cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE THEORY OF FIELDS OF RESTITUTION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHENOMENA OF SECRETION

Summary. 1. The term restitution is suggested for the repetition of irreversible processes. I have tried to show the biological meaning of this in secretion, regeneration and growth. 2. A definition is given of the terms evasion, accumulation, secretion, as three ways of elimination of material from the inside to the outside of protoplasm. 3. Reception of material, formation of pre-secretion, formation and migration of granules are outlined as different processes of restitution during secretion. 4. The origin of “basal granules” in topographical connection with mitochondria in the pancreas and the influence of X-rays on this origin is described; likewise the role of the nucleus and the ergastoplasm in other glands. 5. The building up of clear-cut granules occurs in connection with colloids of the Golgi field. 6. During these processes some signs of metabolism in the cell are observed. 7. Certain physiological unities responsible for restitution are called fields of restitution. 8. The size of these “fields” may be the size of microscopical particles, of cells, or of organs. Some examples of this are given. 9. An outline is given of what may be the qualitative differences between the various kinds of “fields.” 10. The question is answered as to how often a field of restitution is able to work. Polyphasic and monophasic systems are distinguished. The polyphasic and monophasic working of the different fields is explained in this connection. 11. The secretion quotient is in function of time. If this quotient is 1, the working of a field is arhythmical. If the quotient is smaller than 1, the working must be rhythmical. The value of this quotient is given for certain cellular and organ fields. 12. Various examples for synchronous and asynchronous action of cells are given. 13. Two different causes for synchronous working of secretory cells are demonstrated: an abbreviation of the cycle of processes, and rhythmical mitosis. 14. The relation of the “theory of fields of restitution” to growth, regeneration and the theory of “Teilkorper” (Heidenhain) is outlined. 15. The influence of X-rays on different stages of restitution is described and compared with regeneration and growth. 16. The question of autonomic and heteronomic factors in the different fields of restitution is considered.
Ottilie's Echo: Vocality in Goethe's Wahlverwandtschaften

Although much prior scholarship has been focused on visuality in Goethe's novel from 1809, Die Wahlverwandtschaften, I argue that, in his novel, Goethe engages in an equally important exploration of the acoustic dimension and the voice in particular. Through representations of vocal performances such as recitation, declamation, and singing, Goethe not only reflects on the popularity of acoustic media in Geselligkeitskultur around 1800, he also explores how individual identities are negotiated and relationships formed through vocal exchanges and performances. Through a specific focus on acoustic performances by women, Goethe also investigates the relationship of gender to vocality. The comic and tragic outcomes of acoustic performances by male and female characters in the novel reveal the risky and intimate nature of vocal communication. The connection of the voice to individuality and the social is revealed most poignantly through references to the myth of Echo and Narcissus, which Goethe interweaves into the narrative of the tragic love affair between two of the main characters, Ottilie and Eduard.
The Convenient Scapegoating Of Blacks In Postwar Japan Shaping the Black Experience Abroad

This article examines former and existing negative messages and images found in Japan about Blacks. It is argued that the elite Japanese used consciously or subconsciously these messages and images...
The OGF-OGFr axis utilizes the p21 pathway to restrict progression of human pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the 4th leading cause of death from cancer in the U.S. The opioid growth factor (OGF; [Met5]-enkephalin) and the OGF receptor form an inhibitory growth regulatory system involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. The OGF-OGFr axis influences the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In this investigation, we elucidate the pathway of OGF in the cell cycle. Using BxPC-3 cells, OGF decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein without changing total Rb. This change was correlated with reduced cyclin-dependent kinase protein (Cdk) 2 kinase activity, but not total Cdk2. OGF treatment increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21 protein expression in comparison to controls, as well levels of p21 complexed with Cdk2. Naloxone abolished the increased expression of p21 protein by OGF, suggesting a receptor-mediated activity. p21 specific siRNAs blocked OGF's repressive action on proliferation in BxPC-3, PANC-1, and Capan-2 cells; cells transfected with negative control siRNA had no alteration in p21 expression, and therefore were inhibited by OGF. These data are the first to reveal that the target of cell proliferative inhibitory action of OGF in human pancreatic cancer is a p21 CKI pathway, expanding strategies for diagnosis and treatment of these neoplasias.
Occupational Therapy in Hospice Home Care: A Student Tutorial

The number of hospices in the United States has grown from 20 in 1978 to 1,500 in 1985. The projected need is for 4,000 to 5,000 new hospices to serve the terminally ill by the end of the century. As the hospice philosophy advocates a holistic approach (i.e., the amelioration of biological pain and physical symptoms, diagnostic honesty, and the maximization of the quality of life), occupational therapy, operating from an occupational behavior perspective, can contribute to maximizing the quality of life for the terminally ill patient. There is an urgent need to train occupational therapists to meet the potential demand inherent in the rapid growth of hospice care. Because there are at the present time no formal course offerings on the treatment of the terminally ill hospice patient, this paper proposes a tutorial in the form of a five-phase model for an undergraduate independent study in hospice care. Certain principles of the model are illustrated through case studies.
Chronic Pain Syndromes and Violence Against Women

Abstract Chronic pain is a common form of disability, and is often reported among women with a history of victimization. In the present study, we combine six pain symptoms into a measure of self-reported pain, and compare women who have experienced child or domestic abuse with those who do not report such a history. A sample of 110 female patients (57 abused, 53 non-abused controls) was drawn from an adult primary-care practice of 905 patients in a small, affluent, predominantly Caucasian community in northern New England. The subjects ranged in age from 18 to 88 (M = 47). Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire that was used clinically as part of the new-patient work-up. Women who reported either child or domestic abuse were significantly more likely to report pain symptoms than women in the control group. There was no significant difference between women who had experienced domestic abuse vs. child abuse alone. These findings held true even after controlling for depression.
RESPIRATORY EVAPORATION IN BIRDS.

Summary 1. Many birds are capable of varying the rate of evaporative heat loss during respiration as a means of temperature regulation. 2. Respiratory heat loss becomes increasingly important as air temperatures rise. Above the body temperature of the bird it is the only means of heat loss. 3. The rate of respiratory heat loss varies from one species of bird to another. The rate is also dependent on environmental atmospheric humidity. 4. The rate of heat loss by respiratory evaporation is dependent on the difference in vapour pressure between that of the respiratory surface and of the inspired air, on the degree of saturation of the expired air, and on the volume of air expired per breath and per unit time. 5. There is a constant relation between breathing rate and heat production in the House Sparrow above the upper critical temperature. 6. Other things being equal, there is a constant relation between evaporative rate and the vapour pressure difference between the air and the evaporative surface, if one assumes that the vapour pressure of the respiratory surface is equal to that of water at the rectal temperature of the bird. 7. When variations due to differences in respiration rate, metabolic rate, atmospheric humidity and body size are excluded, in some species of birds the rate of evaporative heat loss is essentially constant at air temperatures above the upper critical temperature (the upper limit of the thermo-neutral zone, see p. 114, footnote). In other species the rate of respiratory evaporation increases as air temperatures rise above the upper critical temperature. 8. From this evidence and other data in the literature, there appear to be four classes of species: one in which respiratory evaporation as a temperature-regulating mechanism is unimportant or non-existent; a second in which respiratory evaporation takes place in the lungs and air sacs and in which, at air temperatures above the upper critical temperature, increased evaporation is achieved only by an increased respiratory rate; a third in which respiratory evaporation takes place in the lungs and air sacs but the evaporative rate can be enhanced without an increase in respiratory rate; and a fourth in which evaporation takes place in the more anterior regions of the respiratory tract such as the trachea or buccal cavity. 9. These four groups are interpreted as representing various stages between two extremes of specialization. One extreme is represented by species of cold arid regions in which all or most of the tidal air passes through the lung parenchyma. Respiratory evaporation and hence heat loss is thus minimized. The other extreme is represented by species of hot humid regions in which the major function of ventilation is to provide evaporative heat loss. Respiratory gas exchange is a minor purpose and only a small fraction of the tidal air traverses the lung passages.
Trade Execution Costs and Market Quality after Decimalization

This study assesses trade execution costs and market quality for NYSE and Nasdaq stocks before and after the 2001 change to decimal pricing. Several theoretical predictions are confirmed. Quoted bid-ask spreads declined substantially on each market, with the largest declines for heavily traded stocks. The percentage of shares receiving price improvement increased on the NYSE, but not on Nasdaq. However, those trades completed at prices within or outside the quotes were improved or disimproved by smaller amounts after decimalization, and trades completed outside the quotes saw the largest reductions in trade execution costs, as a class. Effective bid-ask spreads as a percentage of share price, arguably the most relevant measure of execution costs for smaller trades, averaged 0.33% on a volume-weighted basis after decimalization for both NYSE and Nasdaq stocks. There is no evidence of systematic intraday reversals of quote changes on either market, as would be expected if decimalization had damaged liquidity supply.
Theory of micropolar plates.

Auf der Basis der linearen Theorie der mikropolaren Elastizitat wird eine Theorie fur Dehnung und Biegung mikropolarer Platten entwickelt. Die Platten werden aus Hantel-Elementen zusammengesetzt angenommen. Die Theorie berucksichtigt Drehungs- und Schiebungseffekte sowohl klassischen wie auch mikropolaren Ursprungs. Es entstehen symmetrische und antimetrische Spannungsverteilungen als Bestandteile einer ungekoppelten Feldtheorie. Es werden Satze bezuglich der inneren Energie und der Eindeutiekeit der Losung aufgestellt. Einige Naherungstheorien sowie die Natur mikropolarer Biegewellen in unendlichen Platten werden diskutiert.
Distribution, Exchange, and Consumption

Allocation of goods in the broadest sense includes three related but different aspects in economic theory: 1. The division of wealth among the members of society as individuals and families. 2. The division of the value of the output of goods among the producers and other factors involved in the production process. 3. The movement of goods into the paths of exchange or commerce.
A Comparison Of Two Learning Environments On Students Learning Of An Instructional Strategy

This study investigated the effects of two learning environments on education students’ learning of the reciprocal teaching instructional strategy. Students were taught the strategy via two instructional approaches and their knowledge tested at the end of the session. The results showed that overall the setting in which students’ learned the strategy in had effects on how they scored on the test at the end of the session.
The epileptic patient in general practice. What the family physician must attend to

Some 25% of patients with epilepsy are under the sole care of their family doctors. Treatment is applied in accordance with clear guidelines. The leading aim of therapy is always freedom from seizures. The gold standard is monotherapy, with combination treatment taking second place. In focal epilepsy, the drug of first choice is still carbamazepine, and in generalized epilepsy valproic acid. The use of the new antiepileptics should be given careful consideration, not least on account of their high price. Switch-over from a proprietary to a generic drug may be associated with the problem of differences in bioavailability. Routine monitoring of serum levels is not useful, but is always necessary when a seizure occurs unexpectedly. On account of their disease, many people with epilepsy are discriminated against. Questions regarding the advisability of having children or driving a car, should, however, not automatically elicit a negative response.
Fast Adaptive Hybrid Mesh Generation Based On Quad-tree Decomposition

A new adaptive hybrid mesh generation method is presented in this paper to deal with planar domains of arbitrary shapes. The tree decomposition is governed by a size function in R 2 . Our main goal is to e‐ciently produce an adequate mesh for Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes numerical simulations of turbulent viscous ∞ow. The result is an adaptive quad-dominant hybrid mesh ready for the application of agglomeration multigrid methods. Several application examples are provided to show the strength of this approach. A simple optimization step is required and enables the extension of this method to 3D in a straight forward manner.
Design and implementing of image transform system based on FPGA with bilinear arithmetic

Simulation of moving object,as a simulate technology of system,is the basic technology of researching the image scan and track and guide equipment.This real time system was processing the image on FPGA,achieving a satisfying result of transform,zoom and eddy of the image and display on VGA displayer.The real time processing on FPGA makes the system not depend on DSP.It reduces the cost and curtails the bulk of system.
Clinical significance of positive peritoneal cytology in endometrial carcinoma

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the significance of peritoneal washing cytology(PWC)in prognosis of endometrial carcinoma by investigating the relationship of peritoneal washing positive rate in staging and the risk factors of endometrial carcinoma.METHODS:A retrospective study on clinical and follow-up documental information of 93 cases was make.RESULTS:In all 93 patients,14 cases had positive peritoneal cytology,detection rate was 15.1%,in which there was 11.1%(7/63) for clinical stageⅠ,whose stage increased because of positive peritoneal washing was 11.1% and 34.1% respectively in stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ.Of these 71 follow-up cases,16 cases died within 2 to 60 months after operation,3 died of non-cancer reasons.In the dead cases,2 cases were PWC positive.The cases with only positive peritoneal washing survived more than 5 years,and 2 cases with positive peritoneal washing died with combined extrauterine metastasis,lymphatic metastasis.The 5-year survival rates who had or had no positive peritoneal cytology were 85.7% and 80.7%,with no significant differences.CONCLUSIONS:Endometrial carcinoma with positive peritoneal washing have no significant correlation with the prognosis.Positive peritoneal washing is relevant to extrauterine metastasis,poor histological grade,the depth of myometrial invasion and other risky factors.When some cases show positive peritoneal washing combining with extrauterine metastasis,the depth of myometrial invasion,paid great attention must be in time and be handled in a positive way.
Research strategies in emergency psychiatry.

For a number of reasons, research in emergency psychiatry is particularly difficult to pursue. The author discusses these special problems and follows with an outline of the approaches to research that are needed if emergency psychiatry is to provide a high quality of care that is clinically specific and cost-efficient.
Cyproheptadine Use in Children With Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical improvement and safety with use of cyproheptadine in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in children. Methods Retrospectively evaluating the efficacy and safety of the use for indications including Rome III-defined FGIDs: functional abdominal pain, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), abdominal migraine, cyclic vomiting syndrome. Response categories were as follows: no improvement group/partial improvement group; requiring intervention, or complete improvement group (CIG); warranting discontinuation; ongoing use; or parental unwillingness to stop medication. Results Among 307 patients, 151 included; 58% girls, ages 1 to 18 years (median 9); 110 (72.8%) reported complete symptom improvement; 41 (27.2%) reported no or partial improvement. Mean initial and final doses in the CIG were 4.85 mg/day (0.14 mg · kg · day) and 5.34 mg/day (0.14 mg · kg · day), respectively. A total of 102/151 (68%) reported no adverse effects. Adverse effects shown were as sleepiness in 19/151 (13%) and weight gain in 15/151 (10%). Cyproheptadine was effective in improving symptoms of functional abdominal pain, functional dyspepsia, in a relatively larger number of patients. Patients in smaller numbers had significant improvement 13/18 (72%) abdominal migraine, 10/10 (100%) IBS, and 6/8 (75%) cyclic vomiting syndrome. This is the first time report of improvement in IBS. Other pharmacodynamics had been as follows: the lower the body weight, the higher are the odds of no to partial improvement; patients in no improvement group/partial improvement group experience more adverse effects as compared to the CIG; the single best predictor of clinical improvement was body mass index. A 1 unit increase in body mass index with cyproheptadine use increased the odds of clinical improvement by 1.5-fold (P = 0.01). Conclusions Cyproheptadine effectively improves symptoms of Rome III-defined FGIDs and has a good safety profile when used for these indications.
Understanding Differences in Administrative and Audited Patient Data in Cardiac Surgery: Comparison of the University HealthSystem Consortium and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Databases.

Background The University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) administrative database has been used increasingly as a quality indicator for hospitals and even individual surgeons. We aimed to determine the accuracy of cardiac surgical data in the administrative UHC database vs data in the clinical Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Study Design We reviewed demographic and outcomes information of patients with aortic valve replacement (AVR), mitral valve replacement (MVR), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013. Data collected in aggregate and compared across the databases included case volume, physician specialty coding, patient age and sex, comorbidities, mortality rate, and postoperative complications. Results In these 2 years, the UHC database recorded 1,270 AVRs, 355 MVRs, and 1,473 CABGs. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database case volumes were less by 2% to 12% (1,219 AVRs; 316 MVRs; and 1,442 CABGs). Errors in physician specialty coding occurred in UHC data (AVR, 0.6%; MVR, 0.8%; and CABG, 0.7%). In matched patients from each database, demographic age and sex information was identical. Although definitions differed in the databases, percentages of patients with at least one comorbidity were similar. Hospital mortality rates were similar as well, but postoperative recorded complications differed greatly. Conclusions In comparing the 2 databases, we found similarity in patient demographic information and percentage of patients with comorbidities. The small difference in volumes of each operation type and the larger disparity in postoperative complications between the databases were related to differences in data definition, data collection, and coding errors.
Lack of Substantial Antithrombotic Effect of Low Circulating Coagulation Factor VII Levels in a Baboon Model of Acute Vascular Graft Thrombosis

Localized pathologic thrombin generation by the tissue factor/factor VII (TF/FVII)-dependent extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation has been suggested to be the key initiator of thrombosis following blood vessel injury and exposure of blood to the subendothelial matrix that contains coagulation/platelet activator matrix proteins, such as collagen and TF. Inherited FVII deficiency ( 30 days) systemic anticoagulation, as evidenced by PT increase that reached 2.0-2.6 fold baseline. Surprisingly, fibrin deposition was not affected, and platelet deposition in the thrombogenic devices (N=8) was also not inhibited on collagen-coated grafts, and only marginally inhibited on TF. Treatment with vitamin K antagonists that reduces the level of vitamin K-dependent coagulation enzymes, including FVII, also prolong the PT. Warfarin-induced doubling of the PT is antithrombotic and moderately safe. Yet, in this study where FVII ASO selectively reduced FVII levels, the observed and significant PT prolongation was not associated with anti-fibrin or anti-platelet effects on collagen, and showed an unremarkable anti-platelet effect on TF. We conclude that if the TF/FVII pathway drives the propagation of large vessel thrombi under flow in primates indeed, very low FVII activity (≈1%) must be sufficient to sustain thrombogenesis, supporting the clinical data on deep vein thrombosis, routinely observed in FVII deficiency. Since FVII activity cannot be entirely eliminated without bleeding risks, these data suggest that targeting the TF/FVII pathway with FVII ASO or inhibitors may not be an entirely sound antithrombotic treatment approach. Disclosures Wallisch: Aronora, Inc: Employment. Tucker: Aronora, Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Murray: Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Crosby: Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Monia: Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment. Gruber: Aronora, Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership.
Electrolyte composition of lacrimal gland fluid and tears of normal and vitamin A-deficient rabbits

Rabbit tears and lacrimal gland fluid were collected simultaneously during pilocarpine stimulation with the goal of comparing the ionic composition of these fluids at various flow rates. Ions measured were sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, chloride, and bicarbonate. Human tears were also analyzed for purposes of comparison. Generally, tears and lacrimal gland fluid do not differ in ionic composition except for zinc and bicarbonate, which are in higher concentration in tears than in lacrimal gland fluid. The ionic composition of tears and lacrimal gland fluid of vitamin A-deficient rabbits was also analyzed. The maximal flow rate of lacrimal gland fluid was decreased in vitamin A-deficient rabbits as were calcium levels in tears and lacrimal gland fluid, as compared with controls. Concentrations of other ions generally did not differ from normal levels, indicating that vitamin A deficiency has only moderate effects on lacrimal gland function in the rabbit.
First-Grade Cognitive Predictors of Writing Disabilities in Grades 2 Through 4 Elementary School Students

The primary aim of this study was determining Grade 1 cognitive predictors of students at risk for writing disabilities in Grades 2 through 4. Applying cognitive measures selected to align with the...
Brittle to Semibrittle Transition in Quartz Sandstone: Energetics

Triaxial compression experiments were conducted on a quartz sandstone at effective pressures up to 175 MPa and temperatures up to 900°C. Our experiments show a transition from brittle faulting to semibrittle faulting with an increase in both pressure and temperature. The yield behavior of samples deformed in the semibrittle regime follows a compactant elliptical cap at low strain, but evolves to a dilatant Mohr-Coulomb relationship with continued compaction. Optical microscopy indicates that semibrittle deformation involves cataclastic flow through shear-enhanced compaction and grain crushing; however, transmission electron microscopy shows evidence for dislocation glide in limited portions of samples. To constrain the relative contribution of brittle and crystal plastic mechanisms, we estimate the partitioning of the inelastic work into the dissipation energy for microcracking, intergranular frictional slip, and dislocation glide. We conclude that semibrittle deformation is accommodated primarily by cataclastic mechanisms, with only a limited contribution from crystal plasticity. Mechanical data, acoustic emission records, and analysis of surface energy all indicate the activation of subcritical cracking at elevated temperature. Hence, we infer that the enhancement of subcritical cracking is responsible for the transition to semibrittle flow through promoting distributed grain-scale fractures and mm-scale shear bands. Subcritical cracking promotes the nucleation of microfractures at lower stresses, and the resulting decrease in flow stress retards the propagation of transgranular microfractures. Our study illuminates the important role of temperature on the micromechanics of the transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow in the Earth.
A cohort study of comorbidity in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Objectives To evaluate the associations between granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and a wide range of comorbidities in patients with GPA compared with population-based non-vasculitis patients. Methods Using the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink we identified 570 incident patients with GPA in 1990-2014, and for each case, we selected up to 10 random non-vasculitis patients matched for age, sex, practice and years of history before the date of first GPA diagnosis. We compared the distribution of 13 pre-existing comorbidities and estimated the risk of each incident comorbidity after the cohort entry between GPA and non-vasculitis patients. Results Patients with GPA were more likely to have a history of hypothyroidism at their initial diagnosis compared with non-vasculitis patients. Patients with GPA had increased risk of incident venous thromboembolism any time during follow-up compared with non-vasculitis patients, particularly during the first 3 years of follow-up: hazard ratio (HR) of 5.24 (95% CI: 2.83, 9.71). Risks were also increased for hypertension (HR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.84, 3.26), type 2 diabetes (HR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.36, 3.32), dyslipidaemia (HR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.04) and depression (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.86) among GPA patients during the first 3 years of follow-up, but not after 3 years post-diagnosis. Conclusion Patients with GPA had a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism before the initial diagnosis, a strong risk of developing venous thromboembolism during follow-up and increased risks of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes and depression in the first few years after diagnosis, compared with non-vasculitis population.
All That’s Gold Does Not Glitter

Spurred by economic uncertainty, interest in precious metals has increased dramatically. Investors target precious-metal funds for two primary reasons: (1) to capture an expected appreciation in pr...
Multiple roles of silver salts in palladium-catalyzed C–H activations

Abstract Many Pd-catalyzed C–H functionalization reactions utilize stoichiometric Ag(I)-salts as additives. Ag additives are typically used either as a terminal oxidant or as a halide scavenger for Pd catalyst regeneration. However, recent experimental and computational studies have shown that Ag(I)-salts may play additional roles in C–H activation processes. Notably, cooperative Pd–Ag bimetallic C–H activations and Ag(I)-mediated Pd-catalyzed C–H arylations can occur. The non-oxidative roles of Ag(I) salts in Pd-catalyzed C-H activation are highlighted in this mini-review.
Assessment of the Utility of Ordering a Troponin in Low- and Intermediate-Risk Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Retrospective Chart Review

BACKGROUND A troponin assay is commonly sent for patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Multiple studies suggest that elevated troponin levels do not predict coronary artery disease in these patients. Patients with elevated troponins are more likely to have additional cardiac testing, which can lead to increased health care costs and unnecessary invasive procedures. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate low- to intermediate-risk patients (HEART [history, electrocardiography, age, risk factors and troponin] Score 1-6) presenting to the ED with SVT. Our hypothesis was that an elevated troponin would not predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE), but would be associated with increased hospital admission rates and lengths of stay. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who presented with SVT to a large, urban, academic hospital ED over 4 years who had a troponin result. A total of 46 patients were included in the study. RESULTS Patients with a positive troponin (>0.05 ng/mL) had a hospital admission rate of 86% versus 21% for patients with negative troponin (p = 0.006); rate of cardiology consult of 86% versus 21% (p < 0.001); and a mean total length of stay of 4157 min versus 1347 min (p = 0.04). At 3 months, none of the patients with a positive troponin had an MACE, death from any cause, or positive results of cardiac testing. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a positive troponin result had significantly more admissions, cardiology consults, and longer hospital stays. These patients did not have an increased prevalence of MACE.
The Neurologic Basis for the Anovulation of the Luteal Phase, Lactation and Pregnancy

Ovulation in the mammal implies not just the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum, but the entire process of growth and maturation of the Graafian follicle up to and including its rupture. In this sense, ovulation can be regarded as the expression of the most basic relationship which the ovary bears to its total environment. We can try to understand this relationship by studying the process of spontaneous ovulation and conditions which prevent it. Studies of anovulatory conditions are especially valuable and complementary to a direct study of ovulation.
A Re-Examination of the Metal Requirement of Chromobacterium Violaceum Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is the best characterized member of the family of pterin-dependent mono-oxygenases that includes tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase. All of the mammalian forms of these enzymes have a non-heme iron required for activity1,2,3 . Though no direct experimental evidence ascribes a mechanistic role to the metal, it is thought that the metal ion is required to be in its lower oxidation state for activity4,5,6.
Molecularly Confirmed Acute, Fatal Sarcocystis falcatula Infection in the Rainbow Lorikeets ( Trichoglossus moluccanus) at the Philadelphia Zoo

ABSTRACT The protozoan parasite Sarcocystis falcatula is an important cause of clinical disease in several avian intermediate hosts. The host range of S. falcatula is wide, and numerous outbreaks of acute sarcocystosis have been reported in passerine and psittacine birds in captivity in the Americas. Previous diagnosis was performed by serologic methods, light, and/or electron microscopic examinations with limited molecular confirmation. Here, we report histological and molecular diagnosis of acute, fatal S. falcatula infections in rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus moluccanus) at the Philadelphia Zoo. Pulmonary sarcocystosis was suspected antemortem in 3 lorikeets (3–5 yr old); these birds died despite antiprotozoal therapy. The predominant lesion was pneumonia associated with S. falcatula–like schizonts in pulmonary vascular endothelium. The multilocus PCR-DNA sequencing (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS-1, and cox1) of frozen lung tissue confirmed S. falcatula infections in all 3 birds. Our results and previous s...
Brief Commentary: Advocating for Blunt Policy.

This commentary was 1 of 6 selected for publication from 100 submissions that responded to a call for readers' perspectives on prescribing or recommending marijuana.
Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Veterans

The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study showed that childhood trauma is common in the general population and has enduring effects on adult emotional and physical health. Levels of childhood adversity among individuals with a history of military service have been found to match or exceed those among individuals with no history of military service. Most studies to date have found that ACEs are associated with poorer mental health outcomes among service members and veterans, although the ways in which childhood adversity may contribute to vulnerability or resilience are not fully understood. Further, the prevalence of ACEs specifically among veterans has not been clearly established. We evaluated the prevalence of childhood adversity at a community-based outpatient mental health clinic within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and found that 85.0% of participating veterans reported experiencing at least one category of ACE before the age of 18, while nearly half of veteran participants (46.0%) reported experiencing four or more categories. We discuss the implications of a high burden of childhood adversity for neurobiological development and psychological functioning among veterans, and for mental health treatment within the VA. Further, we describe the development of a trauma-informed program which utilizes a phase-based, modular approach to better address the psychological sequelae of childhood adversity, and foster resilience and posttraumatic growth. Several case examples are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.
English only? Monolinguals in linguistically diverse contexts have an edge in language learning

Accumulating evidence shows how language context shapes bilingual language use and its cognitive consequences. However, few studies have considered the impact of language context for monolinguals. Although monolinguals' language processing is assumed to be relatively stable and homogeneous, some research has shown novel learning through exposure alone. Monolinguals living in linguistically diverse contexts regularly overhear languages they do not understand, and may absorb information about those languages in ways that shape their language networks. The current study used behavioral and ERP measures to compare monolinguals living in a linguistically diverse environment and a unilingual environment in their ability to learn vowel harmony in Finnish. Monolinguals in both contexts demonstrated similar learning of studied words; however, their ERPs differed for generalization. Monolinguals in the diverse context revealed an anterior late positivity, whereas monolinguals in the unilingual context showed no effect. The results suggest that linguistic diversity promotes new language learning.
The Male Gaze in the Medical Classroom: Proximity, Objectivity, and Objectification in “The Pornographic Anatomy Book”

In 1971, three Duke University professors published a medical school textbook using pinup photographs of naked women as visual aids. In critiquing the rhetorical force of this unusual artifact, we ...
Molecular identification of sixty-three amacrine cell types completes a mouse retinal cell atlas

ABSTRACT Amacrine cells (ACs) are a diverse class of interneurons that modulate input from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), rendering each RGC type selectively sensitive to particular visual features, which are then relayed to the brain. While many AC types have been identified morphologically and physiologically, they have not been comprehensively classified or molecularly characterized. We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile >32,000 ACs from mouse retina, and applied computational methods to identify 63 AC types. We identified molecular markers for each type, and used them to characterize the morphology of multiple types. We show that they include nearly all previously known AC types as well as many that had not been described. Consistent with previous studies, most of the AC types express markers for the canonical inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA or glycine, but several express neither or both. In addition, many express one or more neuropeptides, and two express glutamatergic markers. We also explored transcriptomic relationships among AC types and identified transcription factors expressed by individual or multiple closely related types. Noteworthy among these were Meis2 and Tcf4, expressed by most GABAergic and most glycinergic types, respectively. Together, these results provide a foundation for developmental and functional studies of ACs, as well as means for genetically accessing them. Along with previous molecular, physiological and morphological analyses, they establish the existence of at least 130 neuronal types and nearly 140 cell types in mouse retina. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mouse retina is a leading model for analyzing the development, structure, function and pathology of neural circuits. A complete molecular atlas of retinal cell types provides an important foundation for these studies. We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the most heterogeneous class of retinal interneurons, amacrine cells, identifying 63 distinct types. The atlas includes types identified previously as well as many novel types. We provide evidence for use of multiple neurotransmitters and neuropeptides and identify transcription factors expressed by groups of closely related types. Combining these results with those obtained previously, we proposed that the mouse retina contains 130 neuronal types, and is therefore comparable in complexity to other regions of the brain.
Ranavirus Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Ranaviruses (genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae) are large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that infect economically and ecologically important cold-blooded vertebrates worldwide. Taxonomically, ranaviruses belong to a monophyletic group of viruses referred to as the Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV). The NCLDV cluster contains viruses with the largest known viral genomes and infects a diverse array of eukaryotic hosts. The family Iridoviridae is currently divided into five genera: Iridovirus, Chloriridovirus, Megalocytivirus, Lymphocystivirus, and Ranavirus. Ranavirus taxonomy is based on restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of genomic DNA, virus protein profiles, DNA sequence analysis, and host specificity as well as whole genome dot plot analysis and phylogenetic analysis of individual and concatenated gene sequences. In this chapter, we discuss the current taxonomy of the genus Ranavirus as well as the phylogenetic relationship among currently identified ranaviruses. In addition, we discuss the future of ranavirus taxonomy in light of current phylogenetic analyses.
Aggregative adherence fimbriae II of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli are required for adherence and barrier disruption during infection of human colonoids

Symptomatic and asymptomatic infection with the diarrheal pathogen enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is associated with growth faltering in children in developing settings. The mechanism of this association is unknown, emphasizing a need for better understanding of the interactions between EAEC and the human gastrointestinal mucosa. In this study, we investigated the role of the aggregative adherence fimbriae II (AAF/II) in EAEC adherence and pathogenesis using human colonoids and duodenal enteroids. We found that a null mutant in aafA, the major subunit of AAF/II, adhered significantly less than wild-type (WT) EAEC strain 042, and adherence was restored in a complemented strain. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of differentiated colonoids, which produce an intact mucus layer comprised of the secreted mucin MUC2, revealed bacteria at the epithelial surface and within the MUC2 layer. The WT strain adhered to the epithelial surface, whereas the aafA deletion strain remained within the MUC2 layer, suggesting that the presence or absence of AAF/II determines both the abundance and location of EAEC adherence. In order to determine the consequences of EAEC adherence on epithelial barrier integrity, colonoid monolayers were exposed to EAEC constructs expressing or lacking aafA Colonoids infected with WT EAEC had significantly decreased epithelial resistance, an effect that required AAF/II, suggesting that binding of EAEC to the epithelium is necessary to impair barrier function. In summary, we show that production of AAF/II is critical for adherence and barrier disruption in human colonoids, suggesting a role for this virulence factor in EAEC colonization of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Ignition delay measurements of four component model gasolines exploring the impacts of biofuels and aromatics

Abstract This study explores the impacts of combinations of biofuel (ethanol, isobutanol and 2-methyl furan) and aromatic (toluene) compounds in a four component fuel blend, at fixed research octane number (RON) on ignition delay measured in an advanced fuel ignition delay analyzer (AFIDA 2805). Ignition delay measurements were performed over a range of temperatures from 400 to 725 °C (673 to 998 K) and two chamber pressures of 10 and 20 bar. The four component mixtures are compared to primary reference fuels at RON values of 90 and 100. The ignition delay measurements show that as the aromatic and biofuel concentrations increased, two stage ignition behavior was suppressed, at both initial chamber pressures. But both RON 100 (isooctane) and RON 90 reference fuels showed two stage ignition behavior, as did fuel mixtures with low biofuel and aromatic content. RON 90 fuels showed stronger two stage ignition behavior than RON 100 fuels, as expected. Depending on the type of biofuel in the mixture, the ignition delay at low chamber temperatures could be far greater than for the reference fuels. In particular, for the RON 100 mixtures at either 10 or 20 bar initial chamber pressure, the ignition delay at 400 °C (673 K) for the high level blend of 2-methyl furan and toluene (30 vol% of each) exhibited an ignition delay that was 10 times longer than for neat isooctane. The results show the strong non-linear octane blending response of these three biofuel compounds, especially in concert with the kinetic antagonism that toluene is known to display in mixtures with isooctane. These results have implications for the formulation of biofuel mixtures for spark ignition and advanced compression ignition engines, where this non-linear octane blending response could be exploited to improve knock resistance, or modulate the autoignition process.
Coping Strategies and Considering the Possibility of Death in Those Bereaved by Sudden and Violent Deaths: Grief Severity, Depression, and Posttraumatic Growth.

Background Bereavement by sudden and violent deaths can lead to increased grief severity, depression, and reduced posttraumatic growth compared to those bereaved by natural causes. These outcomes can be affected by coping strategies and whether a survivor had been "prepared" for the death. The present study examined the effect of coping and considering the possibility of death on grief severity, depression, and posttraumatic growth in those bereaved by sudden deaths. Methods Participants bereaved by suicide, accident, or combat deaths completed an online survey about demographics (including the cause of death), coping, grief severity, depression, and posttraumatic growth. A factor analysis of the coping measure yielded factors representing three coping strategies: avoidant coping, supportive coping, and active coping. These three strategies, the causes of death and considering the possibility of death were used as predictors of either grief severity, depression, or posttraumatic growth in multivariate linear regression models. Results Each coping strategy and cause of death was differentially associated with grief severity, depression, and posttraumatic growth. Specifically, supportive coping and active coping were each only associated with higher posttraumatic growth. In contrast, avoidant coping was associated with all outcomes (higher grief severity and depression and lower posttraumatic growth). In addition, accidents and suicides (compared to combat deaths) had independent effects on grief severity and posttraumatic growth. Considering the possibility of death interacted with avoidant coping and also with supportive coping to predict grief severity in combat-loss survivors. Discussion Findings highlight the differential contributions of coping strategies and their complex relationships with cause of death in contributing to grief severity, depression, and posttraumatic growth. Avoidant coping contributed to negative outcomes and inhibited posttraumatic growth, suggesting its importance as a target for therapeutic intervention. Although supportive and active coping facilitated posttraumatic growth, they had less of a role in mitigating grief severity or depression in this study. Although considering the possibility of death appeared to mitigate negative outcomes among survivors of combat death, avoidance of that possibility is likely protective for the majority of family members whose loved ones return home safely.
‘True Blue Heroines’: The 1930s Aviatrix and Eccentric Colonial Femininity

The glamourous aviatrix evoked public fascination throughout the 1930s. Amy Johnson, Jean Batten and Beryl Markham, in particular, served as examples of the potential of the modern woman and helped create new ideals of feminine heroism. This chapter looks into the lives and representations of these aviatrices—and their intersections with girls’ school stories—to examine 1930s gender politics and the relation between Britain and its colonies with regard to gendered behaviour. Popular representations of aviatrices created an, at times, eccentric unconventional femininity, while also relying on the ex-centricity of feminities that contravened the norms in the metropolis. As this chapter demonstrates, these women carved a space of relative freedom, in spite of the fact that representations of them often limited what they could do as women.