cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quarkonium Production at Z0 and in ϒ(1S) Decay

The conventional color-singlet model was challenged by the recent data on quarkonium production. Discrepancies in production rates were observed at the Tevatron, at LEP, and in fixed-target experiments. The newly advocated color-octet mechanism provides a plausible solution to the anomalous quarkonium production observed at the Tevatron. The color-octet mechanism should also affect other quarkonium production channels. In this paper we will summarize the studies of quarkonium production in Z0 and ϒ decays.
A Reassessment of the Effects of Inquiry-Based Science Curricula of the 60's on Student Performance.

In this project a re-synthesis of the research dealing with student performance in new science curricula was conducted using the refined statistical procedures proposed by Hedges (1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c) and Hedges and Olkin (1985). The results of the re-synthesis generally supported the conclusions drawn in the earlier meta-analysis by Shymansky, Kyle, and Alport (1983); i.e., that the new science curricula of the 60's and 70's were more effective in enhancing student performance than traditional textbook-based programs of the time. But the re-synthesis also revealed some notable differences as well. For example, in the re-synthesis mean effects were significantly positive on four performance clusters (achievement, process skills, problem solving, and attitude) compared to seven clusters in the earlier analysis, and then by a smaller margin (the 1981 mean was 0.34 and the 1986 mean was 0.25). In one case (related skills), the mean effect changed from a +0.25 (significant at the 0.05 level) to –0.10. But perhaps more important than any particular change in the many analyses performed, the application of refined statistical procedures in the re-synthesis yielded results of greater precision than those generated in the original study. Thus, it is recommended that the data generated in this re-synthesis be used in any discussion of the effects of the new science curricula on student performance.
Transient Interfacial Patterns and Instabilities Associated with Liquid Film Adhesion and Spreading

A surface force apparatus was used to study surface shape changes during the adhesion and spreading of a polymer melt on a bare mica surface. Transient fingers were observed during the initial, rapid spreading process, pointing radially out from the initial adhesive contact point. The fingers had microscopic widths and lengths but submicroscopic thicknesses. They eventually disappeared, leaving a more slowly growing circular neck with a smooth, featureless polymer−air surface. The mean radius of the spreading meniscus (neck) was found to follow a scaling relationship with time of the form (ri + ro)/2 ∝ tn, with n = 0.128, while the ends of the fingers grew according to ro ∝ tn, with n = 0.10. These rates agree with the values of n = 0.100−0.125 predicted by classical wetting theories for circular macroscopic droplets (i.e., radially symmetric, without fingers) spreading on a solid surface. The lifetime of the transient fingering patterns increases with the polymer viscosity as τ ∝ ηn, with n = 2.1 ± 0.2. ...
Under Carnap's Lamp: Flat Pre-semantics

“Flat pre-semantics” lets each parameter of truth (etc.) be considered sepa-rately and equally, and without worrying about grammatical complications. This allows one to become a little clearer on a variety of philosophical-logical points, such as the use fulness of Carnapian tolerance and the deep relativity of truth. A more definite result of thinking in terms of flat pre-semantics lies in the articulation of some instructive ways of categorizing operations on meanings in purely logical terms in relation to various parame- ters of truth (etc.); namely, closing vs. leaving open, local vs. translocal, and anchored vs. unanchored. Basic relations among these categories are established.
Structural properties of a three-dimensional all- sp 2 phase of carbon

We have studied the structural properties of a recently proposed, hypothetical, all-${\mathit{sp}}^{2}$ phase of carbon, using the first-principles pseudopotential total-energy method. Our results are compared with those of an earlier tight-binding calculation. While the two calculations yield equilibrium volumes and bond lengths that are in excellent agreement, there are discrepancies in the cohesive energy, elastic constants, and predicted stability of this phase.
Intensity correlation and the phase of the structure factor

Abstract The technique suggested by Goldberger et al. [1] to obtain the structure factor of a crystal is applied to a two-dimensional crystal. The method is found to be insufficient and a reason is suggested.
Smooth strings at large dimension

Surfaces embedded in d Euclidean dimensions with an extrinsic curvature term are investigated. To one-loop order, the effective action for metric fluctuations has a Liouville form over both large and short distances. At large distances, the Liouville theory is the same as for the Nambu model, \ensuremath{\sim}26-d. At short distances, the Liouville action is proportional to 26-2d; this produces negative eigenvalues, and so instability, unless d\ensuremath{\le}13. At large d, this instability is overlooked to compute correlation functions by an expansion in \ensuremath{\sim}1/d. There is a critical point when the renormalized string tension vanishes, with the only infrared singular correlations those of the Liouville theory over large distances, \ensuremath{\sim}26-d. At the critical point, there is also a tachyon at nonzero momentum; tachyons probably do not occur if d26.
Effect of thyroid status on digestive tract fill and flow rate of undigested residues in cattle.

Abstract Retention of feed residues in the digestive tract was determined in 16 thyroid intact cows and 12 cows with severe iodine-131 thyroid irradiation damage, 4 of which had been fed 8 g thyroprotein daily for 60 days. Recoveries during 6 to 10 daily doses of a nonabsorbed marker (cerium-141, cerium-144 praseody-mium-144, or scandium-46) in feces were: thyroid intact cows, 76.6; thyroid damaged cows, 54.4; and thyroid damaged cows fed thyroprotein, 78.4% of the total dose. Corresponding recoveries from the digestive tract at slaughter were marker, 21.5, 43.5, and 18.9% of the total dose and dry matter, 1.6, 2.5, and 1.7 kg per 100 kg body weight. Single oral doses of cerium-144 praseodymium-144 were used as a marker to follow movement of feed residues through digestive tracts of two intact and two thyroid damaged cows. The flow rate constant for thyroid damaged cows was less than half that for intact cows. Thyroprotein fed daily for 70 days raised plasma thyroxine to the normal range, increased feed intake, and reduced feed retention to near normal in thyroid damaged cows. Thyroprotein caused only slight changes in cows with previously normal thyroid function.
Novel karyotype in the Ullrich‐Turner syndrome—45,X/46,X,r(X)/46,X,dic(X)—investigated with fluorescence in situ hybridization

A 10-year-old girl with Ullrich-Turner syndrome was found to have the novel karyotype 45,X/46,X,r(X)(p11q11)/46,X,dic(X)(p11). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the alpha satellite X centromere probe established the origin of the small ring chromosome. Scanning a large number of cells by interphase FISH showed that the dicentric (X) was the least prevalent cell line. The common breakpoint of Xp11 suggests a sequence of errors as the mechanism whereby these 3 distinct cell lines have arisen.
Position-based visual servo control of leader-follower formation using image-based relative pose and relative velocity estimation

A position-based visual servo control strategy is proposed for leader-follower formation control of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). The proposed control law only requires the knowledge of a single known length on the leader. The relative pose and the relative velocity of the leader are estimated with respect to the follower in the follower reference frame. The relative pose and the relative velocity are obtained using a geometric pose estimation technique and a nonlinear velocity estimation strategy, respectively. A Lyapunov analysis indicates global asymptotic tracking of the leader vehicle, and simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance of the developed controller.
CARDIOMEGALY RESPONSIVE TO CARNITIN (C) SUBSTITUTION IN THE NEONATE OF A CARNITIN DEFICIENT MOTHER

We report on a male Turkish neonate of 38w gestation with a birth-weight of 2500 g. After normal adaptation, clinical and radiological signs of cardiomegaly were noticed on the 2nd day in the absence of muscular hypotonia. Echocardiography revealed hypertrophy involving mainly the right ventricle (RV) and the septum but less the left ventricle: RV anterior wall diameter and septum thicknesss were 6.0 and 6.5 mm, resp. (normal x ± SD 2.0 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 0.4, resp.) on days two and seven. Serum C levels were low on day two (total C 15, free C 6.5 μmol/l, resp.; normal: 36 - 62 and 21 - 56, resp). Oral substitution with L-carnitin (100 mg/kg bw/day) was given from day 7 to 28. Cardiomegaly, echocardiographic parameters and serum C normalized within 10 days and remained normal for the following 3 mos. Since placental C transfer is a passive process we considered C deficiency in his mother. Four weeks after delivery, her serum C was 20 and 12 μmol/l, the muscle tone was normal, ketogenesis unimpaired and urinary excretion of dicarbonic acids absent. Excessive renal loss was ruled out (tubular reabsorption >99 %). However, a low alimentary intake due to a self-imposed exclusion of meat during the whole pregnancy alone, or in combination with a decreased C synthesis, may have lead to C deficiency in the mother. We conclude that neonatal cardiomegaly and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be clinical manifestations of C deficiency in the mother amenable to restitution by short-term C substitution.
Congenital unilateral muscle hyperplasia of the hand with ulnar deviation of the fingers.

Three cases of congenital unilateral muscular hyperplasia of the hand combined with ulnar deviation of the fingers are presented. In all three patients the deformity was confined to the right upper extremity, and there were no other associated congenital malformations. All patients displayed anomalous or hyperplastic musculature acting on the proximal phalanges of the fingers, contributing to the associated ulnar drift of the hand. This condition is previously unreported, and is a different entity from the previously described “windblown hand”.
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in an Indian population

Background: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency is prevalent in 3–5% of the Caucasian population; however, the frequency of this pharmacogenetic syndrome in the Indian population and other racial and ethnic groups remains to be elucidated. Patients and methods: We describe an Indian patient who presented to clinic for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma with 5-flurouracil (5-FU) therapy who subsequently was diagnosed with DPD deficiency by using the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DPD radioassay. This observation prompted us to examine the data generated from healthy (cancer-free) Indian subjects who were enrolled in a large population study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the uracil breath test (UraBT) in the detection of DPD deficiency. Thirteen Indian subjects performed the UraBT. UraBT results were confirmed by PBMC DPD radioassay. Results: The Indian cancer patient demonstrated reduced DPD activity (0.11 nmol/min/mg protein) and severe 5-FU toxicities commonly associated with DPD deficiency. Of the 13 Indian subjects [ten men and three women; mean age, 26 years (range: 21–31 years)] enrolled in the UraBT, 12 Indian subjects demonstrated UraBT breath profiles and PBMC DPD activity within the normal range; one Indian subject demonstrated a reduced breath profile and partial DPD deficiency. Conclusions: DPD deficiency is a pharmacogenetic syndrome which is also present in the Indian population. If undiagnosed, the DPD deficiency can lead to death. Future epidemiological studies would be helpful to determine the prevalence of DPD deficiency among racial and ethnic groups, allowing for the optimization of 5-FU chemotherapy.
Fabrication of Porous Calcium Oxide Film for UT-3 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Cycle

UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production cycle has been studied, both theoretically and experimentally, and is one of the very few cycles studied on a pilot plant scale. The maximum operating temperature in this cycle is relatively lower than the temperatures in other cycles. Another advantage of this cycle is that it is comprised of four gas-solid reactions which simplify product separation. Although the cycle has several such advantages, one of the significant issues is the development of solid reactants that are chemically reactive and physically stable in cyclic operations between oxide and bromide forms, which have considerably different molar volumes. Acceleration of reaction rate as well as longer cyclic life time and durability of the solid reactant are important keys for the practicability of the cycle. Additionally, a simpler preparation step of the reactant is preferable. Therefore, in order to increase the surface area of the calcium oxide reactant and maintain reactivity as well as structure in cyclic transformations, porous calcium oxide films have been examined as candidates. The calcium oxide precursor was prepared by sol-gel chemistry following a metal alkoxide process and the film was fabricated by a dip coating procedure. The characterization of the calcium oxide film such as the structural changes in the film and compositional conversions due to the bromination reaction has been performed using SEM and EDS. Based on a preliminary experimental analysis as well as the advantages of a film type reactant, one can conclude that the calcium oxide film may be a feasible alternative to a pellet-type reactant.© 2007 ASME
Gangliosides elicit a t-cell independent antibody response

Abstract Antibodies to glycolipids have recently been found to be elevated in a substantial proportion of patients with motor neuron diseases, various neuropathies and classical ALS. Several features of these antibody responses suggest that they may be produced by a T-cell independent B lymphocyte response: (1) antibodies are predominantly of IgM class; (2) antibodies against gangliosides are directed against the carbohydrate component of the gangliosides; and (3) antiganglioside antibodies are difficult to suppress. In this study we have asked whether gangliosides can induce T-independent responses, in T-cell deficient and T-cell competent mice. Homozygous nude mice (nu/nu), which lack T-cells, and heterozygous controls (nu/+) with intact T-cells, were immunized and rechallenged with the ganglioside GM1 in liposomes. Antibodies were measured by an ELISA method. Both nude mice and controls produced high titers of IgM class antibodies to the ganglioside GM1. The antibody titers peaked by 7 days after each immunization and declined by 14 days. The maximum titer rose progressively after each immunization. No significant amount of IgG antibody to GM1 was produced by either nu/nu or nu/+ mice, even after repeated immunization. These results suggest that gangliosides elicit prominent T-cell-independent antibody responses. The implications of these findings for neurologic disorders associated with anti-ganglioside antibodies are discussed.
Racial Discrimination and Negro Leadership Problems: The Case of “Northern Community”

This is a report of recent research in Northernt Communmcality, a New England city where Negroes constitute a relatively minor portion of the total population. Althouglh not as spectacularly evident as in many Southern communities, or in other Northern communities of greater Negro concentrations in the total population, problems of discrimination in employment, housing, and school facilities do exist in Northerin Commtwitity. Concomitant problems of Negro leadership appear to be compounding the problems of racial discrimination, or at least to be making the search for solutions to the problems more difficult.
Improving security design patterns with aspect-oriented strategies

Following the success of software engineering design patterns, security patterns are a promising approach to aid in the design and development of more secure software systems. At the same time, recent studies on aspect-oriented programming (AOP) suggest that software security concerns are good candidates for AOP techniques. Building upon the authors' previous work on aspectization of security patterns, this study contributes the development of aspect-oriented strategy sections for a set of web-tier security patterns. It also adds to the small but growing body of quantitative evidence on the effects of aspectization on the modularity of security pattern code.
Control of Proximal Hypertension During Aortic Cross-Clamping: Its Effect on Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Spinal Cord Perfusion Pressure

Postoperative paraplegia remains the most devastating complication of surgery of the descending and thoraco-abdominal aorta. Control of the proximal hypertension that follows cross-clamping of the thoracic aorta to repain aneurysms of the descending and thoraco-abdominal aorta is necessary to prevent left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction, and hemorrhagic cerebral events. Both pharmacological and mechanical modalities used to control central hypertension during aortic occlusion affect cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and spinal cord perfusion pressure. Sodium nitroprusside (doses >5 Ng/kg/min), the most widely used pharmacological agent, decreases spinal cord perfusion pressure because it increases cerebrospinal fluid pressure and decreases blood pressure distal to the aortic cross-clamp. This effect cannot be prevented by drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Nitroglycerin also decreases spinal cord perfusion pressure, but its effects on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics can be countered by drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Active distal perfusion with left atrial-femoral artery bypass can provide adequate perfusion of the circulation distal to the aortic cross-clamp while simultaneously reducing cerebrospinal fluid pressure. This approach can maintain mesenteric and spinal cord blood flow, therefore preventing the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by release of cytokines from the splanchnic district and decreasing the incidence of postoperative paraplegia from spinal cord ischemia. In cases of limited retroperfusion, partial exsanguination and cerebrospinal fluid drainage can be used in conjunction with left atrial-femoral artery bypass to prevent rises in cerebrospinal fluid pressure and maintain spinal cord blood flow above the threshold necessary to prevent neurological injury. The use of oxygenated perfluorocarbons in the subarachnoid space to provide passive oxygenation of the spinal cord during aortic occlusion remains experimental and requires further investigation.
Investigating the Interface Between Self-Regulation and Involvement Processes

This article considers how the processes that lead to involvement, defined as psychological engrossment, could be construed as mutually exclusive of what is meant by self-regulation, a metacognitive process that requires strategic and motivational control. However, this article proposes that much can be learned by attempting to capture the phase change in a task when self-regulatory processes disappear and a new, nonself-focused state takes over. The contribution to the self-regulation literature arises from an open-ended qualitative approach focused on the distinct phases of a task to reveal the role self-regulation can play in concert with other processes. This article elaborates on the ways self-regulation is connected to the nonregulative process of involvement.
Effects of acute starvation on vitamin A status in rats.

Maintenance of vitamin A stores in the body is dependent on a number of basic metabolic processes. These processes, such as protein and carbohydrate metabolism, are disrupted in acute starvation, and, as a result, alterations in vitamin A status may result. We investigated this possibility in 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats. The rats were starved for 24, 48, and 72 hr but had free access to water. At 24 hours of starvation, the plasma retinol concentration was depressed, but not significantly so. After 48 and 72 hours of starvation, however, the plasma retinol concentration decreased to less than half of the control values (61 +/− 4 vs 124 +/− 12 nmol/dl at 72 hours, mean +/− SEM, (p less than 0.005). The hepatic retinoid (retinyl esters + retinol) concentration (nmol/g liver) was increased at 24 and 48 hours of starvation compared to controls (p less than 0.05), and by 72 hours the concentration was 56% greater in starved rats than in fed controls (p less than 0.001). The total hepatic retinoid conte...
Real-time non photorealistic paint spreading using stencil volumes

I borrow the concept of a stencil volume from shadow volumes and apply it to the simulation of a fluid spreading on a surface, without resorting to a texture-based approach. I introduce stencil paint volumes that grow in real-time using a physically-based system. Points inside the paint volumes are rendered in color, and those outside in black-and-white. This mimics the known artistic effect of a monochrome image with colored highlights to emphasize certain areas, found in painting, film and other media.
Gravitational self-interactions of cosmic strings.

We study the gravitational back reaction of local cosmic-string loops as they shrink due to gravitational radiation. We chart the evolution of the shape and radiation rate of the loops. Cusps survive gravitational back reaction, but are weakened. Asymmetric string trajectories radiate momentum and hence undergo a rocket effect, but the effect is not very significant. Typically, a string loop's center-of-mass velocity is changed by $\ensuremath{\Delta}v\ensuremath{\sim}0.1c$. Trajectories that have few modes and that are non-self-intersecting remain so almost until the end of the string's lifetime. We also study highly kinky loops. Small kinks decay very quickly, the decay time for a kink of size $l$ being given by $t{(l)}_{\mathrm{decay}}\ensuremath{\sim}{({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{kink}}G\ensuremath{\mu})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}l$, where ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{kink}}\ensuremath{\sim}50$. We argue that this limits the smallest relevant structures on long strings in networks to a fraction (${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{kink}}G\ensuremath{\mu}$) of the size of the horizon, and that this will also set the scale for loops produced off a network. This, coupled with results from string network simulations and millisecond-pulsar constraints, limits the string tension to $G\ensuremath{\mu}l2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$. This is far from ruling out the cosmic-string scenario of galaxy formation.
Molecular Mechanisms of Cocaine Addiction

Effective medication for the treatment of cocaine overdose and addiction is a major unmet need of worldwide importance. In contrast to heroin, for which there are effective medications to treat both overdose (naloxone) and addiction (methadone), there are no pharmacologic treatments for any aspect of cocaine addiction. Recent discoveries indicating that an anti-cocaine medication is actually within reach are cause for great optimism. This work is defining specific molecular targets against which such a medication might be directed. A recent study by Giros et al.1 affirms the central importance of the dopamine-reuptake transporter in the behavioral and biochemical action of . . .
Chemicals in Marine and Coastal Environments: The Need for Toxicological Information

The tremendous increase in the number and amount of chemicals produced and transported in past years has resulted in increasing problems with accidental spills and uncontrolled waste sites involving these chemicals. The United States government has accordingly developed a mechanism for responding to such incidents. As part of that mechanism, the Hazardous Materials Response Project serves to coordinate scientific activities and facilitate in the gathering of scientific information needed for response to chemical spill or waste site emergencies involving coastal waters. Inevitably, much information of a toxicological nature is required to adequately evaluate potential hazards and appropriate responses. The Hazardous Materials Response Project is also able to provide a framework for significant progress in scientific understanding because it can bring together and encourage collaboration among experts in the various disciplines which are relevant to the environmental toxicological problems encountered.
Diffusive and convective solute transport through hemodialysis membranes: A hydrodynamic analysis

Recent clinical studies have shown that the overall effectiveness of hemodialysis is determined by both the convective and diffusive transport of a wide range of different molecular weight solutes. In this study, transport data were obtained for vitamin B12 and for polydisperse dextrans with a wide range of molecular weights using flat sheet Cuprophan and AN69 polyacrylonitrile membranes. The flux dependence of the actual sieving coefficient was described using classical membrane transport theory, allowing accurate measurements of both the diffusive and convective contributions to the overall solute transport through the porous structure of these dialysis membranes. Asymptotic membrane sieving coefficients and hindered diffusivities were in good agreement with a hydrodynamic model that accounts for the membrane pore size distribution through an expression for the solute partition coefficient in a random porous medium. This model provides an accurate quantitative description of both solute diffusion and convection through hemodialysis membranes, which is critical for the effective design and operation of hemodialyzers.
Carbon nanofluids flow behavior in novel composites

Nanocomposite materials have broadened significantly to encompass a large variety of systems, made of distinctly dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale. This rapidly expanding field is generating many exciting new advanced composites with promising properties. However, during the fabrication of nanocomposites, many problems could arise and remain as challenging tasks. One such problem is controlling of the nanofluid flow behavior around the microfiber perform as in case of Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process because of the high resin viscosity and the low preform permeability. In this paper, a two-dimensional simulation model based on the Eulerian multiphase approach has been performed and solved to investigate and predict the flow characteristics of a carbon nanofluid around a staggered microfiber matrix. ‘The interactions between the microfiber walls and the interfacial nanofluid layers during the flow process have been also studied. Based on the predicted results an energy “imbalance” technique has been applied between the microfiber walls and the interfacial nanofluid layers allowing them the potential to flow more smoothly around the microfiber walls to prevent any potential sticking on the microfiber walls.
An Energy Diffusion Model for Interior Acoustics With Structural Coupling Using the Boundary Element Method

Recently, a new model for the propagation of sound in interior volumes known as the acoustic diffusion equation has been explored as an alternative method for acoustic predictions and analysis. The model uses statistical methods standard in high frequency room acoustics to compute a spatial distribution of acoustic energy over time as a diffusion process. For volumes coupled through a structural partition, the energy consumed by structural vibration and acoustic energy transmitted between volumes has been incorporated through a simple acoustic transmission coefficient. In this paper, a Boundary Element Method (BEM) solution to the simple diffusion model is developed. The integral form of the 3D acoustic diffusion equation for coupled volumes is derived using the Laplace transform and Green’s Second Identity. The solution using the BEM is developed as well as an efficient Laplace transform inversion scheme to obtain both steady state and transient interior acoustic energy. In addition, a fully coupled model where both structural and acoustic energy are computed as a diffusion process is proposed. A simple volume configuration is examined as the diffusion models are analyzed and compared to conventional room acoustics analysis methods. Advantages of the energy diffusion methods over conventional methods, such as computation of energy distributions and accurate transmission from one volume to another, are revealed as the comparisons are made.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Uptake of the naturally occurring 3-α-hydroxy isomer of T-2 toxin by a murine B cell hybridoma

Abstract The uptake of the naturally occurring 3-α-hydroxy isomer of T-2 toxin (α-T-2 toxin) was investigated in a murine B cell hybridoma as a model for trichothecene-lymphocyte interactions. α-[3H]T-2 toxin was prepared by oxidation of T-2 toxin and reduction with [3H]NaBH4 followed by normal phase and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Uptake of α-[3H]T-2 toxin by hybridoma cells was both time- and concentration-dependent. The antibiotic anisomycin inhibited uptake of α-[3H]T-2 toxin by hybridoma cells, which suggests ribosomal involvement in the uptake mechanism. Uptake of α-[3H]T-2 toxin was also inhibited by verrucarin A, roridin A and deoxynivalenol, and the inhibition followed a trichothecene structure activity rank similar to that established for protein synthesis inhibition and in vivo toxicity. The characteristics of uptake of α-[3H]T-2 toxin by isolated splenocytes were qualitatively similar to those of the hybridoma but accumulation at equilibrium was less. Accumulation of α-[3H]T-2 toxin by erythrocytes, cells lacking ribosomes, did not increase with time and was not affected by the presence of unlabelled toxin. The results suggested that specific accumulation and uptake of α-[3H]T-2 toxin by the murine B cell hybridoma and spleen cells were highly consistent with a model based on intracellular binding of T-2 toxin to ribosomes.
Distortions in Fetal Growth Standards

Summary: The study analyzed several errors incorporated in widely used fetal growth standards. Such standards contain measurements from many infants who died as neonates. The present study found many of these nonsurvivors to be growth retarded so new standards were developed which contain only measurements from survivors. The study also found that weights and other body measurements of prematurely born neonates cluster at intervals consistent with maternal vaginal bleeding at monthly intervals in early pregnancy. Such bleeding is ofter mistaken for the last menstrual period. To avoid this error, the probability plot method was used to separate the clusters of measurements at each gestational age. The cluster with the lowest values at each gestational age was used as the data base for the new growth standards. Standard deviations from most mean values in the new growth standards are much smaller than are such deviations in the older standards. Speculation: At present there seems to be no completely valid method available to determine normal fetal growth using measurements from neonates because there is no assurance that prematurely born neonates are normally grown. Ultrasound and other modalities may eventually solve this problem by providing accurate, sequential in utero measurements of normal fetuses.
Differentiation between low- and high-efficacy CB1 receptor agonists using a drug discrimination protocol for rats.

Rationale The “subjective high” from marijuana ingestion is likely due to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) activating the central cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) of the endocannabinoid signaling system. THC is a weak partial agonist according to in vitro assays, yet THC mimics the behavioral effects induced by more efficacious cannabinergics. This distinction may be important for understanding similarities and differences in the dose–effect spectra produced by marijuana/THC and designer cannabimimetics (“synthetic marijuana”).
Surface treatment effects in microcolumn liquid chromatorgraphy

Abstract Packed fused-silica columns with several surface pretreatments are prepared for micro liquid chromatography. Untreated fused silica is compared to polymethylhydorsiloxane-deactivated tubing as well as a polymer-coated commercially available capillary GC column. Columns are packed under identical conditions with 5-μm reversed-phase material. The chromatographic and physical properties of these columns are examined. Surface pretreatments have minimal effects on the chromatographic characteristics of packed fused-silica columns but substantial effects on the physical capabilities.
Anxiety among informal hospice caregivers: an exploratory study.

Objective This study examined the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety among informal hospice caregivers and identified the characteristics of caregivers who experienced anxiety of this severity. Method An exploratory secondary data analysis pooled from three separate studies of informal hospice caregivers (N = 433) was conducted. Researchers employed descriptive statistics to calculate anxiety prevalence and utilized logistic regression to model the associations between the covariates (i.e., caregiver characteristics) and anxiety. Results Overall, 31% of informal hospice caregivers reported moderate or higher levels of anxiety. Caregivers associated with the research site in the Northwest were less likely to be anxious than those in the Southeast [χ2(3, N = 433) = 7.07, p = 0.029], and employed caregivers were less likely to be anxious than unemployed caregivers (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.96). The likelihood of being anxious decreased with increasing physical quality of life (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.85), and younger female caregivers were more likely to be anxious than male caregivers and older females (OR = 0.95, CI = 0.91, 0.99). Significance of results A noteworthy number of informal hospice caregivers experience clinically significant levels of anxiety. Increased efforts to screen and address anxiety in this population are recommended.
YCL047C/POF1 Is a Novel Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

NAD+ is an essential metabolic cofactor involved in various cellular biochemical processes. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is an endogenously produced key pyridine metabolite that plays important roles in the maintenance of NAD+ pool. Using a NR-specific cell-based screen, we identified mutants that exhibit altered NR release phenotype. Yeast cells lacking the ORF YCL047C/POF1 release considerably more NR compared with wild type, suggesting that POF1 plays an important role in NR/NAD+ metabolism. The amino acid sequence of Pof1 indicates that it is a putative nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT). Unlike other yeast NMNATs, Pof1 exhibits NMN-specific adenylyltransferase activity. Deletion of POF1 significantly lowers NAD+ levels and decreases the efficiency of NR utilization, resistance to oxidative stress, and NR-induced life span extension. We also show that NR is constantly produced by multiple nucleotidases and that the intracellular NR pools are likely to be compartmentalized, which contributes to the regulation of NAD+ homeostasis. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis and regulation of NAD+ metabolism in higher eukaryotes.
Changing Delivery Systems for Agricultural Extension: Discussion

The papers should be read in order: Hildreth and Armbruster give an overview of how we got where we are that, happy surprise, is not boring. At least one-half day of any New Agents' Training Conference could be replaced by reading their one sentence gem: "The major principles of extension programming (are) involving students in program development, presenting education in an informal setting, and focusing on practical information." And they conclude with the central problem of the future: The need for delivery innovations "will continue growing faster than funds." The casual reader may need reminding that the bulk of Hildreth and Armbruster' s remarks apply primarily to county extension work. But Brown sharply separates his remarks about county, area, and state professionals. The "age-old" extension problem is one of program balance between selected audiences, along with developing the necessary staff competence. Brown's analysis rests on the same rails as the first paper: "The harsh reality is that extension will have to operate with less. . . . Extension must," according to Brown, "reassess its real strengths and make adjustments to assure a high-quality program. This could mean dropping some programs completely. . . ." The difficulty of doing so was plaintively sounded almost a decade ago by Sprott: "The typical Extension Service worker ... seldom if ever discontinues doing any thing. Most Extension programs are taken on in addition to rather than in place of a current program" (p. 55). Brown sagely observed that "The new developments in electronics communication, individualized learning, data storage, retrieval, and analysis offer the potential of greatly increasing the capacity of the county agent to assist the commercial farmer with more complex problems." The stage is set for Diesslin, who enthused that the arrival of the computer on the farm offers potential that "is difficult to behold." Surely, we can agree, and we can all fervently hope with him that with the computer, "we have an opportunity to reestablish our leadership in the mainstream of American agriculture." And those of us who do not have elaborate (or in some cases, even infantile) systems can be grateful to the Kellogg Foundation, to Purdue, to Oklahoma State, to Michigan State, and to those other pioneers in computer applications in agriculture from whom we can borrow. Let no beginning state extension specialist ignore the guidelines that Diesslin lays out for implementing the FACTS system, particularly those dealing with using computers in their problem-solving capacity. Those guidelines could save years of floundering. So the computer can save us. But how? The life raft is simply too small for all of extension's programs. Some tough choices must be made about the audiences that will be served. Some programs will have to be dropped: indeed the Florida legislature has mandated that some nonagriculture programs be dropped. Hildreth and Armbruster' s notion of abandon-
The Cubical Matching Complex

Given a bipartite planar graph embedded in the plane, we define its cubical matching complex. By combining results of Kalai and Propp, we show that the cubical matching complex is collapsible. As a corollary, we obtain that a simply connected region R in the plane that can be tiled with lozenges and hexagons satisfies \({f_0 - f_1 + f_2 - \cdots = 1}\), where fi is the number of tilings with i hexagons. The same relation holds for a region tiled with dominoes and 2 × 2 squares. Furthermore, we show for a region that can be tiled with dominoes, that each link of the associated cubical complex \({\mathcal{C}(R)}\) is either collapsible or homotopy equivalent to a sphere.
Paradigms to deploy a behavior-consistent approach for information-based real-time traffic routing

A behavior-consistent information-based network control approach determines real-time traffic routing strategies by explicitly accounting for drivers’ likely response to the controller-recommended routes while generating these strategies. This paper proposes paradigms to deploy a behavior-consistent approach developed by the authors (Paz and Peeta 2007). These paradigms seek to enhance deployment effectiveness by analyzing the effects of alternative controller objectives and driver-preferred route sets used to recommend routes. Experiments are conducted using a test network. They analyze: (1) the performance of the behavior-consistent approach under commonly-used controller objectives, (2) the deployment flexibility enabled by increasing the number of driver-preferred routes considered by the controller for routing, and (3) the effects of augmenting the driver-preferred route choice set through various paradigms. The results suggest that the behavior-consistent approach can perform better than standard dynamic traffic assignment models while directing the system towards the desired state. They also illustrate the effectiveness of considering more driver-preferred routes in developing the information strategies. Further, they suggest that driver-preferred route choice set augmentation and the associated route types can have differential impacts on performance. Also, performance is influenced by trade-offs between the number of driver-preferred routes considered by the controller for routing and the quality of routes relative to the controller objective. The results suggest that higher compliance rates may not translate to better performance and question the justification of user equilibrium solutions for route guidance on the ground that a system optimal strategy is not behaviorally sustainable.
Prediction of Memory Rehabilitation Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury by Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract Strangman GE, O'Neil-Pirozzi TM, Goldstein R, Kelkar K, Katz DI, Burke D, Rauch SL, Savage CR, Glenn MB. Prediction of memory rehabilitation outcomes in traumatic brain injury by using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Objective To evaluate the ability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures collected from people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to provide predictive value for rehabilitation outcomes over and above standard predictors. Design Prospective study. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Persons (N=54) with TBI greater than 1 year postinjury. Intervention A novel 12-session group rehabilitation program focusing on internal strategies to improve memory. Main Outcome Measure The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test−Revised (HVLT-R) delayed recall score. Results fMRI measures were collected while participants performed a strategically directed word memorization task. Prediction models were multiple linear regressions with the following primary predictors of outcome: age, education, injury severity, preintervention HVLT-R, and task-related fMRI activation of the left dorsolateral and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). Baseline HVLT-R was a significant predictor of outcome ( P= .007), as was injury severity (for severe vs mild, P =.049). We also found a significant quadratic (inverted-U) effect of fMRI in the VLPFC ( P= .007). Conclusions This study supports previous evidence that left prefrontal activity is related to strategic verbal learning, and the magnitude of this activation predicted success in response to cognitive memory rehabilitation strategies. Extreme under- or overactivation of VLPFC was associated with less successful learning after rehabilitation. Further study is necessary to clarify this relationship and to expand and optimize the possible uses of functional imaging to guide rehabilitation therapies.
Children's Engagement Within the Preschool Classroom and Their Development of Self-Regulation

This study used an observational measure to examine how individual children's engagement with teachers, peers, and tasks was associated with gains in self-regulation. A sample of 341 preschoolers was observed, and direct assessments and teacher reports of self-regulation were obtained in the fall and spring of the preschool year. Research Findings: Children's positive engagement with teachers was related to gains in compliance/executive function, and children's active engagement with tasks was associated with gains in emotion regulation across the year. Engaging positively with teachers or peers was especially supportive of children's gains in task orientation and reductions in dysregulation. Practice or Policy: Results are discussed in relation to Vygotsky's developmental theory, emphasizing that psychological processes are developed in the context of socially embedded interactions. Systematically observing how a child interacts with peers, teachers, and learning tasks in the preschool classroom has the ...
Spectroscopic Measurements in Fluctuating Arcs

A quantitative treatment of the error due to fluctuations of electron thermal energy in the measurement of mean electron temperature by the line-intensity ratio is given. We find that whatever the functional form of the fluctuations may be, there is an optimum ratio ΔE/kTe = 2 for which this error varies as the fourth power of the fluctuation amplitude and is consequently small. For all other values of ΔE/kTe, the temperature error due to fluctuations is quadratic in the fluctuation amplitude, and rapidly approaches contemporary estimates of errors due to other causes as the relative amplitude of the temperature fluctuations increases toward 50%.
Farming and the Countryside: An Economic Analysis of External Costs and Benefits

Changing nature of rural land use the economics of non-point pollution control from agriculture pesticide regulation in Denmark soil erosion and conservation policies in the USA economics of nitrate pollution control in the UK animal waste problems in the Netherlands atrazine pollution and Chesapeake fisheries nitrate pollution and fisheries protection in Sweden the provision of public goods - how should it be arranged? economic analysis of management agreements land purchase as a means of ensuring the provision of public goods land diversion programmes as generators of public goods measuring environmental amenity benefits of agricultural land agriculture and the environment - the way ahead?.
Perinatal factors underlying neonatal cholestasis

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Interpolated eigenfunctions for volumetric shape processing

This paper introduces a set of volumetric functions suitable for geometric processing of volumes. We start with Laplace–Beltrami eigenfunctions on the bounding surface and interpolate them into the interior using barycentric coordinates. The interpolated eigenfunctions: (1) can be computed efficiently by using the boundary mesh only; (2) can be seen as a shape-aware generalization of barycentric coordinates; (3) can be used for efficiently representing volumetric functions; (4) can be naturally plugged into existing spectral embedding constructions such as the diffusion embedding to provide their volumetric counterparts. Using the interior diffusion embedding, we define the interior Heat Kernel Signature (iHKS) and examine its performance for the task of volumetric point correspondence. We show that the three main qualities of the surface Heat Kernel Signature—being informative, multiscale, and insensitive to pose—are inherited by this volumetric construction. Next, we construct a bag of features based shape descriptor that aggregates the iHKS signatures over the volume of a shape, and evaluate its performance on a public shape retrieval benchmark. We find that while, theoretically, strict isometry invariance requires concentrating on the intrinsic surface properties alone, yet, practically, pose insensitive shape retrieval can be achieved using volumetric information.