cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reassessment of Apparent Sterol Requirement for Sexual Reproduction in Phytophthora

Moderate numbers of oospores were produced by cross-inducing Phytophthora parasitica on chemically defined media with agar. However, even in the presence of sterols very few oospores were produced in liquid media or when agar was replaced by highly purified agarose. Elimination of agar from defined media also reduced the numbers of oospores produced by self-inducing Phytophthora cactorum in defined media. A new chemically defined medium was developed and used to assess sterol requirement for sexual reproduction in Phytophthora. Addition of lecithin to liquid basal medium greatly increased the numbers of oospores produced by P. parasitica, whereas β -sitosterol at 20μg/ml was ineffective. Lecithin in basal medium also increased oospore production by P. cactorum 550 times over basal medium only, much more than the increase by β-sitosterol. Addition of β-sitosterol at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20μg/ml to basal medium supplemented with lecithin did not increase the numbers of oospores produced by both P. parasitica and P. cactorum. Vegetative growth of both fungi in basal medium with lecithin was fast and similar to that in V-8 juice medium, but was slow in basal medium with β-sitosterol. Chromatographically purified lecithin from soybean was still very effective in promoting oospore formation, but lecithin from egg yolk and two synthetic lecithins tested were ineffective. The results show that sterols are not essential for sexual reproduction in both P. parasitica and P. cactorum.
A Russellian account of suspended judgment

Suspended judgment poses a serious problem for Russellianism. In this paper I examine several possible solutions to this problem and argue that none of them is satisfactory. Then I sketch a new solution. According to this solution, suspended judgment should be understood as a sui generis propositional attitude. By this I mean that it cannot be reduced to, or explained in terms of, other propositional attitudes, such as belief. Since suspended judgment is sui generis in this sense, sentences that ascribe this attitude to someone should not be analyzed in terms of other attitude ascriptions, such as belief ascriptions. Instead they should be understood as involving a semantically primitive predicate, corresponding to the state of suspended judgment.
383 PROTEIN VARIATION IN MOUSE LIVER WITH DIFFERENT NIEMANN-PICK TYPE C GENOTYPES.

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disease that affects children at a young age with hepatosplenomegaly and neurodegeneration that ultimately leads to mortality. The disease is due to a mutation in the NPC1 protein that leads to the intracellular accumulation of cholesterol within the cell due to a disruption in unesterified cholesterol trafficking. The specifics of how mutations in NPC1 cells inhibit the cholesterol movement pathway are still yet to be explained, but previous research suggests that intracellular movement of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts may be involved. To understand better the nature and role of these rafts, proteomic analysis will identify proteins important in the structures and function of these domains. The importance of this research is to not only perfect the protein extraction and 2-D gel electrophoresis but to start the preliminary steps in analyzing the difference in proteins present in NPC normal, NPC carriers, and NPC mutants, which will give possible candidates involved in cholesterol trafficking and an hypothesis of the cholesterol trafficking pathway. The perfected techniques of 2-D gel electrophoresis produced gels for wild-type, carrier, and mutant of NPC1 protein. These three gels showed distinct similarities and differences. The similarities were depicted to show consistency within the gels that demonstrate not only successful gel runs but proteins that are continually not affected by NPC. The differences showed either positive or inverse relationships with the expression of NPC1; these proteins are candidates for possible further research since they show a correlation to the expression of NPC1 and may be involved in the cholesterol trafficking pathway. The next step is to identify the proteins that are changed by NPC1 expression, and through further experimentation with Sypro staining and computer analysis—which has recently begun—will give insight into these proteins and ultimately the pathway of cholesterol trafficking. The current results have given a stepping stone in focusing on a successful protocol that has given evidence of other possible proteins that are affected by NPC1 and create the devastating NPC disease.
Review of An Empty Seat in Class: Teaching and Learning after the Death of a Student, by Rick Ayers

An Empty Seat in Class: Teaching and Learning after the Death of a Student is a book that primarily focuses on how K–12 school systems and individuals respond to the death of students, in particula...
Probability Distribution of von Mises Stress in the Presence of Pre-load

Random vibration under preload is important in multiple endeavors, including those involving launch and re-entry. In these days of increasing reliance on predictive simulation, it is important to address this problem in a probabilistic manner – this is the appropriate flavor of quantification of margin and uncertainty in the context of random vibration. One of the quantities of particular interest in design is the probability distribution of von Mises stress. There are some methods in the literature that begin to address this problem, but they generally are extremely restricted and astonishingly, the most common restriction of these techniques is that they assume zero mean loads. The work presented here employs modal tools to suggest an approach for estimating the probability distributions for von Mises stress of a linear structure for the case of multiple independent Gaussian random loadings combined with a nonzero pre-load.
Freezing of water next to solid surfaces probed by infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy.

Ice formation next to solid surfaces is important in many biological, materials, and geological phenomena and may be a factor in how they impact various technologies. We have used sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to study the structure of ice as well as the freezing and melting transition temperatures of water in contact with sapphire substrates. We have observed that the structure of ice and water are a function of pH and the surface charge of the sapphire substrate. At low pH, we observed an increase in the SFG signal subsequent to ice formation. Contrary to expectations, at pH 9.8, corresponding to a negatively charged surface, the intensity of the ice SFG signal is about 10 times lower than that of water. Recent simulation studies have suggested that charge transfer is important for the high intensity of the ice peak at the ice–air interface. We believe that the segregation of sodium ions next to the negatively charged sapphire substrate may be responsible for disrupting the charge transfer...
Research Recommendations by Scientists at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop “Pest Control: Operations and Systems Analysis in Fruit Fly Management” (5–9 August 1985; Bad Windsheim, Germany)

Fruit flies are an international pest complex, causing widespread crop destruction in both developed and developing countries. Recent outbreaks of medfly in California costs aver $100 M to eradicate an ongoing fruit fly control programs in Mexico, Greece, Okinawa, Guatemala, Israel and Italy cost millions of dollars each year.
Environmental management system objectives & targets results summary FY 2013

Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexicos (SNL/NM) Environmental Management System is the integrated approach for members of the workforce to identify and manage environmental risks. Each Fiscal Year (FY) SNL/NM performs an analysis to identify environmental aspects, and the environmental programs associated with them are charged with the task of routinely monitoring and measuring the objectives and targets that are established to mitigate potential impacts of SNL/NMs operations on the environment. An annual summary of the results achieved towards meeting established Sandia Corporation and SNL/NM Site-specific objectives and targets provides a connection to, and rational for, annually revised environmental aspects. The purpose of this document is to summarize the results achieved and documented in FY2013.
Decomposition of Measures

Take a signed measure \(\nu: \mathcal{X}\!\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) on a \(\sigma\)-algebra \(\mathcal{X}\) of subsets of a set X. According to Definition 2.3, signed measures are real-valued set functions. We saw in Section 2.2 that if \(\mu\) and \(\lambda\) are finite measures, then \(\nu =\mu -\lambda\) is a signed measure. In this section we show that all signed measures \(\nu\) admit a decomposition into a difference of two finite measures.
Investigation on improvements in lightning retest criteria for spacecraft

Spacecraft are generally protected from a direct strike by launch the vehicle and ground structures, but protocols to evaluate the impact of nearby strikes are not consistent. Often spacecraft rely on the launch vehicle constraints to trigger a retest, but launch vehicles can typically evaluate the impact of a strike within minutes while spacecraft evaluation times can be on the order of hours or even days. For launches at the Kennedy Space Center where lightning activity is among the highest in the United States, this evaluation related delay could be costly with the possibility of missing the launch window altogether. This paper evaluated available data from local lightning measurements systems and computer simulations to predict the coupled effect from various nearby strikes onto a typical payload umbilical. Recommendations are provided to reduce the typical trigger criteria and costly delays.
Costume Society of America Fellow 2016: Dr. Marilyn DeLong

When the Costume Society of America (CSA) selects a person to honor in a special way, doing so is among the most noble of human actions. For the organization, the process of bestowing honor indicat...
Abstract TP452: Systemic Inflammation Reverses Stroke-induced Changes in Astrocytic Aquaporin-4 Expression

Introduction: Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a perivascular water channel that plays a key role in regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Stroke acutely reduces expression and polarization of AQP4 on astrocytic endfeet, and these vascular changes might persist chronically and evolve with systemic inflammation. Reduced polarization of AQP4 after traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to impaired perivascular clearance of debris and cognitive decline in mice, and if similar changes occur after stroke, then they may also contribute to post-stroke dementia. Hypothesis: Stroke will cause lasting changes in vascular organization, reducing astrocytic AQP4 expression and polarization in the area of injury. Methods: Thirty male Balb/cJ mice were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery ligation, allowed to survive for 28 days, and sacrificed 24 hours after injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.33 mg/kg i.p.) or saline to model systemic inflammation. Three sequential coronal sections (20 μm) near the site of infarct (0.25 mm from Bregma) were stained with lectin, AQP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to evaluate BBB organization. Vessel density was evaluated with AngioTool. AQP4 expression was evaluated by Western blot. Results: Stroke increased vascular density in the injured hemisphere (11 ± 0.8% vs 7.6 ± 0.8% in sham mice, p < 0.05). Decreased AQP4 expression and polarization near the site of the infarct was observed, which were reversed with LPS (Figure 1). LPS increased AQP4 protein levels in stroke (2.5 ± 0.37 fold-increase, p < 0.05), but not sham mice. Conclusions: Stroke caused a chronic increase in vascular density, with peri-infarct vessels displaying decreased expression and changed polarity of AQP4. However, with systemic inflammation, this is reversed, potentially contributing to neuroinflammation and worsened cognitive outcomes in stroke patients who encounter infections via increased permeability of these abnormal vessels. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Motion correction for improved estimation of heart rate using a visual spectrum camera

Heart rate measurement using a visual spectrum recording of the face has drawn interest over the last few years as a technology that can have various health and security applications. In our previous work, we have shown that it is possible to estimate the heart beat timing accurately enough to perform heart rate variability analysis for contactless stress detection. However, a major confounding factor in this approach is the presence of movement, which can interfere with the measurements. To mitigate the effects of movement, in this work we propose the use of face detection and tracking based on the Karhunen-Loewe algorithm in order to counteract measurement errors introduced by normal subject motion, as expected during a common seated conversation setting. We analyze the requirements on image acquisition for the algorithm to work, and its performance under different ranges of motion, changes of distance to the camera, as well and the effect of illumination changes due to different positioning with respect to light sources on the acquired signal. Our results suggest that the effect of face tracking on visual-spectrum based cardiac signal estimation depends on the amplitude of the motion. While for larger-scale conversation-induced motion it can significantly improve estimation accuracy, with smaller-scale movements, such as the ones caused by breathing or talking without major movement errors in facial tracking may interfere with signal estimation. Overall, employing facial tracking is a crucial step in adapting this technology to real-life situations with satisfactory results.
Scimitar Syndrome in Children and Adults: Natural History, Outcomes, and Risk Analysis.

Background Scimitar syndrome involves congenital anomalous pulmonary venous return to the inferior vena cava. Optimal management remains controversial. We describe the natural history of disease, nonsurgical and surgical outcomes, and risk factors for poor outcomes at our institution. Methods Patients with anomalous pulmonary venous return to the inferior vena cava documented on echocardiography at our institution between January 1994 and January 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. The study protocol IRB-AAAO1805 was approved. Results Forty-seven patients were identified, including 20 infants with significant associated congenital heart defects (42.6%, including 7 with single ventricle physiology), and 10 infants (21.3%) and 16 noninfants (34.0%) with isolated scimitar syndrome. Median follow-up was 3.55 years. Noninfants exhibited lower incidences of right pulmonary artery hypoplasia (p Conclusions The severity of scimitar syndrome depends on presenting age and associated congenital heart disease. Nonsurgical and surgical outcomes are suboptimal for infantile disease, which is a risk factor for stenosis after repair. Single ventricle physiology is associated with poor prognosis.
Deglutition Syncope: Two Case Reports Attributed to Vagal Hyperactivity

Deglutition syncope is a relatively rare cause of syncope that belongs to the category of neurally mediated reflex syncopal syndromes. The phenomenon is related to vagal reflex in context to deglutition causing atrioventricular block and acute reduction in cardiac output leading to dizziness or syncope. We present case series of two cases of deglutition syncope, of which first was managed medically and second with pacemaker implantation.
Global Health Pathology Research: Purpose and Funding

Like in all areas of science, it is important for funders and investigators of pathology to work together to develop a well-designed, well-executed clinical research agenda. In the first section of this article, the authors discuss how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) peer-review process applies to global health pathology research projects. Then, the authors present an illustrative sampling of NIH-funded projects with performance sites in low- and middle-income countries with 2 examples focused on cancer and anatomic pathology. Finally, the authors relate the research agenda to overarching strategic recommendations for enhancing global pathology.
Social work and pastoral counseling: Empowering each other

This article addresses the divergent outcomes which can result from counseling services offered pastorally versus clinically. As faith leaders often have greater direct access than social workers t...
Spatially and temporally tunable window devices on flexible substrates

Windows whose transmittance can be modified by an applied voltage have previously been fabricated from soft, transparent elastomers sandwiched between ITO coated glass and a compliant, silver nanowire top electrode.1 In this contribution we extend the capabilities of the tunable window so that the optical transmittance can be varied spatially over the window according to voltage signals applied to different segments of the back electrode of the window, defined by patterning of individually addressable electrodes. The actuation signals are controlled using TTL-level input signals applied to high voltage switches. We also show that the spatially tunable window can be fabricated on a flexible substrate, such as PET, and the optical transmittance is not affected by bending of the substrate. The use of a polymer substrate not only increases possible applications of this class of voltage controlled light modulation device but also has the potential of reducing cost at an industrial scale by replacing more costly ITO coated glass substrate.
California’s Coastal Hunter-Gatherers

At the time of European contact, California was home to some of the most populous and complex hunter-gatherer societies anywhere in the world. Among Native Californians, cultural complexity generally increased on a gradient from the arid Great Basin on the east, to the better-watered interior mountains and valleys west of the Sierras, to the relatively diverse environments of the Pacific coast. Ethnographically, cultural complexity on the California coast was reflected in the presence of large and relatively sedentary villages, extensive trade and other interaction between groups, and the comparatively elaborate material culture of maritime societies. Historical and ethnographic accounts document the existence of an intricate web of social, political, and economic rules and institutions that governed the behavior of individuals and various social groups (i.e., families, villages, and tribes) in their interactions with their neighbors. Archaeologically, evidence for some of these traits is seen in the existence of many large village sites, in the presence of relatively large and permanent structures at many sites, in the abundance of exotic trade items that indicate extensive commerce, in the accumulation of wealth and status among certain members of society, and in the presence of beautifully wrought tools and ritual objects suggestive of affluence and extensive economic specialization.
Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging and Characterization of Biological Structures from Biomolecules to Living Cells

Much progress has been made on the imaging and characterization of biological structures using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) since the first images were reported on DNA almost a decade ago. SPM has now demonstrated its utility in imaging a diverse group of biological structures ranging from biomolecular and macromolecular structures to supramolecular structures and even living biological cells. It is now apparent that SPM has the potential to yield unique insight into biological structure and function. However, more work is needed to better understand probe-sample interactions, better define sample preparatory and SPM operational conditions, and develop independent image interpretation methods before the full potential of SPM imaging of biomolecular structures can be realized. Progress made in these areas will also help delineate the specific utility of the SPM methods (STM and AFM) for imaging biologicals. This is particularly true for larger biological structures, such as cells, which pose unique challenges and opportunities for SPM. This paper reviews the progress made to date on the SPM imaging and characterization of biomolecular structures from macromolecules to living cells and their self-assemblies.
Les Conquêtes de la Toison D’or of 1661 and 1683

Louis XIV was by no means the first to use the Sun as a symbol — from time immemorial the sun has been taken as a royal emblem. In Renaissance culture, the metaphor of the sun was used to characterize the role of the sovereign and his assembly. In 1537 Jacques Cappel wrote of King Francis I: “You are as the Sun among the planets,”2 and he secularized the mediaeval Topos of the divine court of God, transforming it into a royal court on earth. Henry IV was the first “Sun King,” and indeed in 1610 the president of the Parlement, de Harlay, said in his address to the newly-crowned young monarch that: “There is not a loss of that great sun, but rather an eclipse of it whereby its light, no sooner obscured in one place, appears in another.”3 These metaphors of phoenix and sun4 served to illustrate the transition of power after Henry IV’s death: the king’s demise was shown in the clouds that dimmed the brightness of the sun, but that sun would shine once more, in the shape of Louis XIII.
Students Voicing Collegiate Recovery

Young adults increasingly enter college with substance use addiction. Some may achieve recovery before setting their foot on a college campus whereas others during their college years. These students often struggle to maintain sobriety as they act out their daily lives because they find themselves in abstinence-hostile environments (Bugbee et al., 2016; Harris et al., 2008). This presentation will discuss students’ collegiate recovery experiences and will report on a photovoice project documenting students’ recovery experience and recovery management and support needs. Photovoice is a participatory social action method that uses photography to answer research questions (Wang, 2006); a photovoice exhibit, involving a gallery of participants’ photographs and linked narrative text to explicate the photos’ meaning, disseminates the findings. The presentation will focus on the narratives of students in recovery and attendees will obtain an in-depth understanding of recovery students’ experiences of stigma, shame and isolation, and marginalized social positions, which are intimately tied to their addiction histories. Students in recovery represent an invisible student group that struggles to access resources and needed healthcare services. The photovoice method can act as a powerful tool to empower marginalized students to share their recovery experiences and articulate their needs; ultimately providing a vehicle for structural-level and systemic change.
“A mild despotism of sugar”: Race, labor, and flood management in British Guiana

Abstract Volumes of research have demonstrated the ways in which the production of sugar served as a key economic motivator for the development of capitalism. Embedded within this extractive economy is a requirement for strict environmental management and large pools of seasonal labor, typically within the context of the racial geographies of colonialism. In this article, I draw on archival research conducted at the National Archives in London, UK to examine the relationship between these agrarian economies, the social and economic requirements for flood control on a low-lying coastal plain, and British colonial-racial politics in British Guiana. I argue that colonial planters manipulated flood control systems and legislation in a way that produced and maintained a reserve army of black labor and in the process producing a racial geography meant primarily to ensure the survival of the crop even as prices plummeted in the twentieth century.
Discrete time darwinian dynamics and semelparity versus iteroparity

We derive and analyze a Darwinian dynamic model based on a general di erence equation population model under the assumption of a trade-o between fertility and survival. Both inherent and density dependent terms are functions of a phenotypic trait (subject to Darwinian evolution) and its population mean. We prove general theorems about the existence and stability of extinction equilibria and the bifurcation of positive equilibria when extinction equilibria destabilize. We apply these results, together with the Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) Maximum Principle, to the model when both semelparous and iteroparous traits are available to individuals in the population. We find that if the density terms in the population model are trait independent, then only semelparous equilibria are ESS. When density terms do depend on the trait, then in a neighborhood of a bifurcation point it is again the case that only semelparous equilibria are ESS. However, we also show by simulations that ESS iteroparous (and also non-ESS semelparous) equilibria can arise outside a neighborhood of bifurcation points when density e ects depend in a hierarchical manner on the trait.
Status of the cardinalfish genus Apogonoides and its type species Apogonoides macassariensis (Percomorpha: Apogonidae)

Apogonoides Bleeker 1849 is identified as the senior synonym of Cercamia Randall & Smith 1988. We present evidence that Cercamia has become well established in the literature. Reversal of priority is proposed for the genus. The type species, macassariensis, is identified with Cercamia eremia (Allen 1987) based on geographic evidence. Reversal of priority is proposed for the species.
Indigenous Ways of Knowing as a Philosophical Base for the Promotion of Peace and Justice in Counseling Education and Psychology

Nowhere in my language can I find support to bring an increased awareness of the current life challenges that exist today. Internal Peace in our individual lives and external Peace for our communities and our world entails that we ourselves be peaceful people. I once asked my elders to translate the word peace in our language. They looked at each other thoughtfully, bewildered at my inquiry, smiled and replied in agreement, digum hi’ki 'angaw hulew' (Let's all get along and respect one another). Peace in my language is not an abstraction. Peace happens when everyone is working together in a way that benefits everyone including those yet to come. In this way there is no mistake. Peace is not just a state of being, or doing, it is both. It is who we are. It is based on respect for one another. From this consciousness we can create a beautiful world for everyone. As a Washo Native American scholar I share my experience in Western academia, describe the inconsistency between the praxis of Indigenous Ways of Knowing and that of the field of counseling psychology. I share the way that I know how to make a better world for all by acknowledging the significance of Indigenous perspectives on counseling psychology in theory, research, and practice.
Interplay of transport processes and interfacial chemistry affecting chromium reduction and reoxidation with iron and manganese

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a water-soluble pollutant in soil and groundwater, the mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity of which can be controlled by transforming to less mobile and more environmentally benign Cr(III) by ways of reduction. This review focused on recent advances in identifying the reaction pathways, kinetics, and products of iron-based techniques for Cr(VI) removal. It also examines new information regarding remobilization of Cr(III) in the existence of complexing ligands and manganese (Mn) of different oxidation states. A range of iron-based techniques can remove Cr(VI) from water by adsorption or reduction-coprecipitation processes. However, the success of a chromium treatment or remediation strategy requires the stability of the Cr(III)-containing solids with respect to solubilization or reoxidation in the settings they are generated. Manganese is ubiquitous in aquatic and terrestrial environments, and the redox cycling of manganese may greatly influence the fate, transport, and distribution of chromium. Coupling of redox reactions of chromium, iron, and manganese involves reaction pathways not only in the aqueous phase but also at solid-aqueous interfaces. To provide a quantitative understanding of these processes, it is essential to develop mechanistically based kinetic and transport models. Continued research should be made on iron-based treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated water and soils and the stability of the subsequently produced Cr (III)-containing solids at environmentally relevant conditions, which will support improved predictions of chromium’s environmental fate and transport and aid in decision-making for remediation and treatment of Cr contamination.
DeepRacing: a framework for autonomous racing

We consider the challenging problem of high speed autonomous racing in realistic dynamic environments. DeepRacing is a novel end-to-end framework, and a virtual testbed for training and evaluating algorithms for autonomous racing. The virtual testbed is implemented using the realistic Formula One (F1) Codemasters game, which is used by many F1 drivers for training. We present AdmiralNet - a Convolution Neural Network (CNN) integrated with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cells that can be tuned for the autonomous racing task in the highly realistic F1 game. We evaluate AdmiralNet’s performance on unseen race tracks, and also evaluate the degree of transference between the simulation and the real world by implementing end-to-end racing on a physical 1/10 scale autonomous racecar.
Human Factors Challenges in Developing Cyber-Informed Risk Assessment for Critical Infrastructure

Research efforts in the security of cyber physical systems often focus solely on technological aspects of security and ignore the human contributions to risk and resilience. However, ask any IT security admin what the greatest threat to their system is and they’ll quickly tell you, “the user.” While the threat of users is well established, humans are involved in the security of systems to a much larger degree. Humans interact with these systems at every stage of their lifecycle, from initial design to end-of-life: Humans design the components and structures of the physical system, they construct the facility, design the control logic, configure the networks and security controls, maintain the equipment, and operate the system. Ignoring the humans in the system means ignoring your largest source of risk. This paper describes the ways in which humans can contribute to risk using the electric grid as an example.
How Effective Is Neoadjuvant Therapy Followed by Surgery for Pathologic Single-Station N2 Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer?

The optimal treatment strategy for pathologic single-station N2 (pN2a1) non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)—surgery first followed by adjuvant treatment (SF) or neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery (NS)—remains unclear. We compared disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) after NS versus SF for pN2a1 NSCLC. We retrospectively identified patients with pN2a1 NSCLC resected between 2000 and 2018. Patients in the SF group had cN0 disease and were treated with surgery before adjuvant chemotherapy; patients in the NS group had known preoperative nodal disease, cN2 disease, and were treated with neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. The matching-weights procedure was applied to generate a cohort with similar characteristics between groups. DFS and OS were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier approach and compared between groups using weighted log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models. We identified 227 patients with pN2a1 disease: 121 treated with SF and 106 with NS. After the matching-weights procedure, 5- and 10-year DFS were 45% and 27% for SF versus 26% and 21% for NS (log-rank P = 0.056; hazard ratio [HR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–2.65); 5- and 10-year OS were 49% and 30% for SF versus 43% and 20% for NS (log-rank P = 0.428; HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.67–2.28). SF and NS for pN2a1 NSCLC resulted in similar survival. A study comparing SF for known preresectional pN2a1 with occult pN2a1 disease could be a next step. Further investigation of SF for known N2a1 versus occult pN2a1 disease could power a clinical trial focused on N2a NSCLC.
Repetitive Saccadic Eye Movements Enhance Eyewitness Recall in Specific-Open Questioning

Several studies have shown that executing a series of visually guided saccades immediately before taking a memory test can help people recall details of mock crimes. The nature of the memory test has varied across studies, reflecting the multiple forms of questioning in investigative interviewing. Here, we examined mnemonic effects of saccade execution when people answered two important question types: specific-open, which called for open-ended descriptions of multifaceted event elements (e.g., a person’s appearance), and specific-closed, which probed memory for isolated features (e.g., the color of a particular article of clothing). Saccade execution enhanced recall in response to open questions, with non-trivial effect sizes, but had no effect when questions were closed. As in some prior research, enhancement was moderated by handedness: only individuals who reported highly consistent hand preference benefited from saccade execution. Although inconsistent individuals did not benefit from saccade execution, they exhibited several natural memory advantages when tested with specific-open questions. The theory that saccade execution potentiates the contribution of top-down attention to memory retrieval is discussed. These findings provide new insights regarding the circumstances under which saccade execution might be used to enhance eyewitness recall in real-world settings.
Redox-sensitive Nrf2 and MAPK signaling pathways contribute to trichloroethene-mediated autoimmune disease progression.

Abstract Trichloroethene (TCE) exposure is associated with the induction of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Although oxidative stress plays a major role in TCE-mediated autoimmunity, the underlying molecular mechanisms still need to be delineated. Dysregulation of redox-sensitive nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like2 (Nrf2), resulting in uncontrolled antioxidant and cytoprotective genes, and pro-inflammatory MAPK signaling pathways could be critical in TCE-mediated disease progression. This study was, therefore, focused on establishing status and contribution of Nrf2 and MAPK signaling in TCE-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune responses, especially during disease progression. To achieve these objectives, time-response studies were conducted by treating female MRL+/+ mice with TCE (0.5 mg/mL, a dose relevant to human exposure) for 24, 36 and 52 wks. TCE exposure led to reduction in Nrf2 expression, but increased phos-NF-κB (p65) and iNOS along with increased phosphorylation of MAPKs (p38, ERK and JNK) and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, TNF-α and RANTES in the livers in a time-dependent manner. These changes were also associated with time-dependent increases in liver protein carbonyls and induction of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies (marker of systemic lupus erythematosus disease), further supporting the role of oxidative stress and Nrf2/MAPK signaling in TCE-mediated autoimmune response progression. The mechanistic role of MAPK in TCE-mediated autoimmunity was further established by treating MRL+/+ mice with sulforaphane (SFN; 8 mg/kg, i.p., every other day) along with TCE (10 mmol/kg, i.p., every 4th day) for 6 wks using an established protocol, and by in vitro treatment of T cells with dichloroacetyl chloride (a TCE metabolite) with/without p38 MAPK inhibitor. SFN treatment attenuated the TCE-mediated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. More importantly, treatment with SFN or p38 inhibitor led to suppression of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α. These findings thus support the contribution of Nrf2 and MAPK signaling pathways and help in delineating novel potential therapeutic targets against TCE-mediated autoimmunity.
On the Growing Curve: An interview on gaming to learn with G2A's CEO, Bartosz Skwarczek

An interview with Bartosz Skwarczek, CEO of G2A, includes an examination of a recent survey of U.K. and U.S. teachers regarding perceptions of games as a learning and curricular tool. Interview results are shared as well as a review of the resulting G2A Academy aimed at teacher training for building skills to utilize games in the classroom.
Heart Failure: Advanced Refractory Heart Failure

End-stage heart failure (HF) is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. Progressive and/or persistent HF signs and symptoms in the setting of optimal therapy is the hallmark of more advanced disease. Physicians must be able to recognize patients with features of refractory HF to aid in timely evaluation for advanced therapy options. Left ventricular assist device implantation and heart transplantation prolong survival in patients with end-stage HF, but are options only for select patients. Timely referral for evaluation is necessary to prevent secondary irreversible end-organ dysfunction and to ascertain whether there are factors that can be addressed and corrected. All patients with end-stage HF should be offered referral for palliative care to aid in symptom management and improve quality of life. In addition, for patients who are not candidates for advanced therapy options, hospice should be discussed. In some cases, palliative home inotrope infusion can be considered for symptom management.
Case 21-2021: A 33-Year-Old Pregnant Woman with Fever, Abdominal Pain, and Headache.

A Pregnant Woman with Fever, Abdominal Pain, and Headache A 33-year-old pregnant woman with ulcerative colitis presented at 10 weeks of gestation with fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and h...
Identification of boosepivirus B in U.S. calves

Bovine enteric disease has a complex etiology that can include viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens and is a significant source of losses due to morbidity and mortality. Boosepivirus was identified in calves with enteric disease with unclear etiology in Japan in 2009 and has not been reported elsewhere. Metagenomic sequencing and PCR here identified boosepivirus in bovine enteric disease diagnostic submissions from six states in the USA with 98% sequence identity to members of the species Boosepivirus B. In all cases, boosepivirus was identified as a coinfection with the established pathogens bovine coronavirus, bovine rotavirus, and cryptosporidia. Further research is needed to determine the clinical significance of boosepivirus infection.
Mercury-impacted scrap metal: Source and nature of the mercury.

The reuse and recycling of industrial solid wastes such as scrap metal is supported and encouraged both internationally and domestically, especially when such wastes can be used as substitutes for raw material. However, scrap metal processing facilities, such as mini-mills, have been identified as a source of mercury (Hg) emissions in the United States. This research aims to better define some of the key issues related to the source and nature of mercury in the scrap metal waste stream. Overall, it is difficult to pinpoint the key mercury sources feeding into scrap metal recycling facilities, quantify their associated mercury concentrations, or determine which chemical forms are most significant. Potential sources of mercury in scrap metal include mercury switches from discarded vehicles, electronic-based scrap from household appliances and related industrial systems, and Hg-impacted scrap metal from the oil and gas industry. The form of mercury associated with scrap metal varies and depends on the source type. The specific amount of mercury that can be adsorbed and retained by steel appears to be a function of both metallurgical and environmental factors. In general, the longer the steel is in contact with a fluid or condensate that contains measurable concentrations of elemental mercury, the greater the potential for mercury accumulation in that steel. Most mercury compounds are thermally unstable at elevated temperatures (i.e., above 350 °C). As such, the mercury associated with impacted scrap is expected to be volatilized out of the metal when it is heated during processing (e.g., shredding or torch cutting) or melted in a furnace. This release of fugitive gas (Hg vapor) and particulates, as well as Hg-impacted bag-house dust and control filters, could potentially pose an occupational exposure risk to workers at a scrap metal processing facility. Thus, identifying and characterizing the key sources of Hg-impacted scrap, and understanding the nature and extent of associated releases, represent a practical research need that is essential for improving the environmental management of Hg-impacted scrap and assessing measures to protect workers from potential health and safety hazards that might be posed by mercury and Hg-impacted scrap.
Politically hyperactive? The civic participation of American Jews

Although American Jews are often perceived as extremely active if not hyperpolitical, scholars have seldom studied the degree to which Jews in the US actually participate in public life. In a statistical sense, Jews are overrepresented in some domains that tend to favor groups with substantial socioeconomic resources (although these participation differences tend to disappear or diminish in multivariate models). This paper examines another major form of participation – civic activism – that research has suggested is less responsive to socioeconomic resources and thus might provide a more neutral venue to assess comparative Jewish engagement in the public square. Using Roper surveys from 1989–1992 with a sample of Jews and a comparison sample of non-Jews selected by propensity matching, I find that Jews are less likely to engage in civic activities than comparable non-Jews, suggesting that the reputation of Jews for political hyperactivity is considerably over-stated.
From Field to Market: Changing Our Focus

Five years ago, I found myself in a vigorous debate with a group of farming, food, and environmental leaders in a small conference room. I was there by choice. In fact, it was partly my idea to bring together a visionary group across the agricultural spectrum to see if we could improve our understanding of “sustainable agriculture.” We started by discussing which management practices best described sustainable agriculture:
A High-Throughput Screening Method for Identification of Inhibitors of the Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP14

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) reverse the process of ubiquitination, and number nearly 100 in humans. In principle, DUBs represent promising drug targets, as several of the enzymes have been implicated in human diseases. The isopeptidase activity of DUBs can be selectively inhibited by targeting the catalytic site with drug-like compounds. Notably, the mammalian 26S proteasome is associated with three major DUBs: RPN11, UCH37, and USP14. Because the ubiquitin 'chain-trimming' activity of USP14 can inhibit proteasome function, inhibitors of USP14 can stimulate proteasomal degradation. We recently established a high-throughput screening (HTS) method to identify small-molecule inhibitors specific for USP14. The protocols in this article cover the necessary procedures for preparing assay reagents, performing HTS for USP14 inhibitors, and carrying out post-HTS analysis. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:311-330 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Occupational Biomechanics of the Neck: A Review and Recommendations.

Musculoskeletal disorders of the neck are becoming a major concern in industry. Several studies reported the association of neck pain, discomfort, and symptoms with different occupations in industry. Thus, the main objective of this study is to review and evaluate biomechanical techniques used in analyzing the occupational factors leading to neck pain and disorders. Recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Neural Net Based Prognostics for an Industrial Semiconductor Fabrication System

Modern semiconductor fabrication machinery has the capability to generate huge volumes of health data, well beyond the capability of the typical process engineer to discern the subtle clues it contains. This data holds the key to performing periodic maintenance on an as-needed basis, rather than on a schedule. Soft computing techniques such as neural networks can allow the engineer to use this data to detect the need for maintenance. This paper discusses useful tools to accomplish the above goal and describes the results of proof-of-principle experiments, which prior to the receipt of actual data, which will eventually lead to prototype testing on the actual semiconductor fabrication systems
Multiple Adenomatous Neoplasms Arising in Columnarlined (Barrett's) Esophagus

Multiple polypoid masses were found in the esophagus of a 62-year-old man. He underwent esophageal resection because exfoliative and brush cytological studies were positive for adenocarcinoma. The surgical specimen showed that the esophagus was lined by columnar epithelial cells which were focally hyperplastic, forming polypoid masses. In both the masses and the mucosa between them, there were atypical epithelial cell changes, ranging from dysplasia to focal carcinoma. These findings reinforce the concept that the Barrett's (columnar) epithelium is a premalignant lesion deserving periodical screening.
Urban sustainability and the LEED rating system: case studies on the role of regional characteristics and adaptive reuse in green building in Denver and Boulder, Colorado

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is the most widely recognised green building assessment system in the United States but is increasingly criticised for only rewarding incremental solutions towards sustainability. With differing perceptions of how green building is best achieved, here we focus on how geographical context and reuse of existing buildings are rewarded. The conceptual framework for our analysis draws upon a light green/deep green dichotomy in sustainability and architectural design. While a light green perspective achieves reduced energy consumption and pollution through technology and green gadgetry, a deep green approach focuses on local geographic conditions to work with natural climate systems through design informed by vernacular architecture, as well as the benefits of adaptive reuse. This study uses a descriptive case study analysis of LEED credit points earned in six certified buildings in Denver and Boulder, Colorado. Our analysis confirms that LEED rewards more light green approaches. There is limited motivation in pursuing sustainability through deep green methods, as recognition of them in LEED is quite minimal. We conclude that the balance against rewarding deep green design limits more transformative paradigm-shifting advances in sustainability. Recommendations for improvements to LEED are given, as well as a discussion on emerging local governance in regulating green building. This paper contributes to the emerging body of literature focusing on green building as a mechanism of urban sustainability, and draws up the geographic perspectives of scale, place, and the political and economic linkages between humans and the environment in cities.