cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type 1 IP3 receptors activate BKCa channels via local molecular coupling in arterial smooth muscle cells

Plasma membrane large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels and sarcoplasmic reticulum inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptors (IP(3)Rs) are expressed in a wide variety of cell types, including arterial smooth muscle cells. Here, we studied BK(Ca) channel regulation by IP(3) and IP(3)Rs in rat and mouse cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. IP(3) activated BK(Ca) channels both in intact cells and in excised inside-out membrane patches. IP(3) caused concentration-dependent BK(Ca) channel activation with an apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) of approximately 4 microM at physiological voltage (-40 mV) and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i); 10 microM). IP(3) also caused a leftward-shift in BK(Ca) channel apparent Ca(2+) sensitivity and reduced the K(d) for free [Ca(2+)](i) from approximately 20 to 12 microM, but did not alter the slope or maximal P(o). BAPTA, a fast Ca(2+) buffer, or an elevation in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration did not alter IP(3)-induced BK(Ca) channel activation. Heparin, an IP(3)R inhibitor, and a monoclonal type 1 IP(3)R (IP(3)R1) antibody blocked IP(3)-induced BK(Ca) channel activation. Adenophostin A, an IP(3)R agonist, also activated BK(Ca) channels. IP(3) activated BK(Ca) channels in inside-out patches from wild-type (IP(3)R1(+/+)) mouse arterial smooth muscle cells, but had no effect on BK(Ca) channels of IP(3)R1-deficient (IP(3)R1(-/-)) mice. Immunofluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy indicated that IP(3)R1 is located in close spatial proximity to BK(Ca) alpha subunits. The IP(3)R1 monoclonal antibody coimmunoprecipitated IP(3)R1 and BK(Ca) channel alpha and beta1 subunits from cerebral arteries. In summary, data indicate that IP(3)R1 activation elevates BK(Ca) channel apparent Ca(2+) sensitivity through local molecular coupling in arterial smooth muscle cells.
Providing Dementia-Specific Services to Family Caregivers: North Carolina's Project C.A.R.E. Program:

Although options for family caregivers in the United States have expanded, many families are not reached by support services because of geographical and cultural isolation. North Carolina, one of 38 states participating in the Alzheimer's Disease Demonstration Grants to the States program, targets underserved rural and minority caregivers through Project C.A.R.E. (Caregiver Alternatives to Running on Empty). Under this program, families can receive up to $2,000 annually for services ranging from community-based respite to more comprehensive care (in-home and overnight respite, training, and emotional support). Services are coordinated by a family consultant (FC) at each of the program's three sites (Asheville, Charlotte, and Winston-Salem). Since the program's inception in 2001, the FCs have successfully developed a network of support services where none previously existed. Project C.A.R.E. serves as a model to other states in delivering dementia-specific services to vulnerable populations.
Porcine factor VIII in factor VIII antibody-positive hemophiliacs.

rected against the factor VIII protein, and completely or partially neutralizing the plasma coagulant activity of the clotting factor, is associated with a variety of diseases, and these antibodies are often the cause of the life-threatening bleeds. Such inhibitors, designated as acquired hemophilia, are uncommon (found in 0.2-1.0 previously normal individuals per million population annually), but 37% of those who develop them suffer from serious bleeds, and at least 22% die. This morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early laboratory detection, familiarity with the clinical manifestations, and the availability and use of an appropriate treatment. Unfortunately, none of the available therapeutic approaches is universally effective, and most are associated with potentially serious side effects. Recently, there has been interest in polyelectrolyte-fractionated porcine factor VIII concentrate (Porton Speywood Ltd, Wrexham, UK) for the treatment of acquired factor VIII autoantibodies. This product carries no risk of contamination with human pathogenic blood-borne viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C, but more importantly, it cross-reacts only to a slight extent with even high concentrations of anti-human factor VIII antibodies. This makes it easy to monitor its efficacy in terms of the resulting levels of plasma factor VIII in treated patients. The International Acquired Hemophilia Study Group has evaluated treatment with porcine factor VIII concentrate in 65 patients from North America and Europe with acquired hemophilia. These were all well characterized clinically and in terms of laboratory tests. Their median age was 62 years (range 18-82), with a preponderance of older individuals, and an even sex distribution. Over 50% had no predisposing disease that was obviously responsible for their acquired hemophilia; the remainder had covert or overt collagen vascular or autoimmune diseases (17%), solid malignant tumors (12%), pregnancy or post partum states (11%), medication toxicities (6%), or lymphoproliferative malignancies (1.5%). Younger patients predominantly had complications of pregnancy or collagen vascular disease
Music choice as a sadness regulation strategy for resolved versus unresolved sad events

This research examined individuals’ preference for happy music when dealing with resolved versus unresolved sad events. In experiment 1 (N = 49), participants dealing with unresolved sad events wer...
Quorum quenching: enzymatic disruption of N-acylhomoserine lactone-mediated bacterial communication in Burkholderia thailandensis.

Many species of gram-negative bacteria communicate by synthesizing, secreting, and responding to Nacylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), a mechanism termed quorum sensing. Several investigations have characterized numerous AHL-degrading enzymes (AiiA lactonases) encoded by environmental isolates of Bacillus spp. The Burkholderia thailandensis quorum system is comprised of at least three AHL synthases (AHSs) and five transcriptional regulators belonging to the LuxIR class of proteins. Expression of the Bacillus anthracis (Ames strain) AiiA lactonase in B. thailandensis completely abolished the accumulation of N-decanoylhomoserine lactone (C10-HSL) and N-octanoylhomoserine lactone (C8-HSL), reduced N-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (C6HSL) levels, altered both swarming and twitching motility, caused a significant increase in generation time, and affected carbon metabolism. In contrast, heterologous expression of the Bacillus cereus strain A24 AiiA lactonase in B. thailandensis reduced the concentrations of C6-HSL, C8-HSL, and C10-HSL to nondetectable levels; altered both swarming and twitching motility; and caused fluctuations in carbon utilization. Individual disruption of the B. thailandensis AHSs, specifically disruption of the btaI1 and btaI3 genes, which encode the proteins that direct the synthesis of C8-HSL and C6-HSL, respectively, caused the hyper-beta-hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes on blood agar plates. In contrast, AHL cleavage in B. thailandensis by the Bacillus AiiA lactonases failed to enhance beta-hemolytic activity. The results of this study demonstrate that heterologous expression of Bacillus sp. AiiA lactonases in B. thailandensis reduced AHL accumulation, affected both swarming and twitching motility, increased generation time, altered substrate utilization, and prevented the betahemolysis of sheep erythrocytes.
Elastic pion double charge exchange reactions

Results of simple sequential model calculations are presented and compared with experimental data covering a wide variety of targets and energies. The model is fairly successful at higher energies (greater than about 200 MeV) but fails badly at lower energies.
Tools for simulating evolution of aligned genomic regions with integrated parameter estimation

Controlled simulations of genome evolution are useful for benchmarking tools. However, many simulators lack extensibility and cannot measure parameters directly from data. These issues are addressed by three new open-source programs: GSIMULATOR (for neutrally evolving DNA), SIMGRAM (for generic structured features) and SIMGENOME (for syntenic genome blocks). Each offers algorithms for parameter measurement and reconstruction of ancestral sequence. All three tools out-perform the leading neutral DNA simulator (DAWG) in benchmarks. The programs are available at http://biowiki.org/SimulationTools.
Heterosexism and Health Care: A Concept Analysis

BACKGROUND. The concept of heterosexism is used in a variety of ways in healthcare literature. The lack of consensus of the term makes identifying when and how it impacts the health care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people difficult. A lack of clarity of the concept could also hinder effectiveness of education, awareness, and research tool development efforts. PURPOSE. The purpose of this concept analysis is to offer a synthesized definition of the term heterosexism, including its relation to and distinction from related concepts like homophobia and heteronormativity. METHODS. The authors use Walker and Avant's eight-step concept analysis method: select a concept, determine the aim of analysis, identify all uses of the concept, determine defining attributes, construct a model case, construct additional cases, identify antecedents and consequences, and define empirical referents. CONCLUSION. The results of the analysis reveal focus areas for future research, tool development, and suggestions for improvements in nursing clinical practice.
Changing attitudes toward splenic trauma.

The emergency physician and the trauma specialist have begun to use new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques when dealing with splenic injuries and blunt abdominal trauma. These techniques of abdominal computed tomography (CT) and nonsurgical management represent a quite different approach from the long-standing modalities of peritoneal lavage and splenectomy. These newer methods are less invasive, but whether they represent an improvement in patient care is subject to question. Recently, a patient who had sustained blunt abdominal trauma following a motor vehicle accident was admitted to our institution. He did not get the routine peritoneal lavage. Instead, in the “new” fashion, the patient received a CT scan of the abdomen and was observed in our Special Care Unit. He did well for several days, and then, on the fifth day of hospitalization, his hematocrit fell to 24% and his systolic pressure decreased to 90 mm Hg. We rushed the patient to the operating suite, and while there we found 1,500 ml of blood in his peritoneal cavity. His spleen was bleeding freely. By the conclusion of the procedure, the patient had received ten units of packed cells, four units of fresh-frozen plasma, and large volumes of crystalloid. A splenectomy was performed. Although this case is anecdotal, it illustrates the potential for catastrophe when dealing with splenic rupture and the fact that CT scans can be technically difficult to interpret. Although some free blood had been noted on this patient’s CT scan pre-operatively, the extent of his splenic injury had not been appreciated. Another recent admission to our medical center in
Modeling of graded-index channel waveguides using nonuniform finite difference method

A finite-difference method (FDM) with nonuniform discretization for the analysis of channel waveguides is presented. Application of the boundary conditions for either the quasi-TE or quasi-TM mode is illustrated. Flexible discretization of the grid structures minimizes memory size, resulting in much smaller computing time without sacrificing the accuracy of the solution. This nonuniform discretization FDM technique is used to model the well-guided small-mode-size Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides. The model treats both finite and infinite source diffusion cases. Quasi-TM mode profiles and the corresponding eigenvalues are rigorously evaluated and the theoretical results agree very well with the experimental results. >
Regulation of cardiac volume-sensitive chloride channel by focal adhesion kinase and Src kinase

The volume-sensitive chloride current (ICl,swell) is found in the mammalian myocardium and is activated by osmotic swelling. The goal of this study was to examine the importance of the tyrosine kin...
A Shakespearean Character on the Eighteenth‐Century Stage: Recognizing Perdita

Shakespeare’s characters have always fascinated readers and viewers, yet for the past several decades ‘character criticism’ has been unpopular among Shakespearean scholars. Recently, although, ‘character’ has made a resurgence, especially in the context of performance studies. The 18th-century stage presents a good venue from within which to examine this new critical approach, as 18th-century audiences were enamored both with Shakespeare’s plays and the offstage lives of the actors they came to see. Building from this fact, this essay examines the influence of the actor/role relationship on popular theories of characterization; in particular, it focuses on the actress Mary Robinson and the character of Perdita. By asking what it meant for audiences to recognize Robinson as ‘Perdita’, and ‘Perdita’ as Mary Robinson, the essay provides one example of how attention to performance history can enrich our analysis of Shakespearean characters today.
Plasticity, nuclear diapause, and a requiem for the terminal differentiation of epithelia.

Once in a while, we should compulse over well-established paradigms, and I have been thinking about the terminality of differentiated epithelial cells. There are many believers in terminal differentiation, but if the concept encourages a sense of immutability, then does it cripple new ideas
Estimation and statistical analysis of exponential polynomial signals

We derive and analyze a suboptimal algorithm for estimating the unknown parameters of an exponential polynomial signal (EPS) model. The EPS model represents a signal as an exponent raised to a complex polynomial of time. That is, the phase and the logarithm of the amplitude are approximated as finite-order polynomials of time.
Addiction medicine: an important field for Public Health

The abuse of illegal drugs is one of the greatest challenges that the world is facing today. Occurring in all countries, from the richest to the poorest, it is a problem that involves all groups and, increasingly, all ages, fuelling global crime, corruption and terrorism, generating unimaginable wealth for the few and limitless harm for the many, costing millions of lives and threatening the very sustainability of communities the world over....
Embedding Graphs in the Plane—Algorithmic Aspects

An exposition of ideas relating to graph planarity, including the construction of planar embeddings when they exist, is given. The notion of the family of “segment graphs” of a graph is discussed. It is shown how to construct a family of spanning forests for the segment graphs of a planar graph G = (V, E) in linear time in |V|.
Development of a HIPAA-compliant environment for translational research data and analytics

High-performance computing centers (HPC) traditionally have far less restrictive privacy management policies than those encountered in healthcare. We show how an HPC can be re-engineered to accommodate clinical data while retaining its utility in computationally intensive tasks such as data mining, machine learning, and statistics. We also discuss deploying protected virtual machines. A critical planning step was to engage the university's information security operations and the information security and privacy office. Access to the environment requires a double authentication mechanism. The first level of authentication requires access to the university's virtual private network and the second requires that the users be listed in the HPC network information service directory. The physical hardware resides in a data center with controlled room access. All employees of the HPC and its users take the university's local Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act training series. In the first 3 years, researcher count has increased from 6 to 58.
Olfactory dysfunction, central cholinergic integrity and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.

Olfactory dysfunction is common in subjects with Parkinson’s disease. The pathophysiology of such dysfunction, however, remains poorly understood. Neurodegeneration within central regions involved in odour perception may contribute to olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Central cholinergic deficits occur in Parkinson’s disease and cholinergic neurons innervate regions, such as the limbic archicortex, involved in odour perception. We investigated the relationship between performance on an odour identification task and forebrain cholinergic denervation in Parkinson’s disease subjects without dementia. Fifty-eight patients with Parkinson’s disease (mean Hoehn and Yahr stage 2.5 ± 0.5) without dementia (mean Mini-Mental State Examination, 29.0 ± 1.4) underwent a clinical assessment, [11C]methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate acetylcholinesterase brain positron emission tomography and olfactory testing with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease was confirmed by [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 positron emission tomography. We found that odour identification test scores correlated positively with acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampal formation (r = 0.56, P < 0.0001), amygdala (r = 0.50, P < 0.0001) and neocortex (r = 0.46, P = 0.0003). Striatal monoaminergic activity correlated positively with odour identification scores (r = 0.30, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis including limbic (hippocampal and amygdala) and neocortical acetylcholinesterase activity as well as striatal monoaminergic activity, using odour identification scores as the dependent variable, demonstrated a significant regressor effect for limbic acetylcholinesterase activity (F = 10.1, P < 0.0001), borderline for striatal monoaminergic activity (F = 1.6, P = 0.13), but not significant for cortical acetylcholinesterase activity (F = 0.3, P = 0.75). Odour identification scores correlated positively with scores on cognitive measures of episodic verbal learning (r = 0.30, P < 0.05). These findings indicate that cholinergic denervation of the limbic archicortex is a more robust determinant of hyposmia than nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation in subjects with moderately severe Parkinson's disease. Greater deficits in odour identification may identify patients with Parkinson's disease at risk for clinically significant cognitive impairment.
How Good Is PSK for Peak-Limited Fading Channels in the Low-SNR Regime?

This paper investigates the achievable information rate of phase-shift keying (PSK) over frequency nonselective Rayleigh and Rician fading channels without channel state information (CSI). The fading process exhibits general temporal correlation characterized by its spectral density function. We consider both discrete-time and continuous-time channels, and find their asymptotics at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Compared to known capacity upper bounds under peak constraints, these asymptotics lead to negligible rate loss in the low-SNR regime for slowly time-varying fading channels. We further specialize to case studies of Gauss-Markov and Clarke's fading models
Rates of myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease and risk factors in patients treated with radiation therapy for early-stage breast cancer.

BACKGROUND. Radiation therapy (RT), a critical component of breast-conserving therapy for breast cancer, has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in numerous older studies, but the risk may be lower with modern techniques. METHODS. Observed rates of cardiac events in 828 patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and RT at the University of Michigan were compared with expected rates. Relations between potential risk factors and actuarial rates of first CAD event were analyzed. RESULTS. Observed risks of cardiac events were lower than expected. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of myocardial infarction (MI) was 0.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21–0.70). The SIR of MI or CAD requiring intervention was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.27–0.68). With a median follow-up of 6.8 years, 12 (1.4%) patients had at least 1 MI on follow-up and 20 (2.4%) had at least 1 MI or CAD requiring intervention. Median age at first cardiac event was 75.9 years (range, 43.1–91.5). Median interval from RT to occurrence of the first cardiac event was 3.7 years (range, 13 days to 15.4 years). The 10-year cumulative incidence of MI was 1.2% and cumulative incidence of MI or CAD requiring intervention was 2.7%. On multivariate analysis, age, diabetes mellitus, active smoking, and laterality of RT were significant predictors of MI. Age and active smoking were significant predictors of MI or CAD requiring intervention. CONCLUSIONS. Patients in this series had lower risk of ischemic cardiac events than expected. Although small in absolute magnitude, patients radiated to the left side did have a statistically significant increased risk of MI. These findings support further investigation of techniques to minimize the long-term cardiac risks faced by breast cancer patients. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A Quadrature Sinusoidal Oscillator With Phase-Preserving Wide-Range Linear Frequency Tunability and Frequency-Independent Amplitude

A Gm-C architecture for a quadrature sinusoidal oscillator with phase-preserving wide-range linear frequency tunability is discussed. The topology is characterized by low harmonic distortion, as well as controlled and stable amplitude of oscillation that is independent of the oscillation's frequency and instantaneous frequency changes. The architecture has been implemented for acoustic sonar applications using general-purpose discrete bipolar transistors. The phase-preserving frequency control makes the architecture appropriate for continuous-phase frequency-shift keying modulators as well. Measurements and simulation results are presented and found in good agreement with theory
A hydraulic explanation for size-specific plant shrinkage: developmental hydraulic sectoriality

• While great attention has been paid to the mechanisms controlling plant growth, much less is known about why and how plants shrink. The modular design of plants may facilitate the independence of modules if the xylem vasculature is hydraulically sectored. We examined the hydraulic connectivity of modules comprising juveniles and adults of the aridland chamaephyte Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae), motivated by the observation that rosette mortality is spatially aggregated in adults, but not in juveniles. • We explored spatial patterns of leaf wilting after clipping a single lateral root, tracked physiological dyes taken up by a single root, and measured within-plant variation in leaf water potentials after watering a portion of the root system. We then measured xylem anatomical features related to hydraulic connectivity. • Our approaches revealed hydraulic integration in juveniles but hydraulic sectoriality in adults. We attribute such developmental changes to increasing distances between xylem bundles, and larger xylem lumen and heartwood areas as plants age. • We have demonstrated functional sectoriality in a desert chamaephyte, and report the mechanism by which sectoriality occurs, offering a hydraulic explanation for the death of whole plant portions resulting in shrinkage of large plants, and for the high occurrence of this design in deserts.
The aurora kinase AIR-2 functions in the release of chromosome cohesion in Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis.

Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division requires not only the establishment, but also the precise, regulated release of chromosome cohesion. Chromosome dynamics during meiosis are more complicated, because homologues separate at anaphase I whereas sister chromatids remain attached until anaphase II. How the selective release of chromosome cohesion is regulated during meiosis remains unclear. We show that the aurora-B kinase AIR-2 regulates the selective release of chromosome cohesion during Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis. AIR-2 localizes to subchromosomal regions corresponding to last points of contact between homologues in metaphase I and between sister chromatids in metaphase II. Depletion of AIR-2 by RNA interference (RNAi) prevents chromosome separation at both anaphases, with concomitant prevention of meiotic cohesin REC-8 release from meiotic chromosomes. We show that AIR-2 phosphorylates REC-8 at a major amino acid in vitro. Interestingly, depletion of two PP1 phosphatases, CeGLC-7α and CeGLC-7β, abolishes the restricted localization pattern of AIR-2. In Ceglc-7α/β(RNAi) embryos, AIR-2 is detected on the entire bivalent. Concurrently, chromosomal REC-8 is dramatically reduced and sister chromatids are separated precociously at anaphase I in Ceglc-7α/β(RNAi) embryos. We propose that AIR-2 promotes the release of chromosome cohesion via phosphorylation of REC-8 at specific chromosomal locations and that CeGLC-7α/β, directly or indirectly, antagonize AIR-2 activity.
Prophet regions for discounted, uniformly bounded random variables

Abstract Let X 1, X 2,… be any sequence of [0,1]-valued random variables. A complete comparison is made between the expected maximum E(max j≤n Y j ) and the stop rule supremum sup t E Y t for two types of discounted sequences: (i) Y j = b j X j , where {b j } is a nonincreasing sequence of positive numbers with b 1 = 1; and (ii) Y j = B 1… B j−1 X j , where B 1, B 2,… are independent [0,1]-valued random variables that are independent of the X j , having a common mean β. For instance, it is shown that the set of points {(x, y): x = sup t E Y {(x, y): x=sup t E Y and y = E(max j≤n Y j ), for some sequence X 1,…,X n and Y j = b j X j }, is precisely the convex closure of the union of the sets {(b j x, b j y): (x, y) ∈ C j }, j = 1,…,n, where C j = {(x, y):0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ x[1 + (j − 1)(1 − x 1/(j−1))]} is the prophet region for undiscounted random variables given by Hill and Kertz [8]. As a special case, it is shown that the maximum possible difference E(max j≤n β j−1 X j ) − sup t E(β t−1 X t ) is att...
Imaging and energetics of single SSB-ssDNA molecules reveal intramolecular condensation and insight into RecOR function

Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein (SSB) is the defining bacterial member of ssDNA binding proteins essential for DNA maintenance. SSB binds ssDNA with a variable footprint of ∼30-70 nucleotides, reflecting partial or full wrapping of ssDNA around a tetramer of SSB. We directly imaged single molecules of SSB-coated ssDNA using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and observed intramolecular condensation of nucleoprotein complexes exceeding expectations based on simple wrapping transitions. We further examined this unexpected property by single-molecule force spectroscopy using magnetic tweezers. In conditions favoring complete wrapping, SSB engages in long-range reversible intramolecular interactions resulting in condensation of the SSB-ssDNA complex. RecO and RecOR, which interact with SSB, further condensed the complex. Our data support the idea that RecOR--and possibly other SSB-interacting proteins-function(s) in part to alter long-range, macroscopic interactions between or throughout nucleoprotein complexes by microscopically altering wrapping and bridging distant sites.
Complete information pursuit evasion in polygonal environments

Suppose an unpredictable evader is free to move around in a polygonal environment of arbitrary complexity that is under full camera surveillance. How many pursuers, each with the same maximum speed as the evader, are necessary and sufficient to guarantee a successful capture of the evader? The pursuers always know the evader's current position through the camera network, but need to physically reach the evader to capture it. We allow the evader the knowledge of the current positions of all the pursuers as well—this accords with the standard worst-case analysis model, but also models a practical situation where the evader has "hacked" into the surveillance system. Our main result is to prove that three pursuers are always sufficient and sometimes necessary to capture the evader. The bound is independent of the number of vertices or holes in the polygonal environment.
PHARO: A Near‐Infrared Camera for the Palomar Adaptive Optics System

We describe Cornell's near-infrared camera system PHARO (Palomar High Angular Resolution Observer) built for use with the JPL Palomar Adaptive Optics System on the 5 m Hale telescope. PHARO uses a HgCdTe HAWAII detector for observations between 1 and 2.5 mm wavelength. An all-reflecting 1024 # 1024
Elbow your way into reporting paediatric elbow fractures – A simple approach

The evaluation of X-rays of the paediatric elbow in the setting of trauma is challenging. The difficulty arises from the complex developmental anatomy of the elbow, with its multiple ossification centres and the differences in the pattern of injuries between adults and children. It is essential to evaluate the radiographs systematically. This review will provide an overview of the developmental anatomy, the range of soft tissue and skeletal findings, and demonstrate tips and pitfalls in radiographic interpretation in paediatric elbow trauma.
Speaking legibly: Qualitative perceptions of altered voice among oral tongue cancer survivors.

Objective: Treatment for oral tongue cancer poses unique challenges to restoring and maintaining personally acceptable, intelligible speech. Methods: We report how oral tongue cancer survivors describe their speech after treatment in a qualitative descriptive approach using constant comparative technique to complete a focal analysis of interview data from a larger grounded theory study of oral tongue cancer survivorship. Interviews were completed with 16 tongue cancer survivors 3 months to 12 years postdiagnosis with stage I-IV disease and treated with surgery alone, surgery and radiotherapy, or chemo-radiation. All interview data from the main study were analyzed for themes describing perceptions of speech as oral tongue cancer survivors. Results: Actual speech impairments varied among survivors. None experienced severe impairments that inhibited their daily lives. However, all expressed some level of concern about speech. Concerns about altered speech began when survivors heard their treatment plans and continued through to survivorship without being fully resolved. The overarching theme, maintaining a pattern and character of speech acceptable to the survivor, was termed speaking legibly using one survivor's vivid in vivo statement. Speaking legibly integrate the sub-themes of fears of sounding unusual, learning to talk again, problems and adjustments, and social impact. Conclusions: Clinical and scientific efforts to further understand and address concerns about speech, personal presentation, and identity among those diagnosed with oral tongue are important to improving care processes and patient-centered experience.
Number Bases and Binomial Coefficients

(1962). Number Bases and Binomial Coefficients. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 177-179.
High resolution microendoscopy for classification of colorectal polyps.

Background and study aims: It can be difficult to distinguish adenomas from benign polyps during routine colonoscopy. High resolution microendoscopy (HRME) is a novel method for imaging colorectal mucosa with subcellular detail. HRME criteria for the classification of colorectal neoplasia have not been previously described. Study goals were to develop criteria to characterize HRME images of colorectal mucosa (normal, hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, cancer) and to determine the accuracy and interobserver variability for the discrimination of neoplastic from non-neoplastic polyps when these criteria were applied by novice and expert microendoscopists. Methods: Two expert pathologists created consensus HRME image criteria using images from 68 patients with polyps who had undergone colonoscopy plus HRME. Using these criteria, HRME expert and novice microendoscopists were shown a set of training images and then tested to determine accuracy and interobserver variability. Results: Expert microendoscopists identified neoplasia with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 67 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 58 % – 75 %), 97 % (94 % – 100 %), and 87 %, respectively. Nonexperts achieved sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 73 % (66 % – 80 %), 91 % (80 % – 100 %), and 85 %, respectively. Overall, neoplasia were identified with sensitivity 70 % (65 % – 76 %), specificity 94 % (87 % – 100 %), and accuracy 85 %. Kappa values were: experts 0.86; nonexperts 0.72; and overall 0.78. Conclusions: Using the new criteria, observers achieved high specificity and substantial interobserver agreement for distinguishing benign polyps from neoplasia. Increased expertise in HRME imaging improves accuracy. This low-cost microendoscopic platform may be an alternative to confocal microendoscopy in lower-resource or community-based settings. Clinical trial registration no. NCT01384240
Stem cell biology and therapeutic applications.

Purpose of reviewChronic diseases are common and deadly. Stem cell therapies have received intense interest for the repopulation of damaged or diseased tissues. A detailed understanding of the similarities and differences between embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells will enhance our understan
Development of regularization methods on simulated ground-penetrating radar signals to predict thin asphalt overlay thickness

The range resolution of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signal is important in thin asphalt overlay thickness estimation. In this paper, regularized deconvolution is utilized to analyze simulated GPR signals to increase their range resolution. Four types of regularization methods, including Tikhonov regularization and total variation, were applied on noisy GPR signals; and their performance was evaluated in terms of accuracy in estimating distance of close impulses. The L-curve method was used to choose the appropriate regularization parameter. The total variation regularization method and zeroth-order Tikhonov regularization outperform first-order and second-order Tikhonov regularization in terms of average asphalt layer thickness estimation error and the standard deviation of the error. An example of the field GPR data is provided to validate the proposed algorithm. The study shows that the algorithm based on regularization is a simple and effective approach to increase the GPR signal range resolution with presence of noise in the case of thin asphalt overlay thickness prediction. Deconvolution can be used to increase GPR signal resolution.Tikhonov and total variation regularization can make deconvolution robust to small reflection and noise.Simulation and field example show that accurate layer thickness can be obtained when the duration between two pulses is larger than 0.51ns.
Genocide, Ideology, and Dehumanization

Genocide, like serial murder, ranks high on most lists of paradigm instances of evil. But why? What makes genocide any more evil than other actions or events with similarly high death tolls, like wars? Focusing primarily on the Nazi Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide of 1994, this chapter examines the social-psychological circumstances that precipitate genocide, as well as the psychologies of notorious genocidal leaders, like Adolf Eichmann and Pauline Nyiramasuhuko. As with Chap. 2, this chapter has both short-term and long-term aims. In the short-term, it attempts to make as much sense as possible out of genocide and those who perpetrate it. In the long-term, it aims to gather important psychological data on which to base the book’s later philosophical discussions of evil.
The ACC and AHA: Setting a New Standard for Hospital Accreditation—Together

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] In today’s health care environment, terms like value-based, transparent, efficient, evidence-based, accountable, and cost-effective are used frequently when talking about new care delivery models as well as new models of physician and hospital
An international solution to a national crisis: Trends in student mobility to the United States post 2008

Abstract Since the 2008 financial crisis, news outlets have discussed the importance of recruiting international students to augment funding. This article explores trends in international student mobility (ISM) to the United States post-2008 through a secondary data analysis of educational appropriations, international students, tuition revenue, and the economic benefit derived from ISM. The intent is to build an empirical bridge between popular news coverage and available data. Findings indicate that there is a significant, inverse relationship between declining educational appropriations and the growing influx of international students to the U.S. Notably, the majority of the growth in ISM following the financial crisis has been from the developing world, a reflection of the world-systems perspective of core-periphery inequality.
Genome-wide association test of multiple continuous traits using imputed SNPs

More and more large cohort studies have conducted or are conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to reveal the genetic components of many complex human diseases. These large cohort studies often collected a broad array of correlated phenotypes that reflect common physiological processes. By jointly analyzing these correlated traits, we can gain more power by aggregating multiple weak effects and shed light on the mechanisms underlying complex human diseases. The majority of existing multi-trait association test methods are based on jointly modeling the multivariate traits conditional on the genotype as covariate, and can readily accommodate the imputed SNPs by using their imputed dosage as a covariate. An alternative class of multi-trait association tests is based on the inverted regression, which models the distribution of genotypes conditional on the covariate and multivariate traits, and has been shown to have competitive performance. To our knowledge, all existing inverted regression approaches have implicitly used the "best-guess" genotypes, which is not efficient and known to lead to dramatic power loss, and there have not been any proposed methods of incorporating imputation uncertainty into inverted regressions. In this work, we propose a general and efficient framework that can account for the imputation uncertainty to further improve the association test power of inverted regression models for imputed SNPs. We demonstrate through extensive numerical studies that the proposed method has competitive performance. We further illustrate its usefulness by application to association test of diabetes-related glycemic traits in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Toward Understanding the Impact of Attributes on Satisfaction in Different Price Tiers

This exploratory study analyzes online ratings of cruises to identify the drivers of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The goal is to highlight that attributes vary in impact across price tiers. This research involved using Impact Range Performance Analysis and Impact Asymmetry Analysis on data from online consumer reviews across four price tiers (budget, premium, deluxe, and luxury). These techniques allowed for the classification of cruise attributes into five types based on their ability to satisfy or dissatisfy consumers. Using this directional information, importance levels, and perceived performance, the authors show that the order in which cruise lines should dedicate their resources varies across price tiers.The contribution of this article addresses the need for managers to understand not only which attributes their passengers care about most (i.e., importance weight), but also the potential of each attribute to cause either satisfaction, or dissatisfaction. This will allow strategic allocation of resources depending on whether the cruise line needs to reduce dissatisfaction, or increase satisfaction. Consequently, this research should interest academicians – as an application of creative research methodology, and managers – as a prescriptive tool for resource allocation.
Teaching Systematic Searching Methods to Public Health Graduate Students: Repeated Library Instruction Sessions Correlate With Better Assignment Scores

Abstract Objective – The objective of this study was to devise an assessment plan to determine if repeat attendance at two library instruction sessions is statistically associated with overall assignment scores or specific assignment qualities. Methods – The author used SPSS to calculate correlations between attendance and assignment scores and cross tabulations between attendance and assignment item analysis scores. Results – Repeat attendance at two library instruction sessions was statistically associated with higher overall assignment scores and higher scores on specific assignment sections. The effect is statistically significant. Conclusion – Students who attended two library instruction sessions applied skills and concepts practiced in those sessions on a subsequent research assignment. Not all skills and concepts practiced in the session were applied. Acquisition of more technical skills such as Boolean searching may require a greater number of follow-up sessions.
AIDS education for college students: review and proposal for a research-based curriculum.

The history of AIDS education for college students in the U.S. is reviewed. Wide agreement concerning the goals and overall content of the AIDS-education curriculum is found. However, the context and location of AIDS education within the curriculum vary considerably. Increased knowledge about AIDS is a frequent outcome, but improvements in attitude and reported sexual behaviors are more difficult to achieve. The conceptual frameworks used in AIDS education include the health belief model, social learning theory, and theory of reasoned action; each has contributed to the design of an AIDS-prevention curriculum. A proposed research-based AIDS-education curriculum would utilize the theory of planned behavior from attitude research, the elaboration likelihood model from persuasion research, and the conceptual change model from science education research.
ITERATIVE METHODS FOR NON-SELF-ADJOINT ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS

Publisher Summary The numerical solution of non-self-adjoint elliptic boundary value problems requires the solution of systems of linear equations of the form Ax = b, where A is a large sparse nonsingular nonsymmetric matrix of order N. In most cases, direct methods for solving entail an LU-decomposition of A, which is prohibitively expensive for large problems. Iterative methods have low storage requirements, but must converge rapidly to be effective. The effective iterative methods exist for solving the symmetric positive-definite linear systems arising from the discretization of self-adjoint elliptic problems, but little of the convergence theory carries over to the nonsymmetric case. This chapter reviews the recent progress in the development of iterative methods for solving nonsymmetric systems. Progress has been made along two directions: (1) basic iterative methods, that is, techniques for computing the i'th approximate solution xi from previously computed quantities; and (2) preconditioning techniques, in which an auxiliary operator Q is used to generate an equivalent linear system. These two approaches are independent; any basic iterative method is combined with any preconditioning technique.
Interference fasteners for fatigue-life improvement

This paper describes use of interference-fit fasteners for improving fatigue life. Experiments showed substantial improvements in life for constant amplitude and spectrum loading, even where high loading introduced plastic deformation. Tests conducted at low stresses on single-shear butt joints showed but little improvement, because high bending stresses caused failure at edges of washers instead of through fastener holes. On the other hand, axial-loaded specimens containing unloaded interference fasteners showed marked increases in life at all stress levels.
Olivia Pope: a black post-feminist subject? Analyzing Scandal’s intersecting post-feminist and colorblind discourses

Previous analyses of Scandal have focused on how colorblind discourse in the series influences the representation of lead character Olivia Pope’s Blackness. Less has been written about how dominant...
The use of metal-support interactions to selectively activate carbonyl bonds

Abstract The support utilized to disperse Group VIII metals has been shown to have an enormous impact on turnover frequencies and selectivities in the CO hydrogenation reaction over certain catalysts. This has been attributed to a Metal-Support Interaction (MSI), with this author having proposed the creation of new active sites in the interfacial region to explain this behavior. The principal feature of this model is the interaction of the carbonyl oxygen atom with sites such as O vacancies or Ti 3+ cations on the nonstoichiometric titania surface. This model has been tested further to determine if other carbonyl bonds can also be activated, with the selective intramolecular hydrogenation of carbonyl bonds, rather than CC double bonds or aromatic bonds, being the ultimate goal. Results from the author's laboratory are reviewed.
Sport-Specific Associations of Specialization and Sex With Overuse Injury in Youth Athletes:

Background:Significant evidence has emerged that sport specialization is associated with an increased risk of overuse injury in youth athletes. Several recommendations exist to reduce the risk of o...
Systems-level analysis of peripheral blood gene expression in dementia patients reveals an innate immune response shared across multiple disorders

Abstract The role of peripheral inflammation in dementia is an important but complex topic. We present here the largest cohort of peripheral blood gene expression data ever assembled from patients with dementia and matching controls. Importantly, this cohort includes individuals from a diverse set of dementia disorders, including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and multiple disorders within the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum. We found strong transcriptional evidence of an innate immune inflammatory response, mediated by monocytes and neutrophils, in AD, MCI, and two FTD subtypes, PSP and nfvPPA. This transcriptional inflammatory response is enriched for genetic risk for AD, in part because it is also enriched for microglial genes, which have previously been implicated in AD risk. Finally, we show that this transcriptional response is strongly enriched for binding of the transcription factors PU.1 and RELA, which have previously been linked to AD risk and progression.
Direct Photorelease of Alcohols from Boron-Alkylated BODIPY Photocages.

BODIPY photocages allow the release of substrates using visible light irradiation. They have the drawback of requiring reasonably good leaving groups for photorelease. Photorelease of alcohols is o...
Spatial autocorrelation analysis of brucellosis in Zibo of Shandong Province, 2013-2015

Objective To explore the spatial distribution and spatial clustering of brucellosis in Zibo, 2013-2015. Methods Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to analyze the surveillance data of brucellosis at town level. Township as a spatial analysis unit, spatial distribution of brucellosis in small scale in Zibo City was analyzed. Results The global Moran's I indexes of brucellosis were not significantly different in 2013-2015. According to local Moran's I statistic, the high-high regions were Xindian Street and Jiangjunlu Street in 2013. The high-high regions were Tangfang Town, Jinshan Town, Luocun Town, Zhaili Town, Xihe Town and Longquan Town in 2014. The high-high region was Wangcun Town in 2015. Conclusions Our study has showed that the spatial distribution of brucellosis is local clustered in Zibo. The detection of hotspots could provide guidance for formulating regional prevention and control strategies. Key words: Brucellosis; Spatial autocorrelation analysis; Hotspots