cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Word Triad Method for Monitoring Spelling Progress

Although spelling skill progress has typically been studied within the context of students' responses to written story starters (Deno, Marsten, & Mirkin, 1982; Fuchs & Fuchs, 2011; Hosp, Hosp, & Ho...
Using a synchronous switch to enhance output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators

Abstract Contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) generally operate as a floating source with its two electrodes connected to an arbitrary external circuit forming a closed loop. In this work, a switch based contact-mode TENG (SW-TENG) is presented, wherein a switch is placed between a TENG electrode and an external circuit. By electrically isolating the TENG from the external circuit when the switch is open, charge leakage is prevented and the output performance of the TENG is enhanced while the transferred tribocharges per cycle remain the same. Effect of different switching frequencies while keeping the contact-separation frequency (fcs) and contact force constant at 1 Hz and 0.5 kgf, respectively, is presented. The versatility of the approach is presented via demonstrating the switching effect in three TENGs fabricated using different types of dielectric films – (a) bare polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), (b) microdome patterned PDMS, and (c) PDMS-Carbon nanofiber (CNF) composite. When the switching frequency (fsw) is in sync with fcs, the output voltage is increased by a factor of up to 22, 17, and 90, in SW-TENGs made using samples (a), (b), and (c), respectively, compared to that obtained under typical TENG operation. In a 1 μF capacitor charging experiment, it has been shown that synchronous switching can prevent a charge leakage of up to approximately 60%. Further, a maximum area power density of 3.4 W cm−2, 20 W cm−2, and 31.7 W cm−2 is achieved at an external load resistance of 56 Ω, in SW-TENGs made using samples (a), (b), and (c), respectively. Compared with a typical TENG, the optimal load resistance is decreased by six orders of magnitude, from megaohms to ohms. The SW-TENG thus provides a new approach for mechanical energy harvesting.
Age and growth of the Giant Kelpfish, Heterostichus rostratus Girard 1854, in Southern California, USA

Summary In order to update existing life history parameters, age and growth patterns were determined for Giant Kelpfish, Heterostichus rostratus sampled from nearshore kelp forest and estuary habitats in southern California (USA) from April 2012 through June 2015. Fish were collected by pole spear, beach seine, beam trawl, purse seine, and square enclosure. Using age-at-length data derived from otolith readings, Giant Kelpfish were found to have a relatively short life span with the largest examined fish reaching a maximum total length of 413 mm at an age of 5 years. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated for this species were: L∞ = 45.1 cm, k = 0.25, t0 = −0.66. Standard length (SL, cm)-total length (TL, cm) and total length (TL, cm)-weight (W, g) relationships were described by the equations: SL = 0.90 TL – 1 and W = 2.21 × 10−3 TL3.39, respectively. Wild juvenile Giant Kelpfish collected for this study had a higher growth rate than laboratory-reared fish from a previous study.
The Paradox of Literary Emotion: An Ancient Greek Perspective and Some Modern Implications

Abstract: Fifth-century BCE Greek writers (e.g., Isocrates, Pseudo-Andocides) complain that the Athenians might have been more deeply moved by tragedies than by horrific contemporary events. My essay suggests that literary narratives could indeed produce this effect on us through several features. (1) The feeling of personal safety, threatened sometimes by our showing compassion to others (e.g. Euripides’ plays, Thucydides; modern refugee debates) remains intact when we engage in fiction. (2) The proximity to literary characters becomes enhanced by literary narratives ( pro ommaton , focalization), in contrast to impersonal journalistic reports. (3) The universality ascribed to a literary piece (Aristotle’s Poetics ) could contribute to our emotional immersion into the world of fiction to the detriment of the surrounding reality. While each section starts from ancient Greek authors, the essay will underline some similarities between the classical and the modern ways of engaging with literary narratives. Keywords: Emotional paradox; universality of literature; focalization; historical narrative; journalism versus literary narrative. Resumo: Escritores gregos do seculo V a.C. (por exemplo: Isocrates, PseudoAndocides) reclamam de os atenienses poderem ter sido mais afetados pelas tragedias do que pelos terriveis acontecimentos contemporâneos a eles. Meu ensaio sugere que narrativas literarias poderiam de fato produzir esse efeito em nos por meio de varios atributos. Sao eles: (1) Nosso sentimento de seguranca pessoal, ameacado algumas vezes quando mostramos compaixao pelos outros (por exemplo, nas pecas de Euripides, em Tucidides; nos debates atuais sobre refugiados), permanece intacto quando engajamos em ficcao. (2) A proximidade com personagens literarios torna-se intensificada pelas narrativas literarias ( pro ommaton , focalizacao), em contraste com relatos jornalisticos impessoais. (3) A universalidade que nos atribuimos a uma peca literaria ( Poetica de Aristoteles) poderia contribuir para nossa imersao emocional em um mundo de ficcao em detrimento da realidade circundante. Enquanto cada sessao comeca fundando-se em autores antigos, o ensaio ira enfatizar algumas similaridades entre os modos classico e moderno de engajamento com narrativas literarias. Palavras-chave: paradoxo emocional; universalidade da literatura; focalizacao; narrativa historica; jornalismo versus narrativa literaria.
Protesto diário: uma análise singela por meio de narrativas de três forasteiros informados

Although both research and real historical events attest to the power of social media in facilitating social change, recent writers challenge the effectiveness of such media, at least in isolation of other communicative efforts at change. Here, we present three narratives, as outsiders to the current Brazilian social and economic situation, of interactions in Brazil and with Brazilians about social reform efforts in their own country. We hope that these naive reflections will lead to future discussions of effective everyday efforts at social change.
THE EVOLUTION OF SUPERVISED STATISTICAL CONSULTING AT FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY: A RESPONSE TO THE REVIEW OF JAMES R. BOEN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of supervised statistical consulting at Florida State University. The Statistical Consulting Center was established in the Department of Statistics in 1969, though informal consultation had been provided since the early 1960s. The Center was charged with providing free statistical consultation to faculty and graduate students at Florida State. In 1970, to train the graduate students in the techniques of statistical consultation, the supervised consulting course was started, initially focusing almost entirely on statistical aspects of consulting. In 1980, a common goal of training more effective statistical consultants started, relating to publications and research in psychology and statistics, which could be achieved while working toward the common goal. Videotaping was started in actual consulting sessions in April 1980 in the departmental conference room using equipment borrowed from the FSU Media Center. Students in the consulting class in April 1980 were given the assignment to videotape an initial consulting session with a new client.
Hospitality Internships: Opportunities and Obligations

(1995). Hospitality Internships: Opportunities and Obligations. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 31-36.
New concepts in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension: hepatic wounding and stellate cell contractility.

Complications resulting from portal hypertension encompass some of the most serious clinical sequelae confronting clinicians caring for patients with chronic liver disease. A number of postulates attempt to explain the pathogenesis of portal hypertension. In the "backward flow" theory, increased intrahepatic resistance leads to elevated portal pressure; the "forward flow" hypothesis suggests that humoral factors (directly or indirectly) contribute to increased portal venous return and flow, ultimately resulting in portal hypertension. Nonetheless, portal hypertension occurs after any of a multitude of different parenchymal liver injuries and increased intrahepatic resistance to blood flow is a central element, regardless of the pathogenesis. The precise site of altered intrahepatic resistance in patients with parenchymal liver disease is controversial but, in theory, may occur at any of several levels within the liver. From a cellular standpoint, the modulation of blood flow within the liver may be presinusoidal, sinusoidal, or postsinusoidal. 21,42,52,103 Moreover, cellular, structural, and humoral elements acting alone or in combination at one or more sites all may play a role. It is noteworthy that some of these elements are fixed, whereas others are dynamically regulable. Examples of fixed components that may alter sinusoidal blood flow include regenerative nodules and possibly hepatocyte swelling. 42 Recent work has focused on the stellate cell (also known as an Ito cell, perisinusoidal cell, or lipocyte) as a dynamic modulator of sinusoidal blood flow. This cell has been shown to contract in response to vasoactive substances and relax in response to dilating agents. 34,63,69 This article highlights new developments in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension, with emphasis on the role of hepatic wounding, stellate cells, and vasoregulatory compounds.
Effect of ICSI on subsequent blastocyst development and pregnancy rates

Purpose: To investigate whether ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)results in decreased blastocyst formation and pregnancy compared to IVF (in vitro fertilization).
Association between participation in religious activities and depression and anxiety in older patients with cancer.

10044Background: Older patients (pts) with cancer are at risk for depression and anxiety, which are often under-recognized. Participation in religious activities has been associated with better men...
Static Kinks or Flexible Hinges: Multiple Conformations of Bent DNA Bound to Integration Host Factor Revealed by Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements.

Gene regulation depends on proteins that bind to specific DNA sites. Such specific recognition often involves severe DNA deformations, including sharp kinks. It has been unclear how rigid or flexib...
Availability of Integrated Primary Care Services in Community Mental Health Care Settings.

Objective:This study examined the availability of primary care and wellness services in community mental health centers (CMHCs) and outpatient mental health facilities (OMHFs).Methods:This study us...
Rousing the dragon: Polonium production for neutron generators in the Manhattan Project

During the Manhattan Project, the rare element polonium (Po) was synthesized by neutron bombardment of bismuth in nuclear reactors for use in neutron-generating triggers that were used to initiate the fission chain reactions in the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. In this paper, I explore the physics of why polonium was used, why the triggers contained the amount of polonium that they did, and for how long a given mass of bismuth had to be irradiated in the Oak Ridge X-10 pile or a Hanford plutonium-production pile to generate a given amount of Po. A simple neutron-flux model gives results in reasonable accord with estimates recorded in a 1943 letter written by Robert Oppenheimer.
Nature of the floppy-to-rigid transition in chalcogenide glass-forming liquids

The viscoelastic properties of supercooled AsxSe100−x and GexSe100−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 30) liquids are studied using oscillatory parallel plate rheometry. The liquids with average selenium chain segment length L longer than ∼3 to 5 atoms or average coordination number ⟨r⟩ less than ∼2.2 are characterized by the coexistence of a low-frequency bond scission/renewal based relaxation process as well as high-frequency segmental chain dynamics. The latter process disappears for liquids with higher connectivity, thus implying a dynamical rigidity transition. The temporal decoupling of the high-frequency chain mode from that of the bond scission/renewal process and the shear modulus Gs associated with the low-frequency mode are shown to be unique functions of L or ⟨r⟩ and display strong similarity with the corresponding variation in the fragility m and the conformational entropy of the chain segments. When taken together, these results provide direct experimental support to the entropic rigidity argument originally proposed by Phillips but suggest a floppy-to-rigid transition of the structural network at ⟨r⟩ ∼ 2.2, instead of the conventional rigidity percolation threshold value of 2.4.
Investigation of Tactile Sensory System Configuration for Construction Hazard Perception

The application of tactile-based wearable devices to assist in navigation for people with low sight/low memory has demonstrated the feasibility of using such devices as a means of communication. Accordingly, a previous study in construction research investigated various parameters of tactile signals to develop a communicable system for potential application in construction hazard communication. However, the nature of construction limits the application of such devices to the body of construction workers, and it is important to understand sensor design parameters for improved communication, which has not been given significant attention yet. Therefore, this study aims to determine key design factors such as the number of motors, spacing between sensors and the layout of a tactile sensory system to be used for communicating construction hazards to workers. For this purpose, this study focused on identifying the number of motors based on extensive literature and the problem of construction safety as to hazard communication, determining the arrangement that allowed for effective delivery and perception of information with minimum effort. The researchers conducted two experimental studies: First, to determine the minimum spacing between vibration motors that allows for the identification of each individual motor with high accuracy; and second, to determine the layout of motors that is suitable for effective communication of multiple types of information. More importantly, the tactile-sensor configuration identified from this study allows the workers to learn the signal patterns easily in order to identify multiple types of information related to hazards. Using such a communication system on construction sites will assist in transmitting hazard-related information to workers, and thus, protect the lives of workers. Such wearable technologies enable the detection of individual-level hazards and prevent worker fatalities and severe injuries.
Team Leadership and Team Effectiveness

Team leadership is essential for team effectiveness. The contribution of leadership to effective team performance rests on the extent to which team leaders help members achieve a synergistic threshold, where collective effort accomplishes more than the sum of individual abilities or efforts. Collins and Guetzkow (1964) defined such a threshold in decision-making groups as reflecting an “assembly bonus,” where decisions emerging from group interaction are superior in quality to those made by the group’s most capable member (see also Michaelson, Watson, & Black, 1989). Groups and teams rarely achieve a synergistic threshold, or the assembly bonus (Hill, 1982), primarily because of process loss (Steiner, 1972). Process losses can be attributed to the failure of team members to develop the best means of combining their individual capabilities in a concerted direction or to the unwillingness or inability of members to exert sufficient levels of individual effort (ibid.). The activities of effective team leadership, therefore, need to center on providing the direction for collective action and on helping teams reach and maintain a state of minimal process loss (cf. Gardner & Schermerhorn, 1992; Jacobs & Jaques, 1990).
Adjoint-Based Anisotropic Mesh Adaptation for a Stabilized Finite-Element Flow Solver

An adjoint solver is implemented in the FUN3D stabilized finite-element flow solver. The adjoint solution is used to generate anisotropic, adapted meshes to control error in scalar out- put functionals, such as lift or drag coefficient. The inviscid and turbulent adjoints are verified with a finite-difference derivative approximation and can be used in design optimization in addition to mesh adaptation. The adjoint capability represents an extension of previous research using the FUN3D stabilized finite-element capability with metric-based mesh adaptation and interpolation-based error estimates to generate highly anisotropic adapted meshes for turbulent flows. In the present work, a metric-based approach is again utilized, where the adjoint and the primal solutions both contribute to the generation of a metric tensor field that is subsequently used to produce the required anisotropic mesh for each adaptation cycle. Adaptive results are then shown for an inviscid supersonic flow over a diamond airfoil, inviscid transonic flow over the ONERA M6 wing, and viscous laminar flow over the NACA 0012 airfoil, all using drag force as the output functional. Adjoint-based adaptation is compared with a multiscale solution-based approach that controls the L norm of Mach number interpolation error to demonstrate the effectiveness and effciency of the adjoint-based adaptive mesh technology.
What It Is Like to Be a Land-Locked Nation: Some Discriminatory Examples and Details from National Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Under the Neoliberal ‘Free Market’ Participation Paradigm

Land-locked nations cannot really participate in the modern form of economy which requires international exchanges for the pure sake of so-called open (global) free markets and associated neoliberalism and unlimited growth. In addition, lack of fair access to ocean resources and airspace with related policies put already further pressure on existing resources in those nations. In the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region several of those constrained nations can be found, e.g. Bhutan, Nepal, Mongolia, Laos and Kyrgystan. They are often sandwiched-in between the super powers, and are politically bogged down by their need for oil, gas, imports, market sizes and market exchanges. A few short-lived large economic growth rates -e.g. caused by mining and hydrodam electricity – are misleading though as they bleed out land-locked nations further while their watersheds and environment get left behind in a devastating state and usually are used downstream. The current form of global governance leaves many of the land-locked nations out of options by design. It devastates rural areas and creates economic migrants that are separated from their families and landscapes having to support them and their nations with expensive remittance payments, e.g. making up c. 30% of the GDP respectively and fueling international banking instead of a properly-grown and well-designed resilient home economy allowing for sustainable lifestyles and resources within healthy watersheds (which otherwise existed fine for centuries).
Evaluating artificial intelligence in medicine: phases of clinical research

Increased scrutiny of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare highlights the need for real-world evaluations for effectiveness and unintended consequences. The complexity of healthcare, compounded by the user- and context-dependent nature of AI applications, calls for a multifaceted approach beyond traditional in silico evaluation of AI. We propose an interdisciplinary, phased research framework for evaluation of AI implementations in healthcare. We draw analogies to and highlight differences from the clinical trial phases for drugs and medical devices, and we present study design and methodological guidance for each stage.
Sources of Palliative Care Knowledge Among Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Gynecologic Cancer.

Abstract Context A minority of patients with advanced or metastatic gynecologic cancer utilize palliative care and lack of knowledge may be a barrier to receiving palliative care services. Objectives To identify sources used by patients with advanced or metastatic gynecologic cancer to learn about palliative care and evaluate for differences in knowledge about palliative care and palliative care utilization by knowledge source. Methods Patients with gynecologic cancer receiving treatment for advanced or metastatic gynecologic cancer at a single academic medical center were surveyed about their awareness of and knowledge about palliative care. Medical chart review was conducted. Results Of the 111 women surveyed, 70 had heard of palliative care (63%). Sixty-eight specified from where they learned of palliative care: cancer care (n = 28; 41.2%), word of mouth (n = 26; 38.2%), work (n = 6; 8.8%), self-education (n = 4; 5.9%), personal experience (n = 2; 2.9%), or do not know (n = 2; 2.9%). Knowledge about palliative care (P = 0.35) and palliative care utilization (P = 0.81) did not differ by awareness of palliative care. Conclusion Most women receiving treatment for advanced gynecologic cancer have heard of palliative care from sources other than their cancer care providers. Knowledge about palliative care and source of knowledge about palliative care were not associated with palliative care utilization. Awareness of palliative care and palliative care utilization may be improved by increasing the low rate of health provider-based education and engaging cancer patients' social networks.
Online Medical Record Nonuse Among Patients: Data Analysis Study of the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey

Background: Online medical records are being used to organize processes in clinical and outpatient settings and to forge doctor-patient communication techniques that build mutual understanding and trust. Objective: We aimed to understand the reasons why patients tend to avoid using online medical records and to compare the perceptions that patients have of online medical records based on demographics and cancer diagnosis. Methods: We used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey Cycle 3, a nationally representative survey, and assessed outcomes using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. The patients (N=4328) included in the analysis had experienced an outpatient visit within the previous 12 months and had answered the online behavior question regarding their use of online medical records. Results: Patients who were nonusers of online medical records consisted of 58.36% of the sample (2526/4328). The highest nonuser rates were for patients who were Hispanic (460/683, 67.35%), patients who were non-Hispanic Black (434/653, 66.46%), and patients who were older than 65 years (968/1520, 63.6%). Patients older than 65 years were less likely to use online medical records (odds ratio [OR] 1.51, 95% CI 1.24-1.84, P<.001). Patients who were White were more likely to use online medical records than patients who were Black (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.43-2.05, P<.001) or Hispanic (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.37-1.98, P<.001). Patients who were diagnosed with cancer were more likely to use online medical records compared to patients with no cancer (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11-1.55, 95% CI 1.11-1.55, P=.001). Among nonusers, older patients (≥65 years old) preferred speaking directly to their health care providers (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.35-2.31, P<.001), were more concerned about privacy issues caused by online medical records (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.22-2.66, P<.001), and felt uncomfortable using the online medical record systems (OR 10.55, 95% CI 6.06-19.89, P<.001) compared to those aged 18-34 years. Patients who were Black or Hispanic were more concerned about privacy issues (OR 1.42, 1.09-1.84, P=.007). Conclusions: Studies should consider social factors such as gender, race/ethnicity, and age when monitoring trends in eHealth use to ensure that eHealth use does not induce greater health status and health care disparities between people with different backgrounds and demographic characteristics. Trial Registration:
Coproducing clinical curricula in undergraduate medical education: Student and faculty experiences in longitudinal integrated clerkships.

Educational coproduction, in which learners partner with educators to create and improve their educational experiences, can facilitate student-centered medical education. Empirical descriptions of ...
Kendall v. United States and the Inspector General Dilemma

The early Supreme Court decision of Kendall v. U.S. ex rel. Stokes et al. provides a foundation for evaluating contemporary issues in congressional oversight. With recent attention on the removal of Inspectors General, Kendall provides a framework for examining the authority of Inspectors General in investigating ministerial, rather than discretionary, activities of the Executive branch. However, as this essay argues, because IGs are executive officers with ministerially-established powers, the President can appropriately use his removal power as a check on IGs investigating discretionary activities of the Executive branch beyond the authorities established under the IG Act.
Syzygies of P1×P1: Data and conjectures

Abstract We provide a number of new conjectures and questions concerning the syzygies of P 1 × P 1 . The conjectures are based on computing the graded Betti tables and related data for large number of different embeddings of P 1 × P 1 . These computations utilize linear algebra over finite fields and high-performance computing.
Purification and characterization of formyl-coenzyme A transferase from Oxalobacter formigenes

Abstract Formyl-coenzyme A (formyl-CoA) transferase was purified from Oxalobacter formigenes by high-pressure liquid chromatography with hydrophobic interaction chromatography and by DEAE anion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme was a single entity on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel permeation chromatography (Mr, 44,000). It had an isoelectric point of 4.7. The enzyme catalyzed the transfer of CoA from formyl-CoA to either oxalate or succinate. Apparent Km and Vmax values, respectively, were 3.0 mM and 29.6 mumols/min per mg for formyl-CoA with an excess of succinate. The maximum specific activity was 2.15 mumols of CoA transferred from formyl-CoA to oxalate per min per mg of protein.
Pulse exposure of haematopoietic grafts to prostaglandin E2in vitro facilitates engraftment and recovery

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) on haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and determine its mechanism of action. Materials and methods HSC were exposed to PGE(2) for 2 h and effects on their homing, engraftment and self-renewal evaluated in vivo. Effects of PGE(2) on HSC cell cycle, CXCR4 expression and migration to SDF-1α were analysed in vitro. Apoptosis was evaluated by examination of survivin expression and active caspase-3 levels. Results Equivalent haematopoietic reconstitution was demonstrated using 4-fold fewer PGE(2) -treated cells compared to controls. Multilineage reconstitution was stable on secondary transplantation, indicating that PGE(2) affects long-term repopulating HSC (LT-HSC) and that enhanced chimaerism of PGE(2) -pulsed cells results from their initial treatment. PGE(2) increased CXCR4 expression on mouse and human HSC, increased their migration to SDF-1αin vitro and enhanced in vivo marrow homing 2-fold, which was blocked by a CXCR4 receptor antagonist. PGE(2) pulse exposure reduced apoptosis of mouse and human HSC, with increase in endogenous caspase inhibitor survivin, and concomitant decrease in active caspase-3. Two-fold more HSC entered the cell cycle and proliferated within 24 h after PGE(2) pulse exposure. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that short-term PGE(2) exposure enhances HSC function and supports the concept of utility of PGE(2) as an ex vivo strategy to improve function of haematopoietic grafts, particularly those where HSC numbers are limited.
Code Partitioning in Decoupled Compilers

Decoupled access/execute architectures seek to maximize performance by dividing a given program into two separate instruction streams and executing the streams on independent cooperating processors. The instruction streams consist of those instructions involved in generating memory accesses (the Access stream) and those that consume the data (the Execute stream). If the processor running the access stream is able to get ahead of the execute stream, then dynamic pre-loading of operands will occur and the penalty due to long latency operations (such as memory accesses) will be reduced or eliminated. Although these architectures have been around for many years, the performance analyses performed have been incomplete for want of a compiler. Very little has been published on how to construct a compiler for such an architecture. In this paper we describe the partitioning method employed in Daecomp, a compiler for decoupled access/execute processors.
Web Based Data Management System

First page of article Keywords: electronic data capture; thin client; web-based study management; electronic case report forms
Efficient handling of large sets of tuples with sharing trees

Summary form only given; substantially as follows. Computing with sets of tuples (n-ary relations) is often required in programming, while being a major cause of performance degradation as the size of sets increases. The authors present a new data structure dedicated to the manipulation of large sets of tuples, dubbed a sharing tree. The main idea to reduce memory consumption is to share some sub-tuples of the set represented by a sharing tree. Various conditions are given. The authors have developed algorithms for common set operations: membership, insertion, equality, union, intersection, ... that have theoretical complexities proportional to the sizes of the sharing trees given as arguments, which are usually much smaller than the sizes of the represented sets.
In vitro microleakage of luting cements and crown foundation material.

Abstract Statement of Problem. Microleakage is a concern for the long-term prognosis of a cemented crown and foundation. Purpose. The aims of this investigation were, first, to evaluate microleakage of zinc phosphate cement and resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement under ideal (dry) versus contaminated (wet) conditions, and second, to compare 3 foundations under both ideal and contaminated conditions. Material and Methods. One hundred forty extracted molar teeth were cleaned and mounted. Tooth preparations for complete veneer cast crowns were completed with a chamfer finish line. A mesial surface class II cavity preparation 4 mm wide buccolingually and 2 mm deep was made in each tooth. Seven restorative groups were formed: amalgam/cavity varnish, amalgam/dentinal bonding agent, and composite/dentinal bonding agent, each with dry and contaminated groups, and a seventh group of class II cavity preparations without foundations. Finish lines for crown margins were refined 1.5 mm gingival to the restoration. Artificial crowns were cast in type III gold. Treatment groups were divided into 4 cement groups: dry and contaminated zinc phosphate cement and dry and contaminated resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement. The specimens were thermocycled and immersed in erythrosine B solution for 24 hours. Subsequently, they were rinsed, and their coronal portions were embedded in clear resin. Teeth were sectioned mesiodistally, and standard photomicrographs were made. The microleakage of each restoration and crown was measured. Results. The least foundation microleakage was recorded for amalgam/dentinal bonding agents (ideal group) and composite/dentinal bonding agents (ideal group). The most microleakage was observed within the group without a foundation. In cement groups, the control and experiment sides were evaluated separately but displayed the same order of finding. The least leakage was recorded with resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement (ideal group); the most microleakage was noted with zinc phosphate cement (ideal group). An interaction was demonstrated on the experimental side between cements and the foundations ( P =.0001). Conclusion. Within the experimental conditions of this study, less microleakage was recorded with resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement (ideal or contaminated) than with zinc phosphate cement (ideal or contaminated). There also was less microleakage evident with a foundation of silver amalgam or composite when a dentinal bonding agent was used under ideal conditions. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:292-8.)
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding following renal transplantation

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding has been shown to be a common complication of renal transplantation and one which carries a significant risk of mortality. In a retrospective review of 200 consecutive renal transplants in 194 patients, we found an incidence of only 6 per cent and a mortality rate of 8.3 per cent. Allograft survival in this group of patients was 58 per cent. These results are the product of careful preoperative evaluation, close attention to the patients for early signs of bleeding, and aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic intervention at the first evidence of bleeding. We also report an association of hypercalcemia with post-transplant upper gastrointestinal bleeding, with cessation of bleeding after parathyroidectomy.
Industrial Mobilization in World War I: The Prussian Army and the Aircraft Industry

This study, based on primary sources, shows that the army's role in the wartime mobilization of the industry was fundamental and extensive. It determined aircraft prices and labor exemptions, regulated the industry's supply of credit and raw materials, limited patent rights, and ultimately interfered in management-labor relationships. Its policies resulted in the industry's expansion and concentration and in above average real wages for the industry's labor force. The article concludes that while the mobilization of the aircraft industry was successful, military regulation of the German war economy in World War I was generally inefficient.
Ultra-high Q planar silicon microdisk resonators for chip-scale silicon photonics.

We report the fabrication and experimental characterization of an ultra-high Q microdisk resonator in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. We examine the role of the substrate in the performance of such microdisk resonators. While substrate leakage loss has warranted the necessity of substrate undercut structures in the past, we show here that the substrate has a very useful role to play for both passive chip-scale device integration as well as active electronic device integration. Two device architectures for the disk-on-substrate are studied in order to assess the possibility of such an integration of high Q resonators and active components. Using an optimized process for fabrication of such a resonator device, we experimentally demonstrate a Q~3×106, corresponding to a propagation loss ~0.16 dB/cm. This, to our knowledge, is the maximum Q observed for silicon microdisk cavities of this size for disk-on-substrate structures. Critical coupling for a resonance mode with an unloaded Q~0.7×106 is observed. We also report a detailed comparison of the obtained experimental resonance spectrum with the theoretical and simulation analysis. The issue of waveguide-cavity coupling is investigated in detail and the conditions necessary for the existence or lack of critical coupling is elaborated.
Introduction: Are aging and space effects similar?

The workshop on "Correlations of Aging and Space Effects on Biosystems" was held to explore the possibility that research in the space environment would be useful to the understanding of some phenomena of aging on Earth and that life sciences in space would benefit from this collaboration. The genesis and purpose of this workshop and the rationale for the concept are presented below. The unique characteristics of the space environment are described as background for discussion of the utility of this approach and the author's belief that carefully thought out selected projects would be of mutual benefit to the space and aging research communities.
Energy transfer between 1,3-dimethylxanthine and europium(III) in aqueous solution

Abstract Luminescence of 1,3-dimethylxanthine in solution is impaired owing to collisional deactivation by solvent molecules and matrix interferences. Energy absorbed by 1,3-dimethylxanthine has been transferred to trivalent europium which emits narrow-band radiation in a region distant from background interferences. The enhanced luminescence of trivalent europium was utilized for the determination of 1,3-dimethylxanthine in buffered aqueous solution. An analytically useful range from 1.1 × 10 −5 −5.0 × 10 −4 M and a detection limit of 1.1 × 10 −5 M were obtained. The methodology for the analytical procedure was determined.
Intellectual History vs. the Social History of Intellectuals

Intellectual history, as it is practised today, covers a broad spectrum of approaches to the past: discourse studies in the wake of the 'linguistic turn', close textual analysis, intellectual biography, history of books and reading, institutional histories of science and academic disciplines, the history of something called 'intellectual life', histories of ideologies and of political thought and language. Within this diversity can be found two broad schools of historical practice. What we are talking about when we talk about 'intellectual history' is either the history of thought, on the one hand, or the social history of intellectuals, on the other. This distinction often goes unrecognized, largely because it has been overshadowed by other historiographical issues. Much of the recent discussion of intellectual history has focused on 'poststructuralism', 'post-modernism' and the linguistic turn, but post-structuralist history is more talked about than practiced. With noted prominent exceptions, most hist...
Heat transfer at the interface of stainless steel and aluminum—the influence of surface conditions on the directional effect

Abstract Recent investigators have reported that the magnitude of interface conductance of certain dissimilar metals is dependent on heat flow direction. In the present paper, previous conflicting results concerning this directional effect in stainless steel-aluminum interfaces are resolved by showing the directional effect phenomenon to be dependent upon interface surface conditions, i.e. flatness and roughness. Experimental evidence which demonstrates this dependency is given, and models to explain the phenomenon are presented.
Environmentally Sustainable Human Space Activities: Can Challenges of Planetary Protection be Reconciled?

Scientists and other experts have long expressed concern about protecting the environments of other planets from human contamination. Their objective is to preserve those environments for the search for indigenous life and other scientific research that human contamination could confound or even preclude. Within the past few years, the United States has embarked on plans to extend human presence to other planets—notably, Mars, where the search for indigenous life is focused at present. Other countries may eventually have this goal as a long-run objective. Current international and national policies to protect other planetary environments are limited almost exclusively to governance of robotic exploration and do not address measures to be taken during activities conducted by humans. This article borrows from the domain of environmental policy to suggest the concept of environmental sustainability as a possible framework to mediate conflicting objectives associated with extending human presence in space. A ...
Internet – aber viel mehr davon, bitte!

Dies schrieb ich im Januar 2010 – es gab Geruchte uber ein iSlate (wie Schiefertafel) von Apple. Endlich! Das Internet kommt wieder ein bisschen einfacher zu uns! Ich schrieb uber neue Services. Ich zitiere aus dieser Kolumne: „Die Tafel funktioniert auch als Navi uber GPS. Das wird bald wahr! Ich werde Bucher darin lesen, Zeitungen blattern, die REWE-Sonderangebote studieren, ob es Cola- Light-Kisten fur Johannes billiger gibt. Ich habe meine Mails per LotusLive aus dem Netz da, inklusive Messenger, ich kann per Flatrate beliebig Musik horen und Fernsehen, alle Filme zu jeder Zeit. Die Tafel funktioniert als Kamera und als Bildtelefon – alles geht damit.“ Das iSlate hies dann in Wirklichkeit iPad und erschien am 3. April 2010. Heute kann es alles, was ich mir damals wunschte! Steve Balmer, Chef von Microsoft, hat meine Kolumne damals bestimmt nicht gelesen. Oder doch, und er hat gelacht? Und Nokia? Und Blackberry? Und Dell und HP? War es nicht sonnenklar, wie alle kommen wurde?
Poincaré-lighthill-kuo method and non-linear hyperbolic waves

Abstract Nayfeh and Kluwick [1] studied simple-wave solutions of non-linear hyperbolic equations comparatively by using three methods: namely, (1) the method of renormalization, (2) the analytic method of characteristics and (3) the method of multiple scales. The method of multiple scales was found to be superior to the other two, and yielded correct results. However, the method seems to involve difficulties in respect to conventional concepts of partial differentiation. In this context, this note presents another method—the Poincare-Lighthill-Kuo method—which provides not only correct end results but also an elegant procedure.
The evolution of disease: anthropological perspectives on epidemiologic transitions

Background : The model of epidemiologic transitions has served as a guiding framework for understanding relationships between patterns of human health and disease and economic development for the past several decades. However, epidemiologic transition theory is infrequently employed in epidemiology. Objective : Moving beyond Omran’s original formulation, we discuss critiques and modifications of the theory of epidemiologic transitions and highlight some of the ways in which incorporating epidemiologic transition theory can benefit theory and practice in epidemiology. Design : We focus on two broad contemporary trends in human health that epidemiologic transition theory is useful for conceptualizing: the increased incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs), such as allergic and autoimmune diseases, and the emergence and reemergence of infectious disease. Results : Situating these trends within epidemiologic transition theory, we explain the rise in CIDs with the hygiene hypothesis and the rise in emerging and reemerging infections with the concept of a third epidemiologic transition. Conclusions : Contextualizing these trends within epidemiologic transition theory reveals implications for clinical practice, global health policies, and future research within epidemiology. Keywords : epidemiologic transitions; Omran; epidemiology; hygiene hypothesis; infectious disease (Published: 15 May 2014) Citation : Glob Health Action 2014, 7 : 23303 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.23303 Special Issue : This paper is part of the Special Issue: Epidemiological Transitions – Beyond Omran’s Theory . More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.globalhealthaction.net
Quantitative Assessment of Longitudinal Metabolic Changes In Vivo After Traumatic Brain Injury in the Adult Rat Using FDG-MicroPET

With the advent and emerging importance of neurobiology and its relation to behavior, scientists desire the capability to apply noninvasive, quantitative imaging of neuronal activity to small roden...
Liquid piston compression efficiency with droplet heat transfer

Abstract Wind turbines and other unsteady power producing systems can benefit substantially by integrating inexpensive and easily sited Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) to provide a more continuous energy supply. However, traditionally CAES has not been combined with off-shore wind turbines. In addition, typical CAES systems are inefficient since the compression work also generates thermal energy, which is generally lost to the ambient when pressurized air is stored over a long period of time. To enable off-shore wind energy storage, a droplet spray heat transfer concept is investigated to establish a near-isothermal high-efficiency compression process. In particular, the use of small water droplets and high mass loading can allow for a large interfacial surface area for heat transfer. Issues associated with this liquid introduction can be mitigated with a liquid piston, which also allows variable piston cross-sections to further improve efficiency. To investigate the droplet spray heat transfer concept, a detailed multiphase thermodynamic model was developed and validated with experimental data. Based on this approach, one-dimensional simulations were performed using a sinusoidally driven piston in a 5 kW first-stage cylinder with various compression ratios, as well as both pre-mixed and direct injection scenarios. The results show that the total surface of aloft droplets is critical to achieve high performance in a liquid piston. This is best achieved with small droplets and high mass loadings combined with direct injection. For example, the compression efficiency (defined as a ratio of isothermal stored energy to real compression work) increased from 71% for adiabatic compression to as much as 98% with spray injection, for a tenfold pressure. However, the effects of droplet collision (with other droplets and the chamber walls), three-dimensionality, injector dynamics, and the wall heat transfer should next be considered to help improve design and understanding of such systems.
Staff characteristics and care in Chinese nursing homes: A systematic literature review

Abstract The need for institutional long-term care (LTC) services, including nursing homes (NHs), is increasing in Mainland China in part due to the aging population and changing family structures. In developing NH staff training programs, a review is needed to synthesize knowledge about staff and resident characteristics, and care provided in NHs. This systematic review aims to describe, in Chinese NHs, 1) NH staff characteristics and the care they provide, 2) resident characteristics and care needs, and 3) the role of family members. The 45 articles included in this review covered both urban and rural areas of Mainland China. We found that staff in Chinese NHs were older and had lower education levels in comparison with those in western countries. Most direct caregivers in urban areas were migratory workers from rural area. Chinese NHs had few qualification standards for staff preparation for their roles in NHs. Also, functional levels of residents in Chinese NHs were higher compared to NH residents in western countries. In addition, family members played important roles in caring for NH residents. These findings suggest a need for staff development programs that tailor for lower educated NH staff and care needs of residents with widely varying levels in function from independent to bedbound in Mainland China. The findings also suggest that staff qualification standards require critically policy development to improve the capacity of Chinese NHs to provide competent and safe care.