cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning temporal events using point-interval logic

The paper presents a temporal logic and its application to planning time-critical missions. An extended version of the Point-Interval Logic (PIL) is presented that incorporates both point and interval descriptions of time. The points and intervals in this formalism represent time stamps and time delays, respectively, associated with events/activities in a mission as constraints on or as resultants of a planning process. The lexicon of the logic offers the flexibility of qualitative and/or quantitative descriptions of temporal relationships between points and intervals of a system. The provision for qualitative temporal relationships makes the approach suitable for situations where all the required quantitative information may not be available to planners. A graph-based approach, called the Point Graph (PG) methodology, is shown to implement the axiomatic system of PIL by transforming the temporal specifications into Point Graphs. A temporal inference engine uses the Point Graph representation to infer and verify the feasibility of temporal relations among system intervals/points. The paper demonstrates the application of PIL and its inference engine to a mission-planning problem.
A longitudinal study of insomnia and other sleep complaints in adolescents with and without alcohol use disorders.

Background Sleep disturbances are both common and well-characterized in adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but have received little study in adolescents with AUDs. Furthermore, a handful of studies suggest that sleep complaints are a risk factor for AUDs. However, no published studies have yet examined the longitudinal course of sleep complaints in adolescents with AUDs; in particular, it remains unclear how persistent AUD-associated sleep complaints are in this age group, and what types of sleep complaints are most relevant to alcohol-use symptoms. We investigated these questions in a 5-year longitudinal study of adolescents with and without AUDs at baseline. Methods Participants were 696 adolescents (age 12 to 19) from a longitudinal study at the Pittsburgh Adolescent Alcohol Research Center. At baseline, 347 participants had a current AUD (AUD+), while 349 had no current or past AUD (AUD−). We examined sleep and alcohol involvement at baseline as well as 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up visits. Sleep variables included self-reported insomnia and hypersomnia, as well as variability in weekday–weekend sleep duration, all at baseline. Covariates included sex, age, current alcohol symptoms, and depression severity. Results The AUD+ group reported more overall sleep disturbance at baseline, including greater insomnia and hypersomnia complaints, and greater variability in weekday–weekend sleep duration. Group differences in insomnia and hypersomnia complaints persisted to the 5- and 3-year follow-ups, respectively. In the AUD− group, greater insomnia complaints at baseline predicted an increase in alcohol symptoms at the 1-year follow-up, while greater variability in sleep duration at baseline predicted an increase in alcohol symptoms at the 3- and 5-year follow-ups. Conclusions These results complement previous findings in other samples, indicating that insomnia and other sleep problems are a chronic predicament for adolescents with AUDs. The findings also suggest that sleep disturbances may place adolescents without AUDs at an elevated risk of developing alcohol problems.
Motivational Profiles of Gambling Behavior: Self-determination Theory, Gambling Motives, and Gambling Behavior

Gambling among young adults occurs at a higher rate than in the general population and is associated with a host of negative consequences. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that individuals develop general motivational orientations which predict a range of behavioral outcomes. An autonomy orientation portrays a choiceful perspective facilitating personal growth, whereas a controlled orientation represents a chronic proclivity toward external pressures and a general lack of choice. Further, an impersonal orientation is characterized by alack of intention and feeling despondent and ineffective. Controlled orientation has previously been associated with more frequent and problematic gambling. This research was designed to examine gambling motives as mediators of associations between motivational orientations and gambling behaviors. Undergraduates (N = 252) who met 2+ criteria on the South Oaks Gambling Screen participated in a laboratory survey assessing their motivational orientations, gambling motives, and gambling behavior (quantity, frequency, and problems). Mediation analyses suggested that autonomy was negatively associated with gambling problems through lower levels of chasing and escape motives. Further, controlled orientation was associated with more problems through higher levels of chasing and interest motives. Finally, impersonal orientation was negatively associated with amount won through escape motives. Overall, results support exploring gambling behavior and motives using a SDT framework.
Form Aftereffect Contingent upon a Colour Shift

After prolonged fixation of coloured gratings of low spatial frequency, images of the gratings can be elicited up to 90 min thereafter when the colour of a spatially homogeneous test field is suddenly changed. Only adapting gratings with luminance contrast induce clear aftereffects. Control experiments rule out afterimages as an explanation of the aftereffects.
Patterns of growth in Darwin's finches

Nestling growth was studied in six species of Darwin’s finches, and in two subspecies of one of them, on four islands of the Galapagos archipelago. The results show how the different beak and body size proportions among the adults of the species are brought about in ontogeny. Large species lay large eggs which give rise to large hatchlings, and in general these have higher growth rates than do the nestlings of smaller species. Geospiza difficilis hatches at a proportionally larger size than the other species and then grows at a slow rate. Variation with species tends to decline with nestling age, but this may be partly artefactual. Adult levels of variation are reached by about day 9, but in G. magnirostris bill depth variation increases significantly from day 9 to adulthood owing to differential mortality or growth. Bill depth variation is heritable in G. conirostris , the best-studied species, on every day from day 2 to day 10; heritable variation was demonstrated towards the end of the nestling phase of growth of this species in bill width, tarsus length and mass but not in bill length. In terms of relative growth, i. e. variates in proportion to body mass, there is only minor variation among species in growth rates of wing and tarsus but substantial variation in relative growth of bill dimensions. By extrapolation, this is one source of indirect evidence that pre-hatching growth differs among the species. The other evidence is that bill proportions differ at hatching relative to final adult size among species. In a multiple discriminant function analysis, the best discrimination among the three Geospiza species on Isla Genovesa was achieved by bill dimensions at all stages throughout the nestling period. Rates of relative growth were fastest in those bill dimensions that are most pronounced in adults. Each species changes in beak shape during nestling growth in a unique manner, except that G. difficilis on I. Genovesa and G. fuliginosa on I. Marchena, which are convergent as adults, have the same growth trajectories. The two subspecies of G. difficilis also have the same growth trajectories, and the differences in adult proportions are the allometric consequences of different stopping points along these trajectories. After fledging there is more growth remaining in bill length than in bill depth and width, but G. magnirostris is unique in first growing relatively quicker in bill depth, then in bill length. These results show that the adaptive differentiation of Darwin’s finch species in adult bill morphology and size has been brought about by evolutionary changes in embryonic, nestling and post-fledging growth characteristics. A more comprehensive theory of the differentiation than exists at present could be developed by integrating ontogeny and phylogeny.
MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE ARGININOSUCCINASE (ASAL) MONOMER FROM ASAL-DEFICIENT FIBROBLASTS

MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE ARGININOSUCCINASE (ASAL) MONOMER FROM ASAL-DEFICIENT FIBROBLASTS
Long-Lost Brothers How Nihilism Provides Bigger Thomas and Biggie Smalls With a Soul

This article builds on scholarship that already links Native Son’s protagonist Bigger Thomas to real-life gangsta rappers such as Biggie Smalls and Tupac Shakur. James Baxter Peterson calls Biggie Smalls a “Bigger figure.” In other words, the persona/character created by the popular, deceased rapper was a kind of literary descendant of Bigger Thomas in the sense that he’s an echo of the “bad nigger” character type presented so memorably in Native Son. In his own work, Nick De Genova invokes both gangsta rap and Wright to complicate the definition of nihilism, which he describes as a state of mind resulting from two competing forces: the drive to self-preservation and the drive to self-destruction. His definition of nihilism suggests an intellectual and emotional life for the gangsta and gangsta rapper, arguably a dangerous claim in a contemporary American mainstream culture that has largely sought to deny his humanity. In this article, a close reading of Native Son and Biggie Small’s seminal rap album Rea...
Renormalization-group study of the Hubbard model

The ground state of the half-filled Hubbard model is studied using a real-space renormalization-group technique. We first study in detail the one-dimensional case. We find the ground state to be insulating for all finite coupling, in agreement with the exact solution. We compute the ground-state energy, localization length, energy gap, magnitude of the local moment, and spin-density autocorrelation function. For those quantities that are exactly known we find good agreement with the exact results. Using a simple extension of our one-dimensional calculation, we are able to study approximately two- and three-dimensional lattices. We find a Mott transition at finite interaction for these cases. The critical exponents for these transitions are found to satisfy an approximate interdimensional scaling law.
Comparison of chemical wet scrubbers and biofiltration for control of volatile organic compounds using GC/MS techniques and kinetic analysis

Increasing public concerns and EPA air regulations in non-attainment zones necessitate the remediation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated in the poultry-rendering industry. Wet scrubbers using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) have low overall removal efficiencies due to lack of reactivity with aldehydes. Contrary to wet scrubbers, a biofilter system successfully treated the aldehyde fraction, based on GC/MS analysis of inlet and outlet streams. Total VOC removal efficiencies ranged from 40 to 100% for the biofilter, kinetic analysis indicated that the overall removal capacity approached 25 g m−3 h−1, and aldehyde removal efficiency was significantly higher compared with chemical wet scrubbers. Process temperatures monitored in critical unit operations upstream from the biofilter varied significantly during operation, rising as much as 30 °C within a few minutes. However, the outlet air temperature of a high intensity scrubber remained relatively constant at 40 °C, although the inlet air temperature fluctuated from 50 to 65 °C during monitoring. These data suggest a hybrid process combining a wet scrubber and biofilter in series could be used to improve overall VOC removal efficiencies and process stability. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
In vivo detection of head and neck cancer orthotopic xenografts by immunofluorescence.

Purpose: To determine whether Cy5.5-labeled antiepidermal growth factor (EGFR) antibody could be used to detect head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts in vivo. Methods: AntiEGFR antibody (cetuximab) was labeled with Cy5.5, a fluorophore with emission in the near infrared range. The cetuximab-Cy5.5 conjugate was systemically administered in subtherapeutic doses (50 μg) to mice bearing orthotopically xenografted HNSCC cell lines (SCC1, CAL27, and FaDu). As a control, isotype-matched human immunoglobulin (Ig)G1k antibody labeled with Cy5.5 was systemically injected in parallel experiments. All tumor regions (n = 6) were imaged by fluorescent stereomicroscopy at 0, 6, 24, 48, or 72 hours. Tumor size was measured by high-frequency ultrasonography at 72 hours. Transcervical partial and near-total resections were then performed with stereomicroscopic imaging after each resection. The mandible and associated structures were then resected, paraffin embedded, and then serial sectioned for analysis. Results: Tumors could be clearly visualized by near infrared fluorescent stereomicroscopy at 48 and 72 hours after systemic administration of cetuximab-Cy5.5 but not after administration with the labeled isotype control antibody, IgG1k-Cy5.5. Ultrasound measurement of tumors (n = 5) correlated with fluorescent measurements of tumor (Spearman's coefficient, 0.92, P ≤ .01). When fluorescent stereomicroscopic findings were correlated with histologic findings in near-total resections, this technique could accurately identify residual tumor less than 1 mm in size. Conclusion: Fluorescent immunoguided neoplasm detection may be used as a diagnostic tool and to guide surgical therapy by providing real-time imaging information about the extent of disease or the presence of residual disease.
Screening for cardiac autonomic dysfunction among Hodgkin lymphoma survivors treated with thoracic radiation.

The report from Groarke et al. [(1)][1] in this issue of the Journal describes elevated resting heart rate and slowed post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) among 263 survivors of adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) treated with thoracic radiation who were referred for exercise treadmill testing (
The Anatomic Atrial Connections Between Sinus and A-V Node

The morphology of the sinus and atrioventricular (A-V) nodes of human hearts was studied and connecting pathways between these nodes were sought. The cells of both nodes differed from ordinary atrial and ventricular myocardium in respect to size, shape, number, and arrangement of cytoplasmic organelles. Using the criteria of fiber-to-fiber connection, shown by means of serial histological sectioning, this study confirmed previous reports of three pathways between the sinus and A-V nodes in the human heart. It was not required that these pathways be composed of classic Purkinje-type fibers, though many of the fibers did possess some of the features of Purkinje fibers. While recent evidence reveals that specialized atrial pathways do demonstrate increased conduction velocity, their prime functional significance may be in the facilitation of orderly atrial depolarization, the maintenance of sinus node control of ventricular depolarization under various physiological conditions, and the provision of an orderl...
Atmospheric Aerosols: Increased Concentrations during the Last Decade

Atmospheric turbidity values calculated each month from solar radiation observations at MaunaLoa Observatory, Hawaii, show an increase of aerosols from 1958 through the present. These data indicate that either the effects of the Mount Agung eruption are still being observed or a longer-term trend of increasing turbidity is in evidence.
Ribosomal DNA assay of culture-negative Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis

Culture-negative bacterial meningitis with secondary complications remains a significant challenge. Optimal treatment requires identification of the infecting organism. While the gold standard for diagnosis remains cerebrospinal fluid culturing, a significant number of cultures remain negative despite clinical evidence of meningitis. This patient illustrates the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction technology in identifying a specific organism, in an otherwise culture-negative bacterial meningitis with spinal cord abscess.
The structure, composition and reactivity of clean and ambient-exposed polycrystalline and monocrystalline Mg surfaces

Abstract The present article recounts results from studies on the structure, composition and reactivity of polycrystalline and single-crystal magnesium surfaces, previously exposed to the environment and regenerated to pristine conditions in ultrahigh vacuum. Experimental measurements relied on electron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy. Reaction-chemistry investigations were primarily with gas-phase reagents although selected treatments in aqueous or ethereal electrolyte were also undertaken. The results obtained have relevance in the description of the corrosion characteristics of this industrially important metal. The more significant observations: (i) Air-exposed Mg is invariably encrusted with a surface film composed predominantly of magnesium hydroxide but with a detectable quantity of magnesium bicarbonate. (ii) The exposure of a clean Mg(0001) surface to gradually increased dosages of O 2(g) initially yielded a (1 × 1) oxygen layer that suffered surface disorder at the incipient stages of metal–oxide formation; eventually, an epitaxial MgO(100)-on-Mg(0001) adlattice was generated. (iii) Exposure of Mg(0001) to H 2 O (g) , regardless of the dosage applied, resulted in a non-ordered hydroxylated surface. (iv) Upon exposure of a clean Mg(0001) surface to CO 2(g) , an ordered carbonaceous oxide film was initially found; at much higher dosages, the pseudomorphic adlayer was transformed into a totally disordered film. (v) Exposure of an oxide-coated Mg(0001) surface to H 2 O (g) yielded a disordered hydroxylated surface. (vi) With pertinence to Grignard chemistry, treatment of the oxided metal with either gaseous or (anhydrous) ethereal HCl enforced an acid–base reaction that led to a substantial reduction in the amount of surface oxide and the concomitant accumulation of a metal-chloride film.
A case of intra-operative ventricular fibrillation: Electro-cauterization, undiagnosed Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or long QT syndrome?

Introduction Cardiac arrest in the perioperative setting is an extremely serious event that is estimated to occur between 4.6 and 19.7 per 10,000 anesthetics.1–5 While risk factors for cardiac complications can be identified pre- operatively, in many cases workup of risk factors are not indicated by standard pre-operative testing guidelines.
Chronic treatment with lithium produces supersensitivity to nicotine

the evoked potential in acute schizophrenics durPritchard WS (1986): Cognitive event-related potening a test of sustained attention. Biol Psychiatry tials in schizophtenics. Psycho1 Bull 100:43-66. 15:9-20. Walker E, Shaye J (1982): Familial schizophrenia: Pfefferbaum A, Wenegrat BG, Ford JM, Roth W’I’, A predictor of neuromotor and attentional abnorKopell BS (1984): Clinical application of the P3 malities in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry component of event-related potentials. II. De39:1153-1156. mentia, depression and schizophrenia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol59:104-124.
Bromelain treatment decreases neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation

Bromelain, a mixture of proteases derived from pineapple stem, has been reported to have therapeutic benefits in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including murine inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this work was to understand potential mechanisms for this anti-inflammatory activity. Exposure to bromelain in vitro has been shown to remove a number of cell surface molecules that are vital to leukocyte trafficking, including CD128a/CXCR1 and CD128b/CXCR2 that serve as receptors for the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 and its murine homologues. We hypothesized that specific proteolytic removal of CD128 molecules by bromelain would inhibit neutrophil migration to IL-8 and thus decrease acute responses to inflammatory stimuli. Using an in vitro chemotaxis assay, we demonstrated a 40% reduction in migration of bromelain- vs. sham-treated human neutrophils in response to rhIL-8. Migration to the bacterial peptide analog fMLP was unaffected, indicating that bromelain does not induce a global defect in leukocyte migration. In vivo bromelain treatment generated a 50-85% reduction in neutrophil migration in 3 different murine models of leukocyte migration into the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Intravital microscopy demonstrated that although in vivo bromelain treatment transiently decreased leukocyte rolling, its primary long-term effect was abrogation of firm adhesion of leukocytes to blood vessels at the site of inflammation. These changes in adhesion were correlated with rapid re-expression of the bromelain-sensitive CD62L/L-selectin molecules that mediate rolling following in vivo bromelain treatment and minimal re-expression of CD128 over the time period studied. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that bromelain can effectively decrease neutrophil migration to sites of acute inflammation and support the specific removal of the CD128 chemokine receptor as a potential mechanism of action.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR STOCHASTIC RESONANCE IN THRESHOLD SYSTEMS

We present results of numerical simulations which demonstrate that sufficient conditions for a system to exhibit stochastic resonance are the presence of input noise and a system threshold in a system subject to a subthreshold periodic signal.
Influence of Constant Elevated Temperature and Diet on Egg Production and Shell Quality

Abstract A total of 216 individually caged Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were divided into two equal groups and subjected to either a 21 ± 0.75° C. or a 32 ± 0.5° C. environmental temperature, both with 50% relative humidity. The birds in each group were fed either a typical corn-soy laying diet (15% prot., 2.8% Ca, 0.57% avail. P, 2,915 cal. M.E./gm. plus vitamins and minerals) or a “High Nutrient Density” (HND) diet (20% more of all nutrients except energy which was increased only 10%). The data collected during 8 three-week periods indicated that % nitrogen in the shell increased under heat stress, whereas the following parameters decreased: (1) food consumption; (2) egg production; (3) egg weight; (4) specific gravity of eggs; (5) shell thickness; (6) true shell expressed as % of egg weight; (7) plasma calcium; (8) hematocrit values; (9) partial pressure of CO2 in blood. The use of the “HND” diet partially alleviated the effects of heat stress on egg weight and egg production, and also decreased slightly the amount of nitrogen in the shell; however, this decrease was not accompanied by any significant improvement in specific gravity, and therefore the increase in shell thickness observed with the HND diet appears to be solely due to an increase in egg weight. Diet had little effect on the other parameters listed above with the exception that food consumption was decreased at either temperature by the “HND” diet. Neither the ash nor the calcium content of femurs, removed at the end of the experiment, was affected by environment or diet. Similarly, the calcium content of the shells was not influenced by temperature or diet. Reversal of the environmental temperatures at the end of the sixth period resulted in an inverse response in all parameters measured.
Effect of prior hyperglycemia on IL-6 responses to exercise in children with type 1 diabetes.

The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) may modulate the onset and progression of complications of diabetes. As this cytokine increases after exercise, and many other exercise responses a...
Declarative routing: extensible routing with declarative queries

The Internet's core routing infrastructure, while arguably robust and efficient, has proven to be difficult to evolve to accommodate the needs of new applications. Prior research on this problem has included new hard-coded routing protocols on the one hand, and fully extensible Active Networks on the other. In this paper, we explore a new point in this design space that aims to strike a better balance between the extensibility and robustness of a routing infrastructure. The basic idea of our solution, which we call declarative routing, is to express routing protocols using a database query language. We show that our query language is a natural fit for routing, and can express a variety of well-known routing protocols in a compact and clean fashion. We discuss the security of our proposal in terms of its computational expressive power and language design. Via simulation, and deployment on PlanetLab, we demonstrate that our system imposes no fundamental limits relative to traditional protocols, is amenable to query optimizations, and can sustain long-lived routes under network churn and congestion.
Perioral Numbness Associated with Intravenous Pentamidine Administration

Objective:To report a case of perioral numbness associated with intravenous pentamidine.Case Summary:A 56-year-old female with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission developed Pneumocystis carinii infection. Treatment was initiated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), but the patient subsequently developed a rash on day 10 of treatment. TMP/SMX was discontinued and intravenous pentamidine was started in order to complete a 21 day treatment course for P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). However, on day 3 of pentamidine treatment, the patient reported perioral numbness during the infusion. The numbness disappeared soon after completion of the infusion but recurred with all subsequent pentamidine infusions.Discussion:Paresthesias in general and facial area numbness in particular have been reported with pentamidine administration. While it is possible such adverse events may be a result of pentamidine's effect on serum electrolytes and glucose, especially hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia, these laboratory valu...
Privacy manipulation and acclimation in a location sharing application

Location sharing is a popular feature of online social networks, but challenges remain in the effective presentation of privacy choices to users, whose location sharing preferences are complex and diverse. One proposed approach for capturing these nuances builds on the observation that key attributes of users' location sharing preferences can be represented by a small number of privacy profiles, which can provide a basis for configuring individual preferences. However, the impact of this approach on how users view their privacy is relatively unknown. We present a study evaluating the impact of this approach on users' location sharing preferences and their satisfaction with the decisions made by their resulting settings. The results suggest that this approach can influence users to share significantly more without a substantial difference in comfort. This further suggests that the provision of profiles for privacy settings must be carefully considered, as they can substantially alter sharing behavior.
Multifunction wide-band array design

High-performance active arrays operating over C, X, and Ku-band have been demonstrated using newly developed designs of wide-band radiating elements and wide-band monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The advanced shared aperture program (ASAP) explored the development of wide-band multifunction arrays capable of simultaneous and time interleaved radar, electronic warfare, and communications functions. Two iterations of radiating element and transmit/receive (T/R) module design were completed during this program. The radiating aperture design approach, overall array concepts, and current design technology and performance are summarized.
We've Looked at Clouds from Both Sides Now

Cloud Computing is a versatile technology that can support a broad-spectrum of applications. The low cost of cloud computing and its dynamic scaling renders it an innovation driver for small companies, particularly in the developing world. Cloud deployed enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management applications (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM) applications, medical applications and mobile applications have potential to reach millions of users. Cloud deployed applications that employ mobile devices as end-points are particularly exciting due to the high penetration of mobile devices in countries like China, South Africa and India. With the opportunities in cloud computing being greater than at any other time in history, we had to pause and reflect on our own experiences with cloud computing -- both as producers and consumers of that technology. Our interests and attitudes toward cloud technology differ considerably for each side of the cloud-computing topic. As producers of cloud-like infrastructure, much of our interest was on the technology itself. We experimented with algorithms for managing remote program invocation, fault tolerance, dynamic load balancing, proactive resource management and meaningful distributed application monitoring. As consumers of cloud computing however, our focus switched from interesting technology to usability, simplicity, reliability and guaranteed rock solid data stability. With an eye to the many cloud articles in the recent news, we have to ask, is cloud computing ready for prime time? After reviewing stories about current cloud deployments, we conclude that cloud computing is not yet ready for general use, many significant cloud service failures have been reported and several important issues remain unaddressed. Furthermore, besides the failures and gaps in the current cloud offerings, there is an inherent flaw in the model itself. Today, the cloud represents an opportunity for a client to outsource hardware/software function or program computing cycles. The missing piece is responsibility outsourcing -- today something found only in IT Outsourcing contracts. This missing piece represents an essential component of a cloud offering. Without it, cloud consumers are left without any real reassurances that their data is safe from failures, catastrophe or court ordered search and seizure. In this paper, we explore the different viewpoints of cloud computing. Leveraging our experiences on both sides of clouds, we examine clouds from a technology aspect, a service aspect and a responsibility aspect. We highlight some of the opportunities in cloud computing, underlining the importance of clouds and showing why that technology must succeed. Finally, we propose some usability changes for cloud computing that we feel are needed to make clouds ready for prime time.
China: Towards a new model of development

This essay argues that changes in China's circumstances require a different model for the Chinese economic development. Because China's circumstances are different from that of other countries, the model for China inevitably needs to be different from that of elsewhere. In line with the central ideas, the essay discusses extensive issues regarding China's economic development such as export growth model, innovation, property rights, tax policy, social insurance, etc.
Hearts and Minds: Understanding the New Culpability

How does the modern criminal law understand mens rea? Conventionally, we moderns have for some time imagined mens rea as individual mind, as “psychical fact,” as subjectivity and personality. Very few, at least until recently, have doubted that we have made progress with this view of mens rea. One of the central tenets of late twentieth century criminal law scholarship is that the thin, descriptive ideas of culpability of the Model Penal Code are the essence of goodness and wisdom and clarity. Eschewed as hopelessly archaic and cruel are the mens rea terms of the common law, ideas dismissed precisely because they are full of emotion, attachments, and even passion, defiance, and contempt. The modern criminal law scholar regularly celebrates, instead, an idea of mens rea aspiring to fact and prediction, one in which states of mind
Kramers-Kronig Analysis of Relative Reflectance Spectra Measured at an Oblique Angle

Relative specular reflectance R is defined as R = Rs/Rw, where Rs and Rw are absolute reflectances of a sample material s and a material w for which the index of refraction nw and the extinction coefficient kw are known quantities. An algorithm was developed for computing ns and ks from the sample’s R spectrum measured for radiant flux polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence and reflected at oblique angle θ. Kramers-Kronig analysis of the R spectrum provides Δϕ the difference between phase shifts for electromagnetic waves reflected at the surfaces of materials s and w. Real and imaginary parts of a Fresnel equation for relative reflectivity provide equations for computing ns and ks when θ, Δϕ, nw, and kw. are known quantities. Optical constants for aqueous solutions containing NaCl were computed in this manner; distilled water was the reflectance standard.
Prediction of dopant ionization energies in silicon: The importance of strain

Based on a hydrogenic state and strain changes upon defect charging, we propose a simple, parameter-free model that agrees well with the observed group III and V monovalent-impurity ionization energies in Si, revealing the importance of such strain effects. Changes in lattice strain upon defect charging are obtained via superposition and elasticity theory using atomic relaxations from density functional theory.
Gamma Irradiation Effects on Thiamin and Riboflavin in Beef, Lamb, Pork, and Turkey

A study was made of the loss of thiamin and riboflavin due to gamma irradiation of beef, lamb and pork longissimus dorsi, turkey breast and leg muscles. Thiamin losses averaged 11%/kiloGray (kGy) and riboflavin losses 2.5%/kGy above three kGy. The rate of loss of thiamin in beef was higher than that in lamb, pork and turkey leg, but not turkey breast, with losses of 16%/kGy in beef and 8%/kGy in lamb. The rate of thiamin loss was not related to sulfhydryl, protein, moisture, fat or water content, pH or reducing capacity by redox titration. Loss of riboflavin was not different among species. Any detriment from such slight losses would seem to be more than compensated by the advantage of controlling bacteriological contamination by irradiation processing.
Structure of L-A Virus: A Specialized Compartment for the Transcription and Replication of Double-stranded RNA

The genomes of double-stranded (ds)RNA viruses are never exposed to the cytoplasm but are confined to and replicated from a specialized protein-bound compartment-the viral capsid. We have used cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to study this compartment in the case of L-A, a yeast virus whose capsid consists of 60 asymmetric dimers of Gag protein (76 kD). At 16-A resolution, we distinguish multiple domains in the elongated Gag subunits, whose nonequivalent packing is reflected in subtly different morphologies of the two protomers. Small holes, 10-15 A across, perforate the capsid wall, which functions as a molecular sieve, allowing the exit of transcripts and the influx of metabolites, while retaining dsRNA and excluding degradative enzymes. Scanning transmission electron microscope measurements of mass-per-unit length suggest that L-A RNA is an A-form duplex, and that RNA filaments emanating from disrupted virions often consist of two or more closely associated duplexes. Nuclease protection experiments confirm that the genome is entirely sequestered inside full capsids, but it is packed relatively loosely; in L-A, the center-to-center spacing between duplexes is 40-45 A, compared with 25-30 A in other double-stranded viruses. The looser packing of L-A RNA allows for maneuverability in the crowded capsid interior, in which the genome (in both replication and transcription) must be translocated sequentially past the polymerase immobilized on the inner capsid wall.
Prevalence and Characterization of Salmonellae in Commercial Ground Beef in the United States

Commercially produced ground beef samples (n = 4,136) were collected from seven regions of the United States over a 24-month period (July 2005 to June 2007) and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica by using methods that concurrently provided total prevalence and enumerable levels. The overall prevalence of Salmonella strains was 4.2%. Enumeration showed that 94.2% were present at levels below 2 CFU/g. Regional monthly prevalences of Salmonella strains varied from 1.8% to 6.5% but were not statistically different (P > 0.05). All Salmonella isolates were serotyped and their antibiotic susceptibilities determined and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The most common serotypes identified were Salmonella enterica serotypes Montevideo, Anatum, Muenster, and Mbandaka, with these accounting for one-half of the isolates obtained. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella was determined to be 0.6%. The most common MDR serotypes were Salmonella enterica serotypes Dublin, Reading, and Typhimurium. MDR strains had resistance to between 2 and 10 antibiotics. There were no regional differences in prevalence of MDR Salmonella. PFGE analysis revealed that indistinguishable XbaI and AvrII restriction digest patterns (RDPs) could be observed in isolates of the same serotype found in different regions and months of sampling. The RDPs of 19 Salmonella strains were compared to RDPs in the PulseNet USA database. Thirteen were indistinguishable from existing patterns, and the number of records for each ranged from 1 to 478. These data show that Salmonella prevalence in commercial ground beef is low and suggest that attempts to identify sources contributing to Salmonella in ground beef by serotype, antibiogram, and PFGE cannot be made without additional documented evidence.
Transformation of data flow analysis models to object oriented design

This paper describes a strategy to transform Data Flow Analysis into Object Oriented Design. This transformation is performed by extracting information from the Data Flow Model, by enriching with Design decision and by finally producing an Object Oriented Design Model. Semiformal transformation rules are described. Also a special notation is introduced to describe the Object Oriented Design Model. The Model used to represent Data Flow Analysis is the one originally proposed by Yourdon, complemented with Ward-Mellor's Real Time extensions (the “Essential Model”).
Graphosyllabic Analysis Helps Adolescent Struggling Readers Read and Spell Words

Adolescents with word-reading skills below grade level were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Those receiving interventions practiced reading 100 multisyllabic words, either by analyzing graphosyllabic units in the words or by reading the words as unanalyzed wholes. The third group received no special instruction. Posttests revealed that graphosyllabic instruction helped students to decode novel words, remember how to read words with practice, and remember the spellings of words when compared to controls. In contrast, whole-word instruction yielded no benefit on transfer tasks compared to controls. Effects were observed primarily among adolescents reading at a third-grade-equivalent level and less so at a fourth- and fifth-grade-equivalent level. Results are consistent with a connectionist view of word learning and indicate the importance of providing struggling readers with instruction and practice in how to fully analyze the graphosyllabic constituents of words.
Efficacy and Safety of Lamotrigine in Pediatric Patients

Accumulating data suggest that lamotrigine, which has been available for adult use in epilepsy for more than a decade in clinical practice, also confers effective, well-tolerated control of a range of childhood epilepsies. Lamotrigine is currently approved for the treatment of epilepsy by regulatory authorities in 93 countries, more than 70 of which have approved its use in pediatric patients on the basis of data from well-controlled clinical trials. The controlled clinical trials data have been supplemented over the years by clinical practice data, primarily from uncontrolled studies, confirming or demonstrating additional efficacy of lamotrigine for a range of seizure types. This article reviews the data from well-controlled clinical trials and studies conducted in clinical practice to present an updated perspective on the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine in pediatric patients.
Obsessive–compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviours that are experienced as unwanted. Family and twin studies have demonstrated that OCD is a multifactorial familial condition that involves both polygenic and environmental risk factors. Neuroimaging studies have implicated the cortico-striato- thalamo-cortical circuit in the pathophysiology of the disorder, which is supported by the observation of specific neuropsychological impairments in patients with OCD, mainly in executive functions. Genetic studies indicate that genes affecting the serotonergic, dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, and the interaction between them, play a crucial part in the functioning of this circuit. Environmental factors such as adverse perinatal events, psychological trauma and neurological trauma may modify the expression of risk genes and, hence, trigger the manifestation of obsessive-compulsive behaviours.
THE PROBLEM OF COMPARING HOME REARING VERSUS FOSTER-HOME REARING IN DEFECTIVE CHILDREN

A methodologic critique of the study by Centerwall and Centerwall concerning the effects of home nearing and foster-placement rearing on mongoloid children is advanced. The data are considered from the point of view of the requirements necessary for an adequate investigation of this problem. The general question of institutional placement is considered in the light of English studies on small group residential centers for defective children.
Protective Action of Sulfanilamide Against Liver Cirrhosis from Chronic Poisoning with Carbon Tetrachloride.

SummaryAdministration of sulfanila-mide to rats retards the development of liver cirrhosis from chronic poisoning with carbon tetrachloride. A number of vitamins and amino acids were tested for possible protective action in acute poisoning experiments, but none was found to increase the animal's tolerance. Administration of para-amino-benzoic acid did not inhibit the protective action of sulfanilamide against acute poisoning by carbon tetrachloride.
A Data Management Scheme for Massive Power Quality Monitoring Data Based on Distributed File System

Currently the power quality monitoring data have exhibited a massiveness tendency. If the data are stored in the relational database,problems such as large storage space,low query access speed and poor scalability will be caused. By analyzing the data access characteristics and hardware environment of the power quality monitoring system,this paper proposes a data management scheme for massive power quality monitoring data based on the distributed file system. The monitoring data of different power quality indices are stored in the compressed files; the heterogeneous distributed servers of the existing monitoring sub-stations and related systems are used as file servers to store the original monitoring data files,the server of the monitoring master station is used as master server for storing data characteristic value and file indexes,it is also used for unified management of file resources. The scheme takes full advantage of each server s storage space and network bandwidth,and saves the storage space and improves the access speed. It also has high reliability and scalability. For example,when the 180 days data from 100 monitoring sites are stored,the storage space of this scheme is only 2. 28% of the traditional scheme; and when the 180 days three-phase voltage root mean square( RMS) value data of a certain order harmonic are queried,this scheme s acceleration ratio is about 16. 49. The reliability and practicality of this scheme are proved through application in the Sichuan power quality integrated data platform.
Designing a Personal Assistant for Life-Long Learning (PAL3)

Learners’ skills decay during gaps in instruction, since they lack the structure and motivation to continue studying. To meet this challenge, the PAL3 system was designed to accompany a learner throughout their career and mentor them to build and maintain skills through: 1) the use of an embodied pedagogical agent (Pal), 2) a persistent learning record that drives a student model which estimates forgetting, 3) an adaptive recommendation engine linking to both intelligent tutors and traditional learning resources, and 4) game-like mechanisms to promote engagement (e.g., leaderboards, effort-based point rewards, unlocking customizations). The design process for PAL3 is discussed, from the perspective of insights and revisions based on a series of formative feedback and evaluation sessions.
Toward performance-based evaluation for offshore wind turbine jacket support structures

Abstract This paper introduces a framework for the assessment of damage of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) supported by jackets under extreme environmental loadings. Performance levels/damage states, ranging from operational/undamaged to near collapse/severely damaged, are defined based on static pushover analyses. An example performance assessment is presented for an OWT supported by a jacket based on environmental conditions for a site off Massachusetts along U.S. Atlantic coast. The environmental conditions are characterized based on two methods for estimating wind and wave conditions, one on extrapolation of NOAA buoy measurements and one on a stochastic hurricane catalog, and two models for extreme wave height, one on the crest height and one on the zero-up-crossing height. Using probabilistic models for demands and capacities, two curves of fragility, one estimating the initiation of yielding and the other estimating the onset of collapse, are developed to distinguish between the three damage states. The curves are applied to four combinations of two environmental hazard models and two extreme wave height models, and significant differences are found in the probability of damage among the four combinations of models. The findings have potential implications for the evaluation of the overall risk profile and associated performance for offshore wind farms.
Pulmonary Infections in the Normal Host

Chest radiography remains the cornerstone for imaging pulmonary infections in normal hosts. It does a good, though imperfect, job of detecting pneumonia but is less effective in monitoring the response of the infection to therapy. In clinical settings where both pneumonia and noninfectious thoracic diseases are diagnostic possibilities, the addition of CT scanning to radiography can help identify imaging patterns that favor either an infectious or an non-infectious etiology. Occasionally these CT imaging patterns can narrow the differential diagnosis of possible infectious pathogens, but rarely can imaging point toward a specific organism. In most cases CT is better relied upon to identify complications of pneumonia than to identify a pathogen. Cost and radiation dose, however, argue against its indiscriminant use in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Ultrasound provides a safe low cost alternative to CT, but its utility is limited to pleural complications of pneumonia.