cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UV-B Reaching the Surface

New physical inputs are summarized and placed in analytic forms suitable for calculations of the ultraviolet spectral irradiance reaching the ground. These include (a) recent values of the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance based upon the work of Heath et al.; (b) improved analytic characterizations of ozone attenuation coefficients; (c) an improved equation for the Rayleigh optical depth based upon the work of Frohlich and Shaw; and (d) a detailed characterization of aerosol extinction coefficients for various wavelengths and relative humidities based upon the recent work of Shettle and Fenn. In addition, we refine the ratio method of Green, Cross and Smith for characterizing the diffuse spectral irradiance to provide a better interpolation formula between the numerical output of the models of Dave, Braslau and Halpern. Applications of the work are described.
An Empirical Review of the Employment Interview Construct Literature

The purpose of this paper is to summarize available empirical research on the association between employment interview ratings and various construct measures using a theoretical model developed as part of the study. The model posits 3 main sources of construct-related variance in interview ratings: job-related interview content (e.g., job knowledge), interviewee performance (e.g., impression management tactics), and personal/demographic characteristics (e.g., candidate attractiveness). Results suggest some potentially important findings, including that the mean correlation with interview ratings is twice as large for constructs related to interviewee performance as it is for constructs pertaining to job-related interview content. Directions for future construct research are also identified. For instance, despite being central to the interpersonal make-up of the candidates, research regarding the influence of interests, goals, and values on interview ratings is almost nonexistent.
Self-esteem and Well-being Among Women with Breast Cancer and Women in an Age-Matched Comparison Group

Knowledge of the impact that breast cancer has on self-esteem and well-being has been limited, conceptually, by the failure to consider potentially positive outcomes after diagnosis and treatment and, methodologically, by an overall lack of focus on well-being. Sixty-four women with breast cancer and 64 age-matched women without cancer completed three measures of self-esteem and five measures of well-being. The results supported the theoretical notion that the potential impact of breast cancer on a woman's self-esteem and well-being can be positive as well as negative. The results also highlighted the importance of considering the full impact of cancer.
Qualitative Implications of Uncertainty in Economic Equilibrium Models

Many economic equilibrium models have a structure that consists of econometrically estimated demand models and supply models that contain explicit representations of the supply technologies, known as process models. Econometric models measure the consequences of peoples’ decisions and are typically used to estimate demand because it is impossible to represent each individual decision and its consequences. Process modeling is an outgrowth of input-output analysis and linear programming and began with Markowitz [1955]. Here the technologies and possible decisions are modeled explicitly in an optimization model. The solution to the model consists of the decisions of optimizing firms and their consequences. Each modeling approach has had a long history and combining the two types of models into one economic equilibrium model is quite common. Examples are the energy-market models, PIES (Hogan [1975]), IFFS (Murphy, Conti, Sanders and Shaw [1988]), and NEMS (Energy Information Administration [1998]). For a summary of all three, see Murphy and Shaw [1995].
Social perception: A test of the role of arousal in self-evaluation maintenance processes

Social prediction was used to examine the causal role of physiological arousal in self- evaluation maintenance (SEM) processes. Subjects' level of arousal was manipulated by having half of the subjects engage in physical exercise and half of the subjects relax prior to receiving performance feedback on high and low relevance tasks. On each task, subjects were given an opportunity to predict the performance of a friend or a stranger. The SEM modelpredicts that the more relevant the task the less charitable one's perception of another S performance, particularly a close other. Subjects in the high arousal condition showed a pattern of behaviour which was significantly closer to that predicted by the SEM model than subjects in the low arousal condition. Thus arousal appears to play a causal role in the unfolding of SEM behavrours.
Effect of chloramphenicol on the growth and viability of exponentially growing mouse leukemic cells (L5178Y).

Abstract Two effects of chloramphenicol on mouse leukemic cells (L5178Y) are described. The drug induces a prolongation of the cell cycle (reversible effect). The degree of prolongation is directly proportional to the concentration of the drug. The effect is observed only in the presence of chloramphenicol and cells return to normal cell-growth kinetics when the drug is removed from the culture medium. Chloramphenicol also kills a portion of the cell population immediately (irreversible effect). Data are presented which suggest that chloramphenicol is toxic to cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Creation of an American Association of Chemistry Teachers

This commentary briefly describes the creation and organizational structure of a new American Association of Chemistry Teachers, as well as the member benefits.
Investigation of radiative contribution in a high temperature fluidized-bed using the alternate-slab model

Abstract The modified alternate-slab model of Gabor is examined for the prediction of radiative contribution to the total heat transfer from a high temperature fluidized-bed system of air-sand to an immersed surface. The results are compared with the predictions of other models and experimental data on average heat transfer coefficient, and percentage radiative contribution as a function of various influencing parameters. The heat transfer coefficients are overestimated by the model within reasonable limits and approach the experimental data for high values of heat transfer surface temperature. The percentage radiative contribution is substantial for large values of particle diameter, surface and bed temperatures. The model is found reliable and simple to handle over a wide temperature range. Results are also presented for air-ash and air-dolomite systems in view of their practical significance.
The Imagery Questionnaire: An Investigation of its Validity:

Research investigated from three perspectives the construct validity of one of the most frequently used imagery measures, Marks' (1973) Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire. First, the performance of six self-reported “good” and six self-reported “poor” imagers derived from 63 initial respondents to the questionnaire was compared on a test of the recall of projected slides. Second, subject idiosyncratic and interpersonal uses of the imagery rating scale were examined through a scaling of projected slides procedure and an alternate forms test-retest paradigm. Finally, interviews about the nature of each subject's imaging experiences were conducted. Data indicated a lack of support for the questionnaire's validity.
Population structure in Pseudoroegneria spicata (Poaceae: Triticeae) modeled by Bayesian clustering of AFLP genotypes.

Pseudoroegneria spicata(Poaceae: Triticeae) is an abundant, allogamous species widely adapted to the temperate, semiarid steppe and open woodland regions of western North America. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), model-based Bayesian clustering, and other methods of hypothesis testing were used to investigate genetic diversity and population structure among 565 P. spicata plants from 82 localities representing much of the species distribution. Comparisons with four Asiatic Pseudoroegneriaspecies and two North American Elymus wawawaiensis accessions demonstrate cohesiveness in P. spicata. However, P. spicata genotypes group by locality and geographic region based on genetic distance analysis. Average DNA polymorphism among P. spicata localities was significantly correlated (r 5 0.58) with geographical distance. The optimum Bayesian cluster model included 21 P. spicata groups, indicating that dispersal among sampling locations was not sufficient to group genotypes into one unstructured population. Approximately 18.3% of the DNA polymorphism was partitioned among the 21 regional groups, 14.9% among localities within groups, and 66.8% within accessions. Average DNA polymorphism among Bayesian groups was correlated (r 5 0.53) with the average geographic distance among Bayesian groups, which partly reflects isolation by distance. However, conspicuous regional boundaries were discernable among several divergent genetic groups.
The metamict state: 1993 — the centennial

Abstract In 1893, a Norwegian mineralogist, W.C. Brogger, defined “metamikte” as a third class of naturally occurring, amorphous materials. Metamict minerals were determined to be amorphous based on conchoidal fracture and isotropic optical properties; however, well developed crystal forms evidenced the prior crystalline state. In 1914, A. Hamberg, based on the observation of pleochroic haloes, first suggested that metamictization is a radiation-induced, periodic-to-aperiodic transition caused by α-particles which originate from decay of constituent U and Th. Within a few years, F. Rinne and L. Vegard confirmed by X-ray diffraction that metamict minerals were either amorphous or finely crystalline. By 1940, M. v. Stackelberg and E. Rottenback had established that the decrease in density, refractive indices and birefringence correlated with the breakdown of the structure with increasing α-decay event dose. They tested this hypothesis by bombarding a thin slab of zircon, tetragonal ZrSiO 2 , with α-particles. The result was inconclusive, but this must have been one of the first experiments in which an “ion-beam” was used to “modify” a ceramic material. Metamict minerals remained a curiosity and a daunting challenge, as compositions were exceedingly complex (lanthanides were abundant) and no structure remained, except that which was restored on heating. In 1952, Adolf Pabst, in his presidential address to the Mineralogical Society of America, carefully tabulated the changes in properties (e.g., release of stored energy and decreased resistance to leaching) which resulted from the radiation damage. Pabst specifically noted that some structures are “resistant” to damage accumulation (e.g., monoclinic ThSiO 2 ) while other polymorphs are often found in the metamict state (e.g., tetragonal ThSiO 2 ). The use of zircon (isostructural with thorite) in U/Pb dating, however, focused substantive studies on the process of radiation damage. Holland and Gottfried (1955) investigated damage accumulation as an age-dating technique in a classic study of natural zircons (570 million years old; doses up to 10 16 α -decay events/mg = 0.7 dpa); and developed a modern model of damage accumulation. Recent studies are reviewed which include Pu-doped and ion-beam irradiated zircons. With the exception of radiation effects on alumina and silica, zircon is now probably the most studied complex ceramic.
Bacterial origin of a chloroplast intron: conserved self-splicing group I introns in cyanobacteria

A self-splicing group I intron has been found in the gene for a leucine transfer RNA in two species of Anabaena, a filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium. The intron is similar to one that is found at the identical position in the same transfer RNA gene of chloroplasts of land plants. Because cyanobacteria were the progenitors of chloroplasts, it is likely that group I introns predated the endosymbiotic association of these eubacteria with eukaryotic cells.
Evolutionary aspects of human exercise—Born to run purposefully

This article is intended to raise awareness of the adaptive value of endurance exercise (particularly running) in the evolutionary history of humans, and the implications of the genetic disposition to exercise for the aging populations of modern technology-driven societies. The genome of Homo sapiens has evolved to support the svelte phenotype of an endurance runner, setting him/her apart from all other primates. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the competitive advantages conferred by exercise capacity in youth can also provide a survival benefit beyond the reproductive period. These mechanisms include up-regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in protecting cells against oxidative stress, disposing of damaged proteins and organelles, and enhancing bioenergetics. Particularly fascinating are the signaling mechanisms by which endurance running changes the structure and functional capabilities of the brain and, conversely, the mechanisms by which the brain integrates metabolic, cardiovascular and behavioral responses to exercise. As an emerging example, I highlight the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a mediator of the effects of exercise on the brain, and BDNF's critical role in regulating metabolic and cardiovascular responses to endurance running. A better understanding of such 'healthspan-extending' actions of endurance exercise may lead to new approaches for improving quality of life as we advance in the coming decades and centuries.
Computer simulation of the response of frog skin epidermis to changes in [Na+]0

The operation of the multicompartmental frog skin epidermal model 10E described in the preceding paper was tested to find out by computer simulation whether it responds to changes in [Na+] in the same manner as frog skin. In the range from 5 to 115mm [Na+]0, the rate of net Na+ flux across skin is known to increase. The results can be fitted to Michaelis-Menten's law of reaction kinetics, or, alternately, to Hoshiko's linear function, plotting fluxvs. log [Na+]0. Model 10E simulated the laboratory results on skin, provided that the rate coefficients at the site of entry of Na+ into the system were varied in exactly the same manner as they actually were found to vary in skin. In model studies, Na+ backflux (outflux) decreased with increasing [Na+]0, contrary to observations on skin. This discrepancy may be related to adaptive reactions in skins (decrease in permeability) when [Na+]0 is lowered, a feature that has not been modeled. It is known that the skin p.d. changes, mostly, by approximately 35 mV per decade change in [Na+]0. Model 10E gave very nearly the same result when the rate coefficients for entry of Na+ were changed as mentioned above (i.e., varied exactly as they were found to vary in skin). Skin and model 10E behaved similarly in that, at [Na+]0=[Na+] i =115mm, the extent to which labeling with Na* from the outside (12%) and from the inside (88%) is possible was the same. Model data are presented which show in which way the Na+ pools, [Na+] in the individual compartments, and intercompartmental fluxes changed with changing [Na+]0. Because of lack of experimental data on skin for comparison, these calculated results are purely hypothetical, but they are not unreasonable.
Thermal stability and compatibility of ammonium nitrate explosives on a small and large scale

Abstract The thermal stability of two types of ammonium-nitrate-based explosives, ammonium nitrate/fuel oil and ammonium nitrate emulsion, were compared with neat ammonium nitrate. The effect on thermal stability of various contaminants was examined by DSC and conventional methods. It was found that salts of weak acids, owing to their basicity, stabilized ammonium nitrate formulations. The ammonium cation, the salt of a weak base, slightly destabilized the ammonium nitrate compositions. Sodium nitrate, where the anion and cation are derived from a strong acid and a strong base respectively, did not appear to affect the thermal stability of ammonium nitrate. Cations of various metals were examined, but only those of chromium, iron and aluminum severely destabilized ammonium nitrate.
A New Postgraduate Course in Industry in High-Frequency Engineering

THOSE FIELDS of engineering which utilize high-frequency electric currents and electronic devices have long ago graduated from the trial and error stage. The empirical experimenter who is ingenious and observant will always be useful, especially in some new and fruitful phase of the art not yet well understood. However, reliance has for many years been placed upon the ability of the engineer to design analytically upon a sound basis in the underlying theory and analytical tools are recognized as valuable aids and guides in laboratory work.
Weak gravitational field of the electromagnetic radiation in a ring laser

Abstract The gravitational field due to the circulating flow of electromagnetic radiation of a unidirectional ring laser is found by solving the linearized Einstein field equations at any interior point of the laser ring. The general relativistic spin equations are then used to study the behavior of a massive spinning neutral particle at the center of the ring laser. It is found that the particle exhibits the phenomenon known as inertial frame-dragging.
Grounding "Language" in the Senses: What the Eyes and Ears Reveal about Ming 名 (Names) in Early Chinese Texts

For understanding early Chinese "theories of language" and views about the relation of speech to a nonalphabetic script, a thorough analysis of early Chinese metalinguistic terminology is necessary. This article analyzes the function of ming 名 (name) in early Chinese texts as a first step in that direction. It argues against the regular treatment of this term in early Chinese texts as the equivalent of "word." It examines ming in light of early Chinese ideas about sense perception, the mythology about the origin or music and writing, and changes occurring in the writing system in the third century b.c.e. This lays the groundwork for a more informed response to Derrida's speculation about Chinese logocentrism. It is explained that, in early Chinese texts, certain concepts associated with logocentrism (e.g., reality/appearance, presence/absence) function in a way that is neither the same as, nor exactly the reverse of, the Western philosophical episteme. Thus, attempts to reconstruct attitudes toward "language" in early China should note the importance of sound in interpreting ming . Moreover, interpretations of apparent denigrations of writing in early Chinese texts should, before diagnosing logocentrism, consider the context of the reliability of the visual.
LORAIN: a step closer to the PDES 'holy grail'

Automatic parallelization of models has been the "Holy Grail" of the PDES community for the last 20 years. In this paper we present LORAIN -- Low Overhead Runtime Assisted Instruction Negation -- a tool capable of automatic emission of a reverse event handler by the compiler. Upon detection of certain instructions, LORAIN is able to account for, and in many cases reverse, the computation without resorting to state-saving techniques. For our PDES framework, we use Rensselaer's Optimistic Simulation System (ROSS) coupled with the LLVM compiler to generate the reverse event handler. One of the primary contributions of this work is that LORAIN operates on the LLVM-generated Intermediate Representation (IR) as opposed to the model, high-level source code. Through information gleaned from the IR, LORAIN is able to analyze, instrument, and invert various operations and emit efficient reverse event handlers at the binary code level.This preliminary work demonstrates the potential of this tool. We are able to reverse both the PHOLD model (a synthetic benchmark) as well as Fujimoto's airport model. Our results demonstrate that LORAIN-generated models are able to execute at a rate that is over 97% of hand-written, parallel model code performance.
Clinical experience and expectation with protons and heavy ions.

Abstract The experience in fractionated radiation therapy using proton beams from the 160 MV Harvard cyclotron on 23 patients is described. Advantages for the proton beam are expected to lie entirely with the dose distribution patterns which are qualitatively different from those obtainable with photon beam techniques. Treatment is discussed in terms of complexity of compensation for tissue heterogeneity and patients are placed into three categories. I: no heterodense structure within the beam path; II: one or two large and heterodense structures of simple configuration; III: multiple and/or complex density heterogeneities within the beam path. Treatment results seem almost certain to he improved for selected sites which would be in Treatment Category I. We are confident that improved results can be obtained for certain of the Category II problems. Additional work must be completed before much in the way of a sensible prediction can be made for patients whose treatment problems would he in Category III. The largest experience to date is the treatment of choroidal melanoma. Because of the high precision of dose delivery and uniformity of dose distribution achieved we are confident that after an appropriate dose level has been selected that good results will he obtained on a regular basis for this group of tumors. General problems of particle therapy are discussed and details of treatment of several illustrative cases are presented.
The Shrinking Merger Arbitrage Spread: Reasons and Implications

The merger arbitrage spread has declined by more than 400 bps since 2002. This decline, which is both economically and statistically significant, corresponds to the decline in aggregate returns of merger arbitrage hedge funds, as well as increased inflows into merger arbitrage hedge funds. Part of the decline in the arbitrage spread may be explained by increased trading in the targets’ stocks following the merger announcement, reduced transaction costs, and changes in risk related to merger arbitrage. These findings suggest that some of the decline is likely to be permanent; therefore, investors seeking to invest in merger arbitrage hedge funds should focus on returns since 2002.
An Introduction to JPEG 2000

Purpose – Aims to provide the reasons why libraries might consider using JPEG 2000 standard architecture for digital imaging and digital archive projects.Design/methodology/approach – A summary of the main features of the JPEG 2000 standard.Findings – This article provides an overview of the JPEG 2000 standard: what it is, how it works, and its benefits.Originality/value – This paper is useful for information management professionals who seek greater understanding of digital storage standards.
Deviations in brain early serotonergic development as a result of fetal alcohol exposure.

Serotonin (5-HT) has specific roles not only as a transmitter but also as a signal for differentiation. We recently found that alcohol drinking during pregnancy resulted in incomplete neural tube fusion which hindered the development of midline cells such as 5-HT neurons in mice. We now report that, at the birth of 5-HT neurons (E11), the 5-HT immunoreative (5-HT-im) neurons are often found missing medial projecting fibers towards ventricle in the Alcohol treated group (ALC) as compared with pair-fed (PF) and Chow-fed groups (Chow) in mice. At E13, there are fewer 5-HT-im neurons in either dorsal or median raphe of ALC as compared with PF or Chow; furthermore, neurite outgrowth and migration of the 5-HT neurons are also compromised with alcohol exposure. We, thus, demonstrated that fetal alcohol exposure compromised 5-HT development as early as at the 5-HT neuron birth. Since 5-HT is a signal for development of many forebrain neurons, the deviation of 5-HT in early life may have consequences on brain development that extend beyond those seen in the 5-HT system.
Mononuclear phagocyte-mediated antifungal immunity: the role of chemotactic receptors and ligands

Over the past two decades, fungal infections have emerged as significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Besides neutrophils and CD4+ T lymphocytes, which have long been known to play an indispensable role in promoting protective antifungal immunity, mononuclear phagocytes are now being increasingly recognized as critical mediators of host defense against fungi. Thus, a recent surge of research studies has focused on understanding the mechanisms by which resident and recruited monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells accumulate and become activated at the sites of fungal infection. Herein, we critically review how a variety of G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptors and their ligands mediate mononuclear phagocyte recruitment and effector function during infection by the most common human fungal pathogens.
Early Induction of Cyclin D2 Expression in Phorbol Ester–responsive B-1 Lymphocytes

B-1 lymphocytes represent a distinct B cell subset with characteristic features that include self-renewing capacity and unusual mitogenic responses. B-1 cells differ from conventional B cells in terms of the consequences of phorbol ester treatment: B-1 cells rapidly enter S phase in response to phorbol ester alone, whereas B-2 cells require a calcium ionophore in addition to phorbol ester to trigger cell cycle progression. To address the mechanism underlying the varied proliferative responses of B-1 and B-2 cells, we evaluated the expression and activity of the G1 cell cycle regulator, cyclin D2, and its associated cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Cyclin D2 expression was upregulated rapidly, within 2–4 h, in phorbol ester–stimulated B-1 cells, in a manner dependent on intact transcription/translation, but was not increased in phorbol ester– stimulated B-2 cells. Phorbol ester–stimulated cyclin D2 expression was accompanied by the formation of cyclin D2–Cdk4, and, to a lesser extent, cyclin D2–Cdk6, complexes; cyclin D2– containing complexes were found to be catalytically functional, in terms of their ability to phosphorylate exogenous Rb in vitro and to specifically phosphorylate endogenous Rb on serine780 in vivo. These results strongly suggest that the rapid induction of cyclin D2 by a normally nonmitogenic phorbol ester stimulus is responsible for B-1 cell progression through G1 phase. The ease and rapidity with which cyclin D2 responds in B-1 cells may contribute to the proliferative features of this subset.
Evaporation from a small prairie wetland in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota—An energy-budget study

Evaporation from Wetland P1 in the Cottonwood Lake area of North Dakota, USA was determined by the energy-budget method for 1982–85 and 1987. Evaporation rates were as high as 0.672 cm day−1. Incoming solar radiation, incoming atmospheric radiation, and long-wave radiation emitted from the water body are the largest energy fluxes to and from the wetland. Because of the small heat storage of the water body, evaporation rates closely track solar radiation on short time scales. The effect of advected energy related to precipitation is small because the water quickly heats up by solar radiation following precipitation. Advected energy related to ground water is minimal because ground-water fluxes are small and ground-water temperature is only about 7 °C. Energy flux related to sediment heating and thermal storage in the sediments, which might be expected to be large because the water is clear and shallow, affects evaporation rates by less than 5 percent.
Receptors for GRP/bombesin-like peptides in the rat forebrain.

Abstract Binding sites in the rat forebrain were characterized using ( 125 I-Tyr 4 )bombesin as a receptor probe. Pharmacology experiments indicate that gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and the GRP fragments GRP 14–27 as well as Ac-GRP 20–27 inhibited radiolabeled (Tyr 4 )bombesin binding with high affinity. Biochemistry experiments indicated that heat, N-ethyl maleimide or trypsin greatly reduced radiolabeled (Tyr 4 )bombesin binding. Also, autoradiographic studies indicated that highest grain densities were present in the stria terminalis, periventricular and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial and rhomboid thalamus, dentate gyrus, hippocampus and medial amygdaloid nucleus. The data suggest that CNS protein receptors, which are discretely distributed in the rat forebrain, may mediate the action of endogenous GRP/bombesin-like peptides.
Role of transmural dispersion of repolarization in the genesis of drug-induced torsades de pointes

Torsades de pointes (TdP) is a potentially lethal arrhythmia that develops as a consequence of amplification of electrical heterogeneities intrinsic to the ventricular myocardium. These heterogeneities exist because of differences in the time course of repolarization of the three predominant cell types that make up the ventricular myocardium, giving rise to transmural voltage gradients and a dispersion of repolarization responsible for inscription of the ECG T wave. Antiarrhythmic agents with class III actions and/or the various mutations and cardiomyopathies associated with the long QT syndrome reduce net repolarizing current and amplify the intrinsic spatial dispersion of repolarization, thus creating the substrate for the development of reentry. The result is prolongation of the QT interval, abnormal T waves, and development of polymorphic reentrant ventricular tachycardia displaying characteristics of TdP. Prolongation of the QT interval apparently is not the sole determinant of a drug's potential to cause TdP. Agents that do not increase transmural dispersion of repolarization have little or no potential to induce TdP despite any ability to prolong the QT interval. In addition, drugs such as amiodarone and sodium pentobarbital can cause large QT prolongations but, by reducing transmural dispersion of repolarization, may reduce the likelihood of TdP. Arterially perfused wedge preparations of canine left ventricle can be used to explore the role of transmural dispersion of repolarization in the genesis of TdP. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances that have improved our understanding of these mechanisms, particularly the role of transmural dispersion of repolarization, in the genesis of drug-induced TdP and to examine how these advances can guide us toward the development of safer and more effective drugs.
Myocardial Ischemia After Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Intraoperatively, myocardial ischemia is more common after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) than before CPB. Ischemia associated with coronary vasospasm and thrombosis may be much more common toward the end of surgery and early in the postoperative period than previously appreciated. This may be because the coagulation system is altered during CPB, and the coronary endothelium is damaged significantly as a result of cardioplegic arrest followed by reperfusion. In this milieu, vasospasm and thrombosis may be caused by the administration of protamine. Some of the ischemia observed in this period actually is not reversible and is associated with myocardial injury and infarction. It may be ameliorated by the administration of calcium channel blockers, aspirin, and anticoagulants. Electrocardiography may be the most suitable modality for the detection of ischemia after CPB and postoperatively. During this period, many episodes of ST deviation are of a nonischemic etiology, and the ECG needs careful interpretation. Transesophageal echocardiography is suitable for use intraoperatively and early on in the intensive care unit.
Flexure-based micromechanical testing machines

The successful design and fabrication of structures and systems at the small scale require robust methods for characterizing the mechanical behavior of materials at the same scale. In this paper we describe the design of two flexure-based micromechanical testers capable of measuring forces with an accuracy of 25 μN over a range of 1–30 N, and specimen extensions with an accuracy of 20 nm over a range of 1–5 mm. These force and displacement resolutions and ranges are required in a wide variety of material characterization applications, such as microtensile testing of micrometer-dimensioned films, foils and wires, bending of millimeter-sized beams, as well as micro-indentation. The novel feature of our machines is that they are based on the use of two compound flexures in an integrated monolithic frame: one flexure functioning as a precision guide for actuation, and the other fexure as a linear spring for force measurement. Two machines, one with a maximum load capacity of 1.5 N and the other of 30 N, have been constructed based on this concept. Details of their design, construction, and typical test results are presented in this paper.
Long-chain fatty acid effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α-regulated genes in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells : Optimization of culture conditions using palmitate

Studying long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) effects on gene network expression in bovine cells could provide useful information for future practical applications. An optimized in vitro system that does not require tissue collection or cell isolation could fill a niche in the study of PPARalpha activity in ruminants. Specific aims were to optimize culture conditions in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells to achieve maximal mRNA expression of known peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) target genes using palmitate (16:0) as a representative LCFA. Variables included length of incubation time, use of albumin-bound (4:1 molar proportion) 16:0 (A16:0), or addition of insulin. A first time-course experiment tested culturing cells in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 150 microM PPAR ligand Wy-14643 (WY) and A16:0. A second experiment tested the effects of albumin and insulin using 150 microM of 16:0 without albumin or insulin (-Alb/-Ins), 16:0 without albumin plus 5 mg/L of bovine insulin (-Alb/+Ins), A16:0 without insulin (+Alb/-Ins), or a control. A third experiment was a preliminary metabolic characterization of cells and assessed intracellular lipid droplet formation after treatment with 150 microM of 16:0 or an ethanol control. For all experiments, cells were harvested at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h posttreatment. In experiments 1 and 2, mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative PCR of selected PPARalpha target genes as well as PPARalpha coactivators (ACOX1, CPT1A, ACADVL, ACSL1, PPARA, PPARGC1A, LPIN1). In experiment 1, there was a linear increase in mRNA expression of CPT1A (approximately 500%) and ACSL1 (50 to 200%) by 6 h of incubation with both WY and A16:0. The LPIN1 mRNA increased by >100% by 6 h only with A16:0. Further, there was a linear increase in expression of PPARA (approximately 100%) with A16:0 through 24 h of incubation. In experiment 2, insulin increased, and coupling LCFA with albumin tended to delay the response in expression of CPT1A and ACSL1 to 16:0. Data indicated a toxic effect of 150 microM free 16:0 as assessed by cell counts after 12 h of incubation. In experiment 3, MDBK cells appeared to use glucose and AA as energy sources and were able to secrete triglycerides. In addition, MDBK cells cultured with 150 microM of 16:0 had a substantial uptake of LCFA and synthesized intracellular lipid droplets. Overall, results indicated that a 6-h incubation with free LCFA and addition of insulin was suitable to detect marked effects on mRNA expression of PPARalpha target genes in MDBK cells.
Sequence of the alg8 and alg44 genes involved in the synthesis of alginate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The alg8 and alg44 genes, which are required for alginate biosynthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are located in the alginate biosynthetic gene cluster between the algD and algE genes. The nucleotide sequence of these two genes is presented. Although the functions of the Alg8 and Alg44 proteins are not known, we believe that they may be involved in the polymerization of mannuronic acid residues to form alginate.
Heat-resistant polyester magnet wire

THE INFLUENCE of chemical composition and structure on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of polymers has long been of great interest to the chemist. An outgrowth of such work in the General Electric Research Laboratory has been the synthesis of a completely organic polymer of the polyester class, a polymer shown by tests to be eminently suitable as a thin-film magnet wire insulation. Wire insulated with this polymer, which will be referred to as Alkanex? wire, possesses excellent initial properties important in manufacturing electrical equipment. Its thermal stability is such that it can be used at class B, 130 degrees centigrade (C), and higher operating temperatures in long-lived electric apparatus.
Apparatus for the determination of dynamic Young's modulus and internal friction in vacuum at temperatures from 25° C to 1200° C

The determination of dynamic Young's modulus and internal friction utilizing transverse free-free vibration in vacuum at temperatures from 25°C to 1200°C is described. High temperatures are achieved with a highly efficient elliptical radiation furnace whose design and construction are described in detail. The two wires used for driving and sensing are also the two legs of a thermocouple circuit which are attached to opposite ends of metallic specimens; the specimen itself completes the thermocouple circuit. The electronic components which allow determination of both decay time and resonant frequency using a frequency counter are presented along with a description of the method of operation. The accuracy of the measurement is discussed and typical experimental results for an Fe-Si and Fe-Al alloy, as well as for nickel, are presented.
Biological hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in an unsaturated flow reactor.

Abstract A mesophilic unsaturated flow (trickle bed) reactor was designed and tested for H 2 production via fermentation of glucose. The reactor consisted of a column packed with glass beads and inoculated with a pure culture ( Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824). A defined medium containing glucose was fed at a flow rate of 1.6 mL/min (0.096 L/h) into the capped reactor, producing a hydraulic retention time of 2.1 min. Gas-phase H 2 concentrations were constant, averaging 74±3% for all conditions tested. H 2 production rates increased from 89 to 220 mL/h L of reactor when influent glucose concentrations were varied from 1.0 to 10.5 g/L. Specific H 2 production rate ranged from 680 to 1270 mL/g glucose per liter of reactor (total volume). The H 2 yield was 15–27%, based on a theoretical limit by fermentation of 4 moles of H 2 from 1 mole of glucose. The major fermentation by-products in the liquid effluent were acetate and butyrate. The reactor rapidly (within 60–72 h) became clogged with biomass, requiring manual cleaning of the system. In order to make long-term operation of the reactor feasible, biofilm accumulation in the reactor will need to be controlled through some process such as backwashing. These tests using an unsaturated flow reactor demonstrate the feasibility of the process to produce high H 2 gas concentrations in a trickle-bed type of reactor. A likely application of this reactor technology could be H 2 gas recovery from pre-treatment of high carbohydrate-containing wastewaters.
Evaluating Fidelity to the Wraparound Service Model for Youth: Application of Item Response Theory to the Wraparound Fidelity Index

The wraparound process is a mechanism for multisystem planning and care coordination for youth with serious emotional and behavioral problems. Fidelity monitoring is critical to effective implementation of evidence-based practices in children's mental health, as it helps ensure that complex interventions like wraparound are implemented as intended. The 40-item Wraparound Fidelity Index, Version 4 (WFI-4; Bruns, Burchard, Suter, Leverentz-Brady, & Force, 2004) is the most frequently used measure of fidelity to the wraparound process, but analysis of its psychometric properties is insufficient. An item response theory approach, Rasch partial credit models for ordered polytomous data, was used on ratings from 1,234 facilitators, 1,006 caregivers, and 221 team members, focused on 1,478 youths (55% male). Results indicated the WFI-4 measured a unidimensional construct, with little evidence of item bias and good item and model fit. However, the item information curve was skewed, with most people endorsing high-fidelity responses, and several items had duplicative location estimates. A reduced 20-item measure is proposed. Internal reliability estimates for scores from this reduced measure were approximately equivalent to the longer measure. However, both versions would benefit from additional items located in the highest fidelity area of either version of the scale where scores by greater than half of our sample fall, but only 3 items are located.
Some New Adrenergic Neurone Blocking Agents

INTERFERENCE with the release of the adrenergic transmitter, noradrenaline, by chemical blockade of post-ganglionic adrenergic neurones has become anaccepted tool in the management of the hypertensive state1. The chemical structures involved2 indicate that the presence of a cationic head with strong basicity, such as quaternary ammonium or guanidine3, is required for adrenergic neurone-blocking property, imparting a high degree of ionization to the molecule. The molecular mechanism of this type of drug interference is unknown. Failure of nerve impulse transmission, however, might occur by hyper-polarization or by depolarization of the terminal nerve membrane, initiated by the charge-carrying molecules. Significant inhibition of the biosynthesis of the transmitter by the foregoing compounds can be excluded as a possible mode of action on account of more recent work4.
Assimilation-contrast effects in impression formation

Anchoring effects in impression formation were studied as a function of distance between anchor and test stimulus, and differentiation of judge. Results uniformly lacked support for a perceptual assimilation-contrast approach to context effects in that contrast was not associated with either greater distance between anchor and test or maximum differentiation of judge. Consistent assimilation, or positive context effects, were supportive of an averaging model analysis of context effects in impression formation.
Factors Contributing to the Reduction of Stuttering during Singing

This study was conducted to determine if the reduction of stuttering typically observed during singing is associated with altered vocalization or the familiarity of the melody and lyrics of the song sung by the stutterer, or both. Subjects were eight adult male stutterers. Prior to testing, each of these individuals demonstrated that he knew the melody and lyrics of a well-known song from memory. Subsequently, subjects were asked to read these lyrics aloud and then sing them. Next, subjects had to read aloud and then sing a set of unfamiliar lyrics to the conventional melody of the same song. The stutterers' reading and singing performances were audiotaped. The dependent measures of utterance duration and stuttering frequency were extracted from the tapes. Results showed that subjects' utterance durations were significantly longer during singing than reading. The main effects of singing and familiarity were both associated with significant reductions in stuttering frequency. The greatest decrement in stuttering occurred in the condition where subjects sang the familiar melody and lyrics. These findings were interpreted to mean that changes in vocalization cannot account for all of the decrease in stuttering that occurs during singing. During song, the familiarity of the melody and lyrics being produced may also affect stuttering frequency.
In Memoriam: Dean Farnsworth, CDR, MSC, USNR New Derivation for the Deuteranopic Copoint

It is assumed that deuteranopes cannot discriminate between red and green. A particular deuteranopic copoint is associated with any chosen color triangle under this condition. The copoint is calculated for six color triangles suggested in literature. The results fall only in two cases into the range found experimentally by Dean Farnsworth.
FTO Polymorphisms Moderate the Association of Food Reinforcement with Energy Intake

Food reinforcement (RRVfood) is related to increased energy intake, cross-sectionally related to obesity, and prospectively related to weight gain. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is related to elevated body mass index and increased energy intake. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether any of 68 FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or a FTO risk score moderate the association between food reinforcement and energy or macronutrient intake. Energy and macronutrient intake was measured using a laboratory ad libitum snack food consumption task in 237 adults of varying BMI. Controlling for BMI, the relative reinforcing value of reading (RRVreading) and proportion of African ancestry, RRVfood predicted 14.2% of the variance in energy intake, as well as predicted carbohydrate, fat, protein and sugar intake. In individual analyses, six FTO SNPs (rs12921970, rs9936768, rs12446047, rs7199716, rs8049933 and rs11076022, spanning approximately 251kbp) moderated the relationship between RRVfood and energy intake to predict an additional 4.9-7.4% of variance in energy intake. We created an FTO risk score based on 5 FTO SNPs (rs9939609, rs8050136, rs3751812, rs1421085, and rs1121980) that are related to BMI in multiple studies. The FTO risk score did not increase variance accounted for beyond individual FTO SNPs. rs12921970 and rs12446047 served as moderators of the relationship between RRVfood and carbohydrate, fat, protein, and sugar intake. This study shows for the first time that the relationship between RRVfood and energy intake is moderated by FTO SNPs. Research is needed to understand how these processes interact to predict energy and macronutrient intake.
Calculations of the energies, geometries and vibrational frequencies of the ground and first excited singlet states of toluene and p-cresol

Abstract We attempt to interpret the fluorescence of toluene and p -cresol from ab initio calculations on the ground state and the lowest excited singlet state of each molecule. We determine the energy minima and the optimized geometries of the ground states and of the lowest excited singlet states from 4 in 4 CASSCF computations using a 6–31G basis set. We also compute the vibrational frequencies of both molecules in the two states.
Vitaly Ginzburg and high temperature superconductivity: Personal reminiscences

Abstract This article is an attempt to give Western readers, as well as young researchers in Russia, a glance at the atmosphere in one of the leading physics institutions in the USSR from 1977–1988, through the eye of a graduate student and later a posdoc in the theory group led by Vitaly Ginzburg, arguably the most enthusiatic proponent of high-temperature superconductivity before the discovery of Bednorz and Muller. This is a very personal narration, wherein the events of my own life and career are inevitably intertwined with scientific events and with my reminiscences of great Russian physicists whom I had the pleasure to meet with while working in the “High-Temperature Superconductivity Section” at the Lebedev Institute within the aforementioned 12 years.