cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estradiol attenuates prolactin secretion and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in MMQ cells

We previously isolated a clonal cell line, designated MMQ, which only secretes prolactin (PRL) and whose secretory process is nonresponsive to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and angiotensin II (AII). In the present study, we injected MMQ cells into rats to determine whether the tumor cells would become responsive to secretagogues when subsequently propagated in vitro. We also investigated what effects in vivo administration of 17β-estradiol would have on secretagogue-induced PRL release and on intracellular biochemical mechanisms in these cells. MMQ cells were implanted subcutaneously in the backs of female rats. One group was injected with 100 μg polyestradiol phosphate (PEP) every 5 days, a second with saline. The inoculants grew into solid tumors within 3 weeks. The day after the tumors were removed and enzymatically dispersed, the cells, now designated MMQt cells, were perifused in vitro. Basal PRL released by MMQt cells was approximately 1 ng/min/107 cells and perifusions with 100 nM TRH or AII for 5 min significantly increased PRL release above baseline (integrated areas: 1.8 ± 0.4 and 5.2 ± 1.3 ng/107 cell, respectively; P < 0.01). Two ng/ml maitotoxin (MTX), a calcium channel activator, increased PRL release (38.2 ± 6.7 ng/107 cells; P < 0.01). In PEP-treated perifused MMQt cells, basal in vitro PRL release was not different from that observed in the control group, but the responses to TRH, AII and MTX were greatly attenuated (TRH: 0.6 ± 0.1, AII: 1.3 ± 0.2 and MTX: 9.2 ± 2.5 ng/107cells). In control MMQt cells, 100 nM TRH, 100 nM AII and 1 μM neurotensin (NTS) significantly increased inositol phosphates (InsPx) generation by 53%, 106% and 56% (P < 0.01), respectively. In addition, All and MTX increased the intracellular calcium concentration in control MMQt cells, which correlated with their ability to enhance InsPx and PRL release. In PEP-treated cells, however, All only increased IPx generation slightly by 32% (P < 0.05), and TRH or NTS did not stimulate it at all. These data demonstrate that MMQ cells, after having been transplanted into femal rats and then re-isolated from the solid tumor (and thereafter designated MMQt cells), become responsive to TRH and to AIL These data further show that exposure of MMQt cells to elevated serum estradiol concentrations in vivo blocks the cells' ability to respond in vitro to these PRL secretagogues through less responsive intracellular biochemical events.
The polynesian outliers: Continuity, change, and replacement ∗

(1984). The polynesian outliers: Continuity, change, and replacement. The Journal of Pacific History: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 224-238.
Co-ordinate expression of β- and δ-zeins in transgenic tobacco

Abstract Two classes of alcohol soluble seed storage proteins found in the endosperm of maize contain unusually high levels of cysteine and methionine. These two proteins, the beta (β) and delta (δ) zeins, have been introduced into plants with the expectation of improving the sulfur nutritional content of various plants. Traditional methods of expressing multiple transgenes in plants include: (a) crossing transgenic plants which contain the genes of interest, (b) co-transforming the transgenes, and (c) successive retransformation. Co-ordinate expression of transgenes is not always successful with these traditional methods. We have co-ordinately expressed the β- and δ-zein proteins with the use of a synthetic self-hydrolyzing 2A peptide sequence utilized by a number of viruses [J. Gen. Virol. 82 (2001) 1013]. The β and δ zeins were fused with a 20 amino acid synthetic 2A peptide sequence between them. This β-zein–2A–δ-zein construct was introduced into tobacco. Western analysis indicates that tobacco plants containing this transgene accumulate both β- and δ-zein protein. The 2A peptide sequence cleaves correctly allowing the β- and δ-zein proteins to accumulate. Protein bodies are observed in these transgenic plants. This technology allows two genes to be expressed in one cassette, under the control of the same promoter, eliminating the traditional need for crossing or co-transformation.
Lipmann and Anfinsen: Nobel biochemists of Beecher's anesthesia laboratory

Henry K. Beecher performed blood pH and gas analysis on patients in the 1940s, though the biochemical technology was not widely available until the 1950s. Two of Beecher's biochemist coworkers, Fritz Lipmann and Christian B. Anfinsen, went on to earn Nobel Prizes.
Current understanding of iberiotoxin-resistant BK channels in the nervous system

While most large-conductance, calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channels (BK or Maxi-K type) are blocked by the scorpion venom iberiotoxin, the so-called “type II” subtype has the property of toxin resistance. This property is uniquely mediated by channel assembly with one member of the BK accessory β subunit family, the neuron-enriched β4 subunit. This review will focus on current understanding of iberiotoxin-resistant, β4-containing BK channel properties and their function in the CNS. Studies have shown that β4 dramatically promotes BK channel opening by shifting voltage sensor activation to more negative voltage ranges, but also slows activation to timescales that theoretically preclude BK ability to shape action potentials (APs). In addition, β4 membrane trafficking is regulated through an endoplasmic retention signal and palmitoylation. More recently, the challenge has been to understand the functional role of the iberiotoxin-resistant BK subtype utilizing computational modeling of neurons and neurophysiological approaches. Utilizing iberiotoxin-resistance as a footprint for these channels, they have been identified in dentate gyrus granule neurons and in purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. In these neurons, the role of these channels is largely consistent with slow-gated channels that reduce excitability either through an interspike conductance, such as in purkinje neurons, or by replacing fast-gating BK channels that otherwise facilitate high frequency AP firing, such as in dentate gyrus neurons. They are also observed in presynaptic mossy fiber terminals of the dentate gyrus and posterior pituitary terminals. More recent studies suggest that β4 subunits may also be expressed in some neurons lacking iberiotoxin-resistant BK channels, such as in CA3 hippocampus neurons. Ongoing research using novel, specific blockers and agonists of BK/β4, and β4 knockout mice, will continue to move the field forward in understanding the function of these channels
LMFBR Neutron Monitoring Systems - A Review of the State-of-the-Art

The French PHENIX, the British PFR and the West German SNR-300 Prototype Fast Reactor neutron monitoring system concepts are reviewed and compared to U. S. systems. Emphasis is placed on the type of neutron detectors and preamplifier electronics being used. The French Series CFUC and the British Type P7 high temperature (~1050°F) fission counters are described and indicated performance discussed based upon published results. High temperature compensated ionization chambers manufactured in Europe and the U. S. are briefly covered. The European low level flux monitoring preamplifier philosophies are related and compared to present and planned U. S. systems. Major differences are noted and discussed. Recent test results from wide range systems mated with fission counters operating at 725°F in the EBR-II Nuclear Instrument Test Facility (NITF) are presented. The NITF facility is briefly described.
Large-area scintillating-fiber time-of-flight/hodoscope detectors for particle astrophysics experiments

Abstract A new generation of detectors of ultra-heavy (UH) cosmic rays is being built which require the use of large-area, light-weight detector elements. In this paper, we present the design and operation of a new type of scintillating optical fiber detector, which can serve as both a time-of-flight (TOF) detector and coded hodoscope (i.e. trajectory detector). We demonstrate that this type of detector can make TOF measurements with a time resolution of 48 ps. We also present results of position measurements from a large area TOF/hodoscope that was flown on a high-altitude balloon flight in August, 1995. Finally, we discuss areas of modification and improvements that can be made to these detectors to enable them to be more useful for making UH cosmic ray measurements.
Employer′s Perceptions of Nonverbal Communication in Job Interviews for Persons with Physical Disabilities

Abstract Thirty-one employers viewed tapes of job interviews of six upper-level college students with physical disabilities. Three interviewees were judged by graduate student raters to have good nonverbal skills and the other three to have poor nonverbal skills. Transcripts of the interviews were read and rated by graduate students in psychology, and the results were used to adjust statistically for the content of the interviews. Persons with disabilities who exhibited good nonverbal communication were rated as significantly more employable and rated higher on personal qualities considered in employment interviews than persons who exhibited poor nonverbal communication. Implications for further research and designing interventions for improving nonverbal communicati on of the physically disabled are discussed.
CD44s expression in human colon carcinomas influences growth of liver metastases.

CD44 is a family of cell-surface adhesion molecules which exist in several isoforms arising from mRNA alternative. Malignant transformation of colonic mucosa is associated with alterations in CD44 expression, which result in up-regulation of high-molecular-weight CD44 isoforms and down-regulation of CD44s. We have demonstrated that stable transfection of CD44s into colon-carcinoma cell lines reduces their tumorigenicity. To understand the influence of CD44s expression on the metastatic potential of human colon carcinomas, we measured the ability of several different CD44s-transfected colon carcinomas to establish experimental liver metastases following splenic inoculation in mice. We observed that introduction of CD44s into 2 different human colon carcinoma cell lines, HT29 and KM12C6, resulted in reduced growth of liver metastases by as much as 75%. To explore the relationship between hyaluronate adhesion and metastasis, we transfected HT29 cells with cDNA encoding a mutant CD44s that does not bind to hyaluronate. HT29 transfectants expressing this mutant CD44s demonstrate an 84% reduction in growth of liver metastases, despite minimal binding to hyaluronate by the mutant CD44s. In concert, these results indicate that CD44s down-regulation, which occurs with malignant transformation of colonic mucosa, is associated with enhanced growth of experimental liver metastases. Consequently, the functional consequences of CD44s down-regulation in colon carcinomas may be just as significant as the consequences of up-regulation of other CD44 isoforms.
Titin Phosphorylation Myocardial Passive Stiffness Regulated by the Intracellular Giant

See related articles, pages 631–638 Diastolic performance is regulated by net myocardial stiffness, which is determined by the mechanosensitive protein network comprised of extracellular proteins such as collagen, intracellular sarcomeric proteins, and cell surface integrins. Mechanical force and its regulation are sensed and propagated by each of these components in a concerted fashion.1 During diastole, titin filaments serve as tensiometers and passive force generators. This is accomplished by modulation via directional signaling of multiple linkages between different regions within the titin molecule and the cellular contractile apparatus. An intricate network of signaling molecules coordinates the extracellular and intracellular components in the contraction of a sarcomere. In this issue of Circulation Research , Hidalgo et al present an elegant set of experiments that reveal a novel mechanism whereby altering the phosphorylation state of titin modulates myocardial passive stiffness.2 Specifically, they demonstrated that titin, in addition to being a protein kinase (PK)A and PKG substrate, is also a PKCα substrate. They further identified the PEVK region of titin as the prominent site of PKCα phosphorylation, and showed that phosphorylation at this site increased passive tension. Titin is an approximately 3000-kDa molecular-mass sarcomeric protein that spans the Z disk to the M line of the sarcomere.3 Originally thought to only provide structural scaffolding to link the many regulatory, contractile, and structural proteins within the sarcomere, titin is now recognized to be a major regulator of intracellular myocyte stiffness. Titin determines the passive tension of the intracellular component of cardiomyocytes, which, together with collagen, determines the total myocardial passive stiffness. Although the immunoglobulin-like domain and fibronectin type III repeats make up 90% of the titin molecule, titin also includes a unique I-band region that is flexible and specifically serves as a molecular spring to determine passive stiffness. …
A Bioinformatics Workflow for Variant Peptide Detection in Shotgun Proteomics

Shotgun proteomics data analysis usually relies on database search. However, commonly used protein sequence databases do not contain information on protein variants and thus prevent variant peptides and proteins from been identified. Including known coding variations into protein sequence databases could help alleviate this problem. Based on our recently published human Cancer Proteome Variation Database, we have created a protein sequence database that comprehensively annotates thousands of cancer-related coding variants collected in the Cancer Proteome Variation Database as well as noncancer-specific ones from the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (dbSNP). Using this database, we then developed a data analysis workflow for variant peptide identification in shotgun proteomics. The high risk of false positive variant identifications was addressed by a modified false discovery rate estimation method. Analysis of colorectal cancer cell lines SW480, RKO, and HCT-116 revealed a total of 81 peptides that contain either noncancer-specific or cancer-related variations. Twenty-three out of 26 variants randomly selected from the 81 were confirmed by genomic sequencing. We further applied the workflow on data sets from three individual colorectal tumor specimens. A total of 204 distinct variant peptides were detected, and five carried known cancer-related mutations. Each individual showed a specific pattern of cancer-related mutations, suggesting potential use of this type of information for personalized medicine. Compatibility of the workflow has been tested with four popular database search engines including Sequest, Mascot, X!Tandem, and MyriMatch. In summary, we have developed a workflow that effectively uses existing genomic data to enable variant peptide detection in proteomics.
Utility-based plan insertion for continuous resources

In this paper, we consider the problem of evaluating plan fragments for insertion into an existing plan. Preparing a plan that is robust to variations in continuous resources requires considering the uncertainty over these resources. For some situations, it is impractical to add branches to the plan a priori, because such situations may arise at any of a large number of points in execution. Adding all these potential branches to an existing plan would require an immense computational effort and result in a huge plan. In such a case, it makes more sense to precompute a plan fragment to react to such a situation and allow the execution system to insert the plan fragment into its current plan when appropriate. The problem can thus be seen as a restricted form of plan merging, but with the addition of uncertainty and continuous resources, and the criterion of maximizing utility rather than absolute goal achievement. We formalize the problem and introduce an efficient solution method, incremental bounds refinement, that iteratively narrows bounds on the expected value of adding a branch until it can be discriminated from the original plan.
A Relational Encounter with Race

Race remains one of the most highly charged subjects of discourse in our society. At a cultural level, white racial identity has become dissociatively split off from the rest of identity formation. A racialized subjectivity is usually carried by those with darker skin colors, whereas whiteness is experienced as an unmarked and invisible state. The author argues that whites have dissociated the historical position of the oppressor from collective consciousness, due to our inability to tolerate an identification with the aggressor. Our disavowal of race as constitutive of subjectivity ensures that race becomes a site for enactments. This paper follows the transference-countertransference dynamics between an African American patient mandated to treatment and the author, a white analyst born in South Africa. The haunting presence of racial trauma infused the analysis. Focus is placed on the rich, often unmetabolizable experiences of race, including the ways in which the structure of the treatment recreated th...
Treatment of peroneal nerve injuries with simultaneous tendon transfer and nerve exploration

Background: Common peroneal nerve palsy leading to foot drop is difficult to manage and has historically been treated with extended bracing with expectant waiting for return of nerve function. Peroneal nerve exploration has traditionally been avoided except in cases of known traumatic or iatrogenic injury, with tendon transfers being performed in a delayed fashion after exhausting conservative treatment. We present a new strategy for management of foot drop with nerve exploration and concomitant tendon transfer. Method: We retrospectively reviewed a series of 12 patients with peroneal nerve palsies that were treated with tendon transfer from 2005 to 2011. Of these patients, seven were treated with simultaneous peroneal nerve exploration and repair at the time of tendon transfer. Results: Patients with both nerve repair and tendon transfer had superior functional results with active dorsiflexion in all patients, compared to dorsiflexion in 40% of patients treated with tendon transfers alone. Additionally, 57% of patients treated with nerve repair and tendon transfer w ere able to achieve enough function to return to running, compared to 20% in patients with tendon transfer alone. No patient had full return of native motor function resulting in excessive dorsiflexion strength. Conclusion: The results of our limited case series for this rare condition indicate that simultaneous nerve repair and tendon transfer showed no detrimental results and may provide improved function over tendon transfer alone.
REVIEW ESSAY: THE CONTRADICTIONS OF OLIVER C. COX

The Mind of Oliver C. Cox. By Christopher A. McAuley. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 2004. 296 pp. ISBN 0-268-03472-9 $60.00 (hardcover); 0-268-03473-7 $30.00 (paperback). Often classifi...
Noise and Signal Activity Maps for Better Imaging Algorithms

In this work, we propose noise and signal activity estimation method that discriminates noise from signal based on local and global properties of the image data. The method yields pixel-wise maps of the noise variance and of the signal activity. Using these maps to guide imaging algorithms such as image enhancement and print defect detection improves their performance. The proposed method does not assume a white Gaussian noise model; it is very efficient computationally and, as such, is useful for a wide variety of applications.
Ex vivo electrical impedance measurements on excised hepatic tissue from human patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Point-wise ex vivo electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted on excised hepatic tissue from human patients with metastatic colorectal cancer using a linear four-electrode impedance probe. This study of 132 measurements from 10 colorectal cancer patients, the largest to date, reports that the equivalent electrical conductivity for tumor tissue is significantly higher than normal tissue (p < 0.01), ranging from 2–5 times greater over the measured frequency range of 100 Hz–1 MHz. Difference in tissue electrical permittivity is also found to be statistically significant across most frequencies. Furthermore, the complex impedance is also reported for both normal and tumor tissue. Consistent with trends for tissue electrical conductivity, normal tissue has a significantly higher impedance than tumor tissue (p < 0.01), as well as a higher net capacitive phase shift (33° for normal liver tissue in contrast to 10° for tumor tissue).
Creative Personality and Anticreative Environment for High School Dropouts

The study examined the possible roles that creativity plays in students dropping out of high school. It used data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS: 88), the Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS: 2002), and 87 high school students from a low income area in southeastern Michigan. NELS and ELS questions related to creative personality and anticreative school environment were selected and asked of students. The students’ responses were compared to their scores on measures of creativity (Runco Ideational Behavior Scale, Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, & Scales for Rating the Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students). The NELS respondents who showed creative personality were identified and examined whether their creativity related to dropping out. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that the questions selected from NELS and ELS that showed anticreative school environment have a negative correlation with the scores on the creativity measures, which affect studen...
The Mariner 6 and 7 pictures of Mars

A comprehensive set of high quality reproductions of the final, computer-processed television pictures of Mars is presented. The genesis and unique characteristics of the pictures are explained, interesting features are pointed out, and some indication of their significance in the history of Mars investigations is provided.
Transcriptomic Signatures of Meniscal Tears and Articular Cartilage from Knees Undergoing Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy Show Evidence for Early Osteoarthritis

Objectives:Despite clinical evidence demonstrating that meniscus tears are early events in the initiation and propagation of knee osteoarthritis (OA), the biology of how meniscus injury leads to changes in the articular cartilage is not well studied. Therefore, we compared the molecular biology of articular and meniscal cartilage within the same knees undergoing partial meniscectomy to advance our understanding of early molecular events in the knee that contribute to the development of OA following a meniscus tear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that meniscal and articular cartilage from knees undergoing arthroscopic partial meniscectomy will demonstrate molecular signature representative of early OA.Methods:Patients (n=12) with a known isolated medial meniscus tear without any knee chondrosis or radiographic OA were consented prior to surgery. During arthroscopic partial meniscectomy, a sample of their injured meniscus and a small fragment of their articular cartilage off the medial...
Robustness versus Resilience: Hurricanes and other Natural Hazard Risks

This paper introduces an overview of the issues and approaches when dealing with structure and infrastructure investment in the face of hurricanes or other natural hazards. It then expands on the difference between robustness and resilience. Finally, it presents some of the risk perception issues associated with hurricanes in the Southeastern region of the United States, placing into perspective the difficulty of fostering investment for different natural hazards.
Was There Something I Did to Get Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Environmental and Dietary Factors That Contribute to IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease, comprised of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a result of complex interaction of genetics, environment and dietary factors that we are only now starting to understand. This chapter will focus on the different factors in the environment that may contribute to the cause of both CD and UC. Additionally it will discuss the different dietary contributions that may lead to inflammatory bowel disease as well as the role of diet in managing these diseases.
ENDOGENOUS LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE INTESTINAL LYMPH OF RATS RAISED ON FAT-FREE, LARD, OR CORN OIL DIETS.

SUMMARY Studies are reported on the structure of triglycerides from the intestinal lymph of fasted rats grown from weaning to 4 months of age on a fat-free diet or on diets containing lard or corn oil. Experiments are also reported on the incorporation of dietary palmitic-1 -C14, oleic-1 -C14, and linolenic acids and of tripentadecanoin into the triglycerides of the intestinal lymph of animals in the above groups. These studies show that the distribution of the fatty acids among the triglycerides synthesized in the intestinal mucosa does not conform to a random pattern. The composition of endogenous lipid (determined by the prolonged feeding period) was found to influence both the relative extent of incorporation of fatty acids into triglycerides or phospholipids, and also the resynthesis of different fatty acids into triglycerides. Linoleic acid was predominantly in the &position of triglycerides of which it was a constituent, and palmitic acid was predominantly in the &position in triglycerides containing fatty acids other than linoleic acid.
Crystal lattice effects in the 149Sm(n, α)146Nd reaction induced by thermal neutrons

Abstract The thermal neutron induced reaction, 149Sm(n, α)146Nd, is influenced by the chemical form and temperature of the target material. The detection of this dependence is due to the rather unique features of the thermal neutron capture of 149Sm which make it particularly sensitive to the effective neutron energy spectrum.
Modeling Change in Effort Across a Low-Stakes Testing Session: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach

ABSTRACTWe examined change in test-taking effort over the course of a three-hour, five test, low-stakes testing session. Latent growth modeling results indicated that change in test-taking effort was well-represented by a piecewise growth form, wherein effort increased from test 1 to test 4 and then decreased from test 4 to test 5. There was significant variability in effort for each of the five tests, which could be predicted from examinees’ conscientiousness, agreeableness, mastery approach goal orientation, and whether the examinee “skipped” or attended the initial testing session. The degree to which examinees perceived a particular test as important was related to effort for the difficult, cognitive test but not for less difficult, noncognitive tests. There was significant variability in the rates of change in effort, which could be predicted from examinees’ agreeableness. Interestingly, change in test-taking effort was not related to change in perceived test importance. Implications of these results...
TGFβ Receptor Signaling in Cancer and Metastasis

Progression of epithelial tumor cells to the invasive and metastatic phenotype requires increased cellular plasticity of the tumor cell. This plasticity allows tumor cells to invade locally and into neighboring organs, penetrate blood vessels, and metastasize to distant organs. Metastasizing tumor cells show increased migratory capacity and altered matrix degradation and deposition. A partial loss of epithelial cell fate differentiation and a gain of mesenchymal characteristics has been described as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. EMT allows epithelial derived tumor cells, similar to mesenchymal cells, to migrate on and invade in mesenchymal extra-cellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor stroma and into blood vessels, and metastasize. TGFβ plays a complex role during the development of carcinoma formation and cancer progression. While untransformed cells and early steps of tumor formation are often inhibited in proliferation by TGFβ later stages of tumor progression are positively regulated by TGFβ Accordingly, elements of TGFβ signal transduction are mutated in some tumor types while TGFβ signaling is maintained and activated in the majority of other tumors. TGFβ positively regulates many aspects of tumor progression such as extracellular matrix regulation, cell invasion, angiogenesis, immune suppression and, most notably, EMT of tumor cells. EMT induced by TGFβ has been found to be essential for tumor invasion metastasis. Accordingly, clinical evidence reveals TGFβ as a major risk factor for tumor progression. Here I review both TGFβ signaling in tumor suppression as well as the increasing evidence linking TGFβ to tumor progression, invasion and metastasis.
Extravasation of albumin in ischaemic brain oedema.

Changes in brain water, sodium, potassium, and albumin contents and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were determined between 1 hr and 42 days following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. Brain oedema was maximal 24 hrs, remained high for 3 days, and was resolved by 4 weeks. These changes in water content were accompanied by a parallel increase in sodium and decrease in potassium, however, the increase in sodium always exceeded the decrease in potassium so that there was a net gain in brain cations. BBB permeability to 3H-a-aminoisobutyric acid was normal for the first 4 hrs, but increased by 24 hr and returned to normal at 3 weeks. The time course for changes in brain albumin content was the same as that for BBB permeability and, at its greatest (3 days), the brain albumin was approximately 20% of the plasma albumin concentration. The relative contributions of the osmotic force produced by the increase in brain cations and the oncotic force produced by the increase in brain albumin to the observed change in water content were calculated. At all time points, the increase in brain cations accounted for nearly all of the observed brain oedema, while the increase in albumin played essentially no role in oedema development.
The (Non-) Partisan Logic of Audience Costs

How do domestic political conditions shape audience costs? We explore how three factors - the partisanship of the president, the reaction of other elites, and whether the president reveals that new information affected his decision - shape the ways in which citizens punish leaders for backing down in a crisis. We develop a non-partisan theory of audience costs that explains why partisanship will only have a minor influence on how citizens impose audience costs, stemming from the president’s unique informational advantage in the early days of a crisis. In the immediate aftermath of an international incident - the period in which citizens impose audience costs - citizens will look to national interests, not partisan ones, when evaluating leaders. Using a series of original survey experiments, we find strong support for our theoretical argument. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for the role of partisanship, framing, and the audience costs literature more broadly.
Questions from Workers Who Read: Education and Self-Formation in Chartist Print Culture and Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton

Although the Chartist organ the Northern Star was a careful observer of literary developments, especially concerning social-problem fiction, it failed to comment on the publication of Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton , today the best-known literary work to treat Chartism. The popular and controversial novel about the consequences of an assassination committed by a disillusioned activist slipped by the radical paper unnoticed in the tumult of the fall of 1848. But the Star was not as unfamiliar with Mary Barton as its initial silence suggests. Two years later, when the paper reviewed The Moorland Cottage , it praised Gaskell's earlier book as “a powerful and truthful exposition of the evils inherent in the factory system,” adding that “the graphic manner in which the writer placed before the public the domestic, moral, and social results of factory life, brought down from the upholders of the factory system many sneers at her political economy and her sentimentalism; but none denied the unquestionable genius and superior discrimination of character and motives which pervaded the work” (Dec. 28, 1850).
A Hybrid Estimation Algorithm for Terminal-Area Aircraft Tracking

Accurate tracking of aircraft movements around airports is important in order to improve tra‐c capacity and safety. We propose a hybrid estimation algorithm that utilizes the knowledge of departure or arrival aircraft ∞ight plans and nominal ∞ight proflles to improve tracking of aircraft movements around airports. The algorithm also provides an accurate estimation of aircraft ∞ight modes that is often used in con∞ict detection, intent inference, and trajectory prediction algorithms. In the algorithm, we flrst develop a methodology to model ∞ight mode transitions based on typical aircraft landing proflles, take-ofi proflles, and standard ∞ight routes around airports. Based on the model, we derive a conditional mode transition matrix that is dependent (or conditioned) on the continuous state of the aircraft. The aircraft tracking problem is then solved using a hybrid estimation algorithm with continuous-state-dependent mode transition matrix. We also presents an analytical result that reduces the dimension, and hence the computational cost, of a multivariate integral that arises due to the continuous-state-dependent mode transition matrix. We present two simulation examples to illustrate the performance of our aircraft tracking algorithm.
Blocking effects of cyproheptadine and methysergide upon two different cardiovascular responses to serotonin.

AbstractThere are several different types of receptors which mediate responses by the cardiovascular system to serotonin. In this study we utilized 16 anesthetized dogs to compare the effects of cyproheptadine and methysergide upon two different cardiovascular responses to serotonin. Injection of serotonin (50-200 μg) into the right atrium produced pulmonary vasoconstriction during which the mean pulmonary artery pressure increased from 14 (±2) to 20 (±2) mm Hg (P < 0.05). As the same serotonin later reached the coronary circulation, a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex is activated, causing systemic hypertension in which the mean aortic pressure promptly increases from 104 (±7) to 179 (±10) mm Hg. Administration of either cyproheptadine or methysergide eliminated the pulmonary hypertension, but only cyproheptadine was effective in blocking the cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex. The differential blocking effectiveness of these two serotonin antagonists suggests an important difference in physiologica...
The Accommodation of Chinese Immigrants in Early California Courts

Most histories today emphasize the overwhelming antagonism toward Chinese immigrants in the initial period of California history. Citing press accounts, congressional testimony, and the diaries of the time, historians have noted that anti-Chinese sentiments rested upon a host of social, political, and economic differences. These culminated in agitation on the part of the white working classes for the expulsion of the Chinese. When the Chinese were finally excluded by federal law in 1882, they had been subjected to a wide variety of racist laws, including taxation, prohibition of testimony, discriminatory employment practices, and inhuman treatment in communities, courts, and jails. But the earliest period of Chinese presence in California—especially in the legal sphere—was marked by notable incidents of tolerance and accommodation that have been largely overlooked. This article examines these instances of legal tolerance of Chinese immigrants. An explanation based on the development of frontiers is presented.
Breast disorders in adolescent females.

This article reviews the recent medical literature on breast disorders in female adolescents. Most of the articles are reviews or case reports, because there is a paucity of primary research, particularly controlled prospective studies, in this area. The papers reviewed are clinically relevant, part
Urinary Excretion of Phenolic Acids in Rats Fed Cranberry, Blueberry, or Black Raspberry Powder

Dietary polyphenolics can be converted into smaller phenolic acids (PA) by microorganisms in the colon and may contribute to health benefits associated with the parent polyphenolics. Urinary excretion of 18 PA and their conjugates was studied, using HPLC-MS/MS, in rats fed AIN93G-based diets containing 5% (dry weight basis) of either cranberry (CB), blueberry (BB), or black raspberry (BRB). Hippuric, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids were excreted in greatest quantity in the urine over a 24 h period in all diets. Primary PA excreted in the berry diets were 4-hydroxycinnamic acid for CB; chlorogenic, ferulic, and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acids for BB; and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, and 3-hydroxycinnamic acids for BRB. PA were present in conjugated form with cinnamic acid derivatives being 50-70% and phenylacetic acid derivatives conjugated <10%. Conjugated, and not just the free, PA are significant contributors to total urinary excretion.
A NEW NEARSHORE DIRECTIONAL WAVE GAGE

A field directional wave gage has been developed for requirements in coastal, port, and harbor engineering. Uses include planning and design studies, long term wave climatology, and post construction monitoring. The gage provides high quality directional wave spectra measurements from a compact, easily installed instrument. Stand alone installation with long term internal data recording is provided. Real time data access may be simultaneously provided by connecting a cable. The gage is completely bottom mounted with no surface components. Optimized for shallow and intermediate water depths required by coastal engineers, the gage may be reliably deployed in water depths too shallow for buoys or acoustic instruments. The sensors are three high resolution pressure transducers that permit the mounting frame to be resistant to fishing activities. Reliable data storage and long term deployment are achieved by performing preliminary data analysis within the instrument. Intermediate analysis results are recorded on reliable non-volatile solid state memory. The recorded data may be post processed to obtain simple estimates of mean water level, wave height, period, and direction. If desired, the Fourier series coefficients of the directional spectrum may be computed from the intermediate data. Optionally, modern high resolution methods may be used.
Epidemiological Surveillance on Hepatitis B in the Population Aged Below 15 Years in Hunan Province in 2005-2011

Objective By analyzing and comparing data or criteria as onset of illness,diagnosis and risk factors of occurrence in hepatitis B cases under 15 years old presenting in two reporting systems respectively for surveillance of notifiable diseases and national immunization programme,the situation of reporting for hepatitis B and problems might exist got further understanding,and actual prevalence of the disease in the province inferred,reference forimprovement of HB surveillance was then hopefully provided. Methods Excel and SPSS were adopted to analyze and compare the criteria and data relating to onset of hepatitis B in people under 15 years old reported by two surveillance systems. Results The quality of epidemiological surveillance for hepatitis B cases under 15 years old had been improved year by year.The cases of hepatitis B were mainly diagnosed by hospitals or medical institutions at or above county-level.Only 32.56%of the monitored cases were found to be in conformity with the standard of diagnosis as suspected acute hepatitis B,and incomplete information was also found in epidemiological surveillance. Conclusions Making surveillance over hepatitis B cases under 15 years old is in favor of getting an accurate map of effectiveness and achievement following the implementation of strategy that immunizing all neonates with hepatitis B vaccine.The legal reporters for notifiable communicable diseases used to understand about the diagnosis standard for hepatitis B inadequately,these unclear diagnoses had contributed to a higher estimation of hepatitis B prevalence.Enhancing training on diagnosis standard in legal reporters and surveillance training in CDC staff and standardizing the laboratory diagnosis for hepatitis B are the crucial work in stepping up the quality of reporting and surveillance for hepatitis B in the province.
Skeletal myofiber VEGF regulates contraction-induced perfusion and exercise capacity but not muscle capillarity in adult mice.

A single bout of exhaustive exercise signals expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the exercising muscle. Previous studies have reported that mice with life-long deletion of sk...
In Vitro Study of Nuclear Assembly and Nuclear Import Using Xenopus Egg Extracts

Nuclear import is a critical process for the cell: molecules are selectively permitted into the nuclear interior where the sheltered genome resides. The process of nuclear import can be biochemically studied in vitro using nuclei reconstituted from Xenopus egg extract components and Xenopus sperm chromatin. This in vitro system allows for the visualization of nuclear import by monitoring the accumulation of fluorescent nuclear import substrates in the reconstituted nuclei. A powerful aspect of the system is that "biochemically mutant" nuclei can be readily generated, either by immunodepletion of proteins from or addition of proteins to the reaction. This ability allows ascertainment of the role of specific proteins in nuclear import.
Synthetic approach to the psoracorylifols.

Core analogs of the psoracorylifols were generated by a five-step route from 2,2-dimethyl-4-cyanobutanal.
Presenilin E318G variant and Alzheimer's disease risk: the Cache County study.

Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly and the third most common cause of death in the United States. A vast number of genes regulate Alzheimer’s disease, including Presenilin 1 (PSEN1). Multiple studies have attempted to locate novel variants in the PSEN1 gene that affect Alzheimer's disease status. A recent study suggested that one of these variants, PSEN1 E318G (rs17125721), significantly affects Alzheimer's disease status in a large case–control dataset, particularly in connection with the APOEe4 allele. Our study looks at the same variant in the Cache County Study on Memory and Aging, a large population-based dataset. We tested for association between E318G genotype and Alzheimer’s disease status by running a series of Fisher’s exact tests. We also performed logistic regression to test for an additive effect of E318G genotype on Alzheimer’s disease status and for the existence of an interaction between E318G and APOEe4. In our Fisher’s exact test, it appeared that APOEe4 carriers with an E318G allele have slightly higher risk for AD than those without the allele (3.3 vs. 3.8); however, the 95 % confidence intervals of those estimates overlapped completely, indicating non-significance. Our logistic regression model found a positive but non-significant main effect for E318G (p = 0.895). The interaction term between E318G and APOEe4 was also non-significant (p = 0.689). Our findings do not provide significant support for E318G as a risk factor for AD in APOEe4 carriers. Our calculations indicated that the overall sample used in the logistic regression models was adequately powered to detect the sort of effect sizes observed previously. However, the power analyses of our Fisher’s exact tests indicate that our partitioned data was underpowered, particularly in regards to the low number of E318G carriers, both AD cases and controls, in the Cache county dataset. Thus, the differences in types of datasets used may help to explain the difference in effect magnitudes seen. Analyses in additional case–control datasets will be required to understand fully the effect of E318G on Alzheimer's disease status.
Demo: What You Mark is What Apps See

The proliferation of camera-equipped computers creates a dilemma. On one hand, cameras enable many useful applications, including video chat, document scanning, and QR-code reading. At the same time, sensitive information in the physical environment can inadvertently leak through image data shared with applications. Preventing leaks by a determined attacker is likely impossible, but as camera-based applications become more central to our work and personal lives, it is imperative to develop tools that provide greater control over what information applications can access through cameras. We have designed and implemented two systems, PrivateEye and WaveOff, that use privacy markers to provide fine-grained access control of information within a camera's view. Our demonstration highlights the accuracy, performance, and usability of these systems.
On Ideal Presence

Of all techniques for imaginatively contacting the dead in the long Romantic period, visits to authors’ homes, haunts, and graves were perhaps the most compelling. Why were readers drawn to such locations? It was not simply that they approached authors’ monuments with reverence, antiquarian interest, or a desire to acquire cultural capital, though all of these things played a part. Literary tourists sought intimacy with authors, a kind of immediacy that reading alone at home could not supply. In their journals, travelogues, and related writings, they affirmed that the cherished dead were uniquely present at special, charged locations. Nonetheless, physical encounters with monuments and relics meant little unless visitors could imaginatively reanimate the authors. Only then could they enjoy (affectively, spiritually) communion with the authors they saw as friends and benefactors. The metaphors they used—conversation, resurrection, and nearness—derived largely from contemporary theories of historiography, biography, and reading.1
Temperature Control in a Microwave Resonant Cavity System for Rapid Heating of Nylon Monofilament

ABSTRACTThermal runaway has been a major limitation in the application of microwave heating to a near-melt temperature heat treatment process for polymeric filaments. A technique which utilizes the inherent characteristics of the resonant cavity to counteract the runaway instability has been developed. Apparatus design and its performance in nylon monofilament heating will be discussed in this paper.
Function and Fitness

This chapter focuses on the fitness-contribution theory of function, which holds, roughly, that the function of a trait consists in its typical contribution to the fitness of the organisms that possess it. I begin by surveying several different theories within this family, and I show why any plausible version must include a statistical element. I then pose three questions that any proponent of the fitness-contribution theory must answer. First, is fitness a relative notion? When one says a trait “contributes to fitness,” is one saying it contributes to fitness better than some alternative? If so, when we attribute a function to a trait, how do we specify the relevant alternatives? Second, is fitness relative to specific environments? If so, then when we attribute a function to a trait, how do we specify the relevant environments? Third, what precisely must a trait contribute to in order to have a function? Is it survival, reproduction, inclusive fitness, or something else? I then critically assess a major argument in its favor, namely, that it coheres well with the way biologists actually use the term. I consider three different interpretations of this claim and I argue that it does not, in fact, provide an advantage over the selected effects theory in this regard. I close by considering how well it satisfies the adequacy conditions set out in Chap. 1. Theorists disagree about whether the fitness-contribution theory can make sense of the explanatory and normative aspects of function and I survey those disagreements.