cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging Pulmonary Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression with PET

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity increases in acute and chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Imaging iNOS expression may be useful as an inflammation biomarker for monitoring lung disease activity. We developed a novel tracer for PET that binds to iNOS in vivo, 18F-NOS. In this study, we tested whether 18F-NOS could quantify iNOS expression from endotoxin-induced lung inflammation in healthy volunteers. Methods: Healthy volunteers were screened to exclude cardiopulmonary disease. Qualifying volunteers underwent a baseline, 1-h dynamic 18F-NOS PET/CT scan. Endotoxin (4 ng/kg) was then instilled bronchoscopically in the right middle lobe. 18F-NOS imaging was performed again approximately 16 h after endotoxin instillation. Radiolabeled metabolites were determined from blood samples. Cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) after imaging were stained immunohistochemically for iNOS. 18F-NOS uptake was quantified as the distribution volume ratio (DVR) determined by Logan plot graphical analysis in volumes of interest placed over the area of endotoxin instillation and in an equivalent lung region on the left. The mean Hounsfield units (HUs) were also computed using the same volumes of interest to measure density changes. Results: Seven healthy volunteers with normal pulmonary function completed the study with evaluable data. The DVR increased by approximately 30%, from a baseline mean of 0.42 ± 0.07 to 0.54 ± 0.12, and the mean HUs by 11% after endotoxin in 6 volunteers who had positive iNOS staining in BAL cells. The DVR did not change in the left lung after endotoxin. In 1 volunteer with low-level iNOS staining in BAL cells, the mean HUs increased by 7% without an increase in DVR. Metabolism was rapid, with approximately 50% of the parent compound at 5 min and 17% at 60 min after injection. Conclusion:18F-NOS can be used to image iNOS activity in acute lung inflammation in humans and may be a useful PET tracer for imaging iNOS expression in inflammatory lung disease.
Antithrombotic activity of kininogen is mediated by inhibitory effects of domain 3 during arterial injury in vivo

High-molecular-weight kininogen (HK) and its domain 3 (D3) exhibit anticoagulant properties and inhibit platelet activation at low thrombin concentration in vitro. We hypothesized that the rapid oc...
Relationships between Self-Concept and Directly Observed Behaviors in Kindergarten Children.

Twenty kindergarten children who were nominated by teachers as not being socially and academically competent (low-rated) and 36 kindergarten children who were nominated by teachers as competent (high-rated) participated in this study. Self-concept and academic achievement data were gathered on each subject. In addition, all children were observed in class, with particular attention to compliance/non-compliance with adult requests, on-task/off-task behavior, and positive/negative social behaviors with peers. The results indicate that: (a) The factor structure of the self-concept instrument (Primary Self-concept Inventory) was replicated in both groups of children. (b) There were no significant differences in self-concept scores among high- vs. low-rated children. (c) There were profound differences in academic and social behaviors that were found to covary with positive self-evaluations within the two study groups. In general, high-rated children who felt best about themselves were higher achievers and more compliant than were their study group cohorts. Low-rated children who felt best about themselves were, on the contrary, more off-task, more negative in their peer contacts, and inferior academically to their study group cohorts.
Glass formation in Al-rich Al–Sm alloys during solid state processing at ambient temperature

Abstract Glassy Al 92 Sm 8 samples were produced by repeated cold rolling of elemental foils and examined by calorimetry, electron microscopy and X-ray and electron diffraction methods. In terms of a generalized phase diagram for partitionless reactions, the glassy state is approached isothermally by concentration variation; finally exceeding the stability limit of the crystalline state. The absence of high temperature processing precludes the formation of preexisting nuclei and allows for the first experimental observation of the glass transition for this system. The results show that although fast heat extraction and compositional variation are often viewed as alternative methods to achieve glass, they may not be equivalent in all cases especially when thermally activated kinetic reactions can affect the stability of the final glassy state.
High response solar-blind MgZnO photodetectors grown by molecular beam epitaxy

High quality w-MgxZn1-xO thin films were grown epitaxially on c-plane sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy. ZnO thin films with high crystalline quality, low defect and dislocation densities, and subnanometer surface roughness were achieved by applying a low temperature nucleation layer. By tuning Mg/Zn flux ratio, wurtzite MgxZn1-xO thin films with Mg composition as high as x=0.46 were obtained without phase segregation. Metal- Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) photoconductive and Schottky barrier devices with interdigitated electrode geometry and active surface area of 1 mm2 were fabricated and characterized. Resultant devices showed ~100 A/W peak responsivity at wavelength of ~260nm. We also report on cubic rock salt c-MgxZn1-xO thin films, following a non-traditional approach on MgO substrates, to demonstrate solar-blind photoresponse in MSM photodetectors, realizing a peak responsivity of 460 A/W (@ 250 nm) and 12.6 mA/W (@ 240nm) for mixed phase and single crystal films, respectively. A specific focus of the work is on identifying the impact of various growth parameters on the performance of the c- MgZnO detectors.
Spinal cord separation: MRI evidence of healing after omentum-collagen reconstruction.

Abstract Introduction: Animal experimentation has demonstrated that omental–collagen bridge reconstruction of a transected spinal cord in cats can result in the growth of axons crossing the transection site which resulted in the return of motor and sensory activity. This paper raises the possibility that a comparable spinal cord reconstruction model could be possible for human application. Methods: Cats had their spinal cord transected at the T-9 level. This led to a gap at the transection site that was filled with semi-liquid collagen, followed by omental transposition onto the underlying collagen bridge, which had subsequently hardened. A comparable technique was used on a patient who had, as reported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a complete spinal cord transection at the T-6 level. Results: Reconstruction of a transected spinal cord in cats using an omental–collagen bridge resulted in axons that grew across the transection site at the rate of 1 mm/day. Several animals developed forelimb and hind...
Biological effects of the enhanced excretion of zinc after calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate chelation therapy.

Abstract An enhanced, uncompensated excretion of zinc may be responsible for unwanted side-effects that could develop after prolonged chelation therapy with calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Ca-DTPA). As a preliminary means of defining “potential toxicity” within this hypothesis, the “normal” concentration range of Zn++ excreted in the urine of three adult female baboons was measured on a daily basis; changes in urinary Zn++ excretion were then quantitated as a function of the injection time and dose of the chelating agent Na3(Ca-DTPA) originally administered to enhance the excretion of 241Am from the body. In addition, the inhibitory action of the chelator compound on the activity of a specific metalloenzyme system, erythrocytic aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), which requires Zn++ as a co-factor, has been determined as a measure of a specific biological effect. It was found that whenever the concentration of Zn++ in urine was above 2 μg/ml (or greater than approximately four times the “normal” urinary excretion level), the activity of ALAD dropped below 250 nmol PBG/ml RBC/hr or approximately one-half the mean “normal” activity value for this primate species.
Simulation of a quantum dot microcavity terahertz laser

We model a new THz laser device structure based on a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) gain medium, where the lasing occurs through discrete conduction states. An ensemble of QDs is selectively placed in a high quality cavity, called a microdisk, which is resonant with an intersublevel QD transition. We simulate the rate equations governing lasing and discuss a variety of processes affecting lasing including nonradiative recombination and the ground state decay rate.
Successful clinical experience with twice daily oral epicillin.

SummaryEpicillin was administered to 1,369 patients to evaluate the efficacy of a twice-daily regimen in the treatment of respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin and soft-tissue infections. Results of this clinical study indicate that epicillin administered orally on a twice-a-day schedule is a safe, well-tolerated and efficacious agent for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms.
Prolonged emergency department length of stay is not associated with worse outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Prolonged emergency department length of stay (EDLOS) has been associated with worse patient outcomes, longer inpatient stays, and failure to meet quality measures in several acute medical conditions, but these findings have not been consistently reproduced. We performed this study to explore the hypothesis that longer EDLOS would be associated with worse outcomes in a large cohort of patients presenting with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of consecutive patients with spontaneous ICH who presented to a single academic referral center from February 2005 to October 2009. The primary exposure variable was EDLOS, and our primary outcome was neurologic status at hospital discharge, measured with a modified Rankin scale (mRS). Secondary outcomes were ICU length of stay, total hospital length of stay, and total hospital costs. Our cohort included 616 visits of which 42 were excluded, leaving 574 patient encounters for analysis. Median age was 75 years (IQR 63–82), median EDLOS 5.1 h (IQR 3.7–7.1) and median discharge mRS 4 (IQR 3–6). Thirty percent of the subjects died in-hospital. Multivariable proportional odds logistic regression, controlling for age, initial Glasgow Coma Scale, initial hematoma volume, ED occupancy at registration, and the need for intubation or surgical intervention, demonstrated no association between EDLOS and outcome. Furthermore, multivariable analysis revealed no association of increased EDLOS with ICU or hospital length of stay or hospital costs. We found no effect of EDLOS on neurologic outcome or resource utilization for patients presenting with spontaneous ICH.
Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Monterey Pine Seedlings as a Function of Soil Water Suction and Soil Temperature

Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were measured under controlled conditions of soil water suction and soil temperature. Air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and air movement were maintained constant. Rates of net photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration decreased with increasing soil water suction. The decrease in the rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration as a function of the soil temperature at low soil water suctions may be attributed to changes in the viscosity of water. At soil water suctions larger than 0.70 bars rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis may be affected in the same proportion by changes in stomatal apertures.
Infant siblings and the investigation of autism risk factors

Infant sibling studies have been at the vanguard of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) research over the past decade, providing important new knowledge about the earliest emerging signs of ASD and expanding our understanding of the developmental course of this complex disorder. Studies focused on siblings of children with ASD also have unrealized potential for contributing to ASD etiologic research. Moving targeted time of enrollment back from infancy toward conception creates tremendous opportunities for optimally studying risk factors and risk biomarkers during the pre-, peri- and neonatal periods. By doing so, a traditional sibling study, which already incorporates close developmental follow-up of at-risk infants through the third year of life, is essentially reconfigured as an enriched-risk pregnancy cohort study. This review considers the enriched-risk pregnancy cohort approach of studying infant siblings in the context of current thinking on ASD etiologic mechanisms. It then discusses the key features of this approach and provides a description of the design and implementation strategy of one major ASD enriched-risk pregnancy cohort study: the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI).
A Systematic Review of Sexual Health Interventions for Adults: Narrative Evidence

Recent work has explored the intersection between sexual health (as construed by the World Health Organization and others) and public health domains of action in the United States of America. This ...
Molecular Controls of Lymphatic VEGFR3 Signaling

Objectives— Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) plays important roles both in lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. On stimulation by its ligand VEGF-C, VEGFR3 is able to form both homodimers as well as heterodimers with VEGFR2 and activates several downstream signal pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 and protein kinase B (AKT). Despite certain similarities with VEGFR2, molecular features of VEGFR3 signaling are still largely unknown. Approach and Results— Human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells were used to examine VEGF-C–driven activation of signaling. Compared with VEGF-A activation of VEGFR2, VEGF-C–induced VEGFR3 activation led to a more extensive AKT activation, whereas activation of ERK1/2 displayed a distinctly different kinetics. Furthermore, VEGF-C, but not VEGF-A, induced formation of VEGFR3/VEGFR2 complexes. Silencing VEGFR2 or its partner neuropilin 1 specifically abolished VEGF-C–induced AKT but not ERK activation, whereas silencing of neuropilin 2 had little effect on either signaling pathway. Finally, suppression of vascular endothelial phosphotyrosine phosphatase but not other phosphotyrosine phosphatases enhanced VEGF-C–induced activation of both ERK and AKT pathways. Functionally, both ERK and AKT pathways are important for lymphatic endothelial cells migration. Conclusions— VEGF-C activates AKT signaling via formation of VEGFR3/VEGFR2 complex, whereas ERK is activated by VEGFR3 homodimer. Neuropilin 1 and vascular endothelial phosphotyrosine phosphatase are involved in regulation of VEGFR3 signaling.
Los Pastores: History and Performance in the Mexican Shepherd's Play of South Texas

Los Pastores: History and Performance in the Mexican Shepherd's Play of South Texas. RICHARD R. FLORES. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995 xii + 202 pp., illustrations, notes, references cited, index.
Variation of radon sources and indoor radon along the southwestern edge of the Canadian shield

Abstract Radon source and indoor radon concentrations were measured in 240 homes. Waterborne radon concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 360 kBq/m 3 , with a geometric mean value of 8.6 kBq/m 3 (230 pCi/L). Dry soil samples showed an average radon emanation of 16 Bq/kg (0.43 pCi/g) and an average radium content of 26 Bq/kg (0.7 pCi/g). In situ, surface soilborne 214 Bi concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 Bq/kg. Yearly average, indoor airborne radon concentrations ranged from 7 to 3800 Bq/m 3 (0.2 to 103 pCi/L) and varied significantly by season and by compartment. Radon concentrations in living spaces ranged from 7 to 2100 Bq/m 3 , with an average value of 130 Bq/m 3 (3.6 pCi/L) and a geometric mean of 100 Bq/m 3 (2.7 pCi/L). Source and airborne radon concentrations are best described by log-normal distributions. Localized clusters of houses showed significant variation in source and airborne radon, concentrations. Regional and geological clusters showed no significant variation in airborne radon, but did evidence some significant variation in source concentrations. Linear regression analysis of airborne radon in below-ground compartments and radon sources indicated significant correlation for emanative radon at individual sites, local clusters, and regional clusters and for 214 Bi concentrations in local clusters.
Protein prenylation in eukaryotic microorganisms: genetics, biology and biochemistry.

Summary Modrfication of proteins at C-terminal cysteine residue(s) by the isoprenoids farnesyl (C15) and geranylgeranyl (C20) is essential for the biological function of a number of eukaryotic proteins including fungal mating factors and the small, GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. Three distinct enzymes, conserved between yeast and mammals, have been identified that prenylate proteins: farnesyl protein transferase, geranylgeranyl protein transferase type I and geranylgeranyl protein transferase type II. Each prenyl protein transferase has its own protein substrate specificity. Much has been learned about the biology, genetics and biochemistry of protein prenylation and prenyl protein transferases through studies of eukaryotic microorganisms, particularly Saccharo-myces cerevisiae. The functional Importance of protein prenylation was first demonstrated with fungal mating factors. The initial genetic analysis of prenyl protein transferases was in S. cerewisiae with the isolation and subsequent characterization of mutations in the RAM1, RAM2, CDC43 and BET2 genes, each of which encodes a prenyl protein transferase subunit. We review here these and other studies on protein prenylation in eukaryotic microbes and how they relate to and have contributed to our knowledge about protein prenylation in all eukaryotic cells.
Building Relationships Between Business Schools And Students: An Empirical Investigation Into Student Retention

This study uses the relationship marketing theory of commitment and trust as a framework to investigate the issue of student retention in business schools. Structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships specified by Morgan and Hunt's (1994) theory of relationship marketing. Students' commitment to the business schools were determined by perceived benefits of attending the school, perceived similarity of values between the school and the students, and trust between the professors and the students. Commitment increased intentions to remain at the business school.
Inclusive Ambiguity: Multicultural Conflict in an Era of Accountability

The expansion of high-stakes accountability in the past decades has created an unavoidable tension with contemporary efforts to promote multicultural curricula. Accountability requires that states establish common standards, a difficult task when there is disagreement about what content students should learn. Policy makers can adopt an “augmentative” strategy and add material to standards. This approach is less effective, however, in high-stakes systems where standards are expected to provide concrete guidance. At such times, negotiations become more nearly “zero sum”—something has to come out of the standards for each new item that goes in. Given the nature of the American system, conflicts are more often resolved by devising ambiguous and aspirational standards. Conflict is more common in the humanities and social sciences than in mathematics or science because the “soft” subjects are less able to appeal to a neutral authority and because additional content can be grafted onto them more readily.
Comparative streamflow characteristics in urbanizing basins in the Portland Metropolitan Area, Oregon, USA

This study investigates changes in streamflow characteristics for urbanizing watersheds in the Portland Metropolitan Area of Oregon for the period from 1951 to 2000. The objective of this study was to assess how mean annual runoff ratio, mean seasonal runoff ratio, annual peak runoff ratio, changes in streamflow in response to storm amount, the fraction of time that the daily mean flow exceeds the annual mean flow, 3-day recession constants, and dry/wet flow ratio vary among watersheds with different degrees of urban development. There were no statistically significant changes in annual runoff ratio and annual peak runoff ratio for the mixed land-use watershed (Tualatin River watershed) and the urban watershed (Johnson Creek watershed) during the entire study period. The Tualatin River watershed, where most of the urban development occurred in a lower part of the watershed, showed a statistically significant increase in annual peak runoff ratio during the 1976 and 2000 period. The Upper Tualatin River watershed illustrated a significant decrease in annual peak runoff ratio for the entire study period. With significant differences in seasonal runoff ratio, only Johnson Creek exhibited a significant increase in both wet and dry season runoff ratios. Streamflow during storm events declined rapidly in the urban watershed, with a high 3-day recession constant. At an event storm scale, streamflow in Fanno Creek, which is the most urbanized watershed, responded quickly to precipitation input. The fraction of time that the daily mean flow exceeded the annual mean flow and dry/wet flow ratio are all lower in Johnson Creek. This suggests a shorter duration of storm runoff and lower baseflow in the urbanized watershed when compared to the mixed land use watershed. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of spatial and temporal scale, climate variability, and basin physiographic characteristics in detecting the hydrologic effects of urbanization in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the automated spatial surveillance program to birth defects surveillance data.

BACKGROUND: Although many birth defects surveillance programs incorporate georeferenced records into their databases, practical methods for routine spatial surveillance are lacking. We present a macroprogram written for the software package R designed for routine exploratory spatial analysis of birth defects data, the Automated Spatial Surveillance Program (ASSP), and present an application of this program using spina bifida prevalence data for metropolitan Atlanta. METHODS: Birth defects surveillance data were collected by the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. We generated ASSP maps for two groups of years that correspond roughly to the periods before (1994–1998) and after (1999–2002) folic acid fortification of flour. ASSP maps display census tract–specific spina bifida prevalence, smoothed prevalence contours, and locations of statistically elevated prevalence. We used these maps to identify areas of elevated prevalence for spina bifida. RESULTS: We identified a large area of potential concern in the years following fortification of grains and cereals with folic acid. This area overlapped census tracts containing large numbers of Hispanic residents. CONCLUSIONS: The potential utility of ASSP for spatial disease monitoring was demonstrated by the identification of areas of high prevalence of spina bifida and may warrant further study and monitoring. We intend to further develop ASSP so that it becomes practical for routine spatial monitoring of birth defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Oryzomine Rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): Separate and Combined Analyses of Morphological and Molecular Data

Abstract In this study I provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for the tribe Oryzomyini that can be used to understand the diversification and evolution of this group of rodents and to revise the current generic-level classification. Morphological and molecular data were used for these purposes in combined and separate analyses. Molecular data consisted of partial sequences (1266 bp) from the first exon of the nuclear gene encoding the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP); the morphological matrix comprised 99 characters, including 16 integumental characters, 32 skull characters, 29 dental characters, 7 postcranial characters, and 10 characters from the phallus and soft-anatomy systems. I present anatomical descriptions for each character, including delineation of different states observed among oryzomyines. Results of the combined analysis were congruent with the IRBP-only dataset for oryzomyine higher-level relationships. Morphological analyses, although showing discrepancies from the combined...
Anticipating Likely Consequences of Lottery‐Based Affirmative Action*

Objectives. To better understand the consequences of whole or partial reliance on test scores as a screening mechanism for college or university admissions or for job placement or promotion. Methods. We introduce a simple hurdles/threshold model to study one particular mechanism that has been recently proposed to generate a ‘‘compromise’’ between race-normed or gender-normed standards for acceptance, on the one hand, and the decision to select those with the highest score regardless of race or gender, on the other—a method we call lottery-based rules with minimum thresholds of acceptance. Results. We show the factors that determine how close acceptance rates for the disadvantaged group under lottery-based methods will be to the acceptance rates under either race-normal or pretest-score-based mechanisms. Conclusions. We argue that the likely consequences of using this method are not nearly as attractive as they might first appear to reformers. We can certainly find examples of ‘‘objective’’ tests as a choice mechanism in preindustrialized nations (Mandarin China is an example that immediately leaps to mind), but modern industrialized societies have elevated testing as a mode of selection to heights never before seen. The United States, in particular, can readily be characterized as a ‘‘test-taking society.’’ Many important decisions (as to admissions, hiring, and promotion) are reached, at least in large part, on the basis of test results. This fact can have enormous implications for equality within and across groups categorized by attributes such as race or gender. The role of testing in job hiring and promotion, and in all levels of education from transfer to magnet high schools to admission to prestigious law schools and medical schools, has been (and continues to be) the subject of much political controversy, and of legislation and litigation. Various modes of affirmative action have been proposed to compensate for the fact that there are substantial differences in mean performance by race on most
Stability of IZO and a-Si:H TFTs Processed at Low Temperature (200 $^{\circ}{\hbox{C}}$ )

Mixed-oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been extensively researched due to their improved stability under electrical bias stress compared to amorphous-silicon TFTs. However, there are many challenges before they can reach the manufacturing stage. At the Flexible Display Center (FDC), Arizona State University, Tempe, we are developing a low temperature indium-zinc-oxide (IZO) TFT process suitable for flexible substrates such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). We report the effect of bias stress on the performance of these IZO TFTs and compare it with a-Si:H TFTs. We also report the design and fabrication of a 3.8-in QVGA electrophoretic display on PEN substrate using IZO TFT backplane.
Fine structure of pituitary tumors and transplants in mice: effects on the prostate.

Twenty-seven primary pituitary tumors (PPT) arose in 109 mice bearing transplanted pituitary glands (TPG). Several PPT were transplanted serially into isologous hosts. Transplanted pituitary tumors (TPT) from 79 different male or female hosts were obtained between 42 and 708 days after transplantation. Histological and electron microscopic preparations of the TPG, PPT and TPT were prepared. The TPG showed much cellular necrosis and diminished secretory activity during the first month. Cellular replacement and secretory granules reappeared after revascularization of the grafts and coincident with the reappearance of somatotrophic and mammotrophic activity in the female hosts. The TPG showed no significant growth for about 1 year and about 25% of the transplants became tumorous after 400 days. EM examination of the PPT revealed heterogeneous secretory granules resembling those of the alpha and beta type in the same cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was abundant and the mitochondria were large and many were structurally abnormal. The TPT usually grew slowly but differed from tumor line to tumor line. By six months after transplantation the TPT were polynodular, with red nodules and white nodules. In both red and white tumoral nodules, the cells were PAS, reticulin, amyloid, elastin and Masson-negative, and showed some autoradiographic activity after proline-H3 administration. Also, the EM shows no significant difference between the nodules. Fibrils about 70 A in diameter were in the ER, and 100–300 A in diameter in plasma fundamentalis, and fibers larger than 300 A in extracellular areas. The fibrillar synthesis in the TPT cells was in inverse ratio to the granular secretory activity of the cells. Sixteen of the TPT in CB 815 and 87 hybrid mice contained C-type virus-like particles (VP). Viral particles were noted in the periphery of the nucleus, and in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cells with the most viral particles showed the least granular secretory activity. The TPT in females were mammotrophic, and in males prostatotrophic. The prostatic epithelial cells contain cytoplasmic organelles with delicate lamellae in fingerprint, whorl, or tubular arrangement and amorphous granular aggregates. Mice with TPT for several months had enlarged prostates, some having intraluminal hyperplastic trabeculae, and cells showing less secretory activity. In mice with two lines of TPT, C-type viral particles appeared in the prostatic cells.
Surgical Treatment of Scoliosis in Non-Ambulatory Spastic Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy Patients: A Matched Cohort Comparison of Unit Rod Technique and All-Pedicle Screw Constructs.

Abstract Study Design Matched cohort. Objective To compare the unit rod instrumentation (UR) technique with all–pedicle screw (PS) constructs in the surgical care of scoliosis in Gross Motor Function Classification System IV/V non-ambulatory spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy patients. Summary of Background Data Over the past 20 years, there has been a transition from the UR technique to the use of pedicle screws and iliac screws in neuromuscular scoliosis. To date, no head-to-head comparative analysis has been reported between the UR technique and PS constructs for posterior segmental spinal instrumentation and fusion in cerebral palsy patients. Methods A matched cohort study was performed between 2 tertiary-care pediatric centers: 1 using UR technique and the other PS constructs. Minimum follow-up was 2 years postoperatively (PS 2.5 years, UR 4.6 years, not significant). Fourteen patients were matched from each center based on age (mean age: PS 15.4 years, UR 15.5 years), preoperative pelvic obliquity (mean: PS 33.8°, UR 29.1°) and major coronal Cobb angle (mean: PS 100.9°, UR 100.1°). Results There was posterior-only surgery in 14 of 14 PS and 11 of 14 UR surgeries. The final follow-up Cobb angle was lower in the PS group (13.5° vs. 34.3°, p Conclusions This is the first study to directly compare UR with PS constructs using matched patient cohorts in this patient population. All–pedicle screw constructs had better correction of coronal Cobb angle, lower blood loss, and shorter hospital stays. There was no difference in the correction of pelvic obliquity, complications, or reoperations.
Optimal strategy to dispatch storage in real-time markets

Many System Operators in North America employ, or are moving towards, Day-Ahead and Real-Time markets because of the benefits and efficiency associated with these markets. While the prices of electricity in these markets could depend on the system load, the correspondence is not exact, with Real-Time prices being more random than the Day-Ahead prices. It is not uncommon for the prices to become negative, especially with wind generation on the system, and energy storage provides an opportunity to absorb excess generation and support the system while earning revenue. Storage can also support the system when the prices are high by discharging the stored energy and earn further revenue. This paper presents a scheme for dispatching storage in Real-Time markets, and optimizes the parameters of this scheme to maximize the revenue while minimizing the cycles.
A Biosocial Overview of Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents

The word “sex” usually captures people’s attention when it occurs in book titles, magazine articles, and newspaper headlines, especially when the word is referring to sexual behavior that falls outside a socially acceptable boundary. Interestingly, such boundaries appear to be somewhat arbitrary, inasmuch as a given society can ignore or rigidly enforce the transgressions of its members over very short periods of historical time (see Bullough, this volume). In addition, neighboring societies can and often do have very different boundaries that pertain to the “with whom” and “what context” aspects of sexual behavior.
Conceptual Representation Embodied in Hypermedia: An Approach to Promoting Knowledge Co-Construction

Concrete external representations can profoundly affect discourse (Suthers and Hundhausen, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12, 183–218, 2003), but there has not been any research that explores the role of conceptual representations on collaborative learning. Research that examines the role of representations on transfer suggests that diagrammatic and conceptual representations have different effects (Novick and Hmelo, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1296–1321, 1994). Conceptual representations are often implicit in learning resources such as hypermedia and can be used to guide the learning process and alter the course of collaborative learning conversations (Suthers and Hundhausen, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12, 183–218, 2003). They are particularly important in understanding complex phenomena. Prior research has shown that hypermedia can be an effective representational aid for individual understanding and problem solving (Jacobson and Archididou, Journal of the Learning Science, 9, 145–199, 2000). The research reported in this chapter addresses the question of how conceptual representations embodied in hypermedia have the potential to guide and support knowledge co-construction as we explore the effects on collaborative learning processes. We use two different types of hypermedia to study the human respiratory system. One version of the hypermedia highlights the structural and the second version the functional–behavioral aspects of the human respiratory system. The goal of this exploratory study is to examine how conceptual representations influence collaborative learning by analyzing the learners’ discourse when using hypermedia. This allows us to look at interactions through the learner’s eyes. It also helps in understanding the learners’ unique ways of speaking and thinking about the general ideas presented in hypermedia.
Measurement and characterization of Haswell power and energy consumption

The recently introduced Intel Haswell processors implement major changes compared to their predecessors, especially with respect to power management. Haswell processors are used in the new-generation DOE NNSA tri-lab supercomputer, Trinity, hosted at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In this paper we measure and analyze a number of power-based parameter of Haswell that are of great importance for the energy consumption of applications. We study three HPC benchmarks, HPL, STREAM, FIRESTARTER and a hydrodynamics application, CLAMR. They are representative of workloads stressing different components of computers. Our experimental results show that real-time on-board power monitoring causes substantial power use if no optimization is performed; adapting P-states provides a cost-effective way to improve the power-performance of applications; enabling hyperthreading can significantly save energy by up to 96.3% for compute-bound applications; HPC applications should employ differentiated core affinity strategies in order to achieve the maximum power-performance. Moreover, we study the imbalance of sockets on a server in their power and energy use, and then propose approaches to mitigate such imbalance.
Chicken Egg Chalazae-Strain and Individual Hen Variations and Their Relation to Internal Quality

ABSTRACT MEMBERS of the poultry industry are concerned about the present consumption of eggs. Average annual consumption is not as high as it was during World War II, when it exceeded 400 eggs per capita in the United States. There are undoubtedly many reasons why consumers are not eating more eggs, such as competition from other food products, adverse publicity on the cholesterol content of an egg, and just plain lack of advertising. Another reason that has been given very little attention in the past is the prominence of the chalazae cords. Many housewives today pick the chalazae out of broken-out eggs before they fry, scramble or poach them. If the cords are large and prominent, some women throw the egg away. Some consumers say that chalazae are foreign material of one kind or another. Others feel that the cords are sperm from the male. Some have been reported to say . . .
A Faceted Shape Model Approach to Altimetry and Velocimetry for Spacecraft Exploration of Irregularly Shaped Bodies

Range and velocity sensors based on lidar or radar with multiple beams are often used to measure the altitude and velocity, respectively, of a spacecraft above a target body. A difficulty that arises when navigating about small bodies such as asteroids or comets, is that the notion of altitude is largely obscured by the irregular shape of the target surface. This paper develops a method to incorporate the multibeam altimeter and Doppler velocimeter measurements into the on-board spacecraft state estimator by using information from a faceted shape model representation of the target body surface. The faceted shape model representation is very general and does not place any restriction on the surface complexity. This allows the estimation method to be applicable to a broad class of irregularly shaped target bodies.
Transonic flutter suppression using dynamic twist control

In the present paper, we investigate the feasibility of using dynamic twist control to suppress flutter of wings operating in the transonic flow regime. In this structural control scheme, simple feedback of the wing twist at a representative span location is used, and the control torque is applied directly to the wing structure. The stabilization mechanism relies on the simple fact that the plunge motion is strongly damped; thus, if the torsional motion can be controlled, the plunge motion can be used to extract energy from the structure. The practical feasibility of implementing such whig twist control schemes depends on the availability of high-torque actuators and relatively stiff torque tubes. The required control torques are of the order of the torque required to twist a typical wing tip section by 1-3 degrees, which is well within the capability of current technology actuators. Because the control systems are simple and robust, involving only the torsional degree of freedom, flutter suppression schemes based on dynamic twist control and may find practical applications in failsafe stability augmentation systems, or in gust load alleviation systems.
Effects of nitrogen application on the leaf of C/N and nitrogen uptake and utilization at later developmental stages in different high yield hybrid rice varieties

The effects of nitrogen application on the characters of uptake nitrogen and leaf of C/N and nitrogen use efficiency of different high yield hybrid rice varieties were studies under field conditions.The results showed that N uptake amount different were existed at different rice varieties during the period from heading to ripening and the N uptake amount occupied above 70 % at before heading.Wandao125 had stronger uptake nitrogen capacity at condition of lower nitrogen and proper nitrogen,which promoted accumulation of dry matter and yield production.Variation coefficient of the content of leaf carbon between different varieties was lower.C/N of leaf was higher.C/N at the heading,kernel-filling and maturing stages were 28.6%、18.3%、36.4% higher respectively under CK plots than N-application plots.The proper C/N may promote the nitrogen translocation and yield production.Agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency under proper using nitrogen of Wandao125 were 13.97 kg/kg and 56.5 kg/kg respectively.It was highest in tested cultivars and higher 10.2% and 24.4% than Shanyou63.
New modalities of strain-control of ferroelectric thin films

Ferroelectrics, with their spontaneous switchable electric polarization and strong coupling between their electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical responses, provide functionalities crucial for a diverse range of applications. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in epitaxial strain engineering of oxide ferroelectric thin films to control and enhance the nature of ferroelectric order, alter ferroelectric susceptibilities, and to create new modes of response which can be harnessed for various applications. This review aims to cover some of the most important discoveries in strain engineering over the past decade and highlight some of the new and emerging approaches for strain control of ferroelectrics. We discuss how these new approaches to strain engineering provide promising routes to control and decouple ferroelectric susceptibilities and create new modes of response not possible in the confines of conventional strain engineering. To conclude, we will provide an overview and prospectus of these new and interesting modalities of strain engineering helping to accelerate their widespread development and implementation in future functional devices.
Chemical thermodynamic data. 1. The concept of links to the chemical elements and the historical development of key thermodynamic data

Abstract Chemical thermodynamic data remain a keystone for geochemical modeling and reactive transport simulation as applied to an increasing number of applications in the earth sciences, as well as applications in other areas including metallurgy, material science, and industrial process design. The last century has seen the development of a large body of thermodynamic data and a number of major compilations. The past several decades have seen the development of thermodynamic databases in digital form designed to support computer calculations. However, problems with thermodynamic data appear to be persistent. One problem pertains to the use of inconsistent primary key reference data. Such data pertain to elemental reference forms and key, stoichiometrically simple chemical species including metal oxides, CO 2 , water, and aqueous species such as Na + and Cl − . A consistent set of primary key data (standard Gibbs energies, standard enthalpies, and standard entropies for key chemical species) for 298.15 K and 1 bar pressure is essential. Thermochemical convention is to define the standard Gibbs energy and the standard enthalpy of an individual chemical species in terms of formation from reference forms of the constituent chemical elements. We propose a formal concept of “links” to the elemental reference forms. This concept involves a documented understanding of all reactions and calculations leading to values for a formation property (standard Gibbs energy or enthalpy). A valid link consists of two parts: (a) the path of reactions and corrections and (b) the associated data, which are key data. Such a link differs from a bare “key” or “reference” datum in that it requires additional information. Some or all of its associated data may also be key data. In evaluating a reported thermodynamic datum, one should identify the links to the chemical elements, a process which can be time-consuming and which may lead to a dead end (an incomplete link). The use of two or more inconsistent links to the same elemental reference form in a thermodynamic database will result in an inconsistency in the database. Thus, in constructing a database, it is important to establish a set of reliable links (generally resulting in a set of primary reference data) and then correct all data adopted subsequently for consistency with that set. Recommended values of key data have not been constant through history. We review some of this history through the lens of major compilations and other influential reports, and note a number of problem areas. Finally, we illustrate the concepts developed in this paper by applying them to some key species of geochemical interest, including liquid water; quartz and aqueous silica; and gibbsite, corundum, and the aqueous aluminum ion.
Global Population Structure of a Worldwide Pest and Virus Vector: Genetic Diversity and Population History of the Bemisia tabaci Sibling Species Group

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci sibling species (sibsp.) group comprises morphologically indiscernible lineages of well-known exemplars referred to as biotypes. It is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical latitudes and includes the contemporary invasive haplotypes, termed B and Q. Several well-studied B. tabaci biotypes exhibit ecological and biological diversity, however, most members are poorly studied or completely uncharacterized. Genetic studies have revealed substantial diversity within the group based on a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequence (haplotypes), with other tested markers being less useful for deep phylogenetic comparisons. The view of global relationships within the B. tabaci sibsp. group is largely derived from this single marker, making assessment of gene flow and genetic structure difficult at the population level. Here, the population structure was explored for B. tabaci in a global context using nuclear data from variable microsatellite markers. Worldwide collections were examined representing most of the available diversity, including known monophagous, polyphagous, invasive, and indigenous haplotypes. Well-characterized biotypes and other related geographic lineages discovered represented highly differentiated genetic clusters with little or no evidence of gene flow. The invasive B and Q biotypes exhibited moderate to high levels of genetic diversity, suggesting that they stemmed from large founding populations that have maintained ancestral variation, despite homogenizing effects, possibly due to human-mediated among-population gene flow. Results of the microsatellite analyses are in general agreement with published mtCOI phylogenies; however, notable conflicts exist between the nuclear and mitochondrial relationships, highlighting the need for a multifaceted approach to delineate the evolutionary history of the group. This study supports the hypothesis that the extant B. tabaci sibsp. group contains ancient genetic entities and highlights the vast cryptic diversity throughout the genome in the group.