cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization of light reflected from grain crops during the heading growth stage

Abstract The linear polarization of light reflected from different cereal crops was studied to determine its potential to remotely detect differences in crop morphology. Photographs taken at intervals of 1–4 days, over a period of 11 weeks, were used to obtain polarization imagery of four cereal grain crops. The mean value of the linear polarization of light reflected from common wheat, barley, and durum wheat canopies decreased over a 15-day period during which the crops reached 50% heading. Over the succeeding 16-day period, the mean value of polarization showed a further decrease for the barley, but an increase for both the wheats due to lodging. These results indicate that linear polarization is a useful indicator of crop differences and crop maturity.
Carbon markets proliferating despite difficulties, report notes

Although some existing carbon markets are facing structural issues and economic difficulties in Europe have put a damper on the European Union emissions trading system, new carbon pricing initiatives are developing rapidly, and these initiatives could help slow down greenhouse gas emissions, according to a 29 May report from the World Bank.
Human herpesvirus 7.

Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a recently described T-lymphotropic herpesvirus, which infects almost all children by the age of three years and persists lifelong, with the shedding of infectious virus in saliva. HHV-7 is similar to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in its genetic content and in many of its biological properties, which include the ability to cause at least some cases of exanthem subitum (roseola). Despite these similarities, important differences between HHV-7 and HHV-6 exist, including the fact that HHV-7 binds to the cellular CD4 molecule and uses this protein as a necessary component of its receptor, while HHV-6 binds to a different (and unknown) receptor. Furthermore, the pathogenesis and sequelae of HHV-7 infection remain very poorly understood. This review provides a critical summary of research on HHV-7.
Sub-distributions of pore size: A new approach to correlate pore structure with permeability

Abstract A typical cement paste pore-size distribution from mercury intrusion porosimetry has a hysteresis loop during an intrusion — extrusion — reintrusion cycle. The hysteresis can be eliminated merely by selecting an appropriately smaller receding contact angle. This allows one to subdivide the total pore-size distribution into two sub-distributions: one reversible and one irreversible. These sub-distributions were found for a series of cement pastes having w c between 0.32 and 0.60 and ages between 1 and 30 days. In addition, the chloride permeabilities of the pastes were determined. This permeability was found to correlate more closely with the reversible sub-distribution than with either the total or the irreversible distributions. Specifically, it was found that the threshold diameter and intrusion volume of the reversible sub-distribution were the parameters that were best related to the permeability. This is presumably because the threshold pore diameter of the reversible sub-distribution represents the largest continuous path through the most accessible part of the pore system.
Incidence, nature, and etiology of metabolic alkalosis in dogs and cats.

Background Metabolic acidosis is an important abnormality in ill and injured dogs and cats. Objectives To describe the incidence, nature, and etiology of metabolic acidosis in dogs and cats that had arterial or venous blood gases measured for any reason at a university teaching hospital. Animals Dogs and cats at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Methods Acid base parameters and electrolyte and lactate concentrations in dogs and cats measured during a 13-month period were retrospectively retrieved from a computer database. Metabolic acidosis was defined as a standardized base excess (SBE) in dogs of <−4 mmol/L and in cats <−5 mmol/L. Results A total of 1,805 dogs and cats were included; of these, 887 (49%) were classified as having a metabolic acidosis (753 dogs and 134 cats). Primary metabolic acidosis was the most common disorder in dogs, whereas mixed acid base disorder of metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis was most common in cats. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was more common than a high anion gap (AG) metabolic acidosis; 25% of dogs and 34% of cats could not be classified as having either a hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis or a high AG metabolic acidosis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Metabolic acidosis was found commonly in this patient population and was associated with a wide variety of disease processes. Mixed acid base disorders occur frequently and routine categorization of metabolic acidosis based on the presence of high AG or hyperchloremia may be misleading in a large proportion of cases.
A Commentary on Krasben's Input Hypothesis

Krashen, Stephen. 1981. Letter to the Editor. Language Learning 31:217-221. Krashen, Stephen. 1982. Principles and practice in second language acquisition. New York: Pergamon. Long, Michael. 1983. Input and second language acquisition theory. Paper presented at the 10th University of Michigan Conference on Applied Linguistics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 28-30, 1983. Reynolds, Paul Davidson. 1971. A primer in theory construction. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Cell adhesion molecule and lymphocyte activation marker expression during experimental vaginal candidiasis

Cell-mediated immunity by Th1-type CD4(+) T cells is the predominant host defense mechanism against mucosal candidiasis. However, studies using an estrogen-dependent murine model of vaginal candidiasis have demonstrated little to no change in resident vaginal T cells during infection and no systemic T-cell infiltration despite the presence of Candida-specific systemic Th1-type responses in infected mice. The present study was designed to further investigate these observations by characterizing T-cell activation and cell adhesion molecule expression during primary and secondary C. albicans vaginal infections. While flow cytometry analysis of activation markers showed some evidence for activation of CD3(+) draining lymph node and/or vaginal lymphocytes during both primary and secondary vaginal Candida infection, CD3(+) cells expressing the homing receptors and integrins alpha(4)beta(7), alpha(M290)beta(7), and alpha(4)beta(1) in draining lymph nodes of mice with primary and secondary infections were reduced compared to results for uninfected mice. At the local level, few vaginal lymphocytes expressed integrins, with only minor changes observed during both primary and secondary infections. On the other hand, immunohistochemical analysis of vaginal cell adhesion molecule expression showed increases in mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression during both primary and secondary infections. Altogether, these data suggest that although the vaginal tissue is permissive to cellular infiltration during a vaginal Candida infection, the reduced numbers of systemic cells expressing the reciprocal cellular adhesion molecules may preempt cellular infiltration, thereby limiting Candida-specific T-cell responses against infection.
Problems in evaluating image display systems

The results of an evaluation of a commercial teleradiology system are presented. The efficacy of interpretation of skeletal radiographs from a digital image display on a CRT screen and from a plain film and light box station is compared. 122 single musculoskeletal radiographs were interpreted by four radiologists in the digital and analog format. Normal, subtle, and nonsubtle skeletal abnormalities were used. The digital image was interpreted on a CRT screen with a resolution of 1024*840*12 bits. Interpretation sessions simulated the actual clinical environment. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated to compare sensitivity and specificity over the full range of true positive and false positive values. The areas under the ROC curves have been shown to be a valid method of comparison between systems. After the study was performed and the results analyzed, the study was reviewed for potential problems with this type of evaluation. Some of these problems are discussed. >
Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: A primer

Objective To provide an overview of supply and demand issues in the vaccine industry and the policy options that have been implemented to resolve these issues. Data sources Medline, Policy File, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched to locate academic journal articles. Other sources reviewed included texts on the topics of vaccine history and policy, government agency reports, and reports from independent think tanks. Keywords included vaccines , immunizations , supply , demand , and policy . Study selection Search criteria were limited to English language and human studies. Articles pertaining to vaccine demand, supply, and public policy were selected and reviewed for inclusion. Data extraction By the authors. Data synthesis Vaccines are biologic medications, therefore making their development and production more difficult and costly compared with "small-molecule" drugs. Research and development costs for vaccines can exceed $800 million, and development may require 10 years or more. Strict manufacturing regulations and facility upgrades add to these costs. Policy options to increase and stabilize the supply of vaccines include those aimed at increasing supply, such as government subsidies for basic vaccine research, liability protection for manufacturers, and fast-track approval for new vaccines. Options to increase vaccine demand include advance purchase commitments, government stockpiles, and government financing for select populations. Conclusion High development costs and multiple barriers to entry have led to a decline in the number of vaccine manufacturers. Although a number of vaccine policies have met with mixed success in increasing the supply of and demand for vaccines, a variety of concerns remain, including developing vaccines for complex pathogens and increasing immunization rates with available vaccines. New policy innovations such as advance market commitments and Medicare Part D vaccine coverage have been implemented and may aid in resolving some of the problems in the vaccine industry.
Metaphor in using and understanding euphemism and dysphemism

Six experiments examined the role of metaphorical knowledge in people's use and understanding of euphemisms and offensive expressions. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that familiar euphemisms and dysphemisms are viewed as more appropriate and are easier to comprehend when there is a conceptual match between them and the context. The data from Experiments 3 and 4 showed a similar pattern for novel euphemisms and offensive phrases. Experiments 5 and 6 ruled out the hypothesis that the previous results were due to semantic priming. The findings from these experiments indicate that people's metaphorical conceptualization of a certain topic can influence the processing time and appropriate use of euphemistic and dysphemistic expressions.
Survival patterns after oophorectomy in premenopausal women: a population-based cohort study

Summary Background A statistical model of death due to ovarian cancer, breast cancer, coronary heart disease, hip fracture, and stroke has suggested that women who undergo prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy are at increased risk of death for all causes. We aimed to investigate survival patterns in a population-based sample of women who had received an oophorectomy and compare these with women who had not received an oophorectomy. Methods From an existing cohort of all women who underwent unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy while residing in Olmsted County, MN, USA, in 1950–87, we analysed those who had received an oophorectomy for a non-cancer indication before the onset of menopause. Every member of the cohort was matched by age to a referent woman in the same population who had not undergone oophorectomy. 1293 women with unilateral oophorectomy, 1097 with bilateral oophorectomy, and 2390 referent women were eligible for the study. Women were followed up until death or the end of the study (staggered over 2001–06) by use of direct or proxy interviews, medical records in a records-linkage system, and death certificates. Findings Overall, mortality was not increased in women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy compared with referent women. However, mortality was significantly higher in women who had received prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy before the age of 45 years than in referent women (hazard ratio 1·67 [95% CI 1·16–2·40], p=0·006). This increased mortality was seen mainly in women who had not received oestrogen up to the age of 45 years. No increased mortality was recorded in women who underwent unilateral oophorectomy in either overall or stratified analyses. Interpretation Although prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy undertaken before age 45 years is associated with increased mortality, whether it is causal or merely a marker of underlying risk is uncertain.
Considering the Harshest Verdict First Biasing Effects on Mock Juror Verdicts

Biasing effects of considering the harshest verdict first in a murder trial were studied in two separate experiments. The order in which possible verdicts were considered was predicted to bias subsequent hypothesis testing in the direction of the first verdict considered. Thus, it was predicted that participants who were instructed to consider possible final verdicts in an order from harshest to most lenient, as is usually done in actual murder trials, would render significantly harsher verdicts than those who were instructed to consider lenient verdicts first. The hypothesis was supported in both experiments, and the results are explained in terms of Kruglanski and Freund's (1983) cognition-generation freezing process as well as Snyder and Swann's (1978a, 1978b) notion of a confirmatory bias in hypothesis testing.
Comparative morphology and histochemistry of glands associated with the vomeronasal organ in humans, mouse lemurs, and voles.

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure of the vertebrate nasal septum that has been recently shown to exist in nearly all adult humans. Although its link to reproductive behaviors has been shown in some primates, its functionality in humans is still debated. Some authors have suggested that the human VNO has the capacity to detect pheromones, while others described it as little more than a glandular pit. However, no studies have utilized histochemical techniques that would reveal whether the human VNO functions as a generalized gland duct or a specialized chemosensory organ. Nasal septal tissue from 13 humans (2‐ 86 years old) were compared to that of two adult lemurs (Microcebus murinus) and eight adult voles (four Microtus pennsylvanicus and four Microtus ochrogaster). Sections at selected intervals of the VNO were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), alcian blue (AB), AB-PAS, and PAS-hematoxylin procedures. Results revealed typical well-developed VNOs with tubuloacinar glands in Microtus and Microcebus. VNO glands were AB-negative and PAS-positive in voles and mouse lemurs. Homo differed from Microtus and Microcebus in having more branched, AB and PAS-positive glands that emptied into the VNO lumen. Furthermore, the human VNO epithelium had unicellular mucous glands (AB and PAS-positive) and cilia, similar to respiratory epithelia. These results demonstrate unique characteristics of the human VNO which at once differs from glandular ducts (e.g., cilia) and also from the VNOs of mammals possessing demonstrably functional VNO. Anat Rec 260:92‐101, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deadlock avoidance for streaming computations with filtering

The paradigm of computation on streaming data has received considerable recent attention. Streaming computations can be efficiently parallelized using systems of computing nodes organized in dataflow-like architectures. However, when these nodes have the ability to filter, or discard, some of their inputs, a system with finite buffering is vulnerable to deadlock. In this paper, we formalize a model of streaming computation systems with filtering describe precisely the conditions under which such systems may deadlock, and propose provably correct mechanisms to avoid deadlock. Our approach relies on adding extra "dummy" tokens to the data streams and does not require global run-time coordination among nodes or dynamic resizing of buffers. This approach is particularly well-suited to preventing deadlock in distributed systems of diverse computing architectures, where global coordination or modification of buffer sizes may be difficult or impossible in practice.
Shelves and the Korteweg-de Vries equation

An extension of the analytical results of Kaup & Newell (1978) concerning the effect of a perturbation on a solitary wave of the Korteweg–de Vries equation is given and numerical studies are conducted to verify the conclusions. In all cases, the numerical results agree with the results predicted by the theory. The most striking feature of the perturbed flow is the presence of a shelf in the lee of the solitary wave whose role is to absorb (provide) the extra mass which is created (depleted) by the perturbation.
Coarse-grained variables for particle-based models : diffusion maps and animal swarming simulations

As microscopic (e.g. atomistic, stochastic, agent-based, particle-based) simulations become increasingly prevalent in the modeling of complex systems, so does the need to systematically coarse-grain the information they provide. Before even starting to formulate relevant coarse-grained equations, we need to determine the right macroscopic observables—the right variables in terms of which emergent behavior will be described. This paper illustrates the use of data mining (and, in particular, diffusion maps, a nonlinear manifold learning technique) in coarse-graining the dynamics of a particle-based model of animal swarming. Our computational data-driven coarse-graining approach extracts two coarse (collective) variables from the detailed particle-based simulations, and helps formulate a low-dimensional stochastic differential equation in terms of these two collective variables; this allows the efficient quantification of the interplay of “informed” and “naive” individuals in the collective swarm dynamics. We also present a brief exploration of swarm breakup and use data-mining in an attempt to identify useful predictors for it. In our discussion of the scope and limitations of the approach we focus on the key step of selecting an informative metric, allowing us to usefully compare different particle swarm configurations.
Tax-Motivated Loss Shifting

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the implications of tax loss carryback incentives for corporate reporting decisions and capital market behavior. During the 1981 through 2010 sample period, we find that firms increase losses in order to claim a cash refund of recent tax payments before the option to do so expires, and we estimate that firms with tax refund-based incentives accelerate about $64.7 billion in losses. Tax-motivated loss shifting is reflected in both recurring and nonrecurring items and is more evident for financially constrained firms. Analysts do not generally incorporate tax-motivated loss shifting into their earnings forecasts, resulting in more negative analyst forecast errors for firms with tax-based incentives than for firms without. Holding earnings surprises constant, however, investors react less negatively to losses reported by firms with tax loss carryback incentives. Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the paper.
Alvaro Obregón: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911-1920

Analisis pormenorizado de los acontecimientos que posibilitaron el ascenso del general Alvaro Obregon a la cima del poder, en una epoca en la cual la legitimacion total era casi imposible de lograr en el Mexico posrevolucionario.
Long-term follow-up of high-risk allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplant recipients : Graft-versus-host disease and transplant-related mortality

PURPOSE: To determine the risks of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and transplant-related mortality after allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell (PBSC) transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between December 1994 and July 1996, 50 consecutive patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies in first remission or relapse received high-dose therapy followed by transplantation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–mobilized, allogeneic PBSCs collected from HLA-identical siblings. GVHD prophylaxis included cyclosporine and corticosteroids. RESULTS: As of April 1, 1998, 18 patients (36% ± 13%) survived with a median follow-up period of 767 days (range, 602 to 1,127 days). The actuarial probability of grades 2-4 acute GVHD was 0.37 ± 0.14 (95% confidence interval). Of 36 assessable patients, 26 (72% ± 15%) developed chronic GVHD. The actuarial probability of chronic GVHD 2 years after transplantation was 0.87 ± 0.15. Of 14 progression-free survivors, 11 (79% ± 22%) have active, chronic GVHD. All 11 patients ...
Protective CD8+ T lymphocytes in primates immunized with malaria sporozoites.

Live attenuated malaria vaccines are more potent than the recombinant protein, bacterial or viral platform vaccines that have been tested, and an attenuated sporozoite vaccine against falciparum malaria is being developed for humans. In mice, attenuated malaria sporozoite vaccines induce CD8+ T cells that kill parasites developing in the liver. We were curious to know if CD8+ T cells were also important in protecting primates against malaria. We immunized 9 rhesus monkeys with radiation attenuated Plasmodium knowlesi sporozoites, and found that 5 did not develop blood stage infections after challenge with live sporozoites. We then injected 4 of these protected monkeys with cM-T807, a monoclonal antibody to the CD8 molecule which depletes T cells. The fifth monkey received equivalent doses of normal IgG. In 3 of the 4 monkeys receiving cM-T807 circulating CD8+ T cells were profoundly depleted. When re-challenged with live sporozoites all 3 of these depleted animals developed blood stage malaria. The fourth monkey receiving cM-T807 retained many circulating CD8+ T cells. This monkey, and the vaccinated monkey receiving normal IgG, did not develop blood stage malaria at re-challenge with live sporozoites. Animals were treated with antimalarial drugs and rested for 4 months. During this interval CD8+ T cells re-appeared in the circulation of the depleted monkeys. When all vaccinated animals received a third challenge with live sporozoites, all 5 monkeys were once again protected and did not develop blood stage malaria infections. These data indicate that CD8+ T cells are important effector cells protecting monkeys against malaria sporozoite infection. We believe that malaria vaccines which induce effector CD8+ T cells in humans will have the best chance of protecting against malaria.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)‐Exiguolide by Iterative Stereoselective Dioxinone‐Directed Prins Cyclizations

Exiguolide (1, Scheme 1) is an unusual natural product isolated in 2006 by Ohta, Ikegami, and co-workers from the marine sponge Geodia exigua Thiele.[1] This molecule inhibits the fertilization of sea urchin gametes (H. pulcherrimus) at a concentration of 20 μm but does not affect the development of the already fertilized eggs at higher concentrations (100 μm), thus indicating that it might possess relevant anticancer activity.[2] The similarity of compound 1 to the bryostatin family of natural products, which are known antitumor compounds, was proposed by Cossy[3] and also intrigued us. In particular, the bispyran architecture and the exocyclic enoate appended onto a tetrahydropyran ring are motifs common to both exiguolide and the bryostatins.[4]
A parametric design assistant for concurrent engineering

The Explorer parametric design assistant, an interactive tool that provides intelligent support for searching concurrent-engineering trade-spaces under multiple, conflicting objectives, is described. The system provides a convenient means for specifying multiple, cross-disciplinary constraints in terms of tables, formulas, and logical sentences. Based on these data, the system performs interactive constraint checking, computes feasible designs, and provides graphical analysis facilities, allowing users to compare designs based on multiple criteria. As a first application, Explorer has been used as a printed circuit board (PCB) construction design assistant. In initial tests, Explorer has helped users to find design configurations not previously considered that yield comparable performance and cost while offering better manufacturability and reliability. The capabilities and use of the Explorer system are described in detail, the underlying technologies are outlined, and an evaluation of the prototype system is presented.
Fundamentals on design management systems development

Some of the most important requirements of design management, as it is applied to an engineering environment in which semicustom IC design is produced, are detailed. Requirements are expressed in a way suitable for conversion into software specifications. A simple model which tries to fulfil most of these requirements is also presented. A detailed account of the requirements is given from the user point of view. The list of requirements is then interpreted with basic framework in mind. >
Hardware checker module

Debugging hardware (ex. Device-Interface-Board or DIB) is very difficult especially if it is not your hardware design or set-up problems during production. ATE has their own checker to identify the problem of the instruments cards. Is your own designed test hardware or production released hardware has its own checker?
Depression of developing neuromuscular synapses induced by repetitive postsynaptic depolarizations

Effect of postsynaptic activity on the synaptic efficacy was studied in Xenopus nerve-muscle cultures. Repetitive postsynaptic depolarizations induced by injection of current pulses into singly innervated myocytes resulted in significant reduction in the frequency of spontaneous synaptic currents and the amplitude of nerve-evoked synaptic currents at the majority of synapses that showed immature synaptic properties. Repetitive hyperpolarizations and steady depolarizations of similar duration were without effect. The depolarization-induced synaptic depression appeared to result predominantly from a reduced ACh secretion from the presynaptic nerve terminal. Buffering the myocyte cytosolic Ca2+ at a low level with intracellular loading of a Ca2+ buffer, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid (BAPTA), significantly reduced the effect of the depolarizations. Thus postsynaptic electrical activity can regulate the synaptic efficacy of the developing neuromuscular synapases and the regulation may be mediated by retrograde transsynaptic interactions.
Glucose repression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Understanding the mechanism of glucose repression in yeast has proved to be a difficult and challenging problem. A multitude of genes in different pathways are repressed by glucose at the level of transcription. The SUC2 gene, which encodes invertase, is an excellent reporter gene for glucose repression, since its expression is controlled exclusively by this pathway. Genetic analysis has identified numerous regulatory mutations which can either prevent derepression of SUC2 or render its expression insensitive to glucose repression. These mutations allow us to sketch the outlines of a pathway for general glucose repression, which has several key elements: hexokinase PII, encoded by HXK2, which seems to play a role in the sensing of glucose levels; the protein kinase encoded by SNF1, whose activity is required for derepression of many glucose-repressible genes; and the MIG1 repressor protein, which binds to the upstream regions of SUC2 and other glucose-repressible genes. Repression by MIG1 requires the activity of the CYC8 and TUP1 proteins. Glucose repression of other sets of genes seems to be controlled by the general glucose repression pathway acting in concert with other mechanisms. In the cases of the GAL genes and possibly CYC1, regulation is mediated by a cascade in which the general pathway represses expression of a positive transcriptional activator.
An Information Processing Model of Organizational Perception, Strategy and Choice

The strategic decision making process is conceptualized to occur in seven phases. A computer simulation model based on these steps has been developed which integrates the processes of organizational perception of key environmental factors, strategy formulation by the organization, and execution of routine operating decisions and standard operating procedures. Fifty computer runs of the model show the necessity of qualifying more narrowly three simplistic, but "intuitively obvious," hypotheses: 1 A firm will do better in a more munificent environment than a less munificent one. 2 A firm more sensitive to changes in its environment will do better than a less sensitive firm. 3 The more uncertainty there is in a firm's environment, the worse that firm will perform. The role of computer simulation models of organizational strategy-making in training top managers and strategic planners is sketched.
Estimating the first- and second-order parameters of a heavy-tailed distribution

Summary This paper suggests censored maximum likelihood estimators for the first- and secondorder parameters of a heavy-tailed distribution by incorporating the second-order regular variation into the censored likelihood function. This approach is different from the biasreduced maximum likelihood method proposed by Feuerverger and Hall in 1999. The paper derives the joint asymptotic limit for the first- and second-order parameters under a weaker assumption. The paper also demonstrates through a simulation study that the suggested estimator for the first-order parameter is better than the estimator proposed by Feuerverger and Hall although these two estimators have the same asymptotic variances.
Dimensionality of Diffusive Exploration at the Protein Interface in Solution

The dynamics of water are critically important to the energies of interaction between proteins and substrates and determine the efficiency of transport at the interface. The magnetic field dependence of the nuclear spin−lattice relaxation rate constant 1/T1 of water protons provides a direct characterization of water diffusional dynamics at the protein interface. We find that the surface-average translational correlation time is 30−40 ps and the magnetic field dependence of the water proton 1/T1 is characteristic of two-dimensional diffusion of water in the protein interfacial region. The reduced dimensionality substantially increases the intermolecular re-encounter probability and the efficiency of the surface exploration by the small molecule, water in this case. We propose a comprehensive theory of the translational effects of a small diffusing particle confined in the vicinity of a spherical macromolecule as a function of the relative size of the two particles. We show that the change in the apparent ...
Harmonizing Cybertort Law for Europe and America

Professors Rustad and Koenig examine the impediments in the development of harmonized Internet torts. Their analysis consists of three focal parts. In Part I, the authors examine the barriers precluding the development of a harmonized cybertort system that would protect American and European internet consumers and businesses. Part II describes the differing legal approaches of the United States and Europe involving tortious acts. Finally, in Part III, the authors conclude by examining the feasibility of an increased harmonization in the realm of torts between Europe and the United States.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Arbitration Study: A Summary and Critique

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s Arbitration Study: Report to Congress 2015 does not support the case for ex ante regulation of mandatory consumer arbitration clauses. It contains no data on the typical arbitration outcome - a settlement - and it is these arbitral settlements, and not arbitral awards, that should be compared to class action settlements. It does not address the public policy question of whether, by resolving disputes more accurately on the merits, arbitration may prevent class action settlements induced solely by defendants’ incentive to avoid massive discovery costs. It shows that in arbitration consumers often get settlements or awards, are typically represented by counsel, and achieve good results even when they are unrepresented. In class action settlements, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau reports surprisingly high payout rates to class members and low attorneys’ fees relative to total class payout. These aggregated average numbers reflect the results in a very small number of massive class action settlements. Many class action settlements have much lower payout rates and higher attorneys’ fees.
β1-Integrin and PI 3-kinase regulate RhoA-dependent activation of skeletal α-actin promoter in myoblasts

RhoA GTPase, a regulator of actin cytoskeleton, is also involved in regulating c-fos gene expression through its effect on serum response factor (SRF) transcriptional activity. We have also shown t...
Akamai Technologies, Inc. (B)

This case provides an opportunity to exercise valuation skills and explore investment analysis. Students are exposed to the notion of enterprise value and the possibility of capital-structure arbitrage. See also the A case (UVA-F-1434).
An approach to adolescent drug use.

Background: Substance abuse is one of the most challenging and emotionally charged areas of general practice as it is in society at large. When this is combined with some of the difficulties in engaging the adolescent patient, it is not uncommon for the general practitioner to feel overwhelmed and unsure about how to approach the issue. Objective: This article discusses strategies for GPs in managing adolescent patients with substance abuse, including referral services and opportunities for collaboration and a team approach. Discussion: While there are good reasons to be concerned about substance abuse among adolescents and uncertainty about where to turn for specialised help, there is much the GP can do alone, and in collaboration with other services, to care for the adolescent with a substance use issue. (author abstract)
Contraceptive use in the United States: 1982-90.

Trends in contraceptive use by age race marital status and pregnancy intention between 1982 and 1990 are based on the US National Surveys of Family Growth in 1982 1988 and 1990. Contraceptive use rates are calculated per all women aged 15-44 years per women at risk of unintended pregnancy and per contraceptors. The findings show 59% of women aged 15-44 years are using contraception (34.9 million in 1988 and 34.5 million in 1990). Condom use increased from 9% in 1988 to 11% in 1990. Pill use declined from 19% to 17%. "Other" nonusers (24%) are the bulk of nonusers (41%) and include 90% of women who have never had sexual intercourse 7% who are sexually experienced but have not had intercourse during the preceding month and 8% sexually active but noncontracepting women. Contraceptive use among women aged 15-19 years remains stable at 32% but use increased among women aged 15-17 years from 20% to 24%. Adolescents who are sexually active and not using contraception increased from 8% in 1988 to 22% in 1990. The proportion not sexually active within the past month declined from 23% to 10%. The increased use of the condom is attributed to increased use among Black women; Black women also increased use of sterilization. Sexually active noncontracepting White women increased from 3% to 8% while a similar proportion of Black and Hispanic women remained constant. Changes in contraceptive status are mostly among never married women (a decrease from 32% to 26% among women who have never had intercourse and an increase from 5% to 11% among sexually active and noncontracepting women). Never married women increased condom use and decreased pill use. 67% of women aged 15-44 years are at risk of unintended pregnancy of which 12% are not using contraception. Increased risk changed for noncontracepting never married women from 9% to 22% and for noncontracepting never married White women from 5% to 11%. Condom use among adolescents increased from 33% to 44%. Pill use among adolescents aged 15-17 years declined. Contraception among adolescents amounts to 52% using the pill and 44% using the condom. Use of contraception at first intercourse among adolescents is 71%. Condom use increased and pill use decreased among less educated women. Contraception increased with rising numbers of children.
Noise coupling in mixed-signal ASICs

This chapter has summarized practical aspects of key analog and analog/digital interaction problems: Sources of noise; Methods of coupling; Effects of power distribution on chip noise; Effect of substrate referencing on coupled noise; Effects of chip signal isolation/shielding techniques on noise; Effect of package on noise; and Effect of card layout and circuit topology on noise. Techniques related to semiconductor processing; circuit architecture and design; chip floorplanning; chip wiring; design systems; packaging that enhances control or reduction of undesired analog or analog/digital interaction in mixed signal and analog monolithic ICs were surveyed. Consideration was given to substrate coupling, power rail and I/O driver resonances, near field capacitive and inductive as well as package interaction. Spe cial attention was given to distribution of substrate contacts and how the substrate is referenced in highly doped substrates. Actual hardware experiences along with techniques, methodologies, and strategies for analog mixed signal noise reduction were shared. Data results on noise isolation achieved and performance of an actual hardware along with what special techniques were used was discussed. For a more detailed treatment of this subject and software algorithms Reference is an exhaustive treatment of this subject and presents a method for rigorous simulation of the substrate effects.
Brachytherapy: Where Has It Gone…Again?

TO THE EDITOR: The review by Chinn and Myers about the management of oral cavity cancer mentioned available therapeutic options, but there was one significant omission: brachytherapy. Low-dose-rate and high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy have historically been used to treat oral cavity cancers, either as monotherapy or in combination with external-beam radiation, and offer high local control rates and low toxicities. It is an effective technique used in centers throughout the world in the definitive, postoperative, recurrent, and salvage settings. In fact, the use of brachytherapy as a boost in the definitive setting can improve local control rates by 20% compared with external beam radiation alone. Both the American Brachytherapy Society and the Groupe Europeen de Curietherapie–European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology have developed guidelines for the use of brachytherapy for head and neck cancers. Petereit et al appropriately stated in their article “Brachytherapy: Where has it gone?” that it is our responsibility as oncologists to educate patients, insurance companies, and policy makers about the utility of this tool. Brachytherapy has a significant, evidence-based role in the management of oral cavity cancer and should be considered for treatment in appropriately selected patients. A reply to this Correspondence was not provided.
World Heritage Site Designation Impacts on a Historic Village: A Case Study on Residents’ Perceptions of Hahoe Village (Korea)

This study examines the relationship between World Heritage Site (WHS) designation and the community sustainability of a historic village, focusing on Hahoe Village, Korea, which was inscribed in 2010. It examines residents’ perceptions of increasing tourism at Hahoe Village by adopting a questionnaire and using an interview as research methods. This study examined both the positive and negative impacts that Hahoe Village’s WHS designation has had on its sustainability. Of all of the impacts examined in this research, the three most noteworthy issues are identified: (1) the acceleration of the change of the village’s industrial base and the influx of strangers; (2) the degradation of quality of life (in the physical aspects) caused by increasing tourism; and (3) the collision predicated by the tension between conserving the village’s historic environments and developing tourism. In conclusion, the WHS designation impacts on Hahoe Village, which local residents perceived, have both positive and negative aspects. WHS designation needs to be accompanied by a management plan that is more concerned about the impact from tourism after the designation. In this context, Hahoe Village must not only have a comprehensive preservation plan that balances with the demand for tourism development, but also secure the village’s community sustainability as a living place other than a tourist destination.
Viability of Embryos and of Chicks in Inbred Chickens

Abstract THE maintenance of inbred lines depends to a large extent on the viability of embryos and of chicks. An earlier paper (Wilson, 1948) discusses egg production rate and fertility which are also important considerations. The main purpose of this study was to obtain estimates of (1) heritability of hatchability and chick viability, (2) the extent to which these traits are affected by the intensity of inbreeding, and (3) the selection differentials which were made while producing these inbred lines. Hatchability and viability are considered as traits of the individual embryo or chick, while egg production rate and fertility are considered as characteristics of the dam. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Hatchability is the percentage of chicks hatched from a given number of fertile eggs. An excellent summary of the effect of environment and heredity on the hatchability of chicken eggs has been compiled by Landauer (1941). More recently published work includes Water’s . . .
The effect of exercise on mortality of animals poisoned with diphosgene.

ConclusionsIt is clear that the worst that can be said of swimming shortly after diphosgene gassing at mid- or somewhat above mid-lethal doses is that it had no influence on final mortality among mice and rats or on survival time in dogs. There was, in fact, some indication, especially from the finding of a significant difference between survival of moderate early and late exercised mice, that moderate early swimming was beneficial or late swimming deleterious or both. It is striking that in all of the pooled data (see tables), and very often in individual experiments, differences noted, though not statistically significant, are consistently in the direction of increased survival for moderate early exercise in all 3 species, and in the direction of increased mortality for moderate or heavy late exercise in mice and heavy early exercise in dogs.The dog survival times and lung weights suggest that “moderate” and “heavy” exercise as distinguished in these experiments are physiologically as well as quantitati...
Shovel-Test Sampling in Archaeological Survey: Comments on Nance and Ball, and Lightfoot

Shovel-test sampling is the most common site-discovery technique used in vegetated areas, but its effectiveness is questionable. Recent papers in American Antiquity by Nance and Ball and by Lightfoot discuss the technique at length. The papers are welcome additions to the literature, but both contain deficiences that require comment and clarification.
Revisiting the angular momentum growth of protostructures evolved from non-Gaussian initial conditions

I adopt a formalism previously developed by Catelan and Theuns (CT) in order to estimate the impact of primordial non-Gaussianity on the quasi-linear spin growth of cold dark matter protostructures. A variety of bispectrum shapes are considered, spanning the currently most popular early Universe models for the occurrence of non-Gaussian density fluctuations. In their original work, CT considered several other shapes, and suggested that only for one of those does the impact of non-Gaussianity seem to be perturbatively tractable. For that model, and on galactic scales, the next-to-linear non-Gaussian contribution to the angular momentum variance has an upper limit of $\sim 10%$ with respect to the linear one. I find that all the new models considered in this work can also be seemingly described via perturbation theory. Considering current bounds on $f_\mathrm{NL}$ for inflationary non-Gaussianity leads to the quasi-linear contribution being $\sim 10-20%$ of the linear one. This result motivates the systematic study of higher-order non-Gaussian corrections, in order to attain a comprehensive picture of how structure gravitational dynamics descends from the physics of the primordial Universe.
Simultaneous Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate in Meat and Meat Products by Ion Chromatography

[Objective]To establish a method for simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in meat and meat products by ion chromatography. [Methods]After simple extraction of meat and meat products,nitrite and nitrate were separated on a anion exchange column with sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate as the eluent,then detected by electrolytic conductivity detector,quantified by peak area and qualitatively measured by its retentive time [Results]The minimum detectable concentration of nitrite and nitrate was both0.15 mg/kg,relative standard deviation was below 1.51,with the recovery over 87.60%. [Conclusion]The method is simple and showed good repeatability,both recovery and sensitivity meet the testing requirements.
Eastern Section SSA 2011 Meeting Report

The 83rd Eastern Section SSA meeting was hosted by the University of Arkansas at Little Rock at the Peabody Hotel downtown Little Rock, Arkansas, 16–18 October 2011, during the lovely fall season of the mid-south. The meeting began with a field trip to east central Arkansas on a day with perfect weather on Sunday 16 October 2011. The field trip, led by Drs. Martitia Tuttle and Haydar Al-Shukri, was arranged to have the participants experience the paleoseismic features that have been preserved in the shallow subsurface for thousands of years. Thirty-three of the meeting attendees participated in the field trip, which was conducted from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. To prepare for the field trip, a very wide trench was excavated using a 4-foot sand bucket backhoe at a site where multiple stacked sand blows along a lineament had been previously discovered. The large trench provided easy and safe access to paleoliquefaction features and allowed fieldtrip participants to examine them first-hand. In addition, the excavation of the sand blows provided an opportunity to improve age estimates of paleoearthquakes. Therefore, two dating samples were collected in association with the older, more poorly understood sand blow. During the field trip, we demonstrated field techniques, such as mapping of sand blows and related sand dikes with ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and we discussed observations and interpretations of paleoliquefaction features. Prior to trenching, we conducted GPR and resistivity surveys to help with the siting of the trench to optimize exposure of the paleoliquefaction features. Also, geophysical information was presented during the fieldtrip to educate participants about the usefulness of combining geophysics with trenching. As expressed by many participants, a major highlight of the meeting was the field trip. Photographs and other information are available at the meeting Web site (http://quake.ualr.edu/ES-SSA-Meeting-2011.htm). We appreciate the University …