cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Organization of Production in High Technology Industries: An Empirical Assessment*

Recent attention given to the concept of vertical integration and disintegration of production processes has identified the existence of a continuum, with small, flexibly specialized producers at one end and large, mass production units at the other end. Firms along the continuum constantly strive for the optimum combination of economies of scale and scope. This paper attempts to identify the organizational characteristics of high technology firms in one industrial complex of the U.S. Manufacturing Belt. A principal components analysis is performed on a number of theoretically relevant variables for a sample of high technology establishments in Northeast Ohio. The results indicate that the region contains a variety of organizational forms ranging from isolated workshops to large, vertically integrated assembly plants. These findings conform to expectations derived from recent conceptualizations in the literature. Additional empirical research will further enhance understanding of the processes that shape ...
A comparison of tumor and normal tissue microvascular hematocrits and red cell fluxes in a rat window chamber model

Abstract This laboratory has previously used a window chamber model to measure red blood cell velocity in mammary tumors and normal granulation tissues of the F-344 rat. Because red cell flux and hematocrit more accurately reflect the oxygen carrying potential of blood, we used this model to measure these parameters. Red blood cells were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and 0.2 ml. packed cells were injected intravenously into rats bearing an 8 to 10 day old R-3230 mammary carcinoma. β-phycoerythrin (0.15 mg.) was also injected and served as a plasma dye to outline the blood vessels. A sample of peripheral blood was then taken and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the labeled fraction of red blood cells. Flowing tumor and normal tissue vessels were recorded onto a VCR, and these video images were used to determine vascular length and diameter, RBC flux and velocity, and hematocrit. Median vessel diameter and log e (red blood cell flux) were significantly greater in tumors than in normal tissues ( p = 0.007 and p in vivo definition of tumor oxygenation.
Influence of organotins on rat platelet aggregation mechanisms

The effects of ten organotins on rat platelet aggregation mechanisms were examined. Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide was the most potent inhibitor of both ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation, and it was the only organotin that directly induced aggregation. It also increased the latent period for induction of aggregation by collagen. Triphenyltin hydroxide was a weak inhibitor of both ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation. However, in contrast to bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, it decreased the latent period for collagen-induced aggregation. A similar effect also was observed with diphenyltin dichloride, phenyltin trichloride, and cyhexatin. Tri-n-butyltin chloride and tetra-n-butyltin demonstrated specificity in their action since aggregation induced by ADP but not collagen was inhibited. Tri-n-propyltin chloride, trimethyltin chloride, and fenbutatin oxide were without discernible effect on rat platelet aggregation.
Evolution in black and white: genetic control of pigment patterns in Drosophila

Coloration is one of the most variable characters among animals and is a rich source of models of phenotypic evolution. The great diversity of pigment patterns in Drosophila, coupled with the availability of genetic approaches in both model and more exotic species, has recently spawned efforts to elucidate the genetic architecture and molecular basis of pigment pattern evolution. Pigmentation differences are often polygenic and correlate with regulatory changes in both transcription factor genes and structural genes. Understanding the developmental genetic basis of color differences in Drosophila could provide inroads to classic evolutionary problems such as industrial melanism, mimicry and phenotypic convergence.
Adhesion-promoting properties of dyes routinely used during fertility surgeries.

With the link between peritoneal adhesions and infertility well established, it is critical that materials used in pelvic surgery be tested for their adhesionforming properties. The current study examined the adhesion-inducing properties of two dyes routinely used for visualization during pelvic surgery. In vivoand in vitroexamination of the effects of the dyes methylene blue and indigo carmine on adhesion formation in a mouse model. A series of three experiments was conducted. In the first, dyes were injected directly into the peritoneal cavity. The mice were then sacrificed at one of two time points and the peritoneal cavity examined for adhesion formation. In addition, because of their purposed role in adhesion formation, macrophages from the cavity were examined for signs of dye-induced activation. Further studies of macrophage activation were then conducted in vitroto determine the effects of dye concentration and exposure time on the activation process. Both methylene blue and indigo carmine appeared to induce adhesion formation as well as macrophage activation in vivo.Further, long-term exposure to visual concentrations of both dyes appeared to induce macrophage activation. However, only those macrophages exposed to methylene blue exhibited signs of activation when the exposure time was limited to times equivalent to those which might be expected during surgery. Of the two dyes tested, indigo carmine might be the dye of choice in surgeries where fertility is to be maintained.
Characterization of myosin light-chain kinase from bovine adrenal medulla

Abstract Partially purified bovine adrenal medullary myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) possesses a Stoke's radius of 79 A and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.95 ± 0.45 S, yielding a native molecular weight of 150,000 ± 17,000 g/mol and a frictional ratio of 2.24. It catalyzes the phosphorylation of the isolated light chain of skeletal muscle myosin and the light chain of intact adrenal medullary myosin, but not phosphorylase b or histone. The activation of MLCK by calmodulin is specific and dose dependent, yielding a K 0.5 value of 9.0 n m ; the dose response curve with respect to free Ca 2+ is biphasic, exhibiting a stimulatory phase at low free Ca 2+ concentrations ( K 0.5 = 0.17 μ M) and an inhibitory phase at higher free Ca 2+ concentrations (400–3000 μ m ). Michaelis-Menten kinetics are observed for ATP, yielding a K m for ATP of 25 μ m and a V max of 23.2 nmol/min/mg. However, positive cooperative kinetics are observed for the skeletal muscle myosin light chain, yielding a Hill coefficient of 3.57, a K 0.5 for light chain of 27 μ m and a V max of 16.6 nmol/min/mg. A stoichiometry of phosphorylation of approximately 1 mol of phosphate/ mol of skeletal muscle myosin light chain was observed. Therefore, adrenal medullary MLCK is similar in most, but not all, of its physical and kinetics properties to MLCKs isolated from other sources and may serve to regulate actin-myosin contractile activity in the adrenal medulla.
Planning for Future Ocean Drilling With the JOIDES Resolution

October 2013 brings a new scientific ocean drilling program to the community, one founded on the principle that excellent scientific outcomes, combined with practical planning and efficient operations, will provide outstanding opportunities for future generations of researchers and educators. Despite an identical acronym to its predecessor (the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program), this new program, called the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), constitutes a forward looking and societally relevant roadmap for scientific ocean drilling.
Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor with the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cells growing in an orthotopic mouse model.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related death worldwide. Liver resection or transplantation is curative for a subset of patients with localized disease, but treatments for advanced disease are generally toxic and ineffective. Aberrant expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated in the progression of HCC and represents a valid target for anticancer therapy. Bevacizumab, a humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, is currently being evaluated in the treatment of HCC. In addition, other novel anti-angiogenesis agents are being developed in HCC. Aim: This study examines the effect of bevacizumab in a newly characterized orthotopic model of the disease using the human HCC cell line, Hep 3B, and provides preclinical evidence that an anti-angiogenic approach holds promise in HCC. Results: Administration of bevacizumab 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal twice a week significantly decreased microvessel density in tumours, decreased human serum α-fetoprotein measurements and prolonged the time to progression for treatment mice compared with control mice. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that targeting VEGF with bevacizumab may be an effective approach to the treatment of HCC and further study of other novel anti-angiogenic agents in HCC is warranted.
Serum Transaminase Levels in Experimental Pulmonary Infarction

No significant increases in serum transaminase levels were produced in acute experimental pulmonary infarction. Although significant transaminase levels have been observed in both clinical and experimental acute myocardial infarction, it was found that a minimal myocardial infarction (5 per cent) is associated with greater rises than that found with pulmonary infarction of the order of 45 per cent.
Spatial modeling of riparian state dynamics in eastern Oregon, USA by using discrete event simulation

In order to relate the effects of small- to mid-scale riparian state dynamics to land use management goals at a broader, watershed scale, I developed a general, simulation-based modeling framework for riparian landscape dynamics. Discrete event simulation (DES) was used to implement a set of models incorporating state dynamics for several potential morphological groups, along with a set of landscape events that interact with successional changes in stream vegetation and morphology. These models operate concurrently on a connected landscape, parameterized by extant spatial databases, and expert opinion. As a sample application, two landscape disturbance scenarios were simulated, representing contrasting forest management regimes for a subbasin in eastern Oregon, USA. This case study incorporates the individual dynamics of almost 8000 polygons and 10 types of events in a common framework. Both scenarios resulted in relatively homogeneous landscapes, with primarily mature multistrata forest states under historical conditions, and a mix of mature forest and pioneer forb community under current conditions. These simulation results do not appear to accurately represent current or historical landscape conditions, likely because of insufficient information for adequately calibrating model parameters and their associated uncertainty. Still, this modeling approach provides an effective method for incorporating riparian landscape dynamics in forest landscape decision support systems.
Hypoxia and Reoxygenation Induce Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling in Endothelial Cells through Tetrahydrobiopterin Depletion and S-Glutathionylation

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is accompanied by endothelial hypoxia and reoxygenation that trigger oxidative stress with enhanced superoxide generation and diminished nitric oxide (NO) production leading to endothelial dysfunction. Oxidative depletion of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin can trigger eNOS uncoupling, in which the enzyme generates superoxide rather than NO. Recently, it has also been shown that oxidative stress can induce eNOS S-glutathionylation at critical cysteine residues of the reductase site that serves as a redox switch to control eNOS coupling. While superoxide can deplete tetrahydrobiopterin and induce eNOS S-glutathionylation, the extent of and interaction between these processes in the pathogenesis of eNOS dysfunction in endothelial cells following hypoxia and reoxygenation remain unknown. Therefore, studies were performed on endothelial cells subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation to determine the severity of eNOS uncoupling and the role of cofactor depletion and S-glutathionylation in this process. Hypoxia and reoxygenation of aortic endothelial cells triggered xanthine oxidase-mediated superoxide generation, causing both tetrahydrobiopterin depletion and S-glutathionylation with resultant eNOS uncoupling. Replenishing cells with tetrahydrobiopterin along with increasing intracellular levels of glutathione greatly preserved eNOS activity after hypoxia and reoxygenation, while targeting either mechanism alone only partially ameliorated the decrease in NO. Endothelial oxidative stress, secondary to hypoxia and reoxygenation, uncoupled eNOS with an altered ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione inducing eNOS S-glutathionylation. These mechanisms triggered by oxidative stress combine to cause eNOS dysfunction with shift of the enzyme from NO to superoxide production. Thus, in endothelial reoxygenation injury, normalization of both tetrahydrobiopterin levels and the glutathione pool are needed for maximal restoration of eNOS function and NO generation.
l-Arginine Depletion Blunts Antitumor T-cell Responses by Inducing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

Enzymatic depletion of the non-essential amino acid L-Arginine (L-Arg) in cancer patients by the administration of a pegylated form of the catabolic enzyme arginase I (peg-Arg I) has shown some promise as a therapeutic approach. However, L-Arg deprivation also suppresses T-cell responses in tumors. In this study, we sought to reconcile these observations by conducting a detailed analysis of the effects of peg-Arg I on normal T-cells. Strikingly, we found that peg-Arg I blocked proliferation and cell cycle progression in normal activated T-cells without triggering apoptosis or blunting T-cell activation. These effects were associated with an inhibition of aerobic glycolysis in activated T-cells, but not with significant alterations in mitochondrial oxidative respiration, which thereby regulated survival of T-cells exposed to peg-Arg I. Further mechanistic investigations showed that addition of citrulline, a metabolic precursor for L-Arg, rescued the anti-proliferative effects of peg-Arg I on T-cells in vitro. Moreover, serum levels of citrulline increased after in vivo administration of peg-Arg I. In support of the hypothesis that peg-Arg I acted indirectly to block T-cell responses in vivo, peg-Arg I inhibited T-cell proliferation in mice by inducing accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). MDSC induction by peg-Arg I occurred through the general control non-repressed-2 eIF2α kinase. Moreover, we found that peg-Arg I enhanced the growth of tumors in mice in a manner that correlated with higher MDSC numbers. Taken together, our results highlight the risks of the L-Arg-depleting therapy for cancer treatment and suggest a need for co-targeting MDSC in such therapeutic settings.
Impact of psychological dynamics of stress on the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor.

Abstract In an attempt to dissociate the relative impact of psychological vs. physiological concomitants stress on the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), the influence of stressor controllability and predictability was investigated in rats. In addition, the effect of a purely psychological stressor, contextually conditioned fear, was examined. The response of the PBR in rats confronted with a naturalistic threat, a cat, was also tested. Various peripheral and CNS tissues were analyzed. Specific binding of [ 3 H]Ro 5-4864 was significantly reduced in the kidneys of subjects receiving either controllable or uncontrolled shock. Semilar changes were seen in the kidneys of subjects receiving either predictable or unpredictable shock. Mean [ 3 H]Ro 5-4864 binding in lung was reduced following both predictable and unpredictable shock, but only the reduction in the predictable shock group reached significance. Controllability appeared to protect against the stress-induced reduction in [ 3 H]Ro 5-4864 binding in lung. Contextually conditioned fear only affected PBR in the olfactory bulb, and exposure to a cat was without effect. These data suggest that the PBR responds only to potent stressors, and psychological influences on the PBR are tissue specific.
What is really necessary in successful buyer/seller relationships?

Abstract This article investigates the impact of personality traits and types and trust on sales outcomes between business-to-business buyers and sellers. A model is developed (and refined) depicting the influence of personality similarities and trust on sales performance. It was found that most business-to-business buyers and sellers were classified into a small number of personality types. Further, perceived similarities (rather than measured similarities) were found to be linked to both buyer trust of a salesperson, as well as to sales performance. Implications of study findings are discussed. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Minimal order observers and certain singular problems of optimal estimation and control

It is shown that a Riccati equation of particular structure which arises in a number of singular optimal estimation and control processes can be reduced in order. This fact leads directly to a procedure for the design of a class of minimal order observers, the structure of which can be interpreted as the limiting form of appropriate Kalman estimators with vanishing observation noise.
Contractile and electrophysiological responses to progressive digitalis toxicity.

Contractile force and intraventricular conduction during progressive ouabain infusion were examined in 15 dogs using a Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch and sequential atrial and bundle of His pacing. This permitted: (1) contractile force determination; (2) overdrive of arrhythmias; (3) maintenance of normal contraction sequences; (4) 'normal' ventricular depolarization; (5) rate control; (6) conduction measurements of the H-V interval (His-Purkinje conduction), QRS (intramyocardial conduction), and H-S interval (total intraventricular conduction). Contractile force increased 21.2±4.3% at the onset of toxicity. After toxicity, there was a significant further increase (P < 0.01) to 50.1 f 12.4%. However, immediately before ventricular fibrillation, a 43.8 ± 8.2% decrease occurred (P < 0.01). H-V time showed no change (from 30 ± 2.7 to 31.5 ± 2.4 ms) at the onset of toxicity but after toxicity, it lengthened to 40.5 ± 3.1 ms (P < 0.05). QRS did show significant prolongation (69.5% ± 5.3 to 79.5 ± 6.9 ms; P < 0.05) at the onset of toxicity, but this was more marked (79.5 ± 6.9 to 130.5 ± 8.1 ms; P<0.01) after toxicity. H-S time was significantly prolonged (99.5 ± 6.2 to 111.0 ± 8.9 ms) before (P < 0.02) and after (P < 0.01) toxicity (111.O ± 8.9 to 171.1 ± 10.6 ms). During toxicity there is progressive increase in contractile force with continued ouabain infusion. Progressive prolongation of intramyocardial conduction occurs in nontoxic and toxic doses, but His-Purkinje conduction is prolonged only in supratoxic doses.
PVA-based tunable buffering membranes for isoelectric trapping separations

PVA-based buffering membranes with tunable pH values were prepared on a PVA substrate by reacting PVA, glycerol-1,3-diglycidyl ether, -NH 2 group-containing buffers and -NH 2 group-containing titrants in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The pH of the buffering membranes could be tuned in the 3<pH<10 range according to the Hendersson-Hasselbach equation while maintaining buffering capacities in excess of 100 mM. Detailed recipes for the preparation of six families of buffering membranes are tabulated and provided as Supporting Information. The buffering membranes were used to trap and desalt ampholyte solutions and separate proteins having a ΔpI as small as 0.1. The membranes were mechanically and hydrolytically stable and could be stored, even in 10<pH sodium hydroxide solutions, in excess of 6 months.
Effect of x-irradiated ovaries on corpus allatum size in the housefly, Musca domestica.

Abstract Irradiation of the posterior third of pharate pupae 24±3 hr post-pupation with 2·2 krad X-rays retarded egg development in the imago, postponed the onset of vitellogenesis by 20 hr, and completely inhibited vitellogenesis in 40 per cent of irradiated flies. X-irradiated flies also had a small corpus allatum for 26 hr, whereas the controls had a small corpus allatum only in the 20 hr post-emergence sample. However, no differences in corpus allatum size was found in irradiated and control flies when corpus allatum area was correlated with the stage of egg development. From cytological and physiological evidence, it was concluded that juvenile hormone was released from corpora allata with areas less than 16 U2 in flies with eggs at stages 2 to 5. Ovariectomized flies had a CA area less than 16 U2 and were considered to be releasing juvenile hormone continuously. When ovaries in the vitellogenic phase of development from either normal or irradiated flies were implanted into ovariectomized flies, the corpus allatum size increased to areas greater than 16 U2 in 75 per cent of the hosts. This increase in corpus allatum size was attributed to oostatic hormone production by implanted ovaries. Furthermore, oostatic hormone production was associated with the occurrence of vitellogenesis in the ovaries.
Comparative Sensitivity of Computed Tomography vs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Acute Posterior Fossa Infarct

Abstract Background Posterior fossa strokes, particularly those related to basilar occlusion, pose a high risk for progression and poor neurological outcomes. The clinical history and examination are often not adequately sensitive or specific for detection. Study Objectives Because this population stands to benefit from acute interventions such as intravenous and intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator, mechanical thrombectomy, and intensive monitoring for neurologic deterioration, this study examined the sensitivity of non-contrast head computed tomography (NCCT) for diagnosing posterior fossa strokes in the emergency department. Methods This study analyzed a prospectively collected database of acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent head NCCT within 30 h of symptom onset and who were subsequently found to have a posterior fossa infarct on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 6 h of the NCCT. Results There were 67 patients identified who had restricted diffusion on MRI in the posterior fossa. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores ranged from 0 to 36, median 3. Only 28 patients had evidence of infarction on the initial NCCT scan. The timing of NCCT scans ranged from 1.2 to 28.9 h after symptom onset. The sensitivity of NCCT was 41.8% (95% confidence interval 30.1–54.4). The longest period of time between symptom onset and a negative NCCT with a subsequent positive diffusion-weighted imaging MRI was 26.7 h. Conclusions Head NCCT imaging is frequently insensitive for detecting posterior fossa infarction. Temporal evolution of strokes in this distribution, coupled with beam-hardening artifact, may contribute to this limitation. When a posterior fossa stroke is suspected and the NCCT is non-diagnostic, MRI is the preferred imaging modality to exclude posterior fossa infarction.
Making the Subterranean Visible: Security, Tunnels, and the United States–Mexico Border

The number of unauthorized tunnels discovered through the U.S.-Mexico border has risen dramatically since the mid-1990s. These tunnels are problematic for the state because the subterranean border is both less visible and more difficult to monitor and control than is the surface border. In this era of heighten security, the debate on secure borders has intensified. As a result, the need to demonstrate security success at both the national and the agency level has risen. Efforts to make tunnel discoveries (and security) visible are made within border-security agencies and within national discourse and legislation. These efforts spatially fix tunnels to the border in ways that obscure fuller a understanding of drug trafficking in general. This paper employs archival research, content analysis, and informal interviews with security-enforcement agents to consider the material presence of tunnels within border landscapes. Keywords: security, borders, U.S., Mexico, trafficking, tunnels
Genetic influences in opioid analgesic sensitivity in mice

Abstract Studies of various strains of mice revealed marked differences in their analgesic sensitivity towards morphine (μ), U50,488H (κ 1 ) and naloxone benzoylhydrazone (NalBzoH; κ 3 ). Sensitivity to μ and κ analgesia varied independently of the other. Analgesic sensitivity to morphine remained relatively consistent among 3 different nociceptive assays for each strain. However, the sensitivity of an individual strain to NalBzoH remained highly dependent upon the assay used. CD-1 mice were sensitive to NalBzoH in all 3 assays, but in BALB/c mice NalBzoH produced analgesia only in the hot plate and cold water tail-flick assays. In Swiss-Webster mice, NalBzoH was active in the radiant heat and cold water tail-flicks but inactive in the hot plate. Although the levels of μ, κ 1 and κ 3 binding in whole brain homogenates did vary somewhat, they did not correlate with analgesic sensitivity. These results suggests that the genetic controls over μ and κ analgesia operate independently and further illustrate the many difficulties in evaluating potential analgesics.
A model of degenerate and singular oscillatory integral operators

The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimal order of decrease of the L 2 norm for the following degenerate and singular oscillatory integral operators defined by formula here for f ∈ C ∞ 0 (ℝ), where ψ( x , y ) is a smooth compactly supported function on ℝ 2 , S ( x , y ) is a homogeneous polynomial of degree n formula here and K ( x , y ) is a distribution kernel which satisfies the following hypotheses: K is a C 2 function away from the diagonal and the estimates formula here hold for 0 i =1, or 2. This paper basically uses the methods of [ 6 ], which are very general and can be widely used. The main idea of these methods is that the sizes of operator norms after the decomposition are estimated in different ways and the decomposition is then summed back by balancing the estimates of two types. The first type estimate takes into account the support sizes of the integrand after the decomposition. The second type estimate is delicate, depending on how to keep track of the distance to the singular varieties of phase function. In our case, we have to include the singular variety arising from distribution kernel as well. The analytic tool of the second type estimate is the operator version of the Van der Corput lemma [ 7 ]. We notice that the crux of matters is to locate the singular varieties of phase function and kernel. For higher dimensional situations, the problem is very difficult. One expects that the powerful theory of algebraic geometry may play a significant role. Here we would like to remark that Mather's results [ 2 ] may be useful although the geometrical shapes of singular varieties are basically undecidable.
Parameters influencing cholesterol oxidation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature, oxidation time, presence of water, pH, type of buffer and form of substrate used on cholesterol oxidation. Microcrystalline cholesterol films, both solid and melted, and aqueous suspensions of film fragments were used as substrates. Use of dispersing agents was avoided. Quantitative analysis of the unaltered substrate and the products of its autoxidation was carried out by gas chromatography over the course of oxidation. Solid cholesterol films were found to be resistant to autoxidation in the dry state. However, when heated at 125°C, a sudden increase in oxidation rate occurred at a point coinciding with the visible melting followed by a plateau of the oxidation rate. All of the autoxidation products formed underwent further decomposition. Film fragments of cholesterol oxidized at a faster rate in aqueous suspensions than when oxidized in the dry state. In aqueous suspensions, the differences in the resistance of cholesterol to oxidation were not significant within the pH range 6.0–7.4, except for the early stages of oxidation. The 7-ketocholesterol/7-hydroxycholesterol ratio dropped significantly with increasing pH. However, at all pH levels tested, this ratio remained relatively constant during the 6 h of heating. While the 7β-hydroxycholesterol/7α-hydroxycholesterol ratio was not affected by pH in the range of 6.0–7.4, at pH 7.4 a high preference was observed for the cholesterol β-epoxide over its α-isomer. The β/α-epoxide ratio decreased with time of heating and with decreasing pH. The data show that the physical state of the substrate exerts a major influence on the oxidative behavior of cholesterol.
Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hyperoxia-induced lung injury in newborn piglets.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases the concentration and activation of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and has been used to prevent late-onset infection in premature infants. However, if G-CSF also augmented the inflammatory response in the lung, the incidence and severity of acute and chronic lung injury might be expected to increase. Using a newborn piglet model of acute lung injury, we examined the effects of rhG-CSF (recombinant-metHuG-CSF) on lung injury. Thirty-three newborn piglets were studied as follows: 1) Unventilated controls; 2) normally ventilated (PaCO 2 = 35-45 torr) with room air(RA) for 48 h; 3) normally ventilated with RA for 48 h and received rhG-CSF (10 μg/kg/dose IV) at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h; 4) hyperventilated (PaCO 2 = 15-25 torr) with 100% O 2 for 48 h; 5) hyperventilated with 100% O 2 for 48 h and received rhG-CSF (10 μg/kg/dose IV) at 0, 12, 24 and 36 h. Complete blood counts and and differentials were performed at 0, 24, and 48 h. Animals were sacrificed at 48 h, lungs were removed en bloc, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Total blood white blood cells and neutrophil counts increased significantly over 48 h in animals who received rhG-CSF either with normoventilation (p < 0.0001) or hyperventilation with 100% O 2 (p < 0.003), and did not change significantly in the other experimental groups. However, there were no significant differences in BAL total cell counts, neutrophil chemotaxis activity, total protein, or albumin concentrations among the groups. Despite significantly increasing peripheral neutrophil counts, rhG-CSF did not potentiate acute lung injury or inflammation. This suggests that prophylactic administration strategies using rhG-CSF to prevent sepsis in premature infants should not increase the risk for developing acute and chronic lung disease.
Compositional analysis of Glucosaminyl(acyl)phosphatidylinositol Accumulated in HeLa S3 Cells

GlcN(acyl)PtdIns, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) in which glucosamine and a fatty acid are linked to inositol hydroxyl groups, has been proposed to be an intermediate in the mammalian biosynthetic pathway for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (glycosyl-PtdIns) anchors of membrane proteins. In this report, GlcN(acyl)PtdIns metabolically labeled with [3H]inositol is shown to accumulate in a HeLa S3 cell subline. The amount of GlcN(acyl)PtdIns in these HeLa S3 cells is about 10(7) molecules/cell, a level comparable to those of the most abundant glycosyl-PtdIns-containing molecules reported to date. GlcN(acyl)PtdIns was purified by a two-step procedure involving octyl-Sepharose and thin-layer chromatography. Octyl-Sepharose separated phospholipids according to their number of hydrocarbon chains: one in 2-lysoPtdIns, two in PtdIns, and three in GlcN(acyl)PtdIns. Purification also was aided by prior treatment of lipid extracts with bee venom phospholipase A2, an enzyme that did not cleave GlcN(acyl)PtdIns. The GlcN-inositol head group in purified GlcN(acyl)PtdIns was confirmed by a number of procedures, including cation-exchange chromatography and mass spectrometry; after radiomethylation, an equal molar ratio of GlcN(Me)2/inositol was measured. Fatty acid analysis indicated an overall stoichiometry of 2.3 mol fatty acid/mol inositol with palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids being predominant. Analysis of GlcN(acyl)inositol produced by HF fragmentation showed that palmitate was the acyl group attached to inositol and indicated that stearic and oleic acids were in the glycerolipid. Base methanolysis revealed that about 15% of the purified GlcN(acyl)PtdIns contained alkylglycerol. A substantial conversion of GlcN(acyl)PtdIns to a slightly more polar lipid occurred after overnight incubation in even mildly alkaline buffers. Although the current data do not allow proposal of a structure for this lipid, its formation from GlcN(acyl)PtdIns may be important because the conversion appeared to occur in vivo.
Young children's perception of nonverbally expressed “preference”: The effects of nonverbal cue, viewer age, and sex of actor

Eighty children, 4 and 6 years old, viewed color movies of other children looking at two identical boxes each containing different toys not visible on the film. Films were made in four nonverbal cue conditions: facial expression and head movement; facial expression, head, and upper body movement; head and upper body movement only; and head movement only. Viewers were asked to identify which box the child in the film preferred and to report the information they had used to decide. Six year olds and those viewing films with female actors were significantly more accurate in identifying the box actually preferred. Differential responding based on type of nonverbal cue was found among 6 year olds and among those viewing films with female actors. Actor looking time at the preferred box was found to relate to viewer judgment and to be reported as the decision strategy used among 6 year olds, but not among 4 year olds.
Delineating the nature and extent of the market for agricultural commodities

In this article, an approach is suggested for defining the nature and extent of geographic and product markets for agricultural commodities relying on the concept of instantaneous causality. The markets for rice are used for the empirical implementation of the approach. The results, based on both domestic and world prices, suggests that the extent of the geographic market changed between 1968 and 1986. This has obvious policy implications.
TABRA - a projective test for computer personnel research. (Preliminary Report.)

In their summary of research on the selection and evaluation of computer personnel, Mayer and Stalnaker (1968) cited five areas in which substantive research was needed. One of these was development of “new observational techniques especially into the personality characteristics” of computer personnel. They also stated: “Two relatively large studies have been made into the personality of programmers, but neither has been published. Both, however, tend to indicate that the programmer has a differentiable personality just as he was found to have a universal interest pattern.” These findings enhanced our interest in assessing the role of personality factors in computer work. We have been concerned with emotional responses to computers, and especially those feelings which affect the individual's ability to learn and deal with the machines. The goal of this inquiry was to gather information which might be of use not only in the selection of personnel for training, but also to assist computer users and those designing training programs.
Quantitative local analysis of nonlinear systems using sum-of-squares decompositions (T-1)

The focus of this workshop is computational tools to derive quantitative bounds on the behavior of uncertain, nonlinear dynamical systems. The target audience includes graduate students and researchers interested in computational methods for provable, quantitative assessment of nonlinear system behavior, including flight control, adaptive systems and system biology.
Thermal isolation of microchip reaction chambers for rapid non-contact DNA amplification

This paper describes further optimization of a non-contact, infrared-mediated system for microchip DNA amplification via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The optimization is focused on heat transfer modeling and subsequent fabrication of thermally isolated reaction chambers in glass devices that are uniquely compatible with non-contact thermal control. With a thermal conductivity approximately an order of magnitude higher than many plastics, glass is not the obvious substrate of choice for rapid thermal cycling in microfluidic chambers, yet it is preferable in terms of optical clarity, solvent compatibility and chemical inertness. Based on predictions of a lumped capacity heat transfer analysis, it is shown here that post-bonding, patterned etching of surrounding glass from microfluidic reaction chambers provides enhancements as high as 3.6- and 7.5-fold in cooling and heating rates, respectively, over control devices with the same chamber designs. These devices are then proven functional for rapid DNA amplification via PCR, in which 25 thermal cycles are completed in only 5 min in thermally isolated PCR chambers of 270 nL volume, representing the fastest static PCR in glass devices reported to date. Amplification of the 500-base pair fragment of ?-DNA was confirmed by capillary gel electrophoresis. In addition to rapid temperature control, the fabrication scheme presented, which is compatible with standard photolithography and wet etching techniques, provides a simple alternative for general thermal management in glass microfluidic devices without metallization.
Vibrational Mixing and Energy Flow in Polyatomics: Quantitative Prediction Using Local Random Matrix Theory

The theory of local random matrix models has provided a way for understanding many aspects of quantum ergodicity and energy flow in molecules. In this paper quantitative results are presented for a random matrix model that yields analytical expressions for the degree of vibrational mixing and flow rates in polyatomics in terms of a small number of parameters. The results of these generally applicable expressions are compared with large scale computation on energy flow in several organic molecules studied experimentally: formaldehyde, thiophosgene, and propyne. We show these systems are respectively below, at, and significantly above the quantum ergodicity transition. Effects of finite molecular size on the quantum ergodicity transition are also discussed. I. Introduction The central role of intramolecular energy flow in chemical kinetics and photochemistry has long motivated experimental, 1 computational, 2-4 and theoretical studies 5 of vibrational relaxation in polyatomics. Large scale simulations and experimental studies on a number of small molecules have provided a wealth of detailed information about vibrational mixing and energy transfer. However, despite notable successes on rather large molecules, 2-4 detailed analysis of the complete vibrational Hamiltonian of a large polyatomic is still a very demanding undertaking. Fortunately, such large scale computation is apparently not needed for understanding a great deal about the qualitative nature of intramolecular energy flow or, as we shall show here, even to predict the extent and rates of flow to modest accuracy. Alternative approaches 6,7 to large scale computation treat the oscillator energies and local couplings statistically, the distributions of which are parametrized to suit the harmonic vibrational spectrum and anharmonicities of a particular polyatomic. The resulting local random matrix ensemble yields analytical expressions predicting vibrational mixing, rates of energy flow, and the location of the quantum ergodicity transition between localized and extended states. In this article, we compare predictions for vibrational energy flow and localization obtained from local random matrix models with results of computational studies 4,8,9 on several organic molecules. Our results are in some sense meant to serve as an
Stabilization of n-type silicon photoanodes in aqueous solution by electrostatic binding of redox ions into charged polymers

Etude experimentale de la stabilisation de photoanodes au silicium de type n a revetement de polymere par liaison electrostatique d'ions actifs du point de vue oxydoreduction
Characterization of an intracellular insulin-degrading enzyme in human erythrocytes.

Abstract Using conventional techniques of ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sephadex gel column chromatography, insulin-degrading enzyme was partially purified from lysate of human erythrocytes. The enzymatic activity was measured by the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method. Compared to trypsin, the enzyme was highly specific for insulin. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was 160,000 Da, the optimum pH was the 7.4 to 7.8 range, and the K m value for insulin for the partially purified enzyme was 162 n m . Bacitracin and N -ethylmaleimide were potent inhibitors, while chloroquine, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, antipain, and soybean trypsin inhibitor failed to inhibit the activity of the enzyme. Like most nucleated cells, human erythrocytes not only have the membranal insulin receptors, but also possess the cytosolic specific insulin-degrading enzyme. Insulin internalization and degradation are shown to be due to the receptor and the enzyme acting in concert as in many nucleated cells. Anucleated erythrocytes have both these entities for possible internalization and degradation of insulin.
Effects of temperature and ram speed on the flow pattern in axisymmetric extrusions of 2024 Al alloy

Abstract The effects of temperature in the range of 300° to 537°C and ram speeds of 0.1 to 13.0 in. sec−1 on the visioplasticity flow pattern in axisymmetric extrusions of 2024 Al were investigated. In addition to the common type of flow pattern consisting of a single maximum in the transverse grid lines located at the extrusion axis, there occurred an uncommon double maximum pattern, the degree of which increased with decrease in temperature and increase in ram speed. It was found that the change in the pattern from one type to the other occurred at a relatively constant value of the parameter Z a = ϵ exp (H d /RTa), where ϵ is the effective strain rate during extrusion, H d = 35 kcal/mole and T a is the temperature corrected for adiabatic heating during extrusion. Moreover, the double maximum pattern occurred only for stresses higher than those at the knee in a plot of log Za versus effective flow stress σ, i.e. in the region where there exists a strong dependence of σ on Za. It is concluded that the pronounced changes in flow pattern in the present tests, particularly the degree of the double maximum pattern, are governed to a large extent by the plastic deformation behavior of the material. An explanation for correlation of the flow pattern with the Z parameter is given in terms of the form of the stress-strain curve as a function of Z.
A direct test of the vibrationally adiabatic theory of chemical reactions

Abstract The adiabaticity assumption of the vibrationally adiabatic theory of chemical reactions in the zero-curvature approximation is directly tested for the collinear H + H2 reaction against calculations using exact wavefunctions. It is found that the symmetric stretch motion of the transition state is adiabatic to within 10% for total energies E ranging from 0.51 eV to 0.72 eV. For E below the zero-point energy of this symmetric stretch motion non-adiabaticity is substantial and is probably due to tunneling. For E above the first excited vibrational state energy of this symmetric stretch motion the adiabaticity assumption breaks down completely.
Severe Upper Airway Obstruction Due to Delayed Retropharyngeal Hematoma Formation Following Blunt Cervical Trauma

Background We report a case of severe upper airway obstruction due to a retropharyngeal hematoma that presented nearly one day after a precipitating traumatic injury. Retropharyngeal hematomas are rare, but may cause life-threatening airway compromise.
Nearshore larval retention in a region of strong upwelling and recruitment limitation

The ability of miniscule larvae to control their fate and replenish populations in dynamic marine environments has been a long-running topic of debate of central importance for managing resources and understanding the ecology and evolution of life in the sea. Larvae are considered to be highly susceptible to offshore transport in productive upwelling regions, thereby increasing dispersal, limiting onshore recruitment, and reducing the intensity of community interactions. We show that 45 species of nearshore crustaceans were not transported far offshore in a recruitment-limited region characterized by strong upwelling. To the contrary, 92% of these larvae remained within 6 km from shore in high densities throughout development along two transects sampled four times during the peak upwelling season. Larvae of most species remained nearshore by remaining below a shallow Ekman layer of seaward-flowing surface waters throughout development. Larvae of other species migrated farther offshore by occurring closer to the surface early in development. Postlarvae evidently returned to nearshore adult habitats either by descending to shoreward-flowing upwelled waters or rising to the sea surface where they can be transported shoreward by wind relaxation events or internal waves. Thus wind-driven offshore transport should not limit recruitment, even in strong upwelling regions, and larvae are more likely to recruit closer to natal populations than is widely believed. This study poses a new challenge to determine the true cause and extent of recruitment limitation for a more diverse array of species along upwelling coasts, and thus to further advance our understanding of the connectivity, dynamics, and structure of coastal populations.
Synthesis of threo-β-aminoalcohols from aminoaldehydes via chelation-controlled additions. Total synthesis of l-threo sphingosine and safingol

Abstract Chelation-controlled addition of organocuprates to N -carbamoyl aminoaldehydes, prepared from functionalized amino acids, generated predominately the threo-β-amino alcohol derivatives through chelation with the carbamoyl moiety. The carbamate group is a stronger chelating group than other potentially good chelators, for example ethers, esters, thioethers, and gives good diastereoselectivity with cuprates. Thus addition of lithium divinylcuprate to the aldehyde generated from the serine derivative 25 in the presence of extra copper for chelation afforded the threo compound 26 in 83% yield. Cross-metathesis and cleavage of the protecting groups furnished l -threo sphingosine 21 . In addition the lyso-sphingolipid protein kinase C inhibitor, safingol, 22 , was prepared from commercially available O -benzyl N -BOC serine 28 in six steps and 56% overall yield by this method.