cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Turbulent Consumption Speeds (ST,GC) Of H2/CO Blends

This paper describes measurements of the global turbulent consumption speed, ST,GC , of atmospheric pressure H2 /CO flames at mean flow velocities and turbulence intensities up to U = 50 m/s and u′ /SL = 100, respectively. The particular emphasis of the paper is to characterize H2 /CO mixture properties upon turbulent flame speeds — a number of prior studies have noted that different fuels, with the same laminar flame speed and combusted in the same turbulent flow, can have widely different turbulent flame speeds. This effect is believed to be due to flame speed sensitivities to stretch and possibly thermo-diffusive instabilities. While this effect is widely known, little data are available for syngas blends. Turbulent flame speeds were obtained with blends ranging from 30–90% H2 , with the mixture equivalence ratio, φ, adjusted at each fuel composition to have nominally the same laminar flame speed, SL . In addition, equivalence ratio sweeps at constant H2 level were also performed. The data clearly corroborate results from other studies that show significant sensitivity of ST,GC to fuel composition. In particular, at a fixed u′ and SL , values of ST,GC increase by almost a factor of 1.5–2 when H2 levels are increased from 30% (at φ = 0.59) to 90% (at φ = 0.46). Moreover, ST,GC in the 90% H2 case is 3 times larger than the φ = 0.9 CH4 /air mixture with the same SL value. An important conclusion from this work is that fuel effects on ST,GC highlighted above are not simply a low turbulence intensity phenomenon — they clearly persist over the entire range of turbulence intensities used in the measurements.© 2009 ASME
Industrial Applications for Plant Oils and Lipids

Publisher Summary In general, plant lipids include derivatives of fatty acids, such as triacylglycerides (TAGs) and glycerophospholipids (GPLs), a variety of aromatic and hydrocarbon-like compounds, such as sterols, carotenoids and terpenes, and waxes. Of these, TAGs and GPLs are the dominant industrially useful compounds found in most domestic crop plant seeds, such as soybean, corn, and canola. Given the extent of organic and physical hydrocarbon chemistry, it is not surprising that industrial oleochemistry employs a wide range of thermal and catalytic reaction technologies as well as separation methods. Currently, the most widely used methods for altering the thermal and crystallization properties of fats are catalytic hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and transesterification, along with a variety of other chemical modifications. The plant oil and lipids find various industrial and technology applications in coatings and polymers, printing inks, lubricants, cosmetics/pharmaceuticals, leather processing, surfactants, solvents, hydraulic fluids, pesticide/herbicide adjuvants, glycerin (glycerol), and as fuels. Many lipid-derived products are meant to replace existing petroleum-based products, such as plastics and fuels.
Elastic Properties of the Lithosphere

The elastic thickness (Te) is the computed thickness of a lithospheric plate that responds elastically to long term geological loading by flexure. The loading should take place for more than 105 years. The elastic thickness represents the integrated strength of the lithosphere and is a measure of its resistivity to deformation.
A bioinspired iron catalyst for nitrate and perchlorate reduction

Nitrate and perchlorate have considerable use in technology, synthetic materials, and agriculture; as a result, they have become pervasive water pollutants. Industrial strategies to chemically reduce these oxyanions often require the use of harsh conditions, but microorganisms can efficiently reduce them enzymatically. We developed an iron catalyst inspired by the active sites of nitrate reductase and (per)chlorate reductase enzymes. The catalyst features a secondary coordination sphere that aids in oxyanion deoxygenation. Upon reduction of the oxyanions, an iron(III)-oxo is formed, which in the presence of protons and electrons regenerates the catalyst and releases water.
Distribution locational real-time pricing based smart building control and management

This paper proposes an real-virtual parallel computing scheme for smart building operations aiming at augmenting overall social welfare. The University of Denver's campus power grid and Ritchie fitness center is used for demonstrating the proposed approach. An artificial virtual system is built in parallel to the real physical system to evaluate the overall social cost of the building operation based on the social science based working productivity model, numerical experiment based building energy consumption model and the power system based real-time pricing mechanism. Through interactive feedback exchanged between the real and virtual system, enlarged social welfare, including monetary cost reduction and energy saving, as well as working productivity improvements, can be achieved.
An optimal randomized policy for controlling stochastic growth processes on lattices

The control of stochastic growth processes has attracted a large amount of interest recently, motivated, for instance, by the desire to control and contain the spread of epidemic diseases. In this paper, we consider the control of stochastic growth processes on lattices. Throughout the paper, we present our results using the forest wildfire as an example, in which the control is exerted by a limited number of autonomous vehicles that can be assigned to extinguish fires on individual trees planted in a grid formation. However, our results are broadly applicable to problems that involves nodes connected into lattice-like structures, such as control of transportation networks on a Manhattan grid. In this context, we define a notion of stability for stochastic growth processes on lattices, and we derive analytical bounds for control effort that guarantees stability. The lattice structure allows us to analytically characterize stabilizing control policies with the help of certain recent results from the statistical mechanics literature. This analysis leads to randomized policies that stabilize originally unstable stochastic growth processes on lattices almost surely, and guarantee asymptotic optimality both in terms of the allocation and the utilization of control effort.
Specters of the Pacific: Salt Fish Drag and Atomic Hauntologies in the Era of Genetic Modification

In part an examination of the speculative arena of genomics, particularly through the historical context of US nuclear detonations in the Pacific in the mid-twentieth century, this essay traces a rhetorical shift in scientific interest in “mutation” to “regeneration.” This shift marks how the financialization of scientific research brokers a profitable conversion of the devastations of the atomic age to the promissory therapies of the Human Genome Project. Against this backcloth, I turn to Larissa Lai's speculative fiction Salt Fish Girl, which resurrects these specters of the Pacific to haunt the HGP's projections and tether transpacific futurity to an irradiated past.
LMI Approach to Mixed H-2 and H-infinity Performance Objective Controller Design

Abstract The problem of synthesizing controllers for plants subject to arbitrary, finite energy disturbances and white noise disturbances via Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) is presented. This is achieved by considering white noise disturbances as belonging to a constrained set in l2. In the case where only white noise disturbances are present, the procedure reduces to standard H2 synthesis. When arbitrary, finite energy disturbances are also present, the procedure may be used to synthesize general mixed performance objective controllers, and for certain cases. Robust H2 controllers.
Biomechanics of an Expandable Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cage Deployed Through Transforaminal Approach.

Introduction A novel expandable lumbar interbody fusion cage has been developed which allows for a broad endplate footprint similar to an anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF); however, it is deployed from a minimally invasive transforaminal unilateral approach. The perceived benefit is a stable circumferential fusion from a single approach that maintains the anterior tension band of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The purpose of this biomechanics laboratory study was to evaluate the biomechanical stability of an expandable lumbar interbody cage inserted using a transforaminal approach and deployed in situ compared to a traditional lumbar interbody cage inserted using an anterior approach (control device). Methods Twelve cadaveric spine specimens (L1-L5) were tested intact and after implantation of both the control and experimental devices in two (L2-L3 and L3-L4) segments of each specimen; the assignments of the control and experimental devices to these segments were alternated. Effect of supplemental pedicle screw-rod stabilization was also assessed. Moments were applied to the specimens in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). The effect of physiologic preload on construct stability was evaluated in FE. Segmental motions were measured using an optoelectronic motion measurement system. Results The deployable expendable TLIF cage and control devices significantly reduced FE motion with and without compressive preload when compared to the intact condition (p 0.05). Adding bilateral pedicle screws resulted in further reduction of ROM for all loading modes compared to intact condition, with no statistical difference between the two constructs (p>0.05). Conclusions The ability of the deployable expendable interbody cage in reducing segmental motions was equivalent to the control cage when used as a stand-alone construct and also when supplemented with bilateral pedicle screw-rod instrumentation. The larger footprint of the fully deployed TLIF cage combined with preservation of the anterior soft-tissue tension band may provide a better biomechanical fusion environment by combining the advantages of the traditional ALIF and TLIF approaches.
Bioaerosol concentrations generated from toilet flushing in a hospital-based patient care setting.

In the United States, 1.7 million immunocompromised patients contract a healthcare-associated infection, annually. These infections increase morbidity, mortality and costs of care. A relatively unexplored route of transmission is the generation of bioaerosols during patient care. Transmission of pathogenic microorganisms may result from inhalation or surface contamination of bioaerosols. The toilet flushing of patient fecal waste may be a source of bioaerosols. To date, no study has investigated bioaerosol concentrations from flushing fecal wastes during patient care. Particle and bioaerosol concentrations were measured in hospital bathrooms across three sampling conditions; no waste no flush, no waste with flush, and fecal waste with flush. Particle and bioaerosol concentrations were measured with a particle counter bioaerosol sampler both before after a toilet flushing event at distances of 0.15, 0.5, and 1 m from the toilet for 5, 10, 15 min. Particle concentrations measured before and after the flush were found to be significantly different (0.3–10 μm). Bioaerosol concentrations when flushing fecal waste were found to be significantly greater than background concentrations (p-value = 0.005). However, the bioaerosol concentrations were not different across time (p-value = 0.977) or distance (p-value = 0.911) from the toilet, suggesting that aerosols generated may remain for longer than 30 min post flush. Toilets produce aerosol particles when flushed, with the majority of the particles being 0.3 μm in diameter. The particles aerosolized include microorganisms remaining from previous use or from fecal wastes. Differences in bioaerosol concentrations across conditions also suggest that toilet flushing is a source of bioaerosols that may result in transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. This study is the first to quantify particles and bioaerosols produced from flushing a hospital toilet during routine patient care. Future studies are needed targeting pathogens associated with gastrointestinal illness and evaluating aerosol exposure reduction interventions.
Elements of Finite Order in the Group of Formal Power Series Under Composition

We consider formal power series $f(z) = \omega z + a_2z^2 + \ldots \ (\omega \neq 0)$, with coefficients in a field of characteristic $0$. These form a group under the operation of composition (= substitution). We prove (Theorem 1) that every element $f(z)$ of finite order is conjugate to its linear term $\ell_\omega(z) = \omega z$, and we characterize those elements which conjugate $f(z)$ to $\omega z$. Then we investigate the construction of elements of order $n$ and prove (Theorem 2) that, given a primitive $n$'th root of unity $\omega$ and an arbitrary sequence $\{a_k\}_{k\neq nj+1}$ there is a unique sequence $\{a_{nj + 1}\}_{j=1}^\infty$ such that the series $f(z) = \omega z + a_2z^2 + a_3z^3 + \ldots$ has order $n$. Sections 1 - 5 give an exposition of this classical subject, written for the 2005 - 2006 Morgan State University Combinatorics Seminar. We do not claim priority for these results in this classical field, though perhaps the proof of Theorem 2 is new. We have now (2018) added Section 6 which gives references to valuable articles in the literature and historical comments which, however incomplete, we hope will give proper credit to those who have preceded this note and be helpful and of interest to the reader.
Toward Companion Objects

In this paper, I take up Graham Harman’s critique of the philosophy of access as well as his proposed non-anthropocentric ontology, and I ask what it would be like for human beings to live or practice such a proposal. Drawing on Harman’s thinking about prehension, but shifting focus towards work in critical phenomenology and feminist science studies, I argue for the importance of human prehensive self-awareness within non-anthropocentric ontological practices, an awareness that emerges phenomenologically and in practice. Extending both Donna Haraway’s theory of companion species and phenomenological practices of being-here with other things, I lay a groundwork for practicing being human as companion object .
Synchronization of coupled microresonator frequency combs

We experimentally demonstrate passive synchronization of microresonator-based optical frequency combs. By injecting a small fraction of the light from one microresonator to the other, we frequency-lock two combs separated by over 20 m.
Violence, Kinship and the Early Chinese State: The Shang and their World

Situated between myth and history, the Shang has been hailed both as China's first historical dynasty and as one of the world's primary civilizations. This book is an up-to-date synthesis of the archaeological, palaeographic and transmitted textual evidence for the Shang polity at Anyang (c.1250–1050 BCE). Roderick Campbell argues that violence was not the antithesis of civilization at Shang Anyang, but rather its foundation in war and sacrifice. He explores the social economy of practices and beliefs that produced the ancestral order of the Shang polity. From the authority of posthumously deified kings, to the animalization of human sacrificial victims, the ancestral ritual complex structured the Shang world through its key institutions of war, sacrifice, and burial. Mediated by hierarchical lineages, participation in these practices was basic to being Shang. This volume, which is based on the most up-to-date evidence, offers comprehensive and cutting-edge insight into the Chinese Bronze Age civilization.
INTRODUCTION TO PHASE DIAGRAMS

Publisher Summary It was recognized that the terminal solubilities of impurities in a material differ between the liquid and solid states. In a phase diagram, this would be indicated by the separation between the liquidus and solidus lines. The fact that industry believes in the importance of phase diagrams is proven by the fact that industrial funding made the alloy phase diagram program possible. The ready availability of computers has led to widespread application of the technique known as the CALPHAD method for computer extrapolation of data for the phase equilibria of known systems to predict equilibrium data for more complex unknown systems. This chapter discusses the development of the CALPHAD method and its demand for experimental inputs to emphasize the importance of reliable experimental data as expressed in the classic cliche, “garbage in equals garbage out”. The chapter also discusses the phase rule and its importance in phase diagram construction along with the basic rules for generating reliable experimental data.
The Effects of Native Language and Gender on Procedure Performance.

Objective:Evaluation of effects of native language—native (L1) versus nonnative (L2)—on procedure performance.Background:Written procedures are used by global industries to facilitate accurate and ...
Stymied by a wealth of health information: how viewing conflicting information online diminishes efficacy

Background: Confusing information about cancer screening proliferates even within credible sources online, particularly around mammography and prostate antigen testing. One story may emphasize the ...
Modeling Genetic Circuit Behavior in Transiently Transfected Mammalian Cells

Binning cells by plasmid copy number is a common practice for analyzing transient transfection data. In many kinetic models of transfected cells, protein production rates are assumed to be proporti...
An overpartition analogue of partitions with bounded differences between largest and smallest parts

Abstract We study the generating function for overpartitions with bounded differences between largest and smallest parts, which is analogous to a result of Breuer and Kronholm on integer partitions. We also connect this problem with over q -binomial coefficients introduced by Dousse and Kim.
A Novel Snowflake Fractal Antenna for Dual-Beam Applications in 28 GHz Band

A wideband snowflake antenna for 28 GHz millimeter-wave communications is proposed. The antenna has a size of $8\times 5$ mm2, fabricated on ultra-thin 0.254 mm substrate. The antenna consists of four small hexagons surrounding a bigger hexagon in order to attain broadband characteristics. Bandwidth response of the antenna is between 25.28–29.04 GHz (13.43% @ 28 GHz), having 3.12 dBi gain and more than 80% of radiation as well as total efficiency. The antenna specific structure is designed such that it gives dual beam over its entire bandwidth without a noticeable shift in its beam directions. For enhanced gain performance, its 4-element array (of size $32\times 12$ mm2) has been fabricated separately to increase its gain upto 10.12 dBi at 28 GHz. The proposed dual-beam antenna and its array has been modelled on thin Rogers substrate to show that its application in millimeter-wave communication equipment is viable.
Negotiating Transgender Identity at Work: A Movement to Theorize a Transgender Standpoint Epistemology:

The status of transgender rights presents a national crisis, and organizational communication scholars must mobilize activist scholarship in which the “T” in “LGBT” (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and tra...
Role of resveratrol in diet-induced obesity and reproductive insufficiency in mice

Objective To investigate the role of reserveratrol in rescue of obesity-induced infertility.Methods According to randomized block design,thirty-six female Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups (control group,high-fat group and treatment group),and twelve in each group.Three groups were fed with a standard rodent chow,a high-fat diet,or a high-fat diet plus resveratrol,respectively.Body weight,fasting blood glucose,and an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test were determined at 4th,8th,and 12th week.At the 12th week,fasting insulin,estrogen,luteinizing hormone,and testosterone were measured.The number of vaginal exfoliated cells was counted to determine the estrous cycle of mice.Three female mice were mated with a male in order to assess mice fertility.Results After 12 weeks of feeding,the body weights of high-fat group [(61.52 ± 6.92) g] and treatment group [(63.06 ± 5.80) g] were significantly higher than that in control group [(47.76 ± 5.02) g],and had statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05),while the body weights between high-fat group and treatment group had no differences (P ＞ 0.05).Fasting blood glucose [(6.98 ±0.33) mmol/L] and fasting insulin [(38.02 ±7.21) μIU/L] in high-fat group were significantlyhigher than those of control group [(5.30 ±0.36) mmol/L,(30.29 ±5.58) μIU/L,P ＜0.05].Compared with high-fat group,fasting blood glucose [(5.45 ± 0.67) mmol/L] and fasting insulin [(30.21 ± 4.60)μIU/L] of treatment group were decreased significantly(P ＜ 0.05).Estrogen [(5.67 ± 0.98) ng/L] and luteinizing hormone [(0.346 ± 0.025) IU/L] of high-fat group were significantly increased than those of control group [(3.007 ± 0.721) ng/L,(0.202 ± 0.041) IU/L,P ＜ 0.05].Estrogen [(2.115 ± 0.353)ng/L] and luteinizing hormone [(0.245 ± 0.041) IU/L] in treatment group were decreased significantly compared with high-fat group (P ＜ 0.05).Testosterone levels among the groups had no significant differences.The high-fat diet also caused a disordered or even an absence of estrous cycle.Ovarian histology showed a marked increase in the number of atretic follicles in high-fat group.Conclusions High-fat diet could induce obesity,signs of metabolic syndrome,and partial reproductive impairment in female Kuming mice.Also,reseveratrol may have beneficial effects in preventing obesity-induced infertility. Key words: Resveratrol ; Obesity ; Metabolic syndrome ; Infertility ; Polycystic ovary syndrome
Conjectures, Refutations, and (Elusive) Resolution: An Exercise in the Sociology of Knowledge within Criminology

An analysis of in-depth discussions (oral histories) with 17 leading criminologists on the seminal debates in which they each participated showcases the benefits of intellectual debate. Over the last half-century, the field’s understanding of crime and its control has experienced genuine gains through a vigorous exchange of conjectures and refutations. It stands to benefit from more of these. However, there is a tension between professional and scientific concerns that limits the expansion of this process. The insistence on open ended inquiry in advancing professional ends dulls the interest and opportunity for debating first principles. As a result, the field is populated by numerous unresolved theoretical disputes. In attempting to settle the dilemma posed by competing interests, a compromise that works to satisfy the concerns of both science and the profession is offered. Crafting an appreciation for where the limits of collective knowledge are found would serve to outline an agenda for discovery while stimulating debate.
Branched Chain Amino Acid Cocktails and Skin

The most important function of the skin is to form a barrier between the inside and outside of body and to protect us from harmful environments. The skin is the largest and heaviest organ in the body, with an external surface of approximately 2 m2, and represents nearly 6 % of the body weight. Anatomically, skin is a complex organ composed of three main compartments: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue. The main components of the epidermis are keratinocytes, and 95 % of epidermal proteins are keratins; other components include melanocytes, Langerhans cells, α-dendritic cells, and Merkel cells. The epidermis is in contact with the external environment; therefore, the main functions of the epidermis are protection against environment changes, desiccation, and exogenous water loss. The dermis determines skin thickness and supports the skin tissue. The dermal properties depend on interactions between the extracellular matrix and fibroblasts and are necessary for maintaining skin structure. Collagen and elastin fibers are the main components of the dermis, and 70 % of the dry skin mass is collagen protein. Numerous blood capillaries are concentrated below the dermal-epidermal junction. The dermis is provided with nutrients by blood capillaries and, therefore, will be more affected by nutritional status than the epidermis. The subcutaneous tissue is the deepest and thickest component, and its functions are to store energy in the adipocytes, to absorb the impact of outer pressure, and to prevent body temperature loss [1].
Finding Physical Adversarial Examples for Autonomous Driving with Fast and Differentiable Image Compositing

There is considerable evidence that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations applied directly to their digital inputs. However, it remains an open question whether this translates to vulnerabilities in real-world systems. Specifically, in the context of image inputs to autonomous driving systems, an attack can be achieved only by modifying the physical environment, so as to ensure that the resulting stream of video inputs to the car's controller leads to incorrect driving decisions. Inducing this effect on the video inputs indirectly through the environment requires accounting for system dynamics and tracking viewpoint changes. We propose a scalable and efficient approach for finding adversarial physical modifications, using a differentiable approximation for the mapping from environmental modifications—namely, rectangles drawn on the road—to the corresponding video inputs to the controller network. Given the color, location, position, and orientation parameters of the rectangles, our mapping composites them onto pre-recorded video streams of the original environment. Our mapping accounts for geometric and color variations, is differentiable with respect to rectangle parameters, and uses multiple original video streams obtained by varying the driving trajectory. When combined with a neural network-based controller, our approach allows the design of adversarial modifications through end-to-end gradient-based optimization. We evaluate our approach using the Carla autonomous driving simulator, and show that it is significantly more scalable and far more effective at generating attacks than a prior black-box approach based on Bayesian Optimization.
Activity and competition-dependent synapse repression in culture.

Throughout the nervous system neurons receive many more synaptic inputs prior to birth than are retained into adulthood1. Regulators of this rearrangement are poorly understood, but seem to include an element of competition between inputs for particular domains of space on a postsynaptic cell. The competition depends in part upon the amount of neuronal activity or its patterning, and in part upon ill-defined components of the pre- and postsynaptic cells that make some connections “appropriate” and some foreign, or “inappropriate”. Were such rearrangements to occur in cell culture systems they might be more accessible to cellular, biochemical, and molecular genetic characterization. In the restricted environment of cell culture many options for the cells are better controlled, especially when homogeneous populations are used, and electrophysiological access for assay of synapse formation is straightforward. Synapse plasticity can be examined when manipulating the cellular and soluble constituents as well as the degree of neuronal activity.
Effects of a Movement-Based Mind–Body Intervention in Managing Symptoms in Older Adults with Osteoarthritis: Gender, Age, and Living Arrangement Differences

Background: Movement-based mind–body interventions (MMBIs) have been identified as an alternative and complementary therapy to ameliorate symptoms associated with osteoarthritis (OA). However, ther...
Glandular metastases from renal cell carcinoma show poor clinical responses to immune checkpoint inhibition but durable responses to angiogenesis inhibitors

While half of the metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) involve the lungs, metastatic lesions have been described in various other organs, including glandular tissues such as the pancreas. Recent evidence suggests that ccRCC lesions affecting the pancreas are poorly responsive to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) but show superior responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathway. However, this has yet to be explored in ccRCC spreading to other glandular tissues. Here we present two cases of ccRCC with glandular metastases, the first to the pancreas and the second to the parotid gland. In both patients, ICI-based immunotherapy offered minimal clinical benefit, but both had durable responses to angiogenesis inhibitors. Given the anatomic similarity between the pancreas and parotid glands, ccRCC with involvement of the parotid gland may also benefit from VEGF-targeting TKIs as opposed to ICIs.
Communication Development During Infancy

The communicating infant - a historical introduction theoretical foundations for the study of communication development a scientific stance towards infants shared attentiveness interpersonal engagement joint object involvement the emergence of the symbol code. (Part contents).
Tellurium Behavior in Containment Under Light Water Reactor Accident Conditions

Interactions of tellurium in containment can result in changes of physical form and therefore in its transport properties. The physical and chemical forms of inorganic tellurium species will be det...
Examining Systems of Influence and Breaking Methodological Barriers to Create Usable Knowledge

The goal of this special section of Mind, Brain, and Education is to provide a platform on which practical insight can be gained from new empirical research on hormones and behavior in development. In this second installment we highlight two articles and a commentary, which broaden our focus beyond cortisol and stress system functioning to other hormone systems and tackle some of the methodological barriers to making research–practice connections in this domain. Articles specifically look at biology by environment interactions and offer nuanced procedures for hormone collection so as to allow for investigation into the day-to-day and even within day dynamic functioning of targeted systems.
The Gender‐Equality Paradox: Class and Incongruity Between Work‐Family Attitudes and Behaviors

Most women and men at the upper end of the social-class continuum express greater desire to share paid and unpaid labor equally, whereas less educated couples with less skilled occupations and less money tend to voice more enthusiasm for specialized gender roles. But the behavior of many couples does not align fully with their attitudes, thus leading them to live unexpectedly egalitarian or nonegalitarian lives. I argue that this gender-equality paradox is explained by social structures related to the organization of work and family that act as potent counterforces to attitudes. After reviewing the literature on social class, gender-egalitarian attitudes, and behavior, I develop a theory of lived and spoken gender egalitarianism to explain these patterns.
The Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds by the Friedel‐Crafts Method

Since the discovery by Friedel and Crafts that aluminum chloride catalyzes the condensation of alkyl and acyl halides with various aromatic compounds to effect substitution of an alkyl or acyl group for more or more hydrogen atoms of the aromatic compound, this reaction has been greatly extended in scope with respect to alkylating or acylating agents and catalysts. The use of aluminum chloride as a catalyst was studied by Thomas. Aspects of this study appeared in an earlier volume of this series. The present discussion is limited to the direct alkyl, cycloalky, or aralkyl residues containing no functional groups into various aromatic compounds under various catalysts, such as e.g., aluminum trichloride, zinc dichloride, and hydrogen fluoride. The alkylating agents include olefins, highly strained cycloparaffins, polyalkylbenzenes, alkyl halides, alcohols, esters, of inorganic and organic acids, and ethers. The aromatic compound may be e.g., a hydrocarbon, an aryl chloride, or bromide, a mono-or polyhdrydric phenol or its ether. The Friedel-Crafts process is frequently the most useful method for the introduction of an alkyl group. Keywords: alkylation; Friedel-Crafts method; aromatic compounds; rearrangements; alkylating agents; catalysts; experimental directions
Is the J-Curve a Reality in Developing Countries?

We examine the relationship between trade balance and net export with both, the official and real effective exchange rates on the J-Curve hypothesis and find evidence to support in favor of the hypothesis, coming from a panel data of 49 developing countries from Africa. Countries can improve their current account balance by depreciating their currency; however the J-curve hypothesis argues that such changes take time to occur, but should use exchange rate policies discreetly, as it belongs to the “beggar thy neighbor” policies. This may be good for home country but is not so good for the foreign country; as a result, such policies may trigger retaliatory policies. Restrictive trade policies are against the present day notion of free-economy and free-trade policy these are very common around the world.
DNA−Protein Cross-Linking: Model Systems for Pyrimidine−Aromatic Amino Acid Cross-Linking

We have synthesized simple model systems to explore the possibility of photo-cross-linking between the pyrimidine bases and the side chains of the aromatic amino acids. Thymine/phenylalanine and thymine/tyrosine models gave cross-links, and thymine/tryptophan models gave complex mixtures; the cytosine/phenylalanine model was unreactive. The quantum yields for the model cross-linking reactions were 18−46 times smaller than those for thymine dimer formation. Biphotonic excitation contributes little to the yield of these reactions.
Importance of the faculty interview during the resident application process.

Objectives Selection of surgical residents is accomplished by processes unique to each institution based on anecdotal observations, self-evident truisms, and programmatic objectives. By closely examining how surgical residents are selected, we sought to determine whether this process accurately predicted exceptional clinical performance of matriculated residents. Design Retrospective correlation of applicant composite scoring system with the core competency-based clinical rotation performance ratings as well as the final match rank list. Setting University-based surgery residency program. Participants Residency applicants, residents, and faculty. Results Applicant personal characteristics (PCs) and reference letter quality (RL) assessed during faculty interviews correlated most strongly with subsequent clinical performance, whereas medical school academic records (GPA) and USMLE scores correlated negatively. Faculty concern for resident performance also correlated negatively with PC (−0.55) and RL (−0.44) but positively with USMLE (r = 0.47) and GPA (r = 0.39). Residents who required remediation during training actually carried higher USMLE (236 vs 224, p Conclusions Compared with a previous 10-point composite scoring system, faculty evaluations of personal characteristics and letters of reference were likely to predict subsequent resident clinical performance. USMLE scores and academic grade performance were predictive of subsequent formalized testing such as ABSITE, but they were poorly predictive of resident clinical performance. The resident selection process can be streamlined.
Weiner's Psychodiagnosis in schizophrenia: a classic revisited.

(1994). Weiner's Psychodiagnosis in Schizophrenia: A Classic Revisited. Journal of Personality Assessment: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 180-186.
Polarization-dependent transmission through microwave metamaterials

We present experimental results on angle-dependent microwave response of the double negative microwave metamaterials. Polarization and angle-dependent transmission spectra of two microwave negative index metamaterials were measured. Two sets of S-shape single unit cells were designed for the 12.5 GHz and 20 GHz frequency ranges. Transmission spectra were measured as a function of polarization and incidence angles of the incoming electromagnetic waves.
Evaluation of frequencies of HPRT mutant lymphocytes in butadiene polymer workers in a Southeast Texas facility.

We examined the frequency of mutant lymphocytes (VFs) in workers (n = 30) occupationally exposed to the petrochemical, 1,3-butadiene (BD), using the autoradiographic HPRT mutant lymphocyte assay. Current exposures were determined with organic vapor monitors that had a 12-hr method detection limit (MDL) of 2.5 parts per billion (ppb). HPRT VFs were analyzed with respect to current exposure estimates, age in years, and occupational longevity (OL; defined as years working in the BD industry at this facility). Current exposures were low (mean 93.5 ppb, median 2.5 ppb) with only one individual's estimate (1683.5 ppb) exceeding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limit of 1,000 ppb. The majority (>50%) of current exposures were below the MDL. HPRT VFs were not significantly associated with current exposures (n = 29), and they were not significantly associated with age (n = 29). HPRT VFs were, however, significantly associated with OL (n = 29, R2 = 0.107, P < 0.046). This result suggests that chronic and/or past, high-level exposures might leave a mutagenic signature that is revealed by the HPRT assay, possibly through the retention of mutant, long-term memory T-cells. While it is encouraging that current occupational exposures to BD in this facility do not appear to be increasing the frequency of mutant T-lymphocytes, evidence from workers with a lengthy history in the industry (≥30 years in this case) indicates that these individuals likely require additional biomonitoring for possible mutagenic effects resulting from chronic, past exposures. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic drug monitoring by high performance thin-layer chromatography

Methods for measuring concentrations of therapeutic drugs in blood serum have been devised which involve separation of the drugs by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) on silica gel followed by quantification by reflectance or fluorescence scanning. Aliquots of from 20 to 300 μL serum are extracted with organic solvent. Portions of the extract containing approximately 1/4 of the drug present are deposited on a Contact Spotter (Clarke Analytical Systems), concentrated to a pin-point and applied to the HPTLC plate which is then developed and scanned.
Mapping of probe pretravel in dimensional measurements using neural networks computational technique

Abstract Pretravel is a major error source in dimensional measurements on coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and machine tools using trigger touch probes in modern manufacturing systems. The direction-dependent characteristic of pretravel needs effective and efficient computational solutions. In this paper, a back-propagation neural network is designed and implemented to establish a pretravel map for touch trigger probes. Experimental pretravel information from a CMM is used to train the network, and the network is used to predict pretravel in various probe approach directions. Performance of the trained neural network has been evaluated and effective pretravel predication is demonstrated. Thanks to the parallel-computing nature of neural network technique, pretravel mapping can be implemented in real time once the off-line-trained network is obtained. The proposed approach can be incorporated into the machine systems to provide real-time pretravel correction in dimensional measurement processes. We also reported the advantages of neural network technology over the traditional method used in this application.
A NEW CATOSTEMMA (BOMBACACEAE) FROM COLOMBIA

A new tree species from Colombia, closely resembling other members of the neotropical genusCatostemma in its large one-seeded fruits, is described and illustrated.Catostemma digitata has palmately compound leaves, previously unknown in mature individuals of this genus.
Business Models for Inclusiveness

Abstract Businesses have traditionally contributed to inclusive growth primarily through philanthropy or CSR. However, these initiatives have a modest societal impact when compared to the impact of core business operations on society. So businesses now have to integrate the social responsibility in their core business operations. Business should address inclusiveness and sustainability in their business strategy and not just as an afterthought. Many companies are now adopting such new business models that can deliver affordable products and services to those living in the middle and bottom of the pyramid. This paper looks into examples of how inclusivity can be made an important aspect of business strategy. This paper will look into how select organisations are running successfully and also addressing the larger societal needs through creative solutions to issues like healthcare, livelihood security, poverty etc which are very characteristic of the developing economies.
Time-dependent fiber spinning equations. 2. Analysis of the stability of numerical approximations

Abstract The truncated time-dependent one-dimensional fiber spinning equations for an Upper Convected Maxwell model, presented in the previous paper [1], are approximated using various numerical methods. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the linearized problem around the steady-state solution are calculated and compared against the analytical results for various values of Deborah and Reynolds numbers. It is shown that upwind formulations of Finite-Difference and Finite-Element methods produce the most stable results. The most accurate eigenvalues and eigensolutions are those calculated by Pseudospectral methods. However, both Chebyshev and Legendre Pseudospectral methods become unstable at high values of De . Finally, it is shown that the boundary conditions have to be incorporated into the numerical scheme in a suitable way; spectacular instabilities might be generated otherwise.
CATALYSIS OF NITROSYL TRANSFER BY DENITRIFYING BACTERIA IS FACILITATED BY NITRIC OXIDE

Two denitrifying bacteria, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Achromobacter cycloclastes, were incubated with Na15NO2 and NaN3 under conditions that allowed catalysis of nitrosyl transfer from nitrite to azide. This transfer, which is presumed to be mediated by the heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductase of P. stutzeri and A. cycloclastes, respectively, leads to formation of isotopically mixed 14,15N2O, whereas denitrification leads to 15N2O. The conditions that emphasized nitrosyl transfer also partially inhibited the nitric oxide reductase system and led to accumulation of 15NO. Absorption of NO from the gas phase by acidic CrSO4 in a sidewell largely abolished nitrosyl transfer to azide. With these two organisms, which are thought to be representative of denitrifiers generally, catalysis of nitrosyl transfer seemed to depend on NO.
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome II: clinical syndrome and treatment ☆

A high index of suspicion should be maintained whenever one organ-specific autoimmune disorder is diagnosed in order to prevent morbidity and mortality from the index disease as well as associated diseases. Further definition of susceptibility genes and autoantigens, and understanding of immune tolerance and the induction and propagation of autoimmune reactions should prove to be the best path to improved diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in the care of these patients.
Time study of coronary myointimal hyperplasia in precocious male steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri☆

Abstract Time-related observations of myointimal hyperplasia in precocious male steelhead trout maintained in the laboratory suggest that regression of arterial lesions occurs. The most severe myointimal hyperplasia in these trout was observed from June through August during which time the mean lesion rank of the sampled fish reached 2.3 on a ranking scale of 0–5. This time is concomitant with the period of increasing gonadal mass in the strain studied. However, there was no correlation between gonad size and arteriosclerotic lesion severity. Mean lesion severity of fish examined from September through November was approximately one-half that reported for the previous periods. During the September–November period gonadal weights in this strain of fish decreased. Although no statistical correlations could be derived it is suggested that in steelhead trout, changes in myointimal hyperplasia lesion severity are associated with changing reproductive patterns.
Life-long caloric restriction elicits pronounced protection of the aged myocardium: a role for AMPK.

Short-term caloric restriction (CR) protects the young myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through a mechanism involving AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Here we ask whether a life-long CR intervention can extend this protection to the aged myocardium, and whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a role in that protection. Hearts from ad libitum fed (AL) and life-long calorically restricted (LCR) mice were examined at 30 months of age by 25/90min global I/R, with and without AMPK inhibition (AraA). LCR hearts were protected from infarction (AL, 28±4% vs. LCR, 10±1%, p 0.1). AMPKα phosphorylation was dramatically increased in LCR hearts prior to I/R (AL, 1.18±0.01 vs. LCR, 1.68±0.04, ratio, p<0.0001), and accompanied by a more modest increase in total AMPKα (AL, 2.18±0.03 vs. LCR, 2.39±0.08 ratio, p<0.05). These results indicate that life-long caloric restriction profoundly protects the aged heart against I/R injury, and suggest that AMPK may play a role in that protection.
Recollection as Tool for Environmental Education and Strategy for Raising Awareness and Sensitivity Among Selected Youths

The Christian Foundation for Children and Aging (CFCA) is an organization that responds to environmental awareness and education through an environmental recollection. Environmental recollection was conducted among twenty student respondents who are scholars of CFCA. Using a researcher-developed questionnaire, data on the level of knowledge on four environmental issues: global warming, climate change, waste management and resource preservation and the action plans were gathered. Results show that the student respondents are well informed of the environmental issues prior to the environmental recollection but a significant increase in the level of knowledge was found after the environmental recollection. The students strongly agree on the plan to preserve the resources and the proper waste management procedures. All the students get information on environmental issues from their teachers, while majority also obtain them from media and seminars. Other information was obtained from home through their parents, classmates, and pamphlets. There is significant association between prior level of knowledge in waste management, prior level of knowledge in resource preservation and the post level of knowledge in all environmental issues and number of sources from which they get the information. Environmental recollection is a good tool in awakening the students in the current environmental situation. Keywords - environmental recollection, environmental education, environmental sensitivity, environmental awareness, responsible behaviour, preservation
Social engineering: the "Dark Art"

The key to maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an organizations information and information systems is controlling who accesses what information. This is accomplished by being able to identify the requestor, verifying the requestor is not an impostor, and ensuring that the requestor has the proper level of clearance to access a given resource. There have always been those that attempt to by-pass this security mechanism through brute force or guile. In the past, those who use guile have been called confidence men and con artists. Today, these people are called social engineers, but the tactics remain the same even if the objectives have changed.