cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Adrenal and Ovarian Steroids in the Control of Serum LH and FSH

The purpose of these experiments was to examine the pattern of gonadotropin response to alterations in the serum steroid milieu. Animals exhibiting five-day estrous cycles underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), sham-ovariectomy (SOV), adrenalectomy (ADX), adrenalectomy plus ovariectomy (ADX-OVX) at 0800 h of proestrus, or were unoperated. Autopsies were done at 0830, 1300 or 1700 h of proestrus or 0830 h the following morning. The entire study was repeated on metestrus. with an additional autopsy time 48 h after surgery. After OVX on either proestrus or metestrus, FSH rose dramatically and remained high for the next 24 h. In contrast, LH rose after OVX only during the critical period on proestrus, and then only temporarily. Forty-eight hours later, LH began to rise in metestrus-OVX animals. Thus, a separation of LH and FSH release was verified under conditions of altered serum steroid backgrounds. Moreover, estradiol levels in OVX animals did not differ from control values on either proestrus or metestrus...
End-plate connection moment-rotation relationship

Abstract A methodology, based on finite element modeling, is presented to analytically develop the moment-rotation relationship for a bolted steel end-plate connection. The methodology is demonstrated for a flush end-plate connection. Experimental testing of a few selected specimens was conducted to verify the finite element modeling and associated computer analysis procedure. The finite element model was used to conduct a parametric study to determined the effect of various geometric and force related variables on the prediction of maximum end-plate separation. Sufficient cases were then analyzed, which cover the variation of these variables within practical ranges. The analyses data collected were regressed to develop a predicton equation characterizing the general behavior of the connection.
The influence of job satisfaction on child welfare worker's desire to stay: An examination of the interaction effect of self-efficacy and supportive supervision

Abstract Prior research shows child welfare workforce has constantly been challenged by worker's turnover issue. Although improving job satisfaction is adopted by many agencies as a solution to encourage workers to stay, little is known whether its effect remains under the influence of certain psychosocial factors of workers. The present study attempts to explore the effect of job satisfaction on child welfare worker's desire to stay through examining the intervening effects of worker's work related self-efficacy and supervisor's support. Our findings showed that the interaction effect did exist such that job satisfaction had greater positive impact for workers of high self-efficacy in terms of the desire to stay. Findings further revealed that job satisfaction had substantial impacts on improving worker's desire to stay under most of the circumstances, except for the circumstance when workers concurrently perceiving low work related self-efficacy and low supervisor's support. Finding also revealed that supervisor's support was particularly important to retain workers of low self-efficacy. In conclusion, improving job satisfaction may not be a universal approach for worker retention due to the influence of worker's self-efficacy. On the other hand, we recognize that supervisor's support is an important factor in addition to job satisfaction that cannot be overlooked in child welfare worker retention. In light of the significant interaction effect that was identified in the present study, we suggested the need to examine the interaction effect among retention predictors in future research.
Thermal protection of vehicle payloads using phase change materials and liquid cooling

Ground combat vehicles may contain sensitive computational and communication equipment which produce heat that must be dissipated from the interior compartment. A need exists to introduce a cooling system to remove payload heat that offers acceptable performance and design packaging for harsh operating environments. This paper introduces a coolant rail augmented with phase change material heat sinks to isolate the payload and occupants from outside air and yet provide efficient, reliable cooling for the electronic equipment. A lumped parameter mathematical model has been developed for the payload area and then analyzed in hot weather climates. Next, a finite control volume analysis was performed to locate hot spots within the cooling system and accurately model the PCM heat sink. Representative numerical results will be presented and discussed to demonstrate the cooling capabilities. The proposed cooling system offers improved thermal conditions at reasonable power consumption levels along with redundancy to accommodate minor component failures.
Hippocampal Lesions in Rhesus Monkeys Disrupt Emotional Responses but Not Reinforcer Devaluation Effects

Background Although the role of the hippocampus in emotional behavior has long been recognized, the extent to which the hippocampus plays a role in the regulation and expression of emotion in rhesus monkeys has not been systematically explored. Methods Rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) with excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampal formation and unoperated control animals were assessed on two different types of emotional processing: defensive reactions to a potential predator (experiment 1) and ability to update the value of positive reinforcers, in this case food (experiment 2). Monkeys with aspiration lesions of the perirhinal cortex were also included in this study as an operated control group. Results In experiment 1, whereas both operated groups showed reduced latencies to retrieve food located near an innately fear-provoking stimulus, a fake snake, only monkeys with hippocampal lesions displayed reduced defensive reactions to the snake. In experiment 2, both operated groups performed as well as control animals when choosing objects flexibly based on the current value of a food. Conclusions These findings dissociate the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in fear expression and specifically implicate the hippocampal formation in generating responses to stimuli that are potentially threatening.
Mycobacteriosis in the Rabbit and Rodent

Spontaneous mycobacteriosis is rare in rabbits and rodents with the exception of the pygmy rabbit, and there are only a handful of reported cases involving other rodents. Mycobacterium avium complex was the most commonly identified organism in reports of spontaneous mycobacteriosis involving rabbits and rodents. The resistance of rabbits and rodents to mycobacterial disease has been useful in understanding the disease in humans and other animals. Preventing or controlling Mycobacterium sp transmission from wildlife to domestic animals will require collaboration between agriculture, wildlife, environmental, and political entities. Understanding the ecology and epidemiology of mycobacteria is needed for better worldwide management of tuberculosis.
Atomic-beam cooling: A simulation approach

Laser cooling af atoms in an atomic beam is studied theoretically by using a simulation approach derived from a pure-state analysis of resonant radiation pressure. Detailed numerical results are presented discussing the form of the atomic velocity distribution (and its minimum achievable width) and effects due to the spatial (focusing) and frequency variation of a Gaussian laser beam. A comparison of these results with recent experiments is given.
Synergistic enhancements of ultrasound image contrast with a combination of phase aberration correction and dual apodization with cross-correlation

Dual apodization with cross-correlation (DAX) is a novel adaptive beamforming technique which utilizes two distinct apodization functions in suppressing side lobes and clutter. Previous studies have shown that the performance of DAX in minimizing the effects of phase aberration diminishes with increasing aberrator strength. To achieve greater improvement in image contrast, we propose, in this paper, to combine DAX with a phase aberration correction algorithm based on nearest-neighbor cross-correlation (NNCC). Our simulation and experimental results presented in this work showed that the proposed method allows for synergistic enhancements of image contrast and achieves greater improvement in image quality than using DAX alone or phase aberration correction alone in the presence of weak and strong aberrators. Compared with standard delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming, using the proposed method on simulated data with weak and strong aberrations increased the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values from 4.10 to 10.96 and from 1.69 to 9.80, respectively. Experimental results were obtained using pork tissues of 4 and 10 mm thickness and a tissue-mimicking phantom. The CNR values increased from 3.74 to 9.72 for the 4-mm pork aberrator and from 1.27 to 8.17 for the 10-mm pork aberrator.
Classification of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome by Types of Fatigue

Persons with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) often complain of fatigue states (eg, postexertional malaise, brain fog) that are qualitatively different than normal, daily fatigue. Given the heterogeneous nature of ME/CFS, it is likely that individuals with this illness experience these fatigue types differently in terms of severity and frequency. It is also possible that meaningful subgroups of patients exist that exhibit different patterns of the fatigue experience. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether individuals with ME/CFS can be classified in a meaningful way according to the different types of fatigue they experience. One hundred individuals with ME/CFS participated in the study. Individuals that met inclusion criteria were administered the Multiple Fatigue Types Questionnaire (MFTQ), a 5-factor instrument that distinguishes between different types of fatigue. A cluster analysis was used to classify patients into various clusters based on factor subscale scores. Using a 3-factor solution, individuals were classified according to illness severity (low, moderate, severe) across the different fatigue factors. However, a 5-cluster solution enabled participants with moderate to severe fatigue levels to fall into more differentiated clusters and demonstrate distinct fatigue state patterns. These results suggest that fatigue patterns of individuals with ME/CFS are heterogeneous, and that patients may be classified into meaningful subgroups.
Numerical annealing of low-redundancy linear arrays

An algorithm is developed that estimates the optimal distribution of antenna elements in a minimum redundancy linear array. These distributions are used in thinned array interferometric imagers to synthesize effective antenna apertures much larger than the physical aperture. The optimal selection of antenna locations is extremely time consuming when large numbers of antennas are involved. This algorithm uses a numerical implementation of the annealing process to guide a random search for the optimal array configuration. Highly thinned low-redundancy arrays are computed for up to 30 array elements. These arrays are equivalent to the optimal solutions that are known for up to 11 elements. The arrays computed for 12-30 elements have the fewest redundancies reported to date. >
Assessing Fit of Unidimensional Item Response Theory Models Using a Bayesian Approach.

Even though Bayesian estimation has recently become quite popular in item response theory (IRT), there is a lack of works on model checking from a Bayesian perspective. This paper applies the posterior predictive model checking (PPMC) method (Guttman, 1967; Rubin, 1984), a popular Bayesian model checking tool, to a number of real applications of unidimensional IRT models. The applications demonstrate how to exploit the flexibility of the posterior predictive checks to meet the need of the researcher. This paper also examines practical consequences of misfit, an area often ignored in educational measurement literature while assessing model fit.
Are Health Beliefs Related to Adherence Among Adolescents with Mood Disorders

This study explored the illness perceptions, attitudes towards mental health services and adherence behaviors among a group of adolescents in treatment for mood disorders in an urban city in the United States. Seventy adolescents completed a battery of questionnaires assessing demographics (e.g., gender, family income), perceptions of illness (e.g., consequences, treatment control) and overall attitudes towards mental health services. Adolescents and their parents also reported on the youth’s adherence to both psychotropic medication and mental health appointments. Simultaneous logistic regression analyses revealed that attitudes and family income made a significant and unique contribution in explaining adolescents’ adherence behaviors. Interventions that help adolescents become aware of their attitudes toward mental health services and provide information on dimensions of mood disorders, such as the chronic nature of depression and the effectiveness of treatment, may impact adherence behavior. Also, among a group of families with access to services, yearly family income remained a significant barrier to attending appointments all of the time. Policy implications are discussed.
Can Ca entry via Na-Ca exchange directly activate cardiac muscle contraction?

Developed twitch tension and action potentials were recorded in rabbit ventricular muscle in physiological saline at 30 degrees C stimulated at 0.5 Hz. Addition of 5 microM nifedipine to block Ca entry via Ca channels almost abolished twitches (to 2.5 +/- 0.7%, S.E.M., n = 10 of control). This suggests that under normal conditions Ca entry via Na-Ca exchange is insufficient to activate contractions. However, when muscles are first exposed to 4 microM acetylstrophanthidin to elevate [Na]i the same exposure to nifedipine only partially suppresses twitches (to 59 +/- 12% of the original control). This suggests that when [Na]i is elevated, Ca entry via the Na-Ca exchange may be adequate to partially activate contraction. From this result it is not clear whether Ca entry via Na-Ca exchange is sufficient to activate contraction directly or whether sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca release is required. When these experiments were carried out in the presence of 5 to 10 mM caffeine or 100 nM ryanodine similar results were obtained. That is, nifedipine still abolished contractions in the presence of caffeine or ryanodine (to 3.8 +/- 0.3% and 1.3 +/- 0.4%, respectively), but only partially inhibited contractions in the presence of caffeine + acetylstrophanthidin (to 21 +/- 5%) or ryanodine + acetylstrophanthidin (10 +/- 2%). Thus, it appears that even in the absence of a functional SR and with Ca current blocked, Na-Ca exchange might bring sufficient Ca into the cell to activate appreciable contractions, but only when [Na]i is elevated. Action potential duration is decreased by nifedipine and acetylstrophanthidin and is further decreased when nifedipine is added on top of acetylstrophanthidin. If this Ca entry is by an electrogenic 3 Na: 1 Ca exchange, Ca entry will be favored at more positive membrane potentials. If the action potential were not so abbreviated with these drugs, Na-Ca exchange might bring in more Ca and activate additional tension.
Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of asthma: a practice parameter update: Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

This algorithm on the diagnosis and treatment of asthma is intended to complement and update the previously published Practice Parameters for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma. Both documents were developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the AAAAI, ACAAI, and the JCAAI. The authors of this asthma algorithm have attempted to include all the elements essential for the diagnosis and care of patients with asthma. Every effort was made to keep the algorithm clear and concise, yet thorough and complete (Fig 1). Each component of the algorithm is elaborated further in a brief annotations. For further discussion, the reader is referred to the more extensive Practice Parameters for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma.
SlideType: universal design text-entry interface for touchscreen devices

In this work, we present SlideType, an intuitive text-entry system on touchscreen devices with touch and gestural inputs as well as visual and auditory output to be used by as many people as possible, including those have vision, dexterity and cognition impairments. 9 participants were tested using SlideType to input a name such as "John Smith" without training. Overall, participants were able to complete the task of typing and editing. We reported some usability study results.
Trapping of individual airborne absorbing particles using a counterflow nozzle and photophoretic trap for continuous sampling and analysis

We describe an integrated opto-aerodynamic system and demonstrate that it enables us to trap absorbing airborne micron-size particles from air, hold them and then release them, and to repeat this sequence many times as would be appropriate for continuous sampling of particles from air. The key parts of the system are a conical photophoretic optical trap and a counter-flow coaxial-double-nozzle that concentrates and then slows particles for trapping. This technology should be useful for on-line applications that require monitoring (by single particle analyses) of a series of successively arriving particles (e.g., from the atmosphere or pharmaceutical or other production facilities) where the total sampling time may last from minutes to days, but where each particle must be held for a short time for measurements (e.g., Raman scattering).
Pathobiologic characteristics of hereditary breast cancer

Patients with hereditary breast cancer (HBC) present at a young age with breast cancers that show adverse pathological characteristics such as high nuclear grade, negative hormone receptor status, and high proliferation indices. Surprisingly, the clinical course has been reported to be comparable or improved compared with patients with nonhereditary breast cancer (non-HBC). To determine whether there are any molecular markers that might help explain this paradox between pathologically aggressive neoplasms in patients with HBC and the lack of extreme clinically aggressive disease, we studied several molecular parameters in a group of 34 breast cancer patients with mutations in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes and compared them with a group of 20 breast cancer patients with non-HBC. In general, patients with HBC had tumors that were of higher nuclear grade, contained a higher population of proliferating cells, showed increased expression of DNA topoisomerase II-alpha (topo II-alpha), lacked hormone receptors, and were more likely to show immunopositivity for the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Additionally, tumors from patients with HBC showed a decreased angiogenesis compared with controls. The decreased angiogenesis and the elevated expression of topo II-alpha (an anticancer drug target) may, in part, explain the lack of correlation between clinical course and histological characteristics in patients with HBC.
Not every polymorphism close to the AUG codon can be explained by invoking context effects on initiation of translation

The −1C>T change in the annexin V gene, which reduces the risk of myocardial infarction,[1][1] cannot be explained as simply as your editorial note suggests.[2][2] The demonstration by Gonzalez-Conejero et al[1][1] that −1T increases the efficiency of translation might be correct (the fourth
VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration using the moon

The Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has been on-orbit for more than three and half years. It has been scheduled to view the moon approximately monthly since its nadir door open on November 21, 2011. The scheduled lunar observations have been used to monitor the VIIRS reflective solar bands (RSB) on-orbit gain changes. The VIIRS RSB are primarily calibrated by an onboard Solar Diffuser (SD) panel and an accompanying Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor (SDSM). Due to non-uniformity of the SD degradation, the SD/SDSM calibration may have non-negligible errors, especially for the short wavelength bands. Since lunar surface is very stable, the Moon can be used to provide more reliable on-orbit long-term gain changes of the RSB. The RSB calibration coefficients derived from the lunar calibration are generally consistent with those derived from the SD/SDSM calibration, but clear differences in trend are seen, especially for the short wavelength bands.
Fluorometric determination of all-trans retinol in rat serum.

A rapid, specific, and sensitive fluorometric assay for retinol in rat serum is reported. Serum retinol is extracted into cyclohexane after dilution of the serum sample with aqueous acetonitrile. Sample volumes as small as 0.2 ml can be used with a limiting detectable concentration of 2.5 × 10-8 M for retinol.
Distribution and composition of organic matter in surface sediments of coastal Southeast Alaska

Abstract Total organic carbon (TOC) and biogenic silica (opal) content, elemental (C/N) and isotopic (δ13C, δ15N) composition of organic matter and the content of lipid biomarkers derived from both marine and terrestrial sources constrain relative contributions from marine productivity and continental erosion to surface sediments throughout coastal SE Alaska (54°N to 61°N). TOC and opal content are very high (up to 8% and 33% by weight, respectively) in fjords and inlets south of Icy Strait (∼58°N) and uniformly low at offshore sites to the south, and at both offshore and inland sites to the north (averaging 0.6±0.3% and 2.3±1.8%, respectively). TOC and opal mass accumulation rates (MARs, based on bulk density and 210Pb-derived sediment MAR) suggest dilution with terrigenous, inorganic detrital materials accounts for the low concentrations of both biogenic phases in sediments from the glacial tidewater fjords of Muir and Yakutat Bays but not elsewhere. C/N, δ13C, and δ15N indicate a dominant marine origin for organic matter deposited at most sites. This conclusion implicates elevated primary productivity in inland waters to the south with diatoms, based on opal results, being the dominant contributor. A very significant terrestrial organic fraction (25–50%) is contained in sediments deposited on the continental shelf to the north of 58°N. Hydrocarbon biomarkers indicate the terrestrial fraction in sediments from this region is represented by old organic matter (kerogen) likely contained within riverborne particles eroding from now heavily glaciated adjacent landscapes. In sediment to the south, the terrestrial fraction is traced to modern soil organic matter eroded from the now non-glaciated, heavily forested adjacent landscape. Our study provides a framework to guide future investigations of short- (anthropogenic) to long- (Holocene) term environmental and/or climate change in this region through down-core, stratigraphic analysis.
Electron-Hole Pair Creation at Ag and Cu Surfaces by Adsorption of Atomic Hydrogen and Deuterium

Hot electrons and holes created at Ag and Cu surfaces by adsorption of thermal hydrogen and deuterium atoms have been measured directly with ultrathin metal film Schottky diode detectors on Si(111). When the metal surface is exposed to these atoms, charge carriers are excited at the surface, travel ballistically toward the interface, and have been detected as a chemicurrent in the diode. The current decreases with increasing exposure and eventually reaches a constant value at the steady-state coverage. This is the first direct evidence of nonadiabatic energy dissipation during adsorption at transition metal surfaces.
Permethrin and sulprofos washoff from cotton plants as a function of time between application and initial rainfall

Understanding pesticide foliar washoff is important in environmental modeling, pest management, and development of integrated management systems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of elapsed time between spray application and initial rainfall on insecticide washoff from foliage. Permethrin [(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl(1R,S)cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] and sulprofos [O-ethyl O-(4-methylthiophenyl)-S-propyl phosphorodithioate] were applied to mature cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants as tank-mixed emulsifiable concentrates with a water carrier (.)
A Coat of Many Colors: Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

The use of antiretroviral therapy has reduced mortality and increased the quality of life of HIV-1-infected people, particularly in more developed countries where access to treatment is more widespread. However, morbidities continue, which include HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Subtle cognitive abnormalities and low-level viral replication underlie disease. The balance between robust antiviral adaptive immunity, neuronal homeostatic mechanisms, and neuroprotective factors on one hand and toxicities afforded by dysregulated immune activities on the other govern disease. New insights into the pathobiological processes for neuroimmune-linked disease and ways to modulate such activities for therapeutic gain are discussed. Better understanding of the complexities of immune regulation during HAND can improve diagnosis and disease outcomes but is also relevant for the pathogenesis of a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders.
Plasmon resonance analysis with configuration interaction.

Dipole plasmon resonances are described quantum mechanically using configuration interaction (CI). A fictitious system of three interacting configurations is considered, which yields three excited states. Excited states energies and oscillator strengths are derived from the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the CI matrix, where the diagonal elements αi (i = 1, 2, 3) correspond to the interacting one-electron transition energies and the off-diagonal elements βij correspond to the coupling between these configurations. The plasmonic state is easily identified by its higher energy and much larger oscillator strength. This high oscillator strength is due to a constructive addition of the eigenvectors contributing to this state. The maximum oscillator strength enhancement of the plasmon peak is equal to the number of configurations in the CI matrix (three here), which occurs in the ideal case where all α elements are equal and all β elements are equal. When the transitions involved in the CI have different energies (different α values), the oscillator strength of the plasmon peak becomes smaller and its energy is shifted in comparison to the ideal case. Increasing all the coupling values from 0 up to the point where the coupling is similar in magnitude to the difference in α values leads to a rapid rise of the plasmon peak oscillator strength whereas its energy slightly blue-shifts. A further increase of the coupling values does not affect the oscillator strength of the plasmon peak, which remains near its maximum enhancement value, but drastically affects its energy, which rapidly rises. The plasmonic behavior of noble metal model systems is successfully described using configuration interaction.
Mössbauer spectroscopy as a probe of FeO on TiO2 and Ir-Fe on TiO2 - unique preparation of a highly dispersed bimetallic system

Abstract Previous studies have shown that noble metals when reduced on TiO 2 show unconventional suppression of H 2 on CO chemisorption. This paper describes the application of Mossbauer spectroscopy to study the interaction of the coordinatively unsaturated sites (CUS) of TiO 2 with iron and iron-iridium. In this study, the CUS of TiO 2 are coupled with a Mossbauer probe ion, Fe 2+ , and the interaction of the probe with highly-dispersed Ir metal is monitored by Mossbauer spectroscopy and by CUS or acid center titration using the Benesi method. The combination of these two techniques suggests that the CUS sites of TiO 2 act as a template for Fe 2+ as well as for the Fe-Ir cluster. This paper shows that metal catalyst design may be facilitated by use of CUS of oxide surfaces.
Substrate specificity and stabilization by thiamine pyrophosphate of rat liver branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase

Abstract Rat liver branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase has been solubilized and used to investigate the substrate specificity, cofactor requirements, and stabilizing properties of thiamine pyrophosphate for this enzyme. Only the branched chain α-ketoacids are oxidatively decarboxylated with apparent K m values of 30, 32, and 35 μ m for α-ketoisovalerate, α-ketoisocaproate and α-keto-β-methylvalerate, respectively. Maximal CO 2 release requires the presence of CoASH, NAD + , Mg 2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate. The ketoacids competitively inhibit one another, activity for all three show identical pH optimum and heat lability which supports the concept of single enzyme complex acting on all three substrates. The activity can be stabilized by thiamine pyrophosphate which provides a rationale for treatment of maple syrup urine disease with pharmacologic doses of thiamine.
Laboratory and Genetic Assessment of Iron Deficiency in Blood Donors

Over 9 million individuals donate blood annually in the US. Between 200 to 250 mg of iron is removed with each whole blood donation, reflecting losses from the hemoglobin in red blood cells. This amount represents approximately 25% of the average iron stores in men and almost 75% of the iron stores in women. Replenishment of iron stores takes many months, leading to a high rate of iron depletion, especially in frequent blood donors (e. g., more than 2 times per year). In large epidemiologic studies, donation frequency, female gender, and younger age (reflecting menstrual status), are particularly associated with iron depletion. Currently, a minimum capillary hemoglobin of 12.5 gm/dl is the sole requirement for donor qualification in the US as far as iron levels are concerned, yet it is known that hemoglobin level is a poor surrogate for low iron. In an effort to better identify and prevent iron deficiency, blood collection centers are now considering various strategies to manage donor iron loss, including changes in acceptable hemoglobin level, donation interval, donation frequency, testing of iron status, and iron supplementation. This chapter highlights laboratory and genetic tests to assess the iron status of blood donors and their applicability as screening tests for blood donation.
The Generation of Motor Patterns

evaluations and performance, journal of Experimen tal Social Psychology, 18, 184-200 (1982); see also E. Klinger, Consequences of commitment to and dis engagement from incentives, Psychological Review, 82, 1-25 (1975). 8. S. Duval and R.A. Wicklund, A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness (Academic Press, New York, 1972). 9. M.F. Scheier and CS. Carver, Self-directed attention and the comparison of self with standards, journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 205 222(1983). 10. CS. Carver, L.M. Peterson, D.J. Follans bee, and M.F. Scheier, Effects of self-directed atten tion on performance and persistence among persons high and low in test anxiety, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 333-354 (1983); see also Carver and Scheier, note 7. 11. T. Pyszczynski and J. Greenberg, Self regulatory perseveration and the depressive self focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression, Psychological Bulletin, 102, 122-138 (1987). 12. CS. Carver and M.F. Scheier, Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control process view, Psychological Review, 97, 19-35 (1990).
The origin of the acetylcholinesterase-rich afferents to layer IV of infant somatosensory cortex. A histochemical analysis following lesions.

In this histochemical study, possible origins of the acetylcholines-terase-rich inputs to the barrel field of somatosensory cortex (SmI) were examined. Rats were studied between 6 and 16 days of age when acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positivity is readily detectable in the barrel centers. The experiments involved making lesions in either the ventrobasal thalamus or midbrain and noting the effects on AChE staining in SmI. Also, the results of destroying the large mystacial vibrissae at birth and 6 days of age were histochemically evaluated. Thalamic lesions eliminated most of the AChE positivity in layer IV but midbrain hemisection had no detectable effect. Destruction of the contralateral vibrissae, at birth, altered the pattern of AChE staining of the barrel field. Vibrissal damage at 6 days of age did not result in a noticeable alteration in staining of the barrel centers for AChE.
Analyzing sentiments in Web 2.0 social media data in Chinese: experiments on business and marketing related Chinese Web forums

Web 2.0 has brought a huge amount of user-generated, social media data that contains rich information about people's opinions and ideas towards various products, services, and ongoing social and political events. Nowadays, many companies start to look into and try to leverage this new type of data to understand their customers in order to make better business strategies and services. As a nation with rapid economic growth in recently years, China has become visible and started to play an important role in the global business and economy. Also, with the large number of Chinese Internet users, a considerable amount of options about Chinese business and market have been expressed in social media sites. Thus, it will be of interest to explore and understand those user-generated contents in Chinese. In this study, we develop an integrated framework to analyze user sentiments from Chinese social media sites by leveraging sentiment analysis techniques. Based on the framework, we conduct experiments on two popular Chinese Web forums, both related to business and marketing. By utilizing Elastic Net together with a rich body of feature representations, we achieve the highest F-measures of 84.4 and 86.7 % for the two data sets, respectively. We also demonstrate the interpretability of Elastic Net by discussing the top-ranked features with positive or negative sentiments.
A Defense of Compulsory Vaccination

Vaccine refusal harms and risks harming innocent bystanders. People are not entitled to harm innocents or to impose deadly risks on others, so in these cases there is nothing to be said for the right to refuse vaccination. Compulsory vaccination is therefore justified because non-vaccination can rightly be prohibited, just as other kinds of harmful and risky conduct are rightly prohibited. I develop an analogy to random gunfire to illustrate this point. Vaccine refusal, I argue, is morally similar to firing a weapon into the air and endangering innocent bystanders. By re-framing vaccine refusal as harmful and reckless conduct my aim is to shift the focus of the vaccine debate from non-vaccinators' religious and refusal rights to everyone else's rights against being infected with contagious illnesses. Religious freedom and rights of informed consent do not entitle non-vaccinators to harm innocent bystanders, and so coercive vaccination requirements are permissible for the sake of the potential victims of the anti-vaccine movement.
Heterometal Incorporation in Metal-Exchanged Zeolites Enables Low-Temperature Catalytic Activity of NOx Reduction

A series of new heterobimetallic zeolites has been synthesized by incorporating a secondary metal cation M (Sc3+, Fe3+, In3+, and La3+) in Cu-exchanged ZSM-5, zeolite-β, and SSZ-13 zeolites under c...
Helix–coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. XXI. Glutamine parameters from random poly(hydroxypropylglutamine-co-L-glutamine) and poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-glutamine)

Water-soluble, random copolymers containing L-glutamine and either N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine or N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine were synthesized, fractionated, and characterized. The thermally induced helix–coil transitions of these copolymers were studied in water. A short-range interaction theory was used to deduce the Zimm-Bragg parameters σ and s for the helix–coil transition in poly(L-glutamine) in water from an analysis of the melting curves of the copolymers in the manner described in earlier papers. The computed values of s indicate that L-glutamine is helix-indifferent at low temperature and a helix-destabilizing residue at high temperature in water. At all temperatures in the range of 0–70°C, the glutamine residue promotes helix–coil boundaries since the computed value of σ is large.
Home surveillance program prevents interstage mortality after the Norwood procedure.

Abstract Objective To determine whether early identification of physiologic variances associated with interstage death would reduce mortality, we developed a home surveillance program. Methods Patients discharged before initiation of home surveillance (group A, n=63) were compared with patients discharged with an infant scale and pulse oximeter (group B, n=24). Parents maintained a daily log of weight and arterial oxygen saturation according to pulse oximetry and were instructed to contact their physician in case of an arterial oxygen saturation less than 70% according to pulse oximetry, an acute weight loss of more than 30 g in 24 hours, or failure to gain at least 20 g during a 3-day period. Results Interstage mortality among infants surviving to discharge was 15.8% (n = 9/57) in group A and 0% (n = 0/24) in group B ( P = .039). Surveillance criteria were breached for 13 of 24 group B patients: 12 patients with decreased arterial oxygen saturation according to pulse oximetry with or without poor weight gain and 1 patient with poor weight gain alone. These 13 patients underwent bidirectional superior cavopulmonary connection (stage 2 palliation) at an earlier age, 3.7 ± 1.1 months of age versus 5.2 ± 2.0 months for patients with an uncomplicated interstage course ( P = .028). A growth curve was generated and showed reduced growth velocity between 4 and 5 months of age, with a plateau in growth beyond 5 months of age. Conclusion Daily home surveillance of arterial oxygen saturation according to pulse oximetry and weight selected patients at increased risk of interstage death, permitting timely intervention, primarily with early stage 2 palliation, and was associated with improved interstage survival. Diminished growth identified 4 to 5 months after the Norwood procedure brings into question the value of delaying stage 2 palliation beyond 5 months of age.
Past orchard performance as a guide to decisions on use of fungicides to control sooty blotch and flyspeck.

Abstract We investigate the usefulness of past apple orchard performance as a guide for making decisions concerning treatment for the diseases sooty blotch (caused by Gloeodes pomigena (Schw.) Colby) and flyspeck (caused by Zygophiala jamaicensis Mason), in the light of a previously reported decision analytic model. Applicability of three decision rules is investigated, one based directly on the model of Gold and Sutton, one based on a simple binomial model, and a third which combines features of the first two. The decision-theoretic value of information for each of the rules was evaluated using the method of cross-validation. Five years of performance data were available for each of 29 orchards in western North Carolina, and four-year training sets were drawn from these data. The combined rule gave the best overall results. The value of past information averaged over all orchards was US $32·62/ha. This is reduced to $20·84/ha, if growers will apply two sprays of fungicide to protect against late season rot diseases, independent of the decision to protect against sooty blotch and flyspeck. The value of the past information was zero for orchards producing consistently high-quality fruit, and averaged $180/ha for orchards producing consistently low-quality fruit. We also discuss the usefulness of data for more or for less than 4 years, inferences concerning risk attitudes of orchardists, and implications for general orchard management strategy.
Presence of Zn,Cu-binding protein in liver of freshwater fishes in the absence of elevated exogenous metal: Relevance to toxic metal exposure

Abstract Cytosols from livers of 11 freshwater fishes contain large amounts of a 10 000 Da metal-binding protein containing zinc and copper. Very little Cd accumulates in this fraction in liver after 12 months' exposure of rainbow trout to 9 μg/liter Cd in the water. Much more Cd is found in the Zn,Cu,Cd-binding protein in kidney. Characterization of the fish binding protein showed that in vitro cadmium added to cytosol displaces zinc but not copper; the ratio of sulfhydryl to Zn + Cu is 2·3–2·6; and Cu is bound in the 1 + state and is removed by bathocuproine disulfonate. By these criteria, the binding protein behaves like metallothionein.
Retail services image measurement: an examination of the stability of a numerical comparative scale

The numerical comparative scale (NCS) is a multi-attribute measurement procedure in which the respondent provides simultaneous comparative ratings of multiple objects (i.e., alternative retail stores, products, etc.) using bipolar scales similar to semantic differential scales. Recent research indicates that scales requiring respondents to rate multiple retail stores on an attribute-by-attribute basis may be vulnerable to rating instability problems resulting from rating context effects. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine the evidence of this potential rating instability problem and to report the results of an experiment designed to test the numerical comparative rating scale under conditions that potentially produce context-induced rating instability. The findings indicate the scale is subject to problems of instability resulting from the multiple-store rating context, Based upon the findings, potential methods of increasing the stability of the scale are explored.
Gun Lobbies and Gun Control: Senate Voting Patterns on the Brady Bill and the Assault Weapons Ban

This paper uses an econometric model to analyze the political and economic factors affecting the Senate voting patterns on the 1993 Brady Bill and the assault weapons ban. Results of a logit estimation procedure support the hypothesis that the political activities and presence of the National Rifle Association (measured as relative campaign contributions and membership) had a significant impact on the voting patterns by Senators on both bills.
Micellar/polymer physical-property models for contaminant cleanup problems and enhanced oil recovery

Previous pseudo-phase representations of micellar/polymer phase behavior have been highly successful in simulating enhanced oil recovery processes using conventional numerical methods. These models allowed for a variety of physical phenomena, such as the formation of one to three phases, the effect of salinity and co-solvents on the phase behavior, adsorption of several of the chemical species, capillary desaturation, and polymer shear thinning and permeability reduction. In order to extend these models to either higher-order simulation techniques or to contaminant transport problems, it is necessary to remove previous discontinuities in the model behavior and to improve the predictions as concentrations become infinitesimal. In this paper, we provide a complete description of a revised model that avoids the problems of the previous model, and we show how to implement the computations in a numerically stable fashion. Computational results from a North Sea pilot study are presented.
Challenges to the network: Telecoms and the internet

Abstract Readers are likely to be interested in “Challenges to the Network”, published recently (September, 1997) by the ITU. As you know, the International Telecommunications Union is a United Nations agency specialized in telecommunications and successor to the C.C.I.T.T. We know it best as the publisher of telecommunications standards. The book is based on the notion, that although the Internet of today rides on top of the telephone network, it is conceivable that this relationship will reverse in the future. This would have a strong impact on common carriers. The book is a compendium of commentary and useful information including a wealth of statistical data. An executive summary of the report's contents can be found on the World Wide Web; the URL is http://www.itu. int/indicators.
Shape selectivity in liquid and gas chromatography: polymeric octadecylsilane (C18) and liquid crystalline stationary phases

Octadecylsilane (C18) stationary phases for liquid chromatography (LC), which are prepared by polymeric rather than monomeric phase synthesis, exhibit shape selectivity for isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that is similar to the shape selectivity observed for liquid crystalline phases in gas chromatography (GC). Relative retention measurements for several sets of isomeric PAH on a polymeric C18 stationary phase (reversed-phase LC) and liquid-crystalline polysiloxane stationary phase (capillary GC) were compared and correlated with the simple length-to-breadth shape descriptor of the solute. Similar retention behavior was observed for both chromatographic systems. In fact, anomalies in elution order relative to length-to-breadth ratios were generally found to be consistent in both chromatographic systems and could often be ascribed to secondary shape factors (i.e., planarity of the molecule).
A categorized list of motivation definitions, with a suggestion for a consensual definition

A major difficulty in the psychology of motivation has been the lack of consensus on its definition. In an attempt to resolve the terminological confusion, 102 statements defining or criticizing the concept were compiled from a variety of sources. The definitions were classified into nine categories, on the basis of the phenomena or theoretical issues emphasized, with a tenth category containing the skeptical statements. Two categories of definitions emphasized internal mechanisms (phenomenological and physiological); three emphasized functional processes (energizing, directing, and vector); two restricted the scope of motivation (temporal-restrictive and process-restrictive); and two emphasized the comprehensive nature of motivation (broad/balanced and all-inclusive). These categories identify concepts or variables that traditionally have been considered important aspects of motivation. Finally, suggestions were made concerning usage of the termmotivation in a way consistent with both the academic psychological approach and the nonpsychologist's informal concept.
Human thymidine kinase gene locus: Assignment to chromosome 17 in a hybrid of man and mouse cells

The human chromosome retained in a hybrid clone derived from human cells and a moluse line deficiemt in thymidine kinase has the quinacrinefluorescence pattern characteristic of chromosome 17.
Task Classification with Chronological Action History for PSP Support

This paper proposes a method to support Personal Software Process (PSP) in a development organization by classify the operations on a computer into a purpose of the user. PSP requires the developers to record and analyze their activity during the development process. There are several methods and systems to support the PSP, they records the operations automatically and also records a purpose of the operations (task) which records manually by the developer. Such manual recording by the developers is a barrier to introduction of the PSP system, and the cause of inaccurate record histories. Our proposal method classifies the operations into the task automatically with the chronological operation history. The method hypothesize that the each task consists of successive operation. The method classify the each operation into the task with a machine learning algorithm, Random Forests. An Experiment result shows the proposal method with chronological operation history classify the operation into the tasks more accurately than the method without the chronological operation history.