cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Deterrence, Counterforce Strategies, and the Incentive to Strike First.

I use the theory of games to investigate issues about how to understand the use of nuclear counterforce strategies by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The function of the counterforce strategies I model is not to enable a state confidently to launch a nuclear attack but to convince its adversary that the probability that it might do so as a last resort is greater than zero. The models allow one to investigate rational behavior when information is incomplete and there is an incentive to strike first, and therefore provide a way to explore controversies about the effect of counterforce strategies on both the credibility of extended deterrence and the possibility of inadvertent nuclear war. The models suggest, contrary to the claims of a number of writers, that the use of nuclear counterforce strategies is not necessarily inconsistent with rational behavior and provide some insight into the relation between counterforce strategies and brinkmanship models of deterrence.
Cardiopulmonary interactions in adults and children with congenital heart disease

Abstract This review aims to clarify pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying interactions between the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Therapeutic interventions primarily targeting respiratory function during mechanical ventilation of critically ill cardiac patients may have an inevitable secondary effect on the heart and vice versa. A thorough understanding of these complex interactions is a prerequisite for clinical care and may lead to novel therapeutic strategies and improved outcomes.
History of Synchrotron Radiation

Although natural synchrotron radiation from charged particles spiraling around magnetic-field lines in space is as old as the stars—for example, the light we see from the Crab Nebula—short-wavelength synchrotron radiation generated by relativistic electrons in circular accelerators is a modern phenomenon. The first observation—literally, since it was visible light that was seen—came at the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York, on April 24, 1947. In the 68 years since, synchrotron radiation has become a premier research tool for the study of matter in all its varied manifestations, as facilities around the world constantly evolved to provide this light in ever more useful forms.
Some Perspectives from the United States on the Worldwide Taxation vs. Territorial Taxation Debate

The United States approach to taxing foreign-source income is a hybrid worldwide system in form. However, because of deferral of U.S. tax on foreign-source active business income, liberal cross crediting opportunities and other defects, the U.S. system can actually produce a better-than-exemption result in the form of a negative rate of U.S. tax on foreign-source income. Moreover, the current U.S. system involves more complexity than the typical hybrid exemption system without achieving a dramatically greater revenue yield. These shortcomings of the U.S. system plus the movement of other developed countries towards hybrid exemption systems has led to serious suggestions that the United States should adopt a hybrid exemption system. Most observers agree that the present U.S. hybrid worldwide system is, indeed, unacceptable and requires major reform. Beyond that point of agreement a pair, however, of debates has emerged. Although these two debates are distinguishable and have quite different answers, there is an erroneous tendency to believe that the solution to the first also dictates the outcome of the second. We strongly disagree.The first of these debates focuses on the question of whether a well-designed hybrid exemption system is superior to the present U.S. hybrid worldwide system. As explained below, we believe that a well-designed hybrid exemption system is preferable to the defective regime presently employed by the United States. This is a spurious and distracting discussion, however, because there is no need for the U.S. system to be so poorly designed. Therefore, it is inappropriate to use the highly compromised U.S. approach as the point of comparison in the argument over whether the United States should adopt a theoretically correct exemption regime. The second debate is the appropriate controversy. It centers on whether a well-designed hybrid exemption system is superior to a well-designed worldwide system that would differ importantly from the seriously flawed hybrid regime currently being operated by the United States. We conclude that even a well-designed exemption regime is distortive, inefficient and unfair and that a properly constructed worldwide system is the preferable alternative.
Comparison of model and human observer performance in FFDM, DBT, and synthetic mammography

Reader studies are important in assessing breast imaging systems. The purpose of this work was to assess task-based performance of full field digital mammography (FFDM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and synthetic mammography (SM) using different phantom types, and to determine an accurate observer model for human readers. Images were acquired on a Hologic Selenia Dimensions system with a uniform and anthropomorphic phantom. A contrast detail insert of small, low-contrast disks was created using an inkjet printer with iodine-doped ink and inserted in the phantoms. The disks varied in diameter from 210 to 630 μm, and in contrast from 1.1% contrast to 2.2% in regular increments. Human and model observers performed a 4-alternative forced choice experiment. The models were a non-prewhitening matched filter with eye model (NPWE) and a channelized Hotelling observer with either Gabor channels (Gabor-CHO) or Laguerre-Gauss channels (LG-CHO). With the given phantoms, reader scores were higher in FFDM and DBT than SM. The structure in the phantom background had a bigger impact on outcome for DBT than for FFDM or SM. All three model observers showed good correlation with humans in the uniform background, with ρ between 0.89 and 0.93. However, in the structured background, only the CHOs had high correlation, with ρ=0.92 for Gabor-CHO, 0.90 for LG-CHO, and 0.77 for NPWE. Because results of any analysis can depend on the phantom structure, conclusions of modality performance may need to be taken in the context of an appropriate model observer and a realistic phantom.
Mechanically-Induced Resistive Switching in Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions

Recent advances in atomic-precision processing of oxide ferroelectrics—materials with a stable polarization that can be switched by an external electric field—have generated considerable interest due to rich physics associated with their fundamental properties and high potential for application in devices with enhanced functionality. One of the particularly promising phenomena is the tunneling electroresistance (TER) effect—polarization-dependent bistable resistance behavior of ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJ). Conventionally, the application of an electric field above the coercive field of the ferroelectric barrier is required to observe this phenomenon. Here, we report a mechanically induced TER effect in ultrathin ferroelectric films of BaTiO3 facilitated by a large strain gradient induced by a tip of a scanning probe microscope (SPM). The obtained results represent a new paradigm for voltage-free control of electronic properties of nanoscale ferroelectrics and, more generally, complex oxide materials.
Entanglement Between Optical Modes Characterized by Cross-Correlation Functions

We model a weakly driven optical parametric oscillator to determine how effectively the state |01>+|10> can be created, and discuss whether it is an entangled state or not using cross-correlation.
EOSINOPHILIA AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: REPORT OF A CASE.

A case of primary hepatocellular carcinoma with marked eosinophilia and neutrophilia is reported. Jaundice with eosinophilia, in addition to being found characteristically in sclerosing cholangitis and ecchino-coccal liver disease, may be associated with primary carcinoma of the liver.
Immediate examination and care of the emergency patient.

Although the life-threatening emergencies discussed here—interference with oxygenation, circulatory failure, and severe hemorrhage—are most often found in the traumatized patient, they occur in the acutely ill as well. The progressive methods outlined for dealing with them are applicable to any patient with a serious injury or illness, are very flexible, and allow the physician to concentrate on the major injuries yet not ignore other possible injuries.—MSR
Insulin modulation of bronchial epithelial cell fibronectin in vitro

Fibronectin (Fn) is involved in the migration of epithelial cells in re-epithelialization of wounds. Epithelial cell-derived Fn is particularly potent as a chemotactic factor for bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) in vitro. Thus modulation of airway epithelial cell Fn may be a key aspect of airway repair. Insulin is both an important growth factor and known chemotactic factor for cultured BECs. We postulated that insulin may modulate Fn production of cultured BECs. We examined this hypothesis utilizing bovine BECs in culture with serum-free media with and without insulin. BECs grown in media without insulin released more Fn into culture supernatants and contained more Fn in cell layers than cells grown with insulin. Labeling of cells with [35S]methionine demonstrated an increase in new protein production and Fn mRNA expression was increased. Increased Fn in BEC cultures without insulin was associated with an increase in active transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) release as measured by a standard bioassay. Increased BEC Fn in cultures without insulin was partially inhibited by exposure of cultures to TGF-beta antibody. Thus insulin appears to modulate BEC Fn production in vitro in part through a TGF-beta-dependent mechanism. Insulin may be involved in airway repair mechanisms through modulation of epithelial cell Fn production.
Measurement of moments in the knee-ankle orthosis of ambulating paraplegics

Paraplegics customarily are fitted with bilateral orthoses that stabilize their ankles and knees during ambulation (Edburg, 1967; Heiser, 1967).
Linear Ordinary Differential Systems

The study of a system of linear differential equations (or a linear differential system) of the form $${x'_i} = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{a_{ij}}\left( t \right){x_j} + {h_i}\left( t \right)\quad \left( {i = 1, \ldots ,n} \right)} $$ is generally simplified with the aid of matrix theory. Moreover, matrix methods can often give useful information about differential systems which are not quite linear.
Sterilization of Thiol-ene/Acrylate Based Shape Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications

A fundamental study on the sterilization of thiol-ene/acrylate polymers for biomedical applications is presented. These polymer networks belong to the emerging field of shape memory polymers and have the capability to undergo softening after insertion into the body. The impact of various sterilization methods, such as radiation, steam, and ethylene oxide on the thermomechanical properties of these stimuli responsive materials is investigated. Time and temperature dependent thermomechanical properties of sterilized and nonsterilized samples are determined by means of dynamic mechanical analysis in an aqueous environment to allow testing of polymers in phosphate buffered saline. The findings show that ethylene oxide sterilization is appropriate for thiol-ene and thiol-ene/acrylate based shape memory polymers. This method does not adversely affect thermomechanical and self-softening properties and after sterilization, endotoxin levels remain below the thresholds recommended in the FDA Guidance.
Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pelvic Floor

Pelvic floor dysfunction is a widespread condition affecting up to 50% of elderly women. It markedly compromises the quality of life owing to various disabling symptoms such as pelvic pain, pelvic organ prolapse, and urinary and fecal incontinence. Although age and female sex are the main risk factors, others include multiparity, obesity, and connective tissue disorders. Pelvic floor dysfunction is frequently multicompartmental, and failure to diagnose it accurately often leads to treatment failure. Dynamic pelvic floor magnetic resonance imaging is a robust tool that enables simultaneous visualization of the 3 pelvic floor compartments and is indispensable for precise preoperative evaluation.
Flow Cytometric Analysis in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS).

Abstract The MDS are heterogeneous clonal stem cell disorders. Dysplastic changes in morphology and functional abnormalities in multiple cell lines precede leukemic transformation in most patients. An abnormal immunophenotype has been identified in some hematopoetic clonal disorders on flow cytometric analysis. However, no clear immunophenotypic aberrancies, such as loss of differentiation or cross expression of markers of different lineages, have been described in MDS. We performed this retrospective analysis to identify an immunophenotypic signature distinguishing MDS from secondary causes of cytopenia on flow cytometric analysis. Data were reviewed for patients who had bone marrow aspirate and biopsy performed at our institution from 2000 to 2004 for evaluation of cytopenias or dysplasia in peripheral blood. Patients who had a non-MDS hematological malignancy, other neoplasms involving the bone marrow, or cytopenias secondary to chemotherapy were excluded. Flow cytometry was done on unfractionated bone marrow aspirates using a standardized panel including CD5, CD10, CD34, CD11c, CD117, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD14, CD56, CD33, CD13, CD2, CD8, CD4, CD3, CD7, CD24, CD16, kappa, and lambda antibodies. Ten of 93 cases were found to have a non-MDS malignant disorder or chemotherapy induced cytopenia and were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 83 cases, MDS was diagnosed based on morphology and cytogenetic findings in 29 cases. Twenty-one patients had refractory anemia (RA), one had RA with ringed sideroblasts, six had RA with excess of blasts and one had treatment related MDS. The remaining patients had cytopenias secondary to infection, peripheral consumption, inflammation, autoimmune disease or medications. The median age was 74 for the MDS group and 54 for non-MDS group. Data for International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) was available for 17 patients. Three had a low IPSS, 5 were Intermediate-1, 6 were Intermediate-2, and 3 were high. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping was useful in characterizing and enumerating myeloblasts in the blast gate (CD45 dim positive/negative, low complexity side scatter) in all patients with RAEB (n=6). Interestingly, aberrant CD34 expression was seen in a fraction of cells in the neutrophil gate (CD45 bright positive, high complexity side scatter) in six patients (20.6%) with refractory anemia with no blasts morphologically. This feature was not present in the non-MDS group (P 10% in the lymphocyte gate) of CD56 and CD2 positive NK cells was seen in both groups (44.8% of MDS group and 40.7% of non-MDS). In conclusion, flow cytometric analysis may be useful in characterization and enumeration of blasts in RAEB. Although no consistent, characteristic immunophenotypic abnormalities were identified, expression of CD34 and loss of CD10 on dysplastic granulocytes in the bone marrow of a subset of patients with MDS may represent asynchronous expression of immunophenotypic markers suggestive of arrest in differentiation and warrants further exploration.
Melphalan 200 Mg/m2 in Patients with Renal Impairment Is Associated with Increased Short Term Toxicity but Improved Response and Longer Treatment-Free Survival

Renal impairment (RI) is a common complication of multiple myeloma (MM) and is reported in up to 40 percent of patients. There is limited data on the outcomes of melphalan 200 mg/m2 (MEL200) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with serum creatinine > 2 g/dL since they have been excluded from most studies. Therefore we retrospectively evaluated the impact of RI on outcome of patients with MM treated with MEL200 and ASCT at our institution. One hundred and forty nine consecutive patients who received MEL200 and ASCT between 2000 and 2011 were included in the analysis. Forty-six patients had a CrCl 60 ml/min group. Response was measured using the International Myeloma Working Group criteria and was assessed immediately prior to transplant and again between 90 to 180 days after transplant. Although there was an increase in the number of patients achieving CR in both groups, this was found to be significant only in the CrCl This represents one of the largest analyses of outcomes of MEL200 in MM patients with RI. We report that although short-term toxicity is increased in the RI group, long-term outcomes may be superior to those patients without renal impairment. We propose that this may be due to greater melphalan exposure in patients with RI. Based on these findings, we would consider MEL200 safe and effective in select patients with creatinine clearance between 30 and 60 ml/min. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Clinical Approach to Addressing Diet with Migraine Patients

Migraine is a common disorder causing attacks of neurological dysfunction and pain. Treatment ranges from pharmacological to lifestyle changes to improve both frequency and severity of attacks. Focus on lifestyle changes, especially diet, is often discussed during clinical visits in the care of migraine patients. Diet may play a role in triggering migraine, but available evidence on migraine and diet is limited. When advising patients on dietary changes to improve migraine, it is important to acknowledge the limits in evidence and the larger role that diet may play in lifestyle changes. This review will focus on current evidence on the effect of diet and migraine and use a case to illustrate how to approach diet changes in a patient with migraine.
The Sense of Recognition during Retrieval Failure: Implications for the Nature of Memory Traces

Abstract What produces a sense of recognition with a situation when no prior experience with it comes to mind? Research suggests that resemblance of a new situation to one or more in memory can lead to the sense of recognition when retrieval fails. The process responsible for this sense during retrieval failure is likely feature matching, whereby features in a current situation are matched to features stored in memory to produce a sense of familiarity. This supports the long-held idea that memory traces are basically sets of features or elements from earlier experiences. However, the work presented here goes beyond merely suggesting the existence of features within memory traces; the focus of the work presented here is on the following questions: What is a feature? What exactly are the features or elements of experiences that are somehow tied together within memory traces? This chapter describes how research on the sense of recognition during retrieval failure has been used to systematically identify features of experiences that can lead to recognition.
Abstract 17176: Prognostic Importance of Defibrillator Appropriate Shocks and Anti Tachycardia Pacing in Mild Heart Failure Patients

Background: Previous studies had shown that patients with heart failure (HF) who receive implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention are at increased risk for mortality if they receive a shock. However, information about the prognostic importance of therapies [both shock and anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP)] delivered for a different ventricular arrhythmia (VA) rate is limited. Methods: We evaluated the risk for death among 1790 ICD implanted patients from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy using a time dependent analysis. Patients were categorized to mutually exclusive groups by either the rate of the treated VA (categorized at 200 bpm) or the type of the therapy and VA rate (ATP or shock both categorized at 200 bpm), the reference group was patients that had no device therapy. Results: During a median follow-up time of 4 years 423 patients had appropriate ICD therapy, with 163 receiving therapy for VA Conclusions: In mild HF patients, who receive ICD for primary prevention, mortality is associated with the rate of the arrhythmia rather than the device rendered therapy.
Understanding Mexican immigrant students in American schools: A case study of two Preparatorias in México

English language learners are a diverse and fast-growing segment of the student population in the United States. Faced with the double challenge of keeping up with grade-level content while learnin...
Highly Active NiO Photocathodes for H2O2 Production Enabled via Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer

Tandem dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells are promising architectures for the production of solar fuels and commodity chemicals. A key bottleneck in the development of these architectures is the low efficiency of the photocathodes, leading to small current densities. Herein, we report a new design principle for highly active photocathodes that relies on the outer-sphere reduction of a substrate from the dye, generating an unstable radical that proceeds to the desired product. We show that the direct reduction of dioxygen from dye-sensitized nickel oxide (NiO) leads to the production of H2O2. In the presence of oxygen and visible light, NiO photocathodes sensitized with commercially available porphyrin, coumarin, and ruthenium dyes exhibit large photocurrents (up to 400 μA/cm2) near the thermodynamic potential for O2/H2O2 in near-neutral water. Bulk photoelectrolysis of porphyrin-sensitized NiO over 24 h results in millimolar concentrations of H2O2 with essentially 100% faradaic efficiency. To our ...
Rationale for current and future progestin-based therapies to prevent preterm birth

Abstract Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The only medicinal therapy currently recommended to prevent PTB is prophylactic progestin therapy in the form of micronized progesterone (P4) administered daily via vaginal suppository from the 24th to the 34th week of gestation or 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oil administered weekly from the 16th to the 36th week of gestation via an intramuscular injection. These therapies decrease the risk of PTB in women with an elevated risk of PTB indicated by a history of PTB or by a short cervix measured by sonography at mid-gestation. The mechanism by which progestin therapy prevents PTB in some women is not clear but may involve non-progestin mechanism and/or supplementation of localized progestin deficiency. Advances in understanding the molecular biology and physiology of P4 signaling via the P4 receptor isoforms in uterine cells reveal novel therapeutic targets; this may improve the effectiveness of progestin therapy to prevent PTB in the majority of pregnancies by targeting key steps in the pathway leading to inflammation-induced parturition.
Trust-Based Decision Support System for Planning Among Food-Energy-Water Actors

Decision-making is an essential part of all processes where humans are involved. As the number of parameters to consider increases, the decision-making process becomes more challenging. Food-Energy-Water is one of the fields where decisions not only have substantial impacts on a large number of people; they also have both many parameters and involve a significant number of participants. In this paper, we build a Decision Support System and integrate a trust management framework to measure trust among stakeholders to help consensus in decision-making. Our results show that when stakeholders acknowledge trust, and they act considering their trust, consensus can be reached using less effort, that is a lower number of rounds in decision making. Also, we showed that acting based on trust helps stakeholders to change their behavior positively in long-term.
Evaluation of the Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification Confirms the Clinical Relevance of Immunophenotype in 560 Cases of Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

The Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification has been criticized for its emphasis on the unproven clinical relevance of immunophenotype. A worse prognosis for peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (PTCLs) has been inconsistently reported in part because the definition of PTCL has been imprecise (eg, T-cell-rich B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas [TCRBCLs] have been misdiagnosed as PTCLs in the past) and because its correlation with other known prognostic factors has not been studied by multivariate analysis. We analyzed six protocols from 1984 to 1995 with Working Formulation intermediate grade and immunoblastic lymphomas (exclusive of mantle cell) and selected only those cases in which immunophenotyping was performed and was conclusive. Of a total of 560 evaluable patients, 68 were PTCLs (12%) and the remaining 492 (88%) were B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, including 16 TCRBCLs (3% of total). The 5-year failure-free survival (FFS) for PTCLs and B-cell large-cell lymphomas (BCLCLs) is 38% and 55%, respectively (P < .0001) and the 5-year overall survival (OS) is 39% and 262%, respectively (P < .001). The M.D. Anderson prognostic tumor score (MDATS) and International Prognostic Index (IPI) for all patients was calculated. With MDATS of less than 3 (good prognosis), the 5-year FFS for PTCL and BCLCL is 56% and 69%, respectively (P = .01), and the 5-year OS is 64% and 77%, respectively (P = .06). With MDATS of greater than 2 (poor prognosis), 5-year FFS for PTCL and BCLCL is 26% and 38%, respectively (P = .03), and the 5-year OS is 24% and 41%, respectively (P = .02). With an IPI of less than 3 (good prognosis), the 5-year FFS for PTCL and BCLCL is 49% and 64%, respectively (P = .001), and the 5-year OS is 55% and 71%, respectively (P = .013). With an IPI greater than 2 (poor prognosis), the 5-year FFS for PTCL and BCLCL is 11% and 35%, respectively (P = .044), and the 5-year OS is 10% and 40%, respectively (P = .011). Multivariate analysis shows that MDATS, IPI, and T-cell phenotype are totally independent and are the most significant predictors of FFS and OS. The 68 PTCLs include 45 PTCLs unspecified, 10 Ki-1 anaplastic (ALCL), 8 angioimmunoblastic, and 5 angiocentric lymphomas. Angiocentrics were usually refractory (1 of 5 remissions only). ALCL rarely relapsed late. We conclude that the immunophenotypic basis of the REAL classification is clinically relevant and that, although other prognostic features also influence outcome, the T-cell phenotype still remains an independent and significant prognostic factor.
E-Government Research: A Review via the Lens of Structuration Theory

E-government has become a burgeoning field for research on the nature of relationships among government, citizens and technology. In most cases, studies on the subject adopt viewpoints that reflect ideas taken from the technological imperative and/or strategic choice views. These two perspectives may paint an incomplete picture of the effect digital government will have on governments and their relationships with citizens and technology, as they both fail to take into account the fact that social and organizational structures undergo constant change, with information technology itself an integral element of those structures. Viewing e-government through the lens of structuration theory offers researchers interesting possibilities in exploring these relationships and insights into the complex interactions that shape the relationships among government, citizens and technology.
Effect of Controlled Imperfections on the Vortex Asymmetry of a Conical Body

Flight vehicles with pointed forebodies experience large side forces and yaw moments at high angles of incidence due to random surface imperfections. These adverse side forces and yaw moments are t...
No baseline strength differences between female recreational runners who developed an injury and injury free runners during a 16-week formalized training program

Abstract Objective To identify whether baseline differences in hip and knee isometric strength exist among female runners who sustained a running related injury (RRI) and those that remained injury-free during a 16-week formalized training program. Design Prospective Cohort. Setting: Laboratory Setting. Participants 54 healthy female recreational runners enrolled in a formalized training program for half or full marathon. At the conclusion of the program, 50 female runners (age: 39.1 ± 9.4 years; height: 165.3 ± 7.4 cm; mass: 64.8 ± 11.9 kg) were included in analysis. Main outcome measures Peak isometric torque of knee flexion and extension, hip flexion and extension, and hip abduction and external rotation were compared between runners who sustained an RRI and injury-free (INJF) runners. Results 15 of the 50 participants developed an RRI during the observational period, no between groups differences existed for any demographic variable. Hip and knee isometric strength was not different prior to the start of a 16-week formalized training program between runners who sustained an RRI and those that remained injury-free. Conclusions Hip and knee weakness does not appear to be a baseline characteristic among female recreational runners who sustained an RRI or remained uninjured while training for a half or full marathon.
Spontaneous decay of a quantum emitter near a plasmonic nanostructure

We develop a theory for spontaneous decay of a quantum emitter (QE) situated near metal-dielectric structure supporting localized surface plasmons. If plasmon resonance is tuned close to the QE emission frequency, the emission is enhanced due to energy transfer from the QE to a localized plasmon mode followed by photon emission by plasmonic antenna. The emission rate is determined by intimate interplay between the plasmon coupling to radiation field and the Ohmic losses in metal. Here we develop plasmon Green's function approach that includes plasmon's interaction with radiation to obtain explicit expressions for radiative decay rate and optical polarizability of a localized plasmon mode in arbitrary plasmonic nanostructure. Within this approach, we provide consistent definition of plasmon mode volume by relating it to plasmon mode density, which characterizes the plasmon field confinement, and recover the standard cavity form of the Purcell factor, but now for plasmonic systems. We show that, for a QE placed at a ``hot spot'' near a sharp tip of a small metal nanostructure, the plasmon mode volume scales with the metal volume while being very sensitive to the proximity to the tip. Finally, we derive the enhancement factor for radiated power spectrum for any nanoplasmonic system and relate it to the Purcell factor for spontaneous decay rate. We illustrate our results by numerical example of a QE situated near a gold nanorod tip.
Optimizing Neurocritical Care Follow-Up Through the Integration of Neuropsychology

Abstract Background Pediatric critical care survivors often suffer persisting multisystem health problems and are left with treatment needs that go unmet due to limits in current care models. We proposed that integration of neuropsychology into neurocritical care follow-up provides incremental benefit to the identification and treatment of persisting complications and reduction in co-morbidities. Basic Procedures The aims of this study were three-fold. First, we described pilot programs at two pediatric hospitals as models for implementing systematic follow-up care with interdisciplinary clinic teams consisting of critical care, neurology, and neuropsychology. Second, we described working models specific to neuropsychological service delivery in these programs. Third, we presented preliminary data from the first six months of one of the pilot programs in order to examine incremental benefit of neuropsychology in improving patient care and parent satisfaction. Main Findings A total of 16 patients (age range three to 17 years) were seen by neuropsychology within the first six months of the program. Results showed that integration of neuropsychology into follow-up care resulted in recommendations being made for services or concerns not already addressed in 81% of cases. Parents reported high satisfaction, endorsing the highest possible rating on 96% of all items. Parents reported that neuropsychological consultation improved their understanding and communication with their child, and helped them know what to expect from their child during postacute recovery. Conclusions The results of this pilot study suggest that integration of neuropsychology into neurocritical care follow-up programs contributes to parent satisfaction and may provide incremental benefit to patient care.
Hamstrings and Quadriceps Muscles Function in Subjects with Prior ACL Reconstruction Surgery.

Background: As the knee joint is a common site for injury among younger people, the purpose of this study was to measure the skeletal muscle endurance and strength on people with prior anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee reconstruction surgery. Method: Young healthy female subjects who reported having knee reconstruction surgery more than one-year prior were tested. The skeletal muscle endurance index (EI) of the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles was determined as the decline in the specific muscle acceleration in response to 2 Hz, 4 Hz, and 6 Hz electrical stimulation. Maximal isometric muscle strength (MVC) was measured in the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles. Results: The hamstrings muscles in the injured leg had less endurance than the non-injured leg at 6 Hz stimulation (55.5 ± 13.2% versus 78.0 ± 13.3%, p < 0.01). Muscle endurance was not reduced in the quadriceps muscles in the injured leg compared to the non-injured leg at 6 Hz stimulation (78.0 ± 13.3% versus 80.3 ± 10.0%, p = 0.45). There were no differences in MVC between the injured and non-injured legs for either the hamstrings (p = 0.20) or quadriceps muscles (p = 0.67). Conclusions: Muscle endurance was reduced in the hamstrings muscles at least one-year post injury, while hamstrings strength was recovered. Reduced hamstrings muscle endurance could be a result of lack of endurance training during rehabilitation. This may contribute to re-injury in the muscle, even in people who have recovered muscle strength.
Organizing scientific meetings: The program: how to accommodate pigs in a poke

Logic suggests that in the daily program demanding presentations (especially major lectures) should precede entertaining and interactive events. This translates to the following order: Plenary Lectures, State-of-the-Art Lectures, Short Communications, Colloquia and Workshops, Poster Sessions, Forums, Business Meetings. However, in practice modifications are usually necessary. During the first day of the meeting, a welcome speech or Welcome Ceremony will precede the daily program. On other days, special interest breakfasts may precede the sessions. Special interest luncheons may be held during one or more noon breaks. In the afternoons, Colloquia may be scheduled so that data shown in preceding Poster Sessions can be discussed. A Closing Lecture will obviously be the last scientific event of the meeting; however, it is debatable if it should be given before or after the Business Session, if the latter is held during the last day of the meeting (see Section 3.2). There are some frequently ignored rules: The first one states: ‘The more time for interactive events, the better.’ Even at the smallest conference, there should be a time slot for informal discussions between participants. An afternoon consisting of four one-hour lectures followed by the immediate departure of the speakers is very unsatisfactory. The second rule is equally important: ‘Don't overload your program.’ Unless local (geographic, climatic or transportation) conditions make a different schedule advisable, do not start the sessions before 9 am. At meetings of longer duration, have lunch and evening breaks lasting at least 90 minutes. This is particularly important at international meetings with participants from different time zones. A third rule also expresses common sense: ‘During parallel sessions, avoid overlap of topics as much as possible.’
OP0149 CD4+ T CELLS FROM CHILDREN WITH ACTIVE JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS SHOW ABERRANT CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION AND CTCF LOCALIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL ABNORMALITIES

Background Our group and others have shown that peripheral blood cells of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) display numerous transcriptional abnormalities. However, most of these studies have been performed on mixed cell types (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whole blood). Little cell type specific data is available, making mechanistic inferences and links to disease pathogenesis difficult. Objectives To define transcriptional patterns in CD4+ T cells from children with polyarticular JIA and query mechanisms underlying transcriptional abnormalities. Methods We studied CD4+ T cells obtained from children with active polyarticular onset JIA and sought to identify epigenetic features associated with altered gene expression. We performed RNA-seq and ATAC-seq on a cohort of patients who had the active disease and were under treatment with methotrexate and etanercept (ADT), patients who fit criteria for clinical remission on medication (CRM), and healthy control children (HC). We used standard used the common dispersion protocol in EdgeR to identify differential gene expression. We used our recently developed and validated Hidden Markov ModeleR for ATAC-seq doftware to identify differentially accessible regions, comparing ADT, CRM, and HC samples. We integrated ATACseq and RNAseq data using the BETA software package. After preliminary analysis revealed a potential role for the transcriptional regulator, CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) in the observed transcriptional patterns, we performed ChIPseq and HiChIP studies on an independent group of JIA CD4+ T cell samples. Results We found widespread transcriptomic differences between ADT and either HC or CRM patients. We identified 4,062 genes that showed differential expression between ADT and HC samples. Gene expression patterns from CRM samples were nearly identical to healthy controls, suggesting that remission largely results in normalization of CD4+ T cell transcriptomes. We performed transcription factor motif analysis on the ATAC-seq identified accessible regions that were associated with differentially expressed genes. We identified the motif for the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) as being enriched within these accessible regions, compared to accessible regions associated with non-differentially expressed genes. We performed CTCF ChIP-seq and HiChIP on a second cohort of ADT and HC patients and were able to identify differential binding events, mediated by genetic alterations that interacted with differentially expressed genes. Conclusion Transcriptional abnormalities in CD4+ T cells of children with polyarticular JIA are associated with aberrant chromatin organization compared to healthy children. Some of this organization is due to aberrant localization of the transcriptional regulator CTCF, which is due, in some patients, to genetic variance. Disclosure of Interests None declared
Nutrient cycling in grazed pastures

Abstract Nutrients often limit plant growth and animal performance, reducing productivity of pasture ecosystems as a result. Efficient nutrient cycling can improve pasture productivity and reduce purchase of off-farm inputs. Grassland ecosystems have nutrient inputs, nutrient outputs, and internal transformations. Livestock excreta and plant litter link above- and below-ground. Management practices such as stocking rate and stocking method affect nutrient cycling. In this chapter, we suggest practices to enhance efficiency of nutrient cycling with the ultimate goal of producing more products and environmental services per unit of nutrient in the grassland ecosystem.
Early reduced bone formation following burn injury in rats is not inversely related to marrow adiposity.

Abstract Objectives The objective of the study was to determine whether postburn reduction of bone formation occurred earlier than 2–3 weeks after burn injury and whether that reduction was inversely related to marrow adiposity. Methods Using a rat model of burn injury with sacrifice at 3 days postburn, we measured serum osteocalcin, a biomarker of bone formation, as well as a regulator of glucose metabolism, and counted tibial marrow adipocytes. Results Serum osteocalcin was reduced as early as 3 days postburn, coinciding with a trend toward decline in marrow adipocyte number rather than demonstrating an inverse relationship with adipocyte count. Conclusions Factors that may be responsible for the dissociation include lack of circulating sclerostin, previously reported, increased energy demands following burn injury, increased sympathetic tone and perhaps oxidative stress. The relationship between bone formation and marrow adiposity is complex and subject to a variety of influences.
Patellar Tilt in Two Modern Total Knee Arthroplasty Systems: A Matched-Cohort Analysis

Background and Hypothesis: Excessive patellar tilt is undesirable in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and can result in patellofemoral complications and premature failure/wear. Few studies have investigated patellar tilt between TKA systems with different femoral component geometries and bearing articulations. The purpose of this study was to (1) compare patellar tilt between TKA systems with differing femoral component geometries and (2) evaluate related differences in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS). The study hypothesis was neutral patellar tilt would correlate with improved postoperative PROMS. Experimental Design or Project Methods: 380 symmetric trochlear groove TKAs were matched to 380 asymmetric lateralized trochlear groove TKAs on age, sex, body mass index, and preoperative patellar tilt. All cases were performed by one surgeon between 12/2010 and 10/2018. Patellar tilt (in degrees) was measured by two independent blinded raters on preoperative and 4-week postoperative merchant view radiographs per the modern Knee Society Radiographic Evaluation System. Prospectively collected and validated PROMS including UCLA Activity Level, components of the Knee Society Score, and Likert satisfaction were evaluated at minimum one-year. Results: There were no differences between study cohorts for demographics, covariates, or preoperative patellar tilt (p≥0.479). Asymmetric lateralized trochlear groove TKAs had significantly less postoperative patellar tilt compared with symmetric trochlear groove TKAs (p<0.001). Patellar tilt and femoral implant type had no correlation to pain scores (Knee Society), UCLA Activity Level, or satisfaction (p≥0.138); however, postoperative patellar tilt was significantly less for patients who stated their knee “always” felt normal compared to patients who stated their knee “sometimes” felt normal but not “never” felt normal (p=0.033). Conclusion and Potential Impact: Findings suggest implant type and patellar tilt have minimal effect on overall PROMS. However, minimizing patella maltracking may provide patients with a more normal feeling TKA and could potentially provide long-term benefits of preventing polyethylene wear or other complications leading to premature implant failure.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Nitrite through Implementation of N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine-Grafted Cellulose into a Paper-Based Device.

Reported herein is the immobilization of N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (NED) on cellulose via an epichlorohydrin (ECH)-based covalent attachment and the implementation of the functionalized cellulo...
Karonte: Detecting Insecure Multi-binary Interactions in Embedded Firmware

Low-power, single-purpose embedded devices (e.g., routers and IoT devices) have become ubiquitous. While they automate and simplify many aspects of users’ lives, recent large-scale attacks have shown that their sheer number poses a severe threat to the Internet infrastructure. Unfortunately, the software on these systems is hardware-dependent, and typically executes in unique, minimal environments with non-standard configurations, making security analysis particularly challenging. Many of the existing devices implement their functionality through the use of multiple binaries. This multi-binary service implementation renders current static and dynamic analysis techniques either ineffective or inefficient, as they are unable to identify and adequately model the communication between the various executables. In this paper, we present Karonte, a static analysis approach capable of analyzing embedded-device firmware by modeling and tracking multi-binary interactions. Our approach propagates taint information between binaries to detect insecure interactions and identify vulnerabilities. We first evaluated Karonte on 53 firmware samples from various vendors, showing that our prototype tool can successfully track and constrain multi-binary interactions. This led to the discovery of 46 zero-day bugs. Then, we performed a large-scale experiment on 899 different samples, showing that Karonte scales well with firmware samples of different size and complexity.
Investigation of direct force control for aerocapture at Neptune

Abstract In this work, a direct force control numerical predictor-corrector guidance architecture is developed to enable Neptune aerocapture using blunt body aeroshells. A linear aerodynamics model is formulated for a Mars Science Laboratory-derived aeroshell. The application of optimal control theory shows that the ΔV-minimizing angle of attack and side-slip angle control laws are bang-bang. A closed-loop numerical predictor-corrector direct force control guidance algorithm is developed and numerically simulated using the Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories II. A series of Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to assess the guidance robustness to uncertainties in vehicle aerodynamics, atmospheric density, and entry state. For the reference set of uncertainties, the direct force control vehicle achieves 99.7 % successful science orbit insertion within a 330 m/s total ΔV budget for periapsis raise, apoapsis, inclination, and ascending node corrections. Improved atmospheric knowledge and delivery state accuracy are shown to improve the success to 100 % and reduce the ΔV to 230 m/s. Direct force control is demonstrated to be an enabling technology for blunt body aerocapture at Neptune while providing comparable performance to existing slender body vehicles studied in literature.
Lessons from cancer metabolism for pulmonary arterial hypertension and fibrosis

Metabolism is essential for a living organism to sustain life. It provides energy to a cell by breaking down compounds (catabolism) and supplies building blocks for the synthesis of macromolecules ...
Anisotropic Transient Disordering of Colloidal, Two-Dimensional CdSe Nanoplatelets upon Optical Excitation

Nanoplatelets (NPLs)-colloidally synthesized, spatially anisotropic, two-dimensional semiconductor quantum wells-are of intense interest owing to exceptionally narrow transition line widths, coupled with solution processability and bandgap tunability. However, given large surface areas and undercoordinated bonding at facet corners and edges, excitation under sufficient intensities may induce anisotropic structural instabilities that impact desired properties. We employ time-resolved X-ray diffraction to study the crystal structure of CdSe NPLs in response to optical excitation. Photoexcitation induces greater out-of-plane than in-plane disordering in 4 and 5 monolayer (ML) NPLs, while 3 ML NPLs display the opposite behavior. Recovery dynamics suggest that out-of-plane cooling slightly outpaces in-plane cooling in 5 ML NPLs with recrystallization occurring on indistinguishable time scales. In comparison, for zero-dimensional CdSe nanocrystals, disordering is isotropic and recovery is faster. These results favor the use of NPLs in optoelectronic applications, where they are likely to exhibit superior performance over traditional, zero-dimensional nanocrystals.