cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
8.14: Presentation session: Brain injuries and neuro-regeneration panel: “Blast/brain/bone: Effect of blast on post injury complications”

Traumatic brain injury is the signature battlefield injury of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Currently there are intense investigations into the effect of blast and traumatic brain injury. Our laboratory has focused on post injury sequelae associated with to exposure to blast and traumatic brain injury. One interesting complication seen in combat wounded is heterotopic ossification (HO). HO is the formation of mature lamellar bone in non-osseous tissues, can lead to disability due to ankylosis of joints, neuropathy, ulceration and pain. Heterotopic ossification is commonly associated with severe systemic insults such as spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury, but can also develop after hip arthroplasty and fractures of the acetabulum or elbow. Despite significant recent progress, the underlying cause and inciting factors of HO formation remain largely unknown. Following civilian trauma, HO is expected to form after 11% of traumatic brain injuries and 21% of spinal cord injuries. In patients with high-energy penetrating war wounds, the prevalence of HO is significantly higher at 64%. Identified risk factors in these patients include amputations within the zone of injury, injuries due to a blast, and patients with an Injury Severity Score >16. Further investigation reveals associations between HO and wound failure, bacterial colonization, and over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines implicating a systemic inflammatory component. Interestingly, medications administered to this cohort may also provide clues to the mechanism by which HO forms. Tricyclic antidepressants are commonly prescribed to treat symptoms of neurogenic pain, traumatic brain injury and/or post-traumatic stress disorder. Likewise, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), recently shown to inhibit bone formation and remodeling, are used to treat a broad range of affective disorders in these patients. We have identified a significant association between tricyclic antidepressants and the incidence of heterotopic ossification.
Application of Defect Modeling to Materials Design

Defect chemical models have been found to be useful in establishing defect generation andtransport mechanisms, extracting thermodynamic data and deconvoluting contributions to the total electrical conductivity. In most cases, however, the utility of the approach has been limited due to the imposed simplifications made to make the analysis more tractable, e.g. the simplified neutrality relation and the elimination of defect associates. In thiswork, we treat more complex equilibria with the aid of numerical methods and illustrate how this approach can be used, not only to extractkey thermodynamic and kinetic data, but also to assist in the design and optimization of materials. Some specific examples with application to solid state ionics will be used to illustrate this approach.
Antibody synthesis in vitro: the antigenic reactivity of antibodies to coliphage MS-2 synthesized in the presence and absence of streptomycin.

SummarySpleen and lymph node cells from rabbits hyperimmunized with coliphage MS-2 synthesized neutralizing antibodies when cultured in vitro. Antibodies synthesized in cell cultures in the absence of streptomycin neutralized phage MS-2 to a high titer whereas antibodies synthesized in the presence of 200 μg/ml of the drug had reduced neutralizing capacities. The difference in neutralizing activity was due to the fact that antibody preparations synthesized in the presence of the drug had either lower avidity and/or affinity for phage MS-2 than did antibody preparations synthesized in the absence of the drug.
Legitimacy, Authority, and Community in Electronic Support Groups:

In electronic support groups, people use Internet-based electronic text communication to discuss personal problems or disorders with others who share common circumstances. Although their discussions exist only in the electronic medium, these groups can be viewed usefully as discourse communities. The authors draw on what is known about two other popular sources of help—face-to-face self-help groups and self-help books—to frame the rhetorical challenges faced by members of electronic support groups. The authors then compare the discourse of electronic support groups with that of electronic hobby groups to demonstrate that the two sets differ in terms of the rhetorical behavior of their participants. The authors analyze messages to determine how members establish legitimacy and authority in their texts and how message exchange gives rise to group identity and a sense of community. Our observations indicate that although some discourse characteristics and some rhetorical features are common to all the electr...
Port wine nevus associated with ipsilateral saccular aneurysms: treatment by intraarterial balloon trapping.

Abstract A 21-year-old woman with a port wine nevus presented with ipsilateral monocular visual loss. A computed tomography scan of the brain revealed a round suprasellar mass. Angiography demonstrated aneurysm of the right external carotid artery, and petrous, cavernous, and giant ophthalmic internal carotid aneurysms. Four detachable balloons were deployed with arteriographic guidance, resulting in occlusion of the right carotid artery. The association of aneurysms and phakomatoses is discussed. The use of detachable balloons in the treatment of nonresectable aneurysms represents a safe and advantageous option. The use of detachable balloons for carotid occlusion has proven to be an effective modality in the treatment of giant supraclinoid and carotid-cavernous aneurysms. Giant intracranial aneurysms have been surgically treated with carotid ligation proximal to the aneurysm and by direct approach using microsurgical technique. In cases in which direct ligation is not possible balloon occlusion represents an effective alternative. This case illustrates treatment by carotid trapping performed entirely with intraarterial balloons. In addition the association of saccular aneurysms in a patient with a port wine facial nevus is reported.
The Decentralization Process of School Systems: A Review of the Literature.

Research on school system decentralization is incomplete. Imposed models have been inappropriate, and important details have gone uninvestigated.
Effects of spatial heterogeneity on butterfly species richness in Rocky Mountain National Park, CO, USA

We investigated butterfly responses to plot-level characteristics (plant species richness, vegetation height, and range in NDVI [normalized difference vegetation index]) and spatial heterogeneity in topography and landscape patterns (composition and configuration) at multiple spatial scales. Stratified random sampling was used to collect data on butterfly species richness from seventy-six 20 × 50 m plots. The plant species richness and average vegetation height data were collected from 76 modified-Whittaker plots overlaid on 76 butterfly plots. Spatial heterogeneity around sample plots was quantified by measuring topographic variables and landscape metrics at eight spatial extents (radii of 300, 600 to 2,400 m). The number of butterfly species recorded was strongly positively correlated with plant species richness, proportion of shrubland and mean patch size of shrubland. Patterns in butterfly species richness were negatively correlated with other variables including mean patch size, average vegetation height, elevation, and range in NDVI. The best predictive model selected using Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc), explained 62% of the variation in butterfly species richness at the 2,100 m spatial extent. Average vegetation height and mean patch size were among the best predictors of butterfly species richness. The models that included plot-level information and topographic variables explained relatively less variation in butterfly species richness, and were improved significantly after including landscape metrics. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity greatly influences patterns in butterfly species richness, and that it should be explicitly considered in conservation and management actions.
A subnational study of insurgency: FARC violence in the 1990s

This article examines the traditional political and economic factors that have been purported to explain the prevalence of insurgency. It tests the following hypotheses at the subnational level in Colombia: guerrilla violence is positively associated with exports; higher levels of insurgency are associated with low levels of GDP per capita or negative growth rates; guerrilla violence emerges in the context of weak state presence; and higher levels of state repression are associated with higher levels of insurgent violence. The analysis utilizes a zero-inflated negative binomial to capture dynamics of both intensity and onset of violence. The econometric analysis is supplemented with cartographic visualization and qualitative analysis.
On-chip single nanoparticle detection using ultra-high-Q whispering gallery microresonator

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical microcavities trap light in micro-scale volumes by continuous total internal reflection which leads to enhancement of light intensity within a confined region and longer photon lifetime. Consequently, light-matter interaction is enhanced making the WGM resonator an extremely sensitive platform for the detection of perturbations in and around the resonator. Here, we report mode-splitting in monolithic ultra-high-Q WGM microcavities for real-time and in-situ detection of single nanoparticles. We investigate experimentally and theoretically particle detection and sizing at single nanoparticle resolution using the mode-splitting technique. Theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results. The mode-splitting effect provides a 'self-reference sensing' technique that can overcome the limitations of current resonator-based sensors and in the meantime keep the advantages offered by resonant structures for high-performance sensing.
Anomaly detection and spatio-temporal analysis of global climate system

Knowledge discovery from temporal, spatial and spatio-temporal data is pivotal for understanding and predicting the behavior of Earth's ecosystem model. An important influence leaving its impact on the ecosystem is the global climate system. In this paper, the Earth Science data that we have analyzed consists of daily global air temperature and precipitation measurements, aggregated from heterogeneous sensors for fifty years (1950--1999). The enormous amount of data that is available for analysis requires employment of data mining techniques for discovering interesting patterns, detecting significant changes and extracting meaningful insights from the data. Our work considers the problem of detecting anomalous (abnormal or unexpected) behavior in the global climate system, discovering teleconnection patterns and providing consequential insights to the analysts.
GC/MS analysis of XAD-2 extracts of superchlorinated septage

Abstract Chlorinated and brominated organic compounds formed by the superchlorination (1000–2000 mg 1 −1 dose) of a septage are detected by a new mass spectral search system. The system produces a “limited cluster search” (LCS) chromatogram indicating compounds which have a specific number of chlorine and/or bromine atoms. The new technique has been combined with traditional GC/MS methods and an XAD resin/microcoulometric halogen method to demonstrate the formation of new halogenated species in the superchlorination process.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE COUMARINS: III. THE ROLE OF GLYCOSIDES IN THE FORMATION OF COUMARIN BY HIEROCHLOE ODORATA

Coumarinic acid β-glucoside has been identified in Hierochloe odorata. Carbon dioxide-C14 was administered to this species, and the plants were allowed to metabolize for periods up to 31 days. "Fre...
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN POWDER METALLURGY

AN inaugural lecture to a newly constituted scientific and technological group would seem to have the advantage that, being the first one, the lecturer has unlimited scope from which to draw his material. However, after accepting the invitation of your Committee to talk to you today on developments in powder metallurgy since the last British symposium on this subject, I have realized that there are various factors which make this task not quite as straightforward as would at first appear. The last British Symposium on Powder Metallurgy was held under the auspices of our two Institutes almost exactly three years ago. Since then, there have been meetings of a similar nature in Austria, Italy, Eastern and Western Germany, and sundry meetings in the U.S.A. sponsored by the American metallurgical societies and the Metal Powder Association. There has also appeared a large and comprehensive report of an O.E.E.C. Mission to the U.S.A. on the powder-metallurgy industry in that country. Those of you who are directly associated with the industry will already be familiar with the recorded proceedings of these various meetings and will not wish to hear from me today a catalogue of what would be already well-known facts. Neither do I wish to anticipate in any detail the papers we are to hear later on today and at our meeting in March next, which will review developments in the fields of powder manufacture, compaction, and sintering. It seemed to me, therefore, that my best compromise was to confine myself to a few general observations on the progress of the industry and to express some personal thoughts on certain scientific aspects of this subject. The extent to which we may consider that the industry has progressed in the past three years will depend upon whether we consider the volume of production, the range of materials made, improvements mainly in the engineering aspects of the manufacturing processes, or the strengthening of the scientific principles on which the manufacturing processes are based. Taking a detached look at the industry from each of these viewpoints, I very much doubt whether the extent of the progress made in
EPITAXIAL LINBO3 THIN FILMS ON SAPPHIRE SUBSTRATES GROWN BY SOLID SOURCE MOCVD

C-axis LiNbO3 epitaxial films have been grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by solid source metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using the tetramethylheptanedionate sources, Li(thd) and Nb(thd)4. Stoichiometric LiNbO3 films were deposited from Li(thd)-rich source compositions. Rocking curve FWHM values as low as 0.044°were measured on films grown at 710 °C. Rocking curve peak widths became broader as films were grown at progressively lower substrate temperatures. Single prism coupling experiments revealed clearly visible optical waveguiding, with optical attenuation values as low as 2 dB/cm in the best films.
The relationship between the monoglyceride and glycerol-3-phosphate pathways in adipose tissue.

In addition to the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway the biosynthesis of triglycerides by the monoglyceride pathway has been described in the hamster adipose tissue. The interrelationship of the two pathways was investigated. When microsomes were utilized, the 2-monooleyl ether (0–7 mM) progressively inhibited the incorporation of 5 mM 14C-glycerol-3-phosphate into phosphatidic acid. When whole cells were employed, the synthesis of higher glycerides by the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway was similarly inhibited. The reported results provide a possible control mechanism for the biosynthesis of glyceride and, theoretically, a mechanism for the amplification of fatty acid release by this tissue.
Oxidation behavior of a single phase γ-TiAl alloy in low-pressure oxygen and hydrogen

The microchemistry and morphology of the oxide layer produced on a single phase γ-TiAl alloy (Ti–52.1Al–2Ta at.%) following anneals at 823 and 1173 K in low-pressure oxygen and hydrogen environments were studied. The oxide structure on the electropolished surface consisted of two layers, an outer one of Al2O3 and an inner one of TiO2. Annealing in low partial pressures of oxygen retained the same oxide structure but increased the total thickness. After the low-pressure oxygen anneals at 823 K, the oxide surface was smooth, whereas after anneals at 1073 K and above the surface consisted of small, round particles, whose size and density increased with increasing annealing temperature and oxygen partial pressure. In contrast, the oxide structure produced by annealing in a hydrogen environment after the low-pressure oxygen treatment consisted of an outer layer of TiO2 and a sub-oxide of Al2O3. The morphology of this oxide consisted of elongated, rod-like particles, whose size increased with annealing temperature. Absorption of H from gaseous hydrogen atmospheres is discussed in relation to the surface and sub-surface oxide structures.
In Pursuit of the Ideal Parent in Juvenile Justice: A Qualitative Investigation of Probation Officers' Experiences with Parents of Juvenile Offenders

The movement towards family focused justice emphasizes families, especially parents, as a critical component of juvenile offender rehabilitation, especially probation. However, there is a dearth of research on how probation officers involve the parents of juvenile offenders. This qualitative investigation attempts to fill that gap by exploring probation officers' practices with parents. Using a grounded theory approach, a conceptual model of the ideal parent of juvenile justice involved youth was developed. Probation officers explained that the ideal parent was able to support their child, accept their parental authority, and partner with probation officers in the probation process. The use of juvenile justice practices that fostered a parental ideal are discussed in light of emerging family justice approaches that embed youth in family and community contexts. The application of these findings for juvenile justice and other youth serving agencies are discussed.
Freezing and Melting With Multiple Phase Fronts Along the Outside of a Tube

This paper addresses the modeling and analysis of thermal storage systems involving phase change with multiple phase fronts. The problem involves a fluid flowing inside a long tube surrounded by a phase-change material (PCM). The fluid temperature at the tube inlet cycles above and below the freezing temperature of the PCM, causing alternating liquid and solid layers to form and propagate from the tube outside surface. The objective of this paper is to predict the dynamic performance, temperature distribution, and phase front distribution along the tube. The problem is modeled as axisymmetric and two dimensional. Axial conduction is neglected and the problem is discretized into axial segments. Each of these axial sections is modeled as a transient, one-dimensional problem involving phase change with the possibility of multiple phase boundaries. The boundary element method (BEM) is used to obtain the transient solution in each axial section. Each axial segment communicates with downstream segments through the fluid flowing inside the tube. In order to ensure numerically stable results, a fully implicit discretization is used in both the axial and time variables. Results are presented for the time and axial evolution of the phase fronts and temperatures in response to a fluid inlet temperature that periodically alternates between values above and below the freezing temperature. This BEM is tested against the thermal network method (TNM) and the negligible sensible heat approximation (NSH) by comparing the outlet temperature and the latent state of charge. Results are found to be consistent and accurate.
Layer-by-Layer Assembly of a pH-Responsive and Electrochromic Thin Film

This article summarizes an experiment on thin-film fabrication with layer-by-layer assembly that is appropriate for undergraduate laboratory courses. The purpose of this experiment is to teach students about self-assembly in the context of thin films and to expose students to the concepts of functional polymeric coatings. Students dip coat microscope slides and conductive glass with films containing polyaniline (PANi), a conducting polymer, and sulfonated polystyrene. Assembly of the film is characterized by visual inspection, UV−vis spectroscopy, and conductance measurements with a hand-held multimeter. Green-colored films with measurable conductance are apparent after two PANi layers. Subsequently, the students observe the pH-dependent optical properties of the films and also determine the electrochromic performance of the films using spectroelectrochemistry. The feasibility of this experiment has been tested by inclusion into an undergraduate-level polymer science laboratory with third- and fourth-year...
The Human Brain in a Dish: The Promise of iPSC-Derived Neurons

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from patients promise to fill an important niche between studies in humans and model organisms in deciphering mechanisms and identifying therapeutic avenues for neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Recent work begins to tap this potential and also highlights challenges that must be overcome to be fully realized.
HIV risk-related sexual behaviors among heterosexuals in New York City: associations with race, sex, and intravenous drug use.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between heterosexual behaviors associated with HIV infection and ethnicity, sex, and intravenous drug use. METHODS Subjects were recruited from Bellevue Hospital Center, New York City between 1986 and 1989, and interviewed about sexual behaviors and intravenous drug use. Analyses were based on 1561 black, white, or Hispanic individuals who reported having sexual contact with a member of the opposite sex. RESULTS Twenty-seven per cent of the study population were black, 43% Hispanic, and 31% white. Blacks were more likely than whites or Hispanics to have initiated sexual intercourse at an early age, and to have had a sexually transmitted disease. Sex with a female drug user was more common among white men, and contact with a prostitute more frequent among Hispanic men. Among the women, Hispanics had fewer sexual risk factors overall than whites or blacks. Use of barrier contraceptives was uniformly low across all ethnic groups. Intravenous drug use was significantly associated with sexual risk-taking. Women were more likely than men to have an intravenous drug-using (IVDU) sexual partner. CONCLUSIONS The large prevalence of high-risk sexual practices observed in this study emphasizes the continuing need to target AIDS prevention programs at those at highest risk of heterosexually transmitted HIV: racial minorities, IVDU, and their sexual partners.
Fear Commerce: Inflationary Effects of Global Security Initiatives

In the execution of their stewardship, governments and organizations gather information to identify people of interest and ensure that only authorized persons have access to only those locations and resources to which they are authorized. Historically, in most democratic societies, there have been relatively few restrictions placed on access to resources (Beneria & Bisnath, 2004). More recently, there has been a migration towards broader information gathering by governmental and civil authorities beyond the identification of persons, and a greater emphasis placed on controls that restrict access, along with increasing regulation and legislation for processes, procedures, and requirements for permits (D'Urso, 2006). In this manuscript, we synthesize a theory that links governmental with commercial initiatives to draw some implications for managers to consider relative to the organizational impacts.
Hypnosis in the Laboratory Creates a Window on Psychopathology

The authors describe 3 studies in which hypnosis itself is not studied but instead used to create anomalous states in the laboratory that can be studied under controlled conditions. The 1st article is a comprehensive review of programmatic research using hypnosis to elicit and study clinically relevant delusions. The 2nd article reviews studies comparing the brain activity of hysterical/dissociative patients with nonpatients hypnotized and given suggestions for sensory-motor and cognitive anomalies typical of the clinical syndromes. The authors conclude that the hypnosis analogues are relevant and revealing. The 3rd article describes a single experiment using hypnosis to elicit distressing and intrusive memories, typical of acute anxiety disorders. Findings with hypnotic subjects are in keeping with those from patients suffering intrusive memories. Across all 3 papers, hypnosis is shown to be a viable and helpful tool for experimental psychopathology.
The effect of synthetic dermal secretion on transfer and dissipation of the insecticide aldicarb from granular formulation to fabric.

This research investigated the potential for contamination of fabric by aldicarb (Temik® 15G) pesticide. Fabric soiled with synthetic perspiration or synthetic sebum was contaminated with Temir® granules for various time periods and extracted with methanol. Extracts were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. The aldicarb transferred to both soiled and unsoiled fabric; however, the sebum soil and longer contact time increased the transfer of aldicarb to fabric. The dissipation of aldicarb from fabric was affected by the soil type and the formulation of the Temik® granule. It is apparent a potential for dermal exposure to granular pesticide exists when the pesticide is trapped in pockets or folds of clothing.
Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes and Obesity in the Black and Hispanic Population: Culturally Sensitive Management

The prevalence of diabetes is considerably higher among ethnic minorities, particularly black and Hispanic Americans, than in the nonminority white population. Obesity, a significant risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also is more common in these ethnic groups. Because the combined effects of obesity and NIDDM can lead to potentially serious complications, overweight patients with NIDDM must be treated aggressively. However, effective treatment of these ethnic groups requires a sensitivity to and recognition of their unique cultural values. Diabetes educators and health care providers need to take into account specific ethnic beliefs, customs, food patterns, and health care practices, with the goal of incorporating these cultural factors into a practical and beneficial treatment regimen.
A Review of Transplant Immunology

Transplantation has been an accepted treatment for end-stage organ disease for more than 30 years. Advances in transplant immunology are the cornerstone to the success of the body’s ability to accept the allografted organ while continuing to perform immune functions such as tumor surveillance and fighting pathogenic organisms. The history of transplant immunology has been written through the work of physicians such as Medewar, Gorer, Murray, and Starzl. Modifying the immune response to promote tolerance and chimerism through pharmacology has greatly extended the survival rates of liver transplant recipients. Current trends in immunosuppression focus on both allograft function and the recipient’s quality of life. Following the determined efforts of transplant pioneers, transplantation is now considered a viable therapeutic modality for kidney, pancreas, liver, intestine, heart, and lung end-stage organ disease as well as composite tissue allotransplantation (face, hands, larynx, muscle flaps, and others). Success in the field of transplantation was built on the scientific advances in immunology. Suppressing the immune system’s ability to recognize self from nonself is the key to survival of the transplanted organ and, ultimately, the patient. Advances in transplant immunology have led to short-term survival rates being replaced with long-term survival rates as clinical indicators of success. Immunosuppressive regimens that prevent rejection and prolong allograft survival often carry serious side effects to both the allografted organ and the recipient. Greater understanding of the immune response has shifted the focus of transplant immunology to tolerance and chimerism, concepts that are key to long-term allograft survival and the recipient’s quality of life. 1 THE IMMUNE RESPONSE In animals, lymphocytes are the cells responsible for the immune response and can be divided into five groups. These groups are based on function and specific surface
The feedback shift register as an educational tool

The feedback shift register can be used as an educational tool in the study of many problems including: finite state machine properties, convolution, digital filtering, correlation, and sums of random variables. These applications are briefly described, it is argued that some of these concepts which have continuous analogs are better understood initially in discrete form.
Heterolytic cleavage of a beta-phosphatoxyalkyl radical resulting in phosphate migration or radical cation formation as a function of solvent polarity.

The 2-(diethylphosphatoxy)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl radical (1) reacted to give the benzylic radical product from phosphate migration or a radical cation (or a mixture of the two) as a...
Project HOPE Clinical (Biomedical) Engineering Program - Experiences and Initiatives

Abstract Project HOPE is a nonprofit healthcare organization that provides wide ranging humanitarian and educational aid to people in underserved and developing countries as well as conducts global health policy research. HOPE's clinical focus includes women and children's health, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes and other chronic and infectious diseases. HOPE has a strong, active technical focus and expertise in building clinical engineering (CE) capacity at all levels in the developing world. It has established and nurtured over 20 sustained CE programs in ten countries, on five continents around the world. These programs cover the broad spectrum of CE, from intra-hospital bench-top medical equipment repair to national educational and training program development. In this paper, we will describe HOPE's CE holistic program model. We will emphasize the importance of the train-the-trainer approach to CE education. We will illustrate HOPE's approach to CE capacity building with numerous specific program examples from the past 40 years. We will describe HOPE's current unfolding program in Haiti, which began shortly after the 12 January 2010 earthquake in the Port-au-Prince region. We will review the partnerships that HOPE has formed, and is investigating, with technical/vocational education institutions to develop distance learning competency modules as well as transportable specialty modules that will update the curriculum and customize it for an area's specific requirements. Historically, HOPE's CE program has been managed by several dedicated volunteer directors who utilize their years of educational, technical and management experience synergistically with HOPE's logistical and fundraising expertise to guide the organization in biomedical engineering endeavors to move project forward. The overriding message of the paper will emphasize the importance of assessment and donor/recipient communications. We will emphasize HOPE's approach to CE education and training
Paternal contribution to fetal alcohol syndrome

Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes for the child. Many women who drink during pregnancy also have male partners who abuse alcohol. Existing data on paternal effects of alcohol abuse during the preconceptual period and at the time of conception are reviewed. Epidemiological data offer some support for a paternal influence on birth weight, congenital heart defects, and some evidence of mild cognitive impairments. Animal data have demonstrated decreased litter size, increased prevalence of low birth weight fetuses and mixed data on risk of malformations. Increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas bacterial infection has been reported. Cognitive and behavioral findings are the most robust effects. These include learning and memory deficits, hyperactivity, and poor stress tolerance. Multiple causal mechanisms for a paternal effect have been suggested, but none seems satisfactory to explain all findings. Further research is needed on paternal effects in animals and human populations. The results of this research may influence prevention activities.
All in the Family: On Community and Incommensurability

Western political philosophers since Plato have used the family as a model for harmonious political and social relations. Yet, far from being an uncontentious domain for shared interests and common values, the family is often the scene of intense interpersonal conflict and disagreement. In All in the Family , the political theorist Kennan Ferguson reconsiders the family, in its varied forms, as an exemplar of democratic politics and suggests how real rather than idealized family dynamics can help us to better understand and navigate political conflict. By closely observing the attachments that arise in families despite profound disagreements and incommensurabilities, Ferguson argues, we can imagine a political engagement that accommodates radical differences without sacrificing community. After examining how the concept of the family has been deployed and misused in political philosophy, Ferguson turns to the ways in which families actually operate: the macropolitical significance of family coping strategies such as silence and the impact that disability and caregiving have on conceptions of spatiality, sameness, and disparity. He also considers the emotional attachment between humans and their pets as an acknowledgment that compassion and community can exist even under conditions of profound difference.
Chromosome-Wide Control of Meiotic Crossing over in C. elegans

A central event in sexual reproduction is the reduction in chromosome number that occurs at the meiosis I division. Most eukaryotes rely on crossing over between homologs, and the resulting chiasmata, to direct meiosis I chromosome segregation, yet make very few crossovers per chromosome pair. This indicates that meiotic recombination must be tightly regulated to ensure that each chromosome pair enjoys the crossover necessary to ensure correct segregation. Here, we investigate control of meiotic crossing over in Caenorhabditis elegans, which averages only one crossover per chromosome pair per meiosis, by constructing genetic maps of end-to-end fusions of whole chromosomes. Fusion of chromosomes removes the requirement for a crossover in each component chromosome segment and thereby reveals a propensity to restrict the number of crossovers such that pairs of fusion chromosomes composed of two or even three whole chromosomes enjoy but a single crossover in the majority of meioses. This regulation can operate over physical distances encompassing half the genome. The meiotic behavior of heterozygous fusion chromosomes further suggests that continuous meiotic chromosome axes, or structures that depend on properly assembled axes, may be important for crossover regulation.
Use of Bangerter filters with adults having intractable diplopia.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to describe the use of Bangerter filters in adults having intractable diplopia. Methods/Case Reports A series of adults having intractable diplopia caused by either cyclotorsion, retinal disease, monocular diplopia, or rapid alternating fixation who were treated with Bangerter filters is reported. Detailed case reports on 4 of the 10 patients are included. Conclusion Bangerter filters can be used to mitigate diplopia that cannot be eliminated with either prism, modification of the spectacle prescription, vision therapy, or extraocular muscle surgery. The weakest density filter that eliminates the diplopia should be prescribed. Prospective studies reporting the long-term efficacy and quality of life with the filters are needed.
Cumulative Index on Radar Systems - Update

The January 1972 issue of the AES Transactions contained a cumulative index of IEEE papers on radar subjects, from all 1946-1970 publications and conference records. The following additions cover 1971 and 1972 publications, plus a number of earlier papers inadvertently omitted from the previous index. Listings are chronological under 41 subject headings as used in the previous index (Table I). Correspondence is indicated by the letter c after the page numbers. Journals are abbreviated as in Table II. Presence of a correction or comment in a subsequent issue of the same journal is shown by the year and page number of the item in brackets.
Tryptophan binding to nuclei of rat brain.

Abstract Nuclei purified from whole rat brain specifically bind [ 3 H]tryptophan ([ 3 H]Trp) under in vitro conditions. Excess unlabeled Trp (10 −4 M ) is an effective inhibitor of in vitro [ 3 H]Trp binding to brain nuclei. Rats tube-fed l -tryptophan (Trp) ( 30 mg 100 g body wt) 30 min to 4 hr before killing revealed decreased specific binding of [ 3 H]Trp to purified brain nuclei in vitro . By Scatchard analysis, the nuclei from whole brain appear to contain one binding site for [ 3 H]Trp, and the K D is 263 n M . A number of Trp-related compounds, Trp metabolites, or other amino acids and their analogues were observed to compete for in vitro [ 3 H]Trp binding to brain nuclei. The ability of Trp analogues, metabolites, and other cognate compounds to inhibit in vitro [ 3 H]Trp binding to brain nuclei was evaluated and utilized to map the active site of Trp binding.
Divergent Recurrent Selection for Vegetative Phase Change and Effects on Agronomic Traits and Corn Borer Resistance

Vegetative phase change, or the transition from juvenile vegetative to adult vegetative tissues, is essential to the lifecycle of higher plants. In maize (Ze a mays L.), juvenile and adult vegetative tissues have distinctly different traits that may confer differing amounts of resistance to disease and insect infestations. Vegetative phase change has been linked to resistance to insects and common rust (Puccinia sorghi Schwein.). Seven cycles of divergent recurrent selection for early and late phase change were evaluated to determine effects of selection on phase change, insect resistance, and agronomic traits. Last leaf with juvenile wax, a trait indicative of the timing of phase change, was the selected trait. Divergent recurrent selection was effective in creating populations that underwent vegetative phase change at distinctly different developmental stages. Last leaf with juvenile wax moved from leaf 8.70 in the original population to leaf 14.48 in the late direction and 6.04 in the early direction. First leaf with adult wax moved from leaf 6.36 in the original population to leaf 8.15 in the late direction and 5.28 in the early direction. Several agronomic traits were also significantly altered by selection including plant and ear height, leaf number, kernel row count, and days to silking. C7Late plants averaged four more leaves and were taller and later flowering than C7Early plants. European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) feeding damage on the second leaf above the ear was significantly greater in the late phase change direction, and significantly correlated with last leaf with juvenile wax. Most ear traits and European corn borer stalk damage resistance were not altered in a consistent way by selection.
Morality and the Minimum Wage

Soulevant le probleme moral du revenu minimum et du critere de vie bonne dans une societe gouvernee par des legislateurs elus, l'A. defend la these selon laquelle le calcul d'un salaire minimum comme condition de la vie bonne est une obligation envers les citoyens d'une societe democratique. A travers l'exemple des Etats-Unis en cette fin de siecle, l'A. montre que le pourcentage des populations ethniques qui demeurent sous le seuil du minimun pour la vie bonne est inacceptable au regard des mondes economiques possibles.
Integration of just-noticeable differences

Abstract Fechner deduced his logarithmic law from Weber's Law by integrating the equation du = dx kx . Since the work of Luce and Edwards, this method has been regarded as incorrect. Reexamination shows that the method can be reformulated and justified in a rigorous manner.
MO‐FF‐A3‐06: Does KV‐MV Dual‐Energy Computed Tomography Have an Advantage in Measuring Proton Stopping Power Ratio in Patients?

Purpose: To evaluate different combinations of x‐ray energies when using Dual‐Energy CT (DECT) method for calculating protonstopping power ratio (SPR) in the presence of random noise and beam hardening effects. Method and Materials: We selected three representing x‐ray energy pairs: 100kVp and 140kVp for KV‐KV, 100kVp and 1MV for KV‐MV, and two 1MV x‐rays with and without external filtration for MV‐MV DECT imaging. Small perturbations in CT numbers and x‐ray spectrum used for the DECT calculation were introduced to simulate effects of random noise and beam hardening. The CT dose to generate a fixed amount of random noise was determined by Monte Carlo method in simulated CTimages of a water phantom. The SPRs of 34 human tissues listed in ICRP 23 and ICRU 44 were calculated using the DECT method with all three x‐ray energy combinations. We also performed error propagation to study the sensitivity to CT number uncertainties for each of the DECT x‐ray pairs. Results: The relative sensitivity of the derived SPR to random noise in CT number was 6.59, 1.27 and 3.34 for KV‐KV, KV‐MV, MV‐MV DECT techniques, respectively. Under the same condition, the root‐mean‐square errors in SPRs derived using the KV‐MV DECT technique were at least 50% smaller than those using the KV‐KV or MV‐MV combinations. Additionally, we found CT number uncertainties for the high energy beam within the dual‐energy pair had a bigger impact to SPR accuracy than the low energy beam, suggesting it is more important to emphasize the accuracy of the high energyCTimaging than the low‐energy one in DECT applications. Conclusion: The KV‐MV combination makes the DECT method more robust in calculating proton SPRs or resolving effective atomic number for tissue composition in the presence of CT number uncertainties. Conflict of Interest: Research partially sponsored by Varian Medical Systems.
Physical Model of the Swept Shock Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction Flowfield

New data are presented on the structure of fin-induced, swept shock/boundary-layer interactions. These data are obtained using a nonintrusive planar laser scattering (PLS) imaging technique. A range of interaction strengths, from barely separated to very strongly separated, is covered for freestream Mach numbers of 3 and 4. These new data, when combined with previous results on the flowfield and interaction "footprint," are sufficient to allow the construction of a physical model for the swept interaction flowfield structure and behavior. This physical model is presented and discussed in terms of six detailed flowfield maps which take advantage of the inherent quasiconical behavior of the class of interactions considered.
Using technology within the treatment of eating disorders: a clinical practice review.

The focus of this clinical practice review is to provide clinicians a framework for incorporating technology into the treatment of eating disorders (EDs). We detailed studies that were published within the past 11 years (2002–2012) and that included at least 10 participants. Our primary aims were to describe how technology has been used to enhance the delivery of ED treatment as well as report the effectiveness of these technology-based interventions. We also provided clinical applications and considerations for clinicians who wish to use technology within their own practice. We found that a range of technologies (e.g., televideo, e-mail, CD-ROM, Internet, text message) have been used as a means to either deliver or enhance treatment at various levels of care (e.g., therapy, guided self-help, treatment adjunct). The majority of the studies were based on cognitive–behavioral principles and included samples diagnosed with bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), or subclinical levels of BN or BED. Most researchers reported positive results, with a few caveats such as technology-based interventions may not be optimal for individuals with more severe pathology, and some individuals described wanting more personal interaction. The overarching finding was that technology may be successfully integrated within ED treatment and may offer new ways to extend ED interventions to individuals who may not otherwise have access to specialty ED care.
LETTING THE DATA SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES

ABSTRACT In Science, great difficulty is sometimes experienced in giving up hypothesized structures. The inadequacies of Freudian hypotheses are highlighted, and attention is directed to Dasein-analysis, which stays close to the data. This perspective focuses attention upon the phenomenological tradition, and suggests that certain mathematical frameworks in human geography are inappropriate. The adequacy of a priori models is also questioned from a Heideggerian perspective, and more general qualitative algebras are suggested to replace the distorted functional thinking inherited from the physical sciences.
Ultrasound elastography in children: Establishing the normal range of muscle elasticity

Ultrasound elastography allows assessment of tissue elasticity. To the best of our knowledge, the elastography appearance of muscles in normal children has not been described. To determine the US elasticity of muscles in children at rest and following exercise. Cine elastography of biceps brachii and rectus femoris muscles was obtained at rest and after exercise in 42 healthy children (23 males, 19 females; mean: 11.2 ± 4.4 years, range: 2–18 years). Elastography scores were assigned to each clip based on a five-point color scale. Mean elastography scores and standard deviations were calculated and resting and postexercise elastography scores were compared. Resting muscle elasticity was lower in the biceps brachii than in the rectus femoris (P = 0.008), and higher in the dominant than in the nondominant biceps brachii (P < 0.032). Rectus femoris elasticity was higher in males than females (P = 0.051). Postexercise muscle elasticity significantly increased in both the dominant and nondominant biceps brachii (P < 0.001) and in the rectus femoris (P < 0.001). There was no significant gender-related difference in postexercise muscle elasticity. Biceps brachii elasticity decreased and rectus femoris elasticity increased with increasing body mass index. Younger subjects had a greater change in muscle elasticity with exercise. Resting muscle elasticity in children is significantly lower in the biceps brachii than in the rectus femoris and in the nondominant biceps brachii than in the dominant biceps brachii. Elasticity significantly increases immediately postexercise in both muscle groups; resting differences between biceps brachii and rectus femoris elasticity, and dominant and nondominant biceps brachii elasticity, do not persist after exercise. The change in muscle elasticity with exercise is higher in younger children.
Connectivity of the Apalachicola River flow variability and the physical and bio-optical oceanic properties of the northern West Florida Shelf.

Abstract Maps of satellite-derived estimates of monthly averaged chlorophyll a concentration over the northern West Florida Shelf show interannual variations concentrated near the coastline, but also extending offshore over the shelf in a tongue-like pattern from the Apalachicola River during the late winter and early spring. These anomalies are significantly correlated with interannual variability in the flow rate of the Apalachicola River, which is linked to the precipitation anomalies over the watershed, over a region extending 150–200 km offshore out to roughly the 100 m isobath. This study examines the variability of the Apalachicola River and its impacts on the variability of water properties over the northern West Florida Shelf. A series of numerical model experiments show that episodic wind-driven offshore transport of the Apalachicola River plume is a likely physical mechanism for connecting the variability of the river discharge with oceanic variability over the middle and outer shelf.