cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Macroporous Nanoelectronics Network

Seamlessly merging functional electronic circuits as embedded systems in a minimally-invasive manner with host materials in 3D could serve as a pathway for creating “very smart” systems because those embedded systems would transform conventional inactive materials into active systems.
Raman Scattering from Charge Density Waves and Superconducting Gap Excitations in 2H-TaSe 2 and 2H-NbSe 2

Many transition-metal dichalcogenides undergo phase transitions of the charge-density-wave (CDW) type.1 The metal atoms are found at the center of hexagonal layers where they bind covalently and metallically to chalcogen atoms in adjacent planes. Weak interlayer bonding is of the Van der Waals type. In the 2H polytype of 2H-TaSe2 and 2H-NbSe2 there is one electron per metal atom in a narrow half-filled “dz2” conduction band above a filled s-p valence band and below a broad, empty d-like conduction band. This normal high temperature structure is unstable against the formation of a periodic structural distortion (PSD) of the lattice associated with an electronic CDW.
Monte Carlo simulation of III-nitride photocathodes

We report on the development and verification of a Monte Carlo simulator for III-nitride photocathode structures. Due to the complexity of the process, attributing experimental photoemission results to physical origins can be difficult. We discuss the distribution of emitted electrons, including physical contributions for the shape and implications for device design. Although the Monte Carlo technique has shown promise in GaAs photocathodes, uncertainty in III-nitride band parameters makes simulation difficult. Here, a range of satellite valley band parameters were studied in the context of photoemission and compared to experimental results. We find that contrary to most published studies for Monte Carlo of III-nitrides, a lower effective mass in the satellite valley gives a closer match to experimental results.
Fatigue Design Methods for Ground Vehicle Structures

The incorporation of fatigue analysis methods in ground vehicle development is reviewed with emphasis on their integration with other computer-based design analysis tools. Examples of current capabilities are given followed by a discussion of opportunities for the more effective utilization of computer simulation techniques for achieving fatigue resistant structures in less time.
Pineal and locomotor activity

Perch-hopping activity patterns of pinealectomized and normal house sparrows,Passer domesticus, were examined by power spectral analysis and by analysis of daily totals. Power spectral analysis strengthened our previous conclusion that circadian periodicity is absent from the activity of pinealectomized birds kept in constant conditions. The spectral analyses also revealed that obvious ultradian rhythms are not present in sparrow perching activity. Pinealectomy had no effect on the daily activity totals.
Simple Measures for Integrating Plant and Animal Remains

Numerous simple measures are available for integrating both archaeological plant and animal data. It is difficult to provide a complete coverage of all these measures in this chapter for lack of space (for further reading see Grayson 1984; Hastorf and Popper 1988; Reitz and Wing 2008). Hence, the focus is on simple yet common measures that can be used to characterize both types of data, producing results that can be compared to achieve a broader understanding of ancient subsistence: ubiquity, diversity, ratios, correlation, and spatial analysis. For each measure, basic information is provided on the method of calculation and the method of ­integration of plant and animal data.
Thermoelectric Parameters and Their Optimization

Thermoelectric phenomenon fundamentally involves the ability to convert thermal energy from a temperature gradient into electrical energy and vice versa by utilizing the benefits of Seebeck effect and Peltier effect. These effects have been introduced in the previous chapter. The performance of thermoelectric materials can be maximized by tailoring the thermoelectric parameters, by requiring high electrical conductivities, large value of Seebeck coefficient, and low thermal conductivities. These thermoelectric parameters are interrelated with each other. Therefore, the key element is to have a thorough knowledge of their dependency as well as their interrelationships for optimizing the Figure of Merit – ZT. This in turn improves the thermoelectric performance resulting, thereby, in increased efficiency of a thermoelectric generator. We consider each of the thermoelectric parameters in this chapter.
Using Unsupervised Anomaly Detection to Analyze Physiological Signals for Emotion Recognition

An increase in the collection of physiological signals, whether done implicitly in wearable or IoT device or explicitly in experimental and laboratory environments, creates the need for development of smart systems and tools capable of data analysis with limited expert knowledge. For instances in which an expert is absolutely necessary, a method for filtering out uninteresting data is necessary to reduce the amount of data storage necessary as well as reduce the amount of data the expert will have to analyze. Anomaly detection, specifically unsupervised anomaly detection can be used to design a tool or even as a tool to help remedy these issues. This paper will focus on how unsupervised anomaly detection can be utilized for the development of such systems. A systematic, robust, and customizable approach will be presented and preliminary results will be shown that open the door for future research and algorithm development.
Heinävaara’s Integral Formula and the Dobsch–Donoghue Theorem

Recall (see ( 5.38)) that given a C2n−1 function, f, on (a, b), we defined its Dobsch matrix at x0 ∈ (a, b) by $$\displaystyle B_n(x_0;f)_{k\ell } = \frac {f^{(k+\ell -1)}(x_0)}{(k+\ell -1)!} \qquad 1\le k,\ell \le n. $$
A kinematic analysis of Micrurus coral snakes reveals unexpected variation in stereotyped anti-predator displays within a mimicry system

Abstract Warning signals in chemically defended organisms are critical components of predator-prey interactions, often requiring multiple coordinated display components for a signal to be effective. When threatened by a predator, venomous coral snakes (genus Micrurus) display a vigorous, non-locomotory thrashing behaviour that has been only qualitatively described. Given the high-contrast and often colourful banding patterns of these snakes, this thrashing display is hypothesized to be a key component of a complex aposematic signal under strong stabilizing selection across species in a mimicry system. By experimentally testing snake response across simulated predator cues, we analysed variation in the presence and expression of a thrashing display across five species of South American coral snakes. Although the major features of the thrash display were conserved across species, we found significant variation in the propensity to perform a display at all, the duration of thrashing, and the curvature of snake bodies that was mediated by predator cue type, snake body size, and species identity. We also found an interaction between curve magnitude and body location that clearly shows which parts of the display vary most across individuals and species. Our results suggest that contrary to the assumption in the literature that all species and individuals perform the same display, a high degree of variation persists in thrashing behaviour exhibited by Micrurus coral snakes despite presumably strong selection to converge on a common signal. This quantitative behavioural characterization presents a new framework for analysing the non-locomotory motions displayed by snakes in a broader ecological context, especially for signalling systems with complex interaction across multiple modalities.
Computer and Internet Use at Work in 2001.

The personal computer is becoming a hallmark of the workplace in postindustrial America. The advent of microcomputers in the mid-1970s expanded both the use of computers and employees’ computer skills in the workplace. For many people, computers have become an indispensable tool on the job. In September 2001, 72.3 million individuals used a computer at work, accounting for 53.5 percent of total employment; in addition, about 2 of every 5 employed persons connected to the Internet or used e-mail while on the job.1 These findings are from a special supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS) conducted in September 2001.2 The Computer and Internet Use Survey obtained information on computer and Internet or e-mail use at home, school, and work, as well as on the use of the Internet for job searches. The data presented in this article pertain to computer and Internet use at work and to job searches using the Internet.3 (For further information about the survey, see the appendix.)
The NHGRI Short Course in Genomics: energizing genetics and genomics education in classrooms through direct engagement between educators and scientists.

The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognizes an urgent need for educator resources on cutting edge scientific topics due to increased public interest in genetics and genomics. We developed a Short Course in Genomics (“Short Course”) to inspire new teaching materials through collaborative course development sessions and lectures, to expand access to cutting edge scientific information, and to provide a framework to consider when crafting new coursework related to scientific education. We compared publicly available participant data from 2015 to 2019 with data from the National Center for Education Statistics to assess our progress in serving diverse educator and student populations. We also evaluated course agendas and interviewed participants and instructors. Middle school, high school, community college, and tribal college course attendees from the last five years were more likely to teach students from diverse communities underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Both attendees and Short Course instructors emphasized the importance of bidirectional learning through interactive curriculum development. This course has the potential to facilitate the engagement of educators and students at all levels, recruit and maintain a diverse STEM workforce, and improve genomic literacy and future health decision-making.
Incorporating IoT and Data Analytics in an Introductory Programming Course

Jupyter Notebooks have been increasingly used in education and data science. They can be easily deployed in the cloud and the technology is compatible with a variety of programming languages. This paper discusses the integration of Jupyter Notebooks in an Introduction to Programming course. The initial programming course in the College of Engineering and Information Systems was taught using Python with labs and assignments performed using the IDLE Integrated Development Environment. A new course was developed using Jupyter Notebooks focusing on introductory programming concepts and data analytics in the Internet of Things. In the new design, each student received an Arduino kit to run experiments for a course project while using Jupyter Notebooks to learn basic programming skills. The data gathered from the Arduino was analyzed with Python’s data analytics modules. The combination of real world application in IoT and the ease of use with Jupyter Notebooks resulted in higher pass rates and student satisfaction.
Foreign Object Detection for Wireless Power Transfer Based on Machine Learning

A simple foreign object detection (FOD) method utilizing a neural network is discussed. For a receiver and transmitter structure, open helical types of coil resonating at 13.56 MHz were used with different distances and with and without the presence of foreign objects (a copper plate or plastic bottle filled with water). An FOD system was constructed based on a neural network that detects foreign objects based only on reflection coefficient (S11) parameters. This approach for FOD achieved an accuracy of approximately 98% in the range 12-18 cm.
Metagenomic insights into dissemination of antibiotic resistance across bacterial genera in wastewater treatment.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of conventional wastewater treatment processes including secondary treatment and chlorination on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), and to assess the association of ARGs with their potential hosts in each treatment process. The results showed chlorination with subinhibitory concentration (
Benchmarking angular-momentum projected Hartree–Fock as an approximation

We benchmark angular-momentum projected {-after-variation} Hartree-Fock calculations as an approximation to full configuration-interaction results in a shell model basis. For such a simple approximation we find reasonably good agreement between excitation spectra, including for many odd-$A$ and odd-odd nuclides. We frequently find shape coexistence, in the form of multiple Hartree-Fock minima; mixing in shape coexistence, the first step beyond single-reference projected Hartree-Fock, demonstrably improves the spectrum in the $sd$- and $pf$-shells. The complex spectra of germanium isotopes present a challenge: for even $A$ the spectra are only moderately good and those of odd $A$ bear little resemblance to the configuration-interaction results. Despite this failure we are able to broadly reproduce the odd-even staggering of ground state binding energies, save for germanium isotopes with $N > 40$. To illustrate potential applications, we compute the spectrum of the recently measured dripline nuclide $^{40}$Mg. All in all, projected Hartree-Fock often provides a better description of low-lying nuclear spectra than one might expect. Key to this is the use of gradient descent and unrestricted shapes.
E-Cigarette Toxicology.

Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within th...
Spontaneous compartment syndrome and endovascular repair of tibioperoneal trunk pseudoaneurysm in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Abstract Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is caused by mutations in the COL3A1 (collagen type III alpha-1) gene, resulting in loss of integrity of arteries and hollow organs. Patients are predisposed to dissection, aneurysm, and organ rupture. The median life expectancy is ∼51 years. We have described a unique presentation of spontaneous compartment syndrome, likely secondary to ischemia reperfusion injury, in a 32-year-old man with vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The compartment syndrome was treated with four-compartment fasciotomy, and subsequent evaluation demonstrated a pseudoaneurysm of the tibioperoneal trunk. Endovascular intervention and stent graft deployment guided by intravascular ultrasound successfully excluded the pseudoaneurysm with three vessel run off preserved.
Neural networks for pattern recognition

Highlights of adaptive resonance theory classifying spatial patterns classifying temporal patterns multilayer networks and the use of attention representing synonyms specific architectures that use presynaptic inhibition. Appendices: feedforward circuits for normalization and noise suppression network equations used in the simulations of chapter 3 network equations used in the simulations of chapter 4.
Studies on Cobalt Myoglobins and Hemoglobins II. KINETIC STUDIES OF REVERSIBLE OXYGENATION OF COBALT MYOGLOBINS AND HEMOGLOBINS BY THE TEMPERATURE JUMP RELAXATION METHOD

Abstract The reversible oxygenation equilibrium of cobalt myoglobins and hemoglobins, complexes of apomyoglobin and apohemoglobin with cobaltous proto-, meso-, and deuteroporphyrins IX (proto-, meso-, and deutero-CoMb and -CoHb) has been investigated kinetically by the temperature jump relaxation method. The following association and dissociation rate constants (kon and koff) were obtained in 0.1 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 22.2° for proto-, meso-, and deutero-CoMbs: kon of 4.0, 3.1, and 6.9 x 107 m-1 s-1 and koff of 2.8, 2.7, and 1.6 x 103 s-1. The values of kon were in the same order of magnitude as those of the corresponding FeMbs, whereas the values of koff were about 102 times larger than those of the corresponding FeMb. The activation energies and preexponential factors were calculated by measuring the temperature dependencies of these rates. The comparison between these rates and those of the related reaction of metalloporphyrins with the rate parameters expected for diffusion-controlled reactions has led to the suggestion of a possible reaction pathway. The kinetic data show the oxygenation reactions of metalloporphyrin systems to be in a range similar to typical enzyme-substrate association-dissociation reactions. The relaxation spectrum of CoHb contains more than two relaxation times while that of CoMb is described by a single one. The relaxation time of the faster (τf) among two main components was shorter than that of CoMb. To a first approximation it was dependent on temperature and oxygen concentration, and independent of pH or addition of organic phosphate. The slower relaxation time (τs) was longer than the single one for CoMb, and was dependent on oxygen concentration. The amplitude of this component decreased with increase of pH or the addition of organic phosphate. The assignment of these relaxations to the special molecular level mechanism is difficult without further detailed knowledge of the properties of CoHb solution and of the CoHb-O2 equilibrium system.
A Review of: “Distorting the Law: Politics, Media and the Litigation Crisis, by William Haltom and Michael McCann”

In Distorting the Law, William Haltom and Michael McCann begin their analysis with the popular perception and conventional wisdom that civil lawsuits have created a litigation crisis as highly succ...
International Competition Policy and the Gats: A Proposal to Address Market Access Limitations in the Distribution Services

As the trade barriers fall like a waterline, the low tide reveals rocks and shoals -which are the private restraints and uncaught government restraints. Moreover, the freer trade engenders newo, defensive restraints. Entrenched businesses, and nations thenselves, face perverse incentives to rebuild border barriers for private and nationalistic ends, protecting the newly vulnerable national advantage.... Thus, trade liberalization sets the stage for private and hybrid abuses, suggesting the need for a voice for free trade and competition in the world., When left to their own devices, national competition policymakers will favor domestic producer interests over foreign producer and consumer interests. The failure, whether real or perceived, of national policy-makers to take action to eliminate anticompetitive private restraints is a growing source of international tension. For instance, in the so-called "Fuji-Kodak" dispute, the United States alleged that Japanese distributors of photographic film excluded foreign producers from their distribution systems, and that Japanese authorities failed to enforce their antitrust laws-and even encouraged the distributors to exclude foreign producers.2 In addition, many national laws explicitly exempt * Associate in international trade practice, Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering, Washington, DC. Thanks are due to Pierre Sauv6, Ann-Marie Slaughter and my wife, Lindy. I Eleanor M. Fox, Toward World Antitrust and Market Access, 91 A.L J. If'L L
Activation of D2-like Receptors in Rat Ventral Tegmental Area Inhibits Cocaine-reinstated Drug-seeking Behavior

Relapse is a hallmark of cocaine addiction. Cocaine-induced neuroplastic changes in the mesocorticolimbic circuits critically contribute to this phenomenon. Preclinical evidence indicates that relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior depends on activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Thus, blocking such activation may inhibit relapse. Because activity of dopamine neurons are regulated by D2-like autoreceptors expressed on somatodendritic sites, this study, using the reinstatement model, aimed to determine whether activation of D2-like receptors in the ventral tegmental area can inhibit cocaine-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior. Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion) under a modified fixed-ratio 5 schedule. After such behavior was well learned, rats went through extinction training to extinguish cocaine-seeking behavior. Then the effect of quinpirole, a selective D2-like receptor agonist microinjected into the ventral tegmental area on cocaine-induced reinstatement was assessed. Quinpirole (0 – 3.2 μg/side) dose-dependently decreased cocaine-induced reinstatement and such effects were reversed by the selective D2-like receptor antagonist eticlopride when co-microinjected with quinpirole into the ventral tegmental area. The effect appeared to be specific to the ventral tegmental area because quinpirole microinjected into the substantia nigra had no effect. Because D2-like receptors are expressed on rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, our data suggest that these dopamine circuits may play a critical role in cocaine-induced reinstatement. The role of potential changes in D2-like receptors and related signaling molecules of dopamine neurons in the vulnerability to relapse was discussed.
Patient-specific probes for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of structural and numerical aberrations in interphase cells.

Purpose:Our purpose was to evaluate the utility of translocation breakpoint-spanning DNA probes for prenatal genetic diagnosis of structural and numerical chromosome aberrations in interphase cells. Methods:Breakpoint-spanning translocation probes were isolated from large insert DNA libraries and labeled so that the breakpoint regions were stained in different colors. Hybridization conditions were optimized using blastomeres biopsied from donated embryos. Probes were then applied to analyze patient blastomeres. Results:We prepared translocation breakpoint-specific probes for 18 in vitro fertilization patients. Here, we describe the preparation of probes for two patients carrying balanced translocations involving chromosome 11 [t(11;22)(q23;q11), t(6;11)(p22.1;p15.3)]. The breakpoint cloning procedure could be accomplished in about 3–5 weeks. Additional time was needed to optimize probes. Application of probes demonstrated numerical as well as structural abnormalities. Conclusions:Breakpoint-spanning probes allow chromosome analysis in interphase cells as required for preimplantation genetic diagnosis screening of blastomeres.
Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stratified by Stage-Guided Treatment Categories.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the survival and treatment patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stratified by the NCCN stage-guided treatment categories in the absence of a universally accepted staging system for HCC. Methods Patients with HCC were identified using ICD-9 codes and inclusion in the Huntsman Cancer Institute tumor registry. Patients were stratified by the NCCN groupings around the time of diagnosis as potentially resectable or operable (RESECT), potentially transplantable (TRANSP), unresectable (UNRESECT), inoperable due to performance status (INOPER), or having metastatic (METAST) disease. Survival and treatment patterns were assessed by NCCN stage-guided treatment categories. Results A total of 221 patients (72.9% men) with HCC were identified. At the time of diagnosis, patients were categorized as RESECT (n=28, 12.7%), TRANSP (n=33, 14.9%), UNRESECT (n=77, 34.8%), INOPER (n=40, 18.1%), and METAST (n=38, 17.2%). Staging information was not specified for 5 patients (2.3%) even after chart review. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant differences in survival between RESECT and UNRESECT categories, and between UNRESECT and METAST categories. The median survivals in RESECT, TRANSP, UNRESECT, INOPER, and METAST categories were 594, 562, 247, 167, and 44 days, respectively. Patients considered RESECT most frequently underwent resection (61%, n=17) and patients considered TRANSP had the highest use of liver transplants (33.3%, n=11). Use of any treatment was low in the METAST (31.6%, n=12) and INOPER (60.0%, n=24) groups. Conclusions Treatment patterns in the NCCN groupings correlated with recommended treatment strategies. Overall, the NCCN groupings have a linear relationship in overall survival.
3‐n‐Heptyl‐5‐cyanocytosine

3-n-Heptyl-5-cyanocytosine intermediate: N-n-heptylurea intermediate: 3-n-heptylureidomethylenemalononitrile product: 3-n-heptyl-5-cyanocytosine Keywords: acylation; alkylation, N-alkylation; condensation, miscellaneous; cyclization, miscellaneous
Matching procedure for remote sensing images

In remote sensing applications there is a need for matching the two images. This paper describes a general purpose algorithm for the automated registration and matching of remote sensing images. The method is based on a modified version of the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. The algorithm requires a procedure to find the closest point for geometric entity of a given point then it builds a deformation mapping. An example from Ottawa area illustrates the procedure. >
Disparities in mental health outcomes among lung cancer survivors associated with ruralness of residence

Objective Healthy People 2020 identifies elimination of health disparities as a key aim. Rural residence is associated with disparities in cancer screening, physical morbidity, and survival. The present study aimed to identify potential disparities in mental health (MH) outcomes (e.g., anxiety and depression symptoms, distress) in lung cancer (LC) survivors associated with ruralness of residence. Methods Lung cancer survivors (LC group; n = 193; mean age = 63.1 years; mean time since diagnosis = 15.6 months) were recruited from the population-based SEER Kentucky Cancer Registry. LC survivors completed a telephone interview and questionnaire assessing MH outcomes. U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural–Urban Continuum Codes were used to identify Rural (n = 117) and Urban (n = 76) LC survivors. A healthy comparison (HC) group was recruited (n = 152) and completed a questionnaire assessing MH outcomes. Results Across six MH indices, Rural LC survivors reported poorer MH relative to Urban LC survivors with a mean effect size (ES) of 0.43 SD in unadjusted analyses and 0.29 SD in analyses adjusted for education and physical comorbidity. Comparison of the LC and HC groups revealed significant Ruralness × Group interactions for five of six MH indices. The Rural LC group reported poorer MH than the Rural HC group with a mean ES of 0.51 SD. The MH of Urban LC and HC groups did not differ (mean ES = 0.00 SD). Conclusions Rural residence is a risk factor for poorer MH outcomes for LC survivors. The MH of Rural LC survivors may be more negatively impacted by cancer diagnosis and treatment than the MH of Urban LC survivors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Team-based Classroom Pedagogy Reframed: The Student Perspective

Postsecondary learning environments often utilize team-based pedagogical practices to challenge and support student learning outcomes. This manuscript presents the findings of a qualitative research study that analyzed the viewpoints and perceptions of group or team-based projects among undergraduate business students. Results identified five pro-team thematic perspectives of team learners’ views including better deliverables, increased ideas, improved learning experiences, reduced workload, and collective security. Responses from students who preferred to work autonomously resulted in three themes centered on self-sufficiency, social loafing, and schedule challenges. Two situational student responses were identified regarding how and why faculty should utilize group and team projects in consideration of individual efficiency and assignment objectives and outcomes conflicts. This study concludes with research-based recommendations for teaching, learning, and further research.
The ARC Display: an augmented reality visualization center

The ARC Display represents a significant advancement towards our vision of wearable displays for multimodal augmented reality systems. The ARC Display currently provides a unique theatre for stereoscopic viewing of computer-generated objects. Moreover, users within the environment may be tracked using commercially available tracking systems. In our environment, we use custom designed probes built on the Polaris optical tracking system.
Gastrin releasing peptide, but not pentagastrin, stimulates ACTH and cortisol secretion in conscious dogs.

Abstract Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) is the mammalian equivalent of bombesin. Bombesin has been shown to stimulate canine ACTH and cortisol secretion in a dose-related manner. In the present study, following a 30–40 min saline infusion, a progressively-increasing, stepwise infusion of GRP (60, 600, 1200 pmol/kg per h) or pentagastrin (PG) (2, 4, 8 μg/kg per h) was administered. Each drug dose was infused for 40–45 min and blood samples were drawn at 20–22.5 min intervals. GRP caused significant, dose-dependent increases in plasma ACTH ( 145 ± 6% , 242 ± 49% , 270 ± 78% of control) and cortisol ( 158 ± 16% , 218 ± 26% , 250 ± 62% of control). The dose of GRP required for a half-maximal cortisol response was 120 pmol/kg per h, while that for ACTH was 140 pmol/kg per h. PG had no effect on either ACTH or cortisol. While PG is apparently not involved in GRP/bombesin release of ACTH or cortisol, similar mechanisms of action for GRP and bombesin are suggested by their equimolar potencies.
Identification of the Epitope for Monoclonal Antibody 4B1 Which Uncouples Lactose and Proton Translocation in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli

Monoclonal antibody 4B1 binds to a conformational epitope on the periplasmic surface of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli, uncoupling lactose and H+ translocation in a manner indicating that it blocks deprotonation [Carrasco, N., Viitanen, P., Herzlinger, D., & Kaback, H. R. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 3681; Herzlinger, D., Viitanen, P., Carrasco, N., & Kaback, H. R. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 3688]. In this paper, 4B1 binding to purified lactose permease is shown to exhibit a KD of about 5 × 10-10 M by surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, the combined use of mutants containing 6 contiguous His residues in each periplasmic loop in the permease and Cys-scanning mutagenesis in conjunction with chemical labeling demonstrates that 4B1 binds specifically to the periplasmic loop between helices VII and VIII and that Phe247 and Gly254 are the primary determinants. Remarkably, although 4B1 binding uncouples lactose and H+ translocation, none of the amino acid residues in periplasmic loops, particularly Phe247 ...
Low‐key leadership: Collegiate correspondence study and “campus equivalence”

Abstract Correspondence study represents the first and most persistent distance education format in American universities. Later called independent study, it enabled universities to disseminate instruction far beyond their campuses. Yet, national‐level leadership provided by the National University Continuing Education Association (NUEA) and its divisions has been relatively restrained. In contrast, leadership in the private correspondence school sector has been assertive, and sometimes even aggressive. The NUEA and its members shunned this approach, choosing instead to lead by persuasion and example. The NUEA developed standards of practice concerned primarily with replicating on‐campus teaching styles and values, rather than the promotion of distance education. With the abolition of its division structure, the NUEA's successor, the University Continuing Education Association (UCEA), has opted out of a leadership role in independent study. This paper concludes that the NUEA's initial attempt at leadershi...
Comparison of analytical and variational solutions of steady-state neutron-diffusion problems

Abstract Classical variational techniques are used to obtain accurate solutions to the multigroup multiregion 1-D steady-state neutron-diffusion equation. Analytic solutions are constructed for benchmark verification. Functionals with cubic trial functions and conservational Lagrangian constraints are developed and compared with non-conservational functionals. Eigenvalues, neutron balance and relative flux and current values at interfaces are compared to exact analytical results. Excellent agreement is obtained with conservational functionals using cubic trial functions in comparisons with analytic solutions.
Cognitive stress recognition

This work explores using a low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) headset to quantify the human response to stressed and non-stressed states. We used a Stroop color-word interference test to elicit a mild stress response in 18 test subjects while recording scalp EEG. EEG signals were analyzed using an algorithm that computed the root mean square voltage in the beta, alpha, and theta bands immediately following the presentation of the Stroop stimuli. These features were then used as inputs to logistic regression and k-nearest neighbor classifiers. Results showed that there was a median accuracy of 73.96% for classifying mental state using the O1 sensor on the Emotiv headset.
Solving dynamic portfolio choice problems by recursing on optimized portfolio weights or on the value function

Most dynamic programming methods deployed in the portfolio choice literature involve recursions on an approximated value function. The simulation-based method proposed recently by Brandt, Goyal, Santa-Clara, and Stroud (Review of Financial Studies, 18, 831---873, 2005), relies instead on recursive uses of approximated optimal portfolio weights. We examine the relative numerical performance of these two approaches. We show that when portfolio weights are constrained by short sale restrictions for example, iterating on optimized portfolio weights leads to superior results. Value function iterations result in a lower variance but disproportionately higher bias of the solution, especially when risk aversion is high and the investment horizon is long.
Relation of UV Dose to Antioxidant Modification of Photocarcinogenesis

Studies were undertaken to examine the influence of various levels of ultraviolet light (UV) on the anticarcinogenic properties of antioxidants. Six groups of female, hairless mice were subjected to daily irradiation until pairs of groups had received a cumulative dose of 21.6, 31.6, and 44 sunburn units respectively. Control groups, at each level of UV, were maintained on a closed formula ration. Experimental groups received the same ration supplemented with a 2% (w/w) antioxidant mixture. Tumor latency, expressed as median time to tumor development, was significantly greater for antioxidant-supplemented animals at all three doses than for similarly UV-dosed controls. The inhibitory response to antioxidants decreased with increasing UV dose. Likewise, antioxidant-supplemented animals, at all three UV doses, exhibited a significantly fewer number of tumors per animal. In the control groups, only the lowest UV dose, when compared to the two higher doses, demonstrated a longer tumor latency period. On the o...
QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF IDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES : II. NONPRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES

Idiotypic antibodies were investigated quantitatively by a method of indirect precipitation, which utilizes labeled F(ab')(2) fragments of specifically purified antibenzoate antibody from the donor, anti-antibody, and an antiglobulin reagent. The contribution of allotypic and hidden determinants to these reactions was excluded. Greater fractions of an idiotypic antibody population are precipitated by this method, as compared to direct precipitation, and in two instances large proportions of idiotypic antibodies were detected in populations which failed to form precipitates by double diffusion in agar gel. The greater sensitivity of the indirect method was attributed to its capacity to detect molecules bearing a small number of antigenic determinants. Extensive studies of cross-reactions, carried out by an inhibition technique, failed to reveal any strong reactions of anti-idiotypic antibodies with heterologous antibenzoate antibody preparations, heterologous sera, or IgG, although a few weak cross-reactions were noted. One definite cross-reaction was observed by a direct binding measurement with heterologous antiserum. Antisera prepared in more than one recipient against a single donor preparation reacted with identical or overlapping subpopulations of the donor molecules. Instances in which two recipient antisera reacted with different proportions of the molecules of a single donor provided evidence for the existence of more than one idiotypic antibody population in the antibenzoate antibody of an individual rabbit.
Effect of electrostatic scattering parameters on the direct detection of fusion alphas

Scattering parameters (choice of incident radiation from CO2 sources through far-infra-red (FIR) and millimetre sources, forward scattering and orientation angles) are sought so that the one-dimensional alpha particle distribution can be deduced directly from the experimental data. This deduction can be optimized by using orientations with incident FIR and millimetre radiation at forward scattering angles θ. Backscattering angles can be used for longer wavelength millimetre sources, although the deduction will be more difficult than for θ < 90°. The use of CO2 scattering will be very difficult.
Examining the role of fairness in high stakes allocation decisions

Experimental evidence has prompted a debate over the nature of utility functions in which people are concerned about the amount others earn. We examine this issue by examining behavior across three variants of the dictator game. Using data from 195 dictators allocating as much as $100 each, we observe that the origin of endowments is critically linked to allocation behavior: when subjects could reasonably believe that disproportionately low offers would be considered “fair,” only 8–12 percent of dictators make positive offers. Further, there is evidence that an increase in stakes leads to a less than proportionate increase in monies transferred. Finally, examining the comparative static results from these allocation decisions, we find that recent theoretical models do a respectable job of explaining the data patterns.
Effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in mouse brain.

Abstract The effects of intraperitoneal injections of various doses of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ 9 -THC) on brain levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) have been studied in mice. Doses of Δ 9 -THC in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg cause a 50–160 per cent elevation of cyclic AMP levels compared to controls (P Δ 9 -THC in the range of 2.0 to 10.0 mg/kg cause a 30–60 per cent depression of cyclic AMP levels (P = 0.025 to 0.0005). This pattern was obtained in whole brain, as well as in dissected samples of cortex, cerebellum and medulla. This over-all biphasic effect of THC on cyclic AMP levels correlates with known changes in biogenic amines, temperature regulation, and behavior caused by this drug.
Structure of an asymmetric dinuclear organotantalum complex with three different bridging ligands: [(η5-C5Me4Et)TaCl2](μ-η1-N,η2-C,N-NCHMe)(μ-Cl)(μ-H)[(η5-C5Me4Et)TaCl]

The complex [(η 5 -C 5 Me 4 Et)TaCl 2 ](μ-η 1 - N ,η 2 - C,N -NCHMe)(μ-Cl)(μ-H)[(η 5 -C 5 Me 4 Et)TaCl], previously synthesized by the stoichiometric reaction of [(η 5 -C 5 Me 4 Et)TaCl 2 ] 2 (μ-H 2 ) with acetonitrile, has been characterized by a complete three-dimensional X-ray diffraction study. The complex crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pbc 2 1 [ C 2υ 5 ; No. 29] with a 9.936(2), b 18.896(5), c 15.005(3) A, V 2817.4(11) A 3 and Z = 4. Diffraction data (2θ = 3.5°–50°; Mo- K α ) were collectd with a Syntex P2 1 automated four-circle diffractometer and the structure was refined to R F = 5.0 and R W F = 4.1% for all 4998 point-group independent reflections. The molecule contains a [(η 5 -C 5 Me 4 Et)TaCl 2 ] and a [(η 5 -C 5 Me 4 Et)TaCl] fragment which are unsymmetrically triply-bridged by a chloride ligand (Ta(1)Cl(4) 2.553(3), Ta(2)Cl(4) 2.617(3) A), a hydride ligand (Ta(1)H(br) 2.18(9), Ta(2)H(br) 1.70(9) A), and a μ-η 1 - N ,η 2 - C,N -NCHMe ligand (Ta(1)N 1.901(8), Ta(2)N 2.059(8), Ta(2)C(1) 2.195(10) A); the Ta(1)–Ta(2) distance is 2.979(1) A.
DNA damage in humans exposed to environmental and dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract The paper describes recent research on human DNA damage related to environmental and dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures. The study populations either represent general populations of large geographical regions, or their exposure situation may have relevance to the general population. In Silesia, Poland, and Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic, where coal-based industry and domestic heating are the major sources of PAHs, significant differences have been observed in white blood cell DNA adducts and cytogenetic biomarkers between environmentally exposed and rural control populations, and significant seasonal variations of DNA damage have been detected. Bus drivers, traffic policemen and local residents have been involved in biomarker studies in Copenhagen, Athens, Genoa and Cairo, and differences have been measured in the level of DNA damage of urban and rural populations. Burning of smoky coal in unvented homes in Xuan Wei region, China, causes high PAH exposure of residents, which has been reflected in DNA adduct levels in different tissues. Indoor wood burning in open fireplaces did not increase human DNA adduct levels. Oil-well fires left burning in Kuwait after the Persian Gulf war created an unprecedented environmental pollution. However, insignificant environmental PAH levels were measured several miles from these fires. Aromatic and PAH-DNA adduct levels in white blood cells of US Army soldiers were lower during their deployment in Kuwait, than in Fulda, Germany, where they were stationed before and after serving in Kuwait. The contribution of dietary PAH exposure to blood cell DNA adduct levels had been demonstrated in studies in which volunteers consumed heavily charbroiled beef. Environmental tobacco smoke did not cause detectable changes, as measured by 32 P-postlabelling , in DNA adduct levels in non-smokers. In the reviewed studies, observed DNA adduct levels were generally in the range of 1 to 10 adducts, and not higher than 40 adducts in 108 nucleotides. Typically, 1.5 to 3-fold differences have been detected in DNA adduct levels between the exposed and control groups.
Grammar-based automated music composition in Haskell

Few algorithms for automated music composition are able to address the combination of harmonic structure, metrical structure, and repetition in a generalized way. Markov chains and neural nets struggle to address repetition of a musical phrase, and generative grammars generally do not handle temporal aspects of music in a way that retains a coherent metrical structure (nor do they handle repetition). To address these limitations, we present a new class of generative grammars called Probabilistic Temporal Graph Grammars, or PTGG's, that handle all of these features in music while allowing an elegant and concise implementation in Haskell. Being probabilistic allows one to express desired outcomes in a probabilistic manner; being temporal allows one to express metrical structure; and being a graph grammar allows one to express repetition of phrases through the sharing of nodes in the graph. A key aspect of our approach that enables handling of harmonic and metrical structure in addition to repetition is the use of rules that are parameterized by duration, and thus are actually functions. As part of our implementation, we also make use of a music-theoretic concept called chord spaces.
Midlatitude ClO below 22 km altitude: Measurements with a new aircraft-borne instrument

Midlatitude stratospheric ClO at altitudes below 22 km has been measured for the first time. Measurements were made at latitudes between 27 and 48 deg N during three flights from Moffett Field, CA, in June and July of 1987, with a new instrument flown on the NASA ER-2 aircraft. The result from these flights is that the ClO mixing ratio increases from less than 0.5 pptv at 16.8 km to 2.0 pptv at 18.3 km and 10.1 pptv at 21 km. These altitude profiles agree with an extrapolated profile from a May 1986 balloon-borne experiment (Brune and Anderson, 1986).
Comparison of the utility of covered metal stents versus uncovered metal stents in the management of malignant biliary strictures in 749 patients.

Background Self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are used to relieve malignant biliary obstruction. Objective To compare outcomes between covered self-expandable metal stents (CSEMSs) and uncovered self-expandable metal stents (USEMSs) in malignant biliary obstruction. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary cancer center. Patients Patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Interventions Placement of CSEMS or USEMS. Main outcome measurements Time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRO), overall survival (OS), and adverse events. Results From January 2000 to June 2011, 749 patients received SEMSs: 171 CSEMSs and 578 USEMSs. At 1 year, there was no significant difference in the percentage of patients with recurrent obstruction (CSEMSs, 35% vs USEMSs, 38%) and survival (CSEMSs, 45% vs USEMSs, 49%). There was no significant difference in the median OS (CSEMSs, 10.4 months vs USEMSs, 11.8 months; P = .84) and the median TRO (CSEMSs, 15.4 months vs USEMSs, 26.3 months; P = .61). The adverse event rate was 27.5% for the CSEMS group and 27.7% for the USEMS group. Although tumor ingrowth with recurrent obstruction was more common in the USEMS group (76% vs 9%, P P P Limitations Retrospective study. Conclusions There was no significant difference in the patency rate or overall survival between CSEMSs and USEMSs for malignant distal biliary strictures. The CSEMS group had a significantly higher rate of migration and pancreatitis than the USEMS group. No significant SEMS-related adverse events were observed in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation or surgical resection.
New Current Transformer for Bus Differential Proteection

Perfect current transformers would make all differential relaying simple, but such transformers would be of excessive size and cost. A new idea in current transformer design makes it possible to maintain a linear relation between primary and secondary currents in a transformer and reasonable size, even where high current values, completely offset, are encountered. Such a current transformer is particularly valuable for applications where high speed bus differentical protection is required. The basic principles of design and test results are reviewed showing that the air gap core current transformer retains a fixed ratio over the full range of current for which it is designed. There is thus made available a current transformer of reasonable size, which may be easily applied and may be used with simple relays.