cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of MHC Genes and T Cell Receptor Genes in Collagen Induced Arthritis in Mice

Type II collagen induced arthritis (CIA) is an experimental model of autoimmune inflammatory polyarthritis sharing certain similarities with human rheumatoid arthritis (1). It is characterized by redness, swelling and deformity (Fig. 1) in the peripheral joints, following a latent period varying from 3 to 8 weeks after intradermal immunization with native type II collagen (from homologous or heterologous species) in adjuvant. The disease has been described in rats (2), mice (3), and in primates (4). Type II collagen is a “sequestered” antigen present in only a few sites in the body including hyaline cartilage, ears, and vitreous humor of the eye (5). An autoimmune reaction to the type II collagen present in hyaline cartilage of peripheral joints is thought to be the primary etiologic factor in the disease process. Histologically (5), the disease is characterized by the initial deposition of fibrin, followed by infiltration of the synovium with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells with synovial hyperplasia and pannus formation (Fig. 2). Cartilage and bone erosions then follow progressing onto the total destruction of the joint with deposition of fibrous tissue and subsequent ankylosis. The acute phase of the disease is thought to be initiated by the deposition of pathogenic anti-type II collagen antibodies on the cartilage followed by activation and deposition of complement in the affected joints, as shown by immunofluorescence (6). Animals depleted of complement fail to develop the disease (7).
Introduction to String Analysis

String analysis has developed out of an attempt to carry out syntactic analysis on a computer, just as, some ten years earlier, transformational analysis developed out of the attempt to normalize texts for discourse analysis. The arrangement of syntax for computability, following in part the method presented in ‘From Morpheme to Utterance’ (Language 22 (1946), 161–83; Paper VI of this volume) was based on an effective procedure for finding in each sentence a sequence (in general, broken) of words which was itself a sentence, belonging to a certain set of minimal sentence structures. This minimal sentence was called the center of the given sentence, and its meaning had an important and central relation to the meaning of the given sentence; this relation can be specified independently of the given sentence. The remainder of the sentence consisted of adjunctions to the center or to the adjunctions; an effective procedure was presented for an ordered determining of these adjunctions, and the ordered adjunctions had an interpretation independent of the given sentence. The original version of this analysis, made for the Univac sentence-decomposing program of 1959, is given in Computable Syntactic Analysis (TDAP 15), 1959 (Paper XVI of this volume).1
And now, goodbye

While most sponsorship research focuses on the initiation and maintenance of properties and the brands that sponsor them, little is known about how brands fare when they terminate sponsorship relationships. Building on balance theory and attribution theory, we examine contextual characteristics that mitigate negative effects of sponsor exit, including the brand’s motives for sponsorship, sponsorship duration and the number of sponsors supporting the event. The results of two experimental studies show that, although exit generally harms attitudes towards the exiting brand, contextual characteristics along with the consumer’s involvement with the domain of the event shape differential consumer responses to sponsor exit. The findings have implications for sponsorship theory as well as practical implications for sponsored properties and the brands they seek to attract and maintain as sponsors.
Rethinking Value-Added Models in Education: Critical Perspectives on Tests and Assessment-Based Accountability

Section I: Introduction Chapter 1: Socially Engineering the Road to Utopia Chapter 2: Value-Added Models (VAMs) and the Human Factor Chapter 3: A VAMoramic View of the Nation Section II: Highly Questionable Yet Often Unquestioned Assumptions Chapter 4: Assumptions Used as Rationales and Justifications Chapter 5: Test-Based, Statistical, and Methodological Assumptions Section III: Nontraditional Concerns about Traditional Methodological Notions Chapter 6: Reliability and Validity Chapter 7: Bias and the Random Assignment of Students into Classrooms Section IV: Alternatives, Solutions, and Conclusions Chapter 8: Alternatives, Solutions, and Conclusions
Using Weighted Networks to Represent Classification Knowledge in Noisy Domains

Experience is not always a benign teacher. Examples often contain irrelevant features, the relevant features may be noisy, and the results may not be categorical. Most learning systems, however, assume that the teacher is benign, and in particular that the training cases are free of noise. This paper describes a system, IWN, which can learn classification knowledge from a relatively small number of training cases but whose performance does not rapidly deteriorate when the training cases contain noise. IWN uses a network of weighted links to represent classification knowledge. This use of a non-discrete knowledge representation enables IWN to be more robust in the face of noisy data. In this paper we describe IWN's procedure for building its weighted networks and how IWN's performance compares with other systems. A central focus will be on how several different evaluation functions for propagating values in the network affect the tradeoff between handling noisy data and handling exceptional cases.
SOTOMAYOR'S REASONING

Justice Sonia Sotomayor was vilified for arguing that one's social identity can contribute positively to judgment or public reason. This paper considers and expands on Sotomayor's arguments, showing that identity is relevant to snap judgments and to sensation transference that affects how speakers are assessed. It further develops a hermeneutic account of identity that can make sense of its epistemic relevance without foreclosing individual variation.
A simple bijection between standard 3×n tableaux and irreducible webs for $\mathfrak{sl}_{3}$

Combinatorial spiders are a model for the invariant space of the tensor product of representations. The basic objects, webs, are certain directed planar graphs with boundary; algebraic operations on representations correspond to graph-theoretic operations on webs. Kuperberg developed spiders for rank 2 Lie algebras and $\mathfrak {sl}_{2}$ . Building on a result of Kuperberg, Khovanov---Kuperberg found a recursive algorithm giving a bijection between standard Young tableaux of shape 3×n and irreducible webs for $\mathfrak{sl}_{3}$ whose boundary vertices are all sources. In this paper, we give a simple and explicit map from standard Young tableaux of shape 3×n to irreducible webs for $\mathfrak {sl}_{3}$ whose boundary vertices are all sources and show that it is the same as Khovanov---Kuperberg's map. Our construction generalizes to some webs with both sources and sinks on the boundary. Moreover, it allows us to extend the correspondence between webs and tableaux in two ways. First, we provide a short, geometric proof of Petersen---Pylyavskyy---Rhoades's recent result that rotation of webs corresponds to jeu-de-taquin promotion on 3×n tableaux. Second, we define another natural operation on tableaux called a shuffle and show that it corresponds to the join of two webs. Our main tool is an intermediary object between tableaux and webs that we call an m-diagram. The construction of m-diagrams, like many of our results, applies to shapes of tableaux other than 3×n.
The Psychological Evaluation Process: Part III

It should be made clear from the outset that it is not my intention to present a fragmented picture of the evaluation process by dividing it artificially into three distinct parts. I do not want to give the impression that certain tasks performed by the evaluator are independent of the overall continuous process of the psychological evaluation. The information obtained about the patient’s chief complaint and the history of the patient’s psychological development must blend smoothly with the assessment of the criteria for selection for STAPP and with the establishment of a specific therapeutic focus.
Modulation of the Kinetic Properties of Phosphofructokinase by Ammonium Ions

Abstract Ammonium ions were shown to be much more efficient than potassium ions in activating rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11). Under experimental conditions simulating physiological ones (pH 7.2, and inhibitory concentrations of ATP), the apparent dissociation constant of the phosphofructokinase-NH4+ complex was 0.33 mm. This molarity was shown to lie within the physiological concentration of ammonia in several tissues exhibiting pronounced glycolytic activity. The activation of the enzyme by NH4+ was very specific and rapid. It was observed also when ITP was the phosphate donor, indicating that the activation was not mere deinhibition of ATP. The form of phosphofructokinase predominant in the presence of NH4+ exhibited in a qualitative fashion the same allosteric characteristics of the enzyme form prevailing in its absence, i.e. sigmoidicity with respect to fructose 6-phosphate, and sensitivity to inhibition by citrate and higher concentrations of ATP. However, NH4+ (2 mm) decreased the Km for ATP (from 0.031 mm to 0.013 mm) and for fructose 6-phosphate (from 0.34 mm to 0.04 mm), and increased the Ki for citrate (from 0.025 mm to 0.055 mm) and for ATP (from 0.31 mm to 0.48 mm). It is proposed that the activation of phosphofructokinase by NH4+ could be a regulatory mechanism which provides the metabolites necessary for ammonia fixation and the maintenance of its concentration at tolerable levels. Moreover, the possibility that the increase in tissue concentrations of NH4+ under anoxia might be a contributing factor to the "Pasteur effect" is discussed.
Fast neutron damage in superconducting vanadium

A single crystal of vanadium (resistivity ratio Γ = 450) was irradiated in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor at a temperature of 40°C for a series of fast neutron fluences. The sample was a prolate spheroid approximately 25 mm in length, with a minor diameter of about 3 mm Prior to and after each irradiation isothermal bulk magneti­zation measurements were carried out at various temperatures in the superconducting regime. The sample was also investigated in a Hartshorn mutual inductance bridge before and after each irradiation. The bridge apparatus1 was arranged so that the sample could be excited by a sinusoidal magnetic field of adjustable frequency ω and amplitude h0 in a superposed dc biasing field H. Both fields were parallel to the long axis of the sample. The bridge was balanced with the sample in the Meissner state, so that the output was proportional to the ac magnetic permeability and could be viewed on an oscilloscope. A lock-in amplifier at the bridge output tuned to the fundamental frequency detected signals in quadrature proportional to μ’ and μ”, the real and imaginary components of the fundamental portion of the ac permeability, which is generally nonlinear.
Low Rank Estimation of Similarities on Graphs

Let (V,E) be a graph with vertex set V and edge set E. Let (X,X’,Y ) ∈ V × V × {−1, 1} be a random triple, where X,X’ are independent uniformly distributed vertices and Y is a label indicating whether X,X’ are “similar” (Y = +1), or not (Y = −1). Our goal is to estimate the regression function \(S_*(u,v)\,=\, {\mathbb{E}{(Y|X\,=\,u,X^\prime\,=v)}},u,v\, \in\,V\) based on training data consisting of n i.i.d. copies of (X,X’,Y ). We are interested in this problem in the case when S * is a symmetric low rank kernel and, in addition to this, it is assumed that S * is “smooth” on the graph. We study estimators based on a modified least squares method with complexity penalization involving both the nuclear norm and Sobolev type norms of symmetric kernels on the graph and prove upper bounds on L2-type errors of such estimators with explicit dependence both on the rank of S * and on the degree of its smoothness.
THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF HEAD INJURY

In the article, "The Critically Ill Child: Diagnosis and Management of Head Injury," by D. C. DeVivo and P. R. Dodge (Pediatrics, 48 : 129, 1971), the word evaluation (pp. 135, left column, line 22) should be changed to elevation .
Time-Bounded Reachability for Initialized Hybrid Automata with Linear Differential Inclusions and Rectangular Constraints

Initialized hybrid automata with linear differential inclusions and rectangular constraints are hybrid automata where the invariants, guards, resets, and initial values are given by rectangular constraints, the flows are described by linear differential inclusions of the form \(ax + b \lhd_1\dot{x} \lhd_2 cx+d\) (with ⊲ 1, ⊲ 2 ∈ { < , ≤ }), and a variable x is reset on mode change whenever the differential inclusion describing the dynamics for x changes. Such automata strictly subsume initialized rectangular automata. Our main result is that while the control state reachability problem for such automata is undecidable, the time-bounded reachability problem is decidable.
Sickle Cell Hemoglobin with Mutation at αHis-50 Has Improved Solubility.

The unliganded tetrameric Hb S has axial and lateral contacts with neighbors and can polymerize in solution. Novel recombinants of Hb S with single amino acid substitutions at the putative axial (recombinant Hb (rHb) (βE6V/αH20R) and rHb (βE6V/αH20Q)) or lateral (rHb (βE6V/αH50Q)) or double amino acid substitutions at both the putative axial and lateral (rHb (βE6V/αH20R/αH50Q) and rHb (βE6V/αH20Q/αH50Q)) contact sites were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for structural and functional studies. The 1H NMR spectra of the CO and deoxy forms of these mutants indicate that substitutions at either αHis-20 or αHis-50 do not change the subunit interfaces or the heme pockets of the proteins. The double mutants show only slight structural alteration in the β-heme pockets. All mutants have similar cooperativity (n50), alkaline Bohr effect, and autoxidation rate as Hb S. The oxygen binding affinity (P50) of the single mutants is comparable with that of Hb S. The double mutants bind oxygen with slightly higher affinity than Hb S under the acidic conditions. In high salt, rHb (βE6V/αH20R) is the only mutant that has a shorter delay time of polymerization and forms polymers more readily than Hb S with a dextran-Csat value of 1.86 ± 0.20 g/dl. Hb S, rHb (βE6V/αH20Q), rHb (βE6V/αH50Q), rHb (βE6V/αH20R/αH50Q), and rHb (βE6V/αH20Q/αH50Q) have dextran-Csat values of 2.95 ± 0.10, 3.04 ± 0.17, 11.78 ± 0.59, 7.11 ± 0.66, and 10.89 ± 0.83 g/dl, respectively. rHb (βE6V/αH20Q/αH50Q) is even more stable than Hb S under elevated temperature (60 °C).
The interaction of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor and heterochromatin protein 1

Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor is associated with renal carcinoma, hemangioblastoma and pheochromocytoma. The VHL protein is a component of a ubiquitin ligase complex that ubiquitinates and degrades hypoxia inducible factor-α (HIF-α). Degradation of HIF-α by VHL is proposed to suppress tumorigenesis and tumor angiogenesis. Several lines of evidence also suggest important roles for HIF-independent VHL functions in tumor suppression and other biological processes. Using GST-VHL pull-down experiment and mass spectrometry, we detected an interaction between VHL and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). We identified a conserved HP1-binding motif (PXVXL) in the β domain of VHL, which is disrupted in a renal carcinoma-associated P81S mutant. We show that the VHL P81S mutant displays reduced binding to HP1, yet retains the ability to interact with elongin B, elongin C, and cullin 2 and is fully capable of degrading HIF-α. We also demonstrate that HP1 increases the chromatin association of VHL. These results suggest a role for the VHL-HP1 interaction in VHL chromatin targeting.
Wireless Power Transfer for Cell Phones or Other Mobile Communication Devices and Biological Implications [TCC Tidbits]

Wireless access to telephony or to the Internet via a smartphone or laptop computer is such a common, everyday experience, it is hard for some people to imagine that connection to a pair of wires was the only way to make a telephone call in the not-too-distant past. Of course, routine wireless access also requires the nightly ritual of plugging the smartphone or laptop via a power cable into an electrical outlet for it to be recharged or, more precisely, for the battery inside the mobile device to be recharged.
Review of chemometric analysis techniques for comprehensive two dimensional separations data.

Abstract Comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) separations, such as comprehensive 2D gas chromatography (GC × GC), liquid chromatography (LC × LC), and related instrumental techniques, provide very large and complex data sets. It is often up to the software to assist the analyst in transforming these complex data sets into useful information, and that is precisely where the field of chemometric data analysis plays a pivotal role. Chemometric tools for comprehensive 2D separations are continually being developed and applied as researchers make significant advances in novel state-of-the-art algorithms and software, and as the commercial sector continues to provide user friendly chemometric software. In this review, we build upon previous reviews of this topic, by focusing primarily on advances that have been reported in the past five years. Most of the reports focus on instrumental platforms using GC × GC with either flame ionization detection (FID) or time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) detection, or LC × LC with diode array absorbance detection (DAD). The review covers the following general topics: data preprocessing techniques, target analyte techniques, comprehensive nontarget analysis techniques, and software for chemometrics in multidimensional separations.
Protecting the Fetus Against HIV Infection: A Systematic Review of Placental Transfer of Antiretrovirals

Maternal-to-fetal transfer of antiretroviral drugs contributes to prevention of vertical transmission of HIV. This systematic review discusses published studies containing data pertaining to the pharmacokinetics of placental transfer of antiretrovirals in humans, including paired cord and maternal plasma samples collected at the time of delivery as well as ex vivo placental perfusion models. Articles pertaining to placental transfer of antiretrovirals were identified from PubMed, from references of included articles, and from US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Treatment of HIV-infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission guidelines. Articles from non-human animal models or that had no original maternal-to-fetal transfer data were excluded. PRISMA guidelines were followed. A total of 103 published studies were identified. Data across studies appeared relatively consistent for the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and the non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), with cord to maternal ratios approaching 1 for many of these agents. The protease inhibitors atazanavir and lopinavir exhibited consistent maternal-to-fetal transfer across studies, although the transfer may be influenced by variations in drug-binding proteins. The protease inhibitors indinavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir exhibited unreliable placental transport, with cord blood concentrations that were frequently undetectable. Limited data, primarily from case reports, indicate that darunavir and raltegravir provide detectable placental transfer. These findings appear consistent with current guidelines of using two NRTIs plus an NNRTI, atazanavir/ritonavir, or lopinavir/ritonavir to maximize placental transfer as well as to optimally suppress maternal viral load. Darunavir/ritonavir and raltegravir may reasonably serve as second-line agents.
Learning in intimate connections: Conditioned fertility and its role in sexual competition.

Background: Studies of sexual conditioning typically focus on the development of conditioned responses to a stimulus that precedes and has become associated with a sexual unconditioned stimulus (US). Such a sexually conditioned stimulus (CS) provides the opportunity for feed-forward regulation of sexual behavior, which improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the sexual activity. Objective and Design: The present experiments were conducted to provide evidence of such feed-forward regulation of sexual behavior in laboratory studies with domesticated quail by measuring how many fertilized eggs were produced by the female after the sexual encounter. During the conditioning phase, male and female quail received a conditioned stimulus paired with the opportunity to copulate with each other. Results: Sexual conditioning increased the number of eggs that were fertilized as a consequence of copulation, especially if both the male and the female were exposed to the sexual CS. This conditioned fertility effect occurred with a range of CS durations and CS types. The conditioned fertility effect also occurred in situations involving sexual competition. When two males copulated with the same female, DNA fingerprinting showed that the male whose sexual encounter was signaled by a sexual CS was responsible for most of the resulting offspring. Sexual conditioning also reduced the first-male disadvantage in fertilization that occurs when two males copulate with the same female separated by several hours. Another significant finding was that sexual conditioning attenuated the usual drop in fertilization rate that occurs when the same male copulates with two females in succession. Conclusion: These results show that sexual conditioning increases the number of offspring that are produced in both isolated male-female encounters and in situations that involve two males copulating with the same female or one male copulating with more than one female. By increasing fertilization rates, sexual conditioning can alter genetic transmission across generations and shape evolutionary change. Keywords: sexual conditioning; sexual learning; conditioned fertility; sexual competition; quail; pavlovian conditioning (Published: 15 March 2012) Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2012, 2 : 17333 - DOI: 10.3402/snp.v2i0.17333
Disturbed communication in eating disorders.

The abnormal eating habits of obese and anorectic children and adolescents have been interpreted in the past as substitute solutions for various emotional and social conflicts. This study deals with the questions of how a bodily need becomes symbolically represented in a falsified way, as a result of confusing communication and interaction in a disturbed family group.
Optimizing Telehealth Strategies for Subspecialty Care: Recommendations from Rural Pediatricians.

Abstract Background: Telehealth offers strategies to improve access to subspecialty care for children in rural communities. Rural pediatrician experiences and preferences regarding the use of these telehealth strategies for children's subspecialty care needs are not known. We elicited rural pediatrician experiences and preferences regarding different pediatric subspecialty telehealth strategies. Materials and Methods: Seventeen semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with rural pediatricians from 17 states within the United States. Interviewees were recruited by e-mails to a pediatric rural health listserv and to rural pediatricians identified through snowball sampling. Themes were identified through thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. Results: Rural pediatricians identified several telehealth strategies to improve access to subspecialty care, including physician access hotlines, remote electronic medical record access, electronic messag...
A High efficiency, Current Injection Based Quantum-Well Phase Modulator Monolithically Integrated with a Tunable Laser for Coherent Systems

A monolithically integrated tunable laser and quantum-well phase modulator is demonstrated. Phase efficiency under forward bias is improved >20dB at low frequencies compared with reverse bias. Bandwidths >30 GHz are demonstrated in frequency modulation measurements.
Brownian Dynamics Simulating the Ionic-Strength Dependence of the Nonspecific Association of 434 Cro Repressor Binding B-DNA

The spatial and temporal interplay of the association, dissociation, and translocation of proteins along DNA is of central importance to genome regulation. Brownian dynamics (BD) is employed to study the energetics of nonspecific binding of 434 Cro repressor protein (Cro) to model B-DNA as a function of ionic strength. BD simulates the diffusional dynamics as Cro encounters the DNA surface including the steric effects of encounter between the irregular surfaces of the protein and DNA and the electrostatic effects based on a finite difference numerical solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation. The free energy of a Cro-DNA encounter is determined by computing the potential of mean force versus the radial distance from the protein center to the DNA helix axis. The PB equation is solved by two approximations, the linearized form (LPB) and the full PB form (FPB); periodic boundary conditions are implemented for both solutions. The effect of the solution of the PB equation on the predicted free energy curve shows that both methods give qualitatively similar results but statistically the best results are achieved using the full PB. Both methods show that the depth of the free energy curve dramatically decreases as ionic strength increases from 0.01 to 0.50 M. For example, the full PB gives average depths of the free energy curves at -7 ′ 2 and -0.51 ′ 0.09 kcal/mol for ionic strengths of 0.01 and 0.50 M, respectively. The lifetimes of nonspecifically docked states, estimated from the free energy BD profile, depend on the ionic strength and are approximately 1000 and 0.03 μs for ionic strength of 0.01 and 0.50 M, respectively.
First order impulsive solutions

A mathematically rigorous derivation is given of first order corrections to multi-impulse approximations to the solutions to space flight optimization problems with bang-bang control. The rocket was subjected to an inverse square gravitational force and to a thrust force with constant magnitude. The mass decreased linearly with time. An optimal impulsive solution was obtained for a problem with given initial and final conditions. The method was then used to obtain first-order corrections to the initial values of the costate variables. Indications are given on how the theory may be extended to higher order corrections. The theory was applied to intercept and rendezvous problems.
Comparison and union of the Temple and Bazley lower bounds

The Lehmann-Maehly approach and Bazley’s method of special choice are matrix eigenvalue problems that allow the calculation of lower bounds to energies of atomic and molecular systems. We introduce a common derivation of their scalar versions using the overlap of a trial function with the unknown ground-state wave function. In the scalar setting, the Lehmann-Maehly approach reduces to the Temple formula. The common derivation allows us to easily unite and improve both methods in several stages within this restricted application. Finally we offer a different union that allows generalization to arbitrary dimension matrix methods. Calculations on the helium atom ground state illustrate the improvements and mergers.
Liver scintigraphy in veterinary medicine.

The most common veterinary application of liver scintigraphy is for the diagnosis of portosystemic shunts (PSSs). There has been a continual evolution of nuclear medicine techniques for diagnosis of PSS, starting in the early 1980s. Currently, transplenic portal scintigraphy using pertechnetate or 99m Tc-mebrofenin is the technique of choice. This technique provides both anatomical and functional information about the nature of the PSS, with high sensitivity and specificity. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy has also been used in veterinary medicine for the evaluation of liver function and biliary patency. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy provides information about biliary patency that complements finding in ultrasound, which may not be able to differentiate between biliary ductal dilation from previous obstruction vs current obstruction. Hepatocellular function can also be determined by deconvolutional analysis of hepatic uptake or by measuring the clearance of the radiopharmaceutical from the plasma. Plasma clearance of the radiopharmaceutical can be directly measured from serial plasma samples, as in the horse, or by measuring changes in cardiac blood pool activity by region of interest analysis of images. The objective of this paper is to present a summary of the reported applications of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in veterinary medicine.
Ultrastructure and respiration of the fat body of diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of the corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

Abstract A comparative study of the fat body of diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of the corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella , was undertaken using the electron microscope and the oxygen electrode. The electron microscopic results showed a shift from a synthetic to a storage function taking place in a 1 to 2 day period during the final instar of non-diapausing larvae, and in a 4 to 8 day period in that of pre-diapausing larvae. This transition was characterized by a decrease in the number of mitochondria and amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and by an increase in the number of proteinaceous granules and lysosomes. In vitro measurements using the oxygen electrode showed that the fat body is a normal aerobic respiratory tissue. The tissue reacted in a predictable manner to inhibitors of oxidative metabolism, including malonate, rotenone, oligomycin, and antimycin, and to the uncoupler, dinitrophenol. During the last instar the observed decrease in the respiratory rate of the fat body coincided with the observed ultrastructural changes in its cells. The fat body of 75 day old environmentally induced and juvenile hormone induced diapausing larvae consumed 90% and 78% less oxygen, respectively than that of 14 day old non-diapausing larvae.
Exploring the Limits of the New Institutionalism: The Causes and Consequences of Illegitimate Organizational Change

While the new institutionalism has emerged as a dominant theory of organization-environment relations, very little research has examined its possible limits. Under what circumstances might the neoinstitutional predictions regarding organizational inertia, institutional isomorphism, the legitimacy imperative, and other fundamental beliefs be overshadowed by more traditional sociological theories accentuating organizational adaptation, variation, and the role of specific global and local technical environmental demands? We analyze longitudinal data from 1971 to 1986 for 631 private liberal arts colleges facing strong institutional and increasingly strong technical environments. Our findings reveal surprisingly little support for neoinstitutional predictions: (1) Many liberal arts colleges changed in ways contrary to institutional demands by professionalizing or vocationalizing their curricula; (2) global and local technical environmental conditions, such as changes in consumers' preferences and local economic and demographic differences, were strong predictors of the changes observed; (3) schools became less, rather than more, homogeneous over time; (4) schools generally did not mimic their most prestigious counterparts; (5) the illegitimate changes had no negative (and often had positive) performance consequences for enrollment and survival. Our results suggest that current research on organization-environment relations may underestimate the power of traditional adaptation-based explanations in organizational sociology
Psychotherapy dropouts: Differences by modality, license, and DSM-IV diagnosis

Dropouts are frequent in mental health care. Several client factors have been identified as dropout predictors, including ethnic minority status, race, low SES, and more severe symptoms. Research on therapist and process variables is less common, and findings are inconsistent. This study used administrative data for 434,317 patients from CIGNA Behavioral Health (CIGNA) to examine dropout rates by profession of provider, therapy modality, and DSM-IV diagnosis. Results indicate that among the providers, MFTs have the lowest dropout rates in the CIGNA network. Of the therapy modalities, individual therapy is associated with lower dropout rates than family therapy. Mood and anxiety disorders have lower dropout rates than other diagnosis categories, while schizophrenia, psychotic, and substance use disorders have the highest dropout rates.
Introduction to and overview of SFAS No. 158: A visual presentation

Abstract This short teaching note introduces a visual exhibit to help accounting students understand and learn SFAS No. 158 accounting for defined pension plans.
Switching outpatients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorders and substance abuse from their current antipsychotic to aripiprazole.

Objective Substance abuse is extremely common in patients with bipolar disorders, although minimal data are available on the treatment of this important clinical population. Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic that is approved for the treatment of mania and that has a novel mechanism of action, acting as a dopamine-2 receptor partial agonist, thereby increasing dopamine release in some parts of the brain and decreasing dopa-mine release in other brain regions. Dopamine release is implicated in substance use, and both dopaminergic agonists and antagonists have been examined for the treatment of substance abuse. To our knowledge, dopa-mine receptor partial agonists have not been investigated for treatment of substance abuse in humans. Method Twenty antipsychotic-treated patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder and current substance abuse were switched to open-label aripipra-zole using an overlap and taper method. At baseline, diagnoses were confirmed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview based on DSM-IV criteria. Psychiatric symptoms, side effects, and substance use and craving were assessed over 12 weeks. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Substance craving was assessed with visual analogue scales, and side effects were monitored using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, Simpson-Angus Scale, Barnes Akathisia Scale, and patient report. Study enrollment was from April 2003 to February 2004. Results Significant baseline-to-exit improvement in HAM-D (p = .002), YMRS (p = .021), and BPRS (p = .000) scores were observed without a significant change in antipsychotic-induced side effect scales. In 17 participants with current alcohol dependence, significant reductions in dollars spent on alcohol (p = .042) and alcohol craving (p = .003) were found. In 9 participants with cocaine-related disorders, significant reductions in cocaine craving (p = .014), but not use, were found. Conclusion A change to aripiprazole was associated with symptomatic improvement. Limitations of the study include a small sample size, high attrition, and an open-label design. Controlled trials in dual-diagnosis patients are needed to confirm these findings.
New techniques for structural identifiability for large linear and nonlinear compartmental systems

Abstract This paper introduces methods which are directed towards large linear and nonlinear systems. The methods are based on digraph properties and decomposition into subsystems (large linear systems), asymptotics and a sensitivity condition (nonlinear systems). Examples are drawn from the literature and they represent actual (nonfabricated) systems.
Trend Analysis on the Automation of the Notebook PC Production Process

Notebook PCs are among the Taiwanese electronic products that generate the highest production value and market share. According to the ITRI IEK statistics, the domestic Notebook PC - production value in 2011 was about NT $2.3 trillion. Of about 200 million notebook PCs in global markets in 2011, Taiwan’s notebook PC output accounts for more than 90% of them, meaning that nine out of every ten notebook PCs in the world are manufactured by Taiwanese companies. For such a large industry with its output value and quantity, the degree of automation in production processes is not high. This means that there is still a great room for the automation of the notebook PC production process, or that the degree of automation of the production process of the laptops cannot be enhanced. This paper presents an analysis of the situation.
Microsomal electron transfer system of bovine retinal pigment epithelium

Pigment epithelium microsomes are capable of catalyzing oxidation of NADH and NADPH in the absence of l-ascorbate. Ascorbate increases the oxidase activity, and the ascorbate-stimulated fraction of the activity is cyanide insensitive. Reduction of epithelium microsomes by the pyridine nucleotides under anaerobic conditions reveals the presence of a hemoprotein, which has absorption maxima at 429, 528 and 559 mμ in the (reduced vs. oxidized) difference spectrum. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, which stimulates the pyridine nucleotide oxidation, is also capable of reducing the hemoprotein. The reduced form is rapidly autoxidizable and combines with carbon monoxide. From the carbon monoxide spectrum the microsome-bound hemoprotein was identified with P-450, a CO-binding hemoprotein originally found in liver microsomes. The hemoprotein could be solubilized by trypsinolysis of microsomes, purified on Sephadex and identified with P-420, a solubilized form of P-450. The spectral characteristics and amino acid composition of the solubilized component agree well with those of P-420 that we previously obtained from heart microsomes. Cytochrome b5, if present, must be a very minor hemoprotein component in pigment epithelium microsomes.
Representative Auditory Warning Signals: Methodological Considerations for Their Development and Selection

The work focuses on an initial effort to develop a selection methodology (Free Meaning Response, Perceived Urgency, and Perceived Association with an experimenter-selected meaning) for representative auditory warnings, also known as “auditory icons”, a new class of auditory warning signals. Further, the need to consider population differences and testing environment when using the above methodology is experimentally demonstrated. Finally, hypotheses related to situations where representative auditory warning signals may/may not be most effective, specifically, issues related to masking (when the noise and signal spectra are similar) and the conveyance of abstract ideas (very difficult with auditory icons) are presented.
Differential absorption lidar sensing of ozone

The differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique for deriving O/sub 3/ profiles from lidar measurements is discussed. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's airborne DIAL system is described, and examples of a broad range of O/sub 3/ and aerosol measurements are presented from a number of field experiments. The airborne and ground-based DIAL measurements discussed demonstrate the outstanding capability of lidar for conducting O/sub 3/ investigations throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere under widely different atmospheric conditions. >
Regional implications of the 2001 recession

This paper investigates the 2001 recession on a state by state basis. The approach used for this investigation measured the state by state severity of the 2001 recession and identifies the contribution that each state made to the overall U.S. GDP Okun gap. State by state long-term growth rates for both output and employment were calculated and an “Okun gap contribution” for the 2001–2005 period was estimated for each state. Each state’s Okun gap contribution for output and employment was expressed in relative terms allowing for comparisons of volatility between states with respect to the 2001 recession. Finally, for both output and employment regressions were estimated using the relative Okun gap contribution as the dependent variable and selected demographic and economic measures as explanatory variables to explain the state and regional differences in cyclical performance. The results of the regression analysis provide insight into the factors that tend to increase state and regional cyclical volatility and the factors that tend to smooth volatility.
Mean chain length distributions in finite polycondensing systems

The current expressions for the molecular size distributions in certain polycondensing systems of linear or branched-chain polymers were derived by Flory and by Stockmayer in the limit of infinitely large systems. These expressions are experimentally verified in the sol. But the expressions for the distributions of nonlinear polymers, although manifesting the observed gel point, do not describe a gel phase. With a view towards ultimately deriving expressions that do describe the gel, a probabilistic theory of condensation polymerization in finite systems is introduced here. The theory is based on Stockmayer's statistical weight factor, ω, and, as presented, applies to the elementary system composed of chemically identical structural units, each bearing two or more chemically identical functional groups. The probability density function for molecular size distributions is constructed from ω, and expressions for the mean number of k-mers and the variance about this mean are derived from it. A generating function formalism for evaluating these expressions exactly is exhibited in the elementary case of linear polymers. Asymptotic expansions of the exact expressions for the means and variances are then obtained in the large system limit. The expansion for the means shows that the Flory-Stockmayer expression represents the distribution of linear polymers accurately—in finite systems—only at low molecular weights. The expansion for the variances justifies—at low molecular weights—the expectation that observed distributions differ negligibly from the mean distribution, but shows that populations of higher molecular weight polymers deviate markedly from their means.
Mass range extension in a quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometer

A quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometer having half the dimensions of the commercial ion-trap instrument has been built. When operated in the mass-selective instability mode using the commercial electronics and data system and the standard vacuum system, it yields a mass range of > 2500 Da. This represents achievement of the expected fourfold increase in mass range upon halving the trap radius (to 0.5 cm). The sensitivity of the miniature trap is comparable to that of the commercial ion-trap; however, resolution is inferior, partly due to the high mass-scan rate. The effects of using relatively high pressures of helium as a buffer gas are discussed in relation to improving sensitivity and resolution. The use of the high-mass ion-trap as a device for studying biomolecules is discussed and methods of extending the mass range even further are suggested.
Standardized patient interviewing with remote interactive technologies

Standardized patients (SPs), people who have been trained to simulate or represent a medical condition in a standardized way, are commonly used in medical education. However, considerable effort is required to maintain a panel of SPs and trained evaluators. We conducted a study using the Access Grid advanced videoconferencing system and the Internet2 high performance research and education network at a hospital in Hawaii with medical residents and a medical school in New Mexico with an SP programme. After receiving one didactic presentation and written material about smoking cessation, three residents in Hawaii each counselled an SP in New Mexico via the Access Grid. One evaluator was located in New Mexico at an Access Grid node. Two evaluators were located in Hawaii, one in the same room as the residents, and one connected via the Access Grid. Evaluators scored the learners using 11 criteria. Student and SP feedback and inter-rater reliability among evaluators were good. Teaching and evaluating interview...
Cloud temperature measurement using rotational Raman lidar

Abstract Insufficient suppression of the elastic-scattering signal in the rotational Raman (RR) detection channels can result in a retrieval error particularly when the temperature of a thick cloud is measured using an RR lidar. To solve this problem, a technique is presented to obtain relative transmission factors for the two RR channels' thereby correcting for the influence of residual elastic-signal on the temperature retrieval. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by applying the algorithm to the Hampton University (HU) lidar measurements. Intercomparisons of these temperature retrievals from both water-phase and cirrus clouds show good agreement with radiosonde measurements.
Self-adjointness of Schrödinger-type operators with locally integrable potentials on manifolds of bounded geometry

Abstract We consider a Schrodinger-type differential expression H V =∇ ∗ ∇+V , where ∇ is a C∞-bounded Hermitian connection on a Hermitian vector bundle E of bounded geometry over a manifold of bounded geometry (M,g) with metric g and positive C∞-bounded measure dμ, and V∈Lloc1(EndE) is a linear self-adjoint bundle map. We define the maximal operator HV,max associated to HV as an operator in L2(E) given by HV,maxu=HVu for all u∈ Dom (H V, max )={u∈L 2 (E): Vu∈L loc 1 (E), H V u∈L 2 (E)} , where ∇ ∗ ∇u in H V u=∇ ∗ ∇u+Vu is understood in distributional sense. We give a sufficient condition for the self-adjointness of HV,max. The proof adopts Kato's technique to our setting, but it requires a more general version of Kato's inequality for Bochner Laplacian operator as well as a result on the positivity of u∈L2(M) satisfying the equation (ΔM+b)u=ν, where ΔM is the scalar Laplacian on M, b>0 is a constant and ν⩾0 is a positive distribution on M. For local estimates, we use a family of cut-off functions constructed with the help of regularized distance on manifolds of bounded geometry.
Interaction of carbon dioxide with carbon adsorbents below 400°C

Abstract The adsorption of CO 2 on carbon adsorbents (FT carbon, coconut charcoal, acid-washed bone char) and adsorbents containing basic calcium phosphate (hydroxylapatite, bone char, ash of bone char) was studied. Special consideration was given to the pretreatment of the materials. The carbons equilibrated as rapidly as the temperature; the basic calcium phosphates showed a rapid initial adsorption followed by a very slow rate which continued for days. Linear adsorption isotherms were found on FT carbon and the isosteric heats varied slightly with coverage. The isotherms for the remaining materials had varying curvature and were for the most part in the same sequence as the estimated surface areas. The isosteric heats of CO 2 correlated very well with the magnitude of surface hydroxyl groups, an estimate of which was made from the chemical composition. There appeared to be three increasing levels of interaction: 1. (1) pure physical adsorption; 2. (2) an adsorption complex having “bicarbonate structure” and 3. (3) an adsorption complex having “carbonate structure”.