cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A quantum mechanical version of the paper by E. Schrödinger Über die Umkehrung der Naturgesetze

The principal results of Schrodinger's paper are reviewed and a possible extension of his formalism for diffusion processes to general quantum mechanical processes is given. The formalism is not in accord with the general theory of transformation of quantum mechanics and violates the basic assumption of the unpredictable change of a system due to a measurement. Nevertheless, the formalism leads to a density operator which is constructed according to accepted quantum mechanical rules.
Combination Therapy Stroke Trial: recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator with/without lubeluzole.

Background: A neuroprotective drug may be safe and effective if given very early and in combination with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) to acute stroke patien
Comorbidity, health screening, and quality of life among persons with a history of epilepsy

Previous population surveys outside the United States have found an increased prevalence of comorbid conditions in persons with epilepsy. However, the effect of comorbid conditions on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has not been previously examined in the epilepsy literature from the United States. Results from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) indicate an increased prevalence of comorbid conditions in persons with a history of epilepsy compared to those without epilepsy. After controlling for demographics and comorbid conditions, persons with a history of epilepsy were significantly more likely to report poor HRQOL. Although seizure freedom should continue to be a primary clinical goal, optimal care should also include primary and secondary prevention of comorbid conditions, especially cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Prevention, early identification, and treatment of comorbid conditions may reduce mortality risk and improve health outcomes in persons with epilepsy.
Dietary interventions of human carcinogenesis

Abstract The diet is a complex mixture that is associated with ∼ 30% of human cancer in the U.S. Extensive laboratory studies indicate that the diet is composed of many mutagens/carcinogens as well as antimutagens/anticarcinogens. Overwhelming evidence from epidemiological studies indicates that a diverse diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in certain fats, along with moderate caloric intake and exercise, is most closely associated with reduced cancer risk. Dietary intervention studies using complex food items (fruits, vegetables, and fats) support these epidemiological observations; dietary interventionsusing single compounds (vitamins, antioxidants, etc.) have generally not. Estimates suggest that appropriate dietary changes could reduce the percentage of deaths due to prostate, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer by ≥ 50%.
Oxidation States versus Oxidation Numbers

This letter comments and amplifies upon an article by H.-P. Loock dealing with oxidation states and oxidation numbers.
MICROEMULS10NS WITH IMPROVED WATER SOLUBILIZATION AT HIGH OIL CONTENT

Considerations sur la solubilisation dans les microemulsions eau-huile, qui en general est proportionnellement plus faible aux concentrations elevees de la phase continue. Cas des microemulsions eau-huile stabilisees avec du bromure de myristylpyridinium en combinaison avec du pentanol (coagent de surface) presentant une capacite de solubilisation elevee
Total pressure measurements for benzene with 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 3-pentanol, and 2-methyl-2-butanol at 313.15 K

Abstract Total pressure measurements at 313.15 K are reported for binary systems of benzene and 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 3-pentanol, and 2-methyl-2-butanol. The results are interpreted by an extended form of the Kretschmer–Wiebe association model, in which it is assumed that linear alcohol chains may solvate with a single benzene molecule.
Relationship of DNA structure to internal dynamics: correlation of helical parameters from NOE-based NMR solution structures of d(GCGTACGC)(2) and d(CGCTAGCG)(2) with (13)C order parameters implies conformational coupling in dinucleotide units

The coupling between the conformational properties of double-stranded DNA and its internal dynamics has been examined. The solution structures of the isomeric DNA oligomers d(GCGTACGC)(2) (UM) and d(CGCTAGCG)(2) (CTSYM) were determined with (1)H NMR spectroscopy by utilizing distance restraints from total relaxation matrix analysis of NOESY cross-peak intensities in restrained molecular dynamics calculations. The root-mean-square deviation of the coordinates for the ensemble of structures was 0.13 A for UM and 0.49 A for CTSYM, with crystallographic equivalent R(c)=0.41 and 0.39 and sixth-root residual R(x)=0.11 and 0.10 for UM and CTSYM, respectively. Both UM and CTSYM are B-form with straight helical axes and show sequence-dependent variations in conformation. The internal dynamics of UM and CTSYM were previously determined by analysis of (13)C relaxation parameters in the context of the Lipari & Szabo model-free formalism. Helical parameters for the two DNA oligomers were examined for linear correlations with the order parameters (S(2)) of groups of (13)C spins in base-pairs and dinucleotide units of UM and CTSYM. Correlations were found for six interstrand base-pair parameters tip, y-displacement, inclination, buckle and stretch with various combinations of S(2) for atoms in Watson-Crick base-pairs and for two inter-base-pair parameters, rise and roll with various combinations of S(2) for atoms in dinucleotides. The correlations for the interstrand base-pair helical parameters indicate that the conformations of the deoxyribose residues of each strand are dynamically coupled. Also, the inter-base-pair separation has a profound effect on the local internal motions available to the DNA, supporting the idea that rise is a principal degree of freedom for DNA conformational variability. The correlations indicate collective atomic motions of spins that may represent specific motional modes in DNA, and that base sequence has a predictable effect on the relative order of groups of spins both in the bases and in the deoxyribose ring of the DNA backbone. These observations suggest that an important functional outcome of DNA base sequence is the modulation of both the conformation and dynamic behavior of the DNA backbone.
Photoionization and photoabsorption cross sections of O, N2, O2, and N for aeronomic calculations

A compilation of experimental and theoretical photoionization and photoabsorption cross sections is presented for O, N2, O2, and N for use primarily in studies of ion and photoelectron production in the earth's atmosphere. Since the last compilation of Kirby et al. (Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables23, 83 (1979) there have been numerous measurements taken related to these cross sections. We have tabulated these cross sections at the wavelengths of the solar lines and continuum given in the 1974 solar minimum reference spectrum, F74113, of Heroux and Hinteregger from 1027.0 to 23.7 A, as well as for wavelengths where rapid variations occur in the cross sections. Whenever possible, autoionization states have been included and there has been no averaging over autoionization cross sections leading up to the thresholds of the ionic continuum states. This is the first compilation, in a comprehensive manner, to include the dense structure and autoionization structure in the photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections. The tables include, for the first time, cases where the photoionization and photoabsorption cross sections for atomic oxygen are not equal. Also, this is the first compilation to include the photoionization cross sections for atomic nitrogen and of multiple photoionization for atomic oxygen and nitrogen.
Chronic administration of diazepam downregulates adenosine receptors in the rat brain.

Abstract Following chronic administration (10 or 20 days) of diazepam (5 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous pellets) or RO 15–1788 (5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally), adenosine and benzodiazepine receptors in different rat brain were assessed by radioligand binding studies using [3H]R-PIA for A1 receptors, [3H]NECA and [3H]R-PIA for A2 receptors and [3H]FNZ for benzodiazepine receptors. Chronic administration of diazepam for 10, but not for 20 days, decreased A2 receptors in the striatum by 46% ( p ) and A1 receptors in the hippocampus by 13% ( p ). Administration of diazepam for 10 days and 20 days failed to alter [3H]FNZ binding in all brain areas studied. However, 20 days of diazepam administration decreased the magnitude of GABA enhancement of [3H]FNZ binding in the cortex by 25% ( p ). In contrast, chronic administration of RO 15–1788 failed to alter [3H]R-PIA, [3H]NECA and [3H]FNZ binding in all brain areas. These results suggest that adenosine receptors may play a role in the CNS actions of benzodiazepines.
Nuclear Volume, Chromosome Size and DNA Content Relationships in Three Species of Pinus

Nuclear volume, chromosome size, and DNA content relationships were determined for three species of Pinus; the species in decreasing order of these parameters were P. lambertiana, P. radiata, and P. rigida. Chromosome size varied widely between the species and was positively correlated with both DNA content and nuclear volume of root-tip cells; nuclear volume and DNA content were also positively correlated. The highest/lowest value ratios of DNA content, nuclear volume, and total haploid chromosome complement length between the species were 2.0, 1.8 and 1.4 respectively. The differences in DNA content between these species having the same chromosome number (n=12) and similar karyotypic pattern, are explained on the basis of change in chromosome length due to duplication or deletion as well as chromosome density possibly due to differential polynemy.
Inhibition of Red Discoloration in Cooked, Vacuum Packaged Bratwurst

A red discoloration sometimes occurs in vacuum-packaged bratwurst during storage. We attempted to characterize the red pigment and determine the effect of pH, cooking temperature, and sodium lactate on its incidence. Myoglobin was the red pigment in discolored samples. Myoglobin levels were lower in samples at pH (5.5) or cooked to 74°C. Discoloration was associated with microbial growth. Frozen samples had no red discoloration after 4 wks. Discoloration was not observed in bratwurst containing 2% sodium lactate and cooked to 74°C. In preventing red discoloration cooking to 74°C without lactate was as effective as cooking to 68°C with lactate.
A displacement based optimization method for geometrically nonlinear frame structures

An extension of the displacement based optimization method to frames with geometrically nonlinear response is presented. This method, when applied to small-scale trusses with linear and nonlinear response, appeared to be efficient providing the same solutions as the classical optimization method. The efficiency of the method is due to the elimination of numerous finite element analyses that are required in using the traditional optimization approach. However, as opposed to trusses, frame problems have typically a larger number of degrees of freedom than cross sectional area design variables. This leads to difficulties in the implementation of the method compared to the truss implementation. A scheme that relaxes the nodal equilibrium equations is introduced, and the method is validated using test examples. The optimal designs obtained by using the displacement based optimization and the classical approaches are compared to validate the application to frame structures. The characteristics and limitations of the optimization in the displacement space for sizing problems, based on the current formulation, are discussed.
Stacking Free Energies of All DNA and RNA Nucleoside Pairs and Dinucleoside-Monophosphates Computed Using Recently Revised AMBER Parameters and Compared with Experiment.

We report the results of a series of 1-μs-long explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations performed to compare the free energies of stacking (ΔGstack) of all possible combinations of DNA and RNA nucleoside (NS) pairs and dinucleoside-monophosphates (DNMPs). For both NS pairs and DNMPs, we show that the computed stacking free energies are in reasonable qualitative agreement with experimental measurements and appear to provide the closest correspondence with experimental data yet found among computational studies; in all cases, however, the computed stacking free energies are too favorable relative to experimental data. Comparisons of NS-pair systems indicate that stacking interactions are very similar in RNA and DNA systems except when a thymine or uracil base is involved: the presence of a thymine base favors stacking by ∼0.3 kcal/mol relative to a uracil base. One exception is found in the self-stacking of cytidines, which are found to be significantly more favorable for the DNA form; an analys...
Placental drug delivery for treatment of congenital hematopoietic disorders.

Abstract Objective The success of in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCTx) hinges on successful conditioning strategies of the host to overcome barriers to engraftment. The "space" barrier is a reflection of a finite number of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches within the host. Independent of the number of donor HSCs transplanted, engraftment is frequently low. By conditioning fetal mice using a monoclonal antibody against the c-kit receptor (ACK2) found on HSCs, we can effectively increase space for donor HSC engraftment. We questioned whether simple placental injection of ACK2 early in gestation could effectively deplete host HSCs within the fetal liver and neonatal bone marrow. Methods In this set of experiments, we injected mice with ACK2 (5μg/fetus) or PBS at E11.5–12.5 and harvested the fetal liver at 2 and 4days and the neonatal bone marrow at 7days following injection. Survival and total number of HSCs within the fetal liver or bone marrow were quantified and compared. Results Survival between the treated and control group was similar (73% and 71%, respectively). The total number of HSCs within the fetal liver was not significantly lower following ACK2 treatment compared to PBS injected fetuses at 2days but was by 4days. Additionally, ACK2 resulted in a significant reduction in the number of HSCs within neonatal mice 7days after treatment. Conclusion Survival following placental ACK2 injection is comparable to control animals and provides a simple non-invasive strategy to deliver ACK2 into the fetal circulation which successfully depletes the host HSCs.
User-centric adaptation of Web information for small screens

A global increase in PDA and cell phone ownership and a rise in the use of wireless services lead mobile browsing to become an important means of Internet access. However, mobile devices have a small screen, which limits the usability of mobile browsing. This paper presents a novel method that automatically adapts a desktop presentation to a mobile presentation, proceeding in two steps: detecting boundaries among different information blocks (i.e., page segmentation) and then generating a user preferred adaptive layout. Distinct from other approaches, our approach analyzes both the DOM structure and the visual layout to detect closely related contents. In the process of page segmentation, our approach first divides a Web page into several common areas (such as top, bottom, and main content), and then further identifies different topics in the main content based on the visual and structural analysis. The page segmentation produces a block tree, which represents the information organization underlying a Web page. Based on the block tree, an adaptive layout, which places closely related information in proximity and minimizes scrolling, is automatically generated. All current approaches support only one fixed style (e.g., a narrow-page style) to render an adaptive layout for a diverse range of users, Websites, and devices. This ''one size fits all'' strategy could not offer universal usability. Our approach supports a user to flexibly specify the style of an adaptive layout according to his/her personal preferences. The theoretical foundation of such a user-centric adaptive layout is a feature space, which specifies an adaptive layout from different aspects, such as the location and presentation of navigation options. A user can visually manipulate those features to create a personalized style in a graphical user interface, and then an adaptive layout consistent with the personalized style is automatically generated. The user study based on a prototype shows the usability and efficiency of mobile browsing are significantly improved.
Cell structures with low-high heterojunction of c-Si and μc-Si:H under rear contact for improvement of efficiencies

Abstract For a remarkable improvement of conversion efficiencies of single-crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, we have been investigating rear surface structures. The structure has a highly conductive boron (B) doped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) film with a wide optical bandgap between a p-type c-Si substrate and a rear contact instead of a heavily diffused layer. The conditions of depositing the μc-Si:H film were investigated. Both short-circuit current density ( J sc ) and open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) of the cell with the μc-Si:H film are much higher than those without the film. The V oc obtained was higher than 650 mV and the efficiency was 19.6% for a 5 cm × 5 cm cell. It is confirmed that a low-high heterojunction of the c-Si substrate and the μc-Si:H film is very effective in preventing minority carriers near the rear contact from recombining.
Efficient purification and rigorous characterisation of a recombinant gp120 for HIV vaccine studies

Abstract A recombinant HIV-1 gp120 (rgp120) was expressed in a permanent Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line (L761h) that constitutively secretes the product of clone p4 derived from the env gene of HIV-1 isolate GB8. The rgp120 was isolated from cell culture supernatants by a simple, rapid, non-denaturing and efficient purification procedure based on a novel combination of lectin affinity and FPLC ion-exchange chromatography. The purity of the isolated glycoprotein was rigorously confirmed by SDS-PAGE, capillary electrophoresis, laser desorption mass spectrometry, total amino acid analysis and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The retention of biological activity by the purified rgp120 was assessed by determining the dissociation constant of rgp120 binding to sCD4. After formulation of this highly purified and biologically active rgp120 with “conventional” adjuvants, including types already used in clinical trials of candidate gp120-based HIV vaccines, antibody responses in immunised rabbits were analysed using panels of overlapping synthetic peptides. The consequences of using currently available adjuvants to deliver highly specialised and perhaps conformation-dependent molecules, like HIV gp120, are presented and discussed in the context of HIV vaccine development.
PKC Phosphorylation of TRAF2 Mediates IKKα/β Recruitment and K63-Linked Polyubiquitination

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is a key mediator in TNF signaling. Previous studies suggested that TRAF2 functions as an adaptor in the NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which TRAF2 relays signals are unknown. We previously reported that TRAF2 is phosphorylated following TNF stimulation and now identify the PKC kinases responsible for phosphorylation. Phosphorylated TRAF2 facilitates recruitment of IKKα and IKKβ to the TNF receptor. Phosphorylation also determines K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF2 at lysine 31. TRAF2 K63-linked ubiquitination contributes to associations with TAB2/3 and activation of the downstream IKK and JNK kinases. The combined data reveal that phosphorylation of TRAF2 plays a critical role in TNF signaling by directing the IKK complex to the membrane, promoting TRAF2 K63-linked ubiquitination, and positioning the IKKα and IKKβ chains with the TAK1/TAB kinase.
On the calculation of effective path lengths through beam scattering chambers

Abstract Relationship for the effective scattering path lengths through chambers with identical beam entrance and exit apertures are calculated for the special case for which the chamber walls are assumed to be in equilibrium with the scattering gas.
Mitosis in embryonic trisomy 1 mouse eye.

Trisomy 1 embryos consistently show eye defects (e.g., aphakia, microphakia, retention of lens stalk). To determine if the plane of division of mitotic figures is abnormal in the eyes of these animals, trisomic embryos (9.5 through 12 gestational days) were produced from mice doubly heterozygous for Robertsonian translocation chromosomes [Rb(1.3)/Rb(1.10)]. To accommodate for the known delay in trisomic embryo development, animals were grouped according to stages of eye development rather than to gestational age. Serial sections were evaluated without knowledge of karyotype for orientation of mitotic figures (parallel, perpendicular, oblique) in lens, optic cup, and diencephalon. Location of mitotic figures was scored as apical (nearest the lumen), middle, and basal. Numerous anomalies were noted in trisomic eye development. No difference was found between orientation of mitotic figures in the lens and optic cup of trisomy 1 and normal embryos. Location of mitotic figures in trisomy 1 lens was significantly different from that of normal littermates. The data confirm earlier studies that trisomy 1 affects the eye, and they tend to corroborate evidence that this trisomy affects the lens more than it affects the optic cup.
Modern approaches and use of surgical treatment for pericardial disease.

Pericardial disease can include both effusive and constrictive processes. Surgical therapy for such processes encompasses a number of treatment options. In recent years, several other options have emerged as alternatives to the more traditional open surgical procedures, including videoassisted thoracoscopic procedures, balloon pericardiotomy, pericardial to peritoneal windows, and intrapericardial sclerosis. This review focuses on the different surgical alternatives for treating pericardial disease.
Skin Banking Part I. Procurement of Transplantable Cadaveric Allograft Skin for Burn Wound Coverage

Analyses of 29.651 hospital deaths and medical examiner cases revealed that only 3.8% to 7% of cadavers were acceptable as potential skin donors. A consent rate of 32% yielded an actual skin donation rate of 1% to 2% of deaths. A survey of 20 skin procurement services and skin banks found that 868 d
ISS-QUAL: A Measure of Service Quality for the Information Systems Function

This article details the development and validation of ISS-QUAL, a measure of service quality for the Information Systems function. The ISS-QUAL measure is based on a theoretical model which operationalizes service quality as the comparison of expectations and perceptions across three factors: service delivery, service product, and service environment. The article concludes by reporting the results of a comparison between ISS-QUAL and SERVQUAL, in which ISS-QUAL is shown to have greater explanatory power.
The role of H-2 I region genes in regulation of the immune response.

The evidence of the past 10 years indicates that genes mapping in the I region of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (H-2) regulate a bewildering array of immunologic functions. A survey of H-2-linked specific immune response (Ir) genes shows that the phenotypic effect of these genes is to enable a particular inbred strain to discriminate and recognize remarkably precise chemical specificities, such as one or two amino acid interchanges in a polypeptide chain. The only I region gene products which have been identified to date are the Ia antigens. These include five readily detectable polypeptide chains (Aa, Ab, Ae, Ea, and Ii) and several other serologically distinct entities which are selectively expressed on functionally distinct T cell subsets (J1, J2?, J3? and C). The specificity of recognition of Ir genes would seem to require a larger number of I region gene products than can be generated even by combinatorial association of the four readily identifiable peptides (to give eight combinatorial associations) and the other serologically identified gene products. If the Ia antigens are to function as an antigen specific receptor system, separate from immunoglobulin molecules, there must be other, as yet undetected, I region gene products (e.g. Ia antigens). Alternatively, the known I region gene products could function by any one of several postulated mechanisms to generate an antigen specific T cell receptor system. The available evidence for the total number of I region gene products is reviewed, and the alternate possibilities are briefly discussed in this presentation.
Definitive Diagnosis of Descending Thoracic Aortic Dissection by Real Time/Live Three-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography

We describe a patient with descending thoracic aortic dissection in whom three- dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was able to clearly visualize the dissection flap en face as a sheet of tissue, as well as demonstrate a large communication between the true and false lumen in three dimensions, enabling a definitive diagnosis of dissection.
A vacuum optical bench for testing space experiment packages.

Vacuum optical bench /VOB/ spacecraft testing facility for calibration of telescopes, radiometers, spectrographs and monochromators and measurement of intensity distribution, radiation source and contamination
Alzheimer's in the Workplace: A Challenge for Social Work

It is estimated that 5.3 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease or a related disorder (ADRD) with approximately 500,000 of these persons younger than 65. Moreover, the number of people affected by the disease will increase 350% by the middle of this century. Although research exists on organizational policies with regard to caregivers, very little is known about how organizations deal with employees themselves who show symptoms of ADRD. This article reports on a pilot study of employers' responses to dementia as it impacts both caregiving employees and employees who themselves show signs of cognitive impairment.
Keratin intermediate filament proteins – novel regulators of inflammation and immunity in skin

Inflammation is a complex biological response, protecting the host and promoting homeostasis following mechanical, chemical or microbial insults. Epithelia are strategically located at the interface between the external and internal milieu where, collectively, their ability to establish a
Image fusion using the expectation-maximization algorithm and a hidden Markov model

A statistical signal processing approach to multisensor image fusion is presented. This approach is based on an image formation model in which the sensor images are described as the true scene corrupted by additive non-Gaussian distortion. A hidden Markov model (HMM) is fitted to the wavelet transforms of the sensor images to describe the correlations between the coefficients across wavelet decomposition scales. A set of iterative equations was developed using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the model parameters and produce the fused images. We demonstrated the efficiency of this approach by applying this method to visual and radiometric images in concealed weapon detection (CWD) cases and night vision applications.
Phrase translation using a bilingual dictionary and n-gram data: A case study from Vietnamese to English

Past approaches to translate a phrase in a language L1 to a language L2 using a dictionarybased approach require grammar rules to restructure initial translations. This paper introduces a novel method without using any grammar rules to translate a given phrase in L1, which does not exist in the dictionary, to L2. We require at least one L1‐L2 bilingual dictionary and n-gram data in L2. The average manual evaluation score of our translations is 4.29/5.00, which implies very high quality.
Analysis of the interaction of an electron beam with a solar cell—II

The short-circuit current generated by the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope when it impinges on the N-P junction of a solar cell is known to be dependent on the configuration used to investigate the cell's response, and the situation for one specific configuration is analyzed. This configuration is the case in which the highly collimated electron beam strikes the edge of a planar junction a variable distance away from the edge of the depletion layer. An earlier treatment is generalized to encompass the ohmic contact at the back surface. The analysis employing Fourier and Wiener-Hopf techniques shows that it is impractical to determine the bulk diffusion length of a solar cell by a SEM used in the studied configuration unless the ohmic contact is partially removed.
Bone Geometry, Density, and Strength Indices of the Distal Radius Reflect Loading via Childhood Gymnastic Activity

Abstract The distal radius bears unique forces during gymnastic activity. Its relatively simple anatomy, minimal soft tissue envelope, and varied composition make the distal radius ideal for evaluating the effects of loading on bone properties. For 56 premenarcheal gymnasts and nongymnasts, ultradistal and 1/3 distal radius DXA scans measured bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density, and projected area. Simplified geometric models were used to generate bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), geometric indices, strength indices, and fall strength ratios. Ratios of regional BMC vs total body fat-free mass (FFM) were calculated. Separate Tanner I and II analyses of covariance adjusted bone parameters for age and height. Ratios were compared using maturity-matched analyses of variance. At the 1/3 region, periosteal width, BMC, cortical cross-sectional area, and section modulus were greater in gymnasts than nongymnasts ( p p
Solution, thermal and optical properties of new poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from conjugated quinoline diamines

Several new poly(pyridinium salt)s with quinoline diamine moieties in their backbones with tosylate and triflimide counterion were prepared by either a ring-transmutation polymerization reaction with bis(pyrylium tosylate) with a series of isomeric quinoline diamines in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 48 h at 130–140 °C or a metathesis reaction of the tosylate polymers with lithium triflimide in DMSO at about 60 °C. Their chemical structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Their number-average molecular weights (Mn) were in the range of 18,000–58,000, and their polydispersities were in the range of 1.12–1.53 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. They had thermal stability in the temperature range of 353–455 °C and glass-transition temperatures >240 °C. They had good solubility in common organic solvents and were characterized with polarizing optical microscopy (POM) studies for their lyotropic liquid-crystalline properties. Their light-emission properties were examined by spectrofluorometry in both the solution and film states. Their quantum yields were also determined. Additionally, their morphologies in the thin-film states and melt-drawn fibers were examined with POM, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Executive Attention and Effortful Control: Linking Temperament, Brain Networks, and Genes

ABSTRACT—Young children’s increasing ability to regulate their thoughts, feelings, and behavior is a hallmark of development that is of critical importance to their socialization. Recent advances in neuroimaging and molecular genetics hold promise for drawing together different levels of analysis of the emergence and growth of self-regulation. In this article, we review research relevant to our approach to understanding self-regulation, beginning with an examination of the temperament construct of Effortful Control (EC). We trace the development of EC and its links to an anatomically defined attentional network and identify genes that may contribute to individual differences in the efficiency of this network. We also report on how intervention may influence a central component of self-regulation, the executive attention network. Although much more work remains to be done, we believe that the importance of the questions addressed and the recent progress in understanding self-regulation make this a very exciting area of research.
Application of Nonparametric Methods to Rainflow Stress Density Estimation of Gas Turbine Engine Usage

The risk of fracture associated with high energy rotating components in aircraft gas turbine engines can be sensitive to small changes in applied stress values which are often difficult to measure and predict. Although a parametric approach is often used to characterize random variables, it is difficult to apply to multimodal densities. Nonparametric methods provide a direct fit to the data, and can be used to estimate the multimodal densities often associated with rainflow stress data. In this paper, a comparison of parametric and nonparametric methods is presented for density estimation of rainflow stress profiles associated with military aircraft gas turbine engine usages. A nonparametric adaptive kernel density estimator algorithm is illustrated for standard parametric probability density functions and for rainflow stress pairs associated with F-16/F100 engine usages. The kernel estimates are compared to parametric estimates, including a hybrid approach based on separate treatment of maximum stress pairs. The results provide some insight regarding the strengths and weaknesses of parametric and nonparametric density estimation methods for gas turbine engines, and can be used to develop improved stress estimates for probabilistic life predictions.Copyright © 2006 by Southwest Research Institute
Effect of weight loss on VLDL-triglyceride and apoB-100 kinetics in women with abdominal obesity

The effects of obesity and weight loss on lipoprotein kinetics were evaluated in six lean women [body mass index (BMI): 21 ± 1 kg/m2] and seven women with abdominal obesity (BMI: 36 ± 1 kg/m2). Sta...
Suppressor Variables: The Difference Between ‘is’ Versus ‘Acting As’

Correlated predictors in regression models are a fact of life in applied social science research. The extent to which they are correlated will influence the estimates and statistics associated with the other variables they are modeled along with. These effects, for example, may include enhanced regression coefficients for the other variables—a situation that may suggest the presence of a suppressor variable. This paper examines the history, definitions, and design implications and interpretations when variables are tested as suppressors versus when variables are found that act as suppressors. Longitudinal course evaluation data from a single study illustrate three different approaches to studying potential suppressors and the different results and interpretations they lead to.
Time Course of Ovum Transport in Guinea Pigs

The time course of ovum transport was determined in cycling guinea pigs. The occurrence of ovulation was determined by assessing changes in vaginal cytology. The day of the postovulatory leukocyte influx was considered day 1 of the cycle. Ovum transport in guinea pigs is characterized by a relatively long sojourn in the ampulla, followed by rapid transport through the isthmus. This pattern is similar to that seen in women and subhuman primates and different from the pattern in rabbits.
Numerical Computations of Supersonic Flow over Non-Axisymmetric Configurations

This paper describes a computational study undertaken to determine the aerodynamics of non-axisymmetric missiles with square and elliptic cross-sections. Numerical solutions have been obtained at supersonic speeds for various roll orientations and angles of attack using a twoequation Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model. Numerical results show the qualitative features (vortices and cross-flow separation regions) of the flow field at various streamwise positions along the missile configurations. Aerodynamic coefficients have been obtained from the computed solutions and found to match well with the available experimental data for these configurations. These numerical results show the ability of computational fluid dynamics technique to accurately predict the aerodynamics of non-axisymmetric missiles with non-circular cross-sections and multiple set of fins.
Nimh Treatment Study of ADHD Follow-Up

The effects of changes in medication use between 14 and 24 months follow-up on effectiveness (symptom ratings) and growth (height and weight measures) were analyzed, comparing 4 groups of patients, in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA) reported by the MTA Cooperative Group.
Legal and Moral Justification for Homicide in Susan Glaspell’s “A Jury of Her Peers”:

This article examines the legal, moral and social injustices resulting from women not having the right to serve as jurors, in the context of Susan Glaspell’s “A Jury of Her Peers.” I demonstrate how Glaspell provides a fictional window into moral justice based upon jury nullification, exercised by disempowered women, and I establish how Glaspell’s narrative helped to lay the foundation for legal recognition of women’s rights to serve as jurors, and acceptance of Battered Woman’s Syndrome as a defense. I conclude that Glaspell was an agent for change, whose work contributed to equal justice for women under law.
Exhumation of deep orogenic crust

Exhumation of deeply buried material at plate convergence settings brings up fragments of oceanic crust and continental margin, and even larger segments of continental crust that equilibrated at high or ultrahigh pressure (mantle depths). Subduction channels are capable of cycling sizable crustal blocks from downward to upward trajectories, depending on the viscosity and buoyancy of material at the subduction interface and the geometric evolution of the channel. In collision zones, the exhumation of deeply buried continental crust also relies on the nature of the coupling between the subducted and overlying plates (if there is partial melting of subducted crust, hydration of mantle wedge, etc.), as well as the evolution of boundary conditions (e.g., switch to extension or transtension, break-off of mantle slab). Exhumation in mature collisional orogens is dominated by erosion of the thrust wedge at the front of the overthickened continental plateau. For the case of the Himalaya, debate exists on the nature and path of material that has fed the orogenic front and constructed the Greater Himalayan Sequence, particularly in the Miocene. The work by [Grujic et al. (2011)][1] adds significantly to this debate and documents mid-Miocene exhumation of rocks that were at the base of the south Tibetan crust in mid-Miocene time. Within only a few million years, these young eclogites were heated to granulite facies and rapidly exhumed along with their partially molten crustal host. This discovery offers new insight on the relative role of thrusting versus crustal flow in the construction of orogenic wedges; links mantle heat input, crustal melting, and crustal flow with the dynamics of the orogenic front; and provides renewed knowledge of lithospheric evolution in collisional orogens. [1]: #ref-25
Distribution of ion transport mRNAs throughout murine nose and lung.

Evidence of absorptive or secretory ion transport in different respiratory regions of the mouse was sought by assessing the regional distribution of α-, β-, and γ-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC; N...
Nanoscale Coordination Polymers Codeliver Chemotherapeutics and siRNAs to Eradicate Tumors of Cisplatin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer.

Drug resistance impedes the successful treatment of many types of cancers, especially ovarian cancer (OCa). To counter this problem, we developed novel long-circulating, self-assembled core–shell nanoscale coordination polymer (NCP) nanoparticles that efficiently deliver multiple therapeutics with different mechanisms of action to enhance synergistic therapeutic effects. These NCP particles contain high payloads of chemotherapeutics cisplatin or cisplatin plus gemcitabine in the core and pooled siRNAs that target multidrug resistant (MDR) genes in the shell. The NCP particles possess efficient endosomal escape via a novel carbon dioxide release mechanism without compromising the neutral surface charge required for long blood circulation and effectively downregulate MDR gene expression in vivo to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy by several orders of magnitude. Even at low doses, intraperitoneal injections of nanoparticles led to effective and long-lasting tumor regression/eradication in subcutaneous and i...
Large and Powerful Arrays and Pipelines

This chapter reviews the large cellular arrays that were built and designed during the past, the powerful pipelines that were developed for image processing, and several smaller variants that combine features of arrays and pipelines. It focuses on those systems that are the most modular and use the simplest, most flexible processors, because they appear to be the cheapest, most powerful, and most expandable with very-large-scale integration technologies. All of the arrays and pipelines are of general purpose. As they are designed to handle specific classes of problems efficiently, they are sometimes dismissed as special purpose, in contrast to the single-central processing unit computer and to the networks of processors. The chapter also explains the general architecture of parallel cellular array computers. Large parallel-array computers have been designed with specific kinds of tasks in mind, where large arrays of information must be dealt with.
Laser-assisted biofabrication in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Controlling the spatial arrangement of biomaterials and living cells provides the foundation for fabricating complex biological systems. Such level of spatial resolution (less than 10 µm) is difficult to be obtained through conventional cell processing techniques, which lack the precision, reproducibility, automation, and speed required for the rapid fabrication of engineered tissue constructs. Recently, laser-assisted biofabrication techniques are being intensively developed with the use of computer-aided processes for patterning and assembling both living and nonliving materials with prescribed 2D or 3D organization. In this review, we discuss laser-assisted fabrication methods, including laser tweezers, multi-photon polymerization, laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT), matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE), and laser ablation as well as their applications in biological science and biomedical engineering. These advanced technologies enable the precise manipulation of in vitro cellular microenvironments and the ability to engineer functional tissue constructs with high complexity and heterogeneity, which serve in regenerative medicine, pharmacology, and basic cell biology studies.
Dynamic Encoding of Acoustic Features in Neural Responses to Continuous Speech

Humans are unique in their ability to communicate using spoken language. However, it remains unclear how the speech signal is transformed and represented in the brain at different stages of the auditory pathway. In this study, we characterized electroencephalography responses to continuous speech by obtaining the time-locked responses to phoneme instances (phoneme-related potential). We showed that responses to different phoneme categories are organized by phonetic features. We found that each instance of a phoneme in continuous speech produces multiple distinguishable neural responses occurring as early as 50 ms and as late as 400 ms after the phoneme onset. Comparing the patterns of phoneme similarity in the neural responses and the acoustic signals confirms a repetitive appearance of acoustic distinctions of phonemes in the neural data. Analysis of the phonetic and speaker information in neural activations revealed that different time intervals jointly encode the acoustic similarity of both phonetic and speaker categories. These findings provide evidence for a dynamic neural transformation of low-level speech features as they propagate along the auditory pathway, and form an empirical framework to study the representational changes in learning, attention, and speech disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We characterized the properties of evoked neural responses to phoneme instances in continuous speech. We show that each instance of a phoneme in continuous speech produces several observable neural responses at different times occurring as early as 50 ms and as late as 400 ms after the phoneme onset. Each temporal event explicitly encodes the acoustic similarity of phonemes, and linguistic and nonlinguistic information are best represented at different time intervals. Finally, we show a joint encoding of phonetic and speaker information, where the neural representation of speakers is dependent on phoneme category. These findings provide compelling new evidence for dynamic processing of speech sounds in the auditory pathway.
Object-Oriented User Interface Customization: Reduce Complexity and Improve Usability and Adaptation

The purpose of this research is to improve the usability and adaptation of complex information system (CIS) by reducing the complexity. The paper introduces CIS, the complexity of CIS, usability and adaptation issues of CIS, and potential solutions for these issues. Research suggests User Interface (UI) customization can address usability and adaptation issues in CIS. This research proposes the Object-Oriented User Interface Customization (OOUIC) framework to reduce the complexity of CIS, in order to improve the usability and adaptation. The OOUIC approach suggests that classifying users by user roles, e.g., job roles, can reduce the complexity. Use Case Analysis (UCA) can identify actors (job roles) and use cases (goals, tasks, and functions) to develop use case diagrams, tasks diagrams, and function models. Based on model-driven modeling, the mapping between use case diagrams, task diagrams, and function models enables automatic selection of abstract UI and development of concrete UI for each job role. Building connections between vendor UI (V-UI) and concrete UI to generate the adaptable vendor-free UI (MyUI) can ensure the reuse of UI customization on whichever V-UI. The efficiency, robustness, and maintainability of the method had been justified in previous studies. This research proposes a two-phase study by using the product lifecycle management (PLM) system as an example to illustrate that the framework can reduce complexity and improve usability and adaptation.
A symbiosis of civil service and politics in transfers: The case of Pakistan's management cadres

Job rotation is an important tool in public administration that is used to enhance learning and diversify experience among employees, while reducing opportunities for rent-seeking behaviour. The benefits of job rotation, however, may be reduced if carried out too frequently or for narrow partisan reasons. Frequent transfers and postings in a civil service characterized by life-long contracts negatively impact on-the-job learning, accountability for results, and incentives to acquire skills. This study examines the political and internal civil service determinants of frequent transfers in the civil service of Punjab, Pakistan. We employ Poisson panel estimations for 338 job positions for elite management cadres in Pakistan over a five-year period from 2006 to 2010. The analysis shows that a change in elected government and desirability of a position increase the frequency of transfers.