cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to rigid PVC pipe materials

Abstract : Pressurized plastic pipes for water and natural gas distribution are a prominent example of the increasing use of plastics in engineered structural applications. As such, they require careful design for properties such as stiffness and strength. Designs are typically limited by the stress-rupture curve, which defines the stress level the material can withstand for long time periods without a creep-rupture type of ductile failure (1). Under certain conditions, most plastics can also fail in a brittle mode, and this is well known for the PVC (polyvinylchloride) pipes investigated in this study (2). As will be shown, brittle failures are more likely to occur in the presence of large flaws, and under low temperature or high rate conditions. The brittle fracture of PVC and other plastics has received increasing attention (3-7). Although difficult to use as a design parameter in all but the most sophisticated cases, brittle fracture properties of plastics may be of practical importance in choosing between different materials, and in formulating improved plastics. Many of the techniques of brittle fracture study have been adopted from metals technology. Consideration of the particular yield phenomena and viscoelastic characteristics of plastics has also been developing (3-6). Among the topics which have not been given sufficient attention for plastics is the validity of fracture toughness test results. The theoretical basis of most brittle fracture studies is linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) (8). The central assumption of LEFM is that the failure process at the crack tip occurs under the control of the stress intensity factor, K1, which char acterizes the intensity of the stress field very close to a sharp crack tip. (MM)
Syntactic and conversational characteristics of fathers' speech

The verbal interactions of 16 fathers and 16 mothers with their 2-year-olds were assessed during free play. On the basis of the amount of time the father spent with his child weekly, fathers were divided into two groups, those spending a high proportion of time and those spending a low proportion of time. Each parent's speech was coded for a number of syntactic and conversational features. No differences were found between fathers and mothers in the use of these features. Furthermore, the results suggest that the amount of time fathers spend with their children does not dramatically affect the syntactic or conversational features of their speech, since the two groups of fathers did not differ for these features.
Effect of bulk recombination current on the current gain of GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors in GaAs-on-Si

The effect of bulk recombination current on the current gain of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) in GaAs-on-Si has been studied. A thin AlGaAs emitter layer is used to prevent an exposed extrinsic base region, which has previously masked the effect of the bulk recombination current on the current gain in HBTs. It is found that once the surface recombination current is removed, the current grain due to bulk recombination alone is approximately ten times lower for the HBTs in GaAs-on-Si than for HBTs in GaAs. The difference in the current gain is probably due to electrically active dislocations in the base in the HBTs in GaAs-on-Si, where the density is about 10/sup 8/ cm/sup -2/ as measured by transmission electron microscopy. >
Internal Field in General Dipole Lattices

The calculation of the internal field in dipole lattices necessitates summing the contributions due to all dipoles in the crystal. These dipole sums are conditionally convergent, which means that they depend on the order of summation (i.e., the shape of the crystal). Rapidly converging expressions for these sums are obtained with the method of planewise summation, for lattices of arbitrary symmetry and arbitrary dipole orientation. With these expressions one can evaluate the internal field at an arbitrary point of complex dipole lattices. As an example, the internal electric field at the positions of the water molecules is evaluated for potassium ferrocyanide [${\mathrm{K}}_{4}$Fe${(\mathrm{CN})}_{6}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}3${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O].
Canyon rim residues, including antigenic determinants, modulate serotype-specific binding of polioviruses to mutants of the poliovirus receptor.

Abstract Several mouse cell lines expressing hybrid human poliovirus receptors (hPVRs) bearing mutations in the first immunoglobulin-like domain were previously characterized for their defective binding and replication of poliovirus type 1 Mahoney (G. Bernhardt, J. Harber, A. Zibert, M. DeCrombrugghe, and E. Wimmer,Virology,203, 344–356, 1994). Here we report that these mutant hPVRs were utilized to explore differences in the binding behavior of the three serotypes of poliovirus. Type 3 polioviruses (both Sabin and the neurovirulent Leon strain) clearly bound to the hPVR mutant Q130G/GD, but were incapable of initiating infection. Also, binding at 25° of poliovirus types 2 and 3 to cell lines expressing the hPVR mutants P84SYS/HPGA, L99GAE/AAAA, and D117F was greater than type 1 poliovirus. Further study of the serotype-specific interaction with mutant hPVRs was accomplished with antigenic hybrid viruses. Improved binding by antigenic hybrid viruses demonstrated that serotype-specific binding to mutant hPVRs is, in part, determined by the amino acid sequence of neutralization antigenic sites (NAgs) and the probable conformational rearrangement of amino acids adjacent to the NAg sites. Finally, site-directed mutants of poliovirus were utilized to determine the relative contributions, to hPVR interactions, of individual amino acids with solvent accessible side chains in the viral canyon. Of the 18 viable virus mutants produced, 3 (D1226A, I1089A, and VPEK1166HPGA) expressed impaired replication phenotypes on the mutant hPVR cell lines P84SYS/HYSA and D117F. A location at the rim of the poliovirus canyon was implicated for the interaction of the amino terminal domain of the poliovirus receptor with conserved and serotype-specific viral surface amino acids. The possible involvement of elements of neutralization antigenic sites in receptor binding may explain, in part, why poliovirus exists in only three serotypes.
Compositions of large metal nodules in mesosiderites: Links to iron meteorite group IIIAB and the origin of mesosiderite subgroups

Large mesosiderite metal nodules were studied petrographically and by neutron activation; their large sizes minimized the effects of silicate contamination and dilution by Fe reduced from FeO. The remarkable mixture of subequal amounts of metal and basaltic and pyroxenitic silicates in mesosiderites can be explained by the accretion of a core-like metal mass from one asteroid onto the surface of another asteroid; our data show that the accreted mass had a composition roughly similar to that of the IIIAB iron-meteorite core, consistent with other evidence of close genetic links between these and other related groups. The siderophile compositional pattern, the very limited compositional range, the (inferred) large projectile/target ratio, and the electrical interconnectedness of mesosiderite metal indicate that the bulk of the metal was molten when accreted. Mesosiderites have been divided into plagioclase- and tridymiterich subgroup A and orthopyroxene-rich subgroup B on the basis of modal silicate mineralogy. Roughly the same subgroups are defined by metal compositions; Au, As, Ni, and Cu are generally higher, and W lower in subgroup A than in subgroup B. In our sample set, a Widmanstatten pattern is only observed in nodules from subgroup A. A plausible model is that subgroup A best preserves the compositions of the target regolithic silicates and accreted core; subgroup B is comprised of these materials together with a minor amount of coremantle materials consisting of olivine and refractory, Ni-poor metal. The independent covariation of Ga, Re, and Ir may in part reflect fractionations during impact heating events. The anomalous mesosiderite Reckling Peak A79015 is strongly depleted in refractory siderophiles and slightly enriched in volatile siderophiles; such evolved metal requires a formation distinct from common mesosiderite metal.
Summary of CAMAC: Status and Outlook

Is everyone going to use CAMAC? Probably not. Does CAMAC represent all the latest thinking in data handling? Again the answer is no. However, one must remember that the time from conception to delivery of a computer makes it partially obsolete before it is ever used. This is the price of progress. A similar gestation time was inevitable for CAMAC. If we were to begin today, CAMAC would be different, but at this point in time we are glad we don't have to start over again. CAMAC has proved its worth in many experimental research situations. Also CAMAC is dynamic; as new technology beccmes available it will obviously be incorporated into the system. Now is the time to take it to the industrial market place. The predominant use of CAMAC should be in industrial data-acquisition and control environments.
A chiral stationary phase which affords unusually high levels of enantioselectivity

A chiral stationary phase (CSP) derived from N-(1-naphthyl) leucine has been prepared. This CSP is conceptually similar to the CSP derived from N-(2-naphthyl)alanine and was expected to separate the enantiomers of the same clientele of analytes as does the latter. The magnitudes of the separation factors observed on the two CSPs may differ markedly for a given analyte, the new CSP often affording much greater enantioselectivity.
Entrepreneurial behaviour in agri-food supply chains: The role of supply chain partners

Technological innovation, globalization and market segmentation have led to increasingly complex agri-food supply chains and networks. At the same time, they have also created opportunities for entrepreneurial firms to create new wealth. The objective of this study is to investigate the differences in entrepreneurial performance between firms that discover and exploit new wealth creation opportunities within existing supply chains as opposed to those that decide to establish the supply chain themselves. Using agent-based simulation, this study finds that agents that link with existing supply chains outperform those that do not both in terms of survival and wealth creation per firm. It also finds, however, that the presence of existing supply chains has positive effects for non-linked entrepreneurial firms as well.
C‐reactive protein and platelet activating factor complexes induce production and release of interleukin‐1 by human monocytes

Stimulation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in peripheral blood monocytes exposed to C-reactive protein (CRP) and C-reactive protein-platelet-activating factor (CRP-PAF) complexes was demonstrated in vitro in this study. Significant synthesis of intracellular IL-1, 2-5-fold increases in the number of adherent monocytes as determined by indirect immunofluorescence using rabbit anti-IL-1 and goat antirabbit IgG-fluorescein isothiocynate, was shown. Both CRP alone (10 μg/ml) and especially CRP-PAF mixture (10 μg CRP/1 ug PAF/ml) showed maximum stimulation of IL-1 of 41 and 95 cells/10 field examined, respectively. CRP alone examined in a dose-response study showed optimum stimulation of IL-1 production at the 1 μg/ml concentration with 57% of monocytes showing fluorescence. CRP at varying concentrations with a constant amount of PAF (1 μg/ml) showed optimum IL-1 staining monocytes (63%) with CRP at 10 μg/ml (10 pg CRP/l μg PAF). Similar significant enhanced extracellular IL-1 production by monocytes exposed to CRP and CRP/PAF mixtures was shown by the mouse thymocyte assay. Supernatants of monocytes exposed to CRP (10 μg/ml) or CRP-PAF (10 μg/l μg/ml) demonstrated mouse IL-1 synthesis of 92 and 110 stimulation indices in the thymocyte assay, respectively. It is suggested that CRP and especially CRP-PAF complexes activate macrophage through their appropriate receptors to production of monokines which modulate the immune system. Thus, CRP appears to function nonspecifically in a behavior reminiscent of specific immunoglobulins.
Phase shift of semilunar spawning periodicity of the chiton Acanthopleura japonica (Lischke) by artificial regimes of light and tide

Abstract The environmental time cues regulating the semilunar reproductive periodicity of the chiton Acanthopleura japonica (Lischke) were revealed by manipulating light and tide regimes. The semilunar spawning periodicity was entrained by a specific phase relationship between the semidiurnal exposureimmersion cycle and the daily light-dark cycle. The semilunar and the semidiurnal spawning periodicity were maintained under constant conditions and so it is assumed that both cycles are under the control of an endogenous timing mechanism.
A Comparison of the Ability of Certain Egg Yolk Diluents to Maintain Optimum Osmotic Conditions during the Storage of Bull Semen

Summary Semen specimens from healthy dairy bulls were extended with six diluents, stored at 4 to 7° C. and examined daily for both motility and freezing point depression. One of these diluents, the egg yolk-citrate diluter, failed to maintain the osmotic pressure of the extended semen within the range suggested by Pursley and Herman as optimal for semen diluters. The other diluents used in commercial artificial insemination did maintain the osmotic pressure within these limits, and one of these, the egg yolk-glucose-NaHCO 3 diluter developed by Kampschmidt et al. (7) , maintained the osmotic pressure along the line of mean freezing point depression of semen, a point further strengthened by its superior motility maintenance during the storage period. It is suggested that added glucose aids in the maintenance of storage osmotic pressure within narrow limits and thus may have an influence upon the viability of bull spermatozoa during a prolonged storage period.
Reciprocal inhibition between feeding and withdrawal behaviors inPleurobranchaea

1. The interaction between two discrete behavioral acts, feeding and withdrawal from tactile stimulation, was examined in 32 specimens of the marine molluskPleurobranchaea. The experimental paradigm (Fig. 2) incorporated gradation of the intensity of the respective sensory stimuli for both behaviors over a wide range. 2. Withdrawal amplitude was suppressed during simultaneous feeding in individual animals (Figs. 5 and 7) and in grouped data from all 32 subjects (Fig. 9). The suppression of withdrawal was greater with increased feeding intensity (Fig. 9). 3. Feeding intensity declined during simultaneous withdrawal in individual animals (Figs. 6 and 8) and in grouped data from all subjects (Fig. 10). The suppression of feeding during withdrawal was greater with increased withdrawal intensity, and less with increased feeding intensity (Fig. 10). 4. It is concluded that feeding and withdrawal interact reciprocally rather than hierarchically, and a modified scheme for the overall organization ofPleurobranchaea's behavioral hierarchy is presented (Fig. 11). The findings are discussed from an evolutionary, ethological and neurophysiological view point.
Electrical Conduction via Slow Surface States on Semiconductors

Steady-state and transient conductance of inversion layers created by acetone vapor on silicon $n\ensuremath{-}p\ensuremath{-}n$ bars were investigated. The interpretation gives strong evidence that the charge in the outer surface states can move in an electric field. The mobility of the charge is found to be of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec for thick films. The mobility becomes progressively smaller in thinner films. It is found that inversion layers created by mobile charges may be unstable for certain applied voltages---in which case large potential jumps occur where the inversion layer meets the main $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junction. It is shown that in many cases the inversion layer current is multiplied while flowing through this potential jump. Possible multiplication mechanisms will be discussed.
Sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production during fatty acid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria

H2O2 production by skeletal muscle mitochondria oxidizing palmitoylcarnitine was examined under two conditions: the absence of respiratory chain inhibitors and the presence of myxothiazol to inhibit complex III. Without inhibitors, respiration and H2O2 production were low unless carnitine or malate was added to limit acetyl-CoA accumulation. With palmitoylcarnitine alone, H2O2 production was dominated by complex II (44% from site IIF in the forward reaction); the remainder was mostly from complex I (34%, superoxide from site IF). With added carnitine, H2O2 production was about equally shared between complexes I, II, and III. With added malate, it was 75% from complex III (superoxide from site IIIQo) and 25% from site IF. Thus complex II (site IIF in the forward reaction) is a major source of H2O2 production during oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine ± carnitine. Under the second condition (myxothiazol present to keep ubiquinone reduced), the rates of H2O2 production were highest in the presence of palmitoylcarnitine ± carnitine and were dominated by complex II (site IIF in the reverse reaction). About half the rest was from site IF, but a significant portion, ∼40pmol H2O2·min(-1)·mg protein(-1), was not from complex I, II, or III and was attributed to the proteins of β-oxidation (electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) and ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase). The maximum rate from the ETF system was ∼200pmol H2O2·min(-1)·mg protein(-1) under conditions of compromised antioxidant defense and reduced ubiquinone pool. Thus complex II and the ETF system both contribute to H2O2 productionduring fatty acid oxidation under appropriate conditions.
Accountors, Accountants, and Standard No. 8

This article surveys the reactions of financial executives (accountors) and professional accountants to the Financial Accounting Standards Board's recent pronouncement on foreign currency translation. CPAs were found to be generally supportive of the FASB and the provisions of its controversial standard. Financial executives, in stark contrast, were generally opposed to the major provisions of FASB 8.
Does the Andromeda Nebula (M31) have a Halo

IN a recent article1, Ohio State University maps covering 300 square degrees of the sky surrounding the Andromeda Nebula (M31) were presented for two frequencies, 600 and 1,415 Mc/s. The radio isophotes close to M31 on the higher resolution (1,415 Mc/s) map are of particular interest and are shown in more detail in Fig. 1 as superimposed on a photograph taken for me by C. A. Feuchter. The area covered in Fig. 1 is about 14 square degrees (3.5° × 4°). The size of the antenna beam at half-power is 11′ × 35′ so that there are about 160 beam areas in the map. The isophote interval is in units of 0.05° K of antenna temperature.
The macroeconomics of self-fulfilling prophecies Roger E. A. Farmer MIT Press, 1993, 259 pp.

In The Macroeconomics of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Roger Farmer argues that dynamic general equilibrium models represent a useful means for organizing and representing one's understanding of macroeconomic behavior. Reasonably small departures from the standard assumptions of Arrow-Debreu economies can lead to equilibria with non-trivial roles for macroeconomic policy. Farmer demonstrates through theory and example the potential for multiple equilibria, which he suggests can be treated by better specification of agents' beliefs. The existence of multiple equilibria creates the possibility of bounded fluctuations due to animal spirits or "self-fulfilling prophecies."
1026-87 Long-term Changes in Defibrillation Thresholds Using Two Nonthoracotomy Lead Systems and a Biphasic Waveform

We implanted nonthoracotomy defibrillators in consecutive pts with sustained ventricular arrhythmias. A Ventritex Cadence (V-l00C) device using a bipbasic waveform was implanted in all pts. The first 21 systems (Grp l) consisted of a CPI (BT-1 0) endocardial lead at the RV apex for sensing and pacing, with a CPI(C-l0) spring electrode at the SVC/HRA junction and a large CPI patch (L67) implanted subcutaneously in the left axillary region for defibrillation. A single lead defibrillation system (CPI Endotak C, Model #0064) was implanted in 27 pts (Grp II). Mean age was 61 ± 12 years and LVEF was 37 ± 16%, Three successful shocks for sustained VF were required to define the defibrillation threshold (DFT). Implantation occurred if thresholds were ≤ 650 V Adequate DFTs were initially obtained in all pts. DFTs (Volts) at implantation (IMPL), predischarge (PREDC), 1 month (MO), 6 MO, and 1 year (YR) were: IMPL PREDC 1 MO 8 MO 1 YR N = 48 48 42 22 4 Group I 562 ± 63 576 ± 68 580 ± 54 571 ± 58 538 ± 48 Group II 471 ± 84 494 ± 101 511 ± 74 525 ± 79 - There was no significant change in DFT for Grp I, comparing IMPL to PREDC, PREDC to 1 MO, 1 MO to 6 MO, or 6 MO to 1 YR (p = NS). In contrast, there was a significant increase in DFT in Grp II comparing 1M PL to PREDC (p = 0.01) and PREDC to 1 MO (p = 0.01). There was no significant increase between 1 MO and 6 MO, but the number of pts was small. DFTs at IMPL were significantly lower in Grp II than in Grp I (p = l 0.01). DFTs in Grp II increased by 50 V in 7 pts, 100 V in 3 pts, 200 V in 1 pt and 250 V in 1 pt. Two pts in Grp I and 1 pt in Grp II required lead revision before discharge, due to the increase in DFT. Conclusion Unlike a nonthoracotomy patch/lead system, an increase in DFT was noted on follow-up using a single lead Endotak system and device which delivers a biphasic waveform. However, DFTs at IMPL were relatively low using this single lead system and lead revision was rarely required. Because significant increases in DFTs may continue to occur after discharge, close follow-up is recommended.
General technique for solving nonlinear, two-point boundary-value problems via the method of particular solutions

In this paper, a general technique for solving nonlinear, two-point boundary-value problems is presented; it is assumed that the differential system has ordern and is subject top initial conditions andq final conditions, wherep+q=n. First, the differential equations and the boundary conditions are linearized about a nominal functionx(t) satisfying thep initial conditions. Next, the linearized system is imbedded into a more general system by means of a scaling factor α, 0≤α≤1, applied to each forcing term. Then, themethod of particular solutions is employed in order to obtain the perturbation Δx(t)=αA(t) leading from the nominal functionx(t) to the varied function $$\tilde x$$ (t); this method differs from the adjoint method and the complementary function method in that it employs only one differential system, namely, the nonhomogeneous, linearized system. The scaling factor (or stepsize) α is determined by a one-dimensional search starting from α=1 so as to ensure the decrease of the performance indexP (the cumulative error in the differential equations and the boundary conditions). It is shown that the performance index has a descent property; therefore, if α is sufficiently small, it is guaranteed that $$\tilde P$$ <P. Convergence to the desired solution is achieved when the inequalityP≤ɛ is met, where ɛ is a small, preselected number. In the present technique, the entire functionx(t) is updated according to $$\tilde x$$ (t)=x(t)+αA(t). This updating procedure is called Scheme (a). For comparison purposes, an alternate procedure, called Scheme (b), is considered: the initial pointx(0) is updated according to $$\tilde x$$ (0)=x(0)+αA(0), and the new nominal function $$\tilde x$$ (t) is obtained by forward integration of the nonlinear differential system. In this connection, five numerical examples are presented; they illustrate (i) the simplicity as well as the rapidity of convergence of the algorithm, (ii) the importance of stepsize control, and (iii) the desirability of updating the functionx(t) according to Scheme (a) rather than Scheme (b).
Planetary rover localization within orbital maps

This paper introduces an advanced rover localization system suitable for autonomous planetary exploration in the absence of Global Positioning System (GPS) infrastructure. Given an existing terrain map (image and elevation) obtained from satellite imagery and the images provided by the rover stereo camera system, the proposed method determines the best rover location through visual odometry, 3D terrain and horizon matching. The system is tested on data retrieved from a 3 km traverse of the Basalt Hills quarry in California where the GPS track is used as ground truth. Experimental results show the system presented here reduces by over 60% the localization error obtained by wheel odometry.
Nitrated Alpha-Synuclein and Microglial Neuroregulatory Activities

Microglial neuroinflammatory responses affect the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). We posit that such neuroinflammatory responses are, in part, mediated by microglial interactions with nitrated and aggregated alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) released from Lewy bodies as a consequence of dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. As disease progresses, secretions from alpha-syn-activated microglia can engage neighboring glial cells in a cycle of autocrine and paracrine amplification of neurotoxic immune products. Such pathogenic processes affect the balance between a microglial neurotrophic and neurotoxic signature. We now report that microglia secrete both neurotoxic and neuroprotective factors after exposure to nitrated alpha-syn (N-alpha-syn). Proteomic (surface enhanced laser desorption-time of flight, 1D sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) and limited metabolomic profiling demonstrated that N-alpha-syn-activated microglia secrete inflammatory, regulatory, redox-active, enzymatic, and cytoskeletal proteins. Increased extracellular glutamate and cysteine and diminished intracellular glutathione and secreted exosomal proteins were also demonstrated. Increased redox-active proteins suggest regulatory microglial responses to N-alpha-syn. These were linked to discontinuous cystatin expression, cathepsin activity, and nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Inhibition of cathepsin B attenuated, in part, N-alpha-syn microglial neurotoxicity. These data support multifaceted microglia functions in PD-associated neurodegeneration.
Radio Frequency Interference at Orbital Altitudes

The experimental portion of the Aerospace program for the determination of RFI at orbital altitudes is described. The need for this effort is shown, and potential sources of RFI are outlined. The methods planned are described in detail and actual hardware for use on the first experimental flight is discussed briefly. Hardware includes antennas, preselectors, and crystal video logarithmic receivers. It is expected that results of the first experiment will be available late in 1965.
Teacher Ratings of Teaching Behaviors Derived from the Research Literature

In spite of the rapidly increasing body of research within the past 20 years concerning the effects on pupil achievement of certain teaching skills, there is considerable skepticism regarding the impact of this research on classroom practice. This skepticism is frequently based on the assumption that teachers are unaware of and indifferent to the research literature. A questionnaire study was conducted among 141 elementary and junior high special education teachers to evaluate the degree of their agreement with the findings of research conducted primarily in regular classrooms. Results of the study showed special education teachers to be in agreement with classroom research on teaching skills. Teacher behaviors positively correlated with pupil achievement were rated significantly higher than behaviors negatively correlated with achievement. The predominant influence on teacher ratings was the district in which the teacher was employed. Possible explanations of this effect are discussed. Student grade leve...
Recent findings on simple attributes of freeway queue formation and propagation

Traffic observations at, and upstream of, some freeway bottlenecks are presented in three parts. The first two of these are of bottleneck activations: at a bottleneck formed by a diverge and at another by a merge, traffic features that gave rise to queueing are displayed. These were subtle and their identification relied upon processing the traffic data in special ways. But once diagnosed, the bottleneck causes proved to be uncomplicated and opportunities exist for mitigating them using simple traffic control strategies. Also presented (and likewise benefiting from special treatment of the data) are some observations of long queues upstream of a bottleneck. This third part of the presentation suggests that the spatial extents of freeway queueing, and the driver trip times between interchanges on queued freeways, can be modeled in simple ways.
Epigenetics of Colorectal Cancer

In the early years of the molecular biology revolution, cancer research was mainly focused on genetic changes (ie, those that altered DNA sequences). Although this has been extremely useful as our understanding of the pathogenesis and biology of cancer has grown and matured, there is another realm in tumor development that does not involve changing the sequence of cellular DNA. This field is called "epigenetics" and broadly encompasses changes in the methylation of cytosines in DNA, changes in histone and chromatin structure, and alterations in the expression of microRNAs, which control the stability of many messenger RNAs and serve as "master regulators" of gene expression. This review focuses on the epigenetics of colorectal cancer and illustrates the impact epigenetics has had on this field.
Recent Outbreak of Fusarium Wilt of Basil in Florida.

Symptoms of wilt, leaf chlorosis, leaf drop, and shoot and plant death were observed in commercial fields of basil (Ocimmum basilicum L.). Disease incidence ranged from 10 to 80% among individual fields. Initial isolations from infected stem tissue were made on water agar amended with streptomycin sulfate. Single-spore isolates transferred onto corn leaf agar were identified as Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. basilicum Dzidzariya. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 10-cm-tall basil plants, cv. Siam Queen, for three Florida isolates and one Massachusetts isolate. An inoculum concentration of 1 × 106 conidia per ml was applied to soil around the roots. Symptoms of wilt, external stem discoloration, and death of basil occurred after 14 days, and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilicum was reisolated from plants inoculated with all four isolates. Controls were disease-free. Identification of the isolates as F. oxysporum f. sp. basilicum was done with a set of DNA primers developed by Pan and Wick (2) for ...
Towards secure multi-path routing for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks: A cross-layer strategy

Multi-path routing establishes multiple paths between a source and destination node in a network. This helps in achieving reliability in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). To achieve efficient, secure and reliable multi-path routing for MANETs, we propose a routing mechanism that uses cross-layer strategies. The cross-layer strategy involves incorporating feedback and information from layers below the network layer to make decisions at the network layer. We also propose a path evaluation mechanism for the paths returned by the proposed multi-path routing mechanism.
Migration and Sorting in the American Electorate: Evidence From the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study:

Migration is a significant factor in the composition of U.S. electoral constituencies, including U.S. House districts. Does migration contribute to geographic homogeneity, and does the result contribute to political polarization in a significant way? This article considers this question using the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey. To determine individual-level migration patterns, residence information from individual survey respondents is matched to the U.S. Postal Service’s change of address database. This technique provides precise information about respondents’ migration history that follows the preferences expressed in each individual’s survey response. I find support for the claim that migrants are more likely to move into a congressional district that matches their ideological preferences even after controlling for the partisanship in the district of origin. This result emerges for both major parties in two sets of model specifications: multinomial logit models restricted to migrants an...
Synchronicity: automatically rediscover missing web pages in real time

Missing web pages (pages that return the 404 "Page Not Found" error) are part of the browsing experience. The manual use of search engines to rediscover such pages can be frustrating and unsuccessful. We introduce Synchronicity, a Mozilla Firefox add-on that supports the Internet user in (re-)discovering missing web pages in real time.
A Shell/3D Modeling Technique for the Analysis of Delaminated Composite Laminates

A shell/3D modeling technique was developed for which a local solid finite element model is used only in the immediate vicinity of the delamination front. The goal was to combine the accuracy of the full three-dimensional solution with the computational efficiency of a shell finite element model. Multi-point constraints provided a kinematically compatible interface between the local 3D model and the global structural model which has been meshed with shell finite elements. Double Cantilever Beam, End Notched Flexure, and Single Leg Bending specimens were analyzed first using full 3D finite element models to obtain reference solutions. Mixed mode strain energy release rate distributions were computed using the virtual crack closure technique. The analyses were repeated using the shell/3D technique to study the feasibility for pure mode I, mode II and mixed mode I/II cases. Specimens with a unidirectional layup and with a multidirectional layup were simulated. For a local 3D model, extending to a minimum of about three specimen thicknesses on either side of the delamination front, the results were in good agreement with mixed mode strain energy release rates obtained from computations where the entire specimen had been modeled with solid elements. For large built-up composite structures the shell/3D modeling technique offers a great potential for reducing the model size, since only a relatively small section in the vicinity of the delamination front needs to be modeled with solid elements.
Bridging the Gap: Query by Semantic Example

A combination of query-by-visual-example (QBVE) and semantic retrieval (SR), denoted as query-by-semantic-example (QBSE), is proposed. Images are labeled with respect to a vocabulary of visual concepts, as is usual in SR. Each image is then represented by a vector, referred to as a semantic multinomial, of posterior concept probabilities. Retrieval is based on the query-by-example paradigm: the user provides a query image, for which 1) a semantic multinomial is computed and 2) matched to those in the database. QBSE is shown to have two main properties of interest, one mostly practical and the other philosophical. From a practical standpoint, because it inherits the generalization ability of SR inside the space of known visual concepts (referred to as the semantic space) but performs much better outside of it, QBSE produces retrieval systems that are more accurate than what was previously possible. Philosophically, because it allows a direct comparison of visual and semantic representations under a common query paradigm, QBSE enables the design of experiments that explicitly test the value of semantic representations for image retrieval. An implementation of QBSE under the minimum probability of error (MPE) retrieval framework, previously applied with success to both QBVE and SR, is proposed, and used to demonstrate the two properties. In particular, an extensive objective comparison of QBSE with QBVE is presented, showing that the former significantly outperforms the latter both inside and outside the semantic space. By carefully controlling the structure of the semantic space, it is also shown that this improvement can only be attributed to the semantic nature of the representation on which QBSE is based.
Pathobiology of Paget's Disease of Bone

Paget's disease of bone is characterized by highly localized areas of increased bone resorption accompanied by exuberant, but aberrant new bone formation with the primary cellular abnormality in osteoclasts. Paget's disease provides an important paradigm for understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating both osteoclast formation and osteoclast-induced osteoblast activity. Both genetic and environmental etiologies have been implicated in Paget's disease, but their relative contributions are just beginning to be defined. To date, the only gene with mutations in the coding region linked to Paget's disease is sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1), which encodes the p62 protein, and these mutations lead to elevated cytokine activation of NF-B in osteoclasts but do not induce a "pagetic osteoclast" phenotype. Further, genetic mutations linked to Paget's appear insufficient to cause Paget's disease and additional susceptibility loci or environmental factors may be required. Among the environmental factors suggested to induce Paget's disease, chronic measles (MV) infection has been the most studied. Expression of the measles virus nucleocapsid gene (MVNP) in osteoclasts induces pagetic-like osteoclasts and bone lesions in mice. Further, mice expressing both MVNP in osteoclasts and germline mutant p62 develop dramatic pagetic bone lesions that were strikingly similar to those seen in patients with Paget's disease. Thus, interactions between environmental and genetic factors appear important to the development of Paget's disease. In this article we review the mechanisms responsible for the effects of mutant p62 gene expression and MVNP on osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and how they may contribute to the development of Paget's disease of bone.
Projective Identification Simplified: Recruiting Your Shadow

(2011). Projective Identification Simplified: Recruiting Your Shadow. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 61, The Village Well Revisited: Honoring Anne Alonso, pp. 238-261.
Aggregation and the law of large numbers in large economies

This paper introduces a new model of environments with a large number of agents and stochastic characteristics. We consider sequences of finite but increasingly large economies that ‘discretize’ the continuum. In the limit we obtain a model that is continuum-like in important respects, yet it has a countable set of agents with a finitely additive, ‘uniform’ distribution. In this model, the law of large numbers is meaningful and holds on all subintervals. This framework provides, among other things, a new interpretation of the measurability problem and the failure of the law of large numbers in the continuum. It is also shown that the Pettis integral in the continuum coincides with the empirical frequencies in the discrete model almost surely. Finally, the model is used to study a mechanism design problem in a large economy with private information.
Detection of Illicit Opioid and Cocaine Use in Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Urine toxicology is the gold standard for estimating the prevalence of illicit drug use in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). The frequency of urine testing may be crucial for establishing accurate use rates. Infrequent testing may lead programs to undercount active drug users and to target interventions too narrowly. This study compared results from frequent testing (twice per week) versus less frequent testing of 166 patients at four MMT programs. As part of a research study, all patients were tested by research staff for opioid and cocaine use twice per week on a fixed schedule for 10 weeks. During the same period, the four MMT programs tested the patients according to their standard protocols, approximately weekly (one program) or every 3–4 weeks (three programs). The research tests identified approximately 50% more illicit opioid users and 70% more cocaine users than the less frequent program tests. Patients who were drug positive according to the research tests but drug negative according to the...
Notes for a Networked Biography: The P. G. T. Black Collection of Oceanic Things

In 1938, the Buffalo Museum of Science acquired some 62 hundred objects collected between 1886 and 1916 by and for P. G. Black, a branch inspector for Burns, Philp & Company Ltd., the famous Sydney-based mercantile and shipping firm. Despite the collection's size, breadth, and significance as a product of the colonial encounter in northern Australia and Melanesia, its history is still largely unrecorded. This article begins to trace the social life of the collection by narrating a formative moment in its biography: the period of Burns, Philp's expansion into the southwest Pacific during which Black assembled the collection. It also identifies two other moments: the years after Black's death in 1921 when the overseas purchase of the collection was decried in Australian newspapers and the years after the collection came to Buffalo when objects were loaned for display at American fine arts museums, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York. At these particular biographical moments, objects in the collection were differently construed as native curios and ethnological specimens, national patrimony, and primitive art. This article advances a trend of recent scholarship in anthropology and museology by foregrounding the historical circumstances and social relations that condition the appropriation of objects. [Buffalo Museum of Science, P. G. T. Black Collection, Oceania, Australian Museum, art/artifact, object biography, national patrimony]
PHENIX direct photons in 200 GeV p + p and Au + Au collisions

We present the first positive direct photon (γ) results in Au+Au at along with initial p+p results at the same energy. The p+p result is found to be consistent with NLO perturbative QCD (pQCD) predictions within its large uncertainties. In central Au+Au collisions, an excess over expected background as large as 200–300% is observed from transverse momentum (pT) 4–12 GeV/c. This large signal is shown to be consistent with the scaled pQCD γ prediction, together with suppression of meson background sources.
René Magritte: Coping with Loss—Reality and Illusion

Rene Magritte was profoundly influenced in his painterly style and in the content of many of his paintings by his mother's suicide when he was fourteen. This paper explores the influence of this traumatic event on his work. My thesis is that the nighttime suicide of Magritte's mother by drowning: (1) had a profound impact on the form and style of his paintings; (2) his paintings represented an effort, mostly successful, to contain and master through intellectual control with isolation of affect the trauma of this experience, which must at the time have evoked helplessness and despair; (3) the contents of a series of his paintings directly reconstruct the traumatic experience under control and in the service of mastery; and (4) there are paintings, mostly painted at the time he clearly developed his own style (1926-1930), that reveal a breakthrough of projected primitive aggressive impulses and unconscious representations of the aggressive mother. In these latter paintings, both form and content are dramat...
Raynaud's phenomenon in mixed connective tissue disease

Raynaud's phenomenon affects most patients who have mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and frequently represents the initial manifestation of the disease. It is the cutaneous symptom of a systemic vasculopathy that is characterized by intimal fibrosis and blood vessel obliteration that frequently leads to visceral involvement, particularly pulmonary hypertension. An association between Raynaud's phenomenon and the characteristic autoantibody in MCTD, anti-U1-RNP (ribonucleoprotein), is found across the spectrum of rheumatic diseases, including undifferentiated connective tissue disease, scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Capillary nailfold examination represents a valuable tool to identify patients who are at risk for MCTD. The goal in the therapy of Raynaud's phenomenon in MCTD is to decrease the frequency of attacks, to prevent digital ulceration, and to limit progressive vascular damage. Therapeutic regimens include the traditional use of calcium channel blockers and novel vascular therapies.
Factors Influencing the Production of Intermediate Particles During Alkaline Degradation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Time, pH, Salt Concentration, and Temperature

Kinetic analysis of the alkaline degradation of tobacco mosaic virus revealed degradation to be a stepwise process during which five distinct intermediate nucleoprotein particles were formed. Each intermediate accumulated before being degraded to the next smaller particle. After prolonged exposure to alkali, a stable nucleoprotein particle accumulated. The rate of alkaline degradation of tobacco mosaic virus was retarded by lowering pH (10.3 to 9.0), increasing salt concentration (0 to 100 mM), or increasing incubation temperature over the range of 0 to 22 degrees C. A fraction (15 to 25%) of the total virus population appeared to be completely resistant to alkaline degradation; however, the progeny of this virus fraction was sensitive to alkaline degradation.
Degradation of unassembled Vph1p reveals novel aspects of the yeast ER quality control system

The endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system retains and degrades soluble and membrane proteins that misfold or fail to assemble. Vph1p is the 100 kDa membrane subunit of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae V-ATPase, which together with other subunits, assembles into the V-ATPase in the ER, requiring the ER resident protein Vma22p. In vma22Delta cells, Vph1p remains an integral membrane protein with wild-type topology in the ER membrane before undergoing a rapid and concerted degradation requiring neither vacuolar proteases nor transport to the Golgi. Failure to assemble targets Vph1p for degradation in a process involving ubiquitylation, the proteasome and cytosolic but not ER lumenal chaperones. Vph1p appears to possess the traits of a 'classical' ERQC substrate, yet novel characteristics are involved in its degradation: (i) UBC genes other than UBC6 and UBC7 are involved and (ii) components of the ERQC system identified to date (Der1p, Hrd1p/Der3p and Hrd3p) are not required. These data suggest that other ERQC components must exist to effect the degradation of Vph1p, perhaps comprising an alternative pathway.
Clinical Reasoning: A 72-year-old man with nocturnal stridor.

A 72-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a 5-day history of shortness of breath. He initially presented to the emergency department and was found to have significant difficulty with respiration. On the day after admission, the patient developed stridor, tachypnea, and hypoxia, requiring bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) use. ENT was consulted for evaluation of new-onset stridor; direct fiberoptic laryngoscopy revealed proper vocal cord function while awake but bilateral vocal cord abduction paralysis while asleep. Collateral history revealed that the patient had experienced progressive dysphagia, ataxia, and bradykinesia for the previous 3 years. He also experienced constipation, erectile dysfunction, and orthostatic hypotension.
Laparoscopic retrieval of a peritoneal mouse.

A 67-year-old Caucasian male was referred by the urology service with a history of incomplete bowel emptying. He complained of tenesmus. MRI scan suggested a leiomyoma lying anterior to the rectum. He underwent examination under anaesthesia and attempted endorectal ultrasound and biopsy. However, the lesion seemed to migrate cranially and was impalpable. At laparoscopy, a mobile, unattached, 5.5 × 5 × 3.5, cream-coloured ‘egg was retrieved from the retrovesical space. Histology confirmed a hyalinised fibrocollagenous lesion lined with mesothelium. A comprehensive review of the literature is presented.