cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotype by environment interaction for production traits while accounting for heteroscedasticity.

Abstract Grazing (G) provides an alternative management system for dairy production. Heteroscedasticity (HV) of the data may bias estimates of genetic correlations of yield traits between environments, an indicator of genotype-by-environment interaction (G×E). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of HV on estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations for mature-equivalent milk, protein, and fat yield, and lactation-average somatic cell scores of daughters, and to determine if HV affects the ability of sire's predicted transmitting ability (PTA) to predict daughter production in G and confinement (C) herds. Data consisted of 72,489 records from 35,674 cows in 366G herds from 11 states, and 117,629 records from 50,963 cows in 373C herds from the same 11 states plus 1 geographically contiguous state. Herds were divided into variance quartiles (Q V 1–Q V 4) based on milk yield. A transformation was used to reduce HV by standardizing the within-herd standard deviation to the average across-herd standard deviation of a base year for each parity, and was similar to the method used in current USDA-DHIA genetic evaluations. Regression of daughter yield on sire PTA showed that PTA overestimated production of all traits in Q V 1–Q V 3 and of milk in Q V 4 of G herds. For C herds, yields of milk in Q V 1 and Q V 2, and of protein and fat in Q V 1 were overestimated, and protein was underestimated in Q V 4. Reducing HV had little effect on G herds, but for C herds, regression did not differ from unity for milk and protein in Q V 1 and Q V 2. For milk, protein, and fat in G, heritabilities were approximately 0.17, 0.17, and 0.19, respectively. The heritabilities for milk, protein, and fat in C herds were approximately 0.16, 0.17, and 0.21, respectively. Genetic correlations between C and G did not suggest a G×E in 3 upper quartiles, but a possible G×E (correlation = 0.21, estimated standard error=0.22) for the lowest quartile. Reducing HV did not affect estimates of heritabilities or genetic correlations. Results indicated that modest evidence for existence of G×E did not arise solely from HV.
The conservative equal costs rule, the serial cost sharing rule and the pivotal mechanism: asymptotic welfare loss comparisons for the case of an excludable public project

We examine the asymptotic behavior of two strategyproof mechanisms discussed by Moulin for public goods – the conservative equal costs rule (CER) and the serial cost sharing rule (SCSR) – and compare their performance to that of the pivotal mechanism (PM) from the Clarke–Groves family. Allowing the individuals’ valuations for an excludable public project to be random variables, we show under very general assumptions that expected welfare loss generated by the CER, as the size of the population increases, becomes arbitrarily large. However, all moments of the SCSR’s random welfare loss asymptotically converge to zero. The PM does better than the SCSR, with its welfare loss converging even more rapidly to zero.
INHIBITION OF FETAL METHIONINE SYNTHASE BY NITROUS OXIDE

The activity of the enzyme methionine synthase in fetal and maternal liver was investigated before and after exposure to nitrous oxide. Timed-pregnant rats on day 19 of gestation were exposed to either 10% or 50% nitrous oxide for various times up to 240 min. After exposure, fetal and maternal livers were removed and methionine synthase activity assayed. Normal methionine synthase activity in the fetus was about 50% of that in the mother. Both fetal and maternal methionine synthase activity decreased progressively with increasing time of exposure to nitrous oxide and recovered only slowly after the agent was discontinued.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediamine in aqueous extracts

Abstract A method is presented for the determination of 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediamine (TDA) in aqueous extracts of food-contract boil-in-bag and retortable pouches. The extracts are subjected to a methylene chloride extraction clean-up procedure which effects a 50-fold concentration of the amines. A 500-μl portin of the concentrate is analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase, 5-μm, C8 column. The mobile phase is 10% acetonitrile in aqueous pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The lower limit of quantitaion is ca. 1 ng of TDA on-column or a concentration of ca. 40 ng of TDA per liter in the unconcentrated aqeous extracts. Recovery data averaged 89 ± 4% for standard solutions and spiked extracts over the concentration range 50–2000 ng/l. Results of migration studies are also presented.
CAPM, VALUATION OF FIRMS, AND FINANCIAL LEVERAGE

The irrelevance of capital structure in determining the value of the firm first was demonstrated by Modigliani and Miller [8] . Using the capital asset pricing model, Hamada [4] shows that the assumption of homogenous risk class is not necessary for the validity of the Modigliani and Miller propositions. HamadaTs proof, however, applies only to the case of a single firm altering its financial leverage. This paper generalizes HamadaTs results to the multifirm case. An implication is that the systematic risk of the stocks is affected by the financial leverage of all firms, in addition to the firmfs financial leverage. Further, changes in the financial leverage of firms can alter the distribution of returns of the market portfolio.
Negative hydrogen and helium in a variety of debye plasmas

Aspects of the influence of a strong Debye plasma environment on the negative hydrogen ion and the neutral helium atom have been studied. Contrary to earlier work, in the present calculation all interactions have been screened. This increases the stability of the systems to the extent that neither the H- ion nor the ground state of helium will lose an electron by pressure ionization. It has been found that the charge distribution of H- remains remarkably constant over a vast range of values of the Debye parameter D. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Changes in Sex-Role Stereotyping in Caldecott Medal Award Picture Books 1938—1988

Abstract Sex-role stereotyping was investigated in one segment of children's literature—Caldecott Medal Award Picture Books—to determine if these books presented stereotypical or gender dependent sex-role behaviors to children through the characters in their pictures and text. Caldecott Medal Award Picture Books from 1938—1940 and from 1986—1988 were used for comparison in this study because of the visibility of the books, and they represent the initial award period and 50-year anniversary of the award's history. Information was gathered in 11 categories where sex-role stereotyping could occur in the picture books. When comparing the results from the 1938—1940 and 1986—1988 periods, a weak trend toward egalitarian representation was noted in 7 of the 11 categories, although males still comprised the majority of characters in each category. Males could be characterized as active, outdoors, and nontraditional, and in diverse occupations more often than females in both time periods. Sex-role stereotyping has...
EVIDENCE ON THE EFFECT OF TAXES ON FIRMS' DECISIONS TO RETIRE DEBT EARLY

We examine the effect of marginal tax rates on the decision to retire debt early. Other factors that have been linked to the debt retirement decision are also investigated, including leverage adjustment and the value associated with the immediate recognition of a loss for tax purposes on early retirement. Results indicate that firms that retire debt early have lower marginal tax rates than firms that do not retire debt early. This finding is consistent with the proposition that firms are motivated to retire debt early by an incentive to reduce tax shields that cannot be used efficiently. Further, firms that retire debt early are more highly leveraged than firms that do not retire debt early. Evidence also suggests that some firms retire debt early at a loss to reduce currently taxable income.
Chronic bilateral scapholunate dissociation without symptoms.

Scapholunate dissociation has been increasingly implicated as a cause of chronic wrist pain and degenerative arthritis. Its occurrence has been consistently attributed to previous trauma. While a few cases of bilateral dissociation have been reported, L 2 well-documented trauma or repeated occupational injury always has preceded the onset of symptoms. No cases of asymptomatic bilateral scapholunate dissociation of long-standing have been reported. Recently we treated a patient in whom an incidental wrist injury led to the discovery of bilateral scapholunate dissociation of undetermined duration and uncertain cause.
Numerical Simulations of a Metamaterial Based on an Array of Complex Oxide Thin Film Infinite Rods for THz Applications

Tunability of ferroelectric complex oxides is achieved by applied bias voltage. Many applications require usage of relatively low voltage which is achievable by using a ferroelectric thin-film. Recently developed dielectric metamaterials were implemented in bulk and in thick films. Metamaterials are resonant structures. The frequency range of 0.1–1.5 THz is of special interest for such applications as non-destructive evaluation of materials and detection of chemical and biological hazards. This paper numerically investigates the possibility of a resonant effect in a thin-film ferroelectric metamaterial and the effects of increased dielectric constant and thickness on the thin-film's resonance frequency.
Effect of human carbonic anhydrase II on the activity of the human electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter NBCe1-A in Xenopus oocytes.

Others report that carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) binds to the C termini of the anion exchanger AE1 and the electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter NBCe1-A, enhancing transport. After injecting oocytes with NBCe1-A cRNA (Day 0), we measured NBC current (INBC) by two-electrode voltage clamp (Day 3), injected CA II protein + Tris or just Tris (Day 3), measured INBC or the initial rate at which the intracellular pH fell (dpHi/dt) upon applying 5% CO2 (Day 4), exposed oocytes to the permeant CA inhibitor ethoxzolamide (EZA), and measured INBC or dpHi/dt (Day 4). Because dpHi/dt was greater in CA II than Tris oocytes, and EZA eliminated the difference, injected CA II was functional. INBC slope conductance was unaffected by injecting CA II. Moreover, EZA had identical effects in CA II versus Tris oocytes. Thus, injected CA II does not enhance NBC activity. In a second protocol, we made a fusion protein with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at the 5′ end of NBCe1-A and CA II at the 3′ end (EGFP-e1-CAII). We measured INBC or dpHi/dt (days 3-4), exposed oocytes to EZA, and measured INBC or dpHi/dt (Day 3-4). dpHi/dt was greater in oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CA II versus EGFP-e1, and EZA eliminated the difference. Thus, fused CA II was functional. Slope conductances of EGFP-e1-CAII versus EGFP-e1 oocytes were indistinguishable, and EZA had no effect. Thus, even when fused to NBCe1-A, CA II does not enhance NBCe1-A activity.
The Influence of Verbalization of Discovered Numerical- or Sorting-Task Generalizations on Short-Term Retention in Connection with the Hendrix Hypothesis.

The purpose of the study reported here was to seek evidence concerning the following question: Does the manner in which one verbalizes a discovered generalization affect the short-term retention of ability to use the generalization? As outlined below, this question arises in connection with Hendrix's (1947) hypothesis that the requirement of "verbalizing a generalization immediately after discovery may actually decrease transfer power [p. 198]." Studies Related to the Hendrix Hypothesis Hendrix (1947) cited some results that suggested the hypothesis. The subjects in Hendrix's studies learned, either by a teacher-taught method or by self-discovery through calculating several instances, that the sum of the first n odd whole numbers is n2, the discovery being evidenced by some physical cue (smile, gasp, tension) followed by rapid writing of answers. Hendrix further treated the discovery subjects either by requiring no verbalization of their generalizations or by requiring an accurate oral statement of the generalizations. Her results indicated that of the two discovery groups, the subjects who were not required to verbalize their generalizations retained the generalizations better (after about two weeks). As Ausubel (1963, p. 169) points out, however, some aspects of the measurement, evaluation, and controls reported by Hendrix make her conclusions somewhat tenuous. It is disappointing that, although her 1947 article refers to some additional ongoing research, a subsequent article (Hendrix, 1961) refers only to the study reported in 1947. An experiment by Schwartz (1948) suggested a refined form of the Hendrix hypothesis: "A recently formed concept may be destroyed by the unsuccessful effort to verbalize it [p. 63, italics added]." Schwartz's study dealt with verbalizing effects in sorting tasks with volunteer adults each of whom either was a college graduate or had an IQ greater than 120. The part of his study most relevant to the present study consisted
A DISTRIBUTION–FREE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANTILES WITH CENSORED DATA

. In the context of a two–sample problem, a confidence interval for the difference of appropriate quantiles of the two survival distributions is described. This method is especially useful when the data include some right–censored observations. A relevant mathematical result is proved.
Lifting the Hood on the Straight-talk Express: Examining the McCain Phenomenon

As Arizona Senator John McCain emerged to win the New Hampshire and Michigan Republican primaries, much was made of his distinctive campaign tactics. Most notably, the press pointed to his willingness to open himself up to the media and voters. The authors argue that McCain's success was less tactical and idiosyncratic than has been suggested. McCain's rise was fueled by a confluence of circumstances. First, there was a latent pool of support for an antiestablishment, reformist candidate. Second, several high profile competitors departed right as McCain began his book tour and the New Hampshire primary started receiving attention. Third, for a variety of reasons, McCain was able to use subsequent free media attention to increase his support in New Hampshire and other primary states. Finally, the structure of the initial contests—open primaries in New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Michigan—allowed reformist-minded independents to vote alongside registered Republicans.
Race and the inheritance of low birth weight.

Abstract This paper uses intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to address the black‐white difference in propensities toward low birth weight (LBW). We determine that socioeconomic conditions account for some variation in low birth weight across race. Further, while race differences in the risk of low birth weight cannot be explained entirely, we find that the inheritance of parental birth weight status dramatically reduces the black‐white gap in low birth weight. Intergenerational legacies of poor infant health explain the largest share of racial disparities in filial birth weight. We then try to assess whether this intergenerational transmission of low birth weight is indeed genetic by using grandparent‐fixed effects models to factor out, to a great extent, family socioeconomic circumstances. We find that even within this framework, both father's and mother's birth weight status have an important impact on filial outcomes. However, the degree of inheritance is weaker for A...
Clindamycin Treatment of Experimental Chronic Osteomyelitis Due to Staphylococcus aureus

Clindamycin was used alone for treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Treatment with 30 mg/kg of body weight three times a day for 14 days was ineffective in sterilizing infected rabbit bones. In contrast, when given for 28 days, clindamycin sterilized the infected bones of 16 (84%) of 19 rabbits treated. Only one of 14 isolates of S. aureus from rabbits treated for two weeks developed resistance to clindamycin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than 100 micrograms/ml); none of three isolates from rabbits in which treatment failed in the four-week treatment group showed resistance to clindamycin. The results of four weeks of treatment with clindamycin for chronic experimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis were significantly better than those obtained with any other single agent used in prior studies and were generally as good as those with combination therapy that included rifampin.
Phase rule and independent components

Although the Gibbs phase rule remains one of the cornerstones of thermodynamics, its usefulness has been severely limited by a lack of suitable framework to find the number of independent components in a system. This paper rectifies this shortcoming. It offers a comprehensive method, with suitable examples, to enable the determination of the minimum number of independent composition-parameters, which are to be understood as ‘components’ in the Gibbsian sense. The method offered here is particularly useful for complex systems composed of several elements and many phases. The present work also helps dispel much of the confusion that had beset the concept of independent components since the early days of Gibbs.
Fred Sherman (1932–2013)

Fred Sherman, a brilliant geneticist who popularized the use of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , as a genetic model system of eukaryotic cells, died on 16 September at the age of 81. Budding yeast are now used at virtually all research centers worldwide, largely due to Fred's efforts and mentoring of many of the leaders in the field. Indeed, Randy Schekman, who shared this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, was introduced to yeast in the Cold Spring Harbor course that Fred taught for 17 summers with his friend and colleague Gerald Fink. Many students and postdoctoral fellows who were trained in Fred's own laboratory also helped shape the field of yeast genetics. Fred taught by example how to think about science, how to do it, and how to enjoy it. He lived life fully, with joy, humor, and dance (ballet), and without ever really separating life from science.
Quantitative comparisons of reaction products using liquid chromatography with dual-label radioactivity measurements

Abstract Dual-label methods for radiometric measurements with liquid chromatography are evaluated. The procedures show marked improvements in data quality for comparisons of product formations and relative product abundances in multiple-pathway reaction systems. The results from these procedures are shown to be relatively unaffected by large variations in uncertainties in pretreatment steps and volume measurements. Moreover, these methods yield much better quantitative results than do commonly used corresponding conventional comparisons. These quantitative comparisons use reference substances generated by a reference reaction system as internal standards. A suite of reaction products is compared via the internal standards for components common to both reference and sample reaction systems. The dual-label methods are especially suitable for toxicologic metabolism comparisons, but could easily be adapted to other reaction systems such as syntheses or degradations. Moreover, the dual-label procedures should be amenable to non-radioactive measurements with isotope-selective methods such as mass fragmentometry, emission spectrometry or resonance methods.
AKT as locus of cancer multidrug resistance and fragility

Complexity and robustness of cancer hypoxic microenvironment are supported by the robust signaling networks of autocrine and paracrine elements creating powerful interactome for multidrug resistance. These elements generate a positive feedback loops responsible for the extreme robustness and multidrug resistance in solid cancer, leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma. Phosphorylated AKT is a cancer multidrug resistance locus. Targeting that locus by oxidant/antioxidant balance modulation, positive feedback loops are converted into negative feedback loops, leading to disappearance of multidrug resistance. This is a new principle for targeting cancer multidrug resistance by the locus chemotherapy inducing a phenomenon of loops conversion.
Post-ischemic inflammation: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

AbstractIschemic stroke is characterized by the disruption of cerebral blood flow (CBF). This reduction of CBF results in energy failure and secondary biochemical disturbances, eliciting a robust in situ inflammatory response. Post-ischemic inflammation is a dynamic process involving a complicated set of interactions among various inflammatory cells and molecules. The resident inflammatory brain cells, microglia, are especially activated in response to ischemic insults, many of which are regulated by nuclear transcription factor, kappa B (NF-kB). As a result, several inflammatory genes are expressed, leading to local generation of various cytokines, which in turn promulgate inflammatory signals. Meanwhile, endothelial cells lining the local cerebral blood vessels are stimulated to produce adhesion molecules, causing the migration of peripheral circulating leukocytes into the compromised brain tissue, an event that amplifies inflammatory signaling cascades. Post-ischemic inflammation appears to serve multi...
TU-C-AUD-05: Energy-Range Relations and An Analytical Integration Procedure of Bethe-Bloch Equation

Purpose: A calculation procedure of energy‐range relations of protons, of the residual energy E(z) and its gradient dE(z)/dz according to Bragg‐Kleeman rule and its relativistic generalization and to an analytical integration of Bethe‐Bloch equation (BBE) is presented. The determination of LET as a function of E(z) only works reliably on the base of BBE. Method and Materials: The Bragg‐Kleeman rule R CSDA = A⋅E 0 p results from a modified Langevin equation. A relativistic extension reads: R CSDA = A ⋅( E 0 + E 0 2 /2 Mc 2 ) p , where E0: initial energy, RCSDA: range according to continuous‐slowing‐down‐approximation, and Mc2: proton rest energy. A suitable transformation provides a complete integration of BBE. The solutions are compared with GEANT4. Results: The dimensionless power p of Bragg‐Kleeman rule is energy‐dependent, if the same accuracy of RCSDA, E(z) and dE(z)/dz as by BBE is required. The exact integration of this theory removes the singularities occurring in numerical Monte‐Carlo procedures (cutoff in GEANT4: 1 MeV) mainly by the shell correction, which compensates the logarithm term of BBE. For therapeuticproton energies with E0 ⩽ 300 MeV simple analytical solutions of RCSDA(E0), E(z) and dE(z)/dz will be presented in terms of a power expansion and/or of a sum of 5 exponential functions. Conclusion: The new integration procedure of BBE prevents singularities in the domain of the Bragg peak and at z = R CSDA . This provides an accurate determination of the LET (dE/dz as a function of residual energy E). A subjection of the analytical solutions to a convolution (energy‐straggling) reduces the LET in the environment of the Bragg peak and at the distal end of the Bragg curves. The calculation of LET according to Bragg‐Kleeman rule should also be avoided, since it implies a singularity at z = R CSDA .
Comparison of patient characteristics and gout-related health-care resource utilization and costs in patients with frequent versus infrequent gouty arthritis attacks

Objective. To examine the association between frequent gouty arthritis and the presence of absolute/ relative contraindications to gout therapies, and health-care expenditure associated with frequent gouty arthritis. Methods. This retrospective study used administrative claims to identify patients with gouty arthritis between 1 July 2005 and 30 June 2010. Patients with 53 yearly gouty arthritis attacks (frequent gout) were matched 1:2 to patients with <3 yearly attacks (infrequent gout). Absolute and relative contraindications to gout medications were evaluated based on product labelling. Negative binomial regression and generalized linear models with logarithmic transformation were used for multivariate analysis of overall and gout-related health-care use and cost. Results. Mean patient age was 58 years (n = 15 669) and 77% were men. Compared with patients with infrequent gout, those with frequent gout had higher rates of absolute/relative contraindications to NSAIDs (91.5% vs 78.7%, P < 0.0001), corticosteroids (96.4% vs 87.3%, P < 0.0001), allopurinol (51.0% vs 41.2%, P < 0.0001) and probenecid (13.4% vs 9.4%, P < 0.0001). Mean gout-related costs were $889 for frequent gout vs $210 for infrequent gout (P < 0.0001) and all-cause direct costs were $10 913 for frequent vs $10 685 for infrequent gout (P = ns). Mean all-cause outpatient visits among patients with comorbidities compared with those without were 25.8 vs 11.8 among frequent and 19.7 vs 9.0 among infrequent (both P < 0.001) groups. Gout-related costs were higher among frequent gout patients with comorbidities than those without comorbidities ($886 vs $513, P = 0.03).
Our challenge for the next millennium.

There is a new challenge for our profession when we soon enter the next millennium. This is to meet the requests from our patients, our colleagues, and our governments to produce evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of our various surgical and non-surgical procedures in orthopedics. During a recent visit to your country (September 1997) I came across the Japan Times (a daily newspaper in English) where a lead article spelt our your government’s wish: “The nation’s medical circles need standardized therapy guidelines based on statistics”. In this respect your government does not stand alone. The same request has been voiced in Belgium, Canada, France, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, and Sweden, and the other Scandinavian countries, as well as from the large insurers and Health Maintenance Organizations in the United States. Thus, it is a trend in all of the industrialized nations.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with binge eating syndromes: a case series.

Objective Published empirically based studies of psychotherapies for bulimia nervosa (BN) have been conducted solely with adult populations. The current study extends the extant literature by piloting a version of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for BN adapted for an adolescent population. Method The participants were referred for treatment for binge eating and purging behaviors at a university clinic. Patients received pretreatment and posttreatment interviews assessing the frequency of their binge eating and purge behaviors, and they also completed pretreatment and posttreatment assessments with the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE). Results Results indicated significant reductions in the frequency of binge eating from pretreatment to posttreatment. Furthermore, all subscale scores of the EDE showed significant declines from pretreatment to posttreatment. Conclusion The authors concluded that CBT adapted for adolescents with bulimic symptoms appears to be a promising intervention worthy of further study in adolescents. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
Morquio's syndrome: deficiency of a chondroitin sulfate N-acetylhexosamine sulfate sulfatase.

Abstract The Morquio syndrome is a spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia characterized by excretion in urine of excessive amounts of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. To investigate the enzymic basis of this disease, assays for sulfatase were performed using chick embryo chondroitin sulfate and rat chondrosarcoma chondroitin 4-sulfate as substrates. The data obtained, using skin fibroblasts as an enzyme source, indicate that Morquio's syndrome is a deficiency of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylhexosamine sulfate sulfatase.
Refeeding syndrome in children with different clinical aetiology

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a well-described state of the series of metabolic and biochemical changes that can occur during the feeding of malnourished persons. The shifts in fluids and electrolytes can lead to complications during artificial feeding, which if not recognised and untreated can lead to death. Although the physiology and pathophysiology of RFS is well known, the circumstances under which the RFS appears, clinical manifestations and management of these patients are less clear. There are few published studies describing the occurrence of RFS in children. We describe two cases of RFS in children. The first case is a boy with unrecognised coeliac disease and second case is a girl with cerebral palsy. In both cases, the RFS has developed without clinical symptoms and it was shown only through laboratory findings. Electrolyte disturbances have been successfully corrected and treatment of the underlying disease continued.
Shock Compression and the Melting Curve for Argon

Recent experimental shock-compression work on solid argon is analyzed to obtain an intermolecular potential. The intermolecular potential is used to compute the high-pressure melting curve. The author predicts that the shock-compression curve crosses the melting line at 50 kbar and just under 700 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, but that the inherent experimental error is too large for the transition to be seen as a break in the $\mathrm{PV}$ or ${U}_{s}{U}_{p}$ curves.
The impact of sestamibi scanning on the outcome of parathyroid surgery.

Although sestamibi scanning has been shown to have greater sensitivity and specificity than other preoperative localization techniques for parathyroid adenoma, it is unclear whether preoperative scanning improves outcomes for parathyroid surgery. Data from 528 consecutive patients who underwent neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism by one surgeon were collected prospectively over a 5-yr period. Patients were classified by preoperative scanning status (no scan, positive scan, and negative scan), and outcomes were compared in terms of operative time, length of hospital stay, and cure rate. Patients who had undergone a previous parathyroid operation and patients who received alternate preoperative localization techniques (ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography) were excluded from the study. All scans were ordered by the referring physician—the surgeon made no recommendations for preoperative scanning. All groups were similar in terms of gender, age, anesthesia class, body ...
Microwave properties of (PrxY1−x)Ba2Cu3O7−δ: influence of magnetic scattering

Abstract We report measurements of the surface impedance Z s = R s +i X s of (Pr x Y 1− x )Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ , ( x =0, 0.15, 0.23, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5). Increasing Pr concentration leads to some striking results not observed in samples doped by non-magnetic constituents. The three principal features of the R s ( T ) data – multiple structure in the transition, a high residual resistance and, at high Pr concentrations, an upturn of the low T data – are all characteristic of the influence of magnetic scattering on superconductivity, and appear to be common to materials where magnetism and superconductivity coexist. The low T behavior of λ ( T ) appears to change from T to T 4 at large Pr doping, unlike that reported for Ni and Zn substitutions, and is further evidence of the influence of magnetic pair breaking of the Pr.
A naturalistic study of children and their parents in family learning courses in science

During the 1960s and 1970s a number of family learning projects evolved, most of which focused on pre-schoolers and their parents. The goal of some of these programs was to provide enjoyable, structured experiences in which parents and their children learned together. Recently, a number of institutions have been sponsoring enrichment science classes or learning experiences for parents and older children. The study described here is based on a project funded by the National Science Foundation (DISE No. 07872) which was attempting to show that it was possible to increase scientific literacy of two different age groups by simultaneously exposing parents and their middle school children to short courses in science. The project is an outgrowth of a study previously reported (Gennaro, Bullock, & Alden, 1980) carried out at the Minnesota Zoological Gardens. The study is based on data obtained during the first two years of the project and used various data gathering procedures such as the use of questionnaires, interviews, observations, and cognitive testing. It was found that children register for the courses primarily because of interest in the subject matter of the courses and that parents register because of their desire to nurture the child and the child's interest in the subject matter of the course. Both parents and children made significant gains in learning as measured by subject matter tests. Participants reported that the experience was both enjoyable and valuable. Children's attitudes toward their parents and the course were significantly higher if the children perceived a highly cooperative learning environment with their parents. Parents who scored in the medium or high range on the pretest had significantly more interactions with their children concerning information about course tasks than those who scored low on the pretest.
THE DEMAND FOR ENERGY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Interfuel substitution, a priori, seems to be of considerable importance in the economy of the United Kingdom. Consequently, an appropriate model is developed and estimated. All energy sources are demonstrated to be substitutable. Coal is the most price responsive with natural gas, oil and electrical following. The results are not inconsistent with other studies of energy substitution. Moreover, when the issue of the stability of the demand for energy types is considered, the suggestion that the demand for coal, oil, natural gas, and electrical energy have remained virtually constant over the past three decades.
‘Nachschrift eines Freundes’: Kant on Language, Friendship and the Concept of a People

Kant's brief ‘Postscript of a Friend’ serves as a peculiar coda to his life work. The last of Kant's writing to be published during his lifetime, it is both a friendly endorsement of Christian Gottlieb Mielcke's newly competed Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian Dictionary and a plea in Kant's own name for the preservation of minority languages, Lithuanian in particular. This support for minority languages has no visible precedent in his earlier writings, in which national, civic and linguistic identities and associated loyalties tend to overlap. Indeed, Kant's understanding of the commonwealth as nation-state seems predicated on the fact or myth of ethnic and linguistic unity and homogeneity. The same apparent lack of precedent also applies to the Nachschrift's singling out as a people of peculiar civic merit of the Lithuanians, who are not otherwise mentioned in any of Kant's published or unpublished writings. The work thus raises an obvious question: why does Kant devote his last published work (and declining powers) to a topic and cause in which he does not seem to have taken much earlier interest?
Discriminative, Syntactic Language Modeling through Latent SVMs

We construct a discriminative, syntactic language model (LM) by using a latent support vector machine (SVM) to train an unlexicalized parser to judge sentences. That is, the parser is optimized so that correct sentences receive high-scoring trees, while incorrect sentences do not. Because of this alternative objective, the parser can be trained with only a part-of-speech dictionary and binary-labeled sentences. We follow the paradigm of discriminative language modeling with pseudonegative examples (Okanohara and Tsujii, 2007), and demonstrate significant improvements in distinguishing real sentences from pseudo-negatives. We also investigate the related task of separating machine-translation (MT) outputs from reference translations, again showing large improvements. Finally, we test our LM in MT reranking, and investigate the language-modeling parser in the context of unsupervised parsing.
Theorizing the US Racial State: Sociology Since Racial Formation

This article reviews theoretical developments in the sociology of the US racial state since the publication of Michael Omi and Howard Winant's groundbreaking Racial Formation in the United States. After briefly outlining their theory, it surveys the still diminutive literature and concludes by pointing to promising future directions, drawing on insights from other disciplines and incipient stirrings from within sociology. Destabilizing the unquestioned assumption that the United States is and has been a nation-state, the article reconceptualizes it as an empire-state. This turn establishes a firmer footing for the claim that the United States is intrinsically a racial state and yields a generative framework for reconsidering and stimulating scholarship toward more effective analysis and critique.
Changes in Lipids Containing Long- and Very Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cryptorchid Rat Testes

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of experimental cryptorchidism on rat testicular phospholipids and neutral lipids that contain long-chain (C18-C22) and very long-chain (VLC) (C24-C32) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The weight of the cryptorchid testis was nearly half that of the contralateral control at postsurgical Days 7–10 owing to the depletion of germ cells. Concomitantly, the amounts of major glycerophospholipids (GPL) and sphingomyelin (SM) per testis decreased. Both these lipids lost their characteristic long-chain and very long-chain PUFA, notably 22:5n-6 and 28:4n-6, respectively, which suggests that these species are linked to the membranes of germ cells. In contrast, the amounts and concentrations of triglycerides (TG; triacylglycerols and 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerols) and cholesterol esters (CE) increased several fold in the surviving cells (mainly Sertoli cells) in the cryptorchid testis. All these neutral lipids, but especially CE, accumulated large am...
Deadlock-free schedules for automated manufacturing workstations

Scheduling automated, unmanned manufacturing systems is significantly different from traditional job shops where human presence is implicitly assumed. Deadlocking has been identified as one of the critical problem in the control of automated manufacturing systems. Past approaches have been myopic in the sense that deadlock avoidance and recovery have been treated as run time problems of the system. In this paper, formulations for deadlock-free schedules are proposed and the importance of considering both material handling and buffer space availability while scheduling such an automated workstation are discussed. Extensions to the basic model and solution methods are also presented.
A comparison of two groups of women with bulimia nervosa on symptom onset.

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a significant mental health problem for women. Both children and adolescents develop risk factors for BN that are identifiable. An important role for psychiatric-mental health nurses is the prevention of psychiatric disorders through risk factor identification and intervention for early symptoms. The purpose of this study was to extend recent research on the sequencing of risk factors and symptoms in the development of bulimia nervosa. Symptom history was collected on 71 women who agreed to participate in research on eating disorders (EDs). Women were divided into two groups based on whether their first symptom manifested was bingeing (BF) or dieting (DF). The groups were compared on age of symptom onset, weight history, and history of diagnosis. There were significant differences between the groups, and the present findings contradict some of the important conclusions from three previous studies. The results are discussed and implications for strategies for early detection and pre...
A simple and effective approach for peak load shaving using Battery Storage Systems

This paper discusses a simple method to perform peak load shaving through the means of energy storage systems owned by a utility. Peak load shaving, also referred to as load leveling or peak shifting, consists of the schemes used to eliminate the peaks and valleys in the load profile. This practice offers direct and indirect benefits to utilities in generation costs, line loss reduction, and volt support. Prior work in peak load shaving has been mainly focused on optimization approaches implemented through methods such as non-linear and dynamic programming, or heuristic approaches such as particle-swarm optimization. The proposed algorithm for peak load shaving in this paper is based on a simple approach which compares the aggregated load profile with its average in a certain utilization period and shares the charge/discharge amongst energy storage devices based on the definition of energy bars and weighting factors. In particular, the paper focuses on the usage of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to accomplish this task. Results show that the proposed algorithm offers a simple, fast and effective way for peak-load shaving without heavy computational burdens often needed in other methods. As a result, it can be easily implemented in a utility main substation for controlling the charge/discharge of storage devices throughout the distribution system.
Concerning the great Californian disaster

(1906). Concerning the great Californian disaster. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 430-434.
Anorexia as a Path to Redemption: An Examination of Boland's Anorexic

(2007). Anorexia as a Path to Redemption: An Examination of Boland's Anorexic. The Explicator: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 55-58.
Anatomically diverse butterfly scales all produce structural colours by coherent scattering

The structural colours of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) have been attributed to a diversity of physical mechanisms, including multilayer interference, diffraction, Bragg scattering, Tyndall scattering and Rayleigh scattering. We used fibre optic spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 2D Fourier analysis to investigate the physical mechanisms of structural colour production in twelve lepidopteran species from four families, representing all of the previously proposed anatomical and optical classes of butterfly nanostructure. The 2D Fourier analyses of TEMs of colour producing butterfly scales document that all species are appropriately nanostructured to produce visible colours by coherent scattering, i.e. differential interference and reinforcement of scattered, visible wavelengths. Previously hypothesized to produce a blue colour by incoherent, Tyndall scattering, the scales of Papilio zalmoxis are not appropriately nanostructured for incoherent scattering. Rather, available data indicate that the blue of P. zalmoxis is a fluorescent pigmentary colour. Despite their nanoscale anatomical diversity, all structurally coloured butterfly scales share a single fundamental physical color production mechanism - coherent scattering. Recognition of this commonality provides a new perspective on how the nanostructure and optical properties of structurally coloured butterfly scales evolved and diversified among and within lepidopteran clades.
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Probes for Molecular Imaging

The field of molecular imaging has recently seen rapid advances in the development of novel contrast agents and the implementation of insightful approaches to monitor biological processes non-invasively. In particular, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) have demonstrated their utility as an important tool for enhancing magnetic resonance contrast, allowing researchers to monitor not only anatomical changes, but physiological and molecular changes as well. Applications have ranged from detecting inflammatory diseases via the accumulation of non-targeted SPIO in infiltrating macrophages to the specific identification of cell surface markers expressed on tumors. In this article, we attempt to illustrate the broad utility of SPIO in molecular imaging, including some of the recent developments, such as the transformation of SPIO into an activatable probe termed the magnetic relaxation switch.
Protein Sorting Signals for Maintaining Transmembrane Proteins in the Endoplasmatic Reticulum

Trafficking and sorting of proteins through the central organellar system has been a focus of interst since Palade (1975) and co-workers formulated the general outline of the secretory pathway. The basics of this pathway are now well established. Nascent proteins are targeted to the first organelle of this pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum, via a signal sequence (Blobel and Dobberstein 1975). Subsequently, proteins are transported in a vectorial manner between the organelles by a series of vesicle budding and fusion events. Despite the extensive movement of both protein and lipid into and out of them, each organelle is maintained as an apparently discrete membrane- bounded unit. An organelle in this pathway is thus required simultaneously to allow transit of proteins through it, and to maintain a set of resident proteins which presumably define its structural and functional properties. We have been interested to determine how these resident proteins are sorted from those destined for transport to the next compartment. This information is likely to be the key to understanding how the integrity of the organelles is maintained in such a dynamic environment. In particular we have focused on the mechanism by which resident membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum are maintained in this organelle.
Desirable pork: do voters reward for earmark acquisition?

The overwhelming majority of Congresspersons engage in the acquisition of pork projects, also known as earmarks. In the aggregate, the general public overwhelming opposes pork-barrel spending, yet scholars and Members of Congress both contend that earmarked projects make for grateful constituents. This work attempts to explain this discrepancy. Using experimental data, I show that general discussions of earmarks are not universally beneficial. Recipients are only moved when they are made aware of projects in policy arenas of individual importance. Thus, pork is a nuanced policy tool that must be wielded strategically to gain electoral reward from specific subsets of a constituency.
Demand side management with a human behavior model for energy cost optimization in smart grids

Demand side management (DSM) is an essential function to schedule and optimize the energy consumption in smart grids. One of the challenges of DSM is how to take the complex human behavior into consideration. In this paper, we apply a special population dynamic model to investigate the performance of DSM algorithms under human behavior effects. Specifically, we adapt the SISa (susceptible-infected-susceptible with autonomous infection) model to describe the population behavior of smart grid customers. The SISa model and the DSM algorithms interact with each other via the recovery probability and the DSM population size. The convergence and the equilibrium of the composite model are studied both analytically and numerically.