cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light scattering during the hysteresis effect in poly(A)·2poly(U)

Light-scattering studies on buffered aqueous solutions of the triple-stranded polyribonucleic acid poly(A)·2poly(U) were carried out at neutral pH and during titration. At pH 7.1 and 22°C, a sample of commercially available polymer in 0.005M phosphate buffer gave a Zimm plot which yielded values for the weight-average molecular weight, Mw, of 874,000 ± 1800 g/mol, a root-mean-square radius, ρ of 930 ± 22 A, and a second viral coefficient of 0.51 ± 0.05 × 10 −3 cm3g−1 mol. The light-scattering data were also analyzed by serval linear and nonlinear least-squares programs which were devised to determine the model (e.g., rod, coil, or zigzag) which could best describe the shape of the molecule. It was found that a rodlike model, perhaps with a few bends, was in best overall agreement with the data. The assumption that the molecule is a thin rod leads to a value for the linear density of 206 g mol−1 A−1 and a translation of 3.3 A per residue. These values are also in close agreement with those expected for a triple-stranded, thin, base-stacked molecule. During titration from neutral pH with 0.1M HCl, the observed apparent molecular weight slowly increased until at about pH 3.5 a sudden, large increase (about 30-fold) occurred. The root-mean-square radius, on the other hand, after an initial small decrease (of about 25%), also exhibited a large increase (about 4-fold). Upon back titration with 0.1M NaOH, the molecular parameters did not retrace the original path, but instead exhibited hysteresis—the Mw and ρz are both larger on the basic branch than on the acid branch at a corresponding pH. A plot of long ρz against log(Mw) during the interval in which the high-moelcular-weight form was present (below pH 3.5 on the acid branch, and on the basic branch) gave a straight line with a slope of ⅓. This suggests that the aggregates were composed of some tens of rather open radom coils, presumably of poly(A)·poly(A), and that the hysteresis may be caused under conditions by the metastability of the entangled coils.
Antihyperon and antiproton production in K + p interactions at 9 GeV/ c

Abstract We have analyzed the reactions of the type K + p → Y NN (π) in K+p interactions at 9 GeV/c, where Ȳ refers to a ∧ or Σ antihyperon. We have also studied the production of  − in the reaction K + p →  − YN (π) and of antiprotons in the reaction K + p → K + p p p . With twice data previously reported we observe again a low-mass enhancement in the ∧ N final state and also observe some indications of a similar enhancement in the non-exotic Σ ± N final states. This enhancement has the quantum numbers of an I = 1 2 K ∗ resonance with mass M = 2240 +- 20 MeV and width Л = 80 ± 20 MeV .
Nitric oxide quenches the fire in heart mitochondria

During resuscitation after cardiac arrest, a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in mitochondria triggers a lethal cascade of events. Nitric oxide is known to be protective, but the mechanism is unknown. A new study shows that a mitochondria-targeted nitric oxide donor S-nitrosates the ND3 subunit of mitochondrial complex I, limiting its ability to generate ROS and protecting the heart against injury (pages 753–759 ).
Crustal Structure of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain

To obtain new information about deep crustal structure in the Texas Gulf Coast region, tripartite arrays of long-period vertical seismographs were deployed to observe Rayleigh wave dispersion. Additional gravity measurements were also made and combined with those of a previous study to produce four detailed gravity profiles crossing the study area. Interpretation of the Rayleigh wave dispersion data and the gravity data together suggests a crustal structure consisting of a Paleozoic subduction zone and orogen buried beneath thick Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks.
Balanced e-optimal designs of resolution III for the 2m×3n series

Abstract We consider the problem of constructing designs which are E-optimal in the class of all balanced resolution III designs for the 2 m ×3 n series. The inverse of the information matrix for general resolution III balanced 2 m ×3 n designs is obtained. Optimal designs are constructed for the cases ( m , n )=(3, 1), (4, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 2) for various numbers of runs in the practical range.
Characterization of lineshape structure by wavelength modulation spectroscopy

Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (WMS) is performed in the oxygen A-band at different harmonics for different modulation indices and optical pathlengths. The experimental data is compared to two models with different absorption profiles: one assuming a Lorentzian lineshape function and the other with a Voigt lineshape function. We show that the larger amount of structure in higher harmonic signals provides greater sensitivity to the type of lineshape profile utilized for modeling. A useful new feature explored in this work is optical path length saturation in WMS that was described for the first time in a recent paper from our group. We discuss the role of such saturation and how it can be utilized as a diagnostic to probe lineshape. We also address the effect of the ever present modulation broadening. Results of experiments in which sets of nine scans (direct absorption, 1f, 2f,…,8f; i.e., detection harmonic N=0,1,2,3,…,8) were made simultaneously are described and discussed. Finally, the role that increased structure plays—as a result of increasing order of detection, N, as well as from the modification of the signal profile with increasing optical thickness—is outlined from the perspective of classical information theory.
Little evidence of effectiveness for interventions aimed at preventing oral leukoplakia from becoming malignant.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Interventions for Treating Oral Leukoplakia Lodi G, Sardella A, Bez C, Demarosi F, Carrassi A. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001829. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001829.pub3 Level of Evidence 3 Strength of Recommendation Grade B Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of treatments of leukoplakia. Source of Funding No external sources of support. Type of Study/Design Systematic Review
Lot-splitting decisions and learning effects

We consider a lot-splitting model where the unit manufacturing time follows a learning curve. Our objective is to maximize the net present value of the total revenue collected at the delivery of the sublots. An algorithm is developed to solve the problem. Computational experiments are conducted to study the performance of two ‘convenient’ operational approaches, namely the equal sublot size approach and the equal time interval approach. The computational results suggest that these two solution approaches are nearly optimal and that the net present value of the total revenue becomes less sensitive to the sublot sizes as the learning effect increases.
The value of routine peroperative cholangiography—a report of 4000 cholecystectomies

A total of 4000 consecutive cholecystectomies performed over a period of 25 years has been analysed to determine whether routine peroperative cholangiography (PC) has influenced overall mortality. The patients have been divided into four cohorts of 1000, the first cohort before the introduction of PC, two covering the period of introduction of PC and the final cohort when PC was an established routine. A significant fall in overall mortality has been demonstrated, but when the patients are divided into simple cholecystectomy and the group undergoing additional choledochotomy there is no significant fall in the mortality rate. The mortality rate for the latter group is three or four times greater than that for the cholecystectomy alone group. The main contribution to the lower mortality is the reduced duct exploration rate following the introduction of PC. The stone recovery rate has improved from 34 to 71 per cent. The use of routine PC during cholecystectomy is recommended.
Guanine nucleotide regulation of [125Iβ-endorphin binding to NG108-15 and SK-N-SH cell membranes: specific cation requirements

Abstract Receptor of [ 125 Iβ-endorphin binding by nucleotides was investigated in membrane preparations from two opioid receptor-containing cell lines: NG108-15, which contains only δ opioid receptors, and SK-N-SH, which contains predominantly μ opioid receptors. In contrast to the binding of the σ-selective agonist [ 3 H][ d -penicillamine 2 , d -penicillamine 5 ]enkephalin to to NG108-15 cell membranes, and of the μ-selective agonist [ 3 H][ d -Ala 2 , MePhe 4 , Gly-ol 5 ]enkephalin to SK-N-SH cell membranes. [ 125 Iβ h -endorphin binding to NG108-15 and SK-N-SH cell membranes was not altered by guanosine triphosphate (GTP) or guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) in the absence of cations. However, in the presence of NaCl, [ 125 I]β h -endorphin binding to both cell lines was inhibited by GTP and Gpp(NH)p in a concentration-dependent manner. In SK-H-SH cell membranes, the ability of sodium to promote regulation of [ 125 I]β h -endorphin binding by GTP was mimicked by the monovalent cations lithium and potassium, but not by the divalent cations magnesium, calcium, or mangenese. In NG108-15 cells membranes, only sodium was effective in promoting inhibition of [ 125 I]β h -endorphin binding by GTP or Gpp(NH)p in the presence of sodium was also observed with guanosine diphosphate, but not guanosine monophosphate or any of the non-guanine nucleotides tested. These results indicate that the presence of monovalent cations is required for regulation of [ 125 I]β h -endorphin binding by guanine nucleotides, and that the specificity of this cation requirement differs between the μ and δ receptor-containing cell lines.
Macroevolutionary speciation rates are decoupled from the evolution of intrinsic reproductive isolation in Drosophila and birds

The rate at which speciation occurs varies greatly among different kinds of organisms and is frequently assumed to result from species- or clade-specific factors that influence the rate at which populations acquire reproductive isolation. This premise leads to a fundamental prediction that has never been tested: Organisms that quickly evolve prezygotic or postzygotic reproductive isolation should have faster rates of speciation than organisms that slowly acquire reproductive isolation. We combined phylogenetic estimates of speciation rates from Drosophila and birds with a method for analyzing interspecific hybridization data to test whether the rate at which individual lineages evolve reproductive isolation predicts their macroevolutionary rate of species formation. We find that some lineages evolve reproductive isolation much more quickly than others, but this variation is decoupled from rates of speciation as measured on phylogenetic trees. For the clades examined here, reproductive isolation—especially intrinsic, postzygotic isolation—does not seem to be the rate-limiting control on macroevolutionary diversification dynamics. These results suggest that factors associated with intrinsic reproductive isolation may have less to do with the tremendous variation in species diversity across the evolutionary tree of life than is generally assumed.
SU-FF-T-589: Effects of Imaging Artifacts From a Wide-Bore CT Scanner On Treatment Planning

Purpose: The wide‐bore GE Lightspeed RT CT scanner provides a standard 50cm field‐of‐view (FOV) and can reconstructimages extended to 65 cm for large patients using extrapolated attenuation data. Images from the 65 cm FOV reconstruction have image artifacts that distort CT numbers and structure contours, especially in the region beyond 50 cm. This work investigates the effects of these imaging artifacts on treatment planning.Method and Materials: A CT phantom with inserts of different compositions was imaged to evaluate the distortion on CT numbers. Images of the phantom were taken at the bore center and at the edge where half of the inserts were outside of the standard FOV for comparison. The mean CT number of each insert was calculated and averaged over 3 consecutive slices. An anthropomorphic phantom was also imaged in a similar fashion. The center and the shifted images of the anthropomorphic phantom were registered in Eclipse TPS and automatically contoured at a threshold of −350 HU to determine the body contour difference. The change in monitor unit calculation due to the contour deviation was estimated. Results: The CT phantom image near the bore edge showed that the CT numbers beyond 50 cm were distorted, e.g., difference up to 356 HU and percent difference up to 115% in CT number was observed. The insert CT numbers within the 50 cm region were also affected but to a lesser degree. Along the body of the anthropomorphic phantom, contour difference of 0.4 to 1.8 cm was observed. These contour differences give MU deviation from 1.7% to 8% for 6 MV photon and 1.0% to 4.4% for 23 MV photon for single field. Conclusion:Image artifacts from extended FOV reconstruction alter the CT numbers and the contours of imaging objects and can yield inaccuracy in treatment planning dose calculation.
Tillage Effect on Seasonal Accumulation of Labeled Fertilizer Nitrogen in Sorghum

Limited information is available regarding tillage effects on seasonal N accumulation in sorghum [ (L.) Moench], especially where labeled N was used. Tillage effects on fertilizer N accumulation in 1985 and 1986 were evaluated in a field study on a Weswood silt loam (Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) near College Station, TX. Nitrogen-15 depleted NHNO (150 kg N ha) was surface broadcast or subsurface banded under no-tillage or conventional tillage management to monitor fertilizer N accumulation in sorghum at boot, anthesis, soft dough, and harvest. Both years, most tillage effects on fertilizer N accumulation were manifested early in the season. The tillage-by-placement interaction was not significant for N uptake parameters, indicating a similar N accumulation response to placement for both tillage systems. Most fertilizer N uptake occurred by anthesis (84% averaged across years). Fertilizer N accumulation in no-tillage sorghum was generally higher throughout the 1985 season, resulting in significantly greater fertilizer N recovery by harvest. This effect occurred even though yields and total N accumulations for both tillage systems were similar. No tillage difference in whole plant fertilizer N accumulation at harvest was observed in 1986. No-tillage delayed early development of sorghum approximately 2 wk in 1986. Fertilizer N accumulation in leaves was less with conventional tillage than no-tillage early in the 1986 season. Leaf fertilizer N did not differ between tillage treatments after anthesis when vegetative demand declined. Conventional tillage culms contained more fertilizer N thoughout the season. Tillage effects on panicle fertilizer N accumulation coincided with periods of high N requirement, such as at soft dough, when no-tillage was higher. The plant growth delay for no-tillage sorghum in 1986 may have subjected the crop to additional moisture or temperature stress resulting in a tillage by fertilizer placement interaction, whereby banded treatments produced more grain than broadcast in no-tillage plots. Yields for banded no-tillage sorghum did not differ from those for either placement treatment in conventional tillage plots.
Positron annihilation spectroscopy: applications to Si, ZnO, and multilayer semiconductor structures

The potential of positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) for defect characterization at the atomic scale in semiconductors is demonstrated for Si, ZnO, and multilayer structures, such as an AlGaAs/GaAs solar cell. The types of defects discussed include: i) vacancy complexes, oxygen impurities and dopants, ii) the influence of cooling rates on spatial non-uniformities in defects, and iii) characterization of buried interfaces. In sev-eral instances, the results of the PAS investigations are correlated with data from other established semiconductor characterization techniques.
Focal and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia: From bench to bedside and back to the bench again

w i p m t r t m s o f t s p A recent position document recommended that atrial rrhythmias be categorized as focal or macroreentrant on he basis of mechanisms and anatomic features. This lassification reflects progress in understanding the athophysiology of these arrhythmias and provides a ractical basis for discussing their diagnostic features and reatment. Focal atrial tachycardias are characterized by a point ource with concentric spread of activation from the origin. hey appear to be caused by abnormal automaticity, microeentry, and triggered activity. The criteria to differentiate hese mechanisms depend on the response to isoproterenol, rogrammed atrial stimulation, whether the onset is sudden r increases gradually, and the response to adenosine, proranolol, or other pharmacologic interventions. Trigered activity has been associated with delayed after-depoarizations recorded from monophasic action potential atheters. The diagnosis of microreentry depends on evience of manifest and concealed entrainment. Other focal mechanisms require further study. Inapproriate sinus tachycardia and postural orthostatic tachycardia yndrome are probably caused by autonomic dysfunction. ecent evidence suggests that inappropriate sinus tachycaria is related to an immunologic disorder involving cardiac eta-receptor antibodies. This is an important distinction ecause they are often refractory to common pharmacologic nterventions. Moreover, long-term outcomes are highly ariable after sinus node ablation in patients with inapproriate sinus tachycardia, and the procedure is ineffective for hose with postural orthostatic tachycardia. Multifocal trial tachycardia is another difficult problem because it ften occurs in patients with severe cardiopulmonary disase who are not candidates for electrophysiology study. ur clinical insights about the mechanisms and origins of ultifocal tachycardia are limited.
CO2 pneumoperitoneum attenuates IL-6 production in peritoneal macrophages

Abstract The accelerated recovery of patients who undergo laparoscopic surgery is often attributed to the less traumatic approach. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the capnoperitoneum specifically has antiinflammatory effects. While the cellular target of CO2 has yet to be identified, the peritoneal macrophage is a prime target because of its major role in the inflammatory response. We hypothesized that the antiinflammatory effect of capnoperitoneum may be mediated via inhibition of peritoneal macrophage cytokine production. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to CO2 pneumoperitoneum, anesthesia only, bacterial endotoxin (LPS) only, or saline (n = 4 for all groups). Rats underwent 30 min of pneumoperitoneum or anesthesia followed immediately by intravenous injection of LPS. Controls received either LPS or saline without a prolonged exposure to anesthesia. One hour following LPS injection, peritoneal macrophages were harvested by peritoneal lavage and incubated for 3 h at 37°C in complete medium. IL-6 was measured during the ensuing 3 h using a standard ELISA kit. Values were normalized to cell number using the MTT uptake method. IL-6 production was significantly attenuated in macrophages derived from rats which had undergone capnoperitoneum and resembled the basal production found in macrophages harvested from saline controls (P
Some physiochemical properties of the water-soluble proteins of the bovine eye lens

Abstract A method of salt fractionation of the water-soluble proteins of the bovine eye lens has been developed. Fractions have been examined by electrophoresis and by sedimentation. Electrophoretic mobilities and relative compositions have been measured for each fraction. Sedimentation constants, partial specific volumes, relative viscosities, and coefficients of refractive index increments have been determined for selected fractions. Molecular weights and dimensions have been estimated for three components. For α-crystallin, the molecular weight for an elongated ellipsoidal model was estimated to be 857,900. The molecular dimensions are 31 A for the minor axis and 265 A for the major axis. Similar calculations for two other components showed one to have a molecular weight of 545, 900 with a minor axis of 29 A and a major axis of 183 A, and the other to have a molecular weight of 46,930 with a minor axis of 15 A and a major axis of 63 A.
Heat capacity and phase transitions of mixtures of neopentylglycol and pentaerythritol from 270 K to their melting points

Abstract The heat capacities and phase transition parameters for mixtures of neopentylglycol (NPG) and pentaerythritol (PE) in five mole ratios (NPG:PE = 20:80, 35:65, 50:50, 65:35 and 80:20) were measured from 270 K to their melting points by means of an automated adiabatic calorimeter. Three phase transitions, two solid-solid transitions and the third melting, were found for each mole ratio studied. The experimental results show that the transition parameters varied with the mole ratio of the mixtures.
X-ray-absorption fine structure in embedded atoms

Oscillatory structure is found in the atomic background absorption in x-ray-absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements. This atomic XAFS (AXAFS) arises from scattering within an embedded atom, and is analogous to the Ramsauer-Townsend effect. Calculations and measurements confirm the existence of AXAFS and show that it can dominate contributions such as multielectron excitations. The structure is sensitive to chemical effects and thus provides a probe of bonding and exchange effects on the scattering potential.
Teaching Global Citizenship: Reflections on the American Indian Housing Initiative.

Based on the author's work with the American Indian Housing Initiative, this essay presents the reflections of a faculty member whose experiences with public scholarship have shaped his views on teaching global citizenship.
Late‐onset familial amyloid polyneuropathy in an American family of English origin

Recent advances permit biochemical and genetic classification of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. We report a family with the methionine-30 prealbumin variant, which is atypical in late age of onset and the appearance of proximal arm weakness before more typical generalized neuropathy.
Efficient parallel algorithms for molecular dynamics simulations

The study of many-particle systems has increased significantly over the past decade, because of the increasing number of useful applications it supports. Numerical experiences have shown that the force calculation contributes 90% of the total simulation time. This is an O(N2) algorithm, mainly due to pairwise interactions, where N is the number of particles in the system. The interaction decomposition technique proposed by Taylor et al., uses a special mapping scheme and optimal communication to reduce the overall computation time. In this paper, we propose two algorithms based on the force decomposition approach. The first technique which we call Force-Row Interleaving (FRI) method, treats rows one at a time and the other approach, called Force-Stripped Row (FSR), computes a priori the block of rows that balances workload to be sent to a processor. These two algorithms were tested on a system of 32000 atoms of liquid argon and implemented on a distributed memory, 16-processor iPSC/860. The FRI and FSR were both comparable to existing parallel techniques with efficiencies of 98.63% and 98.88%, respectively.
Reduction of a 4-pyrrole phenylacyl-containing peptide with trifluoroacetic acid–triisopropylsilane–phenol–H2O during solid-phase peptide synthesis and its protein kinase C α inhibitory activity

Abstract Cleavage of 4-pyrrole phenylacyl TentaGel-appended peptide ( 5 ) containing Arg(Pbf) with trifluoroacetic acid/triisopropylsilane/phenol/H 2 O (90/2/4/4) gives the 4-pyrrole phenylacyl peptide ( 3 ). However, cleavage of 4-pyrrole phenylacyl Rink-appended peptide ( 7 ) containing Arg(Pbf) using the same reagents furnishes the 4-pyrrolidine phenylacyl peptide ( 8 ), which contains the reduced pyrrole ring. Compound 8 displays a K i of 2.32 μM, approximately fivefold less potent than compound 3 .
Development of mature microcystic lesions in the cochlear nuclei of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.

Abstract Microcystic lesions are a persistent final stage in a neurodegenerative disorder characteristic of the cochlear nuclei of gerbils. When gerbils of various ages raised under known acoustic conditions were examined, the volume density and number of lesions increased with age, however, the affected region was restricted to the posteroventral cochlear nucleus and adjacent portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, interstitial nucleus and posterior anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Lesions were also noted in a separate locus in the auditory nerve trunk associated with the acoustic nerve nucleus. The fusiform and molecular layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus were spared at all ages observed. The spherical cell region of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus was also largely spared. A good correlation was observed between the cumulative input from the auditory nerve fibers caused by the ambient acoustic environment acting over the life of the animal and the number of lesions in tonotopic subdivisions of the cochlear nuclei. The earliest microcysts formed in regions receiving auditory nerve fibers most strongly stimulated by the ambient noise. Thereafter, short exposures to higher levels of input or long exposures to lower levels of input were quantitatively equivalent in producing microcystic lesions.
Spiritually-Sensitive Care in Hospice Social Work

Spirituality is an important issue for many patients in hospice care. The need for spiritual care often increases as patients struggle to accept the dying process. When patients fail to meet their spiritual needs, a deep sense of spiritual pain can result which may require the provision of spiritual care. Spiritual care usually involves a patient's religious leader or hospice chaplain; however, social workers have the ability to provide spiritually-sensitive generalist practice. The characteristics of spiritually-sensitive generalist practice include appreciating differences, seeing the extraordinary in the ordinary, conveying reverence, being authentic, being responsive, and expressing love. Supportive presence, effective communication, and emotional connection are described as examples of spiritually-supportive generalist practice.
Anterior dental microwear texture analysis of the Krapina Neandertals

Some Neandertal anterior teeth show unusual and excessive gross wear, commonly explained by non-dietary anterior tooth use, or using the anterior dentition as a tool, clamp, or third hand. This alternate use is inferred from aboriginal arctic populations, who used their front teeth in this manner. Here we examine anterior dental microwear textures of the Krapina Neandertals to test this hypothesis and further analyze tooth use in these hominins. Microwear textures from 17 Krapina Dental People were collected by white-light confocal profilometry using a 100x objective lens. Four adjacent scans were generated, totaling an area of 204x276 μm, and were analyzed using Toothfrax and SFrax SSFA software packages. The Neandertals were compared to six bioarchaeological/ethnographic samples with reported variation in diet, abrasive load, and non-dietary anterior tooth use. Results indicate that Krapina anterior teeth lack extreme microwear textures expected of hominins exposed to heavy abrasives or those that regularly generated high stresses associated with intense use of the front teeth as tools. Krapina hominins have microwear attributes in common with Coast Tsimshian, Aleut, and Puye Pueblo samples. Collectively, this suggests that the Krapina Neandertals faced moderate abrasive loads and only periodically used their anterior teeth as tools for non-diet related behaviors.
Immediate serial recall of mixed letter strings

This study examined the immediate serial recall of letter strings composed of a mix of high and low frequency consonants, for high and low digram storage Ss. The results clearly showed that high digram storage Ss show superior recall to low digram storage Ss for mixed letter strings and that systematic proactive and retroactive effects on recall performance occur with such mixed letter strings.
SU-FF-I-63: Can Patient Shielding Reduce Fetal Dose During Thoracic CT Scans?

Purpose: To determine the potential for reducing fetal dose in early pregnancy during thoracic computed tomography by shielding the patient's abdomen and pelvis. Method and Materials: An anthropomorphic phantom (Rando) representing a medium sized adult was used to measure relative tissue doses in the abdomen/pelvis during thoracic CT scanning.TLD's were used to measure the dose along the central axis of the phantom from the level of the adrenals to the location of the uterus. The phantom was scanned on a GE Lightspeed VCT 64 slice scanner using 120 kVp, 750 mAs, and pitch of 0.984 to increase the TLD signal. Scans were performed with no shielding, with shielding (lead apron) on the anterior aspect of the phantom over the abdomen and pelvis, and with shielding on both the anterior and posterior aspects of the phantom. Tissue doses were normalized to the in‐scan value measured at the level of the adrenals. Results:Tissue doses decreased exponentially with increasing distance from the bottom of the scanned anatomy. The rates of decay were −0.18 ± 0.010 cm−1, −0.21 ± 0.0024 cm−1, and −0.23 ± 0.0018 cm−1 for the no shielding, half shielding, and full shielding cases, respectively. The dose values at the level of the uterus were 0.99%, 0.65%, and 0.51% of the dose at the level of the adrenals, for the no shielding, half shielding, and full shielding cases, respectively. Conclusion: These data show that the total absolute dose received by a fetus early in the pregnancy may be reduce by approximately 1/2 during thoracic CT by use of shielding on the abdomen/pelvis. For a clinical technique of 120 kVp, 150 mAs, and pitch of 1.375, this would reduce the fetal dose from an estimated 0.1 mGy to 0.05 mGy.
The Misunderstanding of Mexican Community Life in Urban Apartment Space: A Case Study in Applied Anthropology and Community Policing

The increasing diversity of our urban centers has created a growing stress on social service based entities such as schools, medical facilities, workforce agencies, police forces, and urban planners. Anthropology's collaboration with many of these service agencies has been significant but has rarely included police forces. Recent changes in the philosophy and mission of police agencies toward a more community based and collaborative framework provides an immense opportunity for anthropologists to address the tensions created by misinterpretations of cultural practices and norms between the police and communities they serve. This essay employs a case study framework of a completed project to demonstrate the collaborations possible between anthropology, city planners, grassroots community groups and police agencies. [applied anthropology, community policing, Mexican migrants in urban space, urban renewal, rural to urban migration].
Industrial Ethernet- overview and best practices

Industrial Ethernet provides a flexible, responsive system that incorporates both real-time data from control and production areas. This networking architecture provides connectivity, collaboration, and integration from the device level right through and including the enterprise business systems. Industrial Ethernet applies the IP suite of standards developed for data communication to manufacturing control networks. To deploy this technology, forest product industry engineers must now be familiar with some of the important concepts behind Industrial Ethernet. This paper will present a general overview of the most important ethernet technologies required to install and configure industrial systems, how Industrial Ethernet varies from traditional, proprietary, factory-floor networks and how this high-performance, scalable architecture can add additional business value making it an attractive choice for forest product industry businesses.
Implementation of exact non-reflecting boundary conditions in the finite element method for the time-dependent wave equation

When solving the wave equation in infinite regions using finite element methods, the domain must be truncated. We investigate the accuracy of time-dependent non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBC) derived in Grote, Keller (1995), when implemented in the finite element method. The NRBC annihilate the first N wave harmonics on a spherical truncation boundary. High-order temporal derivatives are formulated as a system of first-order ordinary diAerential equations. Several versions of implicit and explicit multi-step, time-integration schemes are presented for solution of the finite element equations concurrently with the first-order system appearing in the NRBC. An alternative scaling of the boundary variables is introduced which leads to a well-conditioned coeAcient matrix. Although the boundary conditions are global over the boundary, when implemented in the finite element method, they only require inner products of spherical harmonics within the force vector, and as a result, they are easy to implement and do not disturb the banded/ sparse structure of the matrix equations. Several numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the improvement in accuracy over standard finite element methods. ” 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Current management of stage IB2 and bulky IIA, locally advanced, and recurrent cervical carcinoma

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women, with most early disease treated with either surgery or radiation alone with an 85%–95% 5-year survival rate, while locally advanced cervical cancer (LACCA) requires multiple therapeutic modalities. The clear distinction between early and LACCA has, in recent years, blurred as stages IB2 and bulky IIA, which were traditionally thought of as early disease, have been shown to require more treatment than other early stage cervical cancer. LACC is now treated with cisplatin-based chemoradiation therapy based upon the results of the randomized co-operative group studies that demonstrated reduced relative risk of death, local failure rates, and incidence of distant metastases. Recurrent cervical cancer is devastating and is rarely cured. Treatment of recurrent cervical carcinoma depends on the previous therapy, the site of recurrence, and the extent of the recurrence. This review will outline the treatment options for the various stages of cervical cancer.
Determinants of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Surface Expression and Localization in Mammalian Neurons

Neurons strictly regulate expression of a wide variety of voltage-dependent ion channels in their surface membranes to achieve precise yet dynamic control of intrinsic membrane excitability. Neurons also exhibit extreme morphological complexity that underlies diverse aspects of their function. Most ion channels are preferentially targeted to either the axonal or somatodendritic compartments, where they become further localized to discrete membrane subdomains. This restricted accumulation of ion channels enables local control of membrane signaling events in specific microdomains of a given compartment. Voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels act as potent modulators of diverse excitatory events such as action potentials, excitatory synaptic potentials, and Ca2+ influx. Kv channels exhibit diverse patterns of cellular expression, and distinct subtype-specific localization, in mammalian central neurons. Here we review the mechanisms regulating the abundance and distribution of Kv channels in mammalian neurons and discuss how dynamic regulation of these events impacts neuronal signaling.
Dense fluid shear viscosity and thermal conductivity—the excess

\Ve have developed a nonequilibrium molecular dynamic method to directl), simulate dense fluid transport (Ashurst and Hoover, 1975). The trajectories of N interacting atoms in a £i.,ed volume V are numerically computed. External forces, which are restricted to special boundary regions, do work and extract heat in order to maintain the hydro­ dynamic boundary conditions which produce a steady shear-momentum or heat flux. The transport coefficient is deternlined from the time average of the flux and corre­ sponding gradient in the volume V . . Experimental observation of dense fluid shear viscosity and thermal conductivity data reveals that the excess co­ efficient, that part above the temperature-dependent dilute gas value, is almost temperature independent (Diller et aI., 1970; Hanley et al., 1972). In order to calculate repre­ sentative dense fluid transport coefficients, we have se­ lected the Lennard-Jones potential (twelfth-power repul­ sion with sixth-power attraction) as a simple, yet realistic, atomic potential. Mos.t atomic interactions occur with en­ .ergy of order kT; thus, for high temperatures, the Lennard' Jones potential is effectively a single inverse power poten­ tiaL The single inverse nth power potentials have special scaling features since the potential and its derivatives de­ pend only upon the combination of energy and particle size feTn. Thus, if the density and temperature are com­ bined into one variable x [== (density) (temperature) -Un], then all svstems with identical scaled initial conditions and the same' x value will have identical dynamic evolution (Hoover et aI., 1971). The reduced excess transport coeffi­ cients times (dkT) 1/2+2/11 are functions of x only, not density and temperature separately, throughout the £uid phase. Since, at high teD,lperature, the repulsive core potential dominates momentum transport, the high-temperature Lennard-Jones shear viscosity must approach the scaling behavior of the inverse-12th-power viscosity. I\'onequilib­ rium molecular dynamic calculations for the Lennard-Jones shear viscosity have shown this to be true and we have found that the scaling is sllccessful even at the triple point (Nc?/V :::: 0.8.5, kTh = 0,70). The LenHard-Jolles shear viscosity has been calculated (with 108 and 216 atoms) along two isotherms co~respondillg to room temperature forhvdrogen and helium (kT/ f :::: 3.5 and 28) for densi­ , " ~ [ , ( ,,' , /" 1 \ I" 1 Th tieS up to reezmg \1, rr , = ,0 i, see ·lgllre. 8 cnlcubted redl;cPci excess shear viscosity A'l) for x > ....0.5 is well descrikJ by the simple expression
Low complexity, high speed decoder architecture for quasi-cyclic LDPC codes

This paper presents a low complexity, very high speed decoder architecture for quasi-cyclic low density parity check (QC-LDPC) codes, specifically Euclidian geometry (EG) based QC-LDPC codes. Algorithmic transformation and architectural level optimizations are employed to increase the clock speed. Enhanced partially parallel decoding architectures are proposed to linearly increase the overall throughput with the introduction of a small percentage of extra hardware. Based on the proposed architecture, a FPGA implementation of a (8176, 7154) EG-LDPC decoder can achieve a worst-case throughput of 169 Mbit/s.
Improving accuracy of interpersonal perception through a direct teaching method.

The study was designed to determine whether an individual's ability to perceive affect in other persons could be ameliorated solely as a result of the individual's having acquired knowledge and understanding of certain terms and concepts through a direct teaching approach. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups. During a 2-week treatment period, one group of 102 subjects received only programmed self-instructional material dealing with terms and concepts pertaining to interpersonal perception. The second group of 119 subjects attended a required educational psychology course during this period but did not have access to the programmed material. Following the treatment period, all subjects were tested for accuracy of interpersonal perception. The difference between groups with respect to scores on the perception measure was significant and favored the group receiving the programmed instruction. The counselor's ability to perceive accurately the meaning and feelings of the client is accepted as an important ingredient of psychotherapy (Sarbin, Taft, & Bailey,
Clinical accuracy of anti-tissue transglutaminase as screening test for celiac disease under 2 years.

Aim: To investigate, in patients with suspected celiac disease (CD) younger than 2 years, the clinical value of anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in diagnostic work-up of CD. Methods: Between June 2005 and June 2009, 169 patients aged <2 years, with symptoms suggestive of CD, were submitted to biopsy. CD diagnosis was based on the revised criteria of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Results: Of the 169 patients enrolled, 155 were included: 108 of them showed mucosal atrophy and 47 negative histology. Sensitivity and specificity of tTG, at the cut-off of 8 AU/mL, were 0.96 (CI 0.91–0.99) and 0.91 (CI 0.80–0.98), respectively, with likelihood ratio (LR) of 11.31; at the cut-off of 16 AU/mL, they were 0.79 (CI 0.70–0.86) and 1.00, respectively (CI 0.92–1.00), with LR 4.50. Conclusions: In patients younger than 2 years, suspected for CD, tTG is very valuable in selecting for small intestinal biopsy.
Investing and Hedging Techniques in the Convertible Bond Market

This study was designed to yield three types of information: (1) The degree of perfection prevailing in the parimary and secondary convertible bond markets; (2) the profit potential of various investing and hedging techniques in the convertible bond market; and (3) a judgment on whether each technique can be classified as rational or irrational.
Responsibility for anesthesiologist suicide relating to drug abuse.

Dr C was an anesthesiologist. Before 12/2004, the hospital and the Director of Anesthesiology, Dr H, knew that Dr C had a prior personal history of drug or controlled substance abuse, but that Dr C was recovered. However, on 12/10/04, Dr H confronted Dr C during work hours about Dr C's taking fentanyl from the Hospital and his possible personal abuse of it. No support persons were present during the confrontation. Dr H directed Dr C to submit to a urine test that day. Dr DC, who was Dr C's spouse, was not advised or notified about the confrontation or about Dr C's suspected drug abuse at the time. Hospital and Dr H did not remove Dr C from the on-call schedule for 12/11/04. After completing call, on 12/12/04, Dr C returned home. Dr C committed suicide in his automobile after parking it in his driveway. Dr DC discovered Dr C's body after arriving home. Plaintiff Dr DC filed suit against defendants Dr H and Hospital, claiming, amongst other actions, wrongful death and negligence by defendants causing Dr C's suicide. Dr DC indicated that the defendants had a duty to protect Dr C from suicide. In her complaint, Dr DC noted that the
Imaging cellular microtubules with the atomic-force microscope

We have immobilized chemically-fixed cellular microtubules and microtubule protein polymers on glow-discharged glass discs for scanning by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The images obtained by AFM resembled those obtained by conventional transmission electron microscopy of the same material. The AFM images can resolve some of the surface features of microtubules to 10 nm. Improvements in the techniques promise resolution approaching molecular dimensions.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Be Patient and Tolerate Imprecision: How Autonomous Agents can Coordinate Effectively

A decentralized multiagent system comprises agents who act autonomously based on local knowledge. Achieving coordination in such a system is nontrivial, hut is essential in most applications, where disjointed or incoherent behavior would be undesirable. Coordination in decentralized systems is a richer phenomenon than previously believed. In particular, five major attributes are crucial: the extent of the local knowledge and choices of the member agents, the extent of their shared knowledge, the level of their inertia, and the level of precision of the required coordination. Interestingly, precision and inertia turn out to control the coordination process. They define different regions within each of which the other attributes relate nicely with coordination, but among which their relationships are altered or even reversed. Based on our study, we propose simple design rules to obtain coordinated behavior in decentralized multiagent systems.
MINORITY THREAT AND POLICE BRUTALITY: DETERMINANTS OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS IN U.S. MUNICIPALITIES

The conflict theory of law stipulates that strategies of crime control regulate threats to the interests of dominant groups. Aggregate-level research on policing has generally supported this proposition, showing that measures of minority threat are related to legal mechanisms of crime control. Police brutality (i.e., use of excessive physical force) constitutes an extra-legal mechanism of control that has yet to be examined in this theoretical framework. This study extends research in the area theoretically and substantively by testing the hypothesis that the greater the number of threatening acts and people, the greater the number of police brutality civil rights criminal complaints filed with the U.S. Department of Justice. The findings show that measures of the presence of threatening people (percent black, percent Hispanic [in the Southwest], and majority/minority income inequality) were related positively to average annual civil rights criminal complaints.
Creating Incentives for the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Developing Countries: The Role of Soil Carbon Sequestration

Sustainable agricultural development is widely acknowledged as a critical component in a strategy to combat both poverty and environmental degradation. Yet, sustainable agricultural development remains an elusive goal, particularly in many of the poorest regions of the world. Soil degradation continues to be a key factor in unsustainable production systems, despite decades of research on soil conservation and other sustainable practices (Hudson; Scherr; Barrett, Place, and Aboud; Sanchez). Various studies stress the role played by resource-poor farmers in human-induced natural resource degradation (Bruntland Commission, Reardon and Vosti, Barbier). The prevailing economic explanation for the continuing trend toward resource degradation in many parts of the world is that economic incentives often encourage degradation and discourage conservation. These incentive problems have been attributed to poor farmers’ high discount rates, lack of capital markets, high transport costs and other market imperfections, adverse government policies, insecure property rights, and limited availability of fodder for grazing or fuel for cooking and heating (e.g., Lutz, Pagiola, and Reiche; Heath and Binswanger). From this perspective, the challenge facing researchers and policy analysts is to understand the factors and processes causing the use
Intuitive evolutionary perspectives in marketing practices1

Firms spend considerable sums of money on marketing, and they continue to do so because marketing works. However, marketing can only work if marketers have a reasonably accurate view of human nature. It is argued that many consumer products and advertisements reflect an accurate view of human nature, a view that is compatible with the tenets of evolutionary psychology. Implicit theories of human nature that are out of synch with reality sell few products. An overview of an evolutionary perspective on marketing is provided here, and connections between marketing practices and evolved adaptations, including kin selection, prestige seeking, preferences for salt, sweets, and fat, and savanna-like landscapes are examined. Adaptations that differ by sex and how they are mirrored in marketing are also examined. Finally, some marketing practices that reflect evolutionary principles of variation are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.