cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of bioethanol byproduct for supplementary cementitious material production

Abstract Corn stover has the potential for use as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for concrete. The impact of distilled water and dilute acid pretreatments and post-treatments on the pozzolanic reactivity of corn stover ash (CSA) was studied. Additionally, the potential use of a bioethanol byproduct called high lignin residue (HLR) for SCM production was examined. Pretreated CSA and high lignin residue ash (HLRA) increased the early reactivity of cement paste when used as 20% replacement of cement in the system whereas unpretreated CSA was found to severely suppress the hydration reaction. The highest compressive strength was obtained from samples containing HLRA.
Role of Asn-16 and Ser-19 in anthopleurin B binding. Implications for the electrostatic nature of Na(V) site 3.

Anthopleurin B (ApB) is a type 1 sea anemone toxin, which binds to voltage-sensitive sodium channels (NaV's), thereby delaying channel inactivation. Previous work from our laboratories has demonstrated that the structurally unconstrained region involving residues 8−17 of this polypeptide, designated the Arg-14 loop, is important for full toxin affinity (Seibert et al., (2003) Biochemistry 42, 14515). Within this region, important contributions are made by residues Arg-12 and Leu-18 (Gallagher and Blumenthal, (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 254; Dias-Kadambi et al., (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 23828). Moreover, replacement of glycine residues found at positions 10 or 15 of the loop by alanine has been shown to have profound, isoform-selective effects on toxin-binding kinetics (Seibert et al., (2003) Biochemistry 42, 14515). To thoroughly understand the importance of this entire region, the work described here investigates the contribution of ApB residues Asn-16, Thr-17, and Ser-19 to toxin affinity and isoform s...
IBM's global CEO report 2006: business model innovation matters

Purpose – To ascertain whether the choices CEOs were making about particular types of innovation and key enablers had any correlation with financial performance, IBM looked at a subset of our sample where publicly reported financial information was available.Design/methodology/approach – The findings in this report are based on in‐depth, consultative interviews on the topic of innovation with 765 CEOs, business executives and public sector leaders from around the world.Findings – For a subset, the authors compared their financial performance to that of an industry‐accepted list of their nearest competitors (up to ten companies with similar revenue and publicly available information). Some of their competitors were CEO study participants, but most were not. By taking a five‐year view, the researchers were able to identify which companies outperformed and under‐performed the average revenue growth, operating margin growth and historical operating margins of their closest competitors.Research limitations/imp...
Spectroscopic Characterization of Vinyl Formed from Acetylene on Pt(111)

The surface intermediates formed following the adsorption of acetylene (C2H2) on Pt(111) were identified and characterized with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). It is found that isomerization of acetylene to vinylidene (CCH2), followed by hydrogenation to vinyl (CHCH2), precedes the formation of ethylidyne (CCH3). When hydrogen and acetylene are coadsorbed on the surface, di-σ-bonded ethylene (C2H4) and vinyl (CHCH2) intermediates form at about 250 K. Vinyl is identified by its CH2 symmetric stretch at 2988 cm-1 and CC stretch at 1280 cm-1. The isomerization of acetylene is indicated by the formation of only one vinyl isotopomer, CDCH2, from the reaction of surface deuterium with C2H2. Vinyl converts to ethylidene, ethylidyne, and a high-temperature form of vinylidene at temperatures above 300 K. Ethylidyne isotopomers formed from H/D exchange when C2D2 is adsorbed on the H preadsorbed surface and when C2H2 is adsorbed on the D preadsorbed surface are identified by their RAIR spectra.
Evaluating Descriptive Richness in Collection-Level Metadata

ABSTRACT When many collections are 1 brought together in a federation or aggregation, the attributes of the original collections can become difficult to discern. Collection-level 2 metadata has the potential to provide important context about the purpose and features of individual collections, but the qualitative aspects of collections are difficult to describe in a systematic way. This article reports on a content analysis of collection records in the Digital Collections and Content (DCC) aggregation, conducted to analyze the kinds of substantive and purposeful information represented across 202 cultural heritage collections. We found that the free-text Description field often provides more accurate and complete representation of subjects and object types than the specified fields; it consistently represents properties such as uniqueness, importance, comprehensiveness, provenance, and creator of items in digital collection, and other vital contextual information about the intentions of collectors and the...
Approximate Analysis of the Buckling Behavior of Composites with Delamination

In this paper, we provide an insight into the governing mechanism of the uni-axial compressive bucklingof a delaminated composite. We propose an approximate method to analyze the bucklingbehavior a...
Evaluation of motion correction methods in human brain PET imaging--a simulation study based on human motion data.

Purpose: Motion correction in PET has become more important as system resolution has improved. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of event-by-event and frame-based MC methods in human brain PET imaging. Methods: Motion compensated image reconstructions were performed with static and dynamic simulated high resolution research tomograph data with frame-based image reconstructions, using a range of measured human head motion data. Image intensities in high-contrast regions of interest (ROI) and parameter estimates in tracer kinetic models were assessed to evaluate the accuracy of the motion correction methods. Results: Given accurate motion data, event-by-event motion correction can reliably correct for head motions. The average ROI intensities and the kinetic parameter estimates VT and BPND were comparable to the true values. The frame-based motion correction methods with correctly aligned attenuation map using the average of externally acquired motion data or motion data derived from image registration give comparable quantitative accuracy. For large intraframe (>5 mm) motion, the frame-based methods produced ∼9% bias in ROI intensities, ∼5% in VT, and ∼10% in BPND estimates. In addition, in real studies that lack a ground truth, the normalized weighted residual sum of squared difference is a potential figure-of-merit to evaluate the accuracy of motion correction methods. Conclusions: The authors conclude that frame-based motion correction methods are accurate when the intraframe motion is less than 5 mm and when the attenuation map is accurately aligned. Given accurate motion data, event-by-event motion correction can reliably correct for head motion in human brain PET studies.
Progress in High Frequency Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors

The concepts, technology and the present experimental limits of performance of heterojunction modulation doped field effect transistors are covered. Both lattice-matched and strained, pseudomorphic quantum well channels on GaAs substrates, as well as lattice-matched quantum well channels on InP substrates are included. Power gain frequency limits to 450 GHz, and noise figures as low as .8-.9 db at 60 GHz are presented for 300K operation of the latter devices.
Oxygen uptake during peak graded exercise and single-stage fatigue tests of wheelchair propulsion in manual wheelchair users and the able-bodied

Abstract Objective: To determine if a single-stage, submaximal fatigue test on a wheelchair ergometer would result in higher than expected energy expenditure. Design: An experimental survey design contrasting physiologic responses during peak graded exercise tests and fatigue tests. Setting: A rehabilitation science laboratory that included a prototypical wheelchair ergometer, open-circuit spirometry system, and heart rate monitor. Participants: Nine able-bodied non-wheelchair users (the NWC group: 6 men and 3 women, mean ± SD age 30 ± 7yrs) and 15 manual wheelchair users (the WC group: 12 men and 3 women, age 40 ± 9yrs, time in wheelchair 16 ± 9yrs). No subject had any disease, medication regimen, or upper body neurologic, orthopedic, or other condition that would limit wheelchair exercise. Main Outcome Measures: Peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) for graded exercise testing and during fatigue testing, using a power output corresponding to 75% peak aerobic capacity on graded exercise test. Results: In the WC group, VO 2 at 6 minutes of fatigue testing was not significantly different from peak V0 2 . In the NWC group, VO 2 was similar to the expected level throughout fatigue testing. Conclusion: Energy expenditure was higher than expected in the WC group but not in the NWC group. Fatigue testing may provide a useful evaluation of cardiorespiratory status in manual wheelchair users.
Managing Mexico's Cold War: Vicente Lombardo Toledano and the Uses of Political Intelligence

This article examines prospects and problems with using Mexican secret police documents to assess Mexico's role in the Cold War. I approach the topic through the life of Vicente Lombardo Toledano, a Mexican labour leader who was once formally recruited as a Soviet intelligence asset. I analyse two documents in depth—an indictment of Lombardo that was likely based on faulty information, and a detailed record of Soviet subsidies to Lombardo's union activities. I argue that while secret police reports are disappointing substitutes for the nonexistent operational files of the Secretaria de Gobernacion (Ministry of the Interior), they can—when supplemented with other sources, such as U.S. intelligence—paint a meaningful picture showing Mexican tolerance for foreign intelligence operations. This tolerance was a factor that led Cold War antagonists to wish for regime stability in Mexico, helping Mexico, unusually among Latin American countries, make foreign covert action into a stabilising force.
Baseload wind energy: modeling the competition between gas turbines and compressed air energy storage for supplemental generation

Abstract The economic viability of producing baseload wind energy was explored using a cost-optimization model to simulate two competing systems: wind energy supplemented by simple- and combined cycle natural gas turbines (“wind+gas”), and wind energy supplemented by compressed air energy storage (“wind+CAES”). Pure combined cycle natural gas turbines (“gas”) were used as a proxy for conventional baseload generation. Long-distance electric transmission was integral to the analysis. Given the future uncertainty in both natural gas price and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions price, we introduced an effective fuel price, p NGeff , being the sum of the real natural gas price and the GHG price. Under the assumption of p NGeff =$5/GJ (lower heating value), 650 W/m 2 wind resource, 750 km transmission line, and a fixed 90% capacity factor, wind+CAES was the most expensive system at ¢6.0/kWh, and did not break even with the next most expensive wind+gas system until p NGeff =$9.0/GJ. However, under real market conditions, the system with the least dispatch cost (short-run marginal cost) is dispatched first, attaining the highest capacity factor and diminishing the capacity factors of competitors, raising their total cost. We estimate that the wind+CAES system, with a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rate that is one-fourth of that for natural gas combined cycle plants and about one-tenth of that for pulverized coal plants, has the lowest dispatch cost of the alternatives considered (lower even than for coal power plants) above a GHG emissions price of $35/tC equiv. , with good prospects for realizing a higher capacity factor and a lower total cost of energy than all the competing technologies over a wide range of effective fuel costs. This ability to compete in economic dispatch greatly boosts the market penetration potential of wind energy and suggests a substantial growth opportunity for natural gas in providing baseload power via wind+CAES, even at high natural gas prices.
Why does Halldén-completeness matter?

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la notion de completude definie par S. Hallden (designee par le terme Hallden-completude), dans son ouvrage intitule «On the semantics non-completeness of certain Lewis calculi» (1951), reste d'une importance capitale dans le domaine de la logique modale avant l'emergence de la semantique des mondes possibles
Nucleotide excision repair of the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene assembled into a nucleosome.

A-175-base pair fragment containing the Xenopus borealis somatic 5 S ribosomal RNA gene was used as a model system to determine the effect of nucleosome assembly on nucleotide excision repair (NER) of the major UV photoproduct (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)) in DNA. Xenopus oocyte nuclear extracts were used to carry out repair in vitro on reconstituted, positioned 5 S rDNA nucleosomes. Nucleosome structure strongly inhibits NER at many CPD sites in the 5 S rDNA fragment while having little effect at a few sites. The time course of CPD removal at 35 different sites indicates that >85% of the CPDs in the naked DNA fragment have t(12) values 8 h. Moreover, removal of histone tails from these mononucleosomes has little effect on the repair rates. Finally, nucleosome inhibition of repair shows no correlation with the rotational setting of a 14-nucleotide-long pyrimidine tract located 30 base pairs from the nucleosome dyad. These results suggest that inhibition of NER by mononucleosomes is not significantly influenced by the rotational orientation of CPDs on the histone surface, and histone tails play little (or no) role in this inhibition.
Failure of magnesium to maintain self-administration in cocaine-naive rats.

Abstract Previous research has shown that magnesium interacts with cocaine in such a way that it potentiates its action in a variety of behavioral situations. More recently, it has been demonstrated that magnesium will dose dependently substitute for cocaine self-administration and reduce the intake of cocaine. It is considerable interest to determine if magnesium would be self-administered in cocaine-naive animals. The results of two experiments demonstrate that magnesium is not self-administered by cocaine-naive rats since although responding for magnesium chloride is above hypertonic saline control levels on day 1 of access, this responding is not maintained on subsequent days, does not occur in a regularly spaced pattern over time, and is not inversely related to dose. Taken together these data indicate that magnesium is a substitute for cocaine that has low abuse potential.
Electrochemical aspects of d.c. stimulation of osteogenesis

Abstract It has been suggested that direct current stimulation of osteogenesis may precede through a variety of mechanisms including a direct electrical effect and an indirect effect, secondary to electrochemical changes in local cellular environment. A series of experiments in vivo and in vitro utilizing electrodic direct current stimulation (faradaic stimulation) has resulted in the following observations: • bone formation is stimulated at a negatively charged electrode (cathode); • d.c. stimulation accelerates the healing of osteotomies; • in the absence of trauma, d.c . stimulation initiates osteogenesis in the presence of suitable progenitor cells; • d.c . stimulation of osteogenesis displays a classic dose-response relationship between current and the amount of bone elicited in a given time interval; • stainless steel cathodes, operating under optimum osteogenic conditions, locally produce a reduced oxygen partial pressure and elevated pH, both in vitro and in vivo ; • control of current, current density and cathodic potential is required for optimum stimulation of osteogenesis. As a result of these studies, it is clear that an indirect electrochemical mediation plays a role in faradaic stimulation of ostogenesis.
Like a Good Mystery Story?: The Saga of Positive Cultures

(1979). Like a Good Mystery Story?: The Saga of Positive Cultures. Hospital Topics: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 18-56.
Epitaxial-Graphene RF Field-Effect Transistors on Si-Face 6H-SiC Substrates

We report dc and the first-ever measured small-signal radio-frequency (RF) performance of epitaxial-graphene RF field-effect transistors (FETs), where the epitaxial-graphene layer is formed by graphitization of 2-in-diameter Si-face semi-insulating 6H-SiC (0001) substrates. The gate is processed with a metal gate on top of a high-k Al2 O3 gate dielectric deposited via an atomic-layer-deposition method. With a gate length (Lg) of 2 mum and an extrinsic transconductance of 148 mS/mm, the extrinsic current-gain cutoff frequency (fT) is measured as 4.4 GHz, yielding an extrinsic fT ldr Lg of 8.8 GHz middot mum. This is comparable to that of Si NMOS. With graphene FETs fabricated in a layout similar to those of Si n-MOSFETs, on-state current density increases dramatically to as high as 1.18 A/mm at Vds = 1 V and 3 A/mm at Vds = 5 V. The current drive level is the highest ever observed in any semiconductor FETs.
Malignant mesothelioma of peritoneum.

A 57-year-old man with malaise, ascites, and abdominal pain was found to have a peritoneum studded with numerous, small nodular tumor masses. Light microscopy revealed an anaplastic malignant tumor of uncertain differentiation. Mucin stains were negative. Electron microscopy revealed pleomorphic tumor cells with diffusely distributed cytoplasmic tonofilaments and well-developed true desmosomes. No long, thin, branching microvilli were present, yet tumor cells were strongly positive for both callus keratin (polyclonal) and monoclonal cytokeratin (AE1/3) in a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution (a pattern corresponding to the diffuse cytoplasmic tonofilaments). Tumor cells were negative for Leu-M1 and carcinoembryonic antigen. The findings were most consistent with malignant mesothelioma, and additional questioning, after tissue diagnosis, revealed a work history of asbestos exposure.
Jobs and the Job of President: A Forecast for 2004

During spring 2000, we released to the press a preliminary forecast of a Gore victory. Indeed, one of us, in a widely-read quotation, declared, “It's not even going to be close” (Washington Post, May 26, 2000, p. 1). We were wrong, as were all of our fellow modelers. Indeed, among “five of the best forecasters” identified by Robert Kaiser (Washington Post, May 26, 2000, p. 1), the Gore projection ranged from 53% to 60% of the two-party popular vote, pointing to a Democratic landslide. Such gross error raises the question: Should the models be junked? Some journalists, pundits, and scholars have suggested the answer is “yes.” We disagree. Remember that forecasters of all stripes—modelers, pollsters, marketers, campaign experts—failed to call 2000. (See the review of 49 forecasts, from multiple and international sources, in Lafay and Lewis-Beck 2000). The virtually total inability to predict the Bush-Gore result also reminds us that no model will ever be perfect, that electoral behavior can never be fully determined. Still, while falling short of perfection, we believe that modeling can be improved.
Catheter-Directed Low-Dose Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Treatment of Right Atrial Thrombus Caused by a Central Venous Catheter.

Catheter-related atrial thrombosis is a potentially deadly complication of central venous catheters. Options for treatment include surgical thrombectomy, systemic anticoagulation, and systemic thrombolysis, but the optimal method of treatment remains unknown. We describe a 48-year-old woman with a large right atrial thrombus who was successfully treated with localized recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). She was treated with an 18-hour infusion of localized low-dose tPA administered through her central venous catheter. The dimensions of the thrombus decreased from 30 × 16 × 22 mm to 10 × 8 × 5 mm after treatment with tPA, corresponding to an associated 96% reduction in thrombus volume. No major bleeding complications were observed. Catheter-directed thrombolysis provides the theoretical advantage of a decreased rate of major bleeding by reducing the exposure to and duration of high-dose systemic thrombolytic therapy. To our knowledge, this is the second case report describing the use of this novel therapy. Although no guidelines for the treatment of atrial thrombosis or consensus on the optimal regimen for catheter-directed thrombolysis (and intensity of concomitant anticoagulation) exist, we believe that this intervention may be a well-tolerated alternative to systemic thrombolysis and surgery in certain patients.
Maturation Changes in Bull Epididymal Spermatozoa

Abstract Spermatozoa recovered from the caput epididymides of four bulls were immotile, whereas sperm from the cauda epididymides averaged 41% progressive motility. The percentage of unstained or morphologically normal spermatozoa did not differ between the caput and cauda epididymides. When caudal sperm were used to inseminate 100 cows, 69% did not return for reinsemination in 60 to 90 days.
Application of the G'/D Raman Ratio for Purity Assessment of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Carbonaceous purity assessment methods are being sought after for all types of carbon nanotubes as a means to standardize the material metrology. Our most recent work has evaluated chemical vapor synthesized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). This effort included a protocol for assessment involving qualitative information from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and quantitative information from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. Presently, the analysis using Raman spectroscopy on a constructed sample set has been extended to a second excitation energy (HeNe laser at 1.96 eV) and the similar trends in the relative Raman peak ratios have been measured. In contrast to the G-band, the D and G' peaks demonstrate a Raman shift that is excitation energy-dependent, consistent with the double resonance theory. However, the Raman ratio of IG'/ID is independent of excitation energy and is observed to be the most sensitive to MWNT carbonaceous purity. Application of this approach to MWNT arrays grown on SiO2 is compared to conventional bulk powders synthesized under similar conditions. The MWNT arrays show a high degree of vertical alignment based upon SEM and a measured carbonaceous purity using the IG'/ID ratio of 75% w/w.
Locke and the Mind-Body Problem: An Interpretation of his Agnosticism

From the Lockean point of view, the mind-body problem is conceived as a problem created by us. It is an error to think there is a problem with mind and body, an error of confusing nominality with reality. I argue that Locke's agnosticism should be understood as a warning not to confuse our human point of view with what really is. From this perspective, the mind-body problem is a nominal problem, not a real one. It appears to us as a problem, but is not really so. But what makes it appear to us as a problem? This is Locke's starting point for solving the mind-body problem.
Biologically inspired telescoping active suspension arm vehicle: Preliminary results

This paper proposes a new type of active suspension system for road vehicles. The paper addresses the design and analysis of the vehicle's suspension with the intent of later integrating this work into a fully functional prototype. The work presented here builds on a previous prototype built by the first author by adding telescoping suspension arms whose displacement can be actively controlled. This flexibility enables the vehicle to become more compact, or more stable depending on the situation. The advantages of the vehicle designed in this paper are twofold. First, it can potentially be used in several rough landscapes, such as other planets or debris caused by natural disasters. Second, the vehicle has the potential to be used in emerging countries where the infrastructure has not yet evolved to the point of acceptable performance for conventional vehicles.
LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens, their precursors, and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate

We report a qualitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of the three known N,N-dimethyltryptamine endogenous hallucinogens, their precursors and metabolites, as well as melatonin and its metabolic precursors. The method was characterized using artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as the matrix and was subsequently applied to the analysis of rat brain pineal gland-aCSF microdialysate. The method describes the simultaneous analysis of 23 chemically diverse compounds plus a deuterated internal standard by direct injection, requiring no dilution or extraction of the samples. The results demonstrate that this is a simple, sensitive, specific and direct approach to the qualitative analysis of these compounds in this matrix. The protocol also employs stringent MS confirmatory criteria for the detection and confirmation of the compounds examined, including exact mass measurements. The excellent limits of detection and broad scope make it a valuable research tool for examining the endogenous hallucinogen pathways in the central nervous system. We report here, for the first time, the presence of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in pineal gland microdialysate obtained from the rat. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free Play and True Well‐Being: Herder's Critique of Kant's Aesthetics

The philosophical discipline of aesthetics, as is well known, did not receive its name until 1735, when the twenty-one year old Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten introduced it to mean episte*me* aisthetike*, or the science of what is sensed and imagined. But Baumgarten’s denomination of the field was an adult baptism: without the benefit of a name, aesthetics had been part of philosophy since Plato attacked the educational value of many forms of art in the Republic and Aristotle briefly defended them in his fragmentary Poetics.
Wage Determination Theory and the Five-Dollar Day at Ford

This paper examines the five-dollar day compensation policy instituted by the Ford Motor Company in 1914 in light of recent developments in wage-determination theory. The new wage was above the opportunity cost of the labor employed. Yet various efficiency wage theories, by which high wages increase output, are shown to provide an implausible explanation. The particular (and epochal) technical change that occurred at Ford and the attitudes and beliefs of relevant actors suggest instead a rent-sharing theory driven by the threat of collective action by labor. This confluence, not the money, marks the episode as a watershed.
Virulence of a Salmonella typhimurium OmpD Mutant

An ompD mutation caused by a Tn10 insertion was transduced into Salmonella typhimurium SL1344 and UK-1. The adherence and invasion capabilities of the resultant ompD mutants were examined by tissue culture analysis. The virulence of the S. typhimurium ompD mutants was ascertained by a 50% lethal dose (LD50) study and by determining colonization ability with BALB/c mice. We found no statistically significant difference in adherence and invasion capacities between the S. typhimurium wild type strains and their corresponding ompD mutants. Furthermore, the LD50 and colonization studies revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in virulence between the S. typhimurium wild type strains and their corresponding ompD mutants. These results differ from those reported previously (C. J. Dorman, S. Chatfield, C. F. Higgins, C. Hayward, and G. Dougan, Infect. Immun. 57:2136–2140, 1989).
Prioritization of genomic locus pairs for testing epistasis

In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified loci that harbor genetic variants associated with complex diseases. However, susceptibility loci identified by GWAS so far generally account for a limited fraction of heritability in patient populations. More recently, there has been considerable attention on identifying epistatic interactions. However, the large number of pairs to be tested for epistasis poses significant challenges, in terms of both computational (run-time) and statistical (multiple hypothesis testing) considerations.In this paper, we propose a new method to reduce the number of tests required to identify epistatic pairs of genomic loci. The key idea of the proposed algorithm is to reduce the data by identifying sets of loci that may be complementary in their association with the disease. Namely, we identify population covering locus sets (PoCos), i.e., sets of loci that harbor at least one susceptibility allele in samples with the phenotype of interest. Then we compute representative genotypes for PoCos, and assess the significance of the interactions between pairs of PoCos. We use the results of this assessment to prioritize pairs of loci to be tested for epistasis. We test the proposed method on two independent GWAS data sets of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Our experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the number of hypotheses to be tested drastically, enabling efficient identification of more epistatic loci that are statistically significant. Moreover, some of the identified epistatic pairs of loci are reproducible between the two datasets. We also show that the proposed method outperforms an existing method for prioritization of locus pairs.
High‐frequency seismic noise generated from breaking shallow water ocean waves and the link to time‐variable sea states

Breaking waves in the nearshore are known to generate a significant amount of high-frequency (f > 5 Hz) energy. We investigate the correlation between the spectrum of seismic energy and the local sea states. We deployed a single three-component broadband seismometer approximately 50 m from the seashore and recorded continuously for approximately 10 days. Our observations show that during elevated sea states, and presumably larger breaking waves in the surf zone, the power spectral density of the wave-generated seismic energy shifts to lower frequencies and higher spectral amplitudes. This is similar to the observation that large plunging breakers generate 1–20 Hz acoustic infrasound, suggesting that a significant portion of the infrasound couples into seismic energy at the water/sea floor interface. Based on our observations and previous models, it appears that the seismic spectrum is sensitive to the wave size but not sediment movement. Regardless, the correlation of the seismic spectral power to the height and period of ocean waves suggests that seismic observations can be used as a proxy for local sea states, which may have implications for seashore sediment transport.
Reliability of Parent-Measured Axillary Temperatures

Background. Fever is a common symptom in children. Assessment of accuracy of parental temperature measurement is integral in determining proper medical management. Methods . The authors recruited 25 afebrile and 13 febrile children from outpatient sites. Participants had rectal temperatures measured by a trained study staff, followed by axillary temperature measurements by trained study staff and parent. Analysis of variance was used to compare the afebrile and febrile groups; the paired t test was used to compare parent and study personnel’s axillary temperature measurements. Analysis included the statistical significance of Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the various comparisons. Results. In both febrile and afebrile groups, the rectal temperatures were greater than axillary temperature measurements, but the difference was not consistent. There was a very high correlation (correlation coefficient range = .86-.96) between axillary temperature measurements performed by trained study staff and paren...
Bending-induced phase shifts in dual-mode planar optical waveguides.

We examine the manner in which the effective index for each of the two modes of a bent dual-mode planar waveguide changes with curvature. We find that the bending-induced changes in the effective indices depend strongly on core-cladding index contrast and the value of V. For waveguides with large contrast, the changes in effective indices are such that the change in the phase difference between the modes is positive (or negative) at large (or small) values of V. The change becomes zero at a V value that depends on the waveguide parameters and curvature. If the index contrast is small, the bending-induced phase difference may change sign with increase in curvature. This might help in ultimately explaining the bipolar phase shift seen in a recent experiment. The results of our study can be used to increase or decrease the bending sensitivity of dual-mode optical-waveguide sensors and devices.
Variable dielectrics in the calcium magnesium titanate system characterized with scanning microwave microscopy

Near-field scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) is used to observe the fine-scale dielectric phenomena. The purpose of the present study is to apply the SMM to examine the dielectrics in the multiphase CT–MT–M2T system and study the dielectric relative permittivitydistribution. SMM clearly resolves the three-phase distribution and is in agreement with chemical analysis.
Livestock mobility and animal health policy in southern Africa: the impact of veterinary cordon fences on pastoralists

Greater understanding of how policies are restricting extensive pastoral production is needed, given the importance of livestock mobility to both social and environmental health in drylands. In southern Africa, communal pastoral rangelands continue to be enclosed and dissected by large-scale barrier fences designed to control livestock diseases and protect lucrative livestock export agreements. This paper looks at how these veterinary cordon fences are changing pastoral systems in Botswana, particularly patterns of resource access and livestock mobility. The results show how overall consensus of opinion towards fencing among pastoralists is positive; fences do restrict resource access yet on balance herding demands are reduced and livestock security improved. However, a minority of marginalised groups recognise that fencing restricts risk management strategies and increases competition for key resources, raising concern over more widespread social differentiation and increased vulnerability at the regional level. The paper demonstrates why a closer examination of the trade-offs and consequences associated with animal health policy options in Africa is needed, particularly to determine policy-marketing pathways that allow more flexible and opportunistic resource access within communal pastoral areas.
Life events and alcohol consumption among mature adults: A longitudinal analysis

Objective: Four waves of the Health and Retirement Study were used to examine changes in alcohol consumption co-occurring and following stress associated with major health, family and employment events. Method: The final sample consisted of 7,731 (3,907 male) individuals between the ages of 51 and 61 at baseline. We used multinomial logit analysis to study associations between important life events and changes in alcohol consumption over a 6-year study period. Interactions between stressful life events, gender and problem drinking were also evaluated. Results: Most persons (68%) did not change their use of alcohol over the entire 6 years. Hospitalization and onset of a chronic condition were associated with decreased drinking levels. Retirement was associated with increased drinking. Widowhood was associated with increased drinking but only for a short time. Getting married or divorced was associated with both increases and decreases in drinking, with a complex lag structure. A history of problem drinking...
Melting and crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) blends

The crystallization and melting behaviors as well as the crystalline morphologies of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(m-xylylene adipamide) (PET/MXD6) blends have been examined and characterized with the aid of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD). The isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of the blends were studied as functions of the contents of MXD6, catalyst concentrations, and the effects of the interchange reactions between PET and MXD6. Wide angle x-ray scattering has been used to examine the crystalline morphologies of the PET/MXD6 blends, to characterize their crystalline and amorphous phases, and to determine crystallite sizes in the blends. Results indicate that the catalyst has both catalyzing and nucleation effects on the PET/MXD6 blends, with the extents of each effect dependent upon the content of catalyst. In addition the crystalline morphology was found to be dominated by the MXD6 content as well as the crystallization temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Saccharification, fermentation, and protein recovery from low‐temperature AFEX‐treated coastal bermudagrass

Coastal bermudagrass was pretreated by a low-temperature ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) process, which soaked the grass in liquid ammonia and then explosively released the pressure. Saccharifying enzymes were systematically applied to the AFEX-treated grass corresponding to low, medium, and high loadings of cellulase/hemicellulase (from Trichoderma reesei), cellobiase, glucoamylase, and pectinase. Three-day sugar yields linearly correlated with the logarithm of the cellulase loading. Supplemental enzymes (cellobiase, pectinase) caused upward shifts in the lines. The linearity and upward shifts are consistent with the HCH-1 model of cellulose hydrolysis. The hydrolysis sugars were converted to ethanol using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The solid residues were treated with proteases to attempt recovery of valuable proteins. The low-temperature AFEX pretreatment was able o nearly double sugar yields. At the highest cellulase loadings (30 IU/g), the best reducing sugar and ethanol yields were 53% and 44% of the maximum potential, respectively. Protein recovery was, at most, 59% © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neandertals and the roots of human recency

The concept of modernity, or “humanness,” has been difficult, if not impossible, to define. This has not prevented discussions of its appearance and evolution. In a 2003 essay the historian of science, Robert Proctor, suggested three intellectual transitions that have given rise to current understandings that “humanness” was attained recently. Two of the three transitions represent changes in the way phyletic diversity in the hominid record – the number of human species and genera that are recognized – is viewed. In this paper we explore the effect of these two transitions on our understandings of Neandertal humanity. We find that if these transitions lead to a conclusion that modernity is a phylogenetic attribute of humans, “humanness” must actually be old rather than recent and must apply to Neandertals. We propose that in contrast to the three areas explored by Proctor, a focus on major post-Neandertal demographic shifts and concomitant cultural and genetic changes presents a different intellectual foundation for understanding modernity.
Identification of Genes of VSH-1, a Prophage-Like Gene Transfer Agent of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

VSH-1 is a mitomycin C-inducible prophage of the anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Purified VSH-1 virions are noninfectious, contain random 7.5-kb fragments of the bacterial genome, and mediate generalized transduction of B. hyodysenteriae cells. In order to identify and sequence genes of this novel gene transfer agent (GTA), proteins associated either with VSH-1 capsids or with tails were purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of 11 proteins were determined. Degenerate PCR primers were designed from the amino acid sequences and used to amplify several VSH-1 genes from B. hyodysenteriae strain B204 DNA. A lambda clone library of B. hyodysenteriae B204 DNA was subsequently screened by Southern hybridization methods and used to identify and sequence overlapping DNA inserts containing additional VSH-1 genes. VSH-1 genes spanned 16.3 kb of the B. hyodysenteriae chromosome and were flanked by bacterial genes. VSH-1 identified genes and unidentified, intervening open reading frames were consecutively organized in head (seven genes), tail (seven genes), and lysis (four genes) clusters in the same transcriptional direction. Putative lysis genes encoding endolysin (Lys) and holin proteins were identified from sequence and structural similarities of their translated protein products with GenBank bacteriophage proteins. Recombinant Lys protein hydrolyzed peptidoglycan purified from B. hyodysenteriae cells. The identified VSH-1 genes exceed the DNA capacity of VSH-1 virions and do not encode traditional bacteriophage early functions involved in DNA replication. These genome properties explain the noninfectious nature of VSH-1 virions and further confirm its resemblance to known prophage-like, GTAs of other bacterial species, such as the GTA from Rhodobacter capsulatus. The identification of VSH-1 genes will enable analysis of the regulation of this GTA and should facilitate investigations of VSH-1-like prophages from other Brachyspira species.
Quasi-monochromatic inertia-gravity waves in the lower stratosphere from MST radar observations

[1] The frequency of occurrence of quasi-monochromatic oscillations with periods near the inertial period is examined using hourly mean wind observations from the MST radars at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, and Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, spanning 6 years and 4 years, respectively. Power spectral analyses show that the energy levels near the inertial frequency during summer are nearly constant with altitude from about 12 km up to the highest altitude available, about 20 km, while energy levels at lower frequencies decrease with altitude. This decrease leads to a relative enhancement of energy near the inertial frequency. During winter the relative enhancement near the inertial frequency is much smaller. Results from least squares curve fitting used to find the percent of wind variance explained (PEV) by a single wave over data blocks 72 hours long and 2 km deep indicate that a quasi-monochromatic oscillation is present when PEV > 25%. During summer in the stratosphere over 50% of the cases have PEV > 25%. The best fit waveform has mean period near 21 hours and vertical wavelength near 3 km. The wind vectors exhibit anticyclonic rotation in time and with height, consistent with upward propagating gravity waves. The mean ratio of the intrinsic to the inertial frequency is about 1.3 in this data set, and the associated mean horizontal wavelength of these waves is slightly over 1000 km.
Role of Activated Protein C in the Pathophysiology of Severe Sepsis

Sepsis is a complex syndrome that can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Severe sepsis has been associated with mortality rates ranging from 28% to 50% and is the most common cause of death in the noncardiac intensive care unit. Despite advances in both antibiotic therapy and supportive care, the mortality rate due to severe sepsis has remained fundamentally unchanged in the past several decades. With increased understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis, particularly the intricate interplay between activation of coagulation and inflammation, novel therapeutic agents that may improve clinical outcomes are being researched and developed. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of severe sepsis are reviewed. Also discussed are the recently published results from a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial of drotrecogin alfa (activated), a recombinant form of human activated protein C, in patients with severe sepsis. The nursing implications of this new approved therapy are discussed. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12:518-526)
The Role of a 1994 Land Grant College

On the Ground Tribal colleges provide educational opportunities to many Native American people, who otherwise would not be able to attend college. A strong collaboration with a tribal college takes into account the needs and input of the Native Community and does so in a culture-centered way. Discussions with a collaborating tribal college should begin early in the grant writing process. Tribal colleges can make significant contributions to the research effort. These contributions include their own research capabilities, a great cultural experience for everyone involved, and students who will continue their education as a result of their experience with the grant.
Sumter County, Alabama and the Origins of the Voting Rights Act

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 employs a wide menu of innovative techniques to secure the right to vote free from racial discrimination. The Act radically changed the enforcement of the Fifteenth Amendment, by relying less on the local federal courts and more on the Department of Justice, shifting the burden of justification away from those representing blacks and onto voting officials, and making extensive use of a test that looked to the effects of official action rather than requiring proof of discriminatory purpose. These techniques were rooted in the litigation of the preceding seven years. That litigation flowed from an unusual tacit partnership: black citizens attempted to register to vote, and the United States Department of Justice brought suits when local registrars discriminatorily denied them the vote. Sumter County, Alabama exemplifies this process. A detailed examination of the government's case, tried in 1964, to remedy racial discrimination in voter registration in Sumter County supports the Supreme Court's explanation, in South Carolina v. Katzenbach, of the origins of the Voting Rights Act. It is instructive to examine that case in detail, to humanize the very general story told by the Supreme Court. Close examination of this case - from investigation, to filing of suit, to trial, to decision, to aftermath - moves the story from the general to the specific. However, the case provides illumination in another way. It not only helps explain why the Voting Rights Act was enacted, but also helps us understand the content of the Act. The remarkable provisions of this law did not spring full grown from the Johnson administration or the Congress, but were based in large part on lessons learned in the government's litigation of cases such as Sumter County's.
Privacy is the Problem

A local school district remotely activates laptop web cameras that allegedly record the activities of students, even in their bedrooms.1 The President authorizes the National Security Agency (NSA) to monitor the telephone calls and electronic communications of individuals within the United States on an unprecedented scale in the interest of national security.2 Even a cursory examination of the news suggests that the activities and communications of Americans are increasingly subject to government surveillance from every level of government. Whatever we may think about the necessity for this surveillance, we should question how such programs come into being; in other words, who made the decision to use web cameras or wiretap international communications and how was that decision made and how did the government decide when to turn on a particular web camera or to monitor a particular telephone call or e-mail? And, for the purposes of this discussion, what does the United States Constitution have to say about both of these processes?