cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The British alliance

They [the Indians] discovered that the back[country] inhabitants particularly those who daily go over the Mountains of Virginia employ much of their time in hunting, interfere with them therein, have a hatred for, ill treat, Rob and frequendy murder the Indians, that they are in generall a lawless sett of People, as fond of independency as themselves, and more regardless of Govern mt owing to ignorance, prejudice, democratical principles, & their remote situation. Sir William Johnson to the Earl of Dartmouth, November 4,1772 A nation scattered in the boundless regions of America resembles rays diverging from a focus. All the rays remain, but the heat is gone. Their power consisted in their concentration: when they are dispersed, they have no effect. Samuel Johnson, A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland , quoted in Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West Although William Johnson aspired to model a British alliance on his image of the old French alliance, in the end he came to violate his most basic premises. Seeking to overcome the colonial mismanagement that had cost the British their Indian allies before the Seven Years' War, he had found himself “obliged to pursue those methods so successfully practised by the French.” Johnson imitated the French system of gifts and medals, of officers and chiefs. He instituted a regulated trade. He replaced French fathers with British fathers, but he failed to persuade the British government to bear the costs such an alliance demanded, nor could he quickly call into being the cultural and social middle ground on which the alliance must finally rest.
Joint Design of Cluster-Based Hierarchical Networking Architecture and Key Management System for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Current communication protocols used for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been designed to be energy efficient, low redundancy in sensed data, and long network lifetime. One major issue that must be addressed is the security of data communication. Due to the limited capabilities of sensor nodes, designing security-based communication protocols present a difficult challenge. Since commonly used encryption schemes require high time complexity and large memory, achieving security for WSNs needs unique approaches. In this paper, we consider a heterogeneous wireless sensor network (HWSN), where while most nodes are resource limited a few nodes can have more energy, stronger processing capability and longer communication range and can be used to relax the resource bottleneck. We propose a joint design approach that can best use the benefit that a HWSN brings. We first design a reconfigurable hierarchical networking architecture, where the HWSN is divided by the high-end nodes into regions, the low-end nodes in each region are divided by clusters, and high-end nodes and cluster heads form a communication/relay backbone. We then design a key management system that uses both public and symmetric key cryptography above the hierarchical networking architecture which requires very small number of security keys. The evaluation and simulation results show that by using the proposed networking architecture and key management scheme only a small amount of keys needs to be preloaded before deployment and stored after key setup to achieve secured communication throughout the entire network.
Electron microscopic visualization of DNA in association with cellular components.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that the increasing interest in the study of DNA-protein complexes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells has underscored the need for simple electron microscopic methods for visualizing them. Electron microscopy can provide both a means of monitoring the purification and a tool for delineating the structure of DNA-protein complexes. The chapter describes two simple microscopic techniques, protein surface spreading and Tungsten contrast enhancement, for this purpose. In the case of protein surface spreading, denatured protein films were used to spread and visualize DNA. Many cellular structures in addition to DNA can be visualized by this technique. Controlled changes in the ionic strength or temperature during spreading add useful parameters for the study of the structure and associations of one or more cellular components. Tungsten contrast enhancement provide a rapid and reproducible method for visualizing bare DNA and DNA-protein complexes, as well as many other cellular structures. Visualization is accomplished by binding the sample to a reactive supporting film, and following dehydration, contrast enhancement by vacuum deposition of a staining amount of tungsten.
A general-purpose simulator for metamaterials with three-dimensional elements

In this paper we present two simulation techniques for modeling periodic structures with three-dimensional elements in general. The first of these is based on the Method of Moments (MoM) and is suitable for thin-wire structures, which could be either PEC or plasmonic, e.g., nanowires at optical wavelengths. The second is a Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD)-based approach, which is well suited for handling arbitrary, inhomogeneous, three-dimensional periodic structures. Neither of the two approaches make use of the “traditional” Periodic Boundary Conditions (PBCs), and are free from the difficulties encountered in the application of the PBC, as for instance slowness in convergence (MoM) and instabilities (FDTD).
Combining multisource Wiener filtering with parallel beamformers to reduce noise from interfering talkers

The ability to extract a primary speech signal from an environment with multiple speakers is an important issue (B. Widrow, 2001; M. Brandstein and D. Ward, 2001) in speech processing. This paper presents a method for incorporating multiple parallel beamformers with a Wiener filter. By iterativeIy improving the spectral magnitude estimates of each speech source, substantial improvement in overall signal separation can be obtained. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated using a simulated multiple speaker environment with resulting SNR and sSNR plots.
Analysis of geometric accuracy in digital breast tomosynthesis reconstruction

The geometric accuracy of a digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) reconstruction algorithm was assessed using an anthropomorphic software breast phantom with simulated fiducial markers The locations of the fiducial markers were measured from supersampled images reconstructed to sub-pixel precision The measured locations were compared with the known ground truth positions of the simulated markers The fiducial markers simulate small, attenuating objects within the software phantom Using reconstructed images with resolution of 0.115 mm, and a total of twelve fiducial markers at three different depths, we determined an average difference of 0.105 mm (st dev 0.086 mm) between the estimated and true marker locations.
Radio Frequency Identification systems for libraries and archives: An introduction

Abstract Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a promising new technology, which could replace both bar coded labels and traditional theft detection tags in libraries and archives. Unlike bar code labels, RFID tags can be examined without physically opening a book or container, opening a new range of new self-service and inventory possibilities. RFID tags can also be used in combination with existing theft detection tags. As well, an RFID tag can be encoded with bibliographic or patron data, making it easier to acquire information about an item or patron without querying a central database. RFID is currently being applied in retail sales, as well as in libraries and archives. However, the use of RFID in retail applications has raised some public concern about privacy. This article presents an overview of the technology, describes the configurations available from several vendors, and discusses its pros and cons for library applications.
Simplified PAC-Bayesian Margin Bounds

The theoretical understanding of support vector machines is largely based on margin bounds for linear classifiers with unit-norm weight vectors and unit-norm feature vectors. Unit-norm margin bounds have been proved previously using fat-shattering arguments and Rademacher complexity. Recently Langford and Shawe-Taylor proved a dimension-independent unit-norm margin bound using a relatively simple PAC-Bayesian argument. Unfortunately, the Langford-Shawe-Taylor bound is stated in a variational form making direct comparison to fat-shattering bounds difficult. This paper provides an explicit solution to the variational problem implicit in the Langford-Shawe-Taylor bound and shows that the PAC-Bayesian margin bounds are significantly tighter. Because a PAC-Bayesian bound is derived from a particular prior distribution over hypotheses, a PAC-Bayesian margin bound also seems to provide insight into the nature of the learning bias underlying the bound.
Cloning of a methanol-inducible moxF promoter and its analysis in moxB mutants of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1rif

In Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, genes encoding methanol dehydrogenase polypeptides are transcriptionally regulated in response to C, compounds, including methanol (M. E. Lidstrom and D. I. Stirling, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44:27-57, 1990). In order to study this regulation, a transcriptional fusion has been constructed between a beta-galactosidase reporter gene and a 1.55-kb XhoI-SalI fragment of M. extorquens AM1rif DNA encoding the N terminus of the methanol dehydrogenase large subunit (moxF) and 1,289 bp of upstream DNA. The fusion exhibited orientation-specific promoter activity in M. extorquens AM1rif but was expressed constitutively when the transcriptional fusion was located on the plasmid. However, correct regulation was restored when the construction was inserted in the M. extorquens AM1rif chromosome. This DNA fragment was shown to contain both the moxFJGI promoter and the sequences necessary in cis for its transcriptional regulation by methanol. Transcription from this promoter was studied in the M. extorquens AM1rif moxB mutant strains UV4rif and UV25rif, which have a pleiotropic phenotype with regard to the components of methanol oxidation. In these mutants, beta-galactosidase activity from the fusion was reduced to a level equal to that of the vector background when the fusion was present in both plasmid and chromosomal locations. Since both constitutive and methanol-inducible promoter activities were lost in the mutants, moxB appears to be required for transcription of the genes encoding the methanol dehydrogenase polypeptides.
Letter to the editor regarding Strauss et al.

To the Editor:—I laud Strauss et al.1 for identifying driving distance as a system barrier to diabetes control. Such studies provide a renewed interest in alternatives to face-to-face visits. It is important to emphasize the potential value of telephone contacts and electronic linkages, as suggested by the authors. There is evidence that clinical outcomes can be enhanced for diabetes,2 hypertension,3 and depression4 and unscheduled visits can be decreased5 through telephone care contacts. In addition, a recent survey of diabetics indicated that over one-third of those queried were internet users.6 I do note, however, that only 1,576/4,209 (37%) of the potential subjects of Strauss's study could be reached by phone. Was the low number of those contacted the result of the lack of a telephone, follow-up attempts to call prospective research subjects, medical record administrative information, or some other reason? Having conducted a VA telephone care clinic from 2001 to 2003 solely to manage diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia,7 I rarely encountered a situation when a patient could not be reached by telephone despite the fact many were of lower financial socioeconomic status and resided in rural areas. I also wonder if those contacted in this study were queried about access to the internet.
Indoor Scene Understanding with RGB-D Images: Bottom-up Segmentation, Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation

In this paper, we address the problems of contour detection, bottom-up grouping, object detection and semantic segmentation on RGB-D data. We focus on the challenging setting of cluttered indoor scenes, and evaluate our approach on the recently introduced NYU-Depth V2 (NYUD2) dataset (Silberman et al., ECCV, 2012). We propose algorithms for object boundary detection and hierarchical segmentation that generalize the $$gPb-ucm$$gPb-ucm approach of Arbelaez et al. (TPAMI, 2011) by making effective use of depth information. We show that our system can label each contour with its type (depth, normal or albedo). We also propose a generic method for long-range amodal completion of surfaces and show its effectiveness in grouping. We train RGB-D object detectors by analyzing and computing histogram of oriented gradients on the depth image and using them with deformable part models (Felzenszwalb et al., TPAMI, 2010). We observe that this simple strategy for training object detectors significantly outperforms more complicated models in the literature. We then turn to the problem of semantic segmentation for which we propose an approach that classifies superpixels into the dominant object categories in the NYUD2 dataset. We design generic and class-specific features to encode the appearance and geometry of objects. We also show that additional features computed from RGB-D object detectors and scene classifiers further improves semantic segmentation accuracy. In all of these tasks, we report significant improvements over the state-of-the-art.
SPACED OUT MITOCHONDRIA

![Figure][1] Studies of physiological systems under extreme conditions teach us important lessons regarding the basics of life. One fascinating extreme condition is space travel. Space travel affects physiological functions in many ways, and one of its key signatures is muscle atrophy. Muscle
A new direct method for the numerical calculation of a swallowtail

Abstract A nonlinear operator equation, depending on three real parameters, is given. We designed a new direct method for the calculation of a swallowtail of this equation. It turns out that the special structure of the extended system can be used to construct an efficient algorithm.
Defensive steroids from a carrion beetle (Silpha americana).

The defensive anal effluent discharged bySilpha americana in response to disturbance contains a mixture of steroids stemming from a glandular annex of the rectum. The compounds have been characterized as 15β-hydroxyprogesterone (1, principal component), 5β-pregnan-15β-ol-3, 20-dione (2), 5β-pregnan-3α, 15β-diol-20-one (3), 5β-pregnan-7β, 15β-diol-3,20-dione (4), 5β-pregnan-3α, 7β, 15β-triol-20-one (5), 5β-pregnan-16α-ol-3,20-dione (6), and 5β-pregnan-3α, 16α-diol-20-one (7), none previously found in insects. Bioassays with jumping spiders showed compounds1 and6 to be feeding deterrents at the 1 μg level.
Removal of amino acid during a single passage of water across the gill of marine mussels

The clearance of amino acid during a single passage of inhalent water across the gills of marine mussels was studied. Samples of excurrent water were collected and analyzed for their content of 14C-labeled amino acids and total primary amines. Comparison with concentrations measured in the ambient medium revealed that mussels are capable of removing large fractions of the amino acid present in inhalent water in a single passage across the gill surfaces. At low rates of pumping, Modiolus demissus was capable of removing 95% of the 14C-glycine from a 1μ M solution. Efficiency of clearance of amino acid was inversely related to pumping rate; absolute rate of uptake was directly related to pumping rate. Concentration related changes in uptake rate and efficiency of clearance indicated that the effective Kt of glycine uptake by intact Mytilus californianus and Modiolus demissus is between 2 and 5μ M. These values are an order of magnitude lower than published figures for Kt of glycine uptake by preparations of isolated gill tissue from these animals. This discrepancy is probably the result of an increase in the effective thickness of unstirred layers on the surfaces of isolated gills. Net clearance of glycine by M. californianus was observed to occur from concentrations as low as 0.28μ M and, from concentrations of 1μ M and less, an average of 20% of the total primary amine offered initially as glycine was removed during a circuit of inhalent water through the animal. Hence, transepidermal transport processes for amino acids in marine mussels are adapted to function efficiently at substrate concentrations found in their normal environment, and can provide a significant supplemental input of reduced carbon and amino nitrogen for these animals.
Specific ELISAs for the detection of human macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and beta

Mononuclear cell elicitation has gained renewed interest with the discovery of a supergene family of small polypeptide chemotactic cytokines (<10 kD). These chemotactic cytokines have been divided into the C-X-C and C-C chemokine families depending upon whether the first two conserved cysteine amino acid residues are separated by one amino acid or are in juxtaposition, respectively. A salient feature of the C-C chemokine family is their ability to induce both monocyte and lymphocyte chemotaxis. Although monocyte and lymphocyte migration in vitro is measured in chemotactic bioassays, this technique often fails to determine the specific quantitative contribution of a chemotaxin to a biological specimen. Our laboratory has developed two sensitive and specific sandwich ELISAs for the detection of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and beta (MIP-1α and MIP-1β). The lower threshold for detection of both MIP-1α and MIP-1β was 100 pg/ml, and both of these ELISAs were efficacious for the detection of MIP-1α a...
The Apple of the mind's eye: Everyday attention, metamemory, and reconstructive memory for the Apple logo

People are regularly bombarded with logos in an attempt to improve brand recognition, and logos are often designed with the central purpose of memorability. The ubiquitous Apple logo is a simple design and is often referred to as one of the most recognizable logos in the world. The present study examined recall and recognition for this simple and pervasive logo and to what degree metamemory (confidence judgements) match memory performance. Participants showed surprisingly poor memory for the details of the logo as measured through recall (drawings) and forced-choice recognition. Only 1 participant out of 85 correctly recalled the Apple logo, and fewer than half of all participants correctly identified the logo. Importantly, participants indicated higher levels of confidence for both recall and recognition, and this overconfidence was reduced if participants made the judgements after, rather than before, drawing the logo. The general findings did not differ between Apple and PC users. The results provide n...
First Report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in North Carolina and Increased Incidence of Soybean Rust on Soybean in 2006.

Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow, was first detected in the continental United States in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Louisiana on 6 November 2004 (3) and in kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in Florida during February 2005 (1). Soybean rust was first confirmed in North Carolina in commercial soybean fields in Brunswick, Columbus, and Robeson counties on 25 October 2005 (2). Subsequently, the disease was detected in soybean in 18 counties, but not in kudzu, even when it was growing adjacent to infected soybean. During 2006, soybean rust was first detected in North Carolina in soybean on 14 September 2006 from a sample from Columbus County that was submitted to the North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCSU-PDIC). Thus, the first detection of soybean rust in North Carolina occurred almost 6 weeks earlier in 2006 than in 2005. Subsequently, in 2006, soybean rust was found in soybean in 42 counties in North Carolina through survey, sent...
Preferential chromosome loss in human papilloma virus DNA‐lmmortalized mammary epithelial cells

Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells may provide a model system for studying the molecular basis of immortalization and its role in breast neoplasia. Cytogenetic analyses were performed on clones derived from HPV 16- and HPV 18-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. The majority of the clones contained near-diploid karyotypes. The single most frequent whole-chromosome loss was that of chromosome 19. Regions that showed preference for deletion and/or translocation included 2pter, 11qter, and 15pter. Evidence of chromosome 19 loss was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated, chromosome 19-specific, dinucleotide microsatellite repeat polymorphism analysis.
A redox fuel cell that operates with methane as fuel at 120°C

Platinum black efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of methane by iron(III) to generate carbon dioxide and eight equivalents of iron(II) in solutions of sulfuric acid in water. The rate of oxidation increases over 4 hours to reach approximately 4.83 x 10(-2) moles of iron(II) per gram atom of surface platinum per second. A redox fuel cell was assembled that used this reaction in a liquid reformer to generate soluble reducing equivalents of iron(II) from methane, which was electrochemically oxidized to iron(III) in the cell. A vanadium(V)-(IV)-nitric acid-O(2) redox system catalyzed the electrochemical reduction of O(2). The open-circuit voltage of the cell was 0.48 volt, and the maximum power output of the cell was 8.1 milliwatts per cubic centimeter of graphite felt electrode.
Video: study of storage impact on smartphone application delay

The smartphone has become an important part of our daily lives. However, the user experience is still far from being optimal. In particular, despite the rapid hardware upgrades, current smartphones often suffer various unpredictable delays during operation, e.g., when launching an application, leading to poor user experience. This video features our study of storage impact on smartphone application delay. We conduct the first large-scale measurement study on the I/O delay of Android using the data collected from our application running on 1009 devices within 130 days. We observe that Android devices spend up to 58% of their CPU active time waiting for storage I/Os to complete. This negatively affects the smartphone's overall application performance, and results in slow response time. Further investigation, among others, reveals that reads experience up to a 626% slowdown in the presence of concurrent writes. The obtained knowledge is used to design and implement a system called SmartIO that reduces the application delay by prioritizing reads over writes, and grouping them based on assigned priorities. SmartIO is implemented on the Android platform and evaluated extensively on several groups of popular applications. The results from the 20 researched applications demonstrate that SmartIO reduces launch delays by up to 37.8%, and run-time delays by up to 29.6%.
Changes in obesity-related attitudes in women seeking weight reduction.

Objective: To examine changes in obesity-related attitudes in a sample of obese women who participated in either dieting or non-dieting interventions. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 123 obese women were randomly assigned to one of three weight control programs: meal replacement diet, balanced deficit diet, or a non-dieting program. (The first two groups were combined as a single dieting condition.) Participants completed questionnaires (at baseline, Week 20, and Week 40) to assess beliefs and attitudes about obesity, along with measures of self-esteem, depression, and body image. Results: At Weeks 20 and 40, participants in the non-dieting condition reported significantly less negativity about obesity than those in the dieting group. Women in the dieting condition did not report an increase in negative attitudes toward obesity, despite losing significantly more weight than non-dieting participants. Both groups experienced improvements in self-esteem, body image, and depressive symptoms. Improvement in self-esteem was associated with a reduction in negativity about obesity and with improvements in body image. Discussion: The non-dieting program produced greater reductions in negative attitudes toward obesity than the dieting intervention. Dieting (with successful weight loss), however, did not result in greater negativity toward obesity. Non-dieting programs seem to be useful in obese women for improving self-esteem, body image, and internalized negative attitudes about obesity.
Increased expression of messenger RNA for collagen type I, collagen type III, and fibronectin in myometrium of pregnancy.

Objective: To determine the expression of the extracellular matrix proteins collagen type I, collagen type III, and fibronectin by immunohistochemistry, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) for these proteins by Northern blot analysis in the myometrium of pregnancy compared with myometrium from normal premenopausal women. Methods: Myometrial tissue was obtained from seven pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean delivery and eight nonpregnant premenopansal women undergoing hysterectomy. Tissue was paraffin embedded and processed for RNA. Antibodies to collagen type I, collagen type III, and fibronectin were used to examine protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Complimentary DNA probes for the same proteins were used to examine mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis. Results: Increased staining was seen for all three proteins in the myometrium of pregnancy. Densitometric analysis of Northern blots showed increased levels of collagen type I mRNA ( P P P Conclusion: There is increased expression of both protein and mRNA for collagen type I, collagen type III, and fibronectin in the myometrium of pregnancy.
Extracting Sunbeams From Cucumbers

In this article we survey the display formats used in the Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics during the period 2005–2010 and discover that the most dominant format was the table. We then examine the actual tables used and find that most could have been made more comprehensible had they utilized one or more of three simple rules for table construction. We illustrate these rules on tables drawn from the Journal and elsewhere.
On the formation of dislocation substructure during growth of a crystal from its melt

Abstract Dislocation networks in as-grown lithium fluoride crystals were studied by etch pit and decoration techniques in an attempt to obtain experimental evidence concerning the origin of grown-in dislocations. Several mechanisms for formation of new dislocation loops at or near a growing crystal face were considered. The kinds of distribution observed, and the insensitivity of the grown-in networks to the growth rate and temperature gradient in the solid, were considered to be consistent with the hypothesis that stresses are responsible for most of the grown-in dislocations.
Comparative studies of methyldopa and placebo in hospitalized hypertensive patients

Abstract A comparison of methyldopa and placebo was made in a small group of hospitalized hypertensive patients, using each patient as his own control. In patients receiving active drug alternating with placebo, methyldopa exhibited itself as a relatively nondisturbing hypotensive compound capable of producing a significant fall in blood pressure. However, the degree of the hypotensive effect was modest. Profound reduction seemed to represent magnification of the drug action by placebo effects and did not persist when the major source of the latter, e.g., hospitalization, was removed. Increase in dose of methyldopa beyond 1.0 to 1.5 gm. per day had minimal additional effect. Placebo effects occurred even in some patients with relatively severe disease. In patients receiving placebo only, blood pressure declined with increasing dose of placebo, but this may have represented the effect of prolonged hospitalization rather than "placebo pharmacology" per se . The methodologic problems involved in assays of hypotensive drugs in hospitalized patients are outlined. In particular, the difficulty of obtaining a representative sample of the hypertensive population for such a study is discussed, and the limitations of the information obtained are indicated.
Loss of 2‐tertiary‐butyl‐4‐methoxy phenol (BHA) from high‐density polyethylene film

The rate of loss of the antioxidant 2-tertiary-butyl-4-methoxy phenol (BHA) from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rate of loss was found to follow a first-order expression. Almost all of the antioxidant was lost (>95 percent) within 1 day at 50°C, within 3 days at 40°C, and within 7 days at 30°C. The controlling parameter for mass transfer of the antioxidant was found to be volatilization rather than diffusion.
Charles Ferris: Jimmy Carter's FCC Innovator

Between 1977 and 1981, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Chairman Charles Ferris directed the FCC as it made history by modifying U.S. radio and telecommunications law. It was a revolutionary time, but for the most part neither Ferris, nor the man who appointed him, President Jimmy Carter, has received much credit for their role in remaking regulatory policy. Perhaps even more importantly, Ferris changed the philosophy of how the FCC went about rulemaking, which continues to guide the Commission to this day. This study—utilizing, in part, Ferris' own words—seeks to correct the record regarding the impact he had.
Water escape performance of adult RCS dystrophic and congenic rats: a functional and histomorphometric study

Abstract The dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat undergoes photoreceptor degeneration due to a hereditary defect in the retinal pigment epithelium. The congenic rat remains unaffected. Although the retinal degeneration is well characterized, few functional studies of this strain are available. We wished to compare the visual function of congenic and dystrophic RCS rats using a water escape paradigm that tested their ability to find a submersed, randomly placed platform using a light source as a clue. Three different behavioral experiments were sequentially performed on all animals: Experiment 1—The Light and Platform test measured the time to swim from the center of the pool to a platform located under a light clue. Each animal was given 10 trials. Experiment 2—The No Light with Platform test was performed as above except no light clue was used. Experiment 3—The Light and No Platform test was performed with a light clue but without a platform. The animal was allowed to swim for 2 min. All trials were videotaped. After the final experiment, the animals were sacrificed and a histomorphometric analysis of their retinas were performed. Expt. 1—The time to find the platform using light as a clue was greater for the dystrophic than for the congenic rats. Expt. 2—In the absence of light clue, there was no significant difference in performance between the congenic and dystrophic animals. Expt. 3—In the absence of a platform, a significantly greater amount of time was spent in the area indicated by the light clue by the congenic animals as compared to the dystrophic. Morphometric analysis revealed a mean number of 133 photoreceptor nuclear profiles/90 μm of retina for congenic rats as compared to 0.14 for dystrophic rats. This simplified version of the Morris water maze permits quantitative evaluation of visually-guided behavior in an important model of retinal degeneration.
Home Blood Glucose Monitoring in the Pregnant Diabetic

The development of testing materials that offer a safe, simple, and relatively painless determination of blood glucose levels may improve control of maternal diabetes, thereby reducing morbidity in the infant. The use of home blood glucose monitoring has reduced perinatal morbidity, and a discussion of the procedure and nursing implications is presented.
Immediate and late effect of cranial irradiation on pituitary function in children

The effect of cranial irradiation on pituitary function was studied prospectively. Plasma hGH and LH were determined, by radioimmunoassay, hourly from 8 pm to 7 am during natural sleep, prior to, immediately after cranial irradiation (2500 rads), and 6-24 months later, in 15 leukemic children aged 1.5-13 years. Seven normal children, aged 6-12 years, served as controls. hGH levels prior to irradiation were similar to those in the control group (mean value per hour 3.84±2.5 and 4.09±2.4 ng/ml respectively), a finding indicating normal pituitary function prior to irradiation. hGH levels were lower immediately after irradiation in children below the age of 5 years, and returned to normal 6-24 months later. The effect of irradiation on LH levels was uncertain and differently timed.
Excitation Functions of U 235 and U 238 Bombarded with Helium and Deuterium Ions

Cross sections were determined for the reactions ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, n){\mathrm{Pu}}^{241}$ [including ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, p){\mathrm{Np}}^{241}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Pu}}^{241}$], ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, 2n){\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, 3n){\mathrm{Pu}}^{239}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, 4n){\mathrm{Pu}}^{238}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$(${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$, fission), ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, n){\mathrm{Pu}}^{238}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}({\mathrm{He}}^{4}, 3n){\mathrm{Pu}}^{236}$ induced by helium ions of energies from 18.0 to 43.0 Mev. The yields of ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{239}$, ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$, and ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{241}$ were determined by a mass spectrometric technique. Cross sections were measured for the reactions ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}(d, p){\mathrm{U}}^{239}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}(d, 2n){\mathrm{Np}}^{238}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}(d, 4n){\mathrm{Np}}^{236}(22 \mathrm{hr})$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}(d, t; d, p2n){\mathrm{U}}^{237}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}(d, n){\mathrm{Np}}^{236}(22 \mathrm{hr})$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}(d, 2n){\mathrm{Np}}^{235}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}(d, 3n){\mathrm{Np}}^{234}$ induced by deuterons of energies from 5.8 to 21.5 Mev. The above excitation functions are compared with similar excitation functions of nonfissile nuclei to show the effect of fissionability on spallation cross sections. Mean values of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}}$ are derived for several heavy nuclides by fitting the experimental excitation functions with theoretical cross sections calculated from the Jackson model modified for fission. In addition to the discussion on the compound-nucleus formation mechanism, some discussion of the experimental evidence for direct interactions is given.
UNDERSTANDING SKIER BEHAVIOR: AN APPLICATION OF BENEFIT SEGMENTATION MARKET ANALYSIS TO COMMERCIAL RECREATION

ABSTRACT Benefit segmentation is a recent approach to identifying ski markets which emerged from earlier market research. It advocates segmenting recreational markets according to benefits sought by client groups from the experience. The purpose of this study was (1) to identify the most important benefits sought by the southern dowhill skier and (2) to demonstrate the utility of segmenting a commercial recreation market by combining information derived from benefits sought from the ski experience with selected sociode-mographic variables. Results of this study support the need for continuous market analysis specific to regional destinations. Implications indicate that southern skiers differ from their western and midwestern counterparts in terms of overall benefits sought. This study demonstrates that a combination of sociodemographic variables with benefits sought from the downhill ski experience is a useful way to support ski market decision making. Information obtained from this study was used to iden...
Livestock Trauma in Central Texas: Cowboys, Ranchers, and Dudes

Abstract Introduction: Emergency nurses routinely treat a wide variety of animal-related injuries, yet the trauma literature rarely addresses injuries associated with livestock. Methods: The purpose of this retrospective, descriptive study was to examine the incidence, demographics, severity, and other factors associated with trauma related to livestock in persons admitted to one central texas trauma center during a 5-year period. Patients were classified by activity at the time of injury. The following 5 categories were identified: cowboy, rancher, dude, standing near, and unidentified. Groups were further analyzed by the type of animal involved in the injury, mechanism of injury, patient sex and age, body regions injured, indicators of severity, and county in which the injury occurred. Results: One hundred thirty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 24% were categorized as cowboys, 18% as ranchers, and 39% as dudes. Six percent were standing near the animal, and activity at the time of injury could not be adequately determined for 13% of patients. Typical demographics, mechanisms of injury, wounds, indicators of severity, and animals were found to be associated with each activity class. Discussion: Horses were responsible for 75% of the traumas sustained by ranchers and 83% of the traumas sustained by dudes. Bulls were responsible for 94% of the cases involving cowboys. Simply standing near livestock was dangerous for 6% of the sample, including young children. Although helmets and steel-toed boots are currently unpopular, wearing them is a simple and important safety strategy.
THE EFFECT OF IMMATURITY ON INTESTINAL HANDLING OF COW'S MILK PROTEINS

To investigate postnatal maturational changes of gut barrier function, we used two small intestinal in vitro models. Microvillus membrane (MVM) preparations were used for studying membrane surface binding and the everted gut sac technique was used for studying mucous coat binding and uptake of 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin (125I-BSA) and betalactoglobulin (125I-BLG) in newborn, preweanling and adult rats. Surface binding of BSA and BLG to MVM was greater from newborn and preweanling rats, compared to adults (BSA, newborns: 2.74±0.53%; adults 1.08±0.17%, p<0.001). Binding however was weak and nonspecific. Contrary to surface binding, mucous coat binding of BSA and BLG to preweanling gut sacs was less than to adult ones, as was uptake (BSA binding: 0.94±0.30 vs 3.06±0.74 μg 125I-protein equivalents /mg mucosal protein, p<0.001; BSA uptake: 0.35±0.17 vs 0.71±0.20, p<0.01). Gut sac binding and uptake were closely correlated in adult and preweanling animals (r=0.76, p<0.001 for BSA; r=0.85, p<0.001 for BLG in preweanlings). These studies suggest that immature animals are binding more cow's milk proteins to their MVM, but that less protein is bound to the mucous coat and taken up by immature gut sacs. Differential handling, mucous coat and MVM binding of food proteins in immature animals may be controlled by mucus layer factors which act to protect the underlying MVM.
Differentiating, describing, and visualizing scientific space: A novel approach to the analysis of published scientific abstracts

This paper will develop and demonstrate a novel method for analyzing scientific indexes called Latent Semantic Differentiation. Using two distinct datasets comprised of scientific abstracts, it will demonstrate the procedure’s ability to identify the dominant themes, cluster the articles accordingly, visualize the results, and provide a qualitative description of each cluster. Combined, the analyses will highlight the utility of the procedure for scientific document indexing, structuring university departments, facilitating grant administration, and augmenting ongoing research on scientific citation. Because the procedure is extensible to any textual domain, there are numerous avenues for continued research both within the sciences and beyond.
Porosity effect on densification and shape distortion in liquid phase sintering

Densification and shape distortion are two important events associated with liquid phase sintering. In general, the initial porosity effects on both are ignored due to the rapid densification typical to liquid phase sintering. To completely describe the sintering process, porosity and pore size effects should be included in any sintering model. In this study, samples differing in initial porosity were sintered and quenched from various points in a sintering cycle to track the porosity effect on densification and distortion. Sinterability of the compact was defined as the ratio of sintering stress to compact strength to predict the densification and linked with sample composition and porosity. Porosity influences how the sample distorts during sintering. A high initial porosity sample is more likely to collapse along the longitudinal direction while a low initial porosity sample tends to spheroidize.
Prevalence of Incidental Pancreatic Cysts in the Adult Population on MR Imaging

OBJECTIVES:The reporting of incidental pancreatic cystic lesions on cross-sectional imaging studies has dramatically increased over the last few years. The prevalence of incidental pancreatic cysts in the adult population, however, is unknown. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of
Natural killer (NK): dendritic cell (DC) cross talk induced by therapeutic monoclonal antibody triggers tumor antigen-specific T cell immunity.

Tumor antigen (TA)-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb), trastuzumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, and rituximab, have been among the most successful new therapies in the present generation. Clinical activity is observed as a single agent, or in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, against metastatic colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, and follicular lymphoma. However, the activity is seen only in a minority of patients. Thus, an intense need exists to define the mechanism of action of these immunoactive mAb. Here, we discuss some of the likely immunological events that occur in treated patients: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), cross talk among immune cells including NK cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and generation of TA-specific T lymphocyte responses. We present evidence supporting the induction of “NK:DC cross talk,” leading to priming of TA-specific cellular immunity. These observations show that mAb-mediated NK cell activation can be greatly enhanced by the action of stimulatory cytokines and surface molecules on maturing DC and that NK:DC interaction facilitates the recruitment of both NK cells and DC to the tumor site(s). The cooperative, reciprocal stimulatory activity of both NK cells and DC can modulate both the innate immune response in the local tumor microenvironment and the adaptive immune response in secondary lymphoid organs. These events likely contribute to clinical activity, as well as provide a potential biomarker of response to mAb therapy.
Photothermal nanoblade for patterned cell membrane cutting

We report a photothermal nanoblade that utilizes a metallic nanostructure to harvest short laser pulse energy and convert it into a highly localized and specifically shaped explosive vapor bubble. Rapid bubble expansion and collapse punctures a lightly-contacting cell membrane via high-speed fluidic flows and induced transient shear stress. The membrane cutting pattern is controlled by the metallic nanostructure configuration, laser pulse polarization, and energy. Highly controllable, sub-micron sized circular hole pairs to half moon-like, or cat-door shaped, membrane cuts were realized in glutaraldehyde treated HeLa cells.
The Impact of Project Northland on Selected MMPI-A Problem Behavior Scales

Project Northland was a randomized community trial to prevent or delay alcohol use among adolescents. Students in the intervention communities were exposed to a multi-component prevention program in early adolescence and high school. This paper examines the impact of Project Northland on the trajectories of four scales of the adolescent form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-A). Students in the intervention communities demonstrated lower rates of growth of family problems and alcohol/drug use proneness than students in the delayed-program control communities. The results were more robust for baseline non-drinkers. EDITORS' STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS: This experimental study extends the scope of the impact of Project Northland, already recognized as a model substance abuse prevention program by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The results suggest that focused prevention programs have the potential to impact young adolescents' lives more broadly. Replication and further examination of the mechanisms by which risk factors and outcomes are modified is necessary, but school administrators and public health officials could learn from this promising program and evaluation.
Sonography of the placenta with emphasis on pathological correlation

The placenta is a most interesting but unfortunately often ignored and misunderstood organ. Included in its many functions are fetal oxygenation and nutrition as well as a myriad of endocrinological contributions and protein synthesis. The sonologist is strongly encouraged to study this amazing structure with ultrasound because significant pathology afflicts the placenta, often before affecting the fetus. Placental abnormalities, therefore, can be an "early warning system" for fetal problems. Recognition of clinically important lesions (abruption, accreta) as well as important anatomical variants (intervillous thrombosis, septal cyst) is crucial for the physician who performs and interprets prenatal ultrasound. This article discusses the common abnormalities of the placenta and highlights some correlative pathological processes, which will serve to enhance the reader's understanding of sonographic findings. A practical approach is presented with respect to assessment of the hypoechoic lesion, placental infarction, thick placenta, placenta previa, abruption, placenta accreta, and placental tumors.
Evaluating Adolescent Catechesis

Abstract Systematic program evaluations of adolescent catechesis curricula are seldom completed and rarely published. This makes it very challenging to understand what is working and what is not. This case study describes the findings of a program evaluation of the Youth in Theology and Ministry curriculum of Saint John's School of Theology and Seminary in Collegeville, Minnesota. This is one of more than fifty Lilly Endowment funded theological programs for high school youth initiated since 1998. The evaluation design addresses the problematic issue of measurement of religious outcomes, particularly the measurement of Christian discipleship. The research design includes the development and testing of a Christian Discipleship Scale seeking to define and measure operationally Christian discipleship. Results indicate the Youth in Theology and Ministry curriculum is influential in fostering Christian discipleship and suggest the Christian Discipleship Scale is a viable assessment tool warranting further study.