cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Prediction of Soybean Traits through Color and Texture Features of Canopy RGB Imagery

Global crop production is facing the challenge of a high projected demand, while the yields of major crops are not increasing at sufficient speeds. Crop breeding is an important way to boost crop productivity, however its improvement rate is partially hindered by the long crop generation cycles. If end-season crop traits such as yield can be predicted through early-season phenotypic measurements, crop selection can potentially be made before a full crop generation cycle finishes. This study explored the possibility of predicting soybean end-season traits through the color and texture features of early-season canopy images. Six thousand three hundred and eighty-three images were captured at V4/V5 growth stage over 6039 soybean plots growing at four locations. One hundred and forty color features and 315 gray-level co-occurrence matrix-based texture features were derived from each image. Another two variables were also introduced to account for location and timing differences between the images. Five regression and five classification techniques were explored. Best results were obtained using all 457 predictor variables, with Cubist as the regression technique and Random Forests as the classification technique. Yield (RMSE = 9.82, R2 = 0.68), Maturity (RMSE = 3.70, R2 = 0.76) and Seed Size (RMSE = 1.63, R2 = 0.53) were identified as potential soybean traits that might be early predictable.
A policy mapping analysis of goals, target populations, and punitive notions in the U.S. congressional response to the opioid epidemic

Abstract Background The U.S. Congress has proposed numerous bills and resolutions in response to the opioid epidemic unfolding over the past decade. Although this legislative response has been the subject of considerable media attention and commentary, very little research has systematically analyzed congressional opioid-related legislation in terms of primary goals, focal populations, and the extent to which it includes punitive mechanisms. Methods To address this gap in research, we conducted a policy mapping content analysis of all opioid-related bills and resolutions (N = 188) proposed in Congress between 2009–2017 (111th - 115th Congresses). Two researchers independently coded basic characteristics (e.g. type, status, sponsorship, funding); goals, using a taxonomy developed by the researchers; focal populations; and punitive intent. Researchers compared codes and addressed discrepancies through consensus. Results Legislation addressed a wide range of goals, but frequently did not advance beyond the introduction stage (80.3%). Goals most often centered on treatment (43.1% of legislation), research (36.7%), and supply reduction of licit (34.0%) and illicit opioids (21.3%). Relatively little legislation addressed long-term recovery, avenues of safer drug consumption, or stigma reduction. Youth (21.3%) and veterans (17.0%) were the most common population categories toward which legislation was directed. Explicit attention toward racial/ethnic minorities, low-income populations, and sexual minorities was rare to nonexistent. Legislation was largely coded as not directly punitive (91.0%). Conclusion This study represents the first systematic analysis of key features of the U.S. congressional response to the opioid epidemic. Results indicate that the legislative response has largely focused on acute intervention, with limited attention to upstream social determinants and goal areas such as long-term recovery support. While the legislative response is primarily non-punitive, most opioid-specific policy does not explicitly address the intersection of opioid misuse and addiction with salient social factors such as economic disinvestment and social isolation.
Frailty Among Older Decompensated Heart Failure Patients: Prevalence, Association With Patient-Centered Outcomes, and Efficient Detection Methods.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to assess the prevalence of frailty, its associations with physical function, quality of life (QoL), cognition, and depression and to investigate more efficient methods of detection in older patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Background In contrast to the outpatient population with chronic HF, much less is known regarding frailty in older, hospitalized patients with ADHF. Methods Older hospitalized patients (N = 202) with ADHF underwent assessment of frailty (using Fried criteria), short physical performance battery (SPPB), 6-min walk test (6-MWT) distance, quality of life (QoL using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire), cognition (using the Montreal Cognition Assessment), and depression (using the Geriatric Depression Screen [GDS]). The associations of frailty with these patient-centered outcomes were assessed by using adjusted linear regression models. Novel strategies to identify frailty were examined. Results A total of 50% of older, hospitalized patients with ADHF were frail, 48% were pre-frail, and 2% were non-frail. Female sex, burden of comorbidity, and prior HF hospitalization were significantly associated with higher likelihood of frailty. Frailty (vs. pre-frail status) was associated with a significantly worse SPPB score (5 ± 2.2 vs. 7 ± 2.4, respectively), 6-MWT distance (143 ± 79 m vs. 221 ± 99 m, respectively), QoL (35 ± 19 vs. 46 ± 21, respectively), and more depression (GDS score: 5.5 ± 3.5 vs. 4.2 ± 3.3, respectively) but similar cognition. These associations were unchanged after adjustment for age, sex, race, total comorbidities, and body mass index. Slow gait speed plus low physical activity signaled frailty status as well (C-statistic = 0.85). Conclusions Ninety-eight percent of older, hospitalized patients with ADHF are frail or pre-frail. Frailty (vs. pre-frail status) is associated with worse physical function, QoL, comorbidity, and depression. The simple 4-m walk test combined with self-reported physical activity may quickly and efficiently identify frailty in older patients with ADHF.
An Interprofessional Model with Registered Nurses for Outpatient Care

Mental illness is one of the leading causes of disability in the United States. Delays in outpatient treatment result in visits to emergency rooms and unnecessary inpatient hospitalizations, which cause an increase in overall medical costs. Nurses come in contact with individuals who struggle with mental illness on a regular basis, and the profession must intervene. This article introduces the mental health outpatient nurses in interprofessional teams model that could have a positive impact on the quality and accessibility of care of outpatient services for individuals struggling with mental illness.
Diffuse right ventricular fibrosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension.

Aims While right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is associated with worse prognosis in co-morbid pulmonary hypertension and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (PH-HFpEF), the mechanisms driving RV dysfunction are unclear. We evaluated the extent and clinical correlates of diffuse RV myocardial fibrosis in PH-HFpEF, as measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance-derived extracellular volume (ECV). Methods and results We prospectively enrolled participants with PH-HFpEF (n = 14), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; n = 13), and controls (n = 8). All participants underwent high-resolution cardiovascular magnetic resonance, and case subjects (PH-HFpEF and PAH) additionally underwent right heart catheterization. T1 mapping was performed using high-resolution modified look-locker inversion recovery with a 1 × 1 mm2 in-plane resolution. RV free wall T1 values were quantified, and ECV was calculated. Participants with PH-HFpEF were older and carried higher rates of hypertension and obstructive sleep apnoea than those with PAH. While RV ECV was similar between PH-HFpEF and PAH (33.1 ± 8.0 vs. 34.0 ± 4.5%; P = 0.57), total pulmonary resistance was lower in PH-HFpEF compared with PAH [PH-HFpEF: 5.68 WU (4.70, 7.66 WU) vs. PAH: 8.59 WU (8.14, 12.57 WU); P = 0.01]. RV ECV in PH-HFpEF was associated with worse indices of RV structure (RV end-diastolic volume: r = 0.67, P = 0.01) and RV function (RV free wall strain: r = 0.59, P = 0.03) but was not associated with RV afterload (total pulmonary resistance: r = 0.08, P = 0.79). Conversely, there was a strong correlation between RV ECV and RV afterload in PAH (r = 0.57, P = 0.04). Conclusions Diffuse RV fibrosis, as measured by ECV, is present in PH-HFpEF and is associated with adverse RV structural and functional remodelling but not degree of pulmonary vasculopathy. In PH-HFpEF, diffuse RV fibrosis may occur out of proportion to the degree of RV afterload.
Power of packaging: Evaluations of packaged fruits and vegetables by school-age children in the U.S.

Abstract Eating healthfully is a challenge in the US; most American children do not eat enough fruits and vegetables and exceed daily recommendations for salts, fats, and sugars. The pervasiveness of packaged foods, which are often reduced in nutritional value through added salt, fat, or sugar, adds to the challenge of eating healthfully. There is still much to learn about how aspects of packaging impact children. This study examined how different types of packaging (i.e., healthy, fun, plain, unpackaged) of fruits and vegetables influence children's health and taste evaluations. Thirty children (Mage = 7.1 years, SD = 1.0) participated in a food rating task where they rated the health, taste, and their willingness to try 64 packaged fruits and vegetables (on a scale from 1 to 5). Children were influenced by aspects of the packaging; they rated healthy and fun packaging more favorably in most cases suggesting that children respond more positively to visually appealing packaging than to plain packaging. These results are consistent with previous findings and have implications for how to promote increased fruit and vegetable consumption among children. Future research should explore if the same trends exist when packaged fruits and vegetables are compared to other packaged snack foods.
Multiple Psychiatric Morbidity and Continued Use of Naltrexone for Alcohol Use Disorder.

Background and objectives Despite substantial evidence of the efficacy of naltrexone in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), naltrexone is used infrequently and often for short durations. Understanding factors related to the initiation and continued use of naltrexone could identify targets for improving its use in clinical practice. Methods We used the Fiscal year 2012 national data from the Veterans Health Administration to identify the proportion of veterans diagnosed with AUD who initiated and then continued to receive naltrexone for AUD over a 6-month period (N = 67,788). We further examined correlates of any use and continued use, and patterns of use in inpatient and outpatient mental health services and psychotropic prescription fills. Comparisons were made using bivariate analyses and multinomial logistic regression. Results Among the veterans diagnosed with AUD, 2.02% initiated treatment with naltrexone. Naltrexone initiation was associated with recent homelessness, concurrent psychiatric disorders, receipt of psychiatric outpatient services, psychotropic prescription fills, residential treatment, and psychiatric and medical-surgical hospitalization. Of the 1,366 patients initiating naltrexone, 43.2% (590) received 2 to 5 prescriptions and 16.3% (223) received more than 5 prescriptions for naltrexone. Use of naltrexone beyond one prescription was associated with homelessness, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, psychotropic medication use, and psychiatric hospitalization. Conclusion Veterans with AUD who used and continued naltrexone were primarily those with multimorbidity and extensive involvement in psychiatric treatment. Scientific significance Prior studies examined the correlates of initiation of naltrexone but retention in treatment has received less attention. This study identified the frequency and important patient and service correlates of continued use of naltrexone. (Am J Addict 2021;30:55-64).
A validated lineage-derived somatic truth data set enables benchmarking in cancer genome analysis.

Existing cancer benchmark data sets for human sequencing data use germline variants, synthetic methods, or expensive validations, none of which are satisfactory for providing a large collection of true somatic variation across a whole genome. Here we propose a data set, Lineage derived Somatic Truth (LinST), of short somatic mutations in the HT115 colon cancer cell-line, that are validated using a known cell lineage that includes thousands of mutations and a high confidence region covering 2.7 gigabases per sample. Megan Shand et al. present Lineage derived Somatic Truth (LinST), a validated data set of somatic mutations from a colon cancer cell line with a known lineage tree structure. They show that LinST can be used to benchmark true-positive and false-positive rates in somatic variant-calling pipelines applied to cancer genomic data.
Searching for host immune-microbiome mechanisms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A narrative literature review and future directions

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is disabling and often treatment-refractory. Host immunity and gut microbiota have bidirectional communication with each other and with the brain. Perturbations to this axis have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, but immune-microbiome signaling in OCD is relatively underexplored. We review support for further pursuing such investigations in OCD, including: 1) gut microbiota has been associated with OCD, but causal pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear; 2) early environmental risk factors for OCD overlap with critical periods of immune-microbiome development; 3) OCD is associated with increased risk of immune-mediated disorders and changes in immune parameters, which are separately associated with the microbiome; and 4) gut microbiome manipulations in animal models are associated with changes in immunity and some obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Theoretical pathogenic mechanisms could include microbiota programming of cytokine production, promotion of expansion and trafficking of peripheral immune cells to the CNS, and regulation of microglial function. Immune-microbiome signaling in OCD requires further exploration, and may offer novel insights into pathogenic mechanisms and potential treatment targets for this disabling disorder.
Gene expression of intracortical bone demonstrates loading-induced increases in Wnt1 and Ngf and inhibition of bone remodeling processes

Abstract Osteocytes are the primary mechanosensitive cells in bone. However, their location in mineralized matrix has limited the in vivo study of osteocytic genes induced by mechanical loading. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) allows isolation of intracortical bone (Intra-CB), enriched for osteocytes, from bone tissue for gene expression analysis. We used microarray to analyze gene expression from mouse tibial Intra-CB dissected using LCM 4 h after a single loading bout or after 5 days of loading. Osteocyte enrichment was supported by greater expression of Sost, Dmp1, Dkk1, and Mepe in Intra-CB regions vs. Mixed regions containing periosteum and muscle (fold-change (FC) = 3.4, 2.2, 5.1, 3.0, respectively). Over 150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) due to loading (loaded vs. contralateral control) in Intra-CB were found on Day 1 and Day 5, but only 10 genes were differentially expressed on both days, including Ngf (Day 1 FC = 13.5, Day 5 FC = 11.1) and Wnt1 (Day 1 FC = 1.5, Day 5 FC = 5.1). The expression of Ngf and Wnt1 within Intra-CB was confirmed by in situ hybridization, and a significant increase in number of Wnt1 mRNA molecules occurred on day 1. We also found changes in extracellular matrix remodeling with Timp1 (FC = 3.1) increased on day 1 and MMP13 (FC = 0.3) decreased on day 5. Supporting this result, IHC for osteocytic MMP13 demonstrated a marginal decrease due to loading on day 5. Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes for loading DEGs indicated regulation of vasculature, neuronal and immune processes while cell-type specific gene lists suggested regulation of osteoclast, osteoblast, and endothelial related genes. In summary, microarray analysis of microdissected Intra-CB revealed differential regulation of Ngf, Wnt1, and MMP13 due to loading in osteocytes.
An Uneasy Peace

If the riots hadn't taken place, nothing would have changed. Robert Simpson, Oral History, 1987 Unlike the revolts in Cambridge and Baltimore, York's garnered little national attention and, not surprisingly, neither it nor the other uprisings that took place 1969 or the early 1970s convinced the Nixon Administration to jettison its call for law and order in favor of a domestic Marshall Plan. Still, York's revolt did not mark a rupture with the past, a destructive and unconstructive moment in the fight for racial equality. Rather, the uprising energized and unified York's black community, which in turn helped convince significant segments of the white community to engage in far more serious dialogues about the issues that underlay the revolt than had ever taken place in the past. More specifically, York's revolt was followed by the convening of a charrette, an unprecedented community dialogue. Particularly considering that blacks in York comprised only a small proportion of the population and thus had far less political leverage than they did in many big cities, this was no small accomplishment. Nonetheless, the charrette did not alter the structures of racial inequality and the disparities between blacks and whites in the region tended to increase due to broader social and economic trends and the ongoing politics of white retrenchment in the years that followed. As a result, when Mayor Charlie Robertson was arrested for aiding in the murder of Lillie Belle Allen in May 2001, the community was still divided along racial lines. Whether the trial could overcome or heal these divisions, as some hoped it could, remained to be seen. “The Truth Would Have Involved the Arrest of Many Police” In the immediate aftermath of York's revolt, state and local police and the Justice Department conducted investigations into Lillie Belle Allen's and Henry Schaad's deaths. Somewhat surprisingly, especially given that Schaad was the son of a popular policeman and the first York officer to be killed while on duty in the city's history, and that Allen was an innocent bystander, neither case resulted in any arrests, not to mention any trials or convictions for over thirty years. How come? William Costopoulos, Mayor Robertson's lead defense attorney in the 2002 Lillie Belle Allen murder trial, asserted that city officials knew right away who had killed Schaad.
How Does Heterogeneous Label Noise Impact Generalization in Neural Nets

Incorrectly labeled examples, or label noise, is common in real-world computer vision datasets. While the impact of label noise on learning in deep neural networks has been studied in prior work, these studies have exclusively focused on homogeneous label noise, i.e., the degree of label noise is the same across all categories. However, in the real-world, label noise is often heterogeneous, with some categories being affected to a greater extent than others. Here, we address this gap in the literature. We hypothesized that heterogeneous label noise would only affect the classes that had label noise unless there was transfer from those classes to the classes without label noise. To test this hypothesis, we designed a series of computer vision studies using MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and MS-COCO where we imposed heterogeneous label noise during the training of multi-class, multi-task, and multi-label systems. Our results provide evidence in support of our hypothesis: label noise only affects the class affected by it unless there is transfer.
Pitfalls in X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis and interpretation: A practical guide for general users

Abstract Despite the growing popularity of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in scientific research, many researchers do not receive formalized training on this technique. Some of them learned from online resources, which only briefly introduce XAS and its applications. Here, this article aims to provide the overview of tips about the XAS analysis, general rules, as well as required information for presenting XAS data in publications, and some common mistakes in XAS data interpretations. Armed with these basics, the motivated aspiring XAS researchers will find existing resources more accessible and can progress much faster in understanding and using XAS.
Behind the scenes of extracellular vesicle therapy for skin injuries and disorders.

SIGNIFICANCE Skin wounds and disorders compromise the protective functions of skin and patient quality of life. Though accessible on the surface, they are challenging to address due to paucity of effective therapies. Exogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs), cell-free derivatives of adult multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), are developing as a treatment modality. Knowledge of origin MSCs, EV processing and mode of action is necessary for directed use of EVs in preclinical studies and methodical translation. Recent advances: Nano to microscale EVs, though from non-skin cells, induce functional responses in cutaneous wound cellular milieu. EVs allow a shift from cell-based to cell-free/derived modalities by carrying the MSC beneficial factors but eliminating risks associated with MSC transplantation. EVs have demonstrated striking efficacy in resolution of preclinical wound models, specifically within the complexity of skin structure and wound pathology. CRITICAL ISSUES To facilitate comparison across studies, tissue sources and processing of MSCs, culture conditions, isolation and preparations of EVs, and vesicle sizes require standardization as these criteria influence EV types and contents, and potentially determine the induced biological responses. Procedural parameters for all steps preceding the actual therapeutic administration may be the key to generating EVs that demonstrate consistent efficacy through known mechanisms. We provide a comprehensive review of such parameters and the subsequent tissue, cellular and molecular impact of the derived EVs in different skin wounds/disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We will gain more complete knowledge of EV-induced effects in skin, and specificity for different wounds/conditions. The safety and efficacy of current preclinical xenogenic applications will favor translation into allogenic clinical applications of EVs as a biologic.
Magnetic Resonance–Guided Gynecologic Brachytherapy

Gynecologic brachytherapy consists of positioning radioactive sources in catheters implanted inside a tumor. MR imaging provides tumor visibility and is ideal for image-guided insertions and treatment planning. It is important at first insertion and during treatment of large residual tumors potentially needing interstitial needles. Clear visibility of the tumor and the catheters is necessary for MR-guided brachytherapy. T2 sequences are ideal for tumor visibility but catheter visualization may be difficult. Active tracking and alternative sequences to improve catheter visibility have been explored. The use of digital applicator models, dummy markers, and CT-MR fusion is reviewed.
The average case analysis of partition sorts

This paper introduces a new family of in-place sorting algorithms, the partition sorts. They are appealing both for their relative simplicity and their efficient performance. They perform Θ(n log n) operations on the average, and \(\Theta(n \log^2\!n)\) operations in the worst case.
Cytologic and hormonal activity of trophoblast in explant culture

Abstract Trophoblastic tissue from 13 ectopic pregnancies and 2 hydatidiform moles have been grown in prolonged explant cultures. Quantitative gonadotropin hormone production and characteristics of cell growth are described. From these studies, it is observed that a characteristic cell, which migrates from the explant and displays a broad and elongated form with multiple cytoplasmic projections as described originally by Jones, Gey, and Gey, 7 is consistently associated with persistent gonadotropin production and prolonged survival of the trophoblast in culture. Gonadotropic hormone output was shown to decline sharply after explantation and to maintain a low level for a prolonged period thereafter.
The Impact of Fractional Flow Reserve on Revascularization

Introduction Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is recommended by society guidelines for assessment of the hemodynamic significance of intermediate coronary lesions when non-invasive evidence of myocardial ischemia is unavailable. However, the prevalence of FFR usage in current practice and how FFR values impact revascularization decisions are not well known.
Instantons of type IIB supergravity in ten dimensions

A family of $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ symmetric instanton solutions in type IIB supergravity is developed. The instanton of least action is a candidate for the low-energy, semiclassical approximation to the $\mathrm{D}=\ensuremath{-}1$ brane. Unlike the solution of Gibbons, Green, and Perry, this admits an interpretation as a tunneling amplitude between perturbatively degenerate asymptotic states, but with an action twice that found previously. A number of associated issues are discussed such as the relation between the magnetic and electric pictures, an inversion symmetry of the dilaton and the metric, the $R\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{9}$ topology of the background, and some properties of the solution in an ``instanton frame'' corresponding to a Lagrangian in which the dilaton's kinetic energy vanishes.
Three GABA receptor functions on mouse spinal neurons

Abstract Mouse spinal neurons growing in dissociated cell culture were used to study the effects of endogenous and exogenous ligands on membrane excitability. Low concentrations of GABA (1–10nM) excited about 25% of the cells tested by lowering threshold for spike generation and repetitive firing. These effects were not blocked by the convulsant picrotoxin, an antagonist of GABA-mediated Cl−conductance. Picrotoxin and other convulsants mimicked the excitatory action of GABA and produced convulsive activity in the cultures. Higher concentrations of GABA (>5μM) increased membrane conductance to Cl− ions on all cells tested and this was blocked by the convulsants and potentiated by a variety of anticonvulsants. The anticonvulsant agents also elevated spike threshold and/or blocked repetitive firing coincident with their depressant effects. The results indicate that (1) GABA can both increase and decrease neuronal excitability and (2) convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs have opposing actions on electrical and chemical excitability which likely contribute to their pharmacologic actions in vivo.
Liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of 1-hexene on ALPO4-supported nickel catalysts

Abstract The specific catalytic activity (SCA) and apparent activation energies (AAE) for the catalytic hydrogenation of 1-hexene in the liquid phase were determined for a series of nickel catalysts supported on AlPO 4 , AlPO 4 -Al 2 O 3 and AlPO 4 -SiO 2 systems, containing 5, 10 and 20 wt % nickel with wide ranges of dispersion, at an initial pressure of 0.41 MPa and temperatures between 298 and 323 K in methanol as solvent. The results obtained with these new catalysts are compared with those achieved with Ni/SiO 2 and Ni/Al 2 O 3 conventional catalysts. The reaction orders were in all cases pseudo zero order for olefin concentration and hydrogen pressure. Under these conditions the SCA was independent of the particle size for catalysts with the same support and nickel loading. Moreover, the SCA varies markedly with the support and was found to fall as the nickel content decreased. This behaviour was associated with a nickel-suoport interaction which decreased in the sequence: Ni/Al 2 O 3 > Ni/AIPO 4 -Al 2 O 3 > Ni/AIPO 4 > Ni/AIPO 4 -SiO 2 > N1/SiO 2 for catalysts with the same nickel loading.
Review of the theory of turbulent flow and its relation to sediment‐transportation

In flowing streams the percentage of suspended material decreases with distance above the bed and, with a certain depth and average velocity, particles above a critical size or specific gravity are not put into suspension. As the random velocities which make up the turbulent flow (turbulent flow as distinguished from laminar or viscous flow) also provide the means for carrying the particles into the interior of the fluid, a quantitative theory of turbulent-flow should also provide a theory for distribution of material in suspension. The present paper is a review of the theory of turbulent flow developed by Osborne Reynolds, Prandtl, von Karman, and Taylor, and of its application to the distribution of suspended material by Schmidt and others.
Regional blood flow redistribution in preterm piglets with hemorrhage and resuscitation.

Abstract Acute hemorrhage in premature infants occurs as the result of obstetrical complications, birth trauma, or operative procedures. This study evaluates the response of the preterm piglet to acute hemorrhage and resuscitation. Piglets delivered by Caesarean section 7-14 days preterm underwent acute arterial/venous hemorrhage (20 cc/kg). At 0, 15, and 60 rain after hemorrhage, hemodynamic parameters and regional blood flows (reference organ technique) were measured. Animals were then resuscitated with shed blood (20 cc/kg), crystalloid (60 cc/kg), or colloid (dextran 40, 20 cc/kg) with study parameters obtained 30 min later (statistical analysis by ANOVA). Significant decreases in blood pressure (BP) and cardiac output (CO) occurred after hemorrhage. BP and CO were reestablished to near control levels following resuscitation with blood and crystalloid. Dextran failed to return BP to baseline; however, it resulted in CO 1.7 × control. Heart and CNS blood flow were not significantly influenced by hemorrhage; however, dextran increased flows to these organs significantly above control levels. In the kidney and small bowel, flows decreased significantly following hemorrhage; blood and crystalloid restored flows to near baseline, while dextran resulted in flows significantly greater. In summary, the preterm piglet responds to hemorrhage with maintenance of blood flow to the heart and brain and significantly decreased flows to the kidney and small intestine. Flows following resuscitation with blood and crystalloid are comparable to those in control. Dextran resuscitation resulted in flows significantly greater than baseline; this response might be detrimental with ongoing hemorrhage and/or prolonged ischemia.
Sustainability and first‐year programs

To truly impact sustainability practices, campuses need to influence the overall campus culture including that which is fostered through first-year programs.
Proligodendroblast Antigen (POA), a Developmental Antigen Expressed by A007/O4-Positive Oligodendrocyte Progenitors Prior to the Appearance of Sulfatide and Galactocerebroside

Evidence is presented for the immunological identification of a developmental antigen appearing at a critical point in the oligodendroglial lineage. Specifically, monoclonal antibody A007 recognizes cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage at two distinct stages. Analyses of purified lipid standards and lipid extracts from galactocerebroside-positive (GalC+) oligodendrocytes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lipid dot blot, and immuno-TLC demonstrated that A007 recognizes sulfatide (SUL) and seminolipid. However, neither 35SO4 incorporation into SUL nor SUL accumulation could be detected in A007-positive cells lacking galactocerebroside (i.e., A007+GalC- progenitor cells) present early in development. These data suggest that A007 also recognizes an antigen, named proligodendroblast antigen (POA), that appears during the late stage of oligodendrocyte progenitor development prior to the expression by oligodendrocytes of SUL and GalC. We have previously reported that monoclonal antibody O4 also recognizes not only SUL and seminolipid, but in addition an antigen that appears prior to the expression of SUL and galactocerebroside. In the present study all A007+ cells were also O4+ (and vice versa), and the developmental patterns of the two antibodies appeared to be identical. We conclude that (1) A007 is similar or identical to O4 with respect to its antigenic specificity, and (2) during oligodendrocyte lineage progression both antibodies react first with antigen POA on the surface of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell prior to the expression of SUL [i.e., A007+O4+(POA+)SUL-GalC- proligodendroblasts], and only later with SUL as terminally differentiating oligodendrocytes emerge (i.e., A007+O4+SUL+GalC+ oligodendrocytes).
THE IRON-MANGANESE RELATION IN PLANT METABOLISM.

The results of many experiments have clearly demonstrated the prime importance of trace elements in the nutrition of plants. The small amounts of these substances required indicate that they have a unique function. Two of the trace elements, iron and manganese, have been given broad consideration because of their, association, in one way or another, with the important plant disease or diseases commonly known as chlorosis. The problem of chlorosis in plants has been investigated by many plant scientists because of its urgent agricultural significance. The literature is replete with reports of field tests (2, 4, 14, 19, 20) in which iron and manganese have been added to the soil to bring about recovery of plants showing symptoms of the common chlorotic disorders known as "yellows," "grey speck of grains," "marsh spot of peas," and many other similar diseases. The problem is not a simple one, and frequently the results of analytical data are conflicting and tend to confuse the problem rather than clarify it. For example, several experiments have been reported, (5, 6, 11, 13, 14) in which chlorotic plants, when analyzed, were found to have a higher iron content than normal green plants. This suggests that much of the iron present in chlorotic plants is in an insoluble form and is not effective in the metabolic processes. Investigation of the problem of iron availability (14, 20) has led to general acceptance of the theory that it is the soluble form in the plant which plays the important r?le in iron metabolism. It is evident that this element, by being precipitated within the tissues, may become inactivated and therefore unavailable to metabolic processes of the plant. When this is considered in connection with the work of Johnson (8), which shows that ferrous iron is soluble at relatively high pH values whereas ferric iron is precipitated at a relatively low pH value, it is logical to assume that the excessive proportion of inactive iron found in chlorotic plants has been oxidized from the ferrous to the ferric form, which is then precipitated. Just how oxidation may occur is not fully understood, nor is it clear by what mechanism the reduction of ferric iron is suppressed in the plant. The work of Kelley (10) and Johnson (9) is significant since it has shown that certain Hawaiian Island soils contain an abundance of soluble iron, react acid to litmus, and yet pineapple plants grown on them acquired a chlorosis which could be cured by spraying the plants with iron solutions. These soils were found to contain also
Special Issue on CSCL: Discussion

Research in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) theory and practices has the rare opportunity to simultaneously achieve high practical relevance alongside fundamental theoretical advan...
Muscle dysmorphia, self-esteem, and loneliness among gay and bisexual men.

Although past research indicates gay and bisexual men are more concerned with muscularity than their heterosexual counterparts, studies investigating psychosocial factors contributing to muscle dysmorphia (MD) among gay and bisexual men are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-esteem, loneliness, and MD among gay and bisexual men. Participants (N = 304) completed the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), and UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-version 3). A relationship among self-esteem, loneliness, and MD was found. Gay and bisexual men who reported more symptoms of MD also reported lower self-esteem and increased feelings of loneliness, than men who reported fewer MD symptoms. Psychological and environmental variables associated with gay and bisexual men are explored to help explain these results. Implications for future MD research among other oppressed populations also are discussed.
Magnetoconductance Oscillations In InGaAs/GaAs Lateral Surface Superlattices

Abstract Lateral surface superlattice (LSSL) structures have been prepared on MBE grown Ino 2Gao_8As /GaAs strained layers by electron beam lithography and metal lift-off processing. The LSSL is induced by a160 -nm period Ti /Pt/Au grid replacing the normal metal gate of a HEMT. Magnetoconductancemeasurements made at 5K show universal conductance fluctuations with an amplitude of 0.1e2/h andAharonov -Bohm type periodic oscillations with h/e periodicity in the flux coupled through each cell of thesuperlattice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of Aharonov -Bohm effect in a solidstate system that was not in a ring structure. 1. Introduction As is well known, the physical size of a transistor, which is a basic building block of the integrated circuit, hasto be reduced in order to increase the density of integration. In recent years, advances in nanolithography,using electron -beam techniques, have allowed us to reduce the characteristic length of a semiconductordevice to the scale of tens of nanometers.1 What is happening in the reduction of individual feature size ofa device is that the characteristic length is becoming so small that it is comparable to the coherence length
Sequence Specificity in RNA-Mediated Transcriptional Attenuation Examined by Coarse-Grained MD Simulations

In RNA-mediated transcriptional attenuation, the elongation of a nascent mRNA is halted prematurely through the binding of a non-coding, antisense RNA. This process is initiated by a kissing loop complex between the antisense and target hairpins. Complementarity then favors extended inter-strand base pairing; however, transcriptional attenuation requires rapid kinetics, which depend highly on sequence. Computational prediction of sequences that rapidly form extended complexes would aid in the rational design of mutually orthogonal regulators, allowing their simultaneous application to synthetic systems without generating crosstalk. Additionally, probing the energetics of these systems provides insight into the fundamental relationship between RNA sequence, structure and function.Here, we employ coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the potential of synthetic RNA hairpins, derived from prokaryotic attenuation systems such as pT181, to form extended complexes with their antisense partners. The resulting trajectories of an experimentally known RNA-attenuator system show a strong propensity for extended inter-strand base pairing and the formation of stable intermediates. In contrast, a sequentially similar, but non-functional system shows almost no potential for extended inter-strand base pairing. This observation was consistent even when the system was subjected to increased temperatures and external pulling forces that greatly increased the rate of complex formation in the known attenuator system. These results suggest that changes in the energetic landscape of inter-strand base pairing can be captured by coarse-grained MD simulations and provide a route for the prediction of new, orthogonal sequences capable of transcriptional attenuation in synthetic systems.
Epitope Mapping of Horseradish Peroxidase with Use of Monoclonal Antibodies

Nine mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to develop an epitope map of the enzyme. The results of a competitive binding assay indicated three distinct patterns of reactivity. Two groups of MAbs (I and III) recognized epitopes located in separate antigenic regions on the molecule; another (II) bound to sites that overlapped with epitopes in either region I or III. Further definition of these regions was obtained by analyzing the MAbs for their binding to isolated heme, other peroxidases and heme-containing proteins, and to denatured and apo-HRP. None of the group I MAbs bound heme, suggesting that this region was removed from the active site of the enzyme. All of the group II and III MAbs bound heme as well as the other peroxidases and heme-containing proteins, indicating that they recognized heme-associated epitopes at or near the active site. Only one MAb (2A2) in groups II and III bound to apo-HRP but not to denatured HRP; it was also the only MAb in the entire panel that inhibited the catalytic activity of HRP. This suggests that the epitope recognized by 2A2 involves both the heme moiety and a conformationally dependent protein determinant near the active site.
Secular spin dynamics of inner main-belt asteroids

Understanding the evolution of asteroid spin states is challenging work, in part because asteroids have a variety of orbits, shapes, spin states, and collisional histories but also because they are strongly influenced by gravitational and non-gravitational (YORP) torques. Using efficient numerical models designed to investigate asteroid orbit and spin dynamics, we study here how several individual asteroids have had their spin states modified over time in response to these torques (i.e., 951 Gaspra, 60 Echo, 32 Pomona, 230 Athamantis, 105 Artemis). These test cases which sample semimajor axis and inclination space in the inner main belt, were chosen as probes into the large parameter space described above. The ultimate goal is to use these data to statistically characterize how all asteroids in the main belt population have reached their present-day spin states. We found that the spin dynamics of prograde-rotating asteroids in the inner main belt is generally less regular than that of the retrograderotating ones because of numerous overlapping secular spin–orbit resonances. These resonances strongly affect the spin histories of all bodies, while those of small asteroids (40 km) are additionally influenced by YORP torques. In most cases, gravitational and non-gravitational torques cause asteroid spin axis orientations to vary widely over short (1 My) timescales. Our results show that (951) Gaspra has a highly chaotic rotation state induced by an overlap of the s and s6 spin–orbit resonances. This hinders our ability to investigate its past evolution and infer whether thermal torques have acted on Gaspra’s spin axis since its origin.
BIRTH ORDER, PERCEIVED APPRAISALS BY SIGNIFICANT OTHERS, AND SELF-ESTEEM

Two studies examined relationships between birth order, perceived evaluations of self by others, and self-esteem of college students (Ns = 164 and 308). Taken together, the studies suggest that firstborns tend to be higher in self-esteem than laterborns, that these trends are more characteristic of females than of males, and that perceived appraisals of significant others are important in accounting for such birth-order differences. In addition, it appears that the perceived appraisals of close authority figures and particularly of fathers are most influential for firstborn females, while perceived appraisals of close peers are especially important for firstborn males.
Multi-modal interfaces for control of assistive robotic devices

This paper presents an outline of dissertation research activities which aim to advance the use of non-traditional, multimodal interfaces in assistive robotic devices. The data modalities which are of particular interest in the work are perception of the environment using 3D scanning and computer vision, estimation of the user point of gaze, and perception of user intent during interaction with objects of interest. The main goal of this research is to explore the hypothesis that the combination of these data modalities can be used to provide intuitive and effective means of control over existing robotic platforms, such as wheelchairs and manipulators, to users with severe physical impairments.
New Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: From Unprecedented Assembly of Cubic Clusters to Ordered Cooperative Organization of Complementary Ligands

Five 4-connected zeolitic metal imidazolate frameworks have been synthesized by using complementary ligands in combination with fine-tuning of synthetic parameters such as solvent ratio. These materials exhibit four different tetrahedral topologies. In TIF-2 and TIF-3, the cubic double 4-ring units are assembled into two different topologies not previously found in metal imidazolates. TIF-2 possesses one-dimensional 12-ring channels and an unprecedented 4-connected topology. It exhibits permanent microporosity and high thermal stability. TIF-3 is the first known example of metal imidazolates with the zeolitic ACO topology. In TIF-4, TIF-5Zn, and TIF-5Co, two complementary ligands (one small and one large) control the framework topology in a cooperative manner with small ligands favoring small rings (such as 4-rings) and large ligands favoring large rings such as 6- and 8-rings, which highlights the significance of framework building units (i.e., cross-linking ligands) in the control of the framework topol...
Multipolarization Radar Images for Geologic Mapping and Vegetation Discrimination

The NASA/JPL airborne synthetic aperture radar system produces radar image data simultaneously in four linear polarizations (HH, VV, VH, HV) at 24.6-cm wavelength (L-band), with 10-m resolution, across a swath width of approximately 10 km. The signal data are recorded optically and digitally and annotated in each of the channels to facilitate a completely automated digital correlation. Both standard amplitude, and also phase difference images are produced in the correlation process. Individual polarization and range-dependent gain functions improve the effective dynamic range, but as yet do not permit absolute quantitative measurements of the scattering coefficients. However, comparison of the relative intensities of the different polarizations in individual black-and-white and color composite images provides discriminatory mapping information. In the Death Valley, California, area, rough surfaces of young alluvial deposits produce strong responses at all polarizations. Smoother surfaces of older alluvial deposits show significantly lower responses. Evaporite deposits of different types and moisture contents have distinct polarization signatures. In the Wind River Basin, Wyoming, sedimentary rock units show polarization responses that relate to differences in weathering. Local intensity variations in like-polarization images result from topographic effects; strong cross-polarization responses denote the effects of vegetation cover and, in some cases, possible scattering from the subsurface. In the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina, forest cover characteristics are discriminated by polarization responses that reflect the density and structure of the canopy, and the presence or absence of standing water beneath the canopy.