cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical Considerations in Selling Pharmaceuticals in Emerging Economies

International research-based pharmaceutical companies are increasingly selling their products in less economically developed countries, commonly referred to as “emerging economies” or “emerging markets.” While the introduction of new drugs in these settings has the potential to bring significant health benefits for individuals and populations, it also raises a host of difficult ethical questions. For example, in countries without universal health insurance systems, is it ethically acceptable for companies to sell their products only to the relatively small segment of the population that can afford private insurance coverage or to pay for medications out of pocket? Are there certain drugs that companies should be expected to sell in emerging markets even if they are unable to do so profitably? What ethical responsibilities do companies have in settings where, because of lax regulatory controls, individuals are able to purchase virtually any medication they want without a prescription? This white paper is designed to help companies identify and respond to these and related ethical challenges. Developed with input from an international group of experts and stakeholders, the white paper begins by considering the sources of companies’ ethical responsibilities within emerging markets, as distinct from the responsibilities of national governments or the broader international community. It then provides guidance for thinking through specific ethical challenges that arise when making decisions about whether, and on what terms, to introduce a new drug into a particular setting.
What We Are Learning About Early Education in Sub-Saharan Africa

This issue includes three articles that expand the published research base on the effectiveness of early education in the sub-Saharan Africa countries of Zambia, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic ...
Modeling and analysis of the signaling crosstalk of PI3K, AMPK and MAPK with Timed Hybrid Petri Nets approach

In living organisms, cellular functions are executed and controlled by gene regulatory networks. Malfunctioning of controlled regulation can lead to pathogenesis. Crosstalk in biological regulation has a significant impact on maintaining homeostasis within organisms. In this study, a timed Hybrid Petri Nets approach is used to model the biological regulatory network of the crosstalk of AMPK, PI3K and MAPK signaling networks to infer mode-switching and overall change in the network dynamics of cellular growth, energy expenditure and fuel metabolism. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the feedback interactions between these pathways and switches that drive changes in the cellular dynamics. Our results shows that during early sleep hours PI3K and MAPK pathways are active which is followed by the activation of AMPK in late sleep hours.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for group A Streptococcal anti-DNase B in human sera, using recombinant proteins - Comparison to the DNA methyl green micromethod

Abstract Among the four known Streptococcal nucleases comprising of DNase A, B, C and D; DNase B is the most common, and determination of the levels of antibody to DNase B (ADB) is often used to confirm a clinical diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes/group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection. The commonly used assays for antibodies that neutralize DNase B or streptolysin O activity use partially purified antigens that often fail to detect antibody changes subsequent to culture documented infections. Therefore, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed employing his-tagged recombinant DNase B as plate antigen for comparison to the commonly used DNA methyl green micromethod (DMGM). DNAs from various Streptococcal species were screened for presence of dnaseB gene by PCR. Measurements of ADB in sera collected from subjects belonging to different ages, and ethnic groups were used to compare the two methods. dnaseB was not detected by PCR in DNA samples isolated from different strains of group B (GBS), C (GCS) and G (GGS) Streptococci. The ADB based ELISA proved to be highly sensitive and more responsive to changes in antibody concentration than DMGM. Use of recombinant DNase B eliminates the variability associated with the enzyme, partially purified from Streptococcal culture supernatants from various commercial sources and may provide a more reliable source of antigen to a wider group of laboratories concerned with GAS diagnosis.
Engagement in Science and Engineering through Animal-Based Curricula

One of the persistent challenges in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education is increasing interest, learning, and retention, particularly with regard to girls and students in underserved areas. Educational curricula that promote process and content knowledge development as well as interest and engagement in STEM are critical in supporting student success and pathways to careers in STEM-related fields. One new and innovative method for promoting STEM learning is animal-based curricula, which can provide the opportunity to introduce students to science and engineering principles in an active, engaging way that promotes an optimal learning environment. The goal of this study was to pilot test the effectiveness of an animal-based curricula in motivating middle-school students’ interest in science and engineering, as a gateway to them learning more broadly about science and engineering careers. The present study used data from two veterinary medicine-based out-of-school time STEM programs for middle school students. Students in both programs reported a significant increase in scores on interest in engineering after completing the program, but no significant difference in science interest scores. The findings from these pilot data provide important exploratory information about the potential effectiveness of animal-based STEM education as a strategy for increasing interest in STEM careers for middle school students.
Acoustics of ping-pong: Vibroacoustic analysis of table tennis rackets and balls.

ABSTRACTThe sound resulting from the impact of a table tennis racket and ball can influence a player’s perception of equipment quality in addition to providing clues to personal performance. This study explores the vibrational modes of both racket and ball and how those modes contribute to the impact sound. Experimental modal analysis reveals that the racket exhibits a large number of structural vibration modes typical of elliptical plates. Acoustic analysis reveals that two of those structural modes dominate the sound produced by the ball-paddle impact. The rubber padding provides some damping and a significant mass loading to the racket vibrations. The hollow cellulose nitrate balls exhibit vibrational modes typical of a hollow spherical shell, starting with frequencies around 5920 Hz. Experimental frequencies confirm theoretical and computational models. However, the contact time between racket and ball is long enough that the lowest acoustic modes of the ball do not contribute to the radiated sound. I...
Decoding Racial Messages: Testing the Implicit-Explicit Model on the Immigration Issue

Racial appeals have long been recognized as potent campaign tactics that mobilize white voters to the polls. Yet most studies that test the viability of racial appeals use blacks as the target group. However, in an increasingly diversifying society in which political elites now target a variety of other ethnic groups, we must question how the effect of racial appeals may change with these shifts in racial politics. This study uses a unique survey experiment to test the role of racial appeals in the context of an issue understood to target non-black minority groups: immigration. Using Latinos as the target group, this project tests different forms of racial appeals - implicit and explicit - to determine what type of appeal influences white opinion. I find that, unlike prior studies on racial appeals that find implicit appeals trigger resentment against blacks, explicit appeals trigger resentment against Latino immigrants.
Short chain fatty acids regulation of neutrophil production of IL-10

Despite questions regarding the role of microbiota in regulation of host immune responses within the intestines, evidence suggests that in the context of disease and autoimmunity bacterial metabolites might impact the systemic immune response. Otherwise indigestible carbohydrates are metabolized into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by gut bacteria. SCFAs have been shown to inhibit intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through regulation of mucosal T cells and macrophages. Recently, neutrophils have been shown to regulate intestinal homeostasis and the pathogenesis of IBD, however, how SCFAs may regulate neutrophil function is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that SCFA differentially regulate neutrophil cytokine production. Of the three major SCFAs butyrate, acetate, and propionate, only butyrate down-regulated neutrophil IL-10 production. We further showed that butyrate-inhibition of neutrophil IL-10 is independent of GPR43, in that butyrate also inhibited IL-10 production in GPR43 deficient neutrophils. We recently showed that IL-23 induced neutrophil production of IL-17 and IL-22 in a mTOR dependent manner; however, butyrate did not affect IL-23-induced IL-17 and IL-22 production in neutrophils. Taken together, our data indicates that microbiota metabolites differentially regulate neutrophil cytokine production.
Entropy stable reduced order modeling of nonlinear conservation laws

Abstract Reduced order models of nonlinear conservation laws in fluid dynamics do not typically inherit stability properties of the full order model. We introduce projection-based hyper-reduced models of nonlinear conservation laws which are globally conservative and inherit a semi-discrete entropy inequality independently of the choice of basis and choice of parameters.
School Climate as a Universal Intervention to Prevent Substance Use Initiation in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study:

Initiation of substance use often starts during adolescence, with tobacco and alcohol use frequently preceding the use of marijuana and other illicit drugs. Studies suggest that a positive school climate may prevent substance use while promoting healthy student behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal associations between school climate and substance use initiation in a group of middle school students. Parallel latent growth curve modeling was used to examine changes among study variables longitudinally using a sample of 2,097 sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students across 16 regional schools located in three counties in West Virginia. Results suggest that a positive school climate may prevent substance use initiation (β = -0.07 to -0.25, p < .01). However, perceptions of school climate decreased on their own over time (β = -0.28 to -0.66, p < .01). Furthermore, substance use initiation also increased as students grew older (β = 0.96 to 0.99, p < .01) and reduced the effects of school climate longitudinally (β = -0.07 to -0.24, p < .01). Early substance use initiation may be a warning sign of other underlying student issues and requires additional school support to foster student success. Findings suggest that a positive school climate may delay substance use initiation and promote school success. School climate may, therefore, be useful as an intervention to support school-based health promotion.
Reductive catalytic fractionation of agricultural residue and energy crop lignin and application of lignin oil in antimicrobials

Cheap and abundant waste from bioethanol and agricultural processing industries are an alluring alternative feedstock for biorefineries. In this work, we employ reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) to depolymerize, over Ru/C powder and Ru/Al2O3 pellets, five herbaceous biomass feedstocks, namely corn stover, miscanthus, switchgrass, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat straw into phenolic monomers with high yields (∼40 wt% based on total (Klason + acid soluble) lignin and >50 wt% when stabilized using aldehydes), leaving behind a carbohydrate pulp residue. Interestingly, a polar solvent is sufficient to solubilize and fragment the lignin polymer into monomers without any catalyst. Contrary to woody biomass, where the monomer yields are positively correlated with the S-content of lignin, principal component analysis indicates that the monomer yields from herbaceous biomass depend on the content of lignin crosslinker – ferulate. Using NMR, we further identify α-6 C–C linked oligomers formed from condensation reactions, explaining the unexpected low monomer yields of high β-O-4 herbaceous biomass. Recyclability experiments indicate that catalyst deactivation occurs through sintering, leaching, and fouling. Lignin oil from herbaceous biomass exhibits bacteriostatic effects against Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting a potential application in functional food development and as a food or feed preservative.
Microwave Wireless Powering of Sensored Agricultural Tile Drainages

In this article, a new technique for wireless powering of agricultural sensors buried deep underground is introduced and experimentally investigated. In this technique, the agricultural drainage tiles are utilized as waveguides to carry electromagnetic (EM) energy over long distances. By using high-efficiency rectifiers, the propagating EM waves are then converted into dc power to charge the batteries of underground sensors. A prototype 1 GHz rectenna system is fabricated and implemented on an 8 in tile to prove this concept experimentally. Various measurements are conducted for both the rectenna and the entire tile system, including realistic scenarios such as partially covered tiles and tile in the presence of water. Considering the emerging digital agriculture, the proposed technique will open the potential for detailed underground geochemistry studies, which will allow us to better monitor the transport of liquids and gases through millions of miles of agricultural tile drainage networks.
Novel approach to stochastic acceleration of electrons in colliding laser fields

The mechanism of stochastic electron acceleration in colliding laser waves is investigated by employing proper canonical variables and effective time, such that the new Hamiltonian becomes time independent when the perturbative laser wave is absent. The performed analytical analysis clearly reveals the physical picture of stochastic electron dynamics. It shows that when the amplitude of the perturbative laser field exceeds some critical value, stochastic electron acceleration occurs within some electron energy range. The conditions, at which the maximum electron energy gained under stochastic acceleration greatly exceeds the ponderomotive energy scaling based on the amplitude of the dominant laser, are derived.The mechanism of stochastic electron acceleration in colliding laser waves is investigated by employing proper canonical variables and effective time, such that the new Hamiltonian becomes time independent when the perturbative laser wave is absent. The performed analytical analysis clearly reveals the physical picture of stochastic electron dynamics. It shows that when the amplitude of the perturbative laser field exceeds some critical value, stochastic electron acceleration occurs within some electron energy range. The conditions, at which the maximum electron energy gained under stochastic acceleration greatly exceeds the ponderomotive energy scaling based on the amplitude of the dominant laser, are derived.
Personalized immunoglobulin aptamers for detection of multiple myeloma minimal residual disease in serum.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm of plasma cells that secrete patient specific monoclonal immunoglobulins. A recognized problem in MM treatment is the early recognition of minimal residual disease (MRD), the major cause of relapse. Current MRD detection methods (multiparameter flow cytometry and next generation sequencing) are based on the analysis of bone marrow plasma cells. Both methods cannot detect extramedullary disease and are unsuitable for serial measurements. We describe the methodology to generate high affinity DNA aptamers that are specific to a patient’s monoclonal Fab region. Such aptamers are 2000-fold more sensitive than immunofixation electrophoresis and enabled detection and quantification of MRD in serum when conventional MRD methods assessed complete remission. The aptamer isolation process that requires small volumes of serum is automatable, and Fab specific aptamers are adaptable to multiple diagnostic formats including point-of-care devices. Tapia-Alveal, Olsen and Worgall develop a novel strategy for patient-specific multiple myeloma diagnostics platform using DNA aptamers. The high affinity DNA aptamers enabled detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) when conventional MRD methods assessed complete remission and are adaptable to multiple diagnostic formats including point-of-care devices.
QV-Investment Competition (and PPR Competition)

Antitrust-law scholarship and antitrust-policy scholarship have rarely paid attention to the concept of the intensity of investment-competition in any relevant area of product-space. This study reveals that this omission is unfortunate—that some conduct may be rendered illegal or lawful, economically inefficient or efficient, liberal-moral-rights-violative, or undesirable or desirable from the perspective of one or more conceptions of the moral good by its impact on the intensity of investment-competition.
Authoritatian Assistance: Welfare and Wealth in Urban China

Most studies of social protection investigate welfare in democracies at the national level, and typically ask how welfare affects voting. This paper, to the contrary, considers social assistance in authoritarian China at the urban level. It finds two dissimilar logics influencing the distributional decisions of lower-level administrators. That is, there appear to be two modes of social policy implementation, which vary with the fiscal capacity of a given city, as indicated by its average wage: Wealthier cities prefer to push off the streets those viewed as unsuited to a modern city, therefore allocating a substantial proportion of their social assistance funds to them, in order to entice them to stay at home. To the contrary, poorer places seem to permit such people to work outside, in the hope that they will thus be better able to support themselves, thereby saving the city money. A data set from China's Ministry of Civil Affairs was used. The paper demonstrates that specific features of newly emerging capitalism in an authoritarian state can drive welfare spending just as the wish to attract votes does in a democracy.
What Is the Moon Made of

Until recently, knowledge of lunar composition was based mostly on lunar samples returned by the Apollo and Luna missions. This all changed with the Clementine and Lunar Prospector missions, which provided global maps of the composition of the lunar surface. In his Perspective, Spudis charts the insights into the structure and history of the Moon gained through these global data, which are set to revolutionize our understanding of the Moon and other planetary bodies.
Confidence Games: Money and Markets in a World without Redemption

In "Confidence Games", Mark C. Taylor posits that money and markets do not exist in a vacuum but grow in a profoundly cultural medium, reflecting and in turn shaping their world. Bringing John Calvin, Hegel, and Adam Smith to Wall Street by way of Las Vegas, Taylor first explores the historical and psychological origins of money, the importance of religious beliefs and practices for the emergence of markets, and the unexpected role of religion and art in the classical understanding of economics. He then moves to an account of economic developments during the past four decades, exploring the dawn of our new information age, the growing virtuality of money and markets, and the complexity of the networks by which monetary value is now negotiated. Returning full circle to a version of the market first proposed by Adam Smith, "Confidence Games" closes with a plea for a conception of life that embraces uncertainty and insecurity as signs of the openness and possibility of the future.
2-D wavelength demultiplexer with potential for /spl ges/ 1000 channels in the C-band

We present a 2-D wavelength demultiplexer by using a virtually-imaged phased-array (VIPA) and a diffraction grating, which yields a hyperfine channel spacing of 5 GHz, with 1.75 GHz -3 dB bandwidth, and > 20 dB channel isolation.
Strength, Endurance, and Blood Flow Responses to Isometric Training

Abstract Six adult males trained for four weeks by daily isometric bouts, exerting maximum grip strength and holding it until a 50% strength decrement was observed. Time held and maximum strength were recorded for each bout. Pre- and post-training resting blood flow, flow during a 15-sec. 50% maximal grip strength contraction, and recovery hyperemia following the testing bout were measured. Findings included significant improvements in strength, endurance, and exercise blood flow.
An EPR Investigation of Newly Formed Fracture Surfaces

Electron paramagnetic resonance was used to study the free radicals formed during mechanical fracture and γ-irradiation. The experimental results are reported herein. An identification of the free radicals is given and the rate of recombination and the rate of reaction with oxygen discussed. Preliminary tensile fracture data for drawn Nylon 6 fibers is also included.
Olympic Victor Lists and Ancient Greek History: Hippias of Elis and the First Olympic Victor List

The following discussion of Hippias and his Olympic victor list is divided into nine sections. The first section (2.1) reviews the evidence that links the earliest cumulative catalog of Olympic victors to Hippias and fixes a date of c. 400 for the appearance of his Olympionikai . The second section (2.2) explores the historical context in which Hippias produced his Olympionikai . The conclusions from Sections 2.1 and 2.2 are then used, along with the relevant ancient sources, to establish insofar as possible the content of Hippias' Olympionikai (2.3). The single most debated question in the previous scholarship on Olympionikai has been whether Hippias drew on archival sources, and hence simply published existing records, or whether he used a diverse array of sources and thus actually compiled the Olympic victor list himself. This controversy is of some importance because, if Hippias did not have archival sources at his disposal, the accuracy of the early parts of the Olympic victor list must be considered dubious. After a review of the previous scholarship (2.4), the evidence for documentary sources from the eighth century is examined (2.5), as are inconsistencies in the dates given in the ancient sources for early events at Olympia (2.6). The conclusion that Hippias compiled rather than published the first Olympic victor list means that it is necessary to explore the nature of the sources on which he drew in doing so (2.7) and the means by which he established 776 as the date for the first Olympiad (2.8).
On the specificity of the binding of the estradiol receptor protein to deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract Steroid hormones appear to regulate gene expression in target tissues by binding tightly to a cytoplasmic receptor protein, thereby causing this protein to increase its affinity for regulatory sites on the genome. In this study, we have measured the hormone-dependent binding of estradiol receptor protein to a variety of nucleic acids and nucleoproteins, using salt conditions in the physiological range. Sedimentation partition chromatography, a new method for quantitating interactions between 2 macromolecules, allows a constant concentration of nucleic acid to be sedimented through a narrow zone containing the receptor. We use this method to estimate equilibrium dissociation constants, and find that the form of the estradiol receptor which sediments at 5 S binds to DNA at least 15-fold more tightly than does the 4 S form. Most strikingly, the 5 S receptor binds equally well (K = 300–400 µg per ml) to the following double-stranded DNAs: heterologous or homologous mammalian DNA, bacterial DNA, and polydeoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate copolymer (a synthetic DNA); in contrast, no interaction was detected with double-stranded reovirus RNA. No significant binding of the 5 S receptor to either DNA or uterine chromatin was found when tested under these salt conditions by either gel permeation chromatography or standard sucrose gradient co-sedimentation assays. Both of these techniques are able to detect only interactions of much higher affinity than those observable by sedimentation partition chromatography or DNA-cellulose chromatography (Yamamoto, K., and Alberts, B. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 69, 2105–2109), and these negative results are predicted by the relatively weak binding shown by sedimentation partition chromatography. Because of the lability of receptor proteins, both the gel permeation and sucrose gradient assays are subject to serious artifacts: in particular, aggregated receptors can appear to be tightly DNA-bound. Short term co-sedimentation of receptors with the same DNA preparation sheared to two different sizes is shown to be necessary to distinguish between receptor aggregation and DNA binding. The low affinity, nonspecific, interaction of the estradiol receptor protein with DNA in vitro agrees with several in vivo observations; in particular, it might have been predicted from the careful studies by Williams and Gorski of the partitioning of the receptor between cell nucleus and cytoplasm (Williams, D., and Gorski, J. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 69, 3464–3468). Thus, although there are good reasons to believe that the receptor activates genes by interacting preferentially with a small number of specific sites on the genome, we believe that these interactions are obscured, both in vitro and in vivo, by a large background of nonspecific DNA binding.
Effects of healthy aging measured by intracranial compartment volumes using a designed MR brain database

A publicly available database of high-quality, multi-modal MR brain images of carefully screened healthy subjects, equally divided by sex, and with an equal number of subjects per age decade, would be of high value to investigators interested in the statistical study of disease. This report describes initial use of an accumulating healthy database currently comprising 50 subjects aged 20-72. We examine changes by age and sex to the volumes of gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid for subjects within the database. We conclude that traditional views of healthy aging should be revised. Significant atrophy does not appear in healthy subjects 60 or 70 years old. Gray matter loss is not restricted to senility, but begins in early adulthood and is progressive. The percentage of white matter increases with age. A carefully-designed healthy database should be useful in the statistical analysis of many age- and non-age- related diseases.
Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico

The fossil record indicates that the brown bear (Ursus arctos) colonized North America from Asia over 50 000 years ago. The species historically occupied the western United States and northern Mexico but has been extirpated from over 99% of this range in the last two centuries. To evaluate colonization hypotheses, subspecific classifications, and historical patterns and levels of genetic diversity in this region, we sequenced 229 nucleotides of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 108 museum specimens. The work was set in a global context by synthesizing all previous brown bear control region sequences from around the world. In mid-latitude North America a single moderately diverse clade is observed, represented by 23 haplotypes with up to 3.5% divergence. Only eight of 23 haplotypes (35%) are observed in the extensively sampled extant populations suggesting a substantial loss of genetic variability. The restriction of all haplotypes from mid-latitude North America to a single clade suggests that this region was founded by bears with a similar maternal ancestry. However, the levels and distributions of diversity also suggest that the colonizing population was not a small founder event, and that expansion occurred long enough ago for local mutations to accrue. Our data are consistent with recent genetic evidence that brown bears were south of the ice prior to the last glacial maximum. There is no support for previous subspecies designations, although bears of the southwestern United States may have had a distinctive, but recent, pattern of ancestry.
James space on general trees

Abstract A James space J(T) is defined on a general tree T, that is, a tree with arbitrary width and height any ordinal. The study of this space unifies and extends the investigation of James-type Banach spaces. We define a class of norm-one projections which have not previously been defined for such spaces and J(T) is shown to have a boundedly complete transfinite basis. A predual and all duals of J(T) are found with every second dual characterized as the James space on a usually larger tree. We prove that J(T) has the metric approximation, Radon-Nikodym, and π properties. It follows that every dual of J(T) has the approximation and π properties.
Conventional Iconoclasm: The Cultural Work of the Nietzsche Image in Twentieth-Century America

In his 1987 best seller, The Closing of the American Mind, Allan Bloom argued that late twentieth-century American intellectual and cultural life was in moral disrepair. In universities and colleges, where professors had once instructed students in the serious contemplation of the good life, they now taught young minds that "reason cannot establish values, and [the] belief that it can is the stupidest and most pernicious illusion." Instead of participating in rational discourse, students were learning that values are descriptions with no correspondence to eternal truths, that language is an inadequate medium for communication, and that all knowledge and beliefs are culturally contingent. Bloom added that this wholesale "value relativism" had made its "passage from the academy to the marketplace." Americans celebrated free choice unburdened by the responsibilities of the group. He asserted that "America has no-fault automobile accidents, no-fault divorces, and it is moving with the aid of modern philosophy toward no-fault choices." Unable to accept limitations on individual striving, contemporary Americans had adopted an unwholesome, lighthearted, and softheaded "nihilism, American style." According to Bloom, this cynical quality of late twentieth-century American thought stemmed from the nineteenth-century German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. "This is our scene," lamented Bloom, "the spectacle consists in how [Nietzsche's] views have been trivialized by democratic man desirous of tricking himself out in borrowed finery."' One might quarrel with Bloom's bleak assessment of the consequences of Nietzsche's philosophy for American culture, but his claim that Nietzsche has "conquered America" is undeniable. In higher education, Nietzsche's philosophy figures prominently in scholarly monographs, journals, and university courses in all fields of the humanities.
Influence of Fuel-Bound Sulfur on Soot Formation in Laminar Diffusion Flames of Liquid Hydrocarbons

The fuel-bound sulfur does not influence the sooting behavior of laminar diffusion flames of liquid hydrocarbons
Numerical Analysis of Convective Motions over a Mountain Ridge

Abstract The convection associated with a valley wind regime was analyzed by numerical techniques. The Boussinesq equations and their energy properties were used to define the terms computed from observed data. The numerical results are based on a 1-km horizontal and 100-m vertical mesh. Results from the numerical analysis of the observed data were compared with numerical simulations of valley winds and convection published in the meteorological literature. In general, agreement was found between the data and the numerical simulations. The simulations have reproduced most of the features and processes of the valley wind system. The perturbation motion field was partially recovered from the total wind field. The perturbation stream functions, the solenoid fields, and to a certain extent, the energy properties provide the best evidence of the agreement. The valley wind reaches a quasi-steady state in the afternoon. This steady state results from an apparent maximum rate of conversion of potential to kinetic...
Genetic linkage of region containing the CREB1 gene to depressive disorders in women from families with recurrent, early-onset, major depression.

This report describes the results of a model-free linkage analysis of six polymorphic markers, located in a 15 cM region of chromosome 2q33-35, and unipolar Mood Disorders in 81 families identified by probands with Recurrent, Early-Onset Major Depressive Disorder (RE-MDD), a severe and familial form of clinical depression. Our findings reveal significant evidence of linkage of unipolar Mood Disorders to a 451 Kb region of 2q33-34 flanked by D2S2321 and D2S2208 in these families. Increasing peak LOD scores were observed in both the single point and multipoint analyses for Mood Disorder phenotypes whose definitions embodied progressively less stringent severity criteria for inclusion in the affected group. The sex-dependent multipoint linkage analysis of any Major or Minor Mood Disorders produced LOD scores that reached 6.331 and 6.866 at D2S2321 and D2S2208, respectively. Linkage of Mood Disorders to this region was observed exclusively among female affected relative pairs; no suggestion of linkage was observed when male affected relative pairs were analyzed. These observations imply that a sex-specific susceptibility gene in this region contributes to the vulnerability of women in these families to the development of unipolar Mood Disorders that ranged in severity from minor to severe at the time of clinical assessment. The region between the markers that yielded the peak LOD score includes the CREB1 gene, which encodes a cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) that is a member of the bZIP family of transcription factors. Based on considerable clinical and preclinical evidence, CREB1 is an attractive candidate for a susceptibility gene for unipolar Mood Disorders. The sex-specificity of the susceptibility locus identified by our study may result from reported synergistic interactions of CREB with nuclear estrogen receptors.
The on-line satellite/central computer facility of the Multiparticle Argo Spectrometer System

Abstract An on-line satellite/central computer facility has been developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory as part of the Multiparticle Argo Spectrometer System (MASS). This facility, consisting of a PDP-9 and a CDC-6600, has been successfully used in a study of proton-proton interactions at 28.5 GeV/ c .
Specificity of Antibodies: Primary Structural Basis of Hapten Binding

The primiary structure of the 83 residues of the NH 2 -terminus of the V II , region was determined for each of three different antibodies to hapten which were produced in inbred guinea pigs. Each antibody had a different and distinctive primary structure within each of the two "hypervariable" regions (Hv1 and Hv2) included in the analyzed part of the variable region of the heavy chain. The sequences of Hvl and Hv2 in the three antibodies were either unique or of restricted variability compared with those of "normnal" immunoglobulin G2. Further implication of Hv1 and Hv2 in contributing to ligand-binding specificity of antibodies came from the placement of residues modified by affinity labeling reagents in these hypervariable regions.
Mechanism of Thermal Conductivity Reduction From Suspended to Supported Graphene: A Quantitative Spectral Analysis of Phonon Scattering

In this work, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations together with phonon spectral analysis to predict the thermal conductivity of both suspended and supported graphene. We quantitatively address the relative importance of different types of phonon in thermal transport and explain why thermal conductivity is significantly reduced in supported graphene compared to that in suspended graphene. Within the framework of equilibrium MD, we perform spectral energy density analysis to obtain the phonon mean free path of each individual phonon mode. The contribution of each mode to thermal conductivity is then calculated and summed to obtain the lattice thermal conductivity in the temperature range 300–650 K. Our predicted values and temperature dependence for both suspended and supported graphene agree with experimental data well. In contrast to prior studies, our results suggest that the contribution from out-of-plane acoustic (ZA) branch to thermal conductivity is around 25–30% in suspended graphene at room temperature. The thermal conductivity of supported graphene is predicted to be largely reduced, which is consistent with experimental observations. Such reduction is shown to be due to stronger scattering of all phonon modes rather than only the ZA mode in the presence of the substrate.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
"A Policy Calculated to Benefit China": The United States and the China Arms Embargo, 1919-1929

Preface Introduction Japan's Wartime Gains in China Japan's Apogee in China The Ban on Loans to China The China Arms Embargo Challenges to the China Arms Embargo The Success of the China Arms Embargo Britain Defends the Embargo Unsuccessful Attempts to Strengthen the Embargo The Soviet Threat and the Cancellation of the China Arms Embargo Conclusion Bibliography Index
ION ABSORPTION BY ROOTS: THE ROLE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS

Summary Theoretical considerations and experimental evidence are adduced to the effect that ion absorption by plant tissue from solutions in the range of low concentrations (< 1 mM) is due to the type 1 mechanisms of ion transport of the plant cell membranes, not to bacteria associated with the tissue.
Condyloma Acuminatum of the Nipple

A case report of condyloma acuminatum of the nipple with electron microscopic demonstration of intranuclear Papovavirus-like particles, in a patient with Darier's disease, is presented.
Charge Yield at Low Electric Fields: Considerations for Bipolar Integrated Circuits

A significant reduction in total dose damage is observed when bipolar integrated circuits are irradiated at low temperature. This can be partially explained by the Onsager theory of recombination, which predicts a strong temperature dependence for charge yield under low-field conditions. Reduced damage occurs for biased as well as unbiased devices because the weak fringing field in thick bipolar oxides only affects charge yield near the Si/SiO2 interface, a relatively small fraction of the total oxide thickness. Lowering the temperature of bipolar ICs-either continuously, or for time periods when they are exposed to high radiation levels-provides an additional degree of freedom to improve total dose performance of bipolar circuits, particularly in space applications.
With liberty and psychosis for all.

“The concept of the right to adequate treatment, as originally proposed, applies to patients who are involuntarily hospitalized. It must now be extended to include those patients who are involuntarilycommunitized. They do exist, and thier needs for comprehensive services are very real, particularly since they are expected to function in the community”.
Spin coupling between electron carriers in the dehydrogenase segments of the respiratory chain.

Abstract The binuclear iron sulfur clusters S-1 and S-2 in all succinate dehydrogenase preparations are spin coupled, which is reflected in the saturation behavior of S-1 signal in the presence of S-2 spins and in lineshape modification of dithionite reduced enzymes at low temperatures. An additional EPR signal has been detected at approximately half the applied field of the ‘g=1.94’ signal corresponding to ‘ΔMs=2’ transition. A similar signal has been observed in Complex I preparations: one of the interacting species is iron sulfur Center N-3 (g X =1.86).
Application of Dynamic Programming to Routing Problems

Dynamic programming is applicable to routing problems where the objective is to find the route between two points which will minimize some cost function. Although the computational procedure to find the solution to routing problems is more complex than for the majority of dynamic programming problems, solution algorithms are available and can be readily applied. Such an algorithm is presented; and, as an example of routing problems that are readily handled by dynamic programming, the route which minimizes the cost of constructing a pipeline between Fostoria, Ohio, and Columbus, Ohio, is determined.
Temporal Changes in Decay-Series Isotope Concentrations in Response to Flow Conditions in the Sssdp Well, Salton Sea, California

Several radionuclides of the naturally occurring 238U, 235U and 232Th decay series have been measured in high-temperature (300–350 °C) brines from several flow tests of the Sal ton Sea Scientific Drilling Project (SSSDP) well. Activities (dpm/kg) at the initial flow test of the well were 222Rn (2130), 226Ra (2200), 228Ra (1120), 224Ra (1010), 223Ra (6), 210Pb (3260), and 212Pb (2250). In contrast, activities of U and Th isotopes were much lower (< 1 dpm/kg). Following the first flow test (12/85), the well was deepened and sampled again during a short flow test (3/86). Radium and uranium concentrations were about two times lower during the second flow test, while other elements had similar concentrations. During a subsequent 20 day flow test of the well (6/88), flow rates were regulated at the wellhead to investigate reservoir characteristics, and 226Ra and 210Pb activities were found to be negatively correlated with the flow rate and positively correlated with the wellhead pressure. The 226Ra activity varied by a factor of five, roughly the variation in total flow rate, while well-head pressure varied only by 25% and 210Pb activity varied by a factor of two. Ratios of short-lived daughters to longer-lived parents increased in these flow tests. Results from mass balance calculations incorporating reaction kinetics suggest that differences in the degree of radium adsorption, rates of precipitation and dissolution of reservoir minerals exist in different flow zones.
Is Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty Staged at a One-Week Interval Safe? A Matched Case Control Study

Controversy surrounds the safety of bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and whether staging the procedures one week apart represents a safer option. A consecutive series of 234 patients underwent either a simultaneous (103 patients) or staged bilateral TKA (131 patients) from 2007 to 2012 and were compared to a matched control group of unilateral TKA (131 patients). Staged patients had no difference in one-year complication rate when compared to simultaneous bilateral TKA and the matched unilateral TKA control group (15% vs. 19% vs. 15%, P=0.512). There was also no difference in perioperative complications (10% vs. 14% vs. 7%, P=0.231) or 90-day readmissions (8% vs. 4% vs. 4%, P=0.295). In selected patients with bilateral knee OA, TKA staged at a one-week interval is a safe alternative.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES WITHIN THE GROWTH ZONE OF CORN ROOTS INVESTIGATED BY BENDING EXPERIMENTS I. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

Bending experiments were performed to analyze mechanical properties within the apical 15 mm of the primary root of com, Zea mays. Force required to maintain a root in a bent shape declined with the logarithm of time, indicating significant stress relaxation. Spatial distributions of local curvature, strain due to bending, and geometrical moment of inertia were calculated from digitized photographs of mechanically bent roots during and after imposition of a bending moment. When roots were bent to nonuniform curvature (maximum K = 3 cm- 1 at the location 8 mm from the root tip), "irreversible" curvature (residual curvature 4 hr after release of the bending moment) was approximately 44% of initial curvature. This percentage of irreversible curvature (and associated bending strain) was uniform throughout the growth zone. When roots were bent to uniform curvature of either 1 cm- ' or 1.67 cm- ', "springback" curvature (residual curvature after two minutes of bending) varied from 60% of initial curvature in the apical regions (at 4 mm) to 85% of initial curvature at the base of the growth zone. The results are consistent with a model in which total strain is proportional to stress, and irreversible strain at a particular location is proportional to total strain at the same location. THE EXPERIMENTS in this paper were undertaken in the hope of analyzing the spatial distribution of some rheological properties, particularly Young's modulus, within the growth zone of the primary root. To obtain insight
Seizure proneness and neurotransmitter uptake.

The ability of midbrain homogenates from two strains of mice to accumulate several putative neurotransmitters, or their precursor in the case of acetylcholine has been examined. The high-affinity transport mechanisms toward glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and glycine were similar in both strains. The seizure-prone DBA/2IBG strain had a significantly higher capacity to transport choline than did the relatively seizure-resistant C57BL/6 IBG mice. However, no difference in the density of muscarinic binding sites in the two mouse strains was found.
RSA 2004: Combined Basic Research Satellite Symposium – Session Two: Toll‐Like Receptors and Organ Damage

This article summarizes the proceedings of the RSA 2004 Combined Basic Research Satellite Meeting convened at the Westin Bayshore Resort and Marina, Vancouver, BC. The session "Toll-like receptors and organ damage" featured three speakers and was chaired by Drs. Steve Nelson and Craig McClain. The presentations were 1) Toll-like receptor mediated macrophage activation-modulation by acute alcohol administration in mice by Stephen Pruett, 2) Alcoholic liver disease: Crossroads of TLRs and oxidative stress by Gavin Arteel, and 3) The role of TLR2 and TLR4-mediated signals in liver injury by Gyongyi Szabo.
Compressive sampling strategies for integrated microspectrometers

We consider compressive sensing in the context of optical spectroscopy. With compressive sensing, the ratio between the number of measurements and the number of estimated values is less than one, without compromising the fidelity in estimation. A compressive sensing system is composed of a measurement subsystem that maps a signal to digital data and an inference algorithm that maps the data to a signal estimate. The inference algorithm exploits both the information captured in the measurement and certain a priori information about the signals of interest, while the measurement subsystem provides complementary, signal-specific information at the lowest sampling rate possible. Codesign of the measurement strategies, the model of a priori information, and the inference algorithm is the central problem of system design. This paper describes measurement constraints specific to optical spectrometers, inference models based on physical or statistical characteristics of the signals, as well as linear and nonlinear reconstruction algorithms. We compare the fidelity of sampling and inference strategies over a family of spectral signals.