cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of Radioactive Precursors into Developing Pollen Walls

Publisher Summary The pollen wall of Gerbera jamesonii (Compositae) has very thick ektexine and endexine layers, which can be distinguished in sections by light microscopy. Exine synthesis must involve the transfer of a relatively large quantity of sporopollenin and its precursors into this massive wall. In Gerbera jamesonii, exine synthesis proceeds with the formation of the primexine within the microspore tetrad. Following callose dissolution, the endexine is laid down and finally the ektexine is greatly thickened and expanded. After the exine is completed, a large vacuole forms. Vacuole formation may be taken as the approximate end of exine synthesis. The results with Gerbera jamesonii show that glucose and sodium acetate pass through the callose wall, but phenylalanine apparently does not.
Modal Propellant Gauging in Microgravity

Since 2008, the Modal Propellant Gauging (MPG) team, consisting of multidisciplinary undergraduate researchers from Carthage College, has been developing and testing a fuel gauging system for use in microgravity environments. Using Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) techniques, the goal of the MPG project is to develop a flight ready technology that gauges fuel in microgravity environments by correlating the modal response of a 1-g equilibrium surface to the microgravity surface response at the same fluid fill level. The technology has been tested aboard parabolic flights via a manned parabolic flight payload. The payload consists of two propellant tanks and is designed to measure the modal response of each propellant tank to an injected white noise signal via PZT sensors. Flight data shows that the MPG method can measure fuel with greater than or equal to 1% resolution at and below 50% fill levels. Under funding from the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium during the summer of 2018 and 2019, the MPG team made improvements to the Blue Origin New Shepard research flight payload which saw flight on the New Shepard vehicle in January of 2019 and is manifested to fly again in December of 2019.
A Collapsing Academy, Part 1

By the academy, I mean the collection of accredited undergraduate universities and research-oriented graduate programs. We need not put a fine point on this definition, for what I say below applies to virtually the entire academic frontier.
Implementing a transdiagnostic sleep and circadian intervention in a community mental health setting: A qualitative process evaluation with community stakeholders.

Abstract The implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments (EBPTs) may be particularly challenging to accomplish in community mental health settings for individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). Transdiagnostic treatments, or treatments that target a mechanism that underpins multiple mental health problems, may be particularly well-suited to community mental health settings. This study examines community stakeholder perspectives (N = 22) of the Transdiagnostic Sleep and Circadian Intervention (TranS-C) implemented in a community mental health setting in the context of a randomized controlled trial of TranS-C for SMI. The present study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of TranS-C for SMI in a community mental health setting using (1) a deductive theory-based process based on the Framework for Dissemination in Health Services Intervention Research and (2) an inductive thematic analysis process. All deductive themes were identified as both barriers and facilitators to the implementation of EBPTs and TranS-C in this community mental health setting. Seven additional themes were identified through the inductive thematic analysis. A discussion of how the findings are related to prior research, other EBPT implementation, and future TranS-C implementation are included.
Signal Optimization for High-Resolution Imaging using Near-Field Optical Detection of Ultrasound

Simplified models for near-field optical probes are developed for the purpose of assessing their performance for detection of ultrasound. Based on either vertically-oriented or horizontal electric dipole radiators, these models show how the probe configuration can impact its performance. Typically used to gather signals with high spatial resolution, near-field probes have been shown to be useful for the study of ultrasound in nanometer-scale structures. The models developed in this work demonstrate the linearity of near-field signals for ultrasound detection and show that lateral spatial resolution can be degraded under conditions that maximize ultrasonic detection sensitivity.
Early postoperative complications in lung transplant recipients

Lung transplantation has become an established therapy for end-stage lung diseases. Early postoperative complications can impact immediate, mid-term, and long-term outcomes. Appropriate management, prevention, and early detection of these early postoperative complications can improve the overall transplant course. In this review, we highlight the incidence, detection, and management of these early postoperative complications in lung transplant recipients.
Population Dynamics and Herd Immunity

Understanding the population dynamics of pathogen transmission is critical to developing control programs for disease. Controlling contagious pathogens in human populations through vaccination has been successfully used to stop spread of disease and ultimately control outbreaks. This effect is termed "herd immunity". This concept needs to be well understood by veterinarians as they are called upon to provide disease control recommendations and advice to livestock businesses.
Association Between Patient-Clinician Relationships and Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications Among Black Adults: An Observational Study Design.

Background We assessed the associations between patient‐clinician relationships (communication and involvement in shared decision‐making [SDM]) and adherence to antihypertensive medications. Method...
Taking Care of Our Own: Shoring Up Resilience and Preventing Suicide in Mental Health Professionals

Suicide is a serious public health problem, the tenth leading cause of death in the United States overall, with suicide rates highest among the working age population. As exemplified in the other chapters of this book, clinicians in college and university settings are tasked with meeting the ever-evolving mental health needs on campuses. With increase in demands, it is important for us to examine the impact that this and other factors may have of the mental health of clinicians. Among health professionals, research finds elevated suicide risk among certain disciplines, physicians, and nurses, but data are lacking for many health disciplines. Among the general population, the impact of suicide encompasses emotional, health, and fiscal burdens of a broad spectrum of suffering with approximately half of the American population knowing someone or having personally experienced suicidal ideation, attempt, or loss to suicide. As a complex health outcome, suicide risk is driven by multiple interacting risk and protective factors. Because environmental factors are critical in this mix, the workplace and the culture within mental health professions hold great potential for reducing suicide risk and preventing untimely loss of life to suicide. Approaches for suicide prevention include institutional and national policy initiatives, improving access to care and reducing barriers to help-seeking, peer support and mentor initiatives, and individual approaches to optimizing mental health and resilience.
Chronostratigraphy of talus flatirons and piedmont alluvium along the Book Cliffs, Utah – Testing models of dryland escarpment evolution

Abstract Research on the evolution of dryland escarpments and what drives and controls their erosional retreat have been limited by a lack of chronologically constrained records. Prior investigations of escarpments in the southwestern U.S. and globally garner two endmember conceptual models -- one focused on bottom-up baselevel drivers and autogenic variations in piedmont and toeslope erosion processes, the other focused on the role of climate as a top-down forcing mechanism on sediment production and transport from cliffs. We test these conceptual models along a section of the Book Cliffs in central Utah, where climate has varied strongly and baselevel has fallen significantly over the late Quaternary. Four generations of talus flatirons and piedmont terraces are preserved in the study area we date them by optically stimulated luminescence and 10Be-exposure techniques. OSL depositional ages cluster into four generations of deposits with mean ages and mean standard errors of 117.8 ± 6.7 ka, 83.4 ± 3.3 ka, 52.4 ± 1.8 ka, and 5.6 ± 0.3 ka. 10Be-exposure results from talus boulders protruding from flatirons confirm that the youngest generation of talus is Holocene, with recent rock-fall boulders still being received on the landform top. Older flatiron generations produce incoherent, minimum exposure ages reflecting an increasing dominance of in situ boulder weathering and a steady-state denudation rate of ∼45 mm/ky after tens of thousands of years. Based on the chronostratgraphy and correlation of talus and piedmont deposits, we interpret climate as the primary control on escarpment evolution. Depositional ages do not correspond to glacial epochs as historically presumed, but instead to episodes of intermediate and unstable or variable Pleistocene climate during Marine Isotope Stage-3 and 5 a/b. Results support the significance of high climate variability at millennial timescales in driving both sediment production by mass wasting from the cliff as well as sediment storage and reworking along the piedmont. In contrast, wetter climates of glacial epochs apparently caused greater erosion and sediment transport to trunk drainages. Our chronology also reveals a systematic decrease in deposit age with increasing distance up the piedmont from the regional baselevel of the Price River, consistent with transient fluvial incision and terrace abandonment. The Book Cliffs record notably does not correlate with similarly constrained records in Spain or the contrasting record from the Negev, yet they all share the feature of enhanced talus deposition and cliff retreat corresponding to climate instability rather than in response to steady glacial-climate conditions. Thus, we outline a model of escarpment evolution and retreat governed largely by top-down climate-forcing of sediment production and transport during climate variability, with local changes in baselevel and erosional processes on the piedmont being a modifying, secondary factor.
Microbial Contamination of Ship Fuels

A laboratory evaluation has been made of water-soluble biocides which might be effective in controlling microbial contamination in water-compensated fuel storage tanks on naval ships. Higher concentrations of biocides were generally required for control of sulfate-reducing bacteria in steel drums simulating ships' tanks than in test-tube scale assays. At least tenfold higher concentrations were necessary when biocide additions were made after, rather than before, bacterial growth had developed extensively. A mercaptopyridine biocide was effective at the lowest concentration followed by methylene bisthiocyanate and a triazine derivative; an organoboron compound was comparatively ineffective. Attention has also been given to the possible environmental impact of discharging biocide-treated water. An algal assay has been used to study the loss in toxicity of candidate biocides in seawater solution on exposure to sunlight. The mercaptopyridine biocide was particularly susceptible to photodegradation. Thus it may be possible to control microbial contamination indefinitely in a dark fuel tank with a biocide which photodegrades to nontoxic products when discharged into sunlit surface waters.
Enhancing statistical calculation with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left intra-parietal sulcus (IPS)

Abstract Researchers have focused only minimally on cognitive enhancement using low current brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in attempting to improve math performance. In this study we administered the low current brain stimulation followed by instruction.Thirty-two participants completed the study, the participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, 1 mA, or 2 mA. The experimental group participants received low current brain stimulation, tDCS for 20 min. After administration of the tDCS each group viewed an instructional video showing calculations for a non-parametric statistics, Kruskal–Wallis. Upon completion of viewing the video participants completed calculation of a problem requiring using a Kruskal–Wallis. We found that both experimental groups performed significantly better than the control group on calculating the statistic, Kruskal–Wallis. We used time spent completing the calculation as a covariate. The use of low current brain stimulation combined with instruction show promise in enhancing math/statistics performance.
Low-loss titanium dioxide waveguides for integrated evanescent Raman spectroscopy

We propose an integrated-optical device consisting of a channel waveguide, capable of exciting and collecting Raman-scattered light of surrounding chemicals via the evanescent field, as a new chemical sensing platform.
Representing Natural Language Causality in Conceptual Grpahs: the Higher Order Conceptual Relation Problem

This paper studies the conceptual relations expressed in NL-texts in order to represent texts meaning in Conceptual Graphs. Causality is taken as a working example. Representation is considered first. Causal connectors are defined in terms of CGs, and algorithms show how these definitions combine with the connected constituent graphs. As conceptual relations hold between situations or events rather than between simple concepts, their arguments in connector definitions are constrained to be situation concepts. After this the specific case of argumentative relations involving speech situation is examined. A simple representation of these situations is proposed and an additional constraint is introduced in argumentative connector definitions (e.g. since). A second aspect, interpretation, is also looked at so as to tackle the problem of implicit yet informative relations. A partial order on relations is used to simulate human understanding of implicit links in the light of our propensity to interpret everything in causal terms.
The Arctic climate system

1. The evolution of knowledge about the Arctic and its climate 2. Physical characteristics and basic climate features 3. The basic atmospheric and ocean energy budgets 4. The atmospheric circulation 5. Energy exchanges at the surface 6. Precipitation, net precipitation, and river discharge 7. Arctic ocean-sea ice-climate interactions 8. Climate regimes of the Arctic 9. Modeling the Arctic climate system 10. Arctic paleoclimates 11. The uncertain future.
A compact group action which raises dimension to infinity

I give a construction of compact group action on a finite dimensional space Y, whose orbit space is infinite dimensional.
On a closed form solution to the constant modulus factorization problem

We consider the problem of separating independent constant modulus signals received by an antenna array. Assuming that the statistics of the phases of the signals are known, we derive a closed form solution for the array response vector from which the original signals can be recovered. Our method is based on estimating the higher order statistics of the received signals and the estimate of the array response vector is shown to be asymptotically unbiased. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm. >
Thermal and Hydrodynamic Modeling of Fully-Developed Convection in Anode-Supported Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Uniform supply of volatile species to an active surface along with the oxidant flow to sustain the surface electrochemical reaction, and its effective cooling in an anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is modeled. Three-dimensional nonlinear partial differential governing equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, species, and electrochemical kinetics for both the anode and cathode ducts for steady laminar, incompressible flow are solved computationally. A planar, tri-layer SOFC module, which consists of porous anode and cathode layers, solid electrolyte and rectangular flow ducts, is considered. The homogenous porous electrode layers are characterized by constant porosity, permeability, and thermal conductivity, and the fluid in these porous layers is considered to be in thermal equilibrium with the solid matrix. The computational results highlight the influence of fuel and oxidant flow duct aspect ratio and porous anode-layer depth on the friction factor and Nusselt number for typical electrochemical loads, and the consequent thermal signatures of the SOFC.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Progesterone enhances learning and memory of aged wildtype and progestin receptor knockout mice

Progesterone can enhance cognitive performance among young and aged mice; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects of progesterone are not well-understood. Aged, mice which lack functional progestin receptors (PRKO), or wildtype mice were administered progesterone (10 mg/kg, SC), or vehicle, and learning/memory was evaluated. Progesterone, compared to vehicle, produced a conditioned place preference in PRKO and wildtype mice. Progesterone improved performance of PRKO and wildtype mice in the object placement, water maze, contextual and cued fear conditioning tasks. PRKO, compared to wildtype, mice performed better in the inhibitory avoidance task, irrespective of progesterone. Thus, progesterone to aged mice enhances performance across a variety of tasks and this may not require actions at PRs.
A role for inhibition in shaping the temporal flow of information in prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex is important in guiding or inhibiting future responses, which requires the temporal integration of events and which provides continuity to the thought process. No cellular mechanism has been proposed to explain how the mental representation of a response or idea is linked to the next. Using simultaneous recordings in monkeys, we revealed inhibitory interactions between neurons active at different time points relative to the cue presentation, delay interval and response period of a working memory task. These findings suggest an important role of inhibition in the cerebral cortex-controlling the timing of neuronal activities during cognitive operations and thereby shaping the temporal flow of information.
Endovascular Management of Ureteroarterial Fistula: A Rare Potentially Life Threatening Cause of Hematuria

Ureteroarterial fistula is a rare, potentially life-threatening cause of hematuria characterized by an abnormal channel between a ureter and artery. The rarity of this condition, complexity of predisposing risk factors and intermittence of symptoms may delay or obscure its diagnosis. With a high index of suspicion and careful angiographic evaluation, embarking on this condition is not only possible but sets the stage for curative intervention. We report a case of a ureteroarterial fistula presenting with intermittent hematuria, successfully diagnosed at angiography and managed with endovascular stent graft placement.
CaseBook Consults: Improving Outcomes in Gout (Multimedia Activity)

Gout is a chronic, potentially debilitating condition characterized by an inflammatory process in the joints or periarticular tissues that results from the deposition of monosodium urate crystals. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment can lead to the development of tophi and chronic arthropathy. A presumptive diagnosis of gout can be made on the basis of the clinical presentation as well as risk factors such as metabolic syndrome. Key conditions to rule out in the differential diagnosis are septic arthritis, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout), fracture, and rheumatoid arthritis. Acute flares of gout should be managed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, or corticosteroids. With a diagnosis of gout, if urate-lowering therapy (ULT) is required, prophylaxis should be considered with low-dose colchicine or an NSAID, followed by the addition of ULT. The goal of ULT is to reach a serum uric acid (SUA) level ≤6.0 mg/dL. Measurements of SUA should be obtained after resolution of an acute attack, then periodically to facilitate titration of the ULT dose to achieve the target SUA level. Studies have confirmed significant reductions in gout attacks among patients who have attained SUA levels ≤6.0 mg/dL with ULT. Patient education concerning the disease and its treatment is essential to ensure close adherence with recommended therapies. Patients should also understand that ULT is intended as long-term, and for most patients, lifelong therapy to maximize the prospects for control of the disease. Clinicians should feel confident in making a presumptive diagnosis and choosing a therapeutic regimen for gout while effectively communicating with and educating patients about their disease.
Stability of rock slopes in Valles Marineris, Mars

[1] New slope measurements from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), in conjunction with the Rock Mass Rating system (RMR), permit inversions of slope height and angle from wallrock and interior deposits within Valles Marineris troughs for strength and lithology. Wallrock (50 < RMR < 65) is stronger than interior deposits (30 < RMR < 55). These values are consistent with layered igneous rock beneath wallrock slopes, with interior deposits consistent with partially indurated sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Larger volumes of landslide debris relative to terrestrial slides are related to the reduced Martian gravity. Seismicity along trough-bounding normal faults likely triggered the landslides in the adjacent wallrock. The weaker interior deposits are located sufficiently far from a border fault (and on its hangingwall) to have remained stable during the seismogenic faulting in Valles Marineris.
A hybrid bimetallic complex from regioselective in situ ligand oxidation: Poly[(μ-Β-octamolybdato-k2 O:O)bis-[μ-4-(2-pyrid-yl) pyridinium-3-olato-k3 N,O:O]bis-[4-(2-pyrid-yl)pyridinium-3-olato- k2 N,O]dicopper(II)]

The title compound, [Cu2(C10H8N2O)4(β-Mo8O26)]n, is a one-dimensional coordination polymer containing octa­hedrally coordinated CuII atoms, each of which is bound to three O atoms and two N atoms from three distinct regioselectively oxidized 2,4′-bipyridinium ligands and one O atom from a centrosymmetric β-octa­molybdate anion. The 4′-position N atoms within the ligands, as quaternary N atoms, are uncoordinated. [Cu2(2′-O−–2,4′-bpyH+)4]4+ dimeric cations are linked through exobidentate β-octa­molybdate anions into polymeric chains running along the [011] direction. N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­actions connect adjacent chains into a three-dimensional network.
Sleep and the sleep environment temperature

EEG's and skin temperature measurements were made on six men and six women while sleeping in environments whose temperatures were 10·0°C, 21·1°C, and 32·2°C. Analysis of the EEG recordings showed that the proportion of time in each sleep stage was not affected by the temperature of the sleep environment. The weighted mean skin temperatures of the subjects were similar for the 10·0°C and 21·1°C condition, with a mean of 34·5°C for the sleep period. The mean weighted skin temperature for the 32·2°C condition was 35·6°C. A questionnaire administered when the subjects had awakened showed that women did not sleep as well at 10·0°C as at the other temperatures, when sleeping in conventional bedding and clothing.
Chemo- and stereoselective epoxidation of 12,13-desoxyepothilone B using 2,2′-dimethyldioxirane

Abstract Epoxidation of 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (dEpoB) to epothilone B (EpoB), using DMDO, reproducibly gives excellent stereoselectivity with high confidence and yield.
EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH CHEST PAIN AFTER COCAINE USE

The accuracy of national statistics on cocaine use is significantly hampered by selection and reporting biases. Discrepancies between estimates from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) household survey, and the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) underscore differences in the methods by which these systems collect and report data. As such, trends in these individual data systems may be more significant than the actual numbers reported. In the 1980s, DAWN data reflected a substantial rise in cocaine use that paralleled NIDA estimates of an increase to 5 million regular cocaine users in this country. 22 MacDonald 77 reported that as of 1986, cocaine became the leading cause of illicit drug–related visits to United States' emergency departments, a trend that many believe still holds true at present. Over the last decade of published TESS data (1986 to 1995) the trend in reported cocaine exposures has shown a fairly steady rise in exposures (63%), accompanied by a 75% increase in fatalities. 74,75 Each year, cocaine use brings numerous patients to physicians for problems that range from acute intoxication, infectious diseases, trauma, and psychiatric illness. Chest pain, however, is the most common complaint, and may occur in up to 40% of cocaine users who present to the hospital. 12 The first case of cocaine-associated myocardial infarction was described in 1982. 21 Since that time, large case series have documented over 200 cocaine-associated myocardial infarctions. 53,54 Current estimates suggest that approximately 64,000 cocaine-using patients are evaluated annually for potential myocardial ischemia. 50 In one study, 57% of those patients were hospitalized, 57 bringing an estimated cost to the health care system of over $83 million per year. 50 Despite this tremendous financial expenditure, only 5.7% of these patients demonstrate biochemical evidence of myocardial infarction, 57 and 60% of these patients continue to use cocaine after discharge, leading to recurrent chest pain in about 75% of that subpopulation. 55 Even for patients with documented myocardial infarction, the in-hospital mortality approaches 0%. 54 Thus, the emphasis of the clinical evaluation of patients with chest pain after cocaine use should be to use an understanding of the pharmacology of cocaine, its role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia and infarction, and the natural history of cocaine-associated myocardial ischemia and infarction to identify and treat those patients with the greatest risk of complications, and to help others begin the arduous task of cocaine abstinence.
The needs for brachytherapy source calibrations in the United States

Abstract Brachytherapy sources of beta and gamma radiation (“brachy” is from the Greek, meaning “near”) have a long history of use in interstitial, intracavitary, intraluminal, and ocular radiation therapy. In the past the US national standards for these sources were often specified in activity or milligram radium equivalent. With the introduction of new radionuclide sources to replace radium, source strength calibrations are now expressed as air kerma rate at a meter. In this paper, we review the NIST standards for brachytherapy sources, list some of the common radionuclides and source encapsulations in use in the US radiology community, and describe the latest NIST work, in collaboration with several US medical institutions, on a method of two- and three-dimensional dose mapping of brachytherapy sources using radiochromic films.
EFFECT OF INTENSIVE COMPARED WITH STANDARD BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Recent trials comparing intensive to standard blood glucose lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been neutral, with some reporting harm. The actual implementation of strategies within trials may differ across regions due to variation in care. We sought to evaluate whether
TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine suppresses 4-AP-induced epileptiform activity in vitro and electrographic seizures in vivo

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a cation-permeable ion channel found in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The membrane surface expression of TRPV1 is known to occur in neuronal cell bodies and sensory neuron axons. TRPV1 receptors are also expressed in the hippocampus, the main epileptogenic region in the brain. Although, previous studies implicate TRPV1 channels in the generation of epilepsy, suppression of ongoing seizures by TRPV1 antagonists has not yet been attempted. Here, we evaluate the role of TRPV1 channels in the modulation of epileptiform activity as well as the anti-convulsant properties of capsazepine (CZP), an established TRPV1 competitive antagonist, using in vitro and in vivo models. To this end, we used 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to trigger seizure-like activity. We found that CZP suppressed 4-AP induced epileptiform activity in vitro (10-100μM) and in vivo (50mg/kg s.c.). In contrast, capsaicin enhanced 4-AP induced epileptiform activity in vitro (1-100μM) and triggered bursting activity in vivo (100μM dialysis perfusion), which was abolished by the TRPV1 antagonist CZP. To further investigate the mechanisms of TRPV1 modulation, we studied the effect of capsaicin and CZP on evoked potentials. Capsaicin (1-100μM) and CZP (10-100μM) increased and decreased, respectively, the amplitude of extracellular field evoked potentials in a concentration-dependent manner. Additional in vitro studies showed that the effect of the TRPV1 blocker on evoked potentials was similar whether the response was orthodromic or antidromic, suggesting that the effect involves interference with membrane depolarization on cell bodies and axons. The fact that CZP could act directly on axons was confirmed by decreased amplitude of the compound action potential and by an increased delay of both the antidromic potentials and the axonal response. Histological studies using transgenic mice also show that, in addition to the known neural expression, TRPV1 channels are widely expressed in alvear oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of TRPV1 channels leads to enhanced excitability, while their inhibition can effectively suppress ongoing electrographic seizures. These results support a role for TRPV1 channels in the suppression of convulsive activity, indicating that antagonism of TRPV1 channels particularly in axons may possibly be a novel target for effective acute suppression of seizures.
Developing Job Maintenance Skills in Learning Disabled Youth

A study of Vocational Coping Training (VCT), an intervention to develop job maintenance skills, was completed with a group of learning disabled high school-age women. Ratings of role play behavior in vocational situations indicated that the experimental group (n = 12) acquired more of the job maintenance skills than did the control group (n = 10). At the end of training, the experimental group was also rated significantly higher on social competence and employability, although no change occurred on a cognitive measure of work-related thoughts. Results suggested the need for greater emphasis on modeling and role playing strategies to teach job maintenance behaviors, positive work-related cognitions, and appropriate nonverbal and paralinguistic styles.
Calibration of hydra impedance probes using electric circuit theory.

Impedance probes are an attractive electromagnetic technique to measure water content and bulk electrical conductivity (EC) in the same volume of soil. In this study, we developed an electric circuit model for Hydra probes that explains how the output voltages can be related to the soil real and imaginary permittivity. Internal probe transmission line sections were modeled using either a distributed approach or a lumped approach. The distributed approach resulted in seven circuit model parameters, while the lumped approach resulted in six parameters. Optimization of all the parameters using probe readings in air, ethanol, methanol, deionized water, and saline water solutions did not result in physically realistic parameter values. In contrast, fixing four parameters (distributed approach) and two parameters (lumped approach), while optimizing others, did yield realistic parameter values. Both the parameter optimization method and the default probe algorithm performed well during model verification. The parameter optimization method resulted in improved real permittivity measurements when nonsaline fluids at different temperatures were used in the optimization process.
Facial and dental relationships in individuals with cleft lip and/or palate.

Management of individuals with clefts of the lip or palate or both is a complex procedure. The complexity is a result of the variation among different cleft types and individual variation within the same cleft type. All this is superimposed on various techniques by which different craniofacial centers or individual specialists treat their patients surgically, orthodontically, and otherwise. Many investigators [1–20] have concluded that the dentofacial relationships of individuals with repaired clefts differ from those of persons without clefts. Many factors can interplay to cause such differences:
The Effect of the Divergent Circulation on Some Aspects of the 1978/79 Southern Hemisphere Monsoon

Abstract Two aspects of the 1978/79 Southern Hemisphere (SH) monsoon are examined: (i) A double-low (double-high) structure in the lower (upper) levels of the troposphere, which appears over the region adjacent to Australia; and (ii) the poleward shift in the Australian jet after the monsoon onset. Emphasis is given to the effect of the divergent circulation on these two aspects of the SH monsoon. The data generated by the FGGE IIIb analyses at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory are used in this study. The three-dimensional structure of the SH monsoon circulation after the monsoon onset matches well with Gill's solution based upon a heat source symmetric with respect to the equator. His solution contains the coupling of an eastward-propagating Kelvin wave and a westward-propagating mixed gravity-Rossby wave over the heat source region. Water vapor and heat budget analyses for the SH monsoon were performed to show how this heat source is mai...
Adding realtime applets and quality of service support to the world wide web

Predictable Quality Of Service (QoS) in terms of controlled response time and guaranteed bandwidth is increasingly important in World Wide Web. We propose a variety of enhancements and extensions to the existing Web infrastructure so that Web applications and applets can provide predictable quality of service. The proposed extensions include addition of the notion of QoS to the HTML/HTTP/Java syntax, QoS negotiation and adaptation mechanisms in Java classes and threads, QoS reservation support at the socket and transport protocol layers, and ATM signaling extensions for dynamic QoS re-negotiation over persistent HTTP connections. Our ongoing work includes implementation of these extensions and an evaluation over a testbed consisting of a network of Unix workstations and ATM switches.
Using Copulas to Introduce Dependence in Dose-Response Modeling of Multiple Binary Endpoints

We propose a method for introducing dependence in the dose-response modeling of multiple dichotomous endpoints. The method uses a copula to define a joint multivariate distribution that is consistent with predetermined marginal distributions representing the individual dose-response functions for each endpoint. Use of copulas allows the marginal dose-response functions for each dose-endpoint combination to be unrestricted in form. An application of particular relevance to risk assessment is the dose-response modeling of multiple types of tumors in test animals exposed to a carcinogen, allowing for tumors at different sites in the same animal to be statistically dependent. In addition, the method can be used to address the possibility that different tissues/organs are subject to different internal doses and possibly different active moieties. These applications are illustrated with rodent cancer bioassay data from two example compounds.
Properties of intact photoreceptor cells lacking synapses

Surgically undamaged photoreceptor cells that have no connections with the central nervous system were obtained by transplanting the eye imaginal disc of third instar housefly larvae (Musca domestica) into the abdomens of host larvae and waiting for development of the host flies. Following differentiation, the photoreceptor cells of the transplants have normal cell bodies and rhabdomeres. Their axons, on the other hand, do not make synapses with higher order cells. The retinular cells, thus isolated from the optic lobe, give electrical responses to illumination that are indistinguishable from the membrane responses of normal receptor cells, and at moderate intensities of stimulation consist of an initial transient and a plateau. This graded depolarization of the soma (receptor potential) spreads electrotonically into the axon without initiating spikes. Neither CO2 nor tetrodotoxin has an effect on the receptor potential of isolated photoreceptors. The transplants dark adapt at the same rate as normal retinulae, dark adaptation being slower following longer periods of light adaptation. Clearly in flies the development of the synapses of the lamina ganglionaris is not necessary for normal physiological development of the receptors, and the responses of the photoreceptors of normal eyes can be generated without significant feedback control from the optic lobe.
Interactions between a novel cell surface glycoprotein and the H‐2K and H‐2D antigens on myeloma tumor cells

Previous studies have shown that when a subline of plasmacytoma LPC-1 is grown in ascites form, the tumor cells harvested after 10–12 days (“late” cells) are resistant to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), apparently because the cell surface H-2-encoded molecules are blocked by a trypsin-sensitive glycoprotein of approximately 160 kdaltons. The glycoprotein (gp 160) is produced, and accumulates on the cell surface, as the growing cells enter the stationary phase. In contrast, LPC-1 cells harvested from the peritoneal cavity early in the transplantation cycle (ca. 4 days), while in exponential growth (“early” cells), have far less gp 160 and are susceptible to lysis by CTL. It is shown that, compared with early cells, the late LPC-1 cells are far less effective in adsorbing antibodies to products of the H-2 Kd and H-2 Dd alleles, but only slightly less effective in adsorbing antibodies to la antigen, and fully effective in adsorbing antibodies to several antigens not related to H-2 (e.g. PC.1, gp70, gp100, B220). The differences suggest that gp160 might preferentially block H-2-encoded molecules (especially K and D) Gp160 was also detected on another myeloma, MOPC 315 OPEC, a subline of MOPC 315, where it also appeared to block H-2 molecules but not PC.1. Additional evidence for an interaction between gp160 and H-2 molecules was obtained when sonicated membrane fragments were used to elicit secondary CTL responses to H-2 in culture. The response could be elicited by fragments from early but not from late LPC-1 cells, unless the late cells were treated with subtilisin (to remove gp 160) before sonication.
The sizes of particulate sulfate and nitrate in the atmosphere--a review.

Size distributions for airborne mass of sulfate reported in the literature show a submicron peak for nearly all the locations at which data were obtained. Data from continental sites have mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMD) averaging 0.52/μm. Data from marine sites show appreciable sulfate on supermicron as well as submicron particles, with an average MMD of 2.3/μm. When used in dry deposition models, the size distribution data for continental areas yield average deposition velocities of 0.1-0.2 cm s-1 for vegetation, snow and water. The size data for marine areas yield average deposition velocities of 0.5-0.6 cm s-1 for water. In contrast to the data for sulfate, the quality of the size distribution data which have been reported for aerosol nitrate is uncertain due to potential sampling interferences.
Technology, Scripture, and Ecofeminism: The Wind and the Sea Respond

The Sea of Galilee and the Jordan River figure prominently in scripture. The ecosystem of this area has been damaged as a result of technology thoughtlessly applied in the context of anthropocentrism. A contrasting relational approach toward the natural world is offered by ecofeminism, which speaks for those whose voices, both human and nonhuman, have been ignored or negated. This article discusses the environmental history of the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan River, and the adjacent wetlands and forests. It applies an ecofeminist hermeneutic to Mark 4:35-41, the story of Jesus’s calming the Wind and the Sea, as a religious rationale for the ethical use of science and technology.
REDUCTION OF MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH NOSOCOMIAL URINARY TRACT INFECTION

A randomised controlled trial was conducted to assess whether bladder catheters with preconnected sealed junctions were associated with a lower risk of urinary-tract infection than were catheters without such junctions, and to determine whether prevention of catheter-associated infection would be accompanied by a reduction of mortality. Among those not taking systemic antibiotics, patients assigned sealed junction catheters had fewer infections and deaths. Before they received antibiotics, the risk of infection among those assigned unsealed catheters was 2.7 times that of patients assigned sealed catheters (95% confidence interval=1.3-5 . 4, p=0 . 007). Among the 220 patients who received no antibiotics, 14% (15/108) of those assigned unsealed catheters and 4% (4/112) of those assigned sealed catheters died. Stratification by important risk factors for mortality yielded an adjusted risk ratio for death of 3.4 (95% CI=1.1-10.7, p=0.03). Among patients who received systemic antibiotic the use of sealed catheters did not affect infection rates (RR=0.9, 95% CI=0.5-1.5, p=0.68) or deaths (RR=1.2, 95% CI=0.6-2.2, p=0.62). These data indicate how the rates of infection and mortality can be reduced in hospital. Since the degree of reduction in mortality corresponded with the degree of reduction of infection, measures to prevent catheter-associated nosocomial urinary tract infection should be implemented.
Marketing service businesses

The UK has a strong and growing service sector, much of which is oriented around activities concerning electrical engineers. Marketing a service has special attributes: there is no product at the point of sale, service is delivered by people, customer attention and interest is needed to retain customers. Service companies need to focus on the requirements of their customers. Customer orientation means ensuring that the service delivered meets the customer's needs, and this leads to defining service standards and measuring performance of the delivery. Management control of delivery is important to success, not least because image is not created but is primarily determined by the customer's experience of the service. Approaches to identifying markets and market planning are suggested.
Boolean Matrix Decomposition Problem: Theory, Variations and Applications to Data Engineering

With the ubiquitous nature and sheer scale of data collection, the problem of data summarization is most critical for effective data management. Classical matrix decomposition techniques have often been used for this purpose, and have been the subject of much study. In recent years, several other forms of decomposition, including Boolean Matrix Decomposition have become of significant practical interest. Since much of the data collected is categorical in nature, it can be viewed in terms of a Boolean matrix. Boolean matrix decomposition (BMD), wherein a boolean matrix is expressed as a product of two Boolean matrices, can be used to provide concise and interpretable representations of Boolean data sets. The decomposed matrices give the set of meaningful concepts and their combination which can be used to reconstruct the original data. Such decompositions are useful in a number of application domains including role engineering, text mining as well as knowledge discovery from databases. In this seminar, we look at the theory underlying the BMD problem, study some of its variants and solutions, and examine different practical applications.
Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions for Post‐Acute‐Phase Battered Women

PURPOSE.To identify nursing diagnoses and interventions applicable for post-acute-phase battered women. METHODS.Eight battered women were interviewed twice for 2 hours. Gordon's functional health patterns provided the framework for data collection. FINDINGS.Fifty-three nursing diagnoses and 52 nursing interventions were indicated in the data; 24 nursing diagnoses and 26 nursing interventions were present in all participants' data. CONCLUSIONS.With the use of comprehensive interventions, nurses can make a major contribution to society by enabling battered women to move to a more protected lifestyle.
Involvement of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Late-Life Depression

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the major neurotrophic factors, plays an important role in the maintenance and survival of neurons, synaptic integrity, and synaptic plasticity. Evidence suggests that BDNF is involved in major depression, such that the level of BDNF is decreased in depressed patients and that antidepressants reverse this decrease. Stress, a major factor in depression, also modulates BDNF expression. These studies have led to the proposal of the neurotrophin hypothesis of depression. Late-life depression is associated with disturbances in structural and neural plasticity as well as impairments in cognitive behavior. Stress and aging also play a crucial role in late-life depression. Many recent studies have suggested that not only expression of BDNF is decreased in the serum/plasma of patients with late-life depression, but structural abnormalities in the brain of these patients may be associated with a polymorphism in the BDNF gene, and that there is a relationship between a BDNF polymorphism and antidepressant remission rates. This review provides a critical review of the involvement of BDNF in major depression, in general, and in late-life depression, in particular.