cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty analysis of thermal comfort in a prototypical naturally ventilated office building and its implications compared to deterministic simulation

Abstract Naturally ventilated buildings utilize the effect of natural winds and buoyancy for supplying and removing air within a building. Such buildings are attractive to building owners because they reduce cooling energy costs and can supply the required amount of fresh air without the need for fans. Because of the latter, they are often viewed as a way to improve occupant comfort and produce a healthier indoor environment. In practice, there are situations where a building can fully rely on natural ventilation for cooling and fresh air, although in most cases the installed mechanical cooling can take over when natural cooling is insufficient to keep spaces comfortable. Despite the inherent risks in some buildings that have no mechanical cooling, typically the risks of overheating are mild to moderate based on design assessments. In reality, however, these buildings sometimes don’t meet their expected performance and have extended periods of overheating resulting in discomfort and in some cases serious complaints and lawsuits. One reason for such unexpected underperformance could be that design assessments are typically based on deterministic predictions (using simulation) that do not consider the effect of the variability in influencing factors, such as the building microclimate, building properties, usage patterns, etc. The compounding effect of these sources of uncertainty needs to be inspected to fully explore the risks that occupant thermal comfort might not be maintained for certain periods. In this study, we propose to use a probabilistic prediction approach to assess thermal comfort of a naturally ventilated building instead of deterministic simulation, especially when several impactful uncertainties are presented. First, we identify and quantify different categories of uncertainties including the urban uncertainty, building uncertainty, and system uncertainty etc. We then conduct a full uncertainty analysis and determine the thermal comfort condition during the summer in the office space of an illustrative building. Different design scenarios related to overhang design, construction type, wall insulation level and orientation are tested using uncertainty analysis to reveal their respective influence for designing a naturally ventilated building with consistent performance. Based on our comparison between the uncertainty analysis and deterministic simulation, although the deterministic simulation could provide some useful information, decisions made purely based on deterministic simulation like current practice could neglect large overheating risks in a naturally ventilated building. At last, from the sensitivity analysis, we found that the convective heat transfer coefficient uncertainty and microclimate uncertainty are the most important uncertainty source to consider in our case when intending to establish a naturally ventilated building with robust performance.
Olefin insertion in transition metal catalysis

Olefin insertions into transition metal-carbon and transition metal-hydrogen bonds are fundamental reactions in homogeneous catalysis. With unsymmetrically substituted olefins, a remarkable regioselectivity is frequently observed, whereby the orientation of the olefin depends on the metal, the ligands, and the olefin itself. Empirical rules of regioselectivity are given, and interpreted on the base of the electronic structure of the reaction partners.
3D printed high performance strain sensors for high temperature applications

Realization of high temperature physical measurement sensors, which are needed in many of the current and emerging technologies, is challenging due to the degradation of their electrical stability by drift currents, material oxidation, thermal strain, and creep. In this paper, for the first time, we demonstrate that 3D printed sensors show a metamaterial-like behavior, resulting in superior performance such as high sensitivity, low thermal strain, and enhanced thermal stability. The sensors were fabricated using silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), using an advanced Aerosol Jet based additive printing method followed by thermal sintering. The sensors were tested under cyclic strain up to a temperature of 500 °C and showed a gauge factor of 3.15 ± 0.086, which is about 57% higher than that of those available commercially. The sensor thermal strain was also an order of magnitude lower than that of commercial gages for operation up to a temperature of 500 °C. An analytical model was developed to account for the ...
Trilateral Forms of Social Control

The last chapter considered forms of social control where grievants do not use authoritative third parties. The intervention of adjudicative third parties marks a critical transformation in the nature of social control. Adjudicators impose authoritative solutions on disputants regardless of their wishes. Matters that once were private become public disputes. A trilateral situation is created where the interests of third parties, as well as those of each disputant, come into play.
Systematic Study of Nucleosome-Displacing Factors in Budding Yeast

Nucleosomes present a barrier for the binding of most transcription factors (TFs). However, special TFs known as nucleosome-displacing factors (NDFs) can access embedded sites and cause the depletion of the local nucleosomes as well as repositioning of the neighboring nucleosomes. Here, we developed a novel high-throughput method in yeast to identify NDFs among 104 TFs and systematically characterized the impact of orientation, affinity, location, and copy number of their binding motifs on the nucleosome occupancy. Using this assay, we identified 29 NDF motifs and divided the nuclear TFs into three groups with strong, weak, and no nucleosome-displacing activities. Further studies revealed that tight DNA binding is the key property that underlies NDF activity, and the NDFs may partially rely on the DNA replication to compete with nucleosome. Overall, our study presents a framework to functionally characterize NDFs and elucidate the mechanism of nucleosome invasion.
Survival outcomes in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma treated with peri-operative chemotherapy with or without pre-operative radiotherapy.

4026Background: Peri-operative chemotherapy (POC) is one approach in treating resectable cancers of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant ch...
Pediatric obesity is associated with short-term risks after pelvic osteotomy.

The risk factors for increased perioperative morbidity following pediatric pelvic osteotomies are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in adverse events, operative time, length of stay, and readmission following pelvic osteotomy for obese and nonobese patients
Unilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis in an Apert-Like Patient.

Background and Significance:Apert syndrome is a congenital disorder of patients who typically present with bilateral coronal craniosynostosis and varying degrees of complex syndactyly of the hands ...
Seventeen-Year Follow-up After Meniscal Repair With Concomitant Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Pediatric and Adolescent Population:

Background:Studies have shown good and excellent clinical and radiographic results after meniscal repair. Limited published information exists on the long-term outcomes, however, especially in a pe...
Contracts Procured Through Bribery of Public Officials: Zero Tolerance versus Proportional Liability

Bribery in public contracting is a serious problem, particularly in societies with weak public institutions. The trend in the law applicable to contracts between governments and foreign firms is to refuse to enforce contracts procured through bribery and to bar the firm from recovery in restitution. This zero-tolerance approach may have perverse consequences. Proof that a firm obtained a contract through bribery does not necessarily indicate the extent to which the firm has fallen short of its obligations to combat bribery. The zero-tolerance approach fails to take into account the extent to which the firm has not only attempted to prevent bribery but also monitored and punished employees who engage in bribery, cooperated with law enforcement authorities, and created value for the government in the course of performing its side of the contract. Less compellingly, several commentators have complained that the zero-tolerance approach dilutes governments’ incentives to prevent their officials from soliciting bribes. Subjecting bribe-payers to liability that is proportional to fault is preferable on a number of grounds.
Implementation of a Standardized Assessment for Neurotoxicity in Patients Receiving Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapies on an Inpatient Hematology Unit

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale An inpatient hematology unit at a NCCN designated cancer center experienced a dramatic increase in patients receiving a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in 2018. Neurologic toxicity at any grade is observed in most patients receiving a CAR T-cell therapy, with more than 58% of patients who received Kymriah™ (1) and 87% of patients who received Yescarta® (2). Although nursing staff was completing a neurologic assessment each shift to identify neurologic toxicity, the assessment and documentation by each nurse varied considerably. Nurses were also having difficulty identifying clear and concrete assessment changes to report to physicians. As the neurologic changes observed in this population can initially be subtle, a tool to accurately and consistently identify changes is vital. A request was made by nursing leadership in May 2018 to create a standardized neurological assessment for patients receiving a CAR T-cell therapy. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis Unit leadership and the unit based practice council collaborated to create a standardized CAR T-cell neurotoxicity assessment tool for nurses. A review of the literature was completed, and the CAR T-cell therapy associated TOXicity (CARTOX) 10-point neurological assessment tool was reviewed. An adapted version of the CARTOX-10 was agreed upon by unit staff, nursing leadership and the CAR T-cell working group. The final version consists of a verbal and writing assessment. The UBPC is presently in the process of educating all nursing staff on how to complete this tool and notify physicians when changes are assessed. Staff are educated during staff huddles, shift handoff, staff meetings, and can view literature on a unit education board. Findings & Interpretation While the implementation of this new tool is currently ongoing, the feedback from nursing staff has been positive and the reception from patients and caregivers has been enthusiastic. Discussion & Implications Implementing a practice change must be interdisciplinary and requires close collaboration amongst frontline nurses, nursing leadership, and physicians. As nursing practice becomes standardized with the development and implementation of this neurotoxicity assessment, we will assess nurse's perception of its feasibility in practice. An accurate neurologic assessment in CAR T-cell recipients is vital and we will validate its effectiveness in identifying neurologic conditions that warrant intervention. 1. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. (2018). Kymriah™ (tisagenlecleucel) [Package Insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Author. 2. Kite Pharma Inc. (2017). Yescarta® (axicabtagene ciloleucel) [Package Insert]. Santa Monica, CA: Author.
Three-dimensional lymph node volume and craniocaudal lymph node length as an independent risk factor for recurrence or presence of micrometastatis in clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: A retrospective study.

e15547 Background: Testicular germ cell tumor is the most common malignancy in young adult males in the United States. A prior abstract[1] has studied non-invasive radiographical parameters such as...
The Effects of Pollution and Business Environment on Firm Productivity in Africa

This paper explores the links between city competitiveness and air pollution and the business environment. Because competitive cities not only attract more productive firms, but also facilitate their business, the paper look at firm performance as a proxy for city competitiveness. It focuses on African firms, because this region is developing fast and experiencing increasing pollution levels and the effects of agglomeration economies. The analysis finds two interesting results. First, the negative association between air pollution and firm performance can be seen at lower than expected levels of pollution. Second, the effects of capacity agglomeration on labor productivity growth are stronger compared to other regions. These findings suggest that cities in this region should address pollution issues soon, as they continue to grow fast and pollution levels are becoming an increasing concern.
Abstract P3057: Slow Breathing Training Reduces Blood Pressure in Healthy Normotensive Subjects

Slow breathing, an integral part of different body mind relaxation practices, might modulate autonomic tone and lower bp. It is unknown if extended exhalation technique (E>I) will have different ef...
Graded Rings of Theta Constants

Let z → θm(τ, z) denote the familiar theta function on Cg;; we recall that m = (m′m″) is in R2g and τ in 𝔖g. If m is in Q2g, we call θm(τ, 0) a theta constant. Since in this chapter we shall mainly consider theta constants rather than theta functions, we make an agreement that θm means the function τ → θm(τ, 0) on 𝔖g; accordingly, we shall write θm(τ, 0) = θm(τ). By an abuse of language, we call θm also a theta constant.
Walking as Precarious Public Pedagogy

This paper is located in extensive walking and narrative community-based research in the historic and ethnic neighborhood of San Jose Japantown, California, in the United States (U.S.). I consider public pedagogy through precarity, drawing from scholars who theorize the term through an ethics and politics of vulnerability, indiscernibility and relationality. In my consideration of walking as precarious public pedagogy, I work with a concept of movement as the gatherings of varying temporalities across histories, activities, humans, and nonhuman agents to underscore the entanglement of US social and economic infrastructures, discriminatory practices of spatialized place politics, and local narratives situated in place politics. I also consider the paradoxical relationship of constraints and possibilities inherent in precarity, arguing that a consideration of walking as precarious public pedagogy is indeterminant, a becoming that is entangled within a vulnerable existence.
Forming ‘men for others’: a phenomenological case study on the intersection of school culture and at-risk males

This article uses a phenomenological case study to explore how at-risk male adolescents interact with a school culture that attempts to focus on ‘serving others’. Qualitative methodologies are used...
Potential and Actual Intellective Ability

Potential intelligence and actual intellective ability are not quite the same. Intellective ability falls short of intellective potential for a number of reasons. When we analyze the data of Figures 1, 2, and 3, we need to determine whether we can make inferences about the aging of potential intellect. It is one thing to say that a measured ability of intellective function declines with age. It is quite another thing to say that potential intelligence or capacity declines. The latter insists upon, or at least strongly suggests, an age change in neural function; the former may or may not be based upon such a change. Again, Wechsler was very clear in his evaluation. He wrote, “We have advanced the hypothesis that the decline of mental ability with age is part of the general organic process which constitutes the universal phenomenon of senescence...” (1958, p. 205).
Integrated Intensity and Point-Feature Nonrigid Registration.

In this work, we present a method for the integration of fea- ture and intensity information for non rigid registration. Our method is based on a free-form deformation model, and uses a normalized mu- tual information intensity similarity metric to match intensities and the robust point matching framework to estimate feature (point) correspon- dences. The intensity and feature components of the registration are posed in a single energy functional with associated weights. We com- pare our method to both point-based and intensity-based registrations. In particular, we evaluate registration accuracy as measured by point landmark distances and image intensity similarity on a set of seventeen normal subjects. These results suggest that the integration of intensity and point-based registration is highly effective in yielding more accurate registrations.
Self organization for area coverage maximization and energy conservation in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (manets) are widely used for a large number of strategic applications from military to commercial tasks including disaster area discovery, mine field clearing, and transportation systems. In realistic applications, it is not feasible to deploy mobile nodes manually or using a centralized controller. We provide a nature-inspired approach to achieve self-organization of mobile nodes over unknown terrains. In this framework, each mobile node uses a genetic algorithm as a self-distribution mechanism to decide its next speed and movement direction to obtain a uniform distribution. We present a formal analysis of the effectiveness of our genetic algorithm and introduce an inhomogeneous Markov chain model to prove its convergence. The experiment results from our simulation software and our vmware-based testbed show that our nature-inspired algorithm delivers promising results for uniform distribution of mobile nodes over unknown terrains.
Micromanaging inflammation and tissue repair (212.4)

Inflammation is a protective response of the body to infection or injury. Given that miRNAs are fundamental to the post-transcriptional control of gene expression, it is not surprising that role of specific miRNAs in the immune and inflammatory response has been discovered. The best characterized miRNA for inflammation are miR-146, miR-21 and miR-155, all of these have been shown to be strongly induced in multiple cell types by proinflammatory stimuli following tissue injury. At an injury-site, efficient clearance of apoptotic cells by wound macrophages or efferocytosis is a pre-requisite for the timely resolution of inflammation. Emerging evidence indicates that miR-21 may regulate the inflammatory response. The significance and mechanisms of miR-21 in the regulation of efferocytosis mediated suppression of innate immune response, a key process implicated in resolving inflammation following injury will be elucidated. Wound healing research in the author's laboratory is funded by NIDDK R01 DK076566 to SR.
Relative deprivation and international migration oded stark

This article provides theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence that international migration decisions are influenced by relative as well as absolute income considerations. Potential gains in absolute income through migration are likely to play an important role in households’ migration decisions, but international migration by household members who hold promise for success as labor migrants can also be an effective strategy to improve a household’s income position relative to others in the household’s reference group. The findings reported in this article provide empirical support for the hypothesis that relative deprivation plays a significant role in Mexico-to-U. S. migration decisions. The findings also suggest that this migration is an effective mechanism for achieving income gains in households that send migrants to the U.S. and that households wisely choose as migrants those of their members who are most likely to provide net income gains.
In Reply: Are We Being Too Cautious?

I am delighted that Dr. San has seen fit to express his feelings about a varicella vaccine. I would hope that as many practitioners as possible are heard. We are sorely lacking a dialogue between the practitioners and the so-called experts. It is essential in making decisions about new drugs, vaccines, or modes of therapy to weigh the advantages against the disadvantages. The temporal perspective in making these judgments is critical. In expressing my personal opinion, I feel it would be better to wait until we have a greater understanding about the nature of virus latency before commiting ourselves to an expensive and potentially hazardous program.
Maternal Absence of the Parathyroid Hormone 2 Receptor Affects Postnatal Pup Development

During the lactation period, mothers have a variety of adaptive changes in brain physiology and behaviour that allow them to properly raise their pups. The exact circuitries and mechanisms responsible for these changes are not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that the neuropeptide tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) and its receptor, the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2-R), contribute to these mechanisms. To further investigate this idea, we evaluated the growth rate of pups from dams with a genetically inactivated PTH2-R (PTH2-R-KO), as well as maternal behavioural and neuroendocrine parameters. We observed that PTH2-R-KO-reared pups had a slowed growth rate. This was associated with a reduced volume of milk yielded by PTH2-R-KO dams after 30-min suckling compared to wild-type (WT) dams when pups were returned after 5 h of separation. Our data suggest a reduced sensitivity of PTH2-R-KO dams to pup stimulation. We also observed a significant reduction in suckling-induced c-Fos expression in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and signs of lower prolactin levels in the PTH2-R-KO dams. Our data suggest that the reduced growth rate of PTH2-R-KO-reared pups was likely the result of alterations in the milk-production pathway rather than modifications in behaviour. Although PTH2-R-KO dams showed increased anxiety in the elevated zero-maze test, no differences from WT dams in maternal behaviour were observed. Taken together, our findings suggest the involvement of the TIP39/PTH2-R system in the pathways involved in the successful development of the pups.
Recent advances in the biochemistry of thyroid regulation.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines various aspects of thyroid regulatory processes and discusses thyrocalcitonin. In context to thyroid hormone regulation, thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) is produced in the hypothalamus and arrives at the pituitary via the hypophyseal portal blood system. TRF mediates the release of thyrotropin from the anterior hypophysis. The thyrotropin release is inhibited by thyroxine, presumably free thyroxine, and the inhibition is dose dependent. The excessive levels of thyroxine depress thyrotropin release and lower thyroxine levels that result in increased thyrotropin release from the anterior pituitary. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) essentially stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine are bound to specific binding proteins in the blood. The amounts and binding constants of the specific thyroid-binding proteins, together with the rate of thyroid hormone release from the thyroid, determine the amount of free thyroxine in the blood. Free thyroxine levels are determined not only by the rate of hormone release from the gland but also by the rate of removal of free thyroxine from the blood compartment by binding proteins and processes in tissues.
Identification of promising host-induced silencing targets among genes preferentially transcribed in haustoria of Puccinia

The cereal rust fungi are destructive pathogens that affect grain production worldwide. Although the genomic and transcript sequences for three Puccinia species that attack wheat have been released, the functions of large repertories of genes from Puccinia still need to be addressed to understand the infection process of these obligate parasites. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has emerged a useful tool to examine the importance of rust fungus genes while growing within host plants. In this study, HIGS was used to test genes from Puccinia with transcripts enriched in haustoria for their ability to interfere with full development of the rust fungi. Approximately 1200 haustoria enriched genes from Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) were identified by comparative RNA sequencing. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) constructs with fragments of 86 Puccinia genes, were tested for their ability to interfere with full development of these rust fungi. Most of the genes tested had no noticeable effects, but 10 reduced Pgt development after co-inoculation with the gene VIGS constructs and Pgt. These included a predicted glycolytic enzyme, two other proteins that are probably secreted and involved in carbohydrate or sugar metabolism, a protein involved in thiazol biosynthesis, a protein involved in auxin biosynthesis, an amino acid permease, two hypothetical proteins with no conserved domains, a predicted small secreted protein and another protein predicted to be secreted with similarity to bacterial proteins involved in membrane transport. Transient silencing of four of these genes reduced development of P. striiformis (Pst), and three of also caused reduction of P. triticina (Pt) development. Partial suppression of transcripts involved in a large variety of biological processes in haustoria cells of Puccinia rusts can disrupt their development. Silencing of three genes resulted in suppression of all three rust diseases indicating that it may be possible to engineer durable resistance to multiple rust pathogens with a single gene in transgenic wheat plants for sustainable control of cereal rusts.
Composition effects on mechanical properties of HFC-strengthened molybdenum alloys

The mechanical properties of swaged rod thermomechanically processed from arc-melted Mo-2Re-Hf-C alloys containing as much as 0.9 mol pct HfC have been evaluated. The low temperature ductilities of these alloys were not influenced by the amount of HfC present but by the amount of Hf in excess of stoichiometry. Maximum ductility occurred at 0.2 to 0.3 at. pct excess Hf. At 0.3 to 0.5 mol pct HfC, alloy strength varied directly with the Mo content of extracted carbide particles, both decreasing as the amount of excess Hf increased. Additions of 2 at. pct Re had little effect on strength or ductility. Tensile and creep strengths of Mo-2Re-0.7Hf-0.5C alloy equaled or exceeded those of other high strength Mo alloys.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Stimulates Osteoclast Recruitment, Development, and Bone Pit Resorption in Association With Angiogenesis In Vivo on the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane and Activates Isolated Avian Osteoclast Resorption In Vitro

Increased local osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone resorption coincides with angiogenesis in normal bone development and fracture repair, as well as in pathological disorders such as tumor-associated osteolysis and inflammatory-related rheumatoid arthritis or periodontal disease. Angiogenic stimulation causes recruitment, activation, adhesion, transmigration, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells which may therefore enable greater numbers of pre-OC to emigrate from the circulation and develop into bone-resorptive OCs. A chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, involving coimplantation of a stimulus in an agarose plug directly adjacent to a bone chip was used to investigate if a potent angiogenic stimulator, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), could promote OC recruitment, differentiation, and resorption in vivo. Angiogenesis elicited by bFGF on the CAM was accompanied by increased OC formation and bone pit resorption (both overall and on a per OC basis) on the bone implants in vivo. In complementary in vitro assays, bFGF did not directly stimulate avian OC development from bone marrow mononuclear cell precursors, consistent with their low mRNA expression of the four avian signaling FGF receptors (FGFR)-1, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, and FGFR-like embryonic kinase (FREK). In contrast, bFGF activated isolated avian OC bone pit resorption via mechanisms inhibited by a selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 prostaglandin inhibitor (NS-398) or p42/p44 MAPK activation inhibitor (PD98059), consistent with a relatively high expression of FGFR-1 by differentiated avian OCs. Thus, bFGF may sensitively regulate local bone resorption and remodeling through direct and indirect mechanisms that promote angiogenesis and OC recruitment, formation, differentiation, and activated bone pit resorption. The potential for bFGF to coinduce angiogenesis and OC bone remodeling may find clinical applications in reconstructive surgery, fracture repair, or the treatment of avascular necrosis. Alternatively, inhibiting such bFGF-dependent processes may aid in the treatment of inflammatory-related or metastatic bone loss.
Adrenal insufficiency after unilateral radical nephrectomy

A case of adrenal insufficiency occurring after unilateral radical nephrectomy is presented. Recommendations for identification and treatment of this condition are discussed.
Temporal trends in surgical intervention for severe traumatic brain injury caused by extra-axial hemorrhage, 1995 to 2012

BACKGROUND Surgical intervention for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by extra-axial hemorrhage has declined in recent decades. The effect of this change on patient outcomes is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the change over time in surgical intervention in this population and to assess changes in patient outcomes. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the Washington State Trauma Registry was queried from 1995 to 2012 for patients with extra-axial hemorrhage and head Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 3 to 5. Data were linked to the state-wide death registry to analyze long-term mortality. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes included 6- and 12-month mortality and modified Functional Independence Measure at discharge. Multivariable analyses were completed for all outcomes. RESULTS A total of 22974 patients met inclusion criteria. Over the study period, surgical intervention for severe TBI declined from 36% to 7%. There was a decline in case fatality from 22% to 12%. In 2012, the relative risk of inpatient mortality was 23% lower compared with 1995 (adjusted mortality risk ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.94). Changes in 6- and 12-month adjusted mortality and modified Functional Independence Measure were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The decline in surgical intervention for severe TBI caused by extra-axial hemorrhage in Washington State was ubiquitous across regional, demographic, and injury characteristic strata. There was concurrently a reduction in inpatient mortality in this population. Functional status and long-term mortality, however, have remained the same. Future studies are needed to better identify modifiable risk factors for improvement in functional status and long-term mortality in this population.
NOx production in laboratory discharges simulating blue jets and red sprites

[1] Sources of middle atmosphere nitrogen oxides, including transport from the troposphere and production in situ by energetic electrons, are currently not well characterized. Production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the middle atmosphere by transient luminous events (TLEs), such as red sprites and blue jets has previously been estimated from satellite observations and modeling studies. This is the first laboratory attempt to estimate NOx production by TLEs, following studies that have confirmed electrical similarities between laboratory discharges and TLEs. A pressure-controlled chamber and high-voltage power supplies simulated middle atmosphere discharges. Chemiluminescence NOx analyzers sampled NOx following the completion of the chamber discharges, which was used to calculate total NOx production for each discharge as well as NOx per ampere of current and NOx per Joule of discharge energy. Three different production efficiencies in NOx/J as a function of pressure pointed to three different production regimes: one for tropospheric pressures (100–500 mb), one for stratospheric pressures (1–100 mb), and one for upper stratospheric to mesospheric pressures (no greater than 1 mb). Discharges at jet-like pressures are measured to produce 1.7 × 1016 to 6.40 × 1017 molecules of NOx per discharge, while discharges at sprite-like pressure produce 6.97 × 1013 to 8.57 × 1013 molecules of NOx per discharge. Blue jets were calculated to produce 1.7 × 1022 to 7.4 × 1026 molecules of NOx, while red sprites were calculated to produce 6.8 × 1023 to 6.3 × 1027 molecules of NOx. On the basis of global sprite frequency estimates global annual NOx production by sprites is estimated to be between 7 × 1023 and 2 × 1028 molecules per second.
The choices, choosing model of quality of life: linkages to a science base.

Background A previous paper began with a critical review of current models and measures of quality of life and then proposed criteria for judging the relative merits of alternative models: preference was given to finding a model with explicit mechanisms, linkages to a science base, a means of identifying deficits amenable to rational restorative interventions, and with embedded values of the whole person. A conjectured model, based on the processes of accessing choices and choosing among them, matched the proposed criteria. The choices and choosing (c–c) process is an evolved adaptive mechanism dedicated to the pursuit of quality of life, driven by specific biological and psychological systems, and influenced also by social and environmental forces. Objective In this paper the c-c model is examined for its potential to strengthen the science base for the field of quality of life and thus to unify many approaches to concept and measurement. Conclusions A third paper in this set will lay out a guide to applying the c–c model in evaluating impairments of quality of life and will tie this evaluation to corresponding interventions aimed at relieving restrictions or distortions of the c–c process; thus helping people to preserve and improve their quality of life. The fourth paper will demonstrate empirical analyses of the relationship between health imposed restrictions of options for living and conventional indicators of diminished quality of life. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Make-or-Buy Decision in the Presence of a Rival: Strategic Outsourcing to a Common Supplier

Firms routinely decide whether to make essential inputs themselves or buy the inputs from independent suppliers. Conventional wisdom suggests that a firm will not buy an input for a price above its in-house cost of production. We show that this is not necessarily the case when a monopolistic input supplier also serves the firm's retail rival. In this case, the decision to buy the input (and thus become one of the supplier's customers) can limit the incentive the supplier would otherwise have to provide the input on particularly favorable terms to the retail rival. Thus, a retail competitor may pay a premium to outsource production to a common supplier in order to raise its rivals' costs.
The endocrine system and the challenge of exercise

Fine-tuning of the response to exercise that lasts longer than a few seconds is reliant on the regulation of several key variables governing the cardiopulmonary, vascular, and metabolic response to exercise. This type of integrative response requires communication between organ systems that relies on the secretion of endocrine and paracrine substances by one tissue or organ that are transported remotely to other tissues or organs to evoke a response to adjust to the disturbance.
Examining Backcountry Adventure as a Spiritual Experience

The study was conducted to establish an understanding of what is meant when someone describes a backcountry adventure as being a spiritual experience and to better understand the relationships between the attributes, consequences, and values (ACV) of these spiritual experiences. Interviews were conducted with 63 backcountry users in the region of Teton Pass, Wyoming. Informant statements were coded for content analysis and implication matrices were generated for the frequency of association between the ACV concepts represented in each hierarchical value map (HVM). An analysis of informant subgroups was conducted. The eight values identified represent what informants considered as their meaning of a spiritual experience. The most frequently expressed values were a transcendent experience (63%), increased awareness (46%), connection to others (43%), and a sense of fulfillment (29%). Other ACV concepts and ACV associations that contribute to spiritual meaning were identified. The findings could be useful for recreationists, program managers, marketers, and resource managers.
Veterinary medical education and a changing culture.

Veterinary medical education is undergoing rapid change in terms of pedagogy, the demographics of the student body, and, in turn, the membership of the profession. Central to the value of the traditional curriculum and the total student experience is the small-group environment, both in client service and in clinical rounds. It is one of the few Socratic learning experiences in higher education today. Similarly, experience in private practice is of inestimable value in terms of developing people skills and a lasting sense of service and accountability. In a generation, the student body has transformed from vanishingly small numbers of women to a predominance of female students. However, the profession still is very white, in a world becoming more and more diverse. With a predominantly white faculty and student body today, this circumstance shows little promise of rapid enough change to maintain relevance to a workforce that, a generation from now, likely will be dominated numerically by people of color. T...
A Security Architecture for Mobility-Related Services

In future wireless networks, mobility-related services, such as candidate access router discovery (CARD), will play a significant role in realizing truly ubiquitous, seamless connectivity. In order for these services to be realized, however, their particular security concerns must be addressed. Moreover, the security solution must be flexible and highly configurable in order to meet the demands of inter-domain roaming agreements. In this paper, we explore a number of alternatives and present a general architecture, iARSec, that provides both authentication as well as explicit authorization for services running between neighboring access routers.
A novel miRNA produced during lytic HSV-1 infection is important for efficient replication in tissue culture

The influence of miRNAs on the host-pathogen environment is largely unknown and under intensive investigation. Whether produced by the pathogen or by the host cell, these miRNAs will sculpt the intracellular landscape, as their activity will ultimately affect levels of target proteins. Using a high-throughput sequencing approach, we identified 19 novel small RNAs produced during the early hours of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in epithelial cells. Six of the novel RNAs had predicted folds characteristic of miRNAs. One of the six, miR-92944, which resides in the 5' UTR of the ul42 gene in the sense orientation, was confirmed as a bona fide miRNA by RT-PCR and stem-loop PCR analysis. Northern blot analysis was used to observe the precursor forms of miR-92944. Viral mutants that do not produce miR-92944 exhibited significant reductions in viral titers in both single and multi-step growth analysis and a fourfold reduction in plaque size. The miR-92944 mutants produce wild-type levels of ICP4, UL42, VP5, and gC proteins contain no additional changes in the DNA sequence surrounding the site of mutagenesis. The defective phenotype of miR-92944 mutants was complemented in V42.3 cells, which contain the 5'UTR of ul42. We also found that miR-H1 expression was diminished in cells infected with the miR-92944 mutant virus. This study provides new information on the miRNA landscape during the early stages of HSV-1 infection and reveals novel targets for antagonistic molecules that may curtail the establishment of lytic or latent virus infection.
Tracking of Ground Mobile Targets by Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper focuses on the development of control and guidance laws for quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to track maneuvering ground targets. Proportional Derivative (PD) control law is a popular choice to be used as a tracking controller for quadrotors, but it is often inefficient due to practical acceleration constraints and a number of parameters that need to be tuned. The paper proposes a Proportional Navigation (PN)-based switching strategy to address the problem of mobile target tracking. The experiments and numerical simulations performed using nonmaneuvering and maneuvering targets show that the proposed PN-based switching strategy not only carries out effective tracking but also results into smaller oscillations and errors when compared to the widely used PD tracking method. The proposed PN-based switching strategy presents an important question with regard to when the switching should happen that would minimize the positional error between the UAV and the target. An optimal switching strategy, which is based on the analytical solutions of the PN and PD methods, is proposed. The numerical simulations not only validate the theoretical results with regard to the optimality of the proposed method for both nonmaneuvering and maneuvering targets but also demonstrate that the proposed method is robust to measurement noise.
Pseudomemory in Hypnotized and Simulating Subjects

Abstract High hypnotizable (n - 23) and low hypnotizable simulating (n = 13) subjects received pseudomemory suggestions. High hypnotizable and low hypnotizable simulating subjects were equally likely to pass the target noise suggestion during hypnosis and were also equally likely (high hypnotizables, 47.83%; low hypnotizable simulators, 64.29%) to report pseudomemories when tested for pseudomemory after instructions to awaken. As in previous research with task-motivated subjects, pseudomemory rate (high hypnotizables, 47.48%; low hypnotizable simulators, 46.15%) was not reduced by informing subjects that they could distinguish fantasy and reality in a nonhypnotic state of deep concentration. At final inquiry, after deep concentration, high hypnotizable and low hypnotizable simulating subjects' pseudomemories remained comparable (43.48% and 38.46%, respectively). Unlike previous research, high hypnotizable subjects did not report more unsuggested noises and more pseudomemories of novel sounds than did awak...
Effects of error-correction of heterozygous next-generation sequencing data

Background: Error correction is an important step in increasing the quality of next-generation sequencing data for downstream analysis and use. Polymorphic datasets are a challenge for many bioinformatic software packages that are designed for or assume homozygosity of an input dataset. This assumption ignores the true genomic composition of many organisms that are diploid or polyploid. In this survey, two different error correction packages, Quake and ECHO, are examined to see how they perform on next-generation sequence data from heterozygous genomes. Results: Quake and ECHO perform well and were able to correct many errors found within the data. However, errors that occur at heterozygous positions had unique trends. Errors at these positions were sometimes corrected incorrectly, introducing errors into the dataset with the possibility of creating a chimeric read. Quake was much less likely to create chimeric reads. Quake’s read trimming removed a large portion of the original data and often left reads with few heterozygous markers. ECHO resulted in more chimeric reads and introduced more errors than Quake but preserved heterozygous markers. Using real E. coli sequencing data and their assemblies after error correction, the assembly statistics improved. It was also found that segregating reads by haplotype can improve the quality of an assembly. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Quake and ECHO both have strengths and weaknesses when applied to heterozygous data. With the increased interest in haplotype specific analysis, new tools that are designed to be haplotype-aware are necessary that do not have the weaknesses of Quake and ECHO.
The effects of power and message variables on compliance

The study investigated the empirical relationships among social power, message behavior, and compliance. A conceptualization of social power from power dependency theory was offered, and two models of the general relations among these constructs were advanced. They included a mediation model and a moderating model. These issues were investigated by having 108 subjects participate in a bargaining experiment where power was controlled by systematically varying each partner's alternatives, and participants' message behavior and outcomes were observed. Although power had non-trivial effects on message behavior, the data were generally inconsistent with the mediation model. The data were consistent with the moderator model which predicted that message effectiveness varies as a function of social power. Implications and limitations of the results are discussed.
Glycogen storage disease of the heart; clinical observations in five infants.

Summary 1. The clinical findings in five infants with glycogen storage disease of the heart and skeletal muscle system have been summarized. Emphasis has been placed upon the prominent role played by generalized muscle weakness and its complications rather than the cardiac manifestations in this entity. 2. The electrocardiographic findings in four patients with this disease are presented in detail because of the relative paucity of previously reported tracings. 3. Some problems pertaining to the differential diagnosis, both clinical and pathologic, of glycogen storage disease of the heart and skeletal muscle system have been discussed.
Modified cation activation of the (Na+K)-ATPase following treatment with thimerosal.

Abstract Treatment of the Na,K-ATPase enzyme, isolated from canine renal outer medulla, with thimerosal (ethylmercurithiosalicylate) resulted in significant inhibition of the overall Na,K-ATPase with only slight, if any, inhibition of the Na-ATPase and ATP:ADP exchange activities. The K-stimulated PNPPase activity was stimulated [see G. R. Henderson and A. Askari (1977) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 182 , 221–226] . Examination of the Na dependence of the ATPase and ATP:ADP exchange activities revealed an Na-independent, ouabain-sensitive activity that was inhibited by Na in the range 0–10 m m . At ⩾ 10 m m concentration of Na the treated and modified enzymes showed similar activities. The apparent affinity of the modified enzyme for ATP in the presence of 100 m m Na was the same as that of the untreated enzyme (0.2–0.3 μ m ). In the absence of Na, the modified enzyme hydrolyzed ATP with a relatively low affinity (about 120 μ m ). The enhancement of p -nitrophenylphosphatase (PNPPase) activity measured in the presence of K ions was due to the appearance of K-independent, ouabain-sensitive PNPP activity. The modification was without major affect on the apparent affinity of the enzyme for K ions in the PNPPase activity. Treatment of the thimerosal-modified enzyme with dithiothreitol removed (or greatly reduced) the cation-independent, ouabain-sensitive activities and the Na,K-ATPase activity returned. Modification of a set of enzyme -SH groups in the Na,K-ATPase enzyme made it able to hydrolyze ATP in the absence of Na ions and PNPP in the absence of K ions. The -SH groups modified by thimerosal are evidently critical to the major dephosphoenzyme conformational changes but are not involved in the major transport conformational change between phosphoenzymes.