cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent advances with a hybrid micro-pattern gas detector operated in low pressure H2 and He, for AT-TPC applications

In view of a possible application as a charge-particle track readout for an Active-Target Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC), the operational properties and performances of a hybrid Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) were investigated in pure low-pressure Hydrogen (H2 ) and Helium (He). The detector consists of a MICROMEsh GAseous Structure (MICROMEGAS) coupled to a two-cascade THick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) as a pre-amplification stage. This study reports the effective gain dependence of the hybrid-MPGD at relevant pressure (in the range of 200-760 torr) for different detector arrangements. The results of this work are relevant in the field of avalanche mechanism in low-pressure, low-mass noble gases, in particularly for applications of MPGD end-cap readout for active-target Time Projection Chambers (TPC) in the field of nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics.
Errors and adverse effects of blood transfusion

Abstract Blood transfusions are necessary in certain medical conditions or situations. Safeguards such as standard operating procedures, quality management plan and pre-transfusion testing are in place to minimize errors in choosing and issuing the right blood components. A two-person three-way check at the bedside prior to blood transfusion ensures that the right patient receives the right blood component. Despite meticulous donor screening and blood component testing, there are still risks associated with blood transfusions. Infectious and non-infectious complications such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions, sepsis, allergic reactions, transfusion-associated circulatory overload, transfusion related acute lung injury, transfusion-associated graft-versus-host-disease, post-transfusion purpura, hypotension and iron overload may occur.
Effective adjoint approaches for computational fluid dynamics

Abstract The adjoint method is used for high-fidelity aerodynamic shape optimization and is an efficient approach for computing the derivatives of a function of interest with respect to a large number of design variables. Over the past few decades, various approaches have been used to implement the adjoint method in computational fluid dynamics solvers. However, further advances in the field are hindered by the lack of performance assessments that compare the various adjoint implementations. Therefore, we propose open benchmarks and report a comprehensive evaluation of the various approaches to adjoint implementation. We also make recommendations on effective approaches, that is, approaches that are efficient, accurate, and have a low implementation cost. We focus on the discrete adjoint method and describe adjoint implementations for two computational fluid dynamics solvers by using various methods for computing the partial derivatives in the adjoint equations and for solving those equations. Both source code transformation and operator-overloading algorithmic differentiation tools are used to compute the partial derivatives, along with finite differencing. We also examine the use of explicit Jacobian and Jacobian-free solution methods. We quantitatively evaluate the speed, scalability, memory usage, and accuracy of the various implementations by running cases that cover a wide range of Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, mesh topologies, mesh sizes, and number of CPU cores. We conclude that the Jacobian-free method using source code transformation algorithmic differentiation to compute the partial derivatives is the best option because it computes exact derivatives with the lowest CPU time and the lowest memory requirements, and it also scales well up to 10 million cells and over one thousand CPU cores. The superior performance of this approach is primarily due to its Jacobian-free adjoint strategy. The cases presented herein are publicly available and represent platform-independent benchmarks for comparing other current and future adjoint implementations. Our results and discussion provide a guide for discrete adjoint implementations, not only for computational fluid dynamics but also for a wide range of other partial differential equation solvers.
Suppression of Dynamic Stall by Leading Edge Slat on a Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

The performance characteristics of vertical axis wind turbines are considerably influenced by dynamic stall phenomenon which is the processes of delayed flow separation caused by a rapid excursion in the angle of attack of rotating blades. It leads to a sudden drop in lift forces which further reduce the rotor power output and efficiency significantly. The present analysis is to explore the ideas for enhancing the performance and efficiency for a vertical axis wind turbine model by implementing leading-edge slat on blades of the turbine to delay flow separation. In this paper a comprehensive two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics study has been carried out on airfoil under transient pitch oscillating motion, to obtain detailed flow fields for analysis and flow visualization. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes K-omega shear stress transport model is used to predict turbulence during computations. In addition, a sliding mesh technique along with the user-defined function is used. The outcomes show that the improved design of the turbine with the leading edge slat not only increases the lift coefficient at low Reynolds number but also enhanced the capability of wind energy extraction compared baseline model. The flow separation was delayed by a certain degree due to the leading edge slat. Consequently, the proposed model is appropriate and it can be used various lifting objects, to enhance the output power and efficiency.
Developing and Validating an Instrument to Evaluate Theory-Based Behavioral Antecedents of Consuming a High-Fiber Diet.

Obesity is a major public health concern, with low consumption of fiber-rich foods (e.g., fruits and vegetables) commonly cited as a causal factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of a survey measuring the constructs of the Reasoned Action Approach under the context of consuming a high-fiber diet. After an initial draft of the survey was developed, it was evaluated by a panel of six experts to establish face and content validity. Next, data were collected from an adult sample (n = 878), and psychometric data revealed indices of reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) and validity (confirmatory factor analysis). The average age of adults was 51.5 years (±12.8), and a majority were Caucasian (81%), and women (93%). With regards to construct validity, the model structure had adequate fit (e.g., Comparative Fit Index = 0.960). In addition all items loaded significantly on its corresponding scale. For internal consistency reliability, all Cronbach’s alpha scores were > 0.70. Overall the survey appears to be a promising tool for researchers and practitioners. Understanding the theoretical determinants of fiber consumption will help tie theory together with practice.
Battling the Past: Social, Economic, and Political Challenges to Indigenous Tourism Employment

Arctic explorers have traditionally viewed the North as unexplored frontier, minimizing the role of Indigenous inhabitants. Today, despite exponential growth in Northern tourism, Indigenous peoples are minimally and under-employed, continuing a troubling pattern of economic and social marginalization. In categorizing the challenges to Indigenous employment in the tourism industry identified through a case study literature review, three themes of obstacles emerge: economic and socially extractive practices, contentious social norms, and legal obstacles. The rhetorical content and historical, political, and economic components are each examined, and five considerations for tourism development given to promote employment equity. As the Arctic continues to garner international interest, the ‘Nordic case’ reveals the need for sustainable and inclusive tourism employment across circumpolar states and for Northern futures.
The Replication Cycle of RNA Bacteriophages

Publisher Summary The RNA phages indeed deserve to be considered among the “living world.” They possess well-developed powers of genetic regulation, morphogenesis, chromosomal replication, and even adaptation. In the broadest sense the virus must use all of its genetic and chemical potential, while making maximal use of existing host reactions. In other words, by prudent use of its chemical potential these tiny phages have achieved the “living” state with far fewer genes than higher organisms. The viral proteins themselves are highly versatile in function, and it seems clear that studies directed toward understanding the functional nature of a given viral protein will lead to the discovery of multiple “active sites” on the protein. The tiny RNA chromosome, itself a functional partner in many of these reactions, must also be graced with a multitude of “active sites.” These sites behave as special genetic elements and function, for example, as adsorption points for viral polymerase or capsid as repressor. These sites give the chromosome a type of communication system with the cytoplasm. In one case, a chromosome-cytoplasm circuit of communication is achieved when the capsid protein locks on the chromosome, and switches off the polymerase at a certain time in the infective cycle. This feedback circuit using capsid, itself a product of the infection, endows the virus with powers of self-regulation. The initiation of the RNA replication cycle may require an even more sophisticated protein-chromosome interaction, one where the polymerase is forced to seek out a single parental molecule to use as template among a variety of different host RNA species. When this union is achieved, the infection switches from a purely translational state to the transcriptional cycle where many more copies of RNA are made. The chromosome then appears to monitor the work of the infection going on around it through this form of communication.
‘These are “our” sports’: Kabaddi and Kho-Kho women athletes from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan:

Women’s participation in sports and physical activities lags behind that of men, particularly among members of underrepresented or marginalized groups. Pakistani women from the rural areas of south...
Energy-Constrained Drone Delivery Scheduling

In recent years drones have been used in many applications such as surveillance, geographic mapping, search and rescue, and weather forecast. Motivated by the increased use of drones in shipping and delivery, in this paper we tackle the problem of parcel delivery by taking into consideration important aspects such as serving on-demand requests, flight duration limitation due to energy constraints, maintaining the safety distance to avoid collisions, and using warehouses as starting and ending points in parcel delivery. In this paper we define the UAS Energy-constrained Delivery Scheduling problem and propose a scheduling mechanism using a multi-source A* algorithm variant. Simulation results show that our algorithm is efficient and scalable with the number of requests and network size.
Coupled dynamics of an optically levitated nanodumbbell

We observe the coupled dynamics of both translational motion and torsional vibration for a levitated nanodumbbell at high vacuum. We also report cooling multiple degrees of freedom of the levitated nanodumbbell.
Data management from the DCS to the historian and HMI

Abstract In today's global and fast changing business environment, the urgency with multinational companies to find readily implementable digital solutions has increased significantly as the underlying science yielding operational and business improvements has matured over the past decade. Companies lacking innovative ways to extract incremental value from existing and new business ventures will be left behind. Manufacturing plants, in general, manage billion dollars’ worth of raw and finished products daily across the United States and globally. The quantities of data analyzed in a product lifecycle, capturing cost to produce, logistics, working capital, and other ancillary costs are massive and difficult to both consolidate and integrate. Many production companies still rely heavily on manual processes to evaluate opportunities and economics.
'It is this which is normal' A qualitative study on girl child marriage and health in conakry, Guinea.

Abstract Guinea has the eighth highest rate of girl child marriage, as 1 in 2 girls marry before age 18. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore how women married as children in Conakry, Guinea see their marriage as related to their health and their children's health. This study draws from grounded theory. The primary data sources were in-depth interviews collected from August 2016 to January 2017; during that time, we also conducted brief ethnographic interviews, observation, and participant observation. Purposive sampling was used to identify 19 participants who first married before age 18. We used open coding for data analysis. At the first level of coding, key categories were identified. At the second level of coding, categories were grouped. We secured ethical board approval for all study procedures. Through this study, a new picture emerges about health experiences within girl child marriage. We found that most women perceived health disadvantages of their early marriages (n = 16), captured through themes of poor sexual and reproductive health, intimate partner violence and long-term consequences, poor mental health and psychosocial well-being, and other physical health conditions. Most women also perceived health advantages of their early marriages (n = 15), captured through themes of having children, “good health for me and my children,” access to health care, delaying first pregnancy and birth spacing, and positive mental health and psychosocial well-being. Sixty-three percent of participants articulated both disadvantages and advantages of their early marriages as related to health outcomes. These findings could be considered in many marital experiences in several contexts, yet women's reflections point toward the importance of the timing of their early marriages in their experiences. Change in preventing this practice and addressing its full set of consequences will not happen effectively without incorporating the voices and experiences of women affected.
Real-world cost estimates of initiating emicizumab in US patients with haemophilia A.

Introduction Emicizumab is the first approved non-factor therapy for haemophilia A. It provides superior prophylactic bleeding control compared to other products in both patients with and patients without inhibitors. However, there is no real-world data about the monetary consequences of starting emicizumab. Aim To examine the estimated costs of starting emicizumab in a cohort of real-world haemophilia A patients with and without inhibitors. Methods The cost of haemostatic therapy for 6 months before and after initiating emicizumab for participants in a multicentre observational study was calculated based on the type of product and dosing that was used for prophylaxis and treating breakthrough bleeds, the number of treated bleeds and the participant weight. Results Ninety-two patients were included, 18 with an active inhibitor. The median age was 8.7 years. The median total cost for all patients decreased from $176,720 to $128,099 (p = .04) after initiating emicizumab, largely because of decrease in the total cost of high-cost outliers. The cost of prophylaxis and the total cost of bleeds also significantly decreased after starting emicizumab, both for patient with and patients without inhibitors. Conclusions Starting or switching to prophylaxis with emicizumab results in decreased costs for the treatment of patients with haemophilia A. This real-world data could inform on payer decisions as well as future cost-effective analysis.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Syntactic Structure to Learn Code Edit Representations.

In recent times, it has been shown that one can use code as data to aid various applications such as automatic commit message generation, automatic generation of pull request descriptions and automatic program repair. Take for instance the problem of commit message generation. Treating source code as a sequence of tokens, state of the art techniques generate commit messages using neural machine translation models. However, they tend to ignore the syntactic structure of programming languages. Previous work, i.e., code2seq has used structural information from Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) to represent source code and they use it to automatically generate method names. In this paper, we elaborate upon this state of the art approach and modify it to represent source code edits. We determine the effect of using such syntactic structure for the problem of classifying code edits. Inspired by the code2seq approach, we evaluate how using structural information from AST, i.e., paths between AST leaf nodes can help with the task of code edit classification on two datasets of fine-grained syntactic edits. Our experiments shows that attempts of adding syntactic structure does not result in any improvements over less sophisticated methods. The results suggest that techniques such as code2seq, while promising, have a long way to go before they can be generically applied to learning code edit representations. We hope that these results will benefit other researchers and inspire them to work further on this problem.
Machin’s Formula Via a Proof Without Words

In the history of the computation of π, Machin’s formula(1) π4=4arctan15−arctan1239has played an important role. John Machin (1686–1751) discovered the formula in 1706 and used it with the arctange...
The Economic Possibilities of Comparable Worth

Professors Fischel and Lazear have set themselves about a most difficult task. For the sake of their argument they concede that job segregation and the disparity between wages in maleand female-dominated occupations is due to discrimination against women. They acknowledge that this discrimination may take the form of barriers to the entry of women into certain occupations, or may consist of broad, societal sexism which channels women into occupations they might not otherwise pursue. And they concede-as history requires-that the market alone cannot be counted upon to eradicate discrimination. Yet they claim to demonstrate that the remedy known as comparable worth or pay equity is not appropriate under any circumstances and will leave women worse off than they were without the remedy.' As Professor Becker demonstrates,2 the Fischel and Lazear thesis is vulnerable on a variety of grounds. I examine their economic analysis and find it incomplete and unconvincing. Fischel and Lazear make two basic economic arguments against comparable worth: 1. Raising wages in female-dominated occupations to the level of wages in comparable, male-dominated occupations fails to reallocate jobs between men and women or restore wages to the levels which would exist without discrimination; and 2. Increasing wages in female-dominated occupations will reduce employment in those occupations, resulting in a loss of jobs for women, making them worse off than they are now. Neither of these arguments is persuasive. As to the first argument, I do not know of any advocate of comparable worth who
Data Warehousing: A Strategic Approach

(1999). Data Warehousing: A Strategic Approach. Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 41-47.
Perspectives on Geriatric Pharmacotherapy

In the United States the population over 85 years of age use a disproportionately large percentage of health care resources, including drugs. The elderly take approximately one-third of all medications. Among other factors, the need for several agents predisposes them to adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Sequelae from drug usage in the elderly are more common than in younger patient populations, and often result in hospitalization. Careful patient monitoring is imperative for optimum pharmacotherapy in elderly patients.
Micrococcus luteus Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase STUDIES OF THE INITIATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN VITRO

Abstract The initiation of DNA synthesis in vitro by the Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase was studied with a combination of density- and radioactive-labeled substrates and templates. Product DNA is covalently linked to the template (primer) DNA. Even after 4-fold net replication, the newly synthesized products are not separable from the template (primer) molecules. Replication of poly d(T-G)·poly d(C-A) was studied to elucidate the details of the synthesis reaction. These experiments indicate that, during the course of synthesis, the polymerase reverses its direction of translocation and uses the newly synthesized product as a template for further synthesis. Apparently, the complementary strands of the product DNA are covalently joined by "hairpin loop" structures. The repair of single stranded DNA's is completely dependent on the presence of primer molecules that are complementary to the template. The M. luteus DNA polymerase is apparently unable to initiate the synthesis of new polynucleotide strands, as judged by the inability to incorporate β-γ-32P-labeled triphosphates or 3H-labeled monophosphates into polymer termini. Thus, this enzyme replicates a DNA template by adding nucleotides onto the ends of primer molecules.
'Just Trying to Be Human in This Place', Too: From Inside the Law School Classroom to filmandlaw.com

Five years ago, the latest in a long line of studies and research projects that critically examined American legal education were published. The Carnegie Foundation Report, “Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Law”, and the empirical research findings of linguistic anthropologist Elizabeth Mertz, “The Language of Law School: Learning to 'Think Like a Lawyer,” identified many shortcomings and negative consequences that result from the traditional pedagogy of the American law school classroom. In this Article, Professors Kate Nace Day and Russell G. Murphy explore some of the findings of these studies in the context of their experimentation with the use of storytelling, feature films, and documentaries in upper-division law classes. Beyond critical analysis of in-class film screenings, the Authors have integrated actual productions of small-scale documentary projects into the classroom experience to produce new forms of exposition describing and explaining law and to develop new methods of understanding and teaching law. Further, in light of Mertz’s findings on disturbing silences in the classroom, the Article explains how storytelling and film may create a more inclusive classroom by transforming the vision of law received by outsider students. The Article concludes by extending this work to broader types of community education and activism through the Authors’ new website, filmandlaw.com.
Reflections on Constitutionalizing Women's Equality

In commenting on Kathleen Sullivan's Brennan Lecture, Constitutionalizing Women's Equality, I am, in a sense, continuing a conversation begun nearly fifteen years ago, in a seminar on Groups, Inequality, and the Constitution, which was the first course Sullivan taught as a professor and one of the last I took as a student at the Harvard Law School. The first item worthy of comment in this Brennan Center Jorde Symposium is how little has changed in the intervening years with respect to the constitutional law concerning the group whose equality is here at issue: women.' Indeed, so little has changed that Sullivan could well have delivered a virtually identical lecture fifteen years ago. Perhaps because the core of this law has been so firmly established for so many years after having been so close to nonexistent for so many preceding centuries, Sullivan's lecture is largely backward looking, with little in the way of predictions or prescriptions for the future. In this response, I offer my own version of the history and then apply some of Sullivan's analytic dichotomies in a somewhat more forward-looking way, to aspects of the constitutionalization of women's equality not yet fully settled in American law. As to the history,2 I have a somewhat different perspective on both the work of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the role of race in constitutionalizing
Gabriel Trujillo Muñoz: Escritor, editor y estudioso de la ciencia ficción mexicana

En la ciencia ficcion mexicana contemporanea Gabriel Trujillo Munoz es uno de los protagonistas mas destacados. Desde hace mas de treinta anos este autor mexicalense ha promovido y difundido este genero literario en Mexico por medio de cuentos, novelas, antologias y estudios criticos. En este articulo se hara un recorrido de las obras cienciaficcioneras mas relevantes de Trujillo, empezando con sus cuentos y terminando con sus monografias.
Temperament Does Not Affect Steer Weight Gains on Extensively Managed Semiarid Rangeland

On the Ground Cattle with poor temperaments gain less weight in feedlots. However, how yearling steer temperament affects weight gain on rangelands is a knowledge gap for ranchers. Flight speed, the speed at which cattle exit a chute after weighing, has been used to measure temperament in past feedlot studies (faster speed = poor temperament). We used flight speed scores in this study to measure yearling steer temperament at the beginning (mid-May) and end (early-October) of grazing seasons for 3 years: 2011–2013. We hypothesized that steer weight gains on extensively managed semiarid rangeland with low stocking densities (∼ 0.11–0.15 steers/ha) would not be influenced by temperament due to the much lower animal densities and fewer handling events than experienced in feedlots. No meaningful relationships were found between season-beginning or season-ending flight speed score and steer average daily gain, and flight speed scores were often lower at the end of the season. Results suggest that ranchers opera...
Board Diversity: Beginning to Unpeel the Onion

Despite progress understanding the costs and benefits of diversity in corporate boardrooms we continue to have many unanswered questions. As questions begin to be partially answered, more questions arise. Here I explore those layers of the boardroom diversity onion.
Comparison Of Two Common Methods Of Surface Topography Evaluation

This paper compares some of the advantages and limitations of two methods used for surface topography evaluation, the dual-beam interference microscope and the stylus-type profiling instrument. Consideration is primarily limited to diamond-machined or other high quality surfaces, such as those commonly encountered on optical elements. Parameters discussed include horizontal and vertical resolution, horizontal and vertical range, and surface damage.
Scaling distributed cache hierarchies through computation and data co-scheduling

Cache hierarchies are increasingly non-uniform, so for systems to scale efficiently, data must be close to the threads that use it. Moreover, cache capacity is limited and contended among threads, introducing complex capacity/latency tradeoffs. Prior NUCA schemes have focused on managing data to reduce access latency, but have ignored thread placement; and applying prior NUMA thread placement schemes to NUCA is inefficient, as capacity, not bandwidth, is the main constraint. We present CDCS, a technique to jointly place threads and data in multicores with distributed shared caches. We develop novel monitoring hardware that enables fine-grained space allocation on large caches, and data movement support to allow frequent full-chip reconfigurations. On a 64-core system, CDCS outperforms an S-NUCA LLC by 46% on average (up to 76%) in weighted speedup and saves 36% of system energy. CDCS also outperforms state-of-the-art NUCA schemes under different thread scheduling policies.
Education, race/ethnicity and out-migration from a border city

Through a combination of high immigration rates and differential fertility, communities along the U.S.-Mexico border have become overwhelmingly Hispanic. El Paso, Texas, located across the border from Ciudad Juarez, forms part of the world’s largest urban center on a land border. El Paso ranks among the bottom 10 large U.S. metropolitan areas with the smallest proportion of college-educated adults, causing concerns among policy makers regarding its prospects for economic development. Local discourse suggests that low educational levels result from the out-migration of educated groups that find higher wages or better jobs elsewhere. Two sources of data are used to explore the association between education, race/ethnicity, and out-migration: the five percent 2000 PUMS and a survey conducted among students at the University of Texas at El Paso. We find that between 1995 and 2000 a large net outflow of non-Hispanic whites and blacks of all educational levels took place. Among Mexicans and Mexican Americans, college graduates were more likely to leave compared to high school graduates, but place of birth and language preference influenced these odds. Student data confirmed that non-Hispanics are significantly more likely to plan to leave compared to students of Mexican origin or descent. Among Mexicans and Mexican Americans, those who prefer English and mentioned jobs and lifestyle as the most important factors in choosing a place to live and work were more likely to have plans to leave upon graduation. Policy implications are discussed regarding the future of border communities.
A 13C NMR study of several perphenylated polysilanes and cyclo-1,1-bis(h5-cyclopentadienyl)titana-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octaphenylpentasilane

Abstract The 13C NMR spectra of decaphenylcyclopentasilane, (I), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octaphenyltetrasilane, (II), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,-octaphenyl-1-chlorotetrasilane, (III) and the metallocycle, cyclo-1,1-bis(h5-cyclopentadienyl)titana-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octaphenylpentalasine, (IV), were obtained and assignments based on the 13C1H coupled 13C NMR spectra of (I) and (III). For compounds (I) and (III) both one bond, J1, and three bond J3, 1H13C coupling constants were observed and found to be 159 and 6.8 Hz respectively. The 13C NMR spectra of (III) and (IV) were assigned based on a comparison of the spectra to those of (I) and (II).
Research data and metadata curation as institutional issues

Research data curation initiatives must support heterogeneous kinds of projects, data, and metadata. This article examines variability in data and metadata practices using "institutions" as the key theoretical concept. Institutions, in the sense used here, are stable patterns of human behavior that structure, legitimize, or delegitimize actions, relationships, and understandings within particular situations. Based on prior conceptualizations of institutions, a theoretical framework is presented that outlines 5 categories of "institutional carriers" for data practices: a norms and symbols, b intermediaries, c routines, d standards, and e material objects. These institutional carriers are central to understanding how scientific data and metadata practices originate, stabilize, evolve, and transfer. This institutional framework is applied to 3 case studies: the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing CENS, the Long Term Ecological Research LTER network, and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research UCAR. These cases are used to illustrate how institutional support for data and metadata management are not uniform within a single organization or academic discipline. Instead, broad spectra of institutional configurations for managing data and metadata exist within and across disciplines and organizations.
Moonlighting by psychiatric residents.

Much of the literature on resident moonlighting has been editorial in nature. Very little information on psychiatric residents’ moonlighting practices and attitudes exists. The authors developed an instrument that was mailed to survey the chief residents of all 203 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education—approved psychiatry residencies, with 137 (67.5%) programs responding. According to the responses, the percentage of residents moonlighting increased with each successive year of training, with an average of 31 hours per resident per month. The two major reasons given for moonlighting were payment of living expenses (58%) and repayment of student loans (24%). No supervision was provided to 22% of the moonlighting residents. Only 10% of the programs proscribed moonlighting by their residents. To better assess the positive and negative effects of moonlighting, it is time to truly monitor and guide the moonlighting experience for both residents and their programs.
ANTHECIAL AND FOLIAR MICROMORPHOLOGY AND FOLIAR ANATOMY OF BRACHIARIA (POACEAE: PANICEAE)

In an examination ofthe generic boundaries of Brachiaria, ten anthecial patterns are recognized for the genus, eight for the first time. A smooth surface is proposed as the basic pattern from which the ornate patterns are produced. The laminar abaxial epidermis displays panicoid microcharacters. Foliar anatomy is the type associated with the C4, PEP-carboxykinase photosynthetic pathway. However, no species groups are discernable and the variation within
The First Cesarean: Role of “Fetal Distress” Diagnosis

The goal of this review is to synthesize the available information regarding factors leading to the first cesarean, especially as it relates to the role of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) in the prevention of the first cesarean. The widespread use of EFM did not reduce perinatal or neonatal adverse outcomes. Coupled with its inherent problems, such as poor sensitivity and reliability, this has led to a dramatic increase in cesarean delivery rates. To be realistic in any attempt to lower the current cesarean rate, we must address the inherent limitations in our current EFM methods.
Location of trochlear vestibuloocular neurons in the cat.

Abstract The sites of neurons in the brain stem which project to the trochlear nucleus were demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde tracer in six cats. Trochlear vestibuloocular neurons were located bilaterally in the superior vestibular nuclei, the infracerebellar nuclei, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, and the inferior central nucleus. Contralaterally projecting neurons were located in the medial vestibular nucleus.
Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children

This paper describes the development and preliminary efficacy of a program designed to prevent depressive symptoms in at-risk 10-13 year-olds, and relates the findings to the current understanding of childhood depression. The treatment targets depressive symptoms and related difficulties such as conduct problems, low academic achievement, low social competence, and poor peer relations, by proactively teaching cognitive techniques. Children were identified as 'at-risk' based on depressive symptoms and their reports of parental conflict. Sixty-nine children participated in treatment groups and were compared to 73 children in control groups. Depressive symptoms were significantly reduced and classroom behavior was significantly improved in the treatment group as compared to controls at post-test. Six-month follow-up showed continued reduction in depressive symptoms, as well as significantly fewer externalizing conduct problems, as compared to controls. The reduction in symptoms was most pronounced in the children who were most at risk.
The use of black models in specialty catalogs

Although there are a wealth of studies which examine the use of minority models (particularly African American models) in advertising, we found no research that addresses the use of black models in direct marketing vehicles, that is, specialty catalogs. We conducted a content analysis of 111 clothing and gift catalogs to determine benchmarks on the use of black models in catalogs. Generally, we found that black models in specialty catalogs tend to be used in similar proportions to magazine advertisements and less than the proportion of black models in television advertisements. The average proportion of black models in catalogs is roughly 4 percent. While this percentage does not reflect the proportion of African Americans in our society (12%), it is close to the proportion of black Americans that shop from specialty catalogs (7.5%). Other findings were that black models are shown with relatively high-price/value merchandise; medium-brown completed models tend to be used more than models who are very dark or very light in complexion; and nine percent of models on catalog covers are black. We compare our findings to those in the advertising literature and offer implications for direct marketing management and strategy.
Impact of Shelf–Basin Freshwater Transport on Deep Convection in the Western Labrador Sea

AbstractFreshwater exiting the Arctic Ocean through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) has been shown to affect meridional overturning circulation and thereby the global climate system. However, because of constraints of spatial resolution in most global ocean models, neither the flow of low salinity water through the CAA to the Labrador Sea nor the eddy activity that may transport freshwater from the shelf to areas of open ocean convection can be directly simulated. To address these issues, this study uses a high-resolution ice–ocean model of the pan-Arctic region with a realistic CAA and forced with realistic atmospheric data. This model resolves conditions in the Arctic Ocean upstream of the Labrador Sea and is coupled to a thermodynamic–dynamic sea ice model that responds to the atmospheric forcing. The major shelf–basin exchange of liquid freshwater occurs south of Hamilton Bank, whereas the largest ice flux occurs in the northwest of the basin. Freshwater flux anomalies entering the Labrador Sea ...
Derivation Of Information From Images

The purpose of this paper is to describe the philosophy of the DARPA Image Understanding Program and to highlight some early results.
Isolation and structure of uridine nucleotide-peptides from Aerobacter cloacae NRC 492.

Four closely related uridine nucleotide-peptides isolated from ethanol extracts of penicillin-treated Aerobacter cloacae NRC 492 have been partially characterized. Fractionation of dialyzed extract...
Metamaterials for Novel Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Devices

We present experimental results of metamaterials operating at terahertz and mm-wave frequencies. Metamaterials consist of a single layer of 200 nm thick gold on a doped or undoped semiconducting substrate. By optical and electronic doping of supporting semiconducting substrates we show external control of planar arrays of metamaterials, characterized with terahertz time domain spectroscopy. Both methods yield meta-material / semiconductor devices which can be utilized as switches or modulators, enabling modulation of THz transmission by 50 percent. Experiments are supported by simulations and results agree well. Because of the universality of metamaterial response over many decades of frequency, these results have implications for other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and will undoubtedly play a key role in future demonstrations of novel high-performance devices.
Phenotypic modulation of newly synthesized proteoglycans in human cartilage and chondrocytes

Summary The proteoglycans synthesized by human osteoarthritic femoral head cartilage and nonarthritic articular cartilage age-matched to the osteoarthritic cartilage specimens was studied in explant cultures and in chondrocytes generated by explant outgrowth from the cartilages. Twenty-four hours after explanation, both nonarthritic articular cartilage and osteoarthritic cartilage synthesized principally one large proteoglycan core protein that migrated on 3–5% acrylamide gels with an apparent molecular mass ( M r ) of ∼520 kDa after enzymatic digestion with chondroitinase ABC and keratanase. The proteoglycan was found in both the explant itself and in the medium compartment of the culture as well. This proteoglycan contained chondroitin-6-sulfate, keratan sulfate and the hyaluronan binding region as evidenced by immunoblotting with murine anti-proteoglycan monoclonal antibodies indicating that the proteoglycan was aggrecan. To a much lesser extent two additional proteoglycan core proteins were also found in the explant but were not seen in the culture medium compartment. These proteoglycans possessed apparent M r 's of ∼480 kDa and ∼390 kDa on 3–5% acrylamide gels after chondroitinase ABC and keratanase digestion. The medium compartment contained principally the ∼520 kDa proteoglycan core protein. In osteoarthritic cartilage explants, the pattern of newly synthesized proteoglycans recovered from the tissue as assessed on 3–16% polyacrylamide gradient gels remained relatively the same from day 1 after explantation up to 36 days of culture. By contrast, the proteoglycans recovered from the culture medium contained chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate after 1, 7 and 21 days in culture but by 36 days appeared to contain only chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes generated from osteoarthritic cartilage and age-matched nonarthritic articular cartilage synthesized different patterns of large (greater than 200 kDa) proteoglycan. Whereas chondrocytes derived from osteoarthritic cartilage continued to synthesize principally the ∼520 kDa proteoglycan core protein, the chondrocytes derived from nonarthritic cartilage synthesized in addition to this proteoglycan, abundant amounts of the other two proteoglycan core proteins as well.
Effects of hydrogen bonding on the ring stretching modes of pyridine.

The effects of hydrogen bonding on the ring stretching modes (both ring breathing and triangle) of pyridine are experimentally investigated using noisy light based coherent Raman scattering spectroscopy. Three systems, pyridine/formamide, pyridine/water, and pyridine/acetic acid, provide varying degrees of strength for the diluent−pyridine hydrogen bond complex. Formamide forms a relatively weaker hydrogen bond, while acetic acid essentially fully transfers a proton to pyridine. Both dilution studies and temperature studies are performed on the three systems. Together, these provide a broad context in which a very simple model for the electronic behavior of pyridine is formulated. This model is based on a molecular orbital picture and electrostatic arguments, and it well explains the observed experimental results. Additionally, a new mechanism for the line broadening of the ring breathing mode for the pyridine−water hydrogen bonded complex is proposed.
SU‐GG‐J‐192: Use of Optimized Oblique Anatomical Planes for Efficient and Accurate Organ and Tumor Segmentation

Purpose: To improve the efficiency and accuracy of tumor and normal organ segmentation by using optimized anatomical planes. Method and Materials: Contouring of tumors and normal organs is typically conducted using transverse computed tomography(CT) planes. This is due to the historical relationship between diagnostic radiology and radiation oncology, as well as the relatively poor longitudinal spatial resolution of CT relative to the transverse plane. We hypothesize that the accuracy and efficiency of segmentation will be improved if the contouring planes are aligned to anatomical landmarks and planes, similar to the methods used in surgery. This advance is made possible by the state‐of‐the art in CT systems that provide high spatial‐resolution images that do not bias the resolution in favor of the transverse plane. This program has three phases: 1) Design an algorithm that generates contour surfaces from nonparallel obliquely oriented contours. 2) Select oblique planes corresponding to surgical exposure techniques and evaluate the improved efficiency of segmentation using a custom‐generated organ surface library. 3) Develop a contouring toolset that includes tools to aid in navigating the CT dataset in 3 dimensions. Results: Phase 1 has been completed. Phase 2 is underway, with data from parotid segmentation showing progress for selecting anatomical planes similar to a superficial parotidectomy. Toolsets are being developed for phase 3, including methods for aligning the contouring plane with the anatomical reference landmarks as used in surgery. Conclusion: This process promises to provide a more efficient and effective method for manually segmenting structures based on the hypothesis that aligning the contouring planes to anatomical landmarks and structures will provide a more accurate segmentation process, and allow radiation therapy to be delivered with similar anatomical precision as surgical therapy. We anticipate this will be especially true for nodal target volumes.
Reconstruction methods and completeness conditions for two Compton data models.

Two different models are proposed for the data produced in a Compton imaging device. A sequence of equations, which relate the model to the distribution of radioactivity that is being imaged, is developed for each of the two models. No series expansions are used in these developments. On the basis of these sequences of equations, a completeness condition is developed for each of the two models. These completeness conditions may prove useful in the future in determining appropriate shapes, configurations, and motions of the device’s detectors. A computer simulation is performed to verify one of these sequences of equations. A computer simulation is also performed to demonstrate that this sequence of equations can produce more accurate images than a backprojection reconstruction method. In addition, a procedure is proposed that could mitigate the effects of the Klein–Nishina distribution, the Doppler broadening, and the variability in the data due to the random generation of photons.
PARASITIC INFECTION OF Filaroides osleri, Capillaria aerophila AND Spirocera lupi IN COYOTES FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

A total of 181 coyotes (Canis latrans) was examined for helminth parasites Filaroides osleri, Capillari aerophila, and Spirocerca lupi. Coyote carcasses were obtained from Kansas, western Oklahoma-northern Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and southern California. Cysts of F. osleri were present in the trachea or bronchial division in 39 (22%) coyotes. C. aerophila were present in only 7 (4%) coyotes. S. lupi lesions were present in the aorta of 59 (33%) coyotes. Esophageal infections of S. lupi were found in only 4 of 142 (3%) coyotes. F. osleri, C. aerophila and S. lupi infections were more prevalent in western Oklahoma-northern Texas, low in southern Arizona-California, and absent in northern Arizona
Significant transcriptional down-regulation of the human MDR1 gene by β-naphthoflavone: A proposed hypothesis linking potent CYP gene induction to MDR1 inhibition

Summary Previous work has established the existence of a co-ordinate response in induction between Phase I xenobiotic metabolism, cytochrome P450 (CYP) and the multidrug resistance (MDR1) genes in hepatocytes and some tumor cells. Further correlation was obtained between development of multidrug resistance in cancer cells and a concomitant decrease in inducibility of CYP1A and CYP3A drug metabolizing genes. In the present study, a human MDR1 promoter reporter gene construct was designed to investigate the reverse effect in which selected activators of the major CYP (1–3) genes were tested for potential inhibition of transcriptional activity of the MDR1 gene. β-naphthoflavone (BNF), a potent CYP1A1 inducer, significantly ( P P
LTL logistics networks with differentiated services

This research addresses the problem of designing a LTL logistics network over individual lanes by offering different delivery services (1-day, 2-day, 3-day). A network design is proposed which links lane-specific delivery service choices and service profitability to the hub location-allocation decisions. A hybrid-heuristic is developed which uses a search interval reduction technique with a meta-heuristic. The performance of the hybrid-heuristic is evaluated in a computational study. A factorial experiment design with real world data is used to analyze the network structure, service choices and shipment flows, which results in managerial insights about the design and operation of a LTL logistics network with differentiated services.