cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic influences on the effects of alcohol on auditory evoked potentials

Effects of alcohol on auditory evoked potentials were examined in 77 subjects without a history of alcohol abuse. Subjects were monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, siblings, and adoptees, all same-sexed and reared together. Alcohol was administered to achieve 0.1 g/dl blood levels. Ten additional control subjects received placebo doses. The amplitude of the P50 wave of the auditory evoked response was reproducibly diminished in alcohol-treated subjects compared to controls. Evoked potentials were recorded in a conditioning-testing paradigm, which uses paired stimuli. The second or test response is decremented compared to the first or conditioning response. The paradigm thus examines gating of response to sensory stimulation. In addition to the alcohol-induced decrease of the P50 amplitude in the conditioning response already noted, the ratio of the P50 test response amplitude to the conditioning response amplitude increased after alcohol. This change, reflective of decreased sensory gating, was variable between subjects, but showed high test-retest reliability. These effects of alcohol on P50 amplitude and its decrement in the conditioning-testing paradigm were used to examine possible genetic influences on sensitivity to alcohol. The latter parameter showed significantly higher correlations in monozygotic twins than in siblings or adoptees; dizygotic twins had intermediate values. The results suggest that alcohol's effects on suppression of P50 in the conditioning-testing paradigm may be genetically influenced.
A microfluorescent PAS method for the quantitative demonstration of cytoplasmic 1,2-glycols

Fluorescent microspectrophotometry using dichroic mirror vertical epi-illumination of tissue sections stained with the PAS reaction (periodic acid and pararosaniline Schiff reagent) provides a measure of the relative concentration of 1:2 glycols within and between tissue sections. In PAS reacted sections of agarose gel, pararosaniline Schiff fluorescence increases linearly as the concentration of agarose increases (r=0.97, p<0.05). The concentration of glycogen within liver as measured by a phenol-based tissue assay is linearly correlated with pararosaniline Schiff fluorescence of formalin fixed liver sections (r=0.87, p<0.05). These relationships are unaffected by alcina blue or hematoxylin. Heretofore the amount of color reaction as measured by densitometry at the pararosaniline absorption peak was claimed to be an unreliable indicator of the amount of reactive glycol present in tissue. Our observations indicate that when the concentration of Schiff reagent exceeds an empiric limit relative to available polysaccharides, the Schiff reagent-tissue complex reflects light at the excitation wavelength instead of fluorescing the emission spectra. This can be circumvented by using dilute pararosaniline-Schiff reagent, shortening the staining period, and lowering the temperature of the staining medium. While routine PAS staining reactions are followed by washing in running water to develop the red color seen with broad spectrum illumination, water development is unnecessary for the dye-tissue complex to fluoresce. The fluorescent emission peak and the maximum excitation peak of both developed and undeveloped pararosaniline-Schiff-reagent-tissue complexes are 645–50 nm and 540–45 nm, respectively. These spectral characteristics are not changed by binding to oxidation products of different glycoproteins or polysaccharides. Intense exposure to room light, but not 100 repetitive short (0.13 s) exposures, causes partial photodecomposition. Quantitative assessment of cytofluorescence requires definition of the optical system used to measure emission. In the microspectrophotometer employed in this study, dichroic mirrors reflect light with variable efficiency depending on wavelength from the light source to the stage, and variably block light reflected or emitted from the specimen, serving as crude barrier filters. These dichroic mirror characteristics are influenced by the exact nature of the optical coating on the surface of each individual mirror. Since the optical coating of similar mirrors may vary, the properties of individual mirrors must be considered in the interpretation of spectral data and in determining the proper optical conditions for quantification of cytofluorescence.
A DOMINANT FORM OF ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE (GH) DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH RIEGER'S SYNDROME (RS)

The transmission of isolated GH deficiency as a recessive disorder is well documented. However, the evidence for transmission as an autosomal dominant is less secure. RS is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by malformation of the iris, and dental and maxillary hypoplasia. A child with RS was short and lacked GH. His father and a sister also had RS and lacked GH. The paternal grandmother and paternal uncle had RS, were extremely short but refused investigation. Pituitary function was otherwise normal. With hGH the propositus grew 25.5 cm in 4.5 years (1.8 cm the year before). The abnormalities of RS involve tissues of both mesodermal and ectodermal origin. However, control of their differentiation is thought to reside in the neural crest. Since the anterior pituitary is functionally dependent upon the hypothalamus, a neural crest structure, both RS and the GH deficiency may derive from a common embryologic defect with the abnormality transmitted as an autosomal dominant.
Thermal measurements and computational simulations of three-phase (CeO2–MgAl2O4–CeMgAl11O19) and four-phase (3Y-TZP–Al2O3–MgAl2O4–LaPO4) composites as surrogate inert matrix nuclear fuel

Abstract This study investigates the temperature dependent thermal conductivity of multiphase ceramic composites for simulated inert matrix nuclear fuel. Fine grained composites were made of CeO2–MgAl2O4–CeMgAl11O19 or 3Y-TZP–Al2O3–MgAl2O4–LaPO4. CeO2 and 3Y-TZP are used as UO2 surrogates due to their similar structures and low thermal conductivities. Laser flash analysis from room temperature to 1273 K (1000 °C) was used to determine the temperature dependent thermal conductivity. A computational approach using Object Oriented Finite Element Analysis Version 2 (OOF2) was employed to simulate the composite thermal conductivity based on the microstructure. Observed discrepancies between experimental and simulated thermal conductivities at low temperature may be due to Kapitza resistance; however, there is less than 3% deviation between models and experiments above 673 K (400 °C) for both compositions. When the surrogate phase was replaced with UO2 in the computational model for the four-phase composite, a 12–16% increase in thermal conductivity resulted compared to single phase UO2, in the range of 673–1273 K (400–1000 °C). This computational approach may be potentially viable for the high-throughput evaluation of composite systems and the strategic selection of inert phases without extensive sample fabrication during the initial development stages of composite nuclear fuel design.
Morphine and acceptability of putative reinforcers.

Abstract Rats were given the opportunity to take one of five concentrations of saccharin solutions. Intake across concentrations generated a preference-aversion curve. Morphine, 2 mg/kg, increased intake of saccharin solutions when rats were 12-hr water deprived or were not deprived. These effects with morphine are opposite to those of naloxone and strengthen the idea that there is incentive motivation.
Indirect potentiometric flow-injection determination of silver in photographic fixing solutions

Abstract The thiosulfate present in fixing solutions was destroyed on-line by acidification and the undissolved gaseous products were separated from the flow stream by use of polytetrafluoroethylene microporous tubing. The silver was precipitated with an excess of sulfide, and the excess was measured with a silver/silver sulfide electrode. Silver was determined in several ranges from 1 mg 1−1 to 10 g l−1.
SCORE EQUITY ASSESSMENT: DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE ANALYSIS USING SAT® MATHEMATICS TEST DATA ACROSS SEVERAL ADMINISTRATIONS

The equating process links scores from different editions of the same test. For testing programs that build nearly parallel forms to the same explicit content and statistical specifications and administer forms under the same conditions, the linkings between the forms are expected to be equatings. Score equity assessment (SEA) provides a useful tool to check form equatability. We suggest use of SEA as a quality control tool to evaluate how well a test assembly process works over several administrations. The examination of multiple forms should provide a proper assessment of the fairness of the test assembly process. We illustrate how to include SEA into statistical and psychometric practice with data from several administrations of the SAT®-Math.
The Application and Significance of Wipe Samples

Historically, the industrial hygiene profession has relied on the measurement of chemicals in the air to evaluate the relative safety of the workplace environment. Twenty years of OSHA's reliance on air standards has not resulted in a decrease of respiratory illness due to toxic agents. In fact, Department of Labor statistics from 1982 to 1991 show an increase exceeding 100% in these occupational respiratory problems. One hypothesis to account for this phenomenon is that many reported illnesses attributed to the respiratory route of entry may be due instead to dermal exposure. Recent studies confirm that dermal exposure to such chemicals as glycol ethers, dinitrotoluene, aniline, creosote, and isocyanates contributed more significantly to the total body burden than respiratory exposures. In order to improve the health of the American workforce, it is important that government regulatory agencies encourage efforts to eliminate dermal exposures to toxic agents. The establishment of biological monitoring sta...
First test of CP invariance in the decay of positronium.

The 3\ensuremath{\gamma} decay of spin-aligned triplet positronium (Ps) is used for a test of CP invariance (charge conjugation and parity). This is the first use of the Ps atom to investigate the CP symmetry. The angular correlation (S^\ensuremath{\cdot}k${\mathrm{^}}_{1}$)(S^\ensuremath{\cdot}k${\mathrm{^}}_{1}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}k${\mathrm{^}}_{2}$) was measured, where S is the Ps spin and \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathbf{k}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\Vert}g\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathbf{k}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\Vert}g\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathbf{k}}_{3}$\ensuremath{\Vert} are the \ensuremath{\gamma} momenta. If this correlation has a nonzero amplitude, CP is not conserved. No amplitude was found at the 1.5% level of uncertainty.
Roscher’s Victorian views on financial development

Focuses on Roscher′s generalities in the financial realm. Roscher postulated a secular decline in interest rates and an evolution of credit towards increasingly productive applications. Although Roscher′s theories were plausible, questions whether he got his causes and effects right. If not, of what use was his historical methodology as a predictive quasi‐science? Points out that Roscher, like his contemporaries, failed to anticipate the proliferation of war debt and other public debt, consumer debt, corporate takeover financing and other non‐productive uses of credit. Concludes by comparing Roscher′s ideas with those of his contemporaries, and analysing the reasons why plausible economic forecasts failed to anticipate the experience of the twentieth century.
Aortic paraganglioma requiring resection and replacement of the aortic root

This case report demonstrates the resection of an aortic root paraganglioma incidentally discovered in a 32-year-old male with replacement of the root for an oncologically complete resection.
Excitation of OH toward interstellar dust clouds

Observations of the 18 cm OH lines have been performed toward and just off the continuum sources W40 and 3C 123. W40 is an H II region, and 3C 123 is an extragalactic radio source, both of which lie beyond optically detectable dust clouds. The excitation temperature and optical depth of each of the four transitions have been derived from these data as functions of radial velocity, without assuming thermalization of the main lines. Toward both clouds each of the two satellite lines is inverted in one wing of the line profile and anti-inverted in the other wing. Pumping by infrared photons with overlapping of the infrared lines of OH probably explains the satellite-line data. Definite departures from thermal equilibrium are found for the OH main lines toward both clouds. Such departures could lead to large errors in estimates of OH column densities if thermalization is assumed.CO observations of both clouds have also been performed. These data suggest that the W40 H II region is embedded in the far side of the molecular cloud and is heating the dust near it. Although a small collapse velocity or perhaps compression of the cloud by the H II region is present, themore » dominant kinematics must be turbulence. No evidence for small-scale clumping of the dust clouds was found.« less
On deriving rights to goods from rights to freedom

This paper examines a particular type of argument often employed to defend welfare rights. This argument contends that welfare rights are a necessary supplement to liberty rights because rights to freedom become hollow when their bearers are not able to take advantage of their freedom. Rights to be provided with certain goods are thus a natural outgrowth of a genuine concern to protect freedom. I argue that this reasoning suffers from two fatal flaws. First, it rests on an erroneous notion of what it is to have a right, neglecting the fact that the exact source of a person's inability to exercise a right is crucial to determining whether that right is being respected. Second, the argument equivocates as to the “freedom” that rights are intended to protect, sometimes confusing freedom with ability, sometimes confusing not being free with not having other desired things, and sometimes confusing what a person is able to do with what a person is entitled to do.
The use of fatty acid esters to enhance free acid sophorolipid synthesis.

Fatty acid esters were prepared by transesterification of soy oil with methanol (methyl-soyate, Me-Soy), ethanol (ethyl-soyate, Et-Soy) and propanol (propyl-soyate, Pro-Soy) and used with glycerol as fermentation substrates to enhance production of free-acid sophorolipids (SLs). Fed-batch fermentations of Candida bombicola resulted in SL yields of 46 ± 4 g/l, 42 ± 7 g/l and 18 ± 6 g/l from Me-Soy, Et-Soy, and Pro-Soy, respectively. Liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (LC/API-MS) showed that Me-Soy resulted in 71% open-chain SLs with 59% of those molecules remaining esterified at the carboxyl end of the fatty acids. Et-Soy and Pro-Soy resulted in 43% and 80% open-chain free-acid SLs, respectively (containing linoleic acid and oleic acid as the principal fatty acid species linked to the sophorose sugar at the omega-1 position), with no evidence of residual esterification.
Food-first computer science: starting the first course right with PB&J

We consider in some depth a common exercise for the first session of a typical introductory computer science course: The task of writing instructions to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. The exercise, although simple, can engage students and motivate a variety of topics important throughout the semester. We discuss reasons to use such an exercise on the first day of class, present lessons students can learn from the exercise, and give practical advice for the instructor who wishes to make the most of this exercise.
A 57-year-old man with a 6-day headache and fatigue

57-year-old man without notable past medical history resented to Johns Hopkins Hospital with a 6-day history of eadache and worsening fatigue shortly after returning from trip to Nigeria. During his time in Nigeria, he took pyimethamine for malaria prophylaxis. In the week leading p to his presentation, the patient also noted a cough, diarhea, and several presyncopal events, one of which caused im to lose his balance and strike his head. Four days prior o admission, the patient noted a subjective fever, severe hills, and dark brown urine. Throughout the course of his rehospital illness, he denied arthralgias, myalgias, nausea, omiting, diaphoresis, or abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed a slightly overweight man hose mental status deteriorated rapidly after his arrival in he emergency department. On initial presentation, he was oted to be both tachycardic at 112 beats per minute and achypneic at 25 respirations per minute. Oxygen saturation as 94% on room air. His HEENT examination was rearkable for icteric sclera, the lungs were clear to ausculation, and his cardiovascular examination was notable only or tachycardia. His abdomen was nontender, with a liver dge detected immediately inferior to the costal margin. here was no evidence of either splenomegaly or the stigata associated with cirrhosis. He was stuporous but had no ocal neurologic abnormalities. Laboratory studies revealed the following values: hematcrit, 28.0%; white blood cells, 3580/mm; platelets, 2,000/mm; serum potassium, 2.6 mEq/L; serum calcium, .9 Meq/L; total bilirubin, 4.7 mg/dL; lactate dehydrogease, 1382 IU/L; haptoglobin, 6 mg/dL; lactic acid, 3.8 mol/L; creatinine, 2.8 mg/dL; and glucose,115 mg/dL. A
A Review of Test Results on Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Modules With Dish-Mounted Rankine Engines and for Production of Process Steam

This paper presents results of development testing of various solar thermal parabolic dish modules and assemblies. Most of the tests were at modules and assemblies that used a dish-mounted, organic Rankine cycle turbine for production of electric power. Some tests were also run on equipment for production of process steam or for production of electricity using dish-mounted reciprocating steam engines. These tests indicate that early modules achieve efficiencies of about 18 percent in converting sunlight to electricity (excluding the inverter but including parasitics). A number of malfunctions occurred. The performance measurements, as well as the malfunctions and other operating experience, provided information that should be of value in developing systems with improved performance and reduced maintenance.
AN E.P.R. STUDY OF PEPTIDES AFTER U.V. IRRADIATION

— Various peptides of Gly, Ala, Phe, Tyr, and Trp have been irradiated with U.V. light in the solid state or in frozen aqueous solution. The radicals produced were studied by E.P.R. spectroscopy at low temperature and at room temperature. Radicals seem to occur preferentially on Gly or Ala when in the C-terminal position and there is evidence for a photosensitization of these amino acids by aromatic amino acids.
Dichotomies for linear evolutionary equations in Banach spaces

Abstract In this paper we present a characterization for the existence of an exponential dichotomy for a linear evolutionary system on a Banach space. The theory we present here applies to general time-varying linear equations in Banach spaces. As a result it gives a description of the behavior of the nonlinear dynamics generated by certain nonlinear evolutionary equations in the vicinity of a compact invariant set. In the case of dissipative systems, our theory applies to the study of the flow in the vicinity of the global attractor. The theory formulated here holds for linear evolutionary systems which are uniformly α-contracting and applies to the study of the linearization of nonlinear equations of the following type: (a) parabolic PDEs, including systems of reaction diffusion equations and the Navier-Stokes equations; (b) hyperbolic PDEs, including the nonlinear wave equation and the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with dissipation; (c) retarded differential equations; and (d) certain neutral differential delay equations.
IL-4-supported induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes requires IL-2 and IL-6

Previous work indicated that a CTL response can be generated by the combination of IL-2 plus IL-6 or IL-4 alone. Because of the ubiquitous production of IL-6 and its apparent ability to induce IL-2, we explored the interdependence of these lymphokines in supporting a CTL response from murine thymocytes. For thymocytes cultured in IL-4, further addition of IL-6 enhanced thymocyte proliferation. In addition, a role for IL-6 in thymocyte activation was indicated by the ability of anti-IL-6 mAb to block both IL-4-directed proliferation and the cytotoxic response found in the presence of IL-4. The addition of IL-2 to limiting doses of IL-4 augmented the CTL response; however, the response to high levels of IL-4 was not augmented by addition of IL-2. Consistent with this apparent involvement of IL-2 in the IL-4-mediated response we found: (a) that mAb to IL-2 significantly reduced the CTL response generated in the presence of IL-4; (b) that IL-2 activity was present in culture supernatant following incubation of thymocytes with high levels of IL-4; and (c) that enhanced IL-2 receptor expression found in the presence of IL-4 was blocked with the addition of anti-IL-2 antibody to the thymocyte culture. In contrast to the data for proliferation, anti-IL-4 mAb had no effect on the generation of CTL in the presence of IL-2 + IL-6 but readily blocked the CTL response to IL-4. These results indicate that, for thymocyte responders, the CD8+ CTL generated in the presence of IL-4 require both IL-2 and IL-6.
Sexual origins of British Aspergillus nidulans isolates

Aspergillus nidulans is a holomorphic fungus, capable of producing both meiotically and mitotically derived spores. Meiosis may be an evolutionary relic in this species because it is potentially capable of mitotic recombination and because most Aspergilli lack the ability to produce meiotic spores. We tested the null hypothesis that meiosis has been a major factor in the origin of strains of A. nidulans from Great Britain by estimating linkage disequilibrium among restriction fragment length polymorphisms. These strains belong to different heterokaryon compatibility groups and are thus incapable of undergoing mitotic recombination with one another, so any recombination evidenced by linkage equilibrium is assumed to be the result of meiosis. Eleven cosmid clones of known chromosomal origin were used to generate multilocus genotypes based on restriction-pattern differences for each heterokaryon compatibility group. Low levels of genetic variation and little linkage disequilibrium were found, indicating that the heterokaryon compatibility groups represent recently diverged lineages that arose via meiotic recombination. The null hypothesis that loci are independent could not be rejected. Additionally, low levels of electrophoretic karyotype variation were indicative of meiosis. We conclude that although A. nidulans probably propagates in a primarily clonal fashion, recombination events are frequent enough to disrupt the stable maintenance of clonal genotypes. We further conclude that the British heterokaryon compatibility groups arose via recombination and not through novel mutation.
Virtual text and the growth of meaning in qualitative analysis.

Qualitative researchers frequently analyze data in the form of narrative, such as responses to open-ended interview questions. Researchers acknowledge the validity of more than one interpretation of the same narratives but, to date, have offered little justification for multiple valid interpretations. A concept from literary theory, “the virtual text,” is presented to help explain the mechanism of multiple interpretations and provide a justification for their validity. An example from the first author's research is provided. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Knowledge process and system design for the Coast Guard

Although knowledge management has been investigated in the context of decision support and expert systems for over a decade, interest in and attention to this topic have exploded. But until recently, integration of knowledge process design with information system design has been strangely missing from the knowledge management literature and practice. The research described in this paper builds upon recent work that focuses on knowledge management and system design from three integrated perspectives: (1) reengineering process innovation, (2) expert systems knowledge acquisition and representation, and (3) information systems analysis and design. With this work, we have integrated a framework for knowledge process and system design. This integrated framework covers the gamut of design considerations from the enterprise process in the large, through alternative classes of knowledge in the middle, and on to specific systems in the detail. We illustrate the use and utility of the approach through a specific enterprise example addressing Coast Guard ship boardings on the high seas, which addresses many factors widely considered important in the knowledge management environment. Using the integrated methodology illustrated in this paper, the reader can see how to identify, select, compose and integrate the many component applications and technologies required for effective knowledge process and system design. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying the Rasch Model to Evaluate an Implementation of the Kentucky Electronics Education Project

Kentucky Electronics Education Project (KEEP) uses microelectronics to connect real world content to K-12 science education. KEEP trains teachers in a series of circuit building activities through summer workshops and in-service professional development. Teachers are expected to implement components of their training into their curriculum, and then participating students are asked to evaluate their experience. Here, survey responses of 61 Midwest high school students, who completed a circuit building activity in the classroom setting, are analyzed using a Rasch rating scale model. Insights are provided regarding the inquiry based, hands-on engineering activity, while introducing a tool for program evaluation. Results characterize students’ perceptions regarding difficulty of the project and potential misunderstandings. Suggestions for project enhancement, based on empirical evidence and practical experience, are described.
The effect of ZnF2, ZnS and PbS fillers on the tribological behavior of nylon 11

Abstract The tribological behavior of nylon 11 reinforced with particulate inorganic fillers was studied. The fillers used were ZnS, PbS and ZnF 2 . The composite specimens with different filler proportions were made by compression molding. The friction and wear experiments were run under ambient conditions in a pin-on-disk machine with the composite pin riding on the flat surface of a steel disk at a sliding speed of 1 m s −1 and under a normal load of 19.6 N. The influence of the fillers on transfer film formation was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed to detect the chemical changes during the wear process. In the case of PbS-nylon composite the filler was found to dissociate during the wear process and thus provide a strong adherent transfer film which led to increased wear resistance of the composite as compared to that of unfilled nylon. On the other hand, when ZnS and ZnF 2 were used as fillers in nylon, the wear rate of nylon increased. The reasons for this behavior have been investigated by transfer film studies and XPS analysis.
Multi-objective genetic programming for visual analytics

Visual analytics is a human-machine collaboration to data modeling where extraction of the most informative features plays an important role. Although feature extraction is a multi-objective task, the traditional algorithms either only consider one objective or aggregate the objectives into one scalar criterion to optimize. In this paper, we propose a Pareto-based multi-objective approach to feature extraction for visual analytics applied to data classification problems. We identify classifiability, visual interpretability and semantic interpretability as the three equally important objectives for feature extraction in classification problems and define various measures to quantify these objectives. Our results on a number of benchmark datasets show consistent improvement compared to three standard dimensionality reduction techniques. We also argue that exploration of the multiple Pareto-optimal models provide more insight about the classification problem as opposed to a single optimal solution.
The Effect of Chloride Ions on a Li+-MgO Catalyst for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

Abstract The addition of chloride ions to a Li + -MgO catalyst at a ratio of Cl/Li ≥0.9 significantly improves the yields of ethylene that can be achieved during the oxidative dehydrogenation (OXD) of ethane. At 620°C, C 2 H 4 yields of 58% (75% conversion, 77% selectivity) have been maintained for up to 50 h on stream. These ethylene yields are consistent with the large C 2 H 4 /C 2 H 6 ratios that are attained over these catalysts during the oxidative coupling of CH 4 . The activity of the catalysts with Cl/Li ≥ 0.9 is partly a result of the fact that CO 2 formed during the reaction does not poison the catalyst. In addition, the surface areas of the chlorided catalysts are greater than those which contain a comparable amount of Li, but no chloride ions. Based upon the activity results, CO 2 temperature-programmed desorption data, and X-ray photoelectron spectra, a model has been proposed in which lithium is mainly present as LiCl on the MgO support, provided a nearly stoichiometric amount of chloride is available. The active centers are believed to be associated with a thin (atomic) layer of Li 2 O that partially covers the LiCl crystallites. This Li 2 O is capable of activating C 2 H 6 , but its basic strength has been modified so that it does not form carbonate ions at 620°C. When the amount of chloride is limited, or is not present at all, multilayers of more strongly basic Li 2 O form on the surface of LiCl and/or on the MgO. In the presence of CO 2 , this Li 2 O is extensively converted to Li 2 CO 3 , which is inactive for the OXD reaction.
An Integrated Soft Computing Approach for Predicting Biological Activity of Potential HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors

Using a neural network-fuzzy logic-genetic algorithm approach we generate an optimal predictor for biological activities of HIV-1 protease potential inhibitory compounds. We use genetic algorithms (GAs) in the two optimization stages. In the first stage, we generate an optimal subset of features. In the second stage, we optimize the architecture of the fuzzy neural network. The optimized network is trained and used for the prediction of biological activities of newly designed chemical compounds. Finally, we extract fuzzy IF/THEN rules. These rules map physico-chemical structure descriptors to predicted inhibitory values. The optimal subset of features, combined with the generated rules, can be used to analyze the influence of descriptors.
Pax3, neural crest and cardiovascular development.

The understanding of cardiovascular development has begun a transformation from the descriptive science of anatomy and embryology to a molecular understanding of the cellular and subcellular events leading to proper cardiac morphogenesis. Powerful tools available to molecular geneticists have identified numerous examples of specific gene defects that result in predictable cardiovascular abnormalities. Not only have certain genes been "knocked out" (mutated by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells), but also single gene defects have been found to underlie the cardiovascular derangements observed in certain inbred mouse lines. Such is the case for the mouse mutant Splotch, which was first described in 1954 as a spontaneously occurring mutation resulting in a white belly spot. More recently, the genetic defect of all of the various Splotch alleles has been found to be due to mutations or deletions of a gene called Pax-3. In the homozygous state, these mutations result in embryonic lethality at about day 13.5 of mouse embryogenesis (E13.5). These embryos display abnormalities strikingly reminiscent of human DiGeorge syndrome. These include outflow tract abnormalities of the heart, such as double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) and persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), as well as abnormalities of the great vessels and the thyroid and parathyroid glands. These defects suggest an underlying abnormality of neural crest, including its contribution to the cardiovascular system. © 1996, Elsevier Science Inc. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1996;6:255-261).
Hybrid RF / optical communication terminal with spherical primary optics for optical reception

Future deep space communications are likely to employ not only the existing RF uplink and downlink, but also a high capacity optical downlink. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is currently investigating the benefits of a ground based hybrid RF and deep space optical terminal based on limited modification of existing 34 meter antenna designs. The ideal design would include as large an optical aperture as technically practical and cost effective, cause minimal impact to RF performance, and remain cost effective even when compared to a separate optical terminal of comparable size. Numerous trades and architectures have been considered, including shared RF and optical apertures having aspheric optics and means to separate RF and optical signals, plus, partitioned apertures in which various zones of the primary are dedicated to optical reception. A design based on the latter is emphasized in this paper, employing spherical primary optics and a new version of a “clamshell” corrector that is optimized to fit within the limited space between the antenna sub-reflector and the existing apex structure that supports the sub-reflector. The mechanical design of the hybrid accommodates multiple spherical primary mirror panels in the central 11 meters of the antenna, and integrates the clamshell corrector and optical receiver modules with antenna hardware using existing attach points to the maximum extent practical. When an optical collection area is implemented on a new antenna, it is possible to design the antenna structure to accommodate the additional weight of optical mirrors providing an equivalent aperture of several meters diameter. The focus of our near term effort is to use optics with the 34 meter DSS-13 antenna at Goldstone to demonstrate spatial optical acquisition and tracking capability using an optical system that is temporarily integrated into the antenna.
Why feedback implementations fail: the importance of systematic testing

Over the last decade, there has been great progress in using formal methods from control theory to design closed loops in software products. Despite this progress, formal methods are rarely used by software practitioners. One reason is the substantial risk of making changes to closed loops, code that is typically complex and performance sensitive. We argue that broad adoption of formal methods for controller design requires addressing the reduction of risk in making changes to controller implementations. To this end, we propose a framework for unit testing controller implementations that addresses scenario coverage, scenario evaluation, and runtime efficiencies for scenario execution. We give examples of applying this framework to the Microsoft .NET Thread Pool, the Google Cluster Manager, and a Google stream processing system.
Symbolic links in the Open Directory Project

We present a study to develop an improved understanding of symbolic links in web directories. A symbolic link is a hyperlink which makes a directed connection from a webpage along one path through a directory to a page along another path. While symbolic links are ubiquitous in web directories such as Yahoo!, they are under-studied and, as a result, their uses are poorly understood. A cursory analysis of symbolic links reveals multiple uses: to provide navigational shortcuts deeper into a directory, backlinks to more general categories, and multiclassification. We investigated these uses in the Open Directory Project (ODP), the largest, most comprehensive, and most widely distributed human-compiled taxonomy of links to websites, which makes extensive use of symbolic links. The results reveal that while symbolic links in ODP are used primarily for multiclassification, only few multiclassification links actually span top- and second-level categories. This indicates that most symbolic links in ODP are used to create multiclassification between topics which are nested more than two levels deep and suggests that there may be multiple uses of multiclassification links. We also situate symbolic links vis a vis other semantic and structural link types from hypermedia. We anticipate that the results and relationships identified and discussed in this paper will provide a foundation for (1) users for understanding the usages of symbolic links in a directory, (2) designers to employ symbolic links more effectively when building and maintaining directories and for crafting user interfaces to them, and (3) information retrieval researchers for further study of symbolic links in web directories.
Group Heterogeneity Increases the Risks of Large Group Size A Longitudinal Study of Productivity in Research Groups

Heterogeneous groups are valuable, but differences among members can weaken group identification. Weak group identification may be especially problematic in larger groups, which, in contrast with smaller groups, require more attention to motivating members and coordinating their tasks. We hypothesized that as groups increase in size, productivity would decrease with greater heterogeneity. We studied the longitudinal productivity of 549 research groups varying in disciplinary heterogeneity, institutional heterogeneity, and size. We examined their publication and citation productivity before their projects started and 5 to 9 years later. Larger groups were more productive than smaller groups, but their marginal productivity declined as their heterogeneity increased, either because their members belonged to more disciplines or to more institutions. These results provide evidence that group heterogeneity moderates the effects of group size, and they suggest that desirable diversity in groups may be better leveraged in smaller, more cohesive units.
The wells ‐ Charlesworth debate: A personal comment on Arson in Norfolk and Suffolk

In this brief comment Archer responds to the debate between Wells, (Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, January, 1979 and Vol. 8, No. 4, July, 1981) and Charlesworth (Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, October, 1980). He identifies a lack of communication between the two protagonists and also suggests that, in the case of Norfolk and Suffolk, incendiarism only became endemic after 1830. He also notes that covert and overt collective protest occurred simultaneously after 1830. In his conclusion Archer believes the arguments put forward by Wells and Charlesworth are overemphatic and premature because research on the 1800–30 period is still far from complete.
Intramuscular ceftriaxone in the treatment of childhood meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type F.

OBJECTIVE:To describe a case of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzaetype f (Hif) in a child.CASE SUMMARY:A 2.5-year-old white girl (18 kg) was hospitalized because of acute ataxia. The cerebrospinal fluid culture grew H. influenzae, which was later identified as type f. Therapy was limited by the inability to gain intravenous access. Treatment was initiated with dexamethasone 8 mg (0.44 mg/kg) intramuscularly, one dose on the day prior to initiation of ceftriaxone therapy, and intramuscular ceftriaxone 2 g (111 mg/kg/dose) once a day. After the first day, dexamethasone was administered at 3 mg (0.17 mg/kg/d) orally four × per day for four days. Within two days, the patient became afebrile and improved significantly. The remaining treatments were given during daily hospital visits on an outpatient basis. No complications occurred during the follow-up visits.DISCUSSION:The clinical presentation and therapeutic management of Hif meningitis is similar to that of H. influenzaetype b (Hib) meningitis. Fa...
Local Excision After Preoperative Chemoradiation Results in an Equivalent Outcome to Total Mesorectal Excision in Selected Patients with T3 Rectal Cancer

Background We previously reported 26 patients who underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CXRT) for T3 rectal cancer and were subsequently offered full-thickness local excision (LE) as an alternative to total mesorectal excision (TME). At nearly 4 years’ follow-up, no difference in outcome was observed. This study compares outcomes in a larger cohort of patients and reevaluates the original 26 patients after longer follow-up.
Measuring the Cohesion of Military Communities

Several trends affecting the military make the cohesion of installations increasingly problematic. At the same time, recent work in military sociology contends that greater attention should be paid to the integration of military units within the larger social entities that contain them. We report the results of a pretest conducted among 325 military personnel and spouses at an East Coast air base to construct a measure of base cohesion. A principal components analysis yields two relatively stable and independent dimensions from the 50 Likert items we constructed. These reliable scales correlate well with measures of work unit cohesion and with a measure of neighborhood cohesion (especially among respondents in neighborhoods that are an extension of the base). They also correlate as well or better than work unit cohesion with measures of extension and retention.
Performance of Satellite Communications On The Move Systems in the Presence of Antenna Pointing Errors

On the move satellite communications is a major new capability that is being sought by the Army to support new operational concepts. Because of their size and weight, small aperture terminals are very attractive in such communications on the move applications. These terminals have wide beamwidths and may increase interference to adjacent satellite systems. Also, motion induced antenna pointing errors are unavoidable in communications on the move systems and these will increase the interference level to adjacent satellites. In order to limit interference to adjacent satellite systems, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have established strict recommendations and rules on the off-axis emissions and antenna gain patterns. These recommendations and rules do not account for themotion induced antenna pointing errors and, in the presence of such errors, the transmit power spectral density from these terminals will be so small that only very low data rates can be realized. In order to facilitate communications on the move systems, in [1] a modification to the relevant existing ITU Recommendations was proposed. In this paper we will examine the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of communications on the move systems subject to those suggested modifications. Analysis carried out in this paper shows that the motion induced antenna errors can have a significant impact on the BER performance.
Effect of Fiber and Dyebath Variables on the Rate of Acid Dyeing of Nylon 6, 6:

The results of an experimental study of the effects of several variables on the acid dyeing of nylon are presented. The dyeing rate was directly proportional to the number of amino-end groups (dye ...
Medical evaluation for lung transplantation

Summary Lung transplantation is an evolving technology. It is amazing how much has changed in just a few years as new information has become available. Information in this article will probably also become outdated quickly. Nevertheless, this report does represent the generally accepted current views regarding candidate selection and choice of transplant procedure. The trend over the years has been to broaden indications and liberalize criteria. However, the era of managed care is upon us and this is forcing us to closely examine costs. The greater emphasis placed on cost will probably negatively impact further liberalization of selection criteria. To remain competitive in the managed care era, centers will be rewarded for performing procedures as cheaply as possible. One way to accomplish this is to avoid high-risk patients and high-risk procedures. A high-risk procedure can be defined as anything that has never been performed or has been performed only a few times. Because pushing forward the frontiers of knowledge requires assumption of greater risks of complications and/or adverse outcomes with the attendant risk of higher costs and poorer outcome, the current environment is not conducive to innovation in lung transplantation. A revisit of this topic in the next 4 or 5 years should be interesting.
Political ideas of Justice Holmes

This work provides the first in-depth investigation of the political philosophy of Justice Holmes. It assumes that Supreme Court justices have political convictions and very often vote these convictions when deciding cases.
Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is elevated in obese humans and appears to be closely related to body fat content. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of aerobi...
Don't Forget to Gather the Evidence Myocardial Effects of Cryoablation in the Immature Heart

In this issue of The Journal , Khairy et al1 present the results of an impeccably performed study comparing the effects of cryothermal (CRYO) and radiofrequency (RF) ablation on the developing swine heart. Despite the earlier report from my group in 1994 that RF lesions appear to grow when placed in the atria and ventricles of developing hearts,2 until now no parallel study has been published to assess the late effects of CRYO in the atria, ventricles, and AV groove of the immature heart. This lack of data may have come from a combination of limited funding sources and a form of complacency, perhaps based on early animal and human data demonstrating the relative safety of CYRO over RF techniques,3–7 all factors that may have led to acceptance of this new technology as preferable to RF for the developing heart. In fact, Khairy et al initially speculated that CRYO lesions would act differently than RF lesions at late follow-up, based on the different mechanisms of cell injury, and the distinct acute histological features of the lesions from the two techniques.4 When the data were in, they actually demonstrated that there were no differences between the late effects of CRYO and RF on developing myocardium, and both techniques led to long-term lesion growth and invasion of scar tissue into surrounding myocardium.1 ### New Devices and Drugs in Children It is often the case in pediatrics that new technologies or drugs are adopted into clinical practice in the absence of animal or human data …
A new algorithm for two-level RFFD generation

The authors have developed and analyzed a novel algorithm for generation of all two-level RFFDs (regular fractional factoral designs) which met a user-specified requirement set. Although Franklin's algorithm could have been applied many times to obtain the same designs, the proposed algorithm directly, and relatively quickly, produces all such RFFDs (without repeats). This allows the user to make intelligent choices between alternative RFFDs. The FFDs are optimized to provide specific information using the fewest tests. >