cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
異なる着花誘導条件がオリーブ ( Olea europanea ) 葉の遊離ポリアミン含有量の変化に及ぼす影響

様々な環境条件下での植物の応答や発育過程の制御にポリアミンが関与していることが知られている．オリーブではポリアミン含有量の季節変化や温度条件のポリアミン含有量への影響に関しては報告されているものの，栄養成長から生殖成長のような発育相の変化の過程にポリアミンがどのように関わっているのかはほとんど分かっていない．本研究では，着花誘導を行わない場合と低温処理などにより着花誘導を行って栄養成長から生殖成長に移行させた場合のオリーブ葉の遊離ポリアミン（プトレシン，スペルミジン，スペルミン）含有量の比較を行った．プトレシンとスペルミンは対照区である栄養成長を行っているオリーブの葉に比べて，低温処理により着花誘導を行った葉においては非常に高い含有量を示した．しかし，このようなポリアミンの増加は低温処理せずに着花誘導を行った樹では認められなかったことから，オリーブ葉での遊離型ポリアミン含有量の増加は発育相の変化によるものではなく，温度の影響によって引き起こされたものだと考えられた．このように遊離ポリアミン含有量はオリーブの生殖成長への相転換とは対応していないことが明らかとなった．一方，腋芽の遊離ポリアミン含有量は花芽へと発達するにともない増加したが，開花に至って減少した．花芽と比べて未熟果および成熟果におけるポリアミン含有量は少なかった．
Quantum chemical studies of methylbenz[a]anthracenes: metabolism and correlations with carcinogenicity.

Abstract In the context of the bay region, K-region and radical cation hypotheses for polycyclic aromatic carcinogens, molecular properties were calculated for fourteen methyl derivatives of benz[a]anthracene (BA) related to (1) intrinsic substrate reactivities towards activating and detoxifying metabolism and (2)-the stabilities of the putative carbocation ultimate carcinogens. Allvalence electron methods were used, avoiding the inherent difficulties found in the π-electron methods. The calculated substrate reactivities were found to predict major metabolites sucessfully, supporting the validity of their use in attempted correlations with observed carcinogenic potencies. Positive correlations were found between observed carcinogenic potencies and (1) the reactivities of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) towards the initial distal bay region epoxidation and (2) the stabilities of the diol epoxide carbocations. This latter correlation holds when both the methyl derivatives of BA and previously studied unsubstituted PAH are considered together, indicating its potential usefulness as a screening parameter for carcinogenic activity.
Unsuspected mitral stenosis

Purpose and patients and methods We observed a series of patients in whom the diagnosis of mitral stenosis was first discovered in the echocardiography laboratory. Because of this experience, we examined the records of 152 patients with echocardiographic evidence of rheumatic mitral stenosis to determine the clinical characteristics and course of patients with unsuspected mitral stenosis as well as those factors that may have obscured the diagnosis. Results Of these 152 patients, 18 had mitral stenosis that was unsuspected clinically until the echocardiogram. These patients were elderly, with a median age of 72 years. They were all referred for echocardiography because of cardiac symptoms. Eight patients were referred for evaluation of congestive heart failure. Five patients were referred for evaluation of aortic valve disease. Three patients were referred because of cerebrovascular accidents and atrial fibrillation. The Doppler-determined mean diastolic mitral gradient ranged from 4 to 15 mm Hg (mean: 7 mm Hg). Mitral stenosis ranged in severity from trivial to very severe. Eight patients had moderate to severe mitral stenosis with estimated mitral valve areas less than or equal to 1.5 cm2. Seven had mild or trivial mitral stenosis with estimated mitral valve areas greater than 1.5 cm2. After further evaluation, two patients underwent mitral valve surgery with improvement of congestive failure. In three patients, warfarin therapy was begun to prevent emboli. Thus, five of 18 patients had a significant immediate change in therapy because of the discovery of mitral stenosis. Conclusion The diagnosis of mitral stenosis may not be suspected in the presence of advanced age, other serious cardiac and medical conditions, or mechanical factors that complicate the physical examination. In these patients, mitral stenosis may be hemodynamically significant and may cause significant symptoms.
Model calculations of multielectron ionization of O 2 molecules by fast-heavy-ion impact.

A simple model employing the independent-electron approximation was developed to investigate orientation effects on the cross sections for multielectron ionization of diatomic molecules in fast-heavy-ion collisions. The model was used to compare K- and L-shell ionization cross sections for ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ molecules with internuclear axes oriented parallel and perpendicular to the beam.
New Permian Insects Discovered in Kansas and Oklahoma

The Midco insect bed of Oklahoma and a newly discovered insect bed above this were traced across Kay County, Okla., into Sumner County, Kan. As a result, a greater time span is available for study of insect evolution during the mid-continent Permian, and the exact stratigraphic correlation of the Wellington of Oklahoma and Kansas can now be demonstrated. Four insect orders have thus far been identified from the new insect bed: Protodonata, Odonata, Protoperlaria, and Ephemeroptera. Numerous new species and higher categories are included in the collections from the two insect beds.
Determinants of visual pigment absorbance: identification of the retinylidene Schiff's base counterion in bovine rhodopsin

The role of negatively charged residues in tuning the absorbance spectrum of bovine rhodopsin has been tested by mutating each aspartate and glutamate to asparagine and glutamine, respectively. Previous work demonstrated that aspartate83, glutamate122, and glutamate134 can be replaced by neutral residues with little or no effect on the absorbance spectrum of the resulting pigment [Nathans, J. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 937-942]. With one exception, mutations at the remaining 19 aspartate and glutamate residues result in very nearly wild-type absorbance spectra. The exception is glutamate113: mutation to glutamine causes the pigment to absorb at 380 nm, reflecting deprotonation of the retinylidene Schiff's base. Upon addition of either chloride, bromide, or iodide, the absorbance rapidly shifts to 495, 498, or 504.5 nm, respectively, reflecting protonation of the Schiff's base. The progressive red shift observed upon addition of halides with larger atomic radii strongly suggests that halides are serving as the Schiff's base counterion. Halides have no effect on the absorbance spectrum of wild-type rhodopsin. I infer, therefore, that glutamate113 is the retinylidene Schiff's base counterion in wild-type rhodopsin. Sakmar et al. [(1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8309-8313] and Zhukovsky and Oprian [(1989) Science 246, 928-930] have arrived at the same conclusion based upon a related series of experiments. These data support a model in which spectral tuning in bovine rhodopsin results from interactions between the polyene chain of 11-cis-retinal and uncharged amino acids in the binding pocket.
Surface Morphologies of Size-Selected Mo100±2.5 and (MoO3)67±1.5 Clusters Soft-Landed onto HOPG

Mass-selected, cluster anion beams of Mo100±2.5– and (MoO3)67±1.5– were prepared with a magnetron source and soft-landed onto highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) under UHV conditions. These two clusters were selected because they possess essentially the same masses and consequently could be soft-landed with the same low kinetic energies. The chemical composition of the deposited clusters was analyzed using in situ Auger electron spectroscopy and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while their surface morphologies were characterized with in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both STM and AFM results indicated a high mobility for the metal atom clusters on HOPG at room temperature. At low coverages, Mo100±2.5 clusters nucleated preferentially at step-edges. As their coverage increased, cluster aggregates formed on the terraces until a fully saturated overlayer was created. By contrast, deposited metal oxide clusters produced a stochastic array of a...
Imipramine disposition in users of oral contraceptive steroids.

10 women on longterm low dose estrogen oral contraceptives (OCs) and 8 age matched drug free female controls received an intravenous infusion of 12.5 mg imipramine. 11 (6 OC users and 5 controls) also took a 50 mg oral dose of imipramine on another occasion. After intravenous injection volume of distribution was much the same in the OC and control groups and clearance wa of the same order (899 and 975 ml/minute). Elimination 1/2-life was prolonged in OC users after intravenous doses (17.8 vs 25.5 hours) but did not change after oral doses (18.4 vs 19.1 hours). Imipramine plasma protein binding was of the same order in both groups. Absolute bioavailability increased in OC users (from 27.1% vs 44.1%) which resulted in a trend towards decreased apparent oral clearance (from 4649 vs 2322 ml/minute). Women who used OCs regularly showed little change in imipramine kinetics after intravenous dosing. After oral dosing absolute systemic bioavailability increased resulting in decreased apparent oralclearance in the absence of any change in oral elimination 1/2-life. Imipramine (with high 1st pass hepatic extraction) is nonrestrictively cleared with drug elimination predominantly a function of hepatic blood flow. These date are consistent with OC inhibition of hepatic imipramine oxidation with no alteration in hepatic blood flow resulting from chronic OC use. (authors modified)
Tools to aid in the analysis of memory access patterns for FORTRAN programs

Abstract This paper describes a set of tools that can be used as an aid in the analysis of memory access patterns of FORTRAN programs.
Beyond word frequency: Bursts, lulls, and scaling in the temporal distributions of words

Background Zipf's discovery that word frequency distributions obey a power law established parallels between biological and physical processes, and language, laying the groundwork for a complex systems perspective on human communication. More recent research has also identified scaling regularities in the dynamics underlying the successive occurrences of events, suggesting the possibility of similar findings for language as well. Methodology/Principal Findings By considering frequent words in USENET discussion groups and in disparate databases where the language has different levels of formality, here we show that the distributions of distances between successive occurrences of the same word display bursty deviations from a Poisson process and are well characterized by a stretched exponential (Weibull) scaling. The extent of this deviation depends strongly on semantic type – a measure of the logicality of each word – and less strongly on frequency. We develop a generative model of this behavior that fully determines the dynamics of word usage. Conclusions/Significance Recurrence patterns of words are well described by a stretched exponential distribution of recurrence times, an empirical scaling that cannot be anticipated from Zipf's law. Because the use of words provides a uniquely precise and powerful lens on human thought and activity, our findings also have implications for other overt manifestations of collective human dynamics.
Simulated Equating Using Several Item Response Curves.

Previous research has shown that a single factor, factor being used in the sense of factor analysis, gave a very good account of item covariances within TOEFL® sections. This result is consistent with the assumption that the product of a person parameter and an item parameter models the probability that the person would pass the item. The assumption forms a simple item response model. A subsequent cross-validation study using this model supported the efficacy of that assumption by predicting item success as accurately as did the 3-Parameter Logistic model, and a modified Rasch model. The purpose of the current study was to extend the comparison of models to an equating context. “Equating” is a statistical process that identifies comparable scores from parallel tests administered to different populations. In an operational context, equating serves to facilitate comparison of scores generated on different forms of a test. The present study consisted of simulation trials designed to “equate the test to itself.” That is, equating sample data were generated from administration of identical item sets. It is useful to do this as a test of model validity, because if the same item sets are used to equate, an accurate equating would identify equal scores as comparable. Discrepancies between comparable scores signify error model misfit or random error. Equatings that used procedures based on each model were accomplished under several conditions and the results were compared. The conditions varied by sample size, anchor test difficulty, and the TOEFL section equated. In order to compound the difficulty of the equating task, results were based on equating samples that were mismatched in performance on a correlated measure. Most discrepancies between comparable scores were largest at the extremes. The largest discrepancies between scores identified as comparable occurred for the 3PL and modified Rasch models at the lower extreme scores, and for the simple models at the upper extreme score. For the 1,000-case sample, most were in fractions of score points. As expected, 3PL equatings exhibited the largest discrepancies for the 100-case sample. The simple item response model yielded the most discrepancies that were in excess of the standard error of measurement, in part because with that model the maximum discrepancies occurred at the top of the score range, where the standard errors of measurement approach zero. Imposing an upper bound on the probability of correct response in the simple model markedly reduced its errors. TOEFL scores are used for educational decisions. If it is true that most institutions' cut scores occur in the mid-score ranges, the present study suggests that 3PL should not be used if equating samples are substantially reduced from the present size. The other models are promising for small-sample equating, with the one-parameter logistic models being most promising.
Rous sarcoma virus activates embryonic globin genes in chicken fibroblasts.

Abstract Complementary DNA (cDNA) specific for chick globin mRNA sequences fails to hybridize to total RNA extracted from chicken fibroblasts. After infection by Rous sarcoma virus, RNA complementary to globin cDNA is detectable in 100-500 copies per cell. Infection of fibroblasts with the transformation defective (td) deletion mutant of Rous sarcoma virus leads to normal virus production, but not to host cell transformation or accumulation of RNA sequences complementary to globin cDNA. Our evidence shows that the globin genes activated by Rous sarcoma virus are those specified by embryonic chick red cells; adult-specific globin sequences were not detected.
Exploring cognitive restructuring: A multi-foci leadership perspective

Athletics teams operate in contexts where team culture fluctuates with constant change (i.e., player turnover). In such dynamic sport environments, a strong leadership core needs to be in place to effectively navigate changes in team culture. The purpose of this study was to use the multi-foci perspective of leadership to explore the values and shared leadership qualities associated with proactively managing cognitive restructuring. A case study approach was used to examine a female sport team that recently encountered a shift in team culture. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with players and coaches (N = 31) who represented both leaders and followers from a shared leadership perspective. The findings contribute to sport management theory by defining the complexity of cognitive restructuring and establishing the necessity of shared leadership (i.e., leaders and followers) during this stage of the change process.
Outcomes after palliative re-irradiation of spinal metastases

Radiotherapy (RT) effectively palliates symptomatic spinal metastases; however, both radiation myelopathy (RM) and disease progression are concerns following re-irradiation (re-RT). Limited published data suggest a low RM risk if the total biologically effective dose (BED) is ≤135.5 Gy, re-treatment interval is ≥6 months, and each course’s BED is ≤98 Gy. RM risk groups have been proposed; however, few data inform disease and RM outcomes after re-RT respecting these criteria. This study investigates these outcomes following re-RT for spinal metastases after publication of the aforementioned RM criteria. Patients followed at a single institution after palliative spinal re-RT (C1-L2) from January 2008 to November 2013 were identified. Chart review assessed RM criteria, risk groups, and disease progression. BEDs were calculated using the linear quadratic model. Fifty-three patients underwent re-RT to a median cumulative BED of 126.8 Gy (range 48.0–157.8) with a median re-treatment interval of 19.3 months (range 1.0–197.6). No courses had a BED ≥98 Gy. After a median follow-up of 4.1 months (range 0.2–124.9) for all (n = 53) and 11.5 months (range 1.6–29.4) for surviving (n = 12) patients, no RM was observed. The median survival following re-RT was 5.5 months (range 0.5–125.3). Fourteen patients progressed locally (14/53; 26.4 %); all developed varying degrees of irreversible neurologic injury. Patients undergoing re-RT for spinal metastases have a poor prognosis. No RM was observed after re-RT largely respecting published low-risk criteria. Neurologic injury from progression was common. Further study of exceeding the low-risk criteria, particularly among poor prognosis patients, may be warranted.
SU-E-J-173: In-Vitro Investigations of the Urethral Warmer on Isotherms during Interstitial Cryoablations for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Urethral warming system (Gaymar Industries, Orchard Park, NY) uses a peristaltic pump to circulate warming fluid through an urethral catheter and is essential in preventing injury to bladder neck and urethral tissues during interstitial cryoablations of prostate cancer. We present results of the urethral warmer's effect on isotherms during cryotherapy in a phantom model. Methods: Freeze‐thaw cycles using Presice Cryoablation SystemTM with 17‐gauge, 1.47mm IceRodTM cryoneedle (Galil Medical, Yoknean, Israel) were performed in a cylindrical gel phantom designed to simulate patient anatomy. The cryoneedle was inserted 5mm from the walls of the urethral catheter, which was positioned along the axis of the phantom. Temperatures were simultaneously measured at 17 locations using an arrangement of multipoint and single point thermal sensors. Three 10‐minute freeze cycles followed by 10‐minute thawing were performed for the following pump speed settings: 9 (10.3ml/sec), 3 (3.7ml/sec), and 0 (inactive warmer). Results: No statistically significant differences between temperatures corresponding to pump speed settings 9 and 3 were observed (p=0.1). For active warmer, average temperaturesmeasured at the location of cryoneedle and along the warmer surface were −33±4 and −10±1°C, correspondingly. The temperatures corresponding to freeze cycle with the warmer inactive were −41±6 and 20±6°C (p=0.004). Conclusions: Active urethral warmer had a significant effect on the temperaturesmeasured along the surface of the warmer and at the location of the cryoneedle. With the active warmer, temperatures at the warmer surface were elevated to levels inadequate for tissueablation. At the same time, temperatures at the cryoneedle were also elevated beyond manufacturers specifications, which could affect efficiency of targeted tissuesablation and should be accounted for during treatment. These results support use of the urethral warming system as a protective measure during interstitial cryotherapies of prostate cancer and generate critical treatment planning information.
Meta-analysis of controlled pharmacologic trials.

Both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods can be used to treat behavioral disturbances of dementia. Many drugs and drug classes have been advocated as having putative efficacy in treating nonspecific behavioral symptoms; the list includes neuroleptics, anxiolytics, antidepressants (e.g., trazodone), anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine and valproic acid), lithium, β-adrenergic blockers, selegiline, and buspirone. Neuroleptics are among the most commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs for behavioral symptoms and have been described as being “modestly effective” in controlling agitation, both in patients with dementia and in elderly patients in general. To examine the relative efficacy of neuroleptics in treating behavioral disturbances of dementia, the author and colleagues performed a meta-analysis of clinical trials published in the literature from 1954 to 1989.
Establishment of micro-organisms in fumigated avocado soil to attempt to prevent reinvasion of the soils by Phytophthora cinnamomi

Soil in two Persea americana orchards infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi was fumigated with methyl bromide (mb) and subsequently infested with Myrothecium verrucaria or Streptomyces sp. to attempt to prevent the reinvasion of the treated soil by the pathogen. Chemical measurements of the soil atmosphere during fumigation indicated that ED90 doses for P. cinnamomi were attained in most areas. Natural reinfestation by P. cinnamomi was facilitated by planting highly susceptible Persea indica along the outside upper border of the plots. After fumigation, and up to 3 months later, P. cinnamomi was not recovered from the treated areas. Streptomyces spp. and M. verrucaria were successfully introduced into the soils and populations remained high for approximately 6 months, but declined thereafter. Infections of dense plantings of P. indica seedlings in the plots, approximately 9 months after the organisms had been added, showed that P. dnnamomi had been re-established into the treated plots. The rate of infestation was slower in the treated plots, but eventually disease incidence was as great as in the nontreated plots. After 8.5 months cotton waste and fertilizers were added to the plots; Streptomyces spp. increased after adding the amendments, but M. verrucaria did not.
Imaging of Pediatric Pelvic Neoplasms

Pediatric pelvic neoplasms, although relatively uncommon, are often difficult to evaluate and characterize with imaging, due to their overlapping appearances. This article discusses key clinical features and imaging findings that help limit the differential diagnosis of pediatric pelvic neoplasms. Testicular, ovarian, uterine, and bladder masses are included in addition to sacrococcygeal teratoma.
Pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in the normal fetal lung.

OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that pulmonary arteriovenous shunting (PAVS) is normally present in fetal lungs and that cavopulmonary anastomosis-induced PAVS may represent a return to an earlier morphologic stage of development. BACKGROUND The surgical superior cavopulmonary anastomosis is performed as part of the staged Fontan pathway to treat univentricular forms of congenital heart disease; PAVS is a known sequela after superior cavopulmonary anastomosis and may have important clinical consequences. Although the etiology and true morphology of the structures responsible for PAVS are unknown, a leading theory is that PAVS is caused by absence of normal hepatic venous drainage to the pulmonary circulation. METHODS To determine whether normal fetal lungs demonstrate PAVS, we performed contrast echocardiograms on 13 fetal lambs, 8 neonatal lambs, 4 juvenile lambs, and 4 adult sheep using a blended mixture of saline and blood injected directly into the proximal pulmonary artery. RESULTS Pulmonary arteriovenous shunting was detected by direct epicardial echocardiography in all fetal lambs (n = 13) and neonatal animals studied at one and three days of life (n = 4) and in two of four animals studied at six to nine days of life. Pulmonary arteriovenous shunting was not present in animals studied at four weeks of life (n = 2) and in adult sheep (n = 5). CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that PAVS is normally present in late gestation fetal and early neonatal lambs but then disappears during the later neonatal period. Furthermore, these findings suggest that PAVS associated with cavopulmonary anastomosis or other processes affecting the developing pulmonary circulation may represent a return to an earlier morphologic stage of development.
Endocannabinoid influence on partner preference in female rats.

Abstract The present study investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system on sexual motivation in the female rat. In Experiment 1, gonadally intact female rats were first tested for partner preference after a vehicle injection. Approximately 2 weeks later, all rats were tested again after an injection of the endocannabinoid antagonist, SR141716 (SR; also known as Rimonabant; 1.0 mg/kg). During the first 10 min of each partner preference test, subjects could spend time near either a male or female stimulus animal that was placed behind a wire mesh (No-Contact). During the second 10 min of each partner preference test, subjects had unrestricted access to both stimulus animals (Contact). When the female subjects were treated with SR, they made fewer visits to either stimulus animal during the no-contact phase of the partner preference test compared to when they were treated with vehicle. In Experiment 2, ovariectomized (OVX) subjects primed with estrogen were administered SR or vehicle and tested for partner preference (Experiment 2A). Approximately 2 weeks later, the subjects from the control group were tested again after an injection of SR (Experiment 2B). In contrast to Experiment 1, treatment with SR reduced the number of visits specifically to the male stimulus during the contact phase of the test in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 tested the effects of SR on general locomotion and found no effect of SR on line crossings in an open field. Finally, in Experiment 4, OVX estrogen- and progesterone-primed subjects were administered the endocannabinoid agonist anandamide (AEA: 1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle and tested for partner preference. AEA-treated subjects made more visits to the male stimulus than vehicle-treated subjects during the contact phase of the test. The results of the present study suggest that the endocannabinoid system may contribute to sexual motivation in female rats by specifically altering approach behavior.
Mammalian XRCC2 promotes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination.

The repair of DNA double-strand breaks is essential for cells to maintain their genomic integrity. Two major mechanisms are responsible for repairing these breaks in mammalian cells, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR)1,2: the importance of the former in mammalian cells is well established3, whereas the role of the latter is just emerging. Homologous recombination is presumably promoted by an evolutionarily conserved group of genes termed the Rad52 epistasis group4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. An essential component of the HR pathway is the strand-exchange protein, known as RecA in bacteria8 or Rad51 in yeast6. Several mammalian genes have been implicated in repair by homologous recombination on the basis of their sequence homology to yeast Rad51 (ref. 11): one of these is human XRCC2 (refs 12, 13). Here we show that XRCC2 is essential for the efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination between sister chromatids. We find that hamster cells deficient in XRCC2 show more than a 100-fold decrease in HR induced by double-strand breaks compared with the parental cell line. This defect is corrected to almost wild-type levels by transient transfection with a plasmid expressing XRCC2. The repair defect in XRCC2 mutant cells appears to be restricted to recombinational repair because NHEJ is normal. We conclude that XRCC2 is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination.
Male-female differences in response to stomach loads of hypertonic NaCl in rats

Adult male, female, and ovariectomized rats were subjected to osmotic stress via hypertonic NaCl stomach loads. Males and ovariectomized females, in addition to increasing water intake, responded to the stressor by decreasing food intake and losing weight 24 h after the load was administered. Female rats did not decrease food intake but did increase water intake. The results were interpreted in terms of female sex hormone activity which affects renal function.
Memory Deficits in a Demented Patient with Probable Corticobasal Degeneration

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia in a patient with probable corticobasal degeneration (pCBD) and dementia were studied in a university medical center setting. The patient with pCBD and four comparison patients of comparable global mental status (Mini-Mental State Exam) who met NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were included. Standard neuropsychological tests of naming, intelligence, achievement, verbal fluency, anterograde and remote verbal and visuospatial memory, and motor skill learning were given. The pCBD patient exhibited a progressive asymmetric akinetic-rigid syndrome, which was unresponsive to Sinemet. His initially mild, intellectual deficits consisted of apraxia, slowed speech, and word-finding and memory difficulties. Over a 2-year period, a dementia syndrome developed, which involved more-serious deficits in praxis and naming, as well as impairments in spelling, calculation, verbal fluency, IQ, anterograde verbal and visuospatial memory, and motor skill learning. When tested by recall methods, the pCBD patient exhibited marked deficits on several tests of remote memory; however, on recognition testing, he performed normally on the Famous Faces Test and on a test of geographical knowledge, which measures remote visuospatial memory. By contrast, the four AD patients, who showed equivalent naming difficulties, less-severe fluency deficits, and normal motor skill learning, showed severe impairments in recalling and recognizing the names of famous people from photographs. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the pCBD patient showed marked frontal and parietal lobe atrophy and central atrophy, with ventriculomegaly that was greater on the left side of the brain. The temporal lobes were relatively spared, and the amygdalae, hippocampi, and temporal horns were of normal size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Erratum to " The co-emergence of cognition, language, and speech motor control in early development: A longitudinal correlation study" [J. Commun. Disord. 44 (2) (2011) 149-160]

The co-emergence of symbolic and motor systems in young children is most lucidly demonstrated in the literature on the development of gestures. Like speech, gestures and play skills involve motor skills that are dependent on the interaction of motor, cognition, and language processes. Prior research has shown that these behaviours are correlated with language and cognitive skills at various points in early development. At approximately 9 months of age, the use of deictic (e.g., pointing, giving) gestures is positively associated with receptive vocabulary skills (Thal T Ozcaliskan & Goldin-Meadow, 2005).
Laser modification of silica, simulating pulse shape and length

Computer simulations of instantaneous thermal heating due to a laser pulse is modeled as a pulse occurring over 1 or 100 fs, during which time the atoms within a cylinder are given excess kinetic energy to mimic the effect of adding energy locally to a system by a laser. The response of the material under conditions in which a similar amount of energy is dumped within 1 fs versus over a 100 fs pulse with two distinct shapes, square and Gaussian-like, is explored. Key physics disclosed is that with a pulse width of 100 fs, as the energy is being added it begins to dissipate away from region where it is added. With a 1 fs (instantaneous) pulse there is greater initial ballistic behavior than when it is dumped over a 100 fs period. In the latter, there are localized hot spots displaying ballistic behavior.
Comments on “indicators of scientific manpower”

In this examination of the implications of the decline in the demand for scientists, research on two questions is discussed. The first is the effect of age upon scientific creativity and the second is the relationship between the number of scientists and the growth of scientific knowledge.
The relevance of basic law enforcement training—Does the curriculum prepare recruits for police work: A survey study

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the Illinois Minimum Standards Basic Law Enforcement Training Course in order to extend previously developed methodology on how well training and the curriculum prepared police recruits to perform individual police tasks after graduation, based on a survey of 210 recruits who had completed the training program. The findings indicated that overall the recruits felt the academy adequately prepared them to perform police tasks. However, training for a majority of the tasks and task training groups was rated less than adequate, which indicates a need for a task-analysis study of the police officer's job. The conclusion drawn from these findings is that some of the basic training courses in Illinois do not prepare officers adequately for entry-level police work.
The energetics of small internal loops in RNA.

The energetics of small internal loops are important for prediction of RNA secondary and tertiary structure, selection of drug target sites, and understanding RNA structure-function relationships. Hydrogen bonding, base stacking, electrostatic interactions, backbone distortion, and base-pair size compatibility all contribute to the energetics of small internal loops. Thus, the sequence dependence of these energetics are idiosyncratic. Current approximations for predicting the free energies of internal loops consider size, asymmetry, closing base pairs, and the potential to form GA, GG, or UU pairs. The database of known three-dimensional structures allows for comparison with the models used for predicting stability from sequence.
Horizontal unseeded vapor growth of Iv-Vi compounds and alloys

Large, high-quality crystals of various Pb-salt compounds and alloys have been grown from the vapor by a horizontal, unseeded, closed-tube method. The optimum growth conditions have been experimentally determined. The crystalline imperfections and electrical properties of the crystals were examined. In a series of growth experiments on PbTe, the source materials were prepared by adding small quantities of Pb to much larger quantities of zone-melted PbTe. This method makes it possible to control the source and as-grown crystal compositions for excess Pb or Te concentrations in the 1018/cm3 range. From the results of these experiments it was found that the composition of zone-melted PbTe (i. e., the maximum-melting point composition of PbTe) corresponds to a hole concentration of approximately 1 x l019/cm3.
The Subgoal Heuristic and its effect on Internal Representations

Abstract Two studies examined the changes made in humans' internal representations of problem-solving tasks that result from using a subgoal heuristic. In Study 1, undergraduates were instructed to “think out loud” while solving an unfamiliar logical deduction problem. A protocol analysis indicated that several categories of subjects' comments did not occur with equal frequency in each half of the subjects' protocols. The preponderance of comments made in the first half of the protocols suggests that the subjects were working toward the attainment of a spontaneously chosen subgoal. In Study 2, several forms of the logical deduction task were used, including semicompleted fragments corresponding to the results of the protocol analysis. Subjects approached these fragments in much the same way that they solved the full task, making particular types of deductions when given certain types of fragments, even though all fragments present other types of information that are equally deducible. These findings sugge...
Recommended dispersing conditions for broths used in the preparation of uranium microspheres with carbon

Abstract Early preparations of uranium fuel kernels with carbon demonstrated the need for better dispersion of the carbon black in the aqueous feed solutions and in the subsequent microspheres. Therefore, the dispersing conditions for various carbon blacks were evaluated. A rheometer has proven to be a very useful tool in evaluation of dispersion conditions for carbon blacks (Black Pearl L and Raven 1000) with Tamol SN in the uranium and hexamethylenetetramine–urea feed solutions. The recommended dispersion conditions for Tamol SN were then used to make uranium microspheres with two carbon blacks. Optical images of these microspheres confirmed that the carbon was adequately dispersed, which supports the use of the viscosity measurements to determine appropriate carbon dispersion conditions.
Milligram-scale preparative gas chromatography of steroids and alkaloids

Abstract It has been found that milligram-scale preparative chromatography may be carried out for steroid and alkaloid mixtures through the use of thin-film columns with analytical-type packings. The use of temperature programing is helpful. Two examples of experimental separations are given.
Pennsylvanian Shelf Carbonates, Madera Formation, Taos Trough, Northern New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The sandy limestones of the Madera Formation differ significantly from shelf carbonates described in other southwestern late Paleozoic basins in that: (1) they were deposited adjacent to an active uplift that provided terrigenous clastics; and (2) no large scale phylloid algal mounds were developed. Prior to deposition of the Madera limestones, early to middle Desmoinesian deltaic deposits derived from the Uncompaghre uplift prograded eastward into the basin. Carbonate deposition was locally initiated on abandoned deltaic platforms, where low relief blue-green algal mudbanks and bryozoan mounds developed. Carbonate deposition became widespread during a middle Desmoinesian transgression. Hummocky to cross-bedded crinoid grainstone shoals formed on and seaward of the algal mudbanks. These initial crinoid shoals were small and laterally discontinuous. As the shoals prograded and evolved into wave resistant barriers, extensive lagoonal and channeled tidal-flat deposits developed behind them. These low-energy lagoonal facies are characterized by small, low relief phylloid algal bars separated by bioturbated sandy siltstones. Fusulinid packstones filled tidal channels which graded laterally into dasycladacean algal flats. Progradation of the shoals also caused steepening of the platform margin, which led to restricted circulation in the slope/basinal depression. Anoxic conditions developed, nd thick black, calcareous shaly siltstones were deposited in the basin. Carbonate deposition on the shelf was then terminated by renewed fluvial activity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 543------------
Phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides dissociate from cationic lipids before entering the nucleus

Antisense oligonucleotides complementary to specific mRNA sequences are widely used inhibitors of gene expression in vitro and in vivo . In vitro cationic lipids have been demonstrated to increase the pharmacological activity of antisense oligonucleotides by increasing cellular uptake and facilitating nuclear accumulation. We have investigated the intracellular fate of oligonucleotide/cationic lipid complexes using fluorescently labeled lipids and oligonucleotides targeted to protein kinase C-alpha. After addition to cells the lipids initially co-localized with the oligonucleotide on the cell surface and in fine punctate structures within the cytoplasm. At later times the oligonucleotide began to accumulate in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm. In contrast, the cationic lipid remained localized to the cell surface and the cytoplasm and was never found in the nucleus. Expression of protein kinase C-alpha mRNA did not begin to decline until after oligonucleotide was seen in the nucleus. This was also coincident with the transient appearance of a smaller mRNA transcript believed to result from RNase H cleavage of protein kinase C-alpha mRNA. These data suggest that although cationic lipids facilitate uptake of oligonucleotides, the complex must disassociate before the oligonucleotide can gain access to the nucleus and induce degradation of targeted mRNA.
Speed has an effect on multiple-object tracking independently of the number of close encounters between targets and distractors

Multiple-object tracking (MOT) studies have shown that tracking ability declines as object speed increases. However, this might be attributed solely to the increased number of times that target and distractor objects usually pass close to each other ("close encounters") when speed is increased, resulting in more target-distractor confusions. The present study investigates whether speed itself affects MOT ability by using displays in which the number of close encounters is held constant across speeds. Observers viewed several pairs of disks, and each pair rotated about the pair's midpoint and, also, about the center of the display at varying speeds. Results showed that even with the number of close encounters held constant across speeds, increased speed impairs tracking performance, and the effect of speed is greater when the number of targets to be tracked is large. Moreover, neither the effect of number of distractors nor the effect of target-distractor distance was dependent on speed, when speed was isolated from the typical concomitant increase in close encounters. These results imply that increased speed does not impair tracking solely by increasing close encounters. Rather, they support the view that speed affects MOT capacity by requiring more attentional resources to track at higher speeds.
Calcium absorption on high and low calcium intakes in relation to vitamin D receptor genotype

The finding that the link between polymorphism at the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and rates of bone loss from the femoral neck in postmenopausal women is enhanced at low calcium intakes suggests that intestinal calcium absorption is a site of differential action of the VDR alleles. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and its receptor mediate active calcium transport, the major mechanism of calcium absorption at low calcium intakes. We compared fractional calcium absorption in healthy late postmenopausal women with (bb) and without (BB) the BSM-1 restriction site. In 60 women (26 BB and 34 bb), we measured calcium absorption and plasma 1,25-(OH)2D after 2 weeks on a high (1500 mg/day) and 2 weeks on a low (< 300 mg/day) calcium intake. The mean 45Ca absorption indexes were similar in the two groups on the high calcium intake [19.01 +/- 1.12% (+/- SEM)/L in BB and 20.45 +/- 0.97%/L in bb; P = 0.346] and differed significantly on the low calcium intake (20.57 +/- 1.10%/L vs. 23.66 +/- 0.95%/L; P = 0.044). Calcium restriction induced similar percent increases in plasma 1,25-(OH)2D, but the BB group had a smaller increase in the fractional 45Ca absorption index [7.8 +/- 3.8% (+/- SEM) vs. 20.7 +/- 3.3% in bb; P = 0.016; increments adjusted for initial absorption value]. In conclusion, compared to women with the bb variants, women with BB allelic variants of the VDR have reduced calcium absorption efficiency on low calcium intake, consistent with a functional defect in the intestinal VDR. The impact of this heritable difference is reduced at higher calcium intakes.
Gender discrimination of eyes and mouths by individuals with autism

Evidence remains mixed about whether individuals with autism look less to eyes and whether they look more at mouths. Few studies have examined how spontaneous attention to facial features relates to face processing abilities. This study tested the ability to discriminate gender from facial features, namely eyes and mouths, by comparing accuracy scores of 17 children with autism and 15 adults with autism to 17 typically developing children and 15 typically developing adults. Results indicated that all participants regardless of diagnosis discriminated gender more accurately from eyes than from mouths. However, results indicated that compared to adults without autism, adults with autism were significantly worse at discriminating gender from eyes.
Transgenic hybrid aspen overexpressing the Atwbc19 gene encoding an ATP-binding cassette transporter confers resistance to four aminoglycoside antibiotics

Antibiotic-resistance genes of bacterial origin are invaluable markers for plant genetic engineering. However, these genes are feared to pose possible risk to human health by horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to bacteria, potentially resulting in antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria; this is a considerable regulatory concern in some countries. The Atwbc19 gene, encoding an Arabidopsis thaliana ATP-binding cassette transporter, has been reported to confer resistance to kanamycin specifically as an alternative to bacterial antibiotic-resistance genes. In this report, we transformed hybrid aspen (Populus canescens × P. grandidentata) with the Atwbc19 gene. Unlike Atwbc19-transgenic tobacco that was only resistant to kanamycin, the transgenic Populus plants also showed resistance to three other aminoglycoside antibiotics (neomycin, geneticin, and paromomycin) at comparable levels to plants containing a CaMV35S-nptII cassette. Although it is unknown why the transgenic Populus with the Atwbc19 gene is resistant to all aminoglycoside antibiotics tested, the broad utility of the Atwbc19 gene as a reporter gene is confirmed here in a second dicot species. Because the Atwbc19 gene is plant-ubiquitous, it might serve as an alternative selectable marker to current bacterial antibiotic-resistance marker genes and alleviate the potential risk for horizontal transfer of bacterial-resistance genes in transgenic plants.
Research on Giving and Volunteering: Methodological Considerations

A1998-1999 survey of the giving and volunteering practices of 3,616 adult Californians yielded some methodological considerations concerning research on charitable behavior. The survey paid particular attention to prompting respondent recall, informal giving and volunteering, and possible race/ethnicity differences in charitable behavior. On several key measures, reported levels of giving and volunteering exceeded national estimates based on Independent Sector studies. Californians were found to engage extensively in informal as well as formal charitable behavior. Multivariate analysis controlling for income, educational attainment, and immigration status revealed no significant race/ethnicity-based differences in giving and volunteering.
Improving learning transfer from stencils-based tutorials

To support children learning to use new software applications independently, tutorial systems should prevent errors and ensure that users are able to transfer tutorial skills to a new context effectively. In this paper, we describe the formative development and evaluation of on-request stencils, an interaction technique that both prevents children from making errors within a tutorial and significantly improves their ability to transfer tutorial skills to a related task. Using on-request stencils, users can attempt a task independently. If they encounter difficulty, users can request step by step tutorial overlays to guide them through the current task. In a study comparing tutorial performance, task performance, and attitudes, we found that users of on-request stencils successfully completed 47% more transfer tasks than users of persistent stencils. There were no significant differences between the two groups in tutorial performance or attitudes towards the software system.