cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial films of iron

Abstract Ultrathin Fe films epitaxially grown on Cu(100), Au(100), Pd(100) and Ru(0001) substrates are used to study monolayer magnetism, surface magnetic anisotropy and two-dimensional (2D) critical behavior, by means of in-situ surface magneto-optical Kerr-effect measurements. Epitaxial structures and growth modes are characterized by auxiliary low-energy electron diffraction and Auger electron studies. The magnetic properties of the films depend on the growth temperature. For 100 K growth, all films exhibit a universal behavior of perpendicular spin orientations in the monolayer regime, while for 300 K growth, Fe/Pd(100) and Fe/Au(100) have in-plane easy-axis of magnetization for all thickness. Fe/Ru(0001) lacks a ferromagnetic response for thickness less than two monolayers (ML). Fe/Pd(100) has remarkable thermal stability in the monolayer and submonolayer range. Reversible magnetization data are obtained for 0.6 to 3.0 ML thick films, which show second-order phase transitions at thickness-dependent Curie temperatures ( T c ). An effective magnetization exponent β eff of 0.127 ± 0.004 is obtained for a 1.2 ML Fe/Pd (100) film, in agreement with the theoretical value of β c = 0.125 for an ideal 2D Ising model. The T c trend with film thickness for Fe/Pd(100) is also in agreement with Monte Carlo calculations for Ising films.
Eigenfunction and Bochner Riesz estimates on manifolds with boundary

The purpose of this paper is to give a simple proof of sharp $L^\infty$ estimates for the eigenfunctions of the Dirichlet Laplacian on smooth compact Riemannian manifolds $(M,g)$ of dimension $n\ge 2$ with boundary $\partial M$ and then to use these estimates to prove new estimates for Bochner Riesz means in this setting. Our eigenfunction estimates involve estimating the $L^2\to L^\infty$ mapping properties of the operators $\chi_\lambda$ which project onto unit bands of the spectrum of the square root of the Laplacian. These generalize the recent estimates of D. Grieser for individual eigenfunctions. We use an idea of Grieser of estimating away from the boundary using earlier estimates of Seeley, Pham The Lai, and H\"ormander, and then proving estimates near the boundary using a maximum principle. Our proof of the Bochner Riesz estimates is related to an argument for the Euclidean case of C. Fefferman, and one for the boundaryless Riemannian case that is due to the author. Here, unlike in the boundaryless Riemannian case we cannot use parametrices for the wave equation, and instead lie on a more economical argument that only uses the eigenfunction estimates and the finite propagation speed of the wave equation.
An in-Situ Infrared Study of the Formation of n- and iso-Butyraldehyde from Propylene Hydroformylation on Rh/SiO2 and Sulfided Rh/SiO2

Abstract In situ infrared (IR) technique has been employed to study the reaction of adsorbed CO on Rh/SiO 2 and S-Rh/SiO 2 with C 3 H 6 and H 2 , and to investigate the effect of sulfur on the n - and isobutyraldehyde selectivities during steady-state propylene hydroformylation. CO adsorption on Rh/SiO 2 results in the formation of linear CO and bridged CO adsorbed on Rh 0 sites, and the gem-dicarbonyl on Rh + sites. CO adsorption on S-Rh/SiO 2 results in a high wavenumber Rh + (CO) species in addition to linear CO adsorbed on Rh 0 and the gem-dicarbonyl adsorbed on Rh + . Sulfur decreases the rate of CO adsorption and inhibits the formation of bridged CO on Rh/SiO 2 . Pulse CO chemisorption on Rh/SiO 2 and S-Rh/SiO 2 reveals that the equilibrium constant for CO adsorption on S-Rh/SiO 2 is smaller than that on Rh/SiO 2 at 303 K. Exposure of adsorbed CO to C 3 H 6 at 303 K does not result in the formation of the aldehyde on both Rh/SiO 2 and S-Rh/SiO 2 . Exposure of adsorbed CO to C 3 H 6 and H 2 on Rh/SiO 2 causes a decrease in the intensity of the linear CO band and a slight increase in the intensity of the aldehyde band. A prominent decrease in the Rh + (CO) band is observed on S-Rh/SiO 2 with a simultaneous increase in the aldehyde band on exposure of adsorbed CO to C 3 H 6 and H 2 . The linear CO on Rh + is more active for CO insertion than linear CO on Rh 0 at 303 K. The Rh + (CO) is removed from the surface of S-Rh/SiO 2 at temperatures above 363 K in the presence of C 3 H 6 /H 2 ; however, the species remains stable at 513 K in the absence of H 2 . Sulfided Rh/SiO 2 exhibits a higher CO insertion selectivity, a lower hydrogenation activity, and a lower n-/iso-butyraldehyde selectivity than Rh/SiO 2 during steady-state propylene hydroformylation at 513 K and 0.1-1 MPa. The analogy between homogeneous and heterogeneous hydroformylation suggests that enhancement of the isobutyraldehyde formation by adsorbed sulfur could be due to the spacious environment of the protruding Rh + ion sites on the S-Rh/SiO 2 allowing isomerization of n -propyl groups before CO insertion.
The effect of quarterly earnings guidance on share values in corporate acquisitions

Abstract We investigate whether quarterly earnings guidance by corporate takeover targets is associated with acquisition premiums. Regulators have expressed recurring concerns that quarterly guidance is associated with a misallocation of resources because it encourages management to focus on excessively short-term horizons. If so, firms providing quarterly guidance represent an acquisition opportunity for non-guiding firms because acquired resources can be redeployed towards more productive long-term uses. Based on prior research that finds value created by acquisitions accrues primarily to target shareholders, we predict that an expected increase in value from the termination of guidance will be observed in acquisition premiums. We find that, after controlling for the other determinants of acquisition gains, the premium paid for an acquired corporation is associated with the target's practice of issuing quarterly earnings guidance. Consistent with our prediction, we find that no incremental premium is paid to acquire guiding targets when the bidding firm also provides guidance.
Intraparotid Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Head and Neck Melanoma

Objective: The objective of this retrospective clinical review was to assess the safety and accuracy of intraparotid sentinel node biopsy in patients with melanoma. Setting. This study was conducted at a tertiary referral center. Patients: Twenty-eight patients with cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck undergoing sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in which the radionuclide localized to the parotid gland on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy were studied. Methods: All patients underwent wide local excision of the tumor and intraparotid sentinel node biopsy using intraoperative gamma probe localization. Results: There were 25 men and 3 women ranging in age from 34 to 81 years. The primary site was on the auricle in 14 patients: temple, 4; forehead, 5; cheek, 3; and on the neck in 2 patients, respectively. The mean Breslow thickness was 2.3 mm (range, 0.9–7.0 mm). In 27 of 28 patients, an intraparotid SLN was identified. In one patient, final pathology did not reveal lymphoid tissue despite a high count in the parotid tissue excised. Median number of SLN per patient was two. Six patients had microscopic metastases in the SLN. In two of these patients, additional microscopic lymph node metastases were found in the neck after subsequent formal lymphadenectomy. The pathologic staging for the group (n = 14) was: stage 1B, 4; 2A, 4; stage 2B, 3; and stage 3B, 3 patients, respectively. All patients are alive and without evidence of disease (mean follow up, 31 months). There were no surgical complications, specifically no patient experienced temporary or permanent facial paralysis. Conclusion: Intraparotid SLN biopsy for staging cutaneous head and neck melanoma is a reliable, accurate, and safe procedure.
Cheap Talk and Investment Rivalry in the Pulp and Paper Industry

Determinants of the abandonment of previously announced capacity expansions are analyzed in eleven industries within the North American pulp and paper sector. Given the investor's initial confidence, extent of precommitment of resources, and post-announcement fresh news, abandonment's likelihood increases with unanticipated projects subsequently announced by rivals. The process suggests a continual auction with the winning projects and firms having certain systematic properties. Unexpected announcements by rivals promote abandonment only in less concentrated industries; elsewhere completion is actually encouraged. Short-run price competition is found highly sensitive to capacity utilization, and the market's geographic scope is tested.
5d field theories and M theory

5-brane configurations describing 5d field theories are promoted to an M-theory description a la Witten in terms of polynomials in two complex variables. The coefficients of the polynomials are the Coulomb branch. This picture resolves apparent singularities at vertices and reveals exponentially small corrections. These corrections ask to be compared to world line instanton corrections. From a different perspective this procedure may be used to define a diagrammatic representation of polynomials in two variables.
Anatomy of a quantum `bounce'

We discuss some of the properties of the `collision' of a quantum mechanical wave packet with an infinitely high potential barrier, focusing on novel aspects such as the detailed time dependence of the momentum-space probability density and the time variation of the uncertainty principle product . We make explicit use of Gaussian-like wave packets in the analysis, but also comment on other general forms.
A Search for Millimetric Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts

We have used the two-year Differential Microwave Radiometer data from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite to systematically search for millimetric (31-90 GHz) emission from the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) GRB 3B catalog. The large beam size of the COBE instrument (7° FWHM) allows for an efficient search of the large GRB positional error boxes, although it also means that fluxes from (point-source) GRB objects will be somewhat diluted. A likelihood analysis has been used to look for a change in the level of millimetric emission from the locations of 81 GRB events during the first two years (1990 and 1991) of the COBE mission. The likelihood analysis determined that we did not find any significant millimetric signal before or after the occurrence of the GRB. We found 95% confidence level upper limits of 175, 192, and 645 Jy or, in terms of fluxes, of 9.6, 16.3, and 54.8 × 10-13 erg cm-2 s, respectively at 31, 53, and 90 GHz. We also looked separately at three different classes of GRBs, including the top 10 (in peak flux), "short-burst," and "long-burst" subsets and found a similar upper limits for each subset. While these limits may be somewhat higher than one would like, we estimate that using this technique with future missions could push these limits down to ~1 mJy.
Asymmetric aza-[3+3] annulation in the synthesis of indolizidines: an unexpected reversal of regiochemistry.

An enantioselective and diastereoselective aza-[3 + 3] annulation of pyrrolidine-based exo-cyclic vinylogous amides and urethanes with chiral vinyl iminium salts is described. This asymmetric annulation manifold is possible because of an unexpected regiochemical reversal whereby head-to-tail annulations dominated over the predicted head-to-head. It should find prevalent synthetic applications in the enantioselective synthesis of indolizidines.
Genetic Structure of Three Populations of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for Genetic Management

One of the prime concerns at zoos and at primate breeding facilities is to maintain genetic variability. This can be accomplished by avoiding inbreeding. It is relatively easy to assess genetic variability and the level of inbreeding by using pedigree information and genetic markers. In this study we used genetic markers controlled by 6 independent polymorphic loci (GPI, PGD, CA2, MPI, DIA1, Tf) to ascertain genetic variation in two captive and one wild population of rhesus monkeys. Two other loci ADA and NP were also examined and found to be monomorphic in the three populations. F-statistics and contingency chi-square analyses indicated that there was significant genetic differentiation among the populations. We also found that the mean heterozygosities were very similar in the three populations, in spite of the diverse breeding strategies. These data are important because rhesus monkeys are frequently used for biomedical research; and the genetic markers provide useful information for genetic management of captive colonies of nonhuman primates. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Making DRAM refresh predictable

Embedded control systems with hard real-time constraints require that deadlines are met at all times or the system may malfunction with potentially catastrophic consequences. Schedulability theory can assure deadlines for a given task set when periods and worst-case execution times (WCETs) of tasks are known. While periods are generally derived from the problem specification, a task's code needs to be statically analyzed to derive safe and tight bounds on its WCET. Such static timing analysis abstracts from program input and considers loop bounds and architectural features, such as pipelining and caching. However, unpredictability due to dynamic memory (DRAM) refresh cannot be accounted for by such analysis, which limits its applicability to systems with static memory (SRAM). In this paper, we assess the impact of DRAM refresh on task execution times and demonstrate how predictability is adversely affected leading to unsafe hard real-time system design. We subsequently contribute a novel and effective approach to overcome this problem through software-initiated DRAM refresh. We develop (1) a pure software and (2) a hybrid hardware/software refresh scheme. Both schemes provide predictable timings and fully replace the classical hardware auto-refresh. We discuss implementation details based on this design for multiple concrete embedded platforms and experimentally assess the benefits of different schemes on these platforms. We further formalize the integration of variable latency memory references into a data-flow framework suitable for static timing analysis to bound a task's memory latencies with regard to their WCET. The resulting predictable execution behavior in the presence of DRAM refresh combined with the additional benefit of reduced access delays is unprecedented, to the best of our knowledge.
Interference between competing pathways in the interaction of three-level ladder atoms and radiation

In this paper we explore the physical origin of the transparency induced in absorbing three-level cascade atoms by the simultaneous interplay of two coherent beams of light. By utilizing the scattering technique we offer what we believe is a very convincing physical evidence for the existence, or for the absence, of quantum interference effects in the two considered ladder systems. Bare and dressed states pictures are adopted in two different field regimes when applicable. The conclusions are drawn based on the existence of different excitation pathways and their relative orders of magnitudes. The presented study includes a distinction between the Autler–Townes (AT) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomena.
Geometry of Moduli Spaces of Flat Bundles on Punctured Surfaces

For a Riemann surface with one puncture we consider moduli spaces of flat connections such that the monodromy transformation around the puncture belongs to a given conjugacy class with the property that a product of its distinct eigenvalues is not equal to 1 unless we take all of them. We prove that these moduli spaces are smooth and their natural closures are normal with rational singularities.
Sterile dark matter and reionization

Sterile neutrinos with masses in the keV range can be the dark matter, and their emission from a supernova can explain the observed velocities of pulsars. The sterile neutrino decays could produce the x-ray radiation in the early universe, which could have an important effect on the formation of the first stars. X-rays could ionize gas and could catalyze the production of molecular hydrogen during the “dark ages”. The increased fraction of molecular hydrogen could facilitate the cooling and collapse of the primordial gas clouds in which the first stars are formed.
Studies of NbTi strands extracted from coreless Rutherford cables

The electromechanical properties of NbTi strands extracted from coreless Rutherford cables were studied to clarify the relative effects of strand location and field angle on current degradation that occurs in cables that have been compacted into a keystone shape. Detailed critical-current measurements were made on two samples which were fabricated under controlled conditions. These are prototype cables for high energy physics applications. Specific factors that are addressed are the nature, location, and amount of degradation. This information is intended to lead to methods for reducing the amount of critical-current degradation in cable manufacture.
Higgsless Electroweak Symmetry Breaking from Theory Space

We investigate unitarity of W + W − scattering in the context of theory space models of the form U(1) × [SU(2)] N × SU(2) N+1, which are broken down to U(1) EM by non-linear Σ fields, without the presence of a physical Higgs Boson. By allowing the couplings of the U(1) and the final SU(2) N+1 to vary, we can fit the W and Z masses, and we find that the coefficient of the term in the amplitude that grows as E 2/m W 2 at high energies is suppressed by a factor of (N+1)−2. In the N+1→∞ limit the model becomes a 5-dimensional SU(2) gauge theory defined on an interval, where boundary terms at the two ends of the interval break the SU(2) down to U(1) EM . These boundary terms also modify the Kaluza-Klein (KK) mass spectrum, so that the lightest KK states can be identified as the W and Z bosons. The T parameter, which measures custodial symmetry breaking, is naturally small in these models. Depending on how matter fields are included, the strongest experimental constraints come from precision electroweak limits on the S parameter.
CAT(0) IS AN ALGORITHMIC PROPERTY

In this article we give an explicit algorithm which will determine, in a discrete and computable way, whether a finite piecewise Euclidean complex is nonpositively curved. In particular, given such a complex we show how to define a boolean combination of polynomial equations and inequalities in real variables, i.e. a real semi-algebraic set, which is empty if and only if the complex is nonpositively curved. Once this equivalence has been shown, the main result follows from a standard theorem in real algebraic geometry.
Invariants for Lagrangian tori

We define an simple invariant lambda(T) of an embedded nullhomologous Lagrangian torus and use this invariant to show that many symplectic 4-manifolds have infinitely many pairwise symplectically inequivalent nullhomologous Lagrangian tori. We further show that for a large class of examples that lambda( T) is actually a C-infinity invariant. In addition, this invariant is used to show that many symplectic 4-manifolds have nontrivial homology classes which are represented by infinitely many pairwise inequivalent Lagrangian tori, a result first proved by S Vidussi for the homotopy K3-surface obtained from knot surgery using the trefoil knot [19].
A General Method for Flutter Optimization

A numerical procedure is presented for determination of optimal member sizes of aircraft structural components such that weight is minimized subject to a specified lower bound on flutter speed. The method has been devised to utilize the most general and accurate of current analytical flutter prediction methods so that substructures of arbitrary aerodynamic and structural complexity can be efficiently synthesized with substantial numbers of design parameters. Expressions for first-order flutter derivatives are developed for driving a gradient based mathematical program. Application to a sample problem of just two design variables is used to illustrate the method and the optimization of a larger problem is included to indicate favorable operational efficiency.
Calculation procedures for potential and viscous flow solutions for engine inlets

The method and basic elements of computer solutions for both potential flow and viscous flow calculations for engine inlets are described. The procedure is applicable to subsonic conventional (CTOL), short-haul (STOL), and vertical takeoff (VTOL) aircraft engine nacelles operating in a compressible viscous flow. The calculated results compare well with measured surface pressure distributions for a number of model inlets. The paper discusses the uses of the program in both the design and analysis of engine inlets, with several examples given for VTOL lift fans, acoustic splitters, and for STOL engine nacelles. Several test support applications are also given.
Experimental Design for Dynamics Identification of Cellular Processes

We address the problem of using nonlinear models to design experiments to characterize the dynamics of cellular processes by using the approach of the Maximally Informative Next Experiment (MINE), which was introduced in W. Dong et al. (PLoS ONE 3(8):e3105, 2008) and independently in M.M. Donahue et al. (IET Syst. Biol. 4:249–262, 2010). In this approach, existing data is used to define a probability distribution on the parameters; the next measurement point is the one that yields the largest model output variance with this distribution. Building upon this approach, we introduce the Expected Dynamics Estimator (EDE), which is the expected value using this distribution of the output as a function of time. We prove the consistency of this estimator (uniform convergence to true dynamics) even when the chosen experiments cluster in a finite set of points. We extend this proof of consistency to various practical assumptions on noisy data and moderate levels of model mismatch. Through the derivation and proof, we develop a relaxed version of MINE that is more computationally tractable and robust than the original formulation. The results are illustrated with numerical examples on two nonlinear ordinary differential equation models of biomolecular and cellular processes.
Influence of coating thickness and substrate elasticity on the tribological performance of PEEK coatings

Abstract Poly-ether–ether–ketone (PEEK) coatings are often applied as solid lubricant films in tribosystems because of their notable wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and self-lubricating capacity. However, little is known about the effect of coating thickness on the plastic deformation, residual stresses and energy dissipation of PEEK when placed under sliding load. Moreover, the effect of substrate rigidity on coating stresses and deformation under sliding load are also under-researched. Having such knowledge is of significant importance in order to reduce damage of engineering parts and extend their lifetime. In this study, the effects of PEEK coating thickness and substrate elasticity are analyzed using a 3D ball-on-flat finite element model as well as experimental analysis using a linear reciprocating tribometer. The experimental tests were performed with samples that incorporated PEEK coatings of various thicknesses on alumina and steel substrates. It was found that under a constant normal load, stresses, strain and energy dissipation were sensitive to both substrate material and coating thickness. Thicker coatings were shown to provide a cushioning effect to the substrate under high stress. Additionally, PEEK-coated alumina samples demonstrated a lower friction coefficient than steel samples with coatings of similar thickness. It was shown from both simulation and experiment, the optimum combination, within the range the experiments were conducted, for minimizing residual stress and possible fatigue damage was an alumina substrate with a relatively thick PEEK coating layer.
Comment on “Molecular Transport Junctions: Clearing Mists”

In a recent review article [1] Lindsay and Ratner wrongly report several results found in literature regarding the calculation of the linear-response conductance of a 1,4-phenyldithiol molecule connected to gold electrodes. This leads them to the wrong conclusion regarding the agreement between the different theoretical calculations for this system. In table 2 of their paper, they report that the conductance of this molecule calculated with static density-functional theory (DFT) with metal electrodes described using the jellium model is 1 μS. This is not correct. The linear-response conductance of that model is 3 μS as calculated in [2]. In addition, the conductance of reference [15] in their paper, whose method they call ”DFT+bulk states” and which they use as the ”reference theory”, is about 5 μS and not 47 μS as stated in [1]. This value is very close to the one obtained using the jellium electrodes [2,3]. To the short list in table 2 of Ref. [1], one can add several other results, obtained using static DFT with various computational details. Here I just mention the conductance calculated by Ratner and co-workers, where in Ref. [4] they obtain a value of 2.8 μS and in Ref. [5] they report 4.8 μS. In Ref. [6], a conductance of 6 μS is calculated by Damle et al. These results show that the statement made in Ref. [1] ”With the exception of the results of the jellium model, the other values [of conductance] are within an order of magnitude” of those reported in Ref. [15] of [1], is incorrect. In fact, the opposite seems to hold: the majority of calculations yields a linear-response conductance close to the one obtained using the jellium model [2]. These values, however, are still too large compared to the experimental ones for the same system.
Evaluation of series with Hurwitz and Lerch zeta function coefficients by using Hankel contour integrals

We introduce a new technique for evaluation of series with zeta coefficients and also for evaluation of certain integrals involving the logGamma function. This technique is based on Hankel integral representations of the Hurwitz zeta, the Lerch Transcendent, the Digamma and logGamma functions.
PrivBasis: frequent itemset mining with differential privacy

The discovery of frequent itemsets can serve valuable economic and research purposes. Releasing discovered frequent itemsets, however, presents privacy challenges. In this paper, we study the problem of how to perform frequent itemset mining on transaction databases while satisfying differential privacy. We propose an approach, called PrivBasis, which leverages a novel notion called basis sets. A θ-basis set has the property that any itemset with frequency higher than θ is a subset of some basis. We introduce algorithms for privately constructing a basis set and then using it to find the most frequent itemsets. Experiments show that our approach greatly outperforms the current state of the art.
Stereoselective and chemoselective oxidation of phosphorothionates using MMPP

Abstract MMPP (monoperoxyphthalic acid, magnesium salt) coverts phosphorothionates to the corresponding oxons in good yield with excellent chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity.
Automatic tracking of the intersection of a laser and electron beam

For the Compton Polarimeter Experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, the crossing point of a laser beam and an electron beam must be kept accurate and stable. An electronic system is described for the automatic tracking and correcting of the beam crossing. A remote CCD (charge-coupled device) camera, relatively insensitive to electromagnetic disturbance, records small displacements of the pulsed laser beam. Video signals are analyzed at a remote station, the amount of drift from a selected reference point is determined, and the appropriate correction commands are sent to the motorized mirror deflecting the laser beam. The electronic circuits for laser beam control were built and tested in a laboratory setup. The system was also tested under pulsed-light conditions resembling those expected in the Compton Polarimeter Experiment. >
Abstracting and refining robustness for cyber-physical systems

According to the IEEE standard glossary of software engineering, robustness is the degree to which a system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environment conditions. In this paper we present a design methodology for robust cyber-physical systems (CPS) based on a notion of robustness for CPS termed input-output dynamical stability. It captures two intuitive aims of a robust design: bounded disturbances have bounded consequences and the effect of sporadic disturbances disappears as time progresses. Our framework to synthesize robust CPS is based on an abstraction and refinement procedure, where the robust CPS is obtain through the refinement of a design for an abstraction of the concrete CPS. The soundness of the approach is ensured through the use of several novel notions of simulation relation introduced in this paper.
Stochastic collapse and decoherence of a non-dissipative forced harmonic oscillator

Careful monitoring of harmonically bound (or as a limiting case, free) masses is the basis of current and future gravitational wave detectors, and of nanomechanical devices designed to access the quantum regime. We analyse the effects of stochastic localization models for state vector reduction, and of related models for environmental decoherence, on such systems, focusing our analysis on the non-dissipative forced harmonic oscillator and its free mass limit. We derive an explicit formula for the time evolution of the expectation of a general operator in the presence of stochastic reduction or environmentally induced decoherence, for both the non-dissipative harmonic oscillator and the free mass. In the case of the oscillator, we also give a formula for the time evolution of the matrix element of the stochastic expectation density matrix between general coherent states. We show that the stochastic expectation of the variance of a Hermitian operator in any unraveling of the stochastic process is bounded by the variance computed from the stochastic expectation of the density matrix, and we develop a formal perturbation theory for calculating expectation values of operators within any unraveling. Applying our results to current gravitational wave interferometer detectors and nanomechanical systems, we conclude that the deviations from quantum mechanics predicted by the continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) model of state vector reduction are at least five orders of magnitude below the relevant standard quantum limits for these experiments. The proposed LISA gravitational wave detector will be two orders of magnitude away from the capability of observing an effect.
“I Eat Organic for My Benefit and Yours”: Egoistic and Altruistic Considerations for Purchasing Organic Food and Their Implications for Advertising Strategists

We employ a novel adaptation of self-construal theory to explain the theoretical basis of factors that influence organic food purchase decisions. Study 1 reveals that egoistic (e.g., personal health) and altruistic (e.g., environmental) considerations simultaneously predict consumers' organic attitudes and purchase intentions. Study 2 indicates that societal considerations play a more influential role for green/organic products. Study 3 tests advertising treatments utilizing egoistic and/or altruistic claims. Results show that an ad featuring both egoistic and altruistic appeals produces more favorable responses than either an egoistic treatment or a control ad, but is equally effective as an ad featuring altruistic claims.
Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy

Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition commonly associated with thyroid dysfunction and with anti-thyroid antibodies, usually TSH receptor stimulating antibodies. Thyroid autoimmunity also may be associated with extra thyroidal manifestations. Most common extra thyroidal manifestation is ophthalmopathy. Less common is thyroid dermopathy, usually occurring in pretibial area. Dermopathy is almost always associated with ophthalmopathy and in severe cases with acropachy. A common antigen with thyroid in tissues of the skin and the eyes, most likely TSH receptor, is involved in pathogenesis of extra thyroidal manifestations. Presence of dermopathy and acropachy are predictors of severity of autoimmune process. Local corticosteroid application is the standard therapy for dermopathy. Response to therapy is good in mild cases and poor in severe cases. Immune modulators and biotherapies are undergoing randomized trials for ophthalmopathy component of Graves' disease. Any therapy proven to be effective for ophthalmopathy can be utilized in future for management of dermopathy.
Screech tones from rectangular jets with spanwise oblique shock-cell structures

Understanding screech is especially important for the design of advanced aircraft because screech can cause sonic fatigue failure of aircraft structures. Although the connection between shock-cell spacing and screech frequency is well understood, the relation between non-uniformities in the shock-cell structures and the resulting amplitude, mode, and steadiness of screech have remained unexplored. This paper addresses the above issues by intentionally producing spanwise (larger nozzle dimension) variations in the shock-cell structures and studying the resulting spanwise screech mode. The spanwise-oblique shock-cell structures were produced using imperfectly expanded convergent–divergent rectangular nozzles (aspect ratio = 5) with non-uniform exit geometries. Three geometries were studied: (a) a nozzle with a spanwise uniform edge, (b) a nozzle with a spanwise oblique (single-bevelled) edge, and (c) a nozzle that had two spanwise oblique (double-bevelled) cuts to form an arrowhead-shaped nozzle. For all nozzles considered, the screech mode was antisymmetric in the transverse (smaller nozzle dimension) direction allowing focus on changes in the spanwise direction. Three types of spanwise modes were observed: symmetric (I), antisymmetric (II), and oblique (III). The following significant results emerged: (i) for all cases the screech mode corresponds with the spanwise shock-cell structure, (ii) when multiple screech modes are present, the technique presented here makes it possible to distinguish between coexisting and mutually exclusive modes, (iii) the strength of shocks 3 and 4 influences the screech source amplitude and determines whether screech is unsteady. The results presented here offer hope for a better understanding of screech and for tailoring shock-containing jets to minimize fatigue failure of aircraft components.
Microcalorimetric study of the surface structure of graphite-supported iron/rhodium catalyst particles

Abstract The surface chemistry of graphite-supported iron/rhodium bimetallic catalyst particles was explored using a Calvet-type differential adsorption microcalorimeter of novel design and transmission electron microscopy. Oxygen was used as a probe gas to examine the changes in adsorption behavior as a function of oxidation and reduction treatments, while TEM provided clues about the particle microstructure. The results clearly indicate that the two metals segregate locally on calcination above 200 °C and do not form an alloy phase after a subsequent low-temperature (100 °C) reduction. There is also evidence to support the conclusion that the 200 °C calcination treatments leads to iron enrichment of the particle surface, which is also retained after the subsequent 100 °C reduction. This study further supports a model presented previously (R. R. Gatte and J. Phillips, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 5961, 1987) of the structural dynamics of graphite-supported Fe Rh catalyst particles.
Continuum limit of scalar masses and mixing energies

Abstract We evaluate the continuum limit of the valence approximation to the mass of scalar quarkonium and to the scalar quarkonium-glueball mixing energy for a range of different quark masses. Our results answer several questions raised by the proposed identification of f 0 (1710) as composed primarily of the lightest scalar glueball.
Nonlinear Evolution of the Resistive Tearing Mode

Numerical solutions of the MHD equations are used to investigate the nonlinear behavior of the tearing instability. The mode evolves from a linearly growing excitation, followed by a period of greatly reduced nonlinear growth. Constant-ψ solutions evolve much more slowly than comparable nonconstant-ψ modes with orders of magnitude less conversion of the stored magnetic energy. The nonconstant-ψ computations indicate a reduction by approximately 20% of the energy in the initial shear layer. For long-wavelength solutions, secondary-flow vortices, opposite in direction to the linear vortices, generate a new magnetic island centered at the initial x-point.
Is Economics Coursework, or Majoring in Economics, Associated with Different Civic Behaviors?

Using data collected from graduates who attended four large public universities in 1976, 1986, or 1996, the authors investigate the relationship between studying economics and civic behaviors. They compare students who majored in economics, business, or other majors, and by the number of undergraduate economics courses completed. Coursework is strongly associated with political party affiliation and donating money to candidates or parties, but not with voting in presidential, state, or local elections, nor with the likelihood or intensity of volunteerism. Business majors are less likely to engage in voting and volunteering. More economics coursework is usually associated with attitudes on policy issues closer to those reported in surveys of U.S. economists, while attitudes of business majors are more like those of general majors than economics majors.
Optic nerve head morphology in glaucoma patients of African descent is strongly correlated to retinal blood flow

Background/Aims To examine the relationship between change in optic nerve head (ONH) morphology and retinal blood flow in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) of African (AD) and European descent (ED) over 3 years. Methods 112 patients with OAG (29 AD; 83 ED) underwent assessment of ONH morphology using Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT-III), and retinal blood flow using confocal scanning laser Doppler. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance was used to compare baseline and 3-year measurements, and Pearson correlations were calculated to evaluate the relationships. Results In OAG patients of AD, change in superior mean retinal blood flow was strongly, negatively correlated with change in cup/disc (C/D) area ratio (r=−0.78, p=0.020) and cup area (r=−0.75, p=0.0283) and strongly, positively correlated with change in rim area (r=0.74, p=0.0328) over 3 years. In OAG patients of AD, change in inferior mean retinal blood flow was strongly, negatively correlated with changes in C/D area ratio (r=−0.88, p=0.0156) and linear C/D ratio (r=−0.86, p=0.0265) over 3 years. In OAG patients of ED, these correlations were weak and did not reach statistical significance. Discussion OAG patients of AD may have a stronger vascular component to their glaucoma pathophysiology than patients of ED.
Real-time ampacity and ground clearance software for integration into smart grid technology

Output from a real-time sag, tension and ampacity program was compared with measurements collected on an outdoor test span. The test site included a laser range-finder, load cells and weather station. A fiber optic distributed temperature sensing system was routed along the conductor and thermocouples were attached to the conductor's surface. Nearly 40 million data points were statistically compared with the computer output. The program provided results with a 95% confidence interval for conductor temperatures within ±10°C and sags within ±0.3m for a conductor temperature of 75°C. Test data were also used to determine the accuracy of the IEEE Standard 738 models. The computer program and the Standard 738 transient model gave comparable temperatures for temperatures up to 160°C. Measured temperatures were used to estimate the radial and axial temperature gradients in the ACSR conductor. The effect of insulators and instrumentation attached to the conductor on the local conductor temperature was determined. The real-time rating program is an alternative to installing instrumentation on the conductor for measuring tension, sag or temperature. The program avoids the problems of installing and maintaining expensive instrumentation on the conductor, and it will provide accurate information on the conductor's temperature and ground clearance in real-time.
Metallic nanocrystals synthesized in solution: a brief review of crystal shape theory and crystallographic characterization

This article reviews the main theoretical/computational techniques and the experimental characterization methodologies that are used in the quest to investigate the shape, size, composition, and crystallography of metallic nanoparticles. Two morphological regimes are described, one governed by equilibrium thermodynamics, and another in which the shape can be controlled kinetically: in each case, the focus is on key phenomenological effects, ignoring to a large extent the specifics of the materials. For the equilibrium crystal shape, the field has recently experienced developments beyond the basic Wulff construction. For the kinetically controlled case, we argue that models informed by experiments can lead to insights into the growth mechanisms, as well as into the resulting shapes and morphologies. Experimentally, the increasing resolution of characterization techniques can inform and validate the growth models. While ex situ characterization techniques have become de facto standards for investigations of nanoparticles, in situ techniques offer significant advances in spatial and temporal resolution and help establish a fundamental understanding of growth mechanisms.
Evolutionary stability with equilibrium entrants

Abstract The strategy that upsets a potential evolutionarily stable strategy may in itself be very unstable, or may differ from the candidate strategy only in irrelevant ways. This paper develops a solution concept addressing these difficulties. We lood for a set of Nash equilibria such that small groups of entrants whose members are satisfied with their entry cannot take the population out of the set. Such a set is robust to the iterated removal of weakly dominated strategies, depends only on the reduced normal form, and has the never a weak best response property. For generic two person extensive form games, such sets generate payoffs consistent with proper equilibria.
How Does the Variance of Product Ratings Matter

This paper examines the informational role of product ratings. We build a theoretical model in which ratings can help consumers figure out how much they would enjoy the product. In our model, a high average rating indicates a high product quality, whereas a high variance of ratings is associated with a niche product, one that some consumers love and others hate. Based on its informational role, a higher variance would correspond to a higher subsequent demand if and only if the average rating is low. We find empirical evidence that is consistent with the theoretical predictions with book data from Amazon.com and BN.com. A higher standard deviation of ratings on Amazon improves a book's relative sales rank when the average rating is lower than 4.1 stars, which is true for 35% of all the books in our sample. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
Object-Oriented Modeling and Design

1. Introduction. I. MODELING CONCEPTS. 2. Modeling as a Design Technique. 3. Object Modeling. 4. Advanced Object Modeling. 5. Dynamic Modeling. 6. Functional Modeling. II. DESIGN METHODOLOGY. 7. Methodology Preview. 8. Analysis. 9. System Design. 10. Object Design. 11. Methodology Summary. 12. Comparison of Methodologies. III. IMPLEMENTATION. 13. From Design to Implementation. 14. Programming Style. 15. Object-Oriented Languages. 16. Non-Object-Oriented Languages. 17. Databases. 18. Object Diagram Compiler. 19. Computer Animation. 20. Electrical Distribution Design System. 21. Future of Object-Oriented Technology. Appendix A: OMT Graphical Notation. Appendix B: Glossary. Index.
Surface Crystal Formation During Acid Corrosion of Phosphate‐Doped Lead Silicate Glass

The effect of small P2O5 additions on the acid corrosion behavior of lead silicate glass was studied at 22°C. Crystals of penta-lead phosphosilicate, a phase heretofore synthesized only by high-temperature melt techniques, formed on the surface of the phosphate-doped glass during the corrosion process. No crystals were observed to form on the pure lead silicate glass. Crystallization appears to result from the controlled release of phosphorus and lead at the glass surface and/or from the reactive catalytic properties of a silica gel surface film. Apparent lead diffusion rates into the acid solution for the phosphate-doped lead silicate glass are much less (by a factor of 11,3) than for the pure lead silicate glass. Application of these findings is suggested in two areas: formulation of low cation-release glass and glaze compositions and the synthesis of high-temperature phases in aqueous solution at ambient temperatures.
Interactive translation of conversational speech

As communication becomes increasingly automated and transnational, the need for rapid, computer-aided speech translation grows. The Janus-II system uses paraphrasing and interactive error correction to boost performance. Janus-II operates on spontaneous conversational human dialogue in limited domains with vocabularies of 3,000 or more words. Current experiments involve 10,000 to 40,000 word vocabularies. It now accepts English, German, Japanese, Spanish, and Korean input, which it translates into any other of these languages. Beyond translating syntactically well-formed speech or carefully structured human-to-machine speech utterances, Janus-II research has focused on the more difficult task of translating spontaneous conversational speech between humans. This naturally requires a suitable database and task domain.
Injuries in children of adolescent mothers: home safety education associated with decreased injury risk

The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of injuries in children of adolescent mothers ( Language: en
Deterministic Near-Optimal P2P Streaming

We consider live-streaming over a peer-to-peer network in which peers are allowed to enter or leave the system adversarially and arbitrarily. Previous approaches for streaming have either used randomized distribution graphs or structured trees with randomized maintenance algorithms. Randomized graphs handle peer churn well but have only probabilistic connectivity guarantees, while structured trees have good connectivity but have proven hard to maintain under peer churn. We improve upon both approaches by presenting a novel distribution structure with a deterministic and distributed algorithm for maintenance under peer churn. The algorithm has a constant repair time for connectivity, and near optimal delay. As opposed to order results, the guarantees provided by our algorithm are exact and hold for any network size.
Optimal institutional mechanisms for funding generic advertising : an experimental analysis

Given the uncertain legal status of generic advertising programs for agricultural commodities, alternative voluntary funding institutions are investigated that could provide a high level of benefits to producers. This experimental study simulates key economic and psychological factors that affect voluntary producer contributions to generic advertising. The results suggest that producer referenda play a critical role in increasing contributions and that producer surplus is maximized by a provision point mechanism instituted by producer referendum with thresholds ranging from 68% to 90%, and expected funding from 47% to 77% of the time, depending on the level of advertising effectiveness.
Achieve Cost Benefits With Innovative Care Management

Progressive care units (PCUs) are fast emerging to help relieve numerous demands on the health care industry. Complete this systematic development process to ensure a cost-effective startup PCU.