cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon sequestration potential in reclaimed mine sites in seven east-central states.

Terrestrial systems represent a significant potential carbon (C) sink to help mitigate or offset greenhouse gas emissions. Nearly 3.2 Mha are permitted for mining activities in the United States, which are required to be reclaimed with vegetative cover. While site-specific studies have assessed C accumulation on reclaimed mine sites, regional analyses to estimate potential C increases have not been conducted. For this analysis, potential C sequestration is analyzed on 567000 ha of mine land in a seven-state region reclaimed to cropland, pasture, or forest. Carbon accumulation is estimated for cropland, pasture, and forest soils, forest litter layer, and aboveground biomass by estimating average annual rates of C accumulation from site-specific and general C sequestration studies. The average annual rate of C storage is highest when mine land is reclaimed to forest, where the potential sequestration is 0.7 to 2.2 Tg yr -1 . The C from soils, litter layer, and biomass from mine lands reclaimed to forest represents 0.3 to 1.0% of the 1990 CO 2 emissions from the study region (919 Tg CO 2 ). To achieve the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goal of 7% below the 1990 level as proposed by the Kyoto Treaty requires CO 2 emissions in the study area to be reduced by just over 64 Tg CO 2 . The potential carbon storage in mine sites reclaimed to forest could account for 4 to 12.5% of these required reductions.
A US multicenter study of hepatitis C treatment of liver transplant recipients with protease-inhibitor triple therapy

Background & Aims: NS3/4A protease inhibitors, boceprevir or telaprevir, combined with peginterferon and ribavirin was the standard treatment for HCV genotype 1 and remains the only available direct antiviral drug based therapy in some countries. Efficacy and safety data in liver transplant recipients are limited. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 81 patients with genotype 1 HCV treated with boceprevir (10%) or telaprevir (90%) plus peginterferon and ribavirin at 6 US transplant centers (53% stage 3–4/4 fibrosis, 57% treatment experienced). The primary end point was undetectable HCV RNA 12 weeks after treatment completion (SVR12). Results: The intent-to-treat SVR12 rate was 63% (51/81). Patients with an extended rapid virologic response, (undetectable HCV RNA at 4 and 12 weeks after starting boceprevir or telaprevir), had a higher rate of SVR12 than all other patients (85% vs. 15%, p <0.001). Adverse effects were common; 21% of patients experienced hemoglobin <8 g/dl and 57% required blood transfusions during the first 16 weeks. Twenty seven percent were hospitalized and 9% died; all were liver-related.
Synthesis, 1H NMR, single crystal X-ray determined and ab-initio molecular structural analyses on 1-(isopropylideneaminomethyl)pyrene

Abstract A previously unobserved crystalline precipitate in an extract of crude 1-(aminomethyl) pyrene was shown to be 1-(isopropylideneaminomethyl)pyrene. The identity of this compound was established by a single crystal X-ray determination that revealed an overall planar arrangement for the non-hydrogen atoms. The molecule crystallized in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c , with the following unit cell dimensions: a=11.6650(10) A , b=8.2850(9) A , c=16.0220(9) A , β =108.297(6)°, V=1470(2) A 3 , and Z =4. The structure was refined to R =0.059 ( R w =0.150) for 2576 data points with F o 2 >2 σ ( F o 2 ). The results of ab-initio-calculations at the STO-3G level suggest that the difference in rotational conformer energy for rotation about the C–N single bond varied by less than 1 kcal/mol between the maximum (−30°) and minimum (90°) values. Packing forces in the solid state arrangement are believed to be responsible for the difference between this result and experiment, since an AM1 calculation with 1 constrained between two molecules of 1 at the experimental distances led to the planar structure as the one with lowest energy.
Sea-Air Interaction: A Simplified Model

Abstract In the long range prediction of the large scale motion of the atmosphere it is essential to prescribe realistic lower boundary conditions over oceans which incorporate the important features of the sea-air interaction. These features include the energy input to the atmosphere arising from the flux of latent heat of the water vapor evaporated from the sea as a result of the absorption of solar energy in the upper levels of the ocean. In addition, one must include the braking action of the wavy sea surface on the surface winds. For a simplified model incorporating these features a steady model is postulated where advection effects are neglected. The domain considered includes the atmospheric surface boundary layer and the upper levels of the sea down to a depth below the diurnal thermocline. In the surface boundary layer the shear stress and the heat flux are considered invariant, and the turbulent diffusivities proposed by Pandolfo are used. For the oceans we essentially use the model due to Munk ...
Immigrants, Undocumented Workers, Runaways, Transients and the Homeless: Towards Contextual Identification Among Unidentified Decedents

Abstract The pool of persons who go missing and subsequently become part of the unidentified population is predominately adult, male, underrepresented minorities, foreign-born individuals, and people from at-risk groups. In particular, a growing obstacle to the identification of unidentified decedents (UIDs) is the increase of foreign-born immigrants, including migrant workers and undocumented persons in the United States. Increasingly, individuals of foreign-born nationality are an important component in UID cases as there may not be access to information about who is missing, personal data about the decedent, nor family members available to aid the identification process. The demographic structures, mobility patterns, and contextual factors about unidentified cases are compared to those who have been identified. Data comes from both solved and open cases from forensic anthropology laboratories at the University of South Florida, the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory at the University of Florida...
Parallel supercomputing in SIMD architectures

Parallel Supercomputing in MIMD Architectures is devoted to supercomputing on a wide variety of Multiple-Instruction-Multiple-Data (MIMD)-class parallel machines. This book describes architectural concepts, commercial and research hardware implementations, major programming concepts, algorithmic methods, representative applications, and benefits and drawbacks. Commercial machines described include Connection Machine 5, NCUBE, Butterfly, Meiko, Intel iPSC, iPSC/2 and iWarp, DSP3, Multimax, Sequent, and Teradata. Research machines covered include the J-Machine, PAX, Concert, and ASP. Operating systems, languages, translating sequential programs to parallel, and semiautomatic parallelizing are aspects of MIMD software addressed in Parallel Supercomputing in MIMD Architectures. MIMD issues such as scalability, partitioning, processor utilization, and heterogenous networks are discussed as well.This book is packed with important information and richly illustrated with diagrams and tables, Parallel Supercomputing in MIMD Architectures is an essential reference for computer professionals, program managers, applications system designers, scientists, engineers, and students in the computer sciences.
Structural control and precision bathymetry of La Jolla Submarine Canyon, California

Abstract A bathymetric survey of La Jolla Submarine Canyon, California, utilizing an electronic positioning system and Precision Depth Recorder (PDR), has resulted in a large-scale chart considerably more detailed and accurate than hitherto possible. The topography revealed by this chart shows a series of depositional terraces and a sinuous channel on a transversely flat, seaward sloping canyon floor. Apparent offsets to the canyon axis are correlated with well established fault patterns ashore, suggesting structural control of the present canyon course.
Depression and HIV/AIDS treatment nonadherence: A review and meta-analysis

We meta-analyzed the relationship between depression and HIV medication nonadherence to calculate the overall effect size and examine potential moderators. Overall, across 95 independent samples, depression was significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with nonadherence (r = 0.19; 95% confidence interval = 0.14 to 0.25). Studies evaluating medication adherence via interview found significantly larger effects than those using self-administered questionnaires. Studies measuring adherence along a continuum found significantly stronger effects than studies comparing dichotomies. Effect size was not significantly related to other aspects of adherence or depression measurement, assessment interval (ie, cross-sectional vs. longitudinal), sex, IV drug use, sexual orientation, or study location. The relationship between depression and HIV treatment nonadherence is consistent across samples and over time, is not limited to those with clinical depression, and is not inflated by self-report bias. Our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing depressive symptom severity, even at subclinical levels, should be a behavioral research priority.
Clostridium Difficile in Cardiac Surgery: Risk Factors and Impact on Postoperative Outcome

Background Clostridium difficile –associated diarrhea (CDAD) is a potentially preventable and often troublesome gastrointestinal complication after cardiac surgery. Methods A retrospective study was performed of 8,405 cardiac surgery patients at two institutions between January 1997 and August 2004. Preoperative cardiac risk factors, perioperative factors including blood product transfusion, antibiotic utilization, and postoperative morbidity and mortality were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed comparing C difficile patients with a control group matched by date of surgery and institution. Results Sixty-six of the 8,405 patients identified with toxin-positive CDAD produced an overall incidence of 0.79% (0.70% at institution A and 1.09% at institution B), with a peak overall incidence of 5.45% in June 2003. Independent prognostic factors for CDAD by multivariate analysis included advancing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.028, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001 to 1.056; p = 0.034), female sex (OR 2.026, 95% CI: 1.102 to 3.722; p = 0.022), blood product transfusion (OR 3.277, 95% CI: 1.292 to 8.311; p = 0.006), and increasing cumulative days of antibiotic administration (OR 1.046, 95% CI: 1.014 to 1.080; p = 0.004). There were no differences in the proportion of fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, or penicillin derivatives administered between groups. The diagnosis of CDAD was associated with a greater median length of mechanical ventilation (25 hours versus 12 hours, p p p p = 0.80). Conclusions Although the overall incidence of CDAD was low, alteration in transfusion practices and antibiotic utilization may impact the development of CDAD among cardiac surgical patients.
Appropriate And Inappropriate Imaging Rates For Prostate Cancer Go Hand In Hand By Region, As If Set By Thermostat

Policy makers interested in containing health care costs are targeting regional variation in utilization, including the use of advanced imaging. However, bluntly decreasing utilization among the highest-utilization regions may have negative consequences. In a cross-sectional study of prostate cancer patients from 2004 to 2005, we found that regions with lower rates of inappropriate imaging also had lower rates of appropriate imaging. Similarly, regions with higher overall imaging rates tended to have not only higher rates of inappropriate imaging, but also higher rates of appropriate imaging. In fact, men with high-risk prostate cancer were more likely to receive appropriate imaging if they resided in areas with higher rates of inappropriate imaging. This “thermostat model” of regional health care utilization suggests that poorly designed policies aimed at reducing inappropriate imaging could limit access to appropriate imaging for high-risk patients. Health care organizations need clearly defined quality...
Bifurcation Properties of a Stratospheric Vacillation Model

Abstract Nonlinear properties of a stratospheric vacillation model are investigated numerically in the light of bifurcation theory. The model is exactly the same as that used by Holton and Mass, which describes the wave-zonal flow interaction in a β-channel under a nonconservative constraint with zonal-flow forcing and wave dissipation. A set of 81 nonlinear ordinary differential equations with variables depending on time is obtained by a severe truncation and vertical differencing. All of the external parameters are fixed in time. The amplitude of the wave forcing or the intensity of zonal wind forcing at the bottom boundary is changed as a bifurcation parameter. Three branches of the steady solutions are obtained by use of Powell's hybrid method and the pseudo-arclength continuation method. Linear stability of these solution branches is investigated by solving an eigenvalue problem in the linearized system. In some range of the bifurcation parameter, there exists a multiplicity of stable steady solution...
Differing preferences between anti-inflation and anti-unemployment policy among the rich and the poor

Abstract This paper assesses the preferences of the rich and the poor towards anti-inflationary and anti-unemployment policy. Using a consistent cross-country social survey, I find that the poor are less likely than the rich to prioritize combating inflation rather than unemployment.
Alkyne reactions with trimethylphosphine complexes of iridium: Lessons for the catalysis of vinyl ester formation and alkyne dimerization

Abstract The combination of iridium with trimethylphosphine ligands yields very electron rich iridium compounds that are active for terminal alkyne dimerization chemistry as well as the addition of carboxylic acids to alkynes. The structures, catalytic and stoichiometric chemistry of some iridium tris-trimethlyphosphine compounds with benzoate ligands are detailed in this paper. The roles that these compounds may play in the catalytic cycles involved in the dimerization of terminal alkynes and the addition of benzoic acid to terminal alkynes are examined and possible mechanisms for these catalytic reactions are proposed.
Determination of the rate of superoxide generation from biological systems by spin trapping: Use of rapid oxygen depletion to measure the decay rate of spin adducts

Abstract A method was developed to measure the superoxide rate from biological systems using the spin trapping method. Kinetic treatment of the decay rate of the superoxide adduct of 5,5-dimethylpyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) revealed that the EPR signal intensity of the system is proportional to the superoxide generation rate. Rapid depletion of oxygen in the sample was utilized to terminate superoxide generation so that the decay rate of t he DMPO superoxide adduct (DMPO-OOH) could be determined. For this decay measurement, a controlled atmosphere EPR cavity was developed and was used with an open-air sample cell. Superoxide generation rates determined with this method for stimulated neutrophils and for the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system were comparable to those obtained with the cytochrome c reduction method. This method is specifically applicable to the system in which dissolved oxygen supplied from the gas phase is utilized as a source of superoxide.
An Empirical Demonstration of the Stability of the Maximized Correlation as an Internal-Consistency Reliability Estimate for Tests of Small Item Size.

Heterogeneity and negative skew often result in an underestimate of internal reliability when the usual split-half or alpha coefficients are computed for tests with a small number of items. A maximized correlation, although it may be positively biased, appears to be a more rational alternative. It was shown that r max is a stable statistic as well as a higher estimate of test reliability than alpha or r1l. Its use as a standard procedure was recommended.
Materials for organic and hybrid inorganic/organic electronics

Materials scientists involved in synthesis are exceptionally skilled at designing and constructing individual molecules with the goal of introducing rationally tailored chemical and physical properties. However, the task of assembling such special molecules into organized, supramolecular structures with precise, nanometer-level organizational control to execute specific functions presents a daunting challenge. Soft and hard matter suitable for unconventional types of electronic circuitry represents a case in point and, in principal, offer capabilities not readily achievable with conventional silicon electronics. In this context, “unconventional” means circuitry that can span large areas, can be mechanically flexible and/or optically transparent, can be created by large-scale, high-throughput fabrication techniques, and has atomic-level tunability of properties. In the process of preparing, characterizing, and fabricating prototype devices with such materials, we learn many new things about the electronic and electrical properties of the materials and the interfaces between them. This account briefly overviews recent progress in three interconnected areas: (1) organic semiconductors for complementary π-electron circuits, (2) soft matter high-κ gate dielectrics for organic and inorganic electronics, and (3) metal-oxide semiconductors as components in such devices. Space limitations allow only touching upon selected highlights in this burgeoning field.
Crossover in the Dynamic Exponent z for Three-Dimensional Ferromagnets

For isotropic three-dimensional ferromagnets, neutron-scattering and hyperfine-interaction experiments yield 2.5 and 2.0, respectively, for the dynamical critical exponent $z$. This apparent contradiction is removed by two hypotheses. (1) The effective value of $z$ depends on the wave-vector region sampled, and for small $q$ approaches $z=2.0$. (2) Hyperfine-interaction experiments are asymptotic in $q$, while present neutron-scattering experiments are not.
Colostrogenesis: Mass transfer of immunoglobulin G1 into colostrum

Bovine IgG(1) is thought to be specifically transported by a process of transcytosis across the mammary epithelial cells during colostrogenesis. Mammary IgG(1) appearance in cow colostrum has typically been reported as a concentration and shows IgG(1) concentration to be extremely variable because of animal variation, colostrum milking time, and water dilution effects. To identify animal IgG(1) transfer capacity and separate it from the other effects, our objective was to determine first colostrum IgG(1) total mass. We collected 214 samples of totally milked first colostrum with recorded colostrum weights from 11 Pennsylvania dairy farms that participated in Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association, analyzed colostrum for IgG(1) by ELISA, and calculated total IgG(1) mass. Median and mean concentrations of IgG(1) were 29.4 mg/mL and 37.5+/-30.2 mg/mL, respectively, with a range of 9 to 166 mg/mL. However, total mass of IgG(1) had a median of 209.1g, mean of 291.6+/-315.8 g, and a range of 14 to 2,223 g. Colostrum IgG(1) concentration showed no relationship with colostrum volume, but IgG(1) mass had a positive relationship with volume. Colostrum IgG(1) mass was related to IgG(1) concentration (R(2)=0.58). Using DHIA records for 196 animals, we established milk production for these animals to a 15-d equivalent. An established milk secretion relationship to mammary parenchyma tissue (secretory tissue) was calculated and showed no relationship of IgG(1) mass with mammary parenchyma tissue. In addition, we show that approximately 10% of the sampled animals had IgG(1) mass greater than 1 standard deviation above the mean (high mass transfer) and represented all parities tested (1-7). Whereas first-lactation animals showed less overall calculated parenchyma tissue when compared with other parities, approximately 10% of the first-lactation group animals were capable of high mass transfer, with one transporting 2,029 g into first colostrum. Concentration variance of IgG(1) can be attributed to water inclusion, whereas mass transfer provides a clear indication of animal IgG(1) transfer capacity. The specific mechanism of bovine mammary IgG(1) transfer is not clear, but secretory tissue mass does not explain the variation observed. We hypothesize that the animal variation is attributable to endocrine regulation or genetic variation of the transporter(s).
Structure elucidation with lanthanide induced shifts. 9. bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

Abstract Lanthanide shift reagents have been used for the conformational analysis of bicyclo[3.3.1]-nonan-9-one. Comparison of predicted shifts and experimental values obtained with Eu(fod)3 indicate that the boat-chair conformation constitutes 22% of the mixture of conformers.
Comparative growth responses of N2-fixing and N-fertilized subterranean clover on acid soils

Effects of soil chemical properties on biological N2-fixation (BNF) byTrifolium subterraneum L. ‘Mt. Barker’ —Rhizobium trifolii strain 162×95 were studied on thirteen soils in a greenhouse experiment. Dry matter production of inoculated/+N plants indicated three groups of soils. Mean soil solution activities of Al3+ were 29.4, 9.8 and 0.1 μM for groups of soils with no BNF, limited BNF, and unlimited BNF, respectively. Using easily measurable soil chemical properties, the following equation related relative dry matter production to pH and soil Al saturation: Inoculated/+N×100=−140+46.83 (soil solution pH) −0.31 (Al concentration ×100/CEC) (r2=0.66).
The Impact of Home Daycare on the Biological Children of Providers: Case Examples of Unintended Consequences

Home daycare is a huge cottage industry in America, but no studies exist that examine the positive or negative impact of daycare on the biological children of providers. This paper presents two case studies that describe the unintended negative impact of home daycare on the social and emotional development of the children of providers. In one case, a home-schooled, psychosomatically ill adolescent scorns her experiences with home daycare. The other case describes an oppositional 10-year-old boy’s positive and negative reactions. These cases serve to illustrate several critical issues that biological children face when parents decide to operate a daycare program from their home. A special focus is on the vulnerable child whose ability to cope with other children may be compromised by temperamental factors or a history of family or personal trauma. Implications are discussed.
Aesthetic quality inference for online fashion shopping

On-line fashion communities in which participants post photos of personal fashion items for viewing and possible purchase by others are becoming increasingly popular. Generally, these photos are taken by individuals who have no training in photography with low-cost mobile phone cameras. It is desired that photos of the products have high aesthetic quality to improve the users’ online shopping experience. In this work, we design features for aesthetic quality inference in the context of online fashion shopping. Psychophysical experiments are conducted to construct a database of the photos’ aesthetic evaluation, specifically for photos from an online fashion shopping website. We then extract both generic low-level features and high-level image attributes to represent the aesthetic quality. Using a support vector machine framework, we train a predictor of the aesthetic quality rating based on the feature vector. Experimental results validate the efficacy of our approach. Metadata such as the product type are also used to further improve the result.
A hybrid learning system for image deblurring

In this paper we propose a 3-stage hybrid learning system with unsupervised learning to cluster data in the first stage, supervised learning in the middle stage to determine network parameters and finally a decision-making stage using voting mechanism. We take this opportunity to study the role of various supervised learning systems that constitute the middle stage. Specifically, we focus on one-hidden layer neural network with sigmoidal activation function, radial basis function network with Gaussian activation function and projection pursuit learning network with Hermite polynomial as the activation function. These learning systems rank in increasing order of complexity. We train and test each system with identical data sets. Experimental results show that learning ability of a system is controlled by the shape of the activation function when other parameters remain fixed. We observe that clustering in the input space leads to better system performance. Experimental results provide compelling evidences in favor of use of the hybrid learning system and the committee machines with gating network.
Digital models vs plaster models using alginate and alginate substitute materials

Abstract Objective: To compare the dimensional stability of four impression materials over time and to compare OraMetrix digital models vs traditional plaster models. Materials and Methods: Two tra...
Cell Division Defects in Escherichia coli Deficient in the Multidrug Efflux Transporter AcrEF-TolC

The Escherichia coli chromosome contains several operons encoding confirmed and predicted multidrug transporters. Among these transporters only the inactivation of components of the AcrAB-TolC complex leads to substantial changes in susceptibility to multiple drugs. This observation prompted a conclusion that other transporters are silent or expressed at levels insufficient to contribute to multidrug resistance phenotype. We found that increased expression of AcrA, the periplasmic membrane fusion protein, is toxic only in cells lacking the multidrug efflux transporter AcrEF. AcrEF-deficient cells with increased expression of AcrA have a severe cell division defect that results in cell filamentation (>50 μm). Similar defects were obtained in cells lacking the outer membrane channel TolC, which acts with AcrEF, suggesting that cell filamentation is caused by the loss of AcrEF function. Green fluorescent protein-AcrA fusion studies showed that in normal and filamentous cells AcrA is associated with membranes in a confined manner and that this localization is not affected by the lack of AcrEF. Similarly, the structure and composition of membranes were normal in filamentous cells. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the filamentous AcrEF-deficient E. coli cells are defective in chromosome condensation and segregation. Our results suggest that the E. coli AcrEF transporter is expressed under standard laboratory conditions and plays an important role in the normal maintenance of cell division.
Memory performance on the intracarotid amobarbital procedure as a predicator of seizure focus

The intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) was performed on 56 patients with intractable complex-partial epilepsy who were candidates for temporal lobectomy. Seizure focus was lateralized to one hemisphere, as determined by surface EEG recordings and MRI evidence of temporal lobe disease. IAP memory items were presented following injection of 125 mg of sodium amytal into the internal carotid artery. Verbal, Nonverbal, Design, Pictorial, and Total memory scores were calculated based on recall/recognition of memory stimuli following drug recovery. Poorer memory was observed in the hemisphere ipsilateral to seizure focus on all memory scores. The Total Memory Score was the best memory measure, correctly classifying the largest number of patients. Using optimal cut-off scores on this measure, 75% of the patients with left hemisphere seizure focus and 79% of the patients with right seizure focus were correctly classified. There was a definite tendency for the dominant hemisphere to outperform the non-dominant. This must be taken into account in arriving at optimal cut-off points.
The antinomies of violence and catastrophe: structures, orders, and agents

The headlong stream is termed violent But the river bed hemming it in is Termed violent by no one. The Storm that bends the birch trees Is held to be violent But how about the storm That bends the ...
Maximizing journal impact: Moving from inspections of topics to scans for techniques, populations and actions

The comments offered in this article are intended to maximize the benefits and impact of JOOP content for both practitioners and academicians. Specifically, I argue that because practitioners and academicians alike are ‘time-poor’ when it comes to reading journal articles, we inevitably end up conducting ‘topical scans’ in which we scan the titles of an issue for relevant topics. In order to maximize the impact of JOOP content, in addition to these topical scans, we also need to include scans for: (a) relevant techniques, (b) relevant populations, and (c) relevant actions that may be applicable even if the specific topic is not. I also discuss the importance of practitioners becoming more involved in the publication process and describe a matchmaking mechanism for research-practitioner publication collaborations. Finally, I argue that scientist-practitioners are the true heroes of our profession and should therefore be held in high regard.
TRII: a probabilistic scoring of drosophila melanogaster translation initiation sites

Relative individual information is a measurement that scores the quality of DNA- and RNA-binding sites for biological machines. The development of analytical approaches to increase the power of this scoring method will improve its utility in evaluating the functions of motifs. In this study, the scoring method was applied to potential translation initiation sites in Drosophila to compute Translation Relative Individual Information (TRII) scores. The weight matrix at the core of the scoring method was optimized based on high-confidence translation initiation sites identified by using a progressive partitioning approach. Comparing the distributions of TRII scores for sites of interest with those for high-confidence translation initiation sites and randomsequences provides a new methodology for assessing the quality of translation initiation sites. The optimized weightmatrices can also be used to describe the consensus at translation initiation sites, providing a quantitative measure of preferred and avoided nucleotides at each position.
Large unidentified open reading frame in plastid DNA (ORF2280) is expressed in chloroplasts.

The chloroplast DNA encodes genes for components of photosynthesis and the transcription-translation machinery; a number of unidentified open reading frames (ORFs) are also present. To determine whether a large ORF in the inverted repeat of chloroplast DNA of tobacco (ORF2280) encodes a chloroplast protein, a conserved region of the ORF was expressed in Escherichia coli. An antibody against the ORF protein was prepared using the purified fusion protein as an antigen. When incubated with proteins from the soluble fraction of tobacco, spinach and Oenothera chloroplasts, the antiserum detects relatively labile polypeptides, which have apparent molecular weights of 170 to 180 kDa. The ORF in tobacco and spinach is large enough to encode a protein of 240–250 kDa, thus it is possible that post-transcriptional or post-translational processing reduces the size of the expression product. Analysis of Oenothera chloroplasts representing four different plastome types revealed endonuclease restriction fragment length polymorphisms in chloroplast DNA indicative of insertion/deletion events in a region of the chloroplast DNA that shared significant sequence similarity with ORF2280. The ORF2280 antiserum was used to demonstrate that there are qualitative differences in the ORF proteins from different Oenothera plastome types.
Micromirrors with single crystal silicon support structures

A novel process for fabrication of torsional micro-mirrors with large dimensions (300 X 240 micrometers and 150 X 120 micrometers ) is presented. The mirrors consist of a sputtered aluminum film on a layer of supporting oxide mounted on fully suspended single crystal silicon grids. The grids have an aspect ratio of 7:1 in order to provide a stiff backbone and to ensure flatness of the mirror surface. The mirrors thus do not bend due to the internal stresses. A new idea of actuation of torsional structures is also presented in this paper. Vertical near-comb type actuators were fabricated to drive the torsional structures.
DNA synthesis and mitotic activity during early development of chick lens.

Summary Various developmental stages of lens rudiment, starting from the early lens placode, were labeled with thymidine −3 H by culturing the blastoderm for 4 hours in a medium containing the labeled precursor. On autoradiograms the frequency of labeled cells was scored for various morphological compartments of the rudiments and for various developmental stages. A comparable study was made on the frequency of mitotic cells. During the stage when the lens placode indicates orientation of nuclei, the cell labeling frequency decreases slightly over the entire area of the placode. From the time of invagination of the placode the central part of the placode starts to decrease in cell-labeling frequency while the peripheral part retains a high frequency. In the lens vesicle stage the internal layer shows a progressive decrease in labeling frequency which leads to complete disappearance of labeling. The external layer of the vesicle has a high level of labeling throughout the stages investigated. The intermediate zone of the lens vesicle shows a progressive decrease and loss of labeling frequency. The data on mitotic frequency indicate a similar decrease, except that the changes start to be evident later than those of cell-labeling frequency. The results imply that DNA replication and mitosis become less frequent and finally cease in the prospective primary and secondary fiber cells as they differentiate into definitive fibers, and that the cells of lens rudiment which are not participating in fiber differentiation retain a high level of cell-labeling and mitotic frequencies.
The nature of the association between the murine leukemia virus envelope proteins.

Abstract The amount of MuLV gp70 and p15(E) present as a disulfide-linked complex, ([gp90]), was assayed for several MuLV preparations. Upon dissociation of AKR MuLV with 1% SDS under nonreducing conditions, ∼10% of the gp70 molecules were found in the form of [gp90]; disruption with 0.5% NP-40 prior to addition of SDS increased this percentage to 39%. For Rauscher MuLV, [gp90] was not observed after disruption directly with SDS; upon incubation with NP-40 prior to SDS treatment, increasing amounts of the complex were formed. Pretreatment with iodoacetamide did not inhibit the subsequent formation of [gp90] in the presence of NP-40. Exposure of virions to the thiol-specific reagents, 2,2′-dithiobis(m-nitropyridine) or N-ethylmaleimide, resulted in quantitative conversion of gp70 to [gp90]. When these latter reactions were used to test for the noncovalent association of gp70 and p15(E), it was demonstrated that the two proteins maintained their native association in the presence of 0.5% NP-40, both in high and low salt concentrations. These results indicate that (a) a stable, intermolecular disulfide-linked gp70-p15(E) complex can form spontaneously after disruption of virions with nonionic detergents, and after activation of sulfhydryl groups of the membrane proteins, and (b) the complex is not present in large quantities in the intact virions.
PATRONAGE RATES OF SUPERMARKET SHOPPING CENTERS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS*

The neighborhood supermarket shopping center is an increasingly important element of the suburban retail landscape. An analysis of patronage differentials for such centers in San Antonio, TX, reveals that both competitive share and retail mix factors are important. Correlation analysis of a patronage density index with locational and management variables indicates that center and store visibility, distance from a regional mall, retail mix (offering of goods appropriate to a small center), and size of center (smaller is better) were the most important explanatory factors in center viability.
Split Selves and Situated Knowledge The Trickster Goes Titanium

Grounded within Donna Haraway's theory of feminist objectivity that foregrounds split selves, embodied vision, and situated knowledges, the author tells of his experiences with the medical practitioners who performed his hip replacement surgery. The story unfolds in three episodes: the first highlighting the trickster, a second his conversion into a cyborg, and the third a trickster/cyborg hybrid. Reflecting back on the story, he suggests how Haraway's feminist vision might well be enhanced by laughter, vulnerable feelings, and evocative storytelling.
Current status and potential of high-power mid-infrared intersubband lasers

Some of the recent advances in high power quantum cascade laser development will be reviewed in this paper. Research areas explored include short wavelength (λ<4 μm) lasers, high performance strain-balanced heterostructures, and high power long wavelength (7< λ< 16 μm) lasers. Near λ=4.5 μm, highlights include demonstration of 18% continuous wave wallplug efficiency at room temperature, 53% pulsed wallplug efficiency at 40 K, and 120 W of peak power output from a single device at room temperature. Near λ~10 μm, up to 0.6 W of continuous output power at room temperature has also been demonstrated, with pulsed efficiencies up to 9%.
The “Compleat” Policy Analyst: A Top 10 List

In this article, the authors provide a list of the top 10 ways to become a “compleat” policy analyst, drawing on lessons from their own experience as policy analysts. The authors make no claims that their list is unique. However, they suggest the items included within it are supported in the academic and practitioner-oriented literature. Counting down from number 10—“The compleat policy analyst knows how to skip steps”—the authors present and comment on the items in turn. The authors suggest the number one concern for practitioners is “to live with uncertainty.” Other items on the list include eating crow, loving numbers, and acknowledging values and politics in the analytical process.
The relationship of story grammar and executive function following TBI

Background: Story grammar is a super-structural measure of discourse performance that has shown to be sensitive to the deficits seen following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Narrative organisation and identification of logical relationships between events and characters are key components of story grammar. Reports of significant correlations for measures of story grammar and scores from various tests of executive functioning for individuals with TBI are thought to reflect executive control of cognitive and linguistic organisational processes. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to re-examine the relationship between story grammar and executive functions (EF) in a large group of participants with severe TBI secondary to diverse penetrating head wounds. It was hypothesised that participants with TBI would have significantly lower story grammar scores than a comparison group without TBI, and that story grammar performance of the group with TBI would be significantly correlated with their EF scores. Met...
Improved ground calibration results from Southwest Research Institute Ultraviolet Radiometric Calibration Facility (UV-RCF)

Four compact planetary ultraviolet spectrographs have been built by Southwest Research Institute and successfully operated on different planetary missions. These spectrographs underwent a series of ground radiometric calibrations before delivery to their respective spacecraft. In three of the four cases, the in-flight measured sensitivity was approximately 50% lower than the ground measurement. Recent tests in the Southwest Research Institute Ultraviolet Radiometric Calibration Facility (UV-RCF) explain the discrepancy between ground and flight results. Revised ground calibration results are presented for the Rosetta-Alice, New Horizons-Alice, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lyman- Alpha Mapping Project, and Juno-Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) and are then compared to the original ground and flight calibrations. The improved understanding of the calibration system reported here will result in improved ground calibration of the upcoming Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE)-UVS.
Assessing leaf pigment content and activity with a reflectometer

This study explored reflectance indices sampled with a 'leaf reflectometer' as measures of pigment content for leaves of contrasting light history, developmental stage and functional type (herbaceous annual versus sclerophyllous evergreen). We employed three reflectance indices: a modified normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an index of chlorophyll content; the red/green reflectance ratio (R RED :R GREEN ), an index of anthocyanin content; and the change in photochemical reflectance index upon dark-light conversions (APRI), an index of xanthophyll cycle pigment activity. In Helianthus annuus (sunflower), xanthophyll cycle pigment amounts were linearly related to growth light environment; leaves in full sun contained approximately twice the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments as leaves in deep shade, and at midday a larger proportion of these pigments were in the photoprotective, de-epoxidized forms relative to shade leaves. Reflectance indices also revealed contrasting patterns of pigment development in leaves of contrasting structural types (annual versus evergreen). In H. annuus sun leaves, there was a remarkably rapid increase in amounts of both chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigments along a leaf developmental sequence. This pattern contrasted with that of Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak, a sclerophyllous evergreen), which exhibited a gradual development of both chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigments along with a pronounced peak of anthocyanin pigment content in newly expanding leaves. These temporal patterns of pigment development in Q. agrifolia leaves suggest that anthocyanins and xanthophyll cycle pigments serve complementary photoprotective roles during early leaf development. The results illustrate the use of reflectance indices for distinguishing divergent patterns of pigment activity in leaves of contrasting light history and functional type.
Multiscale modelling of erythrocytes in Stokes flow

To quantitatively understand the correlation between the molecular structure of an erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC) and its mechanical response, and to predict mechanically induced structural remodelling in physiological conditions, we developed a computational model by coupling a multiscale approach of RBC membranes with a boundary element method (BEM) for surrounding Stokes flows. The membrane is depicted at three levels: in the whole cell level, a finite element method (FEM) is employed to model the lipid bilayer and the cytoskeleton as two distinct layers of continuum shells. The mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton are obtained from a molecular-detailed model of the junctional complex. The spectrin, a major protein of the cytoskeleton, is simulated using a molecular-based constitutive model. The BEM model is coupled with the FEM model through a staggered coupling algorithm. Using this technique, we first simulated RBC dynamics in capillary flow and found that the protein density variation and bilayer–skeleton interaction forces are much lower than those in micropipette aspiration, and the maximum interaction force occurs at the trailing edge. Then we investigated mechanical responses of RBCs in shear flow during tumbling, tank-treading and swinging motions. The dependencies of tank-treading frequency on the blood plasma viscosity and the membrane viscosity we found match well with benchmark data. The simulation results show that during tank-treading the protein density variation is insignificant for healthy erythrocytes, but significant for cells with a smaller bilayer–skeleton friction coefficient, which may be the case in hereditary spherocytosis.
Entropy, Lyapunov exponents, and Hausdorff dimension in differentiable dynamical systems

This is an expository article on the interrelations between three concepts in differentiable dynamical systems: Entropy, Lyapunov exponents, and Hausdorff dimension. The paper begins with an introduction to these concepts and includes a discussion of some recent results.
Demographic Diversity and District-Level Party Systems

Scholars of electoral politics have long argued that the size of a party system is jointly determined by social diversity and district magnitude. However, no clear consensus exists regarding the best operationalization of the diversity of a society. Furthermore, the relationship between diversity and electoral rules, on one hand, and the effective number of parties, on the other hand, has never been tested at the level of the electoral district in a cross-national comparative context. This article aims to fill both holes and introduces the concept of cross-district diversity. I argue that the extent of cross-district diversity in a country exerts a substantial qualifying impact on the relationship between district-level diversity and the effective number of parties. Support for this finding emerges from a multilevel regression analysis that includes thousands of electoral districts in a diverse set of 29 democracies.
Age-related changes of the somatotropic axis in cloned Holstein calves.

To determine if the development of the somatotropic axis in somatic clones (clones) is similar to that in heifers produced by artificial insemination (controls), serum samples were collected every 30 min for 6 h, once per month, for 7 mo from 4 clones generated from a 13-yr-old cow and from 4 age-matched controls. Average concentrations of growth hormone (GH) were not different between clones and controls, and GH concentrations declined over time in controls. Average concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were less in clones than controls, and IGF-I concentrations increased over time in both groups. Concentrations of IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were greater in controls than in clones and did not change over time. Average IGFBP-2 concentrations did not change over time and were not different between clones and controls. Clones and controls were challenged with GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) (3 μg/100 kg body weight) and somatostatin (somatotropin release-inhibiting factor [SRIF]) (1.87 and 5 μg/100 kg body weight) at 14 mo of age. GHRH-induced GH secretion was greater and SRIF inhibition of GHRH-induced GH was less in clones than in controls. We speculate that some of the differences between clones and controls in concentrations of GH, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 may be related to the genetic merit of the animals. Although there were differences in concentrations of components of the somatotropic axis between these clones and their age-matched controls, the values recorded were all within the range reported for calves of similar ages.
Utility resource planning using modular simulation and optimization

Electric utility resource planning traditionally focuses on conventional energy supplies. Nowadays, planning of renewable energy generation and its storage has become equally important due to the growth in demand, insufficiency of natural resources, and policies for low carbon footprint. We propose to develop a simulation based decision making framework to determine the best possible combination of investments for electric power generation and storage capacities. The proposed tool involves a combined continuous-discrete modular modeling approach for processes of different nature within this complex system, and will aid utility companies in resource planning via multi-objective optimization in a realistic simulation environment. The distributed power system considered has four components including energy generation, storage, transmission, and electricity demand. The proposed approach has been demonstrated for the electric utility resource planning at a scale of the state of Florida.