cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid and focal loss of negative charge associated with mononuclear cell infiltration early in nephrotoxic serum nephritis

Glomeruli were examined early in the heterologous phase of nephrotoxic (Masugi) nephritis, induced by a single injection of rabbit antirat kidney serum (NTS), to determine whether a temporal relationship existed between loss of negative charge and proteinuria. The proteinuria associated with the heterologous phase (within 24 hours) has been shown to coincide with the binding of rabbit antibody to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) [1–6]. Kuhn et al have described a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltrate at the earliest time period studied, 3 hours [7]. Schreiner et al [8], in a model of nephrotoxic nephritis resembling the later, or autologous phase, demonstrated a mononuclear (MN) cell infiltrate, resembling monocytes, in the glomerulus and proposed a role for cell-mediated immunity in experimental glomerulonephritis. In a preliminary communication, we have demonstrated a MN cell infiltrate, resembling lymphocytes, 0.5 hour following NTS administration [9].
Nitrosylation of ISG15 Prevents the Disulfide Bond-mediated Dimerization of ISG15 and Contributes to Effective ISGylation

The expression of the ubiquitin-like molecule ISG15 (UCRP) and protein modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) are strongly activated by interferon, genotoxic stress, and pathogen infection, suggesting that ISG15 plays an important role in innate immune responses. Inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) is induced by the similar stimuli as ISG15 and enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic free radical with antipathogen activity. Here, we report that cysteine residues (Cys-76 and -143 in mouse, Cys-78 in human) of ISG15 can be modified by NO, and the NO modification of ISG15 decreases the dimerization of ISG15. The mutation of the cysteine residue of ISG15 to serine improves total ISGylation. The NO synthase inhibitor S-ethylisothiourea reduces endogenous ISGylation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of iNOS enhanced total ISGylation. Together, these results suggest that nitrosylation of ISG15 enhances target protein ISGylation. This is the first report of a relationship between ISGylation and nitrosylation.
505 SOYBEAN LECTIN & SOYASAPONINS COOPERATIVELY STIMULATE THE PENETRATION OF GLYCININ IN RABBIT JEJUNAL EPITHELIUM

We have shown that soybean lectin (SBL) enhances the lysis of rabbit RBC (R-RBC) by soyasaponins (SAP). Furthermore, SBL, SAP & glycinin (GLY) formed complexes which markedly modified their individual effects on the R-RBC membrane. In this study, we investigated the effect of SBL and SAP on the penetration of GLY through rabbit jejunal epithelium in vitro. Mucosal explants were incubated (1h) with SBL, SAP & (125I)GLY then maintained in organ culture medium containing (3H)thymidine and (14C) leucine for 6h. As shown above, DNA and protein synthesis were not affected by SEL or SAP. The stimulation of mucosal (125I)GLY uptake by SBL-SAP was greater than their added individual effects. We are considering two different mechanisms to explain the cooperative effect of SBL and SAP on (125I)GLY penetration: 1) SBL aggregates receptors and destabilizes the enterocyte apical membrane making it more vulnerable to SAP lysis, or 2) SBL binds to galactoside both in the membrane and in SAP and causes conformational changes around the membrane receptor that enhance SAP lysis. Either would lead to passive leak of (125I)GLY through the altered membrane.
A reexamination of cleavage patterns in eutherian mammalian eggs: Rotation of blastomere pairs during second cleavage in the rabbit

The pattern of cleavage was examined during second and third furrowing of the rabbit egg. Two-cell eggs, collected just prior to onset of second cleavage, were continuously observed in a culture chamber, which was kept at 37 degrees C. Semi-cinematographic techniques were used to photograph progressive stages of cleavage. It was demonstrated that the pattern of cleavage in the rabbit differs from that in the sea urchin, because the blastomeres at the 4-cell stage are arranged crosswise in the former, while they are situated next to each other in the latter. The crosswise arrangement of the blastomeres in the rabbit at the 4-cell stage is a consequence of a 90 degree rotation of the polar axis in one hemisphere of the egg. Subsequently, due to the rotation of the original polar axis in one hemisphere, the third cleavage plane through one half of the egg is transverse to the third cleavage plane through the other half. Evidence is provided to show that the cross wise configuration of blastomeres at the 4-cell stage occurs in other eutherian mammals. It is proposed that this rotational cleavage pattern be recognized as distinct from those of radial, spiral and bilateral.
Single Particle Energies in the Theory of Nuclear Matter

The excitation spectrum of real and virtual excitations is discussed from the point of view of the perturbation series expansion. The effect of the rearrangement energy terms in the single-particle virtual excitation spectrum is evaluated and seen to be very small. It is also noted that the virtual particle energies are real due to the effects of off-energy-shell propagation.Starting from the reaction matrix approximation for the ground state energy, the energies of real particle and hole excitations are defined which satisfy the separation energy theorem. It is shown that the energies so defined depend on an infinite sequence of terms giving the rearrangement energy for multiple excitations. Appropriate termination and evaluation of this series are discussed.
Characteristics of Illinois night shift work pharmacists.

Abstract Background Certain pharmacy sectors including 24-h community retailers and hospitals usually divide work schedules by shifts such as daytime, evening, and night shifts. The pharmacy literature dealing with the various types of alternative work schedules has not addressed the pharmacy night shift workforce specifically. Objective To obtain baseline information on night shift work pharmacists through analysis of the Illinois Pharmacist Compensation Survey 2005. Methods The biennial Pharmacist Compensation Survey, a 4-page self-administered questionnaire, was mailed in late 2005 to a random sample of pharmacists residing in Illinois, United States of America. Pharmacists who indicated that their gross base earnings included a shift differential were classified as shift work pharmacists. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and t tests were used to compare shift work pharmacists to nonshift work pharmacists. An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Results In Illinois, pharmacists receiving shift work differential pay were more likely to be women staff hospital pharmacists who work fewer weeks per year. Also, they spent significantly less time on business management activities and functions other than consultation, drug management, and dispensing. Conclusions Night shift workers in pharmacy might be different from the nationwide shift workforce. Understanding the characteristics that best describe shift work pharmacists might help employers better tailor their recruitment efforts for this type of schedule.
Acid hydrolases in normal and diseased human muscle

The activities of acid phosphatase and β-acetylglucosaminidase in muscles from normal persons and from patients with various muscular and neuromuscular diseases have been determined. They are normal in all minimally abnormal muscles irrespective of their different disease etiologies. Increased amounts of these enzymes are only found in the severely deranged muscles obtained from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, other dystrophies, polymyositis, spinal muscular atrophy and in other myopathies. These results suggest that these enzymes are involved in muscle degeneration in humans.
Concentrations of DDT in Landlocked Salmon (Salmo salar) at Sebago Lake, Maine

Abstract A decline of the sport fishery for salmon has been associated with the application of DDT to control human insect pests around the shores of Sebago Lake. The average DDT contents of 10-salmon samples collected in 1962, 1963, and 1964 were 1.1, 3.2, and 1.8 ppm by total wet weight. Salmon belonging to age group III had average DDT contents of 1.2 ppm; age group IV, 8.0 ppm; and age group V, 8.8 ppm. Ovaries of III-year-old salmon had 0.87 ppm of DDT, while ovaries from IV- and V-year-olds had 6.0 ppm DDT. Data also include results of DDE assays and calculated DDT concentrations in the fat. DDT concentrations found in small samples of lake chubs, common shiners, smallmouth bass, American smelt, lake white-fish, and brook trout are also reported.
The role of sea urchins in mediating fish predation on a commensal isopod (Crustacea: Isopoda)

Abstract Colidotea rostrata (Benedict, 1898) is a common isopod in low intertidal areas of the southwestern U.S.A. and Baja California, Mexico. This isopod is an obligate commensal, living on and mimicking the color of two Pacific coast sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimpson and S. franciscanus Agassiz. Fish stomach analyses and a field caging experiment indicate that, although C. rostrata is preyed upon by fishes, fish predation has little effect on natural populations of this isopod. Most isopods escape detection due to their cryptic nature and, if detected, are protected from predators by an urchin spine response. In the laboratory, more isopods occur on the exposed aboral regions of urchins during nighttime hours than during daylight. This diurnal behavior may be an indirect antipredator response, since cryptic isopods are less visible to visual predators at night. Laboratory predator inclusion experiments reveal that urchins significantly reduce fish predator success on C. rostrata , regardless of host urchin species or size. Isopods escape predation better on larger urchins than on smaller urchins, although predator success is not affected by spine length in itself. Urchins provide C. rostrata with an important refuge from fish predation. This protection is mediated by several factors, including cryptic coloration, isopod behavior, urchin behavior, urchin size, and predator foraging behavior.
Numerical analysis of integrated optical switches/modulators : performance versus optical losses

A few major schemes for all-optical switching/modulation is considered and the comparison of the values of nonlinear index change required for the device operation is presented. Each design is assumed to be optimized to meet the requirement for insertion losses of 1 dB (about 80% transmission or reflectance depending on the geometry of the device) and the switching contrast of 10 dB. A number of numerical results of transmission and reflectance in those devices are proposed in this paper. The advantage of the design of optimized integrated optical switchers/modulators with losses include extremely low switching refractive index change (delta) n. In addition, we suggest one new optimized design based on Bragg grating.
Experimental Study of the Effects of Surface Roughness on Friction

Experimental verification of lubrication theories for surface roughness effects is lacking. We have conducted an experimental study using riblet tapes to generate repeatable surfaces on the test samples. A computer-assisted pin-on-disk tribometer was developed to measure the friction of the test samples. To study the effects of roughness height and lay orientation on friction, machined samples and. samples with different riblet tapes mounted longitudinally and transversely were tested. Our results show that lower roughness height yields lower friction, and that transverse roughness has lower friction than longitudinal roughness. The surface roughness effects become increasingly significant as the film thickness decreases. These findings substantiate earlier theoretical studies. A flow visualization system for the tribometer was also developed to observe flow characteristics of different surface roughnesses. Presented at the 35th STLE/ASME Tribology Conference In Fort Lauderdale, Florida October 16–19, 1989
Remedies for breach of contract under the CISG

In this essay, I survey the three main remedial categories of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) [specific performance, money damages, and goods-oriented remedies such as rejection and cure] from the vantage point of the economic literature on contract remedies, and discuss whether the rules set by the CISG are economically suitable for the particular transactions it governs—that is, long-distance and cross-border transactions, which are characterized by a different configuration of relative transaction costs than purely domestic exchanges. The central theoretical premise of the essay that is that while the economically optimal arrangement with respect to contract remedies is a second-best matter about which it is difficult to generalize, it is possible to draw some distinctions between long-distance and short-distance transactions and between in-border and crossborder transactions, and to develop generalizations about which remedies are relatively best suited to which contracts. A subsidiary premise is that CISG remedial rules are only default rules; and that private parties engaging in these transactions can and should contract into the remedial arrangements that are best suited to their particular arrangements. At the end of the paper, I draw some comparisons to issues raised by the burgeoning practice of electronic contracting.
Electrospun Teflon AF fibers for superhydrophobic membranes

Superhydrophobic membranes have the potential to protect devices from incidental exposure to water. This paper reports on the processing of Teflon AF fluoropolymers through electrospinning. Teflon AF is difficult to electrospin due to its low dielectric constant and the low dielectric constants of the liquids in which it is soluble. The two approaches that have been utilized to produce fibers are direct electrospinning in Novec engineering liquids and core-shell electrospinning. Both methods produced superhydrophobic membranes. Fibers with an average diameter of 290 nm and average water contact angle of 151° were obtained by core-shell electrospinning. One suggested application for electrospun superhydrophobic membranes is the lithium-air battery.
Who pays for climate mitigation? An empirical investigation on the distributional effects of climate policy in the housing sector

Abstract International agreements have led to an increase of national climate policies. The selection and analysis of policy instruments are mainly oriented at their technical effectiveness and financial feasibility while social sustainability plays a minor role. As a consequence, the impact of climate policies on individuals’ life situation is largely unknown even though the design of these policies suggests effects on national and international patterns of income inequality. Focusing on the residential sector, this paper investigates how national climate policy strategies affect the relationship between income and utility costs of households within nation states. It is argued that the effect of climate policy on income inequality depends on the specific design of these policies. Market-based solutions of energy efficient housing insulation, for example, focus more on effectiveness and less on social justice. In contrast, financial benefits from regulatory climate policies like eco-taxes on fuel can be configured as an instrument for income-redistribution. This paper sets a link between environmental politics and social justice research in a multi-level approach focusing on inequalities in housing utility costs among socio-economic groups. The analysis is based on EU SILC data which is combined with climate policy instruments in the field of housing.
Subchronic inhalation of carbon nanofibers: No apparent cross-talk between local pulmonary and cardiovascular/systemic responses

Abstract Pulmonary exposures to air pollution-derived particulate matter (PM) may result in both activation of lung responses and adverse cardiovascular (CV) effects. This suggests a cross-talk relationship between local and systemic responses potentially leading to CV disease in humans. To test this hypothesis in a normal animal model, rats were exposed to aerosols of carbon nanofibers (CNF) for 13 weeks. The highest CNF concentration (25 mg/m 3 ) produced persistent respiratory tract (RT) inflammation/cytotoxicity throughout the exposure and 3-month recovery period, concomitant with translocation of inhaled CNF from airspace to extrapulmonary sites. The finding provided a basis for postulating that local RT effects could translocate to the systemic circulation, thereby producing CV alterations such as inflammation and/or coagulation changes. Therefore, assessments of cardiovascular endpoints such as cardiomyocyte cell proliferation (CP)/histopathology, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and 4 different diagnostic coagulation parameters, were investigated. No significant differences were measured between air or CNF-exposed rats when measuring fibrinogen levels, platelet counts, PT and aPTT bleeding times, and CRP levels. In addition, CP and histopathology evaluations were not different in CNF-exposed rats. Cardiac physiology and telemetry responses were not measured in this study. It was concluded that no apparent cross-talk was evident between local respiratory and systemic/cardiovascular compartments.
A delay model and speculative architecture for pipelined routers

This paper introduces a router delay model that accurately models key aspects of modern routers. The model accounts for the pipelined nature of contemporary routers, the specific flow control method employed the delay of the flow control credit path, and the sharing of crossbar ports across virtual channels. Motivated by this model, we introduce a microarchitecture for a speculative virtual-channel router that significantly reduces its router latency to that of a brown hole router. Simulations using our pipelined model give results that differ considerably from the commonly assumed 'unit-latency' model which is unreasonably optimistic. Using realistic pipeline models, we compare wormhole and virtual-channel flow control. Our results show that a speculative virtual-channel router has the same per-hop router latency as a wormhole router while improving throughput by up to 40%.
A 65nm dual-mode baseband and multimedia application processor SoC with advanced power and memory management

A Dual-mode baseband (W-CDMA/HSDPA and GSM/GPRS/EDGE) and multimedia application processor SoC is described. The SoC fabricated in triple-Vth 65nm CMOS has 3 CPU cores and 20 separate power domains to achieve both high performance and low power. The SoC adopts the Partial Clock Activation scheme that reduces power by 42% for long-time music replay. The IP-MMU is introduced to reduce maximum memory footprint by 43MB, sharing external memory among CPUs and HW-IPs using virtual address space that enables reuse of physically fragmented memory.
Experience extending VLSI design with mathematical logic

The growing demands for assurance of properties like correctness, safety, and security have led to the development of design methods using mathematical logic. These methods have broad application to hardware, software, and system design. Design based on mathematical logic offers the capability to relate structural descriptions with behavioral descriptions and properties. The challenge is to move these methods into mainstream engineering. This requires teaching mathematical logic in engineering courses which are directly applicable to engineering design. This paper describes how formal logic is included in the computer engineering curriculum at Syracuse University, our experience teaching formal logic to engineers, and how VLSI circuits have been fabricated by students using a formal development process.
Key canopy traits drive forest productivity

Quantifying the mechanistic links between carbon fluxes and forest canopy attributes will advance understanding of leaf-to-ecosystem scaling and its potential application to assessing terrestrial ecosystem metabolism. Important advances have been made, but prior studies that related carbon fluxes to multiple canopy traits are scarce. Herein, presenting data for 128 cold temperate and boreal forests across a regional gradient of 600 km and 5.4°C (from 2.4°C to 7.8°C) in mean annual temperature, I show that stand-scale productivity is a function of the capacity to harvest light (represented by leaf area index, LAI), and to biochemically fix carbon (represented by canopy nitrogen concentration, %N). In combination, LAI and canopy %N explain greater than 75 per cent of variation in above-ground net primary productivity among forests, expressed per year or per day of growing season. After accounting for growing season length and climate effects, less than 10 per cent of the variance remained unexplained. These results mirror similar relations of leaf-scale and canopy-scale (eddy covariance) maximum photosynthetic rates to LAI and %N. Collectively, these findings indicate that canopy structure and chemistry translate from instantaneous physiology to annual carbon fluxes. Given the increasing capacity to remotely sense canopy LAI, %N and phenology, these results support the idea that physiologically based scaling relations can be useful tools for global modelling.
Spatial dynamics and genetics of infectious diseases on heterogeneous landscapes.

Explicit spatial analysis of infectious disease processes recognizes that host–pathogen interactions occur in specific locations at specific times and that often the nature, direction, intensity and outcome of these interactions depend upon the particular location and identity of both host and pathogen. Spatial context and geographical landscape contribute to the probability of initial disease establishment, direction and velocity of disease spread, the genetic organization of resistance and susceptibility, and the design of appropriate control and management strategies. In this paper, we review the manner in which the physical organization of the landscape has been shown to influence the population dynamics and spatial genetic structure of host–pathogen interactions, and how we might incorporate landscape architecture into spatially explicit population models of the infectious disease process to increase our ability to predict patterns of disease occurrence and optimally design vaccination and control policies.
Inaccurate Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1C Measurements in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Positive Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Persistent differences in blood glucose and serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) measurements were observed in 4 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with diabetes mellitus, all of whom were taking drugs associated with hemolysis, which interferes with the reliability of HbA1C levels. Determination of fructosamine levels was a more accurate alternative for measuring average glycemic control in these patients.
Master–Slave Current-Sharing Control of a Parallel DC–DC Converter System Over an RF Communication Interface

Using analog wireless communication, we demonstrate a master-slave load-sharing control of a parallel dc-dc buck converter system, thereby eliminating the need for physical connection to distribute the control signal among the converter modules. The current reference for the slave modules is provided by the master module using radio-frequency (RF) transmission, thereby ensuring even sharing of the load current. The effect of delay due to RF transmission on system stability and performance is analyzed, and regions of operation for a stable as well as satisfactory performance are determined. We experimentally demonstrate a satisfactory performance of the master-slave converter at 20-kHz switching frequency under steady state as well as transient conditions in the presence of a transmission delay. The proposed control concept, which can potentially attain redundancy that is achievable using a droop method, may lead to more robust and reconfigurable control implementation of distributed converters and power systems. It may also be used as a (fault-tolerant) backup for wire-based control of parallel/distributed converters.
Optimal stack filtering and the estimation and structural approaches to image processing

Summary form only given. Two approaches have been used in the past to design rank-order-based nonlinear filters to enhance or restore images: the structural approach and the estimation approach. The first approach requires structural descriptions of the image and the process which has altered it, whereas the second required statistical descriptions. The many different classes of rank-order-based filters that have been developed over the last few decades have been reviewed in the context of these two approaches. One of these filter classes, stack filters, has been investigated. These filters, which are defined by a weak superposition property and an ordering property, contain all compositions of 2D rank-order operations. The recently developed theory of minimum-mean-absolute-error (MMAE) stack filtering has been extended to two dimensions. A theory of optimal stack filtering under structural constraints and goals has been developed for the structural approach to image processing. These two optimal stack filtering theories have been combined into a single design theory for rank-order-based filters. >
Effective attenuation anisotropy of thin-layered media

One of the well-known factors responsible for the anisotropy of seismic attenuation is interbedding of thin attenuative layers with different properties. Here, we apply Backus averaging to obtain the complex stiffness matrix of an effective medium formed by an arbitrary number of anisotropic, attenuative constituents. Unless the intrinsic attenuation is uncommonly strong, the effective velocity function is controlled by the real-valued stiffnesses (i.e., independent of attenuation) and can be determined from the known equations for purely elastic media. Attenuation analysis is more complicated because the attenuation parameters are influenced by the coupling between the real and imaginary parts of the stiffness matrix. The main focus of this work is on effective transversely isotropic models with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) that include isotropic and VTI constituents. Assuming that the stiffness contrasts, as well as the intrinsic velocity and attenuation anisotropy, are weak, we develop explicit first...
Far ultraviolet spectroscopy of (non-magnetic) cataclysmic variables

Abstract HST and FUSE have provided high signal-to-noise, high-resolution spectra of a variety of cataclysmic variables and have allowed a detailed characterization of FUV emission sources in both high and low states. Here, I describe how this has advanced our understanding of non-magnetic CVs. In the high state, the FUV spectra are dominated by disk emission that is modified by scattering in high and low velocity material located above the disk photosphere. Progress is being made towards reproducing the high-state spectra using kinematic prescriptions of the velocity field and new ionization and radiative transfer codes. In conjunction with hydrodynamical simulations of the outflows, accurate estimates of the mass loss rates and determination of the launching mechanism are likely forthcoming. In quiescence, the FUV spectra reveal contributions from the WD and the disk. Quantitative analyses have lead to solid measurements of the temperatures and abundances of a number of WDs in CVs, and of a determination of the response of the WD to an outburst. Basic challenges exist in terms of understanding the other components of the emission in quiescence, however, and these are needed to better understand the structure of the disk and the physical mechanisms resulting in ongoing accretion in quiescence.
History of magnetorheological finishing

Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a deterministic method for producing complex optics with figure accuracy <50 nm and surface roughness <1 nm. MRF was invented at the Luikov Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer in Minsk, Belarus in the late 1980s by a team led by William Kordonski. When the Soviet Union opened up, New York businessman Lowell Mintz was invited to Minsk in 1990 to explore possibilities for technology transfer. Mintz was told of the potential for MRF, but did not understand whether it had value. Mintz was referred to Harvey Pollicove at the Center for Optics Manufacturing of the University of Rochester. As a result of their conversation, they sent Prof. Steve Jacobs to visit Minsk and evaluate MRF. From Jacobs' positive findings, and with support from Lowell Mintz, Kordonski and his colleagues were invited in 1993 to work at the Center for Optics Manufacturing with Jacobs and Don Golini to refine MRF technology. A "preprototype" finishing machine was operating by 1994. Prof. Greg Forbes and doctoral student Paul Dumas developed algorithms for deterministic control of MRF. In 1996, Golini recognized the commercial potential of MRF, secured investment capital from Lowell Mintz, and founded QED Technologies. The first commercial MRF machine was unveiled in 1998. It was followed by more advanced models and by groundbreaking subaperture stitching interferometers for metrology. In 2006, QED was acquired by and became a division of Cabot Microelectronics. This paper recounts the history of the development of MRF and the founding of QED Technologies.
An Asymmetry Between Memory Encoding and Retrieval Revelation, Generation, and Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Transfer-appropriate-processing accounts of memory emphasize the similarity of encoding and retrieval processes, and imply that experimental manipulations should have similar effects on encoding and retrieval. Exceptions to this expectation are thus of great interest, but extant exceptions (produced by studies using divided attention, alcohol, and benzodiazepines) are debatable, single dissociations between encoding and retrieval. The present experiments demonstrate a reversed dissociation, in which the same variable produced opposite effects when implemented at encoding and retrieval. At encoding, participants either solved anagrams of study words or read intact study words. At retrieval, participants likewise solved anagrams or read intact words prior to making recognition memory judgments. Compared with reading intact words, solving anagrams at encoding enhanced later recognition accuracy, whereas solving anagrams at test impaired accuracy. These results were obtained with old/new decisions (Experiment 1) and with confidence ratings (Experiment 2).
Learning Awareness, Student Engagement, and Change: A Transformation in Leadership Development

Abstract In this study, the authors tested a revised teaching-learning instructional model for implementing a consumer-centric approach to leadership development. Significant segments of the model included mutual interdependency, reflective learning, and required student engagement. Results of the test indicate that students perceive self-discovery learning through real-life leadership scenarios as an effective way to acquire knowledge about leadership. Students are capable of connecting the activities that they performed during the change process with leadership theory, principles, and practices that they learned at a later date.
Classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases at a glance

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family is important to nearly all aspects of cell and tissue biology and central to human cancer, diabetes and aging. PI3Ks are spatially regulated and multifunctional, and together, act at nearly all membranes in the cell to regulate a wide range of signaling, membrane trafficking and metabolic processes. There is a broadening recognition of the importance of distinct roles for each of the three different PI3K classes (I, II and III), as well as for the different isoforms within each class. Ongoing issues include the need for a better understanding of the in vivo complexity of PI3K regulation and cellular functions. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster summarize the biochemical activities, cellular roles and functional requirements for the three classes of PI3Ks. In doing so, we aim to provide an overview of the parallels, the key differences and crucial interplays between the regulation and roles of the three PI3K classes.
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Emerging Concepts in Pathobiology, Radiology, and Clinical Evolution of Disease

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is an uncommon disorder of adult smokers associated with a significant morbidity. Arising from the aberrant accumulation of Langerhans and other immune cells, PLCH tends to cause a relatively isolated pulmonary involvement as compared to other forms of Langerhans cell (LC) and histiocytic disorders. Increased knowledge of cytokine triggers, dendritic cell trafficking, and clonality of LC populations in PLCH have resulted in an improved understanding of the pathobiology of PLCH. High-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest has led to better appreciation of nodular and cystic radiographic abnormalities characteristic of the disease. Correlation of HRCT abnormalities with lung pathologic changes has led to an improved comprehension of clinical evolution of PLCH. Current clinical predictors for PLCH outcomes remain poor, although long-term follow-up and radiologic monitoring may help to define disease progression. This review discusses advances in PLCH emphasizing the etiopathologic bases of the disease and currently available radiologic modalities for monitoring disease progression.
Intracellular Signalling: New directions for phosphatidylinositol transfer

Newly revealed properties of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein help to explain the cellular targeting of lipids involved in signal transduction, and indicate that inositol lipids play a part in directing membrane traffic.
A variable duration acoustic segment HMM for hard-to-recognize words and phrases

The authors consider how hidden Markov models (HMM) can be modified to accommodate a segment-based representation, and how word and subword models can be combined to improve recognition performance. The investigation is conducted within the context of a system that attempts to spot confusable words and phrases in the VOYAGER continuous speech corpus. Specifically, the authors describe how segments of varying duration are determined such that measurements for estimating the model parameters can be made on these segments. The word-spotting system is also described in detail. >
Green-Schwarz string action on AdS 3 × S 3 with Ramond-Ramond charge

We derive the classical [kappa]-symmetric type IIB string action on AdS[sub 3][times]S[sup 3] by employing the SU(1,1[vert bar]2)[sup 2] algebra. We then gauge fix the [kappa] symmetry in the background adapted Killing spinor gauge and present the action in a very simple form. [copyright] [ital 1999] [ital The American Physical Society]
Governance Informatics: Managing the Performance of Inter-Organizational Governance Networks

This article introduces an informatics approach to managing the performance of interorganizational governance networks that are designed to create, implement and evaluate public policies and the range of activities undertaken by practicing public administrators. We label this type of information flow process management “governance informatics” and lay out a range of theoretical constructs that may be used to collect, categorize, and analyze performance in interorganizational governance networks. We discuss how governance informatics may be able to assess and re-design the accountability and transparency regimes of information flows in interorganizational governance networks. The integration of a governance informatics-driven performance management system into an existing regional transportation planning network is presented as an application of the framework.
Dysregulation of protein methyltransferases in human cancer: An emerging target class for anticancer therapy

Protein methylation is one of the important post-translational modifications. Although its biological and physiological functions were unknown for a long time, we and others have characterized a number of protein methyltransferases, which have unveiled the critical functions of protein methylation in various cellular processes, in particular, in epigenetic regulation. In addition, it had been believed that protein methylation is an irreversible phenomenon, but through identification of a variety of protein demethylases, protein methylation is now considered to be dynamically regulated similar to protein phosphorylation. A large amount of evidence indicated that protein methylation has a pivotal role in post-translational modification of histone proteins as well as non-histone proteins and is involved in various processes of cancer development and progression. As dysregulation of this modification has been observed frequently in various types of cancer, small-molecule inhibitors targeting protein methyltransferases and demethylases have been actively developed as anticancer drugs; clinical trials for some of these drugs have already begun. In this review, we discuss the biological and physiological importance of protein methylation in human cancer, especially focusing on the significance of protein methyltransferases as emerging targets for anticancer therapy.
Application of B-bar monitoring index in rehabilitation of the 18th seawall in Jordan

Rehabilitation of the 18th seawall in Jordan was a project based on soft foundation.The original seawall was out of operation because of great settlement.As the special geological conditions,the foundation stability was a key part in construction.This paper introduced the application of B-bar monitoring index in the rehabilitation,which was used as guidance for rehabilitation process,worthy reference.
Current Outcomes of Surgical Management of Aortopulmonary Window and Associated Cardiac Lesions

Background Aortopulmonary window (APW) is a rare congenital defect that is often associated with other cardiac lesions. We analyzed our operative strategy to determine whether this had any relationship with outcomes. Methods Early and late outcomes of 40 children who underwent APW repair at our institution during a 20-year period (1994 to 2013) were analyzed. Results Median age at time of the operation was 22 days (interquartile range, 9 to 63 days), and median weight was 3.2 kg (interquartile range, 2.5 to 3.8 kg). Eleven patients (28%) were born prematurely at or before 36 weeks' gestation, and 10 (25%) had genetic/extracardiac malformations. Mean APW size was 0.84 ± 0.28 cm, and by the Mori classification was type I in 17 patients (43%), type II in 18 (45%), and type III in 5 (13%). Twenty-five patients (63%) had simple APW, with no associated cardiac lesions other than atrial septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus, whereas 15 (38%) had complex APW with one or more associated lesions, including interrupted aortic arch (n = 6), ventricular septal defect (n = 6), or other (n = 5). There were no hospital or late deaths. Four patients required cardiac reoperations, 3 of whom had interrupted aortic arch. The 10-year freedom from cardiac reoperation was 100% for simple APW vs 73% for complex APW ( p = 0.008), with 75% of reoperations related to aortic obstruction. Age, weight, prematurity, extracardiac anomalies, APW size and type, and APW repair technique were not associated with reoperation risk. Conclusions Current outcomes of early repair of APW are excellent, including infants with complex associated cardiac lesions. Compared with historic results, contemporary outcomes are favorable, supporting early and complete repair of APW and associated lesions. Cardiac reoperation can be required in complex APW, mainly with concomitant arch repair, and is usually related to aortic obstruction.
Generation of general and tissue-specific gene knockout mouse models

Knockout technology has established the functions of many genes affecting plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and the development of atherosclerosis. However, many genes remain to be characterized. The ability to produce mice lacking whole-body expression of a given gene is still one of the most powerful techniques available for determining gene function. A complementary approach, underutilized yet vitally important to understanding lipoprotein metabolism, is the ability to create mice with gene deficiency only in a specific tissue. Liver, intestine, and macrophages are the major tissues and cells involved in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, and additional tissues such as adipose tissue and brain are also of interest. Thus, feasible approaches to prepare general and tissue-specific gene knockout mouse models are necessary. Here, we describe our general procedure for generating whole-body knockout mice, using as an example the preparation of general (whole-body) phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) gene knockout mice. We also describe several approaches to generating liver, intestine, and myeloid cell-specific tissue-specific knockout mice, using as an example the preparation of tissue-specific knockout mice for the subunit 2 of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), a key enzyme for sphingomyelin de novo synthesis. Bone marrow transplantation is an alternative means of creating myeloid cell-specific knockout mice. The general principles and techniques described here apply to the establishment of other gene knockout mouse models as well. The ability to manipulate gene expression in specific tissues as well as throughout the entire body of the mouse is anticipated to yield novel insights into lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis.
Interpersonal Techniques: The Crux of Psychiatric Nursing

The time is past when a nurse could become, in one lifetime, an expert in all clinical areas. Advances in all fields of knowledge and within nursing science itself point to the inevitability of clinical specialization.
Faith and Science

Why do faith and science often seem to be in conflict? Is such conflict necessary? Past confrontations such as those involving Galileo are now acknowledged as unnecessary. Will current confrontations also seem unnecessary 350 years from now? This essay is based on a talk given in 1983 on the occasion of the discourse of His Holiness Pope John Paul II for the Inauguration of the Symposium organized for the 350th Anniversary of the publication of the book by Galileo Galilei entitled Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo. It is gratifying to hear the courageous and thoughtful discourse of His Holiness for the inauguration of this symposium organized on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of the publication of the book by Galileo Galilei entitled Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo. To address ourselves to those issues producing unnecessary confrontation between science and faith in the spirit so movingly expressed by John Paul, to follow the wish of Saint Robert Bellarmine “that useless tensions and harmful rigidities between faith and science be avoided,” we must turn our attention to current propositions that produce controversy. Today these are often biological: such questions as the origin of intellect, the nature of consciousness, the meaning of soul, the construction from ordinary materials of the special entity that is ourselves and the definition of life itself.
A multi matrix-processor core architecture for real-time image processing SoC

This paper describes a real time image processing SoC (MX-SoC) with programmable multi matrix -processor (MX-core) architecture. The MX-SoC has three MX-cores, host-CPU, and I/O peripheral modules. An unit MX-core is a massively parallel (1024) flexible SIMD processor based on the matrix architecture. The MX-SoC, which can perform the image processing of CCD camera, is implemented on 90nm low power CMOS process technology and can operate at 162 MHz under the worst condition. A novel parallel pixel data processing algorithm, and multi task execution suitable for multi MX-core processing can achieve 30 frame/sec image processing. This performance is 30 times faster than general purpose CPU solution. The MX-SoC with multi MX-core architecture can realize the software solution of real time image processing application field.
Do Crowd Out Effects Differ in Recession and Non-recession Periods?

This chapter reexamines models previously tested to determine if results of stimulus programs net of crowd out are different in recessions than in non-recession periods. The 13 tests conducted in this chapter indicate they are not despite the decline in private borrowing in recessions, which theoretically should allow additional government borrowing without reducing what is available to meet now—lower private borrowing needs. But empirically, the study finds crowd out continues to occur. This appears to be because the pool of loanable funds declines as much or more than private loan demand. The monies available for private borrowing decline as much or more than the decline in private loan demand. This leaves the p crowd out effects of new deficit-financed stimulus programs as great as in non-recession periods.
Neuroscience: Intelligence in the Honeybee Mushroom Body.

Intelligence, in most people's conception, involves combining pieces of evidence to reach non-obvious conclusions. A recent theoretical study shows that intelligence-like brain functions can emerge from simple neural circuits, in this case the honeybee mushroom body.