cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of dominant negative Ha-Ras inhibits proliferation of primary meningioma cells.

Objective Previous studies demonstrated that activation of receptor tyrosine kinases in human meningiomas by an autocrine or paracrine growth-stimulatory loop plays an important role in meningioma proliferation. Although it is well established that the proliferative signal from protein tyrosine kinase receptors is transduced through Ras proteins, the relevance of the Ras pathway in meningioma proliferation, to our knowledge, has not been studied. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine whether Ras proteins are functionally important in meningioma proliferation. Methods Meningioma cells of nine primary cell cultures were infected with the recombinant adenovirus Ad-rasN17 encoding the dominant negative Ras protein or control adenovirus Ad-pAC. Ras-N17 is a Ras mutant protein with substitution of asparagine for serine at position 17 in the cellular Ha-Ras protein that inhibits function of all endogenous cellular Ras proteins. Proliferation of meningioma cells was measured using [3H]thymidine or 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling and detection assays. Results Infection of meningioma cells with Ad-rasN17 dramatically increased the expression levels of the Ras-N17 mutant protein and inhibited phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, compared with uninfected cells or cells infected with the control adenovirus. Suppression of Ras proteins inhibited proliferation of all exponentially growing and growth-arrested meningioma cells stimulated with serum. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that proliferation of primary meningioma cells is dependent on the presence of functional Ras proteins. Therefore, inhibition of the Ras pathway may be important in preventing growth factor-stimulated meningioma proliferation.
International Justice and Health: A Proposal

This paper discusses obligations of international distributive justice-specifically, obligations rich countries have to transfer resources to poor countries. It argues that the major seven OECD countries each have an obligation to transfer at least one percent of their GDP to developing countries. The strategy of the paper is to defend this position without having to resolve the many debates that attend questions of international distributive justice. In this respect, it belongs to the neglected category of nonideal theory. The key to the strategy is to show that a significant amount of good would be accomplished by a one percent transfer, despite the fact that one percent is quite a small amount. To make this showing, the paper takes health as a fundamental measure of individual well-being and examines the improvement in life expectancy that would likely result from devoting the one percent transfer to the major determinants of health. It adduces data indicating that substantial progress towards raising life expectancy in developing countries to the global average of 64.5 years can be expected from expenditures of $125 per capita, divided between health care, education, and basic nutrition and income support. A one percent transfer from the major seven is enough to cover expenditures on that scale for the poorest fifth of the world's population.
Dopamine receptor responsivity in schizophrenic patients before and after switch from haloperidol to risperidone

The increases that occur in plasma prolactin (PRL) levels after i.m. administration of 5 mg of haloperidol (the HAL test) provide information about the responsivity of D2 dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus-hypophysis, and may be a measure of their occupancy during the neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenic patients. We studied these responses during treatment with haloperidol (doses 7.5-60 mg daily, mean = 20.6) in 12 male schizophrenic patients who did not have a satisfactory therapeutic response to the drug, and the test was repeated 6 weeks later, after the patients were switched to therapy with the atypical neuroleptic risperidone (8-16 mg daily, mean = 11.7). After the institution of risperidone treatment, the total score on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) fell by 38% (from a mean score of 47.2 to 29.3). BPRS subscale scores for positive, negative, and general symptoms were reduced by 38, 35, and 40%, respectively. Moderate PRL responses to the HAL test were found during haloperidol treatment and no responses at all during treatment with risperidone. Baseline PRL increased significantly from a mean of 35.0 (S.D. = 16.0) to a mean of 55.7 ng/ml plasma (S.D. = 19.6). This high potency of risperidone to increase PRL levels cannot be explained by the serotonergic blocking activity of the drug, and seems not to be restricted to its D2 receptor blocking capacity.
Conjunctive explanations: The effect of a comparison between a chosen and a nonchosen alternative

Abstract The present paper examines whether an explicit comparison between the effects of a chosen action and a foregone alternative reduces the strength of a conjunctive explanation for the chosen action. This possibility was suggested by correspondent inference theory, which argues that in explaining an action we focus on its unique or noncommon effects, while treating effects common to both the chosen and foregone alternatives as being uninformative about the intentions of the actor. This implies that a conjunction of two effects should be viewed as a poorer explanation when one of the effects is common to several alternatives. In the present study, the commonness of an effect was manipulated by comparing a condition in which only the effects of the choice were known, to one in which the effects of an alternative were also known and one effect was common to both the choice and its alternative. However, even though providing an explicit comparison between a choice and its foregone alternative did reduce the probability of the common effect, this had no effect on the conjunction of the common and noncommon effect. The only condition to have any important effect on the conjunction was one in which the actor was said to have chosen one alternative, but then at the last minute changed his or her mind. This last finding suggests that people may be increasingly likely to contrast a choice with an alternative as the choice becomes more unexpected.
Catalysis of H(2)/D(2) scrambling and other H/D exchange processes by [Fe]-hydrogenase model complexes.

Protonation of the [Fe]-hydrogenase model complex (mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2) (pdt = SCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)S) produces a species with a high field (1)H NMR resonance, isolated as the stable [(mu-H)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)](+)[PF(6)](-) salt. Structural characterization found little difference in the 2Fe2S butterfly cores, with Fe.Fe distances of 2.555(2) and 2.578(1) A for the Fe-Fe bonded neutral species and the bridging hydride species, respectively (Zhao, X.; Georgakaki, I. P.; Miller, M. L.; Yarbrough, J. C.; Darensbourg, M. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9710). Both are similar to the average Fe.Fe distance found in structures of three Fe-only hydrogenase active site 2Fe2S clusters: 2.6 A. A series of similar complexes (mu-edt)-, (mu-o-xyldt)-, and (mu-SEt)(2)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2) (edt = SCH(2)CH(2)S; o-xyldt = SCH(2)C(6)H(4)CH(2)S), (mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(2)Ph)](2), and their protonated derivatives likewise show uniformity in the Fe-Fe bond lengths of the neutral complexes and Fe.Fe distances in the cationic bridging hydrides. The positions of the PMe(3) and PMe(2)Ph ligands are dictated by the orientation of the S-C bonds in the (mu-SRS) or (mu-SR)(2) bridges and the subsequent steric hindrance of R. The Fe(II)(mu-H)Fe(II) complexes were compared for their ability to facilitate H/D exchange reactions, as have been used as assays of H(2)ase activity. In a reaction that is promoted by light but inhibited by CO, the [(mu-H)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)](+) complex shows H/D exchange activity with D(2), producing [(mu-D)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)](+) in CH(2)Cl(2) and in acetone, but not in CH(3)CN. In the presence of light, H/D scrambling between D(2)O and H(2) is also promoted by the Fe(II)(mu-H)Fe(II) catalyst. The requirement of an open site suggests that the key step in the reactions involves D(2) or H(2) binding to Fe(II) followed by deprotonation by the internal hydride base, or by external water. As indicated by similar catalytic efficiencies of members of the series, the nature of the bridging thiolates has little influence on the reactions. Comparison to [Fe]H(2)ase enzyme active site redox levels suggests that at least one Fe(II) must be available for H(2) uptake while a reduced or an electron-rich Fe(I)Fe(I) metal-metal bonded redox level is required for proton uptake.
Level-Independent Detection of Signal Saturation in Sensor Data

Abstract A new technique has been developed which accurately identifies signal saturation in sensor data regardless of the level at which it occurs. This capability is of particular value when sensor or preamp / signal conditioner saturation is a possibility, which may cause clipping to appear at some unanticipated voltage level. In addition, the sensitivity of the technique may be adjusted to identify clipping which exhibits some variability, such as when soft limiting is used. This method may find application in either a digital or analog implementation; a digital signal processing approach is demonstrated here. This technique does not require any a priori knowledge of the amplitude dynamics of the signal.
A Structure for Classifying and Characterizing Efficiencies and Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis

DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) attempts to identify sources and estimate amounts of inefficiencies contained in the outputs and inputs generated by managed entities called DMUs (Decision Making Units). Explicit formulation of underlying functional relations with specified parametric forms relating inputs to outputs is not required. An overall (scalar) measure of efficiency is obtained for each DMU from the observed magnitudes of its multiple inputs and outputs without requiring use of a priori weights or relative value assumptions and, in addition, sources and amounts of inefficiency are estimated for each input and each output for every DMU. Earlier theory is extended so that DEA can deal with zero inputs and outputs and zero virtual multipliers (shadow prices). This is accomplished by partitioning DMUs into six classes via primal and dual representation theorems by means of which restrictions to positive observed values for all inputs and outputs are eliminated along with positivity conditions imposed on the variables which are usually accomplished by recourse to nonarchimedian concepts. Three of the six classes are scale inefficient and two of the three scale efficient classes are also technically (zero waste) efficient.
Fate of dyes in aquatic systems. I: Solubility and partitioning of some hydrophobic dyes and related compounds

Solubilities and vapor pressures from the literature are combined with calculated octanol/water partition coefficients, Kow, to assess the expected environmental behavior of about 50 dyes. Most of the older disperse dyes (those that have been in use for decades) have solubilities on the order of 10−7 to 10−6 m. This solubility suggests the potential for a 30- to 150-fold concentration enhancement in sediments and bioconcentration of about 1,000 times in the absence of metabolism. The data also indicate that solubilities computed from Kow (estimated by the substituent method) may be significantly overestimated and that the product of subcooled liquid solubility and estimated Kow for disperse dyes is 10 to 100 times smaller than reported for most other compounds. Henry's law constants calculated from solubility and vapor pressure show that the disperse and vat dyes will be entirely gas-phase-controlled in their rate of volatilization from water and that this process will be extremely slow. No definitive conclusions can be drawn about the behavior of more recently developed disperse dyes. The available physical constants are compiled along with structures, Color Index number, CAS number and names for 80 compounds.
Improving Care During a Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Patient Safety Initiative

Professional Issues Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Lateral violence has a long history among nurses, and the phrase, “Nurses eat their young” is a true statement and should no longer be taken lightly or as an excuse for demeaning behavior. Lateral violence affects job satisfaction and productivity, patient satisfaction and safety, turnover rate, and reimbursement. Lateral violence should be the antithesis of nursing.
Neural Aspects of Sentence Comprehension: Syntactic Complexity, Reversibility, and Reanalysis

Broca’s area is preferentially activated by reversible sentences with complex syntax, but various linguistic factors may be responsible for this finding, including syntactic movement, working-memory demands, and post hoc reanalysis. To distinguish between these, we tested the interaction of syntactic complexity and semantic reversibility in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of sentence--picture matching. During auditory comprehension, semantic reversibility induced selective activation throughout the left perisylvian language network. In contrast, syntactic complexity (object-embedded vs. subject-embedded relative clauses) within reversible sentences engaged only the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and left precentral gyrus. Within irreversible sentences, only the LIFG was sensitive to syntactic complexity, confirming a unique role for this region in syntactic processing. Nonetheless, larger effects of reversibility itself occurred in the same regions, suggesting that full syntactic parsing may be a nonautomatic process applied as needed. Complex reversible sentences also induced enhanced signals in LIFG and left precentral regions on subsequent picture selection, but with additional recruitment of the right hemisphere homolog area (right inferior frontal gyrus) as well, suggesting that post hoc reanalysis of sentence structure, compared with initial comprehension, engages an overlapping but larger network of brain regions. These dissociable effects may offer a basis for studying the reorganization of receptive language function after brain damage.
Catalog design, catalog maintenance, catalog governance

The design of library catalogs and the maintenance of their contents equals catalog governance, that is, professional responsibility for the catalog. The design of library catalogs and their contents are an example of the standards that are the hallmark of modern librarianship. Although design and maintenance standards have always had an array of participants, in recent years the participants in catalog design and maintenance have become more numerous and varied, and therefore its governance has become more diffuse. Although the card catalog had a standard form in which design and maintenance were linked, that is not true of today’s OPAC in which the same content can take many different forms. Emerging standards, such as SGML, may actually provide a general solution in which OPACs have various, customized forms based on standard content and in which catalog librarians encode, maintain, and interpret the standard data and help guide the discussion of options for design. This article discusses the past and present governance of library catalog design and maintenance and explores issues in a “programmatic” model of governance for the catalog.
Multiple dielectric structures to eliminate moding problems in conductor-backed coplanar waveguide MIC'

A conventional conductor-backed (grounded) coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) leaks energy from its dominant mode in the form of a parallel plate mode in the substrate region at all frequencies which can generate undesirable coupling effects and produce an ineffective circuit. A multiple dielectric structure with appropriate dimensions is used to suppress the leakage effects and the spectral domain method (SDM) predicts the critical frequency (transition point for leaky and nonleaky modes) for the waveguide. Experimental data verify this procedure and demonstrate the significance of the moding (leakage coupling) problems. >
Smoking characteristics of a homeless population.

When addressing tobacco control and smoking cessation measures, the homeless have been perceived as a difficult to reach population. The purpose of this study was to examine the smoking characteristics of a homeless population. Data were derived from a larger study that examined smoking among inner-city residents. Homeless smokers (n=107) were compared with non-homeless smokers (n=491) on socio-demographics, smoking characteristics, motivation to quit, and smoking cessation experiences. Results showed that homeless smokers were more likely to be white, smoke more cigarettes per day, initiate smoking at a younger age, and have a longer smoking history. Knowledge about the risks of smoking and the benefits of quitting was equally high in both groups. Homeless smokers were less likely to be preparing to quit smoking compared to non-homeless smokers. These factors place homeless smokers at increased risk of tobacco-related diseases. Programs are needed to design and test effective cessation interventions for homeless smokers.
Improving Potential Geographic Distribution Models for Invasive Plants by Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is used to map the actual distribution of some invasive plant species, such as leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), whereas geospatial models are used to indicate the species’ potential distribution over a landscape. Geographic data layers were acquired for Crook County, Wyoming, and the potential distribution of leafy spurge presence or absence were predicted with the use of the Weed Invasion Susceptibility Prediction (WISP) model. Hyperspectral imagery and field data were acquired in 1999 over parts of the study area. Leafy spurge presence or absence was classified with the use of the Spectral Angle Mapper with a 74% overall accuracy. However, the user accuracy was 93%, showing that where leafy spurge was indicated in the image, leafy spurge was usually found at that location. With the use of Kappa analysis, there was no agreement between WISP model predictions and either the field data or the classified hyperspectral image. Kappa analysis was then used to compare predictions based on single geographic data layers, to increase the power to detect subtle relationships between independent variables and leafy spurge distribution. The WISP model was revised for leafy spurge based on the remote-sensing analyses, and only a few variables contributed to predictions of leafy spurge distribution. The revised model had significantly increased accuracy, from 52.8% to 61.3% for the field data and from 30.4% to 80.3% for the hyperspectral image classification, primarily by reducing the areas predicted to have potential for invasion. It is generally more cost effective to deal with the initial stages of invasion by only a few plants, compared to an invasion that is large enough to be detected by remote sensing. By reducing the potential area for monitoring, management of invasive plants could be performed more efficiently by field crews.
Influence of high body mass index on outcome in acute liver failure.

Background & Aims: Diabetes and obesity affect development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases susceptibility to hepatic injury and limits regenerative capacity, which might increase adverse outcomes in acute liver failure. There is no difference in the prevalence of diabetes in acute liver failure patients when compared with the general population, but no large studies have examined the relationship of obesity to incidence or outcome of acute liver failure. Methods: Seven hundred eighty-two adult patients with acute liver failure were prospectively enrolled from 1998–2004. Body mass index, history of diabetes, and outcome were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used for the analysis. Results: Compared with 30.4% of adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 29.1% of adult patients with acute liver failure were obese ( P = .542). Obese patients had 1.63 times the odds of transplantation or death as nonobese patients (1.04–2.55, P = .033). Severely obese patients had 1.93 times the odds of transplantation or death (1.02–3.62, P = .042). There were no differences in the proportion of patients listed for transplantation, with body mass index greater or less than 30, 35, or 40 ( P = .264, P = .112, P = .244, respectively). Obese patients had 3.4 times the odds of dying after transplantation (1.29–8.87, P = .01). Conclusions: Obesity does not appear to be more prevalent in acute liver failure. However, obese and severely obese patients had significantly poorer outcomes when they developed acute liver failure. This difference is not explained by weight discrimination in listing patients for transplantation, despite evidence for poorer post-transplant outcomes.
Value Stretch in Definitions of Career Among College Women: Horatia Alger as Feminist Model

The perspective of value stretch illuminates the relation of the women's movement and the long-term social trend of married women entering paid production. In a study of future plans of juniors and seniors in a women's college, done in the fall of 1974, the women overwhelmingly desired to combine marriage, family and career. Whether these women considered themselves feminists or not, they valued this combination of goals and fully expected to achieve them. However, for the women who were feminists, the central value of combining marriage, family and career had “stretched” upward, i.e., in a male-oriented direction. For instance, they were more likely to plan continuous rather than interrupted careers. Probing questions revealed that the high degree of optimism all women had for achieving their goals is due to their specific definitions of marriage, family and career. The women identified as most feminist had substantially different visions of how they would effect the combination of goals when compared with less feminist women. The most feminist women are those most likely to pursue the Horatia Alger model, a model of a woman who excels as a career woman, mother, and wife. Implications of these findings for the women's movement are considered, as well as implications for applying the value stretch perspective to new areas of inquiry.
Three Major Loci Involved in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Are Also Associated with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

Purpose To investigate the frequency of variants in 3 major age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-associated loci in patients of European-American descent with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Design Cross-sectional, case-control association study. Participants Fifty-five patients with PCV, 368 patients with advanced AMD, and 368 age-matched and ethnically matched unaffected controls of European-American descent. Methods Association analysis of allele and genotype frequencies, determined by TaqMan assays, was performed for the following haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs): risk alleles in the complement factor H ( CFH ) gene (Y402H and IVS14) in the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus on 10q26 (A69S) and protective alleles in CFH (IVS1 and IVS6) and in the complement factor B/complement component C2 ( CFB/C2 ) locus (IVS10 and H9L). Main Outcome Measures Allele and genotype frequencies of the htSNPs in the CFH, CFB/C2 , and ARMS2/HTRA1 loci. Results Four AMD-associated haplotype-tagging alleles (rs547154, rs1061170, rs1410996, rs10490924) in the 3 major loci, CFH, CFB/C2 , and ARMS2/HTRA1 , also were statistically significantly associated with the PCV phenotype ( P P Conclusions The PCV phenotype in Caucasian patients is associated with the major alleles/genotypes in the AMD-associated loci, suggesting that PCV and AMD are genetically similar in the tested loci. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
A cost-benefit flow control for reliable multicast and unicast in overlay networks

When many parties share network resources on an overlay network, mechanisms must exist to allocate the resources and protect the network from overload. Compared to large physical networks such as the Internet, in overlay networks the dimensions of the task are smaller, so new and possibly more effective techniques can be used. In this work we take a fresh look at the problem of flow control in multisender multigroup reliable multicast and unicast and explore a cost-benefit approach that works in conjunction with Internet standard protocols such as TCP. In contrast to existing window-based flow control schemes, we avoid end-to-end per sender or per group feedback by looking only at the state of the virtual links between participating nodes. This produces control traffic proportional only to the number of overlay network links and independent of the number of groups, senders, or receivers. We show the effectiveness of the resulting protocol through simulations and validate the simulations with live Internet experiments. We demonstrate near-optimal utilization of network resources, fair sharing of individual congested links, and quick adaptation to network changes.
The Rise of Neo-Populist Parties in Scandinavia: A Danish Case Study

This paper is an analysis of “neo-populist” parties in Scandinavia, focusing on the People’s Party in Denmark. Such parties in the countries of Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark have experienced an increase in votes and seats in the most recent parliamentary elections, primarily due to their appeal to Eurosceptism, concerns about multiculturalism, and economic difficulties. Our discriminant analysis of individual-level data suggests that the electoral success of the Danish People’s Party is primarily due to their ability to attract conservative voters and those who oppose the EU. This two-pronged appeal is not shared by any other party in Denmark.
Food portions are positively related to energy intake and body weight in early childhood

Abstract Objective: To identify portion sizes (quantity ingested at a meal/snack) of foods commonly consumed in early childhood, temporal stability, and relations to energy intake, weight status, and sociodemographic characteristics. Study design: Three samples were evaluated: the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994 to 1996, 1998 (CSFII 94-96, 98) (n = 1039), the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977 to 1978 (NFCS 77-78) (n = 1045), and a longitudinal sample (n = 55) studied from 12 to 18 months. The CSFII 94-96, 98, and NFCS 77-78 samples were compared to evaluate secular trends. Change from 12 to 18 months was assessed in the longitudinal sample. Relations of portion size to other relevant variables were evaluated in the CSFII 94-96, 98 sample. Results: In recent decades, portions remained remarkably similar for most foods. An exception was for meat portions, which were smaller in recent samples. Portions were longitudinally stable for most foods but increased for milk, bread, cereal, juice, and peanut butter. Body weight was positively related to energy intake and portion size but not number of eating occasions and/or foods. Sociodemographically, portion size was inversely related to number of eating occasions and/or foods. Conclusions: Children regulate energy intake largely through portion size. Sociodemographic patterns may have implications for later weight status. (J Pediatr 2002;140:340-7)
AN MPI QUASI TIME-ACCURATE APPROACH FOR NEARSHORE WAVE PREDICTION USING THE SWAN CODE PART II: APPLICATIONS TO WAVE HINDCASTS

This study compares the quasi time-accurate method in Part I: Method, with the time-accurate version of SWAN for a simulation of 1995 Hurricane Luis and a Gulf of Mexico storm that occurred in September 2000. Using the quasi time-accurate method, significant reductions in wall times were achieved relative to time-accurate computations. Examination of the error norms show that the quasi time-accurate method agrees well with the time-accurate results. Thus, the MPI quasi time-accurate method, because of its efficiency, can play an important role for cases where the time-dependent forcing terms are the dominant influence on wave conditions.
Double mosaic aneuploidy: 45, X/47,XY,+8 in a male infant

We report on a 13-month-old boy with abnormalities consistent with mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome and male genitalia with partial peno-scrotal transposition without hypospadias, a retractile left testis in inguinal canal, and an absent right testis. A voiding cystourethrogram showed an outpouching close to the lower right side of the bladder (utriculum) and bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to vesicoureteral reflux. Peripheral blood karyotype was 45,X/47,XY,+8. The karyotype of cultured skin fibroblasts was 47,XY,+8 with no 45,X cells detected among 20 cells counted. Tissues removed during surgery documented a 45,X/47,XY,+8 complement in the left testicle and utriculum, but only a 45,X line among 20 cells counted from vas deferens tissue. A possible mechanism for the origin of this previously unreported mosaicism might be an abnormal zygote with a 47,XY,+8 complement with subsequent simultaneous loss of chromosome Y and 8 in a cell at a very early embryonic stage. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of the human transforming growth factor-α gene

We and others have previously reported that transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) expression is hormonally responsive and its expression is coregulated with that of its receptor [the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor]. The 5′-flanking region of the TGFα gene was characterized to determine whether it could confer hormone responsiveness to a reporter gene (luciferase) in human mammary carcinoma cells (MDA468). This segment of the gene is GC rich and contains an element strikingly similar to the core element of the EGF receptor gene that has been shown to mediate both basal and hormonestimulated expression of the EGF receptor. We now report that a 313-basepair (bp) proximal element of the TGFα 5′-flanking region (−373 to −59 relative to the TGFα translation start codon) is capable of conferring responses to phorbol ester and EGF. This gene segment does not contain the EGF receptor gene homolog or potential AP-2-binding sites, suggesting that these elements are not necessary for basal and EGF- or phorbol e...
A quantitative comparison between in vivo‐and in vitro‐derived friend leukemia virus

The biological activities of RNA viruses derived from Friend leukemia cells in culture (TCV) were compared with those of viruses derived from the plasma (PV) of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus (FLV). The comparison was quantitatively based on the actual number of viruses used in each experiment as determined by counting under the electron microscope. Electron microscopy also provided a qualitative assessment of the structural integrity of the concentrated virus particles used in various bioassays. The data shows that the leukemogenic and spleen-focus-forming (SFF) activities of TCV, although demonstrable, are respectively 10(5) and 10(4) lower than those of PV. Moreover, TCV has 10(4) less helper activity (S+L- test) than PV. The level of reverse transcriptase activity is ten times lower in TCV than in PV which indicates that there is little correlation between polymerase activity and the other biological activities measured. The decreased biological activity of the in vitro grown virus is thought to be intrinsic to this type of virus although all extrinsic factors have not been ruled out.
Anisotropic Adsorption of Molecular Assemblies on Crystalline Surfaces

Orientational order of surfactant micelles and proteins on crystalline templates has been observed but, given that the template unit cell is significantly smaller than the characteristic size of the adsorbate, this order cannot be attributed to lattice epitaxy. We interpret the template-directed orientation of rodlike molecular assemblies as arising from anisotropic van der Waals interactions between the assembly and crystalline surfaces where the anisotropic van der Waals interaction is calculated using the Lifshitz methodology. Provided the assembly is sufficiently large, substrate anisotropy provides a torque that overcomes rotational Brownian motion near the surface. The probability of a particular orientation is computed by solving a Smoluchowski equation that describes the balance between van der Waals and Brownian torques. Torque aligns both micelles and protein fibrils; the interaction energy is minimized when the assembly lies perpendicular to a symmetry axis of a crystalline substrate. Theoretical predictions agree with experiments for both hemi-cylindrical micelles and protein fibrils adsorbed on graphite.
A Comparison of Urge Intensity and the Probability of Tic Completion During Tic Freely and Tic Suppression Conditions

Tic-suppression-based treatments (TSBTs) represent a safe and effective treatment option for Chronic Tic Disorders (CTDs). Prior research has demonstrated that treatment naive youths with CTDs have the capacity to safely and effectively suppress tics for prolonged periods. It remains unclear how tic suppression is achieved. The current study principally examines how effective suppression is achieved and preliminary correlates of the ability to suppress tics. Twelve youths, ages 10 to 17 years, with moderate-to-marked CTDs participated in an alternating sequence of tic freely and reinforced tic suppression conditions during which urge intensity and tic frequency were frequently assessed. Probability of tics occurring was half as likely following high-intensity urges during tic suppression (31%) in contrast to low-intensity urges during tic freely conditions (60%). Age was not associated with ability to suppress. Intelligence indices were associated with or trended toward greater ability to suppress tics. A...
Refractive index of Irtran 6 (hot-pressed cadmium telluride) as a function of wavelength and temperature

A sample of Irtran 6 (hot-pressed, microcrystalline compacted cadmium telluride) was formed into a prism. The refractive index was measured by a modification of the minimum-deviation technique that allows the orientation of the prism to remain fixed throughout an entire set of measurements. Thus, refractive-index differences can be measured rapidly under quasi-equilibrium conditions, while the temperature of the sample is being slowly varied through the desired temperature range. Accuracies of about one part in the fourth decimal place are obtained with this technique. The sample was mounted in a Dewar flask and its index of refraction was measured as a function of wavelength, from 2 to 30 μm, at two fixed temperatures. It was also measured as a function of temperature, from 80 to 300 K, at several fixed wavelengths. Results in the form of refractive index versus temperature and wavelength are presented, as well as values of dn/dT as a function of wavelength and temperature.
The Ideal Type of Authority in the United States and Germany

Using affect control theory, an ideal type of authority is developed from the literature identifying three dimensions of meaning. This ideal type is then used to compare U.S. and German subjects. Because their power is legitimated by cultural rules, authorities are positively evaluated despite their ability to coerce. Because it is understood, authorities need not engage in expressive action to demonstrate their power. The affective meaning of role identities reflects their structural meaning, such as authority. Role identities, rated on three-dimensional semantic differential scales of affective meaning, are classified using a K-means clustering algorithm to empirically generate clusters of structural meaning. The cluster discussed here corresponds to the ideal typical authority category of potent, positively evaluated, and not expressive role identities. In the two studies reported here involving more than 1,700 U.S. and German subjects, I find a high degree of cross-cultural agreement on what is classi...
Interconnect layout optimization under higher order RLC model for MCM designs

In this paper, we study the interconnect layout optimization problem under a higher order resistance-inductance-capacitance model to optimize not only delay, but also waveform for interconnects with nonmonotone signal response in the context of multichip-module global routing. We propose a unified approach that considers topology optimization and waveform optimization simultaneously. Using a new incremental moment-computation algorithm, we interleave topology construction with moment computation to facilitate accurate delay calculation and evaluation of waveform quality. Our algorithm considers a large class of routing topologies, ranging from shortest path Steiner trees to bounded-radius Steiner trees and Steiner routings. We construct a set of required arrival-time Steiner (RATS) trees, providing smooth tradeoffs among signal delay, waveform, and routing area. When combined with the MINOTAUR MCM global router (Cong and Madden, 1998), (Madden, 1998) that we have developed, the RATS-tree solutions prove to be effective in reducing overall routing congestion.
Coronavirus MHV-A59 Causes Upregulation of Interferon-ß RNA in Primary Glial Cell Cultures

Infection of mice with Coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain MHV-A59 causes focal acute encephalitis, hepatitis and chronic demyelinating disease. To investigate host in-terferon (IFN) response to viral infection within the brain, RNA was extracted from A59-or MHV-2- infected and mock-infected primary astrocyte cultures from newborn mice, RT-PCR amplified RNA with primers specific for the various IFNs, transferred to nylon membranes and hybridized with IFN specific digoxigenin-labeled probes. Infection of primary astrocyte cultures from newborn mice with either A59 or MHV-2 caused upregulation of IFN-s RNA, but not IFN-γ or IFN-α. Thus, brain astrocytes are capable of producing a local IFN-s response upon infection with MHV. The response of the other IFNs following MHV infection may be derived from inflammatory cells.
Barely or fairly balancing drug risks? Content and format effects in direct‐to‐consumer online prescription drug promotions

A critical requirement of direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug promotion on the Internet is the concept of fair balance. This means that prescription drug Web sites should provide an accurate, balanced portrayal of the risks relative to the benefits of using prescription medications. However, one of the most pervasive findings in consumer research is that risk perceptions are often not aligned with the actual risk a consumer faces. This study examines the impact of certain presentation formats and types of risk information provided on a pharmaceutical Web site and the effect on consumers’ perceptions of risk and fair balance. We find evidence of a bias of omission; that is, the risks of treating a health condition using a hypothetical prescription drug were perceived to be greater than the risk of
Supply chain integration via information technology: strategic implications and future trends

Efficient utilisation of information technology is an essential component of a successful supply chain management strategy. Two typical supply chain technologies are automatic identification and data capture, and the electronic transfer of information via electronic data interchange and/or internet collaboration. Examples of their applications are abundant in the literature. However, the strategic aspects of their selection and implementation have for the most part been neglected until recently, and much of the literature fails to address the human and process factors involved in deploying this technology. This paper presents a model for the strategic implementation of information technology in supply chain management based on an analysis of the long-term impact of these two technologies, along with relevant considerations concerning their execution. Discussion of their future in the light of possible technological developments is also included.
Laying the foundation for co‐cultural communication theory: An inductive approach to studying “non‐dominant” communication strategies and the factors that influence them

Drawing from Kramarae's muted group theory, this paper employs a phenomenological framework to explore the communication strategies that “non‐dominant” group members use when interacting within dominant society. Lived experiences were collected from twenty‐seven diverse co‐researchers via fourteen in‐depth interviews and four focus groups. From this capta, twelve communication strategies that co‐cultural group members use when communicating with dominant group members are identified and described: avoidance, idealized communication, mirroring, respectful communication, self‐censorship, extensive preparation, countering stereotypes, manipulating stereotypes, self‐assured communication, increased visibility, utilization of liaisons, and confrontational tactics. The revelatory phrase, “Because it was their world,” emerged to capture the essence of these strategies. Possible theoretical conceptualizations and implications for future research are presented and discussed.
Team Consultation Following an Athlete’s Suicide: A Crisis Intervention Model

This article presents a three-phase model that can guide sport psychologists assisting in crisis intervention with athletes in the weeks following a major trauma. The model employs a systems theory framework within which therapeutic tasks that facilitate recovery from trauma are offered. The unique role of the sport psychologist in post-traumatic care of athletes is discussed. The model’s utility is illustrated via retrospective application to the author’s work with a team that experienced the suicide of one of its veteran members.
The Civil Commitment of State Dependent Minors: Resonating Discourses that Leave Her Heterosexuality and His Homosexuality Vulnerable to Scrutiny

The courts are unlikely to serve as watchdogs of qualified mental health evaluators' vast discretionary powers when mental health evaluators' recommendations for the involuntary civil commitment of state-dependent minors complement a state's judicially recognized interests in promoting heterosexual behavior among state-dependent minors while controlling state-dependent girls' heightened heterosexual behaviors. The contemporary resonance between the courts' and the mental health community's discourses on adolescent sex facilitates the civil commitment of state-dependent heterosexual girls and nonheterosexual boys, solely on the basis of their sexual behaviors. This powerful resonance threatens the personal autonomy of healthy state-dependent heterosexual girls and nonheterosexual boys. Morey proposes that qualified evaluators should be required to express in writing how the adolescent's behavior is a direct symptom of an emotional disturbance from past sexual abuse before qualified evaluators can recommend adolescent wards of the state to psychiatric wards for sexualized behaviors. Otherwise, qualified evaluators' ability to rely on gender-based stereotypes of what constitutes appropriate or risky sexual behavior among state-dependent minors will remain largely unchecked. Morey recommends that the contemporary American legal community dedicate further research to the resonance between the courts' and mental health community's discourses on state-dependent minors' sexual behaviors. Legal advocates should research the civil commitment process of state-dependent minors in their states, question the local mental health community's focus on these minors' sexual behaviors, and examine the appropriateness of the courts' role as watchdog of the mental health community's discretionary power.
The Biosynthesis of Riboflavin

Publisher Summary Riboflavin is formed by plants and a large number of microorganisms. Some of the latter produce the vitamin in unusually large amounts. Studies on the mechanism of biosynthesis of flavins were initiated by the observations that the pyrimidine and pyrazine portions of riboflavin are derived from purine precursors. The incorporation of radioactive formate, glycine, and CO2 occur in analogous positions into purines, riboflavin, and pteridines. The chapter discusses the formation of riboflavin from 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. It also discusses the isolation and chemical synthesis of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and derivatives. The chapter shows how the 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine acts as a precursor of riboflavin. The stoichiometry of the riboflavin synthetase reaction and the substrate specificity of the riboflavin synthetase reaction are also discussed. The purification process and certain properties of riboflavin synthetase are also discussed.
Orthopaedic defects in familial dysautonomia. A review of sixty-five cases.

Familial dysautonomia is a rare autosomal disorder of the central nervous system characterized by many abnormalities, several of which are important to the orthopaedic surgeon. Sixty-five patients, thirty-seven girls and twenty-eight boys, with this disease were evaluated orthopaedically either by direct contact, questionnaire, or examination of records. The patients ranged in age from nine months to twenty-nine years. The orthopaedic features specifically studied were scoliosis (thirty-nine patients), fractures (nineteen patients), and osteochondritis, in varying sites, in six patients.
Terrorism and the Public: Gender, Public Opinion, and Voting Behavior

In the early part of 2004, it looked as if the Right in Spain, the Popular Party (Partido Popular (PP)), was poised to easily win reelection in the Spanish national election, with public opinion polls showing a six-point margin over the moderate-left Spanish Socialist Worker’s Party (PSOE). Prime Minister Aznar, leader of the PP, was in part popular with Spanish voters because of his crackdown on ETA and banning of the political wing of ETA, Batasuna. This all changed 3 days before the election on March 11th when the country was turned on its head with the largest terrorist attack in its history, the Madrid train bombings, which killed over 190 people and wounded more than 1800. Public opinion, directly influenced by the attack, quickly turned as Spaniards changed tack and rallied behind Socialist Party leader Zapatero, who had run on a platform to remove Spanish troops from Iraq. Though Prime Minister Aznar originally blamed the attack on ETA, the world quickly learned that the attack had been the work of Al Qaeda who stated they targeted the Spanish capital because of Spanish involvement in the Iraq War. The Spanish public, already war-weary and in favor of troop removal from Iraq, threw support behind the candidate who had run on a platform of removing Spanish troops from the Iraq War. Zapetero and the Socialists handily won the election with a five-percentage point win over the PP, which marked an 11-point swing in 3 days.