cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The life of a loanword: A case study of le coming out in the French magazine Têtu (1995–2015)

Abstract In this paper we investigate the sociocultural dimensions of lexical borrowing by focusing on the diachronic use of a socially charged English loanword—le coming out—in Tetu, a popular gay lifestyle magazine that was published in French from 1995 to 2015. We created a comprehensive corpus of tokens of the borrowing from twenty-one issues (one per year) of the magazine. Our discourse analysis of these tokens shows not only a change in the loanword's form (le come-out eventually transforms into le coming out); it also illustrates a striking change in the contexts of its use. Whereas the term initially references the coming out of notable Anglo-American public figures, over time it is used increasingly to refer to French public figures and then to “ordinary” French people meant to reflect the magazine's readers. We argue that the magazine does not just feature this (and other) anglicisms in editorial content, but that it also models how such terms should be used by the community of readers that it addresses. Ultimately, our study reveals how a mass-mediated artifact such as Tetu works to establish and solidify the link between semiotic forms such as lexical borrowings and the social types of which (imagined) communities are comprised.
Thromboplastic activity of red cells.

THE problem concerning the relationship of the thromboplastic activity of red cells to that of platelets which Inglis and Halliday1 have recently studied has, in part, been answered by the work of my associates and me.
Treatment Considerations for CNS Infections Caused by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium: A Focused Review of Linezolid and Daptomycin.

Objective:To review the current literature describing pharmacology, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), efficacy, and safety of linezolid and daptomycin for the treatment of central nervous ...
Triple negative lobular breast carcinoma metastatic to an ovarian fibrothecoma.

A postmenopausal woman with lobular breast carcinoma metastatic to a large ovarian fibrothecoma is presented. The two metastatic tumor nodules were grossly subtle and could have been overlooked in ...
A Field-Deployable and Low-Cost PCR (FLC-PCR) Thermocycler for the Rapid Detection of Environmental E. coli

This is a proof-of-concept study for the development of a field-deployable and low-cost PCR thermocycler (FLC-PCR) to perform Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the rapid detection of environmental E. coli. Four efficient (77.1 W) peltier modules are used as the central temperature control unit. One 250 W silicone heating pad is used for the heating lid. The PID (proportional–integral–derivative) control algorithm for the thermocycles is implemented by a low-cost 8-bit, 16 MHz microcontroller (ATMEGA328P-PU). ybbW and uidA genes from specific E. coli colonies were used as amplicons for the PCR reactions that were carried out by a commercial PCR machine (Bio-Rad) and our FLC-PCR thermocycler. The heating and cooling speeds averaged 1.11 ± 0.33°C/s which is on a par with the commercial bench-top PCR thermocycler and the efficiency of the heating lid outperformed the Bio-Rad PCR thermocycler. The overall cost of the system is lower than $200 which is more than ten times lower than commercially available units. The heating block can be customized to accommodate different PCR tubes and even microfluidic chambers. An 8000 W portable power generator will be used as the power supply for field studies.
Chromatin and gene-regulatory dynamics of the developing human cerebral cortex at single-cell resolution

ABSTRACT Genetic perturbations of cerebral cortical development can lead to neurodevelopmental disease, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To identify genomic regions crucial to corticogenesis, we mapped the activity of gene-regulatory elements generating a single-cell atlas of gene expression and chromatin accessibility both independently and jointly. This revealed waves of gene regulation by key transcription factors (TFs) across a nearly continuous differentiation trajectory into glutamatergic neurons, distinguished the expression programs of glial lineages, and identified lineage-determining TFs that exhibited strong correlation between linked gene-regulatory elements and expression levels. These highly connected genes adopted an active chromatin state in early differentiating cells, consistent with lineage commitment. Basepair-resolution neural network models identified strong cell-type specific enrichment of noncoding mutations predicted to be disruptive in a cohort of ASD subjects and identified frequently disrupted TF binding sites. This approach illustrates how cell-type specific mapping can provide insights into the programs governing human development and disease.
Why Should Businesses Support Public Health

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to gain support from the business community for rebuilding a more effective and resilient public health infrastructure in the U.S. This commentary provides the rationale for more engaged business involvement in efforts to promote public health during the time of COVID-19. Drawing on the current pandemic, the commentary highlights the implications of a fragmented public health system for businesses and the nation at large, the shortcomings of which are apparent as never before.
Augmented Reality Integrated Brain Computer Interface for Smart Home Control

Brain computer interface (BCI) technology is an alternate communication option for individuals with neuromuscular impairments. There are several challenges to optimal BCI use including positioning of the screen, ease of use, independence in access, and calibration. Our study is directed at the development of a practical, accessible, at-home use BCI system that addresses these obstacles. Our design utilizes an augmented reality (AR) head-mounted display as a solution to provide BCI stimuli and output. We used a battery-operated Bluetooth-connected 8-channel portable EEG system and a custom P300 selection matrix displaying icons corresponding to various home control actions. Finally, the BCI system is integrated with a built-in smart assistant (Google Assistant) which allows the user to control their environment. In this paper, we describe the engineering of this home-use BCI system designed specifically for people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a neuromuscular disease causing severe motor deficits and loss of mobility.
Economics and Technology

The editors have charged me, on the basis of this book's case studies, to opine whether it is “intellectually defensible and actually fruitful” to combine economics with religion in constructing “normative social theory.” My evaluation concerns more the fruitfulness of any such combination but draws no grand conclusions, because the authors of most of the case studies under review evince little desire to achieve any real combination of economics and theology. The contributions of A.M.C. Waterman (ch. 3) and Jacob Neusner (ch. 1) are exceptions; interestingly, however, they are largely reviews of past attempts to combine economics with religion. The other case studies bespeak an attitude that, today, economics has little to add to a theological approach to social theory. What might bear fruit, another time with other authors, cannot be deduced.
Games Are Valuable

In this chapter we return to our very first adventure in this book: the analysis of games. As an illustrative example, we evaluate our good old game Aerion of Chap. 1; namely, we show that it has exactly a “one half move advantage” for player A (we will, of course, make this notion precise).
A Plan for Democratic Control of Corporate Crime

In the face of corporate injustices and criminal acts we must craft new forms of globally binding corporate governance and policing. We need to work for democratic control of corporate crime. Such control imposes democratic will and justice over illicit firm behavior. Repeat corporate criminals must be subject to stern laws and firms may even be dismantled. Democratic control of corporate crime imposes a fiscally conservative three-strikes rule on corporate criminal behavior.
Clinically Relevant Measures of Children’s Theory of Mind and Knowledge about Thinking: Non‐Standard and Advanced Measures

Measures of Theory of Mind (ToM) in clinical disorders and conditions are reviewed, focusing on non-standard and advanced measures. Relevant studies linking these measures to social problems and cognitive symptoms are reviewed. The multifaceted nature of ToM is stressed and clinically relevant aspects of ToM are suggested. Strategies to select relevant measures for clinical research and practice are presented and examples are discussed in more detail. It is recommended to consider specific aspects of ToM in relation to specific clinical conditions and symptoms. Relationships between ToM and other cognitive deficits, and implications for clinical practice and intervention are also discussed.
Micromechanics of fatigue crack initiation of single crystal under plane strain

The micromechanic analysis of a fatigue band in the most favorably oriented crystal at the free surface of a polycrystal is extended to the analysis of a single crystal under plane strain. The boundary tractions on the boundaries of the crystal embedded in the polycrystal are removed by applying equal and opposite tractions. The stress field caused by these opposite tractions is analyzed using finite element method. Extrusions on both sides the of single crystals as commonly observed is shown in the analytical calculations.
The Theme of a Separate Peace in Uwe Johnson's Zwei Ansichten

Two years before Uwe Johnson published Zwei Ansichten (in 1965), he had translated John Knowles's critically and commercially successful novel A Separate Peace. The title, which summarizes the book's thesis that in an age of intense interpersonal and societal conflicts the individual might be compelled to withdraw within himself to maintain his integrity, is a phrase borrowed from the work of Ernest Hemingway. At a climactic moment in A Farewell to Arms, the protagonist declines to participate further in the senseless slaughter of the First World War: "I was going to forget the war. I had made a separate peace." Since Johnson's chief interest is also the plight of the individual in a world in which he is the victim of political pressures which force him to violate his moral convictions, it would seem pertinent to explore Johnson's resolution of this dilemma in the light of Hemingway's. Zwei Ansichten lends itself particularly well to such a comparison, since it has an additional number of similarities, even if somewhat superficial ones, to A Farewell to Arms.
Peopling of North America

Publisher Summary This chapter describes peopling in North America and summarizes where they were when The International Union for Quaternary Science (INQUA) was here in 1965. One element common to many models of colonization (in North America and elsewhere) is that colonizers on a landscape with few other people not only had to be able to track great distances to find mates and exchange information and resources, they also had to be able to get along with near and distantly related groups they encountered. The conventional view of fast-moving, big-game hunters exploding on to the continent as the ice-free corridor zipped opened in terminal Pleistocene times is no longer a tenable scenario for the initial peopling of North America. Yet, though it is now believed that the peopling process was far more complex––beginning much earlier, possibly involving multiple migratory pulses and involving a different entry route––fundamental questions about the antiquity, number, timing, and adaptive strategies of the Pleistocene peoples of North America remain.
Tetris Model for Granular Drag

Motivated by recent experiments on objects moved vertically through a bed a glass beads, a simple model to study granular drag is proposed. The model consists of dimers on a slanted two-dimensional lattice through which objects are dragged very slowly to obtain full relaxation between moves. Such an approach avoids complications due to static friction in more realistic off-lattice models, and provides for fast simulations at large system sizes. The upward motion of objects of various diameters embedded in the lattice is simulated and close resemblance with the experiments is found.
The size and number of polypeptide chains in human serum low density lipoprotein.

Abstract Human low density lipoprotein (LDL) was prepared by successive ultracentrifugations of serum at different densities. Apo-LDL, prepared by delipidation of LDL by successive extractions with ethanol-ether and ether, was reduced and carboxymethylated in 7 m guanidine hydrochloride. The molecular weight of apo-LDL was determined by three methods: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, equilibrium ultracentrifugation in 7.6 m guanidine hydrochloride, and Sepharose 4B gel filtration in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. The molecular weights, as determined by the first two methods, were 255,000 ± 10% and 250,000 ± 5%, respectively. As the polypeptide eluted close to the void volume on the gel filtration column only a range of 275,000 ± 15,000 can be established for its molecular weight. However, significantly, these chromatographic experiments indicated the absence of smaller components. The data provide evidence that only two polypeptide chains, of equal size, can be found in LDL (native molecular weight 2.7 x 106, 20% protein by weight), and that these chains are not aggregates of smaller polypeptide chains. These results are not consistent with the model for LDL proposed by Pollard, H., Scanu, A. M., and Taylor, E. W. ((1969) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 64, 304).
Efficacy of management algorithm for reducing need for sphincterotomy in chronic anal fissures

Background Lateral internal sphincterotomy is the most effective treatment for chronic anal fissure (CAF), but carries a risk of faecal incontinence. We aimed to analyse efficacy and acceptance of a treatment algorithm in reducing the rate of necessary sphincterotomies. Method Patients with CAF seen from 2001 to 2010 were retrospectively analysed. All patients were offered all steps of the algorithm nitroglycerine (NTG) Botox (BTX) surgery, unless symptoms or patient preference demanded a more aggressive treatment. Patients were followed up in clinic, and treatment was advanced if a step either failed or caused intolerable side effects. Results Two hundred and nine patients were included in the analysis. Mean duration of symptoms was 25.6 months and mean follow up 16 months. One hundred and 41 patients started on NTG, 36 on BTX, and 31 went straight to surgery. One patient opted for no treatment. Symptoms persisted in 58 (41.1%) of 141 NTG patients. Forty-five (31.9% of NTG subset) were advanced to BTX and 13 (9.2% of subset) to surgery. Of the 81 (36 primary + 45 secondary) BTX patients (38.8% of the total), only 11 (13.6% of subset) required surgery. A total of 55 (31 primary + 24 secondary; 26.3%) patients needed surgery: two (3.6%) fissures did not heal, one patient developed an abscess, 14 (25.5%) had prolonged wound healing and two (3.6%) developed a recurrent fissure after the sphincterotomy had healed. Conclusion Our algorithm is effective in CAF and the majority of patients respond to conservative management. Only 26.3% of all patients require surgery, which is effective but also carries some temporary morbidity.
A distributed discrete event dynamic model for supply chain of business enterprises

We treat supply chain of business enterprises as a distributed system of collaborative processes, where the system dynamics is governed by the events that occur within each enterprise and/or across several enterprises. While each enterprise has its own middleware for handling business transactions, we argue that there is also need for a meta-middleware across the whole supply chain. We present a formalism to build the control structure, which must be embedded in such a meta-middleware. We provide an illustrative example.
Optimization-based locomotion planning, estimation, and control design for the atlas humanoid robot

This paper describes a collection of optimization algorithms for achieving dynamic planning, control, and state estimation for a bipedal robot designed to operate reliably in complex environments. To make challenging locomotion tasks tractable, we describe several novel applications of convex, mixed-integer, and sparse nonlinear optimization to problems ranging from footstep placement to whole-body planning and control. We also present a state estimator formulation that, when combined with our walking controller, permits highly precise execution of extended walking plans over non-flat terrain. We describe our complete system integration and experiments carried out on Atlas, a full-size hydraulic humanoid robot built by Boston Dynamics, Inc.
County Health Rankings: Relationships Between Determinant Factors and Health Outcomes.

Introduction The County Health Rankings (CHR) provides data for nearly every county in the U.S. on four modifiable groups of health factors, including healthy behaviors, clinical care, physical environment, and socioeconomic conditions, and on health outcomes such as length and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to empirically estimate the strength of association between these health factors and health outcomes and to describe the performance of the CHR model factor weightings by state. Methods Data for the current study were from the 2015 CHR. Thirty-five measures for 45 states were compiled into four health factors composite scores and one health outcomes composite score. The relative contributions of health factors to health outcomes were estimated using hierarchical linear regression modeling in March 2015. County population size; rural/urban status; and gender, race, and age distributions were included as control variables. Results Overall, the relative contributions of socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, clinical care, and the physical environment to the health outcomes composite score were 47%, 34%, 16%, and 3%, respectively. Although the CHR model performed better in some states than others, these results provide broad empirical support for the CHR model and weightings. Conclusions This paper further provides a framework by which to prioritize health-related investments, and a call to action for healthcare providers and the schools that educate them. Realizing the greatest improvements in population health will require addressing the social and economic determinants of health.
Democracy, Multiculturalism, and the Community College: A Critical Perspective

Democracy, Multiculturalism, and the Community College: A Critical Perspective. Robert A. Rhoads and James R. Valadez. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 231 pp.
Timing of physiodesis in limb length inequality. The Straight Line Graph applied in 30 patients.

In a prospective study 30 children underwent 33 physiodeses for lower limb length inequality (LLI). Timing of surgery was based on (bi)annual orthoradiographic measurements and skeletal age, and in accordance with Moseley's Straight Line Graph. The mean predicted LLI was 5.2 (3.0–11) cm and the mean LLI at the end of growth was 1.4 (0.0–4.3) cm. In 9 patients final LLI exceeded 1.5 cm, and one of these patients was operated on twice. In total, secondary operations were performed three times.After analysis of the failures it is concluded that the accuracy of the Straight Line Graph is mainly limited by the pattern of skeletal maturation. Recommendations to prevent failures from other causes are given.
Effect of moisture on growth rate and development of two strains of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

Abstract Larvae of Tenebrio molitor L., reared on dry wheat shorts, grew and developed much more rapidly when free-choice water was available than when it was not. When water was supplied in cotton pads, larvae often burrowed in the moist pads and could obtain water by cuticular absorption or ingestion. Heavier larvae were also produced at pupation with a tendency for reduction of larval and pupal mortality and an increase in adult longevity in the water regimen. Two strains of T. molitor showed highly significant differences in their rates of growth and development. The faster developing strain in the dry condition also developed faster when free-choice water was available and weighed more as prepupal larvae, pupae and adults. Water also reduced the number of molts in the faster-developing strain. Although the mechanisms enabling more rapid growth under both dry and moist conditions are not known, strain differences in mealworms indicate genetic potential for completing life cycles more rapidly in dry environments with extremely rapid development possible under optimum moisture conditions.
Management of male breast cancer

The management of male breast cancer is still under discussion due to lack of information from prospective, randomized clinical trials and low incidence of this disease. Current management is based largely on extrapolation from data related to treatment of female breast cancer. Over the last two decades, several review articles have discussed mainly retrospective and anecdotal data related to hormonal and chemotherapy treatment modalities. In this review, we present the most recent information and future considerations related to the management of male breast cancer. In addition to the conventional treatment options we will discuss the possible role of targeted therapy. Establishing a national or global registry for male breast cancer will provide more precise information about the natural history of the disease and will facilitate the design and execution of prospective, randomized multicenter clinical trials.
Preventing ectopic pregnancies: how often does transperitoneal transmigration of sperm occur in effecting human pregnancy?

Objective Transperitoneal transmigration of sperm constitutes the mechanism by which ectopic pregnancies occur in unilaterally obstructed fallopian tubes. This study was undertaken to determine how often sperm transmigrate across the peritoneal cavity to effect human pregnancy. Design In women with non-communicating rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies, the ratio of total uterine horn pregnancies to prior contralateral hemi-uterine pregnancies was calculated to infer the overall transperitoneal sperm transmigration rate. The prior parity frequency distribution was also determined to calculate the best-fit per-pregnancy probability of attaining a rudimentary horn pregnancy with each subsequent gestation using maximum likelihood estimation. Setting 20th century. Sample Non-communicating rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies reported from 40 countries. Methods Two hundred and seventy-two cases were identified using manual and computerised searches of Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica, the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office and standard reference tracing. Main outcome measures The ratio of total prior non-rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies to rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies and the frequency distribution of prior maternal parities. Results Prior to the incident 272 uterine horn pregnancies, the number of observed pregnancies was 292 (ratio = 0.93), implying an aggregate sperm transmigration rate of 0.48. Using the prior parity frequency distribution, the best-fit probability of attaining a rudimentary horn gestation per-pregnancy was 0.51 (95% CI 0.48–0.56). Conclusions Intraperitoneal sperm transmigration occurs approximately half the time in effecting spontaneous human pregnancies. To minimise the risk of ectopic tubal pregnancy in woman with unilaterally damaged fallopian tubes, salpingectomy should be the preferred surgical treatment, rather than attempting tubal salvage and repair.
STAyING ALIVE: STREET TREE SURVIVAL IN THE INNER‐CITy1

A study was conducted from 1978 to late 1984 of the survival of inner-city street trees planted by the Oakland, California urban forestry program. The tree survival rate of approximately 60 to 70 p...
Oxidative metabolism in guinea pig ventricular myocytes protected from proteolytic enzyme activity.

Surface structures on guinea pig ventricular myocytes were protected from proteolytic enzyme activity with 100 KIU·ml−2 aprotinin during mechanical disaggregation. Intact myocytes, approximately 7.5 × 106 cells·g−1 ventricular wet weight, were separated from debris and damaged cells using Cytodex I tissue culture supports. Cellular ultrastructure did not differ from that observed in intact tissue. Neither spontaneous contractions nor contracture were ever observed in these myocytes in calcium concentrations of 10 mmol·litre−1. Dinitrophenol (0.2 mmol·litre−1) uncoupled respiration in the myocytes but only after the sarcolemma had been disrupted with Triton X100. The adenosine diphosphate to oxygen ratio of mitochondria isolated from the myocytes was 2.4(0.2) and the respiratory control index 2.6(0.3). Calcium (1.8 mmol·litre−1) increased oxygen uptake in the presence of 10 mmol·litre−1 pyruvate or 11 mmol·litre−1 glucose but not 17 mmol·litre−1 succinate. Succinate dependent oxygen consumption was greater than pyruvate dependent oxygen consumption (1090.0(190.0) and 40.1 (0.8) nl·min−1·mg−1 protein respectively). The Crabtree effect was present. Oxidative metabolism was normal in cells stored at 10°C for seven days but deteriorated rapidly thereafter. The results indicate that myocytes disaggregated by this procedure retain many of the morphological and metabolic characteristics of intact cardiac muscle cells and are relatively homogeneous with respect to calcium tolerance and metabolic function.
Creating Inclusive Youth Sport Environments with the Universal Design for Learning

Community-based youth sport coaches are often unprepared to accommodate the unique learning needs of athletes with hidden disabilities. The consequences of not knowing how to work with these athletes can be disastrous for both the athletes and the coaches. Universal design for learning, a practice borrowed from educational theory, can help community-based youth sport coaches to develop practice plans and implement coaching methods that meet the diverse learning needs of all athletes, including those with hidden disabilities.
Recent trends in bariatric surgery case volume in the United States.

Background Reports of increasing bariatric surgery volumes have driven resource allocation by health care systems and device manufacturers. Professional organizations and third-party payers have embraced credentialing systems to limit frivolous expansion. The underlying data upon which these reports are based are disparate and derived from imperfect methodologies. We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) using several established search strategies to validate the current understanding of bariatric trends. Methods NIS search algorithms capture bariatric admissions by the presence of International Classification of Disease, Ninth-Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for obesity and bariatric procedures, with varying levels of inclusiveness for related foregut procedure codes. We applied 1 novel and 4 established algorithms to NIS data sets from 1998 to 2006 to generate contemporary case-volume curves, and we supplemented our data with industry estimates of ambulatory surgery volumes. Results From 1998 to 2003, the number of bariatric operations increased markedly by all search strategies. Since then, a greater variation was observed in case volume estimates but no evidence of continuing growth was identified, irrespective of the search protocol employed. Conclusion Bariatric procedures peaked in 2003 and have since plateaued. The estimation of case volumes is limited by deficiencies in data and nonuniform search criteria. These factors should be considered by surgeons, professional organizations, hospitals, and third-party payers when planning for the future.
Selective localization of amyloid precursor-like protein 1 in the cerebral cortex postsynaptic density.

Senile plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), contain amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), which is generated from the larger amyloid β protein precursor (APP). In addition to APP, several APP-related proteins have been recently identified in different organisms, including Drosophila amyloid precursor protein-like protein (APPL). Deficiency of APPL causes behavioral deficits in Drosophila, implicating a role in brain function. Moreover, mouse and human cDNA clones encoding amyloid precursor-like proteins (APLP1 and APLP2) have been identified and exhibit extensive sequence similarity to the APPL and APP genes. To define the potential role of APLP in the mammalian brain, we sought to directly localize APLP1 within the complex cortical synaptic structure. We focused on the postsynaptic density (PSD), which appears to be central to synaptic function. We now report that the 90 kDa APLP1, the first known APLP, is localized to the PSD from rat and human cerebral cortex. APLP1 increased during cortical synaptic development, suggesting a role in synaptogenesis or synaptic maturation. In contrast, APP was predominantly expressed in the synaptic membrane fraction, but was barely detectable in the PSD, indicating different subcellular distributions of APP and APLP1. Our observations raise the possibility that APLP1, a homologue of APPL, which appears to be necessary for normal behavior in Drosophila, participates in brain synaptic function in mammals.
Productivity of Functional Guilds of Fishes in Managed Wetlands in Coastal South Carolina

Abstract In coastal South Carolina, many wetlands are impounded and managed as migratory waterfowl habitat. Impoundment effects on fish production and habitat quality largely are unknown. We used the size-frequency method to estimate summer production of fish guilds in three impoundments along the Combahee River, South Carolina. We predicted that guild-specific production would vary with impoundment salinity, which ranged from 3 to 21 practical salinity units. We expected that marine species that use the estuary as nursery habitat would have greatest production in the impoundment with the highest salinity regime, and that species that inhabit the upper reaches of the estuary would have greatest production in the impoundment with the lowest salinity regime. Finally, we expected that estuarine species would be highly productive in all study impoundments, because these species can reproduce within these structures. We found that guild-specific productivity varied both among years and among impoundments, gene...
Physical Organic Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbene Complexes. 9.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Acidity of (2-Oxacyclopentylidene)pentacarbonylchromium(0) in Aqueous Acetonitrile

The pKa of the title compound, 3, was determined kinetically to be 14.47 in 50% MeCN−50% water at 25 °C. Rate constants for the reversible deprotonation of 3 by OH- and piperidine, and primary kinetic isotope effects as well as kinetic solvent isotope effects for the deprotonation of 3 by OH- (OD-), are reported. Comparison of our results with corresponding data for methoxymethylcarbenepentacarbonylchromium(0) (2a), shows that the pKa of 3 is about 2 units higher than that of 2a. This reduction in acidity is mainly attributed to enhanced π-donation from the oxygen to the carbene carbon of 3, which results from the ring structure of 3. The intrinsic rate constants for the deprotonation of 3 are essentially the same as for the deprotonation of 2a. This suggests that the expected intrinsic rate lowering effect due to the increased resonance stabilization of 3 is offset by an intrinsic rate enhancing preorganization effect.
Use of Social Marketing Concepts to Evaluate Ocean Sustainability Campaigns

The importance of preserving the world's oceans cannot be overemphasized. Part of the responsibility for the long-term sustainability of this natural resource lies in the hands of individuals and their communities. For the ocean-related issues of sustainable seafood, coastal pollution, marine protected areas, specific marine species preservation, and sustainable ocean use, campaigns have been used to increase awareness, knowledge, and conservation behaviors. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of rigorous reviews and meta-analyses of environmental campaigns in general, and ocean-oriented campaigns in particular. The goal of this literature review is to learn from the successes and failures of past marine-based campaigns in a methodical way to make recommendations for the design, implementation, and evaluation of ocean conservation programs. The review is organized according to the main components of social marketing: audience analysis and segmentation; consumer orientation; theory, appropriate, and realistic...
System-Level Floorplan-Aware Analysis of Integrated CPU-GPUs

Conventional, pre-RTL SoC architectural design space exploration does not account for the chip's floorplan. However, the power and performance of integrated CPU-GPUs are highly dependent not only on architectural specifications and workload characteristics but also on the underlying floorplan. We develop a floorplanaware system-level analysis framework for integrated CPU-GPUs and demonstrate that the overall energy efficiency can be over/under estimated by up to 25% when floorplan is not accounted for. The floorplan-aware system-level exploration tool allows us to observe interesting dependencies between architectural choices and physical design. These observations guide the framework in determining energy efficient floorplans for wide-range of workloads.
Managing strategic supplier relationships: antecedents and outcomes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to examine the antecedents of strategic supplier relationships in conjunction with outcomes of product and service quality and financial performance. The management of strategic supplier relationships involves the selection and development of suppliers that share common goals and strategies of the partnering organization. Design/methodology/approach – Structural equation modeling using partial least squares is used to verify and test these relationships. Findings – Top management support, technological preparedness and trust were found to have significant positive influences on the management of strategic supplier relationships. Strategic supplier relationships were found to have a positive influence on product and service quality outcomes and financial performance. Research limitations/implications – The results provide new and original empirical evidence on the relationship between the antecedents and outcomes of strategic supplier relationships. Practical implica...
Effects of dexamethasone and other glucocorticoid steroids on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the superior cervical ganglion

Dexamethasone is known to elicit an increase of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the superior cervical ganglion. The details of such a glucocorticoid effect were investigated in the present study. Of 4 glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, corticosterone, hydrocortisone and triamcinolone) examined in rats, only the synthetic steroid dexamethasone was found to be effective in increasing ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase activity (by 50% at 48 h after drug administration). Corticosterone even at doses as high as 50 mg/kg failed to show an effect. Since recent reports indicate that a cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor is not present in the sympathetic ganglion, it is unlikely that the dexamethasone effect involves a receptor-mediated mechanism. Moreover, the dexamethasone effect was totally blocked by chlorisondamine, a nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist. The possibility of an enhanced impulse flow from the CNS, however, was excluded by the finding that decentralization immediately prior to dexamethasone administration did not prevent the increase of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase activity, although earlier decentralization (24 h or longer) abolished the steroid effect. Significantly, in the freshly decentralized ganglia, the increase of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by dexamethasone was still blocked by chlorisondamine. Since synaptic activity in terminals is known to continue for a brief period following nerve transection, our data support the contention that the primary site of the dexamethasone effect may be the preganglionic terminals.
The Effect of the Size of the Military on Stock Market Performance in the United States and the UK

SUMMARY This paper uses regression analysis to investigate the relationship between military expenditure and stock market performance for the United States and the United Kingdom. Specifically, the study applies the Bierens-Guo unit root procedures to ascertain the time series properties of the variables in the study. The standard OLS technique is employed to determine the influence of military expenditure on stock markets for the period 1914 through 2001. The results from the unit root tests indicate that the military expenditure, military personnel, stock market, and energy consumption series are level stationary. The results from the OLS equations suggest that military expenditure has significantly positive effect on stock market performance for the United States and the United Kingdom. The implication of this finding is that high-income class and people in power are less likely to oppose increases in military spending even though such expenditures are not in the best interest of the society.
A REVIEW OF THE DENNIS VISUAL RECEPTION SCALE

Many difficulties concerning the validity, reliability, designs, norms, and interpretation of this test were pointed out. At best, it can be regarded as a rough draft and further revision is needed before it can be finalized and usable.
Development of distortion product emissions in the gerbil: "filter" response and signal delay.

Amplitude and phase responses of distortion product otoacoustic emissions as a function of stimulus frequency ratio were measured for frequencies between 2 and 48 kHz, in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculates) aged 15 to 30 days after birth. After baseline measurements, furosemide was administered to distinguish active from passive emissions. At all ages, structure in the form of multiple peaks was observed in the amplitude responses of specific odd-order emissions. This structure depended on the emission frequency, not the stimulus frequency ratio, and did not generally depend on the stimulus amplitude. Nor was it dependent on the functioning of the cochlear amplifier: At moderate stimulus levels, the observed emission distribution simply shifted to lower amplitudes when the cochlear amplifier was made temporarily dysfunctional by furosemide injection. The center frequencies and widths of the peaks in the amplitude response did not generally change with age, except that the relative amplitudes of the ...
Residents' perceptions of inpatient psychiatric care.

Abstract Psychiatric care on an inpatient unit entails the exposure of a patient to a multitude of experiences. It is generally intended that these experiences will be of benefit to the patient. A psychiatric clinician who functions in such a setting has a major responsibility for making decisions about the kinds of experiences to which any patient will be subject. He must also try to orchestrate the impact of these experiences in a way that will be of maximum benefit to the patient. This decision-making process must inevitably be influenced by the clinician's beliefs with respect to how much patients will benefit from these various experiences. These beliefs can be viewed as a set of expectations or as an ideology derived from many sources. In the course of his training, a clinician reads, learns from teachers, and deals with a variety of clinical materials and situations. Out of these emerges that analgam of experience, faith, and knowledge upon which he can draw when a decision is to be made. While reports by Myers and Rosen 1 and by Rubenstein and Laswell 2 have touched on this issue, relatively little is known about the patterns of beliefs held by psychiatric clinicians. In a previous report 3 we described residents' perceptions of the benefit derived from psychiatric hospitalization. In this study we attempt (1) to assess the beliefs of psychiatric residents regarding what aspects of hospital care benefit patients, (2) to measure these beliefs at the beginning and at the end of a period of clinical training and experience, and (3) to compare these general beliefs or stereotypes against more individualized judgments of what it is that patients actually do benefit from.
Exploiting Frequency Groups for Broadcasting in Multi-channel Multi-radio Networks

Network-wide broadcasting is a key requirement in military mobile ad hoc and sensor networks for supporting dissemination of routing control, situation reports, and other global traffic. Current methods for network-wide broadcasting are ill-suited for Multi-Channel Multi-Radio (MC-MR) networks because they do not exploit the presence of natural frequency groups for reducing the number of transmissions. We present Complex Activation Broadcasting (CAB)--a decentralized algorithm for broadcasting in real-world MC-MR networks that captures naturally occurring groups and builds a tree that exploits them. Our approach is based on representing a network as a simplicial complex, which unlike a graph, allows higher-order aggregations necessary for natively capturing groups. Using a special kind of simplicial complex called a neighborhood sub complex, we present an algorithm for computing a broadcast tree. We have implemented our algorithm within the code base of a real-world military MANET, namely the DARPA WNaN network [1]. We compare the performance of our algorithm with the existing baseline. Results show that our algorithm uses 80 % less transmissions and 50% less receptions.
Comparison of k-ε Models in Predicting Heat Transfer and Skin Friction Under High Free Stream Turbulence

Calculations of the effects of high free stream turbulence (FST) on heat transfer and skin friction in a flat plate turbulent boundary layer using different k-e models (Launder-Sharma, K-Y Chien, Lam-Bremhorsi and Jones-Launder) are presented. This study was carried out in order to investigate the prediction capabilities of these models under high FST conditions. In doing so, TEXSTAN, a partial differential equation solver which is based on the ideas of Patankar and Spalding and solves steady-flow boundary layer equations, was used. Firstly, these models were compared as to how they predicted very low FST (≤ 1% turbulence intensity) cases. These baseline cases were tested by comparing predictions with both experimental data and empirical correlations. Then, these models were used in order to determine the effect of high FST (>5% turbulence intensity) on heat transfer and skin friction and compared with experimental data. Predictions for heat transfer and skin friction coefficient for all the turbulence intensities tested by all the models agreed well (within 1–8%) with experimental data. However, all these models predicted poorly the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the free stream and TKE profiles. Physical reasoning as to why the aforementioned models differ in their predictions and the probable cause of poor prediction of free-stream TKE and TKE profiles are given.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
The Relevance of Socioeconomic and Health Policy Issues to Clinical Research: The Case of MRI and Neuroradiology

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a high-cost, new technology with great potential for improving patient care. The lack of a coherent public policy for MRI, or its predecessor computed tomography (CT), has caused considerable problems. Lack of an enunciated public policy has led to inconsistent reimbursement and reimbursement levels that develop in haphazard ways. Furthermore, diffusion has been unpredictable and has led to geographical excesses and deficiencies. Technology assessments of MRI, although numerous, have used inconsistent criteria to rate MRI's clinical efficacy. The lack of methodologically sound studies of MRI severely hampered early evaluation. This article examines these problems and suggests that the medical profession take a stronger leadership role in developing policies for expensive, promising new diagnostic technologies. The profession should promote, demand, and perform rigorous clinical evaluations of new technologies, and help develop a consensus regarding the criteria for what constitutes a clinically valuable advance in diagnostic technology.
International Accounting: A Quest for Research*

. This article complements the 1993 report by the AAA International Accounting Section's Committee on Research Methodology. It focuses on seemingly paradoxical observations and conflicting findings reported in the international accounting literature. The purpose of this article is to stimulate our collective intellectual curiosity with the hope that it will motivate future researchers to search for explanations of the observed unexplained phenomena. Although the development of a framework for the systematic investigation of the unexplained observations is beyond the scope of this article, I offer a conjecture that might be considered in such an examination. Resume. L'article qui suit est un complement au rapport 1993 du comite sur la methodologie de recherche de la division de la comptabilite internationale de l'AAA. Il est centre sur les observations paradoxales en apparence et les resultats conflictuels a premiere vue exposes dans les publications de comptabilite internationale. L'auteur a pour but de stimuler notre curiosite intellectuelle collective dans l'espoir que cette sensibilisation incite les futurs chercheurs a s'interesser aux explications possibles des phenomenes enigmatiques qui sont observes. Bien que l'elaboration d'un cadre de reference destine a l'analyse systematique des observations inexpliquees depasse le projet de l'auteur, ce dernier propose une hypothese interessante dans la perspective d'un tel examen.
Effects of metallic silver particles on the emission properties of [Ru(bpy)3]2+

We examined the emission spectral properties of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol coated on quartz slides or on metallic silver particles. The relative intensities were several fold higher on the surface containing silver particles, and the decay times were several fold smaller. These results are consistent with an approximate 20-fold increase in the radiative decay rate of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ when near metallic silver particles. These results suggest the use of silver particles for increased detectability of the emission from transition metal–ligand complexes.
String adjunct grammars: II. Equational representation, null symbols, and linguistic relevance

In this paper, we continue the study of String Adjunct Grammars (AG) introduced in Joshi et al. (1972). In particular, equational representations of LAG's, LAG's with null symbols, and some special cases of LAG's are studied. Linguistic relevance of these grammars is also discussed in some detail.
Long-range intra-protein communication can be transmitted by correlated side-chain fluctuations alone.

Allosteric regulation is a key component of cellular communication, but the way in which information is passed from one site to another within a folded protein is not often clear. While backbone motions have long been considered essential for long-range information conveyance, side-chain motions have rarely been considered. In this work, we demonstrate their potential utility using Monte Carlo sampling of side-chain torsional angles on a fixed backbone to quantify correlations amongst side-chain inter-rotameric motions. Results indicate that long-range correlations of side-chain fluctuations can arise independently from several different types of interactions: steric repulsions, implicit solvent interactions, or hydrogen bonding and salt-bridge interactions. These robust correlations persist across the entire protein (up to 60 A in the case of calmodulin) and can propagate long-range changes in side-chain variability in response to single residue perturbations.