cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assembly of the Escherichia coli F1F0 ATPase, a large multimeric membrane-bound enzyme

The F1F0 proton translocating ATPase of Escherichia coli is a large membrane-bound enzyme complex consisting of more than 20 polypeptides that are encoded by the unc operon. Besides being a system for analysing the enzymology of ATP synthesis and energy coupling, the ATPase is a model system for determining how large oligomeric membrane-bound proteins are synthesized and assembled. The assembly of the ATPase involves differential gene expression and assembly of the subunits within the membrane and with each other. This review discusses the influence of F1 subunits on the assembly and proton permeability of the F0 proton channel, and the possible advantages to assembly of the particular arrangement of genes in the unc operon.
Symbolic Interactionism and Social Work: A Forgotten Legacy, Part 1:

Social workers have forgotten their interactionist ancestors. This article is the first installment in a 2-part series designed to remedy this amnesia. Part 1 introduces the tradition of applied sy...
Relationships among unit discharge rate, pattern, and phasis arousal in the medial geniculate nucleus of the waking cat

Abstract The present experiment was designed to investigate some of the labile discharge characteristics of single units in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the locally anesthetized, paralyzed cat. In particular, the following problems were addressed: To what extent do MGB cells exhibit stationary discharge rates; what are the effects of phasic arousal (produced by infrequent shock to the paw) upon the discharge rate of units; and how does the pattern of unit discharge relate to its rate? Only 4 out of 20 units showed stationary discharge rates throughout the entire time they were studied. Furthermore approximately 50% of the cells showed changes in discharge rate prior to the occurrence of paw shock indicating that nonstationary discharge rate cannot be attributed entirely to shock. When discharge rates preceding shock were compared with discharge rates following shock, a change in rate was seen in about 50% of the units of which the majority showed, ncreases in rate. The discharge rates of single units in this preparation may apparently change both spontaneously and in response to paw shock. When the poststimulus time histograms (PSTH) were analyzed with respect to the over-all discharge rate of the cell, several striking features became apparent. If the rate was stationary, the PSTH generally showed no systematic variations in shape. If the rate was nonstationary, however, the PSTH systematically displayed certain properties. The initial short latency peak (
Leukocyte contribution to parenchymal cell death in an experimental model of inflammation

The relationship between leukocyte migration and parenchymal cell death in vivo remains poorly documented. Accordingly, cell killing in the rat mesentery, as recorded by propidium iodide staining, was investigated with an intravital approach. Superfusion of platelet-activating factor (PAF, 10(-8) M) or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP, 10(-8) M) led to extensive leukocyte extravasation but no significant cell death. In contrast, pretreatment with 10(-8) M PAF or fMLP for 1 h, followed by superfusion of PAF in combination with fMLP (both at 10(-8) M) led to an increase in cell death. Mesenteric parenchymal cells but no endothelial cells were killed. Some of the dead cells were identified as granulocytes/monocytes that were already in the tissue at the start of the experiment. The incidence of cell death was lower but not eliminated when leukocyte migration was blocked with a monoclonal antibody against CD18. A xanthine oxidase inhibitor, BOF-4272, failed to diminish cell death, whereas a hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethylthiourea, attenuated cell killing without an effect on the number of adhering and migrating leukocytes. These observations demonstrate that leukocytes serve as a factor in the killing of extravascular cells only after the development of a level of stimulation that differs from that required to induce a migratory stimulus into the extravascular space.
Geochemical and hydrodynamic controls on arsenic and trace metal cycling in a seasonally stratified US sub-tropical reservoir

The phase distribution of trace metals and oxyanions, including U and As, in 2 surface water bodies was investigated within a South Texas watershed hosting a high density of surface U mine pits and tailings. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the environmental legacy of U mining, with particular emphasis on the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in Lake Corpus Christi, a downstream reservoir that serves as the major water resource to a population of ∼350,000 people in the region. Lyssy Pond, a livestock pond bordered by U mine tailings, was used as a model case-study site to evaluate the cycling of U mine-derived oxyanions under changing redox conditions. Although the pond showed seasonal thermal and chemical stratification, geochemical cycling of metals was limited to Co and Pb, which was correlated with redox cycling of Mn mineral phases, and U, which suggested reductive precipitation in the pond's hypolimnion. Uranium levels, however, were too low to support strong inputs from the tailings into the water column of the pond. The strong relationships observed between particulate Cr, Cs, V, and Fe suggest that these metals are associated with a stable particulate phase (probably allochthonous alumino-silicates) enriched in unreactive Fe. This observation is supported by a parallel relationship in sediments collected across a broad range of sediment depositional processes (and histories) in the basin. Arsenic, though selectively enriched in the pond's water column, was dominated by dissolved species throughout the depth of the profile and showed no sign of geochemical cycling or interaction with Fe-rich particles. Arsenic (and other oxyanions) in the water columns of Lake Corpus Christi and Lyssy pond were not affected by the abundant presence of Fe-rich particles but instead behaved conservatively. No evidence was found of anthropogenic impacts of U mines beyond the purely local scale. Arsenic's presence within the Nueces drainage basin is related to interactions between surface and groundwaters with U- and As-rich geological formations rather than large-scale transport of contaminants downstream of the U mine pits and tailings. A quantitative mass balance model, constructed using monthly hydrological data for the reservoir, provides quantitative evidence of seasonal evaporative concentration of As in surface waters demonstrating the predominance of hydrodynamic over geochemical constraints, on the cycling of this element.
Submicron fully self-aligned AlInAs/GaInAs HBTs for low-power applications

We have developed a new HBT process to fabricate submicron emitter geometries for applications requiring ultra-low-power consumption and very high-speed performance. We have made devices with an emitter area of approximately 0.3 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ which exhibit a maximum frequency of oscillation, f/sub max/ of 99 GHz. These transistors are more than an order of magnitude smaller than our current baseline transistors. We have developed a fully self-aligned process to minimize the lateral dimensions of the device associated with the base and collector contact regions. In this novel approach the emitter, base and collector ohmic metals are all self-aligned to the emitter mesa. Furthermore, the three ohmic contacts, i.e. emitter, base, and collector are defined and deposited in a single metallization step thereby simplifying the fabrication process. The simplified process and higher packing density (from scaled transistors and interconnects) should lead to better yield for low-power ICs.
The Atomos transactional programming language

Atomos is the first programming language with implicit transactions, strong atomicity, and a scalable multiprocessor implementation. Atomos is derived from Java, but replaces its synchronization and conditional waiting constructs with simpler transactional alternatives.The Atomos watch statement allows programmers to specify fine-grained watch sets used with the Atomos retry conditional waiting statement for efficient transactional conflict-driven wakeup even in transactional memory systems with a limited number of transactional contexts. Atomos supports open-nested transactions, which are necessary for building both scalable application programs and virtual machine implementations.The implementation of the Atomos scheduler demonstrates the use of open nesting within the virtual machine and introduces the concept of transactional memory violation handlers that allow programs to recover from data dependency violations without rolling back.Atomos programming examples are given to demonstrate the usefulness of transactional programming primitives. Atomos and Java are compared through the use of several benchmarks. The results demonstrate both the improvements in parallel programming ease and parallel program performance provided by Atomos.
THE IMPERIAL FOOD CHAIN: EATING AS AN INTERFACE OF POWER IN WOMEN WRITERS' GEOGRAPHY PRIMERS

CHILDREN WERE INITIATED into their imperial roles at an early age through the understudied genre of geography primers.1 Disseminated through the public school system, privately purchased, or given as rewards for good behavior in Sunday schools, these primers had far-reaching effects, and were an important part of a school curricula that "shaped, taught and moulded several generations of Britain's ruling elite" (Richards 102). Written in large numbers by A Mother or Aunt and at times featuring hand-colored illustrations and/or maps, the primers were often present in nurseries as recreational reading. The influence of these ubiquitous primers was central to the imperial project and pre-dated the general availability of free public elementary education via the dictate of the National Board of Education in 1899. Produced to a great extent by middle-class women, primer texts offered these women a chance to recuperate their authority as domestic agents in order to make interventions in imperial discourse. By discussing diet and cooking, women writers were able to extend their domestic authority to the imperial scene. Primers' discussions of eating practices around the world were used to plot Other cultures along a "food chain" model of Empire. The imperial food chain model was not strictly based on the relation of predator to prey although the spread of colonial control and imperial activity renders that a piquant consideration but on a survey of Others' different dietary practices and appetites. The English eater occupied a privileged position on the food chain not only because all production and consumption around the world was designed to benefit that body (according to the logic of the primers), but because the English eater emblematized the most proper practice of consumption and
Restoration of Upper Extremity Function

Functional neuromuscular stimulation has been shown to be a viable means of Providing controlled movements in paralyzed limbs. Low levels of electrical current are effective in eliciting impulses in nerves, which then propagate to and result in a contraction of the muscle. The FNS technique encompasses many aspects of the physical and biological sciences. When properly performed, electrical stimulation can be applied effectively for extended periods of time with no significant detrimental effects to the tissue. The muscle contractions that result can be graded in strength and will fatigue minimally with time. Several clinical applications of FNS to paralyzed patients have been investigated. The technique has demonstrated its viability in applications to both the upper and the lower limbs in patients sustaining a variety of neurological diseases, including stroke, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. This technique promises to be an important adjunct to clinical care in the future.
Mammalian homologs of Drosophila ELAV localized to a neuronal subset can bind in vitro to the 3' UTR of mRNA encoding the Id transcriptional repressor.

Mammalian cDNAs encoding a rat (Rel-N1) and a human (Hel-N1) neuronal RNA-binding protein have been cloned and characterized with respect to tissue specificity, neuroanatomical localization, and RNA binding specificity. Both proteins are highly similar to the product of the Drosophila elav gene, which is expressed in all neurons of the fly and is required for development of the nervous system. However, in situ hybridization of rat tissues demonstrated more restricted expression of Rel-N1 mRNA within a subset of neurons of the hippocampus, cortex, and other regions of the gray matter, but not in glial cells or white matter. In vitro RNA binding experiments demonstrated that Hel-N1 can bind to the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of Id mRNA, a transcript that encodes a helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor that is abundantly expressed in undifferentiated neural precursors. Sequences characterized for Hel-N1 binding were also abundantly present in the 3′ UTR of the Drosophila extramacrochaetae mRNA, which encodes an Id homolog. Thus, we have identified a potential link between a neuronal 3′ UTR RNA-binding protein and regulatory transcription factors involved in neural development. These findings are interpreted in light of recent studies in which mRNA 3′ UTRs were found to be important for the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
Superior mesenteric artery outcomes after fenestrated endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Objective The Zenith (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind) fenestrated endovascular graft may be designed with single-wide scallops or large fenestrations to address the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Misalignment of the SMA with an unstented scallop or a large fenestration is possible. This study assessed SMA outcomes after fenestrated endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (FEVAR). Methods During an 18-month period, 47 FEVARs were performed at a single institution. For analysis, patients were grouped according to unstented (n = 23) vs stented (n = 24) SMA scallops/fenestrations. The Institutional Review Board approved this single-institution observational study. Because this was a retrospective review of the data, patient consent was unnecessary for the study. Results Technical success for FEVAR was 100%. The median follow-up period was 7.7 months (range, 1-16 months). Nine of 21 patients (43%) in the unstented group had some degree of misalignment of the SMA (range, 9%-71%). Among these, four patients (44%) developed complications: three SMA stenoses and one occlusion. The mean peak systolic velocity in patients with and without SMA misalignment was 317.8 cm/s vs 188.4 cm/s ( P P Conclusions Misalignment of the SMA with the use of unstented unreinforced scallops or fenestrations occurs frequently. Routine stenting of single-wide and large fenestrations, when feasible, may be a safer option for patients undergoing FEVAR.
Template Revolutions: Marketing U.S. Regime Change in Eastern Europe

Between 2000 and 2005, Russia-allied governments in Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine, and (not discussed in this paper) Kyrgyzstan were overthrown through bloodless upheavals. Though Western media generally portrayed these coups as spontaneous, indigenous and popular (‘people power’) uprisings, the ‘color revolutions’ were in fact outcomes of extensive planning and energy ─ much of which originated in the West. The United States, in particular, and its allies brought to bear upon post-communist states an impressive assortment of advisory pressures and financing mechanisms, as well as campaign technologies and techniques, in the service of ‘democracy assistance’. Their arsenals included exit and opinion polling, focus groups for ‘revolutionary messaging’, and methods and training in ‘strategic nonviolent conflict’. Among the key foreign agents involved in the process of creating ‘transitional democracies’, as discussed in this study, are the United States Agency for International Development, the National Endowment for Democracy and its funded institutes, George Soros’s Open Society Institute, Freedom House, and the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. These developments are conceived as aspects of the larger neoliberal program of opening the Eastern European region for commercial, strategic military, cultural, and political domination by the G-7 countries. Four types of foreign assistance studied are: (1) political; (2) financial; (3) technical training; and (4) marketing (propaganda).
High-Resolution Phenological Data

Measurements of visual plant phenology at both high-spatial and high-temporal resolutions have many applications, but are especially useful for bridging the gap between ground-based phenological measurements and moderate-resolution satellite-derived measures of phenology. Results have demonstrated that satellite-derived phenology does present a reasonable representation of spring growth in a northern mixed forest environment (Wisconsin, USA), given the known temporal limitations. Other applications of high-resolution phenological data, including measurements during the autumn season are under development.
The importance of the regulatory framework for U.S. electric utility creditworthiness

Abstract Evolving utility business models characterized by different levels and modes of regulation may prompt changes in how credit rating agencies evaluate the creditworthiness of U.S. electric utilities and the importance of regulation for such evaluations.
Enzymes of protein and phosphate catabolism in rat bone. I. Enzyme properties in normal rats.

A study was made of several enzymatic activities in rat femur and tibia. Quantitative assays were developed for the determination of acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, proteolytic activity, leucine aminopeptidase, glycylglycine dipeptidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. Some properties of these enzymes were studied using metaphyseal homogenates. The distribution of activity in the metaphysis, diaphysis, and marrow was determined. The activity per mg of DNA was highest in the metaphysis and lowest in marrow. The activities in general were 40–70% lower in the diaphysis than in the metaphysis. Metaphyseal enzymatic activity was the same in 29- and 49-day-old rats but lower in 82-day-old rats. Proteolytic activity at pH 8.0 differed from the other activities studied being higher in marrow than in bone and increasing markedly with age.
A Filter Based Artificial Viscosity Method for Discontinuous Flows

The use of compact differencing in numerical methods produces higher orders of accuracy with a smaller stencil and lower absolute error than approximations using traditional finite differences. However, compact differences cannot be directly applied to problems involving discontinuities due to issues regarding numerical stability. A method for stabilizing compact-difference methods on discontinuous problems using an artificial hyperviscosity is investigated and extended for use in a generalized coordinate framework. In the original method, the hyperviscosity is derived from higher-order derivatives of the strain rate tensor. For this work the higher-order derivatives are approximated using a spectral-filter based method. The filter-based approximation is demonstrated on linear functions, then implemented into a three-dimensional Navier Stokes solver for application on model problems. Preliminary results show that the filter-based method works as well as the original scheme but with simplified implementation and greater robustness in curvilinear coordinates.
A Frequency Analysis Approach for Categorizing Air Traffic Behavior

A method of analyzing National Air Space (NAS) air traffic that uses the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is presented. The DFT is used to transform time domain traffic count data into the frequency domain where the sources of traffic in air spaces can be identified and characterized more easily. It is shown in simulation that individual traffic flows within Air Route Traffic Control Centers can be distinguished by their periodicity in the DFT plot. Next, three Traffic Management Initiatives (playbook rerouting, metered flows, and Ground Delay Programs) are implemented in simulations and their signature effects on the traffic are identified using the DFT. Finally, historical flight data is studied and the DFT is applied to sector traffic count data. It is found that in many cases, variations in traffic due to rerouting and convective weather disturbances are better highlighted in the frequency domain than in the original time domain data. Initial results of the DFT show it has potential as a tool for measuring and/or predicting NAS behavior for daily tactical planning and control purposes.
Abstract 4396: Evaluation of gene expression and transcriptional activation in patients treated with vorinostat:

Background: Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that is approved for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and is being investigated in a number of solid tumors. Inhibition of HDAC by vorinostat leads to an accumulation of acetylated histones which induces apoptosis though a mechanism that is not completely characterized. This study was performed to assess the potential mechanisms responsible for induction of apoptosis following treatment with vorinostat. Methods: Sixty subjects with advanced malignancies received vorinostat orally days 1-14 combined with bortezomib IV on days 2, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected before and 2hr and 6hr after dosing on Days (D) 1 and 9. Paired tumor biopsies were obtained in ten patients on D0 and D9. Gene expression of downstream targets was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in PBMCs, and the interaction between candidates genes and acetylated histone H3 were evaluated in biopsies by the chromatin precipitation assay. A nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to examine changes from the pre-treatment value of 1 on D1 based on complete case analysis without multiplicity adjustment. Results: p21, Nur77 and HSP70 gene expression in PBMCs were all significantly induced two hours after vorinostat administration compared to baseline (Table 1). AKT, ERB1 and ERB2 expression were not statistically significantly altered in PBMCs. The expression of all targets increased in tumor biopsies by Day 9, with p21 2.37, Nur77, 1.33 and HSP70 2.35 times baseline expression levels. The chromatin precipitation assay demonstrated that Nur77, HSP70 and p21 interacted with acetylated histone H3, after nine days of treatment with vorinostat, in tissue biopsies. Conclusion: This data suggests that acetylated histones interact transcriptionally with p21, Nur77 and HSP77 to induce gene expression and are a potential mechanism by which vorinostat induces apoptosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4396. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4396
Williamson on Fine on Prior on the reduction of possibilist discourse

I attempt to meet some criticisms that Williamson makes of my attempt to carry out Prior's project of reducing possibility discourse to actualist discourse.
Inhibition of lymphatic absorption of cholesterol by cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol

The effect of cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT) on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and oleic acid, as well as the absorption of labeled CT, was studied in lymph duct-cannulated rats. Intragastric administration of 50 mg of CT in an emulsion with cholesterol-7α-3H and oleic acid-1-14C resulted in 50% inhibition of sterol transfer into lymph but only 8% depression of fatty acid absorption over an 8 hr period. The absorption of labeled CT into lymph was only 2-3% compared with 50% absorption of cholesterol when each was fed alone. 10% of the fed CT was recovered in the intestinal mucosa, and of this, one-half was associated with the brush border fraction. In rats fed CT 6 days prior to cholesterol and fatty acid administration, there was no effect on fatty acid absorption, while cholesterol absorption was reduced by almost 30%. When the intestinal mucosa from these animals were investigated by electron microscopy, it appeared that CT feeding resulted in numerous enlarged mitochondria and a marked increase in length of the microvilli. If animals were allowed to recover for 6 days from the CT prefeeding regime, the intestinal mucosa appeared normal, and the absorption of cholesterol approached that in controls. A possible mechanism for CT inhibition of cholesterol absorption was shown to be competition for the enzyme cholesterol esterase which esterifies cholesterol prior to entrance into the lymphatic system. CT itself is poorly esterified and poorly absorbed, but it is effective in inhibiting esterification of cholesterol in vitro.
Recursive Factorization of the Inverse Overlap Matrix in Linear-Scaling Quantum Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

We present a reduced complexity algorithm to compute the inverse overlap factors required to solve the generalized eigenvalue problem in a quantum-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Our method is based on the recursive, iterative refinement of an initial guess of Z (inverse square root of the overlap matrix S). The initial guess of Z is obtained beforehand by using either an approximate divide-and-conquer technique or dynamical methods, propagated within an extended Lagrangian dynamics from previous MD time steps. With this formulation, we achieve long-term stability and energy conservation even under the incomplete, approximate, iterative refinement of Z. Linear-scaling performance is obtained using numerically thresholded sparse matrix algebra based on the ELLPACK-R sparse matrix data format, which also enables efficient shared-memory parallelization. As we show in this article using self-consistent density-functional-based tight-binding MD, our approach is faster than conventional methods based ...
Psychophysics of Taste

Publisher Summary The design, execution, analysis, and interpretation of psychophysical investigations of taste are strongly influenced and constrained by an array of assumptions and theoretical positions. One pervasive model, the basic tastes theory, has especially strong influences. Its set of four primary stimulus chemicals, and four independent and immiscible taste receptor types and tightly linked perceptual categories, are both acknowledged and largely accepted by many investigators. A consequence is that studies are sometimes designed to discover the number of taste primaries, but less often attempt to test the validity of taste primaries. The traditional interpretation of the basic tastes theory specifies that four species of stimuli, NaCl, sucrose, HCl, and quinine, or a similar inorganic salt, simple sugar, acid, and alkaloid, are a full compilation. The components of this quadrate gustatory universe — commonly described as the basic taste stimuli — are customarily employed, often to the exclusion of all other chemicals, in investigations of taste psychophysics.
Basic Membrane Properties of the Fluid Mosaic Model

Every aspect of membrane structural studies involves parameters that are very small (micron to angstrom) and very fast (micro seconds to picoseconds) requiring an array of esoteric biophysical methodologies. Membrane parameters discussed in Chapter 9 include: membrane thickness; bilayer stability; membrane protein, carbohydrate, and lipid asymmetry; lipid trans-membrane movement (flip-flop); membrane lateral diffusion; membrane-cytoskeleton interaction; lipid melting behavior; and membrane fluidity. These basic membrane properties were discovered by countless investigators over ~7 decades and formed the basis of the Singer-Nicholson ‘Fluid Mosaic Model’ of membrane structure that is currently in vogue .
Microglial response to LPS increases in wild-type mice during aging but diminishes in an Alzheimer's mouse model: Implication of TLR4 signaling in disease progression

Microglia-mediated clearance of amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, as the disease progresses, activated microglia appear to become incapable of clearing Aβ deposits. Because repeated exposure to a TLR4 ligand leads to a diminished response of monocytes/macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and because aggregated Aβ is a TLR4 ligand, we hypothesize that chronic exposure of microglia to Aβ deposits may induce a state of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling dysfunction, leading to decreased Aβ clearance and accelerated disease progression. LPS or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the hippocampus of AD-model (TgAPP/PS1) and wild-type (non-Tg) mice before and after the onset of Aβ deposition, at age 2 and 12 months, respectively. Brain specimens were collected 7 days post-injection and analyzed for microglial activation and Aβ load. While LPS-injected 2-month-old non-Tg mice showed 48-fold and 11-fold greater Iba1 immunoreactivity in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively, compared with PBS-injected mice, LPS-injected 2-month-old TgAPP/PS1 mice had 61-fold and 13-fold increases in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively. LPS injection activated microglia more strongly in TgAPP/PS1 mice than in non-Tg mice at 2 months of age. In contrast, at 12 months of age, Iba1 immunoreactivity of microglia was increased 541-fold and 38-fold in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively, in LPS-injected non-Tg mice and 2.7-fold and 3.3-fold in the neocortex and hippocampus, respectively, in LPS-injected TgAPP/PS1 mice. Surprisingly, LPS injection decreased CD45 immunoreactivity in TgAPP/PS1 mice but increased it in non-Tg mice at 12 months. Although microglia in 12-month-old non-Tg mice showed stronger response to LPS than 2-month-old non-Tg mice, microglia in TgAPP/PS1 mice exhibited diminished immune response to LPS during aging. Our data indicate that microglial TLR4 signaling is altered in an AD mouse model and suggest that altered TLR4 signaling may contribute to Aβ accumulation in the brain.
New media, new panics

ABSTRACTWhen Stuart Hall and his Birmingham School colleagues argued that media technologies were essential to the production of moral panics, they focused on the relationship between mass media and the state. Because new technologies have altered our cultures of ostracism and punishment, we offer a revised analysis of this relationship that examines the role of online shaming in current moral panics. Not only do we analyze the new technological affordances of digital media, we argue that our current shaming culture is symptomatic of a deep-seated political disenfranchisement that leaves subjects grasping to “do something.” Contributing to a social media-driven panic culture that punishes and ostracizes deviants thus stands in for meaningful political participation. Ultimately, we argue that the evolving orientation to public life fostered by these new technologies has created a culture of shaming whereby citizens often prosecute their own discrete moral panics amid the more sustained sense of political c...
Bilateral Tax Treaties and GDP Comovement

Using a 30-year panel of quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) fluctuations from of a broad set of countries, we demonstrate that the signing of a bilateral tax treaty increases the comovement of treaty partners' business cycles by half a standard deviation. This effect of fiscal policy is as large as the effect of trade linkages on comovement and stronger than the effects of several other common financial and investment linkages. We also show that bilateral tax treaties increase comovement in shocks to nations' GDP trends, demonstrating the permanent effects of coordination on fiscal policy rules. We estimate trend and business cycle components of nations' output series using an unobserved-components model in order to measure comovement between countries and then estimate the impact of tax treaties using generalized estimating equations.
Grandmothers and Self-Management of Depressive Symptoms.

• Perceptions of depressive symptoms as an illness and in self-management and consequences of symptoms differed by provider diagnosis.
A low assembly cost coaxial magnetic gearbox

This paper presents the design investigation and experimental testing of a flux-focusing magnetic gearbox with a three piece laminated rotor structure. Each rotor is made of a single lamination stack held together via thin lamination bridges. It is calculated that mechanical bridges reduces the torque density from 156Nm/L to 139Nm/L (a reduction of 11%). The experimentally measured torque density is shown to be only 95Nm/L because the magnets were demagnetized during testing.
Motivation and strategies for implementing Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) at NCAR’s Earth Observing Laboratory -- Past progress and future collaborations

In an effort to lead our community in following modern data citation practices by formally citing data used in published research and implementing standards to facilitate reproducible research results and data, while also producing meaningful metrics that help assess the impact of our services, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) has implemented the use of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) (DataCite 2017) for both physical objects (e.g., research platforms and instruments) and datasets. We discuss why this work is important and timely, and review the development of guidelines for the use of DOIs at EOL by focusing on how decisions were made. We discuss progress in assigning DOIs to physical objects and datasets, summarize plans to cite software, describe a current collaboration to develop community tools to display citations on websites, and touch on future plans to cite workflows that document dataset processing and quality control. Finally, we will review the status of efforts to engage our scientific community in the process of using DOIs in their research publications.
Construction of 1-Heteroaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by sp3–sp2 Suzuki–Miyaura and Chan–Evans–Lam Coupling Reactions of Tertiary Trifluoroborates

Compounds that contain the 1-heteroaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane architecture are of particular interest to the pharmaceutical industry yet remain a challenge to synthesize. We report herein an expedient and modular approach to the synthesis of 1-heteroaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by Suzuki–Miyaura and Chan–Evans–Lam coupling reactions of tertiary trifluoroborate salts. Our Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling protocol is compatible with a broad range of aryl and heteroaryl bromides and chlorides. The unprecedented Chan–Evans–Lam coupling of tertiary trifluoroborates allows the facile construction of 1-heteroaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes containing C-tertiary arylamines at the ring juncture.
A Sad Tale

Those who have tears, prepare to shed them now as you learn the sad tale of a troubled young mathematical genius, Evariste Galois. He’s 16. Irritated. Hotheaded. Angered. Impatient. Nervous. He’s taking an entrance exam to join the most prestigious center for the study of mathematics in the country He considers those interviewing him – the judges of his future education – not intelligent enough to grasp his accomplishments.
Fungal Cell Wall Organization and Biosynthesis

The composition and organization of the cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora crassa, and Cryptococcus neoformans are compared and contrasted. These cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, β-1,3-glucan, β-1,6-glucan, mixed β-1,3-/β-1,4-glucan, α-1,3-glucan, melanin, and glycoproteins as major constituents. A comparison of these cell walls shows that there is a great deal of variability in fungal cell wall composition and organization. However, in all cases, the cell wall components are cross-linked together to generate a cell wall matrix. The biosynthesis and properties of each of the major cell wall components are discussed. The chitin and glucans are synthesized and extruded into the cell wall space by plasma membrane-associated chitin synthases and glucan synthases. The glycoproteins are synthesized by ER-associated ribosomes and pass through the canonical secretory pathway. Over half of the major cell wall proteins are modified by the addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The cell wall glycoproteins are also modified by the addition of O-linked oligosaccharides, and their N-linked oligosaccharides are extensively modified during their passage through the secretory pathway. These cell wall glycoprotein posttranslational modifications are essential for cross-linking the proteins into the cell wall matrix. Cross-linking the cell wall components together is essential for cell wall integrity. The activities of four groups of cross-linking enzymes are discussed. Cell wall proteins function as cross-linking enzymes, structural elements, adhesins, and environmental stress sensors and protect the cell from environmental changes.
The effects of acclimation temperature, salinity, and behavior on the thermal tolerance of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Mozambique tilapia have been shown to be incredibly stress tolerant with respect to environmental salinity, hypoxia, and ammonia concentrations. Temperature challenges to this species have shown that they have difficulty with cold acclimation. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of acclimation temperature and salinity on the thermal tolerance of Mozambique tilapia as assessed by critical thermal maxima (CTMax) and critical thermal minima (CTMin). We also monitored fish behavior and quantified ventilation rate. To our knowledge, this study was the first to investigate upper and lower thermal tolerances, and the effect of environmental salinity in this physiologically impressive species. Using predictive regression analyses of the thermal limits, thermal tolerance polygons were constructed and total areas were calculated 678.9°C2 for freshwater (FW)-acclimated tilapia, and 739.4°C2 seawater (SW)-acclimated tilapia. During the thermal challenges, we observed two novel behaviors in response to thermal challenge, ventilation cessation behavior (VCB) and aquatic surface respiration (ASR), and we conclude that the use of these behaviors extended the thermal limits of these fish in both FW and two-thirds SW by limiting the exposure of the gill epithelium to the changing environment.
Wonder of the Ruin: Aesthetics of the Derelict Synagogue in Poland

The aesthetics of the abandoned synagogues are dynamic and interactive, being inextricably attached to how we encounter and sense their reality and materiality. This kind of affective and mercurial aesthetic experience of Poland’s deserted synagogues is being formed and transformed during our immediate encounters with material spaces and things. I argue that a re-enchantment of the synagogue takes place in the ruin, wherein non-human actors and activities (plants, animals, the weather, and so on) generate its wonderment, strangeness, and revived sacrality. I call this new form of the derelict synagogue a ruin temple – a space whose deeply flowing past and dynamism of decay and life create a present that allures and enchants, affording a mystical and sensuous immersion in its solitary realm of awe and wonder.
The Prevalence and Impact of Status Epilepticus Secondary to Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Results from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample

Status epilepticus (SE) has been identified as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in many acute brain injury patient populations. We aimed to assess the prevalence and impact of SE after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a large patient sample to overcome limitations in previous small patient sample studies. We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for patients admitted for ICH from 1999 to 2011, excluding patients with other acute brain injuries. Patients were stratified into SE diagnosis and no SE diagnosis cohorts. We identified independent risk factors for SE and assessed the impact of SE on morbidity and mortality with multivariable logistic regression models. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the trend in SE diagnoses over time as well. SE was associated with significantly increased odds of both mortality and morbidity (odds ratios (OR) 1.18 [confidence intervals (CI) 1.01–1.39], and OR 1.53 [CI 1.22–1.91], respectively). Risk factors for SE included female sex (OR 1.17 [CI 1.01–1.35]), categorical van Walraven score (vWr 5–14: OR 1.68 [CI 1.41–2.01]; vWr > 14: OR 3.77 [CI 2.98–4.76]), sepsis (OR 2.06 [CI 1.58–2.68]), and encephalopathy (OR 3.14 [CI 2.49–3.96]). Age was found to be associated with reduced odds of SE (OR 0.97 [CI 0.97–0.97]). From 1999 to 2011, prevalence of SE diagnosis increased from 0.25 to 0.61% (p < 0.001). Factors associated with SE were female sex, medium and high risk vWr score, sepsis, and encephalopathy. Independent predictors associated with increased mortality from SE were increased age, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and sepsis. SE is a significant, likely underdiagnosed, predictor of morbidity and mortality after ICH. Future studies are necessary to better identify which patients are at highest risk of SE to guide resource utilization.
Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes after benzodiazepine exposure during pregnancy: Results from a prospective registry of women with psychiatric disorders.

Abstract Objective The goal of this analysis was to examine the effect of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes in a cohort of women with psychiatric disorders. Methods 794 evaluable women from the Massachusetts General Hospital National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications were followed across pregnancy (N = 144 exposed to benzodiazepines and N = 650 unexposed). Data obtained through maternal report and medical records included maternal outcomes (cesarean section, preeclampsia) and neonatal outcomes (birth weight, breathing difficulty, feeding difficulty, head circumference, 5-minute Apgar score, muscular and/or extrapyramidal symptoms, NICU admission, prematurity). Results In adjusted analyses, infants exposed to benzodiazepines in utero were more likely to be admitted to the NICU (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.11, 3.66) and to have small head circumferences (OR: 3.89, 95% CI: 1.25, 12.03) compared to unexposed infants. Other neonatal adverse effects such as respiratory distress or muscular symptoms including hypotonia were not observed. There were no significant differences in adverse obstetrical outcomes. Conclusions Infants exposed to benzodiazepines during pregnancy had an increased risk of NICU admissions and small head circumferences. Confounding from psychiatric symptoms and other variables cannot be ruled out as contributors to these findings.
Lost in Translation: A Dilemma for Freedom of the Church

This symposium paper presents a dilemma for present-day proponents of “freedom of the church,” who argue that religious institutions: (1) are sovereign powers (2) entitled to special legal protections (3) based on their singular status rather than on rights or interests derived from their members. We argue that those who defend these three theses – involving the sovereignty, specialness, and singularity of religious institutions – face the following translation dilemma: They can make freedom of the church internally coherent by justifying it on traditional theological grounds, which renders the doctrine sectarian and unfit for use in constitutional argument; or they can translate the justification for freedom of the church into secular terms, but at the cost of its coherence. Proponents of freedom of the church are divided over which horn they choose to tackle. Despite their efforts, however, the dilemma is intractable. There is no way to recover a coherent conception of freedom of the church, nor is there any reason to think that such a recovery is necessary to maintain a serious commitment to religious liberty.
Post-Transplant Disease Recurrence in Pediatric PSC.

Review the current knowledge about recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis (rPSC) after transplant in children. Recurrent PSC is a significant complication that afflicts 16% of children after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) at a median onset of 38 months post-transplant. Possible risk factors include younger age at PSC diagnosis or transplant, the presence of overlap syndrome or IBD, and post-transplant induction with thymoglobulin. rPSC impairs the patient’s quality of life and can be detrimental to the graft. Preventive options and therapeutic measures are limited. Ursodeoxycholic acid is widely used, but its effect on long-term outcome is unknown. Vancomycin can improve the biochemical profile of rPSC, but it remains unknown whether it halts the disease progression. Pediatric liver transplant for primary sclerosis cholangitis can be complicated by recurrence of the disease, which portends poor outcomes. Although few risk factors have been implicated, larger studies with longer follow-ups are needed to characterize cardinal risk factors for rPSC, as well as evaluate possible preventative and therapeutic options.
The Effect of Loss Aversion on the Principal-Agent Problem

In the setting of the principal-agent problem, loss aversion presents the opportunity for the principal to use the fear of loss along with the desire for gain to motivate the agent. This paper uses the principal-agent framework to compare the relative effectiveness of desire for gain and fear of loss as motivators of human behavior. Specifically, the paper studies how a loss averse agent with reference-dependent preferences responds to compensation and incentives provided in a single-period setting. In the single-period contract, when the agent's actions are not observable by the principal (moral hazard), the paper shows how the presence of loss aversion increases the cost to the principal and leads to simple contracts in contrast with the more complex contracts of classical principal-agent theory. Further, the paper shows that, how the agent discounts future utility affects the amount of effort he exerts. In the process, the paper proves that, under reasonable assumptions, the agent will exert the most effort under a malus contract, less effort under a hybrid bonus-malus contract and the least effort under a bonus contract.
Pure - and sour mixed-gas transport properties of 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-diethylaniline)-based copolyimide membranes

Abstract Three aromatic 6FDA-Durene/MDEA random copolyimides with different Durene:MDEA molar ratios (3:1; 1:1 and 1:3) were synthesized, and pure gas permeation properties through their dense films were investigated. Compared to their corresponding homopolymers (6FDA-MDEA and 6FDA-Durene), the copolymers exhibit significant improvement in gas separation performance, as the membranes display improved gas transport properties. For example, for pure gas, the CO2 permeability for 6FDA-Durene/MDEA (3:1) is around 234 Barrer and CO2/CH4 selectivity equal to 17.8 obtained at 22 °C and feed pressure of 100 psi. In addition, for sweet gas mixture consisting of 10, 59, 30 and 1 vol% CO2, CH4, N2 and C2H6, respectively, the 6FDA-Durene/MDEA (1:3) copolyimide membrane shows CO2 permeability of 73 Barrer and CO2/CH4 selectivity of about 24 at an elevated pressure of 800 psi. For a sour gas mixture with high H2S content (20 vol % H2S in the feed gas), the membrane exhibits H2S/CH4 selectivity of 21; and H2S permeability of 112 Barrer. The transport properties of the herein reported membrane are similar to or even better than the performance exhibited by some polymeric membranes reported in the literature.
Midwife and Doula Information on the Web: An Analysis of Websites that Provide Information About Pregnancy and Childbirth

This study analyzed midwife and doula information on pregnancy and childbirth websites originating in the U.S. A two-fold sampling process of top Google search results and purposive sampling of pre...