cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FT-EPR study of electron spin polarization in the acetone ketyl radical formed by photolysis of tert-butylperoxide in 2-propanol

Abstract The kinetics of formation and decay of acetone ketyl radicals produced by photocleavage of tert-butylperoxide in 2-propanol and the generation of electron spin polarization has been investigated with Fourier-transform electron paramagnetic resonance (FT-EPR). It is found that the evolution of the FT-EPR spectra over a time domain ranging from nanoseconds to 500 μs can be completely explained in terms of: (1) kinetics of radical formation and decay, (2) relaxation of tert-butoxy radical precursors — born with zero spin polarization via the singlet excited state of the peroxide — to thermal equilibrium, (3) spin polarization created by the radical pair mechanism involving random encounters of ketyl radicals (F-pair CIDEP), and (4) spin-lattice relaxation of the ketyl radicals. A detailed numerical analysis of the time dependence of the amplitudes of the central three hyperfine components in the spectrum of the ketyl radical gives a value of 85±30 ns for the spin—lattice relaxation time of the tert-butoxy radical. The analysis also gives the value of the pseudo-first-order hydrogen abstraction rate constant (2.5 × 107 s−1) and the magnitude of the F-pair spin polarization.
Generalized functions for the fractional calculus.

Previous papers have used two important functions for the solution of fractional order differential equations, the Mittag-Leffler functionE(sub q)[at(exp q)](1903a, 1903b, 1905), and the F-function F(sub q)[a,t] of Hartley & Lorenzo (1998). These functions provided direct solution and important understanding for the fundamental linear fractional order differential equation and for the related initial value problem (Hartley and Lorenzo, 1999). This paper examines related functions and their Laplace transforms. Presented for consideration are two generalized functions, the R-function and the G-function, useful in analysis and as a basis for computation in the fractional calculus. The R-function is unique in that it contains all of the derivatives and integrals of the F-function. The R-function also returns itself on qth order differ-integration. An example application of the R-function is provided. A further generalization of the R-function, called the G-function brings in the effects of repeated and partially repeated fractional poles.
An experimental comparison of stimulus and response translated power functions for brightness

A threshold parameter has been introduced into the power law in two different ways, one involving, translation on the stimulus axis (the Ф-Law) and the second involving translation on the response axis (the Ψ-Law). In this study the two laws were compared using the data from 6 Ss making magnitude estimation judgments of brightness. Although the prevalent view appears to favor the Ф -Lau, the data of this study clearly dictate a choice of the Ψ-Law over the $-Law for brightness.
Rape: A family crisis

Abstract The violence of rape is the single most common crime against the family in America. Generally the young woman who has been sexually assaulted may experience a prolonged period of pain and alienation as an individual. The family members also experience their own individual trauma Even when the individual is treated, the family issues are often left unresolved while retaining their impact on the family's ability to function as a unit or within the society. This article introduces family therapy as a desirable approach to treatment of the rape victim and her family. The author encourages use of multiple family therapy in this context.
Expression of thermostable microbial cellulases in the chloroplasts of nicotine-free tobacco

An inexpensive source of active cellulases is critical to efficient and cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Transgenic plants expressing foreign cellulases are potential sources of cellulases for biomass conversion. A number of foreign proteins have been reported to accumulate to high levels when the transgene is incorporated into the chloroplast genome rather than into the nuclear genome. We developed plastid transformation vectors carrying two Thermobifida fusca thermostable cellulases, Cel6A and Cel6B, and expressed them in nicotine-free or nicotine-containing tobacco varieties following chloroplast transformation. We obtained homoplasmic tobacco plants expressing Cel6A or Cel6B. Maximum estimates of expression levels ranged from 2 to 4% of total soluble protein. Enzyme assays indicated that both Cel6A and Cel6B expressed in transplastomic tobacco were active in hydrolyzing crystalline cellulose. With further optimization, it may be feasible to produce bacterial cellulases in tobacco chloroplasts in large quantities.
Underdetermination, methodological practices, and realism

In this paper, I argue (i) that there are certain methodological practices that are epistemically significant, and (ii) that we can test for the success of these practices empirically by examining case-studies in the history of science. Analysing a particular episode from the history of medicine, I explain how this can help us resolve specific cases of underdetermination. I conclude that, while the anti-realist is (more or less legitimately) able to construct underdetermination scenarios on a case-by-case basis, he will have to abandon the strategy of using algorithms to do so, thus losing the much needed guarantee that there will always be rival cases of the required kind.
Paying down design debt with strategic refactoring

Our studies indicate that strategic refactoring using design patterns is the most effective way to repair decaying code for object-oriented (OO) systems. However, applying a pattern-based approach to legacy system repair or even post-design pattern injection is often difficult and, in some cases if misapplied, detrimental
UCP2 mRNA expression is dependent on glucose metabolism in pancreatic islets.

Uncoupling Protein 2 (UCP2) is expressed in the pancreatic β-cell, where it partially uncouples the mitochondrial proton gradient, decreasing both ATP-production and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Increased glucose levels up-regulate UCP2 mRNA and protein levels, but the mechanism for UCP2 up-regulation in response to increased glucose is unknown. The aim was to examine the effects of glucokinase (GK) deficiency on UCP2 mRNA levels and to characterize the interaction between UCP2 and GK with regard to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic islets. UCP2 mRNA expression was reduced in GK+/− islets and GK heterozygosity prevented glucose-induced up-regulation of islet UCP2 mRNA. In contrast to UCP2 protein function UCP2 mRNA regulation was not dependent on superoxide generation, but rather on products of glucose metabolism, because MnTBAP, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, did not prevent the glucose-induced up-regulation of UCP2. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in UCP2−/− and GK+/− islets compared with GK+/− islets and UCP2 deficiency improved glucose tolerance of GK+/− mice. Accordingly, UCP2 deficiency increased ATP-levels of GK+/− mice. Thus, the compensatory down-regulation of UCP2 is involved in preserving the insulin secretory capacity of GK mutant mice and might also be implicated in limiting disease progression in MODY2 patients.
Expanding a country's borders during war: the internet war diary

Citizen journalism has changed the nature of how news is disseminated about local and global events. We conducted an ethnographic study of a particular kind of citizen journalism: the use of war diaries on the Internet. These diaries were targeted to an audience outside of the informants' countries and cultures. We found that people wrote war diaries to reach out to people who were in environments not in a war as a way of sensemaking, for impression management, and to be participants in the social production of news and opinions about the war. We discuss how the use of a "war diary" as a public narrative empowered our informants and how they contributed to the social interpretation of their culture during war. Through the Internet war diary, people can communicate news beyond the physical boundaries of their country providing benefits to producers of the information as well as the consumers.
Dyadic distress management predicts subsequent security of attachment

The purpose of this study was to examine methodologically independent infant, maternal, and dyadic variables to predict security of attachment. The subjects were 52 mothers and their firstborn infants from middle- to upper-middle-class backgrounds. Prenatal assessment of maternal characteristics included measures of depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy. Infant characteristics were assessed via a standardized laboratory procedure at 3 months of age. Dyadic behaviors were observed in the home also at 3 months of age. At 12 months of age, security of attachment was assessed in the Strange Situation procedure. Results indicate that prenatal maternal anxiety and dyadic behaviors involving distress management were the best predictors of security of attachment. This study provides support for the role of maternal characteristics measured in the prenatal period as well as mother-infant dyadic patterns involving distress management in determining subsequent security of attachment.
Perspectives on deregulation of schooling in America

(1993). Perspectives on deregulation of schooling in America. British Journal of Educational Studies: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 122-133.
A study of pyrimidine base damage in relation to oxidative stress and cancer

A long-standing hypothesis is that oxidative stress is a risk factor for cancer. Support for this hypothesis comes from observations of higher levels of oxidative damage in the DNA of WBC of cancer patients compared with healthy controls. Two generally overlooked types of DNA damage, the formamide modification and the thymine glycol modification, both derived from pyrimidine bases, were assayed as markers of oxidative stress. Damage levels were measured in the DNA of WBC of ovarian cancer patients and of healthy controls. The levels of both modifications were higher in ovarian cancer patients than in healthy controls although in the case of the formamide modification age could not be ruled out as a factor. Our results in combination with other published measurements of oxidative DNA damage support the hypothesis that oxidative damage, on average, is higher in WBC of cancer patients than in healthy controls.
Enhanced material identification using polarimetric hyperspectral imaging

Polarimetric and hyperspectral imaging are two of the most frequently used remote sensing modalities. While extensive work has been done in both fields independently, relatively little work has been done using both in conjunction with one another. Combining these two common remote sensing techniques, we hope to estimate index of refraction, without a priori knoweledge of local weather conditions or object surface temperature. In general, this is an underdetermined problem, but modeling the spectral behavior of the index of refraction reduces the number of parameters needed to describe the index of refraction, and thus the reflectively. This allows additional scene parameters needed to describe the radiance signature from a target to be simulataneously solved for. The method uses spectrally resolved S 0 and Si radiance measurements, taken using an IFTS with a linear polarizer mounted to the front, to simultaneously solve for a materials index of refraction, surface temperature, and downwelling radiance. Measurements at multiple angles relative to the surface normal can also be taken to provide further constraining information in the fit. Results on both simulated and measured data are presented showing that this technique is largely robust to changes in object temperature.
Interactions of conventional or photopolymerized liposomes with platelets in vitro

We have examined the effects of liposomes on in vitro platelet aggregation. Liposomes were prepared from various conventional lipids and from a novel photopolymerizable phosphatidylcholine derivative (DPL, bis[1,2-(methacryloyloxy)dodecanoyl]-l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine). None of the liposome preparations studied caused marked platelet aggregation in either plasma or buffer solution. However, positively charged vesicles impaired the ability of platelets in plasma to aggregate in response to ADP, whereas negatively charged vesicles impaired the ability of platelets in buffer to aggregate in response to thrombin. DPL vesicles had only modest effects on platelets in plasma or buffer.
Self-Limited Reaction-Diffusion in Nanostructured Substrates: Surface Coverage Dynamics and Analytic Approximations to ALD Saturation Times†

We present a general model based on a time-dependent, reaction–diffusion equation to determine the dosing times and coverage profiles in structured substrates during atomic layer deposition (ALD). We first derive expressions comprising a non-linear diffusion–reaction equation coupled to a surface kinetic equation. In their non-dimensional forms, these equations show that coverage dynamics during ALD in nanostructured substrates depend only on two non-dimensional parameters, the Damkoler and precursor excess (number of molecules per surface site in the nanostructure) numbers. Using the assumptions of molecular flow in a circular pore, we derive a general, analytic equation to predict saturation exposure times. To demonstrate the utility of our model, we derive additional expressions incorporating a precursor loss term relevant to predicting exposure times during ozone-based ALD. Because our model makes no assumptions about the diffusion coefficient or sample geometry, it can easily be adapted to describe a broad range of ALD systems such as trenches and vias, anodized alumina, or aerogels under almost any conditions including molecular, viscous, and transition flow regimes
Spectrophotometric determination of traces of gallium and indium with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Abstract 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) reacts with either gallium or indium at pH 5–6 giving a red complex in an aqueous medium in the presence of N.N-dimethyl-formamide. The maximum absorption of both PAN complexes of gallium and indium in an aqueous solution is at 545 mμ. The gallium-PAN complex shows a characteristic enhancement of color by addition of small amounts of ethers. Based on this selective enhancement reaction, gallium can be determined in the presence of other metals without separation. The results of determining gallium and indium in the presence of each other are reported. Both gallium and indium form M2(PAN)3; but in the presence of certain organic solvents, a different gallium complex, Ga(PAN)5, and the same indium complex, In2(PAN)3, are formed. The reaction of PAN with cadmium can be masked by iodide; an example of determining indium in the presence of cadmium is given. The PAN method has a sensitivity of 0.003 μg/cm2 for gallium and 0.005μg/cm2 for indium and an absorptivity of 24,900 for the Ga-PAN complex and of 24,500 for the In-PAN complex, respectively. The methods have been successfully applied to the determination of both gallium and indium in germanium thin films.
Thought stopping: A case study and observations

Abstract A 21-year-old female who complained of persistent obsessions with objects coming at her face and/or eyes was successfully treated using a thought stopping procedure. The case illustrated a phenomenon which was termed the “thought stopping burst” which consists of an increase in obsessions at the beginning of treatment followed by a decrease in obsessions.
The Dutch diminutive

Abstract In this paper a new analysis is presented of the allomorphy of the Dutch diminutive suffix. There is one long allomorph (- etje ) and four short allomorphs (- tje , - pje , - kje and - je ). With respect to the choice between the long and short versions, this article compares two types of analyses, which appeal to the structural organisation of the stem (rather than to the segmental properties of the stem). In the first type, the allomorphy is accounted for with reference to the foot structure of the stem, while in the second the allomorphy is accounted for with reference to the syllabic structure of the stem (specifically the final rhyme). The two types of analyses are developed in order to account for all relevant data and it is decided that the syllabic analysis must be chosen if is assumed that the tense (allegedly ‘long’) vowels are structurally short, an assumption that is supported by their behaviour with respect to stress (for which purpose they count as light). The article then offers a non-derivational account of the choice between all forms of the suffix, including the short forms.
Blood contamination of anesthesia equipment and monitoring equipment.

This study was conducted to determine the extent of blood contamination of anesthesia equipment and monitoring equipment in clinical use in operating rooms. The study employed a catalytic-test method, which is used in forensic medicine, to detect blood contamination of anesthesia equipment and monit
Continuous-Wave Stimulated Raman Scattering (cwSRS) Microscopy.

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful tool for chemically sensitive non-invasive optical imaging. However, ultrafast laser sources, which are currently employed, are still expensive and require substantial maintenance to provide temporal overlap and spectral tuning. SRS imaging, which utilizes continuous-wave laser sources, has a major advantage, as it eliminates the cell damage due to exposure to the high-intensity light radiation, while substantially reducing the cost and complexity of the setup. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate microscopic imaging of dimethyl sulfoxide using two independent, commonly used lasers, a diode-pumped, intracavity doubled 532-nm laser and a He–Ne laser operating at 632.8-nm.
Microcellular Composite Foams

Preparation, microstructure et proprietes mecaniques de mousses destinees a du confinement inertiel de cibles de fusion ou l'on remplit les cellules ouvertes de mousse de polystyrene par un gel de silice ou une mousse resorcinol-formaldehyde
Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease

The one-hour blood xylose concentration was evaluated to determine its usefulness as a screening test for small bowel mucosal disease in infants and children. Six of 13 patients with one-hour blood xylose levels of less than 20 mg/dl had normal small bowel biopsies by light microscopy. Five of 20 children with normal one-hour xylose levels had abnormal small bowel villous architecture. Because of the significant false positive (46%) and false negative results (25%), the one-hour blood xylose concentration should not be used as the sole indicator for small bowel biopsy in infants and children with chronic diarrhea.
Assessment of protein synthesis and secretion by rat seminiferous and epididymal tubules in vivo.

Summary In vivo microperifbsion and micropuncture were used to study tubule protein synthesis and proluminal secretion by the male reproductive tract in vivo. Somniferous and caput and cauda epididymal tubules were perihsed for 3 h. with [35S]-methionine. Perifused interstitial fluid (IF), lumen fluid (LF), and tubule extract (TE) were collected. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and autoradiograms were developed. Trichloroacetic acid precipitable proteins in each fluid were determined and a protein synthesis index (PSI) was calculated. PSI values demonstrated that the cauda epididymis synthesized less protein in vivo than did either seminiferous or caput tubules. Seminiferous tubules synthesized and secreted into the tubule lumen a relatively constant panel of proteins. Epididymal tubules synthesized and secreted proteins in a region-specific manner. In the caput epididymis the most prominent secreted bands were consistent with the heavy and light chains of epididymal clusterin. In the cauda epididymis, the most prominent synthesized and secreted protein was a 25 kDa protein consistent with the protein D. The above approach to studying protein synthesis and secretion will allow direct study of the physiological and path physiological effects on this important epithelial hnction in vim
Finite Partial Cyclic Triple Systems Can Be Finitely Embedded

By a cyclic triple system is meant a pair (S, T) where S is a finite set and T is a collection of three element subsets of S arranged cyclically and such that each ordered pair of elements of S appears in exactly one cyclic triplet. By a partial cyclic triple system (PCTS) is meant a pair (S, T) where S is a finite set and T is a collection of three element subsets of S arranged cyclically and such that each ordered pair of elements of S appears in at most one cyclic triplet. Algebraically a CTS is a quasigroup satisfying the identities x 2 =x and x (yx)=y [8], so that algebraically a PCTS is a partial quasigroup Q such that a 2 =a for all a in Q and whenever ab is defined in a then so are b(ab) and (ab)a and further b(ab)=a, (ab)a=b. In what follows we will consider CTS's and PCTS's algebraically. If we omit the words cyclic and ordered in the definition of a CTS and a PCTS we obtain the definition of a Steiner triple system (STS) and a partial Steiner triple system (PSTS) respectively.
pH-dependent hemolysis by influenza, Semliki Forest virus, and Sendai virus

Abstract The hemolytic activity of four enveloped viruses—Semliki Forest virus (SFV), influenza, Sendai, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) -was investigated using human erythrocytes. Three of these viruses—SFV, influenza, and Sendai—exhibited appreciable hemolytic activity, but the pH dependence in the range 5.5–7.0 was different for each virus. Sendai had maximal activity at pH 7.0, decreasing to about 70% of this value at pH 5.5. Influenza had maximal activity at pH 6.0, falling to about 70% of this value at pH 5.5 or 6.4, with negligible activity at pH 7.0. SFV had maximal activity at the lowest pH tested. DEAE-dextran and wheat germ agglutinin enhanced SFV-induced hemolysis in parallel with an increase in binding of SFV to the red cells. VSV binding was increased by these ligands similarly to SFV binding, but significant hemolysis could not be demonstrated either in their presence or their absence.
Services cultural alignment in offshoring: The impact of cultural dimensions on offshoring location choices

Abstract Empirical research on the growing wave of services offshoring has examined the impact of several key factors such as wages and personnel quality on firm choices of offshore locations. However, examinations of culture in services offshoring to date have largely been confined to the relatively coarse concept of aggregate cultural differences between the home and host countries. We propose that specific cultural attributes are more closely aligned with successful service provision. We empirically examine our theoretical development of service cultural alignment and investigate the impact of cultural dimensions on the location of service offshoring projects. In addition, we examine whether Western and Asian firms have different cultural preferences in terms of the location of services offshoring projects. We find that host countries with lower levels of Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance as well as higher levels of individualism and power distance are able to attract greater numbers of service offshoring projects, even after controlling for macroeconomic, linguistic, and risk-related factors. We did not find that Western and Asian firms have different cultural preferences in this regard. We discuss implications of the findings with respect to theory, managerial practice, and governmental policy.
Predictions of the Joule−Thomson Inversion Curve for the n-Alkane Series and Carbon Dioxide from the Soft-SAFT Equation of State†

In this work, we use a molecular based equation of state, the Soft-SAFT equation, to predict complete Joule−Thomson inversion curves for carbon dioxide and the n-alkane series, including heavy n-alkanes up to octatetracontane (n-C48H98). Comparisons with available experimental and correlation data, for carbon dioxide and the lighter n-alkanes, show good quantitative agreement. We observe a strong dependence of the inversion curve on the set of molecular parameters used in the calculations, especially near the inversion point and in the high-temperature region. The equation is able to predict the general trend of inversion curves even for extreme conditions, with reduced pressure, Pr = P/Pc, values up to 40, and reduced temperatures, Tr = T/Tc, of almost 5.
Dynamic headspace analysis of volatile metabolites from the reductive dehalogenation of trichloro- and tetrachloroethanes by hepatic microsomes.

A dynamic headspase technique was developed to facilitate the identification and quantitation of low levels of volatile metabolites produced in vitro by subcellular preparations. The method is complementary to commonly used static headspace and solvent-extraction techniques, and involves purging the compounds from microsomal suspensions with an inert gas, trapping them on a short column of adsorbant resin, and transferring the metabolites to a gas chromatograph. An apparatus was designed to facilitate the incubations and isolations of volatile compounds. Recoveries of several chlorinated hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range 12 to 186°C were 85% or higher, and the recovery of vinyl chloride (boiling point −13°C) was 25%. The quantitative precision of the method was determined and calibration curves were established for each metabolite, demonstrating that no discrimination occurred over a wide range of concentrations. This technique was employed to investigate the reductive metabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane by rat liver microsomes. The metabolites from these substrates were 1,1-dichloroethane, vinyl chloride, and 1,2-dichloroethylene, respectively. These conversions were NADPH-dependent, occurred only under anaerobic conditions, and indicate that chloroethanes with relatively low electron affinities can be reduced slowly by microsomal cytochrome P-450. The rates of formation of vinyl chloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethylene with 1.0 mm substrate were 12.3 ± 2.0, 122 ± 14, and 147 ± 12 pmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. The results show that there are distinct advantages of the purge/trap method over the static headspace method for studying volatile metabolites when high sensitivity is required.
Parasitism and Pathogenesis of the Cultivated Cranberry By Some Nematodes

The parasitism of cranberry roots (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) by Hemicycliophora similis Thorne, Trichodorus christiei Allen and Tylenchorhynchus rlaytoni Steiner is described. The symptoms associated with the feeding of these nematodes and Tetylenchus joctus Thorne are given. T. christiei, which appears to be the most important nematode parasite of cranberry, caused a significant reduction in growth of cuttings and seedlings. The feeding of H. similis caused a consistent reduction in the growth of seedlings, but the growth of potted cuttings was not greatly diminished.
Interrupt processing with queued content-addressable memories

One of the most significant problems in designing high performance computing systems is the complexity of the associated supervisory software. This is especially true in multi-user environments: the software overhead involved in user communications and resource allocation normally absorbs a great percentage of the system's computing power.
Effects of Non-Maxwellian Distributions on Shock-Layer Radiation from Hypersonic Reentry Flows

Nomenclature A = Einsteincoefficient for spontaneousemission,s−1 orcm s−1 f = electron velocity distribution function, s∕m h = Planck’s constant, 6.6262 × 10−34 Js i, j = electronic state K = rate coefficient for collisional transition, cm s−1 l = total number of electronic states n = number density, m−3 n0 = total atom-related species number density, m −3 Te = electron temperature, K Trot = rotational temperature, K Ttr = translational temperature, K Tvib = vibrational temperature, K t = time, s V = velocity, m∕s w = speed, m∕s X = horizontal coordinate of direct simulation Monte Carlo domain for the Stardust geometry, m Y = vertical coordinate of direct simulation Monte Carlo domain for the Stardust geometry, m ν = frequency, s ρ = escape factor σ = cross section, m
The relation of polyphenol oxidase to instability in vitro of prune dwarf and sour cherry necrotic ringspot viruses.

Abstract The viruses that cause prune dwarf (PDV), sour cherry recurrent necrotic ringspot (RNRSV), and necrotic ringspot (NRSV) lose infectivity in tissue extracts within a few hours. RNRSV and NRSV were stabilized in cucurbit extracts by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDIECA), a copper-chelating inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase, and by two competitive inhibitors of this enzyme. PDV was stabilized by a combination of NaDIECA and cysteine hydrochloride. PDV and NRSV, stabilized by partial purification, were inactivated by o -quinone, but not by reduced polyphenols. PDV and NRSV inactivated by o -quinone could not be reactivated by chemically reducing the o -quinone or by centrifugally sedimenting the virus. Serological activity and gross structure of the viruses were not altered by o -quinone. Polyphenol oxidase activity was higher in cucurbit tissues infected with NRSV and PDV than in healthy tissue. Spraying inoculated plants with a polyphenol oxidase inhibitor (4-chlororesorcinol) resulted in higher concentrations of NRSV and PDV than in control plants, presumably because of in vivo inhibition of the enzyme. Similar treatment with an oxidizable substrate of polyphenol oxidase (catechol) had the reverse effect on virus concentration.
Familial bilateral breast cancer.

The occurrence of bilateral breast cancers in three members of one family is reported. In two members, evidence of a distinct primary lesion in each breast was verified. The occurrence of unilateral breast cancer and other cancers in other members of the family was surveyed. Recommendations for early detection and surveillance in familial breast cancer at the present time should be by aggressive and close follow-up of the affected members. Absence of reliable markers preclude effective surveillance for early detection or susceptibility.
140 Microarray Expression Analysis of Fetal Mouse Skin Development: Implications for Scarless Healing

Introduction: Fetal mouse skin wounds heal without scar before gestational day E17. Because scarless repair is inherent to fetal skin and occurs superimposed on skin differentiation, genome-wide gene expression during skin development was tested. Methods: Dorsal skin from BALB/C mice fetuses at E14, E15, E18 and E20 was collected. RNAs from individual fetuses were hybridized to mouse microarrays with 42,000 gene elements. The E14/E18 hybridizations were repeated three times, and the E15/E20 repeated twice with different samples. (“x” = fold change). Results: Increased genes on E18 and E20 were clustered into several groups: 1) ECMs: type I (2.8x), III (2.3x), VI, and XIV procollagens; 2) Cell surface: integrin beta1 binding protein2 (5.2x), integral membrane protein2A and 2B (avg 3.8x); 3) Proteases: mast cell protease4 (15x) and 5 (24x), MMP23 (3x); 4) Growth factor-related: acidic FGF (3.7x), FGF receptor3 (2.9x), TGF-alpha (2.3x). Decreased genes on E18 and E20 included: 1) Growth factors: TGF-beta2 (0.42x), PDGF-alpha (0.41x), PDGF receptor-beta (0.37x), NGF receptor associated protein (0.18x); 2) Proteases: MMP 11 (0.27x), 14 (0.39x); 3) ECM: fibromodulin (0.5x), Vcam1 (0.22x), keratin18 (0.2x) and 19 (0.46x), collagen XVIII (0.36x). Conclusions: Genes with increased expression at E14, E15 and decreased expression at E18, E20 have possible antifibrotic function. These data identify hundreds of possible anti-fibrotic and pro-fibrotic genes as candidates for further functional analysis as regulators of repair. Supported by NIH DE00463–03
Gender and Space in British Literature, 1660–1820

This collection of essays takes up a variety of authors, texts, materials and themes in order to interrogate how space and place construct and are constructed by gender in eighteenth-century Britis...
Nutritional factors influencing the glucose/insulin system : Chromium

Chromium (Cr) improves the glucose/insulin system in subjects with hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, diabetes and hyperlipemia with no detectable effects on control subjects. Chromium improves insulin binding, insulin receptor number, insulin internalization, beta cell sensitivity and insulin receptor enzymes with overall increases in insulin sensitivity. There have been several studies involving Cr supplementation of subjects with NIDDM and/or lipemia and most have reported beneficial effects of Cr on the glucose/insulin system. In a recent study, Chinese subjects with NIDDM were divided into three groups of 60 subjects and supplemented with placebo, 100 or 500 micrograms of Cr as chromium picolinate 2 times per day for 4 months. Improvements in the glucose/insulin system were highly significant in the subjects receiving 500 micrograms twice per day with less or no significant improvements in the subjects receiving 100 micrograms twice per day after 2 and 4 months. In summary, Cr is involved in the control of the glucose/insulin system and the amount, and likely form of chromium, are critical when evaluating the role of chromium in this system.
Konformationsanalyse an heterocyclischen Systemen: Neuere Ergebnisse und Anwendungen

In diesem Fortschrittsbericht werden folgende Aspekte der Konformationsanalyse an gesattigten heterocyclischen Systemen behandelt: 1. Konformationsgleichgewichte bei 2-Aryl-und 2-Athinyl-1,3-dioxanen in mehreren Losungsmitteln. 2. Der verallgemeinerte anomere Effekt bei Perhydro-1,3-diazinen und seine Ursachen. 3. Unerwartete Konformationsgleichgewichte bei 5-hetero-substituierten 1,3-Dioxanen. 4. Normale und anomale Einflusse des Losungsmittels auf die Konformationsgleichgewichte von 1,3-Dioxanen mit Heteroatomen an C-5; Berechnung der Losungsmittel-Effekte: Korrelation von ΔG° als Funktion des Losungsmittels mit der solvatochromen Ubergangsenergie ET (30); neue Skala der „Losungsmittel-Polaritat”. 5. Einflus von Dipol-Kraften sowie Wechselwirkungen zwischen nicht gebundenen Atomen und zwischen einander verdeckenden Molekulteilen auf Wasserstoff-Bindungen bei 5-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxanen. 6. Hochstereoselektive H-D-Austauschreaktionen bei anancomeren 1,3-Dithianen. 7. Mogliche Verzerrung von Cyclohexan- oder 1,3-Dioxan-Ringen durch einen tert.-Butyl-Substituenten; Ergebnisse aus 1H-NMR- und 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen sowie der Rontgen-Strukturanalyse.
Cold responses of high altitude populations.

The literature on cold stress in permanent high altitude residents and sojourners in the Himalayas and Andes is reviewed. High altitude natives, as exemplified by Peruvian Quechua Indians, are relatively well protected from the cold by the efficient use of wool clothing. However, exposure to wet-cold and dry-cold conditions is present, both diurnally and seasonally. Basal metabolism in the native is slightly elevated over United States norms, and natives are able to maintain high levels of blood flow to the extremities during whole-body and local extremity cooling tests. There is suggestive evidence for a developmental pattern of acclimatization to cold, but definitive evidence for genetic tolerance to cold in the highland native is lacking.
Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay for Detection of Staphylococcal Antigen in Serum of Rabbits with Endocarditis Due to Staphylococcus aureus

To aid in the rapid diagnosis of staphylococcal infection, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for Staphylococcus aureus antigen was developed and evaluated in rabbits with staphylococcal endocarditis. Test specimens containing antigen were added to polystyrene tubes coated with antibody to S. aureus. Antigens immobilized on the tube were detected by adding radiolabeled antibody to S. aureus. Sensitivity for antigen was 0.312 microgram/ml in buffer and 1.25 microgram/ml in 50% rabbit serum. Cross-reactions were not observed with antigens extracted from streptococci; however, antigen extracted from Staphylococcus epidermidis (which contained ribitol-teichoic acid) could also be detected at low concentrations. Antigen was detected in each of 12 rabbits with S. aureus endocarditis but not in control rabbits. This assay is sensitive, specific, reproducible, and capable of detecting antigens in the serum of rabbits with endocarditis.
A surfeit of models

Modelling The Mind. Eds K. A. Mohyeldin Said W. H. Newton-Smith R. Viale K. V. Wilkes Clarendon: 1990. Pp. 216. £25, $49.95. The Computing Neuron.. Eds Richard Durbin Christopher Miall andGraeme Mitchison Addison Wesley: 1990. Pp. 417. £25.95.
A systems approach to integrate manpower planning and operation

Abstract Manpower planning frequently involves aggregated planning. This paper addresses the importance of linking manpower planning with operational process. We developed a systems approach to integrate the gross level of manpower planning and the detailed level of policy execution. This integrated system could improve the effectiveness of policy making.
Integrated optics interferometers for angular and linear measurements

The devices are based on the dependence of refractive index on electric field. The device for angular measurements consists of a number of integrated optics interferometers that are situated around a ring. There is a metal plate under the interferometers. Above the reference beam of each interferometer there is an unmoving conducting plate; above the other beam there is a moving conducting plate attached to the object undergoing rotational motion. The size of the moving conducting plate is a little more than the size of an interferometer. Each of the plates has its own constant voltage, which is supplied by a voltage source. As the metal plate rotates with the object, the signals of neighboring interferometers change in a sinusoidal way, with a phase difference of (pi) /2. The magnitude of the angle of rotation of the metal plate, and thus of the object, can be calculated using the signal from the interferometers by using an appropriate algorithm. The device for linear measurement has a similar structure.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Energy conservation in regenerated chemical absorption processes

Abstract Energy savings achievable through the use of split flow and absorber intercoolers are explored for absorption of CO 2 and H 2 S by aqueous solutio
IRCA and the Unionization of Mexican and Central American Undocumented Workers in Los Angeles County

This article explores the likely impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) on the unionization o f undocumented workers. Research conducted prior to IRCA challenges the conventional wisdom that undocumented workers cannot be organized because of their fear of apprehension and deportation by the INS. Preliminary research subsequent to the passage of this legislation in 1986 suggests that essentially the same factors that mitigated the fear of the INS and made the undocumenteds as receptive to unionization as other classes of workers similarly located in the labor market prior to IRCA are operating in the post-IRCA period. The future “organizability” of undocumented workers rests considerably on unions’determination to organize them and whether they continue to be protected by U.S. labor laws.
Shiftworkers report worse sleep than day workers, even in retirement

Summary The aim of this study was to explore how the level of shiftwork exposure during an individual's working life might be related to subjectively reported sleep quality and timing during retirement. Telephone interviews regarding past employment and sleep timing and quality (among other variables) were conducted using a pseudo-random age-targeted sampling process. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using a telephone version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Timing of reported habitual bedtimes and rise-times were assessed using the Sleep Timing Questionnaire. Questions measuring morningness and subjective health were also given. Retired seniors (aged >65 years, n = 1113) were studied. Analysis was by analysis of variance, with shiftwork exposure in three bins [0 (n = 387), 1–15 (n = 371) and >15 years (n = 355)], gender (n = 634 male, 479 female) and former occupation [in two broad categories, ‘managerial’ (n = 437) versus ‘other’ (n = 676)] as factors. In retired shiftworkers, relative to retired day workers, past exposure to shiftwork was associated with higher (worse) PSQI scores by 1.0 units (1–15 years) and 0.6 units (>15 years) (main effect P = 0.005). There were also main effects of gender and former occupation (males and managerials reporting better sleep), but neither variable interacted with shiftwork exposure. The timing of current mean habitual bedtimes and rise-times (and also the variance around them) were very similar for the three shiftwork exposure groups. The shiftwork exposure effect did not appear to be mediated by either morningness or current health. Prior exposure to shiftwork would appear to be related to currently reported sleep problems during retirement.
The Influence of Polymeric Fiber Stiffness and Alignment on Cytoplasmic Bleb Dynamics and Migration of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells

Cell migration is a tightly regulated phenomenon necessary for regular physiologic processes such as wound healing, immune response, embryonic development, growth, and regeneration [1–3]. Consequences of abnormal migratory behaviors include autoimmune diseases and metastasis during cancer progression [4, 5]. Described as one of the hallmarks of cancer, metastasis is a complex multistep process, and is responsible for 90% of cancer deaths in humans. A better understanding of the process of metastasis is of paramount importance in developing efficient cancer treatment therapies and drugs [6].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Progress in the study and management of river ice jams

River ice jams can cause extreme flood events with major consequences to infrastructure, riverside communities, and aquatic life. Yet, it is only in the last few decades that concerted efforts have been made to understand and predict ice-jam occurrence and severity. Building on a 1990s state of the art review, new physical knowledge, prediction capabilities, and management methods are discussed herein. The thickness and hydraulic roughness of ice jams have been elucidated, and flow through ice-jam voids quantified. Under-ice transport of frazil ice, which can lead to enormous freezeup accumulations, has been placed on a more rigorous footing, while heat exchange with the water flowing under a jam can be predicted with some confidence. Systematic field measurements have produced new understanding of the waves that are generated by ice-jam releases. Increased understanding of the physical processes has enhanced confidence in older numerical models and motivated development of more sophisticated ones, leading to two-dimensional dynamic algorithms based on continuum as well as discrete element approaches. Ice-jam management and control continue to be difficult tasks, but new structural and non-structural techniques offer promising avenues, at least in the case of relatively small rivers. The emerging issue of climate change and the growing appreciation of related ecological linkages have led to important, but still few, insights on how ice jamming regimes can be modified by altered climatic conditions and what the repercussions might be on river ecology. Despite the progress, there are still major unknowns, particularly related to the conditions of formation and release of ice jams.
Racial/Ethnic and poverty disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination completion.

Background: Two vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), a necessary cause of cervical cancer, are currently licensed and recommended for routine administration in the U.S. to girls in a three-dose series. Purpose: This study examined effects of race/ethnicity, poverty, and year on completion of the three-dose HPV vaccine series among those who initiated vaccination. Methods: Data from the 2008–2009 National Immunization Survey-Teen for girls aged 13–17 years who received at least one dose of HPV vaccine (n_7606) were analyzed in 2010–2011 using logistic regression to adjust for covariates including measures of access to care. Results: During this 2-year period, 55% of adolescent girls who initiated vaccination completed the three-dose series. Completion was significantly higher in 2009 (60%) compared to 2008 (48%; p_0.001). After controlling for covariates, adolescents who were black (AOR_0.48, 95% CI_0.40, 0.57) or Hispanic (AOR_0.75, 95% CI_0.64, 0.88) were significantly less likely to complete vaccination than whites. Adolescents living below the federal poverty level were significantly less likely to complete vaccination than adolescents with household incomes _$75,000 (AOR_0.76, 95% CI_0.63, 0.92). There was no significant interaction between race/ethnicity and year (p_0.92). Although poverty was associated with lower completion rates in 2008, this association was not observed in 2009 (p_0.05 for poverty–year interaction). Conclusions: HPV vaccination completion rates increased between 2008 and 2009. However, significant differences by race/ethnicity and poverty were observed, and the racial/ethnic differences persisted.
Serendipity in the Crystallization of a Series of C-Alkylcalix[4]resorcinarenes from Alcoholic Solvents

The crystal structures of a series of C-alkylcalix[4]resorcinarenes (alkyl = methyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and undecyl), each crystallized from tert-butanol, are reported. In all seven of these structures, eight tert-butanol molecules link two resorcinarenes with 16 hydrogen bonds, thereby facilitating the formation of simple dimeric hydrogen-bonded capsules, each of which encapsulates one (disordered) tert-butanol molecule as guest. These structures are compared with, and contrasted to, those obtained from the same series of resorcinarenes recrystallized both from mixed solvents containing tert-butanol and from methanol alone.
The Nature of Mental Abilities.

Abstract : A theory of the nature of mental abilities is presented. In this theory, mental abilities are hierarchically organized into four progressively deeper levels--the levels of composite tasks, subtasks, information-processing components, and information-processing metacomponents. Composite tasks can be decomposed into subtasks, subtasks into components. Metacomponents control the use of components in composite tasks and subtasks. Each of the four levels of mental abilities is described and interrelated to the others. The fundamental theoretical questions relevant at each level are posed, and answers to these questions are proposed. The role of factors in the theory is described, and is shown to be quite different from the role of factors in traditional theories of mental abilities. Full understanding of mental abilities requires understanding of all four levels. (Author)