cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Open Society: Its Implications for Health Educators*

The goals of health education emerge from the goals of the society within which it functions. They are not something apart; and when society undergoes change so must its constituent parts. At the present moment, it is quite clear that educational systems must find new directions; public health must appeal to reason; industry and labor must work out solutions wherein human aspirations and technology serve each other; and every citizen must now know what freedom is and the responsibilities of being a free man. But we here tonight are concerned with only a small segment of living. It is the segment for which we, with others, are responsible, namely, public health and health education. The time is opportune for us to look at our commitment to the future. To do this I have posed four questions for myself: 1. Is the health of the public a necessary and suficient goal for you and me?
Regional Differences in Gender Promotion and Scholarly Productivity in Otolaryngology

ObjectivesTo identify whether regional differences exist in gender disparities in scholarly productivity and faculty rank among academic otolaryngologists.Study Design and SettingAcademic otolaryngologists’ bibliometric data analyses.MethodsOnline faculty listings from 98 otolaryngology departments were organized by gender, academic rank, fellowship training status, and institutional location. The Scopus database was used to assess bibliometrics of these otolaryngologists, including the h-index, number of publications, and publication experience.ResultsAnalysis included 1127 otolaryngologists, 916 men (81.3%) and 211 women (18.7%). Female faculty comprised 15.4% in the Midwest, 18.8% in the Northeast, 21.3% in the South, and 19.0% in the West (P = .44). Overall, men obtained significantly higher senior academic ranks (associate professor or professor) compared to women (59.8% vs 40.2%, P < .0001). Regional gender differences in senior faculty were found in the South (59.8% men vs 37.3% women, P = .0003) a...
The importance of sulfur isotope ratios in the differentiation of Prudhoe Bay crude oils

Sulfur isotopic analyses have been completed for eight Triassic, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous oils from the Prudhoe Bay field, Alaska. Results presented complement earlier work and further indicate the diagnostic importance of δ 34S values in correlation studies of crude oils. The present work supports an earlier contention that Kuparuk River, Sadlerochit and Lisburne crude oils have a similar source of origin, distinct from that of Kingak oil. If Kingak and Shublik Formations contribute to the Sag River Sand crude oil in the Prudhoe Bay area of Alaska, the same may not be the case for Sag River Sand oil in the Point Barrow area which apparently originated from a different source or combination of sources.
Simulation Study of Dipole-Induced Self-Assembly of Nanocubes

Recent experiments have demonstrated that nanoparticles with dipoles can self-assemble into interesting one-dimensional and two-dimensional nanostructures. In particular, nanocubes with dipoles are found to form straight nanowires and nanorings with potential applications for nanodevices. In this paper, we use a minimal model to study dipole-induced self-assembly of nanocubes with varying dipole directions, dipole strengths and both with and without face−face attractions arising from dispersive or solvophobic interactions. We reproduce the structures observed in experiments and illustrate that the self-assembled morphologies are dictated by the head-to-tail alignment of the dipoles, the orientation of the dipoles within the cubes, and the face-to-face packing of the nanocubes. Our results show how the self-assembly of dipolar nanocubes differs from that of dipolar spheres in which the only anisotropy is the dipole itself and how system parameters can be manipulated to control the assembled morphologies an...
Serum thymic hormone activity in genetically-obese mice

1. Serum thymic hormone was assayed in genetically-obese (C57B1/6J oblob) mice and lean controls (+ / + , 2. The thymic hormone activity was higher in the majority of the obese animals compared with non-obese mice. 3. The number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen expressed as a proportion of the total mononuclear cells 4. It is suggested that obesity is associated with significant changes in the thymic hormone levels which may +/-) of the same strain. was increased in the obese mice. alter the relative proportion of lymphocyte subsets and cell-mediated immunity.
Simulation of self-focusing by an array on a crack in an immersed specimen

An ultrasonic measurement model is developed to simulate self-focusing by a curved array of transducers on an interior crack. The far field radiated by each transducer element is modeled by rays with a Gaussian distribution of amplitudes over the beam width. The ray tracing method is used to determine the focused wave field in the immersed specimen and the travel times from each array element to the crack. The self-focusing array is modeled for both sonification and reception focusing. The transducers in the array are excited with the appropriate time delays to achieve sonification focusing. After the incident wave field on the crack has been obtained, the crack opening volume is calculated. For a pair of transducers, a reciprocal identity for two media in contact is used to determine the amplitudes of signals scattered back from the crack. The field transmitted and received by the entire array is obtained by superposition. Reception focusing is used to adjust the differences in signal arrival times for in-phase signal summation. Considerable signal amplification can be achieved by the self-focusing procedure, as has been shown by comparison of scattered fields.
Fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine animals

The concentration of hydrocarbons in marine animals exposed to oil reflects the relative importance of uptake, metabolism, storage and discharge. Crabs, worms and fish have a detoxification system in the liver or intestinal tract which degrades aromatic hydrocarbons to hydroxylated derivatives. Compared with the parent hydrocarbon, hydroxylated derivatives are more water-soluble and are released by the animals. Thus metabolic pathways help to reduce the level of hydrocarbon in the animal. The process is sometimes referred to as a detoxification mechanism. Third generation worms chronically exposed to oil are resistant to oil, presumably because they contain high levels of hydrocarbon degrading enzymes. Bivalves, including clams, oysters and mussels, do not possess this enzyme system and tend to accumulate hydrocarbons to a greater extent than other marine animals. Because of this fact it has been suggested that they can be used to monitor ocean waters for petroleum pollution.
Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil hydrochloride in children with Down syndrome: A clinical report series

There is growing evidence to support the use of early central cholinergic enhancement to improve cognitive functioning in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). This report summarizes preliminary safety and cognitive efficacy data for seven children (8-13 years) with DS who participated in a 22-week, open-label trial of donepezil hydrochloride. Donepezil was dosed once daily at 2.5 mg and, based on tolerability, increased to 5 mg/day. Safety assessments were conducted at Week 1 (baseline), Week 8 (2.5 mg donepezil), Week 16 (5 mg) and Week 22 (after the donepezil had been discontinued). Measures of cognitive function were administered at each visit, encompassing the following domains: memory; attention; mood; and adaptive functioning. Donepezil was well tolerated at the 2.5 and 5 mg doses. The side effects were mild, transient, and consistent with the adverse events noted with cholinesterase inhibitors. Some children showed improvement on measures of memory (NEPSY Memory for Names and Narrative Memory) and sustained attention to tasks (Conners' Parent Rating Scales), although increased irritability and/or assertiveness were noted in some patients. Overall, this clinical report series adds to our initial findings of language gains in children with DS treated with donepezil. It also supports the need for larger, double-blind studies of the safety and efficacy of donepezil and other cholinesterase inhibitors for children with DS.
GOSSIPING ON A RING WITH RADIOS

We study the problem of gossiping where n nodes equipped with radios are placed on a ring of circumference L. Each radio has a transmission range of 1 and we assume that simultaneous transmissions by neighboring nodes results in garbled messages. We present an algorithm for gossiping and show that it works in asymptotically optimal time.
Observations of superledges formed on sideplates during precipitation of α from β Ti-6% Al-4% V

Abstract Superledges have been observed on hcp α sideplates precipitated from the bcc β matrix during isothermal reaction at 1200–1255 K and also during reaction at 1255 K as well as during subsequent quenching to room temperature, in a Ti-6% Al-4% V alloy. These appear to be the first TEM observations made on ledge formation on sideplates. This study was made feasible by the use of a sintered alloy containing 1% porosity; the porosity interfered sufficiently with β grain growth so that formation of intragranular plates was much inhibited and effectively all plates formed developed from grain boundary α allotriomorphs. Two classes of ledges were observed on sideplates: one consisted of (usually) isolated ledges 0.1–0.2 μm high and the other of closely spaced ledges, 20 nm or less in height and usually spaced an average of 100–200 nm apart. The shapes of risers on the higher ledges could be examined in some detail and were found to vary widely, consistent with the view that their migration is probably accomplished by a ledge-on-ledge or kink mechanism. In a number of instances, the origin of the superledges could be ascribed to sympathetic nucleation (7, 8). Comparison with superledges observed on intergranular α plates formed in a TiCr alloy (13) indicated that the larger superledges observed on sideplates are usually absent on intragranular plates. The superledge structure on sideplates in the specimen which suffered additional transformation during quenching to room temperature, however, differed little from that on the sideplates which were formed only during isothermal transformation; also, no effect on superledge formation within a reaction temperature range of 55 K could be detected. It was thus concluded that the difference in the superledge structures on intragranular plates and sideplates arose from a crystallographic factor. This appears to be the ability of the fillets connecting secondary sideplates with grain boundary allotriomorph to supply what is evidently a particularly high set of ledges (2, 14).
Landscape-level seagrass-sediment relations in a coastal lagoon

Abstract We investigated the relationships between sediment (subaqueous soil) properties and eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.) distribution to develop landscape-level soil-based strategies for choosing eelgrass restoration locations. Subaqueous soils were sampled and eelgrass cover determined for 14 soil-landscape units within a 116 ha area of Ninigret Pond, a coastal lagoon in Rhode Island, USA. Of the 14 soil-landscape units sampled for eelgrass cover, 52% had virtually no eelgrass cover ( 90%). The Lagoon Bottom, Shallow Lagoon Bottom, Flood-tidal Delta Slope, and Barrier Cove subaqueous soil-landscape units had the highest eelgrass cover (66–100%). A weak relationship between eelgrass cover and water depths ( r 2 = 0.10) was observed suggesting that properties other than water depth may also control eelgrass distribution. Subaqueous soils on landscapes with >60% eelgrass cover had relatively high levels of acid-volatile sulfides (>90 μg/g), high soil salinity levels (34–44 ppt), fine textures (silt loam), and relatively high total nitrogen levels (>0.15%). Four principal components accounted for 81% of the variability in eelgrass cover. The first component reflected particle-size distribution (i.e. sand, silt, and clay contents) effects and accounted for 43% of the variability. The other components suggested that eelgrass cover is correlated to carbonaceous remains, non-calcareous rock fragments and soil salinity. These data suggest that the current distribution of eelgrass within the study area is strongly influenced by physical and chemical subaqueous soil characteristics. Soil survey techniques proved useful for the delineation of sediment characteristics (e.g. texture, salinity) that influence eelgrass distribution patterns at landscape-level scales.
Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics Over a Lenticular Aerodynamic Body

Experimental heat transfer and pressure distributions have been obtained, at a Mach number of 3.97, for the forward portion of a low drag lenticular aerodynamic body at zero angle of attack. It is shown that the experimental results can be predicted within engineering accuracy by using a simple strip analysis. Further, an interesting similarity for both the heat transfer coefficients and static pressures has been observed in the region of investigation .
The demand for imports in Korea: a production analysis approach

Abstract Balance of trade problems in the United States and other highly industrialized countries have resulted in cries for Korea to liberalize its import policies. This paper uses a translog cost function to investigate Korea's demand for imports and the effects of trade liberalization on the demand for the country's domestic inputs. This study suggest that the domestic inputs and imports are substitutes and that as the proportion of investment goods in Korea's GDP increases, the demand for imports will also increase. Thus further liberalization of Korea's import policies could present short-run problems in the domestic input markets.
Downregulation of connective tissue growth factor by three-dimensional matrix enhances ovarian carcinoma cell invasion

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is a leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies, due mainly to the prevalence of undetected metastatic disease. The process of cell invasion during intraperitoneal anchoring of metastatic lesions requires concerted regulation of many processes, including modulation of adhesion to the extracellular matrix and localized invasion. Exploratory cDNA microarray analysis of early response genes (altered after 4 hr of 3D collagen culture) coupled with confirmatory real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, multiple 3D cell culture matrices, Western blot, immunostaining, adhesion, migration and invasion assays were used to identify modulators of adhesion pertinent to EOC progression and metastasis. cDNA microarray analysis indicated a dramatic downregulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in EOC cells placed in invasion- mimicking conditions (3D Type I collagen). Examination of human EOC specimens revealed that CTGF expression was absent in 46% of the tested samples (n = 41), but was present in 100% of normal ovarian epithelium samples (n = 7). Reduced CTGF expression occurs in many types of cells and may be a general phenomenon displayed by cells encountering a 3D environment. CTGF levels were inversely correlated with invasion such that downregulation of CTGF increased, while its upregulation reduced collagen invasion. Cells adhered preferentially to a surface comprised of both collagen I and CTGF relative to either component alone using α6β1 and α3β1 integrins. Together these data suggest that downregulation of CTGF in EOC cells may be important for cell invasion through modulation of cell-matrix adhesion. © 2009 UICC
Functional roles of the tyrosine within the NP(X)nY motif and the cysteines in the C-terminal juxtamembrane region of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor

In G protein-coupled receptors, a NP(X)nY motif in the seventh transmembrane domain and cysteine residues in the C-terminal juxtamembrane region are conserved. In the current study, the roles of Y299 within the NPVIY motif and C313 and C320 in the C-terminal juxtamembrane region of the human CB2 cannabinoid receptor were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacing Y299 with alanine resulted in a complete loss of ligand binding and a severe impairment of cannabinoid-induced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The C313A and C320A mutations markedly reduced functional coupling to adenylate cyclase, but had no effect on ligand binding and agonist-induced receptor desensitization.
Improved robust stability bounds for discrete-time linear regulators with computational delays

Abstract Recently obtained stability robustness bounds on linear time-varying perturbations of an asymptotically stable linear time-invariant discrete-time system are applied to linear regulators with computational delays. The bounds were developed using Lyapunov theory and singular value decomposition for unstructured and structured time-varying perturbations. The new structured perturbation bound may provide improved results for the elemental perturbations over a bound based on the unstructured perturbation bound of Ishihara (1988, Automatica, 24, 696–700), as indicated both by an example and by sufficient conditions.
Contribution of polaron hopping to the electron paramagnetic resonance linewidth in La1−xCaxMnO3 and related materials

Abstract We analyze the contribution of polaron hopping to the electron paramagnetic resonance linewidth in La 1− x Ca x MnO 3 and related materials. The material is assumed to be in the paramagnetic phase and the conductivity is associated with the activated polaron hopping. It is also assumed that the adiabatic, small polaron picture is appropriate so that the conductivity varies as exp[− E a / T ]/ T , where E a denotes the polaron activation energy. The polaron contribution to the linewidth is given by the expression C [ χ 0 ( T )/ χ ( T )]exp[− E a / T ] where χ 0 ( T ) is the Curie susceptibility (∼1/ T ), χ ( T ) is the measured susceptibility and C is a material-dependent parameter. Various experimental studies reporting polaron contributions to the linewidth are discussed. It is pointed out that fitting the linewidth to the functional form Δ H 0 +( A / T )exp[− E a / T ] is not physically justified. In the high temperature–mean field regime, the exchange narrowed width, (1− Θ / T ) k (∞), where Θ is the paramagnetic Curie temperature, replicates the exponential functional form with reasonable values for the activation energy. From previous measurements of the conductivity that showed activated polaron hopping as the leading transport mechanism, we concluded that the linewidth in La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 is a sum of exchange narrowing and one-phonon spin–lattice terms with no evidence of a contribution from polaron hopping or band transport as had been previously proposed. A similar conclusion is reached for La 0.8 Ca 0.2 MnO 3 , nanometer-sized La 0.9 Ca 0.1 MnO 3 , and La 0.9 Te 0.1 MnO 3 .
The formation and molecular structure of di-η5-cyclopentadienyl{2-1(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-C,N}yttrium

Abstract A reaction between 2-lithio- N,N -dimethylbenzylamine ( 1 ) and di-μ-chlorotetra-η 5 -cyclopentadienyldiyttrium ( 2 ) in ethyl ether solution has produced di-η 5 -cyclopentadienyl{2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl- C, N }yttrium (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 Y(C 6 H 4 -CH 2 NMe 2 ) ( 3 ), in 71% yield. The product, which represents the second known aryl derivative of yttrium, has been characterized by elemental analysis and 1 H NMR data as well as by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 Y(C 6 H 4 -2-CH 2 NMe 2 ) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c with lattice parameters a 8.310(3), b 26.972(8), c 15.548(6) A, β 95.88(3)°, and D calc 1.35 g cm −3 for Z = 4. Least-squares refinement gave a final R value of 0.102 using 1739 independent observed reflections. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Each yttrium atom is η 5 -coordinated to two cyclopentadienyl ligands and sigma bonded to the ortho -carbon and -nitrogen atoms of the dimethylbenzylamine ligand. The YC(σ) bond distances are identical at 2.41(2) A; the two YN bond lengths are 2.43(2) and 2.54(2) A.
Compact High-Power SPST and SP4T RF MEMS Metal-Contact Switches

This paper presents the design and characterization of compact high-power RF microelectromechanical system single-pole single-throw (SPST) and single-pole four-throw (SP4T) metal-contact switches. The SPST design results in a contact force of 1.9-2.8 mN at 80-90 V distributed over eight contacts and using four independent quadrants for actuation. The SP4T is a derivative of the SPST and results in a contact force of 0.45-0.7 mN per switch at 80-90 V. S-parameter measurements show an up-state capacitance of 70 and 17 fF along with a down-state resistance of 1-2 and 2-4 Ω using Au-to-Ru contacts for the SPST and SP4T switches, respectively. The switch pull-in and release voltages are 50 and 45 V, respectively, and the switching time is t on ~ 10 μs and t off ~ 2 μs. The SPST and SP4T are capable of handling 10 and 2 W up to 100 million cycles, and the SPST has been tested with 30 W of power up to 30 million cycles before failure (all cold switched). The application areas are in compact high-power applications such as wireless communication systems and base-stations.
Non-linear vibration of a traveling threadline

Abstract The motion of a moving threadline under planar periodic boundary excitation is examined. Equations of motion are formulated and include the variables of displacement, velocity, tension and mass. Two exact solutions of the non-linear system are developed. Numerical solutions of simplified models predict instabilities of a hard spring nature. Experiments show that the plane motion is truly non-linear and does have a hard spring jump that is basically a critical velocity effect. Additionally a three dimensional balloon occurs which also shows a jump of a completely different character.
Assessment and rehabilitation of children with auditory neuropathy

Abstract Auditory neuropathy (AN) is characterized by clinical hearing impairment in which the auditory brainstem response is absent or severely abnormal in the presence of normal outer cell function as measured by evoked otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonic. Behavioral audiometric thresholds vary and cannot be predicted based on electrophysiologic testing. Amplification and cochlear implantation in children with AN has been reported to have mixed results. The purpose of this study is to examine our experience in the rehabilitation of pediatric patients with AN.
Synthetic peptide immunoassay distinguishes HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 infections

Efforts to solve the epidemiologic puzzle of AIDS in Africa are complicated by the presence of multiple human retroviruses. Simple serologic tests that unambiguously distinguish among infections by these retroviruses are essential. To that end, a partially conserved immunoreactive epitope was identified in the transmembrane glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) types 1 and 2. Synthetic peptides derived from these conserved domains were used in sensitive and specific immunoassays that detect antibodies in sera from patients infected with HIV-1 or HIV-2. By making single amino acid substitutions in the HIV-1 peptide, it was possible to demonstrate HIV-1 strain-specific antibody responses to this epitope. Such custom-designed peptides synthesized from this domain are likely to detect newly discovered HIV types, define infection with specific HIV strains, and allow detection of group-common antibodies.
The relationship of Magic Johnson's announcement of HIV infection to the AIDS attitudes of junior high school students

One month after Magic Johnson announced that he had tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 103 junior high school students were surveyed about the impact of his announcement on their desire to learn about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), their worries about vulnerability to HIV infection, and their anxiety about interacting with a person with AIDS (PWA). Students also were administered established AIDS‐related scales of knowledge, vulnerability worries, and social anxiety. Their scores on these scales were compared to the scores of different students from the same school sampled at three previous times. As expected, 58% of the students reported a desire to know more about AIDS, and 40% reported increased worries about vulnerability to HIV infection because of Magic Johnson's announcement. Contrary to expectations, 21% reacted with a report of increased anxiety about interacting with a PWA, whereas 12% reported less anxiety. Also contrary to expectations, when compared with the p...
Valproate in bipolar disorder: 2000 onwards.

Objective: To describe the evidence for the efficacy and tolerability of valproate in treatment of bipolar disorders, as well as factors associated with favorable or unfavorable outcomes. Method: Studies published from 2000 onwards were reviewed, as well as published abstracts. For clinical trials, randomized, prospective studies were emphasized. Results: Several mechanisms of action of valproate on central nervous system neurons that may be relevant to its actions in bipolar disorders have been recently reported. These include inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Several of the actions overlap those observed from lithium. Valproate is effective in treatment of mania, and somewhat more effective in certain patient subgroups than other treatments, e.g. mixed mania, and mania with prominent irritability. Valproate is comparable with olanzapine in maintenance treatment, and somewhat better tolerated. Higher serum levels, particularly above 110 μg/ml, are associated with more reports of weight gain, sedation, and reductions in platelet count. Valproate may be associated with an increased rate of polycystic ovarian syndrome, with increased weight contributing to the risk. Valproate reduces total cholesterol levels, particularly among patients with baseline elevations of cholesterol. Several studies indicate that valproate can be beneficially combined with antipsychotic drugs and other treatments for bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Valproate continues to be studied in further clarification of its mechanisms, efficacy, risks, and spectrum of benefits in bipolar disorder. It is a major treatment for bipolar disorder, both in monotherapy and combination therapy regimens.
Thermal Sensitivity of the Birefringence of Air-Core Fibers and Implications for the RFOG

We present an analytical model of the drift in the resonant fiber optic gyroscope (RFOG) caused by thermally induced changes in the fiber beat length ${\rm L_{B}(T)}$ and find that the relevant metric for thermal-drift performance is not ${\rm dL_{B}/dT}$ but rather ${\rm(1/L_{B}^{2})dL_{B}/dT}$ . This disfavors conventional solid-core PM fibers for which ${\rm L_{B}}$ is very short and ${\rm dL_{B}/dT}$ is large. Because the air core of hollow-core fibers does not support the strains associated with differential thermal expansion in conventional PM fibers, the birefringence of hollow-core fibers should be more thermally stable than conventional fibers with a correspondingly smaller ${\rm (1/L_{B}^{2})dL_{B}/dT}$ . To identify the relative merits of different types of fibers in the RFOG, we measure ${\rm (1/L_{B}^{2})dL_{B}/dT}$ for a variety of air-core and solid-core fibers by recording the shift in the resonance frequencies of an all-fiber ring resonator when its temperature is changed. We find that the PM air-core fiber offers a 270-fold improvement in ${\rm (1/L_{B}^{2})dL_{B}/dT}$ coefficient compared to a Panda fiber.
Specificity of muscle reinnervation after epineurial and individual fascicular suture of the rat sciatic nerve

We experimentally analyzed the specificity of muscle reinnervation after suture and regeneration of rat sciatic nerve. We used a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique of axon tracing to compare the number and location of motoneurons that innervate muscle via the peroneal nerve after epineurial and individual fascicular suture of the parent sciatic nerve. These motoneurons are significantly reduced in number from control levels and are often in spinal cord locations that indicate previous innervation of antagonistic muscle via the tibial nerve. This inappropriate reinnervation of peroneal muscle by tibial motoneurons is minimized by individual fascicular suture without compromise of overall reinnervation. Our findings thus support the hypothesis that individual fascicular suture may avoid distortion of the central connections of peripheral units.
A novel stable isotope tracer method to measure muscle protein fractional breakdown rate during a physiological non-steady-state condition

The measurement of the fractional breakdown rate (FBR) of muscle proteins during physiological non-steady state of amino acids (AAs) presents some challenges. Therefore, the goal of the present experiment was to modify the bolus stable isotope tracer injection approach to determine both fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and FBR of leg muscle protein during a physiological non-steady state of AAs. The approach uses the traditional precursor-product principle but is modified with the assumption that inward transport of AAs is proportional to their plasma concentrations. The FBR value calculated from the threonine tracer served as a reference to evaluate the validity of the FBR measurement from the phenylalanine tracer, which was under a non-steady-state condition due to the concomitant injection of unlabeled phenylalanine. Plasma phenylalanine concentration increased more than fourfold after the bolus injection, and thereafter it decreased exponentially, whereas the threonine concentration remained stable. FBR values were similar with the two tracers [0.133 ± 0.003 and 0.148 ± 0.003%/h (means ± SE) for the phenylalanine and threonine tracers, respectively, P > 0.05]. In addition, FSR values for the two tracers were similar (0.069 ± 0.002 and 0.067 ± 0.001%/h for the phenylalanine and threonine tracers, respectively, P > 0.05), indicating that the traditional FSR approach can also be used in the non-steady state. Accordingly, net balance (NB) values were similar (−0.065 ± 0.002 and −0.081 ± 0.002%/h for the phenylalanine and threonine tracers, respectively, P > 0.05). This new method of measuring muscle protein FBR during physiological non-steady state gives reliable results and allows simultaneous measurement of muscle protein FSR and thus a calculation of NB.
Biomechanical evaluation of a rotator cuff defect model augmented with a bioresorbable scaffold in goats

A bioresorbable patch used for augmentation of rotator cuff repair was evaluated to determine if it would increase strength of cuff repairs associated with tendon defects and also show histologic incorporation over time. Forty goats underwent rotator cuff repairs of the infraspinatus tendon bilaterally. Tendons were detached and a defect was created prior to repair. One side was repaired and augmented with a 4 cm 2 polylactic acid patch in each animal. On the other side, the same size defect was repaired in the same manner but without the patch to serve as a control. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Ultimate load to failure and histology were reported. No significant difference in load to failure was found between groups. A cellular fibrous tissue occupied the patch at 6 weeks, which over time matured into a dense, homogeneous fibrous tissue with alignment of collagen between the scaffold bundles.
HLA-DR expression by hair follicle keratinocytes in alopecia areata: evidence that it is secondary to the lymphoid infiltration.

There is evidence suggesting that alopecia areata (AA) may have an autoimmune pathogenesis, and it was recently reported that keratinocytes in the bulb of some hair follicles affected by this condition express class II HLA (HLA-DR) antigens, which are not present on the same cells in normal tissue. Since it has been proposed that an analogous ectopic HLA-DR expression by epithelial cells in other organs might be an early event leading to organ-specific autoimmunity, we have investigated the sequence in which perifollicular mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltration and ectopic HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes appear in recent-onset and longstanding cases of AA by immunostainings of affected and unaffected areas with monoclonal antibodies against leukocyte and HLA-DR antigens. In recent-onset AA lesions, ectopic HLA-DR expression on hair follicle keratinocytes was found only occasionally (in 3 out of 247 follicles examined) and was restricted to biopsies from the affected areas. This prevalence was significantly lower than the prevalence of hair follicles showing perifollicular MNC infiltrates in the same biopsies, and was also significantly lower than the prevalence of hair follicles showing ectopic HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes in the affected areas of longstanding cases. These findings suggest that in AA lesions the perifollicular MNC infiltration precedes the ectopic HLA-DR expression on hair follicle keratinocytes, and therefore argue against the notion of a primary role for that ectopic HLA-DR expression on epithelial cells in triggering the putative autoimmune response in AA.
Births to Unmarried Mothers: Trends and Obstetric Outcomes

PIP: This study examines trends in nonmarital childbearing among women who represent an inner-city urban population that includes high-risk privately insured mothers and a large number of indigent mothers. The study population includes data collected from a computerized database at the MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio, during 1974-93, on 73,544 births. The subsample for the clinical analysis is based on 29,865 deliveries that occurred during 1987-93. Findings indicate that the proportion of deliveries to unmarried mothers increased by at least 20% over a 19-year period. The proportion of privately insured unmarried mothers increased from 6.7% to 27.3% during 1975-93. The proportion of staff-funded mothers increased from 63.5% to 77.5%. The proportion increased for all races, funding groups, and age groups. In the subsample of births during 1987-93, there were 51% Whites, 38% Blacks, 8% Hispanics, and 3% other. Only 15% had private medical insurance. 34.2% of births were to married mothers. 38% of births were to women who were smokers, 3.2% were alcohol users, and 15.4% were narcotic users. 15.4% were cesarean births. The infant mortality rate was 13/1000 live births. Unmarried mothers tended to be about four years younger than married mothers. Over 30% of unmarried mothers and only 10% of married mothers were teenagers. 48% of White mothers, 14% of Black mothers, 35% of Hispanic mothers, and 70% of mothers of other race were married at the time of delivery. The mean birth weight for unmarried mothers was 100 g less than for married mothers. Significant predictors of mothers' marital status were insurance status, race, age, and their interaction. The odds of unmarried status increased with younger age, delivery later in the study period, race, insurance pay status, and parity, which, when controlled for, showed Black and Hispanic mothers with increased odds of an unmarried status. Significantly more unmarried mothers had infants with thick meconium, premature delivery, and fetal distress among neonates.
The recovery of fine gold particles from a slurry of minerals using liquid carbon dioxide

Abstract A novel liquid–liquid separation for the recovery of free or liberated gold from mixtures of fine particles was evaluated. The separation, conducted at 295 K and carbon dioxide vapor pressure of 6.0 MPa, was based on the difference in wettability of precious metals and minerals. Contact angle results indicated that in the presence of water and liquid CO 2 , gold was slightly hydrophobic. The addition of CO 2 -soluble fluoroalkyl or fluoroether thiols increased the hydrophobicity of gold exposed to water and CO 2 to a greater extent than alkylthiols. Minerals, including quartz, pyrite and magnetite, were hydrophilic. During the separation an aqueous slurry of fine mineral and gold particles was mixed with liquid carbon dioxide. Fine gold particles, −325 mesh, dispersed in the liquid CO 2 or agglomerated at the H 2 O–CO 2 interface. The minerals tended to remain in the aqueous phase. Poor results were obtained, however, when attempts were made to recover gold from an Australian gold-mining gravity concentrate. This was attributed to the gold particles in the concentrate being too large, agglomerated in slimes, or coated with minerals.
Puzzles of mammalian fertilization--and beyond.

A complexity imposed on the events of conception during the evolution of eutherian mammals is reflected not only in the placenta but also in a series of gamete-related novelties that involve the design of sperm and eggs, their interactions leading to fertilization, epididymal function, and even the scrotal state. While their functional significance has been difficult to determine, I suggest on the basis of present evidence that the genesis of these novel features relates ultimately to changes in the egg associated with nidation, that they imply a new fertilization strategy, and that most are causally linked - a major first 'domino' being the formidable zona pellucida. The eutherian zona pellucida stands out by virtue of an elastic resilience and thickness which allow it to stretch around the expanding blastocyst. However, this quality of the zona together with its relative protease-insensitivity creates a physical challenge which appears to have determined the design of the sperm head, its behaviour at fertilization, and indirectly even the pattern of sperm maturation in the epididymis. In turn, that pattern appears to have evoked the development of the sperm storage function of the cauda region, with both sperm capacitation and the scrotal state as ultimate legacies of this. Coincidentally, the vulnerability of the small yolkless egg to polyspermy appears to have selected for a unique parsimonious pattern of sperm transport in the Fallopian tube, and possibly for the role of the cumulus oophorus as a sperm sequestering device. These ideas are supported generally by evidence from marsupials, as well as by the deviant patterns seen in some insectivorous mammals.
Self-regulation of agonist activity at the Y receptors.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides, and is likely to be present at nanomolar levels over extended periods in the synaptic space of many forebrain areas. This might be linked to an evolved generalized toning activity through a number of other peptide receptors that use C-terminally amidated agonists (with LHRH and orexin receptors and GIR as examples). However, the Y1 and Y2 receptors (which constitute the bulk of Y receptors active in the neural matrix) possess subnanomolar affinities that, at saturating NPY levels, could produce excessive signaling, as well as receptor losses via repeated endocytosis. The related Y4 receptor shows an even higher agonist affinity, and faces the same problem in visceral and neural locations accessible to pancreatic polypeptide (PP). An examination of agonist peptide interaction with Y receptors shows that Y1 and Y4 receptors in particular (as located on either the intact cells, or on particulates derived from various cell types) develop a blockade dependent on ligand concentration, with the blocking ranks of [NPY] ≫ [peptide YY] (PYY) for the Y1, and [human PP] ⋙ [PYY-related Y4 agonist] for the Y4 receptor. This blockade is also echoed in a concentration-related reduction in biological activity of primary agonists (NPY and PP), resembling a partial agonism, and is influenced especially by the allosteric interactivity of agonists. With the Y2 receptor, the blocking by agonists is less pronounced, but the signaling by NPY-related peptides is apparently less than with PYY-related agonists. The extended occupancy and self-attenuation of primary agonist activity at Y receptors could represent an evolutionary solution contributing to a balancing of metabolic signaling, agonist clearance and receptor conservation.
Generic representations of classical Lie superalgebras and their localization

We complete the study of arbitrary generic irreducible modules over a classical complex Lie superalgebraG initiated in [14] (whereG was assumed to be of type I) by presenting a full description of the underlyingG0-module of any suchG-module. This enables us in particular to extend Beilinson-Bernstein's localization theorem to a certain full subcategory of the category ofG-modules with fixed central character and also to describe the image of the enveloping algebraU(G) in the global sections of a generic twisted ring of differential operators on any flag superspace. As an application we construct an infinite family of full subcategories of the category ofG-modules with fixed generic atypical central character, each of which is equivalent to the category ofG0-modules with fixed regular central character.
Automatic Feature Selection via Weighted Kernels and Regularization

Selecting important features in nonlinear kernel spaces is a difficult challenge in both classification and regression problems. This article proposes to achieve feature selection by optimizing a simple criterion: a feature-regularized loss function. Features within the kernel are weighted, and a lasso penalty is placed on these weights to encourage sparsity. This feature-regularized loss function is minimized by estimating the weights in conjunction with the coefficients of the original classification or regression problem, thereby automatically procuring a subset of important features. The algorithm, KerNel Iterative Feature Extraction (KNIFE), is applicable to a wide variety of kernels and high-dimensional kernel problems. In addition, a modification of KNIFE gives a computationally attractive method for graphically depicting nonlinear relationships between features by estimating their feature weights over a range of regularization parameters. The utility of KNIFE in selecting features through simulati...
Open anterior dislocation of the hip.

Abstract Open anterior dislocation of the hip joint is a rare injury in an adult male. In our case reduction was easy and the outcome 12 months later was good.
Integration of demand and continuous utility functions

Abstract This paper presents conditions which assure that a given demand function was generated by an upper semi-continuous or a continuous utility function defined on all of the commodity space. This generalizes earlier work of Hurwicz and Uzawa and others, which covered utility functions defined only on the range of the demand function. In the case of continuous utility, the new condition presented is far less restrictive than previous sufficient conditions.
Nitrate reduction by metallic iron

Abstract Chemical reduction of nitrate by metallic iron (Fe 0 ) was studied as a potential technology to remove nitrate from water. The effects of pH and the iron-to-nitrate ratio on both nitrate reduction rate and percent removal were investigated. Rate constants and the apparent reaction order with respect to nitrate were determined and a mass balance was obtained. Rapid nitrate reduction by iron powder was observed only at pH≤4. pH control with sulfuric acid significantly prolonged nitrate reduction and increased the percent removal. At high nitrate loadings, both the rate and the percent removal increased with decreasing pH. An iron-to-nitrate ratio of 120 m 2 Fe 0 /mol NO 3 or higher was required to completely remove nitrate within an hour. An apparent reaction order of 1.7 with respect to nitrate was observed, which may be partly due to the inhibitory effect of sulfate. Ammonia was the end product of nitrate reduction and accounted for all nitrate transformed under our experimental conditions. Acidity is the principal factor which controls the rate and the extent of nitrate removal by Fe 0 . The rapid reduction of nitrate at low pH was most likely due to either direct reduction by Fe 0 or indirect reduction by surface hydrogen derived from proton. Ferrous species, Fe 2+ and Fe(OH) 2 , were probably not involved in this reaction.
Spectroscopic evidence that osmolytes used in crystallization buffers inhibit a conformation change in a membrane protein.

BtuB is a bacterial outer-membrane protein that transports vitamin B12. Spectroscopic studies using site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) indicate that the N-terminus of BtuB undergoes a dramatic stru...
Tetanus antibody protection among HIV-infected US-born patients and immigrants

Public health initiatives to immunize children and adults have effectively reduced the number of tetanus cases in the USA. However, in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), immigrants from Mexico had a 67% nonprotective anti-tetanus antibody (ATA) level. Less work has been conducted among other vulnerable populations such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The objective of this study was to measure ATA levels among the HIV immigrant population compared with US-born HIV-infected patients. A convenience sample of 158 HIV-infected individuals was recruited to determine the levels of ATA. A nonprotective level of ATA was defined as below 0.15 IU/ml. Among the HIV-infected patients, 72% (114/158) were born in the USA. A total of 17% (27/158) lacked protective levels of ATA. A total of 6.1% (7/114) of those born in the USA lacked protection, compared to 45% (20/44) born outside the USA (p < 0.0001). The results illustrate that the country of birth is an important predictor of ATA protection, even among HIV-infected patients.
Structure and Assembly of the Native Collagen Fibril

Assembly in vitro of the native collagen fibril is a multistep process involving an initial intermediate of unknown structure, linear growth of thin filaments, lateral growth to form the fibril, and stabilization by covalent crosslinks. A model for the structure of the fibril is proposed consisting of a substructure of five-stranded microfibrils laterally compressed to place molecules in cross section on a near-hexagonal lattice.
Neonatal IgM response to acute infection

Prospective observations were made on 567 newborn infants to evaluate the association between elevations of IgM levels and occurrence of acute infections. Five clinical syndromes of acute infection were studied. Abnormal elevations occurred in most infected infants several days after appearance of clinical signs. Results of this study suggest that an IgM screening program for acute infections among high risk infants would furnish only confirmatory diagnostic information in most instances. Neonatal IgM determination is, however, an excellent tool for clinical research.
Restriction endonuclease activity in Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum.

Clostridium thermocellum cell extracts exhibit specific endonuclease activity with very little non-specific exonuclease activity at 55°C. The Dam methylation system of Escherichia coli offers complete protection from digestion by C. thermocellum ATCC 27405 cell extracts for all DNA tested (totaling > 100 kb, insuring that most potential restriction sequences have been exposed). Based on both the Dam recognition sequence and the similarity of cell extract and MboI DNA digests, the C. thermocellum restriction enzyme recognition sequence appears to be 5′ GATC 3′. Cell extracts made from a second thermophile, C. thermosaccharolyticum ATCC 31960 do not exhibit specific endonuclease activity under the conditions tested. Genomic DNA from C. thermocellum exhibits a Dam+ phenotype while genomic DNA from C. thermosaccharolyticum exhibits a Dam− phenotype.