cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dichotomy between survival and lytic gene expression in RNase L- and PKR-deficient mice transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing murine IFN-β following ocular HSV-1 infection

Abstract The present study investigated the role of interferon-inducible pathways in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected mice transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing murine interferon-β (Ad:IFN-β). Wild type mice or RNase L−/− mice deficient in responses to 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase activation, or lacking RNA-dependent protein kinase and transduced with Ad:IFN-β showed enhanced survival following HSV-1 infection. The protective effect was associated with a reduction in viral gene expression in the cornea and trigeminal ganglion in wild type mice as well as the trigeminal ganglion of RNase L−/− mice. However, the efficacy of Ad:IFN-β was lost in the corneas of RNase L−/− mice and significantly diminished in both the cornea and trigeminal ganglion as measured by viral gene expression in RNA-dependent protein kinase deficient mice. Collectively, the data suggest survival rates of viral-infected mice do not reflect the replication capacity as measured by herpes simplex virus type one lytic gene expression.
Depression of cytotoxic T cell subpopulation in mice by hydrocortisone treatment

Abstract Immunization with allogeneic DBA/2 mastocytoma cells produced a decrease in thymic size and number of thymus cells and an increase in spleen size and number of spleen cells. The cells that remained in the thymus were more capable of inducing a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction than thymus cells from untreated mice. Similar results were found if mice were treated with hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone treatment before or after immunization with DBA/2 mastocytoma decreased the number and/or the activity of killer cells. Lymphocytes with killer cell activity against an allogeneic tumor were a different subpopulation of T cells than those that induced a GVH reaction. These results suggest that killer lymphocytes originate from precursor cells in the cortex of the thymus, are mobilized to the peripheral lymphoid tissues after immunization by mastocytoma cells, and are sensitive to hydrocortisone treatment. The mobilized lymphocytes are most likely incompletely differentiated cells of the killer lymphocyte class (T 1 ). Our results, however, did not prove that hydrocortisone sensitivity of these cells is related to their immaturity. Probably, there are at least two separate subpopulations of lymphocytes in the thymus: (a) T 2 cells (mature T), located in the medulla, that have vigorous capacity to induce GVH reaction, and (b) T 1 cells located in the cortex (incompletely differentiated), which need an additional maturation step to become mature T 2 cells: among these cells are those that become killer T-lymphocytes.
Effect of adsorption on the uptake of organic trace gas by cloud droplets

[1] Adsorption can greatly influence the partitioning of organic trace species between the gas and liquid phases. Here we investigate how adsorption of organic species at the air-water interface in clouds can increase the amount of trace gas found in cloud water. For atmospherically relevant cloud surface areas and realistic ranges of adsorption parameters, we show that a significant amount of organic molecules can reside at the cloud droplet surface. Two different physical situations are considered corresponding to the cases where the surfactant is water-soluble and where it is water-insoluble. For both cases, numerical calculations were carried out for a wide range of adsorption parameters, effective Henry's law constants (the former case only), and cloud surface areas. For a soluble surfactant, our calculations show that the “overall” Henry's law constant, which takes into account for both adsorption at the droplet surface and partitioning into the droplet interior, can significantly differ from the standard Henry's law constant. For a moderately soluble species the overall uptake can strongly depend on the surface coverage if the species has a strong affinity for partitioning into the surface layer. Our results also suggest that even insoluble and/or scarcely soluble species can be scavenged by clouds if they are surface-active.
Synthesis of La(Mg2/3Ta1/3)O3 (LMT) by solution sol-gel method

Mixed oxides containing La, Mg and Ta were prepared by the sol–gel method. A pure phase, La(Mg2/3Ta1/3)O3 was formed by calcining the gel at a low temperature (<1100°C). The gel powders calcined at 1100°C were made into pellets and sintered at 1500°C for 6 h. The room temperature dielectric constant and tangent loss for the ceramics were found to be 22.0 and 24.8×10−4, respectively, at 10 kHz. LMT was characterized by X-ray diffraction and shown to be hexagonal with lattice parameters a=9.1844 A and c=16.8742 A. The melting point of the phase was found to be ∼2000°C by the laser heated pedestal growth technique.
Changes in the pathways for serine biosynthesis in the developing amphibian

Abstract 1. 1. The pathways of serine biosynthesis utilizing either phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated intermediates, as well as the levels of activity of phosphoglycerate and d -glycerate dehydrogenases, have been investigated in tissues of frog at various stages of development. 2. 2. Serine biosynthesis occurs via the phosphorylated pathway in the unfertilized egg but by the nonphosphorylated route in liver of tadpoles undergoing metamorphosis and in adult liver. 3. 3. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase is present in unfertilized eggs and its activity remains relatively constant during the first the first 30 days following fertilization. Appreciable d -glycerate dehydrogenase activity is not detected until several days following hatching.
Miniscrew implants: IMTEC Mini Ortho Implants

The Ortho Implant (IMTEC Corp, Ardmore, OK) is a recently developed mini-implant for orthodontic anchorage purposes. It is 1.8 mm in diameter and available in 6-, 8-, or 10-mm lengths. The dimensions allow placement in a wide variety of intraoral locations, which permits the addition of stable anchorage to the treatment of many different malocclusions. Placement and removal of the Ortho Implant is technically simple and can be accomplished by the orthodontist. Most complications with the temporary anchorage device relate to soft tissues surrounding the implant.
Effect of Sesamex on the Toxicity and Metabolism of Cyclodienes and Their Photoisomers in the House Fly

The toxicity and metabolism of the photoisomers of aldrin, isodrin, heptachlor, and dieldrin, i.e., respectively, photoaldrin, photoisodrin, photoheptachlor, and photodieldrin, in Musca domestica L., have been investigated. To a susceptible strain of flies, all photoisomers with the exception of photoisodrin were more toxic and acted more rapidly than their parent compounds. Pretreatment with 2.5 µg sesamex per fly synergized isodrin, photoisodrin, and photoheptachlor but antagonized aldrin and heptachlor. Greater amounts of sesamex were necessary to synergize photodieldrin, photoaldrin, and dieldrin. To a multiresistant strain, sesamex synergized photoisodrin, but was antagonistic to photodieldrin, photoaldrin, and photoheptachlor. Based on the recoveries of insecticides applied externally, the increased toxicity of certain photoisomers and their synergism by sesamex was not due to more rapid penetration. The synergism by sesamex of isodrin and photoisodrin, the latter of which is incapable of epoxidation and oxidative dehydrochlorination to a ketone, appeared to be related to the inhibition of its detoxication by a system which can be stimulated by phenobarbital. In the resistant strain, sesamex inhibited the metabolism of aldrin, photodieldrin, and photoaldrin, in the case of the latter 2 compounds to the ketone of photodieldrin (Klein’s Metabolite). This inhibition lowered the toxicities of these compounds, showing that the ketone formation enhanced their toxicity to house flies. Photoaldrin was epoxidized in vitro by the same microsomal system responsible for aldrin epoxidation. The latter process was inhibited by photoheptachlor, which is incapable of epoxidation but may be oxidatively dehydrochlorinated at such microsomal sites.
Antimicrobial activities of red wine-based formulations containing plant extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar

Abstract We evaluated the antimicrobial activities of three red wine based plant extract/plant essential oil (EO) formulations: olive extract powder/oregano EO, apple skin extract powder/lemongrass EO, and green tea extract powder/bitter almond EO, and their formula permutations against the foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar. The following parameters that were expected to affect antimicrobial activity were evaluated: pH (3.6 or 7.0), temperature (4, 22, and 37 °C), incubation time (0, 5, 30, and 60 min) and bacterial load (∼104 or ∼109 bacteria/ml). The formulations with oregano, lemongrass, or bitter almond EO inhibited the growth of both pathogens at acidic pH with bacterial loads of ∼104 or ∼109 bacteria/ml. At neutral pH, the formulations were less effective. Although all the 3-component formulations were fast acting; showing significant activity in less than 5 min, only the activity of the lemongrass-containing formulation markedly increased with longer incubation times from 0 to 60 min. Activity also increased for all 3-component formulations with increasing temperature from 4 °C to 37 °C, although the activity of the lemongrass formulation appeared to level off at 22 °C. Of the tested formulations, the lemongrass EO formulations, at pH 3.6, appeared to be the most effective against the tested pathogens, especially against Salmonella. The most active formulations merit evaluation for antimicrobial efficacy in liquid and solid food.
Use of ultrasound by emergency medical services: a review

Prehospital ultrasound has been deployed in certain areas of the USA and Europe. Physicians, emergency medical technicians, and flight nurses have utilized a variety of medical and trauma ultrasound assessments to impact patient care in the field. The goal of this review is to summarize the literature on emergency medical services (EMS) use of ultrasound to more clearly define the potential utility of this technology for prehospital providers.
Maternal exposure to unexpected economic contraction and birth weight for gestational age.

Substantial research has investigated effects of economic downturns on health.1 Mechanisms by which economic contraction may lead to worsened health include behavior change or physiologic stress responses due to job loss, reduced income, fear of job or income loss, and general worry about the economy.2–6 Although several studies have examined associations between economic change and birth outcomes, findings have been inconsistent.7,8 Most previous research examines low birth weight (LBW), which conflates fetal growth and gestational age, making findings difficult to interpret. We used a multilevel design to examine associations between unexpected economic contraction in maternal state of residence during the first, second, and third trimester of gestation and birth-weight-for-gestational-age outcomes, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We also explored differences in observed associations by maternal educational attainment, race/ethnicity, employment, and poverty status.
Presidential Power Denied: A New Model of Veto Overrides Using Political Time

This article uses presidential veto overrides as a site upon which to test whether the context of “political time” acts as a determinant of institutional politics. Using an original database, I transpose political time theory to the study of the veto process. While the concept of political time has mainly been used in qualitative case studies, I argue that it also allows for large N testing. Because political time creates observable measurements, it can be used to explore various institutional outcomes. One such institutional site is overrides. With this in mind, I pit political time against the standard variables in the vetoes literature (e.g., approval, divided government). Finding that political time is a significant determinant of overrides, the article discusses how the theory fits with the existing literature. The article concludes with the broader implications of more widely incorporating political time—as a quantitative independent variable—into the study of American political institutions.
Static and dynamic quenching of protein fluorescence. I. Bovine serum albumin.

The fluorescence parameters, lifetime, relative quantum yield, maximum and mean wavelength, half-width, and polarization, of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were measured at 15°C in aqueous solutions containing varying concentrations of different chemical perturbants, glycerol, Cu2+ ions, guanidine hydrochloride, and urea. By considering a quenching mechanism as being either dynamic or static, depending upon whether the quenching is or is not accompanied by a change in the fluorescence lifetime, we were able to correlate the changes produced in the various fluorescence parameters by the different chemical perturbants with changes in macromolecular structure as the concentration of perturbant was gradually increased. The addition of glycerol and of Cu2+ ions indicated that in aqueous BSA both tryptophan residues are below the surface of the macromolecule, out of contact with solvent water, and, as a consequence, they are statically quenched. “Ultra-Pure” guanidine hydrochloride at 2.4 M or more caused a drastic conformation change, which resulted in the emergence of a visible tyrosine peak at 304 nm in the BSA fluorescence spectrum when either 260- or 270-nm excitation was employed. With the same excitation, the enhancement of BSA tyrosine fluorescence by 6–8 M ultra-pure urea produced only a shoulder near 304 nm in the BSA fluorescence spectrum. We have introduced the use of a new relative quantum yield for protein fluorescence, q′, referenced to the quantum yield of unquenched free tryptophan, which eliminates the quenching action of water from the reference.
ATS-6 Low Energy Electron-Proton Experiment

The Low Energy Electron-Proton Experiment was designed to continually monitor the spectra and pitch angle distributions of electrons and protons from 0 to 22 keV to aid in understanding the mechanisms responsible for substorms. The particle sensors were electrostatic analyzers using electron multiplier detectors. Unfortunately , little data have been obtained because of an unknown mode of interference between the experiment and the spacecraft.
Fractal analysis of CT perfusion images for evaluation of antiangiogenic treatment and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Rationale and Objectives Tumor vascular heterogeneity is a recognized biomarker for cancer progression. Our purpose was to assess the tumor perfusion heterogeneity during antiangiogenic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by means of fractal analysis on computed tomography perfusion (CTP) images. Materials and Methods Twenty-two patients (15 men and 7 women; mean age: 61.5 years) with advanced HCC underwent CTP at baseline and 2 weeks after administration of bevacizumab. Perfusion maps of blood flow (BF) were generated by the adiabatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity model with a motion registration, and fractal analyses were applied to gray-scale perfusion maps using a plugin tool on ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD). A differential box-counting method was applied, and the fractal dimension (FD) was calculated as a heterogeneity parameter. Results Patients were grouped into favorable progression-free survival (PFS) group (PFS>6 months, 11 patients) and unfavorable PFS group (PFS≤6, 11 patients). After 2 weeks of antiangiogenic therapy, the BF decreased significantly (P < .0001), whereas the FD showed no significant change (P = .69). The percent change of the FD in tumor BF was significantly different between patients with favorable PFS and those without (−2.52% vs. 3.72%, P = .01), whereas the change of tumor BF showed no significant difference between them (−28.93% vs. −25.47%, P = .64). In Kaplan–Meier analysis, patients with greater reduction in the percent change of FD and lower baseline FD in tumor BF showed significantly longer overall survival (P = .009, P = .005). Conclusions Fractal analysis of tumor BF can be a biomarker for antiangiogenic therapy.
CREB mediates the cAMP-responsiveness of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene: use of an antisense RNA strategy to produce CREB-deficient PC12 cell lines.

cAMP initiates the PKA signaling cascade in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, resulting in transcriptional activation of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene. This effect is mediated primarily through the cAMP responsive element (CRE), located at position -45 to -38 within the TH gene promoter. In this study, we applied an antisense RNA strategy to evaluate the role of the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in regulating TH gene expression. CREB antisense RNA expression vectors were stably introduced into PC12 cells to generate cell lines deficient in CREB. CREB protein and mRNA levels were diminished up to 90% in the stably transfected cell lines. Promoter analysis experiments demonstrated that cAMP-mediated inducibility of either TH gene proximal promoter activity or the activity of the TH CRE by itself fused upstream of a basal promoter was diminished in CREB-deficient cell lines. PKA activity in the CREB-deficient cell lines was comparable to the activity in control cell lines. In addition, neither ATF1, nor CREM proteins were significantly down-regulated in the CREB-deficient cells. Most significantly, the cAMP-inducibility of endogenous TH mRNA was completely blocked in the CREB-deficient cells, indicating that the response of the endogenous gene to cAMP was dependent on CREB. These results support the hypothesis that CREB (not other CRE-binding proteins) is the key transcription factor that is required for regulating TH gene expression in response to cAMP. Furthermore, our studies indicate that these CREB-deficient PC12 cells are excellent tools to study the participation of CREB in gene regulation.
Holt, Modigliani, Muth, and Simon's work and its role in the renaissance and evolution of operations management

Abstract Early work in aggregate production planning has evolved into a major business process known as sales and operations planning. In the 1950s, a team led by Holt, Modigliani, Muth, and Simon, which also included Bonini and Winters, worked on aggregate production planning and forecasting and published a series of papers and a book. The literature contains reports of at least 73 applications of their work in four companies and three application studies. Holt et al.'s work and its visibility led to a renaissance of the field of operations and supply chain management as we know it today and brought two paradigm changes in the domain and the role of operations and supply chain management. First, seemingly unrelated and non-managerial individual functions started to emerge as parts of an integrated system of managing production. Second, aggregate production planning brought to forefront the central role of operations management by linking it with supply chains and other functions in the organization.
Risks of intravenous administration of hypotonic fluids for pediatric patients in ED and prehospital settings: Let's remove the handle from the pump

Fluid resuscitation of infants and children is a common management problem in prehospital and emergency department care. We present two cases of children who received 5% dextrose in water as the initial resuscitation fluid. Bolus administration of hypotonic fluid contributed to fatal outcomes in these cases. Recommendations are made for eliminating hypotonic fluids as stock items in both the prehospital and emergency department settings.
Some future trends and implications for systems and software engineering processes

In response to the increasing criticality of software within systems and the increasing demands being put onto 21st century systems, systems and software engineering processes will evolve significantly over the next two decades. This paper identifies eight relatively surprise-free trends—the increasing interaction of software engineering and systems engineering; increased emphasis on users and end value; increased emphasis on systems and software dependability; increasingly rapid change; increasing global connectivity and need for systems to interoperate; increasingly complex systems of systems; increasing needs for COTS, reuse, and legacy systems and software integration; and computational plenty. It also identifies two “wild card” trends: increasing software autonomy and combinations of biology and computing. It then discusses the likely influences of these trends on systems and software engineering processes between now and 2025, and presents an emerging scalable spiral process model for coping with the resulting challenges and opportunities of developing 21st century software-intensive systems and systems of systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 9: 1–19, 2006
A follow-up power analysis of the statistical tests used in the Journal of Research in Science Teaching

It has been two decades since the first power analysis of a psychological journal and 10 years since the Journal of Research in Science Teaching made its contribution to this debate. One purpose of this article is to investigate what power-related changes, if any, have occurred in science education research over the past decade as a result of the earlier survey. In addition, previous recommendations are expanded and expounded upon within the context of more recent work in this area. The absence of any consistent mode of presenting statistical results, as well as little change with regard to power-related issues are reported. Guidelines for reporting the minimal amount of information demanded for clear and independent evaluation of research results by readers are also proposed.
Nonequilibrium heat conduction in a nanofluid layer with periodic heat flux

Abstract Nonequilibrium heat conduction in a nanofluid layer with periodic heat flux on one side and specified temperature on the other side is studied numerically. The energy equations for the nanoparticles and base fluid are nondimensionalized and the problem is described by four dimensionless parameters: heat capacity ratio, volume fraction of nanoparticles, period of surface heat flux, and the Sparrow number. The Sparrow number is to describe the coupling between the energy equations for nanoparticles and base fluid. Nonequilibrium between nanoparticles and base fluid, as well as heat transfer enhancement in nanofluid, of three nanofluids (diamond–water, diamond–ethylene glycol, and copper–ethylene glycol) is investigated. The results showed that the nonequilibrium between the nanoparticles and base fluid exist for all three nanofluids at low Sparrow number and short period of surface heat flux. The results also showed that heat transfer in a liquid layer can be enhanced by adding nanoparticles to the base fluid, but the level of enhancement is not as high as those reported by using transient hot wire (THW) method.
Selenium labeled fatty acids as potential myocardial imaging agents

Six 75Se labeled fatty acid analogues were synthesized : 3-selena-[75Se]pentadecanoic acid, 4-selena[75Se]hexadecanoic acid, 3-selena[75Se]heptadecanoic acid, 4-selena[75Se]octadecanoic acid, 3-selena[75Se]nonadecanoic acid, and 4-selena[75Se]-eicosanoic acid. Selenious acid was reduced with NaBH4 in buffer pH 6.0. The nucleophile produced, NaSeH was reacted with different alkyl halide to form the corresponding selenol. To this was added an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of either iodoacetic acid or 3-bromopropionic acid to form the sodium salt of the desired fatty acid. The free fatty acids were extracted in ether after acidification of the solution.
Microfluidic Devices for Rapid Protein Separation

We present our investigation of using microfluidic devices for rapid protein separation. The devices were made from cyclic olefin copolymers that have high optical clarity and high glass transition temperature. Protein separation was achieved by using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging system was developed to detect proteins while they migrated under an electric field. IEF was carried out in a separation medium consisting of carrier ampholytes and a mixture of linear polymers. Dynamic coating of the linear polymers prevented proteins from adsorption and suppressed electroosmotic flows. PAGE was achieved in twenty-nine parallel channels. In addition, we integrated IEF with PAGE in a microfluidic device for two-dimensional protein separation.© 2008 ASME
A Biphasic Model Illuminating Freezing-Induced Fluid-Matrix Interactions in a Tissue Equivalent

Cryopreservation of engineered tissue equivalents (TE) has achieved limited success. Successful preservation of a functional TE or tissue could provide prolonged transplantation time windows or off-the-shelf availability of engineered tissues. A quantitative understanding of the freezing-induced cell-fluid-matrix mechanical interaction is critical towards successful preservation of functional tissue. Using quantum dot-mediated cell image deformetry, Teo et al have experimentally mapped the instantaneous deformation of a TE during freezing process and showed its resulting volume change after thawing due to fluid loss [1]. To further our understanding of the freezing-induced fluid-matrix interaction, we have developed a biphasic model that simulates the transient of thermal load, its resulting TE elastic deformation, the corresponding pressure redistribution within, and the fluid movement in the TE.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Attitude-Determination Filtering via Extended Quaternion Estimation

The quaternion estimation (QUEST) batch attitude-determination algorithm has been extended to work in a general Kalman-e lter framework. This has been done to allow the inclusion of a complicated dynamics model and to allow the estimation of additional quantities beyond the attitude quaternion. The QUEST algorithm, which workswith vectorattitude observations, servesasa starting pointbecause itisable to work with a poor (orno)e rst guess of the attitude. This paper’ s extended version of QUEST uses square-root information e ltering techniques and linearization of the dynamics to propagate the state and its covariance. The measurement update problem is solved by a technique that is an extension of the original QUEST algorithm’ s eigenvalue/eigenvector solution. The paperdemonstrates the new algorithm’ sperformance on an attitude determination problem that usesstar-tracker and rate-gyro measurements. The new algorithm is able to converge from initial attitude errors of 180 deg and initial rate-gyro bias errors as large as 2400 deg/h.
A generalized model for the air‐sea transfer of dimethyl sulfide at high wind speeds

[1] The air-sea exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important component of ocean biogeochemistry and global climate models. Both laboratory experiments and field measurements of DMS transfer rates have shown that the air-sea flux of DMS is analogous to that of other significant greenhouse gases such as CO2 at low wind speeds ( 10 m/s. The result is an attenuation of the dimensionless Henry's Law constant (H) where (Heff = H/(1 + (Cmix/Cw) ΦB) by a solubility enhancement Cmix/Cw, and the fraction of bubble surface area per m2 surface ocean.
Effects of needle shape on the integrity of the vascular endothelium.

Lesions generated by the passage of micro-needles through vessel walls are of concern because any lesion may significantly alter hemodynamics of an anastomosis. To study this problem, three different needles were tested on the exposed carotid arteries of 30 rats: the 100μ taper point, the 100μ cutting point, and the 75μ taper point. Trauma generated by the penetration of needles was tested first as the needle and its attached suture was passed through the vessel, then the suture was left in place. One hour after penetration, the arteries were prepared for scanning electron microscopy.
New experimental approach to understanding igneous texture

Thin sections containing a magma-like mixture of three crystalline ammonium compounds and intercrystalline melt can be prepared and observed microscopically during crystallization, melting, and deformation. The aim of such observations is to establish links between active processes in the crystal-melt mixture and the textural signatures of the processes. The hope is to improve the basis for process interpretation of textures in rocks, although the value of the experimental system in this regard is still unknown. Three unexpected processes are seen: creation of growth centers for later blocky grains by isothermal decomposition of early dendritic grains; migration of grain boundaries early in the crystallization history; and growth of porphyroblast-like grains by phase-boundary migration, with abundant melt nearby. Textural metamorphism begins in this material well before its melt-present history is complete.
Consequences of Changing Resistance Patterns in Urinary Tract Infections

Escherichia coli is responsible for the majority of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in healthy women. The rate of resistance to cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) among E. coli urinary isolates from outpatients is approaching and even exceeding 20% in some regions of the USA. Evidence linking in vitro resistance with poorer clinical outcome in cystitis and pyelonephritis is accumulating. Recent prior or current use of antibacterials, recent hospitalisation and comorbidity, e.g. diabetes mellitus, are associated with a greater likelihood of antibacterial resistance. In areas of high resistance to cotrimoxazole, depending upon the risks associated with treatment failure, empirical therapy may have to be altered. This article reviews recent literature on the prevalence of resistance, clinical outcomes associated with in vitro resistance, and management of community-acquired urinary tract infections in the era of increased uropathogen resistance.
Order Statistics of Samples from Multivariate Distributions

Abstract Let (X 1j , X 2j , ···, Xmj ), j = 1, 2, ···, n, be a sample of size n on an m-dimensional vector (X 1, X 2, ···, Xm ), m ≥ 2. Let the order statistics of the rth component be denoted by X r,1* ≤ X r,2* ≤ ··· ≤ X r,n *. In this article we investigate the distribution of the vector (X 1,n−i1*, X 2,n–i2*, ···, Xm,n–im *) for (i 1, i 2, ···, im ) not depending on n. The major emphasis is on asymptotic theory and a general formula is given for the asymptotic distribution of the vector above when each ij = 0. Necessary and sufficient condition is also given for the asymptotic independence of the components of the vector investigated. This extends results known for m = 2. In Section 4 examples are given for illustration.
Community care of the seriously mentally ill: Continuing problems and current issues

The crisis in community care for the seriously mentally ill (SMI) stems from organizational and financial difficulties as well as from deeply embedded structural factors. The analysis shows a preference for medicalizing and individualizing the problems of SMI rather than viewing them as structural social welfare issues. The author discusses problems of deinstitutionalization, homelessness, service provisions, financing, accounting and reporting, employment, bureaucratic skimming and burden to families and points out the ambivalent ideology and the inherent contradictions within the mental health service system. Finally, the centrality of social control and the maintenance of orderly social life in public policy and program development is illuminated.
High-resolution heat capacity of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.9 over the superconducting transition region

High-resolution heat-capacity data have been determined for a single-phase sample of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.9}$ over the temperature range 77--150 K. Two anomalies were found: a \ensuremath{\lambda}-type transition occurring at 86.65 K and a discontinuity accompanied by a first-order transition occurring at 90.30 K. The discontinuity has a value of \ensuremath{\Delta}${C}_{p}$/T=62 mJ (mol f.u.${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, where f.u. denotes formula unit. An estimation of the latent heat and entropy associated with the first-order transition is given. The anomalies in the heat capacity are related to the changes in the resistance and Meissner effect and a mixed superconducting-normal state is proposed.
Walsh functions for simplifying computation of blood pressure wave power spectra.

The rate of convergence of Walsh functions and sine functions to recorded blood pressure waves was determined to evaluate the applicability of Walsh functions for spectral analysis of pulsatile blood pressure. The advantages of Walsh function series for such analysis are that their calculation is much faster and can be performed on small computers.
Success factors in key accounts

Purpose – The paper seeks to present research that examines the success factors for key accounts within firms, i.e. what factors lead to successful versus unsuccessful key accounts.Design/methodology/approach – Data from a consulting firm are analyzed to examine the success factors for key accounts within firms.Findings – The results suggest that marketers' relational assets, personal/social bonds, dissatisfaction, and change in environment are the primary drivers of key account success.Research limitations/implications – The paper summarizes one's understanding in this area and provides additional data that will allow firms to re‐evaluate their strategies regarding success of specific key accounts. In the light of the sample, additional studies are suggested.Practical implications – Marketers need to invest more in relational assets, personal/social bonds, and satisfaction activities as well as monitor changes in the environment.Originality/value – Key accounts have become an integral part of most busine...
Symptoms of Prototypic Patients With Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder: DSM-IIIR Versus DSM-IV Negativistic

This study examined features of patients that clinicians identified as good examples of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder to identify core features of the disorder and to determine which set of criteria (DSM-III-R, two definitions in the DSM-IV Options Book, or DSM-IV Negativistic) best characterized the identified patients. A national sample of licensed psychologists (N = 68) identified a patient who (based on symptoms) was a good example of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder. They then rated the patient on a symptom checklist composed of the Passive-Aggressive and Negativistic criteria, as well as other personality-disorder symptoms that overlap with Passive-Aggressive. Clinicians identified patients they considered exemplars for Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder, and there was moderate consensus about their characteristic symptoms. DSM-III-R symptoms received the highest ratings, and there was little overlap with other personality disorders. Principal-component factor analysis suggested that a general pattern of passive resistance, along with a behavioral manifestation of procrastination and a second group of symptoms suggesting interpersonal difficulties, were the features of these passive-aggressive patients. More male patients were identified as good examples of the disorder, and female patients presented a more heterogeneous diagnostic picture. Implications and directions for future research are discussed, including the need to integrate research findings from the differing perspectives on personality disorders.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation using unfractionated cells without rate-controlled freezing in hydroxyethyl starch and dimethyl sulfoxide.

Abstract : In short, we have developed a successful and non-toxic yet simple, rapid, and inexpensive method of BM cryopreservation that should allow for a wider application of autologous BM transplantation as a therapeutic alternative for patients with malignant diseases.
Hyperprolactinemia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association with Disease Activity

This study was designed to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of hyperprolactinemia in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other rheumatic diseases. Basal levels of prolactin were determined in 130 nonselected sera from patients with rheumatic diseases including 45 with SLE, 31 with rheumatoid arthritis, 23 with osteoarthritis, 18 with fibromyalgia, and 13 with polymyalgia rheumatica. Serum samples of 28 healthy subjects were used as normal controls. Serum prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassay. ANA, anti-DNA, RNP, Sm, Ro, La, and anticardiolipin antibodies were determined by standard techniques. Elevated serum levels of prolactin (PRL greater than 20 ng/ml) were found in a subset of SLE patients. In addition, a direct correlation with clinical disease and serological (ANA) activity was also found. These findings suggest a potential role for this immunoregulatory hormone in SLE pathogenesis.
The Role of Employee Assistance Programs in Workplace-Based Intimate Partner Violence Intervention and Prevention Activities

Given the widespread impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on the workplace it is critical to understand the involvement of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) in workplace-focused IPV activities. Representatives from a diverse set of 28 external EAPs participated in an “inventory” of practices related to IPV. The study found that the IPV services available to customer companies at the worksite are extensive and primarily include assistance with policy development, delivery of trainings and seminars, delivery of educational/awareness-raising activities, and provision of management/security staff consultation. Yet companies' lack of awareness regarding the role of IPV as a workplace issue challenges the ability of EAPs to deliver extensive workplace-based IPV services.
Planning without goals: a heuristic application of a model

The purpose of this article is to present, for heuristic purposes, information which suggests that essential organizational behavior is theoretically explainable as a function of “directional” planning, as contrasted with planning from goals and objectives. The article is an outgrowth of a year-long study of the planning, management, and evaluation processes in large urban districts, a study conducted by Urban Education Studies. Data gathered from one city school system particularly, as well as from the other school districts, suggested that explicit, publicly stated goals and objectives were grounded in a set of beliefs and desires for these urban districts. A model of planning without goals, developed by McCaskey, was applied, partially, to the data to assess whether the model explained the observed phenomenon. While more systematic study is required to further test the model, initial impressions suggest that it is viable.
The history of injury control and the epidemiology of child and adolescent injuries

Unintentional injuries claim the lives of more children each year than any other cause of death. A substantial proportion of child hospitalizations and emergency department visits also are attributable to unintentional injuries. The conceptualization of unintentional injuries as a public health problem that is preventable has gained credibility over the past few decades, as effective solutions to reduce the burden of injuries--such as child safety seats, bicycle helmets, and smoke detectors--have been identified. Successful implementation of these strategies requires a clear understanding of the circumstances surrounding injuries and the risk and protective factors that influence the likelihood that a child will be injured. Although adequate data on these factors is available for some causes of injury, such as motor vehicle crashes, it is almost nonexistent for others, such as unintentional firearm injuries. Overall, unintentional injury rates are highest among adolescents ages 15 to 19, males, children from impoverished families, and minorities. Also, some injuries occur more often in rural areas. Although these demographic risk factors cannot be modified, environmental and behavioral risks, such as unsafe roads, alcohol intoxication, unfenced swimming pools, and the absence of a smoke detector in the home, can be modified successfully with appropriate strategies. Motor vehicle occupant, drowning, and pedestrian injuries were the most common unintentional injuries causing death among children ages 0 to 19 in 1996. Together, these mechanisms accounted for more than half of all unintentional injury deaths among children and adolescents, although rates varied considerably by age. Child injury death rates across most age categories and mechanisms of injury have declined during the past 20 years, yet the reasons for these declines are poorly understood. Additional research about risk and protective factors, and efforts to implement successful injury prevention strategies among populations at highest risk for injuries, are necessary to further reduce the toll on children's lives.
Part III—Fundamental research in geophysics relating to prospecting

In addition to projects such as those reported in parts I and II above, the Section of Geophysics of the Federal Government has undertaken a considerable amount of fundamental research. Two such field-projects may be mentioned, one a magnetometric study in the Comstock District of Nevada, and the other a resistivity-study of snow and ice. In addition to the field-problems, there have been two classes of research of a mathematical type. One of these has been the preparation of tables, scales, and charts for the important geophysical functions already known; the other has been the extension of the relations involved in the resistivity-problem.
Beware the malignant jellyfish

Small pleural effusions that cannot be assessed by thoracentesis prior to surgery may represent a diagnostic challenge in the patient with a resectable, non-small cell cancer of the lung. Even if the effusion is drained preoperatively and analyzed, the cytology may be falsely negative. We have found that careful inspection of pleural effusions using a single small 2-cm incision and video-assisted thorascopy may reveal a gelatinous piece of clotlike material that resembles a jellyfish. This cohesive particulate piece of material lies in the effusion. This material can be sent for frozen section (unlike cytologic exams in most hospitals), and an immediate answer can be obtained. Cytology results of the surrounding effusion that return 24 hours later confirm the frozen section findings. If malignant, this avoids thoracotomy and pulmonary resection in a patient with unsuspected T4, stage IIIB lung cancer. It also avoids closing a patient with an unsuspected effusion and having to wait 24 hours for the cytology results. We review our experience with this jellyfish-like material.
Spectral asymmetry, trace identities and the fractional fermion number of magnetic monopoles

Abstract The ground state fermion number of magnetic monopole-fermion systems is computed. Use of a trace identity leads to an explicit solution in terms of an asymptotic surface integral of the magnetic flux.
Estimated growth of lung volume reduction surgery among Medicare enrollees: 1994 to 1996.

Objective To estimate the number of lung volume reduction surgery procedures performed on Medicare enrollees from 1994 to 1996. Design Statistical analysis of national Medicare claims data. Patients All Medicare enrollees with emphysema having claims records for pulmonary resection procedures from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1996. Main outcome measure Estimated number of lung volume reduction procedures performed per month from July 1994 through December 1996. Results An estimated 1,212 lung volume reduction procedures were performed on Medicare enrollees between July 1994 and December 1995 (95% confidence interval, 1,012 to 1,408). Nearly one half of these procedures were performed in the last 3 months of 1995. At the time Health Care Financing Administration announced that it would suspend reimbursement for the procedure (December 1995), lung volume reduction surgery was being performed in 37 states. The number of claims per month decreased from a peak of 169 in December 1995, to 11 in March 1996. Average Medicare reimbursement per procedure was $31,398. Conclusions Lung volume reduction surgery for patients increased rapidly following its reintroduction in 1994. The growth of lung volume reduction surgery demonstrates that widespread adoption and utilization of a surgical procedure can occur in the absence of data from controlled clinical trials. Medicare expenditures for lung volume reduction surgery were an estimated $30 million to $50 million. Performing the surgery for all current Medicare patients who meet the appropriate clinical criteria would cost an estimated $1 billion.
Herbicides and herbicide degradation products in upper midwest agricultural streams during august base-flow conditions

Herbicide concentrations in streams of the U.S. Midwest have been shown to decrease through the growing season due to a variety of chemical and physical factors. The occurrence of herbicide degradation products at the end of the growing season is not well known. This study was conducted to document the occurrence of commonly used herbicides and their degradation products in Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota streams during base-flow conditions in August 1997. Atrazine, the most frequently detected herbicide (94%), was present at relatively low concentrations (median 0.17 microg L(-1)). Metolachlor was detected in 59% and cyanazine in 37% of the samples. Seven of nine compounds detected in more than 50% of the samples were degradation products. The total concentration of the degradation products (median of 4.4 microg L(-1)) was significantly greater than the total concentration of parent compounds (median of 0.26 microg L(-1)). Atrazine compounds were present less frequently and in significantly smaller concentrations in streams draining watersheds with soils developed on less permeable tills than in watersheds with soils developed on more permeable loess. The detection and concentration of triazine compounds was negatively correlated with antecedent rainfall (April-July). In contrast, acetanalide compounds were positively correlated with antecedant rainfall in late spring and early summer that may transport the acetanalide degradates into ground water and subsequently into nearby streams. The distribution of atrazine degradation products suggests regional differences in atrazine degradation processes.
Effects of verb complexity on speech errors

Two experiments examined whether semantically related verbs that contrast with respect to the absence versus the presence of an additional semantic feature differentially compete for selection during the encoding of a sentence for production. In both experiments, a speech error induction task was used to elicit contextual (misordering) errors involving semantically related verbs that contrasted only in their semantic complexity or in both their semantic and morphophonological complexity. The prediction was that an asymmetry in contextual errors would be observed in which the more complex verbs would replace the simpler verbs more often than the reverse. This prediction was confirmed in both experiments, with more perseverations and anticipations involving the semantically more complex verb of antonym pairs in Experiment 1, and more perseverations and anticipations involving the semantically more-specified verb of a heavy-light pair in Experiment 2. The implications of the results for spreading-activation theories of language production are discussed.