cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Panchromatic chromophore–tetrapyrrole light-harvesting arrays constructed from Bodipy, perylene, terrylene, porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin building blocks

Panchromatic absorbers are potentially valuable for use in molecular-based energy-conversion schemes. A prior dyad composed of a perylene-monoimide joined at the 9-position via an ethyne to the porphyrin meso-position afforded panchromatic absorption (350–700 nm). To explore the effects of structure on panchromaticity, five new arrays were synthesized from eight (four new) chromophore or tetrapyrrole building blocks. Two dyads contain a dipyrrinatoboron difluoride (bodipy) or terrylene chromophore in lieu of the perylene to assess the effects of the chromophore π-system on panchromaticity. The long-wavelength absorption band of sparsely substituted variants of the three chromophores (dipyrrinatoboron difluoride, perylene-monoimide, terrylene-monoimide) is generally in the range 480–550 nm, 490–540 nm and 600–660 nm. Three perylene–tetrapyrrole constructs were prepared wherein the perylene–ethyne is attached at the β-pyrrole position of a porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin, versus the meso-site used previously. The latter set addresses the effect of linker connection site on the spectral properties, which is prompted by the differing electron densities at these positions of the three tetrapyrrole macrocycles. A new route is reported for the synthesis of a β-bromoporphyrin building block. Static absorption and emission spectra, fluorescence yields and singlet excited-state lifetimes were examined for all arrays and nine (five new) ethynyl-bearing benchmarks. Four guidelines emerge: (1) panchromaticity decreases in the order perylene > dipyrrinatoboron difluoride > terrylene; (2) the porphyrin meso-site affords far greater panchromaticity than the β-site; (3) panchromaticity for chlorins and bacteriochlorins is less affected by linker site; and (4) the chromophore–porphyrin dyad with perylene (versus boron-dipyrrin or terrylene) affords the most porphyrin-like and robust lowest singlet excited state for utilization of the harvested energy. Collectively, the new synthetic constructs (5 arrays, 5 benchmarks, 4 building blocks) have elicited heuristics for the de novo design of panchromatic light-harvesting architectures.
QI and the APA

The American Psychological Association (APA), located in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional membership organization representing psychology in the USA. Psychologists are uniquely positioned to develop and contribute to QI systems given their extensive training as a profession in research methodology (i.e., outcome measurement methodology), service delivery and clinical skills, and program evaluation. APA is currently involved in two initiatives specific to QI: (1) provision of resources pertaining to collection and reporting of psychotherapy outcomes, and (2) the clinical practice guideline initiative. Moreover, APA has provided guidance to psychologists on how to evaluate and make decisions about participating in QI programs. With current and future QI systems and programs in place, APA in partnership with the APA Practice Organization will be able to contribute substantially to the clinical work of psychologists and to improved behavioral and mental health outcomes for the patients who seek psychological services.
Properties of Two-Photon Induced Emission from Dendritic Silver Nanoclusters

The emissive properties of dendritic silver thin films due to two-photon excitation are explored. Emission is observed to occur at points more than 40 µm from the focal spot, and is polarization dependent.
The Effect of Schema-Based Instruction in Solving Mathematics Word Problems: An Emphasis on Prealgebraic Conceptualization of Multiplicative Relations

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a schema-based instructional strategy that emphasizes prealgebraic conceptualization of multiplicative relations on solving arithmetic word problems with elementary students with learning disabilities or problems (LP). Introducing symbolic representation and algebraic thinking in earlier grades may facilitate a smoother transition from elementary to higher level mathematics learning and improve middle and high school mathematics performance.
Incorporating boosted regression trees into ecological latent variable models

Important ecological phenomena are often observed indirectly. Consequently, probabilistic latent variable models provide an important tool, because they can include explicit models of the ecological phenomenon of interest and the process by which it is observed. However, existing latent variable methods rely on hand-formulated parametric models, which are expensive to design and require extensive preprocessing of the data. Nonparametric methods (such as regression trees) automate these decisions and produce highly accurate models. However, existing tree methods learn direct mappings from inputs to outputs—they cannot be applied to latent variable models. This paper describes a methodology for integrating non-parametric tree methods into probabilistic latent variable models by extending functional gradient boosting. The approach is presented in the context of occupancy-detection (OD) modeling, where the goal is to model the distribution of a species from imperfect detections. Experiments on 12 real and 3 synthetic bird species compare standard and tree-boosted OD models (latent variable models) with standard and tree-boosted logistic regression models (without latent structure). All methods perform similarly when predicting the observed variables, but the OD models learn better representations of the latent process. Most importantly, tree-boosted OD models learn the best latent representations when non-linearities and interactions are present.
Introduction to Hotelling (1931) The Generalization of Student’s Ratio

Perhaps the most frequently used statistic in statistical inference is the Student t-statistic. If X 1, …, X N are N observations from the univariate normal distribution with mean µ and variance σ2, the Student-t statistic is \(t = \sqrt {N\bar x} /s,where{\text{ }}\bar x = \sum\nolimits_{a = 1}^N {X_a /N} \), where \(s = \left[ {\sum\nolimits_{a = 1}^N {\left( {X_a - \bar x} \right)^2 /n} } \right]^{1/2} \), the sample mean, and \(s = \left[ {\sum\nolimits_{a = 1}^N {\left( {X_a - \bar x} \right)^2 /n} } \right]^{1/2} \), the sample standard deviation; here n = N — 1, the number of degrees of freedom. Student (1908) argued that the density of t is $$const.\left( {1 + \frac{{t^2 }}{n}} \right)^{ - \left( {n + 1} \right)/2} \cdot $$ .
Adaptive repair of pulse-compressed radar waveforms: Seeing the forest despite the trees

The standard matched filter used in radar pulse compression is known to generate range sidelobes in the vicinity of large targets which can result in the masking of smaller nearby targets. Significant research has been done to obtain waveform/filter pairs that possess low sidelobes with minimal mismatch loss. However, there exists no single waveform/filter pair that can completely eliminate masking for all possible scenarios as demonstrated by the well-known ambiguity function. This paper presents an adaptive approach to radar pulse compression in which the received signal is employed to adaptively determine the appropriate receive filter to apply for each individual range cell. Furthermore, in contrast to previous work on adaptive pulse compression, the work herein addresses the repair (i.e. unmasking) of range cells masked by sidelobes from a large target after standard pulse compression has occurred. Therefore, the proposed approach, denoted as Pulse Compression Repair (PCR), is applicable to legacy radar systems in which replacing the current pulse compression system is not feasible.
Tuning thin-film bijels with applied external electric fields

The tunability of thin-film bijels using applied external electric fields is explored using a Cahn–Hilliard Langevin dynamics computational model. Dielectric contrast between liquid domains governs liquid domain alignment and was varied in the simulations. Dielectric contrast between colloidal particles and liquid matrix induces dipolar particle interactions and was also varied in the simulations. The study reveals unique internal morphologies including those with through-thickness liquid domains. Significant results include identification of electric field effects on phase evolution and final morphology as well as relevant mechanisms. It was also found that particle chains act as nucleation sites for phase separation. The resultant morphologies were analyzed in terms of particle attachment to phase interface regions as well as the average channel diameter. Electric field effects and mechanisms on morphology are identified and compared with other morphology-tuning parameters such as particle loading and liquid–liquid composition.
Component interactions and processing damage during the manufacture of infant formula

Abstract: Redistribution of nitrogen and minerals in infant formulae that occurs during the manufacturing steps may actually have negative effects on the functional and nutritional properties of these foods. These component interactions result in redistribution of nutrients, especially nitrogen and the minerals associated with caseins. The factors that cause significant component interactions and redistributions, and their impact on the biochemical and nutritional properties of these formulae, are not well understood. Their occurrence in infant formulae is of particular concern because of the demanding quality standards that these products must meet with respect to nutrition, functionality, and shelf life of these products.
Hereditary factors in the Stein-Leventhal syndrome

Abstract Eighteen families in which the Stein-Leventhal syndrome had appeared were studied. Chromosomal analyses were made for the propositi. Clinical examinations and steroid evaluations were conducted for mothers and sisters of the propositi and for two matched control groups. Culdoscopy was performed for most of those persons showing clinical signs of the syndrome. The results permit the following conclusions: (1) The Stein-Leventhal syndrome has an hereditary basis. (2) A typical and consistent chromosomal abnormality is apparently not associated with the syndrome. (3) The transmission of the hereditary potential for the disease is consistent with a dominant mode of inheritance, probably autosomal. (4) Bilaterally enlarged cystic ovaries with pale, smooth, thickened capsules may not be an essential manifestation of the hereditary potential for the disease, but is probably the best single indication.
Rating Hydrogen as a Potential Aviation Fuel

The viability of liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, and synthetic aviation kerosene as future alternate fuels for transport aircraft is analyzed, and the results of a comparative assessment are given in terms of cost, energy resource utilization, areas of fuel production, transmission airport facilities, and ultimate use in the aircraft. Important safety (fires) and some environmental aspects (CO2 balance) are also described. It is concluded that fuel price estimates indicate the price of synthetic aviation kerosene (synjet) would be approximately half of the price calculated for liquid hydrogen and somewhat less than that of liquid methane, with synjet from oil shale reported to be the least expensive.
A new supervised learning algorithm for word sense disambiguation

The Naive Mix is a new supervised learning algorithm that is based on a sequential method for selecting probabilistic models. The usual objective of model selection is to find a single model that adequately characterizes the data in a training sample. However, during model selection a sequence of models is generated that consists of the best-fitting model at each level of model complexity. The Naive Mix utilizes this sequence of models to define a probabilistic model which is then used as a probabilistic classifier to perform word-sense disambiguation. The models in this sequence are restricted to the class of decomposable log-linear models. This class of models offers a number of computational advantages. Experiments disambiguating twelve different words show that a Naive Mix formulated with a forward sequential search and Akaike's Information Criteria rivals established supervised learning algorithms such as decision trees (C4.5), rule induction (CN2) and nearest-neighbor classification (PEBLS).
Modeling Human-in-the-Loop Behavior and Interactions with HVAC Systems

Building occupants, building physics, HVAC systems, and controls make up a complex dynamical system with continuous and discrete states and interactions, i.e., a hybrid system. Traditionally, occupant physics and behavior are abstracted from the building engineering through static design requirements and simple setpoints. At most, the interaction between the systems is captured by changing setpoints based on occupancy. This abstraction neglects the autonomy of users to change setpoints and create over-rides that often forfeit the savings that the control system aimed to achieve. As users increasingly interact with home energy IoT devices, this shared autonomy will grow in significance. This research proposes a framework that may serve as a model-based estimator for building controls that realize energy savings without invasive and ineffective behavioral interventions. The human-in-the-loop (HITL) framework consists of three components to model a single-zone single-occupant system: zone thermodynamics, a physiological comfort model, and a behavior model based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Simulations of the HITL control system demonstrate the importance of capturing the hybrid dynamics from discrete actions (e.g., changes to the thermostat) and transients associated with physiological comfort and decision-making.
Determination of PCB fluxes from Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal using dual-deployed air and water passive samplers.

Abstract We have developed a method for measuring fluxes of PCBs from natural waters using air and water passive samplers deployed simultaneously in the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC). Net volatilization of ƩPCBs was determined for 2017, and ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 μg m−2 d−1, with a median of 2.0 μg m−2 d−1. We confirm earlier findings that the IHSC experiences constant release of gas-phase PCBs. Gas-phase and freely-dissolved water ƩPCB samples median were 4.0 ng m−3 and 14 ng L−1, both exhibiting increasing concentrations over the year of study, and with a strong positive correlation between them (R2 = 0.93 for ƩPCBs). The relative concentrations of individual PCB congeners were very similar between air and water samples, and resemble Aroclor 1248, a mixture previously reported to contaminate the IHSC sediments. Monthly variability of the volatilization fluxes was primarily driven by the freely-dissolved water concentration changes (R2 = 0.87). Although different sampling methods were performed to estimate air-water fluxes between the month of August of 2006 and 2017, ƩPCB net fluxes have decreased by more than 60%, suggesting that either dredging at IHSC from 2012 to 2017 or reduction of upstream sources have decreased the freely-dissolved water concentrations of PCBs, thus reducing the air-water net volatilization in IHSC. Finally, we have shown that this passive sampling approach represents a simple and cost-effective method to assess the air-water exchange of PCBs, increase analytical sensitivity, enable measurements over time, and reduce uncertainties related to unexpected episodic events.
Online Detection and Quantification of Transient Instability using Lyapunov Exponents from PMU Data

Lyapunov Exponents (LE) have been shown to be an effective tool in predicting short-term voltage instability in power systems by determining if their voltage trajectories indicate that a system is stable or unstable. This paper provides an improved LE algorithm for use in real-time streaming applications for short-term voltage instability detection. Additionally, this paper proposes three variants to the traditional LE calculation, which estimate the final value of the LE and accurately quantify the stability of a stable power system. The proposed modifications to the LE calculation are applied to voltages sampled at Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data rates. The streaming algorithm presented is used to activate a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to improve power system stability. Results are validated by using the IEEE 39 Bus model, a Duke Energy system model, and historical events recorded by Duke Energy PMUs.
Design and Operation of Technoecological Synergy: A No2 Case Study

Abstract Over last several decades, engineering design has expanded to not only make processes more profitable but to reduce environmental impact of human activities. Despite these efforts, human impact on nature is still significant as engineering tends to ignore nature’s capacity to provide goods and services which leads to ecological overshoot. Hence, in order to design truly sustainable systems, one should consider alternatives that can help reduce ecological overshoot and avoid unintended consequences. Nature-based solutions like forest, wetlands, etc. can help alleviate ecological capacity and avoid unintended consequences, as nature has always been “sustainable”. In order to use these ecological solutions, traditional large-scale chemical processing facilities have to embrace and respect the intermittent seasonal availability of ecological goods and services. In this work, we consider a chloralkali production with attached utility generator that is located in Freeport Texas, which is a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) non-attainment zone where NO2 emissions are not permitted. Utility generation unit emits nitrogen dioxide and the goal of the operator is to limit emission of NO2 for which we explore two alternatives: 1) a technological unit known as Selective Catalytic Reactor (SCR) 2) an ecological solution in form of forest ecosystem. We use iTree-Eco and Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) to model monthly capacity of forest ecosystem to take up NO2 emissions over a period of 20 years. Combining the technological and ecological models, we solve a stochastic mixed integer design and operation planning problem to find optimal combination of technology and nature. This novel synergistic solution is economically and environmentally superior manufacturing approach compared to traditional systems that ignore nature’s ability to provide goods and services. These results demonstrate the need to shift from traditional engineering paradigm of out pacing nature to adopting the dynamics of nature to get maximum sustainable profitability.
International Vlbi Service for Geodesy and Astrometry

This volume of reports is the 2000 Annual Report of the International Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI) Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS). The individual reports were contributed by VLBI groups in the international geodetic and astrometric community who constitute the components of IVS. The 2000 Annual Report documents the work of these IVS components over the period March 1, 1999, through December 31, 2000. The reports document changes, activities, and progress of the IVS. The entire contents of this Annual Report also appear on the IVS web site at http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/ar2000.
Learning Through Listening: A New Approach.

For many reasons, independent study using tape recordings is more difficult than study by reading print. Attempts to compensate have traditionally involved listening skills pretraining programs. An...
Reproductive Coercion, Intimate Partner Violence, and Unintended Pregnancy Among Latina Women:

Reproductive coercion (RC) describes a range of behaviors that restrict reproductive autonomy including pregnancy coercion, birth control sabotage, and controlling the outcome of a pregnancy. RC is...
A Neurophenomenological Investigation of Mindfulness among Collegiate Musicians.

We investigated the efficacy of a phenomenological matrix of mindfulness as a framework for examining expectations, formal meditation experiences, and appraisals of first-year college music student...
Disinformation as the weaponization of cruel optimism: A critical intervention in misinformation studies

Abstract Over the past five years there has been an explosion of mis- and disinformation, with negative social and political impacts felt around the globe. The spread of misinformation has also generated huge scholarly interest but, unfortunately, critical theory has not played a strong role in driving or organizing this research. This paper argues that scholars of emotion and affect should play a stronger role within misinformation studies, providing theoretical frameworks that help to highlight the structural and social aspects of misinformation, to integrate work across disciplines, and to guard against overly techno-solutionist interventions in misinformation. The paper makes this argument by reviewing core areas of study within misinformation studies and placing current research into conversation with Lauren Berlant's concept of cruel optimism. It demonstrates that all aspects of misinformation – from the structural changes that engender it to the disinformation campaigns that weaponize it – are undergirded by powerful affective tools. Unless solutions to misinformation account for these affective geographies, they risk failing or even making the political impact of misinformation worse.
Trade Secrets Protection and Stock Price Crash Risk

This paper provides evidence that the effect of trade secrets protection increases stock price crash risk. Using a quasi-experimental setting with the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), we find that firms headquartered in states adopting the UTSA tend to have higher stock price crash risk. The results are robust to controlling for other trade secrets laws and the choice of crash risk measures, and they are more pronounced in small firms and firms with high market-to-book and low leverage ratios. A detailed mechanism analysis reveals that increased crash risk for firms under the UTSA is attributed to higher information asymmetry, low reporting quality, and more negative news withheld following the UTSA. Overall, our results highlight that trade secrets protection leads to the unexpected, negative consequence of elevated stock price crash risk.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus: revised diagnostic criteria based on literature analysis

Background Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a rare autoimmune bullous disease classically associated with an underlying neoplasm. The heterogeneous clinical and histopathologic features of the disease make diagnosis challenging for clinicians. There are no formally accepted diagnostic criteria, and newer techniques for identifying antibodies directed against plakin proteins have largely replaced immunoprecipitation, the historic gold standard. Methods An analysis of 265 published cases of PNP was performed. The clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic features of PNP were assessed. Results Based on this review, we modified previous diagnostic criteria to capture 89.4% of PNP cases compared to 71.2% of cases captured by the most commonly referred criteria devised by Camisa and Helm (P-value Conclusion These revised diagnostic criteria address the variable clinical, histopathologic, and biochemical features of PNP, allowing for physicians to have greater confidence in diagnosis of this rare and often fatal disease. The revised criteria include three major criteria and two minor criteria, whereby meeting either all three major criteria or two major and both minor criteria would fulfill a diagnosis of paraneoplastic pemphigus. The major criteria include (1) mucous membrane lesions with or without cutaneous involvement, (2) concomitant internal neoplasm, and (3) serologic evidence of anti-plakin antibodies. The minor criteria include (1) acantholysis and/or lichenoid interface dermatitis on histopathology and (2) direct immunofluorescence staining showing intercellular and/or basement membrane staining. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Emerging Single-cell Approaches to Understand HIV in the Central Nervous System

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights emerging single-cell sequencing methods relevant to translational studies of HIV in the central nervous system (CNS), summarizes limited single-cell studies of HIV in the CNS, and discusses opportunities for future HIV translational CNS studies. RECENT FINDINGS Innovative methods utilizing single-cell technologies have advanced the study of genomes, proteomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes at an enhanced resolution and depth. Single-cell analyses of central nervous system tissue, including autopsy brain and CSF cells, may shed light on CNS perturbations in people living with HIV. New strategies can distinguish distinct molecular identifies of rare infected cells at single-cell level, suggesting an opportunity to uncloak the molecular identity of hidden HIV in the CNS reservoir. Adoption of multimodal "omics" analyses to translational HIV studies and tissue compartments beyond blood will be critical to advancing our understanding of viral establishment, persistence, and eradication.
The History, Current Status, and Future of Multicultural Psychotherapy

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the theoretical and professional developments in the field of multicultural psychotherapy. It discusses the early considerations of cultural differences in traditional or mainstream psychotherapy and also highlights the importance of multicultural counseling and supervision competencies, as well as a metatheoretical framework, to guide the development and ensure the success of multiculturalism in psychotherapy. In review of multicultural psychotherapy models most are classified into one of four major approaches—culture matching, acculturation and adaptation, ethnic and racial identity, and person–environment—and detailed the significance of each approach. Perhaps most striking, discussion illustrates that multicultural psychology is a revolutionary force that has the potential to create broad changes in the social sciences and mental health because of its emphases on inclusion, synthesis, and synergy. The future of multicultural psychotherapy rests upon the success of the multicultural therapist and client to be co-intentional social engineers of the future, to be active participants in the lives of culturally different people who are striving to live effectively and efficiently in a pluralistic society. To achieve this goal, chapter concludes with the need for scholars and practitioners to actively engage in research that will validate this multicultural way of life.
The fine structure of the spermatozoon of Pennaria tiarella (coelenterata)

Spermatozoa of the hydroid Pennaria tiarella were examined with the electron microscope. The anterior region is characterized by the presence of 30–40 membrane-bounded vesicles which lie anterior to the nucleus. These vesicles are apparently derived from the Golgi apparatus. The nucleus is conical in shape with a protrusion at the anterior end. Posteriorly it is indented by four radially arranged mitochondria. Lying within the fossa formed by the mitochondria are proximal and distal (filament forming) centrioles. The distal centriole is characterized by nine centriole satellite projections which emanate from its matrix. The tubules of the distal centriole are continuous with the alpha filaments of the tail. The tails are typical 9 + 2 flagella with 9 peripheral doublet (or alpha) filaments surrounding two central (or beta) filaments.
Collective choice of price caps and freight absorption: A spatial approach to regulation

Abstract Regulated firms are often required to absorb most costs of delivering products or services to consumers. The economic effects of mandated freight absorption are developed here, including the interaction of freight absorption with price cap regulations. Spatial models of regulated firms produce several counterintuitive results, including the finding that a falling price cap can cause profits and delivered prices to rise. A voting model in which consumers select regulations to minimize delivered prices shows why uniform price regulations are popular. Collective choice outcomes do not maximize profits, welfare, or even the aggregate surplus of voters.
Three-dimensional membrane crystals in amphibian cone outer segments. 1. Light-dependent crystal formation in frog retinas.

Abstract When frog retinas are exposed to light, a series of three-dimensional crystals develop within the outer segment disk system of cones but not rods. The crystals involve components that span cytoplasmic, disk membrane, and intradisk domains of the outer segment. The crystalline membrane domains are directly continuous with adjacent, noncrystalline lamellar regions. In axial extent, the crystals may involve as few as 1 or 2 disks or as many as 30 disks. However, within each disk, only one crystalline domain typically is observed. Within a crystal, the membranes are more planar in shape and more uniform in axial spacing then adjacent, noncrystalline lamellar regions. Furthermore, as crystalline domains expand laterally, one observes increased axial spacing disorder in noncrystalline lamellar regions, along with an increase in the width of the intradisk compartment. Thus, crystals appear to grow laterally by depleting adjacent lamellar regions of components that influence the normal membrane pair separation and axial spacing of cone outer segment disks. In isolated retinas, the crystalline domains appear to be randomly distributed along the length of the outer segment and show no preference for association with either the closed or open margins of the disk. After 45 min in the light, the crystals occupy ∼10% of the cone outer segment volume. On the basis of comparative structural, biochemical, and physiological data, cone outer segment crystals may represent a cocrystal between bleached, phosphorylated opsin (providing transmembrane and intradisk elements) and the cytoplasmic protein, arrestin (providing trans-cytoplasmic elements). Thus, crystal formation may provide one mechanism of light adaptation within the cone outer segment. The spontaneous, bleaching-induced formation of these crystals in situ offers the possibility that cocrystals of cone outer segment components can be prepared in vitro for higher resolution crystallographic analyses.
Sustainable Development: Physical and Moral Issues

Sustainable development gradually becomes an important concept embedded in many societal activities including economy, politics and perhaps even regulations. Sustainability is now a growing concern of businesses, governments, civic groups and individuals. These concerns are often linked to energy efficiency, reduction of environmentally harmful emissions, ecosystem preservation and other save the Earth efforts. They are becoming a part of a triple bottom line for business accounting: financial, social and environmental. Despite its increasing importance, current definitions of sustainability are somewhat vacuous. This paper presents a possiblity to characterize sustainability in terms of system theory and chaotic dynamics with strong links to to moral and ethical issues.
Polyfunctionality and inflectional economy

This paper serves two purposes. It is a summary of much work concerning One compelling kind of evidence for the autonomy of a language’s morphology is the incidence of inflectional polyfunctionality, the systematic use of the same morphology to express distinct but related morphosyntactic content. Polyfunctionality is more complex than mere homophony. It can, in fact, arise in a number of ways: as an effect of rule invitation (wherein the same rule of exponence serves more than one function by interacting with other rules in more than one way), as an expression of morphosyntactic referral, as the effect of a rule of exponence realizing either a disjunction of property sets or a morphomic property set, or as the reflection of a morphosyntactic property set’s cross-categorial versatility. I distinguish these different sources of polyfunctionality in a formally precise way. It is inaccurate to see polyfunctionality as an ambiguating source of grammatical complexity; on the contrary, by enhancing the predictability of a language’s morphology, it may well enhance both the memorability of complex inflected forms and the ease with which they are processed.
X-linked mental retardation and fragile-X or marker-X syndrome.

Gerald9s commentary1 on this subject is timely. We have been investigating this disorder, and I offer a few additional comments that are based on our own observations and on those of others working in the field and which may be helpful for pediatricians: 1. The term nonspecific sex-linked mental retardation covers a heterogeneous group of disorders with individuals with the fragile site or marker, now designated fra(X)(q28), estimated to account for one third to one half of all cases.
Engaging students through practitioner-centered software engineering

This paper presents an experience in designing and implementing a practitioner-centered software engineering based learning model for an undergraduate software engineering course. Practitioner-centered software engineering is a one-person process developed specifically to apply cutting-edge industry techniques at each point in the software lifecycle. Usage of this model helps software engineers make accurate plans, consistently meet commitments, improve quality, predictability, productivity, and customer satisfaction, and deliver high-quality products. Using this model, students experience a software development effort from inception to final delivery. We describe the design and implementation of a practitioner-centered software engineering model for undergraduate software engineering course.
Collective decisions and cognition in bees

In a remarkable example of collective decision-making, swarms of honeybees, Apis mellifera, choose one of many nest sites discovered and reported by their scouts. At first, dancing scouts communicate the location of many sites, but within a few days all dances focus on the same high-quality site. Instead of swarms acquiring global information by direct comparison of sites, , we find that the swarm's decision arises through a self-organized process driven by the dynamics of interacting individuals following simple rules based on local information.
Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients

There is little detailed clinical information on recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis (rPSC) after liver transplantation in children. Our purpose was to describe the characteristics of children who had experienced rPSC after liver transplantation so that we could identify potential risk factors for recurrence. Clinical information for pediatric patients undergoing transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) was retrospectively reviewed, and variables related to the pretransplant diagnosis of PSC and posttransplant variables were abstracted. The studied variables included the following: cytomegalovirus/Epstein-Barr virus status, early/late rejection, induction regimen, immunosuppression in the first year, steroid-resistant rejection, diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, and human leukocyte antigen markers commonly associated with PSC. A diagnosis of rPSC was made on the basis of radiographic features, histology, or both. Twelve patients underwent liver transplantation for PSC between 1993 and 2012. Patients received tacrolimus for maintenance immunosuppression after induction with steroids (n = 6) or thymoglobulin (n = 6). Three patients were diagnosed with rPSC 44, 60, and 62 months after transplantation. A fourth patient underwent retransplantation for graft failure with features of both hepatic artery stenosis and rPSC. This patient had distinct histological features of rPSC in the second graft. Three of the 4 patients were 7 years old or younger at the diagnosis of PSC. The patient and graft survival rates were similar for the steroid and thymoglobulin groups. All 4 children with rPSC received steroid-free thymoglobulin induction. In conclusion, our observation of an association between thymoglobulin, and age less than 10 years at the diagnosis of PSC, and rPSC adds to the existing suggestion of a link between the immune environment and the pathogenesis of rPSC. Defining the natural history of rPSC and searching for the etiology and risk factors of rPSC are important for the long-term outcomes of pediatric patients.
Distal Lower Extremity Sarcomas: Frequency of Occurrence and Patient Survival Rate

Background:Primary sarcomas in the distal leg, tibia, fibula, ankle, and foot are uncommon and are believed to be less malignant than those that arise in other sites, but only limited information i...
A Modified Indirect Method for Determining Erythrocyte Sodium and Potassium Concentrations

An automated method was adapted to measure the concentration of Na and K in plasma, nonhemolyzed whole blood, and hemolyzed whole blood, and thus allow the calculation of erythrocyte electrolyte concentrations by a modified indirect method. The Na concentrations of nonhemolyzed whole blood and plasma were used to calculate the percent cell volume (hematocrit) of a blood sample. The percent cell volume and concentrations of Na and K in nonhemolyzed whole blood were used to modify the indirect method of calculating erythrocyte Na and K concentrations in canine, porcine, and human blood samples. Significant differences were found between the two indirect methods (indirect and modified indirect) used to calculate erythrocyte Na and K concentrations of human blood samples.
Distinguishing Two Stages of Mathematics Conceptual Learning

In this theoretical article, we distinguish two stages of learning a new mathematical concept – participatory and anticipatory. We use a recently developed mechanism for explaining mathematical conceptual learning – reflection on activity-effect relationship – as well as von Glasersfeld’s tripartite model of a scheme, to explain qualitative distinctions between the two stages. We use this distinction to explain why instructional interventions (including inquiry-based approaches) may not bring about the intended instructional goals.
Proteins related to the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin protein ligases interact with the L domain of Rous sarcoma virus and are required for gag budding from cells

The late assembly (L) domain of retrovirus Gag, required in the final steps of budding for efficient exit from the host cell, is thought to mediate its function through interaction with unknown cellular factors. Here, we report the identification of the Nedd4-like family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases as proteins that specifically interact with the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) L domain in vitro and in vivo. We screened a chicken embryo cDNA expression library by using a peptide derived from the RSV p2b sequence, isolating two unique partial cDNA clones. Neither clone interacted with a peptide containing mutations known to disrupt in vivo RSV L domain function or with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) L domain-derived peptides. The WW domain region of one of the clones, late domain-interacting protein 1 (LDI-1), but not the C2 domain, bound RSV Gag and inhibited RSV Gag budding from human 293 cells in a dominant-negative manner, functionally implicating LDI-1 in RSV particle budding from cells. RSV Gag can be coimmune precipitated from cell extracts with an antisera directed at an exogenously expressed hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged LDI-1 or endogenous Nedd4 proteins. These findings mechanistically link the cellular ubiquitination pathway to retrovirus budding.
Fluoxetine versus tricyclic antidepressants: A prospective multicenter study of antidepressant drug overdoses

Abstract This study compares the clinical course of tricyclic antidepressant and fluoxetine overdose. The study was a prospective case series of 9 urban hospital systems. Consecutive sampling of overdose patients presenting to emergency departments provided the participants for the study. The therapy was determined by each institution. Clinical, laboratory, economic impact, and coroners' information was gathered. Of 622 patients, 482 were excluded because of significant coingestants or lack of laboratory confirmation, leaving 124 tricyclic antidepressant and 16 fluoxetine cases. Twenty-seven percent of tricyclic antidepressant patients were alert on arrival to the emergency department; only 12.9% remained alert. The following were significantly more frequent after tricyclic antidepressant overdose: agitation, tachycardia, QRS prolongation, terminal R-wave deviation, intubation, coma, and admission to the intensive care unit. The mean tricyclic plus metabolite level was 777.6 ng/mL (range = 20–5260 ng/ mL), and the mean fluoxetine plus metabolite level was 496.4 ng/mL (range = 120–1930 ng/mL). There were two tricyclic antidepressant deaths. Of 179 total drug-ingestion deaths from the coroners' records, 38 were from tricyclic antidepressants and none from fluoxetine. Thus, tricyclic antidepressant overdoses resulted in more toxicity and more frequent admissions to the intensive care unit than did fluoxetine overdoses.
Nanosphere Embedding into Polymer Surfaces: A Viscoelastic Contact Mechanics Analysis

Teichroeb and Forrest [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 016104 (2003)] image gold nanosphere embedment into a polystyrene surface and imply the existence of a liquid surface layer. We use a viscoelastic contact mechanics model of their results to give a contrary interpretation. The surface interactions between gold and polystyrene and the indentation depth determine the loads on the nanospheres. Using bulk properties, quantitative agreement between the model and the data is obtained, implying little or no depression in the glass temperature or existence of a liquid layer at the polystyrene surface.
Estimating and Clustering Curves in the Presence of Heteroscedastic Errors

The technique introduced in this paper is a means for estimating and discovering underlying patterns for a large number of curves observed with heteroscedastic errors. Therefore, both the mean and the variance functions of each curve are assumed unknown and varying over time. The method consists of a series of steps. We transform using an orthonormal basis of functions in L 2. In the transform domain, the non-parametric regression is reduced to a means model. To estimate the means in the transform domain, we consider the class of linear or modulation estimators and proceed as in Beran and Dumbgen (R. Beran and L. Dumbgen, Modulation of estimators and confidence sets, Ann. Stat. 26(5) (1998), pp. 1826–1856.) by minimising the Stein's unbiased risk estimate. By minimising the risk over a nested subset selection of modulators, we reduce the dimensionality of the means space. We show that in the transform space, the risk estimate is asymptotically optimal in the Pinsker's minimax sense over Sobolev ellipsoids...
Antral gastrin concentration in upper-gastrointestinal disease

Antral gastrin concentration (AGC) was measured in prepyloric mucosa specimens obtained by forceps biopsy during endoscopic examination of 174 clinic and hospital patients. AGC in 32 patients who had normal endoscopic findings, the control group, varied widely from 2 to 38.6 ng gastrin/mg tissue. The mean AGC of the control patients was 14.2 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- 1 SE) ng gastrin/mg tissue. AGC was similar to control values in 18 patients with duodenal ulcer, 14.7 +/- 2.1; 12 patients with a pyloric channel or antral ulcer, 16.4 +/- 3.5; and 48 patients with miscellaneous diagnoses, 14.3 +/- 1.5. AGC was significantly less than control values in 13 patients with a ulcer in the body or fundus of the stomach, 5.9 +/- 1.5, and 4 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 4.9 +/- 2.4. AGC was significantly greater than in control values in 16 patients with gastritis, 25.8 +/- 4.3;22 patients with esophagitis, 23.2 +/- 3.0; and 9 patients with gastric atrophy and fasting serum hypergastrinemia 44.6 +/- 12.3. In group of 77 of these patients with heterogeneous diagnoses, meal-stimulated 3-hr integrated gastrin output was directly related to AGC (r = 0.47, P less than 0.001). In a group of 106 patients AGC was inversely related to histalogstimulated maximum acid output. The correlation was very weak (r = -0.20) but significant (P less than 0.05).
Inverse Heat Transfer Solution of the Heat Flux Due to Induction Heating

The explicit finite difference formulation of an inverse heat transfer model to calculate the heat flux generated by induction is developed. The experimentally measured temperature data are used as the input for the inverse heat transfer model. This model is particularly suitable for a workpiece with low cross section Biot number. Induction heating experiments are carried out using a carbon steel rod. The finite difference method and thermocouple temperature measurements are applied to estimate the induction heat flux and workpiece temperature. Compared to measured temperatures, the accuracy and limitation of proposed method is demonstrated. The effect of nonuniform temperature distribution, particularly in the heating region during the induction heating, is studied. Analysis results validate the assumption to use the uniform temperature in a cross section for the inverse heat transfer solution of induction heat flux. Sensitivity to the grid spacing, thermocouple location, and thermophysical properties are also studied.
Current-mode universal filter using unity gain cells

A new universal current-mode biquad filter circuit suitable for integrated circuit implementation is presented. The circuit uses three two-output current followers, two voltage buffers, two grounded capacitors and four virtually grounded resistors to realise all the standard biquad filters without changing the circuit topology. The proposed circuit can be used to achieve independent control of the natural frequency and the bandwidth. Also, the filter exhibits a low input impedance, high output impedance as well as low active and passive sensitivities. Simulation results using CMOS unity gain cells are also presented.
Immunoassayable insulin content of subcellular fractions of rat islets.

Islets of Langerhans were isolated from rat islets by a modification of the collagenase digestion procedure. The islets were fractionated by centrifugation techniques and the presence of an enriched insulin secretion granule fraction was shown as well as the quantitative distribution of insulin in other fractions. The content of insulin relative to other proteins in individual fractions was estimated. Current literature on insulin content of islets and pancreas was discussed with respect to these results. (Endocrinology 85: 218, 1969)
Kinetics of the inactivation of Escherichia coli glutamate apodecarboxylase by phenylglyoxal

Abstract The possible interaction of the phosphate moiety of pyridoxal phosphate with a guanidinium group in glutamate apodecarboxylase was investigated. The holoenzyme is not inactivated significantly by incubation with butanedione, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, or phenylglyoxal. However, the apoenzyme is inactivated by these arginine reagents in time-dependent processes. Phenylgloxal inactivates the apoenzyme most rapidly. The inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics at high phenylglyoxal to apoenzyme ratios. The rate of inactivation is proportional to phenylglyoxal concentration, increases with increasing pH, and is also dependent on the type of buffer present. The rate of inactivation of the apoenzyme by phenylglyoxal is fastest in bicarbonate — carbonate buffer and increases with increasing bicarbonate — carbonate concentration. Phosphate, which inhibits the binding of pyridoxal phosphate to the apoenzyme, protects the apodecarboxylase against inactivation by phenylglyoxal. When the apodecarboxylase is inactivated with [ 14 C]phenylglyoxal, approximately 1.6 mol of [ 14 C]phenylglyoxal is incorporated per mol subunit. The phenylglyoxal is thought to modify an arginyl residue at or near the pyridoxal phosphate binding site of glutamate apodecarboxylase.