cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalisation under oligopolistic competition: policy implications from 'strategic trade' model

The paper modifies the model of 'strategic trade' formulated by Krugman. When the two advanced economies compete for market shares, being equally developed technologically each economy establishes an oligopoly and there is no net transfer of rents. When a less technologically developed 'emerging economy' is added, a one-way transfer of rents from the 'emerging economy' to the two advanced economies may be the outcome. If ownership control in the emerging economy is missing, a loss of market shares to the advanced economies may be accompanied by takeovers of their domestic companies. The paper argues that the most effective way for 'emerging economies' to benefit from the dominated by oligopoly world trade is for them to establish their own oligopolies. Among 'transition economies', with an active state China chose such a strategy and already has created numerous oligopolies with a global presence. Eastern Europe adopted hands-off approach with a passive state. The region did not build an effective pool of national oligopolies to ensure a positive or at least a zero balance of rents. This approach does not preclude fast growth, the case in point being Poland (and Slovenia).
Iron–Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis in Archaea and Bacteria

Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are key cofactors required for the activity of essential metalloproteins. Biogenesis of Fe–S clusters is carried out by multiple proteins that work together to mobilize iron and sulfide, assemble nascent clusters, and traffic them to target metalloproteins. While the Isc, Nif, and Suf pathways are the most well-studied Fe–S cluster biogenesis systems, it is clear that a variety of accessory proteins and metabolites cooperate with these systems for cluster assembly. Here, we review the current status of Fe–S cluster biogenesis research in Bacteria and Archaea. Keywords: Fe–S cluster; Isc; Nif; Suf; ATC; Nfu; Grx; sulfur; iron
Autonomous robotic positioning umbilical system

The work presented in this paper describes the development of an autonomous umbilical positioning system. A NASA unmanned mission will place a propellant manufacturing and nuclear facility on the surface of Mars. In the subsequent mission, a space vehicle will land within 1 km of this facility for safety reasons. A wheeled mobile robot will be used to make the umbilical connection to the nuclear facility. The mate-in umbilical plate is mounted on a Cartesian manipulator, which is installed on the mobile robot base. The mobile robot is controlled in a teleoperated mode. The operator will use vision feedback to guide the mobile base to get close to the mate-to plate. When in the local positioning zone, the control is switched to autonomous mode. The information received from ultrasonic sensors is used to identify the position of the mate-to plate and mate the umbilical plates. A successful experimentation verifies the approach.
Pulsatile Somatostatin Release from the Median Eminence of the Unanesthetized Rat and Its Relationship to Plasnia Growth Hormone Levels

The technique of push-pull perfusion was combined with a sensitive somatostatin RIA to determine in vivo immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) release from the median eminence (ME) of the freely behaving rat. IRS release was compared to plasma GH levels. Concentrations of IRS in ME perfusates indicated pulsatile release, with an interpeak interval of about an hour. In rats with normal plasma GH pulses and normal plasma PRL levels, IRS secretion ranged from 10–100 pg/15 min. In rats with suppressed GH secretion and high plasma PRL levels, IRS secretion was greater, ranging between 50–500 pg/15 min. A rise in the level of IRS in the ME perfusate often coincided with an increase in GH levels in plasma, suggesting that somatostatin may act by a short-loop negative feedback mechanism to regulate GH release. Gel chromatography of IRS from the perfusate suggested that somatostatin is released in more than one molecular weight form.
Toxicologic effects of ribavirin in cats

Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent active in vitro against a number of RNA and DNA viruses, has been associated with moderate toxicity in laboratory animals and humans. Clinically, ribavirin has been used effectively in persons primarily to treat life-threatening viral diseases such as acute haemorrhagic fever or viral pneumonia of infants. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using this antiviral agent in cats, the effects of oral (p.o.), intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) doses of ribavirin in 27 9-month-old specific-pathogen-free cats were evaluated by haematology, clinical chemistries, bone marrow biopsies and histopathology. Ribavirin was administered once daily for 10 consecutive days at a dose of either 11, 22, or 44 mg/kg after which all cats were euthanatized and necropsied. Most cats receiving 22 or 44 mg of ribavirin/kg became anorectic and suffered some degree of weight loss (0.2 to 0.6 kg), and about one-third of the cats developed diarrhoea and/or mucous membrane pallor. Icterus or haemorrhage was not observed. The most profound and consistent haematologic change, particularly among the moderate and high dosage groups regardless of route of administration, was a significant and severe thrombocytopenia (range, 33-78% reduction in mean platelet counts vs. baseline). Other changes, particularly reductions in total WBC and neutrophils and reductions in RBC and PCV, tended to occur at lower ribavirin dosages, but generally they were not statistically significant. Cats given 44 mg of ribavirin/kg i.v. showed significant decreases in leukocyte variables, including total WBC (P = 0.016), neutrophils (P = 0.026) and lymphocytes (P = 0.047). Mild-to-moderate increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities occurred at doses of 22 and 44 mg/kg. Evaluation of bone marrow biopsies before and after treatment revealed that cats given 11 mg of ribavirin/kg had mild megakaryocytic (MK) hypoplasia, whereas cats receiving 22 or 44 mg/kg had progressively severe degrees of MK hypoplasia and dysplasia, asynchronous MK maturation, and increased myeloid:erythroid ratio. Pathologic changes in ribavirin-treated cats generally were mild and included primarily enteritis (seven cats) and hepatocellular vacuolation and/or centrilobular necrosis (seven cats). Results of this study in cats indicated that daily administration of ribavirin at a dose range of 11 to 44 mg/kg induced a dose-related toxic effect on bone marrow, primarily on megakaryocytes and erythroid precursors, and at the higher dosages is suppressed numbers of circulating leukocytes.
Presenilin-1 mutation sensitizes oligodendrocytes to glutamate and amyloid toxicities, and exacerbates white matter damage and memory impairment in mice.

Damage to white matter occurs in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but it is not known if and how oligodendrocytes are affected in AD, nor whether white matter alterations contribute to the cognitive dysfunction in this disease. Mutations in the gene encoding presenilin-1 (PS1) cause some cases of early-onset inherited AD. These mutations may promote neuronal degeneration by increasing the production of neurotoxic forms of amyloid β-peptide and by perturbing cellular calcium homeostasis. Damage to oligodendrocytes induced by a demyelinating agent is enhanced, and spatial learning is impaired in PS1 mutant knockin mice. Oligodendrocytes from PS1 mutant knockin mice are more vulnerable to being killed by glutamate and amyloid β-peptide, and exhibit an abnormality in calcium regulation which is responsible for their death. These findings demonstrate an adverse effect of a disease-causing PS1 mutation in oligodendrocytes, and suggest a mechanism responsible for white matter damage in AD and a contribution of such damage to cognitive impairment.
Were You There? Bridging the Gap to Unveil Users' Online Sessions in Networked, Distributed Systems

The comprehension of users' behavior is paramount for evaluating improvements to networked, distributed systems. To this end, several strategies have been proposed to obtain traces, based on the capture of usage information, which can then serve for evaluation purposes. One main strategy consists of taking snapshots of online users, using instrumented clients. In spite of its popularity, related proposals have fallen short in ensuring accuracy of obtained data. For a variety of reasons, users may fail to appear in some snapshots, although online. In this paper, we propose a methodology to correct ill-collected snapshots and build more accurate traces from them. In summary, we estimate the probability that a given snapshot is missing some users. The snapshot is corrected if the probability exceeds a given threshold. We use ground-truth data to assess the effectiveness of our methodology. The impact of our proposal is evidenced by means of an analysis of traces from a BitTorrent swarm.
Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity

A partir d'une analyse des aspects philosophiques et ideologiques de la mecanique quantique et de la relativite generale, l'A. etudie le developpement scientifique que constitue l'emergence des nouvelles theories de la gravite quantique et en mesure les consequences culturelles et politiques
Thermal stability and muscle efficiency in hovering orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini).

SUMMARY To test whether variation in muscle efficiency contributes to thermal stability during flight in the orchid bee, Euglossa imperialis , we measured CO 2 production, heat loss and flight kinematics at different air temperatures ( T a ). We also examined the relationship between wingbeat frequency ( WBF ) and T a in five additional species of orchid bees. Mean thoracic temperature ( T th ) for Eg. imperialis hovering in a screened insectary and in the field was 39.3±0.77°C (mean ± 95% C.I.), and the slope of T th on T a was 0.57. Head and abdominal temperature excess ratios declined with T a , indicating that Eg. imperialis were not increasing heat dissipation from the thorax at high T a . Elevation of T th above T a was correlated with WBF , but T th alone was not. Estimates of heat production from both respirometry and heat loss experiments decreased 33% as T a rose from 24 to 34°C. Mean muscle efficiency over this temperature range was 18% assuming perfect elastic energy storage and 22% assuming zero elastic energy storage. Both efficiency estimates increased significantly as T a rose from 24 to 34°C. In all six species examined, WBF declined significantly with T a . These data indicate that hovering orchid bees regulate heat production through changes in wingbeat kinematics and consequent changes in energy conversion by the flight motor. Temperature-dependent variation in elastic energy storage or muscle contraction efficiency or both may contribute to the observed trends.
Is cortisol involved in upper-body obesity?

Abstract Obesity is a major health problem that can be defined as an excess of body fat, associated with hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Several groups have evaluated the clinical significance of variations in fat cell distribution on these complications. A frequently used index of fat cell distribution is the waist to hips ratio ( W H ). A high W H ratio is said to reflect upper body fat cell distribution while a low waist to hips ratio reflects a lower body type fat cell distribution. Studies have shown that those whose W H ratio indicate upper body fat cell distribution had a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension than those with the lower type. Over the years cortisol has attracted considerable interest as a possible factor in the development and maintenance of obesity. The clinical findings associated with upper body type of obesity are in many ways similar to those of the hypercortisol state. Our hypothesis is that upper body obesity forms a unique subgroups of the obese population and their regional fat distribution is associated with mild cortisol excess. In humans, studies have reported that some obese subjects hypersecrete cortisol and have an increase in the cortisol production rate. Although recent studies would tend to discount any influence of cortisol in human obesity, several factors should be taken into consideration. It is difficult to measure cortisol economy in obese subjects because among other things the measurements are less than precise; and cortisol secretion changes during the day and in response to outside stimuli. Further, obesity is a heterogeneous disorder and not all obese subjects may have the same disorder. Studies showing no difference in cortisol economy have frequently excluded diabetic and hypertensive subjects, most of which exhibit the upper body type of fat cell distribution. By exclusion of these subjects previous studies may have missed a most interesting subgroup and selected toward a study population which does not have upper body obesity. As yet there are no studies which compare the cortisol economy of obese patients who have upper body obesity to those who have lower body obesity. This study should be done not only over a 24 hr. period, but in response to specific stimuli (like meals) since a hormonal abnormality may not necessarily be present at all times.
Application of synchrotron methods to assess the uptake of roadway-derived Zn by earthworms in an urban soil

The impact of human activities on biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial environments is nowhere more apparent than in urban landscapes. Trace metals, collected on roadways and transported by storm water, may contaminate soils and sediments associated with storm water management systems. These systems will accumulate metals and associated sediments may reach toxic levels for terrestrial and aquatic organisms using the retention basins as habitat. The fate and bioavailability of these metals once deposited is poorly understood. Here we present results from a dose-response experiment that examines the application of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence methods ({mu}-SXRF) to test the hypothesis that earthworms will bio-accumulate Zn in a roadway-dust contaminated soil system providing a potential pathway for roadway contaminants into the terrestrial food web, and that the storage and distribution of Zn will change with the level of exposure reflecting the micronutrient status of Zn. Lumbricus friendi was exposed to Zn-bearing roadway dust amended to a field soil at six target concentrations ranging from background levels (45 mg/kg Zn) to highly contaminated levels (460 mg/kg Zn) designed to replicate the observed concentration range in storm-water retention basin soils. After a 30 day exposure, Zn storage in the intestine is positively correlated with dose andmore » there is a change in the pattern of Zn storage within the intestine. This relationship is only clear when {mu}-SXRF Zn map data is coupled with a traditional toxicological approach, and suggests that the gut concentration in L. friendi is a better indicator of Zn bioaccumulation and storage than the total body burden.« less
Stellar winds and magnetic fields in the helium peculiar stars

This note discusses the consequences of the interaction of radiatively driven mass loss with magnetic fields in upper-main-sequence helium-peculiar stars. The field constrains mass loss to occur in narrow cones above the magnetic poles. These jets can explain the observed behavior of UV resonance lines in the helium-peculiar stars, especially the sn and helium-rich stars. Suppression of mass outflow at the magnetic equator produces a region in which radiatively driven diffusive mass transport can levitate helium in the hottest stars, producing helium enrichment of the atmosphere. In the cooler stars, the surface becomes progressively more helium poor.
Identification of Novel Electrophilic Metabolites of Piper methysticum Forst. (Kava)

Dietary supplements containing Piper methysticum Forst. (kava) have been implicated in multiple cases of liver injury in humans, including 10 recently reviewed cases in which patients required liver transplantation following the usage of kava-containing products (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reprinted. (2003) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289, 36-37). To investigate a possible mechanism(s) of kava-induced hepatotoxicity, an extract of kava was incubated in vitro with hepatic microsomes, NADPH, and GSH. Electrophilic intermediates that were generated via metabolic activation were trapped as GSH conjugates and removed from the protein mixture using ultrafiltration. Positive ion electrospray LC-MS/MS with precursor ion scanning was used for the selective detection of GSH conjugates, and LC-MS(n) product ion scanning was used to elucidate their structures. Using this in vitro MS-based screening assay, two novel electrophilic metabolites of kava, 11,12-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrokavain-o-quinone and 11,12-dihydroxykavain-o-quinone, were identified. Mercapturic acids of these quinoid species were not detected in the urine of a human volunteer following ingestion of a dietary supplement that contained kava; instead, the corresponding catechols were metabolized extensively to glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates. These observations indicate that quinoid metabolites, under most circumstances, are probably not formed in substantial quantities following the ingestion of moderate doses of kava. However, the formation of electrophilic quinoid metabolites by hepatic microsomes in vitro suggests that such metabolites might contribute to hepatotoxicity in humans when metabolic pathways are altered (e.g., because of a drug interaction, genetic difference in enzyme expression, etc.) or if conjugation pathways become saturated.
ParBreZo: A parallel, unstructured grid, Godunov-type, shallow-water code for high-resolution flood inundation modeling at the regional scale

Abstract Topographic data are increasingly available at high resolutions ( 2 –10 4 km 2 ). A systematic approach to unstructured grid partitioning (domain decomposition) is presented, and the Single Process Multiple Data (SPMD) paradigm of distributed-memory parallelism is implemented so the code can be executed on computer clusters with distributed memory, shared memory, or some combination of the two (now common with multi-core architectures). In a fully-wetted, load-balanced test problem, the code scales very well with a parallel efficiency of close to 100% on up to 512 processes (maximum tested). A weighted grid partitioning is used to partially address the load balancing challenge posed by partially wetted domains germane to flooding applications, where the flood extent varies over time, while the partitioning remains static. An urban dam-break flood test problem shows that weighted partitions achieve a parallel efficiency exceeding 70% using up to 48 processes. This corresponds to a 97% reduction in execution time so results are obtained in a matter of minutes, which is attractive for routine engineering analyses. A hurricane storm surge test problem shows that a 10 m resolution, 12 h inundation forecast for a 40 km length of coastline can be completed in under 2 h using 512 processors. Hence, if coupled to a hurricane forecast system capable of resolving storm surge, inundation forecasts could be made at 10 m resolution with at least a 10 h lead time.
Processing of identity and conditional relations in monkeys ( Cebus apella ) and pigeons ( Columba livid )

As a test of differential processing of identity and conditional relations, subjects were first highly trained on 0-sec delay identity matching (IM) and conditional (“symbolic”) matching (CM), with the same pair of stimuli serving as samples in both tasks. CM probe trials were then randomly interspersed among baseline IM trials and vice versa. The differences in response latencies obtained on the probe and baseline trials provided the critical data. It was argued that differential processing of identity and conditional relations should result in a larger difference in response latency when CM probes were interspersed among IM baseline trials than when the reverse assignment was made. This pattern was found in cebus monkeys but not in pigeons. The results provide further evidence for the matching concept in monkeys, and they support the view that the matching concept is at best only weakly represented in pigeons.
Kinetics of OH reactions with N2H4, CH3NHNH2 and (CH3)2NNH2 in the gas phase

The gas phase reaction kinetics of OH with three di-amine rocket fuels—N2H4, CH3NHNH2, and (CH3)2NNH2—was studied in a discharge flow tube apparatus and a pulsed photolysis reactor under pseudo-first-order conditions in [OH]. Direct laser-induced fluorescence monitoring of the [OH] temporal profiles in a known excess of the [diamine] yielded the following absolute second-order OH rate coefficient expressions; k1 = (2.17 ± 0.39) × 10−11e(160±30)/T, k2 = (4.59 ± 0.83) × 10−11e(85±35)/T and k3 = (3.35 ± 0.60) × 10−11e(175±25)/T cm3 molec−1 s−1, respectively, for reactions with N2H4, CH3NHNH2 and (CH3)2NNH2 in the temperature range 232–637 K. All three reactions did not show any discernable pressure dependence on He or N2 buffer gas pressure of up to 530 torr. The magnitude of the weak temperature and the lack of pressure effects of the OH + N2H4 reaction rate coefficient suggest that a simple direct metathesis of H-atom may not be important compared to addition of the OH to one of the N-centers of the diamine skeleton, followed by rapid dissociation of the intermediate into products. Our findings on this reaction are qualitatively consistent with a previous ab initio study [3]. However, in the alkylated diamines, direct H-abstraction from the methyl moiety cannot be completely ruled out. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 354–362, 2001
Synthesis and study of (Hg,Cr)-based 1201-type superconducting cuprate (Hg,Cr)Sr2CuO4+δ

Abstract We have successfully synthesized 1201-type (Hg,Cr)Sr 2 CuO 4+δ with very good quality. Resistivity measurements show that the as-synthesized samples are slightly O under-doped and have T c onset 's up to 67 K, the highest ever seen with the Ba-free Hg-based 1201-type compounds. The structure of (Hg,Cr)Sr 2 CuO 4+δ is tetragonal with a space group of P4/mmm and lattice constants of a =3.84120(8) A and c =8.7009(2) A. Refinements of the structure are carried out based on three models, A, B, and C, in which O atoms are introduced into the (Hg,Cr) layer at the positions (1/2,=1/2, 0), (1/2, 0, 0), and both (1/2,1/2, 0) and (1/2, 0, 0) respectively. The Cr occupancy factor is in the same order in all the three models with a very slight variation from 0.41(1) to 0.45(1) atoms per unit cell. The total amount of oxygen atoms located in the (Hg,Cr) layer is found to be 0.46(3), 0.70(4), and 0.88(4), respectively.
On the associated flow rule of plasticity based on crystal slips

Abstract Associated flow rule has been commonly assumed in the limit analysis of metal structures. In this paper, aggregates of differently orientated metal crystals with finite elastic constants are considered. The coincidence of the plastic potential with yield surface of these polycrystalline aggregates is theoretically derived from the slip characteristics of single crystals. The deviation of the plastic potential from the yield surface of the aggregate increases with the elastic anisotropy of the individual crystals.
X-ray fluorescence analysis of multiple-layer films

Abstract Theoretical equations for fluorescent count rates from bulks, single-layer films, and multiple-layer film specimens, based on fundamental parameter models, are developed. Absorption and secondary enhancement within each layer, between layers, and between layers and substrate are considered. A computer program is used to predict count rates as well as for simultaneous back-calculation of concentrations and thicknesses. Standards can be bulks, single films, or multiple films in any combination; pure-element standards as well as those containing additional elements are suitable. Evaluation of experimental data from two- and three-layer films (by using bulk pure-element standards) by the proposed method shows agreement with
NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ANTEPARTUM MAGNESIUM ON NMDA RECEPTOR OF FETAL GUINEA PIG BRAIN DURING HYPOXIA. |[utrif]| 453

Previously we have shown that hypoxia modifies the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-ion channel in the fetal guinea pig brain. The present study tests the hypothesis that clinical doses of magnesium (Mg) administered to pregnant guinea pigs will prevent the hypoxia-induced modification of NMDA receptor in the fetal brain. 3H-MK-801 binding was used as an index of NMDA receptor modification. Pregnant term guinea pigs were grouped as follows: group (Gr) I, Mg-controls; Gr II, Mg-hypoxia; Gr III, saline-hypoxia. Intraperitoneal Mg was given as a 300mg/kg loading dose followed by 100mg/kg per hour for four hours. Maternal serum Mg levels ranged from 7.2 to 7.9mg/dL for the Mg-infused groups and 3.4 to 3.9mg/dL for the saline-infused group. Hypoxia was induced by decreasing maternal FiO2 to 7% for one hour. Fetal brain tissue hypoxia was confirmed biochemically by ATP and phosphocreatine. P2 membranes were prepared from 7 fetuses of Gr I, 8 of Gr II, and 10 of Gr III. 3H-MK-801 binding was performed in a medium containing 100μM glutamate, 100μM glycine, 10mM HEPES, 75μg membrane protein, and 0.5 to 50nM 3H-MK-801. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 10μM unlabeled MK-801. Kd (dissociation constant) and Bmax (number of receptors) were determined from Scatchard plots using linear regression with R2 values ranging from 0.74 to 0.84. Results are as follows (mean±sd): for groups I, II, and III, Bmax was 0.77±0.17, 0.79±0.16, and 0.78±0.08pmol/mg protein respectively; for same groups, Kd was 4.4±0.1, 4.5±0.1, and 3.2±0.1nM respectively. While there was no statistical difference in Bmax among the three groups, a significant decrease in Kd (p < 0.001) was observed when comparing the saline-treated hypoxic group to the other two groups. No difference in Kd was observed between the Mg-treated normoxic and the Mg-treated hypoxic groups suggesting a protective effect of Mg at clinical doses on the NMDA receptor during hypoxia. We speculate that blockade of NMDA receptor-ion channel by Mg will prevent the ion channel mediated influx of Ca++, thus preventing activation of phospholipase A2 and nitric oxide synthase resulting in free radical generation, a mechanism of neuronal injury. Funded by NIH-HD-20337, MOD#6-FY94-0135, UCPR 506-93.
Numerical Investigation of Melting With Internal Heat Generation in a Vertical Cylindrical Geometry

There have been significant efforts by the heat transfer community to investigate the melting phenomenon of materials. These efforts have included the analytical development of equations to represent melting, the numerical development of computer codes to assist in the modeling, and the collection of experimental data. The understanding of the melting phenomenon has application in several areas of interest, for example, the melting of a phase change material used as a thermal storage medium as well as the melting of the fuel bundle in a nuclear power plant during an accident scenario. The objective of this paper is to present a numerical investigation, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), of melting with internal heat generation for a vertical cylindrical geometry. As a precursor to the development of this numerical model, two classical configurations were also modeled. The first configuration consists of pure convection (no phase change) of a liquid with an external heat source and the second is melting with an externally applied heat source. For both of these two configurations, the numerical results were compared with experimental data from previous work.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Reactions of soil nematodes to coal-tar dyes.

TESTS with dilute aqueous solutions of coal-tar dyes on soil nematodes reveal that reactions to 19 basic dyes of varied chemistry are of three classes.
International Studies Become Pilgrimages: Geography in a Multidiscipline Overseas Program

Abstract One of the goals of international education is to help students learn about different regions of the world. Such education is inherently multidisciplinary, including geographical and historical perspectives to put the places and regions in spatial, ecological, and temporal context. A wide variety of systematic disciplines also can be involved in such study. Recognizing this reality, Augustana College initiated in 1974 an overseas fall term program in East Asia and has continued the program on a triennial rotation with similar programs in Europe and Latin America. Teaching courses that normally would be offered on campus, the faculty adapt the classes to the countries and particular places being visited through use of guest lecturers, field experiences, special events, and the neighborhoods in which the accommodations are located. When each program is completed, students have a good multidisciplinary understanding of the region and of the importance of a geographic perspective for such understandi...
Stability of the silicon-ruthenium bond in the presence of a strong nucleophile. Phase sensitive 1H NMR COSY and crystal structure of Ru(CO)2(NH2CH2C6H5)2(Si(C6H5)(CH3)2)I

The ruthenium(II) complex Ru(CO)2(NH2(NH2CH2C6H5)2(Si(C6H5)(CH3)2)I has been prepared by the reaction of Ru(CO)4(Si(C6H5)(CH3)2)I with benzylamine. Two-dimensional homonuclear 1H NMR experiments examine the scalar coupling of the enantiotopic amino and methylene protons of the benzylamine ligand. X-ray analysis of Ru(CO)2(NH2CH2C6H5)2(Si(C6H5)(CH3)2)I·1/3C5H12 (triclinic; P1; a = 14.266(4), b = 15.748(5), c = 20.082(6) A; α = 94.38(3), β = 96.30(2), γ = 101.52(2)°) indicates three crystallographically unique complexes form a clathrate with a pentane guest.
Genetic algorithm approach for adaptive power and subcarrier allocation in multi-user OFDM systems

In this paper, a novel genetic algorithm application is proposed for adaptive power and subcarrier allocation in multi-user Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. To test the application, a simple genetic algorithm was implemented in MATLAB language. With the goal of minimizing the overall transmit power while ensuring the fulfillment of each user's rate and bit error rate (BER) requirements, the proposed algorithm acquires the needed allocation through genetic search. The simulations were tested for BER 0.1 to 0.00001, data rate of 256 bit per OFDM block and chromosome length of 128. The results show that genetic algorithm outperforms the results in [3] in subcarrier allocation. The convergence of GA model with 8 users and 128 subcarriers performs better in power requirement compared to that in [4] but converges more slowly.
Diffusion of Flexible Random-Coil Dextran Polymers Measured in Anisotropic Brain Extracellular Space by Integrative Optical Imaging ☆

There are a limited number of methods available to quantify the extracellular diffusion of macromolecules in an anisotropic brain region, e.g., an area containing numerous aligned fibers where diffusion is faster along the fibers than across. We applied the integrative optical imaging method to measure diffusion of the fluorophore Alexa Fluor 488 (molecular weight (MW) 547) and fluorophore-labeled flexible random-coil dextran polymers (dex3, MW 3000; dex75, MW 75,000; dex282, MW 282,000; dex525, MW 525,000) in the extracellular space (ECS) of the anisotropic molecular layer of the isolated turtle cerebellum. For all molecules, two-dimensional images acquired an elliptical shape with major and minor axes oriented along and across, respectively, the unmyelinated parallel fibers. The effective diffusion coefficients, D*(major) and D*(minor), decreased with molecular size. The diffusion anisotropy ratio (DAR = D*(major)/D*(minor)) increased for Alexa Fluor 488 through dex75 but then unexpectedly reached a plateau. We argue that dex282 and dex525 approach the ECS width and deform to diffuse. In support of this concept, scaling theory shows the diffusion behavior of dex282 and dex525 to be consistent with transition to a reptation regime, and estimates the average ECS width at approximately 31 nm. These findings have implications for the interstitial transport of molecules and drugs, and for modeling neurotransmitter diffusion during ectopic release and spillover.
Hydrolyzed Lactose Syrup from Concentrated Sweet Whey Permeates

Abstract Ultrafiltration of reconstituted demineralized sweet whey at 52°C resulted in a clear permeate containing 30.0% lactose, 1.06% total protein, .02% fat, .30% ash, and .10% lactic acid. The lactose hydrolysis rates were examined in 15% lactose whey permeates with yeast or fungal β galactosidases at their optimum and low temperatures. Permeates containing 30, 22.5, 15, and 7.5% lactose were hydrolyzed with .22 to .66% yeast β-galactosidase, based on lactose content, at 40°C and pH 6.5 for 5h. Maximum hydrolysis, about 87 to 100%, occurred in the substrate containing 15% lactose. An almost colorless, highly sweet syrup was produced by the hydrolyzed permeate containing 15% monosugars subjected to .2% activated carbon and subsequent concentration at 40 to 45°C under vacuum. During 5-h hydrolysis at 40°C, the standard plate count increased from 5.0×10 1 /ml to 1.8×10 3 /ml. However, during 1, 2, and 3 days of hydrolysis at 5°C, it increased from 4.0×10 3 /ml to 4.1×10 1 /ml, 4.8×10 1 /ml, and 1.4×10 2 /ml, respectively.
Localization of short-range acoustic and seismic wideband sources: Algorithms and experiments

Abstract We consider the determination of the location (source localization) of a disturbance source which emits acoustic and/or seismic signals. We devise an enhanced approximate maximum-likelihood (AML) algorithm to process data collected at acoustic sensors (microphones) belonging to an array of, non-collocated but otherwise identical, sensors. The approximate maximum-likelihood algorithm exploits the time-delay-of-arrival of acoustic signals at different sensors, and yields the source location. For processing the seismic signals, we investigate two distinct algorithms, both of which process data collected at a single measurement station comprising a triaxial accelerometer, to determine direction-of-arrival. The direction-of-arrivals determined at each sensor station are then combined using a weighted least-squares approach for source localization. The first of the direction-of-arrival estimation algorithms is based on the spectral decomposition of the covariance matrix, while the second is based on surface wave analysis. Both of the seismic source localization algorithms have their roots in seismology; and covariance matrix analysis had been successfully employed in applications where the source and the sensors (array) are typically separated by planetary distances (i.e., hundreds to thousands of kilometers). Here, we focus on very-short distances (e.g., less than one hundred meters) instead, with an outlook to applications in multi-modal surveillance, including target detection, tracking, and zone intrusion. We demonstrate the utility of the aforementioned algorithms through a series of open-field tests wherein we successfully localize wideband acoustic and/or seismic sources. We also investigate a basic strategy for fusion of results yielded by acoustic and seismic arrays.
Utility of admission chemistry and coagulation profiles in trauma patients: A reappraisal of traditional practice

To determine whether abnormal results of admission serum chemistry profiles (P7 : sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), carbon dioxide content (CO 2 ), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and glucose (GLU)), amylase (AMY), and coagulation profiles (CP : prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT)) in trauma patients lead to clinical interventions, and to characterize frequency of abnormal results, we prospectively gathered laboratory data on 500 consecutive patients seen in our Level 1 trauma center. Clinicians were blinded to the study. Abnormal results were found in 93% of P7s, 7% of AMYs, and 59% of CPs. Interventions were made for <1% of abnormal P7s, 0% of abnormal amylase, and 5% of patients with abnormal CP. We conclude that information provided by routine admission chemistry and coagulation profiles in trauma patients seldom lead to clinical interventions. These tests should not be ordered routinely on admission in trauma patients.
Effects of obesity and diabetes on tissue zinc and copper concentrations in the zucker rat

Abstract Abnormal zinc metabolism has been identified in human subjects with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), who are also frequently obese. In this study, we have examined the relative effects of obesity and diabetes on tissue zinc and copper concentrations in several tissues (liver, kidney, testis, muscle, and bone) from control and streptozotocin diabetic lean and obese male Zucker rats. Obese Zucker rats had significantly lower hepatic zinc and copper and higher muscle and femur zinc concentrations than did their lean controls. Diabetic animals had significantly increased hepatic and renal zinc and copper concentrations. Therefore, obesity and diabetes have distinct effects on zinc and copper concentrations in these tissues. The nearly normal zinc and diabetic conditions on hepatic concentrations of these two trace metals.
The contribution of vowel duration, F0 contour, and frication duration as cues to the /juz/-/jus/ distinction.

A model was quantified to describe the integration of vowel duration, fricative duration, and fundamental frequency (F0) contour as cues to final position fricatives differing in voicing. The basic assumptions are that perceived vowel duration and perceived frication duration are cues to the identity of final position fricatives and that both F0 contour and vowel duration influence perceived vowel duration. Binary choice and rating responses to synthetic stimuli varying independently along the three dimensions were collected. The results were consistent with the assumption that F0 contour operates by modifying perceived vowel duration, which is a direct cue. Unfortunately, the nature of the modification appears to be very similar in form to that which results from the integration of two independent cues in syllable identification. Therefore, the results do not allow a rejection of the idea that the perception of F0 contour may directly cue the identity of final position fricatives.
Predictors of Subjective Well-being among Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Neuropsychological and psychosocial predictors of subjective well-being (SWB) were examined among 74 persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The multidimensional construct of SWB was assessed by self-report measures of acute psychological distress, global life satisfaction, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Objective disease-related indices were obtained from medical records and neuropsychological testing. Unawareness of deficit, a frequent aspect of executive function impairments in MS, was measured as the discrepancy between patient self-report of functional abilities and a caregiver's report of the patient's abilities. Results indicate that a substantial proportion of patients experienced diminished SWB and that disease characteristics such as duration and severity have differential relationships to SWB outcomes. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, in the context of a combined predictive model, social support and unawareness of deficit provided unique information in predicting all thre...
901-66 Vitamin E for Coronary Heart Disease: What is at Stake?

Two recent epidemiologic studies reported that subjects taking vitamin E(vit E) supplements had about a 40% reduction in major coronary heart disease (CHD) events compared with those in the lowest quintile of Vit E intake. The Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model (CHDPM). a comprehensive computer simulation of the costs and consequences of CHD in the US, was used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of vit E. The CHDPM uses age-and gender-specific distributions of CHD risk factors and age-, gender-, and risk factorspecific probabilities of disease onset to estimate CHD and non-CHD death and morbidity. The CHDPM simulation estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness (C/E) and the potential years of life saved for primary (1°) and secondary (2°) prevention over 5 and 10 years. The cost of therapy with vit E(200 IU/day) was set at $56.07/year. For 2° prevention assuming the full efficacy observed in epidemiologic studies, vit E saves both years of life and costs because of CHD averted. Even at 1/8th efficacy (Men RR = 0.97, Women RR = 0,95), the incremental C/E was $9,400 per year of life saved (YOLS) for men and $2,200 for women. In contrast for 1° prevention with full efficacy over 10 years, the incremental C/E is $33,500 per YOLS for men and $35,500 for women. With the full benefit suggested by the epidemiologic studies, the potential years of life saved in the US from treatment with vit E are: Treat 5 years Treat 10 years Men Women Men Women YOLS in 2° prevention 186,200 207,000 791.000 845,000 YOLS in 1° prevention 84,500 116,000 465,000 579,000 This analysis suggests: 1) For 2° prevention, vit E is worthwhile even if it causes a 5% or less reduction in CHD. 2) At the above cost over 10 years, widespread 1° prevention with vit E would be cost-effective only if Vit E is about as effective as suggested by the cohort studies. 3) If vit Eis as effective as suggested by the above studies (or even 1/8th that for 2° prevention). then the potential loss of benefit by delaying its use is sufficiently large that research into the efficacy of Vit E should be a high priority.
Interfacial mass and heat transfer during evaporation: I. An experimental technique and some results with a clean water surface

A vacuum sweeper probe of a type introduced by previous investigators was evaluated for use in the study of heat and mass transfer during evaporation. A simple theory of the probe behavior was formulated and checked by experimental measurements over a substantial range of operating conditions. The results revealed that in the interpretation of experimental data the validity of some assumptions usually made is strongly dependent upon seemingly minor features of probe construction and operation. Errors as large as 200% were encountered when the gas flow distribution in the probe was not symmetrical. Consequently, some results now in the literature are open to question. To test the technique and theory as well as to introduce a subsequent study of the effect of monolayers on evaporation, the evaporation rate from a clean water surface was measured over a temperature range of 2° to 22°C. The role of natural convection was clearly reflected in the increase of Nusselt number as the water bulk temperature passed through the density inversion at 4°C. A relation between Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers was determined and found to be consistent with earlier results of others.
Dental fear in children may be related to previous pain experience during dental treatment.

Original Article Versloot J, Veerkamp JS, Hoogstraten J, Martens LC. Children's coping with pain during dental care. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32(6):456-61. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose The purposes of the study were 3-fold: 1. To investigate the coping strategies that 11-year-old children use when they are in pain at the dentist and how they judge their effectiveness. 2. To study the extent to which the level of children's dental fear and their experience with pain at the dentist relates to their ability to cope and their choice of coping strategies. 3. To analyze the possible differences between subsamples of children with different levels of dental caries, expressed by decayed, missing because of caries, filled, surface (DMFS) index. Source of Funding Information not available. Type of Study/Design Cohort study
Informant characteristics as moderators in higher education research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a survey of business schools examining the impact of market orientation on overall business school performance. The authors extend previous research by examining the possible moderating influence of accrediting body affiliation and administrative position of key informants on the relationships between the components of market orientation (customer orientation, competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination) and overall performance for each of three markets (student, parent, and employer). Research objectives are stated in terms of 18 hypotheses. Design/methodology/approach – The authors apply moderated regression analysis following the methodology used by Sharma, Durand, and Gur-Arie (1981) and Slater and Narver (1994), examining the variable relationships within schools affiliated through two accrediting bodies, from the perspective of business school deans and chief academic officers. Findings – Results suggest moderating effects...
Developmental differences in false-event rejection: Effects of memorability-based warnings.

The present study investigated the development of the memorability-based strategy, a metacognitive process through which individuals reject the occurrence of false events if they do not remember the events and they expect them to be highly memorable. Previous research found that only older children spontaneously use this strategy. In the present study, we examined whether providing children with relevant information about expected event-memorability and inferences derived from it induced strategy use. Children aged 5, 7, and 9 (n = 144) were asked about true and false (high- and low-memorability) autobiographical events. Participants were either interviewed according to the standard “lost-in-the-mall” procedure, or were additionally provided with warnings. Warnings were either congruent or incongruent with assessments and decision processes involved in the strategy use. Results showed that receiving memorability-congruent warnings increased false-event rejection rates in 7- and 9-year-olds, but not in 5-y...
Can redistribution of material by sputtering explain the hemispheric dichotomy of europa

Abstract Sputtering and redeposition make up a significant geologic process on Europa and may contribute to the observed color differences between the leading and trailing hemispheres. Sputtering is particularly efficient on Europa as an erosive process, due to the high rate of ion bombardment from the Io plasma torus, together with Europa’s easily sputtered icy surface. We estimate the global average sputtering erosion rate on Europa at 14.7 mm Myr −1 . However, 42% to 86% of sputtered water molecules survive to redeposit onto the surface again. Due to gravitational escape and removal by electron-impact ionization, the number of redepositing particles cannot overcome sputtering erosion, and the global average result of sputtering is net erosion. However, neither sputtering nor redeposition is globally uniform, and differences in the global distributions of the two processes can result locally in net deposition. We propose that Europa’s hemispheric color dichotomy might be explained by net deposition on the leading hemisphere, which may obscure the non-ice signature by covering it with a thin water frost. To test this hypothesis, we have created a simulated model of the sputtering erosion/redeposition process on Europa. Our objectives are to determine the conditions under which net deposition occurs on the leading hemisphere and to evaluate the effects on this process of Jupiter’s gravity, of Europa’s rotation, and of the loss of water molecules to the jovian magnetosphere. We have followed the trajectories of hundreds of thousands of simulated sputtered water molecules in a Monte Carlo process, evolving their orbits under the gravity of both Europa and Jupiter. We have performed this model multiple times, in order to explore the effects of different assumptions of the global distribution of impacting ions, as well as of the sputtered particle ejection velocity. Based upon our results, we conclude that net deposition occurs under a wide range of conditions, making sputtering erosion and redeposition a plausible explanation for the hemispheric color dichotomy of Europa.