cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of tryptophan in proteins.

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for the analysis of tryptophan in proteins using an acidic hydrolysis method of 6 N HCl with 5 % thioglycollic acid (TGA) at 110° for 20 h was developed. It is necessary to remove the TGA from the hydrolysate prior to GLC analysis to avoid chromatographic interferences. A cation-exchange resin was used to remove interferences. The hydrolysis method itself was evaluated on tripeptides containing tryptophan residues as model systems. The molar ratios of amino acids found in these tripeptides agreed with theory. There was no significant effect of TGA on the molar response values of the protein amino acids with the exception of arginine and cystine. GLC analyses of hydrolyzed lysozyme and trypsinogen were demonstrated on the simultaneous dual-column and single-column chromatographic systems of Gehrke et al. This method can be used for the analysis of tryptophan by GLC as well as other protein amino acids.
An analysis of preschedule-change rates in a multiple variable-interval schedule

Pigeons were trained on a multiple variable-interval schedule having different scheduled frequencies of food reinforcement. Preschedule change rates in relatively long and short components were examined in the presence and absence of an exteroceptive “warning” stimulus. Predicted rate shifts occurred independently of component duration but only in the presence of the “warning” stimulus.
Integration of shot-gun proteomics and bioinformatics analysis to explore plant hormone responses

Background Multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT)-based shot-gun proteomics has been proven to be an effective platform for functional proteomics. In particular, the various sample preparation methods and bioinformatics tools can be integrated to improve the proteomics platform for applications like target organelle proteomics. We have recently integrated a rapid sample preparation method and bioinformatics classification system for comparative analysis of plant responses to two plant hormones, zeatin and brassinosteroid (BR). These hormones belong to two distinct classes of plant growth regulators, yet both can promote cell elongation and growth. An understanding of the differences and the cross-talk between the two types of hormone responses will allow us to better understand the molecular mechanisms and to identify new candidate genes for plant engineering.
Reduced focal adhesion kinase and paxillin phosphorylation in BCR-ABL-transfected cells

BACKGROUND BCR-ABL formation is critical to oncogenic transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia and has been implicated as a key event leading to alterations in cytoskeletal structures and adhesion in the leukemic cells. The authors therefore investigated the effect of p210BCR-ABL on actin polymerization as well as on the expression and phosphorylation state of the adhesion proteins paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). METHODS Transfection with BCR-ABL constructs abrogated the ability of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts to adhere and the cells underwent striking morphologic changes. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the cells lost their elongated appearance and became rounded. This alteration was associated with significantly reduced actin polymerization. In addition, steady-state levels of paxillin and FAK protein were increased. However, while the overall level of phosphotyrosines was also increased, the amount of tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin and FAK was reduced in the BCR-ABL-transfected cells as compared to the parental cells. Culture on extracellular fibronectin matrix partially reversed the morphologic changes and resulted in a return, albeit incomplete, of filamentous actin in BCR-ABL-transfected 3T3 fibroblasts. In addition, phosphorylation of paxillin and FAK in the BCR-ABL-transfected NIH 3T3 cells was restored. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that, in the current system, transfection of BCR-ABL attenuates FAK and paxillin phosphorylation and reduces actin polymerization, events accompanied by significant alterations in cellular morphology. The observation that exposure of the cells to fibronectin partially reverses all these changes suggests that the focal adhesion proteins and actin structures nevertheless remain responsive to singnaling from the outside. Cancer 2002;95:440–50. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10670
Preparation of ultrahigh molecular weight polyacrylonitrile and its terpolymers

The synthesis of high molecular weight (in excess of 106 million Daltons) poly(acrylonitrile) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylacrylate-co-itaconic acid) is described. An inverse emulsion polymerization formulation with AIBN as the initiator was used. However, polymer precipitation occurred early in the polymerization. In each case, the molecular weight distribution was surprisingly narrow (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.5). Conversion vs. time plots with monomers containing the inhibitor had the “S” shape typical of emulsion polymerizations. The terpolymer composition and molecular weight were quite uniform throughout the polymerization. With inhibitor-free monomers, the initial molecular weights were very high (∼ 3 × 106 Daltons), but gelation occurred at ca. 50% conversion. There was an inverse relationship between the monomer inhibitor content and the polymer molecular weight. It is suggested that the growing polymer radicals are occluded in the precipitated polymer particles and are terminated by inhibitor diffusing into the particles, accounting for the narrow molecular weight distribution. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reversal of Agonist Selectivity by Mutations of Conserved Amino Acids in the Binding Site of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Homomeric α7 and heteromeric α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) can be distinguished by their pharmacological properties, including agonist specificity. We introduced point mutations of conserved amino acids within the C loop, a region of the receptor critical for agonist binding, and we examined the expression of the mutant receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Mutation of either a conserved C loop tyrosine (188) to phenylalanine or a nearby conserved aspartate (197) to alanine resulted in α7 receptors for which the α7-selective agonist 3-(4-hydroxy, 2-methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine (4OH-GTS-21) had roughly the same potency as for wild-type receptors, whereas the physiologic agonist acetylcholine (ACh) showed drastically reduced potency for these mutant receptors. Corresponding mutations in α4 receptors co-expressed with β2 resulted in α4β2 receptors for which ACh potency was relatively unchanged, although the efficacy of the α7-selective agonist 4OH-GTS-21 was increased greatly relative to that of ACh. We also investigated the significance of a conserved lysine (145 in α7), proposed to form a stable salt bridge with Asp-197 in the resting state of the receptor. Mutations of this residue in both α7 and α4 resulted in receptors that were largely unresponsive to both ACh and 4OH-GTS-21. Our results suggest that initiation of gating depends both on specific interactions between residues in the C loop domain and, depending on receptor subtype, the physiochemical properties of the agonist, so that in the altered environment of the α4Y190F-binding site, large hydrophobic benzylidene anabaseines may close the C loop and initiate channel gating more effectively than the polar agonist ACh.
Interfacial stability and mechanical properties of Al2O3 fiber reinforced Ti matrix composites

The mechanical properties of the interfaces in an Al2O3 fiber reinforced β-21S Ti alloy have been evaluated by using fiber pushout tests. The Al2O3 fibers were coated with a refractory metal and Y2O3 which served as a diffusion barrier during the HIPing used to produce the metal matrix composites. By doing fiber pushout tests, the interfacial fracture was found to occur at the interface between the refractory metal and the Y2O3. The interfacial shear strength and interfacial frictional stress were measured to be 323 and 312 ± 2 MPa, respectively. The interfacial frictional stress, which is due to asperity interlocking during the fiber sliding, was correlated to the surface roughness of the coated Al2O3 fiber obtained with the aid of an atomic force microscope. The measured surface roughness of 18.8 ± 2.2 nm was related to the frictional stress through Hutchinson’s model.9 The frictional coefficient between the Al2O3 fiber and the Ti matrix is calculated to be 0.32 ± 0.02.
Modeling Flow and Heat Transfer During Freezing of Foods in Forced Airstreams

ABSTRACT: Mathematical modeling of food freezing has been limited to the modeling of the internal heat transfer where the external convective heat-transfer coefficients are assumed or empirically estimated. Previous procedures followed to solve the external boundary layer in tandem with the internal heat transfer were constrained by numerical complexities due to the transient nature of the heat transfer, requiring unsteady formulation for the flow. In this article, attempts have been made to decouple the flow and heat transfer equations for the external boundary layer flow over a food product being frozen. The flow equations have been solved as a steady-state problem using Falker-Skan transformations of the boundary layer equation. The heat-transfer equation for fluid flow is solved as an unsteady-state problem in conjunction with the internal heat transfer and phase change inside the product undergoing freezing. The model is validated for a case of air-impingement freezing.
The influence of hydration status on heart rate variability after exercise heat stress

Abstract While exercise heat stress and hydration status are known to independently influence heart rate variability (HRV), the combined effect of these physiological stressors is unknown. Thus, heat-acclimated subjects (n=5) performed exercise heat trials (40 °C, 20% relative humidity) in the euhydrated and hypohydrated state (3.9±0.7% body weight loss). During each trial, cardiac cycle R–R interval data were collected for 45 min at rest (pre-) and after (post-) completing 90 min of cycle ergometer exercise. Pre- and post-exercise RRI data were analyzed by Fast Fourier Power Spectral analysis to determine the high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF), very low-frequency (VLF), and total power (TP) components of HRV. Overall HRV was decreased by both hypohydration and exercise heat stress. Hypohydration reduced TP, LF, VLF, and LF:HF ratio ( P 0.05 ) while HF was significantly higher. The change in both LF and HF power (pre- vs. post-exercise) were blunted during hypohydration compared to euhydration. These data suggest that dehydration alone positively influences the parasympathetic (HF) control of HRV, but the reduction in overall HRV and the blunted oscillations in LF and HF power following exercise heat stress support an overall deleterious effect of dehydration on autonomic cardiac stability.
White-adapted photopic spectral sensitivity in human infants.

Abstract Two human infants, 2–3 months of age, were tested by a forced-choice preferential looking technique, for the detection of chromatic and white stimuli superimposed on a white adapting field. Three adults were also tested by the method of adjustment in the same apparatus. Both adult and infant curves were relatively flat, as expected under white-adapted conditions. The adults were about 1 Lu. more sensitive than the infants in absolute terms, but the relative spectral sensitivity curves were similar. The results help to justify the use of adult spectral sensitivity curves as a first approximation to infant values, but do not eliminate the need for careful brightness controls in studies of infant color vision.
Real estate promotion and the shaping of Los Angeles

Abstract Real estate promotion was a key ingredient in the growth and shaping of Los Angeles. Regardless of its attributes, Los Angeles as a place had to be promoted and sold. From the 1880s to the 1920s, real estate promoters attracted large numbers of people to the region, but also encouraged the development of distinct neighborhoods segregated by class and ethnicity. As one of many private sector components in the growth machine, the real estate industry helped to create the distinctive patchwork imprinted on the urban landscape, a segregated social geography that continues to amplify problems in modern-day Los Angeles.
NEWER DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION

The treatment of essential hypertension still consists of the judicious combination of two or more agents. The chemical nature, pharmacology, side effects and relative merits of two groups of drugs are reviewed: (1) agents interfering with the synthesis, storage and release of endogenous catecholamines and (2) oral diuretic agents. Rauwolfia compounds, bretylium tosylate, guanethidine, alpha-methyldopa and pargyline hydrochloride comprise the first group; thiazide derivatives, phthalimidine compounds and spironolactones constitute the second. Guanethidine is the most potent and most extensively used agent in the second group. While not yet fully assessed, alpha-methyldopa and pargyline hydrochloride are useful in selected cases. The intrinsic hypotensive properties of oral diuretics, their low incidence of side effects and their ability to potentiate the more potent agents make them useful adjuncts in the long-term treatment of hypertension. Attention is drawn to the potential diabetogenic and hyperuricemic effects of the thiazides and phthalimidine compounds.
Detection of attention shift for asynchronous P300-based BCI

Brain-computer interface (BCI) provides patients suffering from severe neuromuscular disorders an alternative way of interacting with the outside world. The P300-based BCI is among the most popular paradigms in the field and most current versions operate in synchronous mode and assume participant engagement throughout operation. In this study, we demonstrate a new approach for assessment of user engagement through a hybrid classification of ERP and band power features of EEG signals that could allow building asynchronous BCIs. EEG signals from nine electrode locations were recorded from nine participants during controlled engagement conditions when subjects were either engaged with the P3speller task or not attending. Statistical analysis of band power showed that there were significant contrasts of attending only for the delta and beta bands as indicators of features for user attendance classification. A hybrid classifier using ERP scores and band power features yielded the best overall performance of 0.98 in terms of the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results indicate that band powers can provide additional discriminant information to the ERP for user attention detection and this combined approach can be used to assess user engagement for each stimulus sequence during BCI use.
Effects of Pb-ion irradiation on the vortex pinning in melt-textured YBa2Cu3Ox

Abstract Melt-textured YBa2Cu3Ox quasicrystalline samples were studied for the effects of Pb-ion irradiation on the vortex pinning. The strength of the pinning was monitored by measurements of the saturation remanent magnetization (MR) as a detailed function of temperature from 4.2 K up to Tc (≈92 K). Our results show that MR is greatly enhanced by the Pb-ion irradiation at all temperatures below Tc. Specifically, when compared to a similar but nonirradiated sample, the MR of an optimally irradiated sample is raised by a factor of 3.4 at 4.2 K and, more strikingly, by 12.7 at 77 K. Contrastingly, in an earlier study of a γ-ray irradiated Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 sample, the vortex pinning was seen to be enhanced but mainly near 4.2 K, suggesting that the γ-ray irradiation produces highly localized pinning sites. Hence, our present results imply conversely that the Pb-ion irradiation creates extended structural defects that are effective as vortex pinning sites up to relatively high temperatures, including that of liquid nitrogen.
Artificial neural network based characterization of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation

Objective. Clinical deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems can be programmed with thousands of different stimulation parameter combinations (e.g. electrode contact(s), voltage, pulse width, frequency). Our goal was to develop novel computational tools to characterize the effects of stimulation parameter adjustment for DBS. Approach. The volume of tissue activated (VTA) represents a metric used to estimate the spatial extent of DBS for a given parameter setting. Traditional methods for calculating the VTA rely on activation function (AF)-based approaches and tend to overestimate the neural response when stimulation is applied through multiple electrode contacts. Therefore, we created a new method for VTA calculation that relied on artificial neural networks (ANNs). Main results. The ANN-based predictor provides more accurate descriptions of the spatial spread of activation compared to AF-based approaches for monopolar stimulation. In addition, the ANN was able to accurately estimate the VTA in response to multi-contact electrode configurations. Significance. The ANN-based approach may represent a useful method for fast computation of the VTA in situations with limited computational resources, such as a clinical DBS programming application on a tablet computer.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic vs the open (flank incision) approach to radical nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE To compare the outcome in contemporaneous groups of patients undergoing hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (HALRN) or open (flank) radical nephrectomy (ORN), as many series worldwide have confirmed the feasibility and advantages of LRN in managing renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 44 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for RCC from 1999 to 2001, 22 by HALRN and 22 by ORN, through an extraperitoneal 11th or 12th rib flank incision. Standard perioperative variables were assessed; a validated questionnaire was also sent to each patient after surgery, allowing them to report their overall satisfaction and the period needed for them to return to both routine and full activities. The outcomes of HALRN and ORN were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum analysis. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between HALRN and ORN in operative duration, length of hospital stay, total narcotic requirement, pain scores at 1 week and 1 month after surgery, and the time to resume routine and full activity, with all variables (except operative duration) lower in the HALRN group. There were no significant differences between the groups in pain at 1–3 days, estimated blood loss or overall satisfaction. CONCLUSION Compared with ORN, HALRN is associated with lower narcotic requirement, pain scores, a shorter hospital stay and earlier resumption of routine and full activities. However, several obstacles remain, including increased operative duration and the increased equipment costs.
Hands-on approach to teaching computer networking using packet traces

This paper describes a novel approach to teaching computer networking through packet traces of actual network traffic. The paper describes a set of exercises that use packet traces to clearly illustrate the activity that takes place on the network under a variety of situations from traces of common network applications like e-mail and web browsing, to traces that illustrate backbone network activity like dynamic routing protocols, to traces of abnormal conditions like computer viruses or worms in action. Students can view each trace using freely available software that runs under both Windows and Linux. This method gives students the hands-on, practical learning style they find most interesting while eliminating the need to make specialized networking equipment available for laboratory exercises. The paper discusses the results of applying this method to a diverse set of courses including semester-long undergraduate courses in information technology and computer science, graduate courses in computer networking and even a workshop course for high school students.
A hot deck imputation procedure for multiply imputing nonignorable missing data

Hot deck imputation is a common method for handling item nonresponse in surveys, but most implementations assume data are missing at random (MAR). A new hot deck method for imputation of a continuous partially missing outcome variable that harnesses the power of available covariates but does not assume data are MAR is proposed. A parametric model is used to create predicted means for both donors and donees under varying assumptions on the missing data mechanism, ranging from MAR to missing not at random (MNAR). For a given assumption on the missingness mechanism, the predicted means are used to define distances between donors and donees and probabilities of selection proportional to those distances. Multiple imputation using the hot deck is performed to create a set of completed data sets, using an approximate Bayesian bootstrap to ensure "proper" imputations. This new hot deck method creates an intuitive sensitivity analysis where imputations may be performed under MAR and under varying MNAR mechanisms, and the resulting impact on inference can be evaluated. In addition, a donor quality metric is proposed to help identify situations where close matches of donor to donee are not available, which can occur under strong MNAR assumptions. Bias and coverage of estimates from the proposed method are investigated through simulation and the method is applied to estimation of income in the Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey. Results show that the method performs best when covariates are at least moderately predictive of the partially missing outcome, and without such covariates it effectively reduces to a simple random hot deck for all missingness assumptions.
Shame on You: The Impact of Human Rights Criticism on Political Repression in Latin America

The most commonly used weapon in the arsenal of human rights proponents is shaming the violating government through public criticism. But does this really affect the behavior of the violator? This study examines how governments that are targeted for human rights criticism respond to subsequent contentious challenges. Analyzing 873 challenges in seven Latin American countries between 1981 and 1995, it is found that human rights criticism does lead governments to reduce repression of subsequent challenges in cases where there are relatively strong economic ties to other countries. However, the duration of this impact is relatively short—less than 6 months. Examination of the source of human rights criticism shows that criticism by NGOs, religious groups, and foreign governments was more effective than criticism from inter-governmental organizations.
ON THE LEGITIMACY OF PSYCHIATRIC POWER

The author examines the existential, historical, and political roots of psychiatric power, locating them, respectively, in the universality of guilt feelings and the desire to escape them, in psychiatry (replacing religion) as an institution offering surcease from such (and similar disturbing) feelings, and in the alliance, in modern societies, between psychiatry and the state. Clinical psychiatry and psychoanalysis, each in its own distinctive way, have served to legitimize the uses of psychiatric power. Liberty from coercive psychiatry requires destroying the legitimacy, and hence power, of coercive psychiatric principles and practices.
Row Width and Weed Management Systems for Early Soybean Production System Plantings in the Midsouthern USA

Management inputs that maximize economic return from the early soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production system (ESPS) in the midsouthern USA have not been evaluated fully. Field studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS (33°26' N lat) to determine effect of weed management on yield and net return from maturity group (MG) IV and MG V cultivars grown in the ESPS in narrow rows (NRs; 50-cm width) and wide rows (WRs; 100-cm width) in nonirrigated (NI) and irrigated (IRR) environments. Use of NRs vs. WRs resulted in less weed cover at soybean maturity, but this was associated with greater weed management costs in NRs. In NI, choice of MG for ESPS plantings and choice of row width for MG V cultivars was arbitrary, but the MG IV cultivar did best in NR. Use of both pre-emergent (PRE) and postemergent (POST) broadleaf weed management in both NRs and WRs resulted in lower net returns. In IRR, NRs outyielded WRs, the MG IV cultivar yield equaled or exceeded the MG V yield in NRs, and the MG V cultivar outyielded the MG IV cultivar in WRs in both years. Differences in net returns followed yield differences. Use of POST-only broadleaf and grass weed management resulted in the highest net returns across the 2 yr. Thus, a MG IV cultivar planted in NRs with POST weed management appears to be the most profitable option in IRR-ESPS plantings. If WRs are required for management reasons in the ESPS, a MG V cultivar should be used.
Radical recombination and heat evolution in H2-O2 flames

Fuel-lean H2-O2-Ar-N2O flames were probed: their rates of heat evolution h ˙ were deduced from the temperature traverses; and their concentrations of H atoms deduced on the assumption that −d[N2O]/dt=(known rate constant)×[H][N2O]. The h ˙ were corrected for the contribution from nitrous oxide combustion, the corrections averaging 40%, and fitted to h ˙ − c o r r e c t i o n = k Q [ H ] [ O 2 ] [ H 2 O ] , where k is the rate constant for H+O2+H2O→HO2+H2O, and Q=heat evolved per mole of HO2 formed. The reasonable k obtained in this way, 1×1017 cm6 mole−2 sec−1, shows that the heat of H2−O2 combustion is probably evolved at the rate of formation of HO2. The dependence of [H] on pressure and mass flow is also consistent with a recombination of radicals via HO2. In fuel-rich flames, the rate of heat evolution may be controlled by HO2 formation far enough upstream where [O2] is considerable and the temperature is relatively low. Later in the reaction zone of rich flames, HO2 is a less important species.
Astrophysical Jets of Blazars and Microquasars

Some recent developments in the study of relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei and microquasars are reviewed. While it has been well established for some time that extragalactic jets found in radio galaxies, quasars, and BL Lac objects are the site of ultrarelativistic particle acceleration, the recent identification of the Galactic jet source and microquasar LS 5039 as a source of very-high-energy gamma-ray emission has underlined the striking similarity between the two types of astrophysical jet sources. In this paper, I will present an overview of the dominant radiation and particle acceleration processes and observational tests to distinguish between such processes. The wide-ranging analogies between Galactic and extragalactic jets, but also their distinct differences, in particular those caused by the presence of the companion star in Galactic microquasar systems, will be exposed.
On-line pre-concentration of atrazine by antibody immobilization capillary electrophoresis

Abstract Antibody coupled capillary electrophoresis was employed in the pre-concentration and detection of atrazine at the parts per billion (ppb) level. A 1000-fold increase in detection has been demonstrated in the use of IgG anti-atrazine monoclonal antibodies for the analysis of atrazine in well water by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with UV–VIS detection. These results were confirmed by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for atrazine.
Accuracy of increased large‐intestine wall thickness during ultrasonography for diagnosing large‐colon torsion in 42 horses

Large-colon torsion is a common cause of colic in horses and has a worse prognosis and higher cost than other causes of surgical colic of the large colon. During large-colon torsion, the colon wall becomes thick due to vascular occlusion. Therefore, we hypothesized that detecting increased colon wall thickness during ultrasonography would be an accurate preoperative test for large-colon torsion. The sample population consisted of 42 horses that were admitted for surgical treatment of colic localized to the large colon. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery or necropsy examination. Twelve (29%) of these horses were diagnosed with large-colon torsion. Duplicate ultrasonographic measurements of colon wall thickness were made at six abdominal locations and an average measurement was calculated. For four of these six sites, a significant difference (P or = 9 mm accurately predicted large-colon torsion in eight of the 12 horses (sensitivity, 67%; confidence interval [CI], 36-98%) and correctly predicted that large-colon torsion was absent in 28/28 horses (specificity 100%; CI, 98-100%). Intraobserver repeatability was assessed by evaluating the difference between the first and second measurements obtained, which was < or = 2 mm. Therefore, detecting increased large-colon wall thickness during ultrasonography is a reproducible and accurate preoperative test for large-colon torsion in horses with surgical colic localized to the large colon.
The current and future state of companion diagnostics

Companion diagnostics are an indispensable part of personalized medicine and will likely continue to rapidly increase in number and application to disease areas. The first companion diagnostics were launched in the 1980s and in the face of significant initial skepticism from drug developers as to whether segmenting a drug’s market through a diagnostic was advisable. The commercial success of drugs such as Herceptin® (trastuzumab) and Gleevec® (imatinib), which both require testing with companion diagnostics before they can be prescribed, has moved the entire companion diagnostic field forward. From an initial start of a handful of oncology drugs with corresponding diagnostics, the field has expanded to include multiple therapeutic areas, and the number of combinations has grown by 12-fold. Based on drugs in clinical trials, the rapid growth will likely continue for the foreseeable future. This expansion of companion diagnostics will also have a global component as markets in Europe will evolve in a similar but not identical pattern as the US. One of the greatest challenges to future growth in companion diagnostics is aligning the incentives of all stakeholders. A major driver of growth will continue to be the economic incentives for drug developers to pair their products with diagnostics. However, diagnostic companies are caught between the conflicting demands of two major stakeholders, pharmaceutical companies on one hand and payers/providers on the other. Regulators are also becoming more demanding in aligning development time lines between drugs and diagnostics. In order to survive and prosper, diagnostic companies will need to think more broadly about companion diagnostics than the historical match between a specific drug and a single diagnostic. They will also have to continue the process of consolidation and global expansion that the industry has already begun. Despite these potential obstacles, companion diagnostics have become one of the hottest areas of deal making in the diagnostic space in recent years, and the future trends continue to look bright.
Children's literature and activities promoting social cognition of peer relationships in preschoolers

This study investigated the effects of children's literature supported by activities focusing on preschoolers' social cognition of peer relationships. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used with 22 children in the experimental group and 22 in the comparison group. In the experimental group, 15 stories with peer interaction concepts embedded in them were read, discussed, and followed by activities that further reinforced these concepts. This intervention was conducted for 1 academic year. The children in the comparison group were read stories and were involved in activities on themes other than peer relationships. An analysis of covariance determined that the children in the experimental group had significantly higher scores on social cognition of peer relationships, as measured by the Social Knowledge Interview. Recommendations for teachers to replicate these findings and the overall implications of this study are examined.
Tasting Language: the aesthetic pleasures of elizabeth david

While chefs and home cooks have lauded Elizabeth David's culinary expertise since the publication of Mediterranean Food in 1950, scant attention has been paid to the subversive nature of her prose. This paper explores the trangressiveness of David's writing, which arises from its articulation of female pleasure and its celebration of an aesthetic firmly grounded in the senses. While David developed this aesthetic during six years living in the Mediterranean, she learned to fashion it into language upon her return to a war-rationed England in 1946. Driven by the desire to relive the pleasures of her travels, David began to translate her sensory engagement with Mediterranean food into prose. In so doing, she nourished her hunger for another time and place with language. She also fed the imagination of the British public, who once again began to dream about the flavor of fresh ingredients long lost in England's war effort.
Charge transfer in No2AsF6 intercalated graphite

Abstract Using the method of Schumacher and Slichter, we have obtained the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi energy for a stage 1 graphite-AsF 6 − intercalation compound. This compound was formed via the reaction of th nitronium salt, NO 2 AsF 6 , with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The theoretical value calculated from the known charge transfer and the theoretical DOS curve of pure graphite agrees well with our experimental value. This shows that the DOS for pure graphite can be used in the Schumacher-Slichter experiment to determine the charge transfer in graphite intercalation compounds of unknown chemistry, such as the AsF 5 -intercalation compound (as others have assumed!). Our subsequent measurements of the charge transfer in stage 1 and stage 2 AsF 5 -intercalated graphite agree with previous results.
Factorial Composition of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with Head Start Children

Summary.-The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was administered to 354 Head Start children with a mean age of 4.4 yr. and a mean PPVT IQ of 75.73. A principal components analysis suggested an interpretation of a general factor of receptive vocabulary ability. Seven other factors with eigenvalues greater than one were found. These two were interpreted as possibly being named nouns and progressive verbs. Not ruled out, however, is their being due to error and specific item variance. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Dunn, 1965) is a frequently used measure of children's language ability. In addition, because of its ease of administration and scoring, the test is often administered to obtain a quick estimate of intelligence. To date, however, no factor analyses have been performed on its items. The present smdy was a factor analysis of Peabody scores of children who were all from low socioeconomic backgrounds, as indicated by meeting the income standards of the Office of Economic Oppol~nity (1966). Method.-Form B was administered to 354 Head Start children who ranged in age from 3.0 yr. to 5.8 yr., with a mean age oi 4.4 yr. (SD = 6.71 mo.) and a mean IQ of 75.73 (SD = 16.33). Only the itcms passed by more than 10% but less than 90% of Ss were included in the analysis. This procedure left 44 items; Items 1 to 7, 9, and 53 to the end were deleted. The item scores were intercorrelated and the resulting matrix was analyzed by a principal components program (03M) contained in the Biomedical Computer Programs (Dixon, 1967 ) . Resirits.-The analysis resulted in 8 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00. The first one appeared to be a general factor. Upon rotation the factors did not lend themselves to meaningful interpretation. This result coupled with the fact that the mathematical procedure of varimax rotation tends to negate a general factor Icd to the decision to interpret the unrotated factors. Loadings for each of the items on these factors are presented in Table 1. Considering only factor loadings greater than .35, Factor I loaded on 42 of the 44 possible items and accounted for 28% of the total variance. The other 7 factors combined only accounted for an additional 24% of the variance (Factor I1 = 7%, Factor 111 = 3%, Factor IV = 476, Factor V = 2%, Factor V1 = 396, Factor VII = 3%, Factor VIII = 2%). These results suggest that with this population the Peabody contains a general factor. Although accounting for only 28% of the total variance, Factor 1 loaded .35 or higher on 42 of the 44 items whereas the other 7 factors combined only loaded this highly on 20 items. In addition, the two items not loading on Factor I barely failed to meet the arbitrary criteria of .35 on Factor I by one (.34) and two (.33) points. Factors I1 to VIII are difficult to interpret in terms of meaningful psychological pro
Asymptotics of Orthogonal L-Polynomials for Log-Normal Distributions

Asymptotic properties of orthogonal Laurent (L-) polynomialsVn(z), associated with log-normal distributions, are derived by constructive methods. It is shown that the sequences {V2n(z)} and {V2n+1(z)} converge separately (asn→∞) to functionsV(0)(z) andV(1)(z), respectively, both holomorphic in 0<|z|<∞. Explicit Laurent series expansions are obtained, from which it follows that each limit function has essential, isolated singularities atz=0 andz=∞.
A Low-Erosion Starting Technique for High-Performance Arcjets

The NASA arcjet program is currently sponsoring development of high specific impulse thrusters for next generation geosynchronous communications satellites (2 kW-class) and low-power arcjets for power limited spacecraft (approx. 0.5 kW-class). Performance goals in both of these efforts will require up to 1000 starts at propellant mass flow rates significantly below those used in state-of-the-art arcjet thruster systems (i.e., high specific power levels). Reductions in mass flow rate can lead to damaging modes of operation, particularly at thruster ignition. During the starting sequence, the gas dynamic force due to low propellant flow is often insufficient to rapidly push the arc anode attachment to its steady-state position in the diverging section of the nozzle. This paper describes the development and demonstration of a technique which provides for non-damaging starts at low steady-state flow rates. The technique employs a brief propellant pressure pulse at ignition to increase gas dynamic forces during the critical ignition/transition phase of operation. Starting characteristics obtained using both pressure-pulsed and conventional starting techniques were compared across a wide range of propellant flow rates. The pressure-pulsed starting technique provided reliable starts at mass flow rates down to 21 mg/s, typically required for 700 s specific impulse level operation of 2 kW thrusters. Following the comparison, a 600 start test was performed across a wide flow rate range. Post-test inspection showed minimal erosion of critical arcjet anode/nozzle surfaces.
A visual interactive optimisation tool for analysing alternate locations for petroleum distribution facilities: towards building an intelligent Decision-Support System

This paper describes an intelligent Decision-Support System developed to analyse alternate locations for petroleum distribution so that delivery, storage and dispatching costs can be considered jointly with potential environmental risks. It consists of a visual, modelling environment that allows decision-makers to describe problems and a knowledge-based component that interacts with users to generate and explore alternatives during decision-making iterations. Given the run-up in petroleum costs and the disruptive effect of environmental phenomena such as hurricanes, such assessments may be beneficial where tradeoffs between environmental risks and operating costs must be evaluated.
Anion Binding Studies of Fluorinated Expanded Calixpyrroles

The anion binding properties of fluorinated calix[n]pyrroles (n = 4−6) in aprotic solvents (acetonitrile and DMSO) and modified reaction conditions allowing for the synthesis and isolation of the hitherto missing dodecafluorocalix[6]pyrrole from the condensation of 3,4-difluoro-1H-pyrrole and acetone are described. In acetonitrile solution containing 2% water, the association constants for the 1:1 binding interaction between octafluorocalix[4]pyrrole and chloride anion obtained with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and 1H NMR titration methods were found to match reasonably well. As compared to its nonfluorinated congener, octafluorocalix[4]pyrrole was found to display enhanced binding affinities for several representative anions in pure acetonitrile as judged from ITC analyses. Similar analyses of the fluorinated calix[n]pyrroles revealed an increase in the relative affinity for bromide over chloride with increasing macrocycle size, as manifest in a decrease in the binding ratio Ka(Cl)/Ka(Br). Anio...
Comparative genome mapping of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench using an RFLP map constructed in a population of recombinant inbred lines

A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench was constructed in a population of 137 F 6-8 recombinant inbred lines using sorghum, maize, oat, barley and rice DNA clones. The map consists of 10 linkage groups (LGs) and 323 markers, 247 of which (76.5%) were ordered at a LOD score > 3.0. The LGs comprise from 61 (LG A) to 13 markers (J), which range in length from 205 (A) to 55cM (J) and have a combined total length of 1347 cM. Highly significant distorted segregation was detected at all of the 38 loci in a 103-cM segment of LG A, the allelic ratios in the segment ranging from approximately 3:1 (one end) to 19:1 (middle) to 2:1 (other end). Duplicated loci located in different LGs have been mapped with 55 of the 295 DNA probes used in the study (18.6%). The distribution of these loci does not provide support for the hypothesis that Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is of tetraploid origin. Comparison of the map with RFLP maps of maize, rice, and oat produced evidence for sorghum-maize LG rearrangements and homoeologies not reported previously, including evidence that: (1) a segment of maize 5L and a segment of 5S may be homoeologous to sorghum LG A; (2) maize LGs 4 and 6 are partly homoeologous to sorghum LG E; (3) the short arm of maize LG 2 is partly homoeologous to sorghum LG F; (4) maize LG 4 may be partly homoeologous to sorghum LG G: (5) maize LG 5 and sorghum LG G contain a larger amount of homoeologous genetic material than previously indicated; and (6) a short segment of maize LG 1 may be homoeologous to a short segment of sorghum LG 1.
Spin Resonance of Transition Metals in Silicon

Spin resonance measurements are reported for various charge states of four transition metals in silicon, namely for ${\mathrm{V}}^{++}$, ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{0}$. In each case the $g$ tensor and the hyperfine interaction with the impurity nucleus are isotropic. Thus each element exists in an isolated form in silicon and undergoes no distortion from the site of maximum symmetry. The site may be either the substitutional position or the interstitial position of maximum symmetry in the silicon lattice. For ${({\mathrm{V}}^{51})}^{++}$, $S=\frac{3}{2}$, $A=\ensuremath{-}42.10$; for ${({\mathrm{Cr}}^{53})}^{+}$, $S=\frac{5}{2}$, $a=+30.16$, $A=+10.67$; for ${({\mathrm{Mn}}^{55})}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $S=1$, $A=\ensuremath{-}71.28$; for ${({\mathrm{Mn}}^{55})}^{++}$, $S=\frac{5}{2}$, $a=+19.88$, $A=\ensuremath{-}53.47$; for ${({\mathrm{Fe}}^{57})}^{0}$, $S=1$, $A=6.98$, where $a$ is the cubic field splitting parameter, $A$ is the hyperfine interaction of the isotope noted, and both are expressed in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Electron-nuclear double resonance was used for accurate measurement of $A$ and for the determination of $S$. In the case of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{0}$, the electron spin was checked by noting that the iron line splits into two fine structure components under uniaxial stress. Association of Cr, Mn, and Fe with acceptors in silicon has been observed, as well as another charge state of isolated Fe.
Characterization of North American Armillaria species by nuclear DNA content and RFLP analysis

Twenty-six isolates representing nine North American Armillaria species were investigated with flow cytometry and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analyses to determine their nuclear DNA content and RFLP profile. Three pu- tatively diploid isolates of A. ostoyae, A. gemina, A. calvescens, A. sinapina, A. mellea, A. gallica, A. nabs- nona, and North American Biological Species (NABS) X were analyzed, and two putatively diploid isolates of NABS XI also were analyzed. Nuclear DNA contents of Armillaria species were 0.11-0.17 pg per nucleus (55-84 X 10" bp/C), depending on species. Among the nine North American Armillaria species tested, A. ostoyae, A. gemirza, and A. mellea possessed relatively small nuclear DNA contents (0.1 1-0.12 pg per nucleus), whereas A. gallica possessed a relatively large nuclear DNA content (0.17 pg per nucleus). A. nabsno,na has a slightly larger nuclear DNA content (0.13pg per nucleus) than A. ostojae, A. gemina, and A. mellea. Other species (A. calvescens, A. sinapina, NABS X, and NABS XI) possessed moderate nuclear DNA contents (ca 0.15 pg per nucleus). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RFLP of the intergenic spacer region-1 (IGS-1) generated banding patterns for nine Armillaria species. In addition to previously reported banding patterns, new banding patterns are
Efficient dynamic models of tensegrity systems

The multi-body dynamics appear in a new form, as a matrix differential equation, rather than the traditional vector differential equation. The model has a constant mass matrix, and the equations are non-minimal. A specific focus of this paper is tensegrity systems. A tensegrity system requires prestress for stabilization of the configuration of rigid bodies and tensile members. This paper provides an efficient model for both static and dynamic behavior of such systems, specialized for the case when the rigid bodies are axi-symmetric rods.
Metabolic interactions of agrochemicals in humans

Agrochemicals and other xenobiotics are metabolized by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) to products that may be more or less toxic than the parent chemical. In this regard, phase-I XMEs such as cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are of primary importance. Interactions at the level of metabolism may take place via either inhibition or induction of XMEs. Such interactions have often been investigated, in vitro, in experimental animals, using subcellular fractions such as liver microsomes, but seldom in humans or at the level of individual XME isoforms. The authors have been investigating the metabolism of a number of agrochemicals by human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP isoforms and have recently embarked on studies of the induction of XMEs in human hepatocytes. The insecticides chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, carbofuran and fipronil, as well as the repellant DEET, are all extensively metabolized by human liver microsomes and, although a number of CYP isoforms may be involved, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 are usually the most important. Permethrin is hydrolyzed by esterase(s) present in both human liver microsomes and cytosol. A number of metabolic interactions have been observed. Chlorpyrifos and other phosphorothioates are potent inhibitors of the CYP-dependent metabolism of both endogenous substrates, such as testosterone and estradiol, and exogenous substrates, such as carbaryl, presumably as a result of the interaction of highly reactive sulfur, released during the oxidative desulfuration reaction, with the heme iron of CYP. The hydrolysis of permethrin in human liver can be inhibited by chlorpyrifos oxon and by carbaryl. Fipronil can inhibit testosterone metabolism by CYP3A4 and is an effective inducer of CYP isoforms in human hepatocytes.