cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the Round: Aboriginal Title in the Common Law from a Tsilhqot’in Legal Perspective

This paper provides one approach for addressing the identification and understanding of Indigenous legal traditions and the laws they produce. In the process of determining whether Aboriginal title has been proven at common law, a court must take into consideration the Indigenous legal perspective. Unfortunately, the method explaining how to go about this task is largely undefined. Through the work of the Indigenous Laws Research Group at the University of Victoria, and with the assistance of the Indigenous Bar Association and others, scholars and lawyers alike, a new method for identifying Indigenous laws and legal principles in oral stories has emerged over the past few years and is constantly being refined. This paper offers an example of the case-brief method as applied to a few of the Indigenous oral stories of the Tsilhqot’in Nation, the first First Nation to prove Aboriginal title at common law. The author is not proposing a one-size-fits-all approach to learning how Indigenous legal systems work and identifying the laws therein contained. On the contrary, the method is but one way of gaining a glimpse into complex legal orders that existed and continue to exist despite the late arrival and interruption of European legal systems, reducing to a simple deduction that Indigenous laws need not integrate with the common law to attain validity — they exist independent of Canadian law, valid in their own right.
MECHANISMS OF INTERFERENCE WITH THE MHC CLASS I-RESTRICTED PATHWAY OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BY HERPESVIRUSES

Herpesviruses are an ancient, ubiquitous family of DNA viruses, most of which share a lifestyle of latently or persistently infecting a young host, and spreading to infect a new host a generation later. Most herpesviruses interfere with antigen presentation via the MHC class I-restricted pathway of antigen presentation, suggesting that impairment of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is necessary for the maintenance of this lifestyle. The diverse molecular mechanisms that have so far been discovered employed by Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex viruses, and human and murine cytomegaloviruses are described in this review.
Hand-Held and High-Throughput Biosensor with Plasmonics and Lens-Free Imaging

We introduce a hand-held and low-cost biosensor based on plasmonic microarrays and lens-free on-chip imaging for label-free and high-throughput biodetection. Our technology, 60g in weight and 7.5cm in height, is highly suitable for point-of-care applications.
Understanding and Avoidance of Agglomeration During Drying Processes: A Case Study

A systematic investigation into possible causes of agglomeration during drying was carried out, with a view to reduce the amount of agglomerates present in an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Several tools used in this study are described, including rheology to elucidate how the interplay of agitation (during drying and critical solvent levels) can aggravate agglomeration, and sieving to quantify the extent of agglomeration and the hardness of the resulting agglomerates. Finally, the implementation of a modified wash and the use of a blow-through protocol were demonstrated at pilot-plant scale to be effective in dramatically reducing the extent of agglomeration.
The Tail Wagging the Dog: Insights into Catalysis in R67 Dihydrofolate Reductase

Plasmid-encoded R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes a hydride transfer reaction between substrate dihydrofolate (DHF) and its cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). R67 DHFR is a homotetramer that exhibits numerous characteristics of a primitive enzyme, including promiscuity in binding of substrate and cofactor, formation of nonproductive complexes, and the absence of a conserved acid in its active site. Furthermore, R67’s active site is a pore, which is mostly accessible by bulk solvent. This study uses a computational approach to characterize the mechanism of hydride transfer. Not surprisingly, NADPH remains fixed in one-half of the active site pore using numerous interactions with R67. Also, stacking between the nicotinamide ring of the cofactor and the pteridine ring of the substrate, DHF, at the hourglass center of the pore, holds the reactants in place. However, large movements of the p-aminobenzoylglutamate tail of DHF occur in the other half of the pore because of ...
Verification and validation of hearing aids: Opportunity not an obstacle

Verification and validation are objective and subjective measurements of hearing aid function. Many studies have provided rationales for performing these measurements as necessary for hearing aid practitioners to provide the highest level of care. Several researchers have suggested that completing these measurements as part of routine clinical care will reduce the number of return visits, reduce the number of aids returned for credit, and increase patient satisfaction. The purpose of this review article is to provide background, method and rationale for practitioners to use these measurements to improve their practice of hearing healthcare.
Effect of combination therapy with clostridium butyricum and racecadotril on acute watery diarrhea in children

Objective: To explore the effect of combination therapy with clostridium butyricum and racecadotril on acute watery diarrhea in children.Methods: A total of 116 children with acute watery diarrhea were randomly divided into two groups by half.Besides comprehensive therapy such as diet regulation,fluid therapy,patients in treatment group were treated by combination therapy with clostridium butyricum and racecadotril,while patients in control group were treated by combination therapy of clostridium butyricum and montmorillonite powder.The frequency of diarrhea,antiemetic and antipyretic effect were observed and compared.Results: The frequency of diarrhea in 24 h,48 h and 72 h were 6.62±2.31,3.27±1.25 and 1.59±0.76 times/d in treatment group,while 8.32±2.92,4.82±2.04 and 1.86±0.99 times/d in control group.There was significant difference between two groups(P0.05 or 0.01).The time of antiemetic was(17.52±9.86) h and(29.75±13.82) h,respectively,with significant difference between two groups(P 0.01).And antipyretic time was(17.52±9.86) h and(29.75±13.82) h with significant difference between two groups(P0.05).Conclusions: Combination therapy with clostridium butyricum and racecadotril is more effective on relieving diarrhea and vomiting,but it can′t shorten the course and has no antipyretic.
Abdominal Straining in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Abstract: We evaluated 46 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate for abdominal straining associated with voiding. All patients were evaluated preoperatively by means of detailed symptom analysis, excretory urography, cystoscopy and urodynamic studies, including spontaneous uroflowmetry, medium fill water cystometry and pressure flow study. Of the patients 72 per cent strained preoperatively and the majority continued to strain 3 and 12 months postoperatively. No correlation was identified between straining and urodynamic or Symptomatologic indicators of bladder outlet obstruction. Patients who strained and those who did not strain experienced neither subjective nor objective differences postoperatively. A positive correlation between straining and age was identified. We speculate that straining might be based on individual habits and that the tendency to strain increases with advancing age.
Cortical steroids, configurations at C20 relative to C17.

Sieben inaktive Begleit-Corticosteroide, die vonReichstein und anderen aus der Nebennierenrinde isoliert worden sind, enthalten ein Asymmetriezentrum in C20. Es sind bisher sind noch keine Schlusfolgerungen bezuglich der Konfiguration der naturlichen Substanzen in diesem Zentrum relativ zum Rest des Molekuls gezogen worden.
Nimbus-7 SMMR Polarization Responses to Snow Depth in the Mid-Western U.S.

Analysis of January and February 1979 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data has revealed discrepancies in the responses of vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperature ( T B ) data to snow in the state of Indiana. Ten satellite overpasses were analyzed between January 8 and February 21, 1979. In four cases, the horizontally polarized T B s correlated with snow depth significantly better than did the vertically polarized T B s. These four overpasses occurred either when the snowpack was building up or when it had metamorphosed and/or was melting. For example, on February 17, the coefficient of correlation, R , between vertically polarized T B and snow depth was R = -.46 while it was R = -.86 for the horizontally polarized T B data. Just prior to February 17, air temperatures rose above 0°C in the study area causing melting of the snowpack. On February 17, air temperatures dropped well below 0°C and the snow and water in the snowpack froze causing a metamorphosis of the snowpack. It is concluded that horizontally polarized T B data may be more useful than vertically polarized data for analysis of snow in regions in which there are a range of snowpack conditions, or where a snowpack undergoes rapid metamorphosis. However, analysis of both polarizations may reveal information concerning the structure of a snowpack.
The Alexander Technique and Contemporary Dance: An Interview between Marsha and Robert Barsky

The Alexander Technique, based on the writings and teachings of F. M. Alexander, is a process of learning how to move with more ease, freedom, efficiency, support and balance. The technique encourages reliable integration and coordination of the mental, physical, emotional and spiritual spheres, by awakening and refining sensory awareness. It promotes a deep understanding to the means whereby we respond to stimuli, thus fostering a harmonious relationship to Self. The essence of the Alexander Technique is movement, and as the process of learning and understanding the technique unfolds, the potential for free and unfettered movement is experienced in the entire being. Modern dancers, in particular might be drawn to the Alexander Technique since the very nature and origins of modern dance deal with the freedom of self- expression in motion. Modern dancers are adept negotiators of the body, and in their work they explore a whole range of movements and facets of moving. Through diligent exploration of finely sophisticated movement patterns, a dancer’s kinesthetic sense is, -- through Alexander work, -- sharpened, refined and developed to permit the mover to perceive and convey the subtlest movement shifts.
Religion in Legal Thought and Practice: Religion and the Life of a Lawyer

This chapter begins with my attempt to articulate in general terms what seem to me those aspects of law practice that most embody its potential for personal fulfillment. They are not expressed in religious terms, although to some extent they could be. That apart, ask yourself whether they resonate with a list that you might make. To do that, you will need to call to mind a list of your own. That's the idea. Following my essay, Timothy Floyd's thesis about the merit of a “virtues-based,” rather than a rules-based, approach to ethical questions will serve as a bridge from secular to religious modes of thinking about moral obligation in law practice. At the same time, it may aid your escape from the academic or doctrinal approach to the subject ordinarily taken in professional-responsibility courses. Seth Kreimer and Joseph Allegretti then address the question of a lawyer's responsibilities in avowedly religious terms, out of their respective Jewish and Christian traditions. I encourage you to notice whether your finding resonance with their ideas depends on, or is independent of, the degree of your alignment with their specific religious tradition, or indeed with your response to religious ways of thinking more generally.
A systematic node placement strategy for multi-tier heterogeneous network graphs

The problem of connectivity in heterogeneous networks constitutes an important yet challenging topic in the literature of communication networks. A heterogeneous network contains nodes with different communication radii and degrees of connectivity. This paper addresses the problem of connectivity in multi-tier heterogeneous network graphs through systematic placement of advantaged nodes. The node placement method is based on a so-called hexagonal coordinate system (HCS) in which we develop an extended algebra. Relying on the HCS, we formulate and solve a class of geometric distance optimization problems aiming at guaranteeing the connectivity of a graph of multiple clusters of nodes. We show the effectiveness of our approach through experimental results in comparison with minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithms.
Measurement of excitation functions for the natMo(d,x)99Mo and natMo(p,x)99Mo reactions

The excitation functions for proton and deuteron induced reactions on natural molybdenum for the production of ⁹⁹Mo were measured. The proton induced reaction was measured in the energy range of 11.3-49.6 MeV, and the deuteron induced reaction was measured in the energy range of 9.7-58.5 MeV. Both beams were generated by the 88" cyclotron located at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The results are compared to previously published data. Thick target yields were obtained by direct measurement, in addition to being determined by integration of the measured cross sections.
Superconductivity in Single Unit Cell YBa2Cu3O7−x Layers in YBa2Cu3O7−x/PrBa2Cu3O7−x Superlattices

Nonsymmetric epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−x/PrBa2Cu3O7−x(YBCO/PrBCO) superlattices in which the YBCO layers are superconducting and the PrBCO layers are insulating have been grown by pulsed laser ablation and used to study the occurrence of superconductivity in YBCO layers as thin as a single unit cell, as well as the effects of varying the coupling between YBCO layers. M(YBCO) × N(PrBCO) superlattices containing single-cell, two-cell, and three-cell-thick YBCO layers, with the c-axis along the growth direction and containing up to 30 periods (60 epitaxial layers), were studied. For all structures, we find an initial rapid decrease of the zero-resistance transition temperature, TCO, with increasing PrBCO layer thickness. However, TCO saturates for thicker PrBCO layers as the YBCO layers become isolated from each other. A limiting TCO value of ~19 K was found for single-cell-thick YBCO layers. The transition widths in the 1 × N structures are about twice those in the 2 × N structures. We find no evidence that coupling is necessary between isolated single-cell-thick YBCO layers to obtain nonzero TCO, although interlayer interactions clearly enhance TCO. Thus, the superconducting behavior of a single-cell-thick YBCO layer in a PrBCO matrix is demonstrated.
Women and Cardiovascular Disease What Can Health Care Providers Do to Reduce the Risks

Cardiovascular disease impacts everybody and places significant burdens on the health care system. Educating women on their risks and how to reduce these risks will not only make women more aware but will help to improve lives and reduce health care costs. This commentary will review heart disease in women and what women can do to improve their cardiovascular health.
Near real-time improved UUV positioning through channel estimation - the Unscented Kalman Filter approach

The primary objective of this work is to enhance the navigational and positioning accuracy of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) by networking a number of Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) utilizing underwater acoustic modems and acoustic travel time calculations. In a previous work [1], a tracking algorithm based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was developed presenting satisfactory results, but the assumption of the errors being Gaussian and zero mean at the base of the EKF is violated by the presence of nonlinearities in the measurement equation. In this work, a more suitable approach based on the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is presented and its results compared to the existing approach. A combination of the EKF/UKF with a Smoothing Algorithm was developed and extensively tested with synthetic data. To validate the concepts, the tracking algorithms (EKF and UKF based) were applied to data collected during sea tests that took place in Monterey Bay in August, 2015.
Prediction of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Grade Based on CT Features and Texture Analysis.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this study were to assess whether CT texture analysis and CT features are predictive of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) grade based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and to identify features related to disease progression after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Preoperative contrast-enhanced CT images of 101 patients with PNETs were assessed. The images were evaluated for tumor location, tumor size, tumor pattern, predominantly solid or cystic composition, presence of calcification, presence of heterogeneous enhancement on contrast-enhanced images, presence of pancreatic duct dilatation, presence of pancreatic atrophy, presence of vascular involvement by the tumor, and presence of lymphadenopathy. Texture features were also extracted from CT images. Surgically verified tumors were graded according to the WHO classification, and patients underwent CT or MRI follow-up after surgical resection. Data were analyzed with chi-square tests, kappa statistics, log...
Dredging Paradise: The Making of San Diego’s Mission Bay Aquatic Park

San Diego, California has a reputation for being a kind of paradise, at least for those who enjoy beaches, bays, boating, fishing, and other water-oriented activities. Creating this paradise, however, has required much work over a long period of time. It called for not only dredging San Diego Bay and the mudflats once known as False Bay, but also changing the course of the San Diego River. These works were instrumental in the creation of major tourist resorts, such as those found in Mission Bay Aquatic Park and in the newly created Harbor and Shelter Island peninsulas on San Diego Bay. The focus of this chapter is on the former area.
Cytogenetics of acute and chronic myelofibrosis

In myelofibrosis, acute or chronic, as well as in other myeloproliferative disorders which carry an increased risk of developing leukemia, a clone of hemic cells with a chromosome abnormality is a relatively common occurrence. To date, however, the presence or absence of a cytogenetic alteration has not been of prognostic value with respect to subsequent clinical course. No particular karyotypic change is specific for myelofibrosis, but many of the same non-random abnormalities occur as in other leukemic and preleukemic states. Both cytogenetic and isoenzyme data indicate that the fibrous tissue in the marrow is not part of the myeloproliferative clone.
Calculation of oil droplet size distribution in ocean oil spills: A review.

Abstract Calculation of oil droplet size distribution is one of the key components of ocean oil spill models. Oil fate and transport calculations of the model are significantly impacted by the droplet size distribution. Accuracy of the model predictions heavily depend on how well the model can calculate or represent oil droplet sizes. However, in early oil spill models, the importance of oil droplet size calculation has been overlooked and they used simple empirical formulas. In recent decades, there have been some significant improvements in understanding of oil droplet size calculations. Both experimental studies as well as numerical studies have been contributed to improve oil droplet size calculations. The traditional equilibrium models have been improved while droplet dynamics models provided a different dimension to the oil DSD calculations. Thus, at this stage it is important to review the existing studies and methods of oil droplet size calculation. The objective of this paper is to review the development of oil droplet size calculation in ocean oil spill models highlighting the recent improvements. Furthermore, this paper discusses the capabilities and limitations of different approaches in calculating oil droplet size distribution in both underwater and surface oil spill models and discuss their applicability to different situations. This study will provide a good guideline for future oil spill model developments to improve the oil droplet size calculations.
Abstract 3644: Blood tumor mutational burden (bTMB) from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a biomarker for both mutational status and tumor burden in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Background: Tissue tumor mutational burden (tTMB) has emerged as a viable biomarker for response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in multiple histologies including NSCLC. Blood TMB (bTMB) is a novel summative measure of ctDNA genomic alterations in the peripheral blood. Few studies have examined the clinical utility and correlation of bTMB with tumor burden and survival. Methods: We identified 53 patients, retrospectively, who had paired blood (Guardant Health) and tissue (Foundation Medicine) next-generation sequencing testing. bTMB was determined by taking the number of reported mutations over the sequencing length of ctDNA. bTMB was calculated for research purposes and has not been approved for clinical use. From the cohort, 36 patients had baseline CT scans with measurable scores by RECIST version 1.1. Survival analyses by quartile were performed for the subset of patients (N=18 PFS, N=19 OS) treated with ICB. Results: bTMB was significantly correlated with baseline RECIST tumor burden estimations (p=0.010, Pearson Correlation, r=0.42, Table 1). There was a trend toward mutant allele frequency (MAF) of the highest clone in blood correlating with RECIST score (p=0.061). No significant correlation was found when comparing blood and tissue TMB scores in paired patients (p=0.70). In the subset of patients treated with ICB, higher bTMB was significantly associated with shorter PFS (HR 1.81 [1.03-3.18], p=0.038) and OS (HR 2.23 [1.09-4.58], p=0.029). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility and clinical utility of bTMB. Our findings may indicate that bTMB reflects tumor shedding into the blood as a surrogate for tumor burden and heterogeneity given the correlation with RECIST scores. In survival analyses, higher bTMB predicted shorter survival, which also reflects bTMB as a biomarker for tumor burden. Prospective studies are necessary to study bTMB in larger cohorts of patients treated with ICB. Citation Format: Andrew A. Davis, Carlos Galvez, Alan Pan, Nisha Mohindra, Victoria Villaflor, Young Kwang Chae. Blood tumor mutational burden (bTMB) from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a biomarker for both mutational status and tumor burden in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3644.
Using the Airborne Snow Observatory to Assess Remotely Sensed Snowfall Products in the California Sierra Nevada

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA Energy and Water Cycle Study [NNH13ZDA001N-NEWS]; NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Programs; NASA Western Water Applications Office
Simultaneous determination of major peanut allergens Ara h1 and Ara h2 in baked foodstuffs based on their signature peptides using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

A robust ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method with tandem mass spectrometry was established for the quantitative analysis of the major peanut allergens Ara h1 and Ara h2 in baked foodstuffs based on their signature peptides. Tryptic peptides DLAFPGSGEQVEK and NLPQQCGLR were selected as the target analytes for Ara h1 and Ara h2, respectively. Their corresponding isotope-labeled peptides DL*AFPGSGEQV*EK and NL*PQQCGL*R were synthesized and used as internal standards to overcome matrix effects during sample analysis. The Ara h1 or Ara h2 content values in samples were calculated according to the measured signature peptide of Ara h1 or Ara h2 and the calibration curve established using the hydrolysates of their corresponding proteins. The limits of quantification for Ara h1 and Ara h2 were 0.30 and 0.13 mg kg−1, respectively. The developed method had satisfactory accuracy, precision, and sensitivity according to in-house validation. The current method was successfully employed to measure the peanut allergens Ara h1 and Ara h2 in commercial baked foods, and could be considered a robust candidate method for promoting the quality control of commercial baked foods and providing accurate allergen warning information.
The utility of deep learning: evaluation of a convolutional neural network for detection of intracranial bleeds on non-contrast head computed tomography studies

While rapid detection of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on computed tomography (CT) is a critical step in assessing patients with acute neurological symptoms in the emergency setting, prioritizing scans for radiologic interpretation by the acuity of imaging findings remains a challenge and can lead to delays in diagnosis at centers with heavy imaging volumes and limited staff resources. Deep learning has shown promise as a technique in aiding physicians in performing this task accurately and expeditiously and may be especially useful in a resource-constrained context. Our group evaluated the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model developed by Aidoc (Tel Aviv, Israel). This model is one of the first artificial intelligence devices to receive FDA clearance for enabling radiologists to triage patients after scan acquisition. The algorithm was tested on 7112 non-contrast head CTs acquired during 2016–2017 from a two, large urban academic and trauma centers. Ground truth labels were assigned to the test data per PACS query and prior reports by expert neuroradiologists. No scans from these two hospitals had been used during the algorithm training process and Aidoc staff were at all times blinded to the ground truth labels. Model output was reviewed by three radiologists and manual error analysis performed on discordant findings. Specificity was 99%, sensitivity was 95%, and overall accuracy was 98%. In summary, we report promising results of a scalable and clinically pragmatic deep learning model tested on a large set of real-world data from high-volume medical centers. This model holds promise for assisting clinicians in the identification and prioritization of exams suspicious for ICH, facilitating both the diagnosis and treatment of an emergent and life-threatening condition.
The role of membrane excitability in pancreatic β-cell glucotoxicity

Persistent hyperglycemia is causally associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss of pancreatic insulin. Glucose normally enhances β-cell excitability through inhibition of KATP channels, opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, increased [Ca2+]i, which triggers insulin secretion. Glucose-dependent excitability is lost in islets from KATP-knockout (KATP-KO) mice, in which β-cells are permanently hyperexcited, [Ca2+]i, is chronically elevated and insulin is constantly secreted. Mouse models of human neonatal diabetes in which KATP gain-of-function mutations are expressed in β-cells (KATP-GOF) also lose the link between glucose metabolism and excitation-induced insulin secretion, but in this case KATP-GOF β-cells are chronically underexcited, with permanently low [Ca2+]i and lack of glucose-dependent insulin secretion. We used KATP-GOF and KATP-KO islets to examine the role of altered-excitability in glucotoxicity. Wild-type islets showed rapid loss of insulin content when chronically incubated in high-glucose, an effect that was reversed by subsequently switching to low glucose media. In contrast, hyperexcitable KATP-KO islets lost insulin content in both low- and high-glucose, while underexcitable KATP-GOF islets maintained insulin content in both conditions. Loss of insulin content in chronic excitability was replicated by pharmacological inhibition of KATP by glibenclamide, The effects of hyperexcitable and underexcitable islets on glucotoxicity observed in in vivo animal models are directly opposite to the effects observed in vitro: we clearly demonstrate here that in vitro, hyperexcitability is detrimental to islets whereas underexcitability is protective.
A pilot study of safety and efficacy of HCV retreatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with or without HIV (RESOLVE STUDY).

Background & Aims Cure rates in response to retreatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir (SOF/VEL/VOX) are high, but this regimen has not been studied in patients with a history of poor adherence or treatment interruption, nor in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Herein, we aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of this combination in patients with genotype 1 HCV infection who had relapsed following combination direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, regardless of HIV infection or previous treatment course. Methods The RESOLVE study was a multicenter, open-label, phase IIb study investigating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of SOF/VEL/VOX in 77 patients with virologic rebound following combination DAA therapy. Efficacy was defined as HCV RNA below the lower limit of detection 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12), while safety endpoints included the incidence of grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs) following treatment, and the proportion of patients who stopped treatment prematurely due to AEs. Results In an intent-to-treat analysis, 70/77 (90.9%, 95% CI 82.1–95.8%) patients achieved SVR12, including 14/17 (82.4%) HIV coinfected participants and 18/22 (81.8%) of those with previous non-completion of DAA therapy. In an analysis of all patients who completed 12 weeks of study medication, 70/71 patients (99%) achieved SVR12. One patient experienced a grade 3 AE, and 4 experienced a grade 4 AE, all unrelated to study participation. Reported AEs were similar in HIV-coinfected patients, and patients receiving dolutegravir-based antiretroviral treatment experienced no clinically significant increases in aminotransferases. Conclusion Retreatment with 12 weeks of SOF/VEL/VOX was safe and effective in patients with relapsed HCV following initial combination DAA-based treatment. Treatment response was not affected by HIV coinfection or previous treatment course. Lay summary Twelve weeks of the combination of direct-acting antivirals (SOF/VEL/VOX) was safe and effective in patients with relapsed hepatitis C virus infection who had previously received combination therapy with direct-acting antivirals. Treatment response was not diminished by HIV coinfection, or non-completion of previous direct-acting antiviral-based therapy.
Children's physiological reactivity in emotion contexts and prosocial behavior

Introduction Building on prior evidence that prosocial behavior is related to the regulation of personal distress in difficult situations, and given that physiological regulation is a central contributor to effective emotion regulation, this investigation evaluated whether and how children's autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity during emotion challenges influenced later expressions of prosocial behavior. Methods The current study utilized a diverse sample of school-aged children (N = 169; 47.9% female; 47.3% Latinx) to evaluate relations between children's parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) and sympathetic (i.e., pre-ejection period; PEP) reactivity in response to each of three film-elicited emotion challenges (i.e., sadness, happiness, and fear) at age 7 and both observed and parent-reported prosocial behavior one year later. Results Children's parasympathetic reactivity to a film eliciting sadness evidenced a nonlinear relation with later prosocial sharing such that children who evidenced either RSA withdrawal or augmentation in response to the sad emotion challenge engaged in higher levels of prosocial behavior than children who evidenced relatively low or absent reactivity. Parasympathetic reactivity to films eliciting happiness or fear was not significantly related to later prosocial behavior. Likewise, children's sympathetic reactivity in response to the emotion challenges did not significantly predict later prosocial behavior. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary support for a nonlinear association between children's parasympathetic emotion reactivity and later prosocial behavior, and suggest that children's ANS regulation in sad emotion contexts may be particularly important for understanding prosocial development.
Optimizing Outcomes in Outpatient Obesity Management

Obesity is a complicated disease that requires a comprehensive, longitudinal approach to effectively manage it. Just as other chronic diseases such as heart disease or cancer require varying levels of care depending on where the patient may be in the disease process, obesity is no different. Generally speaking, as complex and sophisticated as our current healthcare system is, we are failing miserably when it comes to the prevention and treatment of obesity. Our system is not currently set up to provide care for obesity at varying intensity levels, nor is it clear whose responsibility it is to provide this care. In the optimal setting, all providers would receive thorough training as it relates to the pathophysiology, and the prevention and treatment of obesity and care would be provided to all patients who desire treatment. A disease as complicated and detrimental to patients and our economy as obesity should not be allowed to be listed as an exclusion in healthcare policies, which is currently the norm rather than the exception. Obesity is a public health crisis of epidemic proportions that requires a global, comprehensive all hands-on deck approach to prevention and treatment. This chapter will explore the outpatient management of obesity and what comprehensive care entails. In this chapter we will use the feminine pronoun for simplicity, understanding that it pertains to all gender identities.
TrkB agonists prevent post-ischemic BDNF-TrkB mediated emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in CD-1 pups.

Refractory neonatal seizures do not respond to first-line anti-seizure medications (ASMs) like phenobarbital (PB), a positive allosteric modulator for GABA-A receptors, the most widely used ASM to treat neonatal seizures. GABA-A receptor-mediated inhibition is dependent upon neuronal chloride regulation. The electroneutral cation-chloride transporter KCC2 mediates neuronal chloride extrusion; an age-dependent increase of KCC2 expression enables the shift of GABAergic signaling from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. BDNF-TrkB activation following excitotoxic injury recruits downstream targets like PLCγ1, leading to KCC2 hypofunction. This study investigated the efficacy of partial and full TrkB agonists; LM22A-4 (LM), HIOC and Deoxygedunin (DG) respectively, on PB-refractory seizures, post-ischemic TrkB-pathway activation, and KCC2 membrane stability in a P7 CD-1 mouse model of refractory neonatal seizures. Anti-seizure efficacy was determined by quantifying seizure burdens with continuous video-EEG. LM rescued PB-refractory seizures in a sexually dimorphic manner. LM anti-seizure efficacy was associated with a significant reduction in the post-ischemic phosphorylation of TrkB at Y816, a site known to mediate post-ischemic KCC2 hypofunction via PLCγ1 activation. LM additionally rescued ischemia-induced pKCC2-S940 dephosphorylation preserving its membrane stability. HIOC and DG, two novel full TrkB agonists, also rescued PB-refractoriness and post-ischemic TrkB-PLCγ1 pathway activation. Additionally, chemogenetic inactivation of TrkB significantly reduced post-ischemic neonatal seizure burdens at P7. Developmental expression profiles of TrkB and KCC2 in naive pups identified developmental differences that may underlie the sex-dependent variance in anti-seizure efficacy. These results support a novel role for the TrkB receptor in the emergence of age-dependent refractory neonatal seizures.
In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of lithium carbonate removal from garnet-type solid-state electrolyte using ultra high vacuum techniques

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are of significant interest for their promise as lithium ion conducting materials but are prone to degradation due to lithium carbonate formation on the surface upon exposure to atmosphere, adversely impacting Li ion conduction. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy monitored changes in the composition of the SSE Li garnet [Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTaO)] upon annealing in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and upon Ar+ ion sputtering. Trends in core level spectra demonstrate that binding energy (BE) calibration of the Li 1s at 56.4 eV yields a more consistent interpretation of results than the more commonly used standard of the adventitious C 1s at 284.8 eV. Annealing one ambient-exposed sample to >1000 K in UHV effectively reduced surface carbonate and oxygen, leaving significant amounts of carbon in lower oxidation states. A second ambient-exposed sample was subjected to 3 keV Ar+ ion sputtering at 500 K in UHV, which eliminated all surface carbon and reduced the O 1s intensity and BE. These methods present alternative approaches to lithium carbonate removal than heating or polishing in inert atmospheres and are compatible with fundamental surface science studies. In particular, the data show that sputtering at mildly elevated temperatures yields facile elimination of carbonate and other forms of surface carbon. This is in contrast to annealing in either UHV or noble gas environments, which result in carbonate reduction, but with significant remnant coverages of other forms of carbon.
Factors implicated in response to treatment/prognosis of vestibular migraine

To identify patient factors that influence response to therapy in patients with vestibular migraines. A retrospective cohort study was performed at a university-based tertiary medical center. Patients: 47 patients evaluated for treatment of definite vestibular migraine, per the Barany Society criteria, from 2015 to 2019. Interventions: A protocol of antidepressants, antiepileptics, beta blockers, and vestibular rehabilitation. Patients failing initial therapy received botulinum toxin per the PREEMPT protocol. Vestibular rehabilitation for motion desensitization in case of known vestibular dysfunction. Outcome measures: Quality of life measured per the dizziness handicap inventory (DHI). Pre- and post-treatment DHI scores (total and domain scores) and change in DHI were correlated against patient-specific variables to determine factors associated with change in response to therapy. Patient factors included demographic variables, medical comorbidities, comorbid otologic or pain symptoms, treatment modality, and initial DHI scores. 47 patients underwent therapy for vestibular migraine. This population had a significant DHI reduction of 17.3 ± 25.2 (p < 0.001) with therapy. Univariate analysis showed that female gender, comorbid benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and high initial DHI were significantly associated with greater reduction in DHI scores (s = − 7.92, p = 0.033; s = − 18.65, p = 0.028; s = − 0.458, p = 0.016, respectively). Conversely, cervicalgia and oscillopsia were significantly associated with a lower reduction in DHI scores (s = 5.525, p = 0.024 and s = 21.48, p = 0.027, respectively). Vestibular migraine is a complex disorder with heterogeneous response to therapy. This study shows that patient-specific factors of gender, cervicalgia, oscillopsia, BPPV, and high DHI scores on presentation may influence response to common vestibular migraine therapy.
Teachers’ Role in Students’ Learning at a Project-Based STEM High School: Implications for Teacher Education

This study explored how teachers engage and support students at a project-based STEM high school to identify key elements defining students’ learning experiences in a project-based environment. Interviews and surveys provided students’ and teachers’ perspectives of challenges and supports in the project-based learning process. The teachers’ support was personal and caring, they challenged students and provided responsive guidance and advice, responding directly to students’ interests while retaining high standards and expectations; we saw that teachers’ caring in an environment of high expectations was crucial for student success. Identification of three critical elements of the teachers’ supports and challenges (student-centered projects, a focus on twenty-first century competencies, and strong teacher-student relationships) led to recommendations for teacher preparation such as providing preservice teachers with authentic experiences, celebrating failure as part of learning, explicitly teaching about project-based learning pedagogy, and stressing the importance of caring relationships and twenty-first century competencies.
Scalable and durable glass-engraved meta-surfaces for high power laser ultra-thin optics

We present a method for producing spatially patterned glass engraved meta-surfaces, which is scalable, has high mechanical stability and high laser damage durability, and thus promising for ultra-thin optics implementation for high-power lasers. The process is based on laser raster-scan of a thin metal film on a glass, followed by dry-etching and removal of the metal mask. We present fabricated structures, characterization of their optical performance, mechanical stability and laser damage performance.
Opportunities and limitations of Quality-of-Service in Message Passing applications on adaptively routed Dragonfly and Fat Tree networks

Avoiding communication bottlenecks remains a critical challenge in high-performance computing (HPC) as systems grow to exascale. Numerous design possibilities exist for avoiding network congestion including topology, adaptive routing, congestion control, and quality-of-service (QoS). While network design often focuses on topological features like diameter, bisection bandwidth, and routing, efficient QoS implementations will be critical for next-generation interconnects. HPC workloads are dominated by tightly-coupled mathematics, making delays in a single message manifest as delays across an entire parallel job. QoS can spread traffic onto different virtual lanes (VLs), lowering the impact of network hotspots by providing priorities or bandwidth guarantees that prevent starvation of critical traffic. Two leading topology candidates, Dragonfly and Fat Tree, are often discussed in terms of routing properties and cost, but the topology can have a major impact on QoS. While Dragonfly has attractive routing flexibility and cost relative to Fat Tree, the extra routing complexity requires several VLs to avoid deadlock. Here we discuss the special challenges of Dragonfly, proposing configurations that use different routing algorithms for different service levels (SLs) to limit VL requirements. We provide simulated results showing how each QoS strategy performs on different classes of application and different workload mixes. Despite Dragonfly's desirable characteristics for adaptive routing, Fat Tree is shown to be an attractive option when QoS is considered.
Electro-oxidation of urine and constituent analysis of resulting wastewater and generated gases for water recovery in space

Abstract Electro-oxidation is a promising technology to recover water from urine for space applications. The process generates oxidants such as reactive oxygen species and chlorine containing species that prevent microbial growth in the plumbing and decrease total organic carbon (TOC), chloride, and ammonia while waste heat generated from the electrochemical process facilitates evaporation of water to be recovered elsewhere. Resulting wastewater and generated gas constituents could be useful for recycling, further closing the environmental loop, and reducing trash/waste volume. In order to investigate the wastewater and generated gas constituents comprehensively, a full-scale urine processor for four crewmembers was built. Raw human urine (8.4 L) was circulated and processed by a flow-through oxidation cell (anode: boron-doped diamond on Niobium, cathode: Tungsten). The average water evaporation rate was 2.0 g/min. The 30-A current decreased TOC, chloride, and ammonia essentially to zero in the urine wastewater within 532, 622, and 373 A h, respectively. Total nitrogen (TN) was decreased from 5695 mg/L to 725 mg/L within 400 A h. Most of the remaining nitrogen was nitrate. Approximately 2.6 g of chlorine/chlorine dioxide, 0.85 g of ozone, 46.5 g of carbon dioxide, 15 g of hydrogen, and 0.1 g of ammonia gases were generated from 8.4 L of urine. The test demonstrated water evaporation for water recovery and identified useful gases to be recycled in an environmental control and life support system for space applications.
VidTr: Video Transformer Without Convolutions

We introduce Video Transformer (VidTr) with separable-attention for video classification. Comparing with commonly used 3D networks, VidTr is able to aggregate spatio-temporal information via stacked attentions and provide better performance with higher efficiency. We first introduce the vanilla video transformer and show that transformer module is able to perform spatio-temporal modeling from raw pixels, but with heavy memory usage. We then present VidTr which reduces the memory cost by 3.3$\times$ while keeping the same performance. To further compact the model, we propose the standard deviation based topK pooling attention, which reduces the computation by dropping non-informative features. VidTr achieves state-of-the-art performance on five commonly used dataset with lower computational requirement, showing both the efficiency and effectiveness of our design. Finally, error analysis and visualization show that VidTr is especially good at predicting actions that require long-term temporal reasoning. The code and pre-trained weights will be released.
A Framework for Generating Summaries from Temporal Personal Health Data

Although it has become easier for individuals to track their personal health data (e.g., heart rate, step count, and nutrient intake data), there is still a wide chasm between the collection of data and the generation of meaningful summaries to help users better understand what their data means to them. With an increased comprehension of their data, users will be able to act upon the newfound information and work toward striving closer to their health goals. We aim to bridge the gap between data collection and summary generation by mining the data for interesting behavioral findings that may provide hints about a user’s tendencies. Our focus is on improving the explainability of temporal personal health data via a set of informative summary templates, or “protoforms.” These protoforms span both evaluation-based summaries that help users evaluate their health goals and pattern-based summaries that explain their implicit behaviors. In addition to individual-level summaries, the protoforms we use are also designed for population-level summaries. We apply our approach to generate summaries (both univariate and multivariate) from real user health data and show that the summaries our system generates are both interesting and useful.