cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student Perspectives on Faculty Incivility in Nursing Education: An Application of the Concept of Rankism

Incivility in nursing education is an emergent problem and one that seriously disrupts the teaching-learning environment and often results in conflicted and stressful student/faculty relationships. Nursing faculty who demonstrate positive, respectful behaviors, encourage similar behaviors from their students. Conversely, faculty who are aloof, disinterested, and demeaning may invoke hostility. The author conducted a phenomenological study to examine nursing students' perceptions of faculty incivility and its impact on the students. Students identified 3 main themes of faculty incivility: (1) faculty behaving in demeaning and belittling ways, (2) treating students unfairly and subjectively, and (3) pressuring students to conform to unreasonable faculty demands. In all cases, students felt powerlessness to address the problem and described faculty arrogance and abuse of power (rankism) as primary contributors to the problem. This article describes nursing students' perceptions of faculty incivility and interprets them in the context of Fuller's concept of rankism. Understanding how rankism impacts nursing education may provide insight into developing preventative strategies to produce a healthier teaching-learning environment and to improve relationships between students and faculty.
Grammatical transformations and sentence comprehension in childhood and adulthood

Children and adults verified sentences of four grammatical types—“kernel,” passive, negative, and passive negative—with respect to pictures. The pictures presented situations which were either reversible, in that the object of action could also serve as the subject, or nonreversible, in that the object could not normally serve as the subject. Chomsky's syntactic competence model correctly predicted that passives would take more time to evaluate than kernels, and passive negatives more time than negatives; but semantic and psychological factors are required to explain the finding that syntactically simple negatives took more time than relatively more complex passives. Making sentences nonreversible largely washed out the difference in syntactic complexity between active and passive sentences, making passives about as easy as kernels, and passive negatives about as easy as negatives. It is argued that nonreversibility facilitates comprehension of passive (both affirmative and negative) sentences in that, although the normal subject-object order is reversed, it is still clear which of the two nouns is subject and which object. The syntactic theory also does not account for an obtained interaction between truth value and affirmation-negation. All of the factors considered—syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic—are important in accounting for the performance of S s as young as six.
TOWARD A NON-DEFINITION OF SPORT

(1975). TOWARD A NON-DEFINITION OF SPORT. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 4-11.
Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for controlling pain associated with orthodontic tooth movement.

Abstract Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) was assessed for its effect on periodontal pain associated with orthodontic separation. Forty-five adult subjects were randomly assigned to a TENS group, a placebo TENS group, and a control group. They were further subdivided into intraoral and extraoral electrode placement, and 1-, 2-, and 3-day treatment duration groups. In each patient orthodontic separators were placed mesial and distal to the upper first molars, bilaterally. Subjects were asked to rate their discomfort every 12 hours for 4 days with a 10 cm visual analogue scale. The results showed a significant decrease. in reported pain for those subjects in the TENS group at the 24-, 36-, and 48-hour assessment periods as compared to either the placebo or control group. In the control group postseparation, discomfort continued through the 60-hour assessment period. The present study suggests that TENS is an effective nonpharmacologic method of controlling postadjustment tooth pain.
Fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau

We reviewed the clinical records and operative notes of 28 patients with fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau seen at our institution from 1949 to 1982. Five of the 28 patients had chronic depressions of the posterolateral tibial plateau after initial treatment else where. All five were disabled because of significant functional instability when the knee was in flexion. There were 23 acute fractures, of which 4 were initially nondisplaced and treated nonoperatively. One nonop erative patient was lost to followup; the remaining three were rated as having had good or excellent results. Nineteen patients had acute depressed fractures and were treated operatively with open reduction, elevation of the depressed area, and bone grafting, with or without internal fixation. All patients treated operatively at the time of injury were seen for followup from 24 to 145 months postoperatively, with a mean followup of 59 months. One patient was lost to followup; the other 18 were rated using both objective and...
Plistophora caecorum sp. n., a microsporidian of Culiseta inornata (Diptera: Culicidae) from Louisiana☆

Abstract The morphology and development cycle of the microsporidian Plistophora caecorum sp. n. are described. The parasite invades the gastric caeca of the mosquito Culiseta inornata and is transmitted transovarially. Laboratory and field observations of host-parasite relationships are presented.
GRP94/gp96 Elicits ERK Activation in Murine Macrophages A ROLE FOR ENDOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN NF-κB ACTIVATION AND NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION

Vaccination of mice with GRP94/gp96, the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90, elicits a variety of immune responses sufficient for tumor rejection and the suppression of metastatic tumor progression. Macrophages are a prominent GRP94/gp96 target, with GRP94/gp96 reported to activate macrophage NF-kappa B signaling and nitric oxide production, as well as the MAP kinase p38, JNK, and ERK signaling cascades. However, recent studies report that heat shock protein elicited macrophage activation is due, in large part, to contaminating endotoxin. To examine the generality of this finding, we have investigated the role of endotoxin in GRP94/gp96-elicited macrophage activation. We report that GRP94/gp96 binds endotoxin in a high-affinity, saturable, and specific manner. Low endotoxin calreticulin and GRP94/gp96 were purified, the latter using a novel method of depyrogenation; this resulted in GRP94/gp96 and calreticulin preparations with endotoxin levels substantially lower than those of previously reported preparations. Low endotoxin GRP94/gp96 retained its native conformation, ligand binding activity, and in vitro chaperone function, yet did not activate macrophage NF-kappa B signaling, nitric oxide production or inducible nitric-oxide synthase production. Low endotoxin GRP94/gp96 and calreticulin did, however, elicit a marked increase in ERK phosphorylation at protein concentrations as low as 2 microg/ml. These results are discussed with respect to current understanding of the contributions of endotoxin and heat shock/chaperone proteins to the stimulation of innate immune responses.
Substrate-gated docking of pore subunit Tha4 in the TatC cavity initiates Tat translocase assembly

The twin-arginine translocase (Tat) transports folded proteins across tightly sealed membranes. cpTatC is the core component of the thylakoid translocase and coordinates transport through interactions with the substrate signal peptide and other Tat components, notably the Tha4 pore-forming component. Here, Cys–Cys matching mapped Tha4 contact sites on cpTatC and assessed the role of signal peptide binding on Tha4 assembly with the cpTatC–Hcf106 receptor complex. Tha4 made contact with a peripheral cpTatC site in nonstimulated membranes. In the translocase, Tha4 made an additional contact within the cup-shaped cavity of cpTatC that likely seeds Tha4 polymerization to form the pore. Substrate binding triggers assembly of Tha4 onto the interior site. We provide evidence that the substrate signal peptide inserts between cpTatC subunits arranged in a manner that conceivably forms an enclosed chamber. The location of the inserted signal peptide and the Tha4–cpTatC contact data suggest a model for signal peptide–gated Tha4 entry into the chamber to form the translocase.
Problems of Concept and Measurement in the Comparative Study of Occupational Mobility.

Abstract This paper argues that, despite a great deal of research on the topic, we have almost no firm knowledge about societal differences in the rates, patterns, and processes of occupational mobility. Insufficient attention has been paid by previous researchers to the problem of standardizing the measurement of occupational status. As a result, the paper demonstrates, existing cross-national comparisons of mobility are virtually invalid. A Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale developed by the author is proposed as a basis for valid cross-national comparison. Properties of the scale are discussed and results achieved with the scale are compared to those based on other occupational scaling procedures.
Optical transitions in crystalline and fused quartz

Abstract Reflectance data for crystalline and fused quartz are presented and analyzed for the energy range to 26 eV. The curves are very similar for each form of SiO2 suggesting the importance of localized effects in determining these optical properties.
Preemption in Congress

Modern preemption is about more than courts following the Supremacy Clause’s command to apply federal law rather than state law where the two conflict. More and more, preemption is about courts enforcing Congress’s intent that there should be no state law on a subject, even where there is no conflicting substantive provision of federal law. Courts assume that this is a legitimate exercise of congressional power and confine their efforts to determining the categories of state law Congress intended to displace. Even as they bemoan the increasing frequency of preemption and its effects on state governments, commentators make the same assumption and limit their suggestions to fine-tuning the judicial method for determining the extent of Congress’s preemptive intent. My approach is different. Rather than take for granted Congress’s power to displace state law in the absence of conflicting federal law, I examine the potential constitutional sources of that power. It simply will not do, after all, to have the government exercising power of uncertain constitutional origin to such profound effect. Judicial decisions that defer the question to Congress offer little guidance, so I suggest shifting the focus to Congress itself and lay out a method for discovering Congress’s views on the matter. After discussing the kinds of evidence that might legitimately disclose Congress’s understanding of the constitutional basis and scope of its preemptive authority, I begin a descriptive account of Congress’s understanding by looking at one category of relevant statutory evidence and sketching future research. We cannot assess the legitimacy of judicial preemption doctrine without a better account of the constitutional norms the doctrine is supposed to implement. In its deferential posture on the basic question of legislative power, preemption doctrine resembles the approach courts take to the scope of Congress’s commerce power and other basic questions of the constitutional permissibility of national legislation. The methodology I map here for assessing Congress’s engagement with these important constitutional questions may provide a new approach to understanding and critically evaluating government compliance with fundamental legal norms.
ANETA PAVLENKO, ADRIAN BLACKLEDGE, INGRID PILLER, AND MARYA TEUTSCH-DWYER (eds.). Multilingualism, second language learning, and gender . Boston & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001. Pp. 350. Hb $79.95, Pb $29.95.

This book uses a feminist, poststructuralist perspective to examine the relationships among gender, second language acquisition and multilingualism. It is a welcome addition to the study of these topics, which are usually examined separately. Gender is rarely considered in research on second language acquisition, and most studies of language and gender are conducted in monolingual contexts. This volume proposes a new interdisciplinary approach to these issues which “strives to theorize and to investigate the role of language in the production of gender relations, and role of gender dynamics in language learning and use” (p. 22).
Public Image of Counseling Psychology:: What Introductory Psychology Textbooks Say

The public image of counseling psychology was discussed at the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology. To examine the way counseling psychology is perceived, it has been recommended that psychology textbooks be reviewed. The purpose of this study was to examine the adequacy of descriptions of counseling psychology and its professionals in introductory psychology textbooks compared to the descriptions of other applied areas of psychology (i.e., clinical psychology, industrial or organizational psychology, school psychology, and counseling). The top 10 introductory psychology textbooks sold in the United States were reviewed. Results showed that counseling psychology is less represented than industrial or organizational and clinical psychology and more represented than school psychology and counseling. The practice of counseling psychology is often presented as indistinguishable from clinical psychology, and when differentiated, as limited to problems of daily living, career issues, or both. Re...
RF Coupling in a 433-MHz Biotelemetry System for an Artificial Hip

We present three-dimensional (3D) finite-element simulation results on the radio frequency (RF) coupling in a 433-MHz near-field biotelemetry link for an artificial hip joint. We verified the accuracy of the model through comparison of simulations and measurements of a 433-MHz mock telemetry link in a 6-cm-thick porcine thigh. The model has cylindrical symmetry, and electrically short linear wire antennas at both the embedded transmitter and external receiver. Based on our simulations, we evaluate the feasibility of the link under various conditions.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Promoter Polymorphism Affords Protection Against Cognitive Dysfunction After Carotid Endarterectomy

Background and Purpose— Cognitive dysfunction occurs in 9% to 23% of patients during the first month after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). A 4-basepair (AAAT) tandem repeat polymorphism (either 3 or 4 repeats) has been described in the promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a gene with complex roles in ischemic injury and preconditioning against ischemic injury. We investigated whether the 4-repeat variant (iNOS+) affects the incidence of cognitive dysfunction after CEA. Methods— One-hundred eighty-five CEA and 60 spine surgery (control) subjects were included in this nested cohort analysis. Subjects underwent a battery of 7 neuropsychometric tests before and 1 day and 1 month after surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if the iNOS promoter variant was independently associated with the incidence of cognitive dysfunction at 1 day and 1 month. Further, all right-hand-dominant CEA subjects were grouped by operative side and performance on each test w...
Progress in the Concentrator Initiative Program

Progress made by the eight participating solar cell and solar collector manufacturers since the beginning of the US Department of Energy's multi-year photovoltaic Concentrator Initiative Program is reviewed. Point and line-focus cell manufacturers achieved peak efficiencies between 19% and 25% with designs that could be manufactured commercially. Collector manufacturers delivered prototype hardware of point and line-focus collectors representing commercially producible technology. >
A Model for the Nucleus of Encke’s Comet

A study of the nongravitational deviations in the motion of P/Encke suggests that the nucleus of this comet can conceivably be approximated by a core-mantle model, composed of a porous solid core with embedded ices, surrounded by a thick envelope of free ices that gradually sublimates out.
Speaker normalization for speech recognition

A codeword-dependent neural network (CDNN) is presented for the study of speaker adaptation. The CDNN is used as a nonlinear mapping function to transform speech data between two speakers. The mapping function is characterized by a number of important properties. First, the assembly of mapping functions enhances overall mapping quality. Second, multiple input vectors are used simultaneously in the transformation. This not only makes full use of dynamic information but also alleviates possible errors in the supervision data. Finally, the mapping function is derived from training data, with the quality dependent on the available amount of training data. Based on speaker-dependent models, performance evaluation showed that speaker normalization significantly reduced the error rate from 41.9% to 5.0%. >
Design of irregular repeat accumulate codes for OFDM systems with partial channel state information

Irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) codes perform very close to capacity on some memory-less channels with coherent detection. Further, they can be encoded and decoded in linear time. This paper considers the design of IRA codes for intersymbol interference (ISI) channels when only partial channel state information (CSI) is available at the receiver and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is used as the modulation format. The authors use a simple receiver structure that performs iterative channel estimation and decoding and use nonsystematic IRA codes that are optimized for this receiver. This combination is shown to perform within a few tenths of a decibel from the capacity of a receiver with perfect CSI and is also shown to be robust to change in the number of channel taps and Doppler.
Bū Himāra's European connexion: the commercial relations of a Moroccan warlord

The rural rebellion and dissidence of Jilālī ibn Idrīs al-Zarhūnā al-Yūsufī, alias Bū Ḥimāra, was among the most debilitating of the crises to afflict the Moroccan central government (makhzan) during its final decade of freedom from formal French control. Bū Ḥimāra, falsely declaring himself to be Mawlay MuḤammad, older brother of the reigning sultan, and thereby rightful claimant to the Sharifian throne, held sway over much of the northeastern part of the country between 1903 and 1909. Though the rebellion never extended beyond this region, the makhzan's protracted attempts to stamp it out contributed significantly to Morocco's political instability and fiscal collapse. The movement, under Bū Ḥimāra's leadership, may be divided into two major phases: the first, lasting about six months, when the revolt had the character of a mass popular protest against the makhzan; the second, from late 1903 to 1909, when Bū Ḥimāra, with a reduced and fluid band of partisans, settled into the role of regional warlord, ruling over a petty state apparatus in the mountainous Northeast. During the longer second phase, his paramountcy was similar in form and objective to that of other regional strong men who carved out principalities in peripheral areas of the country, building their power on access to modern firearms in defiance of the makhzan. This paper argues that the success and tenacity of Bū Ḥimāra's dissidence was dependent on his ability to develop connexions with the wider world of European commerce: merchandise and commodities trade yielding customs revenue, importation of firearms, relations with Algerian businessmen, and mining concessions. These forms of external support are examined and evaluated, leading to the conclusion that Bū Ḥimāra's principal objective from late 1903 onward was not active rebellion but rather an effort to maintain his political and military captaincy over the Northeast, drawing on whatever external resources were available. Though he successfuly defied the government for several years, his increasing association with European commercial and mining interests undermined his popular support and ultimately led to his downfall.
Effects of Inbreeding on Milk and Fat Production, Stayability, and Calving Interval of Registered Ayrshire Cattle in the Northeastern United States

Inbreeding coefficients of 30,794 registered Ayrshire cows were calculated from relationships between sire and maternal male ancestors. Average inbreeding coefficient of all cows was less than 1% and of the 5,202 inbred cows was 5.4%. Fewer than 2% of inbred cows had coefficients greater than 15%. Percent of inbred cows increased from 23% of cows born in 1972 to 43% in 1980. Over the same period average inbreeding coefficient of all cows increased from 1.2 to 2.0%, but average coefficient of inbred cows decreased from 5.6 to 4.7%. Effects of inbreeding on first lactation, 305-day, 2X, mature equivalent milk and fat production (kg), 48-mo stayability (proportion of cows surviving to 48 mo of age), and first calving interval (days) were estimated by a model that included fixed effects for herd-year-seasons, sire-maternal grandsire groups, inbreeding, and random effects for sires and maternal grandsires within groups. Inbreeding was included in the model as a classification (six classes according to inbreeding coefficient: 0, 0+ to 5-%, 5 to 10-%, 10 to 15-%, 15 to 25-%, and 25 to 35-% and one class for cows with indeterminate inbreeding). Estimates of differences between inbreeding classes 0+ to 5-% through 25 to 35-% and the zero inbreeding class indicated that milk and fat production decreased with increased inbreeding. Effects of inbreeding on stayability and calving interval were small. Inbreeding was fitted also as a linear covariate. Regressions of milk, fat, stayability, and calving interval on inbreeding coefficients were -23, -1, -.008, and -.095 per 1% increase of inbreeding coefficient.
Interactively evolved modular neural networks for game agent control

As the realism in games continues to increase, through improvements in graphics and 3D engines, more focus is placed on the behavior of the simulated agents that inhabit the simulated worlds. The agents in modern video games must become more life-like in order to seem to belong in the environments they are portrayed in. Many modern artificial intelligence approaches achieve a high level of realism but this is accomplished through significant developer time spent scripting the behaviors of the non-playable characters or NPC's. These agents will behave in a believable fashion in the scenarios they have been programmed for, but do not have the ability to adapt to new situations. In this paper we introduce a modularized, real-time evolution training technique to evolve adaptable agents with life-like behaviors. Online performance during evolution is also improved by using selection mechanisms found in temporal difference learning methods to appropriately balance the exploration and exploitation of control policies. These methods are implemented and tested using the XNA framework producing very promising results regarding efficiency of techniques, and demonstrating many potential avenues for further research.
Evaluation of Commercially Available Reagents for Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis Infection in Immunocompromised Patients

Urinary histoplasma antigen measurement can be useful for diagnosing systemic histoplasmosis and for monitoring treatment response, especially in immunocompromised patients. However, testing has traditionally been limited to specialized reference laboratories, as immunoassay reagents for the antigen were not widely available. Recently, a polyclonal-antibody-based in vitro diagnostic (IVD) kit for histoplasma antigen detection was released, as well as monoclonal-antibody reagents against the target. We evaluated the analytical and clinical performance of the two reagents. Both assays were capable of detecting histoplasma antigen in urine samples over a wide dynamic range, although the monoclonal assay showed improved precision and analytical sensitivity relative to the polyclonal IVD. In a test set of clinically characterized patient samples, the monoclonal laboratory-developed test (LDT) demonstrated 90.5% sensitivity and 96.3% specificity versus 61.9% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity for the polyclonal IVD, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.987 and 0.754, respectively. The major differences between the two assays were higher background reactivity in healthy donors with the polyclonal assay and an increased signal response in positive samples for the monoclonal assay. The impact of these differences on monitoring treatment response was evaluated in a series of patients undergoing treatment for histoplasmosis. While all the assays gave similar qualitative estimates of treatment response, responses were more evident using the monoclonal assay. In summary, we conclude that while multiple assays are available for measuring histoplasma antigen in urine, a monoclonal-antibody-based assay appears to provide improved analytical performance for management of immunocompromised histoplasmosis patients.
Appropriateness of pharmacological treatment in older people with dementia

Dementia is associated with a number of comorbidities often observed in older people, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes. Treating these comorbidities in older adults with dementia results challenging for many reasons. First, older adults with dementia are generally excluded from clinical trials, so application of clinical guidelines for treatment of chronic diseases in this population might lead to polypharmacy and adverse drugs effects. Second, memory, intellectual function, judgment and language are commonly impaired in patients with cognitive deficits, compromising the compliance to complex pharmacological regimens, increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions. Third, cognitive impairment is associated with limited life expectancy and therefore limits the efficacy of pharmacological treatments and questions the appropriateness of treatment. In the present study we examine most relevant concerns related to the treatment of comorbidities in demented patients, referring also to the existing criteria for inappropriate drugs in the elderly. The application of such instruments, along with the comprehensive geriatric assessment of the older adult with cognitive impairment, could result useful to reduce the burden of polypharmacy and inappropriate drug prescriptions.
Giant lizards occupied herbivorous mammalian ecospace during the Paleogene greenhouse in Southeast Asia.

Mammals dominate modern terrestrial herbivore ecosystems, whereas extant herbivorous reptiles are limited in diversity and body size. The evolution of reptile herbivory and its relationship to mammalian diversification is poorly understood with respect to climate and the roles of predation pressure and competition for food resources. Here, we describe a giant fossil acrodontan lizard recovered with a diverse mammal assemblage from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar, which provides a historical test of factors controlling body size in herbivorous squamates. We infer a predominately herbivorous feeding ecology for the new acrodontan based on dental anatomy, phylogenetic relationships and body size. Ranking body masses for Pondaung Formation vertebrates indicates that the lizard occupied a size niche among the larger herbivores and was larger than most carnivorous mammals. Paleotemperature estimates of Pondaung Formation environments based on the body size of the new lizard are approximately 2–5°C higher than modern. These results indicate that competitive exclusion and predation by mammals did not restrict body size evolution in these herbivorous squamates, and elevated temperatures relative to modern climates during the Paleogene greenhouse may have resulted in the evolution of gigantism through elevated poikilothermic metabolic rates and in response to increases in floral productivity.
Interstate migration and economic growth: a simultaneous equations approach.

An objective of this study is to outline a migrant disaggregation procedure that compares the characteristics of those entering, leaving, or remaining in a state during a specified period of time s...
2-D gold nanoparticle arrays from thermally directed self-assembly of peptide-derivatized block copolymers

Collective surface plasmons (SPs) generated by two-dimensional (2-D) Au nanostructures are attractive for developing miniaturized photonic devices with sub-wavelength plasmonic structures and bimolecular sensors with single molecule sensitivity. However, high-fidelity methods for fabricating ordered arrays of AuNPs with nanoscale precision are limited. Herein, the fabrication of AuNP hierarchical structures with tunable domain spacing controlled precisely by Au phage peptide (A3) end-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) domains in a hexagonally packed polystyrene-PMMA block copolymer (BCP-A3) thin films is demonstrated. Dynamic thermal field processing techniques control the BCP-A3 orientation and ordered-assembly, thus controlling the arrangement of AuNP superstructures from hexagonal clusters to parallel wires.
Accelerating tooth movement: The case against corticotomy-induced orthodontics

A We are pleased to participate in this Point/ Counterpoint debate regarding corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics, also known as accelerated osteogenic orthodontics or periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics. Drs Wilcko and Wilcko have presented their beliefs in the “Point” article. Our assignment is to present and justify an opposing viewpoint. Actually, there are some statements by Drs Wilcko and Wilcko with which we agree. We disagree with other statements. Finally, some issues regarding this procedure were not discussed, and we will raise these in our “Counterpoint” article. Our goal is to answer the following question for the orthodontic clinician: Is corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics an efficacious, effective, and efficient method of accelerating tooth movement in adult orthodontic patients? Before we begin, let us define these terms. According to accepted definitions, (1) efficacy measures how well treatment works in clinical trials or laboratory studies under ideal conditions; (2) effectiveness measures how well a treatment works in routine clinical practice; and (3) efficiency measures the outcome of a procedure by evaluating the value received relative to the costs in terms of time, money, and morbidity. With this in mind, we will divide this article into a discussion of 7 major questions.
Classifying adolescents' conceptions of purpose in life.

Motivating youth to find a purpose in life promotes positive youth development. However, it is as yet uncertain whether adolescents think of purpose in ways similar to researchers. This study addressed this deficit by asking 229 adolescents from a Catholic and a public high school to define what it means to have a purpose in life, using a free-response format. Almost all adolescents suggested that having a purpose gives one a foundation and a direction for life, and over half mentioned that it led to increased happiness. In addition, adolescents often mentioned elements from multiple coding categories, suggesting that they hold multifaceted conceptions of purpose. In addition, definitions were marked by their similarities rather than differences across the sample. Overall, these results suggest that adolescents hold mature and complex conceptions of purpose that are in line with those presented in the existing research literature.
Structured Qualitative Benefit-Risk Assessment to Inform Go/No-Go Decisions for Phase III Testing of Pharmaceutical Products

Late-stage attrition of pharmaceutical products has downsides for both patients participating in clinical trials and sponsor companies. This manuscript presents an outline for a structured qualitative benefit-risk assessment process that sponsors can apply at the time of go/no-go decisions for phase III testing of pharmaceutical products. This approach takes into account the therapeutic and comparator context as well as product-specific information on key benefits, key risks, and risk management. The strengths, limitations, and uncertainties of the evidence are critically evaluated at each step to provide a balanced perspective on the data. Application of a rigorous, structured qualitative benefit-risk assessment to critically evaluate the available information at the time of these decisions lends further support to quality decision making by sponsors. Such an approach ensures that decisions are systematic and transparent and helps development teams communicate the rationale for their recommendations to decision makers. In a succinct organized fashion, this approach provides decision makers with the clinical information they need to ascertain whether pharmaceutical products should be advanced from phase II to phase III testing.
Phosphoinositide signalling in type 2 diabetes: a β-cell perspective.

Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease. It results from a failure of the body to maintain energy homoeostasis. Multicellular organisms have evolved complex strategies to preserve a relatively stable internal nutrient environment, despite fluctuations in external nutrient availability. This complex strategy involves the co-ordinated responses of multiple organs to promote storage or mobilization of energy sources according to the availability of nutrients and cellular bioenergetics needs. The endocrine pancreas plays a central role in these processes by secreting insulin and glucagon. When this co-ordinated effort fails, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia develops, characterizing a state of metabolic imbalance and ultimately overt diabetes. Although diabetes is most likely a collection of diseases, scientists are starting to identify genetic components and environmental triggers. Genome-wide association studies revealed that by and large, gene variants associated with type 2 diabetes are implicated in pancreatic β-cell function, suggesting that the β-cell may be the weakest link in the chain of events that results in diabetes. Thus, it is critical to understand how environmental cues affect the β-cell. Phosphoinositides are important ‘decoders’ of environmental cues. As such, these lipids have been implicated in cellular responses to a wide range of growth factors, hormones, stress agents, nutrients and metabolites. Here we will review some of the well-established and potential new roles for phosphoinositides in β-cell function/dysfunction and discuss how our knowledge of phosphoinositide signalling could aid in the identification of potential strategies for treating or preventing type 2 diabetes.
First report of Geosmithia morbida on ambrosia beetles emerged from thousand cankers-diseased Juglans nigra in Ohio

Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a highly-valued species for timber and nut production in the eastern United States. Thousand cankers disease (TCD), caused by the interaction of the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) and the canker fungus Geosmithia morbida (Tisserat et al. 2009), was first found in the eastern United States in 2010 and is a threat to the health of black walnut in its native range. The recent detection of G. morbida on a weevil species (Stenomimus pallidus) (Juzwik et al. 2015) led to an effort to determine the extent to which beetles other than P. juglandis acquire the fungus on their bodies from TCD-symptomatic trees.
Radiologic Findings of Deep Seated Cere b ral Arteriovenous

Purpose : To analyze the radiologic-especially angiographic-findings of deep seated cerebral arteriovenous malformation(AVM) involving nonvisualized straight sinus. Materials and Methods : In six patients aged between 15 and 53 years with deep seated cerebral AVM, CT and MR images were retrospectively analyzed with regard to the following features : the presence of straight sinus, the location of AVM, and the occurrence of hemorrhage. Angiograms were analyzed for venous drainage routes of AVM, the appearance of veins, the presence of falcine sinus and venous drainage from normal deep brain parenchyme. In four patients who had undergone intravascular embolization therapy, pre- and post- em-bolization angiograms were compared. Results: CT and MR images showed neither straight sinus nor thrombosis. AVMs were deeply seated in the brain, and in all cases there was cerebral hemorrhage. Angiograms disclosed that venous drainage of all AVMs occurred via the veins of Galen. In one case, venous flow via the falcine sinus to the superior sagittal sinus was noted, but in others, retrograde flow in the deep venous system was observed. Marked collateral routes fol-lowed in response to the obstruction of straight sinus included the basal vein of Rosenthal, the internal occipi-tal, internal cerebral, and cerebellar hemispheric veins (which are Galenic afferents), and the inferior sagittal s-inus. In all patients, contralateral routes were partially involved. Venous drainage from normal deep parenchyme through the transcerebral veins to the superficial venous system was noted, and in one case, s-traight sinus which had been observed on an angiogram five years earlier was no longer present. Conclusion : Angiography offers effective evaluation of the dynamic aspect of venous flow in cases involving deep-seated AVM, and of normal deep parenchyme in cases in which AVM involves nonvisualized straight si-nus. Before intravascular treatment of AVM, venous flow must be carefully analyzed.
Osmosis as a factor in the local accumulation of leucocytes in the animal body

Chemical forces have generally been held responsible for the chemotaxis of leucocytes. Some of the early classical experiments which led to this belief were repeated. The results showed that the work had been misinterpreted, and also indicated that the forces which were active in producing the phenomenon were physical in character.These physical forces are the forces responsible for osmosis and diffusion. In a solution not at concentration equilibrium they will act in directions counter to each other.In the aqueous solutions examined, leucocytes are shown to move in the direction of the osmotic force and opposite to the direction of the diffusing substances in solution.This motion is explained as being due to the greater permeability of leucocytes for water and the fact that their total mass is negligible as compared to their content of water.
Capitalism and Slavery and the Civil War

They push in different directions, these two great debates. The first, on the relationship between capitalism and slavery, invites us to consider how closely the two systems were connected, to the point where more and more scholars argue that slavery itself was a form of capitalism. The second, on the origins of the American Civil War, highlights the fundamental difference and growing divergence between the free labor system of the North and the slave society of the South, to the point where some scholars see an irreconcilable conflict between the two. Can these competing tendencies be reconciled? Is it possible to define southern slavery as essentially “capitalist” without losing sight of the crucial distinctions between free and enslaved labor? A number of recent books suggest that scholars have begun to recognize the problem but have not quite figured out how to solve it.
Analysis of effects of loading and postural demands on upper limb reaching in older adults using statistical parametric mapping

Abstract Continuous time-series data are frequently distilled into single values and analyzed using discrete statistical methods, underutilizing large datasets. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) allows hypotheses over the entire spectrum, but consistency with discrete analyses of kinematic data is unclear. We applied SPM to evaluate effect of load and postural demands during reaching on thoracohumeral kinematics in older and young adults, and examined consistency between one-dimensional SPM and discrete analyses of the same dataset. We hypothesized that older adults would choose postures that bring the humerus anterior to the frontal plane (towards flexion) even for low demand tasks, and that SPM would reveal differences persisting over larger temporal portions of the reach. Ten healthy older (72.4±3.1yrs) and 16 young (22.9±2.5yrs) adults reached upward and forward with high and low loads. SPM and discrete t-tests were used to analyze group effects for elevation plane, elevation, and axial rotation joint angles and velocity. Older adults used more positive (anterior) elevation plane and less elevated postures to initiate and terminate reaching (p
Estimation of Soil Parathion Residues in the San Joaquin Valley, California ??? a Simulation Study

Despite the great concern over environmental contamination by pesticides, man continues to depend on the use of pest-control chemicals for agricultural productivity and disease control. Phasing out of DDT has resulted in a considerable increase in the use of organophosphorous insecticides, particularly parathion, a chemical highly toxic for both invertebrates and vertebrates including man. In 1970, 1.2 million lbs of parathion were used in California, placing this compound among the top chemical pesticides in quantity used, and ahead of any other organophosphorous insecticide.
Survivors of Torture: Realities, Responsible Care, and Rehabilitation

This paper provides an overview of special issues and challenges for the psychiatrist providing care to a survivor of government sponsored torture. Case examples illustrate cultural concerns, issues of confidentiality, transference, dual loyalties, and provider responsibilities. The author hopes to stimulate interest in others to learn more about working with this challenging and rewarding group of patients.
Futility, appropriate care, and orders not to resuscitate: Who makes decisions and how?

Ethical issues in resuscitation arose once life-prolonging interventions advanced to the point where short-term cardiac resuscitation became plausible in patients in cases where imminent death was irreversible. The authors argue that ethical dilemmas arise from disputes over continued treatment when stakeholders either disagree about the meaning of appropriate care as a result of differing beliefs on the meaning of an acceptable outcome and/or the extent of a treatment’s probable efficacy. The authors conclude that even though communication and transparency can help prevent these ethical dilemmas, unavoidable conflict over proper interventions should be resolved through a decision-making process grounded in both medical reality and the principles of patient self-determination. Thoughtful regulatory guidance can aid the understanding of rights and responsibilities when the desirability, efficacy, and medical indication of life-prolonging interventions are in dispute. The authors outline such a process. The authors suggest that seeking clear regulation in this arena is a worthwhile ethical and practical objective for physicians to reduce both the likelihood of conflicts and the burden of unavoidable conflicts despite transparency and communication.
Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy or Choledochojejunostomy

Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy or choledochojejunostomy (biliary enteric anastomosis) is performed for selected cases of biliary stricture, bile duct injury, or bile duct tumor. It may be performed as a palliative bypass procedure. This chapter lists the indications, essential steps, common technical variations, and complications of the procedure. A detailed template operative dictation note is included.
Spiers Memorial Lecture. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: from single particle/molecule spectroscopy to ångstrom-scale spatial resolution and femtosecond time resolution.

Four decades on, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) continues to be a vibrant field of research that is growing (approximately) exponentially in scope and applicability while pushing at the ultimate limits of sensitivity, spatial resolution, and time resolution. This introductory paper discusses some aspects related to all four of the themes for this Faraday Discussion. First, the wavelength-scanned SERS excitation spectroscopy (WS-SERES) of single nanosphere oligomers (viz., dimers, trimers, etc.), the distance dependence of SERS, the magnitude of the chemical enhancement mechanism, and the progress toward developing surface-enhanced femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SE-FSRS) are discussed. Second, our efforts to develop a continuous, minimally invasive, in vivo glucose sensor based on SERS are highlighted. Third, some aspects of our recent work in single molecule SERS and the translation of that effort to angstrom-scale spatial resolution in ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (UHV-TERS) and single molecule electrochemistry using electrochemical (EC)-TERS will be presented. Finally, we provide an overview of analytical SERS with our viewpoints on SERS substrates, approaches to address the analyte generality problem (i.e. target molecules that do not spontaneously adsorb and/or have Raman cross sections <10−29 cm2 sr−1), SERS for catalysis, and deep UV-SERS.
Blocking cell death to enhance cell death

Inhibiting caspase activation during apoptosis may enhance the ability of the immune system to target cancer cells.
A Woman with a History of a 2-Year Stay in Gabon and Onset of a Cyclical Fever More Than 1 Year Later

A 23-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presented with fever every other day for 1 week. After graduating from college, she had spent a year as in Gabon, West Africa, before starting medical school. She was healthy until 1 week prior to presentation. At that time, she developed fever up to 102.5 °F, as well as chills and sweats, with symptoms occurring every other day. She also noted myalgia, headache, profuse sweats with defervescence of the fever, and intense fatigue.
Work-Life Balance in the Professional Sports Setting: The Athletic Trainer’s Perspective

The professional sport setting requires athletic trainers to work long hours, spend days on the road, and adhere to schedules made by others. These job expectations can lead to a reduction in work-...
Effects of Mobility and Cognition on Maintenance of Independence and Survival Among Women in Late Life.

Background We examined the effects of mobility and cognition on maintenance of independence among women in late life. Methods Prospective 5-year study of 1,010 independent community-dwelling women (mean age 88.0 years) participating in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Year 20 examination (2006-2008). Mobility, ascertained by walk speed, was categorized as good (≥0.9 m/s), intermediate (>0.6 m/s to <0.9 m/s), or poor (≤0.6 m/s). Cognitive status, adjudicated based on neuropsychological tests, was classified as normal or impaired (mild cognitive impairment or dementia). Loss of independence was defined as being unable to perform ≥2 activities of daily living or nursing home residence at 5-year follow-up. Possible outcomes were alive and independent, alive and dependent, and deceased. Results Four hundred and twenty-three (41.9%) participants were independent at follow-up, whereas 208 (20.6%) were alive but dependent; 379 (37.5%) had died. Compared to women with good mobility, those with slow walk speed were less likely to be independent (risk ratio, [RR] 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.52), after controlling for cognition and other risk factors. Similarly, those with impaired cognition were less likely to be independent, after controlling for walk speed and other risk factors (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49-0.71). Women with slow walk speed and impaired cognition were 6-fold less likely to be independent at follow-up compared to those with good walk speed and normal cognition (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.08-0.23). Conclusions Both mobility and cognition are associated with maintenance of independence among the oldest old of women even after accounting for each other and other conventional predictors.