cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between leucine and lysine transport in rabbit ileum

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of 2 mM leucine in the mucosal solution markedly stimulates the rate of net lysine transport across short-circuited segments of rabbit ileum. This stimulatory effect is due entirely to an increase in the unidirectional flux of lysine from mucosa to serosa; the flux from serosa to mucosa is unaffected by leucine. 2. 2. High concentrations of lysine inhibit lycine transport across the brush border, and high concentrations of leucine similarly inhibit lysine transport. These observations suggest that the processes mediating the transport of these two amino acids across the brush border have overlapping specificities. 3. 3. The stimulatory effect of leucine on lysine transport is due, primarily, to an increase in the unidirectional flux of lysine out of the cell across the serosal and/or lateral membranes. The phenomenon cannot be readily explained in terms of known carrier models and suggests a direct noncompetitive interaction between leucine and a carrier mechanism responsible for lysine movement across the serosal boundary of the epithelium. 4. 4. Preloading the intestinal tissue with leucine alone markedly enhances the unidirectional influx of lysine from the mucosal solution across the brush border. Since preloading with lysine has no effect on lysine influx and preloading with leucine has no effect on leucine influx, this phenomenon appears to be another indication of an effect of leucine on the lysine transport mechanism.
Antiplatelet therapy: Personalized medicine for clopidogrel resistance?

The benefits of clopidogrel in the treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease vary among patients. Studies have identified predictive markers of poor response to clopidogrel that might allow risk stratification of patients. Are we ready to enter the age of personalized medicine?
The 208 Planning Approach to Ground‐Water Protection — A Program Overviewa

Ground-water protection is one of the water quality management priorities that Section 208 planning is addressing. Examples are derived from the experiences of selected 208 planning agencies, among them Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board (NY), Old Colony Planning Council (MA), and Ventura Regional County Sanitation District (CA). These agencies have used 208 funds to identify problems such as salt-water intrusion and contamination from storm runoff. Through ground-water studies, each assessed the extent of the problems and used their analysis to produce protection and control recommendations. Section 208 requires that designated State and area-wide agencies plan for ongoing water quality management to meet the 1983 goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's water. The Section, which originated with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, contains the only extant provision for nonpoint source pollution control. Opportunities for integration of 208 with other Clean Water Act programs as well as with programs established under the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act are now being explored as a means of increasing water quality management efficiency and quality.
Effects of Low- and High-Glycemic Index/Glycemic Load Diets on Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Overweight/Obese Men

Chronic insulin resistance contributes to subclinical inflammation, thrombosis/impaired fibrinolysis, and dyslipidemia. The effect of dietary carbohydrate, specifically of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), on established and emerging coronary heart disease risk factors has not been elucidated fully. We conducted a randomized crossover feeding study of matched diets differing only in GI and GL in 24 overweight or obese but otherwise healthy men to investigate the effects on insulin sensitivity, inflammation, thrombosis/fibrinolysis, lipoproteins/lipids, and body composition. All meals for the high- and low-GI/GL diets were prepared in a metabolic kitchen. Each participant consumed both diets in random order for 4 weeks each, with a 4-week washout period in between. Each participant underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test for assessment of insulin sensitivity; blood sampling for the measurement of inflammatory markers, coagulation factors, and lipoproteins/lipids; and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for assessment of body composition at the beginning and end of each dietary period. There were no statistically significant differences in glucose metabolism factors, inflammatory markers, or coagulation factors after 4 weeks on the high- and low-GI/GL diets. The high-GI/GL diet resulted in a slightly greater reduction in fat mass and a slightly greater increase in lean mass compared with the low-GI/GL diet. The high-GI/GL diet resulted in significant, but unexpected, reductions in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was significantly reduced on the high-GI/GL diet compared with the low-GI/GL diet. Overall, high- and low-GI/GL diets of 4 weeks' duration had no consistent effects on coronary heart disease risk factors in this group of overweight/obese men.
Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Imido Transfer Reactions of (TTP)Ti(η2-PhNNPh)

Treatment of (TTP)Ti(η2-RC⋮CR) (R = Et or Ph) with PhNNPh results in formation of the azobenzene adduct (TTP)Ti(η2-PhNNPh) (1) in good isolated yield. Complex 1 reacts with (TTP)Ti(η2-RC⋮CR) at elevated temperatures to cleanly afford 2 equiv of the phenylimido compound, (TTP)TiNPh (2). The azobenzene complex, 1, is also formed in low yields by the reaction of the (TTP)TiNPh (2) with excess 1,2-diphenylhydrazine. The electrochemistry of the azobenzene adduct (1) and the phenylimido complex (2) is investigated by cyclic voltammetry experiments.
Pitfalls in diagnosis of aortic dissection by angiography: algorithmic approach utilizing CT and MRI.

Abstract Dissection of the thoracic aorta is a life-threatening event requiring imaging studies to define the level of the tear and the intinmal flap. The “gold standard” has been angiography. This method may fail to demonstrate the dissection, however, due to overlap of the true and false lumens or a very thin flap that is imaged en face rather than tangentially. Computed tomography has a diagnostic accuracy of 95%, but can fail to image the dissection due to technical factors or a thrombosed false hunen. Magnetic resonance imaging requires a hemodynamically stable and cooperative patient. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed for diagnosis of aortic dissection based on renal function and the surgeon's imaging modality preference.
Volatile compounds in light, medium, and dark black walnut and their influence on the sensory aromatic profile.

Abstract: Light, medium, and dark colored kernels from 3 different cultivars (Emma K, Kwik Krop, and Sparks 127) and one wild species of black walnut were studied for their aroma volatiles. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the aromatic compounds present in the headspace of these samples. Partial least square regression was used to correlate the instrumental aromatic data with the sensory responses, obtained in a previous study, for the same samples. Thirty-four aromatic compounds were found in the black walnut cultivars, highlighting among them the presence of 14 esters. Although more than 50% of the total concentration of volatile compounds, esters were not important compounds in determining the differences in the sensory aromatic profiles of the 3 colors of the nuts. As a general trend, the concentration of total volatile compounds was always significantly higher in light black walnuts than in the medium colored samples; medium colored samples had higher volatile content than the dark black walnuts. The presence of hexanal was related to rancid and acrid aromas and was determined to differentiate the dark black walnuts from the medium and light colored samples. Practical Application: The data presented in this article will help understand the aromatic differences between light, medium, and dark colored kernels of domestic and wild black walnut. The aromatic profile of these nuts, not studied until this moment, can be used as a model to develop flavorings and new products by the food industries.
Oxidative Stability of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Rich Soy Oil

This study was conducted to determine the oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid rich soy oil (CLARSO) and the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels on volatile oxidation products formed during CLARSO oxidation. CLARSO oxidative stability was determined by gravimetric analysis, peroxide value, headspace oxygen analysis and p-anisidine value. Volatile oxidation compounds were analyzed by solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer. CLA oxidation results were highly dependent on analytical methods used and oxidation parameters measured. The gravimetric study showed a CLA concentration effect on oxidation, which was not seen in the headspace oxygen depletion and peroxide value. Volatile oxidation data indicate that CLARSO had significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of pentanal and trans-2-heptenal than the other oils, but there was no significant difference between the amounts of any volatiles present in 8 and 15% CLARSO. This suggests that oxidation was greater in CLARSO and that CLA concentration did not affect oxidation.
Towards an integrated view of monocarpic plant senescence

After the flowering of an annual plant, the whole plant will senesce and die. For the process to go to completion, this monocarpic senescence must include three coordinated processes, which have not previously been considered as a total syndrome: (1) the arrest of growth and senescence of the shoot apical meristem; (2) senescence of the leaves; and (3) the suppression of axillary bud growth. Concurrently there is a shift in resource allocation from continued vegetative growth to reproductive growth, combined with a withdrawal of nutrients, especially nitrogen compounds, from the leaves and the transfer of these nutrients to the developing seeds. The start of the senescence process is caused by a shift, almost certainly in gene expression, very early in the reproductive phase. Continuation of the resource transfer and senescence of the vegetative plant involves hormonal regulation and continued changes in gene expression. Each of these processes is examined, especially with reference to the transfer of resources from vegetative to reproductive growth.
Pathological and physical investigations into CO2 laser - tissue interactions with specific emphasis on cervical intraepithelial neoplasm.

Laser tissue interactions were studied to relate the physical biothermal changes observed in treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias. Confirmational changes in epithelium impacted with energies of 25 joules/cm2 were related to experimental and theoretical models. Analysis of cytology, histology, and SEM were compared to a mathematical model and experimental tissue model. The apparent distribution of vaporization and heating in cervical tissue was observed to be an oblate hemispheroid. This geometrical configuration was noted in power densities from 1 25 W/cm2 to 800 W/cm2. Comparison of the experimental and theoretical models confirmed this geometric heat distribution. Theoretical conclusions concerning destructive modality effectiveness and tissue healing can be deduced from this triple analytical model.
Fashioning Zambian Moments

Focusing on dress practices that involve both new and secondhand clothing in Zambia, this article discusses the ‘social death’ of things. The ephemeral and fleeting qualities are revealed in the so...
The critical need for coverage of quality decision making in professional and management education

Purpose – The paper seeks to explain the need for inclusion of a segment on criteria for decision quality in management and leadership education and in management development programs.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a conceptual base for the use of criteria to achieve high‐quality decisions. It explains the two aspects of all decisions (technical and leadership/management) and discusses some examples of research into a limited set of criteria and then offers an overview of a comprehensive set of criteria.Findings – The paper expands on conclusions from previous work by providing solid reasons for the use of decision criteria.Research limitations/implications – The paper points to the need for extensive research to validate the criteria and offers specific suggestions on research objectives.Practical implications – The use of comprehensive criteria for the management/leadership aspects of decisions can significantly improve the quality of decisions in work situations, and also in many fami...
The Multi-Item Randomized Response Technique

The randomized response technique (RRT) attempts to reduce social desirability bias in self-reports by creating a probabilistic relationship between the response given and the question posed. The multi-item RRT extends the RRT procedure to scales composed of multiple items. The multi-item RRT reduces the added variability contributed by the procedure and affords more accurate estimates of parameters than does a single-item RRT. Formulas are presented for correcting the mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient for the procedure. Data are presented from a study (Jarman 1996) of male date rape to illustrate the application of the multi-item RRT. Those data show higher reports of rape-supportive attitudes, beliefs, and sexual aggression under RRT conditions.
Enhancing the cytomorphological deformation with color image processing

In particular, accuracy in detecting cervicaL cancer from the vaginaLexfoLiated cell is as high as 96%. Specimen acquisition is simple and no painis incurred to the patient. Therefore, with regular examination and on-timetreatment and surgery, death due to cancer of the cervix couLd be drasticaLLydecreased, perhaps eLiminated.A great deaL of research has been carried out by bioLogists, pathologists,as weLL as biomedical physicists on the studies of the metamorphosis in varioustypes of cells with symptoms of cancerous disease. Color, texture and theirinterrelationships are important features for analyzing cells. The chromato-graphic feature
Do intergovernmental grants create ratchets in state and local taxes

A large literature on the ‘flypaper effect’ examines how federal grants to states at time period t affect state spending (or taxes) at time period t. We explore the fundamentally different question of how federal grants at time period t affect state tax policy in the future. Federal grants often result in states creating new programs and hiring new employees, and when the federal funding is discontinued, these new state programs must either be discontinued or financed through increases in state own source taxes. Government programs tend to be difficult to cut, as goes Milton Friedman’s famous quote about nothing being as permanent as a temporary government program, suggesting that it is likely that temporary federal grants create permanent (future) ratchets in state taxes. Far from being purely an academic question, this argument is why South Carolina’s Governor Mark Sanford attempted to turn down federal stimulus monies for his state. We examine both the impact of federal grants on future state budgets and how federal and state grants affect future local government budgets. Our findings confirm that grants indeed result in future state and local tax increases of roughly 40 cents for every dollar in grant money received in prior years.
A Phase I Bayesian Adaptive Design to Simultaneously Optimize Dose and Schedule Assignments Both Between and Within Patients

In traditional schedule or dose–schedule finding designs, patients are assumed to receive their assigned dose–schedule combination throughout the trial even though the combination may be found to have an undesirable toxicity profile, which contradicts actual clinical practice. Since no systematic approach exists to optimize intrapatient dose–schedule assignment, we propose a Phase I clinical trial design that extends existing approaches to optimize dose and schedule solely between patients by incorporating adaptive variations to dose–schedule assignments within patients as the study proceeds. Our design is based on a Bayesian nonmixture cure rate model that incorporates multiple administrations each patient receives with the per-administration dose included as a covariate. Simulations demonstrate that our design identifies safe dose and schedule combinations as well as the traditional method that does not allow for intrapatient dose–schedule reassignments, but with a larger number of patients assigned to ...
Expression of hcp in freshwater Synechococcus spp., a gene encoding a hyperconserved protein in picocyanobacteria

Marine picoplankton of the genus Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus spp. are widely studied members of the picocyanobacterial clade, composed of unicellular cyanobacteria that dominate pelagic regions of the ocean. Less studied are the related freshwater Synechococcus spp. that similarly dominate the euphotic zone of oligotrophic lakes. Previous work has shown that marine picocyanobacteria harbor a small gene, hcp, that encodes a 62 amino acid protein 100% conserved among all strains examined. The gene is restricted exclusively to the picocyanobacterial lineage. The current study reveals that hcp is also 100% conserved in four freshwater Synechococcus spp. strains isolated from the Laurentian Great Lakes, and that the gene constitutively expressed with genes encoding a ribosomal protein and two tRNA genes. The synteny of the hcp region is also conserved between the marine and freshwater strains. Last, the hcp gene and the organization of the surrounding genetic region has been retained in the reduced genome of a picocyanobacterial endosymbiont of the amoeba Paulinella sp.
NARROW CONNECTICUT IMPACT-ATTENUATION SYSTEM: SYNOPSIS INCLUDING NCHRP REPORT 350 CRASH TEST RESULTS

The compliance of a Connecticut-designed and -developed impact-attenuation system, the Narrow Connecticut Impact-Attenuation System (NCIAS), with NCHRP Report 350 guidelines is documented. Background information about the system is given, including information on the performance of field installation locations and the availability and cost of installation. NCHRP Report 350 specifies eight full-scale crash tests for redirective/nongating devices. Three of the eight tests were not conducted on the NCIAS because they are similar to three tests conducted under the NCHRP Report 230 requirements, which the NCIAS passed. The five remaining tests were performed. One test was repeated after one of the cylinders was strengthened. All tests were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of NCHRP Report 350 for Test Level 3 devices. The NCIAS passed all requirements for four of the five test designations. It did not pass the requirements for the reverse hit test; therefore, the NCIAS must not be installed at locations where it may be struck from the reverse direction. FHWA has approved the use of the NCIAS on the National Highway System at locations where reverse-direction impacts are unlikely.
Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism

Abstract Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) affects an estimated 500,000 to 2 million people in the United States per year. Approximately 250,000 hospital admissions occur annually, with an estimated length of stay between 24 hours and 7 days. Complications include recurrent nonfatal thromboemboli, postthrombotic syndrome, and fatal pulmonary embolism. The standard of care for these patients is constant infusion of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs). Thus the goals of therapy are to prevent thrombus propagation, thrombus embolization, and early and late recurrence. Proper anticoagulation is the first critical step in effective treatment of DVT; however, secondary prevention is equally important. This article reviews the treatment algorithms for UFH, dosing of LMWH, and management strategies for secondary prevention as represented in the current literature. The goals for dosing UFH are either to use a weight-based nomogram or standard dosing schedule with an appropriate infusion rate to achieve a therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time within 24 hours. Failure to do so may result in a 23.3% frequency of VTE, compared with a frequency of 4% to 6% with therapeutic thresholds within 24 hours ( P = 0.02) when treated with a standard dosing schedule of UFH. A weight-based UFH nomogram resulted in a significantly faster titration to therapeutic levels, 97% by weight based versus 77% by standard dosing ( P = 0.002). Over the past 4 years, a number of published meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials support that LMWHs are either better than or equal to UFH and cause less major bleeding and a lower incidence of thrombocytopenia. Duration of therapy and alternatives to warfarin are the issues associated with secondary prevention. Presently patients continue warfarin therapy for 3 to 6 months with a target international normalized ratio between 2.0 and 3.0. The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Guidelines recommend long-term treatment with LMWH for at ≥3 to 6 months for most patients with PE and concurrent cancer. In conclusion, effective VTE therapy consists of 2 phases: the initial achievement of therapeutic anticoagulation and the prevention of recurrent thromboembolic events. Both may be achieved with UFH or LMWHs. Patients who present with recurrent thromboembolic events with idiopathic VTE should be treated with a medication regime of warfarin administered for 6 to 12 months, although clinical trials suggest that treatment for up to 2 years may be clinically beneficial. Additionally, low-intensity warfarin administration is valuable in patients at high risk for bleeding. LMWH presents an increased profile of safety and efficacy in individuals with an underlying malignancy.
Sex Differences in the Relationship of Locus of Control and Recreational Sport Participation.

Research on the relationship of sport participation and adjustment has been largely inconclusive for both males and females. The present investigation addresses this question by comparing male and female participants and nonparticipants on locus of control, a dimension of personality allegedly related to adjustment. Because of social pressures against participation for females, it was hypothesized that women participating on organized teams would reflect a more internal locus of control of their own lives than those who did not participate or participated “for fun” only. No difference between participation groups was predicted for males. The results indicated a sex-by-participation interaction, with female “organized” participants being the most internal and male nonparticipants being the most external. The results, which provide partial support for the hypotheses, were interpreted in terms of context-specific sex-role prescriptions.
Analysis of particulates on tape lift samples

Particle counts on tape lift samples taken from a hardware surface exceeded threshold requirements in six successive tests despite repeated cleaning of the surface. Subsequent analysis of the particle size distributions of the failed tests revealed that the handling and processing of the tape lift samples may have played a role in the test failures. In order to explore plausible causes for the observed size distribution anomalies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were employed to perform chemical analysis on collected particulates. SEM/EDX identified Na and S containing particles on the hardware samples in a size range identified as being responsible for the test failures. ToF-SIMS was employed to further examine the Na and S containing particulates and identified the molecular signature of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates, a common surfactant used in industrial detergent. The root cause investigation suggests that the tape lift test failures originated from detergent residue left behind on the glass slides used to mount and transport the tape following sampling and not from the hardware surface.
Electroless Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles Over Silicon-based Substrates

The use of proteins and peptides to deposit and pattern metallic nanoparticles is becoming increasingly important. This method provides an inexpensive procedure to produced patterned and continuous metallic nanoparticles on variety of substrates such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and polyimide. In this work, we explore the use of proteins and peptides for patterning and depositing gold nanoparticles. We used two different peptides or proteins for this experiment. One is 3XFLAG peptide from Sigma-Aldrich and the other one is bovine serum albumin (BSA). To pattern the peptides on the substrates we used two different methods, photolithography and micro-transfer molding. In photolithography, S1813 photoresist was patterned on the substrates through clean room process. In the micro-transfer molding process, a PDMS mold was made out of photoresist pattern. Polypropylmethacrylate (PPMA) was spin coated on the PDMS mold and stamped on the substrate in a high temperature. The proteins were adsorbed on the surface either physically or covalently. To deposit gold nanoparticles, the substrates with adsorbed proteins were covered with aqueous HAuCl4 solution. The proteins catalyze gold nanoparticles reduction from the solution. To characterize nanoparticles we used SEM and Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC).
Direct methods for freeform surface design

Optical design in the 19th century was largely empirical, and today design in the geometric realm is often performed by optimizing a cost function which is defined via ray tracing. A natural question to ask then, is how to perform optical design using a more direct method, such as solving partial differential equations or variational problems. We consider the problem of writing down equations to model a single surface (mirror or lens) to completely control a single bundle of rays. When this is done, with high probability the solution surface will not be rotationally symmetric, but freeform. Although a bundle may not be completely controllable with a single surface, approximate solution can be sometimes have applications. In particular, we will show how to compute the shape of a driver-side mirror that has no blind-spot or distortion.
Ultraviolet-absorbing intraocular lenses

Abstract Chemical analysis of the ultraviolet-absorbing materials in AmericanMedical Optics, Cilco, and Optical Radiation Corporation intraocular lenses is reported. Clinical considerations are discussed, and the absence of any long-term safety and effectiveness data is noted.
On macromodeling of nonlinear systems with time periodic coefficients

Abstract Some new techniques for reduced order (macro) modeling of nonlinear systems with time periodic coefficients are discussed in this paper. The dynamical evolution equations are transformed using the Lyapunov–Floquet (L–F) transformation such that the linear parts of the new set of equations become time-invariant. The techniques presented here reduce the order of this transformed system and all original states are obtained via the appropriate transformations. This macromodel preserves the desired stability and bifurcation characteristics of the original large-scale system and due to relatively few states; it is suitable for simulation and controller design. In this work, methodologies based on linear and nonlinear projections as well as ‘time periodic invariant manifold’ idea are presented. The invariant manifold technique yields a ‘reducibility condition’ that determines when an accurate nonlinear order reduction is possible. A comparative study of these order reduction methods is also included. These techniques are compared by means of time traces and Poincare maps. A numerical error analysis is also included and advantages and limitations are discussed by means of a practical example.
Drugs and receptors. An overview of the current state of knowledge.

This paper reviews the theoretical concepts and methods utilised with isolated tissues to characterise drugs and drug receptors. Specifically the impact, on the in vitro measurement of agonist affinity and relative efficacy, of the idea that receptors bind to transduction proteins in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is discussed. The effects of ternary complex formation of agonist-receptor equilibria raise theoretical objections to the measurement of agonist receptor equilibrium dissociation constants. Possible ‘promiscuity’ of receptors with respect to the G-proteins with which they can interact makes classification of receptors by agonists suspect. The use of Schild analysis for the measurement of antagonist affinity and subsequent classification of receptors is considered in the light of recent data showing that estimates calculated with this method are heterogeneous. Resultant analysis for the detection of allosteric effects is also discussed. Lastly, the impact of molecular biology on the drug and drug receptor classification process is considered, as well as the effects of pathological processes on drug action at the receptor level.
Volume dependence of the Knight shift in lithium

This work is to confirm a significant discrepancy between the calculated volume dependence of $〈{|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}〉$ in Li metal and the corresponding quantity deduced from experimental results using a simple equation for the Knight shift, $K=(\frac{8\ensuremath{\pi}}{3}){\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}\ensuremath{\Omega}〈{|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}〉$. Here $〈{|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}〉\ensuremath{\equiv}{P}_{F}$ is the amplitude of the conduction-electron wave function averaged over the Fermi surface. ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}$ and $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ are the Pauli susceptibility and the atomic volume, respectively. The experimental determination of $〈{|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}〉$ was obtained from an old measurement of $K$ [G. B. Benedek and T. Kushida, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 5, 241 (1958)] and a recent measurement for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}$ [Toshimoto Kushida, J. C. Murphy, and M. Hanabusa, Phys. Rev. B 13, 5136 (1976)]. Both quantities $K$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}$ were measured as a function of volume. It was felt important to repeat the old Knight-shift experiment, since the experiment requires an accurate resonance-frequency measurement (\ensuremath{\simeq}one part in ${10}^{7}$), which was marginal 20 years ago, and a resolution of the discrepancy is essential to the understanding of the electronic structure of a simple metal. The present measurement is one order of magnitude more accurate and indicates a small systematic error in the previous data. The conclusion is, however, essentially unchanged; an electron polarization enhancement seen by the Li nucleus in Li metal is almost independent of the volume change, contrary to an intuitive model which predicts $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}{P}_{F}}{d\mathrm{ln}V}=\ensuremath{-}1$. Recent calculations show that the core-polarization effect ${P}_{F}^{\mathrm{cp}}$ is important for Li and that ${P}_{F}^{\mathrm{cp}}$ has a large volume dependence. The Knight-shift equation should be modified to $K=(\frac{8\ensuremath{\pi}}{3}){\ensuremath{\chi}}_{P}\ensuremath{\Omega}({P}_{F}+{P}_{F}^{\mathrm{cp}})$. The volume dependence of ${P}_{F}$ is almost canceled by that of the ${P}_{F}^{\mathrm{cp}}$.
Sequential Removal of Photolabile Protecting Groups for Carbonyls with Controlled Wavelength

A group of robust and easy-to-make photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) for carbonyl compounds has been developed. Sequential removal of different PPGs is achieved via control of irradiation wavelength.
An X-linked microcephaly syndrome caused by disruptions of CASK implicates the CASK-TBR1-RELN pathway in human brain development.

Mutations of CASK cause an X-linked brain malformation phenotype with microcephaly and hypoplasia of the brainstem and cerebellum. Najm J et al.. (2008) Nature Genetics 40: 1065–1067.
Evidence Against Superheavy Elements in Giant-Halo Inclusions Re-Examined with Synchrotron Radiation

The giant-halo inclusion $19D$ reported to show the strongest evidence for superheavy elements on the basis of proton-induced x-ray fluorescence has been re-examined with \ensuremath{\approx} 55 times greater sensitivity by employing synchrotron radiation as the exciting source. It is shown conclusively that at concentration levels of \ensuremath{\approx} 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{8}$ atoms per inclusion, superheavy elements are not present in $\mathrm{GH}19D$ or in numerous other giant-halo inclusions studied.
The Strength of an Adhesive Weak Boundary Layer

Abstract The strength of model adhesive joints composed of different thicknesses of low (10,300 narrow distribution) molecular weight polystyrene sandwiched between high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) has been studied. The joints model a polymer-to-polymer adhesive bond across a low-strength boundary layer. As an appraisal of strength, the fracture toughness was measured by driving a cleavage wedge into the specimens along the polystyrene layer and analyzing the results with Kanninen's equation. The fracture toughness for both crack growth initiation K Ic and arrest K Ia was essentially that for bulk poly(methyl methacrylate) until the polystyrene layer exceeded 1 μm, at which K Ic and K Ia fell by approximately 85%. Examination of the fracture surfaces of specimens with polystyrene layers less than 1 μm thick revealed that the fracture path was predominantly in the poly(methyl methacrylate). Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Cognitive predictors of medication adherence among middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia

Objective: Medication nonadherence presents a considerable problem in patients with schizophrenia. There are limited and conflicting data on the association of cognitive impairment with antipsychotic nonadherence. In this study, we evaluated the correlation of patients' scores on Mattis' Dementia Rating Scale (DRS; total and subscale scores) with scores on the Medication Management Ability Assessment (MMAA), a performance-based measure of medication management. Methods: Participants included 110 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Each was evaluated using the MMAA role-play tasks and the DRS. Patients also completed the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI), and the PANSS (Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale). Results: Age, DAI score, and DRS scores were all correlated with MMAA performance. In a stepwise regression analysis, only DRS scores were predictive of MMAA performance. Among the DRS subscales, conceptualization and memory were the best statistical predictors of MMAA performance. Conclusion: Cognitive functions, especially conceptualization and memory, were the strongest patient-related predictors of his or her ability to manage medications, over and above the effects of age, gender, education level, symptom severity, and attitudes toward medications. These results suggest a need for intervention studies focused on improving, or at least compensating for, specific cognitive deficits such as those in memory and conceptualization among patients with schizophrenia in order to improve their ability to manage medications.
Spectroscopic studies of low-pressurehydrogen-fluorine flames

A spectroscopic study of argon-diluted and pure hydrogen-fluorine flames was carried out at pressures of 2–4 torr on an aluminum multidiffusion burner. A total of 21 vibration-rotation bands of HF were observed between 450 and 1200 nm, including the 6-0, 7-1, 8-2, and 9-3 bands not previously reported. Vibrational and rotational temperature profiles of each flame were determined from the observed emission intensity of lines in the P-branch of the 3-0 band and vibration-rotation interaction factors from the literature. All dilute flames have maximum temperatures in the range 2200°–2600°K, always below the calculated adiabatic temperature. The observed maximum temperature of the pure stoichiometric flame was 3900°K, significantly higher than the adiabatic temperature of 3100°K, which suggests that HF is not in local equilibrium with hydrogen and fluorine atoms. A flame model in which the collisional dissociation of vibrationally excited hydrogen fluoride, HF*+M→H+F+M, is assigned a major role in the chain-reaction mechanism, appears to satisfactorily explain the experimental data.
Venus' Free Obliquity

The predicted orientation of Venus' rotation axis relative to its orbit ran be uniquely determined given knowledge of its J2 gravity coefficient and polar moment of inertia C if its free obliquity is fully damped. This assumption seems warranted given the dominant damping mechanism: turbulent fluid friction at a core mantle boundary (CMB). This skin friction results from differential obliquity of mantle and core spin axes, and the associated damping rate could be as short as 1/10(exp 6) year. However, the observed pole orientation indicates a free obliquity amplitude epsilon approx. = 2.1 deg compared with a nominal forced amplitude of 0.5 deg. There are two plausible explanations. The most likely is that the observed obliquity is a tidally evolved end state in which core friction, modulated by CMB ellipticity and core obliquity amplitude, counterbalances solid and atmospheric tidal torques. This concept is similar to the explanation for the retrograde spin omega as an end state in which solid and atmospheric thermal tidal torques balance at the present spin rate because of the omega(sup -1) dependence of the axial thermal torque. Weaker effects such as solid and thermal tides can then compete with core friction and for plausible models, their sum tends to increase free obliquity. The obliquity balance is controlled by the nonlinear (and nearly quadratic) dependence of the CMB turbulent "skin friction" torque on obliquity.Core ellipticity also has a profound effect on tidal evolution of Venus obliquity.
Dynamic brain mapping methodology and application.

Abstract Brain mapping has opened important perspectives for the neurophysiological evaluation of patients, for the discrimination of drug effects on the brain and for the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior. Our Dynamic Brain Mapping System is the result of many years of EEG quantification. It was designed as a software-oriented system to favor the largest clinical application and simultaneously stimulate new research onjectives. Data collection and analysis procedures are critically important in brain mapping for a good understanding of the results. For clinical use, the maps should answer relevant EEG questions and be interpretable with the consolidated knowledge. Therefore, we have developed a new type of brain mapping technology which is called “Field blending interpolation” mapping offered together with the conventional technology with user-selectable interpolation algorithms. In addition to diagnosis, the use of computer-analyzed EEG and brain mapping can be instrumental in drug monitoring, drug selection and drug discriminations. Prospective studies are, however, required to validate the use of brain mapping in each of these new areas. Spatial analysis is the original goal of brain mapping. The development of a new data collection procedure and analysis will be instrumental in the determination of an adequate time and space resolution.
Family-centered positive psychology: Focusing on strengths to build student success

Family-centered positive psychology (FCPP) is defi ned as a framework for working with children and families that promotes strengths and capacity building within individuals and systems, rather than one focusing solely on the resolution of problems or remediation of defi ciencies. This approach to family-based services is predicated on the belief that child and family outcomes will be enhanced if members participate in identifying needs, establishing social supports and partnerships, and acquiring new skills and competencies, rather than simply receiving services from professionals. In this article, we present a rationale for FCPP, outline its primary principles, highlight one model for working with families that exemplifi es FCPP practice, and illustrate its use through an authentic data-based case study. Positive psychology is defi ned as “the scientifi c study of ordinary human strengths and virtues,” which “adopts a more open and appreciative perspective regarding human potentials, motives, and capacities” (Sheldon & King, 2001; p. 216). Much of the literature on positive psychology focuses on the application of principles to the study of individuals in personal life contexts. Attention is provided to the attributes, capacities, and capabilities of the individual. For enhancing the lives of children, however, it is clear that similar strengths and assets must be garnered in the adults who control the environments within which all are interacting. That is, children and youth exist in interlocking contexts that both separately and together affect their functioning. The resources available to the adults who control those contexts are critically important for children’s ultimate development. It has been argued that to truly help children, service providers must paradoxically focus efforts and energies on the adults (e.g., parents and teachers) in their lives (Conoley & Gutkin, 1986; Sheridan & Gutkin, 2000). Building strengths, enhancing skills, and coalescing resources for the multiple adults in children’s lives are among the benchmark functions for school psychologists. Indeed, notions of positive psychology can be instrumental in our conceptualization of services provided to parents, family members, teachers, and other adults with whom children live. The purposes of this paper are to defi ne family-centered positive psychology, identify its primary assumptions and key principles, present a model by which service providers (e.g., school psychologists) can use its principles to enhance outcomes for students, and illustrate the process with a case example.
Post-Newtonian models of binary neutron stars

Using an energy variational method, we calculate quasiequilibrium configurations of binary neutron stars modeled as compressible triaxial ellipsoids obeying a polytropic equation of state. Our energy functional includes terms both for the internal hydrodynamics of the stars and for the external orbital motion. We add the leading post-Newtonian (PN) corrections to the internal and gravitational energies of the stars, and adopt hybrid orbital terms which are fully relativistic in the test-mass limit and always accurate to PN order. The total energy functional is varied to find quasiequilibrium sequences for both corotating and irrotational binaries in circular orbits. We examine how the orbital frequency at the innermost stable circular orbit depends on the polytropic index $n$ and the compactness parameter ${GM/Rc}^{2}$. We find that, for a given ${GM/Rc}^{2}$, the innermost stable circular orbit along an irrotational sequence is about 17% larger than the innermost secularly stable circular orbit along the corotating sequence when $n=0.5$, and 20% larger when $n=1$. We also examine the dependence of the maximum neutron star mass on the orbital frequency and find that, if PN tidal effects can be neglected, the maximum equilibrium mass increases as the orbital separation decreases.
A simplified polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis apparatus for simultaneous application of multiple buffer systems or detergent combinations

A previous design of an apparatus for the simultaneous fractionation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 10 different buffer systems (1) was replaced by a greatly simplified new design, employing small, cylindrical buffer partitions within the lower buffer reservoir and/or upper buffer reservoir of a conventional, temperature-regulated polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis apparatus for cylindrical gels. The apparatus was tested in application to the problem of simultaneous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in different buffer systems with the purpose of optimizing the operative pH for a particular fractionation problem. It was also applied to fractionations in a single buffer system to which various combinations of ionic and nonionic detergents were admixed.
Between aloofness and fascination: Safavid views of the west

(1998). Between aloofness and fascination: Safavid views of the west. Iranian Studies: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 219-246.
Kinetics of Self-Assembled Monolayer Growth Explored via Submonolayer Coverage of Incomplete Films

We have studied the growth kinetics of self-assembled monolayers of octadecylphosphonic acid on mica by examining films removed from solution before completion. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images of the quenched films showed islands approximately 2 nm high indicating a growth mechanism consisting of nucleation, growth, coalescence, etc. of dense submonolayer islands. This was consistent with previous in situ AFM studies. Infrared spectroscopy data were consistent with well-ordered alkyl chains and indicated only one type of chain conformation, implying that the areas between islands were bare, not covered with loosely packed disordered molecules. The surface coverage of the submonolayer islands was extracted from AFM images as a function of immersion time for solution concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 2 mM. These data were compared to two common models for adsorption kineticsdiffusion-limited kinetics and adsorption-limited (Langmuir) kinetics. The previously reported quasi-Langmuir−Blodgett depositio...
Osteotomy, Arthrodesis, and Arthroplasty for Complex Multiapical Deformity of the Leg

Background Assessment of diaphyseal deformity in the tibia consists of delineating anatomic axes or cortical lines with resultant apices of deformity. Single-apex deformities have been well described both in terms of assessment and treatment, whereas double-level deformities with metaphyseal and/or juxtacortical involvement are less straightforward. Multiapical deformities of the lower extremity, though uncommon, are the next level of complexity and provide the surgeon with a difficult correctional mission.
Responses of recurrent laryngeal motoneurons to changes of pulmonary afferent inputs.

In decerebrate, paralyzed cats ventilated with a cycle-triggered pump, the discharges of the recurrent laryngeal (whole nerve or single fibers) and phrenic nerves, and the changes produced by pulmonary afferent inputs (lung inflation), were compared. When lung inflation was in phase neural inspiration, four types of laryngeal fiber activities were observed: (a) phasic-inspiratory; (b) tonic-inspiratory; (c) expiratory-inspiratory; (d) early-expiratory. The firing patterns during inspiration were plateau-like, whereas the phrenic pattern was augmenting. When inflation was withheld, the plateau patterns usually became augmenting, indicating inhibition of laryngeal inspiratory activity by pulmonary afferents. Secondary effects of withholding inflation were: (a) increases of early-expiratory activity (both whole nerve and individual fiber), indicating increased post-inhibitory rebound excitation; (b) decreased activity of tonic-inspiratory and expiratory-inspiratory fibers during early neural expiration, indicating increased inhibition by early-expiratory neurons. The discharge patterns of different types of laryngeal motoneuron, as well as their changes with inflation, are interpreted in relation to the function of regulating airway resistance.