cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effort distribution and catch patterns adjacent to temperate MPAs

trawl effort (1991e1993) occurred within the 22 000 km 2 of area that would eventually be closed year-round. In 2001e2003 about 10% of effort targeting groundfish was deployed within 1 km of the marine protected area (MPA) boundaries, and about 25% within 5 km. Density gradients, consistent with spill-over from MPAs, were apparent for some species. Average revenue per hour trawled was about twice as high within 4 km of the boundary, than for more distant catches, but the catch variability was greater nearer closed area boundaries. Seasonal closed areas attracted more fishing effort after opening than prior to closure even while average cpue was the same or lower. Spatial resolution of traditional data sources (e.g., logbooks) was too crude to discern detailed MPA-related effects, as revealed by high-resolution vessel positions from VMS and catch data obtained by observers.
Are Large Trojan Asteroids Salty? An Observational, Theoretical, and Experimental Study

Abstract With a total mass similar to the main asteroid belt, the jovian Trojan asteroids are a major feature in the Solar System. Based upon the thermal infrared spectra of the largest Trojans obtained with the Spitzer space telescope, Emery et al. (Emery, J.P., Cruikshank, D.P., van Cleve, J. [2006]. Icarus 182, 496) suggested that the surfaces of these Trojans may consist of fine-grained silicates suspended in a transparent matrix. To explore the transparent matrix hypothesis, we adopted a modified radiative transfer model to fit the Trojan spectra simultaneously both in the near and the thermal infrared regions. Our model shows that the Trojan spectra over a wide wavelength range can be consistently explained by fine grained silicates (1–5 wt.%) and highly absorbing material (e.g. carbon or iron, 2–10 wt.%) suspended in a transparent matrix. The matrix is consistent with a deposit of salt on the surfaces of the large Trojans. However, this consistency is not an actual detection of salt and other alternatives may still be possible. We suggest that early in the Solar System history, short-lived radionuclides heated ice-rich Trojans and caused melting, internal circulation of water and dissolution of soluble materials. Briny water volcanism were facilitated by internal volatiles and a possibly global sill of frozen brine was formed beneath the cold primitive crust. The frozen brine layer was likely to be evacuated by impact erosions and evaporation of the exposed brines eventually left a lag deposit of salt. Over the Solar System’s history, fine dust from comets or impacts contaminated and colored these salty surfaces of the Trojans to produce the spectral properties observed today.
The inertia set of the join of graphs

Abstract Let G = ( V , E ) be a graph with V = { 1 , 2 , … , n } . Denote by S ( G ) the set of all real symmetric n × n matrices A = [ a i , j ] with a i , j ≠ 0 , i ≠ j if and only if ij is an edge of G . Denote by I ↗ ( G ) the set of all pairs ( p , q ) of natural numbers such that there exists a matrix A ∈ S ( G ) with at most p positive and q negative eigenvalues. We show that if G is the join of G 1 and G 2 , then I ↗ ( G ) ⧹ { ( 1 , 1 ) } = I ↗ ( G 1 ∨ K 1 ) ∩ I ↗ ( G 2 ∨ K 1 ) ⧹ { ( 1 , 1 ) } . Further, we show that if G is a graph with s isolated vertices, then I ↗ ( G ∨ K 1 ) = I ↗ ( G ˘ ) + I ↗ ( K 1 , s ) , where G ˘ denotes the graph obtained from G be removing all isolated vertices, and we give a combinatorial characterization of graphs G with ( 1 , 1 ) ∈ I ↗ ( G ) . We use these results to determine I ↗ ( G ) for every complete multipartite graph G .
A MODIFIED CLIP CAGE FOR USE WITH APHIDS AND OTHER SMALL INSECTS

Experimental ecologists have frequently used cages to facilitate their understanding of ecological systems. This has been particularly true of ecologists studying aphids and other small insects, and a variety of cage designs have been described, ranging from small screened tents to sleeve cages to clip cages (see Adams and van Emden, 1972). The purpose of this note is to describe a modified clip cage design that is suitable for use on irregular cylindrical surfaces as well as on leaves.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUP T‐, N‐ AND M‐SPECIFIC IMMUNODETERMINANTS ON HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE ANTIGENS

We synthesized on Tn erythrocytes with human sera, UDP-Gal, and activators T-specific haptenic structures in satisfactory yield. The specificity of this biosynthesis was ascertained by agglutination with human and animal anti-T, by specific absorption of human anti-T as well as by agglutination inhibition assays. With isolated human erythrocyte T antigen as substrate we synthesized N- and M-specific structures with sera from individual human donors in presence of CMP-sialic acid by incubation for 24 hr at 37 degrees C. Serology on the recovered product was carried out with nineteen monospecific human and animal sera under strictly standardized and controlled conditions with the mandatory tube assay. All M- as well as N-derived T antigens tested acquired N specificity with all transferase sera of all MN types. In contrast, M-activation of M- and N-drived T antigens tested acquired N specificity with all transferase sera of all MN types. In contrast, M-activation of M- and N-derived T antigens occurred only if the transferase donor had the M gene. The nine M transferase sera used all gave M-activation of MM- and NN-derived T antigens. None of twelve transferase sera from NN donors M-activated any T antigen. NN antigen was transformed to a M-specific one by all transferase sera from MM donors but by none from NN donors. We have not yet established the biochemical-genetic relation of M to N; N may be the immediate precursor of M or M may originate directly from T. The sialyltransferase responsible for M activation may be a N transferase 'modified' by the M gene product or an entirely different sialyltransferase.
CD44 on LS174T colon carcinoma cells possesses E-selectin ligand activity

Metastasis of circulating tumor cells requires a multistep cascade of events initiated by adhesion of tumor cells to the vascular endothelium of involved tissues. This process occurs under the forces of blood flow and is promoted by adhesion molecules specialized to interact under shear conditions. The endothelial molecule E-selectin is a major mediator of these adhesive events, and there is strong evidence that E-selectin receptor-ligand interactions contribute to the formation of metastasis. However, little is known about the identity of E-selectin ligand(s) expressed on cancer cells. To address this issue, we did SDS-PAGE analysis of membrane proteins, metabolic inhibition studies, and blot rolling assays of LS174T, a colon carcinoma cell line known to interact with E-selectin under physiologic flow conditions. Our studies show that LS174T cells express the hematopoietic cell E/L-selectin (HCELL) glycoform of CD44, which functions as a high-affinity E-selectin glycoprotein ligand on these cells. However, in contrast to the HCELL glycoform on human hematopoietic progenitor cells, which expresses carbohydrate-binding determinant(s) for E-selectin primarily on N-glycans of standard CD44, the relevant determinant(s) on LS174T cells is expressed on O-glycans and is predominantly found on variant isoforms of CD44 (CD44v). Our finding that tumor-associated CD44 splice variant(s) express E-selectin ligand activity provides novel perspectives on the biology of CD44 in cancer metastasis.
Die Gründe der ethischen Grundordnungsgebilde

Die Frage nach den zureichenden Grunden fur Pflichtsollen, Freidurfen und Verwehrtheit, ferner fur Verantwortung, Schuld usw. ist das bedeutsamste Problem der praktologischen Ethik. Es empfiehlt sich, die Suche nach diesen Grunden fur die einzelnen ethischen Grundordnungsgebilde getrennt durchzufuhren.
Dopamine and acetylcholine cell density in the neuroleptic responsive (NR) and neuroleptic nonresponsive (NNR) lines of mice.

The neuroleptic responsive (NR) and neuroleptic nonresponsive (NNR) selected lines of mice differ more than 10-fold in the ED50 for catalepsy induced by a wide variety of neuroleptics with a high dopamine D2/D1 receptor activity ratio, e.g., haloperidol. The NR and NNR lines also differ significantly in dopamine D2 somatodendritic receptor density; within the substantia nigra zona compacta and the ventral tegmental area, the increases in the NNR line are on average 33 and 48%, respectively. We now report that the NNR line has a higher number of dopamine neurons in the midrostral to the midcaudal aspect of the substantia nigra zona compacta. Within this region, the increase in dopamine cell number was on average 41%. In contrast to these data, there was no difference in cell number between lines in the ventral tegmental area. Thus, the increase of midbrain dopamine D2 receptor density in the NNR line can only be accounted for in part by an increase in the number of dopamine neurons. Although the number of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta was increased in the NNR line, the density of dopamine terminals in the caudate-putamen as estimated by the [3H] mazindol technique was modestly but significantly higher (8%) in the NR line. The selected lines also differed within the caudate-putamen in the number of cholinergic neurons. The NR line had a significantly higher number of cholinergic neurons in the rostral caudate-putamen. Overall, these data illustrate that selective breeding for neuroleptic response has yielded lines of mice with significant differences in both the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems of the basal ganglia.
The Costs of Radical Structural Change: The Case of Toronto and Hamilton

As detailed in Chap. 3, Canadian provinces experimented with radical structural change. This chapter is a case study of two cities in the province of Ontario, one of the provinces that pushed structural change the hardest. The case studies are Toronto, the largest city in Canada, and Hamilton, an older, industrial, declining midsize city. With the thrust in Ontario commencing in the 1990s to move from a tiered form of government to consolidated structures, this provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of radical structural change. Toronto and Hamilton had their upper governmental tiers abolished under the restructuring and the former independent municipalities within the tier amalgamated into the central city. It is an analysis of the administration of the new cities and an assessment of whether the amalgamations achieved the objectives of the political leaders who mandated the mergers. Each region is treated as a separate case study. The movement from a tiered to a consolidated city in Toronto by no means captured all the urban development in the Toronto area. In fact, Hamilton is considered to be part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). It is on the outer fringes of the GTA. I separate these for analysis purposes because there are different issues in the consolidations of each. Toronto’s amalgamation was the combination of a central city and older, inner-ring suburbs within a larger metropolitan area. Hamilton’s consolidation was an amalgamation that combined a number of small rural communities into this declining industrial city on the edge of the GTA.
Identification of factors influencing matriculation decisions by dental school applicants.

Recent dental school surveys have indicated a slight decrease in the overall number of dental school applicants. As a result, competition for the most highly qualified students is increasing among dental schools. A number of factors may contribute to an applicant9s decision on where to matriculate, such as tuition costs, cost of living in an area, location of the dental school, reputation, availability of financial aid, and the school9s facilities. Identifying the reasons why students choose to attend a specific school may be an important first step in formulating a strategic plan for recruitment. As a result, a survey was sent to all students (250) interviewed at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine for the 2000-01 admissions cycle. The results of this survey were compared to a similar survey sent following the 1994-95 admissions cycle. In addition, the results of the University of Pittsburgh surveys were compared to a similar survey conducted by a different northeastern dental school. The factors rated most important in 1994-95 were reputation, facilities, and location, in order. In 2000-01, location, curriculum, tuition, and reputation were rated the most important factors, in order. This information may assist admissions officers in formulating an effective recruitment strategy for the most highly qualified applicants.
Red cell survival studies in a patient with anti-Tca.

A radiolabeled, allogenic red cell survival study was performed on a patient who lacked the Cromer-related antigen Tca and who had developed the corresponding antibody. Red cell survival was 92% at 1 hour and 88% at 24 hours. Monocyte monolayer assays (MMA) and IgG subclass determinations were performed on samples from: (1) 1965, the period of initial antibody formation; (2) approximately two years before the red cell survival study; and (3) four months after the study. All samples reacted w+ to 1 + by the antiglobulin test. The earliest sample contained IgGl, IgG2, and IgG4 anti-Tca. Because there were 20.5% reactive monocytes in the MMA (normal range 0—3%), this antibody may have produced extravascular red cell destruction. In contrast to the initial example, the samples before and after the red cell survival study both contained IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses with 1.3% and 2.2% MMA reactivity, respectively. The current pattern of antibody subclass, the lack of reactivity in the MMA, and a red cell survival of 88% at 24 hours indicate that shortterm transfusion support would have been well tolerated. This contrasts to the in vitro results obtained with the earliest sample, which suggest a clinically significant antibody. This appears to be the first report of a red cell alloantibody that remained serologically reactive but underwent a loss of its IgGl fraction, which appeared capable of red cell destruction based on the MMA results.
The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History

Review of: "The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History," by John L. Riley. Rural, Wildland, and Resource Studies Series.
Attrition of Women in STEM: Examining Job/Major Congruence in the Career Choices of College Graduates.

Data from a national survey are used to examine how individual characteristics and social structural factors may influence college graduates choosing an occupation that is congruent with their undergraduate field of study. Analysis is conducted separately for males and females and for students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM majors. Comparisons between the subgroups help to identify factors that may contribute to improving career outcomes and, in particular, lowering the attrition rates in STEM at transition from college to employment. The results suggest that positive career outcomes, such as better earnings and greater job satisfaction, are associated with individuals having an occupation congruent with their college major. STEM graduates have a lower unemployment rate than non-STEM graduates, but female presence in STEM majors remains low; and gender inequality (salary and employment status) in STEM occupations is significant from the very beginning of postbacca...
Pediatric pedunculated perianal problems

Abstract Congenital perianal masses, distinct from sacrococcygeal teratomas, are a rare entity and are minimally reported in literature. A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients who presented to the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin (CHW) with a benign pedunculated perianal mass between April 2014 and June 2015. Three patients fulfilling these criteria underwent elective resection either under general or local anesthesia. The first patient's mass was diagnosed as a benign acrochordon, or skin tag. The midline location of this mass prompted a spinal MRI revealing a low-lying conus and fibrolipoma of the filum terminale. The patient underwent prophylactic laminectomy and transection of the filum terminale and he currently remains asymptomatic. The second patient was found to have a hamartomatous polyp and later developed scrotal and perirectal vascular malformations and was treated successfully with topical timolol. Our third patient presented with a hamartomatous lesion and underwent a colonoscopy and stool studies, both of which were negative. We present these cases to bring awareness to this clinically important entity and to the associated anomalies and work-up that should be considered.
Towards a universal laser source for multiphoton imaging and sensing

The creation of a universally flexible laser source for multiphoton imaging and sensing based on shaped ultrashort laser pulses (two optical cycles) will be discussed. Experimental results will demonstrate its capabilities on imaging biological samples.
Civic education: do liberals do it better?

AbstractRecent research has found that civic education improves the democratic capacity of students and that teachers who employ an ‘open classroom’ approach seem to perform better at accomplishing this goal. We build on behavioural literature suggesting that variation in personality traits across ideology may account for why liberal middle school teachers would be more likely to foster an open classroom climate and as a result do a better job than their conservative counterparts at stimulating in their students’ political knowledge, an important component of democratic capacity. We estimate a series of quasi-experimental multilevel models using data from a survey of American students and teachers. The results indicate that liberal teachers tend to use an open classroom approach more frequently and that the students with the highest levels of political knowledge are in classes taught by liberal teachers. This effect holds up when controlling for individual-level predictors of student knowledge.
Fertility Problems in the Renal Transplant Patient

Renal function, and pituitary and testicular hormone levels were correlated with spermatogenesis in 7 male patients who had undergone successful kidney transplantations. Functions of the pituitary-Leydig cell axis were not impaired. However, abnormal renal function had a direct adverse affect on spermatogenesis. Mechanisms causing infertility in post-transplant patients are reviewed.
Reduced-Order System Identification Using The Karhunen-Loeve Transform

This paper presents a procedure for empirically generating a reduced- order model of a system given a plethora of sensor data. Data reduction is performed at the onset by projection onto an orthogo...
Fast Methods for Statistical Arbitrage

In many time series applications, the data set under study is a vast stream of continuously updated data. Often those data arrive in bursts. Many examples are found in finance, telecommunications, physics, biology, astronomy, among others. The main motivation of our project is to infer linear relationships among multiple financial variables, yielding expressions of the form \(4*\mathrm{DJI} - 35*\mathrm{SNP}500 = 2.4*\mathrm{NASDAQ}\). We use such relationships to back-test a simple trading strategy. For the most part we based our analyses on FOREX data but we also experimented with non-financial datasets. Finally, we provide software capable of being used in a variety of generalized machine learning and streaming applications in many environments. The framework we developed is named StatLearn and is based on two fundamental blocks: SketchStream to filter for relevant time series (a reimplementation of StatStream) and LearnStream to make predictions. Thus, we provide machine learning algorithms in an on-line context.
Research Needs for Establishing a Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Safety Standard

ABSTRACTThe rapidly expanding use of radar, television, industrial and medical heating units, communication systems, and many other related devices has raised a question concerning radio frequency electromagnetic radiation effects on man. The presence of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation in the environment was negligible prior to World War II. Now, for the first time in evolutionary history, man is being subjected to appreciable levels of this form of radiation. In 1966 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published a document entitled, “Safety Level of Electromagnetic Radiation with Respect to Personnel” (see Appendix), establishing an incident power density safety level of 10 mW/cm2from 10 MHz to 100 GHz for periods greater than 0.1 hour. This standard was formulated primarily from research results on tissue heating considerations. The safety level in the USSR and East European countries is 10 µW cm2 based on their research relating to central nervous system (CNS) and behaviorial eff...
The reification objection to bottom-up cognitive ontology revision

Anderson (2014) proposes a bottom-up approach to cognitive ontology revision: Neuroscientists should revise their taxonomies of cognitive constructs on the basis of brain activation patterns across many tasks. We argue that such bottom-up proposal is bound to commit a mistake of reification: It treats the abstract mathematical entities uncovered by dimension reduction techniques as if they were real psychological entities.
Glucocorticoid Induced Cell Death Is Mediated by Its Effect on Cellular Metabolism and Is Independent of Caspase Activity.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) such as prednisone and dexamethasone are a crucial component of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy protocols. Multiple studies in childhood ALL have demonstrated that resistance to GC mediated cell death in vitro and in vivo is the single most important predictor of treatment outcome in childhood ALL. However, the mechanisms of GC mediated cell death as well as the mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to better understand the mechanism of GC induced cell death and to delineate possible mechanisms of resistance. In the initial experiments performed, multiple ALL cell lines, when treated with dexamethasone, underwent a reduction in the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) followed by cell cycle arrest and finally cell death which was unaffected by the presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Since the amount of ROS present in a cell is an indicator of the metabolic state of the cell, specifically the amount of oxidative phosphorylation going on in the mitochondria, additional experiments were performed to directly estimate the mitochondrial mass as well as the metabolic state of the cells treated with GCs. While the mitochondrial mass measured by Mitotracker green labeling of mitochondria in the viable cells remained unchanged in cell lines susceptible to low concentrations (nano or micromolar) of dexamethasone, there was a prominent reduction in mitochondrial mass 36 hours after dexamethasone exposure in MOLT-4 cell line that requires several fold higher (millimolar) concentration of dexamethasone to induce cell death. The reduction in ROS was not accompanied by an increase in glycolysis as determined by the measurement of lactate concentration in the culture supernatants either in the susceptible or the resistant cells. Since one possible mechanism of reduction in ROS is increased scavenging by molecules that are dependent on the presence of NADPH generated during glucose metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), additional experiments were performed to determine if chemical inhibition of this pathway could augment dexamethasone induced cell death in ALL cell lines. Indeed, addition of transandosterone, an inhibitor of G6PD, the rate limiting enzyme of the PPP, resulted in significantly increased dexamethasone toxicity. Based on these experiments it can be concluded that GC induced cell death is mediated by its effect on cellular metabolism. Furthermore, this cell death is caspase independent and likely proceeds via a pathway mechanistically distinct from classical apoptosis. Finally, cells resistant to GC induced cell death have evolved mechanisms to adapt to GC induced changes in cellular metabolism and may maintain energy production via alternative pathways such as the PPP shunt that are independent of mitochondria.
The Impact of HLA Class I-Specific Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors on Antibody-Dependent Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Organ Allograft Rejection

Natural killer (NK) cells of the innate immune system are cytotoxic lymphocytes that play an important roles following transplantation of solid organs and hematopoietic stem cells. Recognition of self-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules by inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) is involved in the calibration of NK cell effector capacities during the developmental stage, allowing the subsequent recognition and elimination of target cells with decreased expression of self-HLA class I (due to virus infection or tumor transformation) or HLA class I disparities (in the setting of allogeneic transplantation). NK cells expressing an inhibitory KIR-binding self-HLA can be activated when confronted with allografts lacking a ligand for the inhibitory receptor. Following the response of the adaptive immune system, NK cells can further destroy allograft endothelium by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), triggered through cross-linking of the CD16 Fc receptor by donor-specific antibodies bound to allograft. Upon recognizing allogeneic target cells, NK cells also secrete cytokines and chemokines that drive maturation of dendritic cells to promote cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses against the allograft. The cumulative activating and inhibitory signals generated by ligation of the receptors regulates mature NK cell killing of target cells and their production of cytokines and chemokines. This review summarizes the role of NK cells in allograft rejection and proposes mechanistic concepts that indicate a prominent role for KIR-HLA interactions in facilitating NK cells for Fc receptor-mediated ADCC effector function involved in antibody-mediated rejection of solid organ transplants.
Racial Disparities in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia during Induction

Introduction: Black patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have inferior overall survival relative to White patients. Few studies have evaluated differences in induction mortality and none has assessed the contribution of severity of illness at presentation to the disparity in survival. Our primary objectives were to compare induction mortality and acuity of presentation among Black relative to White patients and to assess whether any disparity in induction mortality is the consequence of differences in presentation acuity. In addition, we explored the interaction between Black race and public insurance on induction mortality with use of single referent models. Methods: Using a retrospective cohort of children (ages 0 to 18 years) from 2004 to 2014 with new-onset AML diagnosed and treated at free-standing pediatric hospitals who contribute inpatient information to the Pediatric Health Information System administrative database (PHIS), we evaluated inpatient mortality over two courses of standard induction chemotherapy. We examined race (Black versus White) as the primary exposure and insurance was considered with race using a common reference group. We also considered Intensive Care Unit (ICU)-level resource use during the first 72 hours following the initial AML admission as a surrogate for acuity at presentation and a potential mediator of the association between race and induction mortality. Results: 1,122 patients (183 Black, 939 White) with AML who received standard induction chemotherapy were included. Induction mortality for Blacks was substantially higher than for Whites (cHR= 2.31, 95% CI: 1.01, 5.42). Blacks also had a significantly higher risk of requiring any ICU-level care within the first 72 hours after initial presentation compared with Whites (cHR= 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.24).The association between race and induction mortality was attenuated following adjustment for ICU-level care within the initial 72 hours after admission, (aHR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.67, 2.99). Publicly insured patients experienced greater induction mortality than privately insured patients regardless of race. Induction mortality rates for Black and White patients were more similar among the privately insured and were increasingly disparate among the publicly insured. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Black patients with AML present with more acute illness at initial diagnosis, accounting for up to 63% of the relative excess induction mortality. Identifying factors impacting acuity of illness at presentation and associated with public insurance may help to identify opportunities for intervention and thus narrow the current racial disparities in pediatric AML survival. Disclosures Wilkes:Alex9s Lemonade Stand Foundation: Research Funding; Healthcare Research and Quality: Research Funding. Fisher:Merck: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding. Epstein:Medicus Economics: Consultancy. Aplenc:Sigma Tau: Consultancy.
Defects between gapped boundaries in two-dimensional topological phases of matter

Defects between gapped boundaries provide a possible physical realization of projective non-Abelian braid statistics. A notable example is the projective Majorana/parafermion braid statistics of boundary defects in fractional quantum Hall/topological insulator and superconductor heterostructures. In this paper, we develop general theories to analyze the topological properties and projective braiding of boundary defects of topological phases of matter in two spatial dimensions. We present commuting Hamiltonians to realize defects between gapped boundaries in any $(2+1)D$ untwisted Dijkgraaf-Witten theory, and use these to describe their topological properties such as their quantum dimension. By modeling the algebraic structure of boundary defects through multifusion categories, we establish a bulk-edge correspondence between certain boundary defects and symmetry defects in the bulk. Even though it is not clear how to physically braid the defects, this correspondence elucidates the projective braid statistics for many classes of boundary defects, both amongst themselves and with bulk anyons. Specifically, three such classes of importance to condensed matter physics/topological quantum computation are studied in detail: (1) a boundary defect version of Majorana and parafermion zero modes, (2) a similar version of genons in bilayer theories, and (3) boundary defects in $\mathfrak{D}({S}_{3})$.
Prevalence of Intracranial Hemorrhage after Blunt Head Trauma in Patients on Pre-injury Dabigatran.

ABSTRACT Study Objective: Dabigatran etexilate was the first direct-acting oral anticoagulant approved in the United States. The rate of intracranial hemorrhage after blunt head trauma in patients on dabigatran is currently unknown, complicating adequate ability to accurately compare the risks and benefits of dabigatran to alternative anticoagulants. We aim to determine the prevalence of intracranial hemorrhage for patients on dabigatran presenting to a level 1 trauma center. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of adult patients on dabigatran who presented to a Level 1 trauma center and received cranial computed tomography (CT) following blunt head trauma. Patients who met inclusion criteria underwent manual chart abstraction. Our primary outcome was intracranial hemorrhage on initial cranial CT. Results: A total of 33 eligible patient visits were included for analysis. Mean age was 74.8 years (SD 11.2, range 55-91). The most common cause of injury was ground level fall (n = 22, 66.7%). One patient (3.0%, 95% CI 0.1-15.8%) had intracranial hemorrhage on cranial CT. No patients (0%, 95% CI 0-8.7%) required neurosurgical intervention. One in-hospital death occurred. Results: A total of 33 eligible patient visits were included for analysis. Mean age was 74.8 years (SD 11.2, range 55-91). The most common cause of injury was ground level fall (n = 22, 66.7%). One patient (3.0%, 95% CI 0.1-15.8%) had intracranial hemorrhage on cranial CT. No patients (0%, 95% CI 0-8.7%) required neurosurgical intervention. One in-hospital death occurred. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the rate of intracranial hemorrhage after blunt head trauma for patients on dabigatran presenting to the emergency department. The intracranial hemorrhage rate in our study is similar to previous reports for patients on warfarin. Further studies are needed to determine if the rate of intracranial hemorrhage seen in our patient population is true for a larger patient population in more diverse clinical settings.
Budget-optimal clustering via crowdsourcing

This paper defines and studies the problem of universal clustering using responses of crowd workers, without knowledge of worker reliability or task difficulty. We model stochastic worker response distributions by incorporating traits of memory for similar objects and traits of distance among differing objects. We are particularly interested in two limiting worker types — temporary and long-term workers, without and with memory respectively. We first define clustering algorithms for these limiting cases and then integrate them into an algorithm for the unified worker model. We prove asymptotic consistency of the algorithms and establish sufficient conditions on the sample complexity of the algorithm. Converse arguments establish necessary conditions on sample complexity, proving that the defined algorithms are asymptotically order-optimal in cost.
The Association of Preoperative Hematocrit and Transfusion with Mortality in Patients Undergoing Elective Non-cardiac Surgery

Patients with anemia frequently undergo surgery, as it is unclear at what threshold clinicians should consider delaying surgery for preoperative anemia optimization. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association of varying degrees of anemia and transfusion with 30-day mortality. This is a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2011 to 2013. Cohorts were analyzed based on preoperative hematocrit range—patients with: (1) no anemia, (2) hematocrit ≥33% and <36% in females or <39% in males, (3) hematocrit ≥30% and <33%, (4) hematocrit ≥27% and <30%, (5) hematocrit ≥24% and <27%, and (6) hematocrit ≥21% and less than 24%. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association of anemia and transfusion with 30-day in-hospital mortality. The odds for 30-day mortality increased incrementally as the hematocrit ranges decreased, in which preoperative hematocrit between 21 and 24% had the highest odds for this outcome (odds ratio [OR] 6.50, p < 0.0001) compared to the reference group (no anemia). The use of transfusion increased the odds of mortality even further (OR 5.57, p < 0.0001). Among patients that received an intra-/postoperative transfusion, preoperative anemia was not predictive of mortality. Healthcare providers making preoperative clinical decisions for patients undergoing elective surgery should consider the degree of preoperative anemia and likelihood of perioperative transfusion.
Epigenetic regulation in medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. The heterogeneous tumors are classified into four subgroups based on transcription profiles. Recent developments in genome-wide sequencing techniques have rapidly advanced the understanding of these tumors. The high percentages of somatic alterations of genes encoding chromatin regulators in all subgroups suggest that epigenetic deregulation is a major driver of medulloblastoma. In this report, we review the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in medulloblastoma with a focus on the functional studies of chromatin regulators in the initiation and progression of specific subgroups of medulloblastoma. We also discuss the potential usage of epigenetic inhibitors for medulloblastoma treatment.
Photoresist and stochastic modeling

Analysis of physical modeling results can provide unique insights into extreme ultraviolet stochastic variation, which augment, and sometimes refute, conclusions based on physical intuition and even wafer experiments. Simulations verify the primacy of “imaging critical” counting statistics (photons, electrons, and net acids) and the image/blur-dependent dose sensitivity in describing the local edge or critical dimension variation. But the failure of simple counting when resist thickness is varied highlights a limitation of this exact analytical approach, so a calibratable empirical model offers useful simplicity and convenience. Results presented here show that a wide range of physical simulation results can be well matched by an empirical two-parameter model based on blurred image log-slope (ILS) for lines/spaces and normalized ILS for holes. These results are largely consistent with a wide range of published experimental results; however, there is some disagreement with the recently published dataset of De Bisschop. The present analysis suggests that the origin of this model failure is an unexpected blurred ILS:dose-sensitivity relationship failure in that resist process. It is shown that a photoresist mechanism based on high photodecomposable quencher loading and high quencher diffusivity can give rise to pitch-dependent blur, which may explain the discrepancy.
Semantic annotation of consumer health questions

Consumers increasingly use online resources for their health information needs. While current search engines can address these needs to some extent, they generally do not take into account that most health information needs are complex and can only fully be expressed in natural language. Consumer health question answering (QA) systems aim to fill this gap. A major challenge in developing consumer health QA systems is extracting relevant semantic content from the natural language questions (question understanding). To develop effective question understanding tools, question corpora semantically annotated for relevant question elements are needed. In this paper, we present a two-part consumer health question corpus annotated with several semantic categories: named entities, question triggers/types, question frames, and question topic. The first part (CHQA-email) consists of relatively long email requests received by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) customer service, while the second part (CHQA-web) consists of shorter questions posed to MedlinePlus search engine as queries. Each question has been annotated by two annotators. The annotation methodology is largely the same between the two parts of the corpus; however, we also explain and justify the differences between them. Additionally, we provide information about corpus characteristics, inter-annotator agreement, and our attempts to measure annotation confidence in the absence of adjudication of annotations. The resulting corpus consists of 2614 questions (CHQA-email: 1740, CHQA-web: 874). Problems are the most frequent named entities, while treatment and general information questions are the most common question types. Inter-annotator agreement was generally modest: question types and topics yielded highest agreement, while the agreement for more complex frame annotations was lower. Agreement in CHQA-web was consistently higher than that in CHQA-email. Pairwise inter-annotator agreement proved most useful in estimating annotation confidence. To our knowledge, our corpus is the first focusing on annotation of uncurated consumer health questions. It is currently used to develop machine learning-based methods for question understanding. We make the corpus publicly available to stimulate further research on consumer health QA.
Inhibition of endo-lysosomal function exacerbates vascular calcification.

Vascular calcification is a pathologic response to mineral imbalances and is prevalent in atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. When located in the media, it is highly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients on dialysis. Vascular calcification is tightly regulated and controlled by a series of endogenous factors. In the present study, we assess the effects of lysosomal and endosomal inhibition on calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and aortic rings. We observed that lysosomal function was increased in VSMCs cultured in calcification medium containing 3.5 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi) and 3 mM calcium (Ca2+) for 7 days. We also found that the lysosomal marker lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 was markedly increased and colocalized with osteogenic markers in calcified aortas from vitamin D3-treated rats. Interestingly, both the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine and the endosomal inhibitor dynasore dose-dependently enhanced Pi + Ca2+-mediated VSMC calcification. Inhibition of lysosomal and endosomal function also promoted osteogenic transformation of VSMCs. Additionally, lysosome inhibition increased Pi-induced medial calcification of aortic rings ex vivo. These data suggest that the endosome-lysosome system may play a protective role in VSMC and medial artery calcification.
Direct Observation of the Local Reaction Environment during the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2.

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is sensitive to electrolyte polarization, which causes gradients in pH and the concentration of carbon dioxide to form near the cathode surface. It is desirable to measure the concentration of reaction-relevant species in the immediate vicinity of the cathode because the intrinsic kinetics of carbon dioxide reduction depend on the composition of the local reaction environment. Meeting this objective has proven difficult because conventional analytical methods only sample products from the bulk electrolyte. In this study, we describe the use of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide and reaction products in the immediate vicinity of the cathode surface. This capability is achieved by coating the electrocatalyst directly onto the pervaporation membrane used to transfer volatile species into the mass spectrometer, thereby enabling species to be sampled directly from the electrode–electrolyte interface. This...
Collaboration between the library and classroom faculty in the assessment of student research needs: A case-study with geology undergraduates

A survey was conducted to identify how geology undergraduates use library resources and services to meet their research needs. Results showed that the library was a strong source of information, and that there was equal demand for both print and electronic resources. However, effective use calls for discipline-specific library instruction, with emphasis on the use of electronic databases.
Neighborhood investigations and game design using mobile media

This poster presents a design-based research study aimed at exploring the use of commercial mobile devices to support guided, yet open-ended and emergent explorations of place. As part of our study we explore the potential of a design studio model to support students' ability to investigate, analyze and report on contested issues and places in and around their school and guide their design of place-based Augmented Reality simulations and games.
CELL DAMAGE/EXCITOTOXICITY | Neuronal Injury from Seizures: Influence of Models, Development and Genetics

Observations pertaining to the connection between seizures and brain injury date back to the second half of the nineteenth century. Much debate has centered around whether such injury results from seizures, or such injury contributes to the epileptic condition. Experimental approaches to the problem have involved subjecting animals, mostly rodents, to a number of pharmacological or electrical provocations to produce seizures and then observing them for evidence of brain injury. Recent advances have facilitated the detection of seizure-induced injury, both histologically and by noninvasive imaging techniques. Seizure-induced injury in the immature brain is different from that in the mature brain in its pattern and extent. Determinants of seizure-induced brain injury include the mode of induction of seizures, the species, strain, and genetic background of the animals, as well as the stage of brain development. Under clinical circumstances, other variables such as inflammation could be important contributors to the process. The development of neuroprotective strategies for clinical use will depend on a better understanding of all the relevant variables that modify the process.
Quantifying Architectural Requirements of Contemporary Extreme-Scale Scientific Applications

As detailed in recent reports, HPC architectures will continue to change over the next decade in an effort to improve energy efficiency, reliability, and performance. At this time of significant disruption, it is critically important to understand specific application requirements, so that these architectural changes can include features that satisfy the requirements of contemporary extreme-scale scientific applications. To address this need, we have developed a methodology supported by a toolkit that allows us to investigate detailed computation, memory, and communication behaviors of applications at varying levels of resolution. Using this methodology, we performed a broad-based, detailed characterization of 12 contemporary scalable scientific applications and benchmarks. Our analysis reveals numerous behaviors that sometimes contradict conventional wisdom about scientific applications. For example, the results reveal that only one of our applications executes more floating-point instructions than other types of instructions. In another example, we found that communication topologies are very regular, even for applications that, at first glance, should be highly irregular. These observations emphasize the necessity of measurement-driven analysis of real applications, and help prioritize features that should be included in future architectures.