cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of genomic rearrangements associated with EGFRvIII expression suggests involvement of Alu repeat elements

We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategy for the synthesis and analysis of rearranged epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) fragments associated with the vIII mutant receptor expressed in glioblastomas with EGFR amplification. The sequencing of aberrant tumor fragments showed that intragenic deletion rearrangements consistently involve an approximately 600-bp region in intron 7 of EGFR and several rearrangement sites interspersed throughout the large (>100 kb) first intron of this gene. Examination of the intron 7 breakpoint region revealed an Alu repeat element, and all intron 7 rearrangement sites were located within or downstream of this repeat sequence. Analysis of intron 1 for similar sequences resulted in the identification of 11 sites containing >80% homology with parts of the Alu element in intron 7. Reverse transcriptase-PCR and/or Western analysis of the tumors showed the presence of EGFRvIII cDNAs and/or proteins, respectively, in all cases for which a rearranged genomic fragment was generated by long-range PCR. Collectively, these data suggest that EGFR rearrangements, associated with the synthesis of the most common EGFR mutant, are mediated by a specific sequence element.
The biogeography of herbivorous arthropods: species accrual on tropical crops

. 1 The size of range of host plants and animals has been shown repeatedly to be the best single correlate of number of associated parasite species. For a single species of host distributed over many regions, there should exist two important additional correlates: the sizes of source pools of potential colonists within regions and the distribution of the host's close relatives among regions. 2 Certain tropical crops are useful in examining these ideas because they are widely-cultivated and the relevant data are available. A comparison of the data for the herbivorous arthropods of cacao, citrus, coconuts, coffee, cotton, rice and sugar cane shows that regions in Amazonia, Southern Asia/Australia and sub-Saharan Africa consistently fall above species-area regression lines, whereas regions in North and South America (except Amazonia), Western Asia and Europe tend to fall below them. 3 The pattern implicates the importance of source pool size of potential colonists and taxonomic isolation of the host in influencing arthropod accrual. 4 Cultivation methods, sampling effects and latitude conceivably could also influence accrual, but their importance is questionable for the seven crop/parasite systems examined.
The effect of deuterium passivation at different steps of CMOS processing on lifetime improvements of CMOS transistors

We have investigated the effect of deuterium sintering for reliability lifetime improvement of CMOS transistors with nitride sidewall spacers. SIMS measurements show that lifetime improvements of wafers with deuterium sintering at the Metal-1 and Metal-4 steps are directly related to the deuterium incorporation at the SiO/sub 2//Si interface.
Bumpless transfer for a flexible adaptation of Iterative Learning Control

This work builds upon a framework for improving trajectory flexibility in systems controlled by Iterative Learning Control (ILC). Here we focus on positioning systems, decomposing a class of trajectories into motion primitives, termed basis tasks. The correct input signal for each basis task is identified in a training routine with ILC. The main development of this paper is a framework to intelligently apply these basis task specific input signals using an adaptation of bumpless transfer techniques. Bumpless transfer is reoriented to seamlessly transition between open-loop ILC signals without attenuating signal content away from the transition points. Experimental results display the effectiveness of the proposed approach on a serial planar positioning robot. Two conditions on basis task sequencing are tested. One which satisfies constraints imposed by previous work, and a relaxed trajectory constraint case designed to further explore trajectory flexibility. Bumpless transfer recovers some of the performance lost by constraint relaxation.
Gallium-67 scanning in patients with Crohn's disease: An aid to the diagnosis of abdominal abscess

Gallium-67 scans correctly distinguished abdominal abscess from mural inflammation in 6 patients with Crohn's disease in whom abscess was suspected. Interpretation of the 48-h scan proved easiest and was aided by the use of bowel preparation to remove marker from lumen of the gut.
Construct validation of a triangular love scale

This article presents a construct validation of a love scale based upon a triangular theory of love. The article opens with a review of some of the major theories of love, and with a discussion of some of the major issues in love research. Next it briefly reviews selected elements of the triangular theory of love, according to which love can be understood as comprising three components—intimacy, passion, and decision/ commitment. Then the article presents two studies constituting the construct validation of the love scale. The construct validation comprises aspects of internal validation—determination of whether the internal structure of the data is consistent with the theory—and external validation—determination of whether the scale based on the theory shows sensible patterns of correlations with external measures. The data are generally, but not completely supportive of the utility of the triangular love scale.
Mouse neurofibromatosis type 1 cDNA sequence reveals high degree of conservation of both coding and non-coding mRNA segments

To identify evolutionary conserved domains and facilitate the recognition of potentially significant mutations in NF1 patients or tumors, we have determined the complete approximately 12 kb sequence of mouse neurofibromatosis type 1 mRNA. The sequence predicts a 2841 amino acid protein that is more than 98% identical to human neurofibromin. All but 9 of the 45 amino acid differences between mouse and human neurofibromin occur in the N-terminal half of the protein, with 16 changes clustered just upstream of the IRA-related segment. Given the high degree of sequence identity, virtually any sequence alteration in NF1 patients or tumors is potentially significant. We have also found that the 3' untranslated segment of NF1 mRNA is highly conserved, suggesting that this region may also be a target for mutations in NF1 patients.
Autopoiesis and the Cosmology of Postmodern Adult Education

From the time adult education emerged as a field of study, it has suffered a crisis of identity by which the field is increasingly defined by a lack of consensus regarding its larger aspirations and operational boundaries. The purpose of this article is to begin deconstructing and reconstructing the field of adult education phenomenologically by (a) exploring the basic historical assumptions and socially constructed, collectivist realities on which adult education founded its theory and practice in the modern era, (b) elucidating the postmodern turn these realities have taken in the past half century, and (c) reconciling adult education's historical mission with new realities facing the field. This article ultimately concludes that any viable conception of adult education must not only make postmodern individuals better competitors in the global marketplace, but must also help them and the organizations they comprise to define themselves within a larger autopoietic web of relations.
A Role for p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and c-Myc in Endothelin-Dependent Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation

We have demonstrated recently that endothelin (ET) stimulates rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent mechanism. Approximately 70% of ET-dependent [3H]-thymidine incorporation in these cells signals through this system. In the present study, we show that the residual mitogenic activity requires an intact p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) system and increased c-myc gene expression. ET increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells approximately 5-fold. p38 MAPK inhibition with SB203580 or ERK/ERK kinase inhibition with PD98059 each effected approximately 70% inhibition in ET-dependent DNA synthesis, whereas the combination led to nearly complete blockade of the ET effect. ET also increased c-myc RNA levels and c-Myc protein levels in these cells. The increment in c-Myc expression was blocked by SB203580 but not by PD98059. Use of antisense oligonucleotides directed against the translation start site of the c-myc transcript, but not scrambled oligonucleotide sequence, resulted in approximately 60% decrease in ET-dependent [3H]-thymidine incorporation. The combination of antisense c-myc and PD98059 resulted in near complete inhibition of ET-dependent DNA synthesis. Both ET and c-Myc increased expression and promoter activity of E2F, a transcription factor that has been linked to enhanced cell cycle activity. The ET-dependent increment in E2F promoter activity was suppressed after treatment with SB203580 or antisense c-myc but not by PD98059 or a scrambled oligonucleotide sequence. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ET uses 2 complementary signal transduction cascades (ERK and p38 MAPK) to control proliferative activity of vascular smooth muscle cells.
Racial Disparities in Stage-Specific Colorectal Cancer Mortality Rates From 1985 to 2008

Purpose Since the early 1980s, colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates for whites and blacks in the United States have been diverging as a result of earlier and larger reductions in death rates for whites. We examined whether this mortality pattern varies by stage at diagnosis. Methods The Incidence-Based Mortality database of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program was used to examine data from the nine original SEER regions. Our main outcome measures were changes in stage-specific mortality rates by race. Results From 1985 to 1987 to 2006 to 2008, CRC mortality rates decreased for each stage in both blacks and whites, but for every stage, the decreases were smaller for blacks, particularly for distantstage disease. For localized stage, mortality rates decreased 30.3% in whites compared with 13.2% in blacks; for regional stage, declines were 48.5% in whites compared with 34.0% in blacks; and for distant stage, declines were 32.6% in whites compared with 4.6% in blacks. As a result, the black-white rate ratios increased from 1.17 (95% CI, 0.98 to 1.39) to 1.41 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.63) for localized disease, from 1.03 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.14) to 1.30 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.44) for regional disease, and from 1.21 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.34) to 1.72 (95% CI, 1.58 to 1.86) for distant-stage disease. In absolute terms, the disparity in distant-stage mortality rates accounted for approximately 60% of the overall black-white mortality disparity.
Phosphorus budgets in Everglades wetland ecosystems: the effects of hydrology and nutrient enrichment

The Florida Everglades is a naturally oligotrophic hydroscape that has experienced large changes in ecosystem structure and function as the result of increased anthropogenic phosphorus (P) loading and hydrologic changes. We present whole-ecosystem models of P cycling for Everglades wetlands with differing hydrology and P enrichment with the goal of synthesizing existing information into ecosystem P budgets. Budgets were developed for deeper water oligotrophic wet prairie/slough (‘Slough’), shallower water oligotrophic Cladium jamaicense (‘Cladium’), partially enriched C. jamaicense/Typha spp. mixture (‘Cladium/Typha’), and enriched Typha spp. (‘Typha’) marshes. The majority of ecosystem P was stored in the soil in all four ecosystem types, with the flocculent detrital organic matter (floc) layer at the bottom of the water column storing the next largest proportion of ecosystem P pools. However, most P cycling involved ecosystem components in the water column (periphyton, floc, and consumers) in deeper water, oligotrophic Slough marsh. Fluxes of P associated with macrophytes were more important in the shallower water, oligotrophic Cladium marsh. The two oligotrophic ecosystem types had similar total ecosystem P stocks and cycling rates, and low rates of P cycling associated with soils. Phosphorus flux rates cannot be estimated for ecosystem components residing in the water column in Cladium/Typha or Typha marshes due to insufficient data. Enrichment caused a large increase in the importance of macrophytes to P cycling in Everglades wetlands. The flux of P from soil to the water column, via roots to live aboveground tissues to macrophyte detritus, increased from 0.03 and 0.2 g P m−2 yr−1 in oligotrophic Slough and Cladium marsh, respectively, to 1.1 g P m−2 yr−1 in partially enriched Cladium/Typha, and 1.6 g P m−2 yr−1 in enriched Typha marsh. This macrophyte translocation P flux represents a large source of internal eutrophication to surface waters in P-enriched areas of the Everglades.
Risky sexual behavior in relation to marijuana and alcohol use among African–American, male adolescent detainees and their female partners

This study examined substance use and risky sexual behavior (RSB) in a specific incident among 210 African-American, male adolescents who were being held in juvenile detention facilities. The participants completed a questionnaire that included four measures of substance use (i.e. alcohol and marijuana use by the participants and their partners), two measures of RSB (i.e. no prior discussion of sexual risks, condom nonuse) and six measures of potential correlates of sexual risk. Within-subjects analyses indicated participants and their partners were more likely to have used marijuana than alcohol during the sexual incident. Bivariate analyses indicated the participants' marijuana use was associated with no prior discussion of sexual risks and condom nonuse, and the partners' marijuana use was associated with no prior discussion of sexual risks. The association between participant marijuana use and condom nonuse, and the association between partner marijuana use and no prior discussion of sexual risks, also emerged in multivariate analyses that included the substance use variables and potential covariates. These findings suggest that marijuana use should be addressed in interventions that aim to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies among adolescent detainees.
Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on In Vitro Mixed Ruminal Microorganism Fermentation1

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed supplements on the in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation of ground corn, soluble starch, alfalfa hay, and Coastal bermudagrass hay. In the absence of added substrates, both yeast supplements increased (P<0.05) methane concentrations, whereas concentrations of acetate and propionate were numerically increased. In ground corn incubations, both concentrations (0.35 and 0.73 g/L) of both S. cerevisiae supplements had little effect on final pH or fermentation products. Both concentrations of each S. cerevisiae supplement numerically increased concentrations of acetate and butyrate in soluble starch fermentations. In addition, the 0.73-g/L treatment increased (P<0.10) propionate, and both yeast treatments decreased (P<0.05) acetate:propionate. In vitro DM disappearance of alfalfa hay and Coastal bermudagrass hay did increase over time. However, the addition of both concentrations of each S. cerevisiae supplement had little effect on either the rate or extent of digestion of either forage by mixed ruminal microorganisms. In general, both S. cerevisiae supplements seemed to have similar effects on the in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation.
Influence of beta-blocker therapy on aortic blood flow in patients with bicuspid aortic valve

In patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), beta-blockers (BB) are assumed to slow ascending aorta (AAo) dilation by reducing wall shear stress (WSS) on the aneurysmal segment. The aim of this study was to assess differences in AAo peak velocity and WSS in BAV patients with and without BB therapy. BAV patients receiving BB (BB+, n = 30, age: 47 ± 11 years) or not on BB (BB-, n = 30, age: 46 ± 13 years) and healthy controls (n = 15, age: 43 ± 11 years) underwent 4D flow MRI for the assessment of in vivo aortic 3D blood flow. Peak systolic velocities and 3D WSS were calculated at the anterior and posterior walls of the AAo. Both patient groups had higher maximum and mean WSS relative to the control group (p = 0.001 to p = 0.04). WSS was not reduced in the BB+ group compared to BB- patients in the anterior AAo (maximum: 1.49 ± 0.47 vs. 1.38 ± 0.49 N/m(2), p = 0.99, mean: 0.76 ± 0.2 vs. 0.74 ± 0.18 N/m(2), p = 1.00) or posterior AAo (maximum: 1.45 ± 0.42 vs. 1.39 ± 0.58 N/m(2), p = 1.00; mean: 0.65 ± 0.16 vs. 0.63 ± 0.16 N/m(2), p = 1.00). AAo peak velocity was elevated in patients compared to controls (p < 0.01) but similar for BB+ and BB- groups (p = 0.42). Linear models identified significant relationships between aortic stenosis severity and increased maximum WSS (β = 0.186, p = 0.007) and between diameter at the sinus of Valsalva and reduced mean WSS (β = -0.151, p = 0.045). Peak velocity and systolic WSS were similar for BAV patients irrespective of BB therapy. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the impact of dosage and duration of BB therapy on aortic hemodynamics and development of aortopathy.
Gender role stereotypes in advertising: A test of the match-up hypothesis on advertising effectiveness.

GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPES IN ADVERTISING: A TEST OF THE MATCH-UP HYPOTHESIS ON ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS
Bladder cancer update : Current evaluation methods and standard of care

PREVIEW Urinary bladder cancer arises in the transitional cell epithelium of the bladder. In the United States, it is the fourth most common tumor in men and the eighth most common tumor in women. Here, Dr Sonpavde reviews the risk factors for bladder cancer, its diagnosis, the latest concepts of its molecular characteristics and metastatic potential, and current strategies to treat this common disease. He focuses in particular on management of transitional cell carcinoma, which is responsible for about 95% of cases.
Quantitative Evaluation of Adult Subglottic Stenosis Using Intraoperative Long-range Optical Coherence Tomography.

Objectives:To determine the feasibility of long-range optical coherence tomography (LR-OCT) as a tool to intraoperatively image and measure the subglottis and trachea during suspension microlaryngo...
A generalized linear complexity

Certain cryptographic applications require pseudo-random sequences which are "unpredictable," in the sense that recovering the sequence from a short captured segment is computationally infeasible. Such sequences are said to be cryptographically strong. Due to the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm, a cryptographically strong sequence must have a high linear complexity, where the linear complexity of a sequence s is the minimum number of stages in a linear feedback shift register capable of generating s. However, trivial examples exist which show that a high linear complexity does not insure that a sequence is cryptographically strong. In this thesis a generalized linear complexity--the k-complexity--is proposed and analyzed. The k-complexity of s is defined to be the smallest linear complexity that can be obtained by altering any k or fewer elements of s. The k-complexity can be interpreted as a "strong" measure of the complexity of a sequence, or as a worst-case measure of the linear complexity when k or fewer errors occur. It is shown that the k-complexity gives more information on the cryptographic strength of a sequence than other previously suggested methods. An efficient algorithm for finding the k-complexity in the special case where s is a periodic binary sequence with period length 2$\sp{n}$ is given. This algorithm generalizes a linear complexity algorithm of Games and Chan. The computational complexity of the general case is also considered. The k-complexities of a particular class of binary sequences--the de Bruijn sequences--are analyzed and several computational results are given. In addition, a new class of binary sequences which appear to have good k-complexity properties is presented.
Factor structure and external correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among African American firefighters.

This study compared the relative goodness of fit of three well-established factorial models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among 477 African American male firefighters in a large city in the US. The compared models were the two four-factor emotional numbing and dysphoria models and a five-factor dysphoric arousal model. The study also examined the convergent and discriminant validity of PTSD symptom clusters in relation to depression and alcohol dependence symptoms. Both the emotional numbing and dysphoric arousal PTSD models provided a superior fit to the data compared to the dysphoria model. Findings also indicated a good fit for factor models that included PTSD, depression, and alcohol dependence latent factors, which provides support for the specificity of PTSD symptom clusters. Depression symptoms were more strongly correlated with PTSD symptom clusters than alcohol dependence. In the dysphoric arousal model, depression and alcohol dependence were equally related to the emotional numbing and dysphoric arousal clusters; however, both depression and alcohol dependence were more highly correlated with dysphoric arousal than with anxious arousal. Even though the emotional numbing and dysphoric arousal models demonstrated a superior fit to the data, the four-factor dysphoria model may provide a more parsimonious representation of PTSD’s latent structure than the five-factor dysphoric arousal model. In conclusion, this study extends support for the well-established PTSD symptom factor models among African Americans, a population with whom these models had not been examined earlier.
Familial Magnesium Deficiency Syndrome

Two sisters aged 4 and 8 years with convulsions and hypomagnesemia are reported from the Depts of Pediatrics and Nuclear Medicine, Univ of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Designing Tourism Services in an Era of Information Overload

Modern technologies enable consumers to receive more information than ever before. The access to (and even overload of) information has changed the ways by which desirable customer service ratings are achieved at tourism destinations. This chapter details how information access has diminished the role of tangible or physical aspects of a tourism experience in the formulations of visitors’ customer service evaluations. Second, this chapter discusses how modern information overload has increased the importance of inserting script deviations in the tourist’s experience in order to achieve top-rate customer service evaluations.
Predictors of Tuition Worth: Psychological Sense of Community, Institutional Integrity, and Student Thriving

ABSTRACTUsing hierarchical multiple regression analysis, this study examined the factors that contribute to the variation in students' subjective perceptions of the value of their tuition dollars. This study utilized data on 6,322 undergraduate students from 11 institutions in the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU) who completed the Thriving Quotient questionnaire. The results revealed that psychological sense of community (β = .321) was the strongest predictor of students' perception that their tuition was a worthwhile investment. Financial difficulty was the second strongest predictor (β = –.245), and students' perception of institutional integrity was the third strongest (β = .161). These findings indicate that helping students develop a sense of community on campus and perceive that their institutions are meeting the expectations created during the admissions process are important elements of helping students appreciate the value of their tuition. Further discussion on the theoretica...
Automated Text Messaging as an Adjunct to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Clinical Trial.

Background: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression is efficacious, but effectiveness is limited when implemented in low-income settings due to engagement difficulties including nonadherence with skill-building homework and early discontinuation of treatment. Automated messaging can be used in clinical settings to increase dosage of depression treatment and encourage sustained engagement with psychotherapy.Objectives: The aim of this study was to test whether a text messaging adjunct (mood monitoring text messages, treatment-related text messages, and a clinician dashboard to display patient data) increases engagement and improves clinical outcomes in a group CBT treatment for depression. Specifically, we aim to assess whether the text messaging adjunct led to an increase in group therapy sessions attended, an increase in duration of therapy attended, and reductions in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item (PHQ-9) symptoms compared with the control condition of standard group CBT in a sample of low-income Spanish speaking Latino patients.Methods: Patients in an outpatient behavioral health clinic were assigned to standard group CBT for depression (control condition; n=40) or the same treatment with the addition of a text messaging adjunct (n=45). The adjunct consisted of a daily mood monitoring message, a daily message reiterating the theme of that week’s content, and medication and appointment reminders. Mood data and qualitative responses were sent to a Web-based platform (HealthySMS) for review by the therapist and displayed in session as a tool for teaching CBT skills.Results: Intent-to-treat analyses on therapy attendance during 16 sessions of weekly therapy found that patients assigned to the text messaging adjunct stayed in therapy significantly longer (median of 13.5 weeks before dropping out) than patients assigned to the control condition (median of 3 weeks before dropping out; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney z=−2.21, P=.03). Patients assigned to the text messaging adjunct also generally attended more sessions (median=6 sessions) during this period than patients assigned to the control condition (median =2.5 sessions), but the effect was not significant (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney z=−1.65, P=.10). Both patients assigned to the text messaging adjunct (B=−.29, 95% CI −0.38 to −0.19, z=−5.80, P<.001) and patients assigned to the control conditions (B=−.20, 95% CI −0.32 to −0.07, z=−3.12, P=.002) experienced significant decreases in depressive symptom severity over the course of treatment; however, the conditions did not significantly differ in their degree of symptom reduction.Conclusions: This study provides support for automated text messaging as a tool to sustain engagement in CBT for depression over time. There were no differences in depression outcomes between conditions, but this may be influenced by low follow-up rates of patients who dropped out of treatment.
The Copenhagen Interpretation

The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is the set of ideas, about how the theory should be understood, that was chiefly developed by Niels Bohr in collaboration with various colleagues, most notably Werner Heisenberg, in the 1920s and 1930s.
A Vascular Anastomosis Simulation Can Provide a Safe and Effective Environment for Resident Skills Development.

Abstract Objective Vascular anastomoses are complex surgical procedures, performed in time-sensitive circumstances, making intraoperative teaching more challenging. We sought to evaluate whether a vascular anastomosis simulation was effective in developing resident skills. Design, Setting, Participants General surgery residents participated in a vascular anastomosis simulation for 1 to 2 hours during their transplant rotation. An attending transplant surgeon at the University of Colorado guided the resident through end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses using bovine carotid artery (Artegraft). The residents completed a presimulation and postsimulation survey which quantitated their confidence. They also completed the MiSSES scale, which assessed the validity of the simulation. Results Twenty residents participated in the simulation and completed the surveys. The residents reported increased understanding in how to set up an end-to-end anastomosis and an end-to-side anastomosis (p = 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively). They reported increased ability to suture, forehand and backhand with a Castro-Viejo needle driver (both p Conclusions The use of a simple, inexpensive vascular anastomosis simulation is an effective and safe environment to improve residents’ surgical skills and the residents felt that the simulation was valid.
AN INEXPENSIVE MICROCOMPUTER TREND MONITORING SYSTEM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an inexpensive microcomputer trend monitoring system. Monitoring and documenting the physiological status of patients undergoing anesthesia provides both a basis for clinical decisions and evidence that vigilance has been adequate. The chapter presents a microprocessor-based system that was designed, constructed, and tested to monitor and display trends in physiological signals. The system was designed for maximum flexibility at minimum cost, and uses a hobbyist microcomputer and a domestic television set. The system is based on a Z.-80 microprocessor driving a point plotting video graphics display. The system was employed during neurosurgical procedures. Circulatory disturbances secondary to intracranial events, air embolism, and autonomic dysfunction are expected during such operations, and it was around these circumstances that the system was designed. The system cost $2500 for hardware and as the general purpose nature of the mainframe has been conserved, many additional applications are projected. All hardware is currently available as stock items in hobbyist computer stores.
Chlamydomonas in Storage Reservoirs

During the summer of 1932 the storage reservoirs of the Lehigh Water Company, which supplies Easton, Pennsylvania, were continuously troubled with growths of Chlamydomonas. Although of no sanitary significance, the growths were, at times, so heavy that the water became decidedly objectionable to users. Numerous complaints were received from consumers, beginning about the first week in April and continuing off and on until the early part of November. Many of these complaints were due to an unpleasant taste and odor present in the raw water. This everpresent taste and odor, which we have called with no originality the Delaware River taste, will be discussed elsewhere. However, complaints regarding a green color and turbidity of the tap water, a green ring or sediment in a glass of water which had, for example, stood overnight by a bedside, a greenish scum on boiled water used in cooking, a sediment in pots and pans, and occasionally of a grassy odor were definitely traceable to the reservoirs. One of the most embarrassing complaints came from a beauty parlor where a ring of green scum was formed in white enamel bowls used for heating water. The Lehigh Water Company supplies the city with unaltered1 Delaware River water, purified by chloramine treatment. The pumping station is off the Pennsylvania bank on the northern outskirts of the city, approximately a mile above the junction of the Lehigh River with the Delaware River. The distribution system centers in four reservoirs. The water is lifted from the river into two reservoirs situated about a mile northeast of the river on the side of Paxinosa Mountain. These main reservoirs are in tandem, with a combined capacity of 13
Modeling Approaches for Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) performed in rapid thermal processing (RTP) chambers, also referred to as rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), has been demonstrated for a wide range of typical microelectronics manufacturing processes [1], including growth of silicon [2], silicon oxide [3], and silicon nitride [4], as well as new processes, such as the growth of silicon germanium alloys [5]. These CVD systems share common features of gas-phase and surface reactions combined with fluid flow, heat transfer, and chemical species transport (cf. Figure 1).
Some Properties of Two-Dimensional Poincaré Duality Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a few properties of two-dimensional Poincare duality groups. It would be interesting to know whether all two-dimensional Poincare duality groups were fundamental groups of closed, two-dimensional surfaces. Similarly, one can ask whether every Poincare complex with a two-dimensional orientation class has the homotopy type of such a surface. This reduces the question to that of orientable, two-dimensional Poincare duality groups. The chapter focuses on finitely presented groups G such that there is a class [G] ∈ H 2 {G; ℤ) for which _∩ [G]: H i (G; Λ) → H 2 − i (G; Λ) is an isomorphism for all i and all ℤ [G]- modules Λ . If G and G' are surface groups and a: G → G' is a homomorphism, and if H * (a; ℤ) : H * (G; ℤ) → H * (G'; ℤ) is an isomorphism, then a is an isomorphism. For each prime p , every surface group is residually a finite p -group.
Computer Assistance in Assessment and Management of Mechanical Ventilation

The decision to institute artificial mechanical ventilation is undertaken when a patient’s pulmonary system is unable to maintain normal function unaided. The goal is to achieve near-normal gas exchange and blood gas levels with the ventilator functioning in a manner similar to normal physiologic ventilation. To enable this, the modern ventilator offers great flexibility in ventilation, oxygenation, and mode of operation.
The influence of medical providers on HPV vaccination among children of Mexican mothers: a comparison between Mexico and the Midwest region of the United States

Among cervical cancer patients in the U.S., a disproportionate number are Hispanics/Latinos. Also, about a third of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer annually in Mexico die of the disease. Vaccines are available to protect against HPV, the cause of cervical cancer. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 mothers of Mexican origin in the U.S. Midwest and Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Based on a validated bilingual questionnaire, this study elicited information about knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV vaccination and cervical cancer. Mothers living in Mexico showed better knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccine (77.8%) than participants living in the U.S. (48%) p < .0001. Logistic regression revealed that receiving information about the HPV vaccine from medical providers was a significant predictor of mothers’ willingness to vaccinate their children. A need for increasing public health education of Mexican mothers in the Midwest on HPV/HPV vaccination, may lead to improving utilization of the vaccination and eventually a reduction of cervical cancer. HPV vaccination for boys is critical for reducing the risk of transmission to sexual partners and decreasing the risk of HPV- related diseases in the population. Therefore, we recommend increasing efforts to vaccine boys and increasing knowledge that boys must also be vaccinated, especially in Mexico.
Volcano Defect Prevention in Tungsten Contact Formation for Embedded Non-volatile Memory

Volcano defect is found on non-volatile memory structure after tungsten contact formation, causing longer tungsten CMP polishing time, generation of dark voltage contrast defect under e-beam inspection and severely degraded product yield. The effects of ALD TiN and position of contact liner anneal are studied for defect reduction and yield improvement.
“Widening the Roof”: Synthesis and Characterization of New Chiral C1-Symmetric Octahydrofluorenyl Organolanthanide Catalysts and Their Implementation in the Stereoselective Cyclizations of Aminoalkenes and Phosphinoalkenes

New chiral C1-symmetric organolanthanide catalysts of the type Me2Si(OHF)(CpR*)LnN(TMS)2 (OHF = η5-octahydrofluorenyl; Cp = η5-C5H3; R* = (−)-menthyl; Ln = Sm, Y, Lu; TMS = SiMe3) have been synthesized, characterized, and implemented in the enantioselective and diastereoselective cyclizations of aminoalkenes and phosphinoalkenes. Me2Si(OHF)(CpR*)LnCl2-Li(DME)2+ catalyst precursors can be prepared in up to ∼90% diastereomeric purity and then converted into the corresponding amido catalysts, which can be isolated in ∼100% diastereomeric purity after recrystallization. The catalyst (S)-Me2Si(OHF)(CpR*)YN(TMS)2 has been crystallographically characterized. The activity of these catalysts for the hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes and for the hydrophosphination/cyclization of phosphinoalkenes is described. Enantioselectivites as high as 67% are obtained in hydroamination, and diastereoselectivities of as high as 96% are obtained in hydrophosphination.
An alternative early childhood caries risk surveillance methodology for public policy and practice advancements.

OBJECTIVES Early childhood caries (ECC) negatively impacts many child health outcomes and can lead to greater costs for medical and dental care as well as negatively impact future oral health wellness. ECC risk factors are rooted in many social determinants of health. Addressing ECC at the population-level is a national public health priority. The purpose of this study was to identify the South Carolina counties with the greatest risk for ECC. As policy-makers seek to address inequities stemming from early childhood caries, documenting its prevalence is essential. METHODS Since no county level ECC rates were published for South Carolina, we identified an opportunity to strengthen ECC surveillance through public use data, so as to properly equip policy-makers and pediatric providers with an evidence based understanding of the scope of the problem. As a result we sought to develop an overall county level prevalence measure for ECC risk through an ecological analysis of public use data. RESULTS Ten counties with the greatest overall risk for ECC were all rural as hypothesized. Additionally, seven of the 10 highest risk counties fell into what is often referred to as the "Corridor of Shame." CONCLUSIONS We have found an affordable way of measuring county level risk for ECC that allows pediatric advocates and policy-makers to develop population level interventions to reduce and measure risk with public-use data.
Water Management Practices Used in Potato Production in Idaho

Water management practices are an essential component of modern intensive potato (Solanum tuberosum) production. A potato production survey was conducted in 2006–07 to determine current water management practices used by Idaho potato growers. Over 97% of growers always irrigate potato fields via sprinklers and 60% never incorporate variable rate (precision irrigation) management. Fewer than 45% of the growers use more than 2.5 acre-feet of irrigation water. Most water management practices have not significantly changed since 1997. Growers are widely using chemigation for application of nitrogen (N) (79%), while fewer are using this technology for other nutrients (<60%). The uses of PAM and dammer-diking technologies to control erosion have increased since 1997. The apparent lack of major changes in water management strategies over the last 10 years may indicate that there is not much room for improvement when current economic constraints are factored into potato production.
Colorectal Cancer in Persons Under Age 50: Seeking Causes and Solutions

Early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) refers to colorectal cancer (CRC) in individuals under age 50. Although the incidence and mortality due to later onset CRC (≥50 years) has been declining over several decades, both are increasing in those under 50. EOCRC is more likely to occur in the distal colon and rectum. There are some unique pathologic and genetic features to these tumors; they are not usually associated with a germline mutation in a gene that predisposes to cancer, and at least some may have a distinct pathogenesis. Initiating CRC screening at an earlier age (40-45 years of age) would presumably detect more early stage and asymptomatic EOCRCs, but this would imply a major additional health care burden. The understanding of EOCRC and the optimal management approach to this problem are unsolved problems.
Short Note: Interaction of a shock with a density disturbance via shock fitting

An accurate solution to the problem of a normal shock moving into still fluid with a density variation is presented. The solution is obtained using a shock fitted approach and Runge-Kutta time integration. Uniform third order accuracy of the scheme us demonstrated. Comparisons with shock captured solutions show that the fitted solution presented here is more accurate.
Improved Survival Outcomes in Medically Fit Patients With Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Undergoing Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy.

Abstract Introduction Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has been shown to result in excellent disease control rates for early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It remains unknown which patients would most benefit from SBRT in treating NSCLC. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 346 patients treated with SBRT for early-stage NSCLC at 2 institutions (86 patients from City of Hope National Medical Center and 260 patients from The Newport Beach Radiosurgery Center/Hoag Hospital) from February 2010 to July 2019. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). The omnibus test of model coefficients was performed to study the associations between clinical factors and OS. Survival analyses were performed by the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Under the univariate analysis, variables associated with a decreased likelihood of death included age Conclusion Patients who are deemed to be candidates for surgery have improved OS compared to those who are not when treated with SBRT. This raises the question of selection bias in trials comparing surgery with SBRT in NSCLC, as patients who are deemed to be surgical candidates and then go on to undergo surgery may have an inherent OS benefit.
Effect of Neighboring Grain Orientation on Strain Localization in Slip Bands in HCP Materials

Abstract Particularly in plastically anisotropic crystals, such as hexagonal close packed (HCP) materials, plastic deformation is realized by slip acting in the small volumes within individual crystals. Here we extend a full field fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based elasto-viscoplastic formulation to simulate the development of a single slip band on either prismatic or basal planes spanning a crystal. Calculations of the strain and stress fields induced locally within the band and parent crystal, and ahead of the band/grain boundary junction in the neighboring crystal are analyzed as the slip band intensifies under increasing applied strain. We report a substantial influence of the crystallographic orientation of the nearest neighboring grain on the rate of slip band localization. Performing the analysis on two materials, CP-Ti and Mg, indicates that the strength of the material affects the rate of localization, with stronger materials tending to localize more easily. A slip band tip stress-based criterion is proposed for identifying the nearest neighbor orientations in which slip band transmission is possible and the likely slip system for which it occurs. This indicator is validated against experimental studies on commercially pure Ti, an Mg–Y alloy, and Ti–6Al–4V. We show that for low GB misorientations, the slip band is likely to transmit into another slip band of the same type in the neighbor grain, while for high GB misorientations, it is likely to transmit into one of a different type or to not transmit at all.
Single Chemical Sensor for Multi-Analyte Mixture Detection and Measurement: A Review

Multi-analyte chemical sensor aims to transform subtle variations in multiple analytes’ physical or chemical properties into distinct output signals. Chemically responsive nanostructure array (nano...
Staging Religious Toleration: Pierre Corneille’s Polyeucte martyr (1643)

This article explores French neoclassical tragedian Pierre Corneille’s Polyeucte martyr (1643) as a theoretical reflection on religious toleration. To argue that Corneille stages what modern theorist Rainer Forst calls a ‘general concept’ of toleration, I locate and analyze its key components within the play: the ‘objection’, ‘acceptance’, and ‘rejection’ components. My analysis serves to show that Corneille develops and stages a working theory of religious toleration in his seventeenth-century martyr play; and moreover, that Polyeucte martyr can and should be read in dialogue with toleration discourse past and present. By reading Corneille’s Polyeucte martyr through the lens of toleration, this article offers new avenues of inquiry into a canonical work.
Incorporating Supply Chain Design into the Engineering Product Design Phase

Today’s supply chains must be flexible, adaptable, and agile to respond quickly to customer demands. However, the supply chain is often neglected when a company is designing a new product. This paper outlines and explains how integrating supply chain design into the product design phase can improve engineering design and the supply chain logistics.First, the paper reviews the literature to discover the best practices for companies seeking to integrate supply chain into the design process. The examples of individual companies that adapted some of these techniques are provided. Second, we create a simulation of a decision model to analyze and quantify the benefits of designing the supply chain concurrently with designing a product. The simulation suggests that integrating supply chain design into the design phase can often lead to lower overall costs. The benefits of this integration increase if the costs of design and costs of supply chain are highly correlated.
Highly accurate and constrained density functional obtained with differentiable programming

Using an end-to-end differentiable implementation of the Kohn-Sham self-consistent field equations, we obtain a highly accurate neural network--based exchange and correlation (XC) functional of the electronic density. The functional is optimized using information on both energy and density while exact constraints are enforced through an appropriate neural network architecture. We evaluate our model against different families of XC approximations and show that at the meta-GGA level our functional exhibits unprecedented accuracy for both energy and density predictions. For nonempirical functionals, there is a strong linear correlation between energy and density errors. We use this correlation to define an XC functional quality metric that includes both energy and density errors, leading to an improved way to rank different approximations.
Composition of wines. I. Organic constituents.

Publisher Summary This chapter is limited to the organic components of wines and to publications in the period 1930 to 1953. Both phases of enology have been reviewed, but it is obvious that the more significant studies have been those of a physical-chemical nature. The organic components of wines have been discussed in broad general groups-acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, etc. For each component, information on the methods of determination has been given first, followed by a review of work on the occurrence or significance of the compound. Wines are classified, taxed, and bought and sold according to alcohol content. Therefore, great attention has been given to its accurate and rapid determination. Some errors of the method and of the instruments in the ebulliometric determination of alcohol have been pointed out. Further difficulties in determining the alcohol content of sweet wines using the ebullioscope were found. Another physical method is based on the principle of extracting the alcohol with an immiscible solvent and reading the per cent alcohol from the position of the meniscus. The disagreement on the exact relation between the sugar content of the must and the resulting alcohol content of the wine was reviewed. The difficulty of determining methyl alcohol in the presence of ethyl alcohol was stressed. The mechanism of the formation of higher alcohols has been studied, which reported that higher alcohol formation coincided with the beginning of the main fermentation