cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of the anticomplement Coombs test to the classes of immunoglobulins.

Summary The agglutination in saline and the enhancement by anti-IgG and anti-C′ Coombs sera of human blood-group antibodies fractionated by density-gradient ultracentrifugation and anion-exchange chromatography, as well as the effect of 0.1M penicillamine on these fractions, have been studied. All of the IgM antibodies agglutinated cells after exposure to C′ and anti-C′ but not after exposure to anti-IgG Coombs serum. All IgG antibodies were strongly agglutinated by anti-IgG, and some (including two unusual anti-Rh sera) were also agglutinated by anti-C′ after exposure to C′. A complement-fixing IgG Donath-Landsteiner antibody was found to be capable of attaching to erythrocytes in the cold in the absence of complement. If complement has been fixed, the antibody can be subsequently eluted by warming without affecting the attachment of β1c-globulin. No enhancement of IgM antibody titers could be produced by anti-IgM Coombs sera unless the Coombs sera also contained anti-C′. An unidentified anti-A antibody, approximately 7S, agglutinated more strongly with anti-C′ than with anti-IgG Coombs serum. The fixation of complement by anti-blood-group antibodies depends on both immunoglobulin class and nature of the antigen. The number and proximity of antigenic sites on the erythrocyte is probably one major factor in determining whether a given IgG antibody can fix complement.
Effect of antihypertensive agents on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

People with hypertension have a high prevalence of insulin resistance and are at relatively high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is becoming increasingly evident that antihypertensive agents have disparate metabolic effects. For example, recent clinical trials indicate that agents that interrupt the renin-angiotensin axis reduce the risk of developing diabetes compared with other classes of antihypertensive agents. Blockade of the effects of angiotensin II might improve blood flow to insulin-sensitive tissues. Furthermore, interruption of the renin-angiotensin system might provide metabolic benefit through such mechanisms as reduced oxidative stress and restored nitric oxide production, which could lead to improved insulin signaling. Alternatively, collective trials suggest that both diuretics and β-blockers accelerate the appearance of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with hypertension. Therefore, the risk of new-onset diabetes-associated cardiovascular risks should be factored into future treatment recommendations for patients who require antihypertensive therapy. This will become even more important as the number of insulin-resistant patients with hypertension increases in parallel with the steady growth in the number of sedentary, obese, and aged persons in our population.
The Martyr Death as Sacrifice: Prudentius, Peristephanon 4. 9-721

Dans le Peristephanon 4, Prudence donne toute son expression a sa conception de la signification soteriologique de la mort des martyrs. En prenant pour exemple, l'ensemble de l'histoire de l'Eglise de Caesaraugusta, il attribue la conversion de toute la cite et son salut ultime le jour du Jugement Dernier a l'efficacite du sacrifice des martyrs. Le martyre apparait alors comme un sacrifice qui offre la redemption et purifie toute une communaute. Ainsi Prudence reprend une idee qui avait ete formulee par Origene
Nuclear CD40 interacts with c-Rel and enhances proliferation in aggressive B-cell lymphoma

CD40 is an integral plasma membrane-associated member of the TNF receptor family that has recently been shown to also reside in the nucleus of both normal B cells and large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) cells. However, the physiological function of CD40 in the B-cell nucleus has not been examined. In this study, we demonstrate that nuclear CD40 interacts with the NF-kappaB protein c-Rel, but not p65, in LBCL cells. Nuclear CD40 forms complexes with c-Rel on the promoters of NF-kappaB target genes, CD154, BLyS/BAFF, and Bfl-1/A1, in various LBCL cell lines. Wild-type CD40, but not NLS-mutated CD40, further enhances c-Rel-mediated Blys promoter activation as well as proliferation in LBCL cells. Studies in normal B cells and LBCL patient cells further support a nuclear transcriptional function for CD40 and c-Rel. Cooperation between nuclear CD40 and c-Rel appears to be important in regulating cell growth and survival genes involved in lymphoma cell proliferation and survival mechanisms. Modulating the nuclear function of CD40 and c-Rel could reveal new mechanisms in LBCL pathophysiology and provide potential new targets for lymphoma therapy.
Use of Demographic and Quantitative Admissions Data to Predict Academic Difficulty Among Professional Physical Therapist Students

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether admissions data could be used to estimate physical therapist students' risk for academic difficulty. Subjects: A nationally representative sample of 20 physical therapist education programs provided data on 3,582 students. Methods: Programs provided data regarding student demographic characteristics, undergraduate grade point average (uGPA), quantitative and verbal Graduate Record Examination scores (qGRE, vGRE), and academic difficulty. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Rules for predicting risk of academic difficulty were developed. Results: A prediction rule that included uGPA, vGRE, qGRE, age, and race or ethnicity was developed from the entire sample. Prediction rules for individual programs showed large variation. Discussion and Conclusion: Undergraduate grade point average, GRE scores, age, and race or ethnicity can be useful for estimating student academic risk. Programs should calculate their own estimates of student risk. Academic programs should use risk estimates in combination with other data to recruit, admit, and retain students.
Trophic and Modulating Factors for Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons

Trophic factors have attracted considerable interest as potential therapy in reversing the process of cell death in Alzheimer’s disease (Appel, 1981; Hefti et al., 1989). The usefulness of trophic factors in understanding naturally occurring cell death has led to the notion that these freely-diffusible, target-derived proteins can exert a trans-synaptic, retrograde [genomic] effect on the survival of innervating neurons. This definition, however, excludes effects on neuronal differentiation and function which may be clearly as important to the ultimate formation of neuronal networks as is neuronal survival. Expanding the definition by these criteria however, still excludes molecules which are non-peptidic, non-diffusible, do not bind to receptors on the innervating neuron and are produced by cells other than the neuronal target. Experimental evidence shows that the action of such molecules are often comparable and additive to those of a more “classic” trophic peptide.
Minimum energy scheduling in multi-hop wireless networks with retransmissions

MaxWeight algorithm, a.k.a., back-pressure algorithm [1]-[4], has received much attention as a viable solution for dynamic link scheduling in multi-hop wireless networks. The basic principle of the MaxWeight algorithm is to select a set of interference-free links with the maximum overall link weights in the network, where the link weight is determined by the queue difference between the transmitter and the receiver. While the throughput-optimality of the MaxWeight algorithm is well understood in the literature, the energy consumption induced by the MaxWeight algorithm is less studied, which is of great interest in energy-constrained wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a minimum energy scheduling (MES) algorithm for multi-hop wireless networks with stochastic traffic arrivals and time-varying channel conditions. We show that our algorithm is energy optimal in the sense that the proposed MES algorithm can achieve an energy consumption which is arbitrarily close to the global minimum solution. Moreover, the energy efficiency of the MES algorithm is achieved without losing the throughput-optimality. In other words, the proposed MES algorithm is still throughput optimal whereas the average consumed energy in the network is significantly reduced, as compared to the traditional MaxWeight algorithm. The theoretical results are substantiated via simulations.
Integer programming based topology selection of cell-level analog circuits

A new approach to cell-level analog circuit synthesis is presented. This approach formulates analog synthesis as a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem in order to allow simultaneous topology and parameter selection. Topology choices are represented as binary integer variables and design parameters (e.g., device sizes and bias voltages) as continuous variables. Examples using a Branch and Bound method to efficiently solve the MINLP problem for CMOS two-stage op amps are given. >
Psychiatry and the Oldest Old

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the assessment and management of psychiatric problems among the oldest old. METHOD: The author reviewed the English-language literature pertinent to the characteristics of people 85 years old or older and the assessment and management of psychiatric disorders in this age group with a special focus on depression in the oldest old. RESULTS: Much of the current literature in geriatric psychiatry ignores the oldest old, focusing instead on the treatment of specific psychiatric disorders with unimodal or bimodal therapies. In contrast, geriatric medicine has focused on geriatric syndromes, functional status, comprehensive geriatric assessment, and multimodal intervention. The author describes an approach to treating the oldest old that incorporates depression as an example. This approach is based on the philosophy that has worked well in geriatric medicine but has been increasingly abandoned by psychiatry over recent years. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive, interdisciplinary assessmen...
Adaptive parameter collection in dynamic distributed environments

Cost-effectively collecting distributed state information is a challenging problem. There is perhaps no single perfect solution since different distributed application environments pose different requirements from the information collection process. Knowledge of the environment, in terms of traffic conditions, load models etc., plays a key role in determining tradeoffs between accuracy (needed to ensure quality-of-service requirements) and cost-effectiveness. We develop an adaptive information collection algorithm that utilizes network traffic knowledge characterized using a time series model. The algorithm utilizes an information collection architecture consisting of a directory service integrated into the middleware layer with monitoring modules distributed across the network. The cost-effectiveness of the proposed information collection algorithm proposed is verified in simulations over diverse network traffic patterns, i.e. Internet WAN (TCP), MPEG (multimedia) and Web access traffic traces. Our results show that the proposed adaptive information collection algorithm compensates for inaccuracies in network traffic predictions in a cost-effective manner.
Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy, 1939 to the Present – By Javier Tusell

The history of Spain from 1939 to the present begins with what this author calls a crucial break in historical continuity and passes through yet another break point, in the early 1980s, when the ne...
The Staphylococcus aureus SrrAB Two-Component System Promotes Resistance to Nitrosative Stress and Hypoxia

Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal and a pathogen of the human host. Survival in the host environment requires resistance to host-derived nitric oxide (NO·). However, S. aureus lacks the NO·-sensing transcriptional regulator NsrR that is used by many bacteria to sense and respond to NO·. In this study, we show that S. aureus is able to sense and respond to both NO· and hypoxia by means of the SrrAB two-component system (TCS). Analysis of the S. aureus transcriptome during nitrosative stress demonstrates the expression of SrrAB-dependent genes required for cytochrome biosynthesis and assembly (qoxABCD, cydAB, hemABCX), anaerobic metabolism (pflAB, adhE, nrdDG), iron-sulfur cluster repair (scdA), and NO· detoxification (hmp). Targeted mutations in SrrAB-regulated loci show that hmp and qoxABCD are required for NO· resistance, whereas nrdDG is specifically required for anaerobic growth. We also show that SrrAB is required for survival in static biofilms, most likely due to oxygen limitation. Activation by hypoxia, NO·, or a qoxABCD quinol oxidase mutation suggests that the SrrAB TCS senses impaired electron flow in the electron transport chain rather than directly interacting with NO· in the manner of NsrR. Nevertheless, like NsrR, SrrAB achieves the physiological goals of selectively expressing hmp in the presence of NO· and minimizing the potential for Fenton chemistry. Activation of the SrrAB regulon allows S. aureus to maintain energy production and essential biosynthetic processes, repair damage, and detoxify NO· in diverse host environments. Importance The Hmp flavohemoglobin is required for nitric oxide resistance and is widely distributed in bacteria. Hmp expression must be tightly regulated, because expression under aerobic conditions in the absence of nitric oxide can exacerbate oxidative stress. In most organisms, hmp expression is controlled by the Fe-S cluster-containing repressor NsrR, but this transcriptional regulator is absent in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We show here that S. aureus achieves hmp regulation in response to nitric oxide and oxygen limitation by placing it under the control of the SrrAB two-component system, which senses reduced electron flow through the respiratory chain. This provides a striking example of convergent evolution, in which the common physiological goals of responding to nitrosative stress while minimizing Fenton chemistry are achieved by distinct regulatory mechanisms.
Structural characterization and comparison of switchgrass ball-milled lignin before and after dilute acid pretreatment.

To reduce the recalcitrance and enhance enzymatic activity, dilute H2SO4 pretreatment was carried out on Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Ball-milled lignin was isolated from switchgrass before and after pretreatment. Its structure was characterized by 13C, HSQC, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. It was confirmed that ball-milled switchgrass lignin is of HGS type with a considerable amount of p-coumarate and felurate esters of lignin. The major ball-milled lignin interunit was the β-O-4 linkage, and a minor amount of phenylcoumarin, resinol, and spirodienone units were also present. As a result of the acid pretreatment, there was 36% decrease of β-O-4 linkage observed. In addition to these changes, the S/G ratio decreases from 0.80 to 0.53.
The energy trade-off between growth and longevity

A B S T R A C T Understanding the trade-offs between organisms’ life history traits has been a major goal of physiology, ecology and evolution. In the last few decades, two types of intra-specific studies have highlighted the trade-off between growth and longevity. First, diet restriction (DR), as an environmental intervention, has been shown to suppress growth and extend the lifespan of a broad range of animals. Second, genetic studies have also shown that mice, whose growth hormone function is genetically modified (GM), grow slower and live longer than their wild-type siblings. Despite a wealth of empirical data, still largely missing is a theoretical framework that specifies and makes quantitative predictions on this trade-off. Here, I present a mechanistic model based on the principles of energy conservation. The model quantifies explicitly how DR and GM alter the animal’s energy budget, and channel metabolic energy to somatic maintenance by suppressing growth, thereby extending lifespan. Data from a diverse set of empirical studies on small rodents supports the predictions of the model. More importantly, the model reveals that although DR and GM are two different methods to extend lifespan, i.e., environmental vs. genetic, the underlying mechanisms of them are the same from the energetic viewpoint.
Mental Causation is Not Just Downward Causation

According to a popular model of mental causation, an irreducible mental cause M1 brings about an irreducible mental effect M2 by bringing about M2's supervenience base (ground, realizer, etc.), P2. Call this ‘the Downward Causation View’. This paper raises doubts about the Downward Causation View on grounds that M1 does not cause M2 immediately and there is no causal chain from M1 to M2. Prima facie, then, M1 does not cause M2 on this view. But a theory of mental causation ought to account for how some mental phenomena cause other mental phenomena; so rival theories are to be preferred. After setting out the problem, I consider replies; all fail.1
Progesterone and Estrogen Control of Uterine Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity during Deciduomal Growth

Uterine glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (n-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) was determined in implantation sites during early pregnancy and in deciduomal and myometrial tissues during the growth and regression of the deciduoma during pseudopregnancy. The hormonal control of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity in these tissues was determined in further experiments with ovariectomized pseudopregnant rats. Clucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity was greater in implantation sites than in uterine segments not involved in implantation. In pseudopregnant rats, deciduomal enzyme activity increased during the growth of the deciduoma and decreased during its regression. Enzyme activity in the myometrium remained low during the growth of the deciduoma and then increased. In ovariectomized pseudopregnant rats, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity in the deciduoma and myometrium responded differently to each of the ovarian hormones. Deciduomal enzyme activity increased after progesterone treatment, and myometrial enzyme activity increased after estrogen treatment. Both increases in enzyme activity were inhibited by the administration of cycloheximide. Estrogen potentiated the effect of progesterone on glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity in the deciduoma, but progesterone suppressed the effects of estrogen on the myometrium.
Allergen exposure and the development of asthma.

Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: a cohort study. Multicentre Allergy Study Group S Lau, S Illi, C Sommerfeld, B Niggemann, R Bergmann, E von Mutius, U Wahn Background: In a prospective birth cohort study, we assessed the relevance of mite and cat allergen exposure for the development of childhood asthma up to age 7 years. Methods: Of 1314 newborn infants enrolled in five German cities in 1990, follow-up data at age 7 years were available for 939 children. Assessments included repeated measurement of specific IgE to food and inhalant allergens, measurement of indoor allergen exposure at 6 months, 18 months, and 3 years of age, and yearly interviews by a paediatrician. At age 7 years, pulmonary function was tested and bronchial hyperresponsiveness was measured in 645 children. Findings: At age 7, the prevalence of wheezing in the past 12 months was 10.0% (94 of 938), and 6.1% (57 of 939) parents reported a doctor's diagnosis of asthma in their children. Sensitisation to indoor allergens was associated with asthma, wheeze, and increased bronchial responsiveness. However, no relation between early indoor allergen exposure and the prevalence of asthma, wheeze, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness was seen. Interpretation: Our data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to environmental allergens causes asthma in childhood, but rather that the induction of specific IgE responses and the development of childhood asthma are determined by independent factors. ( Lancet 2000;356:1392–7) In the decade since we last reviewed the literature and presented the case that allergen exposure was the principal cause of childhood asthma,1 the issue has continued to raise controversy and considerable interest. The introductory article2 is one of a number of prospective birth cohort studies started at that time to address the role of early life exposure to …
Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study

This article summarizes the major findings of a longitudinal study that traced the developmental paths of a multiracial cohort of children who had been exposed to perinatal stress, chronic poverty, and a family environment troubled by chronic discord and parental psychopathology. Individuals are members of the Kauai Longitudinal Study, which followed all children born in 1955 on a Hawaiian island from the perinatal period to ages 1, 2, 10, 18, and 32 years. Several clusters of protective factors and processes were identified that enabled most of these high-risk individuals to become competent and caring adults. Implications of the findings for developmental theory and social action programs are discussed, and issues for future research are identified.
Online appearance learning by template prediction

A new object tracking framework with online appearance learning ability is proposed in this paper. The object appearances are modeled as a set of probability mass functions (PMF), defined as "object-model-set". The averaged object appearance in the video is also modeled as a PMF, named as "universal model". Given an initial template of the target object, which is the only element in the initial object-model-set, the framework tries to track the object by looking into the whole input video sequence. The dynamic programming (DP) is applied to achieve a best spatial-scale matching between the observations and the current model set, across the whole input video. The object-model-set is iteratively updated if the prediction of the matched image patch using current object-model-set is less than its prior computed using universal model. The PMFs of such matched image patches are added into the object-model-set. Thus the object appearance, which is modeled as the set of PMFs of typical views, is learned online. The tracking results can be further refined given the updated object-model-set. This make the proposed tracking framework robust to the appearance variation caused by 3D motion, partial occlusion and illumination. Also, the learned typical views facilitate other vision tasks such as recognition or 3D reconstruction. Tracking results and the learned typical view on the challenging video sequence experimentally show the robustness and strong online learning ability of the proposed frame work.
Ketene Diethyl Acetal

[2678-54-8] C6H12O2 (MW 116.18) InChI = 1S/C6H12O2/c1-4-7-6(3)8-5-2/h3-5H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = VTGIVYVOVVQLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions; thermal and photochemical [2 + 2] cycloadditions; naphthoquinone and anthraquinone synthesis; Paterno–Buchi photocycloadditions) Physical Data: bp 68 °C/100 mmHg, 84–86 °C/200 mmHg. 1.4411. Solubility: sol THF, ether, benzene; decomposes in water, ethanol. Form Supplied in: liquid, not commercially available. Preparative Method: reaction of 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane with potassium t-butoxide in t-butanol;1reaction of 2-methoxyethanol with sodium metal and vinylidene chloride in p-xylene.29 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: storage at 0 °C in an alkaline glass bottle dusted with potassium t-butoxide is recommended.
Simultaneous Depth and Area Minimization in LUT-based FPGA Mapping

In this paper, we present an improvement of the FlowMap algorithm, named CutMap, which combines depth and area minimization during the mapping process by computing min-cost min-height K-feasible cuts for critical nodes for depth minimization and computing min-cost K-feasible cuts for non-critical nodes for area minimization. CutMap guarantees depth-optimal mapping solutions in polynomial time as the FlowMap algorithm but uses considerably fewer K-Luts. We have implemented CutMap and tested it on the MCNC logic synthesis benchmarks. For depth-optimal mapping solutions, CutMap uses 15% fewer K-LUTs than FlowMap. We also tested CutMap followed by the depth relaxation routines in FlowMap_r algorithm, which achieves area minimization by depth relaxation. CutMap followed FlowMap_r performs better than FlowMap_r.
Reproduction by Individuals of a Nonreproducing Population of Megalonaias nervosa (Mollusca: Unionidae) Following Translocation

Abstract Reproduction of Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque, 1820) has not been documented for over 20 y in much of the Cumberland River, where water temperatures have decreased and flow regimes have been greatly altered by hypolimnetic discharges from impoundments. Studies in other streams have implicated low temperatures or changes in discharge patterns as causative factors inhibiting reproduction. Megalonaias nervosa were collected from the Cumberland River, translocated to the Tennessee River, and held in an embayment of Kentucky Lake. After the first and second y, samples of M. nervosa were taken from the Cumberland River, an existing population in Kentucky Lake, and the translocated group. Histological examination indicated that translocated mussels had a high incidence of hermaphroditism, and like mussels originating in Kentucky Lake, had undergone an otherwise normal reproductive development. Individuals functioning successfully as females from the translocated group had mature glochidia in their mar...
Role of Soil Depletion in Land Valuation

WV 7E READ with considerable interest Donald B. Ibach's article in the May, 1940, issue of the JOURNAL on The Role of Soil Depletion in Land Valuation. Thought on the subject of valuation of land under conditions of declining productivity is long overdue. As Ibach and others point out, the formula V=a/r+i/r2 will give the present value of land for an infinite series of increments in rent, but, as is well known, this formula has an absurd solution under conditions of declining return to land. The article developed a formula to take care of the situation faced by many parts of the country where soil depleting crops must continue to take their toll of fertility and where that toll is at least partially predictable. In developing the idea and the formula, however, we believe that Ibach would have made a greater contribution through (a) indicating how his law of diminishing rents works, and (b) presenting a summary formula instead of an unsummed series. We were able to discover his law of diminishing rents only by the empirical method of cut and try. The law is pointed out below. This problem presented by Ibach has a simple mathematical solution, as will be shown, and hence there was no need for the author to add laboriously all thirty-one terms of the series which he wrote on page 468. His series grows more complex and cumbersome as each term is added. Should the series contain 100 or 200 terms, as well might be the case where depletion is less rapid than in his Putnam Silt Loam illustration, the work would become heavy to say the least. We offer a more general treatment than that given by Ibach in that the decline in land rent need not reach zero but may have a transfer rent to some other use which arrests the decline in annual
Addressing the burden of gun violence

Gun violence in the U.S. is a significant public health burden, accounting for over 30,000 deaths and a estimated 73,000 injuries each year. Like other disease burdens with complex interactions between the host (individuals), agents (firearms) and the environment, epidemiological principles can identify patterns in the determinants and distribution of firearm injuries to develop, implement and evaluate evidence-based interventions (programs, policies, technologies). The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) was formed in 2002 with funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to link information on violent deaths from medical examiners to data on circumstances and weapons from law enforcement and crime laboratories. Involvement of forensic pathologists, medical examiners and coroners is critically important for a complete National Violent Death Reporting System and vital for the systematic collection, analysis, and dissemination of data on all violent deaths in the United States. Language: en
Evaluation of graphene and graphene derivatives for RF-impedance based sensing

Graphene and its derivatives have attracted much attention for potential applications in biological sensing systems because of their unique 2D structural, surface and electronic properties. Reports on graphene - based electrochemical impedance biosensors are emerging rapidly. In this research, we have explored the RF (radio frequency) impedance –based sensing feasibility of graphene and graphene derivative materials on the coplanar waveguide (CPW) device. The transmission line based sensing experiments demonstrated clear and significant blueshifts of resonance frequencies and decrease of the resistance at and beyond resonance frequencies after graphene oxide is absorbed with DNA. The results may lead to an alternative approach in developing graphene based chemical and biosensors.
PO-0980 Stigma And Parental Help-seeking For Child Behaviour Problems: Comparison Between Urban African American And Rural European American Parents In The United States

Objective Significant numbers of U. S. children have diagnosable mental health problems, but only a small proportion of them receive appropriate services. The current study aims to understand factors, including stigma, associated with parents’ help-seeking behaviour related to child behaviour problems and to determine if there are cultural differences in those factors. Method Participants were the parents and/or legal guardians of children ages 3–8 years recruited from primary care settings in 2 locations within the U. S. One group was Caucasian (n = 128) from a rural area and one group was African American (n = 101) from an urban location. Variables included child behaviour, stigma (self, friends/family, and public), object of stigma (parent or child), obstacles for engagement, intention to attend parenting classes, sources of and preferences for parenting advice, and demographics. Results Parents perceive stigma associated with child behaviour problems and there were differences between the groups on the types of stigma, the object of the stigma, and the relationships to help-seeking. Group differences were also found regarding the sources of and preferences for parenting advice. Conclusions Parent stigma should be considered in the design of care models to ensure that children receive appropriate and timely preventative and treatment services for behavioural/mental health problems.
Surveillance of contamination by Listeria monocytogenes in food in Zhoushan

Objective:To investigate the contamination of Lm in food in Zhoushan to provide scientific basis for detection of food poisoning.Methods:156 samples of food such as cold food,raw meat etc.were collected in markets,restaurants and hotels,from which Lm isolated by GB/T 4789.30-2008.Results:21 strains were isolated and positive rate was 13.46%.The positive rate in raw fowl was the highest(55.56%),which was followed by raw livestock(27.78%).The positive rate in cooked meat and vegetables was 6.67% and 5%,respectively.No strains were isolated from bean curd.Conclusion:Lm pollution occurrs more or less in food in Zhoushan,and the contamination is most serious in raw meat.Close attention should be paid to it.
Human Cytomegalovirus pUL93 Links Nucleocapsid Maturation and Nuclear Egress

UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pUL93 and pUL77 are both essential for virus growth, but their functions in the virus life cycle remain mostly unresolved. Homologs of pUL93 and pUL77 in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are known to interact to form a complex at capsid vertices known as the capsid vertex-specific component (CVSC), which likely stabilizes nucleocapsids during virus maturation and also aids in nuclear egress. In herpesviruses, nucleocapsids assemble and partially mature in nuclear replication compartments and then travel to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) for nuclear egress. The factors governing the recruitment of nucleocapsids to the INM are not known. Kinetic analysis of pUL93 demonstrates that this protein is expressed late during infection and localizes primarily to the nucleus of infected cells. pUL93 associates with both virions and capsids and interacts with the components of the nuclear egress complex (NEC), namely, pUL50, pUL53, and pUL97, during infection. Also, multiple regions in pUL93 can independently interact with pUL77, which has been shown to help retain viral DNA during capsid assembly. These studies, combined with our earlier report of an essential role of pUL93 in viral DNA packaging, indicate that pUL93 serves as an important link between nucleocapsid maturation and nuclear egress. IMPORTANCE HCMV causes life-threatening disease and disability in immunocompromised patients and congenitally infected newborns. In this study, we investigated the functions of HCMV essential tegument protein pUL93 and determined that it interacts with the components of the nuclear egress complex, namely, pUL50, pUL53, and pUL97. We also found that pUL93 specifically interacts with pUL77, which helps retain viral DNA during capsid assembly. Together, our data point toward an important role of pUL93 in linking virus maturation to nuclear egress. In addition to expanding our knowledge of the process of HCMV maturation, information from these studies will also be utilized to develop new antiviral therapies.
Metaphor and V. : Metaphysics in the Mirror

Thomas pynchon's V. is, among other things, a lament over the separation of the physical from the metaphysical in modern existence. To use D. H. Lawrence's terms from Studies in Classic American Literature, V. is a parodic narrative about those "post-mortem effects" which follow Moby-Dick, such as the "ghoulish" quality evident in Whitman's poetry.
Performance, Memory, and Processions in Ancient Rome: The Pompa Circensis from the Late Republic to Late Antiquity

The pompa circensis, the procession which preceded the chariot races in the arena, was both a prominent political pageant and a hallowed religious ritual. Traversing a landscape of memory, the procession wove together spaces and institutions, monuments and performers, gods and humans into an image of the city, whose contours shifted as Rome changed. In the late Republic, the parade produced an image of Rome as the senate and the people with their gods - a deeply traditional symbol of the city which was transformed during the empire when an imperial image was built on top of the republican one. In late antiquity, the procession fashioned a multiplicity of Romes: imperial, traditional, and Christian. In this book, Jacob A. Latham explores the webs of symbolic meanings in the play between performance and itinerary, tracing the transformations of the circus procession from the late Republic to late antiquity.
Abbreviated Steady State Intervals for Measuring Resting Energy Expenditure in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND Indirect calorimetry requires a steady state (SS) protocol to determine measured resting energy expenditure (mREE). Achieving stringent criteria for an SS interval may be difficult for patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), as they may become uncomfortable because of the test itself or their health status. The study aim was to explore if a shortened SS interval was within acceptable limits for bias and precision. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this cross-sectional secondary analysis, adults (N = 125) who received MHD thrice weekly were enrolled. The indirect calorimetry test was performed for a length of total time ≤30 consecutive minutes. SS was evaluated in accordance with intervals of 10, 5, 4, 3, and 2 minutes. The mREE at the 10-minute SS was compared with the mREE at 5, 4, 3, and 2 minutes, via t tests and Bland-Altman analysis, to determine degree of bias and level of agreement. The a priori alpha level was set at ≤0.5. RESULTS The sample was primarily male, African American, and non-Hispanic, with a mean ± SD age of 55.4 ± 12.2 years, who reported being on MHD for an average of 62.4 ± 74.3 months. None of the mREE measures were significantly different from that of the 10-minute SS interval. Seventy-two percent of the participants were able to achieve SS at the 10-minute interval, 83.2% at 5 minutes, 87.2% at 4 minutes, and 89.6% for both 3 and 2 minutes. CONCLUSION For patients on MHD, an abbreviated SS interval of <10 minutes (eg, 5 minutes) yielded valid mREE measurements.
Role Negotiation in a Haptic Shared Control Framework

Haptic shared control is a promising means for combining the best of human manual control with automatic control, keeping the human in the loop while avoiding automation pitfalls. In this study, we consider a situation in which both human and the automation system recognize an obstacle but choose different paths of avoidance. While the driver and automation have similar perceptions of the situation, the commands they issue are incompatible and their simple sum is most likely dangerous. To resolve this issue, this study is focused on exploring how roles (i.e. leader and follower) in a haptic collaboration can be negotiated and exchanged between the two partners. Specifically, we test the influence of the timing of cues to promote adoption of leader and follower roles in a shared control task. Preliminary results suggest that haptic feedback can enhance drivability and prevent accidents.
UV-CAST: An urban vehicular broadcast protocol

Several vehicular communication applications will involve multicast/broadcast communications where all vehicles in a certain region of interest are the intended recipients of particular messages. While there are several existing broadcast routing protocols for highway VANETs, very few solutions exist for urban VANETs in cities like New York City or Chicago. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a new broadcast routing protocol, namely UV-CAST, that addresses both the broadcast storm and disconnected network problems in urban VANETs. Key challenges imposed by urban VANETs as well as new mechanisms needed for this new scenario are identified and presented. Performance of the proposed UV-CAST protocol is evaluated in terms of network reachability, received distance, and network overhead in ideal Manhattan Street scenarios as well as in real cities, such as Pittsburgh. The overall performance of UV-CAST is excellent.
OPTIMAL INVESTMENT IN HEDGE FUNDS UNDER LOSS AVERSION

We study optimal investment problems in hedge funds for a loss averse manager under the framework of cumulative prospect theory. We obtain explicit solutions for a general utility function satisfying the Inada conditions and a piece-wise exponential utility function. Through a sensitivity analysis, we find that the manager reduces the risk of the hedge fund when her/his loss aversion, risk aversion, ownership in the fund, or management fee ratio increases. However, the increase of incentive fee ratio drives the manager to seek more risk in order to achieve higher prospect utility.
Development of a Micromachined Fluidic Structure for a Biological and Chemical Sensor Array

The development of a micromachined fluidic structure for a chip-based sensor array composed of polymeric microspheres for the rapid characterization of analytes in solution [1] is presented. One of the key parts of the proposed structure is a passive fluid introduction system driven only by capillary force. This simple means of fluid introduction should allow the fabrication of a compact, portable, and potentially low-cost device.
Reservoir-model-based scenarios for assessing the viability of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies through CO2 enhanced oil recovery

Abstract This study aims to show that utilization of captured carbon dioxide from the power and industrial sectors for enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR) can be a key means of supporting global climate change ambitions. Normative business scenarios are developed to support the economic evaluation of CO 2 -EOR under different contexts. A reservoir simulation model provides a realistic basis for economic input parameters and has been developed to support the determination of scenarios in which energy price variations, production tax rates and carbon dioxide prices will make CO 2 -EOR economically viable. The scenarios are used to test CO 2 -EOR project economics under a variety of oil prices. Projects are shown to be resilient and profitable investments, though arguably not all projects may lead to long-term CO 2 storage. Through the scenarios it is shown that stakeholders, particularly the global citizen, have the ability to significantly impact CO 2 -EOR project investments.
Cooperative Phenomena in Yeast Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) was first crystallized from yeast by Warburg and Christian in 1939 (1) and has been the subject of intensive research efforts since that time. Despite the accumulated knowledge about the yeast enzyme, there are many confusing anomalies in the literature. Crystalline GPD from yeast was originally thought to have no bound NAD when prepared according to the methods of Warburg and Christian (1) or Krebs, Rafter and Junge (2). By adding NAD to the crystalline preparation with a D280:D260 ratio of 1.5, both Velick (3) and Stockell (4) concluded that 2 moles of NAD were bound per mole of enzyme. Treating the crystalline enzyme with charcoal to remove bound NAD has been shown to raise the D280:D260 Ratio to > 2.0. By adding NAD to the charcoal treated enzyme, both Kirschner et al. (5) and Chance and Park (6) concluded that 4 moles of NAD were bound per mole of enzyme.
Exploring the Long Tail of (Malicious) Software Downloads

In this paper, we present a large-scale study of global trends in software download events, with an analysis of both benign and malicious downloads, and a categorization of events for which no ground truth is currently available. Our measurement study is based on a unique, real-world dataset collected at Trend Micro containing more than 3 million in-the-wild web-based software download events involving hundreds of thousands of Internet machines, collected over a period of seven months. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that despite our best efforts and the use of multiple sources of ground truth, more than 83% of all downloaded software files remain unknown, i.e. cannot be classified as benign or malicious, even two years after they were first observed. If we consider the number of machines that have downloaded at least one unknown file, we find that more than 69% of the entire machine/user population downloaded one or more unknown software file. Because the accuracy of malware detection systems reported in the academic literature is typically assessed only over software files that can be labeled, our findings raise concerns on their actual effectiveness in large-scale real-world deployments, and on their ability to defend the majority of Internet machines from infection. To better understand what these unknown software files may be, we perform a detailed analysis of their properties. We then explore whether it is possible to extend the labeling of software downloads by building a rule-based system that automatically learns from the available ground truth and can be used to identify many more benign and malicious files with very high confidence. This allows us to greatly expand the number of software files that can be labeled with high confidence, thus providing results that can benefit the evaluation of future malware detection systems.
Cold War in a Cold Land: Fighting Communism on the Northern Plains

Review of: "Cold War in a Cold Land: Fighting Communism on the Northern Plains," by David W. Mills.
Seasonal Variation in Nekton Assemblages in Tidal and Nontidal Tributaries in a Barrier Island Lagoon System

Fish communities in tidal tributaries have received considerable attention, but the relative value of nontidal tributaries (having a tidal amplitude of < 5 cm) may represent an under-valued habitat. A multi-gear sampling approach was used to collect fish and macroinvertebrates from one tidal and two nontidal tributaries to describe and compare the respective nekton communities and habitat use patterns. Nekton communities in tidal and nontidal tributaries were markedly different even though habitats were similar (e.g., temperature, DO, depths, shoreline vegetation). While catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of estuarine-dependent species (e.g., red drum, spot, common snook) was lower in nontidal tributaries, the overall nekton CPUE was twice that of the tidal tributary, and the community was comprised mostly of freshwater marsh species (e.g., eastern mosquitofish, sailfin molly, bluefin killifish). Based on the life histories of the fishes that differed between tributary types, the proximity of coastal inlets and availability of effective larval transport mechanisms for estuarine-dependent species may be greater determinants of community differences than factors related to tributary size or shoreline habitat type. These results recognize smaller nontidal tributaries as undervalued nursery habitats and suggest the function as secondary nursery habitats is a critical service to the overall estuarine community.
Using the Discovery of the Structure of DNA to Illustrate Cultural Aspects of Science

DNA is a central topic in biology courses because it is crucial to an understanding of modern genetics. Many instructors introduce the topic by means of a sanitized retelling of the history of the discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick. Historical research since 1968 has revealed that Rosalind Franklin9s contributions were more significant than they are usually depicted. In light of this, we developed a two-class lesson plan that draws attention to Rosalind Franklin9s role in the discovery and to the social and cultural aspects of science. The first class provides background information regarding what led scientists to recognize that DNA was the molecule of heredity. Students watch a documentary video that includes interviews with some of the surviving protagonists. Students (working in groups) are then asked to debate Franklin9s role to refine their awareness of how social and cultural factors affected both the process of science and how it has been recounted. The second class has students work in groups to build a structural model of DNA through hands-on activities. The essay concludes by drawing attention to how the two-day lesson plan, developed for a college-level biology course, can be adapted for use in other settings.