cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-calibration for microrefractive lens measurements

The self-calibration test known as the random ball test (RBT) is adapted and applied to instrument calibration for measurements of microrefractive lens figure error. The RBT exploits the symmetry properties of a microsphere, resulting in a low-uncertainty estimate of the instrument biases. One hundred surface patches on a 1-mm-diam steel sphere are imaged by commercial instruments then averaged together in software to determine the instrument bias for a 500-µm radius of curvature test piece. The results show biases on the order of a few hundred nanometers peak-to-valley for a scanning white light interferometer and a Twyman-Green interferometer.
An Accurate and Fast Pattern Localization Algorithm for Automated Visual Inspection

Accurate and efficient localization of patterns from noisy images is very crucial in automated visual inspection. In this paper we present an accurate, efficient and robust algorithm for 2D pattern localization based on a modified optical flow constraint, which is derived from the first-order Taylor series approximation of the generalized brightness assumption. Our algorithm allows for large global illumination changes since this factor is explicitly modeled on the generalized brightness assumption. The proposed pattern localization algorithm is based on an energy minimization approach, with the energy function being defined as a weighted sum of the modified optical flow constraints at selected locations with reliable constraints. This location selection is facilitated by a reliability measure given in this paper. The energy minimization is accomplished via an efficient Newton-like iterative algorithm, which has been proved to be reliable for precise localization problems with a rough initial guess from our experiments. Experimental results on some real images and the corresponding simulated images are given to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of our algorithm.
Simulated annealing: an initial application in econometrics

A new global optimization algorithm simulated annealing, is tested on a difficult econometric problem. We find that simulated annealing performs better than conventional algorithms.
Dose-conductance relationships for GABA agonists and the effect of uptake inhibitors in crayfish stretch receptor neurons.

Summary The interaction of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and structurally-related compounds with postsynaptic GABA receptors was studied quantitatively by measuring receptor-mediated increases in membrane input conductance in isolated crayfish stretch receptor neurons (SRN). The following compounds, in order of decreasing potency, were effective agonists:muscimol>GABA>isoguvacine> (−)γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid> β-guanidinopropionic acid> 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid> (+)γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid>isonipecotic acid>THIP. A highly significant correlation was found between the log potencies for GABA agonists that were obtained in the SRN and those obtained in our laboratory using mammalian GABA receptor binding assays. Hill plot analyses of the log concentration-conductance data from the SRN indicated a Hill slope (n H ) of approximately 2 for all agonists except GABA and guanidinopropionic acid(n H > 2), two compounds known to be actively accumulated by cellular GABA uptake processes, Nipecotic acid, guvacine, and l -α, β-diaminopropionic acid, blockers of GABA uptake processes, had essentially no effect by themselves on the SRN membrane input conductance at concentrations up to 5 mM, however, they potentiated the effects of sub-maximal concentrations of GABA and decreased the steepness of the log concentration-conductance curve, and consequently n H , for GABA. The effects of muscimol, however, were not affected. When the influence of uptake processes was considered, it appeared that all agonists tested acted by the same cooperative mechanism which required at least two molecules of agonist to activate a receptor-ionophore unit.
Spectral karyotyping analysis of human and mouse chromosomes

Classical banding methods provide basic information about the identities and structures of chromosomes on the basis of their unique banding patterns. Spectral karyotyping (SKY), and the related multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH), are chromosome-specific multicolor FISH techniques that augment cytogenetic evaluations of malignant disease by providing additional information and improved characterization of aberrant chromosomes that contain DNA sequences not identifiable using conventional banding methods. SKY is based on cohybridization of combinatorially labeled chromosome-painting probes with unique fluorochrome signatures onto human or mouse metaphase chromosome preparations. Image acquisition and analysis use a specialized imaging system, combining Sagnac interferometer and CCD camera images to reconstruct spectral information at each pixel. Here we present a protocol for SKY analysis using commercially available SkyPaint probes, including procedures for metaphase chromosome preparation, slide pretreatment and probe hybridization and detection. SKY analysis requires approximately 6 d.
Proximity to natural gas wells and reported health status: results of a household survey in Washington County, Pennsylvania.

Background: Little is known about the environmental and public health impact of unconventional natural gas extraction activities, including hydraulic fracturing, that occur near residential areas.O...
Pandoraviruses are highly derived phycodnaviruses

The recently discovered Pandoraviruses are by far the largest viruses known, with their 2 megabase genomes exceeding in size the genomes of numerous bacteria and archaea. Pandoraviruses show a distant relationship with other nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes, lack some of the NCLDV core genes and in particular do not appear to be specifically related to the other, better characterized family of giant viruses, the Mimiviridae. Here we report phylogenetic analysis of 6 core NCLDV genes that confidently places Pandoraviruses within the family Phycodnaviridae, with an apparent specific affinity with Coccolithoviruses. We conclude that, despite their many unusual characteristics, Pandoraviruses are highly derived phycodnaviruses. These findings imply that giant viruses have independently evolved from smaller NCLDV on at least two occasions.
Design of a combined observer-controller for irrigation canals

Using a linear distributed model of open-channel flow, the canal operation problem was formulated as an optimal control problem, and an algorithm for the gate opening in the presence of unknown external disturbances (changes in flow rate demands) was derived by solving the algebraic Riccati equation. An observer was designed to estimate the values for depth of flow and flow rates at the intermediate nodes based upon measured values of depth at the upstream and downstream ends of a pool. Considering an example, the changes in depths and gate opening obtained from the linearized model were compared with the results obtained from the nonlinear hydrodynamic equations. For an external disturbance of 20% of the initial flow rate in the pool, the difference between the two models in predicting the variation in the upstream and downstream water surface elevations and the change in the upstream gate opening was insignificant.
Effects of surface imperfections on the binding of CH3OH and H2O on FeS2(100): using adsorbed Xe as a probe of mineral surface structure

Abstract Studies are presented that investigate the adsorption and binding of CH3OH and H2O on the atomically clean (100) crystallographic plane of pyrite, FeS2. Temperature programmed desorption suggests that both reactants adsorb molecularly at 90 K and desorb thermally between 170 and 400 K depending on the surface coverage. Photoemission of adsorbed xenon (PAX) suggests that the surface of pyrite is heterogeneous and contains a significant fraction of defect sites that are believed to be, at least in part, anion vacancy or sulfur-deficient sites. An upper limit of 0.2 is proposed for the fraction of surface sites that are defects on FeS2(100). PAX indicates that these defect sites at low adsorbate coverage serve as the exclusive binding sites for H2O and CH3OH adsorbate. We speculate, on the basis of our ability to interpret PAX data for pyrite, that PAX may be of use for understanding the effect of short range order on adsorbate binding on other complex mineral surfaces. On the basis of high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, it is found that some dissociation of the adsorbate occurs on the pyrite. Vibrational data obtained with this technique suggests that FeO species result from the adsorbate decomposition. After saturation of the defect sites, further molecular adsorption is accommodated on the less reactive surface that we postulate is largely disulfide, the characteristic structural group of pyrite.
Genome-wide single-cell-level screen for protein abundance and localization changes in response to DNA damage in S. cerevisiae

An effective response to DNA damaging agents involves modulating numerous facets of cellular homeostasis in addition to DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoint pathways. Fluorescence microscopy-based imaging offers the opportunity to simultaneously interrogate changes in both protein level and subcellular localization in response to DNA damaging agents at the single-cell level. We report here results from screening the yeast Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-fusion library to investigate global cellular protein reorganization on exposure to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Broad groups of induced, repressed, nucleus- and cytoplasm-enriched proteins were identified. Gene Ontology and interactome analyses revealed the underlying cellular processes. Transcription factor (TF) analysis identified principal regulators of the response, and targets of all major stress-responsive TFs were enriched amongst the induced proteins. An unexpected partitioning of biological function according to the number of TFs targeting individual genes was revealed. Finally, differential modulation of ribosomal proteins depending on methyl methanesulfonate dose was shown to correlate with cell growth and with the translocation of the Sfp1 TF. We conclude that cellular responses can navigate different routes according to the extent of damage, relying on both expression and localization changes of specific proteins.
Using Material Flow Analysis to Illuminate Long‐Term Waste Management Solutions in Oahu, Hawaii

Summary Home to the capital city and nearly a million people, the island of Oahu in the state of Hawaii, USA, is highly dependent on external resources. Over the past decade, large-scale agricultural production has diminished dramatically, leaving the island greatly reliant on imports for food and most other basic goods. A strong tourism sector and high levels of affluence contribute to per capita municipal waste generation rates exceedingall otherU.S. states. The only municipal landfill requires immediate expansion if it is to remain in operation, and it has proven extremely difficult to find additional disposal sites. An island-wide material flow analysis (MFA) was performed as an innovative means of considering issues of import, export, consumption, and substitution, resulting in long-term strategies for diminishing the generation of waste that could complement current local conservation and recycling efforts. The findings indicate several opportunities for using domestic waste resources to substitute for imports and simultaneously reduce waste generation, particularly for construction materials. Legislative constraints and possible changes in this regard are also considered. Although past efforts by both the city and state governments to encourage on-island recycling and reuse have not achieved set goals, the MFA results suggest numerous opportunities that could be pursued to increase material selfsufficiency and/or reduce waste disposal by several hundred thousand short tons, enhancing the long-term sustainability of the island.
Precision measurement of ternary diffusion coefficients and implications for protein crystal growth: lysozyme chloride in aqueous ammonium chloride at 25°C

Isothermal ternary diffusion coefficients for the system lysozyme chloride (1)+NH4Cl (2)+H2 Oa t 258C and pH 4.5 have been measured interferometrically for five mean NH4Cl concentrations, C2 ¼ 0:25, 0.5, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 M, with C1 ¼ 0:6 mM. The main-term diffusion coefficient ðD11Þv varies slowly with C2. The main-term ðD22Þv increases with increasing NH4Cl concentration, as does the binary Dv in aqueous NH4Cl, but the ðD22Þv values are lower in the ternary system. The cross-term ðD21Þ v , which relates the coupled flow of NH4Cl to the protein concentration gradient, increases sharply with increasing salt concentration, and is 19 times larger than ðD22Þ v at the highest concentration. The values of ðD12Þ v are smaller than the corresponding values previously obtained for the lysozyme chloride+NaCl+H2O system over the whole range of salt concentration studied. Using equations based on the Onsager Reciprocal Relations, we have calculated the derivative of the chemical potential of lysozyme chloride with respect to the NH4Cl concentration, and have estimated the protein cation charge. Integration with respect to the NH4Cl concentration gives the dependence of the chemical potential of lysozyme chloride on NH4Cl concentration, providing information about the driving force for nucleation and crystal growth of lysozyme chloride. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Read-optimized databases, in depth

Recently, a number of papers have been published showing the benefits of column stores over row stores. However, the research comparing the two in an "apples-to-apples" way has left a number of unresolved questions. In this paper, we first discuss the factors that can affect the relative performance of each paradigm. Then, we choose points within each of the factors to study further. Our study examines five tables with various characteristics and different query workloads in order to obtain a greater understanding and quantification of the relative performance of column stores and row stores. We then add materialized views to the analysis and see how much they can help the performance of row stores. Finally, we examine the performance of hash join operations in column stores and row stores.
Three-dimensional numerical studies of the temperature anisotropy instability in intense charged particle beams

In neutral plasmas with a uniform magnetic field and strongly anisotropic distribution function ðT k=T ?51Þ an electrostatic Harris-type collective instability may develop if the plasma is sufficiently dense. Such anisotropies develop naturally in accelerators, and a similar instability may lead to a deterioration of the beam quality in a one-component nonneutral charged particle beam. The instability may also lead to an increase in the longitudinal velocity spread, which would make the focusing of the beam difficult and impose a limit on the minimum spot size achievable in heavy ion fusion experiments. This paper reports the results of recent numerical studies of the temperature anisotropy instability using the newly developed Beam Eigenmodes And Spectra (bEASt) code for space-charge-dominated, low-emittance beams with large tune depression ðn=n051Þ: Such high-intensity beams are relevant to next-step experiments such as the Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX), which would serve as proof-of-principal experiment for heavy-ion fusion.
Low-Loss Microdisk-Based Delay Lines for Narrowband Optical Filters

Over-coupled microdisk resonators with high intrinsic quality factors are proposed as compact and low-insertion-loss delay lines for narrowband optical filters. Design challenges including dealing with the multimode nature of the microdisk resonator and achieving a strong coupling to the selected mode are addressed. Employing the microdisk-based delay line, we demonstrate a compact first-order tunable narrowband filter in a silicon-on-insulator platform, whose 3-dB bandwidth can be tuned from 0.47 to 4 GHz within an area of 0.05 mm2.
Towards numerical prototyping of labs-on-chip: modeling for integrated microfluidic devices

This review article presents an overview of some of the tools, techniques and applications of numerical simulation for integrated microfluidic devices. Provided is a broad overview of the different areas to which numerical techniques have been applied in the development of these devices from detailed studies of fundamental microfluidic problems (e.g., species mixing and sample dispersion) to unique approaches that take a more global overview of the entire system. While the majority of the work to date has been in these areas, also reviewed is some recent progress into other equally important areas of microscale transport such as thermal analysis and chemical reactivity and specificity. An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of common numerical techniques is also presented along with a brief discussion of some of the existing numerical tools, focusing on those best suited for microscale transport analysis. As microfluidic devices become increasingly complex, optimal fluidic and transport designs become more and more difficult to do experimentally. Thus, it is believed that future demand in the field will be for highly integrated simulation tools that allow users without a significant computational fluids background to “numerical prototype” highly integrated devices.
Gender Differences in Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colony-Forming Capacity and Migratory Activity in Middle-Aged Adults

Middle-aged women have a lower prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular events compared with men. The mechanisms responsible for this gender-specific difference are unclear. Numeric and functional impairments of bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. It is currently unknown whether there are gender-related differences in EPC number and function in middle-aged adults. We tested the hypothesis that EPCs isolated from middle-aged women demonstrate greater colony-forming capacity and migratory activity compared with men of similar age. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 50 sedentary adults, 25 men (59 ± 1 years of age) and 25 women (58 ± 1 years of age). Mononuclear cells were isolated and preplated for 2 days, and nonadherent cells were further cultured for 7 days to determine EPC colony-forming units. Migratory activity of EPCs was determined using a modified Boyden chamber. The number of EPC colony-forming units was significantly higher (∼150%) in samples collected from women (16 ± 3) compared with that collected from men (7 ± 1). In addition, EPC migration (relative fluorescent units) was ∼40% greater in women (729 ± 74) than in men (530 ± 67). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that EPC colony-forming capacity and migratory activity are higher in middle-aged women than in men.
Magnetic rotation spectroscopy of molecular oxygen with a diode laser

The results of a study of molecular oxygen by magnetic rotation spectroscopy are presented. The experiment is based on the use of a semiconductor diode laser operating near room temperature at λ=762 nm. The dependence of the signal on a variety of parameters including magnetic-field strength, oxygen pressure, and analyzing polarizer offset angle is investigated both theoretically and experimentally.
Development of a novel HEMT-based plasmonic sensor

Surface Plasmons (SPs) are often defined as coherent oscillations of free charge bound to the surface of a lossy dielectric, and are extremely sensitive to their surrounding environment at resonance. Similarly, externally-driven resonance of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) within High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) has been observed [1, 2]. Introducing SP-based electric fields into a HEMT would likely influence such carrier resonance. Since SPs are sensitive to the external environment, we hypothesize that this would, in turn, affect electron behavior in the 2DEG region. If this hypothesis is valid, then one can build extremely sensitive device level sensors. To our knowledge, no such study of the influence of electromagnetic radiation on the quantum mechanical behavior of electrons in HEMTs has been proposed or conducted. This understanding would likely lead to numerous SP-HEMT device applications and technologies. Therefore, this multi-physics framework must be designed and simulated.
First results with eBlocks: embedded systems building blocks

We describe our first efforts to develop a set of off-the-shelf hardware components that ordinary people could connect to build a simple but useful class of embedded systems. The class of systems, which we call monitor/control systems, is composed primarily of sensors - light, motion, sound, contact, and other types - and output devices - light-emitting diodes, beeping speakers, or even electric relays that control electric appliances like lamps. For example, one monitor/control system would detect if a house's garage door was open at night, and would blink an LED inside the house to alert the homeowner of this normally undesirable situation. Today, configuring even the most basic monitor/control system requires knowledge of electronics and programming. We seek to create a set of building blocks, which we call eBlocks, that would enable someone with no knowledge of electronics or programming to be able to build simple but useful monitor/control systems. We are creating eBlocks largely by incorporating intelligence into previously dumb sensors and output devices, and by developing a set of standards and methods that enable eBlocks to work together seamlessly when connected. eBlocks have only recently become possible due to the extremely low cost, low power, and small size of embedded microprocessors. We describe our first results of creating a basic class of eBlocks, Boolean eBlocks, that from a user's perspective transmit or receive only "yes" or "no" signals. We discuss the internal eBlock design, eBlock system design issues and decisions, and several eBlock-based systems designed by ourselves and by undergraduate students.
Silo Filler’s Disease

There are few longitudinal studies of lung function following exposure of man to silage gas. Four episodes of silo filler’s disease (nitrogen dioxide poisoning) in three patients are described, with serial pulmonary function studies. Obstructive, restrictive and diffusion defects were observed acutely, with almost complete clearing of detectable disease within the observation period (327, 10, 75, and 28 days). An analysis of the information concerning chronic pulmonary disease and nitrogen dioxide exposure leads the authors to conclude: 1) silo filler’s disease may occasionally lead to chronic pulmonary disease by (a) the survival of the patient, despite severe bronchiolar injury by the nitrogen dioxide or more commonly, (b) less severe residual bronchiolar injury after exposure in patients with pre-existing “small airway disease” (chronic bronchitis and emphysema predominantly); 2) animal exposure studies and lung biopsies in human beings lead to the speculation that the chronic disease which is produced may be centrilobar emphysema.
Inbreeding effect on male and female fertility and inheritance of male sterility in Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae)

Models of the evolution of gynodioecy assume that inbreeding affects male and female fertility equally and ignore quantitative variation in sex expression. The objectives of this study were to assess inbreeding effects, genetic background, and plant maturity on male and female fertility and the mechanism of male sterility inheritance for Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae). Frequency of male-sterile flowers, number of anthers and ovules, and percentage of viable pollen were measured on plants from different pedigrees and five inbreeding levels (F = 0, 0.0625, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75). Quantitative variation in male sterility was evident. As inbreeding increased, anther and ovule number decreased; the effect on anther number was greater than on ovule number. Pedigrees varied in number of male-sterile flowers and inbreeding effects. Frequency of male-sterile flowers was greatest among first flowers. No trade-off between male and female fertility was detected. A model attributing male sterility to a cytoplasmic locus and restoration to male fertility to a nuclear locus accounted for the distribution of complete sterility and hermaphroditism over the pedigrees. This study suggests that models of the evolution and maintenance of gynodioecy should allow for quantitative variation in male and female fertility components due to inbreeding, pedigree, and plant maturity.
Paleoenvironments, lithofacies and varves of the Fossil Butte Member of the Eocene Green River Formation, southwestern Wyoming

Lithofacies within the Green River Formation of Fossil Basin, Wyoming can be traced from basin center to margin in as short a distance as 10 kilometers. Five major lacustrine lithofacies within the Fossil Butte Member are recognized including (from mid-lake to margin) kerogen-rich laminated micrite (KRLM or oil shale), kerogen-poor laminated micrite (KPLM), partly-burrowed laminated micrite (PBLM), bioturbated micrite (BM), and dolomicrite (DM). The lateral distribution of kerogen-rich rocks and associated lithofacies was strongly influenced by a relatively greater amount of sediment deposition towards the margins of Fossil Lake. Periodic variations in inflow are reflected in deposition of carbonate laminae that interrupted an otherwise continuous deposition of organic matter. A greater number of laminae and thicker laminae towards the lake’s margin reflect the dominance of inflow processes on deposition in the lake. Most of the near-shore laminae were deposited in response to periodic non-annual processes, and thus are not true varves or annual deposits. Mid-lake laminae may be annual or a mixture of annual and non-annual laminae. The depositional model described here for Fossil Lake not only explains the observed number of laminae changes within synchronous units, but also changes in observed lateral and vertical lithofacies in the Fossil Butte Member.
A polarimetric generalized likelihood ratio detector for scattering centers in K-distributed clutter

The problem of detecting targets in a forest using a wideband, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is considered. It is shown that SAR forest measurements are well-modeled by the K-distribution. Histograms of the Huynen parameters of SAR data are displayed in order to describe clutter behavior. Optimal techniques for exploiting polarimetric information to detect point targets are then considered. It is assumed that the point target has an unknown amplitude, unknown orientation about the radar line-of-site, and unknown absolute phase. This assumption leads to a composite-hypothesis detection problem with nuisance parameters. A generalized likelihood ratio test is developed to accommodate the unknowns, and a bounded two-dimensional search for finding their maximum-likelihood estimates is demonstrated. >
Distribution of Centromere-Like parS Sites in Bacteria: Insights from Comparative Genomics

Partitioning of low-copy-number plasmids to daughter cells often depends on ParA and ParB proteins acting on centromere-like parS sites. Similar chromosome-encoded par loci likely also contribute to chromosome segregation. Here, we used bioinformatic approaches to search for chromosomal parS sites in 400 prokaryotic genomes. Although the consensus sequence matrix used to search for parS sites was derived from two gram-positive species, putative parS sites were identified on the chromosomes of 69% of strains from all branches of bacteria. Strains that were not found to contain parS sites clustered among relatively few branches of the prokaryotic evolutionary tree. In the vast majority of cases, parS sites were identified in origin-proximal regions of chromosomes. The widespread conservation of parS sites across diverse bacteria suggests that par loci evolved very early in the evolution of bacterial chromosomes and that the absence of parS, parA, and/or parB in certain strains likely reflects the loss of one of more of these loci much later in evolution. Moreover, the highly conserved origin-proximal position of parS suggests par loci are primarily devoted to regulating processes that involve the origin region of bacterial chromosomes. In species containing multiple chromosomes, the parS sites found on secondary chromosomes diverge significantly from those found on their primary chromosomes, suggesting that chromosome segregation of multipartite genomes requires distinct replicon-specific par loci. Furthermore, parS sites on secondary chromosomes are not well conserved among different species, suggesting that the evolutionary histories of secondary chromosomes are more diverse than those of primary chromosomes.
Putting It To A Vote: The Provision of Pure Milk in Progressive Era Los Angeles

On May 28,1912, Katherine Philips Edson took her seven-year-old son by the hand and headed for her local polling precinct. Women had recently won suffrage in California, and Edson went to exercise her new right. This was a special referendum election, and she needed to consider a number of very different issues. Should she support the creation of an Aqueduct Investigation Board? Should she allow the city to collect funds to erect a new city hall? On this day, the question on the ballot that interested her most was the one that she had played a role in crafting. It read, “Shall the ordinance providing for the tuberculin test to be applied to dairy cattle producing milk furnished to the City of Los Angeles, or its inhabitants, be adopted?” After casting her vote, she remained outside with her son at her side and attempted to persuade the electorate that they should vote in favor of the tuberculin ordinance because it protected the public, especially children, from tuberculosis. The Los Angeles Herald photographed her plea for pure milk and placed it on the front page of the evening edition. Much to Edson's dismay, however, the bill was resoundingly defeated.
Upper Respiratory Tract Uptake of Naphthalene

Naphthalene is a nasal toxicant and carcinogen in the rat. Upper respiratory tract (URT) uptake of naphthalene was measured in the male and female F344 rat at exposure concentrations of 1, 4, 10, or 30 ppm at inspiratory flow rates of 150 or 300 ml/min. To assess the potential importance of nasal cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, groups of rats were pretreated with the CYP inhibitor 5-phenyl-1-pentyne (PP) (100 mg/ kg, ip). In vitro metabolism of naphthalene was similar in nasal tissues from both genders and was reduced by 80% by the inhibitor. URTuptake in female rats was concentration dependent with uptake efficiencies (flow 150 ml/min) of 56, 40, 34, and 28% being observed at inspired concentrations of 1, 4, 10, and 30 ppm, respectively. A similar effect was observed in male rats (flow 150 ml/min) with uptake efficiencies of 57, 49, 37, and 36% being observed. Uptake was more efficient in the male than female rat, likely due to their larger size (226 vs. 144 g). Uptake of naphthalene was significantly reduced by inhibitor pretreatment with the effect being greater at the lower inspired concentrations. Specifically, in pretreated female rats (150 ml/min), URT uptake averaged 25, 29, and 26% at inspired concentrations of 4, 10, and 30 ppm, respectively. Thus, the concentration dependence of uptake was virtually abolished by PP pretreatment. These results provide evidence that nasal CYP metabolism of naphthalene contributes to URT scrubbing of this vapor and is also involved in the concentration dependence of uptake that is observed.
Elastoplastic damage micromechanics for elliptical fiber composites with progressive partial fiber debonding and thermal residual stresses

Incorporating the interfacial damage and thermal residual stresses, an elastoplastic damage formulation is proposed to predict the overall transverse mechanical behavior of continuous elliptical-flber reinforced ductile matrix composites within the framework of micromechanics and homogenization. Based on the concept of equivalent inclusion and taking the progressive interfacial debonding angle into consideration, partially debonded flbers are replaced by equivalent orthotropic, perfectly bonded flbers. Three interfacial damage modes are considered. The Weibull’s probabilistic function is adopted to describe the varying probability of progressive partial flber debonding. The efiective elastic moduli of four-phase composites, composed of a ductile matrix and randomly located yet unidirectionally aligned flbers are derived by a micromechanical formulation. Thermal residual stresses are taken into account through the concept of thermal eigenstrain to investigate the efiects of the manufacturing processinduced residual stresses. Employing the micromechanical approximation, the overall stress-strain responses and the efiective yield function are formulated with the thermal eigenstrain. When comparing with the available experimental data, signiflcant efiects of thermal residual stresses are discussed. Moreover, the efiects of the interfacial strengths and the crosssectional shapes of flbers on the mechanical behaviors of composites are systematically investigated.
Personal Versus Market Logics of Control: A Historically Contingent Theory of the Risk of Acquisition

This paper develops and tests a theory of the historical contingency of the risk of acquisition using data from the higher education publishing market from 1958-1990. Interviews and historical analyses are combined to identify two forms of capitalism--personal and market, and in particular to publishing, to identify the institutional logics identified with each form of capitalism (an editorial and a market logic). Hazard-rate models are used to test for differences in the effects of these two logics on the organization and market determinants of acquisition. Publishers with relational network forms of organization in production and distribution were at a higher risk of acquisition in the market period but not in the editorial period. Competition in the product market increased the risk of acquisition in the market period, but not the editorial period. The covariates explaining the risk of acquisition change as a consequence of the evolution of capitalism and as a result of a firm's strategic and structural conformity with the institutional logic of the prevailing form of capitalism.
Coping and Emotion Regulation from Childhood to Early Adulthood: Points of Convergence and Divergence.

The processes of coping with stress and the regulation of emotion reflect basic aspects of development, and play an important role in models of risk for psychopathology and the development of preventive interventions and psychological treatments. However, research on these two constructs has been represented in two separate and disconnected bodies of work. We examine possible points of convergence and divergence between these constructs with regard to definitions and conceptualisation, research methods and measurement, and interventions to prevent and treat psychopathology. There is clear evidence that coping and emotion regulation are distinct but closely related constructs in all of these areas. The field will benefit from greater integration of methods and findings in future research.
Aerodynamic Loss Characteristics of a Turbine Blade With Trailing Edge Coolant Ejection: Part 2—External Aerodynamics, Total Pressure Losses, and Predictions

Investigation of the internal fluid mechanic losses for a turbine blade with trailing edge coolant ejection was present in Uzol et al. (2000). The current study is a detailed experimental investigation of the external subsonic flowfield near the trailing edge and the investigation of the external aerodynamic loss characteristics of the turbine blade with trailing edge coolant ejection system. Particle Image Velocimetry experiments and total pressure surveys in the near wake of the blade are conducted for two different Reynolds numbers and four different ejection rates. Two different trailing edge configurations with different cut-back lengths are also investigated. Numerical simulations of the flowfield are also performed for qualitative flow visualization purposes. Two-dimensional, incompressible, and steady solutions of Reynolds-averaged Navier ‐Stokes equations are obtained. A two-equation standard k‐e turbulence model coupled with an Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model is used for the simulation of the turbulent flowfield. The results show that the aerodynamic penalty levels in the wake region near the trailing edge are increased due to the mixing of the coolant and mainstream flows for 0‐3 percent ejection rates. However, after a threshold level (5 percent ejection rate), the ejected coolant flow has enough momentum to fill the wake of the blade, which in turn results in a decrease in the aerodynamic penalty levels. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1351817#
Isomorphisms of factors

A natural question about products of Boolean algebras (and of many other algebraic systems) is this: if each of two algebras is isomorphic to a factor of the other, does it follow that the two algebras are isomorphic. (“Factor” refers of course to the multiplication defined in §26.) The question can be reformulated and specialized in various interesting ways. For grammatical convenience we shall express the reformulations as statements rather than questions; the problem will then be to decide which statements are true and which ones false. For typographical convenience we shall use the sign of equality to denote isomorphism.
Clues on the coding of reward cues by the nucleus accumbens

The study by Calipari et al. in PNAS provides a glimpse into the in vivo pattern of neuronal activation in the mouse nucleus accumbens during the acquisition and expression of learned reward–context associations (1). The nucleus accumbens sits in the ventral part of the mouse striatum, and is required for reward-motivated learning. The activity of neurons in this region is thought to code information on the reward value of cues and contexts. Two distinct subpopulations of striatal neurons can be identified based on their anatomical projections and the degree of expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Striatal neurons expressing D1 receptors (D1-expressing neurons) have been shown to enhance reward learning, whereas striatal neurons expressing D2 receptors (D2-expressing neurons) have been shown to reduce reward learning when activated via optogenetic stimulation (2, 3). These manipulations, together with decades of experimentation in the field, have led to consensus around a general model in which the outputs of D1-expressing neurons and D2-expressing neurons exert opposing actions on coding of reward value and where the balance of activity between these outputs determines the final state (Fig. 1 A ). Based on this conceptual framework, predictions can be made about the activity of D1- and D2-expressing neurons during reward learning. However, recording the activity of the striatal neurons in a cell-specific manner has been very difficult. To this end, Calipari et al. (1) introduce the genetically coded calcium indicator GCaMP6 selectively in D1- or D2-expressing neurons of the nucleus accumbens, and use fiber photometry to monitor the calcium signals generated in this cell-specific fashion during the acquisition of condition place preference for cocaine. It is important to stress that although each detected calcium signal is generated by the firing of one or more … [↵][1]1Email: alvarezva{at}mail.nih.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
French Urbanism in North Africa

North Africa constituted the locale of France’s second colonial empire-building project, which began in 1830 with the annexation of Algeria. France’s often tumultuous reign as a colonial power in the region lasted for more than a century. During this time she struggled to afford the region’s built space a uniquely French image. The French were only partially successful in this regard for several reasons. Prominent among these is the fact that the region’s built space boasts a history with roots in antiquity. This chapter discusses the many strategies that French colonial authorities deployed to supplant indigenous physical and spatial structures in the region with French varieties. Additionally, it draws attention to an important but largely ignored aspect of French urbanism in foreign lands – the fact that this phenomenon is not limited to regions that experienced French colonialism. In this connection, it is shown that the French influenced built space throughout North Africa, including countries such as Egypt that experienced British colonialism. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the French colonial policies of assimilation and association. Although these policies were advertised as diametrical opposites, they were, metaphorically speaking, the same wine in different bottles. This is because the policies were summoned to attain the common goal of reinforcing France’s grip on colonial North Africa.
The Unilateral Denunciation of Treaties by one Party because of Alleged Non-Performance by Another Party or Parties

On March 16, 1935, the Chancellor of the German Reich promulgated a law for the introduction of a system of general compulsory military conscription with a view to increasing the strength of the German army to twelve corps consisting of thirty-six divisions, aggregating, it was estimated, a total of 600,000 men. On the same day he convened the diplomatic representatives of the European Powers at Berlin and delivered to them the text of the law.
Growth and Characterization of BRS GaInAsp-GaAs Laser Emitting At 0.8μm by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy

GaInAsP-GaAs buried ridge structure lasers emitting at 0.8µm have been fabricated on material grown in two steps by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Preliminary laser results are reported, and the feasibility of using gas-source molecular beam epitaxy for the regrowth of sophisticated laser system is demonstrated.
A Critique of Selected Community Concepts

T HE purpose of this discussion is avowedly critical. But in the process of criticism, some empirical evidence is presented which, it is hoped, will describe at least part of the phenomenon which is labeled communtiy. This phenomenon is what may be loosely referred to as the village. More precise delineation is given later in the paper, but for the moment, note that the village as used here does agree with those qualities common to most definitions of community: a social group inhabiting a common territory and having one or more additional common ties.' A composite picture or model is built from an examination of existing villages. This model in turn is used as a standard of comparison for other concepts, particularly the various group types, which have been included under the rubric of community.
Enhanced Performance of Dispenser Printed MA n-type Bi2Te3 Composite Thermoelectric Generators

This work presents performance advancements of dispenser printed composite thermoelectric materials and devices. Dispenser printed thick films allow for low-cost and scalable manufacturing of microscale energy harvesting devices. A maximum ZT value of 0.31 has been achieved for mechanically alloyed (MA) n-type Bi2Te3-epoxy composite films with 1 wt % Se cured at 350 °C. The enhancement of ZT is a result of increase in the electrical conductivity through the addition of Se, which ultimately lowers the sintering temperature (350 °C). A 62 single-leg thermoelectric generator (TEG) prototype with 5 mm ×700 μm × 120 μm printed element dimensions was fabricated on a custom designed polyimide substrate with thick metal contacts. The prototype device produced a power output of 25 μW at 0.23 mA current and 109 mV voltage for a temperature difference of 20 °C, which is sufficient for low power generation for autonomous microsystem applications.
Investigation of PLC Anti-Jamming Technique in Electric Power System

Programmable logic controller(PLC)has been widely used in electric power system.Analysis to source and influencing factor of electromagnetic interference in electric power system.is shown.Anti-Jamming technique to electromagnetic interference in development of MB series PLC is introduced.And the Anti-Jamming measure of power,I/O and communication in PLC system is introduced according to engineering application experience.This has certain referenced effect to PLC development especially engineering application.
Insights on Professional Identification and Licensure from Community Practice Social Workers

ABSTRACTThis article describes a qualitative study designed to explore both how community practice social workers identify professionally and to examine their view towards professional regulation. Thirty-five MSW-level social workers in a large metropolitan region who self-identified as community practice social worker participated in in-depth interviews. The respondents shared their views regarding professional identification as social workers and the impact of professional identity on their work as community practitioners. Approximately half of the respondents indicated that they only sometimes or never identify as a social worker. The respondents were generally critical of the licensing burden placed upon them as community practice social workers.
Must realists be skeptics? An Aristotelian reply to a Darwinian Dilemma

In a series of influential essays, Sharon Street has argued, on the basis of Darwinian considerations, that normative realism leads to skepticism about moral knowledge. I argue that if we begin with the account of moral knowledge provided by Aristotelian naturalism, then we can offer a satisfactory realist response to Street’s argument, and that Aristotelian naturalism can avoid challenges facing other realist responses. I first explain Street’s evolutionary argument and three of the most prominent realist responses, and I identify challenges to each of those responses. I then develop an Aristotelian response to Street. My core claim is this: Given Aristotelian naturalism’s account of moral truth and our knowledge of it, we can accept the influence of evolutionary processes on our moral beliefs, while also providing a principled, non-question-begging reason for thinking that those basic evaluative tendencies that evolution has left us with will push us toward, rather than away from, realist moral truths, so that our reliably getting things right does not require an unexplained and implausible coincidence.