cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of acyanotic heart disease: part I -- obstructive lesions.

In this review, the clinical features and management of most commonly encountered acyanotic obstructive cardiac lesions are discussed. Mild lesions, especially in children are usually asymptomatic while neonates and infants may present with symptoms. Ejection systolic murmurs in patients with pulmonic and aortic stenosis and decreased femoral pulses and blood pressure difference (>20 mmHg) between arms and leg in patients with aortic coarctation are usually seen. Clinical diagnosis is not difficult and the diagnosis can be confirmed and quantitiated by non-invasive echocardiographic studies. Whereas surgical intervention was used in the past, balloon dilatation appears to be effective in the treatment of these lesions
Incorporation of Intracisternally Administered l‐[methyl‐3H]Methionine and S‐Adenosyl‐l‐[methyl‐3H]‐Methionine into Rat Brain Phospholipids

: The incorporation of intracisternally injected l-[methyl-3H]methionine ([3H]Met) or S-adenosyl-l-[methyl-3H]methionine (Ado[3H]Met) into rat brain AdoMet and phospholipid pools was examined. When [3H]Met was administered, both AdoMet and phospholipid pools were labeled. However, exogenously injected Ado[3H]Met did not serve as a substrate for phospholipid-N-methyltransferases. It was concluded that only Ado[3H]Met formed in situ was utilized to methylate phospholipids and that this process was initiated on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The apparent biological half-life in brainstem of phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine and phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine formed from [3H]Met was 1.4 and 1.7 days, respectively. The half-life of phosphatidylcholine could not be determined due to interference from peripheral sources.
Mixing efficiency measurements using a modified cold chemistry technique

The efficient mixing of fluids in compressible shear layers is still of fundamental importance to high-speed propulsion. To further understand the role of compressibility, measurements of mixing efficiency are performed in a convective Mach number=2.64 shear layer. The mean scalar field and estimated mixing efficiency are measured using a new “cold chemistry” technique utilizing the quenching of nitric oxide laser-induced fluorescence to mark regions of molecularly mixed fluid. Several different quenching partners are used to achieve statistically converged results using fewer images than previous techniques. The mixing efficiency (δm/δ) measured in this study at a Reynolds number of 1.9×106 is 0.64, following an increasing trend with both Reynolds number and compressibility when taken with previously measured cold chemistry results.
Evolutionary conservation of DNA coding for maternal RNA in sea urchins

Abstract The extent of evolutionary conservation of DNA complimentary to RNA stored in the mature oocyte of the sea urchin S. purpuratus has been assessed. To do this, such DNA was hybridized with total genomic DNA of S. purpuratus and S. franciscanus and the thermal stability of the resultant duplexes was measured by two methods. In the first method, the duplexes were bound to hydroxylapatite and thermally eluted; the difference in thermal stability between homologous and heterologous duplexes averaged 6.9° C in duplicate determinations. In the second experiment, the same hybrids were thermally melted in 2.4M tetraethyl-ammonium chloride, then assayed with S1 nuclease; the difference in thermal stability of homologous and heterologous duplexes was 4.8° C. Either value is significantly lower than the divergence of total single-copy DNA among these species as measured by the same techniques. This demonstrates that DNA sequences complimentary to maternal RNA are conserved during evolution, and thus that a high fraction of them are likely to be physiologically functional.
An experimental investigation of enhanced thermal conductivity and expedited unidirectional freezing of cyclohexane-based nanoparticle suspensions utilized as nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCM) ☆

Abstract An experimental investigation of nanoparticle suspensions utilized as nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCM) was conducted. Cyclohexane-based NePCM samples were prepared with copper oxide nanoparticles with various mass concentrations. Thermal conductivity of the samples was measured using the transient plane source technique for both liquid and solid phases at multiple temperatures. Unidirectional freezing of the samples was investigated and the experimental results were compared with the numerical predictions of a one-dimensional Stefan model proposed earlier by the authors. It was shown that the measured thermal conductivity for samples in their liquid phase is enhanced with increasing concentration of nanoparticles, whereas the data in the solid phase exhibit a non-monotonic enhancement when the concentration is greater than 2%. Unidirectional freezing was found to be expedited by up to 5.2%.
Hypothesis driven single nucleotide polymorphism search (HyDn-SNP-S).

Abstract The advent of complete-genome genotyping across phenotype cohorts has provided a rich source of information for bioinformaticians. However the search for SNPs from this data is generally performed on a study-by-study case without any specific hypothesis of the location for SNPs that are predictive for the phenotype. We have designed a method whereby very large SNP lists (several gigabytes in size), combining several genotyping studies at once, can be sorted and traced back to their ultimate consequence in protein structure. Given a working hypothesis, researchers are able to easily search whole genome genotyping data for SNPs that link genetic locations to phenotypes. This allows a targeted search for correlations between phenotypes and potentially relevant systems, rather than utilizing statistical methods only. HyDn-SNP-S returns results that are less data dense, allowing more thorough analysis, including haplotype analysis. We have applied our method to correlate DNA polymerases to cancer phenotypes using four of the available cancer databases in dbGaP. Logistic regression and derived haplotype analysis indicates that ∼80 SNPs, previously overlooked, are statistically significant. Derived haplotypes from this work link POLL to breast cancer and POLG to prostate cancer with an increase in incidence of 3.01- and 9.6-fold, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations on wild-type and one of the SNP mutants from the haplotype of POLL provide insights at the atomic level on the functional impact of this cancer related SNP. Furthermore, HyDn-SNP-S has been designed to allow application to any system. The program is available upon request from the authors.
Results of an Industry Survey on Manufacturing Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering Education

A survey of 47 manufacturing companies in the Pacific Northwest was taken during the development of a new manufacturing engineering curriculum at Seattle University. The survey asked companies to comment on current and future manufacturing practices and on curriculum recommendations for a new manufacturing engineering program. The survey results indicate that manufacturing engineers need training in a broad range of topics including manufacturing processes, economics, resource management and computer networking.
Formation of dendritic nanotubes under an electric field

The formation of dendritic nanaotube structures was observed when an electric field was implemented in the nanotube-containing solution. This phenomenon can be attributed to the movements of the charged carbon nanotubes and ions attached on the nanotube surface under the condition of the force of attraction or repulsion from the electric field.
Photomechanical transdermal delivery of insulin in vivo.

Background and Objective Previous studies have shown that photomechanical waves transiently permeabilize the stratum corneum in vivo. The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential of photomechanical waves for systemic drug delivery. Study Design/Materials and Methods Photomechanical waves were generated by ablation of a polystyrene target by a Q-switched ruby laser. Systemic insulin delivery in a streptozotocin-diabetic rat model was monitored by measuring the blood glucose level. Results After photomechanical insulin delivery, the blood glucose decreased 80 ± 3% and remained below 200 mg/dl for more than 3 hours. Whereas in control experiments (for which insulin was applied without photomechanical waves), there was no dramatic change in the blood glucose (standard deviation of measurements over 4 hours was 7%). Conclusion The application of the photomechanical waves allowed ∼6-kDa protein molecules (insulin) to pass through the stratum corneum and into the systemic circulation. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:282–285, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetostructural effects of changing spin unit structure and molecular connectivity on 1H-benzimidazole functionalized radicals

Abstract A single hydrogen bonding molecular assembly unit (benzimidazole = BIm) was used for solid state assembly of different types of radicals connected at different sites on the assembly unit. The effects of changing radical spin unit and molecular connectivity were tested by comparing tetramethylnitronylnitroxide (NN), dimethyloxoverdazyl (mV), and diisopropyloxoverdazyl (iV) spin units attached to BIm at either the 2-position or 5/6-position. The mV systems were not isolated with sufficient purity and stability for crystallographic or magnetic analysis, but chain-type hydrogen bonding was found in the crystal structures of all of the other, stable compounds. Close contacts are induced between radical groups in some cases by the hydrogen bonded chains, giving exchange behavior ranging from essentially isolated spin paramagnetism (BIm2iV) to antiferromagnetic interactions of (−)1–3 K.
A useful extension of the Marschalk reaction directed toward synthesis of 11-deoxydoxorubicin antitumor antibiotics.

Abstract Diisopropylidine methylene dimalonate ( 8 ) has been developed as a useful reagent for the introduction of functionalized 3-carbon chains in otherwise deactivated monohydroxy-anthraquinones and its utility is expanded to the synthesis of advanced intermediates of 11-deoxydoxorubicin analogues.
Cytotoxic Capacity of SIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells against Primary Autologous Targets Correlates with Immune Control in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques

Although the study of non-human primates has resulted in important advances for understanding HIV-specific immunity, a clear correlate of immune control over simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication has not been found to date. In this study, CD8+ T-cell cytotoxic capacity was examined to determine whether this function is a correlate of immune control in the rhesus macaque (RM) SIV infection model as has been suggested in chronic HIV infection. SIVmac251-infected human reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-transduced CD4+ T-cell clone targets were co-incubated with autologous macaque effector cells to measure infected CD4+ T-cell elimination (ICE). Twenty-three SIV-infected rhesus macaques with widely varying plasma viral RNA levels were evaluated in a blinded fashion. Nineteen of 23 subjects (83%) were correctly classified as long-term nonprogressor/elite controller (LTNP/EC), slow progressor, progressor or SIV-negative rhesus macaques based on measurements of ICE (weighted Kappa 0.75). LTNP/EC had higher median ICE than progressors (67.3% [22.0–91.7%] vs. 23.7% [0.0–58.0%], p = 0.002). In addition, significant correlations between ICE and viral load (r = −0.57, p = 0.01), and between granzyme B delivery and ICE (r = 0.89, p<0.001) were observed. Furthermore, the CD8+ T cells of LTNP/EC exhibited higher per-cell cytotoxic capacity than those of progressors (p = 0.004). These findings support that greater lytic granule loading of virus-specific CD8+ T cells and efficient delivery of active granzyme B to SIV-infected targets are associated with superior control of SIV infection in rhesus macaques, consistent with observations of HIV infection in humans. Therefore, such measurements appear to represent a correlate of control of viral replication in chronic SIV infection and their role as predictors of immunologic control in the vaccine setting should be evaluated.
Heat Capacity of Europium from 5°—300°K

The heat capacities of two samples of Eu have been measured, one in the range 12°—300°K and another in the range 5–300°K. A sharp transition was found in the neighborhood of 88°K, the temperature of the peaks differing by 0.3°K in the two samples, and the height of the peaks differing by roughly a factor of 2. Reasonable values of lattice and electronic contributions yield a magnetic entropy of R ln8 at room temperature in accordance with the ion core being divalent over the entire temperature range measured. This value for the magnetic entropy is not unambiguously determined by our analysis, however. The thermodynamic functions for the two samples agree at room temperature to within 0.2% and are found to be as follows: (H298.15∘−H0∘)/T=26.86 J (g·at. wt·deg)−1, S298.15∘=77.81 J (g·at. wt·deg)−1.
Electroretinogram (ERG) sensitivity and phagosome frequency in the normal pigmented rat

Normal adult pigmented rats, born and raised in cyclic light for 25- to 27 days and then placed in darkness for up to 24 hr, showed an inverse relation between electroretinogram (ERG) sensitivity and phagosome frequency in the pigment epithelium over the course of a day. Linear regression revealed that a two-fold increase in the frequency of large phagosomes was associated with approximately a one-third decrease in ERG sensitivity. The observed 37–40% decline in ERG sensitivity 1·5 hr after expected light onset was significantly greater than what would be expected from the measured 11% shortening of rod outer segments at that time of day. Possible explanations for this disparity are considered.
374 DILATOR PROSTAGLANDIN LEVELS AND INDOMETHACIN RESPONSIVENESS

Ductal patency in the premature is associated with increased concentrations of dilator prostaglandins. Indomethacin is a general inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis; therefore, it is more likely to be successful if levels of dilator prostaglandins are elevated than if not. Both 6 keto PGF1α, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin, and PGE2 have been demonstrated to be increased in conjunction with patent ductus arteriosus. Plasma levels of these prostaglandins were measured by radioimmunoassay in ten prematures with PDA. Four of the ten infants studied had elevated 6 keto PGF1α levels (>500 pg/ml). All of these had a complete disappearance of their PDA murmur at 48 hours post therapy. Six infants had 6 keto PGF1α levels within normal limits. Of these, four had no response to indomethacin and were surgically ligated, and two had transient decreases in the intensity of their murmurs with subsequent recurrences. PGE2 in general, varied in the same direction as did 6 keto PGF1α, however it was less sensitive in predicting therapeutic response. Thus, elevation of 6 keto PGF1α is closely correlated with indomethacin responsiveness.
Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc in meals : Correlations related to the epidemiology of ischemic heart disease.

Meals of 12 diets were prepared from conventional foods with precautions against contamination by metallic elements because of epidemiologic associations between ischemic heart disease and the metabolism of magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc. Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with satisfactory accuracy and precision.The mean daily amount of copper in the diets was less than the apparent adult requirement. Mean amounts of magnesium and zinc were close to apparent requirements; however, adults consuming amounts less than one standard deviation below these means may be depleting body stores and be at risk of pathology.Magnesium and copper were highly correlated (r=0.849,P=0.0001) in meals. This and other significant correlations probably will prevent the relationships of these elements to ischemic heart disease from being elucidated by epidemiology. Metabolic experiments will be necessary to differentiate among several hypotheses.
Stratospheric Cloud over Northern Arizona

An unusual ring-shaped cloud was widely observed over northern Arizona near sunset on 28 February 1963. From a large number of observers9 reports it is known to have appeared overhead near Flagstaff, Arizona. From initial computations based on four photos taken in Tucson, 190 miles south of the cloud, its altitude was approximately 35 kilometers. The most distant observation reported was made 280 miles from the cloud. The cloud remained sunlit for 28 minutes after local sunset. Iridescence was noted by many observers. Tentatively, the cloud may be regarded as similar to a nacreous cloud; but its unusually great height and unusually low altitude, plus its remarkable shape, suggest that it was a cloud of previously unrecorded type.
Optical transmittance measurements on a solar collector cover of cylindrical glass tubes

Abstract The transmittance of unpolarized light through a solar collector cover made of cylindrical glass tubes in a coplanar parallel close-packed array is dependent on the orientation of the cylindrical axes of the tubes in the plane of the cover. A maximum transmittance occurs when the axes are perpendicular to the plane of the angle of incidence, and a minimum transmittance occurs when the axes are parallel to the plane. At all orientations and at all angles of incidence the tubular cover has a markedly greater transmittance than does a cover formed from two parallel sheets of window glass.
DNA binding activity is required for EBNA 1-dependent transcriptional activation and DNA replication

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA 1) has been shown to be a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that is required for the replication of episomal elements carrying the viral origin of DNA replication, oriP, as well as for the activation of a specific transcriptional enhancer. We have constructed and analyzed a series of deletion and nonsense mutants in a cloned copy of the EBNA 1 gene and have tested mutant peptides for the ability (a) to bind to a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a consensus EBNA 1 binding site, (b) to activate the EBNA 1-specific enhancer, and (c) to drive replication of an oriP-bearing plasmid in a transient replication assay. The presence of a DNA binding domain in the carboxy-terminal third of the protein was confirmed. Interestingly, neither the acidic tail nor the Gly-Ala copolymer of EBNA 1 contributes significantly to binding. In addition to sequences in the carboxy-terminal portion of the protein, our data indicate that sequences in the amino-terminal portion of the polypeptide affect the binding of EBNA 1 to its target sequence. Further, we show that EBNA 1 binds to its recognition sequence as a dimer. Results of transient expression assays indicate that the ability of EBNA 1 species to activate the transcriptional enhancer and to drive the replication of oriP plasmids is directly dependent on the ability of the polypeptides to bind to the EBNA 1 consensus binding sequence.
Space-charge wave instability in a semiconductor exhibiting field-dependent diffusion coefficient and saturated drift velocity

It is shown that, in a semiconductor biased in the saturation region, the combination of a field-dependent diffusion coefficient with a gradient in the steady-state electric-field distribution may lead to space-charge wave amplification.
The natural history of petit mal epilepsy.

SUMMARY Of 72 children with petit mal, seen between August, 1958 and December, 1962, 70 were followed-up at the end of 1964. Twenty-five also suffered from grand mal. All but 11 showed 3-per-second spike and wave activity in the electroencephalogram. Thirty-six had ceased to have petit mal attacks for a year or longer, 23 for three years or longer. Twelve had had no grand mal attacks for a year or longer and 5 for over three years. A further 19 patients had only very occasional petit mal and 11 only infrequent grand mal. It is suggested that the prognosis of petit mal epilepsy, although guarded, may often be favourable. RESUME L'histoire naturelle du petit mal Parmi 72 enfants atteints du petit mal examines pendant la periode d'aout 1958 a decembre 1962, 70 ont ete suivis jusqu'a la fin de 1964. En outre, 25 souffraient du grand mal. A l'exception de 11, l'electroencephalogramme de tous les enfants presentait trois cycles d'activite en pointe et onde par seconde; 36 patients n'ont plus eu d'attaque de petit mal depuis un an ou plus, 23 depuis 3 ans ou plus, 11 n'ont pas souffert du grand mal depuis un an ou plus, et 5 n'ont pas eu d'attaques depuis plus de 3 ans. 19 autres patients n'ont eu que de tres rares attaques de petit mal et 11 seulement des attaques de grand mal peu frequentes. Le pronostic du petit mal, pense-t-on, bien que reserve, serait souvent favorable. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Naturgeschichte des Petit Mal Von 72 Kindern mit Petit Mal, beobachtet zwischen August 1958 und Dezember 1962, wurden 70 Ende 1964 wieder kontrolliert. 25 litten ausserdem am Grand Mal. Aile, ausser 11, wiesen 3 per Sekunde Stachel-und-Wellen-Aktivitat im Elektro-Encephalogramm auf; 36 Patienten hatten seit einem Jahr oder langer keine Petit Mal -Anfalle mehr gehabt, 23 schon seit 3 oder mehr Jahren keine mehr; 12 hatten ein Jahr oder langer kein Grand Mal gehabt, und 5 uberhaupt keine Anfalle seit mehr als 3 Jahren. Weitere 19 Patienten hatten nur sehr gelegentlich Petit Mal und 11 nur selten Grand Mal. Es wird die Ansicht zum Ausdruck gebracht dass die Prognose der Petit Mal -Epilepsie, wenn auch vorsichtig, oft gunstig sein kann. RESUMEN Historia natural de pequeno mal Entre agosto de 1958 y diciembre de 1962 se vio a 72 ninos que padecian de pequeno mal, y a fines de 1964 se vio otra vez a 70 de ellos. Habia tambien 25 que padecian de gran mal. Los electroencefalogramas de todos menos 11 mostraron una actividad de puntas y ondas a razon de 3 por segundo. Hacia un ano o mas que 36 de los pacientes no tenian ataques de pequeno mal, y 3 anos o mas que 23 no tenian ningunos. Hacia un ano o mas que 12 pacientes no tenian crisis de gran mal, y hacia mas de 3 anos que 5 no tenian ningunas. Otros 19 pacientes padecian muy raramente de pequeno mal, y 11 muy raramente de gran mal. Se sugiere que el pronostico de la epilepsia minor, aunque no cierto, puede ser muchas veces favorable.
Automatic cone photoreceptor segmentation using graph theory and dynamic programming

Geometrical analysis of the photoreceptor mosaic can reveal subclinical ocular pathologies. In this paper, we describe a fully automatic algorithm to identify and segment photoreceptors in adaptive optics ophthalmoscope images of the photoreceptor mosaic. This method is an extension of our previously described closed contour segmentation framework based on graph theory and dynamic programming (GTDP). We validated the performance of the proposed algorithm by comparing it to the state-of-the-art technique on a large data set consisting of over 200,000 cones and posted the results online. We found that the GTDP method achieved a higher detection rate, decreasing the cone miss rate by over a factor of five.
AMP-activated protein kinase regulates L-arginine mediated cellular responses

Our prior study revealed the loss in short-term L-Arginine (ARG) therapeutic efficacy after continuous exposure; resulting in tolerance development, mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) down-regulation, secondary to oxidative stress and induced glucose accumulation. However, the potential factor regulating ARG cellular response is presently unknown. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with 100 μM ARG for 2 h in buffer (short-term or acute), or for 7 days in culture medium and challenged for 2 h in buffer (continuous or chronic), in the presence or absence of other agents. eNOS activity was determined by analyzing cellular nitrite/nitrate (NO2–/NO3–), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was assayed using SAMS peptide. 13C6 glucose was added to medium to measure glucose uptake during cellular treatments, which were determined by LC-MS/MS. Cellular glucose was identified by o-toluidine method. Superoxide (O2•–) was identified by EPR-spin-trap, and peroxynitrite (ONOO–) was measured by flow-cytometer using aminophenyl fluorescein dye. Short-term incubation of cells with 100 μM ARG in the presence or absence of 30 μM L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 30 μM AMPK inhibitor (compound C, CMP-C) increased cellular oxidative stress and overall glucose accumulation with no variation in glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), or AMPK activity from control. The increase in total NO2–/NO3– after 2 h 100 μM ARG exposure, was suppressed in cells co-incubated with 30 μM CMP-C or L-NAME. Long-term exposure of ARG with or without CMP-C or L-NAME suppressed NO2–/NO3–, glucose uptake, GLUT-1, AMPK expression and activity below control, and increased overall cellular glucose, O2•– and ONOO–. Gluconeogenesis inhibition with 30 μM 5-Chloro-2-N-2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonamido-benzoxazole (CDB) during ARG exposure for 2 h maintained overall cellular glucose to control, but increased cellular glucose uptake. Continuous co-incubation with CDB and ARG increased NO2–/NO3–, glucose uptake, GLUT-1, AMPK expression and activity, and maintained overall cellular glucose, O2•– and ONOO– to control conditions. The present study provides the fundamental evidence for AMPK as the primary modulator of ARG cellular responses and for regulating the mode of glucose accumulation during short-term and continuous ARG treatments.
Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical study of six cases

Recently, T-cell lymphoma localized to the subcutaneous tissue has been reported. We report the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic findings in 6 patients who we believe had this peculiar T-cell lymphoma with its unique morphologic and clinical features. All patients presented with deep-seated nodules, most frequently on the extremities, and with systemic complaints of low-grade fever, fatigue, myalgias, and weight loss. In all cases, the neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrate was confined to the subcutaneous tissue, predominantly in a lobular pattern. Hemorrhage, necrosis, and rare erythrophagocytosis were also seen. Immunohistochemical staining was predominantly T-cell reactive (CD43, CD3, and CD45RO). Clonal rearrangements of the beta and gamma chains of the T-cell antigen receptor genes were found in 1 case. Three of the 6 patients died within 22 months of the diagnosis of lymphoma. We believe that subcutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a distinctive group of peripheral T-cell lymphomas with unusual clinical and morphologic features and that they should be distinguished from other types of lymphoma.
Experimental Studies of Atomic Behavior at Crystal Surfaces

Possibly the simplest surface problems are those dealing with the behavior of elemental solids. Such important phenomena as crystal and thin-film growth, evaporation, surface diffusion, and sintering all involve atomic events at the solid-vacuum interface. However, the state of understanding of even these simple problems mirrors that in more complex areas of technological interest: although at present measurements are available on the overall event, only little has been done to establish the atomic mechanisms directly.
Maneuver option manager: automated simplification of complex air traffic control problems

Maneuver option manager (MOM) is part of an air traffic control automation project, sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), in which the computer for the first time assumes responsibility for separation assurance between en route aircraft. MOM's purpose is to detect and simplify certain complex air traffic control problems, identified here as sets of interrelated potential pairwise separation problems. MOM determines which of six types of maneuver options is available (free of possible separation problems) for each aircraft. MOM simplifies a complex problem by protecting (for future use) an available maneuver option for one or more of the involved aircraft. Routinely, a single maneuver option resolves multiple pairwise problems. MOM's actions cause complex problems to be iteratively broken down into independent, smaller, and less complex problems. >
The Enterprise Data Trust at Mayo Clinic: a semantically integrated warehouse of biomedical data

Mayo Clinic's Enterprise Data Trust is a collection of data from patient care, education, research, and administrative transactional systems, organized to support information retrieval, business intelligence, and high-level decision making. Structurally it is a top-down, subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data in support of Mayo Clinic's analytic and decision-making processes. It is an interconnected piece of Mayo Clinic's Enterprise Information Management initiative, which also includes Data Governance, Enterprise Data Modeling, the Enterprise Vocabulary System, and Metadata Management. These resources enable unprecedented organization of enterprise information about patient, genomic, and research data. While facile access for cohort definition or aggregate retrieval is supported, a high level of security, retrieval audit, and user authentication ensures privacy, confidentiality, and respect for the trust imparted by our patients for the respectful use of information about their conditions.
Visceral adiposity is negatively associated with bone density and muscle attenuation

Background: The storage of adipose tissue in ectopic compartments is a hallmark attribute linking greater body mass index (BMI) with cardiometabolic diseases. Despite ample evidence to confirm that increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) deposition occurs with obesity, the interrelations between altered fat partitioning and regional muscle and bone quality are less well understood. Objective: We examined the association between adiposity and spinal muscle and bone quality across a large, heterogeneous cohort of adults. Design: We identified 8833 thoracic or abdominal computed tomography scans from patients in the University of Michigan Health System who were aged 18‐64.9 y. We measured trabecular bone densities, cortical bone densities, VAT areas, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas at vertebral levels T7 to L5. Psoas muscle attenuation (an indicator of fat infiltration in muscle) was measured at the L4 level. Results: Muscle attenuation as well as trabecular and cortical bone densities revealed negative correlations with BMI, SAT, and VAT. The correlation between BMI and psoas attenuation was 20.321, between BMI and the density of cortical bone was 20.250, and between BMI and trabecular bone was 20.143 (all P , 0.001). However, correlations between VAT and lower muscle attenuation were stronger as were those between VAT and lower bone densities. Inverse correlations between VATand densities of psoas muscle and cortical and trabecular bone were 20.460, 20.407, and 20.434, respectively (P , 0.001). Even after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI, partial correlations between VAT, muscle attenuation, and bone densities remained significant at 20.250, 20.119, and 20.216, respectively (P , 0.001). Conclusions: Contrary to previous reports that high body mass is associated with increased bone quality, our data show a significant negative association between BMI and muscle and bone densities, suggesting fat infiltration into these tissues. More importantly, correlations between VAT and decreased bone and muscle densities remained statistically significant even after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:337‐43.
Working stocks and speculative stocks

Abstract This paper presents theoretical results that are useful for determining the magnitudes of speculative stocks and working stocks held in a commodity market. It is shown that the level of working stocks is a function of the expected discounted price spread. Implications of the results for empirical work are considered.
Recognition and implications of Eocene tufas and travertines in the Chadron Formation, White River Group, Badlands of South Dakota

There are few descriptions of pre-Quaternary tufa or travertine, yet these deposits have important climatic, hydrological and tectonic implications. In the Badlands of South Dakota, the Late Eocene Chadron Formation contains a variety of tufa (fluvial, lacustrine, paludal and perched springline types), travertine and calcrete (pedogenic and non-pedogenic types). In fluvial channels, tufas and tufa barrages (oncolites, tufa lithoclast conglomerates and phytoherms) are transitional to travertines (pseudostromatolitic boundstone gravels and small pinnacle resurgences with rimstone edges and pools). Lacustrine tufas formed in small ponds adjacent to other types of tufas and are similar to the ‘low-energy, bench-margin facies’ types observed in modern, groundwater-fed, temperate-zone hardwater lakes. Paludal tufas are laterally discontinuous sheets of pisoid-intraclast wackestone that fill palaeotopography. Distal perched springline tufas are mounds of numerous sloping tufa sheets. Concretions and rhizoliths associated with palaeosols are recognized as pedogenic calcretes, whereas non-pedogenic calcretes are variably cemented, vertically oriented conduits for palaeogroundwater discharge that are located in fault zones. These deposits resulted from palaeogroundwater discharge along faults during the Late Eocene. Coeval unroofing of the Black Hills uplift created a regional groundwater flow system through karsted Palaeozoic limestones exposed in the Black Hills. The Chadron Formation is an avulsion-dominated, siliciclastic unit, yet important bodies of carbonate accumulated in it as a result of groundwater processes.
Building a Research Consortium of Large Health Systems: The Cancer Research Network

Critical questions about cancer prevention, care, and outcomes increasingly require research involving large patient populations and their care delivery organizations. The Cancer Research Network (CRN) includes 11 integrated health systems funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to conduct collaborative cancer research. This article describes the challenges of constructing a productive consortium of large health systems, and explores the CRN's responses. The CRN was initially funded through an NCI cooperative agreement in 1999 and has since received a second 4-year grant. Leadership and policy development are provided through a steering committee, subcommittees, and an external advisory committee. The CRN includes integral and affiliated research projects supported by a Scientific and Data Resources Core. Three characteristics of the CRN intensified the general challenges of consortium research: 1) its members are large health systems with legitimate concerns about confidentiality of data about enrollees, providers, and the organization; 2) CRN research projects often generate highly sensitive data about quality of care; and therefore 3) each participating organization wants a strong voice in CRN direction. CRN experience to date confirms that a consortium of health systems with internal research capacity can address a range of important cancer research questions that would be difficult to study in other venues. The advantages and challenges of consortium research are explored, with suggestions for the development, execution, and management of multisystem population laboratories.
Hypergraph Extension Of The Alon-Tarsi List Coloring Theorem

A circulation in a digraph is a spanning subgraph with indegree equal to outdegree at each vertex. Alon and Tarsi proved that a graph is d-choosable when it has an orientation that has no vertex of outdegree at least d and has the property that the numbers of circulations with even-sized and odd-sized edge sets differ. We generalize this to k-uniform hypergraphs for prime k. We use a “hypergraph polynomial“ and a notion of hypergraph orientation defined by choosing a source vertex from each edge.
The Ghosts of Totalitarianism

Tzvetan Todorov's book, originally published in 2000 in French and now available in a superb translation, paused at the end of a violent century to attempt to assess-as the title and subtitle suggest-how to remember it and what lessons to learn. A contemporary figure in the long tradition of French-speaking moralists, Todorov writes beautifully and with ethical passion about some of the darkest crimes in humanity's recent history. For Todorov, these crimes are not just past: reflecting on them can provide guidance for contemporary international affairs, such as NATO's intervention in Kosovo or the current war on terrorism. Todorov's basic theses are two: first, totalitarianism counts as the primary novelty of the twentieth century and has to be the basis for moral reflection about it; second, there is a proper manner of response to totalitarianism, which consists of the defense of a democratic and pluralistic alternative politics, one that reacts to the disasters of the past with moral vigilance in the present. … Many in France since the mid-1970s have adopted the concept of “totalitarianism”-much criticized elsewhere-to refer to the new alternatives to democratic rule-fascist and communist-thrown up by the twentieth century. … Todorov is intervening in a characteristically French debate in which the distinction of the regimes from one another has become part of a much larger ideological dispute and therefore freighted with heavy implications. What implications? For of course, it is hard to gainsay Todorov's argument that it is necessary for the experience of politically evil regimes to be at the heart of moral reflection today. Even so, Todorov's book illustrates some of the difficulties toward which such a commitment can lead….
Naltrexone attenuation of conditioned but not primary reinforcement of nicotine in rats.

Rationale Opioid neurotransmission has been implicated in reinforcement-related processes for several drugs of abuse, including opiates, stimulants, and alcohol. However, less is known about its role in the motivational effects of nicotine and nicotine-associated environmental cues.
Phenopedia and Genopedia

Summary: We developed web-based applications that encourage the exploration of the literature on human genetic associations by using a database that is continuously updated from PubMed. These applications provide user-friendly interfaces for searching summarized information on human genetic associations, using either genes or diseases as the starting point. Availability: Phenopedia and Genopedia can be freely accessed at http://www.hugenavigator.net/HuGENavigator/startPagePhenoPedia.do and http://www.hugenavigator.net/HuGENavigator/startPagePedia.do, respectively. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
IFNγ production in peripheral blood of early Lyme disease patients to hLFAαL (aa326-345)

It has been proposed that outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto contains a T helper 1 (Th1) cell epitope that could play a role in an autoimmune response to hLFA1. We used two peptides, hLFAαL (aa326-345) and Borrelia burgdorferi OspAB31 (aa164-183), as stimulating antigens to measure Th1 proinflammatory IFNγ cytokine production in peripheral blood of Lyme disease patients presenting with EM without history of arthritis, as well as in peripheral blood of healthy individuals. IFNγ responses to hLFA1 peptide were observed in 11 of 19 Lyme disease patients and in 3 of 15 healthy controls. In contrast, only 2 of 19 of the Lyme disease patients and none of the controls responded to the homologous OspAB31 peptide. IFNγ was produced in response to stimulation with peptide hLFAαL (aa326-345) in peripheral blood of 58% of patients with early Lyme disease without signs of arthritis, as well as in peripheral blood of 20% of healthy individuals, but not in response to stimulation with the homologous OspAB31 (aa164-183) peptide (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that reactivity to the hLFA1 peptide in peripheral blood may be the result of T cell degeneracy.
Alcohol-Related Expectations among Mexican-American Women

The article explores alcohol expectations among Mexican-American women utilizing the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire and a series of quantity/frequency alcohol use measures. The results indicate that Mexican-American women generally have similar expectations about the benefits of alcohol use as women in the larger population. Within the sample of Mexican-American women however, there were differences in alcohol expectations based on occupational status and acculturation level: those Mexican-American women who are more acculturated and hold higher professional status occupations have higher expectations of the benefits of alcohol use than less acculturated Mexican-American women in blue-collar or service occupations. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Risky business: Is there an association between casual sex and mental health among emerging adults?

A multiethnic sample of single, heterosexual, emerging-adult college students (N = 3,907) ages 18 to 25, from 30 institutions across the United States, participated in a study about identity, culture, psychological well-being, and risky behaviors. Given ongoing debates about the connection between casual sex and psychological adjustment, in the current study we assessed the cross-sectional association of participation in casual sex with psychological well-being and distress. A greater proportion of men (18.6%) compared to women (7.4%) reported having had casual sex in the month prior to assessment. Structural equation modeling indicated that casual sex was negatively associated with well-being (s = .20, p < .001) and positively associated with psychological distress (s = .16, p < .001). Gender did not moderate these associations. For emerging-adult college students, engaging in casual sex may elevate risk for negative psychological outcomes.
SURFACE-BINDING OF THYROXINE BY THYROIDAL PROTEINS1

DURING normal hormonal biosynthesis, thyroxine is apparently formed within the matrix of the large thyroglobulin molecule (1). It has been generally believed that thyroxine is thus sequestered within the follicle until enzymatic hydrolysis of thyroglobulin leaves the small molecular hormone free to diffuse into the circulation (2, 3). However, the findings of Leblond and Gross (4), and of Tong, Taurog and Chaikoff (5) suggest that thyroxine liberated by the hydrolysis of thyroglobulin need not diffuse freely from the follicle. These authors demonstrated, in the thyroid glands of rats, thyroxine (and diiodotyrosine) which was readily extractable from unhydrolyzed glandular extracts with butyl alcohol. This “free” thyroxine, though comprising only a small proportion of total glandular iodine, was present in concentrations many times greater than the concentration of butanol-extractable thyroxine in the plasma. It was suggested that glandular “free” thyroxine might in fact be loosely bound to thyroidal prote...
Observers for sensorless control of industrial magnetic bearings

A nonlinear state estimator for industrial magnetic bearings is presented. The estimator uses voltage measurements, current measurements, and a magnetic flux model to estimate the bearing air gap dimension. The accuracy of the proposed state estimator is model dependent, but appears to be much less sensitive than linear observers that have been used in this application. Also presented in the paper is a description of the test hardware system, and a brief summary of other nonlinear state estimation methods that have been examined. The work is motivated by the desire to eliminate the proximity probes that are a significant factor of the overall system cost and reliability. In systems where probes must be used, the state estimator can still be used to offer a measure of feedback redundancy that improves overall system reliability.
Navigating the tag genome

Tags help users understand a rich information space, by showing them specific text annotations for each item in the space and enabling them to search by these annotations. Often, however, users may wish to move from one item to other items that are similar overall, but that differ in key characteristics. For example, a user who loves Pulp Fiction might want to see a similar movie, but might be in a mood for a less "dark" movie. This paper introduces Movie Tuner, a novel interface that supports navigation from one item to nearby items along dimensions represented by tags. Movie Tuner is based on a data structure called the tag genome, which is described in separate work. The tag genome encodes each item's relationship to a common set of tags by applying machine learning algorithms to user-contributed content. The present paper discusses our design of Movie Tuner, including algorithms for navigating to new items and for suggesting tags for navigation. We present the results of a 7-week field trial of 2,531 users of Movie Tuner, and of a survey evaluating users' subjective experience.
Face De-identification

With the emergence of new applications centered around the sharing of image data, questions concerning the protection of the privacy of people visible in the scene arise. In most of these applications, knowledge of the identity of people in the image is not required. This makes the case for image de-identification, the removal of identifying information from images, prior to sharing of the data. Privacy protection methods are well established for field-structured data; however, work on images is still limited. In this chapter, we review previously proposed naive and formal face de-identification methods. We then describe a novel framework for the de-identification of face images using multi-factor models which unify linear, bilinear, and quadratic data models. We show in experiments on a large expression-variant face database that the new algorithm is able to protect privacy while preserving data utility. The new model extends directly to image sequences, which we demonstrate on examples from a medical face database.
Responsibility and punishment: whose mind? A response

Cognitive neuroscience is challenging the Anglo-American approach to criminal responsibility. Critiques, in this issue and elsewhere, are pointing out the deeply flawed psychological assumptions un...
Basis Expectations and Soybean Hedging Effectiveness

There are two issues which form the central focus of the paper: a) the role of basis expectations in measuring hedging effectiveness (HE), and b) the behavior of HE over time and space. An HE conceptual model is developed which emphasizes the explicit specification of the hedger's basis expectation. Alternative soybean basis expectation (forecast) models are then evaluated. One of two models—both of which are simple and practical—perform best, depending on contract expiration. An analysis of HE during 1966 to 1983 indicates that there was an increase in the risk-shifting opportunity associated with the soybean futures market, and that the possibility of nonstationary (over time) and nonconstant (over space) hedging effectiveness needs to be considered when analyzing direct and cross hedges.
Marine disease impacts, diagnosis, forecasting, management and policy.

As Australians were spending millions of dollars in 2014 to remove the coral-eating crown of thorns sea star from the Great Barrier Reef, sea stars started washing up dead for free along North America's Pacific Coast. Because North American sea stars are important and iconic predators in marine