mutations in the leukemic cells and overt evidence of relapse at the molecular, cytogenetic or hematological levels is a major focus of interest at present.2 The qualitative and quantitative relationships between non-mutated and mutant clones are not well understood. The percentage of patients with detectable mutations varies markedly by report and by stage of disease. The mechanism of resistance in approximately half of the patients who have acquired imatinib resistance but no detectable mutation is unclear. A major emerging issue is that of patient compliance and persistence – patients are not good at taking oral medications long-term. Possible mechanisms of true imatinib resistance that do not involve abl mutations include overexpression of Bcr-abl, increased MDR activity, cytogenetic progression or possibly the involvement of other kinases including members of the src family.1 The next generation abl-kinase inhibitors AMN-107 and Dasatinib can both inhibit in vitro all of the common Bcr-abl mutations except T315I.3, 4, 5 In patients, the activity of either drug against most of these mutations, except T315I, has been seen (Giles F et al. A phase I/II study of AMN107, a novel aminopyrimidine inhibitor of Bcr-Abl, on a continuous daily dosing schedule in adult patients with imatinib-resistant advanced phase chronic myeloid leukemia or relapsed/refractory Philadelphia chromosome acute lymphocytic leukemia. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2004; 104: 22; Hochhaus A et al. Efficacy of Dasatinib in patients with chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML resistant or intoleant to imatinib: first results of the CA180013 'START-C' phase II study. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2005; 106: 41).
Toward a Model of Holistic Dance Teacher Education

Abstract A model for the holistic preparation of dance teachers is presented. The model includes four tenets: focus on the whole person, integrated curriculum, explicit identity development, and apprenticeships in relevant communities of practice.
Behavior Problems in Pet Rabbits

Abstract The domestic rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus , is descended from the European rabbit, which lives in large social groups and digs extensive warrens. Behavior problems include urine spraying, failure to use the litter box, fear of humans and human-directed aggression, intraspecies aggression, destructive digging and chewing, and infanticide. These problems are best prevented and treated by understanding their origin in both species-specific behavior and learning. Urine spraying is primarily a problem of intact males. Litter box use results from both rabbits' species-specific tendency to use particular sites for elimination and from training. Rabbits may become fearful of humans because of painful or frightening experiences with them. Rabbits will become comfortable with humans if they have numerous positive interactions with them. Fearful or aggressive rabbits may be treated by repeatedly exposing them to pleasant associations with humans. Rabbits are territorial and may aggressively reject new rabbits that are not members of the group. Introduction of a new rabbit must be gradual, allowing rabbits to become familiar with each other and preventing them from fighting. Digging and chewing are natural, species-specific behaviors. Giving rabbits acceptable objects to chew prevents them from destroying household items. Infanticide originates, in part, from intense competition between wild females for safe nesting sites. Housing birthing does separately may prevent infanticide.
Observation of Second Sound Using Light Scattering from a Free Surface Smectic A

Abstract A new technique for studying the second sound mode in smectic liquid crystals has been developed. Preliminary measurements for the smectic A phase of 4-n-octyloxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl (80CB) are described. We have developed a technique to prepare well aligned samples with one free surface. This free surface was electrically driven, and the resulting surface displacement was studied using an optical heterodyne technique. The elastic constant, B, and the effective viscosity, νeff, were determined from the spectrum of the scattered light.
GROUP MAINTENANCE IN TECHNOLOGY-SUPPORTED DISTRIBUTED TEAMS.

The article focuses on group maintenance behavior in technology-supported distributed teams. The purpose of the article is to determine whether groups that show higher levels of group maintenance b...
Reconciling observations of sequence-specific conformational propensities with the generic polymeric behavior of denatured proteins.

Radii of gyration of denatured proteins vary with chain length and are insensitive to details of amino acid sequence. Observations of sequence independence in polymeric properties conflict with results from spectroscopic experiments, which suggest the presence of sequence-specific residual structure in denatured states. Can we reconcile the two apparently conflicting sets of observations? To answer this question, we need knowledge of the ensemble of conformations accessible to proteins in good solvents. The excluded-volume limit provides an ideal mimic of polymers in good solvents. Therefore, we attempt to solve the “reconciliation problem” by simulating conformational ensembles accessible to peptides and proteins in the excluded-volume limit. Analysis of these ensembles for a variety of polypeptide sequences leads to results that are consistent with experimental observations of sequence-specific conformational preferences in short peptides and the scaling behavior of polymeric quantities for denatured pr...
Unequal wave vectors in short- versus long-range ordering in intermetallic compounds.

The sign of the formation energy [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]] of a compound indicates if the low-temperature long-range order (LRO) corresponds to compound formation (when [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]][lt]0) or to phase-separation (when [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]][gt]0). However, [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]] by itself does not tell us what type (ordering or clustering) of high-temperature short-range order (SRO) can be expected. The reason is that [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]] contains two [ital types] of contributions: an elastic,'' volume-deformation energy [ital G]([ital x]) that reflects the energy invested in deforming the constituents [ital A] and [ital B] to the volume [ital V]([ital x]) of the [ital A][sub 1[minus][ital x]][ital B][sub [ital x]] alloy, and a chemical'' energy [var epsilon] that reflects [ital A]-[ital B] interactions (charge transfer and atomic relaxations) at a [ital fixed] [ital V]([ital x]). We show that the LRO and the SRO have the same behavior only when the signs of [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]] and [var epsilon] are the same: ordering tendencies ( type I'') when both [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]][lt]0 and [var epsilon][lt]0, or phase-separating/clustering tendencies ( type III'') when both [Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]][gt]0 and [var epsilon][gt]0. However, type II'' systems ([Delta][ital H][sub [ital F]][gt]0;more » [var epsilon][lt]0) can exhibit a phase-separating LRO and an ordering-type SRO. Direct self-consistent local-density calculations of the total energy coupled with Monte-Carlo simulated annealing calculations of the ensuing Ising-like cluster expansion illustrate these type I, II, and III behaviors in Ni-V, Ni-Au, and Pd-Rh, respectively.« less
The HF:HCl ratio in the 14-38 km region of the stratosphere

A balloon-borne high resolution Michelson interferometer recorded near infrared absorption spectra of the 1-0 fundamental vibration bands of HF and HCl in the stratosphere over Australia in March 1977. The ratio of the number density of HF to that of HCl as a function of stratospheric height was deduced from the measurements. Within estimated experimental error, the ratio is constant, its mean value being 0.1.
Persistent hole burning of the primary donor state of photosystem i: strong linear electron-phonon coupling

Abstract Persistent photochemical hole burning for P-700 (primary donor state of photsystem I) for enriched reaction center particles is reported. Profiles consisting of a sharp zero-phonon hole superimposed on a very broad hole are interpreted in terms of strong linear electron-phonon coupling. The lifetime of P-700 at 1.6 K is ≈ 90 ps.
Need, Awareness, and Use of Career Services for College Students.

This study examined whether university students were psychologically distressed or had difficulties with career decisions to indicate whether they needed career services, whether they were aware of the services offered by the campus counseling and career services, and finally, whether they had used the services. Findings indicated that students indicated difficulties with career decisions, high levels of psychological distress, and low levels of psychological well-being and that about half of students were aware of career services but much fewer had used those services. There were relationships among psychological distress and career-related variables for undecided students. Results are discussed with implications for career services on university campuses.
Interpretation of electron spectra obtained from multiphoton ionisation of atoms in strong fields

Electron energy distributions in multiphoton ionisation experiments show several peaks, which correspond to the absorption of several more photons than are needed to ionise the atom. The author shows that this reflects the distribution of atomic excitation at the time the electrons are emitted. The broadening and shift of the electron spectra measure the shift of the initial-to-final-state energy difference caused by the strong field. Outgoing channels with low-energy electrons become closed at high fields; new 'continuum-bound' electronic states appear. These states may have a chaotic motion.
IL-13 regulates cancer invasion and metastasis through IL-13Rα2 via ERK/AP-1 pathway in mouse model of human ovarian cancer

Previously, we have demonstrated that a variety of human cancers including the ovarian cancer express IL-13Rα2, a high affinity receptor for IL-13. Herein, we have examined if IL-13 regulates invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer through IL-13Rα2 in vitro and in vivo in animal models of human ovarian cancer. We tested cell invasion and protease activity in IL-13Rα2-overexpressing and IL-13Rα2-negative ovarian tumor cell lines. IL-13 treatment significantly augmented both cell invasion and enzyme activities in only IL-13Rα2-positive cells but not in IL-13Rα2-negative cells in vitro. Mechanistically, IL-13 enhanced ERK1/2, AP-1 and MMP activities only in IL-13Rα2-positive cells but not in IL-13Rα2-negative cells. In contrast, other signaling pathways such as IRS1/2, PI3K and AKT do not seem to be involved in IL-13 induced signaling in ovarian cancer cell lines. Highly specific inhibitors for MMP and AP-1 efficiently inhibited both invasion and protease activities without impacting the basal level invasion and protease activities in vitro. In orthotopic animal model of human ovarian cancer, IL-13Rα2-positive tumors metastasized to lymph nodes and peritoneum earlier than IL-13Rα2-negative tumors. Interestingly, the IL-13Rα2-positive tumor bearing mice died earlier than mice with IL-13Rα2-negative tumor. Intraperitoneal injection of IL-13 further shortened survival of IL-13Rα2-positive tumor bearing mice compared to IL-13Rα2-negative tumor mice. IL-13Rα2-positive tumors and lymph node metastasis expressed higher levels of MMPs and higher ERK1/2 activation compared to IL-13Rα2-negative tumors. Taken together, IL-13Rα2 is involved in cancer metastasis through activation of ERK/AP-1 and that targeting IL-13Rα2 might not only directly kill primary tumors but also prevent cancer metastasis.
Mechanisms of protective immunity against 5. mansoni infection in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae. VI. Influence of the major histocompatibility complex

Summary Inbred mouse strains develop different levels of resistance to challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni in response to vaccination with irradiated cercariae. The role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in determining this genetic polymorphism in acquired resistance was investigated. Previous studies suggested that inbred mice bearing either the b or d MHC haplotypes develop a higher level of vaccine induced resistance than do mice with other MHC haplotypes. An analysis of an Fi cross between an H-2b strain (C57BL/6) and an H-2k strain (C3H/HeJ) indicated that the ability to develop high levels of immunity is inherited in a dominant fashion. In order to confirm that the development of high resistance is an MHC associated trait, B10, C3H, BALB and B6 congenic mice bearing different H-2 haplotypes were compared. On either the BIO, B6, or BALB background, substitution of b or d with k or a MHC alleles resulted in a decreased level of vaccine induced immunity. The observed decreases were more pronounced in BALB and B6 than in B10 congenics suggesting an influence of background (non-MHC linked) genes on protective immunity. Similarly, C3H. SW (H-2b) mice developed a significantly higher level of acquired resistance than C3H/HeSn (H-2k) mice. Cross and backcross experiments between H-2b and H-2k B6 congenic mice confirmed the dominant inheritance of high resistance as well as the MHC linkage of the trait. These data indicate that the MHC locus exerts a quantitative influence on vaccine induced resistance in certain inbred mouse strains and provide further support for the concept that the protection elicited by irradiated cercariae is the manifestation of a specific host immune response.
Influence of Inorganic Salts and Bases on the J-Band in the Absorption Spectra of Water Solutions of 1,1‘-Diethyl-2,2‘-cyanine Iodide

We studied the influence of inorganic salts and bases on the absorption spectra and kinetics of the formation of the J-band in water solutions of 1,1‘-diethyl-2, 2‘-cyanine (PIC) iodide. The absorp...
Malignant Pheochromocytoma Masquerading as Acute Pancreatitis—A Rare but Potentially Lethal Occurrence

Pheochromocytoma mimicking acute pancreatitis as its initial clinical manifestation is a known, albeit rare, phenomenon. Herein we describe a patient with this occurrence. A striking feature was pronounced hyperamylasemia, almost exclusively of the S-type. Our theory is that the pheochromocytoma caused a catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy, which contributed to failure of the left ventricle; pulmonary edema and release of S-type amylase from hypoxic lung tissue occurred subsequently.
Flow Visualization and Quantitative Velocity and Pressure Measurements in Simulated Single and Double Brush Seals

A method to visualize and characterize the complex flow fields in simulated single and double brush seals is presented. The brush seal configuration was tested in a gravity fed water tunnel and a pump driven pressurized oil tunnel. Visualization of the flow field revealed regions that are characteristically river jetting, vortical, crossflow and exist upstream, downstream or within the seal. Such flows are especially engendered by variations in fiber void that are spatial and temporal and affect changes in seal leakage and stability. While the effects of interface motion and cylindrical configuration have not been considered herein, it is believed that the observed flow fields and pressure drop patterns characterize flow phenomenology in brush seals. The axial pressure profiles upstream, across and downstream of the brush have been measured under a variety of inlet pressure conditions and the ensuing pressure maps are presented and discussed. Through the application of the Full Flow Field Tracking method developed by the authors, the flow patterns and the accompanying fluid velocities inside the brush were non-intrusively determined and graphically reconstructed.
Biotinylated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene): unexpected energy transfer results in the detection of biological analytes

Decreased spectral overlap between a donor biotinylated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) and a chromophore-labeled streptavidin acceptor leads to better observed fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
Base hydrolysis of TNT-Based explosives

Abstract Four TNT explosive formulations were treated with 1.5 M and 3 M solutions of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at temperatures between 90°C and 150°C. The reaction time needed for over 99% conversion of the explosive compound was less than 5 minutes at 150°C for both Octol and Comp B, and less than 30 minutes at 90°C for Tritonal and Tetrytol. The TNT and Tetryl fractions of the explosive produced negligible gas and liquid products were ammonia, sodium acetate, sodium formate, and sodium nitrite. The RDX and HMX fractions produced a substantial amount of gas and the major products were nitrous oxide, nitrogen, and ammonia. The aluminum used in Tritonal was converted to aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Total chemical synthesis of a D-enzyme: the enantiomers of HIV-1 protease show reciprocal chiral substrate specificity [corrected]

The D and L forms of the enzyme HIV-1 protease have been prepared by total chemical synthesis. The two proteins had identical covalent structures. However, the folded protein-enzyme enantiomers showed reciprocal chiral specificity on peptide substrates. That is, each enzyme enantiomer cut only the corresponding substrate enantiomer. Reciprocal chiral specificity was also evident in the effect of enantiomeric inhibitors. These data imply that the folded forms of the chemically synthesized D- and L-enzyme molecules are mirror images of one another in all elements of the three-dimensional structure. Enantiomeric proteins are expected to display reciprocal chiral specificity in all aspects of their biochemical interactions.
Lattice calculations of electroweak decay amplitudes

Abstract I review the progress made during the last year in lattice calculations of weak and electromagnetic amplitudes.
Efficient targeting of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by systemic administration of a dual uPA and MMP-activated engineered anthrax toxin

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating the etiology of the disease, the prognosis for individuals diagnosed with HNSCC remains poor, underscoring the need for development of additional treatment modalities. HNSCC is characterized by the upregulation of a large number of proteolytic enzymes, including urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and an assortment of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that may be expressed by tumor cells, by tumor-supporting stromal cells or by both. Here we explored the use of an intercomplementing anthrax toxin that requires combined cell surface uPA and MMP activities for cellular intoxication and specifically targets the ERK/MAPK pathway for the treatment of HNSCC. We found that this toxin displayed strong systemic anti-tumor activity towards a variety of xenografted human HNSCC cell lines by inducing apoptotic and necrotic tumor cell death, and by impairing tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Interestingly, the human HNSCC cell lines were insensitive to the intercomplementing toxin when cultured ex vivo, suggesting that either the toxin targets the tumor-supporting stromal cell compartment or that the tumor cell requirement for ERK/MAPK signaling differs in vivo and ex vivo. This intercomplementing toxin warrants further investigation as an anti-HNSCC agent.
Does patient education in chronic disease have therapeutic value

A pool of 320 articles on patient education were screened to select controlled experiments in chronic disease where the dependent variables included (a) compliance with a therapeutic regimen, (b) physiological progress of patients or (c) long-range health outcome. Thirty such articles were found; and the magnitude of experimental effects of patient education were calculated using an empirical form of integrating research findings known as meta-analysis. Summary of all experimental effects showed patient education most successful in altering compliance (average improvement = 0.67σ over control, p < 0.05). However, average improvements in physiological progress (0.49σ) and health outcome (0.20σ) were also statistically significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Efforts to improve health by increasing patient knowledge alone were rarely successful. Behaviorally-oriented programs, often with special attention to changing the environment in which patients care for themselves, were consistently more successful at improving the clinical course of chronic disease.
Decision Making Under Uncertainty—Real Options to the Rescue?

ABSTRACT Real options analysis (ROA) has been identified in the literature as a quantitative means to evaluate the flexibility inherent in the decision-making process. From an engineering economics perspective, this paper highlights applications, real-world users, modeling approaches, ROA assumptions, and future research directions. Through identifying and systematizing the current literature, a concise summary of modeling concerns and a road map for future modeling efforts and applications is discussed. More specifically, this paper supports research efforts to combine decision analysis tools with financial option pricing techniques to develop a real option framework that will be accepted in industry to make decisions in today's fast-paced and highly competitive business environment.
Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-Related Drinking Reduction

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the likelihood that women of different racial and ethnic groups would reduce their alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Methods Data came from 22 states participating in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System from 2001 to 2005. After stratifying the sample by preconception drinking level, logistic regressions were used to predict drinking reduction and cessation by the third trimester by race, controlling for age, education, marital status, Medicaid status, pregnancy intention, smoking status, and state. Results Overall, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic women were all significantly less likely than White women to reduce their heavy drinking after becoming pregnant. American Indian/Alaskan Native women who were moderate drinkers before conception were over 2 times more likely than White women to reduce drinking after becoming pregnant (OR 2.19, CI 0.71, 6.76), although this difference was non-significant (P = .17). Among those who binge drank in the months before pregnancy, compared to White women, Black (OR 0.26, CI 0.17–0.39), Hispanic (OR 0.19, CI 0.12–0.29), American Indian/Alaskan Native (OR 0.44 CI 0.20, 0.96), and Asian/Pacific Islander women (OR 0.11, CI 0.06–0.22) were all less likely to quit binge drinking while pregnant. Conclusion Significant racial differences in pregnancy-related drinking reduction are evident, and may help explain racial disparities in FAS. Results suggest that more targeted efforts are needed to meet the national goals of preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies.
Quantitative in situ hybridization of ribosomal RNA species to polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract In situ hybridization of 125 I-labelled 5 S and 18 + 28 S ribosomal RNAs to the salivary polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster was successfully quantitated. Although the precision of the data is low, it is possible to compare the hybridization reaction between an RNA sample and chromosomes in situ with the reaction between the same RNA sample and Drosophila DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. The in situ hybrid dissociates over a narrow temperature range with a midpoint similar to the value expected for the filter hybrid. The kinetics of the in situ hybridization reaction can be fit with a single first-order rate constant that has a value from three to five times smaller than the corresponding filter hybridization reaction. Although the reaction saturates at longer times or higher RNA concentrations, the saturation value does not correspond to an RNA molecule bound to every available DNA sequence. With the acid denaturation procedure most commonly used to preserve cytological quality, only 5 to 10% of the complementary DNA in the chromosomes is available to form hybrids in situ . This hybridization efficiency is a function of how the slides are prepared and the conditions of annealing, but is approximately constant with a given procedure for both 5 S RNA and 18 + 28 S RNA over a number of different cell types with different DNA contents. The results provide further evidence that the formation of RNA-DNA hybrids is the sole basis of in situ hybridization, and show that the properties of the in situ hybrids are remarkably similar to those of filter hybrids. It is also suggested that for reliable chromosomal localization using the in situ hybridization technique, the kinetics of the reaction should be followed to ensure that the correct rate constant is obtained for the major RNA species in the sample and an impurity in the sample is not localized instead.
Generation and trapping of 2,3-naphthoquinone

Abstract 2,3-Naphthoquinone generated from 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene was trapped with cyclopentadiene and its properties examined by dc polarography and cyclic voltametry.
Accumulation, Segmentation and the Discriminatory Process in the Market for Labor Power:

This paper develops a possibility theory of discrimination. I use Marx's theories of accumulation and competition to show that the persistence of alternative forms of discrimination are consistent with the reproduction of capital. Along the way, I also develop an approach to labor market segmentation that is independent of the structure of output markets. Accordingly, this paper accepts and extends recent Marxian notions on the complementarily of racial exclusion, the accumulation of capital and the competitive process.
Development of Regional Stroke Programs

The organization of stroke care has undergone a dramatic evolution in the USA over the last two decades. Beginning with the recommendation for Primary Stroke Centers (PSCs) in 1994, there has been a concerted effort by physicians, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and state legislatures to advance an evidence-based system of care with several tiers of stroke centers. At the apex of this structure are Regional Stroke Centers (RSCs), which do not have official recognition like PSCs and Comprehensive Stroke Centers (CSCs), but their existence as a hub for the many disparate spokes of stroke care in their region is increasingly necessary. Observational evidence suggests that this approach is improving the delivery of stroke care and reducing costs in the USA. Similar efforts are being made in Europe and Asia with encouraging results. The RSC model has the potential to lead to more uniform evidence-based stroke medicine, but many challenges exist.
Mercapturic acid excretion by rats following inhalation exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene.

Abstract Rats were exposed to 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP), a commonly used agricultural nematicide, by inhalation to assess the relationship between DCP concentration and the urinary excretion of the mercapturic acid of cis -DCP (3C-NAC). The nose-only exposure system that was used for simultaneously exposing up to four rodents is decribed. This apparatus provided for generation and monitoring of relative humidity and test vapor concentration. Animals were exposed for 1 hr to concentrations of up to 789 ppm DCP. Urine was collected for 24 hr after exposure. The quantity of 3C-NAC contained in the urine collections exhibited an exposure concentration-dependent increase from 0 to 284 ppm DCP. However, the amount of 3C-NAC was no greater for animals exposed to 398 or 789 ppm DCP than for animals exposed to 284 ppm DCP.
Mechanism of zeolite formation: Seed-gel interaction

Abstract The mutual interactions between zeolite Y seed crystals and amorphous aluminosilicate gels in influencing zeolite synthesis has been examined. Reactant compositions that result in the synthesis of faujastic- and gismondine-type frameworks is the focus of this study. A reactor system in which seed crystals and gel are separated by a 0.2 μm membrane has been used for the synthesis experiments. The membrane allows for ready passage of soluble species, while keeping the solids separate. The results indicate that the seed crystals modify the crystallization process if they are in physical contact with the gel, but do not influence it if they are kept separated via the membrane. Thus, it appears that the viable nuclei generated either from the seed or the gel do not travel readily through the 0.2 μm membrane, suggesting a minimal size of 2000 A. But, at the same time, crystal growth occurs readily on both sides of the membrane, suggesting incorporation of solution species that travel freely across the membrane.
Estimating Fault Detection Effectiveness

A t-way covering array can detect t-way faults, however they generally include other combinations beyond t-way as well. For example, a particular test set of all 5-way combinations is shown capable of detecting all seeded faults in a test program, despite the fact that it contains up to 9-way faults. This poster gives an overview of methods for estimating fault detection effectiveness of a test set based on combinatorial coverage for a class of software.Detection effectiveness depends on the distribution of t-way faults, which is not known. However based on past experience one could say for example the fraction of 1-way faults is F1 = 60 %, 2- way faults F2 = 25 % F3 = 10 % and F4 = 5 %. Such information could be used in determining the required strength t. It is shown that the fault detection effectiveness of a test set may be affected significantly by the t-way fault distribution, overall, simple coverage at each level of t, number of values per variable, and minimum t-way coverage. Using these results, we develop practical guidance for testers.
Studies directed toward synthesis of quassinoids. VI—mass spectral fragmentation of D-ring seco esters and δ-lactone derivatives of cholic acid†

Analogy and deuterium labeling demonstrate that considerable remote group interaction occurs between functional groups at positions 7 and 16 in 16, 17-secosteroids. It is proposed that ion-dipole interactions separations of distances of 10 to 2 A will involve energies of 1–30 kcal mol−1 and can play a significant role in fragmentation processes. Successive loss of one, two and three HOAc molecules from a milecular or daughter ion increase progressively in relative intensity; irregularity in this pattern indicates the operation of special factors or multiple genesis of daughter ions having the same m/e. Evidence is presented which suggests that facile ketene ejection from the acetate functional group only occurs from a radical ion and must be preceded by transfer of a hydrogen radical from the acetate group to the site of charge localization.
An Infrastructure-less Vehicle Counting without Disruption

This paper presents a solution to count all moving vehicles in a target region. This is a large-scale counting that cannot be easily solved without a global view. However, there is no single force that can provide such a global view. To achieve an accurate result without either double- or miscounting, the local counting at each checkpoint is synchronized in our wireless communication by using the information carried by vehicles along the traffic flow. Our analytical and experimental results illustrate the correctness of the proposed scheme in both closed and open road systems - even when the wireless signal is affected by many factors. In this way, we provide an essential support for the resource management in VANETs.
Deaths and injuries caused by slipping, tripping and falling.

‘Underfoot accidents’ is suggested as a description of slipping, tripping, falling and other events causing injuries on floors, stairs, roofs and scaffolding, etc. Some statistics are available for falls but there is no information about the numbers of other underfoot accidents. In 1979 there were 5886 fatal falls in England, Wales and Scotland. Statistics published by the Health and Safety Executive and the Home Accident Surveillance System indicate that there are at least half a million injuries from falls requiring hospital treatment or causing absence from work of at least 3 days. The United States Health Service recorded 13·6 million falls in 1972. National statistics on underfoot accidents would be valuable for accident prevention and could be obtained by investigating the causes of all accidental injuries attending hospital accident and emergency departments.
The fine structure of Tomes' process of rat incisor ameloblasts and its relationship to the elaboration of enamel.

Abstract The shape of Tomes' process and its relationship to enamel precursors, the growing enamel, and the apical terminal bars were studied with light and electron microscopes in the enamel organs of the lower incisors of adult rats. It was found that the proximal part of Tomes' process has a complex cross section which is described here as consisting of head, body, and large and small foot processes. The shape of the cross section is related to the direction of tooth eruption and the direction of the presumed sideways motion of the ameloblast. At the level of the apical terminal bars the ameloblast cross section is rectangular, with the long axis in the direction of the axis of the tooth. The major terminal bars have a large number of filaments showing little recognizable order, and an almost uninterrupted zonula adherens. The minor terminal bars have fewer filaments which often form well-defined bundles, and their zonula adherens is more frequently interrupted by membrane invaginations, maculae occludentes, and distensions of the extracellular space. Stippled material was seen first in irregularly shaped vesicles in the ameloblast apex just proximal to the terminal bar level. It appears to be secreted into the extracellular space at the level of the terminal bars and distal to them. It is incorporated into the interrod enamel in an erratic fashion and remains uncalcified for a period of time. The anomaly of its distribution may indicate that it is not an essential enamel component in the rat incisor. No new stippled material was seen to be secreted in rod enamel formation. The first enamel to be formed is a broad band of interrod enamel between Tomes' processes of the same row. It is formed in close proximity to, and thus presumably to a large extent by, Tomes' processes of the neighboring (in apical direction) row. A thin band of interrod enamel between rows is then deposited by ameloblasts of the adjacent rows, while the enamel rod is formed by one ameloblast. At the enamel growth fronts, the three enamel components (crystallites, pericrystal membrane, background matrix) appear almost simultaneously in the enamel space. Secretion granules seem to participate in rod enamel formation by a type of exocytosis.
Mathematical modeling and optimization of thermoelastic systems based on a combination of energy and thermodynamic approaches

We propose to apply energy and thermodynamic approaches to the construction of mathematical models describing thermomechanical processes in elastic deformable dissipative systems. Basic relations for the description of both a local thermodynamic state and dissipative processes are obtained. On this basis, we propose a version of the statement of boundary-value problems of optimization of the stress state under given integral restrictions imposed on the functions of external force loading and a scheme of their solution.
Comparative functional analysis of skull morphology of tree-gouging primates

Many primates habitually feed on tree exudates such as gums and saps. Among these exudate feeders, Cebuella pygmaea, Callithrix spp., Phaner furcifer, and most likely Euoticus elegantulus elicit exudate flow by biting into trees with their anterior dentition. We define this behavior as gouging. Beyond the recent publication by Dumont ([1997] Am J Phys Anthropol 102:187-202), there have been few attempts to address whether any aspect of skull form in gouging primates relates to this specialized feeding behavior. However, many researchers have proposed that tree gouging results in larger bite force, larger internal skull loads, and larger jaw gapes in comparison to other chewing and biting behaviors. If true, then we might expect primate gougers to exhibit skull modifications that provide increased abilities to produce bite forces at the incisors, withstand loads in the skull, and/or generate large gapes for gouging. We develop 13 morphological predictions based on the expectation that gouging involves relatively large jaw forces and/or jaw gapes. We compare skull shapes for P. furcifer to five cheirogaleid taxa, E. elegantulus to six galagid species, and C. jacchus to two tamarin species, so as to assess whether gouging primates exhibit these predicted morphological shapes. Our results show little morphological evidence for increased force-production or load-resistance abilities in the skulls of these gouging primates. Conversely, these gougers tend to have skull shapes that are advantageous for creating large gapes. For example, all three gouging species have significantly lower condylar heights relative to the toothrow at a given mandibular length in comparison with closely related, nongouging taxa. Lowering the height of the condyle relative to the mandibular toothrow should reduce the stretching of the masseters and medial pterygoids during jaw opening, as well as position the mandibular incisors more anteriorly at wide jaw gapes. In other words, the lower incisors will follow a more vertical trajectory during both jaw opening and closing. We predict, based on these findings, that tree-gouging primates do not generate unusually large forces, but that they do use relatively large gapes during gouging. Of course, in vivo data on jaw forces and jaw gapes are required to reliably assess skull functions during gouging.
THE INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT OF SEX IN EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED CHILDREN

While the institutional management of sex in emotionally disturbed children constitutes a difficult and delicate psychological problem, it receives surprisingly little systematic delineation in the professional literature. Drawing illustrations from a clinical training center dealing with emotionally disturbed and delinquent boys, a series of general principles of adult response to child sexuality is defined and discussed.
Franck-Condon factors for electronic band systems of molecular nitrogen

Abstract Franck-Condon factors have been calculated for five electronic band systems of N2: C3Πu-B3Πg, B3Πg-A3Σu+, A3Σu+-X1Σg+, a1Πg-X1Σg+, and C3Πu-X1Σg+. Rydberg-Klein-Rees potentials were constructed for these electronic states, and exact vibrational wave functions were obtained by direct numerical solution of the radial Schrodinger equation. Calculated relative band intensities are compared with experimental data. In addition, radiative lifetimes are calculated from absolute absorption data for two of these band systems. Various proposals concerning the variation of the electronic transition dipole moment R e ( r ) with internuclear distance are discussed, and it is suggested that R e ( r ) is likely to vary most for forbidden transitions.
Applications of gel permeation chromatography in the manufacture of epoxy-glass printed circuit laminates

Abstract An IBM 1440 data processing system has been adapted to perform on-line data collection and analysis and has been applied to the analysis of an epoxy resin system used in printed circuit lamination. A feature of the computer program allows performance of independent calculations on selected portions of the chromatogram. In practice, gel permeation chromatography has been effectively applied to monitor epoxy resin molecular distributions through each step of a laminating process to final gel. It has been shown that molecular weight distribution is more useful parameter than epoxy equivalent weight for describing resin reactivity variations. Gel permeation chromatography also provides a convenient means of following resin advancement through the prepreg state. Studies of the “B” stage resin relate gel-time sensitivity to small changes in molecular weight distribution.
Evidence for chain length dependent local ordering surrounding perylene dissolved in poly(ethylene glycol)

Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements on dilute solutions of perylene dissolved in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers are carried out as a function of oligomer chain length and temp...
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis causing prolonged nonconvulsive status epilepticus

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is characterized by dyskinesias, psychosis, and seizures1 secondary to antibodies to the NR1-NR2B heteromer of the NMDA receptor.2 This syndrome, more common in women, is often related to an ovarian tumor1; the prognosis is better if the tumor is identified within 3 months of onset. Our case had nonconvulsive status epilepticus lasting 6 months, with marked improvement following removal of the ovarian tumor. ### Case report. A 35-year-old woman, previously healthy and without history of psychosis, had a 3-week history of progressive headaches, short-term memory loss, and irritability. On admission, she was psychotic, requiring physical and chemical restraints. She was unable to follow commands, had echolalia, and had occasional dystonic posturing of her limbs. One week later, she became unresponsive to external stimuli. An EEG demonstrated persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). Initial CSF studies were remarkable for a lymphocytic pleocytosis with 386 leukocytes. Brain MRI showed diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintensity in the right medial temporal lobe transitioning to fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity on repeat imaging (figure 1A). Tests for multiple viral and bacterial pathogens, including herpes simplex virus, were negative. A paraneoplastic …
Alternaria keratitis: clinical presentation and resolution with topical fluconazole or intrastromal voriconazole and topical caspofungin.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation of 3 cases of Alternaria keratitis and their response to medical therapy. Methods All cases of Alternaria keratitis diagnosed and treated at the University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary from 1999 to 2007 were reviewed for clinical presentation, antifungal therapy, and final visual acuity. Results Three cases of Alternaria keratitis were identified. All patients presented with an indolent steroid-treated keratitis and a history of recent cataract surgery, agricultural trauma, or contact lens wear. None of the patients responded to natamycin, and 1 also failed to respond to topical and systemic voriconazole. Patients responded rapidly to either topical fluconazole 0.02% or a combination of intrastromal voriconazole and topical caspofungin 0.5%. Final visual acuity ranged between 20/15 and 20/25. Conclusions Alternaria keratitis has a varied clinical presentation and may present without macroscopic pigmentation. In vitro sensitivity testing may be helpful in directing therapy for Alternaria keratitis, but clinical response should be monitored as the primary endpoint. Response to natamycin was poor, but successful resolution with topical fluconazole or intrastromal voriconazole and topical caspofungin with preservation of good visual acuity was possible.
More than just B-cell inhibition

Despite tremendous advances in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there remains interest in oral agents that may offer benefits that are similar to, or better than, those of biologic therapies. In their paper, Chang and colleagues demonstrate the effectiveness of a Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor in two models of RA. Btk inhibition impacts several pathways affecting both B-cell and macrophage activation, making it a promising target in RA. However, other kinase inhibitors have failed to transition from animal models to human therapy, so it remains to be seen whether a Btk inhibitor will have a role in the RA treatment armamentarium.
Stochastic model for outcome prediction in acute illness

The aims were to apply a stochastic model to predict outcome early in acute emergencies and to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapies in a consecutively monitored series of severely injured patients with noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring. The survival probabilities were calculated beginning shortly after admission to the emergency department (ED) and at subsequent intervals during their hospitalization. Cardiac function was evaluated by cardiac output (CI), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), pulmonary function by pulse oximetry (SapO"2), and tissue perfusion function by transcutaneous oxygen indexed to FiO"2,(PtcO"2/FiO"2), and carbon dioxide (PtcCO"2) tension. The survival probability (SP) of survivors averaged 81.5+/-1.1% (SEM) and for nonsurvivors 57.7+/-2.3% (p<0.001) in the first 24-hour period of resuscitation and subsequent management. The CI, SapO"2,PtcO"2/FiO"2 and MAP were significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors during the initial resuscitation, while HR and PtcCO"2 tensions were higher in the nonsurvivors. Predictions made during the initial resuscitation period in the first 24-hours after admission were compared with the actual outcome at hospital discharge, which were usually several weeks later; misclassifications were 9.6% (16/167). The therapeutic decision support system objectively evaluated the responses of alternative therapies based on responses of patients with similar clinical-hemodynamic states.