cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Bile Salts Between 1-Octanol and Aqueous Buffer

The distribution of four bile salts: sodium cholate (I), sodium deoxycholate (II), sodium chenodeoxycholate (III), and sodium urso- deoxycholate (IV), between aqueous buffer and 1-octanol has been measured as a function of temperature between 25 and 55° and as a function of bile salt concentration at concentrations < 0.1 mole/liter in the aqueous phase. The distribution isotherms obtained have been explained on the basis of reversible association in the aqueous phase. The treatment assumes that the bile acid exists as a monomer in the organic phase, which is verified by vapor pressure osmometry. A graphical method has been employed to estimate the association constants in the aqueous phase for the various equilibria encountered. An aggregation number of four for IV and 12 for I, II, and III has been estimated. From the results, thermodynamic functions associated with the transfer of each of the bile salts from water to octanol and those associated with association processes in the aqueous phase were calculated. These results are consistent with previous findings that the premicellar association of bile salts occurs by hydrophobic interaction. The thermodynamics of transfer of bile salts revealed an unfavorable enthalpic and favorable entropic contribution for all four bile salts. However, for IV, which is an epimer of III, both enthalpic and entropic contributions are reduced, compared to III, suggesting a pronounced effect of stereochemical orientation on hydrophobic interaction.
Efficient Second-Order Iterative Methods for IR Drop Analysis in Power Grid

Due to the extremely large sizes of power grids, IR drop analysis has become a computationally challenging problem both in terms of runtime and memory usage. It has been shown in (Zhong and Wong, 2005) that first-order iterative algorithms based on node-by-node and row-by-row traversals of the power grid have both accuracy and runtime advantages over the well-known random-walk method. In this paper, we propose second-order iterative algorithms that can significantly reduce the runtime. The new algorithms are extremely fast, and we prove that they guarantee converge to the exact solutions. Experimental results show that our algorithms outperform the random-walk algorithm in (Qian et al., 2003) and algorithms in (Zhong and Wong, 2005), For a 25-million node problem, while the random-walk algorithm takes 2 days with maximum error of 6.1 mV, the fastest algorithm in (Zhong and Wong, 2005) takes 50 minutes, and our second-order row-based algorithm takes 32 minutes to get an exact solution. Moreover, we can get a solution with maximum error 2 mV in 10 minutes.
TRACKING OF INDIVIDUAL CELL COHORTS IN ASYNCHRONOUS SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE POPULATIONS

A novel flow cytometric procedure has been developed with the aim to obtain the growth properties of individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in asynchronous culture. The method is based on labeling of the cell surface with FITC-conjugated concanavalin A and detection of the single-cell fluorescence with flow cytometry after cell exposure to growth conditions. Because the formation of new cell wall material in budded cells is restricted to the bud tip, exposure of the stained cells to growth conditions results in three cell types: (i) stained cells, (ii) partially stained cells, and (iii) unstained cells Analysis of the staining pattern over time permits the determination of the specifice growth rate of the cell population, the length of the budded cell cycle phase, and the growth pattern during the cell cycle of newly formed, partially stained daughter cells. The procedure has been tested with yeast cell populations growing at different rates. The data suggest an exponential increase in the size of individual cells during the cell cycle, as reflected by the forward angle light scattering (FALS) signals. It has been found that the apparent single-cell specific cell size growth rates, determined by FALS intensity, are significantly lower than the specific growth rates of the overall population. This could indicate that the tracking of a cohort of cells is significantly perturbed by a distribution of staining levels of daughter cells at cell division and that FALS may not be a good indicator of the cell size.
A Women's College Perspective on the Education of College Men

The education of college men assumes special signiﬁcance in the context ofsingle-sex male institutions. The rarity of these institutions furnishes aunique opportunity to look at what works for men, but when these institu-tions are also in partnerships with women’s colleges there is an opportunityto look at what works for educating men and women together. This chap-ter analyzes the education of college men at Morehouse from the perspec-tive of Spelman, a women’s college. It also addresses the question ofpreparing the young male leaders of tomorrow: what has women’s studiesgot to do with it?
Treatment of fibromyalgia and its symptoms

The main symptoms of fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) are pain, stiffness, subjective weakness and muscle fatigue. Pain in FM usually fluctuates, as well as being 'deep' and is always associated with local or generalized tenderness (hyperalgesia and allodynia). The pathogenesis of such peripheral and/or CNS changes in FM is unclear, but peripheral tissue changes, specifically in muscles, have been implicated. Indirect evidence from interventions that attenuate tonic peripheral impulse input in patients with FM suggest that overall FM pain is dependent on nociception. More importantly, FM-associated widespread mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia can also be improved or abolished by removal of peripheral pain impulse input. In addition, FM patients show evidence of abnormal stress reactivity, including blunting of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increased autonomic nervous system responsiveness. Thus, therapeutic interventions in FM should target not only pain reductions, but also improvements of peripheral/central sensitization and neuroendocrine/autonomic abnormalities. Despite the complexity of FM, there are pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions that are available that have clinical benefit. Present evidence indicates efficacy of antidepressants, cardiovascular exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy. Based on this evidence, a stepwise program emphasizing education, medications, exercise and cognitive therapy can be recommended.
Effects of Disulfide Bridges in Domain I of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa δ-Endotoxin on Ion-Channel Formation in Biological Membranes

The δ-endotoxin family of toxic proteins represents the major component of the insecticidal capability of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Domain I of the toxins, which is largely α-helical, has been proposed to unfold at protein entry into the membrane of a target insect, following models known as the penknife and umbrella models. We extended the analysis of a previous work in which four disulfide bridges were constructed in domain I of the Cry1Aa δ-endotoxin that putatively prevented unfolding during membrane partitioning. Using bioassays and voltage clamping of whole insect midgut instead of artificial lipid bilayers, it was found that, while toxicity and inhibition of the short-circuit current were reduced, only one of the disulfide bridges eliminated the activity of the toxins in the insect midgut membrane, and in that case, the loss of toxicity was due to the single amino acid substitution, R99C. It is proposed that at least α helices 4, 5, 6, and 7 and domain II partition in the midgut membran...
Oxy-combustion of solid fuels in a carbon fuel cell

Abstract The full combustion of solid carbonaceous fuels through electrochemical pathways in a carbon fuel cell is investigated. The carbon fuel cell is a novel scheme that utilizes a solid electrolyte layer to both separate the oxidizing stream from the fuel stream and directly produce electricity from the oxidation of carbon, effectively resulting in oxy-combustion of the solid fuel. A model of the carbon fuel cell is developed, validated, and used to calculate the response of a tubular fuel cell with idealized electrode exchange current density parameters. Results indicate that the modeled cell geometry can operate in an optimal regime offering efficiencies near 65% and cell power densities over 1 W/cm2 on a fuel bed height of 50 mm.
Mobilizing Gender to Promote Peace: The Case of Machsom Watch

The binary model that presents women as peaceful and men as warfaring is a common conception of war and peace. Despite increasing levels of gender equality in most spheres of public life and decreasing gender segregation in institutions in many parts of the world, the associational link of men to war and women to peace remains widespread. Focusing on the Israeli women’s peace organization, Machsom Watch, this article uses a content analysis of interactions between Machsom Watch activists, soldiers and Palestinians to examine how gendered political opportunity structures affect and are affected by interactions between individuals, organizations and institutions. The paper highlights the contradiction between Machsom Watch’s form as a women-only organization and their framing and report language, which is non-gender specific. I argue that this contradiction emerges from their strategic negotiation of the gendered political opportunity structure as well as their culturally bounded experiences of gendered interactions and embodied gender norms. More generally, I argue that by understanding political opportunity structures as being bound by cultural norms that create distinct sets of opportunities and constraints for different groups of people, scholars can better understand the particular manifestation of social movement action and thereby more fully account for human agency in social and political structures. Additionally, this paper encourages social movement scholars to understand social movement framing as both a product of political opportunities and constraints as well as an influence in the formation of the political opportunity structure.
Chemical and biological characterization of a bovine growth hormone-sepharose complex.

Bovine growth hormone (bGH) was bound to Sepharose 4B and the complex was studied for stability and biological activity. The preparation was extensively washed until no more leakage of hormone was detected. The hormone-Sepharose complex was active in vivo on the basis of the rat tibial width assay. The bGH-Sepharose was also found in vitro to increase [14C]glucose conversion to 14CO2 in epididymal adipose tissue from hypo-physectomized rats. Free bGH found in the incubation medium contributed to the GH-like activity. This free material was released from bGH-Sepharose in the incubation medium even in the absence of any exposure to adipose tissue. The free material appeared to be bGH on the basis of gel filtration and biological response. (Endocrinology 95: 1554, 1974)
Re-Envisioning the Agrarian Ideal

Critics of The Agrarian Vision: Sustainability and Environmental Ethics (Lexington: 2010, University Press of Kentucky) have difficulties with its commitment to agrarian philosophy, and have also suggested that the program described there needs more elaboration of how sustainability might be pursued, especially in its social dimensions. The book draws upon agrarian philosophy to argue that habit and material practice are an appropriate and vital focus of ethics. Attention to habit and material practice will counterbalance an overemphasis on intentions and outcomes in contemporary environmental philosophy. It is in this sense that agrarianism contributes to an ethic of sustainability by showing how contemporary food practices—the culture of the table—might contribute to an enabling sense of community solidarity. The book does not advocate a return to once vibrant agrarian traditions.
Are antiseptic-coated central venous catheters effective in a real-world setting?

Background Catheter-related bloodstream infections are common, costly, and morbid. Randomized controlled trials indicate that antiseptic-coated central venous catheters reduce infection rates. Objective To assess the clinical and economic effectiveness of antiseptic-coated catheters for critically ill patients in a real-world setting. Methods Central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine/silver-sulfadiazene were introduced in all patients requiring central venous access in adult intensive care units at the University of Michigan Health System, a large, tertiary care teaching hospital. A pretest-posttest cohort design measured the primary outcome of catheter-related bloodstream infection rate, comparing the 2 years prior to the intervention with the 2 years following the intervention. We also evaluated cost-effectiveness and changes in vancomycin use. Results The intervention was associated with a 4% per month relative reduction in the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection, after controlling for the effects of time. Overall, a 35% relative risk reduction (P Conclusion Antiseptic-coated catheters appear to be clinically effective and economically efficient in a real-world setting.
PERIPHERAL VENOUS LINE INFILTRATION IN INFANTS RECEIVING 10% DEXTROSE, 10% DEXTROSE/AMINO ACIDS, OR 10% DEXTROSE/AMINO ACIDS/FAT EMULSION

97 peripheral venous lines (PVL) were prospectively studied to determine 1) if the infiltration incidence differs for 10% dextrose (D) vs 10% dextrose/amino acid solutions (DAA) and 2) if the continuous infusion of fat emulsion concurrently with dextrose/amino acid solutions (DAAF) affects the incidence or time to infiltration, The patients had a mean age ± SD of 2.1 ± 2.9 months (range:0.03-12). 34 patients received (D), 30 (DAA)7 and 33 (DAAF). Electrolyte and mineral content was standardized for the DAA and DAAF groups. All solutions were infused via teflon catheters with similar gauge. The three groups were similar with respect to age, race, gender, weight, and site (p>0.05). Patients receiving DAA and DAAF had higher infusion rates than the D group (p 0.05). The probability of infiltration was significantly different with DAA > than D or DAAF (p=0.01). No complications were noted following infiltration of any solution. We conclude: 1) there is a significant difference in the time to and probability of infiltration when DAA are infused, and 2) continuous infusion of fat emulsion with DAA significantly prolongs the survival of a PVL.
Outcomes of a self-constrained distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty: a case series of six patients.

Resection arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), such as the Darrach procedure, is a common treatment for pathology that proves refractory to more conservative measures. Although outcomes are often favorable, complications include pain, instability, ulnar translation of the carpus, and abutment of the ulnar stump on the radius [7, 13]. Darrach procedures yield inferior outcomes in patients with high functional demands [7, 26] and numerous soft-tissue stabilization procedures have been developed to control an unstable residual ulnar stump [3, 4, 12]. Unfortunately, the failed distal ulnar resection has proved quite problematic, with persistently poor outcomes despite multiple stabilization procedures [2]. DRUJ implant arthroplasty offers a possible solution. Distal ulnar hemiarthroplasties exist [5, 10], as do total ulnar head replacements [8, 14, 20, 25], but their stability requires some contribution from native soft tissues, which are often deficient, especially in salvage situations [22]. More recently, total DRUJ replacements have been developed [11, 19, 23]. One particular implant is the bipolar, self-constrained Aptis Total DRUJ Replacement Prosthesis (Aptis Medical, Louisville, KY) [21, 22]. This report describes our experience with this new implant.
The 27‐day variations in stratospheric ozone and temperature: New MLS data

[1] We use new data obtained by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) onboard of Aura spacecraft to investigate variations in stratospheric ozone and temperature concurrent with the 27-day variations of solar UV irradiance, measured simultaneously by the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) during the declining phase of solar activity. Using Empirical Mode Decomposition we determine the latitudinal and height distributions of the 27-day modes for ozone and temperature and find that these modes are enhanced in the lower tropical stratosphere, and at high latitudes in winter.
The effect of glutaraldehyde on catalase. Biochemical and cytochemical studies with beef liver catalase and rat liver peroxisomes.

Peroxidatic activity of catalase (E .C .1 .11 .1 .6) was discovered by Keilin and Hartree (1), and it has been firmly established that, catalase oxidizes various substrates such as ethanol, methanol, nitrite, and formate (2-4) . Crystalline beef liver catalase, used as an enzyme tracer (5), and the peroxisomal catalase (6, 7) have been visualized cytochemically by a modification of the 3,3'diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB)' technique of Graham and Karnovsky (8), and it has been suggested that the peroxidatic activity of catalase is responsible for this reaction (9) . The
Using RNA-Seq to profile soybean seed development from fertilization to maturity

To understand gene expression networks leading to functional properties and compositional traits of the soybean seed, we have undertaken a detailed examination of soybean seed development from a few days post-fertilization to the mature seed using Illumina high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). RNA was sequenced from seven different stages of seed development, yielding between 12 million and 78 million sequenced transcripts. These have been aligned to the 79,000 gene models predicted from the soybean genome recently sequenced by the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute. Over one hundred gene models were identified with high expression exclusively in young seed stages, starting at just four days after fertilization. These were annotated as being related to many basic components and processes such as histones and proline-rich proteins. Genes encoding storage proteins such as glycinin and beta-conglycinin had their highest expression levels at the stages of largest fresh weight, confirming previous knowledge that these storage products are being rapidly accumulated before the seed begins the desiccation process. Other gene models showed high expression in the dry, mature seeds, perhaps indicating the preparation of pathways needed later, in the early stages of imbibition. Many highly-expressed gene models at the dry seed stage are, as expected, annotated as hydrophilic proteins associated with low water conditions, such as late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and dehydrins, which help preserve the cellular structures and nutrients within the seed during desiccation. More significantly, the power of RNA-Seq to detect genes expressed at low levels revealed hundreds of transcription factors with notable expression in at least one stage of seed development. Results from a second biological replicate demonstrate high reproducibility of these data revealing a comprehensive view of the transciptome of seed development in the cultivar Williams, the reference cultivar for the first soybean genome sequence.
The progressive development of inhomogeneous shear and crystallographic fabric in glacial ice

Abstract Zones of shear, a few centimeters thick, in otherwise weakly deformed superimposed ice at the margin of the Barnes Ice Cap, are marked by decrease in plunge of elongate air bubbles, increase in degree of preferred crystallographic orientation, increase in grain size, and the development of a weakly sutured texture. The shear zone boundaries are parallel to bedrock and a direction of maximum shearing strain rate. In the interiors, shear strain attains values exceeding γ = 10, and the c -axes are tightly grouped in a cluster normal to the shear zone boundaries. With increase in overall deformation, the ice attains a high and apparently uniform shear strain by growth and coalescence of shear zones, leaving relict lenses of lower strain, or ‘less-deformed zones’, with characters opposite to those of the shear zones themselves.
The sensitivity properties of hierarchical logic-based models

Abstract Much of whe work on logic modeling focuses on constructing logic-based models that represent real-world situations, investigating the properties of different types of models and logics, and developing solution procedures for the models so as to address real-world problems. An important subset of the latter task is to perform sensitivity analyses that determine how the output of such a model will change in response to a change in its inputs. In two previous papers we developed methods for calculating sensitivity measures for Boolean models using the concept of a Boolean derivative, initially developed for circuit design. In this paper we review these methods and present a method for calculating sensitivity measures, in the form of first derivatives, for models based on fuzzy logic. Since these models are piecewise linear, it is necessary to consider derivatives from both the right and the left.
Constitutively active STAT6 predisposes toward a lymphoproliferative disorder

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is critical for IL-4 and IL-13 responses, and necessary for the normal development of Th2 cells. We previously generated mice that express a constitutively active STAT6 (STAT6VT) under control of the CD2 locus control region, which directs expression to the T-cell compartment. We now describe that a small proportion of these mice (∼5%) develop a spontaneous lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) that results in dramatic splenomegaly. The cell populations observed in the LPD spleens can be divided into 2 categories, those that are composed of mixed lineage cells and those that are predominantly T cells with a phenotype similar to that in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) patients. These data suggest that while active STAT6 is not a transforming factor, expression in T cells predisposes toward the development of lymphoproliferative disorders.
The death, and rebirth, of the metadata record – rethinking library search

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the issues with libraries' current approach to utilizing metadata and metadata records from a user perspective, and to suggest future directions in utilizing metadata records in a search context.Design/methodology/approach – Experiential commentary.Findings – Metadata records need to be reborn as surrogate tools that can be used to provide better search results.Originality/value – This paper opinionates on the traditions that libraries bring to providing search and retrieval tools, and how those traditions need to evolve in order for libraries to continue to provide useful search services in the digital context. It should be of interest to digital library developers, librarians, and information scientists.
A Musculoskeletal Modeling Approach for Estimating Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strains and Knee Anterior–Posterior Shear Forces in Stop-Jumps Performed by Young Recreational Female Athletes

The central goal of this study was to contribute to the advancements being made in determining the underlying causes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. ACL injuries are frequently incurred by recreational and professional young female athletes during non-contact impact activities in sports like volleyball and basketball. This musculoskeletal-neuromuscular study investigated stop-jumps and factors related to ACL injury like knee valgus and internal–external moment loads, knee anterior–posterior (AP) shear forces, ACL strains and internal forces. Motion capture data was obtained from the landing phase of stop-jumps performed by eleven young recreational female athletes and electromyography (EMG) data collected from quadriceps, hamstring and gastrocnimius muscles which were then compared to numerically estimated activations. Numerical simulation tools used were Inverse Kinematics, Computed Muscle Control and Forward Dynamics and the knee modeled as a six degree of freedom joint. Results showed averaged peak strains of 12.2 ± 4.1% in the right and 11.9 ± 3.0% in the left ACL. Averaged peak knee AP shear forces were 482.3 ± 65.7 N for the right and 430.0 ± 52.4 N for the left knees, approximately equal to 0.7–0.8 times body weight across both knees. A lack of symmetry was observed between the knees for valgus angles (p < 0.04), valgus moments (p < 0.001) and muscle activations (p < 0.001), all of which can be detrimental to ACL stability during impact activities. Comparisons between recorded EMG data and estimated muscle activations show the relation between electrical signal and muscle depolarization. In summary, this study outlines a musculoskeletal simulation approach that provides numerical estimations for a number of variables associated with ACL injuries in female athletes performing stop-jumps.
Free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction

With continuing advances in microsurgery, the importance of free flap transfers in reconstruction has increased in every branch of surgery. Several free flaps (both simple and compound) will be described. The transfer of a bulk of tissue by microvascular tissue transfer is a reliable and proven method of reconstruction. The objective for microvascular surgery is to develop techniques of tissue transfer that restore function and improve appearance. There is no greater challenge than reconstructive surgery of the head and neck.
Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms

Epileptogenesis is defined as the process of developing epilepsy-a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures-following an initial insult. Seizure incidence during the human lifespan is at its highest in infancy and childhood. Animal models of epilepsy and human tissue studies suggest that epileptogenesis involves a cascade of molecular, cellular and neuronal network alterations. Within minutes to days following the initial insult, there are acute early changes in neuronal networks, which include rapid alterations to ion channel kinetics as a result of membrane depolarization, post-translational modifications to existing functional proteins, and activation of immediate early genes. Subacute changes occur over hours to weeks, and include transcriptional events, neuronal death and activation of inflammatory cascades. The chronic changes that follow over weeks to months include anatomical changes, such as neurogenesis, mossy fiber sprouting, network reorganization, and gliosis. These epileptogenic processes are developmentally regulated and might contribute to differences in epileptogenesis between adult and developing brains. Here we review the factors responsible for enhanced seizure susceptibility in the developing brain, and consider age-specific mechanisms of epileptogenesis. An understanding of these factors could yield potential therapeutic targets for the prevention of epileptogenesis and also provide biomarkers for identifying patients at risk of developing epilepsy or for monitoring disease progression.
Optical response measurements of a new class of upconverting luminescent reporters

We have prepared and characterized several lanthanide ion complexes of multidentate ligands or chelates in an effort to develop new luminescent reporters that will be immune to autofluorescence and photobleaching. Our study has involved the characterization of various chelates of Eu, Er, and Tm with respect to relative luminescent efficiency and excited state lifetimes. Included in the list of chelates studied are TTFA, EDTA, DPA, DOTA and DTPA as well as mixed and double chelates. In addition to determining the relative efficiencies and luminescence lifetimes of the lanthanide chelates, we have explored various excitation mechanisms and determined optimum excitation wavelengths. This paper will address the various hurdles encountered in the development of this new class of reporters.
Mechanisms of resistance and their interactions in twelve sources of resistance to biotype E greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) in sorghum

Evaluation of mechanisms of resistance among 12 grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, sources of resistance to the biotype E greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), indicated that the most important mechanism within this germplasm seemed to be antibiosis (with a few exceptions). The source with the highest level of overall resistance was P1266965, which had also the highest level of antibiosis. The highest level of tolerance was found in P1229828, and the highest level of antixenosis was found in 'J242.' All mechanisms of resistance in the various plant stages were independent, and only antibiosis in the seedling stages was highly related to average damage score from the usual flat screening technique. Principal component analysis was used to develop an index to maximize variation among accessions, describe each germplasm's overall resistance, and compare the known sources of resistance with any susceptible sources or any new sources of resistance in relation to host plant interactions.
Estimation and Prediction in a Multivariate Random Effects Generalized Linear Model

Abstract Estimation of an individual's regression coefficients in a multivariate random effects linear model is considered. The problem of prediction of future responses of an individual based on the random effects model is also considered, and the prediction mean squared errors of various predictors are derived and compared for the practical situation where all parameters of the model are unknown and estimates must be used.
Geometries and electronic structures of negatively charged carbon clusters

Self-consistent field molecular orbital calculations have been performed on neutral and negatively charged clusters of carbon atoms using an extended basis set designed to obtain correct electron affinity. Correlation effects have been included perturbatively up to second order. The optimized geometries of theC − (n ≤ 7) anions are all linear chains as observed in experiments. The calculated electron affinities are comparable with experimental data. Studies of the stabilities of doubly charged anions show that clusters uptoC 7 −− are unstable.
MOOC M4D: An Overview and Learner's Viewpoint on Autumn 2013 Course

The MOOC M4D (Mobiles for Development) was a six weeks course from 2nd October- 16th November,2013 on advances of mobile services in many sectors that are vital to human development, such as education, health and agriculture and access to credit and finance. As a librarian the author is interested to know about the teaching/learning process within a MOOC because of reasons that MOOC is an increasingly growing phenomenon and libraries have potential to support MOOCs. The author shares her personal experiences and observations as a MOOC student and presents a short overview of MOOC M4D course, specifically on core issues covered in the course lectures
THE CREATION OF A MICRODATA FILE FOR ESTIMATING THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

This paper describes the methods used by the Office of Business Economics, U.S. Department of Commerce, in creating a microdata file for use in estimating the size distribution of income. It explains the techniques of statistical matching involved in merging microdata files from various sources to correct and supplement income estimates in the original field survey (The Current Population Survey) and to incorporate additional information that can be used to estimate items and types of income not contained in the original file.
Observations of 20-Day Period Meridional Current Oscillations in the Upper Ocean along the Pacific Equator

Abstract Prominent oscillations of the meridional current, with a mean period of approximately 20 days, have been observed in the upper ocean over several years from May 1979 to October 1985 using moored current measurements along the Pacific equator at 95°, 110°, 124°,140°W and 152°W, as well as off (but near) the equator at 110° and 140°W. The fluctuations are relatively narrowband (±0.005 cpd) in frequency. A 95% statistically significant peak in power spectra of meridional current occurred at 110°, 124° and 140°W, but not at 95° and 152°W where the spectral peaks were smaller. The dominant wave period decreased by about 4% from 110° to 140°W. Maximum amplitude was measured at 124°W; the amplitude above 80 m was maximum at the equator and decreased poleward from the equator. At 15 m the annual averaged root-mean-square amplitude was about 20.5 cm s−1, and individual peak-to-trough values reached 150 cm s−1. The wave amplitude decreased with depth and the wave was essentially confined to the upper 80 m....
Congenital leiomyoma of the distal ileum associated with ileal atresia and malrotation

A leiomyoma of the small bowel in a neonate was found causing luminal occlusion and was associated with malrotation. This association and the lack of intestinal mucosa at the level of the tumor suggest that the growth originated at or near the “solid core” stage of intestinal development.
Analysis and implications of changing hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) case loads in general surgery residency training for HPB surgery accreditation

Objective This study was conducted to determine whether residents are receiving enough hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) training during general surgery residencies to exclude the necessity of pursuing formal fellowships in HPB surgery.
Anomalous amplification of the Earth's normal modes near the epicenter due to lateral heterogeneity

The broadband seismograms recorded at stations near the epicenter of the Landers, California earthquake of 28 June 1992 exhibit observed amplitudes of the spheroidal modes of the Earth that are nearly one order of magnitude larger than those calculated for a spherically symmetric Earth model. We show that these anomalous observations at stations close to the epicenter can be explained by coupling between the normal modes due to the earth's asphericity. We calculate and sum fully coupled normal modes for three-dimensional shear-wave velocity models of the Earth's mantle to calculate synthetic seismograms. Our coupled-mode synthetic seismograms explain the observed anomalously large amplitude of spheroidal modes and indicate that the coupling between the normal modes due to laterally heterogeneous elastic structure of the Earth causes this anomalous observation. Our results also show that the present three-dimensional Earth models give qualitative fits to this observation.
The effect of phase transitions, surface diffusion, and defects on heterogeneous reactions: multiplicities and fluctuations

Abstract The influence of attractive absorbate-absorbate interactions and surface diffusion on phase transitions in unimolecular surface reactions is examined by Monte Carlo simulations. Detailed studies in parameter space are performed assuming various forms of desorption and reaction rate expressions. Introduction of rate anomalies can lead either to a kinetic or to an equilibrium phase transition, depending on the reaction kinetics and the rate-determining processes. It is demonstrated that migration affects the reaction rate, nucleation, and phase transitions, and, therefore, detailed study of them at a molecular level is necessary to describe heterogeneous reactions. Hysteresis in reactant coverage and reaction rate are studied and large fluctuations are found to dominate the system dynamics near cusp points. The influence of defects which act as nucleation centers on metastability is also investigated. The Monte Carlo data are compared with the predictions of mean-field theory, and limitations of the latter are discussed.
Total in vitro maturation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiaea-factor lipopeptide mating pheromone

Abstract The a-factor mating pheromone, produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiaea haploid cells, is posttranslationally modified in a manner analogous to that of the rasproto-oncogene product. A consensus C-terminal amino acid sequence, -CAAX (C is cysteine, A is aliphatic amino acid, and X is any amino acid), is the target of these modifications, which include isoprenylation (essential for Ras function), proteolysis of the -AAX sequence, and carboxy methyl esterification. Recently, the RAM DPR1 gene product was shown to be a component of the activity responsible for isoprenylation of both Ras and a-factor. In this report, we present an in vitro assay which not only detects a-factor isoprenylation, but also proteolysis and carboxy methyl esterification, and directly demonstrates, biochemically, the order of these processing events. This a-factor maturation assay may prove useful for screening agents which block any of the steps involved in the post-translational modification of the a-factor and Ras -CAAX sequences. Such agents would be potential anti-Ras-related cancer therapeutic drugs.
Where Have All the Majors Gone

The author introduces articles on the number of majors in economics that were presented at the January 1996 Allied Social Science Associations Meeting.
The West Falmouth oil spill after thirty years: the persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments.

The long-term fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments (West Falmouth, MA) contaminated in 1969 by the spill of the barge Florida was investigated. A 36-cm-long sediment core was collected in August 2000, and sediment extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chroma tography (GC×GC). The latter technique is capable of separating 1 order of magnitude more compounds than the former and was used to observe whether any compositional changes in the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) occurred. No evidence of petroleum residues was detected in the top 6 cm (0−6 cm) and the lower 8 cm (28−36 cm) of the core. However, the central sections (6−28 cm) were dominated by a UCM in the boiling range of n-C13−n-C25 alkanes, consistent with a No. 2 fuel oil source. The 12−14- and 14−16-cm sections had the highest concentrations of UCM (∼8 mg g-1). These values are similar to concentrations observed shortly after the spill. Initial GC×GC analysis revealed that only the n-...
A fulleropyrrolidine end-capped platinum-acetylide triad: the mechanism of photoinduced charge transfer in organometallic photovoltaic cells

The fullerene end-capped platinum acetylide donor–acceptor triad Pt2ThC60 was synthesized and characterized by using photophysical methods and photovoltaic device testing. The triad consists of the platinum acetylide oligomer Ph––Pt(PBu3)2––Th––Pt(PBu3)2––Ph (Ph = phenyl and Th = 2,5-thienyl, stereochemistry at both Pt centers is trans) that contains fulleropyrrolidine moieties on each of the terminal phenylene units. Electrochemistry of the triad reveals relatively low potential oxidation and reduction waves corresponding, respectively, to oxidation of the platinum acetylide and reduction of the fulleropyrrolidine units. Photoluminescence spectroscopy shows that the singlet and triplet states of the platinum acetylide chromophore are strongly quenched in the triad assembly, both in solution at ambient temperature as well as in a low-temperature solvent glass. The excited state quenching arises due to intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer to produce a charge separated state based on charge transfer from the platinum acetylide (donor) to the fulleropyrrolidine (acceptor). Picosecond time resolved absorption spectroscopy confirms that the charge transfer state is produced within 1 ps of photoexcitation, and it decays by charge recombination within 400 ps. Organic photovoltaic devices fabricated using spin-coated films of Pt2ThC60 as the active material operate with modest efficiency, exhibiting a short circuit photocurrent of 0.51 mA cm−2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.41 V under 100 mW cm−2/AM1.5 illumination. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between the mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer in the triad and the comparatively efficient photovoltaic response exhibited by the material.
Effect of fabric geometry on resistance to pesticide penetration and degradation.

Cotton is a standard washable fabric for garments and is preferred for workclothing. Agricultural workers' clothing may become contaminated with pesticides. Among other factors, the rate of pesticide solution penetration and transport from the garment to the underlayers, such as undergarments or skin, depends on fabric geometry. In 100% cotton fabrics, the ease of wettability as measured by the drop absorbency rate is higher in fabrics with large interfiber and interyarn capillaries, while the level and rate of wicking is higher in fabrics with smaller interfiber and interyarn capillary radii, due to fine, highly twisted yarns and dense weave. The implication of these results is that contrary to the U.S. Federal Register specifications for closely woven fabrics as body covering for pesticide applicators, a tightly woven fabric may transport pesticide solution to the undergarments or skin more rapidly and to a greater extent, due to a wicking action.
Optical leaky wave antennas integrated with resonator topologies

In this work, we study the theory and design of an optical leaky wave antenna (OLWA) integrated with resonator topologies such as Fabry-Perot resonator and ring resonator tuned to the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm (193.4 THz). The presented OLWA design is compatible with CMOS fabrication technologies. It comprises silicon (Si), silica glass (SiO 2 ) domains forming a dielectric waveguide that hosts numerous periodic perturbations. The radiation from an isolated OLWA takes place due to the leaky wave which decays slowly as it propagates along the perturbed waveguide. The design is tuned by purposely using perturbations of very small filling fraction in a unit cell, thus resulting in a leaky wave harmonic with very small attenuation and phase constants. This in turn leads to a very directive radiated beam almost in the direction normal to the axis of leaky wave propagation. In [Campione et al., Opt. Exp., 20, pp. 21305–21317, (2012)], for a similar isolated OLWA design, the tunability of radiation levels by modifying the optical properties of the Si domain through electron-hole excess carrier generation (thus the leaky wave's propagation constant) is proven to be limited, and an analytic model of OLWA in FPR is provided for the first time with a significant radiation level control. Therefore, in this research we turn our attention to utilizing the OLWA design integrated with resonator schemes such as ring resonators in order to achieve significant radiation control through the control of carrier densities in Si domains. We demonstrate effective control of radiation level alongside engineering a desired beam direction and directivity. Depending on the scheme of OLWA placement inside the resonator topology, the design procedure involves the construction of far-field as an interference beam radiated by different OLWA regions. Such a design allows for forming a stable radiated beam with frequency as well as achieving a high quality factor of resonance and hence an effective control of radiation level. Moreover the minimization of Si regions' sizes can lead to fast electronic operation through control of Si carrier density. The OLWA integrated with resonators are promising for improving the performances of optical switches.
Mutagenic urine in cirrhosis

Multiple samples of daytime urine from 5 non-smoking patients with cirrhosis, 12 healthy smokers, and 15 healthy non-smokers were collected and analysed for mutagens by the Ames salmonella microsome assay. All 12 samples collected from the 5 cirrhotic patients were mutagenic. 16 of the 17 samples collected from the smokers were mutagenic, while only 2 of the 24 samples from the non-smokers were mutagenic. The discovery of mutagens in the urine of non-smoking patients with cirrhosis is new.
Natural Variations in the Physiological Characteristics of Growing Chlorella Cultures.

4. BuRR, G. O., C. E. HARTT, T. TANIMOTO, D. TAKAHASHI, AND H. W. BRODIE. 1957. The circulatory system of the sugarcane plant. Radioisotopes in Scientific Research: Proc. 1st (UNESCO) Intern. Conf. 4: 351-68. Pergamon Press, New York. 5. CHAO, M. D. AND W. E. LooMIs. 1947-48. Temperature coefficients of cell enlargement. Botan. Gaz. 109: 225-31. 6. DAVIs, R. M. AND J. C. SINGLE. 1961. Basis of shoot response to root temperature in tomato. Plant Physiol. 36: 153-62. 7. FUJIWARA, A. AND M. SUZUKI. 1961. Effects of temperature and light on the translocation of photosynthetic products. Tohoku J. Agr. Res. 12: 363-67. 8. HARTT, C. E. 1963. Translocation as a factor in photosynthesis. Die Naturwissenschaften 50: 666-67. 9. HARMT, C. E. 1964. Translocation of sugar in the cane plant. 1963. Reports, Hawaiian Sugar Technologists, 22nd Annual Conference, November 18-21, 1963: 151-67. 10. HARTT, C. E. AND H. P. KORTSCHAK. 1963. Tracing sugar in the cane plant. Proc. Intern. Soc. Sugar Cane Technologists, 11th Congr. 1962: 323-34. 11. HARTr, C. E. AND H. P. KORTSCHAK. 1964. Sugar gradients and translocation of sucrose in detached blades of sugarcane. Plant Physiol. 39: 460-74. 12. HARTT, C. E., H. P. KORTSCHAK, AND G. 0. BuRR. 1964. Effects of defoliation, deradication, and darkening the blade upon translocation of C14 in sugarcane. Plant Physiol. 39: 15-22. 13. HARTT, C. E., H. P. KORTSCHAK, A. J. FORBES, AND G. 0. BURR. 1963. Translocation of C14 in sugarcane. Plant Physiol. 38: 305-18. 14. JENSEN, R. D. AND S. A. TAYLOR. 1961. Effects of temperature on water transport through plants. Plant Physiol. 36: 639-42. 15. NELSON, C. D. 1963. Effect of climate on the distribution and translocation of assimilates. In: Environmental Control of Plant Growth. L. T. Evans, ed. Academic Press, New York. p 449. 16. SWANSON, C. A. 1959. Translocation of organic solutes. In: Plant Physiology, A Treatise. F. C. Steward, ed. 2: 481-551. 17. WENT, F. W. AND H. M. HULL. 1949. The effects of temperature upon translocation in the tomato plant. Plant Physiol. 24: 505-26. 18. WIEBE, H. H. AND S. E. WIHRHEIM. 1962. The influence of internal moisture deficit on translocation. Plant Physiol. suppl. 37: L-LI.
An assessment of the solid state reactivity of sodium bicarbonate in the presence of solid dental excipients using thermal analysis

Abstract Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) is used as an anti-plaque agent in a variety of dental formulations. The aim of this study was to understand the active ingredient–excipient type of interactions in the solid state using thermal analysis. A simple formulation such as a the dental formulation was chosen as an example. Equivalent-ratio w/w binary, tertiary and quaternary mixtures of commercially obtained NaHCO 3 were prepared with solid excipients used in dental formulations. The thermal decomposition of NaHCO 3 was studied in the presence of these excipients, using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Apart from kinetic analysis, two other methods were developed during the course of this project to assess the solid state reactivity of NaHCO 3 . The reactivity of NaHCO 3 changed in the presence of other solid excipients. The methods developed during this project were successfully used in assessing the solid state reactivity of NaHCO 3 in the presence of other substances. It was concluded that these thermal analysis methods could also be applied to other substances for similar solid state studies.
The mechanism of sphingosine enhancement of phorbol ester-mediated phospholipase D activation in lymphocytes.

Abstract Tumor-promoting phorbol esters stimulate the production of phosphatidylethanol (PEt) in bovine lymph node lymphocytes through the activation of Phospholipase D (PLD). Sphingosine enhanced the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated formation of PEt in lymphocytes, while it had no effect by itself. Interestingly, the incorporation of labeled arachidonic acid into phospholipids was increased by sphingosine. Examination of the effect of sphingosine along with TPA on the incorporation of [1- 14 C]labeled-arachidonic acid into individual phospholipids revealed that they enhanced significantly the specific activity of only PC These observations indicate that sphingosine does not activate PLD It appears that sphingosine increases the specific radioactivity of the substrate pool for PLD which results in an apparent increase in PEt when both sphingosine and TPA are present.