cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryo-Em Studies of DRP1 Self-Assembly Provide Insights into the Mechanism of Mitochondrial Fission

Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) belongs to a family of large GTPase proteins that regulate membrane dynamics and morphology. Self-assembly of cytosolic Drp1 into larger oligomers on the surface of mitochondria is essential for ensuing membrane fission. Preliminary studies show that in vitro reconstitutions of Drp1 emulate key features of the mitochondrial division machinery and provide a model system for evaluating conformational changes that drive membrane remodeling. To understand Drp1 self-assembly, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) will be used to determine the 3D structures of both the pre-assembly state and helical oligomers. More specifically, recombinant Drp1 forms stable tetramers in solution that are amenable to EM analysis. In the presence of non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs and/or synthetic liposomes, Drp1 further assembles into helical oligomers with varying diameters, suggesting ligand-induced conformational changes. Cryo-EM studies will determine the 3D structures of reconstituted Drp1 oligomers to reveal key intermolecular interactions and conformational changes that drive Drp1 self-assembly and mediate mitochondrial membrane fission.
Infusion of NMDA antagonists into the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis inhibits the maximal electroshock seizure response

The nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO) is necessary for the expression of tonic hindlimb extension (THE) in maximal electroshock (MES) seizures of rats. Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated that both systemic administration and focal RPO microinfusion of D-cycloserine inhibits THE. The purpose of the present study was to characterize specific components of the NMDA receptor/ionophore complex that regulate the anticonvulsant activity mediated by the RPO. Bilateral RPO microinfusion of the competitive NMDA antagonists (-)AP7 and D-CPP as well as the uncompetitive antagonist dizocilpine ((+)MK-801) inhibited THE in a dose-related fashion. Bilateral RPO microinfusion of NMDA did not affect the THE response to MES but did induce convulsions resembling audiogenic seizures in genetically epilepsy prone rats. Bilateral RPO microinfusion of the strychnine-insensitive glycine site partial agonist D-cycloserine and the antagonist 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid inhibited THE. The strychnine-insensitive glycine partial agonists (+)HA-966 and ACPC, as well as the agonists glycine and D-serine, did not significantly affect the THE response. Strychnine microinfusions in the RPO had no effect on THE. The results support a hypothesis that the RPO is a site of anticonvulsant drug action in MES and indicate that either competitive or uncompetitive NMDA antagonist action regulates the anticonvulsant activity mediated by the RPO. The role of the strychnine-insensitive glycine site in the regulation of the anticonvulsant activity medicated by the RPO is uncertain.
Effect of a low dose of alloxan on blood glucose, islet beta cell granulation, body weight, and insulin resistance of ob/ob mice

The effects of a low dose of alloxan on the blood glucose, islet beta cell granulation, body weight, insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, and responses to fasting and growth hormone were studied inob/ob mice, which respond to a single low dose of alloxan with a rapid (24 h) and long-term (108 day) significant decrease in blood glucose levels, and increase in islet beta cell granulation. Three weeks after alloxan administration, insulin resistance is ameliorated in alloxan-treated obese mice whose body weight is not significantly different from their obese controls. A low dose of alloxan has a therapeutic influence on glucose management inob/ob mice: reduced glycemia, improved glucose tolerance, and increased tolerance to fasting. Growth hormone induces a similar hyperglycemic response in alloxan-treated and control
Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery in the Larger Academic Library: A Guide for University, Research and Larger Public Libraries

New ILL staff members can easily feel confused and overwhelmed as they struggle to master OCLC, Ariel, commercial document delivery, ILL management systems such as Clio or Illiad, copyright restric...
Friction: Terms of detachment

Experience with friction is as old as human history, but the subject remains surprisingly subtle. Now the first experimental observations of the initial fleeting instants of sliding have been made. The results have implications that range from the smallest sliding surfaces in nanomachines to seismic signals in earthquakes.
Coinfection of HPV-11 and HPV-16 in a Case of Laryngeal Squamous Papillomas With Severe Dysplasia†

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 have been associated with benign laryngeal papilloma, while HPV-16 is occasionally associated with laryngeal carcinoma. In this study, a case of laryngeal squamous papillomas with severe dysplasia was evaluated for the presence of HPV infection. The biopsy specimens were taken from a 58-year-old female patient at two different time points 3 months apart. Architecturally, the tumor showed papillary configuration reminiscent of squamous papilloma. Cytologically, the lesion showed morphologic features characteristic of severe squamous epithelial dysplasia. HPV infection was determined by DNA in situ hybridization using type-specific HPV-DNA probes. HPV-11 probes demonstrated homogeneous nuclear staining, suggesting productive viral replication. In contrast, HPV-16 probe produced a speckled pattern, suggesting HPV-16 DNA integration. Normal laryngeal epithelium did not yield specific hybridization. The presence of HPV-11 and HPV-16 was confirmed by PCR using HPV type-specific primers. Immunocytochemical staining was performed to detect Ki-67, a proliferation marker, and p53. Ki-67 expression was demonstrated throughout the whole thickness of epithelium. Staining for p53 was negative. This study suggests that multiple HPV infections can occur in the same lesion and that HPV-16 infection and its DNA integration may contribute to the occurrence of severe dysplasia in the lesion described.
Understanding psychological styles in instructional development consultation

The thesis of this article is that relationship building is a critical component in any client-designer instructional development project; failure to establish and maintain an effective relationship will reduce the probability of successful project completion. The article outlines Johnson’s Decision Making theory as a conceptual framework from which designers can work to facilitate effective relationships. The theory classifies clients into four styles according to discrete, observable criteria. The discussion of the theory is followed by examples of clients of each style and for each client, possible designer responses are indicated.
PIKfyve, a mammalian ortholog of yeast Fab1p lipid kinase, synthesizes 5-phosphoinositides. Effect of insulin.

One or more free hydroxyls of the phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) head group undergo enzymatic phosphorylation, yielding phosphoinositides (PIs) with key functions in eukaryotic cellular regulation. Two such species, PtdIns 5-P and PtdIns 3,5-P2, have now been identified in mammalian cells, but their biosynthesis remains unclear. We have isolated a novel mammalian PI kinase, p235, whose exact substrate specificity remained to be determined (Shisheva, A., Sbrissa, D., and Ikonomov, O. (1999)Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 623–634). Here we report that recombinant p235 expressed in COS cells, like the authentic p235 in adipocytes, displays striking specificity for PtdIns over PI substrates and generates two products identified as PtdIns 5-P and PtdIns 3,5-P2 by HPLC analyses. Synthetic PtdIns 3-P substrates were also converted to PtdIns 3,5-P2 but to a substantially lesser extent than PtdIns isolated from natural sources. Important properties of the p235 PI 5-kinase include high sensitivity to nonionic detergents and relative resistance to wortmannin and adenosine. By analyzing deletion mutants in a heterologous cell system, we determined that in addition to the predicted catalytic domain other regions of the molecule are critical for the p235 enzymatic activity. HPLC resolution of monophosphoinositide products, generated by p235 immune complexes derived from lysates of 3T3-L1 adipocytes acutely stimulated with insulin, revealed essentially the same PtdIns 5-P levels as the corresponding p235 immune complexes of resting cells. However, the acute insulin action resulted in an increase of a wortmannin-sensitive PtdIns 3-P peak, suggestive of a plausible recruitment of wortmannin-sensitive PI 3-kinase(s) to p235. In conclusion, mouse p235 (renamed here PIKfyve) displays a strong in vitro activity for PtdIns 5-P and PtdIns 3,5-P2 generation, implying PIKfyve has a key role in their biosynthesis.
Very high-resolution heat-capacity measurements near the lambda point of helium

New measurements of the heat capacity of a sample of helium 3-mm high are reported, which extend to within 5 x 10 to the -8th deg of the lambda transition at the vapor pressure. From an analysis of the results allowing for the effect of gravity, the values -0.0127 + or - 0.0026 (2 sigma) for the exponent alpha (= alpha-prime) and 1,058 + or - 0.004 for the leading singularity ratio A/A-prime are obtained. These values are in closer agreement with the theoretical predictions than those reported previously.
Synthesis of the 2′-,3′-Didehydro-2′-,3′-dideoxy and 2′-,3′-Dideoxy Derivatives of 6-Azauridine and a New Route to 2′-,3′-Didehydro-2′-,3′-dideoxy-5-chlorouridine

Abstract The 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl) and 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) derivatives of 2′-,3′-O-thiocarbonyl-6-azauridine and 2′,3′-O-thiocarbonyl-5-chlorouridine were synthesized from the parent nucleosides by reaction with 4, 4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride and tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, respectively, followed by treatment with 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole. Introduction of a 2′-,3′-double bond into the sugar ring by reaction of the 5′-protected 2′-,3′-O-thionocarbonates with 1, 3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1, 3, 2-diazaphospholidiine was unsuccessful, but could be accomplished satisfactorily with trimethyl phosphite. Reactions were generally more successful with the 5′-silylated than with the 5′-tritylated nucleosides. Formation of 2′-,3′-O-thiocarbonyl derivatives proceeded in higher yield with 5′-protected 6-azauridines than with the corresponding 5-chlorouridines because of the propensity of the latter to form 2,2′-anhydro derivatives. In the reaction of 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-,3′-O-thiocarb...
Stressed and Depressed? Check Your GDNF for Epigenetic Repression

Some adults fail to adapt to chronic stress, developing symptoms of depression and anxiety. In this issue of Neuron, Uchida and colleagues link maladaptive stress responses to GDNF through a comprehensive investigation of the neurotrophic factor's regulation. Further, this study is an excellent example for investigators interested in neuroepigenetics research.
REM sleep and contingent negative variation development

Three subjects demonstrated the ability to respond in a contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the CNV did not appear as it does in the waking state. This failure of the CNV to develop during REM sleep might be attributed to electrophysiological changes accompanying REM sleep.
Evidence does not support American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for routine imaging after a first urinary tract infection.

To the Editor.— Cohen et al1 recently reported on adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for imaging after urinary tract infections in the Washington State Medicaid program in 1999–2000. They found that less than one third of children with urinary tract infections diagnosed in the first year after birth …
Composing Interoperable Ground Systems

This workshop at ICCBSS07 addresses issues relating to developing interoperable ground systems starting with components that may not originally have been intended to work together. The workshop explores these issues in more depth, shares lessons learned, identifies practical approaches for acquisition and implementation, and highlights research directions for further exploration. The workshop looks at ground system architectures, commercial and legacy components in the domain, current acquisition approaches, and issues relating to interoperability between different ground systems and between ground system components
Storage and utilization of lipid classes and fatty acids during the early ontogeny of blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus

Stock enhancement, through the release of cultured juveniles, has been suggested as a possible recovery tool for depleted red (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and blue (Paralithodes platypus) king crab populations in Alaska, USA. Considerable progress has been made in the past decade in red king crab culture technology, but similar technologies are less developed for blue king crabs. We examined changes in organic content, lipid classes, and fatty acids (FAs) during the larval (zoeae), post-larval (glaucothoe), and first juvenile stages to understand energetics, nutritional requirements, and potential dietary deficiencies of this new aquaculture species. Total lipids increased throughout the larval stages and then showed a decrease in both total lipids and neutral storage lipids (triacylglycerols) during the non-feeding glaucothoe phase. The proportions of C18 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) dramatically increased from the first zoeal (Z1) to the second zoeal stage (Z2), reflecting the uptake of enriched Artemia FAs. Both the selective retention of C20 & 22 PUFAs relative to their diet and the proportional increase in these PUFAs during the non-feeding glaucothoe stage suggest that they are essential for early growth and survival. Analytical measures of total lipids were highly correlated with a hatchery-based visual assessment of maximum lipid droplet size, an index of relative nutritional health. Formulated hatchery larval diets containing high levels of C20 & 22 PUFAs may optimize nutrition in early ontogeny for blue king crabs, but future research should refine specific ratios and absolute amounts.
Intubation of critically ill patients

Airway management of critically ill patients has been enhanced by the recent introduction of several new types of artificial airways and laryngoscopes. New drugs for sedation and neuromuscular blockade have been developed to facilitate care of the intubated patient. Guidelines for management of the difficult airway have been introduced. Several new prospective studies have improved our understanding of complications of intubation and how to avoid these sometimes tragic events. A consensus is evolving that TLI and tracheotomy each have clear advantages and disadvantages in prolonged airway maintenance and that multiple factors, not simply the duration of TLI, must be considered in the optimal timing of tracheotomy for each patient. Complex medicolegal and ethical issues directly impact intubation, perhaps more so than any other practice in critical care medicine. Physicians who care for critically ill patients should be familiar with these recent developments and concepts in airway management.
A histopathologic study on the effects of radiofrequency thermotherapy on malignant tumors of the lung.

Malignant cells are thermosensitive but this does not fully explain the widespread pathologic changes observed in solid cancers following local therapy with radiofrequency heating. The histopathology of human malignant tumors after radiofrequency thermotherapy reveals not only the expected degeneration of tumor cells, but significant changes in the tumor's stroma as well. Stromal blood capillary walls are massively infiltrated with round cells and undergo degenerative changes leading to necrosis and obliteration of the tumor's vascular supply. Extensive infiltration of the stroma with the host's round cells occurs. Following focal necrosis and rupture of the stroma, pools of lymphocytes establish direct contact with heat damaged malignant cells leading to further destruction of persisting tumor. The histologic signs of the generalized breakdown of lung tumors consequent to radiofrequency heat-therapy bear close resemblance to lesions in acutely rejecting organ allografts. Cancer 43:767–783, 1979.
PKC-δ binds to E-cadherin and mediates EGF-induced cell scattering

EGF is known to affect adherens junctions and disrupt cell-cell adhesion in a variety of carcinomas but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Using human tumor epithelial cells overexpressing EGFR we demonstrated that EGF-induced cell scattering was mediated by protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta). PKC-delta knockdown by siRNA significantly inhibited EGF-induced internalization of E-cadherin into the cytoplasm and blocked cell scattering. EGF phosphorylated PKC-delta at Y311 and ectopic expression of the mutant Y311F prevented PKC-delta binding to E-cadherin and EGF-induced cell scattering. Moreover, depletion of Src using siRNA decreased EGF-induced phosphorylation of PKC-delta at Y311 and blocked scattering. Finally, EGF reduced expression of the tight junction protein, occludin, and this effect was also mediated by PKC-delta through Src. In summary, PKC-delta mediated the effects of EGF on adherens and tight junctions thereby playing an important role in cell-cell adhesion with possible wider implications in tumor metastasis or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
Pediatric cardiac retransplantation: intermediate-term results

Abstract Background . Cardiac retransplantation (re-CTx) in children is a controversial therapy, yet it remains the best treatment option to recipients with failing grafts. Our objective was to determine the incidence of re-CTx in a large pediatric population of recipients and evaluate the outcome of such therapy. Methods . Between November 1985 and November 1999, 347 children underwent cardiac transplantation at the Loma Linda University Medical Center. Of these, 32 children were listed for re-CTx. Ten patients died while waiting, and 22 recipients underwent re-CTx. Median age at re-CTx was 7.1 years (range, 52 days to 20.1 years). Results . Indications for re-CTx were allograft vasculopathy (n = 16), primary graft failure (n = 5), and acute rejection (n = 1). Two patients with primary graft failure underwent retransplantation within 24 hours of the first transplantation procedure while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Median time interval to re-CTx for the others was 7.2 years (range, 32 days to 9.4 years). Operative mortality for all cardiac re-CTx procedures was 13.6%. Causes of hospital mortality were pulmonary hypertension with graft failure (n = 2) and multiorgan failure (n = 1). Median hospital stay after re-CTx was 14.1 days (range, 6 to 45 days). There was one late death from severe rejection. Actuarial survival at 3 years for re-CTx was 81.9% ± 8.9% compared with 77.3% ± 2.6% for primary cardiac transplantation recipients ( p = 0.70). Conclusions . Elective re-CTx can be performed with acceptable mortality. Although the number of patients undergoing retransplantation in this report is small and their long-term outcome is unknown, the intermediate-term survival after re-CTx is similar to that of children undergoing primary cardiac transplantation.
Mechanism of explosive eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

A small explosive eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, occurred in May 1924. The eruption was preceded by rapid draining of a lava lake and transfer of a large volume of magma from the summit reservoir to the east rift zone. This lowered the magma column, which reduced hydrostatic pressure beneath Halemaumau and allowed groundwater to flow rapidly into areas of hot rock, producing a phreatic eruption. A comparison with other events at Kilauea shows that the transfer of a large volume of magma out of the summit reservoir is not sufficient to produce a phreatic eruption. For example, the volume transferred at the beginning of explosive activity in May 1924 was less than the volumes transferred in March 1955 and January–February 1960, when no explosive activity occurred. Likewise, draining of a lava lake and deepening of the floor of Halemaumau, which occurred in May 1922 and August 1923, were not sufficient to produce explosive activity. A phreatic eruption of Kilauea requires both the transfer of a large volume of magma from the summit reservoir and the rapid removal of magma from near the surface, where the surrounding rocks have been heated to a sufficient temperature to produce steam explosions when suddenly contacted by groundwater.
Shintani zeta functions and Gross-Stark units for totally real fields

Let F be a totally real number field, and let p be a finite prime of F such that p splits completely in the finite abelian extension H of F. Tate has proposed a conjecture [22, Conjecture 5.4] stating the existence of a p-unit u in H with absolute values at the places above p specified in terms of the values at zero of the partial zeta functions associated to H/F. This conjecture is an analogue of Stark's conjecture, which Tate called the Brumer-Stark conjecture. Gross [12, Conjecture 7.6] proposed a refinement of the Brumer-Stark conjecture that gives a conjectural formula for the image of u in Fp×/E∧, where Fp denotes the completion of F at p and E∧ denotes the topological closure of the group of totally positive units E of F. We present a further refinement of Gross's conjecture by proposing a conjectural formula for the exact value of u in Fp×
Antibodies against the SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization sequence

Transport of large proteins into the nucleus requires both a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and exposure of that signal to components of the transport machinery. In this report, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were generated against the NLS of SV40 large T antigen. Several of these antibodies immunoprecipitated large T antigen produced by in vitro transcription-translation and recognized T antigen expressed in cultured cells. Binding of the antibodies to T antigen was quantified using an indirect radioimmunoassay and found to be specifically inhibited by peptides corresponding to the T antigen NLS. The ability of NLS-specific antibodies to recognize large T antigen suggests that the NLS is exposed on the surface of T antigen. When one of the NLS-specific monoclonal antibodies was introduced into the cytoplasm of cells expressing T antigen, the antibody remained cytoplasmic. These results suggested either that cytoplasmic components compete for binding to the NLS or that the antibody dissociates from T antigen during transport into the nucleus. When an antibody directed against an epitope distinct from the NLS was microinjected into the cytoplasm of cells expressing large T antigen, both the antibody and antigen were transported into the nucleus. The observed stability of the antigen-antibody complex strongly suggest protein unfolding is not required for nuclear protein transport.
African American Serial Killers: Over‐Represented Yet Underacknowledged

‘Can you name an African American (black) serial killer?’ In the US, the answer is often silence. For those who can remember, it might be Wayne Williams, the so-called ‘Atlanta child murderer’. More astute individuals could mention the more recent D.C. Snipers who, while not comparable to the traditional media portrayals of serial killers, do qualify as such, based on the FBI's assessment. The existence of African American serial killers is a fact that appears to have escaped the attention of the American public. Previous research has identified 90 black serial killers beginning in 1945, yet their notoriety and celebrity are absent from America's popular cultural landscape. Despite the fact that numerous television shows, news reports and films address serial murder in fictional and non-fictional portrayals, there remains a dearth of information and portrayals regarding black serial killers. This is an interesting conundrum. The media show little reticence in portraying black males as low-level criminals, but rarely portray them as serial killers. This article suggests that the unquestioned ethnocentric profile of the serial killer as a white male in the US was created by the FBI, and subsequent media portrayals have reinforced this myth. Consequently, the predominant media portrayals of serial murderers are white male perpetrators. The impact of race-based assumptions among law enforcement agencies and the public regarding the criminality of any group poses a danger to that whole society.
LEAD: leveraging protocol signatures for improving wireless link performance

Error correction is a fundamental problem in wireless system design as wireless links often suffer high bit error rate due to the effects of signal attenuation, multipath fading and interference. This paper presents a new cross-layer solution called LEAD to improve the performance of existing channel decoders. While the traditional wisdom of cross-layer design is to exploit physical layer information at upper-layers, LEAD represents a paradigm shift in that it leverages upper-layer protocol signatures to improve the performance of physical layer channel decoding. The approach of LEAD is motivated by two key insights. First, channel codes can correct more errors when the values of some bits, which we refer to as {\em pilots}, are known before decoding. Second, some header fields of upper-layer protocols are often fixed or highly biased toward certain values. These distinctive bit pattern signatures can thus be exploited as pilots to assist channel decoding. To realize this idea, we first characterize bit bias in real-life network traffic, and develop an efficient algorithm to extract pilot bits with assured prediction accuracy. We then propose a decoding framework to allow existing channel decoders to effectively exploit extracted pilots. We implement LEAD on GNURadio/USRP platform and evaluate its performance by replaying real-life packet traces on a testbed of 12 USRP links. Our results show that LEAD significantly improve wireless link performance, while incurring very low overhead. Specifically, LEAD reduces more than 90\% bit errors for 48.9\% packets, and improves the end-to-end link throughput by 1.43x to 1.93x over existing error correction schemes.
Antigen valence and Fc-localized secondary forces in antibody precipitation.

Abstract A tetravalent dinitrophenyl hapten, 1,6,11,16-tetra-(ϱ-N-Dnp)- l -lysine16‡ was synthesized. Upon interaction with specific antibody of moderate affinity (Kt = 6 × 106 M−1), a maximum of 80% precipitation occurred. Low pH or 2.5 M guanidine hydrochloride completely inhibited precipitation without significantly affecting hapten binding. Anti-Dnp (Fab')2 fragments also formed precipitates when mixed with the tetravalent hapten, but these were not soluble in 2.5 M guanidine hydrochloride, and the precipitation itself occurred over a much narrower range of hapten/antibody ratios than observed with intact molecules. These results suggest that a site located in the Fc region assists aggregation and preciptation in intact antibody molecules.
Serpiginous Choroiditis and Infectious Multifocal Serpiginoid Choroiditis

Serpiginous choroiditis (SC) is a posterior uveitis displaying a geographic pattern of choroiditis, extending from the juxtapapillary choroid and intermittently spreading centrifugally. The choroiditis involves the overlying retinal pigment epithelium, and the outer retina. This intraocular inflammation typically involves both eyes in otherwise healthy, middle-aged individuals with no familial or ethnic predilection. Pathogenesis is unclear; based on limited histopathologic studies, however, favorable response to immunosuppressive agents, and the absence of association with systemic or local infectious or noninfectious diseases, an organ-specific autoimmune inflammation seems likely to be the underlying process. Patients, particularly from tuberculosis-endemic regions, may present with fundus changes simulating SC, but show evidence of active tuberculosis and/or the presence of mycobacterial DNA in the aqueous humor. This has been referred to as serpiginous-like choroiditis, but we prefer the description multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis (MSC). We present the distinguishing features of SC and infectious multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis simulating SC. The distinction is crucial to avoid unnecessarily treating SC with antimicrobial agents. Advances in diagnostic and imaging modalities can help differentiate SC from MSC. Novel local and systemic treatment approaches improve the outcome and preserve vision in SC.
Convergence acceleration in Monte Carlo computer simulation on water and aqueous solutions

The convergence characteristics of standard Metropolis Monte Carlo calculations on liquid water and aqueous solutions are described, and documentation of the need for convergence acceleration procedures is presented. The acceleration procedures are additional importance sampling schemes added to the Metropolis method. The recently proposed ‘‘forced bias’’ and ‘‘preferential sampling’’ procedures are specifically considered. Comparative studies on liquid water at T=25 °C using the force bias method show that convergence is improved by a factor of 2–3 over standard Metropolis results. For aqueous solutions, force bias and preferential sampling procedures used separately and together were studied on a prototype aqueous solution problem based on the liquid water simulation. Neither method alone was found to be adequate for describing structural characteristics of solutions in realizations of the length presently used for simulations on pure liquids. A combination of the force bias and preferential sampling methods was found to be quite successful, and makes aqueous solutions accessible to simulation studies at levels of rigor commensurate with that obtained for pure liquids. Preliminary convergence acceleration results on [CH4]aq using the combined force bias‐preferential sampling acceleration methods are also presented.
Development of a novel hypereutectic aluminum-siliconmagnesium alloy for die casting

A novel hypereutectic die casting Al-Si-Mg alloy with relatively high Mg content was developed. The optimized microstructure of the alloy is characterized by a fine dispersion of eutectic Si and Mg2Si particles in an α-Al matrix which is devoid of primary silicon particles. Of the several modifiers used to refine the coarse morphology of the Mg2Si particles, an optimum combination of strontium and misch metal yielded the best results. The refined microstructure after a standard T6 heat treatment accounts for the enhanced room temperature tensile properties of castings made from this alloy.
The Forces Between Hydrogen Molecules

A quantitative calculation is made of the entire interaction called into play when two hydrogen molecules approach. The forces consist of three parts: exchange, quadrupole, and dispersion (van der Waals) forces. By compounding these, it is possible to account in a fundamental way for the size and the shape of the molecules. Also, the interaction curves (Fig. 2) are in reasonable agreement with empirical curves derived from second virial coefficients. Because of the complexity of the exchange force calculation, a simple state function of the Wang type (but with undetermined screening constant) was used in this work to represent the charge distribution within the molecule. Quadrupole moments are computed (Table V), and comments are made on the relation between the molecular problem treated in this paper, and the corresponding atomic problem (interaction between helium atoms).
Binding Hot Spots and Amantadine Orientation in the Influenza A Virus M2 Proton Channel

Structures of truncated versions of the influenza A virus M2 proton channel have been determined recently by x-ray crystallography in the open conformation of the channel, and by NMR in the closed state. The structures differ in the position of the bound inhibitors. The x-ray structure shows a single amantadine molecule in the middle of the channel, whereas in the NMR structure four drug molecules bind at the channel's outer surface. To study this controversy we applied computational solvent mapping, a technique developed for the identification of the most druggable binding hot spots of proteins. The method moves molecular probes—small organic molecules containing various functional groups—around the protein surface, finds favorable positions using empirical free energy functions, clusters the conformations, and ranks the clusters on the basis of the average free energy. The results of the mapping show that in both structures the primary hot spot is an internal cavity overlapping the amantadine binding site seen in the x-ray structure. However, both structures also have weaker hot spots at the exterior locations that bind rimantadine in the NMR structure, although these sites are partially due to the favorable interactions with the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer. As confirmed by docking calculations, the open channel binds amantadine at the more favorable internal site, in good agreement with the x-ray structure. In contrast, the NMR structure is based on a peptide/micelle construct that is able to accommodate the small molecular probes used for the mapping, but has a too narrow pore for the rimantadine to access the internal hot spot, and hence the drug can bind only at the exterior sites.
Servant-Leadership as Gender-Integrative Leadership: Paving a Path for More Gender-Integrative Organizations through Leadership Education.

Although numerous women have contributed essays and research on servant-leadership there is still a considerable gap in literature addressing feminist perspectives and issues of gender in servant-leadership. This theoretical paper attempts to fill that gap by presenting a discussion of servant-leadership that is informed through feminist scholarship. The intent is to build a theoretical foundation for conceiving servant-leadership as a gender-integrative approach to leadership. A further purpose is to propose gender-integrative discernment in leadership education programs and suggest using servant-leadership as a framework for discussing gender in leadership and organizations. Examples of implications for leadership education programs are discussed in terms of outcomes and assessment. Suggestions for course content are made.
Whey protein coating efficiency on mechanically roughened hydrophobic peanut surfaces

Mechanical roughening of commercially blanched-and-roasted peanuts efficiently improved whey protein coating efficiency. However, increased coating coverage varied significantly among peanuts, likely due to variable change of peanut surfaces during commercial processing and storage before coating. Coating efficiency was further improved and was more consistent on mechanically roughened freshly blanched-and-roasted peanuts compared to the commercially blanched-and-roasted peanuts. The improved coating efficiency without large variation on mechanically roughened freshly blanched-and-roasted peanuts may be the result of avoiding the re-formation of a waxy cuticle layer on peanut surfaces, which occurs during storage between commercial blanching/roasting process and the coating application. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of treated peanuts confirmed the effect of roughening, as well as disruption of the parenchyma cell structure of peanuts and the creation of channels that could allow oil migration to the peanut surface and subsequent formation of a waxy layer with long enough storage.
Prediction of SOI single-event effects using a simple physics-based SPICE model

Expensive and time-consuming three-dimensional (3-D) simulations have been previously employed to characterize single-event upsets of integrated circuits. This paper outlines a more practical engineering approach to SOI single-event effects modeling that involves simple closed-form one-dimensional (1-D) solutions to the carrier transport equations. Using Fourier analysis, the transport equations have direct 1-D closed form solutions for "low injection" conditions. One-dimensional numerical solutions are also obtained for "high injection" conditions (i.e., when the excess injected carrier concentration exceeds the background doping), including other nonlinearities such as the dependence of mobility on both the background concentrations and excess carrier concentrations. The 1-D equations for low injection are reasonable approximations for high injection in n-type material, but not for high injection in p-type material. However, a simple 1-D equation can still be used for high injection in p-type material. The 1-D equations are used with existing simple SPICE models, including models for the parasitic bipolar transistors. The 1-D model agrees well with predictions from 2-D and 3-D simulations. A circuit cell layout can be broken into various regions with differing SEU sensitivities, each with its own characterizing 1-D equation. This simple method leads to a theoretical prediction of cross-sectional area versus upset linear energy transfer (LET) that is in good agreement with experimental heavy ion SEU data for an SRAM. The method also accounts for strike angles in three dimensions.
Full-wave electromagnetic and quasi-static analysis of through silicon via

Through silicon via (TSV) is an essential component for three dimensional (3D) integration and packaging. Rigorous analysis of its electrical characteristics is necessary due to its small dimension, conductive silicon substrate and thin silicon dioxide isolation layer. Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis and equivalent circuit model extraction are performed in [1]-[4]. Passive circuit model extraction can prove inaccurate for all frequencies of interest and for modeling mutual coupling effects. This paper presents the comparison of full-wave, quasi-static and static analyses for the impedance matrices of different TSV structures and arrays. Frequency and parametric analyses are conducted to illustrate when accurate full-wave EM simulation is needed and when faster quasi-static or static simulation is sufficient. Design can be greatly enhanced by choosing the appropriate simulation tool for specific specifications.
Numerical analysis of dynamic crack propagation: Generation and prediction studies

Abstract Results of “generation” (determination of dynamic stress-intensity factor variation with time, for a specified crack-propagation history) studies, as well as “prediction” (determination of crack-propagation history for specified dynamic fracture toughness vs crack-velocity relationships) studies of dynamic crack propagation in plane-stress/strain situations are presented and discussed in detail. These studies were conducted by using a transient finite element method wherein the propagating stress-singularities near the propagating crack-tip have been accounted for. Details of numerical procedures for both the generation and prediction calculations are succinctly described. In both the generation and prediction studies, the present numerical results are compared with available experimental data. It is found that the important problem of dynamic crack propagation prediction can be accurately handled with the present procedures.
C-MEMS for the Manufacture of 3D Microbatteries

We have demonstrated that carbon-microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS), in which patterned photoresist is pyrolyzed in inert environment at high temperature, constitutes a powerful approach to building 3D carbon microelectrode arrays for 3D microbattery applications. High aspect ratio carbon posts (>10:1) are achieved by pyrolyzing SU-8 negative photoresist in a simple one step process. Lithium can be reversibly charged and discharged into these C-MEMS electrodes. Because of the additional volume of the posts, higher capacities are achieved with the 3D array electrodes as compared to unpatterned carbon films with the same projected electrode area. These novel electrode arrays represent one of the critical components for 3D batteries, which may be interconnected with C-MEMS leads to enable smart power management schemes.
Ecosystem respiration responses to experimental manipulations of winter and summer precipitation in a Mixedgrass Prairie, WY, USA

Changes in timing or amount of precipitation may be of great consequence for carbon cycling in the Mixedgrass Prairie of N. America, because CO2 fixation and efflux are tightly coupled to soil water properties. The objective of our project was to quantify how ecosystem respiration (Re) responds to experimental changes in winter and summer precipitation in a Mixedgrass Prairie using in situ field manipulations of snow depth and summer rain. Our study was conducted at the USDA-ARS High Plains Grasslands Research Station, west of Cheyenne, Wyoming. We installed three replicated 50 m snow fences to increase winter snow on the leeward side of the snow fence and experimentally manipulated summer precipitation by either increasing (+50%) or decreasing (−50%) precipitation amounts. We also measured ambient conditions. Re rates in May were around 2 g C m−2 d−1 for all treatments and increased to their greatest values in June, up to 10 g C m−2 d−1, with the ambient treatment having the largest flux rates. There were no treatment effects during the early summer, but by midsummer, Re rates were least in the reduced rainfall plots and greatest in the snow plots. Soil moisture and gross photosynthesis had strong influence on the daily Re rates, but soil temperature had little correlation with daily Re rates. In summary, the Re rates in this Mixedgrass Prairie are strongly influenced by changes in precipitation, especially winter snow accumulation. Thus, carbon cycle estimates under future climate change scenarios need to include not only the affects of changes in summer rain, but also, the consequences of deep snow in winter and itsȁ9 affect on carbon cycling processes in winter and subsequent summers.
Flow perfusion culture of mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering

Due to the limited supply of and numerous potential complications associated with current bone grafting materials, a tremendous clinical need exists for alternative biologically active implant materials capable of promoting bone regeneration in orthopaedic applications. Recent advances in tissue engineering technology have enabled the coating of biologically inactive materials, such as titanium fiber meshes, with a biologically active bone-like extracellular matrix produced by mesenchymal stem cells during in vitro culture. The resulting constructs can then be implanted as acellular scaffolds or as transplantation vehicles for mesenchymal stem cell populations to guide bone tissue regeneration in vivo. Such a novel tissue engineering strategy marks a paradigmatic shift in drug delivery approaches from delivering bioactive factors from a scaffold to generating constructs that contain biological signaling moieties produced by cells under engineered conditions in vitro. This chapter provides a brief introduction to general bone tissue engineering strategies and an overview of the seminal work from our laboratory in the application of mesenchymal stem cells in the in vitro generation of biologically active bone-like extracellular matrix constructs for bone tissue engineering.
Hydrogen peroxide and ozone formation in hybrid gas-liquid electrical discharge Reactors

Ozone in the gas phase and hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase were simultaneously formed in hybrid electrical discharge reactors, known as the hybrid-series and hybrid-parallel reactors, which utilize both gas phase nonthermal plasma formed above the water surface and direct liquid phase corona-like discharge in the water. In the series configuration the high voltage needle-point electrode is submerged and the ground electrode is placed in the gas phase above the water surface. The parallel configuration employs a high voltage electrode in the gas phase and a high voltage needle-point electrode in the liquid phase with the ground electrode placed at the gas-liquid interface. In both hybrid reactors the gas phase concentration of ozone reached a power-dependent steady state, whereas the hybrid-parallel reactor produced a substantially larger amount of ozone than the hybrid series. Hydrogen peroxide was produced in both hybrid reactors at a similar rate to that of a single-phase liquid electrical discharge reactor. The resulting concentration of H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ in the hybrid reactors, however, depended on the pH of the solution and the gas phase ozone concentration since H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ was decomposed by dissolved ozone at high pH.
Missourian and Virgilian Brachiopod Biostratigraphy, Bird Spring Group at Arrow Canyon, Clark County, Nevada: ABSTRACT

The Arrow Canyon section of the Bird Spring Group has been proposed as a stratotype section for the base of the Pennsylvanian and of the Permian because of its apparently uninterrupted deposition across those boundaries, extensive invertebrate fauna, nearly total exposure, and readiness of access. Both fusulinid zonation and detailed petrographic studies have already been End_Page 594------------------------------ completed. The Missourian and Virgilian sequence includes about 132 m of carbonate rocks divided into 46 units for collection and description. Eighteen of these units yielded a silicified brachiopod assemblage totaling 21 strophomenids and 17 taxa of other orders. Fossil abundance is greatest in the lower part of the Missourian and from the topmost Missourian through the middle Virgilian. Correlation with the middle Virgilian of North Texas and, perhaps, the lower Missourian of the southwest is especially strong. Notable range extensions include: (1) Paeckelmanella? n. sp., an otherwise Arctic Permian taxon, in the Virgilian; (2) Mesolobus euampygus in the Early Missourian, an extension of generic range from the Desmoinesian; (3) Paucispinifer n. sp., a Permian genus occurring in the issourian; and (4) Neospirifer latus lateralis, a Missourian species occurring in the Virgilian. In addition, Calliprotonia n. sp. is reported the second occurrence of this genus in the North American Virgilian. End_of_Article - Last_Page 595------------
Origin of the Societe des Americanistes, Paris

Pascal Riviale (1991) produced a two volume dissertation summarizing the work of French scholars involved in anthropology, ethnography, and archaeology in Peru from the beginning of Peruvian independence in 1821 up until World War 1. From the commentary, it is clear that not only does this volume trace individual scholars, and institu­tions involved in archaeologically-related research, but it develops a number of general intellectual themes as well. Riviale has recently (1996) extracted a portion of his dissertation relating to the events leading up to the founding of the Society of Americanists, Paris, in 1895. Because he is focusing in this case on the origin of a specific organiza­tion, he concentrates on exegesis of the institutional antecedents from 1821 onward.
Traffic Capacity of Three Types of Common-User Mobile Radio Communication Systems

The traffic-carrying capability of three types of common-user mobile radio systems are derived and compared; they are also compared with a private-user system. The systems considered make use of multichannel capability for mobile units or a dispersed array of base stations, or both.