cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telemedicine: as the technology has matured, how have the technology management challenges changed?

In contrast to telemedicine's resurgence in the 1990s, technology is no longer perceived as a barrier to the successful deployment and utilisation of telemedicine. Yet there are reasons to believe that this perception is inaccurate. Drawing on a study of two active telemedicine networks, one of which was studied at two points in time nearly a decade apart, this research examines how technology management challenges to telemedicine have changed and how they impact its deployment and utilisation. The findings indicate that not only do previously identified technology management challenges related to lack of end-user training, and remote site technology support and infrastructure thought effectively addressed still remain, but technology management issues centring around the relationships between the telehealth centers responsible for the technology and the various clinical units involved have become more critical. The importance of the social context in which such relationships exist is highlighted.
An Interbehavioral Systems Model for Empirical Investigation in Psychology

This paper discusses an emprically based model for understanding human and other organismic experiences. The model is based primarily upon the writings of interbehavioral psychology (J. R. Kantor), but also draws heavily from modern phenomenology (M. Merleau-Ponty), and general systems theory (Bowler). A series of experiments are discussed which exemplify the various data-based points that must be investigated in order to articulate fully the analog nature of human experience as these theorists envisioned it. It departs from the philosophical character of these authors and strikes a decidedly empirical stance to demonstrate better how their work can take on a practical meaning not normally attributed to it. The methodological model is referred to as an Interbehavioral Systems Model, and it encompasses Global Macro Events as well as Micro Events existing at the level of nervous activity. The model discusses the interdependent nature of these processes and explicates the theoretical position that such events and processes must, by necessity, be investigated concurrently. We discuss the relationship of human experience and organismic events in relation to other species. We will stress the necessity of making biological and physiological interpretations only in the context of the experiencing organism.
State-dependent behavior alters endocrine–energy relationship: Implications for conservation and management

Glucocorticoids (GC) and triiodothyronine (T3) are two endocrine markers commonly used to quantify resource limitation, yet the relationships between these markers and the energetic state of animals has been studied primarily in small-bodied species in captivity. Free-ranging animals, however, adjust energy intake in accordance with their energy reserves, a behavior known as state-dependent foraging. Further, links between life-history strategies and metabolic allometries cause energy intake and energy reserves to be more strongly coupled in small animals relative to large animals. Because GC and T3 may reflect energy intake or energy reserves, state-dependent foraging and body size may cause endocrine-energy relationships to vary among taxa and environments. To extend the utility of endocrine markers to large-bodied, free-ranging animals, we evaluated how state-dependent foraging, energy reserves, and energy intake influenced fecal GC and fecal T3 concentrations in free-ranging moose (Alces alces). Compared with individuals possessing abundant energy reserves, individuals with few energy reserves had higher energy intake and high fecal T3 concentrations, thereby supporting state-dependent foraging. Although fecal GC did not vary strongly with energy reserves, individuals with higher fecal GC tended to have fewer energy reserves and substantially greater energy intake than those with low fecal GC. Consequently, individuals with greater energy intake had both high fecal T3 and high fecal GC concentrations, a pattern inconsistent with previous documentation from captive animal studies. We posit that a positive relationship between GC and T3 may be expected in animals exhibiting state-dependent foraging if GC is associated with increased foraging and energy intake. Thus, we recommend that additional investigations of GC- and T3-energy relationships be conducted in free-ranging animals across a diversity of body size and life-history strategies before these endocrine markers are applied broadly to wildlife conservation and management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Impact of gap size uncertainty on calculated temperature uncertainty for the advanced gas reactor experiments

Abstract Research being conducted on tristructural-isotropic fuel development and qualification involves seven advanced gas reactor (AGR) experiments that were planned to provide fuel qualification data to support the licensing and operation of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. Each AGR test consists of multiple independent capsules containing fuel compacts placed in one or more graphite cylinders shrouded by a stainless-steel shell. These capsules are instrumented with thermocouples embedded in the graphite holder, enabling temperature control. The desired fuel temperature is maintained by variation of the neon/helium gas mixture in response to feedback from thermocouple readings. In the absence of direct measurements, the commercial finite-element heat transfer code ABAQUS was used to predict fuel temperatures. Recognizing inherent uncertainties in the simulation model due to complex physical mechanisms, capsule geometries, and material properties, comprehensive temperature uncertainty quantification was performed. The uncertainty results reveal that the uncertainties in gap sizes are among the most influential factors contributing to calculated temperature uncertainty. The gap size uncertainties originate from a lack of direct experimental data for accurate assessment of dimensional change rates of fuel compacts and graphite components due to complex irradiation-induced material shrinkage or swelling. The study described here focuses on the impact of the gap size uncertainties based on the post-irradiation examination metrology data on calculated temperature uncertainty.
Inspired by the crowd: The effect of online comments on elevation and universal orientation

ABSTRACTPast research on meaningful media has shown that the experience of elevation can foster increased feelings of connection to others due to the affective states that meaningful media elicit. However, what happens when inspiring media are accompanied by cues related to the opinion of others? Does the presumed opinion of the audience moderate the affective indicators or behavioral effects of elevation? An online experiment was conducted to answer these questions using a 2 (news type: inspiring vs. non-inspiring control) × 3 (comment type: civil vs. uncivil vs. no comment control) between-subjects design. Results revealed that news articles accompanied by either civil or uncivil comments elicited lower affective states associated with elevation. Furthermore, civil comments increased universal orientation through the mediating pathway of bandwagon support.
Drugs of Abuse

Abstract Drug abuse is a serious health concern worldwide. The drugs used for abuse include narcotics, hypnotics, nicotine, and alcohol. The side effects induced by different drugs vary depending upon the properties of a specific drug. There are multiple medical consequences of drug use, including alterations in brain functions, cardiovascular complications, and various types of infections. In this chapter, we discussed the specific side effects of cannabinoids, alcohol, cocaine, benzodiazepines and heroin. It is essential to educate teenagers and young adults about the deleterious effect of these drugs, including complications in developmental milestones, as well as serious long-term health problems. Recent studies warn young marijuana users about increasing cardiovascular complications. One of the major concerns, in all age groups, is the misuse of prescription medication combined with alcohol which can result in significant morbidity and may at times be lethal. Because of the risks of serious morbidity and mortality, medical practitioners must be extremely cautious when prescribing hypnotics or analgesics to patients who have a dependence on alcohol, and must consider alternative treatment options. Additionally, the use of alcohol in patients with hepatitis c virus can increase the risk of liver malfunction, which practitioners must be aware of in the patient presenting with worsening liver function. Finally, we describe the adverse effects of electronic cigarettes, an increasingly popular choice by those who are, and are not, attempting to quit smoking.
Bias temperature instabilities in 4H SiC metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors: Insight provided by electrically detected magnetic resonance

Abstract We present insight with regard to the physical mechanisms of negative bias temperature instabilities (NBTI) in 4H SiC based metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) based upon electrically detected magnetic resonance measurements (EDMR). Most of this insight results from EDMR studies not directly focused upon NBTI but studies more broadly focused upon two fundamental questions. (1) What as-processed defects are present at and near the SiC/oxide interface? (2) How does the presence of oxide charge alter electrically active defects at the SiC/dielectric interface? We compare the SiC results to magnetic resonance studies of bias temperature instabilities in silicon based devices. Although our analysis admittedly provides only a partial understanding of the phenomena in SiC devices, the analysis does allow for some reasonably definitive conclusions. The NBTI phenomena in 4H SiC MOSFETs are certainly different than in Si based MOSFETs. (1) Interface dangling bonds do not appear to play a significant role in SiC MOSFET interface traps under multiple circumstances, suggesting strongly that they are not significant contributors to NBTI. (2) Although oxide defects, almost certainly including the well-known E′ family of oxide traps, play an important role in SiC device NBTI, other defects, surprisingly including defects within the SiC substrate, are also involved.
New Chemical Oscillators

Any systematic analysis of the literature of oscillating chemical reactions (see., e.g., BURGER and BUJDOSO [1]), would show at least two clear trends. First, there has been a rapid expansion in both the number of papers published annually and in the number of groups working on such problems. Second, and more recent has been a diversification in the set of chemical systems studied; an ever increasing fraction of work is being devoted to systems other than the classic Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ) reaction.
Two-Phase Compressible Flow

Chronologically, the first attempt to use the level set method for flows involving external physics was in the area of two-phase inviscid compressible flow. Mulder et al. [115] appended the level set equation $$ {\phi_t} + \mathop{V}\limits^{ \to } \cdot \nabla \phi = 0 $$ (15.1) to the standard equations for one-phase compressible flow, equation (14.47). Here V↦ is taken to be the velocity of the compressible flow field, so that the zero level set of φ corresponds to particle velocities and can be used to track an interface separating two different compressible fluids. The sign of φ is used to identify which gas occupied which region, i.e., to determine the local equation of state. In [115], only gamma law gas models were considered, with γ = γ1 for φ > 0 and γ = γ2 for φ ≤ 0. Later, Karni [93] pointed out that this method suffered from spurious oscillations at the interface. Figure 15.1 shows a sample calculation using the method proposed in [115]. Here a right going shock wave impinges upon the interface, producing both reflected and transmitted shock waves. Note the spurious oscillations in both the pressure and the velocity profiles near the centrally located contact discontinuity that separates the two different gamma-law gases.
Intelligent case selection and presentation

Designers of AI educational systems have largely ignored the problem of choosing what information to present and how to present it because systems to date have not been faced with a large space of possible presentations. This paper explains how a student model can provide the knowledge needed to make presentation decisions. Systems that use a student model for this purpose can make problems more interesting, challenging, and hand-tailored to students. We describe DECIDER: a program that improves student's decision-making abilities by constructing an environment where they can confront problems and decide on a plan of action. DECIDER chooses from a database of decision-making problems and varies how it presents those problems based on a model of the student's knowledge of goals, plans, and priorities.
Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes in Sterol Biosynthesis and Metabolism

The biosynthesis of sterols involves a series of both simple and complex cytochrome P-450-catalyzed monooxygenase reactions. These processes are generally distinguished from the multiplicity of reactions catalyzed by hepatic microsomal forms of P-450 by involving P-450 isozymes that exhibit a high degree of regio- and stereospecificity. The cell specificity of these monooxygenases has been noted in the previous chapter. In this chapter, we will examine the biochemical control of these steroidogenic cytochromes P-450. This is far more stringent than for the hepatic cytochromes P-450 because of the physiological importance of steroid hormones and bile acids. While the biosynthesis of these cytochromes is under hormonal control, this response takes a minimum of 12 hr for steroidogenic cytochromes P-450 (see Chapter 10). More common fluctuations in activity are required within minutes or hours. Here we will discuss the mechanisms of steroid hydroxylation and also some of the proposed mechanisms for rapid physiological control of steroidogenic enzymes.
High-Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI)

The suite of HIPPI standards and documents define a simple interconnection system capable of 800 Mbit/s or 1600 Mbit/s data rates. Physical level switches, such as crossbars, allow local area HIPPI networks to be constructed which have speeds in excess of 20 Gbit/s. Upper layer protocols define operations for networking and high-speed disk and tape peripherals.
Robust Optimal Adaptive Sliding Mode Control with the Disturbance Observer for a Manipulator Robot System

In this paper, a robust optimal adaptive sliding mode control (OASMC) by using disturbance observer (DOB) is successfully proposed and applied in the manipulator robot system. The control gains are on-line adjusted by the DOB to compensate the unknown time-varying disturbances to optimize and stabilize the control system. The optimal control and sliding mode control are integrated based on the Lyapunov stability theory to obtain the optimal sliding mode control (OSMC). Then, the adaptation control gains are on-line adjusted by the DOB to compensate the unknown time-varying disturbances for the control system. The manipulator robot system is given as the control example to demonstrate the proposed OASMC. From the simulation results, the proposed OASMC successfully demonstrates the optimal, adaptive and robust control performances for the manipulator robot system. The novelty of this paper is that the DOB can correctly estimate the unknown time-varying disturbances to on-line adjust the control gain of OASMC to stabilize the manipulator robot system. The proposed OASMC simultaneously has optimal, adaptive and robust control characteristics.
Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production Sites in the United States: Data Synthesis and National Estimate

We used site-level methane (CH4) emissions data from over 1000 natural gas (NG) production sites in eight basins, including 92 new site-level CH4 measurements in the Uinta, northeastern Marcellus, and Denver-Julesburg basins, to investigate CH4 emissions characteristics and develop a new national CH4 emission estimate for the NG production sector. The distribution of site-level emissions is highly skewed, with the top 5% of sites accounting for 50% of cumulative emissions. High emitting sites are predominantly also high producing (>10 Mcfd). However, low NG production sites emit a larger fraction of their CH4 production. When combined with activity data, we predict that this creates substantial variability in the basin-level CH4 emissions which, as a fraction of basin-level CH4 production, range from 0.90% for the Appalachian and Greater Green River to >4.5% in the San Juan and San Joaquin. This suggests that much of the basin-level differences in production-normalized CH4 emissions reported by aircraft s...
Resolving Policy Conflicts in Multi-Carrier Cellular Access

Multi-carrier cellular access dynamically selects a preferred wireless carrier by leveraging the availability and diversity of multiple carrier networks at a location. It offers an alternative to the dominant single-carrier paradigm, and shows early signs of success through the operational Project Fi by Google. In this paper, we study the important, yet largely unexplored, problem of inter-carrier switching for multi-carrier access. We show that policy conflicts can arise between inter- and intra-carrier switching, resulting in oscillations among carriers in the worst case akin to BGP looping. We derive the conditions under which such oscillations occur for three categories of popular policy, and validate them with Project Fi whenever possible. We provide practical guidelines to ensure loop-freedom and assess them via trace-driven emulations.
Faster escalation from first drink to first intoxication as a risk factor for binge and high-intensity drinking among adolescents.

Abstract Introduction Age of first drink is a key risk factor for adolescent high-risk alcohol use. The current study examined whether speed of escalation from first drink to first intoxication is an additional risk factor, and whether these two factors are associated with binge and high-intensity drinking among adolescents. Methods Data collected in 2005–2017 from a nationally-representative sample of 11,100 U.S. 12th grade students participating in the Monitoring the Future study were coded to indicate grade of first drink, grade of first intoxication, and speed of escalation from first drink to first intoxication. Logistic regression models estimated bivariate and multivariable odds of past 2-week binge (5+ drinks in a row) and high-intensity (10+ drinks in a row) drinking in 12th grade. Results Of those who reported intoxication by 12th grade, almost 60% reported first drunkenness in the same grade in which they first drank. The likelihoods of 12th grade binge and high-intensity drinking were significantly associated with both grade of first drink and speed of escalation to intoxication. Past two-week high-intensity drinking prevalence was 17.4% among those with immediate (same-grade) escalation from first drink to first intoxication; 15.8% among those with a 1-grade delay, and 12.6% among those with a 2+ grade delay to intoxication. Conclusions The majority of students escalate quickly from having their first drink to being intoxicated for the first time. Both earlier age of first drink and a faster escalation from first drink to first intoxication are important indicators of binge and high-intensity drinking risk among adolescents.
Hier irrt Goethe: Rediscovering the Satirical Operetta of the Weimar Era

Despite a recent boom in operetta research and productions in Germany, one stage work that was a sensation in 1932 has been overlooked: the improvisational Hier irrt Goethe (Here Goethe Errs) by th...
Bariatric surgery and its role in obesity pandemic

Obesity has grown to become a global pandemic, leading to higher medical costs and a lower quality of life. Progressively, there is a growing consensus that bariatric surgery is the optimal treatment option for individuals who are clinically morbidly obese and have failed medical treatment. It has proved to be effective in sustaining weight loss, providing remission of obesity-related comorbidities, improving quality of life and prolonging life expectancy. The number of bariatric surgery procedures have gradually increased over the past years. This not only attributed to the increasing global prevalence of obesity with the need for weight loss surgery but also in addition to the global increasing acknowledgement of the metabolic health benefits associated with it. With its recognition over the past decade, bariatric surgery has evolved tremendously, with most of these procedures are now performed laparoscopically. The minimally invasive techniques lower surgical risks and complications, providing minimal postoperative pain, faster recovery and therefore shorter hospital stays. At present, approximately 1% of eligible population with severe obesity receive bariatric surgery. Undoubtedly, better understanding of the mechanisms and the effects of bariatric surgery would aid physicians to select the optimal surgical approach for each patient. Herein, this review will summarize the historic and contemporary bariatric surgical techniques (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding) and their impact on obesity related metabolic diseases.
Interactions between Low- and High-Molecular-Weight Portions of Lignin during Fast Pyrolysis at Low Temperatures

This study investigates the interactions between low- and high-molecular-weight portions of lignin during fast pyrolysis at 100–300 °C. Lignin was extracted via tetrahydrofuran (THF) into the THF-s...
Sleep deprivation in an American homeless population.

Abstract Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently labeled sleep deprivation an epidemic in America with 35% of Americans reporting less than the recommended 7-9 hours of sleep each night. A recent study in France found that people experiencing homelessness sleep less and experience increased daytime fatigue as compared with the general population. Sleep intervention and research are rarely the focus for this population resulting in insufficient literature and knowledge to date on sleep health in people experiencing homelessness. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine quality, quantity, supports, and barriers to sleep within a homeless population. Design A mixed-methods survey was conducted to obtain data on sleep in the homeless population. Participants 32 English-speaking adults experiencing homelessness were recruited from a local homeless organization. Measures A web-based survey and two self-report standardized assessments were administered. Standardized assessments included Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form v1.0-Fatigue 13a and the PROMIS Short Form v1.0-Sleep Disturbance 8b. Results Seventy-five percent of participants report getting less than the 7-9 recommended hours of sleep per night. Participants scored almost one standard deviation above the mean on both PROMIS measures demonstrating greater fatigue and sleep disturbance as compared with the general population. Four themes were identified via qualitative analysis: lack of environmental control, emotion and thought, substance use as a sleep aid, and sleep is important for health and daily function. Conclusions Results indicate a need for sleep hygiene intervention within the homeless population. Sleep deprivation is a barrier to the population’s ability to obtaining housing.
Abstract P6-03-04: Microenvironment-induced epigenetic reprogramming imposes drug-tolerant states in breast cancer cells

Development of resistance to breast cancer (BC) therapy is frustratingly common. Multiple mechanisms of resistance have been identified including selection of genetic resistance, redundant signaling, and others. More recently, rare cancer cells were shown to be sporadically reprogrammed by the presence of anti-cancer drugs into transiently resistant states, then to expand later after cessation of therapy. We have demonstrated that the physical character and composition of tumor microenvironment (ME) components are determinants of BC cell drug resistance, however, the mechanism by which this phenomenon occurs is unclear. We hypothesize that epigenetic reprogramming is not rare or sporadic, indeed, that specific tumor ME components impose epigenetic states that beget the expression of gene clusters that put cancer cells into drug-tolerant states. Our current pharmacopeia targets cancer cells, not their ME. Some tumor ME components, e.g. extracellular matrices (ECM), have half-lives that span years, and growth factors with typically short half-lives can be stabilized by direct association with ECM. Thus, a ME-imposed drug tolerance mechanism would explain how resistance can arise rapidly, in multiple locations, without the need for genetic selection. Because ME-cell interactions lead to activation of specific pathways, based on canonical receptor-ligand models, we should be able to circumvent ME-imposed drug tolerance by addition of molecules that alter ME-induced signaling. Clusters of genes that are activated in multidrug resistant breast cancer cells identified potential markers of drug tolerance. ME-drivers of the drug tolerance markers were identified in high-throughput cell-based screens with the MicroEnvironment MicroArray (MEMA) platform. BC cells were exposed in parallel to over 1000 unique combinatorial MEs, which were chosen to mimic normal mammary gland, and luminal or basal BC tumor MEs. Single-cell resolution analysis revealed MEs that induce and maintain drug-tolerance markers. Longer-term functional experiments validated that the identified MEs also increased BC cells drug tolerance. Chromatin accessibility profiling with ATAC-sequencing demonstrated that BC cells cultured in those drug-tolerance inducing MEs exhibit chromatin opening in promoter regions of genes linked to epithelial plasticity (e.g. Axl, SNAI2, Vimentin, TWIST1) within 24h of exposure. These results support the concept that specific MEs drive drug-tolerant cellular phenotypes and suggest a novel interventional avenue for preventing acquired therapy resistance. Citation Format: Tiina A Jokela, Dustin Schones, Mark A LaBarge. Microenvironment-induced epigenetic reprogramming imposes drug-tolerant states in breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-03-04.
Racializing Resilience: Assemblage, Critique, and Contested Futures in Greater Miami Resilience Planning

This article responds to the following paradox: As government actors have begun to operationalize resilience in a variety of ways and contexts, critical analyses of resilience have continued to sid...
Toxicological effects of micronized tire crumb rubber on mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

Recent studies on the distribution of microplastics in the Charleston Harbor, SC, USA revealed that a large part of the microplastic particles that are found in the intertidal sediments are tire wear particles. These particles originate from the wear of tire treads on roadways, and wash into the estuary during rain events. The abundance of these particles has raised questions about potential toxicity to aquatic organisms that ingest these particles. The synthetic rubber in car tires consists of a large variety of chemicals, which can vary between manufacturers, but usually contains styrene-butadiene rubber, carbon black and zinc. To investigate the potential toxicity of tire wear particles, both mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to different concentrations of crumb rubber particles (38–355 µm) in a 7-day static renewal exposure. Dissection of the fish revealed that crumb rubber was ingested and accumulated in the intestinal tract. At the highest concentration tested (6 g/L) partial mortality was observed in the fathead minnow, which came close to the assumed LC50. To investigate if polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were leaching from the particles, bile fluorescence was measured, together with potential induction of cytochrome P450-1A through the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay. Elevated levels of 2-, 4-, and 5-, ring structures representative of PAHs were detected in the bile of exposed animals. Bile fluorescence indicated that 4-ring PAH compounds were the most bioavailable from the crumb rubber particles. Induction of EROD activity was observed in exposed animals at environmentally relevant concentrations of the crumb rubber particles (<1–2 g/L), and this elevated EROD activity indicated that PAH compounds from the crumb rubber particles were being metabolized in both mummichogs and fathead minnow.
Corporate Affirmations of Self-Identity and Mutual Self-Help: Transmedia Rhetorics of Marvel Rising:

In 2018, Disney launched a Marvel Rising transmedia campaign introducing a line of female superhero dolls and supporting media narratives across Disney XD, Marvel Comics, and Hasbro toys. Utilizing...
Effects of Bang® Keto Coffee Energy Drink on Metabolism and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study

Energy drinks are often consumed by the general population, as well as by active individuals seeking to enhance exercise performance and augment training adaptations. However, limited information is available regarding the efficacy of these products. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a commercially available caffeine- and protein-containing energy drink on metabolism and muscular performance. Sixteen resistance-trained males (n = 8; mean ± SD; age: 22.4 ± 4.9 years; body mass: 78.8 ± 14.0 kg; body fat: 15.3 ± 6.4%) and females (n = 8; age: 24.5 ± 4.8 years; body mass: 67.5 ± 11.9 kg; body fat: 26.6 ± 7.1%) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Following a familiarization visit, participants completed two identical visits to the laboratory separated by 5–10 days, each of which consisted of indirect calorimetry energy expenditure (EE) assessments before and after consumption of the beverage (Bang® Keto Coffee; 130 kcal, 300 mg caffeine, 20 g protein) or placebo (30 kcal, 11 mg caffeine, 1 g protein) as well as after exercise testing. In addition, participants’ subjective feelings of energy, fatigue, and focus as well as muscular performance (leg press one-repetition maximum and repetitions to fatigue, maximal isometric and isokinetic squat testing) were assessed. Multiple repeated measures ANOVAs with Tukey post-hoc tests were used to analyze data. Estimates of effect size were quantified via partial eta squared (ηP2) and Hedge’s g. A significant interaction effect was identified for EE (p < 0.001, ηP2 = 0.52) but not respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.17, ηP2 = 0.11). Following consumption of the beverage, EE was 0.77 kcal·min− 1 greater than placebo at the post-beverage time point (p < 0.001) and 0.37 kcal·min− 1 greater than placebo at the post-exercise time point (p = 0.011). However, no between-condition differences were detected for any subjective or muscular performance outcomes. The results of this study suggest that consumption of the energy drink had minimal effects on lower-body muscular performance and subjective factors in the context of a laboratory setting. However, the beverage was found to significantly increase energy expenditure compared to placebo immediately following ingestion as well as during the recovery period after an exercise bout, suggesting that active individuals may improve acute metabolic outcomes via consumption of a caffeine- and protein-containing energy drink. This trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04180787 ; Registered 29 November 2019).
Considerations for Implementation of an Ankle-Foot Orthosis to Improve Mobility in Peripheral Artery Disease.

Abstract Objective To explore the perceptions of wearing an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who did and did not adopt the AFO intervention. This follows a clinical trial of the effectiveness of an AFO in improving walking distances for patients with PAD-related claudication. Design A randomized crossover trial of standard of care and an AFO for 3 months. Semistructured interviews were conducted 1.5 months into the AFO intervention to understand acceptability, demand, implementation, and practicality. Data were analyzed using a summative content analysis approach. Setting Vascular surgery clinic and biomechanics research laboratory. Participants Patients (N=15; male, 100%; age, 71.9±.6.7y; body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], 29.0±.5.5; ankle brachial index: AFO intervention withdrawal, 0.543; AFO intervention completion, 0.740) with claudication completed the study, and 6 withdrew prior to intervention completion. Interventions A certified orthotist fit participants with an AFO that was worn for 3 months. Main Outcome Measures Qualitative analysis of the semistructured interviews. Results Key differences were reported between AFO intervention completion and AFO intervention withdrawal. Six of 14 of AFO intervention completion participants described their initial reactions to the AFO as negative vs 3 of 6 AFO intervention withdrawal participants. Only 5 of 15 AFO intervention completion participants reported minimal use of the AFO compared with 5 of 6 AFO intervention withdrawal participants. The AFO intervention withdrawal group reported higher levels of physical discomfort with the use of the AFO (4/6 vs 7/15) and preexisting health issues becoming a barrier to the use of the AFO (3/6 vs 5/15). Positive aspects reported included ease in standing and walking for AFO intervention withdrawal (4/6) and AFO intervention completion groups (13/15) as well as walking straighter and longer with less pain for AFO intervention withdrawal (3/6) and AFO intervention completion groups (9/15). Conclusions Patients withdrawing prior to completion of AFO intervention tended to have more negative perceptions, more comorbidities, and more physical discomfort than those completing the intervention. Both groups reported positive aspects of the AFO. Implementation studies are needed to address barriers to AFO adoption.
COVID 19 infection: Pediatric perspectives

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the globe, causing innumerable deaths and a massive economic catastrophe Exposure to household members with confirmed COVID-19 is the most common source of infection among children Children are just as likely as adults to get infected with SARS-CoV-2 Most children are asymptomatic and when symptoms occur, they are usually mild Infants <12 months old are at a higher risk for severe or critical disease COVID-19 is diagnosed the same way in pediatric population as adults by testing specimen obtained from upper respiratory tract for nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) using reverse transcriptase viral polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) The common laboratory findings in hospitalized patient include leukopenia, lymphopenia, and increased levels of inflammatory markers Chest X-ray findings are variable and computed tomography scans of the chest may show ground glass opacities similar to adults or non-specific findings Prevention is the primary intervention strategy Recently the U S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has provided emergency authorization of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and many other vaccine candidates are in the investigational stage There is limited data in children on the use of antivirals, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, monoclonal antibody, and convalescent plasma Oxygen therapy is required in hypoxic children (saturation <92%) Similar to adults, other measures to maintain oxygenation such as high flow nasal cannula, CPAP, or ventilatory support may be needed Ventilatory management strategies should include use of low tidal volumes (5?6 cc/kg), high positive expiratory pressure, adequate sedation, paralysis, and prone positioning Recently, a new entity associated with COVID-19 called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has emerged Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological criteria are the basis for this diagnosis Management options include ICU admission, steroids, intravenous gamma globulin, aspirin, anakinra, and anticoagulants Vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) is used to guide vasopressor support
Rate and Characteristics of Vertebral Artery Injury Following C1-C2 Posterior Cervical Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Intraoperative vascular injuries in the cervical spine are rare, but carry significant morbidity and mortality when they do occur. There is a need to better characterize the risk of vertebral artery injury (VAI) after posterior C1-C2 fusion. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of VAI in patients undergoing posterior C1-C2 cervical fusion. Methods An electronic database search was performed to identify studies that reported rates of VAI following posterior cervical fusion at C1-C2 level. Patient-specific risk factors, surgical indication, surgical technique, and other data were collected for each study. Forest plots were created to outline the pooled ratios of VAI in the literature. Results Eleven studies with 773 patients were identified. Mean age of patients was 48.47 years (range, 6–78 years), and most patients were female (61.7%, n = 399). Trauma was the most frequent indication for surgery (18.8%, n = 146), followed by inflammatory processes affecting the vertebrae (13.2%, n = 102). The rate of VAI per patient was 2% (95% confidence interval = 1%–4%) among 773 patients, while injury rate per screw was 1% (95% confidence interval = 0%–2%) among 2238 screws placed. Conclusions The rate of VAI after C1-C2 posterior cervical fusion was found to be 2% for each operated patient and 1% for each screw placed.
A new paradox and the reconciliation of Lorentz and Galilean transformations

One of the most debated problems in the foundations of the special relativity theory is the role of conventionality. A common belief is that the Lorentz transformation is correct but the Galilean transformation is wrong (only approximately correct in low speed limit). It is another common belief that the Galilean transformation is incompatible with Maxwell equations. However, the “principle of general covariance” in general relativity makes any spacetime coordinate transformation equally valid. This includes the Galilean transformation as well. This renders a new paradox. This new paradox is resolved with the argument that the Galilean transformation is equivalent to the Lorentz transformation. The resolution of this new paradox also provides the most straightforward resolution of an older paradox which is due to Selleri in (Found Phys Lett 10:73–83, 1997). I also present a consistent electrodynamics formulation including Maxwell equations and electromagnetic wave equations under the Galilean transformation, in the exact form for any high speed, rather than in low speed approximation. Electrodynamics in rotating reference frames is rarely addressed in textbooks. The presented formulation of electrodynamics under the Galilean transformation even works well in rotating frames if we replace the constant velocity $$\mathbf {v}$$ with $$\mathbf {v}=\varvec{\omega }\times \mathbf {r}$$ . This provides a practical tool for applications of electrodynamics in rotating frames. When electrodynamics is concerned, between two inertial reference frames, both Galilean and Lorentz transformations are equally valid, but the Lorentz transformation is more convenient. In rotating frames, although the Galilean electrodynamics does not seem convenient, it could be the most convenient formulation compared with other transformations, due to the intrinsic complex nature of the problem.
A new direct discontinuous Galerkin method with interface correction for two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations

We propose a new formula for the nonlinear viscous numerical flux and extend the direct discontinuous Galerkin method with interface correction (DDGIC) of Liu and Yan (H. Liu, J. Yan, The direct discontinuous Galerkin (DDG) method for diffusion with interface corrections, Communications in Computational Physics 8 (3) (2010) 541) to compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The new DDGIC framework is based on the observation that the nonlinear diffusion can be represented as a sum of multiple individual diffusion processes corresponding to each conserved variable. A set of direction vectors corresponding to each individual diffusion process is defined and approximated by the average value of the numerical solution at the cell interfaces. The new framework only requires the computation of conserved variables' gradient, which is linear and approximated by the original direct DG numerical flux formula. The proposed method greatly simplifies the implementation, and thus, can be easily extended to general equations and turbulence models. Numerical experiments with $P_1$, $P_2$, $P_3$ and $P_4$ polynomial approximations are performed to verify the optimal $(k+1)^{th}$ high-order accuracy of the method. The new DDGIC method is shown to be able to accurately calculate physical quantities such as lift, drag, and friction coefficients as well as separation angle and Strouhal number.
Peri-operative Care of the General Pediatric Surgical Patient

Perioperative management of newborn and infants is quite different from the perioperative management strategy in adults. Infants have quite a different response to surgical disease and intervention that must be recognized by the clinician. Thermoregulation, metabolic changes, resuscitation principles, fluid and electrolyte management, and nutritional needs are quite different in the pediatric population. Not only are physiologic parameters different, but also many of the pediatric surgical anomalies and surgical diseases are unique. This chapter will discuss critical details of perioperative management of neonates and infants and highlight specifics that are unique to various common surgical anomalies.
Unsteady Circulation in Shallow, Homogeneous Lakes

A method is presented for calculating the three-dimensional, unsteady, wind-driven circulation in a shallow, homogeneous lake on a rotating earth. The equations of motion are linearized, boundary friction is assumed to act only on the bottom; and a constant eddy viscosity is assumed. These approximations assume a shallow lake where a characteristic horizontal dimension is large compared to the maximum depth and where the depth is of the order of magnitude of the Ekman depth of frictional influence or less. The solution can be applied to a lake of arbitrary plan form and bottom topography.
Copper complexes - a unique class of anti-arthritic drugs.

Publisher Summary Copper (Cu) complexes are a unique class of anti-arthritic drugs for two important reasons. First, animal studies have revealed that they are potent anti-ulcer agents in contrast to currently used ulcerogenic drugs. Second, treatment of human rheumatoid diseases brought about long-lasting remissions with short-term Cu complex therapy in contrast to chronic therapy with existing drugs. These two unique features of the biological activity of Cu complexes along with their demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in many animal models of inflammation suggest that Cu complex therapy may be more beneficial than the current drug therapy. Copper complex therapy is consistent with what has been interpreted as the normal physiological response to rheumatoid diseases. Serum from patients with rheumatoid disease contains increased concentrations of ceruloplasmin and low molecular weight Cu complexes. As these increases occur prior to remission and low molecular weight Cu complexes are known to have anti-inflammatory activity, it is suggested that the increase in serum Cu containing components is a physiological response to these diseases. This physiological response then facilitates biological processes required to prevent further tissue destruction and promote tissue repair that leads to remission.
A compact model for projections of future power supply distribution network requirements

A closed-form worst-case IR drop model is developed to enable projections of the wiring resource requirements of the power supply distribution networks of future microprocessors and ASICs. The model is then used to highlight the design trade-off between I/O requirements and global wiring area needed for power distribution across three generations. For the 2013 technology generation, the global wiring resources exceed 40% of the available if fewer than 10,000 I/Os are utilized for power and ground.
Polynucleotide Celluloses as Solid State Primers and Templates for Polymerases

Abstract An oligomer of deoxyribothymidylate in 5'-ester linkage to cellulose particles serves as a primer and template for the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase, as a template for RNA polymerase, and as an initiator for the calf thymus terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Synthesis by DNA polymerase of the homopolymer pair, polydeoxyriboadenylate and polydeoxyribothymidylate, takes place when oligodeoxyribothymidylate cellulose is hydrogen-bonded to an oligodeoxyriboadenylate to form a template pair. The product contains deoxythymidylate covalently linked to the cellulose and deoxyadenylate hydrogen-bonded to the deoxythymidylate. Block copolymers formed by transferase extension of an oligonucleotide cellulose can form hybrids with other synthetic polymers according to base pair specificities. Single stranded DNA extended with a homopolymer by terminal transferase can hydrogen bond via the homopolymer region to a complementary derivative of polynucleotide cellulose. Upon replication with DNA polymerase, the product strand is covalently attached to the cellulose. The advantages of the polynucleotide cellulose system include the known polarity of primer and product, the ease of quantitative collection and separation of the insoluble template and complementary product, and the capacity to distinguish between reactions occurring free in solution and those involving components fixed to a solid state matrix.
New-Onset Myocarditis in an Immunocompetent Adult with Acute Metapneumovirus Infection

Introduction. A number of viruses have been implicated in viral myocarditis; however, there has been no previous report of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causing this condition. Discovered in 2001, hMPV is typically associated with upper respiratory illness, mainly affecting children. Case Presentation. We report the case of a 25-year-old man with acute systolic heart failure from viral myocarditis secondary to the hMPV. The patient was initially admitted to the general medical ward but developed increasing oxygen requirements resulting in transfer to the cardiac intensive care unit. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was used to help confirm the diagnosis. He was treated with intravenous diuretics, and afterload and preload agents, and he was subsequently discharged home after seven days of hospitalization. Discussion. hMPV is typically a respiratory pathogen; however, it was associated with in myocarditis in our patient. Due to the recent ability to detect this virus, we may see more cases of this, particularly during peak months of infection. Conclusion. This is the first case description of myocarditis associated with hMPV infection.