cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socio-spatial Holes in the Advocacy Umbrella: The Spatial Diffusion of Risk and Network Response Among Environmental Organizations in the Marcellus Hydro-fracturing Region

This chapter examines the effect of the spatial distribution of hydro-fracturing activity in Pennsylvania on the formation of networks of interaction among environmental advocacy organizations. These advocacy coalitions emerged as geographically widespread mechanisms for mobilization of resources and information. From a policy view, these environmental networks play a vital advocacy role, providing resources and information for local citizenry in the small towns and rural areas of Pennsylvania. In areas where these coalitions create effective organizational networks, advocacy resources are rich. Where such network connections are sparse, organizational resources are also sparse. The scope, structure, and density of these networks constitute important dimensions of mobilization in social movements, but are seldom analyzed along spatial dimensions. We show that the structure of this network can be described using spatial gravity models. These models add an important dimension to community factors influencing mobilization not covered in the social movement literature. However, we note that there are holes in the structure of this network that leave specific communities underserved and more at risk for environmental impacts. These communities are far more isolated in this network than would be predicted by gravity models and call for additional analysis using methods developed in social movement studies. We end with a discussion of areas for productive overlap between social movement and socio-spatial approaches, as well as a discussion of implications for mobilization and advocacy from a spatial network perspective.
Accountable Care Organizations in the U.S. Health Care System

In recent years, the growth of health care spending has climbed to the top of the domestic policy agenda. Medicare spending growth is now recognized as the biggest driver of the federal debt.1,2 Medicaid spending growth puts similar pressure on states. In the private sector, employee health care costs increasingly weigh on company balance sheets, affecting business operations and employee wages. All the while, individuals and families face insurance premium growth that far outpaces real income growth. Out of this recent history emerged a broad recognition that health care spending growth is unsustainable at current rates. If Medicare spending continues to exceed gross domestic product (GDP) by 2.5 percentage points per year—the traditional gap over the past 4 decades—a greater than 160 percent increase in individual income taxes would be needed to pay for it.3 Even if the gap were 1 percentage point, the increase in income taxes needed would still be over 70 percent, with consequent contraction in GDP of 3 to 16 percent by 2015.4,5 Other consequences, such as significant cuts in Medicare benefits or shifting of costs onto patients, are equally undesirable.6,7 Policy options for slowing health care spending are varied. Some focus on changing the provider’s incentives, while others focus on changing the patient’s incentives. Some are based on federal solutions,8 while others are based on market solutions.9 In the current policy landscape, payment reform for physicians and hospitals has emerged as a leading candidate for addressing health care spending. Public and private payers are increasingly changing the way that providers are paid, moving away from fee-for-service towards bundled or global payments for populations of patients. Physicians and hospitals are in turn forming integrated provider organizations to take on these new payment systems. The pace of this change has been rising. Since January, 2012, an estimated 360 provider organizations have began contracts with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as accountable care organizations in four cohorts, responsible for the spending and quality of over 5.3 million beneficiaries (Figure 1).10 A similar growth in private-sector ACO contracts among commercial insurers has boosted the total number of covered lives in the country under ACO arrangements to over 18 million.11,12 Open in a separate window Figure 1 Accountable care organizations in Medicare
Beat Keeping in a Sea Lion As Coupled Oscillation: Implications for Comparative Understanding of Human Rhythm

Human capacity for entraining movement to external rhythms—i.e., beat keeping—is ubiquitous, but its evolutionary history and neural underpinnings remain a mystery. Recent findings of entrainment to simple and complex rhythms in non-human animals pave the way for a novel comparative approach to assess the origins and mechanisms of rhythmic behavior. The most reliable non-human beat keeper to date is a California sea lion, Ronan, who was trained to match head movements to isochronous repeating stimuli and showed spontaneous generalization of this ability to novel tempos and to the complex rhythms of music. Does Ronan’s performance rely on the same neural mechanisms as human rhythmic behavior? In the current study, we presented Ronan with simple rhythmic stimuli at novel tempos. On some trials, we introduced “perturbations,” altering either tempo or phase in the middle of a presentation. Ronan quickly adjusted her behavior following all perturbations, recovering her consistent phase and tempo relationships to the stimulus within a few beats. Ronan’s performance was consistent with predictions of mathematical models describing coupled oscillation: a model relying solely on phase coupling strongly matched her behavior, and the model was further improved with the addition of period coupling. These findings are the clearest evidence yet for parity in human and non-human beat keeping and support the view that the human ability to perceive and move in time to rhythm may be rooted in broadly conserved neural mechanisms.
Remarkable Enhancement of Photocatalytic Water Oxidation in N2/Ar Plasma Treated, Mesoporous TiO2 Films

Mesoporous TiO2 films treated with N2/argon plasma were studied for ultraviolet and visible-light-induced photocatalytic water oxidation activity. Compared to pristine TiO2 films, plasma-treated TiO2 films showed remarkable enhancement of photocurrents (up to 80–240 times) in both ultraviolet light and visible light, greatly surpassing enhancements previously reported in the literature. The cubic-ordered mesoporous TiO2 thin films were prepared by a surfactant-templated sol–gel method and were treated with N2/argon plasma, an approach hypothesized to capitalize on the high degree of disorder in the material and the high energy of the plasma species to achieve efficient nitrogen doping. The effects of reaction gas pressure and N2 gas flow rate on photoelectrochemical (PEC) response were investigated. UV–vis absorbance spectra indicated that the incorporated N atoms significantly reduced the band gap of TiO2 with the enhancement of visible-light absorption, and XPS analysis showed primarily substitutional N...
Total Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Additively Manufactured Products

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) has become an enticing and rapidly growing manufacturing method for the production of components due to its unique advantages over conventional manufacturing (CM), including complex geometric capabilities and functional features. Sustainability concerns for AM products are still among the major technological challenges. A holistic sustainability analysis of such products covering the entire life cycle is lacking in the current literature. This paper presents the total life cycle sustainability analysis of AM products, through the recently established Product Sustainability Index ( ProdSI ) framework. A case study is presented with two iterations of AM product validating the ProdSI metrics for AM products.
Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation During Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

The ultimate percutaneous coronary interventional complication is death. Acute hemodynamic collapse and resultant cardiac arrest is a dramatic pathway, though not always an irreversible pathway to this dreaded complication.
The Multi-Dimensional Influence of Informal Social Networks in Korea – Propositions for Future Management Research:

Whereas sociologists such as Granovetter (1973, 1995) pointed out the positive influence of informally organised social ties for economic exchange, Chinese Guanxi networks in particular have served...
Molecular characterization of SETD2, a histone methyltransferase, in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).

4624 Background: Although the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor is mutated in 60% of ccRCC, deletion of VHL in mice is insufficient for tumorigenesis. Sequencing of ccRCC tumors identified mutations in SETD2, a histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) trimethyltransferase. We hypothesize that loss of SETD2 methyltransferase activity decreases H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36Me3) in ccRCC, and contributes to the cancer phenotype. Methods: H3K36Me3 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was quantitated in wild-type and mutant SETD2 nephrectomy tissue. To establish frequency of SETD2 loss of heterozygosity (LOH), genomic DNA was isolated from 51 VHL deficient ccRCC specimens and analyzed with Affymetrix single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. To evaluate alterations of histone modifications in advanced ccRCC, H3K36Me3 IHC was quantitated on tissue microarrays (TMAs) representing 28 paired ccRCC specimens with unaffected kidney parenchyma and 40 metastases. To identify kidney-specific H3K36Me3 binding sites, chromatin...
Rituximab immunotherapy: it’s getting personal

In this issue of Blood , Tout and colleagues add another layer of personalization to rituximab therapy in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by demonstrating the relationship between baseline total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV 0 ), rituximab exposure, and outcomes from therapy. 1
The Bacillus subtilis germinant receptor GerA triggers premature germination in response to morphological defects during sporulation.

During sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, germinant receptors assemble in the inner membrane of the developing spore. In response to specific nutrients these receptors trigger germination and outgrowth. In a transposon-sequencing screen, we serendipitously discovered that loss of function mutations in the gerA receptor partially suppress the phenotypes of >25 sporulation mutants. Most of these mutants have modest defects in the assembly of the spore protective layers that are exacerbated in the presence of a functional GerA receptor. Several lines of evidence indicate that these mutants inappropriately trigger activation of GerA during sporulation resulting in premature germination. These findings led us to discover that up to 8% of wild-type sporulating cells trigger premature germination during differentiation in a GerA-dependent manner. This phenomenon was observed in domesticated and undomesticated wild-type strains sporulating in liquid and on solid media. Our data indicate that the GerA receptor is poised on a knife's edge during spore development. We propose that this sensitized state ensures a rapid response to nutrient availability, but also elicits premature germination of spores with improperly assembled protective layers resulting in the elimination of even mildly defective individuals from the population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Cultural congruency in mediated gastrodiplomacy: a qualitative framing analysis of the U.S.–Japan Sushi Summit

Gastrodiplomacy, the confluence of public diplomacy and national cuisine, has elevated the meal as a symbolic and real tool in the acquisition of soft power among countries. The pairing of food with national values can help a nation reach out to the world (Nirwandy and Awang in Procedia 130:325–332, 2014) or illuminate a region or culture (Williams et al. in Int J Leis Tour Mark 4:1–8, 2014). Utilizing Entman’s theory of mediated public diplomacy and building on the concept of the national leader as a “diplomat-in-chief” (Snow in Persuader-in-chief: Global opinion and public diplomacy in the age of Obama. Nimble Books, 2009; Golan and Yang in Am Behav Sci 57(9):1277–1292, 2013), this study reports from a qualitative analysis of U.S. media coverage of the April 2014 dinner meeting between U.S. President Barack Obama and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe—dubbed the “Sushi Summit” by some media outlets. Through analysis of the projected media frames, highlighting an evolving relationship between the two nations and the role of the meal itself, this study highlights the important role of cultural congruency in mediated public diplomacy.
Oil in and under Ice Detection using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

ABSTRACT (2017-387) The application of existing remote sensing sensors and technologies for the detection of oil in and under ice is an ongoing and active research area. Currently, the suite of sen...
Multilevel analysis of the role of human factors in regional disparities in crash outcomes

Abstract A growing body of research has examined the disparities in road traffic safety among population groups and geographic regions. These studies reveal disparities in crash outcomes between people and regions with different socioeconomic characteristics. A critical aspect of the road traffic crash epidemic that has received limited attention is the influence of local characteristics on human elements that increase the risk of getting into a crash. This paper applies multilevel logistic regression modeling techniques to investigate the influence of driver residential factors on driver behaviors in an attempt to explain the area-based differences in the severity of road crashes across the State of Alabama. Specifically, the paper reports the effects of characteristics attributable to drivers and the geographic regions they reside on the likelihood of a crash resulting in serious injuries. Model estimation revealed that driver residence (postal code or region) accounted for about 7.3% of the variability in the probability of a driver getting into a serious injury crash, regardless of driver characteristics. The results also reveal disparities in serious injury crash rate as well as significant proportions of serious injury crashes involving no seatbelt usage, driving under influence (DUI), unemployed drivers, young drivers, distracted driving, and African American drivers among some regions. The average credit scores, average commute times, and populations of driver postal codes are shown to be significant predictors for risk of severe injury crashes. This approach to traffic crash analysis presented can serve as the foundation for evidence-based policies and also guide the implementation of targeted countermeasures.
Atypical Localization and Dissociation between Glucose Uptake and Amyloid Deposition in Cognitively Normal APOE*E4 Homozygotic Elders Compared with Patients with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progresses insidiously over decades. Therefore, study of preclinical AD is critical to identify early pathophysiological changes as potential targets for prevention or treatment. The brain processes at the preclinical stage remain minimally understood. Aside from age, the E4 allele of APOE flags a group at particularly high risk of late-onset AD (LOAD). Studies of these individuals could provide insights about the ontogenesis of AD offering clues for novel treatment strategies. To this end, cognitively normal, APOE*E4 homozygotes from the Alzheimer’s Diseases Neuroimaging Research Initiative database (ADNI-LONI) provided fluorodeoxyglucose and amyloid (florbetapir) PET scans ( n = 8 and 7, respectively; mean age 76 years). Their scans were compared to those of matched cognitively normal elders who were not E4 carriers. There was dissociation in the distribution between glucose uptake and amyloid deposition in the homozygotes. Peak hypometabolism localized bilaterally along the medial temporal cortex. In contrast, peak amyloid deposition localized principally to the putamen, a finding also seen in preclinical carriers of autosomal dominant AD mutations and preclinical AD associated with Down syndrome. Additional regions of amyloid deposition in homozygotes were medial prefrontal cortices including the anterior cingulate, middle and inferior frontal cortices, and middle and inferior occipital cortices. These findings contrast with those reported for LOAD. These data begin to characterize elders with normal cognition despite high AD risk in comparison to the known phenotypes of patients with LOAD.
Values in Natural Resource Management and Policy

Values are considered by many people to be central to human interactions, yet the meaning of “values” is rarely clear in most applications. We offer our thoughts on how values might be usefully construed in a policy context, with relevance to design and appraisal of social and decision-making processes. We differentiate values from preferences, attitudes, worldviews, and interests because of the extent to which this surrounding field of concepts has been contested by sociologists and psychologists, and to highlight the comparative utility of focusing on values. We find it useful to apply the term “values” to the fundamental and abiding non-linguistic ways that people orient to the world, arising from antecedent attraction. Shalom Schwartz and Harold Lasswell developed values schema which, when used together, constitute a powerful frame for generating insights about human behaviors and decision-making in specific contexts. Schwartz posited the values of universalism, benevolence, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, security, conformity, and tradition. Lasswell posited the related values of rectitude, respect, affection, enlightenment, skill, power, wealth, and well-being. We illustrate the utility of a values frame through an appraisal of social and decision-making processes in the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program.
Efficient DNA Subcloning through Selective Restriction Endonuclease Digestion

Described here is a selective restriction endonuclease digestion method that eliminates the electrophoresis step that is usually used during the subcloning of new DNA sequences into typical E. coli...
In Defense of the Concept of Public Good

Some authors argue that the concept of public good is nothing but a social construct because different economists seem to create different definitions for the concept and because different countries treat different services as public goods. I collect and analyze eighteen different terms used by economists in order to point to public good aspects. I reduce the eighteen terms to two crucial ones which allow me to affirm that the ideal concept of public good points to an opportunity for collective gain but that the nonexclusion possibility makes optimal financing difficult. The lack of optimal financing introduces the problem of whether or not the use of coercion (forced payment by means of government-imposed taxes) is justified. Alternatively, it raises the question of whether or not injustices created by the private provision of public goods (discrimination in club goods) demand governmental supervision of private initiatives with public goods. These questions introduce value judgements captured by the concept of merit good. Therefore, realizing the potential for gain, present in public goods, has no unique solution and requires ethical and political judgements. However, the presence of socio-political considerations in the realization of public goods does not invalidate the concept of public good itself, which consists of pointing to opportunities for gains by collective action, whether that collective action is privately or governmentally organized. This chapter, thus, supports Hegel's claims about the desirability and the possibility of fruitfully mobilizing the government in order to deal with public goods or externalities.
Invasion of the Mind Snatchers: A Nation Full of Traumatic Memories:

The new national survey by Patihis and Pendergrast (this issue, p. 3) suggests that millions of people may have recovered traumatic memories that they spent large parts of their lives not thinking ...
A Decade’s Difference:

This study is a quantitative descriptive research design which compared 1995 and 2005 data regarding family influence on rural Pennsylvania high school seniors’ postsecondary decisions. A chi-square analysis at p < 0.05 determined that there was (a) an increase in students planning college attendance, (b) a decrease in students not planning postsecondary education or unsure of postsecondary plans, (c) an increase in students planning college attendance who did not have parents with postsecondary schooling, (d) a decrease in students not planning postsecondary education or unsure of postsecondary plans who did not have parents with postsecondary schooling, (e) an increase in lower-middle class students planning to attend college, and (f) a decrease in lower-middle class students not planning postsecondary education or unsure of postsecondary plans. There was no significant difference in students’ postsecondary plans when siblings’ pursuit of postsecondary education was considered.
Proportion of cognitive loss attributable to terminal decline.

Objective To estimate the proportion of late-life cognitive loss attributable to impending death. Methods Older persons (n = 1,071) in a longitudinal cohort study without dementia at enrollment underwent annual cognitive assessments (mean 10.6 years, SD 4.6, range 4–24) prior to death. We estimated the onset of terminal acceleration in cognitive decline and rates of decline before and after this point in change point models that allowed calculation of the percent of cognitive loss attributable to terminal decline. Outcomes were composite measures of global and specific cognitive functions. We also estimated dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) incidence before and during the terminal period. Results A mean of 3.7 years before death (95% credible interval [CI] −3.8 to −3.5), the rate of global cognitive decline accelerated to −0.313 unit per year (95% CI −0.337 to −0.290), a more than 7-fold increase indicative of terminal decline. The mean global cognitive score dropped 0.377 unit (SD 0.516) assuming no terminal decline and 1.192 units (SD 1.080) with terminal decline. As a result, 71% (95% bootstrapped CI 0.70, 0.73) of overall global cognitive loss was terminal. In subsequent analyses, terminal decline accounted for 70% of episodic memory loss, 65% of semantic memory loss, 57% of working memory loss, 52% of perceptual speed loss, and 53% of visuospatial loss. MCI incidence in the preterminal and terminal periods was similar, but dementia incidence was more than 6-fold higher in the terminal period than preterminal. Conclusion Most late-life cognitive loss is driven by terminal decline.
Informal Learning Environments and Impact on Interest in STEM Careers.

Little research has been done to examine the impact of informal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning on middle school students’ career aspirations. Participants included 507 incoming fifth through eighth graders from underrepresented populations in STEM fields, which were recruited at three sites. Data collected included semi-structured interviews, session reflection forms, and surveys administered before and at the end of the STEM summer learning experience. Social Cognitive Career Theory was used to examine the extent middle school students’ experiences at a STEM summer learning experience influenced their interest in STEM careers. Quantitative data were examined related to self-efficacy. Self-efficacy scores after the STEM learning experience were significantly higher than initial self-efficacy scores and justified further qualitative analyses. A deductive approach was used to analyze the qualitative data. The themes of role models, influence of the STEM summer learning experience, applicability of STEM, and empathy were revealed. Many students reported they were drawn to a specific STEM career because they wanted to help a person for whom they care about, such as a sibling with an illness or a family member battling cancer. This study demonstrates the need to provide all students the access and opportunity to engage in authentic, hands-on learning experiences that connect STEM to their daily lives, increase their interest in STEM, and introduce them to different STEM careers so they make more informed decisions about future STEM career choices and suggests that the role empathy plays in fostering students’ interest in STEM be further examined.
Pediatric Consultation-Liaison: Models and Roles in Pediatric Psychology

Ever since the establishment of the subspecialty of pediatric psychology, psychologists have been called upon to provide consultation to their pediatrician colleagues in ever-expanding roles and in a variety of medical settings. In response, a number of models have been created to address how psychologists fit into the overall health-care system in order to address those psychosocial factors that can have a major impact on prevention/early intervention in pediatric illness and injury and overall adjustment and quality of life. This chapter addresses both theoretical and pragmatic issues in establishing and maintaining a viable consultation-liaison service while avoiding personal and professional burnout.
A Qualitative Examination of How Somali Young Adults Think About and Understand Violence in Their Communities

Violence prevention efforts must take into consideration the potentially stigmatizing labels associated with violence, and how youth perceive different types of violence in their communities. Somali communities and individuals in North America have at times been labeled as at-risk for violence, with two notable examples being gang violence and ideologically motivated violence, or violent radicalization. Little is known, however, about how the youth themselves think about and understand these types of violence in their communities. In this article, we seek to answer the following questions: How do Somali immigrants think about violence in their communities, and the stigma related to this violence? and What are the implications of these perceptions/beliefs for violence prevention? Data are drawn from two qualitative studies conducted as part of an ongoing community-based participatory research (CBPR) collaboration between academic partners and Somali communities in three cities in North America. Study 1 consists of nine focus groups (n = 36, male only), and Study 2 consists of in-depth interviews (n = 40, male and female). All participants are Somali young adults living in North America. Overall, radicalization to violence is seen as a remote and irrelevant issue in the Somali community. Participants distance themselves from the idea of radicalization to violence and from those who participate in radical acts or held such beliefs. In contrast, gang involvement is characterized as a major problem for Somali communities, and a product of the marginalization associated with being a refugee in Canada or the United States. Findings suggest that prevention efforts focused on gangs are more likely to be acceptable to communities than those focused on violent extremism.
Manejo del agua lluvia en el campus de la Universidad de América

The use of rainwater within a defined area of the Bogota campus of the Universidad de America was evaluated, in order to determine its possible management in a landscaping proposal and the use of said water. The points that could serve as rainwater storage and natural runoff to be recovered were defined, having the possibility of rehabilitating existing tanks. For the proposed use of rainwater, measurements were made, and the quality and quantity of the rainwater was determined, which was 36116 L/year, which represents a 12.23% saving of drinking water that is currently used in two batteries of bathrooms. The physicochemical analysis of the representative samples of rainwater, have turbidity levels of 16.73 NTU, total hardness 1000 ppm and total solids 700 ppm in parameters that exceed the norm, but that can be used for the proposed purpose, in addition to consider other uses such as garden irrigation, the design of artificial water cascades, among others.
Effects of Parenting Styles on Psychological Problems by Self Esteem and Gender Differences

Current research supports the lasting effects of parenting styles on children and adolescents’ self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Few studies have examined parenting style, ...
Population dynamics of multi-host communities attacked by a common parasitoid

Abstract We model population dynamics of two host species attacked by a common parasitoid using a discrete-time formalism that captures their population densities from year to year. It is well known starting from the seminal work of Nicholson and Bailey that a constant parasitoid attack rate leads to an unstable host-parasitoid interaction. However, a Type III functional response, where the parasitoid attack rate accelerates with increasing host density stabilizes the population dynamics. We first consider a scenario where both host species are attacked by a parasitoid with the same Type III functional response. Our results show that sufficient fast acceleration of the parasitoid attack rate stabilizes the population dynamics of all three species. For two symmetric host species, the extent of acceleration needed to stabilize the three-species equilibrium is exactly the same as that needed for a single host-parasitoid interaction. However, asymmetry can lead to scenarios where the removal of a host species from a stable interaction destabilizes the interaction between the remaining host species and the parasitoid. Next, we consider a situation where one of the host species is attacked at a constant rate (i.e., Type I functional response), and the other species is attacked via a Type III functional response. We identify parameter regimes where a Type III functional response to just one of the host species stabilizes the three species interaction. In summary, our results show that a generalist parasitoid with a Type III functional response to one or many host species can play a key role in stabilizing population dynamics of host-parasitoid communities in apparent competition.
A Probabilistic Fatigue Damage Model for Aluminum 6061-T6 10-Gauge Sheet-Type Material

AbstractThe 6061-T6 10-gauge sheet-type flat fatigue specimen was designed, manufactured, and tested on an Instron 8081 fatigue test machine. The fatigue tests were performed under five different c...
Suicide Exposure in Crisis Workers.

Abstract. Background: Crisis workers provide services to individuals who are in acute distress. There is no research examining personal and occupational exposure to suicide in these workers. Aims: ...
The roles of built environment and social disadvantage on the geography of property crime

Abstract The neighborhood environment plays an essential role in shaping the geography of property crime. However, criminologists and planners hold different views on the role of built environmental characteristics such as neighborhood permeability. Meanwhile, the consequence of social disadvantage has not been adequately considered along with built environmental measurements. We revisit the debate using the 2017 data from Dallas and Fort Worth, TX. Following a context-based theoretical framework, we use enhanced measurements of neighborhood characteristics to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and property crime. The results of the geographically weighted negative binomial regression show that commercial and mixed land-use development, number of transit facilities, and alcohol-related establishments are positively associated with property crime rate, all else being equal. Neighborhoods with a higher per capita income exhibit a higher property crime rate. Neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Blacks/African Americans and a lower level of educational attainment tend to register a higher property crime rate. This research points to several areas for future studies.
Steel Heat Treatment : Metallurgy and Technologies

Revised! Steel Nomenclature A. Kumar Sinha, C. Wu, and G. Liu New! Classification and Mechanisms of Steel Transformation S.S. Babu Fundamental Concepts in Steel Heat Treatment A.V. Sverdlin and A.R. Ness Effects of Alloying Elements on the Heat Treatment of Steel A.V. Sverdlin and A.R. Ness Hardenability B. Liscic' Steel Heat Treatment B. Liscic' Revised! Heat Treatment with Gaseous Atmospheres J. Grosch Revised! Nitriding Techniques, Ferritic Nitrocarburizing, Austenitic Nitrocarburizing Techniques and Methods D. Pye Quenching and Quenching Technology H.M. Tensi, A. Stich, and G.E. Totten New! Distortion of Heat-Treated Components G.E. Totten and M. Narazaki New! Tool Steels E. Essadiqi and G.E. Totten New! Stainless Steel Heat Treatment A.F. Padilha, R.L. Plaut, and R.R. Rios New! Heat Treatment of Powder Metallurgy Steel Components J.W. Newkirk and S.N. Thakur APPENDICES Common Conversion Constants Temperature Conversion Table Volume Conversion Table Hardness Conversion Tables: Hardened Steel and Hard Alloys Recommended MIL 6875 Specification Steel Heat Treatment Conditions Colors of Hardening and Tempering Heats Weight Tables For Steel Bars Round and Square Bars, Specific Gravity 7.85 Index
The Future of Software

News from the frontiers, Derek Leebaert. Part 1 Awakening possibilities: the evolving resource, Denos C. Gazis is any of this relevant?, David Vaskevitch the keys to the highway, Peter F. Conklin and Eric Newcomer. Part 2 New kinds of possibility: the prairie school - the future of workgroup computing, Deborah K. Louis and L. Alexander Morrow software without borders - applications that collaborate, David Williams and Timothy O'Brien the fall of software's aristocracy - realizing the potential of development, Scott Brown naturalware - natural-language and human-intelligence capabilities, Gustave Essig. Part 3 On the language frontier: where's the "Walkman" in Japan's software future?, Edward A. Feigenbaum property of the mind - software and the law, Jeffrey P. Cunard knowledge and the new magnitudes of connection, Derek Leebaert and William B. Welty.
Metalsilicon bonded compounds

Abstract (LiSiMe 3 ) 6 (I) reacts with tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) to yield the crystalline product (LiSiMe 3 ) 2 · (TMEDA) 3 (II). The reactions of I and II with simple aromatic and unsaturated compounds have been examined. I reacts with derivatives containing acidic protons including RCCH and fluorene in a fashion similar to organolithium derivatives, yielding simple metalated products and Me 3 SiH. II also reacts with these derivatives to give the metalated products but with benzene it yields trimethylphenylsilyl and LiH quantitatively. With toluene and other methylated benzenes II attacks the methyl substituent and LiH and the trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted benzene derivatives are produced. A possible mechanism for this reaction has been proposed.
Theory of the one- and two-dimensional electron gas

The study of organic conductors and superconductors has always been intimately associated with low-dimensional physics: polymers or compounds involving planar molecules have anisotropic structure and associated anisotropic physical properties. Frequently, there is a temperature range over which the behavior is essentially one-dimensional, since thermal broadening is sufficient to mask any departure from the planar Fermi surface which is the hallmark of one-dimensionality. Below a crossover temperature Tx there may be a region of two-dimensionality before all aspects of the crystal structure finally make themselves felt. As a consequence, the past ten to fifteen years have seen an extensive development of the theory of the one-dimensional electron gas1–4: by now we have a detailed understanding of a wide variety of mathematical models, and the analytical or numerical techniques are available for the study of new models, as they become relevant. It has steadily become clear that, although quasi one-dimensional systems are well-suited to the study of structural phase transitions, it is much easier to find superconductivity, and particularly high-temperature superconductivity, in higher dimensions. The arguments leading to this conclusion involve structure in time, momentum space and real space: in other words retardation, nesting and angular momentum.
A maximum likelihood expectation maximization iterative image reconstruction technique for mask/anti-mask coded aperture data

We present a method to use mask/anti-mask coded aperture data with maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) image reconstruction. The mask/anti-mask approach eliminates “unmodulated” data, improving image quality when backgrounds, room scatter, or noisy detectors are significant. MLEM permits complex detector response models, desirable in gamma-ray or fast neutron imaging with thick masks, near-field imaging, or tomographic reconstruction. Subtracted mask/anti-mask data is not Poisson distributed, and cannot be used with MLEM. Instead, we treat unmodulated data as generated by source terms indexed by detector pixel, so that MLEM converges to simultaneous estimates of the true image and the unmodulated event rates.
Nature of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and its relationship to protein synthesis during outgrowth of Bacillus cereus T.

Abstract Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis during early outgrowth of spores of Bacillus cereus T (thy−) has been examined. 14C-thymidine incorporated begins 2 to 5 min after germination and continues at a slow rate up to 30 min, after which the rate of 14C-thymidine incorporation increases considerably. Early DNA synthesis up to 30 min after germination is dependent upon simultaneous protein synthesis. The examination of the stability of proteins synthesized soon after germination shows that they are susceptible to intracellular degradation. The evidence provided here indicates that protein degradation is the cause of observed dependence of DNA synthesis on simultaneous protein synthesis. The DNA synthesis occurring soon after germination is primarily a repair type synthesis which is followed by the onset of normal replication approximately 30 min after germination.
The Adult Calfactant in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trial

BACKGROUND Surfactant has been shown to be dysfunctional in ARDS, and exogenous surfactant has proven effective in many forms of neonatal and pediatric acute lung injury (ALI). In view of the positive results of our studies in children along with evidence that surfactant-associated protein B containing pharmaceutical surfactants might be more effective, we designed a multiinstitutional, randomized, controlled, and masked trial of calfactant, a calf lung surfactant, in adults and children with ALI/ARDS due to direct lung injury. METHODS Adult subjects within 48 h of initiation of mechanical ventilation for direct ARDS were randomized to receive up to three interventions with instilled calfactant vs air placebo. The primary outcome was 90-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS Three hundred seventeen subjects were enrolled, 308 of whom could be evaluated. There were no significant baseline differences between groups. Calfactant administration was not associated with improved survival, lengths of stay, or oxygenation. Calfactant instillation was frequently associated with transient hypoxia and hypotension. The study was stopped at the first interim analysis at the sponsor's request. CONCLUSIONS Administration of calfactant was not associated with improved oxygenation or longer-term benefits relative to placebo in this randomized, controlled, and masked trial. At present, exogenous surfactant cannot be recommended for routine clinical use in ARDS. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00682500; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Generalized Disjunctive Programming: A Framework for Formulation and Alternative Algorithms for MINLP Optimization

Generalized disjunctive programming (GDP) is an extension of the disjunctive programming paradigm developed by Balas. The GDP formulation involves Boolean and continuous variables that are specified in algebraic constraints, disjunctions and logic propositions, which is an alternative representation to the traditional algebraic mixed-integer programming formulation. After providing a brief review of MINLP optimization, we present an overview of GDP for the case of convex functions emphasizing the quality of continuous relaxations of alternative reformulations that include the big-M and the hull relaxation. We then review disjunctive branch and bound as well as logic-based decomposition methods that circumvent some of the limitations in traditional MINLP optimization. We next consider the case of linear GDP problems to show how a hierarchy of relaxations can be developed by performing sequential intersection of disjunctions. Finally, for the case when the GDP problem involves nonconvex functions, we propose a scheme for tightening the lower bounds for obtaining the global optimum using a combined disjunctive and spatial branch and bound search. We illustrate the application of the theoretical concepts and algorithms on several engineering and OR problems.
Luciana Littizzetto, il postfemminismo e la rischiosa arte di fare la scema

Luciana Littizzetto, postfeminism, and the dangerous art of playing the fool The goal of this paper is to study the performative strategies by which the comic persona of Luciana Littizzetto deconstructs post-patriarchal representations of femininity and womanhood in contemporary Italian popular culture. I argue that Littizzetto’s character(s) (on television and in films) engages in a ‘postfeminist’ critique of the system of sex and power, in which many women have recently found their fortune, and that is primarily embodied by the showgirls and/or female politicians supported by the ex-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. By positioning herself as the woman who is excluded from the circle of power to which other (beautiful and attractive) women have access, Littizzetto’s character(s) unveils the contradictions that embed ‘postfeminist’ models of female emancipation, blessed (or cursed) by the archaic power of beauty, as well as empowered by sexual liberation. I will purposefully use the attribute ‘postfeminist’ to describe both the comic subject and the female ‘White Clowns’ in Littizzetto’s comic performance. In this way, I hope to highlight the complexity of the attribute itself, rather than using the term as a fixed category of analysis. In my view, ‘postfeminism’ indicates both continuities between contemporary practices of female emancipation and second wave feminism, as well as a dismissal. In my essay, I will show that Littizzetto’s comic act does not aim at denigrating the ‘other’ woman and lacks the underlining moralistic attitude of other critical voices, such as Lorella Zanardo and her Il corpo delle donne. Rather, it is crafted against a ‘queen’ whose power is not denied but rather acknowledged and therefore naked. By physical gestures and verbal expressions, her living and acting persona ultimately exposes the masquerade of femininity, both her own and that of others.
Electrical properties of in situ As doped Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The electrical properties of extrinsic in situ doped mercury cadmium telluride (Hg1−xCdxTe) epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (211)B CdTe/Si and CdZnTe substrates are studied. The doping is performed with an elemental arsenic source. HgCdTe epilayers with a CdTe mole fraction between 0.23 and 0.36 are grown at substrate temperatures of 175–185 °C. The temperature dependent Hall effect characteristics of the grown samples are measured by the van der Pauw technique. A magnetic field of up to 0.8 T is used in these measurements. An analysis of the Hall coefficient in the temperature range of 40–300 K with a fitting based on a two-band nonparabolic Kane model, a fully ionized compensating donor concentration, and two independent discrete acceptor levels is reported. In addition, the fitting results of a three-band modeling of Hall effect results are compared to published data on p-type Hg1−xCdxTe. Both as-grown and annealed samples are used in this study. All of the as-grown samples showed n-type c...
toward a critical anthropology

Anthropology as Cultural Critique. GEORGE E. MARCUS and MICHAEL M. J. FISCHER. Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study In Terror and Healing. MICHAEL TAUSSIG.
Wave functions for continuum states of charged fragments.

Briggs's representation [Phys. Rev. A 41, 539 (1990)] of the Moller wave operator for multiparticle wave functions is applied to charged fragments using a limiting procedure to correctly account for the slow decrease of Coulomb interactions with distance. Approximate wave functions used to model ([ital e],2[ital e]) angular correlation measurments are obtained. Computed and measured angular correlations are compared to clarify the region of applicability of two approximations.
Diet and cholesteremia

The statistical correlation between elevated serum cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary heart disease has channeled thinking towards regarding dietary fat and cholesterol as the principal causes of hypercholesteremia. Since 1909 there have been a number of changes in nutrient availability in the United States. Protein availability is unchanged but the ratio of animal to vegetable protein rose from 1.06 in 1909 to 2.37 in 1972. Fat availability has risen by 26% with the ratio of animal to vegetable fat falling from 4.88 in 1909 to 1.64 in 1972. A review of available data indicates that amount and type of protein may affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis in experimental animals. Soy protein is less cholesteremic than casein but the extent of difference can be affected by the type of carbohydrate. In a semipurified, cholesterol-free diet, saturated fat exerts an atherogenic effect but unsaturated fat does not. No atherogenicity is evident when saturated fat is added to laboratory ration. In the semipurified diet, fructose is more atherogenic than glucose, and casein is more atherogenic then soy protein. The latter difference can be virtually eliminated if alfalfa replaces cellulose as the dietary fiber. The data suggest that all elements of the diet interact and can affect cholesteremia and atherosclerosis. These effects must be considered in the planning of dietary intervention trials.
Development of CFD Model for a Swirl Stabilized Spray Combustor

Swirling jet characteristics in a commercial burner are studied computationally. The analysis includes a 2D axisymmetric model of the burner which is extended to three dimensions with some preliminary results. In the current study, k-e and RSM turbulence models were used to simulate the flow field. Specific computational strategies that were adopted to model the swirling flow are also discussed. It was found that the swirl component in the flow caused a flow reversal along the axis resulting in the formation of centretoroidal zone. Case studies ranging from low swirl number of 1.28 to swirl number 3.75 are presented. The vortex size seems to exhibit two types of behavior. For low swirl numbers, the vortex size takes discrete sizes depending on various ranges of swirl numbers. For large swirl numbers, the vortex size seems to demonstrate a continuous increase.Copyright © 2006 by ASME