cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partisan Moods: Polarization and the Dynamics of Mass Party Preferences

Inquiry into the origins of partisan polarization has generally treated polarization as a simple, symmetric phenomenon—the degree to which the worldviews of the mass Democratic and Republican parties have or have not diverged from one another. In this article, we disaggregate polarization into its constituent parts, the dynamic preferences of the mass Democratic and Republican Parties. This approach allows for the possibility that intraparty dynamics may influence interparty differences and for the integration of studies of polarization with literatures addressing other dynamics in aggregate public opinion. Building on individual-level research on partisan identities and macrolevel research on public mood, we argue that party polarization may be catalyzed, in part, by the mass parties’ differential responsiveness to changes in the macro political-economic context. We find support for this position, showing asymmetries in the dynamics of polarization that are associated with differential partisan responsiv...
UserCalc: A Web‐based uranium series calculator for magma migration problems

[1] Measured departures from secular equilibrium in the uranium series decay chains provide important constraints on the rates of recent mantle and crustal processes. Nevertheless, the inferences drawn from these observations depend upon the models used to interpret them. While several useful models for U series exist, they are not all equally easy to use, and it is often the ease of use, rather than the utility of the model, that determines which models are applied. The purpose of this paper is to level the playing field by making some of the more general U series transport models accessible to a wider community through the UserCalc Web site available from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~mspieg/UserCalc/. These models calculate the effects of both melting and melt transport on two U series chains (238U→230Th→226Ra and 235U→231Pa) and allow the user to input their own petrological insight and data to explore the behavior of this model. The purpose of the site is to provide a tool that can spur additional collaborations between geophysicists and geochemists as well as drive more rapid exploration/evolution of U series models.
Relationship between Molecular Weight of T4 Phage-induced Deoxynucleotide Kinase and the Size of Its Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract T4 phage-induced deoxynucleotide kinase was purified to homogeneity as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be about 52,000 by the technique of Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. Enzyme denatured with 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate also showed a single band after electrophoresis in an acrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. In the latter case, the molecular weight was calculated to be approximately 23,000, suggesting that the native enzyme is composed of two identical subunits. The messenger RNA for deoxynucleotide kinase produced in vivo has been found to be present in two relatively sharp bands that sediment in sucrose density gradients with a coefficient of 15 S and 12 S. This RNA, as well as unfractionated RNA, could direct in vitro the synthesis of deoxynucleotide kinase. The molecular weight of the enzyme synthesized in vitro was determined by gel filtration chromatography and found to be 48,000, approximately the same value as that found for the in vivo enzyme. The kinase messenger in 12 S RNA is believed to be transcribed from T4 DNA as a monocistronic unit. However, kinase messenger also appears in di- or polycistronic form since 15 S RNA is large enough to code for the synthesis of the kinase and at least one other protein.
Realizing Fast, Scalable and Reliable Scientific Computations in Grid Environments

The practical realization of managing and executing large scale scientific computations efficiently and reliably is quite challenging. Scientific computations often involve thousands or even millions of tasks operating on large quantities of data, such data are often diversely structured and stored in heterogeneous physical formats, and scientists must specify and run such computations over extended periods on collections of compute, storage and network resources that are heterogeneous, distributed and may change constantly. We present the integration of several advanced systems: Swift, Karajan, and Falkon, to address the challenges in running various large scale scientific applications in Grid environments. Swift is a parallel programming tool for rapid and reliable specification, execution, and management of large-scale science and engineering workflows. Swift consists of a simple scripting language called SwiftScript and a powerful runtime system that is based on the CoG Karajan workflow engine and integrates the Falkon light-weight task execution service that uses multi-level scheduling and a streamlined dispatcher. We showcase the scalability, performance and reliability of the integrated system using application examples drawn from astronomy, cognitive neuroscience and molecular dynamics, which all comprise large number of fine-grained jobs. We show that Swift is able to represent dynamic workflows whose structures can only be determined during runtime and reduce largely the code size of various workflow representations using SwiftScript; schedule the execution of hundreds of thousands of parallel computations via the Karajan engine; and achieve up to 90% reduction in execution time when compared to traditional batch schedulers.
Human gastric myoelectric activity and gastric emptying following gastric surgery and with pacing.

Abstract Postoperative gastric myoelectric activity, gastric emptying, and clinical course were correlated in 17 patients at high risk of developing gastroparesis after gastric surgery. In addition, an attempt was made to pace the stomach with an electrical stimulus and determine the effect of pacing on early post-operative gastric emptying. Gastric dysrhythmias (bradygastria, slow wave frequency 4 cycles/min) persisted beyond the first postoperative day in 6 patients (35%). Delayed gastric emptying was identified by a radionuclide meal in 15 patients (88%), but symptoms of gastroparesis developed in only 6 of 15 (40%). Patients with postoperative gastroparesis had more frequent dysrhythmias than asymptomatic patients (67% vs. 18%), but these differences were not significant, although we cannot exclude a type II statistical error. Gastric rhythm was entrained in 10 of 16 patients (63%). Pacing increased the gastric slow wave frequency (3.1 vs. 4.1 cycles/ min; P
STM measurement of single spin relaxation time in superconductors.

Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545(Printed February 1, 2008)Localized spin states in conventional superconductors at low temperatures are expected to havelong decoherence time due to the strong suppression of spin relaxation channels. We propose ascanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiment allowing the direct measurement of the decoher-ence time of a single spin in a conventional superconductor. The experimental setup can be readilyapplied to general-purpose spin-polarized STM and to local spin relaxation spectroscopy. A possibleextension of the setup to a quantum information processing scheme is discussed.
Criteria for Judging Precision and Accuracy in Method Development and Evaluation

We describe an approach for formulating criteria that can be used to judge whether an analytical method has acceptable precision and accuracy. We derive criteria for several experiments that are commonly used in method-evaluation studies: precision or replicates, recovery, interference, and comparison of patient values between the new method and a proven method. These criteria are based on the medical usefulness of the test results, thus the acceptability of the method is judged with respect to the clinical requirements.
Age-Dependent Orientation in Migratory Birds

Although the distance of movement with respect to age has been emphasized in many publications on avian dispersal and migration, comparatively little has been said about the orientation of such movements with respect to age. In this paper the age-dependent orientation of birds during dispersal and migration is examined. The results suggest that much of the interindividual variation in the orientation behavior of birds may be explained by age-specific effects. Adults and young may have different nonbreeding areas, and the orientation of movements to these areas may differ depending on the ages of the birds. Young are also more strongly influenced by disruptive orientational cues in the environment (e.g., lights from cities), and responses to these cues may take young, inexperienced birds away from the normal migratory pathways of the adults. Future studies of migratory orientation will have to consider age-specific effects, if a correct biological interpretation of the results is to be achieved.
Trends in class fertility in western nations

of the nineteenth century, the decline has not been equal among the various groups that compose their population. Measures of fertility for national units conceal differences in the fertility of the many distinct groups in urbanindustrial societies. Changes in the pattern of these differences are of particular significance in the later stages of the demographic transition from high to low birth-rates and death-rates which the Western world has undergone in the past century. Changes in the birth-rate rather than in the death-rate are the main determinants of growth in societies where mortality has been brought under control by moder medicine and public health practices. Demographers have often treated differential fertility as a special, virtually autonomous subject instead of viewing it in the broad historical context of the Western demographic transition. In fact, as J. W. Innes has pointed out, few studies have been made of trends in differential fertility by comparison with the numerous studies which simply establish the existence of group differences in fertility at a single point in time.' The present paper is concerned with class differences-probably the most pervasive of all group differences in advanced societies. The attempt is made to gather together by historical period the available data on trends in class differences in fertility for several Western countries in order to present a systematic picture of the way in which these differences have evolved in modern times.
Legislative Victory, Electoral Uncertainty: Explaining Outcomes in the Battles over Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights

Previous studies indicate that in cases of relatively low issue salience, the interest group model best explains lesbian and gay antidiscrimination policy in the American states. The analysis of state and local public policy prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation concludes that for cases of high issue salience, the morality politics model best describes outcomes. The interest group politics model is used here in a case study of Wisconsin's passage of a comprehensive antidiscrimination policy, while the morality politics model is used to investigate the electoral outcomes of anti-gay ballot initiatives in several states. The results of this analysis conform with prior research—when lesbian and gay issues are not salient, the interest group politics model best explains resulting policy, however, under salient conditions, the morality politics model best describes outcomes. Finally, the implications of this research for social scientists and activists are discussed.
Posterior analysis, prediction and reliability in three-parameter weibull distributions

The paper develops Bayesian analysis in the context of samples from three-parameter Weibull distributions and shows how to tackle the problems of prediction and estimation of reliability curves. As Johnson, Kotz and Balakrishnan ( 1994 ) mentioned, the prediction problems for the three-parameter Weibull model seem to be unresolved and is certainly worth looking into (p.671). Posterior analysis organized around Gibbs sampling is shown to perform well. An application to stock returns is used to illustrate the potential of the approach.
Effect of tabs on the flow and noise field of an axisymmetric jet

The effect of vortex generators, in the form of small tabs projecting normally into the flow at the nozzle exit, on the characteristics of an axisymmetric jet is investigated experimentally over the jet Mach number range of 0.3-1.81. The tabs eliminate screech noise from supersonic jets and alter the shock structure drastically. They distort the jet cross section and increase the jet spread rate significantly. The distortion produced is essentially the same at subsonic and underexpanded supersonic conditions. Thus, the underlying mechanism must be independent of compressibility effects. A tab with a height as small as 2 percent of the jet diameter, but larger than the efflux boundary-layer thickness, is found to produce a significant effect. Flow visualization reveals that each tab introduces an 'indentation' into the high speed side of the shear layer via the action of streamwise vortices. These vortices are inferred to be of the 'trailing vortex' type rather than of the 'necklace vortex' type. It is apparent that a substantial pressure differential must exist between the upstream and the downstream sides of the tab to effectively produce these trailing vortices. This explains why the tabs are ineffective in the overexpanded flow, as in that case an adverse pressure gradient exists near the nozzle exit which reduces the pressure differential produced by the tab.
Understanding Adolescent Voice as a Guide for Nursing Practice and Research

Recognizing adolescents as unique individuals increases the potential for trust and openness and provides a foundation for giving them voice. Giving voice to adolescents by listening to their stories of what really matters may enable prudent health choices in the midst of complicated life challenges. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of adolescent voice as a means of improving health care for teens and as a basis for further research. Freire's philosophical perspective guided thinking and Story Theory provided structure for gathering the health story of an adolescent. Freire proposes dialogue as a conversation between equal partners, which can be liberating. Story Theory proposes story gathering through intentional dialogue to learn what really matters to the person sharing the story. The convergence of Freire's philosophy and the adolescent story results in a definition of adolescent voice: the power to express self through dialogue with a nonjudgmental listener who gives and receives feedback. Adolescence is a time of growth and change, and a time when adolescents often make risky choices. Paying attention to adolescent voice could promote positive interactions with health-care providers, leading to safer decision-making. Recognizing adolescents as unique individuals and listening to their stories increases the potential for trust and openness with health-care providers. Giving voice to what really matters to them may assist adolescents in making positive health choices in the midst of complicated life challenges. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of adolescent voice as a means of improving health care for teens and as a basis for further research.
Elemental abundance analyses with coadded Dominion Astrophysical Observatory spectrograms. II - The mercury-manganese stars 53 Tauri, Mu Leporis and Kappa Cancri

Elemental abundance analyses based on the coaddition of at least 10 2.4 A/mm Ila-O Dominion Astrophysical Observatory spectrograms have been performed for three mercury-manganese stars, 53 Tauri, Mu Leporis, and Kappa Cancri. These fine analyses show a greater degree of internal consistency than previous studies based on lower signal-to-noise data. Lines as weak as of order 3 mA are employed in these studies, and lines of atomic species not previously identified have been discovered. The status of 53 Tau as an anomalous member of this class is confirmed in that it lacks a Hg II 3984 A line even at the 2 mA level. Further, its surface gravity indicates it is less evolved than Mu Lep and Chi Cnc. Violations of the odd-even effect in the photospheric abundances of all three stars suggest that nonnuclear processes have operated in their atmospheres. Some of the values are substantially changed from their presumably initial solar values.
An investigation of sodium 5-(3-nitrophenylazo)salicylate as a spectrophotometric reagent for magnesium

Abstract Sodium 5-(3-nitrophenylazo)salicylate reacts almost specifically with magnesium ions (at pH 10.5) to give a yellow coloured chelate. The solution has an absorbance maximum at 450 mμ. The sensitivity of the reaction is 0.01 μg of magnesium per cm 2 for log I 0 /I = 0.001. Optimum conditions for the reaction have been established. Development of the spectrophotometric method for the determination of magnesium included a study of the effect of pH, the ratio of reagent to magnesium, photometric stability of the complex, its conformity to Beer's law, and the rate of colour formation. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of magnesium in silica brick and silicon-aluminium alloy.
TERRORISM AND OIL SPILLS: WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW AND HOW WE SHOULD RESPOND1

ABSTRACT An act of terrorism resulting in an oil spill triggers a unique set of response considerations that bring diverse agencies together under crisis conditions. To manage such incidents effectively, a systematic approach is needed to standardize incident response, command, and control methods and to better define the planning process for these demanding scenarios. The National Interagency Incident Management System-Incident Command System (NIIMS-ICS) is the common denominator that has been adopted by the United States Coast Guard for oil spill response. This paper highlights recommendations to adopt the NIIMS-ICS nationally for combined law enforcement and environmental response incidents to ensure efficient and effective response methods.
Rat thymic dihydrotestosterone receptor: Preparation, location and physiochemical properties

Castration in the male rat has been shown to produce enlargement of the thymus gland while treatment with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) results in a decrease in thymic size in these animals. To determine if these changes might be receptor mediated, thymus tissue from castrate male rats was removed and homogenized in buffer and centrifuged to produce cytosol. By Scatchard plot analysis, it was shown that a specific DHT receptor was present at a concentration of 0.24 +/- 0.02 pmoles/g tissue and it possessed a KA of 2.51 +/- 0.45 x 10(9)M-1. This thymic DHT receptor sedimented on 5--20% sucrose gradients in the 8s region. By competition analysis it was found that testosterone only partially competed (25%) for this receptor, with virtually no binding noted for estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol. The receptor was found to be localized in the reticuloepithelial matrix of the thymus and was not present in the thymic lymphocyte fraction.
Pseudomonas cepacia causes mycelial deformities and inhibition of conidiation in phytopathogenic fungi.

Pseudomonas cepacia, a common soil and rhizosphere inhabitant, showed strong antagonism against several fungal plant pathogens. In dual cultures it greatly restricted the growth and conidial formation in several of these fungi. Growth restriction was associated with the frequent induction of a variety of morphological abnormalities such as chlamydoconidium formation, hyphal swellings, vacuolation and granulation of the mycelial contents, as well as lysis of hyphae and conidia. The induction of these deleterious morphological changes in fungi and inhibition of conidial formation were also found with a crude preparation of an antifungal compound fromP. cepacia. Mutants, defective in the production of this antifungal compound, failed to induce these morphological changes; this suggests that the antifungal compound is responsible for these abnormalities.
A note on the unitary part of a contraction

Short and independent proofs are given to two recent results of Gau and Wu on the unitary part of a contraction.
Theatrical Motifs and the Drama of Everyday Life in the 1920s Stories of Mikhail Zoshchenko

The "workers' revolution," Laura L. Phillips has argued, "legitimized two incompatible visions of life" embodied by "two kinds of workers [who] faced each other across a deep cultural divide." The first kind, the "conscious" or "advanced" worker, "is thought to have valued sobriety, clean language, neat dress, sexual restraint, political involvement, and educational improvement." The second, the "backward" worker, inhabited a "coarse and bawdy world, one in which heavy drinking, brawling, womanizing, and cursing were common, even esteemed forms of comportment." Despite "the permeability of the territory separating the two milieus," struggles over the proper definition of"working-class culture" were "conducted through the prism of these discursive conventions." Vasilii Ivanovich, the hero of Mikhail Zoshchenko's 1928 short story "A Minor Incident" ("Melkii sluchai"), attends the theater in hopes of escaping the coarseness of the world of the "backward" worker in favor of the refinement of that of the "conscious" one. The theater, Vasilii Ivanovich believes, is a "warm, cozy, cultured" place where a civilized person can spend a pleasant evening, worlds away from the lower personages of
Vaginal reconstruction in female cloacal exstrophy patients.

Objective To present our experience of vaginal reconstruction in female cloacal exstrophy patients. Patients and Methods The records of 7 postpubertal female cloacal exstrophy patients (median age, 17 years; range, 11-26 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Complete duplication of the uterus and vagina was noted in all patients. All of them underwent various types of vaginoplasty at the time of urinary tract reconstruction. When a pull-through vaginoplasty was difficult, the native vagina was anastomosed to the neovagina using the large or small bowel. Alternatively, the native bladder remaining connected to the vagina was used as a neovagina with simultaneous construction of the gastroileal composite reservoir. Results The median age at vaginoplasty was 6 years (range, 5-8 years). The techniques were pull-through vaginoplasty in 1 patient, intestinal vaginoplasty in 2 patients, and vaginoplasty using the native bladder in 4 patients. Five patients required revision surgery for hematometrocolpos after the onset of puberty (median age, 14 years; range, 11-16 years). Three patients underwent an end-to-side reanastomosis of the uterus to the neovagina using the bowel or the native bladder, whereas 2 patients received a side-to-side anastomosis of the uterus to the neovagina using the native bladder. No patient developed recurrence of hematometrocolpos after the revision surgery, with a mean follow-up of 71 months. Conclusion Our recent approach to vaginoplasty can be an alternative for female cloacal exstrophy patients. A side-to-side anastomosis of the uterus to the neovagina is a technically easy procedure in surgical management of hematometrocolpos.
Accuracy of the Vlasov-Nordheim approximation in the classical limit.

We report results of studies of heavy-ion collisions in the classical limit. These studies are carried out with two different nucleon-nucleon interaction models. Both models give the empirical energy and density of nuclear matter; however, the compressibility is 250 MeV for one and 535 MeV for the other. Exact simulations of La+La and Au+Au collisions at 50 to 600 MeV/nucleon laboratory energies indicate that these models are not totally unrealistic and may be pedagogically useful. The results also indicate that collisions at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}400 MeV/nucleon are more sensitive to the interaction model. The models are then used to study the accuracy of the Vlasov-Nordheim approximation in the classical limit by comparing its results for equal mass (A=50) collisions with the exact results at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}450 MeV/nucleon. We find that it is a reasonable approximation and it reproduces most of the observed effects when the known equation of state (EOS) and collision cross sections (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$) are used. However, it appears difficult to determine both the EOS and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ by fitting the exact results with VN simulations.
Obstetrics and posture in pelvic anatomy

Abstract To investigate the obstetric impact on the shape of the human pelvis, the pelvic dimensions of 500 female patients were compared with regard to the duration of their gestations, and to the weight of their newborns. It was demonstrated that there is no relationship between these variables. Similar observations were made on several mammals in which the dimensions of the pelvis are not influenced by the duration of gestation or fetal weight, although they are very responsive to sitting or erect posture. The pelvis in Australopithecus was shaped more to satisfy erect posture and bipedal locomotion than to allow increase in fetal size, which occurred much later, since the encephalization process was on the way only after the pelvis had taken more or less its present shape. Adjustments of the human female pelvis to the increased size of the fetal head are minor, compared with the adjustments to erect posture, because erect posture preceded encephalisation and was therefore first to make its demands on the pelvis. The modern human pelvis is certainly tight and frequently leads to difficult delivery. Socioeconomic factors such as diet, heavy physical work in adolescence, and early pregnancy also can be contributing factors to the multiple variety of shapes in the present female pelvis.
The chemisorption and decomposition of NO on the (110) surface of iridium

Abstract The chemisorption of NO on Ir(110) has been studied with thermal desorption mass spectrometry (including isotopic exchange experiments), X-ray and UV-photoelectron spectroscopies, Auger electron spectroscopy,LEED and CPD measurements. Chemisorption of NO proceeds by precursor kinetics with the initial probability of adsorption equal to unity independent of surface temperature. Saturation coverage of molecular NO corresponds to 9.6 × 10 14 cm −2 below 300 K. Approximately 35% of the saturated layer desorbs as NO in two well separated features of equal integrated intensity in the thermal desorption spectra. The balance of the NO desorbs as N 2 and O 2 with desorption of N 2 beginning after the low-temperature peak of NO has desorbed almost completely. Molecular NO desorbs with activation energies of 23.4–28.9 and 32.5–40.1 kcal mole −1 , assuming the preexponential factor for both processes is between 10 13 –10 16 s −1 . At low coverages of NO, N 2 desorbs with an activation energy of 36–45 kcal mole −1 , assuming the preexponential factor is between 10 −2 and 10 cm 2 s −1 . Levels at 13.5, 10.4 and 8.5 eV below the Fermi level are observed with HeI UPS, associated with the 4σ, 5σ and 1π orbitals of NO, respectively. Core levels of NO appear at 531.5 eV [O(1s)] and 400.2 eV [N(1s)], and do not shift in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen overlayers tend to stabilize chemisorbed NO as reflected in thermal desorption spectra and a downshift in the 1π level to 9.5 eV.
The attempted impeachment of Sir William Scroggs, Lord Chief Justice of the court of King's Bench, November 1680–March 1681

Generally dismissed by historians as just an hysterical gesture by parliamentary whig leaders disappointed and angered over the failure of the second Exclusion Bill, the attempted impeachment in 1680–1 of Sir William Scroggs was in fact a complicated and important affair. Although a failure in legal terms (because King Charles dissolved two parliaments), it succeeded in political terms when the king dismissed Scroggs. A propaganda ploy to embarrass the duke of York and also the king of England, re-unite the whig party, and re-ignite anti-popery fervour to promote another try at Exclusion (contrary to recent revisionism), the proceedings provoked discussion of many central issues, but most importantly of the legislative authority of parliament, or control of the law; the affair provoked a ‘crisis of authority’. Print culture played an unprecedented role: four of the eight articles of impeachment against Scroggs were connected with the press. Press people, in effect, brought down a chief minister of the crown and severely embarrassed the government, an event of signal importance in the history of the press.
Preoperative radiation therapy and sphincter preservation by the combined abdominotranssacral technique for selected rectal cancers.

In an attempt to reduce the incidence of local recurrence and maintain normal sphincteric function in selected patients treated for rectal cancer, a clinical experience using full dose preoperative radiation therapy and a combined abdominotranssacral technique was begun in 1976. The first 24 of 55 patients treated have now been followed for 20 to 84 months, the median follow-up period being 39 months; sufficient data related to their clinical courses are available for analysis. Cancers were selected on the basis of unfavorability and location in the rectum (3- and 7-cm levels). Clinical staging of the disease was accurate and allowed selection and treatment of only those cancers considered unfavorable (stages B2 and C), thereby avoiding unnecessary radiation of more favorable tumors. One anastomotic disruption required reconstruction, but perioperative complications were otherwise unremarkable. Local recurrence in this group of highly unfavorable cancers has not been observed. Normal anal sphincteric function has been preserved in each instance. Preliminary results indicate that full dose preoperative radiation therapy for selected unfavorable and low level cancers permits safe and effective sphincter preservation surgery by the combined abdominotranssacral technique. When proper precautionary measures are observed, surgery can be conducted with the expectation of normal continence and significant reduction in local recurrence.
Family Intervention: Telephone Tracking (FITT): A Pilot Stroke Outcome Study

Objective: The goal of this study was to preliminarily test the efficacy of a telephone intervention, Family Intervention: Telephone Tracking, designed to assist stroke survivors and their primary caregivers during the first 6 months after stroke. Method: Forty-nine stroke survivors and their caregivers were randomly assigned to treatment as usual or treatment as usual plus the telephone intervention. Global outcomes are reported for health care utilization, family functioning, and general functioning. Results: Family and general functioning were positively and significantly changed at 3 and 6 months. Health care utilization was positively and significantly changed at 3 months. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the model has the potential to decrease health care utilization and improve quality of life for stroke survivors and their caregivers. Further study is warranted.
Contrasting effects of acute beta blockade with propranolol on plasma catecholamines and renin in essential hypertension: a possible basis for the delayed antihypertensive response.

Abstract Blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity, plasma norepinephrine and plasma epinephrine were determined in 11 patients with essential hypertension at rest before and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after an intravenous infusion of 0.12 mg./Kg. propranolol given over five minutes. After propranolol mean blood pressure was unchanged; heart rate decreased by 14 per cent within 15 minutes and showed no further changes. Plasma renin activity decreased progressively by 48 per cent 60 minutes after propranolol, whereas plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were always higher after propranolol than control values. Increases in norepinephrine were statistically significant at 30, 45, and 60 minutes (respectively 49, 39, and 45 per cent, P These results indicate that acute beta blockade with propranolol induces increases in circulating plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine which might be consequent to rapidly induced hemodynamic changes. This augmented sympathetic activity might explain why propranolol, when acutely infused, does not decrease blood pressure despite effective cardiac and renin blockade.
Variability of the electrocardiogram in normal young men

Abstract Electrocardiograms were taken on twelve normal young men in the basal state on eleven different occasions over a period of two months. Three standard and three chest leads were used, and thirty-five electrocardiographic items were measured. In addition, one set of electrocardiograms was measured by the same assistant on three different occasions. The amount of variation contributed by interindividual differences, by day-to-day physiologic fluctuation, and by inaccuracy in measuring the records was determined statistically. The ratio of the intraindividual to the interindividual variance was used as the criterion of the consistency of repeated electrocardiographic determinations. Out of thirty-five electrocardiographic items, the consistency was very high (consistency coefficient ≧ 0.90) in fourteen, high (0.89 to 0.80) in seven, moderate (0.79 to 0.70) in three, low (0.69 to 0.60) in three, and very low ( The consistency measures were corrected for the homogeneity of the sample of subjects by substituting estimates of interindividual variance based on much larger samples, and for the inaccuracy of measurement of the electrocardiographic records. The 90 per cent expectancy range of intraindividual variability was calculated. These data may be applied for interpretation of borderline electrocardiograms and for evaluation of degrees of deterioration or improvement in serial electrocardiograms.
Diatom evidence bearing on the Holocene in the South Atlantic

The Pleistocene/Holocene boundary is easily recognized in deep-sea cores from the South Atlantic as an upward change from predominantly shelf and meroplanktonic diatoms to holoplanktonic forms. Those cores with high sedimentation rates show several climatic fluctuations during the Holocene. One core (E 7-1) from the Scotia Sea has a sufficiently expanded Holocene to reveal three distinct coolings at approximately 4600 yr BP, 2800 yr BP and 1000 yr BP. This compares favorably with the results of other workers.
The New Bilayer Lipid Membrane System: Self-Assembling Bilayer Lipid Membranes:

Supported bilayer lipid membranes (s-BLMs) were formed by the self- assembly method on freshly fractured metallic wires. The influence of a host of com pounds in membrane forming solutions on s-BLMs and the effect of pH on the function of the s-BLM were studied. Additionally, the redox reactions of a s-BLM containing vinyl- ferrocene as an electron mediator have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results have shown that ferrocene can be very easily immobilized in s-BLMs. This sug gests that s-BLM systems offer a novel approach to the electrode modification by simple way of immobilization of compounds within BLM.
Endoscopic management of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) results in slowing of disease progression

Endoscopic management of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) results in slowing of disease progression
Pulsatile entrance flow in a curved pipe

An experimental investitition was made of the entry flow in a curved pipe under conditions wherein a pulsatile component of flow was superimposed on a steady mean flow. Two experiments were conducted, one in a pipe of curvature ratio for αw = 12·5 and κ = 372. Laser-velocimetry measurements of the axial and secondary velocities were made throughout the cross-section at different instants of time within the cycle and at several axial locations downstream from the pipe entrance.The flow in the first experiment was found to be quasisteady, with axial and secondary velocities varying in time at the several axial stations proportionally to the instantaneous mean velocity, but essentially the same in character as low-Dean-number steady entry flow. The flow in the second experiment was more complex, with separation of the axial flow appearing at the inner bend during deceleration, starting downstream and propagating upstream toward the pipe entrance. Helical motions imbedded within the Dean circulation were also observed, and during certain portions of the cycle the secondary motions within the central core took on a jet-like structure.It suggested that the classifications employed by Smith to describe the different regimes of fully-developed pulsatile flow in curved pipes may also be useful to distinguish between different entry-flow regimes.
Judgments of Creativity as a Function of Visual Stimulus Variability

The production of variability in behavior has been linked to creativity (Campbell, 1960), so it seemed possible that manipulating stimulus variability would influence judgments of creativity. The present set of experiments examined people's judgments of the creativity of colored arrays of circles and squares and whether these judgments are a function of the variability of the arrays. Experiment 1 determined that people's judgment of the variability of 4 × 4 arrays of colored circles was a direct function of a new algorithm for generating array variability, and Experiment 2 revealed a strong relationship between this judged variability and the judged creativity of those same arrays. Experiment 3 extended this finding to a new type of array, and Experiment 4 replicated this finding using the explicit judgment of creativity on a Likert scale rather than the pairwise choice procedure of Experiments 1 through 3. The results are placed within the context of a preferred level of variability, the role of novelty,...
Phorbol ester stimulates a protein kinase C-mediated agatoxin-TK-sensitive calcium permeability pathway in human red blood cells.

Calcium entry into mature erythrocytes (red blood cells; RBCs) is associated with multiple changes in cell properties. At low intracellular Ca2+, efflux of potassium and water predominates, leading to changes in erythrocyte rheology. At higher Ca2+ content, activation of kinases and phosphatases, rupture of membrane-to-skeleton bridges, stimulation of a phospholipid scramblase and phospholipase C, and induction of transglutaminase-mediated protein cross-linking are also observed. Because the physiologic relevance of these latter responses depends partially on whether Ca2+ entry involves a regulated channel or nonspecific leak, we explored mechanisms that initiate controlled Ca2+ influx. Protein kinase C (PKC) was considered a prime candidate for the pathway regulator, and phorbol-12 myristate-13 acetate (PMA), a stimulator of PKC, was examined for its influence on erythrocyte Ca2+. PMA was found to stimulate a rapid, dose-dependent influx of calcium, as demonstrated by the increased fluorescence of an entrapped Ca2+-sensitive dye, Fluo-3/am. The PMA-induced entry was inhibited by staurosporine and the PKC-selective inhibitor chelerythrine chloride, but was activated by the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A. The PMA-promoted calcium influx was also inhibited by ω-agatoxin-TK, a calcium channel blocker specific for Cav2.1 channels. To confirm that a Cav2.1-like calcium channel exists in the mature erythrocyte membrane, RBC membrane preparations were immunoblotted with antiserum against the α1A subunit of the channel. A polypeptide of the expected molecular weight (190 kDa) was visualized. These studies indicate that an ω-agatoxin-TK–sensitive, Cav2.1-like calcium permeability pathway is present in the RBC membrane and that it may function under the control of kinases and phosphatases.
Flavors and acceptance of formulated seafood products

Abstract The popularity of formulated seafood based products has risen rapidly over the past few years. This has been, among other factors, in response to demand for convenience foods, increasing ethnic groups, and a growing elderly population. The processor is responding by increased interest in better utilizing portions of processed fish currently going to waste and in upgrading the use of industrial fish and other portions that are being underutilized. The concept of flavor by a consumer is a combination of many factors including texture, color, appearance, odor, and consistency. All of these factors must be considered concurrently in the development of new and innovative products to satisfy the growing demand of the consumer. This paper challenges the seafood industry to better utilize raw materials and become more active in the development of a wide spectrum of high quality products designed to compete in expanding sophisticated markets.
Rewards and Sanctions and the Provision of Public Goods in One-Shot Settings

A burgeoning literature in experimental studies of the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism focuses on the ability of institutions that allow the monitoring, sanctioning, and/or rewarding of others to facilitate cooperation. In this paper rewards and sanctions are examined in a one-shot VCM setting that so far has been unexplored in the literature. The study finds that while some subjects are willing to reward and sanction others at a personal cost, the opportunity to reward or sanction is ineffective in facilitating cooperation relative to previous experiments in which a repeated game environment is employed. The study also compares behavior in an environment in which the imposition of rewards and sanctions is certain to an environment in which imposition is uncertain. The expected value of the reward or sanction is kept constant across environments to focus simply on the effect of uncertainty about imposition. Uncertainty does not change behavior in a significant way, either in the level of cooperation or the willingness of individuals to impose rewards or sanctions.
Pleasure Gone Awry? A New Conceptualization of Chronic Pain and Addiction

I examine what happens in the brain when patients experience chronic pain and when subjects are addicted to alcohol. We can find important parallels between these two cases, and these parallels can perhaps point us toward new ways of treating (or at least understanding) both issues. Interestingly, we can understand both cases as our pleasure system gone awry. In brief, I argue that chronic pain and alcohol addiction both stem from a dysregulation in our brain’s reward structure. This dysregulation in what should be our pleasure circuitry pushes individuals to behave in ways counterproductive to their needs and to feel unpleasant things. In other words, there is likely both something quite right and perhaps quite wrong about how some philosophers are thinking about pain as an evaluative state. I shall be arguing that pain is both hedonic and evaluative, though perhaps not in the ways they are imagining.
Effects of sibutramine on binge eating, hunger, and fullness in a laboratory human feeding paradigm.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sibutramine vs. placebo on binge-eating behavior, hunger, and satiety in patients who had problems with binge eating. Research Methods and Procedures: Seven adult subjects who had problems with binge eating (mean age, 42 years) were randomly assigned to receive alternating sibutramine and placebo in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. This involved two 4-week dosing periods separated by a 2-week washout. Results: Subjects lost weight on sibutramine but not on placebo. There was a significant difference in the number of kilocalories consumed between the sibutramine and placebo conditions, with a significant reduction of intake during binge-eating episodes on sibutramine. Discussion: Sibutramine suppresses intake during binge-eating episodes. This effect is demonstrable in a human feeding laboratory paradigm.
Antiferromagnetic marginal Fermi liquid.

The infrared singularities of the marginal-Fermi-liquid theory are treated within a perturbative renormalization-group approach for the original, weakly-momentum-dependent model. Then an alternative framework is introduced: marginal Fermi liquids with strong antiferromagnetic fluctuations. The models in both cases are found to be stable in a limited range of parameters, otherwise non-Fermi-liquid behavior is obtained. Comparison with experiments on the conductivity and spin susceptibility yields quite reasonable agreement between theory and the data in the case of the antiferromagnetic formulation. Trends with the doping and differences between copper and oxygen relaxation rates also gain a natural explanation. Analogies with the Luttinger-liquid ideas are also explored. Finally the antiferromagnetic marginal Fermi liquid offers clues about the microscopic origin of the anomalous fluctuations as well, as we find that the antiferromagnetic model is the [ital minimal] [ital model] capable of supporting a fixed line of the scaling equations, making it a promising candidate for the microscopic foundation of high-temperature superconductivity.
Offenders and Post-Release Jobs: Variables Influencing Success and Failure

Abstract Nonviolent adult repeat offenders between the ages of 18 and 35 face nearly insurmountable obstacles to successful reintegration into dominant culture. Upon release from prison ex-offenders receive an average of $69 from their state department of corrections, or between $100-$500 from the Federal Bureau of Prisons to aid their transition back into their communities. As many of them search for legitimate work opportunities, they must deal with the stigma attached to a criminal record and legally enforced employment restrictions barring them from working in several occupations. In addition, most states and the federal government prohibit ex-offenders from accessing public aid funds or financial assistance for school. Finally, many released inmates find they are forced to live in isolated, impoverished communities where there are few job opportunities. In this essay, we analyze secondary data on recidivism and employability for ex-offenders. A review of the literature and history on ex-offender voca...
Distance-Dependent Emission from Dye-Labeled Oligonucleotides on Striped Au/Ag Nanowires: Effect of Secondary Structure and Hybridization Efficiency

When fluorescently tagged oligonucleotides are located near metal surfaces, their emission intensity is impacted by both electromagnetic effects (i.e., quenching and/or enhancement of emission) and the structure of the nucleic acids (e.g., random coil, hairpin, or duplex). We present experiments exploring the effect of label position and secondary structure in oligonucleotide probes as a function of hybridization buffer, which impacts the percentage of double-stranded probes on the surface after exposure to complementary DNA. Nanowires containing identifiable patterns of Au and Ag segments were used as the metal substrates in this work, which enabled us to directly compare different dye positions in a single multiplexed experiment and differences in emission for probes attached to the two metals. The observed metal−dye separation dependence for unstructured surface-bound oligonucleotides is highly sensitive to hybridization efficiency, due to substantial changes in DNA extension from the surface upon hybr...