cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MicroRNAs enriched in hematopoietic stem cells differentially regulate long-term hematopoietic output

The production of blood cells depends on a rare hematopoietic stem-cell (HSC) population, but the molecular mechanisms underlying HSC biology remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify a subset of microRNAs (miRNAs) that is enriched in HSCs compared with other bone-marrow cells. An in vivo gain-of-function screen found that three of these miRNAs conferred a competitive advantage to engrafting hematopoietic cells, whereas other HSC miRNAs attenuated production of blood cells. Overexpression of the most advantageous miRNA, miR-125b, caused a dose-dependent myeloproliferative disorder that progressed to a lethal myeloid leukemia in mice and also enhanced hematopoietic engraftment in human immune system mice. Our study identifies an evolutionarily conserved subset of miRNAs that is expressed in HSCs and functions to modulate hematopoietic output.
The Twelve Policy Approaches to Increased School Choice

ABSTRACT There is much interest in the effects of a larger parental role in schooling issues. That role can exist through voice—direct parental involvement in schools and participation in the political process that dictates schooling policies—or through choice from a menu of schooling options. This article addresses the limited understanding and confusion about the latter. The availability of genuine choice varies greatly with the policies (or lack thereof) aimed at expanding it. This article identifies the twelve ways to increase the availability and the affordability of schooling options and discusses the significant attributes of each.
Gas chromatographic determination of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in two varieties of Nicotiana tabacum.

Abstract A sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative measurement of l -phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in Nicotiana tabacum leaf by means of electron capture detection. l -Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, measured by this method, was significantly higher in developing leaves of a “high-phenolic” tobacco variety than in similar leaves of a “low-phenolic” variety. The enzymatically produced trans-cinnamic acid was silyated and chromatographed on 10% OV-101 at a column temperature of 150°. The approximate lower limit of detection with an electron capture detector was 0.1 nmole trans-cinnamic acid.
COPING AND JOB PERFORMANCE

An organizational field study comprising 42 subjects examined the relationship between growth-oriented coping and subsequent job performance. Growth orientation was measured using the 7-item growth scale obtained from the Lazarus Ways of Coping Checklist. The hypothesized relationship between growth orientation and job performance was confirmed. Individuals obtaining high evaluations of managerial performance emphasized growth-oriented strategies in their behaviors. Further research directions are introduced.
Retiree Health Plans for Public School Teachers after GASB 43 and 45

Abstract Most public elementary and high school teachers are covered by health insurance provided by their employer while they are employed. In most cases, these health plans are managed at the state level. At retirement, teachers with sufficient years of service are allowed to remain in the health plan. Retiree health plans for teachers vary widely across the country, with some states paying the full premium for the retired teacher while other states require that the retiree pay 100 percent of the premium. Recent changes in the accounting rules now mandate that public sector employers report the accrued liabilities associated with these plans. This article documents the unfunded liabilities of teacher retiree health plans in the various states, examines the reasons for differences in these liabilities, and considers how these plans might evolve in the future.
RESPONSE TO STUDENT WRITING: IMPLICATIONS FOR SECOND LANGUAGE STUDENTS

RESPONSE TO STUDENT WRITING: IMPLICATIONS FOR SECOND LANGUAGE STUDENTS. Dana Ferris . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2003. Pp. xvi + 194. $45.00 cloth, $22.50 paper. This volume by Ferris will attract the attention of second language (L2) teachers, particularly those who teach writing classes. The book is divided into two sections. Part 1 reviews research into response given to L2 writers, and part 2 examines the practical issues of responding to student writing. Although the title of the book refers to “second language students,” the focus is on students learning English as a second language (ESL). In fact, most of the research into response has been conducted with the ESL student population at the college level. That being said, this volume would certainly be an excellent supplemental text to assign for a teaching of ESL class in teaching writing or for in-service training. It is also a useful guide for L2 teachers who must decide how to respond to student writing.
Correlation of arachidonic acid of serum cholesterol esters in different species with susceptibility to atherosclerosis.

SummarySerum CEFA composition of 8 different species has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Different CEFA spectrums were found for each species. The outstanding variation was the proportions of arachidonic acid in CEFA of the serums. That of the rat had 50% of arachidonic acid and that of the dog had 17%. All species also had a large proportion of linoleic acid in the CEFA of their serums. The rat and the dog, with high arachidonic acid levels in CEFA of their serums, are known to be highly resistant to development of atherosclerosis. Those species having small proportions of arachidonic acid in the CEFA of their serums are susceptible to atherosclerosis and develop the disease spontaneously. This study provides evidence, by association, that level of arachidonic acid in the CEFA may be related to susceptibility to atherosclerosis. It remains open to investigation whether the proportion of arachidonic acid in the CEFA is a characteristic of the species or whether it, and the susceptibility to ...
The Political and Economic Reverberations of the Cuban Revolution in Mexico

Cold War era studies considered the Cuban Revolution’s influence on Mexico only mild. Current perspectives now interpret Cuba’s impact on Mexico as highly significant. The regime crisis generated by the Cuban Revolution gave rise to an authoritarian Mexican state nationalism that repressed dissent, balanced off Cuban and US pressures, and induced private sector cooperation with an expanded economic and social role for government. Mexican state nationalism’s apparent ‘solution’ to the domestic and international reverberations of the Cuban Revolution during the 1960s created a pattern of authoritarian political monopoly, dependence on foreign borrowing, and unsustainable heavy industrialization. Historians have tended to overlook how much this ingrained ‘formula’ laid the foundation for the country’s disastrous populist policies that emerged after 1970. Interpreting the impact of the Cuban Revolution on Mexico requires broadening scholarly perspectives beyond those of the Cold War era. During the revolutionary and counter-revolutionary struggles that convulsed many Latin American societies for a generation, scholars focused heavily upon guerrilla movements that bore the signs of Cuban inspiration and support. 1 Analysts generally saw the Cuban Revolution as having ‘dictated the broad sweep of Latin American politics’ for nearly three decades. Mexico, as a country that lacked both an early Castroite insurgency and a military-dominated national security regime, was said to have been ‘only mildly affected by the Cuban Revolution’. 2 Standard histories of Mexico usually regard the impact of the Cuban Revolution as a momentary phenomenon, one that mostly concerned foreign policy during the administration of Adolfo Lopez Mateos (1958–64). 3 Mexico was an exception within Latin America in the ways in which the Cold War – including the Cuban Revolution – influenced its history. 4 Despite the country’s earlier traditions of armed insurrection, no guerrilla focos gained footholds in the years immediately after 1959 as they did in several Latin American countries. Neither did Mexico suffer through a ferociously anti-Communist national security state military dictatorship of the sort that emerged in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Code-Mixing, Style Repertoire, and Language Variation: English in Hindi Poetic Creativity.

ABSTRACT: In studies on code-mixing considerable attention has been paid to certain genres of writing in prose. However, there is a paucity of studies on how code-mixing and the resulting code variation may be exploited in various types of poetic creativity. This paper examines the Hindi poetry of the last three decades to determine the effects—aesthetic and other—of such language and dialect mixing in which English is one partner. This programmatic study focusses on the following: style repertoire in the context of Hindi literature; functions of code-mixed varieties in Hindi literary works in general; analysis of illustrative texts with mixing from English in poetic works by Madan Vatsyayan, Muktibodh, and others; and finally, the implications for sociolinguistics of such investigations from linguistic and stylistic perspectives.
Surface Heat Transfer From a Three-Pass Blade Cooling Passage Simulator

Using an analogous mass transfer system based on naphthalene sublimation, the present research focuses on investigating the local heat transfer characteristics from three-pass smooth and turbulated blade cooling passages. To simulate the actual passage geometry, the test model is incorporated with trapezoidal cross sections including variable passage sizes. Measured local mass transfer results reveal strong evidence of velocity redistribution over the trapezoidal flow area. Elevated mass transfer always exists in the vicinity of a sharp turn. However, in the present study, one of the most notable mass transfer increases is perceived in the third pass, downstream to the second turn, where the flow area is reduced severely. Overall, the combined effects of the three-pass and two sharp turns virtually double the mass transfer as compared to its straight counterpart with fully developed, turbulent flow. With a pitch-to-height ratio equal to 10 and 90 deg orientation, the rib turbulators produce approximately an additional 30 percent of overall mass transfer enhancement in comparison to the smooth case. Locally, rib-induced enhancement varies with different surfaces and passes. The greatest enhancement lies on the first pass, about 40 percent ; the other two passes are comparable, less than 20 percent.
On the Lagrangian Description of Vorticity

This paper exploits a Lagrangian form of the vorticity field that is based on a formula of Beltrami, the merits of which do not seem to have been fully appreciated. A number of new results are readily derived by using the Lagrangian description, and the classical vorticity theorems are also included. The results, being purely kinematical, apply to all deformable media (including viscous fluids) and may also be of value in computations.
Heterotopic Tissue in Lymph Nodes: An Unrecognized Problem

• Heterotopic tissue in lymph nodes is both unknown to clinicians and a potential source of confusion with metastatic disease. We reviewed the English literature and found 289 cases of heterotopic tissue in lymph nodes. The majority (84%) of these patients were operated on for malignant neoplasms. The most frequent sites of occurrence was the pelvis (67%), followed by the axilla (14%), neck (14%), groin (3%), abdomen (2%), and mediastinum (less than 1%). The tissue seen is site-specific and frequently resembles a neighboring organ. Three cases have been reported in which heterotopic tissue was mistaken for metastatic disease. These cases illustrate the importance of being familiar with heterotopic tissue in lymph nodes and identifying it when it does occur, to avoid inappropriate therapy. ( Arch Surg . 1990;125:1394-1399)
The construction and decomposition of patterns induced by a positive cone of functions

The research presented in this paper concerns the patterns on a finite set C obtained by considering the supports of functions in a positive cone of functions having domain C. The set of all such patterns is called a p.c.i. pattern system. The work is this paper is a study of construction procedures for obtaining p.c.i. pattern systems from known p.c.i. pattern systems. Further, the problem of decomposing a pattern in a p.c.i. pattern system into smaller patterns in p.c.i. pattern systems is considered. The paper also contains some examples of these construction and decomposition techniques.
Bus network simulation model

This paper describes a simulation model of a packet switched, deadline scheduled bus network. This simulation is used to evaluate the communications requirements for a proposed sonar system. This is a discrete event simulation using the GPSS language.
Newborn responses to nonsignal auditory stimuli: I. Electroencephalographic desynchronization.

There are suggestions in the literature that the electroencephalographic (EEG) desynchronization response is in the newborn's repertoire. The present investigation was designed to examine that possibility under stringent experimental conditions. Sixteen normal neonates were presented with a 1-Sec pure tone or white noise during one episode of quiet sleep and one episode of active sleep. Flat activity during stimulated quiet sleep was compared with spontaneous periods of low voltage activity during a nonstimulated quiet sleep episode. Comparisons were also made between responses in quiet sleep with and without prior stimulation in active sleep. Habituation and dishabituation were studied by presenting the nonfamiliar stimulus after repetition of the original stimulus. Increased EEG desynchronization to stimulation was found but the response appears to be a complex function of the type of stimulus, recording location, stimulus repetition, and the prior experience variable. The results have implications for differential maturation of the brain, the perceptual capacities of the neonate, and the controversy over orientation in the newborn.
Clarification of Lenzenweger and Korfine (1992)

Lenzenweger (2003, this issue) objected to my suggestion that Lenzenweger and Korfine (1992) interpreted their taxometric study as support for Meehl's (1962, 1990) single major gene model of schizophrenia. I suggest in this brief response that my representation of Lenzenweger and Korfine was consistent with the statements they had made. However, I do welcome the clarification that there are alternative explanations for the manifest class taxon identified by Lenzenweger and Korfine (e.g., see Widiger, 2001) and I would encourage future taxometric studies to explore these alternatives.
Two nucleon correlations measured with 3He(e,e’pp)n

Despite tremendous progress in recent years in measuring single nucleon momentum distributions in nuclei, two-nucleon momentum distributions remain largely unmeasured. Here we report on a measurement of 3He(e,e’pp)n that is primarily sensitive to the two-nucleon momentum distribution and relatively uncontaminated by final state rescattering or by two-body currents.
QPCOMP: a quadratic programming based solver for mixed complementarity problems

QPCOMP is an extremely robust algorithm for solving mixed nonlinear complementarity problems that has fast local convergence behavior. Based in part on the NE/SQP method of Pang and Gabriel [14], this algorithm represents a significant advance in robustness at no cost in efficiency. In particular, the algorithm is shown to solve any solvable Lipschitz continuous, continuously differentiable, pseudo-monotone mixed nonlinear complementarity problem. QPCOMP also extends the NE/SQP method for the nonlinear complementarity problem to the more general mixed nonlinear complementarity problem. Computational results are provided, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Dab2IP GTPase Activating Protein Regulates Dendrite Development and Synapse Number in Cerebellum

DOC-2/DAB-2 interacting protein (Dab2IP) is a GTPase activating protein that binds to Disabled-1, a cytosolic adapter protein involved in Reelin signaling and brain development. Dab2IP regulates PI3K-AKT signaling and is associated with metastatic prostate cancer, abdominal aortic aneurysms and coronary heart disease. To date, the physiological function of Dab2IP in the nervous system, where it is highly expressed, is relatively unknown. In this study, we generated a mouse model with a targeted disruption of Dab2IP using a retrovirus gene trap strategy. Unlike reeler mice, Dab2IP knock-down mice did not exhibit severe ataxia or cerebellar hypoplasia. However, Dab2IP deficiency produced a number of cerebellar abnormalities such as a delay in the development of Purkinje cell (PC) dendrites, a decrease in the parallel fiber synaptic marker VGluT1, and an increase in the climbing fiber synaptic marker VGluT2. These findings demonstrate for the first time that Dab2IP plays an important role in dendrite development and regulates the number of synapses in the cerebellum.
Covalency in lanthanides. An X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory study of LnCl6(x-) (x = 3, 2).

Covalency in Ln–Cl bonds of Oh-LnCl6x– (x = 3 for Ln = CeIII, NdIII, SmIII, EuIII, GdIII; x = 2 for Ln = CeIV) anions has been investigated, primarily using Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT); however, Ce L3,2-edge and M5,4-edge XAS were also used to characterize CeCl6x– (x = 2, 3). The M5,4-edge XAS spectra were modeled using configuration interaction calculations. The results were evaluated as a function of (1) the lanthanide (Ln) metal identity, which was varied across the series from Ce to Gd, and (2) the Ln oxidation state (when practical, i.e., formally CeIII and CeIV). Pronounced mixing between the Cl 3p- and Ln 5d-orbitals (t2g* and eg*) was observed. Experimental results indicated that Ln 5d-orbital mixing decreased when moving across the lanthanide series. In contrast, oxidizing CeIII to CeIV had little effect on Cl 3p and Ce 5d-orbital mixing. For LnCl63– (formally LnIII), the 4f-orbitals participated only marginally in covalent bo...
Cardiac Arrhythmia: In vivo screening in the zebrafish to overcome complexity in drug discovery.

Importance of the field: Cardiac arrhythmias remain a major challenge for modern drug discovery. Clinical events are paroxysmal, often rare and may be asymptomatic until a highly morbid complication. Target selection is usually based on limited information and though highly specific agents are identified in screening, the final efficacy is often compromised by unanticipated systemic responses, a narrow therapeutic index and substantial toxicities.Areas covered in this review: Our understanding of complexity of arrhythmogenesis has grown dramatically over the last 2 decades, and the range of potential disease mechanisms now includes pathways previously thought only tangentially involved in arrhythmia. This review surveys the literature on arrhythmia mechanisms from 1965 to the present day, outlines the complex biology underlying every rhythm disturbance, and highlights the problems for rational target identification. The rationale for in vivo screening is described and the utility of the zebrafish for this...
Origins of the p -type nature and cation deficiency in Cu 2 O and related materials

While most of crystalline wide gap oxides are both stoichiometric and insulating, a handful of them including ZnO and ${\mathrm{In}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are naturally anion-deficient and electron conductors. Even fewer of the oxides are naturally cation-deficient and hole conductors, the arch-type of which is ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$. Based on first principles calculation of equilibrium nonstoichiometry and defect stability, we explain why the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{(I)}({d}^{10})$ oxide-based materials are both $p$-type and naturally cation-deficient, and why cation vacancies lead to delocalized, conductive states, whereas in other oxides (e.g., ZnO and MgO), they lead to localized, nonconductive states.
History of neuroimaging: the legacy of William Oldendorf

The field of neuroimaging witnessed remarkable progress in the post-World War II era, resulting in tremendous benefits for healthcare today. One such important milestone was the development of the computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. This state of the art technique has paved the way for modern diagnostic imaging like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dr William Oldendorf, the first designer of axial tomography, is regarded by some as the true father of neuroimaging. However, because of various reasons, he was unable to succeed with his concept and was also unfortunately denied his due entitlement of the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1979. This article discusses his contributions to the fields of neuroimaging and neurosciences, along with the politics that surrounded the awarding of the Nobel Prize of 1979. Another associated topic that is touched on in this article is the ever-growing dispute over the interpretations of neuroimaging between neurologists and neuroradiologists.
Sensitivity analysis of solutions of the harmonic inversion problem: Are all data points created equal?

Abstract We consider the harmonic inversion problem, and the associated spectral estimation problem, both of which are key numerical problems in NMR data analysis. Under certain conditions (in particular, in exact arithmetic) these problems have unique solutions. Therefore, these solutions must not depend on the inversion algorithm, as long as it is exact in principle. In this paper, we are not concerned with the algorithmic aspects of harmonic inversion, but rather with the sensitivity of the solutions of the problem to perturbations of the time-domain data. A sensitivity analysis was performed and the counterintuitive results call into question the common assumption made in “super-resolution” methods using non-uniform data sampling, namely, that the data should be sampled more often where the time signal has the largest signal-to-noise ratio. The numerical analysis herein demonstrates that the spectral parameters (such as the peak positions and amplitudes) resulting from the solution of the harmonic inversion problem are least susceptible to the perturbations in the values of data points at the edges of the time interval and most susceptible to the perturbations in the values at intermediate times.
High-resolution functional annotation of human transcriptome: predicting isoform functions by a novel multiple instance-based label propagation method

Alternative transcript processing is an important mechanism for generating functional diversity in genes. However, little is known about the precise functions of individual isoforms. In fact, proteins (translated from transcript isoforms), not genes, are the function carriers. By integrating multiple human RNA-seq data sets, we carried out the first systematic prediction of isoform functions, enabling high-resolution functional annotation of human transcriptome. Unlike gene function prediction, isoform function prediction faces a unique challenge: the lack of the training data--all known functional annotations are at the gene level. To address this challenge, we modelled the gene-isoform relationships as multiple instance data and developed a novel label propagation method to predict functions. Our method achieved an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.67 and assigned functions to 15 572 isoforms. Interestingly, we observed that different functions have different sensitivities to alternative isoform processing, and that the function diversity of isoforms from the same gene is positively correlated with their tissue expression diversity. Finally, we surveyed the literature to validate our predictions for a number of apoptotic genes. Strikingly, for the famous 'TP53' gene, we not only accurately identified the apoptosis regulation function of its five isoforms, but also correctly predicted the precise direction of the regulation.
MYTH AND MORALITY: THE LOVE COMMAND

Abstract. Following in general a history of religions analysis, the paper argues that myth lays a basis for morality in that it sets forth a picture of “how things really are” (the is), to which humans seek to conform their actions (morality, the ought). A parallel argument locates the capacity for morality and values orientation in the process of evolution itself. A hypothesis is formulated concerning the function of myth in the emergence of Homo sapiens, namely, to motivate the action required if creatures so culturally formed as humans were to survive. The Christian love command (understood as altruism) is interpreted as an example of the general hypothesis.
Microtubules in the heart muscle of the postnatal and adult rat.

In the postnatal rat heart, muscle cells continue to divide as well as increase in size. At the same time the cells in the soleus muscle (a slow skeletal muscle) do not divide, although they continue to grow in size. Since microtubules may have a role in orienting intracellular structures in muscle, we determined the numbers of microtubules/μm2 cross-sectional area in the rat heart papillary muscle during development. We have previously determined that in the soleus muscle, microtubule-number/μm2 increases to a maximum at five to nine days of age, after which there is an abrupt decrease to a steady level characteristic of the adult [2]. The numbers of microtubules/μm2 in the heart were similar to those in the soleus muscle at the same age. The numbers of microtubules/μm2 increased from birth to a maximum at nine days, then decreased to a steady state. This decrease in microtubule number in heart muscle occurred at 9 to 11 days as in the soleus muscle. The distributions of microtubules are thus similar for cardiac and slow skeletal muscle, suggesting similar function(s) in these different muscle types.
Observation of H -Mode Confinement in the DIII-D Tokamak with Electron Cyclotron Heating

The first observation of $H$-mode confinement with electron heating as the sole auxiliary heating method has been made in divertor discharges in the DIII-D tokamak. These discharges exhibit the usual characteristics of the $H$ mode, including improved confinement of particles and energy, when electron cyclotron heating is added at a power level above 0.7 MW. The $H$-mode transition is accompanied by the development of an electron temperature pedestal of 0.25 keV and a dramatic steepening of the density gradient near the separatrix.
Quantifying errors in tableting data analysis using the ryshkewitch equation due to inaccurate true density

Although inaccurate true density affects analysis of powder compaction data, such effects have not been systematically evaluated in the literature. This work is aimed at quantitatively evaluating effects of inaccurate true density on tableting data analysis using the Ryshkewitch equation, sigma = sigma0 e - bepsilon, where epsilon is tablet porosity, sigma is tensile strength, sigma(0) and b are constants that are used to characterize tableting properties of a powder. Mathematical expressions are derived to enable reliable prediction of the influence of inaccurate true density on sigma(0) and b. The validity of the expressions is suggested by modeling the effects of inaccurate true density based on a set of accurate literature tableting data and confirmed using multiple sets of tableting data of water-containing powders that exhibit inaccurate helium pycnometry densities. Percentage errors in fitted sigma(0) and b as functions of errors in true density follow the derived mathematical expressions. With increasing percentage error in true density, percentage errors increase exponentially in fitted sigma(0) and increase linearly in fitted b, while R(2) is not affected. According to the mathematical expressions, true density with <0.28% error is required to achieve 4% accuracy in fitted sigma(0) for typical pharmaceutical powders.
Child Soldiers and Youth Citizens in South Sudan's Armed Conflict

Kabili (not his real name) was a child soldier during the Second Sudanese War. He was affiliated with the Sudan's People Liberation Army (SPLA) during part of a brutal conflict in which over two mi...
Intracellular studies on cortical synaptic plasticity. Conditioning effect of antidromic activation on test-EPSPs.

1. An intracellular study on pyramidal tract (PT) neurons in the cat's motor cortex was carried out to examine whether their antidromic activation would be able to induce plastic changes in the efficacy of the synapses situated on their membrane. 2. The experimental paradigm was based on the principles of classical conditioning. It included habituation, pseudoconditioning, conditioning and extinction procedures. The antidromic spike was regarded as an unconditioned stimulus while excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by thalamic (n. ventralis lateralis), callosal and somatosensory afferents served as conditioned stimuli. Stimulus pairs were given, consisting of EPSPs and antidromic spikes with various time intervals, and the stimulus sequences were at a 0.2-1.0/s frequency. 3. Reversible, short-term (3–28 min) enhancement of synaptic excitability was observed in 27% of the PT cells after conditioning with 60–150 stimulus pairs. 4. EPSP-spike and spike-EPSP sequences were equally effective, but plastic changes were induced only by stimulus pairs with less than 100 ms inter-stimulus intervals. 5. Facilitated EPSP states were frequently accompanied by changes in membrane potential, membrane resistance and firing activity. 6. In repeated conditioning series, the temporal parameters of conditioning changes, the number of stimuli necessary for full development of facilitation, and some membrane parameters showed marked alterations. 7. Conditioned plastic changes in synaptic efficacy showed analogies with associative learning: (a) they were specific to the pairing procedure, because randomized presentation of EPSPs and antidromic spikes never produced synaptic facilitation; (b) unpaired spike trains used as unconditioned stimuli (of 10–200/s frequency and 1–20 s duration) caused only a minor degree of facilitation as compared with EPSP-spike pairings; (c) changes in synaptic efficacy were subject to extinction. 8. The present findings indicate that the plastic changes in synaptic transmission may be localized to the postsynaptic membrane of the conditioned PT cells.
Hamiltonian for the Einstein-Dirac field☆

Abstract A Hamiltonian formulation of the theory of interacting gravitational and electron field which is manifestly invariant under four dimensional rotations of the local orthonormal frames is presented.
HOPI: a high-speed occultation photometer and imager for SOFIA

HOPI is a special-purpose science instrument for SOFIA that is designed to provide simultaneous high-speed time resolved imaging photometry at two optical wavelengths. We intend to make it possible to mount HOPI and FLITECAM on the SOFIA telescope simultaneously to allow data acquisition at two optical wavelengths and one near-IR wavelength. HOPI will have a flexible optical system and numerous readout modes, allowing many specialized observations to be made. The instrument characteristics required for our proposed scientific pursuits are closely aligned to those needed for critical tests of the completed SOFIA Observatory, and HOPI will be used heavily for these tests.
Fractionation of Cu, Fe, and Zn isotopes during the oxidative weathering of sulfide-rich rocks

Abstract We measured the Fe, Cu, and Zn isotopic compositions of the fluids generated during leaching experiments with pyrite-, chalcopyrite-, and sphalerite-rich rocks and with a sphalerite mineral separate. Our study demonstrates that the oxidative weathering of sulfide-rich rocks can produce substantial variations in Fe (− 1.75 to + 1.0‰ Δ 56 Fe solution-pyrite rock ) and Cu (0.0 to + 2.0‰ Δ 65 Cu solution-chalcopyrite rock ) isotopes and small variations in Zn isotopes (0.0 to + 0.2‰ Δ 66 Zn solution-sphalerite ) in the fluid phase relative to the rock. For the Fe and Cu systems we suggest that isotopic fractionation is caused by electron-exchange-driven (e.g., Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox) reactions at the surfaces of the sulfide minerals that occur during air and aqueous chemical reactions. Under acidic conditions, these reactions tend to enrich the fluid phase in the heavier Fe and Cu isotopes. However, under circumneutral pH conditions, the Fe isotopic composition in solution was controlled by the precipitation of Fe(III)-oxide phases, which enriched the solution in the lighter Fe isotopes. This investigation provides a preliminary framework for interpreting the impact of sulfide oxidation reactions on the distributions of stable Fe, Cu, and Zn isotopes in natural waters.
Developing Standards for Empirical Examinations of Evaluation Theory

Evaluation scholars have long called for research on evaluation (Mark, 2001, 2003; Shadish, Cook, & Leviton, 1991; Smith, 1993; Worthen, 2001) to provide an empirical basis for improving its theory and practice. Although calls to investigate evaluation have struck a chord in some quarters of the evaluation community, with the exception of research in the area of evaluation use, these calls have been infrequently answered. Specific frameworks and guidance on how to study evaluation have seldom been offered, which may contribute to the relative dearth of research on evaluation. This article will focus on one area in which research on evaluation is sorely needed, the relationship between theory and practice. In this article, I develop a preliminary framework for studying critical aspects of the value of theory to practice.
Active transmitarray antenna based on near-zero-index metalens

By combining a transmitarray-based controllable phase-delay surface with a near-zero-index collimating metalens, a compact, high-gain, upper-hemisphere scanning antenna can be constructed. The ability of the ZIM lens to produce a nearly uniform field amplitude and phase across its surface provides an efficient input for the transmitarray phase-control surface, which can then simply be controlled by addressing the appropriate rows and columns.
Cognitive Perspectives on SLA: The Associative-Cognitive CREED

This paper outlines current cognitive perspectives on second language acquisition (SLA). The Associative-Cognitive CREED holds that SLA is governed by the same principles of associative and cognitive learning that underpin the rest of human knowledge. The major principles of the framework are that SLA is Construction-based, Rational, Exemplar-driven, Emergent, and Dialectic. Language learning involves the acquisition of constructions that map linguistic form and function. Competence and performance both emerge from the dynamic system that is the frequency-tuned conspiracy of memorized exemplars of use of these constructions, with competence being the integrated sum of prior usage and performance being its dynamic contextualized activation. The system is rational in that it optimally reflects prior first language (L1) usage. The L1 tunes the ways in which learners attend to language. Learned-attention transfers to L2 and it is this L1 entrenchment that limits the endstate of usage-based SLA. But these limitations can be overcome by recruiting learner consciousness, putting them into a dialectic tension between the conflicting forces of their current stable states of interlanguage and the evidence of explicit form-focused feedback, either linguistic, pragmatic, or metalinguistic, that allows socially scaffolded development. The paper directs the reader to recent review articles in these key areas and weighs the implications of this framework.
Concepts in Activities and Discourses

The articles in this special issue make valuable contributions toward a scientific understanding of concepts that is broader than the traditional view that has focused on categorizing by individuals. I propose considering concepts for categorization as a special case of concepts. At their clearest, they can be referred to as formal concepts, or concepts used formally,which have explicit definitions and are used in formal deductive reasoning and argumentation. A label for broader aggregations of concepts is functional concepts, or concepts used functionally. This distinction is nearly parallel to Vygotsky's (1934/1987) distinction between scientific concepts and everyday concepts. Formal (uses of) concepts are important products and resources in subject matter disciplines, especially in science and mathematics. I suggest that the distinction between formal and functional (uses of) concepts can support a useful interpretation and organizing frame for efforts to provide meaningful instruction in disciplinary...
Predicting outcomes for linguistically specific sentence treatment protocols

Background: Linguistically motivated treatment protocols like the Treatment of Underlying Forms (TUF: Thompson & Shapiro, 2005) have shown significant success in remediating aphasic individuals' sentence production deficits. However, adults with aphasia are not uniform in their response to TUF: not all individuals trained with TUF successfully acquire the sentence types they are trained on or generalise to untrained sentence types. More research is therefore needed to determine which individuals are most likely to benefit from TUF treatment. Aims: The current study analysed existing TUF treatment studies in an effort to determine what measures may be predictive of TUF outcomes for different aphasic individuals. Three different measures were tested: aphasia severity, auditory comprehension ability, and complex sentence comprehension ability. Methods & Procedures: A meta-analysis was conducted based on existing TUF treatment studies drawn from the aphasiological literature. These studies included individual...
Active and inactive murine poliomyelitis virus as interfering agents against poliomyelitic infection in monkeys.

ConclusionsThe sum total of the work reported leads to the conclusion that MM virus, inactivated by exposure to various physical and chemical agencies, is unable, as a rule, to prevent the development of paralysis in monkeys infected with simian virus under the conditions employed in these tests. The slight and irregular protection observed on occasion with the use of chlorinated murine virus is exceptional and operates only against limited doses of simian virus. The results are, therefore, in marked contrast with the high rate of non-paralytic survival that is obtainable when unmodified active virus is used as interfering agent in comparable amounts. While interference with active murine virus still offers the only successful approach—known at present—to a prevention of the experimental disease, the fact that inactivation of the virus causes a definite qualitative or quantitative alteration of the effective interfering factor opposes serious difficulties to a possible application of this method for human...
Protein Backbone Dynamics and 15N Chemical Shift Anisotropy from Quantitative Measurement of Relaxation Interference Effects

Cross-correlation between 15N−1H dipolar interactions and 15N chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) gives rise to different relaxation rates of the doublet components of 15N−{1H} peptide backbone amides. A simple scheme for quantitative measurement of this effect is described which yields information on the magnitude of the CSA from the relative intensities of 1H−15N correlations obtained with two slightly different pulse schemes. The method is applied to a sample of uniformly 15N-enriched ubiquitin and measurements conducted at two field strengths (8.5 and 14 T) yield identical results. The degree of relaxation interference correlates with the isotropic 15N chemical shift and results indicate that the sum of the most shielded principal components of the CSA tensor is nearly invariant to structural differences in the polypeptide backbone. The relaxation interference is directly proportional to the generalized order parameter, S2, of the peptide backbone amides, and this relation can be utilized to obtain approx...
Intelligence-led policing and forces of organisational change in the USA

The intent of this study is to explore organisational factors that, both conceptually and operationally, facilitate or inhibit a police agency from adopting intelligence-led policing (ILP). Research to date is yet to explore organisational factors related to ILP among American law enforcement agencies. Drawing from original survey data of national law enforcement agencies as part of a 2009 US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice-funded project, the present study incorporates force field analysis to explore factors of ILP adoption in the USA. Findings suggest state and local agencies' familiarity with the intelligence-led concept and utilisation of open source and received information appear to be driving adoption. Conversely, formal policies, lack of sufficient personnel, training and a lack of intelligence-led decision-making appear to be inhibiting change towards the ILP paradigm. It appears agency size has minimal influence on an agency's shift towards ILP. Access to necessary resources...
Adaptive high speed data modems

This paper summarizes two high-speed, adaptive modems for voice-band channels. The first is a 4800 bps, MOS/LSI modem which is almost entirely contained on 5 to 8 MOS/LSI chips, depending upon the version. The second modem is experimental and employs advanced, novel techniques for automatic equalization, carrier recovery, timing recovery, and jitter correction. Partial response, SSB signaling provides both high bandwidth efficiency and error correction without digit redundancy. Measured performance curves, including bit error rates, show that, under various transmission conditions, this modem provides outstanding performance. Implementation on a few MOS/ LSI chips or in an inexpensive signal processor is feasible.
Combination inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system: is more better?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers are considered the standard of care for treatment of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Combination therapy with both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers effectively inhibits the renin–angiotensin system as well as potentiates the vasodilatory effects of bradykinin. It has been advocated that this dual blockade approach theoretically should result in improved clinical outcomes in both cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Clinical trial evidence for the use of combination therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in cardiovascular disease has provided conflicting results in hypertension, congestive heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Clinical trial evidence to support combination therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in chronic kidney disease has largely been based on proteinuria reduction as a surrogate marker for clinically meaningful outcomes. Recent large-scale randomized clinical trials have not been able to validate protection in halting progression in chronic kidney disease with a dual blockade approach. This review serves as an appraisal on the clinical evidence of combination angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade in both cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease.
Electron and ion beam induced heating effects in solids measured by laser interferometry

A sensitive interferometric technique has been applied for studying the thermal displacement of thin film heated by electron or ion beams. The steady state displacement has been measured and we discuss the dependence on material properties and film thickness showing that this method has a potential for in-situ monitoring of thin-film deposition or etching. Transient effects are studied in a thin quartz plate and the propagation velocity of thermal waves is measured.
Kinetic theory and atomic physics corrections for determination of ion velocities from charge-exchange spectroscopy

Charge-exchange spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool for determining ion temperatures, densities and rotational velocities in tokamak plasmas. This technique depends on detailed understanding of the atomic physics processes that affect the measured apparent velocities with respect to the true ion rotational velocities. These atomic effects are mainly due to energy dependence of the charge-exchange cross-sections, and in the case of poloidal velocities, due to gyro-motion of the ion during the finite lifetime of the excited states. Accurate lifetimes are necessary for correct interpretation of measured poloidal velocities, specially for high density plasma regimes on machines such as ITER, where l-mixing effects must be taken into account. In this work, a full nl-resolved atomic collisional radiative model coupled with a full kinetic calculation that includes the effects of electric and magnetic fields on the ion gyro-motion is presented for the first time. The model directly calculates from atomic physics first principles the excited state lifetimes that are necessary to evaluate the gyro-orbit effects. It is shown that even for low density plasmas where l-mixing effects are unimportant and coronal conditions can be assumed, the nl-resolved model is necessary for an accurate description of the gyro-motion effects to determine poloidal velocities. This solution shows good agreement when compared to three QH-mode shots on DIII-D, which contain a wide range of toroidal velocities and high ion temperatures where greater atomic corrections are needed. The velocities obtained from the model are compared to experimental velocities determined from co- and counter-injection of neutral beams on DIII-D.
Fortnightly periodicity in the abundance of diatom and dinoflagellate taxa at a coastal study site

From 3 July to 15 September 2000, plankton samples were collected roughly every 2 days at three stations within 1.5 km from shore at Sunset Bay, OR. In these samples we enumerated Coscinodiscus-like diatoms, Protoperidinium spp., and the potentially toxic phytoplankter, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Using time series analysis, the abundance of these phytoplankters was compared to wind stress, tidal range, and sea surface temperature (SST). SST was significantly cross-correlated with wind stress (lower SST occurred during upwelling favorable winds) and maximum daily tidal range (cold and warm anomalies in SST occurred around the neap and spring tides, respectively). We found no significant cross-correlations between wind stress (upwelling vs. downwelling winds) and the abundance of any of the taxa. Significant cross-correlations were found between phytoplankton abundances and the maximum daily tidal range (peak concentrations occurred between the neap and spring tides) and SST (peak concentrations occurred during periods of warmer SST). We hypothesize that this pattern of abundance may be caused by shoreward transport of offshore phytoplankton populations by internal tidal waves.