cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial DNA replication, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and AIDS cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in combination with other antiretrovirals (HAART) are the cornerstones of current AIDS therapy, but extensive use brought mitochondrial side effects to light. Clinical experience, pharmacological, cell, and molecular biological evidence links altered mitochondrial (mt-) DNA replication to the toxicity of NRTIs in many tissues, and conversely, mtDNA replication defects and mtDNA depletion in target tissues are observed. Organ-specific pathological changes or diverse systemic effects result from and are frequently attributed to HAART in which NRTIs are included. The shared features of mtDNA depletion and energy depletion became key observations and related the clinical and in vivo experimental findings to inhibition of mtDNA replication by NRTI triphosphates in vitro. Subsequent to those findings, other observations suggested that mitochondrial energy deprivation is concomitant with or the result of mitochondrial oxidative stress in AIDS (from HIV, for example) or from NRTI therapy itself. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol. 45, No. 4, (January/February) 2003: pp 305-318
The rheological characterization of fluorinated thermoplastics using squeezing flow viscometry

A squeezing flow viscometer was developed to characterize the rheological properties of luorinated thermoplastics. The viscosities of CTFE (polychlorotrifluorethylene) and FEP (a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene) were determined using the viscometer by assuming that the shear-rate dependent viscosity can be described by a power-law, a truncated power-law, or an Ellis model. The results were in agreement with the viscosities measured with steady shear cone-and-plate viscometry and oscillatory cone-and-plate rheometry. Although the squeezing flow behavior of the polymers can be well explained by the purely viscous models, the power-law model is valid only for a limited range of shear-rates whereas the other two models are useful over a relatively wide range.
Loss of Gsx1 and Gsx2 function rescues distinct phenotypes in Dlx1/2 mutants.

Mice lacking the Dlx1 and Dlx2 homeobox genes (Dlx1/2 mutants) have severe deficits in subpallial differentiation, including overexpression of the Gsx1 and Gsx2 homeobox genes. To investigate whether Gsx overexpression contributes to the Dlx1/2 mutant phenotypes, we made compound loss-of-function mutants. Eliminating Gsx2 function from the Dlx1/2 mutants rescued the increased expression of Ascl1 and Hes5 (Notch signaling mediators) and Olig2 (oligodendrogenesis mediator). In addition, Dlx1/2;Gsx2 mutants, like Dlx1/2;Ascl1 mutants, exacerbated the Gsx2 and Dlx1/2 patterning and differentiation phenotypes, particularly in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE), and septum, including loss of GAD1 expression. On the other hand, eliminating Gsx1 function from the Dlx1/2 mutants (Dlx1/2;Gsx1 mutants) did not severely exacerbate their phenotype; on the contrary, it resulted in a partial rescue of medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) properties, including interneuron migration to the cortex. Thus, despite their redundant properties, Gsx1 and -2 have distinct interactions with Dlx1 and -2. Gsx2 interaction is strongest in the LGE, CGE, and septum, whereas the Gsx1 interaction is strongest in the MGE. From these studies, and earlier studies, we present a model of the transcriptional network that regulates early steps of subcortical development. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1561–1584, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Court Opinion: Teaching Reasoning and Communication

(1985). The Court Opinion: Teaching Reasoning and Communication. The Educational Forum: Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 451-463.
Brightness and discriminability of light flashes

Abstract Three experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that for equally bright flashes of different duration, equally discriminable luminance differences are subjectively equal. The hypothesis received qualitative support from the finding that it takes a smaller difference in the log luminance of brief flashes (52 msec) than of longer ones (230 msec) to produce either a given difference in brightness or a given discrimination performance. Contrary to the hypothesis, however, the log luminance difference of 52-msec flashes relative to that of 230-msec flashes is smaller for equal brightness differences than for equal discriminability.
Predicting Co-Complexed Protein Pairs from Heterogeneous Data

Proteins do not carry out their functions alone. Instead, they often act by participating in macromolecular complexes and play different functional roles depending on the other members of the complex. It is therefore interesting to identify co-complex relationships. Although protein complexes can be identified in a high-throughput manner by experimental technologies such as affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (APMS), these large-scale datasets often suffer from high false positive and false negative rates. Here, we present a computational method that predicts co-complexed protein pair (CCPP) relationships using kernel methods from heterogeneous data sources. We show that a diffusion kernel based on random walks on the full network topology yields good performance in predicting CCPPs from protein interaction networks. In the setting of direct ranking, a diffusion kernel performs much better than the mutual clustering coefficient. In the setting of SVM classifiers, a diffusion kernel performs much better than a linear kernel. We also show that combination of complementary information improves the performance of our CCPP recognizer. A summation of three diffusion kernels based on two-hybrid, APMS, and genetic interaction networks and three sequence kernels achieves better performance than the sequence kernels or diffusion kernels alone. Inclusion of additional features achieves a still better ROC50 of 0.937. Assuming a negative-to-positive ratio of 600∶1, the final classifier achieves 89.3% coverage at an estimated false discovery rate of 10%. Finally, we applied our prediction method to two recently described APMS datasets. We find that our predicted positives are highly enriched with CCPPs that are identified by both datasets, suggesting that our method successfully identifies true CCPPs. An SVM classifier trained from heterogeneous data sources provides accurate predictions of CCPPs in yeast. This computational method thereby provides an inexpensive method for identifying protein complexes that extends and complements high-throughput experimental data.
Exchange, evaluation, and joint testing of genetic stock

During the past three years there have been important exchanges of ideas and Populus germplasm as well as new evaluations of the pathogens that challenge our energy plantations. Meetings and field tours were held at Enniskillen, Northern Ireland (1992), Casale Monferrato, Italy (1993), and Biri, Norway (1994). Important Populus germplasms were exchanged between the United States and Italy in support of research and breeding programs in the two countries and continents. The Serchio River in Italy has provided the most promising pollen parents so far. In co-operation with several individuals and groups, new plantings of a common set of poplar clones were established at several locations in North America to test for the presence of different species and strains of Melampsora leaf rust. In the results to date, only M. medusae has been found in samples from the mid-continental sites. Only M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae has been seen in the west coast planting. However, in another, related study, M. medusae, M. occidentalis, and M. abietis-canadensis were all found in central Iowa. The most abundant rust species, M. medusae, had a population structure indicating two races or biotypes.
Fluorite related ordered compounds in the ZrO2CaO and ZrO2Y2O3 systems

Abstract ZrO2:CaO and ZrO2:Y2O3 systems have been examined for possible ordered compounds. Fluorite related ordered compounds CaZr4O9 and Zr3Y4O12 have been successfully prepared and identified. While it is believed that the former is monoclinic with a = 17.813 ± 0.005 A , b = 14.612 ± .004 A , c = 12.065 ± .003 A and β = 119.5 ± .02° and isostructural with CaHf4O9, the latter appears to be isostructural with M7O12 type of compounds with a = 9.723 ± .001 A and c = 9.090 ± 0.002 A , which is formed commonly in compounds containing tri and tetravalent cations and is characterized by a chain oxygen vacancy along a 〈111〉 of the original fluorite. No other fluorite related ordered compound could be detected in these systems.
Equation of state of aqueous NaCl solutions over a wide range of temperatures, pressures and concentrations☆

This work describes an equation of state for calculating the density of aqueous, liquid-phase NaCl solutions, based on an analytical equation for a mixture of hard-sphere ions and dipoles in the mean spherical approximation. The equation gives reasonable accuracy at temperatures from 273 to 973 K, pressures from 0.1 to 1000 MPa, concentrations from 0 to 50 wt.%, and densities higher than 650 kg m−3. The observed data of Hilbert (1979), Rogers and Pitzer (1982) and Urusova (1975) are fitted with only 10 empirically adjusted parameters plus the two water molecule parameters (diameter and dipole moment) which were determined from the density and dielectric properties of water. A comparison of the calculated and observed density data is presented. Errors in the calculated values vary from 0.5 to 1.5% over the whole range of temperature, pressure and concentration. A table of densities at temperatures from 273 to 973 K, pressures from 0.1 to 1000 MPa and concentrations from 0 to 50 wt.% is presented.
Mandibular position during children's defective /s/ productions.

Abstract Mandibular displacement during /s/ production was monitored via a mercury strain gauge which was taped to the face of two normally articulating and six /s/-misarticulating children. Simultaneous audio and jaw displacement visicorder traces were produced from an FM-tape recording of each experimental session, and were subsequently analyzed. Results indicated that various /s/-misarticulating subgroups exhibit different mandibular positions during /s/- production, and phonetic contextual effects upon mandibular position also vary by articulatory type.
Critical Choices Relating to the Economic Structure of the Farming Sector: Discussion

No one can deny that structural issues are emotionally charged, and there appears to be widespread concern that current changes are not in the public interest. Further, as Flinn and Buttel indicate, there are interesting alliances between farm and nonfarm groups interested in family farms and related issues. It is ever before us whether these concerns reflect a substantive disenchantment with current institu-
A comparison of the relationship between corn yield and nutrient concentration in whole plants and different plant parts at early tassel at two locations

Abstract The relationship between corn yield and nutrient composition of whole plants at two stages of growth, and between corn yield and nutrient composition of different plant parts at early tassel was investigated. It was found that chemical composition of plants about 10 inches in height was more closely associated with yield than chemical composition when plants were about 30 inches high. Chemical composition of lower stalk or lower leaves was more closely associated with yield than was the composition of other plant parts.
Behavior Problems of Deaf Children and Adolescents: A Factor-Analytic Study

Using the Behavior Problem Checklist, teachers rated 327 students (ages 6–20) in a state school for the deaf. Traits rated as present in at least 10% of the students were intercorrelated, then a pr...
Rate variables associated with P uptake, utilization and growth of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Leucaena leucocephala 1

Abstract A sequential harvest experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine relative growth rate (RGR), specific absorption rate (SAR) of P, P utilization rate (PUR) and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) and nonmycorrhizal Leucaena leucocephala. Total P content, root length and total dry‐matter yield of mycorrhizal plants were significantly higher than those of nonmycorrhizal plants beginning on 15, 25 and 25 days after planting, respectively. The length of root colonized by Glomus aggregatum increased exponentially with time and leveled off 30 days after planting. In mycorrhizal plants, RGR of roots (based on total root length) was lower than those of RGR of infected roots till 30 days after planting, after which time the trend was reversed. Although, RGR based on dry‐matter yield was higher in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal plants, the differences observed were not statistically significant. SAR of P was higher in mycorrhizal plants than in non...
Integral tests of nuclear activation cross sections for Be (d,n) sources, Ed = 14–40 MeV

Abstract Thirty-one neutron cross sections have been extended to 44 MeV for dosimetry application at high energy accelerator sources. Integral testing in Be(d,n) fields at E d = 14, 16, and 40 MeV shows that 22 cross sections are accurate to within ± 10%. An example of routine flux-spectral unfolding and damage analysis is shown with an error analysis. Cross section needs are discussed.
Does Enceladus Govern Magnetospheric Dynamics at Saturn

Instruments on the Cassini spacecraft reveal that a heat source within Saturn's moon Enceladus powers a great plume of water ice particles and dust grains, a geyser that jets outward from the south polar regions and most likely serves as the dominant source of Saturn's E ring. The interaction of flowing magnetospheric plasma with the plume modifies the particle and field environment of Enceladus. The structure of Saturn's magnetosphere, the extended region of space threaded by magnetic-field lines linked to the planet, is shaped by the ion source at Enceladus, and magnetospheric dynamics may be affected by the rate at which fresh ions are created.
Inelastic structural analysis of the mars tandem mirror reactor

Abstract The effects of radiation on the structural performance of fusion reactor structures is recognized as a major issue for the development of fusion reactor technology. Neutron irradiation changes the mechanical properties of structural components resulting in a general degradation of these properties. In addition to the mechanical loads (pressure and weight) and the thermal strains, non-uniform inelastic strain fields are induced by radiation swelling and creep in fusion structures. In this paper, we describe a new computer code, STAIRE, for ST ress A nalysis I ncluding R adiation E ffects. This code is based on standard beam theory for pipe-bends. The theory is modified in two areas: (1) consideration of the pipes' cross-section deformation as the radius of curvature changes; and (2) inclusion of inelastic radiation and thermal strains (swelling and creep). An efficient analytical/numerical approach is developed for the solution of indeterminate beam problems. As an application of the method, the stress distribution and deflections of toroidal blanket pipes in the Mirror Advanced Reactor Study (MARS) are evaluated. Swelling strains are identified as a major source of stress and deformation in the proposed blanket design, and possible solutions to the problem are outlined.
Improving the abrasion resistance of mortar by adding latex and carbon fibers

The abrasion resistance of mortar was found to be significantly improved by the addition of latex (20% by weight of cement), and further improved by the further addition of short carbon fibers (0.27 vol.%). Both effects relate to the increase in tensile strength. The abrasion resistance was also improved by the addition of silica fume (15% by weight of cement), due to the increase in tensile modulus. The abrasion resistance was better for mortar with silica fume than mortar with latex, but was worse for mortar with silica fume than mortar with latex and carbon fibers.
The effect of proteases on endothelial cell migration in vitro.

Abstract This communication reports on the role of proteases in the migration of endothelial cells in vitro. Endothelial cell (EC) migration was assayed by wounding confluent monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial cells with a razor blade and counting the number of cells crossing the wound per unit time. Treatment with mitomycin C inhibited wound-induced proliferation of endothelial cells without affecting migration, indicating that in this assay migration could be measured independent of proliferation. Migration of endothelial cells in vitro in 10% serum was not affected by depletion of plasminogen, which inhibited plasmin production, or by various protease inhibitors: soybean trypsin inhibitor, Trasylol, E-amino caproic acid (EACA), ovalbumin, p-tpsyl-1-arginine-methyl ester (TAME), and benzamidine. However, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro was inhibited by acid-treated serum, a procedure commonly used to inactivate protease inhibitors. Migration of bovine smooth muscle cells, 3T3 cells and SV40-3T3 cells was inhibited by plasminogen-depleted serum; reconstitution with purified plasminogen reversed the depressed migration of only SV40-3T3. These results indicated that endothelial cell migration in vitro is not dependent on plasminogen, which may be another unique property of endothelial cells.
137 Expression of Cathelicidin (LL‐37) in Thermal Injury

Sepsis remains a common and serious complication of major burn injury and currently accounts for over 54% of deaths in burn patients. Burns have been associated with high levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and immunosuppression which promotes systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Defensins and cathelicidins, a family of cationic naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides, are considered important components of the innate immune system as they play a major role in the body’s defense by inhibiting several bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. Our prior studies using RT-PCR and fluorescence deconvolution microscopy suggest decreased expression of human β defensin 2 (HBD2) in burn wounds. In this study we have characterized cathelicidin (LL-37) protein levels using in representative skin samples of deep partial and full thickness burns and in unburned skin. Our results show that in unburned skin, the majority of LL-37 was located in the malphigian layer and was concentrated on the stratum corneum as well as colocalized with sweat ducts. In burned skin, in which the epidermis was destroyed, this pattern of LL-37 was absent. The surviving dermal and subcutaneous layers revealed LL-37 presence in very high concentrations colocalized with sweat duct epithelia. The result of these studies will contribute to an understanding of the role of antimicrobial peptides in the pathophysiology of burn injury, associated immunosuppression, and sepsis.
Anticipating and Training for the Worst-Case Metabolic Scenario: A Comment on Del Vecchio, Hirata, and Franchini (2011):

Del Vecchio, Hirata, and Franchini (2011) studied the effort: pause ratio of mixed martial arts by analyzing 26 bouts in two separate mixed martial arts events in Sao Paulo, Brazil. They referenced research identifying effort:pause ratios from other combat sports ranging from 10:1 (Brazilian Jiu Jitsu), 2:1 (judo and wrestling), and 1:3/1:4 (taekwondo). The authors identified an effort:pause ratio ranging from 1:2 to 1:4 in the bouts they analyzed, and suggested and described training programs that resemble this ratio. It is important for coaches to anticipate the most challenging metabolic mixed martial arts scenario and to create training programs that mimic that profile. Del Vecchio and associates' research is an important first step in gathering information which can help enhance training programs for injury prevention and performance enhancement.
Establishing Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research in Social Work Implications From a Study Regarding Spirituality

As the use of qualitative inquiry increases within the field of social work, researchers must consider the issue of establishing rigor in qualitative research. This article presents research proced...
Uptake and binding of tritium from [chloroethyl 3H] cyclophosphamide by rat embryos in vitro

Day 10 rat embryos were exposed in vitro to [chloroethyl 3H] cyclophosphamide (3H-CP) at 4 μg/ml over a 24-hour period and the uptake and binding of labeled drug were monitored autoradiographically and biochemically. Autoradiographic analysis revealed that embryos exposed to 3H-CP and a complete activating system exhibited radioactivity distributed throughout the embryo. Subsequent analysis indicated that the distribution of autoradiographic grains on a per cell basis ranged from 7.7 in surface ectoderm to 13.4 in the neuroepithelium. No correlation was found between the sensitivity of various embryonic tissues to the cytotoxic effects of CP and the number of grains per cell. Direct radiochemical analysis of the amount of tritium taken up and bound by embryos under bioactivating conditions (3H-CP + S-9 + cofactors) confirmed the autoradiographic analysis. Autoradiographic and radiochemical analyses demonstrate that embryos exposed under bioactivating conditions take up and bind approximately three times more tritium than embryos exposed under nonactivating conditions (3H-CP + S-9 without cofactors). Additional studies have demonstrated that uptake and binding of tritium from bioactivated 3H-CP only are linear over the first 10 hours of incubation with no detectable increases thereafter.
Three mechanisms are involved in glucocorticoid receptor autoregulation in a human T-lymphoblast cell line.

Glucocorticoids up-regulate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the human T-lymphoblast cell line CEM-C7. One mechanism for the up-regulation of the GR protein is the well-known up-regulation of GR...
Monocrotaline-induced Budd-Chiari syndrome in monkeys.

Budd-Chiari syndrome was produced in adultMacaca speciosa monkeys within 3 months by the parenteral administration of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. These animals developed ascites, distended abdominal veins, hypoproteinemia, and an increase in portal venous pressure. The vascular lesions included partial to complete occlusion of hepatic veins throughout the liver. These venous alterations were initiated by endothelial lysis. As a result of the altered permeability, blood components collected throughout the vessel wall, producing marked disruption. Occlusion of the affected vessels followed the encroachment of the thickened edematous wall on the lumen. Eventually these hepatic veins underwent fibrous connective tissue repair, giving rise to widespread focal fibrosis throughout the livers.
THE DOUBLE EDGED SWORD OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE : MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A MURINE ANTI-PNEUMOCOCCAL, ANTI-DNA ANTIBODY

Anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA antibodies are not only an important diagnostic marker for SLE, but also play an important role in tissue injury. Microbial antigen may be a stimulus for the production of these antibodies. We isolated 99D.7E, an IgG2b monoclonal antibody from a nonautoimmune BALB/c mouse that is cross-reactive with both dsDNA and phosphorylcholine, the dominant hapten on the pneumococcal cell wall. While partially protective against a bacterial challenge, 99D.7E is also pathogenic to the kidney. To identify those molecular motifs that confer on anti-PC antibodies the potential for autoreactivity, we created a panel of 99D.7E mutants with single amino acid substitutions in the heavy chain, and examined the changes in antigen binding and renal deposition. Our results support the hypothesis that charge and affinity for dsDNA are not adequate predictors of the pathogenicity of anti-DNA antibodies. Differential renal damage from anti-dsDNA antibodies may be due to differences in fine specificity, rather than differential affinity for dsDNA. Importantly, high affinity IgG antibodies cross-reactive with bacterial and self antigen exist and can display pathogenic potential, suggesting that defects in peripheral regulation of B cells, activated by foreign antigen but cross-reactive with self antigen, might lead to autoimmune disorders.
Role of protein kinase c and cytokines on the function and production of cytolytic granules in αCD3‐activated killer‐cell‐mediated killing of tumor cells

The effects of PMA and staurosporine (PKC depletor/antagonist) and IL-2/IL4 were used to determine the role of PKC and cytokine on alpha CD3-induced activated killer cells (CD3-AK). The present study examines their effects on the production of BLT-esterase and on the effector function of CD3-AK cells as well as the cytolytic granules. The production of BLT-esterase generally correlated with the cytolytic activity of CD3-AK cells and was reduced by PKC depletor/inhibitor but increased by IL-4. In studying the effector function of CD3-AK cells, we found that adding PMA or SSP at the effector phase inhibited the PKC-dependent slow lysis. PMA, but not SSP, also reduced fast lysis, which was shown to be a PKC-independent event. Additional experiments were performed to determine the effect of PKC on the lytic granules and to ascertain whether PMA has other effects on the effector-to-target relationship unrelated to PKC. It was found that neither PMA nor SSP affects the function of cytolytic granules, as measured by hemolytic assay against anucleated target (SRBC). These findings indicate that PKC has no direct effect on the granules. During testing against the nucleated tumor target through a novel approach using non-cytolytic surrogate killers, the lytic activity of the granules was inhibited by PMA, suggesting that exocytosis or delivery of granules to nucleated target cells may require mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ in the killer cells, and this process is inhibited by PMA. Our findings indicate that PKC and cytokines regulate the production but not the lytic activity of cytolytic granules. Nonetheless, delivery of cytolytic granules from killer cells to the nucleated tumor target appears to be a Ca(2+)-dependent event unrelated to PKC.
Explanation of normal-state properties of high-temperature superconductors.

The magnetic susceptibility, Hall effect, thermopower, specific heat, and plasma frequency are calculated as a function of doping and temperature for ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and related compounds. There is good quantitative agreement with experiment. The calculation is based on quasiparticles in a Mott insulator, whose dispersion \ensuremath{\epsilon}(k) is calculated variationally in the t-t'-J model (and the t-J model). The quasiparticles are assumed to form a weakly interacting Fermi liquid, which is treated in the relaxation-time approximation.
Structural changes induced by heating in electroless nickel-phosphorus alloys

Abstract Structural changes induced by heating were studied in electroless nickel-phosphorus alloy coatings at three phosphorus compositions: 1%–3%, 6.5%–8% and 10.5%–11% (by weight). X-ray diffraction patterns and pole figures for the (111) and (200) diffraction lines were obtained for as-plated coatings and coatings heated to temperatures from 235°C to 800°C. Microhardness tests were run on each coating. The low phosphorus composition (1%–3% P) as deposited was crystalline. It was single-phase nickel with an indication of a weak (100) texture. The strength of this texture increased with temperatures up to about 535°C. The Ni 3 P phase was detected at 425°C. The intermediate composition (6.5%–8% P) as deposited exhibited the diffraction pattern of an amorphous material. The f.c.c. nickel structure with preferred orientation appeared after heating above 350°C. The texture was (110) and increased in strength with temperature to 800°C. A weak secondary texture, (100), was detected at higher temperatures. Ni 3 P was detected above 400°C. The high phosphorus alloy (10.5%–11% P) as deposited appeared amorphous. After heating to 385°C both nickel and Ni 3 P diffraction patterns were observed, but there was no confirmed preferred orientation in nickel. A duplex texture, consisting of (110) and (111), was found after heating to 425°C. Hardness of the coatings increased with temperature to a maximum of 1000 HK 200 at about 350°C. Hardness decreased for higher heating temperatures, but by less for higher phosphorus compositions. In the intermediate and high phosphorus alloys, Ni 3 P was the matrix phase after heating to 800°C.
Environmental Stress Cracking: A Review

Environmental stress failure of polymers (specifically glassy thermoplastics) is a major failure mode in application end use. The environmental stress failure discussion will primarily be limited to non-reactive environments. Crystalline polymers and even lightly crosslinked polymers can exhibit similar failure to glassy polymers but often require a much higher external applied stress. The mechanisms of environmental stress cracking proposed in the literature will be discussed in detail along with testing methods commonly employed. Approaches to resolve environmental stress failure have limited discussion in the open literature although a significant number of references can be found in the patent literature. Polymer blend approaches, fiberglass reinforcement, and impact modification are areas where industry has solved the environmental stress failure problems. An additional unique mode of failure with water exposure in glassy engineering polymers yielding microcavity formation will also be discussed. Environmental stress failure is an area of considerable concern to the utilization of polymers in a myriad of applications and the unsolved problems existing in the area will be detailed suggesting the need for additional research attention. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Tools that an NRCS Field Office Might Use to Help a Farmer in the Edwards Aquifer Area in South Texas

In an area that has limited water due to permitting, it becomes critical to assist farmer in making decisions on irrigation systems, management and tillage. Here is a list of tools/models and information that is being used by the local NRCS Field office to help in the decisions in the Edwards Aquifer area where they are limited to two acre/feet per acre of land irrigated. In this paper I will list the tools and give a brief example of how the tool or information is used. Some of the tools include things as simple as a current topo survey of the fields in question. Some of the models that are being used include CPED, CPNozzle, IWR, BORDER, BASIN, etc.
Obstructive suburethral mass after transurethral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer.

Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Zuidex®) is a new bulking agent. There is little data about the complications of using this substance as urethral bulking agent for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence. We are presenting a 59-year-old female patient who developed a suburethral mass and urinary retention after zuidex urethral injection. A stepwise approach for treatment was followed. Complete excision of the mass was the only curative procedure that succeeded.
Iris pigmentation and photopic visual acuity: A preliminary study†

Visual acuity under varying conditions of light stress was tested in four human populations. It was found that the density of iris pigmentation had no significant effect on visual acuity under conditions of bright light. While some acclimatization to local light levels was observed, significant population differences in visual acuity were obtained. A hypothesis is advanced as to the adaptive value of varying densities of pigmentation of the iris based on the known heat absorption properties of melanin granules.
Relative deviation from ideality in phase equilibria as a basis for the correlation of steric configuration in related organic compounds

Abstract The principle underlying the so-called “quasi-racemate” method for the correlation of steric configuration is generalized. If the molecular interaction in a system of two substances of opposite configurations causes negative deviations from ideality as compared to the phase equilibrium in the corresponding system between related configurations the sign of the difference in relative deviation may be expected to persist for the derivatives of these substances. The comparison of freezing point lowerings, or solubilities, therefore, in various binary combinations of the active isomers of related substances is potentially a basis for the correlation of their configurations. An actual difference in types of solid phases formed, such as the formation or non-formation of a “quasi-racemic” compound, is not necessary for the general method. Examples of discarded data from the literature, are given, in which the deductions are exactly those confirmed by subsequent and independent procedures.
Nonlinear Responses of Clamped Circular Composite Plate

Nonlinear oscillations of a clamped circular composite plate with a con centric rigid mass have received limited attention. A study of the above motion has been made in this paper. Using the method of variational calculus, the governing differential equations of motion and the associate boundary conditions are derived. Due to the coupled and complex differential equations, the Ritz-Kantorovich averaging method was applied to eliminate the time variable and reduce the governing equations to a system of nonlinear or dinary differential equations. Then, the Runge-Kutta-Gill integration method was applied to obtain numerical solutions which provide the valuable data to the designer in under standing of the frequency response of the clamped circular composite plates carrying a concentric rigid mass.
Mechanism of Some 1:2 Hydrogen Transfer Reactions through Bond Variation Indices

Hydrogen-transfer isomerization processes HCN, HNC: and HCCH, :CDCH2 were studied in terms of bond order variations to understand the mechanism and asynchronous behavior of bond rearrangements by high quality ab initio calculations with TZ2p(d,f) basis sets. Bond orders were calculated from the TZ2p basis sets at the SCF level. Results from the bond order calculations clearly reveal that the migrating hydrogen when moves in curved paths that not only interact with the in plane and orbitals of the triple bond (C Co r CN) but also primarily causes the asynchronous behavior in the overall reaction mechanism. Overall advancement of the reaction in terms of individual bond-rearrangement processes on a relative footing is presented, which indicates the prime cause for the origin of activation barrier comes from the transforming multiple bonds in both these reactions. Easier computations of these bond indices not only reveal the significant insight into the importance of individual bonds during transformation, but also their application to larger systems. c 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 1283-1291, 2000
PTSD Symptoms and Suicide Ideation: Testing the Conditional Indirect Effects of Thwarted Interpersonal Needs and Using Substances to Cope

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and substance use have been associated with increased suicide ideation, but have rarely been examined within a larger theoretical context of suicide risk. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that feeling disconnected from others (i.e., thwarted belongingness) and feeling like a burden on others (i.e., perceived burdensomeness) are associated with increased suicide ideation. We hypothesized that perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness would mediate the relation between PTSD symptoms and suicide ideation, and that using substances to cope would moderate these relations. Participants were 254 college students reporting exposure to potentially traumatic experiences. Findings from a moderated mediation analysis indicated that perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness, mediated the relation between PTSD symptoms and suicide ideation, and using substances to cope moderated this relation. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing suicide ideation might benefit from decreasing perceived burdensomeness and the use of substances to cope.
Fish Assemblages on a Mitigation Boulder Reef and Neighboring Hardbottom

Abstract We compared the fish assemblages on a mitigation site to neighboring natural habitat. Artificial reefs made of limestone boulders were deployed offshore Florida in August–September 2003 as mitigation for an anticipated nearshore hardbottom burial associated with a planned beach nourishment. Boulders comprising a footprint of 36,017 m2 were deployed on sand substrate, adjacent to hardbottom, to replace an expected covering of 30,756 m2 hardbottom. Nourishment of the beach was initiated May 2005 and completed in February 2006. Fishes on the artificial mitigation reefs and neighboring natural hardbottom were counted annually in August, 2004 through 2008, with 30-m belt transects and rover-diver surveys. Across all surveys a total of 18,313 fish of 185 species was counted. Mean species richness and abundance were typically greater on the transects at mitigation reefs than on nearshore hardbottom (NHB). MDS plots of Bray–Curtis similarity indices show a clear distinction between the mitigation reefs and NHB fish assemblages regardless if the data were, or were not, standardized to account for rugosity differences. SIMPER analysis indicated the two assemblages had, on average, 75% dissimilarity. Thus, while the mitigation boulders exhibited greater abundance and species richness than the NHB, the two assemblages differed dramatically in structure. The mitigation reefs provided a habitat suitable for fish colonization. However, this habitat differed dramatically in size and appearance from impacted NHB and created a unique environment unlike the NHB. Thus, mitigation reefs in general, and boulder reefs specifically, should not be relied upon to provide an equitable replacement to NHB habitat loss.
A new synthesis of lysergic acid

Abstract Trynttonthen has been converted to the methyl ester of lysergic acid in 10 stents.
Crystal Structures of Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium at High Pressures

At high pressures, as determined by x-ray analysis, titanium and zirconium metal have a distorted, body-centered-cubic structure. This phase persists on pressure release. The normal hexagonal close-packed structures are recovered when the metals are heated. An electronic shift must occur in the transition. Hafnium metal showed no such transition.
Stopped‐flow investigation of the reaction of hexabromoiridate(III) with bromine in aqueous solution

The reaction of hexabromoiridate(III) with bromine to form hexabromoiridate(IV) and bromide ion was studied using a Durrum stopped-flow spectrophotometer. Special precautions were taken while studying this reaction. All of the experiments were carried out within 3 min after preparation of the hexabromoiridate solution throughout this investigation in order to limit the amount of conversion of hexabromoiridate(III) to aquapentabromoiridate(III) before reaction with bromine. Very dilute solutions were used because of the rapidity of the reaction. The rate constant for the reaction at 24 ± 1°C was determined to be (3.2 ± 0.4) × 103 L mol−1 s−1. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 623–626, 2004
Some results on Petri net languages

Various classes of Petri net languages are compared. A constructive proof of the equivalence, from the point of view of descriptive power of general Petri nets and restricted Petri nets (no multiple arcs of self-loops are allowed in the latter class), is presented. The descriptive power of Petri nets versus that of finitely recursive processes is discussed. >
Do We Want to Measure the Quality of Care for Vulnerable Older People? The ACOVE Approach

There's limited information available about measuring the quality of medical care that is targeted to the needs of older patients. And there's very limited pressure on the system to provide high quality geriatric care. Why is that? Because the quality measures haven't been adequately developed and implemented, and it's more difficult to measure care for an older sample. Measuring care for ill older adults is complex, because they tend to have multiple medical conditions, and they demonstrate substantial variation in goals for care (Wenger and colleagues 2007). The Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE) project began in 1998 as a collaboration between RAND Health and Pzizer Inc to develop and apply quality indicators (QIs) for assessment and treatment targeted at vulnerable older persons. The project involved defining and identifying the target population, identifying health conditions that cover much of the medical care provided to this population, developing quality-of-care indicators to measure how well those conditions are being addressed, and applying those indicators to determine the actual quality of care received by older adults.
Simulated response of conterminous United States ecosystems to climate change at different levels of fire suppression, CO2 emission rate, and growth response to CO2

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 13 January 2008 Available online 16 August 2008 A modeling experiment was designed to investigate the impact of fire management, CO2 emission rate, and the growth response to CO2 on the response of ecosystems in the conterminous United States to climate scenarios produced by three different General Circulation Models (GCMs) as simulated by the MC1 Dynamic General Vegetation Model (DGVM). Distinct regional trends in response to projected climatic change were evident across all combinations of the experimental factors. In the eastern half of the U.S., the average response to relatively large increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation was an 11% loss of total ecosystem carbon. In the West, the response to increases in precipitation and relatively small increases in temperature was a 5% increase in total carbon stocks. Simulated fire suppression reduced average carbon losses in the East to about 6%, and preserved forests which were largely converted to woodland and savanna in the absence of fire suppression. Across the west, unsuppressed fire maintained near constant carbon stocks despite increases in vegetation productivity. With fire suppression, western carbon stocks increased by 10% and most shrublands were converted to woodland or even forest. With a relatively high level of growth in response to CO2, total ecosystem carbon pools at the end of the century were on average about 9-10% larger in both regions of the U.S. compared to a low CO2 response. The western U.S. gained enough carbon to counter losses from unsuppressed fire only with the high CO2 response, especially in conjunction with the higher CO2 emission rate. In the eastern U.S., fire suppression was sufficient to produce a simulated carbon sink only with both the high CO2 response and emission rate. Considerable uncertainty exists with respect to the impacts of global warming on the ecosystems of the conterminous U.S., some of which resides in the future trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions, in the direct response of vegetation to increasing CO2, and in future tradeoffs among different fire management options, as illustrated in this study.
The effect of family presence on the efficiency of pediatric trauma resuscitations.

Study objective Family presence has broad professional organizational support and is gaining acceptance. We seek to determine whether family presence prolonged pediatric trauma team resuscitations as measured by time from emergency department arrival to computed tomographic (CT) scan, and to resuscitation completion. Methods A prospective trial offered families of pediatric trauma patients family presence on even days and no family presence on odd days. Primary outcome measures were time from arrival to CT scan and to resuscitation completion (laboratory tests, emergency procedures, portable radiographs, and secondary survey). We evaluated the effect of family presence in an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Staff and family experiencing a resuscitation with family presence were asked their opinions of that experience. Results Of 1,229 pediatric trauma activations, 705 patients were included in the study protocol, 283 with family presence on even days, 422 without family presence on odd days. Median times to CT scan (21 minutes; IQR 16 to 29 minutes) and median resuscitation times (15 minutes; IQR 10 to 20 minutes) were similar with and without family presence. There was no clinically relevant difference in CT time (hazard ratio 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83 to 1.30) or resuscitation time (hazard ratio 0.98; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.15). Families believed that family presence was helpful both to their child and themselves. Conclusion This prospective trial shows that family presence does not prolong time to CT imaging or to resuscitation completion for pediatric trauma patients. Family presence does not negatively affect the time efficiency of the pediatric trauma resuscitation.
Effects of Tuned Circuits upon a Frequency Modulated Signal

Prior investigations indicated that the frequency modulated receiver would always respond to the signal having the largest amplitude. Thus, selective circuits would be required to pick out a desired signal existing simultaneously with a number of other signals. The first item considered in this paper is that the signal carrier is tuned to the steep side of the resonance curve. It is found that in this case conversion from frequency modulation into amplitude modulation can be effected. It is required that the amplitude and phase characteristic of the circuit be linear with respect to frequency over the whole frequency interval occupied by the modulated signal. In order to derive a faithful audio signal reproduction from the complete detection process, a phase modulated signal must be transformed into frequency modulation first. Next, the case is considered in which the signal carrier is tuned to the peak of the resonance curve. The single tuned circuit is taken up first and two methods of solution are presented. It is found that with certain values of the modulation index, the tuned circuit may cause very serious nonlinear distortion of the output. For large values of the modulation index the resulting variation in amplitude and frequency can be determined statically, while for very small values of the modulation index the effect of the tuned circuit is exactly analogous to that encountered with amplitude modulation.
What's in This Book? Engaging Students Through a Textbook Exploration Activity

One of the challenges of providing students with disabilities access to the general education curriculum is their skill in using grade-level materials. Due to their expository nature and specialized vocabulary, textbooks in particular pose challenges for students. This article presents an activity that promotes familiarity with textbook structures and components, so students can be more independent and successful with grade-level texts.
Optical Fiber Vibration and Acceleration Model

We derive expressions for the group velocities of transverse electric and transverse magnetic electromagnetic waves in a stretched single-mode fiber. Stretching can occur either as a result of temperature changes of the spool on which the fiber is wound, or as a result of axial vibrations that accelerate and hence deform the spool. Long single-mode fibers are typically used in optoelectronic oscillators, where the group velocity plays a central role in determining the oscillator frequencies. The present idealized calculation assumes there is a fractional length change deltal/l, that results in stress in the fiber. This stress changes the optical properties of the fiber, and hence the group velocities, through its stress-optic coefficients. The principal result of the present calculation is that for optoelectronic oscillators, the main effect on the frequencies comes from the change of length itself rather than from the change in group velocities.