cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doing Ethnography, Being an Ethnographer: The Autoethnographic Research Process and I

I examine here Theory and Scholarship (taken to be formalized social scientific frameworks that seek to map out the real world and social actions in an objective fashion) via an autoethnographic lens. Chiefly, I ask how autoethnography as a research method reconfigures them: how may we extend knowledge using autoethnography? While much critique has centered on the "doing" (dispassionately?) versus "being" (going native?) of autoethnography, I argue that such a dichotomy is inherently false. Instead, doing is located within the ethnographer's very being, so that a closer look at the autoethnographic research process is required, from conception to implementation to introspection. I attempt such a processual analysis here: drawing on an earlier social scientific project, I relate the intellectual and social process whereby it was translated into an autoethnography. Using a performative lens to illustrate the dialectical mode of doing and being in the research process, I intersperse portions of personal narrative with academic writing, to enable a disjunctural appreciation of the various layers of interpretation. While the epistemic framework I hold to here is indeed a poststructural one, privileging fragmentation and social situatedness, it also emphasizes continuity and interconnections in the research process.
Structure and assembly of icosahedral enveloped RNA viruses.

Publisher Summary Two groups of enveloped viruses have been shown to have icosahedral symmetry and although they reside in different virus families, they have a number of features that suggest their common evolutionary origins. The alphaviruses, belonging to the Togaviridae family, and the flaviviruses, belonging to the Flaviviridae family, are spherical icosahedral enveloped viruses with plus-strand RNA genomes. The most striking feature in alphavirus is the spike-like projections that decorate the surface of the virion. Each spike can be divided into a set of three petals, suggesting a trimeric organization of the spike. The two envelope glycoproteins both traverse and penetrate the inner face of the lipid bilayer, with E2 making direct contact with the nucleocapsid core.
The Social Science of Sustainability

The sustainability of socioeconomic systems is widely recognized as a key global challenge, and a social science of sustainable societies is now emerging. Social scientists have made commendable progress in quantifying the cost-effectiveness of different environmental policy instruments, explaining their diffusion across nations, and documenting the phenomenon of historical and ongoing sustainability transitions. However, social scientists should pay much more attention to the political economy of environmental policy formulation, the challenge of building coalitions that support more ambitious policies to promote sustainability, and the development of analytical models and testable hypotheses about sustainability transitions. Owing to the inherently problem-oriented nature of sustainability, the social science of sustainability must be strongly interdisciplinary, both among social sciences and with respect to the natural sciences. For the social science of sustainability to survive and thrive over time, academic researchers must both maintain the highest analytical standards and focus on research questions and answers that contribute to the solution of problems that practitioners face. Keywords: environmental policy; energy policy; sustainable development; climate change; biodiversity; natural resources
Synthesis, assembly and secretion of gamma globulin by mouse myeloma cells. II. Assembly of IgG2b immunoglobulin by MPC 11 tumor and culture cells.

Abstract The kinetics, pathway, and efficiency of covalent assembly of mouse IgG 2b immunoglobulin has been investigated using both tumor and cultured cells from the MPC 11 mouse myeloma. More than half of the interchain disulfide bonds were formed within three to five minutes after the synthesis and release of newly synthesized heavy and light chains and assembly was largely completed within 10 to 20 minutes after synthesis. Multiple pathways of assembly were used. Cells derived from the tumor are blocked in the covalent assembly of half molecules into IgG, but carry out the non-covalent assembly of half molecules to a higher polymer. This block in assembly may be due to the presence of a large excess of light chains rather than to a structural defect in the polypeptide chains.
Molecular interaction between ryanodine receptor and glycoprotein triadin involves redox cycling of functionally important hyperreactive sulfhydryls

The fluorogenic maleimide 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM) has been shown to selectively form Michael adducts with hyperreactive sulfhydryls on the skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and triadin which are essential for normal Ca2+ channel function (Liu, G., Abramson, J.J., Zable, A.C., and Pessah, I.N. (1994) Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 189-200). The present report demonstrates a functionally important interaction between RyR1 and triadin which involves, in part, redox cycling of hyperreactive sulfhydryls in response to channel activation and inactivation. Nanomolar CPM is shown to selectively label RyR1 and triadin only in the presence of Ca2+ channel inhibitors (Mg2+, neomycin, ruthenium red, or anti-triadin antibody). Treatment of SR with channel activators (micromolar Ca2+, nanomolar ryanodine, or millimolar caffeine), 1) slows CPM labeling kinetics > 10-fold, 2) negates CPM labeling of channel-associated sulfhydryls, and 3) stabilizes a high molecular weight complex (HMWC) which appears on nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. The HMWC is positively identified as RyR1 and triadin by Western blot and immunoprecipitation analyses. High-affinity [3H]ryanodine-binding sites are immunoprecipitated by either anti-RyR1 or anti-triadin antibody dose dependently. 1,4-Naphthoquinone (< or = 40 pmol/micrograms protein) selectively oxidizes hyperreactive sulfhydryls on RyR1 and triadin, induces Ca2+ efflux from SR, and stabilizes the HMWC. The HMWC is reduced by beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol into its component RyR1 and triadin promoters. The results provide direct evidence for the existence of a functionally important complex between RyR1 and triadin whose stability is determined by the redox state of hyperreactive sulfhydryl moieties which are allosterically regulated by physiological and pharmacological channel ligands. The present results suggest a possible molecular mechanism by which localized transient changes in the redox state within the RyR1-triadin complex can signal information across the SR membrane.
Weibull analysis of the electromechanical behavior of AgMg sheathed Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x round wires and YBa2Cu3O7-δ coated conductors

The development of superconducting magnets requires not only a conductor that is capable of carrying sufficient critical current density (Jc) at high magnetic field, but also one that is mechanically robust and predictable. Here, the electromechanical behavior of AgMg sheathed Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 + x (Bi2212) round wires and YBa2Cu3O7 − δ (YBCO) coated conductors is studied using a statistical approach based upon three-parameter Weibull statistics, where the three parameters α, β, and γ describe the scale, shape and location of the resulting distribution function. The results show that Bi2212 round wire has significantly different behavior than previously studied Bi2212 tape conductors, with evidence of an underlying mechanically strong but poorly connected electrical 'backbone' in the round wire that is not found in the tape conductor. Furthermore, the Bi2212 round wire results indicate a distribution in the dependence of critical current upon strain (Ic(e)) at the microscopic level, consistent with reports that a complex network of interfilamentary bridges plays a key role in connectivity. Unlike the behavior of either Bi2212 round wire or tape, the YBCO coated conductor shows a universal behavior for strains below yield, consistent with the presence of a strong, stiff NiW substrate that dominates the mechanical behavior, and a high purity, high density, highly textured YBCO layer with reversible electromechanical properties. These results indicate that, in particular for Bi2212 conductors, the strain-dependence of the location parameter, γ(e), which defines the minimum critical current for any segment of conductor at a particular value of strain, is a more important function for magnet design than Ic(e) or the critical strain, ec. Using the approach reported previously and applied here, this curve is readily obtained using a limited length of conductor, but provides an important level of conservatism to the design of magnets using long lengths of conductor.
Deans’ Corner Views on the State of Teacher Education in 2015

This article presents responses from four College of Education deans to a series of questions posed by the Penn State University Journal of Teacher Education (JTE) editorial team.
Concept For Evaluation Of The Fast-Trac Program

This paper presents the initial concept for planning and executing a systematic evaluation of the Ali-Scout route guidance system which is to be deployed as the centerpiece of the FAST-TRAC operational field test in Oakland County, Michigan. The paper conveys the evaluation scope in terms of a set of provisional objectives and several suggested evaluation research approaches.
Parameter estimation from flowing fluid temperature logging data in unsaturated fractured rock using multiphase inverse modeling

Parameter Estimation From Flowing Fluid Temperature Logging Data In Unsaturated Fractured Rock Using Multiphase Inverse Modeling Sumit Mukhopadhyay, Yvonne W. Tsang, and Stefan Finsterle Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 Abstract A simple conceptual model has been recently developed for analyzing pressure and temperature data from flowing fluid temperature logging (FFTL) in unsaturated fractured rock. Using this conceptual model, we developed an analytical solution for FFTL pressure response, and a semi-analytical solution for FFTL temperature response. We also proposed a method for estimating fracture permeability from FFTL temperature data. The conceptual model was based on some simplifying assumptions, particularly a single- phase air flow model was used. In this paper, we develop a more comprehensive numerical model of multiphase flow and heat transfer associated with FFTL. Using this numerical model, we perform a number of forward simulations to determine the parameters that have the strongest influence on the pressure and temperature response from FFTL. We then use the iTOUGH2 optimization code to estimate these most sensitive parameters through inverse modeling and to quantify the uncertainties associated with these estimated parameters. We conclude that FFTL can be utilized to determine permeability, porosity, and thermal conductivity of the fracture rock. Two other parameters, which are not properties of the fractured rock, have strong influence on FFTL response. These are pressure and temperature in the borehole that were at equilibrium with the fractured rock formation at the beginning of FFTL. We illustrate how these parameters can also be estimated from FFTL data. Introduction In a recent paper [Mukhopadhyay and Tsang, 2008], hereafter referred to as Paper I, we presented a simple conceptual model and a semi-analytical solution to analyze the data from flowing fluid temperature logging (FFTL). In Paper I, we also presented a procedure to estimate the effective permeability of the fractured rock using the temperature data from FFTL (see Section 2 for a recapitulation of FFTL). The conceptual model described in Paper I assumes single-phase flow of air and ignores the presence of the water phase in the unsaturated rock. The model includes heat transfer by convection but neglects heat conduction. It also assumes that pumping of air from the borehole during FFTL does not change the pressure and temperature in the surrounding rock (a reasonable assumption, considering the short duration of the test and the large volume of the surrounding rock compared to the volume of the borehole). However, it is possible that these simplifying assumptions could introduce some uncertainties into the estimated
Mechanics and timing of egg capsule release by the littoral fringe periwinkle Littorina planaxis (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)

The mechanics and timing of egg release are fundamental reproductive adaptations of littorines having complete pelagic development. Female Littorina planaxis release large (5 to 15 mm) planktonic egg masses that contain thousands of minute egg capsules (400μm in diameter). The gelatinous matrix of the mass disintegrates after several hours of immersion in seawater, freeing individual pelagic egg capsules. Egg mass release is highly correlated with spring tide conditions, occurring during the daily highest tide. Pairing activity (copulation) also occurs primarily during spring tide periods. Laboratory and field evidence suggest that female spawning patterns are, in part due to endogenous rhythms. Brief descriptions of the pelagic egg capsules, planktonic egg mass, and oviposition are given to clarify previous observations.
Placing erection in context: The reflexogenic-psychogenic dichotomy reconsidered

Penile erections are usually classified as arising from "reflexogenic" or "psychogenic" causes. In practice this dichotomy has translated, somewhat circularly, to a distinction between spinal vs. supraspinal mediation, pelvic vs. hypogastric neural mediation, and perineal somesthetic stimulation vs. stimulation of receptors innervated by the cranial nerves. Evidence for differential regulation of erection in different contexts is reviewed. Research ascribing a physiological role to the hypogastric nerves in psychogenic erection, exemplified by classic studies of cats and spinally injured men, is suggestive but not compelling. Somewhat stronger is evidence that erection in some contexts (e.g., nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) in humans or touch-stimulated erection in rats) is more sensitive to androgen levels than in other contexts (e.g., visual erotic stimuli in men or copulation in rats). However, some of these differences may arise from the relative erectogenic strength of the stimuli, rather than from qualitative differences in androgen sensitivity of different contexts. More compelling is the possibility that conflicting interpretations of the role of dopamine in erection may stem in large part from differences among laboratories in the context in which erection is evoked. In light of the evidence reviewed, it seems unlikely that the conventional reflexogenic-psychogenic dichotomy should be retained, at least in its present form. As a first step, it may be worth considering that reflexive erections may not be limited to somesthetic perineal stimulation, but rather may also include stimuli received via the cranial nerves. Two alternatives to the standard reflexogenic-psychogenic dichotomy are proposed. The first is a minor revision in which two senses of psychogenic erection are distinguished: the weak, commonly used, sense would include erection resulting from any extrinsic nonsomesthetic stimulation, whether visual, auditory, or chemosensory. In this sense, reflexive erections and psychogenic erections may not be mutually exclusive. The strong sense of psychogenic erection would be limited to memory and fantasy. The origins of psychogenic erection in both senses need not be available to consciousness, which may account for apparently spontaneous erections. In the second alternative taxonomy, erectogenic stimuli are classified as contact (somesthetic) or noncontact, and their action in evoking erection is placed on a continuum of reflexivity. Erectile contexts could then be considered as orthogonal to the other two dimensions. Even without a change in taxonomy, the conduct and interpretation of research into erectile function may be expected to benefit from closer attention to differences and similarities between contexts and species, and to context-sensitive differences in the regulation of erection.
Fatty Acid, Flavonol, and Mineral Composition Variability among Seven Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Accessions

Horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] seeds containing high concentrations of fatty acids, flavonols and minerals should provide government, public and private organizations with a nutritious and healthy food for use by malnourished and food deprived people worldwide. Seeds from seven horse gram accessions, geographically adapted to Griffin, GA, USA were analyzed for fatty acid, flavonol, and mineral concentrations using gas chromatography, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, respectively. Significant year effects occurred for stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic, gadoleic, and lignoceric acids. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid ranged from 8.9%–16.8%, 40.3%–45.6%, and 11.6%–14.3%, respectively, as percent of total fatty acids measured (total oil ranged from 2.32% to 2.87%). Seed concentrations of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol ranged from 0–36 μg/g DW, 0–27 μg/g DW, and 240–316 μg/g DW, respectively and the only year effect was observed for kaempferol among the horse gram accessions. Year effects were found for Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, and S. Mean concentrations of macrominerals (Ca, K, Mg, P, and S) and microminerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn) ranged from 1.3–14 mg/g DW, and 1.0–95.0 μg/g DW, respectively. Several correlations were observed among several fatty acids, flavonols, and minerals. The mono-unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid correlated significantly with linoleic acid (r = −0.64), arachidic acid (r = −0.61), Ca (r = 0.50) and Zn (r = 0.51, all at P < 0.01). The flavonol, myricetin correlated significantly with quercetin (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001), while quercetin correlated with Ca (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and kaempferol correlated with Mg (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). Several mineral correlations were found including Fe with K (r = 0.66) and Mg (r = 0.56, both at P < 0.01). These seven horse gram accessions can be used in breeding programs to facilitate the production of superior cultivars with favorable fatty acid profiles, flavonol content, and mineral compositions.
Electrostatic Potential-Based Method of Balancing Charge Transfer Across ONIOM QM:QM Boundaries.

The inability to describe charge redistribution effects between different regions in a large molecule can be a source of error in an ONIOM hybrid calculation. We propose a new and an inexpensive method for describing such charge-transfer effects and for improving reaction energies obtained with the ONIOM method. Our method is based on matching the electrostatic potential (ESP) between the model system and the real system. The ESP difference arising due to charge redistribution is overcome by placing an optimum one electron potential at a defined buffer region. In our current implementation, the link atom nuclear charge is optimized iteratively to produce a model low ESP distribution equal to that in the real low calculation. These optimum charges are relatively small in magnitude and corroborate physical intuition. This new ESP-ONIOM-CT method is independent of any arbitrary definition of charges, is defined on the basis of a physical observable, and is less basis set dependent than previous approaches. T...
Estimating variance of output from cyclic exponential queueing systems

Production systems, particularly those making use of a “pull” production control mechanism, are well-modeled as closed queueing networks. Average throughput is clearly one important performance measure for these systems. However, many control decisions require information concerning the variability of the output process as well as throughput. Because of this, the standard deviation of the number of outputs during a specified interval is a practical performance measure for production systems. In this paper, we consider the standard deviation of the number of outputs during a time interval from a closed queueing network consisting ofM single server exponential queues. Because computing this quantity exactly is extremely cumbersome, we introduce a simple approximation that makes use of (1) known results for the variance of the time a marked job takes to complete a round trip and (2) an approximate correction term for the covariance between successive round trips. We show through comparisons with simulation that our method is quite accurate under a variety of conditions.
Computational Studies on Biosynthetic Carbocation Rearrangements Leading to Sativene, Cyclosativene, α-Ylangene, and β-Ylangene

In this paper, we describe theoretical studies, using gas-phase quantum chemical calculations, on carbocationic rearrangement pathways leading to the sesquiterpenes sativene, cyclosativene, alpha-ylangene, and beta-ylangene. For all four sesquiterpene natural products, viable pathways are presented, and these are compared both to mechanistic proposals found in the literature, and in certain cases to alternative stereochemical and rearrangement possibilities, thus providing a basis for comparison to experimental results. We find that these four sesquiterpenes likely arise from a common bicyclic intermediate and, furthermore, that the computed pathways are mostly in agreement with previous mechanistic proposals, although the few differences that we have uncovered are significant. Additionally, the potential energy profiles of the pathways are found to be very flat, supporting the notion that following the initial ionization of farnesyl diphosphate, minimal enzymatic intervention may be required for the generation of such sesquiterpenes.
Food and light as entrainers of circadian running activity in the rat.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the extent to which circadian running activity could be controlled by two different environmental cues: periodic access to food and ambient light cycles. Seven male rats were successively exposed to the following four conditions: (1) With light cycles (LD 12:12) and continuous access to food, the animals displayed a basically nocturnal pattern of running. (2) With access to food for two hours during the illuminated portion of the LD cycle, all of the animals showed a burst of running preceding food presentation. Three of these seven animals concurrently showed diminished running associated with the light cycle. (3) The animals continued to run before the periodic presentation of food when constant light replaced the LD cycle. (4) When allowed continuous access to food, and still exposed to constant light, the animals continued to show bursts of running around the time that food had been delivered. Rats' circadian activity cycles were therefore influenced by periodic access to food. Moreover, when periodic food was offered during the illuminated portion of the LD cycle (when rats are normally inactive) food presentation was a more potent entrainer than photic cues in controlling running activity.
The CD40-inducible Bcl-2 family member A1 protects B cells from antigen receptor-mediated apoptosis.

CD40 activation is necessary for thymus-dependent humoral immune responses and rescuing both phenotypically immature WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells from B cell antigen receptor-induced cell death and germinal center B cells from spontaneous apoptosis. As some effects of CD40 are probably mediated by differences in gene expression, cDNA expression arrays and RNase protection assays were used to identify the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 homolog A1 as a CD40-inducible gene in B cell lines and purified germinal center B cells. Sustained CD40-induced A1 upregulation correlated with CD40-mediated rescue of WEHI-231 cells from anti-IgM-induced apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of A1 specifically protected WEHI-231 cells from anti-IgM-induced apoptosis but not cell death triggered by certain other stimuli.
Short-term outcomes of newborns with perinatal acidemia who are not eligible for systemic hypothermia therapy.

Objective To determine short-term outcomes of infants who had perinatal acidemia and were evaluated for hypothermia therapy but did not qualify based on a standardized neurologic examination. Study design Retrospective, single-site cohort study of inborn infants of ≥36 weeks gestation who had perinatal acidemia from October 2005-September 2008 and had a standardized neurologic examination performed by a certified neonatologist to assess eligibility for hypothermia therapy. An abnormal short-term nursery outcome was defined as death, seizures, brain magnetic resonance imaging consistent with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, abnormal neurologic examination at discharge, gastrostomy tube feeding, or inability to nipple all feeds beyond the first week of age. Results One hundred forty-four (0.3%) of 46 887 newborns with perinatal acidemia had a neurologic examination performed that was either normal (n = 29) or consistent with mild encephalopathy (1 or 2 abnormal categories; n = 60). Of the latter infants classified as having mild encephalopathy, 12 (20%) experienced an abnormal short-term outcome (feeding difficulties, n = 8; abnormal neurologic examination at discharge, n = 7; abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging, n = 6; seizures, n = 5; gastrostomy, n = 1; or death, n = 1). Conclusions Twenty percent of newborns with perinatal acidemia and a neurologic examination that revealed only mild encephalopathy had abnormal short-term outcomes that could be attributed to the encephalopathy. Adjunctive tools or biomarkers for optimal assessment of infants with fetal acidemia for hypothermia therapy are needed.
Pharmacologic treatment of rapid cycling and mixed states in bipolar disorder: an argument for the use of lithium

Lithium has long been considered as less than ideal in the management of rapid cycling and mixed states in bipolar disorder. However, these forms of bipolarity represent a generally more difficult phase of the illness to treat with any medication. Increasing knowledge about lithium's other beneficial effects, including protection against suicide and neuromodulatory effects which may protect the brain, make it a first-line treatment for any form of bipolar disorder. As newer therapies become available or receive further exploration, we should look to the past and re-embrace lithium as a core therapeutic modality for bipolarity as we move forward in the field, particularly for forms of the disorder such as rapid cycling and mixed states, historically thought to be more treatment resistant.
Maternal glucocorticoid exposure alters tight junction protein expression in the brain of fetal sheep

We examined the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord of fetuses after maternal treatment with single and multiple courses of dexamethasone....
The kinematics of double slip with application to cubic crystals in the compression test

Abstract A generalization and extension of the kinematic analysis of double slip in fcc and bcc crystals by A.H. S halaby and K.S. H avner (1978) is presented. Particular emphasis is given to equations for areal changes, which are applied to the calculation of loading axis rotations in the compression test. No assumptions are made as to symmetry of slip and/or axis position. Therefore, purely kinematical solutions are obtained which are not limited to the Taylor hardening model and can be used in the interpretation of experimental data from large deformation tests of anisotropic (prestrained) crystals, as well as in theoretical studies.
The inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase by phlorizin and structurally related compounds.

Abstract The glucoside phlorizin, best known as an inhibitor of glucose transport, is also an inhibitor of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase ( Broh-Khan and Mirsky, 1948 ). The inhibition has been described as competitive by Ashmore ( Ashmore and Weber, 1959 ), and as non competitive by Soodsma et al. (1967) . This report describes the results obtained when a series of compounds related to phlorizin were tested for inhibition. The most effective inhibitor was phloretin, the aglucone of phlorizin, while phlorizin and phloroacetophenone were weaker inhibitors. The inhibition was competitive for the enzyme from liver, but not for the enzyme from kidney.
Ultrasonic atomization: A mechanism of tissue fractionation

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can be used to atomize liquid by creating a fountain on the surface exposed to air. The mechanism of atomization can be most accurately described by the cavitation-wave hypothesis wherein a combination of capillary waves excited on the liquid surface with cavitation beneath the surface produces a fine spray. Here, we show experimentally that a free tissue surface can also be atomized resulting in erosion of tissue from the surface. A 2-MHz spherically focused transducer operating at linearly predicted in situ intensities up to 14,000 W/cm2 was focused at ex vivo bovine and porcine livers and in vivo porcine liver tissue surfaces without the capsule. The end result for both in vivo and ex vivo tissues was erosion from the surface. In bovine liver at the maximum intensity, the erosion volume reached 25.7±10.9 mm3 using 300 10-ms pulses repeated at 1 Hz. Jet velocities for all tissues tested here were on the order of 10 m/s. Besides providing a mechanism for how HIFU can mechanically disrupt tissue, atomization may also explain how tissue is fractionated in boiling histotripsy.
The superiority of the rotating program.

The Henry Ford Hospital has offered only rotating internships since its beginning 50 years ago. Because of the recent trend toward straight programs, the Intern Committee has reevaluated our program to be sure the interns were receiving the maximum benefits of the training available in this institution. The decision to continue offering only rotating internships was made on the basis of many factors which will be reviewed. Determining Further Specialty Training Because of our impression that a number of interns were unsure of their future training plans and that many who were decided on a specialty at the beginning of their internship changed later, a survey was made of the last four internship groups. Ninety-one of the 104 members of the intern classes of 1962 through 1965 were located and responded to the questionnaire. Sixty-three (69.2%) of the group had made a definite decision regarding their future training but eight
Lack of usefulness of bone marrow enzymes and calcium in staging patients with prostatic cancer

Bone marrow acid phosphatase has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of early bony metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the prostate. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we measured bone marrow acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and calcium levels in a group of 84 patients with a variety of problems, including 18 with cancer of the prostate. We found that the bone marrow acid and alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase were elevated and calcium was depressed in most patients. Among patients with prostate cancer, bone marrow acid phosphatase was not significantly different between those with or without bone metastases. In addition, the patients with prostatic cancer did not have higher levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase than subjects with other malignant and nonmalignant conditions. The level of acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and calcium varied predictably with the aspiration technique used and was independent of sex, disease state or method of chemical determination. Due to this variation, we believe that bone marrow enzyme and calcium levels are of no value in the detection of metastases in patients with prostate cancer.
Relation of the Sex-Linked Gene sl for Rapid Chick Feathering and Age at Sexual Maturity in Rhode Island Red Pullets

Abstract In the spring of 1950 all chicks were examined on the tenth day for the presence or absence of a tail. From a total of 3,200 chicks, 531 pullets bred for high fecundity were tested for age at first egg. The results have been tabulated to discover if there was any difference in the age at sexual maturity in the birds that carried the recessive gene sl for rapid feathering, and those that carried its dominant allele Sl. The mean age at first egg in the 258 sl pullets was 205 days and the mean age at first egg in the 273 Sl pullets was 204 days. There is, therefore, no evidence in these data that the sex-linked gene sl is associated with genes affecting sexual maturity. The fact was pointed out earlier (Hays, 1936 and 1945) that the sex-linked gene E for early sexual maturity has a low frequency . . .
How many named species are valid

Estimates of biodiversity in both living and fossil groups depend on raw counts of currently recognized named species, but many of these names eventually will prove to be synonyms or otherwise invalid. This difficult bias can be resolved with a simple “flux ratio” equation that compares historical rates of invalidation and revalidation. Flux ratio analysis of a taxonomic data set of unrivalled completeness for 4,861 North American fossil mammal species shows that 24–31% of currently accepted names eventually will prove invalid, so diversity estimates are inflated by 32–44%. The estimate is conservative compared with one obtained by using an older, more basic method. Although the degree of inflation varies through both historical and evolutionary time, it has a minor impact on previously published background origination and extinction rates. Several lines of evidence suggest that the same bias probably affects more poorly studied, hyperdiverse living groups such as fungi and insects. If so, then current estimates of total global diversity could be revised downwards to as low as 3.5–10.5 million species.
The certification, development and use of standard reference materials

Abstract Analytical measurements are increasingly important to industrial quality assurance (QA) and to critical decision making in such fields as clinical, nutritional and environmental chemistry. Several factors are important to attaining analyses that are reliably accurate. Some of these include well-designed methods, trained staff, adequate instrumentation, reliable reference materials, laboratory QA procedures, and periodic proficiency testing. This paper will focus on the role of reference materials in accurate chemical analysis. Fundamental attributes of reference materials will be discussed together with details on how limits of uncertainty are established for certified values. Examples will be drawn from the results of one of the NISTs oldest biological Standard Reference Materials and two of its most recently certified SRMs. Matrices for these types of materials are very wide-ranging, including orchard leaves, river sediment and human serum.
Testing causality using efficiently parametrized vector ARMA models

We outline a practical methodology for fitting to data vector autoregressive moving-average models, and employ these models to test for Granger causality. The procedures are applied to data on employment and hourly wages in manufacturing in the United States.
Chronology of rock falls and slides in a desert mountain range: Case study from the Sonoran Desert in south-central Arizona

Abstract In order to respond to the general paucity of information on the chronology of ubiquitous small rock falls and slides that litter the slopes of desert mountain ranges, a case study in the Sonoran Desert reveals new insight into the desert geomorphology of mountain slopes. Rock falls and rock slides in the McDowell Mountains that abut metropolitan Phoenix, USA, fall in three chronometric groupings dated by conventional radiocarbon and rock varnish microlamination methods. First, the oldest events are > 74 ka and take the form of stable colluvial boulder fields — positive relief features that are tens of meters long and a few meters wide. Second, randomly sampled slides and falls of various sizes and positions wasted during wetter periods of the terminal Pleistocene and Holocene. Third, an anomalous clustering of slides and falls occurred during the late Medieval Warm Period (Medieval Climatic Anomaly) when an extreme storm was a possible but unlikely trigger. One speculative hypothesis for the cluster of Medieval Warm Period events is that a small to moderate sized earthquake shook heavily shattered bedrock — close to failure — just enough to cause a spate of rock falls and slides. A second speculative hypothesis is that this dry period enhanced physical weathering processes such as dirt cracking. However, the reasons for the recent clustering of rock falls remain enigmatic. While the temporal distribution of slides and falls suggests a minimal hazard potential for homes and roads on the margins of the McDowell Mountains, this finding may not necessary match other desert ranges in metropolitan Phoenix or mountains with different rock types and structures that abut other arid urban centers.
Decreased cognition in children with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.

Background The e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-e4) and a family history (+FH) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both risk factors for the development of AD. Although studies to identify a preclinical phase of AD have led to evidence of APOE-e4- and +FH-related differences in brain and cognitive functioning in healthy adults, the relative influence of these factors in children is unknown. Methods To investigate this issue, school-age children ( n = 109) received standardized achievement tests, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Copy Condition; RCFT-CC), assessment of family medical history, and buccal swab testing to determine their APOE genotype. Results Analyses revealed that, relative to children without these risk factors, children who possess both an APOE-e4 allele and a +FH of AD and/or significant memory problems (MP) obtained lower scores on nearly every cognitive test administered. Conclusions Findings suggest that when both AD risk factors are present, cognition may be adversely affected as early as childhood. Thus, risk factors for a disorder of pathological aging (i.e., AD) may have implications for the etiology of certain types of learning difficulties in children.
Attitudes toward New Development in Three Appalachian Counties

Although the three West Virginia counties of this study represent distinct types of rural Appalachian areas (McDowell depends upon coal mining as the primary economic activity, Monongalia has a diversified economic base with a heavy concentration in the service sector, and Webster has low levels of economic activity and high unemployment) the study found no anti-growth sentiment in any of the counties. Residents tended to prefer the less polluting economic activities over the coal-based activities, even where the desire for new industrial growth was strong. Economic distress may lead to a suppression of environmental concern, but there is no evidence that it disappears. Future research should be sensitive to preferences for less polluting industries even when those preferences are masked. It would be worth examining the hypothesis that environmental concern has become almost a universal value. 31 references, 6 figures.
Information technology and innovation policy in the Bush era

Abstract The Bush Administration's technology policy includes a broad range of issues germane to the information technology sector of the economy, including eliminating the barriers to innovation, making the Internet a duty and tariff-free zone, and removing nontariff trade barriers. While the US Senate recently reverted to Democrat control, strong bipartisan support remains in Congress for much of the Bush agenda. Moreover, there is growing bipartisan congressional and industry support for “base-line” federal legislation to ensure the disclosure of Web site privacy policies and a choice of consumer “opt-in” or “opt-out”, with a strong likelihood of passage in the 107th Congress.
Ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 mediates tumor necrosis factor-induced systemic bone loss by promoting proteasomal degradation of bone morphogenetic signaling proteins.

Chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are often accompanied by systemic bone loss, which is thought to occur through inflammatory cytokine-mediated stimulation of osteoclast resorption and inhibition of osteoblast function. However, the mechanisms involved in osteoblast inhibition remain poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that increased Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1)-mediated degradation of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway signaling proteins mediates reduced bone formation in inflammatory disorders. Osteoblasts derived from bone marrow or long bone samples of adult tumor necrosis factor (TNF) transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice were used in this study. TNF decreased the steady-state levels of Smad1 and Runx2 protein similarly to those in long bones of TNF-Tg mice. In the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132, TNF increased accumulation of ubiquitinated Smad1 protein. TNF administration over calvarial bones caused decreases in Smad1 and Runx2 protein levels and mRNA expression of osteoblast marker genes in wild-type, but not in Smurf1-/- mice. Vertebral bone volume and strength of TNF-Tg/Smurf1-/- mice were examined by a combination of micro-CT, bone histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing and compared with those from TNF-Tg littermates. TNF-Tg mice had significantly decreased bone volume and biomechanical properties, which were partially rescued in TNF-Tg/Smurf1-/- mice. We conclude that in chronic inflammatory disorders where TNF is increased, TNF induces the expression of ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 and promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Smad1 and Runx2, leading to systemic bone loss. Inhibition of ubiquitin-mediated Smad1 and Runx2 degradation in osteoblasts could help to treat inflammation-induced osteoporosis.
Pore-scale investigations on vibratory mobilization of LNAPL ganglia

Abstract Light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) pools formed at the interface of unsaturated and saturated zones fluctuate with groundwater table and form a `smear zone' occupied by ganglia or blobs. Recovery of these residual ganglia has always been the most difficult component in subsurface remediation. Previous experimental studies, conducted at laboratory-scale, concluded that localized vibrations are effective in mobilizing LNAPL ganglia. In this paper, results from a pore-scale investigation on vibratory mobilization of LNAPL ganglia are presented. The objective of this investigation was to quantitatively evaluate the extent of ganglia mobilization and to assess the role of overburden stress on vibratory mobilization. The paper is organized into three parts. First, the mobilization of a solitary ganglion in a porous medium subjected to vibrations is tracked using micromodel experiments and image analyses. Direct visualization of momentary particle rearrangement became possible through these experiments. Mobilization, break-up, and coalescence processes were observed at the scale of a single ganglion. Increased overburden stress at greater depths was found to hinder ganglia mobilization. In the second part, mobilization of a population of ganglia under the influence of vibrations is analyzed using results from darcy-scale experiments. These results confirmed the role of overburden stress and indicated that the processes of coalescence and break-up might be occurring only locally without impacting the size distribution of ganglia population at sample scale. In the third part, a mathematical framework is suggested to model the transport of ganglia population under the influence of vibrations. A convection-type equation is used to represent the transport of ganglia population. The effect of vibrations was incorporated using space-dependent probabilities for ganglia stranding.
An Economic Analysis of a Regionalized Rural Solid Waste Management System: Comment

In a recent article, Hardy and Grissom present an analytical procedure for planning rural solid waste disposal systems. The planning model simultaneously considers both location of landfills and the design of collection routes in the efficient organization of a regional solid waste disposal system. Because this problemis beyond the capacity of existing optimal solution algorithms, a stepwise heuristic procedure was developed. The authors can be commended for attempting to develop heuristic methods to analyze complex economic problems of empirical relevance. However, the authors fail to consider if the procedures yield empirical results that are reasonable in comparison with existing economic theory and past empirical analysis. The purpose of this comment is to propose some evaluation standards for Hardy and Grissom's methodology and to compare their empirical results with these standards.
Optimal bearing designs for one dimensional problems with compressible lubricants

Abstract We prove that there exists a bearing design which will support more weight than any other design when the lubricant is a compressible substance such as air. Our methods are easily adaptable to a digital computer and some numerical results are given.
Solution verification for explicit transient dynamics problems in the presence of hourglass and contact forces

Abstract This paper presents solution verification studies applicable to a class of problems involving wave propagation, frictional contact, geometrical complexity, and localized incompressibility. The studies are in support of a validation exercise of a phenomenological screw failure model. The numerical simulations are performed using a fully explicit transient dynamics finite element code, employing both standard four-node tetrahedral and eight-node mean quadrature hexahedral elements. It is demonstrated that verifying the accuracy of the simulation involves not only consideration of the mesh discretization error, but also the effect of the hourglass control and the contact enforcement. In particular, the proper amount of hourglass control and the behavior of the contact search and enforcement algorithms depend greatly on the mesh resolution. We carry out the solution verification exercise using mesh refinement studies and describe our systematic approach to handling the complicating issues. It is shown that hourglassing and contact must both be carefully monitored as the mesh is refined, and it is often necessary to make adjustments to the hourglass and contact user input parameters to accommodate finer meshes. We introduce in this paper the hourglass energy, which is used as an “error indicator” for the hourglass control. If the hourglass energy does not tend to zero with mesh refinement, then an hourglass control parameter is changed and the calculation is repeated.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF LOGLINEAR SMOOTHING MODELS ON EQUATING FUNCTIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF STRUCTURED DATA IRREGULARITIES

Presmoothing a score distribution involves finding a balance between a good representation of the original data and smoothness. Smoothing reduces sampling variability, while a good data representation reduces the possibility of bias. When the test score distributions contain systematic irregularities that are due to scoring practice (e.g., formula scoring) rather than random irregularities, this trade-off becomes complicated. The current study explored whether the systematic irregularities should be preserved or smoothed and the corresponding impacts on score equating. Two properties of the equating function were evaluated: distribution matching and smoothness. The overall results did not exhibit a consistent pattern in terms of the impacts on the equating function caused by smoothing out or preserving the systematic irregularities.