cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leading US nano-scientists’ perceptions about media coverage and the public communication of scientific research findings

Despite the significant increase in the use of nanotechnology in academic research and commercial products over the past decade, there have been few studies that have explored scientists’ perceptions and attitudes about the technology. In this article, we use survey data from the leading U.S. nano-scientists to explore their perceptions about two issues: the public communication of research findings and media coverage of nanotechnology, which serves as one relatively rapid outlet for public communication. We find that leading U.S. nano-scientists do see an important connection between the public communication of research findings and public attitudes about science. Also, there is a connection between the scientists’ perceptions about media coverage and their views on the timing of public communication; scientists with positive attitudes about the media are more likely to support immediate public communication of research findings, while others believe that communication should take place only after research findings have been published through a peer-review process. We also demonstrate that journalists might have a more challenging time getting scientists to talk with them about nanotechnology news stories because nano-scientists tend to view media coverage of nanotechnology as less credible and less accurate than general science media coverage. We conclude that leading U.S. nano-scientists do feel a sense of responsibility for communicating their research findings to the public, but attitudes about the timing and the pathway of that communication vary across the group.
N-Rep: A neutral feature representation to support feature mapping and data exchange across applications

The proliferation of different feature based systems has made feature data exchange an important issue. Unlike geometry data exchange, where different representations use the same fundamental concepts; the most popular being B-Rep and CSG [Shah et al. 88], different feature representation schemes use different concepts to represent features corresponding to the application and domain. Therefore, feature data transfer between applications not only involves transfer of instance data but also transformation of feature concepts. This paper presents N-Rep, an application independent declarative language, for feature definition that includes topology, topological relationships, geometry, geometric relationships, parameters and parametric relationships. N-Rep has been designed to serve three roles, viz., (a) to generate feature recognition algorithms for recognizing features from geometry, (b) to generate feature producing procedures to be used in design by feature approaches, and (c) to serve as a neutral feature data exchange medium between representations.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Preparing Dietetic Interns for the Future

Abstract The US Census Bureau predicts a dramatic increase of the population aged 65 and older to 20% of the population by 2030. These projections bring concerns about the elderly to the forefront of public health issues. Although the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) is a highly successful program, the Administration on Aging identifies future challenges, including addressing the 64% of congregate and 88% of home-delivered meals participants who remain at high or moderate nutritional risk, as assessed by the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI). According to the NSI, health care professionals also need education and training in identifying, evaluating, and providing feeding assistance. Consequently, we implemented dietetic internship rotations that assess, provide, monitor, and research nutrition services, including education, to seniors and ENP personnel - in long-term care settings, ENP dining centers, homes for those receiving delivered meals, and through a campus-based Nutrition Education Center. Evaluative feedback demonstrates improved comprehension of nutrition issues by those served. Interns gain practice in developing and implementing educational models, materials, and evaluation instruments for group education. Individualized counseling experience is gained in varied community-based settings. Interns articulate a broader and deeper understanding of issues influencing the health and nutrition status of the elderly, including psychosocial aspects. Further, feedback indicates that interns are empowered by sense of independence required during these rotations. As a bonus, the utilization of these more diverse sites reduces the need of site usage in traditional health care settings (e.g., hospitals) while meeting vital community needs, an important consideration when several practice programs are located in a similar geographic region. Full access to the curriculum outlining objectives, experiences, and evaluation will be provided.
Field theories that have no manifestly Lorentz-invariant formulation

A class of theories for which the Lorentz algebra closes only on the mass-shell, and which therefore cannot be written in a manifestly Lorentz-invariant form, is presented. Examples include certain supergravity theories in six and ten dimensions. These results make the corresponding phenomenon in the case of supersymmetry algebras less surprising. The also shed light on the problem of finding off-mass-shell dual string model amplitudes.
Determination of Wax Precipitation Temperature and Amount of Precipitated Solid Wax versus Temperature for Crude Oils Using FT-IR Spectroscopy

Wax precipitation in crude oils can produce problems in production and transportation operations. A novel FT-IR spectroscopy method is described for the determination of the wax precipitation temperature (WPT), and the estimation of the amount of precipitated solid wax material (both crystalline and amorphous) present in petroleum crude oils. A reference model oil system is analyzed using the described method. Comparisons are provided between FT-IR generated data and data generated using conventional analyses for Alaska North Slope, Utah, and Gulf of Mexico crude oils. The FT-IR method is shown to provide comparative results with conventional analysis methods, and offers several advantages over existing test methods.
Studies on a hemagglutinin from the lichen Parmelia michauxiana.

Abstract A phytohemagglutinin which has activity against erythrocytes from several species has been isolated from the lichen, Parmelia michauxiana by Sephadex gel filtration. The agglutinin contained 80% hexose, combining D -glucose, D -galactose and D -mannitol in the ratio of 1.00:1.76:1.75. In the analytical ultracentrifuge the active material migrated as a single peak with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 2.3 S. The activity of the agglutinin was independent of temperature between 4 and 37° but was markedly pH and ionic strength dependent. The agglutinin resisted autoclaving. It was not inhibited by any of several sugars, did not stimulate mitosis of leukocytes, and did not hemolyze erythrocytes in the presence of complement.
A high-resolution electron microscopy study of vanadium deposited on the basal plane of sapphire

Abstract The interface between vanadium and the basal plane of sapphire was studied by conventional and cross sectional high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) to clarify the atomic structure of the interface. A 50 nm thick vanadium film was deposited on the (0001) basal plane of sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The TEM observations of the interface were made from three directions: two cross-sectional views (parallel to [1 2 10]Al2O3 and [10 10 ]Al2O3) and plan view (parallel to [0001]Al2O3). From the SADP, the following orientation relationship was obtained: (111)V ‖(0001)Al2O3; [10 1 V ‖[1 2 10]Al2O3. Cross-sectional HREM observations showed the atomic configuration at the interface, and the existence of periodic arrays of geometrical misfit dislocations. Computer simulations show that sapphire is aluminum-terminated at the interface with vanadium.
Toward a New Philosophical Anthropology of Education: Fuller Considerations of Social Constructivism

Philosophical anthropology is philosophical inquiry into human nature that seeks to answer the fundamental question of what generally characterizes human beings and differentiates them from other creatures and things. Political theories considerably influence educational theories. We call attention to the fact that the three main political theories currently influencing education (liberal, neo-liberal, and neo-conservative) each have a distinct philosophical anthropology. This fact has especially significant implications for pedagogical social constructivism since it influences the kind of individual and society they strive to construct. We will propound a version of social constructivism we call “critical constructivism.”
Acute intraprocedural thrombus formation during wingspan intracranial stent placement for intracranial atherosclerotic disease.

Background Treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic disease with the Wingspan-Gateway intracranial stent and balloon angioplasty system has been reported in several multicenter registries. To date, the incidence of acute intraprocedural thrombus formation during Wingspan stent placement has not been reported. Objective We reviewed the incidence of acute thrombus formation, treatment, and outcome for patients who underwent Wingspan stent placement by the senior author (B.L.H.) between June 2006 and April 2009. Methods We routinely perform angiograms every 10 minutes for at least 30 minutes after placement of a Wingspan stent to check for acute thrombus formation. Acute thrombus was graded: (1) visible thrombus but not flow limiting, (2) visible and flow-limiting thrombosis, and (3) complete stent occlusion. Recanalization was graded according to Thrombosis In Myocardial Infarction score. Results Forty-one patients underwent Wingspan stent placement for intracranial stenosis. Acute intraprocedural thrombus formation developed in 6 (14.6%) within 20 minutes after stent placement: 3 grade 1, 1 grade 2, and 2 grade 3. All 6 were successfully recanalized with Thrombosis In Myocardial Infarction score 3 after intravenous abciximab with or without intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator and/or balloon angioplasty. There was no morbidity, and all 6 patients were discharged home at their neurological baseline. Conclusion We recommend serial angiography every 10 minutes for at least 30 minutes after placement of Wingspan stents. Once detected, acute thrombosis can be successfully treated with intravenous abciximab with or without intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator and/or balloon angioplasty.
Systemic effects of military innovation and diffusion

(1999). Systemic effects of military innovation and diffusion. Security Studies: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 79-125.
Influences of Design and Landscape Placement Parameters on Amphibian Abundance in Constructed Wetlands

As natural wetlands disappear, constructed wetlands may play vital roles in amphibian conservation. However, previous investigations have concluded that artificial wetlands do not adequately replace lost wildlife habitat. Nevertheless, constructed wetlands serve as breeding habitat for amphibians where extensive natural wetland loss has occurred. To investigate the roles of engineered wetland features on amphibian abundance, we surveyed 49 constructed wetlands throughout northern Missouri. Cricket frogs (Acris crepitans), bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), and leopard frogs (Lithobates blairi/sphenocephalus complex) each occurred in over 80% of surveyed wetlands. Salamanders and hylid frogs were rarely encountered. We used an information theoretic approach to examine relationships between individual species and habitat features associated with wetland designs and placements. We found that models incorporating design features of open water ponds best explained abundances of most commonly encountered species. At the placement level, models that included nearby aquatic habitat ranked highest for common species. Salamanders and most hylid frogs responded positively to aquatic vegetative cover but negatively to fish abundance and anthropogenic disturbance-related features in the landscape. Our results indicate that to be effective amphibian conservation tools, constructed wetlands should be fish-free, heavily vegetated, include shallows, and placed within areas of low anthropogenic disturbance.
Urea Utilization by Young Dairy Calves as Affected by Chlortetracycline Supplementation

Summary Forty-eight two-day-old male and female calves representing the Holstein and Jersey breeds were raised to 86 days of age on a limited milk-hay-starter system to study the effect of chlortetracycline on urea utilization at three levels of protein equivalent intake. Four experimental starters ranging from 6.5 to 15.3% protein equivalent were fed with and without chlortetracycline supplementation. Highest average daily gains were made by calves on the 12.1% protein equivalent starter with chlortetracycline. The growth of calves increased as the protein equivalent level of the starter increased up to the 12.1% protein equivalent starter. Chlortetracycline did not spare dietary nitrogen in this study, but did significantly increase average daily gains, skeletal growth, and feed efficiency. Chlortetracycline had no significant effect on apparent digestibility of any ration nutrient, nitrogen retention, or blood levels of plasma protein and urea nitrogen. Coefficients of dry matter and crude protein digestibility, as well as nitrogen retention values, were significantly lower for calves on the 6.5% protein starter than for any of the other groups. The trend was for increased protein digestibility as the level of protein equivalent in the starter increased.
Ontogeny and expression of non-MHC-restricted T cell antigen-binding molecules by thymocytes and peripheral T cell subsets.

The ontogeny of T cells which express major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted T cell antigen-binding molecules (TABM) on the cell membrane was investigated. We used a rabbit anti-mouse TABM antiserum to investigate the expression of TABM by subsets of adult thymocytes, peripheral T cells, and thymocytes during gestation. TABM are expressed by CD4−, CD8−, CD4+, CD8+ thymocytes and single-positive thymocytes. During gestation, TABM are expressed as early as Day 16, and at birth the expression of TABM on thymocytes has reached adult levels. Data are also presented which suggest that the expression of membrane TABM (mTABM) on peripheral T cells can be upregulated during T cell activation. The results suggest that TABM are expressed by different T cell subsets and that TABM+ cells may utilize the same intrathymic developmental pathway as that of T cells which express the αβ T cell receptor.
The development of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in adrenal cortical cells of fetal guinea pigs.

In most steroid-secreting cells smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is prominent. This organelle is a site of major enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis. In fetal guinea pig adrenal cortical cells the development of tubular smooth-surfaced reticulum precedes all other apparent morphological changes at the cellular level, serving as the earliest indicator of structural differentiation. Its appearance coincides with the earliest evidence of steroid production by the adrenals (Ortiz et al., 1966). Further development and differentiation of this organelle in inner cortical cells gives rise to complex paracrystalline arrays. Subsequent segregation of cells containing these arrays to the deeper cortical regions, the deep zona fasiculata and zona reticularis, heralds the histological zonation of the cortex into three definitive regions. In the outer cortical cells of the developing zona glomerulosa, cisternal reticulum becomes prominent and in late fetal life large areas of the cisternal membranes become smooth-surfaced. Combined with information from bioassay experiments of Price and coworkers (Ortiz et al., 1966) the early appearance of the smooth reticulum supports the thesis that the adrenal is capable of steroid biosynthesis early in fetal development, before zonation of the cortex occurs. As the endoplasmic reticulum develops, polyribosomes become widely spaced on its surface. They may be involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the expanding smooth-surfaced reticulum and its associated steroidogenic enzymes, analogous to the development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and associated enzymes in rat hepatocytes (Dallner et al., 1966a,b). The gradual confinement of cells containing paracrystalline arrays of smooth reticulum to the deep cortical zones implies functional significance for this compartmentalized form of endoplasmic reticulum.
Plant germination and growth after exposure to iron cyanide complexes

Phytoremediation has been proposed for treatment of cyanide-contaminated soil. This study was conducted to identify plants with the highest potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide contaminated soil. Multiple cultivars of two cyanogenic species, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and flax (Linum usitatissimum), and one non-cyanogenic species, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L), were selected for evaluation. The cultivars were screened by quantifying germination and root elongation. Differences in germination emerged among the cultivars (P < 0.05), but these differences appeared to be unrelated to cyanide concentration. The presence of 1000 mg/kg Prussian blue tended to suppress root growth parameters of flax and switchgrass but did not affect sorghum similarly.
Design, implementation and accuracy of a prototype for medical augmented reality

Objective: This paper is focused on prototype development and accuracy evaluation of a medical Augmented Reality (AR) system. The accuracy of such a system is of critical importance for medical use, and is hence considered in detail. We analyze the individual error contributions and the system accuracy of the prototype.Materials and Methods: A passive articulated arm is used to track a calibrated end-effector-mounted video camera. The live video view is superimposed in real time with the synchronized graphical view of CT-derived segmented object(s) of interest within a phantom skull. The AR accuracy mostly depends on the accuracy of the tracking technology, the registration procedure, the camera calibration, and the image scanning device (e.g., a CT or MRI scanner).Results: The accuracy of the Microscribe arm was measured to be 0.87 mm. After mounting the camera on the tracking device, the AR accuracy was measured to be 2.74 mm on average (standard deviation = 0.81 mm). After using data from a 2-mm-thick ...
Guided waves in layered solids with interface zones

Abstract A matrix method is presented for the solution of elastic wave propagation problems in multilayered isotropic solids containing imperfectly welded interfaces. Two models of the interface are used. In one, the interfacial traction is assumed to be proportional to the displacement jump across the interface. In the second, a thin layer of adhesive material is assumed to be present at the interface. The method is applied to derive the dispersion equation for guided waves in multilayered plates and half spaces. The method is shown to be free from the well known numerical instability at high frequencies. Numerical results for specific cases will be presented in a forthcoming paper.
Single photon avalanche photodiodes

• Performance of Geiger-mode APDs is improving rapidly ↓ • New application opportunities • Infrared SPADs - Acceptable detection efficiencies - Need lower dark count rates → higher operating temperature - Need solution for afterpulsing - Initial systems demonstrations and field trials
Measurements of 3d occupancy from Cu L2,3 electron-energy-loss spectra of rapidly quenched CuZr, CuTi, CuPd, CuPt, and CuAu

We used electron-energy-loss spectrometry to measure the intensities of the Cu white lines found at the onsets of the ${\mathit{L}}_{2}$ and ${\mathit{L}}_{3}$ absorption edges of rapidly quenched CuZr, CuTi, CuPd, CuPt, and CuAu. Enhancements of the white lines in the alloys as compared to elemental Cu were correlated with changes in the 3d occupancy of Cu atoms upon alloying. We found that the Cu atoms lost 0.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 d electrons when alloyed with Ti or Zr, 0.${0}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.0}^{+0.06}$ d electrons when alloyed with Au or Pd, and 0.${03}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.03}^{+0.06}$d electrons when alloyed with Pt. We found no strong correlation between measured 3d- occupancy changes and heats of formation of the alloys, consistent with expectations that outer s electrons play an important role in the alloying of Cu with Pt, Pd, and Au.
Effects of Weeds on the Diversity and Abundance of Insects in Soybeans

Sweep-net sampling and pitfall trapping were used to survey insects in weedy and weedfree soybean habitats. Weedy soybean habitats consisted of (1) grassy soybeans; (2) soybeans with broadleaf weeds; and (3) soybeans with broadleaf weeds and grasses. Insect species diversity was greater in weedy soybean habitats than in weed-free soybeans. Greatest diversity of species occurred in the mixed-weed soybean habitat. The most important phytophagous insect on soybeans in Indiana, the Mexican bean beetle. Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, was most abundant in weed-free soybeans. Predators were most abundant in weedy soybeans. Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) was most abundant in weedy soybean habitats, whereas Orius insidiosus (Say) and Nabis spp. were most abundant in soybean habitats with grasses and mixed weeds. In the pitfall trapping study, Harpalus spp. were more abundant in soybean habitats with grasses and mixed broadleaf and grass weeds
Multiple sclerosis in twins

We studied 30 sets of twins in whom one or both was suspected of having multiple sclerosis (MS). In 24 pairs, a firm clinical diagnosis was made on each twin. Among these 24 pairs, 6 of 12 monozygotic twins were concordant for clinical MS, compared with 2 of 12 dizygotic twins. Of those over the age of 50, two of three monozygotic pairs were concordant, but neither of the two dizygotic twin pairs were concordant. Because ascertainment was primarily through public announcement, this series may be biased in favor of twins concordant for MS. The individuals within monozygotic concordant twin pairs exhibited wide differences in severity and age at onset of disease; the more recently affected twin tended to have a lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG and a higher IgM level. Although the frequency of HLA-B7 and Dw2 in this twin population was high, the HLA makeup did not differ appreciably between concordant and discordant MS twins. Furthermore, the two DZ-concordant twins were HLA-nonidentical. Unexplained neurologic signs were found in three asymptomatic twins, and a high proportion of clinically normal twins had abnormalities of CSF immunoglobulins. These latter findings suggest a high incidence of subclinical MS in this population.
Metazoan meiofauna abundance in relation to environmental variables in the northern Gulf of Mexico deep sea

In order to more fully understand the distribution of meiofauna and how they respond to topographic, geochemical and physical forcing in the northern Gulf of Mexico, meiofauna abundance and environmental variables were analyzed in a hypothesis-based univariate and multivariate design. Meiofauna abundance was significantly related to water depth, but also exhibited significant longitudinal differences resulting from proximity to Mississippi River outflow. Canyon features in proximity of Mississippi River outflow were found to greatly enhance meiofauna abundance. The Florida Escarpment interacts with Mississippi River outflow and the Loop Current to enhance meiofauna abundance at stations lying directly above and below the escarpment. Multivariate comparisons of meiofauna abundance with environmental variables revealed a strong Mississippi River influence. River outflow alters local sediment characteristics, and interacts with loop current eddies and dynamic slope topography to increase particulate organic matter flux in the northeastern region, thus creating areas of higher than normal meiofauna abundance.
Inventory Centralization Games with Price-Dependent Demand and Quantity Discount

Consider a distribution system consisting of a set of retailers facing a single-period price-dependent demand of a single product. By taking advantage of the risk-pooling effect and the quantity/volume discount provided by suppliers or third-party carriers, the retailers may place joint orders and keep inventory at central warehouses before demand realization, and allocate inventory among themselves after demand realization to reduce their operating costs. Under rather general assumptions, we prove that there is a stable allocation of profits among the retailers in the sense that the resulting inventory centralization game has a nonempty core. We also show how to compute an allocation in the core.
Modeling Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports for Preservice Teachers.

The authors modeled programwide positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) principles to 26 preservice teachers during consolidated yearly extended school year (ESY) services delivered to ...
Accurate and efficient predicate analysis with binary decision diagrams

Functionality and performance of EPIC architectural features depend on extensive compiler support. Predication, one of these features, promises to reduce control flow overhead and to enhance optimization, provided that compilers can utilize it effectively. Previous work has established the need for accurate, direct predicate analysis and has demonstrated a few useful techniques, but has not provided an efficient, general framework. The paper presents the Predicate Analysis System (PAS), which maps knowledge of predicate and condition relations in general control flow onto a convenient logical substrate, the reduced ordered binary decision diagram. PAS is the first such framework to demonstrate direct, accurate, and efficient analysis of arbitrary condition and predicate define networks in arbitrary control flow.
Forest Management Effects on Surface Soil Carbon and Nitrogen

over time for five watersheds in the southern Appalachians: two aggrading hardwood forests, one south- and one north-facing, undisturbed since the 1920s; a white pine (Pinus strobus L.) plantation planted in 1956; and two regenerating hardwood forests, a whole-tree harvest in 1980, and a commercial sawlog harvest in 1977. Soils on harvested watersheds were sampled before and for =15 yr after harvest. Surface soil C concentration on the undisturbed watersheds varied significantly among sample years. Concentrations fluctuated on the south-facing and decreased on the north-facing watershed. The pattern for total N was similar. Total N decreased significantly on the north-facing but was stable on the southfacing watershed. In the white pine plantation, C increased while N concentrations decreased during the 20-yr period. Soil C and N concentrations generally declined the first year following whole-tree harvest. Fourteen years after cutting, C remained stable, while N was greater compared with reference watershed soils. The commercial sawlog harvest resulted in large increases in surface soil C and N concentrations immediately after cutting. Carbon levels remained elevated 17 yr following cutting. Our data suggest that the forest management practices examined do not result in long-term decreases in soil C and N. However, the high interannual variation on all watersheds suggests that care must be taken in selecting control sites to determine long-term treatment impacts.
Distressed and Dumped: Market Dynamics of Low-Value, Foreclosed Properties during the Advent of the Federal Neighborhood Stabilization Program

The foreclosure crisis resulted in the accumulation of lender-owned homes in many neighborhoods. But little is known about these homes after they enter lender ownership. This article examines the dynamics of foreclosed properties in Fulton County, Georgia. It does so in the context of the federal Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP). Just when NSP was getting under way, lenders began to rapidly sell low-value foreclosed properties. A large majority of the low-value homes were purchased by small investors, and purchases of foreclosed homes in low-income neighborhoods were dominated by investor-buyers. The article also discusses policy implications of these findings.
Detection of low observable targets within sea clutter by structure function based multifractal analysis

Sea clutter is the backscattered returns from a patch of the sea surface illuminated by a radar pulse. Robust detection of targets within sea clutter is of significant importance to our coastal and national security, to navigation safety, and to environmental monitoring. However, no simple and reliable methods for detecting targets within sea clutter have been proposed. We apply the structure function based multifractal theory to analyze 392 sea clutter datasets measured under various sea conditions. The method developed is mathematically rigorous, conceptually elegant, computationally fast, and, practically, easily implementable. Our results demonstrate that the method can robustly detect low observable objects within sea clutter.
Electrodermal Nonresponding Among College Undergraduates: Temporal Stability, Situational Specificity, and Relationship To Heart Rate Change

Based on a large screening project, 24 electrodermal nonresponders to nonsignal tones were chosen from an undergraduate population and compared on multiple electrodermal, heart rate, and personality measures to an equal number of randomly selected control subjects. Questions addressed in this study included the reliability of the nonresponder category with repeated testing, its stability across situations, its concurrent relationship with other psychophysiological measures, and its ability to predict scores on more standardized measures of individual differences. It was determined that nonresponders continued to produce smaller specific skin conductance responses (SCRs) during a second testing session two weeks after the initial screening, and these differences remained when subjects were tested under signal conditions. However, 50% of the initial nonresponders did produce SCRs by the completion of all testing. Nonresponders and controls differed on other electrodermal measures as well, with nonresponders producing fewer spontaneous fluctuations under all conditions and lower skin conductance levels during initial screening and under signal conditions. Nonresponders and control subjects also differed in heart rate response during the signal procedure. Control subjects produced the anticipated cardiac deceleration, whereas nonresponders produced a pronounced heart rate increase. The two groups did not differ on measured personality characteristics, but when nonresponders were divided into subgroups based on consistency of response pattern, several differences did emerge.
Cooperation, Capture, and Autonomy: The Interstate Commerce Commission and the Port Authority in the 1920s

“Historically, geographically, and commercially New York and the industrial district in the northern part of the state of New Jersey constitute a single community,” declared the Interstate Commerce Commission in the New York Harbor case in 1917. In spite of that overwhelming fact, the railroads in the port region had never worked cooperatively to manage New York harbor. Instead, competition led them to invest vast sums in individual terminal facilities and prevented them from using those facilities jointly to solve the urgent transportation problems of the region. This failure to cooperate took on national importance during World War I, when the collapse of service at the port led President Woodrow Wilson to federalize the railroads. In light of the failure of private managers to coordinate their efforts more effectively, the ICC endorsed the idea that dramatic public steps should be taken to encourage greater cooperation among railroad companies: “It is necessary that the great terminals at the port of New York be made practically one,” the commission affirmed, “and that the separate interests of the individual carriers, so long an insuperable obstacle to any constructive plan of terminal development, be subordinated to the public interest.”With this apparent blessing from the ICC, the New York, New Jersey Port and Harbor Development Commission was created in 1917 to recommend a cooperative, bi-state solution for the port.
Stereospecific solid-state cyclodimerization of bis(trans-2-butenoato)calcium and triaquabis(trans-2-butenoato)magnesium

60Co γ-irradiation of bis(trans-2-butenoato)calcium (4) and triaquabis(trans-2-butenoato)magnesium (11) affords cyclodimerization products cis,trans- and trans,trans-nepetic acids (5 and 15), respectively. The products are produced in high yield, based upon conversion, by a γ-ray induced radical chain pathway and provide unprecedented, stereospecific, one-pot syntheses of two of the four possible nepetic acid diastereomers, adding significant generality to the synthetic scope of the γ-ray induced reactions of crystalline metal trans-2-butenoates. Stereochemical analysis of the products from the analogous trans-2-butenoato-3-d complexes 19 and 27 establishes unequivocally that hydrogen atom transfer is also stereospecific and not part of a random process. The stereochemistry of the diastereomers is that predicted by the analysis of crystal packing, consistent with the least-motion principles of the topochemical postulate. Analysis of the crystal structures, with respect to the nearest neighbors, is consistent with the hypothesis that the formation of both carbon–carbon bonds and hydrogen atom transfer are topochemical and controlled by the crystal lattice. Analysis of the packing diagrams provides a pathway for chain propagation throughout the crystal that consumes all the molecules in the unit cell.
Riprap Design for Overtopping - Man Do I Need a Martini!

Riprap remains one of the most common and cost-effective means of providing erosion protection, structure stability, and slope stabilization from overtopping flow conditions. Currently, at least twenty-four riprap design relationships and/or synthesis procedures have been formulated since 1936 for sizing stone riprap. Most of these relationships were derived from a limited empirical database extending over a relatively small range of boundary conditions; each expression often targeted for a specific use or application. Commonly, designers extrapolate a stone-sizing relationship beyond the boundary conditions of development to determine an appropriate stone size to resist stone movement, particularly for median sizes greater than 10 in. The intent of this presentation is to highlight the twenty-four relationships/procedures currently available for designer consideration and provide a “road map” for their specific use and/or application for angular stone.
Long-term outcomes for patients discharged from a long-term hospital-based weaning unit.

Background: Because little attention has been given to the long-term outcomes of patients in hospital-based ventilator weaning units, we undertook this assessment of 5-year outcomes of patients discharged from the Respiratory Special Care Unit (ReSCU) of the Cleveland Clinic Hospital. Methods: The ReSCU consists of six private beds on a pulmonary specialty ward. Features of the unit include noninvasive monitoring with signal output at each bedside and at a central monitoring station. The unit is staffed by nurses with specific pulmonary rehabilitation expertise and has 24-h respiratory therapist supervision. Ongoing prospective data collection in the ReSCU includes monitoring weaning success, demographic features, hospital discharge status, and hospital discharge disposition. Long-term outcomes were ascertained using a review of hospital medical records and direct inquiry to patients and/or family members. Results: Between August 22, 1993, and August 22, 1996, 162 individuals were admitted to the ReSCU, with 7 persons having repeat admissions during separate hospital admissions. Seventeen percent of these persons (n 27) died during the hospitalization, while 83% were discharged from the index hospitalization (ie, the hospital stay during which the patient was first admitted to the ReSCU). Kaplan-Meier (KM) mortality rate estimates were as follows: 1 month, 11% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6 to 15%); 1 year, 57% (95% CI, 49 to 65%); 2 years, 68% (95% CI, 61 to 75%); 3 years, 73% (95% CI, 66 to 80%); 4 years, 76% (95% CI, 69 to 83%); and 5 years, 81% (95% CI, 75 to 87%). The 5-year KM mortality rate estimates considered by year of ReSCU admission were as follows: 1993, 92% (95% CI, 77 to 100%); 1994, 84% (95% CI, 73 to 95%); 1995, 87% (95% CI, 77 to 96%); and through August 22, 1996, 66% (95% CI, 51 to 81%). Conclusions: In this population requiring prolonged inpatient ventilatory support, moderately high acute mortality rates are consistent with data from other series. In this analysis of longer-term follow-up rates, the 5-year survival rates are low, with higher mortality rates within the first 2 years and a slower decline in survival thereafter. (CHEST 2003; 124:1892–1899)
Identifying Models of Truncation Error When Modified Equation Analysis is Intractable

The main goal of this research is to identify mathematical models that describe the behavior of truncation error for arbitrarily complex systems of partial differential equations solved by high-accuracy numerical methods. Methods of interest to the authors include finite element, finite difference, finite volume and particle physics methods. Truncation error is the difference between the exact solution of the continuous equations and the numerical solution of the discretized equations. Understanding how truncation behaves and describing it with a mathematical model are essential steps of code verification activities. They include diagnosing potential deficiency of the numerical solver, assessing the asymptotic behavior of the method and quantifying solution uncertainty. We propose to apply a MATLAB ® -based time series analysis toolbox developed at the University of Lancaster, U.K., and known as CAPTAIN, to numerical solutions obtained by running a computer code. The CAPTAIN toolbox identifies the transfer function between the discrete solution and its truncation error. Once identified, the transfer function is converted to an ordinary differential equation that describes the numerical error and, in fact, represents the leading term of the (possibly unknown) modified equation of the method. By performing the identification with successively refined meshes or grids, enough equations are obtained to infer, not only the order of the derivative of the leading-term truncation error, but also the rate-of-convergence of the numerical method. A proof-of-concept of this approach is provided using numerical solutions from a hydro-dynamics, finite volume code. (Manuscript approved for unlimited, public release on November 7 th , 2008, LA-UR-08-7214, Unclassified.)
Response and risk in rural ecosystems : from models and plots to defined universes

Abstract This essay was prepared as an invited closure of a thematic session on “Scaling and Extrapolation” at the CGTE Conference on “Food and Forestry: Global Change and Global Challenges”. It is addressed to those who prognosticate at the global or other large levels about food and forestry systems, and who naturally confront several problems, and inevitably also some risk. The problems range from conceptual and practical to measuremental and statistical. For other than simplistic models, many constraints apply to procedures used to aggregate from small-scale to large-scale representations of agricultural systems, whether they be biophysical or socioeconomic, especially when uncertainty is explicitly recognized. Model-linking procedures work well in some cases but by no means all. The risks encountered in such work are similarly wide-ranging, depending on the intrinsic uncertainties, context, analyst and audience. These spectrums of problems and risks, along with some suggestions for what practically can be done about them (largely involving ad hoc simulation modeling), are examined from a response-analysis perspective across a range of biophysical and social phenomena pertinent to terrestrial ecosystems. Attention is given to policy applications of scaled-up models.
The clinical implications of continuous central venous oxygen saturation during human CPR

Study objective: The purpose of this study was to observe, measure, and describe the changes in central venous oxygen saturation during CPR and immediately after return of spontaneous circulation. It also was to examine the clinical utility of continuous central venous oxygen saturation monitoring as a indicator of return of spontaneous circulation during CPR in human beings. Design and setting: Eight-month, prospective, non-outcome, observational, nonrandomized case series in the ED of a large urban hospital. Types of patients: Adult normothermic, nontraumatic, out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrests. Interventions: All patients were managed according to advanced cardiac life support guidelines. A proximal aortic and double-lumen central venous catheter was placed. Central venous oxygen saturation was measured continuously spectrophotometrically with a fiberoptic catheter in the central venous location. Measurements: Aortic blood pressure and central venous oxygen saturation were simultaneously measured throughout each resuscitation. Return of spontaneous circulation was defined as a systolic blood pressure of more than 60 mm Hg for more than five minutes. Results: One hundred patients who experienced 68 episodes of cardiac arrest were studied. Patients with return of spontaneous circulation had a higher initial and statistically higher mean and maximal central venous oxygen saturation than those without return of spontaneous circulation ( P = .23, .0001, and .0001, respectively; P Conclusion: Continuous central venous oxygen saturation monitoring can serve as a reliable indicator of return of spontaneous circulation during CPR in human beings.
Eating behavior and obesity in bipolar disorder.

Objectives:Individuals with bipolar disorder are more frequently overweight or obese than the general population, but the reasons for this association are unknown. The aim of this study is to furth...
Magnetic susceptibility of early Paleozoic and Precambrian paleosols

Abstract Paleosols formed by weathering and plant colonization during breaks in eolian deposition of Quaternary loesses are marked by enhanced magnetic susceptibility. These paleosols can be recognized in the field from their soil structure and soil horizons, but the most obvious and diagnostic feature of paleosols are root traces. For paleosols of early Paleozoic and Precambrian age, pre-dating the evolution of rooted land plants, root traces cannot be used as a diagnostic field criterion for recognizing paleosols. Surficial enhancement of magnetic susceptibility can be useful confirmation that some Precambrian and early Paleozoic rocks were paleosols. Unfortunately, magnetic susceptibility enhancement of some paleosol profiles is compromised by burial gleization, which reduces overall susceptibility values, but especially susceptibility at the surface of the profile, and produces a marked covariance of magnetic susceptibility with total iron content. Groundwater and surface water gleization during soil formation also depletes susceptibility over a wide range of iron content to give relatively flat depth functions of susceptibility. In contrast, well-drained soils and paleosols have pronounced surficial susceptibility enhancement over a narrow range of iron content. Magnetic susceptibility peaks are useful supporting evidence for paleosols entirely red and oxidized, but not for paleosols with common green-gray reduction spots, abundant organic matter, iron–manganese nodules or other evidence of gleization. All known Paleozoic and Precambrian paleosols have susceptibility an order of magnitude less than in comparable Quaternary paleosols and soils, so that Quaternary magnetic susceptibility climofunctions and chronofunctions cannot yet be applied to Paleozoic and Precambrian paleosols. Although their susceptibility values are comparable with those of modern gleyed soils, Paleozoic and Precambrian paleosols maintain a depth function of surficial enhancement of susceptibility, as well as red color, deeply penetrating cracks and other features of well-drained soils. Burial recrystallization of fine-grained magnetite and maghemite may have compromised the magnitude of their susceptibility peaks. Alternatively, they may not have been as biologically active in susceptibility-enhancing microbes as modern soils.
Defective secretion of an immunoglobulin caused by mutations in the heavy chain complementarity determining region 2

We have investigated four secretion-deficient antibodies (Abs) derived from a panel of 46 mutant T15 anti-phosphocholine Abs, all of which have point mutations in the heavy chain (H) complementarity determining region 2 (CDR2). The level of secretion for these four Abs was < 10% of wild type when expressed together with the T15 light chain (L) in either SP2/0 or P3X63Ag8.653 myeloma cells although normal levels of H and L chain mRNA were produced. Moreover, abundant intracellular H and L chain proteins were detected. Three of the four mutants had little or no assembled H and L complexes intracellularly whereas one had a significant amount of intracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) which was shown to be capable of binding Ag. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that point mutations confined to CDR2 of the H chain variable (V) region can impede Ab assembly and secretion. We then introduced the same CDR2 mutations into a related H chain which is encoded by the same T15 VH gene but different diversity (D) and joining (J) genes. When these H chains were expressed with a non-T15 L chain, the resulting Abs were secreted normally. The results thus suggest that the effects of the CDR2 mutations on Ab secretion are dependent on their interactions with L and/or H chain D-J sequences. These results also reveal a novel mechanism that could contribute to B cell wastage.
Transcriptional regulators of Na,K-ATPase subunits.

The Na,K-ATPase classically serves as an ion pump creating an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane that is essential for transepithelial transport, nutrient uptake and membrane potential. In addition, Na,K-ATPase also functions as a receptor, a signal transducer and a cell adhesion molecule. With such diverse roles, it is understandable that the Na,K-ATPase subunits, the catalytic alpha-subunit, the beta-subunit and the FXYD proteins, are controlled extensively during development and to accommodate physiological needs. The spatial and temporal expression of Na,K-ATPase is partially regulated at the transcriptional level. Numerous transcription factors, hormones, growth factors, lipids and extracellular stimuli modulate the transcription of the Na,K-ATPase subunits. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to the regulation of Na,K-ATPase expression. With the ever growing knowledge about diseases associated with the malfunction of Na,K-ATPase, this review aims at summarizing the best-characterized transcription regulators that modulate Na,K-ATPase subunit levels. As abnormal expression of Na,K-ATPase subunits have been observed in many carcinoma, we will also discuss transcription factors that are associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a crucial step in the progression of many tumors to malignant disease.