cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispersion in Porous Media

In this chapter we will study the simplest possible convective transport process; that of passive convection and diffusion in a rigid, impermeable porous medium. The word passive is used to mean that there is no adsorption or reaction at the fluid-solid interface, nor is there any mass transfer from the fluid phase to the solid phase since the latter is impermeable. Very few real processes are passive in the sense used here; however, it is best to begin our studies of convective transport with as few complications as possible.
Eosinophils in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.

Background The classic histopathologic features of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LS) include lymphoplasmacytic inflammation below a zone of dermal edema and sclerosis. The presence of eosinophils in LS has received little attention, but the finding of tissue eosinophils, particularly eosinophilic spongiosis in LS, has been suggested as a marker for the coexistence of autoimmune bullous disease or allergic contact dermatitis (or both). We sought to determine whether the histopathologic presence of dermal eosinophils or eosinophilic spongiosis (or both) in biopsies from patients with LS is associated with autoimmune bullous disease, autoimmune connective tissue disease or allergic contact dermatitis. Methods A retrospective review of the histopathology and medical records of 235 patients with LS who were evaluated from June 1992 to June 2012 was performed. Results Sixty-nine patients (29%) had eosinophils on histopathology. Among patients with associated diseases, a statistically significant association between the eosinophil cohort and the cohort without eosinophils was not detected. Conclusions The importance of eosinophils is uncertain, but our data suggest that the finding of tissue eosinophils alone is not sufficient to prompt an extensive workup for additional diagnoses.
The relationship between microhabitat use, allometry and functional variation in the eyes of Hawaiian Megalagrion damselflies

Summary The evolution of visual systems is guided by visual requirements imposed by the environment, the size of the animal's eyes, and physical limitations imposed by the resolution-sensitivity trade-off. Given a particular eye surface area, resolution and sensitivity cannot be simultaneously maximized: gains in resolution, the ability of the eye to detect detail, will come at the cost of sensitivity, the ability to capture photons, and vice versa, without an increase to eye size. How this constraint interacts with ecology and whether it allows the fine-tuning of the visual system to smaller scale habitat heterogeneity remains an understudied question in visual ecology. Here, we use closely-related species of damselflies in the Hawaiian genus Megalagrion which differ in ecology to test whether variation in the resolution-sensitivity trade-off is the evolutionary result of scaling or differences in microhabitat use. We use regression analyses and phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the effects of size and microhabitat use on traits related to light sensitivity and visual resolution. We find that eye size is tightly associated with body size in these damselflies, but other visual morphology traits related to light sensitivity and resolution are associated with microhabitat type. Furthermore, size and morphology relationships vary across microhabitats, and performance related to resolution tends to be more conserved than to variation in light sensitivity. Additionally, smaller species in visually challenging microhabitats have more regionalized eyes than species with larger eyes in open, well-lit areas. Thus, regionalization of the eye allows a decoupling of size and morphology/performance so that even small insect species can exploit visually challenging habitats. These results suggest that variation in visual performance results from changes in eye geometry as well as size. These morphological changes are likely adaptive to differences in microhabitat, indicating that variation in microhabitat use, even at small scales, can play an important role in the evolution of visual systems.
Bone induction in vitro. I. Human gingival fibroblast cell lines versus tooth matrix.

A human gingival fibroblast cell line was cultured on bovine fibrillar collagen films and under transparent regenerated cellulose filters (cut off 70,000 M.W.) in multiple chambers of a circumfusion system. The cultures were in apposition with 0.5 mm-thick wafers of demineralized human tooth. The fibroblasts grew up and around the wafers, and after one month the electron micrographs showed deposits of extracellular fibrils and matrix vesicles on the tooth matrix. In some areas near the tooth matrix clusters of apatite-like crystals appeared in the extracellular fibrils after two months of cultivation.
Structural chemistry of vanadium oxides with open frameworks

The present work is dedicated to a crystal-chemical and topographical analysis of vanadium oxides with open structures. The review covers, apart from a few exceptions, only pure vanadium oxide structures with vanadium in oxidation states greater than +3. Purely tetrahedral frameworks are not discussed because of their traditional, well known crystal chemistry and only a few examples of cluster compounds are provided. Structural classification and notation of vanadium oxide frameworks are proposed based on the following scheme: polyhedra → chain → layer → three-dimensional framework. Thus, approximately 60 types of vanadium oxide frameworks are divided into five classes by type of coordination polyhedra present and into 14 subclasses by a more complex structural formation. Details are also given of the analysis of vanadium–oxygen coordination polyhedra and their metamorphosis: tetrahedron–trigonal bipyramid–square pyr­amid–octahedron, as well as the combinatorial deduction of possible structures for the most common framework types.
Of Babbage and kings: a study of a plagiarism complaint

(1993). Of Babbage and kings: A study of a plagiarism complaint. Accountability in Research: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 273-286.
A proposal for adding reality to expert systems

Human reasoning involves much more than just “true” and “false”; we use degrees of truth. For example, I am reasonably sure that telepathy is impossible, but I am not certain. Expressing “reasonably certain” is easy in fuzzy logic, but is impossible in traditional logic — either I believe telepathy possible or not possible. Traditional logic is a forced choice system whereas fuzzy logic is not.Since uncertainty of information in the knowledge base leads to uncertainty in the conclusions, the inference engine must be able to analyze the transmission of uncertainty from premises to conclusions. This uncertainty should be understandable to the user. We have before us an excellent example of acting via computer, assuming certainty, with the 500 point Dow Jones drop on October 19, 1987. Had fuzzy logic been built into these trading programs, there might not have been such a panic, although neither human stupidity nor greed can be underestimated.Without some method, based on a sound methodology, to deal with uncertainty, we can expect more “Black Mondays”, whether it is in the space program, or banking, or the stock market, etc. It is the belief of the author fuzzy logic can lead the way.
Leaching of Bornite in Acidified Ferric Chloride Solutions

In an acidified ferric chloride solution, bornite leaches in two stages of reaction with the first being relatively much more rapid than the second; the first terminates at 28 pct copper dissolution. The first-stage dissolution reaction is electrochemical and is mixed kinetics-controlled; ferric-ion transfer through the solution boundary layer and reduction on the surface to release Cu2+ into solution are both important in controlling the rate. The concentration of labile Cu+ in the bornite lattice governs the potential of the surface reaction, and, once Cu+ is depleted from the original bornite, stage-I reaction ceases. The solid reaction intermediate formed is Cu3FeS4. Minute subcrystallites formed at the latter part of stage I leach topochemically in stage II. This reaction which commences at 28 pct Cu dissolution is characterized by a change in mechanism at about 40 pct copper dissolution, though the overall chemical equation for reaction is unchanged in stage II; cupric and ferrous ions and sulfur as a solid residue are products of reaction. The region 28 to about 40 pct Cu dissolution is designated as a transition period to stage-II reaction. Reaction rate in this period is interpreted as being controlled by reduction of Fe3+ on active product sulfur surface sites, and hence the reaction rate is controlled by the rate of nucleation and growth of sulfur on the Cu3FeS4 intermediate surfaces. Strain in the Cu3FeS4 crystal lattice is released during this period by diffusion from the lattice of Cu+ remaining from the labile copper initially present in the bornite. After about 40 pct Cu dissolution the rate of reaction is controlled by diffusion through the fully formed sulfur layer in an equiaxial geometrically controlled reaction.
Ectopic expression of a novel peach (Prunus persica) CBF transcription factor in apple (Malus × domestica) results in short-day induced dormancy and increased cold hardiness.

Low, non-freezing temperatures and/or short daylength (SD) regulates cold acclimation and dormancy in fruit trees. Regarding cold acclimation, C-repeat binding factor (CBF/DREB) transcriptional activator genes have the well-documented ability to induce the expression of a suite of genes associated with increased cold tolerance. We isolated a full-length cDNA of a peach CBF gene, designated PpCBF1 (GenBank Accession HM992943), and constitutively expressed it using an enhanced 35S promoter in apple. Unexpectedly, constitutive overexpression of the PpCBF1 in apple resulted in strong sensitivity to short daylength. Growth cessation and leaf senescence were induced in transgenic lines exposed to SD and optimal growth temperatures of 25°C over a 4-week period. Following 1–4 weeks of SD and 25°C trees were returned to LD and 25°C in the greenhouse. Control (untransformed) plants continued to grow while transgenic lines receiving two or more weeks of SD remained dormant and began to drop leaves. Constitutive overexpression of the PpCBF1 in apple resulted in a 4–6°C increase in freezing tolerance in both the non-acclimated and acclimated states, respectively, compared with untransformed M.26 trees. This is the first instance that constitutive overexpression of a CBF gene has resulted in SD-induction of dormancy and to our knowledge the first time apple has been shown to strongly respond to short daylength as a result of the insertion of a transgene.
A-axis-oriented YBa2Cu3O7/PrBa2Cu3O7 superlattices: Growth and transport properties

Abstract Recent results on the growth of a-axis-oriented YBa2Cu3O7/PrBa2Cu3O7 superlattices and their transport properties are reported. The films have extremely smooth surfaces and a high crystalline quality as revealed by X-ray, transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford-backscattering spectroscopy analysis. When a magnetic field is applied in the plane of the substrate, it is found that the resistive transitions of superlattices containing individual YBa2Cu3O7 layers 24 or 48 A thick separated by PrBa2Cu3O7 layers 24 or 48 A thick show a cross-over at a temperature T∗ which depends on the PrBa2Cu3O7 thickness; above T∗ the transition is insensitive to magnetic fields up to 8 T; below T∗ some broadening occurs. These results are related to an abrupt disappearance of the coupling between the YBa2Cu3O7 channels in the structure above T∗ .
IRF4(-/-)Vh11 mice: a novel mouse model of CLL.

In this issue of Blood , Shukla and colleagues identify IRF4−/−Vh11 mice, which develop spontaneous chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with 100% penetrance within 10 months as a novel mouse model of CLL, providing a new tool for investigating the pathogenesis of CLL and evaluating therapeutic
Identification of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase in bovine adrenal medulla.

Abstract 1. 1. The adrenal medulla contains an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2′,3′-cAMP to 2′-AMP. 2. 2. For the parameters which have been examined, the adrenal medulla 2′,3′-cAMP phosphodiesterase appears to be similar to brain 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (also commonly referred to as CNPase). 3. 3. The apparent K m of the adrenal medulla CNPase for 2′,3′-cAMP is 0.88 mM. 4. 4. The enzyme activity is unaltered by either EDTA, MgCl 2 or CaCl 2 in the presence or absence of calmodulin. 5. 5. The apparent molecular weight is 102,500 daltons. The function of the enzyme in either the brain or the adrenal medulla is, at the present time, unknown.
Congenital bladder diverticula causing ureteral obstruction

Two boys with congenital periureteral bladder diverticula without vesicoureteral reflux but with severe hydronephrosis and ureteral obstruction are described. No bladder outflow obstruction was present. Urinary tract infection was the presenting symptom in both boys, and this is the most common presenting symptom of bladder diverticula. Diverticulectomy, ureteral tailoring, and reimplantation were performed. Three different mechanisms are proposed for the association of bladder diverticula and ureteral obstruction: compression of the extravesical ureter against the detrusor by the full, tense diverticulum, fibrosis resulting from peridiverticulitis, or primary hypomuscularity of the ureterovesical junction and distal ureter.
A case of carcinoid likely causing jejunal intussusception.

A 34-year-old female was admitted to Emergency Department with an abrupt onset of diffuse abdominal pain. A CT scan done prior to her transfer revealed significant dilated loops of bowel as well as multiple target signs with likely torsed bowel. The patient consented to an exploratory laparotomy. During surgery, the proximal jejunum was found to be intussuscepted, a rare finding in an adult. There was evidence of mesenteric foreshortening throughout the small bowel and multiple whitish lesions within the mesentery, both consistent with the desmoplastic response that is characteristic of carcinoid. The interest for this case report comes from the patient’s surgical findings of jejunal intussusception as well as her extensive history, which includes a bowel resection with an ileocolic anastomosis for presumed ischemia and a carcinoid tumor in the stomach which had been removed endoscopically.
The orthogonal and the special orthogonal groups over a full ring

Abstract The paper continues the study of the orthogonal group of a free symmetric inner product space V over a full ring R which was initiated in [4]. If 2 and 3 are units in R and V has dimension 3 or ⩾5 and hyperbolic rank ⩾1, then the normal subgroups of the orthogonal group of V lie between congruence subgroups. This paper also examines the theory of the special orthogonal group SO ( V ) of a symmetric inner product space V over a full ring R with 2 a unit. If V has hyperbolic rank ⩾1 and dimension ⩾3, we determine generators, commutator subgroups and the special congruence subgroups. Further, SO ( V ) is related to the Clifford algebra of V and the normal subgroups of SO ( V ) are described.
Synergistic complexation of metal ions with bifunctional interpenetrating polymer networks

Abstract A vinylpyridine/acrylic acid bifunctional interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) has been synthesized and evaluated for application in metal ion separations. Monofunctional vinylpyridine and acrylic acid IPNs were also synthesized and differences between the distribution coefficients of the three systems were used as an indication of whether an enhanced (i.e., synergistic) complexation of metal ions was occurring in the bifunctional polymer. Important effects attributable to the combined action of the two functionalities in the same polymer are observed. Complexation of Eu(III), a hard Lewis acid, by the bifunctional polymer is inhibited by hydrogen bonding between the two ligands. Borderline Lewis acids are complexed with high efficiency and evidence for a synergistic effect is presented.
An Adaptive Growing Hierarchical Self Organizing Map for Network Intrusion Detection

The growing hierarchical self organizing map (GH- SOM) has been shown to be an effective technique to facilitate anomaly detection. However, existing approaches based on GH- SOM are not able to adapt online to the ever-changing problem domain of network intrusion. This results in low accuracy in identifying network intrusions, particularly "unknown" attacks. In this paper, we propose an adaptive GHSOM based approach (A-GHSOM) to network intrusion detection. It consists of four significant enhancements: enhanced threshold-based training, dynamic input normalization, feedback-based quantization error threshold adaptation, and prediction confidence filtering and forwarding. We test the capability of the A-GHSOM approach for intrusion detection using the KDD'99 dataset. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that compared with eight rep- resentative intrusion detection approaches, A-GHSOM achieves significant overall accuracy improvement and significant im- provement in identifying "unknown" attacks while maintaining low false-positive rates. It achieves an overall accuracy rate of 99.63%, and 94.04% accuracy rate in identifying "unknown" attacks while the false positive rate is 1.8%.
Temporal weighting functions for interaural time and level differences. IV. Effects of carrier frequency

Temporal variation in listeners' sensitivity to interaural time and level differences (ITD and ILD, respectively) was measured for sounds of different carrier frequency using the temporal weighting function (TWF) paradigm [Stecker and Hafter (2002) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112,1046–1057]. Listeners made lateralization judgments following brief trains of filtered impulses (Gabor clicks) presented over headphones with overall ITD and/or ILD ranging from ±500 μs ITD and/or ±5 dB ILD across trials. Individual clicks within each train varied by an additional ±100 μs ITD or ±2 dB ILD to allow TWF calculation by multiple regression. In separate conditions, TWFs were measured for carrier frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz. Consistent with past studies, TWFs demonstrated high weight on the first click for stimuli with short interclick interval (ICI = 2 ms), but flatter weighting for longer ICI (5–10 ms). Some conditions additionally demonstrated greater weight for clicks near the offset than near the middle of the train. Results support a primary role of the auditory periphery in emphasizing onset and offset cues in rapidly modulated low-frequency sounds. For slower modulations, sensitivity to ongoing high-frequency ILD and low-frequency ITD cues appears subject to recency effects consistent with the effects of leaky temporal integration of binaural information.
A panorama interface for telepresence robots

Telepresence robots are becoming increasingly popular and are increasingly ready to enter use in the real world as stand-ins for remote humans. It is useful, but currently uncommon, to provide the human operator with an approximation of peripheral vision and the ability to saccade around the scene. We have developed an interface which provides peripheral vision to a remote operator by using a motorized pan-tilt camera to create a panorama, and enables the operator to move the camera's gaze within that panorama.
THERMAL PARAMETER SENSITIVITY IN THE SIMULATION OF THE NON-ISOTHERMAL, NON-ADIABATIC FIXED BED CATALYTIC REACTOR—THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL HETEROGENEOUS MODEL

Utilizing a two phase (fluid-solid) heterogeneous (inter-intraphase gradient) model of the fixed bed catalytic reactor, the sensitivity of thermal transport in the axial and radial directions is numerically assessed in terms of axial and radial Peclet numbers for the fluid and solid phases, the fluid-wall and wall-solid transport coefficients and local interphase fluid-solid transport in the highly exothermic case of napthalene oxidation. Axial dispersion of heat and mass in both fluid and solid phases are shown to be of little consequence in both the steady and transient modes of operation for beds of length to particle diameter ratios normally encountered i.e. L/dp > 100. Radial temperature distribution is, in contrast, sensitive to the choice of bed solid phase effective conductivity and the fluid thermal Peclet number as well as to the wall coefficients governing fluid-wall and solid-wall heat transport at that boundary. Sensitivity of the radial temperature profiles, particularly the magnitude of the...
The binding of the fd gene-5 protein to single-stranded nucleic acid

Abstract The gene-5 protein of the fd filamentous bacterial virus binds to single-stranded DNA over a pH range of 2–10.3. Binding to fd DNA is several hundred-fold stronger than to bacteriophage R17 RNA or to DNA tetranucleotides.
Microarray analysis of changes in bone cell gene expression early after cadmium gavage in mice.

Abstract We developed an in vivo model for cadmium-induced bone loss in which mice excrete bone mineral in feces beginning 8 h after cadmium gavage. Female mice of three strains [CF1, MTN (metallothionein-wild-type), and MT1,2KO (MT1,2-deficient)] were placed on a low-calcium diet for 2 weeks. Each mouse was gavaged with 200 μg Cd or vehicle only. Fecal calcium was monitored daily for 9 days, beginning 4 days before cadmium gavage, to document the bone response. For CF1 mice, bones were taken from four groups: +/− Cd, 2 h after Cd and +/− Cd, 4 h after Cd. MTN and MT1,2KO strains had two groups each: +/−Cd, 4 h after Cd. PolyA+ RNA preparations from marrow-free shafts of femura and tibiae of each +/− Cd pair were submitted to Incyte Genomics for microarray analysis. Fecal Ca results showed that bone calcium excreted after cadmium differed for the three mouse strains: CF1, 0.24 ± 0.08 mg; MTN, 0.92 ± 0.22 mg; and MT1,2KO, 1.7 ± 0.4 mg. Gene array results showed that nearly all arrayed genes were unaffected by cadmium. However, MT1 and MT2 had Cd+/Cd− expression ratios >1 in all four groups, while all ratios for MT3 were essentially 1, showing specificity. Both probes for MAPK 14 (p38 MAPK) had expression ratios >1, while no other MAPK responded to cadmium. Vacuolar proton pump ATPase and integrin alpha v (osteoclast genes), transferrin receptor, and src-like adaptor protein genes were stimulated by Cd; other src-related genes were unaffected. Genes for bone formation, stress response, growth factors, and signaling molecules showed little or no response to cadmium. Results support the hypothesis that Cd stimulates bone demineralization via a p38 MAPK pathway involving osteoclast activation.
Paying it Forward as a Teacher-Mentor: An Interview with Bill Hill

Bill Hill received his PhD from the University of Georgia in 1979 and has been on the faculty at Kennesaw State University (KSU) ever since. He is currently director of the KSU Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning. His professional activities and research revolve around faculty development. In 1989, he founded, and continues to coordinate, the annual Southeastern Conference on the Teaching of Psychology. He has held leadership roles in the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, serving as president (2001–2002) and director of programming (2004–2008); he also coordinated the annual “best practices” in teaching psychology conference from 2002 to 2008. He received the 1985 KSU Distinguished Teaching Award and the 2004 American Psychological Foundation Charles L. Brewer Distinguished Teaching Award. Bill is a Fellow of Divisions 1, 2, and 52 in the American Psychological Association. Linda Noble completed her PhD at the University of Georgia in 1985 and began her career at KSU the same year. She se...
Soot nucleation and growth in acetylene air laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames

The objective of the present investigation was to extend recent measurements of soot nucleation and growth within acetylene/air laminar jet diffusion flames. Several factors motivated this extension. First, the measurements of Ref. 1 were limited to soot processes along the axes of laminar jet diffusion flames, where soot nucleates near the cool core of the flow and moves directly toward the flame sheet; therefore, it was of interest to consider other soot paths in order to investigate the generality of these results, especially for paths where soot nucleates near the flame sheet and initially moves toward more fuel-rich regions of the flow, which account for most of the soot production in buoyant diffusion flames. In particular, nucleation near the cool core of the flames generally is accompanied by observations of translucent objects but whether these objects are still observed for soot paths beginning at higher temperatures in the vicinity of the flame sheet must still be resolved. Secondly, measurements of hydrocarbons in Ref. 1 were limited to acetylene; therefore, information about the concentrations of other hydrocarbons is needed in order to establish their potential role in processes of soot formation within acetylene/air diffusion flames. Additionally, although several test flames weremore » considered in Ref. 1, the available range of characteristic flame residence times (taken as the time for a fluid parcel to convect along the axis from the burner exit to the flame sheet) was rather narrow (17--23 ms); therefore, consideration of a broader range of flame conditions was of interest. Finally, a problem concerning measurements of O{sub 2} concentrations at fuel-rich conditions was discovered, motivating reconsideration of effects of soot oxidation rates on measurements of soot growth rates.« less
Evaluation of essential oils in beef cattle manure slurries and applications of select compounds to beef feedlot surfaces to control zoonotic pathogens.

Aims To evaluate natural terpene compounds for antimicrobial activities and determine whether these compounds could be used to control microbial activities and pathogens in production animal facilities. Methods and Results Thymol, geraniol, glydox, linalool, pine oil, plinol and terpineol were tested in laboratory studies for ability to control the production of odorous volatile fatty acid compounds and reduce pathogen levels in manure slurry preparations. Thymol is a terpene phenolic compound and was most effective for reducing fermentation products and pathogen levels (P < 0·05), followed by the extracts linalool, pine oil and terpineol, which are terpene alcohols. Select compounds thymol, linalool and pine oil were further evaluated in two separate studies by applying the agents to feedlot surfaces in cattle pens. Feedlot surface material (FSM; manure and soil) was collected and analysed for fermentation products, levels of coliforms and total Escherichia coli, and the presence of E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria and L. monocytogenes. The reduction in fermentation products but not pathogens was dependent on the moisture present in the FSM. Treatment with 2000 ppm thymol reduced the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 but not Listeria. In a separate study, treatment with 4000 ppm pine oil reduced E. coli O157:H7, Listeria and Campylobacter (P < 0·05). Linalool was tested at two levels (2000 and 4000 ppm) and did not affect pathogen levels at either concentration. Conclusions Natural compounds bearing terpenes can control pathogenic bacteria in treated manures and when applied to the feedlot surface in production cattle systems. Pine oil is a cheaper alternative to thymol and may be a useful treatment for controlling pathogens. Significance and Impact of the Study The control of bacterial pathogens in animal productions systems is an important step in preharvest food safety. Waste products, such as pine oil extract, from the pulp wood industry may have application for treating feedlot pens and manures to reduce the pathogen load.
Hyperplasia of Brunner glands: the spectrum of its radiographic manifestations.

Radiographic features of the duodenal mucosa were analyzed in a series of 26 patients in whom the diagnosis of Brunner gland hyperplasis (BGH) had been established by endoscopic biopsies. The observed mucosal patterns could be classified into five categories: (1) focal BGH causing a solitary submucosal adenoma or a cluster of sessile polyps in the otherwise smooth duodenal bulb surface (five cases); (2) diffuse BGH manifested by a myriad of small and uniform mucosal elevations (six cases); (3) multifocal BGH producing large and well-demarcated polygonal masses (six cases); (4) BGH with concomitant acute and/ or chronic duodenitis showing marked thickening and nodularity of duodenal folds (four cases); or (5) BGH with predominant erosive duodenitis, leading to ulcerations (five cases). These radiographic findings showed a good correlation with the endoscopic and histopathologic manifestations of BGH and the frequently coexistent duodenitis.
Design of Tissue-Engineered Leaflet Shape for the Ovine Pulmonary Valve Single Leaflet Replacement Surgery

Pulmonary valve (PV) replacement surgery is a treatment option for patients with a congenitally defective pulmonary outflow track. A tissue engineered pulmonary valve (TEPV) is a potential approach to serve as a replacement pediatric heart valve that has the potential for somatic growth. The single leaflet replacement surgical model can assist in assessing candidate biomaterials responses to in-vivo function. However, an empirically determined unloaded leaflet shape may result in abnormal valve function due to incomplete coaptation of leaflets and asymmetric stress distributions. Thus, to determine the final deformed shape of an engineered scaffold replacement PV leaflet under transvalvular pressure the following key factors must be determined: the scaffold anisotropic mechanical properties, optimal thickness, and the exact initial leaflet shape. We have used electrospun poly (ester urethane) ureas (ES-PEUU) scaffolds since they exhibit mechanical properties very similar to the native PV [1]. In this work we present a design framework of the optimal leaflet shape determination utilizing a single sheet of ES-PEUU for single leaflet replacement surgery via finite element (FE) simulation. The mechanical properties of ES-PEUU scaffold for leaflet replacement were obtained from biaxial in-plane tension and three-point bending flexural deformation experiments. Generalized Fung-type hyperelastic constitutive model [2] was implemented into a commercial FE software package to simulate the mechanical behavior of ES-PEUU scaffolds. By perturbing the initial shape of leaflet and simulating its quasi-static deformation under PV diastolic loading, the optimal shape of unloaded leaflet can be determined by comparing the deformed shape of leaflet obtained from FE simulation of TEPV with the one from microCT scan of a native ovine PV.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Healthy Aging Demonstration Project: Nurse coaching for behavior change in older adults

The Healthy Aging Project (HAP) tested nurse coaching as a method to support healthy behavior change in older adults. The sample included 111 individuals randomized to a nurse coaching group or usual-care control group. Participants in the intervention group chose the health behaviors they wanted to change and received coaching by nurses in a single in-person session followed by telephone calls or email contact for 6 months. Nurses were trained in motivational interviewing (MI). The intervention group had significantly less illness intrusiveness and health distress than the control group at 6 months, although it is not known whether these health outcomes resulted from behavior changes. This clinical demonstration project showed that nurse-delivered MI, primarily using the telephone and email, is a feasible method to discuss behavioral change with older adults. However, future clinical trials will be needed to evaluate the efficacy of nurse-delivered MI on actual behavioral changes in older adults. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28: 187–197, 2005
Comparison of the effects of prostaglandins D2, F2α and E1 on spontaneous contractions of rabbit oviduct

The effects of PGD2, PGF2α and PGE1 were studied on the circular muscle of post-ovulatory rabbit oviducts in vitro. PGE1 inhibited spontaneous contractile activity. Lower concentrations of PGD2 and PGF2α were stimulatory and higher concentrations were inhibitory. Since PGD2 may be produced in the oviduct, any hypothesis concerning the role of prostaglandins in the control of oviductal motility and ovum transport should include PGD2 as well as PGFs and PGEs.
δ and κ Opioid Receptors Are Differentially Regulated by Dynamin-dependent Endocytosis When Activated by the Same Alkaloid Agonist

Many alkaloid drugs used as analgesics activate multiple opioid receptors. Mechanisms that distinguish the actions of these drugs on the regulation of individual micro, delta, and kappa receptors are not understood. We have observed that individual cloned opioid receptors differ significantly in their regulation by rapid endocytosis in the presence of alkaloid drug etorphine, a potent agonist of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. Internalization of epitope-tagged delta opioid receptors from the plasma membrane is detectable within 10 min in the presence of etorphine. In contrast, kappa receptors expressed in the same cells remain in the plasma membrane and are not internalized for >/=60 min, even when cells are exposed to saturating concentrations of etorphine. The rapid internalization of delta receptors is specifically inhibited in cells expressing K44E mutant dynamin I, suggesting that type-specific internalization of opioid receptors is mediated by clathrin-coated pits. Examination of a series of chimeric mutant kappa/delta receptors indicates that at least two receptor domains, including the highly divergent carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic tail, determine the type specificity of this endocytic mechanism. We conclude that structurally homologous opioid receptors are differentially sorted by clathrin-mediated endocytosis following activation by the same agonist ligand. These studies identify a fundamental mechanism of receptor regulation mediating type-specific effects of analgesic drugs that activate more than one type of opioid receptor.
Child Second Language Acquisition of Syntax.

Recent advances in linguistic theory within the principles and parameters framework have exerted considerable influence on the field of second language acquisition. SLA researchers working within this framework of syntactic theory have investigated the extent to which developing second language grammars are constrained by principles of Universal Grammar (UG). Much of the UG-based SLA research in the 1980s focused on adult L2 acquisition, but the role of UG principles in child L2 acquisition remained largely unexplored. More recently, however, this state of affairs has begun to change as SLA researchers are becoming more and more interested in child second language syntactic development. In this paper, I review recent and current developments in UG-based child SLA research, and I argue that child SLA has a valuable role to play in enabling us to arrive at a better understanding of the role of biological factors in language acquisition and in strengthening the links between SLA and linguistic theory. Specifically, I discuss the findings of child SLA studies with respect to the following issues: the role of UG parameters in child SLA, the status of functional categories and their projections in child SLA, and the nature of the evidence available to and used by child L2 learners. The overall picture emerging from these studies suggests that child L2 developing grammars are indeed constrained by Universal Grammar. While it is not fully clear at the present time whether the child L2 learners& knowledge is a result of direct access to UG or indirect access to UG (i.e., through the mediation of the L1), the evidence indicates that L1 transfer (at least in certain syntactic domains) cannot be entirely ruled out.
Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid organs in the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas: An anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems

The presence of peptidergic and noradrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers in specific compartments of both primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the rodent is well established. These nerve fibers directly contact lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as vascular and trabecular smooth muscle. We investigated the noradrenergic and neuropeptide-Y innervation of lymphoid organs in the cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale). The spleen, thymus, tonsil, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and assorted lymph nodes were collected from five belugas, obtained during sanctioned hunts, and processed for catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry and for tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y immunocytochemistry. Innervation studies revealed fluorescent nerve fibers, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptide-Y positive nerve fibers in parenchymal lymphoid compartments, where they were closely associated with cells of the immune system, and in vascular and trabecular compartments. In lymphoid zones, tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y positive nerve fibers were observed in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath and marginal zone of the spleen; in the outermost portion of the cortex, the corticomedullary zone, and medulla of the lymph nodes; in the parafollicular zones, and diffuse lymphocyte layer below the epithelium of the tonsil; in the outermost portion of some thymic lobules; and in the lamina propria of the gut. These findings are similar to those described for other mammals and substantiate an anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems in the beluga, whereby central nervous system activity may influence autonomic outflow to lymphoid organs and effect immunologic reactivity.
Evaporation from quantum liquids

Abstract The temperature dependence of the evaporation rate of 4 He atoms from superfluid helium is discussed.
Development and utilization of a new simple assay for DNA-protein crosslinks as a biomarker of exposure to welding fumes

A new method for DNA-protein crosslinks involving selective precipitation of DNA containing crosslinked proteins by K– sodium dodecyl sulfate was utilized in the peripheral white blood cells of 21 male metal arc welders and in 26 male controls of similar age and racial characteristics who were not exposed to welding fumes. DNA was quantitated by Hoescht fluorescence. Although the concentration of nickel and chromium in the peripheral blood was low and did not differ between subjects in the two groups, one-fourth of the welders had levels of DNA-protein crosslinks that were above the upper limit of the controls. Mean crosslink values were 1.85% (±1.14) among the welders and 1.17% (±0.46) among the controls, a 58%, statistically significant difference (P = 0.01). Thus, many welders appeared to be burdened with an excess of DNA-protein crosslinks suggesting exposure to crosslinking agents and, possibly, a detectable biologic effect of potential genotoxic consequences.
Overexpression, purification, and characterization of the catalase-peroxidase KatG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Wild-type catalase-peroxidase KatG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as a specific mutant (R463L) frequently found in isoniazid-resistant strains have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli, allowing purification of sufficient quantities of enzyme for physical and kinetic characterization. Optical absorption and EPR spectroscopies indicate that KatG is similar to a growing class of bacterial catalase-peroxidases. Optical and EPR spectra of KatG in the presence of either a strong field or weak field ligand suggest that, like horseradish peroxidase and metmyoglobin, KatG is likely to have a histidine as a proximal ligand. The wild-type enzyme functions as a highly active catalase as well as a broad specificity peroxidase. Wild-type KatG and the R463L mutant of KatG exhibit identical spectroscopic and kinetic properties. Furthermore, both enzymes are equally capable of metabolizing the important antituberculosis drug isoniazid.
Using Genitalia Characters and Mitochondrial COI Sequences to Place “Leucochlaena” Hipparis (Druce) in Spodoptera Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract. The species “Leucochlaena” hipparis (Druce) belongs in the genus Spodoptera based on morphological characters of the male and female genitalia, as well as maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of the 658 bp “barcode” region of cytochrome oxidae (COI). Adult and male and female genitalia are illustrated. Cladograms are included to illustrate the placement of “Leucochlaena” hipparis within Spodoptera.
A flow-visualization study of transition in plane Poiseuille flow

Flow visualization of artificially triggered transition in plane Poiseuille flow in a water channel by means of 10–20 μm diameter tihnium-dioxide-coated mica particles revealed some striking features of turbulent spots. Strong oblique waves were observed both at the front of the arrowhead-shaped spot as well as trailing from the rear tips. Both natural and artificially triggered transition were observed to occur for Reynolds numbers slightly greater than 1000, above which the flow became fully turbulent. The front of the spot moves with a convection speed of about two-thirds of the centreline velocity, while the rear portion moves at about . The spot expands into the flow with a spreading half-angle of about 8°. After growing to a size of some 36 times h (the channel depth) at a downstream distance x/h of about 130, the spot began to split into two spots, accompanied by strong wave activity. The spot(s) was followed visually downstream of its origin a distance x/h of about 300. These results indicate that wave propagation and breakdown play a crucial role in transition to turbulence in Poiseuille flow.
A Pilgrim's Journey

Abstract “A Pilgrim's Journey” is the initial article for a continuing column in this journal titled “The Librarian Abroad.” The column will describe various libraries, especially community and junior college libraries, and include the visits and journeys of librarians. This first article by the column editor, Dr. Luella Teuton, reflects on a librarian following the path of the Pilgrims.
The role of the old and the new antiepileptic drugs in special populations : Mental and multiple handicaps

Epilepsy is common in individuals who are mentally retarded and/or otherwise multiply handicapped. These patients often display several seizure types. Seizure control may be difficult and drug interactions common because of polytherapy. Cognitive, behavioral, affective, and motor problems in these patients often confound accurate diagnosis and effective management. Treatment often requires not only antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) but also psychoactive drugs and/or environmental and personal support. To minimize unwanted drug effects, therapeutic strategies should focus on the administration of the fewest possible drugs at the lowest effective dose. The new AEDs may be of special value at times in these populations because they offer potential for improved efficacy, but especially because many of them provide better safety profiles and fewer pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs.
Prevalance of heparin-dependent platelet-activating antibodies in preterm newborns after exposure to unfractionated heparin.

Heparin is frequently used in preterm infants to prolong the patency of intravascular catheters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of heparin-dependent platelet-activating antibodies in newborns. A cross-section of all preterm newborn infants expected to require heparin to maintain patency of a central venous access line were enrolled. A blood sample was obtained soon after birth before heparin exposure to exclude the possibility of placental transfer of maternal heparin-dependent platelet-activating antibodies. A second sample was obtained at termination of heparin use (mean duration of heparin exposure was 23 ± 13 days; range, 6-67). Paired samples, at birth and after heparin use, were available for 42 infants with a mean gestational age of 27.8 ± 2.2 weeks and birth weight of 1036 ± 267 g. Thrombocytopenia developed in 57% (24/42) of the infants. None of these infants had clinical suspicion of thrombosis during the study period. The etiology of thrombocytopenia was confirmed sepsis i...
Changes in blood pressure and norepinephrine concentration following administration of estrogens to genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats

Abstract 1. Changes in systolic blood pressure and NE concentration were found in genetically hypertensive (GH) and normotensive rats following administration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and mestranol. 2. Increases in the weights of the adrenal glands of GH and normotensive rats and of the hearts of normotensive rats only following administration of DES were found. 3. A decrease in adrenal NE concentration in GH rats following DES treatment and an increase in cardiac NE in normotensive rats following treatment with mestranol were found.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of exercise as a health promotion activity

We used cost-effectiveness analysis to estimate the health and economic implications of exercise in preventing coronary heart disease (CHD). We assumed that nonexercisers have a relative risk of 2.0 for a CHD event. Two hypothetical cohorts (one with exercise and the other without exercise) of 1,000 35-year-old men were followed for 30 years to observe differences in the number of CHD events, life expectancy, and quality-adjusted life expectancy. We used jogging as an example to calculate cost, injury rates, adherence, and the value of time spent. Both direct and indirect costs associated with exercise, injury, and treating CHD were considered. We estimate that exercising regularly results in 78.1 fewer CHD events and 1,138.3 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained over the 30-year study period. Under our base case assumptions, which include indirect costs such as time spent in exercise, exercise does not produce economic savings. However, the cost per QALY gained of $11,313 is favorable when compared ...
Dietary counseling emphasizing low-saturated-fat and low-cholesterol intake may influence salivary properties.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information The effect of dietary intervention on paraffin-stimulated saliva and dental health of children participating in a randomized controlled trial. Laine MA, Tolvanen M, Pienihakkinen K, Soderling E, Niinikoski H, Simell O, Karjalainen S. Arch Oral Biol 2014;59(2):217-25. Reviewer Benjamin W. Chaffee, DDS, MPH, PhD Purpose/Question Does a dietary counseling intervention that stresses low intakes of cholesterol and saturated fat from an early age result in changes in salivary flow rate and buffering capacity? Source of Funding None reported Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable