cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Runtime leakage minimization through probability-aware dual-V/sub t/ or dual-T/sub ox/ assignment

With process scaling runtime leakage current, when the circuit is operating, has become a major concern in addition to traditional standby mode leakage. In this paper we propose a new leakage reduction method that specifically targets runtime leakage current. We first observe that the state probabilities of nodes in a circuit tend to be skewed, meaning that they have either a high or a low value. We then propose a method that exploits these skewed state probabilities by setting only those transistors to high-K, (thick-oxide) that have a high likelihood of being off (on) and hence contributing significantly to the total runtime leakage. Accordingly, we also propose a library specifically tailored for the proposed approach, where V/sub t/ and T/sub ox/ assignment with favorably trade-offs under skewed input probabilities are provided. The optimization algorithm performs simultaneous sizing, V/sub t/ and T/sub ox/ assignment and shows substantial leakage improvement over probability-unaware optimization.
Densities of Ecological Replacement Herbivores Required to Restore Plant Communities: A Case Study of Giant Tortoises on Pinta Island, Galápagos

Loss of native herbivores and introduction of livestock in many arid and semi-arid ecosystems around the world has shifted the competitive balance from herbaceous to woody plants, leading to biodiversity loss, reduced plant productivity, and soil erosion. To restore functions of these ecosystems, ecological replacements have been proposed as substitutes for extinct native herbivores. Here we predict how an ecological replacement giant tortoise population (Chelonoidis spp.) would interact with woody plants on Pinta Island in the Galapagos Archipelago, where a small group of replacement tortoises was introduced in 2010 to initiate restoration of the island's plant community. We developed an individual-based, spatially explicit simulation model that incorporated field-derived tortoise behavior and tortoise–plant interaction data to test whether tortoise introductions could lead to broad-scale changes in the plant community and, if so, at what tortoise densities. Tortoises reduced vegetation density in most (81%) 50-year-long simulations if the tortoise density was at least 0.7 per hectare, a value well below typical densities. In a smaller proportion of simulations (30%), tortoises increased local vegetation patchiness. Our results suggest that even moderate-density tortoise populations can reverse woody plant encroachment. Deployment of ecological replacement giant tortoises may therefore be a viable approach for restoring other arid and semi-arid ecosystems where a native herbivore that previously had strong interactions with the plant community has gone extinct.
Stand-Alone Geographers in the North American Academy: A Survey of Perceptions and Concerns

This article reports the results of an extensive online survey conducted in 2010–2011 on the perceptions and concerns of “stand-alone” geographers in North American colleges and universities. These geographers, who work outside of the traditional structure of a disciplinary department, could become more common in a restructuring academy. Our analysis reveals that most stand-alone geographers are employed in nonconventional institutional arrangements, such as interdisciplinary programs, that require high levels of collaboration and interaction with nongeographers. For the most part, stand-alones see themselves as “ambassadors” for the discipline of geography, but professional and intellectual isolation tempers their impact. Building on our improved knowledge of this cohort, we recommend concrete steps to improve the status, relevance, and cohesion of stand-alone geographers and argue that they would benefit from developing a coherent identity based on the complex but relevant idea of interdisciplinarity.
Blocking as a local instability to zonally varying flows

An idealized system consisting of a steady-state, axisymmetric vortex patch with topography forcing variations in the basic-state flow along the vortex edge is shown to possess local instabilities for a broad range of parameters. One branch of these instabilities corresponds in scale and structure to observed atmospheric blocks. The nonlinear equilibration of these blocking-type instabilities reproduces many aspects of observed blocking onsets; the potential for rapid non-modal growth and ready excitation of these local instabilities by transients suggests that this instability may lie at the root of observed blocking onsets.
Holocene vegetation-fire-climate linkages in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA

Abstract Yellowstone National Park has been an important location for paleoecologic studies that focus on the use of charcoal data to reconstruct past fire activity and on the role of climate variations in shaping past vegetation and fire regimes. One hypothesis, which has been explored in other parts of the western U.S., is the idea that present-day summer-dry and summer-wet precipitation regimes were intensified during the early Holocene as a result of greater-than-present summer insolation and its effect on atmospheric circulation patterns. In Yellowstone, this hypothesis was previously examined at two sites, one in summer-wet and one in summer-dry precipitation regions. The records showed variation in both fire and vegetation history that supported the hypothesis. We present a fire and vegetation history from Blacktail Pond, located in Pseudotsuga parkland in the transitional region. The Blacktail Pond data indicate the following ecological history: prior to 12,000 cal yr BP, the site supported tundra vegetation and fire episodes were infrequent. Between 12,000 and 11,000 cal yr BP, Picea–Pinus parkland was established and fire activity increased; these changes are consistent with increasing temperature, as a result of rising summer insolation. From 11,000 to 7600 cal yr BP, the presence of a closed forest of Pinus and some Picea is attributed to high levels of winter moisture, but high fire activity indicates that summers were drier than at present. After 7600 cal yr BP, the presence of forest and steppe vegetation in combination with high fire activity suggest that middle-Holocene conditions were warm and dry. The decrease in Picea and Betula in the last 4000 cal yr indicates continued drying in the late Holocene, although fire-episode frequency was relatively high until 2000 cal yr BP. The pollen data at Blacktail Pond and other low-elevation sites in the northern Rocky Mountains suggest a widespread vegetation response in summer-wet regions to effectively wetter conditions in the early Holocene and decreased moisture in the middle and late Holocene. In contrast, the more-variable fire history among the three sites implies either that (1) summer moisture stress and fire conditions are related to year-round moisture balance and not well predicted by the hypothesis, (2) the transitional area between summer-wet and summer-dry precipitation regimes experienced complicated shifts in effective moisture through time, and/or (3) fire-episode data have a limited source area that makes it difficult to separate local influences from regional climate changes in understanding long-term variations in fire-episode frequency.
Mecranium neibense (Melastomataceae), a new species from Hispaniola

Mecranium neibense is described and illustrated from the Sierra de Neiba of the Dominican Republic in broad-leaved cloud and moist pine forests near the border with Haiti. The new species is compared to its closest relative, M. puberulum, a species endemic to the Cordillera Central-Massif du Nord of Hispaniola.
Riparian forests in the Oregon Coast Range

Abstract We examined the structure and composition of forested buffer strips in the central and northern Coast Range of Oregon and found little botanical evidence of an effect on plant community composition or dynamics from isolating these forests as buffers. Thus, concerns about microenvironmental changes due to extended edge effects appear unfounded in this region for the plant community. Tree stocking was low, especially on terraces; evidence suggests that competition, as well as site conditions, limit the regeneration of trees, including conifers. Understory diversity (richness) was greater under conifer canopy types; understory cover was greater under hardwood canopy types. Tree regeneration, especially on terraces and under hardwoods, was limited although more abundant than in older, unmanaged riparian forest. In the long term, succession models for this region suggest that many of these riparian areas will succeed to a largely treeless community.
Evidence for loss of Purkinje cell dendrites during late development: A morphometric Golgi analysis in the mouse

The late postnatal development of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree in mouse cerebellar vermis was investigated in Golgi preparations by morphometric techniques in order to determine at what age adult characteristics of the Purkinje cell are achieved in the rodent brain which grows continuously throughout adult life. B6D2F1 hybrid mice were sacrificed at 9, 15, 20, 35 and 250 days of age. ‘Hindbrain’ weights (by direct weighing) and vermis volume (determined histometrically from Golgi sections), both increased rapidly from 9 to 20 days of age and continued to increase steadily with advancing age. The growth of Purkinje dendritic field areas, determined by planimetric measurements from Golgi sections, paralleled the growth curves for vermis cross-sectional area, vermis volume and ‘hindbrain’ weight. However, stereological determinations revealed an unexpected disparity between the growth of the Purkinje dendritic field areas and changes in the total length of dendrites of Purkinje cells. The total dendritic branch length per Purkinje cell increased sharply up to 20 days of age but thereafter declined with advancing age. Dendritic spine counts on Purkinje cells revealed no change in the number of dendritic spines per unit length of dendrites between 20 and 250 days of age, however, since the Purkinje cell total branch length declined — calculations suggest that the total number of spines per cell declined after 20 days of age. Thus, the size of the cerebellum and the Purkinje cell dendritic tree continued to enlarge during late postnatal development; however, the total dendritic surface area and the total number of dendritic spines on each Purkinje cell, after reaching a peak at 20 days of age, declined with advancing age. The data suggest that the late postnatal development of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is characterized by resorption as well as dendritic growth. The functional significance of such developmental remodelling is unknown.
Early life nutrient restriction impairs blood–brain metabolic profile and neurobehavior predisposing to Alzheimer’s disease with aging

Prenatal nutrient restriction (NR) culminating in intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) with postnatal catch up growth leads to diabesity. In contrast, postnatal NR with growth restriction (PNGR) superimposed on IUGR (IPGR) protects young and aging adults from this phenotype. We hypothesized that PNGR/IPGR will compromise the blood-brain metabolic profile impairing neurobehavior and predisposing to Alzheimer's disease (AD). NR (50%) in late gestation followed by cross-fostering of rat pups to either ad lib fed (CON) or NR (50%) lactating mothers generated CON, IUGR, PNGR and IPGR male (M) and female (F) offspring that were examined through the life span. In PNGR/IPGR plasma/CSF glucose and lactate decreased while ketones increased in (M) and (F) (PN21, PN50). In addition increased brain glucose transporters, Glut1 & Glut3, greater brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reduced Glut4, with unchanged serotonin transporter concentrations were noted in (F) (PN50-60). While (F) displayed more hyperactivity, both (F) and (M) exhibited anxiety although socially and cognitively unimpaired (PN25-28&50). Aging (15-17 m) (F) not (M), expressed low plasma insulin, reduced brain IRS-2, pAkt, and pGSK-3β(Ser9), unchanged pPDK1, pTau or lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1), higher glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and spinophilin but a 10-fold increased amyloid-β42. We conclude that therapeutically superimposing PNGR on IUGR (IPGR) should be carefully weighed in light of unintended consequences related to perturbed neurobehavior and potential predilection for AD.
Methodology requirements for intelligent systems architecture

The methodology required for the development of the 'intelligent system architecture' of distributed computer systems which integrate standard data processing capabilities with symbolic processing to provide powerful and highly autonomous adaptive processing capabilities must encompass three elements: (1) a design knowledge capture system, (2) computer-aided engineering, and (3) verification and validation metrics and tests. Emphasis must be put on the earliest possible definition of system requirements and the realistic definition of allowable system uncertainties. Methodologies must also address human factor issues.
A multiple prognostic index predictive of disease outcome after irradiation for clinically localized prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND This investigation was conducted to identify independent pretherapy disease-related factors associated with disease outcome in patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) and to develop models that incorporated relevant covariates for estimating the risk of disease relapse after irradiation (RT). METHODS The outcome of 500 patients treated only with RT between March 1987 and June 1993 for clinical Stages T1-4N0,XM0 CaP was evaluated. The risk of disease relapse as a function of individual prognostic variables, and combinations thereof, was determined using logistic regression. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 43 months (range, 4-103 months), 69 patients (14%) had clinical evidence of local recurrence (27 patients), regional lymph node relapse (4 patients), or metastatic relapse (38 patients) within 5 years of RT. Forty additional patients (8%) had biochemical relapse based solely on the post-RT serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) profile. Clinical tumor stage (P = 0.0006), Gleason score (P = 0.001) of the diagnostic biopsy specimen, and pretherapy PSA (P < 0.0001) were associated with disease relapse. The risk of any relapse within 5 years of RT was determined and graphically displayed as risk estimate plots for combinations of these pretherapy prognostic variables. CONCLUSIONS The combination of pretherapy clinical tumor (T) stage, Gleason score, and PSA level can be used to obtain improved estimates of the risk for disease relapse in patients treated solely with RT for clinically localized CaP. Risk estimate plots of this type may facilitate exchange of therapeutic outcome information, be instrumental in pretherapy decision-making for the new patient with this condition, and aid in the selection of patients for future studies. Cancer 1997; 79:337-44. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
The life history and larval generic character development of Malenka bifurcata (Claassen, 1923) (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in an Oregon summer-dry stream

This is the first report of the life history and ontogenic larval development for any of the 11 North American species of Malenka. Concurrent monthly collections of larvae, and adults from emergence traps, were made over 15 years from an intermittent Oregon stream. Data from 2002–2007 collections were used for analysis; 97 males and 163 females were taken from emergence traps, and the head capsule widths of 192 larvae were measured. Counts of antennal and cercal segments, branching and growth of anterior thoracic (AT) gills, wingpad development, setation changes, and other morphological developments were recorded for an array of different sized larvae. Voltinism was variable, and the life history was complex with spread emergence and larva sizes. Progressive development of all studied characters occurred from the smallest field sampled larvae (0.36 mm hcw) to pre-emergent size. Antennal and cercal segments and gill branches nearly doubled in number, gill branch length doubled and typically the anterior-mo...
Normal Bodies, Normal Prices: Interdisciplinarity in Victorian Life Insurance

Victorian life insurance offices challenged disciplinarity by inviting doctors and statisticians to work together toward a single aim, hence prompting these professions to depart from the territorialism that otherwise motivated them. They facilitated these links among disciplines by diverting the attention of their expert employees from specific pathologies to a common-enough conception of what counted as "normal" or "natural" in a field of knowledge. Nor did they do so in a way that replicated the reformist agendas of eugenics or social hygiene, which carried the perfectionist impulse of most late-Victorian disciplines into the interdisciplinary arena. Instead, they took the normal as they found it, because it was easier to make money that way than to try and convince people to aspire to a norm that did not yet exist. If interdisciplinarity in life insurance altered usual conceptions of what it meant to possess a normal body or to find one's place on a normal curve, it had a similar effect on the late-Victorian concept of a natural or normal price. Unlike classical and neoclassical economists, who identified cases of price disequilibrium (the economic equivalent of the pathological) and sought to remove obstacles that stood in the way of normal prices, Victorian life offices started with a normal price (their standard set of premiums for healthy-enough lives) and exclusively sold their product to customers who were normal enough to pay it.
Purification of inkjet ink from water using liquid phase, electric discharge polymerization and cellulosic membrane filtration

A method to separate inkjet ink from water was developed using a liquid phase, electric discharge process. The liquid phase, electric discharge process with filtration or sedimentation was shown to remove 97% of inkjet ink from solutions containing between 0.1–0.8 g/L and was consistent over a range of treatment conditions. Additionally, particle size analysis of treated allyl alcohol and treated propanol confirmed the electric discharge treatment has a polymerization mechanism, and small molecule analysis of treated methanol using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy confirmed the mechanism was free radical initiated polymerization.
UDP Network Communications for Wireless Control With Loop Coordination

With the advent of Bluetooth and wireless 802.11 Ethernet protocols having transmission speeds up to 54 Mbps, wireless communication for closed-loop control is becoming more and more achievable. Some researchers have utilized Bluetooth networks for wireless control, resulting in successful stabilization of an unstable plant with a network controller. Previously, the authors of this paper developed a novel event-based control with time-based sensing and actuation communication method using 11 Mbps wireless Ethernet with the user datagram protocol (UDP). Near real-time control of an unstable Furuta pendulum with up to 250 Hz closed loop bandwidth was obtained using off the shelf hardware, Matlab, and Windows 2000 operating systems. The present work extends that communication scheme to two independent wireless loops that share a mutual goal, making additional communication between the two controllers advantageous. The communication framework for the coupled control in this ad hoc peer-to-peer network is presented along with some practical limitations. Data from a physical system implementing this framework demonstrates its effectiveness in application. The test plant couples a simple light tracking plant with a Furuta pendulum and a shared goal of maintaining line of sight (LOS) under normal conditions as well as reestablishing LOS in the case of lost contact due to sudden obstacles.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Incorporation of two 18O atoms into a peptide during isoaspartyl repair reveals repeated passage through a succinimide intermediate.

To study the mechanism of protein carboxyl methyltransferase-driven repair of age-damaged sites in polypeptides, a modell-isoaspartyl peptide,l-isotetragastrin, was enzymatically repaired to normall-tetragastrin in the presence of18O-enriched water. By this design, the enrichment of18O atoms in the peptide would reflect the number of passages through a hydrolyzable succinimide intermediate during formation of the repaired product. Mass determinations by FAB mass spectrometry revealed repaired peptide with two18O atoms incorporated, demonstrating that more than a single cycle of methylation and demethylation is necessary to ensure stoichiometric repair.
A simple model for the scattering of electrons by a rotating dipole

Abstract The coupled equations describing the interaction of one electron with a dipole and hard sphere are shown to be exactly soluble, even when the energy levels of the dipole are taken into account. This model is used to discuss the critical moment for binding the electron in the dipole field. The condition for the existence of Feshbach resonances is similarly discussed. When the model is applied to calculate scattering phase shifts, shape resonances are found.
Natural Convection in Evaporating Minute Drops

Interfacial flow structures in small liquid drops evaporating on flat plates are cinematographically investigated using the methods of direct photography and laser shadowgraphy. Various liquids of relatively low boiling point were evaporated on glass and copper plates at room temperature. The laser shadowgraph records the flow patterns simultaneously at both the liquid-air interface and the liquid-solid interface, from which the evaporation rate is determined. It reveals the existence of three distinct flow structures at the liquid air interface: stable, substable, and unstable. An interfacial flow map is constructed. The direct photography is employed to study the morphology during the entire process of the unstable-interface type evaporation. The mechanism of ripple formation which enhances the evaporation rate is found to be caused by hydrophilicity of the liquid.
Promoting Research Productivity Among University Faculty: An Evaluation

This article presents data from the evaluation of a multicomponent intervention to change the research productivity at 1 of the 50 largest universities in the country. The components include development of a more adequate information exchange system, a systematic approach to securing funds, grants seminars, indirect cost returns, unplanned research expenditures, and other support activities. The creation and maintenance of a positive culture for research, especially as pertinent to schools of social work, is emphasized.
The 6-plus-person lift transfer technique compared with other methods of spine boarding.

Abstract Context: To achieve full spinal immobilization during on-the-field management of an actual or potential spinal injury, rescuers transfer and secure patients to a long spine board. Several techniques can be used to facilitate this patient transfer. Objective: To compare spinal segment motion of cadavers during the execution of the 6-plus–person (6+) lift, lift-and-slide (LS), and logroll (LR) spine-board transfer techniques. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eight medical professionals (1 woman, 7 men) with 5 to 32 years of experience were enlisted to help carry out the transfer techniques. In addition, test conditions were performed on 5 fresh cadavers (3 males, 2 females) with a mean age of 86.2 ± 11.4 years. Main Outcomes Measure(s): Three-dimensional angular and linear motions initially were recorded during execution of transfer techniques, initially using cadavers with intact spines and then after C5-C6 spinal segment destabilization. The mean maxim...
A SAS/IML software program for GEE and regression diagnostics

A SAS/IML software program is described that computes regression diagnostics for generalized estimating equations. These diagnostics are computationally efficient and accurate approximations for the effect of deleting one observation or one cluster on individual regression coefficients (DFBETA) or on the overall fit of the model (Cook's Distance). New formulae for the diagnostics are presented which are equivalent to those introduced by Preisser and Qaqish [1996. Deletion diagnostics for generalised estimating equations. Biometrika 83, 551-562]. The new formulae expose the relationships of the diagnostic measures to the GEE score equations and to a bias-corrected GEE variance estimator which is also implemented in the SAS macro. The macro is applied to three clustered data sets.
New electrolyte systems for the determination of metal cations by capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract Many +1 and +2 metal cations can be separated efficiently by CZE using lactic acid as a complexing reagent. Addition of a crown ether, as well as lactic acid, permits the separation of K+ and NH4+ in addition to the ions previously separated. The problem of determining trace amounts of metal ions in the presence of a very high concentration of another metal ion was also addressed. For example, a large Na+ peak (1000 ppm, w/w) covers up the peaks of Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ (1 ppm each). However, addition of increasing concentrations of methanol to the electrolyte permits complete resolution of Ca2+ and M2+ from the Na+. Further addition of a crown ether moves Sr2+ and Ba2+ to longer migration times and permits resolution of these ions as well. Separation of metal cations with slower complexation kinetics is possible under conditions where only the free metal ions are present. Aluminum(III) and vanadium(IV), along with several other metal ions, were separated at pH 3.2 using nicotinamide as a buffer component and as a reagent for indirect detection.
Study of B oscillations at the DØ Experiment

Bd mixing was observed in 1987 by the ARGUS Collaboration [1], and gave first indication that the top quark was heavy which was discovered in 1995 at Tevatron [2,3], 8 years later. Following the observation of mixing, precise measurements of the Bd mixing parameter χd came from ARGUS [4] and CLEO [5] collaborations in 1992 and 1993 respectively. The main motivation for performing the BB mixing measurement lies in the determination of the CKM matrix element Vtd, that provides one of the constraints on the unitarity triangle. Vtd is accessible experimentally through the box diagrams in Fig. 1, by measuring the mass difference ∆md in Bd mixing. The relation between ∆md and Vtd can be seen in Eq. 1.
Detection of antibodies against hepatitis B virus polymerase antigen in hepatitis B virus-infected patients

By the use of a truncated recombinant hepatitis B virus polymerase antigen, we have characterized a series of patient sera for anti-hepatitis B virus polymerase antibodies. Seven of 54 (13%) had antipolymerase antibodies detectable by Western blot analysis, and no close correlation was apparent between the disease status and patient's immune response against hepatitis B virus polymerase antigen. Our results indicate that serologic responses to the viral polymerase are demonstrable but suggest that such antibodies are not likely to be clinically useful as diagnostic or prognostic markers of infection.
Pattern of differential vasoconstriction in response to acute and chronic low-output states in the conscious dog

The extent to which the mesenteric, renal, and iliac beds respond with vasoconstriction to the low-output state of chronic failure was studied in conscious dogs with experimental heart failure produced by tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonary stenosis. While intense vasoconstriction occurred in the mesenteric and iliac beds, the renal circulation was relatively spared. A similar pattern of response was observed in a second group of normal conscious dogs when cardiac output and arterial pressure were acutely decreased by partial occlusion of the inferior vena cava.
Modeling Collaboration for ESL Teacher Candidates

This article reports on a semester-long project where a TESOL professor and English Education professor modeled collaborative teaching and explicitly taught collaboration skills to a coscheduled teaching methods class consisting of TESOL and Secondary English teacher candidates. Data were collected in the form of pre- and postsemester surveys. In addition to the quantitative survey data, reflections from the candidates were analyzed as were focus group discussions from both groups. The data suggest that explicit instruction and modeling have a positive effect on knowledge and beliefs of preservice teachers relating to professional collaboration.
Tension-Type Headache and Sleep

This review describes empirical evidence for a bidirectional relationship between tension-type headache (TTH) and sleep. In its most severe form, chronic TTH (CTTH) affects 2–3 % of the population and can be very disabling. Sleep dysregulation triggers episodic TTH, and sleep disorders may complicate and exacerbate headache. The majority of CTTH sufferers also have insomnia, and longitudinal data suggest that insomnia is a risk factor for new-onset TTH. Similarly, observational studies suggest that sleep disturbance is a risk factor for new-onset TTH and for progression from episodic to chronic TTH (i.e., headache “chronification”). CTTH is the most common headache secondary to sleep apnea and other sleep-related breathing disorders. Psychiatric disorders are comorbid with both TTH and insomnia and may further complicate diagnosis and treatment. Developments in diagnostic classification of sleep-related headache are presented.
Family firms amidst the creative destruction of capitalism

In terms of anthropology's past interests, the study of family firms seems a “natural” way into the ethnography of contemporary capitalism. True, but as Sylvia Yanagisako's rich and sensitive study demonstrates, this is so by productively frustrating central ideas in anthropology like “culture” and “kinship” without resolution in alternative concepts.
Differential Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β by Insulin and Wnt Signaling

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a key component in many biological processes including insulin and Wnt signaling. Since the activation of each signaling pathway results in a decrease in GSK3β activity, we examined the specificity of their downstream effects in the same cell type. Insulin induces an increased activity of glycogen synthase but has no influence on the protein level of β-catenin. In contrast, Wnt increases the cytosolic pool of β-catenin but not glycogen synthase activity. We found that, unlike insulin, neither the phosphorylation status of the serine9 residue of GSK3β nor the activity of protein kinase B is regulated by Wnt. Although the decrease in GSK3β activity is required, GSK3β may not be the limiting component for Wnt signaling in the cells that we examined. Our results suggest that the axin-conductin complexed GSK3β may be dedicated to Wnt rather than insulin signaling. Insulin and Wnt pathways regulate GSK3β through different mechanisms, and therefore lead to distinct downstream events.
The work of hospitalized patients

Patient's participation in their own care, conceived as work, is the central theme of this paper. A second theme is the patients' work in relation to technology. A third is: the prevalence of chronic illness and how this relates to patients' work in the service of their own care. Data are from a multi-hospital field-research and interviewing study of technology and patients care, carried out in San Francisco and the Bay Area, California. Questions addressed in this paper include the following: What are the sources of patients' work? What types of work do patients do? How does that work relate to courses of illness and the phases? What is the relation of that work to staff work? Under what conditions is the work visible or invisible to staff? Under what conditions is the work appreciated or not by staff? What are some consequences of patient work for staff work, for the management of the courses of illness, and for the patients' own medical and biographical fates? How does patient work at the hospital relate to patient work done at home?
Pregnancy outcome at age 40 and older

Objective To examine pregnancy outcome among women age 40 years and older. Methods A retrospective cohort study, including 1404 pregnant women at least 40 years of age and 6978 controls age 20–29 years, was conducted. The two groups were stratified, according to parity, to facilitate separate analysis. Associations between maternal age and pregnancy outcomes were assessed with the contingency x 2 or two-tailed Fisher exact test. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate these associations and allowed for calculation of adjusted odds ratios (OR). Results Older gravidas were more likely to develop gestational diabetes (nulliparas: OR 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–3.7; multiparas: OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.7–5.4), preeclampsia (nulliparas: OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.6; multiparas: OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–2.9), and placenta previa (nulliparas: OR 13.0, 95% CI 4.8–35.0; multiparas: OR 6.4, 95% CI 2.6–15.6). Older women were also at increased risk for cesarean delivery (nulliparas: OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.6–3.7; multiparas: OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.6–4.1), operative vaginal delivery (nulliparas: OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.9–2.9; multiparas: OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.9), and induction of labor (nulliparas: OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8; multiparas: OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7). Older nulliparas had an increased incidence of abnormal labor patterns (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7), neonatal intensive care unit admissions (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.2), and low 1-minute Apgar scores (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9). Older multiparas were more likely to experience fetal distress (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4–2.8), antepartum vaginal bleeding (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.1), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.9). Conclusion Although maternal morbidity was increased in the older gravidas, the overall neonatal outcome did not appear to be affected.
ROOFS OR STARS: THE STATED INTENTS AND ACTUAL EFFECTS OF A RENTS ORDINANCE

As a consequence of a law designed to keep roofs over the heads of resident tenants, some of these tenants were now sleeping out under the stars.
Structural diversity in tris(cyclopentadienyl) complexes of the Group 4 metals: Synthesis of Cp and MeCp complexes of Zr and Hf, and crystallographic characterization of (MeCp)3HfCl and (MeCp)4Zr (MeCp = C5H4CH3)

Abstract Previous theoretical studies have predicted structural differences between the tris(cyclopentadienyl) zirconium and hafnium complexes Cp3MX (Cp = C5H5; M = Zr, Hf). Cp3ZrCl can be isolated via the stoichiometric reaction of Cp2ZrCl2 and NaCp, but forming the analogous Hf complex is complicated by ligand redistribution. Partial crystallographic analysis of these two complexes indicates likely structural differences wherein the Zr complex has three η5 Cp ligands (“3-5” structure) while the Hf complex has two η5 Cp ligands and one η1 Cp ligand (“2-5,1-1” structure). The use of C5H4CH3 (MeCp) simplifies both the syntheses and the procurement of suitable crystals. The preparation of a number of MeCp complexes of Zr and Hf is reported along with crystallographic characterization of (MeCp)3HfCl, which has a 2-5,1-1 structure and (MeCp)4Zr, which has a 3-5,1-1 structure.
Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 μg/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.
An experimental approach for selecting a response-prompting strategy for children with developmental disabilities

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Leaf, J. B., Sheldon, J. B., & Sherman, J. A. (2010). Comparison of simultaneous prompting and no-no prompting in two choice discrimination learning with children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 215–228. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and the original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Comparison of tranquilizers with remotivation groups in the treatment of regressed schizophrenics.

Summary Two groups of regressed female schizophrenics were selected. For six months these groups were simultaneously exposed to a therapeutic program consisting of the administration of phenothiazines, followed by a placebo period and then by a remotivation period with the exclusion of tranquilizers. The patients were tested prior to and after each period. Therapeutic results were assessed on the basis of a rating scale, psychological tests, and clinical course. Differences between the responses to each approach, and the difficulties in obtaining statistical figures, consistent with the clinical picture, have been discussed.
X-ray laser research at the Nova laser (Invited Paper)

Laboratory x-ray lasers are currently being studied by researchers at LLNL using the Nova glass laser as a pump source. Laser action has been demonstrated at wavelengths as short as 35.6 angstroms while x-ray amplifier saturation has been observed with longer wavelength schemes. The most successful schemes to data have been collisionally pumped x-ray lasers which use the thermal electron distribution within a laser produced plasma to excite electrons from closed shells in neon- and nickel-like ions to higher energy metastable levels. The multitude of x-ray laser wavelengths produced by isoelectronic scaling of these laser schemes results in a quasi-tunable bright source of x-rays that presently spans the range 35 - 300 angstroms, (40 to 350 eV). Currently attempts are being made to quantify and improve the longitudinal and transverse coherence of collisionally pumped x-ray lasers in order to increase their usefulness for specific applications.
Distinct and overlapping functions of allelic forms of human mannose binding protein.

Human mannose binding protein (MBP) is a C–type serum lectin involved in first–line host defense against a variety of bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Recently an association was found between low levels of serum MBP and an increased frequency of recurrent infections in infants. A particular genotype, in which glycine is substituted by aspartic acid at codon 54 of MBP in the fifth collagen repeat, shows apparent concordance with the clinical phenotype. We report, however, that this genotype occurs in 5% of the population and encodes a functional protein. Our results indicate that the Gly54Asp allele does not account for a deficiency state, but instead suggest that MBP may have two predominant allelic forms that have overlapping function and differ only in their ability to activate the classical pathway of complement.
Experimental Validation of Stochastic Performance Models of General Layered Task Systems

Performance analysis of synchronization mechanisms for simple layered task systems has recently been reported. In this paper, we develop and validate performance models for general layered task systems which are applicable to a wider range of synchronization mechanisms and parallel task systems. Synchronization mechanisms considered include both strong (barrier) synchronization and weak (partial) synchronization. The models explicitly consider overheads due to synchronization waiting time and contention for shared software and hardware resources. The models are solvable for a number of commonly used task computation time distributions and are experimentally validated on two different shared-memory multiprocessors. It is shown that the task computation behavior, the amount of intertask dependencies, synchronization overheads, and throughput of the processor-memory interconnection network interact in a multi-dimensional, but predictable, way to impact overall performance. Approximate and asymptotic models are used to demonstrate these relationships, in both qualitative and quantitative terms.
Work, Experiential Learning, Lived Practice and Knowing-in-Action

The work that is represented here demonstrates the importance of what we do in learning to work in professional settings of various sorts. Learning-in-context through experience and action is so essential that it is normalized and taken for granted, accepted as part of “the real world,” not needing explanation or intervention. The articles in this issue describe and explain learning-in-action. Each of the articles in this special issue demonstrates that no matter the style of teaching/learning and context, we must increasingly become aware of the unintended outcomes of the processes involved. The articles emphasize the simultaneity of work, learning, and teaching. The authors discuss how work experience is represented and the nature of reflection, the ways through which work confidence and competency are constructed in situated activities, and how work practice is transmitted by mentors and reproduced by novices through a process of transition.
Transport in quantum dots from the integrability of the Anderson model

In this work we exploit the integrability of the two-lead Anderson model to compute transport properties of a quantum dot, in and out of equilibrium. Our method combines the properties of integrable scattering together with a Landauer-Buttiker formalism. Although we use integrability, the nature of the problem is such that our results are not generically exact, but must only be considered as excellent approximations which nonetheless are valid all the way through crossover regimes. The key to our approach is to identify the excitations that correspond to scattering states and then to compute their associated scattering amplitudes. We are able to do so both in and out of equilibrium. In equilibrium and at zero temperature, we reproduce the Friedel sum rule for an arbitrary magnetic field. From this we compute exactly the behavior of the zero-temperature linear-response conductance as a function of both the gate voltage and field. We also study transport quantities requiring knowledge of scattering states away from the Fermi surface. We compute the linear-response conductance at finite temperature at the symmetric point of the Anderson model and reproduce the numerical renormalization-group computation of this quantity of Costi et al. We then explore the out-of-equilibrium conductance for a near-symmetric Anderson model and arrive at quantitative expressions for the differential conductance, both in and out of a magnetic field. We reproduce the expected splitting of the differential conductance peak into two in a finite magnetic field H. We determine the width, height, and position of these peaks. In particular, we find that for $H\ensuremath{\gg}{T}_{k},$ the Kondo temperature, the differential conductance has maxima of ${e}^{2}/h$ occurring for a bias $V$ close to but smaller than H. The nature of our construction of scattering states suggests that our results for the differential magnetoconductance are not merely approximate, but become exact in the large-field limit.
The subdominant status of Echinocereus viridiflorus and Mammillaria vivipara in the shortgrass prairie: The role of temperature and water effects on gas exchange

The subdominant CAM species, Echinocereus viridiflorus and Mammillaria vivipara, collected from the shortgrass prairie in northeastern Colorado were pretreated and analyzed for gas exchange under cool temperatures (20/15°C) and warm temperatures (35/15°C). Well watered plants of both species under a 35/15°C thermoperiod fixed atmospheric CO2 during the night and early moring. Echinocereus viridiflorus grown and analyzed at 20/15°C fixed CO2 during the night, early morning and late afternoon but total carbon gain over a 24 h period is less than when grown and analyzed under the 35/15°C thermoperiod. Mammillaria vivipara grown and analyzed at 20/15°C assimilates CO2 at low rates during all parts of a 24 h period with the greatest CO2 fixation rates occuring from midday to late afternoon. The total carbon gain under the 20/15°C thermoperiod is less than that for this species under the 35/15°C thermoperiod. Decreasing the night temperature of plants grown under the warm conditions to 10°C or 5°C results in a depression of the night CO2 fixation in both species. E. viridiflorus from the cool growth conditions showed an enhancement of the CO2 uptake during the night, early morning and late afternoon when subjected to the cooler night temperatures (10°C and 5°C). The CO2 uptake of M. vivipara grown at 20/15°C shows an enhancement during the night and early morning while the CO2 fixation during midday and late afternoon is slightly depressed under cool night temperatures (10° and 5°C). Under the 35/15°C thermoperiod both species exhibit depressed rates of CO2 fixation during the night and early morning when water stressed. Plants of both species grown under the 20/15°C thermoperiod exhibit no net CO2 fixation following five weeks of water deprivation. Upon rewatering, E. viridiflorus begins to recover its capacity for CO2 fixation within 24 h under both the warm and cool temperature regimes. However, M. vivipara did not show recovery within 48 h following rewatering under the warm or cool temperature regime. Contrasting the patterns of gas exchange of the subdominant species, E. viridiflorus and M. vivipara, with a dominant CAM species of the shortgrass prairie, Opuntia polyacantha reveals significant differences that may well dictate the role of these species in this ecosystem. E. viridiflorus and M. vivipara have a lower capacity of carbon gain and recovery from water stress than O. polyacantha mainly due to their lack of late afternoon CO2 uptake. This study suggests that carbon gain plays an important role in limiting E. viridiflorus and M. vivipara in the shortgrass prairie ecosystem.
Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare chromatotypes defined by curvilinear gradient HPLC of mycolic acids

Abstract Seventy-nine strains of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteria (MAC), previously characterized by genetic probe analysis, were assayed using two methods of reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that employed curvilinear gradients. Although different in column length and cycle time, the methods produced equivalent results, yielding seven distinct chromatographic patterns (chromatotypes) of M. avium and M. intracellulare based on the ratio of mycolate concentrations in the late vs. the middle of three peak clusters (L:M ratio). The M. avium strains ( n = 36) were assigned to chromototypes I through 4 (L:M ratios M. intracellulare strains ( n = 24) to chromototypes 5 through 7 (L:M ratios > 4). Of 18 Mycobacterium ‘X’ strains, seven resembled M. avium , seven others resembled M. intracellular , and four were intermediate between M. avium and M. intracellulare .