cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studying Populus Defenses Against Insect Herbivores in the Post-Genomic Era

Concurrent with the ever increasing demand for wood-based products, there is an obvious need to conserve forest ecosystems for their ecological value. Recent research suggests that these potentially competing objectives can be achieved by increasing or tailoring the productivity of planted forests through the use of biotechnology. Unfortunately, this strategy could be hindered by forest insect pests that pose a challenge to the sustainability of planted forests. While advancing genetic improvement or domestication of tree species for productivity in plantation forestry, it is critical that we also identify tree genes controlling resistance and/or tolerance mechanisms against insect pests. In this regard, Populus has emerged as the model angiosperm tree to investigate forest tree-insect interactions. In recent years a number of studies have harnessed the power of genomics to generate extensive inventories of Populus genes that may contribute to the defense response of Populus following insect attack. Howev...
Characterization and optimization of an entropic trap for DNA separation.

Recently, a microfabricated entropic trap array was demonstrated to be useful in separating large (5−200 kbp) DNA molecules efficiently (within ∼30 min), by dc electrophoresis, on a microchip platform without a sieving matrix. This paper reports further development of the technique, with emphasis on optimizing separation selectivity and resolution. The interaction of DNA molecules with regularly spaced entropic barriers was modeled in order to predict the effect of changing various structural parameters. The selectivity (differential mobility) was shown to be dependent on the depth of deep and shallow channel regions, applied electric field, and number of entropic barriers. Experimental data were compared with the prediction of the model. It was expected from the model that, in the low-field (severe trapping) limit, separation resolution should depend only on the number of entropic traps. However, in reality, resolution did depend on the applied field because the relaxation of DNA is not achieved at high ...
“Valuing” applications of earth science data: Answering the “is it worth it” question

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) recently promulgated regulations to reduce air pollution from heavy-duty vehicles. This article reports the estimated health benefits of reductions in ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations associated with those regulations based on the best available methods of benefits analysis. The results suggest that when heavy-duty vehicle emission reductions from the regulation are fully realized in 2030, they will result in substantial, broad scale reductions in ambient particulate matter. This will reduce the incidence of premature mortality by 8,300, chronic bronchitis by 5,500, and respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions by 7,500. In addition, over 175,000 asthma attacks and millions of respiratory symptoms will be avoided in 2030. The economic value of these health benefits is estimated at over $65 billion.
Language delay and behavioral/emotional problems in toddlers: findings from two developmental clinics.

Purpose The association between language delay and behavior problems in toddlers was examined in 2 studies, 1 conducted in a developmental clinic in New Jersey (Study 1; N = 83) and the other conducted in a developmental clinic in New York (Study 2; N = 103). Method In both clinics, parents of 18- to 35-month-olds completed the Language Development Survey (LDS) and the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 (CBCL). In Study 2, the Preschool Language Scale–Fourth Edition (PLS-4) was also administered. Neurodevelopmental delay (ND) and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) symptoms were also assessed in both studies but were done so using different measures. Results In Study 1, LDS Vocabulary score and CBCL Total Problems, Internalizing, and Withdrawn scores were significantly correlated. However, when children with ND and/or suspected PDD were excluded, only the correlation between LDS Vocabulary and Withdrawn remained significant. In Study 2, only the correlation between LDS Vocabulary and Withdrawn approached s...
Reflectance of vegetation and soil in Chihuahuan desert plant communities from ground radiometry using SPOT wavebands

Abstract The spatially averaged reflectance of a partially vegetated land surface can be modeled as an area-weighted mixture of the reflectances of different components or classes of objects (plants, shadow) on a background (soil, grass). We sampled the spectral reflectance of the shaded and unshaded components of Chihuahuan desert plant communities (shrubs, soil, subshrubs, and perennial grasses) in the SPOT wavebands using a hand-held radiometer. We examined the mean reflectance differences between components to evaluate their spectral separability. Shrub canopy and shaded components have similar reflectance in the visible wavebands. However, in the near-infrared band, which is strongly scattered by green plant canopies, the shaded canopy and shaded background components were similar to each other and lower than either sunlit background or sunlit canopy. When reflectance measurements were transformed to normalized ratio (NDVI, SAVI) and orthogonal green vegetation indices, the shaded and sunlit portions of each component (canopy and soil) were similar, but the shaded components were intermediate between their sunlit counterparts. Different soil types and plant species with different life forms (e.g., shrubs, grasses) and phenologies exhibited different reflectance characteristics. However, the broadband reflectances of the three dominant shrub species were similar at the end of the growing season, in spite of their differences in morphology.
Algorithm to reduce the complexity of local statistics computation for PET images

The evaluation of the local statistical noise in a region of interest (ROI) of reconstructed positron emission tomography (PET) images is necessary for quantitative activity studies. Huesman provided an exact but highly complicated way to calculate covariances of ROIs in PET images. To reduce the computational complexity in Huesman's method, various approximate formulae for covariance estimation have been developed, but these techniques have limited accuracies. We propose a method which accelerates the covariance calculation and also secures the accuracy. This method exploits the circulant property of the coefficient vector of the convolution filter used in filtered backprojection (FBP). The covariance calculation is significantly accelerated by using a table look-up followed by multiplications with the corrected projection data. Results show that, for equal-weighted linear interpolation FBP, the number of computation required for this new covariance computation is about half of that of Huesman's method.
Fonctions exécutives et théorie de l’esprit chez le jeune enfant : une relation réciproque ?

Resume Nous avons evalue chez des enfants de 18 mois les relations entre des performances a des tâches mesurant les aptitudes langagieres, les fonctions executives (FE) et la theorie de l’esprit (TE). Cette derniere etait evaluee par la comprehension de l’intention et des fausses croyances, alors que la memoire de travail et le controle inhibiteur etaient evalues par trois tâches relevant des FE. Les deux mesures de TE sont fortement liees au controle inhibiteur a cet âge, mais pas a la memoire travail. Les aptitudes langagieres, elles, ne sont pas reliees aux FE et a la TE. Il n’y a pas de coherence entre les tâches des FE mais un lien s’observe entre la comprehension des fausses croyances et celle des intentions. Dans l’ensemble, nos resultats soutiennent l’hypothese d’un lien entre les fonctions executives et la theorie de l’esprit a l’âge le plus jeune auquel ils aient ete mesures, contredisant ainsi l’hypothese selon laquelle les fonctions executives ne sont pas requises pour reussir un test non verbal de fausse croyance.
A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil

Abstract A simple method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil by a modified Mebius procedure is described. It involves (a) digestion of the soil sample with an acidified dichromate (K2Cr2O7‐H2SO4) solution for 30 minutes in a Pyrex digestion tube in a 40‐tube block digester preheated to 170°C and (b) estimation of the unreacted dichromate by titration of the cooled digest with an acidified solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate with use ofN‐phenylanthranilic acid as an indicator. The method is more rapid and precise than the Mebius procedure commonly used for routine analysis of soils for organic carbon, and the only equipment required for its use is equipment now commonly used for routine Kjeldahl analysis of soils for total nitrogen.
The periodic routeing of a flexible manufacturing system with centralized in-process inventory flows

SUMMARY We consider a flexible manufacturing system consisting of one unlimited central buffer and n workstations each having a limited local buffer. The in-process inventory is centralized through the central buffer. General independent random processing times are assumed at each station. The system is reviewed periodically. We address the routeing control problem, where the routeings of jobs from the central buffer to each station are to be determined periodically to minimize the in-process inventory costs. A dynamic programming model is developed for the determination of the optimal routeings. The computational formulae are derived, and a solution approach is established. The computational results for a real flexible manufacturing system are reported.
Correlates of smoking quit attempts: Florida Tobacco Callback Survey, 2007.

The public health burden of tobacco-associated diseases in the USA remains high, in part because many people's attempts to quit are unsuccessful. This study examined factors associated with having lifetime or recent attempts to quit smoking among current smokers, based on a telephone survey of Florida adults. Data from the 2007 telephone-based Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and its follow-up survey, the Tobacco Callback Survey, were used to assess determinants of having ever attempted to quit smoking and attempted to quit smoking in the past 12 months. All analyses were conducted using SAS. Among 3,560 current smokers, 41.5% reported having tried to quit smoking in the past 12 months while 83.4% reported having ever tried to quit. Having a history of a tobacco-related medical condition was significantly associated with both recent (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.41 [Confidence Interval 1.19–1.65]) and lifetime quit attempts (AOR 1.43 [1.15–1.79]). Greater nicotine dependence and being advised by a physician to quit smoking were also positively associated with lifetime quit attempts. Receipt of healthcare provider advice to quit smoking in the past 12 months and a strong belief that quitting following a long history of regular smoking would not result in health benefits and belief that there are health benefits to quitting smoking were associated with lifetime quit attempts. Targeted smoking cessation interventions are needed for smokers with selected medical conditions and with high nicotine dependence. The importance of physician advice in encouraging individuals to quit is further highlighted.
A Numerical Model of Thermal Radiation in a Dusty Atmosphere

Abstract A method is presented for numerically calculating the infrared radiative fluxes in a dusty atmosphere: a multicomponent planar medium which absorbs, emits, and anisotropically scatters radiation. The method utilizes number of different solutions, depending on the particular monochromatic properties of the medium. The most general solution, including dust and gas absorption and dust scatter, is an iterative numerical integration of the system of simultaneous differential equations for the intensity. If scattering is relatively unimportant in a particular spectral region, the equations are uncoupled from one another and a non-iterative numerical integration is used. In spectral regions with very strong gaseous absorption, the optically thick limit is employed. Elsasser's band-averaged gas transmissivities are represented by a weighted sum of exponential functions of optical path. This model provides gas absorption coefficients which may be treated as constant over specified fractions of a band. The...
Evaluating an Etiologically-Relevant Platform for Therapy Development for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Effects of Carbamazepine and Valproic Acid on Acute Seizures and Chronic Behavioral Comorbidities in the Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Mouse Model

Central nervous system infections can underlie the development of epilepsy, and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection in C57BL/6J mice provides a novel model of infection-induced epilepsy. Approximately 50–65% of infected mice develop acute, handling-induced seizures during the infection. Brains display acute neuropathology, and a high number of mice develop spontaneous, recurrent seizures and behavioral comorbidities weeks later. This study characterized the utility of this model for drug testing by assessing whether antiseizure drug treatment during the acute infection period attenuates handling-induced seizures, and whether such treatment modifies associated comorbidities. Male C57BL/6J mice infected with TMEV received twice-daily valproic acid (VPA; 200 mg/kg), carbamazepine (CBZ; 20 mg/kg), or vehicle during the infection (days 0–7). Mice were assessed twice daily during the infection period for handling-induced seizures. Relative to vehicle-treated mice, more CBZ-treated mice presented with acute seizures; VPA conferred no change. In mice displaying seizures, VPA, but not CBZ, reduced seizure burden. Animals were then randomly assigned to acute and long-term follow-up. VPA was associated with significant elevations in acute (day 8) glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes) immunoreactivity, but did not affect NeuN (neurons) immunoreactivity. Additionally, VPA-treated mice showed improved motor performance 15 days postinfection (DPI). At 36 DPI, CBZ-treated mice traveled significantly less distance through the center of an open field, indicative of anxiety-like behavior. CBZ-treated mice also presented with significant astrogliosis 36 DPI. Neither CBZ nor VPA prevented long-term reductions in NeuN immunoreactivity. The TMEV model thus provides an etiologically relevant platform to evaluate potential treatments for acute seizures and disease modification.
Jane Eyre and the invention of femininity

(1992). Jane Eyre and the invention of femininity. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 165-175.
Crystal structure and transitions in nascent, lamellar polyoxybenzoate single crystals

Abstract The crystal-liquid crystal and liquid crystal-liquid crystal transitions (T c-lc and T c-lc) of poly(p-oxybenzoate), nominally at 350° and 430°C, have been followed by electron diffraction (ED) using thin film polymerized single crystals. The ED patterns indicate the transition occurs in both phase I and II individual crystals over a broad temperature range, with high-order hk0 reflections being observable in the ED patterns of some samples. The molecular packing for phase II at room temperature, phase I and II high-temperature forms, and the relationship between the high- and low-temperature forms are proposed. Cooling from above the T c-lc transition temperature results in an apparent memory of the original structure. It is proposed that the high-temperature lattices, between 350° and 430°, should be described as molecular columnar or condis crystals. Above 430°C the hk0 ED patterns are consistent with a nematic-type packing of the molecules.
Possible effects of clear-air refractive-index perturbations on SAR images

Airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging systems have reached a degree of accuracy and sophistication that requires the validity of the free-space approximation for radio-wave propagation to be questioned. Based on the thin-lens approximation, a closed-form model for the focal length of a gravity wave-modulated refractive-index interface in the lower troposphere is developed. The model corroborates the suggestion that mesoscale, quasi-deterministic variations of the clear-air radio refractive-index field can cause diffraction patterns on the ground that are consistent with reflectivity artifacts occasionally seen in SAR images, particularly in those collected at long ranges, short wavelengths, and small grazing angles.
SURVEY OF STATE PRACTICES TO CONTROL SKID RESISTANCE ON HOT-MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

A nationwide survey on design methods for achieving adequate skid resistance on hot-mix asphalt concrete pavements was conducted. Information was collected on the design practices used by 48 state departments of transportation (DOTs) in the contiguous United States. Survey findings show that the emphasis placed on the skid resistance aspects in various state DOT design procedures vary considerably. Based on the data collected, 21 out of 48 state highway agencies either do not have any design guidelines specifically addressing pavement skid behavior or assume that adequate skid resistance may be ensured through proper mix design. The general approach used by these agencies involves frequent monitoring of pavements to identify pavements with skid-related problems so that appropriate action may be taken. Survey findings indicated that state DOTs that consider skid resistance in their design procedures emphasize controlling the quality of coarse aggregates used in pavement surface course construction. The procedures used for aggregate qualification, however, vary significantly from one state agency to another. Some state DOTs rely on simple aggregate classification methods based on aggregate type, whereas others perform detailed laboratory evaluation. The laboratory test procedures that are most commonly used in evaluating aggregate frictional properties are the polish value test, acid insoluble residue test, and petrographic analysis. In addition to laboratory testing, Florida, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Texas use alternative procedures to qualify aggregates based on their field skid performance.
Cutaneous manifestations of tumoral calcinosis

We have followed up a large family in which seven members have tumoral calcinosis. One girl had the skin lesions of localized calcinosis cutis apart from the typical subcutaneous deposits of calcium. Like most persons with tumoral calcinosis, our patient had normal serum calcium concentrations; however, the serum phosphorus levels were greatly elevated. The familial occurrence and elevated serum phosphorus levels suggest the possibility of some as yet undefined, heritable metabolic defect as the underlying cause. The occurrence of tumoral calcinosis with localized calcinosis cutis is a rare association, and there has been only one other reported case to our knowledge. This report describes our patient and offers a brief discussion of tumoral calcinosis. The therapeutic response to the phosphate depletion regimen and topical steroids was disappointing in our case. (Arch Dermatol115:1100-1102, 1979)
High-spin properties of Er 164 in the multiple band crossing region

High-spin states in /sup 164/Er have been studied by using the /sup 150/Nd(/sup 18/O,4n..gamma..) and /sup 164/Dy(..cap alpha..,4n..gamma..) reactions and by multiple Coulomb excitation with /sup 136/Xe ions. Several positive-parity bands are excited, and two negative-parity bands have been identified. The previously reported backbending behavior of the yrast sequence is demonstrated to result from the intersection of the ground band (seen to spin 22/sup +/) with an even-spin ''superband'' observed from spins 12/sup +/ to 24/sup +/. The odd-spin yrast superband and the second lowest even-spin superband also have been observed. All the superbands have moments of inertia appreciably larger than the ground band. The observed intersection of these multiple superbands with the ..gamma.. band produces different backbending behavior and a staggering of the energies of the odd- and even-spin members of the ..gamma.. band. B(E2) values for transitions below and through the band intersection regions of both the ground band and ..gamma.. bands have been deduced from multiple Coulomb excitation yields. In addition, lifetimes have been measured for the ground band by the Doppler-broadened line-shape technique. The level energies and B(E2) values are consistent with weak interaction matrix elements ( approx. = 45 keV) between the intersecting bands. Themore » B(E2) values of the unperturbed band are found to obey the simple rigid-rotor relationship. The 7/sup -/ negative-parity band exhibits a normal rotational sequence, while the 5/sup -/ band exhibits a large odd-even staggering and a larger moment of inertia. Two-quasiparticle-plus-rotor model calculations indicate strong rotation alignment and reproduce the observed properties of the high-spin states for both the positive- and negative-parity bands in /sup 164/Er.« less
Posterior peripheral seal distortion related to height of the maxillary ridge.

Abstract A statistically significant positive relationship exists between ridge height of a cast and dimensional changes in the posterior peripheral seal region of its denture base. This dimensional change might be clinically insignificant, but it should not be ignored. The relationship between distortion of the denture base and composition of the denture teeth is not significant. The relationship of distortion of the denture base at the region of the posterior peripheral seal and variables of ridge height and tooth composition were studied. A positive relationship exists between ridge height and distortion, but no significant relationship was found between dimensional change and the use of porcelain or acrylic resin teeth. Using computer analysis, an equation, table, and curve were derived for values of expected dimensional change in the posterior peripheral seal region related to various ridge heights.
Ramifications of a population model forκ as a coefficient of reliability

Coefficientκ is generally defined in terms of procedures of computation rather than in terms of a population. Here a population definition is proposed. On this basis, the interpretation ofκ as a measure of diagnostic reliability in characterizing an individual, and the effect of reliability, as measured byκ, on estimation bias, precision, and test power are examined. Factors influencing the magnitude ofκ are identified. Strategies to improve reliability are proposed, including that of combining multiple unreliable diagnoses.
Aspartame ingestion with and without carbohydrate in phenylketonuric and normal subjects: effect on plasma concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and insulin.

Abstract Seven subjects homozygous for phenylketonuria (PKU) and seven normal subjects were administered four beverage regimens after an overnight fast: unsweetened beverage, beverage providing carbohydrate (CHO), beverage providing aspartame (APM), and beverage providing APM plus CHO. The APM dose (200 mg) was the amount provided in 12 oz of diet beverage; the CHO was partially hydrolyzed starch (60 g). Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined after dosing and the molar plasma phenylalanine (Phe) to large neutral amino acid (LNAA) ratio calculated. APM administration without CHO did not increase plasma Phe concentrations over baseline values in either normal or PKU subjects (5.48 ± 0.85 and 150 ± 23.0 μmol/dL, respectively). Similarly, the Phe/LNAA did not increase significantly. Ingestion of beverage providing APM and CHO did not significantly increase plasma Phe concentrations over baseline values in either normal or PKU subjects. However, ingestion of beverage providing CHO (with or without APM) significantly decreased plasma levels of valine, isoleucine, and leucine 1.5 to 4 hours after dosing in both normal and PKU subjects, thereby increasing the Phe/LNAA ratio significantly. These data indicate that changes noted in Phe/LNAA values after ingestion of beverage providing APM plus CHO were due to CHO. The plasma insulin response to beverage providing CHO (with or without APM) was significantly higher in PKU subjects than in normals.
Effect of patient histoy data on the prediction of breast cancer from mammographic findings with artificial neural networks

Rationale and Objectives. The authors evaluated the contribution of medical history data to the prediction of breast cancer with artificial neural network (ANN) models based on mammographic findings. Materials and Methods. Three ANNs were developed: The first used 10 Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) variables; the second, the BI-RADS variables plus patient age; the third, the BI-RADS variables, patient age, and seven other history variables, for a total of 18 inputs. Performance of the ANNs and the original radiologist's impression were evaluated with five metrics: receiver operating characteristic area index (Az); specificity at given sensitivities of 100%, 98%, and 95%; and positive predictive value. Results. All three ANNs consistently outperformed the radiologist's impression over all five performance metrics. The patient-age variable was particularly valuable. Adding the age variable to the basic ANN model, which used only the BI-RADS findings, significantly improved Az (P = .028). In fact, replacing all history data with just the age variable resulted in virtually no changes for Az or specificity at 98% sensitivity (P = .324 and P = .410, respectively). Conclusion. Patient age was an important variable for the prediction of breast cancer from mammographic findings with the ANNs. For this data set, all history data could be replaced with age alone.
Toxicologic considerations in the diagnosis of occupational asthma.

Background The consideration of dose for chemicals inducing occupational asthma is examined from the point of view of a toxicologist. Two widely used chemicals in industry, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and formaldehyde, are used as examples of agents that are formally recognized by OSHA to cause occupational asthma. The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of OSHA and the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of ACGIH for TDI are identical and are in the range of values for which occupational asthma has been reported in some workers. The narrow range of exposure values for TDI in studies of workers with and without asthma is discussed and correlated with the background concentration of TDI in the ambient atmosphere. For formaldehyde, the PEL and TLV, in contrast, offer a wide margin of safety for the inducement of occupational asthma. Conclusion From this disparity in exposure limits for TDI and formaldehyde, it is concluded that occupational exposure limits by agencies for specific chemicals do not provide a reliable indication of the concentration of a chemical that is necessary to produce occupational asthma. The need for a better appreciation of dose response, particularly relative to background, ambient levels, in the evaluation of occupational asthma is emphasized.
Social values and decision making: a generation in the lifeboat.

The author introduced the ''Lifeboat''exercise as a death-and-dying teaching technique in an article that appeared in the first volume of Death Studies (J. A.Thorson, 1978). It is a classroom exercise designed to illustrate the varying levels of social value placed on terminally ill patients. Using ''Lifeboat''with different groups in succeeding years, the author has seen changes in the ways that individuals playing different roles are perceived by the audience. These reactions may indicate changes in social values.
The Effects of Fuel Evaporation and Biomass Burning on Toluene Concentrations in an Urban Area

Using an automated gas chromatography system coupled with an online sampling/thermal desorption module, benzene, toluene, and their alkylated derivatives were measured in Las Vegas, Nevada from 3 July to 28 August 2008. The levels of hydrocarbons were comparable to those typically found in urban environments. Statistically significant (at 95 % level) higher concentrations were measured on mid-week days as compared with those measured during weekends. This was correlated to a local traffic pattern rather than traffic on highways. The concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons also increased during periods when transport of smoke from wildfires in central and north California was identified by remote sensing but these levels were comparable to other days with volatile organic compounds concentrations. The high toluene/benzene ratios and the estimated photochemical age of air masses implied the contribution of other local sources. Fuel evaporation accounted for the vast majority of toluene enhanced concentrations in early July (as compared with those measured in June) for sites within the urban grid, but very little for sites located outside the urban area.
The Geometry and Energy of a Twist Boundary between Crystals with Unequal Lattice Parameters

The geometry of “twist-misfit boundaries” is investigated. These are dislocation networks such as arise in the interfaces between epitaxial overgrowths and substrates with unequal lattice parameters when they are slightly twisted relative to each other with respect to an axis normal to the interface. In the particular cases examined the interface has simple cubic or close-packed hexagonal symmetry. By introducing the equations obtained for the dislocation spacings and orientations into the theory of interfaces developed by Frank and van der Merwe, the interfacial energy is calculated as a function of misfit and twist. By further combining the expressions thus derived with the theory of Cabrera, the equilibrium elastic strain in hemispherical epitaxial nuclei on infinite substrates is calculated. This is found to decrease with increasing size and with increasing misalignment of the nuclei. Because of the complexity of the equations, all numerical computations were performed with a B 5500 computer. Die Geometrie von Versetzungsnetzwerken, die zwischen Grundkristall und epitaxial aufgewachsenen Kristallen entstehen, wenn diese ungleiche Gitterkonstanten haben und leicht gegeneinander verdreht sind, wurde theoretisch fur den Fall untersucht, das die Grenzflache einfache kubische Symmetrie hat oder eine dichtgepackte Ebene mit hexagonaler Symmetrie ist. Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Energie solcher Netzwerke wurden aufbauend auf die Theorien von Frank und van der Merwe abgeleitet. Durch Einfuhrung dieser Gleichungen in die Theorie von Cabrera wurden sodann die elastischen Gleichgewichtsdehnungen in halbkugeligen, epitaxial aufgewachsenen Keimen berechnet, und zwar in Abhangigkeit sowohl von der Grose des Keimes wie auch von dem Verdrehungswinkel zwischen Keim und Unterlage. Es zeigte sich bei Berechnung numerischer Beispiele, das diese Dehnungen mit Keimgrose und Verdrehungswinkel abnehmen.
Polar Dibenzocyclooctynes for Selective Labeling of Extracellular Glycoconjugates of Living Cells

Although strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAAC) have found wide utility in biological and material sciences, the low polarity and limited water solubility of commonly used cyclooctynes represent a serious shortcoming. To address this problem, an efficient synthetic route has been developed for highly polar sulfated dibenzocyclooctynylamides (S-DIBO) by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of 1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamides with trichlorocyclopropenium cation followed by a controlled hydrolysis of the resulting dichlorocyclopropenes to give bis(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclooctacyclopropenones, which were subjected to methoxy group removal of the phenols, O-sulfation, and photochemical unmasking of the cyclopropenone moiety. Accurate rate measurements of the reaction of benzyl azide with various dibenzylcyclooctyne derivatives demonstrated that aromatic substitution and the presence of the amide function had only a marginal impact on the rate constants. Biotinylated S-DIBO 8 was successfully used for labeling azido-containing glycoconjugates of living cells. Furthermore, it was found that the substitution pattern of the dibenzylcyclooctynes influences subcellular location, and in particular it has been shown that DIBO derivative 4 can enter cells, thereby labeling intra- and extracellular azido-modified glycoconjugates, whereas S-DIBO 8 cannot pass the cell membrane and therefore is ideally suited for selective labeling of cell surface molecules. The ability to selectively label cell surface molecules will yield unique opportunities for glycomic analysis and the study of glycoprotein trafficking.
Genetic and phylogeographic structures of the symbiotic fungus Tuber magnatum

The quality and market price of truffles vary with the species and, traditionally, the place of origin. The premium species Tuber magnatum produces white truffles and has a patchy distribution restricted to Italy and some Balkan areas. We used polymorphic microsatellites to evaluate 316 specimens grouped into 26 populations sampled across the species' geographic range to determine if natural populations of T. magnatum are genetically differentiated. We found that the southernmost and the northwesternmost populations were significantly differentiated from the rest of the populations. The simple sequence repeat data also could be used to make inferences about the postglacial T. magnatum expansion pattern. This study is the first to identify a genetic and phylogeographic structure in T. magnatum. The presence of a genetic structure can be of practical interest in tracing truffle populations according to their geographic origin for marketing strategies. Evidence for extensive outcrossing in field populations of T. magnatum also is provided for the first time.
Verbal hallucinations in normals, V: perceived reality characteristics

Abstract The perceived reality characteristics of verbal hallucinations reported by 24 college students were examined and compared to those of 20 hallucinating schizophrenic patients. The reality characteristics examined were the seven proposed by Aggernaes [Aggernaes, A. (1972). The experienced reality of hallucinations and other psychological phenomena.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 48, 220–238]. These characteristics were assessed for the first verbal hallucination ever experienced and for the most recent verbal hallucination. There was no differential pattern of positive reality characteristics between the two groups for the first verbal hallucination. However for the most recent verbal hallucination, schizophrenic patients were less likely than college students to report the positive reality characteristic of Publicness and more likely than college students to report the positive reality characteristic of Involuntarily. It was suggested that the verbal hallucinations reported by college students meet the requirements of the definition of hallucinations. Mechanisms potentially responsible for the production of hallucinations associated with normal consciousness were discussed and differences between psychotic and non-psychotic hallucinations were explored.
Low temperature electro-optical effects from off-axis Li+ in FA centers

Abstract Measurements of the electric field modulated absorption of KC1:Li F A centers (field applied perpendicular to center axis), and its spectral-, field- and temperature dependence are explained by an ‘off-axis’ center model in which the Li + ion can occupy four equivalent pocket states, displaced in 〈110〉 direction from the F A center axis.
Dilatometric studies of pure triglycerides and mixtures

The melting dilations and the coefficients of expansion of the solid and liquid states have been reported for five symmetrical mixed triglycerides and three simple triglyceride . The melting dilations were found to decrease with increasing proportions of oleic acid in the triglyceride molecule. In some simple mixtures the melting dilations of the several phases were found to occur discretely, but in the more complex systems there was an extension and overlapping of the melting ranges. In the mixtures of triolein with more saturated triglycerides, the melting point of triolein was found to be generally unaffected, but the melting points of the more saturated glycerides were lowered by the presence of triolein. Calculations of the solid-to-liquid ratios from dilatometric data were found to be impossible in the more complex mixtures due to wide variations in the melting dilations of the several phases and to the overlapping of their melting ranges. Approximate calculations of solid-to-liquid ratios in simple systems in which melting dilations occur discretely can be accomplished if the melting dilations of the individual triglycerides are known.
A particular solution for the PN method in radiative transfer

Abstract A particular solution basic to a PN solution of the radiative transfer equation is reported.
Modeling the temperature dependence of the Henry's law constant of organic solutes in water

Abstract The Henry's law constant of a chemical solute in water exhibits a maximum value at a temperature that is characteristic of the solute. Understanding how to better correlate Henry's law constant data versus temperature can contribute to improved designs of water treatment equipment. To address this data need, two chemical structure-based models have been developed to correlate an organic chemical's Henry's law constant over a wide temperature range, i.e., from ambient conditions to temperatures in excess of 100 °C. The two models combine fundamental solution thermodynamics principles with additive bond and group contributions. A literature database of over 750 critically evaluated data points, covering six orders of magnitude in volatility, has been assembled to develop the calculation methods. The two models, which are simple to apply, correlate the aqueous Henry's law constant as a function of temperature for alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, cycloalkenes, benzene, alkylbenzenes, primary and secondary alcohols, aliphatic chlorides, and ketones.
Brainstem facial-motor pathways from two distinct groups of stapedius motoneurons in the cat

To determine the brainstem origins and axonal routes of stapedius motoneurons, we labeled motoneurons by injecting cat stapedius muscles with horseradish peroxidase. Some injections were made in normal cats and some in cats in which the middle segment of the internal facial genu had been cut. By tracing labeled axons and by comparing the locations of labeled cell bodies in normal and lesioned cats, we divided stapedius motoneurons into two groups: "perifacial" and "accessory." Perifacial stapedius motoneurons have cell bodies located around the motor nucleus of the facial nerve and axons which follow the classical course of facial motor axons through the internal genu of the facial nerve. Accessory stapedius motoneurons have cell bodies near the descending facial motor root and axons which ascend to the rostral tip of the internal facial genu, abruptly reverse direction, and then join the descending facial motor root. The sharply hooked course of axons of accessory stapedius motoneurons is similar to the course of axons from other accessory nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII. Our present results, with those of McCue and Guinan (J. Neurophysiol. 60:1160-1180, '88), demonstrate that cats have two groups of stapedius motoneurons which can be separated anatomically by the locations of their cell bodies or by the courses of their axons, and which, on the average, have different response properties.
Supporting Children with Traumatic Grief: What Educators Need to Know.

Following traumatic deaths children may develop Childhood Traumatic Grief (CTG), a condition in which trauma symptoms interfere with adaptive child grieving. Educators have an important role in supporting children who have CTG. Key contributions that educators can make are to (a) recognize CTG symptoms in school settings; (b) refer children for mental health evaluations when appropriate; (c) recognize reminders that trigger trauma symptoms and identify ways to manage these triggers and responses in school settings; (d) support CTG treatments in school by reinforcing children’s use of stress-management strategies; (e) respect confidentiality; (f) recognize the importance of cultural issues in CTG; and (g) maintain good communication with parents and other helping professionals.
A study of the thermal cure of a phenylethynyl-terminated imide model compound and a phenylethynyl-terminated imide oligomer (PETI-5)

The kinetic mechanism of the thermal cure of a phenylethynyl-terminated imide model compound, 3,4′-bis[(4-phenylethynyl)phthalimido]diphenyl ether (PEPA-3,4′-ODA) and a phenylethynyl-terminated imide oligomer PETI-5 (MW 5000 g/mol) was studied. FTIR was used to follow the cure of the model compound, while thermal analyses (DSC) was used to follow the cure of the PETI-5 oligomer. The changes in IR absorbance of phenylethynyl triple bonds at 2214 cm−1 of PEPA-3,4′-ODA as a function of cure time were detected at 318, 336, 355, and 373°C, respectively. The changes in the glass transition temperature, Tg, of PETI-5 as a function of time were measured at 350, 360, 370, 380, and 390°C, respectively. The DiBenedetto equation was applied to define the relative extent of cure, x, of the PETI-5 oligomer by Tg. For the model compound, the reaction followed first order kinetics, yielding an activation energy of 40.7 kcal/mol as determined by infrared spectroscopy. For PETI-5, the reaction followed 1.5th order, yielding an activation energy of 33.8 kcal/mol for the whole cure reaction, as determined by Tg using the DiBenedetto method. However, the cure process of PETI-5 just below 90% by this method followed first-order kinetics yielding an activation energy of 37.2 kcal/mol. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 461–470, 1998
MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF TANZANIAN AGRICULTURE: SOME MAPS FROM ADJECTIVES

ABSTRACT During the past 50 years, despite a number of studies, surveys, and a full scale agricultural census in 1971–72, Tanzania did not produced data on agriculture that permitted detailed mapping and analysis of the geographic pattern of crops. An alternative, qualitative method, based on the nine Agro-economic Zones studies published by Diana Conyers and her associates at the University of Dar es Salaam, is illustrated. The spatial distribution of adjectives, used systematically to characterize the importance of crops in 265 agro-economic zones, creates a descriptive geography of Tanzania's agriculture in the early 1970s. Though not without problems, use of such texts may in some cases provide an acceptable alternative way of mapping geographic information, when standard methods cannot be used. In this instance, maps of crop patterns in the early 1970s provide an historical baseline against which data from some future agricultural census of Tanzania can be compared.
The Clinical Value of Screening Chest Radiography in the Neonate With Lung Disease

To examine the role of routine chest radiography in the management of the critically ill neonate with pulmonary disease, 41 term and preterm infants with lung diseases were prospectively evaluated. Seventy radiographs (35%) were obtained for clinical indications and 128 (65%) for prospective screening. Studies were compared with each infant's most recent previous study, if available. Every exam was designated Level I, if the radiograph identified a new finding that required clinical intervention; Level II, if an abnormality or interval change was observed that did not require immediate intervention; or Level III, if there was no interval change since the previous radiograph. Thirty-three (47%) indication radiographs and 63 (49%) screening radiographs showed significant changes since the previous study. Twenty-four (34%) of the indication radiographs and 42 (33%) of the screening radiographs had Level I abnormalities (P = NS). Nine (13%) of the indication radiographs and 21 (16%) of the screening radiographs had Level II abnormalities (P = NS). Results suggest that routine screening chest radiographic studies are an important adjunct of care in critically ill newborns with respiratory disease and may identify potential problems before they are reflected in a change in clinical status.
Medical Student Summer Externship Program: Increasing the Number Matching in Family Practice

Background and Objectives. The number of US allopathic medical school graduates choosing a residency in family medicine has fallen from 13.4% in 1999 to 10.5% in 2002. Concern about declining numbers has led to the development of programs to provide medical students exposure to family medicine outside the clerkship. This paper reports on the development and longitudinal achievements of a clinical summer externship program 1993 to 1999. Methods. The program description, practice settings, students’ experiences, and department commitment are described. The purpose of this prospective study is to determine the percentage of family medicine summer externship participants (n=115) who match into family medicine. Results. During the six years studied, 49 (43.4%) of the participants matched into family medicine. Program participants viewed the program favorably, mean = 5.82 out of 6. Conclusions. The Ohio State University Department of Family Medicine Medical Student Summer Externship Program demonstrates an effective educational experience that can increase and/or attain the proportion of students going into family medicine at the time of graduation. Key words: medical student, family medicine
Coexistence of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis and anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody positive membranous nephropathy

Antibodies to myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3) have been demonstrated to mediate anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated disease. For membranous nephropathy, antibodies to the podocyte-expressed phospholipase A2 receptor (anti-PLA2R) are highly associated with disease activity and have been reported in at least 70% of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). We present a case of a 56-year-old male with a 1 year history of hypertension, leg edema, and proteinuria, who presented with advanced renal failure and was found to have both ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (GN) and IMN on kidney biopsy. Consistent with the idea that this is due to the chance occurrence of two independent diseases, we found both anti-MPO and anti-PLA2R antibodies in the patient's sera. Treatment with methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, and cyclophosphamide resulted in improvement in kidney function and proteinuria, together with the simultaneous decrease in both autoantibodies. This is the first demonstration of two pathogenic antibodies giving rise to ANCA-associated GN and IMN in the same patient. It confirms the importance of classifying disease based upon the underlying mechanism, in addition to renal histopathology, to both optimize therapy and predict prognosis.
Protection switching in communication networks

In this paper, we survey different approaches to achieve survivability in communication networks. Due to volume and throughput of data on optical networks, and catastrophic consequences of failures in those networks, we focus on survivability in optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks. However, some of the techniques studied here are used in other types of networks as well. We will review the trade offs between protection switching versus dynamic restoration; and survivability in electronic layer versus optical layer. We go over link protection and path protection methodologies. We cover protection of mesh networks using p-cycles. Cross-layer design for survivability is considered; and problem of lightpath embedding is reviewed. Failure of a single link in the physical topology will not propagate to higher-level logical network, when we use such approaches. We tackle the problem of survivability in Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLGs) and Probabilistic SRLGs in face multiple network failures∗.