cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ION TRANSPORT | Potassium Channels

Airway and alveolar epithelial cells express a variety of K+ channels that are specifically localized to either the apical or basolateral membrane depending upon their physiological function. These channels play important roles in maintenance of membrane potential, control of cell volume, regulation of cell proliferation, and support of transepithelial electrolyte and nutrient transport. K+ channels present in the apical membrane of alveolar epithelial cells, for example, facilitate K+ secretion, thus contributing to the elevated K+ concentration observed in alveolar fluid. K+ channels localized to the basolateral membrane of airway epithelial cells contribute to transepithelial electrolyte and fluid transport by sustaining the electrical driving force necessary for anion efflux or cation influx and limit fluctuations in intracellular K+ concentration associated with changes in Na+–K+ ATPase activity. Signaling molecules that control the absorptive and secretory functions of lung epithelia have been shown to regulate specific K+ channel subtypes through the mobilization of intracellular second messengers such as Ca2+ and cAMP. In this review, the diversity of K+ channel expression and the functional role of these channels in transepithelial electrolyte and fluid transport in lung epithelia are addressed.
Pharmacist Perception of a Mobile Application Audience Response System for Remote Pharmacy Continuing Education Participants

Introduction:Interactive audience response during continuing education (CE) in pharmacy practice increases audience involvement. However, remote-site participants may not have access to interactive...
Negative predictive value and sensitivity of urine cytology prior to implementation of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology.

Background Urinary tract cytology (UTCy) is used for screening urothelial carcinoma (UC) and it must have a high negative predictive value (NPV) to be an effective test. To the authors' knowledge, the literature regarding the NPV of UTCy provides little information regarding the risk of malignancy, especially for patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). Methods Patients with negative UTCy specimens were identified in the pathology files at the study institution for the years 2012 through 2013. Cases were deemed true-negative cases if there was at least 1 subsequent negative specimen or negative clinical follow-up within 6 months of the index case. False-negative cases were defined as HGUC or carcinoma in situ by surgical biopsy and/or any UTCy with suspicious for HGUC or HGUC follow-up. Results A total of 2614 UTCy specimens from 2089 patients were identified. There was a disease prevalence of 6.5%. There were 87 false-negative results for HGUC, which corresponded to an overall NPV of 96.7%. When categorized by clinical indication, hematuria resulted in the highest NPV of 99.5% followed by other indications (97.7%) and a history of UC (90.1%). When categorized by the specimen type, voided urine specimens were found to have the highest NPV of 98.7% followed by other indications (96.9%) and washing specimens (96.2%). Of the 717 patients with a history of UC, the NPV was lower for washing specimens (89.8%) than for voided urine specimens (96.2%). When including either low-grade urothelial carcinoma or HGUC as a positive follow-up, the NPV dropped to 93.3% from 96.7% (HGUC only). The sensitivity of the diagnostic category of atypical urothelial cells or higher was 93.0%. Conclusions Overall, UTCy appears to have a good NPV and a high sensitivity for HGUC. The clinical indication had a greater impact on NPV compared with the specimen type.
Micronations and Postnational Rhetorics

AbstractThis essay challenges the model of nationalism long favored in rhetorical scholarship by repositioning it as just one among numerous possibilities. To illustrate an alternative perspective,...
Nonlinearity and amplification in cochlear responses to single and multi-tone stimuli.

Abstract Mechanical displacements of the basilar membrane (BM) and the electrophysiological responses of the auditory outer hair cells (OHCs) are key components of the frequency tuning and cochlear amplification in the mammalian cochlea. In the work presented here, we measured the responses of (1) the extracellular voltage generated by OHCs (VOHC) and (2) displacements within the organ of Corti complex (OCC) to a multi-tone stimulus, and to single tones. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), we were able to measure displacements of different layers in the OCC simultaneously, in the base of the gerbil cochlea. We explored the effect of the two types of sound stimuli to the nonlinear behavior of voltage and displacement in two frequency regions: a frequency region below the BM nonlinearity (sub-BF region: f
Proteomic Approaches to Decipher Mechanisms Underlying Pathogenesis in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The cause of MS is unknown, with no effective therapies available to halt the progressive neurological disability. Development of new and improvement of existing therapeutic strategies therefore require a better understanding of MS pathogenesis, especially during the progressive phase of the disease. This can be achieved through development of biomarkers that can help to identify disease pathophysiology and monitor disease progression. Proteomics is a powerful and promising tool to accelerate biomarker detection and contribute to novel therapeutics. In this review, an overview of how proteomic technology using CNS tissues and biofluids from MS patients has provided important clues to the pathogenesis of MS is provided. Current publications, pitfalls, as well as directions of future research involving proteomic approaches to understand the pathogenesis of MS are discussed.
Underwater optical detection after passage of tropical storm

Optical detection systems have the potential to get around some limitations of acoustic detection systems, especially with increased fleet and port security in noisy littoral waters. Identification of environmental effects especially tropical storms on underwater optical detection is a key to the success. A typhoon-influenced area is chosen in the western North Pacific Ocean with high ocean transparency and low seasonal optical variability. Underwater inherent optical properties (IOPs) such as the beam attenuation coefficient for 470 nm light are measured in the selected region from the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office sea gliders deployed after super typhoon Guchol’s (June 7 to 20, 2012) passage from June 25 to 30, 2012, and with no typhoon activity from January 9 to February 28, 2014. The observed two sets (with and without typhoon) of IOPs are taken as the input into the Navy’s electro-optical detection simulator. The simulation shows low detection after the super typhoon Guchol-2012’s passage and high detection without typhoon passage.
Sequential Codelet Model of Program Execution. A Super-Codelet model based on the Hierarchical Turing Machine.

The Sequential Codelet Model is a definition of a program execution model that aims to achieve parallel execution of programs that are expressed sequentially and in a hierarchical manner. The Sequential Codelet Model heavily borrows from the successful experience acquired through decades of sequential program execution, in particular, the use of Instruction Level Parallelism optimizations for implicit parallel execution of code. We revisit and re-define the Universal Turing Machine and the Von Neumann Architecture to account for the hierarchical organization of the whole computation system and its resources (i.e. memory, computational capabilities, and interconnection networks), as well as consider program complexity and structure in relation to its execution. This work defines the Sequential Codelet Model (SCM), the Hierarchical Turing Machine (HTM), and the Hierarchal Von Neumann Architecture, as well as explains how implicit parallel execution of programs could be achieved by using these definitions.
Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for pulsed focused ultrasound treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for pulsed focused ultrasound treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Day-to-day variability of the bottomside ionosphere

Abstract This study is focused on investigating how well the day-to-day variability of HF propagation in the bottomside ionosphere can be simulated using a state-of-the-art ionosphere model coupled to a whole atmosphere model driven by the lower atmosphere. The SAMI3 ionosphere model has been coupled to the WACCM-X whole atmosphere model, which was nudged with NAVGEM-HA to incorporate the effects of lower atmospheric weather. The resulting ionospheric specifications were used as input for an HF propagation model (MoJo) in order to compare to observations from the NOAA ionosphere network. The results indicate that the amount of variability at the F-region peak can be successfully reproduced by the model, but that the simulations do not show enough variability in the bottomside of the F-region, particularly below 200 km altitude. Further comparisons with data and a simple modeling study are used to demonstrate that the most likely source of this missing variability are low-altitude ion transport terms, which are not currently included in the standard SAMI3 model. These transport terms are required to simulate the motion perpendicular to the magnetic field in regions where the motion becomes strongly dominated by ion-neutral collisions.
Team discussions and dynamics during DevOps tool adoptions in OSS projects

In Open Source Software (OSS) projects, pre-built tools dominate DevOps-oriented pipelines. In practice, a multitude of configuration management, cloud-based continuous integration, and automated deployment tools exist, and often more than one for each task. Tools are adopted (and given up) by OSS projects regularly. Prior work has shown that some tool adoptions are preceded by discussions, and that tool adoptions can result in benefits to the project. But important questions remain: how do teams decide to adopt a tool? What is discussed before the adoption and for how long? And, what team characteristics are determinant of the adoption?In this paper, we employ a large-scale empirical study in order to characterize the team discussions and to discern the team-level determinants of tool adoption into OSS projects' development pipelines. Guided by theories of team and individual motivations and dynamics, we perform exploratory data analyses, do deep-dive case studies, and develop regression models to learn the determinants of adoption and discussion length, and the direction of their effect on the adoption. From data of commit and comment traces of large-scale GitHub projects, our models find that prior exposure to a tool and member involvement are positively associated with the tool adoption, while longer discussions and the number of newer team members associate negatively. These results can provide guidance beyond the technical appropriateness for the timeliness of tool adoptions in diverse programmer teams. Our data and code is available at https://github.com/lkyin/tool_adoptions. In this paper, we employ a large-scale empirical study in order to characterize the team discussions and to discern the team-level determinants of tool adoption into OSS projects' development pipelines. Guided by theories of team and individual motivations and dynamics, we perform exploratory data analyses, do deep-dive case studies, and develop regression models to learn the determinants of adoption and discussion length, and the direction of their effect on the adoption. From data of commit and comment traces of large-scale GitHub projects, our models find that prior exposure to a tool and member involvement are positively associated with the tool adoption, while longer discussions and the number of newer team members associate negatively. These results can provide guidance beyond the technical appropriateness for the timeliness of tool adoptions in diverse programmer teams. Our data and code is available at https://github.com/lkyin/tool_adoptions.
Association between Troponin I Levels during Sepsis and Postsepsis Cardiovascular Complications

Rationale: Sepsis commonly results in elevated serum troponin levels and increased risk for postsepsis cardiovascular complications; however, the association between troponin levels during sepsis a...
Design Formula for Sizing Rock Riprap at Spill-Through Abutments in Compound Channels

AbstractA numerically based investigation is carried out to determine the minimum median diameter of the riprap stone needed to avoid shear failure inside the riprap apron used to protect spill-tro...
Response-guided treatment optimization in the I-SPY2 trial.

222Background: As new tools for prognostic prediction and assessment of treatment response in breast cancer are developed, there is growing interest in treatment optimization strategies to reduce t...
Cryptocurrency Connectedness: Does Controlling for the Cross-Correlations Matter?

A growing literature has employed the existing generalized spillover measures of Diebold and Yilmaz (2012, 2014) to measure the connectedness—or market integration—of cryptocurrencies. This method, while useful, does not properly control for the cross-correlations of the cryptocurrencies when computing aggregate spillovers from all others to any given cryptocurrency, whereas the joint spillover method of Lastrapes and Wiesen (2021) does. This paper further describes the novel multivariate conditioning sets employed by the joint spillover method. By employing these two techniques and evaluating the differences in the results, we demonstrate that controlling for the cross-correlations of cryptocurrencies matters for measuring aggregate spillovers and the overall connectedness of the cryptocurrency market. Using data on ten of the most traded cryptocurrencies, we find that the generalized spillover index overestimates overall connectedness by over nine percentage points relative to the new joint spillover index. This difference varies across time and is not uniform across cryptocurrencies.
Central European Business Cycles

Optimal currency area (OCA) theory stresses that the comovement of the business cycles of member countries is an important criterion for a successful common currency. This study analyzes the cross-correlations of real gross domestic product and its components for six euro hopefuls from 1993 to 2008. No country is consistently matched more closely to Germany than to world output or consumption, and consumption correlations are found to be weak overall. Although the Baltic states seem to show stronger comovements with the world than with Germany, they show even closer linkages to each other, suggesting that this part of Europe forms a distinct economic subregion that may not benefit from joining the euro.
Gene–Environment Interaction

Current biomedical research is guided by the idea that genetic makeup and environmental exposures, broadly construed, work together through time to cause human disease. This idea is the broad essence of gene–environment interaction. The detailed assessment of gene–environment interaction using epidemiologic data involves issues such as how one defines such interactions in a statistical sense and how one might infer that interactions seen in observational studies reflect causal relationships. That gene–environment interaction is hard to detect and estimate, requiring much larger sample sizes than main effects, has prompted research into novel approaches to increase power and precision through both methods of data analysis methods and study designs. Efforts to make studies robust against hidden genetic population structure have prompted other innovations in study design. The needs of biomedical science continue to stimulate research toward improved methods for studying gene–environment interaction. Keywords: antagonism; synergism; additive model; multiplicative model; genetics; epidemiology; complex disease; causal inference; case-only design; case-parents design
Tribocorrosion in artificial joints: in vitro testing and clinical implications

Abstract: During the last few years, tribocorrosion evaluation of artificial joints has become an attractive research area to biomedical scientists and medical professionals. This particular field of study deals with a complex artificial human joint system and many unknown parameters. With this chapter an attempt is made through the perspective of a clinician to bring some insights into this area of research. This chapter addresses the basic tribocorrosion aspects of artificial joints and their clinical implications, beginning with clinical problems, cell responses to the presence of metal particles and ions and evidence of tribocorrosion from retrieved implants. Then comparisons are made between in vivo and in vitro test conditions and the complex nature of in vivo joint conditions is discussed. Finally, novel case studies (influence of protein and environment, evidence of synergistic interactions between corrosion and wear) on the research of tribocorrosion of metal-on-metal (MoM) hip joint are also included.
Interannual and Decade Fluctuations in the Earth's Rotation

The main findings of a study of earth rotation changes on the longer interannual and decade range of time scales are summarized. The earth rotation data provide important constraints on models of the internal structure and dynamics of the core and lower mantle. Torques at the core-mantle interface are due to time varying fluid motions in the core. A torque of about 0.2 Hadley units is found in the axial component during the 1980 period.
Toxic Torts: Science, Law, and the Possibility of Justice

Preface 1. The veil of science over tort law policy 2. Legal background 3. Institutional concerns about the Supreme Court's triology 4. The science of toxicity and reasoning about causation 5. Excellent evidence makes bad law: pragmatic barriers to the discovery of harm and fair admissibility decisions 6. Science and law in conflict 7. Improving legal protections under Daubert 8. Is Daubert the solution? Bibliography Index.
Timed Petri nets for flexible manufacturing cell design

This paper explores a Petri net approach for the study of grouping of machines in the cells to perform a set of jobs. We use a timed Petri net simulation tool (TPNS) to model the performance of a flexible manufacturing cell arrangement with different scheduling approaches. TPNS is based on the Petri net simulation tool described by Shukia-Robbi (1991). By analyzing the results, one can decide on machine arrangements and schedules to accomplish efficiently a given job mix. One model permits the intermingling of job types and the other separates them into separate streams. We find that the intermingled jobs case results in the highest utilization of machines and the shortest makespan for the job mix. >
An 0(n 2.5 ) Fault Identification Algorithm for Diagnosable Systems

Consider a system composed of n independent processors, each of which tests a subset of the others. It is assumed that at most tp of these processors are permanently faulty and that the outcome of a test is reliable if and only if the processor which performed the test is fault free. Such a system is said to be tp-diagnosable if, given any complete collection of test results, the set of faulty processors can be uniquely identified. In this paper, it is shown that tp-diagnosable systems, due to their robust interconnection structure, possess heretofore unknown graph theoretic properties relative to vertex cover sets and maximum matchings. An 0(n2.5) algorithm is given which exploits these properties to identify the set of faulty processors in a tp-diagnosable system. The algorithm is shown to be correct, complete, not based on any conjecture, and superior to any other known fault identification algorithm for the general class of tp-diagnosable systems.
Dietary selenium, hepatic arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and mutagenic activation of benzo(a)pyrene, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene

Abstract The effect of dietary selenium (Se) on the hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and mutagenic activation potential in young and adult rats was investigated. Animals were maintained on a low Se basal diet with or without 1 or 2 ppm Se supplementation (as sodium selenite) for 5 or 20 weeks. AHH inducibility was determined by an intraperitoneal injection of Aroclor 5 days prior to killing. A significant reduction in the AHH level was observed in the low Se group of young untreated rats only. Dietary Se did not affect AHH inducibility by Aroclor treatment and the induced AHH levels were similar in both dietary groups. 5 weeks on low dietary Se did not alter the AHH levels in untreated or treated adult rats. The levels of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P) were decreased more drastically in the young than adult rats by low dietary Se. Studies on the metabolic activation potential of liver enzymes from young rats on basal and Se-supplemented diets showed that dietary Se did not alter the activation of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to mutagens although differences in the activation of 2-aminofluorene (2AF) and 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) were observed.
Subcommittee examines NSF's role

On March 3, the House Subcommittee on Science continued its examination of scientific research with the second in a series of hearings on renewing U.S. science policy. The hearing focused on the report by the National Science Board's Commission on the Future of the National Science Foundation, released last November. The subcommittee chairman, Rick Boucher (D-Va.), in cooperation with full science committee chairman George Brown (D-Calif.), plans further hearings throughout the year to look at the way science is funded, how it contributes to national needs, and whether a better method of priority setting is necessary. The NSB Commission, according to witness James Duderstadt, NSB chairman, “strongly reaffirms [NSF's support of] curiosity-driven, peer-reviewed science.” The witnesses unanimously concurred with the commission's finding that, in general, NSF's traditional mission is appropriate and the foundation is performing it well. They recommended no major changes to the agency's mission.
The impact of confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in East Asia

It is argued that East Asian communication patterns differ from those of North America because of the Eastern emphasis on social relationships as opposed to the North American emphasis on individualism. This East Asian preoccupation with social relationships stems from the doctrines of Confucianism, which considers proper human relationships to be the basis of society. The cardinal principle of Confucianism is humanism, which is understood as a warm human feeling between people and strongly emphasizes reciprocity. As a philosophy of humanism and social relations, Confucianism has left a strong impact on interpersonal relationships and on communication patterns. The five most important areas of interpersonal relationships influenced by Confucianism are particularism, reciprocity, the in‐group/out‐group distinction, the role of intermediaries, and the overlap of personal and public relationships. Confucianism has also contributed to East Asian communication patterns of process orientation, differentiated li...
Determination of the cyanide metabolite 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in urine and plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract The cyanide metabolite 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) is a promising biomarker for cyanide exposure because of its stability and the limitations of direct determination of cyanide and more abundant cyanide metabolites. A simple, sensitive, and specific method based on derivatization and subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was developed for the identification and quantification of ATCA in synthetic urine and swine plasma. The urine and plasma samples were spiked with an internal standard (ATCA-d2), diluted, and acidified. The resulting solution was subjected to solid phase extraction on a mixed-mode cation exchange column. After elution and evaporation of the solvent, a silylating agent was used to derivatize the ATCA. Quantification of the derivatized ATCA was accomplished on a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector. The current method produced a coefficient of variation of less than 6% (intra- and interassay) for two sets of quality control (QC) standards and a detection limit of 25 ng/ml. The applicability of the method was evaluated by determination of elevated levels of ATCA in human urine of smokers in relation to non-smokers for both males and females.
Search for exoelectrons in apollo 12 materials

The search for exoelectron emission from Apollo 12 materials usually produced negative results, suggesting that the concentration of naturally occurring traps is very low. Weak exoelectron activity was found scattered inhomogeneously within a pigeonite basalt rock and in a deep core tube sample. Its erratic appearance and intensity makes any interpretation of radiation history most difficult and is attributed to the activity being carried by only a few scattered crystals. The thermally stimulated emission of exoelectrons is judged an unsuitable technique for tracing the radiation histories of these samples.
Volumetrics of CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Formations

Concern about the role of greenhouse gases in global climate change has generated interest in sequestering CO2 from fossil-fuel combustion in deep saline formations. Pore space in these formations is initially filled with brine, and space to accommodate injected CO2 must be generated by displacing brine, and to a lesser extent by compression of brine and rock. The formation volume required to store a given mass of CO2 depends on the storage mechanism. We compare the equilibrium volumetric requirements of three end-member processes: CO2 stored as a supercritical fluid (structural or stratigraphic trapping); CO2 dissolved in pre-existing brine (solubility trapping); and CO2 solubility enhanced by dissolution of calcite. For typical storage conditions, storing CO2 by solubility trapping reduces the volume required to store the same amount of CO2 by structural or stratigraphic trapping by about 50%. Accessibility of CO2 to brine determines which storage mechanism (structural/stratigraphic versus solubility) d...
Computing eigenvalues of very large symmetric matrices—An implementation of a Lanczos algorithm with no reorthogonalization

Many engineering and scientific applications require the computation of eigenvalues (and eigenvectors) of very large symmetric or Hermitian matrices. We describe a Lanczos procedure which allows us to compute either few or many eigenvalues of such matrices in any intervals specified by the user. This procedure can even be used to compute all of the eigenvalues. The desired eigenvalues are computed as eigenvalues of an associated symmetric tridiagonal matrix Tm. whose order depends upon the distribution of the eigenvalues in the given matrix A and upon which portions of the spectrum of A are desired. The storage requirements depend linearly upon the order of A, if the the storage required to generate the products Ax is also linear in the order. The amount of computation required depends directly upon the distribution of the desired eigenvalues and upon the cost of computing Ax. Numerical results for a very large matrix of order 4900 demonstrate that this procedure can be used on very large matrices.
Flow Web: a graph based user interface for 3D flow field exploration

While there have been intensive efforts in developing better 3D flow visualization techniques, little attention has been paid to the design of better user interfaces and more effective data exploration work flow. In this paper, we propose a novel graph-based user interface called Flow Web to enable more systematic explorations of 3D flow data. The Flow Web is a node-link graph that is constructed to highlight the essential flow structures where a node represents a region in the field and a link connects two nodes if there exist particles traveling between the regions. The direction of an edge implies the flow path, and the weight of an edge indicates the number of particles traveling through the connected nodes. Hierarchical flow webs are created by splitting or merging nodes and edges to allow for easy understanding of the underlying flow structures. To draw the Flow Web, we adopt force based graph drawing algorithms to minimize edge crossings, and use a hierarchical layout to facilitate the study of flow patterns step by step. The Flow Web also supports user queries to the properties of nodes and links. Examples of the queries for node properties include the degrees, complexity, and some associated physical attributes such as velocity magnitude. Queries for edges include weights, flow path lengths, existence of circles and so on. It is also possible to combine multiple queries using operators such as and , or, not. The FlowWeb supports several types of user interactions. For instance, the user can select nodes from the subgraph returned by a query and inspect the nodes with more details at different levels of detail. There are multiple advantages of using the graph-based user interface. One is that the user can identify regions of interest much more easily since, unlike inspecting 3D regions, there is very little occlusion. It is also much more convenient for the user to query statistical information about the nodes and links at different levels of detail. With the Flow Web, it becomes easier for the user to log and track the progress of data exploration which is crucial for exploring large data sets. We demonstrate how to construct and draw the Flow Web effectively, and how to query the Flow Web to retrieve useful information from the data. Case studies are provided to demonstrate the exploration process.
Regulating heterogeneous emissions

Abstract This paper examines how regulations ought to adapt to the heterogeneity of emissions. A methodology for differentiating among pollutants and source locations is developed and applied. In general, regulations need to become more sensitive to gross differences in the marginal damages of individual emissions.
Contaminant Attenuation Processes at Mine Sites

The global imprint of acid drainage problems at mine sites is a clear reminder that generally, natural processes do not adequately ameliorate the acidity and metal contamination produced by oxidizing sulfide minerals. Yet at nearly all such sites, natural attenuation processes occur and may contribute to site remediation. Biogeochemical processes can be particularly important in controlling the transport and fate of certain metal and metalloid contaminants, under specific environmental conditions. This paper identifies the major natural attenuation processes that have been documented at mine sites around the world and discusses how monitored natural attenuation is sometimes used in combination with active treatment technologies to achieve site-specific remediation objectives.
Developmental profile of corticotropin releasing hormone messenger RNA in the rat inferior olive

Corticotropin releasing hormone is a neurotransmitter in the inferior olive complex of marsupials and mammals. The ontogeny of corticotropin releasing hormone gene expression in the rat inferior olive has not been described. Using in-situ hybridization histochemistry in 25 animals, we established the developmental profile of the peptide's messenger ribonucleic acid in the postnatal rat. CRH-messenger RNA was first detectable in two of four animals on the fifth postnatal day. Subsequently, gene expression increased linearly with age: by day 14, CRH was expressed in all olivary complex nuclei, and the distribution and relative abundance on day 18 were comparable to those in the adult. The developmental profile of CRH-mRNA in the rat inferior olive differs from those in the mouse and opossum, and from the pattern in the rat hypothalamus, suggesting species- and site-specificity of the peptide's function.
A broadband silicon quarter-wave retarder for far-infrared spectroscopic circular dichroism

Abstract The high brightness, broad spectral coverage and pulsed characteristics of infrared synchrotron radiation enable time-resolved spectroscopy under throughput-limited optical systems, as can occur with the high-field magnet cryostat systems used to study electron dynamics and cyclotron resonance by far-infrared techniques. A natural extension for magnetospectroscopy is to sense circular dichroism, i.e. the difference in a material’s optical response for left and right circularly polarized light. A key component for spectroscopic circular dichroism is an achromatic 1 4 wave retarder functioning over the spectral range of interest. We report here the development of an in-line retarder using total internal reflection in high-resistivity silicon. We demonstrate its performance by distinguishing electronic excitations of differing handedness for GaAs in a magnetic field. This 1 4 wave retarder is expected to be useful for far-infrared spectroscopy of circular dichroism in many materials.
Structure of -W(C0)4(CNC6H11)(CS) and a correlation of ν(cs) frequencies with CS bond distances in metal thiocarbonyl complexes ☆

Abstract An X-ray structural investigation of trans -W(C0)4(CNC6H11)(CS) shows that the Wz.bnd;C bond distances to the 3 isoelectronic ligands increase in the order: WCS(1.944A)
Geometric methods for bulding CAD models from range data

A method is presented for building model data for CAD and manufacturing purposes from existing parts using range data. These techniques can be used as a design aid, especially for designing complicated free-form surfaces. Furthermore, they can be used for reverse engineering if there exists no design data for a needed part, e.g., old machine part. The goal is to construct procedural CAD models, i.e., the set of commands that generate the part geometry, to be able to convey global shape properties in addition to low level geometric data. Sensor noise is attenuated using non-liner filters based on robust estimation theory. The data interpretation is obtained by fitting models. The CAD model building strategy and modeling primitives are selected based on the obtained volumetric and surface data descriptions and their quality. A superellipsoid model is recovered for each data set. Sculptured surfaces are approximated by recovering a NURBS control point mesh for the surface. An approach is proposed for estimating the size of the control point mesh automatically from sensor data. Parameterization issues and methods to recover B-spline surfaces of arbitrary topology are also studied. The obtained surface is refined to meet a user defined tolerance value. The model data is represented both in a procedural modeling language and IGES product data exchange format. Experimental results for standard geometric shapes and for sculptured free-form surfaces are presented using both real and synthetic range data.
Effect of Non-Condensable Gas on the Tube Condenser Operating in Passive Mode

An experimental program was developed to study the condensation of steam with noncondensable in a vertical tube for forced flow and complete condensation modes of operation. Test data have been obtained for condensation of air-steam mixture for different mixture flow rate at different system pressure. The design of the test section is based on the passive condenser system in an advanced boiling water reactor. A boundary layer based condensation model was developed for the annular flow regime with inner gas phase and tube wall liquid film. In order to validate the condensation model the model predictions were compared with the pure steam data.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Estimation of choline esters in brain by a new gas chromatographic procedure.

Abstract A new gas chromatographic procedure for microestimation of choline esters has been successfully applied to extracts of rat brain. Brains are rapidly removed after decapitation and homogenized in 85% acetone, 15% 1 N formic acid containing hexyltrimethylammonium bromide as an internal standard. After centrifugation and extraction with ether, quaternary ammonium compounds are precipitated with ammonium reineckate and the chlorides are recovered in anhydrous methanol by treatment with Biorex 9 ion-exchange resin. The residue after evaporation is allowed to react with sodium benzenethiolate in anhydrous butanone. The resulting tertiary amines are analyzed by gas chromatography as previously described, ‡ Acetylcholine levels determined in this way agree with previous reports in the literature and with concurrent bioassays on frog rectus abdominis. Acetylcholine-like activity of rat brain assayed on this preparation can therefore be quantitatively accounted for by its acetylcholine content, and the results provide no support for the view that other pharmacologically active agents contribute significantly to it. Propionylcholine and butyrylcholine may be simultaneously determined by this procedure and could not be detected in fresh rat brain extracts, although both esters yielded the expected Chromatographic peaks when added to the homogenate in a total quantity of 2 nmoles.
Obstetric outcomes with a false-positive one-hour glucose challenge test by the Carpenter-Coustan criteria

Objective. Pregnancies complicated by a false-positive one-hour glucose challenge test (GCT), as determined by the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria, have higher rates of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. This study was conducted to determine if pregnancies complicated by a false-positive GCT, as determined by the Carpenter-Coustan (CC) criteria, also have higher rates of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.Study design. In this retrospective case-control study, we compared 165 patients with a false-positive GCT, as determined by the Carpenter-Coustan criteria, to a cohort of 165 pregnant controls with a normal screening GCT. Multiple variables for maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared between the two groups.Results. The racial distribution and gestational age of delivery were similar in both groups. The study group had a higher one-hour GCT (148.2 mg/dl vs. 95.3 mg/dl, p < 0.001), was older (27.4 yrs vs. 23.8 years, p < 0.001), was more likely to be multiparous (71.5% vs. 58.2%...
How deep is the meaning of life

Subjects viewed a series of color slides of natural outdoor scenes under one of three instructions: (1) One group was given a standard intentional learning instruction (a “deep” task).(2) Another group estimated the percentage of the slide taken up by sky (a “shallow” task).(3) A third group contemplated the meaning of life while viewing the slides. Approximately 1 h later, all subjects took a yes-no recognition test. The meaning-of-life and the intention-to-learn instructions both resulted in better subsequent recognition than did the shallow processing task, but the former two groups did not differ. These results indicate that the meaning of life is relatively deep.
New method of calculation of reversible integer 1D DCTs

The integer-to-integer discrete cosine and other unitary transforms become popular in recent years in such applications as lossless image coding, mobile computing, filter banks, and other areas. In this paper, we present new matrix representations of the reversible integer discrete cosine transforms (IDCT) that are based on the canonical representation and floor function. A new concept of the kernel integer discrete cosine transform is introduced, that allows us to reduce the calculation of the IDCT of type II to the kernel IDCT with a fewer operations of multiplication and floor function. The application of the kernel IDCT is described for calculation of the eight-point IDCT of type II, when seven multiplications and seven floor functions can be saved. The parameterized two-point DCT of type IV and its particular case that requires two operations of multiplication, four additions, and two floor functions are presented. The golden two-point DCT that minimizes the error of the cosine transform approximation by the IDCT is also considered. Application of the kernel DCT for calculating the eight-point IDCT results in the saving of twelve multiplications and twelve floor functions, when considered the decomposition of the transform by the Walsh-Hadamard transform.
WITHDRAWN: Simultaneous analysis of different classes of personal care products in river water by a single gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.

A reproducible multi-residue gas chromatography (GC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method is described for simultaneous monitoring of personal care products (PCPs). In this study, 12-PCPs belonging to five chemical groups have been analyzed by a single GC-MS/MS run from river waters collected from five geographic locations. Samples were extracted, preconcentrated, cleaned up, derivatized and analyzed. Five PCPs: m-toluamide (30–180 ng/L), benzophenone (60–224 ng/L), galaxolide (360–1781 ng/L), tonalide (60–224 ng/L) and octocrylene (10–19 ng/L) were detected. Method detection limits (MDLs) were <27.2 ng/L for most target analytes. Mean recoveries of analytes were 68–124% with relative standard deviation of 5–14% using chloroform. The presence of the compounds in water was confirmed based on matching retention time and about 85% agreement of relative abundance ratios of MS/MS ions with standards. A positive correlation (r2 1⁄4 0.91) was obtained between galaxolide/tonalide ratios and their concentration. Surrogates and internal standard (IS) were used. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rescue of in vitro actin motility halted at high ionic strength by reduction of ATP to submicromolar levels

The combined effects of ATP concentration and ionic strength were studied in an actomyosin in vitro motility assay using skeletal and cardiac myosin. The velocity of actin filaments increased up to a critical ionic strength, at which filament sliding stopped. At or above the critical ionic strength, filaments did not slide, but wiggled while focally attached to the surface. At these high ionic strengths, when the ATP concentration (originally 1 mM) was progressively reduced (down to submicromolar levels) by rigor-solution washes, the stationary, wiggling actin filaments promptly started to slide. The effect was reversible; upon adding ATP again, the sliding movement stopped, and wiggling began. The ATP washout-induced motility at high ionic strength may be explained by an electrostatic mechanism which determines the affinity of myosin to actin. The critical ionic strength was different for skeletal and cardiac myosin. For skeletal it was 77 mM, while for cardiac it was only 57 mM. Cardiac myosin's lower critical ionic strength implies a lower affinity to actin.
Phased-array antenna control by a monolithic photonic integrated circuit

Phased-array antenna systems are well known for rapid beam steering and their ability to bring high power to the target. Such systems are also quite complex and heavy, which have limited their usefulness. The issues of weight, size, power use, and complexity have been addressed through a system named COMPASS (Coherent Optical Monolithic Phased Array Steering System). All phased-array antenna systems need: (1) small size; (2) low power use; (3) high-speed beam steering; and (4) digitally-controlled phase shifting. COMPASS meets these basic requirements, and provides some very desirable additional features. These are: (1) phase control separate from the transmit/receive module; (2) simple expansion to large arrays; (3) fiber optic interconnect for reduced sensitivity to EMI; (4) an intrinsically radiation-hard GaAs chip; and (5) optical power provided by a commercially available continuous wave (CW) laser. 4 refs., 8 figs.
Quantum optics: A grip on entanglement.

Quantum buffers will be an essential part of quantum-information networks. A buffer that can preserve not only a 'quantum bit' but also a 'quantum image' is a major step towards creating those networks. Quantum networks will require a system that can delay quantum correlations without significant degradation, effectively acting as a short-term quantum memory. An important benchmark for such systems is the ability to delay Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) levels of entanglement and to be able to tune the delay. Marino et al. use a process called four-wave mixing in atomic vapour cells to obtain an optically tunable delay for EPR entangled beams of light. The four-wave mixing preserves the quantum spatial correlations of the entangled beams, allowing the authors to demonstrate a rudimentary quantum memory for images.
Nature of the Cytochrome c Molten Globule

We have employed fluorescence energy transfer (FET) kinetics to probe unfolded and molten globule states of five dansyl (Dns) variants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1 cytochrome c. The covalently bound Fe(III) heme group quenches Dns fluorescence by energy transfer; measurements of FET kinetics yielded distributions of D−A distances (P(r)) for these states. The P(r) distributions and corresponding mean force potentials (U(r)) show that the cytochrome c molten globule is a highly structured state with a substantial number of native interactions. Wide P(r) distributions directly reflect the dynamic nature and conformational diversity of this molten globule. P(r) distributions for the “burst-phase” refolding intermediate suggest that the equilibrium cytochrome c molten globule is not a suitable model for early intermediates formed during protein refolding.
Not all cardiac arrests are the same

See related research article by Kutsogiannis and colleagues on page [1589][1] and at [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.100034][2] In-hospital cardiac arrest remains a major public health challenge. It affects more than 200 000 people annually in the United States and Canada and has a survival-to
Cellular regulation of an allosteric modifier of fish haemoglobin.

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) is the major organic phosphate in the red blood cells of a wide variety of fish species1–4. Its role as an allosteric modifier of fish haemoglobins is similar to that of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in mammalian red blood cells, in that it decreases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen5,6. After exposure to the anoxia of high altitude or in certain conditions of anaemia, mammals increase red blood cell 2,3-DPG to facilitate oxygen unloading at the tissues7. By contrast, eels have been shown to decrease erythrocyte organic phosphate (that is, ATP) and increase haemoglobin–oxygen (Hb–O2) affinity when acclimated to low environmental oxygen8. To test if this phenomenon was expressed in another fish species, we acclimated Fundulus heteroclitus, a euryhaline minnow, to hypoxic conditions. Our finding that this fish also lowered red blood cell ATP by as much as 40% (Fig. 1) suggests that this is a general response to hypoxia among water-breathing vertebrates.
Transport properties of Sb-doped Si nanowires

Abstract We present a safe and cost-effective approach for synthesis of n-type Sb-doped Si nanowires. The nanowires were synthesized at ambient pressure using SiCl 4 as Si source and pure Sb as the dopant source. Structural and compositional characterization using electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy show crystalline nanowires with lengths of 30 – 40 μ m and diameters of 40–100 nm. A 3–4 nm thick amorphous oxide shell covers the surface of the nanowire, post-growth. The composition of this shell was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Growth of Si nanowires, followed by low temperature annealing in Sb vapor, was shown to be an effective technique for synthesizing Sb-doped Si nanowires. The doping concentration of Sb was found to be dependent on temperature, with Sb re-evaporating from the Si nanowire at higher doping temperatures. Field effect transistors (FETs) were fabricated to investigate the electrical transport properties of these nanowires. The as-grown Si nanowires were found to be p-type with a channel mobility of 40 cm 2 V − 1 s − 1 . After doping with Sb, these nanowires exhibited n-type behavior. The channel mobility and carrier concentration of the Sb-doped Si nanowires were estimated to be 288 cm 2 V − 1 s − 1 and 5.3 × 10 18 cm − 3 respectively.