cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diking, event plumes, and the subsurface biosphere at mid-ocean ridges

Diking events along the Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR) drive long, narrow intrusions of lava into the upper ocean crust in response to far-field tectonic plate stresses. Intrusion of dikes is the primary accretion mechanism of the upper ocean crust, providing a pathway for eruption of lavas onto the ocean floor. This extrusive layer, which has bulk porosity greater than 25% in the youngest ocean crust, provides a potential extensive habitat for a robust and diverse microbial subsurface biosphere. The extrusive layer is hundreds of meters to a kilometer or greater in thickness in much of the ocean crust generated by fast and intermediate-rate spreading rates. Its thickness is more variable at slower spreading rates, and in some places it may be missing entirely. The porosity and permeability decrease by a factor of ten in the sheeted dikes, which lie beneath the extrusive layer. As the ocean crust ages and cools, its porosity decreases and the vigor of hydrothermal circulation decreases. In addition to these time varying factors, other crustal accretion variables such as the spacing of first, second, and lower order tectonic boundaries, time-variable magma supply, and faulting create a spatially variable habitat for the oceanic subsurface biosphere. Dike intrusion at the Mid-Ocean Ridge is commonly accompanied by graben formation at the seafloor and, in some cases by eruption(s) of lava. The geometry of the dike and the location of the eruption(s) (if any) depend on many factors, including the stress state of the crust and topographic gradient. The concomitant increase in the release of volatiles and the creation of fractures often create ideal conditions for significant microbial blooms. The commonly observed snow-blower vents are the most obvious manifestation of this process. The diking process is also intimately tied to the generation of event plumes, probably by driving existing subsurface fluid reservoirs up into the ocean. Expulsions of subsurface microbes in event plumes that accompany dike injections and the pulse of heat and volatiles that follow them provide windows of opportunity to sample the microbial populations that could be similar to those that normally reside at greater depth in the ocean crust. In situ sampling of the microbial communities in the youngest upper oceanic crust remains challenging, and further success depends on further advances in drilling technology.
A 100 Gb/s transimpedance amplifier with diode-connecting input-resistance-reduction in 32 nm CMOS technology

A 100 Gb/s transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for next generation optical communication adopts a diode-connected input-resistance-reduction architecture and is designed in 32 nm CMOS SOI technology. The proposed TIA design is based on a g m -boosted common-gate amplifier with a diode-connected current source and incorporates a single-to-differential signal conversion architecture. The input resistance of the TIA is reduced while maintaining the gain. Post-layout simulation results show that the proposed TIA achieves the bandwidth of 72 GHz and the transimpedance gain of 38 dBΩ, which enables the data rate of 100 Gb/s. The TIA dissipates 27.6 mW under a supply voltage of 1.5 V.
Absence of practice effects in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE To describe how practice effects influence cognitive trajectories and determine if a reduction in practice effects is a potential marker of Stage-III preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD Participants included 263 older adults who were cognitively normal at baseline (i.e., had a Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] of 0; Morris, 1993) and returned for an average of 9.5 annual visits. Participants completed standard tests of episodic memory, visuospatial ability, semantic memory, and executive function. Progressors (n = 66) converted to CDR > 0 with a diagnosis of symptomatic AD after a minimum of 3 visits and stable participants (n = 197) never progressed to CDR > 0. Practice effects, defined as the slope of performance across Visits 1-3, were compared between groups and used within subjects to predict risk of conversion. Change-point models that accounted for retest were contrasted with linear models that ignored retest. RESULTS The stable group showed practice effects on episodic-memory measures (β = 0.14, SE = .02, p < .0001) but the progressor group did not (β = 0.03, SE = .03, p = .343). Across all participants, practice effects on episodic-memory tests were associated with a decreased risk of progression to AD as indicated by the subdistribution hazards model (SHR; Fine & Gray, 1999); SHR = .110, 95% CI [.032, .384], p = .001). Finally, use of change-point models dramatically altered rate-of-change estimates compared with models that ignored practice. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that preclinical AD is marked by a reduction in practice effects in episodic memory and that the magnitude of gain from retesting is inversely related to progression risk. Assessment of practice effects may be a face-valid indicator of Stage-III preclinical AD.
European Union (EU) Revolutionizes General Industrial Design Protection

If you have had business facilities or activities in the European Union after March 6, 2002, you may have experienced already the benefits of the new EU Community Design Regulation unregistered protection. It is expected that in 2003 the EU registered Community Design will be available, initiating the second protection stage of the new Regulation. For the U. S. practitioner, the Regulation offers a single system for protecting a design throughout the EU.This article highlights some of the features of the new EU Community Design Regulation, its history and importance to. future development of global design protection.. The Regulation has introduced a revolutionary two stage form of design protection, which has simplicity, low cost and prompt protection as its primary goals. It was set up to serve industries that need immediate, relatively simply to enforce, low cost protection against copying, and offered the option of longer term, exclusive right. For both forms of protection the general standards are the same. It is a very practical design protection system, that includes ideas for other countries to consider in improving their design protection.
NF-κB and Oct-2 Synergize to Activate the Human 3′ Igh hs4 Enhancer in B Cells

In B cells, the Igh gene locus contains several DNase I-hypersensitive (hs) sites with enhancer activity. These include the 3' Igh enhancers, which are located downstream of the Calpha gene(s) in both mouse and human. In vivo experiments have implicated murine 3' enhancers, hs3B and/or hs4, in class switching and somatic hypermutation. We previously reported that murine hs4 was regulated by NF-kappaB, octamer binding proteins, and Pax5 (B cell-specific activator protein). In this study we report that human hs4 is regulated differently. EMSAs and Western analysis of normal B cells before and after stimulation with anti-IgM plus anti-CD40 showed the same complex binding pattern formed by NF-kappaB, Oct-1, and Oct-2 (but not by Pax5). A similar EMSA pattern was detected in mature human B cell lines (BL-2, Ramos, and HS-Sultan) and in diffuse large B cell lymphoma cell lines, although yin yang 1 protein (YY1) binding was also observed. We have confirmed the in vivo association of these transcription factors with hs4 in B cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. The diffuse large B cell lymphoma cell lines had a distinctive slow-migrating complex containing YY1 associated with Rel-B. We have confirmed by endogenous coimmunoprecipitation an association of YY1 with Rel-B, but not with other NF-kappaB family members. Transient transfection assays showed robust hs4 enhancer activity in the mature B cell lines, which was dependent on synergistic interactions between NF-kappaB and octamer binding proteins. In addition, human hs4 enhancer activity required Oct-2 and correlated with expression of Oct coactivator from B cells (OCA-B).
Discussing philosophy of mind in introductory neuroscience classes.

As a field, neuroscience concerns itself with gaining an understanding of how physical processes occurring in the nervous system are related to mental phenomena such as perception, motor control, and complex thoughts and behaviors. As teachers of neuroscience, we are charged with facilitating an understanding of these relationships in our students. Therefore, it seems that an in-depth discussion of philosophy of mind is a critical and foundational part of any introductory course in neuroscience. One cannot talk about how basic physiological processes like action potential generation and synaptic transmission are the “building blocks” of psychological phenomena without first attempting to define general constructs like “the mind” and “mental states”.
Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers

Abstract A new mechanism is proposed for exciting the magnetic state of a ferromagnet. Assuming ballistic conditions and using WKB wave functions, we predict that a transfer of vectorial spin accompanies an electric current flowing perpendicular to two parallel magnetic films connected by a normal metallic spacer. This spin transfer drives motions of the two magnetization vectors within their instantaneously common plane. Consequent new mesoscopic precession and switching phenomena with potential applications are predicted.
The Relationship between SPAM, Workload, and Task Performance on a Simulated ATC Task

This study examined the influence of workload and dual-task performance decrements associated with the SPAM technique. Participants performed the Air Traffic Scenarios Test (ATST), which is a low fidelity air traffic control simulator developed by the Federal Aviation Administration. Performance on the ATST was followed by post-run questionnaires (baseline conditions) or in conjunction with SPAM queries, word shadowing lists, or memory lists (secondary task conditions). SPAM was no different from our baseline conditions in terms of subjective workload. In comparison to other secondary tasks, SPAM tended to yield workload levels intermediate to List Memory (high cognitive load) and Word Shadowing (low cognitive load). SPAM was found to lower performance relative to baseline conditions in three of the seven observed performance measures. These findings suggest that the use of a “ready” prompt for probe question administration is not sufficient for reducing performance decrements associated with secondary tasks.
Toward a Solar-Powered Grid

This article describes selected results from a study examining some of the benefits and challenges of meeting up to 20% of U.S. electricity demand with solar technologies. The discussion in this article will focus on the "20% scenario," which is part of the larger ongoing study of the barriers to large scale deployment of solar energy. (The larger study being conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Energy Technology Program with contributions from a large number of individuals in industry and academia is tentatively titled the Solar Vision study.) This is not intended to be a detailed integration study. Results to date, however, provide a preliminary examination of the issues associated with deploying solar energy on a large scale in the United States.
Reflux-Associated Oxygen Desaturations: Usefulness in Diagnosing Reflux-Related Respiratory Symptoms

Background Current diagnostic techniques establishing gastroesophageal reflux disease as the underlying cause in patients with respiratory symptoms are poor. Our aim was to provide additional support to our prior studies suggesting that the association between reflux events and oxygen desaturations may be a useful discriminatory test in patients presenting with primary respiratory symptoms suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux as the etiology. Methods Thirty-seven patients with respiratory symptoms, 26 with typical symptoms, and 40 control subjects underwent simultaneous 24-h impedance–pH and pulse oximetry monitoring. Eight patients returned for post-fundoplication studies. Results The median number (interquartile range) of distal reflux events associated with oxygen desaturation was greater in patients with respiratory symptoms (17 (9–23)) than those with typical symptoms (7 (4–11, p<0.001)) or control subjects (3 (2–6, p<0.001)). A similar relationship was found for the number of proximal reflux-associated desaturations. Repeat study in seven post-fundoplication patients showed marked improvement, with reflux-associated desaturations approaching those of control subjects in five patients; 20 (9–20) distal preoperative versus 3 (0–5, p00.06) postoperative; similar results were identified proximally. Conclusions These data provide further proof that reflux-associated oxygen desaturations may discriminate patients presenting with primary respiratory symptoms as being due to reflux and may respond to antireflux surgery.
Proecdysial changes in serum ecdysone titers, gastrolith formation, and limb regeneration following molt induction by limb autotomy and/or eyestalk removal in the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis.

Abstract The changes in serum ecdysone titers, gastrolith deposition, and limb regeneration were monitored at each stage of the molt cycle in the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis. Animals were induced to molt by multiple-limb autotomy or eyestalk removal. The presence of α-ecdysone and β-ecdysone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in the animals' serum was demonstrated chromatographically. β-ecdysone was the major circulating ecdysone, while α-ecdysone was present only at very low concentrations. Four other components reacting with the ecdysone antiserum were separated chromatographically; one of these, a nonpolar compound, became a major component of the serum ecdysones at the time of maximum hormone titers. Ecdysone titers in the serum remained at the level characteristic of intermolt (∼10 ng/ml) during basal regeneration and rose linearly during the premolt period, reaching a maximum when regeneration of limbs had ceased and exoskeleton was deposited. Ecdysone decreased during stages D3 and D4, approaching intermolt levels at the time of ecdysis, where they remained through postmolt stages A and B. The patterns of premolt changes in ecdysone titers, gastroliths, and regeneration were very similar in “normal” animals (stimulated to molt by the loss of eight pereiopods) and in animals without eyestalks; however, in crabs without eyestalks, the changes were completed in about half the time as in crabs with eyestalks. Basal regeneration is associated with low ecdysone levels even in crabs without eyestalks. The normal sequence of proecdysial events is not initiated until the completion of basal regeneration. It is suggested that there exists a yet-unidentified mechanism outside the eyestalk capable of preventing increases in ecdysone titers while limbs engage in basal regeneration.
Using cost as a consideration for antiretroviral regimen selection: An example using average wholesale prices

Funding for the AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) has lagged behind the number of persons needing antiretroviral therapy, leading to waiting lists and reduction of needed treatments and services. This paper demonstrates a method of providing more treatment for the same amount of money by selecting clinically equivalent, but lower-cost drug regimens. Average wholesale prices (AWPs) were used to calculate the annual costs of preferred, alternative, and acceptable regimens. The cost of each regimen was divided into $1,000,000 to determine how many patients could be treated per $1,000,000 that an ADAP had to spend. AWPs for preferred regimens ranged from $25,318 to 35,645 per year. For alternative regimens, the range of annual AWPs was $22,002–$32,335. The range for the acceptable regimens was $19,031–$31,543. The range of person treated per $1,000,000 per year was from 28 to 52. Funding shortages will lead ADAPs to resort to waiting lists or other means of denying appropriate care unless alternative approa...
Hydrodynamic shear removal of the nuisance stalk‐forming diatom Didymosphenia geminata

The removal of benthic algae during periods of high flow is critical in maintaining the biodiversity of stream ecosystems. Here we determine a shear removal function for the nuisance, stalk-forming benthic diatom Didymosphenia geminata by using samples collected from Rocky Mountain streams subjected to increasing bed shear stress in a laboratory flow chamber experiment. A linear shear removal function was observed to apply over the range of the shear stress obtained in the flow chamber. The overall removal of biomass was low. Less than 25% of the biomass was removed at a shear stress similar to that which would result in widespread bed disturbance in the stream. These results support the hypothesis that physical abrasion during periods of bed disturbance, rather than simply elevated shear stress, is the primary control on the removal of benthic algae such as D. geminata that are well adapted to the high-shear environments of mountain streams. The results also indicate that the shear removal function generally decreases with increasing biomass and mat thickness, the potential consequence of a positive feedback with near-bed hydrodynamics as the mats develop in the streams. The shear removal function was also influenced by the health and condition of the mats. Greater biomass removal was observed for mats in poorer condition. These mats had higher sediment content and were collected at the end of the growing season and from sites at lower elevations.
A steady‐state mass balance model of the polycarbonate–CO2 system reveals a self‐regulating cell growth mechanism in the solid‐state microcellular process

A simple mechanism regulating polymer mobility is demonstrated to determine initial and final growth states of solid-state microcellular foams. This mechanism, governed by the extent of plasticization of the polymer by the dissolved gases, is examined with a mass balance model and results from foam growth experiments. Polycarbonate was exposed to CO2, which acted as both a plasticizing gas and a physical blowing agent driving foam growth. The polycarbonate specimens were saturated to the equilibrium gas concentration at 25 °C for CO2 pressures of 1–6 MPa in 1-MPa increments. Equilibrated specimens were heated in a glycerin bath until thermal equilibrium was reached, and a steady foam structure was attained. Glycerin bath temperatures of 30–150 °C in 10 °C increments were examined. Using knowledge of gas solubility, the equation of state for CO2, the effective glass-transition temperature as a function of gas concentration, and a model for mass balance within a solid-state foam, we demonstrate that foam growth terminates when sufficient gas is driven from the polycarbonate matrix into the foam cells. The foam cell walls freeze at the elevated bath temperature because of gas transport from the polycarbonate matrix and the associated rise in the polymer glass-transition temperature to that of the heated bath. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 868–880, 2001
The effect of tetramethylammonium ion on the voltammetric behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: computations explain a long-standing anomaly

Cyclic voltammograms of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in highly purified N,N-dimethylformamide are known to exhibit two reversible reduction waves. To a good approximation, the potential of the first wave is independent of the nature of the supporting electrolyte, but the potential of the second wave is highly dependent upon the nature of the electrolyte. The spacing ΔE° between the first and second waves increases as the size of the cation of the electrolyte is increased from Et4N+ through Pr4N+ to Bu4N+. This is typically interpreted as due to decreasing strength of ion-pairing between the cation and the dianion of the PAH with increasing size of the electrolyte cation. However, it has been known for many years that Me4N+ exhibits anomalous behavior: even though Me4N+ is much smaller than Et4N+, ΔE° is greater with Me4N+ than with Et4N+ for anthracene and in fact greater than any of the larger electrolytes with perylene. It is now shown that this behavior arises out of the fact that Me4N+ ion is present in solution as a tetrasolvate [Me4N+/(DMF)4]. The PAH dianion (Ar−2) reacts with Me4N+/(DMF)4 to displace a molecule of DMF and produce the species Me4N+/(DMF)3/Ar−2. The computed pairing association constant Kion-pairing for the anthracene species is 35 M−1, compared with a value of 50000 M−1 for association of the bare Me4N+ ion with the dianion; the corresponding values for perylene are computed to be 4400 and 3.5 M−1, respectively.
Influence of atmospheric dust on non-telescopic sunspot observations

Catalogues of non-telescopic sunspot observations from the Orient have been presented by several authors. Since atmospheric dust facilitates naked-eye observation of the Sun we investigate its possible influence by comparing the historical records of sunspot sightings and atmospheric dust storms. A distinction is made between the record up to the end of the Ming dynasty that is based on court documents and the post-Ming reports that are all provincial sightings. The earlier record is found to be significantly anti-correlated with C-14 fluctuations while the latter one is weakly anti-correlated. The provincial sightings contain a much larger signature of atmospheric turbidity, as is also indicated by their poor comparison with telescopic data.
Measuring fishery profitability: An index number approach

Abstract Tracking the financial well-being of vessels that depend on a marine fishery resource is an important function of regulators. This research demonstrates how simple indices can be constructed and utilized to track the economic well-being of vessels operating in the Northeast (USA) Multispecies (Groundfish) Fishery. The indices, which use both public and private data, can separately track trends in inputs, outputs, and prices. For the Northeast Multispecies Fishery, the indices reveal that the economic well-being of the groundfish fleet has improved under catch share management through gains in productivity.
Invasive consequences of using micro-electrodes and microdialysis probes in the brain

The ability to monitor the concentration of neurotransmitters in the extracellular space of living brain is crucial to improving our understanding of the neurochemical aspects of brain function and the dysfunction associated with numerous neurological disorders. Microdialysis probes and electrochemical microsensors are often used for in-vivo neurotransmitter monitoring, but these are invasive devices that are implanted directly into brain tissue. Although the selectivity, sensitivity, and temporal resolution of these devices have been characterized in detail, less attention has been paid to the impact of the trauma that they inflict on the tissue or the effect of any such trauma on the outcome of the measurements that they are used to perform. In this paper, we describe emerging evidence that suggests trauma effects deserve closer consideration than they have received to date.
Chemomechanics of altered perfusion pressure in rat hearts.

In an apex-ejecting isolated perfused working rat heart, as well as isovolumic preparations of rat hearts, perfusion pressure was studied independent of afterload. A decrease in perfusion pressure caused an immediate decrease in developed pressure (10s). There was a significant increase in free Pi and the phosphorylation potential after 20–30 min of perfusion at a reduced coronary flow induced by a reduction in perfusion pressure. Developed pressure decreased prior to the phosphorylation potential and inorganic phosphate; however, the phosphorylation set a limit to maximum work performance. At a perfusion pressure of 140 cm H2O and an afterload of 140 cm H2O, work imposed on the heart was maximum; there was no further increase in work.
Takeover defenses, golden parachutes, and bargaining over stochastic synergy gains: a note on optimal contracting

We incorporate managerial risk aversion and stochasticity of takeover synergy gains into Harris’ (Harris, E.G. 1990. Antitakeover measures, golden parachutes, and target firm shareholder welfare. Rand Journal of Economics 21, no. 4: 614–25. bargaining model for the coexistence of antitakeover defenses and golden parachutes in corporate charters. We show that: (i) it is not always optimal that the target-firm shareholders adopt antitakeover defenses, (ii) the size of the golden parachute is proportional to the riskiness of the synergistic gains, and (iii) the target-firm shareholders are unequivocally better-off with golden parachutes than takeover-contingent stock options.
pp60c-src kinase activity in bovine coronary extracts is stimulated by ATP

Summary pp60 c-src kinase is believed to participate in regulating key cellular mechanisms including signal transduction and differentiation of smooth muscle during early embryogenesis. In this study, pp60 c-src kinase activity was demonstrated in extracts from adult bovine coronary arterial smooth muscle. Activity, reflected by autophosphorylation of pp60 c-src , phosphorylation of exogenous substrates, and phosphorylation of several endogenous substrates, was enhanced about 2 fold when added Mg 2+ was replaced by Mn 2+ . Unexpectedly, activity was dramatically stimulated 20–50 fold by prior incubation with ATP. Such stimulation appears to be mediated through a novel mechanism which is independent of ATP-induced phosphorylation of reaction components. These new observations strongly suggest that a unique mechanism exists for regulation of coronary arterial pp60 c-src kinase activity. Conceivably, this mechanism may serve important roles in modulating signal transduction and contractility of vascular smooth muscle.
The role of the obstetrician/gynecologist in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.

Abstract Purpose A qualitative study was conducted to understand the current and potential role of the community obstetrician/gynecologist (OBGYN) in risk factor screening and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Methods A total of four focus group discussions were conducted among 46 OBGYN residents and practicing physicians in the mid-Atlantic region. Main Findings Five main thematic areas were identified including scope of practice, professional knowledge and skills in non-reproductive care, potential for liability, logistical and structural barriers, medical practice community, and support for collaborative care. There were no differences between residents and those in practice within and between cities. Comprehensive care was most often defined as excluding chronic medical care issues and most likely as focusing on screening and referring women. The OBGYN recognized their common role as the exclusive clinician for women was, in part, a consequence of patients’ nonadherence with primary care referrals. Barriers and strategies were identified within each thematic area. Conclusion Additional training, development of referral networks, and access to local and practice specific data are needed to support an increased role for the OBGYN in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. Establishment of evidence-based screening and referral recommendations, specific to women across the age spectrum, may enable clinicians to capitalize on this important prevention opportunity. Longer term, and in concert with health care reform, a critical evaluation of the woman’s place in the center of her medical home, rather than any one site, may yield improvements in health outcomes for women.
Treatment of Complicated Sarcoidosis with Infliximab Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy

Infliximab therapy was successful in a patient with sarcoidosis. Tumor necrosis factor-α may be an important mediator of clinical disease in sarcoidosis and could be an attractive target for therap...
An Industry Standard Risk Analysis Technique

Abstract:This article presents the industry standard technique for risk analysis, namely a graph or a plot with frequency of occurrence on one axis and severity of the consequences on the other. It points out the following common errors in implementing this technique: failing to differentiate between types of risk, using estimated probability rather than frequency of occurrence, using ordinal instead of cardinal numbers, using different ranges for severity and frequency, using an inappropriate combining equation, using linear instead of logarithmic scales, explaining only intermediate risks, and confusing risk with uncertainty. Then this article points out ways to ameliorate these mistakes. It presents an algorithm for deriving severity scores. It discusses many factors that affect human perception of risk. Finally, it discusses the mitigation benefit versus cost tradeoff that is always made in risk management.
A quantitative assessment of variation in venom constituents within and between three nominal rattlesnake subspecies

S. D. Aird. A quantitative assessment of variation in venom constituents within and between three nominal rattlesnake subspecies. Toxicon23, 1000–1004. 1985—Gel filtration profiles of crude snake venoms from 38 Crotalus viridis, representing the nominal subspecies concolor, viridis and lutosus, were compared. Mean protein concentration is greatest in C. v. concolor. Individual fractions show up to 9-fold variation in protein content within taxa, and 23-fold with all specimens considered together. Small myotoxins are the major components in C. v. concolor and C. v. viridis venoms, comprising an average of 37% and 44% of total venom protein, respectively. In C. v. lutosus, fractions 1 and 2 each account for 26% of total protein. The three taxa are readily distinguished on the basis of quantitative and qualitative differences in gel filtration elution profiles.
Flow condensation heat transfer enhancement in a mini-channel with hydrophobic and hydrophilic patterns

Abstract The study examined the enhancement of flow condensation of steam on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Six 1.06 mm mini-gaps were tested at pressures of 350–400 kPa, average qualities of 0.2–0.95 and mass fluxes of 50–200 kg/m 2 s. The surfaces included hydrophilic copper, hydrophobic Teflon AF™, and four surfaces with combined Teflon and hydrophilic patterns; pattern selection was guided by an analytical model. Condensing heat transfer coefficients on hydrophobic and hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterned surfaces reached a value of up to 425,000 W/m 2 K, surpassing the hydrophilic surface by an order of magnitude. Enhancement factors of 3.2–13.4 times that of the hydrophilic channel were found in the hydrophobic channel; combined with a lack of dependence on mass flux or quality, the data strongly suggested that dropwise condensation was promoted and sustained throughout the flow condensation process on hydrophobic and patterned surfaces. For the hydrophilic copper mini-gap, heat transfer coefficients were a strong function of quality, as well as a function of mass flux at higher qualities, which demonstrated the development and growth of a liquid film as quality decreased, and were well predicted by Kim et al. (2013) correlation, with a mean average error of 8.9%.
Consistent application of gate control theory in the screening and selection of patients for implantable therapy

The purpose of this article is to provide pragmatic instruction in the identification of favorable candidates for implantable devices. Protocol for psychological assessment and decisionmaking is submitted with particular attention to the consistent application of gate control theory. Strategies are discussed with reference to the influence of culture in the decision-making process,multidisciplinary assessment and treatment, pain management rather than cure, dynamic rather than one-time decisions, and psychological selection criteria.The holistic paradigm is highlighted as an explanatory model from which procedures can evolve. A template is submitted in the structuring of recommendations.
MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3a reverses mitoxantrone resistance by inhibiting breast cancer resistance protein mediated drug transport

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2), a clinical marker for identifying the side population (SP) cancer stem cell subgroup, affects intestinal absorption, brain penetration, hepatobiliary excretion, and multidrug resistance of many anti-cancer drugs. Nutlin-3a is currently under pre-clinical investigation in a variety of solid tumor and leukemia models as a p53 reactivation agent, and has been recently demonstrated to also have p53 independent actions in cancer cells. In the present study, we first report that nutlin-3a can inhibit the efflux function of BCRP. We observed that although the nutlin-3a IC(50) did not differ between BCRP over-expressing and vector control cells, nutlin-3a treatment significantly potentiated the cells to treatment with the BCRP substrate mitoxantrone. Combination index calculations suggested synergism between nutlin-3a and mitoxantrone in cell lines over-expressing BCRP. Upon further investigation, it was confirmed that nutlin-3a increased the intracellular accumulation of BCRP substrates such as mitoxantrone and Hoechst 33342 in cells expressing functional BCRP without altering the expression level or localization of BCRP. Interestingly, nutlin-3b, considered virtually "inactive" in disrupting the MDM2/p53 interaction, reversed Hoechst 33342 efflux with the same potency as nutlin-3a. Intracellular accumulation and bi-directional transport studies using MDCKII cells suggested that nutlin-3a is not a substrate of BCRP. Additionally, an ATPase assay using Sf9 insect cell membranes over-expressing wild-type BCRP indicated that nutlin-3a inhibits BCRP ATPase activity in a dose-dependent fashion. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that nutlin-3a inhibits BCRP efflux function, which consequently reverses BCRP-related drug resistance.
Influence of weight on aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in normal weight and morbidly obese patients

Aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics were determined in 30 normal weight patients and 30 morbidly obese patients (greater than 90% overweight). All had normal renal function and a gram-negative infection (documented by cultures, fever and elevated white blood cell counts) which was treated only with aminoglycoside antibiotics. The normal weight and morbidly obese patients were matched with respect to the following criterion: age, sex, ideal body weight (IBW), serum creatinine, site of infection, and type of aminoglycoside antibiotic (gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin). The results were similar for all 3 drugs. Average half-life was 2 h for both the morbidly obese and normal weight patients. The mean volumes of distribution and clearances were significantly larger in the morbidly obese (23.3 l and 135.8 ml/min for gentamicin, 29.9 l and 162.4 ml/min for tobramycin, and 26.8 l and 157.3 ml/min for amikacin) than in normal weight patients (17.0 l and 95.9 ml/min for gentamicin, 18.3 l and 101.3 ml/min for tobramycin, and 18.6 l and 99.2 ml/min for amikacin). As a result of altered aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics, morbidly obese patients required significantly larger mean doses (540 mg/d for gentamicin, 690 mg/d for tobramycin and 1970 mg/d for amikacin) when compared to the normal weight patients (380 mg/d, 420 mg/d and 1420 mg/d, respectively; p less than 0.005) in order to achieve comparable serum concentrations.
Resolution And Overlay Of Submicron I-Line Wafer Steppers

Using the i-line wavelength for production wafer steppers offers an improved combination of high resolution and large depth of focus compared to existing g-line steppers. A number of practical issues associated with i-line steppers include possible lens related absorption effects, lenses with insufficient field size or resolution, availability of i-line resist processes, accurate through the lens alignment, and multiple machine matching performance with low distortion lenses. Experimental results are presented in this paper on each of these issues. Data is presented for a multiple number of i-line steppers equipped with the Zeiss 10-78-58 lens.. Support of half-micron design rules is demonstrated. Resolution over the image field to 0.5 μm with a large depth of focus is shown and overlay performance to less than 150 nm is demonstrated.
Demonstration of a Two-Stage Backward-Wave-Oscillator Free-Electron Laser

Etude experimentale d'une source a ondes millimetriques a deux etages, dans laquelle un faisceau d'electrons relativistes produit un rayonnement de 500 MW a 12,5 GHz. On utilise ensuite ce rayonnement comme «pompe» pour une interaction laser electrons libres a une frequence superieure a 140 GHz. Application a un laser a electrons libres a deux etages
Starting Well: Facilitating the Middle School Transition

School-based mental health programming is a viable intervention because it can provide evidenced-based-treatment (EBT) while avoiding the typical service barriers. In this study, 119 students (ages 10 to 12) were randomly assigned to participate in either a 24-session Coping Power Program (CPP) or a control group. Using the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children-2 (BASC-2), teachers reported significant improvements over time for all students (Attention Problems, Hyperactivity, Externalizing Problems, and Withdrawal, and Study Skills). However, teachers reported that students participating in the CPP showed significantly greater improvement than controls (Learning Problems, School Problems, Behavior Symptom Index, Social Skills, and Adaptive Skills). Effect sizes ranged from small (.19 for Withdrawal) to large (.76 for Adaptive Skills). Teacher reports showed greater improvement by the more experienced group leaders. Results validate the use of this EBT as a viable protocol. The improvement in both groups...
Unrestricted procedure calls in Hoare's logic

This paper presents a new version of Hoare's logic including generalized procedure call and assignment rules which correctly handle aliased variables. Formal justifications are given for the new rules.
Citizen-Consumer Oriented Practices In Naturalistic Foodways: The Case Of The Slow Food Movement

Today's consumers are more apt to enact the “politics of choice” rather than “politics of loyalty” as responsible members of society. This shift from being the consumer with the sole intent of pursuing self-interest to that of the normative “citizen-consumer” who practices consumption with an eye towards the greater good, denotes the overlapping aspect of consumption and citizenship in everyday practices. Through qualitative analysis the authors posit a conceptual framework of citizen-consumer orientation. The framework highlights the way citizen-consumers navigate constraints and tensions posed by the dominant food system (and mainstream lifestyle paradigm) through sustainability oriented, shared practices in naturalistic foodways. Shared practices are advanced as ways in which the individual burden of sustainable practices is reduced.
News Outsourcing: The Producers' Perspective

Cooper (2007) asserts that radio has experienced the most consolidation of all media industries. Hood (2007, 2010) has examined effects on local news content when production is outsourced to remote locations. An additional perspective is from news producers themselves. How does one choose local news for a community the producer may never have visited? What factors of newsworthiness are applied for “local” news in unknown locales? Building on the work of Berkowitz (1991, 1997) and Buckalew (1969, 1974) regarding news workers and news selection, this study examines such questions from the viewpoint of those whose job is to produce news for remote and sometimes unfamiliar locations.
Sanctuary in the Richmond City Jail

The following article is a collaboration among four individuals about unique programs run through “The Sanctuary” at the Richmond City Jail in Virginia, US. The Richmond City Jail is one of few jails in the US to offer programs to inmates who serve only short sentences as compared to prisons where the incarcerated serve much longer. In addition to this anomaly, students from outside of the jail come inside to take college classes with the inmates. Programs include literature classes, yoga, religious studies, creative writing, and more. The article explores the impact of The Sanctuary on the spirit, confidence, and perceptions of self-worth among inmates as compared to incarceration without such programs. Practitioners may use the programs detailed as a model for other institutions and evidence of the success of community building and education inside jails and prisons.
A Review of Physical and Mental Health Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect and Implications for Practice

This article provides an overview of mental and physical health outcomes of child maltreatment to help health care providers identify the consequences of maltreatment and consider treatment options. Child maltreatment is associated with a variety of negative physical and mental health outcomes that affect the individual throughout the lifespan and place a substantial burden on both victims and the population as a whole. The review begins with an overview of the role of physicians in identifying abuse and neglect in the clinic setting. Next, current research findings on physical and mental health outcomes in children, adolescents, and adults are reviewed. Finally, opportunities for primary prevention of abuse and neglect are discussed. Primary prevention strategies can avoid risk for maltreatment, and subsequent interventions for victims have the potential to greatly improve their health.
ERYTHROPOIESIS DURING AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS : I. Site of Maturation of Erythrocytes in Rana catesbeiana.

The site of maturation of the erythroid cells in premetamorphic, metamorphic, and adult stages of R. catesbeiana has been investigated by comparing the percentages of immature, hemoglobin-containing erythroid cells in circulating blood, liver, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow. In both premetamorphic and thyroxine-treated tadpoles, the liver was found to be the main site of maturation of the red cells. The corresponding site in the frog is the bone marrow.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Tropane-like 1-{2-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl}-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (GBR 12909) Analogues

We have prepared azabicyclo[3.2.1] derivatives (C-3-substituted tropanes) that bind with high affinity to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine reuptake. Within the series, 3-{2-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethylidene}-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (8) was found to have the highest affinity and selectivity for the dopamine transporter. These azabicyclo[3.2.1] (bridged piperidine) series of compounds differ from the well-known benztropines by a 2-carbon spacer between C-3 and a diarylmethoxy moiety. Interestingly, these new compounds demonstrated a much lower affinity for the muscarinic-1 site, at least a 100-fold decrease compared to benztropine. Replacing N-methyl with N-phenylpropyl in two of the compounds resulted in a 3−10-fold increase in binding affinity for the dopamine transporter. However, those compounds lost selectivity for the dopamine transporter over the serotonin transporter. Replacement of the ether oxygen in the diarylmethoxy moiety with a nitrogen atom gave relatively inacti...
Development of liquid crystalline materials for IR sensing

The pyroelectric properties of three chiral smectic liquid crystalline materials have been investigated. The magnitude of the pyroelectric coefficient for in two of these compounds is very high exceeding 200 nC/cm2K. A mixture containing one of these compounds exhibits a high pyroelectric coefficient over a temperature range that is attractive for thermal (or IR) sensing applications. The relevant figure of merit of these materials as elements for IR sensors is discussed in comparison to those that are currently used in sensing devices.
Effects of granuloma modulation induced by regulatory-T-lymphocyte activity on angiotensin II/III production by granuloma macrophages in murine schistosomiasis mansoni

Angiotensins are produced by granuloma macrophages in murine Schistosoma mansoni. During the course of infection, granuloma undergo a T-cell-dependent process called modulation in which their maximal size decreases. This study was undertaken to establish whether angiotensin production by granuloma macrophages is altered by immunoregulatory lymphocytes. Granuloma macrophages from modulated lesions released and contained more angiotensin II/III (AII/III) and less angiotensin I (AI) than those from the acute infection. Captopril, a specific angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, appreciably decreased AII/III produced by macrophages from modulated granulomas. Adoptive transfer of splenic T lymphocytes from chronically infected donors into acutely infected recipients altered angiotensin production by the granuloma macrophages in a manner similar to that seen in modulated lesions. However, no difference was detected in the capacity of granuloma macrophages from acutely or chronically infected mice to metabolize 125I-AI or -AII added to cell cultures. Similarly, captopril did not alter the metabolism of exogenously administrated angiotensins. These findings suggest that regulatory T lymphocytes influence the metabolism by granuloma macrophages of endogenously produced angiotensins at least in part by induction of macrophage ACE activity. However, the degradation of extracellular AI and AII may result from the activity of enzymes other than ACE which are not inducible by modulation.
Survey of dust production in pebble bed reactor cores

Graphite dust produced via mechanical wear from the pebbles in a pebble bed reactor is an area of concern for licensing. Both the German pebble bed reactors produced graphite dust that contained activated elements. These activation products constitute an additional source term of radiation and must be taken under consideration during the conduct of accident analysis of the design. This paper discusses the available literature on graphite dust production and measurements in pebble bed reactors. Limited data is available on the graphite dust produced from the AVR and THTR-300 pebble bed reactors. Experiments that have been performed on wear of graphite in pebble-bed-like conditions are reviewed. The calculation of contact forces, which are a key driving mechanism for dust in the reactor, are also included. In addition, prior graphite dust predictions are examined, and future areas of research are identified.