cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT OF THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF 158 MICRON (C II) AT HIGH REDSHIFTS: A TEST OF GALAXY FORMATION MODELS

Galaxy formation scenarios predict a burst of star formation in normal galaxies at a redshift between z D 2 and z D 6 (e.g., Katz & Gunn 1991); such a starburst may be accompanied by a signi-cant bright- ening of the j \ 158 km line of C`. Galaxies that will evolve to a total luminosity L * \ 5 ) 1010 in L _ the current era are considered at various redshifts. When the Cluminosity is evolved in accordance with a starburst scenario, the expected spectral line antenna temperature at the focus of a 10 m telescope is about 2 mK for galaxy models at redshifts up to that at which the starburst occurs. Such a spectral line is detectable with current submillimeter wavelength instrumentation at good submillimeter-wave sites like the South Pole. If the telescope were equipped with an array receiver and wide-bandwidth spectrometers (100 channels distributed over 5 GHz), a "" blank sky II survey for such objects would likely detect several hundred during a winter of observation. The number and distribution of detections would provide a sensitive test of galaxy formation models, even if protogalaxies are shrouded in dust and faint at near-infrared wavelengths. Most of the energy released in the collapse of protogalaxies and the -rst generations of star formation may appear at Earth as submillimeter-wave radiation; testing this hypothe- sis will necessarily require submillimeter-wave observations. Subject headings: early universe E galaxies: formation E infrared: galaxies E radio lines: galaxies
INTERPOPULATION HYBRID BREAKDOWN MAPS TO THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME

Hybrid breakdown, or outbreeding depression, is the loss of fitness observed in crosses between genetically divergent populations. The role of maternally inherited mitochondrial genomes in hybrid breakdown has not been widely examined. Using laboratory crosses of the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus, we report that the low fitness of F(3) hybrids is completely restored in the offspring of maternal backcrosses, where parental mitochondrial and nuclear genomic combinations are reassembled. Paternal backcrosses, which result in mismatched mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, fail to restore hybrid fitness. These results suggest that fitness loss in T. californicus hybrids is completely attributable to nuclear-mitochondrial genomic interactions. Analyses of ATP synthetic capacity in isolated mitochondria from hybrid and backcross animals found that reduced ATP synthesis in hybrids was also largely restored in backcrosses, again with maternal backcrosses outperforming paternal backcrosses. The strong fitness consequences of nuclear-mitochondrial interactions have important, and often overlooked, implications for evolutionary and conservation biology.
Design of pH Sensitive Materials for On/Off Release of Thrombolytic and Anticoagulant Drugs

An experimental study was conducted to determine the mechanisms of transport for delivery of cardiovascular agents using a pH-sensitive hydrogel as the carrier. Copolymer gels based on hydrophilic (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and polybasic (N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) monomers were formed as membranes and analyzed for their potential to control the diffusion of model solutes as well as heparin and streptokinase. The polybasic materials were selected because they would allow drug delivery to be triggered by microenvironmental pH fluctuations around the site of a blood clot. In slightly basic solutions, the polymers remained in a thermodynamic state of phase-separation, while the polymer absorbed more solution and the mesh size increased once the pH was less than the pKb of the polybasic moiety. The hydrogels' equilibrium swelling ratios were determined as a function of pH, and the mesh sizes were determined by rubber elasticity measurements. Diffusion of model solutes, as well as heparin, was studied using side-by-side diffusion cells to determine the influence of gel morphology and mesh size on the screening of the solutes. Streptokinase release from these gels was modulated by environmental pH.
Altered synaptic structure in the hippocampus in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with soluble amyloid-β oligomers and no plaque pathology.

Background: Mounting evidence suggests that soluble oligomers of amyloid-β (oAβ) represent the pertinent synaptotoxic form of Aβ in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the mechanistic links between oAβ and synaptic degeneration remain elusive. Most in vivo experiments to date have been limited to examining the toxicity of oAβ in mouse models that also possess insoluble fibrillar Aβ (fAβ), and data generated from these models can lead to ambiguous interpretations. Our goal in the present study was to examine the effects of soluble oAβ on neuronal and synaptic structure in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) E693Q (“Dutch”) mouse model of AD, which develops intraneuronal accumulation of soluble oAβ with no detectable plaques in AD-relevant brain regions. We performed quantitative analyses of neuronal pathology, including dendrite morphology, spine density, and synapse ultrastructure in individual hippocampal CA1 neurons. Results: When assessing neuronal morphology and complexity we observed significant alterations in apical but not in basal dendritic arbor length in Dutch mice compared to wild type. Moreover, Dutch mice exhibited a significant decrease in dendritic arborization with a decrease in dendritic length and number of intersections at 120 μm and 150 μm from the soma, respectively. We next examined synaptic parameters and found that while there were no differences in overall synaptic structure, Dutch mice displayed a significant reduction in the post-synaptic density (PSD) length of synapses on mushroom spines, in comparison to wild type littermates. Conclusion: The structural alterations to individual neurons in Dutch mice along with the changes in larger dendritic spines support the Aβ oligomer hypothesis, which postulates that the early cognitive impairments that occur in AD are attributed to the accumulation of soluble oAβ first affecting at the synaptic level with subsequent structural disturbances and cellular degeneration.
Sensor information networking architecture and applications

This article introduces a sensor information networking architecture, called SINA, that facilitates querying, monitoring, and tasking of sensor networks. SINA serves the role of middleware that abstracts a network of sensor nodes as a collection of massively distributed objects. SINA's execution environment provides a set of configuration and communication primitives that enable scalable and energy-efficient organization of and interactions among sensor objects. On top the execution environment is a programmable substrate that provides mechanisms to create associations and coordinate activities among sensor nodes. Users then access information within a sensor network using declarative queries, or perform tasks using programming script.
Meal-timing, circadian rhythms and life span of mice.

The possibility that circadian rhythm alteration may contribute to the life-prolonging effect of food restriction was investigated in female CD2Fi mice housed in a room with a 12-h span of fluorescent lighting daily. A control group was allowed to feed ad libitum throughout life while three other groups began lifelong restriction to about 75 % of ad libitum intake when 6 wk old. The daily schedule of food accessibility differed among these three groups: 1) a single meal during early darkness; 2) a single meal during early light; 3) six smaller meals at about 2-h intervals during darkness. Food restriction as such clearly prolonged life, but there were no statistically significant differences in overall mean life span or in lOth-decile life span among the three restricted groups. Telemetered body temperature data confirmed marked differences in the effects of these different restricted feeding schedules on cir cadian rhythms. The effect of food restriction on survival is probably not due to altered relations among circadian rhythmic variables. Possible contributing factors suggested by the results are a lower body temperature, a reduced overall metabolic rate and an increased circadian amplitude J. Nutr. 116: 2244-2253, 1986.
Midlatitude North Atlantic heat transport: A time series based on satellite and drifter data

[1] Using temperature, salinity, and displacement data from Argo floats combined with satellite sea surface height, a time series of the Atlantic meridional heat transport from January 2002 to August 2010 has been estimated for 41°N. The calculation method is validated against hydrographic climatologies and output from the ECCO2 ocean data assimilation model, and the assumptions are shown to be reasonable; the greatest source of error is from the sparse distribution of Argo floats. The mean heat transport is 0.50 ± 0.1 PW, which is consistent with previous estimates made using surface flux data but is low compared estimates from hydrographic cruise data. Consistent with results from the RAPID array, the heat transport has a significant annual cycle and high degree of subannual variability, indicating that statistical uncertainty in previous calculations may have been underestimated. There is little evidence of a trend over the short period of available data. Correlations with sea surface temperature suggest clear physical relationships between heat transport and SST, even on the short time scales of available data.
Introduction to the Special Section: Health Care Transitions of Adolescents and Young Adults with Pediatric Chronic Conditions

Over 90% of children with pediatric chronic conditions will survive to adulthood. As a result, an increasing number of adolescents and young adults (A/YA) with a chronic health condition will undergo a health care transition (HCT); the purposeful, planned movement from child-centered to adult-oriented health care systems including primary and subspecialty care (Blum et al., 1993). The purpose of transition is to effectively engage the A/YA in the adult health care system so that they receive developmentally and medically appropriate care to facilitate optimal health outcomes and quality of life (Rosen, Blum, Britto, Sawyer, & Siegel, 2003). The term transfer, often confused with transition, refers to the actual act of moving to a new health care setting, provider, or both (Betz & Redcay, 2003; Betz & Telfair, 2007). The transition to adult-based medical care typically occurs during a vulnerable developmental period and is accompanied by multiple barriers (e.g., difficulty establishing medical care with an adult care provider, difficulties negotiating the unfamiliar adult health care system, lack of communication between pediatric and adult providers, and differences between pediatric and adult approaches to care). Therefore, the HCT presents a number of challenges that patients, families, providers, and the larger health care system is ill equipped to handle. In response, numerous consensus statements have called for multi-disciplinary action to address this critical issue (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2002; Blum et al., 1993; DHHS, 2000). However, theoretical frameworks to guide research and practice in HCT remain underdeveloped and empirical data regarding HCT is extremely limited. This special section of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology is presented in response to the changing composition and needs of the pediatric populations that the journal serves. Traditionally, this interdisciplinary journal has disseminated science that applies psychological principles to optimize long-term medical and psychological outcomes in children, adolescents and their families. As pediatric populations age, research focusing on the needs of A/YA with special health care needs is increasingly relevant to patients, families, clinicians, researchers, policy makers, and other consumers of the journal. Therefore, it is incumbent for the Journal of Pediatric Psychology to address the needs of A/YA with special health care needs. The intent of this special section is to highlight the need for and to encourage future research in HCT and to formally identify HCT as an area of importance for the Journal of Pediatric Psychology.
Effect of Controls on Stability

DURING the War the introduction of governmental controls has led to many matters being dealt with by an order fixing some quantity, price or other variable where a laissez-faire system would have allowed them to find their own levels. As examples we have rates of foreign exchange, wages and prices. Not only has this fixing occurred in many instances during the War, but a further extension of control or planning in peace will probably lead to even more variables being fixed in this way.
On the impact of the regulatory frontal crash test speed on optimal vehicle design and road traffic injuries

Many countries have instituted New Car Assessment Programs (NCAPs) to help consumers compare the crashworthiness of automobiles on the market. These typically involve four or fi ve standardised tests, for which each new vehicle is rated on a 5-star scale. The ratings are available to customers and so, automakers strive for high scores by optimising their vehicle designs to the scenarios represented by the tests. The United States NCAP rates vehicles for frontal crashworthiness with a 56-kilometreper- hour (35-mile-per-hour) full-engagement barrier collision, which is a relatively severe test, considering that over 98% of crashes on US roadways occur at slower speeds. This paper presents a methodology for understanding the impact of the NCAP crash test speed on vehicle design and the consequent on-road safety outcomes, using physics-based simulations and optimisation tools. The results suggest that lowering the test speed from the current level to 48 kilometres per hour (30 miles per hour) may decrease the rates of serious injuries to vehicle occupants in the US by up to 21%.
Release of a low molecular weight Fc-like fragment on reduction of water-insoluble IgG myeloma proteins.

. Serum from a patient with multiple myeloma exhibited an unusual concurrence of abnormalities: (1) bitypic gammopathy consisting of a whole Λ-IgG 1 paraprotein plus a circulating Λ-Bence Jones protein; (2) marked insolubility of the partially purified paraprotein under conditions of low ionic strength, but good solubility upon further purification; (3) release of an unusual low molecular weight fragment containing Fc antigenic determinants under standard conditions of mercaptoethanol reduction of the purified paraprotein. Evidence is presented supporting the origin of the Fc fragment from the paraprotein heavy chain and describing the requirement for 6 M urea for its dissociation from the reduced and alkylated heavy chain. The phenomenon is evidently not rare, since screening of 14 additional myeloma sera revealed one with similar euglobulin properties and an apparently similar Fc fragment abnormality. The nature and origin of the fragment in relation to previously described immunoglobulin fragments are discussed.
Loading Path Dependence of Forming Limit Diagram of a TRIP800 Steel

In this paper, the microstructure-based finite element modeling method is used in investigating the loading path dependence of formability of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. For this purpose, the effects of different loading path on the forming limit diagrams (FLD) of TRIP steels are qualitatively examined using the representative volume element (RVE) of a commercial TRIP800 steel. First, the modeling method was introduced, where a combined isotropic/kinematic hardening rule is adopted for the constituent phases in order to rightly describe the cyclic deformation behaviors of TRIP steels during the forming process with combined loading paths which may include the unloading between the two consecutive loadings. Material parameters for the constituent phases remained the same as those in the authors’ previous study [1] except for some adjustments for the martensite phase due to the introduction of the new combined hardening rule. Based on the new material parameters and new hardening rule, the predicted deformation behaviors of the TRIP800 steel show quite similar qualitative trends to those reported in other experimental works. Pseudo-forming limit strain diagrams (Pseudo-FLD) for the TRIP800 steel were, then, obtained for various loading paths. The computational results show that, similar to other single phase materials, the TRIP800 steelmore » shows very sensitive loading path dependence in the strain-based forming limit diagrams (strain-FLD), but does not in the stress-based forming limit diagrams (stress-FLD), and that the phase transformation does not have significant effects on the FLD for the TRIP800 steel. From the observations in this study, the current modeling methods can be used in examining the qualitative trends of FLD of TRIP steels under different loading paths/prestrains.« less
Sexually Degrading Music Videos and Lyrics

Utilizing a 2 (lyrics: present or absent) × 2 (images: present or absent) design, this study examined the unique effects of sexually degrading music videos and music lyrics on males’ aggressive behavior toward women, as well as males’ endorsement of rape myths and sexual stereotypes. Under the guise of a media memory study, 187 male undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Despite the many psychological theories predicting an effect, the presentation of sexually degrading content in a visual or auditory medium (or combination thereof) did not significantly alter the participants’ aggression and self-reported endorsement of rape myths and sexual stereotypes. The null findings challenge the many corporate and governmental restrictions placed on sexual content in the media over concern for harmful effects.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer Registry

The Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is spearheading development of an inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) registry. This registry includes clinical, epidemiological, and imaging data; serum and plasma samples; and tissue samples. Data and samples are collected from two patient cohorts: (1) patients with newly diagnosed IBC who have not received systemic therapy and (2) patients with previously diagnosed IBC who have received systemic therapy, but have tissues available for IBC registry. Data will be stored in an IBC registry specific database, and blood and tissue samples will be stored in central repositories. Each patient will be assigned a unique patient number that will be associated with that patient’s data and samples; patient identifiers will not be included in the registry. Data in the database and stored blood and tissue samples will be available for institutional review board-approved research projects in the future.
Basic Electromagnetic Theory

This chapter contains sections titled: Maxwell's Equations Relation between Field Intensity Vectors and Flux Density Vectors Electromagnetic Energy and Power Flow Boundary Conditions and Field Behavior in Source Regions Field Singularities at Edges The Wave Equation Auxiliary Potential Functions Some Field Equivalence Principles Integration of the Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem This chapter contains sections titled: References and Bibliography Problems
Applications to Medical Signal Processing

Heart and lung sounds are of essential importance in medical diagnosis of patients with lung or heart diseases. To obtain reliable diagnosis and detection, it is critically important that cardiac and respiratory auscultation obtain sounds of high clarity. However, heart and lung sounds interfere with each other in auscultation, corrupting sound quality and causing difficulties in diagnosis. For example, the main frequency components of heart sounds, which are in the range of 50–100 Hz, often produce an intrusive interference that masks the clinical interpretation of lung sounds over the low-frequency band. It is highly desirable, especially in computerized heart/lung sound analysis, to separate the overlapped heart and lung sounds before using them for diagnosis.
Inclusive growth analysis in economies prone to international migration

Inclusive growth (IG) analysis involves analyzing the available data in a country to determine the best course of action for accelerating growth and or improving the distribution of the opportunities and benefits from the growth process. In economies in which international migration is a significant trend, that determination may be especially challenging. The international migration phenomenon can contribute to (or detract from) growth and its distribution through myriad number of complex and sometimes divergent channels, and these effects can change substantially over time. The ability to analyze these impacts, however, is often significantly handicapped by a lack of appropriate data. Moreover, because the migration decision is inherently a private decision made by households in the best interest of their welfare, determining the policy conclusions based on the results of inclusive growth analysis is often unclear. Governments are rightfully wary of interfering with the migration process. This paper examines the issue of international migration in inclusive growth. The aim is to provide the practitioners of inclusive growth diagnostics a useful framework for assessing the nature of the international migration phenomenon, and to highlight the key tools utilized in evaluating its current and potential impact on shared growth.
Development of an iPhone-controlled UAV

Inexpensive components that can be used to create an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) are becoming increasingly available. This accessibility opens up exciting applications: from automated resource transportation in developing countries to the scale testing of integrated airspace systems. We present a novel UAV system in which guidance, navigation, and control were performed on an onboard iPhone 4 and a desired trajectory was supplied through a ground based laptop. Additional UAVs can be modularly integrated to cooperatively interact within the airspace. The iPhone 4 bundles much of the essential hardware required for UAV control and communication and offers additional capabilities such as a audio and video recording. The integrated UAV system was flight tested and its efficacy verified.
Low Volume Applications to Citrus Trees: Method for Evaluation of Spray Droplet Distributions

The method permits evaluation of spray droplet depositions in various areas of citrus trees following LV applications with either aerial or ground sprayer units. Untreated cards rigidly positioned at selected tree stations in each of a group of test trees are collected following applications of water containing a fluorescent dye. Sample areas provided by the uniform superimposition of a perforated template on each card surface are examined under UV light and 10 × magnification to determine presence or absence of deposited spray droplets. The same target trees are used for comparative runs in an appropriate series. The method is designed to indicate tree areas which receive no or only limited droplet depositions rather than to characterize or emphasize the quantitative aspects of the coverage accomplishment.
Forecast Comparisons in Inventory Management

Cost-effective maintenance of an appropriate inventory of supplies for the clinical laboratory requires the ability to forecast demands and make decisions about how much to order and when to order. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare three forecasting methods (moving average, exponential smoothing, and linear-regression analysis) with an existing method of specifying a minimal quantity on handforfive items in a clinical chemistry laboratory. The most cost-effective method was the moving average forecast using monthly review intervals, order generation based on an equation employing both safety stock and current inventory, and a safety stock quantity equal to the lead time.
Can White children grow up to be Black? Children's reasoning about the stability of emotion and race

Recent research questions whether children conceptualize race as stable. We examined participants' beliefs about the relative stability of race and emotion, a temporary feature. Participants were White adults and children ages 5-6 and 9-10 (Study 1) and racial minority children ages 5-6 (Study 2). Participants were presented with target children who were happy or angry and Black or White and were asked to indicate which of 2 adults (a race but not emotion match or an emotion but not race match) each child would grow up to be. White adults, White 9- to 10-year-olds, and racial minority 5- to 6-year-olds selected race matches, whereas White 5- to 6-year-olds selected race and emotion matches equally. These data suggest that beliefs about racial stability vary by age and social group. (PsycINFO Database Record
Lateral Bracing Forces on Beams and Columns

Amounts of bracing force required for eight representative cases of beams and columns quantitatively derived; some of cases are solved exactly by direct solution of basic differential equations, while others are solved approximately by energy methods; numerical examples show that order of magnitude of bracing forces is small and falls within limited range.
Das Varandas de Frangipani Under the Frangipani

Mia Couto is considered a special case in the field of African Lusophone writers due to the quality of his writing. His texts are imbedded of a magical, mythical world that nevertheless depicts the reality of Lusophone Africa. These characteristics together with the exceptional character of the themes on which he focuses constitute an invitation to apply to his works the concepts derived from quantum physics and the science of cognition. In this article I bring together two different structures of thought, Western and African, in an effort to give Western readers the tools to go beyond the basic approaches to Couto’s text.
Prevention of murine Sendai virus infection by passive immmunisation with IgA and IgG monoclonal antibodies

Resistance to respiratory viral infections correlates with the presence of specific antibodies in the respiratory secretions. The secretory immune system with its predominant antibody, secretory IgA, poses the initial immunological barrier. Given that IgA is less phlogistic than IgG (reviewed in Ref. 1), and that IgA but not IgG is selectively transported via secretory component into respiratory secretions, if IgA and IgG are comparably protective in vivo, then immunization protocols designed to generate a predominately IgA response are theoretically advantageous since the airway would be protected against viral infections while lung inflammation and damage would be minimized. Therefore, this study seeks to compare the efficacy of passive immunization with IgA versus IgG monoclonal antibody.
Development, Implementation, and Outcomes of a Delirium Protocol in the Surgical Trauma Intensive Care Unit:

Background: Delirium in the critically ill is associated with increased mortality, length of stay (LOS), and prolonged cognitive dysfunction. Existing guidelines provide no recommendation for use of combination nonpharmacological and pharmacological prevention protocols or use of antipsychotic medications for the prevention or treatment of delirium. Objective: This study evaluated the impact of implementing a delirium treatment protocol on the number of delirium-free days experienced by acutely delirious patients in the surgical trauma intensive care unit (STICU). Methods: This retrospective, institutional review board–approved, pre-implementation (PRE) versus post-implementation (POST) cohort evaluated delirious patients admitted to the STICU. Patients were evaluated based on the duration of delirium. Secondary end points included ICU LOS, amount of atypical and typical antipsychotic medication used, amount of analgesia and sedation used, and adverse drug events associated with antipsychotics. Results: O...
Solventless U.V. cured epoxy coating for generator stator laminations

A solventless ultraviolet curable epoxy coating for generator stator laminations was developed to achieve major energy conservation and assure uninterrupted production during periods of natural gas curtailment. The resultant cured stator coating demonstrates improved mechanical, electrical and thermal perfomrance over the present solvent based thermally cured coating. This paper examines the mechanical, electrical and thermal requirements of the application and reviews the processing advantages gained with solventless ultraviolet cured epoxy coatings. A review of the chemistry will provide the building blocks for the development of the final coating properties. Mechanical properties, including surface coefficient of friction, flexibility and compression creep will be discussed, highlighting the testing techniques developed to simulate service conditions. The improved electrical performance achieved with this solventless ultraviolet curable epoxy coating will be compared to the basic cured coating properties and specifics of coating processing. Limited thermal evaluation of the coating indicates improved high temperature performance which may make this coating a candidate for applications with higher temperatures than normally experienced with generator stator laminations. Finally, the pilot line experience with coating will be presented, along with the estimate of reductions in pollution emissions achieved.
Dissociative identity disorder and pseudo-hysteria.

The diagnostic validity of dissociative identity disorder (DID) continues to inspire controversy, with some commentators claiming that DID is a modern variant of “hysteria”; that is, attention-seek...
Compressive Overload Effects on the Resonance Frequency of Monocrystalline Silicon Microbeams and Implications for Fatigue Mechanisms

Previous work demonstrated the marked effect of load ratio on the fatigue life of both mono- and poly-crystalline silicon thin films, with decreasing fatigue lives for more negative load ratios. In this paper, we investigated the role of a single compressive load on the stiffness (and therefore flaw population) of a monocrystalline Si microbeam. Specifically, we measured the resonance frequency (f 0 ~ 40 kHz) of a microresonator with ppm-level resolution before and after applying a compressive stress ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 GPa. The resolution in J 0 measurements is enough to capture the formation of subcritical penny-shaped cracks (lateral dimensions tens of nanometers), or the extension of existing cracks. No significant decrease in f 0 was measured within the resolution of the technique. This result indicates that the mechanism known for the fatigue of notched ceramics under cyclic compressive loads at the bulk scale, relying on the formation of cracks upon the first compressive cycle, does not apply to the fatigue of silicon thin films. Instead of a decrease in J 0 , the results highlighted an increase in J 0 in some specimens, which is interpreted as compression-induced crack healing (as opposed to the well documented thermally induced healing). A review of the proposed fatigue mechanisms for Si thin films is also provided.
Competition and facilitation may lead to asymmetric range shift dynamics with climate change

Forecasts of widespread range shifts with climate change stem from assumptions that climate drives species' distributions. However, local adaptation and biotic interactions also influence range limits and thus may impact range shifts. Despite the potential importance of these factors, few studies have directly tested their effects on performance at range limits. We address how population-level variation and biotic interactions may affect range shifts by transplanting seeds and seedlings of western North American conifers of different origin populations into different competitive neighborhoods within and beyond their elevational ranges and monitoring their performance. We find evidence that competition with neighboring trees limits performance within current ranges, but that interactions between adults and juveniles switch from competitive to facilitative at upper range limits. Local adaptation had weaker effects on performance that did not predictably vary with range position or seed origin. Our findings suggest that competitive interactions may slow species turnover within forests at lower range limits, whereas facilitative interactions may accelerate the pace of tree expansions upward near timberline.
Top-down effects of an invasive omnivore: detection in long-term monitoring of large-river reservoir chlorophyll-a.

Invasive species are capable of altering ecosystems through the consumption of basal resources. However, quantifying the effects of invasive species in large ecosystems is challenging. Measuring changes in basal resources (i.e., phytoplankton) at an ecosystem scale is an important and potentially translatable response vital to the understanding of how introduced species influence ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed patterns of early summer chlorophyll-a in a large-river reservoir in response to invasion of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). We used 25 years of ecological data from a 30-km reach of Kentucky Lake collected before and after silver carp establishment. We found significant decreases in chlorophyll-a within certain reservoir habitats since establishment of silver carp. Additionally, environmental and biological drivers of phytoplankton production showed no significant differences before and after invasion. These results suggest seasonal, and habitat-specific consumptive effects of invasive silver carp on an important basal food web resource. Further, our results convey the utility of long-term quantitative biological and physiochemical data in understanding ecosystem responses to elements of global change (i.e., species invasions). Importantly, the observed changes in the basal food web resource of Kentucky Lake may apply to other ecosystems facing invasion by silver carp (e.g., Laurentian Great Lakes). Our study offers insight into the mechanisms by which silver carp may influence ecosystems and furthers our understanding of invasive omnivores.
Germplasm Characterization and Trait Discovery

Diverse germplasm is essential to breeding new pigeonpea varieties resilient against both abiotic and biotic challenges. In this chapter, we review the major abiotic and biotic challenges faced by pigeonpea, and trait assessment tools available to the breeding community to address these challenges. We place particular attention on drought tolerance, due to its widespread nature and large effect on yield. We emphasize the utility of wild material to expand the range of available genetic variation; as such material is generally underutilized in breeding programs. A complete genome brings great potential to the pigeonpea breeding community; to fulfill the promise of a genome for breeding for climate resilience, the full range of diversity available must be brought to bear. We hope that conditions in the future allow wild germplasm collections to expand, further capitalizing on the potential to increase pigeonpea yields and resilience against climate change.
Dynamic Crack Propagation in Particle Reinforced Nanocomposites and Graded Materials

An experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of novel materials fabricated using nano and micron sized particles in polymer matrix. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the dynamic crack propagation in theses particle reinforced materials. High-speed digital imaging was employed along with dynamic photoelasticity to obtain real time, full-field quantification of the dynamic fracture process. Birefringent coatings were used to conduct the photoelastic study due to the opaqueness of these materials [1].
Executive control functions in degenerative dementias: a comparative review.

This paper reviews the literature concerning executive control impairments in degenerative dementias. The construct of executive control functioning is examined, as is the neuroanatomy of frontal–subcortical networks, believed to underlie executive function (EF) impairments. The pattern of EF impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD) which affects temporal and parietal brain regions most severely is contrasted with observed executive dysfunctions in patients with dementias involving degeneration of primarily frontal and frontal–subcortical brain areas. EF impairments are present in each of these types of dementing illnesses. Although EF impairments are present in AD, they are less prominent than the memory disorder in the neuropsychological profile of the disease and tend to become more pronounced later in the course of the illness. In contrast, patients with frontal or frontal–subcortical dementia may demonstrate executive dysfunction, which occurs earlier in the disease progression and may be initially more severe.
Comparison of the Effects of Formal and Informal Accountability on the Correct Performance of a Lifeguard Rescue

We compared instructional strategies used to train lifeguards. Fifteen undergraduates participated in the study during their twice weekly 90 minute lifeguard classes. A checklist of 15 steps was used to define correct performance of a lifeguard (water) rescue. The dependent variable was the percentage of steps completed correctly. Data were collected from videotapes of 32 sessions. A multi-treatment reversal design was used to assess the efficacy of typical peer instruction, a triad where students verbally supported one another, a triad where members used a checklist to prompt correct performance, and a instructor-mediated condition where for each 90% or better correct performance the participant received a bonus grade point. The significance of the rescue was not enough to produce competent performance, neither was peer support, nor peer-mediated instruction using a checklist, but all participants achieved 90% correct performance or better during the instructor-mediated condition. Our results suggest that the instructor-mediated condition is considerably more effective than informal accountability.
Nanotechnology Applications for Environmental Industry

Abstract Nanotechnology has enormous potential for providing innovative solutions to a wide range of environmental issues. These include improved methods for reducing pollution, water treatment, environmental sensing, remediation, and making alternative energy sources more cost-effective. The unique properties of engineered nanomaterials enable these novel technologies for meeting the environmental challenges in a sustainable way. This review broadly focuses on the environmental applications of engineered nanomaterials in a sustainable approach and also emphasizes the future opportunities for their application in the natural environmental systems.
Models of Replicator Proliferation Involving Differential Replicator Subunit Stability

Several models for the origin of life involve molecules that are capable of self-replication, such as self-replicating polymers composed of RNA or DNA or amino acids. Here we consider a hypothetical replicator (AB) composed of two subunits, A and B. Programs written in Python and C programming languages were used to model AB replicator abundance as a function of cycles of replication (iterations), under specified hypothetical conditions. Two non-exclusive models describe how a reduced stability for B relative to A can have an advantage for replicator activity and/or evolution by generating free A subunits. In model 1, free A subunits associate with AB replicators to create AAB replicators with greater activity. In simulations, reduced stability of B was beneficial when the replication activity of AAB was greater than two times the replication activity of AB. In model 2, the free A subunit is inactive for some number of iterations before it re-creates the B subunit. A re-creates the B subunit with an equal chance of creating B or B', where B' is a mutant that increases AB' replicator activity relative to AB. In simulations, at moderate number of iterations (< 15), a shorter survival time for B is beneficial when the stability of B is greater than the inactive time of A. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced stability for a replicator subunit can be advantageous under appropriate conditions.
Dual-pulse laser ignition model

A two-dimensional mathematical model of dual-pulse laser ignition that self-consistently integrates Navier-Stokes, translational and vibrational energy, and neutral and charged species equations has been presented. The results showed that the ignition kernel dynamics depends on the shape and initial energy distribution in the energy spot created by the first ultraviolet laser pulse. The results also suggest that the ignition delay time and the flame kernel development depend on the laser intensity, vibrational-nonequilibrium, and initial electron number density. For the high initial degree of ionization, we have obtained ignition of the lean methane–air mixture with the equivalence ratio of 0.6. Vibrational-nonequilibrium taken into account by the Landau-Teller model leads to the slower ignition kernel growth and the significant increase in the ignition delay time. For the case modeled, a change in the overlap of the second laser with the focal point of the first laser pulse leads to the early split up of the kernel and the flame extinguishment.
How We Became Instrumentalists (Again): Data Positivism since World War II

In the last two decades, a highly instrumentalist form of statistical and machine learning has achieved an extraordinary success as the computational heart of the phenomenon glossed as “predictive analytics,” “data mining,” or “data science.” This instrumentalist culture of prediction emerged from subfields within applied statistics, artificial intelligence, and database management. This essay looks at representative developments within computational statistics and pattern recognition from the 1950s onward, in the United States and beyond, central to the explosion of algorithms, techniques, and epistemic values that ultimately came together in the data sciences of today. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Histories of Data and the Database edited by Soraya de Chadarevian and Theodore M. Porter.
A Qualitative Exploration of Perceptions, Shopping Motivations, and Demands of Plus-size Women: an Ethnic Approach

Current retail industry figures note a growth in the women's plus size market. This increase has especially been evident with the increase in the sales of women's plus-size clothing. Given this increase, it is important for apparel retailers to grasp an understanding of the unique apparel needs plus-size women may posses. In addition, past research has shown that certain ethnicities may view being categorized as plus-size more positively than others. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to gain a holistic understanding of the plus-size experience, and examine how this experience impacts their behaviors, shopping motivations, apparel demands, and ethnic perspective. A qualitative study was conducted to assess these topics, and primary data collection was executed through semi-structured, in-depth interviews of 31 plus-size females who purchased plus-size clothing, size 14 and above, within the past six months. Upon data being collected, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically, three key themes were identified: (1) Evolution of Society Against Plus, (2) Size & Ethnicity Matter, and (3) Separate But Not Equal to Missy. Each theme aided in describing the distinct experience of the plus-size female consumer. This paper, in turn, provides apparel marketers and retailers knowledge that will help them better target their plus-size offerings to better suit their customers.
Development and validation of a 3D-printed bolus cap for total scalp irradiation.

Purpose The goal of total scalp irradiation (TSI) is to deliver a uniform dose to the scalp, which requires the use of a bolus cap. Most current methods for fabricating bolus caps are laborious, yet still result in nonconformity and low reproducibility, which can lead to nonuniform irradiation of the scalp. We developed and validated patient-specific bolus caps for TSI using three-dimensional (3D) printing. Methods and materials 3D-printing materials were radiologically analyzed to identify a material with properties suitable for use as a bolus cap. A Python script was developed within a commercial treatment planning system to automate the creation of a ready-to-print, patient-specific 3D bolus cap model. A bolus cap was printed for an anthropomorphic head phantom using a commercial vendor and a computed tomography simulation of the anthropomorphic head phantom and bolus cap was used to create a volumetric-modulated arc therapy TSI treatment plan. The planned treatment was delivered to the head phantom and dosimetric validation was performed using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). The developed procedure was used to create a bolus cap for a clinical TSI patient, and in vivo TLD measurements were acquired for several fractions. Results Agilus-60 was validated as a new 3D-printing material suitable for use as bolus. A 3D-printed Agilus-60 bolus cap had excellent conformality to the phantom scalp, with a maximum air gap of 4 mm. TLD measurements showed that the bolus cap generated a uniform dose to the scalp within a 2.7% standard deviation, and the delivered doses agreed with calculated doses to within 2.4% on average. The patient bolus was conformal and the average difference between TLD measured and planned doses was 5.3%. Conclusions We have developed a workflow to 3D-print highly conformal bolus caps for TSI and demonstrated these caps can reproducibly generate a uniform dose to the scalp.
Towards Tattoo Previewing and Other Augmented/Mixed Reality Applications with Microsoft Kinect

As tattooing becomes more popular, so too does tattoo removal. Removal is painful, expensive, and not always effective. To avoid tattooing that customers will later regret, potential customers could use augmented/mixed reality to preview tattoo designs. This paper explores technical tools and methods using computer vision to overlay a digital image, like a tattoo design, on top of frames from a live video feed of the user’s body. Using an RGB camera and depth camera, in this case the Microsoft Kinect, body position and volumetric data are captured. Two methods are presented for using this data for tattoo preview along with the methods’ pros, cons, and state of development. This project was developed by and for high school students and educators to bridge the gap between secondary students and interesting new technology previously reserved for university-level studies.