cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African chiefs: comparative governance under colonial rule

This paper analyzes how British colonial rule altered the club-like and competitive features of chiefdoms and weakened the incentives of political leaders to be accountable to citizens. Political institutions in late pre-colonial West Africa aligned the incentives of the chiefs such that they were responsive to their people. Alignment arose because of a high degree of competition between governance providers and because political leaders were effectively the residual claimants on revenues generated from providing governance services. I identify the mechanisms by which colonialism severed the link that aligned the incentives of government with those of its citizens. British indirect rule did that by reducing political competition and softening the budget constraints of the chiefs. Toward the end of colonial rule, chiefs became less accountable to their people as evidenced by the widespread corruption and extortion by the chiefs and by their unprecedented constitutional violations and abuses of power.
Trends in U.S. Hourly Precipitation Variance 1949–2009

AbstractDrawing from a NOAA database of hourly precipitation data from 5995 stations in the contiguous United States over the period 1949–2009, the authors investigate possible trends in the variance of the hourly precipitation, averaged over the diurnal and annual cycles and normalized by the square of the mean precipitation at that site. This normalized variance is a measure of storminess, distinct from increases in precipitation attributable to warming. For the 1722 stations surviving quality control with data on at least 80% of days in at least 30 years, the authors compute the rate of change of the logarithm of the normalized variance at each station and set bounds on its mean (over stations) trend. The logarithmic function weights the trends at calm stations equally to those at stormy stations and enhances the statistical power of the mean. The authors find a logarithmic rate of change of the mean normalized variance of yr−1 (). The upper bounds on any continentally averaged trend, increasing or dec...
Alopecia areata: Review of epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and new treatment options

Alopecia areata (AA) is a complex autoimmune condition that causes nonscarring hair loss. It typically presents with sharply demarcated round patches of hair loss and may present at any age. In this article, we review the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and new treatment options of AA, with a focus on the immunologic mechanism underlying the treatment. While traditional treatment options such as corticosteroids are moderately effective, a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis may lead to the development of new treatments that are more directed and effective against AA. Sources were gathered from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane database using the keywords: alopecia, alopecia areata, hair loss, trichoscopy, treatments, pathogenesis, and epidemiology.
Effect of non-square structure potential on the multisubband electron mobility in double quantum well structure

Abstract We study the impact of non-square potential well structure on the electron mobility μ of double quantum well (DQW) based field effect transistors carved out of the AlxGa1-xAs alloy. The barriers lying towards the substrate and surface sides of the DQW are delta doped with Si. We consider DQWs having V-shaped (VDQW), parabolic (PDQW), cubic (CDQW) and square (SDQW) potential wells to obtain the low temperature double subband electron mobility μ. We consider ionized impurity (Imp-) and alloy disorder (Al-) scatterings to calculate μ as a function of well width w and surface electron density NS. We show that the changes in the structure potentials influence the interplay of intersubband effects on the scattering mechanisms differently causing μ(VDQW)
Abnormalities of the Scrotum

Abnormalities of the scrotum are frequently encountered in children and adolescents. Certain scrotal conditions require emergent care while others are non-emergent. Sorting through the many different conditions that result in an “abnormal appearing” scrotum is critical in determining the acuity of care and in choosing the appropriate treatment. This chapter will outline the different conditions that result in scrotal abnormalities and assist the primary care provider in diagnosis and management.
Die Heilung des interpersonellen Traumas mithilfe der Interpersonellen Diskriminationsübung

»Wenn wir wissenschaftliche Methoden in Humanwissenschaften anwenden, mussen wir annehmen, dass Verhalten Gesetzen gehorcht und determiniert ist. Wir mussen erwarten, zu entdecken, dass das, was ein Mensch tut, das Ergebnis spezifi zierbarer Bedingungen ist und dass, sobald diese Bedingungen deutlich geworden sind, wir seine Handlungen vorhersagen und bis zu einem gewissen Mas festlegen konnen. B.F. Skinner (1953, p.6)«
Vehicular Emissions and Control

Internal Combustion Engines, now, and for the immediate future, constitute the principal and preponderant contributors to atmospheric pollution. Battery powered or direct energy conversion vehicles may become an entity at some future date. However, for at least a decade, limitations in their application will preclude any significant replacement of combustion engines for vehicular propulsion.
Gabelentz, H. Georg Conon von der (1840–1893)

Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz (1840–1893), occupant of the first Chair at a German University in East Asian Studies at Leipzig, specialized in Chinese language. His wide-ranging interests and expertise led him to explore a variety of other languages, and he applied the research results gained from the investigation of exotic languages to the formulation of general linguistic principles. While ‘mainstream linguistics’ at his time treated him with disregard, his contributions to the development of linguistic science were widely recognized, first by prominent linguists outside Germany and at last, especially through the efforts of Eugenio Coseriu, also in his native country.
A Remote Sensing and Atmospheric Correction Method for Assessing Multispectral Radiative Transfer through Realistic Atmospheres and Clouds

AbstractThe ability to quickly and accurately model actual atmospheric conditions is essential to remote sensing analyses. Clouds present a particularly complex challenge, as they cover up to 70% o...
The treasure of now and an uncertain future: Delay discounting and health behaviors among cancer survivors.

Background The identification of new therapeutic targets to improve health behaviors among cancer survivors (CS) is likely to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Delay discounting (DD) rate is the degree to which one devalues rewards as a function of time to receipt. Lower DD rates (ie, prioritizing long-term over immediate rewards) are associated with healthier behaviors. CS often experience distress and thoughts of early mortality that can potentially shift priorities to the present and negatively impact DD rates, especially when newly diagnosed. Understanding relations between DD and health behaviors among CS will contribute to the examination of DD as a therapeutic target for improving health behaviors for CS. Method CS (n = 1001) were recruited from a web panel and administered a web-based questionnaire. Multivariate models examined relations among DD rate, years since diagnosis, and 10 health behavior indicators. We hypothesized that 1) higher DD rates would be associated with fewer years since diagnosis, and 2) lower DD rates would be associated with healthier behaviors, moderated by years since diagnosis. Results In general, higher DD rates were associated with fewer years since diagnosis. Higher DD rates were associated with more alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, other tobacco use, tanning booth use, and conversely, greater adherence to annual primary care visits. A significant interaction between DD rate and years since diagnosis was not found. Conclusion Lower DD rates are associated with several important healthy lifestyle behaviors. DD rate is a promising therapeutic target for new interventions to improve multiple health behaviors among CS.
Programmable soft robotics based on nano-textured thermo-responsive actuators

Soft robotic systems are increasingly emerging as robust alternatives to conventional robotics. Here, we demonstrate the development of programmable soft actuators based on volume expansion/retraction accompanying liquid-vapor phase transition of a phase-change material confined within an elastomer matrix. The combination of a soft matrix (a silicone-based elastomer) and an embedded ethanol-impregnated polyacrylonitrile nanofiber (PAN NF) mat makes it possible to form a sealed compound device that can be operated by changing the actuator temperature above/below the boiling point of ethanol. The thermo-responsive actuators based on this principle demonstrate excellent bending ability at a sufficiently high temperature (>90 °C) - comparable with compressed air-based soft actuators. The actuator using the mechanism presented here is easy to manufacture and automate and is recyclable. Finally, the actuation mechanism can be incorporated into a wide variety of shapes and configurations, making it possible to obtain tunable and programmable soft robots that could have a wide variety of industrial applications.
Does parasocial interaction with weight loss vloggers affect compliance? The role of vlogger characteristics, consumer readiness, and health consciousness

Abstract Drawing on the notion of parasocial interaction (PSI) and the social comparison theory, this experimental research examines how nutritionist video bloggers (vloggers) influence consumer compliance intentions toward healthy, weight-loss diets. Drawing on two samples (Mexican Americans and White Caucasians) and using structural equation modeling and mediation analysis, this research highlights vloggers’ credibility and physical attractiveness, but not homophily, as salient source characteristics that influence PSI, which in turn reinforces compliance intention. Moreover, consumer readiness, consisting of role clarity, ability, and motivation, serves as a partial mediator of the PSI–compliance intention relationship. Lastly, consumer health consciousness emerged as a significant moderator of the PSI–compliance intention relationship among White Caucasians, but not among Mexican Americans. The findings and their implications are discussed.
Listening to lies and legitimacy online: A proposal for digital rhetorical listening

As people scream past each other in an increasingly polarized public sphere, fake news emerges as problem for reception on the Internet. While scholars have posited rhetorical listening as a strategy to bridge these differences in off-line spaces, it has not been fully explored online. Online spaces are becoming increasingly salient and important to theorize though, since polarized groups often communicate and miscommunicate on the Internet. Using the fake news that circulated in the wake of the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida as a case study, I demonstrate some of the complications for rhetorical listening that arise through algorithms, interfaces, and performances that perpetuate the spread of fake news. As such, I call for more robust digital listening practices and theories that account for complications of the Internet. I conclude that individuals, platforms, and institutions can all actively promote rhetorical digital listening practices. However, we also need to think about other motivations besides ignorance for spreading fake news.
Small-Scale Excitations in Large Systems

In the development of instability in extended systems, the prevalence of fluctuations is a disquieting reminder of our failure to understand completely the nonlinear aspects of instability theory. Experimental studies, such as those of Ahlers (1975) in thermal convection, show fluctuations that are plausibly interpreted in terms of the wandering of defects through the underlying patterns engendered by the instability. These defects are small-scale structures not easily accessible to the slowly varying wave theory that has been used in the study of unstable extended systems. However, they are not filtered out by the gauge field approach that Procaccia advocates in these proceedings. Perhaps they may relate to modes already known in the standard theory, as in Pocheau’s (1989) interpretation of the vertical vorticity modes of convection theory as a gauge field.
Distributions of discrete spherical particles with a constant susceptibility can lead to echo time dependent phase shifts which deviate from theories.

Abstract Purpose: When an object contains a distribution of discrete magnetic inclusions with a constant susceptibility, the MRI signal inside the object may no longer be determined analytically by assuming that the object is uniform or magnetic inclusions are completely random. Through simulations and experiments with spherical particles inside cylinders, this work is to study the signal behavior in the static dephasing regime. Methods: MRI complex images of long cylinders containing spherical particles with different arrangements were simulated and compared to similar experimental phantom data. All experiments were designed for the static dephasing regime so that diffusion was neglected. Results: Several factors can lead to different phase shifts over echo time. These include numbers of particles per image voxel, particle arrangements, and Gibbs ringing effects. Purely random arrangements of particles in simulations can agree with a revised theoretical formula at short echo times, but quasi-random arrangements of particles do not agree with the theory. In addition, close to half of experimental results show deviations from the theory and the quasi-random arrangements of particles can explain those experimental results. Simulated R2′ values are about the same for different cylinder orientations but increase when random particle arrangement is restricted toward lattice. Nonetheless, as expected, phase distributions outside and far away from each cylinder are independent of any factor affecting phase inside and behave as if they are from a cylinder with a uniform bulk susceptibility. Conclusion: Phase over echo time inside an object containing discrete spheres can be nonlinear and deviate from current theories in the static dephasing regime. Phase outside the object can be used to accurately determine its magnetic moment and bulk susceptibility without a priori knowledge of the spherical particle distribution inside the object. These results can be extended to the subcortical gray matter and suggest that in vivo susceptibility quantification will need to be re-thought.
Communication pitfalls in interpreted genetic counseling sessions.

The impact of language interpretation on interactive communication in genetic counseling sessions is not well studied. We sought to determine whether interpretation affects communication in genetic counseling sessions using communication analysis. With a sample of pregnant patients of advanced maternal age, we audiotaped, analyzed, and compared seven Spanish-speaking patients with limited-English proficiency to seven English-speaking patients on length of session, English words spoken, and number of questions asked. An analysis of verbal listening cues, including back-channels and questions asked was performed to evaluate the level of engagement by both provider and patient. Session length did not differ between groups (p > 0.05), however, English-speaking sessions involved significantly more words (mean: 4,798 vs. 2,524) exchanged over the course of the conversation than interpreter-mediated sessions (p < 0.001). The number of back-channeling responses was significantly greater in English-speaking compared to Spanish-speaking sessions. We found the same information was covered, but there was less provider-patient interaction when the session was interpreter-mediated. The patient asked fewer questions and the genetic counselor spoke in condensed ideas. Overall, our observations suggest diminished levels of interactive communication in interpreter-mediated sessions. Our work highlights the need for further evaluation in how genetic counselors communicate during interpreter-mediated sessions.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Control After Thoracic Surgery in Children

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) was utilized as an alternative modality for pain control in two children having undergone thoracic surgery for pectus excavation repair. We found that the application of TENS for anterior chest pain in children offered a novel and effective means for the challenging area of postoperative pediatric pain management.
Polyhedral Flexibility in the Sulfido-Capped Cluster H 2 Ru 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 ‑S) on Reaction with 2‑(Diphenylphosphino)thioanisole(PS) and Reversible Tripodal Rotation of the Chelated PS Ligand inH 2 Ru 3 (CO) 7 (κ 2 ‑PS)(μ 3 ‑S)

Treatment of the tetrahedral cluster H2Ru3(CO)9(μ3-S) (1) with 2-(diphenylphosphino)thioanisole (PS) furnishes the cluster H2Ru3(CO)7(κ2-PS)(μ3-S) (2). Cluster 2, which exhibits a chelated thiophos...
Introduction: Ronald Reagan’s Foreign Policy

This chapter presents a thesis that Reagan’s foreign policy was not irresponsible or dangerous, but was rather sophisticated, nuanced, and effective. Reagan’s foreign policy was based on a dynamic interplay of three theoretical tendencies—realism, moralism, and pragmatism, which may at times confuse both supporters and detractors of his policy. Lee defines the concept of alliance politics and discusses its application to the Korean case. In dealing with an authoritarian ally of the United States, Lee compares and contrasts three approaches: “benign neglect” by Nixon, “public voice” by Carter, and “quiet diplomacy” by Reagan. Advocates and critics of quiet diplomacy are presented. The structure of Reagan’s foreign and security policy personnel and his diplomatic and managerial styles are discussed.
Chapter 64 – Design Considerations for Clinical Investigations of Osteoporosis

Publisher Summary While treating a osteoporosis patient, one must perform an investigation and find a difference between treatment groups, and decide whether that difference represents an effect of the drug one has investigated, or is, instead, simply an expression of the ubiquitous underlying differences between patients—something modeled under the name “chance.” The differences found in investigations will often be of a magnitude not much larger than inherent biological variability The purpose of formal investigation is to help find the signal (if any) embedded in all the noise. Investigative noise is of two general kinds: random biological (and measurement) variability, and bias. The laws of probability helps to deal with the first of these—the random variability component—by allowing to state the likelihood that the difference one observed would have been produced solely by chance. If the only sources of variability in investigation were random chance and the agent being tested, then a finding that chance would rarely produce a result as large as the one found allows to one infer that the investigative agent probably is responsible. But often there are other factors at work. The goal in designing an investigation is to reduce, insofar as possible, the many sources of variability to just two, random chance and the effects (if any) of the active agent. However, in this chapter, another source of variability (individual judgment about treatment assignment) has been deliberately allowed to enter into the picture. Whenever one applies the laws of random chance to situations in which, under the null hypothesis, other factors are operative, one is guilty of bias. Bias takes many forms: treatment bias, volunteer bias, medical center bias, ascertainment bias, admission rate bias, reclassification bias, and many, many more. In general, the purpose of investigative design is to eliminate, or reduce to the extent possible, all bias in investigation.
Model for Estimating the Impact of Interdependencies on System Recovery

AbstractInfrastructure interdependencies have been widely recognized, especially in the postdisaster restoration process. It is essential to develop models to simulate interdependencies and quantif...
Approach to persistent microscopic hematuria in children

Persistent isolated microscopic hematuria is relatively common in pediatric practice, affecting around 0.25% of children. Isolated microscopic hematuria can be caused by a myriad of potentially benign or serious causes including urologic issues, kidney stones, glomerular diseases including disorders of the glomerular basement membrane, hematologic abnormalities, and others. The challenge for the pediatrician or pediatric nephrologist is to distinguish between children with potentially progressive forms of kidney disease vs other causes while minimizing cost and inconvenience for the child and family. This manuscript will review the multiple potential causes of microscopic hematuria and provide a framework for the initial evaluation and monitoring of such patients.
Translating the poetics/politics of silence: The case of Catalan and Spanish translations of Vercors’ Le silence de la mer (1942)

The aim of this article is to analyze the Catalan and Spanish translations of Vercors’ novel Le silence de la mer within the frame of the “cultural turn” in Translation Studies described by Lefevere (1992), Basnett (1998), Bassnett and Lefevere (1990 & 1998), and Snell-Hornby (2006, pp. 47-68). This article aims to highlight and contextualize the role played by translation in cultural dynamics by emphasizing the institutional and ideological constraints imposed by Franco’s censorship on the translation of a work imbued with political meaning. In this approach I will consider: 1) the agents that mediated the cultural transfer, which involves the reception and the translation of the novel; 2) the interpretation of symbolic key-words related to silence and language, as well as their adaptation in the translation; 3) the interpretation of the novel in a context of cultural and political repression.
Medical Qigong for Mobility and Balance Self-Confidence in Older Adults

Background/Objectives: Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, and impaired neuromuscular function increases fall risk and fractures in our aging population. Mind-body modalities, improve strength, balance and coordination, mitigating these risks. This study examined whether a manualized Medical Qigong protocol measurably improves balance, gait, and health self-confidence among older adults. Design: Randomized prospective cohort pre-post study with wait time control. Setting: Two martial arts centers in Massachusetts and Arizona. Participants: Ninety-five adults age ≥ 50 (mean age 68.6 y.o., range 51-96) were randomly assigned to an immediate start group (N = 53) or 4-week delayed start group (N = 43). Intervention: A 10 form qigong protocol taught over 12 weekly classes. Measurments: Primary outcome measures were the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CBMS) and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. Data was collected at baseline, 1-month and 4-months. Results: Both groups at both sites demonstrated improved balance and gait (CBMS + 11.9 points, p < 0.001). This effect was strongest in patients in their 60 s (CBMS +12.9 p < 0.01) and 70 s (CBMS + 14.3, p < 0.001), was equal across genders and socioeconomic status. Balance self-confidence did not significantly change (ABC + 0.9, p = 0.48), though several elements within ABC trended toward improvement [e.g., walk up/down ramp (p = 0.07), bend over/pick up (p = 0.09)]. Falls in the past year was inversely correlated with balance self-confidence (p = 0.01). Conclusion: A 12-week manualized Medical Qigong protocol significantly improved balance and gait and modestly improved balance self-confidence among older adults. Medical Qigong may be a useful clinical intervention for older adults at heightened risk for falls and related injuries. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04430751.
A Study of the Impact of Evolutionary-Based Feature Selection for Fake News Detection

Fake news is becoming an increasingly invasive problem within our society. As our society becomes more ingrained in technology, news has become more susceptible to technological predation. In this paper, we demonstrate how evolutionary-based feature selection increases fake news detection while dramatically reducing the number of features needed.
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 contamination on food plant surfaces as determined by environmental monitoring.

ABSTRACT The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has presented new challenges to food manufacturers. During the early phase of the pandemic, several large outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in food manufacturing plants resulting in deaths and economic loss, with approximately 15% of personnel diagnosed as asymptomatic for COVID-19. Spread by asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals has been implicated in large outbreaks of COVID-19. In March 2020, we assisted in implementation of environmental monitoring programs for SARS-CoV-2 in zones 3 and 4 of 116 food production facilities. All participating facilities had already implemented measures to prevent symptomatic personnel from coming to work. During the study period, from 17 March to 3 September 2020, 1.23% of the 22,643 environmental samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that infected individuals were actively shedding virus. Virus contamination was commonly found on frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs, handles, table surfaces, and sanitizer dispensers. Most processing plants managed to control their environmental contamination when they became aware of the positive findings. Comparisons of positive test results for plant personnel and environmental surfaces in one plant revealed a close correlation. Our work illustrates that environmental monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 can be used as a surrogate for identifying the presence of asymptomatic and presymptomatic personnel in workplaces and may aid in controlling infection spread. HIGHLIGHTS
Urbanization predicts flight initiation distance in feral pigeons (Columba livia) across New York City

Variation in behavioural traits is especially important in novel habitats where selection forces determine successful colonizers. Prey species must constantly balance the risk versus reward of remaining in an area with threats while gaining possible fitness benefits. Flight initiation distance, the distance at which an animal flees when approached by a human, is a common metric used to assess habituation to stressors and risk behaviour. Here we examine the flight initiation distance of 519 feral pigeons (Columba livia) across New York City, U.S.A. We examined this behavioural response across the metropolitan landscape with respect to multiple urbanization factors related to human activity, the abiotic environment and the ecological community. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to transform landcover characters and then liner models to test various anthropogenic variables including landcover, pedestrian traffic and human population size. We found that flight initiation distance in pigeons decreased with increased human activity (measured by pedestrian traffic and human population size) and more urban landcover (specifically longer road length and greater amounts of impervious surface). We also found that flight initiation distance was shorter in areas with more peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus, sightings, but longer in areas with more red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis, sightings. Overall, this research demonstrates that feral pigeon behaviour varies with urbanization, human activity and ecological attributes. Since behavioural changes are often the most rapid phenotypic response to change, this study demonstrates that pigeons are responding to anthropogenic stressors, which may set the stage for adaptive changes.
Giannozzo Manetti: The Life of a Florentine Humanist,: by David Marsh, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press 2019, x + 310 pp., $49.95/£39.95 (cloth)

This conspicuously unassuming book—dedicated, in fact, to the incredible life and career of an extraordinary humanist—poses a challenge to the intellectual historian of the Italian Renaissance and ...
Risk factors for microbiologic failure in children with Enterobacter species bacteremia.

Background Enterobacter species are an important cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections (BSI) in children. Up to 19% of adult patients with Enterobacter BSI have recurrence of infection resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) while on therapy with a 3GC. Data are lacking regarding the incidence of and risk factors for recurrence of infection in children with Enterobacter BSI. Methods We conducted a retrospective case-control study of patients aged ≤21 years old admitted to Texas Children’s Hospital from January 2012 through December 2018 with Enterobacter BSI. The primary outcome was microbiologic failure from 72 hours to 30 days after the initial BSI (cases). The secondary outcome was isolation of a 3GC non-susceptible Enterobacter sp. from a patient with an initial 3GC-susceptible isolate. Results Twelve patients (6.7%) had microbiologic failure compared to 167 controls without microbiologic failure. Of the 138 patients (77.1%) with an Enterobacter sp. isolate that was initially susceptible to 3GCs, 3 (2.2%) developed a subsequent infection with a non-susceptible isolate. Predictors of microbiologic failure were having an alternative primary site of infection besides bacteremia without a focus or an urinary tract infection (OR, 9.64; 95% CI, 1.77–52.31; P < 0.01) and inadequate source control (OR, 22.16; 95% CI, 5.26–93.36; P < 0.001). Conclusions Source of infection and adequacy of source control are important considerations in preventing microbiologic failure. In-vitro susceptibilities can be used to select an antibiotic regimen for the treatment of Enterobacter BSI in children.
Dreams and Power in Kafka’s The Castle

This chapter argues that Franz Kafka’s most anarchic political expression, the expression of freedom in The Castle’s dream scene, relies on an understanding of dream experience that is grounded in notions of disintegration, intensity, and escape. The chapter contextualizes this discussion by analyzing the dynamics of power in Kafka’s “The Judgment,” “In the Penal Colony,” and the novel The Trial. This analysis identifies key characteristics of Kafka’s conceptions of power, including the hermetic quality of systems of power, the expression of power as performance, the fragility of power structures, and the tendency of one system of power to marginalize competitors. This chapter reads passages from Kafka’s diaries on dreams and K.’s dream in The Castle against these conceptions of power.
A heparan-sulfate-bearing syndecan-1 glycoform is a distinct surface marker for intra-tumoral myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) infiltrate cancer tissue, promote tumor growth, and are associated with resistance to cancer therapies. However, there is no practical approach available to distinguish MDSCs from mature counterparts inside tumors. Here, we show that a recently isolated thioaptamer probe (T1) binds to MDSC subsets in colorectal and pancreatic tumors with high specificity. Whole transcriptome and functional analysis revealed that T1-binding cells contain polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs characterized by several immunosuppression pathways, ROS production, and T cell suppression activity, whereas T1-non-binding PMNs were mature and nonsuppressive. We identified syndecan-1 as the T1-interacting protein on MDSCs and chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line. Heparan sulfate chains were essential in T1-binding. Inside tumors PMN-MDSCs expressed heparan sulfate biogenesis enzymes at higher levels. Tumor-cell-derived soluble factor(s) enhanced MDSCs' affinity for T1. Overall, we uncovered heparan-sulfate-dependent MDSC modulation in the tumor microenvironment and identified T1 as tool preferentially targeting tumor-promoting myeloid cell subsets.
Iterated Line Digraphs

Unlike iterated line graphs, where, with the exception of paths, cycles, and the claw, the number of vertices increases monotonically after possibly one step, more interesting things can happen, one being that connectedness is not necessarily preserved. Another instance is that a digraph can be isomorphic to its second iterated line digraph but not to its first. In more general terms, there are digraphs for which, after a while, the sequence of iterated line digraphs becomes periodic. This is just one of the interesting features of this chapter. In addition, second-order line digraphs are characterized, a result that is quite complicated. This is followed by its application to some special classes of digraphs.
Egg white avidin. I. Amino acid composition; sequence of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal cyanogen bromide peptides.

As judged by several physical-chemical criteria, egg white avidin has been purified as a homogeneous glycoprotein from a commercial preparation. The avidin subunit contains 129 amino acid residues, 4 residues of mannose, and 3 residues of glucosamine as determined by amino acid and carbohydrate analyses. Of four cyanogen bromide peptides purified by gel filtration, one was an 18-residue peptide from the NH2 terminus, one was a 78-residue peptide from the middle of the peptide chain, one was a 32-residue peptide from the COOH terminus, and one was a 96-residue peptide containing all of the residues present in the first two peptides. This last peptide was evidently the result of the conversion of methionine in the sequence Met-Thr to homoserine without cleavage of the peptide bond. Inasmuch as these cyanogen bromide peptides account for 128 residues as compared to 129 found by analysis of the protein, it is evident that the subunits of avidin are identical. The sequences of the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide peptides have been determined. The carbohydrate is attached to Residue 17 of the protein in the sequence Asn(carbohydrate)-Met-Thr. This is another example of the general sequences Asn(carbohydrate)-X-Thr or Asn(carbohydrate)-X-Ser found for most glycoproteins in which the carbohydrate is attached to the protein through the side chain of an asparaginyl residue.
Fast SiGe HBT BiCMOS FPGAs with New Architecture and Power Saving Techniques

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have always been used for applications like signal processing, rapid prototyping etc. With the advent of SiGe HBT devices, FPGAs have found new applications in high-speed digital-system design. Since SiGe HBTs can be used along with CMOS, it has made SiGe devices very popular. This paper elaborates new ideas in designing high-speed SiGe BiCMOS FPGAs. The architecture is based on Xilinx 6200. The paper explains new methods to cut down the number of trees in the circuit. Selective tree shutdown has been used to reduce power consumption. A new decoding logic has been developed where the address and data lines are shared. These ideas have improved the performance of SiGe FPGAs. The operating frequencies of the new Configuration Logic Block (CLB) is in the range of 1-20 GHz.
Production and Productivity in Post-Second World War Bulgarian Agriculture - Major Trends and Factors of Changes

This study is a first attempt to clarify major trends and factors of changes in production and productivity in Post-Second World War Bulgarian agriculture. It incorporates an interdisciplinary approach and specifies crucial institutional, economic, organizational, technological etc. factors affecting development of agricultural production and productivity. Firstly, evolution of agricultural production and productivity is analyzed, and effect of labor, land and livestock productivity on different productions assessed. Secondly, evolution and impact of main technological factors (application of chemicals, mechanization, irrigation, introduction of new varieties etc.) are examined. Third, stages in property rights development and restructuring of farms are presented, and their effects on production and productivity evaluated. Forth, paces in modernization of public policy, its key elements (central planning, price and trade regulations, support programs etc.) and implications on agriculture are identified. Fifth, evolution and role of the demands for farm products is assessed. Next, changes in labor quantity and composition, and their impact on agricultural production and productivity are scrutinized. Finally, effects of climate changes and weather extremes on agriculture are underlined.
Mechanisms of the Antitumor Responses and Host-versus-Graft Reactions Induced by Recipient Leukocyte Infusions in Mixed Chimeras Prepared with Nonmyeloablative Conditioning: A Critical Role for Recipient CD4+ T Cells and Recipient Leukocyte Infusion-Derived IFN-γ-Producing CD8+ T Cells

Surprisingly, antitumor responses can occur in patients who reject donor grafts following nonmyeloablative hemopoietic cell transplantation. In murine mixed chimeras prepared with nonmyeloablative conditioning, we previously showed that recipient leukocyte infusions (RLI) induced loss of donor chimerism, IFN-γ production, and antitumor responses against host-type tumors. However, the mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain to be determined. We now demonstrate that the effects of RLI are mediated by distinct and complex mechanisms. Donor marrow rejection is induced by RLI-derived alloactivated T cells, which activate non-RLI-derived, recipient IFN-γ-producing cells. RLI-derived CD8 T cells induce the production of IFN-γ by both RLI and non-RLI-derived recipient cells. The antitumor responses of RLI involve mainly RLI-derived IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cells and recipient-derived CD4 T cells and do not involve donor T cells. The pathways of donor marrow and tumor rejection lead to the development of tumor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxic responses that are not due to bystander killing by alloreactive T cells.
Chemotherapy triggers HIF-1–dependent glutathione synthesis and copper chelation that induces the breast cancer stem cell phenotype

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10–15% of all breast cancer but is responsible for a disproportionate share of morbidity and mortality because of its aggressive characteristics and lack of targeted therapies. Chemotherapy induces enrichment of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapy induces the expression of the cystine transporter xCT and the regulatory subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1–dependent manner, leading to increased intracellular glutathione levels, which inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) activity through copper chelation. Loss of MEK-ERK signaling causes FoxO3 nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the gene encoding the pluripotency factor Nanog, which is required for enrichment of BCSCs. Inhibition of xCT, GCLM, FoxO3, or Nanog blocks chemotherapy-induced enrichment of BCSCs and impairs tumor initiation. These results suggest that, in combination with chemotherapy, targeting BCSCs by inhibiting HIF-1–regulated glutathione synthesis may improve outcome in TNBC.
Diversity and the Imagined Community: Immigrant Diversity and Conceptions of National Identity

As immigrant diversity increases across most developed democracies, there is an increasing concern that perceived threats to mainstream interests (both cultural and economic) will produce an ethnocentric response. This study approaches the question using survey measures that explicitly tap respondents' normative conception of membership in the national community. Based on cross-sectional and over-time analysis of the ISSP's “National Identity Module,” it shows that more immigrant-exclusive definitions of the national ingroup are linked to both contextual and individual measures of cultural threat. Perceived economic threat at the individual level is also powerfully linked to this outcome, but contextual measures of economic prosperity are not. This finding lends weight to the argument that increasing levels of immigrant diversity are a threat to an inclusive sense of national identity that includes both natives and immigrants.
OCCUPATIONAL EARNINGS BEHAVIOR AND THE INEQUALITY OF EARNINGS BY SEX AND RACE IN THE UNITED STATES

This paper examines differences in earnings by occupations, and within occupations by sex and by race, on the basis of the 1/100 Public Use Samples of the 1960 and 1970 U.S. Population Censuses. It employs interval analysis to establish 32 categories of occupations with similar characteristics. Little relation was found between mean earnings of occupational groups and the degree of earnings inequality within them. When the figures are examined by sex, it was found that men, on average, earned over twice as much as women in both years, but women's earnings were more unequally distributed (as measured by the Gini coefficient). Women are concentrated in the traditional “female” occupations, which tend to be those at the bottom of the earnings scale, and men have a monopoly of the higher paid occupations. But mean earnings for men exceeded those for women in all occupational groups except one, even in the primarily female occupations. Standardizing first for occupational distribution and then for earnings by occupation, it was found that earnings differences between males and females within occupation had a greater impact on the overall male-female earnings ratio than did differences in occupational distribution by sex. In contrast, when the figures are examined by race, the change in occupational distribution (primarily the movement of blacks out of farming and of blacks and Spanish speakers out of personal services) was the major factor. There was also a considerable degree of earnings inequality within demographic groups. The degree of inequality was in the main reduced when the demographic groups were subdivided into occupations, but it was still substantial. Additional factors like time worked, schooling, and experience must be taken into consideration in understanding this phenomenon.
REGULATION OF GnRH RELEASE FROM GnRH NEURONAL CELL LINES

We previously developed the highly differentiated GT1 GnRH cell lines by genetically targeted tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. These cells express the GnRH gene and process the precursor peptide to GnRH. Cultures of GT1 cells form an interconnecting aborization of neuritic processes. GnRH release from these cultures is pulsatile with a pulse frequency identical to tliat seen in castrated mice. This finding demonstrates that the ability to generate and synchronize GnRH pulses is an intrinsic property of the cells. Numerous transmitters directly regulate GnRH release via receptors expressed on GT1 cells. Stimulatory regulators include norepinephrine, dopamine, and endothelin while vasopressin and prolactin suppress GnRH release. These findings support the concept that the regulation of GnRH release is highly pleiotropic. This work is supported by NIH Grant HD 08924.
Contribution of Mac-1 and LFA-1 to Neonatal PMN Adhesion and Migration under Shear Stress • 1400

Contribution of Mac-1 and LFA-1 to Neonatal PMN Adhesion and Migration under Shear Stress • 1400
Circular planar graphs and resistor networks

Abstract We consider circular planar graphs and circular planar resistor networks. Associated with each circular planar graph Γ there is a set π ( Γ ) = {( P ; Q )} of pairs of sequences of boundary nodes which are connected through Γ. A graph Γ is called critical if removing any edge breaks at least one of the connections ( P ; Q ) in π ( Γ ). We prove that two critical circular planar graphs are Y − Δ equivalent if and only if they have the same connections. If a conductivity γ is assigned to each edge in Γ, there is a linear from boundary voltages to boundary currents, called the network response. This linear map is represented by a matrix Λ γ . We show that if (Γ,γ) is any circular planar resistor network whose underlying graph Γ is critical, then the values of all the conductors in Γ may be calculated from Λ γ . Finally, we give an algebraic description of the set of network response matrices that can occur for circular planar resistor networks.
Dominance alone is not enough.

It has often been noted that the correlation between dizygotic (DZ) twins is smaller than predicted from the monozygotic (MZ) correlation under a simple additive genetic model. Possible genetic explanations of this finding are considered. It is shown that duplicate gene interactions between pairs of moderately frequent alleles at polygenic loci are sufficient to produce surprisingly small (approximately 0.12) genetic correlations between siblings.
The Nucleation Kinetics of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in NaCl Solutions up to 6 m and 90°C

Abstract Induction periods for the nucleation of calcium sulfate dihydrate were experimentally determined as a function of supersaturation in NaCl solutions from 0 to 6 m at 25°C and in 3.0 m NaCl solutions at temperatures from 25 to 90°C. Using classic nucleation theory, the interfacial tension between gypsum and 3.0-m NaCl solution was estimated to be about 39 mJ/m2 at 25°C and increases with increasing temperature (to 63 mJ/m2 at 90°C). It was observed that the induction period decreases with increasing NaCl concentrations up to 3 m and then starts to increase slightly at a given temperature and saturation state. The electrolyte effect on nucleation was proportional to the enhanced solubility of calcium sulfate dihydrate in NaCl solutions. This phenomenon may result from decreased crystal-solution interfacial tensions caused by increased gypsum solubility in electrolyte solutions. Although anhydrite is the thermodynamically stable phase at elevated temperatures and in concentrated solutions, only gypsum was nucleated.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL SUSPENSION, I Exchangeable Base and Viscosity Measurements on Some Vallendar Clays

The results of viscosity measurements upon untreated and electrodialyzed Vallendar clay slips, using borax as an electrolyte in varying concentrations, are set forth and discussed. Several Vallendar clays have been analyzed for exchangeable base content and the results are given.
Culture cushion: inherently positive inter‐cultural tourist experiences

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a new measure called the “culture cushion” to account for the inherent positivity surrounding the inter‐cultural tourist experience.Design/methodology/approach – The first study involved the identification of items for the culture cushion construct and included a semi‐structured questionnaire and a panel discussion. The second study assessed unidimensionality and the convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the culture cushion dimensions. Respondents were asked to answer questions about a specific international consumption experience and responded to scale items measuring the culture cushion construct.Findings – A two‐dimensional measure of culture cushion was found to predict satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Judgments were more positive when the encounter was novel relative to previous experiences.Research limitations/implications – Additional studies involving travel locations other than those used in this study should be con...
Forage Legume Effects on Soil Nitrogen and Grain Yield, and Nitrogen Nutrition of Wheat

On a evalue le rendement, la teneur en azote des racines et des parties aeriennes de cinq legumineuses fourrageres; le statut de l'azote sous forme NO 3 c dans le sol au printemps suivant la recolte des legumineuses; les effets de legumineuses fourrageres sur le rendement en grain et la nutrition azotee d'une culture de ble ulterieure