cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of CO2 in methanol synthesis on CuZn oxide: An isotope labeling study

Methanol synthesis using H2, CO, and 18O-labeled CO2 was studied over a Cu-Zn oxide catalyst at 220 °C and 17 atm in a batch reactor. In the absence of gaseous water, the rate of production of C 18O was rapid. The rate of production of 18O-labeled methanol was about 50% of that of 16O-labeled methanol. The presence of gaseous water suppressed the production of [18O]methanol, but not C 18O or [16O]methanol. The results indicated that there are at least four parallel reactions on the catalyst: CO-CO2 exchange, CO hydrogenation, CO2 hydrogenation, and water-gas shift. Exchange of lattice oxygen with oxygen in CO2 also took place. There was no evidence for the production of methanol from the reaction of CO and water.
Demography of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis)

Demographic processes and the structure of a population of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) were investigated over 6 years in the Gunung Palung Reserve, Indonesia. Estimates of population size, density, and biomass revealed a population whose groups were stable in size and composition. Demographic processes place gibbons at risk, however, to short-term changes in their environment. Patterns of survival, fecundity, mortality, and dispersal combined to produce negative rates of growth. In addition, a top-heavy age-class distribution, with adults forming a large fraction of animals, makes it unlikely that this population could recover rapidly from a decline in numbers. Two behavioral factors, territoriality and monogamy, account for the size and stability of gibbon groups. Monogamy imposes limits on group size, while mating patterns and territoriality decrease the impact of sources of high mortality common in other primate species. These relationships underscore the fundamental importance of behavioral influence on demographic processes and social structure.
When more is too much: Operationalizing technology overload and exploring its impact on knowledge worker productivity

Individuals within organizations are beginning to make an important realization: more information technology (IT) usage in the workplace can, at times, lead to productivity losses. We conceptualize this frequently observed, but largely ignored phenomenon as technology overload, when additional technology tools begin to crowd out one's productivity instead of enhancing it. We found support for three main factors contributing technology-based productivity losses through information overload, communication overload, and system feature overload. Interestingly, these factors are a function of the individuals who use the technology, not the technology itself. In this paper, we present the results from three studies that (1) develop and pre-test a scale measurement for technology overload and its distinct dimensions, (2) validate the instrument, and (3) explore the relationship between technology overload and knowledge worker productivity. Our findings demonstrate the relationship between information technology usage and knowledge worker productivity, and they suggest how tradeoffs can be managed to ameliorate technology overload.
Physiologically important role for central oxytocin in the preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone.

Abstract Recently, our laboratory has provided evidence for a physiologically relevant stimulatory influence of oxytocin (OXY) on the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in cycling female rats. The present study evaluated whether this stimulatory effect of OXY on LH release is exerted at a central or peripheral site of action by comparing the ability of peripheral (intravenous) or central (intracerebroventricular) administration of OXY antisera to influence the preovulatory LH surge. The peripheral injection of a very large dose of OXY antisera (0.8 ml) caused a slight attenuation of the early stages of the LH surge. In contrast, the central administration of 5 μl of OXY antisera completely abolished the preovulatory LH surge. The data support the hypothesis that OXY exerts a physiologically important stimulatory influence on the preovulatory LH surge which is mediated primarily at a central site of action.
Evaluation of Beach Nourishment Evolution Models Using Data from Two South Carolina, USA Beaches: Folly Beach and Hunting Island

ABSTRACT Weathers, H.D. and Voulgaris, G., 2013. Evaluation of beach nourishment evolution models using data from two South Carolina, USA beaches: Folly Beach and Hunting Island. Beach nourishment is a common method used for mitigating coastal erosion. However, it is also a costly undertaking and requires an appropriate cost-to-benefit analysis. Although the costs can be estimated relatively easily, the benefits are directly related to the life expectancy of the proposed project. With this in mind, three existing beach replenishment time-evolution models (the Linear Erosion, the Verhagen, and the One-Line models) were compared for their ability to represent data from two beach nourishment projects that have taken place in South Carolina, USA, at Folly Beach and Hunting Island. Another newly introduced model that combines the One-Line model with elements of the Verhagen model was also tested against the data from the beach nourishment projects. In addition to hindcast evaluation, the four models were emplo...
Meal‐related Changes in Ghrelin, Peptide YY, and Appetite in Normal Weight and Overweight Children

Objective: Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) are two gut hormones that have effects on appetite. Our objectives were to characterize the patterns of secretion of these hormones in response to feeding in school-age children and determine whether there were differences between normal weight (NW) and overweight (OW) subjects. Methods and Procedures: This was a cross-sectional study at one tertiary care center. Subjects were 7- to 11-year-old healthy NW and OW volunteers recruited from local advertisements. Following an overnight fast, the subjects were given a standardized breakfast and lunch and had nine hourly blood samples for total ghrelin and total PYY. We assessed whether ghrelin and PYY levels changed from the preprandial to postprandial state and corresponded to reported hunger/satiety. Results: Hunger ratings were similar between the two groups throughout the study period. Ghrelin was not suppressed after eating, did not rise prior to the next meal, and did not correspond to hunger ratings in either group. PYY increased postprandially and decreased preprandially in the NW group, but OW children exhibited this pattern for only part of the day. PYY levels incompletely corresponded to reported satiety in the OW group. Discussion: Mixed meal consumption had little effect on ghrelin secretion and a variable effect on PYY secretion in young children in our study. Differences that were observed between the groups do not suggest that an abnormality in their secretion contributes to the development of obesity.
Business cycles and black holes

Real business cycle theory, as exemplified by Fischer Black's Business Cycles and Equilibrium, posits that business cycles are due to random “technology shocks,” and not to monetary, fiscal or other government policies. Rational expectations and complete markets are supposed to enable decision makers to avoid the costly mistakes that would otherwise result from policies that distort incentives to borrow and invest. This paper questions the assumptions of rational expectations and complete markets from an Austrian‐school perspective. It argues that decision makers economize on information costs by basing their plans at least in part on the actual prices observed in the course of doing business, and that government regulations have impinged on the evolution of markets, leaving them far from complete.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a mu opioid receptor from rat brain

Opioid drugs act on specific receptors to modulate physiological functions. There are at least three types of opioid receptors, mu (μ), delta (δ), and kappa (κ). Using a cDNA probe for a mouse δ opioid receptor in low stringency hybridization, a clone was isolated from a rat brain cDNA library. It contains an open reading frame for a deduced polypeptide of 398 amino acids. Hydropathy analysis of the deduced protein exhibits seven hydrophobic domains typical of G protein-coupled receptors. This protein, termed MOR-1, shows high homologies (60-65%) at the amino acid sequence level with the published mouse δ opioid receptor and a rat brain κ opioid receptor (Chen, Yu, et al., unpublished data)
EFFECTS OF BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE ON SELECTED TISSUES IN THE RAT

Five groups of rats were fed ad libitum a specific level (0.0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75%) of BHT in the diet. After 8 wk, the animals were examined for differences in body weight, liver weight, ileum histology, and bone marrow histology. No significant differences were observed between the controls and the animals fed 0.02% BHT. Rats fed BHT greater than 0.02% of the diet exhibited a significant reduction in body weight, ileal villi height, crypt depth, goblet cell count and a significant increase in liver to body weight ratio. No significant differences in the number of immature erythrocytes between the control and experimental groups were observed.
High frequency (HF) radar cross sections of the ocean surface incorporating a continuous wave frequency modulated source

Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) is often employed in practical HF radar ocean surface remote sensing systems. The first- and second-order monostatic cross sections of the ocean surface in the context of high frequency ground wave radar operation are derived for a dipole source with an FMCW waveform. The Fourier coefficients of the rough ocean surface are described as zero-mean Gaussian random variables. The electric field equations for the reception of vertically polarized radiation scattered from ocean surfaces are obtained. Illustrative comparisons of the cross sections between the pulsed and FMCW waveforms are presented and their properties are addressed.
Are You Entertained? The Impact of Brand Integration and Brand Experience in Television-Related Advergames

Results of an online experiment using advergames associated with television series suggest playing advergames results in behavioral change toward the parent brand only for consumers who lack prior brand experience. In essence, advergames appear to be more effective as a promotional tool used to encourage new product trial behavior. In addition, advergames with highly integrated brand elements produce more negative attitudes toward the advergame than advergames with fewer brand elements. Thus, advergame designers must delicately balance the use of brand elements to encourage product trial without being perceived as unnecessary advertising clutter that distracts from the enjoyment of game play.
Visual control of grasping and manipulation tasks

This paper discusses the problem of visual control of grasping. We have implemented an object tracking system that can be used to provide visual feedback for locating the positions of fingers and objects to be manipulated, as well as the relative relationships of them. This visual analysis can be used to control open loop grasping systems in a number of manipulation tasks where the finger contact, object movement, and task completion need to be monitored and controlled. >
INTERTIDAL MUSSEL MICROCLIMATES: PREDICTING THE BODY TEMPERATURE OF A SESSILE INVERTEBRATE

To elucidate the determinants of intertidal invertebrate body temperatures during aerial exposure, I developed deterministic models using the environmental inputs of solar radiation, air temperature, ground temperature, and wind speed to predict the body temperatures of intertidal mussels (Mytilus spp.). Combined with field studies, these models were used to determine the effects of body size on body temperature, and to compare the heat budgets of mussels living as solitary individuals vs. those living in aggregations (beds). On average, the model accurately predicted the body temperatures of solitary mussels in the field to within ∼1°C. Steady-state simulations (using constant environmental conditions) predicted that, under conditions where evaporative water loss is limited, smaller (5 cm) mussels experience lower body temperatures than larger (10 cm) mussels exposed to identical environmental parameters. When evaporative cooling is limited only by intolerance to desiccation, the trend in body size rever...
Overcoming Challenges in the Changing Environment of Practice-Based Research

PURPOSE Conducting studies in national practice-based research networks presents logistic and methodologic challenges. Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) has learned valuable lessons in implementing new strategies and adapting to challenges. We describe practical challenges and results of novel applied strategies in implementing and testing the Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE) intervention as part of a national-level cluster-randomized controlled trial. METHODS In the trial, 20 PROS practices were randomized to either a CEASE intervention arm or a control arm. Parents of children seen in the office who indicated smoking in the past 7 days were asked to complete a postvisit enrollment interview and telephone interviews 3 and 12 months later. Identified challenges included (1) recruiting 20 practices serving a high percentage of parent smokers; (2) screening all parents bringing children for visits and enrolling eligible parents who smoked; and (3) achieving an acceptable 12-month telephone response rate. RESULTS A total of 47 interested practices completed the Practice Population Survey, of which 20 practices in 16 states completed parent enrollment. Thirty-two research assistants screened 18,607 parents and enrolled 1,980 of them. The initial telephone interview response rate was 56% at 12 months, with incorrect and disconnected numbers accounting for nearly 60% of nonresponses. The response rate rose to 67% after practices supplied 532 new contact numbers and 754 text messages were sent, with 389 parents completing interviews. CONCLUSION The strategies we used to overcome methodologic barriers in conducting a national intervention trial allowed data collection to be completed in the office setting and increased the telephone interview response rate.
Closed-tube SNP genotyping without labeled probes/a comparison between unlabeled probe and amplicon melting.

Two methods for closed-tube single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping without labeled probes have become available: unlabeled probe and amplicon melting. Unlabeled probe and amplicon melting assays were compared using 5 SNPs: human platelet antigens 1, 2, 5, and 15 and a C>T variant located 13,910 base pairs (bp) upstream of the lactase gene. LCGreen Plus (Idaho Technology, Salt Lake City, UT) was used as the saturating DNA dye. Unlabeled probe data were readily interpretable and accurate for all amplicon lengths tested. Five targets that ranged in size from 42 to 72 bp were well resolved by amplicon melting on the LightScanner (Idaho Technology) or LightTyper (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) with no errors in genotyping. However, when larger amplicons (206 bp) were used and analyzed on lower resolution instruments (LightTyper and I-Cycler, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), the accuracy of amplicon genotyping was only 73% to 77%. When 2 temperature standards were used to bracket the amplicon of interest, the accuracy of amplicon genotyping of SNPs was increased to 100% (LightTyper) and 88% (I-Cycler).
Tocopherol Concentration and Oxidative Stability of Milk from Cows Fed Supplements of d or dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate

Abstract In a Latin square changeover feeding trial, cows were fed d - or dl -α-tocopheryl acetate at 0.0025% of tocopherol in the dry matter intake, which provided respective average daily intakes of α-tocopherol (and IU of vitamin E) of 400mg (596 IU) and 390mg (429 IU). The d supplement gave a significantly higher concentration ( µ g/g lipid) of tocopherols in the milk (P
Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Activity Observed Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Fluid tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to observe Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcribing two different linear double-stranded (ds) DNA templates. The transcription process was detected by observing the translocation of the DNA template by RNAP on addition of ribonucleoside 5‘-triphosphates (NTPs) in sequential AFM images. Stalled ternary complexes of RNAP, dsDNA and nascent RNA were adsorbed onto a mica surface and imaged under continuously flowing buffer. On introduction of all four NTPs, we observed some DNA molecules being pulled through the RNAP, some dissociating from the RNAP and others which did not move relative to the RNAP. The transcription rates were observed to be approximately 0.5−2 bases/s at our NTP concentrations, approximately 5 μM. The RNA transcripts were not unambiguously imaged in fluid. However, in experiments using a small single-stranded (ss) circular DNA template, known as a rolling circle, transcripts up to 1 or 2 microns long could be observed wit...
SEMM-2: a modeling system for single event upset analysis

We describe SEMM-2, a new simulation system for the analysis of radiation-induced single event upsets which builds on the initial SEMM tool. Developed for the current and future CMOS technologies, SEMM-2 improves the generation of radiation events. The atomic databases which describe ion energy loss with transport through device materials are generalized. Enhancements of the nuclear collision event generation include more accurate and efficient methods for generating elastic events and more thorough treatment of inelastic processes. We present illustrative simulations where more accurately accounting for the metallization layers significantly impacts the simulated single event failure rate.
Ablation of Arginylation in the Mouse N-End Rule Pathway: Loss of Fat, Higher Metabolic Rate, Damaged Spermatogenesis, and Neurological Perturbations

In the N-end rule pathway of protein degradation, the destabilizing activity of N-terminal Asp, Glu or (oxidized) Cys residues requires their conjugation to Arg, which is recognized directly by pathway's ubiquitin ligases. N-terminal arginylation is mediated by the Ate1 arginyltransferase, whose physiological substrates include the Rgs4, Rgs5 and Rgs16 regulators of G proteins. Here, we employed the Cre-lox technique to uncover new physiological functions of N-terminal arginylation in adult mice. We show that postnatal deletion of mouse Ate1 (its unconditional deletion is embryonic lethal) causes a rapid decrease of body weight and results in early death of ~15% of Ate1-deficient mice. Despite being hyperphagic, the surviving Ate1-deficient mice contain little visceral fat. They also exhibit an increased metabolic rate, ectopic induction of the Ucp1 uncoupling protein in white fat, and are resistant to diet-induced obesity. In addition, Ate1-deficient mice have enlarged brains, an enhanced startle response, are strikingly hyperkinetic, and are prone to seizures and kyphosis. Ate1-deficient males are also infertile, owing to defects in Ate1^(−/−) spermatocytes. The remarkably broad range of specific biological processes that are shown here to be perturbed by the loss of N-terminal arginylation will make possible the dissection of regulatory circuits that involve Ate1 and either its known substrates, such as Rgs4, Rgs5 and Rgs16, or those currently unknown.
Commercial Egg Production Costs in Tennessee, U.S.A.

The results of this study show that for 55 Tennessee farms, averaging 53,523 layers per farm annually, the production cost averaged 26·4 cents per dozen eggs.Among farms, cost of producing eggs ran...
Serum proteins and paraproteins in women with silicone implants and connective tissue disease: a case–control study

Prior studies have suggested abnormalities of serum proteins, including paraproteins, in women with silicone implants but did not control for the presence of connective-tissue disease (CTD). This retrospective case–control study, performed in tertiary-care academic centers, assessed possible alterations of serum proteins, including paraproteins, in such a population. Seventy-four women with silicone implants who subsequently developed CTD, and 74 age-matched and CTD-matched women without silicone implants, were assessed in the primary study; other groups were used for additional comparisons. Routine serum protein determinations and high-sensitivity protein electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis were performed for detection of paraproteins. Women with silicone implants, either with or without CTD, had significantly lower serum total protein and α1-globulin, α2-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin, and IgG levels compared with those without silicone implants. There was no significant difference, however, in the frequency of paraproteinemia between women with silicone implants and CTD (9.5%) and age-matched and CTD-matched women without silicone implants (5.4%) (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.51–6.45). Paraprotein isotypes were similar in the two groups, and the clinical characteristics of the 13 women with paraproteinemia were comparable with an independent population of 10 women with silicone breast implants, CTD, and previously diagnosed monoclonal gammopathies. In summary, this first comprehensive study of serum proteins in women with silicone implants and CTD found no substantially increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy. Women with silicone implants, however, had unexpectedly low serum globulin and immunoglobulin levels, with or without the subsequent development of CTD. The causes and clinical implications of these findings require further investigation.
METS: standardized encoding for digital library objects

METS is an XML document format intended for the encoding of complex objects within digital libraries. It provides the means to record all of the descriptive, administrative, structural and behavioral metadata needed to manage and provide access to complex digital content. While it was designed to promote interoperability of digital content between digital library systems and contribute to the preservation of digital library materials, a variety of practical barriers to achieving these goals remain. However, many of these obstacles are shared by other communities of practice, such as the eLearning community working on the IMS content packaging standards and the MPEG-21 community, and the digital library community faces a unique opportunity at the moment to work closely with others to try to improve the interoperability of our content not only with our own repository systems, but those being used by others.
Designing and evaluating algorithms for automated discovery of adaptive network models based on generative network automata

Generative Network Automata (GNA) is a powerful tool for the study of adaptive networks. It has the ability to represent a wide range of dynamics by leveraging its inherent generality. The ability to automatically discover underlying dynamics of adaptive network input has been theoretically proposed using GNA. This work tries to answer the question as to whether it is possible to create a practical implementation of GNA for the automatic discovery of dynamical rules that capture the state transition and topological transformation of complex adaptive networks. The results show that our algorithms and software (called PyGNA) correctly identifies the dynamics of a set of simple adaptive networks. Capturing the dynamics of more complex adaptive networks remains a challenge that will require further algorithm improvement.
On Time-of-Arrival Estimation in Dense Ultra-Wideband Channels

We derive a pilot-assisted maximum likelihood (ML) timing estimator for ultra-wideband radio systems for the realistic scenario in which the received pulse shape and the channel are unknown. We compare the performance of the ML timing estimator to the Cramer-Rao bound and to sub-optimal methods such as the dirty-template method and a delay-correlate timing estimator for transmitted reference systems, both of which do not require knowledge of the channel and received pulse shape. The performance results indicate that, at medium-to-high signal-to-noise ratios, the ML estimator significantly outperforms the sub-optimal schemes, especially in non-line-of-sight channels.
On a statistical space-time modulation theory

To characterize the space-time system, a number of theorems related to optimal space-time information processing, transmission, and storage are introduced. These theorems summarize various properties of the space-time system including space-time sampling, signal classification, and channel capacity optimization. The results generalize the communication theory of Gabor (1946), Shannon (1948), and Nyquist (1928). Test verifications and applications of the space-time modulation theory are discussed. >
Ameloblastie fibromas and related tumors in cattle

This article concerns rare odontogenic tumors that occur predominantly in the mandibular incisor region of young cattle and which have often in the past been referred to as ameloblastomas, or as the outdated synonym, adamantinoma. Twenty-two examples from the literature and two new ones were studied. Six consisted of epithelial islands which resembled those of ameloblastoma but which were located within a cellular fibrous connective tissue that was the second component of the tumor; these mixed odontogenic tumors therefore represented ameloblastic fibromas, not ameloblastomas. Eight consisted of a combination of ameloblastic fibroma and odontoma and therefore were ameloblastic fibro-odontomas, and one was apparently malignant (ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma). Excluding this last lesion, these tumors should respond well to enucleation, like their human counterparts but, to confirm this hypothesis, the margins of future examples should be carefully examined to determine that they are well-demarcated, not invasive. The microscopic features of the remaining 9 tumours could not be evaluated adequately, while another 17 tumors in cattle and water buffalo reported briefly could not be studied to any extent because of insufficient information.
Mechanisms of Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery

The surgical treatment of clinically severe obesity is becoming more popular. To date, little has been published concerning the mechanisms by which each of the commonly employed bariatric surgical procedures induces weight loss. This article reviews the physiology of weight loss induced by semi-starvation and other proposed mechanisms of surgically induced weight loss.
Elevated Intracranial Pressure

Understanding the physiology underlying intracranial pressure is critical to developing sound management plans for central nervous system pathology. Principles of treatment are based upon a variety of complex interactions between cerebral blood supply and drainage, tissue oxygenation and ischemia, brain tissue edema, and a variety of other pathophysiological mechanisms. Molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ pathologies vary according to the primary insult, but management of ICP elevation is crucial for the reduction of further injury, debility, and death.
Influence of nuclear structure on the formation of radiation-induced lethal lesions

Purpose The rejoining of fragmented nuclear DNA caused by ionizing radiation may lead to lethal chromosome rearrangements, such as rings or dicentrics. The clinically useful linear quadratic relationship between dose and cell survival has been interpreted as the generation of lethal lesions secondary to damage occurring in two separate chromosomes simultaneously (α component), or as potentially repairable separate events (β component). Here, the generation of such lesions is discussed, synthesizing existing knowledge with new insights gleaned from spatial proximity data made possible by high-throughput sequencing of chromosome conformation capture experiments. Over a range of several Mbp, the linear DNA strand is organized as a fractal globule generating multiple sites of contact that may facilitate deletions or inversions if the points of contact are damaged. On a larger scale, transcriptionally active euchromatin occupies a physically identifiable space separate from inactive areas and is preferentially susceptible to free radical attack after irradiation. Specific transcriptional programs link genomic locations within that space, potentially enhancing their interaction if subject to simultaneous fragmentation by a single radiation event. Conclusions High throughput spatial analysis of the factors that control chromosome proximity has the potential to better describe the formation of the lethal chromosome aberrations that kill irradiated cells.
Experimental characterization of dielectric properties of carbon nanotube networks

This paper explores the characterization of dielectric and conductive properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) networks. This is carried out by building planar transmission lines where conventional metallic traces are replaced by CNT networks. The proposed transmission lines with CNT networks are presented. Experimental realization and repeated two-port microwave measurements of proposed transmission lines enable the accurate extractions of their fundamental parameters showing percolation effects due to presence of CNT networks. The frequency-dependent phase velocity characteristics show a dramatic reduction compared to the speed of light in vacuum. The large magnitude of extracted complex permittivity for CNT networks also exhibits its percolation performance. The effects of CNTs' bulk density on measured and calculated parameters are explained. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the feasibility and the potential of building transmission lines and radio-frequency (RF) circuits elements using CNT networks.
Pressure Ulcer Progression and Prediction Using Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy

An on-going study was shown using diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) modality on healthy subjects and medical patients with sacroccygeal redness on intact skin to assess pressure ulceration distinguishing blood flow between two types of patients.
ELECTRONS ON THE SURFACE OF LIQUID HELIUM

Electrons on the outer surface of liquid helium form a nearly ideal two-dimensional electron system. In general, an electron outside a solid or liquid is attracted to the surface by the electrostatic image force. For most insulators or semiconductors, a low energy electron can enter into the conduction band of the material and move on into the bulk. A few materials, including the liquids, helium, hydrogen, and neon, have negative electron affinities, and there is a barrier that prevents the electron from entering. In the case of liquid helium, the barrier is 1.0 eV. The long range attractive image potential and the short range repulsive barrier potential combine to form a potential well having a minimum outside the surface at a distance of about 76 A from the surface plane. This gives rise to a bound electron state. The electron can move freely parallel to the surface, but its motion perpendicular to the surface is restricted to the potential well. The properties of the surface electrons have been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally. The prototype experimental system for studying the properties of helium surface state electrons was developed at RCA Laboratories. The image potential for the bound state is mathematically similar to the Coulomb attractive potential for the electron in a hydrogen atom. For this reason, the surface state electron has a ground state and series of excited states similar to those in the atom. The main difference is that the dielectric image force is much weaker than the direct Coulomb attraction, so that the binding energy, which is 13.6 eV in the atom, is only 0.65 meV in the surface state. The hydrogenic spectrum of the surface state has been confirmed experimentally by measurements of radio frequency radiation. Among the properties studied have been: electron mobility for motion parallel to the surface, deformation of the liquid surface by the electrostatic condenser force exerted by the electrons, lifetime of the electrons for escape from the surface, and effects due to the fact that the electrons are discrete point charges rather than a continuous sheet of charge. The lateral Coulomb repulsion between electrons at sufficiently low temperatures, is strong enough to overcome the randomizing effect of their kinetic energy. When this happens, the energetically favored state is one in which the electrons have an ordered arrangement. This is a crystal lattice with long range order, the "Wigner crystal", long known as a theoretical concept. The helium surface electron system is the only physical embodiment of this concept. Its existence has been experimentally demonstrated recently at Bell Laboratories and a complete phase diagram has been determined, showing the coexistence range of crystalline and liquid phases.
Slow Flow and No-Reflow Phenomenon in Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention

In percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), slow flow and no-reflow phenomenon (SFNR) refers to the suboptimal or absence of distal perfusion through a segment of the coronary bed without angiographic evidence of mechanical vessel obstruction, dissection, or in-situ thrombosis. Originally described in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (MI), SFNR is commonly encountered during PCI of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs). Reported incidences vary depending on the definition used, but SFNR has been shown to occur in more than 40 % of interventions involving degenerated SVGs. SFNR is associated with high risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), making SVG PCI among the most technically challenging of coronary procedures.
International perspectives on education, training, and practice in clinical neuropsychology: comparison across 14 countries around the world.

AbstractObjective: To review and summarize data provided by special issue authors regarding the education, training, and practice of neuropsychologists from 14 surveyed countries. Method: A table was constructed to present an overview of variables of interest. Results: There is considerable diversity among surveyed countries regarding the education and training required to enter practice as a clinical neuropsychologist. Clinical neuropsychologists are typically well compensated, at least in comparison to what constitutes an average salary in each country. Conclusions: Despite substantial variations in education and training pathways, and availability of neuropsychologists from country to country, two common areas for future development are suggested. First, identification, development, and measurement of core competencies for neuropsychological education and practice are needed that can serve as a unifying element for the world’s clinical neuropsychologists. Second, greater emphasis on recognizing and add...
Ligand Exchange and 1 H NMR Quantification of Single- and Mixed-Moiety Thiolated Ligand Shells on Gold Nanoparticles

The use of nanoparticles in biomedicine critically depends on their surface chemistry. For metal nanoparticles, a common way to tune this surface chemistry is through mass action ligand exchange, where ligand exchange can be used to expand the functionality of the resulting nanoparticle conjugates. Specifically, the quantity, identity, and arrangement of the molecules in the resulting ligand shell each can be tuned significantly. Here, we describe methods to exchange and quantify thiolated and non-thiolated ligands on gold nanoparticle surfaces. Importantly, these strategies allow the quantification of multiple ligand types within a single ligand shell, simultaneously providing ligand composition and ligand density information. These results are crucial for both designing and assigning structure-function relationships in bio-functionalized nanoparticles, and these methods can be applied to a broad range of nanoparticle cores and ligand types including peptides, small molecule drugs, and oligonucleotides.
Impairment of cerebral autoregulation in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a rapidly expanding, life-supporting therapy for critically ill patients with severe respiratory and/or cardiovascular failure. Cerebrovascular impairment can result in hemorrhagic and ischemic complications commonly seen in the patients supported on ECMO. The healthy brain is protected by cerebral autoregulation, which maintains an adequate cerebral blood flow in face of blood pressure changes. 1 Pre-ECMO factors, such as hypoxia, hypercarbia, and hypertension, can disrupt blood flow regulation, leaving the brain vulnerable to changes in blood pressure. 2 Cannulation of large blood vessels 3 and alterations of pulsatile flow patterns during ECMO also play a role in altered cerebral autoregulation. 4 A reliable methodology that can assess the status of cerebral autoregulation during ECMO and provide early indication of neurological injury is critical for optimization of bedside management to improve clinical outcomes. Wavelet transform coherence (W...
Practical solutions for rural educators

The problems of rural educators are numerous. These factors that impact teachers and the instructional process are, in fact, administrative issues. The following discussion provides an analysis of ...
Impact of drying deep beds of rice with microwave set at 915 MHz frequency on the rice milling yields

Abstract This study investigates the feasibility of achieving one-pass drying of high moisture content (MC) rice with microwaves (MWs) set at 915 MHz. Medium-grain rough rice at initial MC of 23% wet basis was dried using a MW dryer set to transmit energy at power levels 5, 10, and 15 kW for 4, 6, and 8 min for rice bed thicknesses of 5, 10 and 15 cm. Increasing MW specific energy up to 900 kJ/kg-grain resulted in increasing rice final surface temperature (FST) and drying rate which together had the effect of lowering the milled rice yield (MRY) and head rice yield (HRY). There was a statistically significant disparity in HRYs across the studied rice bed thicknesses. At the 10 to 15 cm (top) layer, the highest HRYs were observed (64.52%). The 0 to 5 cm (bottom) and the 5 to 10 cm (middle) layers had statistically similar mean HRYs that were both lower than the top layer.
Household Income, Women's Earnings, and Spending on Household Services, 1980–2010

The authors investigated changes in household outsourcing, the practice of spending on services that replace household labor, from 1980 to 2010. During this time, women's labor force participation, increased and economic, household bargaining, and time availability theories predict increased spending during this period. To test these predictions, the authors used data on spending on housekeeping, day care, babysitting and nannies, gardening and lawn services, eating out and pre-prepared foods from the 1980–2010 Consumer Expenditure Surveys using 327,903 household-quarters from the interview survey and 86,877 household-weeks from the diary survey. The results indicate that changes in income predicted increases in housekeeping, child care, and gardening services. Changes in household characteristics predicted little change in food outsourcing, although food outsourcing did increase. Changes in women's earnings predicted little change in most outsourcing. The authors conclude the article with a discussion of the changing context for outsourcing.
The use of the local truncation error to improve arbitrary-order finite elements for the linear wave and heat equations

Abstract The local truncation error in space and time can be efficiently used for the analysis and the increase in accuracy of the linear and high-order finite elements in the 1-D, 2-D and 3-D cases on uniform and non-uniform meshes. Several applications of the local truncation error are considered in the paper. It is proven that for the 1-D wave equation with a piece-wise constant wave velocity, the local truncation error is zero if the linear finite elements with the element size proportional to the wave velocity, the lumped mass matrix and the central-difference method with the time increments equal to the stability limit are used. It is shown in the 1-D and multidimensional cases that the optimal lumped mass matrix can be calculated by the minimization of the order of the local truncation error and yields the maximum possible order of accuracy. The minimization of the order of the local truncation error allows us to develop the linear finite elements and the isogeometric high-order elements with improved accuracy; i.e., accuracy is improved from order 2 p (the conventional elements) to order 4 p (the new elements) where p is the order of the polynomial approximations. New high-order boundary conditions are developed in order to keep a high-order accuracy of the developed technique. The new elements can be equally applied to linear wave propagation and heat transfer problems. It is also shown that non-uniform meshes may lead to inaccurate results due to the increase in the local truncation error. The difference in accuracy between the quadrilateral and triangular linear elements is analyzed with the suggested approach. The presented numerical examples are in good agreement with the theoretical results. The approach considered in the paper can be easily applied to the analysis of different aspects of finite elements techniques as well as other numerical approaches.
Drosophila Mutants that Are Motile but Respond Poorly to All Stimuli Tested: An Intermediate Called "The Boss"

Adult Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies were placed into one end of a tube near to repellents (benzaldehyde and heat) and away from the other end containing attractants (light and a favored temperature). They escaped from the repellents and went to the attractants. Five motile mutants that failed to do that were isolated. They did not respond to any external attractants tested or external repellents tested. In addition, they did not respond well to internal sensory stimuli like hunger, thirst, and sleep. The mutants, although motile, failed to respond to stimuli at both 34C and at room temperature. Some of the mutants have been mapped. It is proposed that the information from the different sensory receptors comes together at an intermediate, called "inbetween" (Inbet), that brings about a behavioral response. The Boss is defined here.
THE EFFECT OF FOLIC ACID ON THE TOXICITY OF ITS ANALOGUE . 4-AMINOPTEROYLGLUTAMIC ACID (AMINOPTERIN)

A study of some of the toxic reactions of 4-aminofolic acid together with the modifications of these reactions induced by giving varying amounts of folic acid daily to white rats is reported. Seven groups of young male rats ranging in weight from 110 to 130 Gm. were arranged. Aminopterin (4-aminofolic acid) was given intraperitoneally, in amounts equivalent to 50 micrograms daily, to all rats of six of these seven groups. Folic acid was given by mouth to these animals in such amounts as to provide 5, 10, 20, 30 or 50 mg. daily to each animal respectively of five of the six groups receiving aminopterin. One group received the analogue without the vitamin. One group of 8 animals received neither the vitamin nor its analogue. Observations continued for six days, when all surviving animals were killed and necropsy was performed. Data were assembled on the appetite, body weights, the weights of adrenals, thymus and spleen, the distribution of leukocytes in the peripheral blood and the changes in the bone marrow. The following conclusions seem warranted: 1. Aminopterin is extremely toxic and incites within six days anorexia, extreme diarrhea with atony of the entire gastro-intestinal tract, adrenal hyperplasia, atrophy of the thymus and spleen, and an inhibition to development of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. 2. Small amounts of folic acid are essentially without effect on the toxicity of that amount of the analogue we chose to administer. 3. Larger amounts of folic acid daily (30 mg.) proved effective in essentially inhibiting the development of the severe toxic reactions for the six-day period. 4. The severe toxicity of aminopterin does not manifest itself until the third or or fourth day of its daily administration. The onset of these symptoms is thereafter extremely rapid. 5. Thirty milligrams of folic acid daily will not indefinitely counteract the toxic symptoms induced by 50 micrograms of aminopterin. In our experience, within twelve to fourteen days, the characteristic syndrome will appear in spite of the continuous administration of the vitamin.
Modifying the Teaching/Learning Process in an Interactive Video Network: A Systemic Analysis Approach

Technology mediated learning requires adjustments in the teaching/learning process for both instructors and students. This article draws on the concepts of system theory to explain how interdependence, permeable systems, boundaries, and parallelism can alter the teacher's role in fostering a climate that maximizes technology-mediated learning. Creating an inviting classroom atmosphere, modifying instructional design and content, listening to feedback, and evaluating the course provide the foundation for revising the teaching/learning process for use with interactive video network (IVN). An environment of trust and openness leads to dialogue, reflection, and transformative learning for students and instructors. Formative and summative evaluations define details within instructional design and content needing modification for use with technology-mediated learning. This article presents suggestions for creating a community of learners through the interactivity of educational experiences while upholding quality educational standards.
Amygdala functional connectivity is associated with social impairments in preterm born young adults

Abstract Survivors of preterm birth experience long-lasting behavioral problems characterized by increased risk of depression, anxiety, and impairments in social functioning. The amygdala is a key region for social functioning and alterations in amygdala structure and connectivity are thought to underlie social functioning deficits in many disorders, including preterm birth. However, functional connectivity of the amygdala and its association with social impairments is not well-studied in preterm participants (PTs). In a group of late adolescents born very PT (600–1250 g birth weight), measures of social and emotional development were examined using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) administered at age 16 (66 term and 161 preterm participants), the Youth Self Report (YSR) administered at age 16 (56 term and 45 preterm participants), and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) administered at age 18 (71 term and 190 preterm participants). Amygdala functional connectivity was also examined using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at age 20 (17 term and 19 preterm participants). By parent report, preterm-born adolescents demonstrate increased social impairment compared to their term-born peers. Amygdala connectivity is altered for those prematurely-born, and markers of social functioning correlate with altered amygdala-PCC connectivity. These findings add to knowledge regarding the developmental trajectory of amygdala connectivity in PT and suggest a possible neural underpinning for the well-characterized social impairment experienced by prematurely-born individuals.
Tutorial: Safe and reliable machine learning

This document serves as a brief overview of the "Safe and Reliable Machine Learning" tutorial given at the 2019 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT* 2019). The talk slides can be found here: this https URL, while a video of the talk is available here: this https URL, and a complete list of references for the tutorial here: this https URL.