cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recycling of Polymers and Composites

Each year, more than 25 million vehicles reach the end of their service life throughout the world, and this number is rising as the number of vehicles on the road is increasing. In the United States, over 95% of the more than 10 million vehicles scrapped annually enter a comprehensive recycling infrastructure that includes auto parts recyclers (dismantlers), remanufacturers, and material recyclers (shredders). Over 75% of the automotive materials, primarily metals, are profitably recycled. Automobiles are the largest source of recycled ferrous scrap for the iron and steel industry. The scrap processors recover metal scrap from automobiles by shredding the obsolete automobile hulks, along with other obsolete metal-containing products and recovering the metals from the shredded material. The nonmetallic fraction that remains—commonly called shredder residue—constitutes about 25% of the weight of the vehicle, and most of it is landfilled. In the past two decades, research and development has been undertaken to enhance the recycle rate of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), including improving dismantling techniques and remanufacturing operations. However, most of the effort has been focused on developing technology to separate and recover the polymers from shredder residue. To make future vehicles more energy efficient and to meet the new Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations, more lightweighting materials—primarily polymers and polymer composites, high strength steels, and aluminum—are being used by the automobile industry. The nonmetallic materials increase the percentage of shredder residue that must be disposed of, compared with the percentage of metals that are recovered. Therefore, recycling of automotive polymers will be more important in the future. In addition, recycling the polymers and the composites has the following additional benefits: (i) conserves valuable resources of materials and energy, including the energy consumed in manufacturing automotive materials; (ii) provides lower cost materials to industry; (iii) reduces the amount of waste going to the landfill; and (iv) reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The future will also bring an increase in hybrid and electric vehicles. This will introduce new materials for disposal, including batteries. Recycling the new materials presents technical and economic challenges to the existing automotive recycling infrastructure. New technologies will be required to sustain and maximize the ultimate recycling of the vehicles. Keywords: polymers; composites; recycling; separation; technology
Enigmas of Blood Clot Elasticity

Biophysical studies are beginning to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that lead to the unique viscoelastic properties of blood clots.
Management of Cancer Pain

Cancer pain management necessitates the use of opioids when pain is moderate or severe. Opioids need to be versatile and effective. Newer formulations may improve patient compliance and may be more conducive to the management of transient flares of pain; they also may be tailored to treat certain special populations and may be particularly effective in certain clinical situations. For example, newer opioids have been developed for transdermal, nasal, and nebulized administration, providing a ‘needle-less’ means of controlling pain in those unable to take oral medications. However, newer opioid formulations are not a substitute for good pain management strategies and will not control pain unless provided in adequate doses and schedules. Newer opioid formulations have niche roles in clinical practice, and pain and palliative specialists need to be aware of new developments in opioids and delivery systems. This state-of-the-art review provides a synopsis of recent advances and evolving technologies.
Blur identification using bispectrum

Blur identification methods based on the bispectrum of an observed noisy and blurred image are proposed. Blur identification is addressed, in the case of uniform blurs, by zero-crossing detection in a particular cross section of the bispectrum of the observed image. The identification of general finite-impulse-response blurs is considered. The blurred image is represented by a nonminimum phase ARMA (autoregressive moving average) model whose parameters are identified using the complex bispectrum of the observed image. These methods are superior to previous methods which are based on the second-order statistics of the image, since the bispectrum is insensitive to additive, Gaussian noise in theory, and it contains the phase of the blur transfer function. Simulation results are provided. >
Accuracy of CT angiography in detection of blood supply dominance of posterior cerebral artery in patients with posterior communicating artery aneurysm

Background and purposeThe use of computed tomography angiography (CTA) as the sole vascular imaging study for preoperative planning for clipping of aneurysms is well described in the literature. CTA is widely available, provides quick acquisition, has low morbidity, and low cost. In this study, we describe the accuracy of CTA in determining the blood supply dominance in comparison to standard digital subtraction angiography.Materials and methodsSixty-six patients, with both CTAs and angiograms, were reviewed by two independent neuroradiologists. The posterior cerebral artery was determined to have dominant supply from the posterior communicating artery if it was of similar size to the P2 segment and the P1 segment was smaller by approximately 50%. If the posterior communicating artery and P1 segment were the same size, it was considered to have a dual supply. If P1 and P2 segments were the same caliber and the posterior communicating artery was smaller by 50%, it was deemed to have posterior circulation d...
Correlation between 3D-MRCP and intra-operative findings in right liver donors

A correct preoperative definition of the hepatic duct confluence anatomy of right liver living donors is a pivotal step in determining their candidacy for donation and planning the surgery. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the accuracy of three-dimensional Magnetic Resonance Cholangiography (3D MRCP) when compared with intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) in assessing biliary anatomy and to identify imaging characteristics that may help predict the yield of hepatic duct orifices in the right liver graft. Twenty consecutive right liver donors were imaged with 3D MRCP and IOC. The MRCP and IOC findings were compared, and the results confirmed against actual donor anatomy. Three-D MRCP accurately predicted the biliary anatomy in 18 of 20 cases. Specificity and positive predictive value of 3D MRCP in defining normal biliary anatomy was 100%. In 2 patients, 3D MRCP failed to indentify abnormal anatomy. The yield of more than one hepatic duct was associated with: (I) The presence of abnormal biliary anatomy, (II) The length of the main right hepatic duct, and (III) The presence of an acute angle at the confluence of right and left hepatic duct. In conclusion, 3D MRCP reliably represents normal biliary anatomy. The presence of anatomical variations decreases MRCP sensitivity and makes IOC or duct probing a necessary tool for accurately performing the transection of the right hepatic duct.
Analysis of recombination in mammalian cells using SV40 and SV40-derived vectors

Viruses and viral vectors have played a crucial role in our understanding of the pathways of homologous and non-homologous recombination in mitotically dividing mammalian cells. In particular, they have allowed the confirmation of the preponderance of non-homologous over homologous recombination events and led to schemes for the selection and isolation of homologous recombination products. These studies have allowed an examination of the properties of reciprocal and non-reciprocal homologous recombination events extrachromosomally, in the chromosome and between plasmids and chromosomes. They suggest that it is feasible now to direct DNA segments to predetermined chromosomal locations by homologous recombination.
Relating trait and domain mental toughness to complex task learning

Abstract Mental toughness is considered by many in the popular media and in sports psychology to be an important construct underlying success in learning and performance. However, despite a long conceptual history, little work has empirically examined the relationships between mental toughness and key learning and performance outcomes. Thus, the purpose of this laboratory study was to examine the incremental predictive validity of trait-based and domain mental toughness scores in the context of learning a complex computer task using a variety of cognitive, affective, and skill-based criteria, including a test of adaptive performance. Results revealed no relationships between trait-based mental toughness and any learning criteria. In contrast, scores from a multidimensional domain mental toughness scale explained variance in post-practice self-efficacy and performance beyond that explained by GMA, prior experience, baseline performance, pre-practice self-efficacy, goal orientation, and core self-evaluations, and was indirectly related to adaptive performance via post-practice self-efficacy and performance. Self-belief was the mental toughness subscale primarily responsible for the incremental validity. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for the conceptualization and predictive validity of mental toughness.
Capillary Electrochromatography of Cannabinoids

The applicability of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with photodiode array UV detection for the analysis of cannabinoids is presented. Baseline separation of seven cannabinoids (cannabigerol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ-8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabichromene, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) is obtained using a 3-μm CEC Hypersil C18 capillary with an acetonitrile/phosphate (pH 2.57) mobile phase. The effects of acetonitrile concentration, buffer concentration, voltage, temperature, stationary phase, and column length on the separation of the cannabinoids were investigated. Good short- and long-term precision in retention times are observed, with significant improvement obtained using relative retention times with cannabinol as reference compound. Although short- and long-term peak area precisions are poor, satisfactory reproducibility is obtained using relative peak areas with cannabinol as reference compound. The applicability of the CEC methodology to drug seizures was de...
Memory-hierarchy management

The trend in high-performance microprocessor design is toward increasing computational power on the chip. Microprocessors can now process dramatically more data per machine cycle than previous models. Unfortunately, memory speeds have not kept pace. The result is an imbalance between computation speed and memory speed. This imbalance is leading machine designers to use more complicated memory hierarchies. In turn, programmers are explicitly restructuring codes to perform well on particular memory systems, leading to machine-specific programs. It is our belief that machine-specific programming is a step in the wrong direction. Compilers, not programmers, should handle machine-specific implementation details. To this end, this thesis develops and experiments with compiler algorithms that manage the memory hierarchy of a machine for floating-point intensive numerical codes. Specifically, we address the following issues: Scalar replacement. Lack of information concerning the flow of array values in standard data-flow analysis prevents the capturing of array reuse in registers. We develop and experiment with a technique to perform scalar replacement in the presence of conditional-control flow to expose array reuse to standard data-flow algorithms. Unroll-and-jam. Many loops require more data per cycle than can be processed by the target machine. We present and experiment with an automatic technique to apply unroll-and-jam to such loops to reduce their memory requirements. Loop interchange. Cache locality in programs run on advanced microprocessors is critical to performance. We develop and experiment with a technique to order loops within a nest to attain good cache locality. Blocking. Iteration-space blocking is a technique used to attain temporal locality within cache. Although it has been applied to "simple" kernels, there has been no investigation into its applicability over a range of algorithmic styles. We show how to apply blocking to loops with trapezoidal-, rhomboidal-, and triangular-shaped iteration spaces. In addition, we show how to overcome certain complex dependence patterns. Experiments with the above techniques have shown that integer-factor speedups on a single chip are possible. These results reveal that many numerical algorithms can be expressed in a natural, machine-independent form while retaining good memory performance through the use of compiler optimizations.
Pediatric choroid plexus tumors: epidemiology, treatments, and outcome analysis on 202 children from the SEER database.

Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) and carci- nomas (CPCs) are rare neoplasms that affect mostly chil- dren. Due to their rarity, their epidemiology and outcomes are incompletely understood. The National Cancer Insti- tute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program is a well-established population-based group of registries that collects and publishes cancer incidence and survival data representing approximately 28 % of the US population. SEER-STAT v8.1.2 was used to identify patients with ICD-O-3 codes for choroid plexus tumors in patients aged 0-19. Demographics, initial treatment, and follow-up data were collected. Statistical methods includ- ing Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank tests, and Cox propor- tional hazards regression were used to estimate associations between independent variables and survival. The SEER registries contained 107 CPPs (2004-2010) and 95 CPCs (1978-2010). Median follow-up was 38 and 40 months, respectively. More than 75 % of CPCs were diagnosed before the age of 5 years, versus 48 % for CPPs. Sixty-five percent of CPCs and 57 % of CPPs occurred in males. In both groups at least 90 % of children underwent surgical resection. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 67.0 % of CPCs and 63.6 % of CPPs. Almost 17 % of CPCs were treated with radiation versus only 0.9 % of CPPs. More than 98 % of patients with CPP were alive at the last follow-up, versus 62 % of CPC patients. For CPC, surgery was significantly associated with increased overall survival, but contrary to previous reports, extent of surgical resection was not associated with sur- vival. Age, sex, race, and radiation treatment also had no effect on survival. This report, using the SEER datasets, corroborates many findings of previous smaller studies on CPTs. CPC occurs in younger children, with a male pre- dominance, and a much worse prognosis than CPP. As such, these tumors have been treated aggressively with high rates of GTR and radiation treatment. Despite these treatments, overall survival for CPC remains poor.
A modern pediatric fable: two for the price of one.

1. Frederick Horner, MD* 1. 2. *Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology Emeritus University of Rochester Rochester, NY Experienced clinicians have much to teach us when they recount unusual case histories. The following illustrates the need to think of the family as the unit of medical care. Pediatrics in Review welcomes the submission of similar short clinical fables.— RJH As I entered the examining room to meet a scheduled appointment late one afternoon, an attractive 4-year-old girl was removing books from the bookcase and placing them on the floor. She then stood on the books to reach a higher shelf for other books until her mother told her to stop. Immediately she reached over my desk and began exploring the examining equipment, fingering the stethoscope, turning on the flashlight, and dialing the telephone as she held the receiver appropriately to her ear. With another “Stop that,” the mother drew the child toward her. “What’s the problem?” I asked. “We think she is retarded,” the mother offered. “My doctor wanted you to examine her.” It surprised me that such a question was raised about this …
Critical Issues of Cross-Cultural Management Research

This paper presents a critical evaluation of research techniques in cross-cultural management studies. An analysis of studies completed in this research area during the past ten years indicates the quality of much of this research is low and there has not been an attempt to develop a consistent body of knowledge. The reasons for the present state of cross-cultural managerial research include: (1) inadequate delineation of culture as a moderator; (2) failure to operationally specify culture as a moderator; and (3) an inadequate data analysis plan. This paper examines these three issues.
Reevaluating Poverty Concentration With Spatial Analysis: Detroit in the 1990s1

Standard measures of poverty concentration based on census tracts may not accurately reflect neighborhood conditions because they offer a weak link to the underlying geography of a neighborhood. Changes in the spatial configuration of land use within a census tract can have the effect of increasing or decreasing the density of poverty. This study uses a dasymetric mapping technique in a raster GIS environment to intersect population data in a block group layer with land use categories from a land use layer. I produce poverty counts and rates at a much finer spatial resolution than a block group, with an explicit spatial relationship between population and surrounding neighborhood characteristics. I illustrate the technique for the City of Detroit by measuring poverty concentration change between 1990 and 2000. I find that poverty became more concentrated in space during the 1990s, counter to reports of diminishing poverty concentration that are based on the share of poor people in high-poverty tracts.
Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: Heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults

Studies of individual differences in bereavement have revealed prototypical patterns of outcome. However, many of these studies were conducted prior to the advent of sophisticated contemporary data analytic techniques. For example, Bonanno et al. (2002) used rudimentary categorization procedures to identify unique trajectories of depression symptomatology from approximately 3 years prior to 4 years following conjugal loss in a representative sample of older American adults. In the current study, we revisited these same data using Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) to derive trajectories and test predictors. LCGA is a technique well-suited for modeling empirically- and conceptually-derived heterogeneous longitudinal patterns while simultaneously modeling predictors of those longitudinal patterns. We uncovered four discrete trajectories similar in shape and proportion to the previous analyses: Resilience (characterized by little or no depression; 66.3%), Chronic Grief (characterized by depression following loss, alleviated by 4 years post-loss; 9.1%), _Pre-existing Chronic Depression (ongoing high pre- through post-loss depression; 14.5%), and Depressed-Improved (characterized by high pre-loss depression that decreases following loss; 10.1%). Using this analytic strategy, we were able to examine multiple hypotheses about bereavement simultaneously. Health, financial stress, and emotional stability emerged as strong predictors of variability in depression only for some trajectories, indicating that depression levels do not have a common etiology across all the bereaved. As such, we find that identifying distinct patterns informs both the course and etiology of depression in response to bereavement.
Superconducting state in the metastable binary bismuthide Rh 3 Bi 14 single crystals

We report detailed magnetic, transport, and thermodynamic properties of metastable Rh${}_{3}$Bi${}_{14}$ single crystals in a superconducting and normal state. We show that Rh${}_{3}$Bi${}_{14}$ is a nearly isotropic, weakly to intermediately coupled BCS superconductor, whereas the electronic resistivity above superconducting ${T}_{c}=2.94$ K is dominated by the phonon scattering in the large unit cell with pores filled by Bi atoms. Superconductivity is strongly influenced by the nature of atoms that fill the voids in the crystal structure.
Indirect magnetic interaction through silver in epitaxial Fe(110)/Ag(111) multilayers.

Evidence for an indirect magnetic interaction through silver has been observed in three different series of high-quality monocrystalline Fe(110)/Ag(111) multilayer films fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy. These multilayers consisted of 3-, 5-, or 8-monolayer (ML) bilayer components of Fe; each respective series had Ag bilayer components ranging from 4 to 20 ML's. An analysis of the temperature dependence of magnetization (as determined by $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ M\"ossbauer spectroscopy) indicated that there was a magnetic coupling between neighboring Fe bilayer components through the intervening Ag. This interlayer coupling could be seen through variations in the ${\mathit{T}}^{3/2}$ dependence of the hyperfine field in the 5- and 8-ML Fe component multilayers. However, the 3-ML Fe component series exhibited a linear T to ${\mathit{T}}^{3/2}$ dimensional crossover in the hyperfine-field temperature dependence. Specifically, the linear temperature dependence of the 3-ML film with a thick Ag component (the magnetically uncoupled case) represented the behavior of a genuine two-dimensional ferromagnet. However, as the interlayer magnetic coupling increased with decreasing Ag thickness, a temperature dependence (at low temperatures) developed that increasingly resembled that of three-dimensional ferromagnetism, i.e., a ${\mathit{T}}^{3/2}$ law.
Studies on the conformational mobility of arachidonic acid. Facile macrolactonization of 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid.

Abstract 20-Hydroxyarachidonic acid is converted to the corresponding 21-membered lactone via the 2-thiolpyridine ester in > 90% yield and at a rate which is approximately 100 times that for the saturated analog, evidence that only a modest increase in free energy is required to bring the ends of the chain into proximity.
Consumption asset pricing with stable shocks—exploring a solution and its implications for mean equity returns

Abstract We study the consumption based asset pricing model due to Lucas (Econometrica 46 (1978) 1429). The exogenous endowment sequence is modeled as a linear stochastic process driven by stable shocks in an otherwise standard framework. The Gaussian process emerges as a special case. We derive exact analytical solutions for asset prices and returns, and provide conditions under which these exist. We also study the ability of the model to generate realistic values of observed mean rates of return.
Intensity of K - LI x-ray transitions

Abstract The ratio of the intensity of the forbidden K-LI X-ray transition to that of the K-LIII transition was measured to be (1.8 ± 0.8) x 10-4 in hafnium and ⩽ 6 x 10-4 in gold. These values are respectively (47 ± 20)% and ⩽ 75% of the values recently predicted by Rosner and Bhalla.
Temporal numerosity estimates for word lists

The Ss estimated the number of items seen when sequences of words were presented tachistoscopically at presentation rates from 4 to 16 words/sec. The degree of underestimation increased with increasing rates of presentation, and the maximum average counting rate was between 6 and 7 words/sec. In the second phase of the study, they were asked to recall as many words as possible from short sequences of words presented at rapid rates, as well as to estimate the number of words seen but not available for recall. The total number of words seen, as judged from these two reports, agreed closely with the counting rates. The number of words correctly recalled decreased with increasing presentation rates.
Verification through the principle of least astonishment

Assessing the correctness of a digital design is a challenging task hampered by extremely large circuit netlists, counterintuitive property descriptions and ill-defined specifications. In this paper we propose a new verification methodology, inspired by the principle of least astonishment. The underlying idea is to provide an automatic assessment of what constitutes "common behavior" for a system, and use this to detect any anomaly in the design. Deviant behavior is presented to the verification engineer through intuitive, compact diagrams which lend themselves to quick inspection for correctness. To enable this methodology we introduce Inferno, a new tool which can analyze the results of a logic simulation trace and automatically extract high-level diagrams representing the design's transaction activity across any user-defined interface. In addition, Inferno can automatically generate a checker module corresponding to a given transaction, suitable for use in a wide range of verification methodologies. We envision the deployment of Inferno in a closed-loop constraint-random simulation methodology where any new transaction detected on the interface is presented to the user for analysis and, once deemed legal, it is merged into an "approved transactions" checker, which flags the detection of any new type of transactions. We provide a series of examples and experimental results to show the effectiveness of Inferno and some of its possible uses.
ENERGY LEVELS OF QUARKONIA IN POTENTIAL MODELS

We review the subject of the energy levels of light and heavy quark-antiquark bound states in potential models, with emphasis on potentials which are motivated from quantum chromodynamics. In addition to pointing out the successes of potential models, we discuss problems with the potential approach, including uncertainties in the form of the potential, its spin dependence, its transformation properties, and its nondiagonal terms. We consider two-body wave equations with both nonrelativistic and relativistic kinematics, pointing out that in the latter case, a wide variety of different wave equations have been used in the literature.
Effects of tobermorite and calcium silicate hydrate (I) crystals formed within polymer concretes

In the development of hydrothermally stable vinyl-type polymer concretes (PC), the effect of calcium silicate hydrates produced by the hydrothermal reaction of an anhydrous cement-silica flour system used as a filler in the PC was determined. Results from measurements of the mechanical properties of PC specimens after exposure to a 25% brine solution at a temperature of 240° C for 10, 30 and 90 days were used to quantify these effects. In addition, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to perform quantitiative and morphological analyses of hydrated calcium silicate compounds synthesized during exposure to hot brine of PC samples containing cements having molar ratios of CaO/SiO2 of 1.33, 0.99 and 0.54. The data indicated that 11.3 A tobermorite and calcium silicate hydrate-(I)-type [C-S-H(I)] crystals produced from the hydrothermal reactions of cement having the lowest CaO/SiO2 ratio of 0.54 significantly affect the long-term hydrothermal stability of the composite. Exposure for approximately 30 days to a 240° C hydrothermal environment was required for synthesis of a highly crystalline tobermorite to occur on the amorphous polymer surfaces. Morphological examination of tobermorite revealed circular radiating crystals of diameter about 20μm.
Rapid-Scan Spectroscopy with a Fabry-Perot Interferometer*†

The construction and operation of a variable spacing Fabry-Perot interferometer that could be used at scanning rates up to 500 scans/sec is described. Mulitlayer interference coatings were used for reflecting surfaces in the near infrared. The high spectral luminosity of the interferometer made its use favorable in low orders for rapid-scan spectroscopy, and in high orders in combination with a grating spectrometer for greater spectral resolution.
Overgrowth of submicron-patterned surfaces for buried index contrast devices

In a wide variety of optoelectronic and photonic devices, a modulation of the refractive index is required. To increase device design flexibility, the index modulation may reside within the various layers of the device, and hence fabrication of the device will require subsequent overgrowth of the corrugation. The overgrowth of submicron-patterned surfaces (or gratings) for buried index contrast devices is reviewed. The material systems considered are (In, Ga)As on GaAs patterned substrates and the InGaAsP quaternary system on InP patterned substrates, as well as the associated inverted structure. The corrugation is typically a sawtooth-patterned surface or a rectangular-patterned surface having a relatively shallow depth (of the order of 100 nm). For sawtooth-patterned surface overgrowth, mass transport-induced alteration of the grating profile promotes the overgrowth of high crystalline quality material and also reduces compositional modulation of the overlayer. In contrast, for rectangular-patterned surface overgrowth, grating preservation provides the requisite (100)-oriented crystallographic planes such that compositional modulation is minimized. Furthermore, for closely lattice-matched conditions, the materials within the rectangular-patterned grating region experience an orthorhombic strain in order to elastically accommodate the lattice mismatch.
Is Costa Rica Truly Conservation‐Minded?

Mario Boza and his associates should be given high marks for their efforts to help preserve biodiversity in Costa Rica (Boza 1993). Largely because of their actions, this small country is much praised for its conservation policies, size and number of national parks, and promotion of ecotourism. Despite such endorsements, however, there is growing evidence that Costa Rica's recent conservation and environmental record has been less than illustrious. An in-depth economic analysis (Repetto 1992) demonstrates that Costa Rica is depleting its natural resources at an alarming rate. A series of articles by Brennan (1993) discusses what might be considered questionable tree planting schemes in many areas of the country, endorsed in part by the government itself and promoted under the guise of environmentally and economically sound land use. Despite high-pressure propaganda asserting that these plantings are the best means of reforesting worn-out or cutover land, monocultural stands of untested trees (chiefly exotics) at unproven spacing are no more real forests than plantations of African oil palm or sugar cane. In addition, serious habitat destruction is now occurring in many areas. A further misfortune is that no accompanying efforts are being made to inventory the biodiversity of these areas before their destruction. An example of this decimation has occurred in the northeastern region, chiefly to establish new banana plantations. I was informed by some in the Sarapiqui area (Fig. 1) that the banana boom would help the development of the region. Others felt that the big banana corporations were the primary beneficiaries, not local residents. They cited the case in which the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was ostensibly assigned to build or repair
Sex Stereotypes and Leaders' Behavior as Measured by the Agreement Scale for Leadership Behavior

The development of a 20-item self-report measure based on stereotypic male and female leaders behaviors is described. Results of an experiment with 66 male and 66 female managers indicate a significant preference for behaviors which reflect the male stereotype by managers of both sexes.
Thick polysilicon processing for MEMS transducer fabrication

The fabrication of thick polysilicon films for MEMS transducer devices has significant impact on manufacturing process cost and cycle time. Standard polysilicon processing for films greater than two microns result in prohibitive cycle times for production. This study investigates the effect of deposition conditions on film morphology and mechanical properties and manufacturability for 3 micrometers polysilicon films. The study investigated deposition temperatures ranging from 580 degree(s)C to 1050 degree(s)C, gas flow rates, and deposition pressures on across-wafer and across- load uniformity, film morphology studied using AFM, XRD, and TEM, and blanket film intrinsic stresses. The goal was a high deposition rate low residual stress polysilicon film with morphology resembling the standard polysilicon deposition process. The study demonstrated that film morphology was stable between 605 degree(s)C and 700 degree(s)C with a transition in film properties occurring above that temperature. Intrinsic stresses followed the expected trends with compressive films above 603 degree(s)C. Increasing temperature and pressure resulted in increased deposition rates and decreased across-wafer and across-load thickness uniformities. No attempt was made to optimize the processes or hardware configurations to improve uniformities. The process investigation demonstrated increased deposition rates with acceptable as-deposited film morphology and intrinsic stresses. The study confirmed morphology and stress trends with pressure and temperature.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Voting for pollution policy: the importance of income inequality and openness to trade

Abstract This paper analyzes how openness and the distribution of factor ownership interact to determine individual and aggregate demand for pollution policy. Analysis of voter preferences in autarky shows that an increased stake in either the dirty or the clean industry can induce an individual voter to prefer stricter environmental policy. Similarly, the paper shows that poorer voters may be the greener voters within an electorate. The model also reveals that the incidence of pollution policy depends upon a country’s trade regime, with consequences for the direction in which income inequality influences aggregate demand for pollution policy.
Local squaring functions

Simple modifications to the Sayre squaring method determine a class of functional atomic form constraints representing the likelihood that a particular atomic form occupies a localized volume of the unit cell. The functional formulation, as opposed to the traditional structure-factor equation formulation, facilitates modeling multiple atom types and integrating atomic form information into established density-modification routines. Two complementary methods of phase refinement are considered. The first method constructs an atomic resolution probabilistic filter from the atomic form functions. The probabilistic filter is used to modify density throughout the unit cell, in both the solvent and macromolecular regions of the unit cell. The second method exploits the automated map interpretation aspects of the atomic form functions. A simple iterative phase-refinement procedure alternating the two methods successively is applied to three small metalloproteins, with significant phase improvements beyond that obtained with conventional density modification or refinement in accordance with reciprocal-space squaring equations.
A generalization of Hartog's theorem relating to the subalgebras of continuous functions on the n-dimensional torus

The polydisk algebra, A, generated by the n-coordinate functions, ZI ,***, n,, on D” (D denotes the unit disk) identifies with a closed subalgebra of C(7’“) (T denotes the unit circle) and it is natural to study those closed subalgebras of C(P) containing A. Unlike the case for n = 1 (here, A is maximal in C(T) by Wermers maximality theorem), there are many algebras lying properly in between A and C(7”) for n > 1. Although a reasonable characterization of these algebras appears to be exceedingly difficult, the characterization of those whose maximal ideal spaces imbed “nicely” inside D” ‘is accomplished by Theorems I and I’. Theorem I also generalizes Hartog’s classical extension theorem [3; Theorem 5, Chap. I, Sect. C, p. 201, giving rise to a large class of “extension” subsets of D”, of which its topological boundary is but one example. Other examples relating to a certain class of subalgebras of C(P) containing A occur in Section iii.
Actions and Outcomes of Wisconsin Dairy Farms Completing Milk Quality Teams

Actions and outcomes of Wisconsin dairy farms (n = 113) that completed a team-based milk quality improvement program were assessed. Selection of milk quality goals and adoption of management actions were evaluated. Management and financial data related to milk quality were compared between the beginning and end of the milk quality program. Milk quality premiums were reported to be the largest financial opportunity related to milk quality and reduction of bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC) was the most commonly listed goal. Recommended management practices were highly adopted upon completion of the program. Operators of herds housed in freestalls that were not using a recommended management practice at the beginning of the program were more likely to adopt it during the program than were operators of herds housed in stallbarns. Use of written protocols for treatment of clinical mastitis, microbiological analysis of milk obtained from cows having clinical mastitis, frequent training of milking personnel, and scheduled milking system analysis occurred more often in herds housed in freestalls. In general, herds completing the milk quality program reported significant reductions in measures of clinical and subclinical mastitis, reduced bacterial counts in bulk milk, and reduced culling of cows because of mastitis. At the end of the program, increased milk quality premiums and decreased losses attributable to mastitis resulted in improved estimates of financial performance. Herds beginning the program having high bulk milk SCC had greater improvements in milk quality during the program, including a greater reduction in bulk milk SCC and fewer losses attributable to mastitis. The majority of the herds considered themselves successful in achieving their goals for milk quality and intended to continue meeting with their teams.
Selectivity of alginate gel for Cu over Zn when acidic conditions prevail

Abstract When cupric and zinc ions existed at relatively high concentrations (100 ppm each) in the aqueous media, a Na–alginate solution can be directly dispensed into the aqueous media (initial pH: 2.6–5.4) circulating in a loop fluidized-bed reactor to produce spherical alginate gels in situ that contain both Cu and Zn. An extended Langmuir model for two adsorbates competing for the same type of binding sites was tested against batch absorption data obtained with these gels. Conditional binding stability constants for Cu–alginate and Zn–alginate and binding capacity of the alginate were obtained from the proposed model for each initial pH. Selectivity calculated as the ratio of the stability constant of Cu–alginate to that of Zn–alginate was found to be about 10.
Membrane Solution of Fiber-Reinforced Corrugated Shells of Revolution

A membrane solution of fiber-reinforced corrugated shells of revolution under axial and torsional loading is determined from the equations of a thin shell whose middle surface is referred to an orthogonal coordinate system. Explicit formulas for the stress resultants are determined and the displacements are stated in terms of simple quadratures without specifying the shape of the profile of the shell. It is found that the displacements are coupled under both loading conditions except when the orientation of the fibers are at the two extremes.
Gender and Computer Games: Exploring Females’ Dislikes

On average, girls and women are less involved with video games than are boys and men, and when they do play, they often prefer different games. This article reports two studies that investigated the dislikes of German females with regard to video games. Study 1 applied conjoint analysis to female respondents’ (N= 317) ratings of fictional video games and demonstrated that lack of meaningful social interaction, followed by violent content and sexual gender role stereotyping of game characters, were the most important reasons why females disliked the games. Study 2, an online survey (N= 795), revealed that female respondents were less attracted to competitive elements in video games, suggesting an explanation for gender-specific game preferences. These findings are discussed with respect to communication theory on interactive entertainment and their implications for applied video game design.
Altruism is associated with an increased neural response to agency

Although the neural mechanisms underlying altruism remain unknown, empathy and its component abilities, such as the perception of the actions and intentions of others, have been proposed as key contributors. Tasks requiring the perception of agency activate the posterior superior temporal cortex (pSTC), particularly in the right hemisphere. Here, we demonstrate that differential activation of the human pSTC during action perception versus action performance predicts self-reported altruism.
Sustancias en el agua: progresiones de aprendizaje para diseñar intervenciones curriculares

In this article, we present a learning progression framework for connecting chemistry curriculum to student reasoning about substances mixing in water and moving through environmental systems. We argue that model-based understanding of solutions and suspensions is necessary for informed engagement in public debate about environmental issues. Curriculum and instruction that supports students in developing this model-based reasoning must be responsive to student ways of viewing the world and support students in developing more model-based perspectives. We present an evidence-based learning progression for substances in water and propose principles for curriculum design and teaching of general chemistry topics based on this learning progression that attends to student thinking. We contend that a focus on students' meaning-making processes can inform the development and influence of chemistry knowledge in the public debate about water resources and environmental issues about water
The C Terminus of SipC Binds and Bundles F-actin to Promote Salmonella Invasion

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium invade non-phagocytic cells by injecting bacterial effector proteins to exploit the host actin cytoskeleton network. SipC is such a Salmonella effector known to nucleate actin, bundle F-actin, and translocate type III effectors. The molecular mechanism of how SipC bundles F-actin and SipC domains responsible for these activities are not well characterized. We successfully separated these activities through a series of genetic deletion/insertions in SipC. We found that the C terminus (amino acids 200–409) of SipC bundled actin filaments using in vitro biochemical assays. We further demonstrated that amino acid residues 221–260 and 381–409 of full-length SipC were indispensable for its actin binding and bundling activities. Furthermore, Salmonella mutant strains lacking the actin bundling activity were less invasive into HeLa cells. These studies indicate that the C terminus of SipC bundles F-actin to promote Salmonella invasion.
Spin representations of real reflection groups of noncrystallographic root systems

Abstract A uniform parametrization for the irreducible spin representations of Weyl groups in terms of nilpotent orbits is recently achieved by Ciubotaru (2011). This paper is a generalization of this result to other real reflection groups. Let ( V 0 , R , V 0 ∨ , R ∨ ) be a root system with the real reflection group W. We define a special subset of points in V 0 ∨ which will be called solvable points. Those solvable points, in the case R crystallographic, correspond to the nilpotent orbits whose elements have a solvable centralizer in the corresponding Lie algebra. Then a connection between the irreducible spin representations of W and those solvable points in V 0 ∨ is established.
Comparative performance in the porcine esophagus of different solutions used for submucosal injection

Background: Before endoscopic mucosal resection and polypectomy of sessile lesions, injection of fluid into the submucosa cushions and isolates the tissue and thereby reduces thermal injury and the risk for perforation and hemorrhage. This study investigated the performance of 5 different solutions when used to form submucosal fluid cushions in the porcine esophagus. Methods: Five groups of 5 pigs were studied. In each pig, 6 separate submucosal injections of 5 mL of a single test solution were performed within the distal third of the esophagus. The time required for the submucosal bleb to flatten completely was recorded after each injection. The solutions used were as follows: normal saline solution, normal saline plus epinephrine solution, 50% dextrose, 10% glycerine/5% fructose in normal saline solution, and 1% rooster comb hyaluronic acid. Results: The normal saline solution and normal saline plus epinephrine solutions had the shortest disappearance times (respectively, median 2.4 and 3.0 minutes), which were significantly shorter compared with the other test solutions. The mean disappearance times for 50% dextrose and 10% glycerine were, respectively, 4.7 and 4.2 minutes. The mean disappearance time for hyaluronic acid was 22.1 minutes. Conclusions: A solution of hyaluronic acid appears to be ideal for producing a lasting submucosal cushion for prolonged procedures. Dextrose 50% is superior to normal saline solution and may serve as an alternative to hyaluronic acid in terms of availability and cost. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:513-6.)
Comparison of indoor fungal spore levels before and after professional home remediation.

Background Methods for assessing and controlling fungi in the indoor environment have been well documented, but the role of fungal allergen avoidance and respiratory disease control is just beginning to be studied. Objective To investigate indoor fungal spore levels to determine if remediation produced reduction of these levels. Methods The study was performed on homes remediated for excessive fungal load during 2000 to 2002. Homes were included in the study if they had professional fungal remediation. Airborne spore samples were taken both before and after remediation. Slides were mounted with glycerin jelly that contained Calberla's solution. Spores were identified and counted microscopically at a magnification of ×1,000. Counts were represented as the number of spores per cubic meter of air. Results Preevaluations and postevaluations were conducted for 17 structures. There were 92 individual collections before remediation and 99 collections after remediation. Mean counts were 131,687 (median, 9,461) before remediation and 1,291 (median, 409) after remediation. Aspergillus and Penicillium spores (which were counted together) occurred with the highest frequency in preremediation structures (88%). Stachybotrys spores were present in 53% of structures before remediation. Cladosporium spores were found in highest frequency in postremediation collections. Preremediation houses contained at least a 1-log increase in Aspergillus / Penicillium spores over outside collections. In postremediation houses, indoor spore counts averaged 18% of outdoor counts. Conclusions Remediation for indoor fungal spore contamination can significantly reduce spore counts. Indoor collections in preremediation buildings are generally much higher than outdoor counts for critical spore types, including Aspergillus/Penicillium and Stachybotrys . Remediation provides indoor spore levels substantially lower than outdoor counts.
Prediction Intervals for Future Observations from the Inverse Gaussian Distribution

This paper discusses the problem of predicting a future observation from an inverse Gaussian distribution, based on a sample of size n from that same distribution. Two prediction intervals that have been proposed in the literature, one of which is an approximate prediction interval, are compared using Monte Carlo simulations. In many of the simulated cases the approximate prediction interval is superior with respect to larger estimated coverage probabilities and smaller estimated mean lengths. This is true in particular for n at least 15 and for 95% and 99% prediction intervals.