cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paradigms and pluralism in heterodox economics

Abstract This paper seeks to reconcile two competing visions of heterodox economics: a radical Kuhnian view in which the chief aim of heterodox economists is to construct a unique, superior, and ultimately hegemonic paradigm to replace the prevailing paradigm(s) of mainstream economics, and an emerging pluralist view in which the principal goal of heterodox economics is to promote intellectual tolerance and exchange among academic economists at large. The author claims that leading heterodox economists (some of whom profess to be pluralists) remain committed to the paradigmist approach, but that heterodox economists would be better served by a freedom-centered synthesis of paradigmism and pluralism: an egalitarian pluralism that is committed to intellectual diversity as well as to capabilities-enhancing reforms in economic education, scholarship, and professional development. The author outlines a philosophical framework and justification for this egalitarian pluralist economics, combining McCloskey's vis...
Endothelium and disordered fibrin turnover in the injured lung: newly recognized pathways.

ObjectivesTo review derangements of pathways of fibrin turnover that promote pathologic fibrin deposition in the acute respiratory distress syndrome and to review the contribution of the endothelium and parenchymal lung cells to the derangements. In addition, to review how these pathways can be expl
Poly(2,5-diphenylgermole): Incorporation of a Germole Ring into a Conjugated Polymer

The intramolecular zirconocene coupling of 4,4-bis(hexyloxymethyl)-1,7-bis-p-halophenyl-1,6-heptadiynes provides 2,5-bis-p-halophenylzirconocyclopentadienes (bromo and chloro derivatives), which undergo efficient transmetalation reactions with GeBr4. Methylation of the resulting dihalogermoles with MeLi provided bis-p-halophenyl-2,5-germole monomers. These functionalized germoles were polymerized via nickel coupling to give oligo- and poly(2,5-diphenylgermole) materials (7). Investigations of optical properties reveal that the monomers and a model 2,5-bisphenylgermole are somewhat photoluminescent (Φ = 0.018−0.12), while the high molecular weight polymer (Mn ≈ 20 000) exhibits very efficient photoemission (Φ = 0.79). Electrochemical studies indicate that delocalization in 7 is accompanied by a modest lowering of the LUMO level relative to that of the monomer.
Evaluation of the effects of multiple-dose activated charcoal on the absorption of orally administered salicylate in a simulated toxic ingestion model

The effects of multiple-dose activated charcoal administration on the absorption of orally administered salicylate were evaluated in a simulated overdose model. Thirteen adult volunteers were each given 24 81-mg aspirin tablets during a control phase, and during three randomized treatment periods the volunteers received 50 g activated charcoal for one, two, or three doses (separated by four hours). The control phase and treatment periods were separated by a one-week interval. Urine was collected for 48 hours to determine percent total salicylate excretion. Ten subjects completed all four phases of the study. Mean +/- SD percent recovery of salicylate from urine was: control, 91.0 +/- 6.12; one-dose charcoal, 68.3 +/- 12.46; two-dose charcoal, 65.9 +/- 13.48; and three-dose charcoal, 49.2 +/- 12.48. Each charcoal treatment significantly lowered the absorption of aspirin as compared with the control (P less than .01). There was no significant difference between one-dose and two-dose charcoal regimens. There was a statistically significant decrease in salicylate absorption with the three-dose charcoal regimen as compared to one-dose and two-dose regimens (P less than .01). We conclude that activated charcoal is effective in inhibiting absorption of orally administered salicylate, in a small-dose aspirin ingestion model, with a three-dose multiple charcoal regimen being superior to either single-dose or two-dose regimens.
Detectability of Gamma-Ray Burst Excess toward M31

We calculate the expected excess of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the direction of M31 assuming that GRBs come from an extended halo around both M31 and our own Galaxy. Specifically, we consider the delayed turn-on and halo-beaming models for GRBs. We express the ratio of GRB rate from M31 to our Galaxy as a function of instrument sensitivities, the observing solid angles toward M31, and the burst luminosity functions. This ratio tends to be much larger than 1 for a small observing angle (<10°) when the instrument can sample close to the distance of M31. Assuming that a hypothetical gamma-ray instrument is 10 times more sensitive than BATSE, we find in a 1 yr observation, for both imaging or nonimaging instruments, that the delayed turn-on model might be tested but no statistically significant signal is expected for the halo-beaming model. Thus, it is extremely difficult to rule out the halo-beaming model by observing M31.
Presence versus availability: the design and evaluation of a context-aware communication client

Although electronic communication plays an important role in the modern workplace, the interruptions created by poorly-timed attempts to communicate are disruptive. Prior work suggests that sharing an indication that a person is currently busy might help to prevent such interruptions, because people could wait for a person to become available before attempting to initiate communication. We present a context-aware communication client that uses the built-in microphones of laptop computers to sense nearby speech. Combining this speech detection sensor data with location, computer, and calendar information, our system models availability for communication, a concept that is distinct from the notion of presence found in widely-used systems. In a 4 week study of the system with 26 people, we examined the use of this additional context. To our knowledge, this is the first-field study to quantitatively examine how people use automatically sensed context and availability information to make decisions about when and how to communicate with colleagues. Participants appear to have used the provided context to as an indication of presence, rather than considering availability. Our results raise the interesting question of whether sharing an indication that a person is currently unavailable will actually reduce inappropriate interruptions.
Purinergic regulation of cholangiocyte secretion: identification of a novel role for P2X receptors.

The P2X family of ligand-gated cation channels is comprised of seven distinct isoforms activated by binding of extracellular purines. Although originally identified in neurons, there is increasing ...
Sampling Soybean Roots: A Comparison of Excavation and Coring Methods

Abstract Accurate estimates of soybean root productivity are needed to estimate carbon (C) inputs to soil. Soil excavation and coring methods were compared where soybean was subject to ambient, elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) treatments. We evaluated within‐season changes in biomass and shoot–root production, labor requirements, and damage to plots. Estimates of root biomass were similar, but excavation‐based estimates required less total time. Core‐based estimates provided similar levels of precision, allowed sampling of deeper depths, and reduced both plot disturbance and the amount of effort devoted to tasks performed in the field. Correlations between root and shoot biomass were weak and varied with time of sampling. Collectively, results suggest caution should be exercised when making predictions about C allocation to roots or soils based on shoot–root ratios or when scaling up field‐based findings to predict larger or longer‐scale trends.
A Collaborative Approach to Teaching Medical Students How to Screen, Intervene, and Treat Substance Use Disorders

ABSTRACT Few medical schools require a stand-alone course to develop knowledge and skills relevant to substance use disorders (SUDs). The authors successfully initiated a new course for second-year medical students that used screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) as the course foundation. The 15-hour course (39 faculty teaching hours) arose from collaboration between faculty in Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and included 5 hours of direct patient interaction during clinical demonstrations and in small-group skills development. Pre- and post-exam results suggest that the course had a significant impact on knowledge about SUDs. The authors’ experience demonstrates that collaboration between 2 clinical departments can produce a successful second-year medical student course based in SBIRT principles.
Temporal changes in interstitial water chemistry and calcite recrystallization in marine sediments

Recrystallization processes in marine sediments can alter the extent to which biogenic calcite composition serves as a proxy of oceanic chemical and isotopic history. Models of calcite recrystallization developed to date have resulted in significant insights into these processes, but are not completely adequate to describe the conditions of recrystallization. Marine sediments frequently have concentration gradients in interstitial dissolved calcium, magnesium, and strontium which have probably evolved during sediment accumulation. Realistic, albeit simplified, models of the temporal evolution of interstitial water profiles of Ca, Mg, and Sr were used with several patterns of recrystallization rate variation to predict the composition of recrystallized inorganic calcite. Comparison of predictions with measured Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in severely altered calcite samples from several Deep Sea Drilling Project sites demonstrates that models incorporating temporal variation in interstitial water composition more successfully predict observed calcite compositions than do models which rely solely on present-day interstitial water chemistry. Temporal changes in interstitial composition are particularly important in interpreting Mg/Ca ratios in conjunction with Sr/Ca ratios. Estimates of Mg distribution coefficients from previous observations in marine sediments, much lower than those in laboratory studies of inorganic calcite, are confirmed by these results. Evaluation of the effects of diagenetic alteration of biogenic calcium carbonate sediment must be a site-specific process, taking into account accumulation history, present interstitial chemistry and its variation in the past, and sample depths and ages.
Heredofamilial Brain Calcinosis Syndrome

Brain calcinosis syndrome (BCS) usually is defined as bilateral calcium accumulation in the brain parenchyma, primarily in the basal ganglia. More than 50 reported clinical conditions have been associated with BCS. We reviewed clinical, radiological, and genetic features of heredofamilial BCS accompanying all conditions associated with calcium accumulation in the brain reported in English between 1962 and 2003 in MEDLINE. The location, extent, and degree of calcification in the brain show diversity not only among the various disorders but also among patients sharing the same condition. The pathogenesis of BCS is uncertain. More complicated mechanisms may be involved when brain calcinosis is present but calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone metabolism abnormalities are absent. We review conditions associated with heredofamilial BCS in which brain calcinosis is nearly uniformly present because such information may be important to the clinician pursuing an investigative strategy.
Vortex dynamics in complex domains on a spherical surface

We consider the motion of both point vortices and uniform vortex patches in arbitrary, possibly multiply connected, regions bounded by impenetrable walls on the surface of a sphere. By exploiting knowledge of the functional form of the relevant Green's function in a pre-image circular domain that is conformally equivalent to a stereographic projection of the fluid domain on the spherical surface, we first generalize Kirchhoff-Routh theory for point vortex motion in the plane to point vortex motion on a spherical shell. Next, we study vortex patch motion and show that there is a contour dynamics formulation for the evolution of uniform vortex patches in any finitely connected domain on a spherical shell bounded by impenetrable walls. We describe a novel numerical scheme whereby this motion can be computed. Some illustrative calculations are shown.
A critical review of the case for, and against, extraterrestrial impact at the K/T boundary

The discovery of an excess of Ir and other noble metals in approximately chondritic proportions at numerous sites, synchronous with the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary, provided hard evidence for earlier suggestion that extraterrestrial envents may have coincided with many global geologic boundaries. Further support for the impact hypothesis arose from the identification of abundant microspherules and shocked quartz in K/T boundary marine and nonmarine deposits, respectively, and the discovery of an apparent periodicity in the megaextinction event record. However continuing doubts about the impact origin of the K/T spherical forms and associated geochemical anomalies, uncertainty about the range and extent of the shocked quartz distribution, and the lack of a large, suitably-aged crater, has led to an alternative hypothesis calling upon purely endogenic processes to account for the boundary layer phenomena. Advocates of this opposing theory generally call upon large scale, possibly periodic injection of mantle material directly into the lithosphere. While a number of arguments can be made from the the existing data base for and against both competing theories, other evidence suggests that additional phenomena, including sudden changes in the physical and chemical conditions of the oceans, natural combustion on a global scale, and/or widespread sediment-contaminated volcanism, may have contributed to the dramatic transition recorded in the K/T boundary rock record.
An ab initio potential‐energy surface study of several electronic states of NO2

The results of ab initio potential‐energy surface calculations are presented for 12 doublet and four quartet states of NO2. In several cases Cs as well as C2v conformations have been studied. The predicted equilibrium conformations and the character of the wavefunctions are discussed. Vertical excitation energies are given for 40 doublet and 12 quartet states. The electronic spectrum of NO2 is discussed, and barriers to photodissociation are estimated for several electronic states. Whether states will be strongly Jahn–Teller coupled by a symmetry‐reducing vibrational interaction depends on their potential surfaces and the character of their wavefunctions. This vibronic interaction in some cases is expected to produce non‐C2v equilibrium conformations.
Computer modeling of optical storage media and systems

The status of theoretical analysis and numerical modeling efforts for optical data storage systems and media is reviewed. An attempt is made to provide guidelines for future research.
Decision Analysis and Markov Modeling in Urology

Purpose: The process of decision making in medicine has become increasingly complex. This has developed as the result of increasing amounts of data, often without direct information or answers regarding a specific clinical problem. The use of mathematical models has grown and they are commonly used in all areas. We describe and discuss the application of decision analysis and Markov modeling in urology.Materials and Methods: We define decision analysis and Markov models, providing a background and primer to educate the urologist. In addition, we performed a complete MEDLINE® database search for all decision analyses in all disciplines of urology, serving as a reference summarizing the current status of the literature.Results: The review provides urologists with the ability to critically evaluate studies involving decision analysis and Markov models. We identified 107 publications using decision analysis or Markov modeling in urology. A total of 36 studies used Markov models, whereas the remainder used sta...
Microwave noise characteristics of AlSb/InAs HEMTs

The microwave noise characteristics of AlSb/InAs HEMTs are reported for the first time. Although the noise performance is presently limited by the gate leakage current, a minimum noise figure of 1 dB at 4 GHz was measured. Simulations based on these measurements indicate that very low noise performance is achievable at drain voltages <0.5 V.
Lithium, sodium and potassium abundances in carbonaceous chondrites☆

Abstract Concentrations of lithium, sodium, and potassium in 18 carbonaceous chondrites were determined in the same sample solution by atomic absorption. Mean abundances in carbonaceous Type I chondrites are, in atoms 10 6 Si: Li = 60.1, Na = 5800, K = 3700. Relative to Type I carbonaceous chondrites, abundances in Type II's are: Li = 0.87, Na = 0.61, K = 0.58; and in Type III's Li = 0.82, Na = 0.49, K = 0.36. Evidently there is a differential depletion of potassium relative to sodium in Type III's, suggesting a fractionation after accretion.
Bioconcentration of heavy metals by plants

Abstract Certain plants can concentrate essential and non-essential heavy metals in their roots and shoots to levels far exceeding those present in the soil. Metal-accumulating plant species are invariably restricted to metalliferous soils found in different regions around the world. The mechanisms of metal accumulation, which involve extracellular and intracellular metal chelation, precipitation, compartmentalization and translocation in the vascular system, are poorly understood. Interest in these mechanisms has led to the development of phytoremediation—a new technology to use plants to clean up soil and water contaminated with heavy metals.
From the Mouths of Babes: Exploring Families' Career Socialization of Young Children in China, Lebanon, Belgium, and the United States

Families' communication with young children about work and careers has not been the focus of much systematic investigation. We contribute to family communication scholarship both by providing an overview of career socialization research involving children, and by presenting findings from a multinational (China, Lebanon, Belgium, and the United States) investigation of 800 children's discursive, cultural, and material socialization. Using a grounded interpretive approach and the theoretical lenses of intersectionalities and socialization messages, we found that children engaged in four communicative processes that intersected across cultural differences: (a) acting as designers of their own careers; (b) extracting cues to make sense of careers; (c) articulating meaningfulness based on local contexts, and (d) participating in families' concerted cultivation and/or natural growth practices.
Photoresponsive Surfactants Exhibiting Unusually Large, Reversible Surface Tension Changes under Varying Illumination Conditions

We report on a new class of nonionic, photosensitive surfactants consisting of a polar di(ethylene oxide) headgroup attached to an alkyl spacer of between two and eight methylene groups, coupled through an ether linkage to an azobenzene moiety. Structural changes associated with the interconversion of the azobenzene group between its cis and trans forms as mediated by the wavelength of an irradiating light source cause changes in the surface tension and critical micellization concentrations (cmc's). Differences in saturated surface tensions (at concentrations above their cmc's) were as high as 14.4 mN/m under radiation of different wavelengths. The qualitative behavior of the surfactants changed as the spacer length changed; this behavior is attributed to the different orientations adopted by the different surfactants depending on their isomerization states. Both the azobenzene and the intermediate ether group play important roles in the control of surfactant conformation and hence surface tension.
Remembering the LFK network

The well-known Arpanet was the first operational packet-switching network. Almost completely unknown is what we claim was the second operational packet-switching network, the LFK network - although, admittedly, it was a fairly minimal network. Work on the LFK network began in 1970, and it was installed and accepted in 1972. It was used as part of a logistics system relating to the Norwegian Air Force and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It was developed for the Norwegian Air Force Supply Command [Lufforsvarets Forsynings Kommando (LFK) in Norwegian] by two companies: Siemens Norway, which held the formal contract with LFK, and Norsk Data, which was a sub-contractor to Siemens but did most of the technical work.
Multiple Trajectories: A Critique of Industrial Restructuring and the New Institutionalism

This article argues that the agrarian studies literature sheds new light on the multiple,nonlinear trajectories of capitalist development occurring in the context of accelerating global integration. Cast in relation to classical political economy, work on agrarian change is centrally concerned with multiple paths of agrarian transformation. It attends both to historically specificforms of social property relations and to the ways that struggles over resources and labor are simultaneously struggles over culturally constructed meanings, definitions, and identities. Accordingly, it goes well beyond the “new institutionalism” that figures prominently in the literature on industrial restructuring. The article draws on recent research in globally linked industrial districts in former bantustan areas of South Africa to illustrate thecontemporary and continuing salience of agrarian histories and concepts. It also suggests how attention to multiple trajectories of sociospatial change can be used to challenge the neoliberal orthodoxy taking hold in post-apartheid South Africa.
Rates of Ethanol Metabolism Decrease in Sons of Alcoholics Following a Priming Dose of Ethanol

Rapid changes in rates of ethanol metabolism in response to acute ethanol administration have been observed in animals and humans. To examine whether this phenomenon might vary by risk for alcoholism, 23 young men with a positive family history of alcoholism (FHP) were compared to 15 young men without a family history of alcoholism (FHN). Rates of ethanol metabolism were measured in all subjects first after an initial ethanol dose (0.85 g/kg) and then, several hours later, a second dose (0.3 g/kg), and the two rates were compared. The two groups of subjects were similar in their histories of ethanol consumption. FHP subjects demonstrated faster initial rates of ethanol metabolism, 148 ± 36 mg/kg/hr, compared to FHN subjects, 124 ± 18 mg/kg/hr, p=.01. However, FHN subjects increased their rate of metabolism by 10 ± 27 percent compared to a decrease of -15 ± 24 percent in FHP subjects, p =.007. Fifty-two percent of the FHP and none of the FHN subjects exhibited a decline in metabolic rate of 20% or more, p=.0008. Since a significant proportion of FHP subjects exhibited a decrease in the second rate of ethanol metabolism, these preliminary data might help to partly explain why FHP individuals differ in their sensitivity to ethanol and are more likely to develop alcohol dependence.
The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929

The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929. By Stephen Haber, Armando Razo, and Noel Maurer. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 408p. 29.99 paper.Stephen Haber, Armando Razo, and Noel Maurer provide a detailed, theoretically rich examination of the interplay between political chaos and economic growth in Mexico. Why did Mexico's economy continue to grow through a series of civil wars, coups, and outside interventions? More generally, what conditions lead to robust growth under political instability? Political scientists, economists, and others have searched for, and failed to find, a consistent link between political instability and economic failure. These authors develop an argument on the conditions under which instability and robust economic growth go hand in hand, using the years before, during, and after Mexico's chaotic revolution as their case study.
Authority Migration in Federations: A Framework for Analysis

Why does one federation succeed while another fails? Federations may fail for exogenous reasons: foreign invasion, collapse of its currency, or global market forces. If we focus on endogenous factors, the possible reasons for failure include diversity, where populations drift apart or clash too often, or jealousy from redistributive asymmetry, with unequal shouldering of costs or dispersion of benefits, and, of course, corruption and insurrection. While potentially significant, these problems are not particular to federalism; they threaten all democracies. There is, however, one threat that afflicts federations in particular. It is the one that perplexed and animated James Madison in the American context: opportunistic authority migration between levels of government.
Synthesis of majority and minority networks and its applications to QCA, TPL and SET based nanotechnologies

In this paper, we present a methodology for efficient majority/minority network synthesis of arbitrary multioutput Boolean functions. Many emerging nanoscale technologies, such as quantum cellular automata (QCA), tunneling phase logic (TPL), and single electron tunneling (SET), are capable of implementing majority or minority logic very efficiently. However, there exists no comprehensive methodology or design automation tool for general multilevel majority/minority network synthesis. We have built the first such tool, majority logic synthesizer (MALS), on top of an existing Boolean logic synthesis tool. We have performed experiments with 40 MCNC benchmarks. They indicate that up to 68.0% reduction in gate count is possible when utilizing majority logic, with the average reduction being 21.9%, compared to traditional logic synthesis, in which two-input AND/OR gates in the circuit are converted to majority gates.
Maturing ion-implantation technology and its device applications in SiC

Ion-implantation is an indispensable technique for planar selective area doping of SiC devices, because thermal diffusion of the desired dopants at temperatures where SiC doesn't decompose is not possible. Incongruent evaporation of Si from the SiC wafer during post-implantation annealing limits the maximum annealing temperature that can be used to repair the lattice damage and steer the implant into the substitutional lattice positions. Other problems include the nonstoichiometric disturbances caused by the ion-implantation, which result in non-uniform Si and C atom concentration and vacancy concentration depth distributions in the implanted region; and the difficulty in restoring the lattice quality back to the virgin level if as-implant lattice damage is of amorphous level. Ion-implantation in SiC needs to be performed at an elevated temperature in the range of 500 - 1000 /spl deg/C. An additional problem is the deep ionization energies of the useful donor (/spl sim/ 80 meV) and acceptor (> 240 meV) impurities in SiC, which limit the maximum carrier concentration . Results of donor, acceptor, and compensation species ion-implantations in 6H- and 4H-SiC are presented.
Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF–IGFBP axis

The IGF axis is critical for the regulation of apoptosis in many human cancer cell lines. Recently, potent anti-tumorigenic effects of pomegranate juice and extracts have been reported. Consequently, pomegranate has potential not only as a treatment but also as a preventative measure against certain types of cancer, including prostate. In this study, we investigated the relationship between pomegranate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and the IGF/IGFBP system. Treatment of LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with 10microg/ml POMx, a highly potent pomegranate extract prepared from skin and arils minus seeds and standardized to ellagitannin content (37% punicalagins by HPLC), resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, co-treatment with POMx and IGFBP-3 revealed synergistic stimulation of apoptosis and additive inhibition of cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment with POMx or POMx/IGFBP-3 combination resulted in increased JNK phosphorylation, and decreased Akt and mTOR activation, consistent with a growth inhibitory, pro-apoptotic function. We also investigated the relationship between IGF-1 and pomegranate-induced apoptosis in 22RV1 prostate cancer cells. Co-treatment with 100ng/ml IGF-1 completely blocked apoptosis induction by POMx. In contrast, IGF-I failed to inhibit POMx-induced apoptosis in R(-) cells, suggesting the importance of IGF-IR. POMx-treatment decreased Igf1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner indicating that its actions also involve tumor-specific suppression of IGF-1. These studies revealed novel interactions between the IGF system and pomegranate-induced apoptosis.
The Air Force's Geophysics Directorate: A 50th anniversary retrospective

The Air Force organization for geophysical research and development celebrated its 50th anniversary in mid-September. Best known to the scientific community under its earlier names, the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) and the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (AFGL), the organization is now the Geophysics Directorate of the Air Force's Phillips Laboratory.
Dusky-like functions as a Rab11 effector for the deposition of cuticle during Drosophila bristle development

The morphogenesis of Drosophila sensory bristles is dependent on the function of their actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are important for bristle shape and elongation, while microtubules are thought to mediate protein and membrane trafficking to promote growth. We have identified an essential role for the bristle cuticle in the maintenance of bristle structure and shape at late stages of bristle development. We show that the small GTPase Rab11 mediates the organized deposition of chitin, a major cuticle component in bristles, and disrupting Rab11 function leads to phenotypes that result from bristle collapse rather than a failure to elongate. We further establish that Rab11 is required for the plasma membrane localization of the ZP domain-containing Dusky-like (Dyl) protein and that Dyl is also required for cuticle formation in bristles. Our data argue that Dyl functions as a Rab11 effector for mediating the attachment of the bristle cell membrane to chitin to establish a stable cuticle. Our studies also implicate the exocyst as a Rab11 effector in this process and that Rab11 trafficking along the bristle shaft is mediated by microtubules.
Utility of high molecular weight cytokeratins, but not p63, in the differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine and basaloid carcinomas of the head and neck

High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the head and neck overlap significantly in morphology with both basaloid squamous and solid-type adenoid cystic carcinomas. High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas have sheets of small cells with scant cytoplasm, granular chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Basaloid squamous and adenoid cystic carcinomas are aggressive variants of their respective tumor types which both have nests of basaloid tumor cells with round nuclei, little cytoplasm, and inconspicuous nucleoli. As the management and prognosis of these tumors are very different, it is important to differentiate them. We performed high molecular weight cytokeratin (CK) and p63 immunohistochemistry on 19 neuroendocrine carcinomas, 18 basaloid squamous carcinomas, and 11 solid-type adenoid cystic carcinomas. All tumors were immunostained for p63, CK 34betaE12, CK 5/6, synaptophysin, chromogranin-A, S-100, and smooth muscle actin. All basaloid squamous and adenoid cystic carcinomas were positive for CK 5/6 and 34betaE12. Only 4 and 5 of the 19 neuroendocrine carcinomas, respectively, were positive for these markers. Staining was focal in the neuroendocrine cases when positive, whereas almost all basaloid squamous and adenoid cystic carcinomas showed strong staining. Almost all tumors of each type were positive for p63, including neuroendocrine carcinomas, but with different staining patterns. Basaloid squamous carcinomas were diffusely positive, neuroendocrine carcinomas were diffusely positive, but with weak staining, and adenoid cystic carcinomas showed a distinct pattern with staining at the periphery of the cell nests only. We conclude that high molecular weight cytokeratin immunostaining is helpful in distinguishing high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas from similar tumor types.
Ethanol reduces evoked dopamine release and slows clearance in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Background Ethanol (EtOH) intoxication affects cognitive performance, contributing to attentional deficits and poor decision making, which may occur via actions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). mPFC function is modulated by the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine. In this study, we examine the acute effects of EtOH on electrically evoked dopamine release and clearance in the mPFC of anesthetized rats naive to alcohol or chronically exposed to alcohol during adolescence. Methods Dopamine release and clearance was evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and measured in the mPFC of anesthetized rats with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. In Experiments 1 and 2, effects of a high dose of EtOH (4 g/kg, intraperitoneally) on dopamine neurotransmission in the mPFC of EtOH-naive rats and rats given EtOH exposure during adolescence were investigated. Effects of cumulative dosing of EtOH (0.5 to 4 g/kg) on the dopamine release and clearance were investigated in Experiment 3. Experiment 4 studied effects of EtOH locally applied to the VTA on the dopamine neurotransmission in the mPFC of EtOH-naive rats. Results A high dose of EtOH decreased evoked dopamine release within 10 minutes of administration in EtOH-naive rats. When tested via cumulative dosing from 0.5 to 4 g/kg, both 2 and 4 g/kg EtOH inhibited evoked dopamine release in the mPFC of EtOH-naive rats, while 4 g/kg EtOH also slowed dopamine clearance. A similar effect on electrically evoked dopamine release in the mPFC was observed after infusion of EtOH into the VTA. Interestingly, intermittent EtOH exposure during adolescence had no effect on observed changes in mPFC dopamine release and clearance induced by acute EtOH administration. Conclusions Taken together, these data describe EtOH-induced reductions in the dynamics of VTA-evoked mPFC dopamine release and clearance, with the VTA contributing to the attenuation of evoked mPFC dopamine release induced by EtOH.
Endometrial cancer chemoprevention: Implications of diverse pathways of carcinogenesis

Endometrial cancers may be divided into two groups, reflecting differences in clinical behavior and pathogenesis. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma, which accounts for the majority of endometrial cancers, typifies the group of endometrial carcinomas that develop from atypical endometrial hyperplasia in the setting of excess estrogenic stimulation. In contrast, serous carcinomas are representative of endometrial tumors that occur in older women who have endometrial atrophy and lack the typical endometrial cancer risk factors reflecting unopposed estrogen exposure. Serous carcinomas are frequently associated with p53 abnormalities and appear to develop from a surface lesion termed endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma. Although serous carcinomas are rare, these highly aggressive tumors account for a disproportionate number of endometrial cancer deaths. Further delineation of the estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent pathways of endometrial carcinogenesis may be useful in developing comprehensive chemopreventive approaches for endometrial cancer.
A COMPUTER-BASED, PROBLEM-SOLVING SYSTEM OF INSTRUCTION IN CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Advances in microcomputer technology provide new ways of incorporating PBL procedures in clinical pharmacology courses. Developments in graphics-user interfaces and analog/digital systems that display physiologic information directly on the monitor enable the computer to serve as a learning resource as laboratory classes did in the past. A model HyperCard-driven program describes four problem-oriented laboratory exercises that require interpretation and analysis of ECGs. The exercises that involve reading ECGs that were obtained before and after the onset of drug-induced changes in conduction and rhythm are designed to reinforce problem-solving skills in basic electrocardiography and give students a better understanding of the electrophysiologic basis for managing cardiac arrhythmias in clinical practice. For evaluating new programs in medical education, Schmidt describes three conditions that facilitate successful learning; (1) opportunity to use previously acquired knowledge in understanding new information, (2) applicability to future practice, and (3) ability to elaborate on the new information by interaction with other students. Advances that incorporate microcomputer technology and problem-solving learning would receive high scores by such criteria and are recommended by those who are developing courses in clinical pharmacology for medical students and others in the allied health sciences.
Parental Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceptions about Genetic Testing for FAP and Colorectal Cancer Surveillance in Minors

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the second most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome and confers a nearly 100% lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer. Understanding factors that facilitate and inhibit genetic testing and cancer surveillance in children who are members of families affected by FAP will better equip clinicians to clarify misunderstandings and facilitate appropriate care. The aims of this study were to examine parental attitudes and beliefs regarding endoscopic surveillance and genetic testing in minors at risk for developing FAP. This cross-sectional study includes analyses of qualitative and quantitative interview data collected from parents of children with or at risk for FAP. This report includes data from 28 parents with a total of 51 biological children between 10–17 years of age. The parents had a clinical and/or genetic diagnosis of FAP. Most commonly reported facilitators included provider recommendation (surveillance) and personalized medical management (genetic testing). Most commonly reported barriers included lack of provider recommendation (surveillance) and cost (genetic testing).
Surfactant Protein-A Inhibits Mycoplasma-Induced Dendritic Cell Maturation through Regulation of HMGB-1 Cytokine Activity

During pulmonary infections, a careful balance between activation of protective host defense mechanisms and potentially injurious inflammatory processes must be maintained. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an immune modulator that increases pathogen uptake and clearance by phagocytes while minimizing lung inflammation by limiting dendritic cell (DC) and T cell activation. Recent publications have shown that SP-A binds to and is bacteriostatic for Mycoplasma pneumoniae in vitro. In vivo, SP-A aids in maintenance of airway homeostasis during M. pneumoniae pulmonary infection by preventing an overzealous proinflammatory response mediated by TNF-α. Although SP-A was shown to inhibit maturation of DCs in vitro, the consequence of DC/SP-A interactions in vivo has not been elucidated. In this article, we show that the absence of SP-A during M. pneumoniae infection leads to increased numbers of mature DCs in the lung and draining lymph nodes during the acute phase of infection and, consequently, increased numbers of activated T and B cells during the course of infection. The findings that glycyrrhizin, a specific inhibitor of extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) abrogated this effect and that SP-A inhibits HMGB-1 release from immune cells suggest that SP-A inhibits M. pneumoniae-induced DC maturation by regulating HMGB-1 cytokine activity.
Cellular proliferation in the nasal septal cartilage of juvenile minipigs

The growth of the nasal septal cartilage is believed to be a driving force of midfacial growth. Cellular proliferation is an important contributor to growth of the cartilage, but this factor has been rarely investigated. The current study was undertaken to assess the proliferation and cellular density in the septal cartilage of fast-growing juvenile minipigs. Six minipigs averaging 4.4 ± 1 months old were injected with 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog, 24 h before death. The septal cartilage was sectioned in the coronal plane and reacted for BrdU. The proliferative index (number of BrdU-positive chondrocytes/total number of chondrocytes) and cellular density (number of cells mm(-2) ) of various locations of the septum were measured and compared in order to determine overall proliferation rate and whether regional variations in proliferative activity and cellular density are present. To provide a time perspective to the problem of midfacial growth, the lengths of the nasal bone and the palate were measured in a collection of 61 dry skulls of minipigs aged 1-8 months. Results showed that the septal chondrocytes were proliferating at a surprisingly high rate (~21%). The proliferative index was higher in the ventral and middle compared with the dorsal locations, and in the central cartilage compared with the perichondrium. No difference in proliferative index was found between the anterior and posterior parts of the septum. Cellular density was higher in the perichondrium than in the central cartilage. Within the central cartilage there was a trend for higher cellular density anteriorly. In conclusion, the rapidly growing midface of juvenile minipigs is associated with a high rate of septal proliferation, especially in the ventral half of the cartilage.
Effect of Applied Load and Surface Roughness on the Tribological Properties of Ni-Based Superalloys Versus Ta2AlC/Ag or Cr2AlC/Ag Composites

The novel Ta2AlC–20 vol.% Ag (TaAg) and Cr2AlC–20 vol.% Ag (CrAg) composites were tribologically tested versus a Ni-based superalloy Inc718 (SA) by dry sliding at a sliding speed of 1 m/s at room temperature in air at loads from 3 N to 18 N. The TaAg composites were also tested at 8 and 18 N at 550 °C, and at a 3 N load against the SA with different surface roughnesses at 26 °C and 550 °C. At room temperatures, the coefficients of friction, μ’s, decreased from ~0.8–0.9 to ~0.3–0.4 for both the TaAg and CrAg composites as the applied normal force increased from 3 N to 8 N. Further increases in load to 18 N did not change the μ’s. The specific wear rates, sWR, increased with increased loads for the TaAg composite; they remained almost unchanged for the CrAg composite. This behavior was attributed to the formation of glaze tribofilms—similar to ones observed previously in these tribocouples at elevated temperatures and 3 N—promoted by the increased loads. Preconditioning of the SA surface by sliding against the TaAg composite at 550 °C and 8 N resulted in μ’s of <0.2 and sWR < 10−6 mm3/N-m in subsequent room temperature sliding at 3 N. Somewhat higher, but stable room temperature μ’s of ~0.3 and sWR of ~3 × 10−5 mm3/N-m were observed when the TaAg composites were slid versus a sandblasted SA surface at 500 °C and 3 N. It follows that in situ preconditioning of the tribo-surfaces is a powerful tool for improving the properties of the MAX/Ag-SA tribocouples. The relationship between sliding conditions, chemistries of tribofilms, and their properties are discussed.
Turbulent gas‐particle flow in vertical risers

The riser reactors used for the catalytic cracking of gas oil use a transported solid catalyst, and their performance can be predicted with confidence only if the physical mechanism that determines the cross-sectional distribution of the catalyst can be identified and modeled. Understanding this mechanism is, therefore, of central importance in predicting the behavior of any system in which solid particles are transported through a duct by fluid, and this is the problem addressed here. Many experimental studies on the cross-sectional distribution of particles in vertical risers have revealed marked segregation of particles. These flows are inherently unsteady with large fluctuations in suspension density. In this article, the authors have analyzed the time-smoothed equations for the motion of dense suspensions to demonstrate the role of these fluctuations on the occurrence of segregation. It is shown that the particles will congregate in regions where the kinetic energy of fluctuations associated with the particles is small. In the context of transport of small particles such as FCC, a simplified model based on the mixture velocity can be constructed. A speculative K-[epsilon] model based on this velocity is analyzed to illustrate the extent of segregation of particles afforded by unsteady fluctuations.
ACTION SPECTRA (254–302 nm) FOR FOUR HUMAN PHOTOSENSITIVE CELL LINES

— The inactivation of cellular viral capacity for Herpes simplex type I growth at six separate wavelengths (254–302 nm) was measured in five human cell lines. These consisted of one “normal” skin fibroblast line (KD), and four photosensitive lines. Two lines of Xeroderma pigmentosum, one of Bloom's syndrome, and one of Cockayne's syndrome cells were used. Similar relative sensitivities were observed for the Bloom's syndrome, Xeroderma pigmentosum, and normal cell lines. The Cockayne's syndrome line became relatively more sensitive at 289 nm and longer wavelengths. Absolute sensitivities varied. Some divergence in response was noted at the longest wavelength tested, 302 nm.
Cooperative anchor-less localization for large dynamic networks

High-definition location information is a key enabler for the emerging set of high-definition situation-aware (HDSA) systems. Applications such as search and rescue, blue force tracking, and exploratory rover localization often require rapid system deployment in unknown environments, in which case the setup of any pre-existing and fixed infrastructure becomes prohibitive. Further, such systems must often operate in harsh propagation environments such as inside buildings, in urban canyons, in caves, or on Martian terrain. In such infrastructure-limited scenarios, cooperation among network entities has the potential to provide the required self-location information for HDSA systems. In this paper we present a cooperative localization algorithm for use when there is no fixed localization infrastructure available. We evaluate the algorithm for large-scale networks with varied node mobility and then quantify performance gains when compared to classic cooperative techniques. A model for the communication between nodes is used that was obtained through an extensive measurement campaign around the MIT campus, using FCC-compliant UWB radios.
The G syndrome/Opitz oculo-genital-laryngeal syndrome/Opitz BBB/G syndrome/Opitz-Frias syndrome

We report on a family exhibiting a range of congenital anomalies consistent with the G syndrome of Opitz. Three members of the family had laryngo-tracheo-oesophageal clefts, one of which succumbed. There was a strong family history of perinatal mortality on the maternal side of the family. We note also the paucity of reported cases of this syndrome in the otolaryngological literature and stress the necessity of early diagnosis in the management.