cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High‐Quality 2 Inch La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 Crystals for Oscillators and Resonators

Ca 3 Ga 2 Ge 4 O 1 4 (CGG)-type crystals have attracted much attention over the past years for their outstanding piezoelectric properties, superior to quartz, offering new possibilities in bulk (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Among them, most investigated are the isomorphs La 3 Ga 5 SiO 1 4 (LGS), La 3 Ga 5 . 5 Nb 0 . 5 O 1 4 (LGN), and La 3 Ga 5 . 5 Ta 0 . 5 O 1 4 (LGT), so-called langasites, commonly denoted herein LGX (X = S, N, and T). Recently, the quaternary CGG isomorphs, Ca 3 TaGa 3 Si 2 O 1 4 (CTGS) and Ca 3 NbGa 3 Si 2 O 1 4 (CNGS) became of interest as they have an ordered crystal structure that may lead to a better consistency in acoustic properties and a higher Q than LGT. Today, the main limitation towards commercialization of any of these new piezoelectrics is the insufficient homogeneity of the crystals, which lead to non-reliable materials parameters measurements and a spread in device characteristics. We report on the growth of high-quality large-diameter 2" LGT and 1.5" CTGS crystals. The study of inherent and growth-induced crystal defects combined with systematic Czochralski growth process optimization have led to these colorless transparent crystals. The high-quality of the LGT crystals was confirmed by X-ray synchrotron topography. The LGT crystals were processed into Y-cut plano-convex resonators by MtronPTI (Orlando). The Q.f product was measured from fundamental to 9 t h overtone. Values exceeding the limit of AT- and SC-cut quartz were obtained.
Measurement of Welfare Change: A Review

Three measure commonly used to evaluate the consumer welfare implications of a policy change are reviewed. The notion of consumer surplus is dealt with first, followed by an assessment of the concepts of compensating variation and equivalent variation. The relationships among the three concepts are also considered.
Inferring Unobservable Learning Variables from Students’ Help Seeking Behavior

Results of an evaluation of students’ attitudes and their relationship to student behaviors within a tutoring system are presented. Starting from a correlation analysis that integrates survey-collected student attitudes, learning variables, and behaviors while using the tutor, we constructed a Bayesian Network that infers attitudes and perceptions towards help and the tutoring system.
Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Isomerization of 4-Iminocrotonates: Asymmetric Synthesis of a Unique Chiral Synthon

An enantioselective isomerization of 4-iminocrotonates catalyzed by a rhodium(I)/phosphoramidite complex is described. This reaction uses widely available amines to couple with 4-oxocrotonate to provide a convenient access to a central chiral building block in good yield and high enantioselectivity. Although the mechanism of this new transformation remains unclear, both Rh and the phosphoramidite play a central role.
Nonic 3-adic Fields

We compute all nonic extensions of Q3 and find that there are 795 of them up to isomorphism. We describe how to compute the associated Galois group of such a field, and also the slopes measuring wild ramification. We present summarizing tables and a sample application to number fields.
Sectoral Reallocation, Growth and Labor Income Inequality

This paper focuses on the transitory relationship between output level and Income inequality. As a result of either permanent or transitory sectoral technological shocks the economy will adjust to a new steady state equilibrium, but during the transition the dynamics of wages and workers will generate departures from the steady state level of income inequality.
A new method for calibrating a simple, watershed-scale model of evapotranspiration: Maximizing the correlation between observed streamflow and model-inferred storage

[1] A simple model was developed to estimate area-averaged evapotranspiration (ET) at the watershed scale, using widely available records of streamflow, precipitation, and basic meteorological data. The pivotal assumption of the model is that area-averaged basin-wide water storage (V) can be used to determine basin-wide ET efficiency. With this assumption, ET was modeled as a function of watershed storage, Priestley-Taylor potential evapotranspiration, and one free parameter (α) controlling the relation between basin-wide ET efficiency and storage. Watershed storage was found by integrating the water balance equation forward in time with observed precipitation and streamflow. By exploiting a hypothesized positive correlation between storage and streamflow, a method was developed to estimate the parameter α without calibration to measured ET, thus allowing the model to be applied in any watershed with measured precipitation, streamflow, and meteorological variables. The model was tested at sites within the AmeriFlux network in a variety of climates and ecosystems, using downstream U.S. Geological Survey streamflow to define the watershed boundary and measured AmeriFlux evapotranspiration to judge model performance. At most sites, the dynamics of modeled ET closely matched those of measured ET: daily root-mean-square errors averaged 0.067 cm d−1. In general, water storage and ET efficiency, especially during dry downs, were captured by the model, and the free parameter determined from the storage-streamflow correlation criteria was close to the optimal fit found through direct calibration. The performance of both the model and the indirect calibration strategy was best in arid to semiarid sites.
CAN EU ENLARGEMENT LEAD TO "IMMISERIZING GROWTH"? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

The possibility of 'immiserizing growth' in the grain sectors of the acceding countries after the EU enlargement is explored. The impact of the enlargement on the EU, new member states, and world grains markets are projected with different technology transfer scenarios, and the net welfare changes in each scenario are computed.
Contagion and REIT Stock Prices

This article investigates the contagious movement of real estate investment trust (REIT) stock prices in response to real estate news related to financial institutions’ real estate portfolios. The ...
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy provides a means to selectively excite fluorophores in an aqueous or cellular environment that is very near a solid surface (within ≤100 nm: less than one-fifth the thickness of a confocal microscopy section) without exciting fluorescence from regions further from the surface. Fluorescence excitation by this thin zone of electromagnetic energy (called an evanescent field) results in images with very low background fluorescence, virtually no out-of-focus fluorescence, and minimal exposure of cells to light in any other planes in the sample. Figure 21-1 shows an example of TIRF on intact living cells in a culture compared with standard epifluorescence. The above features have led to numerous applications, including the following:
Gluon Saturation and the Formation Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions

The high energy limit of QCD is controlled by very high energy density gluonic matter, the Color Glass Condensate. In the first instants of the collisions of two sheets of Colored Glass Condensate, a Glasma is formed with longitudinal flux tubes of color electric and magnetic fields. These flux tubes decay and might form a turbulent liquid that eventually thermalizes into a Quark Gluon Plasma
Tidal variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere due to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation

[1] Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulations are used to investigate the migrating and nonmigrating tidal variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) due to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The most notable changes occur in the equatorial region during Northern Hemisphere winter in the diurnal migrating tide (DW1), diurnal eastward propagating nonmigrating tides with zonal wavenumbers 2 and 3 (DE2 and DE3), and the semidiurnal westward propagating nonmigrating tide with zonal wavenumber 4 (SW4). The WACCM simulations indicate that the ENSO represents a source of interannual tidal variability of ∼10–30% in the MLT. The tidal changes are attributed to changes in tropical precipitation, altered tidal propagation due to changing zonal mean zonal winds, and changes in planetary wave activity associated with the ENSO. During the El Nino phase of the ENSO the DE2 and DE3 are decreased, and the DW1 and SW4 are enhanced. The opposite response occurs during the La Nina phase of the ENSO; however, the magnitude of the tidal changes due to El Nino and La Nina are different. This is especially notable for the DE2 and DE3 which are enhanced by ∼2 K during La Nina time periods, and only reduced by ∼1 K during El Nino time periods. The results demonstrate that changing sea surface temperatures associated with the ENSO significantly impact the overall dynamics of the MLT. Our results further suggest that the ENSO is a source of significant interannual variability in the low-latitude ionosphere and thermosphere.
The effect of varied experimental "sets" upon Rorschach test performance.

(1950). The Effect of Varied Experimental “Sets” upon Rorschach Test Performance. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 181-187.
Latitudes and Longitudes: Comparative Perspectives on Cape Environmental History

This essay reviews connections between the environmental history of the Cape and similar cases along lines of latitude and longitude. It draws on many historical works, some explicitly comparative, some showing common processes in global or regional history, and some strictly local studies. More than offering a comprehensive survey of world, African, or Cape environmental history, it probes points of comparison and examines the links between the environmental history of the Cape and, on the one hand, settler societies in temperate zones and, on the other hand, tropical Africa.
Liquidity and congestion

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between the endogenous arrival of investors to a market and liquidity in a search-based model of asset trading. Entry of investors causes two contradictory effects. First, it reduces trading costs, which attracts new investors (externality effect). But secondly, as investors concentrate on one side of the market, the market becomes “congested,” decreasing the returns to investing and discouraging new investors from entering (congestion effect). The equilibrium level of liquidity depends on which of the two effects dominates. When congestion is the leading effect, some interesting results arise. In particular, diminishing trading costs can deteriorate liquidity and welfare.
Guaranteed Recovery of Planted Cliques and Dense Subgraphs by Convex Relaxation

We consider the problem of identifying the densest k-node subgraph in a given graph. We write this problem as an instance of rank-constrained cardinality minimization and then relax using the nuclear norm and one norm. Although the original combinatorial problem is NP-hard, we show that the densest k-subgraph can be recovered from the solution of our convex relaxation for certain program inputs. In particular, we establish exact recovery in the case that the input graph contains a single planted clique plus noise in the form of corrupted adjacency relationships. We also establish analogous recovery guarantees for identifying the densest subgraph of fixed size in a bipartite graph, and include results of numerical simulations for randomly generated graphs to demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm.
Scale up nonlinear component analysis with doubly stochastic gradients

Nonlinear component analysis such as kernel Principle Component Analysis (KPCA) and kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis (KCCA) are widely used in machine learning, statistics and data analysis, but they cannot scale up to big datasets. Recent attempts have employed random feature approximations to convert the problem to the primal form for linear computational complexity. However, to obtain high quality solutions, the number of random features should be the same order of magnitude as the number of data points, making such approach not directly applicable to the regime with millions of data points. We propose a simple, computationally efficient, and memory friendly algorithm based on the "doubly stochastic gradients" to scale up a range of kernel nonlinear component analysis, such as kernel PCA, CCA and SVD. Despite the non-convex nature of these problems, our method enjoys theoretical guarantees that it converges at the rate O(1/t) to the global optimum, even for the top k eigen subspace. Unlike many alternatives, our algorithm does not require explicit orthogonalization, which is infeasible on big datasets. We demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of our algorithm on large scale synthetic and real world datasets.
Activities, employment, and wages in rural and semi-urban Mexico

The author addresses the labor markets in rural and semi-urban Mexico. The empirical analyses show that non-farm income shares increase with overall consumption levels and, also, with time. Rural-dwellers in lower quintiles of the consumption distribution tend to earn a larger share of their nonagricultural incomes from wage labor activities. For the poorest, low-productivity wage labor activities are important. The quantile wage regression analysis for rural Mexico shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the wage distribution on monthly wages. The author's findings reveal that education is key to earning higher wages, and that workers in more dispersed rural areas earn less than their peers in semi-urban rural areas (localities with less than 15,000 inhabitants). The rural non-farm sector is heterogeneous and includes a great variety of activities and productivity levels across non-farm jobs. Moreover it can reduce poverty in a couple of distinct but qualitatively important ways in rural Mexico. The analysis of non-farm employment in rural Mexico suggests that the two key determinants of access to employment and productivity in non-farm activities are education and location.
Strategy improvement for stochastic rabin and streett games

A stochastic graph game is played by two players on a game graph with probabilistic transitions. We consider stochastic graph games with ω-regular winning conditions specified as Rabin or Streett objectives. These games are NP-complete and coNP-complete, respectively. The value of the game for a player at a state s given an objective Φ is the maximal probability with which the player can guarantee the satisfaction of Φ from s. We present a strategy-improvement algorithm to compute values in stochastic Rabin games, where an improvement step involves solving Markov decision processes (MDPs) and nonstochastic Rabin games. The algorithm also computes values for stochastic Streett games but does not directly yield an optimal strategy for Streett objectives. We then show how to obtain an optimal strategy for Streett objectives by solving certain nonstochastic Streett games.
Differential Game Logic

Differential game logic (dGL) is a logic for specifying and verifying properties of hybrid games, i.e., games that combine discrete, continuous, and adversarial dynamics. Unlike hybrid systems, hybrid games allow choices in the system dynamics to be resolved adversarially by different players with different objectives. The logic dGL can be used to study the existence of winning strategies for such hybrid games, i.e., ways of resolving the player’s choices in some way so that he wins by achieving his objective for all choices of the opponent. Hybrid games are determined, i.e., from each state, one player has a winning strategy, yet computing their winning regions may take transfinitely many steps. The logic dGL, nevertheless, has a sound and complete axiomatization relative to any expressive logic. Separating axioms are identified that distinguish hybrid games from hybrid systems. Finally, dGL is proved to be strictly more expressive than the corresponding logic of hybrid systems by characterizing the expressiveness of both.
The configuration of the geomagnetic field.

Spherical harmonic representations of the geomagnetic field based on ground-based and low-altitude spacecraft measurements adequately describe the field within several Earth radii of the Earth’s surface. As the internal field decreases with increasing distance from the Earth, external field sources become relatively more important. In the region 3–6 R E magnetospheric plasma inflates the field lines and decreases the field strength by an amount which is typically 10’s of gammas and occasionally 100’s of gammas. At greater distances on the day side of the Earth the solar wind compresses the field and produces equatorial field strengths of approximately 60 γ at 10 R E . Field lines near the magnetopause intersect the Earth at approximately 78° latitude in the sunward hemisphere. The solar wind drags high latitude field lines away from the Earth in the night hemisphere forming the geomagnetic tail and neutral sheet. The average equatorial field at 10 R E near midnight is approximately 8 γ and the best estimate for the last closed line of force near midnight in an average magnetosphere is 69°. Magnetic tail field lines away from the neutral sheet diverge in both the east-west and north-south directions and the average quiet time magnitude decreases from 16 γ at 20 R E to 7 γ at 80 R E . Within 6 R E of the equatorial plane the field strength is depressed by several gammas. Asymmetric field inflation in the magnetosphere occurs during magnetic disturbances with the largest effects concentrated in the evening quadrant. The tail configuration can deviate substantially from the average configuration during magnetic disturbances. Prior to a substorm the configuration is characterized by a maximum number of lines extending far into the tail and relatively little flux crossing the equatorial plane. After a substorm or during quiet times the tail is characterized by an increased number of field lines crossing the equatorial plane in cislunar space.
Major Satellites of the Giant Planets

This survey of the current state of knowledge of satellite geochemistry also uncovers the many areas where there are unsolved problems and major issues still to be addressed by future observations and theoretical work. On the observational side, most of the chemical information we now have for objects beyond the Galilean satellites comes from bulk density and global telescopic spectral data.
Universal voting protocol tweaks to make manipulation hard

Voting is a general method for preference aggregation in multiagent settings, but seminal results have shown that all (nondictatorial) voting protocols are manipulable. One could try to avoid manipulation by using voting protocols where determining a beneficial manipulation is hard computationally. A number of recent papers study the complexity of manipulating existing protocols. This paper is the first work to take the next step of designing new protocols that are especially hard to manipulate. Rather than designing these new protocols from scratch, we instead show how to tweak existing protocols to make manipulation hard, while leaving much of the original nature of the protocol intact. The tweak studied consists of adding one elimination preround to the election. Surprisingly, this extremely simple and universal tweak makes typical protocols hard to manipulate! The protocols become NP-hard, NP-hard, or PSPACE-hard to manipulate, depending on whether the schedule of the preround is determined before the votes are collected, after the votes are collected, or the scheduling and the vote collecting are interleaved, respectively. We prove general sufficient conditions on the protocols for this tweak to introduce the hardness, and show that the most common voting protocols satisfy those conditions. These are the first results in voting settings where manipulation is in a higher complexity class than NP (presuming PSPACE ≠ NP).
Supersymmetry and the Early Universe

There are deep connections between supersymmetry and cosmology. Supersymmetry, actually supergravity or superstring theories,1 offers the hope of unifying all particle interactions. N=1 supersymmetry at “low” (with respect to the Planck scale) energies may produce a good phenomenology of particle physics while solving the gauge hierarchy problem in Grand Unified Theories (GUT). A viable supergravity model must also have an acceptable cosmology. For example, it must produce inflation, which is required not only to solve cosmological problems of the standard Big Bang model, such as the horizon, flatnessoldness, entropy problems and the production of density fluctuations. Inflation is also required to solve internal problems of the elementary particle models, for example to dilute the number of monopoles (or walls) in GUT’s or the number of gravitinos in minimal supergravity. An important constraint on supersymmetric models is to avoid the “entropy crisis” on (Polyonyi” problem). This is a strong constraint on fields coupled only gravitationally to matter (such as the gravitino or fields in the “hidden sector” of supergravity models) which on decay generate too large entropy at late times (e.g., after nucleosynthesis). On the other hand cosmology may need supersymmetry not only to provide the Theory of Everything. Inflation may require supersymmetry to produce very flat potentials, needed to get small enough density perturbations during inflation and maybe, to have inflation at all (at least in semiclassical descriptions).
Bohr’s power series theorem in several variables

Generalizing a classical one-variable theorem of Harald Bohr, we show that if an n-variable power series has modulus less than 1 in the unit polydisc, then the sum of the moduli of the terms is less than 1 in the polydisc of radius 1/(3*n^{1/2}).
The Aporematic Approach to Primary Being in Metaphysics Z

(1984). The Aporematic Approach to Primary Being in Metaphysics Z. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 14, Supplementary Volume 10: New Essays on Aristotle, pp. 1-20.
A direct-drive hand: design, modeling and control

An artificial 15 degrees of mobility direct drive hand, slightly bigger than a human hand, is presented. Advantages and limitations of a direct drive hand are given. The authors introduce the design of their hand and present a model for control of the hand. Finally the authors describe their experiments with the hand. The direct drive hand dynamics have been simulated and the control algorithm has been tested on the model.
Model-independent reconstruction of the primordial power spectrum from WMAP data

Reconstructing the shape of the primordial power spectrum in a model-independent way from cosmological data is a useful consistency check on what is usually assumed regarding early universe physics. It is also our primary window to unknown physics during the inflationary era. Using a power-law form for the primordial power spectrum Pin(k) and constraining the scalar spectral index and its running, in 2003 Peiris and coworkers found that the first-year Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe (WMAP) data seem to indicate a preferred scale in Pin(k). We use two complementary methods, the wavelet band power method of Mukherjee & Wang and the top-hat binning method of Wang, Spergel, & Strauss, to reconstruct Pin(k) as a free function from cosmic microwave background (CMB) data alone (WMAP, CBI, and ACBAR), or from CMB data together with large-scale structure data (2dFGRS and PCSz). The shape of the reconstructed Pin(k) is consistent with scale invariance, although it allows some indication of a preferred scale at k~0.01 Mpc-1. While consistent with the possible evidence for a running of the scalar spectral index found by the WMAP team, our results highlight the need of more stringent and independent constraints on cosmological parameters (the Hubble constant in particular) in order to more definitively constrain deviations of Pin(k) from scale invariance without making assumptions about the inflationary model.
Set-theoretic completeness for epistemic and conditional logic

The standard approach to logic in the literature in philosophy and mathematics, which has also been adopted in computer science, is to define a language (the syntax), an appropriate class of models together with an interpretation of formulas in the language (the semantics), a collection of axioms and rules of inference characterizing reasoning (the proof theory), and then relate the proof theory to the semantics via soundness and completeness results. Here we consider an approach that is more common in the economics literature, which works purely at the semantic, setdtheoretic level. We provide setdtheoretic completeness results for a number of epistemic and conditional logics, and contrast the expressive power of the syntactic and setdtheoretic approaches.
Towards a Unity of the Human Behavioral Sciences

Despite their distinct objects of study, the human behavioral sciences all include models of individual human behavior. Unity in the behavioral sciences requires that there be a common underlying model of individual human behavior, specialized and enriched to meet the particular needs of each discipline. Such unity does not exist, and cannot be easily attained, since the various disciplines have incompatible models and disparate research methodologies. Yet recent theoretical and empirical developments have created the conditions for unity in the behavioral sciences, incorporating core principles from all fields, and based upon theoretical tools (game theory and the rational actor model) and data gathering techniques (experimental games in laboratory and field) that transcend disciplinary boundaries. This paper sketches a set of principles aimed at fostering such a unity. They include: (a) evolutionary and behavioral game theory provides a transdisciplinary lexicon for communication and model-building; (b) the rational actor model, rooted in biology but developed in economic theory, applies to all the human behavioral disciplines. This model treats actions as instrumental towards satisfying preferences. However, the content of preferences must be empirically determined. Moreover, the rational actor model is based on a notion of preference consistency that is not universally satisfied, so its range of applicability must also be empirically determined; (c) controlled experiments have been underutilized in most behavioral disciplines. Game theory and the rational actor model can be used as the basis for formulating, deploying, and analyzing data generated from controlled experiments with human subjects.
Services, inequality, and the dutch disease

This paper shows how Dutch disease effects may arise solely from a shift in demand following a natural resource discovery. The natural resource wealth increases the demand for non-tradable luxury services due to non-homothetic preferences. Labor that could be used to develop other non-resource tradable sectors is pulled into these service sectors. As a result, manufactures and other tradable goods are more likely to be imported, and learning and productivity improvements accrue to the foreign exporters. However, once the natural resources diminish, there is less income to purchase the services and non-resource tradable goods. Thus, the temporary gain in purchasing power translates into long-term stagnation. As opposed to conventional models where income distribution has no effect on economic outcomes, an unequal distribution of the rents from resource wealth further intensifies the Dutch disease dynamics within this framework.
Highly chemo- and regioselective allylic substitution with tautomerizable heteroarenes

Tautomerizable heteroarenes, bearing multiple interconvertible nucleophilic centers exhibit high chemo- and regioselective allylation irrespective of allylating agents used under Pd-catalysis. The achieved selectivity may be attributed to the dominant lactam form of heteroarenes and Pd-catalyzed intramolecular allylic substitution. A generalized green protocol for chemo- and regioselective allylation of biologically relevant heteroarenes with allyl alcohols in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as solvent was developed. Excellent selectivity was observed during intermolecular competition study demonstrating the differential nucleophilicity of tautomerizable heteroarenes and differential allyl palladium forming ability of a variety of allyl alcohols.
On the detection of anomalous system call arguments

Learning-based anomaly detection systems build models of the expected behavior of applications by analyzing events that are generated during their normal operation. Once these models have been established, subsequent events are analyzed to identify deviations, given the assumption that anomalies usually represent evidence of an attack.
A COMPARISON OF WAVELET-BASED AND RIDGELET- BASED TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

The research presented in this article is aimed at developing an automated imaging system for classification of tissues in medical images obtained from Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The article focuses on using multi-resolution texture analysis, specifically: the Haar wavelet, Daubechies wavelet, Coiflet wavelet, and the ridgelet. The algorithm consists of two steps: automatic extraction of the most discriminative texture features of regions of interest and creation of a classifier that automatically identifies the various tissues. The classification step is implemented using a cross-validation Classification and Regression Tree approach. A comparison of wavelet-based and ridgelet-based algorithms is presented. Tests on a large set of chest and abdomen CT images indicate that, among the three wavelet-based algorithms, the one using texture features derived from the Haar wavelet transform clearly outperforms the one based on Daubechies and Coiflet transform. The tests also show that the ridgelet-based algorithm is significantly more effective and that texture features based on the ridgelet transform are better suited for texture classification in CT medical images.
Compositionality for Tightly Coupled Systems: A New Application of the Propositions-as-Types Interpretation

The design of complex software systems fundamentally relies on the understanding of abstract components and their interactions. Although compositional techniques are being successfully employed in practice, the use of such techniques is often rather informal and intuitive, and typically a justification for correct behaviour of the composed system exists but is not expressed explicitly. In this paper, we show what can be gained from treating such justifications as first-class citizens. The fairly general setting for this paper is a formal development of a UNITY-style temporal logic for labeled transition systems in the calculus of inductive constructions which has been conducted using the Coq proof assistant in a formally rigorous way. Our development not only subsumes the original UNITY approach to program verification and the more recent approach of New UNITY, but goes beyond it in several essential aspects, such as the generality of the program/system model (arbitrary labeled transition systems instead of UNITY programs), the notion of fairness (weak group fairness instead of unconditional fairness), and the issue of compositionality (not only for safety but also for liveness assertions). The last aspect, which we feel is crucial in the foundations for software engineering, is subject of this paper. We present a general proof rule for compositional verification of liveness assertions in tightly coupled systems. It relies on a notion of compositional proofs, which in turn is closely related to classical work on interference-free proofs for parallel programs. The formulation of this new proof rule and the verification of its soundness does not only exploit the strong inductive reasoning capabilities of the calculus of inductive constructions, but it also uses the propositions-as-types interpretation and the associated proofs-as-objects interpretation in an essential way.
Financial regulation and performance : cross-country evidence

Costly bank failures in the past two decades have focused attention on the need to find ways to improve the performance of different countries' financial systems. Belief is overwhelming that financial systems can be improved but there is little empirical evidence to support any specific advice about regulatory and supervisory reform. With scant cross-country comparisons of financial regulatory and supervisory systems, economists cannot decide how to correct incentives and moral hazard problems in developing economies--whether, for example, to require higher (and more narrowly defined) capital-to-asset ratios, to mandate stricter definition and disclosure of non-performing loans, to require that subordinated debt be issued, or to install world-class supervision. Proposed reforms usually involve changes in financial regulations and supervisory standards, but many pressing questions about reform remain unanswered. Making use of a new database, the authors come up with brief answers to three key questions: Do countries with relatively weak governments and bureaucratic systems impose harsher regulatory restrictions on bank activities? Yes. Do countries with more restrictive regulatory regimes have poorly functioning banking systems. No--or at least the evidence is mixed. Do countries with more restrictive regulatory systems have less probability of suffering a banking crisis? No. In fact, the reverse is true. In countries where banks' securities activities are restricted, the likelihood of a banking crisis is greater, other things being equal.
Comment on “The velocity field due to an oscillating plate in an Oldroyd-B fluid” by C.C. Hopkins and J.R. de Bruyn [Can. J. Phys. 92, 533 (2014)]

We correct certain errors and ambiguities in the recent pedagogical article by Hopkins and de Bruyn (Can. J. Phys. 92, 533 (2014). doi:10.1139/cjp-2013-0334). The early-time asymptotics of the solution to the transient version of Stokes’ second problem for an Oldroyd-B fluid in a half-space is presented, as Appendix A, to complement the late-time asymptotics given by Hopkins and de Bruyn.
Insights into high peak current in-cloud lightning events during thunderstorms

We investigated National Lightning Detection Network reports and lightning radio waveforms in a 44 day observation period to analyze the in-cloud (IC) events producing currents above 200 kA. The results show that there are two distinct classes of IC lightning events with very high peak currents: the well-known narrow bipolar events, and a previously unreported type that we call energetic in-cloud pulses (EIPs). Their temporal and spatial context shows that EIPs are generated from existing negative polarity leaders that are propagating usually upward but sometimes downward. The nearly identical characteristics of EIPs and some previously reported terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) indicate a likely connection between the two, which further suggests the possibility of downward directed TGFs. These very high peak current IC events also suggest the association of EIPs with ionospheric perturbations and optical emissions known as elves.
Luminous [O III] and [N II] from Tidally Disrupted Horizontal Branch Stars

We model the emission lines generated in the photoionized debris of a tidally disrupted horizontal branch (HB) star. We find that at late times, the brightest optical emission lines are [N ii] λλ6548, 6583 and [O iii] λλ4959, 5007. Models of a red clump HB star undergoing mild disruption by a massive (50–100 M⊙) black hole (BH) yield an emission-line spectrum that is in good agreement with that observed in the NGC 1399 globular cluster hosting the ultraluminous X-ray source CXOJ033831.8−352604. We make predictions for the ultraviolet emission-line spectrum that can verify the tidal disruption scenario and constrain the mass of the BH.
Charmed Hadron Interactions

We compute the scattering lengths of charmed mesons and charmonia scattering with light hadrons in full QCD. We use Fermilab formulation for the charm quark and domain-wall fermions for the light quarks and staggered sea quarks. Four different light-quark masses are used to extrapolate to the physical point. The charmed baryon spectrum is also presented.
Hire Today, Gone Tomorrow: The Determinants of Attrition among Public School Teachers

Increases in the school-age population, maximum class size requirements in various states and the No Child Left Behind Act’s mandate of a “highly qualified teacher” in every classroom collectively will increase the demand for teachers. However, public school teachers are exiting the profession in large numbers. This poses a serious challenge for policymakers. In this paper I analyze the determinants of teacher attrition using matched teacher-student class-level information for all Florida public school teachers. In addition to teacher demographics and school characteristics employed in previous studies, I include a number of variables measuring the characteristics of the specific students assigned to each teacher. The results indicate that classroom characteristics, such as students’ performance on standardized tests and the average number of disciplinary incidents, play a larger role than school average student characteristics in determining teacher attrition. Teacher pay has a positive influence on retention, while the results for class size are mixed. There is also some evidence that more able teachers are more likely to exit the teaching profession. These findings suggest that in addition to salary, classroom assignment is an important factor when considering policies to promote teacher retention and teacher quality.
Ansari–Bradley Test†

The Ansari–Bradley procedure provides a distribution-free test of the equivalence of the variances in two distributions having a common median. Keywords: dispersion; variance; rank-based inference
Continuous time dynamic topic models

In this paper, we develop the continuous time dynamic topic model (cDTM). The cDTM is a dynamic topic model that uses Brownian motion to model the latent topics through a sequential collection of documents, where a "topic" is a pattern of word use that we expect to evolve over the course of the collection. We derive an efficient variational approximate inference algorithm that takes advantage of the sparsity of observations in text, a property that lets us easily handle many time points. In contrast to the cDTM, the original discrete-time dynamic topic model (dDTM) requires that time be discretized. Moreover, the complexity of variational inference for the dDTM grows quickly as time granularity increases, a drawback which limits fine-grained discretization. We demonstrate the cDTM on two news corpora, reporting both predictive perplexity and the novel task of time stamp prediction.
Local rings of countable Cohen-Macaulay type

We prove (the excellent case of) Schreyer's conjecture that a local ring with countable CM type has at most a one-dimensional singular locus. Furthermore, we prove that the localization of a Cohen-Macaulay local ring of countable CM type is again of countable CM type.
Finite groups embeddable in division rings

In a tour de force in 1955, S. A. Amitsur classified all finite groups that are embeddable in division rings. In particular, he disproved a conjecture of Herstein which stated that odd-order emdeddable groups were cyclic. The smallest counterexample turned out to be a group of order 63. In this note, we prove a non-embedding result for a class of metacyclic groups, and present an alternative approach to a part of Amitsur's results, with an eye to "demystifying" the order 63 counterexample.
Inferring informational goals from free-text queries: a Bayesian approach

People using consumer software applications typically do not use technical jargon when querying an online database of help topics. Rather, they attempt to communicate their goals with common words and phrases that describe software functionality in terms of structure and objects they understand. We describe a Bayesian approach to modeling the relationship between words in a user's query for assistance and the informational goals of the user. After reviewing the general method, we describe several extensions that center on integrating additional distinctions and structure about language usage and user goals into the Bayesian models.
Pd(II)-catalyzed olefination of sp3 C-H bonds.

The first Pd(II)-catalyzed sp3 C−H olefination reaction has been developed using N-arylamide directing groups. Following olefination, the resulting intermediates were found to undergo rapid 1,4-addition to give the corresponding γ-lactams. Notably, this method was effective with substrates containing α-hydrogen atoms and could be applied to effect methylene C−H olefination of cyclopropane substrates.
Evaluation of Signal in Space Error Bounds to Support Aviation Integrity

One of the intended purposes of recently proposed Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals is the provision of high integrity positioning sufficient for use in aviation. Caution is required, as the integrity requirements for aviation, particularly precision approach, are very strict. There must be less than a one in ten million chance of providing misleading information to the pilot. Further, each individual nation is responsible for approving equipment and procedures in their sovereign airspace. In order to make use of signals over which they have no control, aviation authorities must have a clear understanding of the commitments and capabilities of these new signals. This paper proposes equations to combine information from the satellites together with other error bounds to form appropriate upper bounds on the users' position estimates. The bounds are matched to proposed data monitoring criteria that ensure consistency between what has been observed and what is assumed by the bounding equations.
Electronic simulation of daily rhythm in nocturnal animals

The term biological clock is used to designate the phenomenon, displayed by organisms, of pacing activity in a cyclic manner related to environment. Many nocturnal animals, for example, are capable of entraining the onset of their activity with the light-to- dark transition in a periodic light-dark regime in which the period or ratio of light to darkness varies widely. This paper presents the development of an electronic model for simulation of the adaptation of the endogenous circadian rhythm of nocturnal ani mals due to light stimuli.
The Biermann Battery in Cosmological MHD Simulations of Population III Star Formation

We report the results of the first self-consistent three-dimensional adaptive mesh refinement magnetohydrodynamical simulations of Population III star formation including the Biermann battery effect. We find that the Population III stellar cores formed including this effect are both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those from hydrodynamics-only (non-MHD) cosmological simulations. We observe peak magnetic fields of 10−9 G in the center of our star-forming halo at z 17.55 at a baryon density of nB ~ 1010 cm−3. The magnetic fields created by the Biermann battery effect are predominantly formed early in the evolution of the primordial halo at low density and large spatial scales, and then grow through compression and by shear flows. The fields seen in this calculation are never large enough to be dynamically important (with β ≥ 1015 at all times before the termination of our calculation), and should be considered the minimum possible fields in existence during Population III star formation. The lack of magnetic support lends credibility to assumptions made in previous calculations regarding the lack of importance of magnetic fields in Population III star formation. In addition, these magnetic fields may be seed fields for the stellar dynamo or the magnetorotational instability at higher densities and smaller spatial scales.
DOUBLE POMERON JET CROSS SECTIONS

Abstract We treat hadron-hadron collisions where the final state is kinematically of the kind associated with double-pomeron-exchange (DPE) and has large transverse momentum jets. We show that in addition to the conventional factorized (FDPE) contribution, there is a nonfactorized (NDPE) contribution which has no pomeron beam jet. Within a simple model we compute DPE-two-jet total and differential cross sections at Tevatron energy scales, and show that the NDPE contribution is dominant.
Single-crystal germanium films by micro-zone melting

Abstract A technique has been developed for growing single-crystal germanium films in situ on a dielectric substrate. An electron beam is used to melt a small zone of a polycrystalline germanium film. Single-crystal growth is induced by electrically scanning the beam in a preferred manner over a selected region of the film. An additional heat source maintains the surrounding film at elevated temperatures in order to avoid excessive temperature differentials. The scanning pattern employed permits a randomly nucleated crystallite to seed the surrounding growth. In this manner, a single-crystal the order of a millimeter across can be grown in a chosen location. Larger crystals should be possible with larger beam deflections. This work has been largely confined to film thicknesses of 3–10 μ and to substrates of sapphire. Sapphire was used because its coefficient of thermal expansion closely matches that of germanium and because of other desirable properties. All films were deposited by vacuum evaporation. The technique is logically extendable to other materials that can be grown in vacuum. It is anticipated that the technique will find applications in microelectronics and in the fabrication of special device structures.
Does an inferential role semantics rest upon a mistake

Selon l'A., la seule version possible d'une semantique a role inferentiel est une version non holistique. Il evalue la force de l'argument de Fodore et Lepore (1991, 1992) qui va a l'encontre de ce point de vue
Application of symmetrized covariances in space confliction prediction

Abstract Space vehicle conflict prediction involving launch vehicles, space vehicles and electromagnetic radiation beams make use of position error covariance matrices of the respective objects. Such quantitative conflict predictions are needed to assess risk and help determine if a launch hold, space vehicle maneuver, or beam operational window closure is advisable. Computing the probability of conflict is greatly simplified by transforming respective positions, velocities and vehicle shapes to a coordinate frame in which the combined position error covariance is symmetric. Use of this symmetrized frame permits treatment of asymmetric vehicle shape, non-linear relative motion and time varying error covariance. Symmetrization also improves computation efficiency, which is especially beneficial in maneuver optimization to reduce conflict below a maneuver threshold, where large numbers of iterations are required.
StarLink: Impacts on the U.S. corn market and world trade

StarLink disrupted the U.S. corn market during the 2000/01 marketing year as a result of inadvertent commingling. The potential, upper-bound volume of marketed StarLink-commingled corn from the 2000 crop located near wet and dry millers prior to October 1, 2000, is estimated at 124 million bushels. The percentage of corn shipments that tested positive mostly ranged from 5 to 10%, varying by mode of transportation. Price differentials between StarLink-commingled and StarLink-free corn commonly ranged between 7 and 12 cents per bushel during the early stage of the incident. These differentials eroded quickly due largely to Aventis' compensation of additional transportation costs when StarLink-commingled shipments had to be rerouted to approved uses. While StarLink had a negative impact on U.S. corn exports, most of the reductions in exports to Japan and South Korea during the period from November 2000 through March 2002 were due to increased competition from rival exporters. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q170]. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 473–488, 2003.