cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues and research on the biochemistry of inhaled actinides

Inhaled actinides occur in a wide variety of physical and chemical forms, which can affect their retention in the lung and their rate of translocation to blood and other organs. In general, their biological fate is determined by the relative amounts that are solubilized in vivo and those which are not, i.e., they are handled as particles. This paper summarizes our knowledge of the relevant mechanisms.
Characterization of internal salts by laser mass spectrometry

Abstract An intermolecular alkyl transfer reaction (ATR) leading to ion-pair formation has been observed for internal salts by using laser mass spectrometry (l.m.s.). Positive- and negative-ion spectra both show evidence for alkyl transfer. Both the LAMMA-500 (transmission) and LAMMA-1000 (reflection) laser mass spectrometers were used. The positive-ion laser mass spectra obtained by these two instruments show some significant differences; no significant differences were observed in the negative-ion spectra. Results obtained for quaternary ammoniohexanoates as a function of laser power indicate that the extent of ATR is greater at high laser power. Addition of a small amount of p -toluenesulfonic acid to the ammoniohexanoates reduces fragmentation and enhances the intensity of the quasimolecular ion (M + H) + relative to ATR. Results from deuterated sultaines were used to confirm intermolecular alkyl transfer and to elucidate some fragmentation processes. Field-desorption (f.d.) mass spectra of internal salts show similarities and differences from l.m.s.; not all internal salts showed the alkyl transfer reaction in f.d. Cluster ion formation was observed in f.d.m.s. but not in l.m.s.
Dissociation of the femoral head and trunion after constrained conversion total hip arthroplasty for poliomyelitis.

A conversion total hip arthroplasty using a 58-mm cementless shell and screws and constrained acetabular liner was performed in a 71-year-old patient with a nonunion of an intertrochanteric fracture and poliomyelitis with flail extremities. Preoperatively, the fractured lower extremity was painful and normally used by the patient for pivot transfers from his wheelchair. Five months postoperatively, the patient sustained complete dissociation of the trunion and femoral head, which was still located within the constrained liner. All other components were well fixated and properly positioned. The hip was revised successfully with a 40-mm femoral head and a nonconstrained liner with a 15° elevated lip placed posterosuperiorly.
LDPC-coded modulation for beyond 100-Gb/s optical transmission

The future Internet traffic growth will require deployment of optical transmission systems with bit rates higher than rate of currently available 40-Gb/s systems, such as 100-Gb/s and above. However, at data rates beyond 100-Gb/s the signal quality is significantly degraded mainly due to impact of polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and intra-channel nonlinear effects. All electrically time-division multiplexed (ETDM) multiplexers and de-multiplexers operating at ~100-Gb/s are becoming commercially available. However, the modulators operating ~100-Gb/s are not widely available so that alternative approaches to enable 100-Gb/s transmission and beyond using commercially available components operating at 40-Gb/s are of high practical importance. In this invited paper, several joint coded-modulation and multiplexing schemes enabling beyond 100-Gb/s transmission using commercially available components operating at 40-Gb/s are presented. Using this approach, modulation, coding and multiplexing are performed in a unified fashion so that, effectively, the transmission, signal processing, detection and decoding are done at much lower symbol rates, where dealing with the nonlinear effects and PMD is more manageable, while the aggregate data rate is maintained above 100-Gb/s. The main elements of our approach include: (i) bit-interleaved LDPC-coded modulation, (ii) multilevel coding (MLC) with LPDC component codes, and (iii) LDPC-coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The modulation formats of interest in this paper are M-ary quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) and Mary phase-shift keying (PSK), where M=2,...,16, both combined with either Gray or natural mapping rule. It will be shown that coherent detection schemes significantly outperform direct detection ones and provide an additional margin that can be used either for longer transmission distances or for application in an all-optical networks.
Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of chlorinated phenols utilizing Hydra attenuata and postimplantation rat embryos in culture.

Chlorinated phenols (CPs) represent a major component of hazardous oily and wood-preserving wastes that are widely distributed in chemical dumpsites throughout the United States. Pentachlorophenol (C5P) has been reported to be highly embryolethal and embryotoxic in rats. However, data pertaining to the developmental toxicities of other important CPs are limited. In this study, the toxicities of phenol, CP homologues and their isomers, selected phenyl acetates, anisoles, sodium phenates, and tetrachlorobenzoquinones (a total of 38 chemicals) were evaluated using cultures of Hydra attenuata (HA). Developmental hazard index (A/D ratio) was determined for selected test chemicals (i.e., those chemicals which resulted in an early toxic endpoint at the lowest whole-log concentration in the adult hydra assay). These same chemicals were evaluated at equimolar concentration in postimplantation rat whole embryo culture (WEC). HA and WEC studies demonstrated a linear relationship between toxicity and the degree of chlorine substitution with C5P greater than 2,3,4,5-C4P greater than 2,3,5-C3P greater than 3,5-C2P greater than 4-CP greater than phenol. The A/D ratios from the HA assay were approximately 1 for all of the chemicals tested. Findings from the WEC assay indicated similar results based on growth, gross morphology, and DNA and protein content of embryos. The results obtained in the HA and WEC assays suggest that the chlorinated phenols are not potent teratogens. The combination of HA and WEC may facilitate the rapid detection and ranking of hazardous chemicals associated with complex mixtures of chemical wastes.
Unit-roots test for time-series data with a linear time trend

Abstract Time-series models are useful for forecasting, but most standard methods for fitting such models require the series to be stationary. Recently, many tests for detecting unit roots in time-series data (tests for nonstationarity) have been proposed. In this article a test is developed for unit roots in autoregressive, moving-average models containing a linear time trend term. The method of testing is based on the estimation procedure suggested in Fuller (1976), which is basically a nonlinear type of estimation. The test statistic is standard output from most regression programs and has a limit distribution whose percentiles have been tabulated. An illustrative example is given.
Regulation of pantothenate kinase from various tissues of the rat.

Abstract The relative tissue activities of pantothenate kinase range from 1 to 5 nmol·min −1 ·g −1 wet wt for heart, brain, kidney, and liver. The enzyme partially purified from each tissue is inhibited by CoA, but there is a 10-fold greater potency of inhibition of the heart enzyme compared to those from the other tissues. With the heart and liver enzyme, this difference in potency of CoA inhibition may be a reflection of the differing cytosolic CoA concentrations in these tissues. L-Carnitine specifically reversed the inhibition of each enzyme by CoA. It is concluded that L-carnitine may be a regulator of CoA synthesis in each tissue. Pantothenic acid Coenzyme synthesis Carnitine kinase Pantothenate kinase Carnitine synthesis CoA synthesis
Remote control of a fusion facility

Magnetic fusion experiments keep growing in size and complexity resulting in a concurrent growth in collaboration between experimental sites and laboratories worldwide. This scientific collaboration activity is strong at existing experimental sites, is a major element of machines just coming on line, and is also a thrust of experiments that will come on line in the next decade. Computer science research into enhancing the ability to scientifically participate in a fusion experiment remotely has been growing in size in an attempt to better address the needs of fusion scientists worldwide. The natural progression of this research is to examine how to move from remote scientific participation to remote hardware control. This paper examines the challenges associated with remote experimental device control and proposes a solution based on a semantic approach that defines a Gatekeeper software system that will be the only channel of interaction for incoming requests to the experimental site. The role of the Gatekeeper is to validate the identification and access privilege of the requestor and to ensure the validity of the proposed request. The Gatekeeper will be a modular system, transparent to end-users, and allow a high volume of activity.
II: Disasters Compared in Six American Communities

Before reporting on our findings, I would like to describe the nature and purposes of the National Opinion Research Center Disaster Project. Since 1950, the Center has maintained a specially-trained disaster team to conduct field investigations of domestic disasters. The maintenance of rapid re-establishment of effective social organization in community disasters, either wartime or peacetime, is the central problem with which the project is concerned. Subsumed under this more general problem are many specific problems concerning human behavior in disasters—e.g., the nature of fear and panic reactions, crowd behavior, leadership, rumor and other forms of communication, the effectiveness of various rescue, relief, control, information and rehabilitation measures, and the changes in personality and social structure which are produced by disasters. The practical aim of the project is to develop findings which will aid the development of effective disaster preparedness and control measures.
Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Bottom Ash

Bottom ash, as a by-product of coal-fired electric power plants, has recently been used in constructing transportation facilities. However, the use of bottom ash in asphalt mixtures is still in an early stage. The moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures containing bottom ash, which has not been adequately researched, is investigated in this study. Eight asphalt mixtures produced with one type of asphalt cement, two types of aggregate, three sources of bottom ash, and lime additive were evaluated using the principles in AASHTO T283. Analysis of test data indicated that granite mixtures had higher tensile strength values than did limestone mixtures in dry conditions. Addition of lime or bottom ash did not substantially change these values. All mixtures tested met the Superpave volumetric mix design requirement of tensile strength ratio (TSR) after one freeze-thaw cycle. The addition of lime significantly improved the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixtures as measured by the TSR. With lime addition, aggregate type, bottom ash addition, and bottom ash source were all insignificant with respect to TSR. On the basis of TSR rate (TSRR), the addition of lime significantly improved the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixtures subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Without lime addition, bottom ash played a role similar to that of lime in improving the TSRR for the materials tested.
Echocardiographic estimation of systemic systolic blood pressure in dogs with mild mitral regurgitation.

Background:Systemic hypertension is likely underdiagnosed in veterinary medicine because systemic blood pressure is rarely measured. Systemic blood pressure can theoretically be estimated by echocardiography. According to the modified Bernoulli equation (PG = 4v2), mitral regurgitation (MR) velocity should approximate systolic left ventricular pressure (sLVP), and therefore systolic systemic blood pressure (sSBP) in the presence of a normal left atrial pressure (LAP) and the absence of aortic stenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of echocardiography to estimate sSBP by means of the Bernoulli equation. Hypothesis:Systemic blood pressure can be estimated by echocardiography. Animal: Seventeen dogs with mild MR. No dogs had aortic or subaortic stenosis, and all had MR with a clear continuous-wave Doppler signal and a left atrial to aorta ratio of ≤ 1.6. Methods:Five simultaneous, blinded continuous-wave measurements of maximum MR velocity (Vmax) and indirect sSBP measurements (by Park's Doppler) were obtained for each dog. Pressure gradient was calculated from Vmax by means of the Bernoulli equation, averaged, and added to an assumed LAP of 8 mm Hg to calculate sLVP. Results:Calculated sLVP was significantly correlated with indirectly measured sSBP within a range of 121 to 218 mm Hg (P= .0002, r= .78). Mean ± SD bias was 0.1 ± 15.3 mm Hg with limits of agreement of-29.9 to 30.1 mm Hg. Conclusion: Despite the significant correlation, the wide limits of agreement between the methods hinder the clinical utility of echocardiographic estimation of blood pressure.
The manly art of self-defense: on the neutrality of fitness components.

Data on 15 physical characteristics of contenders in 137 championship prizefights in three weight categories (light-, middle-, and heavyweights) have been analysed. These data are seen as being drawn from a highly culled population, and as bearing on what are, in effect, components of fitness. In heavyweights, the analysis suggests that these characteristics are indeed related to winning or losing (i.e., they are selectively important). As an overwhelmingly general rule, however, winners and losers do not differ significantly with respect to these measures nor, for the lighter weight classes, is there evidence of stabilizing selection. The exceptions to this general rule are discussed ("just-so" story): under some circumstances, a correlation between total fitness and one of its components may be detected in a highly selected population. Under most circumstances, on the contrary, this correlation all but vanishes.
Colchicine in Stable Chronic Heart Failure

We read with interest the study of colchicine in stable heart failure by Deftereos et al. [(1)][1]. Colchicine used at a dose of 0.5 mg twice daily was safe in patients with heart failure and, at least in part, effective in reducing systemic inflammation. However, the study failed to show a
A meta-analysis of parent-involved treatment for child sexual abuse

Sexual abuse in children not only occurs with alarming frequency, it also potentially leads to deleterious consequences for victims. Previous narrative reviews have touted the benefits of including...
Auger line shape measurements using positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract Conventional methods of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) make use of energetic electron or photon beams to create the core-hole excitations that lead to the Auger transition. The energetic beams result in a large secondary electron background in the Auger peak region. In positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES), the core holes are created by matter-antimatter annihilation and not through collisional ionization. Measurements are reviewed which indicate that PAES can eliminate the secondary electron background by the use of very low (∼10 eV) positron beam energies and that PAES has greatly increased surface selectivity due to the trapping of positrons in surface state prior to annihilation. A new PAES spectrometer has been developed in our laboratory with an energy resolution which is an order of magnitude better than previous PAES spectrometers. The high-resolution PAES system has been used to measure the Auger M 2,3 VV line shape from a clean polycrystalline Cu surface. The atomic-like Auger M 2 VV and M 3 VV features are clearly resolved. Differences observed between the PAES spectra and spectra obtained using electron induced Auger spectroscopy are discussed.
Reassessing Janet Emig's The Composing Processes of Twelfth Graders: An Historical Perspective'

Over the last thirty-four years, since her earliest publication on composing in 1960, Janet Emig has been a formidable presence in composition studies. Her first monograph, The Composing Processes of Twelfth Graders, a slight, 151-page NCTE research report, which was published without fanfare in 1971 and sold at the time for under five dollars, remains her work with which we are most familiar. Stephen North calls it "arguably . . . the single most influential piece of Researcher inquiry-and maybe any kind of inquiry-in Composition's short history" (197). The contributions of The Composing Processes range from encouraging a change in attitudes toward writing processes to more specific understandings of the nature of these processes, from a greater respect for research in composition to specific techniques for accomplishing that research. The Composing Processes remains an important historical document. Before its publication there had been few attempts to describe the actual writing processes of adolescents. Following James Moffett's Teaching the Universe of Discourse (1968), The Composing Processes popularized the so-called "process" approach to writing instruction, adding significantly to the momentum of examining the production of written texts, not just the texts themselves. Perhaps its most enduring legacy, however, is its pluralizing of our notions of a monolithic composing "process." By introducing the field to case study and composingaloud research methods, Emig motivated subsequent researchers to examine more closely the cognitive activities of writers, thereby bringing into question any easy descriptions of how human beings write. Much of what Emig introduced to the field in that monograph has been revised and improved upon by later scholarship, not the least of which being Emig's own. Yet the notion that "the composing process" is actually multiple processes and sub-processes, influenced by innumerable factors of context, personality, cognitive development, and so on, remains an idea central to composition theory. Despite these obvious contributions, The Composing Processes has been much criticized for imperfections and perceived imperfections. Emig and her monograph have been variously accused of bad research, misrepresentation, overgeneralization, insensitivity, and bad manners. Our typical way of
Three-dimensional MRI assessments of patchy and large myocardial infarction in beating and nonbeating swine hearts: validation with microscopy.

Rationale and Objectives To measure and validate patchy and large myocardial infarction (MI) at 3 days and 5 weeks in beating and nonbeating hearts using contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) inversion-recovery gradient echo (IR-GRE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microscopy. Materials and Methods Pigs ( n = 28) were subjected to 1) patchy MI (group I), 2) large MI (group II), or 3) combined (patchy and large) MI (groups III and IV) using microemboli and/or 90-minute left anterior descending (LAD) occlusion and imaged at 3 days and 5 weeks after interventions. Gadolinium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA)–enhanced 3D and two-dimensional (2D) IR-GRE were performed for comparison in beating and nonbeating hearts. Macroscopic histochemical and microscopic histopathologic measurements were used for validation. Results Three-dimensional images demonstrated hyperenhanced patchy microinfarction, large MI, hypoenhanced/hyperenhanced microvascular obstruction, and infarct resorption. Acute and chronic combined MI on 3D was underestimated compared to microscopy (bias: −1.8 ± 3.8%) but overestimated acute large infarction. In beating and nonbeating hearts, close correlations/agreements were found between 3D/2D acquisitions in all groups (beating hearts: r = 0.70–0.99; bias: group I 0.47 ± 2.0%, II 0.33 ± 1.2%, III 0.54 ± 1.5%, and IV 0.28 ± 1.0%). Conclusions The 3D IR-GRE underestimated the extent of acute and chronic combined MI compared to microscopic measurements. This sequence may have the potential to differentiate patchy from large MI and demonstrate MI healing after coronary interventions.
High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications

Background Fully adapting a forward genetic approach to mammalian systems requires efficient methods to alter systematically gene products without prior knowledge of gene sequences, while allowing for the subsequent characterization of these alterations. Ideally, these methods would also allow function to be altered in a temporally controlled manner. Results We report the development of a miniaturized cell-based assay format that enables a genetic-like approach to understanding cellular pathways in mammalian systems using small molecules, rather than mutations, as the source of geneproduct alterations. This whole-cell immunodetection assay can sensitively detect changes in specific cellular macromolecules in high-density arrays of mammalian cells. Furthermore, it is compatible with screening large numbers of small molecules in nanoliter to microliter culture volumes. We refer to this assay format as a ‘cytoblot', and demonstrate the use of cytoblotting to monitor biosynthetic processes such as DNA synthesis, and post-translational processes such as acetylation and phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these assays to natural-product screening through the identification of marine sponge extracts exhibiting genotype-specific inhibition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and suppression of the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. Conclusions We show that cytoblots can be used for high-throughput screening of small molecules in cell-based assays. Together with smallmolecule libraries, the cytoblot assay can be used to perform chemical genetic screens analogous to those used in classical genetics and thus should be applicable to understanding a wide variety of cellular processes, especially those involving post-transitional modifications.
Issues in designing a compilation framework for macroprogrammed networked sensor systems

There is growing interest in the networked sensing community in the technique of macroprogramming, where the end-user can design a system using a high level description without worrying about the node-level details. Since the burden of customizing the code to the target architecture is moved to the compiler that translates the high-level description to generate node-level codes, research on the issues involved in compilation of such a program assumes importance. In this paper, we list some issues that need to be resolved by the designers of a compiler for such a macroprogramming framework, including the decisions to be made in the choice of an abstraction, the design of the runtime system and the generating of the code for each node. We discuss some solution techniques that we are currently exploring to solve the above problems.
Recovery of left ventricular function in acute nonischemic congestive cardiomyopathy

Abstract The extent and time course of recovery of left ventricular function were investigated in 29 patients with no previous symptoms who had acute nonischemic congestive cardiomyopathy and left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.22 ± 0.07. Improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction by at least 0.05 was observed in 24 of the 29 patients and was achieved within 6 months after the initial evaluation. Progressive improvement was seen, with a maximum ejection fraction of 0.45 ± 0.17 being achieved within approximately 18 months. The degree of ejection fraction recovery was not related to the initial clinical or hemodynamic variables. However, the extent of fibrosis detected on endomyocardial biopsy correlated inversely with subsequent changes in ejection fraction ( r = −0.65, p = 0.0003). Thus significant recovery is likely after an acute episode of nonischemic cardiomyopathy and may be progressive during the first year. Recovery is related to the extent of myocardial fibrosis detected on endomyocardial biopsy but cannot be predicted from the initial clinical or hemodynamic presentation.
Continuous versus interrupted suture for end-to-end biliary anastomosis during liver transplantation gives equal results†

Biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation have been reported in 10% to 30% of patients. Most surgeons perform an end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy with interrupted sutures for biliary reconstruction. The goal of this study was to compare biliary complications between interrupted suture (IS) and continuous suture (CS) techniques during liver transplantation in which an end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy over an internal biliary stent was performed. A retrospective cohort study of 100 consecutive liver transplants occurring between December 2003 and July 2005 was conducted. An end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy over an internal biliary stent was performed during liver transplantation. Data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods, t tests, and chi-square tests of proportions. IS and CS techniques were used in 59 and 41 patients, respectively, for biliary reconstruction during liver transplantation. Mean follow-up time for the CS group was 17 ± 8 months and 15 ± 7 months for the IS group (P = .21). The overall biliary complication rate was 15%. There was no difference in the proportion of leaks (CS = 7.3%, IS = 8.5%; P = .83) or strictures (CS = 9.8%, IS = 5.1%; P = .37) between groups. Kaplan-Meier event rates show no difference in leaks (P = .79), strictures (P = .41), graft survival (P = .52), and patient survival (P = .32) by anastomosis type. In conclusion, there was no difference in biliary complications, graft survival, or patient survival between the 2 groups. CS and IS techniques for biliary reconstruction during liver transplantation yield comparable outcomes. Liver Transpl 13:234–238, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Evidence for non-radiative triplet-doublet energy transfer in the naphthalene-benzophenone system in tetrahydrofuran

Abstract Triplet-doublet energy transfer from the naphthalene triplet to the benzophenone ketyl radical has been studied in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature by measuring transient absorption and fluorescence spectra and decay profiles. The rate constant for the energy-transfer process has been determined to be 7 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 in tetrahydrofuran based on an analysis using a simple kinetic model.
The influence of bacterial gut hydrolysis on the fate of orally administered isonicotinuric acid in man.

Following oral administration to human subjects, isonicotinuric acid was hydrolyzed within the gastrointestinal tract to isonicotinic acid. This metabolism did not occur following intravenous administration. Evidence is presented indicating that most of the ingested isonicotinuric acid escaped absorption from the small intestine and passed into the large intestine, where gastrointestinal bacteria hydrolyzed it to isonicotinic acid. The latter compound was subsequently absorbed into the systemic circulation, where some was reconjugated with glycine, forming the originally administered compound, isonicotinuric acid.
Evidentialism and pragmatic constraints on outright belief

Evidentialism is the view that facts about whether or not an agent is justified in having a particular belief are entirely determined by facts about the agent’s evidence; the agent’s practical needs and interests are irrelevant. I examine an array of arguments against evidentialism (by Jeremy Fantl, Matthew McGrath, David Owens, and others), and demonstrate how their force is affected when we take into account the relation between degrees of belief and outright belief. Once we are sensitive to one of the factors that secure thresholds for outright believing (namely, outright believing that p in a given circumstance requires, at the minimum, that one’s degree of belief that p is high enough for one to be willing to act as if p in the circumstances), we see how pragmatic considerations can be relevant to facts about whether or not an agent is justified in believing that p—but largely as a consequence of the pragmatic constraints on outright believing.
Laundry Detergent Pod Ingestions: Is There a Need for Endoscopy?

Introduction Laundry detergent pod (LDP) exposures in children have resulted in several referrals to the emergency department. Signs and symptoms can include gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, drooling), neurological symptoms (depressed sensorium), or metabolic changes (lactic acidosis). There is limited literature on esophageal injury following LDP ingestions.
THE ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF LAURYL ACRYLATE

The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of dodecyl (or lauryl) acrylate (LA) has been studied and optimized to yield polymers with predetermined molecular weights and low polydispersities. The poor solubility of the catalyst complex formed with linear tridentate amines and Cu(I)Br in both LA and the non-polar solvents required for the formed poly(lauryl acrylate) (pLA) resulted in poor control of the polymer molecular weights and high polydispersity. The use of a soluble catalyst formed by complexing copper with 4,4′-di(5-nonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine, improved both molecular weight control and polydispersities. The experimental conditions were further optimized by adding deactivating Cu(II) complex to the initial reaction mixture to compensate qualitatively for differences in the rate of termination relative to other acrylates.
An algorithm for discontinuous inverse Sturm-Liouville problems with symmetric potentials

Abstract In this paper we consider two Sturm-Liouville problems with symmetric potentials and symmetric discontinuities satisfying symmetric boundary and jump conditions. In the first section we derive a simple expression for the difference of potentials when only a finite number of eigenvalues differ. In the second section this result is used to construct an algorithm for solving the discontinuous inverse Sturm-Liouville problem numerically.
Rheology of starch-clay nanocomposites

Abstract The effects of incorporating various montmorillonite nanoclays into wheat, potato, corn, and waxy corn starch samples were examined by rheology and X-ray diffraction. The nanoclays included the hydrophilic Cloisite Na+ clay as well as the more hydrophobic Cloisite 30B, 10A, and 15A clays. Frequency sweep and creep results for wheat starch–nanoclay samples at room temperature indicated that the Cloisite Na+ samples formed more gel-like materials than the other nanoclay samples. X-ray diffraction results showed no intercalation of Cloisite Na+ clays at room temperature, suggesting that starch granules interacted only with the clay surface and not the interlayer. When the various wheat starch–nanoclay samples were heated to 95 °C, the Cloisite Na+ samples exhibited a large increase in modulus. In contrast, the more hydrophobic nanoclay samples had comparable modulus values to the neat starch sample. These results suggested that during gelatinization, the leached amylose interacted with the Cloisite Na+ interlayer, producing better reinforcement and higher modulus values. X-ray diffraction results supported this interpretation since the data showed greater intercalation of Cloisite Na+ clay in the gelatinized samples. The samples containing wheat and corn starch showed comparable elastic modulus values during gelatinization. However, the potato and waxy corn samples had modulus values that rapidly decreased at higher temperatures.
Rapid recrystallization of freshly melted spherulites

The effect of residual nuclei on recrystallizatlon has been investigated for a copolyester of glycolide and lactide. Initial spherulitic textures were melted, as observed by hot stage polarizing microscopy, and recrystallized by quenching to a given crystallization temperature. It was noted that the previous melting temperature would strongly influence the morphology of the second crystallization clearly due to residual nuclei remaining from the initial melt. Investigation of the new crystalline texture as well as its influence on subsequent crystallization kinetics was investigated through an Avrami analysis. It was also demonstrated that no memory effects of the initial crystallization temperature were transmitted to the system that had been recrystallized. This was supported by the utilization of small angle x-ray scattering measurements of the long spacing.
Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H, Campath1) for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies: chronic lymphocytic leukemia and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

Objective. To provide a comprehensive review of the clinical pharmacology and toxicology of the monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab, with particular reference to its use in its approved indication, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as well as the non-approved indication, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.Data Sources. A MEDLINE search was conducted using the terms ‘alemtuzumab’ and ‘Campath.’ All data available from MEDLINE were reviewed. The reference lists from retrieved articles were reviewed and other relevant papers identified. The abstract books from the annual meetings of the American Society of Hematology were also reviewed.Data Extraction. The aim of the review was to be comprehensive and descriptive. Studies containing information deemed to be of interest were reviewed by the author.Data Summary. CD52 is a surface antigen expressed on all B- and T-lymphocytes. Because of the presence of this surface antigen on both normal and malignant lymphocytes, the use of antibody as a treatment option is then p...
Multiple spacecraft observations of interplanetary shocks Shock-normal oscillations and their effects

Observations of interplanetary shocks with multiple spacecraft and multiple instruments has permitted the determination of their average shock normals with unprecedented accuracy. Nevertheless, there are still local deviations from the best-fit normal. These deviations in general appear to be less than 5 deg but on occasion can be of the order of 20 deg or more. These fluctuating normals and the fluctuating upstream field can cause variations in the downstream field strength even when the upstream field strength is constant. This behavior has important consequences for the appearance of quasi-parallel shocks. Precursor waves which stand on the shock ramp and do not propagate or are not convected across the shock front do not affect the downstream field.
The Integrity and Obstinacy of Intellectual Creations”: Jürgen Habermas and Librarianship’s Theoretical Literature

Librarianship and library and information science (LIS) have long struggled with an ongoing lack of a theoretical and epistemological basis. There have been renewed efforts to explore various theoretical and philosophical positions and their meaning for librarianship and LIS research. This article explores the framework that Jurgen Habermas offers the field in terms of his interlocking work on history, epistemology, and social/economic critique and theory as part of that effort. Before addressing Habermas’s thinking and its application to librarianship, a review of recent and relevant literature on epistemology and/or the philosophy of librarianship and LIS is undertaken—much of which is grounded in the work of Michael Harris. That literature demonstrates an interrelated circle of problems, and the ability to address that circle is why it will be argued that Habermas’s work forms a useful and compelling theoretical framework for the field.
Executive processing in learning-disabled readers☆

Abstract Three experiments determine whether memory difficulties experienced by learning-disabled readers may be attributable, in part, to executive processing. In Experiment 1, learning-disabled readers, matched to skilled readers on chronological age and reading-comprehension ability, were compared on the Concurrent Digit Span measure presented under high (6-digit) and low (3-digit) memory-load conditions as they concurrently sorted cards into verbal or nonverbal categories. Experiment 2 utilized the same task as Experiment 1, except that learning-disabled (LD) readers of low and average working-memory capacity were compared with skilled readers of average and high working-memory capacity. Both experiments clearly showed that LD readers' performance is depressed under high memory-load conditions. Experiment 2 also indicated that overall performance of non-learning-disabled (NLD) readers was predictable from LD readers, suggesting that ability-group differences are related to global processing efficiency rather than to isolated verbal and nonverbal systems. In Experiment 3, LD and NLD readers were compared on their ability to recall central and secondary information from base and elaborative sentences tasks under high- and low-effort encoding conditions. LD readers had significantly poorer secondary recall during high-effort encoding conditions when compared to skilled readers. Taken together, the results are discussed within a framework that views individual differences in reading comprehension as reflecting, in part, executive processing (i.e., resource monitoring) activities.
Effective adsorption of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) sulfate and other 17-ketosteroid conjugates from urine by Amberlite.

Summary 1. The introduction of Amberlite XAD-2 as a solid phase for binding of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of urinary steroids was applied to the recovery of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate added to urine. Amberlite, a neutral resin, removes relatively all of the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate added to steroid free or raw urine. 2. An inhibitor of the sulfatase of Helix pomatia naturally found in urine does not bind to the Amberlite and thus the dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate eluted from the Amberlite is completely hydrolyzed by the enzymes of Helix pomatia . 3. The increase of dehydroepiandrosterone found in urine is shown to be three or more fold higher than found by older enzyme hydrolytic methods. The increase of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone values bring the total gas-liquid chromatographic 17-KS values closer to those obtained by the Zimmerman reaction.
Stark broadening of potassium ns-4p and nd-4p lines in a wall-stabilized arc

Stark-width measurements are reported for lines in the $ns\ensuremath{-}4p (n=7\ensuremath{-}10)$ and $nd\ensuremath{-}4p (n=5\ensuremath{-}8)$ series in neutral potassium (Ki). These measurements were made by observing the end-on emission from a low pressure (20 Torr) potassium-argon wall-stabilized arc source. The on-axis electron density and temperature in the 20-A arc were (2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and 2955\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100 K, respectively. The experimentally determined Stark widths were compared with the theoretical values calculated by Griem. The measured Stark widths agreed with theory to within 30% for lines in the $ns\ensuremath{-}4p$ series; while the measured Stark widths of the $nd\ensuremath{-}4p$ series lines were only one-third of the theoretical values.
Intracorporeal use of advanced local hemostatics in a damage control swine model of grade IV liver injury.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of zeolite- and chitosan-based local hemostatic agents for the control of intracorporeal bleeding in a damage control swine model of grade IV liver injury. Methods: Anesthetized pigs (weight, 40 kg) had a controlled 35% total blood volume bleed from the right jugular vein. A laparotomy was performed and the animals were cooled to 35°C. Ringer's lactate was titrated to achieve a three to one blood withdrawal resuscitation. The liver was injured with a standardized 10 cm × 3 cm avulsion. After 2 minutes of uncontrolled hemorrhage, the animals were randomized to application of gauze control (GC, n = 11), Celox (CX, n = 11) (5AM Medical, Newport, OR), or QuikClot ACS+ (QC, n = 11) (7-Medica, Wallington, CT) and packed in a standardized manner. At 10 minutes, the packs were removed to calculate amount of shed blood. The animals then underwent damage control closure with packing in place. Forty-eight hours after initial damage control packing, the animals were returned to the operating room for pack removal and killing. The need for repacking of the liver was assessed and tissue samples were collected from the liver edge and adjacent small bowel for histopathology. Results: There was no difference in the amount of uncontrolled bleeding at 2 minutes (GC: 4.0 mL/kg ± 0.4 mL/kg, CX: 3.5 mL/kg ± 0.5 mL/kg, QC: 4.0 mL/kg ± 0.6 mL/kg; one-way analysis of variance: p = 0.715). Compared with GCs, the blood loss at 10 minutes was significantly lower in the CX and QC arms (GC: 8.3 mL/kg ± 0.9 mL/kg, CX: 3.7 mL/kg ± 0.7 mL/kg, QC: 4.6 mL/kg ± 0.8 mL/kg; one-way analysis of variance: p = 0.001). A total of 27.3% of control animals died compared with 18.2% of CX and 0.0% of QC. All GC and QC animals required repacking, compared with one (9.1%) of those in the CX arm. There was no difference between groups in the extent of necrosis. Conclusion: Celox and QuikClot ACS+ are effective adjuncts to standard intracavitary damage control packing for the control of bleeding. Celox provided durable control allowing packing removal at the time of take-back laparotomy. Further evaluation of their long-term effects is warranted.
Investigation of atomic structures of calcium in ash and deposits produced during the combustion of lignite and bituminous coal

Abstract X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy was used to investigate the molecular structure of calcium in ash and deposit samples generated in combustion tests on a Texas lignite and an Illinois No. 6 coal. The tests were carried out in a 50 lb/hr −1 coal combustion facility. For samples extracted from the flame region and rapidly cooled, the calcium is contained in an aluminosilicate glass phase. In both waterwall and superheater deposits, the calcium tends to be predominantly in the form of CaSO 4 in the initial layers of the deposits, and in aluminosilicate glass in the outer layer. Approximate percentages of calcium in the two phases are derived by computer analysis of the near-edge spectra. A simple model for the combustion reactions of calcium is suggested on the basis of this data.
162 SEVERE SYMPTOMATIC HYPERTENSION IN THE NEWBORN

The ability to accurately and non-invasively monitor blood pressure has focused attention on severe symptomatic hypertension (HBP) occurring in the neonatal period. In 1980, 19 of 880 admissions (2.2%) were identified as hypertensive (mean arterial pressure >70 mm. Hg. on 3 occasions). They included neonates with BW's from 0.63kg. to 4.6kg., GA 26-41 weeks, and multiple primary diagnoses, predominantly pulmonary disorders. Asphyxia occurred in only 4/19. Infants with HBP presented at a mean age of 11 days, range 1-52, and manifested congestive heart failure 8/19 and retinopathy 8/19. Renal findings included elevated BUN and creatinine 7/19, new appearance or increased severity of hematuria and proteinuria 6/19, elevated peripheral plasma renin 8/8, and varying abnormalities of IVP, abdominal ultrasound or renal scan 7/10. Strikingly, 14/19 (74%) of these infants had umbilical arterial catheters (UAC) all above the diaphragm. Onset of HBP occurred at a mean of 13 days after catheter placement, range 1-52. HBP was identified only following removal of the catheter in 6/14, mean 15 days, range 5-45. The response to a variety of antihypertensive agents has been satisfactory; no infant has required nephrectomy and only 7 needed therapy for >1 month. The possible association between HBP and high UAC neccessitates reevaluation of the optimal site for catheter placement and suggests that some HBP may be the result of thrombo-embolic complications of UAC. Other identifiable causes of HBP included asphyxia, renal anomalies and endocrine disorders.
Hochdurchsatz-Screening von Heterogenkatalysator-Bibliotheken unter Verwendung eines Mehrkammerreaktorsystems und der Massenspektrometrie

80 isolierte Kanale enthalt das Mehrkammerreaktorsystem, das nach Kopplung mit einem Quadrupolmassenspektrometer als Testapparatur mit hohem Durchsatz fur Heterogenkatalysatoren verwendet wurde. Die Anlage ermoglichte die Verfolgung von Aktivitaten, Selektivitaten und der Reaktionskinetik von 66 Katalysatoren des ternaren Systems Pt/Pd/In bei der Dehydrierung von Cyclohexan zu Benzol uber 24 h. Alle 80 Kanale der Bibliothek konnen in weniger als 10 min untersucht werden (siehe Diagramm).
Oligonucleotide fingerprints of antigenically related bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus OC43

Virion RNAs from the bovine enteric coronavirus and the human respiratory coronavirus OC43 were compared by one dimensional gel electrophoresis and by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. For each virus, approximately 55 per cent of the RNA migrated as a 6.8 Md species, 10 per cent as a 0.68 Md species, and 15 per cent as heterogeneous small molecular weight RNA. A sequence homology of greater than 96 per cent was observed between the 6.8 Md species from the two viruses. The 0.68 Md RNA is apparently an intravirion, subgenomic, polyadenylated molecule based on RNAse studies, oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography, and hybridization to a cDNA clone of the 3' terminal 1.19 Kb region of the bovine coronavirus genome.
The saline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.

The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are among a rare group of ice-free regions lying along the coast of an otherwise ice-burdened continent. For Antarctica, these are highly atypical regions of exposed rock and barren soils. Within their 4,000 km2 expanse, the valleys contain a number of permanently ice-covered, closed-basin lakes, which range from freshwater to highly saline environments. This paper examines the physical structure, geochemistry, nutrient and trace metal dynamics, biology, and hydrologic history of saline Lake Bonney (both east and west lobes), Fryxell, Vanda, and Joyce and provides an update to recently published volumes on these pristine systems.
Changes in brain levels of NE and 5-HT are not responsible for attenuation of audiogenic seizures by spinal cordotomy

Spinal cord transection affords protection from audiogenic seizures (anterior to paralysis) in 21 day-old DBA/2J mice. To test the possibility that altered brain levels of NE or 5-HT are involved in mediating this effect, whole brain levels of these amines were assayed in cordotomized and control DBA/2J mice, aged 21 days. The assay revealed no significant differences between cordotomized and control mice. Therefore, cordotomy protects mice from seizures by mechanisms other than altering brain levels of NE or 5-HT.
Spin versus lattice polaron: Prediction for electron-doped CaMnO3

${\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3}$ is a simple bipartite antiferromagnet (AF) that can be continuously electron doped up to ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}.$ Electrons enter the doubly degenerate ${E}_{g}$ subshell with spins aligned to the $S=\frac{3}{2}$ core of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}{(T}_{2g}^{3\ensuremath{\uparrow}}).$ We take the Hubbard and Hund energies to be effectively infinite. Our model Hamiltonian has two ${E}_{g}$ orbitals per Mn atom, nearest-neighbor hopping, nearest neighbor exchange coupling of the $S=\frac{3}{2}$ cores, and electron-phonon coupling of Mn orbitals to adjacent oxygen atoms. We solve this model for light doping. Electrons are confined in local ferromagnetic (FM) regions (spin polarons) where there proceeds an interesting competition between spin polarization (spin polarons), which enlarges the polaron, and lattice polarization (Jahn-Teller polarons), which makes it smaller. A symmetric seven-atom ferromagnetic cluster $({\mathrm{Mn}}_{7}^{27+})$ is the stable result, with a net spin $S=2$ relative to the undoped AF. The distorted oxygen positions around the electron are predicted. The possibility that two electrons will form a bipolaron has been considered. A fairly modest Coulomb repulsion ${U}_{c}=0.98|t|$ (where $t\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}0.75$ eV) will destroy any simple bipolaron. Therefore we do not expect phase separation to occur. The model predicts a critical doping $x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.045$ where the polaronic insulator becomes unstable relative to a FM metal.