cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of charge exchange involving H and H+ in the upper atmosphere

Abstract It is argued that there is a terrestrial loss of hydrogen as ions which includes the polar wind but extends effectively down to a latitude in the range 45–50° invariant. In daytime and for much of the night-time the flux is close to the limiting value for H+ flow through the topside ionosphere. It is argued that the flux decreases rapidly with increasing solar activity, following the decrease in neutral hydrogen concentration. It has been found that as solar activity increases the Jeans escape flux increases, and the charge exchange escape flux increases until moderate solar activity levels are reached. As solar activity increases from moderate to high levels, the charge exchange escape may decrease again. A new budget for terrestrial hydrogen loss over the solar cycle is given. The global flux of hydrogen ions outward from the ionosphere is comparable with estimates of the plasma sheet loss rates, and this flux, together with some solar wind plasma, is an attractive source for the plasma sheet. The energetic neutrals produced from the charge exchange of ring current ions with thermal-energy neutrals in the exosphere produce the optical emission of the equatorial aurora, which can be related to ion production rates near and above the E-region. The ionization production is adequate to explain the enhancements in ion production observed during magnetic storms at Arecibo.
Neogene sedimentation patterns in north-central peninsular Florida

Sea level fluctuations and shoreline migrations are responsible for commonly oriented ridges and hills of north-central Florida. Lake Wales Ridge is the principal geomorphic feature of the region, with younger ridges, including Trail Ridge, occurring to the north and east.
A procedure for determining time-of-day break points for coordinated actuated traffic signal systems

This paper presents the development and evaluation of a procedure for determining optimal break points for time-of-day based coordinated actuated traffic signal operations. The proposed procedure uses a feature vector of optimal cycle length per time interval instead of traffic volume itself. Initial break points determined by the proposed feature vector are used in the greedy search algorithm to obtain optimal break points. By using the greedy search algorithm the number of evaluations in the search are dramatically reduced when compared to an exhaustive search or other common heuristic search methods such as a genetic algorithm. The proposed procedure was evaluated using a hypothetical network consisting of four signalized intersections and the results indicated that the proposed procedure effectively improved the performance of the coordinated actuated signal control. In addition, sensitivity analyses results on randomly varying demand conditions up to ±20% and randomly increased demand conditions up to 30% indicated that the newly developed break points were robust for such varying demand fluctuations.
Two-phase detonation of a liquid layer.

Two phase detonations of fuel in liquid layer on shock tube wall with gaseous oxidizer, presenting one dimensional approximation for film detonation propagation
Measurement of trichloroethylene diffusion as a function of moisture content in sections of gravity-drained soil columns

Experiments were conducted on discrete sections of gravity-drained sand columns to determine the relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient of trichloroethylene and moisture content in variably saturated porous media. The columns were gravity drained to closely approximate field conditions and the moisture content within each column ranged from field capacity near the top to saturation near the bottom. Measured effective diffusion coefficients were compared with theoretical coefficients calculated using Millington`s expression for tortuosity, modified to incorporate diffusion in both the gas and aqueous phases. Agreement between the measured and theoretical effective diffusion coefficients was good for all moisture contents investigated. 21 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Magnetic properties of Sm–Co–B-based nanocomposite magnets

Abstract The magnetic properties of nanocomposite melt-spun magnets with composition Sm 16− x Co 68+ x B 16 ( x =0–10, 2 at% interval) and Sm 8 Co 92− y B y ( y =10–18, 2 at% interval) have been studied systematically. Several ribbons were fabricated with a wheel speed of 50 m/s, followed by annealing in the temperature range of 700–800°C for 2.5–40 min. XRD results and magnetization versus temperature curves showed that almost all of the samples were composed of the tetragonal Sm 2 Co 14 B and rhombohedral SmCo 12 B 6 phases which are not magnetically hard at room temperature. However, a relatively high coercivity in the range of 3.5–5.5 kOe has been obtained in these samples. The highest coercivity of 5.5 kOe and a very promising β value of −0.28%/°C were obtained in Sm 8 Co 74 B 18 ribbons annealed at 750°C for 5 min. The high coercivities are attributed to the small grain size of the 2 : 14 : 1 phase, in which the large surface areas enhance its effective anisotropy, and make it uniaxial type.
Correlative assay of uranium with calorimetry, neutron counting, and mass spectrometry data

Abstract A methodology has been developed for assaying unirradiated enriched uranium that uses calorimetry, passive neutron counting, and historical mass spectrometry data. Calorimetry can be used to measure the thermal power of bulk uranium enriched in the isotope 235 U , and neutron counting can be used to determine its spontaneous-fission neutron emission rate. The thermal power and neutron-emission properties of uranium change in a regular way with increasing 235 U enrichment that can be quantified using mass spectrometry data. The measured ratio of the thermal power and spontaneous neutron fission rate can be used to determine the 235 U enrichment and the total mass of the 234 U , 235 U , and 238 U isotopes.
Pyrenoid formation induced in Closterium moniliferum by centrifugation

New pyrenoids arose de novo along the median axis of cells of Closterium moniliferum within 36 hr after existing pyrenoids were displaced by 5–10 min centrifugation at 500 × g. The average number of pyrenoids increased from 7.9, in control cells, to 10.7 in centrifuged cells. Similarly, the maximum number of pyrenoids per cell increased from 12 to 18. The displaced pyrenoids retained their integrity and were passed on to daughter cells.
A case study of business and technical issues in mixed-vendor technology implementation

Abstract The Moses H. Cone memorial Hospital is challenging the rationale used in the traditional mainframe approach to computerization. Now that Local Area Networks (LANs) simplify interfacing and micros/minicomputers have reversed the economies of multiple computers, a new approach can be taken which connects multiple computer systems. Rather than consolidating all data in one data base, the systems approach allows relevant working data to be stored in each functional module while focusing on the small percentage of summary data that actually needs to flow between systems. Moses Cone's approach involves two complementary design processes. First, the foundation is a hospital-wide LAN called STAT LAN which connects functional nodes in each department. Second, the open architecture of this foundation allows Moses Cone to build its information system using component systems from multiple vendors. This approach supports the integrative nature of their information flows while also supporting their decentralized management style.
Orcadian susceptibility of the pink bollworm moths to azinphosmethyl.

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) moths entrained on a 14:10 light: dark photoperiod showed a circadian susceptibility to topically applied azinphosmethyl. The males were consistently more susceptible than the females. Both sexes were much more susceptible 1 hour after lights-on than at any other time. The males had a 2nd period of susceptibility 2½ hours after lights-out, which period corresponded to the most tolerant period in the females.
Why are online catalogs still hard to use

Author(s): Borgman, Christine L. | Abstract: We return to arguments made 10 years ago (Borgman, 1986a) that online catalogs are difficult to use because their design does not incorporate sufficient understanding of searching behavior. The earlier article examined studies of information retrieval system searching for their implications for online catalog design; this article examines the implications of card catalog design for online catalogs. With this analysis, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of user behavior and to lay to rest the card catalog design model for online catalogs. We discuss the problems with query matching systems, which were designed for skilled search intermediaries rather than end-users, and the knowledge and skills they require in the information-seeking process, illustrated with examples of searching card and online catalogs. Searching requires conceptual knowledge of the information retrieval process—translating an information need into a searchable query; semantic knowledge of how to implement a query in a given system—the how and when to use system features; and technical skills in executing the query—basic computing skills and the syntax of entering queries as specific search statements. In the short term, we can help make online catalogs easier to use through improved training and documentation that is based on information-seeking behavior, with the caveat that good training is not a substitute for good system design. Our long term goal should be to design intuitive systems that require a minimum of instruction. Given the complexity of the information retrieval problem and the limited capabilities of today's systems, we are far from achieving that goal. If libraries are to provide primary information services for the networked world, they need to put research results on the information-seeking process into practice in designing the next generation of online public access information retrieval systems.
Complex permittivity of the deuterated and undeuterated proton glass Rb1-x(NH4)xH2AsO4.

Dielectric measurements have been performed in both the deuterated and undeuterated proton glass rubidium ammonium dihydrogen arsenate ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$(${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$${)}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{AsO}}_{4}$ along the tetragonal a axis. Ammonium concentrations x of 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 were studied for the undeuterated sample, while ammonium concentrations of 0, 0.05, and 0.10 were studied for the deuterated counterpart. Glassy behavior is present for x=0.05 and 0.10 but could not be observed for lower ammonium concentrations. For x=0.05 and 0.10 we observed coexistence of paraelectric or proton-glass and ferroelectric order below the ``glass transition'' temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$ due to the random spatial fluctuations of the ammonium cation. Cole-Cole plots for the x=0.10 sample show that there is a distribution of relaxation times below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$. This relaxation occurs in the proton-glass portion of the crystal. The activation energies corresponding to these relaxation processes are calculated.
Synthesis of hyperbranched, hydrophilic fluorinated surface grafts

The synthesis of 60−1000 A thick films of fluorinated polymers on gold and silica substrates via amidation of layered, hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) surface-graft films with a fluorinated octylamine is described. These syntheses proceed either by formation and fluoramidation of layers of poly(acrylic acid) or by stepwise formation of layers of a mixture of poly(acrylic acid) and a fluorinated poly(acrylamide) on a carboxylic acid-containing self-assembled monolayer on gold or on aminopropylated silica. Depending on the chemistry used, these grafts can be prepared so that they have fluorinated interiors and either hydrophobic or hydrophilic exteriors. Ellipsometric studies of these grafts on gold show that the thickness of the layers can be controlled on the basis of the number of PAA layers present and that fluorination using a fluorinated octylamine roughly doubled layer thickness. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies were used to characterize these surfaces.
DYNAMICS OF PRESTRESSED ROTATING ANISOTROPIC PLATES SUBJECT TO TRANSVERSE LOADS AND HEAT SOURCES, PART I: MODELLING AND SOLUTION METHOD

This paper considers the application of the finite element method for the analysis of translating or rotating plates, based on Mindlin plate theory and the von Karman strain expression, in the context of linear thermoelasticity. The existence of convective terms generates gyroscopic terms, unstabilizing effects in the stiffness matrix, and radial in-plane tension. Homogenization theory, applicable to not only determining the global material properties for composite materials like laminate or fiber-reinforced matrix, but also computing microscopic stress levels, was applied to obtain orthotropic material properties. The quasi-static stretching assumption was used to simplify the governing equations. A second order implicit time-integration scheme, applicable for both the linear and non-linear governing equations, was presented, which allows a time increment sufficiently large (without numerical stability problems) based on the accuracy needed. This paper (Part I) presents the problem formulation and solution methods, while a companion paper (Part II) presents and discusses results for specially orthotropic rotating disks.
The two-hybrid system: an assay for protein-protein interactions

The two-hybrid system is a yeast-based genetic assay for detecting protein-protein interactions. It can be used to identify proteins that bind to a protein of interest, or to delineate domains or residues critical for an interaction. Variations on this methodology have been developed to clone genes that encode DNA-binding proteins, to identify peptides that bind to a protein and, potentially, to screen for drugs.
Worker populations at risk for work-related injuries across the life course.

Background Workplace injuries can have a substantial economic impact. Rates of workplace injuries differ across age groups, yet occupations/industry sectors at highest risk within age groups have not been identified. We examined workplace injury risk across industry sectors for three age groups using nationally representative U.S. data. Methods Data from 1997 to 2009 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were pooled for employed adults by age groups: (1) 18–25 (n = 22,261); (2) 26–54 (n = 121,559); and (3) 55+ (n = 24,851). Workplace injury risk comparisons were made using logistic regression, with the Services sector as the referent and adjustment for sample design, gender, education, race/ethnicity, age, and income-to-poverty ratio. Results Overall 3-month injury prevalence was 0.88%. Highest risk sectors for workers aged 18–25 included: Agriculture/forestry/fisheries (odds ratio = 4.80; 95% confidence interval 2.23–10.32), Healthcare/social assistance (2.71; 1.50–4.91), Construction (2.66; 1.56–4.53), Manufacturing (2.66; 1.54–4.61); for workers 26–54: Construction (2.30; 1.76–3.0), Agriculture/forestry/fisheries (1.91; 1.16–3.15), and Manufacturing (1.58; 1.28–1.96); for workers 55+: Agriculture/forestry/fisheries (3.01; 1.16–7.81), Transportation/communication/other public utilities (2.55; 1.44–4.49), and Construction (2.25; 1.09–4.67). Conclusions Agriculture/forestry/fisheries and Construction were among the sectors with highest workplace injury risk for workers across all age groups. Differences in highest risk industries were identified between the youngest and oldest industry groups. Our results indicate a need for age-specific interventions in some industries, and a need for more comprehensive measures in others. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:361–366, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor β-induced Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells by Interfering with Smad3

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) after balloon injury significantly inhibits VSMC proliferation and neointima formation. However, the precise mechanisms of this inhibition have not been determined. We hypothesized that activation of PPAR gamma in vascular injury could attenuate VSMC growth and matrix production during vascular lesion formation. Since connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key factor regulating extracellular matrix production, abrogation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced CTGF production by PPAR gamma activation may be one of the mechanisms through which PPAR gamma agonists inhibit neointima formation after vascular injury. In this study, we demonstrate that the PPAR gamma natural ligand (15-deoxyprostaglandin J(2)) and a synthetic ligand (GW7845) significantly inhibit TGF-beta-induced CTGF production in a dose-dependent manner in HASMCs. In addition, suppression of CTGF mRNA expression is relieved by pretreatment with an antagonist of PPAR gamma (GW9662), suggesting that the inhibition of CTGF expression is mediated by PPAR gamma. To elucidate further the molecular mechanism by which PPAR gamma inhibits CTGF expression, an approximately 2-kilobase pair CTGF promoter was cloned. We found that PPAR gamma activation inhibits TGF-beta-induced CTGF promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner, and suppression of CTGF promoter activity by PPAR gamma activation is completely rescued by overexpression of Smad3, but not by Smad4. Furthermore, PPAR gamma physically interacts with Smad3 but not Smad4 in vitro in glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments. Taken together, the data suggest that PPAR gamma inhibits TGF-beta-induced CTGF expression in HASMCs by directly interfering with the Smad3 signaling pathway.
Chemically conditioned dentin: a comparison of conventional and environmental scanning electron microscopy findings.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the structure of acid-conditioned dentin in its wet and dry state. Methods. Using conventional and environmental scanning electron microscopy, conditioned dentin was examines in a wet, air-dried and critical point-dried state. Six different treatments were used including citric, maleic, nitric, oxalic and phosphoric acids in their commercial formulations and applied in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Results. Loss of moisture from acid-conditioned dentin through simple air drying and drying under controlled conditions of environmental scanning microscopy resulted in morphological alteration of the fibrous, collagenous structure. Critical point drying preserved the fibrous integrity of the outer mineral-depleted zone. This observation was true for all the acids used. Significance. While the ultrastructure of dentinal collagen may be chemically stabilized or relatively unaltered by acid conditioning, it is nonetheless subject to morphological degradation and collapse during water loss. Only critical point drying can control the interfacial stress accompanying water transport and loss at the fiber boundary. Confirming previous observations, this study supports the concept of maintaining the moist state of dentin and the morphological integrity of the collagen so as to facilitate optimal resin infiltration in the bonding procedure.
Access to Subsistence Resources and the Sexual Division of Labor Among Potters

Research on the sexual division of labor among adults has exam ined its relationship to sexual dimorphism, labor-economizing strategies in production processes, and cultural complexity. The author argues that none of the studies has successfully explained the sexual allocation of labor in some of the crafts because re searchers have not examined the causal effect of the material and social conditions thatgive rise to household-level variation in access to subsistence resources. The author derives a theory from the work of ethnographers George Foster and Dean Arnold, introduces two codes for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, and tests the hy pothesis using logistic regression. The results indicate that the potters tend to be exclusively or primarily women in societies with relatively easy access to subsistence resources. Men tend to be the equal or principle potters in those societies where the potters'nuclear families have limited access to subsistence resources and instead rely on the exchange of manuf...
Secondary jet interaction with emphasis on outflow and jet location.

Data were obtained concerning a model which utilized a two-dimensional sonic jet. It was found that outflow and jet location significantly influence the magnitude and behavior of the secondary jet interaction forces. Continued refinements in jet interaction analyses which do not account for outflow are of limited usefulness in the design of control systems for supersonic and hypersonic vehicles. The jet total back pressure ratio increases with either jet pressure ratio or freestream Mach number.
An observation concerning electronically excited retinal

Abstract The observation of Mathies and Stryer of highly polar excited electronic states of all-trans-retinal, its unprotonated Schiff base, a salt of the protonated Schiff base, and 11-cis-retinal leads us to propose a possible consequence of the existence of such species. The highly polar excited molecule may have sufficient potential to oxidize its surroundings, thus achieving a transfer of one electron. Experimental evidence is combined with crude model calculations to support the possible role of these excited states as electron transfer agents.
Attitude control of quad-rotor UAVs using an intuitive kinematics model

This paper presents the work on attitude control of quad-rotor UAVs applying an intuitive kinematics representation, called rotation vector. There are three elements in the rotation vector which has clear physical meaning of the rotations and avoids the singularity problem of Euler angles and the unity norm constraint problem of quaternions. Basic definition of the rotation vector and its relation with the object body angle velocity is introduced and used in the 6DOF quadrotor dynamics. Based on the property that the rotation vector rate is equivalent to the body angle velocity when the rotation is small, a simple and intuitive attitude reference is proposed. A proportional-derivative (PD) law is used by integrating the new attitude reference for the attitude control of quad-rotor UAVs. Simulation results prove the efficiency of the new method which provides a new model with intuitive physical meaning for quadrotor UAVs.
Inflation of R2 in Best Subset Regression

When subset selection is used in regression the expected value of R 2 is substantially inflated above its value without selection, especially when the number of observations is less than the number of predictor variables. The extent of this increase was investigated by a Monte Carlo simulation. Tables are given with average values and percentage points of R 2 for the null case of independence between the response variable and the predictor variables. Approximation formulas are provided to supplement the coverage in the tables.
Linguistic description in nonfluent dysphasia: Utilization of Pictograms

Abstract Nonfluent dysphasic utterances for pictogram or sequential picture descriptions were compared against those elicited in a standard stative single-picture description task. Elicited utterances were also compared to identify the availability of different variables within phonologic, syntactic, and semantic levels. Descriptive data revealed that Pictograms yielded a relatively greater frequency of occurrence for the variables examined under the parameters of phonology, syntax, and semantics. Of the different variables examined for each parameter, a significantly greater incidence of phonemic paraphasias than neologistic paraphasias were obtained for the parameter of phonology. For the parameter of syntax, significantly more verb phrases were in error than noun phrases; and significantly more syntactic complexity levels 1 and 3 were produced than were levels 2, 4, or 5. Data for the parameter of semantics revealed a significantly greater occurrence of hesitations than circumlocutions, verbal paraphasias, or revisions. Discussion of the obtained findings relate to language assessment and linguistic characterization of nonfluent dysphasia.
A taxonomic analysis of Myctophum affine and M. nitidulum, two lantern-fishes previously synonymized, in the western North Atlantic

Abstract The lantern-fishes currently known as Myctophum affine constitute two distinct species. M. affine has ctenoid scales, a rounded upper opercle, PLO photophore about midway between pectoral fin insertion and lateral line, and more gill rakers. M. nitidulum has cycloid scales, an angulated upper opercle, PLO nearer pectoral insertion, and fewer gill rakers. M. affine is a smaller fish and develops caudal-peduncle luminous scales at a smaller size than M. nitidulum . No significant meristic differences were found between samples from the western North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.
Children discharged from kin and non-kin foster homes: Do the risks of foster care re-entry differ?

Abstract This study investigates whether the type of pre-discharge placement, kinship versus non-kinship foster care, has a net impact on children's likelihood of re-entering substitute care after controlling for possible selection biases through the use of regression adjustment and propensity score matching (PSM). Children in kin and non-kin foster care are compared on their rates of foster care re-entry, using bivariate comparisons and accelerated failure time (AFT) models. Lower rates of foster care re-entry after reunification from kinship homes are attributed to differences in child characteristics at removal, greater stability of kin placements, and gate-keeping functions that agencies and courts exercise over discharge and re-entry options. Children adopted from kinship and non-kinship homes exhibit similar re-entry rates, but the results for legal guardianship are mixed.
Talkoot software appliance for collaborative science

On the emerging “Social Web,” millions of people offer their knowledge online in a collective knowledge system comprising an active community of motivated members posting problems and solutions in blogs, forums, mailing lists, collaborative portals and other Web 2.0 technologies. These technologies complement formal means of sharing knowledge via conferences and published papers, where it is impossible to share all the research details, and where negative results are rarely included. A small but growing number of scientists and researchers are beginning to harness these Web 2.0 technologies as a transformative way of doing science. With the advent of Service Oriented Architectures, the model of chaining services to create analysis workflows provides the research community unprecedented opportunity to collaborate, sharing their workflows with one another, reproducing and analyzing research results, and leveraging colleagues' expertise to expedite the process of scientific knowledge discovery. A crucial component needed for this unprecedented level of cooperation within the research community is a reusable, extensible and customizable environment for building collaborative “open science” portals for managing these shared analysis workflows. This paper describes the design and the development of Talkoot, a customizable “software appliance” to build collaborative portals for Earth Science services and analysis workflows.
Physical Parameters of SDSS Stars, the Nature of the SDSS `Ring around the Galaxy', and the SEGUE Project

Although the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) was primarily envisioned as a tool for understanding the nature of the ‘high redshift’ universe, significant discoveries have already been made at lower redshift, z ~ 0, through studies of stars in the Milky Way galaxy. We have begun to explore the nature of the Milky Way by detailed investigation of the publicly accessible SDSS archive, using spectroscopically targeted stars of special interest (e.g. field horizontal-branch stars, carbon-enhanced stars, and F- and G-type turnoff stars), as well as the stars originally selected as photometric and reddening standards. The first step is to use the SDSS data (which includes independently calibrated five-band photometry and spectrophotometry of individual stars) to derive reliable estimates of the stellar physical parameters, such as T eff, log g, and [FesH], for stars that have been observed to date. Of particular interest, at present, are the stars that are apparently associated with the Monoceros Stream (also known as the SDSS 'Ring around the Galaxy'), for which we report derived metallicities. The techniques we have developed for derivation of the physical parameters for these stars are presently being applied to other stars in the SDSS database, including the Early Data Release (EDR), as well as the first official public database, DR-1. Here we report on the progress made to date, and comment on what might be explored in the near future from a dedicated extension of the SDSS survey (SEGUE) that specifically targets stars in the Milky Way.
Control of the Bevatron/Bevalac main guide field power supply for fast ion switching operation

The Bevatron/Bevalac main guide field power supply stores 680 MJ in the flywheel-shaft systems of two independent motor-generator sets. During the normal acceleration cycle of various heavy-ion beams, the energies of the rotating shafts are converted to energy stored in the main magnet guide field. At the end of the acceleration cycle, the magnet energy is inverted back to the shafts. Generally, this takes place from 10 to 15 times per minute. The rapid switching of ions, energy, and beam lines at the Bevalac has required various control techniques for fast switching between all operational Bevalac fields within 1 min. The power supply control systems and operating parameters are described. >
Perturbation of the Oxidizing Environment of the Periplasm Stimulates the PhoQ/PhoP System in Escherichia coli

The PhoQ/PhoP two-component system is repressed by divalent cations, such as Mg2+ and Ca2+, in the growth medium and stimulated by low pH and certain cationic antimicrobial peptides. In Escherichia coli, it was recently shown that the histidine kinase PhoQ is also modulated by at least two additional factors, the small membrane proteins SafA and MgrB. This raises the possibility that the PhoQ/PhoP circuit has additional regulatory components and integrates additional input signals. We screened E. coli transposon insertion mutants to look for proteins that modulate the activity of the PhoQ/PhoP system, and we uncovered a role for DsbA, a periplasmic oxidant that facilitates the formation of disulfide bonds. Deletion of dsbA or dsbB, which maintains a pool of oxidized DsbA, leads to increased transcription of at least two PhoP-regulated genes. Addition of the reducing agent dithiothreitol to wild-type cells had a similar effect, and treatment of a dsbA null strain with the oxidant Cu2+ rescued the reporter gene expression phenotype. We also demonstrated that expression of an MgrB mutant that lacked cysteines blocked the effect of a dsbA null mutation on PhoQ/PhoP activity, suggesting that MgrB acts downstream of DsbA in this pathway. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a decrease in the oxidizing activity of the periplasm stimulates PhoQ/PhoP and may reveal a new input stimulus for this important two-component system.
Engineering crystals for excited state diffraction studies : Structure and spectroscopic properties of two polymorphic modifications of the 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone/ 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 complex

Abstract The crystal structures of two modifications of 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone with 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 have been analyzed in terms of their suitability for time-resolved diffraction studies of transient excited species in crystals. The room-temperature lifetimes of the triplet excited state of the dihydroxybenzophenone molecule in the two modifications have been determined as 44.2 ± 1.2 μs and 49.2 ± 0.5 μs in the monoclinic and triclinic forms, respectively.
Health and Healthcare: An Introduction

Health demography focuses on the implications of population characteristics for health and healthcare. However, as central as these concepts are to our discussion, they are surprisingly difficult to define, despite the obsession of American society with both of these concepts. What constitutes health – and its counterparts sickness, and disease – depends on one’s frame of reference. Although the term health clearly refers to a condition of human individuals and populations, there is no consensus on a definition. Medical sociologists studying the meanings of these terms have had to settle for several definitions, each linked to a different explanatory model. The various definitions and the perspectives they represent will be discussed later in this chapter.
Outcome of overt stroke in sickle cell anaemia, a single institution's experience

Summary Stroke is a traumatic complication in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) that is associated with significant morbidity and a risk of recurrent overt stroke of 2·2–6·4 events per 100 patient-years. A retrospective study was performed on all paediatric SCA patients diagnosed with a history of overt stroke between 1997 and 2010. A total of 31 children with SCA had new onset overt stroke. The mean age of the active patients (n = 27) was 17·9 years (range 6·8–27·6 years) with a total period of observation of 305 patient-years. Twenty-two of 27 (81%) were receiving long term red blood cell transfusions and 16 (59%) were taking the anti-platelet agent, aspirin, since diagnosis of the stroke. Two of 27 (7%) patients had a second overt stroke with an overall risk of recurrent stroke of 0·66/100 patient-years (one stroke was ischaemic and the other haemorrhagic). In patients taking aspirin with 180 patient-years of follow up, the recurrence rate of haemorrhagic stroke was 0·58/100 patient-years. We have an excellent outcome for overt stroke in paediatric SCA patients with a low rate of recurrent stroke. Further studies are needed to determine the risk-benefit ratio of aspirin therapy in the prevention of recurrent stroke in paediatric SCA.
Ballistic peaks at quantum resonance

We report studies of the motion of cold atoms in a time-dependent optical potential. The dynamics of our system are that of the quantum kicked rotor, and exhibit a wide variety of phenomena. One purely quantum effect is the quantum resonance, which occurs for well-chosen initial conditions and specific values of the period between kicks. Distinctly nonclassical behavior, such as ballistic growth in momentum, is possible at a quantum resonance. Previous experimental studies have observed these resonances, but have not clearly resolved the expected ballistic motion. We now observe ballistic motion at quantum resonances and compare our momentum distributions with theory and numerical simulations.
Constructing informative priors using transfer learning

Many applications of supervised learning require good generalization from limited labeled data. In the Bayesian setting, we can try to achieve this goal by using an informative prior over the parameters, one that encodes useful domain knowledge. Focusing on logistic regression, we present an algorithm for automatically constructing a multivariate Gaussian prior with a full covariance matrix for a given supervised learning task. This prior relaxes a commonly used but overly simplistic independence assumption, and allows parameters to be dependent. The algorithm uses other "similar" learning problems to estimate the covariance of pairs of individual parameters. We then use a semidefinite program to combine these estimates and learn a good prior for the current learning task. We apply our methods to binary text classification, and demonstrate a 20 to 40% test error reduction over a commonly used prior.
ESTIMATING AND EXPLAINING THE COST OF HIGH-TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

The purpose of this study is twofold: to demonstrate the use of technology measurement methodology in developing cost estimating relationships for high-technology systems and to identify environmental factors that impact the production cost of those systems. Both judgmental weighing and time regressions approaches are used to create measures of the state-of-the-art of technology and advances in technology at the time of system production. Those measures then are used to estimate system cost. Additionally, several political, economic and program factors are hypothesized to explain differences between actual and estimated costs. Tests of the hypotheses are conducted. Findings indicate that technology measurement provides a useful tool in developing cost estimates for high-technology systems and that environmental factors have a predictable impact on the actual cost of these systems. The analysis is conducted using a sample of U.S. military aircraft.
Enhancing Video Encoding for Cloud Gaming Using Rendering Information

Cloud gaming allows games to be rendered on the cloud server and allows the rendered videos to be encoded and streamed in real time to the player’s devices. Compared with other video streaming applications, cloud gaming offers a unique opportunity to enhance the video encoding process by exploiting rendering information. In this paper, we propose two techniques to improve cloud gaming video encoding, aiming at enhancing the perceived video quality and reducing the computational complexity, respectively. First, we develop a rendering-based prioritized encoding technique to improve the perceived game video quality according to network bandwidth constraints. We first propose a technique to generate a macroblock (MB)-level saliency map for every game video frame using rendering information. Furthermore, based on such a saliency map, a prioritized rate allocation scheme is proposed to dynamically adjust the value of quantization parameter of each MB. The experimental results indicate that the perceptual quality can be greatly improved using the proposed technique. We also develop a rendering-based encoding acceleration technique that utilizes rendering information to reduce the computational complexity of video encoding. This technique mainly consists of two parts. First, we propose a method to directly calculate the motion vectors (MVs) without employing the compute intensive motion search procedure. Second, based on the computed MVs, we propose a fast mode selection algorithm to reduce the number of candidate modes of each MB. The experimental results show that the proposed technique can achieve more than 42% saving in encoding time with very limited degradation in video quality.
Typhlitis complicating autologous blood stem cell transplantation for breast cancer.

Three cases of typhlitis occurring during autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ABSCT) for metastatic breast cancer are described. Typhlitis is a rare complication of neutropenia and has uncommonly been reported in the autologous transplant setting. Although it has been most commonly described in children with leukemia, typhlitis has increasingly been reported in adult leukemias and in association with neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy for a number of solid tumors. Only five previous cases of typhlitis in the setting of ABSCT have been described. Whereas diarrhea and fever are common toxicities associated with high-dose chemotherapy, it is likely that many cases of typhlitis go unrecognized. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 321–326.
Changing Energy Behavior Through Community Based Social Marketing

Achieving carbon neutrality on college and university campuses will require more than just new technologies. Behavior change programs are a highly cost effective method of reducing costs and carbon emissions; however most facilities and sustainability offices lack training in the social science of behavior change. This paper introduces readers to Community Based Social Marketing (CBSM), a systematic, empirically grounded approach to behavior change. A team of faculty, staff, and students used CBSM to develop the behavioral component of Oberlin College’s Climate Action Plan—targeted to eliminate 10–15 % of the College’s carbon emissions. After analyzing the College’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory we identified a short list of behaviors associated with significant carbon emissions to target for further study. Quantitative surveys, qualitative focus groups, and field observations were used to collect baseline data on these behaviors, as well as to identify the key barriers to changing them. Two behaviors were targeted for initial intervention: turning off lights in unused classrooms, and using cold water for washing laundry. We developed interventions using insights from our survey results as well as insights from behavior change research, and conducted two field studies to evaluate their effectiveness. This paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and suggestions for the implementation of CBSM research programs at other institutions. The approach described here is replicable at other institutions. It also provides students with an engaging real world context in which to learn and practice basic research skills, thus furthering a core curricular goal of higher education.
Evaluation of Source Rock of Chang 9 Member,Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

In recent years,the discovery of Chang 9 Member high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks and the good hydrocarbon show and the gain of commercial oil flow in Chang 8,9,10 Reservoir,which indicate Chang 9 Member may be a set of important potential hydrocarbon source rocks.Therefore the hydrocarbon generation potential of hydrocarbon from source rock of Chang 9 Member was researched qualitatively and quantitatively.The result indicated that the quality source rock of Chang 9 Member,Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin is mainly distributed in Zhidan and Yingwang areas.Hydrocarbon resources from source rock of Chang 9 Member in Ordos Basin are(2.09~4.17)×108 t and(0.06~0.12)×1011 m3.Because of the low expulsion efficiency of hydrocarbon in Yingwang area hydrocarbon resources mainly concentrate in Zhidan area.Therefore,hydrocarbon resources from source rock of Chang 9 Member should be considered when oil and gas exploration is conducted in Zhidan area.
PUSHED WITHOUT DIRECTION: Privileged Problems and the Configuration of Class and Race. How Latent Class Differences, Supported Through Racial Inequities, Maintain the Achievement Gap for Upper Class Black Students

5 Introduction 7 Literature Review 9 The role of culture in the black-white achievement gap 9 Cultural and social capital among affluent black households 18 Methodology 29 Findings and Discussion 31 Conclusion 66
Targeting β1-integrin signaling enhances regeneration in aged and dystrophic muscle in mice

Interactions between stem cells and their microenvironment, or niche, are essential for stem cell maintenance and function. Our knowledge of the niche for the skeletal muscle stem cell, i.e., the satellite cell (SC), is incomplete. Here we show that β1-integrin is an essential niche molecule that maintains SC homeostasis, and sustains the expansion and self-renewal of this stem cell pool during regeneration. We further show that β1-integrin cooperates with fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2), a potent growth factor for SCs, to synergistically activate their common downstream effectors, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Erk and protein kinase B (Akt). Notably, SCs in aged mice show altered β1-integrin activity and insensitivity to Fgf2. Augmenting β1-integrin activity with a monoclonal antibody restores Fgf2 sensitivity and improves regeneration after experimentally induced muscle injury. The same treatment also enhances regeneration and function of dystrophic muscles in mdx mice, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Therefore, β1-integrin senses the SC niche to maintain responsiveness to Fgf2, and this integrin represents a potential therapeutic target for pathological conditions of the muscle in which the stem cell niche is compromised.
Personal and Situational Contributors to Fraud Victimization: Implications of a Four-Factor Model of Gullible Investing

Being a victim of a financial fraud is a form of gullibility, which can be described as induced social risk-awareness. A four-factor explanatory model of gullibility is described, with one of these factors (Situation) being external to the victim, and three (Cognition, Personality and State) being internal to the person. A linear (neo-psychodynamic) interactive model is proposed, in which a gullible financial outcome is described as the sum of all of these factors operating on a specific victim. A non-linear and transactional “cusp-catastrophe” version of this model is also described, but for now use of the model remains descriptive and rooted in a static linear mode. Three case studies are used to illustrate the model and its possible utility: (a) a case in Montreal in which an unlicensed financial advisor named Earl Jones took advantage of the social vulnerability and naive trust of elderly women; (b) a case involving an internet inheritance scheme associated with Nigerian “419” scams; and (c) the massive Bernard Madoff scandal. In addition to being used to analyze the gullible investing behavior of individuals, the model is also used to shed light on the gullible actions of financial institutions, with particular focus on Rene-Thierry Magon de La Villehuchet, the head of one of the victimized Madoff feeder funds, who tragically took his own life after his fund was wiped out.
Economic Integration in Theory and Practice

Before looking at our detailed study of economic integration in the European economy prior to 1914, we need to engage in a methodological discussion. We are not approaching the topic of integration in exactly the way others would, and so in this chapter we have set ourselves the task of explaining just where our work fits into the literature on integration. In order to be entirely clear on the many questions that arise, we feel that a straightforward way to proceed is to review the various definitions, including ours, in Section 1.2; to look at the general implementation of these notions in the relevant literature (again, in Section 1.2); and then to point out in Section 1.3 exactly what we propose to add to the literature. Section 1.4 provides a summary and some important qualifications.