cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
128 x 128 PACE-I HgCdTe hybrid FPAs for thermoelectrically cooled applications

Staring 128 X 128 hybrid HgCdTe FPAs have been demonstrated with very good sensitivity and operability at temperatures compatible with thermoelectric cooling (> 160 K). The FPAs consist of HgCdTe/sapphire (PACE-I; producible alternative to CdTe for epitaxy) detector arrays hybridized to a CMOS readout having a gate modulation input circuit. FPAs with SWIR (2.5 micrometers at 78 K) and MWIR (4.56 micrometers at 180 K) cutoff wavelengths ((lambda) co) were made and evaluated. The SWIR arrays were ZnS passivated; the MWIR arrays were CdTe-passivated. Though the (lambda) co of the MWIR devices was not specifically optimized for terrestrial imaging at TE-cooled temperatures in the preferred 3.4 to 4.1 micrometers band, very good sensitivity was achieved, particularly relative to other technologies at temperatures >= 120 K. Mean laboratory noise equivalent temperature differences (NE(Delta) T) at 120 K, 170 K, and 180 K were 0.0048 K, 0.053 K, and 0.061 K respectively, for the MWIR device. While the NE(Delta) T was measured without a spectral filter, the sensitivity for 3.4 to 4.1 micrometers bandpass extrapolates to camera NE(Delta) T <EQ 0.05 K, if f/1.5 or faster optics are used. Near BLIP Detectivity (D*) of 1.62 X 1013 cm-Hz1/2/W and mean NE(Delta) T of 0.04 K were measured on the SWIR hybrid at 22.5 msec integration time and operating temperatures <EQ 162 K. Imagery of corresponding quality was subsequently generated. Since the CMOS multiplexer dissipates little power and needs a minimum of support circuitry, a viable thermoelectrically cooled FPA technology is implied.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Endovascular Removal of a Permanent “TrapEase” Inferior Vena Cava Filter:

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement has seen a rising trend over the past decade. Although effective in the prevention of future pulmonary emboli, filters are associated with several long-term complications including deep venous thrombosis, filter migration, filter fracture, and caval thrombosis. The IVC filters have evolved over the years to minimize these unwarranted sequelae. We describe a technique to remove a permanent IVC filter in a patient who no longer required mechanical protection.
Determination of Atmospheric Nitrogen Input to Lake Greenwood, South Carolina: Part 2—Gaseous Measurements and Modeling

Abstract The Reedy River branch of Lake Greenwood, SC, has repeatedly experienced summertime algal blooms, upsetting the natural system. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate atmospheric nitrogen (N) input into the lake. N was examined because of the insignificant phosphorus dry atmospheric flux and the unique nutrient demands of the dominant algae (Pithophora oedogonia) contributing to the blooms. Episodic atmospheric measurements during January and March 2001 have shown that the dry N flux onto the lake ranged from 0.9 to 17.4 kg N/ha-yr, and on average is caused by nitric acid (HNO3; 31%), followed by nitrogen dioxide (NO2; 23%), fine ammonium (NH4 +; 20%), coarse nitrate (NO3 −; 16%), fine NO3 + (5%), and coarse NH4 + (5%). Similar measurements in Greenville, SC (the upper watershed of the Reedy River), showed that the dry N deposition flux there ranged from 1.4 to 9.7 kg N/ha-yr and was mostly caused by gaseous deposition (40% NO2 and 40% HNO3). The magnitude of this dry N depositio...
Volumetric microvascular imaging of human retina using optical coherence tomography with a novel motion contrast technique

Phase variance-based motion contrast imaging is demonstrated using a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system for the in vivo human retina. This contrast technique spatially identifies locations of motion within the retina primarily associated with vasculature. Histogram-based noise analysis of the motion contrast images was used to reduce the motion noise created by transverse eye motion. En face summation images created from the 3D motion contrast data are presented with segmentation of selected retinal layers to provide non-invasive vascular visualization comparable to currently used invasive angiographic imaging. This motion contrast technique has demonstrated the ability to visualize resolution-limited vasculature independent of vessel orientation and flow velocity.
New Frontiers in Network Theory Development

This special topic forum, commissioned to stimulate theory development on building effective networks, contains eleven papers spanning the micro, meso, macro, and meta levels of analysis. Each paper breaks new ground; collectively, they suggest that we are at a crossroads in network research. Important opportunities remain, however, for further work in network theory development, and we highlight major gaps relating to network theory's scope and mission, accessibility, integration with other perspectives, and attention to process and internationalization issues.
Identifying Putative Promoter Regions of Hermansky‐Pudlak Syndrome Genes by Means of Phylogenetic Footprinting

HPS is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and prolonged bleeding. Eight human genes are described resulting in the HPS subtypes 1–8. Certain HPS proteins combine to form Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complexes (BLOCs), thought to function in the formation of intracellular vesicles such as melanosomes, platelet dense bodies, and lytic granules. Specifically, BLOC-2 contains the HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6 proteins. We used phylogenetic footprinting to identify conserved regions in the upstream sequences of HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6. These conserved regions were verified to have in vitro transcription activation activity using luciferase reporter assays. Transcription factor binding site analyses of the regions identified 52 putative sites shared by all three genes. When analysis was limited to the conserved footprints, seven binding sites were found shared among all three genes: Pax-5, AIRE, CACD, ZF5, Zic1, E2F and Churchill. The HPS3 conserved upstream region was sequenced in four patients with decreased fibroblast HPS3 RNA levels and only one HPS3 mutation in the coding exons and surrounding exon/intron boundaries; no mutation was found. These findings illustrate the power of phylogenetic footprinting for identifying potential regulatory regions in non-coding sequences and define the first putative promoter elements for any HPS genes.
Fungi of Santo Domingo.-III. Uredinales.

A botanical expedition was made to Santo Domingo in the spring of 1926 by Rafael A. Toro, of the Insular Experiment Station, Porto Rico, and the writer. We reached the island March 9 and left April 1. The trip was made possible by the cooperation of the Department of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico and the University of Porto Rico. All kinds of fungi were collected. The writer was especially interested in the rusts. Altogether about 400 numbered collections were made. In a paper entitled " Fungi of Santo Domingo?I" (Mycologia 19: 66-84, 1927) Toro has reported on the collections of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Fungi Imperfecti. His paper reports 97 species. Prior to this paper, published reports of the fungi of Santo Domingo have been scattered and are comparatively meager. In his paper, Toro reviews very thoroughly the litera? ture dealing with Santo Domingan fungi. The present paper reports the collections of rusts made by Kern and Toro. In the following list our names and the year are omitted for our collections. In addition to our collections, I am including some made by Doctor M. F. Barrus, of Cornell University, who collected in Santo Domingo during January and February, 1926. Since the publication of this paper has been delayed, I am able to include some specimens collected in May, 1927, by Mr. Carlos E. Chardon, Commissioner of Agriculture of Porto Rico. Doctor Barrus and Mr. Chardon have generously turned over to me their specimens for study and record. Full data are included for specimens by other collectors. A few specimens are included which were contributed by Doctor R. Ciferri, Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Santo
Circuit implementation of fusible redundant addresses on RAMs for productivity enhancement

This paper describes the circuit schemes used to substitute redundant storage locations for defective ones found during testing. Word or bit lines are added along with appropriate bit steering circuitry to allow the replacement of a defective word or bit line. On-chip storage elements are "set" by the tester and used to store the binary addresses of the failing word or bit lines, which are then compared to the incoming addresses by the redundancy circuitry. This circuitry then activates the replacement word or bit lines and, by various means described, steers out the defective ones. A variation is described briefly which includes a word redundant circuit scheme that provides no penalty in memory access time by using separate sense amplifiers for the redundant lines.
Biology of the Flathead Catfish in Kansas

Abstract Flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) were collected from the Big Blue River, a highly turbid stream, and the Neosho River, a relatively clear stream, in Kansas, mostly by A. C. electric fishing gear. Flathead catfish comprised 15.1 percent of the number of fish taken from the Big Blue, and 10.5 percent of those from the Neosho. Individuals less than 4.0 inches long (total length) were found in riffles; those 4.0 to 12.0 inches long were generally dispersed in the stream; those 12.0 to 16.0 inches long were associated with cover (logs, brush-piles and rocks) in intermediate depths; and those longer than 16.0 inches were solitary, near large cover (especially logs and down trees) in deeper pools. Examination of 258 stomachs, 69 of which were empty, showed that food of flathead catfish 4.0 inches and shorter was nearly all insect larvae; that of fish 4.1 to 10.0 inches, insect larvae, fishes, and crayfish; and that of larger flathead catfish mostly fish and crayfish. Kinds of food eaten evidently ...
Basic notions and applications of the augmented spherical wave method

The basic ideas of modern band theory and the functionality of state of the art calculational schemes are illustrated with the augmented spherical wave (ASW) method. Our description includes a short review of the underlying theory as well as a derivation of the most important formulas. We explain some steps toward the computational implementation and discuss aspects of practical application. Finally, the capabilities offered by the ASW method are demonstrated by an investigation of the electronic structure of FeS2, which belongs to the increasingly exciting class of pyrite-type transition metal dichalcogenides. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 77: 1007–1031, 2000
Autofocus optimization for tracking tissue surface topography in large-area mosaicking structured illumination microscopy

Mosaic imaging of large tissues with structured illumination microscopy (SIM) presents a need for rapid autofocus algorithms for tracking tissue surface topography. We present a novel SIM autofocus function based on the projected pattern modulation, and compare to established functions.
CT Angiography Source Images Acquired with a Fast-Acquisition Protocol Overestimate Infarct Core on Diffusion Weighted Images in Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Studies have demonstrated that computed tomography (CT) angiography source images (CTA-SI) acquired under near-steady-state contrast concentration provide infarct core estimates equivalent to diffusion-weighted images (DWI). We sought to test this relationship using our current CTA protocol optimized for faster scan acquisition. METHODS Forty-eight consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients met the following criteria: fast-acquisition CTA and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 9 hours of symptom onset, CTA-to-MRI interval under 2 hours, and anterior circulation vessel occlusion. Collaterals were graded on CTA, and lesion volumes were calculated on CTA-SI, DWI, and MR mean transit time (MTT) maps. RESULTS The mean CTA-to-MRI interval was 36 minutes (± 18 minutes). In paired analysis, lesion volumes on CTA-SI were significantly larger than on DWI (45.6 cm3 vs 29.9 cm3; P 25 cm3 difference) of the DWI lesion. Lower collateral score (P= .001), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (P= .01), older age (P= .01), and proximal occlusion (P < .05) were univariate predictors of major overestimation, with collateral score being the only independent predictor. The interobserver agreement was worse for CTA-SI than for DWI (P < .001 for limits of agreement). CONCLUSIONS CTA-SI performed using a fast-acquisition protocol overestimates the infarct core on DWI. Substantial differences are observed in over 25% of cases, and are associated with reduced collateralization.
Sensory and fatty acid profile of eggs from commercial hens fed rendered spent hen meal

The objective of the study was to determine sensory characteristics and fatty acid profile of eggs from commercial laying hens fed rendered spent hen meal (RSHM). Eggs were collected on a daily basis from Single Comb White Leghorn hens between 43 and 60 wk of age. The hens were fed a layer diet containing either 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0% RSHM from 48 to 60 wk in Trial 1, and from 43 to 55 wk in Trial 2. Eggs were evaluated for sensory characteristics and fatty acid profile from hens fed the higher levels of RSHM (i.e., 7.5 and 10.0%). The RSHM treatments had no adverse effects (P > 0.05) on flavor, texture, and overall acceptability of the hard-boiled eggs. Fatty acid profile and total fat content of the eggs were similar for all treatments. Data demonstrated that up to 10% RSHM could be incorporated into the diets of laying hens, without altering the acceptability and fatty acid profile of the eggs produced.
Sex differences in proxemic behavior and personal space schemata in young children

Spatial preferences with feltboard figures, observed interpersonal distance, and sex-role identification were examined in 80 preschool children. On the feltboard measure, 4- to 5-year-olds chose generally greater interpersonal distance than younger children. Sex of stimulus figure also influenced older children's distance choices. When same-sex pair play was videotaped, older boys spent significantly more time at far distances and less time at close distances than younger boys. A positive correlation between sex-role identification, measured by the Rabban toy choice task, and feltboard figure distance was obtained for older boys only. Findings supported the notion that sex-related interpersonal spatial norms may be learned during the preschool years, particularly by boys.
Treatment of recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis with anartificial interferon inducer (poly ICLC)

LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMATOSIS, although rare, is the most common proliferative lesion of the larynx in childrem The evidence to date suggests that a virus, presumably one of the papovavirus group, is responsible for the lesions. The clinical behavior is unpredictable. In children with early onset of the disease (under age 2 years) and in those with marked epithelial atypia on histologic examination, the tumor tends to have a more aggressive clinical course. ~ When disease is localized to the larynx, it can be controlled by surgery; in some patients, spontaneous regression occurs. However, in other cases the papillomas spread down the tracheobronchial tree to the lung parenchyma; then the prognosis for total eradication of disease is poor. Since these lesions may well be of viral origin and ince there was a preliminary report from Sweden of a favorable effect of exogenous interferon, ~ we elected to try a synthetic interferon inducer for therapy in two patients with a highly aggressive form of the disease.
Epitaxial rhenium buffer layers on Al2O3(0001): a substrate for the deposition of (111)‐oriented heteroepitaxial diamond films

Thin rhenium buffer layers deposited on c-sapphire surfaces were studied as potential substrates for the heteroepitaxial deposition of (111)-oriented diamond films. The Re layers were prepared by e-beam evaporation. They formed very flat epitaxial films with mosaicity values below 0.2°. Application of the bias enhanced nucleation (BEN) procedure caused a characteristic roughening of the rhenium surface. The dimensions of the occurring surface structures were similar to those found on iridium (001). After the BEN procedure, a huge carbon supersaturation of 7.2% within the rhenium layer was measured. It was accompanied by a pronounced volume expansion of the Re unit cell, which could be reversed by a hydrogen plasma treatment. (111)-oriented epitaxial diamond was formed with two equivalent orientations due to the sixfold symmetry of the Re(0001) surface. The full width at half maximum for tilt and twist, 4.8° and 3.0° respectively, is significantly lower than for similar (111)-oriented diamond films on silicon. This qualifies epitaxial Re layers as promising substrates for the deposition of (111)-oriented epitaxial diamond films.
Nutrition and cancer: the search continues.

The 30th anniversary of Nutrition and Cancer provides an occasion to reflect on what we have learned over these three decades about the topic of this journal. I will focus here on the development o...
A Comparison of Learning Technologies for Teaching Spacecraft Software Development

The development of software for spacecraft represents a particular challenge and is, in many ways, a worst case scenario from a design perspective. Spacecraft software must be “bulletproof” and operate for extended periods of time without user intervention. If the software fails, it cannot be manually serviced. Software failure may result in mission degradation or complete spacecraft loss. This article considers how learning technologies can be used to aid student understanding of spacecraft software design, to facilitate the creation of better spacecraft software. It presents a framework for comparing spacecraft software development learning technologies. It then evaluates and compares five prospective learning technologies based on this framework. The areas that each learning technology is particularly well suited for are presented and discussed.
Lactose hydrolysis by β-galactosidase in aqueous two-phase systems

Abstract Lactose hydrolysis was studied in aqueous two-phase systems with β-galactosidases from bacteria (Escherichia coli), yeast (Saccharomyces fragilis), and fungi (Aspergillus oryzae). Salts such as potasium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium citrate used at concentrations forming phase systems could severely inhibit β-galactosidase activity from yeast and inhibit E. coli enzyme activity to a lesser extent, but had no effect on fungal β-galactosidase activity. Polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a modified starch (Reppal PES) could increase the enzyme activity toward hydrolyzing o- nitrophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside . E. coli β-galactosidase showed a partition coefficient of 127 in a PEG/Reppal PES system to provide an efficient system for carrying out extractive hydrolysis of lactose. A. oryzae β-galactosidase showed a partition coefficient of 0.0042 in a PEG/sodium citrate system. Continuous hydrolysis of lactose in this system with a mixer-settler enzyme reactor could be operated for a period of 84 h with only 10% loss of enzyme activity. Slower reaction rates in two-phase systems than in buffer systems may arise from preferential distributions of both enzyme and inhibitory products into the same phase.
Effect of Solanum surattense seed on the oxidative potential of cauda epididymal spermatozoa

Objective To evaluate the effect of aqueous seed extract of Solanum surattense (S. surattense) on the oxidative potential of cauda epididymal spermatozoa.
Pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide inhibits macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α secretion: Source of transitional-cell carcinoma port-site metastasis, with prophylactic irrigation strategies to decrease laparoscopic oncologic risks

Purpose: Peritoneal macrophages play a critical role in maintaining local host resistance to infection and malignancy through the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).We hypothesized that attenuated TNF-α secretion, as a result of CO2 pneumoperitoneum, could alter local immune surveillance, thereby contributing to the development of carcinomatosis and incisional metastasis. We further sought to determine if port-site metastasis could be prevented with prophylactic irrigants. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice (n = 50) and the syngenic murine bladder tumor (MBT-2) cell line were used. Experiment 1: Mice were subjected to either CO2 pneumoperitoneum at 6 mm Hg (n = 10) or a 3-cm midline incision (n = 10). Peritoneal macrophages (1 × 1 06/animal) were collected and subjected to lipopolysaccharide challenge. TNF-α levels were quantified using the Quantikine® Mouse TNF-α/TNFSF1A Immunoassay. Experiment 2: Peritoneal and port-site metastasis were evaluated 1 week after 1 × 106 MBT-2 cells/animal we...
Pathology of Angina Pectoris

Among the wide variety of causes of angina pectoris, two major categories may be recognized: the anatomic, causing arterial obstruction, and the functional. The anatomic causes may be divided according to anatomic sites as follows: (1) the major coronary arterial trunks and their epicardial branches, (2) the coronary ostia at the aorta, and (3) the intramyocardial "small" arteries. The major coronary arteries are by far the most common sites for anatomic lesions. Atherosclerosis in its various anatomic manifestations is responsible for about 90% of the cases of angina. Commonly, hypertension and, less commonly, valvular disease are associated. The balance of cases of angina result from various states given below. Nonatheromatous diseases of the major coronary arteries include embolism, primary dissecting aneurysm of a coronary artery, arteritis, and anomalous communication of a coronary artery. Coronary ostial narrowing results from various diseases of the aorta including atherosclerosis, saccular and dis...
A 3D partial‐equilibrium model to simulate coupled hydrogeological, microbiological, and geochemical processes in subsurface systems

[1] This paper reports the development and application of a three-dimensional multi-component reactive transport model (BGTK) to simulate a wide range of biogeochemical processes in subsurface environments. The model can handle both equilibrium and kinetically controlled reactions and is based on the well tested modular models RT3D [Clement et al., 1998] and PHREEQC-2 [Parkhurst and Appelo, 1999]. Here we describe the details of the new coupled model and demonstrate its capabilities using test problems involving microbial transport in a laboratory column and redox zonation in a contaminated aquifer.
Robot-assisted virtual rehabilitation (NJIT-RAVR) system for children with cerebral palsy

This paper will describe the NJIT-RAVR system, which combines adaptive robotics with complex VR simulations for the rehabilitation of upper extremity impairments and function in children with CP. The feasibility of this system is examined in the context of two pilot studies. The NJIT-RAVR system consists of the Haptic Master, a 6 degrees of freedom, admittance controlled robot and a suite of rehabilitation simulations that we have developed. The system provides adaptive algorithms for the Haptic Master, allowing impaired users to interact with rich virtual environments. All subjects trained with the NJIT-RAVR System for one hour, 3 days a week for three weeks. Both groups improved in robotically collected kinematic measures and the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function.
Characterization of early DNA synthesis in Xenopus eggs after injection of circular plasmid DNA.

Abstract Circular plasmid DNA is known to replicate when injected into unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis. We characterized early DNA synthesis which precedes the replication. Incorporation of a radioactive precursor into covalent closed circular DNA becomes detectable as early as 2 minutes after injection. Judging from the sensitivity to aphidicolin, replicative DNA polymerase alpha or delta is involved in this reaction. However, analysis of density-labeled product as well as detection of newly synthesized, unmethylated strands by restriction endonuclease DpnI digestion, both indicated that most if not all, of the synthesized DNA is present as short repair-like patches in the injected DNA molecules. They are present randomly in all the HaeIII fragments of injected DNA, and transcriptional activation of the 5S RNA gene inserted in the plasmid does not affect the distribution. Only a minor fraction of injected DNA is utilized for this reaction, and 12% of such DNA molecules are further chased into replicated progeny DNA. This efficiency of replication is nearly the same as that of bulk injected DNA which has not been subjected to the early DNA synthesis. We concluded that, despite the common use of replicative DNA polymerase, the early DNA synthesis and the subsequent DNA replication are mutually independent processes.
Versatile optofluidic ring resonator lasers based on microdroplets.

We develop a novel nL-sized microdroplet laser based on the capillary optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR). The microdroplet is generated in a microfluidic channel using two immiscible fluids and is subsequently delivered to the capillary OFRR downstream. Despite the presence of the high refractive index (RI) carrier fluid, the lasing emission can still be achieved for the droplet formed by low RI solution. The lasing threshold of 1.54 µJ/mm2 is achieved, >6 times lower than the state-of-the-art, thanks to the high Q-factor of the OFRR. Furthermore, the lasing emission can be conveniently coupled into an optical fiber. Finally, tuning of the lasing wavelength is achieved via highly efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer processes by merging two different dye droplets in the microfluidic channel. Versatility combined with improved lasing characteristics makes our OFRR droplet laser an attractive platform for high performance optofluidic lasers and bio/chemical sensing with small sample volumes.
Interpretation of cardiac pathophysiology from pressure waveform analysis: percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty.

The hemodynamic findings of aortic, mitral and pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty serve to identify classical valvular lesions and their responses to graded or abrupt catheter dilation techniques. The production of mild insufficiency after valve dilation is generally well tolerated. Severe valvular insufficiency produces the expected hemodynamic alterations, but acute decompensation may be witnessed over brief periods of time. The use of extra stiff guidewires across dilated valves, especially the aortic valve, may also produce an exaggerated hemodynamic picture of insufficiency. Although gradients may be reduced, the effect of valve dilation on aortic valve area is generally small. A discussion of factors influencing valve area calculations will be the subject of a future "Rounds."
Radiorespirometer for continuous monitoring of chick embryo development.

Abstract A radiorespirometer is described that is capable of continuous monitoring of O 2 utilization, CO 2 and/or 14 CO 2 production per minute, heart rate, and body activity of an embryonated egg while it develops for several days in a closed chamber with near normal p O 2 or other desired p O 2 . Oxygen is supplied to the embryo by an electrolytic cell, and CO 2 is removed by a KOH solution flowing through a diffusion cell separated from the embryo chamber by a CO 2 permeable rubber membrane. The instrument permits selecting embryos for viability and developmental stage, according to their O 2 utilization per minute and respiratory quotient, without breaking the eggshell. Inoculation of the embryonated egg with 14 C-labeled substrates, drugs, or toxins can occur without interfering with continuous recording of metabolic activity.
High-temperature series analysis of spin-one uniaxial ferromagnets: Ni M F 6 ·6 H 2 O compounds

For the first time high-temperature series for the susceptibility and heat capacity have been employed to analyze data on ferromagnetic systems with single-ion anisotropy comparable with or greater than the pair interactions between ions. The salts $\mathrm{Ni}M{\mathrm{F}}_{6}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O with $M=\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{r}$ are spin-one ferromagnetic systems. Each has an easy-axis single-ion anisotropy and long-range dipole-dipole interaction in addition to the more commonly discussed short-range exchange interactions. We show that the same set of interaction parameters can fit simultaneously and quantitatively both susceptibility and heat-capacity data. We also discuss the unusually small deviations of the data from the mean-field predictions for the three large single-ion anisotropy systems ($M=\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{r},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}$).
Physical Education Curriculum Priorities: Evidence for Education and Skillfulness

One question facing kinesiologists today is how to implement findings from research into society, in this case, physical education. In this paper I examine the role of a balanced approach to educational physical education in promoting physical activity. I argue that limiting physical education to simple tasks that encourage students to workout at target heart rate to expend calories is not an effective solution to the long-term challenge of promoting physically active lifestyles. As an alternative, I discuss research findings associated with motor skill competence, perceived competence, and knowledge growth that can increase individuals' options to participate in many different types of physical activity at greater intensities and for longer durations. I conclude by considering the role of educational physical education in public health initiatives with the goal of influencing students' decisions to embrace physical activity for a lifetime.
The NGF-inducible SCG10 mRNA encodes a novel membrane-bound protein present in growth cones and abundant in developing neurons

We have characterized and sequenced cDNA clones corresponding to the neural-specific SCG10 mRNA. The predicted amino acid sequence is novel and not strongly homologous to that of any known polypeptide. The protein is encoded by two mRNAs that differ in their choice of polyadenylation site. Immunocytochemical localization experiments using an affinity-purified antibody (against an SCG10 TrpE fusion protein) reveal accumulations of punctate staining in the perinuclear cytoplasm, axons, and growth cones of cultured neurons. SCG10 levels are maximal in the embryonic CNS but are dramatically reduced in the adult. Preliminary cell fractionation experiments suggest that the protein is tightly associated with membranes but is not itself an integral membrane protein. The apparent localization and timing of expression of the SCG10 protein are reminiscent of GAP-43, but the sequences of the two polypeptides are unrelated. Cross-hybridizing mRNAs and antigenically related proteins are found in several nonneuronal cell lines that do not express SCG10.
Brain maturation may be arrested in chronic cocaine addicts.

Abstract Background: Animal and human newborn studies suggest that exposure to cocaine in utero delays glial maturation and white matter myelination. Postmortem data show that in the frontal and temporal lobes, white matter myelination continues into middle age. Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data have confirmed continued white matter volume increase in these regions, reaching a maximum at age 47. Methods: Thirty-seven male cocaine dependent (CD) and 52 normal control subjects between ages 19 and 47 were evaluated with MRI. Coronal images focused on the frontal and temporal lobes were acquired using pulse sequences that maximized gray/white matter contrast. Results: Highly significant positive correlations between white matter volume and age were observed in both the frontal and temporal lobes of the control group ( r = .52, p = .0001 and r = .54, p = .0001, respectively); however, CD subjects did not demonstrate any age-related increase in white matter volume of the frontal ( r = −.001; p = .99) and temporal ( r = −.07; p = .67) lobes in this age range. Conclusions: The age-related expansion in white matter volume occurring in normal control subjects was absent in CD subjects. The findings suggest that in adults, cocaine dependence may arrest normal white matter maturation in the frontal and temporal lobes of addicts who continue using cocaine.
A Quantitative Approach to Evaluating International Environmental Regimes

To date, analysts of international environmental regimes have largely eschewed quantitative methods.1 Yet, applying statistical procedures to large sets of quantified data offers rich opportunities to address questions central to this research program. Quantitative analysis can shed light on questions that either cannot be or usually are not answered by qualitative methods while also allowing reexamination of questions already addressed by such methods. Careful modeling and analysis of appropriate data could identify which features of a regime are responsible for a regime’s success and which are superfluous, how much of a contribution regimes can make to resolving environmental problems, and the extent to which the effectiveness of a particular type of regime depends on factors such as the type of problem or international context. Thus, quantitative analysis offers a valuable complement to qualitative techniques in evaluating regime effects and effectiveness.
Randomized controlled trials of individual-level, population-level, and multilevel interventions for preventing sexually transmitted infections: what has worked?

Previous reviews of interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) focused mostly on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We reviewed trials of interventions to prevent sexual transmission of any STI employing a multilevel perspective. We searched MEDLINE the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and recent unpublished presentations through 2003 to identify randomized controlled trials of preventive STI interventions having systematic objective measurement of STI outcomes. We classified trials according to intervention target and level of randomization (individual group or community); impact target (acquisition transmission or complications of STI); and primary intervention modality. Of 83 trials identified 41 met inclusion criteria including trials of 28 individual-level 9 group-level and 4 community-level interventions. Among individual- and group-level interventions 32 targeted acquisition 4 targeted transmission and 1 targeted complications of STI. The 4 intervention modalities most often used included behavior change (12 studies) vaccination (7 studies) use of topical microbicides (10 studies) and prophylactic curative or suppressive therapy (10 studies). Community-level interventions had multiple impact targets and 2 interventions used multiple modalities. Only 1 intervention showed efficacy against sexual transmission of HIV but 22 (53.7%) showed effectiveness against other STIs. Although many interventions have been found to be effective against STIs few have been replicated widely implemented or carefully evaluated for effectiveness in other settings. (authors)
Use of relative code churn measures to predict system defect density

Software systems evolve over time due to changes in requirements, optimization of code, fixes for security and reliability bugs etc. Code churn, which measures the changes made to a component over a period of time, quantifies the extent of this change. We present a technique for early prediction of system defect density using a set of relative code churn measures that relate the amount of churn to other variables such as component size and the temporal extent of churn. Using statistical regression models, we show that while absolute measures of code chum are poor predictors of defect density, our set of relative measures of code churn is highly predictive of defect density. A case study performed on Windows Server 2003 indicates the validity of the relative code churn measures as early indicators of system defect density. Furthermore, our code churn metric suite is able to discriminate between fault and not fault-prone binaries with an accuracy of 89.0 percent.
Petrology and Origin of Fecal Pellets in Upper Cretaceous Strata of Kansas and Saskatchewan

ABSTRACT Carbonate deposits of the Greenhorn Limestone, Fairport Member of the Carlile Shale, and Niobrara Chalk of Kansas are characteristically speckled by nearly white, ellipsoidal calcareous pellets having an average diameter near 0.12 min. Similar pellets occur in two widespread calcareous units, the first and second speckled shales, of the western Canadian plains. The two speckled Canadian units are approximately correlative with chalk-bearing intervals of the Kansas section. In both areas the pellets are of similar size, shape, color and texture and are known to be rich in coccoliths. Scanning electron micrography of these pellets, and of rock matrix adjacent to the pellets demonstrates (1) that pellets from the two areas are identical in being composed largely of coccoliths or coccolit debris and (2) that most non-pelletoid matrixes are composed predominantly of material not derived from coccolithophorids. Concentration in the pellets, of whole and broken coccoliths, as well as size of the pellets suggest origin as fecal matter of small, herbivorous, planktonic organisms that fed selectively on coccolithophorids. Copepods are known to feed selectively and are known also to feed on coccolithophorids. Furthermore, some living copepods produce pellets of similar size and shape to those in the Cretaceous strata. Alternatively, the pellets could have been produced by pelagic tunicates which are known to produce ellipsoidal pellets and to feed upon coccolithophorids. Further elaboration of trophic structure in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior sea requires search for ske etal remains of the pellet-producing organisms.
Quantum optics in a dielectric: macroscopic electromagnetic-field and medium operators for a linear dispersive lossy medium-a microscopic derivation of the operators and their commutation relations

We derive the macroscopic electromagnetic-field and medium operators for a linear dispersive medium with a microscopic model. As an alternative to the previous treatments in the literature, we show that the canonical momentum for the macroscopic field can be chosen to be −∊0E instead of −Dˆ with the standard minimal-coupling Hamiltonian. We find that, despite the change in the field operator normalization constants, the equal-time commutators among the macroscopic electric-field, magnetic-field, and medium operators have the same values as their microscopic counterparts under a coarse-grained approximation. This preservation of the equal-time commutator is important from a fundamental standpoint, such as the preservation of micro-causality for macroscopic quantities. The existence of more than one normal frequency mode at each k vector in a realistic causal-response medium is shown to be responsible for the commutator preservation. The process of macroscopic averaging is discussed in our derivation. The macroscopic field operators we derive are valid for a wide range of frequencies below, above, and around resonances. Our derivation covers the lossless, slightly lossy, and dispersionless as well as dispersive regimes of the medium. The local-field correction is also included in the formalism by inclusion of dipole–dipole interactions. Comparisons are made with other derivations of the macroscopic field operators. Using our theory, we discuss the questions of field propagation across a dielectric boundary and the decay rate of an atom embedded in a dielectric medium. We also discuss the question of squeezing in a linear dielectric medium and the extension of our theory to the case of a nonuniform medium.
Host plant selection and development in Spodoptera exigua: do mother and offspring know best?

We examined the ovipositional preference and larval development of Spodoptera exigua(Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on two common hosts in southern California, Chenopodium muraleL. (Chenopodiaceae) and Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae) to determine if female oviposition preference is correlated with offspring performance. Greenhouse oviposition choice tests indicated that S. exigua oviposit more frequently on C. murale than on A. graveolens. However under laboratory conditions, larvae reared on C. murale had longer development times, lower relative growth rate, and lower survivorship than larvae reared on A. graveolens. larval and pupal masses were significantly greater on A. graveolensthan on C. murale. Furthermore, pupal masses were significantly greater for individuals reared on A. graveolens than on C. murale. Because pupal masses and adult fecundity are positively correlated for Spodoptera spp., the fitness of S. exigua on A. graveolens is likely to be substantially higher than its fitness on C. murale. Despite better larval performance on A. graveolens, previous results from choice tests with whole plants and leaf discs indicate that the highly mobile S. exigua larvae strongly prefer C. murale over A. graveolens. Hypotheses attempting to explain this lack of correlation between larval and adult host preference versus development and survival in this system are discussed.
Time and frequency domain responses of the mechanomyogram and electromyogram during isometric ramp contractions: A comparison of the short-time Fourier and continuous wavelet transforms

The purposes of this study were to examine the mechanomyographic (MMG) and electromyographic (EMG) time and frequency domain responses of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles during isometric ramp contractions and compare the time-frequency of the MMG and EMG signals generated by the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Nineteen healthy subjects (mean+/-SD age=24+/-4 years) performed two isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) before and after completing 2-3, 6-s isometric ramp contractions from 5% to 100% MVC with the right leg extensors. MMG and surface EMG signals were recorded from the VL and RF muscles. Time domains were represented as root mean squared amplitude values, and time-frequency representations were generated using the STFT and CWT. Polynomial regression analyses indicated cubic increases in MMG amplitude, MMG frequency, and EMG frequency, whereas EMG amplitude increased quadratically. From 5% to 24-28% MVC, MMG amplitude remained stable while MMG frequency increased. From 24-28% to 76-78% MVC, MMG amplitude increased rapidly while MMG frequency plateaued. From 76-78% to 100% MVC, MMG amplitude plateaued (VL) or decreased (RF) while MMG frequency increased. EMG amplitude increased while EMG frequency changed only marginally across the force spectrum with no clear deflection points. Overall, these findings suggested that MMG may offer more unique information regarding the interactions between motor unit recruitment and firing rate that control muscle force production during ramp contractions than traditional surface EMG. In addition, although the STFT frequency patterns were more pronounced than the CWT, both algorithms produced similar time-frequency representations for tracking changes in MMG or EMG frequency.
Design and synthesis of novel block copolymers for efficient optoelectronic applications

It has been predicted that nano-phase separated block copolymer systems containing electron rich donor blocks and electron deficient acceptor blocks may facilitate the charge carrier separation and migration in organic photovoltaic devices due to improved morphology in comparison to polymer blend system. This paper presents preliminary data describing the design and synthesis of a novel Donor-Bridge-Acceptor (D-B-A) block copolymer system for potential high efficient organic optoelectronic applications. Specifically, the donor block contains an electron donating alkyloxy derivatized polyphenylenevinylene (PPV), the acceptor block contains an electron withdrawing alkyl-sulfone derivatized polyphenylenevinylene (PPV), and the bridge block contains an electronically neutral non-conjugated aliphatic hydrocarbon chain. The key synthetic strategy includes the synthesis of each individual block first, then couple the blocks together. While the donor block stabilizes and facilitates the transport of the holes, the acceptor block stabilizes and facilitates the transport of the electrons, the bridge block is designed to hinder the probability of electron-hole recombination. Thus, improved charge separation and stability are expected with this system. In addition, charge migration toward electrodes may also be facilitated due to the potential nano-phase separated and highly ordered block copolymer ultra-structure.
Developmental origins of early antisocial behavior

Early antisocial behavior has its origins in childhood behavior problems, particularly those characterized by aggressive and destructive behavior. Deficits in self-regulation across multiple domains of functioning, from the physiological to the cognitive, are associated with early behavior problems, and may place children at greater risk for the development of later antisocial behavior. Data are presented from a longitudinal study of early self-regulation and behavior problems, the RIGHT Track Research Project, demonstrating that children at greatest risk for early and persistent problem behavior display patterns of physiological and emotional regulation deficits early in life. Parenting behavior and functioning have also been examined as predictors of trajectories of early problem behavior, and some data support the interaction of parenting and self-regulation as significant predictors of patterns of problematic behavior and ongoing problems with the regulation of affect. Peer relationships also affect and are affected by early self-regulation skills, and both may play a role in academic performance and subsequent school success. These data provide evidence that the social contexts of early family and peer relationships are important moderators of the more proximal mechanism of self-regulation, and both types of processes, social and biobehavioral, are likely implicated in early antisocial tendencies. Implications of these findings on self-regulation and early behavior problems are discussed in terms of future research and treatment approaches.