cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady State Vibration of Damped Timoshenko Beams

A method for the analysis of the steady state vibration of damped Timoshenko beams is presented. The usual four differential equations of the Timoshenko Theory are increased to eight differential equations with the addition of damping in the form of complex modulii. These equations are solved by numerical integration and, therefore, no restrictions need be placed on the longitudinal variation of the beam cross-section or the forcing function. The solution gives the beam response at all values of the forcing frequency and polar-plots are used for the determination of the resonant frequencies. To illustrate the wide applicability of the method the behavior of three beams, typical of those encountered in practice, is studied. The results of these examples show the importance of considering shear deformation when determining resonant frequencies and the great effect that the damping coefficient has on the magnitude of the response at resonance.
Testing the Responses of Coyotes and Other Predators to Odor Attractants

A standardized evaluation method was developed and used to compare statistically the efficacy and selectivity of predatory animal lures. A modified scent-station technique included one or more lines with 100 or more stations each, which were placed along unpaved roads in four states. The exposure of 47 255 perforated plastic capsules containing candidate attractants during a 28-month period yielded 8091 coyote visits and 9474 behavioral responses. Data were obtained on nine additional carnivore species and eleven other animal taxa. Analyses of coyote data indicated significant differences in visit rates and behavioral responses in several categories, including biting and pulling up the lure capsules. Comparisons of mean coyote visit rates for all test lures indicated that DRC-6500, a concentrated synthetic equivalent of a fermented egg synthesized by Denver Center personnel, was the best attractant in nearly all tests. The scent-station technique appears to be reliable for evaluating the relative attractiveness of lures. Comparisons of candidate samples to a base attractant and the resulting indexes will allow animal damage control personnel and researchers to field test the efficacy of candidate lures.
Structure and Lamb shift of 2s1/2-2p3/2 levels in lithiumlike Th87+ through neonlike Th80+

The value is sensitive to the effect of nuclear polarization and tests predictions of the 36-eV contribution from quantum electrodynamics to within 0.39%. A similar test of quantum electrodynamics calculations is given by the twelve 2{ital s}{sub 1/2}-2{ital p}{sub 3/2} transitions measured in the neighboring charge states. A comparison of the measured energies of the 2{ital s}{sub 1/2}-2{ital p}{sub 3/2} transitions in berylliumlike Th{sup 86+} through neonlike Th{sup 80+} with theoretical predictions from multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations demonstrates the need for a better treatment of the electron-correlation terms in these highly charged multielectron ions. The measurements thus provide benchmarks for the development of theoretical approaches, such as relativistic many-body perturbation theory and large-scale configuration-interaction calculations, that attempt to account for electron correlations in very highly charged ions.
A linearized model for permanent magnet stepper motors

This paper deals with the linearization of a nonlinear model of permanent magnet stepper motors. The linearization method is based on an optimization technique when considering the asymptotic behavior of the system. It turns out that the method approximates the nonlinear vector field even in the critical case, when the Jacobian matrix contains at least an eigenvalue with the real part equal to zero. Numerical simulations show good agreement of the linearized model with the highly nonlinear model of the motor. We suggest some possible model-based applications of the linearized system.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Soft X-Ray Laser Program

The Laboratory soft x-ray laser program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Nova laser facility has been pursuing soft x-ray laser research with the goal of developing x-ray laser physics and the necessary technology for producing usable x-ray lasers. For the microscopy community, this means developing short wavelength (λ < 44 A), high power (108 W), highly coherent lasers to be used in microscopy and holography applications. Significant progress toward this goal has been achieved. A variety of x-ray lasers based on the collisional pumped Ne-like laser scheme have been developed and characterized in great detail. A new collisionally pumped laser utilizing Ni-like ions has been demonstrated with laser wavelengths as short as 50 A. This new scheme is scalable to sub 44 A wavelengths. Preliminary ionization balance experiments have also begun for recombination pumped lasers which should also readily scale to sub 44 A wavelengths. A laser cavity has been developed and demonstrated using multi-layer x-ray mirrors and beam-splitters. This, offers the possibility of improved laser coherence and efficiency. An applications beamline was constructed and used in a photo-ionization physics experiment in conjunction with Bell Laboratory. This was an important demonstration of the ability to make existing x-ray lasers usable and available for the general science community. Finally, x-ray holography using an x-ray laser has been demonstrated.
Non-radial DEA Models and DEA with Preference

We can call the envelopment DEA models as radial efficiency measures, because these models optimize all inputs or outputs of a DMU at a certain proportion. Fare and Lovell (J Econ Theory 19:150–162, 1978) introduce a non-radial measure which allows non-proportional reductions in positive inputs or augmentations in positive outputs. Table 7.1 summarizes the non-radial DEA models with respect to the model orientation and frontier type.
Too Long for Too Little

In 1974, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development initiated a six-institution collaborative study to evaluate phototherapy as a therapeutic modality for the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The first phase of the study was completed in 1976; the results of this work were published in 1985. Too long to wait. The study was undertaken primarily, we are told, to answer two important questions: (1) "Is phototherapy effective in preventing brain injury from hyperbilirubinemia, when employed to lower serum bilirubin levels?" and (2) "Is phototherapy as effective as exchange transfusion at predetermined serum bilirubin levels for preventing brain damage from neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?" The answers to these questions are not provided in the published report.
Patterns of plasma leptin and insulin concentrations in hospitalized patients after the initiation of total parenteral nutrition

BACKGROUND The regulation of leptin in patients with critical illness is poorly understood. Sex, diet, body mass, and cytokines may all play a role. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to determine the factors influencing leptin concentrations in hospitalized patients beginning total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and whether a 3-d regimen of TPN would further increase plasma leptin concentrations above baseline. DESIGN Twenty-six patients requiring TPN were enrolled in this prospective, nonintervention study. Only 20 (11 women and 9 men) completed all 3 d of TPN. RESULTS Baseline plasma leptin in the TPN patients ranged from 62.5 to 1625 pmol/L ( +/- SD: 419 +/- 387; n = 26) and was not significantly different between men (444 +/- 494 pmol/L) and women (363 +/- 244 pmol/L). Baseline plasma insulin ranged from 76 to 695 pmol/L (271 +/- 188; n = 26) and was not correlated with plasma leptin. Leptin concentrations increased after 3 d of TPN, from 356 +/- 300 to 794 +/- 600 pmol/L (P < 0.05) in parallel with an increase in insulin from 257 +/- 187 to 979 +/- 917 pmol/L (P < 0.01) in the 20 patients who completed the study; however, the changes were not correlated when expressed as percentages. Although the men and women had insulin responses to feeding that were not significantly different, leptin concentrations did not increase significantly in men but increased 3-fold in women (to 1094 +/- 638 pmol/L; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Leptin regulation in patients with a critical illness differs substantially from that in healthy persons. The importance of glucose and insulin in leptin secretion remains unclear, especially in men.
Modeling of high power DC/DC converter system based on Weinberg topology

An approach to the modeling of a Weinberg power converter system is presented which can be generalized to any switching power system. The stability of current-loop control in the power system is also discussed. Frequency responses of ten desired transfer functions of the overall system are then derived with the aid of MATLAB. Theoretical predictions are verified with experimental results. >
Dislocation Mobility in Germanium

The stress and temperature dependence of the glide velocity of individual dislocations in pure germanium has been measured by means of an etch-pit technique. The motion may be described by a thermal activation energy which, for 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} dislocations, varies from 1.49 eV at 8.0 kg/${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$ to 2.25 eV at 0.8 kg/${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$. For screws, it is 1.47 eV independent of stress. At constant temperature, the velocity varies with stress in a complex manner which is not adequately accounted for by previous theories alone.
The Best of Both Worlds: Coupling Research and Assessment.

Practical inquiry combines the formal research techniques of formulating questions and conducting literature reviews with site-based data collection and use of findings to improve practice. Rochester Institute of Technology has used this approach to improve support for their residential students.
Studies in detoxication by means of the isolated perfused liver

Abstract The clearance rates of ethanol, pentobarbital, morphine, and lead were measured using the isolated perfused rat liver. Results with normal livers were compared with those from livers from animals damaged by carbon tetrachloride or allyl alcohol. The rate of ethanol clearance was depressed in the allyl alcohol-damaged livers, and pentobarbital clearance was depressed in the oxalate-damaged livers; the rate of clearance of lead was increased in all damaged livers, and no significant differences were found in morphine clearance. Liver damage was assessed by measurement of perfusate flow or BSP clearance and bile production. This preparation offers the toxicologist an excellent method of measuring the hepatic metabolism or hepatotoxicity of chemicals; it has the advantage of preserving liver structure and function while removing the liver from the influence of other organs.
Use of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study lactosylceramide and GD3 DMPC bilayers.

Abstract Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the formation of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), DMPC: lactosylceramide, and DMPC: GD3 lipid bilayers onto a zinc selenide surface. Infrared absorption peak position, bandwidth, and intensity were all used to monitor the formation, acyl chain ordering, and chemical environment within each bilayer. The results from this study indicate that the addition of glycosphingolipids into a DMPC lipid bilayer introduces decreases in both, acyl chain ordering, and homogeneity within the bilayer. GD3:DMPC lipid bilayers possess lipid chain characteristics that are indiscernible from those present in the lactosylceramide:DMPC bilayer, while possessing different structural head groups, indicating that the head group has little influence on the underlying lipid structure. Differences in the phosphate hydration are, however, evident between the three types of bilayer, with phosphate hydration decreasing in the order LacCer:DMPC (1223.4 cm −1 ) > DMPC only (1226 cm −1 ) > GD3:DMPC (1229.6 cm −1 ).
Dynamic Instability Of Layered Anisotropic Circular Cylindrical Shells, Part I: Theoretical Development

Abstract A theoretical development is presented for the parametric resonance of layered anisotropic circular cylindrical shells. The shell's ends are clamped and subjected to axial loading consisting of a static part and a harmonic part. The shell is modelled by using linear shell theory; classical lamination theory is used to determine the stiffness of the overall composite shell structure. The shell's response is divided into a pre-instability (unperturbed) part and an incremental perturbation—which can be dynamically unstable. Rather than assuming the unperturbed state to be a static membrane state of stress, here unperturbed response inertia and spatial variations are retained. A successful solution strategy is developed by employing several Fourier expansions. By means of it, the equations of motion of the perturbed response are reduced to a system of Mathieu equations. The stability of such a system can be determined by known methods. Numerical results are presented in part II.
A method for interpolating on manifolds structural dynamics reduced‐order models

A rigorous method for interpolating a set of parameterized linear structural dynamics reduced-order models (ROMs) is presented. By design, this method does not operate on the underlying set of parameterized full-order models. Hence, it is amenable to an online real-time implementation. It is based on mapping appropriately the ROM data onto a tangent space to the manifold of symmetric positive-definite matrices, interpolating the mapped data in this space and mapping back the result to the aforementioned manifold. Algorithms for computing the forward and backward mappings are offered for the case where the ROMs are derived from a general Galerkin projection method and the case where they are constructed from modal reduction. The proposed interpolation method is illustrated with applications ranging from the fast dynamic characterization of a parameterized structural model to the fast evaluation of its response to a given input. In all cases, good accuracy is demonstrated at real-time processing speeds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Officer Preferences for Male Backup: The Influence of Gender and Police Partnering

Much of the extant literature regarding women in policing focuses on job stress, perceptions of job performance, and inherent difficulties associated with their immersion in a traditionally male-dominated profession. Little attention, however, has been given to perceptions regarding gender and backup preferences among police officers. This study sought to examine the impact of professional and demographic characteristics of municipal police officers in a southern state on preferences for male police officers as backup. Multivariate analysis indicated that gender, partner status, race, and marital status significantly impacted officer preferences for male backup. However, further examination of the interaction effect between gender and partner status revealed a gap in the preferences for officers with no partners. Although officers with no partners reported lower overall preferences for male backup than officers with female or male partners, the disparity of preference between male and female officers with no partners was sizeable.
Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding tryptophan hydroxylase from rat central serotonergic neurons

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) from central serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and that from the endocrine pineal gland (PG) have been shown to exhibit difference biochemical characteristics. We further report here that the isoelectric point determined by chromatofocusing differs between TPH from the rat brainstem and PG. In addition, the levels of TPH mRNA are much greater in the PG than the DRN despite a higher enzymatic activity in the DRN. These data raise the question as to whether different forms of TPH may exist in the DRN and the PG. To address this question, we amplified TPH cDNAs by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using poly(A)+ RNA purified from both tissues. Several combinations of oligonucleotide primers encompassing different regions of the published coding sequence of rat pineal TPH were employed for this purpose. Subsequent analysis by gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting of PCR products indicated that DNA fragments of identical length were amplified from both sources. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequences of three independent subclones containing the putative full-length coding region of DRN TPH were determined and found to be identical to that of PG. In situ hybridization using the amplified cDNA as a probe demonstrated specific labeling within the DRN of the rat brain. These data support the hypothesis that tissue-specific differences in TPH characteristics result from differential post-translational events and clearly indicate that a TPH mRNA transcript identical in coding sequence to the PG form is expressed in the DRN.
The Effect of Initial Imperfections on the Buckling Load of Shallow Circular Arches

This paper presents an exact analysis for the buckling value of a concentrated load applied to a shallow circular arch. The effects of load offset and initial imperfections with the same form as the buckling mode are included. The results are displayed graphically and a comparison is made with experimental values that are available in the literature.
Use of metal ions for selective separations in high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary The use of transition metals for the achievement of selective separations is well known, but the column performance that has been achieved through such ligand association processes has often been poor, with asymmetrical peaks. Two approaches to the establishment of high-performance conditions using transition metals are described. In the first, a chemically bonded diamine phase was used to chelate Cd(II). A number of parameters were examined, for example, the concentration of Cd(II) in the mobile phase, the volume percentage of acetonitrile and the concentration of the buffer ammonium acetate, in order to achieve optimized separations. It is concluded that this mode is normal phase, as the retention decreases with decreasing acetonitrile concentration. Separations of sulfa drugs and dipeptides are demonstrated. In the second approach, a relatively hydrophobic chelating agent, C12-dien, was added to an acetonitrile-water mobile phase containing Zn(II) with a chemically bondedn-alkyl stationary reversed phase. Excellent performance with good peak symmetry was observed even withk′ values up to 25. This mode has been shown to be reversed phase, as retention significantly increases with decreasing acetonitrile concentration. Evidence is presented to show that the chromatographic process occurs by outer-sphere complexation. As such complexes are generally weaker than are inner-sphere complexes, the rates of dissociation are rapid, an important factor in determining high performance. Finally, some general observations are presented concerning the effects of direct addition of metal ions to the mobile phase.
Experimental investigation of thermal model of parallel flow microchannel heat exchangers subjected to external heat flux

Abstract This communication documents the experimental investigation of the theoretical model for predicting the thermal performance of parallel flow microchannel heat exchangers subjected to external heat flux. The thermal model investigated in this communication is that previously developed by the authors of this communication; Mathew and Hegab [B. Mathew, H. Hegab, Application of effectiveness-NTU relationship to parallel flowmicrochannel heat exchangers subjected to external heat transfer, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 31 (2010) 76–85]. The validity of the theoretical model with respect to microchannel profile, hydraulic diameter, heat capacity ratio and degree of external heat transfer is checked. The microchannel profiles investigated are trapezoidal and triangular with hydraulic diameter of 278.5 and 279.5 μm, respectively. The influence of hydraulic diameter is analyzed using trapezoidal microchannels with hydraulic diameters of 231 and 278.5 μm. Experiments are conducted for heat capacity ratios of unity and 0.5 using the heat exchanger employing the trapezoidal microchannel with hydraulic diameter of 278.5 μm for purposes of validating the model. Experiments are done for all heat exchangers for two different levels of external heat transfer; 15% and 30% of the maximum possible heat transfer. Irrespective of the parameter that is investigated the experimental data are found to perfectly match with the theoretical predictions thereby validating the thermal model investigated in this communication.
Colchicine-induced alterations in receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the rat hippocampus

Abstract Intradentate administration of colchicine has been reported to affect the cholinergic muscarinic system in the hippocampus, causing a reduction in quinclidinylbenzilate binding sites and in increase in choline acetyltransferase activity. Since the cholinergic muscarinic system is coupled to the formation of inositolphosphates in the brain, the effect of intradentate administration of colchicine on the agonist-induced turnover of inositollipid was studied in rats. The animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after injection, and the hippocampi removed and sliced. [ 3 H]Inositol was incorporated into slices in the presence of lithium, and carbachol, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist, was used to study the stimulated turnover of inositollipids. Hippocampal slices taken from colchicine-treated rats showed an increased carbachol-stimulated accumulation of inositolmonophosphate. Thus, intradentate colchicine appears to alter the signal transduction process for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor in the hippocampus, a change that may be associated with compensatory processes following damage to the hippocampus.
Furanocoumarins and their detoxification in a tri-trophic interaction

The parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella, specializes on wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, and several species of Heracleum, hostplants rich in toxic furanocoumarins. Rates of furanocoumarin metabolism in this species are among the highest known for any insect. Within its native range in Europe, webworms are heavily parasitized by the polyembryonic parasitoid wasp Copidosoma sosares. In this study, we determined whether these parasitoids are exposed to furanocoumarins in host hemolymph, whether they can metabolize furanocoumarins, and whether parasitism influences the ability of webworms to detoxify furanocoumarins. Hemolymph of webworms fed artificial diet containing 0.3 % fresh weight xanthotoxin, a furanocoumarin prevalent in wild parsnip hosts, contained trace amounts of this toxin; as well, hemolymph of webworms consuming P. sativa flowers and fruits contained trace amounts of six of seven furanocoumarins present in the hostplant. Thus, parasitoids likely encounter furanocoumarins in host hemolymph. Assays of xanthotoxin metabolism in C. sosares failed to show any ability to metabolize this compound. Parasitized webworms, collected from populations of Heracleum sphondylium in the Netherlands in 2004, were on average 55 % larger by weight than unparasitized individuals. This weight is inclusive of host and parasitoid masses. Absolute rates of detoxification (nmoles min−1) of five different furanocoumarins were indistinguishable between parasitized and unparasitized ultimate instars, suggesting that the intrinsic rates of metabolism are fixed. Thus, although parasitized larvae are larger, detoxification rates are not commensurate with size; rates in parasitized larvae expressed per gram of larval mass were 25 % lower than in unparasitized larvae.
Detecting false captioning using common-sense reasoning

Detecting manipulated images has become an important problem in many domains (including medical imaging, forensics, journalism and scientific publication) largely due to the recent success of image synthesis techniques and the accessibility of image editing software. Many previous signal-processing techniques are concerned about finding forgery through simple transformation (e.g. resizing, rotating, or scaling), yet little attention is given to examining the semantic content of an image, which is the main issue in recent image forgeries. Here, we present a complete workflow for finding the anomalies within images by combining the methods known in computer graphics and artificial intelligence. We first find perceptually meaningful regions using an image segmentation technique and classify these regions based on image statistics. We then use AI common-sense reasoning techniques to find ambiguities and anomalies within an image as well as perform reasoning across a corpus of images to identify a semantically based candidate list of potential fraudulent images. Our method introduces a novel framework for forensic reasoning, which allows detection of image tampering, even with nearly flawless mathematical techniques.
Variational Principle for General Diffusion Problems

We employ the Monge–Kantorovich mass transfer theory to study the existence of solutions for a large class of parabolic partial differential equations. We deal with nonhomogeneous nonlinear diffusion problems (of Fokker–Planck type) with time-dependent coefficients. This work greatly extends the applicability of known techniques based on constructing weak solutions by approximation with time-interpolants of minimizers arising from Wasserstein-type implicit schemes. It also generalizes previous results of the authors, where proofs of convergence in the case of a right-hand side in the equation is given by these methods. To prove the existence of weak solutions we establish an interesting maximum principle for such equations. This involves comparison with the solution for the corresponding homogeneous, time-independent equation.
Spectral diffusion: an algorithm for robust material decomposition of spectral CT data

Clinical successes with dual energy CT, aggressive development of energy discriminating x-ray detectors, and novel, target-specific, nanoparticle contrast agents promise to establish spectral CT as a powerful functional imaging modality. Common to all of these applications is the need for a material decomposition algorithm which is robust in the presence of noise. Here, we develop such an algorithm which uses spectrally joint, piecewise constant kernel regression and the split Bregman method to iteratively solve for a material decomposition which is gradient sparse, quantitatively accurate, and minimally biased. We call this algorithm spectral diffusion because it integrates structural information from multiple spectral channels and their corresponding material decompositions within the framework of diffusion-like denoising algorithms (e.g. anisotropic diffusion, total variation, bilateral filtration). Using a 3D, digital bar phantom and a material sensitivity matrix calibrated for use with a polychromatic x-ray source, we quantify the limits of detectability (CNR = 5) afforded by spectral diffusion in the triple-energy material decomposition of iodine (3.1 mg mL−1), gold (0.9 mg mL−1), and gadolinium (2.9 mg mL−1) concentrations. We then apply spectral diffusion to the in vivo separation of these three materials in the mouse kidneys, liver, and spleen.
Regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in fetal rat lung fibroblasts during late gestation.

Lung epithelial cell differentiation is predominantly regulated by mesenchymal-epithelial cell communication. We have previously shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF) positively influences this process, and that EGF receptor (EGF-R) binding in fetal rat lung fibroblasts peaks on d18–19 of gestation, just before the onset of augmented surfactant synthesis. This regulation of EGF-R in late gestation fetal lung fibroblasts may control the timing of mesenchymal-epithelial cell communication leading to surfactant synthesis. Hormones and growth factors exert positive and negative influences on lung development, but whether they regulate the EGF-R is unknown. We hypothesized that positive [EGF, cortisol, retinoic acid (RA)] and negative[ transforming growth-factor-β1 (TGF-β1), dihydrotestosterone (DHT)] regulators of lung cell development regulate the EGF-R in the fetal lung. We studied EGF-R binding and protein abundance in sex-specific fetal rat lung fibroblasts cultured at d17, d19, and d21. EGF-R binding ...
LXXIV.—Breathing habits of the sauropod dinosaurs

(1952). LXXIV.—Breathing habits of the sauropod dinosaurs. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 5, No. 55, pp. 708-710.
The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a prodrug of d-amphetamine, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults

Abstract Background: Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is a once-daily medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children (aged 6–12 years) and adults. Objective: This article reviews the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of LDX. Methods: Studies, abstracts, reviews, and consensus statements published in English were identified through computerized searches of MEDLINE (1966-August 2008) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1977–August 2008) using search headings lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, attention-deficit/hyperac-tivity disorder, NRP 104, NRP104-201, NRP104-301, NRP104-302, NRP104-303, and stimulant . Selected information provided by the manufacturer of LDX was included, as were all pertinent clinical trials. The reference lists of identified articles were also searched for pertinent information. Relevant abstracts presented at annual professional meetings were included as well. Results: Several studies have evaluated the pharmacokinetics of LDX in pediatric patients (6–12 years of age) and healthy adults with ADHD. LDX, a prodrug that is therapeutically inactive until metabolized in the body to dextroamphetamine ( d -amphetamine), follows linear pharmacokinetics at therapeutic doses (30–70 mg). The efficacy of LDX in the treatment of ADHD was established on the basis of 1 long-term and 2 short-term controlled clinical trials in children who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision , criteria for ADHD (either the combined or the hyperactive-impulsive subtype) and in 1 clinical trial with adults with ADHD. The efficacy trials in children found significant improvements in scores on the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham deportment sub-scales, the Permanent Product Measure of Performance (Attempted and Correct), and the ADHD Rating Scale Version IV (ADHD-RS-IV) compared with placebo (all, P P 60%) from baseline in the ADHD-RS-IV at end point ( P P d -amphetamine at equivalent doses. The most common adverse events reported with LDX were typical of amphetamine products and included decreased appetite, insomnia, upper abdominal pain, headache, irritability, weight loss, and nausea. Conclusions: Current evidence supports the efficacy and tolerability of LDX as a treatment option for the management of children (aged 6–12 years) and adults with ADHD. As such, LDX may be an integral part of a total treatment program for ADHD that can include other measures such as psychological, educational, and social interventions.
Pulsed plasma propulsion system for North-South stationkeeping

A completely integrated pulsed plasma propulsion system for North-South stationkeeping has been developed. System testing on a thrust balance has provided following new results: (1) A simple, helically coiled, spring-fed propellant subsystem for 38,284 lb-s (166,000 N-S) total impulse is feasible; (2) The propulsive performance level is compatible with North-South stationkeeping requirements; (3) Power conditioning is as simple as that of the space flight proven microthruster system; (4) Vacuum compatible, high energy density capacitors (40 joules/lb) capacitors have been developed and tested as part of the system; (5) 10,000 lb-sec of total impulse has been generated. Future improvements will include reducing electrode erosion, improving the structural rigidity of the assembly and continuously operating the system until 37,000 lb-sec of total impulse have been generated.
Co-contraction recruitment and spinal load during isometric trunk flexion and extension.

Abstract Background Pushing and pulling tasks account for 20% of occupational low-back injury claims. Primary torso muscle groups recruited during pushing tasks include rectus abdominis and the external obliques. However, analyses suggest that antagonistic co-contraction of the paraspinal muscles is necessary to stabilize the spine during flexion exertions. The study quantified co-contraction and spinal load differences during isometric flexion and extension exertions. The goal was to provide insight into the mechanisms requiring greater co-contraction during trunk flexion exertions compared to extension exertions. Methods Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from the trunk muscles of healthy volunteers during isometric trunk flexion and extension exertions. A biomechanical model was implemented to estimate total muscle force from the measured EMG and trunk moment data. A similar model estimated the muscle forces necessary to achieve equilibrium while minimizing the sum of squared muscle forces. The difference in these forces represented co-contraction. Spinal load attributed to co-contraction was computed. Results Average co-contraction during flexion exertions was approximately twice the value of co-contraction during extension, i.e. 28% and 13% of total muscle forces respectively. Co-contraction accounted for up to 47% of the total spinal load during flexion exertions. Consequently, spinal compression during the flexion tasks was nearly 50% greater than during extension exertions despite similar levels of trunk moment. Interpretation Co-contraction must be considered when evaluating spinal load during pushing exertions. Results underscore the need to consider neuromuscular control of spinal stability when evaluating the biomechanical risks.
The coupled kinetics of grain growth and fission product behavior in nuclear fuel under degraded-core accident conditions

Abstract The theoretical FASTGRASS-VFP model has been used in the interpretation of fission gas, iodine, and cesium release from (1) irradiated high-burnup LWR fuel in a flowing steam atmosphere during high-temperature, in-cell heating tests (performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory) and (2) trace-irradiated LWR fuel during severe-fuel-damage (SFD) tests (performed in the PBF reactor in Idaho). A theory of grain boundary sweeping of gas bubbles has been included within the FASTGRASS-VFP formalism. This theory considers the interaction between the moving grain boundary and two distinct size classes of bubbles, those on grain faces and on grain edges, and provides a means of determining whether gas bubbles are caught up and moved along by a moving grain boundary or whether the grain boundary is only temporarily retarded by the bubbles and then breaks away. In addition, as FASTGRASS-VFP provides for a mechanistic calculation of ultra- and intergranular fission product behavior, the coupled calculation between fission gas behavior and grain growth is kinetically comprehensive. Results of the analyses demonstrate that intragranular fission product behavior during both types of tests can be interpreted in terms of a grain-growth/grain-boundary-sweeping mechanism that enhances the flow of fission products from within the grains to the grain boundaries. The effect of fuel oxidation by steam on fission product and grain growth behavior is also considered. The FASTGRASS-VFP predictions, measured release rates from the above tests, and previously published release rates are compared and differences between fission product behavior in trace-irradiated and in high-burnup fuel are highlighted.
Dairy Herd Improvement Association Yearly Herd Averages. I. Sources of Variation and Relations Among Measurements

Abstract Yearly herd average records from 1,801 Holstein herds on test continuously during 1960–1964 in the northeastern United States were studied. All herds fed both concentrates and hay, but some did not provide silage or pasture. Grain price, milk price, and feed cost per hundredweight of milk exhibited the largest degree of variation among states. Milk yield (62%) and income over feed cost (62%) had the largest variance among herds. Value of product (.77) and income over feed cost (.72) were most repeatable from year to year in the same herd. Milk yield accounted for about one-half the total variation in income over feed cost. The amount of concentrates fed was the only feed measure closely related to income over feed cost. The amount of hay fed had little influence on production and income over feed cost. It was concluded that estimates of feed costs other than concentrates were of little usefulness.
Wave theories of traffic flow

Abstract Two types of mathematical models are presented to explain the empirical observation that a form of “wave phenomenon” occurs when a long line of vehicles on a crowded highway is stopped or started by a signal. The interruption of the steady flow of vehicles initiates “waves of stopping” or “waves of starting.” The first model considered is a car-following model based on a system of linear differential-difference equations that contains two physically significant parameters. The second model adopts a macroscopic viewpoint in which a stream of traffic on a single-lane road may be represented by a compressible “traffic fluid” of density or concentration k and a rate of flow q. The analysis is based on the equation of continuity of the “traffic fluid” and a novel empirical “flow-concentration” relation. The behavior of small disturbances in the vicinity of steady flow is examined by the method of perturbations. The wave phenomena predicted by the first and second models are compared.
Nonmarket benefits of reducing environmental effects of potential wildfires in beetle-killed trees: A contingent valuation study

We estimated Colorado households’ nonmarket values for two forest management options for reducing intensity of future wildfires and associated nonmarket environmental effects wildfires. The first policy is the traditional harvesting of pine beetle-killed trees and burning of the slash piles of residual materials on-site. The second involves harvesting but moving the residual material off-site and converting it into biochar, thus reducing some of the risk and environmental effects associated with burning on-site. A contingent valuation method mail survey was used to evaluate these two management options. The survey achieved a 47% response rate. We used a nonparametric Turnbull estimator to calculate the willingness to pay (WTP) for burn on-site and off-site biochar conversion. The calculated WTP for burn on-site and off-site biochar conversion options (beyond the cost of the status quo level of forest treatment) is $411 and $470 per household per year, respectively.
On Invariant-Based Monitors That Enforce Liveness in a Class of Partially Controlled General Petri Nets

We consider a class of Petri Net structures where the existence of a liveness enforcing supervisory policy (LESP) for an initial marking implies there is a LESP for a larger initial marking. That is, the set of initial markings for which there is a LESP for any instance of this class is right-closed . If a transition is prevented from firing at a marking by a LESP, and all LESPs, irrespective of the implementation-paradigm that is chosen, prescribe the same control for the marking, then it is a minimally restrictive LESP. It is possible to synthesize the minimally restrictive LESP for any instance of this class that uses this right-closed set of markings. Alternately, one could consider invariant-based monitors for liveness enforcement in an instance of this class.
Reproductive effects in long-evans rats exposed to chlorine dioxide

Long-Evans rats, 4-6 weeks of age, were dosed with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 ml/kg chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in deionized water for up to 73 days. Males were exposed for 56 days and females for 14 days prior to breeding, and throughout the 10-day breeding period. Males were killed and evaluated for sperm parameters and reproductive tract histopathology following the breeding period. Females continued to be dosed throughout gestation and lactation until weaning on lactation day 21, when both dams and selected pups were necropsied. Neither clinical signs of toxicity nor adverse effects on any reproductive parameter examined were observed in the parental animals. Litter size, pup viability, and pup weight were unaltered by chlorine dioxide exposure. F0 reproductive tract organ weights and F1 organ weights for testis, epididymis, uterus, and ovaries were not different between groups, but vaginal weight was significantly decreased (P less than 0.03) for female weanlings in the high dose (10.0 mg/kg) group relative to controls. There were no changes in thyroid hormone parameters that appeared to be attributable to chlorine dioxide treatment.
Lack of Clinically Significant In Vitro and In Vivo Interactions between Ranitidine and Sucralfate

Abstract The hypothesis that the cytoprotective agent sucralfate (sucrose octakis(hydrogen sulfate)-aluminum complex) interacts with the H 2 -antagonist ranitidine ( N -[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furfuryl]-thio]ethyl]- N '-methyl-2-nitro-1, 1-ethenediamine) by decreasing ranitidine absorption was tested in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro results show that ranitidine may bind to a small extent (∼10%) to sucralfate paste in the gastrointestinal fluids. The in vivo interaction of 150 mg of ranitidine and 1 g of sucralfate was evaluated in a crossover study in six healthy volunteers. The results indicate no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters when ranitidine was given alone and in combination with sucralfate. Thus, ranitidine bioavailability is not diminished by sucralfate and the two drugs can be given concomitantly. For the determination of bioavailability, it has to be taken into account that renal clearance of ranitidine is lower after oral than after intravenous administration, and that enterohepatic recirculation of the drug is likely.
A logic of comparative obligation

Normal systems of modal logic, interpreted as deontic logics, are unsuitable for a logic of conflicting obligations. By using modal operators based on a more complex semantics, however, we can provide for conflicting obligations, as in [9], which is formally similar to a fragment of the logic of ability later given in [2], Having gone that far, we may find it desirable to be able to express and consider claims about the comparative strengths, or degrees of urgency, of the conflicting obligations under which we stand. This paper, building on the formalism of the logic of ability in [2], provides a complete and decidable system for such a language.
Maximum likelihood estimation of transformer high frequency parameters from test data

A methodology for the development of transformer high-frequency models is presented. Time constants of the transformer transfer function are estimated from frequency response measurements by using the nonlinear least-squares method in the frequency domain. Then, the time response of transfer functions is used in conjunction with the maximum-likelihood method to estimate the transformer model parameters. As a case study, a high-frequency model of a 15 kVA, 7620/240 V single-phase distribution methodology. >
Microcomputer education in the United States

Abstract Microprocessor education has developed rapidly in the United States because of the low-cost, wide-appeal, and simple operation of microcomputers. Courses are offered for university students, for graduate engineers and scientists, and for honnyists. This year nearly all U.S. electrical engineering departments and most electrical technology departments are offering microcomputer education. These courses stress hardware familiarization and programming and are primarily based on the Intel 8080. Courses for graduate engineers and scientists are offered by mabufacturers, universities, professional societies, and consulting firms. They are similar in content to courses for undergraduates and are expected to reach their peak in 1977. The most rapidly growing area of microcomputer education is courses for hobbyists that stress applications programming, primarily in high-level languages.
An assessment of obese and non obese girls' metabolic rate during television viewing, reading, and resting

While childhood obesity has been linked to television (TV) viewing, specific mechanisms are not well understood. Obesity related to TV viewing might plausibly be related to decreased physical activity, increased food intake, reductions in metabolic rate, or combinations of these. The current investigation sought to ascertain the metabolic effects of quiet rest, listening to a story, watching a passive TV program, and watching an active TV show. Counter-balanced conditions were presented to 90 pre-pubertal girls ranging in body mass index from underweight to obese. In addition, effects between resting energy expenditure (REE) and race, body mass index, skinfold measures, physical activity, pubertal stage and average hours spent viewing TV were explored. Results indicated no significant differences in metabolic rate between weight groups nor between activity conditions (story listening and TV viewing) and rest conditions. A significant dose-response relationship was found in which REE decreased as average weekly hours of TV viewing increased, after adjusting for body mass index and puberty stage. Additionally, later stages of pubertal development compared to earlier stages were related to higher levels of REE. Results of this study suggest that metabolic rate alone cannot account for the consistently observed relationship between television viewing and obesity. Future studies should focus on energy intake, physical inactivity, or combinations of these with metabolic rate in seeking specific mechanisms responsible for television viewing related to obesity.
Vocationalizing higher education: The causes of enrollment and completion in public two-year colleges, 1970–1980

Abstract This paper investigates enrollment and completion rates in public two-year colleges, the level of higher education with the fastest growth over the past two decades. A model is developed describing student demand as a function of prices and labor market conditions, legislative demand as a function of marginal cost and political pressures, and costs. The equations of the model are estimated with cross-section data on the 50 states. Results indicate that student demand for enrollments and completion rates are not especially sensitive to labor market conditions. In addition, patterns of both enrollment and completion tend to persist over time, suggesting institutional rigidities.
The clearance capacity of the canine liver for a portal vein endotoxin infusion

Abstract The capacity of the livers of anesthetized dogs to clear a portal vein infusion of Escherichia coli 026 endotoxin was evaluated. Appearance of the endotoxin in arterial blood was quantitated by immunoradiometric assay. Various hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were monitored throughout the infusion to corroborate the development of systemic endotoxemia. Significant amounts of E. coli 026 endotoxin were detected in arterial blood after infusion of 240 μg endotoxin. As expected, systemic endotoxemia was associated with decreased cardiac index, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and splanchnic (portal vein) blood flow. Changes in plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon and in the pancreatic outputs of insulin and glucagon did not occur before the development of severe hypotension and the termination of the study. It was concluded that the liver clearance capacity for endotoxin in the dog is 0.72 μg/gm liver/hour and that severe hemodynamic alterations develop in this animal model before changes in carbohydrate balance.