cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The importance of hepatitis B vaccination among adolescents

Abstract Objective: To examine whether teens who have received an education about hepatitis B and demonstrated content mastery can apply this knowledge to evaluate their own risk of acquiring hepatitis B. Methods: Nine hundred forty-three participants received a standard education and completed a questionnaire about hepatitis B; 769 participants who correctly answered the questions pertaining to risk factors for transmission participated. The questionnaire assessed demographic factors, self-reported risk behaviors, and attitudes toward hepatitis B and the immunization. Self-reported likelihood of acquiring hepatitis B and importance of hepatitis B immunization were measured on a 10-point Likert scale and served as outcome variables. Relationships were analyzed using frequency analysis, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance. Results: Participants who were nonwhite ( p p = .007), were lower academic achievers ( p = .011), had had sexual intercourse ( p = .003), and had had a sexually transmitted disease (STD) ( p = .028) were more likely to report that the hepatitis B immunization was more important to their health. Participants who reported they had smoked tobacco ( p = .018) or consumed alcohol ( p = .001) recently, had had sexual intercourse ( p p Conclusions: Most teens considered the hepatitis B immunization important to their health. Most adolescents did not think they were at significant risk for contracting hepatitis B; however, teens who reported increased individual risk factors also reported increased perceived risk of disease.
American Skin: The Duke Lacrosse Rape Scandal and the Intersection of Race, Class, Gender, and Injustice

The Duke lacrosse team rape case showcased how race and the criminal justice system can intersect in troubling ways. This is not news to students of the history of race in America. What makes this case unusual is white men were the ones who were mistreated by the police, prosecutor, media, and others, all of who used the rape allegations to further their cause rather than to seek justice. This book review essay examines three recent books that describe and analyze the Duke scandal.
A Comparison of Business Process Modeling Methods

Business process modeling is the basis of business process management. The target of business process modeling is to get an abstract representation of the actual business processes. Although there are many business modeling methods, no well established modeling standard is available in this area. This paper reviews major business process modeling methods. Important aspects of these methods are discussed, including meta-model, graphical notation, serial representation, and tool support.
Micro-RISC architecture for the wireless market

Low-power, embedded, compiler-friendly processors provide increased functionality in highly integrated wireless handsets. The author focuses here on the low-power features of the M.Core architecture and demonstrates its implementation in a cellular baseband transceiver.
Bilateral Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Lesions Prevent Acoustic-Trauma Induced Tinnitus in an Animal Model

Animal experiments suggest that chronic tinnitus (“ringing in the ears”) may result from processes that overcompensate for lost afferent input. Abnormally elevated spontaneous neural activity has been found in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of animals with psychophysical evidence of tinnitus. However, it has also been reported that DCN ablation fails to reduce established tinnitus. Since other auditory areas have been implicated in tinnitus, the role of the DCN is unresolved. The apparently conflicting electrophysiological and lesion data can be reconciled if the DCN serves as a necessary trigger zone rather than a chronic generator of tinnitus. The present experiment used lesion procedures identical to those that failed to decrease pre-existing tinnitus. The exception was that lesions were done prior to tinnitus induction. Young adult rats were trained and tested using a psychophysical procedure shown to detect tinnitus. Tinnitus was induced by a single unilateral high-level noise exposure. Consistent with the trigger hypothesis, bilateral dorsal DCN lesions made before high-level noise exposure prevented the development of tinnitus. A protective effect stemming from disruption of the afferent pathway could not explain the outcome because unilateral lesions ipsilateral to the noise exposure did not prevent tinnitus and unilateral lesions contralateral to the noise exposure actually exacerbated the tinnitus. The DCN trigger mechanism may involve plastic circuits that, through loss of inhibition, or upregulation of excitation, increase spontaneous neural output to rostral areas such as the inferior colliculus. The increased drive could produce persistent pathological changes in the rostral areas, such as high-frequency bursting and decreased interspike variance, that comprise the chronic tinnitus signal.
Clinical course of premature rupture of the membranes

Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), defined as rupture of the membranes before the onset of labor, is a common obstetric event occurring in 10% of pregnancies. Most of the time this occurs at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation with only 10% of PROM occurring at less than 37 weeks' gestation. The natural course of PROM is labor, and at term this is associated with a low rate of complications for the mother and the fetus. At less than 37 weeks' gestation PROM places the mother and the fetus at increased risk of short-term and long-term morbidity and mortality. Several factors related to preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) add risk to the pregnancy and include premature delivery, infection in the mother and the fetus, effects of prolonged oligohydramnios on fetal development, abruptio placenta, prolapsed cord, and fetal malposition. Since the 1970s expectant management has been the standard treatment for PROM; however, in the majority of patients, this strategy results in the delivery of a preterm infant. In addition, controversy exists over the gestational age at which expectant management should be abandoned and active interventions to effect delivery pursued. This article discusses the natural history of PROM, the outcome of expectant management in PROM, and maternal and fetal outcomes in these patients. The emphasis of this discussion is on the preterm fetus.
The dependence of proteinase biosynthesis on the cell wall in Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens

Abstract The synthesis of extracellular proteinase by Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens is apparently cell-wall dependent. When the cell wall is removed with a phage-associated lysin, no proteinase is produced by the resulting spheroplasts until some wall component first has been resynthesized. The removal of the cell wall does not negatively affect amino acid uptake as indicated by CO2 evolution from arginine. It is suggested that the necessity for cell-wall material may be to maintain polyribosome formations and/or serve as an activator for the proteinase.
The effects of indomethacin on fibroblast chemotaxis.

Abstract 1. 1. Boyden chambers were used to investigate the effects of indomethacin on fibroblast chemotaxis to a conditioned medium. 2. 2. It was determined that indomethacin did not inhibit, but enhanced fibroblast chemotaxis at a concentration of 10−4 (91%)-10−6 M (79%). 3. 3. No significant difference was found between controls and cells treated with 10−8–10−10 M indomethacin.
Academic Achievement and Self-Esteem Among Black and White College Students

Most studies on self-esteem among black and white Americans include samples of elementary school and high school students. In the present study, data on 298 black and white college students and an examination of the relationship between student's grade point average and self-esteem were presented. Several findings corroborate earlier research on school-age children. Self-esteem scores of blacks and whites were not significantly different, despite blacks having significantly lower grade point averages than whites. The relationship between grade point average and self-esteem, however, was negligible among blacks and among white males, suggesting that academic achievement is not critical to the self-concept of college students.
Evaluating the robustness of the effect of public subsidies on firms' R&D: an application to Italy

This paper applies different econometric methods to evaluate the effect of public subsidies on firms' R&D activity. For the sake of robustness, results from the Heckman selection model (Heckit), Control-function regression, Difference-in-differences, and various Matching methods are compared by using the third and fourth wave of the Italian Community Innovation Survey (CIS3, years 1998–2000 and CIS4, years 2002–2004). We predict the absence of a full crowding-out of private R&D performance, both for the whole sample and for some subsets of firms. Nevertheless, we conclude that while for variables expressed as ratio (R&D intensity and R&D per employee) the difference in results is negligible, R&D expenditure presents a strong variability among the approaches, even for those relying on similar identification assumptions. Given the utmost importance of this target-variable, future works should go beyond the use of single methods, especially when they are thought of to steer future policymaking
Correlation between the solar wind dynamic and static pressures

In this paper we examine the correlation between the solar wind dynamic and static pressures, as a function of solar cycle phase, by using the hourly data of solar wind parameters at the National Space Science Data Center OMNIWeb. The correlation is important in terms of the solar wind control of the diameter of the distant magnetotail and other situations in which solar wind dynamic and static pressures may separately play a role. We find that the correlation coefficient between the two pressures is constantly high (almost always larger than 0.7) and shows little dependence on the solar cycle. Thus, even though the distant tail shape may be controlled by the static pressure of the solar wind, the shape should still be well correlated with the solar wind dynamic pressure, through the correlation between the solar wind dynamic and static pressures.
Mechanisms of cytoskeletal regulation: Modulation of aortic endothelial cell protein band 4.1 by the extracellular matrix

The bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) cytoskeleton is a complex structure modulated by many stimuli including release from contact inhibition and various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Transduction of information from the ECM to the cell nucleus proceeds via several complex pathways including the cytoskeleton. We have demonstrated the presence of an immunoreactive isoform of the human erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein band 4.1 (4.1) in BAEC. BAEC 4.1 is similar in molecular weight to the erythroid protein by immunoblot analyses and produces a similar pattern of cysteine specific cleavage products consistent with a cluster of cysteine residues previously described in the erythroid molecule. We have also examined the effects of defined ECM proteins on the distributions of cultured BAEC 4.1 and actin filaments (AF) at confluency and following release from contact inhibition. The distribution of 4.1 in BAEC on a plasma fibronectin substrate is complex, having partial codistribution with cytoplasmic AF and a unique perinuclear staining. In contrast, on a collagen type I/III substrate, 4.1 is localized, in part, to peripheral areas of cell-cell contact distinct from the dense peripheral band staining of AF. During migration on this substrate, 4.1 had a filamentous distribution having partial codistribution with AF. Indirect immunofluorescence staining of cross-sections of bovine calf aortae revealed a cortical staining pattern in the aortic endothelial cells with staining noted on the luminal and basolateral aspects of the cells. These data suggest that, in endothelial cells, protein 4.1 is a cortical membrane protein which may function to link actin filaments to other skeletal proteins such as spectrin. These findings also suggest an active role for protein 4.1 in cytoskeletal reorganization events which can occur in response to external stimuli, such as the extracellular matrix or contact with other cells.
Discrimination of Linguistic Stress in Early Infancy

The high-amplitude sucking (HAS) paradigm was used to evaluate the ability of one- to four-month-old infants to discriminate two artificially synthesized disyllables (/ba ba and ba ba/) which dif...
Weathering of primary minerals in volcanic ash-derived soils of the central cordillera of Colombia

Abstract Four soils derived from recent volcanic ash were studied along an altitudinal transect on the east slope of the central Cordillera of Colombia, South America. Average annual temperature ranged from 8°C to 24°C. Mineralogical studies showed that the sand and silt fractions of the four soils consist of a similar suite of minerals, some of which, particularly pyroxenes, hornblende, volcanic glass, and feldspars, decrease in amount with decreasing altitude and increasing temperature. The distribution and condition of minerals within and between soils suggests a stability sequence for these soils as follows: quartz ⩾ cristobalite ⩾ magnetite, vermiculite, sodic amphibole > plagioclase(albite/andesine) > volcanic glass ⩾ hornblende ⩾ pyroxenes. Amorphous material is dominant in the clay fractions of all soils. Crystalline clay minerals such as montmorillonite, vermiculite, Al-chlorite, halloysite, kaolinite, and imogolite are also present.
THE SYNDROME OF BENIGN RECURRENT CHOLESTASIS.

Abstract The syndrome of benign recurrent cholestasis is defined by summarizing published and unpublished data relevant to cases previously reported and by the findings, which include special studies, in a new instance of the disease. Clinical, biochemical, roentgenologic and histologic characteristics are further defined; differential diagnosis and possible etiologic factors, together with responses to therapy or challenge tests, are described in relation to these findings. The disorder is benign and cholestasis appears to be of intrahepatic origin with no demonstrable disorder of hepatic function between episodes of jaundice. Examination of liver tissue by electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes which may be characteristic of the condition.
Are literacy skills associated with young adults' health in Africa? Evidence from Malawi

Abstract This study investigates whether literacy skills are a distinct dimension of education that influences young adults' health in the southeast African context of Malawi. It uses new data from Tsogolo la Thanzi, a study of young adults in southern Malawi, to achieve three aims. The first is descriptive: to demonstrate a direct assessment for measuring literacy in a population-based survey, and show that it captures variability in skills among young adults, including those with comparable levels of educational attainment. The second aim is to identify whether literacy influences young adults' health – net of their educational attainment and other confounding factors. Multivariate analyses reveal that literacy is associated with two measures of physical health: self-rated health and prolonged sickness. Because literacy is a key determinant of health, the third aim is to provide insight into how to measure it: can commonly used indirect approaches to estimating literacy (e.g., based on educational attainment or self-reports), accurately capture its prevalence and relationship with health? In a second set of analyses, bivariate results show whether, and the extent to which, indirect measures of literacy overestimate literacy's prevalence, and multivariate models assess whether indirect estimates of literacy capture its relationship with health. The findings support future efforts to incorporate literacy assessments into population surveys to accurately estimate literacy's prevalence and health benefits, particularly in contexts like Malawi where access to high-quality schools remains limited.
Profile and context filtering of streaming data for a mobile personal assistant

A key component in an ubiquitous computing environment is a personal assistant that can provide a link between devices and services and a human user. A large part of interactions in such an environment is expected to be using XML data. In this paper we present the use of profiles and context to obtain useful information from streaming documents. The user profile contains all the preferences and information on typical behavior for the user. This information can be entered by the user and learned over time. As the profile is never shared or transmitted, strict user privacy is maintained. Context information includes current day and time, and the user's location. We have implemented our ideas in an intelligent personal assistant, iPA, within the context of mobile commerce.
Observation of Radical Cations by Swiftness or by Stealth

David W. Werst was born in Missouri and educated at the University of Missouri (B.S.) and the University of Minnesota (Ph.D.). His thesis work was carried out under the supervision of Paul Barbara and Ronald Gentry. He joined the Chemistry Division of Argonne National Laboratory in 1985 to conduct postdoctoral research in the group of Alexander Trifunac and has been a staff member of the Radiation and Photochemistry Group since 1989. His primary research interests are in the study of radical cation structure and reactivity and ionization processes in ordered and amorphous solids. Alexander D. Trifunac was born in Yugoslavia. He was educated at Columbia University (B.A.) and the University of Chicago (Ph.D.). His thesis work was on CIDNP, radical pair theory and experiments, with Gerhard L. Closs. He joined the Chemistry Division of Argonne National Laboratory in 1972 in a postdoctoral position. He is a senior scientist and is (since 1982) a group leader of the Radiation and Photochemistry Group. His research interests are in the study of chemistry of transient paramagnetic species involved in energy and charge-transfer processes occurring in radiolysis and in photoionization in liquids, glasses, and amorphous solids.
Learning to Teach Through Coteaching and Cogenerative Dialogue

I present theory and research associated with learning to teach science in inner city high schools on the east coast of the United States. I use theories from cultural sociology as a framework to explore how coteaching is enacted in a science teacher education program in which coteachers collaborate with high school students in cogenerative dialogues, to study learning and teaching in their own classrooms. Cogenerative dialogues are activities in which a small number of students and the coteachers review evidence from a recent class and “cogenerate” collective resolutions regarding new rules for the class, changes in teacher and student roles, and responsibility for accomplishing changes. I present an ethnographic case study of what is learned from coteaching and cogenerative dialogue in a setting in which coteaching involves a prospective teacher and a recently certified biology teacher in a lesson on protein synthesis. Coteaching creates an expanded array of practices that afford the learning of student...
Bottom-up synthesis of high surface area mesoporous crystalline silicon and evaluation of its hydrogen evolution performance

Porous silicon is a technologically important material; however, many top-down etching fabrication processes result in significant material wastage. Here, the authors report a bottom-up self-templating fabrication route and assess the hydrogen evolution performance of the resulting material.
Body Modification Sites and Abuse History

Self-reported experience of physical, sexual, and mental abuse and general emotional abandonment was significantly associated with a variety of piercings, tattoos, and scarifications in a sample of 4,700 members of an online body-modification site. More significant associations were found for the women in the sample than for the men. Possible clinical implications of the results are discussed.
Internal versus external: Oral-motor performance as a function of attentional focus

Purpose Previous studies (e.g., G. Wulf, M. Hos, & W. Prinz, 1998; G. Wulf, B. Lauterbach, & T. Toole, 1999; for a review, see G. Wulf & W. Prinz, 2001) have reported that limb motor performance is...
Impact of human visual perception of color on very low bit-rate image coding

One of the keys to obtaining acceptable quality imagery/video encoded at very low bit rates is to transmit only that information which is critical to human perception. To successfully achieve this goal, one must not only understand the human visual system, but be able to utilize this information in the design of their codec. This paper will present an overview of the properties associated with color science and human visual perception, and how they could make an impact on very low bit-rate image coding.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improvement of sustained attention with Cylert

Cylert (pemoline with magnesium hydroxide) administered in single doses of 25 mgm improved accuracy in performance of a continuous attention task. This effect was strongest within an hour from oral administration of the drug, and on a task that involved a relatively difficult test in short term memory. The findings are considered as evidence for a nonspecific alerting or anti-fatigue effect, as distinct from a specific effect on memory function attributed to Cylert.
Intraductal papillary mucin tumor (IPMT): clinical characteristics in a cohort of young patients

Intraductal papillary mucin tumor (IPMT): clinical characteristics in a cohort of young patients
Studies of the oxovanadium(IV)—oxalate system: syntheses and crystal structures of binuclear (Ph4P)2[(VO)2(H2O)2(C2O4)3]·4H2O and of the one-dimensional chain material, (Ph4P)[VOCl(C2O4)]

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of (Ph4P)[VO2Cl2] and H2C2O4 at 150 and 125°C yield (Ph4P)2[V2O2(H2O)2(C2O4)3]·4H2O (1) and (Ph4P)[VOCl(C2O4)] (2), respectively. The structure of the molecular anion of 1 consists of a binuclear unit of oxovanadium(IV) octahedra bridged by a bisbidentate oxalate group. The VO6 coordination geometry at each vanadium site is defined by a terminal oxo group, an aquo ligand, and four oxygen donors — two from the bisbidentate bridging oxalate and two from the terminal bidentate oxalate. The structure of 2 consists of discrete Ph4P+ cations occupying regions between [VOCl(C2O4)]−∞ spiral chains. The structure of the one-dimensional anionic chain exhibits V(IV) octahedra bridged by bisbidentate oxalate groups. Crystal data: 1·4H2O, monoclinic P2 1 /n, a = 12.694(3), b = 12.531(3), c = 17.17(3) A , β = 106.32(2)°, V = 2621.3(13) A 3 , Z = 2, D calc = 1.501 g cm −3 , structure solution and refinement converged at a conventional residual of 0.0518; 2, tetragonal P4 3 , a = 12.145(2), c = 15.991(3) A , V = 2358.7(12) A 3 , Z = 4, R = 0.0452 .
Measured response of multilayers to damaging fluxes

We have measured the response of WC/C multilayers to x-ray fluxes on the order of 200 MW/cm2 using laser-generated plasmas and found that these multilayers will maintain near peak reflectivity for at least 1 ns but are eventually destroyed. A description of the experiments and data analysis methods is given. Transmission electron micrographs of WC/C multilayers before and after irradiation show melting to be the dominant damage mechanism. The results of the experiments will be compared with simulations.
Hospital use in the treatment of sleep apnea

Objectives: Evaluate hospital use for treatment of sleep apnea. Study Design: Retrospective database review. Materials and Methods: The 1998 to 2000 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was searched for admissions with a diagnosis of sleep apnea. Records were examined for demographics, diagnoses, procedures, and complications. Data were analyzed to identify factors affecting length of stay (LOS) and charges. Results: There were 5,864 (0.03% NIS) admissions for sleep apnea. The sleep apnea group had lower mean age (43.1 vs. 47.2 years), higher percentages of males (71.6% vs. 41.0%) and African Americans (18.7% vs. 13.7%), and higher rates of obesity, hypertension, and anatomic airway diagnoses than the NIS population. Of sleep apnea group adults, 77.1% underwent a mean 2.3 procedures, whereas of those patients under 18 years of age, 60.8% underwent a mean of 1.2 procedures. Tracheotomy and procedures for hypopharyngeal airway compromise were used infrequently. Within the sleep apnea group, there were significant differences in LOS and charges on the basis of age, sex, race, payment method, procedures, and number of secondary diagnoses (all P <.05). Patients over 18 admitted for other diagnoses, but with secondary diagnosis of sleep apnea, had longer LOS (5.38 vs. 4.95 days) and higher charges ($16,562 vs. $13,928) than patients without sleep apnea. Conclusions: Hospital use for sleep apnea remains largely for surgical treatment of the disease. Procedures directed at hypopharyngeal obstruction are seldom used. Multiple factors including patient age, number of secondary diagnoses, and procedures affect LOS and charges. The presence of sleep apnea also increases charges and LOS in patients admitted for other diagnoses.
Far-infrared spectra and structure of small ring compounds. Ethylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, and cyclopentanone

Far IR and Raman spectra of ethylene carbonate, gamma butyrolactone and cyclopentanone, noting consistency with hindered pseudorotation
Congenital right coronary artery aneurysm causing myocardial infarction, pseudoaneurysm formation, and right atrial compression.

Abstract We present a case of a young woman with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and found to have a nonatherosclerotic coronary aneurysm of the right coronary artery, which ruptured and formed a pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm was sufficiently large that it mimicked an atrial mass on diagnostic imaging modalities. With the attendant risk of further rupture and compression of the heart chambers, the patient underwent successful resection of the aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm with single vessel bypass surgery. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:736-8.)
Excited state behavior of twisted olefins with rigidly linked and rotationally free chronlophores

Abstract The stilbene analogues tetraphenylethylene and bi-4H-cyclopenta[def] phenanthren-4-ylidene (BPH) prove to be useful models for studying photoisomerization reactions in olefins with freely rotating and rigid chromophores. In the former, the rotation of the phenyl rings follows a complex isomerization pathway from one of the two isoenergetic enantiomers to the 90° twisted conformer. The isomerization pathway for BPH is much simpler since only idealized rotation about the double bond is possible.
Rethinking the composition of a rational antibiotic arsenal for the 21st century

The importance of the human microbiome in health may be the single most valuable development in our conception of the microbial world since Pasteur’s germ theory of the 1860s. Its implications for our understanding of health and pathogenesis are profound. Coupled with the revolution in diagnostics that we are now witnessing – a revolution that changes medicine from a science of symptoms to a science of causes – we cannot continue to develop antibiotics as we have for the past 80 years. Instead, we need to usher in a new conception of the role of antibiotics in treatment: away from single molecules that target broad phylogenetic spectra and towards targeted molecules that cripple the pathogen while leaving the rest of the microbiome largely intact.
Direct isolation of mumps virus in chick embryos.

SummaryA technique for the direct isolation of mumps virus by inoculation of saliva into the amniotic sac of chick embryos is presented in detail. Employing this technique, mumps virus was isolated from 8 of 9 patients with clinical mumps.
Evaluation of the Optical Perfomance of a Prototype Stretched-Membrane Mirror Module for Solar Central Receivers

The United States Department of Energy's solar thermal program is testing an innovative concept for the heliostats used in a solar central-receiver power plant: replacing the familiar glass mirrors with stretched-membrane reflectors. Because of their simplicity and lighter weight, heliostats using membrane reflectors have the potential to cost significantly less than glass-mirror heliostats. To assess the optical performance of these new heliostats, a 50m/sup 2/ prototype mirror module, representative of a commercial scale design, was built and installed for testing at the Central Receiver Test Facility. The results of the testing program are presented, including the optical performance of the stretched-membrane mirror, the performance of the mirror's focus control system in windy conditions, the performance of the defocus system, and the durability of the reflective film.
Degradation of ioxynil by a soil fungus, Fusarium solani

Abstract A fungus, Fusarium solani , isolated from the soil, degraded ioxynil (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyben-zonitrile) in pure culture into at least eight products. Five products were detected in the organic fractions extracted from a culture grown in [ 14 C]cyano-labeled ioxynil. Three additional products were separated by ion-exchange chromatography of the acidified aqueous phase. Cultures grown in the presence of [ 14 C]ring-labeled ioxynil produced the same products in the organic extract and four to five products in the aqueous phase. The cyano-carbon of ioxynil was released as CO 2 at a faster rate than that of ring-carbons and was released after the initial ring cleavage. Two of the metabolites were identified as 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzamide and 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Developing nutrient criteria and classification schemes for wadeable streams in the conterminous US

AbstractWe analyzed nutrient data from a probability survey of 1392 wadeable streams across the 48 conterminous states of the US and from intensified survey data in 921 streams in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) to examine different methods of setting nutrient criteria and to develop a nutrient stream typology. We calculated potential nutrient criteria for total P (TP) and total N (TN) by 3 methods (ecoregion population 25th percentile of population, least-disturbed reference-site 75th percentile, and disturbance modeling) and compared them with existing draft US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criteria within 14 national nutrient ecoregions. All criteria derived from the methods were highly correlated; however, absolute values within ecoregions differed greatly among approaches. Population 25th percentiles of TP were almost always lower from statistically designed survey data than from found data. TN percentiles were more similar than were TP profiles, but they still tended to be lower from survey data...
Dominant, cold, avoidant, and lonely: Basal testosterone as a biological marker for an interpersonal style

We hypothesized that an interpersonal trait approach would improve our understanding of the behavioral manifestations of basal testosterone. Participants provided saliva samples for testosterone assays on two separate visits and completed the Interpersonal Adjective Scales, the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values, and measures of attachment and loneliness. High testosterone was associated with a distinct interpersonal style that included: attachment-related avoidance, dominance, and disconnectedness. High testosterone was also associated with loneliness, and this relationship was mediated by attachment-related avoidance. These findings add to our understanding of the interrelationships between hormones, personality, and social behavior. The circumplex structure revealed by testosterone’s associations provides evidence for its construct validity as a biological marker of an interpersonally dominant, cold, avoidant, and lonely interpersonal style.
Effect of Interfacial Slippage on Viscoelastic Adhesion

Peeling of a viscoelastic adhesive from a solid substrate poses a wonderful problem of polymer flow. When the adhesive is peeled, it is also stretched in a direction normal to the substrate. The concomitant Poisson contraction creates a pressure gradient and thus induces a shear flow in the adhesive close to the delamination front. Earlier it was pointed out that the strength of viscoelastic adhesion would decrease if the shear stress in the adhesive is relaxed by a slip process at the interface. Here we report experimental results which confirm that viscoelastic adhesives do indeed slip on segmentally mobile organic surfaces at and near the crack tip regions. Evidence of slip was obtained from the interfacial displacements of small fluorescent particles when the adhesive was peeled from various substrates. While on most surfaces the slip distances were about 1−2 μm, a large slip (13 μm) was observed on segmentally mobile tethered chains of polydimethylsiloxanes (silicones). On the latter surface, slippag...
Frequency-Dependent Changes of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Finger Movements

To study the effect of the repetition rate of a simple movement on the distribution and magnitude of neuronal recruitment, we measured regional CBF (rCBF) in eight normal volunteers, using positron emission tomography and 15O-labeled water. An auditory-cued, repetitive flexion movement of the right index finger against the thumb was performed at very slow (0.25 and 0.5 Hz), slow (0.75 and 1 Hz), fast (2 and 2.5 Hz), and very fast (3 and 4 Hz) rates. The increase of rCBF during movement relative to the resting condition was calculated for each pair of movement conditions. Left primary sensorimotor cortex showed no significant activation at the very slow rates. There was a rapid rise of rCBF between the slow and the fast rates, but no further increase at the very fast rates. The right cerebellum showed similar changes. Changes in the left primary sensorimotor cortex and the cerebellum likely reflect the effect of the movement rate. The posterior supplementary motor area (SMA) showed its highest activation at the very slow rates but no significant activation at the very fast rates. Changes correlating with those in the SMA were found in the anterior cingulate gyrus, right prefrontal area, and right thalamus. The decreases in CBF may reflect a progressive change in performance from reactive to predictive.
Quality-of-Service Perceptions by Rural Freeway Travelers: Exploratory Analysis

In recent years the Transportation Research Board's Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Committee (HCQSC) has debated how performance measures for defining level of service (i.e., service measures) for a facility should be selected. The historical approach has been for the HCQSC to select the measure (or measures) thought most appropriate. However, some committee members have been suggesting that the selection of service measures should be based on research involving the driving public at large and that this research should either directly or indirectly obtain information from drivers and passengers on perceptions of quality and level of service. A preliminary investigation determining the factors that affect traveler-perceived quality of service on rural freeways using in-field surveys of motorists traveling on rural freeways has been conducted. In regard to quality of service, it is becoming more evident that travelers consider multiple factors, and the results from this study support that notion. Specifically, the survey shows that most respondents consider three or more factors important in determining their quality of service on rural freeways. Although density still appears to be a primary factor affecting perceived quality of service, additional factors, such as speed variance and percentage of free-flow speed, seem just as important to travelers. In addition, some nontraffic-performance measures, such as pavement quality and driver etiquette, were found to be important.
Relief of P2 bacteriophage amber mutant polarity by the satellite bacteriophage P4

Abstract Amber mutations in four of the late genes of bacteriophage P2 ( P , O , V and F ) exert strong polar effects on genes distal to the mutant genes. These effects can be relieved by the host polarity suppressor, suA (rho) . We now show that the satellite phage P4, which depends on all 18 known late genes of P2 for lytic multiplication, is able to relieve the polar effects of P2 amber mutants. Three types of experiments demonstrate this effect: (1) P2 Oam71 , which is polar onto the lysis gene K , lyses the cell only when the host is co-infected with P4. (2) Complementation between polar and distal P2 amber mutants in the same transcription unit occurs only in the presence of P4. (3) In extracts from cells infected with a polar P2 mutant, a P2 protein corresponding to a distal gene in the same transcription unit can be detected on polyacrylamide gels only if the cells are co-infected with P4. P4 mutants deficient in gene α do not relieve P2 polarity.
Race/Ethnicity and Risk of AIDS and Death Among HIV-infected Patients with Access to Care

BACKGROUND Prior studies evaluating racial/ethnic differences in responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-infected patients have not adequately accounted for many potential confounders, and few have included Hispanic patients.
The Costs of Living: How Market Freedom Erodes the Best Things in Life

This text argues that market freedom is undermining much that is good in life and offers ways to put an end to this erosion. People value their freedom, family, friends, work, education, health and leisure - the things that are regarded as the best things in life. However, the pressure to satisfy both the "bottom line" and the seemingly insatiable need to consume is eroding these "best things". Children are more interested in what their sporting heroes earn than their actual sporting success; educational systems have become financial investments, and not media for learning; the business world turns idealists into cynics who cut corners, choose quantity over quality and cross legal boundaries; and professional people weigh the "opportunity costs" of spending time with their family and friends against working longer hours.
A modified Arg-Asp-Val (RDV) peptide derived during the synthesis of Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV), a tetrapeptide derived from an alternatively spliced site in fibronectin, inhibits the binding of fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor and vitronectin to activated platelets

Characterization of a side-product obtained during the synthesis of Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) with inhibitory activity in thrombin-activated platelet aggregation was carried out. The semipreparative column fractionation of REDV peptide was rechromatographed on an analytical HPLC column and revealed two peaks which were re-tested for inhibitory activity. Using amino acid analysis with sequencing and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS), the first peak was determined to be REDV with molecular mass of 517 Da, and the second peak was determined to be a modified RDV with a mass of 608 Da. The modified RDV peptide inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 200 μM, and complete inhibition occurred at 600 μM. However, the REDV peptide did not inhibit platelet aggregation up to 1 mM concentration. The modified RDV peptide eluted platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex that had been bound to GRGDSP-agarose. These studies show that the modified RDV peptide interacts with the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. Based on the collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectral data analysis, the modified RDV peptide has been characterized to contain an N-terminus blocking group on the Arg residue. The origin of this blocking group is presumed to have originated from decomposition products of the phenylacetamidomethyl (PAM) resin used in the solid-phase synthesis of the target peptide Arg-Glu-Asp-Val.
Inelastic Electron-Phonon Scattering and Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Phase Transformation in Aluminum

A Comment on the Letter by S. Williamson, G. Morou, J. C. M. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2364 (1985).
Aflatrem, a tremorgenic toxin from Aspergillus flavus

Abstract The structure of aflatrem, a tremorgenic toxin from A. flavus is reported.
Role of Reproductive Diapause in the Adaption of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) to Its Winter Habitat in the Mississippi River Delta

Reproductive diapause in the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beau- vois), was studied by dissection of Þeld collected adults or adults reared from Þeld collected nymphs in 1999 Ð2001 in Washington County near Stoneville, MS. The critical photoperiod for diapause induction was 12.5:11.5 (L:D) h, or 12 September. This photoperiod was also near the day-length at which new generation adults produced in late winter and early spring became reproductive. Overwintering adults collected from winter host plants in December 1999 and 2001 began breaking diapause in the second and third weeks of December at a day-length near 10:14 (L:D) h. Most of the overwintering females collected on winter host plants had mature eggs by the end of December in both winters, and new generation adults were produced on winter hosts by the second or third week in March. Overwintering adults also were collected in January 2002 from plant debris not associated with any winter host plant. Most of the females overwintering in plant debris had mature eggs at the end of January, approximately 1 month later than overwintering females collected from winter hosts. This indicated than the adults from plant debris were in a different state of diapause, because they did not overwinter on a food source and matured reproductively at a later date. The winters of 1998 Ð1999 and 1999 Ð2000 were mild, whereas in the winter of 2000 Ð2001, winter host plants were killed or stunted by cold weather. Diapause in plant debris in the winter of 2000 Ð2001 was probably favored, because these adults would be more likely to survive until suitable host plants were available.
What People Want: Rethinking Poverty, Culture, and Educational Attainment

New cultural approaches to the study of poverty treat “culture” as providing the means for action and neglect the classical concern with motives for action. The author argues that though this paradigm shift has led to many important and interesting discoveries, it has also created blind spots that prevent a more complete understanding of how culture shapes action. After arguing that values, attitudes, and other motive concepts have been unfairly excluded from the new cultural pantheon, the author uses the empirical example of educational continuation to show that poor and nonpoor youth differ in their educational aspirations and that these differences can predict school continuation six years later. The findings are interpreted with an eye toward synthesizing “old” and “new” approaches to the study of culture and socioeconomic disadvantage.
A compact large Voltage-compliance high output-impedance programmable current source for implantable microstimulators

A new CMOS current source is described for biomedical implantable microstimulator applications, which utilizes MOS transistors in deep triode region as linearized voltage controlled resistors (VCR). The VCR current source achieves large voltage compliance, up to 97% of the supply voltage, while maintaining high output impedance in the 100 M/spl Omega/ range to keep the stimulus current constant within 1% of the desired value irrespective of the site and tissue impedances. This approach improves stimulation efficiency, extends power supply lifetime, and saves chip area especially when the stimulation current level is high in the milliampere range. A prototype 4-channel microstimulator chip is fabricated in the AMI 1.5-/spl mu/m, 2-metal, 2-poly, n-well standard CMOS process. With a 5-V supply, each stimulating site driver provides at least 4.25-V compliance and >10 M/spl Omega/ output impedance, while sinking up to 210 /spl mu/A, and occupies 0.05 mm/sup 2/ in chip area. A modular 32-site wireless neural stimulation microsystem, utilizing the VCR current source, is under development.
Poly(m-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes based gas sensor

We have demonstrated a NH3, NO2 and water vapour sensor based on poly(m-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT–PABS) networks. The SWNT–PABS based sensors were fabricated by simple dispersion of SWNT–PABS on top of pre-fabricated gold electrodes. SWNT–PABS sensors showed excellent sensitivity with ppbv level detection limits (i.e., 100 ppbv for NH3 and 20 ppbv for NO2) at room temperature. The response time was short and the response was totally reversible. The sensitivity could be tuned by adjusting the sensor initial resistance. The sensors were also suitable for monitoring relative humidity in air.
Spread-spectrum clock generation with ferroelectric capacitor-tuned VCOs

Spread-spectrum clock generation (SSCG) with barium strontium titanate (BST) ferroelectric capacitor-tuned voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is described. The performance of this VCO is compared with conventional diode-tuned VCOs. For a simple sinusoidal modulation waveform, a BST capacitor VCO shows uniform spread of energy over a frequency band width compared with a diode-tuned VCO with significant reduction in peak power, reducing the electromagnetic interference (EMI).
The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union

We present a unified model of the politics of the European Union (EU). We focus on the effects of the EU's changing treaty base (from the Rome to Amsterdam Treaties) on the relations among its three supranational institutions—the Commission of the European Communities, the European Court of Justice, and the European Parliament—and between these actors and the intergovernmental Council of Ministers. We analyze these institutional interactions in terms of the interrelationships among the three core functions of the modern state: to legislate and formulate policy (legislative branch), to administer and implement policy (executive branch), and to interpret policy and adjudicate disputes (judicial branch). Our analysis demonstrates that the evolution of the EU's political system has not always been linear. For example, we explain why the Court's influence was greatest before the passage of the Single European Act and declined in the following decade, and why we expect it to increase again in the aftermath of the Amsterdam Treaty. We also explain why the Commission became a powerful legislative agenda setter after the Single European Act and why its power today stems more from administrative discretion than from influence over legislation.
An Efficient TIS Measurement Technique Based on RSSI for Wireless Mobile Stations

A technique for using a receive signal strength indicator to measure the total isotropic sensitivity of a wireless handset is proposed in this paper. This technique separates the measurements of the mobile station radiated sensitivity and its receive antenna gain. A single measurement of the mobile station radiated sensitivity is performed while the mobile station antenna gain is obtained through the receive signal strength indicator. Hence, a significant reduction in measurement time can be achieved. The fundamental theory for the method is described. Techniques for reducing the ±2 dB error in the receive signal strength indicator reporting system and the improvement of the measurement resolution are developed. Overall, this technique can reduce measurement time by a significant factor and also improve measurement accuracy over the conventional measurement approach.