cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
’Dealing’ With Incidence, Prevalence, and Odds Concepts in Undergraduate Epidemiology

Concepts and associated statistical formulae of incidence, prevalence, and odds/odds ratios are core knowledge in epidemiology yet can be confusing for students. The purpose of this project was to ...
Do Genetic Alterations in Sex Steroid Receptors Contribute to Lacrimal Gland Disease in Sjögren's Syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Defects in sex steroid receptors have been linked to the onset, progression and severity, as well as the sex-related prevalence, of a variety of autoimmune disorders, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. We hypothesize that defects in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) and/or the androgen receptor (AR) may also contribute to the development of lacrimal gland autoimmune sequelae in Sjogren's syndrome. To begin to test this hypothesis, we examined whether mutations exist in the coding regions of ESR1, ESR2 and AR transcripts in lacrimal tissues of mouse models of Sjogren's syndrome. METHODS: Lacrimal and submandibular glands were collected from adult MRL/MpJ-Tnfrsf6(lpr), nonobese diabetic and/or BALB/c mice. Tissues were pooled according to sex and experiment and processed for cDNA generation. PCR primers were designed to amplify 566-875 base pair segments of the entire open reading frame of each receptor. Segments were amplified, purified and then sequenced. Receptor sequences were assembled and compared to each other and to known NCBI sequences. RESULTS: Our results show that almost all ESR1, ESR2 and AR sequences in exocrine tissues of male and female autoimmune and non-autoimmune mice were identical to those of NCBI standards. There was a G-->A shift at position 998 of the ESR2 complete coding sequence in all tissue samples when compared to NCBI reference sequence U81451.1, but this polymorphism was not found in other ESR2 reference sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that defects in the coding region of sex steroid receptors do not contribute to the pathogenesis of lacrimal gland disease in mouse models of Sjogren's syndrome.
Cellular responses to sodium butyrate exhibit the dominance of one parental phenotype in somatic cell hybrids

The glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (GPHalpha) gene is inducible by sodium butyrate (NaBtr) in nontrophoblastic tumor cell lines such as HeLa (cervical carcinoma) but not in trophoblastic tumor cell lines such as JEG-3 (choriocarcinoma). The studies summarized in this report examined the ability of NaBtr to induce GPHalpha expression in somatic cell hybrids between HeLa SR3(hyg) and JEG-3(neo). The hybrid cells, pooled clones resistant to both hygromycin B and G418 sulfate, have been named JELA and were indistinguishable from the SR3 parent with regard to induction of the GPHalpha gene. The effects of NaBtr on cell proliferation were also similar in HeLa and JELA but different from those in JEG-3. The GPHalpha gene could be induced by NaBtr in the JEG-3 parent only when they were simultaneously treated with cycloheximide (CHX). The ability of NaBtr to induce GPHalpha in CHX-treated JEG-3 cells occurred concomitantly with a change in the electrophoretic mobility of enhancer binding proteins as determined in gel shift assays. The DNA-protein complexes generated between a trophoblast specific element (TSE) and nuclear proteins in HeLa SR3 and JELA migrated significantly more slowly than the complex generated by JEG-3 nuclear proteins. However, when nuclear extracts were prepared from CHX-treated JEG-3 cells, the complex generated with the TSE oligonucleotide migrated more slowly than the complex from untreated JEG-3 cells and coincident with the complexes produced with nuclear extracts from HeLa SR3 and JELA cells. Together, these data demonstrate that inducibility of the GPHalpha gene by NaBtr in JELA cell hybrids resembles that of the HeLa SR3 parent and that its inducibility in the JEG-3 parent parallels the status of an enhancer binding protein (TSEB) as judged from changes in electrophoretic mobility. The results are consistent with a model in which the status of TSEB has a profound influence on the gene's response to NaBtr.
SALARY STRUCTURE EFFECTS AND THE GENDER PAY GAP IN ACADEMIA

This paper presents estimates of the gender salary gap and discrimination based on the most recent national faculty survey data. New estimates for 1999 indicate that male faculty members still earn 20.7% more than comparable female colleagues. Depending upon which decomposition technique is employed, the portion of this gap attributable to discrimination is 17% or, 19–23%. Both estimates of the unexplained salary gap are lower than previous estimates. Furthermore, application of the Juhn technique shows that differences in salary structure, especially between research and liberal arts institutions, constitutes an important determinant of the relative gender pay gap between institutional types.
Integrating Management Breadth in Civil Engineering Education

At the beginning of the 21st century, there is a wider awareness that the civil engineering industry has become a global industry. The rapid increase in foreign ownership of firms in the United States along with the globalization of economic markets is reminding professionals that they must be aware of global events before they impact local operating conditions. In response to these developments, university programs must begin to broaden their focus to include subjects that address new economy realities. Specifically, the time to begin exposing students to management topics such as entrepreneurship, financial management, and global economics has arrived. If the civil engineering industry is going to evolve into a new economy business, it will require individuals who are as comfortable with the financial and technological components of the business as they are with design or construction fundamentals.
Future carbon regulations and current investments in alternative coal-fired power plant technologies

Abstract We analyze how uncertain future US carbon regulations shape the current choice of the type of power plant to build. Our focus is on two coal-fired technologies, pulverized coal (PC) and integrated coal gasification combined cycle technology (IGCC). The PC technology is cheapest—assuming there is no need to control carbon emissions. The IGCC technology may be cheaper if carbon must be captured. Since power plants last many years and future regulations are uncertain, a US electric utility faces a standard decision under uncertainty. A company will confront the range of possible outcomes, assigning its best estimate of the probability of each scenario, averaging the results and determining the power plant technology with the lowest possible cost inclusive of expected future carbon related costs, whether those costs be in the form of emissions charges paid or capital expenditures for retrofitting to capture carbon. If the company assigns high probability to no regulation or to less stringent regulation of carbon, then it makes sense for it to build the PC plant. But if it assigns sufficient probability to scenarios with more stringent regulation, then the IGCC technology is warranted. We provide some useful benchmarks for possible future regulation and show how these relate back to the relative costs of the two technologies and the optimal technology choice. Few of the policy proposals widely referenced in the public discussion warrant the choice of the IGCC technology. Instead, the PC technology remains the least costly. However, recent carbon prices in the European Emissions Trading System are higher than these benchmarks. If it is any guide to possible future penalties for emissions in the US, then current investment in the IGCC technology is warranted. Of course, other factors need to be factored into the decision as well.
Crystalline ornithine transcarbamylase

Abstract Ornithine transcarbamylase (carbamoyl phosphate: l -ornithine carbamoyl transferase, EC 2.1.2.2) from arginine grown Streptococcus D10 cells was purified to homogeneity by acid, solvent, heat, and salt fractionation. The enzyme was then crystallized from an ammonium sulfate solution. Some molecular properties of the enzyme are described.
A DSS methodology for the evaluation of ATM technologies

In this paper, the selection problem of telecommunication technology is discussed, and a method to perform a quantitative evaluation and selection of the best telecommunication technology in today's Internet environment is proposed. The evaluation and selection method is a practical and easy to use decision support tool which does not require the knowledge of a sophisticated mathematical model.
Effects of tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists on vagal hyperreactivity and neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function in antigen challenged guinea-pigs

1. The role of tachykinin NK1 receptors in the recruitment of eosinophils to airway nerves, loss of inhibitory neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function and the development of vagal hyperreactivity was tested in antigen-challenged guinea-pigs. 2. In anaesthetized guinea-pigs, the muscarinic agonist, pilocarpine (1-100 microg kg(-1), i.v.), inhibited vagally induced bronchoconstriction, in control, but not in antigen-challenged guinea-pigs 24 h after antigen challenge. This indicates normal function of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in controls and loss of neuronal M2 receptor function in challenged guinea-pigs. Pretreatment of sensitized guinea-pigs with the NK1 receptor antagonists CP99994 (4 mg kg(-1), i.p.), SR140333 (1 mg kg(-1), s.c.) or CP96345 (15 mg kg(-1), i.p.) before antigen challenge, prevented M2 receptor dysfunction. 3. Neither administration of the NK1 antagonists after antigen challenge, nor pretreatment with an NK2 receptor antagonist, MEN10376 (5 micromol kg(-1), i.p.), before antigen challenge, prevented M2 receptor dysfunction. 4. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves caused a frequency-dependent (2-15 Hz, 10 V, 0.2 ms for 5 s) bronchoconstriction that was significantly increased following antigen challenge. Pretreatment with the NK1 receptor antagonists CP99994 or SR140333 before challenge prevented this increase. 5. Histamine (1-20 nmol kg(-1), i.v.) caused a dose-dependent bronchoconstriction, which was vagally mediated, and was significantly increased in antigen challenged guinea-pigs compared to controls. Pretreatment of sensitized animals with CP99994 before challenge prevented the increase in histamine-induced reactivity. 6. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histological studies showed that after antigen challenge significant numbers of eosinophils accumulated in the airways and around airway nerves. This eosinophilia was not altered by pretreatment with the NK1 receptor antagonist CP99994. 7. These data indicate that pretreatment of antigen-sensitized guinea-pigs with NK1, but not with NK2 receptor antagonists before antigen challenge prevented the development of hyperreactivity by protecting neuronal M2 receptor function. NK1 receptor antagonists do not inhibit eosinophil accumulation around airway nerves.
Vocalization and breathing during the second and third years of life

Vocalization and breathing were studied in 40 healthy young children, including 5 boys and 5 girls at each, of ages of 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. A variable inductance plethysmograph was used to obtain estimates of volume changes of the rib cage, abdomen, and lung, as well as estimates of selected temporal features of the breathing cycle. Results indicated that breathing behavior was influenced by height and age, but not by vocalization type or sex. Such behavior was found to be highly variable, demonstrating that these young children had multiple degrees of freedom of performance available to accomplish the aeromechanical drive required.
Optimizing group collaboration to improve later retention

Abstract In educational settings, collaborative learning and recall are often encouraged and sometimes required. Yet, we know very little about the cognitive processes that operate during collaboration, and how they can be optimized to improve later individual retention. The current study aimed to address this gap by testing how the operations of three cognitive processes during collaboration: (1) retrieval disruption, (2) re-exposure and (3) cross-cuing, influence the formation of individual and group recall strategies. Across two experiments, 252 undergraduates studied a word list and recalled it in a Collaborative–Collaborative–Individual–Individual (CCII), an Individual–Collaborative–Individual–Individual (ICII), or an Individual–Individual–Individual–Individual (IIII) sequence. A 40-min delay was inserted early (CC-delay-II, IC-delay-II and II-delay-II; Experiment 1) or later in the recall sequence (CCI-delay-I, ICI-delay-I and III-delay-I; Experiment 2) to assess the differential benefits of different recall sequences. Regardless of where the delay occurred in the recall sequence, both collaboration conditions (CC and IC) benefited later individual recall to a greater extent than the individual recall condition (CCII > III and ICII > IIII). Repeated collaboration (CC) generated greater post-collaborative recall benefits than single collaboration (IC) when the delay was inserted early in the recall sequence (CC-delay-II > IC-delay-II), but the benefits were equivalent when the delay was inserted later in the recall sequence (CCI-delay-I–ICI-delay-I). Implications for future research and educational applications are discussed.
The Henry Parker Sartwell herbarium of Hamilton College

H. P. Sartwell's private herbarium was donated to the New York Botanical Garden in 1983 by Hamilton College of Clinton, New York. This herbarium was assembled by Dr. Sartwell (1792–1867) throughout his carcer and was eventually sold to Hamilton College. The collection is particularly rich in type material, western New York plants, and carices. Dr. Sartwell had an active exchange program with his contemporaries and, therefore, his herbarium also has collections from many parts of the world. An index to collectors is presented, as well as a list of verified and probable types.
Proliposomes of exemestane for improved oral delivery: Formulation and in vitro evaluation using PAMPA, Caco-2 and rat intestine

The aim of the present study was to develop proliposomal formulations to enhance the oral bioavailability of exemestane by improving solubility, dissolution and/or intestinal permeability. Proliposomal powder formulations were prepared using different ratios of drug (exemestane), distearoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), cholesterol and dimyristoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) by solvent evaporation method. The effect of phospholipid composition and drug:lipid ratio on in vitro performance of proliposomes was studied. Proliposomes were characterized for their particle size distribution, thermal characteristics by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dissolution behavior. Further, the formulated proliposomes were subjected to in vitro permeation or transport studies using different models such as rat intestine, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and Caco-2 cell line. Proliposomes provided enhanced exemestane dissolution due to incorporation into the phospholipid bilayers and change in the physical state from crystalline to amorphous. The in vitro transport studies in rat intestine, PAMPA and Caco-2 models revealed that the proliposomes were successful in enhancing the permeation of exemestane. These proliposomal formulations of exemestane could provide improved oral bioavailability due to enhanced solubility, permeability and hence absorption.
Atmospheric COCl2 measured by solar occultation spectrometry

Vertical profiles of atmospheric COCl2 (phosgene, carbonyl dichloride) have been measured remotely by the JPL MkIV interferometer during recent balloon flights. The v5 band of COCl2 in the 830 to 860 cm−1 spectral region was used for the analyses, despite its overlap with the stronger v4 band of CCl3F. Upper troposphere COCl2 volume mixing ratios of around 20 pptv were retrieved, increasing to 25 pptv by 15 km altitude, in good agreement with previous aircraft measurements made by in situ techniques. At mid-latitudes the COCl2 peaks at around 30 pptv at 22 km altitude, above which it rapidly drops, reaching zero by 28 km altitude.
A study of some nuclear reaction interferences in determination of nitrogen content of plant materials by 14-MeV neutron-activation analysis.

Abstract The nitrogen content of 10 medicinal plant species has been determined by fast-neutron activation analysis (FNAA). Correction factors for the effects of the 16 O(p, α) 13 N knock-on proton-induced reaction and the (n, 2n) reactions, which produce interfering positron-emitting radionuclides, have also been determined. The total relative interference from the 16 O(p, α) 13 N and (n, 2n) reactions of K, Cl, Fe and Br was found to be 5.1–32.1% for the plant samples.
Diacylglycerol causes Ca release from the platelet dense tubular system: comparisons with Ca release caused by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate☆

Abstract Platelet activation is often associated with an increase in the cytosolic free Ca concentration that is due in part to Ca release from the dense tubular system. The present studies examine whether the diacylglycerol formed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis during platelet activation contributes to this process. The effect of diacylglycerol on the dense tubular system was tested using platelets that were permeabilized with saponin and then allowed to accumulate 45Ca. A synthetic diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetoyl glycerol (OAG), released up to 70% of the ionophore A23187-releasable 45Ca, a fraction identical to that discharged by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) under the same conditions. 45Ca release was half-maximal at 40 μM OAG and 1 μM IP3. The response to OAG was not inhibited by aspirin and could not be reproduced by the addition of a phorbol ester, which suggests that it involves neither arachidonic acid metabolism nor protein kinase C activation. The time course of OAG-induced 45Ca release, which was slower than IP3-induced 45Ca release, corresponded to the time course of conversion of the OAG to 1-oleoyl-2-acetoyl phosphatidic acid (OAG-PA). When either OAG-PA or lysophosphatidic acid was added to the saponin-treated platelets, the extent of 45Ca release was similar to that observed with OAG, but both the OAG-PA and the lysophosphatidic acid were 5 to 10 times more potent than OAG on a molar basis. These data suggest: (1) that the Ca release caused by diacylglycerol is actually due to formation of phosphatidic acid and/or lysophosphatidic acid, (2) that these molecules are not acting as simple Ca ionophores and (3) that diacylglycerol metabolites may augment the changes in Ca homeostasis caused by IP3 during platelet activation.
Refueling hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with 68 proposed refueling stations in California: Measuring deviations from daily travel patterns

Abstract This paper examines the deviation of refueling a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle with limited opportunity provided by the 68 proposed stations in California. A refueling trip is inserted to reported travel patterns in early hydrogen adoption community clusters and the best and worst case insertions are analyzed. Based on these results, the 68 refueling stations provide an average of 2.5 and 9.6 min deviation for the best and the worst cases. These numbers are comparable to currently observed gasoline station deviation, and we conclude that these stations provide sufficient accessibility to residents in the target areas.
The Absolute Stranger: Shakespeare and the Drama of Failed Assimilation

While Shakespeare's historical and political imagination mainly centres on the traditional character of the stranger or exile, The Merchant of Venice and Othello stand out as dramas about a new figure, the absolute stranger. The absolute stranger belongs to a new situation Shakespeare found in cosmopolitan Venice. Through Shylock and Othello, Shakespeare encounters the drama of the outsider's failed assimilation into cosmopolitan life. For Shakespeare, the figure of the absolute stranger is a representative illusion, and these two plays are dramas about the modern world.
Poverty in Paradise: Development and Relative Income Poverty in Rural Tahitian Society

I compare rural income poverty on three developing Tahitian islands in France's Overseas Territory of French Polynesia (Tubuai, Rurutu, and Raivavae). As French citizens and participants in the French welfare state, rural Tahitians have a high standard of living and social welfare. Nevertheless, economic opportunities are limited, development has been uneven, and social inequality and wealth differences are growing. Low-income families experience a relative income poverty in which they fail to achieve a culturally defined, minimum standard of living. I analyze the Tahitian social and ideological construction of poverty in which the existence of poverty is denied. I then describe the lived experience of poverty, showing that real structural constraints are ignored in islanders' assertions that their society is egalitarian and that poverty is a personal moral failure. I then analyze variability in the structural characteristics of poverty across the three islands, focusing on significant differences in 1) i...
Molecular-level insights into photocatalysis from scanning probe microscopy studies on TiO2(110).

The field of heterogeneous photocatalysis has grown considerably in the decades since Fujishima and Honda's ground-breaking publications of photoelectrochemistry on TiO2. Numerous review articles continue to point to both progress made in the use of heterogeneous materials (such as TiO2) to perform photoconversion processes, and the many opportunities and challenges in heterogeneous photocatalysis research such as solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. The past decade has also seen an increase in the use of molecular-level approaches applied to model single crystal surfaces in an effort to obtain new insights into photocatalytic phenomena. In particular, scanning probe techniques (SPM) have enabled researchers to take a ‘nanoscale’ approach to photocatalysis that includes interrogation of the reactivities of specific sites and adsorbates on a model photocatalyst surface. The rutile TiO2(110) surface has become the prototypical oxide single crystal surface for fundamental studies of many interfacial phenomena. In particular, TiO2(110) has become an excellent model surface for probing photochemical and photocatalytic reactions at the molecular level. A variety of experimental approaches have emerged as being ideally suited for studying photochemical reactions on TiO2(110), including desorption-oriented approaches and electronic spectroscopies, but perhaps the most promising techniques for evaluating site-specific properties are those of SPM. Inmore » this review, we highlight the growing use of SPM techniques in providing molecular-level insights into surface photochemistry on the model photocatalyst surface of rutile TiO2(110). Our objective is to both illustrate the unique knowledge that scanning probe techniques have already provided the field of photocatalysis, and also to motivate a new generation of effort into the use of such approaches to obtain new insights into the molecular level details of photochemical events occurring at interfaces. Discussion will start with an examination of how scanning probe techniques are being used to characterize the TiO2(110) surface in ways that are relevant to photocatalysis. We will then discuss specific classes of photochemical reaction on TiO2(110) for which SPM has proven indispensible in providing unique molecular-level insights, and conclude with discussion of future areas in which SPM studies may prove valuable to photocatalysis on TiO2. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences. I.L. was partially supported by a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Chemical Imaging Initiative project. PNNL is a multiprogram national laboratory operated for DOE by Battelle.« less
Catalysis and unconventional energy systems

Although the role of catalysis in new energy systems is centered on the possible use of catalysts in conversion of coal to oil or gas, there are many areas where catalytic pro-cesses are expected to be important. Heterogeneous catalytic processes, reactions which occur at higher rates in the presence of a solid surface, are described in terms of the fundamental processes of diffusion of reactants to the surface, diffusion and reaction on the surface, and diffusion of products away from the reaction site. Catalytic materials are principally metals, oxides, or sulfides often dispersed on substrate oxides. Various catalytic applications in unconventional or not widely employed energy systems are dis-cussed in terms of properties which are important in selection and application of mate-rials. The electronic properties of surfaces as they may be involved in catalytic reac-tions, and the physical changes catalysts undergo in service are also discussed.
Power for Development: A Review of Distributed Generation Projects in the Developing World

The paradigm for providing affordable electricity for the world's poor—power for development—has begun to change. Historically, centralized governments built large consolidated power plants and distribution and transmission lines with the ultimate goal of providing electricity to all of their citizens. It has become increasingly common in recent decades, however, for donors, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), firms, and communities to collaborate with governments to develop small-scale localized energy systems known as distributed generation (DG) either as complements or alternatives to centralized operations. DG programs have been implemented around the world but with a mixed record of success. Based on an analysis of the existing case study literature, we examine DG program goals and outcomes, identifying major factors that affect these outcomes, including appropriately chosen technology, adequate financing and payment arrangements, ongoing end users' involvement, and supportive national policies. We...
Maternal Urinary Metabolites of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Relation to the Timing of Labor in a US Multicenter Pregnancy Cohort Study

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer used in consumer and medical products that can cross the placenta, disrupt steroid hormone synthesis, and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor c. The authors examined DEHP exposure in relation to the timing of labor in a pregnancy cohort study of 283 women recruited in 4 US states (California, Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri) between 2000 and 2004. The authors estimated associations between concentrations of DEHP metabolites and gestational age at delivery using linear regression models and associations between DEHP metabolites and clinical outcomes using logistic regression models. After covariate adjustment, women at the 75th percentile of DEHP metabolite concentrations had a 2-day-longer mean length of gestation than women at the 25th percentile (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 3.3). Log-unit increases in mono2-ethylhexyl phthalate and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate concentrations were associated with increased odds of cesarean section delivery (30% and 50% increased odds, respectively), increased odds of delivering at 41 weeks or later (100% and 120% increased odds), and reduced odds of preterm delivery (50% and 60% decreased odds). These data suggest that DEHP may interfere with signaling related to the timing of parturition. creatinine; diethylhexyl phthalate; endocrine disruptors; gestational age; parturition; placenta; PPAR c; pregnancy Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DEHP, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MEHHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEHP, mono2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEOHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PPARc, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor c; SFF, Study for Future Families.
Family Drug Courts: Conceptual Frameworks, Empirical Evidence, and Implications for Social Work:

Families in the child welfare system who are affected by substance abuse face distinct challenges to achieving reunification. Family drug courts (FDCs), which are child welfare courts based on a therapeutic framework of legal scholarship, arose 2 decades ago as an alternative approach for adjudicating these cases. A comprehensive review of prior empirical research on FDCs is presented to ascertain whether the model is a best practice for this population. The results of this review suggest that children in families that are involved in FDCs spend less time in foster care and are more likely to achieve reunification. This analysis incorporates findings from qualitative literature and undertakes methodological and values-based critiques in order to develop implications for social work research, practice, and policy.
Chromosome Fragments Possessing Only One Kinetochore Can Congress to the Spindle Equator

We used laser microsurgery to cut between the two sister kinetochores on bioriented prometaphase chromosomes to produce two chromosome fragments containing one kinetochore (CF1K). Each of these CF1Ks then always moved toward the spindle pole to which their kinetochores were attached before initiating the poleward and away-from-the-pole oscillatory motions characteristic of monooriented chromosomes. CF1Ks then either: (a) remained closely associated with this pole until anaphase (50%), (b) moved (i.e., congressed) to the spindle equator (38%), where they usually (13/19 cells) remained stably positioned throughout the ensuing anaphase, or (c) reoriented and moved to the other pole (12%). Behavior of congressing CF1Ks was indistinguishable from that of congressing chromosomes containing two sister kinetochores. Three-dimensional electron microscopic tomographic reconstructions of CF1Ks stably positioned on the spindle equator during anaphase revealed that the single kinetochore was highly stretched and/or fragmented and that numerous microtubules derived from the opposing spindle poles terminated in its structure. These observations reveal that a single kinetochore is capable of simultaneously supporting the function of two sister kinetochores during chromosome congression and imply that vertebrate kinetochores consist of multiple domains whose motility states can be regulated independently.
Correlation between triage nurse and physician ordering of ED tests.

Abstract Triage nurse ordering of tests can reduce patient time in the emergency department. This benefit must be balanced with the extra expense and potential morbidity of unnecessary tests. This study examined whether triage nurse ordering of lab tests and X-rays correlated with physician ordering. In Phase I, a prospective study, triage nurses completed an order form for each patient triaged during randomly selected 2-hour blocks over a 3-week period. In Phase II, Phase I was repeated with test ordering guidelines derived from Phase I results. Correlations of nurse and physician orders were analyzed by kappa statistics and paired t tests. In Phase I, 176 patients were enrolled of a possible 204 (82%). In Phase II, 350 patients were enrolled of a possible 418 (84%). The percentage of nurse overordering of tests in Phase I was 35%; in Phase II, it was 34% (P NS). Kappa values were determined for blood testing (Phase I, 0.48; Phase II, 0.54 [P = .048]), for X-ray (Phase I, 0.68; Phase II, 0.65 [P = .523]), for urinalysis (Phase I, 0.76; Phase II, 0.67 [P = .338]), and for electrocardiogram (Phase I, 0.78; Phase II, 0.77 [P = .438]). The Improved lab correlation in Phase II resulted from the nurses ordering fewer tests (P = .046). Nurses deviated from the test ordering guidelines in 37% of patients. Triage nurse ordering of X-rays, electrocardiogram, and urinalysis has moderate to substantial correlation with physician ordering. Correlation of triage nurse and physician ordering of tests can be improved with the use of test ordering guidelines.
Meiotic Genetics Moves Forward with SPATA22 (repro42)

This commentary provides a summary of existing meiotic mutants affecting the synaptonemal complex and meiotic recombination in order to contextualize the recent discovery of SPATA22/repro42 through ENU mutagenesis.
The Working Class, Authoritarianism, and The War in Vietnam

Support for escalation in Vietnam is used to address Lipset's (1959) theory of working-class authoritarianism. According to Lipset's original formulation, support for escalation should be disproportionate among the low-status groups. The data (from the Survey Research Center's [University of Michigan] 1964 and 1968 Election Studies) do not support this expectation. Lipset's and others' respecifications of the class authoritarianism thesis point to several intermediary variables (organizational affiliations, low education, little reading, low levels of political interest, etc.) which “interpret” the presumed relationship between social class and authoritarianism. Examining these variables within levels of social class for their effects on support for escalation shows them to be either unrelated or related in the opposite direction of that predicted by the theory: as a group, workers were no more hawkish than those in white collar occupations, but the most hawkish segments of the working class were those most, not least, integrated into the middleclass political culture, especially those high in media attention and those high in political knowledge and interest.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide–Null Mice Demonstrate Enhanced Sweet Taste Preference, Dysglycemia, and Reduced Taste Bud Leptin Receptor Expression

Abstract Objective – It is becoming apparent that there is a strong link between taste perception and energy homeostasis. Recent evidence implicates gut-related hormones in taste perception, including glucagon-like peptide 1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We employed VIP knock-out (KO) mice to investigate VIP9s specific role in taste perception and connection to energy regulation. Research Design And Methods – Bodyweight, food intake and plasma levels of multiple energy regulating hormones were measured and pancreatic morphology was determined. Additionally, the immunocytochemical profile of taste cells (TCs) and gustatory behavior was examined in wild-type and VIP KO mice. Results – VIP KO mice demonstrate elevated plasma glucose, insulin and leptin levels, with no islet beta-cell number/topography alteration. VIP and its receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2) were identified in Type II TCs of the taste bud, and VIP KO mice exhibit enhanced taste preference to sweet tastants. VIP KO mice TCs show a significant decrease in leptin receptor expression and elevated expression of glucagon-like peptide 1, which may explain VIP KO mice sweet taste preference. Conclusions – This suggests that the tongue can play a direct role in modulating energy intake to correct peripheral glycemic imbalances. In this way, we could view the tongue as a sensory mechanism that is bi-directionally regulated, and thus forms a bridge between available foodstuffs and the intricate hormonal balance in the animal itself.
MODALITY AND ATTENTION TO MEANING AND FORM IN THE INPUT

VanPatten (1990) found that L2 learners of Spanish have difficulty simultaneously attending to meaning and form of aural input. This partial replication of VanPatten (1990) addresses the effect of modality on attention to meaning and form by including a written mode and by using a different L2, that is, English as a foreign language. Six tasks were used in this study: (a) listening to the passage for content only, (b) listening for content while attending to the content word inflation, (c) listening for content while attending to the definite article the, (d) reading the passage for content only, (e) reading the passage for content while attending to the content word inflation, and (f) reading for content while attending to the definite article the. Task results in the aural mode mirrored those of VanPatten's original study, but significant differences were not observed for tasks in the written mode. Furthermore, results revealed that listening was more difficult than reading, suggesting that modality is a variable that influences how learners process input. Avenues for future research are discussed.
Activity Criticality Index Assessment Using Critical Path Segment Technique and Interactive Simulation

Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most widely used project scheduling tool. However, CPM tools are limited as a project management method as they cannot be used to track and update the schedule as construction progresses. Often, during construction, activities are interrupted due to impacts of uncertain events like severe weather and unforeseen harsh geological conditions, resulting in altered critical paths. From a project management perspective, this means that given uncertain conditions, some non-critical activities have a likelihood of becoming critical during the project execution and vice versa. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify the changes of activities’ criticality during the construction process. It is assumed that an activity’s probability of being critical tends to be stable during the construction given a construction management strategy. The critical path segment (CPS) technique and interactive simulation are coupled to capture the changes in an activity’s criticality for a given strategy. The research uses the CPS technique to schedule and simulate a highway reconstruction project repeatedly using different strategies. For each simulation trial, the changes in the critical path are recorded to identify the criticality of each segment. The significance of this research is that it applies the CPS technique within a dynamic environment and presents a general method to predict the likelihood of an activity becoming critical during the construction process.
THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION AND MODERN SCIENCE

Abstract. In contrast to Christian theology that has ignored science, this essay suggests that a credible doctrine of God as creator must take into account scientific understandings of the world. The introduction of the principle of inertia into seventeenth-century science and philosophy helped change the traditional idea of God as creator (which included divine conservation and governance) into a deist concept of God. To recapture the idea that God continually creates, it is important to affirm the contingency of the world as a whole and of all events in the world. Reflecting on the interrelationship of contingency and natural law provides a framework for relating scientific theories of a universal field, the concept of emergent evolution, and the theological concept of eternal divine spirit active in all creation.
The modeling and estimation of statistically self-similar processes in a multiresolution framework

Statistically self-similar (SSS) processes can be used to describe a variety of physical phenomena, yet modeling these phenomena has proved challenging. Most of the proposed models for SSS and approximately SSS processes have power spectra that behave as 1/f/sup /spl gamma//, such as fractional Brownian motion (fBm), fractionally differenced noise, and wavelet-based syntheses. The most flexible framework is perhaps that based on wavelets, which provides a powerful tool for the synthesis and estimation of 1/f processes, but assumes a particular distribution of the measurements. An alternative framework is the class of multiresolution processes proposed by Chou et al. (1994), which has already been shown to be useful for the identification of the parameters of fBm. These multiresolution processes are defined by an autoregression in scale that makes them naturally suited to the representation of SSS (and approximately SSS) phenomena, both stationary and nonstationary. Also, this multiresolution framework is accompanied by an efficient estimator, likelihood calculator, and conditional simulator that make no assumptions about the distribution of the measurements. We show how to use the multiscale framework to represent SSS (or approximately SSS) processes such as fBm and fractionally differenced Gaussian noise. The multiscale models are realized by using canonical correlations (CC) and by exploiting the self-similarity and possible stationarity or stationary increments of the desired process. A number of examples are provided to demonstrate the utility of the multiscale framework in simulating and estimating SSS processes.
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters, Xc− Antiporter, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Glutamine Synthetase, and Glutathione in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

Glutamate (Glu) and cystine (Cys) modulating enzymes and transport systems were identified in human corneal epithelial cells and their importance to maintaining glutathione (GSH; potent antioxidant tripeptide of Glu, Cys, and glycine) investigated. Glu, Na-dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT), Xc− antiporter, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT; cleaves GSH) and glutamine synthetase (GS; amidates Glu to form glutamine) were identified by immunofluorescent antibody analysis, characterized by inhibitor sensitivity and their importance to GSH levels assessed pharmacologically. Immunoreactive Glu was detected in the cytoplasm of most cells, but was highly concentrated in the mitochondria-rich cytoplasm. All five EAATs and the Xc− antiporter light chain (xCT) were detected, but cells predominantly expressed EAAT1, 2, 3, and Xc− antiporter. Uptake of radiolabeled d-Asp was Na-dependent and inhibited by Glu/Asp analogs consistent with EAAT1 and EAAT3 activity. l-Cys uptake was Na+-independent consistent with Xc− antiporter activity. Extrinsic membrane-bound GGT was concentrated between cells and GS was detected in perinuclear cytoplasm of most cells. Inhibition of EAAT, Xc− antiporter, GGT, GS and GSH synthesis reduced GSH by 21 %, 24 %, 19 %, 32.7 %, and 54 %, respectively. The results support the dependence of GSH on Glu and Cys uptake by EAAT and Xc− exchanger activity, extracellular Glu and Cys generation by GGT and regulation of intracellular Glu by GS. The results suggest that Glu and Cys transport systems, GGT and GS activities maintain physiological Glu, Cys, and GSH levels and protect human cornea epithelial cells against oxidative stress.
Reconstruction of the Hepatitis C Virus Epidemic in the US Hemophilia Population, 1940–1990

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne infection readily transmitted by transfusion. Persons with hemophilia were at very high risk of acquiring HCV, but the chronology and correlates of HCV incidence in the US hemophilia population remain unknown. The authors used multiple data sources and new statistical methods to reconstruct HCV incidence in White males with hemophilia A from 1940 through 1990. HCV incidence was approximately 1%/year until 1950 but 2-3%/year by 1955. With mild hemophilia, HCV incidence increased in the 1960s, reaching a plateau of approximately 8%/year from 1969 to 1980. With moderate and severe hemophilia, HCV incidence increased steeply to peaks of 11.7%/year in 1970 and 17.2%/year in 1968, respectively. Overall, HCV incidence declined after 1970, steeply after 1984, to nearly zero by 1990. With improving and increasing use of plasma derivatives, the size of the hemophilia population increased 86% during these 50 years. Study results imply that these life-saving treatments also carried an increasing risk of HCV, particularly before clotting factor concentrates were licensed in the 1970s. They also suggest that multiple synergistic interventions since 1970, particularly donor deferral, screening for hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus, and viral inactivation of clotting factor concentrates, were needed to reduce transfusion of HCV prior to its discovery.
Gender and Genre In the Folklore of Middle India

Gender and Genre In the Folklore of Middle India. Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. xxiii. 332 pp., illustrations, maps, glossary, bibliography, index.
Probability distributions in conservative energy exchange models of multiple interacting agents

Herein we study energy exchange models of multiple interacting agents that conserve energy in each interaction. The models differ regarding the rules that regulate the energy exchange and boundary effects. We find a variety of stochastic behaviours that manifest energy equilibrium probability distributions of different types and interaction rules that yield not only the exponential distributions such as the familiar Maxwell‐Boltzmann‐Gibbs distribution of an elastically colliding ideal particle gas, but also uniform distributions, truncated exponential distributions, Gaussian distributions, Gamma distributions, inverse power law distributions, mixed exponential and inverse power law distributions, and evolving distributions. This wide variety of distributions should be of value in determining the underlying mechanisms generating the statistical properties of complex phenomena including those to be found in complex chemical reactions.
Competing demands of primary care: A model for the delivery of clinical preventive services

Despite a high level of support for the importance of clinical prevention, physician delivery of preventive services falls well below recommended levels. Competing demands faced by physicians during the medical encounter present a major barrier to the provision of specific preventive services to patients. These demands include acute care, patient requests, chronic illnesses, psychosocial problems, screening for asymptomatic disease, counseling for behavior change, other preventive services, and administration and management of care. This paper outlines how competing demands affect physician delivery of clinical preventive services and provides a model designed to help practicing physicians improve the delivery of preventive services. This model can be helpful in the planning of preventive interventions in primary care settings and can facilitate a better understanding of physician behavior.
Effect of slope errors on the performance of mirrors for x-ray free electron laser applications

In this work we point out that slope errors play only a minor role in the performance of a certain class of x-ray optics for X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) applications. Using physical optics propagation simulations and the formalism of Church and Takacs [Opt. Eng. 34, 353 (1995)], we show that diffraction limited optics commonly found at XFEL facilities posses a critical spatial wavelength that makes them less sensitive to slope errors, and more sensitive to height error. Given the number of XFELs currently operating or under construction across the world, we hope that this simple observation will help to correctly define specifications for x-ray optics to be deployed at XFELs, possibly reducing the budget and the timeframe needed to complete the optical manufacturing and metrology.
Determination of the Activity of Various Drugs Against the Malaria Parasite

Although the accepted antimalarial drugs are efficient in the treatment of the disease, it has become generally recognized that they cannot be relied upon to eradicate the infection. In human beings this is evidenced by the high percentage of relapses which occur, even after therapeutic measures considered adequate, without the possibility of reinfection having taken place. In experimental animals the evidence is even more definite. Lourie' showed that canaries with Plasmodium cathemerium malaria could be given one-fourth of a single lethal dose of quinine daily for periods up to 9 months without sterilizing the infection. Christophers and Fulton2 found that atebrin appeared to have no influence on the number of re-
Research of Substation Equipment On-line Monitoring System

This paper establishes the insulation on-line monitoring system and transformer oil on-line monitoring system,which are rational design,accurate measurement data and anti-superior performance,and easy to operate.After field installation,monitoring parameters are consistent with the actual test results,and data are accurate,reliable and provide information for timely detecting equipment insulation defects.System performance is stability.When external factors change,the recovery capability is strong.