cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microcomputer‐Based Distribution‐Planning Models

The area of distribution has enjoyed a long history of application of computer modelling to the solution of its problems. For more than 30 years, the areas of terminal analysis, routing and scheduling, inventory control, facility location and system design have been subjected to a multitude of modelling solutions. These modelling solutions include a variety of optimisation, heuristic and simulation models. The vast majority of these models, however, have been mainframe‐based. With the advent and popularisation of the microcomputer, considerable latitude exists in building microcomputer‐based, as opposed to mainframe‐based, distribution‐planning models. Since, in many cases, microcomputer‐based models can be more effective for distribution modelling than mainframe models, this application of microcomputers represents a new generation in the maturation of distribution‐planning models. However, guidelines for the use and development of microcomputer‐based models are needed.
Multispectral bidirectional reflectance of northern forest canopies with the advanced solid-state array spectroradiometer (ASAS)☆

Abstract Understanding the bidirectional reflectance characteristics of forest canopies is important for relating remote sensing observations to biomass, species, stand structure, and albedo. Studies of the directional scattering of forest canopies have been limited in the past because of difficulties in suspending instruments over tall canopies or by being restricted to airborne scanning systems. In this article we discuss the use of the Advanced Solid-State Array Spectroradiometer (ASAS) to measure the bidirectional reflectance of several diverse forest canopies. ASAS data were acquired in 1989 and 1990 as part of an extensive field measurement campaign at International Paper's Northern Experimental Forest (NEF) located near Howland, Maine. Multiangle data sets were acquired for several sites under clear sky conditions and at view azimuths parallel, oblique, and perpendicular to the principal plane of the sun. The sensor radiance data for several surface types including forest stands and openings were converted to bidirectional reflectance using an atmospheric correction algorithm and optical thickness measurements. In addition, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) hemispherical reflectance (albedo) was calculated from the corrected ASAS data and compared to a vegetation index. Highest observed reflectance factors were recorded in or near the solar principal plane at viewing geometries approaching the antisolar direction. Minimum reflectances were also observed in the solar principal plane, but in the forward scattered direction. Bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) acquired in the backscatter direction at visible wavelengths showed larger percent differences between viewing angles of 45° in the forward and backscattered direction (up to 95%) than near-IR data (up to 60%). The normalized vegetation index (NDVI) also varied with view angle but to a lesser degree than single-band BRFs. Also in contrast to single-band BRFs, maximum NDVI was recorded in the forward scattered direction and minimum NDVI was observed in the backscattered direction. Estimated fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) was determined from the hemispherical PAR reflectance for several canopy types within the forest area. Examining the relationships with NDVI revealed a strong dependence of NDVI on FAPAR for nadir and 45° forward scattered data. A poor relationship was observed for data acquired at 45° in the backscattered direction and for NDVI derived from hemispherical reflectance. From these results, it is apparent that the sensor viewing geometry that minimizes the contribution of reflectance from branches and the ground will yield higher relationships between FAPAR and NDVI.
Neuropsychological assessment of patients with dementing illness

Neuropsychological assessment can identify deficits in brain function that assist in the diagnosis of patients with dementing illness. Fields et al. highlight the unique properties of neuropsychological measurements, including their role as biomarkers of dementia, in differentiating diseases with similar topographies, and in predicting the risk of dementia. Prediction of functional decline on the basis of these measurements will assist in planning of the future care requirements for patients at risk of dementia.
The Neo-Capitalist Firm in Emerging India: Organization-State-Media Linkages

This article examines the “hybrid” discourses of neo-capitalism at play in the emerging economy context of India through the case study of a prominent Indian company, which launched an ambitious or...
Adrenocortical carcinoma with renal vein invasion in a woman with a horseshoe kidney

F s F s r shown). 31-year-old woman presented with new-onset hypertension. After inadequate control with edications and one episode of urgent hypertenion, computed tomography of the abdomen was erformed. A large left-sided adrenal mass, with a lling defect in the renal vein, in addition to a orseshoe kidney was discovered (Fig. 1). On physical examination, she was hirsute, but ithout signs of hypercortisolism or virilization. er workup yielded an elevated 17 ketosteroid nd dehydroepiandrosterone level. A working dignosis of left-sided adrenocortical carcinoma was ade, and additional imaging was performed to valuate for possible venous invasion before proeeding to surgical removal. Computed tomography angiography of the abomen, with special attention to the inferior ena cava, demonstrated a large left adrenal mass ith a filling defect seen within the renal vein to he level of its insertion at the inferior vena cava. nce again, a horseshoe kidney was visualized Fig. 2). The patient underwent surgical removal by way f a chevron incision. The mass did not adhere to ny adjacent structures, and the horseshoe kidney as not involved. At last follow-up, she was receivng chemotherapy. Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare endocrine alignancy, with an annual incidence of less than cases per million.1,2 The reported incidence of horseshoe kidney is 0.25%, or about 1 in 400 eople.3 This is the first documented case of an
A new linear polymer chain iron complex; synthesis, crystal and molecular structural characterization of catena-μ-acetato-[NN′-ethylenebis(salicylaldiminato)]iron(III)

Abstract X-ray structural analyses reveal that the title complex contains the Fe(Salen) moieties bridged by single acetate groups in an anti–anti configuration to form linear polymer chains, which is found for the first time in the Fe(Schiff bases)L type of complexes. The shorter axial distance of Fe–O (2.077 (2) A) than that of Mn–O (2.201 (5) A) to the bridging carboxylate in the analogous complex of Mn(Salen)(AcO) is explained by Jahn–Teller distortions.
Computer Aided Reliability and Robustness Assessment

The competitive pressure to shorten product development time has necessitated the automotive industry to rely more on Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) for analyzing and proving product reliability and robustness. The challenge of this approach is the incorporation of product variability, due to manufacturing and customer usage variations in the analysis, requires a massive computation process which may be prohibitive even with today's advanced computers. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of an efficient computational procedure based on optimal Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and a "cheap-to-compute" nonlinear surrogate model using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) to emulate a computationally intensive complex CAE model. The result of the analysis is the identification of sensitivity of design parameters, in addition to a computationally affordable reliability assessment. Fatigue life durability of automotive shock tower is presented as an example to demonstrate the methodology.
Renal cystic disease induced by diphenylthiazole

Abstract Renal cystic disease induced by diphenylthiazole. Intranephron hydrostatic pressures were monitored while microperfusing proximal nephrons in diphenylthiazole (DPT)-exposed kidneys, a model in which increased compliance of tubular basement membrane is thought to predispose to cyst formation. Structural studies subsequently were done on these and additional kidneys. Results were compared to those obtained from the study of kidneys from normal rats. Intranephron hydrostatic pressures were shown to rise with microperfusion and did so at lower rates of perfusion among DPT exposed nephrons. For example, at four perfusion rates between 17 and 36 nl/min (60 to 130% of the SNGFR in DPT-fed rats), intranephron hydrostatic pressures were 6 to 14cm H 2 O higher (P Maladie kystique renale induite par le diphenylthiazole. Les pressions hydrostatiques intra-nephroniques ont ete controlees pendant la micro-perfusion de nephrons proximaux de reins exposes au diphenylthiazole (DPT), un modele dans lequel la compliance augmentee de la membrane basale tubulaire pourrait predisposer a la formation de kystes. Des etudes de structure ont ensuite ete faites sur ces reins, et sur d'autres reins. Les resultats ont ete compares avec ceux obtenus dans les reins de rats normaux. Les pressions hydrostatiques intra-nephroniques augmentaient avec la micro-perfusion, mais dans les nephrons exposes au DPT, elles le faisaient pour des vitesses de perfusions plus fabiles. Par exemple, pour quatre vitesses de perfusions, entre 17 et 36 nl/mn (60 a 130% de la SNGFR chez les rats nourris au DPT), les pressions hydrostatiques intra-nephroniques etaient de 6 a 14cm H 2 O plus elevees (P
Lung Retransplantation After Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD): A Single-Center Experience and Review of Literature of PTLD in Lung Transplant Recipients

Background Retransplantation in adult lung transplant recipients developing progressive bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome as a consequence of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) therapy has not been reported in the literature. Literature on PTLD after lung transplantation is limited mostly to case reports or small case series, limiting the validity of conclusions. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients at our center. Analysis of pooled data published on lung transplant patients developing PTLD. Results Two patients who underwent pulmonary retransplants for PTLD have functioning grafts 23 and 36 months postoperatively, with no evidence of PTLD recurrence. Review and analysis of published data and from our center revealed that incidence of PTLD, proportion of patients with thoracic involvement, and proportion of patients who were Epstein-Barr virus seronegative before transplantation decreased continuously as a function of time from transplant. Patients developing PTLD within the first 6 months after transplantation had a clinically distinct pattern of PTLD and a significantly better survival than patients developing PTLD more than 6 months after lung transplant. Conclusions Lung retransplantation can be considered after careful selection for lung transplant recipients developing bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome as a consequence of reduced immunosuppression for PTLD. Acquisition of PTLD and pattern of organ involvement is a continuous process as a function of time. Defining "early PTLD" as occurring in the first 6 months more accurately predicts progress and prognosis of this disease than the traditional 1 year definition of early vs late onset PTLD.
“He said, she said”: who should speak for households about experiences of food insecurity in Bangladesh?

This paper examines the extent to which males and females from the same household respond differently to household food insecurity questions, and explores the reasons for these differences and the impact for measurement. The data derive from the 2001–2003 Bangladesh Food Insecurity Measurement and Validation Study. Male and female enumerators administered the food insecurity questionnaire to women and men in the same household during three survey rounds and debriefed a subsample of men and women regarding their response discrepancies. The rate of discordance in male-female responses to individual items was examined using contingency tables. Potential explanations for the discordance were informed by the joint respondent debriefing. These hypotheses were assessed through an examination of response patterns. To assess the impact of discordance on measurement, female and male responses to a scale of 13 food insecurity items were compared and the degree of differential classification was assessed. On average the rate of discordance was 15%, but it ranged for particular items from less than 1% to upwards of 53%. Item content interacted with gender to produce discordance; women and men seemed to respond differently due to separate spheres of responsibility within the same household, power imbalances influencing intra-household food allocation, and because men seemed to take more psychological responsibility for ensuring the household food supply. Nearly one-third of households were classified in a different food security category using female versus male responses to the items. The results suggest that the household food insecurity construct is not as useful in places like Bangladesh where certain food insecurity-related manifestations are not collectively or similarly shared by members of the same living space. Individual-level measures of food insecurity are needed to complement household data, along with surveys that allow for proportionate representation of potentially vulnerable individuals with different demographic characteristics across the population.
A road toward effective vision screening.

lmology a I dentification of children at risk for ambl essential first step toward the delivery of ti ment. The road to a superior vision scree egy comprises careful scrutiny of the availa ments and protocols as well as continued meth improvements and refinement. The study of R colleagues, whose work is reported in this is Journal, takes us on that road. In an attempt vision screening, the authors made two modi the manufacturer’s recommended methodolog justed the SureSight (Welch Allyn Medical Pro neateles Falls, NY) instrument’s failure criteri used the MTI PhotoScreener (PhotoScreener Springs, FL) instrument to achieve their des referral rate and higher positive predictive valu Children failing screening with the SureSi cutoff set to achieve 90% specificity and 63% underwent a second vision screening with the M Screener. Those with a crescent in any port photoscreening photograph failed screening. excellent method to identify children with hyp A different modification improves the ident those with supra-threshold astigmatic error. T find that a cutoff for the SureSight at 2.20 D children with 1.50 D of astigmatism by eye ex This higher cutoff improves the referral rate w taining the positive-predictive value and thus h ificity. Figure 1 of Rowatt et al has far more po the line with a slope of 1 through the origin t suggesting that the SureSight software tends t mate the magnitude of the astigmatic error. The algorithm for calculating astigmatism and likel fractive errors should be refined. The Rowatt report pointed out one differen their study and the VIP report: “the VIP stu evaluate children under age 3.” The two studie different means of patient recruitment, makin comparison of the results difficult. The particip VIP study were from a cohort failing an acuity-b Start vision screening program. In the Rowatt e
Sir Thomas Browne's birthday.

Professor Breathnach has made an elegant start to the Browne quatercentenary celebrations. Readers may be interested to know that a celebration is to be held in Norwich on 19–20 October this year. The programme includes: an academic symposium (in which Sir Keith Thomas, Dr Trevor Hughes, Professor Harold Cook and the Rev Reginald Askew, will be speakers); a concert of 17th century and other relevant music with selected readings of Browne's writings in Norwich Cathedral (given by the Keswick Hall Choir conducted by Mr John Aplin); an exhibition of Browne memorabilia in the County Archive Centre; and a service of thanksgiving in St Peter Mancroft Church (Browne's place of worship and of his interment); a conducted educational tour of Browne's Norwich; and a formal luncheon. Further details can be obtained from our website [http://www.uea.ac.uk/his/events/browne.shtml].
Neutralization in vitro of Mouse Leukemia Virus by Specific Immune Serum. Importance of Virus Titration.

Summary1) Both passage A virus and Moloney strain were neutralized in vitro by the same specific serum obtained from rabbits immunized by repeated injections of passage A virus filtrates. 2) No neutralization of either passage A virus, or Moloney strain, occurred in control experiments in which the serum employed was obtained from rabbits that had received repeated injections of normal mouse organ filtrates. 3) Neutralization occurred only when 10-3 dilution of either virus filtrate was mixed with equal amount of undiluted immune serum. When higher concentration of virus filtrate, or a less potent serum, were employed, neutralization was less pronounced, and affected only passage A virus, or did not occur at all. 4) Injection into rabbits of passage A virus harvested from mice produced more potent serum than rat-adapted virus. Addition of adjuvant to virus filtrate injected into rabbits increased the potency of serum. 5) Prepared under identical experimental conditions, Moloney strain filtrate had a highe...
Molecular Mechanics (MM3) Calculations on Oxygen-Containing Phosphorus (Coordination IV) Compounds.

An MM3 force field has been developed for small oxygen-containing phosphorus (coordination IV) compounds. Experimental electron and neutron diffraction, X-ray, and infrared spectral data were utili...
Review article: genetic testing and counselling for hereditary colorectal cancer.

Summary Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death, after lung cancer, in the USA. The great majority (80%) of patients with colorectal cancer have sporadic disease with no evidence of having inherited the disorder. In the remaining 20%, a potentially definable genetic component exists. With the discovery of gene mutations related to hereditary colorectal cancer, risk assessment based on genetic test results is now feasible. The following review focuses on the two well-described colorectal cancer genetic syndromes—familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, the process of genetic counselling, currently available genetic tests, and indications for their use.
Orbital Inflammation in IgG4-related Sclerosing Disease

IgG4-related sclerosing disease is a recently described systemic inflammatory disease that should be considered when evaluating patients with nonspecific orbital inflammation (pseudotumor). Orbital biopsy is necessary to establish a diagnosis and demonstrates lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis of medium and small veins, and variable degrees of eosinophilia. We report the clinical and histopathological findings of 2 patients who developed chronic orbital inflammation as a manifestation of IgG4-related sclerosing disease. The 2 cases illustrate the widely varying clinical characteristics of this elusive disease.
Expression of a prometastatic splice variant of osteopontin, OPNC, in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoprotein that confers on cancer cells a migratory phenotype. We demonstrated recently that nicotine, a major risk factor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), increases OPN expression in PDA cells. An OPN splice variant, OPNc, supports anchorage independence and maybe the most potent OPN isoform to convey metastatic behavior. In this study, we tested the effect of nicotine on OPNc expression and analyzed the correlation between total OPN/OPNc levels and patients' smoking history. Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction and ultraviolet light illumination of ethidium-bromide staining were used to examine the mRNA expression in tissue and in PDA cells treated with or without nicotine (3–300 nmol/L). OPN and OPNc were localized by immunohistochemistry, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze OPN serum levels. Results Nicotine treatment of PDA cells selectively induced de novo expression of OPNc. OPNc was found in 87% of invasive PDA lesions, of which 73% were found in smokers. The levels of OPNc correlated well with higher expression levels of total OPN in the tissue and serum from patients with invasive PDA. Conclusion Our data suggest that smoking and nicotine may contribute to PDA metastatic potential through promoting OPNc expression. Although the direct role of OPNc in PDA progression is not defined, OPNc may have value as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, especially in invasive PDA.
Silicon epitaxy on hydrogen-terminated Si(001) surfaces using thermal and energetic beams

Abstract Silicon epitaxy on hydrogen-terminated Si(001) surfaces has been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Epitaxy on the dihydride-terminated Si(001)-(1 × 1) surface is inhibited for Si atoms at thermal energies due to strain hindrances created by hydrogen. At greater incident Si atom energies (2–10 eV), epitaxy proceeds primarily through “subplantation”, i.e. subsurface implantation of the incident Si atom accompanied by segregation of SiH 2 during growth. The subplantation probability rises very rapidly with the incident-atom energy, a result which is consistent with the observation of epitaxial film growth on dihyride-terminated Si(001) by sputter deposition when under similar conditions conventional molecular beam epitaxy results in amorphous Si growth. On the hydrogen-terminated Si(001)-(2 × 1) surface, the simulation results suggest that both subplantation and hydrogen atom transfer to the incident Si atom are possible routes to epitaxy.
Macroborings and Bioclaustrations in a Late Devonian Reef Above the Alamo Impact Breccia, Nevada, USA

Borings and bioclaustrations preserve the endolithic component of a complex reef ecosystem that developed following the Late Devonian Alamo Bolide Impact Event in Nevada. A new type of bioclaustration, Chaetosalpinx alamo n. isp., occurs in clusters within reef-building stromatoporoids. Large Entobia devonica is the dominant form of macroboring, and Trypanites is notably absent.
Composite panels containing multiple through-the-width delaminations and subjected to compression. Part II: Experiments & verification

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to perform compression tests on laminated composites for verifying the analytical model and the finite element analysis previously developed by the authors for analyzing compression response of composite panels containing multiple delaminations. T300 976 graphite/epoxy composite was selected for the study. Specimens with various ply orientations were fabricated from both flat and cylindrical composite panels containing one to two pre-implanted through-the-width delaminations. Specimens were tested by uniaxial compression, and strain gauges were utilized to record the strain history as a function of the applied load from initial loading to final failure. Numerical simulations were performed according to the test conditions. Comparisons were then made between the predictions and the measured test data. Overall, the predictions agreed with the data very well. Parametric studies were also performed using the finite element analysis to demonstrate the effect of the size, location and number of the delaminations on the compression response of laminated composites.
Implications of the Japanese Experience in Aquaculture Development for Thirty-Three Food-Short Countries

Aquaculture development in Japan has been limited by the following factors: supply and demand, environmental suitability, technical capability, legality, experience, infrastructure, existence of leadership, economic feasibility and social welfare incentives. Similar limiting factors were examined for thirty-three food-short countries. Fifty-five aquaculture variables were tested using multiple regression analysis combined with Pearson correlation analysis. Results imply that aquaculture development in these countries are affected by the same limiting factors as in Japan. These findings are the basis for a two-dimensional aquaculture development model which may be helpful in coping with future technology transfer problems.
Photochemical production of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds in seawater and surface microlayer and their air-sea exchange

Abstract Coastal and oceanic surface microlayer samples were collected using a stainless steel screen, along with subsurface bulk seawater, and were analyzed for low-molecular-weight (LMW) carbonyl compounds, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid. The enrichment factor in surface microlayer compared to corresponding subsurface seawater ranged from 1.2 to 21. A time-series measurement at a coastal site showed strong diurnal variations in concentrations of the LMW carbonyl compounds in the surface microlayer and in the enrichment factor, with maxima in the early afternoon and minima in the early morning. Exposure of samples to sunlight resulted in the higher yields of these compounds in the surface microlayer than in the bulk seawater, by a factor of 1.1–25, suggesting that the higher photoproduction rate of LMW carbonyl compounds in the surface microlayer accounts for the majority of the observed enrichment in these samples. Potential sinks include biological uptake and mixing. Air-sea exchange may be a source for soluble compounds and a sink for less soluble compounds. The enrichment of the LMW carbonyl in surface microlayer may alter their net air-sea exchange direction e.g., from the ocean as a potential sink to a source for atmospheric acetaldehyde and acetone. The residence times of the LMW carbonyl compounds in the microlayer were estimated to be on the order of tens of seconds to minutes using a modified two-layer model. However, to maintain the observed microlayer enrichment factor, the residence time should be on the order of ~ 1 hour. This prolonged residence time may be due to organic enrichment in the surface microlayer (‘organic film’) which inhibited molecular transfer of carbonyl compounds into and out of the microlayer. The deviated behavior from model prediction may also be due to changes in the apparent partition coefficients of these species as a result of thier physical and chemical interactions with organic matrix in the surface microlayer.
CONCURRENT RING OPENING AND HALOGENATION OF SPIROKETALS

Abstract Ring opening of various spiroketals with triphenylphosphine dihalides under neutral conditions produced ω-halo-enolethers in good to excellent yield. The method transformed even the very stable spiroketal of hecogenin acetate at temperatures below any previously reported for such isomerative opening.
Dynamics of nonlinear structures with multiple equilibria: a singular perturbation-invariant manifold approach

This work analyzes the motions of a stiff linear oscillator coupled to a soft nonlinear oscillator and subject to a forcing term. This system is a representative of a large class of structural dynamical systems with stiff and soft substructures and with multiple equilibrium states. Using the methodology of singular perturbations and the theory of invariant manifolds, we describe globally (in time) the motions in a finite neighborhood of the origin in phase space. It is shown that, every motion of the system depends on a slowly varying component and a component which rapidly decays with time. The long term behavior of the system is, thus, described by a lower order slow system, which is the restriction of the system to an invariant manifold that contains all the slow motions of the system. For slow periodic forcing, the slow manifold is periodic. The dynamics of the slow system on the invariant manifold, as well as the effects of the singular perturbation parameter on the validity of the slow manifold approximation are also explored.
Clinical Evaluation of Bronchopulmonary Lavage Using the Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscope

Abstract Thirty-three patients had segmental and lobar bronchopulmonary lavage using three types of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopes. A maximum volume of 300 ml of normal saline solution at room temperature was used. Lavage was effective for removing large numbers of alveolar macrophages (mean, 17 million) and proteinaceous material (mean, 0.18 mg per milliliter) that helped enhance the antibacterial properties of the macrophages. Transient shunting (mean fall in partial pressure of arterial oxygen, 65 mm Hg) and alveolar filling that reverted to normal in 3 hours were noted. The procedure averaged 45 minutes and was as simple as bronchoscopy. The larger the internal diameter of the bronchoscope (
Assessing the information content of multiangle satellite data for mapping biomes: II. Theory

The insights gained from present land cover classification activities suggest integration of multiangle data into classification attempts for future progress. Land cover types that exhibit distinct signatures in the space of remote sensing data facilitate unambiguous identification of cover types. In this two-part series, we develop a theme for consistency among cover type definitions, uniqueness of their signatures, and physics of the remote sensing data. In the first part, Zhang et al.’s [Remote Sens. Environ., in press.] empirical arguments in support of the consistency principle were presented. This part provides a theoretical justification of the consistency requirements. Radiative transfer best explains the physics of the processes operative in the generation of the signal in the optical remote sensing data. Biome definitions given in terms of variables that this theory admits and the use of the transport equation to interpret biome signatures guarantee the consistency requirements. It is shown in this paper that three metrics of the biome angular signature in the spectral space—location, angular signature slope (ASSI), and length (ASLI) indices—are related to eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the transport equation. These variables allow a novel parameterization of canopy structure based on the partitioning of the incident radiation among canopy absorption, transmission, and reflection. Consistency between cover type definitions and uniqueness of their signatures with the physics of the remote sensing data is required not only to reduce ambiguity in land cover identification, but also to directly relate land cover type to biophysical and biogeochemical processes in vegetation canopies. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Quantum reflection from a solid surface at normal incidence.

We observed quantum reflection of ultracold atoms from the attractive potential of a solid surface. Extremely dilute Bose-Einstein condensates of $^{23}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}$, with peak density ${10}^{11}\char21{}{10}^{12}\text{ }\mathrm{\text{atoms}}/{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$, confined in a weak gravitomagnetic trap were normally incident on a silicon surface. Reflection probabilities of up to $20%$ were observed for incident velocities of $1\char21{}8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$. The velocity dependence agrees qualitatively with the prediction for quantum reflection from the attractive Casimir-Polder potential. Atoms confined in a harmonic trap divided in half by a solid surface exhibited extended lifetime due to quantum reflection from the surface, implying a reflection probability above 50%.
Mechanistic investigations of nanometer-scale lithography at liquid-covered graphite surfaces

Recently, atomic and molecular scale features have been produced on surfaces using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) methods.‘-’ At room temperature, the smallest permanent lithographic process reported to date involves the formation of -4O-A-diam, =:3-A-deep pits on a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface.’ These pits were formed by the application of 3-8 V pulses of 10-100 ps duration, while within tunneling distances. Although a substantial fraction of the STM tips successfully generated hundreds of uniform pits when subjected to constant amplitude and constant duration bias pulses,’ the pulse threshold at which the smallest features were observed varied substantially from tip to tip. Additionally, the lithography process was observed to require a humid atmosphere and to exhibit daily fluctuations in pulse bias versus pit size. In order to elucidate the chemistry of this process, we have performed STM lithography studies of HOPG surfaces in contact with water and other organic liquids. For HOPG in H,O(Z), we have observed a welldefined pulse threshold of (4.0 *0.2)V, which reproducibly yielded 7-A-diam features that apparently protruded from the surface by 2 A. Larger voltage pulses yielded pits (with slightly larger dimensions) that were similar to those produced in air or in humid Nz(g) atmospheres. This work demonstrates that subnanometer scale lithography can be accomplished on graphite at room temperature, and that STM studies can provide mechanistic information regarding the chemistry of the liquid-coated and gas phase lithographic processes. A STM specifically designed for imaging surfaces immersed in liquids was employed for this work.’ Bias pulses with a duration of 20 ps and an amplitude
Measurement of the Surface-Enhanced Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (SECARS) Due to the 1574 cm -1 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Mode of Benzenethiol Using Low-Power (<20 mW) CW Diode Lasers

The surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SECARS) from a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of benzenethiol on a silver-coated surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate has been measured for the 1574 cm-1 SERS mode. A value of 9.6 ± 1.7×10-14 W was determined for the resonant component of the SECARS signal using 17.8 mW of 784.9 nm pump laser power and 7.1 mW of 895.5 nm Stokes laser power; the pump and Stokes lasers were polarized parallel to each other but perpendicular to the grooves of the diffraction grating in the spectrometer. The measured value of resonant component of the SECARS signal is in agreement with the calculated value of 9.3×10-14 W using the measured value of 8.7 ± 0.5 cm-1 for the SERS linewidth Γ (full width at half-maximum) and the value of 5.7 ± 1.4×10-7 for the product of the Raman cross section σSERS and the surface concentration Ns of the benzenethiol SAM. The xxxx component of the resonant part of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility |3 <inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="i0003-7028-67-2-132-ilm01.tif"/> | for the 1574 cm-1 SERS mode has been determined to be 4.3 ± 1.1×10-5 cm.g-1.s2. The SERS enhancement factor for the 1574 cm-1 mode was determined to be 3.6 ± 0.9×107 using the value of 1.8×1015 molecules/cm2 for Ns.
Experimental investigation of a two-qubit decoherence-free subspace

We thoroughly explore the phenomenon of a decoherence-free subspace (DFS) for two-qubit systems. Specifically, we both collectively and noncollectively decohere entangled polarization-encoded two-qubit states using thick birefringent crystals. These results characterize the basis-dependent effect of decoherence on the four Bell states, the robustness of the DFS state against perturbations in the assumption of collective decoherence, and the existence of a DFS for each type of stable noncollective decoherence. Finally, we investigate the effects of collective and noncollective dissipation.
The dilemmas of embodied symbolic representation: Regret in contemporary American tattoo narratives

Abstract Numerous scholars have argued that we are currently in a post “tattoo renaissance” era wherein the practice has increasingly become a legitimate art form accepted by the American middle class. In order to facilitate this cultural transition, tattooed people legitimize their own tattoos through various narratives that ascribe deep semantic meaning to their images and words. Pulling from twenty-two in-depth interviews with tattoo removal clinicians, tattoo artists, people who regret at least one of their current tattoos, and people who have had their tattoos removed or altered, this paper contributes to the literature on the meaning and significance of tattoos in the lives of 21st century Americans. In particular, we aim to showcase that, in the current cultural context, wherein people feel a need to justify their tattoos with a level of profound symbolic meaning, tattoo regret abounds in a form distinct from that of previous generations. Drawing from a post-structuralist framework which understands tattoos as symbols, we discuss tattoo narratives as pervasive normative expectations and explore how people face potential dilemmas when they lack them, as well as when they subscribe static and absolute meanings to the words and images depicted in their body art. These narratives, and accordingly the tattoos themselves, become problematic as a result of the inability of tattoos to function beyond their capacity as symbolic representations. When people cannot reconcile or transcend the dynamic and relative nature of their tattoos’ symbolic meanings, they feel regretful and sometimes opt for tattoo cover-ups or removals.
The Effect of Goldmann Applanation Tonometry on Automated Static Threshold Perimetry

Automated static threshold perimetry was performed in both eyes of 10 normal and 12 ocular hypertensive subjects treated with a topical beta-blocker, before and after Goldmann applanation tonometry of their right eyes. Both objective statistical comparison and subjective evaluation of the resultant visual fields showed no detrimental effect on visual field test results after applanation tonometry.
The relationship of self-acceptance and self-respect to acceptance of and respect for others

The results of the analysis of the data of each case Separately and of the data of all cases together can be summarized as follows: (1) It was found that acceptance of and fespect for self arid acceptance of and respect for others can be operationally defined and objectively rated with a satisfactory degree of reliability. (2) In roughly three-fourths of the units of client response in the ten cases the clients are occupied with self evaluation while less than one-fifth of the units deal with evaluation of others. (3) In general there is a marked and fairly regular increase in the measured acceptance of and respect for self from the beginning to the end of the cases. There is also a marked but more uneven rise in the acceptance of others from the beginning to end. (4) There is a definite and substantial correlation between attitudes of acceptance of and respect for self and attitudes of acceptance of and respect for others. (5) Acceptance of self and acceptance of others is, on the average, higher in the second half of the counseling interviews than in the first. (6) There is a closer correlation between the “Self” and “Others” ratings in the second half of the cases than occurs in the first half. (7) The findings of this study appear to have important implications for social psychology as well as clinical psychology and personality theory.
Target selection for structural genomics: a single genome approach.

We describe our strategy for selecting targets for protein structure determination in context of structural genomics of a single genome. In the course of target selection, we have studied two the s...
High-Accuracy Measurement of the Differential Scalar Polarizability of a Sr + 88 Clock Using the Time-Dilation Effect

A new measurement technique allows the uncertainty in the frequency shift of strontium atoms as they decay to be reduced by a factor of 24, paving the way for more accurate atomic clocks.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORDER OF VARIABLES AND DETERMINATION OF POLICIES WHEN USING JUDGMENT ANALYSIS

Summary.-The methodology for conducting a Judgment Analysis requires judges to rate or rank profiles comprised of a number of variables representing several stimulus dimensions. In this study we investigated the relationship between the order of variables (fixed or random) and 19 judges' rating policies. The results of the Judgment Analysis for the two methods of sequencing profile variables indicate that there is an association between the order of variables and the judges' ability to utilize them in their rankings. When variables were placed in the same order on all profiles, judges used more variables in creating their policies than when the order of the variables tandomly changed from profile to profile. In the process of decision making it is common to use governing boards or committees to make judgments or formulate policies. Given the inherent dfferences among people, multiple policies frequently emerge when groups are involved in using their judgments to make decisions. These multiple policies make it difficult to identify the elements of and the individuals' affiliation with the policies. It is important, however, to know what people's judgments are and what policies they are using to formulate them; see Snieczek and Henry (1989). A statistical tool referred to as Judgment Analysis developed by Bottenberg and Christal (1961; Christal, 1968) is often used in identifying and investigating the policies of judges who rate or rank individuals, objects, or
Control of human eye movements: III. dynamic characteristics of the eye tracking mechanism

Abstract A model for the human horizontal eye tracking system is proposed which is based on the dynamic characteristics of a variety of eye movements as well as the anatomical and physiological aspects of the extraocular mechanism. It includes the nonlinear force-velocity relationship of active muscle and considers separately the distinct asymmetrical properties of the agonist-antagonist muscle pair. The inertial and visco-elastic forces of the globe and orbit on the muscles is also discussed; the nervous activity which causes the muscles to move the eye was approximated from studies of the extraocular motor nuclei. Responses of the model accurately depict position, velocity and acceleration of saccades over a large variation of amplitude while faithfully reproducing the “main sequence” of saccadic velocity and duration versus amplitude. Smooth pursuit and vergence eye movements were also successfully simulated.
TGFβ signaling inhibits goblet cell differentiation via SPDEF in conjunctival epithelium

The ocular surface epithelia, including the stratified but non-keratinized corneal, limbal and conjunctival epithelium, in concert with the epidermal keratinized eyelid epithelium, function together to maintain eye health and vision. Abnormalities in cellular proliferation or differentiation in any of these surface epithelia are central in the pathogenesis of many ocular surface disorders. Goblet cells are important secretory cell components of various epithelia, including the conjunctiva; however, mechanisms that regulate goblet cell differentiation in the conjunctiva are not well understood. Herein, we report that conditional deletion of transforming growth factor β receptor II (Tgfbr2) in keratin 14-positive stratified epithelia causes ocular surface epithelial hyperplasia and conjunctival goblet cell expansion that invaginates into the subconjunctival stroma in the mouse eye. We found that, in the absence of an external phenotype, the ocular surface epithelium develops properly, but young mice displayed conjunctival goblet cell expansion, demonstrating that TGFβ signaling is required for normal restriction of goblet cells within the conjunctiva. We observed increased expression of SAM-pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) in stratified conjunctival epithelial cells in Tgfbr2 cKO mice, suggesting that TGFβ restricted goblet cell differentiation directly by repressing Spdef transcription. Gain of function of Spdef in keratin 14-positive epithelia resulted in the ectopic formation of goblet cells in the eyelid and peripheral cornea in adult mice. We found that Smad3 bound two distinct sites on the Spdef promoter and that treatment of keratin 14-positive cells with TGFβ inhibited SPDEF activation, thereby identifying a novel mechanistic role for TGFβ in regulating goblet cell differentiation.
The magnetic rotation spectrum of iodine monobromide

Abstract The MRS of IBr in the visible region of the spectrum has been studied at high resolution and a rotational and vibrational analysis is reported. The spectrum consists of short runs in J′ for several neighboring vibrational states of the mixed B, 3 Π 0 + , and B ′ , 0+ electronic states. These results imply that only a small number of closely related rotational-vibrational states of the combined system have sufficiently long lifetimes to provide the sharp lines required for the appearance of a MRS. The values observed extend to higher energies similar results reported by Selin for the absorption spectrum.
Immunohistochemical study of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANK‐L) in human osteolytic bone tumors

Background and Objectives Osteolytic bone tumors produce intercellular signaling proteins that regulate bone remodeling by altering the rates of osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and activity. This report examines osteolytic bone tumor expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor B-ligand (RANK-L), a cytokine that is arguably the most critical regulator of osteoclast differentiation and activation. Methods This prospective immunohistochemical study examined RANK-L expression in frozen tissues from sixteen surgical specimens of patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of osteolytic bone tumors between 1999 and 2000. Results RANK-L was positive in 13 of the 16 cases. Primary benign bone tumors, primary malignant bone tumors, and metastasis to bone were positive for RANK-L. Conclusions The cells in some, but not all, osteolytic tumors produce the cytokine RANK-L. Further study is necessary to determine in which specific tumors RANK-L is the cytokine responsible for increased osteoclastic activity, and to develop possible therapeutic use of RANK-L antagonists such as osteoprotegerin (OPG). J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:174–179. © 2002 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Difference equations for two-dimensional elastic flow

An improved technique for handling two-dimensional elastic flow is applied to several physical problems. The method differs from older methods in that no unresisted distortions of the mesh are allowed. A much quieter mesh results, and more information can be extracted from the calculation.
Resource utilization and health care charges associated with the most frequent ED users

Abstract Study objective Emergency department (ED) visits have continued to rise, and frequent ED users account for up to 8% of all ED visits. Reducing visits by frequent ED users may be one way to help reduce health care costs. We hypothesize that frequent users have unique ED utilization patterns resulting in differences in health care charges. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records from an urban community teaching hospital for the year 2012 comparing the top 108 frequent ED users (>12 visits/year) to a randomly selected group of 108 nonfrequent users ( χ 2 for proportions and t test or Wilcoxon rank sum based on normality of the data. Results The top 108 frequent ED users accounted for 1922 visits (2.9%), whereas the 108 nonfrequent users accounted for 150 visits (0.2%), in 2012 (all ED visits n=65,398). Frequent users were more often unemployed, have public insurance, have mental health conditions, use tobacco, have a greater number of allergies to medications, and live closer to the hospital ( P Conclusions Frequent users have unique medical and social characteristics; however, disposition and visit charges did not differ from nonfrequent users.