cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections from a chair: Leadership of a clinical department at an academic medical center.

The leadership position of an academic departmental chair can be a positive and rewarding opportunity. These rewards principally stem from the success of the faculty, residents, other trainees, nurses, and everyone supporting the department. With health care reform and the constraints of the federal budget, increasing attention and time has become directed toward administrative management. There are multiple and often competing constituencies and agendas requiring thoughtful strategies to achieve departmental goals. The objectives of a chair are advancing patient care, education, and research. True excellence of a department is achieved by the innovation of its faculty. Cancer 2015;121:3795–3798. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Evidence of superspin-glass behavior in Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles

We have used dc-magnetization and ac-susceptibility to investigate the superspin dynamics in 9 nm average size Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 magnetic particles at temperatures (T) between 3 and 300 K. Dc-magnetization M versus T data collected in a H = 50 Oe magnetic field using a field-cooled–zero-field-cooled protocol indicate that the onset of irreversibility occurs in the vicinity of 190 K. This is confirmed by M versus H|T hysteresis loops, as well as by frequency- and temperature-resolved ac-susceptibility data. We demonstrate that this magnetic event is not due to the blocking of individual superspins, but can be unequivocally ascribed to their collective freezing in a spin-glass-like fashion. Indeed, the relative variation (per frequency decade) of the in-phase susceptibility peak temperature is ~0.032, critical dynamics analysis of this peak shift yields an exponent zν = 10.0 and a zero-field freezing temperature Tg = 190 K, and, in a magnetic field, Tg(H) is excellently described by the de Almeida–Thouless line δTg = 1 − Tg(H)/Tg ∝ H2/3. In addition, out-of-phase susceptibility versus temperature datasets collected at different frequencies collapse on a universal dynamic scaling curve. Finally, memory imprinting during a stop-and-wait magnetization protocol confirms the collective freezing nature of the state below 190 K.
Hyperbolic conservation laws with stiff reaction terms of monostable type

In this paper the zero reaction limit of the hyperbolic conservation law with stiff source term of monostable type &tu + 9 f (u) = -U(l -U) 6 is studied. Solutions of Cauchy problems of the above equation with initial value 0 0 is found to originate from the behavior of traveling waves of the above system with viscosity regularization.
Recent Progress in the Data‐Based Modeling of Magnetospheric Currents

Magnetospheric currents are very diverse and dynamical. The magnetopause shrinks, expands, and erodes, with varying degree of connection to the IMF. Intrusion of the plasma in the polar cusps results in diamagnetic currents which depress the field at high latitudes. The tail current sheet warps, bends, and twists, and its current density varies as the tail stretches and rebounds. Birkeland currents vary with the IMF and with the substorm cycle, and the ring current builds up and decays in the course of storms. During substorms, a dynamical current wedge develops on the nightside, resulting in a rapid reconfiguration of the near-Earth field. The data-based approach to magnetospheric modeling is to develop a flexible representation for the magnetic field vector and fit it to a large set of spacecraft data. All the above currents should be represented in the models in a meaningful way, and substantial advance was made recently in this direction. The new models feature a continuous parametric dependence on the solar wind conditions, include Birkeland currents, and have a solar-wind controlled magnetopause with a penetration of the IMF. New techniques are now available for modeling the twisting and warping of the cross-tail current, the collapse of the tail field during substorms, and the observed structure of the polar cusps. This article overviews some of those developments.
Hubble Space Telescope/NICMOS Observations of Terzan 5: Stellar Content and Structure of the Core

We report results from Hubble Space Telescope/NICMOS imaging of the extremely dense core of the globular cluster Terzan 5. This highly obscured bulge cluster contains a low-mass X-ray binary and at least two millisecond pulsars, with evidence for a large millisecond pulsar population. It has been estimated to have one of the highest collision rates of any Galactic globular cluster, making its core a particularly conducive environment for the production of interacting binary systems. We have reconstructed high-resolution images of the central 19'' × 19'' region of Terzan 5 by application of the drizzle algorithm to dithered NIC2 images in the F110W, F187W, and F187N near-infrared filters. We have used a DAOPHOT/ALLSTAR analysis of these images to produce the deepest color-magnitude diagram (CMD) yet obtained for the core of Terzan 5. We have also analyzed the parallel 11'' × 11'' NIC1 field, centered 30'' from the cluster center and imaged in F110W and F160W, and an additional NIC2 field that is immediately adjacent to the central field. This imaging results in a clean detection of the red giant branch and horizontal branch in the central NIC2 field, and the detection of these plus the main-sequence turnoff and the upper main sequence in the NIC1 field. We have constructed an H versus J-H CMD for the NIC1 field, which provides a measurement of the infrared reddening, E(J-H) = 0.72 [corresponding to E(B-V) = 2.16]. We obtain a new distance estimate of 8.7 kpc, which places Terzan 5 within less than 1 kpc of the Galactic center. The NIC1 CMD provides an apparent detection of the red giant branch bump, about 1 mag below the horizontal branch, indicating that the metallicity is at least solar and possibly somewhat higher. A number of blue objects are detected in the central NIC2 field and the NIC1 field, which hint at the presence of a blue horizontal branch. We have also determined a central surface-density profile that results in a maximum likelihood estimate of 79 ± 06 for the cluster core radius. We discuss the implications of these results for the dynamical state of Terzan 5.
Acute activation of glucose uptake by glucose deprivation in L929 fibroblast cells

Glucose is a very important energy source for a wide variety of cells, and the ability of cells to respond to changes in glucose availability or other cell stresses is of critical importance. Many mammalian cells respond to acute stress by increasing the V(max) of transport through GLUT1; the most ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter isoform. This study investigated the acute response of glucose uptake to glucose deprivation in L929 fibroblast cells--a cell line that expresses only the GLUT1 transporter. Results indicated that glucose deprivation of only a minute activated glucose uptake 10-fold and reached a maximum of 20-fold within 10 min. The activation was dose dependent and only partially muted by addition of up to 20mM pyruvate as an alternate energy source. In contrast to the kinetics of acute metabolic stress, glucose deprivation decreased the K(m) of transport, but did not alter the V(max). Maximal activation of glucose transport by glucose deprivation was completely additive to activation of transport by methylene blue--a stimulant that increased the V(max) of transport without a change in the K(m). Glucose-deprived activation of glucose transport was not inhibited by wortmannin or herbimycin A, but was completely inhibited by phenylarsine oxide. Altogether, the data indicate that L929 fibroblast cells respond quickly and robustly to the cell stress of glucose deprivation and methylene blue treatment by two distinct activation pathways.
POLARIZATION OF RADIO PULSES FROM EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS.

We have used log-periodic, EW- and NS-arm antennas to investigate whether radio pulses from extensive air showers are polarized perpendicularly to the earth's magnetic field. Up to three such pairs of antennas were operated simultaneously, and 32 events with 84 radio pulses were observed. In the polarization part of the experiment, there were 23 pulses recorded in EW antennas versus 7 in NS, suggesting some geomagnetic production of radio pulses.
Role of Magic-Sized Clusters in the Synthesis of CdSe Nanorods

The dynamics of the CdSe nanorod synthesis reaction have been studied, giving attention to the kinetics of magic-sized clusters (MSCs) that form as intermediates in the overall reaction. The MSCs have a distinct absorption peak, and the kinetics of this peak give insight into the overall reaction mechanism. In these studies, the reaction mixture consists primarily of Cd(phosphonate)2 and trioctyl phosphine selenium in a solution of trioctylphosphine (TOP) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). We find that the rate at which precursors react to form CdSe monomers and the rates at which monomers react to form nanoparticles can be varied by changing the chemistry of the reaction mixture. Decreasing the TOP concentration decreases the extent to which selenium is bound, both in the precursors and on the particles’ surfaces, and thereby increases both the precursor to monomer and monomer to particle reaction rates. Decreasing the phosphonate concentration decreases the extent to which phosphonate binds cadmium in ...
Elucidation of the functional genomics of antioxidant-based inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis

Abstract Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, 12 mM) added to a fat-based growth medium reduces > 95% of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357, without affecting fungal growth. Microarray analysis of caffeic acid-treated A. flavus indicated expression of almost all genes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster were down-regulated, ranging from a log 2 ratio of caffeic acid treated and untreated of − 1.12 (medium) to − 3.13 (high). The only exceptions were genes norB and the aflatoxin pathway regulator-gene, aflJ , which showed low expression levels in both treated and control fungi. The secondary metabolism regulator-gene, laeA , also showed little change in expression levels between the fungal cohorts. Alternatively, expression of genes in metabolic pathways (i.e., amino acid biosynthesis, metabolism of aromatic compounds, etc.) increased (log 2 ratio > 1.5). The most notable up-regulation of A. flavus expression occurred in four genes that are orthologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae AHP1 family of genes. These genes encode alkyl hydroperoxide reductases that detoxify organic peroxides. These increases ranged from a log 2 ratio of 1.08 to 2.65 (moderate to high), according to real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. Based on responses of S. cerevisiae gene deletion mutants involved in oxidative stress response, caffeic, chlorogenic, gallic and ascorbic acids were potent antioxidants under oxidative stress induced by organic peroxides, tert -butyl and cumene hydroperoxides. Differential hypersensitivity to these peroxides and hydrogen peroxide occurred among different mutants in addition to their ability to recover with different antioxidants. These findings suggest antioxidants may trigger induction of genes encoding alkyl hydroperoxide reductases in A. flavus. The possibilities that induction of these genes protects the fungus from oxidizing agents (e.g., lipoperoxides, reactive oxygen species, etc.) produced during host-plant infection and this detoxification attenuates upstream signals triggering aflatoxigenesis are discussed.
Information transfer during shell exchange in the hermit crab Clibanarius antillensis

The shell exchange behaviour of the hermit crab Clibanarius antillensis was examined for evidence that the non-initiating crab used information about the initiator's shell. Manipulation of the internal volume of the initiator's shell altered the outcome of exchanges in a manner consistent with the negotiations model of resource exchange. It is suggested that the fundamental frequency of shells is detected by crabs during rapping behaviour when the initiator raps its shell against that of the non-initiator.
An introduction to West Indian poetry

This introduction to West Indian poetry is written for readers making their first approach to poetry in English written in the Caribbean. It offers a comprehensive literary history from the 1920s to the 1980s, with particular attention to the relationship of West Indian poetry to European, African and American literature. Close readings of individual poems give detailed analysis of social and cultural issues at work in the writing. Laurence Breiner's exposition speaks powerfully about the defining forces in Caribbean culture from colonialism to resistance and decolonization.
Properties and radioimmunoassay of canine factor X.

Abstract Canine Factor X(FX) was purified by the combination of BaSO 4 adsorption, elution of adsorbed FX in 0.25 M sodium citrate, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation, DEAE cellulose chromatography and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and SDS PAGE of the purified FX showed some impurities, but no impurities were visible by immunoelectrophoresis. The extinction coefficient of FX averaged 5.6 and the specific activity was 78 units per mg. The molecular weight determined by SDS PAGE averaged 57,800 in 3 measurements. Anti-FX antibody was then produced in rabbits, coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, and a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for canine FX was developed. A measurement of FX by the method required about 5 hr and the maximum sensitivity of the method was about 0.2 ug FX per ml plasma. The variability of the results did not exceed 6.8% at 3 levels of FX concentration. Finally, using the method, the plasma FX concentration in 20 healthy dogs were determined. The average value was 2.3 mg per dl.
Privacy preserving decision tree learning over multiple parties

Data mining over multiple data sources has emerged as an important practical problem with applications in different areas such as data streams, data-warehouses, and bioinformatics. Although the data sources are willing to run data mining algorithms in these cases, they do not want to reveal any extra information about their data to other sources due to legal or competition concerns. One possible solution to this problem is to use cryptographic methods. However, the computation and communication complexity of such solutions render them impractical when a large number of data sources are involved. In this paper, we consider a scenario where multiple data sources are willing to run data mining algorithms over the union of their data as long as each data source is guaranteed that its information that does not pertain to another data source will not be revealed. We focus on the classification problem in particular and present an efficient algorithm for building a decision tree over an arbitrary number of distributed sources in a privacy preserving manner using the ID3 algorithm.
Moving gratings and microsaccades.

This paper reports an extended study of anomalous (enhanced) sensitivity to moving gratings in the range of 1–10 cycles per degree, at high temporal frequencies (>20 Hz), i.e., in the high-frequency corner of the spatiotemporal threshold surface. The effect is very robust. All subjects (n = 5) show the effect with moving or flickering gratings and with or without stabilization of the retinal image. After eliminating various types of potential artifacts, the phenomenon was finally attributed to a form of transient destabilization associated with microsaccadic eye movements. In the unstabilized condition, microsaccades and voluntary saccades both interact with the grating motion to produce visible flashes. With image stabilization, the (1-msec) delay of the Purkinje-image eyetracker interacts with these saccades in a way that increases the visibility of the associated flashes. The form of the threshold data suggests that the size of the saccades may vary with the spatial period of the moving grating.
Effectiveness of Optometric Visual Training in a Population of Severely Involved Cerebral Palsied Children Utilizing Professional, Non-Optometric Therapists

For years researchers have recognized the very high incidence of visual anomalies in children with cerebral palsy, however, little, if anything, has been attempted to remediate these problems. This article describes a trial program of optometric visual training, applied on a daily basis, to nine cerebral palsied children in an in-patient hospital facility, by professional, but non-optometric, therapists. After one year the majority of the children showed improvement in ocular motor performance, eye focusing ability, visual perception, directional concepts and body schema.
Brainstem cavernous malformations resected via miniature craniotomies: Technique and approach selection

Brainstem cavernous malformations can cause devastating neurologic disability when they hemorrhage, which occurs at a higher rate in the brainstem than in other locations. Traditional access to these lesions requires a large craniotomy with extensive exposure and manipulation of vital structures. We present a case series of patients who underwent surgical resection of brainstem cavernous malformations using minimally invasive approaches at our institution from January 2012 to August 2014, all of whom had experienced at least one hemorrhage prior to presentation. Approach choice was determined by location of the cavernous malformation in relation to the brainstem surface. Resection occurred through our described standardized method. Postoperatively, there were three instances of transient neurologic symptoms, all of which resolved at time of last follow-up. All eight patients experienced neurologic improvement after surgery, with four patients showing no deficits at last follow-up. Approach selection rationale and technical nuances are presented on a case-by-case basis. With carefully planned keyhole approaches to cavernous malformations presenting to the brainstem surface, excellent results may be achieved without the necessity of larger conventional craniotomies. We believe the nuances presented may be of use to others in the surgical treatment of these lesions.
Indoor tanning and risk of early-onset basal cell carcinoma.

Background Despite an increase in incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) among young people and the ubiquity of indoor tanning in this population, few epidemiologic studies have investigated this exposure-disease relationship. Objective We sought to evaluate the association between indoor tanning and early-onset BCC. Methods Patients with BCC (n = 376) and control subjects with minor benign skin conditions (n = 390) who were younger than 40 years of age were identified through Yale Dermatopathology. Participants provided information on ever indoor tanning, age of initiation, frequency, duration, burns while tanning, and type of tanning device during an in-person interview. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multivariate logistic regression with never indoor tanners as the referent group. Results Ever indoor tanning was associated with a 69% increased risk of early-onset BCC (95% CI 1.15-2.48). This association was stronger among females (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.31-3.47), for multiple BCCs (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.26-3.70), and for BCCs on the trunk and extremities (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.57-5.02). Risk increased dose dependently with years using regular indoor tanning devices ( P trend = .003), number of overall burns ( P trend P trend Limitations Potential recall bias of indoor tanning by patients and generalizability of the control population suggest replication in other studies is warranted. Conclusions Indoor tanning was a strong risk factor for early-onset BCC, particularly among females. Indoor tanning should continue to be targeted by both policy-based and behavioral interventions, as the impact on BCC-associated morbidity may be substantial.
Interaction of thioredoxin with oxidized aminobutyrate aminotransferase Evidence for the formation of a covalent intermediate

Pig brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase is inactivated by pre-incubation with pyrroloquinoline quinone (2,7,9-tricarboxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3,f]quinoline-4,5-dione; PQQ) at pH 7. The reaction of approximately 2 SH residues/dimer is sufficient to inactivate the enzyme. Reoxidized aminotransferase is reactivated by E. coli thioredoxin. Similar results were obtained with E. coli 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. The spectroscopic properties of thioredoxin, tagged with the fluorescence probe, anthraniloyl, were used to monitor its interaction with re-oxidized 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. During the regeneration of native aminotransferase by thioredoxin, the substrate forms a covalent intermediate with the oxireductase, as revealed by gel filtration chromatography. It is postulated that the substrate (oxidized aminotransferase) forms a covalent intermediate with thioredoxin through disulfide linkages.
The Liar's Club: Concealing Rework in Concurrent Development:

Successfully implementing concurrent development has proven difficult for many organizations. However, many theories addressing concurrent development treat either technical aspects of the development process (e.g., precedence relationships) or behavioral issues (e.g., creating effective cross-functional teams), but not their linkages. We argue that much of the complexity of concurrent development—and the implementation failures that plague many organizations—arises from interactions between the technical and behavioral dimensions. We use a dynamic project model that explicitly represents these interactions to investigate how a ''Liar's Club''—concealing known rework requirements from managers and colleagues—can aggravate the ''90% syndrome,'' a common form of schedule failure, and disproportionately degrade schedule performance and project quality. We discuss the role of the incentives on and behavior of engineers and managers in concurrent development failure and explore policies to improve project performance.
2D-Difference Gel Electrophoretic Proteomic Analysis of a Cell Culture Model of Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma

To evaluate the consequences of expression of the protein encoded by PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F) in the pediatric malignancy alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (A-RMS), we developed and evaluated a genetically defined in vitro model of A-RMS tumorigenesis. The expression of P3F in cooperation with simian virus 40 (SV40) Large-T (LT) antigen in murine C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts led to robust malignant transformation. Using 2 dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) we compared proteomes from lysates from cells that express P3F + LT versus from cells that express LT alone. Analysis of 2D gel spot patterns by DeCyder™ image analysis software indicated 93 spots that were different in abundance. Peptide mass fingerprint analysis of the 93 spots by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis identified 37 non-redundant proteins. 2D DIGE analysis of cell culture media conditioned by cells transduced by P3F + LT versus by LT alone found 29 spots in the P3F + LT cells leading to the identification of 11 non-redundant proteins. A substantial number of proteins with potential roles in tumorigenesis and myogenesis were detected, most of which have not been identified in previous wide-scale expression studies of RMS experimental models or tumors. We validated the 2D gel image analysis findings by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Thus, the 2D DIGE proteomics methodology described here provided an important discovery approach to the study of RMS biology and complements the findings of previous mRNA expression studies.
An Efficient Approach to Modeling the Topographic Control of Surface Hydrology for Regional and Global Climate Modeling

Abstract The current generation of land-surface models used in GCMs view the soil column as the fundamental hydrologic unit. While this may be effective in simulating such processes as the evolution of ground temperatures and the growth/ablation of a snowpack at the soil plot scale, it effectively ignores the role topography plays in the development of soil moisture heterogeneity and the subsequent impacts of this soil moisture heterogeneity on watershed evapotranspiration and the partitioning of surface fluxes. This view also ignores the role topography plays in the timing of discharge and the partitioning of discharge into surface runoff and baseflow. In this paper an approach to land-surface modeling is presented that allows us to view the watershed as the fundamental hydrologic unit. The analytic form of TOPMODEL equations are incorporated into the soil column framework and the resulting model is used to predict the saturated fraction of the watershed and baseflow in a consistent fashion. Soil moistur...
Urban size (dis)amenities revisited

Abstract An article by Kelley in this Journal has argued that most studies of urban-size amenities built around the analysis of wage differentials have ignored the interaction of supply and demand forces. The result, it was argued, has been serious simultaneous equation bias which suggested that larger cities had lower-valued non-pecuniary amenities. If the bias is eliminated, the opposite is shown to be correct: urban amenities increase in value with city size. This note argues that Kelley's conclusions are themselves based on serious theoretical and econometric errors: (i) He ignores the equilibrium conditions of the model. (ii) He treats variables as exogenous which are not. (iii) He ignores almost perfect collinearity between the variables he uses.
Isolation of amaranth starch by diluted alkaline-protease treatment.

ABSTRACT Starch was isolated from Amaranthus cruentus seeds by different alkaline treatments and combinations of low alkaline steeping and protease treatments. For low alkaline-protease treatments, amaranth seeds were steeped in a NaOH solution (0.05%, pH 12) for 22 hr to loosen the protein matrix and ground. The pH of the ground slurry was adjusted to 7.5 and subjected to a protease (from Aspergillus sojae) treatment. The slurry was incubated with 1 or 0.5% of the protease (based on total amount of seeds) for 2 hr at 37°C and 50 rpm. The starch was then isolated by screening and centrifugation. This method produced starch with a low protein content (≤0.2%) and a high recovery (≈80%). Amaranth starch isolated by alkaline treatments were also studied by using various concentrations of NaOH steeping solutions and with or without alkaline solution during grinding and washing. The properties of amaranth starch isolated by alkaline and low alkaline-protease treatments were analyzed and compared. The properties...
Stability Analysis of Linear Interval Systems: Polynomial vs. Matrix Approach

This paper addresses the issue of stability robustness for linear dynamical systems described by interval matrices. We briefly review two different approaches available, namely polynomial approach and matrix approach. In the polynomial approach, the interval matrices are converted to interval polynomials and the stability tested by the available methods on the Burwitz invariance of a family of polynomials out of which the most noteworthy being the "Kharitonov" test. In the matrix approach, the analysis is done directly in the matrix domain using methods such as the Elemental Perturbation Bound Analysis presented by the author (which uses Lyapunov theory as a tool), Gershgorin's diagonal dominance approach as well as some indirect methods involving the testing of definiteness of a matrix function. It is shown with the help of an example that the "elemental" bound approach turns out to be successful in predicting the stability while the polynomial approach fails to do so.
Effects on Proliferation and Differentiation of Multipotent Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Engineered to Express Growth Factors for Combined Cell and Gene Therapy

A key mechanism for mesenchymal stem cells/bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) to promote tissue repair is by secretion of soluble growth factors (GFs). Therefore, clinical application could be optimized by a combination of cell and gene therapies, where MSCs are genetically modified to express higher levels of a specific factor. However, it remains unknown how this overexpression may alter the fate of the MSCs. Here, we show effects of overexpressing the growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor B (PDGF-BB), transforming growth factor β(1) (TGF-β(1) ), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in human bone marrow-derived MSCs. Ectopic expression of bFGF or PDGF-B lead to highly proliferating MSCs and lead to a robust increase in osteogenesis. In contrast, adipogenesis was strongly inhibited in MSCs overexpressing PDGF-B and only mildly affected in MSCs overexpressing bFGF. Overexpression of TGF-β(1) blocked both osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation while inducing the formation of stress fibers and increasing the expression of the smooth muscle marker calponin-1 and the chondrogenic marker collagen type II. In contrast, MSCs overexpressing VEGF did not vary from control MSCs in any parameters, likely due to the lack of VEGF receptor expression on MSCs. MSCs engineered to overexpress VEGF strongly induced the migration of endothelial cells and enhanced blood flow restoration in a xenograft model of hind limb ischemia. These data support the rationale for genetically modifying MSCs to enhance their therapeutically relevant trophic signals, when safety and efficacy can be demonstrated, and when it can be shown that there are no unwanted effects on their proliferation and differentiation.
Design considerations: Implications of domain expertise

This paper describes how four playground experts and five engineering experts completed a task of designing a playground. The findings, derived from a qualitative coding analysis, showcase the playground experts in this sample considering social contextual factors, paying attention to human actors' playground use, and relying mainly on professional knowledge. The engineering experts in this sample also paid attention to use of the playground by people and used a combination of professional and personal knowledge as they completed a playground design task. In support of ABET's goals for the engineering discipline, the research highlights how expertise in a particular domain may be helpful for one's capacity to also focus on social and human-related elements through the design process. These outcomes aim to support the educational discussion on how to enable engineering students to develop expertise that involves broader design considerations.
Droplet on a fiber: geometrical shape and contact angle

This paper is concerned with the geometrical shape, wetting length, and contact angle of a microdroplet on a fiber by using the method free energy variation. The governing equation and relevant boundary conditions of the microdroplet were re-derived based on the free energy variation of the droplet/fiber system. The geometrical shape of the droplet was determined as the combination of Legendre's elliptical functions of the first and second kinds, corresponding to the previous results in literature [6]. For contact angle θ >15°, a novel efficient semi-analytic approach was proposed to extract the contact angle from experimental data. The given approach can be used as theoretical basis of determining surface tension of fluids based on a sessile drop on a fiber.
Effect of parathyroid hormone on renal tubular reabsorption of amino acids.

We have examined the effect of endogenous and exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) on renal tubular reabsorption of free amino acids. In four normal volunteers, acute infusion of purified bovine PRH (2.5-5 U/kg/15 min) increased urinary phosphate excretion by 40%–220% and urinary excretion of several amino acids by 25%–175%. Sustained infusion of purified PTH (1–2 U/kg/hr) in two of these volunteers produced both increased renal clearances of several amino acids and a decreased renal tubular maximum for L-proline (TmPro). In one of two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, the TmPro was distinctly reduced before, and was restored to normal after extirpation of a parathyroid adenoma. These changes in TmPro correlated significantly (r = 0.80; p < 0.01) in both groups of subjects with reduction in fractional tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP). The mechanism of this PTH-modulated reduction in renal tubular reabsorption of free amino acids remains to be determined.
Semiconductor Probe Measurements in Beagle Dogs with Periodontal Disease

A miniaturized semiconductor probe was used to measure alveolar bone uptake of a bone-seeking radzopharmaceutical in dogs with destructive periodontal disease. Radiopharmaceutical uptake in localized, advanced disease was greater than in incipient disease and was generalized, with increased uptake occurring in radiographically normal areas and in areas with bone loss.
Imaging of congenital coronary artery anomalies

Imaging of the coronary arteries is an important part of the evaluation of children with congenital heart disease and isolated congenital coronary artery anomalies. Echocardiography remains the main imaging modality and is complemented by MRI and CT angiography in the older or difficult-to-image child. We review echocardiography, MRI, and CT angiography for coronary artery imaging, with emphasis on techniques. The clinical implications of isolated congenital coronary artery anomalies are also addressed, along with a discussion about the current consensus on optimal management of these anomalies.
Con: Autologous Blood Collection Is Not Useful for Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

1 N THE 1970s, it was fashionahlc to dcvisc various autotransfusion and hemodilution stratcgies to reducc the use of allogcnic (homologous) blood products in cardiac surgcry. Thc rationale for these stratcgies was to diminish the cxtraordinary drain on bloed bank invcntorics imposed hy cardiac surgical procedures, which often avcragcd 8 or more units per case. ‘J In the 1990s. thc autotransfusion thcmc remains the same, but the rationale diffcrs. Although bloed bank rcscrves are stil1 precieus, thc currcnt driving force behind reducing usc of allogenic bloed product3 is fcar of viral disease transmission. The transfusion-relatcd AIDS deaths of such prominent individuals as Arthur Ashc and California legislator Paul Gann have concentratcd public and physician attention on cardiac surgical complications that were prcviously largcly unrccognized.’ Advanccs in autotransfusion and extracorporcal circuit priming tcchniques have produced clear rcductions in allogcnic bloed products uscd per patient, hut thc majority of paticnts undergoing cardiac surgery stil1 reccivc somc allogenic blood. In 1979 Cosgrovc et aV providcd a targct for thc rest of US to shoot at when they published a report on 21 series of coronary artcry bypass graft paticnts in which only 0”; ol patients receivcd un)t allogcnic bloed.’ Unfortunately. owing to a patient population that has bccomc morc agcd. functionally compromiscd, and anemie. Cosgrovc’s associatcs have subscqucntly statcd that thcir transfusion avoidante marksmanship has dcclincd substantially. Ancsthcsiologists and surgcons thereforc continuc IO cxplorc old and new stratcgics to dccrcase or eliminatc allogcnic transfusions in cardiac surgcry. The spccilic task at hand is to discuss thc valuc of two autotransfusion modalitics in cardiac surgical patients: preopcrativc autologous donation and intraopcrative autologous wholc bloed (AWB) withdrawal using isovolemic hcmodilution in thc pcriod prcceding cardiopulmonary bypass. I contcnd that cach of thcsc procedures is either impractical or incfl’ectivc for thc current practice of cardiac surgcry in thc Unitcd Statcs.
On the matrix berlekamp-massey algorithm

We analyze the Matrix Berlekamp/Massey algorithm, which generalizes the Berlekamp/Massey algorithm [Massey 1969] for computing linear generators of scalar sequences. The Matrix Berlekamp/Massey algorithm computes a minimal matrix generator of a linearly generated matrix sequence and has been first introduced by Rissanen [1972a], Dickinson et al. [1974], and Coppersmith [1994]. Our version of the algorithm makes no restrictions on the rank and dimensions of the matrix sequence. We also give new proofs of correctness and complexity for the algorithm, which is based on self-contained loop invariants and includes an explicit termination criterion for a given determinantal degree bound of the minimal matrix generator.
Should Ramsey-price markups differ?

Little adjustment in labor or leisure time is possible because of standardized work weeks in many countries. Without such labor-leisure adjustment, the logic of the inverse-elasticity-rule form of Ramsey price, with its differing percentage markups, is undermined. Moreover, if consumption of a good or service requires a certain amount of the consumer's time, that fact should be an influence on the socially optimal price. These two considerations of consumers' time are shown to warrant serious attention in applications of Ramsey prices.
Dynamics of molecular Penning ionization: angle-energy distributions of N2+ from He*(21S)+N2

Abstract Angle-energy distributions resulting from the Penning ionization of N 2 by metastable singlet helium He * (2 1 S) at collision energies of 2.5 and 4.4 kcal/mol have been measured using crossed supersonic molecular beams and a rotatable mass-spectrometric detector. Predominantly forward scattering of N 2 + is observed, and although substantial backscattering is also present at both energies, the collision intermediates are mainly short-lived. Both the sharpness of the forward-scattering peak and the mean recoil energy increase at the higher energy. The results are compared to quantum scattering calculations based on a recently proposed set of potential surfaces.
The niche, biogeography and species interactions

In this paper, I review the relevance of the niche to biogeography, and what biogeography may tell us about the niche. The niche is defined as the combination of abiotic and biotic conditions where a species can persist. I argue that most biogeographic patterns are created by niche differences over space, and that even 'geographic barriers' must have an ecological basis. However, we know little about specific ecological factors underlying most biogeographic patterns. Some evidence supports the importance of abiotic factors, whereas few examples exist of large-scale patterns created by biotic interactions. I also show how incorporating biogeography may offer new perspectives on resource-related niches and species interactions. Several examples demonstrate that even after a major evolutionary radiation within a region, the region can still be invaded by ecologically similar species from another clade, countering the long-standing idea that communities and regions are generally 'saturated' with species. I also describe the somewhat paradoxical situation where competition seems to limit trait evolution in a group, but does not prevent co-occurrence of species with similar values for that trait (called here the 'competition-divergence-co-occurrence conundrum'). In general, the interface of biogeography and ecology could be a major area for research in both fields.
Development of a safety index for manual lifting tasks

The concept of a safety index (SI) for assigning a worker to a particular manual lifting task is developed, and a simple formula for its calculation is presented. The proposed index is based upon the combined measure of acceptability of the biomechanical and physiological stress responses of the worker to a lifting task. Individual capacity norms, as opposed to the norms usually given based on population percentiles, are also defined. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the SI approach.
The impact of acculturation on depression among older Muslim immigrants in the United States.

Using a cross-sectional design, this study utilized a self-administered survey to examine the relationship between acculturation, physical and emotional health, health locus of control (LOC), life events and depression among a convenient sample of 70 immigrant Muslim elderly in United States of America. In addition to demographic variables, 5 standardized measures including the Vancouver Index of Acculturation, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), Iowa Self-Assessment Inventory, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and the Geriatric Scale of Recent Life Events were utilized in this study. The results showed that about 50% of participants reported a score of 16 and above on the CESD scale, indicating a presence of depressive symptoms. In addition, most participants identified with their heritage culture compared to the American culture. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed 4 significant predictors of depression: cognitive status (β = −.34, p < .01), heritage ...
The GM2 gangliosidoses: pathophysiology to therapy

Abstract A family of extremely severe diseases, known as the glycosphingolipidoses, is caused by inherited defects in the lysosomal degradation pathway for glycosphingolipids (GSLs). In most of these disorders, GSLs accumulate in lysosomes, causing neurodegeneration and a shortened life span. No effective treatment currently exists for most of these diseases, and their mechanisms of pathogenesis are only beginning to be understood. This review will discuss new findings for a representative group of these disorders—the GM2 gangliosidoses—including the development of a new approach for treatment that targets the synthesis pathway of GSLs to retard their cellular accumulation.
Daily Physical Activity Levels of Elementary School-Aged Children With and Without Mental Retardation

One of the goals of Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities of people with disabilities. However, there is a deficit of information on physical activity levels in children with mental retardation (MR) in both the school and out of school environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical activity levels of elementary school-aged children with and without MR in both school, after-school and weekend environments. Accelerometers were used to record physical activity levels of nine children with mild MR and 33 children without (NMR). Four multiple regressions were performed to identify the difference between groups while accounting for age, gender and BMI. While at school, physical activity levels for children with MR were significantly lower during both recess and physical education, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively, After school and weekend physical activity levels for children with MR were significantly lower, p < 0.001, p = 0.006 respectively. The findings of this study indicate that the disparity in physical activity in individuals with MR begins as early as the elementary school years and is measurable across environments.
The use of guidelines in interface design

We studied the use of an evolving interface style book to evaluate the role of such guidelines in the development of siyle-conforming interface desi M. Although P the designs were judged JO .bc gene~al y col~orming, study participants had sgmficant ddlicxdty m interpreting the guidelines. our designers were manifestl { task oriented and itn atient with extraneous matcria. If’ The depended heav” y on the pictorial examples, often f to t E exclusion of the accompanying text. We conclude that. dependency on guidelines should be minimized, and that guidelines should be developed primarily to complement toolkits and interactive examples, focussing on information intrinsically unavailable through those vehicles,
One- and Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Donor−Acceptor−Donor Distyrylbenzene Derivatives: Effect of Cyano Substitution and Distortion from Planarity

The one- and two-photon spectroscopic properties of four symmetrically substituted donor−acceptor−donor distyrylbenzenes with either di-n-butyl- or diphenylamino donor groups and cyano acceptor groups are reported. It has been found that the position of the substitution of the electron-withdrawing cyano groups on the central phenylene ring as compared to the vinylene bond strongly affects the observed properties. In particular, the molecules with cyano substitution on the α-carbon of the vinylene linkage are characterized by weak fluorescence, short fluorescence lifetimes, and two-photon cross sections (δ) that are comparable to analogous molecules with no acceptor groups. In contrast, the molecules with acceptor substitution on the central phenylene ring are strongly fluorescent and have δ values roughly twice those of the vinyl-substituted molecules. These results are discussed in terms of the larger deviation of the conjugated backbone from planarity and the smaller distance between the donors and acce...
Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia X: Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the intima of pulmonary artery trunks of lambs with surgically created congenital diaphragmatic hernia

The pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) results from a combination of pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension, and surfactant deficiency. Previously we demonstrated that inhaled nitric oxide (NO), a known vasodilator, only improves oxygenation and decreases pulmonary artery pressures when the lamb model of CDH is pretreated with exogenous surfactant. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in endothelial cells is responsible for the production of NO, a mediator of smooth muscle cell relaxation. Pulmonary hypertension in CDH may result from a defect in the endogenous production of NO. Our aim was to determine whether the main pulmonary artery trunks in CDH lambs have NOS immunoreactivity. Cryostat sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed specimens of pulmonary artery and aortic rings from 10 CDH lambs and five control lambs were processed for NADPH-diaphorase activity. Immunolocalization of NOS was studied in paraformaldehyde-fixed sections and compared with serially cut specimens from identical rings that were tested for NADPH-diaphorase activity. Intense NADPH-diaphorase staining was present in the intimal layer (endothelial lining) of the pulmonary artery and aortic rings of both the CDH and control lambs. This activity colocalized with NOS immunoreactivity in all specimens. Both NOS immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase staining were lacking in cartilage, which were used as negative controls. NOS is present in the main pulmonary artery trunks of CDH lambs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of NOS immunoreactivity in CDH. We can only speculate whether this activity is preserved in other areas of the vascular tree in CDH, ie, pulmonary capillaries and veins. Perhaps the pulmonary hypertension in CDH is not caused by an NOS deficiency.
Brush border membrane hydrolysis of S-benzyl-cysteine-p-nitroanilide, an activity of aminopeptidase M

Abstract A peptidase activity which can hydrolyze cysteinylglycine and S-benzyl-cysteine-p-nitroanilide was purified from rat renal brush border membranes. The purified peptidase exhibits an even greater specific activity when assayed with substrates for aminopeptidase M, leucine-p-nitroanilide and alanine-p-nitroanilide. All three activities copurify and coelectrophorese. In addition titration of the three activities in isolated brush border membrane vesicles with Fab antibodies prepared against the highly purified peptidase produced similar inactivation profiles. Therefore, the activity within brush border membrane towards S-benzyl-cysteine-p-nitroanilide is due to the action of aminopeptidase M (EC 3.4.11.2.)