cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Monooxidation of Light Alkanes Using Chloride and Iodate

We describe an efficient system for the direct partial oxidation of methane, ethane, and propane using iodate salts with catalytic amounts of chloride in protic solvents. In HTFA (TFA = trifluoroacetate), >20% methane conversion with >85% selectivity for MeTFA have been achieved. The addition of substoichiometric amounts of chloride is essential, and for methane the conversion increases from 20%. The reaction also proceeds in aqueous HTFA as well as acetic acid to afford methyl acetate. 13C labeling experiments showed that less than 2% of methane is overoxidized to 13CO2 at 15% conversion of 13CH4. The system is selective for higher alkanes: 30% ethane conversion with 98% selectivity for EtTFA and 19% propane conversion that is selective for mixtures of the mono- and difunctionalized TFA esters. Studies of methane conversion using a series of iodine-based reagents [I2, ICl, ICl3, I(TFA)3, I2O4, I2O5, (IO2)2S2O7, (IO)2SO4] indicated that the chloride enhancement is not li...
Pyemotes tritici(Acari: Pyemotidae), a potential biological control agent of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The feasibility of utilizing Pyemotes tritici as a biological control agent against the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella was investigated. The results from experiments designed to assess the effect of P. tritici on cohorts of A. kuehniella of different ages were not significant. They suggested that moth larvae were most severely affected if physogastric P. tritici females were introduced 10 days after moth eggs were added to the experimental arena. In part II, the impact of various densities of P. tritici on flour moths indicated that complete destruction of cohorts of 400 A. kuehniella larvae was achieved by adding about 80 female P. tritici 10 days after the eggs were laid or 6 days after the larvae hatched. Half the above density of pyemotid mites gave inconsistent, but at times complete control.
Toward the Measurement of Affective Sensitivity

The current versions of the Affective Sensitivity Scale (E-80 and D-80) are media-based, multiple-choice tests of one facet of human empathy. Extensive data have been collected. Revisions have been made based on analysis of reliability and validity data. The tests yield several subscales that have research, treatment, and training potential. Theoretical constructs are proposed to explain the role of affective sensitivity in the process of empathy.
Comparative angiographic right and left ventricular volumes

Comparative angiographic right and left ventricular volumes and right and left ventricular ejection fractions have been reported in the same normal infants and children. This relationship was assessed in adult patients to determine if these pediatric observations persist in later life. Seventeen adults, who had both right and left ventricular angiograms and who had no demonstrable organic heart disease, were studied. Right ventricular end-diastolic volume ranged from 54 to 98 (76 +/- 14, mean +/- SD) cc/m2 and left ventricular end-diastolic volume ranged from 48 to 90 (70 +/- 12) cc/m2; p less than 0.03. Right ventricular end-systolic volume ranged from 22 to 47 (33 +/- 8.0) cc/m2 and left ventricular end-systolic volume ranged from 13 to 34 (22 +/- 5.3) cc/m2; p less than 0.00005. Calculated right ventricular stroke volume ranged from 31 to 60 (43 +/- 8.3) cc/m2 and left ventricular stroke volume ranged from 29 to 70 (48 +/- 11) cc/m2; p = NS. Calculated right ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 0.48 to 0.62 (0.57 +/- 0.04) and the left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 0.57 to 0.84 (0.68 +/- 0.07; p less than 0.00005. Both right ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were greater than left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes. This resulted in decreased right ventricular ejection fraction compared to left ventricular ejection fraction. The difference between the two ventricles may be due to compliance, muscle mass, and anatomic configuration with a net result of one chamber more completely emptying than the other. Thus it appears that the relationships between right and left ventricular volumes noted in infancy and childhood persist in adult life.
Propeller-rotor whirl flutter: A state-of-the-art review

Propeller rotor whirl flutter and instability in conventional and Vertical Takeoff and Landing /VTOL/ aircraft
Surface specializations of hydra cells: the effect of enzyme inhibitors on ferritin uptake.

The fine structure of the apical surfaces of epithelial and gastrodermal cells of hydra was investigated, followed by a study of ferritin uptake by these cells and the effects of enzyme inhibitors on ferritin uptake. The epidermal surface was covered by a thin homogeneous nonopaque layer and a thick feltwork of filamentous material and these layers acted as a barrier to ferritin. The surface of digestive cells possessed numerous microvilli and the plasma membrane was coated with a feltwork of fibrillar material. Ferritin particles adhered to this outer layer and were incorporated in pinocytotic invaginations and concentrated in cytoplasmic vacuoles. Cysteine and N -ethyl maleimide resulted in marked inhibition of uptake of ferritin by preventing binding of ferritin to the surface coating while fluoride, phloridzin, and escrine partially inhibited uptake. Ferritin uptake was stimulated by taurocholate. These results are discussed in relation to the role of protein-binding and enzymatic activity in transport.
Intergroup Processes in Childhood: Social Categorization and Sex Role Development.

When groups are created experimentally, in-group favoritism, stereotyping, exaggeration of between-groups differences and within-group similarities, and out-group homogenization occur among adults. This study explored whether the same phenomena influence children's perceptions of boys and girls. Ninety-six 8- to 10-year-olds viewed videotapes of unfamiliar children and rated them on possession of masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral evaluative traits, on similarity to self, and on liking. Children also were observed while interacting with classmates. Interactions occurred primarily among children of the same sex. Targets were viewed stereotypically. They also were rated higher on liking, similarity, trait favorability (female targets only), and variability (male targets only) by children of the same sex. Furthermore, there were significant correlations among the rating measures, supporting an intergroup perspective on sex role development.
Marketing et valeur de l'entreprise: mesures, méthodes, résultats et voies futures de recherche

L'un des grands defis du marketing consiste a prevoir et communiquer la valeur qu'il apporte aux actionnaires. Pour cela, il faut etre capable de traduire les allocations de budget marketing et leu...
Dynamic stability of an axially moving band

Abstract This paper determines approximate stability-instability region boundaries for two cases of parametric excitation. The first problem considers periodic, axial, tension variation of slender, axially moving materials such as band saws, belts, tapes, strings and chains; the second case investigates instability caused by periodic, in-plane, edge loading in axially moving materials. The governing equation of motion is reduced by means of a coordinate function expansion and Galerkin's method to a set of coupled Mathieu equations. The methods of Hsu and Bolotin are used to construct stability boundaries for the two cases. Results are compared with analog computer stability boundaries for a moving string; the string was spatially discretized by replacing spatial derivatives by equivalent difference expressions. Boundaries predicted by the two methods are close for moderate material axial velocities but separate as the axial velocity increases.
In vivo protein sampling using capillary ultrafiltration semi-permeable hollow fiber and protein identification via mass spectrometry-based proteomics

Here, we advanced a novel technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes to collect in vivo secreted proteins in the subcutaneous tissue of mouse ear. We fabricated two kinds of CUF probe, one with and one without a semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber. Proteins collected by CUF probes were profiled and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MADLI-TOF-MS) and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) without using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) separation. Five proteins including cofilin-1, futuin-A, complement C3, gelsolin, and apolipoprotein C-1 were identified from the sample collected by the CUF probe with a semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber. The presence of well documented secretory proteins supports the efficiency of CUF probes in sampling in vivo secreted proteins. We also found that hemoglobin collected by the CUF probe without a semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber completely masked protein identification by mass spectrometry. The presence of relatively large amounts of hemoglobin in this condition illustrates the necessity of the semi-permeable membrane hollow fiber to the technique of CUF probe in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Also, the technique represents a powerful method for the identification of in vivo secreted proteins and has potential application for in the detection of biomarkers for human diseases.
A comparative study to the 2011/2013 water quality assessments in the Pasquotank Watershed in Northeastern North Carolina with a sea level rise component

The Pasquotank River Watershed is found in Northeast North Carolina beginning in the Great Dismal Swamp at the Virginia/North Carolina border and flows into the Albemarle Sound. The watershed provides a transition between spawning grounds and the waters of the Albemarle Sound. The sound serves as a nursery area for many fish species and is home to numerous sport and commercial species. Due to indications of rising global temperature and the monitoring of melting ice sheets, these coastal watersheds could be a leading indicator of rising sea levels as their chemical compositions changes. The effects of sea-level rise were also taken into consideration for future monitoring. The 2014 Research Experience for Undergraduates Pasquotank River Watershed Team completed two sets of tests of five tributaries and the river itself. These test points were derived from the 2011 and 2013 Watershed Team research projects with the addition of four points created to sample further downstream in the Pasquotank River itself. Results were compared with previous readings utilizing a Water Quality Index (WQI). The streams tested were the Pasquotank River, Newbegun Creek, Knobbs Creek, Areneuse Creek, Mill Dam Creek, and Sawyers Creek. These streams, along with the river, cover a large portion of the watershed and provide a wide area of study for the watershed. Tests performed in the laboratory on this year's samples included pH, salinity, total dissolved solids, and conductivity. Air/water temperature, dissolved oxygen, wind speed/direction, and turbidity/clarity measurements were taken in the field. The results collected were placed online and displayed in correlation to their position utilizing Google Maps. The data were then compared to the 2011 and 2013 project results and examined for any variations or similarities. It was found that the water quality for some water sources remained in their respective ranges from the past years. The others, such as Knobbs Creek, varied from the previous years. Newbegun Creek, with a water quality index of 59, stayed within the two previous teams' WQI of 50 (2011) and 66 (2013). Mill Dam Creek had a very slight increase in water quality from the previous teams' readings 47 (2013) and 48 (2011) but still managed to acquire a bad reading of 49. Areneuse Creek increased from 49 (2011) and 47 (2013) to reach a medium water quality of 57. The Pasquotank River, ranking as the lowest, has dropped significantly from 64 (2011) to 44 (2013) and continued to be lower in 2014 standing at 41 for its WQI. Sawyers Creek remained consistent between 54 (2011) and 50 (2013) at a low medium range with this year's water quality being 51. Knobbs Creek WQI, having the highest water quality reading, increased from the two past readings of 52 (2011) and 50 (2013) with a WQI of 63.
How does Observational Learning affect the Behavior of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders? A Review of Research

An hypothesis supporting placement of students with emotional or behavioral disorders in regular classes and schools is that they will imitate the appropriate behavior of nondisabled peer models. We discuss findings of research on observational learning, including research regarding model characteristics and the observers' responses, vicarious reinforcement as implicit punishment, direction and duration of vicarious effects, vicarious effects on students with problem behavior, observers' other characteristics and vicarious effects, and aggression and vicarious processes. We conclude that placement in regular classes is not sufficient to ensure the imitation of appropriate peer models, that imitation of appropriate behavioral models is possible in special classes and schools, and that substantial changes in regular classes would be required to induce the desired imitation of non-disabled peers.
Approach to management of malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome in pediatric diabetes mellitus.

Background: Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) is usually associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is rare in children. However, a fatal malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome (MHLS) with rhabdomyolysis associated with new-onset diabetes mellitus and HHNS in adolescents has been described. Design/Methods: Case series. Results: A 16-yr-old obese male (case A) and a 10-yr-old mid-pubertal nonobese female (case B) presented within a 6-month period with emesis, altered mental status, blood glucose >1600 mg/dL, and laboratory evidence of rhabdomyolysis. Case A developed fever after initiation of insulin therapy, along with refractory hypotension and multiorgan failure. He died 14 hrs after admission. Case B developed fever before insulin therapy, was treated with dantrolene, and made a full recovery. Metabolic workup showed evidence of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency. Conclusions: We report two cases of malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome associated with HHNS in adolescents. Their respective fluid management and clinical courses are described. Dantrolene therapy should be initiated immediately after this syndrome is recognized. We believe it is unlikely insulin is the sole trigger for MHLS. Case B is unique in that there was evidence of SCAD deficiency, a metabolic defect that we propose could lead to MHLS. We recommend that all patients with HHNS and MHLS be evaluated for an underlying metabolic disorder.
Youth’s Help-Seeking Intentions for ADHD and Depression: Findings from a National Survey

This study investigates the role that youth-level factors play in predicting help-seeking intentions in a nationally representative sample. Eleven help-seeking intentions were examined separately by target conditions (ADHD and depression), gender, race/ethnicity, and self-reported diagnosed/non-diagnosed in respect to the target conditions, and interaction effects were tested. Using factor analysis, a traditional help-seeking scale was created, which captured four help-seeking items, and predictive power of youth-level factors in accounting for traditional help-seeking was tested. Study findings provide practitioners and researchers with fresh evidence on what youth-level factors are associated with which help-seeking intentions, and illustrate the challenges involved in better understanding the complexity of the help-seeking process among youth in the context of ADHD/Depression. With increased understanding of youth’s perceptions and the complexity of their help-seeking behavior, community-based efforts to develop effective strategies that support active help-seeking behavior and eliminate barriers to appropriate care can have a greater likelihood of success.
General fuzzy least squares

Abstract A model for least-squares fitting of fuzzy-valued data is described. A previous process obtained for triangular fuzzy numbers is generalized and improved to include all fuzzy numbers represented by single maxima piecewise continuous functions with compact support. The new model is compared with the previous procedure and its applicability is demonstrated.
Acute exposure to ultraviolet‐B radiation modulates sex steroid hormones and receptor expression in the skin and may contribute to the sex bias of melanoma in a fish model

Using the Xiphophorus fish melanoma model, we show a strong male bias for sunlight-induced malignant melanoma, consistent with that seen in the human population. To examine underlying factors, we exposed adult X. couchianus fish to a single, sublethal dose of UVB and measured circulating sex steroid hormones and expression of associated hormone receptor genes over a 24-h period. We found that a single exposure had profound effects on circulating levels of steroid hormones with significant decreases for all free sex steroids at 6 and 24 h and increases in conjugated 2-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Whereas ARα expression increased in male and female skin, neither ARβ nor either of the ERs showed significant responses to UVB in either sex. The rapid response of male androgens and their receptors in the skin after UVB irradiation implicates hormones in the male bias of skin cancer and suggests that the photoendocrine response immediately after UV exposure may be relevant to melanomagenesis.
Image Appearance Modeling

Traditional color appearance modeling has recently matured to the point that available, internationally-recommended models such as CIECAM02 are capable of making a wide range of predictions to within the observer variability in color matching and color scaling of stimuli in somewhat simplified viewing conditions. It is proposed that the next significant advances in the field of color appearance modeling will not come from evolutionary revisions of these models. Instead, a more revolutionary approach will be required to make appearance predictions for more complex stimuli in a wider array of viewing conditions. Such an approach can be considered image appearance modeling since it extends the concepts of color appearance modeling to stimuli and viewing environments that are spatially and temporally at the level of complexity of real natural and man-made scenes. This paper reviews the concepts of image appearance modeling, presents iCAM as one example of such a model, and provides a number of examples of the use of iCAM in still and moving image reproduction.
Endoscopic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa.

BackgroundThe pterygopalatine fossa can be involved with a variety of infectious and neoplastic processes. This region can be entered endoscopically, but endoscopic landmarks to localize the neurov...
Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen

Extracts of Brassica napus L. (rape) pollen (family, Cruciferae) have been reported to produce a novel growth-promoting effect when applied to young pinto bean plants1,2. Fractions that are active in the bean second-internode assay3 give rise to both increased cell elongation and cell division4. The validity of these early reports has been questioned because biological activity was not correlated with any one pure compound5. Subsequently, we showed that isolation of the growth promoter was complicated by the presence of chromatographically similar, inactive components that were identified as 6-D-glucopyranosyl esters of long-chain fatty acids6. We now report the isolation, structure determination and biological activity of this new plant growth promoter, named (22R, 23R, 24S)-2α-3α,22,23-tetrahydroxy-24-methyl-6,7-s-5α-cholestano-6,7-lactone or brassinolide (Fig. 1).
Pollucite and feldspar formation in sintered bentonite for nuclear waste immobilization

Future reprocessing of nuclear fuel may produce a waste stream consisting of alkali and alkaline earth fission products that can be converted into stable aluminosilicate minerals after sintering in bentonite. Precise knowledge of the mineral composition of the host phases is required for ultimate disposal. As determined by several analytical techniques, stable pollucite and celsian phases formed after sintering of bentonite and a simulated waste at 1200 °C. This relatively low temperature was likely a result of several impurities in the bentonite and simulated waste stream. While most of the waste metal ions were enriched in the crystalline phases, trace amounts remained in a silica-rich glassy region with other impurities.
β-Substituted copper porphyrin cations: A2u or A1u radicals?

Abstract DFT calculations have been performed on a series of β-substituted copper porphyrins, CuP–X, with particular regard to substituent effects upon the relative energies of two frontier occupied, nearly degenerate a2u and a1u orbitals. Substitution by electron-withdrawing groups only slightly enlarges the a2u–a1u separation of CuP. Electron-donating groups CH2OH and OCH3 raise the energies of a2u and a1u uniformly. In contrast, SH and NH2 reverse the normal ordering; these [CuP–X]+ cation radicals are mainly a1u in character. Electronic structures of CuP derivatives substituted at all eight β-pyrrole positions are also examined.
New X-ray phosphors

Abstract The present paper reviews the development of X-ray phosphors from the first introduction of CaWO 4 in 1896 to the currently used new phosphors Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb, LaOBr:Tm and YTaO 4 Nb. In each case, the important parameters of X-ray absorption, X-ray to light conversion efficiency, emission characteristics, density, morphology, and stability will be stressed. Finally, an assessment of how other modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and digital radiography will influence film/screen systems in the future will be made.
PERCE's GRIPES: A robot grasp planner

Abstract PERCE's GRIPES (Purdue Engineering Research Center's Grip Evaluation System) is an offline robot grasp planner for three-fingered grippers. The planner is based on a generate and test paradigm. Candidate triples of faces (or grasp configurations) are generated using heuristics. The precise coordinates of grip points are selected for each configuration by numerical solution of optimization problems. The constraints imposed by stability considerations are built into the optimization formulations. The accessibility of each candidate grasp is checked based on swept volume computation. Other criteria are used to rank the feasible grasps. This paper describes the modular design and the implementation of PERCE's GRIPES.
The relevance of cell size on ultrasound-induced hemolysis in mouse and human blood in vitro

This paper describes a further test of the hypothesis that cell size is an important physical parameter in ultrasound (US)-induced hemolysis, that is, the larger the cell the greater the potential for sonolysis by a cavitational mechanism. Mouse (M) and human (Hu) erythrocytes in vitro were used; their mean corpuscular volumes were 49.0 and 89.5 fL, respectively. At a US exposure in vitro in the presence of Albunex that yielded an average of 36.8% hemolysis for M blood, the Hu blood yielded an average of 54.0% hemolysis. The data supported the hypothesis. This paper also briefly discusses the difficulty of extrapolating sonolytic in vitro results to those derived in vivo.
The Distribution of Radioactive Phosphorus in the Electrophoretic Components of Egg Yolk Proteins

Abstract THE high lipid content of the egg yolk has presented a difficulty to those interested in the electrophoretic properties of this biological material. Shepard and Hottle (1949) reported an electrophoretic study of the livetin fraction of the yolk after an ether extraction. In their investigation, however, either filtration or centrifugation was used to obtain clear solutions and, therefore, an analysis of the total protein contents was not accomplished. During this same period Mecham and Olcott (1949) described an electrophoretic study of phosvitin, which they indicated was the principal phosphoprotein of the egg yolk and which contained 60 to 70 percent of the total phosphorus. In addition, these authors reviewed the work of previous investigators who had attempted to determine the distribution and amount of phosphorus in the substances present in the egg yolk. In all these investigations the preparation of clear solutions which contained all the yolk proteins and which …
A Methylation-Dependent Electrostatic Switch Controls DNA Repair and Transcriptional Activation by E. coli Ada

The transcriptional activity of many sequence-specific DNA binding proteins is directly regulated by posttranslational covalent modification. Although this form of regulation was first described nearly two decades ago, it remains poorly understood at a mechanistic level. The prototype for a transcription factor controlled by posttranslational modification is E. coli Ada protein, a chemosensor that both repairs methylation damage in DNA and coordinates the resistance response to genotoxic methylating agents. Ada repairs methyl phosphotriester lesions in DNA by transferring the aberrant methyl group to one of its own cysteine residues; this site-specific methylation enhances tremendously the DNA binding activity of the protein, thereby enabling it to activate a methylation-resistance regulon. Here, we report solution and X-ray structures of the Cys-methylated chemosensor domain of Ada bound to DNA. The structures reveal that both phosphotriester repair and methylation-dependent transcriptional activation function through a zinc- and methylation-dependent electrostatic switch.
The cells of origin of the primate spinothalamic tract.

Spinothalamic tract cells in the lumbar, sacral and caudal segments of the primate spinal cord were labelled by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the thalamus. The laminar distribution of stained spinothalamic cells in the lumbosacral enlargement differed according to whether the HRP was injected into the lateral or the medial thalamus. Lateral injections labelled cells in most laminae, but the largest numbers of cells were in laminae I and V. The highest concentrations of cells labelled from the medial thalamus were in laminae VI-VIII. Ninety percent or more of the stained spinothalamic cells in the lumbosacral enlargement were contralateral to the injection site. In the conus medullaris stained spinothalamic cells were most numerous in laminae I, V and VI following lateral thalamic injections of HRP. Many of the cells of the conus were in Stilling's nucleus. Twenty-three percent of the cells in the conus were ipsilateral to the injection site in the lateral thalamus. Only a few cells in the conus were labelled by medial thalamic injections. The total number of spinothalamic cells from L5 caudally was estimated to be at least 1,200-2,500. An injection of HRP into the midbrain resulted in a laminar distribution of labelled cells much like that produced by a lateral thalamic injection. The types of spinothalamic tract cells and the sizes of their somata were determined for different laminae. The cells types resemble those already described from Golgi and other studies of the spinal cord gray matter. The spinothalamic tract cells in lamina I included Waldeyer cells and numerous small fusiform, pyriform or triangular cells. Those in lamina II included limitrophe and central cells. Spinothalamic cells in lamina III were central cells. Most of the labelled cells in laminae IV-X were polygonal, although there were also flattened cells in these layers. The smallest spinothalamic cells were in laminae I-III, while the largest were in laminae V and VII-IX. Spinothalamic cells in the conus medullaris included cells like those in the lumbosacral enlargement, but also a special cell type in Stilling's nucleus. Some cells in the conus had dendrites that crossed the midline. Spinothalamic axons could sometimes be traced to the ventral white commissure within one or a few sections. In longitudinal sections, most labelled axons were in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus on the side of the injection, although a few were in the ventral funiculus or on the contralateral side. The axons were widely dispersed, and a few were located adjacent to the pia-glial membrane.
Use of the VvMybA1 gene for non-destructive quantification of promoter activity via color histogram analysis in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) and tobacco

We report the development of a convenient plant-based reporter system to analyze promoters and facilitate selection of genetically engineered plants. The VvMybA1 gene of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) regulates the last metabolic step of anthocyanin biosynthesis and its ectopic expression leads to anthocyanin production in otherwise non-pigmented cells. To develop an anthocyanin-based quantitative reporter system, the VvMybA1 gene was isolated from V. vinifera ‘Merlot’ and placed under control of three promoters to test its ability to distinguish different activity levels. Promoters included a double enhanced CaMV35S (d35S) promoter, a double enhanced CsVMV (dCsVMV) promoter or a bi-directional dual promoter (BDDP), resulting in transformation vectors DAT, CAT and DEAT, respectively. These vectors were introduced into grapevine and tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for transient and stable expression analysis. A linear relationship between the mean red brightness (MRB) and optical density (OD) values with a 0.99 regression coefficient was identified in a dilution series of anthocyanin, thus allowing the use of histogram data for non-destructive and real-time assessment of transcriptional activity. Results of histogram-based analysis of color images from transformed grapevine somatic embryos (SE) and various tissues of transgenic tobacco showed a consistent six to sevenfold promoter activity increase of DEAT over DAT. This expression increase was verified by spectroscopic measurement of anthocyanin concentrations in sepal tissue of transgenic tobacco plants. These results were congruent with previously findings of promoter activity derived from GUS fluorometric assay, thus demonstrating for the first time that the VvMybA1 gene could offer a simple, versatile and reliable plant-based alternative for quantitative promoter analysis in plants.
Recent changes in wind chill temperatures at high latitudes in North America

[1] Afternoon wind chill temperatures at fifteen Alaskan and northern Canadian stations in the months October through April have increased in most months and at most stations in the period 1953–1993 (that is, “apparent temperatures” have become warmer). Many monthly means increased by more than 5°C over the period. Though increases in air temperature had a dominant effect on increases in wind chill temperature, decreases in wind speed generally contributed to the wind chill temperature increases. The largest and most persistent positive trends in wind chill temperature were in Alaska and western Canada, with negative and smaller positive trends in central, eastern, and northern Canada. As a result of the trends, humans outdoors in the afternoon have experienced an “apparent” warming even larger than the warming indicated by the air temperature trends.
Parental perceptions of young children's information behavior related to free‐time activities

This poster presents an exploration of parental perceptions of the everyday life information behaviors of children between 4 and 8 years of age. Twenty-three parents/caregivers completed a survey about their children's information behaviors related to their hobbies and interests. Findings indicate that young children exhibit a heavy reliance on interpersonal interactions for information seeking and information sharing, while information use is more likely to be an individual activity. Information behaviors were evident in children who engaged in a variety of free-time activities, though not all free-time activities resulted in reported engagement in information behaviors. The findings of this study indicate that children as young as 4 years of age engage in observable information behaviors related to their everyday free-time activities. Additional research is needed to better understand young children's everyday life information behaviors.
Hypergeometric functions and the trinomial equation

Abstract It is shown that the roots of the trinomial equation x n −x+t=0 are finite sums of generalized hypergeometric functions for each positive integer n. As a consequence, we demonstrate a class of algebraic identities satisfied by certain of these functions.
Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors

prevalence of resistance among influenza A/H3N2 virus isolates reached 61% in Asia and 92% in the United States [2, 3]. The reasons for this rapid emergence are unclear, but they may have been related to widespread over-the-counter use of amantadine, use of amantadine-related medications, or use of amantadine in poultry flocks [4]. Emergence of resistance to the adamantanes in some settings appears to have emerged without drug pressure. Seasonal influenza A/ H1N1 viruses remained sensitive to the adamantanes until the emergence of pandemic A/H1N1 virus strains in 2009, which are largely resistant to these drugs. In general, resistance to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors develops less frequently than does resistance to the adamantane compounds. Reports of high rates of infection due to oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses were uncommon until 2004 [5], but diverse sites began to report high rates of resistance to oseltamivir among influenza A/H1N1 viruses in 2006‐2007. By 2008‐2009, resistance to oseltamivir among seasonal A/H1N1 viruses was present worldwide [6, 7]. The emergence of resistance to oseltamivir has been noted with and without apparent
Application of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the management of head and neck cancers

The use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) scan technology in the management of head and neck cancers continues to increase. We discuss the biology of FDG uptake in malignant lesions and also discuss the physics of PET imaging. The various parameters described to quantify FDG uptake in cancers including standardized uptake value, metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis are presented. PET scans have found a significant role in the diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancers. They are also being increasingly used in radiation therapy treatment planning. Many groups have also used PET derived values to serve as prognostic indicators of outcomes including loco-regional control and overall survival. FDG PET scans are also proving very useful in assessing the efficacy of treatment and management and follow-up of head and neck cancer patients. This review article focuses on the role of FDG-PET computed tomography scans in these areas for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. We present the current state of the art and speculate on the future applications of this technology including protocol development, newer imaging methods such as combined magnetic resonance and PET imaging and novel radiopharmaceuticals that can be used to further study tumor biology.
Magnetotransconductance profiling of mobility and doping in GaAs MESFETs

Electron mobility profiles of GaAs MESFETs have been measured using the magnetotransconductance technique and corrected using in situ measurements of parasitic resistances. It is shown that with this technique both mobility and carrier density profiles versus depth can be calculated without C-V data. This enables complete mobility and carrier density profiles to be obtained on short-gate-length packaged devices without the inherent difficulties of the C-V method and its attendant inaccuracies near the active layer-substrate interface. The results for two commercial packaged devices at room temperature, which indicate mobilities of 3500 to 4500 cm/sup 2//V/s and peak carrier concentrations of 1.2 to 2.0*10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/, are given. >
Fatigue reduces tonic accommodation.

Ocular accommodation adopts a mean baseline response level of approximately 1.0 D in the absence of blur feedback (open-loop state). This baseline or tonic accommodation (TA) can be elevated following a sustained monocular accommodative response to a dioptric stimulus (lens adaptation) that exceeds the baseline open-loop level of TA. The accommodative response to the lens persists in the open-loop state (accommodative hysteresis), and eventually decays to a stable end-point. Interestingly, if the baseline TA is high, the monocularly adapted accommodative state can decay to an end-point that is below the initial pre-adapted baseline level of the TA (counter-adaptive response) (McBrien, N.A. and Millodot, M., (1988). Differences in adaptation of TA with refractive state. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 29, 460-469). We have investigated the possible contribution of accommodation fatigue to the counter-adaptive change in baseline TA following sustained accommodation. Two fatigue procedures were used while viewing a target at 66 or 33 cm. In a monocular condition, accommodation was stimulated for 3 min with lens values alternating from -1.5 to +1.5 D at a rate of 0.25 Hz. In the binocular condition, convergence was stimulated with alternating prism values from 9 prism diopters (PD) base-out to 9 PD base-in. Both monocular and binocular tasks resulted in a significant reduction of TA. These results suggest that previously reported reductions of baseline TA following sustained monocular accommodation or binocular convergence could have resulted from fatigue of the accommodative system. Accommodative fatigue could be responsible for the lower values of TA observed in counter-adaptive responses to sustained accommodative or convergence effort.
A Graphical Tool for Exploring Simulated Sampling Distributions

This paper presents a plot for studying the shape of empirical probability distributions, emphasizing the symmetric case, where stretching or elongation is at issue.
LSGA: combining level-sets and genetic algorithms for segmentation

A novel technique is presented to combine genetic algorithms (GAs) with level-set functions to segment objects with known shapes and variabilities on images. The individuals of the GA, also known as chromosomes consist of a sequence of parameters of a level-set function. Each chromosome represents a unique segmenting contour. An initial population of segmenting contours is generated based on the learned variation of the level-set parameters from training images. Each segmenting contour (an individual) is evaluated for its fitness based on the texture of the region it encloses. The fittest individuals are allowed to propagate to future generations of the GA run using selection, crossover and mutation. The GA thus provides a framework for combining texture and shape features for segmentation. Level-set-based segmentation methods typically perform gradient descent minimization on an energy function to deform a segmenting contour. The computational complexity of computing derivatives increases as the number of terms increases in the energy function. In contrast, here the level-set-based curve evolution/deformation is performed derivative-free using a genetic algorithm. The algorithm has been tested for segmenting thermographic images of hands and for segmenting the prostate in pelvic CT and MRI images. In this paper we describe the former; the latter is described in [11, 12]. The LSGA successfully segments entire hands on images in which hands are only partially visible. At the end of the paper we report experimental evaluation of the performance of LSGA and compare it with algorithms using single features: the Gabor wavelet based textural segmentation method [1, 9], and the level-set based segmentation algorithm of Chan and Vese [6].
Purinergic Receptor Antagonism Prevents Cold Preservation-Induced Cell Death Independent of Cellular ATP Levels

Background Purinergic (P2Y) receptors play an important role in intracellular Ca 2+ regulation in hepatocytes. Prevention of mitochondrial Ca 2+ (mCa 2+ ) overload during ischemic conditions prevents cellular cell death during the early reperfusion period. P2Y antagonists are cytoprotective in other settings. We studied the effect of P2Y receptor antagonism on mitochondrial associated cell death during the period of cold storage. Methods HepG2 cells were stored in UW with or without 300 μM reactive blue 2 (RB2) or 10 μM ruthenium red (RR) under either normoxic-hypothermic or hypoxic-hypothermic conditions. Cytoplasmic cytochrome c levels were studied by transfection of cytochrome c -GFP. Immunofluorescence determined the intracellular, spatio-temporal distribution of Bax, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining was used to evaluate cell death. Intracellular compartmental ATP levels were assayed by transfecting with luciferase vectors specific for cytoplasm (PcDNA3-luciferase-LL/V) and mitochondria (PcDNA3-COX8-luciferase). Results Bax translocation to the mitochondria occurred immediately following cold storage and was followed by cytochrome c -GFP redistribution to the cytosol during rewarming. RB2 treatment significantly attenuated Bax translocation, cytochrome c -GFP redistribution, and cell death following both storage conditions. Both RR and RB2 provided cytoprotection despite ongoing cytoplasmic ATP consumption during cold ischemia. Conclusion These data indicate that the cytoprotective effects of mCa 2+ uptake inhibition and P2Y receptor antagonism are independent of cytoplasmic ATP levels during cold ischemia.
Documenting Work and Working Documents: Perspectives from Workplace Studies, CSCW, and Genre Studies

This paper examines how organizational documents and the notion of document work is conceptualized and theorized in the fields of Workplace Studies, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, and Genre Studies. In undertaking such an analysis, attention is drawn to the wider historical and intellectual traditions in which these fields emerged, as well as to the notable similarities and differences in their theoretical and conceptual approaches to studying documents and document work. In particular it is acknowledged that studying documents and document work is closely tied to an understanding of the concept and the nature of human action and interaction. In articulating the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of prior work in these areas, the goal is to provide researchers with an overview of relevant theories and concepts that will help more fully articulate and frame future document research.
Genetic and soil-nutrient effects on the abundance of herbivores on willow

The effects of soil-nutrient environment, plant genotype, and the interaction between the two on the resistance of the willow, Salix sericea, to insect species in a diverse herbivore community was measured. We found that soil-nutrient environment influenced plant growth and the abundance of most herbivores of S. sericea. However, environmental effects on herbivore abundance were often modified by plant genetics; the abundance of four of seven herbivores exhibited significant genotypeby-environment interaction effects. Pure genotype effects were mostly small and non-significant. The effects of fertilization differed among herbivores. Several herbivores were more abundant on fertilized plants, one was less abundant, and the abundance of others did not change. We found that feeding guild was a poor predictor of herbivore response. Finally we found significant phenotypic and genetic correlations among growth rate, internode length, and the abundances of several herbivores.
Phagocytosis of heterologous red cells in mice injected with isologous microsomes

Summary1. Parenteral administration to mice of homogenates, and particularly of microsomal fractions, prepared from isologous liver, spleen, or kidney, caused a significant reduction in hepatic and splenic uptake of subsequently injected Cr51-labeled sheep red cells. 2. These changes in r.e. phagocytosis were transient, but they were also observed at certain stages of long-term administration of the tissue fractions. 3. The biologic activity did not appear to be related to the N content of the substrates, but rather to the RNA content. 4. No untoward effects on the health of the mice were encountered, and the only gross changes attributable to the treatment were moderate increases in size of liver and spleen. 5. The possible significance of the changes in r.e. phagocytosis and their relationship to previous work have been discussed.
Thioridazine and its Metabolites in Post Mortem Blood, Including Two Stereoisomeric Ring Sulfoxides

Analysis of blood and liver (when available) was conducted on five post mortem cases in which the decedant had a history of ingestion of thioridazine. Thioridazine (thior) and its metabolites: mesoridazine, thioridazine-sidechain sulfoxide or thioridazine-2-sulfoxide (T-S-SO); sulforidazine, thioridazine
An Emittance Scanner for Intense Low-Energy Ion Beams

An emittance scanner has been developed for use with low-energy H- ion beams to satisfy the following requirements: (1) angular resolution of ± 1/2 mrad, (2) small errors from beam space charge, and (3) compact and simple design. The scanner consists of a 10-cm-long analyzer containing two slits and a pair of electric deflection plates driven by a ±500-V linear ramp generator. As the analyzer is mechanically driven across the beam, the front slit passes a thin ribbon of beam through the plates. The ion transit time is short compared with the ramp speed; therefore, the initial angle of the ions that pass through the rear slit is proportional to the instantaneous ramp voltage. The current through the rear slit then is proportional to the phase-space density d2i/dxdx. The data are computer-analyzed to give, for example, rms emittance and phase-space density contours. Comparison of measured data with those calculated from a prepared (collimated) phase space is in good agreement.
MEASUREMENT AND MERITOCRACY: AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF IQ

Is intelligence a fit topic for intellectual history? The creation and institutionalization of IQ (the initials have become self-sufficient, and no longer stand for “intelligence quotient”) have been a favorite topic in the history of psychology, and have even achieved some standing in social histories of class, race, and mobility, especially in the United States. The campaign to quantify intelligence tended to remove it from the domain of intellectual history, which after all has traditionally emphasized ideas and interpretations. Measurement, and not alone of the mind, was pursued as a way to rein in the intellect by making it more rigorous. What was pushed out the door, however, returned through the window in the form of debates about what intelligence means; in what sense and with what tools it can be measured; and how these measures relate to other ways of comprehending mind, thought, and reason. Quantification, a potent strategy for releasing science from the grip of history, is itself profoundly historical, as a half-century of modern scholarship has demonstrated. This historicizing of the antihistorical embodies what we may call counterreflexivity, and, as such, is partly about puncturing illusions, though it need not take a negative view of the social role of science. The perspective of history is all the more essential because the depoliticization of merit through science entails a consequential moral and political choice. Measurement, by rationalizing and stabilizing the idea of intelligence, enabled it more readily to enter everyday discourse and to be put to work in schools, businesses, and bureaucracies.