cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of guilt, shame, and remorse following weight stigma expression: a real-time assessment pilot study.

Objective Weight stigma is pervasive and is associated with negative health and psychological outcomes. Few studies have examined weight stigma perpetration or the emotions individuals experience after perpetrating weight stigma. This study used experience sampling to explore the nature and frequency of weight stigma behaviors and cognitions and moral emotions (shame, guilt, remorse, pride) in the perpetrator following weight stigma perpetration. Methods Participants were college students (N = 31, 77.1% female). Participants completed baseline measures of anti-fat attitudes and one week of experience sampling phone prompts assessing: (1) weight stigma behaviors and cognitions and (2) moral emotions. Generalized estimating equation analyses were used to model trajectories of moral emotions after weight stigma events. Results Thirty-one participants reported 1,008 weight stigma events over 7.5 days. Feelings of guilt, shame, and remorse decreased after weight stigma perpetration. Individuals also reported feeling less proud after engaging in weight stigma. Conclusions Weight stigma occurs frequently as reported by perpetrators. A lack of remorse, guilt, and shame is evident in undergraduates after they express weight stigma; however, individuals in this study also reported feeling less pride after perpetration. This study highlights the need for future studies to explore the expression of weight stigma from the perspective of perpetrators instead of targets. Results highlight the pervasiveness and normative nature of weight stigma perpetration in everyday life and the need to better understand the emotional response following weight stigma perpetration as a potential mechanism of its perpetuation.
The Cost of Debt for REITs: The Mortgage Puzzle

Established, low-leverage equity REITs with access to the public debt market rely on both non-recourse mortgages and full recourse bonds/notes as sources of long term debt. Interest rates on secured, non-recourse debt (mortgages) include a costly strategic default option premium and do not benefit from a firm's overall financial capacity. We find that use of non-recourse, mortgage debt is more likely for longer term, smaller borrowings, and during recessionary periods, consistent with REITs valuing financial flexibility in their capital structure. The higher rates for property level debt suggest a benefit to REITs versus single asset investors in terms of cost of capital. Since REITs also access debt at the corporate level, the spread between long-term non-recourse debt and long-term recourse debt implies a benefit to the REIT structure.
Approach and avoidance alcohol inclinations in heavy drinking college students: An ecological momentary assessment study.

Abstract Background Understanding the motivational determinants of drinking among college students is necessary to improve the identification of those at greatest risk and to inform prevention and treatment interventions. Alcohol craving, or the desire to use alcohol, is considered one important factor in the development and maintenance of drinking behaviors. Recent evidence suggests that the link between alcohol craving (approach inclinations) and alcohol use is moderated by desires not to use alcohol (avoidance inclinations). Using ecological momentary assessment, the present study investigated the influence of motivational conflict (high desires to use and high desires to not use alcohol) on alcohol consumption among college students. Methods Undergraduate students (n = 80; 88.8% female) completed assessments of alcohol-related behaviors and alcohol motivation five times daily for fourteen days. Results Although between-person effects were nonsignificant, significant within-person effects indicated that avoidance inclinations attenuated the effect of approach inclinations in the prediction of drinking (controlling for age, gender, drinking history, affect, day of week, and time of day). Conclusions Findings highlight the need for consideration of the unique effects of both approach and avoidance inclinations in the prediction of alcohol consumption and draw attention to the need for further investigation into the complex interplay of these processes in daily life.
Simulation As A Problem-Solving Technique

Large-scale computer simulation of industrial organizations and engineering problems have become a tool widely-used to solve many complex problems. These problems are usually not amenable to analytical techniques. An attempt is made to explain simulation concepts and techniques in nonmathematical terms and to show that simulation, when properly understood and used, is a powerful problem-solving technique. The ready availability of computers and problem and user-oriented programming languages makes this technique generally available to analysts and management. There are also many profitable manual applications of this technique where computers are not readily available. Two small simulation examples are analyzed in detail.
Maritime Archaeology in North Carolina

There have been more than 5000 shipwrecks along the North Carolina coast since 1584. This figure does not include even more abandoned vessels. These sites have initiated not only a wide range of exploration as both amateurs and professionals have sought to acquire knowledge of the past but also exploitation as local watermen and salvors sought to recycle boats and their parts.
Web banner ads in online newspapers: a cross-national comparison of India and Korea

A cross-national content analysis was performed on 449 web banner ads taken from the online editions of leading Indian and Korean daily newspapers. There are substantial differences between Indian and Korean ads in terms of the types of products advertised, the presence of price cues and the types of appeals used. Korean newspaper websites are starting to attract a diverse mix of advertisers, while Indian newspaper websites attract ads targeted mainly towards expatriate non-resident Indians. The observed differences between the two countries are probably attributable more to differences in internet diffusion rather than to cultural differences.
Field Emission Microscopy and Some Applications to Catalysis and Chemisorption

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the techniques of field emission microscopy and ion microscopy and their some applications to catalysis and chemisorption. The field emission microscope utilizes the phenomenon of cold emission. A wire etched to a very sharp point is surrounded by a spherical anode, usually in the form of a fluorescent screen. The system is evacuated to pressures of the order of 10-7 to 10-11 mm of Hg and the wire is heat polished electrically. This outgases the metal and produces a smoothly rounded tip whose radius varies, depending on the melting point and ease of outgasing of the metal used. Crystallographic indices can be assigned unequivocally from the symmetry of the patterns arid the angular separations of the various faces. Differences in work function occur not only on different faces of a clean metal crystal but also result from the presence of adsorbed films or monolayers of gases. Changes in emission may also be caused by a local enhancement of the electric field at small protuberances on portions of the tip.
Correlating testability with fault detection

This work refines a statistical approach to the evaluation of testability algorithms, by: 1) using a more sensitive measure of correlation between testability measure and ease of fault detection, 2) adopting the proportion of test patterns that detected a fault as the measure of actual ease of detection, and 3) using a multiple correlation/regression approach that determines the optimal weighting of controllability and observability. Results indicate a moderate correlation between SCOAP testability and fault detection proportion (approx .. 5), higher than previously found in such approaches but still low enough to indicate substantial room for improvement in the prediction provided by testability measures. In addition, the sum of controllability and observability predicts the results of fault detection almost as well as the optimal linear combination of the two.
Risk‐Based Sampling: I Don't Want to Weight in Vain

Recently, there has been considerable interest in developing risk-based sampling for food safety and animal and plant health for efficient allocation of inspection and surveillance resources. The problem of risk-based sampling allocation presents a challenge similar to financial portfolio analysis. Markowitz (1952) laid the foundation for modern portfolio theory based on mean-variance optimization. However, a persistent challenge in implementing portfolio optimization is the problem of estimation error, leading to false "optimal" portfolios and unstable asset weights. In some cases, portfolio diversification based on simple heuristics (e.g., equal allocation) has better out-of-sample performance than complex portfolio optimization methods due to estimation uncertainty. Even for portfolios with a modest number of assets, the estimation window required for true optimization may imply an implausibly long stationary period. The implications for risk-based sampling are illustrated by a simple simulation model of lot inspection for a small, heterogeneous group of producers.
Residual Stress Measurement in YBCO Thin Films

Residual stress in YBCO films on Ag and Hastelloy C substrates was determined by using 3-D optical interferometry and laser scanning to measure the change in curvature radius before and after film deposition. The residual stress was obtained by appropriate analysis of curvature measurements. Consistent with residual thermal stress calculations based on the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the substrates and YBCO film, the measured residual stress in the YBCO film on Hastelloy C substrate was tensile, while it was compressive on the Ag substrate. The stress values measured by the two techniques were generally in good agreement, suggesting that optical interferometry and laser scanning have promise for measuring residual stresses in thin films.
STABILITY OF OPTIMAL STRUCTURES OF ELASTIC COMPOSITES

We study instability of solution of the problem of optimal layout of the composites with arbitrary structures throughout the designed volume. Several reformulations of the problem are considered which improve the stability of the optimal solution.
Business driven prioritization of service incidents

As a result of its increasing role in the enterprise, the Information Technology (IT) function is changing, morphing from a technology provider into a strategic partner. Key to this change is its ability to deliver business value by aligning and supporting the business objectives of the enterprise. IT Management frameworks such as ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library, [3]) provide best practices and processes that support the IT function in this transition. In this paper, we focus on one of the various cross-domain processes documented in ITIL involving the service level, incident, problem and change management processes and present a theoretical framework for the prioritization of service incidents based on their impact on the ability of IT to align with business objectives. We then describe the design of a prototype system that we have developed based on our theoretical framework and present how that solution for incident prioritization integrates with other IT management software products of the HP OpenviewTM management suite.
The 1989 Southam Lecture: World Information and its Impact on Society

Last year's Southam speaker said how bewildered she was that the Canadian Communication Association had invited her to deliver this prestigious conference. I thank you for having invited me this year and, without being at all pretentious, I must say that for my part I am not surprised. It seems to me that your choice reflects the upsurge in prestige and strength of the United Nations Organization. It also reveals a general and growing understanding of the need for multilateral cooperation to counter the fear which strangle our threatened world and to allow the family of nations to move forward on the road of economic and social progress. Whoever says peace, says mutual understanding, dialogue and obviously communication. Communication theory and practice have evolved a great deal since the creation of the U.N. at the end of the Second World War. The World has grown remarkably more complex, the number of independent nations has increased threefold and the gap between have and have-not countries has widened, not narrowed. The technological revolution which has touched every facet of our lives has been especially active in the areas of information and communication.
Consumer Attention to an Over-the-counter Warning in Four Different Styles of Design

The study consisted of three objectives: (a) to test the relative prominence and conspicuousness of a warning required by US law to be conspicuous; (b) to explore whether or not the conspicuousness of the said warning can be enhanced graphically; and (c) to develop preliminary data for power analysis that would guide decisions related to sample size in future studies. Seventeen subjects viewed four over-the-counter drug packages (each with a different style of warning) along with five other products while wearing an eye tracking device. Four styles of warning were used on the over-the-counter drug packages: no outline and no fill, outline and no fill, no outline and fill, and outline and fill. The surface area and the placement of the warnings were held constant across all four designs and were consistent with those on commercially available products. Collected data were broken into five zones: warning, brand name, strength, product benefit and net weight. Despite the fact that US law requires it to be conspicuous, the tested warning was significantly less noticeable than the brand name (objective one) for all dependent variables analyzed (α = 0.05). No significant difference was indicated for the varied warning designs (objective two). This could be because not much can be done to enhance prominence when constrained to the limited space that is typically used for such warnings or because of the limited sample size. Power calculations suggest that a sample size of nearly 200 subjects would be required to detect a 2.5 s mean difference at 80% confidence (objective three). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and Toxicology of Cannabinoids

There is extensive research on the safety, toxicology, potency, and therapeutic potential of cannabis. However, uncertainty remains facilitating continued debate on medical and recreational cannabis policies at the state and federal levels. This review will include a brief description of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system; a summary of the acute and long-term effects of cannabis; and a discussion of the therapeutic potential of cannabis. The conclusions about safety and efficacy will then be compared with the current social and political climate to suggest future policy directions and general guidelines.
Quantifying Changes in Weak Layer Microstructure Associated with Artificial Load Changes

Researchers and practitioners have long utilized a variety of penetrometers to investigate the snowpack. Identifying definitive relationships between penetrometer-derived microstructural information and stability has been challenging. The purpose of this study is two-fold: 1. We propose a simple field test to establish relationships between load and penetrometer-derived microstructural estimates, 2. We utilize the SnowMicroPen (SMP) to quantify changes in weak layer residual strength and microstructural dimension associated with an artificial loading event. Our dataset is from Moonlight Basin, Montana and includes three modified loaded-column tests, each paired with 5 SMP profiles. Depth hoar comprised the targeted weak layer. Results indicate that loading caused the residual strength and rupture frequency to decrease significantly. Much like a compression test at a micro-scale, the force required for the SMP to rupture individual structures as well as the micro-scale strength decreased significantly when the slab stress was increased by artificially adding blocks of snow. A decrease in observed rupture frequency within the weak layer (or an increase in the distance between ruptured structures) also occurred after the loading event, probably because some structures within the weak layer had already failed or were so close to failing that the penetrometer could not detect their rupture. Due in part to the large difference in loads, microstructural differences between the natural and loaded columns were significant enough that only one profile would have been necessary to determine a significant difference in residual strength. Artificial removal of slab stress resulted in greater rupture forces and larger microstructures, likely due to elastic rebound.
Deterministic optimal control problem with final state constraints

We study the problem of optimal control of a deterministic system with final state constraints using dynamic programming methods. We present a penalization scheme and regularity results for the optimal cost function.
Stress-induced increase of pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in intact rats.

Abstract Adult male rats were killed immediately following a 20 min ether stress at 01:00, 07:00 or 19:00 h (lights on 06:00–20:00 h). Compared to unstressed controls sacrificed at the same times, ether-stressed animals exhibited a 4-fold rise in pineal N -acetyltransferase activity at 07:00 h but not at the other time points. Measurement of [ 3 H]epinephrine uptake in rat pineals suggests that this early light phase NAT response does not result from decreased neuronal uptake of circulating catecholamine.
Brain glutamate decarboxylase cloned in lambda gt-11: fusion protein produces gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; E.C. 4.1.1.15) converts glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. This report describes the isolation of a GAD complementary DNA clone by immunological screening of a lambda gt-11 brain complementary DNA expression library. The fusion protein produced by this clone catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to GABA and carbon dioxide, confirming its identity as GAD. Antibodies to beta-galactosidase remove GAD enzymatic activity from solution, showing that this activity is associated with the fusion protein. In immunoblotting experiments all three available antisera to GAD reacted with the fusion polypeptide and with two major polypeptides (molecular size, 60,000 and 66,000 daltons) in brain extracts.
Electrosensory input to the corpus cerebelli of the high frequency electric fishEigenmannia virescens

1. Evoked potentials as well as single unit responses show that the caudal lobe of the cerebellum ofEigenmannia receives input via the electro-sensory system. Many of the responding cells had properties similar to those typical of Purkinje cells. The cells probably receive input from specific receptive fields, however precise localization of these fields was not achieved. 2. Graded deformations of the electric field produced by the fish as well as artificial fields applied around a fish whose electric organ was silenced caused graded responses in the cerebellum. Responses to both stimulus types were usually phasic with a time constant of decay of about 3.5 sec, increases as well decreases in firing frequency were observed. The latency of the neural responses decreased as stimulus strength increased, ca. 20 msec being the shortest latency observed. 3. The minimum voltage gradient necessary to cause a change in the firing frequency of a cerebellar cell was about 100 μV/cm, for a fish whose electric organ was silenced, and the changes in spike frequency were approximately linearly related to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity. The neurons responded best to stimuli having a frequency near to what the fish's electric organ discharge frequency would have been. All cells seen within an individual responded best to this same frequency, but the frequency preferences between individuals varied according to the discharge frequencies of the individuals. 4. Units were encountered in the same brain area which responded to passive changes in the position of the tail in the electrically silent fish, these have tentatively been categorized as proprioceptors. A number of these cells also responded in a typical way to electrosensory input giving a population of cerebellar neurons with a bimodal input.
On the Impact of WRF Model Vertical Grid Resolution on Midwest Summer Rainfall Forecasts

Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model exploratory sensitivity simulations were performed to determine the impact of vertical grid resolution (VGR) on the forecast skill of Midwest summer rainfall. Varying the VGR indicated that a refined VGR, while adopting the widely used North America Regional Reanalysis (NARR) for initial and lateral boundary conditions, does not necessarily result in a consistent improvement in quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs). When averaged over a variety of microphysical schemes in an illustrative case, equitable threat score (ETS) and bias values actually worsened with a greater overpredicted rainfall for half of the rainfall thresholds when the VGR was refined. Averaged over strongly forced cases, ETS values worsened for all rainfall thresholds while biases mostly increased, indicating a further overprediction of rainfall when the number of levels was increased. Skill improved, however, for all rainfall thresholds when the resolution above the melting level was increased. Skill also improved for most rainfall thresholds when the resolution in the surface layer was increased, which is attributed to better-resolved surface turbulent momentum and thermal fluxes. Likewise, a refined VGR resulted in improvements in weakly forced cases, which are governed mostly by thermodynamic forcing and are sensitive to vertical profiles of temperature and moisture. Application of the factor separation method suggested that the refined VGR more frequently had a negative impact on skill through the interaction between lower-atmospheric processes and microphysical processes above the melting level.
Evaluation of race and gender sensitivity in the American Heart Association materials for Advanced Cardiac Life Support.

Abstract Background: Given the race and gender disparities in cardiac care for women and minorities, it is important to evaluate how we teach in this content area, because it may influence this bias. Objective: We assessed the American Heart Association's Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) materials, published in 2006, for examples of race and gender sensitivity that depicted culturally competent health education. Methods: Precourse materials, manuals, illustrations, case vignettes, compact discs (CDs), algorithms, and tests were evaluated for culturally competent opportunities. An opportunity was defined as each question or scenario that could have been edited to reflect race or gender. Minority status was interpreted as skin color other than white. Each individual component was counted separately. After the quantitative tally, an analysis was performed using simple percentile comparisons. Interpretations were based on these percentages. Results: The majority of teaching opportunities (54%) did not reflect race or gender. Of 149 patient opportunities to adequately represent those at risk, none clearly represented a minority female. In the simulated cases on the provider CD, all patients were white males. The mannequin had a male haircut and an open shirt. No mannequin had female characteristics (eg, earrings, breasts, or women's clothing). None of the provider CD cases illustrated patients or mannequins with skin color other than white. Conclusions: The current ACLS provider and instructor materials do not maximize opportunities to illustrate vulnerable segments of the population. Future studies designed to evaluate the effect of improved representation of women and minorities in teaching models should be considered.
A message to political educators

Almost every state's laws require some form of political education. Miller (1976) believes that according to most of these laws, such education should form patriotic citizenry. Generally speaking, patriotism is an attachment to a country that engenders within citizens a spirited desire to defend its distinctive political order, both in word and deed. In America, patriotism presupposes a certain type of enlightenment or education. To be patriotic in America means to be attached primarily not to a place or to a culture but to a set of political scientific principles or "self-evident truths." A good American citizen rationally acknowledges these truths and is willing and able to act politically on their basis. In principle, or in the strongest case, American citizenship does not depend upon an irrational or purely subjective preference one has for his own people's political choices; instead, it roots in respect for rights which all men share. A citizen's preference for America explained by his calculation that its political order best protects his rights, and his greatest pride derives from the fact that so many people from throughout the world have chosen to live in America in preference to the countries of their birth on the basis of similar calculations. I suspect that most responsible and educated citizens would more or less agree with this presentation, but many learned professors of education and political science would chuckle smugly while reading this rather old-fashioned or traditional analysis of American patriotism. We now know, they believe, that no such thing exists as immutable natural rights which all men share, that the political thought of the Founders was conditioned historically and is now obsolete, and that citizens prefer America for "value" and not as "fact." For such learned individuals, taking patriotism too seriously degrades them. It causes them to forget what they believe to be the best, or scientific, side of themselves, in favor of an intellectually dishonest and morally pernicious "ethnocentricism." They typically argue that being scientific means to eschew all dogmatism, and believing in America's political superiority or in natural rights is surely dogmatic. Most educators possess a naive sense of superiority to the American tradition based on a superficial understanding of that tradition. Few professors of education (none that I have ever met or read) have analyzed Locke's Second Treatise, The Federalist, and the political writings of Jefferson necessary to establish the scientific inadequacy of the moral and epistemological presuppositions of the American Founders. Instead, they accept dogmatically the analyses of horizon forming thinkers such as John Dewey, whose views on politics are far less plausible, in my opinion, than those of Jefferson and Locke. Meanwhile, the most profound student of the tradition of our time, Harry Jaffa (1978), finds its foundations intellectually credible and resolutely defends them to debunkers from both the Left and the Right.
Acoustic comparison of vowel articulation in normal and reverse phonation.

Acoustic characteristics of the vowels /i,u,α/ produced by adult females and males during normal phonation were compared with the same vowels produced on deliberate ingressive airflow (i.e., "rever...
Fabrication by tri-level electron beam lithography of X-ray masks with 50nm linewidth, and replication by X-ray nanolithography

Abstract A process has been developed to produce x-ray nanolithography masks containing fine linewidth patterns generated by scanning-electron-beam lithography. This technology allows researchers to combine the high resolution, arbitrary-pattern-generation capability of electron-beam lithography with the parallel replication, high contrast, and large process-latitude of x-ray nanolithography. A tri-level structure was used which consisted of PMMA as the electron-sensitive material, titanium as the middle, masking layer, and polymide as the buffer layer on top of a gold plating base. After electron-beam exposure and development, the pattern is transfered to the Ti layer by CCl 2 F 2 RIE, and then a polyimide mold is produced by O 2 RIE. Gold is then electroplated into this mold to form the x-ray absorber. X-ray masks with 100nm-period gratings and electronic device patterns of ≈ 100nm linewidths were fabricated by this process and replicated.
Conversations across Meaning Variance.

Progressive interpretations of scientific theories have long been denounced as naive, because of the inescapability of meaning variance. The charge reportedly applies to recent realist moves that focus on theory-parts rather than whole theories. This paper considers the question of what “theory-parts” of epistemic significance (if any) relevantly accumulate through theory-change and identifies a form of theory-parts seemingly suitable for the realist agenda. My starting point is a notion of cumulative theoretical description lifted from instances of inter-theoretic dialogue in scientific practice.
Mean and mean square location models along a coordinate line

Abstract Many simple location models involve optimization through minimizing an objective function that determines mean travel distance. Such problems often involve locating a single service unit at the median of a demand variable. This paper considers the role of the mean of a demand variable. We investigate situations in which the demand mean and demand median are substantially separated and show that such separation is accompanied by large travel expected travel distances and large travel variances. Expected travel distances and expected travel variances are connected in a natural way to expected mean square travel distances. Optimal location with respect to mean square is considered in a general setting and such locating is shown to have interesting properties with respect to mean travel distance and mean travel variance. The use of multiple service units is assumed.
Reverse Bulging in Hydro/Pneumatic Sheet Metal Forming Operations: Is it Worth It?

The merits of warm and elevated temperature hydro/pneumatic sheet metal forming operations, most prominently superplastic and quick plastic forming, have been ever counteracted by two major drawbacks: slow forming rates and non-uniform thickness distribution with potentially severe thinning. Trying to resolve one of the two issues has generally led to escalating the other, so a compromise based on the nature of the part being formed is often targeted. To tackle the latter of the two issues, imposing a pre-thinning reverse bulging step has been shown to ease the problem with specific part geometries that involve large plastic strains and intricate details. The aerospace industry, however, is the prime sector that is able to afford the “seemingly” prolonged forming times associated with this approach. Yet with the lack of adequate details on the implications of utilising reverse bulging, this effort explores some of the hidden merits of the approach. A recently-developed simple monitoring technique for providing a direct feedback on the sheet’s advancement during pneumatic forming operations, coupled with an interrupted testing methodology, are utilised to have a closer look at the process. The results reveal significant time-savings that can be achieved with the proper use of reverse bulging, for both simple and complex part geometries.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Chromatographic determination of 1, 4-β-xylooligosaccharides of different chain lengths to follow xylan deconstruction in biomass conversion.

Xylooligosaccharides released in hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass can be purified for high-value products or further hydrolyzed into sugars for fermentation or chemical conversion. In addition, charac- terization of xylooligosaccharides is vital to understand hemicellulose structure and removal mechanisms in pretreatment of cellulosic biomass. In this study, gel per- meation chromatography was applied to fractionate xylool- igosaccharides produced from birchwood xylan according to their specific degree of polymerization (DP). Then, each fraction was identified by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioni- zation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF- MS); and their concentrations were determined by a down- scaled post-hydrolysis method. Based on PAD responses and sugar concentrations for each fraction, a series of response factors were developed that can be used to quantify xylool- igosaccharides of DP from 2 to 14 without standards. The resulting approach can profile xylooligosaccharides and help gain new insights into biomass deconstruction.
Review: In postmenopausal women and older men, vitamin D plus calcium reduces some fractures

Source Citation Avenell A, Mak JC, O’Connell D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:CD000227. 24729336
The formation and administration of labor policy by the NLRB: Evidence from economic and ULP strike rulings

My result cast doubt on normative assessment of NLRB performance. To illustrate, Gross concludes that the Dotson Board’sdecisions caused the labor movement to atrophy. If the Dotson Board ruled for unions in roughly the same proportion of striker replacement cases as the Gould Board, however, Gross’ conclusion is questionable.
A LARGE ANGULAR ACCEPTANCE PLASTIC CHERENKOV DETECTOR FOR INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY PHYSICS

Abstract An inexpensive threshold Cherenkov detector that has proven useful in distinguishing pions (130 ⩽ T π ⩽ 770 MeV) from other particles produced in intermediate energy nuclear collisions is described. The detector is constructed by laminating a thin sheet of Pilot 425 scintillator to UVT acrylic. The highly directional Cherenkov radiation absorbed by the Pilot 425 is isotropically reemitted, yielding useful Cherenkov signals for particles incident over a broad angular range (±45°).
On the determination of carbon and oxygen impurities in silicon by3He activation analysis

Carbon and oxygen impurities in silicon have been determined by 7.00 MeV3He activation analysis. The detection limits obtained for interference-free conditions are 0.1 ppb (wt) for carbon and 1.0 ppb (wt) for oxygen in silicon.
Toxicity of a family from vacuumed mercury

A family of four developed toxic blood levels of mercury after the mother vacuumed a spilled jar of liquid mercury from a closet in their apartment. The youngest son developed severe thrombocytopenia which was initially diagnosed as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to viral illness. A possible association between acute mercury toxicity and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura has not been previously reported. Chelation therapy with penicillamine for the older child was administered soon after toxic blood mercury levels were known by the physician. Because thrombocytopenia has been reported to occur in up to 5% of patients receiving penicillamine therapy, the younger child was treated with dimercaptosuccinic acid. The mother was also treated with dimercaptosuccinic acid. The father received dimercaprol therapy. The toxic effects and rationale for now outdated therapeutic uses of mercury are discussed.
The synthesis of cognitive procedures and the problem of induction

The JSM-method of automated hypotheses generation realizing the automated plausible reasoning in Intelligent Systems is described. It is shown that the method represents specially organized interaction of induction, analogy and abduction. The foundations of exact epistemology for JSM- Intelligent Systems are formulated.
Transgastric Ultrasonography: A New Approach for Imaging the Abdominal Structures and Vessels

For the first time, the feasibility of using transgastric ultrasonography to examine the abdominal vasculature and organs has been demonstrated. An illustrative case report details how this approach was utilized in a patient following abdominal aortic aneurysm resection, in whom surface ultrasonography was not feasible. The diagnostic potential of this new approach is discussed. Possible modifications to improve the technique and to facilitate the examination in a wider range of patients are also suggested. Further studies are needed to better define the technique and role of transgastric ultrasonography in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and its branches and other abdominal structures. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, May 1991)
Heterotransplantation of nb rat prostatic adenocarcinomas into congenially athymic nude mice: Chemotherapy of autonomous tumors

Although Nb rat prostatic adenocarinoma rarely occurs spontaneously, the frequency of occurrences is increased by hormone induction. In this study, the Nb rat autonomous prostatic adenocarcinomas, Pr-90 and 13-Pr-12, were heterotransplanted into congenially athymic (nude) mice for the purpose of evaluating the response of these tumors to chemotherapeutic agents. Adriamycin and methotrexate were evaluated in treating both tumors, and cyclophosphamide and BCNU + 5 FU were evaluated in 13-Pr-12. This paper reviews the treatment of autonomous tumors at varying tumor volume, as well as the use of chemotherapeutic modalities at various dosage levels. Significance was observed in animals treated with cyclophosphamide, as well as methotrexate, and at the highest dose of Adriamycin (P < 0.05). Complete tumor regression and marked tumor volume decrease were observed in animals treated with cyclophosphamide and methotrexate. Recent reports have led to some optimism in treating human prostatic adenocarcinomas with Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide.
Surface association of motile bacteria at granular porous media interfaces.

Bacterial populations were observed using dark-field light scattering at porous media interfaces comprised of a dilute solution containing the polymer additives methylcellulose and a transparent particulate suspension composed of mechanically agitated Gelrite gellan gum. Population-scale experiments with a nonchemotactic smooth-swimming mutant, Escherichia coli HCB 437, yielded a variety of distinct and reproducible bacterial distributions that included highly concentrated bands of bacteria near the interface. While no physical attachment was observed between the bacteria and granular Gelrite media, the population exhibited surface associations characterized by reversible physical obstructions of the motile bacteria at the solid granular surfaces. These interactions decreased translational motion, which reduced bacterial migration and concentrated bacterial populations near the interface. Results from glass bead experiments indicated similar surface associations in high-surface area glass bead environment...
CONTRASTING HEATING PATTERNS AND EFFICIENCY OF THE PROSTATRON AND TARGIS MICROWAVE ANTENNAE FOR THERMAL TREATMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

Objectives. To determine the design and performance characteristics of two microwave antennae for use in thermal treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods. Prostatron and Targis antennae were subjected to detailed physical examination and measurement. The heating patterns generated by these two types of antennae were characterized in detail using tissue-equivalent phantoms. Measurements of return loss as a function of frequency were conducted to evaluate the capacity of the antennae for impedance matching. Percent reflected power was calculated from the return loss results to provide a relative measure of potential for efficient delivery of thermal energy. Results. The Prostatron antenna was found to be a monopole design consisting of a coaxial cable with a 3.3cm length of inner conductor exposed at the tip. The Targis antenna was observed to be a dipole design with a 2.8-cm helical coil attached through a ground connection and a tap point to a coaxial cable. The heating pattern of the Targis antenna was symmetric; that of the Prostatron was asymmetric with substantial back heating along the catheter axis in the direction of the microwave power source. The mean extension of the 30°C isotherm in the direction of the power source with the Prostatron antenna (71.5 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 63.4 to 79.6 mm) was 55% greater (P ,0.0005) than that with the Targis antenna (46.0 mm; 95% CI, 38.2 to 53.8 mm). Return loss with the Targis antenna declined sharply to a relative minimum value of 232.9 dB (95% CI, 273.8 to 8.0 dB) at 915 MHz, providing evidence of this antenna’s capacity for impedance matching; little change was observed with the Prostatron in return loss over a frequency range 100 MHz above and below this antenna’s standard operating frequency of 1296 MHz. The mean reflected power of the Targis antenna (0.4%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 1.4%) was lower by more than 20-fold (P 5 0.036) than that of the Prostatron antenna (11.0%; 95% CI, 3.4% to 18.7%); thus, the potential for efficient operation was greater with the Targis than the Prostatron antenna. Conclusions. The Targis microwave antenna was found to provide a more targeted heating pattern and have a capacity for more efficient thermal energy delivery than the Prostatron antenna. These differences observed in vitro could potentially translate into clinical advantages in vivo, such as improved tolerability of microwave treatment, reduced risk of complications, greater thermoablative efficacy, and scalability. UROLOGY 51: 908‐915, 1998. © 1998, Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
DNA Fragmentation and Cytolysis in U937 Cells Treated with Diphtheria Toxin or Other Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

We treated the human monoblastoid cell line, U937, with various cytotoxic proteins or drugs that specifically inhibit protein synthesis and monitored the cells for degradation of chromosomal DNA and other changes. In cells treated with diphtheria toxin (DT), Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, ricin toxin, and abrin toxin the chromosomal DNA was degraded into oligonucleosome-sized fragments, the chromatin became condensed, and the cell nuclei fragmented. All of these changes are characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Various drugs, including puromycin, cycloheximide, emetine, and anisomycin produced similar changes. An enzymically attenuated mutant of DT, DT-E148S, produced effects identical to those produced by the native toxin, except that a higher concentration of toxin was required, corresponding to the reduction in ADP-ribosylation activity. In all cases, DNA degradation and other changes were observed only after the rate of protein synthesis was reduced to low levels, approximately 10% or less of normal levels. These results imply that inhibition of protein synthesis in U937 cells induces apoptosis, regardless of the mechanism of action of the inhibitor. Differences in the kinetics of induction of apoptosis by the various inhibitors may reflect secondary effects on other aspects of cellular physiology.
Interannual variability in coastal Washington Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) populations: larval advection and the coastal landing strip

Substantial and unexplained variations in abundance characterize US west coast populations of Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. It is likely that this variability reflects oceanic advection of larvae given the dynamics of the California Current system, the protracted (4–5 months) pelagic larval phase and the restrictive nature of juvenile habitat requirements. We compare 40 years of Ekman transport vectors during January-May (1947– 1986) with time-lagged and stratified commercial landings for coastal Washington (1951–1990). Persistent landward and net northward flow characterized the circulation of near-surface waters during the larval periods studied. A mechanism for progressive seaward transport of larvae through ontogeny, as proposed by others, was not apparent. Overall, above- (below-) average year classes were associated with relatively weak (strong) northward transport and, to a lesser degree, strong (weak) landward transport. Based on these analyses and in consideration of the prevailing coastal circulation, we propose that the relative magnitude of C. magister juvenile recruitment and, hence, incoming year class strength, reflects: (1) the proportion of larvae retained within a relatively narrow (≤ 15 km) and heterogeneous ‘coastal landing strip’, (2) the availability of suitable substrate within the coastal landing strip at time of settlement and (3) the magnitude of downstream advective losses (export) of larvae from the California-Oregon-Washington coastal system. Based on a consideration of the physics of the California Current system and the larval biology of the species, significant linkage of Dungeness crab populations along the west coast of North America is likely.
Characterization of small bowel resection and intestinal adaptation in germ-free rats

Abstract Background After massive small bowel resection (SBR), the remnant bowel adapts by increasing enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of luminal bacteria on postresection intestinal cell turnover. Methods Male germ-free (GF) and normally colonized control rats underwent either a 75% mid-SBR or sham operation. In other experiments, normally colonized control rats were given antibiotics in the drinking water. After 7 days, the remnant ileum was harvested and adaptation verified by alterations in wet weight, crypt depth, and villus height. Proliferation and apoptosis were measured in crypts as the percent of crypt cells staining for Ki-67 or the number of apoptotic bodies per crypt. Results Both GF and control rats demonstrated significant increases in all adaptive parameters. Proliferation was increased after SBR in both groups, but significantly greater in the GF animals over control. This response could not be recapitulated after antibiotic treatment. Apoptosis increased equally after SBR in all groups. Conclusion Resection-induced intestinal adaptation occurs normally in GF animals. Epithelial-microbial interactions are probably not involved in the activation of enterocyte apoptosis. The germ-free studies offer the possibility that luminal bacteria may attenuate the proliferative response of the enterocyte to massive small bowel resection.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure: The trade-off hypothesis revisited

Our understanding of the mechanism responsible for secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) has advanced significantly since the "trade-off" hypothesis was formulated. It appears that in early renal failure a deficit of calcitriol synthesis is an important factor. However, additional factors, such as a defect of the vitamin D receptor or the newly cloned calcium sensor receptor (BoPCaR1), may be present in the parathyroid cells. As renal failure progresses, the lack of calcitriol becomes more pronounced, inducing HPTH. With advanced chronic renal failure, hyperphosphatemia is an additional important factor in worsening HPTH. In addition, resistance of the parathyroids to calcitriol due to a reduced density of calcitriol receptors also may contribute to HPTH. Finally, uremia per se not only may cause a receptor abnormality in the parathyroid but at the level of the bone it may aggravate the impaired calcemic response to PTH. In conclusion, after reviewing the "trade-off" hypothesis, although some of the original concepts may have been simplistic, most of the factors postulated 30 years ago are still operative in the pathogenesis of secondary HPTH in renal failure.