cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dangerous Liaisons: Dyadic Power Transitions and the Risk of Militarized Disputes and Wars

Abstract. Power transition theory has been both theoretically and empirically developed in the context of a hierarchy (both global and regional). Yet the logic of the theory describes the interactions of a hegemon in relation to a rising challenger, which is essentially a dyadic interaction. As a result, we argue that power transition theory is a dyadic theory that can be examined across all dyads. We test power transition in a data set of all non-directed dyads from 1816 to 2001. Our results find robust evidence that dyadic power transitions increase the risk of militarized disputes. In addition, this result is not actually contingent on the dyad containing either powerful states or those with dissimilar preferences.Resume. La theorie de la transition du pouvoir a ete a la fois theorique et empirique developpee dans le cadre d'une hierarchie (a la fois mondial et regional). Pourtant, la logique de la theorie decrit les interactions d'une puissance hegemonique par rapport a un challenger en hausse, qui est essentiellement une interaction dyadique. En consequence, nous soutenons que la theorie de la transition du pouvoir est une theorie dyadique qui peut etre examine a travers toutes les dyades. Nous testons transition de puissance dans un ensemble de toutes les dyades non-directifs 1816–2001 donnees. Nos resultats trouvent des preuves solides que les transitions de pouvoir dyadique augmentent le risque de conflits militarises. En outre, ce resultat n'est pas reellement subordonnee a la dyade contenant soit des Etats puissants ou ceux qui ont des preferences differentes.
Exaggerated heart rate oscillations during two meditation techniques

We report extremely prominent heart rate oscillations associated with slow breathing during specific traditional forms of Chinese Chi and Kundalini Yoga meditation techniques in healthy young adults. We applied both spectral analysis and a novel analytic technique based on the Hilbert transform to quantify these heart rate dynamics. The amplitude of these oscillations during meditation was significantly greater than in the pre-meditation control state and also in three non-meditation control groups: i) elite athletes during sleep, ii) healthy young adults during metronomic breathing, and iii) healthy young adults during spontaneous nocturnal breathing. This finding, along with the marked variability of the beat-to-beat heart rate dynamics during such profound meditative states, challenges the notion of meditation as only an autonomically quiescent state.
Supplemental transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation after aqueous shunt placement in refractory glaucoma

Abstract Objective To assess the outcome of supplemental transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation after aqueous tube shunt placement to obtain effective intraocular pressure (IOP) control. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants Twenty-one eyes in 21 subjects with uncontrolled IOP despite the presence of an aqueous tube shunt and maximally tolerated glaucoma medications. Intervention Supplemental transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation was performed. Main outcome measures Reduction of intraocular pressure and reduction of glaucoma medications. Results Twelve adults and nine children underwent supplemental transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation and were followed postoperatively for a mean of 26.9 ± 13.4 (standard deviation [SD]) months (range, 7–58 months). Average IOP was significantly reduced from a preoperative level of 35.7 ± 14.7 (SD) mmHg to a postoperative level of 13.6 ± 7.1 (SD) mmHg ( P P Conclusions In cases of glaucoma that are uncontrolled despite a glaucoma aqueous tube shunt and multiple medications, adjunctive transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation treatment(s) is a viable option to lower IOP.
Immiscibility in binary silicates: chemical and phase equilibria

The driving force for immiscibility in binary silicates was examined using a statistical theory which combines a Flory-type theory, based on the compatibility of structural units, and a chemical equilibrium model, that describes the preferred associated species distribution of silicates. Restrictions imposed by a preferred distribution of associated species lead to a limitation of the number of ways to form a complete network structure, or equivalently to a decrease in the configurational entropy. An increase in configurational entropy is achieved by inducing a phase separation. The role of the enthalpies of species formation is examined relative to the configurational entropic contribution to phase coexistence. The theory leads to a rich set of phase coexistence behavior that includes three-phase equilibrium and a higher order critical point.
Alterations in the characteristic size distributions of subcellular scatterers at the onset of apoptosis: effect of Bcl-xL and Bax/Bak

Optical scatter imaging is used to estimate organelle size distributions in immortalized baby mouse kidney cells treated with 0.4 µM staurosporine to induce apoptosis. The study comprises apoptosis competent iBMK cells (W2) expressing the proapoptotic proteins Bax/Bak, apoptosis resistant Bax/Bak null cells (D3), and W2 and D3 cells expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) or YFP fused to the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL (YFP-Bcl-xL). YFP expression is diffuse within the transfected cells, while YFP-Bcl-xL is localized to the mitochondria. Our results show a significant increase in the mean subcellular particle size from approximately 1.1 to 1.4 µm in both Bax/Bak expressing and Bax/Bak null cells after 60 min of STS treatment compared to DMSO-treated control cells. This dynamic is blocked by overexpression of YFP-Bcl-xL in Bax/Bak expressing cells, but is less significantly inhibited by YFP-Bcl-xL in Bax/Bak null cells. Our data suggest that the increase in subcellular particle size at the onset of apoptosis is modulated by Bcl-xL in the presence of Bax/Bak, but it occurs upstream of the final commitment to programmed cell death. Mitochondrial localization of YFP-Bcl-xL and the finding that micron-sized particles give rise to the scattering signal further suggest that alterations in mitochondrial morphology may underlie the observed changes in light scattering.
IR spectra and IR spectral maps of individual normal and cancerous cells.

The IR microspectra for individual normal and cancerous cells are reported at a spatial resolution that permits a distinction between the nuclear and cytoplasmic regions. The observed spectra reveal large differences in the spectral contributions of RNA, DNA, and phospholipids: metabolically inactive cells show spectral patterns of proteins only, whereas actively dividing cells also show spectral signatures of nucleic acids and phospholipids. These spectral variations are independent of the state of health of a cell.
Aortic atresia or severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with ventricular septal defect: results of primary biventricular repair in neonates.

Background Aortic atresia or severe aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is a frequent component of complex congenital heart disease. Aortic atresia or severe aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with two adequate ventricles is sometimes treated by Norwood palliation followed by late biventricular repair. We reviewed our experience with primary biventricular repair in this group of neonates. Methods Retrospective review identified 17 neonates (10 males) with aortic atresia or severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with ventricular septal defect and an adequate left ventricle undergoing primary biventricular repair between 1986 and 2002. Mean age was 7.7 ± 2.9 days, weight 3.3 ± 0.7 kg, and body surface area 0.21 ± 0.04 kg/m 2 . Associated anomalies included arch hypoplasia, 7 (41%); aortic atresia, 7 (41%); and coarctation, 5 (29%). Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Results Median follow-up was 6 years (range, 1 to 17.7 years). Three of the 17 (18%) died within 30 days. There were no deaths in this series since 1992. Nine patients (38.9%) required one reoperation, 7 of which were for conduit stenosis, 1 for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and 1 for residual ventricular septal defect with left ventricle–to–right atrium shunt. Freedom from death at 10 years was 82% by Kaplan–Meier estimate. Conclusions Excellent long-term survival can be achieved by primary biventricular repair as corroborated by our survival rate of 82%. Primary biventricular repair is an effective operation for aortic atresia and severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with adequate sized left ventricle that avoids interstage attrition associated with Norwood palliation and is our procedure of choice.
Keratins and the Skin

Keratins are the major structural proteins of the vertebrate epidermis and its appendages, constituting up to 85% of a fully differentiated keratinocyte. Together with actin microfilaments and microtubules, keratin filaments make up the cytoskeletons of vertebrate epithelial cells. Traced as far back in the evolutionary kingdom as mollusks, keratins belong to the superfamily of intermediate filament (IF) proteins that form alpha-helical coiled-coil dimers which associate laterally and end-to-end to form 10-nm diameter filaments. The evolutionary transition between organisms bearing an exoskeleton and those with an endoskeleton seemed to cause considerable change in keratin. Keratins expanded from a single gene to a multigene family. Of the approximately 60 IF genes in the human genome, half encode keratins, and at least 18 of these are expressed in skin. Vertebrate keratins are subdivided into two sequence types (I and II) that are typically coexpressed as specific pairs with complex expression patterns. The filament-forming capacity of a pair is dependent upon its intrinsic ability to self-assemble into coiled-coil heterodimers, a feature not required of the invertebrate keratins (Weber et al 1988). Approximately 20,000 heterodimers of type I and type II keratins assemble into an IF. Mutations that perturb keratin filament assembly in vitro can cause blistering human skin disorders in vivo. From studies of these diseases, an important function of keratins has been unraveled. These filaments impart mechanical strength to a keratinocyte, without which the cell becomes fragile and prone to rupturing upon physical stress. In this review, studies on the pattern of expression, structure, and function of skin keratins are summarized, and new insights into the functions of these proteins and their involvement in human disease are postulated.
Evaluating Dynamic Trading Strategies: The free lunch was no banquet

We examine the issues of evaluating the performance of technical trading rules applied to daily equity and exchange rates. First, we document the ability of the rules to predict mean, variance and higher moments of returns. Second, we contrast these often used measures with alternates more closely tied to the protability
Juveniles and Punishment

This talk examines how adults think about punishment of juveniles in light the work of Baird (2009), which suggests that adolescents need some space in which to make mistakes, a need deriving not only from a lack of brain development, but also from a lack of experience necessary to push that development along, and the work of Cushman et al. which explores the evolutionary and neural explanations for punishment as a teaching tool. It will suggest that the traditional, if conflicted, allowance of some license to youth is a sensible strategy for dealing with juvenile transgressions, and will describe possible experiments to better delineate adult attitudes and juvenile responses.
A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of flavopiridol administered concurrently with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) for advanced solid tumors

13515 Background: Flavopiridol, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, enhances oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells in vitro, especially with concurrent therapy. Signifi...
Preference for and efficacy of oral levonorgestrel for emergency contraception with concomitant placement of a levonorgestrel IUD: a prospective cohort study

Abstract Objectives We assessed intrauterine device (IUD) preference among women presenting for emergency contraception (EC) and the probability of pregnancy among concurrent oral levonorgestrel (LNG) plus LNG 52 mg IUD EC users. Methods We offered women presenting for EC at a single family planning clinic the CuT380A IUD (copper IUD) or oral LNG 1.5 mg plus the LNG 52 mg IUD. Two weeks after IUD insertion, participants reported the results of a self-administered home urine pregnancy test. The primary outcome, EC failure, was defined as pregnancies resulting from intercourse occurring within five days prior to IUD insertion. Results One hundred eighty-eight women enrolled and provided information regarding their current menstrual cycle and recent unprotected intercourse. Sixty-seven (36%) chose the copper IUD and 121 (64%) chose oral LNG plus the LNG IUD. The probability of pregnancy two weeks after oral LNG plus LNG IUD EC use was 0.9% (95% CI 0.0–5.1%). The only positive pregnancy test after treatment occurred in a woman who received oral LNG plus the LNG IUD and who had reported multiple episodes of unprotected intercourse including an episode more than 5 days prior to treatment . Conclusions Study participants seeking EC who desired an IUD preferentially chose oral LNG 1.5 mg with the LNG 52 mg IUD over the copper IUD. Neither group had EC treatment failures. Including the option of oral LNG 1.5 mg with concomitant insertion of the LNG 52 mg IUD in EC counseling may increase the number of EC users who opt to initiate highly effective reversible contraception. Implications Consideration should be given to LNG IUD insertion with concomitant use of oral LNG 1.5 mg for EC. Use of this combination may increase the number of women initiating highly effective contraception at the time of their EC visit.
“That Show Really Spoke to Me!”: The Effects of Compatible Psychological Needs and Talk Show Host Style on Audience Activity

One recent change in the U.S. media landscape is the shift toward specialized audiences consuming specialized news content. With this trend as a backdrop, this study argues that viewers of a news talk show are more involved with the show’s content when the style of the show is compatible with their psychological needs. This proposition is tested across two instances of compatibility: a host promoting critical debate and viewers with a high need for cognition, and a host promoting humorous commentary and viewers with a high need for humor. Results from an experimental design support the compatibility argument. When compatibility occurred, respondents perceived the program as more relevant, which in turn increased cognitive and behavioral activity regarding the program’s content.
Ultrasonic properties of fire damage of ceramic fiber reinforced concrete

The damaged characteristics of ceramic fiber reinforced concrete(CFRC) after elevated temperature were studied by ultrasonic testing and compressive strength testing.The influences of the temperature and the cooling methods on the compressive strength,longitudinal wave velocity and main frequency were analyzed.The results indicate that the properties of CFRC deteriorate,and that the compressive strength,the longitudinal wave velocity,and the main frequency decrease with the rising of temperature.The critical temperature of CFRC is 400 ℃.The degree of deterioration of CFRC is relatively lower before 400 ℃,the longitudinal wave velocity and the main frequency increase in 400 ℃,and the rate of deterioration and the properties of CFRC decrease sharply above 400 ℃.The properties of specimens cooled by spraying water are worse than those of specimens cooled naturally.When the longitudinal wave velocity ranges from 1.0 to 3.5 km/s,there is a positive correlation between it and the compressive strength,and this relationship becomes uncertain when it is in 3.5—4.5 km/s.The damage factor defined by the longitudinal wave velocity can well reflect the regularity of the damage evolution of CFRC after elevated temperature.
Surveillance of Schistosomiasis in Danleng County,2005-2010

Objective To provide evidence for developing the Schistosomiasis control strategy and evaluation of the control effect by understanding the epidemic situation of Schistosomiasis in Danleng county.Method Data of Schistosomiasis Mornitoring in Guixiang village,Shuangqiao town,Danleng county of Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2010 was analyzed.Results From 2005 to 2010,602,603,631,615,601 and 564 villagers were checked respectively in each year,the numver of infections were 9,9,6,5,0 and 0,with the infection rates of 1.50%,1.49%,0.95%,0.81%,0 and 0 respectively.Among these villagers,there was one infected under 20 years old;318,325,341 and 336 villagers aged 20-49 years were yearly checked from 2005 to 2008,in which 3,7,4 and 4 cases were checked positive;159,173,188 and 173 villagers aged over 50 years were yearly checked from 2005 to 2008,in which 5,2,2 and 1 cases were checked positive.There was no fecal positive checked out in 2009 and 2010.No acute or late-stage Schistosomiasis patients was found.Annually checked 9,3,3,4,4 and o cattles,without positive one.The snail areas were 49 660,42 130,54 130,54 330,51 440 and 51 390 m2 in each year,with the densities of living snails of 2.38,1.09,1.52,1.51,1.49 and 1.29/0.11 m2,no new snail area or infected snails was found.Conclusion Most of Schistosomiasis infected people in Danleng county were adults,and the infection rate of people aged over 50 was high,the control of those people should be pay more attention to.The effect of comprehensive measures with emphasis on source of infection is distinct.The ability of scientific control and comprehensive management of Schistosomiasis through multi-sectoral cooperation should be improved.
Part 1: Foster Intrinsic Motivation

ABSTRACTThis column provides an ongoing series of insights into the relevance of educational psychology to the practice of librarianship, with an emphasis on reference service in academic libraries. Each column includes descriptions of major lines of research, a list of takeaways for librarians, and a selective annotated bibliography of relevant and readable articles and books.
Microstructural Characteristics of Reaction-Bonded B 4 C/SiC Composite

A detailed microstructural investigation was performed to understand structural characteristics of a reaction-bonded B4C/SiC ceramic composite. The state-of-the-art focused ion beam & scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the as-fabricated product consisted of core-rim structures with -SiC and B4C cores surrounded by - SiC and B4C, respectively. In addition, plate-like -SiC was detected within the B4C rim. A phase formation mechanism was proposed and the analytical elucidation is anticipated to shed light on potential fabrication optimization and the property improvement of ceramic composites.
Implementation of Acoustic Dosimeters With Recoverable Month-Long GPS/TDR Tags to Interpret Controlled-Exposure Experiments for Large Whales

Obtaining extended and detailed information from instrumented whales is important for understanding whale behavior and interpreting responses to anthropogenic noise but has been difficult to achieve with tags because of short attachment times, poor spatial/temporal resolution, or lack of adequate acoustic data. In 2007–2008, sperm whales were tagged in the Gulf of California with Wildlife Computers TDR-PAT-MK-10 tags. While attached, the tags sent Fastloc-GPS locations and summary dive data (shape, duration, and depth) via ARGOS after dives >10 min and >10 m. Tags released from the whales floated to the surface and were recovered. Downloaded data revealed high-resolution time-depth recorder (TDR; 1-s and 2-m dive-depth increments) and GPS data within 60 m (Mate 2008). The tags provided insights into resting, foraging, and traveling behaviors, diving to depths over 1,200 m for periods of up to 28 days. Fast zigzag patterns during dives likely represented foraging attempts on Humboldt squids. Despite coordinated travels, whales in the same social unit did not usually dive synchronously or to the same depth and displayed considerable variability at the same position and time.
Scouse: A Social and Cultural History

Nowhere in Britain is more closely associated with a form of language than Liverpool. Yet the history of language in Liverpool has been obscured by misrepresentation and myth-making and narratives of Liverpool’s linguistic past have scarcely done justice to the rich, complex and fascinating history which produced it. Scouse: A Social and Cultural History presents a ground-breaking and iconoclastic account which challenges many of the forms of received wisdom about language in Liverpool and presents an alternative version of the currently accepted history. Ranging from the mid eighteenth century to the present, the book explores evidence from a host of different sources including the first histories of Liverpool, a rare slaving drama set in the port, a poor house report which records the first use of ‘Scouse’ (the dish), nineteenth century debates on Gladstone’s speech, the ‘lost’ literature of the city, early to mid twentieth century newspaper accounts of Liverpudlian words, idioms and traditions, little-known essays which coined the use of ‘Scouse’ to refer to the language of Liverpool, aspects of popular culture in the 1950s and 60s, the Lern Yerself Scouse series, and examples drawn from contemporary literature. In addition the analysis draws on recent developments within the fields of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology - particularly with regard to the study of language and identity and the relationship between language and a sense of place – in order to provide a radically new understanding of ‘Scouse’ in terms of its history, its representation, and its contemporary social and cultural significance.
Critical Dissolved Oxygen Tolerances of Whirling Disease-Resistant Rainbow Trout

AbstractA low concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is commonly the limiting factor in fish culture systems. Hypoxia tolerance in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss can be affected by both history of domestication and growth rate. As such, selecting strains for specific characteristics such as growth rate or disease resistance could potentially affect DO tolerance, making culture difficult. Here we used two experiments to examine the differences in tolerance to lower DO concentrations among four Rainbow Trout strains and crosses selected for resistance to whirling disease Myxobolus cerebralis. The first experiment examined differences in critical DO concentrations of fry (≥73 mm total length [TL]) when exposed to rapid decreases in DO at 30, 60, 90, and 120 d postswim-up. In addition, since formalin is a common chemical used in aquaculture to treat for external parasites, the effect of exposure to formalin on tolerance to low DO was evaluated. The second experiment evaluated critical DO concentrations amo...
Unveiling the nucleon tensor charge at Jefferson Lab: A study of the SoLID case

Abstract Future experiments at the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV upgrade, in particular, the Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID), aim at a very precise data set in the region where the partonic structure of the nucleon is dominated by the valence quarks. One of the main goals is to constrain the quark transversity distributions. We apply recent theoretical advances of the global QCD extraction of the transversity distributions to study the impact of future experimental data from the SoLID experiments. Especially, we develop a simple strategy based on the Hessian matrix analysis that allows one to estimate the uncertainties of the transversity quark distributions and their tensor charges extracted from SoLID data simulation. We find that the SoLID measurements with the proton and the effective neutron targets can improve the precision of the u - and d -quark transversity distributions up to one order of magnitude in the range 0.05 x 0.6 .
Investigation of High Temperature Nanofluids for Solar Thermal Power Conversion and Storage Applications

The aim of this study is to investigate the enhancement of thermal properties of various high temperature nanofluids for solar thermal energy storage application. In concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, the thermo-physical properties of the heat transfer fluids (HTF) and the thermal energy storage (TES) materials are key to enhancing the overall system efficiency. Molten salts, such as alkali nitrates, alkali carbonates, or eutectics are considered as alternatives to conventional HTF to extend the capabilities of CSP. However, there is limited usage of molten salt eutectics as the HTF material, since the heat capacity of the molten salts are lower than that of conventional HTF. Nanofluid is a mixture of a solvent and nanoparticles. Well dispersed nanoparticles can be used to enhance thermo-physical properties of HTF. In this study, silica (SiO2 ) and alumina (Al2 O3 ) nanoparticles as well as carbon nanotubes (CNT) were dispersed into a molten salt and a commercially available HTF. The specific heat capacity of the nanofluids were measured and applicability of such nanofluid materials for solar thermal storage applications were explored. Measurements performed using the carbonate eutectics and commercial HTF that are doped with inorganic and organic nano-particles show specific heat capacity enhancements exceeding 5–20% at concentrations of 0.05% to 2.0% by weight. Dimensional analyses and computer simulations were performed to predict the enhancement of thermal properties of the nanofluids. The computational studies were performed using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Trust-based Dynamic Web service Composition using Social Network Analysis

With the increasing popularity of Web services and Service-Oriented Architecture, we need sophisticated infrastructure to discover and compose Web services. Dynamic Web service Composition will gain wider acceptance only when the users know that the solutions obtained are comprised of trust-worthy services. In this paper, we present a framework for a Trust-based Dynamic Web service Composition that not only uses functional and non-functional attributes provided by the Web service description document but also filters and ranks solutions based on their trust rating. With the increasing popularity of Web-based Social Networks like Linkedin, Facebook, Orkut, and Twitter, there is great potential in determining the trust rating of a particular service provider or service provider organization using Social Network Analysis. We present a technique to calculate a trust rating per service using Centrality measure of Social Networks. We use this rating to further filter composition results to produce solutions that are comprised of services provided by trusted providers.
Bleeding risk associated with eptifibatide (Integrilin) bridging in thoracic surgery patients

Antiplatelet use for treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) is common amongst thoracic surgery patients. Perioperative management of antiplatelet agents requires balancing the opposing risks of myocardial ischemia and excessive bleeding. Perioperative bridging with short-acting intravenous antiplatelet agents has shown promise in preventing myocardial ischemia, but may increase bleeding. We sought to determine whether perioperative bridging with eptifibatide increased bleeding associated with thoracic surgery. After Institutional Review Board approval, we identified thoracic surgery patients receiving eptifibatide at our institution (n = 30). These patients were matched 1:2 with control patients with CAD who did not receive eptifibatide from an institutional database of general thoracic surgery patients. The primary endpoint for our study was the number of units of blood transfused perioperatively. There were no differences in our primary endpoint, number of units of blood products transfused. There were also no differences noted between groups in intraoperative blood loss, chest tube duration, or postoperative length of stay (LOS). While there were no difference noted in overall complications, including our outcome of perioperative MI or death, composite cardiovascular events were more common in the eptifibatide group. In our retrospective exploratory analysis, eptifibatide bridging in patients with high-risk or recent PCI was not associated with an increased need for perioperative transfusion, bleeding, or increased LOS. In addition, we found a similar rate of perioperative mortality or myocardial infarction in both groups, though the ability of eptifibatide to protect against perioperative myocardial ischemia is unclear given different baseline CAD characteristics.
Drift-dominated unipolar conduction small-signal impedance and stability

Many high voltage conduction models assume drift dominated conduction where each charge carrier has a constant mobility with negligible diffusion effects. Then the charge carrier velocities are proportional to the local electric field while in turn the electric field is related to the net local charge density through Gauss's law. Recent work has developed general transient time and spatial solutions of the electric field and space charge distributions and the terminal voltage - current characteristics for any initial and charge injection boundary conditions and for any type of terminal excitation or constraint (1).
A squeezed light source for advanced gravitational wave detectors

We have produced frequency dependent squeezed light in the audio band for the first time using a high finesse quantum filter cavity. Also we have built a low phase noise in-vacuum squeezed light source.
WIM-based assessment of load effects on bridges due to various classes of heavy trucks

Abstract This study presents statistical evaluations of extreme load effects on bridges due to different truck classes. Using the developed information, a set of procedures are proposed to conduct probabilistic assessments of the relative severity of any heavy truck loading on simply-supported bridges. The truck information used in the analyses was recorded in one entire year by weigh-in-motion stations located throughout the State of Wisconsin. Data on the heaviest five percent of trucks in each truck class-axle group were extracted for analyses. Best-fit unimodal and multimodal statistical distributions for all axle loads and axle spacings (in each truck class-axle group) were determined. Standard and empirical copulas were generated to allow consideration of interdependencies between various marginal distributions. The accuracy of the developed marginal distributions and empirical copulas were verified using multivariate Monte Carlo simulations. Simulations were also used to determine magnitudes (and percentiles) of moments and shears on simply-supported bridges of various span lengths of up to 240 ft (73.2 m) for different truck class-axle groups. Procedures are provided for assessing the relative magnitude of moments/shears due to any heavy truck as percentile of each truck class-axle group, or as percentile of the entire truck population. This could allow the process of issuing truck permits to be based on a chosen probability of exceedance. Results indicate that the Class 9 truck statistics can be used to represent the extreme load effects associated with all truck classes/groups combined.
Cognitive Effects of Acute and Chronic Pediatric Medical Conditions

Professionals involved with the psychological assessment of chronically ill children have a vital role in the identification of present or potential cognitive deficits that may or may not be apparent during routine medical examinations (Magrab, 1978; Pless & Pinkerton, 1975; Wright, Schaefer, & Solomons, 1978). Since more children with chronic illnesses currently survive into adulthood and are able to lead less restricted lives, the adequacy of their educational experiences and vocational preparation has become a matter of increasing concern (Travis, 1976). Therefore, the application of assessment procedures to chronically ill children must reflect a change in perspective from a terminal, all-pervasive perception of disease to a focus on survival and long-term coping with medical conditions.
Electronic medication complete communication strategy for opioid prescriptions in the emergency department: Rationale and design for a three-arm provider randomized trial.

Abstract Background Thousands of people die annually from prescription opioid overdoses; however there are few strategies to ensure patients receive medication risk information at the time of prescribing. Objectives To compare the effectiveness of the Emergency Department (ED) Electronic Medication Complete Communication (EMC2) Opioid Strategy (with and without text messaging) to promote safe medication use and improved patient knowledge as compared to usual care. Methods The ED EMC2 Opioid Strategy consists of 5 automated components to promote safe medication use: 1) physician reminder to counsel, 2) inbox message sent on to the patient's primary care physician, 3) pharmacist message on the prescription to counsel, 4) MedSheet supporting prescription information, and 5) patient-centered Take-Wait-Stop wording of prescription instructions. This strategy will be assessed both with and without the addition of text messages via a three-arm randomized trial. The study will take place at an urban academic ED (annual volume > 85,000) in Chicago, IL. Patients being discharged with a new prescription for hydrocodone-acetaminophen will be enrolled and randomized (based on their prescribing physician). The primary outcome of the study is medication safe use as measured by a demonstrated dosing task. Additionally actual safe use, patient knowledge and provider counseling will be measured. Implementation fidelity as well as costs will be reported. Conclusions The ED EMC2 Opioid Strategy embeds a risk communication strategy into the electronic health record and promotes medication counseling with minimal workflow disruption. This trial will evaluate the strategy's effectiveness and implementation fidelity as compared to usual care. Trial registration This trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov with identifier NCT02431793 .
Electrode-Ligand Interactions Dramatically Enhance CO2 Conversion to CO by the [Ni(cyclam)](PF6)2 Catalyst

Dramatic enhancement of electrochemical CO2 conversion to CO, catalyzed by [Ni(cyclam)](PF6)2 is observed on mercury/gold electrodes. We find that Hg provides favorable noncovalent dispersive interactions with the cyclam ligand. As a result, the Hg surface destabilizes the poisoned CO-bound form of the catalyst, leading to enhanced reaction kinetics. These findings are particularly relevant to the design of ligands that improve the electrocatalytic performance of transition-metal complexes on interaction with metallic surfaces under cell operating conditions.
A Novel Family of Small Molecules that Enhance the Intracellular Delivery and Pharmacological Effectiveness of Antisense and Splice Switching Oligonucleotides

The pharmacological effectiveness of oligonucleotides has been hampered by their tendency to remain entrapped in endosomes, thus limiting their access to cytosolic or nuclear targets. We have previously reported a group of small molecules that enhance the effects of oligonucleotides by causing their release from endosomes. Here, we describe a second novel family of oligonucleotide enhancing compounds (OECs) that is chemically distinct from the compounds reported previously. We demonstrate that these molecules substantially augment the actions of splice switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in cell culture. We also find enhancement of SSO effects in a murine model. These new compounds act by increasing endosome permeability and causing partial release of entrapped oligonucleotides. While they also affect the permeability of lysosomes, they are clearly different from typical lysosomotropic agents. Current members of this compound family display a relatively narrow window be...
Eating Disorders in Men: Current Considerations

Over the past two decades, there has been a change in the way men think about their bodies. The media portrays images of men with muscular bodies and a “six pack” abdomen. These images can create body dissatisfaction in males. With the change in the way that the media and society in the United States look at men, so has the drive for men to achieve this ideal body image. Eating disorders, body dysmorphia, and strict exercise and diet regimens seem to plague young men as do the images in advertisements. Although eating disorders in men are similar to what women experience, men seem to strive for more body mass whereas women try to obtain thinness. Gay men and heterosexual men seem to experience eating disorders in the same way although there are differences between how they perceive their bodies. This paper outlines how the media contributes to body dissatisfaction in men. In addition to understanding how the media affects men, it is important to review and possibly revise out understanding of eating disorders and body dysmorphia symptoms to gain a solid understanding of how these symptoms appear in men today.
Goal Setting Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology

In the Forward to Locke and Latham’s (1990) “A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance,” Albert Bandura wrote: “The regulation of motivation by goal setting is a remarkably robust phenomenon. Converging lines of evidence from laboratory and field studies involving heterogeneous task domains reveal goal effects to be highly reproducible and of substantial magnitude. Despite this unprecedented level of empirical support, goal theory has not been accorded the prominence it deserves in mainstream psychology. Perhaps it is because this line of theorizing and research has been featured mainly in publications in the organizational field” (p. xii).
DNA Branch Migration

DNA branch migration involves the exchange of one DNA strand for another by the stepwise breakage and reformation of hydrogen bonds in DNA duplexes. In four-strand branch migration the cross-over point between two duplexes is known as the Holliday junction. If the duplex sequences flanking the Holliday junction are identical, the junction can move in either direction by the exchange of hydrogen bonds between two DNA strands of the same polarity (Fig. 1, top). Branch migration involving three-strand reactions, sometimes referred to as single-strand branch migration, can also occur (Fig. 1, bottom). In both three- and four-strand branch migration, there is no net change in the number of hydrogen bonds. It is, therefore, an isoenergetic process and can occur spontaneously without the need for any exogenous energy source.
Compositional Semantics and Concept Representation

Concept systems are not only used in the sciences, but also in secondary supporting fields, e. g. in libraries, in documentation, in terminology and increasingly also in knowledge representation. It is suggested that the development of concept systems be based on semantic analysis. Methodical steps are described. The principle of morpho-syntactic composition in semantics will serve as a theoretical basis for the suggested method. The implications and limitations of this principle will be demonstrated.
Inhibitor(s) of Biologically Active Erythropoietin in Concentrated Human Sera

The most specific assay for biologically active erythropoietin (Ep) is the exhypoxic, polycythemic mouse assay [1]. However, the sensitivity of this assay is still not sufficient to detect normal circulating levels of Ep; these have been established by radioimmunoassay to be 9.7 to 24.8 mUnits/ml of serum [2]. All previous efforts at concentrating human serum prior to assaying its biologically active Ep content have resulted in the loss of some activity [3]. We report here results of studies designed to identify a method of concentrating human serum without loss of its biologically active Ep content, and when unsuccessful in this endeavour, studies were initiated to determine why Ep activity is invariably lost after concentrating human sera.
An Ultra Low-Noise Front-End ASIC for High- Purity Germanium Point-Contact Detectors in Liquid Nitrogen

We present an ultra low-noise front-end application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed for high purity germanium (HPGe) p-type point-contact (PPC) detectors operating in liquid nitrogen (LN) for low background experiments. The ASIC provides low-noise charge amplification for an input range of 100 eV to 50 keV, anti-aliasing filtering while preserving a minimum of ~60 ns event rise time, an analog output buffer to drive the cold/warm interface, and is fabricated in a commercial 180-nm CMOS technology. Given a full depletion capacitance of the HPGe PPC as low as ~100 fF, the ASIC achieves the lowest possible equivalent noise charge (ENC) ~3.9 electrons at $2 \mu {s}$ at LN temperature, and dissipates ~9 mW.
Reading History with the Essenes of Elmira

This article studies a modern Essene movement based in the United States for its unusual merging of New Age practice with Christian fundamentalism with ancient history. By harkening back to the mystical religions of the ancient Mediterranean, these modern Essenes are able to engage in syncretistic practices while claiming to preserve the traditions of the ancient Essenes.
Energy transitions or additions?: Why a transition from fossil fuels requires more than the growth of renewable energy

Abstract Is an energy transition currently in progress, where renewable energy sources are replacing fossil fuels? Previous changes in the proportion of energy produced by various sources – such as in the nineteenth century when coal surpassed biomass in providing the largest share of the global energy supply and in the twentieth century when petroleum overtook coal – could more accurately be characterized as energy additions rather than transitions. In both cases, the use of the older energy source continued to grow, despite rapid growth in the new source. Evidence from contemporary trends in energy production likewise suggest that as renewable energy sources compose a larger share of overall energy production, they are not replacing fossil fuels but are rather expanding the overall amount of energy that is produced. We argue that although it is reasonable to expect that renewables will come to provide a growing share of the global energy supply, it is misleading to characterize this growth in renewable energy as a “transition” and that doing so could inhibit the implementation of meaningful policies aimed at reducing fossil fuel use.
Nanoindentation of Fused Quartz at Loads Near the Cracking Threshold

Nanoindentation with triangular pyramidal indenters with centerline-to-face angles of 35.3°, 45°, 55°, 65.3° and 75° at loads in the range 1–500 mN was conducted on fused quartz to explore how cracks first form and develop in brittle materials during sharp indentation contact. The cracking behavior was documented using high resolution scanning electron microscopy and serial cross sectioning by focused ion beam milling. Results show that cracking is enhanced by sharper indenters and that there is a distinct threshold load below which no cracking is observed. The threshold increases rapidly with indenter angle. A series of indentations made at increasing load with the 45° indenter shows that the first cracks to form are relatively straight radials that emanate outward from the corners of the indentation. However, underneath the indent they do not connect to the hardness impression but rather terminate at what appears to be the elastic-plastic boundary. With increasing load, the radial cracks extend outward and downward, but at an intermediate load they branch to the sides beneath the hardness impression to form lateral cracks. Cracking does not appear to initiate from pre-existing flaws, but is generated from processes associated with plastic deformation beneath the indenter. Results are discussed in terms of prevailing ideas on the origin of the cracking threshold.
Child maltreatment: a review of key literature in 2015.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review addresses some of the more salient articles in the field of child maltreatment published in 2015, with a goal of helping the general practitioner understand the evolution of research in the field of child abuse pediatrics (a board-certified specialty since 2009). RECENT FINDINGS: Researchers continue to refine the database for child abuse pediatrics. Several articles focus on the inconsistencies in approach to the evaluation of possible physical child abuse between hospitals and practitioners. Multiple researchers aim to develop a protocol that standardizes the response to findings of a sentinel injury, such as a rib fracture, abdominal trauma, or unexplained bruising in a nonambulatory infant. Professionals are also working to improve our understanding about the impact of trauma on children and how best to ameliorate its effects. SUMMARY: With solid, evidence-based literature published on various topics in the field of child abuse pediatrics, experts work to refine and unify the clinician's approach to the evaluation of possible physical abuse. Language: en
La inferencia a la mejor explicación

El articulo que presentamos a continuacion aparecio por primera vez en enero de 1965 en The Philosophical Review 74 (1): 88-95. Agradecemos puntualmente a The Philosophical Review, a la Duke University Press y al profesor Gilbert Harman por otorgar el consentimiento para la traduccion del texto. El ensayo de Harman dio inicio a una intensa discusion en torno a la reconstruccion ﬁlosoﬁca de los metodos cientiﬁcos de inferencia, que sigue ocupando un lugar preponderante entre los actuales debates en epistemologia. Asimismo, la propuesta de Harman ha sido ampliamente adoptada en metodologia ﬁlosoﬁca —sobre todo por ﬁlosofos de orientacion naturalista— como alternativa frente a la argumentacion trascendental. La traduccion fue realizada por Jorge R. Tagle Marroquin y Marc Jimenez Rolland.
La Donna L. Forsgren. In Search of Our Warrior Mothers: Women Dramatists of the Black Arts Movement.

In Search of Our Warrior Mothers examines four representative writers’ works to demonstrate how the Black Arts Movement’s female playwrights aimed to reframe black femininity with a focus on mother...