cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Generalized 1-Dimensional Temperature Model for Mass Via Arrays (MVA)

This paper presents a generalized mathematical model for calculating the temperature of MVAs at specific interface points. This model is formulated using thermal circuit analysis of an n-many layers MVA. We performed numerical calculations and simulations using our model. The results are compared to corresponding COMSOL simulations and the comparison results indicate model accuracy of ±xxx%.
Predictors of shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users.

Abstract Background Manual wheelchair users rely on their upper limbs to provide independent mobility, which leads to high muscular demand on their upper extremities and often results in shoulder pain and injury. However, the specific causes of shoulder pain are unknown. Previous work has shown that decreased shoulder muscle strength is predictive of shoulder pain onset, and others have analyzed joint kinematics and kinetics, propulsion technique and intra-individual variability for their relation to shoulder pathology. The purpose of this study was to determine in a longitudinal setting whether there are specific biomechanical measures that predict shoulder pain development in manual wheelchair users. Methods All participants were asymptomatic for shoulder pain and categorized into pain and no pain groups based on assessments at 18 and 36 months later. Shoulder strength, handrim and joint kinetics, kinematics, spatiotemporal measures, intra-individual standard deviations and coefficients of variation were evaluated as predictors of shoulder pain. Findings Individuals who developed shoulder pain had weaker shoulder adductor muscles, higher positive shoulder joint work during recovery, and less trunk flexion than those who did not develop pain. In addition, relative intra-individual variability was a better predictor of shoulder pain than absolute variability, however future work is needed to determine when increased versus decreased variability is more favorable for preventing shoulder pain. Interpretation These predictors may provide insight into how to improve rehabilitation training and outcomes for manual wheelchair users and ultimately decrease their likelihood of developing shoulder pain and injuries.
Spatio-temporal dynamics of Host-Virus competition: A model study of influenza A.

Abstract We present results of a study of the early-time response of the innate immune system to influenza virus infection in an agent-based model (ABM) of epithelial cell layers. We find that the competition between the anti-viral immune response and viral antagonism can lead to viral titers non-monotonic in the initial infection fraction as found in experiments. Our model includes a coarse-grained version of intra-cellular processes and inter-cellular communication via cytokine and virion diffusion. We use ABM to follow the propagation of viral infection in the layer and the increase of the viral load as a function of time for different values of the multiplicity of infection (MOI), the initial number of viruses added per cell. We find that for moderately strong host immune response, the number of infected cells and viral load for a smaller MOI exceeds that for larger MOI, as seen in experiments. We elucidate the mechanism underlying this result as the synergistic action of cytokines secreted by infected cells in controlling viral amplification for larger MOI. We investigate the length and time scales that determine this non-monotonic behavior within the ABM. We study the diffusive spread of virions and cytokines from a single infected cell in an absorbing medium analytically and numerically and deduce the length scale that yields a good estimate of the MOI at which we find non-monotonicity. Detailed computations of the temporal behavior of averaged quantities and spatial measures provide further insights into host-viral interactions and connections to experimental observations.
An Artificial Intelligent Flexible Gas Sensor Based on Ultra-Large Area MoSe 2 Nanosheet

Flexible electronic applications based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) nanosheet are extremely impressive recently. Synthesis of ultra-large area atomic layer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2 ) on a flexible substrate is the kernel of the fabrication process. In this work, we successfully transferred the ultra-large area of MoSe 2 atomic layer flakes on Kapton film with gold-mediated exfoliation method. The large area MoSe 2 nanosheet works as an active chemical gas sensing channel for flexible functional devices. The two terminal flexible gas sensor exhibited high responsivity under concentration for NH 3 and NO 2 of 5ppm and 1ppm, respectively. The flexible electronics were bent and further tested with an external circuit. In addition, an artificial intelligent data processing method with machine learning is applied to localize the toxic gas source. These results suggested that wearable large area MoSe 2 atomic layer is promising for wearable environmental detection applications.
Compressive Chirp Transform for Estimation of Chirp Parameters

This paper develops a new algorithm for estimating the parameters of multiple chirp signals in noise. The proposed method uses Compressive Sensing (CS) formulation of the Discrete Chirp Fourier Transform (DCFT) basis to achieve superior estimator performance. Unlike Fourier or time-frequency based approaches, DCFT incorporates the underlying chirp signal model parameters in formulating the transform [1] –[4]. In this work a CS formulation exploits the parametric DCFT basis for fast recovery to achieve highly accurate parameter estimation results in polynomial time using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP). The performance of the proposed algorithm has been compared with existing methods via simulations.
Identifying cues for tone-in-noise detection using decision variable correlation in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus).

Previous studies evaluated cues for masked tone detection using reproducible noise waveforms. Human results founded on this approach suggest that tone detection is based on combined energy and envelope (ENV) cues, but detection cues in nonhuman species are less clear. Decision variable correlation (DVC) was used to evaluate tone-in-noise detection cues in the budgerigar, an avian species with human-like behavioral sensitivity to many complex sounds. DVC quantifies a model's ability to predict trial-by-trial variance in behavioral responses. Budgerigars were behaviorally conditioned to detect 500-Hz tones in wideband (WB; 100–3000 Hz) and narrowband (NB; 452–552 Hz) noise. Behavioral responses were obtained using a single-interval, two-alternative discrimination task and two-down, one-up adaptive tracking procedures. Tone-detection thresholds in WB noise were higher than human thresholds, putatively due to broader peripheral frequency tuning, whereas NB thresholds were within ∼1 dB of human results. Budgerigar average hit and false-alarm rates across noise waveforms were consistent, highly correlated across subjects, and correlated to human results. Trial-by-trial behavioral results in NB noise were best explained by a model combining energy and ENV cues. In contrast, WB results were better predicted by ENV-based or multiple-channel energy detector models. These results suggest that budgerigars and humans use similar cues for tone-in-noise detection.Previous studies evaluated cues for masked tone detection using reproducible noise waveforms. Human results founded on this approach suggest that tone detection is based on combined energy and envelope (ENV) cues, but detection cues in nonhuman species are less clear. Decision variable correlation (DVC) was used to evaluate tone-in-noise detection cues in the budgerigar, an avian species with human-like behavioral sensitivity to many complex sounds. DVC quantifies a model's ability to predict trial-by-trial variance in behavioral responses. Budgerigars were behaviorally conditioned to detect 500-Hz tones in wideband (WB; 100–3000 Hz) and narrowband (NB; 452–552 Hz) noise. Behavioral responses were obtained using a single-interval, two-alternative discrimination task and two-down, one-up adaptive tracking procedures. Tone-detection thresholds in WB noise were higher than human thresholds, putatively due to broader peripheral frequency tuning, whereas NB thresholds were within ∼1 dB of human results. Budger...
Standardizing Latinx early childhood educators: (Un)intended consequences of policy reform to professionalize the workforce:

The field of early childhood and its teacher education programs, globally, have experienced intensified policy reforms to “professionalize” the workforce. This has had (un)intended consequences of ...
Acoustical characteristics of segmented plates with contact interfaces

Abstract The possibility of shifting sound energy from lower to higher frequency bands is investigated. The system configuration considered is a segmented structure having non-linear stiffness characteristics. It is proposed here that such a frequency-shifting mechanism could complement metamaterial concepts for mass-efficient sound barriers. The acoustical behavior of the material system was studied through a representative two-dimensional model consisting of a segmented plate with a contact interface. Multiple harmonic peaks were observed in response to a purely single frequency excitation, and the strength of the response was found to depend on the degree of non-linearity introduced. The lower and closer an excitation frequency was to the characteristic resonance frequencies of the base system, the stronger was the predicted higher harmonic response. The broadband sound transmission loss of these systems has also been calculated and the low frequency sound transmission loss was found to increase as the level of the broadband incident sound field increased. The present findings support the feasibility of designing material systems that transfer energy from lower frequency bands, where a sound barrier is less efficient, to higher bands where energy is more readily dissipated.
Review on Characteristics of Sewage Sludge Ash and Its Partial Replacement as Binder Material in Concrete

The recent environmental concerns have made the concrete technologists think of alternatives to cement or by partially or completely replacing it with pozolonas. There is developing concern all over the world about the raw materials assets utilized in the creation of concrete, and most of them are limited and exhaustible. Use of recycled solid/liquid waste is in practice from a prolonged period in civil engineering application. The solid waste from wastewater treatment plant can be utilized as fillers or supplementary cementing material for the production of eco-friendly green concrete. Sewage sludge is a by-product of a sewage treatment plant. This paper reviews the properties of, sewage sludge ash and its application as a binder material in concrete. State of the art review on the available literature pertaining to sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash is presented. Since the property of the sludge depends on the source of wastewater, a detailed report on variation in the properties reported in the literature is presented. Particle size analysis, specific surface area, chemical composition of SSA reported in various sources are discussed. Properties are discussed on the probability to be used as a potential binder for concrete making is also discussed. Physical and chemical properties in comparison with that of OPC are discussed.
The Campus Litigation Privacy Act of 2015: In Support of a FERPA Amendment Closing the Privacy Gap for University Student Litigants’ Counseling Records

This paper calls for Congress to pass the Campus Litigation Privacy Act of 2015, a FERPA amendment, which closes the privacy gap for student litigants at the federal level and protects their university counseling records across the United States. As currently enacted, FERPA contains a privacy gap in its statutory language that provides for lawful disclosure of a university student litigant’s mental health counseling records. This disclosure is allowed by law when the student sues the university where they have been receiving counseling and they put their mental state at issue in the lawsuit. FERPA treats their mental health counseling records as education records and, in the absence of a higher privacy protection in the state the university is located, allows for disclosure of the records to university counsel.
Direct Inversion of Rigid-Body Rotational Dynamics

In this paper, the global linearization (inversion) of rigid-body rotational dynamics is reviewed and representations in terms of quaternions and direction cosines are compared. Certain properties common to quaternions and direction cosines that make their use preferable to Euler angles and that simpify the inversion procedure are described. Applications of the inversion procedure for state estimation and attitude control are discussed. To avoid complexities caused by aerodynamics, an example of direct inversion for linear feedback control of spacecraft attitude is given.
History of Neurochemistry

Neurochemistry, the biochemistry of the nervous system, became a recognized research discipline in the 1950s, but its origins can be traced to antiquity. Keywords: neurotransmission; brain lipids; brain metabolism; neuroplasticity; dementia
Breaking bad: an attachment perspective on youth mentoring relationship closures

Endings in youth mentoring relationships have received little attention to date despite the frequency with which they occur. In this paper, we bring an attachment theory perspective to bear on youth mentoring relationship closures and consider how the rich empirical and theoretical literature on attachment can inform mentoring programme practice and possibly help prevent premature and poorly handled mentoring relationship endings. We consider what is known about endings in youth mentoring relationships, articulate an attachment perspective on mentoring relationships and their endings and offer recommendations informed by these literatures for how mentoring programmes can promote positive closure when relationships come to an end.
Steady-state analysis of the multistage CM array for correlated signals

A steady-state analysis of the multistage constant modulus (CM) array is presented for the case of correlated source signals. Using a Wiener model for the converged adaptive algorithms, it is demonstrated that because of the cascade structure, signal cross-correlation results in "phantom" sources. The resulting "leakage" in the signal cancellers between stages causes an increase in the minimum mean-square error. A parallel implementation is discussed that overcomes this loss in performance.
Organizational Factors that Influence Information Technology Diffusion in Academic Health Sciences Centers

Objective: To identify the organizational factors which influence the diffusion of end user online literature searching, the computer-based patient record, and electronic mail systems in academic health sciences centers in the United States. Design: A total of 1335 individuals working in informatics and library areas at 67 academic health sciences centers in the U.S. were surveyed. Multivariate techniques were used to evaluate the relationship between the set of six organizational factors and two measures of innovation diffusion. Measurements: A Guttman-like scale was developed to measure infusion, or depth or sophistication, of each of the three innovations at each institution. Diffusion was measured by a question previously developed for another study. Six independent variables were measured via five formerly developed scales and one new one. Results: The overall response rate was 41%. The set of organizational variables produced significant results in the diffusion of each of the three innovations, with individual variables influencing diffusion to varying degrees. The same set produced significant results in relation to infusion only for online searching. There was little or no correlation between infusion and diffusion for each innovation. Conclusion: Organizational attributes are important predictors for diffusion of information technology innovations. Individual variables differ in their effect on each innovation. The set of attributes seems less able to predict infusion. It is recommended that both infusion and diffusion be measured in future studies because there is little relation between them. It is further recommended that individuals charged with implementing information technology in the health sciences receive training in managing organizational issues.
Up close and personal to atoms.

The latest microscopes provide a new level of sophistication not only in imaging but also for interacting with matter at the atomic scale.
Skipped-Stimulus Approach Reveals That Short-Term Plasticity Dominates Synaptic Strength during Ongoing Activity

All synapses show activity-dependent changes in strength, which affect the fidelity of postsynaptic spiking. This is particularly important at auditory nerve synapses, where the presence and timing of spikes carry information about a sound's structure, which must be passed along for proper processing. However, it is not clear how synaptic plasticity influences spiking during ongoing activity. Under these conditions, conventional analyses erroneously suggest that synaptic plasticity has no influence on EPSC amplitude or spiking. Therefore, we developed new approaches to study how ongoing activity influences synaptic strength, using voltage- and current-clamp recordings from bushy cells in brain slices from mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus. We applied identical trains of stimuli, except for one skipped stimulus, and found that EPSC amplitude was affected for 60 ms following a skipped stimulus. We further showed that the initial probability of release, calcium-dependent mechanisms of recovery, and desensitization all play a role even during ongoing activity. Current-clamp experiments indicated that these processes had a significant effect on postsynaptic spiking, as did the refractory period to a smaller extent. Thus short-term plasticity has real, important functional consequences.
Ophthalmic applications of confocal microscopy: diagnostics, refractive surgery, and eye banking

Confocal microscopy of ocular tissue provides two advantages over traditional imaging techniques: increased range and transverse resolution and increased contrast. The semitransparent cornea and ocular lens in the living eye can be optically sectioned and observed by reflected light confocal microscopy. Within the cornea we observed various cell components nerve fibers nerve cell bodies and fibrous networks. The confocal microscopic images from the in-situ ocular lens show the lens capsule the lens epithelium and the individual lens fibrils. All of the reflected light confocal microscopic images have high contrast and high resolution. Some of the applications of confocal imaging in ophthalmology include: diagnostics of the cornea and the ocular lens examination prior to and after refractive surgery examination of intraocular lenses (IOL) and examination of eye bank material. Other ophthalmic uses of confocal imaging include: studies of wound healing therapeutics and the effects of contact lenses on the cornea. The proposed features of a clinical confocal microscope are reviewed. 2.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SU-E-T-438: Optimal Proton Beam Energy to Treat Adult CNS, Adult Head and Neck, and Pediatric Cancers.

Purpose:Proton therapy machines with lower beam energy requirements are expected to be easier and more cost‐efficient to design, construct, and operate, particularly when using novel proton acceleration technology (e.g., dielectric wall). We determine, for adult central nervous system(CNS) and head and neck (HN) and pediatric cases, the optimal proton beam energies that can lead to clinically acceptable plan quality. Methods:Proton treatment plans for various adult CNS and HN and pediatric cases, previously treated at our institution using helical tomotherapy, were generated using a commercial planning system (XiO, v. 4.62, Elekta) with a passively‐scattered proton beam model. Proton beam orientations were chosen such that the distance from the skin to the distal target edge was minimal; however, beams could not pass through areas with significant surface irregularity (e.g. ear), nor through OARs with strict dose limitations (e.g. lens). For a given beam direction, the planning system would calculate an optimum range and modulation to cover a given target volume. Beam weights were adjusted so that 95% of the target volume received the prescribed dose. All plans were limited to two proton beams. Results: An optimal proton energy exists for each case studied. Among all cases, target dose conformity (the ratio of target volume to volume encompassed by theprescribed dose) ranged from 0.74 to 0.94, and target dose uniformity (the ratio of the D5 and D95 doses) ranged from 1.01 to 1.04, with the optimal proton energies. Among the CNS and HN cases and for most pediatric cases, the maximum proton energy required was 133 MeV. For a pediatric abdomen case, 159 MeV protons were required. Conclusions: For protontreatment of most adult CNS and HN and pediatric cases, the optimal energies that are capable of generating good quality plans are only as high as 130 MeV.
Steady Conjugate Heat Transfer from X-Ray or Laser-Heated Sphere in External Flow at Low Reynolds Number

ABSTRACT A laser or an X-ray beam is used to heat a sphere that is immersed in uniform external flow. Temperature distributions as well as local and average convective heat transfer coefficients are calculated in order to evaluate the efficacy of cooling the solid sphere. The present work extends previous studies by: (1) applying a unique heat source imposed by irradiating the sphere with an intense X-ray energy beam; (2) performing the conjugate heat transfer analysis in fluid and solid domain; and (3) calculating the internal and surface temperature distribution. Absorption of the irradiation results in nonuniform heat generation, having an exponential spatial distribution of heat source. The limiting cases of heat source distribution are localized surface “laser” heating and near-uniform heat generation throughout the sphere. Key results are reported for two different source beam sizes (small and large) striking the sphere, with comparison to the solution for the isothermal wall boundary condition.
Steric stabilization of core-shell nanoparticles in liquid carbon dioxide at the vapor pressure.

Nondilute nanoparticle dispersions were stabilized in liquid CO2 at 25 °C at pressures as low as the vapor pressure for greater than 30 min. By modifying hydrophilic silica with a trifunctional silylating agent, (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)triethoxy silane, a cross-linked polymer shell was formed around the silica core. The presence of the shell led to weaker Hamaker interactions between approaching fluoro-silica composite particles and enabled dispersibility at weaker solvent conditions (low pressures) than for metals with larger Hamaker constants. Steric stabilization of the nanoparticles was provided by low-molecular-weight perfluorodecane side chains at the surface of the fluoro-silica composite shell. Compared to polymeric chains, the perfluorodecane side chains are more easily solvated and thus stabilize nanoparticle dispersions in CO2 at much lower pressures, even down to the vapor pressure.
Airborne Video Image Enhancement

Images of objects and scenes on earth taken from high and low altitude aircraft have been used for many purposes including natural resource analysis, weather prediction and navigational aid. For an image of low contrast, the amplitude variations of the high frequency components of the video are small and can be masked by noise introduced during recording and transmission. Analog and digital enhancement techniques are used to enhance and retain the detail information of the scene represented by the high frequency components. Experimental results are presented for the processing of optical and radar images.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characteristics of Dimuons as Evidence for a New Quantum Number

Neutrino-induced dimuon events probably involve the production and subsequent decay of one or more real, intermediate particles. The observed properties of dimuon events are shown not to agree with the hypotheses that the intermediate particles are heavy leptons or semiweak vector bosons. This strongly suggests production of new hadrons as the leading explanation of dimuon events. Such new hadrons, decaying weakly, would necessarily possess a new, as yet unidentified, quantum number.
NUCLEOTIDE COMPOSITION OF THE RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS OF THE BOVINE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM.

The nucleotide compositions of the ribonucleic acids (RNA's) extracted from the subcellular fractions of bovine corneal epithelium are reported. RNA was extracted from the insoluble, particulate, and soluble fractions with sodium dodecyl sulphate and hydrolyzed with dilute KOH. The nucleotides were separated by paper chromatography in isopropanol-HCl-water and were identified by their ultraviolet absorption spectra. The nucleotides were estimated from their absorption at the wavelengths of maximum absorption of ultraviolet light. All RNA fractions contained 30% cytidine monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate each and 20% uridine monophosphate and adenosine monophosphate each when expressed as moles of nucleotides per 100 moles of total recovered nucleotides. The ratio of purine to pyrimidine nucleotides was 1·5, a value similar to that found in the RNA of other bovine tissues.
Accurate calibration of the four-detector photopolarimeter with imperfect polarizing optical elements

The first three columns of the instrument matrix A of the four-detector photopolarimeter (FDP) are determined by Fourier analysis of the output current vector I(P) as a function of the azimuth angle P of the incident linearly polarized light. Therefore 12 of the 16 elements of A are measured free of the imperfections of the (absent) quarter-wave retarder (QWR). The effect of angular beam deviation by the polarizer is compensated for by taking the average, (1/2) [I(P) + I(P + 180°)], of the FDP output at 180°-apart, optically equivalent, angular positions of the polarizer. The remaining fourth column of A is determined by the FDP’s response to the right- and left-handed circular polarization states. Because these states are impossible to generate with an imperfect QWR, a novel procedure is developed. In particular, the response of the FDP to the unattainable right- or left-handed circular polarization state is found by taking the average of the responses of the FDP to an elliptical near-circular state and that state rotated in azimuth by 90°. This calibration scheme is applied to measure A of our prototype FDP of four Si detectors at λ = 632.8 nm. A is determined, in external and internal reference frames, free of imperfections in the polarizing optical elements. The FDP, with its uncontaminated A matrix, is used subsequently to evaluate the imperfections of the QWR with the help of an appropriate model.
The Changing Dynamics of Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees

A near-universal consensus exists that the nomination of Robert Bork in 1987 triggered a new regime in the Senate's voting over presidential nominees—a regime that deemphasizes ethics, competence, and integrity and stresses instead politics, philosophy, and ideology. Nonetheless, this conventional wisdom remains largely untested.In this paper we explore the extent to which the Bork nomination has affected the decisions of U.S. senators. To do so, we modernize, update, and backdate the standard account of confirmation politics offered by Cameron, Cover, and Segal (1990) to cover all candidates for the Supreme Court from Hugo L. Black in 1937 through John G. Roberts, Jr. in 2005.Our results confirm conventional wisdom about the Bork nomination but with two notable caveats. First, while the importance of ideology has reached new heights, the Senate's emphasis on this factor had its genesis some three decades earlier, in the 1950s. Second, while ideology is of paramount concern to senators, a candidate's prof...
Confinement Effects on Crystallization and Curie Transitions of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene)

Nanoscale patterning of piezoelectric and ferroelectric polymers, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) and its copolymers with trifluoroethylene (PVdF-TrFE), is increasingly important in organic electronics, memory, and sensing. The nanoscale processing of polymers can lead to materials behavior that is strikingly different from the bulk because of confinement effects. Here we report the effects of confinement of PVdF-TrFE melt-wetted in porous templates of varying pore diameter. PVdF-TrFE is particularly interesting because it possesses a solid-state Curie transition, where both ferro and nonferroelectric phases crystallize into a paraelectric phase. Using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), we demonstrate that confined PVdF-TrFE crystallizes into an oriented ferroelectric β phase. Both melting and crystallization temperatures decrease with decreasing pore diameter, and the Curie temperature is weakly affected. Result...
PARP1 is required for chromosomal translocations

Chromosomal translocations are common contributors to malignancy, yet little is known about the precise molecular mechanisms by which they are generated. Sequencing translocation junctions in acute leukemias revealed that the translocations were likely mediated by a DNA double-strand break repair pathway termed nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). There are major 2 types of NHEJ: (1) the classical pathway initiated by the Ku complex, and (2) the alternative pathway initiated by poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). Recent reports suggest that classical NHEJ repair components repress translocations, whereas alternative NHEJ components were required for translocations. The rate-limiting step for initiation of alternative NHEJ is the displacement of the Ku complex by PARP1. Therefore, we asked whether PARP1 inhibition could prevent chromosomal translocations in 3 translocation reporter systems. We found that 2 PARP1 inhibitors or repression of PARP1 protein expression strongly repressed chromosomal translocations, implying that PARP1 is essential for this process. Finally, PARP1 inhibition also reduced both ionizing radiation–generated and VP16-generated translocations in 2 cell lines. These data define PARP1 as a critical mediator of chromosomal translocations and raise the possibility that oncogenic translocations occurring after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation could be prevented by treatment with a clinically available PARP1 inhibitor.
Selective photolabeling of proteins using photoactivatable GFP.

Abstract Today’s cell biologists rely on an assortment of advances in microscopy methods to study the inner workings of cells and tissues. Among these advances are fluorescent proteins which can be used to tag specifically and, in many cases, non-invasively proteins of interest within a living cell. Introduction of DNA encoding the fluorescently tagged protein of interest into a cell readily allows the visualization of the protein’s localization and time-lapse imaging allows the movement of the structure or organelle to which the protein is localized to be observed. To monitor the movement of the protein within the population, researchers generally have to highlight a pool of molecules by perturbing the steady-state fluorescence. This perturbation has traditionally been performed by photobleaching the molecules within a selected region of the cell and monitoring the recovery of molecules into this region or the loss of molecules within other regions. Fluorescent proteins are now available, which allow a pool of molecules to be highlighted directly by photoactivation. Here, we discuss the technical aspects for using one of these recently developed photoactivatable fluorescent proteins, PA-GFP.
Ultrasonic shear wave velocities of MgSiO3 perovskite at 8 GPa and 800 K and lower mantle composition

Ultrasonic interferometric measurements of the shear elastic properties of MgSiO3 perovskite were conducted on three polycrystalline specimens at conditions up to pressures of 8 gigapascals and temperatures of 800 kelvin. The acoustic measurements produced the pressure (P) and temperature (T) derivatives of the shear modulus (G), namely (∂G/∂P)T = 1.8 ± 0.4 and (∂G/∂T)P = −2.9 ± 0.3 × 10−2 gigapascals per kelvin. Combining these derivatives with the derivatives that were measured for the bulk modulus and thermal expansion of MgSiO3 perovskite provided data that suggest lower mantle compositions between pyrolite and C1 carbonaceous chondrite and a lower mantle potential temperature of 1500 ± 200 kelvin.
Species specificity of lupus-like anticoagulants.

Mixing studies using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) technique were performed on 14 patients with lupus-like anticoagulants (LLACs) using human, equine, bovine, porcine and canine plasma. Eleven patients significantly prolonged the APTT of normal human plasma (patient/control ratio=>1.15) but no patient inhibited bovine plasma. However, with one exception, equine APTT ratios were concordant with human ratios. Seven of fourteen patients also inhibited porcine plasma but in each case porcine APTT ratios were lower than their human or equine counterparts. None of five patients tested inhibited canine plasma. Collectively, these results suggest heterogeneity among LLACs at least with regard to species specificity.
Single-crystal PZN/PT transducers

Single crystal Pb(Zn113Nb2i3)03 (PZN) I PbTiO3 (PT) solid solutions have been investigated as the active materials in medical diagnostic transducers. The compositionally controlled properties of this crystal system allow the application of this material to transducers which span the frequency range of modern diagnostic transducers. Phased array elements operating at 5MHz were constructed from rhombohedral PZN I 4.5% PT single crystals and compared to PZT 5-H elements. The single crystal element displayed similar sensitivity over a broader bandwidth response. Transducer construction techniques employed differ from standard ceramic arrays. Crystallographic alignment was found to be a significant contributor to piezoelectric performance. The crystal structure and phase diagram play a major role in processing steps requiring heating such as poling and electroding. Emphasizing the versatility of the PZN/PT single crystals, a 20 MHz single element was also constructed, using tetragonal PZN /12% PT. Its response was compared to theoretical pulseechoes generated via the KLM model.
The Color Perceptions of Deuteranopic and Protanopic Observers

It is well established that about 2 percent of otherwise normal human males are from birth confusers of red and green. There is considerable interest in the question: What do red-green confusers see? From a knowledge of the normal color perceptions corresponding to deuteranopic and protanopic red and green, we may not only understand better why colorblindness tests sometimes fail, and so be in a position to develop improved tests, but also the color-deficient observer may understand better the nature of his color-confusions and be aided to avoid their consequences. If an observer has normal trichromatic vision over a portion of his total retinal area and dichromatic vision over another portion, he may give valid testimony regarding the color perceptions characteristic of the particular form of dichromatic vision possessed by him. Preeminent among such observers are those born with one normal eye and one dichromatic eye. A review of the rather considerable literature on this subject shows that the color perceptions of both protanopic and deuteranopic observers are confined to two hues, yellow and blue, closely like those perceived under usual conditions in the spectrum at 575 mμ and 470 mμ, respectively, by normal observers. By combining this result with standard response functions recently derived for protanopic and deuteranopic vision, it has been possible to give quantitative estimates of the color perceptions typical of these observers for the whole range of colors in the Munsell Book of Color. These estimates take the form of protanopic and deuteranopic Munsell notations, and by using them it is possible not only to arrange the Munsell papers in ways which presumably appear orderly to red-green confusing dichromats but also to get immediately from the notations an accurate idea of the colors usually perceived in these arrangements by deuteranopes and protanopes much as the ordinary Munsell notations serve to describe the visual color perceptions of a normal observer.
Colonization of artificial substrates by stream insects: Influence of substrate size and diversity

A field experiment was performed in a New Mexico (U.S.A.) stream to investigate the relation between size and diversity of substrate and numbers and diversity of colonizing insects. Baskets with either small gravel, large gravel, or a 1 : 1 mixture of the two sizes were placed in a riffle area and colonization was monitored for 19 days. Colonization was rapid, and both total number of individuals and number of species colonizing the substrates had stopped increasing by the end of the experiment. Fewer individuals colonized baskets downstream, suggesting that the drift is a major source of insect colonists. Small substrate supported more individuals and more species than the larger stones. Total number of individuals and the number of species on the mixed substrate were between numbers on small and large substrate. These results do not support previous generalizations on the relation between substrate size and complexity and the structure of invertebrate communities in streams. Results of the study are compared with the findings of recent experimental studies and it is suggested that earlier generalizations on the role of substrate size and complexity need to be reexamined.
Constitutive expression of SOS functions and modulation of mutagenesis resulting from resolution of genetic instability at or near the recA locus of Escherichia coli

Cellular activities normally inducible by DNA damage (SOS functions) are expressed, without DNA damage, in recA441 (formerly tif-1) mutants of Escherichia coli at 42 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C. We describe a strain (SC30) that expresses SOS functions (including mutator activity, prophage induction and copious synthesis of recA protein) constitutively at both temperatures. SC30 is one of four stable subclones (SC strains) derived from an unstable recombinant obtained in a conjugation between a recA441 K12 donor and a recA+ B/r-derived recipient. SC30 does not owe its SOS-constitutive phenotype to a mutation in the lexA gene (which codes the repressor of recA and other DNA damage-inducible genes), since it is lexA+. Each of the SC strains expresses SOS functions in a distinctively anomalous way. We show that the genetic basis for the differences in SOS expression among the SC strains is located at or very near the recA locus. We propose that resolution of genetic instability in this region, in the original recombinant, has altered the pattern of expression of SOS functions in the SC strains.
The need for an effective development ethics

Development is entrenched within a Western, hegemonic framework. This can lead one to wonder if development ethics is, in fact, possible. Too many decisions are made and too many policies dominate an international development agenda that are guided by economic forces and national self-interests. Although development ethics has attempted to break through this situation, it has not had the impact that is needed. The current practice of ethics in development is too weak to have the impact needed to generate truly desirable change. In this paper, I offer some reflections and argue for a strong ethical approach in development.
A protein sequencing device of simple construction.

Abstract The design and construction of an inexpensive and simplified protein sequenator, similar to that of Edman and Begg, is described. It may be assembled largely from commercially available parts with the help of a small machine shop. The programmer is based on a series of cams, which operate microswitches, and the logic is contained in 8 relays. Solvents and reagents are accurately metered by reversible infusion pumps. The cup is rotated through a magentic coupling, obviating vacuum seals on the drive shaft. Solvent inflow is photoelectrically monitored. Average repetitive yields of 96% have been obtained in the sequence analysis of immunoglobulin light chains.
From the Editor: The MLJ Turns 90 in a Digital Age

BEGUN IN 1916, THE MODERN LANGUAGE Journal enters its 90th year of uninterrupted publication with this issue. From a first print issue of 42 pages, the Journal now averages 164 pages per quarterly issue and is available in print and digitally to individual, libraries, and consortia worldwide. The electronic dissemination of the Journal has increased its availability and usage under the careful guidance of Blackwell Publishing. This brief tribute to the growth of the MLJ will review its entry into the digital world, as well as consider developments in its contents over the past decade.
The structures of some bis(triphenylphosphine)(halogen-substituted ethylene)platinum(O) complexes

The mixtures of three Pt(olefin) [P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ] 2 complexes have been determined from X-ray data collected by counter methods. The three olefinsa re ClFCCF 2 , Cl 2 CCF 2 , and Cl 2 CCCl 2 . All three complexes crystallize in space group C 2 h 5 P 2 1 / c with four molecules in the cell. The structures of the complexes are similar in overall detail. In each the Pt atom has trigonal coordination, if one counts the olefin as a monodentate ligand. Generally the Pt, the two P atoms, and the central C atoms of the olefin are nearly coplanar. In complex (I) there is disorder among the halogen atoms and little can be determined about the metal olefin geometry; in complex (II) there is a clear indication of rotational disorder of the CF 2 group about the CC central bond. On the basis of the results for complexes (II) and (III) there is an indication that the PtC (of Cl) bond is shorter than the PtC (of F) bond, and it seems certain that the PtC (of Cl) bond is shorter than the PtC bonds in the analogous tetracyanoethylene and ethylene complexes.
DC Sqiids made from YBa2Cu3Oy

Abstract This paper reports on progress made at IBM in the fabrication of HiTc dc SQUIDs (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices) 1,2 . We have fabricated SQUIDs from polycrystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O y samples on MgO substrates 3 and from epitaxial films on SrTiO 3 (100) substrates 4 . The films were patterned using either ion-implanting to selectively convert the superconductor into an insulator without actually removing any material 1,5 , laser ablation to pattern a loop into the film by removing material 6 , or a conventional ion milling process to selectively remove material using a photoresist mask. In the case of the polycrystalline films, the naturally occurring grain boundaries provide the weak link or Josephson junction behavior in a stripe that is much larger in size than the superconducting coherence length. We have measured the noise amplitude of one such SQUID made on MgO to be about1 × 10 -5 Φ O /Hz 1/2 at 1000 Hz and 40 K. Loops formed from true epitaxial films containing many twin boudaries will not operate as dc SQUIDs unless the films are damaged across each link. A SQUID formed in this way operated in liquid nitrogen and had an estimated white noise performance of1 × 10 -3 Φ 0 /Hz 1/2 at 74 K.
Home-based movement therapy in neonatal brachial plexus palsy: A case study.

Abstract Study design Case report. Introduction The value of movement-based therapy in peripheral nerve injury conditions such as neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is unclear. Purpose of the study To determine the effectiveness of a home-based movement therapy program in a 17 year old female patient with a right NBPP pan-plexopathy. Methods Home training consisted of arm reaching and object manipulation tasks using devices which recorded performance. Training occurred for 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks with periodic webcam supervision. Pre- and post clinical, functional and kinematic assessments were performed in a laboratory setting. Results Following training, shoulder flexion and elbow extension active range of motion increased by 13° and 9°, respectively, and functional ability also improved. Reach movement duration decreased significantly with a concomitant improvement in movement coordination. Conclusions These results demonstrate that movement therapy has the potential to improve motor function in NBPP years after the initial insult. Level of evidence 4
Family and Informed Consent in Multicultural Setting

Akabayashi and Slingsby's (2006) article reminds us that the North American emphasis on individualistic autonomy is not universal. As the authors explain, personal identity in Japan is not construc...
Evanescent modes and scattering in quasi-one-dimensional wires.

We calculate the current transmission amplitudes and electrical conductance as a function of Fermi energy for electrons scattering from a single defect in a quasi-one-dimensional wire. In a confined geometry the scattering boundary conditions couple propagating modes in the wire to nonpropagating or evanescent modes. Therefore, the applied steady current causes localized or evanescent modes to build up around any defects in the wire. These extra stored electrons strongly affect the scattering boundary conditions for the propagating modes whenever the Fermi energy approaches either a new quasi-one-dimensional subband or a quasi-bound-state splitting off of the higher confinement subbands. We show that the presence of evanescent modes can lead to either perfect transparency or perfect opaqueness for the scattering modes, even in the presence of scattering defects. For the special case of a \ensuremath{\delta}-function scatterer in the wire we analytically obtain the scattering amplitudes. We also numerically examine a finite-range scatterer.
A rare lethal combination of premature closure of the foramen ovale and d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum

We report an infant who presented with cyanosis after birth and was unresponsive to all resuscitative efforts. Emergent echocardiogram showed d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) with an intact ventricular septum. Attempts to perform a bedside balloon atrial septostomy failed due to inability to traverse the atrial septum. Autopsy revealed d-TGA with intact atrial and ventricular septa and patent ductus arteriosus. Though no survivors have been reported for this rare lethal combination of lesions thus far in the literature, we speculate that recent advances in fetal treatment may soon be applicable to infants with this condition.