cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Roles of Adult Learners

Adult learners juggle multiple roles while attending institutions of higher education. Adult students' roles and the implications for adults' success in college are discussed in this chapter.
Creativity and Equity: The Legacy of E. Paul Torrance as an Upstander for Gifted Black Males

Nationally, Black males are more under-represented in gifted programs than all other groups (United States Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, Civil rights data collection. Author, Washington, DC, 2006, 2009); at no time in the history of gifted education can data be found to indicate otherwise (Ford in Multicultural gifted education. Waco, Prufrock Press, 2011a). Before, during, and after segregated schools became unconstitutional, a prolific scholar challenged educators to respond to the severe and pervasive under-representation of Black students in gifted education. This article illustrates how E. Paul Torrance was an upstander (Grantham in Roeper Rev 33:263–272, 2011) who confronted the crisis of under-identified talent among Black students which was, in part, due to narrow race- and class-based conceptions of intelligence. Specifically, this article calls attention to how Torrance valued different types of intelligence and used his scholarship to highlight Black male students’ creative gifts. Using Torrance’s body of work as a guide, implications for research, policy and praxis on creativity from an equity and social justice perspective will be discussed.
Inhibition of RecA protein by the Escherichia coli RecX protein: Modulation by the RecA C terminus and filament functional state

The RecX protein is a potent inhibitor of RecA activities. We identified several factors that affect RecX-RecA interaction. The interaction is enhanced by the RecA C terminus and by significant concentrations of free Mg2+ ion. The interaction is also enhanced by an N-terminal His6 tag on the RecX protein. We conclude that RecX protein interacts most effectively with a RecA functional state designated Ao and that the RecA C terminus has a role in modulating the interaction. We further identified a C-terminal point mutation in RecA protein (E343K) that significantly alters the interaction between RecA and RecX proteins.
Towards a Revised Probabilistic Basis for Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM) supplies quantitative probabilities for the occurrences of physically significant events. Historically the probabilistic interpretation of the Schrodinger wave function arose almost as an afterthought. When Schrodinger proposed his equation for the wave function Ψ he had an electromagnetic analogy in mind (Jammer, 1966). When Born (1926) suggested that Ψ be given a probabilistic interpretation he only related probability to |Ψ|2 in a remark added in proof. The curious origins of the probability interpretation notwithstanding, Born’s suggestion quickly took virtually unchallenged hold throughout physics. The famous challenges by Einstein were not to a probabilistic interpretation for Ψ but rather to the completeness of the description of physical reality offered by QM (Einstein et al., 1935).
Reactive Ion Etching Of A Multicomponent Glass Substrate

A five-component glass has been reactive ion etched with CF4- 02 plasma over a range of pressure, power and gas composition. There are two kinds of components in glass: those chemically etchable and those chemically non-etchable. For the former both chemical reaction and physical bombardment contribute to the etch. For the latter physical bombardment dominates the etch. A feeding stream concentration change was used to illustrate chemical reaction effects. The cathode self-bias voltage was used to evaluate the bombardment mechanism. The addition of argon into the plasma not only increased the glass etch rate but also smoothed the surface topography. SEM and Auger results proved the existence of differential etching mechanisms for glass components.
Enzymatic deimination of glycogen phosphorylase and a peptide of the phosphorylation site: identification of modification and roles in phosphorylation and activity.

Abstract The functional role of arginine residues in glycogen phosphorylase b was probed by enzymatic modification by using peptidylarginine deiminase, which converts arginine residues to citrulline. A peptide with sequence LysArgLysGlnIleSerValArgGlyLeu, corresponding to the phosphorylation site of serine-14 in phosphorylase, was a substrate for the deiminase. Although both arginine residues could be converted to citrulline, modification of arginine-16 occurred more rapidly than modification of arginine-10. Previous studies have implicated a role for arginine, notably arginine-16, in determining phosphorylase kinase activity with the peptide. Deimination altered the phosphorylation of the peptide. Monodeimination of the peptide at arginine-16 slowed down the phosphorylation reaction, but did not diminish the total amount of phosphorylation that could be obtained. Deimination of both argines produced a peptide that could not be phosphorylated. Modification of phosphorylase b resulted in activation or inactivation of enzyme activity depending on the extent of reaction with peptidylarginine deiminase. A low level of deiminase causes inactivation initially, but after prolonged incubation activation occurs. With high level of deiminase only activation can be observed. Because changes in activity are seen only at subsaturating AMP concentrations (50-100 μM), inactivation and activation are likely due to changes in affinity of the enzyme for AMP. The protein modified with the high level of deiminase has multiple sites of deimination. Arginine 16 was established as a major site of modification. Only protein modified with the high level of deiminase showed modification of arginine-16 and effects on the phosphorylation of phosphorylation b. As with the modified peptide substrate, the reaction was slower with modified phosphorylase in comparison with native phosphorylase b. The results show the importance of the guanidino group of arginine-ls of the protein substrate in modulating the phosphorylase kinase reaction.
Parallel computation for electronics design

The use of parallel computational techniques for the design of vacuum electronic devices is presented with applications. The capabilities of parallel machines with an overview of the environment of the Connection Machine at NRL are discussed. An overview of particle-in-cell numerical techniques with application to both one-dimensional and three-dimensional codes is presented. >
Effect of elastic stress on two-phase binary diffusion couples

A front-tracking, finite difference approach has been used to examine the influence of misfit strain and applied stress on interdiffusion in binary, coherent, two-phase planar diffusion couples assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium at the interface. The phases are cubic; possess different lattice parameters, elastic constants, and diffusivities; and can be oriented in either the [001] or [111] direction. Interface compositions, which are time independent in the stress-free case, become time dependent when stresses are present and are affected by both the elastic state of the system and the relative diffusivities. Interfacial compositions can vary by up to a few atomic percent with time and can be either greater or less than the stress-free values for the same set of materials parameters, depending on the volume fraction of the phases. At sufficiently small times, the interfacial position can be approximated as proportional to the square root of time. Interfacial velocities in this regime can differ by up to a factor of 2 from an otherwise equivalent unstressed system. The nonlinear equations resulting from the coupling of stress and composition were linearized in the bulk phases and could be solved either implicitly or explicitly. Equations governing the interface motion and compositions were not linearized and were solved implicitly at each time-step.
Can the costs of critical care be controlled

Purpose of reviewCritical care medicine (CCM) is expensive. CCM costs have continued to rise since they were first calculated in the 1970s. By 2005, CCM costs in the US were estimated to be $81.7 billion accounting for 13.4% of hospital costs, 4.1% of the national health expenditures and 0.66% of th
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN A TRAPPING CENTER AND A UNIFORM DENSITY OF DIFFUSING PARTICLES IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Several analyses of self-segregation properties of reaction-diffusion systems in low dimensions have been based on a simplified model in which an initially uniform concentration of point particles is depleted by reaction with an immobilized trap. A measure of selfsegregation in this system is the distance of the trap from the nearest untrapped particle. In one dimension the average of this distance has been shown to increase at a rate proportional to t ~4. We show that this rate in a two-dimensional system is asymptotically proportional to (In t) ~2, and that the concentration profile in the neighborhood of the trap is proportional to (In r/ln t).
Selective functionalization: Shields for small molecules

Nucleic acid aptamers have been employed to shield small molecules so that one among many similar reactive functional groups can be modified. This provides access to new chemical entities with potentially interesting properties while avoiding the use of covalent protecting groups.
The cardiovascular effects of dopamine in the severely asphyxiated neonate

The cardiovascular effects of dopamine were evaluated in 14 severely asphyxiated neonates. After a periodof stabilization, either dopamine 2.5 μg/kg/minute or placebo was infused in a randomized double-blind protocol. In seven dopamine-treated infants, echocardiographically determined shortening fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening increased when compared to preinfusion values ( P P
Further Notes on the Anatomy of the Heloderma

SINCE I published in NATURE (vol. xliii. p. 514), “The Poison Apparatus of the Heloderma,” there has appeared from the pen of Mr. Boulenger another notable contribution to the anatomy of that genus of reptiles, entitled “Notes on the Osteology of Heloderma horridum and H. suspectum, with Remarks on the Systematic Position of the Helodermatidae and on the Vertebrae of the Lacertilia,” (P.Z.S., January 20, 1891). That paper is especially useful, inasmuch as it critically compares the vertebral columns of the two species of Lizards under consideration—a comparison which, up to the time of the appearance of Mr. Boulenger's paper, had not been made. To briefly recapitulate his points, Boulenger finds differences in the form of the premaxillaries of the two species, and in the number of teeth supported by those bones. He finds palatine and pterygoid teeth constantly absent in H. suspectum but present in H. horridum—a very remarkable fact. A small azygous ossification was found in the cartilage of the mandibular symphysis of H. horridum, “apparently the homologue of the symphysial (mento-meckelian) bones of most tailless Batrachians.” This last discovery has important bearings in other directions. In the vertebral column there appear to be a total of 76 vertebrae in the case of H. horridum to but 63 or 65 in the spine of H. suspectum. And, in conclusion, this distinguished herpetologist remarks that “A short rib is present on the third cervical in H. horridum, which is absent in H. suspectum; the neural spines are more elevated in the middle and posterior portion of the dorsal region in H. horridum, specimens of the same sex, of course, being compared. The neural spines are much more developed in the male” (p. 116). Boulenger still thinks the place of the Helodermatidae between the Anguidae and the Varanidae, which he assigned to them in 1884.
Phase transformations in solid cyclohexanol

Abstract Relations between the three forms of solid cyclohexanol that are encountered from the melting point down to liquid nitrogen temperatures have been investigated by capacitative measurements. This is possible because of the abnormally high dielectric constant of the form that exhibits rotation in the solid state. The kinetics of the phase transformations from the rotational solid form to the non-rotational forms have been followed in detail in the temperature region from − 20° to − 60°C, and comparison has been made with the theory due to Avrami. The characteristic times for the transformations in this region exhibit a regular but not a simple behavior that is interpreted in terms of competing transformations to the two non-rotational solid forms.
SU‐E‐J‐172: A Quantitative Assessment of Lung Tumor Motion Using 4DCT Imaging Under Conditions of Controlled Breathing in the Management of Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Using Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)

Purpose: To study breathing related tumor motion amplitudes by lung lobe location under controlled breathing conditions used in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for NSCLC. Methods: Sixty-five NSCLC SBRT patients since 2009 were investigated. Patients were categorized based on tumor anatomic location (RUL-17, RML-7, RLL-18, LUL-14, LLL-9). A 16-slice CT scanner [GE RT16 Pro] along with Varian Realtime Position Management (RPM) software was used to acquire the 4DCT data set using 1.25 mm slice width. Images were binned in 10 phases, T00 being at maximum inspiration ' T50 at maximum expiration phase. Tumor volume was segmented in T50 using the CT-lung window and its displacement were measured from phase to phase in all three axes; superiorinferior, anterior-posterior ' medial-lateral at the centroid level of the tumor. Results: The median tumor movement in each lobe was as follows: RUL= 3.8±2.0 mm (mean ITV: 9.5 cm{sup 3}), RML= 4.7±2.8 mm (mean ITV: 9.2 cm{sup 3}), RLL=6.6±2.6 mm (mean ITV: 12.3 cm{sup 3}), LUL=3.8±2.4 mm (mean ITV: 18.5 cm{sup 3}), ' LLL=4.7±2.5 mm (mean ITV: 11.9 cm{sup 3}). The median respiratory cycle for all patients was found to be 3.81 ± 1.08 seconds [minimum 2.50 seconds, maximum 7.07 seconds]. The tumor mobility incorporatingmore » breathing cycle was RUL = 0.95±0.49 mm/s, RML = 1.35±0.62 mm/s, RLL = 1.83±0.71 mm/s, LUL = 0.98 ±0.50 mm/s, and LLL = 1.15 ±0.53 mm/s. Conclusion: Our results show that tumor displacement is location dependent. The range of motion and mobility increases as the location of the tumor nears the diaphragm. Under abdominal compression, the magnitude of tumor motion is reduced by as much as a factor of 2 in comparison to reported tumor magnitudes under conventional free breathing conditions. This study demonstrates the utility of abdominal compression in reducing the tumor motion leading to reduced ITV and planning tumor volumes (PTV)« less
Cell culture on microfabricated one-dimensional polymeric structures for bio-actuator and bio-bot applications

Here, we present the development, characterization and quantification of a novel 1D/2D like polymeric platform for cell culture. The platform consists of a 2D surface anchoring a long (few millimeters) narrow filament (1D) with a single cell scale (micro scale) cross section. We plate C2C12 cells on the platform and characterize their migration, proliferation, and differentiation patterns in contrast to 2D culture. We find that the cells land on the 2D surface, and then migrate to the filament only when the 2D surface has become nearly confluent. Individual and isolated cells randomly approaching the filament always retract away towards the 2D surface. Once on the filament, their differentiation to myotubes is expedited compared to that on 2D substrate. The myotubes generate periodic twitching forces that deform the filament producing more than 17 μm displacement at the tip. Such flagellar motion can be used to develop autonomous micro scale bio-bots.
Miniature-MCA technology developments

The authors have reduced the size of multichannel analyzers (MCAs) and have implemented more features in hardware to relieve software requirements. They built and tested a spectroscopy grade, 4096-channel MCA. Most of the hardware logic was implemented using a programmable, application-specific digital integrated circuit (ASIC). The ASIC not only reduced the size of the circuitry, but resulted in great versatility without relayout of the circuit boards. These ASIC techniques were used in a design to enhance the high-count-rate throughput of the portable MCA used extensively in safeguards. Exclusive of amplifier and power supply, the MCA fits on two boards each approximately 7 by 15 cm. The features and performance of the analyzer and some reasonable applications of these technologies are discussed. >
Direct duplication of 9p22→p24 in a child with duplication 9p syndrome

A de novo direct duplication of 9p22p24 was shown in a child with a duplication 9p phenotype by GTG banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a chromosome-9 specific painting probe as well as 6 YAC DNA probes localized to the 9p13–9p23 region. The breakpoints in this patient and previously reported patients suggest that 9p22 may be the critical region for duplication 9p syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 77:268–271, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ectopic pregnancy in adolescents: A clinical review for pediatricians*

Pediatricians caring for sexually active female adolescents and young adults need to be aware of the history, symptoms, and signs of an ectopic pregnancy. A thorough history and physical examination, including the pelvic examination, as well as specific diagnostic tests such as repeated quantitative hCG measurements, and ultrasonography when indicated, are crucial to proper and early diagnosis of a nonruptured ectopic pregnancy manageable by laparoscopy. The key to early diagnosis is to include ectopic pregnancy in the differential diagnosis in any sexually active female patient who has abnormal vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain. With early diagnosis, close observation, and appropriate management, the outcome is more likely to be favorable, with minimal morbidity and risk of death.
A Comparison of Modified Directly Observed Therapy to Standard Care for Chronic Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States. Effective treatments are available, however adherence to treatment is challenging. Modified directly observed therapy (mDOT) with weekly administration of pegylated interferon might improve adherence and outcomes for patients infected with chronic HCV. The purpose of this study was to compare two treatment protocols and examine predictors of sustained virologic response (SVR). This retrospective review compares HCV treatment outcomes in two outpatient clinics at an urban academic medical center. Gastroenterology fellows provided standard treatment (SC) in one clinic; a nurse practitioner administered weekly pegylated interferon injections weekly in a primary care clinic. All patients received oral ribavirin. Data was extracted from the medical records of all treated patients over a 5-year period. 155 treatment-naive, chronically infected HCV patients were treated. Ninety-seven patients received mDOT treatment and 58 received standard care. Mean age was 46 years. Genotype 1 represented 59 % of the sample. The mDOT patients were significantly more likely to be younger (44 vs. 50 years), have a history of injection drug use (93.1 vs. 50.0 %), and be HIV-infected (13.5 vs. 2 %) compared to SC patients. The overall SVR rate was 45.2 % and did not differ between the groups in unadjusted analyses (p = 0.95). Genotype was the only predictor of SVR. Patients treated by nurse practitioners trained in HCV care and seen weekly for interferon injections have comparable treatment outcomes to patients treated by specialists.
COMPUTING AVERAGE OPTIMAL CONSTRAINED POLICIES IN STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

A stochastic dynamic program incurs two types of cost: a service cost and a quality of service (delay) cost. The objective is to minimize the expected average service cost, subject to a constraint on the average quality of service cost. When the state space S is finite, we show how to compute an optimal policy for the general constrained problem under weak conditions. The development uses a Lagrange multiplier approach and value iteration. When S is denumerably infinite, we give a method for computation of an optimal policy, using a sequence of approximating finite state problems. The method is illustrated with two computational examples.
The rat 17α-hydroxylase-17,20-desmolase (CYP17) active site: Computerized homology modeling and site directed mutagenesis

Abstract A homology model of the rat 17α-hydroxylase-17,20 desmolase (CYP17) † steroid binding domain was derived from the α/βF supersecondary structural element of the 3α/20β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) of Streptomyces hydrogenans that constitutes a major segment of the C19 steroid binding cavity. A CYP17 arginine-rich domain, including Arg346, Arg361 and Arg363, that has previously been shown to be important to CYP17 catalytic activity, is conserved in this HSD structural element between two HSD domains known to be important to C19 steroid binding. These two HSD motifs, in addition to a C-terminal domain at the apex of the steroid binding cavity, are also present in similar though not identical forms in the rat CYP17 sequence. The model was evaluated in terms of both hydroxylase/lyase activity and stability of CYP17 mutant proteins (Tyr334Phe, Phe343Ile, Arg357Ala, Arg361Ala, Asp345Ala), and further tested with mutagenesis of Glu353, Glu358, and Tyr431. Those amino acids located at folding junctions in the model steroid binding domain (Glu358, Arg361, and Tyr431) are each individually required to prevent degradation of the nascent protein, as well as for basic hydroxylase/lyase activity. Genomic analysis of the rat CYP17 gene reveals that this domain is contained in exon 6, and a correlation exists between the length of exon 6 and the boundaries of the HSD supersecondary element. These studies demonstrate that exon 6 of the rat CYP17 is essential for CYP17 activity, and may be structurally related to the NAD-linked prokaryote α/βF supersecondary element.
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill children.

Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill children
Critical Care Surgical Techniques

A veterinarian dealing with critical and trauma patients must be proficient with techniques for tracheostomy, thoracostomy tube placement for chest drainage, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, and autotransfusion. The utilization of these techniques may be life-saving in the critical patient. A tracheostomy is indicated in any patient with upper airway obstruction that cannot be managed with supplemental oxygen and/or orotracheal intubation. A tracheostomy tube with an inner cannula is preferred. Tracheostomy tubes should be cleaned at 3- to 4-h intervals, and methods should be employed to decrease thick tracheal secretions and to remove them from the trachea. A patient with a tracheostomy tube should be monitored continuously. A thoracostomy tube is indicated in any patient with large and/or continuous accumulation of air, blood, fluid, or chyle in the pleural space. The thoracostomy tube should be at least the same size as the patient's main stem bronchus. The thoracostomy tube is placed aseptically at the seventh intercostal space at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the lateral chest wall. Fluid or air may be removed from the chest intermittently with a three-way stopcock attached to the thoracostomy tube and a 60-ml syringe. If continuous drainage is needed, a continuous underwater seal and suction system should be used. Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis and peritoneal lavage are useful techniques in the determination of abdominal trauma, hollow viscus rupture, peritonitis, hepatic trauma, and urinary system trauma. When a multiholed catheter and lavage are used, the accuracy of detecting abdominal trauma is 95 per cent. When only needle paracentesis is used, the accuracy drops to 47 per cent. Abdominal lavage fluid can be analyzed for bacteria, whole blood, white blood cells, free bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase. Large volumes of whole blood recovered from abdominal or thoracic paracentesis can be reinfused into the patient if needed, providing it is not contaminated or markedly hemolyzed. The blood should be collected aseptically into blood bottles or bags. If the bleeding is ongoing or the blood only a few hours old, anticoagulants should be used. If the hemorrhage is several hours old, then clotting and defibrination has already occurred and the blood can be collected into "dry" bags or bottles. Before use, abdominal blood should be analyzed for urine, bile or fecal contamination. Blood collected from the thoracic cavity is much less likely to be contaminated. Autotransfused blood is administered through a standard blood administration set.
Nonlinear electron-density distribution around point defects in simple metals. I. Formulation

A modification, which is exact in the limit of long wavelength, of the nonlinear theory of Sj\"olander and Stott of electron distribution around point defects is given. This modification consists in writing a nonlinear integral equation for the Fourier transform ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{12}$ ($q$) of the induced charge density surrounding the point defect, which includes a term involving the density derivative of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{12}$ ($q$). A generalization of the Pauli-Feynman coupling-constant-integration method, together with the Kohn-Sham formalism, is used to exactly determine the coefficient of this derivative term in the long-wavelength limit. The theory is then used to calculate electron-density profiles around a vacancy, an eight-atom void, and a point ion. The results are compared with those of (i) a linear theory, (ii) Sj\"olander-Stott theory, and (iii) a fully self-consistent calculation based on the density-functional formalism of Kohn and Sham. It is found that in the case of a vacancy, the results of the present theory are in very good agreement with those based on Kohn-Sham formalism, whereas in the case of a singular attractive potential of a proton, the results are quite poor in the vicinity of the proton, but much better for larger distances. A critical discussion of the theory vis \`a vis the Kohn-Sham formalism is also given. Some applications of the theory are pointed out.
Hemophilic arthropathy of the temporomandibular joint: Review of the literature, a case report, and discussion

Hemarthrosis of extremity joints in patients with hemophilia has been well documented. However, hemarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint in patients with coagulopathies appears to be rare. Consequently, management of a temporomandibular joint hemarthrosis is difficult because of the lack of treatment guidelines. The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology of hemophilic arthropathy and its management. A case of temporomandibular joint hemophilic arthropathy in a patient with a factor XI deficiency will be presented. A brief review of factor XI deficiency and a hypothetical pathophysiological mechanism for internal derangement induced by myofascial pain dysfunction are included.
Design and modeling of a high efficiency hybrid photovoltaic-photothermal concentrator (PVPTC) system

In this work, a hybrid solar power conversion system is proposed. Novel designs of concentrator-based hybrid photovoltaic-photothermal systems are assessed and modeled. In building upon the robustness of GaP and Si, we propose a system that combines a GaP photovoltaic cell in tandem with a Si selective absorber to drive a heat engine. We have developed a model to account for temperature dependencies of both components and determined that system efficiencies over 55% can be reached when operating at moderate temperatures. The benefit to this approach is in a simplified design that does not require ultra-high concentration and eliminates the need for passive or active cooling mechanisms.
Some Factors Influencing Oviposition by the Tobacco Wireworm, Conoderus vespertinus (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Eggs of Conoderus vespertinus (F.) were deposited during evening hours in soil cracks and within the top half-inch of soil. Mating was necessary for production of viable eggs, and frequency of mating influenced both number and viability of eggs. Adults receiving food every 2 or 3 days deposited more eggs than those fed weekly, and egg deposition was greater from adults receiving diets high in protein and sugar than from those receiving less sufficient diets. Adults deposited eight times more eggs in Norfolk sandy loam and Portsmouth fine sandy loam than in a washed Norfolk soil or Cecil clay loam. When given a choice of soil moisture levels, adults deposited significantly more eggs in soil of 3.8% moisture than in soils of 0.3%, 6.3%, and 20.9% moisture. Significantly more eggs were laid at 95° than at 75°, 85°, or 105° F., but temperature did not influence response to soil moisture.
Examining the effect of perceived availability on craving for alcohol: A quasi-experimental approach

The impact of contextual cues in motivating alcohol and other drug use may be influenced by the perceived availability of the substance. This study examined the relationship between perceived availability and alcohol cue reactivity using a quasi-experimental design that harnessed the legal age of alcohol availability in the United States. Participants were 95 (76% male) heavy drinkers in a 2 × 2 between-subjects quasi-experimental design, crossing cue exposure (alcohol cues vs. neutral cues) and availability information (ages 19–20 [unavailable] versus ages 21–22 [available]). The results indicated significant main effects of cue type, with alcohol cues eliciting significantly larger increases in subjective urge to drink and positive affect, as well as increased consumption of placebo alcohol. Moreover, a significant main effect of availability information was detected, with unavailability information generating a greater urge to drink. Potential mechanisms underlying this effect and future directions are...
A Computer Program for Deterministic and Probabilistic Models of Order Analysis.

The technique of order analysis was proposed as an inferential alternative to factor analysis. The method reconceptualizes the problem of analysis of data matrices from the perspective of formal logic. Dominance matrices preserving the direction of variance were used in lieu of the correlation matrix of factor analysis. The roots of linear equations, as dimensionality indicators, were supplanted by branching routines developed within the context of graph theory. The program provides for graphic construction of the manifest and latent structures of the data matrix and does not analyze patterns of random variation.
286 Staff Perceptions of Barriers to Pediatric End-of-Life Care in Intensive Care Versus Non-Intensive Care Settings

Background: In the US, 55,000 children die annually, mostly in intensive care units and rarely receiving palliative care. Barriers to palliative care for children have not been well studied. Methods: Our goal was to describe providers' perspectives on barriers to optimal end-of-life care for children. With IRB approval, we surveyed pediatric providers in a children's hospital using a confidential questionnaire asking demographics, practice characteristics, and perceptions of specified barriers to palliatve care for chidren (as Likert scales). We compared perceptions across settings, medical acuities, and children's ages using non-parametric statistics. Results: Of 229 questionnaires, 22% were conpleted by physicians, 49% by nurses. 65% of providers work in intensive care. 31% of deaths occurred in patients aged <2 months. The most frequently perceived barriers were uncertain prognosis, acceptance of fatal prognosis, time and staffing constraints, language and cultural differences, and family preference for more aggressive treatment. More non-ICU providers than ICU providers reported time constraints (p=0.001) and staff shortages (p=0.003) as barriers. Non-ICU providers more frequently perceived parent discomfort with withholding/withdrawing hydration or nutrition than ICU providers (p=0.01). Non-ICU providers more frequently preferred more aggressive life-support than parents thought approriate (p=0.009). Conclusions: Providers report more barriers to end-of-life care in non-intensive settings than in intensive settings. This may relate to higher patient loads, limited resources, or lack of organizational support for providers in less acute hospital wards where death is a less comon event. Non-intensivists may not experience the burden of interventions that intensivists witness and may advocate for more aggressive treatment than family members think appropriate. These differences in perceptions of barriers to care may help identify ways to improve end-of-life care for patients as well as ways in which to support pediatric providers as they care for dying children.
"Treat the patient, not the lab:" internal medicine and the concept of 'person'.

In different medical systems, notions of person, as patient and as healer, vary widely. An analysis of the talk of a practitioner of internal medicine in the U.S.A. reveals an understanding of patients as syndromes. The work of medicine is 'physiological integrity', distinct from personal and interpersonal integrity. It is suggested that the world view of this practitioner is consistent with the institutions of medicine in which he practices, and with historical movements in U.S. society and Western civilization more broadly.
Phase II evaluation of vindesine in the treatment of colorectal and esophageal tumors

A phase II study of vindesine was carried out in 33 patients with colorectal cancer and nine patients with esophageal cancer. With the exception of six previously untreated patients with esophageal cancer, all others were refractory to 5-FU-containing regimens, which included vincristine in ten patients. The initial dose of vindesine was 4 mg/m2 administered intravenously over 30 min every 2 weeks. Tumor regression >50% was seen in three patients (two colorectal and one esophageal) and an additional eight patients (six colorectal and two esophageal) achieved minor responses. Prior treatment with vincristine did not seem to influence response to vindensine. In general, the treatment with vindesine was well tolerated. The hematologic toxicity was acceptable and manifested mainly as moderate and transient neutropenia. The major nonhematologic toxicity was peripheral neuropathy, which became limiting. It occurred in 33% of patients who received two or more courses of vindesine. Because of the apparent antitumor activity and doselimiting neurotoxicity of vindesine in this study, further investigations of this compound should be conducted in combination chemotherapy programs for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancers.
Photoexcitations in polyacetylene

The results of experimental studies of photoluminescence and photoconductivity in cis- and trans-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$ are presented. For cis-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$, we find recombination luminescence in the scattered light spectrum at 1.9 eV, near the interband absorption edge. The luminescence turns on sharply for excitation energies greater than 2.05 eV, implying a Stokes shift of 0.15 eV. Studies of the temperature dependence ($Tg~7$ K) show no loss of luminescence intensity even at temperatures as high as 300 K. Isomerization of the same sample quenches the luminescence; we find no indication of luminescence near the interband absorption edge of trans-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$ even at temperatures as low as 7 K. These results are discussed in the context of parallel phototransport studies. The quenching of the luminenscence upon cis-trans isomerization is concurrent with the appearance of a large photoconductive response. The photoconductivity in trans-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$ has a threshold at 1.0 eV, well below the interband absorption edge at 1.5 eV, implying the presence of states deep inside the gap. The observation of luminescence in cis-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$, but not in trans-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$, and the observation of photoconductivity in trans-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$, but not in cis-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$ provide confirmation of the proposal that solitons are the photogenerated carriers. In trans-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$, the degenerate ground state leads to free soliton excitations, absence of band-edge luminescence, and photoconductivity. In cis-${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$ the nondegenerate ground state leads to confinement of the photogenerated carriers, absence of photoconductivity, and to the observed recombination luminescence.
Computer vision determination of the stem/root joint on processing carrots

Two algorithms for analysing digital binary images and estimating the location of stem/root joints in processing carrots were developed. The first method was based on an analysis of carrot outlines, and was referred to as the slope algorithm. The second method utilized a priori knowledge of diameter relationships in the area near the stem/root joint, and was called the midpoint algorithm. The accuracy, consistency, and operating speeds of the two algorithms were measured to determine the feasibility of using computer vision as part of an automated crown trimming device. Both algorithms were capable of estimating the location of the stem/root joint with an error standard deviation of approximately 5 mm. The midpoint method was considered superior due to its faster execution time and better consistency. A system implementing the midpoint algorithm could feasibly attain speeds exceeding ten carrots per second.
Reversible inactivation and superactivation by covalent modification of thermolysin.

Abstract Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) in the pH range 6.1 – 7.5 inactivates thermolysin by ethoxyformylation. Restoration of activity by hydroxylamine at pH 6.2 correlates with the regeneration of a single histidyl residue. Exposure of the enzyme to DEP together with the reversible inhibitor β-phenylpropionyl-L-phenylalanine, or acylation with the mixed anhydride of β-phenylpropionyl-L-phenylalanine and ethoxyformic acid or with β-phenylpropionyl-L-phenylalanyl-imidazole increases the activity by an order of magnitude toward both peptide and ester substrates. Treatment with NH 2 OH restores the catalytic properties of this superactive derivative to that of the native enzyme while modification with DEP destroys activity completely.
Penelhum on skeptics and fideists

Professor Penelhum has argued that there is a common error about the history of skepticism and that the exposure of this error would significantly improve our understanding of a current confusion in the philosophy of religion with regard to the issue of the rationality of religious beliefs. Penelhum considers certain contemporary philosophers of religion such as Plantinga skeptics because he reads Plantinga (for example) as arguing that religious beliefs are properly groundless in virtue of the fact that none of our beliefs have any ultimate grounds, and Penelhum argues that this sort of defense of religious belief is both limited and dangerous for religion. I argue that on the interpretation of ancient skepticism which Penelhum gives ancient skepticism is just what it has often been claimed to be: either practically untenable or incoherent or both. I show that in any case the confusion in philosophy of religion which Penelhum wants to sort out with the help of ancient skepticism is not one of which its alleged proponents are guilty. The views of Plantinga and others who take his line are more complex and powerful than Penelhum's presentation makes them seem; these views do not constitute an acceptance of skepticism but a denial of a certain sort of foundationalism. Contrary to Penelhum, then, I argue that ancient skepticism does not serve as a significant corrective for certain trends in contemporary philosophy of religion.
ALKANE-INSOLUBLE TRIALKYLAMMONIUM DOUBLE SALTS INVOLVING THE DODECAMOLYBDOPHOSPHATE ANION. III. NATURE OF A LIQUID THIRD PHASE

ABSTRACT The composition of a liquid third phase involving the dodecamolybdophosphate (DMP) anion PMO12O40 3−was examined using the solvent 0.05 M tri-n-octylamine (TOA) as the sulfate and bisulfate salts in n-nonane modified with 0.05 M n-dodecanol. In a loading experiment, DMP was exchanged in increasing amounts for the organic-phase sulfate and bisulfate with the simultaneous formation of a third phase. Measurement of the TOA, DMP, and dodecanol remaining in the light organic phase showed that the observed liquid third phase is a mixed-salt solution containing primarily (TOAH)3[DMP], (TOAH)2SO4, and (TOAH)HSO4in variable proportions. Dissolution of the inherently insoluble salt (TOAH)3[DMP] in the modified diluent is accomplished mainly via the solubilizing influence of the more soluble sulfate and bisulfate salts.
Variability associated with testing corn for aflatoxin

The sampling, subsampling (both coarse and fine ground meal), and analytical variances associated with testing shelled corn for aflatoxin were estimated by the use of 500 g samples, 50 g subsamples, and the CB method of analysis. The magnitudes of the variance components increased with an increase in the aflatoxin concentration. Functional relationships were developed to predict the variance for a given aflatoxin concentration and any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses. At 20 ppb total aflatoxin, the coefficient of variantion associated with a 4.54 kg sample, 1 kg subsample of coarsely ground meal (passes a #14 screen), a 50 g subsample of finely ground meal (passes a #20 screen) and one analysis were 21, 8, 11, and 26%, respectively.
Changes in Mortality after Myocardial Revascularization in the Elderly: The National Medicare Experience

Objective: To examine secular changes in the use and outcome of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and cardiac bypass graft surgery in the elderly. Design: A retrospective cohort study ...
A general theory of composition for trace sets closed under selective interleaving functions

This paper presents a general theory of system composition for "possibilistic" security properties. We see that these properties fall outside of the Alpern-Schneider safety/liveness domain and hence, are not subject to the Abadi-Lamport composition principle. We then introduce a set of trace constructors called selective interleaving functions and show that possibilistic security properties are closure properties with respect to different classes of selective interleaving functions. This provides a uniform framework for analyzing these properties and allows us to construct a partial ordering for them. We present a number of composition constructs, show the extent to which each preserves closure with respect to different classes of selective interleaving functions, and show that they are sufficient for forming the general hook-up construction. We see that although closure under a class of selective interleaving functions is generally preserved by product and cascading, it is not generally preserved by feedback, internal system, composition constructs, or refinement. We examine the reason for this. >
Fast generic selection of features for neural network classifiers

The authors describe experiments using a genetic algorithm for feature selection in the context of neural network classifiers, specifically, counterpropagation networks. They present the novel techniques used in the application of genetic algorithms. First, the genetic algorithm is configured to use an approximate evaluation in order to reduce significantly the computation required. In particular, though the desired classifiers are counterpropagation networks, they use a nearest-neighbor classifier to evaluate features sets and show that the features selected by this method are effective in the context of counterpropagation networks. Second, a method called the training set sampling in which only a portion of the training set is used on any given evaluation, is proposed. Computational savings can be made using this method, i.e., evaluations can be made over an order of magnitude faster. This method selects feature sets that are as good as and occasionally better for counterpropagation than those chosen by an evaluation that uses the entire training set. >
Influence of initial flaw size on crack growth in air-tempered porcelain.

Tempering of dental porcelain by forced convective cooling in air has been shown previously to inhibit the sizes of cracks induced in porcelain surfaces. However, the depth of compressive stress that is produced by tempering of feldspathic porcelain has not been determined. It can be assumed that the potential of tempered specimens to inhibit crack formation is reduced as the flaw size exceeds some critical value, since the compressive stress decreases with distance from the surface.The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the effectiveness of tempering stress in porcelain decreases with the increasing size of initial surface flaws. Body porcelain discs, 16 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, were tempered (T) by forced convective cooling in air from an initial temperature of 982°C at a pressure of 0.34 MPa for 90 s. Non-tempered control discs (NT) were slowly cooled by termination of power to the furnace. The half crack-lengths (c) of surface cracks induced by a Vickers microhardness...
Out of Sight, Out of Mind, Out of Power: Leprosy, Race, and Colonization in Hawai'i

Leprosy policies in late 19th-century Hawai‘i reflect and embody the mobilization of racial discourses to disempower Hawaiians. These discourses began with early missionary assessments of the causes for disease and depopulation among Hawaiians, but they became more focused as White commercial interests needed control of land and power for the booming plantation industry. The isolation of “lepers” to Kalaupapa peninsula occurred at the same time that White business interests were steadily taking over the Hawaiian government, culminating in the overthrow of Queen Lili‘uokalani in 1893. An analysis of historical materials concerning leprosy during this time reveals the intertwining of leprosy policies and colonization.
Stress Dependency of the Thermoelastic and Piezoelectric Coefficients

References 1Juang, J. N., and Pappa, R. S., “An Eigensystem Realization Algorithm forModal Parameter Identi cation andModel Reduction,” JournalofGuidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 8, No. 5, 1985, pp. 620–627. 2Alvin, K. F., and Park, K. C., “Second-Order Structural Identi cation Procedure via State-Space-Based System Identi cation,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1994, pp. 397–406. 3Alvin, K. F., Peterson, L. D., and Park, K. C., “Extraction of Normal Modes and Full Modal Damping from Complex Modal Parameters,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 7, 1997, pp. 1187–1194. 4Inman, D. J., “Dynamics of Asymmetric Nonconservative Systems,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 50, No. 1, 1983, pp. 199–203. 5Ahmadian, M., andChou,S.-H., “ANewMethod for FindingSymmetric Form of Asymmetric Finite-Dimensional Dynamic Systems,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 54, No. 3, 1987, pp. 700–705.