cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repression of Phenolic Acid-Synthesizing Enzymes and Its Relation to Iron Uptake in Bacillus subtilis

Excretion of the metal-chelating phenolic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, by a tryptophan-requiring strain (M-13) of Bacillus subtilis was inversely proportional to the iron added to the medium. Addition of iron as the ferric chelates of two secondary hydroxamates (ferri-schizokinen and Desferal) markedly reduced excretion. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate from chorismate by extracts of B. subtilis M-13, grown in low-iron medium, was unaltered by additions of FeSO4, FeCl3, ferrischizokinen, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, the 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-iron complex, or by extracts of cells grown in high-iron medium (which contained no demonstrable 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-synthesizing activity) to the extracts of “low-iron cells.” Iron control seemed to involve repression of synthesis of the enzymes in the 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate pathway. Both ferri-schizokinen and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate plus iron enhanced considerably the otherwise minimal repressive effects of iron at low concentrations. Ferri-schizokinen delayed derepression of the pathway in B. subtilis M-13, and reduced its rate of synthesis after derepression. Addition of FeSO4 to derepressed cells of B. subtilis M-13 halted synthesis of the enzymes after a lag period. The effect of the ferric hydroxamates was related to the capacity of B. subtilis M-13 to incorporate 59Fe3+ from Desferal-59Fe3+. Cellular accumulation of 59Fe3+ from Desferal-59Fe3+ after 20 min was nearly double that incorporated from 59FeCl3.
Pediatric epidural analgesia (PEA)

The pediatric epidural is an accepted method of advanced analgesia in children. Newer techniques have now superseded pediatric epidural analgesia (PEA), being as effective and safer, especially with the advances in ultrasonography. PEA is, however, still an important technique to master and employ, and it may be that the indications for this mode of analgesia have now become more defined.
A high-gain beam steering fabric-based array for body-worn wireless applications

A high gain compressed footprint beam steering antenna array is proposed for 5 GHz body-centric wireless applications. A collinear array consisting of elements on fabric materials allow beam steering while maintaining high gain. Beam steering is achieved using RF switches. Simulations near a multilayered flat phantom show that the array can steer its beam to 45°, 0 and 315° in the azimuth plane with a peak gain of 12.3 dBi at 5 GHz.
Computer Simulation of Storage Stability in Intermediate Moisture Apples

A computer simulation model was developed to predict storage stability of packaged intermediate moisture apples (IMA) stored under fluctuating temperature. The simulation model included: one dimensional heat and mass transfer equations with appropriate boundary conditions, models for chemical reactions, and growth/no growth regions for E. amstelodami and S. rouxii. Experimental and computer predicted results showed good agreement with each other. An external temperature fluctuation did not cause local moisture differences within the package. This was due to a large difference in the order of magnitude between thermal and moisture diffusivities of the material considered in this study.
The Emergence of Language1

P ARED to its most basic components, the problem of the emergence of language may be divided into two elements: (1) a study of the evolution of the human brain to the point where it can integrate the functions of the diaphragm, larynx, lips, tongue to emit sounds for speech and decipher and store these stimuli when they are applied to the ear; (2) the elucidation of those methods (such as "learning") of transmission of these acquisitions which are more rapid, flexible, and cumulative than is permitted by genetic inheritance. Though both of these elements are of equal importance and mutually interdependent, regrettably they fall into two distinct fields of study with few academic ties: we have the area of psycho-linguistics; we do not as yet have neuroanthropology. If we postulate that the extensive studies on living primates (Gavan 1944; W. N. and I. A. Kellogg 1953; Kortlandt 1962; Spuhler 1959; Washburn 1960; 1961) have relevance to social organization of early Hominidae, it would appear that offspring matured slowly, lived in small groups, used signal vocalization, and employed tools. In the neuro-biological area this implies he had both acute hearing, ability to vocalize, and a useful hand. Before considering the development of the core aspects of language (facility in speaking and hearing) we wish to point out that the relationship between these two abilities is channeled through extraorganismic (environmental) channels rather than through neuro-anatomical connections. Not only are the organs associated with these functions (the cochlea and larynx respectively) separate and distinct, but also there are minimal internal neuro-anatomical pathways between speaking and hearing, and those which do exist are not unique to man. Since the relationship between speech and hearing does not depend solely upon internal neuro-anatomical connections, let us for a moment look at vocal-auditory speech as a circular function with the receptor, the ear, at one pole, and the emitting structures (larynx, lips, tongue, lungs, etc.) at the other. As we go between these poles we first traverse the outside world of sound and people, of ecology and culture and of environmental stimulus. If we complete our circle from the ear back to the voice we travel through the domain of nerve impulses and synapse, dream and symbol and adaptive capacity Fig. 1 .It is obvious that language is a creature of both of these worlds; the spoken word is the external aspect of the internal dream and symbol. It is equally obvious that to understand the foundations of speech we must look not only at both
Catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in pancreatic islet cells

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in pancreatic islet cells. Pancreatic islet tissue from several sources was examined for tyrosine hydroxylase, and l -aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity. Isolated pancreatic islets were obtained by collagenase treatment of pancreas from albino rabbits, pigmented, and albino guinea pigs and golden hamsters. The presence of significant l -aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity in the islets of all the species suggest that most, or all pancreatic islet tissue can readily convert l -dopa, or 5-hydroxytryptophan to their appropriate monoamines, and thereby increase intracellular pools of these amines when exposed to sufficient precursor. The absence of measureable tyrosine hydroxylase activity in isolated hamster, and rabbit islets might be expected, because these islets ordinarily do not show intracellular monoamines by histochemical fluorescent studies. In contrast, the failure to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase activity in isolated guinea pig islets was unexpected, because these islets have been shown to contain considerable dopamine, and serotonin.
Trade unionism in Canada and the United States: a reply to Bowden

Gary Bowden's (1989) comprehensive report on opinion poll questions bearing on Canadian trade unionism is presented in the context of a criticism of my earlier comparative discussion of the reasons why union density in Canada is much higher than in the United States. He contends that my emphasis on value differences in trying to account for the greater strength of unionism (and socialism) in Canada is wrong since, countering my expectations, survey findings do not demonstrate that Canadians are more sympathetic to unions than Americans. These results, however, do not surprise me or serve as a basic challenge to my analysis (Lipset, 1986). In my recent effort to evaluate the many differences in institutions and values in the two countries, I, too, indicate: Curiously, given the large difference in union strength across the border, questions inquiring about attitudes toward unions, their power, and the outcomes of strikes that have been posed by the Gallup polls, Decima and CRI, Harris, NORC, and the Wright-Myles studies do not show Canadians as more pro-union than Americans. Some even find the population in the north less approving of unions and more concerned about union power, which in fact is much greater there than in the northern [sic] nation. (Lipset, 1989; 1990a: 69). [I must apologize here for an obvious error, northern clearly should have read southern].
NATIONAL VARIATION IN PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE BY STATE AND LESION TYPE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIETY OF THORACIC SURGEONS CONGENITAL HEART SURGERY (STS-CHS) DATABASE

Prenatal diagnosis allows for improved peri-operative outcomes of fetuses with certain forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). Variability in prenatal diagnosis has been demonstrated in other countries, leading to efforts to improve access to care and fetal imaging protocols, but has not been
Determining the Solution State Orientation of a Ti Enolate via Stable Isotope Labeling, NMR Spectroscopy, and Modeling Studies

Our group has used Ti-promoted aldol additions with an oxazolidineselone as the chiral auxiliary with much success. In these reactions, the Se atom in the auxiliary both promotes stereospecific addition as well as reports on, through the use of 77Se NMR spectroscopy, the ratio of diastereomers produced and the geometry of intermediates as the reaction proceeds. Through stable isotope labeling and NMR spectroscopy, we are able to experimentally observe a Ti enolate in solution and gain insight into its structure and reactivity. Results from molecular modeling calculations are also presented for comparison with NMR data.
A note on inertial effects in the deformation of Newtonian drops in a uniaxial extensional flow

Abstract We consider inertial effects, for Reynolds numbers in the range 1 ⩽ Re ⩽ 300, on the deformation of a Newtonian drop in a steady, uniaxial extensional flow. Previous studies of a deformable bubble have demonstrated that there is a qualitative change in the nature of the shape as the dominant stresses at the interface go from viscous to dynamic pressure with increase of Reynolds number. In the present paper, we focus on the effects of finite viscosity and density of the interior fluid.
Hadamard's inequality and Trapezoid Rules for the Riemann–Stieltjes integral

Abstract We obtain Midpoint and Trapezoid Rules for the Riemann–Stieltjes integral which engender a natural generalization of Hadamard's integral inequality. Error terms are then obtained for this Riemann–Stieltjes Trapezoid Rule and other related quadrature rules.
Complications of radical neck dissection: A survey of 788 patients

Radical neck dissection remains the keystone to modern head and neck surgery. Like any major operation, it has inherent complications. These complications become greater when the procedure is combined with resection of primary lesions of the upper food and air passages, and when it follows radiation therapy. In this series, 788 patients with head and neck cancer underwent radical neck dissection alone or in combination with resection of a primary lesion, some with and some without irradiation; the overall complication rate was 50.8%. The total rate included 16.2% of the patients having one or more major surgical complications, 33.5% having one or more minor surgical complications, and 28% having one or more medical complications. The complications are reported in detail to allow comparison with other series and to give a true indication of the overall incidence of the risks involved in major head and neck cancer surgery.
High-dose carbon implantations into silicon: fundamental studies for new technological tricks

Depending on the implantation temperature, the implantation of carbon ions into silicon at high doses results in the formation of either amorphous SiCx or crystalline 3C-SiC precipitates. Various aspects of the precipitation behaviour observed, such as the impeded nucleation, the limited growth and the resulting sensitivity to ballistic destruction are attributed to the large interfacial energy between crystalline silicon and 3C-SiC. Periodically arranged amorphous SiCx nanoclusters, which are formed at lower temperatures, are shown to promote amorphisation by their surrounding stress field and to represent sinks for silicon self-interstitials, which can be activated by annealing at 900 °C. By control of the depth distribution of equally sized, oriented 3C-SiC precipitates formed at higher implantation temperatures, it is possible to establish suitable starting conditions for the formation of buried homogeneous, single-crystalline 3C-SiC layers during a post-implantation anneal. The properties of these ion-beam-synthesised SiC layers are described and attempts to combine them with insulating and metallic layers are reviewed. A survey is given of the emerging applications of ion-beam-synthesised buried SiC layers and microstructures in electronic, optical and micromechanical devices and as large-area SiC pseudosubstrates.
A non-commutative spectral theorem

ABSTRACT Let M,, denote the full algebra of p X matrices, and let M$) of ( pk) X pk) matrices of the form diag(B,. . ,B), where B E Mp and there are k blocks. We show that if & is an algebra of n X n matrices which is generated by a set of normal matrices, there is a unitary matrix U such that for each A E & we have U*AU=diag(B,,...,B,,O) where Bi E $4); 0 is a zero matrix of some order, say r; and n = r+ Zl_ r p,k,. The result is applied to several algebras which satisfy polynomial identities. Let V be a finite dimensional inner product space over C, and let L(V) denote the algebra of linear transformations on V. The spectral theorem states that if a * -subalgebra 6? of L(V) is commutative, then V has an orthonormal basis 9, such that the matrix representation [A]% of A with respect to the basis % is diagonal for each A E @. In this paper we use the Wedderburn-Artin theorem to obtain a non-commutative spectral theorem. This latter spectral theorem immediately yields a characterization of @ if @ satisfies a polynomial identity, and so we resolve a question raised by Watters [7].’ Let
Tuberculosis treatment managed by providers outside the Public Health Department: lessons for the Affordable Care Act.

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) requires at least six months of multidrug treatment and necessitates monitoring for response to treatment. Historically, public health departments (HDs) have cared for most TB patients in the United States. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides coverage for uninsured persons and may increase the proportion of TB patients cared for by private medical providers and other providers outside HDs (PMPs). We sought to determine whether there were differences in care provided by HDs and PMPs to inform public health planning under the ACA.
Comorbidity and confounding in end-stage renal disease

In the epidemiologic study of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), accurate adjustment for comorbidity is essential to controlling bias in the comparison of outcomes across groups of patients or dialysis facilities. Liu et al. derive and validate a novel comorbidity index using data from the United States Renal Data System. This novel index represents an important tool for observational research in ESRD but will not by itself overcome the potential problems of residual and unmeasured confounding in observational research.
A coupled thermomechanical, thermal transport and segregation analysis of the solidification of aluminum alloys on molds of uneven topographies

A coupled thermomechanical, thermal transport and segregation analysis of aluminum alloys solidifying on uneven surfaces is presented here. Uneven surfaces are modelled as sinusoids with different wavelengths and amplitudes. Effects of various coupling mechanisms between the solid-shell deformation, air-gap formation, heat transfer, fluid flow and segregation, near the mold-metal interface, are observed for different mold topographies during the early stages of solidification of an aluminum alloy. The role of inverse segregation, arising from shrinkage driven flow in the melt, melt superheat and varying mold surface topography on nucleation of air-gaps and evolution of stresses in the solidifying shell is examined. The numerical model consists of a volume-averaged solidification model coupled with a small-deformation model combining elasto-viscoplastic deformation in the solidifying shell with air-gap nucleation and imperfect contact at the metal/mold interface. Heat transfer at the mold-metal interface is either contact pressure or air-gap dependent and is modelled using the actual contact pressure or air-gap size obtained from the contact sub-problem at the metal-mold interface. Variation in heat transfer leads to variations in fluid flow, segregation and stresses developing in the solid and mushy-zone, which in turn affect the morphology of the growing solid-shell. A wavelength range that leads to a reduction in equivalent stresses, segregation and growth front morphology unevenness, in the evolving solid-shell, is obtained for varying solute concentrations. One of the main objectives of the current analysis is to seek optimal mold surface topographies that minimize surface defects leading to desired cast surface morphologies.
Cochlear microcirculation. Effect of adrenergic agonists on arteriole diameter.

• We used intravital fluorescent microscopy coupled with computerized video image processing to examine the cochlear microvasculature. In Mongolian gerbils the bulla was opened ventrally and a small window was made in the second turn of the cochlea. After fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran administration, the radiating arterioles were video-recorded under X675 magnification. Computer determinations of arteriolar response to norepinephrine bitartrate (mixed α1α2 agonist), phenylephrine hydrochloride (a, agonist), and UK 14304 tartrate (α2 agonist) were made at multiple dose levels over time. Findings were consistent with arteriolar constriction in response to α-adrenergic stimulation. The presence of a, and α2 receptors was established, and a predominance of α2 receptors in the cochlea was suggested. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1990;116:411-417)
Effects of excess glucose and insulin on glycolytic metabolism during experimental myocardial ischemia

The selective metabolic effects of glucose and insulin were tested in an intact working swine heart preparation. Supplements of glucose (26.6 millimolar [mM] and insulin (0.025 units/ml) were provided to 18 hearts, 9 control hearts (coronary flow 151 ml/min) and 9 hearts rendered globally ischemic (coronary flow reduced from 167 to 85 ml/min). These hearts were compared with 14 additional hearts (6 control and 8 ischemic) given no supplements (glucose 8.6 mM, no excess insulin). In hearts without supplements, ischemic significantly decreased mechanical performance, myocardial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and tissue high energy phosphate stores. Glucose consumption was reduced from 133 micromoles (mumol)/hr per g (before ischemia) to 58 mumol/hr per g (P less than 0.05), presumably from inhibition at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Data for control hearts with excess glucose and insulin were similar to data in control hearts without supplements except that glucose consumption and glycolytic flux were increased. Ischemia in treated hearts, as compared with untreated ischemic hearts, effected similar significant decreases in myocardial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and high energy phosphate stores and resulted in greater reductions in mechanical performance and in 10 minutes' less average survival time. Glucose consumption was reduced from 483 (before ischemia) to 242 mumol/hr per g (P less than 0.005) and inhibition at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was again noted. Thus, excess carbohydrate and insulin hormone, when infused directly into the ischemic myocardium, did not provide an efficacious increase in either glycolytic flux or energy production. These findings suggest that an alternative explanation for the reported efficacy of glucose-insulin-potassium infusions must be sought.
Inhibition of EGR-1 and NF-κB gene expression by dexamethasone during phorbol ester-induced human monocytic differentiation

The treatment of human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60, U-937, THP-1) with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is associated with growth arrest and appearance of a differentiated monocytic phenotype. While previous studies have reported that the glucocorticoid dexamethasone blocks phenotypic characteristics of monocytic differentiation, we demonstrated in the present work that dexamethasone delays the effects of TPA on the loss of U-937 cell proliferation. We also demonstrated that this glucocorticoid inhibits TPA-induced increases in expression of the EGR-1 early response gene. The results of nuclear run-on assays and half-life experiments indicated that this effect of dexamethasone is regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Similar studies were performed for the NF-kappa B gene. While TPA treatment was associated with transient increases in NF-kappa B mRNA levels, this induction was blocked by dexamethasone. In contrast, dexamethasone had no significant effect on the activation of pre-existing NF-kappa B protein as determined in DNA-binding assays. Taken together, these findings suggest that the activated glucocorticoid receptor inhibits signaling pathways which include expression of the EGR-1 and NF-kappa B genes and that such effects may contribute to a block in TPA-induced monocytic differentiation.
Complexity, class dynamics, and distance learning

Abstract Classroom participants learn early on that each classroom has its own dynamic comprised of personalities, motivation levels, skills, and other variables. This paper explores features of complexity theory—nonlinearity and emergent self-organization—relevant to dynamics in physical or virtual classrooms. These central notions of complexity theory and their importance in composition classrooms help explain why students in virtual classrooms are often less successful than their physical classroom counterparts in negotiating the eddies of virtual interactions. The paper closes with a brief consideration of how teachers can interrogate all the elements of teaching and classroom context (whether physical or virtual) to influence the emergent dynamic of our classrooms.
The feasible solution algorithm for the minimum covariance determinant estimator in multivariate data

Abstract Outliers in multivariate data present a particularly intractable problem. There are various criteria for their identification, and for the related problem of high breakdown robust estimation of multivariate location and scale, but to date no reliable algorithm has been proposed for fitting by these criteria. The most widely used multivariate high breakdown method is the minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) approach which seeks the ellipsoid of minimum volume containing at least half of the data. The minimum covariance determinant (MCD) approach uses instead the sample mean vector and covariance matrix of a fixed-size subset of the data, the cases in the subset being chosen to minimize the determinant. The MCD approach has better theoretical properties than the MVE, but appears not to be widely used at present, partly no doubt for the lack of an accepted algorithm for finding it. In this paper, we present an algorithm for obtaining the MCD estimator for a given data set. The algorithm is probabilistic; it involves taking random starting ‘trial solutions’ and refining each to a local optimum satisfying the necessary condition for the MCD optimum. The method's convergence is guaranteed only asymptotically as the number of random starting values goes to infinity. We demonstrate however using simulated data and examples of real data from the literature that its practical performance is excellent: that in these data sets it reaches the global optimum with high probability using a very modest number of random starting points. This gives reason to expect that it will handle other real data sets equally effectively, providing a easily computed high breakdown multivariate estimator for use, both in its own right, and as a starting point for other robust procedures.
A note on polynomial arithmetic analogue of Halton sequences

Authors’ address: IBM Research, Tokyo Research Laboratory, 1623-14 Shimotsuruma, Yamoto, Kanagawa 242, Japan; email: {tezukaj ttoku}@trlvm.vnet.ibm.com. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and\or specific permission. @ 1994 ACM 1049-3301/94/0700-0279 $03.50
Thermal Signatures of Pairing Correlations in Nuclei and Nanoparticles

The Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) mean-field theory of the pairing interaction breaks down for nuclei and ultra-small metallic grains (nanoparticles). Finite-temperature pairing correlations in such finite-size systems can be calculated beyond the BCS theory in an auxiliary-field Monte Carlo approach. We identify thermal signatures of pairing correlations in both nuclei and nanoparticles that depend on the particle-number parity.
Impact of retinal disease-associated RPE65 mutations on retinoid isomerization.

Pathogenic mutations in the RPE65 gene are associated with a spectrum of congenital blinding diseases in humans. We evaluated changes in the promoter region, coding regions, and exon/intron junctions of the RPE65 gene by direct sequencing of DNA from 36 patients affected with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), 62 with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP), and 21 with autosomal dominant/ recessive cone-rod dystrophies (CORD). Fifteen different variants were found, of which 6 were novel. Interesting was Gly244Val, a novel mutation close to the catalytic center. To assess the role of this mutation in RPE65 inactivation, we performed detailed biochemical studies of the mutant along with a structural analysis of the 244 amino acid position with respect to amino acids known to be important for RPE65-dependent retinoid isomerization. Bicistronic plasmid expression of the RPE65 Gly244Val mutant and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) allowed us to document both its instability in cultured cells by cell sorting and immunoblotting methodology and its loss of RPE65-dependent isomerase activity by enzymatic assays. Further insights into the structural requirements for retinoid isomerization by RPE65 were obtained by using the carotenoid oxygenase (ACO) from Synechocystis (PDB accession code 2BIW) as a structural template to construct a RPE65 homology model and locating all known inactivating mutations including Gly244Val within this model.
New insights into the structure-function relationships of Rho-associated kinase: a thermodynamic and hydrodynamic study of the dimer-to-monomer transition and its kinetic implications.

The effect of the length of ROCK (Rho-associated kinase) on its oligomerization state has been investigated by analysing full-length protein and four truncated constructs using light-scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation methods. Changes in size correlate with the kinetic properties of the kinase. Sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium and light-scattering data analyses revealed that protein constructs of size Ser6–Arg415 and larger exist predominantly as dimers, while smaller constructs are predominantly monomeric. The amino acid segments comprising residues 379–415 and 47–78 are shown to be necessary to maintain the dimeric ROCK structure. kcat values ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 s−1 and from 1.0 to 5.9 s−1 using ROCK peptide (KKRNRTLSV) and the 20000 Da subunit of myosin light chain respectively as substrate, indicating that the effect of the ROCK oligomerization state on the kcat is minor. Values of ATP Km for monomeric constructs were increased by 50–80-fold relative to the dimeric constructs, and Ki comparisons using the specific competitive ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 also showed increases of at least 120-fold, demonstrating significant perturbations in the ATP binding site. The corresponding Km values for the ROCK peptide and myosin light chain substrates increased in the range 1.4–16-fold, demonstrating that substrate binding is less sensitive to the ROCK oligomerization state. These results show that the oligomerization state of ROCK may influence both its kinase activity and its interactions with inhibitors, and suggest that the dimeric structure is essential for normal in vivo function.
Differences in fine-scale structure and composition of zooplankton between mixed and stratified regions of Georges Bank

Abstract Transects were made with the Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) in different water masses on the southern flank of Georges Bank in May 1992. CTD-data, chlorophyll fluorescence, and attenuation were measured simultaneously. Images were recorded at a rate of 60 fields per second, as the instrument was towed at 2 m s−1 (4 knots). Tapes from high and low magnification cameras (imaging volumes of 0.62 ml and 33 ml, respectively) were analyzed with respect to the distribution of copepods and other grazers, as well as invertebrate predators. This paper describes the differences in patterns of occurrence of important zooplankters in well-mixed and stratified waters on the Bank and in Slope Water south of these stations. Planktonic taxa were sampled over the same range of scales as the fluorescence and hydrography, allowing direct visual comparisons of the spatial distributions of these variables. Late copepodites of Calanus finmarchicus were strongly concentrated near the surface in the stratified area, while a dense belt of Limacina sp. and Oikopleura sp. occurred below the pycnocline. Other fragile forms were also found to be dominant. Colonies of hydroid polyps were very abundant at the mixed station, especially deeper in the water column, indicating that they may have been transported up from the bottom. Colonies of the diatom Chaetoceros socialis were abundant in the cold bottom water in the stratified region and also in the mixed area. These colonies may have been in the process of sedimenting out of the water column, as similarly sized and shaped marine snow was abundant in the same area. In the Slope Water, acantharia and Trichodesmium were found in the chlorophyll maximum above the pycnocline. Other important genera encountered were: Pseudocalanus, Oithona, Centropages, Obelia, Pleurobrachia and Sagitta. Taxa that occurred in all three areas were often differently distributed with respect to depth and physical parameters, indicating that vernal stratification is an important structuring factor of plankton populations.
Interactions among levels of processing

This article examines associations among representations of physical, name, and category information by determining effects of category repetition on and following physical, name, and category match trials. Subjects decided whether two letters were from the same half of the alphabet. Category repetition effects were evidenced by faster ~nd more accurate responses when letters from the same half of the alphabet were used on successive trials. Although physical matches showed no effect of category repetition, name and category matches did. Trials following physical matches were less affected by category repetition than were trials following name or category matches. The results suggested that these category repetition effects were mediated by interletter associations: Reaction time increased with the alphabetic distance between preceding and current letters. However, these distance effects held only for forward (A → B) and not backward (B → A) alphabetic sequences, suggesting that the alphabetic representation is ordinal and unidirectional.
Craving predicts opioid use in opioid-dependent patients initiating buprenorphine treatment: a longitudinal study.

AbstractBackground: Few studies have assessed associations between craving and subsequent opioid use. We prospectively evaluated the relative utility of two craving questionnaires to predict opioid use among opioid-dependent patients in outpatient treatment. Method: Opioid-dependent patients (n = 147) initiating buprenorphine treatment were assessed every two weeks for 3 months. Craving was measured using the: (1) Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and (2) Penn Alcohol-Craving Scale adapted for opioid craving (PCS). Multi-level logistic regression models estimated the effects of craving on the likelihood of opioid use. Craving assessed at time t was entered as a time-varying predictor of opioid use at time t + 1. Results: Craving scores plateaued at approximately 2 weeks after initiation of buprenorphine. In adjusted regression models, a 1-point increase in PCS scores (on a 7-point scale) was associated with a significant increase in the odds of opioid use at the subsequent assessment (OR = 1.27, 95% CI...
Alterations to the primer grip of p66 HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and their consequences for template-primer utilization.

Alanine scanning mutagenesis was undertaken to evaluate the structural significance of Met230−His235 of the 66 kDa subunit of p66/p51 human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT). Together with Glu224−Trp229, these residues provide the framework of the p66 “primer grip”, whose proposed role is maintaining the primer terminus in an orientation appropriate for nucleophilic attack on an incoming dNTP. Of these residues, altering Leu234 results in a p66 subunit incapable of associating into heterodimer. The remaining selectively mutated enzymes were successfully reconstituted and purified to homogeneity for evaluation of RT-associated activities. We show here that alterations to any residue within the p66 -Trp229-Met230-Gly231-Tyr232-quartet alter functions associated with both the DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) domains. Detailed analysis of mutant p66Y232A/p51 with an intact or a model “precleaved” RNA−DNA hybrid suggests an altered RNase H phenotype could result from relocation...
A combinatorial/geometric analysis of parallelogram-like benzenoids

We recently reported an algorithm to count Kekule (resonance) structures for convex cyclofusenes using a combinatorial/geometric approach. Previously, we presented an algorithm for counting resonance structures for parallelogram-like benzenoids with holes by counting descending paths using rectangular meshes with holes. In this article, we employ a similar combinatorial/geometric approach to determine algorithms that will facilitate counting of the resonance structures in parallelogram-like benzenoids with no holes.
Part V. Nutritional counseling

When the Breast Health Center first opened, patients met with the dietitian before surgery. However, as the clinical pathway developed and solidified, it was clear that most patients were too overwhelmed, both emotionally and with time requirements of other more urgent appointments, to spend an hour with the dietitian or anyone who was not critical to their immediate needs. Subsequently, these appointments are now made after surgery, except when requested earlier either by a provider or the patient herself. Certain patients should be seen before surgery. For example: 1. Patients with pressing secondary diagnoses or who need to talk before and after surgery about such issues as how to handle medications. (Patients who have diabetes, who are hypertensive, and who are very weak or undernourished are appropriate candidates for an appointment.)
Economic development and the impact of the EU-US Transatlantic Open Skies Air Transport Agreement

This article examines the economic impacts on the United States east coast regions of the EU–US Open Skies Agreement that liberalized air service over the North Atlantic. It considers the link between air travel volumes before and after the Agreement and the economies of the main metropolitan areas. It finds, using a number of model specifications, that the economic impacts of air traffic increased after the enactment of the Agreement.
Identification and Characterization of an Inhibitory Metal Ion-binding Site in Ferrochelatase

Ferrochelatase catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form heme. The severe metal ion substrate inhibition observed during in vitro studies of the purified enzyme is almost completely eliminated by mutation of an active site histidine residue (His-287, murine ferrochelatase numbering) to leucine and reduced over 2 orders of magnitude by mutation of a nearby conserved phenylalanine residue (Phe-283) to leucine. Elimination of substrate inhibition had no effect on the apparent Vmax for Ni2+, but the apparent Km was increased 100-fold, indicating that the integrity of the inhibitory binding site is important for the enzyme to turn over substrates rapidly at low micromolar metal ion concentrations. The inhibitory site was observed to have a pKa value of 8.0, and this value was reduced to 7.5 by the F283L mutation and to 7.4 in a naturally occurring positional variant observed in most bacterial ferrochelatases, murine ferrochelatase H287C. A H287N variant was also found to be substrate-inhibited, but unlike the H287C variant, pH dependence of substrate inhibition was largely eliminated. The data indicate that the inhibitory metal ion-binding site is composed of multiple residues but primarily defined by His-287 and Phe-283 and is crucial for optimal activity at low metal ion concentrations. It is proposed that this binding site may be important for ferrous iron acquisition and desolvation in vivo.
Maintaining Nursing Knowledge Using Bibliographic Management Software

Two bibliographic management products are compared in this article, RefWorks 2.0, produced by ProQuest LLC and EndNote v.X5, produced by Thomson Reuters. For the purposes of the product comparison the EndNote, a stand-alone client was loaded on an individual computer and the RefWorks Web-based, institutional version was used. Both applications were tested on the Microsoft XP Operating System using the Internet Explorer Web browser. The databases used for searching are the free PubMed database and the subscription-based Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) database. The features of the two applications selected for comparison were based on an assumption that professional perioperative nurses will be using the software to remain current in their field. Neither features used to generate bibliographies for publication nor inserting footnotes into papers will be assessed. Several other no-cost bibliographic management software applications exist including Zotero, Mendeley, BibTex, and citulike. These applications will not be reviewed in this article. Ovadia provides nformation regarding the aforementioned no-cost bibliographic management prodcts and their respective features.
Targeted therapies for non-clear renal cell carcinoma

The treatment of advanced and metastatic kidney cancer has been revolutionized by the development of targeted systemic therapies. Despite the growing number of available agents approved for use against clear cell renal cell carcinoma, patients with non-clear histologies, constituting approximately 1 in 4 cases of kidney cancer, have not received the same attention. The majority of clinical trials testing novel targeted therapies have excluded non-clear subtypes, providing limited therapeutic options for patients with these diagnoses and their oncologists. This review will focus on the use of targeted therapies against the non-clear histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma: papillary I and II, chromophobe, and collecting duct. The unique genetic and molecular profiles of each distinct non-clear kidney cancer subtype will be described, as these differences are integral to the development and effectiveness of the novel agents used to treat them. Trials focusing on non-clear kidney cancer, or those that treated clear cell tumors along with significant numbers of non-clear subtypes, will be discussed. The role of cytoreductive nephrectomy and the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant targeted therapy will be reviewed. Lastly, areas of future research will be highlighted.
Evaluation of VIIRS ocean color data using measurements from the AERONET-OC sites

As an integral part of the VIIRS sensor calibration and validation efforts, our group has been continuously monitoring the validity of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)’s Ocean Color (OC) and atmospheric data stream through time series in-situ data acquired at the observatory sites which are part of the AERONET – OC network. This paper addresses the preliminary evaluations of the VIIRS sensor’s performance for retrieving OC data of typical coastal water environments, by carrying out time-series, as well as qualitative and quantitative match-up comparisons analysis between in-situ and satellite retrieved OC data. Initial time-series match-up comparisons carried out for almost a year period (January to December, 2012) show that VIIRS data exhibits strong temporal and statistical agreements with AERONET-OC data demonstrating a potential for enhanced coastal water monitoring from space. VIIRS data processing schemes which apply different vicarious calibration gains are compared and analyzed based on AERONET-OC data as well as OC retrievals of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensor aboard the Aqua satellite. The underlying cause of the discrepancies observed in VIIRS retrieved normalized water-leaving radiances is also investigated.
Isotopic transient kinetic analysis of CO hydrogenation on Cu-modified Ru/SiO2

Abstract The effect of Cu decoration of Ru/SiO2on CO hydrogenation at 1 atm has been studied by isotopic transient kinetics analysis for catalysts having Cu/Ru atomic ratios of 0–0.5. The abundances, coverages, and lifetimes of surface intermediates of the reaction were measured under reaction conditions using isotopic transient kinetic analysis. The effects of temperature and partial pressure of H2on these surface reaction parameters were also investigated. Activity distribution analysis showed that there were primarily two kinds of active methanation sites/intermediates (related to pools α and β) as has previously been noted by a number of researchers. Cu preferentially blocked α-type sites. The surface abundance for pool α monotonically decreased with Cu loading while that for pool β only decreased for Cu/Ru > 0.1. Some additional low activity sites for methanation may have been generated with Cu addition due to (a) the spillover of H and CHxfrom Ru to Cu permitting reaction to occur on the Cu, or (b) the creation of β-type sites at the Ru–Cu interfaces. The surface abundance of CO measured during the reaction suggests that (a) there was significant spillover of CO from Ru to Cu, and (b) Cu not only blocked the Ru surface but may have possibly caused some reconstruction of it. The surface abundance of intermediates was independent of H2partial pressure in the range 18–55 kPa for all the catalysts.
Spontaneous spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulae in neurofibromatosis type-1.

Abstract Background NF-1 is one of the most common autosomal-dominantly inherited genetic disorders with an incidence of approximately 1:3500. We report a case and review the literature to characterize spontaneous spinal AVF that occur in neurofibromatosis (NF-1). Case Report A 51-year-old woman presented with NF-1 and progressive radiculomyelopathy. Angiography revealed an AVF terminating in a giant intraspinal epidural varix extending paraspinally through the C3/4 neural foramen. Trapping of the AVF attempted 18 years earlier prevented endovascular access for embolization, and vigorous bleeding made direct surgical resection impossible. Therefore, as palliation, arterial feeding collaterals were occluded, and surgically exposed tortuous veins were packed with coils. Laminectomies and partial resection of the epidural varix resulted in subtotal occlusion with clinical improvement. Conclusion The spinal AVF associated with NF-1 appears to show dominant venous drainage to the intraspinal extradural and paraspinal venous plexus without evidence of intradural drainage. The vertebral artery is typically the origin of the fistula. A giant venous varix and numerous collateral feeders to the vertebral artery may give an AVM-like appearance. Clinically, the fistulae produce a syndromic triad including symptoms of NF-1, progressive radiculomyelopathy, and a bruit. Treatment is direct attack on the fistula by either surgery or embolization. If, however, a direct approach cannot be chosen, occlusion of feeding vessels combined with laminectomies can result in long-term symptomatic improvement.
Implicit memory for phonological processes in visual stem completion.

Four experiments were conducted investigating the role of phonology in repetition priming. Experiment 1 used a cross-modal priming paradigm in which participants made semantic judgments about spoken words and then performed a visual stem completion task. In Experiments 2–4, both the primes and the test stems were presented visually. The results of the first three experiments revealed that priming transfers across interpretations of a homophone. That is, seeing or hearingweek primes bothweek andweak. The results of Experiment 4 showed that homophone priming cannot be attributed to the orthographic similarity of homophonic words. Together, these results indicate that repetition priming on a visual word completion task includes a phonological component.
Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions and Experiences in a Gifted Education Training Model:

With the prevalence of gifted students in general education classrooms, all teachers will be responsible for providing appropriate programming for them, resulting in a need for training in the education of the gifted to be introduced at the preservice level. In this study, the researchers investigated the effectiveness of a combined intervention strategy for preservice teachers, consisting of a course in the education of the gifted and an accompanying 9-week practicum, in increasing participants' understanding of the characteristics and needs of gifted students. Through semistructured interviews, participants' perceptions of the effects the interventions had on their understanding of gifted students' characteristics and needs were examined. The findings from the interviews were triangulated with classroom observations, lesson plans, and participant responses to the Survey of Practices with Students of Varying Needs. Participants perceived an increase in their understanding of the needs and characteristics of gifted students through participation in the interventions as well as increased confidence in their general teaching abilities. Implications of the study for teacher education and future research are discussed.
The relation of lung volume initiation to selected acoustic properties of speech.

This study examined the relationship of speech breathing to other elements of speech production. It was hypothesized that initiating speech from different lung volumes would have an effect on different elements of the acoustic output. It was postulated that effects may be brought about by mechanical interaction as well as a dispersion of effort to mechanically unlinked elements of speech production, such as articulatory behavior. To this end, selected acoustic variables were studied in eight young healthy women who initiated speech from low, typical, and high lung volume levels. The acoustic variables studied were selected because they have been shown to be sensitive indicators of speech production performance. It was found that with increasing lung volume initiation levels, average sound pressure level, average fundamental frequency, and declination rate of fundamental frequency increased. It was also observed that vowel space was significantly smaller during low lung volume initiation levels relative to typical lung volume initiation levels. Vowel space reduction is discussed relative to "gaining down."