cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Critical Theory in Educational Research

Critical theory remains a central theoretical framework in research for equity and social justice. In this chapter, we introduce some of the major concepts in critical theory and the educational theory of critical pedagogy. We also attempt to differentiate critical theory from other perspectives like critical race theory, with which it is often conflated. We also suggest ways in which critical theory can be mobilized in educational research. While a short chapter such as this cannot capture the complexity and long history of critical theory and critical pedagogy approaches, we aim to provide a useful introduction and resources for those wishing to go further with this perspective.
Telling a New Story: Working Together to Build Place-based Food Systems in the Palouse-Clearwater Region of the U.S. Inland Northwest

From early adopters and the first stirrings of cultural change to development of a thriving local foods culture and economy, the Palouse-Clearwater region of southeastern Washington and north central Idaho has seen remarkable place-based food-system development through decades of hard work by a broad variety of players. These place-based food systems have arisen from a combination of individual entrepreneurism, organizational leadership, partnerships, and synergistic relationships across communities and the larger region. Founded on value-based relationships and a shared vision of the future, the local food narratives that have emerged during the development process have framed and shaped the character of these food systems and their expansion over time. . . .
Towards Cost Effective Smarter Cities

"Smart cities" have been gaining interest for the past decade. Smart Cities are designed to maximize a city’s operational efficiency by collecting data throughout the area. The collected information is shared with the government as well as the citizens to improve overall welfare. The prospective benefits of such a design are compelling, but most current implementations require significant expenditures and commitment from municipalities. This paper explores hardware and software that can rely on STEM programs and citizen science to significantly lower costs of the implementation.
Orbital Vascular Malformations: Current Concepts

Orbital vascular malformations continue to present management challenges. They are a spectrum of anomalies which may have an overlap between venous and lymphatic components. Recent classification systems proposed help understand and manage these conditions better. Multidisciplinary approach consisting of surgical and nonsurgical options is the way forward in managing these disorders.
Prophylactic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Septal Ablation Before Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement.

Abstract An 82-year-old woman with severe respiratory distress and limitations in functional status was found to have severe mitral valve stenosis with annular calcification and referred for transcatheter mitral valve replacement. Prophylactic alcohol septal ablation was used pre-procedurally to minimize mortality risk due to obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)
Kinetic Investigations to Enable Development of a Robust Radical Benzylic Bromination for Commercial Manufacturing of AMG 423 Dihydrochloride Hydrate

During development of a radical benzylic bromination, observation of polymerized by-products and variation in isolated yields warranted an in-depth mechanistic investigation to ensure process under...
Exploring the perceived helpfulness of correctional programs and needs among incarcerated mothers

Many of the women currently incarcerated in state prisons are mothers. They have similar programming needs as other women in prison, including education, work, counseling, and drug treatment, yet t...
Validity of the Hartree Approximation in the Walecka Model

This work addresses the issue of when the Hartree approximation is valid in the Walecka model by computing the correlation energy (i.e., two loop corrections or lowest order Fock terms) in nuclear matter. It is shown that these corrections are quite large when one includes vacuum polarization. Two types of convergence and validity are discussed, strong and weak, with the large correlation energy implying that the Hartree approximation is not strongly valid in the Walecka model until one reaches densities near thirty times nuclear matter density. This raises questions about what validity of the Hartree approximation might mean in this model, and about the interpretation of the Walecka model as a held theory as opposed to an effective Aeld theory.
OUTER HAIR CELL MOTILITY: A POSSIBLE ELECTRO-KINETIC MECHANISM

Video enhanced microscopy is used to measure shape changes of isolated outer hair cells in response to transcellular electrical stimulation. Low frequency sinusoidal stimulation results in sinusoidal modulation of cell length about its resting value. Elongation is associated with positive potential gradients. Electrically evoked motility is unaffected by the presence of metabolic poisons that interfere with the production of ATP. Isotonic dilution of the bathing medium results in an increase in displacement magnitude. The symmetry of the displacements, their dependence on voltage gradients, independence of ATP, and evidence for an inverse relation between ionic concentration and magnitude of the movement argue against a contractile mechanism, but are compatible with electro-kinetic processes.
New Spaces from Old

In this chapter we introduce four standard ways of constructing new topological spaces from given ones: subspaces, product spaces, disjoint union spaces, and quotient spaces. We explore how various topological properties are affected by these constructions, and we show how each topology is characterized by which maps it makes continuous. At the end of the chapter we explore in some detail two specific classes of constructions that lead naturally to quotient spaces: adjunction spaces and group actions. Throughout the chapter we use these tools to build new examples of manifolds.
Folate-pool interconversions and inhibition of biosynthetic processes after exposure of L1210 leukemia cells to antifolates. Experimental and network thermodynamic analyses of the role of dihydrofolate polyglutamylates in antifolate action in cells

Folate analogs that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase result in only partial interconversion of tetrahydrofolate cofactors to dihydrofolate with preservation of the major portion of reduced cellular folate cofactors in L1210 leukemia cells. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that low levels of dihydrofolate polyglutamates that accumulate in the presence of antifolates block thymidylate synthase to prevent depletion of reduced folate pools. This paper correlates biochemical analyses of rapid interconversions of radiolabeled folates and changes in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in L1210 murine leukemia cells exposed to antifolates with network thermodynamic computer modeling to assess this hypothesis. When cells are exposed to 1 microM trimetrexate there is an almost instantaneous inhibition of [3H] deoxyuridine or [14C]formate incorporation into nucleotides which is maximal within 5 min. This is associated with a rapid rise in cellular dihydrofolate (t1/2 approximately 1.5 min), which reaches a steady state that represents only 27.9% of the total folate pool. Pretreatment of cells with fluorodeoxyuridine, to inhibit thymidylate synthase by about 95% followed by trimetrexate only slows the rate of folate interconversion (t1/2 approximately 25 min) but not the final dihydrofolate level achieved. This is consistent with computer simulations which predict that direct inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 97, 98, and 99% should increase the half-time of dihydrofolate rise after trimetrexate to 40, 60, and 124 min, respectively, but the final level achieved is always the same as in cells with normal thymidylate synthase activity. The data reflect the high degree of catalytic activity of thymidylate synthase relative to tetrahydrofolate cofactor pools in the cells and the enormous extent of inhibition of this enzyme that is necessary to slow the rate of folate interconversions after addition of antifolates. The model predicts, and the data demonstrate, that virtually any residual thymidylate synthase activity will permit the interconversion of all tetrahydrofolate cofactors available for oxidation to dihydrofolate when dihydrofolate reductase activity is abolished, but the rate of interconversion will be slowed. Additional simulations indicate that the time course of cessation of tetrahydrofolate-dependent purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis after antifolates in these cells can be accounted for solely on the basis of tetrahydrofolate cofactor depletion alone. These data exclude the possibility that direct inhibition of thymidylate synthase by dihydrofolate polyglutamates, or any other intracellular folates that accumulate in cells after antifolates, can account for the rapid but partial interconversion of reduced folate cofactors to dihydrofolate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Medical care for patients with neurological and sensory diseases. II. Office visits to practicing physicians.

Abstract A study was made of the relative frequency of visits to physicians' offices by patients with neurological and/or sensory diseases in ten counties in Kansas. This sample included approximately 9 per cent of the total population, and involved approximately 8 per cent of all practicing physicians in the state. Over 85 per cent participation was obtained from all physicians in these ten counties. Patients who visited physicians' offices because of neurological or sensory diseases accounted for 4–11 per cent of all office visits. An overall average of 6.6 per cent for the state was recorded. In selected younger population groups the rate was less than 1 per cent. An average of one visit per week for every 203 persons in the counties was recorded for these conditions. The average physician spent approximately 15 min with each patient and saw over 100 patients during the six consecutive practice days during which information was recorded. The most common disease observed was cerebrovascular disease. This was followed by ‘hearing loss’ and neurological complications of systemic diseases. A visitation rate for neurological and sensory disorders of approximately 14 per cent was observed among doctors of osteopathy.
Self-similar compressible free vortices

Lie group methods are used to find both exact and numerical similarity solutions for compressible perturbations to all incompressible, two-dimensional, axisymmetric vortex reference flow. The reference flow vorticity satisfies an eigenvalue problem for which the solutions are a set of two-dimensional, self-similar, incompressible vortices. These solutions are augmented by deriving a conserved quantity for each eigenvalue, and identifying a Lie group which leaves the reference flow equations invariant. The partial differential equations governing the compressible perturbations to these reference flows are also invariant under the action of the same group. The similarity variables found with this group are used to determine the decay rates of the velocities and thermodynamic variables in the self-similar flows, and to reduce the governing partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The ODE's are solved analytically and numerically for a Taylor vortex reference flow, and numerically for an Oseen vortex reference flow. The solutions are used to examine the dependencies of the temperature, density, entropy, dissipation and radial velocity on the Prandtl number. Also, experimental data on compressible free vortex flow are compared to the analytical results, the evolution of vortices from initial states which are not self-similar is discussed, and the energy transfer in a slightly-compressible vortex is considered.
Le Code de L’Action Collective: Un Modèle Pour Les Pays De Droit Civil) (The Class Action Code: A Model for Civil Law Countries) [French]

The author proposes the enactment of a Class Action Code in civil law countries. The proposed Model Code extensively regulates all aspects of modern class actions, including standing, adequacy, prerequisites, certification, notice, proof, settlement, judgment, res judicata, lis pendens, attorney fees, injunctive class actions, class action for damages, calculation of damages, distribution of the award, fund for group rights, defendant class actions, etc.The objective is to inspire the creation of the best possible code for class action suits, in light of the needs and peculiarities of civil law countries and the international experience with class actions. Although the proposal is focused primarily on civil-law countries, it may also prove useful to common law countries considering the adoption or improvement of class action rules.This French version was translated by Guy Sohou and Caroline Gilbert and has an introduction from Stefaan Voet, from the University of Ghent Law School.The English version of this document can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=930439La versione italiana di questo articolo puo essere trovata in: http://ssrn.com/abstract=951889A versao em portugues deste artigo pode ser encontrada em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=947207La version en espanol de este articulo puede encontrarse en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=952455
Evaluation of Alloy Anodes for Aluminum‐Air Batteries IV . Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Pure Aluminum in at 25°C

An electrochemical impedance analysis of pure aluminum in at 25°C is reported. Impedance spectra have been obtained at 30–80 mV intervals extending from the hydrogen evolution region at −1.96V (vs. , ) to the transpassive dissolution region at −1.35V. The impedance spectra are found to consist of two intersecting capacitive semicircles with a loop at intermediate frequencies. The low‐frequency capacitive arc and the loop become increasingly dominant with respect to the high‐frequency relaxation as the potential is shifted in the positive direction. The impedance spectra and the steady‐state current/voltage characteristics (including the partial anodic and cathodic curves) are accounted for by a model involving the stepwise addition of hydroxyl groups to surface aluminum atoms, culminating in the chemical dissolution of to form . This anodic process is coupled to hydrogen evolution via competition for bare surface sites. Comparison of the experimental and predicted impedance spectra indicate that the total concentration of reactive sites at the surface varies with potential in a manner that parallels the anodic partial current. This variation is attributed to the existence of a porous corrosion product film on the surface. The impedance analysis also indicates small values (<0.1) for the transfer coefficients for elementary charge transfer reactions; these are attributed to the highly asymmetric nature of the reaction coordinate for reactions involving reactive species or to strong repulsive interaction between adsorbed species, as embodied in the Temkin adsorption isotherm.
Mental Illness in Offender Populations

Abstract Prisons are increasingly being filled with inmates who suffer from mental illness. This paper examines the prevalence of mental illness in American jails and prisons, the duty government and society has to provide appropriate mental health treatment, and the implications for inmate safety, costs, recidivism, and community reintegration if meaningful mental health treatment is not provided. Finally, some recommendations regarding required and desired components of correctional mental health programs are discussed.
My privacy policy: exploring end-user specification of free-form location access rules

The increasing inclusion of location and other contextual information in social media applications requires users to be more aware of what their location disclosures reveal. As such, it is important to consider whether existing access-control mechanisms for managing location sharing meet the needs of today's users. We report on a questionnaire (N=103) in which respondents were asked to specify location access control rules using free-form everyday language. Respondents also rated and ranked the importance of a variety of contextual factors that could influence their decisions for allowing or disallowing access to their location. Our findings validate some prior results (e.g., the recipient was the most highly rated and ranked factor and appeared most often in free-form rules) while challenging others (e.g., time-based constraints were deemed relatively less important, despite being features of multiple location-sharing services). We also identified several themes in the free-form rules (e.g., special rules for emergency situations). Our findings can inform the design of tools to empower end users to articulate and capture their access-control preferences more effectively.
Business Growth thru Social Media Marketing

Social media has changed the name of the game for businesses when it comes to marketing their products and services. These new online platforms provide an avenue for a more personal interaction among companies, prospects and existing customers which is no longer one-directional but rather an open forum with immediate responses. With its accessibility and affordability, even small businesses can now execute marketing initiatives that has a wider reach and larger impact especially in branding. In this paper, the author explores six independent factors of social media marketing which results in business growth. Each factor is carefully discussed and analyzed in order to determine how it brings about a positive impact to the business.
Obesity, ethnicity, and quality of life among breast cancer survivors and women without breast cancer: the long-term quality of life follow-up study

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and quality of life (QOL) among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white breast cancer survivors and population-based controls from the ‘Long-Term Quality of Life Study’—a 12- to 15-year follow-up study of breast cancer cases/survivors and controls from New Mexico (n = 451).
Mutations in the 70K peroxisomal membrane protein gene in Zellweger syndrome.

The peroxisomal membrane protein, with a relative molecular mass of 70,000 (Mr 70K) (PMP70), is an important component of peroxisomal membranes and an ATP-binding cassette protein. To investigate its possible involvement in Zellweger syndrome (ZS), an inborn error of peroxisome assembly, we cloned and sequenced cDNAs for human PMP70 and mapped the gene to chromosome 1. Amongst 32 probands with ZS or related disorders, we found two mutant PMP70 alleles in single ZS probands from the same complementation group. One allele has a donor splice site mutation and the second a missense mutation. Our results suggest that PMP70 plays an important role in peroxisome biogenesis and that mutations in PMP70 may be responsible for a subset of ZS patients.
Knuckle walking by a baboon (Papio cynocephalus)

This paper describes the development of a knuckle walking mode of locomotion by a free-living yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Some implications of this occurrence for theories of the evolution of knuckle walking are discussed.
Risk Factors for Surgical Recurrence after Ileocolic Resection of Crohn's Disease

We evaluated the effect of potential clinical factors on surgical recurrence of ileal Crohn’s disease after initial ileocolic resection. One hundred seventy-six patients with ileal Crohn’s disease who underwent an ileocolic resection with anastomosis were identified from our database. The outcome of interest was time from first to second ileocolic resection. Survival analysis was used to assess the significance of the Montreal phenotype classification, smoking habit, a family history of inflammatory bowel disease and other clinical variables. In our final Cox model, a family history of inflammatory bowel disease (hazard ratio 2.24, 95 percent confidence interval 1.16–4.30, P = 0.016), smoking at time of initial ileocolic resection (hazard ratio 2.08, 95 percent confidence interval 1.11–3.91, P = 0.023) was associated with an increased risk of a second ileocolic resection while postoperative prescription of immunomodulators (hazard ratio 0.40, 95 percent confidence interval 0.18–0.88, P = 0.022) was associated with a decreased risk of a second ileocolic resection. Both a family history of inflammatory bowel disease and smoking at the time of the initial ileocolic resection are associated with an increased risk of a second ileocolic resection. Postoperative prescription of immunomodulators is associated with a reduced risk of surgical recurrence. This study supports the concept that both genetic and environmental factors influence the risk of surgical recurrence of ileal Crohn’s disease.
Who Are Herodotus' Persians?

In analyzing how Herodotus' descriptions of foreign societies reflect Greek assumptions and prejudices, we have sometimes failed to recognize the extent to which he reports persuasive and historically valid information. This is particularly true of the Persians for whom Herodotus appears to have had access to very good sources, especially perhaps among Medes and Persians living in Asia Minor. This paper argues that Herodotus' representation of Persian character and customs and his understanding of the relationship between the king and his subjects is based on genuine native traditions that reflect an internal debate within Persian elites in the aftermath of their war against Greece.
Effect of pyridine homologues on proton flux through the CF0 · CF1 complex and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts

At concentrations below 1 mM, hydrophobic pyridine homologues decrease the rate of photophosphorylation and light-stimulated hydrolysis of ATP and light-activated exchange of the tightly bound nucleotides in chloroplasts, but increase the rate of the Hill reaction. Unlike uncoupling agents, the presence of the organic base at such low concentrations decreases the rate of light-dependent leakage and has no effect on the efficiency of two-stage photophosphorylation in broken chloroplasts. By assuming that the organic base is bound to independent equivalent sites in the thylakoid membrane, a simple expression can be derived which relates the observed rates of photophosphorylation and light-stimulated hydrolysis of ATP quantitatively to the concentration of the organic base in solution and gives dissociation equilibrium constants which are on the order of the relative hydrophobicities of the pyridine homologues. A possible mechanistic model for the CF0 · CF1 complex is proposed which could serve as the basis for a unified interpretation of the kinetics of proton translocation in illuminated chloroplasts, the steady-state rate of photophosphorylation, the light-stimulated ATPase activity, and the light-activated exchange of tightly bound adenine nucleotides.
On the estimation of the variance of the median used in L1 linear inference procedures

Recent results in the literature have considered the distri-bution of the LAV estimator ; i.e, under the criterion of min-izing the sum of absolute deviations. It has been shown that is approximately normally distributed with mean zero and covarianoe matrix where λ2/n is the variance of the median for a sample of size n. Sub-sequent research has shown how the asymptotic results can be used in inference procedures; these procedures are based on λ being known. This paper will consider the estimation of λ as suggested by Cox and Hinkley (1974). In this spirit a Monte Carlo study was conducted using various distributions over various sample sizes. Guidelines for using this estimate of λ in LAV inference proce-dures will also be discussed.
Refinements of Tissue Expansion for Pediatric Forehead Reconstruction: A 13-year Experience

Background:Reconstruction of the forehead in children when 25 percent or more of the forehead is involved presents a complex reconstructive challenge because of the confluence of highly visible aesthetic units. The present study was performed to develop an algorithm for lesions involving 25 percent
Effect of ambient humidity on dichotomous sampler coarse/fine ratios

Abstract Atmospheric aerosols were measured in August 1983 on Allegheny Mountain and Laurel Hill in southwestern Pennsylvania. Ambient humidity was observed to influence the coarse to fine particle ratios as determined by dichotomous samplers. This influence is evident in the particle mass and in its component chemical species. The sampling run with the most pronounced mass shift resulted in an apparent loss of 50 % of the fine mass and 66 % of the fine particle sulfur to the coarse fraction. The magnitude of the mass shift appears to be related to the length of time that the aerosol was in a saturated environment and also to the original dry particle size. These observations have serious implications for receptor modeling with dichotomous sampler data whenever only the fine particles are considered.
Sources which maximize the choice of a Huffman coding tree

Since the introduction of the Huffman algorithm (Huffman, 1952) for optimum coding of discrete noiseless sources with specific symbol probabilities, certain combinatorial problems have naturally suggested themselves. One of these is the problem of enumerating the distinct binary trees which correspond to the different available codes. The number of topologically distinct trees has been investigated (cf. Franklin and Golomb, 1975) but this is not a good formulation of the problem. The number of coding-distinct trees for n source symbols is more properly defined as the number of solutions of the Kraft-McMillan Equality, in the form
An emergency physician's guide to prosthetic heart valves: Identification and hemodynamic function

We describe methods for identifying the type and size of seven commonly used prosthetic heart valves and how these features influence the hemodynamics of flow through the valve. The four mechanical heart valves reviewed are Starr-Edwards silicone rubber ball valves (Models 1200/1260 aortic and 6120 mitral valves), Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valves (60° standard spherical model and the 60° convexo-concave model), Medtronic-Hall (Hall-Kaster) tilting disc valve, and St Jude Medical bileaflet valve. The three bio-prostheses reviewed are Hancock porcine valve, Carpentier-Edwards porcine valve, and lonescu-Shiley bovine pericardial valve. These valves were chosen because of their past or present popularity and therefore are the ones most apt to be implanted in patients seen in the emergency department.
Graphene metasurfaces engineered with organic molecules

Layered graphene metasurfaces functionalized with graded pattern of organic molecules will be investigated to manipulate optical beams with great flexibility. The optical property of graphene is modified by molecules through charge transfer and band shape modification. By patterning one or two types of organic molecules on the graphene surface (digital metasurface), desired plasmonic response will be tailored leading to novel applications for surface wave engineering or reflection/transmission/absorption manipulation. The former is enabled due to the gradient effective index profile for surface wave by weighting two types of molecules. The latter is realized through resonance control of the unit cell, where the metasurface is acting as an atom-thick impedance sheet with values locally tunable by the configuration of molecular patterns.
Interaction of electron beams with insulators and semiconductors

Abstract Although it is advisable to keep electrodes and electron sources away from glass surfaces, in some cases it is unavoidable, as in modern cathode-ray tube gun design. Frequently blue glows and arcs occur due to the proximity of the glass, but their cause is poorly understood. We hypothesize that electron bombardment of the glass surface can give rise to large, selfsustaining changes in the voltage spatial distribution. Continued bombardment can cause the bombarded glass to glow, and the enhanced electric fields may produce arcs. A simplified electron-current continuity equation is formulated. It takes into account the incident electron current, the concomitant secondary-electron emission, the non-zero glass conductivity, and the capacitative effect of nearby grounded surfaces. The solutions imply regions of enhanced and of diminished surface voltage along the glass, depending upon the location of the bombarded region. A criterion for significant voltage variations is given, and some numerical results are discussed.
Reduction mammaplasty: the results of avoiding nipple-areolar amputation in cases of extreme hypertrophy

In extreme cases of breast hypertrophy, amputation of the nipple-areolar complex and transplantation during reduction mammaplasty has been advocated to avoid nipple necrosis. We report our experience with 172 patients having inferior breast pedicle reduction without amputation of the nipple-areolar complex. Mean total weight of resected tissue was 1,946 g (548 to 5,100 g), with a mean nipple-areolar transposition of 10 cm (0.5 to 23 cm). Dividing patients into four groups by weight of resection, we compared complication rates. In this series, where nipple-areola amputation was avoided, there was a 99.6% survival rate of the nipple-areolar complex with 97.1% retention of nipple sensibility. Patients with extreme breast hypertrophy (3,000 g resected tissue) experienced no increase in complications when compared to smaller reductions. In most cases of gigantomastia, amputation of the nipple can be avoided using the inferior breast pedicle technique. Size of breast resection alone should not determine the fate of the nipple.
Use of Dried Fermented Biomass as a Fish Meal Replacement in Practical Diets of Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus

Substitution of fish meal (FM) as a protein source in aquaculture diets is required to reduce cost and promote a sustainable industry. Potential protein sources include a range of traditional products from agricultural production such as plant or animal proteins. However, there are also a number of manufacturing coproducts, including bacterial dried fermented biomass (DFB,) for which there is an increased interest. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate DFB as a replacement for FM in practical diets for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four diets were prepared in which different levels of FM (15%, 10%, 5%, and 0% of the diet) were replaced with DFB (0%, 4.27%, 8.54%, and 12.82%) on an iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic basis, to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid. A 10-week growth trial was conducted in a recirculating system consisting of 12 indoor 1.0 m3 tanks, stocked with 20 juvenile pompano (mean initial weight 8.1 g) per tank. There were no significant differences in final weigh...
SENSITIVITY OF THE RETINA TO RADIATION DAMAGE AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH

Abstract—Exposure of the retina of the rhesus monkey to visible and infrared radiation from CW optical sources like the Sun, xenon lamps, etc. produces small lesions or scotomata which may be classified as thermal or photochemical, depending on the wavelength and duration of exposure. The action spectrum for the production of retinal lesions has been determined for eight monochromatic laser wavelengths extending from 1064 to 441 nm. The corneal power required to produce a lesion decreases by three orders of magnitude in going from 1064 to 441 nm. Exposure to 1064 nm radiation for 1000 s produces a typical thermal lesion at elevated retinal temperatures. whereas a 1000 s exposure to 441 nm light produces a photochemical lesion at power levels too low to raise the retinal temperature by an appreciable amount (<0.1°). The two types of lesion have entirely different characteristics as will be discussed in some detail. The photopathology of thc photochemical lesion has been studied at postexposure times ranging from 1 h to 90 days and will be demonstrated in a number of histological slides. Moreover, this photopathology correlates well with monocular visual acuity tests in the rhesus monkey as defined by the Landolt ring technique. To further elucidate the differential effects on the retina of short vs long wavelength CW radiation, we have divided a simulated solar spectrum at sea level into two spectral bands. 400–800 nm and 700–1400 nm, and determined the radiant exposures required to produce very mild lcsions on the rhesus retina for exposure times of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 s. To correlate our data with solar retinitis and eclipse blindness the image diameter or spot size on the retina was 159 μm, corresponding to the image size of the Sun on the human retina. Exposure to the 400–800 nm spectrum for durations of 10 s or greater required approximately 400 J/cm2 to produce a mild photochemical lesion. Reciprocity is maintained over the exposure range 10–1000 s. Radiant exposure to the 700–1400 nm spectrum, on the other hand, required roughly 69,100 J/cm2 for a 1000 s exposure. This was a mild thermal lesion. We were unable to produce a lesion for exposure times less than 1000 s. We interpret these data to mean that solar retinitis and eclipse blindness are primarily photochemical events produced by the short wavelength component of the solar spectrum, and that the infrared component of the solar spectrum plays only a minor role in these retinal pathologies.
Perceptions of Fairness in Interpersonal and Individual Choice Situations

You are graduating with a Ph.D. from a good psychology program. After a few interviews, a university that you are very interested in makes you an offer of an assistant professorship at $40,000 a year. The offer is not negotiable. You like the people. You like the job. You like the location. However, right before you are about to accept the offer, you find out that the same university is offer ing another new assistant professor $42,000. You do not see any character istics that make the other individual more qualified than you. Will you still accept the offer?
Posterior simulation across nonparametric models for functional clustering

By choosing a species sampling random probability measure for the distribution of the basis coefficients, a general class of nonparametric Bayesian methods for clustering of functional data is developed. Allowing the basis functions to be unknown, one faces the problem of posterior simulation over a high-dimensional space of semiparametric models. To address this problem, we propose a novel Metropolis-Hastings algorithm for moving between models, with a nested generalized collapsed Gibbs sampler for updating the model parameters. Focusing on Dirichlet process priors for the distribution of the basis coefficients in multivariate linear spline models, we apply the approach to the problem of clustering of hormone trajectories. This approach allows the number of clusters and the shape of the trajectories within each cluster to be unknown. The methodology can be applied broadly to allow uncertainty in variable selection in semiparametric Bayes hierarchical models.
Dynamic Behavior of Mode Partition Noise in Multimode Fiber Links

In this paper we investigate and quantify the dynamic behavior of the mode partition noise variance. We found that the mode partition noise variance is largest at the bit boundaries and depends on the slope (edge transition times) of the signal in links with one propagating fiber mode. In multimode fibers we show similar dependence, although the mode partition noise is reduced because fiber mode groups mix the chromatically dispersed laser modes responsible for mode partition noise.
Direct observation of the excited-state proton transfer and decay kinetics of internally hydrogen-bonded photostabilizers in copolymer films

The excited-state dynamics of a 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole (HPB) photostabilizer copolymerized with polystyrene are reported. HPB fluorescence from these copolymer films is observed at approximately 630 nm, characteristic of the proton-transferred excited state of HPB, and it has a risetime of less than 10 ps and a decay time of 28 + or - 4 ps at room temperature. Measurement of the relative fluorescence quantum yield as a function of temperature gives the activation energy for nonradiative decay of this state to be E/hc = 259 + or 25/cm.
Groundwater denitrification capacity and nitrous oxide flux of former fringing salt marshes filled with human-transported materials

While former salt marsh sites filled with human transported material (HTM) have altered the surface marsh ecosystem, if artificial drainage is absent, subsurface conditions may continue favorable for denitrification, a microbial process reducing nitrogen (N) export to estuaries. We used piezometer networks to evaluate the in situ groundwater denitrification capacity and nitrous oxide (N2O) flux (with 15N-enriched nitrate-N via the push-pull method) in four former fringing salt marshes topped by HTM along the Rhode Island coast, U.S.A. Groundwater at these sites commonly interacted with the buried marsh horizon and the HTM. In situ groundwater denitrification capacity site means ranged from 15.2 to 71.7 μg N kg−1d−1 with no significant differences between sites due to high intrasite variability. The site with the highest and most consistent denitrification capacity also had HTM of the finest texture and highest soluble organic carbon. Three of four sites had minimal N2O flux [mean N2O:(N2O + N2) = 0.082] while the final site had N2O generation rates up to 52.5 μg N kg−1 d−1. The site with the highest N2O contributions also had the lowest ambient groundwater nitrate-N indicating lack of priming for N2O reduction to N2. Former salt marshes with HTM deposits may still have the capacity for substantial groundwater denitrification capacity, similar to that observed in undisturbed salt marshes, but may also contribute substantially to global N2O emissions. For both salt marsh restoration and greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, attention should be given to ensuring that a tidally-driven, fluctuating water table regularly intercepts the buried organic horizons of the filled salt marsh.
Exploiting stack distance to estimate worst-case data cache performance

This paper proposes an approach to safely and tightly bounding data cache performance by computing the worst-case stack distance of data cache accesses. Our approach can not only be applied to direct-mapped caches, but also be used for set-associative or even fully-associative caches without increasing the complexity of analysis. Moreover, the proposed approach can statically categorize worst-case data cache misses into cold, conflict, and capacity misses, which can provide useful insights for designers to enhance the worst-case data cache performance. Our evaluation shows that the proposed data cache timing analysis technique can safely and accurately estimate the worst-case data cache performance, and the overestimation as compared to the observed worst-case data cache misses is within 1% on average.
Solubility and Diffusivity of Propylene and Ethylene in Atactic Polypropylene by the Static Sorption Technique

In this work, the static sorption technique has been extended to measure the diffusivity as well as the solubility of gases in polymers at elevated pressures. This has been accomplished by operating several static sorption capsules in parallel in order to measure the fractional mass uptake of a gas by a polymer with time. Equilibrium and diffusion data of propylene and ethylene in atactic polypropylene have been measured in the temperature range of 25−70 °C. The group-contribution, lattice-fluid equation of state (GCLF-EoS) was used to correlate the equilibria data with a single value of the binary interaction parameter for each of the systems. The Vrentas−Duda free-volume theory was employed to describe the propylene and ethylene diffusivity data. The chemical potential gradient used in the free-volume correlation of the diffusivity data was obtained from the GCLF-EoS.
Autoimmunity: effectiveness of treatments for pregnant women with APS.

The combination of heparin and aspirin is widely regarded as 'standard therapy' to increase rates of live birth in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and positive antiphospholipid antibodies. However, this recommendation is based largely on expert opinion. Does a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials support the practice?
Electron density measurement of a colliding plasma using soft-x-ray laser interferometry

The understanding of the collision and subsequent interaction of counter-streaming high-density plasmas is important for the design of indirectly-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hohlraums. We have employed a soft x-ray Mach-Zehnder interferometer, using a Ne- like Y x-ray laser at 155 {angstrom} as the probe source, to study interpenetration and stagnation of two colliding plasmas. We observed a peaked density profile at the symmetry axis with a wide stagnation region with width of order 100 {mu}m. We compare the measured density profile with density profiles calculated by the radiation hydrodynamic code LASNEX and a multi-specie fluid code which allows for interpenetration. The measured density profile falls in between the calculated profiles using collisionless and fluid approximations. By using different target materials and irradiation configurations, we can vary the collisionality of the plasma. We hope to use the soft x-ray laser interferometry as a mechanism to validate and benchmark our numerical codes used for the design and analysis of high-energy- density physics experiments.
3C Yb-doped fiber based high energy and power pulsed fiber lasers

3C fiber technology advances the performance frontier of practical, high-pulse-energy fiber lasers by providing very large core fibers with the handling and packaging benefits associated with single mode fibers. First-generation fibers demonstrate scaling to > 240 W average power coincident with 100-kW peak power in 1-mJ, 10-ns pulses while maintaining single-mode beam quality, polarized output, and efficiencies > 70%. Peak powers over 0.5 MW with negligible spectral distortion can be achieved with sub ns, near-transform-limited pulses. In-development second-generation 3C Yb-fiber based on core sizes around 55 μm1 have produced >8 mJ, 13 ns pulses with peak powers exceeding 600 kW.
The art and science of targeting geriatrics programs.

“Targeting” in geriatrics is the selection from a wider screened group of frail elderly patients for specific geriatrics programs designed to meet their particular multidimensional health needs. Targeting has been advocated as a means of improving the overall cost-effectiveness of health services for elderly people, both through improvement of the measurable health outcomes in patients served, and limiting futile/inappropriate care (both in patients admitted, and in others by virtue of their exclusion) which adds cost but does not improve health or quality of life. While research supports targeting for improving health outcomes, work to improve targeting practices and criteria is somewhat underdeveloped. These issues are discussed in reference to the contribution of Karppi and Tilvis (1) and other current literature.
Homogentisic acid autoxidation and oxygen radical generation : implications for the etiology of alkaptonuric arthritis

The metabolic disorder, alkaptonuria, is distinguished by elevated serum levels of 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homogentisic acid), pigmentation of cartilage and connective tissue and, ultimately, the development of inflammatory arthritis. Oxygen radical generation during homogentisic acid autoxidation was characterized in vitro to assess the likelihood that oxygen radicals act as molecular agents of alkaptonuric arthritis in vivo. For homogentisic acid autoxidized at physiological pH and above, yielding superoxide (O2-)2 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the homogentisic acid autoxidation rate was oxygen dependent, proportional to homogentisic acid concentration, temperature dependent and pH dependent. Formation of the oxidized product, benzoquinoneacetic acid was inhibited by the reducing agents, NADH, reduced glutathione, and ascorbic acid and accelerated by SOD and manganese-pyrophosphate. Manganese stimulated autoxidation was suppressed by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Homogentisic acid autoxidation stimulated a rapid cooxidation of ascorbic acid at pH 7.45. Hydrogen peroxide was among the products of cooxidation. The combination of homogentisic acid and Fe3+-EDTA stimulated hydroxyl radical (OH.) formation estimated by salicylate hydroxylation. Ferric iron was required for the reaction and Fe3+-EDTA was a better catalyst than either free Fe3+ or Fe3+-DTPA. SOD accelerated OH. production by homogentisic acid as did H2O2, and catalase reversed much of the stimulation by SOD. Catalase alone, and the hydroxyl radical scavengers, thiourea and sodium formate, suppressed salicylate hydroxylation. Homogentisic acid and Fe3+-EDTA also stimulated the degradation of hyaluronic acid, the chief viscous element of synovial fluid. Hyaluronic acid depolymerization was time dependent and proportional to the homogentisic acid concentration up to 100 microM. The level of degradation observed was comparable to that obtained with ascorbic acid at equivalent concentrations. The hydroxyl radical was an active intermediate in depolymerization. Thus, catalase and the hydroxyl radical scavengers, thiourea and dimethyl sulfoxide, almost completely suppressed the depolymerization reaction. The ability of homogentisic acid to generate O2-, H2O2 and OH. through autoxidation and the degradation of hyaluronic acid by homogentisic acid-mediated by OH. production suggests that oxygen radicals play a significant role in the etiology of alkaptonuric arthritis.
Nonrandom assortment of centromeres with implications regarding random assortment of the chromosomes

Das Vorkommen «umgekehrter Koppelung» (reverse linkage) bei der Hefe deutet auf die Moglichkeit, dass die Zentromeren nicht homologer Chromosomen zu Beginn der Meiose eine Synapsis eingehen und dementsprechend nicht unabhangig voneinander auf die beiden Tochterkerne der ersten meiotischen Teilung verteilt werden.
PDT Dosimetry And Response

Determination of the dependence of Photofrin II concentration on the time integrated space irradiance in tissue allows the definition of Photodynamic dose to be formulated as an integral of sensitizer concentration over the time integrated space irradiance at each point in tissue. This integral, together with a measurement of the depth of necrosis produced by the clinically measurable sensitizer and light doses, and the tissue optical properties allows the calculation of the expected necrotic depth for any similar tissue. These predictive calculations are carried out for various dosimetric conditions and a variety of clinically interesting sources e.g. long cylinders or spherically symmetric sources imbedded in the tissue, uniform surface illumination over a wide field or a spherical source at the center of a water filled bladder. The results are presented in graphical form and are based on published clinical data.