cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographic Data Bases Supporting Scene Generation

Recent activity in synthetic reference scene generation from geographic data bases has lead to new and expanding production responsibilities for the mapping community. It has also spawned a new and growing population of geographic data base users. Optimum utilization of this data requires an understanding of the natural and cultural patterns represented as well as knowledge of the conventions and specifications which guide data base preparation. Prudence dictates effective mechanisms for data base inspection by the user. Appropriate implementation of data display procedures can provide this capability while also supporting routine analysis of data base content. This paper first illustrates a set of convenient mechanisms for the display of the elevation and planimetric components of geographic data files. Then, a new USAETL program in Computer-Assisted Photo Interpretation Research (CAPIR) is introduced. The CAPIR program will explore issues of direct data entry to create geographic data bases from stereo aerial photography. CAPIR also provides a technique for displaying geographic data base contents in corresponding three-dimensional photo models. This capability, termed superposition, will impact on the critical tasks of data validation, revision and intensification which are essential for effective management of geographic files.
Reply to Pearlmutter's comments on Tsai et al

We substantiate the correctness of our mathematical derivation and maintain that our simulations support the theoretical predictions in our previous paper, in reply to a Comment by Pearlmutter.
Apicobasal polarization: epithelial form and function

The structure and function of epithelial sheets generally depend on apicobasal polarization, which is achieved and maintained by linking asymmetrically distributed intercellular junctions to the cytoskeleton of individual cells. Recent studies in both Drosophila and vertebrate epithelia have yielded new insights into the conserved mechanisms by which apicobasal polarity is established and maintained during development. In mature polarized epithelia, apicobasal polarity is important for the establishment of adhesive junctions and the formation of a paracellular diffusion barrier that prevents the movement of solutes across the epithelium. Recent findings show that segregation of ligand and receptor with one on each side of this barrier can be a crucial regulator of cell-cell signaling events.
Cooperative transcription factor associations discovered using regulatory variation

Regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level is achieved by complex interactions of transcription factors operating at their target genes. Dissecting the specific combination of factors that bind each target is a significant challenge. Here, we describe in detail the Allele Binding Cooperativity test, which uses variation in transcription factor binding among individuals to discover combinations of factors and their targets. We developed the ALPHABIT (a large-scale process to hunt for allele binding interacting transcription factors) pipeline, which includes statistical analysis of binding sites followed by experimental validation, and demonstrate that this method predicts transcription factors that associate with NFκB. Our method successfully identifies factors that have been known to work with NFκB (E2A, STAT1, IRF2), but whose global coassociation and sites of cooperative action were not known. In addition, we identify a unique coassociation (EBF1) that had not been reported previously. We present a general approach for discovering combinatorial models of regulation and advance our understanding of the genetic basis of variation in transcription factor binding.
Finite element analysis of low-cost membrane deformable mirrors for high-order adaptive optics

We demonstrate the feasibility of glass membrane deformable mirror (DM) support structures intended for very high order low-stroke adaptive optics systems. We investigated commercially available piezoelectric ceramics. Piezoelectric tubes were determined to offer the largest amount of stroke for a given amount of space on the mirror surface that each actuator controls. We estimated the minimum spacing and the maximum expected stroke of such actuators. We developed a quantitative understanding of the response of a membrane mirror surface by performing a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) study. The results of the FEA analysis were used to develop a design and fabrication process for membrane deformable mirrors of 200 - 500 micron thicknesses. Several different values for glass thickness and actuator spacing were analyzed to determine the best combination of actuator stoke and surface deformation quality. We considered two deformable mirror configurations. The first configuration uses a vacuum membrane attachment system where the actuator tubes' central holes connect to an evacuated plenum, and atmospheric pressure holds the membrane against the actuators. This configuration allows the membrane to be removed from the actuators, facilitating easy replacement of the glass. The other configuration uses precision bearing balls epoxied to the ends of the actuator tubes, with the glass membrane epoxied to the ends of the ball bearings. While this kind of DM is not serviceable, it allows actuator spacings of 4 mm, in addition to large stroke. Fabrication of a prototype of the latter kind of DM was started.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genistein attenuates WNT signaling by up-regulating sFRP2 in a human colon cancer cell line.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading fatal carcinoma worldwide. Our goal was to investigate the effects of genistein on WNT signaling, which is involved in colon epithelial cell growth and apoptosis. Human colon cancer cell line DLD-1 was treated for four days with 75 μmol/L genistein. Decreased nuclear β-catenin and increased phospho-β-catenin accumulation was detected, showing a change in WNT signaling. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed increased sFRP2 (a WNT pathway antagonist) mRNA expression following the genistein treatment. Methylation selective polymerase chain reaction showed decreased methylation in two CpG islands of the sFRP2 gene following genistein treatment, similar to the effect of 5-aza-cytidine, a demethylation agent. We observed reduced DLD-1 cell viability and increased apoptosis with genistein treatment. Genistein inhibits β-catenin-mediated WNT signaling through increasing sFRP2 gene expression by demethylating its silenced promoter in colon cancer cell ...
In vitro activity of various anthelmintic compounds against Haemonchus contortus larvae.

Abstract Twenty-five known anthelmintic compounds were evaluated in vitro against the highly motile exsheathed non-feeding third-stage of Haemonchus contortus larvae. Activity was based on lack of motility or death of larvae after 24 h of chemical exposure. Six compounds (avermectins, closantel, levamisole, morantel, phenylhydrazone and ticarbodine) were active at a concentration of 100 μg cm−3 or less. The most active compounds were avermectins and levamisole. When higher in vitro concentrations were used, ten compounds (bephenium, coumaphos, dichlorovos, disophenol, hygromycin b, methyridine, parbendazole, phenothiazine, pyrantel and thiabendazole) exhibited activity. Nine compounds were found to be inactive; among these were the new benzimidazoles, i.e., albendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole and oxibendazole. Because of the inactivity of the new benzimidazoles, this in vitro system is unsuitable as a routine screening tool. Also, the system appears to favor drugs that act quickly through percuticular entry. In an initial group of 5280 untested compounds, 254 (4.8%) exhibited in vitro activity at 100 μg cm−3 against the non-feeding larvae stage. The exogenous and in vitro cultivation techniques required for collecting, cleaning and exsheating the larvae are described.
Effects of unilateral ovariectomy of the pregnant hamster on the remaining ovary.

At the University of Kansas Medical Center in Kansas City investigators sought to understand: 1) the effects of semispaying the pregnant golden hamster; and 2) the possible regulatory mechanisms involved. Unilateral ovariectomy was performed in the experimental animals on Pregnancy Day 1. The remaining ovary was significantly heavier (p less than .005) by Day 4 than an ovary of the intact pregnant hamster. On Days 4 8 12 and 16 the ovary of the semispayed animal weighed 17.9% 26.4% 52.7% and 43.4% more respectively than an ovary in the intact animal. No significant difference was seen between the 2 groups in mean luteal weight at any stage of pregnancy; thus the regulation of corpus luteum growth seems to be carried out by other than a negative feedback system. In the experimental animal the remaining ovary contained significantly more follicles on Days 4-16 than did ovaries in intact animals. When 20 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin were injected subcutaneously on Day 12 the ovary in the semispayed animal almost doubled its ovulation rate (p less than .001). In some of the animals 2 mg of progesterone/day or 1 mcg of estradiol cyclopentylpropionate/day was injected on Days 8-11. Either hormone successfully prevented ovarian compensation (p less than .001) in the semispayed animal. The mechanisms of the hormones in this respect may be different. Apparently semispaying decreases peripheral levels of ovarian steroids partially reduces the inhibition of gonadotropin secretion and thereby results in ovarian compensation.
Improvements to Linn Run Road: Case Study on Turn-Back of Asphalt-Paved Road Surface to Maintainable Gravel Road Surface

Because of the ever-increasing cost associated with asphalt repaving, interest has been growing in turning back deteriorating asphalt roadways into maintainable aggregate driving surfaces. For more than 10 years, Pennsylvania's Dirt and Gravel Road Maintenance Program has funded projects that use environmentally sensitive maintenance techniques to reduce sediment pollution on unpaved roads while providing low-cost, long-range road maintenance solutions. The Center for Dirt and Gravel Road Studies at Pennsylvania State University has worked with various state and local entities on projects designed to convert these deteriorated asphalt roadways into durable, maintainable gravel surfaces, with a focus on reducing the environmental concerns related to road runoff. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed accounting of one such project. Several accepted options are available to accomplish this task. For this project, the full-depth reclamation process that uses chemical stabilization techniques was ...
Repression of the PKR protein kinase by the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein: a potential mechanism of interferon resistance

Background: Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with progressive liver damage, including the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and HCV is a leading cause of liver dysfunction worldwide. The current therapy for chronic HCV infection, interferon-α (IFN), is effective in a minority of HCV-infected patients. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between therapeutic outcome and the amino acid sequence of a small region of the HCV non-structural 5A (NS5A) gene product. It has been suggested that this region, termed the interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR), may mediate IFN resistance by directly interacting with one or more cellular proteins associated with the IFN-mediated antiviral response. Objectives: In an attempt to define the molecular mechanism by which the NS5A protein and the ISDR might contribute to HCV resistance to IFN, we examined whether NS5A could regulate the IFN-induced protein kinase, PKR, a primary mediator of the IFN-induced antiviral response. Study design: Multiple approaches, including in vitro assays using recombinant proteins, the transfection of recombinant clones into cultured cells, and in vivo studies in yeast, were used to examine the interaction of NS5A with PKR, as well as the functional significance of the interaction. An ISDR deletion mutant was prepared to evaluate the importance of the ISDR in mediating the NS5A–PKR interaction and the requirement of this region for PKR inhibition. Results: NS5A repressed PKR activity through a direct interaction with the protein kinase catalytic domain. Both PKR repression and interaction required the presence of the ISDR. Conclusions: Inactivation of PKR may be one mechanism by which HCV avoids the antiviral effects of IFN. Thus, therapeutic strategies designed to block the NS5A–PKR interaction may increase the efficacy of IFN therapy in HCV-infected individuals.
Availability Evaluation of Ground-to-Air Hybrid FSO/RF Links

Recently, a hybrid architecture that utilizes the complementary nature of free-space optics (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) links with respect to their individual weather sensitivities was proposed to significantly increase availability for terrestrial broadband links. Based on this architecture, we developed a channel model integrating both the RF and FSO channels. Using the model and cloud distribution data obtained from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, availability of an airborne hybrid FSO/RF link is evaluated. From the results, we conclude that if the FSO link alone is used, availability is greatly hampered by clouds due to attenuation and temporal dispersion. Contrarily, the RF signals are relatively immune to cloud influence, thus improving the hybrid link availability significantly. Furthermore, because of the significant temporal dispersion caused by multiple scattering of cloud particles, availability of FSO links can be improved by using frequency division schemes, though far from compensating for losses incurred by clouds.
High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites

Genetic variation at hypervariable loci is being used extensively for linkage analysis and individual identification, and may be useful for inter-population studies. Here we show that polymorphic microsatellites (primarily CA repeats) allow trees of human individuals to be constructed that reflect their geographic origin with remarkable accuracy. This is achieved by the analysis of a large number of loci for each individual, in spite of the small variations in allele frequencies existing between populations. Reliable evolutionary relationships could also be established in comparisons among human populations but not among great ape species, probably because of constraints on allele length variation. Among human populations, diversity of microsatellites is highest in Africa, which is in contrast to other nuclear markers and supports the hypothesis of an African origin for humans.
Non-antibacterial tetracycline formulations: clinical applications in dentistry and medicine.

In 1983, it was first reported that tetracyclines (TCs) can modulate the host response, including (but not limited to) inhibition of pathologic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and by mechanisms unrelated to the antibacterial properties of these drugs. Soon thereafter, strategies were developed to generate nonantibacterial formulations (subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline; SDD) and compositions (chemically modified tetracyclines; CMTs) of TCs as host-modulating drugs to treat periodontal and other inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the history and rationale for the development of: (a) SDD which led to two government-approved medications, one for periodontitis and the other for acne/rosacea and (b) CMTs, which led to the identification of the active site of the drugs responsible for MMP inhibition and to studies demonstrating evidence of efficacy of the most potent of these, CMT-3, as an anti-angiogenesis agent in patients with the cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and as a potential treatment for a fatal lung disease (acute respiratory distress syndrome; ARDS). In addition, this review discusses a number of clinical studies, some up to 2 years’ duration, demonstrating evidence of safety and efficacy of SDD formulations in humans with oral inflammatory diseases (periodontitis, pemphigoid) as well as medical diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, post-menopausal osteopenia, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and a rare and fatal lung disease, lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Keywords: tetracyclines; host-modulation; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; clinical applications (Published: 12 October 2012) Citation: Journal of Oral Microbiology 2012, 4 : 19227 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jom.v4i0.19227
The reaction-time/luminance relationship for pigeons to lights of different spectral compositions.

Pigeons learned to peck a key when it was illuminated during a 2-sec trial. A white-noise ready signal preceded the onset of the light; a response terminated the trial and occasionally produced reinforcement. For every trial, reaction time was recorded as the temporal interval between light onset and keypeck response. The initial experiment used “white” light; subsequent experiments used monochromatic lights of 525 and 625 nm. Within each session, the luminance of the light stimulus varied randomly over a three-log-unit range. For white light, overlapping ranges were used to extend the total luminance variation to six log units. Resulting reaction-time/luminance functions for white light were decreasing over most of the range. However, a rise in reaction time with increasing luminance was seen in the midluminance region and again at very high values. At 625 nm, the function decreased rapidly at low luminances and then leveled off or rose; at 525 nm, it was relatively flat at low luminances, where reaction times were lower than they were to photopically matched 625-nm values. Sensory and nonsensory factors might contribute to the shapes of these functions, which may be too complex to be used for psychophysical scaling.
Brief Approaches to Developmental-Behavioral Promotion in Primary Care: Updates on Methods and Technology

Well-child visits are a critical opportunity to promote learning and development, encourage positive parenting practices, help children acquire behavioral self-control, enhance the development and well-being of children and their families, identify problems not amenable to brief in-office counseling, and refer for services when needed. This article outlines the communication skills, instructional methods, and resource options that enable clinicians to best assist families. Also covered is how to monitor progress and outcomes. A total of 239 articles and 52 Web sites on parent/patient education were reviewed for this study. Providers require a veritable armamentarium of instructional methods. Skills in nonverbal and verbal communication are needed to elicit the parent/patient agenda, winnow topics to a manageable subset, and create the “teachable moment.” Verbal suggestions, with or without standardized spoken instructions, are useful for conveying simple messages. However, for complex issues, such as discipline, it is necessary to use a combination of verbal advice, written information, and “teach-back,” aided by role-playing/modeling or multimedia approaches. Selecting the approaches most likely to be effective depends on the topic and family characteristics (eg, parental literacy and language skills, family psychosocial risk and resilience factors, children’s developmental-behavioral status). When providers collaborate well (with parents, patients, and other service providers) and select appropriate educational methods, families are better able to act on advice, leading to improvements in children’s well-being, health, and developmental-behavioral outcomes. Provided are descriptions of methods, links to parenting resources such as cell phone applications, Web sites (in multiple languages), interactive technology, and parent training courses.
Reconstruction of the upper eyelid.

Reconstruction of the upper eyelid can be achieved by an array of procedures. Defects of the upper eyelid are categorized by size. This article describes a basic approach to repair the upper eyelid and a method of repair for each defect. Goals and principles The objectives of repairing the upper eyelid are to preserve function and to restore a cosmetically acceptable appearance. To achieve these goals, a surgeon must be able to select the appropriate procedure for a given defect. Size, location, and configuration of the defect should be considered in this selection process. The size of the defect determines how much tissue is needed to reconstruct the eyelid. The availability of tissue in turn determines the type of procedure to be performed. In terms of location, for example, the lacrimal system should be thoroughly evaluated if the medial canthal area is involved. Irregularly shaped defects may require trimming so that a good approximation of tissues can be achieved. The patient’s age is also important because the skin of older patients is more lax than that of younger patients. Thus, in an elderly patient, it is possible to close moderately larger defects by direct closure. Finally, levator function must be assessed to determine whether concurrent ptosis repair is indicated. Approaches to repair ptosis are, however, beyond the scope of this article. Surgical techniques Repair of defects involving fifty percent of the eyelid or less The eyelid is generously vascularized, and tissue ischemia rarely is a concern in the reconstruction of eyelid defects. Rapid tissue healing is also
Neither triazolam nor activity phase advance circadian locomotor activity in SCN-lesioned hamsters bearing fetal SCN transplants

Both triazolam (Tz) and exercise can phase advance free-running locomotor activity rhythms in intact hamsters. Furthermore, Tz increases activity at the time of injection, and this appears to be the mechanism whereby Tz produces phase shifts. This study tested the phase-shifting effect of Tz in SCN-lesioned (SCN-X) hamsters that had regained circadian rhythms of locomotor activity after transplantation of fetal SCN into the third ventricle. The results indicate that in both groups, increases in locomotor activity are seen at the time of Tz injection, and most intact animals, but no grafted animals show a phase advance in response to Tz administration. Given that hamsters bearing SCN grafts have limited neural connections between the host brain and transplanted SCN tissue, the results suggest that a site outside the SCN, with afferents to these nuclei, mediates the phase-shifting effect of Tz and of exercise.
Unsupervised adaptive filter for baseline thresholding and elimination in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry via approximation of the standard deviation of baseline distribution in retention time domain

Summary The omitting presence of a baseline (background, systemic noise, mobile phase) in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) measurements impedes objective analysis. Therefore, there is a demand to remove its contribution from the signal response. Elimination of baseline contribution is justified by increasing the data mining output, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Behavior of the baseline content is not perfectly constant on the time axis, and it is often necessary to experiment with gradient changes. However, the behavior could be parametrized using a technique derived from statistical moments. In this article, we propose adaptive thresholding as an unsupervised method for baseline removal from the measurement data. Results of a real analyte measurement are discussed to illustrate its efficiency.
Another End… and a New Beginning… [Student's Corner]

Warm greetings to all of you—fellow trainees, friends, and colleagues! Some of you may recall my column in the March/April 2008 issue of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, my first “Student's Corner” column. Well, here I am now, three years later, preparing my last column for IEEE Pulse “Student's Corner.” At this time, I like to wish you all a happy and prosperous 2011 and may this year take you all on to new horizons, projects, and opportunities.
Dead time and pileup in pulsed parametric X-ray spectroscopy

Spectroscopy of parametric X-rays (PXR) from pulsed electron sources is usually done with very low electron beam currents in order to avoid dead time losses and pileup problems. This paper presents a method that allows correction of dead time losses and pileup in pulsed X-ray spectroscopy. Such correction is required in order to study the variation of PXR production and linewidth with increased electron beam currents. The method presented here uses the observed integrated count rate in a PXR peak and the total count rate to obtain the dead time and pileup corrected rates. The method also allows treatment of pulse pileup from a first-order reflection to a second-order reflection and can be extended to higher order reflections. Application of the theory to measured data is demonstrated and corrections of up to a factor of four are demonstrated. The method described in this paper can be applied to any pulsed spectrum measurement and is not specific to PXR, which was used here for comparison of the theory to experiments.
Mariner 9 Mission Profile and Project History

Mariner 9 was inserted into orbit about Mars on Nov. 14, 1971, to study that planet for a period of 90 days. Observations and measurements made by Mariner 9 continued beyond the planned 90 days, providing data to meet all science objectives. The new knowledge of Mars gained from this mission has made obsolete all previous concepts of Mars. A general background of the Mariner Mars 1971 Project and the significant events of the Mariner 9 mission are presented.
Tri-tert-butyl 3-oxo-4-oxa-1,8,11-triazaspiro[5.6]dodecane-1,8,11-triacetate.

The title compound, C26H45N3O8, is a bicyclic mol­ecule; the seven-membered diazepane ring has a twisted-chair conformation and the six-membered morpholine ring has a boat conformation.
U.S. Exports of Surplus Commodities

RECENT INTENSIVE EFFORTS of the U.S. Government to increase exports of certain agricultural products have been prompted by a rapid growth of government loans on, and holdings of, these products. This investment has been due largely to a decline since 1952 in the dependence of the rest of the world on North American food supplies, while U.S. production, which had been expanded to meet overseas demand following World War II and the Korean war, has continued at high levels. Production has tended to be supported by rising technological productivity as well as by government price supports, and restrictions on planting and marketing have not been sufficient to hold back the surplus output.' Efforts to increase consumption were focused, until 1954, mainly on domestic outlets, particularly school lunches and donations through charitable organizations. For foreign policy reasons, the U.S. Government had tended until then to refrain from competing aggressively in world markets to dispose of the full excess of current output over domestic consumption. Under surplus disposal legislation enacted in 1954, however, special efforts have been made to increase U.S. agricultural exports through intergovernmental agreements containing special terms of settlement. The largest portion-about 60 per cent-of such exports has been sold for local currencies, a major part of which has been loaned back to the importing governments for developmental projects. Actual shipments under the surplus disposal program rose from $160 million in the fiscal year ended June 1954 to about $690 million in fiscal 1955 and $1,320 million in fiscal 1956. The significance of this sharp increase is qualified by two considerations. One is a shift in statistical classification: part of the increase reflects the inclusion under surplus disposal legislation since 1954 of some
The Lung at Maximal Exercise: Insights from Comparative Physiology

Horses are bred selectively for aerobic performance and have extraordinarily high maximal oxygen consumption, approximately double the mass-specific value for human athletes. Pulmonary limitations to exercise performance are well described in these animals, including exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. In human athletes, pulmonary limitations are recognized increasingly as affecting athletic performance. Potential pulmonary limitations during maximal exercise are compared in human and equine athletes.
Levetiracetam as monotherapy for seizures in a neonate with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Congenital acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a relatively rare disorder that is characterized by frequent central nervous system involvement that may increase the risk for seizures. Appropriate choice of anticonvulsant therapy with respect to ongoing oncologic treatment is not established in this age group. We report the case of a neonate with ALL who was successfully treated for seizures with levetiracetam monotherapy. This full-term boy did well until 3 days of age when he had an episode of left extremity jerking (07/06/07). Computed tomography of the head demonstrated extensive multifocal intraparenchymal hemorrhages. Initial EEG demonstrated multifocal epileptiform activity. Patient was loaded with Phenobarbital at 20 mg/kg. Complete blood count revealed leukocytosis (78 x 103/mm(3)). Peripheral blood smear contained blastocytes and DNA analysis confirmed B-cell ALL. A second focal seizure was reported on the same day and he was re-loaded with Phenobarbital. Maintenance dosing of Phenobarbital was initiated and no further seizures were noted. A repeat EEG on 7/10/07 remained abnormal with excessive multifocal sharp waves. Continuation of anticonvulsant therapy was recommended. Given concern for interaction between Phenobarbital and planned chemotherapy regimen, oncology requested a non-enzyme inducing anticonvulsant. Phenobarbital was subsequently weaned and Levetiracetam monotherapy initiated at 40 mg/kg/day (07/10/2007). Currently, the patient is seizure free at 8 months of age on Levetiracetam monotherapy. The use of Levetiracetam as monotherapy in neonates has not been formally evaluated and experience is limited. We report the successful use of levetiracetam monotherapy after Phenobarbital load in a neonate with leukemia and localization-related epilepsy.
A Novel Paradigm for Engineering Education: Virtual Internships With Individualized Mentoring and Assessment of Engineering Thinking

Engineering virtual internships are a novel paradigm for providing authentic engineering experiences in the first-year curriculum. They are both individualized and accommodate large numbers of students. As we describe in this report, this approach can (a) enable students to solve complex engineering problems in a mentored, collaborative environment; (b) allow educators to assess engineering thinking; and (c) provide an introductory experience that students enjoy and find valuable. Furthermore, engineering virtual internships have been shown to increase students'-and especially women's-interest in and motivation to pursue engineering degrees. When implemented in first-year engineering curricula more broadly, the potential impact of engineering virtual internships on the size and diversity of the engineering workforce could be dramatic.
Tracking dietary intake in white and Mexican-American children from age 4 to 12 years

Abstract Objective To examine the tracking (ie, the stability over time) of dietary intake in Mexican-American and white children aged 4 to 12 years. Subjects Children 4 years of age (n=351) were assessed at baseline and 65% (n=228) completed the 8-year study. Design Cardiovascular disease-related dietary intake was defined as energy, percent of energy from fat, and sodium (mg/1,000 kcal). From age 4 to 7 years, a modified 24-hour recall with observation of lunch and dinner and interview of the primary food preparer for unobserved foods was used to describe dietary intake. For children aged 11 to 12 years, a standardized 24-hour recall was used. Statistical Analyses A mixed effects model that adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and measurement wave allowed for separation of shorter-term variations in diet from more stable ("between subject") variations. Extent of between-subject variance is an indication of tracking. Results From age 4 to age 7, there were statistically significant between-subject variance components for energy (P Conclusions/Applications It seems that dietary intakes are stable over short periods and at earlier ages compared with longer intervals and later ages. Nutrition interventions are needed in childhood and throughout adolescence. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:683–689.
Encryption Schemes for Computer Confidentiality

This is a first attempt to develop shift-register-based encryption methods with nonlinear characteristics. We propose some new stream enciphering schemes composed of standard components which are easy to implement and appear to be difficult to break by either a linear attack or statistical analysis.
SU-E-J-12: Initial Clinical Experiences in Using 4D-CBCT as Image Guidance for Lung SBRT.

Purpose: The authors started to use Symmetry 4D‐CBCT as image guidance for lungSBRT in August 2011. Here the authors present the initial clinical experiences with this novel image guidance technique. Methods: In total 118 4D‐CBCT scans have been acquired for 17 lung patients among which 15 received SBRT and the other 2 received hypofractionated treatments. 4D‐CBCT scans are acquired with Elekta XVI 4.5 usingSymmetry, a procedure module in XVI that acquires 4D‐CBCT, registers daily images to reference 3D‐CT and generates shifts for patient setup. Results: Typical thoracic 4D‐CBCT scans with Symmetry take 3 minutes with a 200 degree gantry rotation. Symmetry automatically sorts images into 10 phases based on automatic detection of diaphragm position. Then Symmetry generates two independent intensity‐based registrations, one according to a pre‐defined large volume of interest including the tumor, surrounding tissues and bony structures, the other only according to an expanded target volume. The registrations are obtained by registering each phase image to the reference image and averaging across all phases in a time‐weighted manner. Eventually Symmetry provides users the freedom to pick either one of the two registrations, a compromise, or a manual tuning. Compared to regular 3D‐CBCT, 4D‐CBCT enables physicians to visually place the moving target in the center of PTV, greatly reducing the probability of missing target due to respiratory motion, thus enables possible reduction in PTV margin. 4D‐CBCT also provides the ability to repeatedly evaluate the quality of ITV. It is possible that ITV does not fully cover the tumor motion due to a low quality 4D‐CT simulation for a patient with difficulties in regular breathing. Conclusions: 4D‐CBCT is a superior image guidance technique for lungSBRT treatments for its ability to visualize moving target. It provides physicians more confidence in tumor targeting and ability to repeatedly evaluate ITV quality during the treatment course.
Synthesis and Alkali Metal Cation Complexation of N -Aryl [3.2.2] Cryptands

Two novel three-nitrogen cryptands with N-aryl substituents are prepared by cyclization of 1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 with mixed anhydrides of 6-arylaza-3,9-dioxadecanedioic acid followed by borane reduction of the resultant bicyclic diamides. For the alkali metal cations, the N-phenyl [3.2.2] cryptand exhibits strongest complexation for Rb+ in picrate extractions.
Optimization of a cw mode-locked frequency-doubled Nd:LiYF 4 laser

Several drawbacks of a cw-pumped mode-locked Nd:LiYF4 laser are outlined, and it is shown how to overcome them. For the first time, attention is paid to thermally induced astigmatism and its compensation in a Nd:LiYF4 rod. An optimized system generates an average output power similar to that of a typical Nd:YAG laser, however, with an increased stability and with pulse durations that are significantly shorter. The higher peak power in Nd:LiYF4 can result in a higher conversion efficiency in a frequency-doubling process, provided the doubling crystal can handle the high average power. It will be demonstrated that a well-engineered Nd:LiYF4 system may become the preferred choice for many applications, including seeding regenerative amplifiers and pumping synchronously mode-locked dye laser oscillators and amplifiers.
Multiply resonant photonic crystal cavities for nonlinear frequency conversion

We describe a photonic crystal nanocavity with multiple spatially overlapping resonances that can serve as a platform for nonlinear frequency conversion. We show nonlinear characterization of structures with two resonances nearly degenerate in frequency. We also demonstrate structures with resonances separated by up to 592 nm.
Family History as a Tool for Psychiatric Nurses

In the current age of genomic health care, family history is an essential tool for health assessment, especially for those with chronic mental illness. Three methods of family history assessment (genograms, ecomaps, and pedigree analysis) are described and illustrated. Examples from the family history literature demonstrate each method's usefulness. These approaches improve both consumers' and psychiatric nurses' abilities to comprehend overall health status as well as risks at the individual, family, and community levels.
Familial Neuromuscular Disease and Non-ketotic Glycinemia

A family of Lebanese extract is described in which 3 of the 4 children (all males) have neuromuscular disorders and a primary aminoaciduria. The symptoms in those affected began in early childhood and are slowly progressive. In the 2 older siblings (age 22 and 24), the neurological disorder implied dysfunction of both spinal cord and peripheral nerves: weakness, wasting and loss of relexes, and spasticity of other muscles. EMG and muscle biopsy indicated denervation but conduction velocity of peripheral nerves could not be estimated because action potentials were not evoked by stimulation. Symmetrical upper motor neuron disease with clonus, spasticity, bilateral Babinski signs, and increased deep tendon reflexes were the clinical picture in the 10-year-old sibling. Examination and EMG in the mother and unaffected 14-year-old sibling Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Urinary amino acids were measured on 6 members of the family. The combination of massive isolated glycinuria and neuromuscular disease was found only in the 3 affected males. Amino acid quantitation of the propositus revealed a plasma glycine of 0.817 μM/ml (normal 0.150-0.300) and urinary excreation of 1720 mg/day (normal <200). None of the patients were clinically acidotic and urinary organic acids were normal. Propionate metabolism in white cells of the entire family was normal. This is the first known example of an inherited neuromuscular disorder associated with a spcific amino acid abnormality. (Supported in part by USPHS grants nos. AM-02231 and HD-04837.)
Combined antegrade and retrograde esophageal dilation for head and neck cancer-related complete esophageal stenosis.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Assess the safety and efficacy of combined antegrade and retrograde esophageal dilation (CARD) for complete esophageal stenosis following head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. Review HNC dysphagia management. Study Design: Retrospective review of all patients undergoing CARD following HNC treatment between May 2001 and September 2008. Methods: Forty-five patients were identified for review. Parameters assessed included: ability to obtain intraoperative esophageal patency, complications, number of dilations required, diet, and gastric tube (GT) status. Factors associated with dilation failure were analyzed. Results: Intraoperative esophageal patency was obtained in 91% of patients. Median number of all dilations per patient was three. Median number of CARDs per patient was one. Resumption of oral intake occurred in 36/45 (80%). Diet results included: regular or soft diet 32/45 (71%), GT removal 27/45 (60%), and GT dependence with nothing by mouth 9/ 45 (20%). Laryngeal and pharyngeal stenosis, radionecrosis, tracheotomy dependence, and elongated stenosis were associated with dilation failure. Complications occurred in 18/63 (29%) CARD procedures: eight pneumomediastinum, seven GT site problems, two esophageal perforations, and one pharyngeal infection. All complications resolved spontaneously or with minimal interventions. Conclusions: CARD was safe and effective. Intraoperative patency was achieved in 91% of patients. Eighty percent resumed oral intake. The majority of patients had their GTs removed and resumed a soft or regular diet. Dilation failure was associated with laryngeal, pharyngeal, and excessively long esophageal stenosis, often resulting from radionecrosis. Complications were minor. CARD should be considered before relegating patients with complete esophageal stenosis to chronic GT dependence or subjecting them to laryngopharyngo esophagectomy.
Comparison of Tetracycline Action on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Microbial Kinetics

Cultures of tetracycline-treated Staphylococcus aureus exhibited monophasic steady-state growth curves similar to that observed for tetracycline-treated Escherichia coli . Apparent growth rate constants of the respective drug-treated cultures showed the same formal dependence on drug concentration, which was linear at a low concentration but asymptotically approached zero at higher concentration levels and implied the saturation of a limited number of receptor sites engaged in microbial protein synthesis. The relative potency of tetracycline action of S. aureus/E. coli was 6.50:1 at 37.5°C and pH 7.05. This is attributed to relative differences in drug permeation and/or binding affinity for biophase receptors in the respective organisms. It is concluded from kinetic dependencies of growth inhibition of the cultures that tetracycline has the same mode of action on S. aureus and E. coli . It is bacteriostatic at concentrations below the minimal inhibitory concentration level but bactericidal at the higher concentration levels.
Surface complexation modeling of Cd(II) adsorption on mixtures of hydrous ferric oxide, quartz and kaolinite

Abstract Cadmium adsorption was measured as a function of ionic strength (0.001–0.1 M NaNO3), and spanning a range of sorbate/sorbent ratios, on pure hydrous ferric oxide (HFO), kaolinite, and quartz and also on binary and ternary mixtures of the three solids. Diffuse- layer surface complexation models (DLMs) were parameterized to fit Cd sorption data for the pure kaolinite and quartz systems. Cd adsorption on kaolinite was modeled using a two-site DLM, with formation of a monodentate Cd complex on a variable charge site and Cd binding to a permanent exchange site; Cd adsorption on quartz was described using a one-site DLM with formation of a mondentate Cd complex on a variable charge site. These DLMs, together with the Dzombak and Morel DLM for HFO, were used to predict Cd adsorption on the binary and ternary mineral mixtures using a simple component additivity approach. In general, the predicted adsorption edges were in good agreement with measured data, with statistically similar goodness of fit compared to that obtained for the pure mineral systems. However, in some cases the model overpredicted Cd sorption, possibly indicating that interaction of the solids may prevent Cd from accessing all of the sorption sites.
Crystallization of an endochitinase from Hordeum vulgare L. seeds

Abstract Higher plants contain several constitutively expressed proteins for protection against infections by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Here we report the crystallization of a polypeptide with antifungal activity, a 26,000 dalton endochitinase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds, in a form suitable for high-resolution X-ray analysis. Crystals were grown by vapor diffusion under several different conditions. The best crystals, obtained with ammonium sulfate as the precipitant, belong to the tetragonal space group P412121 (P43212). with cell dimensions a = b = 62.9 A and c = 96.0 A . The cell dimensions are consistent with one endochitinase molecule per asymmetric unit, and the crystals diffract to at least 2.0 A resolution.
Standardized analysis of urban form

Despite the availability of detailed data for describing cities, there is a shortage of tools that enable standardized analyses of urban areas, and the associated resource consumption. The objective of this research is to contribute to the development of a standardized method for analysis, so that material and energy consumption can be quantified. Analyzing the resource consumption of the built environment is particularly relevant in cities that are rapidly growing, as short-term planning decisions will have long-term consequences for both the quality of life of the inhabitants, and the future energy and material use of the urban area.
Running ASCEND, DESCEND and PIPELINE algorithms in parallel using small processors

In this paper, we propose a scheme for generating addresses using «small» processors. We use this scheme so show that a large class of parallel algorithms (of sizen) can be sun using n processons and poly(n) memory, where poly(n) is O(n c ), for constant c
Bathroom behavior and human dignity.

A recent article by Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) reported on a field experiment in a men's lavatory. Men who entered a "three-urinal lavatory" at a midwestern U.S. university were subjected to one of three conditions: The unknowing subjects either urinated "alone," directly adjacent to a confederate of the experimenter, or into one urinal at a distance removed from a confederate.
Advance directives: Can patients’ stated treatment choices be used to infer unstated choices?

Advance directives have been widely endorsed as a method to match medical interventions to patients' preferences. However, applying advance directives to unspecified future decisions may be problematic. We wondered how well scenario-based treatment choices in advance directives can be used to infer
Molecular beam epitaxy of CdSe and the derivative alloys Zn 1- x Cd x Se and Cd 1- x Mn x Se

We report the epitaxial growth of CdSe, Zn1−x Cd x Se (0 ≤x ≤ 1) and Cd1−x Mn x Se (0 ≤x ≤ 0.8) on (100) GaAs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate that all the epilayers have the cubic (zinc-blende) structure of the GaAs substrate. The energy gaps of these materials were measured using reflectivity measurements. We also report the growth of ZnSe/Zn1−x Cd x Se superlattices. TEM and XRD measurements show that high quality modulated structures with sharp interfaces are possible.
Role of the surface in the electrical and optical properties of GaN

Abstract We have studied the effect of ambient environment and temperature on the electrical and optical properties of n -type GaN in a setup combining a Kelvin probe with an optical cryostat. Specifically, the value of band bending at the surface and its change due to illumination (photovoltage) were studied. Complementary information about the depletion region was also obtained from photoluminescence (PL) data. We measured the surface photovoltage (SPV) signal at photon energies between 1.2 and 4.0 eV and found a maximum SPV value of ∼0.6 eV for band-to-band photon energies, indicating that the initial (dark) upward band bending decreased by at least this amount under ultraviolet illumination with an intensity of about 0.03 W/cm 2 . Illumination was performed with intensities ranging from 10 −9 to 3×10 −2 W/cm 2 , where the SPV signal increased as a logarithm of light intensity. In air ambient the SPV signal for high-intensity, band-to-band illumination increased quickly to a maximum and then gradually decreased during illumination. This decrease is explained by the photo-induced adsorption of negatively charged oxygen species in air.