cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use hierarchy for “liberating servant leadership” instead of controlling employees

Since the Industrial Revolution, management has relied on hierarchy to control assets and employees. The negative impact of that hierarchical control on employee performance has long been recognized, yet in spite of expert and scholarly attempts to solve these problems hierarchical control generally continues to dominate management theory and practices. This article argues that is because these problems are rooted not in hierarchy, but rather in organizational expectations of hierarchy. Hierarchy emphasizing “liberating servant leadership” (Dr. Isaac Getz of the ESCP Business School in Paris introduced the term “liberating leadership,” the French equivalent of which “entreprise liberee” has become a household term in France. Max De Pree suggested the leader must become a servant in Leadership is an Art. This combines the two concepts.) instead of controlling employees can produce extraordinary business results. Eighteen innovative CEOs (The innovative CEOs and their successful companies in alphabetical order are Bill Gore, W.L. Gore Company; Bob Beyster, Science Applications International Corporation; Bob Davids, Radica Games & Sea Smoke Vineyard and Winery; Bob Koski, Sun Hydraulics; Bob Townsend, AVIS; David Kelley, IDEO; Garry Ridge, WD-40; Gordon Forward, Chaparral Steel; Harry Quadracci, Quad/Graphics; Herb Kelleher, Southwest Airlines; Jeff Westphal, Vertex; Ken Iverson, Nucor Steel; Kim Jordan, New Belgium Brewing; Max De Pree, Herman Miller; Paul Staley, PQ Corporation; Rich Teerlink, Harley Davidson; Robert McDermott, USAA Insurance; and Stan Richards, The Richards Group. Additional details about each leader can be found in the books Freedom, Inc. by Brian Carney and Isaac Getz and Questioning Corporate Hierarchy by Paul Staley and Bill Nobles.) whom I have studied discovered this by trial and error while trying to take advantage of Douglas McGregor’s Theory Y. Their leadership changed the design of their organizations. Believing that individuals can drive themselves more effectively than managers can, these CEOs sought to create conditions in which associates committed themselves to organizational objectives, and satisfied their ego and self-development needs. The CEOs relied on hierarchy to control financial assets, but fundamentally changed the human dimension. The organizational roles traditionally called “middle managers” responsible for controlling employees became “liberating servant leaders” responsible for ensuring that associates had everything needed to freely self-control and self-coordinate their efforts. The resulting self-motivated, creative employees played key roles in each CEO’s company being extraordinarily successful. These experiences provide a foundation for transforming the human role of hierarchy in organizational design.
Comparative analysis of the boundary layer filtering of odor signals in the amblypygid (whip spider) species Paraphrynus laevifrons and Phrynus marginemaculatus.

Abstract Amblypygids use a pair of modified walking legs (antenniform) as chemosensory and mechanosensory appendages. At the tip of these legs are covered in chemosensory sensilla, which the animals use to sample odor stimuli in their environment by moving the antenniform leg through the air. We designed a set of experiments to measure the filtering effect that aerodynamic boundary layers have on the temporal and spatial structure of chemical stimuli. In addition, two different species of amblypygids (Paraphrynus laevifrons and Phrynus marginemaculatus) that live in two distinct habitats were used for a comparative analysis. Pulses of a tracer molecule were quantified at different distances and flow velocities using an electrochemical detection system. Temporal attributes of the chemical pulses were extracted and were statistically compared across velocities, distances from the appendage, and the two species. Overall, the boundary layer significantly decreased the concentration and increased the duration of pulses for both species. This filtering effect was more pronounced for P. marginemaculatus than P. laevifrons, as the chemical signal was lower in concentration and longer in duration at any distance from the antenniform leg. It is speculated that the difference in boundary layer filtering, as a function of appendage morphology, is tuned to the different types of odor plumes in these animals’ native habitats.
Improved Predictive Tools for Structural Properties of Metal–Organic Frameworks

The accurate determination of structural parameters is necessary to understand the electronic and magnetic properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and is a first step toward accurate calculations of electronic structure and function for separations and catalysis. Theoretical structural determination of metal-organic frameworks is particularly challenging because they involve ionic, covalent, and noncovalent interactions, which must be treated in a balanced fashion. Here, we apply a diverse group of local exchange-correlation functionals (PBE, PBEsol, PBE-D2, PBE-D3, vdW-DF2, SOGGA, MN15-L, revM06-L, SCAN, and revTPSS) to a broad test set of MOFs to seek the most accurate functionals to study various structural aspects of porous solids, in particular to study lattice constants, unit cell volume, two types of pore size characteristics, bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles). The recently developed meta functionals revM06-L and SCAN, without adding any molecular mechanics terms, are able to predict more accurate structures than previously recommended functionals, both those without molecular mechanics terms (PBE, PBEsol, vdW-DF2, and revTPSS) and those with them (PBE-D2 and PBE-D3). To provide a broader test, these two functionals are also tested for lattice constants and band gaps of unary, binary, and ternary semiconductors.
Bevacizumab plus etoposide among recurrent malignant glioma patients: Phase II study final results

2046 Background: Significant therapeutic benefit has been observed among recurrent malignant glioma (MG) patients treated with bevacizumab (BV), a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with or without chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of BV plus etoposide (E), a topoisomerase inhibitor, among recurrent MG patients. Methods: Recurrent patients with no more than three prior episodes of recurrence are eligible, while those with prior BV treatment or prior intracranial hemorrhage are excluded. The primary outcome measure is 6 month progression-free survival (6-PFS). BV is dosed at 10 mg/kg intravenously every other week. Etoposide is orally administered daily (50 mg/m2) for days 1–21 of each 28-day cycle. Results: Fifty-nine patients (GBM, n = 27; grade 3 MG, n = 32) with a median of 2 prior progressions have enrolled. With a median follow-up of 45 weeks, median overall survival (OS) for GBM and grade 3 MG patients were 46 and 47 weeks, while the 6-P...
Baoverlay: a block-accessible overlay file system for fast and efficient container storage

Container storage commonly relies on overlay file systems to interpose read-only container images upon backing file systems. While being transparent to and compatible with most existing backing file systems, the overlay file-system approach imposes nontrivial I/O overhead to containerized applications, especially for writes: To write a file originating from a read-only container image, the whole file will be copied to a separate, writable storage layer, resulting in long write latency and inefficient use of container storage. In this paper, we present BAOverlay, a lightweight, block-accessible overlay file system: Equipped with a new block-accessibility attribute, BAOverlay not only exploits the benefit of using an asynchronous copy-on-write mechanism for fast file updates but also enables a new file format for efficient use of container storage space. We have developed a prototype of BAOverlay upon Linux Ext4. Our evaluation with both micro-benchmarks and real-world applications demonstrates the effectiveness of BAOverlay with improved write performance and on-demand container storage usage.
Boron Selective Emitter Formation With Un-metallized J 0e of 13fA/cm 2 For Silicon Solar Cell Applications

This paper describes the development of a novel selective boron emitter formed a screen-printed negative resist to form vias for heavily doping regions. Ion-implantation and atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) are used to from the field (p+) and heavily doped regions (p++) of the emitters, respectively. This approach gives better control over the surface concentrations/junction depth for each region of the emitter resulting in very low full area emitter dark saturation current density (J0e) of 6fA/cm2 for the lightly doped regions and ∼93fA/cm2 for the heavily doped regions. Very low un-metallized J0e of 13fA/cm2 and 18fA/cm2 were achieved for selective emitters with $30\ \Omega/\square\ \mathrm{p}^{++}$ region in combination with 200 and $150\ \Omega/\square$ ion-implanted p+ regions respectively. A metallized J0e of 28fA/cm2 was achieved with 3% screen-printed metal grid contact coverage to p++ regions of the selective emitter. This selective emitter gave 0.4% absolute increase in efficiency over standard NPERT with a $150\ \Omega/\square$ homogeneous emitter.
Cultivating not gatekeeping: a key leadership role in the creative process

Background Creativity and innovation are frequent features in healthcare discussions and proposals. A burgeoning area of research shows that evaluating proposals is a crucial juncture in the creative process. Leadership can make a substantial difference in how well the evaluation process does. Result Organisational leaders want creativity, yet often inadvertently act as gatekeepers and disproportionately reject creative proposals. We review research to provide guidance for leaders on how to cultivate creativity through improvements in the process of evaluating proposals.
Emotions, feelings, and moods in tourism and hospitality research: Conceptual and methodological differences:

Researchers often tend to use the words emotions, feelings, moods, and affect interchangeably, which creates confusion in both conceptual and methodological domains of tourism and hospitality resea...
Pragmatism and Consequentialism

Legal Pragmatism is the view that judges should decide cases in a way that is, all things considered, in the best interests of the community. It is a forward-looking theory that rejects inviolable constraints by past judicial decisions. A pragmatist judge believes that the future should not be the slave of the past. In this paper, I argue that pragmatism is an attractive view because it is an idealized form of consequentialism: pragmatism captures the most desirable features of consequentialism while avoiding consequentialism's most powerful objections. I will also argue that rule pragmatism -- a version of pragmatism that is able to respect legal rules, just as rule consequentialism is able to respect moral rules -- is a viable theory of adjudication that is consistent with traditional legal values and the rule of law.
Homoclinic Bifurcations with Weakly Expanding Center Manifolds

Interaction of homoclinic bifurcation and bifurcation on the center manifold is studied. We show that the occurrence of different types of solutions near the homoclinic orbit is determined asymptotically by a reduced system on the center manifold. The method is applied to cases where the center manifold is one- or two-dimensional. When the center manifold is one-dimensional, we can obtain all the solutions near the homoclinic orbit. When a Hopf bifurcation occurs on a two-dimensional center manifold, the system can have infinitely many periodic and aperiodic solutions. These solutions disappear in a manner predicted by the reduced system when the perturbation term is increased. We prove that certain periodic and aperiodic solutions disappear through inverse period doubling or saddle-node bifurcation.
Nucleotide sequence and in vitro processing of a precursor molecule to Escherichia coli 4.5 S RNA

A precursor molecule to the stable 4.5 S RNA species of Escherichia coli has been found to accumulate at 42 degrees in a strain thermosensitive for the function of ribonuclease P. The precursor molecule is 130 nucleotides long. Twenty-two extra nucleotides, starting with pppGp, precede the mature sequence at its 5' terminus. At least 1 extra uridine residue can be found at the 3' terminus. The precursor to 4.5 S RNA is cleaved in vitro by RNase P to generate a 5' end identical to that of the mature 4.5 S RNA.
Multiple Scales in Small-World Graphs

Small-world architectures may be implicated in a range of phenomena from disease propagation to networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex. While most of the recent attention on small-world networks has focussed on the effect of introducing disorder/randomness into a regular network, we show that that the fundamental mechanism behind the small-world phenomenon is not disorder/randomness, but the presence of connections of many different length scales. Consequently, in order to explain the small-world phenomenon, we introduce the concept of multiple scale graphs and then state the multiple length scale hypothesis. Multiple scale graphs form a unifying conceptual framework for the study of evolving graphs. Moreover, small-world behavior in randomly rewired graphs is a consequence of features common to all multiple scale graphs. To support the multiple length scale hypothesis, novel graph architectures are introduced that need not be a result of random rewiring of a regular graph. In each case it is shown that whenever the graph exhibits small-world behavior, it also has connections of diverse length scales. We also show that the distribution of the length scales of the new connections is significantly more important than whether the new connections are long range, medium range or short range connections.
Whole-farm phosphorus loss from grazing-based dairy farms

Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural farms persists as a water quality impairment issue. For dairy farms, P can be lost from cropland, pastures, and open-air lots. A need remains for user-friendly, readily applied, decision-support tools that simulate all areas of dairy farms, and determine their relative contribution to whole-farm P loss. We used the Snap Plus and APLE models to estimate annual P loss from all areas on four grazing-based dairy farms in Wisconsin, USA. At the whole-farm level, average annual P loss (kgha−1) from grazing-based dairy farms was low (0.5 to 1.8kgha−1), generally because a significant portion of land was in well-vegetated pastures or hay and had low erosion. However, there were areas on the farms that represented sources of significant P loss. For cropland, the greatest P loss was from areas with exposed soil, typically for corn production, and especially on steeper sloping land. The farm areas with the greatest P loss were concentrated animal housing, including barnyards, and over-wintering and young-stock lots. These areas can represent from about 5% to almost 30% of total farm P loss, depending on lot management and P loss from other land uses. Our project builds on research to show that producer surveys can provide reliable management information to assess whole-farm P loss. It also shows that we can use models like RUSLE2, Snap-Plus, and APLE to rapidly and reliably estimate P loss in runoff from all areas on a dairy farm and identify critical P source areas in greatest need of alternative management.
Who is attracted to an organisation using a forced distribution performance management system

Arguments related to forced distribution systems (FDS) are often dogmatic, but typically do not consider for whom such systems might be most and least appealing. We examine the relationships between participants’ individual differences (cognitive ability, collectivism and core self-evaluations) and their attraction to an organisation utilising an FDS. From a sample of 143 advanced undergraduate students, we found that individuals were more likely to be attracted to an organisation using FDS when they possessed higher levels of cognitive ability and perceived FDS to be fairer. We also found a significant interaction between respondents’ collectivism and fairness perceptions of FDS, indicating that individuals who are high in collectivism are particularly sensitive to perceptions of FDS fairness. Implications for organisational practice and future research are discussed.
The role of HSAL (SALL) genes in proliferation and differentiation in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis

The National Blood Foundation (NBF) support was critical in the author's research career development. The NBF support came in the form of a start-up seed grant that she got from the American Association of Blood Banks, an organization that advances the practice and standards of transfusion medicine and cellular therapies and an organization in which she is a proud member. The NBF grant enabled her to keep up with her transfusion medicine practice while pursuing her passion to be a physician scientist. During its funding period, she was able to obtain critical preliminary bench data and to secure several National Institutes of Health grants with over a million dollars direct cost. In addition, the knowledge gained from the NBF-supported projects is currently being translated into medical practice in her lab by testing on cord blood expansion. She is looking forward to spending the upcoming years of her professional career bridging bedside observations on transfusion medicine with bench experiences and then utilizing that bench-derived knowledge in the practice of transfusion medicine.
Trends in Orbital Complications of Pediatric Rhinosinusitis in the United States

Importance Several studies have documented the prevalence and treatment of orbital complications secondary to pediatric rhinosinusitis, but to our knowledge, none have investigated the national health care burden of this disease since the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV-7). Objective To identify the current public health burden of orbital complications of pediatric rhinosinusitis, and to determine if the introduction of the PCV-7 has resulted in a change in national practice patterns. Design, Setting, and Participants Population-based study using the 2000 and 2009 Kids’ Inpatient Databases to gather data on a sample of all pediatric discharges in the United States during the years 2000 and 2009. Children diagnosed as having orbital complications of sinusitis were identified by corresponding International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes. Database analyses generated national estimates of summary statistics and comparison of trends over the 9-year period. Interventions Database analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures National health care trends according to year. End points assessed included prevalence, age, sex, length of hospital stay, and treatment of disease. Results The estimated prevalence of orbital complications of sinusitis requiring hospitalization in the United States has slightly decreased from 5338 (95% CI, 4956-5720) admissions in 2000 to 4511 (95% CI, 4165-4858) in 2009. However, the mean age has increased from 4.77 (95% CI, 4.56-4.97) years to 6.07 (95% CI, 5.87-6.26) years. The proportion of children undergoing surgical treatment increased from 0.108 (95% CI, 0.093-0.123) to 0.195 (95% CI, 0.176-0.213). Total charges increased from $4 140 000 (95% CI, $3 440 000-$4 830 000) to $10 000 000 (95% CI, $8 480 000-$11 600 000) with a mean charge per admission increasing from $8390 (95% CI, $7096-$9685) in 2000 to $22 656 (95% CI, $19 997-$25 314) in 2009. The mean length of stay remained stable at 3.67 (95% CI, 3.37-3.97) to 4.05 (95% CI, 3.81-4.29) hospital days. Conclusions and Relevance The public health impact of orbital complications of pediatric rhinosinusitis continues to be substantial. Since the institution of the PCV-7 vaccine, national trends demonstrate a slightly decreased prevalence of hospital admissions. However, there is a shifting trend toward an older age at admission and a higher proportion of children undergoing surgical treatment.
Free and combined chloride in hydrating cement and cement components

Normal portland cement, low C3A cement, tricalcium silicate, and C3A—gypsum mixtures are hydrated in the presence of 0, 0.8, 1.5 and 3.0% CaCl2 for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days and the amounts of extractable chloride determined by applying a pressure of 80 000 lb (449 MPa) or by treating the pastes with excess water. At early periods of hydration both methods yielded similar values for immobilized chloride. The amount of free chloride in the pore solution increased as the dosage of initially added chloride was increased. The C3A—gypsum mixture immobilized much higher amounts of chloride than did the C3S phase. Normal portland cement had lower amounts of free chloride than low C3A cement.
Yaldabaoth: the Gnostic Female Principle in Its Fallenness

Yaldabaoth selon l'Apocryphe de Jean, l'Origine du Monde, l'Hypostase des Archontes (Nag Hammadi, Codex II, 1| 4| 5). Cette entite mythique exprime la decheance de l'homme, malheureusement sous le signe de la feminite, alors que la Bible presente en general une image positive de la femme| le gnosticisme vise le salut en bannissant la feminite
A utility theoretic approach to determining optimal wait times in distributed information retrieval

Distributed IR systems query a large number of IR servers, merge the retrieved results and display them to users. Since different servers handle collections of different sizes, have different processing and bandwidth capacities, there can be considerable heterogeneity in their response times. The broker in the distributed IR system thus has to make decisions regarding terminating searches based on perceived value of waiting -- retrieving more documents -- and the costs imposed on users by waiting for more responses. In this paper, we apply utility theory to formulate the broker's decision problem. The problem is a stochastic nonlinear program. We use Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate how the optimal wait time may be determined in the context of a comparison shopping engine that queries multiple store websites for price and product information. We use data gathered from 30 stores for a set of 60 books. Our research demonstrates how a broker can leverage information about past retrievals regarding distributions of server response time and relevance scores to optimize its performance. Our main contribution is the formulation of the decision model for optimal wait time and proposal of a solution method. Our results suggest that the optimal wait time is highly sensitive to the manner in which users value from a set of retrieved results differs from the sum of user value from each result evaluated independently. We also find that the optimal wait time increases with the size of the distributed collections, but only if user utility from a set of results is nearly equal to the sum of utilities from each result.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-1 Deficiency Attenuates Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is causally linked to type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. In a normal liver, insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis and promotes lipogenesis. In type 2 diabetes, the liver exhibits selective insulin resistance by failing to inhibit hepatic glucose production while maintaining triglyceride synthesis. Evidence suggests that the insulin pathway bifurcates downstream of Akt to regulate these two processes. Specifically, mTORC1 has been implicated in lipogenesis, but its role on hepatic steatosis has not been examined. Here, we generated mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Tsc1 to study the effects of constitutive mTORC1 activation in the liver. These mice developed normally but displayed mild hepatomegaly and insulin resistance without obesity. Unexpectedly, the Tsc1-null livers showed minimal signs of steatosis even under high-fat diet condition. This ‘resistant’ phenotype was reversed by rapamycin and could be overcome by the expression of Myr-Akt. Moreover, rapamycin failed to reduce hepatic triglyceride levels in models of steatosis secondary to Pten ablation in hepatocytes or high-fat diet in wild-type mice. These observations suggest that mTORC1 is neither necessary nor sufficient for steatosis. Instead, Akt and mTORC1 have opposing effects on hepatic lipid accumulation such that mTORC1 protects against diet-induced steatosis. Specifically, mTORC1 activity induces a metabolic shift towards fat utilization and glucose production in the liver. These findings provide novel insights into the role of mTORC1 in hepatic lipid metabolism.
Differing effect of statins on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetics: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background To determine whether individual statins had differing effects on insulin sensitivity (IS) in patients without pre-existing diabetes mellitus. Methods A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL was conducted through December 2008. Trials were included if they compared pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin to placebo/control, excluded patients with diabetes, and reported data on insulin sensitivity/resistance. IS data was pooled and evaluated as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. Results 16 studies ( n =1146) were included, with patients receiving pravastatin in three trials ( n =164), atorvastatin in five trials ( n =315), rosuvastatin in five trials ( n =419), and simvastatin in five trials ( n =369). When pooled as a class, statins had no significant impact on IS as compared with placebo/control [SMD −0.084 (95% CI −0.210 to 0.042); p =0.19]. Pravastatin was found to significantly improved IS [SMD 0.342 (95% CI 0.032–0.621); p =0.03], whereas simvastatin significantly worsened IS [SMD −0.321 (95% CI −0.526 to −0.117); p =0.03]. Conclusions Statins do not appear to demonstrate a ‘class effect' on IS in patients without diabetes. Differences between individual statins likely exist that may partially explain the findings of previously conducted meta-analyses examining the impact of statins on the development of diabetes.
A Pilot Study on the Regrets and Priorities of Women

In this pilot study, we surveyed 178 women about their major regrets and priorities in life. Chi-square analyses were used to compare the women's responses based on their ages, marital and family s...
Structural factors in figure perception

In this report, we examine tachistoscopic perception of lines in structured figures. Previous research has shown that perception of lines is facilitated when the lines occur as parts of coherent three-dimensional figures. Experiment 1 demonstrates that it is not necessary for the figure to be three-dimensional to obtain facilitation. Experiments 2 and 3 show that three-dimensionality is not sufficient either. What is important is that the target lines be structurally relevant to the figure. However, structural relevance of a target segment to the figure as perceived with unlimited viewing time is not perfectly correlated with perceptibility under tachistoscopic conditions; it appears that the targets which fall on the external contour of a figure may be facilitated even without a high degree of structural relevance. In view of this, we suggest a model in which perceivers use processing heuristics to direct processing to aspects of the input that are potentially important for determining the structure of the final figure, working primarily from the outside in.
ROBUSTNESS OF BOUNDARY CONTROL OF DAMPED WAVE EQUATIONS WITH LARGE DELAYS AT BOUNDARY MEASUREMENT

Abstract The Smith predictor is applied to the boundary control of damped wave equations with large delays at the boundary measurement. The instability problem due to large delays is solved and the scheme is proved to be robust against a small difference between the assumed delay and the actual delay.
MODTRAN5: 2006 update

The MODTRAN5 radiation transport (RT) model is a major advancement over earlier versions of the MODTRAN atmospheric transmittance and radiance model. New model features include (1) finer spectral resolution via the Spectrally Enhanced Resolution MODTRAN (SERTRAN) molecular band model, (2) a fully coupled treatment of auxiliary molecular species, and (3) a rapid, high fidelity multiple scattering (MS) option. The finer spectral resolution improves model accuracy especially in the mid- and long-wave infrared atmospheric windows; the auxiliary species option permits the addition of any or all of the suite of HITRAN molecular line species, along with default and user-defined profile specification; and the MS option makes feasible the calculation of Vis-NIR databases that include high-fidelity scattered radiances. Validations of the new band model algorithms against line-by-line (LBL) codes have proven successful.
Path-aware overlay multicast

We investigate a heuristic application-level (overlay) multicast approach, which we refer to as Topology Aware Grouping (TAG). TAG exploits underlying network topology data to construct overlay multicast networks. Specifically, TAG uses the overlap among routes from the source to group members to construct an efficient overlay network in a distributed, low-overhead manner. We can easily integrate TAG with delay and bandwidth bounds to construct overlays that satisfy application requirements. We study the properties of TAG, and quantify its economies of scale factor, compared to unicast and IP multicast. In addition, we compare TAG with delay-first and bandwidth-first Narada/End System Multicast (ESM) in a variety of simulation configurations. We also implement and experiment with TAG on the PlanetLab wide-area platform. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of our heuristic in reducing delays and duplicate packets, especially when underlying routes are of high quality.
Effects of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) Gene on Milk Production Traits in Holstein Dairy Cattle

A functional candidate gene approach was used to search for genes affecting milk production traits in Holstein dairy cattle. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) was chosen because of its involvement in the development of the mammary gland. Using the pooled genomic DNA sequencing approach, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism. Genomic DNA was extracted from 1,292 sons obtained from the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository and from 715 blood samples of daughters of 12 bulls obtained from the University of Wisconsin resource population. Daughter yield deviation data for the sons and yield deviation for the daughters were obtained for milk production traits from the USDA Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory. For the Repository population, allele C was associated with significant increases in milk fat and protein percentages. For the University of Wisconsin population, genotypes CC and CT were associated with significant increases in milk, fat, and protein yields. Results from this study are consistent with previous studies on the role of STAT1 in regulating the transcription of genes involved in milk protein synthesis and fat metabolism.
Long tethers binding redox centers to polymer backbones enhance electron transport in enzyme "Wiring" hydrogels.

A redox hydrogel with an apparent electron diffusion coefficient (Dapp) of (5.8 ± 0.5) × 10-6 cm2 s-1 is described. The order of magnitude increase in Dapp relative to previously studied redox hydrogels results from the tethering of redox centers to the backbone of the cross-linked redox polymer backbone through 13 atom spacer arms. The long and flexible tethers allow the redox centers to sweep electrons from large-volume elements and to collect electrons of glucose oxidase efficiently. The spacer arms make the collection of electrons from glucose oxidase so efficient that glucose is electrooxidized already at −0.36 V versus Ag/AgCl, the reversible potential of the redox potential of the FAD/FADH2 centers of the enzyme at pH 7.2. The limiting current density of 1.15 mA cm-2 is reached at a potential as low as −0.1 V versus Ag/AgCl. The novel redox center of the polymer is a tris-dialkylated N,N‘-biimidazole Os2+/3+ complex. Its redox potential, −0.195 V versus Ag/AgCl, is 0.8 V reducing relative to that o...
Analysis of Polyphase Commutator Generators for Wind-Power Applications

This paper describes the mathematical modeling of the ac polyphase hase commutator generator by means of Park's equations. For clarity, a two-phase, balanced-operation machine is analyzed. Equations ions of performance are developed in terms of familiar parameters. The machine is shown to have attractive characteristics for variablespeed peed constant-frequency power generation, with possible application to wind-power systems.
Strength Functions and Intermediate Structure

About five years ago at the neutron conference in Antwerp,(1) I reviewed the status of strength functions. We were plagued by some instrumental difficulties which, however, have been cleared up mostly by the efforts of Divadeenam(2) and Bilpuch and this happy development was reported about a year later at the Washington neutron conference.(3) As a result of this improvement in reliability, we decided that a further effort on average cross sections would lead to enough new and accurate data to make a considerable improvement in the optical model interpretation of cross sections and hopefully to obtain a set of parameters which would reproduce the experimental facts accurately over most of the Periodic Table. Figure 1A shows the most optimistic interpretation of the labors involved in the theses of Pineo,(4) Divadeenam, Tabony(2) and of earlier work.(5) In this slide we have not broken up the cross section curves into their s- and p-wave components but have simply plotted the cross sections averaged from 300 to 650 keV. One sees immediately that the experimental points bring out only the strong p-wave peak at A = 90 and the two strong s-wave peaks (not well resolved) in the rare earth region. The theoretical calculations by the models of Buck and Perey(6) and of Tamura(7) are also shown.
Disproportionate inhibition of feeding in A(y) mice by certain stressors: a cautionary note.

A study of the effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the obese yellow agouti Ay mouse was initiated to test the hypothesis that the central melanocortin pathways are
Multi-Gigahertz radar range processing of baseband and RF carrier modulated signals in Tm:YAG

Abstract An optical device is described and demonstrated that uses a spatial-spectral holographic material to perform coherent signal processing operations on analog, high-bandwidth optical signals with large time-bandwidth-products. Signal processing is performed as the material records the coherent spectral interference (or cross-power spectrum) of modulated optical signals as a spatial-spectral population grating between electronic transition states. Multiple exposures of processing pulse sequences are integrated with increasing grating strength. The device, coined as the Spatial-Spectral Coherent Holographic Integrating Processor (or S 2 -CHIP), is described as currently envisioned for a broadband, mid-to-high pulse repetition frequency range-Doppler radar signal processing system. Experiments were performed in Tm:YAG (0.1 at% at 5 K) to demonstrate time delay variation, integration dynamics, and effects of coding as applied to a radar range processor. These demonstrations used baseband modulation with a 1 gigabit per second (GPBS) bit rate and code length of 512 bits (512 ns), where delays up to 1.0 μs were resolved with greater than a 40 dB peak to RMS sidelobe ratio after 800 processing shots. Multi-GHz processing was demonstrated using a bit rate of 2.5 GBPS (baseband modulation) and code length of 2048 bits (819.2 ns). Processing of double-sideband modulated signals on a radio frequency (RF) carrier was demonstrated, where 512 bit, 1.0 GBPS codes were modulated on a 1.75 GHz carrier and then modulated on the optical carrier.
Bounded Context Parsable Grammars

In this paper we extend Floyd's notion of parsing by bounded context to define the Bounded Context Parsable Grammars, a class of recursive subsets of context free grammars for which we can construct linear time parsers. It is shown that the set of languages of the grammars thus defined properly contains the set of deterministic languages without the empty sentence.
The vesicovaginal holter: Continuous ambulatory bladder monitoring in women

Continuous ambulatory monitoring (CAM) has been used to detect occult bladder instability. The authors describe a specially designed vaginal transducer that can be used as part of CAM. This unit, termed the vesicovaginal holter (VVH), was used in a study group of 10 women with urinary urgency as their primary complaint, and the results obtained confirmed the feasibility of using this device. The advantages of the VVH over conventional CAM using a rectal transducer are described, along with the results obtained.
Active and Cooperative Learning Using Web-Based Simulations.

Abstract The author discusses the advantages of using computers and the World Wide Web in classroom simulation exercises. Using networked computers permits a richer simulation design, allows more complicated decisions by the students, and facilitates reporting results for later discussion. The Web is an ideal technology for such simulations because computers already have Web-capable browsers, with which students are familiar, and information on creating Web sites is readily available. The author discusses these points in the context of a sample simulation that teaches basic economic principles of trade, investment, and public goods in the context of American economic history.
The practical application of intestinal antisepsis to surgery of the colon and rectum.

Sufficient experience has accumulated during the past 20 years to establish the value of intestinal antisepsis as a simple, practical procedure. Neomycin has become the basic constituent of proved intestinal antiseptic combinations. The combination, neomycin-sulfathalidine, has enjoyed a long term of success, essentially free of serious hazards and having rapid broad spectrum action, limited absorption by the intestinal tract, low toxicity and is uncomplicated by development of resistant organisms. Patients fall into three therapeutic groups. The dosage schedules are simple. The advantages are definite and specific.
Direct, rapid effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on isolated intestinal cells.

Scattered reports in the literature have suggested that the metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] has biological activity. In the present work, perfusion of isolated duodenal loops of normal chickens with 100 nM 25(OH)D3 resulted in enhanced transport of 45Ca within 2 min relative to the vehicle controls. We then tested the effect of a range of 25(OH)D3 concentrations on 45Ca handling by isolated intestinal cells in time course studies. Following a basal uptake period, cell suspensions from 7-week old chicks were treated either with 25, 100, or 300 nM 25(OH)D3, or the vehicle ethanol (0.01%, final concentration). Both 25 and 100 nM 25(OH)D3 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in 45Ca levels, relative to controls, between 1–10 min after treatment, while 300 nM 25(OH)D3 resulted in a significant increase in 45Ca levels, relative to controls, after 10 min of incubation. The effect of 100 nM 25(OH)D3 (a physiological level) on cell calcium was abolished by the presence of 6.5 nM 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In cell preparations from 14- or 28-week old birds 100nM 25(OH)D3 had no effect, relative to vehicle controls. Incubation of cells with 2 μM BAY K8644, a calcium channel activator, stimulated 45Ca uptake within 3 min relative to vehicle controls (P < 0.05), while addition of either 20 μM forskolin or 100 nM phorbol ester (stimulators of the PKA and PKC pathways, respectively) resulted in enhanced radionuclide levels after 10 min of incubation (P < 0.05, relative to corresponding controls). Finally, cells were treated with 100 nM 25(OH)D3 or vehicle and samples taken at various times for analyses of protein kinase C and A activities. No effect of 25(OH)D3 on protein kinase C activity was observed, while protein kinase A activity was stimulated to nearly 200% of controls at 1 min after 25(OH)D3 addition (P < 0.05, relative to corresponding controls) and began declining at 3 min, returning to control levels 5 min after additions. We conclude that 25(OH)D3 has a direct effect on calcium handling in enterocytes of young animals that may in part be mediated by the protein kinase A signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 90: 287–293, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linewidth measurements in the thermal infrared bands of (12)CH(3)D at planetary atmospheric temperatures.

Collision-broadened halfwidths of three lines in the nu3 fundamental band and of four lines in the nu6 fundamental band of (C-12)H3D have been measured at temperatures between 123 and 295 K using the Doppler-limited spectral resolution of a tunable diode laser spectrometer. Temperature dependence of the linewidths has been determined in self-broadening and in broadening by H2, He and N2.
Evidence for an extracellular matrix bridge guiding proepicardial cell migration to the myocardium of chick embryos

During heart development, the proepicardium (PE) gives rise to cells of the epicardial epithelium, connective tissue of the subepicardium and the myocardium, and smooth muscle, endothelium, and connective tissue of the coronary arteries. The PE arises as an outgrowth of the pericardial serosa at embryonic day 2 (Hamburger and Hamilton stage [HH] 14) of chick development. Between stages HH14 and HH17, multicellular villous projections extend from the PE toward the dorsal aspect of the lesser curvature of the myocardium. On reaching the atrioventricular (AV) junction, the cells spread over the myocardium, eventually enveloping the complete heart surface as a simple squamous epithelium. Although the lineage of the PE cells is well established, it remains uncertain how cells of the PE reach the myocardial surface and specifically target the AV junction. By using a combination of serial section reconstructions, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy, we have identified an extracellular matrix bridge (ECMB) spanning the coelomic cavity between the PE and the myocardium. The ECMB is first detectable at HH14 and persists until the PE contacts the bare myocardial surface. This ECMB stains intensely with ruthenium red and Alcian blue, contains heparan sulfate and fibronectin, and exhibits both fibrillar and globular ultrastructure, reminiscent of proteoglycans. After PE attachment to the myocardium (HH16-HH17), the subepicardium exhibited strong staining for heparan sulfate. Heparinase injection into the pericardial coelom at HH15 resulted in aberrant development of the primordial epicardium. On the basis of these studies, we suggest that the ECMB may participate in migration and targeting of the PE to the myocardium.
Clinical biomarkers in multiple sclerosis

Introduction: The search for meaningful biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS) has intensified in the past 5 years. Substantial progress is continuing in this multifaceted field. Recent advances offer important potential for new clinical tools to assist in diagnosis, detection of disease-associated conditions or cofactors, assessment of treatment efficacy and determination of disease progression. There are several new therapies for MS that are in development. Biomarkers that could identify and monitor the effectiveness of therapies would be of great advantage as the range of therapies for MS is rapidly expanding. Areas covered: In this review, recent advances in biomarkers identified by clinical measures, genetic markers, serologic markers, cerebrospinal fluid markers, MRI measures and biomarkers associated with therapies are highlighted. Areas of recent progress are presented that may lead to useful biomarkers that could emerge in clinical practice for the treatment of MS patients. Expert opinion: The di...
Elastomeric electron beam-cured coatings: Structure–property relationships. II. Chain transfer agents

Properties of electron beam-cured film from 100% reactive mixtures consisting of polyester diacrylourethane oligomer, copolymerizing monomer, and chain transfer agents were investigated. The inclusion of chain transfer agent in such polymerization reaction was aimed to reducing the degree of polymerization of the double at each end of the oligomer, which is believed to be responsible for the low extensibility of these films. In general, these agents were found to result in some retardation in the polymerization reaction, but none of them influenced the mechanical properties of the cured films except mercapto-functional agents, which were found to drastically affect these properties. By the addition of a mere 2% to 3% of these agents it was possible to toughen the EB-cured films by increasing both the extensibility and breaking strength. This confirms the above speculation and brings the properties of these films to a level almost comparable to those of linear polyurethanes.
Pediatric magnetic resonance imaging techniques.

The fundamental techniques and physical principles of MRI applicable to children are discussed in this article. There are many challenges in the imaging of children, but despite these limitations, studies of excellent quality can be obtained with meticulous attention to detail. This article emphasizes the general principles that can help to optimize the MRI examination in pediatric patients, including (1) acquisition parameters (ie, signal, noise, time), (2) pulse sequences and contrast, (3) common artifacts and artifact reduction methods, and (4) the role of contrast enhancement.
μ-Opioids disinhibit and κ-opioids inhibit serotonin efflux in the dorsal raphe nucleus

The relative importance of GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents in mediating the effects of mu- and kappa-opioids on serotonin (5-HT) efflux in vivo has not been firmly established. Thus, we used microdialysis in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of freely behaving rats to study the effect of GABA and glutamate receptor antagonists on opioid-induced changes in 5-HT efflux. Infusing the mu-opioid agonist DAMGO (300 microM) increased extracellular 5-HT in the DRN by approximately 70%. During infusion of the GABA(A) receptor blocker bicuculline (100 microM), extracellular 5-HT increased by approximately 250%, and subsequent infusion of DAMGO decreased 5-HT to approximately 70% above the pre-bicuculline baseline. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that mu-opioids disinhibit 5-HT neurons, an effect attenuated by direct inhibition of 5-HT efflux or inhibition of excitatory influences on 5-HT efflux. To further test this hypothesis, glutamate receptor blockers, AP-5 (1 mM) and DNQX (300 microM), were co-infused with DAMGO. The glutamate receptor antagonists prevented decreases in 5-HT elicited by DAMGO in the presence of bicuculline. This indicates that DAMGO inhibits glutamatergic afferents, which partly offsets the disinhibitory influence of mu-opioids on 5-HT efflux. In contrast, the kappa-opioid agonist, U-50,488 (300 microM), decreased 5-HT by approximately 30% in the DRN. Glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists did not block this effect. In conclusion, mu-opioids inhibit GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents, thereby indirectly affecting 5-HT efflux in the DRN. In contrast, kappa-opioids inhibit 5-HT efflux independent of effects on glutamatergic and GABAergic afferents.