cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herd life, lifetime production, and profitability of Viking Red-sired and Montbéliarde-sired crossbred cows compared with their Holstein herdmates.

The first 2 generations from a 3-breed rotation of the Viking Red (VR), Montbeliarde (MO), and Holstein (HO) breeds were compared with their HO herdmates in high-performance commercial herds in Minnesota. The designed study enrolled pure HO females in 2008 to initiate a comparison of 3-breed rotational crossbreds with their HO herdmates. Sires of cows were proven artificial insemination bulls selected for high genetic merit in each of the 3 breeds. The first-generation cows calved for a first time from 2010 to 2014 and had 376 VR × HO and 358 MO × HO crossbreds to compare with their 640 HO herdmates. The second-generation cows calved for a first time from 2012 to 2014 and had 109 VR × MO/HO and 117 MO × VR/HO crossbreds to compare with their 250 HO herdmates. Collection of data ceased on December 31, 2017, and all cows studied had the opportunity for 45 mo in the herd after first calving. Production of milk, fat, and protein (kg) during lifetimes of cows was estimated from test-day observations with best prediction. The lifetime profit function included revenue and cost. Revenue was from production, calves, and slaughter of cull cows. Costs included feed cost during lactation, lactating overhead cost, dry cow cost (including feed cost during dry periods), replacement cost, health treatment cost, insemination cost, fertility hormone cost, pregnancy diagnosis cost, hoof trimming cost, and carcass disposal cost. For individual cows with herd life longer than 45 mo after first calving, survival of cows was projected beyond 45 mo after first calving to estimate herd life, production, and profitability. The 2-breed crossbreds had +158 d longer herd life and the 3-breed crossbreds had +147 d longer herd life compared with their respective HO herdmates. Also, 12.4% of the 2-breed crossbreds died up to 45 mo after first calving compared with 16.3% of their HO herdmates. Furthermore, approximately 29% of both the 2-breed and 3-breed crossbreds lived beyond 45 mo after first calving compared with approximately 18% of their respective HO herdmates. On a lifetime basis, the 2-breed and 3-breed crossbreds provided +$122 and +$134, respectively, more cull cow revenue compared with their HO herdmates. For lifetime replacement cost, the 2-breed crossbreds did not differ from their HO herdmates; however, the 3-breed crossbreds had -$28 less lifetime replacement cost compared with their HO herdmates because of their younger age at first calving. The combined 2-breed crossbreds had +$0.473 (+13%) more daily profit (ignoring potential differences for feed efficiency) and the combined 3-breed crossbreds had +$0.342 (+9%) more daily profit compared with their respective HO herdmates. This resulted in +$173 more profit/cow annually for the combined 2-breed crossbreds and +$125 more profit/cow annually for the combined 3-breed crossbreds compared with their respective HO herdmates.
Thermophysical Properties of Two-Component Mixtures of n-Nonylbenzene or 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene with n-Hexadecane or n-Dodecane at 0.1 MPa: Experimentally Measured Densities, Viscosities, and Speeds of Sound and Molecular Packing Modeled Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

This work presents experimentally measured densities, viscosities, and speeds of sound and calculated bulk moduli of binary mixtures of a C15H25 aromatic compound (n-nonylbenzene or 1,3,5-triisopro...
Temperature Dependence of the γ/γ′ Interfacial Energy in Binary Ni–Al Alloys

Published data on the coarsening kinetics of γ′ (Ni3Al) precipitates in binary Ni–Al alloys aged at 12 temperatures ranging from 773 K to 1073 K are analyzed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the temperature dependence of the γ/γ′ interfacial free energy, σ. The data are analyzed using equations of the trans-interface-diffusion-controlled (TIDC) theory of coarsening, with temporal exponent n = 2.4. The results show that σ decreases with increasing temperature, T. A linear empirical equation is fitted to the data on σ vs T; it extrapolates to σ = 0 in the liquid region of the Ni–Al phase diagram, as it should do. A quantitative temperature-dependent transition radius, rtrans, is calculated; it depends on the product of the interface width and the ratio of the chemical diffusion coefficients in the γ phase and interface regions. Applying the TIDC coarsening equations to calculate σ is justified when the average radius, 〈r〉, satisfies the condition 〈r〉 < rtrans, which is valid for all the data used in the fit. The data on σ vs T are compared with theoretical predictions. The results are discussed in the context of previous work, as well as with values of σ obtained through analyses using the equations of traditional LSW coarsening kinetics, n = 3.
Optimal convex lifted sparse phase retrieval and PCA with an atomic matrix norm regularizer.

We present novel analysis and algorithms for solving sparse phase retrieval and sparse principal component analysis (PCA) with convex lifted matrix formulations. The key innovation is a new mixed atomic matrix norm that, when used as regularization, promotes low-rank matrices with sparse factors. We show that convex programs with this atomic norm as a regularizer provide near-optimal sample complexity and error rate guarantees for sparse phase retrieval and sparse PCA. While we do not know how to solve the convex programs exactly with an efficient algorithm, for the phase retrieval case we carefully analyze the program and its dual and thereby derive a practical heuristic algorithm. We show empirically that this practical algorithm performs similarly to existing state-of-the-art algorithms.
A novel intracranial exchange guidewire improves the navigation of various endovascular devices: An in vitro study of challenging situations.

ObjectiveNeuroendovascular procedures rely on successful navigation and stable access to the target vessel. The Stabilizer is a 300 cm long exchange wire with a 0.014 diameter and a soft, flexible ...
The Measurement of Human Aggression

Most social psychology textbooks include a chapter on aggression. The chapters typically begin with a discussion of the increase in the number of violent crimes and then proceed to present psychological research which purportedly explains human aggression. In this chapter I will examine the measures used in this research and comment on the relevance of these approaches to the understanding of the serious violent crime wave which has caused concern in most western countries. The crux of this issue is the definition and measurement of aggression.
The estimation of selection coefficients in Afrikaners: Huntington disease, porphyria variegata, and lipoid proteinosis

The effects of mutation, migration, random drift, and selection on the change in frequency of the alleles associated with Huntington disease, porphyria variegata, and lipoid proteinosis have been assessed in the Afrikaner population of South Africa. Although admixture cannot be completely discounted, it was possible to exclude migration and new mutation as major sources of changes in the frequency of these alleles by limiting analyses to pedigrees descendant from founding families. Calculations which overestimated the possible effect of random drift demonstrated that drift did not account for the observed changes in gene frequencies. Therefore these changes must have been caused by natural selection, and a coefficient of selection was estimated for each trait. For the rare, dominant, deleterious allele associated with Huntington disease, the coefficient of selection was estimated to be .34, indicating that this allele has a selective disadvantage, contrary to some recent studies. For the presumed dominant and probably deleterious allele associated with porphyria variegata, the coefficient of selection lies between .07 and .02. The coefficient of selection for the rare, clinically recessive allele associated with lipoid proteinosis was estimated to be .07. Calculations based on a model system indicate that the observed decrease in allele frequency cannot be explained solely on the basis of selection against the homozygote. Thus, this may be an example of a pleiotropic gene which has a dominant effect in terms of selection even though its known clinical effect is recessive.
Deoxynucleotide-polymerizing Enzymes of Calf Thymus Gland VII. REPLICATION OF HOMOPOLYMERS

Abstract Replication of polydeoxyadenylate and polydeoxythymidylate catalyzed by the high molecular weight DNA polymerase proceeds only in the presence of a complementary oligodeoxynucleotide. The oligodeoxynucleotide initiator chain must be greater than 6 nucleotides for poly(dA) replication and greater than 5 nucleotides for poly(dT) replication. The initiator oligonucleotide is incorporated into product chains. When a multiplicity of initiator chains are present (more than 1 per template) then several chains grow simultaneously on each template. The structure and molecular weight distribution of the products may be predicted from the initiator to template ratio.
RETHINKING THE RELEVANCE OF RACE FOR EARLY CHRISTIAN SELF-DEFINITION

The view that early Christians neither defined themselves nor were perceived in terms of race or ethnicity finds support in a broad spectrum of scholarly and popular thought.This article is revised from a lecture delivered in the New Testament and Early Christian Studies Lecture Series at the Harvard Divinity School on November 7, 2000. A fellowship in the Bunting Fellowship Program at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study this year has enabled me to write the book to which this article pertains. Caroline Johnson Hodge, Cathy Silber, Francesca Sawaya, Augusta Rohrbach, Lisa Herschbach, and especially Karen King offered valuable suggestions in the preparation of the piece. In addition, Bernadette Brooten, Francois Bovon, Ellen Aitken, Larry Wills, Yuko Taniguchi, and Adam Marlowe provided useful feedback on the lecture. I want to suggest, however, that ethnicity and race have in fact been central to formulations of early Christian self-definition—in two quite different ways, one historical and the other historiographic. First, ancient ideas about race and ethnicity were valuable for early Christians in their varying attempts to define Christianness; many early Christians defined themselves using ethnic reasoning, that is, by using language that their contemporaries would have understood as racial or ethnic. Second, modern ideas about race and ethnicity, as well as about religion, have also shaped understandings of early Christian self-definition but have led to the opposite conclusion—namely, that Christians, from the very beginning, viewed race as a form of human difference to be transcended or made irrelevant.
Computationally efficient image reconstruction via optimization for X-space MPI

Magnetic Particle Imaging (mpi) is a promising new modality that images only a magnetic tracer, commonly super-paramagnetic iron oxide (spio) nanoparticles [1, 2]. During data acquisition information about the dc component of the native image is lost, and must be recovered using some a priori knowledge such as image continuity and positivity [3,4]. One method of recovery uses convex optimization techniques to determine the dc offsets that match the a priori knowledge. This method produces excellent images but significant time and memory resources to perform.
Force Variability during Dexterous Manipulation in Individuals with Mild to Moderate Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting about 1-2% of the population over the age of 65. Individuals with PD experience gradual deterioration of dexterous manipulation for activities of daily living, however, current clinical evaluations are mostly subjective and do not quantify changes in dynamic control of fingertip force that is critical for manual dexterity. Thus, there is a need to develop clinical measures to quantify those changes with aging and disease progression. We investigated the dynamic control of fingertip forces in both hands of 20 individuals with PD (69.0 ± 7.4 years) using the Strength-Dexterity test. The test requires low forces (< 3N) to compress a compliant and slender spring prone to buckling. A maximal level of sustained compression is informative of the greatest instability the person can control, and thus is indicative of the integrity of the neuromuscular system for dexterous manipulation. Miniature sensors recorded fingertip force (F) during maximal sustained compressions. The force variability during sustained compression was quantified in two frequency bands: low (<4 Hz, F_LF) and high (4-12 Hz, F_HF). F_LF characterizes variability in voluntary fluctuations while F_HF characterizes variability in involuntary fluctuations including tremor. The more-affected hand exhibited significantly lower F and lower F_LF than those in the less-affected hand. The more-affected hand showed significant negative correlations between F_LF and the UPDRS motor scores for both total and hand-only, suggesting that greater force variability in the voluntary range was associated with less clinical motor impairment. We conclude the nature of force variability in the voluntary range during this dynamic and dexterous task may be a biomarker of greater motor capability/flexibility/adaptability in PD. This approach may provide a more quantitative clinical assessment of changes of sensorimotor control in individuals with PD.
Ion transport by heart mitochondria: XXVII. The relation of mercurial-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity to ion movements

Abstract The properties of a mercurial-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity have been examined in isolated beef heart mitochondria. The reaction differs from that induced by uncouplers in that it is associated with extensive ion uptake and osmotic swelling, is highly specific for K+ over Na+, and is enhanced by respiration. Evidence is presented which suggests that the following events can account for the observations: (1) The mercurial blocks the phosphate transporter so that phosphate hydrolyzed from ATP is trapped in the matrix. (2) This interior negative potential causes cations to move inward and swelling results. (3) Permeability to K+ but not to Na+ is enhanced greatly by the reaction of the mercurial with the membrane. The inward movement of K+ closely resembles that produced by valinomycin, in that it is accompanied by proton ejection into the medium and it rapidly establishes a condition in which ion gradients cannot be maintained. This marked increase in permeability may be related to the pH gradient and is manifest as additional passive swelling in the absence of sucrose and passive contraction when sucrose is present. A comparison of the kinetics of swelling and of ATP hydrolysis shows that the elevated rates of ATPase are correlated with this condition of high permeability. When a corresponding condition of high permeability to Na+ is established by treatment with gramicidin or EDTA, the mercurial-dependent ATPase is nearly as rapid in Na+ as in the K+ medium. It appears, therefore, that the K+ specificity resides at the level of membrane permeability and is not a feature of the ATPase reaction per se. (4) Respiration appears to affect the ATPase reaction by virtue of its ability to extrude ions from the matrix in the presence of the mercurial. p-Chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate causes a switch from respiration-dependent ion accumulation to respiration-dependent ion extrusion to occur. A model to explain these reactions is presented.
Deformation Microstructures and Mechanical Equations of State

Results of experiments involving various monotonic and cyclic deformation paths and annealing treatments are described. The results show that a state variable theory for constitutive behavior must be based on several independent parameters. Correlations which show that different mechanical responses may depend on the same state variables are discussed. TEM characterizations of the microstructures developed during the tests are reported. Some correlations between microstructure and mechanical behavior are shown, but other cases are reported where no correlation can be found.
Utilization of long chain fatty acids by rat liver: studies of the role of fatty acid binding protein.

Abstract To investigate the possible role of fatty acid binding protein (FABP) in the utilization of long chain fatty acids by rat liver we studied uptake and metabolic disposition of albumin-bound 14C-oleate by isolated rat liver cell suspensions, both under control conditions and in the presence of flavaspidic acid, a known inhibitor of fatty acid binding to FABP. In incubations lasting up to 4 min, 0.02 mM flavaspidic acid effected a modest but consistent, significant and reversible inhibition of oleate oxidation (22%), esterification of phospholipids (17%) and triglycerides (15%), and uptake (18%), but had no effect on O2 consumption, ATP concentration, or oxidation of acetate or octanoate. In a second series of experiments, the mechanism of these effects was investigated in cell-free systems by studying mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes involved in the initial stages of fatty acid utilization. In the presence of physiologic concentrations of partially purified FABP, the activities of these enzymes were significantly enhanced in response to small changes in FABP concentrations, and 0.02 mM flavaspidic acid was not inhibitory. Finally, FABP partially purified from rat liver cytosol was found to contain 38.4 nmol of endogenous long chain fatty acid/mg protein, a more than 25-fold enrichment relative to the 105,000 g supernatant. Of these endogenous FABP-associated fatty acids, 26% were accounted for by 18:2 and 23% by 20:4, a substantial enrichment in these essential polyunsaturates compared with whole homogenate and serum. These experiments show that a low concentration of flavaspidic acid inhibits hepatocyte utilization of oleate. It is suggested that flavaspidic acid interferes with the entry of fatty acids into oxidation and esterification pathways by inhibiting formation of the fatty acid-FABP complex. Although its possible role as a fatty acid "carrier" remains uncertain, FABP influences the activity of enzyme reactions in which fatty acid and fatty acid acyl CoA are substrates, is associated with large quantities of endogenous unsaturated fatty acids, and may be important in the utilization of fatty acids formed within the cell, de novo or by ester hydrolysis. These and other studies support the concept that FABP plays a broad role in the cellular economy of long chain fatty acids.
Using a fuzzy supervisor to optimize multiple criteria in redundant robots

Kinematically redundant robots are robots that have more degrees of freedom than necessary to complete a desired task. Traditionally, the extra degrees of freedom have been used to optimize a single criterion such as joint torques minimization, obstacle avoidance, or minimization of flexible base vibrations. Because these approaches do not consider hardware limitations such as joint and rate limits, optimizing a single criterion often leads to high joint velocities and instabilities. To overcome these problems, it has been suggested that multiple criteria be optimized. Although optimizing multiple criteria offers the possibility of stabilizing joint solutions, it is difficult to choose the required weights associated with each criterion. This paper presents results using a fuzzy logic supervisor to decide the relative importance of each criterion and compute time-varying weights.
Genetic Variation for Heat Tolerance in Primitive Cultivated Subspecies of Triticum turgidum L.

High temperature (heat) stress is a major constraint for the productivity of crops worldwide. Wheat (Triticum spp.) is particularly vulnerable to high temperature stress compared to other crops. The principal way to mitigate heat damage is to develop heat-tolerant varieties by identifying heat-tolerant germplasm and employing the tolerant lines in breeding programs. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic variation for heat tolerance in primitive cultivated subspecies of tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum L. (AABB genome) and to identify heat-tolerant genotypes. Thirty-eight tetraploid wheat accessions belonging to five subspecies collected from 19 countries were studied for heat tolerance in day/night temperatures of 36/30°C beginning at anthesis. Several lines were classified as heat-tolerant based on small reductions in seed number, single-kernel weight, and total grain weight, as well as slow chlorophyll degradation under heat stress. T. turgidum subsp. polonicum IG110572 from Alg...
Trends in mortality from COPD among adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND COPD imposes a large public health burden internationally and in the United States. The objective of this study was to examine trends in mortality from COPD among US adults from 1968 to 2011. METHODS Data from the National Vital Statistics System from 1968 to 2011 for adults aged ≥ 25 years were accessed, and trends in mortality rates were examined with Joinpoint analysis. RESULTS Among all adults, age-adjusted mortality rate rose from 29.4 per 100,000 population in 1968 to 67.0 per 100,000 population in 1999 and then declined to 63.7 per 100,000 population in 2011 (annual percentage change [APC] 2000-2011, −0.2%; 95% CI, −0.6 to 0.2). The age-adjusted mortality rate among men peaked in 1999 and then declined (APC 1999-2011, −1.1%; 95% CI, −1.4 to −0.7), whereas the age-adjusted mortality rate among women increased from 2000 to 2011, peaking in 2008 (APC 2000-2011, 0.4%; 95% CI, 0.0-0.9). Despite a narrowing of the sex gap, mortality rates in men continued to exceed those in women. Evidence of a decline in the APC was noted for black men (1999-2011, −1.5%; 95% CI, −2.1 to −1.0) and white men (1999-2011, −0.9%; 95% CI, −1.3 to −0.6), adults aged 55 to 64 years (1989-2011, −1.0%; 95% CI, −1.2 to −0.8), and adults aged 65 to 74 years (1999-2011, −1.2%; 95% CI, −1.6 to −0.9). CONCLUSIONS In the United States, the mortality rate from COPD has declined since 1999 in men and some age groups but appears to be still rising in women, albeit at a reduced pace.
Reexamination of the amino acid compositions of proteins from penaeid shrimp: failure to find uncommonly-high tryptophan levels

Abstract 1. 1. A soluble fraction and an insoluble fraction were isolated from cuticle-free tail tissue of Penaeus vannamei and their amino acid compositions compared to analogous fractions previously isolated from Penaeus setiferus by Thompson & Thompson ( Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 27 , 127–132 (1968); 35 , 471–477 (1970)) in which tryptophan contents of 119.3 and 190.4 residues/1000 were reported. 2. 2. The previously-reported tryptophan values are surprisingly high, because tryptophan is generally the least abundant amino acid in proteins. In this study, a maximum of 9.7 tryptophan residues/1000 were found. 3. 3. Extraction with 1 M NaCl followed by 0.5 M acetic acid solubilized 94% of the total protein but no hydroxyproline, indicating that shrimp collagen is uniformly insoluble, perhaps because of extensive cross-linking.
Design of a new power-efficient wireless sensor system for structural health monitoring

The present paper examines the architecture for a wireless structural health monitoring system for civil infrastructures. The primary objective of this architecture is the creation of a sensors network that is accurate, reliable, low cost, generic in form and easy to install and maintain. The key element of this architecture is a low power consumption multi-sensor modular unit. The paper summarizes the prototype design and implementation of the multi-sensor modular unit, using available technologies from the marketplace. The individual components are briefly presented and their selection criteria are discussed. The integrated prototype implementation is evaluated with multiple validation tests in a laboratory setting.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Titanium in ureyite: A substitution with vacancy

Solubility of Ti4+ in ureyite (cosmochlor, NaCrSi2O6) was experimentally studied at 1 atmosphere and ≈1000°C, using sodium disilicate as flux. Microprobe analyses indicate that at low titanium concentrations the substitution of titanium in ureyite is almost exclusively in the M1 site, coupled with a vacancy in the M2 site. At higher TiO2 contents, a small additional amount enters the tetrahedral site. If the solubility of titanium is similar in jadeite and acmite, the □TiSi2O6 substitution could contribute significantly to the vacancy content of natural titanium bearing omphacites.
Theoretical confirmation of the experimental Raman spectra of the lower-order diamondoid molecule: cyclohexamantane (C26H30)

Abstract The lower-order diamondoid hydrocarbon molecule, cyclohexamantane (C 26 H 30 ), has been recently isolated from distilled Gulf Coast petroleum. While the structure of C 26 H 30 has been confirmed through X-ray diffraction, mass spectroscopy, and 1 H/ 13 C NMR spectroscopy, its vibrational Raman spectra has only been identified through an indirect comparison with the experimental Raman spectra for adamantane and diamond. We used density-functional theory (DFT) to calculate a Raman spectra whose frequencies and relative intensities are in excellent agreement with the experimental Raman spectra for C 26 H 30 , thus providing direct vibrational proof of its existence.
TH-E-BRE-02: A Forward Scattering Approximation to Dose Calculation Using the Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation

Purpose: To investigate the use of the linear Boltzmann transport equation as a dose calculation tool which can account for interface effects, while still having faster computation times than Monte Carlo methods. In particular, we introduce a forward scattering approximation, in hopes of improving calculation time without a significant hindrance to accuracy. Methods: Two coupled Boltzmann transport equations were constructed, one representing the fluence of photons within the medium, and the other, the fluence of electrons. We neglect the scattering term within the electron transport equation, resulting in an extreme forward scattering approximation to reduce computational complexity. These equations were then solved using a numerical technique for solving partial differential equations, known as a finite difference scheme, where the fluence at each discrete point in space is calculated based on the fluence at the previous point in the particle's path. Using this scheme, it is possible to develop a solution to the Boltzmann transport equations by beginning with boundary conditions and iterating across the entire medium. The fluence of electrons can then be used to find the dose at any point within the medium. Results: Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations indicate that even simplistic techniques for solving the linear Boltzmannmore » transport equation yield expected interface effects, which many popular dose calculation algorithms are not capable of predicting. Implementation of a forward scattering approximation does not appear to drastically reduce the accuracy of this algorithm. Conclusion: Optimized implementations of this algorithm have been shown to be very accurate when compared with Monte Carlo simulations, even in build up regions where many models fail. Use of a forward scattering approximation could potentially give a reasonably accurate dose distribution in a shorter amount of time for situations where a completely accurate dose distribution is not required, such as in certain optimization algorithms.« less
When numbers get heavy: is the mental number line exclusively numerical?

The mental number line, with its left-to-right orientation of increasing numerical values, is often regarded as evidence for a unique connection between space and number. Yet left-to-right orientation has been shown to extend to other dimensions, consistent with a general magnitude system wherein different magnitudes share neural and conceptual resources. Such observations raise a fundamental, yet relatively unexplored, question about spatial-numerical associations: What is the nature of the information represented along the mental number line? Here we show that this information is not exclusive to number, simultaneously accommodating numerical and non-numerical magnitudes. Participants completed the classic SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) task while sometimes wearing wrist weights. Weighting the left wrist–thereby linking less and more weight to right and left, respectively–worked against left-to-right orientation of number, leaving no behavioral trace of the mental number line. Our findings point to the dynamic integration of magnitude dimensions, with spatial organization instantiating representational currency (i.e., more/less relations) shared across magnitudes.
Intellectual Status of Children with Sickle Cell Anemia.

Since severe illness can be expected to have differential effects on personality development and since sickle cell anemia may result in central neurologic deficits which could have intellectual and emotional consequences, we investigated intellectual and personality functioning in a sample of 19 children who had sickle cell anemia but no history of overt neurologic disorder. Each of the children was paired with the sibling closest in age. No significant differences between groups were found on any of the measures used, i.e.: total intelligence quotients, discrepancy between verbal and motor skills, figure drawings, or school grade placement. Our results suggest that sickle cell anemia in itself does not affect intellectual or psychologic functioning.
Sleep satiation: extended sleep in normal subjects.

Abstract The distribution of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was studied by allowing each subject to sleep until he was ready to terminate the night. This procedure provided data relevant to the three simple alternatives with regard to the nocturnal curve of REM sleep: (1) REM sleep is positively accelerated throughout the night; (2) REM sleep is negatively accelerated throughout the night; and (3) REM sleep is linearly related to total amount of sleep. The twenty-two subjects, all college students, slept for a combined total of 60 nights, averaging 578 min of sleep per night. In general, the findings were most consistent with the third alternative. Evidence pertaining to the possibility that a constant amount of REM sleep ( i.e. , dreaming) is required each night was negative.
Integration of preclinical and clinical data with pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to evaluate fexofenadine as a probe for hepatobiliary transport function.

Purpose The suitability of fexofenadine as a probe substrate to assess hepatobiliary transport function in humans was evaluated by pharmacokinetic modeling/simulation and in vitro/in situ studies using chemical modulators.
CONTEXT IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS

As the use of digital computers for instrumentation and control of safety-critical systems has increased, there has been a growing debate over the issue of whether probabilistic risk assessment techniques can be applied to these systems. This debate has centered on the issue of whether software failures can be modeled probabilistically. This paper describes a “context-based” approach to software risk assessment that explicitly recognizes the fact that the behavior of software is not probabilistic. The source of the perceived uncertainty in its behavior results from both the input to the software as well as the application and environment in which the software is operating. Failures occur as the result of encountering some context for which the software was not properly designed, as opposed to the software simply failing “randomly.” The paper elaborates on the concept of “error-forcing context” as it applies to software. It also illustrates a methodology which utilizes event trees, fault trees, and the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) to identify “error-forcing contexts” for software in the form of fault tree prime implicants.
A field guide to bacterial swarming motility

How bacteria regulate, assemble and rotate flagella to swim in liquid media is reasonably well understood. Much less is known about how some bacteria use flagella to move over the tops of solid surfaces in a form of movement called swarming. The focus of bacteriology is changing from planktonic to surface environments, and so interest in swarming motility is on the rise. Here, I review the requirements that define swarming motility in diverse bacterial model systems, including an increase in the number of flagella per cell, the secretion of a surfactant to reduce surface tension and allow spreading, and movement in multicellular groups rather than as individuals.
Partial Fuel Filling in Pulse Detonation Engines

Partial fuel filling in pulse detonation engines (PDEs) is a fuel-filling strategy in which only a part of the PDE tube is filled with a combustible mixture and the rest of the tube with a nonreactive mixture. The structures of the pressure waves in the flowfield in partially filled PDEs are illustrated in detail by systematic numerical simulations. The simulations show those pressure waves control the development of the flowfield and, hence, the thrust production of the PDE. Based on the pressure information from the simulations, performance analysis is also conducted. The analysis shows that for a fuel section of a given length the impulse increases with the length of the nonreactive section, eventually approaching an asymptotic value. Hence, the partial fuel filling in a PDE increases the fuel-based specific impulse I f sp, which represents an improvement in the fuel efficiency for air-breathing applications, similar to the benefit generated by the bypass air introduced in gas-turbine jet engines. However, it does carry a penalty of reducing the total-mixture-based specific impulse I m sp because less chemical energy is contained per unit volume. As a consequence, the total engine output from a PDE partially filled with the combustible mixture is lower compared to that from one fully filled with the combustible mixture. Lower I m sp also implies reduction in fuel efficiency for PDE rocket applications.
Testosterone-Induced Hypertension in the Rat

The effect of ACTH upon the inhibition of corticosteroidogenesis produced by treating rats with several synthetic adrogens has been evaluated. In experiments lasting about 2 weeks in which the simultaneous treatment with ACTH prevented the fall in adrenal weight due to the androgen therapy, corticosteroidogenesis measured in adrenal homogenates was still greatly reduced. Associated with the reduced production of corticosterone from progesterone there was a marked fall in the level of adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450. The fall in cytochrome P-450 was not prevented by simultaneous treatment with ACTH. Treatment of rats with all 3 androgens, 17α-methylandrostenediol, 17α-methyltestosterone and 11β-hydroxy- 17α-methyltestosterone, brought about the decrease in cytochrome P-450 levels, whereas when metyrapone, a nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of steroid 11β-hydroxylase, was given to rats for 6 weeks no change occurred in the level of adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450. These data suggest that thi...
Characterization of the Essential Activities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mtr4p, a 3′→5′ Helicase Partner of the Nuclear Exosome

Abstract Mtr4p belongs to the Ski2p family of DEVH-box containing proteins and is required for processing and degradation of a variety of RNA substrates in the nucleus. In particular, Mtr4p is required for creating the 5.8 S ribosomal RNA from its 7 S precursor, proper 3′-end processing of the U4 small nuclear RNA and some small nucleolar RNAs, and degradation of aberrant mRNAs and tRNAs. In these studies we have shown that Mtr4p has RNA-dependent ATPase (or dATPase) activity that is stimulated effectively by likely substrates (e.g. tRNA) but surprisingly weakly by poly(A). Using an RNA strand-displacement assay, we have demonstrated that Mtr4p can, in the presence of ATP or dATP, unwind the duplex region of a partial duplex RNA substrate in the 3′→5′ direction. We have examined the ability of Mtr4p to bind model RNA substrates in the presence of nucleotides that mimic the stages (i.e. ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free) of the unwinding reaction. Our results demonstrate that the presence of a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog allows Mtr4p to discriminate between partial duplex RNA substrates, binding a 3′-tailed substrate with 5-fold higher affinity than a 5′-tailed substrate. In addition, Mtr4p displays a marked preference for binding to poly(A) RNA relative to an oligoribonucleotide of the same length and a random sequence. This binding exhibits apparent cooperativity and different dynamic behavior from binding to the random single-stranded RNA. This unique binding mode might be employed primarily for degradation.
Prediction of adolescent aggression by childhood personality measures: A comparison of projective procedures, self‐report tests, and behavior ratings

Projective procedures, self-report measures, and teacher behavior ratings were compared as to which type of assessment best predicted adolescent aggressive behavior 6 years after they were administered. A questionnaire that assesses aggressive behavior was given to 125 adolescents in grades seven through twelve who had been administered a variety of projective, self-report, and teacher ratings of aggression 5 years earlier. Their parents were given the same questionnaire. Controlling for sex, age, and academic ability, the results indicated that children's scores on the projective measures predicted aggressive behaviors 5 years later. In addition, projective procedures were at least as valid as the other types of assessments in predicting aggressive behaviors. Results suggest that criticisms of projective procedures may be addressed with continued efforts to evaluate their validity.
Interaction of Testosterone and ACTH in the Regulation of Adrenal Corticosterone Secretion in the Male Rat

Testosterone administration to hypophysectomized male rats increased adrenal corticosterone secretion both in vitro and in vivo. Total steroid (blue tetrazolium + ) production was unaffected. Adrenal 5α-reductase activity was inhibited by testosterone. ACTH stimulated corticosterone and total steroid output and lowered reductase activity. Testosterone, when given in conjunction with ACTH, potentiated the effects of ACTH on corticosterone secretion and reductase activity but not on total steroid production. The data indicate that testosterone and ACTH can interact to stimulate corticosterone secretion in the rat. Adrenal 5α-reductase seems to be the common site of action for these effects. (Endocrinology 91: 1247, 1972)
Theory of reality

Bell's theorem is used to guide the formulation of a unified theory of reality that incorporates the basic principles of relativistic quantum theory.
Effect of short-term bile duct ligation on peripheral blood steroids, urinary PGE2 and the rate of sodium excretion in male rabbits.

Abstract 1. 1. Short-term bile duct ligation in male rabbits resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of sodium excretion after saline challenge (10 ml/kg/hr for 4 hr, P 2. 2. The reduction in the sodium excretory rate (14.3 ± 7.8 to 6.3 ± 5 μ-equiv/min, P 2 excretion (200.9 ± 174 to 731.8 ± 1039.8 pg/min, P 3. 3. Serum progesterone concentration increased (37.2 ± 15.6 to 119.2 ± 34.6 ng/dl, P
A process for comparing and interpreting differences in two benthic indices in New York Harbor

Often when various estuarine benthic indices disagree in their assessments of benthic condition, they are reflecting different aspects of benthic condition. We describe a process to screen indices for associations and, after identifying candidate metrics, evaluate metrics individually against the indices. We utilize radar plots as a multi-metric visualization tool, and conditional probability plots and receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate associations seen in the plots. We investigated differences in two indices, the US EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's benthic index for the Virginian Province and the New York Harbor benthic index of biotic integrity using data collected in New York Harbor and evaluated overall agreement of the indices and associations between each index and measures of habitat and sediment contamination. The indices agreed in approximately 78% of the cases. The New York Harbor benthic index of biotic integrity showed stronger associations with sediment metal contamination and grain size.
Lubrication of animal joints. iii. the effect of certain chemical alterations of the cartilage and lubricant

The coefficient of friction of dog ankle joints measured in vitro was found to be greatly affected by certain enzymatic treatments of bovine synovial mucin. Testicular hyaluronidase had no effect on its lubricating action even though it abolished the viscosity. By contrast, tryptic digestion destroyed the ability of the mucin to lubricate without reducing the viscosity. These observations indicate that a protein moiety is an intrinsic component of the mucin molecule; and that, together with an only partly polymerized hyaluronate, it is responsible for the mucin's function as a lubricant. The protein may serve as a prosthetic group for adsorption of the mucin onto the surface of the cartilage. Sodium heparin inhibited lubrication by the mucin. In mucin-free buffers, the pH and molarity of the lubricant bath altered both the friction and deformability of the cartilage. The change in friction was not consistently related to the change in deformability. The amphoteric effect of pH on the friction raises the possibility that electrostatic surface effects contribute to adhesive friction. Formalin made the cartilage rigid and increased the coefficient of friction. It did not, however, have much effect on the lubricating action of the mucin. A small number of pathological human synovial fluids were studied and found to lubricate as well or better than healthy bovine material.
“We Interrupt this Program to Show You a Bombing”: Children and Schools Respond to Televised War

(1996). “We Interrupt this Program to Show You a Bombing”: Children and Schools Respond to Televised War. Childhood Education: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 201-205.
Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter

Disruption of the mouse dopamine transporter gene results in spontaneous hyperlocomotion despite major adaptive changes, such as decreases in neurotransmitter and receptor levels. In homozygote mice, dopamine persists at least 100 times longer in the extracellular space, explaining the biochemical basis of the hyperdopaminergic phenotype and demonstrating the critical role of the transporter in regulating neurotransmission. The dopamine transporter is an obligatory target of cocaine and amphetamine, as these psychostimulants have no effect on locomotor activity or dopamine release and uptake in mice lacking the transporter.
Reliability assessment for a double-sided cooling power electronics module

The reliability assessment for a 10 kV, wire-bondless power electronics module with a double-sided cooling was investigated. A direct solder attachment was employed to minimize parasitic circuit elements and increase current handling capability as well as to enable double-sided cooling capability with mechanical robustness. Finite element simulations were performed to investigate the reliability of the power module in terms of the thermal, electrical and mechanical performance. To further enhance the high-voltage reliability, a polyamide imide (PAI) nano material as a high-voltage passivation was employed. Wire bondless power modules have been fabricated and passivated using the PAI hybrid nano material. These power modules were tested up to 10 kV.
Control of cell surface topography.

ACCORDING to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure1, surface proteins are free to diffuse in a lipid matrix and thus to assume a random or homogenous distribution over the cell surface. In support of this model it has been shown that the distribution of glycoprotein receptors for the plant lectin concanavalin A (con A) is random in all cell types studied. In a variety of living systems it has also become clear that surface elements can be induced by exogenous agents to assume a non-random or heterogeneous distribution; for example, in virus transformed cells con A induces a clustering of con A binding sites. Recently, we and others have shown that cellular components sensitive to colchicine alkaloids (microtubules and perhaps other structures with similar pharmacological specificities) can affect the topography of certain surface elements. We shall review here the experimental evidence for systems in which topographical heterogeneity of specific surface elements (lectin binding sites and membrane transport carriers) can be induced and can be altered by colchicine. We shall then advance a general hypothesis involving specific interactions between surface proteins and intracellular colchicine binding proteins (CBP), which rationalises some apparent contradictions in this evidence and which indicates a molecular process at the level of the plasma membrane by which cells may respond to extracellular substances.
Enzymes: monitors of food stability and quality

Abstract Enzymes are essential catalysts for the metabolism of plants and animals. However, enzymes continue to be active after harvest or slaughter, often to the detriment of food-quality parameters such as color, flavor, aroma, texture and nutritional value. Their activities must be suppressed or eliminated in order to stabilize the food and prolong its storage life. Heat treatment is frequently used by the food industry to decrease or eliminate enzyme activity. Heat stabilization is a compromise between the need to inactivate the enzymes and the need to maintain food quality. Superior-quality food is obtained when the enzyme(s) responsible for quality deterioration is identified and when the heat treatment applied is just sufficient to inactivate the enzyme(s). Monitoring the loss of activity of the enzyme(s) is an excellent indicator of the adequacy of the heat treatment and of the stability of the food.
Differential Effects of Wilms Tumor WT1 Splice Variants on the Insulin Receptor Promoter

The Wilms tumor gene WT1 has been implicated in the early development of the kidney. Mutations in WT1 are found in a small fraction of Wilms tumor, a pediatric nephroblastoma, and Denys–Drash syndrome, characterized by genitourinary abnormalities. The WT1 gene product functions as a transcriptional repressor of growth factor-related genes. The kidney is one of the major sites of insulin actionin vivoand expresses high levels of insulin receptors (IR). IR expression has been detected during early embryogenesis, suggesting that it may play a role in development. We investigated whether two WT1 splice variants lacking or including a three-amino-acid (KTS) insertion between the third and fourth zinc finger in the DNA-binding domain could repress the IR promoterin vitro.We show that the +KTS variant effectively represses promoter activity under all conditions tested but the −KTS variant was only able to repress in the presence of cotransfected C/EBPβ or a dominant-negative p53 mutation. Deletional mapping indicated that distinct regions of the IR promoter mediated the effects of the two isoforms and DNaseI footprint analysis identified potential WT1 binding sites within these regions.