cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dementia with Lewy Bodies

In the last decade, a new degenerative dementia, probably the second most common after Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been increasingly recognized under the consensus name of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). This article reviews current clinical, genetic, and pathological DLB data and indicates directions for future research. DLB overlaps in clinical, pathological, and genetic features with AD and Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinically, it is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment with significant fluctuations in alertness, parkinsonism, and psychosis with recurrent hallucinations. The neuropathological hallmarks are the intracytoplasmic inclusions in substantia nigra typical of PD, known as Lewy bodies (LB) but distributed widely throughout paralimbic and neocortical regions. Most of the cases also coexist with a plaque predominant AD. It is probably the unique and differential distribution of the lesions throughout cortical and subcortical structures in each of these disorders that supports a specific clinical syndrome and may ultimately prove most useful in understanding their different etiologies. Several genes have recently been implicated in LB formation. Special interest arises from mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene, which appears to be responsible for autosomal dominant PD in several kindreds. This gene encodes a presynaptic protein, a fragment of which is present in AD plaques. Recent studies show intense and quite specific alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in LB and related neurites, suggesting a potential role of this protein in the aggregation or precipitation of LB inclusions.
The metabolic clearance rate, blood production, interconversion and transplacental passage of cortisol and cortisone in pregnancy near term.

The Metabolic Clearance Rate, Blood Production, Interconversion and Transplacental Passage of Cortisol and Cortisone in Pregnancy Near Term
Differential cross sections for electromagnetic dissociation

Abstract Differential cross sections for electromagnetic dissociation in nucleus–nucleus collisions are calculated. The kinetic energy distribution is parameterized with a Boltzmann distribution and the angular distribution is assumed isotropic in the projectile frame. In order to be useful for three-dimensional transport codes, these cross sections are available in both the projectile and lab frames. Comparison between theory and experiment is good. The formalism applies to single and multiple nucleon removal, α particle removal, and fission in electromagnetic reactions of nuclei.
CO hydrogenation and adsorption studies on supported-nickel SMSI catalysts

Abstract The uptake of CO by Ni TiO 2 and Ni Ti 2 O 3 was investigated at 25 and 125 °C following low-temperature (LT = 250 °C) and high-temperature (HT = 450 °C) reduction. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the onset of nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4) formation under various conditions of temperature and pressure. The CO uptake data were modeled using the Langmuir equation for isothermal adsorption. Monolayer coverages and equilibrium constants for CO adsorption were obtained from the uptake data. Carbon monoxide monolayer coverages were not affected by the reduction temperature of either Ni TiO 2 or Ni Ti 2 O 3 . Methanation activity at 275 °C was approximately a factor of 2 greater for the Ni TiO 2 (LT) than the Ni TiO 2 (HT) catalyst. This correlated well with the relative strength of the CO-metal surface bond, which also decreased by a factor of approximately 2. These findings suggest that the enhanced methanation rate observed on TiO2-supported catalysts is not due to the presence or absence of a strong metal-support interaction condition of the TiO2 but to other properties of TiO2 as compared to other supports.
Global Financial Governance and Development Finance in the Wake of the 2008 Financial Crisis

This study examines three related questions. How has the global financial crisis of 2008 affected the influence that developing countries have within the International Monetary Fund (IMF)? What new policy space is available to developing countries? What alternative financial architectures will emerge as competitors or complements to the IMF? The study finds that IMF practice on capital controls has changed partly as a consequence of the crisis; that relatively autonomous developing countries are taking advantage of the policy space that has emerged; and that the global financial architecture is becoming more heterogeneous and multinodal. To date, however, developing countries have secured only modest commitments for increases in their formal influence at the IMF as a consequence of the crisis. Looking ahead, the crisis may create space for pressing an inclusive, participatory, feminist agenda in this domain.
Eigen-focus beam control for target-in-the-loop

In this paper we demonstrate that the amplitude and phase of the principle eigenfunction for the pupil-plane mutual intensity can be used to specify a beam that concentrates its intensity at the brightest point on the target in a target-in-the-loop system with a spatially incoherent reflected field. In addition, we discuss two methods for beam control: a method for which the beam amplitude and phase are determined as the principle eigenfunction for the measured (but incomplete) pupil-plane mutual intensity; and a method for which the beam amplitude and phase are determined to maximize a window-based image-plane sharpness measure. We demonstrate that the two methods are similar, and that both result in beams that correspond to the principle eigenfunction for an apodized mutual intensity function.
Churchill: The Unexpected Hero – By Paul Addison

The author of this book has written one of the best short biographies and historiographies of Winston Churchill to appear in the past decade. Affiliated with the Centre for Second World War Studies...
Markets vs. polls as election predictors: An historical assessment

Prediction markets have drawn considerable attention in recent years as a tool for forecasting elections. But how accurate are they? Do they outperform the polls, as some scholars argue? Do prices in election markets carry information beyond the horserace in the latest polls? This paper assesses the accuracy of US presidential election betting markets in years before and after opinion polling was introduced. Our results are provocative. First, we find that market prices are far better predictors in the period without polls than when polls were available. Second, we find that market prices of the pre-poll era predicted elections almost on par with polls following the introduction of scientific polling. Finally, when we have both market prices and polls, prices add nothing to election prediction beyond polls. To be sure, early election markets were (surprisingly) good at extracting campaign information without scientific polling to guide them. For more recent markets, candidate prices largely follow the polls.
Local Contrast and Memory Windows as Proximate Foraging Mechanisms

and Summary A recent modification of optimal foraging theory has been a sliding “memory window” of prior patches visited to replace the absolute knowledge of patch profitability assumed by most versions of foraging theory. While this appears to be a more realistic demand on the predator's abilities to abstract and utilize environmental information, little is known about these abilities for most animals in the wild. A phenomenon from the operant conditioning laboratory (local contrast) yields remarkably pertinent data on this point. This paper outlines the similarities between memory windows and local contrast and discusses some of the implications for both foraging and learning theories. 1 Local contrast implies a time course to foraging except under the most unpredictable conditions. Memory windows imply no such time course. 2 Most predators examined in the laboratory from the viewpoint of optimal foraging theory have been generalists. Specialized feeders may exhibit different sorts of proximate responses to stochastic situations. 3 Manipulation of resource predictability may also serve to highlight differences between local contast and memory windows and between generalists and specialists. 4 More consideration should be given to the appropriate reinforcement schedule(s) used in laboratory simulations of foraging decisions. Seemingly minor changes in schedule contingencies may yield marked changes in response patters. “Hybrid” schedules may have to be devised to adequately mimic natural conditions. Zusammenfassung Die meisten Versionen der Theorie des optimalen Nahrungserwerbs (optimal foraging) setzen eine vollstandige Kenntnis der ortlichen Ergiebigkeit voraus. Die tatsachlichen Moglichkeiten des Lebewesens, derartige Informationen aus der Umgebung zu gewinnen und auszuwerten, passen aber wohl eher zur Annahme eines “gleitenden Erinnerungsfensters”; nur weis man daruber von freilebenden Tieren fast nichts. Der “ortliche Kontrast”, ein Phanomen, das beim Erwerben bedingter Aktionen auftritt, kann hier weiterhelfen. Erortert werden Gemeinsamkeiten des Phanomens mit dem Erinnerungsfenster und Folgerungen fur die Theorie des Lernens und des Nahrungserwerbs. 1 Ortlicher Kontrast schliest einen bestimmten Zeitverlauf der Nahrungs-suche ein (auser unter unvorhersehbaren Situationen), Erinnerungsfenster tun das nicht. 2 Die meisten Laboruntersuchungen zur Theorie optimaler Nahrungs-nutzung benutzen Generalisten. Nahrungs-Spezialisten konnten unter stochastischen Bedingungen anders reagieren. 3 Durch gezielte Veranderung der Ergiebigkeits-Erwartung sollten Unter-schiede zwischen Spezialisten und Generalisten, sowie zwischen ortlichem Kontrast und Erinnerungsfenster deutlicher hervortreten. 4 Bei Laborversuchen zum Nahrungsfinden sollte mehr auf die geeigneten Belohnungs-Schematen geachtet werden; geringe Anderungen hier konnen starke Anderungen im Verhalten zur Folge haben. Misch-Schematen konnten notig werden, um naturliche Verhaltnisse zu simulieren.
Defining a DORIS core network for Jason-1 precise orbit determination based on ITRF2000: methods and realization

In view of the future adoption of the new precise orbit determination (POD) standards for the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellites, we propose a method to evaluate terrestrial reference frames for POD. We applied this method to the ITRF2000 realization of the DORIS network using local geodetic ties, plate motion models, the recent DORIS IGN04D02 cumulative solution and DORIS weekly time-series of coordinates. We propose to adopt a selection of the ITRF2000 realization based on specific criteria that we define here, and to extend it with ground stations for which we propose new coordinates and velocities. Only 13 out of 131 stations were considered to be inappropriate for POD activities. The result is a robust and well-distributed DORIS core network of 118 stations (DPOD2000) suitable for POD during the 1993–2008 period considered here.
Ionizational Nonequilibrium Heating During Outer Planetary Entries

An analytical tool has been developed which enables the impact of ionizational nonequilibrium effects on outer planet entry heating to be estimated. The analysis combines recent shock-tube experiments, flowfield calculations, and planetary entry trajectory analysis. The thickness of the nonequilibrium layer and its variation around the entry body have been correlated by a reaction flow parameter over a wide range of entry conditions. The influence of nonequilibrium effects on heating during entry into Saturn and Jupiter model atmospheres has been studied and the effect of vehicle size and ballistic coefficient determined. An ionizational nonequilibrium layer of significant thickness was found to exist during portions of entry into Saturn and Jupiter warm atmospheres. However, the nonequilibrium layer was found to be thin during the peak heating portions of the trajectory and resulted in reductions in total probe heating of less than 15%.
Combination of quantitative ST deviation and troponin elevation provides independent prognostic and therapeutic information in unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Background ST deviation and troponin are indicators of risk in unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction with related but distinct pathophysiology. We hypothesized that a combination of the two would offer complementary information regarding the benefit of an invasive strategy. Methods and Results Electrocardiogram and troponin data were gathered in 1846 patients in TACTICS-TIMI 18. Adjusting for baseline characteristics, the independent odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for death or myocardial infarction by 6 months was 1.29 (0.78-2.13) for 0.05 to 0.09 mV ST deviation, 1.83 (1.22-2.75) for ≥0.10 mV ST deviation, 1.69 (0.96-2.97) for troponin T 0.01 to 0.10 ng/mL, and 2.32 (1.52-3.53) for troponin T >0.10 ng/mL. There was a significant interaction between the magnitude of ST deviation and treatment strategy ( P interaction = .04). After adjusting for troponin and other baseline characteristics, an early invasive strategy was associated with a 27% greater reduction in the odds of death or myocardial infarction in those with 0.05 to 0.09 mV of ST deviation (OR interaction 0.73, 95% CI 0.27-2.02) and a 64% greater reduction in those with ≥0.10 mV (OR interaction 0.36, 95% CI 0.16-0.84) compared with in those without ST deviation. Conclusions The magnitude of ST deviation and degree of troponin elevation are graded independent predictors of outcome in unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction. ST deviation complements troponin elevation in selecting patients for early invasive management.
E Pluribus Unum: 3′ End Formation of Polyadenylated mRNAs, Histone mRNAs, and U snRNAs

The 3′ ends of almost all eukaryotic RNAs are generated by nucleolytic cleavage. Remarkably, three groups now demonstrate that similar or identical endonucleases of the metallo-β-lactamase family generate the 3′ ends of polyadenylated mRNAs, nonpolyadenylated histone mRNAs, and U snRNAs.
A polyoxometallate-templated coordination polymer: synthesisand crystal structure of [Cu3(4,4′-bipy)5(MeCN)2]PW12O40·2C6H5CN

The spherical phosphotungstate ion, PW12O403−, has been used as a non-coordinating anionic template for the construction of a novel, three-dimensional Cu(I) coordination polymer.
Heating power feedback control for CO2 laser fusion splicers

A novel feedback control method has been developed for an automated splicer using a CO 2 laser as the heating element. The feedback method employs a sensor for laser beam power and CMOS cameras as sensors for fiber luminescence which is directly related to glass temperature. The CO 2 laser splicer with this type of feedback system provides a consistent platform for the fiber laser and bio-medical industry for fabrication of fused glass components such as tapers, couplers, combiners, mode-field adaptors, and fusion splices. With such a closed loop feedback system, both splice loss and peak-to-peak taper ripple are greatly reduced.
Splice variants of glutamate receptor subunits 2 and 3 in striatal projection neurons.

The distribution of glutamate receptor subunits (GluR) 2 and 3 in relation to striatal efferent neurons was examined. Our results showed that striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons differed in the relative proportion of splice variant messenger RNAs expressed. The rank order of the percentage of striatonigral neurons expressing a particular splice variant was GluR2-flop (∼40%)>GluR3-flop (∼20%)>GluR2-flip (∼10–15%)>GluR3-flip (∼10%). For striatopallidal neurons, the pattern of expression was GluR3-flop (∼35%)>GluR2-flop (∼20%)>GluR3-flip (∼15–20%)>GluR2-flip (<10%). By immunohistochemical methods, we observed that approximately half of striatal projection neurons stained for GluR2/4, with no discernible difference in the distribution or proportion of striatonigral neurons labeled as compared to striatopallidal neurons. In the case of striatonigral neurons, the immunohistochemical data support the results of in situ hybridization studies. However, with regard to striatopallidal neurons, the percentage of neurons expressing GluR2 messenger RNA (<35%) is lower than the percentage of neurons expressing the receptor protein (∼50%). This disparity underscores the importance of looking at both messenger RNA expression and protein abundance rather than relying on a single measure of receptor expression. The results of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies demonstrate inhomogeneity within both striatonigral and striatopallidal neuron populations since some, but not all, of these neurons express GluR2 and/or GluR3. These data suggest that specific populations of striatal projection neurons express unique complements of excitatory amino acid receptors, which may be important in the understanding of both normal striatal function and basal ganglia disease.
Dominant-negative IκB facilitates apoptosis of osteoclasts by tumor necrosis factor-α

Osteoclasts are the sole bone-resorbing cells. Heightened activity of these cells under pathological conditions leads to the development of bone loss diseases, such as osteolysis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. We have shown previously that tumor necrosis factor α-(TNF) strongly induces osteoclastogenesis of preosteoclasts and do so through activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB. Most importantly, recent studies have shown that NF-κB is required for the development of osteoclasts. This transcription factor has also been proven as an essential mediator of inflammatory diseases including those related to bone. In this regard, we have shown that various mutated forms of IκBα are potent inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we examined the direct effect of DN-IκB on mature and preosteoclast development in the presence of TNF. Our findings indicate that once committed to the osteoclastogenic pathway, preosteoclasts form giant and hyperactive osteoclasts in response to TNF. However, administration of DN-IκB to cultures prior to TNF exposure averts the osteoclastogenic effect of TNF into apoptosis. Screening potential mediators of DN-IκB and TNF-induced apoptosis shows that caspase 3, caspase 9, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, and Bax are activated, whereas levels of Bcl-XL, cIAP-1, and TRAF6 were reduced. Taken together, these findings suggest that under conditions of NF-κB inactivity levels of pro-survival factors are diminished, which in turn facilitates TNF induction of pro-apoptotic factors leading to apoptosis.
An alternative approach to the parallel sum

The parallel sum of two positive operators on a Hilbert space H is defined by the formula: A:B = lim"@e" "@7" "0a(A + B + @eI)^-^1B. If the operator (A + B) is invertible then this reduces to A:B = A(A + B)^-^1B. The obvious generalization to non-invertible A + B is A(A + B)^@?B, where (A + B)^@? denotes the (possibly unbounded) Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of (A + B). This, however, does not work. In fact, from an abstract point of view, the operation (A, B) @? A:B is not purely algebraic. Nevertheless, we show that the parallel sum of A and B can be written as A:B|"k"e"r"("A" "+" "B")"^"@? = A^~ (A + B)^~^ ^-^1 B^~|"k"e"r"("A" "+" "B")"^"@?, where A^~ denotes an extension of A to the Hilbert space constructed by completing the inner product space Hker(A + B) with the inner product (x, y)"A" "+" "B = ((A + B)x, y). Both sides of the above equation vanish on ker(A + B). The above results depend on the infinite network interpretations of the shorted operator (or generalized Schur complement) due to C. A. Butler and the author.
Dipolar Coupling Between Nanopillar Spin Valves and Magnetic Quantum Cellular Automata Arrays

We experimentally demonstrate magnetostatic coupling between a nanopillar pseudo spin valve structure and a linear array of dipole-coupled permalloy nanomagnets. Using magnetic force microscopy, we study the interaction between the spin valve and the first element of the array, and present evidence that the nanomagnet couples with the hard layer of the spin valve for two spin valves with distinctly different composition. Our study includes a statistical analysis of antiferromagnetic order within the linear array and provides insights into the range of behavior that these arrays can display. These results bear directly on the design of magnetic quantum cellular automata (MQCA) logic devices, showing that multilayer devices can couple to simple nanomagnets. Redesigning the hard layer of the magnetoresistive devices would make them operational as an electronic input that will allow integration of MQCA networks in complex electronic circuitry.
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the African American population

Genetic polymorphism along mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defines population-specific signatures called mtDNA haplogroups. Estimation of mtDNA haplogroup distribution may be prone to errors, notably if the study sample is not drawn from a multicenter cohort. Here, we report on mtDNA diversity in a sample of African American individuals (n = 343) enrolled in a multicenter cohort. Sequencing of the hypervariable regions I and II of the D-loop control region showed that the most common mitochondrial variants are 73G, 146C, 150T, 152C, 189G, 16278T, and 16311C. In agreement with the published data, we observed 17 common mtDNA haplogroups: L0, L1, L1b, L1c, L2, L2a, L2b, L2c, L2e, L3, L3b, L3d, L3e, L3f, L3h, L3x, and L4. The most commonly observed haplogroup is L2a (19.8%), followed by L1b (10.2%). Overall, the observed mtDNA haplogroup distribution in our study is similar to those published for the African American and the African populations.
Use of cone beam computed tomography to volumetrically assess alveolar cleft defects--preliminary results.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging in assessing the volume of alveolar cleft defects in patients undergoing secondary cleft repair. Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients with unilateral clefts were analyzed in a retrospective study. Preoperative CBCT imaging of patients preparing to undergo secondary repair of alveolar clefts was reviewed. Using anatomic landmarks, 3 measurements were collected from CBCT images for each patient: facial width (FW), facial height (FH), and facial-palatal length (FL). These values were used to calculate the estimated volume (EV) of the cleft and thus the amount of bone graft material that would be needed to fill the defect. Results: The overall mean values of FW, FH, and FL were 9.7 3.1, 14.07 2.7, and 5.6 0.8 mm, respectively. Mean EV was 489.0 151.6 mm 3 . The single (0.879) and average (0.956) measurements of the intraclass correlation coefficient for FH were very good to excellent. Similar data were observed for FH (single, 0.827; average, 0.935). For FL, a decreasing trend in the mean and variability over the 3 measurement times was reflected in low single (0.305) and moderate average (0.569) intraclass correlation coefficients. Conclusions: CBCT imaging can be used to reliably measure FW, FH, and FL and to calculate the EV of the cleft. These data can be used by oral and maxillofacial surgeons to quantitatively assess the volume of an alveolar cleft and aid in preoperative determination of the amount of bone that will be needed to adequately graft the cleft space. This will also aid in appropriate selection of an autogenous graft donor site before surgery. © 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg xx:xxx, 2011
Dissociation of the tetrameric form of β-D-galactosidase by inactivating antibodies

Abstract From the following results, we have concluded that inactivation of β-D-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) by specific antibodies occurs through dissociation of the 16S enzyme into 10S subunits: (a) 10s material is only observed when inactivation has occurred; (b) in enzyme preparations inactivated to different levels, the fraction of β-D-galactosidase protein present in 10S form corresponds to the level of inactivation in the given preparation; (c) inactivation is accompanied by a loss of enzymatically active 16S material equivalent to the amount of 10S material formed.
Superconductivity and the Debye Characteristic Temperature

A plot of the superconducting threshold temperatures as a function of the Debye characteristic temperatures of the known superconducting elements discloses a number of interesting relationships. These relationships, in conjunction with previously known empirical rules, are used to discuss the occurrence of superconduction among other elements. It is concluded that Sc, Y, and Sm are not likely to be found superconducting, but that Ce, Pr, Nd, and Ac (should its atomic volume prove to be of the order of 22 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole) are expected to be superconducting. Data on Pa is very sketchy. The best that can be inferred is that Pa should be superconducting with a threshold temperature in excess of 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance

This paper reviews the measurement of parental discipline and nurturance over the past 20 years. Discipline and nurturance are two of the most heavily referenced constructs in the parenting research literature, but there are varying ways to operationalize them with respect to both method and content. The review considered 76 questionnaires that purported to assess discipline, nurturance, or both. The evaluation included examination of a total of 27 interview schedules that used either in-person or telephone structured questions or a vignette format and focused on discipline and nurturance or discipline only. A total of 33 observational systems were reviewed, the majority of which addressed both discipline and nurturance. All measures were profiled, and several noteworthy instruments were discussed. Recommendations were offered regarding how to strengthen measurement and scientific understanding of discipline and nurturance, including the need for greater attention to cultural variation and measurement equivalence issues.
O/N2 changes during 1–4 October 2002 storms: IMAGE SI‐13 and TIMED/GUVI observations

[1] Thermospheric O/N2 column density ratios referenced at a N2 column density of 1017 cm−2 are obtained using the IMAGE SI-13 and TIMED/GUVI far-ultraviolet (FUV) dayglow data, AURIC simulation results, and MSIS86 model. Each of the magnetic storms occurring during a 4-day period (1–4 October 2002) caused significant O/N2 depletion that was detected by both of the IMAGE SI-13 and GUVI instruments. The depletion extended down to latitudes of 10° and −5° in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively. Simultaneous measurements show an excellent agreement between the SI-13 and GUVI O/N2 on both global and local scales. The IMAGE SI-13 O/N2 data provide direct optical evidence that the O/N2 depletion corotates with the Earth. The GUVI O/N2 indicate the depletion in both of the hemispheres is not symmetric owing to the seasonal effect and differences in heating and convection induced winds. Both the IMAGE SI-13 and GUVI O/N2 maps also provide a good opportunity for future modeling efforts.
Incorporating virtual negative examples to improve SAR ATR

One common problem in automatic target recognition (ATR) is the insufficient size of the training set. Methods have been proposed to counter act this shortcoming, such as the noisy interpolation theory, hints, new distance measure (tangent distance), virtual examples, etc. This paper presents the idea of creating virtual negative examples as severe distortions of the known class patterns. Two classifiers are studied, a perceptron and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) trained to recognize objects in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. They utilize the training set (positive examples) to create the discriminant function of each class in the conventional way. On the other hand, the virtual negative examples will help determine the regions where the discriminant function should yield a low value. The experimental results show that incorporating the negative examples improves greatly (nearly 50 percents improvement) the confuser rejection rates.
The chemotherapy of adult primary brain tumors

Adult patients with primary malignant brain tumors are a heterogeneous group. Most patients will have high-grade astrocytomas and can be expected to obtain minimal benefit from current standard chemotherapy regimens. Intra-arterial chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow rescue, and new chemotherapeutic agents designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier have not resulted in significant advances to date. However, there are exciting new directions in the chemotherapy of high-grade astrocytomas which are entering clinical trials. Two potentially promising approaches include interstitial chemotherapy using surgically implanted polymers and the continuous infusion of combinations of active chemotherapeutic agents. Other therapeutic modalities such as radioactive seed implants, stereotactic radiosurgery, and gene therapy are also being evaluated. Hopefully, this intense activity by subspecialists with a wide range of interests and expertise will produce novel and effective treatments for the large number of patients with malignant astrocytomas. In contrast, patients with many of the less common neoplasms of the central nervous system may benefit from the addition of chemotherapy to their treatment. Primary germ cell tumors or lymphomas of the central nervous system are very sensitive to chemotherapy. The germ cell tumors respond to the cisplatin-containing regimens developed for testicular malignancies. The optimal chemotherapy for CNS lymphoma is not clear but exciting results have been reported with a combination of radiation, systemic and intrathecal methotrexate, and systemic cytosine arabinoside. Although limited, the available literature suggests that patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas may also benefit from chemotherapy at diagnosis or at relapse. Studies in children suggest a benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in poor risk patients with medulloblastomas although these findings have not been confirmed in adults. Finally, anecdotal reports suggest that chemotherapy may be useful in the very rare patient who presents with a pineal tumor or an ependymoma.
Book Review of Barack Obama's The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream

Editor-in-Chief Max J. Skidmore reviews Barack Obama's The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream and uncovers possible insights into the president's upcoming poverty agenda both at home and abroad.
Surgical treatment of hip dislocation in Kabuki syndrome: use of incomplete periacetabular osteotomy for posterior acetabular wall deficiency.

Purpose Kabuki syndrome is characterized by distinctive facial features, skeletal anomalies, persisting fingertip pads with dermatoglyphic abnormalities, postnatal growth deficiency and mental retardation. This report reviews our results in the operative treatment of hip dislocations in patients with Kabuki syndrome.
Conflict detection of automated guided vehicles: a Petri net approach

This research project investigates and develops techniques for automatically detecting potential vehicle conflicts in an automated guided vehicle (AGV) system. Three activities are involved: (1) construction of a set of formal definitions of Petri nets for modelling AGV systems; (2) development of procedures for detection of vehicle routeing conflicts; (3) development of a simulation program of the procedure. In this paper the first two activities are discussed in detail, and examples are provided.
Fiber sensor devices and applications

This Tutorial discusses the basic principles of optical fiber sensor technology, outlining the various sensing mechanisms which can be utilized to influence the propagation of light in an optical fiber. Sensor types and classifications, intensity, interferometric, intrinsic, and extrinsic, are defined, and a wide range of examples is discussed. Particular emphasis is given to describing the principles of operation of acoustic, magnetic field, and rotation (gyroscope) sensors. Distributed sensor configurations and sensor network- ing/telemetry are also outlined, and the Tutorial concludes with a brief review of the current status of fiber sensor technology.
Zhonggu huahua xianjiao kaoshu [A Study of Sinicized Zoroastrianism in Medieval China]

Zhonggu huahua xianjiao kaoshu [A Study of Sinicized Zoroastrianism in Medieval China], Zhang Xiaogui, Beijing: Cultural Relics Press, 2010, ISBN 978-7-5010-2935-8, 222pp., 40 plates Zoroastrianism...
Carboxypeptidase M and Kinin B1 Receptors Interact to Facilitate Efficient B1 Signaling from B2 Agonists

Kinin B1 receptor (B1R) expression is induced by injury or inflammatory mediators, and its signaling produces both beneficial and deleterious effects. Kinins cleaved from kininogen are agonists of the B2R and must be processed by a carboxypeptidase to generate B1R agonists des-Arg9-bradykinin or des-Arg10-kallidin. Carboxypeptidase M (CPM) is a membrane protein potentially well suited for this function. Here we show that CPM expression is required to generate a B1R-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i in cells stimulated with B2R agonists kallidin or bradykinin. CPM and the B1R interact on the cell membrane, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation, cross-linking, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis. CPM and B1R are also co-localized in lipid raft/caveolin-enriched membrane fractions, as determined by gradient centrifugation. Treatment of cells co-expressing CPM and B1R with methyl-β-cyclodextrin to disrupt lipid rafts reduced the B1R-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i in response to B2R agonists, whereas cholesterol treatment enhanced the response. A monoclonal antibody to the C-terminal β-sheet domain of CPM reduced the B1R response to B2R agonists without inhibiting CPM. Cells expressing a novel fusion protein containing CPM at the N terminus of the B1R also increased [Ca2+]i when stimulated with B2R agonists, but the response was not reduced by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or CPM antibody. A B1R- and CPM-dependent calcium signal in response to B2R agonist bradykinin was also found in endothelial cells that express both proteins. Thus, a close relationship of B1Rs and CPM on the membrane is required for efficiently generating B1R signals, which play important roles in inflammation.
Two-photon absorption resonance effects in the third-order responses of transparent liquids

Abstract Two-photon absorption (TPA) resonance effects on the ultrafast pump–probe and transient grating (TG) responses of some transparent liquids excited with 400 nm pulses are demonstrated. The contribution of TPA and ground state Raman responses are separated in a TG experiment when the third-order polarization signal is viewed in the appropriate phase-matched direction as shown for the homodyne, TG response of CS 2 . The pump–probe dichroic responses of liquids with (CS 2 and CH 3 I) and without (H 2 O, CCl 4 , and CH 3 OH) TPA resonances at 200 nm are compared. These results are discussed in the context of a perturbative third-order polarization treatment of TPA.
A Hierarchy of Near-Optimal Policies for Multistage Adaptive Optimization

In this paper, we propose a new tractable framework for dealing with linear dynamical systems affected by uncertainty, applicable to multistage robust optimization and stochastic programming. We introduce a hierarchy of near-optimal polynomial disturbance-feedback control policies, and show how these can be computed by solving a single semidefinite programming problem. The approach yields a hierarchy parameterized by a single variable (the degree of the polynomial policies), which controls the trade-off between the optimality gap and the computational requirements. We evaluate our framework in the context of three classical applications-two in inventory management, and one in robust regulation of an active suspension system-in which very strong numerical performance is exhibited, at relatively modest computational expense.
A Constructivist Account of the Congo Wars

ABSTRACT Although the recent encyclopedic studies of the Congo wars provide us with detailed narratives of how the wars began and myriad proximate causes, none presents an overall account of how these wars could happen. This article attempts to provide an overall account of the Congo wars using a simplified constructivist analytical framework. The account does not claim to explain the Congo wars, but rather it tries to identify a context in which they can be understood. It draws on the vocabulary of the variety of constructivism outlined by Nicolas Onuf, a variety of the epistemological approach that is particularly useful for understanding the changes in the regional rules that permitted the Congo wars to begin. Namely, Onuf's focus on the rules that emerge from a dialectical interaction of relevant agents and structures is invaluable in understanding how the Congo wars could happen. These concepts help us understand how the end of the Cold War in Africa led to rapid changes in the (constructed) identiti...
Backtalk: a generalized dynamic communication system for DAI

In order to expand the domain of problems addressable by expert systems, co-operation is required. To enable this co-operation, a free exchange of ‘thoughts’ between individual expert systems must be provided. A transparent, modularized communication system, called Backtalk, consisting of a router process and an incoming and outgoing message process pair associated with each expert system has been developed. All messages are sent to the router, which is responsible for determining the exact address of the destination agent and passing the message to the agent. The system uses Unix pipes to pass information between different agents, thereby providing generality in the system. The Backtalk system is similar to the communication system put forth by Bridgeland, Huhns and Arni, but has advantages in dynamic systems. This paper also describes a solution to the issue of defining when messages are allowed to affect the problem-solving activity of a receiving agent. The system has been tested with communicating expert systems written in the Accord system.
Searching for Items in Menus: The Effects of Organization and Type of Target:

Methods of organizing menu structures have received considerable empirical attention. Studies have compared categorical and alphabetical organizations with conflicting results. This experiment examined the effects of these and other organization types on visual search performance with 64-item menus. The effect of target type was also assessed by comparing performance using explicit targets as stimuli with that obtained using target definitions. Categorical menu organization was found to be superior to an alphabetical ordering, particularly when definitions are provided as stimuli.
Hostage taking: Understanding terrorism event dynamics

Abstract This paper employs advanced time series methods to identify the dynamic properties of three hostage taking series. The immediate and long run multipliers of three covariates—successful past negotiations, violent ends, and deaths—are identified. Each hostage series responds differently to the covariates. Past concessions have the strongest impact on generating future kidnapping events, supporting the conventional wisdom to abide by a stated no-concession policy. Each hostage series has different changepoints caused by a variety of circumstances. Skyjackings and kidnappings are negatively correlated, while skyjackings and other hostage events are positively correlated. Policy recommendations are offered.
In-Situ Observations of High Temperature Surface Processes on α-Alumina Bulk Crystals

©1991 Materials Research Society. The original publication is available at: http://www.mrs.org/
Locus of control and neuropsychological performance in chronic alcoholics

Correlated neuropsychological performance and three dimensions of Locus of Control (LOC) were examined in 62 hospitalized male chronic alcoholics and 24 non-alcoholic males drawn from the community. Performance deficits in alcoholic Ss correlated significantly with high scores on the Chance (LOC-C) and Powerful Others (LOC-PO) scales for approximately half of the measures employed, while no such correlations were significant in the controls. Correlations between performance and scores on the Internal (LOC-I) scale were negligible. Controls scored significantly higher than alcoholics on the Internal dimension; Chance and Powerful Others orientation were not significantly different in the two groups. From these and other results we conclude: (a) alcoholics and controls manifest similar but not identical LOC orientations; (b) alcoholics and controls show different relationships between neuropsychological performance and LOC orientation; and (c) the correlation between LOC variables and performance in alcoholics cannot account for the widespread differences in performance levels between the two groups.
The Two Arms of Cambay: Diasporic Texts of Ecumenical Islam in the Indian Ocean

Long-distance trade, entailing as it does repeated exchanges across countries and cultures, often brings in its train consequences beyond the exchange of goods and specie. As other exchanges—of warfare, kinship, supplication, devotion—thicken social relations across routes pioneered by trade, new ways of imagining society across a larger space emerge. This paper examines the transcultural work that may be performed to create such enlarged imaginations of society, with a particular reference to the Hadramis of Yemen. In such ways, we suggest that a world religion, such as Islam, can give specific cultural shape to the distant horizons of world trade, as both expanded across the Indian Ocean over the past five centuries. Le commerce de longue distance impliquait des echanges repetes entre regions et cultures; il en entrainait souvent d'autres qui, tels la guerre, les liens de parente, les actes cultuels, renfor caient les relations sociales, suscitant de nouvelles perspectives d'approches de la societe sur une plus large echelle. Fondee plus particulierement sur le cas des Hadramis du Yemen, cette contribution examinera les etudes transculturelles a mener pour apprehender une plus large societe. Il est ainsi suggere qu'une religion universelle, l'Islam, a pu apporter quelque forme culturelle specifique au commerce mondial quand, durant les cinq derniers siecles, ils se deploient de concert sur l'Ocean indien.
The influence of mechanoreceptor structures on regenerating sensory axons after cutaneous nerve transection in the cat

After nerve transection, cutaneous type I mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben or tactile domes) preferentially reappear at old loci, although some do appear at new locations. The mechanism by which this topological specificity is maintained was studied by transecting the femoral cutaneous nerve in cats in which about half of the Haarscheiben were removed by cauterization. Thirteen months after nerve transection, domes were found on uncauterized sites at a rate significantly greater than that expected by chance alone, but on cauterized old dome sites at a rate expected by chance alone. It is concluded the reappearance of type I receptors at old receptor sites following nerve transection is primarily due to intrinsic properties of the receptor sites, rather than to guidance of regenerating axonal sprouts to these sites by the endoneurial matrix of the distal stump of the lesioned nerve.
Patenting gene therapy for arthritis

The application of gene therapy to the treatment of arthritis and related disorders is a novel therapeutic approach of considerable promise. Genes may be delivered locally to diseased joints, or systemically to extra-articular locations, by ex vivo or in vivo strategies using a variety of viral and non-viral vectors. A small number of patent applications have been filed which seek to protect these concepts, but none have yet been issued. A number of potentially anti-arthritic genes have been patented and more may be expected to receive patent protection in the future. Improvements in vector delivery systems are likely to be a major focus of future patent applications.
Making subaltern shikaris: histories of the hunted in colonial central India

Academic histories of hunting or shikar in India have almost entirely focused on the sports hunting of British colonists and Indian royalty. This article attempts to balance this elite bias by focusing on the meaning of shikar in the construction of the Gond ‘tribal’ identity in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century colonial central India. Coining the term ‘subaltern shikaris’ to refer to the class of poor, rural hunters, typically ignored in this historiography, the article explores how the British managed to use hunting as a means of state penetration into central India’s forest interior, where they came to regard their Gond forest-dwelling subjects as essentially and eternally primitive hunting tribes. Subaltern shikaris were employed by elite sportsmen and were also paid to hunt in the colonial regime’s vermin eradication programme, which targeted tigers, wolves, bears and other species identified by the state as ‘dangerous beasts’. When offered economic incentives, forest dwellers usually willi...
Reductive carboxylation supports growth in tumour cells with defective mitochondria

Mitochondrial metabolism provides precursors to build macromolecules in growing cancer cells. In normally functioning tumour cell mitochondria, oxidative metabolism of glucose- and glutamine-derived carbon produces citrate and acetyl-coenzyme A for lipid synthesis, which is required for tumorigenesis. Yet some tumours harbour mutations in the citric acid cycle (CAC) or electron transport chain (ETC) that disable normal oxidative mitochondrial function, and it is unknown how cells from such tumours generate precursors for macromolecular synthesis. Here we show that tumour cells with defective mitochondria use glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation rather than oxidative metabolism as the major pathway of citrate formation. This pathway uses mitochondrial and cytosolic isoforms of NADP(+)/NADPH-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and subsequent metabolism of glutamine-derived citrate provides both the acetyl-coenzyme A for lipid synthesis and the four-carbon intermediates needed to produce the remaining CAC metabolites and related macromolecular precursors. This reductive, glutamine-dependent pathway is the dominant mode of metabolism in rapidly growing malignant cells containing mutations in complex I or complex III of the ETC, in patient-derived renal carcinoma cells with mutations in fumarate hydratase, and in cells with normal mitochondria subjected to acute pharmacological ETC inhibition. Our findings reveal the novel induction of a versatile glutamine-dependent pathway that reverses many of the reactions of the canonical CAC, supports tumour cell growth, and explains how cells generate pools of CAC intermediates in the face of impaired mitochondrial metabolism.
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Barrow Canyon

PacificWaterflowsacross theshallowChukchiSea beforereachingthe Arctic Ocean,where it isa sourceof heat, freshwater, nutrients, and carbon. A substantial portion of Pacific Water is routed through Barrow Canyon, located in the northeast corner of the Chukchi. Barrow Canyon is a region of complex geometry and forcing where a variety of water masses have been observed to coexist. These factors contribute to a dynamic physical environment, with the potential for significant water mass transformation. The measurements of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation presented here indicate diapycnal mixing is important in the upper canyon. Elevated dissipation rates were observed near the pycnocline, effectively mixing winter and summer water masses, as well as within the bottom boundary layer. The slopes of shear/stratification layers, combined with analysis of rotary spectra, suggest that near-inertial wave activity may be important in modulating dissipation near the bottom. Because the canyon is known to be a hotspot of productivity with an active benthic community, mixing may be an important factor in maintenance of the biological environment.