cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sderitis Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis and with Other Systemic Immunemediated Diseases

Purpose: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common systemic immune-mediated condition associated with scleritis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not scleritis is more severe in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in those without associated disease ("idiopathic scleritis"), or than in patients with other systemic immunemediated diseases. Methods: Patient characteristics, type of scleritis, and ocular complications of 32 patients with scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with those of 74 patients with idiopathic scleritis and with those of 50 patients with scleritis associated with other systemic immune-mediated diseases. Results: Patients with scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis were older (mean age, 60.78; P = 0.0011) and more often had necrotizing scleritis (34%; P = 0.0001), decrease in vision (59%; P = 0.0001), and peripheral ulcerative keratitis (31 %; P = 0.0001) than patients with idiopathic scleritis; by contrast, there was no statistical association with sex, bilaterality, anterior uveitis, glaucoma, or cataract. Patients with scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis were older ( P = 0.0261) and more often had bilateral scleritis (53%; P = 0.0221) than patients with scleritis associated with other systemic immune-mediated diseases; however, there was no statistical association with type of scleritis, sex, decrease in vision, anterior uveitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, glaucoma, or cataract. Conclusions: Scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis is more severe than idiopathic scleritis but is as severe as scleritis associated with other immune-mediated diseases.
Persuasion, Frames and Norm Construction

Constructivist theorists view norms as shared understandings that reflect `legitimate social purpose'. Because the focus is on the ideational building blocks that undergird a community's shared und...
ἕθνος and γνος in Herodotus

Herodotus has often been considered the Father of Ethnography no less than the Father of History. It comes as a paradox, then, that he has been taxed with confusion in his use of two terms that recur over and over in his discussion of peoples, ἕθνος and γνος. Here is the formulation of Raymond Weil:Herodote definit mal l‘ethnos’. C'est pour lui tantoot une subdivision du ‘genos’, tantot au contraire un ensemble de ‘gene’. Ainsi 1' ‘ethnos’ des Medes, comme celui des Scythes, groupe plusieurs γνeα. Mais cet ‘ethnos’ scythe porte aussi le nom de ‘genos’, et comprend des ἕθνeα. Les Atheniens sont un ‘ethnos’ hellenique qui fait partie du ‘genos’ ionien, les Lacedemoniens un ‘ethnos’ pelasgique a rattacher au ‘genos’ dorien.
An evaluation of strategies for selectively verifying utterance meanings in spoken natural language dialog

As with human?human interaction, spoken human?computer dialog will contain situations where there is miscommunication. One natural strategy for reducing the impact of miscommunication is selective verification of the user utterance meanings. This paper reports on both context-independent and context-dependent strategies for utterance verification that show that the use of dialog context can be very helpful in selecting which utterances to verify. Simulations with data collected during experimental trials with the Circuit Fix-It Shop spoken natural language dialog system are used in the analysis. In addition, the performance of various selection strategies is measured separately for computer-controlled and user-controlled dialogs and general guidelines for selecting an appropriate strategy are presented.
The Bartle-Dunford-Schwartz theorem and projection operators in certain banach lattices

The projection map used successfully by Kakutani in his classical characterization of abstract L-spaces is used to establish a variant for certain Banach lattices of a theorem of Bartle, Dunford and Schwartz which dealth with absolute continuity in spaces of measures.
On the transition and migration of flight functions in the airspace system

Since ∼400 BC, when man first replicated flying behavior with kites, up until the turn of the 20th century, when the Wright brothers performed the first successful powered human flight, flight functions have become available to man via significant support from man-made structures and devices. Over the past 100 years or so, technology has enabled several flight functions to migrate to automation and/or decision support systems. This migration continues with the United States' NextGen and Europe's Single European Sky (a.k.a. SESAR) initiatives. These overhauls of the airspace system will be accomplished by accommodating the functional capabilities, benefits, and limitations of technology and automation together with the unique and sometimes overlapping functional capabilities, benefits, and limitations of humans. This paper will discuss how a safe and effective migration of any flight function must consider several interrelated issues, including, for example, shared situation awareness, and automation addiction, or over-reliance on automation. A long-term philosophical perspective is presented that considers all of these issues by primarily asking the following questions: How does one find an acceptable level of risk tolerance when allocating functions to automation versus humans? How does one measure or predict with confidence what the risks will be? These two questions and others will be considered from the two most-discussed paradigms involving the use of increasingly complex systems in the future: “humans as operators” and “humans as monitors.”
Deuterated antimalarials: Synthesis of trideutero-artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, and arteether

The stereoselective total synthesis of the antimalarial agents artemisinin-d 3 (1), dihydroartemisinin-d 3 (2), and arteether-d 3 (3), incorporating 2 H at C-16 (C-9 methyl) is reported.
Detection with echo-planar MR imaging of transit of susceptibility contrast medium in a rat model of regional brain ischemia

Gradient-refocused echo-planar magnetic resonance (MR) images (TE = 18 msec) were acquired in rats during bolus injection of iron oxide particles, and the first pass of the contrast agent through the brain was monitored. In control rats, contrast agent (0.1 mmol/kg iron) produced significant signal-intensity (SI) reduction over the right hemisphere and similar declines over the left. SI loss occurred first in the cortex and basal ganglia and later in the periventricular regions, along the midline, and in the thalamic zone. Sequential volume-localized proton spectra acquired during transit of 0.02 mmol/kg iron showed substantial reduction in SI, slight asymmetric broadening, and no change in chemical shift of the water resonance. In rats with unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, peak reduction in ischemic brain SI was to 70% +/- 9% of control, while normal brain SI was reduced to 18% +/- 2% (P less than .01), allowing distinction of the ischemic regions. The presence and location of injury were confirmed with diffusion-weighted imaging and postmortem vital staining. These results demonstrate abnormal transit profiles in a rat model of regional brain ischemia. Evaluation of dynamic contrast delivery patterns may provide unique information in early brain ischemia.
Unlocking the eukaryotic membrane protein structural proteome.

Most of the 231 unique membrane protein structures (as of 3/2010) are of bacterial membrane proteins (MPs) expressed in bacteria, or eukaryotic MPs from natural sources. However eukaryotic membrane proteins, especially those with more than three membrane crossings rarely succumb to any suitable expression in bacterial cells. They typically require expression in eukaryotic cells that can provide appropriate endoplasmic reticulum, chaperones, targeting and post-translational processing. In evidence, only ∼20 eukaryotic MP structures have resulted from heterologous expression. This is required for a general approach to target particular human or pathogen membrane proteins of importance to human health. The first of these appeared in 2005. Our review addresses the special issues that pertain to the expression of eukaryotic and human membrane proteins, and recent advances in the tool kit for crystallization and structure determination.
Characterization of antimicrobial histone sequences and posttranslational modifications by mass spectrometry

Histones typically play a role in DNA packaging and transcription regulation. These proteins are heavily modified by acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and/or ubiquitination, and various combinations of these modifications alter histone functions and form the basis of the histone code. Furthermore, histones, including those found in shrimp, have recently been found to possess antimicrobial properties; however, the sequences and posttranslational modifications of shrimp histones are largely unknown. In this study mass spectrometry was used to characterize the primary structure of the shrimp antimicrobial histone. A combination of in-solution digestion and in-gel propionylation/digestion followed by LC-MS-MS and MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis was used. Over 80% of each histone sequence was obtained by in-solution digestion; however, none of the N-terminal domains was sequenced with this method. An in-gel propionylation method was optimized to recover and sequence the extremely hydrophilic histone N-termini. This method was then applied to shrimp hemocyte lysates separated on a 1-D SDS-PAGE gel. Overall, 95% coverage was obtained for the histone sequences as well as the identification of posttranslational sites such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation.
Effects of the stimulus and chamber size on unlearned fear across development

Predator odors have been found to induce unconditioned fear in adult animals and provide the opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying unlearned and learned fear. Predator threats change across an animal's lifetime, as do abilities that enable the animal to learn or engage in different defensive behaviors. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the combination of factors that successfully induce unlearned fear to predator odor across development. Infant, juvenile, adolescent, and adult rats were exposed to one of the three odor stimuli (control odor, cat urine, or cat fur) in either a small or large chamber. Though all ages displayed fear-related behavior to cat odors, differences were reflected only in freezing behavior and not, as expected, risk-assessment. Infant and juvenile animals also increased freezing to cat urine compared to the control odor, possibly because these age groups possess limited defensive options to cope with threat and so may respond with freezing to all predator stimuli. Unexpectedly, chamber size had no effect on either freezing or risk-assessment in this study. Once the parameters of unconditioned fear are understood, they can be exploited to develop a learning paradigm to predator odors that could be used in early life.
Near-infrared imaging in the small animal brain: optimization of fiber positions.

We investigate fiber placement issues associated with a hybrid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) near-infrared (NIR) imaging technique for small animal brain studies. Location of the optical fibers on the cranium is examined, with an emphasis on maximizing the recovered resolution and contrast in the region of interest, which in this case is the murine brain. In a series of simulation studies, singular value decomposition of the Jacobian is used in order to determine the measurement sites that provide the most information about the region of interest. The modeling results indicate that data collected using fibers arranged on one side of the head near the brain contain as much information about optical changes within the brain as those positioned equally spaced around the entire periphery of the head. Practical space limitation considerations favor the one-sided fiber array geometry in the case where the NIR acquisition is expected to occur simultaneously with MRI.
Transgenic expression of the Ly49A natural killer cell receptor confers class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-specific inhibition and prevents bone marrow allograft rejection

Natural killer (NK) cells and some T cells are endowed with receptors specific for class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that can inhibit cellular effector functions. The function of the Ly49 receptor family has been studied in vitro, but no gene transfer experiments have directly established the role of these receptors in NK cell functions. We show here that transgenic expression of the H-2Dd-specific Ly49A receptor in all NK cells and T cells conferred class I-specific inhibition of NK cell-mediated target cell lysis as well as of T cell proliferation. Furthermore, transgene expression prevented NK cell-mediated rejection of allogeneic H-2d bone marrow grafts by irradiated mice. These results demonstrate the function and specificity of Ly49 receptors in vivo, and establish that their subset-specific expression is necessary for the discrimination of MHC-different cells by NK cells in unmanipulated mice.
Targeted therapy for malignant glioma patients: Lessons learned and the road ahead

Molecularly targeted therapies are transforming the care of patients with malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma, the most common malignant primary brain tumor of adults. With an arsenal of small molecule inhibitors and antibodies that target key components of the signal transduction machinery that are commonly activated in gliomas, neurooncologists and neurosurgeons are poised to transform the care of these patients. Nonetheless, successful application of targeted therapies remains a challenge. Strategies are lacking for directing kinase inhibitor or other pathway-specific therapies to individual patients most likely to benefit. In addition, response to targeted agents is determined not only by the presence of the key mutant kinases, but also by other critical changes in the molecular circuitry of cancer cells, such as loss of key tumor suppressor proteins, the selection for kinase-resistant mutants, and the deregulation of feedback loops. Understanding these signaling networks, and studying them in patients, will be critical for developing rational combination therapies to suppress resistance for malignant glioma patients. Here we review the current status of molecular targeted therapies for malignant gliomas. We focus initially on identifying some of the insights gained to date from targeting the EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in patients and on how this has led toward a reconceptualization of some of the challenges and directions for targeted treatment. We describe how advances from the world of genomics have the potential to transform our approaches toward targeted therapy, and describe how a deeper understanding of the complex nature of cancer, and its adeptness at rewiring molecular circuitry to evade targeted agents, has raised new challenges and identified new leads.
Pennhurst, Romeo, and Rogers. The Burger Court and Mental Health Law Reform Litigation.

(1983). Pennhurst, Romeo, and Rogers: The burger court and mental health law reform litigation. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 323-348.
Compressed Domain Real-time Action Recognition

We present a compressed domain scheme that is able to recognize and localize actions in real-time1. The recognition problem is posed as performing a video query on a test video sequence. Our method is based on computing motion similarity using compressed domain features which can be extracted with low complexity. We introduce a novel motion correlation measure that takes into account differences in motion magnitudes. Our method is appearance invariant, requires no prior segmentation, alignment or stabilization, and is able to localize actions in both space and time. We evaluated our method on a large action video database consisting of 6 actions performed by 25 people under 3 different scenarios. Our classification results compare favorably with existing methods at only a fraction of their computational cost.
CONE-BEAM CT LOCALIZATION OF INTERNAL TARGET VOLUMES FOR STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIOTHERAPY OF LUNG LESIONS

Purpose In this study, we investigate a technique of matching internal target volumes (ITVs) in four-dimensional (4D) simulation computed tomography (CT) to the composite target volume in free-breathing on-board cone-beam (CB) CT. The technique is illustrated by using both phantom and patient cases. Methods and Materials A dynamic phantom with a target ball simulating respiratory motion with various amplitude and cycle times was used to verify localization accuracy. The dynamic phantom was scanned using simulation CT with a phase-based retrospective sorting technique. The ITV was then determined based on 10 sets of sorted images. The size and epicenter of the ITV identified from 4D simulation CT images and the composite target volume identified from on-board CBCT images were compared to assess localization accuracy. Similarly, for two clinical cases of patients with lung cancer, ITVs defined from 4D simulation CT images and CBCT images were compared. Results For the phantom, localization accuracy between the ITV in 4D simulation CT and the composite target volume in CBCT was within 1 mm, and ITV was within 8.7%. For patient cases, ITVs on simulation CT and CBCT were within 8.0%. Conclusion This study shows that CBCT is a useful tool to localize ITV for targets affected by respiratory motion. Verification of the ITV from 4D simulation CT using on-board free-breathing CBCT is feasible for the target localization of lung tumors.
An algebraic model for fast corner detection

This paper revisits the classical problem of detecting interest points, popularly known as “corners,” in 2D images by proposing a technique based on fitting algebraic shape models to contours in the edge image. Our method for corner detection is targeted for use on structural images, i.e., images that contain man-made structures for which corner detection algorithms are known to perform well. Further, our detector seeks to find image regions that contain two distinct linear contours that intersect. We define the intersection point as the corner, and, in contrast to previous approaches such as the Harris detector, we consider the spatial coherence of the edge points, i.e., the fact that the edge points must lie close to one of the two intersecting lines, an important aspect to stable corner detection. Comparisons between results for the proposed method and that for several popular feature detectors are provided using input images exhibiting a number of standard image variations, including blurring, affine transformation, scaling, rotation, and illumination variation. A modified version of the repeatability rate is proposed for evaluating the stability of the detector under these variations which requires a 1-to-1 mapping between matched features. Using this performance metric, our method is found to perform well in contrast to several current methods for corner detection. Discussion is provided that motivates our method of evaluation and provides an explanation for the observed performance of our algorithm in contrast to other algorithms. Our approach is distinct from other contour-based methods since we need only compute the edge image, from which we explicitly solve for the unknown linear contours and their intersections that provide image corner location estimates. The key benefits to this approach are: (1) performance (in space and time); since no image pyramid (space) and no edge-linking (time) is required and (2) compactness; the estimated model includes the corner location, and direction of the incoming contours in space, i.e., a complete model of the local corner geometry.
Student perceptions of reproductive health education in US medical schools: a qualitative analysis of students taking family planning electives.

Background : Abortion services will be sought by an estimated one in three US women before they reach age 45. Despite the importance of family planning (FP) care, many medical schools do not currently offer formal education in this area, and students are unable to meet associated competency standards prior to graduation. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to explore students’ motivations in pursuing FP electives throughout the United States, their experiences during these courses, and any impact of these rotations on their plans for future practice. Method : We conducted a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with medical students upon completing fourth-year FP electives at US medical schools. Thirty-seven LCME-accredited US medical schools offered fourth-year FP electives. Course directors at 21 of these institutions recruited study participants between June 2012 and June 2013. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed with ATLAS/ti software to identify salient themes. Results : We interviewed 29 students representing 14 institutions from all regions of the United States (East Coast, Midwest, South, and West Coast). Five central themes emerged. Medical students are using FP electives to fill gaps in the standard curriculum. Elective participation did not change students’ pre-elective stance on abortion. Many students intend to provide abortion in the future but identified possible limiting factors. Proficiency in contraception and options counseling were top competencies desired and gained. Students reported excellent satisfaction with FP electives and would recommend it to their peers, regardless of their personal beliefs. Conclusions : Interview data revealed that students are using FP electives to fill gaps within preclinical and clinical medical school curriculum. Future physicians will be unable to provide comprehensive care for their female patients if they are not provided with this education. Research should be directed at development and analysis of comprehensive FP curricula, which will allow students to obtain the knowledge necessary to best care for their patients. Keywords: family planning; abortion; contraception; counseling; education (Published: 11 November 2015) Citation: Med Educ Online 2015, 20: 28973 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v20.28973
Calibrating airborne measurements of airspeed, pressure and temperature using a Doppler laser air-motion sensor

Abstract. A new laser air-motion sensor measures the true airspeed with a standard uncertainty of less than 0.1 m s−1 and so reduces uncertainty in the measured component of the relative wind along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft to about the same level. The calculated pressure expected from that airspeed at the inlet of a pitot tube then provides a basis for calibrating the measurements of dynamic and static pressure, reducing standard uncertainty in those measurements to less than 0.3 hPa and the precision applicable to steady flight conditions to about 0.1 hPa. These improved measurements of pressure, combined with high-resolution measurements of geometric altitude from the global positioning system, then indicate (via integrations of the hydrostatic equation during climbs and descents) that the offset and uncertainty in temperature measurement for one research aircraft are +0.3 ± 0.3 °C. For airspeed, pressure and temperature, these are significant reductions in uncertainty vs. those obtained from calibrations using standard techniques. Finally, it is shown that although the initial calibration of the measured static and dynamic pressures requires a measured temperature, once calibrated these measured pressures and the measurement of airspeed from the new laser air-motion sensor provide a measurement of temperature that does not depend on any other temperature sensor.
Surgical ethics and the challenge of surgical innovation

Surgical ethics as a specific discipline is relatively new to many. Surgical ethics focuses on the ethical issues that are particularly important to the care of surgical patients. Informed consent for surgical procedures, the level of responsibility that surgeons feel for their patients' outcomes, and the management of surgical innovation are specific issues that are important in surgical ethics and are different from other areas of medicine. The future of surgical progress is dependent on surgical innovation, yet the nature of surgical innovation raises specific concerns that challenge the professionalism of surgeons. These concerns will be considered in the following pages.
Measurement of Catalyst Layer Electrolyte Resistance in PEFCs Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

In this paper, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to resolve various sources of polarization loss in a pure hydrogen-fueled polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). EIS data are fitted to a fuel cell model in which the catalyst layer physics are accurately represented by a transmission line model. Extracted parameters include cell ohmic resistance, catalyst layer electrolyte resistance, and double-layer capacitance. The results showed that the catalyst layer electrolyte resistance for a state-of-the-art electrode (47 wt % Pt on Vulcan XC-72 carbon, 0.8 Nation (1100EW)-to-carbon weight ratio, 13 μm thick) at 80°C and fully humidified conditions was approximately 100 mΩ-cm 2 ; this translates to a dc voltage loss of about 33 mV at a current density of 1 A/cm 2 . Similar results were obtained for two experimental methods, one using H 2 (anode) and O 2 (cathode gas feed) and another with H, and N 2 supplies, and for two cell active areas, 5 and 50 cm 2 . The measured catalyst layer electrolyte resistance increased with decreasing ionomer concentration in the electrode, as expected. We also observed that the real impedance measured at 1 kHz, often interpreted as the ohmic resistance in the cell, can include contributions from the electrolyte in the catalyst layer.
Automatic synthesis of extended burst-mode circuits. II. (Automatic synthesis)

We introduce a new design style called extended burst-mode. The extended burst-mode design style covers a wide spectrum of sequential circuits ranging from delay-insensitive to synchronous. We can synthesize multiple-input change asynchronous finite state machines and many circuits that fall in the gray area (hard to classify as synchronous or asynchronous) which are difficult or impossible to synthesize automatically using existing methods. Our implementation of extended burst-mode machines uses standard CMOS logic, generates low-latency outputs, and guarantees freedom from hazards at the gate level. In Part II, we present a complete set of automated sequential synthesis algorithms: hazard-free state assignment, hazard-free state minimization, and critical-rare-free state encoding. Experimental data from a large set of examples are presented and compared to competing methods whenever possible.
Radiation Hardness on Submicron NMOS

We have studied the radiation hardness of the submicron NMOS fabricated by electron-beam lithography. E-beam lithography is known to create neutral traps in the gate oxides of MOS devices. These traps may make the devices more sensitive to radiation. We have developed an e-beam NMOS process, and have investigated the electrical characteristics of these devices before and after various radiation doses. We found that, for radiation doses below 10 Krad, the threshold shifts of the MOSFETs are not significant (<100mv). Also, there is no channel-length dependence on radiation hardness with devices made by the present process.
Continuous‐Mixture kinetics of thermolytic extraction of coal in supercritical fluid

Thermolysis of coal yields a complex mixture of many extract products whose molecular-weight distribution (MWD) varies with time for continuous-flow, semi-batch experiments. A laboratory flow reactor with a differential fixed bed of coal particles contacted by supercritical tert-butanol was used to provide dynamic MWD data by means of HPLC gel permeation chromatography of the extract. The experimental results, multipeaked, time-dependent MWDs of extract molecules, are interpreted by a novel mathematical model based on continuous-mixture kinetics for thermal cleavage of chemical bonds in the coal network. The parameters for the MWDs of extractable groups in the coal and the rate constants are determined from the experimental data. The effect of temperature on the kinetics of the extraction is explained in terms of one- and two-fragment reactions of the extractable groups in the coal. At lower temperatures (613 and 633 K) single-fragment reactions dominate, but at higher temperatures (653 and 673 K) more bonds in the coal are broken and the two-fragment reactions become significant. Also, the detailed MWDs are related to conventional lumped data for the thermolytic extraction process. The results yield information about the structure of coal, as well as the kinetics and mechanism of supercritical thermolytic reactions.
Beyond secular and religious: An intellectual genealogy of Tahrir Square

Competing visions of Egypt's future have long been divided along secular versus religious lines, a split that both the Sadat and Mubarak regimes exploited to weaken political opposition. In this context, one striking feature of the Egyptian uprising that took place last spring is the extent to which it defied characterization in terms of the religious–secular binary. In this commentary, I explore how this movement drew sustenance from a unique political sensibility, one disencumbered of the secular versus religious oppositional logic and its concomitant forms of political rationality. This sensibility has a distinct intellectual genealogy within Egyptian political experience. I focus here on the careers of three Egyptian public intellectuals whose pioneering engagement with the question of the place of Islam within Egyptian political life provided an important part of the scaffolding, in my view, for the practices of solidarity and association that brought down the Mubarak regime. [Egypt, politics, intellectuals, secular, Islam]
A 2-FFT method for on-chip spectral testing without requiring coherency

Most of the existing methods that test spectral characteristics require stringent coherent sampling. Maintaining coherent sampling is the major bottleneck in spectral testing. We propose a new method for spectral testing that completely relaxes the condition of coherent sampling. This method uses the frequency domain data to identify the non-coherent fundamental. The method is faster than other state of-the art algorithms that do not require coherency. Because of the relaxation in coherency requirement, this method is suitable for on-chip testing. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of this method in the absence of coherency. A maximum error of 1dB and 1.5dB were obtained while estimating THD and SFDR respectively. The proposed 2-FFT method is successfully verified using measurement data.
Dynamic modeling and balance control of human/bicycle systems

Understanding of human/bicycle interaction is crucial not only for enhancing human/bicycle safety but also for designing new bicycle-based robotic device. We present a dynamic modeling and balance control of human/bicycle systems. The dynamic models of human/bicycle systems are based on previously developed modeling of riderless autonomous motorcycles. We consider the human body as a point-mass connected to the bicycle platform. For balancing control of human/bicycle systems, we propose a hierarchical sliding-mode control approach in which multiple coupled sliding surfaces are designed. The human body action is considered as an unknown disturbance and a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDOB) is used to estimate its value. The stability of the combined control and NDOB systems is guaranteed. The performance of the control systems is demonstrated through simulation results.
The use of bosentan and a prostacyclin analog in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension

early (range 3-7 fractions) due to minor marrow suppression or infectious complications. The mean (sd) nadir leukocyte count was 2.98 (1.34) x 10 and platelet nadir 114 (41) x 10. Seven (19%) required blood transfusion and only 2(5%) had serious infections as complications. Duration of TLI course was mean (sd) 62.8 (41.7) days. Mean (sd) rate of decline in FEV1 was 122.7 (21.6) mls/month before TLI and 25.1(7.7) mls/month after TLI, (difference in rate of decline 95% CI 48.2-146.7), p 0.0004 (students paired t-test). Total survival in the 37 treated recipients is median (range) 59 (6-146) months and the post TLI survival is 27 (0-93) months. TLI is a well tolerated treatment with only mild marrow suppression and a low incidence of serious infection. It results in a significant reduction in the rate of FEV1 decline in rapidly progressive BOS. TLI should form part of the immunosuppressive armoury in patients with aggressive BOS.
Persius 5.129–31

This is the reading of Clausen's OCT, in which no variant for line 131 is recorded in the apparatus. No doubt the hendiadys ‘scutica et metus…erilis’ is not impossible,2 but it seems to me not to be a well chosen expression. Since the scutica belongs to the master, one is tempted to construe erilis with both nouns, not just with metus . But then the adjective must function in two different ways: ‘scutica… erilis’ is possessive, ‘his master's strap’, but ‘metus…erilis’ is objective, ‘fear of his master’. And ‘metus…erilis’ in this passage receives no support from ‘erilis…metus’ at Plautus, Amphitruo 1069, which means ‘fear for my mistress’.
Complex Formation with Focal Adhesion Kinase: A Mechanism to Regulate Activity and Subcellular Localization of Src Kinases

Tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) creates a high-affinity binding site for the src homology 2 domain of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. Assembly of a complex between FAK a...
Control of molecular fragmentation using shaped femtosecond pulses.

The possibility that chemical reactions may be controlled by tailored femtosecond laser pulses has inspired recent studies that take advantage of their short pulse duration, comparable to intramolecular dynamics, and high peak intensity to fragment and ionize molecules. In this article, we present an experimental quest to control the chemical reactions that take place when isolated molecules interact with shaped near-infrared laser pulses with peak intensities ranging from 1013 to 1016 W/cm2. Through the exhaustive evaluation of hundreds of thousands of experiments, we methodically evaluated the molecular response of 16 compounds, including isomers, to the tailored light fields, as monitored by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analysis of the experimental data, taking into account its statistical significance, leads us to uncover important trends regarding the interaction of isolated molecules with an intense laser field. Despite the energetics involved in fragmentation and ionization, the integrated sec...
Electoral Incentives and Budgetary Spending: Rethinking the Role of Political Institutions

This paper reconciles the long-standing debate on electorally motivated government spending by embedding politicians’ electoral incentives in political institutions. Using budgetary spending data from 21 OECD countries from 1973 to 2000, this paper shows that electoral budgetary cycles take the form of higher district-specific spending under single-member district systems and higher social welfare spending under proportional representation systems. This study also shows that budgetary cycles are constrained by multiple veto players. The results remain robust even after taking into account the effect of exchange rate regimes and the possibility of strategically timed elections.
Building a MAC-based security architecture for the Xen open-source hypervisor

We present the sHype hypervisor security architecture and examine in detail its mandatory access control facilities. While existing hypervisor security approaches aiming at high assurance have been proven useful for high-security environments that prioritize security over performance and code reuse, our approach aims at commercial security where near-zero performance overhead, non-intrusive implementation, and usability are of paramount importance. sHype enforces strong isolation at the granularity of a virtual machine, thus providing a robust foundation on which higher software layers can enact finer-grained controls. We provide the rationale behind the sHype design and describe and evaluate our implementation for the Xen open-source hypervisor
Time‐Space Distanciation: An Interdisciplinary Account of How Culture Shapes the Implicit and Explicit Psychology of Time and Space

The growing body of research on temporal and spatial experience lacks a comprehensive theoretical approach. Drawing on Giddens’ framework, we present time-space distanciation (TSD) as a construct for theorizing the relations between culture, time, and space. TSD in a culture may be understood as the extent to which (1) time and space are abstracted as separate dimensions and (2) activities are extended and organized across time and space. After providing a historical account of its development, we outline a multi-level conceptualization of TSD supported by research on cultural differences in the experience of time and space. We impact this conceptualization by examining two ethnographic case studies. We conclude by highlighting future research directions. TSD is an integrative, interdisciplinary, multi level construct with the potential to guide the burgeoning social science of time and space.
Overextending the Mind

Clark and Chalmers argue that the mind is extended - that is, its boundary lies beyond the skin. In this essay, I will criticize this conclusion. However, I will also defend some of the more controversial elements of Clark and Chalmers's argument. I reject their conclusion because I think that their argument shows that a seemingly innocuous assumption, about internal states and processes, is flawed. My goal is not to conclusively refute Clark and Chalmers's conclusion. My aim is only to reveal the best alternative for those who remain skeptical about the existence - or, perhaps, even the possibility - of extended minds.
Anesthetic Considerations and Ventilation Strategies in Cardiothoracic Trauma

Cardiothoracic trauma represents a significant challenge for the anesthesiologist, and little robust investigational evidence exists to guide management decisions. Injury patterns are potentially diverse and often severe, and mortality rates are second only to those of traumatic brain injury. As such, anesthesiologists must be familiar both with the fundamentals of trauma patient care and considerations unique to cardiothoracic injury. Herein, we discuss anesthetic considerations related to traumatic injury of the heart, great vessels, conducting airways, and lungs. As the rate of respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) exceeds that of the general trauma population, we then review the relevant fundamental aspects of mechanical ventilation and treatment of ARDS.
Food allergy and social anxiety in a community sample of adolescents

ABSTRACTThis investigation explored the relationship between food allergies and social anxiety in a school-based sample of adolescents. A total of 849 participants, including 87 endorsing food allergies, completed standardized questionnaires assessing social anxiety symptoms. Food allergic participants answered questions assessing allergy characteristics, worry and avoidance related to allergen exposure and allergy disclosure, and parental worry and control. Boys with food allergies reported higher social anxiety than boys without food allergies, though no differences were found in girls. Social anxiety was correlated with parental worry and control. Findings may inform anxiety prevention programs for youth with food allergies.
Experimental Investigation of Roll and Heave Excitation and Damping in Beam Wave Fields

This paper will discuss a systematic series of model tests performed at NSWCCD on a conventional combatant hull form at varying Froude numbers, beam wave steepness, and beam wave frequencies near the natural roll frequency of the model. The model was free in roll and heave while constrained in the remaining four degrees of freedom. The model was fully appended, yielding lateral force on the bilge keels, lift, drag and torque on the rudders and all six force and moment components on the propellers. Stereo particle-image velocimetry (SPIV) measurement was used to study the three-dimensional unsteady flow patterns around the bilge keels at the model LCG. Model motion results were analyzed with respect to the excitation waves to yield normalized heave and roll amplitudes and phase angles. Force and moment results were analyzed to yield individual appendage viscous drag and added mass coefficients which were in turn used to extend and refine previous theoretical models to include the effects of beam seas. SPIV results were compiled and analyzed to provide a verification and validation dataset for CFD computations.© 2007 ASME
Daily plasma prolactin in various gynecologic endocrinopathies.

Daily plasma prolactin levels were measured in women with various gynecologic endocrinopathies in order to compare mean levels and variations over the sampling interval with prolactin levels in women with normal ovulatory cycles. The normal-cycle mean prolactin level was 14.7ng/ml±1.4 (SE). Levels greater than 42ng/ml, 2 SD above the mean, were considered abnormal. Patients with endocrinopathies were classified as "normoprolactinemic" if the mean prolactin level was less than 42ng/ml and less than 12% of the daily values peaked to greater than 42ng/ml. An "intermediate" group was defined in which the mean prolactin level was less than 42ng/ml but more than 12% of daily values peaked to greater than 42ng/ml. Those patients whose mean prolactin levels were greater than 42ng/ml were considered "hyperprolactinemic." Significant differences were noted when mean prolactin levels were compared with normal-cycle levels in 16 of 18 women with various gynecologic endocrinopathies. The need for repeated prolactin sampling in certain clinical situations, as well as the possibility that a "critical" prolactin level is necessary for normal ovarian function, is discussed.
The Inequality of Self-Efficacy for Junior College and Traditional University Students

Higher education research highlights the difficulties students face when transitioning from a junior college to a traditional university. This study explored a gap between junior vs. traditional university students’ academic self-efficacy beliefs. This study also controlled for the effects of the student role-identity and academic performance on academic self-efficacy. Results found that junior college students experienced lower academic self-efficacy beliefs despite having higher overall grade point averages. Additionally, junior college students reported that their student role-identity was less important to them compared to students at the large public university. Findings suggest that structural disadvantage at the institutional level of higher education reproduces inequalities found in society at large.
Recent Progress in Oscillating Compact Hydrogen Masers [1]

Several oscillating compact hydrogen masers in three progressively smaller sizes [2] (Table I), including an engineering model for spaceborne applications, have been built. A common feature of the masers is the use of electronic cavity Q enhancement to obtain sustained maser oscillation, and an electronic servo system to control the frequency of the cavity. The masers employ the same basic electronic design and have comparable electronics-limited long term stability. As shown in Table I, the approximately 30% sacrifice in short term stability for each 3-fold reduction in the volume of the physics unit is a very favorable trade-off. The subcompact CHYMNS-III physics unit is housed in a hermetically sealed isothermal enclosure with thermoelectric coolers for bi-directional temperature control. This assures a stable operating environment over a wide range of ambient conditions.
Geography Matters in Online Hotel Reviews

In resonance with the popularity of user-generated contents (UGC) and the volunteered geographic information (VGI), this study crowdsourced 77,098 hotel reviews of 220 hotels provided by U.S. reviewers in the city of San Francisco, 2002 to 2015. In this exploratory analysis, we have revealed that there is spatial dependence of customer satisfaction at different locations (of hotels), which violates the assumption that ordinary least-square (OLS) is the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE); therefore, spatial model might be required for analysing any antecedents and consequences of such phenomena. These results have implications in marketing and management strategies.
A Test of the Nestling Discrimination Hypothesis for Parasitism of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater)

ABSTRACT We tested the nestling discrimination hypothesis by observing responses of female Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to playback of begging calls by conspecifics or Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Female redwings departed the nest to forage and returned with food significantly faster in response to redwing playback than to cowbird playback. We also observed feeding rates at redwing nests before and after we removed either a redwing or cowbird nestling. Female redwing feeding rates changed significantly with these manipulations, but there was no difference in response to redwing versus cowbird nestling removal. Although the removal experiment shows that parasitized and unparasitized broods receive equal care from their hosts, the playback results are consistent with the hypothesis that female Red-winged Blackbirds detect a difference between begging calls of conspecifics and parasites.
The Dispute-Formation Phase

To initiate the inquiry into the role of international law and the legal process in the Gabcikovo–Nagymaros Project dispute, this chapter begins with the dispute formation phase. The Gabcikovo–Nagymaros Project dispute serves as a particularly useful case study since the parties have attempted to resolve the dispute through negotiation, inquiry, mediation and adjudication.220 During each of these processes, the parties have invoked legal rationales ranging from well established treaty and transboundary resource law to more recent principles of international environmental law, and throughout the dispute, the behavior of the parties has been significantly influenced by a wide range of social and political issues.
3.14 – Uranium Intermetallic Fuels (U–Al, U–Si, U–Mo)

Uranium intermetallic fuels consisting of U–Al compounds, U–Si compounds, and U–Mo alloys are reviewed for thermophysical properties, fabrication methods, and irradiation behavior. These fuels are chiefly used for research and test reactors. Therefore, they operate at temperatures lower than those of power reactor fuels, although their burnups are higher. These fuels are typically used in a dispersion form that is composed of fuel particles dispersed in an aluminum matrix, so interaction between fuel particles and matrix aluminum is an important fuel performance topic. The first intermetallic fuels for research and test reactors were U–Al alloys, followed by U–Si compounds, and then U–Mo alloys, each new fuel having a higher uranium density.