cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic opportunities for pain medicines via targeting of specific translation signaling mechanisms.

Abstract As the population of the world ages and as more and more people survive diseases that used to be primary causes of mortality, the incidence of severe chronic pain in most of the world has risen dramatically. This type of pain is very difficult to treat and the opioid overdose epidemic that has become a leading cause of death in the United States and other parts of the world highlights the urgent need to develop new pain therapeutics. A common underlying cause of severe chronic pain is a phenotypic change in pain-sensing neurons in the peripheral nervous system called nociceptors. These neurons play a vital role in detecting potentially injurious stimuli, but when these neurons start to detect very low levels of inflammatory meditators or become spontaneously active, they send spurious pain signals to the brain that are significant drivers of chronic pain. An important question is what drives this phenotypic shift in nociceptors from quiescence under most conditions to sensitization to a broad variety of stimuli and spontaneous activity. The goal of this review is to discuss the critical role that specific translation regulation signaling pathways play in controlling gene expression changes that drive nociceptor sensitization and may underlie the development of spontaneous activity. The focus will be on advances in technologies that allow for identification of such targets and on developments in pharmacology around translation regulation signaling that may yield new pain therapeutics. A key advantage of pharmacological manipulation of these signaling events is that they may reverse phenotypic shifts in nociceptors that drive chronic pain thereby creating the first generation of disease modifying drugs for chronic pain.
Idea visibility, information diversity, and idea integration in electronic brainstorming

Despite the pervasive use of electronic media for idea generation and idea sharing, the extent and quality of idea integration and use is relatively understudied. Idea integration and use depends on information saliency but little is known about how idea integration may be facilitated by user interface features that influence information saliency. This paper examines the effect of idea visibility on idea integration and how that relationship is moderated by information diversity. Our laboratory experiment showed that although the basic level of idea integration, i.e. mere reference to partners' ideas increased when visibility increased, higher levels of idea integration decreased as visibility increased. Information diversity was found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between visibility and idea integration.
Single-Fiber EMG

Single-fiber EMG is the most sensitive electrodiagnostic measure of neuromuscular transmission and is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of disorders of the neuromuscular junction. In addition, it can be used to assess reinnervation and provides an accurate electrical correlate of fiber-type grouping. This versatility extends the utility of SFEMG to a variety of peripheral neurological and muscular disorders. The basic principles and methodology of SFEMG including the needle and hardware properties are first discussed. This is followed by a detailed account of its use in myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular transmission disorders. The chapter ends with a review on the use of SFEMG in several nerve and muscle disorders.
SELF-HELP HOUSING FOR A RURAL REGION OF THE USA

ABSTRACT A concept of partial self-help housing is proposed for Southeastern Indiana, an area in the east-central region of the U.S. where large numbers of people are unemployed. The proposal has been developed by a team composed of one architect, the author; three engineers, John Hoge, Gerard Roberto, and Andrew Bodoci, and a social planner, Edmund Mesterharm. The proposal combines traditional residential vernacular design with a patented system, the Articulated Framing System (AFS), which employs “pre-moment” to establish rigidity in the frame allowing walls to be infill only.
Fluoxetine exposure in adolescent and adult female mice decreases cocaine and sucrose preference later in life.

Background:Preclinical evidence from male subjects indicates that exposure to psychotropic medications, during early development, results in long-lasting altered responses to reward-related stimuli...
The Addicts on Main Street

Mortality rates for middle-aged whites in the U.S. are rising due to drugs, alcohol, and depression. Unique to our country, these "deaths of despair" disproportionately occur among the under-educated, who are at particular risk for dying young. At one time, less-educated persons aspired to work in the same factory as their parents, at union wages, with benefits. Those jobs, and the sense of community and prosperity and security they allowed, are evaporating. Many former workers suffer from chronic pain, which underlies America's ongoing opioid overdose epidemic. The pain is not only physical. It is psychic, spiritual, and economic.
Primary Nonanaplastic Peripheral Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma in Pediatric Patients—An Unusual Distribution Pattern of Subtypes:

Peripheral NK/T-cell lymphoma (PNKTCL) represents a group of uncommon diagnoses for children in Western countries, and studies have often necessitated multiple institutions to assemble enough cases. We retrospectively analyzed 11 cases of nonanaplastic PNKTCL in children over 19 years at our institution with comparison to several published large multi-institutional studies. Patients included 9 males and 2 females of white (5), Native American (3), and Hispanic (3) background with 6 cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (EN-NKTL, 54.6%), 3 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS, 27.2%), and 2 cases of systemic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive T-cell lymphoma of childhood (18.2%). Compared to the literature, our institution exceeded in frequency of total nonanaplastic PNKTCL (4.8% vs 0.9%-1.6%) with lesser relative incidence of PTCL-NOS (27.2% vs 42.9%-66.7%) and greater relative incidence of EN-NKTL (54.6% of cases vs 12.5%-47.6%), which significantly exceeded the literature's rate for Western institutions (13.5%). Potential influencing factors include population structure approximating those of non-Western countries with high EN-NKTL prevalence and the predisposition for EBV infection in this demography. These data suggest an uneven distribution of nonanaplastic PNKTCL in Western countries, and differential diagnoses may differ depending on practice location and associated patient population.
Incidence of pneumocystosis among patients exposed to immunosuppression

Background The decision to administer prophylaxis to patients receiving immunosuppression against pneumocystosis remains a dilemma. Objective To determine overall and age-specific 5-year pneumocystosis incidence within a population exposed to immunosuppressants. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis identifying incident pneumocystosis cases among adults without HIV, AIDS, or cancer exposed to immunosuppressant, corticosteroid therapy, or both. Results We identified 406 new cases among patients prescribed an immunosuppressant, corticosteroid, or both. Overall incidence of pneumocystosis was 0.012% (406/3,366,086). Incidence was highest in those exposed to immunosuppressant and corticosteroid medications (0.199%), followed by those exposed to immunosuppressant alone (0.012%), corticosteroid alone (0.008%), and neither medication (0.001%) (P Limitations We could not confirm dose and duration of exposures. Conclusion Incidence of pneumocystosis among patients exposed to immunosuppressants is very low. Prophylaxis for patients receiving combination immunosuppressant and corticosteroid therapy, the group at highest risk, might be warranted.
Glucose-Lowering by Leptin in the Absence of Insulin Does Not Fully Rely on the Central Melanocortin System in Male Mice

Central leptin administration can ameliorate hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient rodent models independently of insulin; however, the underlying neuronal mechanism are unclear. Here, we investigate the contribution of key elements within the central melanocortin system by examining whether central leptin injection can ameliorate hyperglycemia in total insulin-deficient mice that either lacked melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4Rs) in the whole body [knockout (KO); MC4R KO] or selectively, in single-minded homolog 1 (SIM1)-expressing neurons (SIM1ΔMC4R). We further investigated the contribution of leptin receptors (LEPRs) in agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons (AgRP∆LEPR). Leptin injections into the cerebral ventricle attenuated mortality and elevated blood glucose in total insulin-deficient MC4R KO mice. Total insulin-deficient SIM1ΔMC4R mice exhibited the same magnitude reduction of blood glucose in response to leptin injections as MC4R KO mice, suggesting SIM1 neurons are key to MC4R-mediated, insulin-independent, glucose-lowering effects of leptin. Central leptin injection also partially rescued glucose levels in total insulin-deficient AgRP∆LEPR mice. In brain slice studies, basal discharge of AgRP neurons from mice with total insulin deficiency was increased and leptin partially reduced their firing rate without membrane potential hyperpolarization. Collectively, our findings indicate that, contrary to glucose-lowering effects of leptin in the presence of insulin or partial insulin deficiency, MC4Rs in SIM1 neurons and LEPRs in AgRP neurons are not solely responsible for glucose-lowering effects of leptin in total insulin deficiency. This indicates that the central melanocortin system operates with other neuronal systems to fully mediate glucose-lowering effects of leptin in an insulin-independent manner.
The First Wave: The D-Day Warriors Who Led the Way to Victory in World War II

This book was not yet published at the time of writing, and the review is therefore based on an advance copy. Textual citations may change in the final edition.Alex Kershaw’s volume on the troops w...
Immediate Effects of Force Feedback and Plantar Somatosensory Stimuli on Inter-limb Coordination During Perturbed Walking

Single-sided motor weakness, also known as hemiparesis, is the most prevalent gait impairment among stroke survivors, which often results in gait asymmetry. Studies on robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) have shown positive effects of force feedback on spatial symmetry; somatosensory stimulation is thought to facilitate recovery of temporal symmetry. Despite the known importance of sensorimotor integration for motor recovery, interventions that incorporate RAGT and somatosensory stimuli have been largely overlooked so far. In this paper, we explore how gait symmetry can be restored in healthy subjects following unilateral foot perturbations, using adaptive assistive forces and plantar vibrotactile stimuli provided by a bilateral powered ankle-foot orthosis. Results suggest that combined force feedback and vibrotactile stimuli may be more effective than force feedback alone in reducing spatial asymmetry. Further, force feedback did not produce significant improvements in temporal symmetry, unlike the combined modality. We discuss possible implications of these preliminary findings for future training paradigms for RAGT.
Gender differences in associations between digital media use and psychological well-being: Evidence from three large datasets.

Abstract Introduction Adolescents spend an increasing amount of time using digital media, but gender differences in their use and in associations with psychological well-being are unclear. Method We drew from three large, representative surveys of 13- to 18-year-old adolescents in the U.S. and UK (total N = 221,096) examining digital media use in hours per day and several measures of psychological well-being separately in each of the three datasets. Results Adolescent girls spent more time on smartphones, social media, texting, general computer use, and online, and boys spent more time gaming and on electronic devices in general. Associations between moderate or heavy digital media use and low psychological well-being/mental health issues were generally larger for girls than for boys. Light users of digital media were slightly higher in well-being than non-users, with larger differences among boys. Among both genders, heavy users of digital media were often twice as likely as low users to be low in well-being or have mental health issues, including risk factors for suicide. Conclusions Associations between heavy digital media use and low psychological well-being are larger for adolescent girls than boys.
Lefamulin: A Novel Semisynthetic Pleuromutilin Antibiotic for Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia.

Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance, including in pathogens that cause CABP, continues to spread at an alarming rate. Because of these factors, the development of new antibiotic classes is urgently needed. Lefamulin, previously known as BC-3781, is a semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic that was approved by the Federal Drug Administration for the treatment of CABP in adults. Available in both oral and intravenous (IV) formulations, lefamulin has potent in vitro activity against both typical and atypical CABP pathogens. The first pleuromutilin to be used systemically in humans, lefamulin has a unique mechanism of action that inhibits protein synthesis by preventing the binding of tRNA for peptide transfer. This review summarizes the available data about lefamulin, including recent evidence from two phase III clinical trials (LEAP 1 and LEAP 2), and discusses its potential role in the treatment of CABP.
Laser additive manufacturing at the nanoscales under ambient conditions

Additive manufacturing at the macroscale has been used by engineers for rapid prototyping. In this paper, I introduced a new nanoparticle-desorption process that can be used for additive manufacturing at the nanoscales.
How the instant collapse of a spatially-extended quantum state is consistent with the relativity of simultaneity

A thought experiment is considered on the observation of the instantaneous collapse of an extended wave packet. According to the relativity of simultaneity, such a collapse being instantaneous in some reference frame must be a lasting process in other frames. But according to quantum mechanics, collapse is instantaneous in any frame. The probabilistic nature of quantum-mechanical phenomena eliminates any contradictions between these two apparently conflicting statements. It is shown that the consistency of quantum collapse with relativity follows directly from the Born postulate without any use of mathematical properties of quantum operators, which allows us to discuss this topic in an introductory course of modern physics. The consistency of quantum mechanics with relativity is also shown for instant disentanglement of an extended composite system.
Additions of N, O, and S heteroatoms to metal-supported carbenes: Mechanism and synthetic applications in modern organic chemistry

Abstract This chapter aims to present a selective survey of recent advances in the literature regarding the transformations of carbene-generated ylide intermediates. We will specifically discuss the transformations of ammonium, oxonium, and sulfonium ylides. This work is organized according to the type of ylide as well as the subsequent transformations the intermediates undergo. Herein we provide an overview of the rapidly expanding field of metal carbene-mediated ylide chemistry. These developments include the realization of metal-catalyzed sigmatropic rearrangement reactions with highly stereo- and enantioselectivities as well as multicomponent reactions that proceed via the trapping of ylide intermediates.
NICHE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS' ACQUISITION OF CAPITAL

Capital acquisition is one of the most challenging and important issues facing small firms. This paper examines issues related to the acquisition of capital by niche agricultural producers. Niche agricultural producers face greater capital acquisition challenges than traditional small firms because their business models are not well understood and, thus, often considered high risk. Few studies have examined the capital acquisition of niche agricultural producers despite the importance of the overall agricultural industry and niche producers. The findings show firms that are more familiar with sources of capital are more likely to acquire capital. Commercial banks have a pivotal role in providing financial advice and are an important source of capital.
Pharmacogenomic Clinical Decision Support: A Review, How-to Guide, and Future Vision

Clinical decision support (CDS) is an essential part of any pharmacogenomics (PGx) implementation. Increasingly, institutions have implemented CDS tools in the clinical setting to bring PGx data into patient care, and several have published their experiences with these implementations. However, barriers remain that limit the ability of some programs to create CDS tools to fit their PGx needs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the types, functions, and limitations of PGx CDS currently in practice. Then, we provide an approachable step-by-step how-to guide with a case example to help implementers bring PGx to the front lines of care regardless of their setting. Particular focus is paid to the five "rights" of CDS as a core around designing PGx CDS tools. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of opportunities and areas of growth for PGx CDS.
Microstructural Study of Lead Free Solder Joints Subjected to Mechanical Cyclic Loading Under Various Conditions

A common method of failure in electronic packages is the failure of solder joints. Solder joints subjected to thermal cyclic loading usually fail due to fatigue failure. This is brought about by the shear forces introduced by the different Thermal Expansion Coefficients (CTE) of the package components. Previous researches have shown that recrystallization assisted cracking plays a significant role in the fatigue failure of these solder joints. In this paper, the authors seek to observe the changes in the microstructure of SAC305 solder joints subjected to mechanical cyclic loading under various conditions. The test specimens were 3x3 BGA array of SAC305 joints sandwiched in between two FR-4 PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). The specimens were held in epoxy preforms and polished to expose the solder joints. The samples were then extracted and some of these were aged at 125 °C for 10 days. Both the aged and non-aged specimens were then isothermally mechanically cycled at either room temperature or at 100 °C. The authors then proceed to observe the differences in the microstructure due to mechanical cycling of the joint under different conditions, namely, aging, or high temperature mechanical cycling, or a combination of both. The micrographs before and after the cycling were captured by an optical microscope. The other objective of this study was to also observe if recrystallization played a part in the ultimate failure of the joints when subjected to shear mechanical cycling for each of the conditions.
Parent-child relationship and child anger proneness in infancy and attachment security at toddler age: a short-term longitudinal study of mother- and father-child dyads.

Early parent-child relationship and child negative emotionality have both been studied as contributors to attachment security, but few studies have examined whether negative emotionality can modera...
Food and Drug Association Approval Process for Devices Used in Endovascular Treatment of Stroke.

Purpose of the Review This article reviews the Food and Drug Administration9s (FDA’s) process for approval of new medical devices and describes the evolution of endovascular devices used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Recent Findings Several recent studies have established the benefit of endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke from emergent large vessel occlusion. This has led to endovascular treatment becoming the usual care in acute stroke management and has generated greater-than-ever interest in the development of newer and more effective devices. Summary In the United States, the FDA is the regulatory authority that is empowered with the approval and monitoring of new medical devices for widespread use in the population. The FDA categorizes medical devices into 3 classes based mainly on their potential risks to patients and/or users; class I devices pose the least risk and have the least stringent approval process, while class III devices pose the highest risk and undergo the most stringent and time-consuming approval process. There are 4 main pathways to approval: premarket notification, also known as the 510(k) pathway; premarket approval (PMA), de novo, and Humanitarian Device Exemption pathway. These pathways are described in detail in the article. The FDA also mandates postmarketing surveillance to identify any untoward and unexpected long-term complications.
Detection of spacecraft fire signatures and post-fire aerosols—Part I: Ground-based results

Preventing fires in spacecraft and other remote platforms is an important facet of avoiding fires that potentially compromise missions, hardware, and crew. If a fire occurs, the objective is to detect the associated fire signatures at the earliest possible time from inception, thus minimizing propagation and collateral damage while providing maximal margin for suppression. The goal is to provide detection sensitivity without introducing spurious false alarms that compromise operations and trigger responsive abatement and containment provisions. A related issue in sealed, self-contained environments is post-fire clean up, and sensors to evaluate the environmental suitability in crewed quarters. In both situations, knowledge of the particulate and/or gaseous fire signatures as they occur under the unique combination of a reduced-gravity environment and materials typical of spaceflight applications is essential for the design of spacecraft fire detectors and habitat sensors. This paper describes recent ground and spaced-based data on fire signatures, and the response of a novel multi-channel optical scattering sensor. This detector, known as the Multi-Parameter Aerosol Scattering Sensor (MPASS), determines multiple moments of the aerosol distributions. The methodology for designing a sensor with the desired response function is discussed, as well as test results that demonstrate the performance of prototype devices.
Obama's Get-Out-of-Jail-Free Decree

While agreeing that sentences for nonviolent drug offenses are too long, this Wall Street Journal op-ed piece argues that the large-scale clemency program planned by President Obama is misguided. It sets a dangerous precedent for using the clemency power beyond its traditional and intended purpose of providing a last-resort check on fairness and justice errors in individual cases, and instead uses the power to set sentencing policy. While many people will like the results of the current program, they will be less than happy when some future president uses it as precedent to promote a sentencing policy of which they disapprove.
19F-MRI for tracking NK Cells after adoptive transfer (CAM1P.240)

Natural killer (NK) cells have shown anti-tumor responses against solid tumors. However, it is not known if NK cells traffic directly to tumors and mediate their cytotoxicity, or if they indirectly mediate their anti-tumor effects by stimulating other effector cells. Current methods of tracking immune cells by imaging of 1H contrast agents, such as iron oxide particles, are not ideal as a large part of the 1H signal comes from water in the tissues. Because there are trace amounts of fluorine in the body, we have optimized the non-radioactive isotope 19-fluorine (19F) as a means of tracking human NK cells by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In vitro, we show that NK cell viability, their ability to secrete granzyme B or IFN-γ and cytotoxicity against K562 leukemia cells are not affected by 19F labeling and are similar to unlabeled cells. There was also no impact on expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors, NKG2D or DNAM-1. MR Spectroscopy has shown that NK cells highly take up 19F, with up to 10^12 atoms/cell. In vivo, 19F-labeled NK cells injected in the footpad of NOD-SCID-gamma (c)-/- mice were nontoxic and detectable by MRI. Overall, perfluorcarbon 19F labeling of NK cells represents a successful method to track and quantify the number of apparent cells in a region of interest without altering their cytotoxic function. Importantly, 19F imaging will enable us to monitor NK cells after their infusion allowing us to determine how they induce their anti-tumor effects.
Primary radiotherapy vs conservative management for localized prostate cancer - A population-based study

Primary radiotherapy vs conservative management for localized prostate cancer—a population-based study
RFID and Privacy

RFID technology is hot. Tagging of pallets and cases of consumer packaged goods is well under way. The move to embed RFID in U.S. passports has distressingly strong force, and we can confidently expect other large-scale applications to be implemented over the next few years. At the same time, not all of the technology's hype has basis, and the business case for general item-level tagging of consumer items seems equivocal. If the technology does become widespread in some facets of everyday life, that deployment will generate a substantial set of privacy threats. RFID-equipped goods and documents may blab information about themselves, and hence about the people carrying them, to people whom the subjects might not have chosen to inform. Readers' surveillance capability will follow the target through space, and reveal how the target moves through space. A target will face the most extensive privacy threats in situations where data collectors can make connections between her tag data and her personally identifying information. Some characteristics of typical implementations may mitigate those threats, but they will not eliminate them. It seems unlikely that RFID's privacy threats will be usefully addressed through privacy-sensitive design of tags and readers. A trade group has promulgated specifications for a kill command, allowing retailers to disable tags at point of sale, but I doubt that this approach will be effective. Traditional fair information practice principles. at first glance ill-suited to dealing with this technology, may suggest some more useful directions. The simplest solution, in one key area, may simply be to ensure that RFID tags attached to individual items in the retail sales chain are clearly labeled and easily removable.
Hyper Resolution and Equality Axioms without Function Substitutions

When hyperresolution used with equality axioms, the function substitution axioms tend to produce myriads of new clauses whenever a positive equality literal is present. The analogue for paramodulation is the large number of potential paramodulants where the “into” term is not at the top level of its literal.
Hemolytic and sphingomyelinase activities of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin are dependent on a domain homologous to that of an enzyme from the human arachidonic acid pathway

The N-terminal domain of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin, homologous with the nontoxic phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus, was expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to retain all of the phosphatidylcholine hydrolyzing activity of the alpha-toxin, but not the sphingomyelinase, hemolytic, or lethal activities. The C-terminal domain of alpha-toxin showed sequence and predicted structural homologies with the N-terminal region of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme from the human arachidonic acid pathway which plays a role in inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases in humans.
The high-throughput phenotyping of the viscoelastic behavior of whole mouse intervertebral discs using a novel method of dynamic mechanical testing

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is highly correlated with lower back pain, and thus understanding the mechanisms of IVD degeneration is critical for the treatment of this disease. Utilizing mouse models to probe the mechanisms of degeneration is especially attractive due to the ease of manipulating mouse models and the availability of transgenics. Yet characterizing the mechanical behavior of mice IVDs remain challenging due to their minute size (approximately 540 μm in height and 1080 μm(2) in cross sectional area). We have thus developed a simple method to dynamically characterize the mechanical properties of intact mouse IVDs. The IVDs were dissected with the endplates intact, and dynamically compressed in the axial direction at 1% and 5% peak strains at 1 Hz. Utilizing this novel approach, we examined the effects of in vitro ribosylation and trypsin digestion for 24 or 72 h on the viscoelastic behavior of the whole murine IVD. Trypsin treatment resulted in a decrease of proteoglycans and loss of disc height, while ribosylation had no effect on structure or proteoglycan composition. The 72 h ribosylation group exhibited a stiffening of the disc, and both treatments significantly reduced viscous behavior of the IVDs, with the effects being more pronounced at 5% strain. Here we demonstrate a novel high-throughput method to mechanically characterize murine IVDs and detect strain-dependent differences in the elastic and the viscous behavior of the treated IVDs due to ribose and trypsin treatments.
Effects of acceptor composition and mechanism of ABCG1-mediated cellular free cholesterol efflux.

Among the known mechanisms of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1)-mediated free cholesterol (FC) transport is the most recent and least studied. Here, we have characterized the efficiencies of different acceptors using baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells transfected with human ABCG1 cDNA, which is inducible upon treatment with mifepristone. When normalized on particle number and particle surface area, the acceptor efficiency for FC efflux was as follows: small unilamellar vesicles (SUV)>LDL>reconstituted HDL>HDL2 = HDL3. Based on phospholipid content, the order was reversed. ABCG1 also mediated phospholipid efflux to human serum and HDL3. ABCG1-mediated FC efflux correlated significantly with a number of HDL subfractions and components in serum collected from 25 normolipidemic individuals: apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) (r2 = 0.7), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) (r2 = 0.5), HDL-C (r2 = 0.4), HDL-PL (r2 = 0.4), α-2 HDL (r2 = 0.4), and preβ HDL (r2 = 0.2). ABCG1 did not enhance influx of FC or cholesteryl oleyl ether (COE) when cells were incubated with radiolabeled HDL3. ABCG1 expression did not increase the association of HDL3 with cells. Compared with control cells, ABCG1 expression significantly increased the FC pool available for efflux and the rate constant for efflux. In conclusion, composition and particle size determine the acceptor efficiency for ABCG1-mediated efflux. ABCG1 increases cell membrane FC pools and changes its rate of desorption into the aqueous phase without enhancing the association with the acceptor.
The effect of metyrapone on the 17,20-lyase from rat testis microsomes

Abstract The effect of metyrapone on the activity of the steroid 17,20-lyase from rat testis microsomes was evaluated. A competitive pattern of inhibition was observed with a K I of 1.3±0.12×10 −4 M determined for metyrapone using a least mean squares computer analysis. The substrate for the lyase induced a Type I difference spectrum in an active suspension of Triton treated microsomes. The magnitude of this spectral change was dependent on steroid concentration and was diminished by metyrapone. The effect of metyrapone was abolished at infinite steroid concentration. Aminoglutethimide had no effect on activity or the spectral changes. These results implicate cytochrome P450 as a reactant in the 17,20-lyase reaction.
Visualizing shear Alfve/spl acute/n wave currents near the ion-Cyclotron frequency

We present measurements of the three-dimensional structure of shear Alfve/spl acute/n wave currents near the ion-cyclotron frequency. The waves are launched by modulating an electron current filament with transverse size on the order of the electron collisionless skin depth. The component of the current parallel to the background magnetic field is carried by the electrons, while the cross-field current comprises both the ion-polarization and E/spl times/B currents.
PZT transduction of high-overtone contour- mode resonators

This paper presents the Butterworth-van Dyke model and quantitative comparison that explore the design space of lead zirconate titanate-only (PZT) and PZT on 3-, 5-, and 10-μm single-crystal silicon (SCS) high-overtone widthextensional mode (WEM) resonators with identical lateral dimensions for incorporation into radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) filters and oscillators. A novel fabrication technique was developed to fabricate the resonators with and without a silicon carrier layer using the same mask set on the same wafer. The air-bridge metal routings were implemented to carry electrical signals while avoiding large capacitances from the bond-pads. We theoretically derived and experimentally measured the correlation of motional impedance (RX), quality factor (Q), and resonance frequency (f) with the resonators' silicon layer thickness (tSi) up to frequencies of operation above 1 GHz.
Surface-driven electronic structure in LaFeAsO studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

We measured the electronic structure of an iron arsenic parent compound LaFeAsO using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). By comparing with a full-potential linear augmented plane wave calculation we show that the extra large $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ hole pocket measured via ARPES comes from electronic structure at the sample surface. Based on this we discuss the strong-polarization dependence of the band structure and a temperature-dependent holelike band around the $M$ point. The two phenomena give additional evidences for the existence of the surface-driven electronic structure.
A semi-automated system for quantitative densitometry of autoradiographs

We describe a semi-automatic, computerized method of quantitative densitometry for regional analysis of whole brain autoradiographs. The technique features menu-driven software and verbal prompting for data via a speech synthesizer. Advantages over manual methods include an 80% reduction in the time required for data collection, easy retrieval and statistical analysis of data, and the production of a large data base for future use. The application of this system to the [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiographic method for measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization is described. This system makes available computerized densitometry at a modest cost.
Intracardiac extension of a lung tumor causing left ventricular inflow obstruction

A patient with the diagnosis of small cell lung cancer had syncopal episodes. The tumor was found to invade the right upper pulmonary vein with extension into the left atrium. The mass was protruding across the mitral valve producing ball-valve blockade. In this report the echocardiographic signs of a primary lung tumor with intraatrial extension causing left ventricular inflow tract obstruction are described.
Occurrence of oxygen desaturation events during preterm infant bottle feeding near discharge.

Abstract Aims : The purpose of this study was to examine the occurrence, severity, pattern, and moderators of oxygen desaturation during preterm infant bottle feeding near the time of discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) when fed by mothers. Study design : Twenty-two very low birthweight (VLBW) infants [birthweight 1155±293 g, gestational age (GA) 28.1±2.0, postconceptional age (PCA) 36.5±1.6 weeks] were videotaped being bottle-fed by their mothers. Most infants (86%) were discharged within 6 days of the study. Oxygen saturation was continuously monitored and infant feeding behaviors were coded. Oxygen desaturation events (SpO 2 Results : Infants averaged 10.8 events during feeding (range 1–28, S.D. 8.9) and spent, on average, 20% of their feeding time (range 0–70%, S.D. 17.98%) with oxygen levels below 90%. One hundred forty of the desaturation events (59%) were classified as mild (SpO 2 85–89), 47 events (20%) were classified as moderate (SpO 2 81–84), and 51 events (21%) were classified as severe (SpO 2 ≤80). Events were evenly distributed across infants' feeding time. Receiving supplemental oxygen, beginning the feeding with a higher baseline SpO 2 , and being of older PCA predicted lower percentage of feeding time with SpO 2 below 90% ( R 2 =0.57). Receiving supplemental oxygen and beginning the feeding with a higher baseline SpO 2 predicted less number of desaturation events during the feeding ( R 2 =0.44). Despite similar baseline SpO 2 levels, infants who were on supplemental oxygen had 50% less oxygen desaturation events and spent 33% less time with SpO 2 less than 90%. Conclusion : VLBW infants continue to have desaturation events during feeding when fed by their mothers near the time of discharge. Further research is needed to understand the effect of hypoxemia on the preterm infant's development of oral feeding skills, to study the effects of supplemental oxygen during feeding, and to further develop interventions to minimize desaturation during feeding.
Novice Use of Qualitative versus Quantitative Problem Solving in Electrostatics.

Problem-solving behavior of six novice subjects attempting to solve an electrostatics problem in second-semester calculus-based college physics was observed and recorded. Five of the subjects were characterized as “A” or “B” students and one subject as a “D” student in introductory college physics. Although the A or B subjects were able to arrive at a “correct” solution to the problem, they exhibited major misconceptions about the problem situation as well as minimal qualitative understanding of the problem situation. The A or B subjects were successful in identifying, either from memory or written notes, equations relevant to electrostatics, whereas the D subject was not. The implication of this study is that current instruction in introductory calculus-based college physics and the students' previous science learnings place a premium on acquisition of correct quantitative solutions at the expense of qualitative understanding of physics problem situations.
α-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the American cockroach, and its use as a phenetic tool in cockroaches☆

Abstract 1. 1. Extracts from each of the fat body, thoracic and appendage muscle of both sexes of the American cockroach yielded a single disc electrophoretic GDH fraction, which was quantitative and qualitatively stable during the first 6 months of the imago. 2. 2. Enzymes extracts from 3 cockroach species were heat stable at 52° for 30 min. 3. 3. GDH patterns were highly species-specific among the 24 cockroach species analyzed. Generic relationships were postulated on the basis of R f similarity. 4. 4. Clones of parthogenetic Pycnoscelus surinamensis , with modal chromosome complements of 34 to 54, each had a single GDH fraction and all R f values were identical.
Theory and Experimentation in Studies of Audit Judgments and Decisions: Avoiding Common Research Traps

In this article, we identify and discuss four research traps into which behavioral audit scholars sometimes fall: (1) The Rush to the Explanatory Research Stage Trap; (2) The Mundane Realism Trap; (3) The Measured Variable Trap; and (4) The Audit Practitioner as Participant Trap. Throughout our discussion of these traps, we emphasize the role of theory and highlight the comparative advantages of experiments. Our discussion is designed to help aspiring researchers carefully design and execute auditing research programs.
Dynamics of synaptic integration

Typical Artificial Neural Network approaches to computation use processing elements which are combinatorial in nature, investing their computational properties in the pattern and strengths of the interconnections among them. While some aspects of nervous system function have been captured this way, other behaviors have remained obscure. Recently, techniques from nonlinear dynamics have been used to clarify the types and relationships among the complex behaviors exhibited by living neurons. This dissertation is motivated by the philosophy that the dynamics inherent in individual neurons is significant for their computational properties. Towards that end, techniques from the fields of point process mathematics and nonlinear dynamics are used to analyze information transfer across the unit of information processing in nervous systems, the synapse. This was accomplished by the development of an integrated computer environment for simulation, data analysis, and data visualization for models and data from a living preparations. The living preparation, the crayfish slowly adapting stretch receptor organ (SAO), is used for comparison with two different kinds of models. The first type of model is the leaky integrator, while the second is a more complex permeability-based one, inspired by the Hodgkin-Huxley model. Experiments on both the living preparation and the models involved periodic stimulation via an inhibitory synapse of the spontaneously firing pacemaker neuron (live or simulated). Results from the permeability model matched several complex behaviors of the SAO, and additionally directed examination of the SAO data in finding new behaviors. This is introduced as the initial stages of a much larger investigation that will explore successively more complex interactions across synaptic junctions and within networks.
Noise-assisted information transfer in crayfish mechanoreceptors: stochastic resonance in a neuronal receptor

Adding random noise to a weak periodic signal can enhance the flow of information through certain nonlinear physical systems, via a process known as stochastic resonance (SR). We have used crayfish mechanoreceptor cells to investigate the possibility that SR can be induced in neurophysiological systems. Various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements were derived from the action potentials (spikes) of single receptor cells stimulated with weak periodic signals. Spike noise was controlled by one of two methods: (1) adding external noise to the stimulus, or (2) altering internal noise sources by changing the temperature of the cell. In external noise experiments, an optimal noise level can be identified at which the SNR is maximized. In internal noise experiments, although the SNR increases with increasing noise, no SNR maximum has been observed. These results demonstrate that SR can be induced in single neurons, and suggest that neuronal systems may also be capable of exploiting SR.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neural Fuzzy Agents for Profile Learning and Adaptive Object Matching

A neural fuzzy system can learn an agent profile of a user when it samples user question-answer data. A fuzzy system uses if-then rules to store and compress the agent's knowledge of the user's likes and dislikes. A neural system uses training data to form and tune the rules. The profile is a preference map or a bumpy utility surface defined over the space of search objects. Rules define fuzzy patches that cover the surface bumps as learning unfolds and as the fuzzy agent system gives a finer approximation of the profile. The agent system searches for preferred objects with the learned profile and with a new fuzzy measure of similarity. The appendix derives the supervised learning law that tunes this matching measure with fresh sample data. We test the fuzzyagent profile system on object spaces of flowers and sunsets and test the fuzzy agent matching system on an object space of sunset images. Rule explosion and data acquisition impose fundamental limits on the system designs.
Quinone-Type Methanofullerene Acceptors: Precursors for Organic Metals

We report details on the synthesis and electrochemistry of quinone-type methanofullerene derivatives in which, depending upon the substitution pattern on the cyclohexanedienone moiety, the reduction potential can be tuned, leading to novel fullerene derivatives exhibiting better acceptor properties than C60. We also present the lowest energy conformers of these spiroannulated methanofullerenes. As expected, the anthrone derivative is not coplanar and is not perpendicular to the ball's surface.
FIELD DESORPTION OF INTERMEDIATES IN THE RHODIUM CARBONYL FORMATION REACTION

Etude par sonde atomique de la formation des intermediaires. Carbonyl resultant de la phase gazeuse CO avec des surfaces de Rh-chauffees entre 400 et 500 K. Comme la reaction a lieu, les especes a la surface sont desorbees par champ et analysees par spectrometrie de masse. Determination de la stabilite et des caracteristiques cristallographiques des intermediaires
Inequalities for the exponents of critical slowing down in the two-dimensional one-spin-flip Ising model

Exact lower bounds for the exponent of critical slowing down of the time-dependent order-parameter correlation and autocorrelation functions have been derived by Abe and Hatano and by Halperin, respectively. Moreover, Suzuki proved an exact inequality among the exponents characterizing the critical slowing down of the order parameter and energy fluctuations. In the present work we extend these results to include lower bounds for the exponents associated with the critical energy fluctuations and an inequality among the exponents characterizing the critical slowing down of the time-dependent autocorrelation functions. This is achieved by extending Mori's generalized Langevin-equation approach to the case of two variables, namely the order-parameter fluctuations and the energy fluctuations. The general results based on this approach hold for all Hermitian kinetic Ising models. Exact results are found revealing the failure of the extended conventional theory of slowing down. It is shown that this theory does not even hold in the mean-field approximation, which is expected to be exact at dimensionality $d=4$.
Palliation of pain in pancreatic cancer

The most commonly used techniques in the palliation of pain associated with unresectable pancreatic cancer are pharmacologic therapy and neurolytic celiac plexus block. Existing studies suggest that neurolytic celiac plexus block is a well-tolerated intervention that may improve analgesia, decrease opioid requirements, and minimize deterioration of quality of life. A shift in timing toward earlier implementation of neurolytic celiac plexus block may be advantageous.