cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Carbon Monoxide Gas—Liquid Mass Transfer in a Stirred Tank Reactor for Syngas Fermentation

Carbon monoxide-liquid mass transfer rates in a water-filled stirred tank reactor are determined using a myoglobin protein method to measure dissolved carbon monoxide concentrations as a function of time. Data are acquired over a range of stirrer speeds (200 < or = N < or = 600 rpm) and gas flow rates (1 < or = Q < or = 6 L/min), corresponding to a gas retention time range of 1.2-7 min. Volumetric CO-water mass transfer coefficients range from 0.003 to 0.043 s(-1) and are well-correlated using the power density and the superficial gas velocity.
Orthogonal CDMA for wireless PBX and cordless telephony applications

Summary form only given. Presents a patented orthogonal CDMA waveform for wireless PBX and cordless telephony applications in the unlicensed PCS and ISM bands. This waveform offers significant capacity advantages over TDMA and conventional CDMA in a multi-cell environment. Because navigation capability is built into the communication waveform, it can also provide user location to authorized public safety or health personnel when the wireless user makes an emergency 911 call, thereby supporting the FCC proposed rule making for the enhanced-911 (E-911) service. Signal orthogonality is achieved via the use of low chipping rate Rademacher-Walsh codes, monitoring of the receive time base errors of each of the reverse channels, and an outbound orderwire for transmit timing adjustment. This waveform has been proposed as one of the four emerging standards for the North American Wireless User Premises Equipment (WUPE) in the unlicensed PCS band.
Resonance ionization mass spectrometry for materials analysis and characterization

Resonance ionization mass spectroscopy (RIMS) is an analytical tool discovered in the 1970's, developed primarily in the 1980's, and one which will undoubtedly see continued and expanding use through the 1990's. This technique combines laser ionization with mass spectrometric sorting and detection to yield results of unparalleled sensitivity and selectivity. We discuss the application of RIMS to the analysis of conventional analytical samples, as well as the combinations of RIMS with laser or particle beam sputtering for the analysis of solids and surfaces with minimal sample preparation. 23 refs., 4 figs.
Diet affects the mechanisms by which TNF stimulates hepatic triglyceride production

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces hyperlipidemia in rodents by increasing hepatic triglyceride production. We now explore the mechanism of this increase. TNF does not increase phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, glycerolphosphate acyltransferase, or diacylglycerol acyltransferase, which are enzymes of triglyceride synthesis. Rather, TNF increases triglyceride production by providing increased fatty acids (FA) as substrate. In chow-fed rats, TNF increases plasma free fatty acids (FFA). The antilipolytic drug, phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA), prevents the TNF-induced increase in plasma FFA and, most importantly, inhibits the TNF-induced increase in plasma triglycerides. Thus increased lipolysis with delivery of FA to liver contributes to TNF-induced hyperlipidemia in chow-fed animals. In contrast, in rats fed a high-sucrose diet, TNF causes hyperlipidemia without increasing plasma FFA, and PIA has no effect on TNF-induced increases in plasma triglycerides. However, in sucrose-fed rats, TNF markedly stimulates hepatic de novo FA synthesis, which provides FA. This diet determines the mechanism by which TNF stimulates hepatic triglyceride production. The use of multiple mechanisms to increase plasma triglycerides suggests that this TNF action plays an important role in the response to infection or inflammation.
The Staining of Oocysts of Cryptosporidium With the Fluorescent Brighteners Uvitex 2B and Calcofluor White

Background: There have been only 2 reports that Cryptosporidium oocysts fluoresce with the fluorescent brightener (FB) Uvitex 2B (U2B), and none with the more commonly used FB calcofluor white (CFW). Methods: Smears of formalin–fixed feces containing Cryptosporidium oocysts were examined with U2B and 3 CFW products under a variety of conditions of concentrations, pH, staining times, and temperatures. Results: Under the conditions that a wide range of fungal and parasite structures, including spores of the microsporidia, fluoresce well with CFW and U2B (ie, 0.05% to 0.1% solutions at neutral or at alkaline pH at room temperature), oocysts were not found to fluoresce. However, staining with alkaline solutions for 2 minutes at 60oC to 65°C produced oocyst fluorescence ranging from bright to minimal, even within the same smear. Conclusions: Any of the FB reagents tested could be used as a simple and rapid stain procedure for Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal smears.
Cross-artifact traceability using lightweight links

Much research in traceability has focused on following requirements and features over the early phases of the software lifecycle. There has been comparatively little work on traceability into later phases and artifacts. In this paper, we tackle the problem of traceability across artifacts, including documents and source code, and maintaining traceability links through successive changes. We have developed Zelda, a prototype for associating arbitrary lines in text-based files with a feature map. This representation can be used to link together sections from many types of artifacts and can also contain annotations and notes. Zelda automatically tracks and presents the locations of these links in subsequent versions of the artifacts. We evaluated Zelda using 25 versions of jEdit, (260 KLOC). The overall precision for 419 links across the five features was 0.90 and the recall was 0.73. The average precision and recall per features is 0.78 and 0.69 respectively.
Multi-scale simulation of functionalization of rough polymer surfaces using atmospheric pressure plasmas

Atmospheric pressure discharges are routinely used to functionalize rough surfaces of commodity polymeric materials to enhance surface properties. High value polymeric materials, such as scaffolding for tissue engineering, must also have their surfaces treated to achieve similar functionality. The techniques used to achieve this functionality are typically costlier than the commodity processes used for bulk, web treatment of polymer sheets. The issue we are investigating is whether inexpensive, commodity plasma processes can be adapted to treat high value materials while considering the uniformity of processing on micro- and macro-scales. To address these issues a two-dimensional plasma hydrodynamics-surface kinetics model was developed and applied to the investigation of atmospheric pressure plasma functionalization of a polypropylene surface having microstructure using He/O2/H2O mixtures. Non-uniformities in functionalization occur over both macroscopic and microscopic length scales and can be controlled by a judicious choice of O2 fraction.
Efficacy of in vitro embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows using fresh or vitrified embryos produced in a novel embryo culture medium

Objectives were to determine whether pregnancy success could be improved in lactating cows with timed embryo transfer when embryos were produced in vitro using a medium designed to enhance embryo development and survival after cryopreservation. In experiment 1, embryos (n = 569 to 922) were cultured in either modified synthetic oviduct fluid or a serumfree medium, Block-Bonilla-Hansen-7 (BBH7). Development to the blastocyst stage was recorded at d 7, and selected blastocysts (n = 79 to 114) were vitrified using open pulled straws. Culture of embryos in BBH7 increased development to the blastocyst stage (41.9 ± 2.0 vs. 14.7 ± 2.0%) and advanced blastocyst stages (expanded, hatching, hatched; 31.1 ± 1.3 vs. 6.4 ± 1.3%) at d 7 and resulted in higher hatching rates at 24 h postwarming compared with embryos cultured in modified synthetic oviduct fluid (59.0 ± 0.5 vs. 26.7 ± 0.5%). In experiment 2, embryos were produced using X-sorted semen and cultured in BBH7. At d 7 after insemination, embryos were transferred fresh or following vitrification. Lactating Holstein cows were either subjected to timed artificial insemination (TAI) on the day of presumptive ovulation or used as embryo recipients 7 d later. Embryo recipients received an embryo if a corpus luteum was present. The percentage of cows pregnant at d 32, 46, and 76 of gestation was higher among cows that received fresh embryos compared with TAI cows or cows that received vitrified embryos. At d 76, for example, the proportion and percentage pregnant was 47/150 (31.3%) for cows subjected to TAI, 48/95 (50.5%) for cows receiving fresh embryos, and 39/141 (27.7%) for cows receiving a vitrified embryo. No difference was observed in the percentage of cows pregnant among TAI cows and those that received vitrified embryos. There was a service or transfer number × treatment interaction because differences in pregnancy rate between embryo transfer recipients and cows bred by TAI were greater for cows with more than 3 services or transfers. Pregnancy success in lactating cows can be improved by transferring fresh embryos produced in BBH7 compared with TAI. Moreover, no decline in fertility was observed when cryopreserved embryos were transferred compared with TAI. Embryo transfer is particularly efficacious for infertile cows that have pre
Spatial and temporal localization of transforming growth factor-β1, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and platelet-derived growth factor-A in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that spatial and temporal localization of growth factors transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-A in a rabbit tooth extraction model correlate with the histologic events contributing toward healing. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male New Zealand White rabbits were used in the study. Incisor teeth were extracted from both jaws, and the healing extraction socket with the surrounding jaw bone was harvested at 48 hours, 4 days, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Tissues were fixed, decalcified, and processed for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. The sections were stained to detect TGF-β1, BMP-2, and PDGF-A. Stained sections were then imaged, and an automated computer program was used to detect the brown 3,3′-diaminobenzidine regions representing the location of growth factors of interest. The data were collected in terms of percentage area and intensity of stain, and an analysis of variance was conducted (Tukey-Kramer and Scheffe’s test) for statistical comparison between different time points, jaws, and growth factors. These results were also compared with hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic specimens obtained at similar time points. Results: Spatial and temporal differences in localization of TGF-β1, BMP-2, and PDGF-A were observed across all time frames in both jaws. Statistically significant differences in percentage area and intensity of brown diaminobenzidine stain were detected temporally between TGF-β1, BMP-2, and PDGF-A (P ≤ .0001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed positive correlation between histologic events and the spatial and temporal localization of TGF-β1, BMP-2, and PDGF-A in a rabbit tooth extraction model.
English in Korean Advertising: An Exploratory Study

The use of English language names, titles, and catchphrases are often presented in advertisements that do notnecessarily target English-reading clientele in South Korea. This paper explores the functionality andcharacteristics of English text found in Korean promotion. This was a multistep exploratory study of the use andacceptance of English in Korean advertisements. First, various Korean media sources were scrutinized todetermine the percentage of promotions that exhibited English and how it was utilized. Second, a surveyregarding the acceptance and perception of English in these promotions by the Korean consumer was conducted.Third, a vocabulary test of the most common English descriptive words utilized in Korean magazineadvertisements was given to Korean business students. It was determined that 59.5% of the advertisementscontained English words. The survey revealed evidence that English in Korean promotions is well received withthe majority agreeing that the English language is novel or exoticness. The twenty most commonly foundEnglish words presented in Korean magazine advertisements were only understood 58.5 % of the time by thebusiness college students surveyed. This study shows that international and native Korean firms are havingsuccess in the Korean market by using marketing that integrates English has a means to show style and appeal tothe Korean customers. The findings suggest that the Korean consumer finds the use of English to be appealingregardless of their comprehension of the language itself.
Trophic Level Effect on the Accumulation of Cæsium-137 in Cougars feeding on Mule Deer

IN aquatic ecosystems, caesium-137 levels in predators exceed those of herbivores under conditions of equal contamination of the environment1–3. Examples of the step-wise increase in contamination-levels of caesium-137 in four species of fish representing three trophic levels, and an explanation of the reason for the increase, will be published soon4. To our knowledge, no example of trophic level increase has been demonstrated in terrestrial wildlife, although an approximate 2- to 3-fold increase in caesium-137 in man over his integrated food has been reported by several workers5–7, and similar results were obtained by feeding caesium-137 to animals8,9.
Fracture testing of bulk silicon microcantilever beams subjected to a side load

A custom experimental system was developed to fracture silicon microcantilever beams in side loading (i.e., the load was applied in the noncompliant direction), and the resulting force/deflection (stiffness) characteristics were obtained. A finite element model of these structures was analyzed using ABAQUS, and the resulting model stiffness correlated well with the experimental data. Fracture types were divided into two categories, {111} and {110}, according to the type of silicon crystalline plane along which fracture occurred. The initiation location of each fracture type was identified. The fracture stress (strength) in the beam was obtained from the stress produced in the model at the fracture initiation site for a load equivalent to the experimental fracture force. Numerous beams were tested, and the statistical results were compiled. The distributions and statistical data from each of the fracture types were compared to each other and to previously acquired results from front/back loading (i.e., loading in the compliant direction) of these same structures. Side-loading results indicated that the {110} fracture type had a greater fracture strength than the {111} type. Based on a comparison of the side loading data with the front/back loading data, it was concluded that side wall roughness and especially the edge roughness greatly affected the fracture strength of the silicon micromechanical structures.
Characterization of atmospheric aerosol in the US Southeast from ground- and space-based measurements over the past decade

Abstract. This study examines how aerosols measured from the ground and space over the US Southeast change temporally over a regional scale during the past decade. PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter >2.5 micrometers) data consist of two datasets that represent the measurements that are used for regulatory purposes by the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and continuous measurements used for quickly disseminating air quality information. AOD (aerosol optical depth) data come from three NASA sensors: the MODIS sensors onboard Terra and Aqua satellites and the MISR sensor onboard the Terra satellite. We analyze all available data over the state of Georgia from 2000–2009 of both types of aerosol data. The analysis reveals that during the summer the large metropolitan area of Atlanta has average PM2.5 concentrations that are 50% more than the remainder of the state. Strong seasonality is detected in both the AOD and PM2.5 datasets, as evidenced by a threefold increase of AOD from mean winter values to mean summer values, and the increase in PM2.5 concentrations is almost twofold over the same period. Additionally, there is agreement between MODIS and MISR onboard the Terra satellite during the spring and summer, having correlation coefficients of 0.64 and 0.71, respectively. Monthly anomalies were used to determine the presence of a trend in all considered aerosol datasets. We found negative linear trends for both the monthly AOD anomalies from MODIS onboard Terra and the PM2.5 datasets, which are statistically significant. Decreasing trends were also found for MISR onboard Terra and MODIS onboard Aqua, but those trends were not statistically significant. The observed decrease in AOD and PM2.5 concentrations may be indicative of the brightening over the study region during the past decade.
Rectification and enhancement of three severely distorted images of Jupiter's north polar region

A number of high-resolution images of Jupiter's northern hemisphere were received from the imaging photo-polarimeter (IPP) aboard Pioneer 11 in 1974. Erratic scanning of the IPP caused severe distortions in three scientifically important images, which until now have never been satisfactorily restored. We report new rectification and enhancement techniques, implemented on up-to-date image processing hardware, yielding images of sufficient quality to enable full scientific exploitation of the photometric data.
Modeling and control of piezoelectric cantilever beam micro-mirror and micro-laser arrays to reduce image banding in electrophotographic processes

This paper present a theoretical evaluation of the application of microelectromechanical technology to reduce banding artifacts in electrophotographic printing systems. The proposed system would consist of arrays of micro-mirrors and micro-lasers replacing conventional laser printing mechanisms. Several advantages of the new system include faster printing speeds, elimination of synchronization problems, improved image quality and lower production costs. Each micro-mirror can be a surface micro-machined piezoelectric cantilever beam with a reflective surface. An analytical model for the cantilever beam describing the dynamic relationship between scan line deflection and the applied voltage is derived. Using a closed-loop feedback control strategy, the effectiveness of the micro-mirror arrays in reducing banding was theoretically evaluated. Calculations show that each micro-mirror should be capable of deflecting the scan line a distance of 50 µm or approximately one 600 dots per inch (dpi) pixel by only using a 2 V voltage potential. Using an actual measured line spacing sequence, the operation of the system was simulated. The results demonstrated good tracking and significant reduction of the low-frequency banding components. Emulated images showed significant reduction in banding for a typical 600 dpi print resolution.
Microfluidic enrichment of a target cell type from a heterogenous suspension by adhesion-based negative selection

The enrichment or isolation of a selected type of cells in a heterogeneous suspension is challenging when the surface markers of these cells are not completely known. Here, we present a 3-stage arrangement of peptide-coated microfluidic channels that can recover a small number of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from a heterogenous suspension by negative selection depletion of the non-target cell types.
Signal Transduction Pathways and Heterotrimeric G Proteins

In eukaryotic cells, many environmental stimuli are sensed by a class of receptors known as the seven-helix family. Based on amino acid sequence analysis and other criteria (for review see Ross 1989; Birnbaumer et al. 1990; Dohlman et al. 1991; Khorana 1992), these proteins are predicted to contain seven transmembrane helical domains that anchor them to the plasma membrane. Examples of seven-helix receptors are opsins, s and α-adrenergic receptors, ml and m2 acetylcholine receptors, and somatostatin, bradykinin, and odorant receptors. Ligands that bind such receptors include light, odorants, hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters.
Running spell-check to identify regulatory variants.

A major challenge in human genetics is pinpointing which non-coding genetic variants affect gene expression and disease risk. A new study in this issue describes a broadly applicable approach for this task that explicitly models cell type–specific regulatory motifs and generates variant effect predictions that are more accurate and interpretable than those of alternative tools.
Application of an indigenous eco-friendly raw material as fluid loss additive

Abstract The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia spends millions of dollars/year in importing various fluid additives from overseas countries to meet the demand of the oil and gas sector. Analyses of the drilling fluid additive import cost of 2012 indicate that more than 50 million dollars were spent in importing fluid loss control additives only. It is a very common mud additive and is frequently needed for both water and oil-based mud formulations to fulfill certain functional task while drilling or making a connection or a trip. Hence, its total or partial replacement will save millions of dollars/year. Even the replacement of 10% of the imported fluid loss additive will save more than 5 million dollars/year. This justifies the development of fluid loss additives in kingdom using locally available natural, industrial and/or agricultural raw materials. Localization of the product development would be highly beneficial to the Kingdom in terms of industrial growth, technology ownership and creation of new job opportunities for the local public and savings of millions of dollars/year associated with mud additives procurement. It will also make a major contribution in the national economy by a significant reduction in mud additives import budget. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the largest producers of Dates. This paper describes the preliminary test results of a locally developed date seed powder (DSP) as fluid loss additive, which is an agricultural waste product. Experimental results indicate that the fluid loss additive is equally applicable for fresh and salt water-based drilling muds and thus demonstrate its suitability for current and future exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources.
That's Easy! The Effects of Objective and Subjective Task Difficulty when Multitasking

Abstract As systems grow in complexity, there are more tasks that people want to complete simultaneously. Prior research has shown that receiving interruptions hurts people's performance. Our research intends to better understand the performance implications of users multitasking during simple and complex tasks by examining task difficulty both objectively and subjectively. We created a web-based word search puzzle as the primary task with an objectively easy and hard version. 726 were randomized into one of four conditions. In the first two conditions, participants received the objectively easy or hard version of the primary task and did not receive any interruptions. In the latter two conditions participants received the easy and hard versions with interruptions. Subjective difficulty was measured based on the participants’ opinions of the primary task. While we did not find any significant differences in conditions with the objective or subjective divisions, however, when participants perceived the interrupting task as difficult receiving interruptions during both the easy and hard conditions helped participants perform better. This was only true for the subjective breakdown. These findings suggest that the difficulty level of the interrupting task may impact users’ performance outcome when receiving interruptions. We also found that while there was no significant correlation between participants’ propensity to multitask and performance in the interrupting conditions, when examining those who did not receive interruptions, participants’ performance significantly positively correlated with their propensity to multitask. This implies that multitasking users perform better than non-multitasking users when mono-tasking.
Using Linkage Analysis to Detect Gene-Gene Interactions. 2. Improved Reliability and Extension to More-Complex Models.

Detecting gene-gene interaction in complex diseases has become an important priority for common disease genetics, but most current approaches to detecting interaction start with disease-marker associations. These approaches are based on population allele frequency correlations, not genetic inheritance, and therefore cannot exploit the rich information about inheritance contained within families. They are also hampered by issues of rigorous phenotype definition, multiple test correction, and allelic and locus heterogeneity. We recently developed, tested, and published a powerful gene-gene interaction detection strategy based on conditioning family data on a known disease-causing allele or a disease-associated marker allele4. We successfully applied the method to disease data and used computer simulation to exhaustively test the method for some epistatic models. We knew that the statistic we developed to indicate interaction was less reliable when applied to more-complex interaction models. Here, we improve the statistic and expand the testing procedure. We computer-simulated multipoint linkage data for a disease caused by two interacting loci. We examined epistatic as well as additive models and compared them with heterogeneity models. In all our models, the at-risk genotypes are “major” in the sense that among affected individuals, a substantial proportion has a disease-related genotype. One of the loci (A) has a known disease-related allele (as would have been determined from a previous analysis). We removed (pruned) family members who did not carry this allele; the resultant dataset is referred to as “stratified.” This elimination step has the effect of raising the “penetrance” and detectability at the second locus (B). We used the lod scores for the stratified and unstratified data sets to calculate a statistic that either indicated the presence of interaction or indicated that no interaction was detectable. We show that the new method is robust and reliable for a wide range of parameters. Our statistic performs well both with the epistatic models (false negative rates, i.e., failing to detect interaction, ranging from 0 to 2.5%) and with the heterogeneity models (false positive rates, i.e., falsely detecting interaction, ≤1%). It works well with the additive model except when allele frequencies at the two loci differ widely. We explore those features of the additive model that make detecting interaction more difficult. All testing of this method suggests that it provides a reliable approach to detecting gene-gene interaction.
The Effect of the 150-Hour Educational Requirements on Municipal Audit Fees

We examined the change in audit fees after adoption of GASB 34 for a sample of 350 cities, correcting for audit fee inflation unrelated to GASB 34.We found that the mean (median) fee change for 2002 adopters was 4.9 (2.9) percentage points higher than for non-adopters. The mean (median) fee increase for 2003 adopters, smaller cities, was 11.6% (8.6%) over the non-adoption year fee increase. Overall, we found that the adoption of Statement 34 increased mean (median) fees approximately 9% (5%) for all cities, but that the effect was significantly larger for small cities. Overall, we documented an increase in fees associated with adoption that is both statistically and practically significant.
Towards new strategies to combat mycobacterial diseases

Infectious diseases account for more than 30% of deaths throughout the world, and we are increasingly faced with new and reemerging disease challenges. Infections caused by mycobacteria are the leading cause of death from infectious diseases around the world. Leprosy/Hansen's disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, primarily involves the peripheral nervous system and skin. Tuberculosis remains an important global health problem with approximately 1.9 billion people presently infected with M. tuberculosis. Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria such as M. avium complex (MAC) constitute an important health problem, because most strains of MAC are resistant to antituberculous drugs. Mycobacteria are intracellular microbial pathogens. The infect macrophages cause chronic inflammation, such as granulomatous inflammation, and progressive scarring. Host defense against mycobacterial infection is controlled predominantly by the macrophage-cytokine-type 1 helper T (Th1) cell axis resulting in the expression of cell-mediated immunity. Development of cell-mediated, Th1(1) protective immunity to mycobacteria is considered a two-edged response, contributing to both clearance of infecting agents and tissue damage. In the second half of the 20th century, the conceptual approach to the management of established infectious diseases is antimicrobial chemotherapy. However, the successful implementation of antimicrobial chemotherapy is becoming increasingly difficult because of (1) an epidemic of immunocompromised patients, for whom antimicrobial therapy is less effective; (2) the emergence of new pathogens and the reemergence of old pathogens; and (3) widespread drug resistance. Antiinfective immunotherapy will be a new control strategy for mycobacterial diseases. It is also conceivable that therapeutic interventions to enhance the host immunity will be as effective as and possibly synergistic with antimicrobial drugs. We believe that the immune-based strategies will contribute to elimination of mycobacterial diseases.
Chronic renal failure and catastrophic failure of an acetabular component: a case report.

Polyethylene wear and particulate-induced complications affect the survival of primary and revision total hip prostheses. Polyethylene failure can present as a fracture of the acetabular liner, massive liner wear with or without osteolysis-associated complications, or a combination of the two. Various degrees of metallosis can be seen in cases of catastrophic polyethylene failure. If the polyethylene wear or failure is not surgically addressed in a timely fashion, not only can the acetabular cup loosen, but massive wear of the acetabular metal shell may ensue with possible destruction of the component's locking mechanism. We present a case of a patient with catastrophic polyethylene failure and wear-through of the titanium acetabular component, resulting in severe periacetabular metallosis. Preoperatively, the patient was known to have chronic renal insufficiency thought to be secondary to hypertension. After removal of the metal-ion generator by revision of the acetabular cup, the renal insufficiency markedly improved. We are not aware of any other articles describing renal failure in the setting of metallosis secondary to total hip arthroplasty failure and its improvement with revision of the total hip arthroplasty. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he consented. A forty-year-old male automobile mechanic, who had undergone a right total hip arthroplasty seventeen years earlier, presented with a squeaking noise from the right hip and pain of one year's duration. Prior to this presentation, he had been lost to follow-up for approximately ten years after the arthroplasty. The patient's medical history was notable for colon cancer and hypertension. On physical examination, there was obvious noise and crepitus during hip motion, and the patient had an antalgic gait. The Harris hip score was 43 points. Radiographs (Fig. 1) showed catastrophic wear of the femoral head through the acetabular cup with fracture of the …
High voltage mixed technology switchgear(MTS) and its applications

Mixed technologies switchgear (MTS) is compact and multifunctional switchgear assemblies which have been developed based on air insulated switchgear (AIS) and gas insulated switchgear (GIS) technologies, and they are extensively used to replace and upgrade existing substations. The classification of MTS, the difference among MTS, routine AIS and routine GIS were introduced and compared, and the newly issued related IEC standards were also introduced. And, the characteristics of MTS such as required space, reliability, extendibility and life cycle cost were analyzed. Lastly, the applications of MTS were introduced.
Data Communication Scheme Between Central Station and Sub-stations in Waterpower Scheduling Automation System of Power Network

A data communication scheme between the central station and sub-stations in waterpower scheduling automation system is proposed.The solution is based on mid database.In the scheme,the design idea of the sub-station database and the data stream optimization are expatiated,and the exchange of data between central stations and sub-stations and between generator units and sluices in waterpower scheduling automation system is realized.Field application shows that the design is reasonable and the operation stable.
Techniques for Computing $$\mathcal{R}_{0}$$

This chapter begins with introducing progressively more complex and realistic ODE models. It introduces the basic SEIR model, a model with an asymptomatic stage, a model with a carrier stage, a model with quarantine/isolation, a vaccination model, a tuberculosis model with treatment, and models with host and pathogen heterogeneities. The current state-of-the-art tools for the computation of the reproduction number in complex models, including the next-generation approach, are introduced and illustrated on examples.
Integrating object-process methodology with attibute driven design

System architecture is a key driver in defining a system's form and function. The Object-Process Methodology (OPM) integrates system function, structure, and behavior in one model for the study of system architectures. While the methodology eliminates the challenges of managing multiple views of a system architecture, it is a descriptive approach and does not explicitly address the life cycle properties (-ilities) of a system. Thus, the quality of architecture developed depends on the experience and skill level of its architect. Integrating OPM with other, more prescriptive, architecting methodologies may address this gap. In particular, Attribute Driven Design (ADD) is an approach widely used in software-centric applications for generating architectures with desirable life cycle properties. In this paper, we integrate OPM with ADD in order to leverage the advantages of each and demonstrate its use via an illustrative system development project. The integrated approach provides explicit guidance to the architect to capture form, function and life-cycle properties early in the conceptual architecting process.
Asthma, culture, and cultural analysis: continuing challenges.

Recent research indicates that asthma is more complicated than already recognized, requiring a multilateral approach of study in order to better understand its many facets. Apart from being a health problem, asthma is seen as a knowledge problem, and as we argue here, a cultural problem. Employing cultural analysis we outline ways to challenge conventional ideas and practices about asthma by considering how culture shapes asthma experience, diagnosis, management, research, and politics. Finally, we discuss the value of viewing asthma through multiple lenses, and how such “explanatory pluralism” advances transdisciplinary approaches to asthma.
Tunable Plasmonic Neutral Density Filters and Chromatic Polarizers: Highly Packed 2D Arrays of Plasmonic Nanoparticle on Elastomer Substrate

Highly packed gold nanocube (AuNC) 2D arrays sandwiched between two layers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates act as an optical neutral density filter (NDFs) and a chromatic polarizer. Upon mechanical stretching, the intensity of the absorption spectrum of the AuNC 2D arrays-PDMS is found to decrease evenly in the UV, visible, and NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The color of the polarized light transmitted through the filter is dependent on its angle of polarization. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) extinction spectrum of the AuNC arrays arises mainly from scattering rather than absorption, unlike standard NDFs where their function is based on light absorption. Absorption of light causes heat generation that has a negative impact on the function of the NDFs. The ordering of the AuNCs inside the array after stretching was examined by dark field imaging, polarization-dependent optical measurements, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy.
Debunking the Myth of Pregnancy Doping

The notion that pregnancy and abortion are forms of doping has persisted for 20 years. Popular and scientific literature on pregnancy/abortion doping was critically analyzed to compare pregnancy/abortion doping with definitions of doping and blood doping and to compare pregnancy/abortion doping themes to current scientific knowledge. Main themes included oxygenation advantage and hormonal advantage. During pregnancy, maximal oxygen uptake may improve but not exercise performance. Human chorionic gonadotropin, the only pregnancy hormone on National Collegiate Athletic Association and United States Anti-Doping Agency banned substances lists, increases during pregnancy but there is no evidence that hCG enhances athletic performance in women. Recommendations include revising USADA and NNCAA policies into congruence with World Anti-Doping Agency policies which ban hCG for men only. During the past seven years of advocating for college student-athlete athletic department pregnancy and parenting policies, popula...
A depleting antibody toward sca-1 mitigates a surge of CD34(+)/c-kit(+) progenitors and reduces vascular restenosis in a murine vascular injury model.

Objective Vascular restenosis remains a major obstacle to long-term success after vascular intervention. Circulating progenitor cells have been implicated in restenosis, and yet it has remained unclear if these cells, particularly nonendothelial progenitors, have an active role in this pathologic process. We hypothesized that circulating CD34 + /c-kit + progenitors would increase after vascular injury, mirrored by changes in the injury signal, stromal cell-derived factor 1α (sdf1α). We further postulated that an antibody-based depletion would mitigate progenitor surge and, in turn, reduce restenosis in a murine model. Methods C57BL6 mice underwent wire injury of the femoral artery and were compared with mice with sham surgery and vessel ligation by flow cytometry as well as by sdf1α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of peripheral blood. Next, injured C57BL6 mice treated with a depleting antibody toward the progenitor marker sca-1 or with an isotype control were compared in terms of sdf1α as well as enumeration of progenitors. At 28 days, restenosis was quantified between sca-1- and isotype-treated animals. Results Wire injury generated an increase in sdf1α as well as a surge of CD34 + /c-kit + progenitors relative to nonsurgical controls ( P = .005). Treatment with sca-1 antibody ablated the peripheral surge compared with isotype-treated, injured animals ( P = .02), and sca progenitor depletion reduced the 28-day intima to media ratio in a statistically significant fashion compared with either nontreated ( P = .04) or isotype-treated ( P = .036) animals. Conclusions Our study has demonstrated that sca-1 antibody reduces both progenitor surge and vascular restenosis after endoluminal vascular injury in a murine model. This suggests that circulating progenitors play an active role in restenotic disease.
Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases

Beside digesting nutrients and absorbing solutes and electrolytes, the intestinal epithelium with its barrier function is in charge of a tightly controlled antigen trafficking from the intestinal lumen to the submucosa. This trafficking dictates the delicate balance between tolerance and immune response causing inflammation. Loss of barrier function secondary to upregulation of zonulin, the only known physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions, leads to uncontrolled influx of dietary and microbial antigens. Additional insights on zonulin mechanism of action and the recent appreciation of the role that altered intestinal permeability can play in the development and progression of chronic inflammatory disorders has increased interest of both basic scientists and clinicians on the potential role of zonulin in the pathogenesis of these diseases. This review focuses on the recent research implicating zonulin as a master regulator of intestinal permeability linked to the development of several chronic inflammatory disorders.
DMice-a depth-of-interaction detector design for PET scanners

We have previously reported on a depth-of-interaction (DOI) detector design that uses light sharing and a single-ended readout scheme. The approach depends on the modification of light transmission between paired crystals to produce a DOI effect when the ratio of the light emitted by the paired crystals was measured. A limitation of the design was the method used to control the light sharing-making production of detector modules a complicated and time consuming task. We report here on the use of laser cut reflector sheets placed between paired crystals as an efficient method to construct such modules. Simulations of 4/spl times/4 and 1/spl times/1 mm cross section crystals were performed. The simulation results indicate that a triangular reflector shape between the crystals and an air-gap reflector design around the crystals provides the best performance. The optimal length of the reflector (% length of crystal) is a function of the crystal cross section and varies between 100% for a 4/spl times/4/spl times/30 mm crystal pair to 73% for a 1/spl times/1/spl times/30 mm crystal pair. Initial experimental validation of the simulations is being done with hand cut reflector patterns with 4/spl times/4/spl times/30 mm crystals. The work will then progress to using laser cut patterns laminated between slabs of crystals, which are then cut into crystal pairs for mounting on PMTs.
Can a Flexibility/Support Initiative Reduce Turnover Intentions and Exits? Results from the Work, Family, and Health Network

We draw on panel data from a randomized field experiment to assess the effects of a flexibility/supervisor support initiative called STAR on turnover intentions and voluntary turnover among professional technical workers in a large firm. An unanticipated exogenous shock—the announcement of an impending merger—occurred in the middle of data collection. Both organizational changes reflect an emerging employment contract characterized by increasing employee temporal flexibility even as employers wield greater flexibility in reorganizing their workforces. We theorized STAR would reduce turnover intentions and actual turnover by making it more attractive to stay with the current employer. We found being in a STAR team (versus a usual practice team) lowered turnover intentions 12 months later and reduced the risk of voluntary turnover over almost three years. We also examined potential mechanisms accounting for the effects of these two organizational changes; STAR effects on reducing turnover intentions are partially mediated by reducing work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict, burnout, psychological distress, perceived stress, and increasing job satisfaction. The effect of learning about the merger on increasing turnover intentions is fully mediated by increased job insecurity. STAR also moderates the negative effects of learning about the merger on turnover intentions for different subgroups. Findings provide insights into the effectiveness of an organizational intervention, the dynamics of organizations, and how competing logics of two organizational changes affect employees’ labor market expectations and behavior.
Fully automated breast density assessment from low-dose chest CT

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among US women and the second leading cause of cancer death 1 . Breast density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer and more than 25 states mandate its reporting to patients as part of the lay mammogram report 2 . Recent publications have demonstrated that breast density measured from low-dose chest CT (LDCT) correlates well with that measured from mammograms and MRIs 3-4 , thereby providing valuable information for many women who have undergone LDCT but not recent mammograms. A fully automated framework for breast density assessment from LDCT is presented in this paper. The whole breast region is first segmented using an anatomy-orientated novel approach based on the propagation of muscle fronts for separating the fibroglandular tissue from the underlying muscles. The fibroglandular tissue regions are then identified from the segmented whole breast and the percentage density is calculated based on the volume ratio of the fibroglandular tissue to the local whole breast region. The breast region segmentation framework was validated with 1270 LDCT scans, with 96.1% satisfactory outcomes based on visual inspection. The density assessment was evaluated by comparing with BI-RADS density grades established by an experienced radiologist in 100 randomly selected LDCT scans of female subjects. The continuous breast density measurement was shown to be consistent with the reference subjective grading, with the Spearman’s rank correlation 0.91 (p-value < 0.001). After converting the continuous density to categorical grades, the automated density assessment was congruous with the radiologist’s reading in 91% cases.
James Mulholland, Sounding Imperial: Poetic Voice and the Politics of Empire, 1730-1820 and Evan Gottlieb, Romantic Globalism: British Literature and Modern World Order, 1750-1830

Review by Juan Luis Sanchez (University of California, Los Angeles) of James Mulholland, Sounding Imperial: Poetic Voice and the Politics of Empire, 1730-1820 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. Pp. 232. £34. ISBN 9781421408545 and Evan Gottlieb, Romantic Globalism: British Literature and Modern World Order, 1750-1830 . Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2014. Pp. 224. £20.50. ISBN 9780814252857.
Clinical and Epidemiological Studies: Skeletal Changes across Menopause

Abstract Menopause represents a vulnerable time in a woman’s life for a number of reasons, but in particular, for her skeletal health. Estrogen deficiency associated with menopause increases bone remodeling leading to an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption and accelerated bone loss. Cross-sectional studies demonstrated lower bone mineral density (BMD) among perimenopausal and postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. Early longitudinal studies suggested that bone loss may begin before the final menstrual period, especially at trabecular rich sites. In the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, the cumulative 10-year lumbar spine BMD loss was 10.6%; 7.38% was lost during the menopausal transition. Cumulative femoral neck BMD loss was 9.1%; 5.8% was loss during the transition. Preliminary data suggest that bones may widen during menopause because of periosteal apposition but data are limited. Low lumbar spine BMD, high N telopeptide, and positive fracture history are important risk factors for fractures across menopause.