cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pedestrian and light transit accidents: An examination of street redesigns in Atlanta and their safety outcomes

Abstract Atlanta, like other cities in the United States, has recently experienced a rise in accidents involving pedestrians, bicyclists, and users of other light individual transport, collectively referred to as LIT+. Efforts are made to redesign streets for improved LIT+ safety, but few studies have examined the effectiveness of these measures. This work contributes towards a better understanding of the relationship between street redesigns and safety outcomes. We first provide an overview of street redesign options and their implementations in Atlanta. Next, we examine citywide statistics for LIT+ accidents. We analyze safety outcomes pre- and post-renovation on three select streets and quantify the extent to which these projects have been effective at improving LIT+ safety relative to several control streets. We found in assessing accident rates that the situation has distinctly not improved, and in some cases has worsened post-renovation for LIT+ users. We conduct field observations and provide a detailed examination of the effectiveness of the renovations and the remaining accident patterns. Two renovated streets were found to be particularly hazardous, and we urge city planners to address their conspicuous accident pathogens. We provide recommendations based on our observations for city planners to consider in future street redesigns intended to improve LIT+ safety. We emphasize the importance of establishing evaluation and feedback mechanisms on the effectiveness of street renovations to help decision makers to improve their subsequent approach to LIT+safety.
CLINICAL FEATURES AND OUTCOMES OF LITTLE LEAGUE ELBOW IN YOUNG ATHLETES

Background:As participation and specialization in youth sports has increased, so too has the incidence of overuse conditions, such as medial epicondyle apophysitis, or Little League Elbow (LLE). Hy...
Why Did US Firms Change Since the Early-2000s? The Mass-Multinationalization Implication of Aggregate Fluctuation

Multiple dimensional shifts related to firm-level multinationalization spill over to the aggregate realm as an unusually large mass of US firms multinationalized in the late-1990s. Firms become considerably different in many aspects as they transform into multinational enterprises (MNEs), providing a firm-dynamics foundation for the otherwise secular aggregate fluctuations. The mass-multinationalization hypothesis jointly explains a series of recently raised macro-finance puzzles, including (1) decreasing investment relative to q and profitability, (2) increasing intangible investment, (3) increasing concentration, (4) decreasing labor and capital shares, and (5) market power. The mass-multinationalization looks to be triggered by an increasing incentive of integrating foreign value chains to sell US products and services. The mass-multinationalization hypothesis is a novel, straightforward, and action-based mechanism explaining the joint secular movements, and it does not depend on proposed alternative explanations.
Dilemmas and Decisions in Digestive Disease

This volume has been concerned with the scientific basis of gastroenterology, but we must also think about the humanistic basis of gastrointestinal practice. Science, after all, is the means, not the end, of medicine. The purpose of medicine is the cure of disease and the relief of pain, and that involves thinking of men and women and not just of stomachs and livers. By humanistic I imply no specifically secular bias (as opposed to a religious one), but simply use the word to emphasize the human, personal side of medicine where our moral dilemmas and decisions lie. Parenteral nutrition, for example, makes it possible to keep alive for some months an anencephalic trisomy 13 newborn, if we do not ask why we are preserving a human form without a human brain. Every year it is easier to transplant a liver to give an alcoholic with cirrhosis a new life to drink away, if we do not ask how our reserves are to be used. What can be done is not necessarily what should done.
Technology-enhanced workshop on grammar and punctuation

A structuralist approach to teaching grammar stresses the concrete, observable features that make up the signaling system of language-things like word order, inflection, and the use of function words. Structural grammar attempts to develop the student's sentence sense by studying the most common sentence patterns. The six basic sentence patterns can be combined to create compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences. In this workshop, you will be provided with exercises and the breakdown process for analyzing sentences and be given a chance to experiment with the online tutorials for the structuralist approach to grammar, punctuation, and style. The purpose of this workshop is three-fold: to introduce you to a structuralist approach to grammar and punctuation, to provide you with an opportunity to experiment with this approach, and to solicit your feedback for the usefulness of this approach for editors and new technical communicators.
Intensity‐, Interferometric‐, and Scattering‐Based Optical‐Fiber Sensors

This article presents the sensing mechanics, strain and temperature sensitivity, and data-acquisition techniques for optical-fiber sensors based on intensity, phase shifts, and intrinsic scattering. Such sensors are well suited for health-monitoring applications. The utilization of standard optical fibers for the measurement of strain through fiber fractures or microbending is described. Afterward, the equation for the phase shift in a lightwave propagating through an optical fiber is derived. The sensitivity of this phase shift to external parameters such as strain and temperature is also derived and typical values for fused silica optical fibers cited. The measurement of this phase shift through Mach–Zehnder and Michelson in-fiber interferometer configurations is presented. Active and passive homodyne techniques for the interrogation of these periodic phase shift signals to alleviate directional ambiguity and signal fading near quadrature points are described. The alternative interferometer configurations of low-coherence and Fabry–Perot interferometers are described, which provide absolute measurements of strain and/or temperature for large structural applications. Finally, the measurement of distributed strain and temperatures through intrinsic scattering phenomena with the optical fiber and, in particular, stimulated Brillouin scattering is summarized. Keywords: intensiometric sensor; microbend sensor; in-fiber interferometer; Mach–Zehnder interferometer; Michelson interferometer; low-coherence inteferometry; Fabry–Perot interferometer; Brillouin scattering
Programming multi-stack structures in an assembly language course

Computer concepts utilizing a new design or architecture are often too sophisticated for the majority of lower level undergraduates. This paper presents a methodology for introducing a model of a multi-stack structure into a PC Assembly Language programming curriculum. Although the techniques incorporate state of the art programming, they are presented at a level commensurate with the ability of a second-year student, such that they can be introduced at an early point in the course. The use of a stack frame is demonstrated, and students are shown that stacks have capabilities beyond that of storing values of registers and return addresses. As assembly language is used, students will also gain an insight into the compilation process.
Developing Rating Curves for Bedrock Step-Pool Rivers using Sparse Data

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of a generic rating curve with a small number of adjustable parameters for the restricted class of bedrock step-pool rivers. The motivation for this study arose from Utah Valley University's long-term program of groundwater development in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which requires hydrographs for bedrock step-pool rivers near remote mountain villages. Based upon personal communications from USGS state hydrologists and Google Earth satellite images and aerial photos, 71 USGS active or historic gaging sites were identified as bedrock step-pool rivers, involving 403 rating numbers and 13,409 gage height vs. discharge measurements. For comparison, 71 gaging sites were chosen randomly, involving 268 rating numbers and 7617 gage height vs. discharge measurements. As the distributions of gage heights and discharges were a good fit to a lognormal distribution, the data were normalized by computing the Z-scores of the logarithms of discharge and gage height, in which the average and standard deviation were computed separately for each rating number. The linear relationships between Z-scores of gage height (y-axis) and discharge (x-axis) were surprisingly similar for bedrock step-pool and random rivers. For bedrock step-pool rivers, the slope was 0.8829 with R 2 = 0.78, while for random rivers, the slope was 0.8467 with R 2 = 0.72. Numerical experiments on generating rating curves based on two random measurements for each rating number showed that 50% of all observed discharges deviated from predicted discharges by less than 31.0% for bedrock step-pool rivers and 27.3% for random rivers.
REGULATING DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER ADVERTISING WITH TORT LAW: IS THE LAW FINALLY CATCHING UP WITH THE MARKET?

Should direct-to-consumer advertising ofprescription drugs im­ pose any tort duty on the drug manufacturer and advertiser to ensure that the advertisements present a fair picture of the risks and benefits of the drug? Until very recently, the answer of American courts has overwhelmingly been "no." However, recently there has been both a rise in concern over the content and effects of direct-to-consumer ad­ vertisements and signs of an emerging trend among courts to con­ sider the possibility that a drug company that chooses to bypass traditional avenues of communication of information about prescrip­ tion drugs should bear responsibility in tort for the content of its di­ rect communications with consumers. This emerging trend has not yet reached critical mass, however, and in at least one case, the pen­ dulum has arguably swung too far in the opposite direction. This Article will discuss recent developments in the litigation surrounding direct-to-consumer advertising, and suggest avenues of development for tort law in this important area. The American experiment with product-specific, direct-to-con­ sumer advertising of prescription drugs is, as of this writing, approx­ imately twenty years old. l Despite two decades of increasing spending on such advertisements? reviews of this practice are de­ cidedly mixed. Few other industrialized nations permit such adver­ * Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, University of Louisville Louis D. Brandeis School of Law. 1. See Timothy S. Hall, Bypassing the Learned Intermediary: Potential Liability for Failure to Warn in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising, 2 CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL'y 449, 451-52 (1993). 2. Spending on direct-to-consumer advertising in 2007 was estimated at $4.8 bil­ lion, up three-hundred percent from 1997. Stephanie Saul, For Jarvik Heart Pioneer, Drug Ads Raise Profile and Questions, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 7, 2008, at AI; see also Steve Lohr, Publications on Fitness and Health Head to Web, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 17, 2007, at
Automating the Construction of Authority Files in Digital Libraries: A Case Study

The issue of quality control has become increasingly important as more online databases are integrated into digital libraries. This can have a dramatic effect on the search effectiveness of an online system. Authority work, the need to discover and reconcile variant forms of strings in bibliographic entries, will become more difficult. Spelling variants, misspellings, translation and transliteration differences all increase the difficulty of retrieving information. This paper is a case study of our efforts to create an authority file for authors'' institutional affiliations in the Astrophysics Data System. The techniques surveyed here for the detection and categorization of variant forms have broader applicability and may be used in authority work for other bibliographic fields.
POSITION EFFECTS AND VARIEGATION ENHANCERS IN AN AUTOSOMAL REGION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

A dominant eye color mutation was found associated with a third chromosome inversion broken distally at or near the karmoisin (kar) locus in 87C and proximally within centric heterochromatin. Suppressibility of the mutant phenotype by an extra Y chromosome indicated that this was an example of dominant position-effect variegation. When heterozygous with deficiencies uncovering the kar locus, this inversion chromosome was found to be lethal unless a region in 87EF was also deleted. Extra Y chromosomes rescued inversion/deletion heterozygotes, while removal of the Y chromosome from heterozygous males deficient for the region in 87EF was lethal. Thus, a variegating lethal lies near the breakpoint in 87C, and a wild-type gene that enhances its variegation lies in 87EF. Furthermore, deletion of the region in 87EF was found to strongly suppress white-mottled-4 (wm4) variegation, while deletion of another region in 87BC suppressed less strongly. These results indicate that essential genes on autosomes are sensitive to position effects, and loci that enhance variegation, as defined by deficiency mapping, are very common.
Reexamination of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Structural Mutants in Drosophila Using Protein Blotting

Using protein blotting and an immuno-overlay procedure, we have reexamined the cross-reacting material produced by ADH null-activity mutants generated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Of the 13 mutants, 11 have an immunodetectable polypeptide of wild-type size. The native and urea denatured isoelectric points (pI) establish that 7 of 13 of the mutations have no effect on protein charge. The electrophoretic mobilities of each variant on increasing percent acrylamide gels (Ferguson analysis), reveal that 9 of the 11 immunodetectable mutants have retained the ability to form dimers under native conditions. None of the inactive mutant proteins has the ability to form the "adduct-bound" isozyme. We have found no correlation between protein pI and in vivo stability. The observed frequencies of specific charge class alterations do not dispute the propensity of G:A transitions previously found for EMS mutagenesis.
When things go wrong

When performing simulation projects, all analysts or project managers are taught to follow the simulation process: Define, Formulate, Verify/Validate, Analyze, and Recommend. However, few of us are taught what to do when all does not go well. Most projects have at least one bump in the road which if not smoothed out as soon as possible can become a crater that can swallow the project and all team members. This presentation gives examples of when things went wrong and what was done to correct these issues.
A MODEL FOR ASSESSING STUDENT INTERACTION WITH EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE

We present a simple model of generative learning that permits us to define four kinds of interactions and a system for tracing and recording how students use educational technology. We believe that this model will maintain a link between interaction and learning, thus providing one method for the assessment of a wide range of educational technology environments. Two results are presented from an evaluation of ConStatS, a program for teaching conceptual understanding of probability and statistics. The results illustrate the kinds of insight into generative learning that a detailed trace method can provide.
Evidence for deconfined quantum criticality in a two-dimensional Heisenberg model with four-spin interactions.

Using ground-state projector quantum Monte Carlo simulations in the valence-bond basis, it is demonstrated that nonfrustrating four-spin interactions can destroy the N\'eel order of the two-dimensional $S=1/2$ Heisenberg antiferromagnet and drive it into a valence-bond solid (VBS) phase. Results for spin and dimer correlations are consistent with a single continuous transition, and all data exhibit finite-size scaling with a single set of exponents, $z=1$, $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, and $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. The unusually large $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and an emergent $U(1)$ symmetry, detected using VBS order parameter histograms, provide strong evidence for a deconfined quantum critical point.
Science today and yesterday

I have been asked to summarize the papers of this symposium. Now this is a very difficult task because it was impossible for me to have any opportunity to see the papers before what I was supposed to write had to be ready. I am reminded of a situation which occurs occasionally in conducting classes in which a student wants to ask a question but doesn’t know quite what the question is that he wishes to ask. Under these circumstances I encourage him to try, in the hope that I may find the question which he should have asked and then answer that. And so, in the present instance, if I were to follow strictly my assignment, and in the absence of knowledge as to what is contained in the papers which I am supposed to discuss and have not seen, I should myself have to write a series of corresponding papers representing the papers which I think should have been written and attempt to discuss these. This would not be very complimentary to the distinguished authors of the various articles, and so I am somewhat at a loss in this assignment. I have a suspicion that I am not the first who has been asked to undertake the assignment. In fact, I know I suggested some potential victims. I will not say who they were, since I have no desire to increase the number of my enemies. However, all of the aforesaid potential victims refused to take on the task, so in desperation, the Editorial Board has turned to me, conscious of the fact that avenues of escape are not so readily available to me as to the others; and if I protest as to the nature of the assignment, I am met with the request, or command, “Well, you write something.” In the light of the above situation, I can do naught but meditate. And as I meditate’, I try to form a picture of what kind of a symposium this would have been if it had been held 300 years ago and how it would have compared with symposia in other fields of learning. A symposium on literature held 300 years ago would have the basic classics of all time to work on, it would have Shakespeare, it would have Horace, it would have Virgil. Yes, I believe that while the symposium on literature would cover rather different material today than it would have covered 300 years ago, the plane of sophistication would not be very greatly different. A similar remark might be made about a symposium on art-on sculpture and on painting (if we could only keep the modernists quiet). Even in music, while the wealth of literature would be much greater today than 300 years ago, at any rate if we should change
Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease)

Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is an obliterative venulitis of the terminal hepatic venules, which in its more severe forms imparts a high risk of mortality. SOS, also known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD), occurs as a result of cytoreductive therapy prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), following oxaliplatin-containing adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver and treated by partial hepatectomy, in patients taking pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing herbal remedies, and in other particular settings such as the autosomal recessive condition of veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency (VODI). A central pathogenic event is toxic destruction of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC), with sloughing and downstream occlusion of terminal hepatic venules. Contributing factors are SEC glutathione depletion, nitric oxide depletion, increased intrahepatic expression of matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and activation of clotting factors. The clinical presentation of SOS includes jaundice, development of right upper-quadrant pain and tender hepatomegaly, ascites, and unexplained weight gain. Owing to the potentially critical condition of these patients, transjugular biopsy may be the preferred route for liver biopsy to exclude other potential causes of liver dysfunction and to establish a diagnosis of SOS. Treatment includes rigorous fluid management so as to avoid excessive fluid overload while avoiding too rapid diuresis or pericentesis, potential use of pharmaceutics such as defibrotide, coagulolytic agents, or methylprednisolone, and liver transplantation. Proposed strategies for prevention and prophylaxis include reduced-intensity conditioning radiation for HSCT, treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid, and inclusion of bevacizumab with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapeutic regimes. While significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of SOS and in mitigating against its adverse outcomes, this condition remains a serious complication of a selective group of medical treatments.
Putting POP to the pavement: captains in the Charlotte–Mecklenburg Police Department share their experiences

Problem‐oriented policing (POP) has been in existence for approximately 30 years. Very little research has examined officer perceptions pertaining to their engagement in POP. This research utilizes interviews with captains in the Charlotte–Mecklenburg Police Department to explore officer behaviors and perceptions pertaining to their engagement in POP. A content themes analysis conducted on the captain interviews provides a discussion regarding what the captains feel is necessary to successful POP projects, what they feel has contributed to the success/failure of their projects, what they have learned from their engagement in POP efforts, how they have implemented POP and how they supervise officers engaging in POP.
An exploration of toy content of preschool children's home environments as a predictor of cognitive development

A content analysis of toys and materials found in the homes of preschool age children was done to determine what items were most predictive of various cognitive abilities. The home items were classified on the play categories of physical, microsymbolic, macrosymbolic, structured, and fluids and then scaled. Using play‐material scales, SES, age, sex as predictor variables, regression was performed against the subvariables of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities of verbal, perceptual‐performance, quantitative, memory, and motor abilities. Structured was most predictive of verbal; structured, fluids, and microsymbolic predictive of perceptual‐performance; structured for quantitative; macrosymbolic, microsymbolic, and structured for memory; and physical for motor abilities. SES was predictive of verbal, quantitative, memory, and motor while age was predictive of perceptual‐performance.
Energy Dependence of Charged Pions Produced at 180° in 0.8-4.89-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions

High-energy charged pions produced at 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in 0.8-4.89-GeV proton-nucleus collisions have been studied. Both the slopes of the energy spectra and the $\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}}$ ratios increase rapidly with primary energy up to \ensuremath{\sim} 3-4 GeV, where limiting values appear to be reached. The dependence on target mass also changes over this energy range. Unlike forward pion-production results, backward pions at these energies do not obey the scaling law suggested by Schmidt and Blankenbecler.
Effect of Cloud Fraction on Near-Cloud Aerosol Behavior in the MODIS Atmospheric Correction Ocean Color Product

Characterizing the way satellite-based aerosol statistics change near clouds is important for better understanding both aerosol-cloud interactions and aerosol direct radiative forcing. This study focuses on the question of whether the observed near-cloud increases in aerosol optical thickness and particle size may be explained by a combination of two factors: (i) Near-cloud data coming from areas with higher cloud fractions than far-from-cloud data and (ii) Cloud fraction being correlated with aerosol optical thickness and particle size. This question is addressed through a statistical analysis of aerosol parameters included in the MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) ocean color product. Results from ten Septembers (2002–2011) over part of the northeast Atlantic Ocean confirm that the combination of these two factors working together explains a significant but not dominant part (in our case, 15%–30%) of mean optical thickness changes near clouds. Overall, the findings show that cloud fraction plays a large role in shaping the way aerosol statistics change with distance to clouds. This implies that both cloud fraction and distance to clouds are important to consider when aerosol-cloud interactions or aerosol direct radiative effects are examined in satellite or modeling studies.
Salt intake and plasma renin activity in the freshwater turtle.

In mammals, a well-documented inverse relationship exists between oral salt intake and plasma renin activity (PRA). We carried out this study to determine if a similar relationship exists in the freshwater turtle Pseudemys scripta. Three groups of turtles (N = 8 for each group) were fed different amounts of salt dissolved in distilled water (2 cc/kg). The high salt group received 580 mg (10 mEq) NaCl/kg twice per week, the medium salt group received 290 mg (5 mEq) NaCl/kg twice per week, and the low salt (control) group received 2 cc/kg distilled water twice per week with no salt. The animals were weighed weekly and blood was collected by cardiac puncture after 3 and 6 weeks of salt loading and again 3 weeks after termination of the salt loading. PRA and plasma electrolytes (PNa, PK, PCl) were determined. The low salt (control) group showed no changes in any of the measured variables throughout the 9-week study. At 3 weeks the following mean values were obtained for the control group: PNa, 119.5 ± 7.2 mEq/liter; PK, 5.0 ± 1.0 mEq/liter; PCl, 74.1 ± 2.6 mEq/liter; PRA, 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml/hr. In the medium salt group, no significant changes were seen until 3 weeks after termination of the salt loading when PNa and PRA were elevated to 137.9 ± 3.6 mEq/liter and 1.9 ± 0.2 ng/ml/hr, respectively (P < 0.05 compared to control). In the high salt group, PNa (136.5 ± 6.5 mEq/liter) was elevated after 3 weeks of salt loading. At 6 weeks, PNa (136.8 ± 4.9 mEq/liter) remained elevated in the high salt group and PCl (86.3 ± 1.3 mEq/liter) and PRA (1.7 ± 0.2 ng/ml/hr) also increased significantly (P < 0.05 compared to control in each case). Three weeks after termination of salt loading, PNa (136.8 ± 3.3 mEq/liter), PCl (88.0 ± 1.6 mEq/liter), and PRA (1.9 ± 0.2 ng/ml/hr) remained elevated (P < 0.05 in each case) in the high salt group while PK dropped to 3.5 ± 1.6 mEq/liter (P < 0.05). The results show that after 6 weeks of salt loading sufficient to raise PNa in the turtle, PRA was significantly elevated.
Dimerization and Actin-bundling Properties of Villin and Its Role in the Assembly of Epithelial Cell Brush Borders

Villin is a major actin-bundling protein in the brush border of epithelial cells. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that villin can bundle actin filaments using a single F-actin binding site, because it has the ability to self-associate. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we demonstrate villin self-association in living cells in microvilli and in growth factor-stimulated cells in membrane ruffles and lamellipodia. Using sucrose density gradient, size-exclusion chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight, the majority of villin was identified as a monomer or dimer. Villin dimers were also identified in Caco-2 cells, which endogenously express villin and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells that ectopically express villin. Using truncation mutants of villin, site-directed mutagenesis, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, an amino-terminal dimerization site was identified that regulated villin self-association in parallel conformation as well as actin bundling by villin. This detailed analysis describes for the first time microvillus assembly by villin, redefines the actin-bundling function of villin, and provides a molecular mechanism for actin bundling by villin, which could have wider implications for other actin cross-linking proteins that share a villin-like headpiece domain. Our study also provides a molecular basis to separate the morphologically distinct actin-severing and actin-bundling properties of villin.
Solution of the Percus-Yevick equation for the Widom-Rowlinson model☆

Abstract The Percus-Yevick equation for the Widom-Rowlinson model is solved exactly in one and three dimensions. In one dimension the direct correlation function is obtained explicitely. In three dimensions only the thermodynamic properties have been obtained so far implicitely in terms of elliptic integrals, and there is a maximum density beyond which the P.Y. equation has no solution and that before that density is ‘critical density’ at which the homogenous state becomes unstable.
BAYESIAN INFERENCE IN TWO‐PHASE PREVALENCE STUDIES

This paper discusses Bayesian methods for the assessment of the prevalence of a disorder based on data from a two-phase design with a short screening instrument administered at the first phase followed by an in-depth diagnostic instrument given at the second phase. In calculating the posterior distributions of the quantities of interest, for example, the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity, and predictive distributions, we used the Gibbs sampler. We illustrate our approach by assessing the prevalence of depression in adolescents with use of data attained from a two-phase design.
Enantioselective reductive amination of α-keto acids to α-amino acids by a pyridoxamine cofactor in a protein cavity

Adipocyte lipid binding protein (ALBP) is a small 131 residue protein with a simple architecture that consists of two orthogonal planes of β-sheet secondary structure. This protein binds a variety of fatty acids in a large cavity formed between the two sheets such that the bound ligands are completely enclosed within the protein. In this paper, the synthesis of an ALBP conjugate (ALBP-PX) containing a pyridoxamine cofactor attached to a thiol within the protein interior is described. The conjugate was characterized by mass spectrometry, UV/vis spectroscopy, and gel filtration chromatography. ALBP-PX reductively aminates a number of alkyl, aryl, and side chain functionalized α-keto acids to α-amino acids with enantioselectivities as high as 94% ee.
Changes in and Current Status of Obstetrician-Gynecologists' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Regarding Immunization

Vaccines are important tools for disease prevention and, in obstetric patients, to prevent transmission to infants. Obstetrician-gynecologists are well situated to screen for immunization status of women of child-bearing age and to provide appropriate vaccinations. A series of research investigated obstetrician-gynecologists' beliefs, practices, and knowledge regarding immunization. Surveys were sent out in 2007 to Fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Most obstetrician-gynecologists viewed screening for vaccine-preventable diseases to be within their professional role, and a majority administers at least some vaccines. Over half agreed financial factors (eg, inadequate reimbursement, cost of storing vaccines) were barriers to vaccine administration. Other perceived barriers were a concern over safety of vaccinations during pregnancy and a view that administering vaccines was not part of their usual practice. They were also concerned about their level of training. A majority believed their immunization training was less than adequate, and believed their practice would benefit from continuing medical education courses. One study identified changes in Michigan obstetrician-gynecologists' attitudes, knowledge and practices since 2000. More Michigan ob-gyns are assessing vaccination needs, viewing this as part of their professional purview, and, in general, their knowledge of vaccine recommendations has improved. Concerns over the safety of vaccines in pregnancy as well as financial burdens of immunization have increased. Immunization is an important part of women's health care and has been, at least partially, incorporated into obstetrician-gynecologist practice. Financial burdens and physician concerns over training remain barriers to vaccine administration.
Preoperative Assessment of the Carotid Bifurcation: Can Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Duplex Ultrasonography Replace Contrast Arteriography?

Background and Purpose Noninvasive studies are used with increasing frequency to assess the carotid bifurcation before endarterectomy. Therefore, assessment of their diagnostic accuracies is essential for appropriate patient management. We prospectively evaluate two noninvasive tests, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and duplex ultrasonography (DU), as potential replacements for contrast arteriography (CA). Methods A blinded comparison of three-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) MRA, two-dimensional TOF MRA, and DU in 176 arteries was performed. CA was used as the standard of comparison. Results Three-dimensional TOF MRA had a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 85%, and an accuracy of 88% for the identification of 70% to 99% stenosis; two-dimensional TOF MRA had a sensitivity and specificity that were approximately 10% lower than those of three-dimensional TOF MRA. DU resulted in a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 83%, and an accuracy of 86%. Combining data from three-dimensional TOF MRA and DU, allowing for CA only for disparate results, yielded a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 91%, and an accuracy of 94% among concordant noninvasive tests, with CA required in 16% of arteries. MRA accurately differentiated 17 carotid occlusions from 16 high-grade (90% to 99%) stenoses, whereas with DU two patent arteries were identified as occluded and one occluded artery was identified as patent. Conclusions Three-dimensional TOF MRA is the most accurate noninvasive test. Combined use of MRA and DU results in a marked increase in accuracy to a level that obviates the need for CA in a majority of patients.
The 6 Centimeter Light Curves of B0957+561, 1979-1994: New Features and Implications for the Time Delay

We report on 15 years of VLA monitoring of the gravitational lens B0957+561 at 6 cm. Since our last report in 1992, there have been 32 additional observations, in which both images have returned to their quiescent flux density levels and the A image has brightened again. We estimate the time delay from the light curves using three different techniques: structure function analysis with ?2 fitting, dispersion analysis, and a discrete correlation function. Confidence intervals for these time delay estimates are found using Monte Carlo techniques. With the addition of the new observations, it has become obvious that five observations from spring 1990 are not consistent with the statistical properties of the rest of the light curves, so we analyze the light curves with those points removed, as well as the complete light curves. The three statistical techniques applied to the two versions of the data set result in time delay values in the range 398-461 days (or 1.09-1.26 yr, A leading B), each with ~5% formal uncertainty. The corresponding flux ratios (B/A) are in the range 0.698-0.704. Thus, the new features in the light curve show that the time delay is less than 500 days, in contrast with analysis of earlier versions of the radio light curves. The large range in the time delay estimates is primarily due to unfortunate coincidences of observing gaps with flux variations.
Study of argon-based penning gas mixtures for use in proportional counters

Abstract Results from an experimental investigation of three Penning gas mixtures, namely argon-acetylene (Ar-C2H2), argon-xenon (Ar-Xe) and argon-xenon-trimethylamine (Ar-Xe-TMA), are reported. The measurements, carried out in cylindrical geometry as well as parallel plate geometry detectors, demonstrate that the Ar-C2H2 mixtures show a significant Penning effect even at an acetylene concentration of 10% and provide the best energy resolution among all the argon-based gas mixtures (≤13% FWHM at 5.9 keV and 6.7% at 22.2 keV). In the parallel plate detector the Ar-C2H2 fillings provide a resolution of ≈ 7% FWHM at 22.2 keV up to a gas gain of at least ⋍10 4 . The nonmetastable Penning mixture Ar-Xe provides the highest gas gain among all the argon-based gas mixtures and is well suited for use in long-duration space-based experiments. Best results are obtained with 5% and 20% Xe in Ar, the energy resolution being ⋍ 7% FWHM at 22.2 keV and ⋍ 4.5% at 59.6 keV for gas gain ⪅103. Addition of ≥1% TMA to an 80% Ar-20% Xe mixture produces a dramatic increase in gas gain but the energy resolution remains unaffected (≈ 7% FWHM at 22.2 keV). This increase in gas gain is attributed to the occurrence of a Penning effect between Xe and TMA, the ionization potential of TMA being 8.3 eV, just below the xenon metastable potential of 8.39 eV.
Electrothermal supercharging in mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry of native proteins.

Electrothermal supercharging of protein ions formed by electrospray ionization from buffered aqueous solutions results in significant increases to both the maximum and average charge states compared to native mass spectrometry in which ions are formed from the same solutions but with lower spray potentials. For eight of the nine proteins investigated, the maximum charge states of protonated ions formed from native solutions with electrothermal supercharging is greater than those obtained from conventional denaturing solutions consisting of water/methanol/acid, although the average charging is slightly lower owing to contributions of small populations of more folded low charge-state structures. Under these conditions, electrothermal supercharging is slightly less effective for anions than for cations. Equivalent sequence coverage (80%) is obtained with electron transfer dissociation of the same high charge-state ion of cytochrome c formed by electrothermal supercharging from native solutions and from denat...
Weighted resolvent estimates for Volterra operators on unbounded intervals

The interval may be bounded or unbounded, including the case of the whole real line, and the kernel V(r, q) is supposed to be such that V maps X into X (we shall make precise assumptions later). The case of a bounded interval f with X = W(Y) and V( q is classical. In this case, the operator V is bounded and its spectrum consists of (0). In other words, the spectral radius of V is zero. A standard proof of these two facts is to prove that for 13 # 0 the Neumann series for the inverse of (AZV) converges with respect to the operator norm. The purpose of this note is to study the case of a possibly unbounded
BEYOND MOBILITY:THE LIMITS OF LIBERAL URBAN POLICY

Liberalism remains the dominant philosophical perspective underlying the development of urban public policy in the United States. At the heart of Liberal Urban Policy lies a Mobility Paradigm, whic...
High-precision recording of the action potential in isolated cardiomyocytes using the near-infrared fluorescent dye di-4-ANBDQBS.

The use of voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes (VSD) for noninvasive measurement of the action potential (AP) in isolated cells has been hindered by low-photon yield of the preparation, dye toxicity, and photodynamic damage. Here we used a new red-shifted VSD, di-4-ANBDQBS, and a fast electron-multiplied charge-coupled device camera for optical AP (OAP) recording in guinea pig cardiac myocytes. Loading di-4-ANBDQBS did not alter APs recorded with micropipette. With short laser exposures (just enough to record one OAP every 1–5 min), di-4-ANBDQBS yielded fluorescent signals with very high signal-to-background ratios (change in fluorescence on depolarization/fluorescence at resting potential: 19.2 ± 4.1%) and signal-to-noise ratios (40 ± 13.2). Quantum chemical calculations comparing the ANBDQ chromophore to the conventional ANEP chromophore showed that the higher wavelength and the greater voltage sensitivity of the former have the same electro-optical origin: a longer path for electron redistribution in the excited state. OAP closely tracked simultaneously recorded electrical APs, permitting measurement of AP duration within 1% error. Prolonged laser exposure caused progressive AP duration prolongation and instability. However, these effects were alleviated or abolished by reducing the dye concentration and by perfusion with antioxidants. Thus the presented technique provides a unique opportunity for noninvasive AP recording in single cardiomyocytes.
One- and two-receptor models of opioid drug action.

Abstract The history of models for opioid drug receptors is traced and two currently proposed models are compared, the first envisaging two rigid receptors, one for agonists and one for antogonists, while the second model postulates one single flexible receptor which in its native conformation fits opioid antagonists but is distorted when it binds to agonists. Important recent experiments are satisfactorily interpreted by both models but the flexible one-receptor model requires fewer assumptions and explains more facts.
Regulation of Sodium‐Calcium Exchange in Intact Myocytes by ATP and Calcium

Regulation of Na-Ca exchange activity by ATP and by intracellular Ca (Cai) has been studied in suspensions of intact Na-loaded adult rat cardiac myocytes using 45Ca uptake and exchange of 22Na. ATP depletion of Na-loaded myocytes results in a strong inhibition of the Na-Ca exchanger, manifested as a strong inhibition of intracellular Na-dependent Ca uptake. Ca uptake by Na-loaded cells in the course of ATP depletion can be very heterogeneous because of the heterogeneity amongst cells of the extent of ATP depletion. This can result in a false measure of the dependence of exchanger activity on cell ATP content. Under conditions intended to maximize the uniformity of cell ATP content amongst cells we found a half maximal rate of Ca uptake with a cell ATP content of 1.96 nmol/mg, about 10% of the normal cell ATP level. The results suggest that ATP depletion after ischemia plus reperfusion is unlikely to limit the rate of Ca uptake by Na-Ca exchange in the whole heart if at least one quarter of the ATP is restored. Ca addition to myocytes loaded with Na in the absence of Ca results in a strong activation of the Na-Ca exchanger at an intracellular site, manifested as a large activation of Na-Na exchange activity. A similar activation of the exchanger is observed in cells with a normal level of intracellular Na, suspended in a medium containing physiological levels of Ca, when the cells are stimulated to beat by application of an electric field. This suggests that regulation of the exchanger by Cai is important physiologically, in the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling. Cells depleted of ATP show not only a strongly inhibited rate of Na-Ca exchange and Na-Na exchange, but also a strongly reduced degree of activation by Cai, even in ATP-depleted cells with no acidosis. This could result from the combined effect of ATP loss and an elevated intracellular Mg concentration on Ca binding affinity at the regulatory site.
Intrathoracic lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphoma

Abstract The Spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders is truly a continuum from benign diseases to malignant aggressive lymphomas. Remarkable advances in laboratory techniques of monoclonal antibody production and molecular biology over the last decade allow more sophisticated analysis of these diseases. It is now apparent that some entities previously labeled “benign” are actually non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. We review the current knowledge of this spectrum including the histopathologic and clinical findings, as well as the radiographic characteristics. Understanding the diseases, treatment challenges, and follow-up requirements aids the radiologist in a more efficient and cost-effective evaluation of these patients.
A fast total information readout system for multiwire proportional chambers

Abstract An electronics readout system to be used with multiwire proportional chambers is described which preserves the intrinsic time resolution of the chamber pulses for high background experiments, allows for an arbitrary number of wire hits on each wire plane in the system, while at the same time optimizing the event rate for the entire data transfer to the computer and tape in binary-coded format.
μ-Opposing actions of the κ-opioid receptor

Pharmacological studies and recent research using genetic approaches have indicated that most actions of exogenous opioids, such as morphine, are mediated through the mu-opioid receptor. By contrast, the function of the kappa-opioid receptor in opioid actions largely remains unclear. In this article, Zhizhong Z. Pan discusses the accumulating evidence that activation of the kappa-receptor antagonizes various mu-receptor-mediated actions in the brain, including analgesia, tolerance, reward and memory processes. The neural mechanism for this potentially ubiquitous mu-opposing function of the kappa-receptor is believed to involve distinct locations of the two opioid receptors on physiologically different cell types in local neuronal networks that are implicated in an opioid action.
Determining the stego algorithm for JPEG images

The goal of forensic steganalysis is to detect the presence of embedded data and to eventually extract the secret message. A necessary step towards extracting the data is determining the steganographic algorithm used to embed the data. In the paper, we construct blind classifiers capable of detecting steganography in JPEG images and assigning stego images to six popular JPEG embedding algorithms. The classifiers are support vector machines that use 23 calibrated DCT feature calculated from the luminance component.
On the geometrical arrangements of mutually bonded particles of quantum systems

Abstract The conceptual, logical, dynamical and symmetry restrictions on geometrical arrangement operators constructed for mutually bonded quantum particles are examined. It is established that realistic and relatively precise geometrical arrangements can be ascribed to the constituent nuclei of molecules, but not to their electrons. A new non-adiabatic method for approximating molecular energy eigenfunctions and eigenvalues is obtained in which only non-singular electron—nuclei interactions occur, arising from appropriate average of the Coulomb attractions between them. Optical isomers and their durability are examined in terms of their geometrical arrangements.
A micromethod using gas-liquid chromatography for measuring individual fatty acids liberated during interaction of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and lipoprotein lipase.

Abstract Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) are catabolized by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) with liberation of fatty acids (FA). This communication details a sensitive and specific micromethod for the measurement of fatty acids liberated during the in vitro interaction of LPL and TRL. TRL was isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation. LPL was isolated from bovine milk. TRL and LPL were incubated in an albumin-containing buffer. Liberated FA were extracted using isopropanol and hexane followed by a second extraction using trimethyl-(α,α,α-trifluoro- m -tolyl)ammonium hydroxide. Methyl ester FA derivatives were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Normal fasting very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) from fasting human plasma yielded six peaks corresponding to fatty acids 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2. The major peaks comprised fatty acids 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2. The method detected fatty acids in the microgram (nanomolar) range using very small (less than 1 mg) amounts of VLDL TG. FA liberation was linear with enzyme concentration and time and showed typical substrate saturation kinetics. Development of this method will allow more direct approaches relating to factors regulating the liberation of specific FA in the LPL-TRL interaction.