cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-line recognition and quantitation of coeluting hypoxanthine and guanine in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of placental tissue extracts: photodiode-array detection and spectral analysis of coeluting peaks.

In a reversed-phase HPLC method, optimized for resolution and quantitation of nucleosides and nucleobases in human term placental extracts, guanine coeluted with hypoxanthine. Three numerical techniques that treat spectral data generated by photodiode-array detection to yield indices of peak purity were compared for sensitivity of on-line recognition of overlapped guanine and hypoxanthine peaks in chromatograms of 7.0 μM hypoxanthine containing 0.075-0.54 μM guanine. These techniques were purity parameter, the average wavelength of a peak spectrum (λw) peak area ratio, and peak absorbance ratio. Purity parameter of a 7.0 μM hypoxanthine peak containing 1% guanine was significantly different from that of pure hypoxanthine (P < 0.01); peak area and peak absorption ratios were four and seven times, respectively, less sensitive than purity parameter. In chromatograms of human term placental extracts, purity parameter values generated on-line signalled the presence of guanine in hypoxanthine peaks. Quantitation of coelutiaghypoxanthine and guanine was performed on-line from dual-wavelength detection at 249 and 278 nm via calibration curves for both analytes at these wavelengths. Hypoxanthine and guanine concentrations in seven samples from five human term placentas were 41-161 and 3-76 nmol/g, respectively. These findings demonstrate that on-line signalling of hypoxanthine and guanine coelution is achieved by purity parameter, area ratio, and absorbance ratio, that purity parameter is the most sensitive index of coelution, and that quantitation of the coeluting analytes can be performed on-line. These approaches should be applicable to recognition and quantitation of coeluting analytes in chromatograms ofmixtures of nucleosides and nucleobases such as occur in extracts of other tissues.
Current-activated pressure-assisted sintering (CAPAS) and nanoindentation mapping of dual matrix composites

Titanium boride (TiBw) whiskers are currently recognized as one of the most compatible reinforcements for titanium (Ti) that have positively affected its wear resistance and stiffness. The fracture toughness and ductility have, however, been reported to deteriorate at increased TiBw volume fractions, mainly due to the interlocking of these brittle TiB whiskers. This article investigates the processing of dual matrix Ti–TiBw composites, where microstructures are generated consisting of TiBw–Ti composite regions separated by a ductile, predominantly Ti, outer matrix. This microstructural design has the potential to prevent the continuous TiBw interlocking over the scale of the composite (at high TiBw volume fractions), and promote improved toughness of the material. The processing of these unique composites using current-activated pressure-assisted sintering (CAPAS) is discussed in this article. The effect of processing temperature on the microstructure and hardness of Ti–TiBw dual matrix composites is also discussed, together with a simultaneous imaging and modulus-mapping nanoindentation technique used to characterize the composites
Stability of chondrocyte differentiation and contribution of muscle to cartilage during limb regeneration in the axolotl (Siredon mexicanum).

In order to determine whether chondrocytes are stable as to type during limb regeneration and whether any cells from limb muscle become chondrocytes in the regenerate, labeled cartilage and muscle were transplanted into limbs which were then allowed to regenerate. Transplanted cells were identified after redifferentiation in the regenerate by three kinds of label: H3-thymidine detected by radioautography; triploidy as judged by the presence of three nucleoli per nucleus; or a combination of the two. The results of this investigation indicate that limb chondrocytes are intrinsically stable with respect to cell type, for grafts of both triploid and H3-thymidine labeled chondrocytes gave rise to morphologically dedifferentiated blastema cells which almost exclusively differentiated into chondrocytes. The small percentage of labeled noncartilage cells observed could have been the result of metaplasia, although it is more likely that all or most of them arose as spontaneous polyploids or as contaminants of the original grafts. Isotope dilution in H3-thymidine labeled chondrocytes indicated that they had usually divided at least five times. Hence, the basis for the intrinsic stability of chondrocytes must be heritable. Chondrocytes from the coracoid, scapula, and visceral arch cartilages also contributed cells to cartilage of limb regenerates, and the available evidence indicates that cells released from these cartilages are similarly stable as to type. These cartilages did not dedifferentiate and participate in limb regeneration to the same extent as did limb cartilage. Results from transplanted limb muscle, labeled by all three methods used in this study, indicate that certain cells of muscle can become chondrocytes during limb regeneration. The exact cellular origin of these chondrocytes, however, is uncertain, for muscle is a mixture of cell types.
A new ultralow-expansion, modified fused-silica glass

A new modified fused-silica glass whose coefficient of thermal expansion at 20 degrees C is less than 1/25 that of fused silica is described. It should be particularly useful for large, first-surface mirrors and in other applications where extremely low expansion is desirable. Both solid and lightweight telescope mirror blanks can be constructed using fusion techniques. A discussion of a number of physical properties is included.
Cognitive performance in healthy women during induced hypogonadism and ovarian steroid addback

Gynecology clinic-based studies have consistently demonstrated that induced hypogonadism is accompanied by a decline in cognitive test performance. However, a recent study in healthy asymptomatic controls observed that neither induced hypogonadism nor estradiol replacement influenced cognitive performance. Thus, the effects of induced hypogonadism on cognition might not be uniformly experienced across individual women. Moreover, discrepancies in the effects of hypogonadism on cognition also could suggest the existence of specific risk phenotypes that predict a woman’s symptomatic experience during menopause. In this study, we examined the effects of induced hypogonadism and ovarian steroid replacement on cognitive performance in healthy premenopausal women. Ovarian suppression was induced with a GnRH agonist (Lupron) and then physiologic levels of estradiol and progesterone were reintroduced in 23 women. Cognitive tests were administered during each hormone condition. To evaluate possible practice effects arising during repeated testing, an identical battery of tests was administered at the same time intervals in 11 untreated women. With the exception of an improved performance on mental rotation during estradiol, we observed no significant effects of estradiol or progesterone on measures of attention, concentration, or memory compared with hypogonadism. In contrast to studies in which a decline in cognitive performance was observed in women receiving ovarian suppression therapy for an underlying gynecologic condition, we confirm a prior report demonstrating that short-term changes in gonadal steroids have a limited effect on cognition in young, healthy women. Differences in the clinical characteristics of the women receiving GnRH agonists could predict a risk for ovarian steroid-related changes in cognitive performance during induced, and possibly, natural menopause.
Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Platinum Iron Nanocrystal Growth and Shape Evolution

We study solution growth of platinum iron nanocrystals in situ in a liquid cell by using transmission electron microscopy. By varying the oleylamine concentration, we observed that platinum iron nanoparticle growth follows different trajectories with diverse shape evolution. With 20% oleylamine, three stages of growth were observed: (i) nucleation and growth of platinum iron nanoparticles in the precursor solution; (ii) nanowire formation by shape-directed nanoparticle attachment; and (iii) breakdown or shrinkage of the nanowires into individual nanoparticles with large size distribution. With 30% oleylamine, formation of platinum iron nanowires similar to that with 20% oleylamine was observed. However, those nanowires do not break down or shrink, which suggests that nanowires are stabilized by oleylamine as surfactant binding on the surface. With 50% oleylamine, after the individual nanoparticles are formed, they do not merge into nanowires. The shape of the nanoparticle is strongly influenced by the neighboring nanoparticles due to stereo-hindrance effects. Real-time observation of the dynamic growth process sheds light on the controllable synthesis of nanomaterials.
Radiation therapy, chemotherapy and chemoradiation in hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a rare tumour which is best managed by an aggressive surgical approach. The role of adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiation therapy, chemotherapy or chemoradiation remains controversial, as no prospective randomized studies have been performed. Methods. This review summarizes the recent literature regarding the role of radiation, chemotherapy and chemoradiation in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The results of a biliary cancer questionnaire regarding current treatment strategies are also reported. Results. A number of retrospective studies have shown that patients treated with adjuvant radiation therapy have prolonged survival compared with untreated patients. However, most of these reports did not control for tumour stage or performance status. A carefully controlled trial from the Johns Hopkins Hospital did not demonstrate any benefit for adjuvant radiation therapy. A number of phase II trials of chemotherapy have demonstrated modest response rates (20–40%). The best responses have been reported with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with interferon-alpha or with leucovorin and mitomycin C. Recent non-randomized reports of chemoradiation with 5-FU with or without gemcitabine as the radiosensitizer suggest, but do not prove, improved survival. Adjuvant chemoradiation is currently being employed at specialized centres most often in the Americas (71%) and the Asia/Pacific region (55%) and to a lesser degree in Europe (29%). Discussion. The only chance for long-term survival in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma is complete resection with negative margins. Neither radiation therapy nor chemotherapy alone has been proven to prolong survival in completely or partially resected patients or in unresected patients. Recent uncontrolled data suggest that chemoradiation may improve survival in resected and locally unresectable patients. However, prospective, randomized multicentre trials need to be performed to confirm efficacy.
Integration of model verification, validation, and calibration for uncertainty quantification in engineering systems

This paper proposes a Bayesian methodology to integrate model verification, validation, and calibration activities for the purpose of overall uncertainty quantification in different types of engineering systems. The methodology is first developed for single-level models, and then extended to systems that are studied using multi-level models that interact with each other. Two types of interactions amongst multi-level models are considered: (1) Type-I, where the output of a lower-level model (component and/or subsystem) becomes an input to a higher level system model, and (2) Type-II, where parameters of the system model are inferred using lower-level models and tests (that describe simplified components and/or isolated physics). The various models, their inputs, parameters, and outputs, experimental data, and various sources of model error are connected through a Bayesian network. The results of calibration, verification, and validation with respect to each individual model are integrated using the principles of conditional probability and total probability, and propagated through the Bayesian network in order to quantify the overall system-level prediction uncertainty. The proposed methodology is illustrated with numerical examples that deal with heat conduction and structural dynamics.
Velocities of wave‐transmission in rocks

A brief report was given on some of the aspects of the velocities of wave-transmission in various rocks, and especially with regard to laboratory measurements. The time required for earthquake-waves to travel from one point on the Earth's surface to some other point has been known for a long time, and at an early date it was found possible by mathematical analysis to use these travel-times to calculate the wave-velocities at various depths below the surface. But the kind of rock at the various depths was not known, and hence these early seismological results could not properly be called measurements of wave-velocities in rocks, because of the unknown character of the material through which the waves passed.
Early and prolonged exposure to reward delay: effects on impulsive choice and alcohol self-administration in male rats

Naturally occurring impulsive choice has been found to positively predict alcohol consumption in rats. However, the extent to which experimental manipulation of impulsive choice may modify alcohol consumption remains unclear. In the present study, we sought to: (a) train low levels of impulsive choice in rats using early, prolonged exposure to reward delay, and (b) determine the effects of this manipulation on subsequent alcohol consumption. During a prolonged training regimen, three groups of male, adolescent Long-Evans rats (21-22 days old at intake) responded on a single lever for food rewards delivered after either a progressively increasing delay, a fixed delay, or no delay. Posttests of impulsive choice were conducted, as was an evaluation of alcohol consumption using a limited-access, two-bottle test. Following delay-exposure training, both groups of delay-exposed rats made significantly fewer impulsive choices than did rats in the no-delay group. In addition, fixed-delay rats consumed significantly more alcohol during daily, 30-min sessions than no-delay rats. Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed, as is the significance of these findings to nonhuman models of addiction.
Potential interaction between troglitazone and atorvastatin.

Background: Troglitazone is a CYP3A4 isoenzyme inducer known to decrease the plasma concentration of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Atorvastatin, a known substrate of the CYP3A4 pathway, is often used in combination with troglitazone for diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of troglitazone on the fasting lipid profiles of patients receiving atorvastatin. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who received concomitant troglitazone and atorvastatin therapy during a 24-month period. Patients were included in the analysis if during the study period, complete laboratory data were available (fasting lipid profile and glycosylated haemoglobin), the dose of atorvastatin remained unchanged, there were no changes in the diabetic drug regimen, patients received at least 3 months of combination therapy and patients were adherent with their medication. Results: Four out of 31 (13%) patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. All of these patients were male, with a mean age of 63. All patients were receiving insulin only for diabetes control when the troglitazone was added. There was an increase in LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides of 23·3% and 21·3%, respectively. Conclusions: The increase in LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides on atorvastatin and troglitazone combination therapy compared with atorvastatin mono-therapy is suggestive of a drug interaction. Further studies involving troglitazone and atorvastatin may be warranted to substantiate this interaction.
Self-induced wing rock of slender delta wings

As part of a research program aimed at exploring basic mechanisms that cause wing rock in combat aircraft, an investigation was conducted to study the aerodynamic factors which cause the low-speed wing rock exhibited by slender delta wings. A flat-plate delta wing with 80 deg leading-edge sweep was subjected to conventional static-force tests and dynamic wind-tunnel experiments which included forced-oscillation, rotary, and free-to-roll tests. In addition, visualization of the flow phenomena involved was obtained by observing tuft patterns and using a helium-bubble technique. This paper summarizes the results of this study. Fundamental information is presented on the aerodynamic mechanisms that cause the wing rock and the problem of mathematically modeling the aerodynamics and motions is discussed.
Downregulation of uridine-cytidine kinase like-1 decreases proliferation and enhances tumor susceptibility to lysis by apoptotic agents and natural killer cells

Natural killer (NK) cells target and kill tumor cells by direct anti-tumor cytotoxicity. NK lytic-associated molecule (NKLAM) is a protein involved in this cytolytic function. Acting as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, NKLAM binds to and ubiquitinates a novel protein, uridine-cytidine kinase like-1 (UCKL-1), targeting it for degradation. However, UCKL-1’s function in tumor cell survival and NK cell cytotoxicity is unknown. UCKL-1’s homology to uridine kinases and over expression in tumor cells suggests a role for UCKL-1 in tumor growth and/or survival. We propose that NKLAM and UCKL-1 interact in the tumor cell, where degradation of UCKL-1 leads to increased tumor cell apoptosis. Here we use RNA interference to downregulate UCKL-1 expression in K562 erythroleukemia cells. It was seen that downregulation of UCKL-1 initiated apoptosis and slowed the cell cycle, resulting in lower growth in the small interfering UCKL-1 RNA treated K562 cell culture. In addition, the chemotherapeutic agent staurosporine was seen to be more effective in inducing cell death by apoptosis in UCKL-1 depleted K562 cells compared with controls. We also found that UCKL-1 depleted K562 cells were more susceptible to NK mediated cytolysis than controls. These results indicate a role for UCKL-1 in tumor cell survival and suggest possible therapeutic potential of UCKL-1 inhibitors in cancer treatment.
Review: Putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods III. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Although the average American's daily consumption of BHT can be measured in milligrams, there are numerous reports that BHT causes organ damage in laboratory animals. Only a few genotoxic effects of BHT have been reported, however, including mutagenicity in the abnormal sperm assay and ambiguous results regarding its teratogenicity. More dramatic are the modulatory effects of BHT on the actions of established mutagens and carcinogens. BHT can either enhance or inhibit mutagenic potency, depending on the substance tested. For example, in the Ames test, BHT is antimutagenic towards benzo(a)pyrene, but increases the number of Salmonella revertants induced by aflatoxin B1. BHT is one of the few compounds to have both tumor prophylactic and tumor promoting capacities. It is the temporal sequence in which BHT and carcinogens are administered to test animals which determines how BHT affects the response to these carcinogens. In common with other antioxidants, BHT inhibits the ability of carcinogens to induce tumors in various rodent organs when the animal is given BHT prior to carcinogen treatment. Unlike other antioxidants, however, the number of tumors increase when BHT is administered after carcinogen exposure. The comutagenic and cocarcinogenic properties of BHT have been demonstrated in tests ranging from the Ames test to cell transformation procedures to in vivo assays. These effects are probably mediated by metabolites of BHT, rather than by BHT itself.
Ultrastructure and mechanical activity expressed by striated muscle in culture.

Newly devised assay procedures for quantitating the mechanical capabilities of striated muscle fibers grown in cell culture have permitted the correlation of cytological features with the ability to respond mechanically to electrical and chemical stimuli during development. By developmental timing and by physiological characteristics, three distinct mechanical activities can be distinguished: : TWITCH, contracture and wave propagation (escalation). Parallel electron microscopy studies suggest that contracture and escalation require significantly greater internal membrane development than twitch. The assay procedures have revealed that fibers developed in culture from genetically dystrophic chick muscle cells display a heightened electrical threshold for a twich response, but are otherwise similar to normal fibers. Cultured chick fibers, whether of leg or breast origin, exhibit similar ultrastructural and mechanical properties; yet these are different from those of in vivo adult muscle and may represent the avian striated muscle archetype expressed in the absence of innervation. Primary or cell line cultures of rat muscle produce far fewer mechanically active fibers than do avian cell cultures. The influence of culture conditions and cell source, whether avian or mammalian, on the extent of differentiation expressed in culture is so great that our understanding of studies on cultured muscle fibers would benefit from some characterization of both morphological and contractile properties of the fibers being used.
Cellular changes attending mengovirus-induced cytolysis of mouse L-cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Mengovirus-induced cytopathology in L-929 cell is shown to be moderated by the host-cell's stage. Late S and G2-M cells resist both artificial lysis with deoxycholate and virus-induced cytolysis. 2. 2. Nuclear lesions are found to precede lysosomal damage as measured by acridine orange vital staining and direct measurement of enzyme release. 3. 3. Nuclear protein alterations whic occur during development of mengovirus-induced cytopathology include leakage to the cytoplasm and extracellular fluids and an oxidation-polymerization of certain non-histone proteins. The synthetic rate of major acid-soluble proteins does not increase during the early hours of infection. 4. 4. These results are considered with respect to the question of the primary event leading to mengovirus-induced cytolysis. The primary role of lysosomes is questioned.
Atomic size packing defects in proteins

The three-dimensional refined high resolution structures of 20 proteins were examined for the presence of packing defects of atomic size or larger. Of the proteins examined, 12 had no such packing defects, 6 proteins had just 1 packing defect, and 2 proteins had 2 or 3 packing defects. These results confirm earlier studies on smaller samples of proteins which demonstrated that proteins are well packed. The atoms that surround the packing defects are almost always hydrophobic (carbon or sulfur). This study also tabulated the number of internal waters in each protein, which varied from 0 to 28.
A comparative study on the genetic effects of hycanthone and oxamniquine.

Oxamniquine (UK‐4271; 6‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐isopropylaminomethyl‐7‐nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline) is a new schistosomicidal agent currently undergoing clinical investigation in South America. Essentially a complete cure rate against Brazilian Schistosoma mansoni has been seen in adults with a single im dose of 7.5 mg/kg or a single oral dose of 7 5 mg/kg. These regimens were tolerated without significant toxicity. To assess its mutagenic potential, oxamniquine was examined in a battery of genetic tests designed to detect mutations at the gene and chromosome levels. For comparative purposes, hycanthone, a schistosomicide with extensively studied mutagenic properties, was evaluated in a similar series of tests. Point mutations were measured in a series of histidineless auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium in direct plate and host‐mediated assays. Gross chromosomal aberrations were assessed in human leucocyte cultures and in bone marrow preparations from drug‐treated mice. Effects on germ cells were tested i...
An experiment to detect and locate lightning associated with eruptions of Redoubt Volcano

Abstract A commercially-available lightning-detection system was temporarily deployed near Cook Inlet, Alaska in an attempt to remotely monitor volcanogenic lightning associated with eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. The system became operational on February 14, 1990; lightning was detected in 11 and located in 9 of the 13 subsequent eruptions. The lightning was generated by ash clouds rising from pyroclastic density currents produced by collapse of a lava dome emplaced near Redoubt's summit. Lightning discharge (flash) location was controlled by topography, which channeled the density currents, and by wind direction. In individual eruptions, early flashes tended to have a negative polarity (negative charge is lowered to ground) while late flashes tended to have a positive polarity (positive charge is lowered to ground), perhaps because the charge-separation process caused coarse, rapid-settling particles to be negatively charged and fine, slow-settling particles to be positively charged. Results indicate that lightning detection and location is a useful adjunct to seismic volcano monitoring, particularly when poor weather or darkness prevents visual observation. The simultaneity of seismicity and lightning near a volcano provides the virtual certainty that an ash cloud is present. This information is crucial for aircraft safety and to warn threatened communities of impending tephra falls. The Alaska Volcano Observatory has now deployed a permanent lightning-detection network around Cook Inlet.
X-ray polarimetry with an active-matrix pixel proportional counter

We report the first results from an X-ray polarimeter with a micropattern gas proportional counter using an amorphous silicon active matrix readout. With 100% polarized X-rays at 4.5 keV, we obtain a modulation factor of 0.33+/- 0.03, confirming previous reports of the high polarization sensitivity of a finely segmented pixel proportional counter. The detector described here has a geometry suitable for the focal plane of an astronomical X-ray telescope. Amorphous silicon readout technology will enable additional extensions and improvements.
Effect of Forced Exercise on Bull Fertility

Bulls in artificial breeding association studs that have proved their ability to sire high producing and good type daughters need to be kept in service as long as possible. Whether or not exercise is beneficial to a bull's fertility and longevity has long been a controversial issue. The question arises as to how much and what kind of exercise lnature bulls should receive. The method and amount of exercise a bull gets vary widely between individual bulls and between studs. Bartlett and Perry (1) reported that three bulls exercised at the rate of 2~z miles per hour for 1 hour each day for 1 month showed an increase in semen volume of 51% as compared to the previous months. Hamilton and Symington (3) observed that daily exercise increased the volume of the ejaculate. These authors observed an increased motility and greater sperm concentration when exercise was provided. Woodward (8) reported that ex~rcise at the rate of 21/2 miles per hour for 30 minutes daily greatly decreased the interval of time required to obtain a semen sample and increased motility and longevity of the spermatozoa. Weatherby and associates (7) ascribed the lower quality of semen obtained during the months of February and March to the lack of exercise. On the contrary, Lepard et aI. (4) noted no significant differences in the semen of exercised and nonexereised bulls in morphology, concentration, and survival time of spermatozoa at 4.5 ° C. The volume of semen and conception rates from exercised bulls were somewhat greater, but of insignificant advantage. Since the above investigations were conducted for relatively short periods and with few animals, and since few data were given on the fertility of the bulls, this study was designed to include several animals and to cover a 6-month period. The objective of this experiment was to observe the effects of forced exercise of dairy bulls upon their semen characteristics (volume, total spcmnatozoa number, motility, and percentage and kinds of abnormal spermatozoa) and oft the pereentage of nonreturns of all services on a 60- to 90-day basis.
Shielded button electrodes for time-resolved measurements of electron cloud buildup

Abstract We report on the design, deployment and signal analysis for shielded button electrodes sensitive to electron cloud buildup at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring. These simple detectors, derived from a beam-position monitor electrode design, have provided detailed information on the physical processes underlying the local production and the lifetime of electron densities in the storage ring. Digitizing oscilloscopes are used to record electron fluxes incident on the vacuum chamber wall in 1024 time steps of 100 ps or more. The fine time steps provide a detailed characterization of the cloud, allowing the independent estimation of processes contributing on differing time scales and providing sensitivity to the characteristic kinetic energies of the electrons making up the cloud. By varying the spacing and population of electron and positron beam bunches, we map the time development of the various cloud production and re-absorption processes. The excellent reproducibility of the measurements also permits the measurement of long-term conditioning of vacuum chamber surfaces.
Transparent Motion Perception as Detection of Unbalanced Motion Signals. I. Psychophysics

Our visual system can solve the difficult problem of representing multiple motions in the same part of the visual space, the motion transparency problem. We investigated the conditions under which transparent motion perception occurs through psychophysical observations, using a series of visual displays composed of two simple patterns moving in opposite directions. We found that whenever a display has finely balanced opposing motion signals in all local regions, it is perceptually nontransparent. The displays that appeared transparent always contain locally unbalanced motion signals, with some local regions having net motion signals in one direction and some other regions in the opposite direction. These interdigitating net motion signals in both directions appear to be integrated separately to form two overlapping transparent surfaces. Displays that were spatially balanced could be made perceptually transparent if the two components moving in opposite directions were at different stereo depth planes or had different spatial frequency contents. Our results can be explained by proposing a disparity- and spatial frequency-specific suppression stage in the motion pathway, at which motion signals of different directions, but of the same disparity and spatial frequency contents, locally inhibit each other. Such a mechanism would suppress noise input to the motion system, which generally activates several direction channels simultaneously, and would still not eliminate activity evoked by transparent surfaces that are at different depths or have different textures.
QUALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FRESH PACK AND REMANUFACTURED TOMATO SAUCE

Tomato sauce can be made directly from fresh tomatoes during the tomato season, which is referred to as the fresh pack method, or made from tomato paste that has been diluted back to sauce after the season ends, which is referred to as the remanufactured method. The objective of this study was to determine if the two methods produced significant quality differences either initially or after use by the consumer, such as baking on a pizza. Particle size, viscosity and the concentration of volatiles responsible for fresh tomato flavor decreased during processing to 8°Brix then remained constant. Color, lycopene, volatiles, syneresis and HMF showed no significant difference between fresh pack sauce and remanufactured sauce. Remanufactured sauce had smaller particle size and a lower viscosity than fresh pack sauce. Baking did not create or decrease differences between the sauces. La sauce tomate peut etre produite directement pendant la saison (conditionnee fraiche) ou a partir d'une pâte diluee en sauce apres la fin de la saison (sauce retransformee). Cette etude evalue les differences de qualite de ces produits en consommation directe, ou apres cuisson. Les resultats montrent peu de differences entre les 2 produits sauf pour la taille des particules et la viscosite qui sont superieures dans la sauce fraiche.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE ELEMENTAL, FERROUS, FERRIC, SOLUBLE, AND COMPLEXED IRON IN FOODS

A method for the simultaneous quantification of the various forms of iron added or endogenous to foods has been developed. The total, elemental, and soluble iron are determined with minimal pre-treatment by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The iron valences and complexed iron are measured spectrophotometrically using the bathophenanthroline reagent. The method was both reproducible and accurate in measuring iron added to plant material and to a formulated instant beverage. The procedure may be applied to determination of possible changes in the iron-fortified processed foods.
Autoregulation of adipose tissue mass in the mouse.

SummarySyngeneic adipose tissue grafts showed evidence of necrosis or lack of vascularization in intact, adult (BALB/c/Ki x Ce/Ki) F1 hybrid mice between 2 and 9 months after transplantation. One or more fat depots were surgically removed to produce a deficit in the total adipose tissue mass, and this resulted in an increased number of vascularized and viable adipose tissue grafts in similar genetic hosts during a comparable period. The anatomically dispersed fat depots appear to be under some form of self-regulation and integrated into a total adipose tissue mass.
Critical Pathways: The Role of Pharmacy Today and Tomorrow

Critical pathways represent comprehensive management plans that aim to optimize and streamline patient care. Critical pathways have been referred to in the medical literature by a number of different terms, including care path, care map, clinical pathway, critical path of care, case management plan, multidisciplinary action plan, collaborative care track, plan of care, clinical care plans, and care guides. These plans define key steps in disease management not only to improve the quality of health care, but also to reduce resource utilization. Some of the specific goals of critical pathways include providing continuous quality improvement, decreasing service fragmentation through managed care, optimizing cost-effectiveness of health care delivery, guiding the patient and family through expected treatment and progress, and increasing satisfaction of patients, families, staff, physicians, and third-party payers. Critical pathways create targeted patient outcomes and quality end points, which form a foundation for common expectations, shared responsibility, regular communication, and early problem detection and intervention among all members of the health care team. Further, they identify specific time frames and desired outcomes associated with each care step, with the goals of minimizing delays and maximizing resource utilization. The critical pathway can serve not only as a monitoring tool for identifying and addressing quality issues in a timely fashion, but also as a tool for educating health care providers to recognize the efficient and clinically appropriate use of resources. Although the importance of critical pathways remains somewhat controversial, since the first American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) White Paper was published in 1996 they have been shown to improve patient outcomes and to reduce health care expenses in various settings. Critical pathways should be distinguished from clinical treatment guidelines, as the latter may be intended to define appropriate care for a specific indication (e.g., community-acquired pneumonia). Development of critical pathways has been promoted in evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, as critical pathways include elements meant to track compliance, patient outcomes, or continuous quality improvement. The main difference, therefore, between critical pathways and disease-specific guidelines is that critical pathways focus on targets of care for the clinical management of patient groups instead of addressing decisions regarding individual patient management.
Clostridium Difficile Infection from a Surgical Perspective

The incidence and the severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have increased significantly over the last decade, especially in high-risk populations such as patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Surgeons must be able to both identify and minimize the risk of CDI in their own surgical patients and determine which CDI patients will benefit from surgery. We sought to define the risk factors, compare the treatment options, define the surgical indications, and identify factors that affect surgical outcomes for CDI based on the currently available literature. Antibiotic use, exposure to the C. difficile bacteria, IBD, and higher levels of co-morbidity are all risk factors for CDI. The majority of CDI can be treated with antibiotics. Severe or fulminant colitis, however, has a high potential for poor outcome, but experience and some data suggest a lower mortality rate with colectomy rather than with continued medical treatment. Open total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy is typically the preferred surgical strategy. It is often difficult to determine which patients will fail medical management as some may not manifest clinical signs of severe infection. Surrogate parameters of failure of medical therapy include respiratory and/or renal insufficiency, age greater than 60 years, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, and coagulopathy, all of which have been associated with worse surgical outcomes. Evidence suggests that in appropriately selected patients, colectomy performed before the development of shock requiring vasopressors, respiratory failure, renal failure, multi-organ dysfunction, and mental status changes may reduce mortality of the most severe forms of colitis. For less severe or recurrent presentations, creation of a loop ileostomy with intra-operative colonic lavage, fecal microbiota transfer, and C. difficile vaccinations are being discussed but have only been studied in small case-controlled series. Prevention, containment, and non-surgical treatment are the cornerstone of management for CDI. However, the most severe forms with toxic colitis benefit from involvement of a surgical team. Swift open total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy in patients with severe or fulminant C. difficile colitis has the best chance to reduce mortality if it is not delayed until shock, end organ damage, vasopressor requirement, mental status changes develop. Less aggressive approaches may be appropriate for milder and refractory forms but require further study before their applicability can be determined.
InTeRail: using existing and extra interconnects to test core-based SOCs

A flexible test access mechanism (TAM) for embedded cores and their interconnects in a System-on Chip (SOC) environment is presented. It targets core testing parallelism and reduced test application time while explicitly taking into consideration area and performance issues. The TAM primarily uses core interconnects but also allows for extra interconnects. The DFT hardware can be implemented either at the SOC or at the core level. It combines features of TAMs that have been designed for low test application time and those for SOC area and performance criteria.
Voters, Emotions, and Race in 2008: Obama as the First Black President

Social desirability effects make it difficult to learn voters’ racial attitudes. List experiments can tap sensitive issues without directly asking respondents to express overt opinions. The authors report on such an experiment about Barack Obama as the first black president, finding that 30 percent of white Americans were “troubled” by the prospect of Obama as the first black president. The authors examine policy and emotional underpinnings of these responses, finding that expressed emotions of anxiety and enthusiasm condition latent racial attitudes and racial policy beliefs especially for those exhibiting a social desirability bias. The results suggest that Obama’s victory despite this level of concern about race was at least in part a result of intense enthusiasm his campaign generated. This enthusiasm for Obama may have allowed some white voters to overcome latent concerns about his race. The research suggests emotions are critical in understanding racial attitudes.
On transition to cellularity in expanding spherical flames

The instant of transition to cellularity of centrally ignited, outwardly propagating spherical flames in a reactive environment of fuelx–oxidizer mixture, at atmospheric and elevated pressures, was experimentally determined using high-speed schlieren imaging and subsequently interpreted on the basis of hydrodynamic and diffusional–thermal instabilities. Experimental results show that the transition Peclet number, Pec = RclL, assumes an almost constant value for the near-equidiffusive acetylene flames with wide ranges in the mixture stoichiometry, oxygen concentration and pressure, where Rc is the flame radius at transition and lL the laminar flame thickness. However, for the non-equidiffusive hydrogen and propane flames, Pec respectively increases and decreases somewhat linearly with the mixture equivalence ratio. Evaluation of Pec using previous theory shows complete qualitative agreement and satisfactory quantitative agreement, demonstrating the insensitivity of Pec to all system parameters for equidiffusive mixtures, and the dominance of the Markstein number, Ze(Le – 1), in destabilization for non-equidiffusive mixtures, where Ze is the Zel'dovich number and Le the Lewis number. The importance of using locally evaluated values of lL, Ze and Le, extracted from either computationally simulated one-dimensional flame structure with detailed chemistry and transport, or experimentally determined response of stretched flames, in the evaluation of Pec is emphasized.
Methylprednisolone-rituximab is an effective salvage therapy for patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia including those with unfavorable cytogenetic features

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients with aggressive molecular characteristics such as deletion of 17p13.1 do not respond to conventional treatments and have a shorter survival. Studies sugg...
The simultaneous measurement of infrasonic acoustic particle velocity and acoustic pressure in the ocean by freely drifting Swallow floats

The Marine Physical Lab's Swallow floats, which are capable of simultaneously measuring the ocean's infrasonic (1-20 Hz) acoustic particle velocity and infrasonic acoustic pressure, are described. The floats are independent, freely drifting, neutrally buoyant sensor systems that can be ballasted to any desired depth (within +or-100 m) in the ocean. Calibration measurements of the infrasonic sensors and electronics agree to within +or-1 dB in amplitude and +or-3 degrees in phase with the theoretically predicted response curves. Electronic self-noise, quantization noise, and effects of signal clipping are significantly below ambient ocean noise levels, except in unusual circumstances. Rotational resonances, primarily float rocking below 0.5 Hz, contaminate the geophone data at the lowest end of the infrasonic band. From data collected in a deep-ocean deployment, the equivalent pressure autospectrum calculated from the particle velocity data agrees to within 1 dB of the actual pressure autospectrum in the frequency band from 1-20 Hz, thereby verifying the high quality of the infrasonic acoustic data. >
Optimal Power Generation Scheduling of a Shipboard Power System

This paper studies the optimal power generation scheduling for a shipboard power system. The problem is formulated as a discrete-time Markov decision process (MDP). The paper considers the shipboard power system both without any energy storage and with energy storage, and obtains an optimal power generation scheduling for each situation. For the non-storage system, the switch cost during the start-up process is considered. For the system with a storage, a fuel consumption comparison with different energy storage sizes is provided.
Learned helplessness among the institutionalized elderly: a pilot study.

The purpose of this study was to test the instruments and procedures before conducting a study on a larger scale and to test specific hypotheses: (1) The level of helplessness, as evidenced by categories on Chang's test for perceived Situational Control of Daily Activities (SCDA) will remain unchanged or decrease for elderly subjects experiencing low control and predictability in their institutional environment. (2) The level of helplessness, as evidenced by categories on the SCDA will increase for elderly subjects experiencing high control and predictability in their institutional environment. Participants were 44 institutionalized patients aged 65 and older, residing in a proprietary institution for the elderly. The subjects were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Analysis of the overall scores showed no significant change in the pre-and posttreatment measures. Analysis of the “self” score from the SCDA revealed a significant change in the direction of “self” in the high control and predictability g...
The Presence of v-abl-transformed V3 Mast Cells in the Lungs Augments Pulmonary Vascular Permeability to Acid Aspiration

Acid aspiration causes pulmonary vascular permeability and PMN sequestration. By increasing pulmonary mast cells through adoptive transfer of v-abl-transformed mast cells (V3MCs) into BALB/c mice, we now show that the greater mast cell number in the lung is associated with increased pulmonary injury.
Domestic Abuse Against Elder Women and Perceived Barriers to Help-Seeking

The study's (n = 447) purposes were to (1) describe relationships of abuser behavior to elder women's perception of barriers to help-seeking; (2) compare fit of model to participants' levels of abuse, race-ethnicity, age, and gender and relationship of identified close other; and (3) determine extent to which the model differentiated relationship of abuser to participant and level of abuse. Analyses identified six factors contributing to the overall barrier score, accounting for 84% of total variance (χ2/df = 1.527, CFI = .989, RMSEA = .034), including three internal and two external factors and a single abuser behavior factor that were invariant across participant characteristic; however, covariances did differ.
Victim Characteristics and Helping Behavior in a Rural Southern Setting

Summary Drawing upon previous research conducted in urban areas, it is hypothesized that the race, sex, and community identification of a victim influence the likelihood that he will receive help from rural white Southerners when it is requested. Assumptions concerning differential racial prejudice and diffusion of responsibility are combined to generate the predictions that the overall rate of helping is higher in a rural than in an urban setting, but that black victims receive help less frequently from rural white Southerners than from urban white non-Southerners. Data from a field experiment conducted in the rural mountain region of western North Carolina reveal the predicted race difference, but sex and community identification variation is insignificant. When data from the present study are compared with results previously reported by Gaertner and Bickman (6) from a study in a similar fashion in New York City, the predicted difference in overall helping rates is observed. However, the proportion of b...