cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the Bacteriophage Lytic Enzyme Cpl-1 and Penicillin or Gentamicin Depends on the Level of Penicillin Resistance

A combination of Cpl-1, a bacteriophage lytic enzyme, and penicillin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, or azithromycin was tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with various susceptibilities to penicillin. Activities of Cpl-1 and gentamicin were increasingly synergistic with a decreasing penicillin MIC, while Cpl-1 and penicillin showed synergy against an extremely penicillin-resistant strain.
EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS OF HYPOTHALAMTC NUCLEI AND CEREBRAL CORTEX ON ACTH STIMULATING ACTIVITY IN THE DOG1

The effects of intracarotid injections of saline extracts of samples of certain hypothalamic nuclei or regions and motor cerebral cortex on blood levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid have been studied in the trained nonstressed dog. Extracts of 1 mg. of supraoptic nucleus and median eminence produced significant increases in 17-hydroxycorticosteroids while extracts of the same amounts of lateral hypothalamic nucleus, mammilary body, optic tract, paraventricular nucleus, and posterior sigmoid cerebral cortex failed to produce a significant increase.
Equine Giant Cell Tumor of Soft Parts: A Series of 21 Cases (2000–2007):

In horses, giant-cell tumors of soft parts are rare neoplasms, with the majority of reported cases occurring within the hind limb muscles and soft tissues in older horses. The following article documents 21 cases of equine giant-cell tumors of soft parts clinically examined within the state of Colorado from 2000 to 2007. The majority of cases occurred in male horses aged 10 years or older. Nine (43%) arose within the hind limbs. Key histologic features included numerous multinucleated giant cells and hemosiderin-laden macrophages admixed with a spindle-cell proliferation. The majority demonstrated liposarcomatous change, variable areas of necrosis and hemorrhage, and an intermediate number of mitotic figures. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated 2 distinct cell populations: vimentin-expressing neoplastic mesenchymal cells and CD18 (histiocytic marker) expressing multinucleated giant cells. These results suggest a mesenchymal origin of the neoplasm with possible recruitment of the secondary histiocytic population. Surgical excision was attempted in the majority of horses and was considered clinically complete. A recurrence of the neoplasm was documented in 1 horse and 1 mule. In 18 horses, surgical excision, regardless of margin integrity, appeared successful with no recurrence of disease documented. Unfortunately, 10 of 21 horses were lost to follow-up within approximately 3 months of surgery. Of the 11 remaining horses that were available for follow-up evaluation, there has been no evidence of metastasis. A larger case series with more controlled follow-up is necessary to evaluate malignant potential and the importance of complete surgical excision.
An Institutional Shelter: The Court of Wards in Late Nineteenth-Century Bihar

The late nineteenth century was a period of selective institution-building by the British in India. Government's efforts were directed primarily towards the development of a more effective control and communications infrastructure. The initial impetus for such changes in Bengal came during the energetic administration of Sir George Campbell, the Lieutenant Governor from 1871 to 1874. Under his auspices, attempts were made to extend the administrative machinery down to the sub-district levels by the creation of sub-deputy collectorships and the revitalization of such local officials as kanungos (registrars), patwaris (village accountants) and chaukidars (village watchmen). Better connections to local society were also sought through institutions which linked government to its allies, such as municipal, local, and district boards, and the Court of Wards.
An Iterative Magnetomechanical Deflection Model for a Magnetic Gear

This paper investigates the mechanical deflection within steel bars in a flux focusing magnetic gear. The deflection is caused by the magnetic attraction between the steel bars and the inner and outer rotor magnets. The non-linearity within the steel is considered. Experimental results are presented.
Development and Evaluation of the Enhancing Restaurant Management Program

Abstract Enhancing Restaurant Management was a workshop developed for managers of independently-owned restaurant operations in Nebraska. A one-time mailing of a needs survey was conducted with potential participants to determine the feasibility of holding this workshop. From surveys returned (n = 144), managers preferred whole day sessions held early in the week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday) during the winter months (January, February, March). Topics that respondents ranked high priority were marketing to local residents, pricing, business basics, food presentation and food handling safety; nutrition and marketing to tourists were rated lower in priority. The Enhancing Restaurant Management workshop was developed based on survey results and three programs were held in early 1995. Participants were well educated; 3% did not have a high school diploma, 27% graduated from high school, 36% had some college training, and 34% were college graduates. The majority of the participants were under 55 years old (88%). Program evaluations of participants indicated that they learned new information regarding menu planning and cost containment, while the nutrition presentation reinforced what they already knew. As a result of the program, 97% of the participants intend to insure safe food handling practices in their operations; while 25% stated that they would not make changes to reflect demographic and operational trends. Specific changes which participants stated that they will make include: better food storage and temperature control, adding new menu items, adjusting portion sizes, and educating employees. Results of the workshop evaluation indicated that participants received valuable information to enhance their restaurant management skills.
Women and toxic waste protests: Race, class and gender as resources of resistance

In recent years, women have been at the forefront of grassroot toxic waste protests in the United States. Out of their experience of protest, women construct ideologies of environmental justice, which reveal broader issues of inequality underlying environmental hazards. I examine the environmental discourse of white working class, African American and Native American women activists. The voices of these women show the ways in which their traditional role as mothers becomes a resource for their resistance. At the same time, their emerging analysis of environmental justice is mediated by different experiences of class, race, and ethnicity.
Response of soil nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades to three levels of season-long sulfur dioxide exposures

Soil nematode, rotifer, and tardigrade populations were sampled in field plots of native northern mixed prairie in southeastern Montana from 1977 to 1979. The field plots were exposed to season-long fumigation with controlled low-levels of SO2 throughout the growing seasons (April–October). Two field sites were used, one fumigated for five seasons (1975–1979) and the other for four (1976–1979). Seasonal average SO2 concentrations ranged from control (< 1 pphm) to approximately 7 pphm. Soil fauna were sampled by taking soil cores and extracting them by the Baermann wet funnel technique. Total counts were made for tardigrades and rotifers while nematodes were divided into three groups-stylet bearers (Tylenchida-Dorylimida), non-stylet bearers, and the predatory Mononchida. Consistent trends of substantial reductions in tardigrade populations occurred in all treated plots in all years; however, statistical significance was achieved only in 1979 when sample size and individual core size were substantially increased. Tardigrades were found to be restricted almost completely to the surface two centimeters of the soil profile. Significant population reductions in the treated plots of both sites were found for non-stylet bearing nematodes in 1977 only. Stylet bearing types and predaceus Mononchida appeared unaffected by the SO2 as were the soil rotifers, although slight but consistent trends of reduction in rotifers occurred in the highest treatments in 1977 and 1978. Both nematodes and rotifers were distributed primarily in the 0 to 10 cm layer of the soil profile but not restricted to the soil surface as much as the tardigrades. Implications of the responses to SO2 and vertical distributions of the three groups are discussed.
Volcanic evolution of the submarine super volcano, Tamu Massif of Shatsky Rise: New insights from Formation MicroScanner logging imagery

Tamu Massif, the southernmost plateau of Shatsky Rise, is recently reported as the largest single volcano known on Earth. This work seeks to understand the type of volcanism necessary to form such an anomalously large single volcano by integrating core and high-resolution wireline logging data. In particular, resistivity imagery obtained by the Formation MicroScanner, in Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Hole U1347A, located on the eastern flank of Tamu Massif, was used to construct a logging-based volcanostratigraphy. This model revealed two different volcanic stages formed Tamu Massif: (i) the core part of the massif's basaltic basement was formed by a “construction phase” of volcanism with cyclic eruption events from a steady state magma supply and (ii) the very topmost basaltic section was formed by a “depositional phase” of volcanism during which long-traveling lava flows were deposited from a distant eruption center.
Tutorial: why is event-driven thinking different from traditional thinking about computing?

We observed that many of the applications that are event-based by nature are designed and developed using the conventional thinking about programming, and do not employ event based thinking. The developers are doing a kind of event processing without acknowledging it. One of the main reasons is the fundamental thought differences between event-driven thinking and the design of traditional request-driven applications. This tutorial concentrates on the thought process and the modeling aspects. It starts with the ontology and semantics of the term events, continues with the inter-relationships among events and other entities (processes, decisions, objects, actors), and discusses the pragmatics of modeling of event-driven logic within a computational independent model.
Power and energy research at the Army Research Laboratory

The requirement for power and energy in a modernized, highly digital and network-centric Army is growing exponentially. In addition to the ongoing demand for improved soldier portable power sources, the need for more electric capabilities for combat and unmanned platforms and the requirements of emerging Operational Energy doctrine are driving development of high density, energy efficient power technologies. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is addressing these needs through developing a number of underpinning power and energy component technologies at the fundamental research level. ARL is leveraging core expertise in microelectronics and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), energy conversion, energy storage, and wideband gap materials and devices to advance selected niche areas that address military demands beyond commercial needs in partnership with the Army Research, Development and Engineering centers (RDECs), other services, other agencies, industry, and academia. The technologies under development can be broadly characterized under power generation and energy conversion, energy storage, power distribution, and thermal management. This discussion outlines progress, approach and the way ahead for ARL efforts.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Formation of Pseudosymmetrical G-Quadruplex and i-Motif Structures in the Proximal Promoter Region of the RET Oncogene

A polypurine (guanine)/polypyrimidine (cytosine)-rich sequence within the proximal promoter region of the human RET oncogene has been shown to be essential for RET basal transcription. Specifically, the G-rich strand within this region consists of five consecutive runs of guanines, which is consistent with the general motif capable of forming intramolecular G-quadruplexes. Here we demonstrate that, in the presence of 100 mM K+, this G-rich strand has the ability to adopt two intramolecular G-quadruplex structures in vitro. Moreover, comparative circular dichroism (CD) and DMS footprinting studies have revealed that the 3‘-G-quadruplex structure is a parallel-type intramolecular structure containing three G-tetrads. The G-quadruplex-interactive agents TMPyP4 and telomestatin further stabilize this G-quadruplex structure. In addition, we demonstrate that the complementary C-rich strand forms an i-motif structure in vitro, as shown by CD spectroscopy and chemical footprinting. This 19-mer duplex sequence is ...
The Environment and Planning of Alaska

This paper describes a planning effort that is unique in United States history. Notwithstanding US Constitutional constraints, a joint Federal-State effort attempted to plan for the State of Alaska's 375 million acres of land, following statehood in 1959. The study focuses on the seven-year life of the Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission (FSLUPC) and the competing interests of resource development, environmental preservation, and subsistence life-styles. A consensus decision mode resulted in considerable success in resolving conflicts among competing interests, but failure in consolidating a constituency and developing a land-use plan. The FSLUPC closed its doors in 1979, and in 1980 Congress passed an Alaskan Wilderness Bill the effect of which is so large that it doubles American conservation lands.
Secondary Syringe Exchange Among Injection Drug Users

Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) have proven to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens, primarily human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among injection drug users (IDUs). In the United States, only about 7% of IDUs have access to and use SEPs. Some IDUs engage in secondary syringe exchange (SSE), meaning that one IDU (a “provider”) obtains syringes at an SEP to distribute to other IDUs (“recipients”). This formative qualitative research was conducted to understand why and how IDUs engage in SSE to aid in the development of a large-scale peer HIV prevention intervention. Interviews with 47 IDUs in Oakland and Richmond, California, indicated that SSE was embedded in existing social networks, which provided natural opportunities for peer education. SSE providers reported a desire to help other IDUs as their primary motivation, while recipients reported convenience as their primary reason for using SSE. Building SSE into SEP structures can facilitate an effective provision of risk reduction supplies and information to IDUs who do not access SEPs directly.
Managerial incentives and the value of information systems timeliness

The emergence of “time‐based competition”; is making timeliness an increasingly important attribute of information systems in modern business organizations. This article focuses on the decision support role of information systems and examines the time value of information in delegated decision settings. We extend the principal‐agent model to incorporate the timing of information in the agent's decision‐making process. The analysis demonstrates that while more timely information results in higher value in the absence of incentive conflicts, more timely information is not necessarily more valuable in settings with incentive conflict. This potentially adverse impact of managerial incentives on the value of timeliness has to be considered in designing information systems. Consideration of user incentives may result in designing information systems that do not completely satisfy individual user “requirements,”; perhaps through suitable access restrictions.
CDDO-imidazolide mediated inhibition of malignant cell growth in Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell malignancy that remains incurable. Synthetic triterpenoids (ST), 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), its methyl ester derivative (CDDO-Me) and imidazolide derivative (CDDO-Im) induce cell death and inhibit growth of various malignancies and hold promise as treatment for cancer patients. We examined the therapeutic potential of these compounds in WM. All three forms of CDDO induced equal toxicity in BCWM.1 cells. In malignant B cells from WM patients, CDDO-Im induced the greatest toxicity. CDDO-Im inhibited proliferation at nanomolar concentrations and arrested the cells in G0/G1. CDDO-Im induced apoptotic cell death that was partially abolished in the presence of caspase inhibitor. CDDO-Im also inhibited survival pathways that have been shown to be important in WM. Overall, our data suggest that ST are likely to provide therapeutic efficacy for WM patients.
Knowledge and Skill Areas Associated with Disability Management Practice for Rehabilitation Counselors

A survey of disability management practitioners was conducted to delineate the knowledge and skills perceived by practitioners to be important in disability management service provision. This study explored the reported preparedness of disability management practitioners. Eight hundred participants received the Disability Management Skills Inventory (DMSI), which was developed for this investigation. A total of 311 individuals responded, for an overall response rate of 39.4%. Factor analysis of the DMSI revealed 94 knowledge and skill items distributed across three competency areas: (a) Fundamentals of Disability Management; (b) Elements of Vocational Rehabilitation; and (c) Elements of Facilitative Counseling and Advocacy. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance revealed statistically significant differences in perceived importance of various knowledge and skill areas, depending on providers' setting and professional classification. In addition, statistically significant differences in reported ...
Rethinking Hospice Eligibility Criteria

THE MEDICARE HOSPICE BENEFIT WAS ESTABLISHED in 1982 to ensure that patients in the last 6 months of life have access to high-quality palliative care provided by a physician, nurse, social worker, chaplain, home health aide, and volunteer. Since then, the hospice industry has expanded rapidly. In 2009, approximately 1.56 million individuals used hospice compared with 1.2 million in 2005. The number of hospice programs has also increased. In 2009 there were approximately 5000 hospices in the United States compared with 4160 in 2005. Despite this growth, access to hospice care is still constrained by the eligibility requirements that patients have a prognosis of 6 months or less without life-sustaining treatment and that they forgo life-sustaining treatment related to their hospice admitting diagnosis. These criteria were meant to make the benefit budget neutral by ensuring that any incremental costs of hospice would be offset by reduced expenditures on life-sustaining treatment. In fact, increasing evidence suggests that hospice is associated with decreased costs, particularly for patients with cancer.
Reasons for expecting subsurface life on many planetary bodies

Hydrocarbons like methane and petroleum are common not only on the Earth, but also on most other planetary bodies in our Solar System, as well as interplanetary dust and meteorites. They appear to have been a common constituent of the materials that formed these bodies, and under heat and pressure hydrocarbon fluids would make their way towards the surface. Trace elements in the rocks, including the inert gas helium, would be swept up by such streams, and this would provide the only known explanation for the clear, strong association of hydrocarbons with helium. But all petroleum on Earth also possesses molecules of unquestionably biological origin. If the oil did not derive from biological materials, then only a massive sub-surface microbial life that pervades all oil-bearing regions could account for this. The sub-surface conditions on many other planetary bodies will be quite similar to those on Earth. Therefore I suggested that such life could be widespread in the Solar System, and that one should look for evidence in the first place in the carbonaceous Martian meteorites. The primary food source would be the upwelling hydrocarbons, together with oxygen available from iron and sulfur oxides in the rocks. Carbon dioxide and water will be produced, and the solids that remain will be iron and sulfur in lower oxidation states. The famous Martian meteorite contains indeed low oxidation iron particles and iron sulfide, together with hydrocarbons, a combination characteristic of oil-bearing regions on Earth.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cysteine sulfinate modulated calcium permeability in synaptosomes from rat brain.

Abstract Cysteine sulfinate (CSA) was shown to increase 45Ca2+ permeability of plasma membrane of synaptosomes isolated from rat brain. The 45Ca2+ enter through a system which has properties different from those of voltage dependent Ca2+ channels or Na + Ca 2+ exchange. The effect of CSA appeared to be mediated by highly specific receptors saturable by ligand. The high concentrations of CSA required (mM) suggest this amino acid is not the physiological agonist for the receptors.
Torture, Terror, and War: Justifying Exceptions to Ordinary Moral Decency

Ethics for Enemies: Terror, Torture, and War F. M. KAMM Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, 178 pp. $35.00 (hardback) ISBN 978-0199608782 Terrorism, Ticking Time-Bombs, and Torture FRITZ ALLHOFF...
Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle contraction

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle to (1) cellular depolarization (response to KCl), (2) α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation (response to phenylephrine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), and (3) eicosinoid receptor stimulation (response to prostaglandin F2α, serotonin, and U46619). Isolated rat pulmonary artery rings were suspended on a fine wire tensiometer in individual organ chambers. After confirming endothelial integrity (response to acetylcholine), dose–response curves were constructed for each vasoactive agonist. The maximal developed tension as well as the dose required to produce 50% of maximal contraction (EC50) was determined for each agonist. The U46619, a stable thromboxane A2mimetic, and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) produced the greatest maximal developed tension in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. This maximal contraction to U46619 and PGF2αwas the same as the maximal tension in response to cellular depolarization (KCl). The maximal tension developed to KCl and U46619 was significantly greater than to α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation and serotonin, 5HT. The maximal tension developed to PGF2αwas greater than the developed tension to 5HT. The dose response curves of α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation and U46619 were shifted to the left compared to PGF2αand 5HT. This study demonstrates that U46619 and PGF2αproduce the greatest maximal developed tension in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. Furthermore, U46619 has the same potency as α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation, which is significantly greater than 5HT and PGF2α. These data may be helpful in the delineation of the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension due to adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Ionomeric Films of Alginic Acid

Transparent, flexible films could be made by casting aqueous solutions of alginic acid, but they dissolved in water. When films were made from a solution of alginic acid and multivalent ions, they were still water soluble. However, when alginic acid films were immersed in a solution of salts with multivalent ions, they dissolved in water much more slowly, if at all. Treatment with calcium and zinc resulted in films insoluble in water and their tensile strength increased by an order of magnitude. Iron and magnesium ions had little effect on properties of the films. Copper and aluminum showed intermediate effect, but treatment with cupric ion resulted in a fast crosslinking of the surface without affecting the inside of the film. This resulted in the formation of a tube when opposing surfaces were pulled apart.
Comparative effects of aspirin, a synthetic thrombin inhibitor and a monoclonal antiplatelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antibody on coronary artery reperfusion, reocclusion and bleeding with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in a canine preparation☆

The comparative effects of intravenous aspirin, the synthetic thrombin inhibitor (2R,4R)-4-methyl-1-[N2-(3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8- quinolinesulfonyl)-L-arginyl]-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid monohydrate (Argatroban) and F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibody 7E3 against platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (7E3-F[ab']2) on thrombolysis, reocclusion and bleeding associated with 0.45 mg/kg body weight bolus injections of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) were studied in a canine coronary artery thrombosis model. Coronary patency was monitored for 2 h both by flow probe and by coronary angiography. Four groups were studied: Group I = pretreated with 17 mg/kg intravenous aspirin (n = 6), Group II = pretreated with 200 micrograms/kg per min intravenous Argatroban for 60 min (n = 5), Group III = pretreated with aspirin and Argatroban (n = 5) and Group IV = pretreated with 0.8 mg/kg intravenous 7E3-F(ab')2 (n = 5). In Group I, reflow occurred in four of six dogs, but did not persist; reflow was induced in Group II in four of five dogs, persisting in one; in Group III, reflow occurred in all five dogs, persisting in four; in Group IV reflow was achieved in four of five dogs, persisting in two. The frequency of persistent reflow in Group III was significantly higher than in the combined Groups I and II (p = 0.012), whereas the time to reflow was significantly shorter in the groups receiving Argatroban than in the aspirin group (median 25 versus 55 min, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences between Groups III and IV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Resolution revolution: epilepsy dynamics at the microscale

Our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms behind epilepsy dynamics has recently advanced due to the application of novel technologies, monitoring hundreds of neurons with single cell resolution. These developments have provided new theories on the relationship between physiological and pathological states, as well as common motifs for the propagation of paroxysmal activity. Although traditional electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings continue to describe normal network oscillations and abnormal epileptic events within and outside of the seizure focus, analysis of epilepsy dynamics at the microscale has found variability in the composition of macroscopically repetitive epileptiform events. These novel results point to heterogeneity in the underlying dynamics of the disorder, highlighting both the need and potential for more specific and targeted therapies.
Preparation and evaluation of a sustained morphine delivery system in rats

A new drug delivery system to induce physical dependence to morphine in rats is described. The device consists of a silicone polymer containing a water soluble “carrier” material, sodium alginate, which swells on contact with moisture to release the drug. The silicone or silastic® pellets formulated to contain morphine sulfate are very easily prepared and the advantages over existing methods to induce physical dependence to morphine are discussed. In addition, a comparison of the percent of drug released and withdrawal intensities in rats was made with a silastic-morphine sulfate pellet, silastic-morphine base pellet and a microcrystalline cellulose-morphine base pellet.
Theoretical studies of the structures and electronic properties of U(NH2)3 and Np(NH2)3

Abstract The electronic structure of the model compounds U(NH 2 ) 3 and Np(NH 2 ) 3 is investigated with the aid of ab initio electronic structure techniques. The electronic ground states and equilibrium geometries of these complexes are determined using multiconfiguration SCF techniques. The ground state and low-lying excited states of U(NH 2 ) 3 are found to arise from the (5f) 2 (6d) 1 and (5f) 3 configurations on the metal. The lowest state of the (5f) 2 (6d) 1 and (5f) 3 configurations are comparable in energy. Np(NH 2 ) 3 utilizes the (5f) 4 configuration, with the (5f) 3 (6d) 1 configuration lying about 2 eV higher in energy. Comparisons are made to the AnL 3 counterparts with LCH 3 .
Biogenesis of erythrocyte membrane proteins in vivo studies in anemic rabbits

Abstract To study the process of red cell membrane protein synthesis we have followed the time course of [3H]leucine appearance in total protein and individual peptides of the erythrocyte membrane following injection of the amino acid into phenylhydrazine-anemic rabbits. Multiple peripheral blood samples were taken from single animals over a 5-week period. Erythrocyte membrane proteins were separated by polycrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate and dithiothreitol; incorporation of radioactivity was determined by gel slicing and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Appearance of [3H]leucine in circulating erythrocytes reached a peak at 1–3 days, with a steady decline thereafter. The radioactive amino acid appeared first in the lowest molecular weight peptides and last in the largest peptides; at the earliest time point (8 h), little radioactivity was observed in any of the four largest peptides present in the membranes (bands A, 1, 2 and 3). Certain smaller peptides (bands 4, 5 and 9) were the predominant species labeled at this time. By 24 h all peptides showed significant incorporation. With maturation of the red cells, label largely disappeared from bands A, 9 and several smaller peptides; this was confirmed by finding that the peptides are virtually absent from mature circulating erythrocytes. These data are interpreted as showing that red cell membrane proteins are synthesized asynchronously during the life cycle of the erythrocyte; the largest peptides are made predominantly in the earlier marrow stages of development, while certain of the smaller peptides are still being synthesized in the reticulocyte stage. Several membrane proteins appear to be specific to the reticulocyte and are lost during the process of cell maturation in the circulation.
Buffer Insertion and Sizing in Clock Distribution Networks with Gradual Transition Time Relaxation for Reduced Power Consumption

Clock distribution network consumes a significant portion of the total chip power since the clock signal has the highest activity factor and drives the largest capacitive load in a synchronous integrated circuit. A new algorithm is proposed in this paper for buffer insertion and sizing in an H-tree clock distribution network. The objective of the algorithm is to minimize the total power consumption while satisfying the maximum acceptable clock transition time constraints at the leaves of the clock distribution network for maintaining high- performance. The algorithm employs non-uniform buffer insertion and progressive relaxation of the transition time requirements from the leaves to the root of the clock distribution network. The proposed algorithm provides up to 30% savings in the total power consumption as compared to a standard algorithm with uniform buffer insertion aimed at maintaining uniform transition time constraints at all the nodes of a clock tree.
MultiNet: connecting to multiple IEEE 802.11 networks using a single wireless card

There are a number of scenarios where it is desirable to have a wireless device connect to multiple networks simultaneously. Currently, this is possible only by using multiple wireless network cards in the device. Unfortunately, using multiple wireless cards causes excessive energy drain and consequent reduction of lifetime in battery operated devices. We propose a software based approach, called MultiNet, that facilitates simultaneous connections to multiple networks by virtualizing a single wireless card. The wireless card is virtualized by introducing an intermediate layer below IP, which continuously switches the card across multiple networks. The goal of the switching algorithm is to he transparent to the user who sees her machine as being connected to multiple networks. We present the design, implementation, and performance of the MultiNet system. We analyze and evaluate buffering and switching algorithms in terms of delay and energy consumption. Our system is agnostic of the upper layer protocols, and works well over popular IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN cards.
The competition between Brownian motion and adhesion in soft materials

The phenomenon considered is the potential for adhesion between a membrane and a nearby substrate through bonding of receptor molecules in the membrane to ligand molecules on the substrate. The membrane is immersed in a thermal reservoir and, consequently, experiences thermal undulations. The undulations must be suppressed in order to effect bonding, and this competition is the focus of the present discussion. A simple physical model is introduced which incorporates thermal motion of a one-dimensional membrane, and its tendency for bonding is represented by an interaction potential with the substrate. The model is analyzed within the framework of classical statistical mechanics, based on a description of adhesion in terms of the standard deviation of the membrane at the potential bonding points. The principal result is in the form of a quantitative relationship between the membrane span and the depth of the bonding potential that must be satisfied in order for bonding to be completed.
The role of αEβ7 integrin (CD103) and E‐cadherin in epidermotropism in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma

Adhesion molecules such as integrins and cadherins are thought to play a critical role in T-cell migration and localization within the epidermis (epidermotropism). The purpose of this study was to correlate T-cell expression of the integrin CD103 and E-cadherin in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Serial sections of skin biopsies from 22 patients with CTCL and 13 with benign reactive dermatitis were stained with antibodies to CD4, CD103, and E-cadherin by the avidin-biotin peroxidase technique. CD103 was expressed on single epidermotropic CD4+ T-cells in 9/9 early stage (patch/plaque) CTCL and 6/10 reactive dermatitis biopsies. Less than 30% of dermal T-cells expressed CD103. All 4/4 late stage (tumor) CTCL were CD103-. Epidermal aggregates of CD4+ T-cells (Pautrier's microabscesses) were CD103-. E-cadherin was expressed on epidermal keratinocytes and follicular and sweat gland epithelia but not on T-cells. We conclude that CD103 expression on cutaneous T-cells parallels the degree of epidermotropism exhibited in both neoplastic and inflammatory disorders of the skin. E-cadherin is not expressed on T-cells infiltrating the skin. Further investigation is necessary to further elucidate the interaction between CD103 and E-cadherin in facilitating trafficking of T-cells into the epidermis.
Attitudes toward fragile X mutation carrier testing from women identified in a general population survey.

Fragile X syndrome is primarily due to a CGG repeat expansion found in the FMR1 X-linked gene. In a previous study, we conducted focus groups with women to assess their attitudes towards fragile X carrier screening. In this follow-up study, we conducted in-depth interviews of general population reproductive-age women who were identified as carriers. We explored their attitudes toward testing for carrier status of the fragile X mutation. These women underwent screening primarily to participate in a research project rather than in search of a diagnosis for specific symptoms. As such, these women were wholly unprepared for positive carrier results. Their responses about their results and carrier screening, in many cases, were being worked out over the course of the interview itself. The most salient finding of this work is the apparent lack of relevance of carrier status to these women. Many expressed that although the information could be relevant in the future, it is not relevant at this stage of their lives in terms of family planning (either with respect to having unaffected offspring or to premature ovarian failure) and personal relationships. Although issues of abortion seemed prominent in the focus groups, we found that carrier status did not have an apparent effect on women’s attitudes about termination. We hypothesize this may be related to the fact that women had not processed their new carrier status and had not related it to previously-formed personal opinions. The findings of this work have significant implications for genetic counseling and population screening. Genetic counselors should be mindful that general population women may not recognize the immediate importance of their carrier status even when literature is provided and discussed prior to providing a sample. As part of comprehensive genetic counseling, counselors should identify the reproductive life stage of the woman receiving the new information and help her identify when this information would be more meaningful in her life. Counselors can assist in setting up a personalized road map with specific types of services that will be more applicable to the woman as her carrier status becomes more relevant.
A histidine protein kinase homolog from the endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila

The uncultivated bacterial endosymbionts of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila play a central role in providing their host with fixed carbon. While this intimate association between host and symbiont indicates tight integration and coordination of function via cellular communication mechanisms, no such systems have been identified. To elucidate potential signal transduction pathways in symbionts that may mediate symbiont-host communication, we cloned and characterized a gene encoding a histidine protein kinase homolog isolated from a symbiont fosmid library. The gene, designated rssA (for Riftia symbiont signal kinase), resembles known sensor kinases and encodes a protein capable of phosphorylating response regulators in Escherichia coli. A second open reading frame, rssB (for Riftia symbiont signal regulator), encodes a protein similar to known response regulators. These results suggest that the symbionts utilize a phosphotransfer signal transduction mechanism to communicate external signals that may mediate recognition of or survival within the host. The specific signals eliciting a response by the signal transduction proteins of the symbiont remain to be elucidated.
Differences in the N Termini of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 gDs That Influence Functional Interactions with the Human Entry Receptor Nectin-2 and an Entry Receptor Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Amino acid differences at seven positions in the N termini of the glycoproteins D (gDs) specified by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are largely responsible for the significantly higher cell fusion activity of HSV-2 gD with Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human nectin-2 or only an endogenous hamster receptor.
On the scalability of wireless multi-hop broadcast protocols with respect to density in VANET

Multi-hop wireless broadcast is a critical component in ad-hoc wireless networks. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) in particular utilize broadcast as a primary communication mechanism in many applications. Such networks exhibit situations of very high node densities so it is important that the broadcast protocols used to support applications on these networks scale well to high densities. This work evaluates existing broadcast protocols in terms of this scalability using both a high-level simulation assuming an ideal medium (WiBDAT) and a standard detailed wireless simulation (JiST/SWANS). Four broadcast methods and protocols, each having been used as a forwarding node selection algorithm in VANET, are chosen for evaluation: stochastic broadcast, distance method, Advanced Adaptive Gossiping (AAG), and Multi-Point Relaying (MPR). Results show a distinct performance difference in terms of rebroadcast efficiency at high densities. Protocols using network topology information, AAG and MPR, become inefficient at high densities. Stochastic broadcast and the distance method, which use neighbor count directly to calculate retransmit thresholds, are shown to be highly adaptive to node density.
No Gender Difference in Spatial Representation by Schoolchildren in Northwest Pakistan

Results from two spatial tasks (Kohs block design and draw-a-person-with-face-in-front)support previously documented ecocultural findings with Stone-Age culture Auca Indians and challenge a basic Western assumption of gender differences in spatial tasks that favor males. Twenty-four male and 24 female schoolchildren (ages 8 to 10) in northwest Pakistan performed both spatial tasks without showing essential gender differences. Of the girls and boys, 44.4% and 63.6%, respectively, constructed Kohs blocks correctly. Of the girls and boys, 60.8% and 47.9%, respectively, produced similar schematized neolithic-type face patterns when asked to draw a face. These findings of similar spatial representation abilities and preferences in boys and girls are even more striking when considered within the context of an Islamic cultural tradition, which had, in the past, neglected women's education, also preserved traditional women's tasks.
INDUCTION BY ANTIBIOTICS AND COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF L-PHASE VARIANTS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Abstract Molander, C. W. (Cedars of Lebanon-Mount Sinai Hospitals, Los Angeles, Calif.), B. M. Kagan, H. J. Weinberger, E. M. Heimlich, and R. J. Busser. Induction by antibiotics and comparative sensitivity of L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 88:591–594. 1964.—The penicillins, cephalothin, vancomycin, and bacitracin were found to be less inhibitory to the L-phase variants than to their respective parent bacteria. Those antibiotics not considered to be primarily inhibitors of cell-wall synthesis were, in general, somewhat more inhibitory to the L form than to their parent bacteria. Only the penicillins and cephalothin readily induced L-phase variation. Novobiocin induced pleomorphic growth resembling the earliest stages of L-phase transformation. Failure of observable induction by bacitracin and vancomycin suggests that these two antibiotics affect cell-wall synthesis in a manner different from the penicillins, or that L-phase transformation may require more than “penicillin-like” interference with cell-wall synthesis.
A PLCγ1-Dependent, Force-Sensitive Signaling Network in the Myogenic Constriction of Cerebral Arteries

Maintaining constant blood flow in the face of fluctuations in blood pressure is a critical autoregulatory feature of cerebral arteries. An increase in pressure within the artery lumen causes the vessel to constrict through depolarization and contraction of the encircling smooth muscle cells. This pressure-sensing mechanism involves activation of two types of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels: TRPC6 and TRPM4. We provide evidence that the activation of the γ1 isoform of phospholipase C (PLCγ1) is critical for pressure sensing in cerebral arteries. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), generated by PLCγ1 in response to pressure, sensitized IP3 receptors (IP3Rs) to Ca2+ influx mediated by the mechanosensitive TRPC6 channel, synergistically increasing IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release to activate TRPM4 currents, leading to smooth muscle depolarization and constriction of isolated cerebral arteries. Proximity ligation assays demonstrated colocalization of PLCγ1 and TRPC6 with TRPM4, suggesting the presence of a force-sensitive, local signaling network comprising PLCγ1, TRPC6, TRPM4, and IP3Rs. Src tyrosine kinase activity was necessary for stretch-induced TRPM4 activation and myogenic constriction, consistent with the ability of Src to activate PLCγ isoforms. We conclude that contraction of cerebral artery smooth muscle cells requires the integration of pressure-sensing signaling pathways and their convergence on IP3Rs, which mediate localized Ca2+-dependent depolarization through the activation of TRPM4.
ANCOVA based on comparing a robust measure of location at empirically determined design points

For two independent groups, let (Yij), Xij), i = 1, …, nj; J = 1, 2 be a random sample of nj observations from the jth group. Suppose that for the jth group, the population trimmed mean of Y, given that X = x, is given by some unknown function mj(x). The paper describes a method of comparing the two regression lines at q design points determined empirically. The proposed procedure is based in part on a simple application of the running interval smoother which allows mj(x) to be modelled non-parametrically. In contrast to extant methods, it is not assumed that the error term associated with the jth group has constant variance, nor is it assumed that the variance of Y, given X, is the same for both groups. The power of the new method compares well to the conventional method when the standard assumptions of normality, parallel regression lines, and homogeneity of variance are true. The new method can have substantially higher power when standard assumptions are violated, it provides good control over the probability of a Type I error for a much wider range of situations, and it provides a more detailed indication of where regression lines differ and by how much.
Deep Space Mission Applications for NEXT: NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster

§NASA’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) is designed to address a need for advanced ion propulsion systems on certain future NASA deep space missions. This paper surveys five potential missions that have been identified as being able to take advantage of the unique capabilities of NEXT. A potential Mars Sample return mission is described, and comparison made between a chemical mission and a NEXT based mission. Four possible near term applications to New Frontiers and Discovery class missions are described, and comparisons are made to chemical systems or existing NSTAR ion propulsion system performance. The results show that NEXT has potential performance and cost benefits for missions in the Discovery and New Frontiers classes.
Clinical Utility of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve

A 28-year-old woman was referred to an outside center at 20 weeks’ gestation for fetal echocardiogram, which revealed the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. There were an anterior malalignment-type ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and severe pulmonary insufficiency in the setting of severely dysplastic, rudimentary pulmonary valve leaflets. The patient presented to our center at 31 weeks for follow-up evaluation and delivery management planning. Fetal echocardiogram confirmed the diagnosis. The main and branch pulmonary arteries were markedly dilated (Figure 1A and 1B and Movies I and II in the online-only Data Supplement), and there was no ductus arteriosus. The cardiac silhouette was shifted leftward with a cardiac axis of 112°, deviating significantly from a normal fetal cardiac axis of 45° (Figure 1C). The left lung appeared small and diffusely hyperechoic relative to the right lung, suggesting atelectasis or consolidation. Figure 1. A , Fetal echocardiogram image demonstrating massively dilated main and branch pulmonary arteries. Arrow indicates the rudimentary pulmonary valve. LPA indicates left pulmonary artery; and RPA, right pulmonary artery. B , Sagittal fetal echocardiogram image demonstrating a cross section of the massively dilated right pulmonary artery. Ao indicates aorta. C , Axial echocardiographic view of the fetal chest demonstrating marked leftward deviation of the cardiac axis in the setting of right lung overexpansion and left lung hypoplasia vs compressive volume loss. The angle demonstrates a cardiac axis of 112°. Note that the left lung appears more echo-bright compared with the right lung. LL indicates left lung; LV, left ventricle; RL, …