cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VLBI observations of turbulence in the inner solar wind

I discuss the use of Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) phase scintillations to probe the conditions of plasma turbulence in the solar wind. Specific results from 5.0 and 8.4 GHz observations with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) are shown. There are several advantages of phase scintillation measurements. They are sensitive to fluctuations on scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometers, much larger than those probed by IPS intensity scintillations. In addition, with the frequency versatility of the VLBA one can measure turbulence from the outer corona ∼5–10R ⊙ to well past the perihelion approach of the Helios spacecraft. This permits tests of the consistency of radio propagation and direct in-situ measurements of turbulence. Such a comparison is made in the present paper. Special attention is dedicated to measuring the dependence of the normalization coefficient of the density power spectrum,C 2 on distance from the sun. Our results are consistent with the contention published several years ago by Aaron Roberts, that there is insufficient turbulence close to the sun to account for the heating and acceleration of the solar wind. In addition, an accurate determination of theC 2 (R) relationship could aid the detection of transients in the solar wind.
Charles Kingsley and the Theological Interpretation of Natural Selection

This paper questions the common view that Darwinian biology is a straighforward extension of classical political economy. Our analysis contrasts the economists’ classification scheme – whereby all humans were presumed natural kinds, to be equally competent for economic and political decision making – with the post-Darwinian classification scheme that developed. When the tools of political economy were imported into biology, the presumption of homogeneity of competence was denied. Charles Kingsley played a significant role in the transition from one sort of classificatory scheme to another, in the overthrow of the economists’ notion that humans are the same in their capacity for trade and moral judgment. Darwin sent Kingsley a presentation copy of Origin of Species and quoted him in the second edition as the ‘celebrated author and divine’ who had sketched a theology in which Providence used natural selection in the creation process. The economists’ doctrine that all people form a natural kind had many opponents. Biologists agreed with economists that, whatever differences existed between races of people, none put a person outside the protection of law. Other opponents, e.g., Thomas Carlyle, criticized both the economists’ premise and their conclusion regarding protection under the law. Kingsley moved from a Carlylean to a Darwinian opposition to natural kinds.
Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses

Background: Equine rhinitis viruses A and B (ERAV and ERBV) are common equine respiratory viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Sero-surveillance studies have shown that these two viral infections are prevalent in many countries. Currently, the diagnosis of ERAV and ERBV infections in horses is mainly based on virus isolation (VI). However, the sensitivity of VI testing varies between laboratories due to inefficient viral growth in cell culture and lack of cytopathic effect. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop molecular diagnostic assays (real-time RT-PCR [rRT-PCR] and conventional RT-PCR [cRT-PCR] assays) to detect and distinguish ERAV from ERBV without the inherent problems traditionally associated with laboratory diagnosis of these infections. Results: Three rRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR of ERAV and ERBV were developed. One assay was specific for ERAV, with the two remaining assays specific for ERBV. Additionally, six cRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR and 3D polymerase regions of ERAV and ERBV were developed. Both rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays were evaluated using RNA extracted from 21 archived tissue culture fluid (TCF) samples previously confirmed to be positive for ERAV (n=11) or ERBV (n=10) with mono-specific rabbit antisera. The ERAV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERAV isolates and not ERBV isolates. Similarly, the ERBV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERBV isolates and not ERAV isolates. None of the rRT-PCR or cRT-PCR assays cross-reacted with any of the other common equine respiratory viruses. With the exception of one cRT-PCR assay, the detection limit of all of these assays was 1 plaque forming unit per ml (pfu/ml). Conclusion: The newly developed rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays provide improved diagnostic capability for the detection and differentiation of ERAV and ERBV. However, a larger number of clinical specimens will need to be tested before each assay is adequately validated for the detection of ERAV and/or ERBV in suspect cases of either viral infection.
Vector fields and Luna strata

Let V be a G-module, where G is a complex reductive group. Let Z≔V//G denote the categorical quotient. One can ask if the Luna stratification of Z is intrinsic. That is, if φ:Z→Z is any automorphism, does φ send strata to strata? In Kuttler and Reichstein (2008) [1], the answer was shown to be yes for V a direct sum of sufficiently many copies of a G-module W. We show that the answer is yes for almost all V. The key is to consider the vector fields on Z. Our methods also show that complex analytic automorphisms preserve the stratification.
Wide-Area Measurement Based Dynamic Stochastic Optimal Power Flow Control for Smart Grids With High Variability and Uncertainty

To achieve a high penetration level of intermittent renewable energy, the operation and control of power systems need to account for the associated high variability and uncertainty. Power system stability and security need to be ensured dynamically as the system operating condition continuously changes. A wide-area measurement based dynamic stochastic optimal power flow (DSOPF) control algorithm using the adaptive critic designs (ACDs) is presented in this paper. The proposed DSOPF control replaces the traditional AGC and secondary voltage control, and provides a coordinated AC power flow control solution to the smart grid operation in an environment with high short-term uncertainty and variability. The ACD technique, specifically the dual heuristic dynamic programming (DHP), is used to provide nonlinear optimal control, where the control objective is explicitly formulated to incorporate power system economy, stability and security considerations. The proposed DSOPF controller dynamically drives the power system to its optimal operating point by continuously adjusting the steady-state set points sent by the traditional OPF algorithm. A 12-bus test power system is used to demonstrate the development and effectiveness of the proposed DSOPF controller.
Modeling the Gas Flow in the Bar of NGC 1365

We present new observations of the strongly barred galaxy NGC 1365, including new photometric images and Fabry-Perot spectroscopy, as well as a detailed reanalysis of the neutral hydrogen observations from the VLA archive. We find the galaxy to be at once remarkably bisymmetric in its I-band light distribution and strongly asymmetric in the distribution of dust and in the kinematics of the gas in the bar region. The velocity field mapped in the Hα line reveals bright H II regions with velocities that differ by 60-80 km s−1 from that of the surrounding gas, which may be due to remnants of infalling material. We have attempted hydrodynamic simulations of the bar flow to estimate the separate disk and halo masses, using two different dark matter halo models and covering a wide range of mass-to-light ratios () and bar pattern speeds (Ωp). None of our models provides a compelling fit to the data, but they seem most nearly consistent with a fast bar, corotation at ~1.2rB, and ΥI 2.0 ± 1.0, implying a massive, but not fully maximal, disk. The fitted dark halos are unusually concentrated, a requirement driven by the declining outer rotation curve.
Nonlinear acoustic experiments involving landmine detection: connections with mesoscopic elasticity and slow dynamics in geomaterials

The vibration interaction between the top-plate of buried VS 1.6 and VS 2.2 plastic, anti-tank landmines and the soil above it appears to exhibit similar characteristics to the nonlinear mesoscopic/nanoscale effects that are observed in geomaterials like rocks or granular materials. In nonlinear detection schemes, airborne sound at two primary frequencies f1 and f2 (chosen several Hz apart on either side of resonance) undergo acoustic-to-seismic coupling. Interactions with the compliant mine and soil generate combination frequencies that, through scattering, can effect the vibration velocity at the surface. Profiles at f1, f2, f1-(f2-f1) and f2+(f2-f1) exhibit a single peak while profiles at 2f1-(f2-f1), f1+f2 and 2f2+(f2-f1) are attributed to higher order mode shapes. Near resonance the bending (softening) of a family of increasing amplitude tuning curves (involving the surface vibration over the landmine), exhibits a linear relationship between the peak particle velocity and corresponding frequency. Subsequent decreasing amplitude tuning curves exhibit hysteresis effects. New tuning curve results for buried M 14 and VS 50 plastic anti-personal landmines along with experiments with a buried "plastic drum head" mine simulant behave similarly. Slow dynamics explains the amplitude difference in tuning curves for first sweeping upward and then downward through resonance, provided the soil modulus drops after periods of high strain.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalized Rationality and a "Jacobi Identity" for Intertwining Operator Algebras

We prove a generalized rationality property and a new identity that we call the ''Jacobi identity'' for intertwining operator algebras. Most of the main properties of genus-zero conformal field theories, including the main properties of vertex operator algebras, modules, intertwining operators, Verlinde algebras, and fusing and braiding matrices, are incorporated into this identity. Together with associativity and commutativity for intertwining operators proved by the author in [H4] and [H6], the results of the present paper solve completely the problem of finding a natural purely algebraic structure on the direct sum of all inequivalent irreducible modules for a suitable vertex operator algebra. Two equivalent definitions of intertwining operator algebra in terms of this Jacobi identity are given.
Black Holes in Pseudobulges and Spheroidals: A Change in the Black Hole-Bulge Scaling Relations at Low Mass*

We investigate the relationship between black hole mass and host galaxy properties for active galaxies with the lowest black hole masses currently known in galaxy nuclei. HST imaging confirms that the host galaxies have correspondingly low luminosity; they are ~1 mag below -->L*. In terms of morphology, ~60% of the members of the sample are disk dominated, and all of these are consistent with containing a bulge or (more likely) pseudobulge, while the remainder are compact systems with no discernible disk component. In general, the compact components of the galaxies do not obey the fundamental plane of giant elliptical galaxies and classical bulges, but rather are less centrally concentrated at a given luminosity, much like spheroidal galaxies. Our results strongly confirm that a classical bulge is not a requirement for a nuclear black hole. At the same time, the observed ratio of black hole to bulge mass is nearly an order of magnitude lower in this sample than that seen for classical bulges. While the MBH-σ* relation appears to continue to low mass, it seems that black hole-galaxy scaling relations do depend on galaxy structure.
Design of robust quantitative feedback theory controllers for pitch attitude hold systems

terns. Higher-order systems can be analyzed in a similar manner by defining a separate coupling parameter for every pair of subsystems. A simple test structure consisting of a cantilever beam with attached disk has been used to experimentally verify the stability analysis. This structure exhibits bending and torsion at nearly the same frequency. The force actuators can be relocated so that the degree of coupling between bending and torsion can be easily adjusted. Initial condition responses on this structure for several coupling values confirm that the performance severely degrades as the degree of coupling approaches the critical value, where the system becomes unstable for both decentralized and centralized controllers. Thus, to ensure stable control, the actuators should be located so that the coupling they induce is sufficiently different from the critical value. Acknowledgments The research described in this document was made possible in part by funds from an NEC Fellowship to Peter H. Meckl, provided by NEC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. We also gratefully acknowledge Haruo Shimosaka from Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan, for helping with the design and analysis of the test structure.
The quenching of the axial coupling in nuclear and neutron-star matter

Abstract Using a chirally invariant effective Lagrangian, we calculate the density and isospin dependencies of the in-medium axial coupling, g A ∗ , in spatially uniform matter present in core collapse supernovae and neutron stars. The quenching of g A ∗ with density in matter with different proton fractions is found to be similar. However, our results suggest that the quenching of the nucleon's g A ∗ in matter with hyperons is likely to be significantly greater than in matter with nucleons only.
Regulation of Spo12 phosphorylation and its essential role in the FEAR network.

Summary Background In budding yeast, the protein phosphatase Cdc14 coordinates late mitotic events and triggers exit from mitosis. During early anaphase, Cdc14 is activated by the FEAR network, but how signaling through the FEAR network occurs is poorly understood. Results We find that the FEAR network component Spo12 is phosphorylated on S118. This phosphorylation is essential for Spo12 function and is restricted to early anaphase, when the FEAR network is active. The anaphase-specific phosphorylation of Spo12 requires mitotic CDKs and depends on the FEAR network components Separase and Slk19. Furthermore, we find that CDC14 is required to maintain Spo12 in the dephosphorylated state prior to anaphase. Conclusions Our results show that anaphase-specific phosphorylation of Spo12 is essential for FEAR network function and raise the interesting possibility that Cdc14 itself helps to prevent the FEAR network from being prematurely activated.
Who Do Consumers Trust for Information: The Case of Genetically Modified Foods?

To be effective, groups that disseminate information need the trust of consumers. When multiple groups provide conflicting information on a new product or process like GM-foods, consumers place different levels of trust in the various sources. We present a model of the contributions of personal and social capital of a consumer, and test a multinominal logit model of relative trust in five different sources of information on genetic modification using a unique data set. Among our findings is that an increase in consumer's education lowers the probability of trusting information from government, private industry/organizations, consumer and environmental groups, or other sources relative to information from an independent, third-party source, and conservative religious affiliation reduces the odds of a consumer trusting private industry/organization and increases the odds of trusting nobody relative to an independent, third-party source.
Asymptotics of the Upper Matching Conjecture

We give upper bounds for the number @F"@?(G) of matchings of size @? in (i) bipartite graphs G=(X@?Y,E) with specified degrees d"x (x@?X), and (ii) general graphs G=(V,E) with all degrees specified. In particular, for d-regular, N-vertex graphs, our bound is best possible up to an error factor of the form exp[o"d(1)N], where o"d(1)->0 as d->~. This represents the best progress to date on the ''Upper Matching Conjecture'' of Friedland, Krop, Lundow and Markstrom. Some further possibilities are also suggested.
Shift error detection in standardized exams

Abstract Hundreds of millions of multiple choice exams are given every year in the United States. These exams permit form-filling shift errors, where an absent-minded mismarking displaces a long run of correct answers. A shift error can substantially alter the exam's score, and thus invalidate it. In this paper, we develop algorithms to accurately detect and correct shift errors, while guaranteeing few false detections. We propose a shift error model, and probabilistic methods to identify shifted exam regions. We describe the results of our search for shift errors in undergraduate Stony Brook exam sets, and in over 100,000 Scholastic Amplitude Tests. These results suggest that approximately 2% of all tests contain shift errors. Extrapolating these results over all multiple choice exams and forms leads us to conclude that exam takers make millions of undetected shift errors each year. Employing probabilistic shift correcting systems is inherently dangerous. Such systems may be taken advantage of by clever examinees, who seek to increase the probability of correct guessing. We conclude our paper with a short study of optimal guessing strategies when faced with a generous shift error correcting system.
Moment-based load and response models with wind engineering applications

A general method is shown here to model wind loads and responses for reliability applications. This method characterizes the short-term loads and responses by a few summary statistics: specifically, by a limited number of statistical moments. A suite of moment-based models are derived and applied here, illustrating how this statistical moment information can best he utilized. Two examples are shown: the fatigue analysis of a wind turbine component, and the vibration response of a fixed structure to nonlinear wind drag loads.
Improving lattice quark actions

Abstract We explore the first stage of the Symanzik improvement program for lattice Dirac fermions, namely the construction of doubler-free, highly improved classical actions on isotropic as well as anisotropic lattices (where the temporal lattice spacing, a t , is smaller than the spatial one). Using field transformations to eliminate doublers, we derive the previously presented isotropic D234 action with O(a 3 ) errors, as well as anisotropic D234 actions with O(a 4 ) or O(a 3 ,a 4 ) errors. Besides allowing the simulation of heavy quarks within a relativistic framework, anisotropic lattices alleviate potential problems due to unphysical branches of the quark dispersion relation (which are generic to improved actions), facilitate studies of lattice thermodynamics, and allow accurate mass determinations for particles with bad signal/noise properties, like glueballs and P-state mesons. We also show how field transformations can be used to completely eliminate unphysical branches of the dispersion relation. Finally, we briefly discuss future steps in the improvement program.
Genetic variation in PCDH11X is associated with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease

Steve Younkin and colleagues report the results of a genome-wide association study for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. A variant on the X chromosome in PCDH11X is associated with increased risk of the disorder. PCDH11X encodes a protocadherin and is a member of a cell surface receptor molecule family. By analyzing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in a genome-wide association study (313,504 SNPs, three series, 844 cases and 1,255 controls) and evaluating the 25 SNPs with the most significant allelic association in four additional series (1,547 cases and 1,209 controls), we identified a SNP (rs5984894) on Xq21.3 in PCDH11X that is strongly associated with LOAD in individuals of European descent from the United States. Analysis of rs5984894 by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for sex gave global P values of 5.7 × 10−5 in stage 1, 4.8 × 10−6 in stage 2 and 3.9 × 10−12 in the combined data. Odds ratios were 1.75 (95% CI = 1.42–2.16) for female homozygotes (P = 2.0 × 10−7) and 1.26 (95% CI = 1.05–1.51) for female heterozygotes (P = 0.01) compared to female noncarriers. For male hemizygotes (P = 0.07) compared to male noncarriers, the odds ratio was 1.18 (95% CI = 0.99–1.41).
Management of the mixed-cultural work group

Abstract Survey data were obtained from 84 New Zealand Pakeha (white) male managers to explore how cultural composition of the work group affected the relationship between leader behavior and leader effectiveness. Factor analysis identified five leadership factors composed of items from American leadership scales and items from interviews with New Zealand employees. Organizationally rated performance evaluations were obtained for each manager along with self-rated evaluations of effectiveness. The managers also rated their level of satisfaction, relations with subordinates, relations among subordinates, and relations with their own boss. Results indicated that three of the leadership factors were significantly correlated with managerial effectiveness for first-level managers and the two remaining factors were significantly correlated with effectiveness at middle-level management. Due to unique socioeconomic conditions in New Zealand, the work groups showed wide variations in cultural (ethnic) composition, ranging from homogeneous up to a mix of five diverse, often antagonistic, ethnic populations. Yet at both levels of management the degree of cultural heterogeneity within the work group did not affect the relationship between the group leader's behavior and the leader's effectiveness. Cultural heterogeneity of the work group was also unrelated to the leader's overall satisfaction, including satisfaction with pay, promotion, and supervision. Leader—member relations, relations among work group members, and the relation between the leader and the leader's own supervisor were also unrelated to cultural heterogeneity of the work group. Similar results were obtained for a very small sample of Polynesian male managers and for a sample of Pakeha (white) female managers. Because organizational level produced major differences in the effectiveness of the leadership factors, it was concluded that the tasks of the work groups determined the effectiveness of the leader's behavior while the cultural background of group members may have influenced the difficulty of implementing the necessary leadership behavior.
Zero cycles on homogeneous varieties

Abstract In this paper we study the group A 0 ( X ) of zero-dimensional cycles of degree 0 modulo rational equivalence on a projective homogeneous algebraic variety X. To do this we translate rational equivalence of 0-cycles on a projective variety into R-equivalence on symmetric powers of the variety. For certain homogeneous varieties, we then relate these symmetric powers to moduli spaces of etale subalgebras of central simple algebras which we construct. This allows us to show A 0 ( X ) = 0 for certain classes of homogeneous varieties for groups of each of the classical types, extending previous results of Swan/Karpenko, of Merkurjev, and of Panin.
Laser performance and tuning characteristics of a diode pumped Nd:YAlO3 laser at 1083 nm

Abstract We have successfully end-pumped a small, (7 mm) “a-axis” crystal of Nd-doped YAlO3 with a 500 mW, cw diode laser. More than 100 mW of YAlO3 laser emission at 1079.5 nm was obtained when end-pumped by a Spectra-Diode Labs laser emitting at 805 nm. Laser emission was also obtained at 1064.5 nm, 1072.9 nm, 1084.5 nm, 1090.9 nm and 1098.9 nm when a Lyot filter is added to the cavity for frequency selection. Each of these bands was tuned through several nm with the addition of an uncoated, 0.25 mm thick etalon to the cavity. Gain and tuning curves for this system are presented.
Superconductivity in the Spinel Compound LiTi2O4

LiTi 2 O 4 has been the subject of considerable experimental and theoretical interest since the discovery of its superconductivity by Johnston et al. 1 This unique, low-T c (11.2 K) spinel oxide superconductor exhibits unusual characteristics, and interestingly, it presents properties that depend on various defects of the spinel structure. This article reviews experimental and theoretical studies of LiTi 2 O 4 and discusses the basic, unresolved issues regarding the physics of this system. Special emphasis is given to methods for preparing the compound and to the structure-properties relationship.
Light-cone quantization on the lattice.

Field theories are regularized by discretization of the light-cone coordinates. As an example, the scalar-field quantization is carried out in detail, and the application to Monte Carlo computations is discussed.
Are Starburst Galaxies the Hosts of Gamma-Ray Bursts?*

We present deep 2.2 ?m imaging of 12 gamma-ray burst host galaxies. Template spectral energy distributions are fitted to the multiband photometry between visible and near-infrared wavelengths to derive a better constraint on the stellar mass of these galaxies. The internal extinction in the host galaxies is estimated using the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) slope. We find that the extinction-corrected star formation rates (SFRs) of the galaxies are significantly larger than rates derived from emission lines in the visible or the UV continuum. The ratio between the extinction-corrected SFRs and stellar mass for seven of the host galaxies is high compared to local starbursts, and three of the hosts have derived far-infrared luminosities comparable to infrared luminous galaxies. In addition, existing observational data reveal that at least six of the 11 putative hosts seem to be disturbed or have companion galaxies within a projected angular separation of ~25. If we assume that the host and the companion are at similar redshifts, this corresponds to a physical separation of less than 20 kpc, providing some evidence for an ongoing/recent tidal encounter. We conclude that tidally induced starbursts such as those found in infrared luminous galaxies might be popular birthplaces for gamma-ray bursts. The age of the stellar population in four out of six galaxies is rather young, of order 10 Myr. This favors models where gamma-ray bursts result from the core collapse of isolated, massive stars and explosion of the resultant black hole/accretion disk system.
The U28 Nanosphere: What's Inside?

Polyoxometalate-like behavior of actinyl-peroxide anions in aqueous alkaline media has been recently unveiled in the form of more than 20 reported crystal structures of clusters, each with 20–60 uranyl polyhedra composing capsule-like topologies. There is now opportunity to fully develop this new polyoxometalate (POM) family to include redox behavior, non-aqueous chemistry, complex materials from cluster building blocks, cluster-counterion interactions, etc. To pursue these opportunities, reliable syntheses rooted in an understanding of cluster assembly processes are imperative. To this end, using the U28 nanosphere [UO{sub 2}(O{sub 2}){sub 1.5}]{sub 28} as an example, we report high yield syntheses of a series of four U{sub 28} salts that feature different templating cations (K, Rb, Cs) and anions [uranyl monomer, Nb(O{sub 2}){sub 4} and Ta(O{sub 2}){sub 4}]. The key to assembly and stability of U{sub 28} is both 1) synthetic conditions that are not extreme or dynamic, and 2) templating cations and anions that ideally match each other and the topology of the capsule interior. U{sub 28} salts are characterized in the solid-state by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, Cs-templated U{sub 28} is re-dissolved and characterized by {sup 133}Cs NMR; providing information on solution stability, and revealing the interaction ofmore » the internal templating Cs{sup +} with the central templating anion. While Cs{sup +} internal to the cluster remains inside when U{sub 28} is dissolved in a Na salt solution, the internal K+ will rapidly exchange with Na{sup +}, providing new routes to other cluster topologies and compositions.« less
Solar Wind and Internally Driven Dynamics: Influences on Magnetodiscs and Auroral Responses

The dynamics of the giant planet magnetodiscs are strongly influenced by planetary rotation. Yet the solar wind must ultimately remove plasma from these rapidly rotating magnetodiscs at the same rate that plasma is transported radially outward from the source regions: the Io and Enceladus plasma tori. It is not clear how the solar wind influences magnetospheric dynamics when the dynamics are dominated by rotation. However, auroral observations provide important clues. We review magnetodisc sources and radial transport and the solar wind interaction with the giant magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn in an attempt to connect auroral features with specific drivers. We provide a discussion of auroral signatures that are related to the solar wind interaction and summarize with a discussion of global magnetospheric dynamics as illustrated by global MHD simulations. Many questions remain and it is the intent of this review to highlight several of the most compelling questions for future research.
Syntheses of amphiphilic benzothiazolium azo dyes and behavior of their monolayers on a water surface

Abstract Syntheses of several 2-(4'-alkylaminophenylazo)-N-methylbenzothiazolium perchlorates having octadecyl groups were carried out in order to investigate the spreading properties of the monolayers on a water surface. These amphiphilic azo dyes were prepared by the reaction of N-octa-decylated aromatic amines with a 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride in acetic acid containing lead dioxide. When the chloroform solution containing the dyes was developed on water, it found that the dyes formed stable monolayers at the air-water interface, respectively. From the results of π-A isotherms and occupied molecular area measurements, it can be considered that the chromophores appear to be oriented in the mono-layer, having a degree of c. 80–85° to the water surface. The degree of the orientation in the mixed monolayers with arachidic acid (AA) are only slightly larger than that in the pure monolayer systems.
Discount Window Lending and Deposit Insurance

Abstract A banking model is constructed where roles for government-provided deposit insurance and discount window lending arise when there are restrictions on branch banking. Banks arise endogenously as an efficient arrangement for sharing risk. Discount window lending permits better risk-sharing by making bank assets more liquid, but is limited because of a moral hazard problem which arises from adverse selection in the loan market. Deposit insurance also creates the potential for better risk-sharing, but accomplishes this through contingent transfers rather than enhancing liquidity. Banks tend to take on more risk with deposit insurance and to take less care in screening loans, but this is consistent with an increase in welfare for depositors and borrowers. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D82, E58, G21.
Creating a sustainable U.S. electricity sector: the question of scale

The U.S. electricity market, like electricity markets in most countries, is heavily dependent on fossil-fuel generation from centralized power applications. This paper reviews the factors that led to the sector’s reliance on fossil fuels and presents a future vision of the U.S. electricity sector based on a varied spectrum of sustainable energy resources ranging in scale from large, centralized facilities to small, localized energy systems. This spectrum includes low-emissions energy and energy efficiency, as well as macro-generation, micro-grids, distributed generation, micro-generation and end-user conservation. We discuss the evidence that each element of this spectrum is a viable and proven technology, the balanced integration of which could shape an electricity sector that adheres to sustainability principles. This paper concludes with a discussion of the institutional barriers that need to be addressed to successfully achieve a transition toward a more future sustainable electricity sector based on the variations in scale.
Legal requirements that artists receive resale royalties

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMI-CS -- DIVISION OF AGRICULTUFtE AND NATURAL RESOURCES i k UNIVERSITY OF C A L I F O T A T BERKELEYI LEGAL REQUIREMENTS THAT ARTIST RECErVE EtESALE ROYALTIES Larry Karp and Jeffrey M. Perloff California Agricultural Experiment Station Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics June, 1%2
Syntheses, structures, and properties of Ag4(Mo2O5)(SeO4)2(SeO3) and Ag2(MoO3)3SeO3

Abstract Ag4(Mo2O5)(SeO4)2(SeO3) has been synthesized by reacting AgNO3, MoO3, and selenic acid under mild hydrothermal conditions. The structure of this compound consists of cis-MoO22+ molybdenyl units that are bridged to neighboring molybdenyl moieties by selenate anions and by a bridging oxo anion. These dimeric units are joined by selenite anions to yield zigzag one-dimensional chains that extended down the c-axis. Individual chains are polar with the C2 distortion of the Mo(VI) octahedra aligning on one side of each chain. However, the overall structure is centrosymmetric because neighboring chains have opposite alignment of the C2 distortion. Upon heating Ag4(Mo2O5)(SeO4)2(SeO3) looses SeO2 in two distinct steps to yield Ag2MoO4. Crystallographic data: (193 K; MoKα, λ=0.71073 A): orthorhombic, space group Pbcm, a=5.6557(3), b=15.8904(7), c=15.7938(7) A, V=1419.41(12), Z=4, R(F)=2.72% for 121 parameters with 1829 reflections with I>2σ(I). Ag2(MoO3)3SeO3 was synthesized by reacting AgNO3 with MoO3, SeO2, and HF under hydrothermal conditions. The structure of Ag2(MoO3)3SeO3 consists of three crystallographically unique Mo(VI) centers that are in 2+2+2 coordination environments with two long, two intermediate, and two short bonds. These MoO6 units are connected to form a molybdenyl ribbon that extends along the c-axis. These ribbons are further connected together through tridentate selenite anions to form two-dimensional layers in the [bc] plane. Crystallographic data: (193 K; MoKα, λ=0.71073 A): monoclinic, space group P21/n, a=7.7034(5), b=11.1485(8), c=12.7500(9) A, β=105.018(1) V=1002.7(2), Z=4, R(F)=3.45% for 164 parameters with 2454 reflections with I>2σ(I). Ag2(MoO3)3SeO3 decomposes to Ag2Mo3O10 on heating above 550 °C.
Approximate medial axis as a Voronoi subcomplex

Abstract Medial axis as a compact representation of shapes has evolved as an essential geometric structure in a number of applications involving 3D geometric shapes. Since exact computation of the medial axis is difficult in general, efforts continue to approximate them. One line of research considers the point cloud representation of the boundary surface of a solid and then attempts to compute an approximate medial axis from this point sample. It is known that the Voronoi vertices converge to the medial axis for a curve in 2D as the sample density approaches infinity. Unfortunately, the same is not true in 3D. Recently, it is discovered that a subset of Voronoi vertices called poles converge to the medial axis in 3D. However, in practice, a continuous approximation as opposed to a discrete one is sought. Recently few algorithms have been proposed which use the Voronoi diagram and its derivatives to compute this continuous approximation. These algorithms are scale or density dependent. Most of them do not have convergence guarantees, and one of them computes it indirectly from the power diagram of the poles. Recently, we proposed a new algorithm that approximates the medial axis straight from the Voronoi diagram in a scale and density independent manner with convergence guarantees. In this paper, we present several experimental results with this algorithm that support our theoretical claims and also show its effectiveness on practical data sets.
Gas-phase Boudouard disproportionation reaction between highly vibrationally excited CO molecules

Abstract The gas-phase Boudouard disproportionation reaction between two highly vibrationally excited CO molecules in the ground electronic state has been studied in optically pumped CO. The gas temperature and the CO vibrational level populations in the reaction region, as well as the CO 2 concentration in the reaction products have been measured using FTIR emission and absorption spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that CO 2 formation in the optically pumped reactor is controlled by the high CO vibrational level populations, rather than by CO partial pressure or by flow temperature. The disproportionation reaction rate constant has been determined from the measured CO 2 and CO concentrations using the perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) approximation. The reaction activation energy, 11.6 ± 0.3 eV (close to the CO dissociation energy of 11.09 eV), was evaluated using the statistical transition state theory, by comparing the dependence of the measured CO 2 concentration and of the calculated reaction rate constant on helium partial pressure. The disproportionation reaction rate constant measured at the present conditions is k f = (9 ± 4) × 10 −18 cm 3 /s. The reaction rate constants obtained from the experimental measurements and from the transition state theory are in good agreement.
Sunset over Brownistan

Abstract Consider a Brownian motion with a downward drift of rate a . Its maximum over all time has the exponential distribution with parameter 2 a . Our aim is to study this maximum as a stochastic process indexed by a . That process is related to the concave majorant of the standard Brownian motion and, through the latter, to a Poisson random measure. This connection is exploited to obtain distributional results. The results are of interest in queueing theory.
ANGIOTENSIN II-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN HUMAN OVARIAN FOLLICULAR FLUID

Human ovarian follicular fluid (hFF) has angiogenic activity, although the causative factors are unknown. We recently found that hFF contains renin activity which converts renin substrate to angiotensin I (AI). Since the enzymatic cleavage product of AI, angiotensin II (All), is a potent stimulator of new vessel formation, we have examined Sephadex G-25 column fractions of hFF and extracted hFF and plasma from individual patients forAll-like immunoreactivity (AII-IR). Eluent fractions from Sephadex G-25column chromatography of hFF had significant AII-IR which eluted in the same fractions as synthetic All. Individual, extracted FF samples contained approximately 10 times higher levels of AII-IR than extracts of plasma from the same patients. Serial dilutions of the Sephadex column fractions and extracted FF and plasma inhibited binding of (125)I-AII to rabbit anti-All serum in a manner parallel to the inhibition caused by synthetic All, indicating that the detected immunoreactivity was not dueto non-specif...
Cp Violation and Mixing in Charm Meson Decays from BABAR

Mixing and CP violation in charm meson decays provide a unique probe of possible physics beyond the standard model. In this paper, we give a brief review of the current measurements from the BABAR experiment.
Geometric Context from Videos

We present a novel algorithm for estimating the broad 3D geometric structure of outdoor video scenes. Leveraging spatio-temporal video segmentation, we decompose a dynamic scene captured by a video into geometric classes, based on predictions made by region-classifiers that are trained on appearance and motion features. By examining the homogeneity of the prediction, we combine predictions across multiple segmentation hierarchy levels alleviating the need to determine the granularity a priori. We built a novel, extensive dataset on geometric context of video to evaluate our method, consisting of over 100 ground-truth annotated outdoor videos with over 20,000 frames. To further scale beyond this dataset, we propose a semi-supervised learning framework to expand the pool of labeled data with high confidence predictions obtained from unlabeled data. Our system produces an accurate prediction of geometric context of video achieving 96% accuracy across main geometric classes.
Intermolecular C–H activation at benzylic positions: synthesis of (+)-imperanene and (−)-α-conidendrin

Abstract An efficient C–H activation of primary benzylic positions by means of rhodium carbenoid induced C–H insertions is described. This key step was used in concise syntheses of (+)-imperanene and (−)-α-conidendrin.
Full Amplitude Models of 15-DAY Cepheids

Numerical models of Cepheids have been computed with a range of effective temperatures and compositions. The amplitudes increase if the helium abundance increases or if the effective temperature decreases. The latter effect is contrary to observational data. The models also exhibit velocity amplitudes which are much lower than those observed.
The Evolutionary State of the Massive Interacting Binary BD+36°4063

We present a spectroscopic and photometric analysis of the remarkable massive binary system, BD+36{sup 0}4063. We argue that the visible ON star is undergoing a rapid mass transfer episode that results in a thick and opaque disk that surrounds and renders invisible its massive companion. A comparison of the projected rotational velocity and the orbital semiamplitude of the visible star indicates a mass ratio near unity. Models for conservative mass transfer show that the equal mass state occurs at the point of minimum separation, and we argue that BD+36{sup 0}4063 may represent the first system identified at this rapid and rare stage of massive binary evolution.
The problem of gradual opening in wave rotor passages

The influence on the flow pattern of the gradual passage opening in the wave rotor is studied on the basis of numerical simulation. It is found that, in most cases, significant volume of the passage will have rotational flow, which should lead to the mixing between the driver and driven gases. In some cases, losses will occur also as a result of the multiple reflection of the shock and pressure waves from the passage walls. It is shown that the interface between driven and driver gas will be oblique to the passage walls, when the passage opens gradually, and the interface can retain its obliqueness to the walls.
The application of vinylogous iminium salts and related synthons to the preparation of trisubstituted pyridines

Abstract The reaction of unsymmetrical vinylogous iminum salts and related analogs with β-aminocrotononitrile to yield 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines with regioselective control is described.
Phenomenology of 3-family grand unified string models

Abstract In the 3-family grand unified string models constructed so far, there is only one adjoint (and no higher dimensional representation) Higgs field in the grand unified gauge group. In this preliminary analysis, we address the proton-decay problem in the 3-family E 6 and related SO (10) string models. In particular, we analyze the doublet-triplet splitting (within certain assumptions about non-perturbative dynamics). It appears that generically some fine-tuning is necessary to arrange for a pair of Higgs doublets to be light, while having color Higgs triplets superheavy. We also discuss charge - 2 3 quark mass matrix that generically also seems to require some fine-tuning to have rank 1.
The spectra of novae

Abstract Typical novae have four systems of absorption lines. In chronological order of appearance, as well as of increasing displacement, these are: (1) pre-maximum; (2) principal; (3) diffuse enhanced; (4) Orion. The principal system lies on the short wavelength edges of a strong set of wide, undisplaced emission lines. Structures appear early in the emission and can be correlated with local knots in the expanding nebulae years later. Diffuse enhanced and Orion lines also have associated, but more vague, emission. Secondary variations of light are correlated with spectral changes. With a re-brightening, the spectrum reverts to a stage already passed. Variations of line displacements accompany these changes. For Orion lines the oscillations are considered real, and due to variable speed of ejection. In the diffuse enhanced system, apparent oscillations are due mainly to variable strength of blended, multiple lines. Critical examination fails to confirm supposed rapid gravitational retardation of gases. Recurrent novae form a special problem. Some, at least, fail to fit the typical pattern. Old novae, and probably pre-nova stars as well, are hot subdwarfs.
Node-positive adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: outcome and patterns of recurrence with and without external beam irradiation.

Abstract Objective To evaluate treatment outcomes and patterns of recurrence in patients with node-positive (International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology stage IIIC) adenocarcinoma of the uterus without serous or clear cell differentiation. Methods The records of 71 women who were treated for stage IIIC endometrial adenocarcinoma at our institution between 1984 and 2005 were reviewed. All patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy. Fifty patients received definitive pelvic or extended-field radiotherapy with or without systemic therapy (regional RT group). Eighteen received adjuvant systemic platinum-based chemotherapy or hormonal therapy without external beam RT. The median follow-up for patients not dying of disease was 67 months. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method; differences were assessed using log-rank tests. Results Thirty-nine percent (28/71) of patients had involved paraaortic lymph nodes while 61% (43/71) had only pelvic lymph nodes. Five- and 10-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were 63% and 54%, respectively; corresponding overall survival rates were 60% and 47%. Grade was strongly associated with DSS (76% vs 46% at 5 years for low-grade vs high-grade tumors, P =0.004). Cervical or adnexal involvement was associated with decreased DSS, but lymph-vascular space invasion, age, race, body mass index, and number and location of positive nodes were not. Five-year pelvic-relapse-free survival (98% vs 61%, P =0.001), DSS (78% vs 39%, P =0.01), and overall survival (73% vs 40%, P =0.03) were significantly better for the regional RT group than the systemic therapy group. In patients treated without regional RT, the most common site of relapse was the pelvis. DSS was not significantly correlated with number of nodes removed in the regional RT group but was in patients treated without regional RT ( P =0.001). Conclusions Patients treated without regional RT had a high rate of locoregional recurrence. Patients with stage IIIC endometrial adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical staging followed by external beam irradiation had a high rate of cure. Relapses in patients treated with EBRT primarily occurred in patients with grade 3 cancer who may be most likely to benefit from combined-chemoradiation treatment.
Cold cathode investigation

Experiments for the evaluation of a cold cathode electron gun are described. Different anode and cathode materials and configurations were tried. Small signal gains of 6.3 percent/cm were measured. It was found that the same small signal gains could be obtained with less energy deposition in the laser gas with the larger pre-ionizing currents from a cold cathode. Long-duration pulses were observed that were limited only by the electrical energy available in the Marx bank. (auth)
Patients’ perceptions and treatment effectiveness

An extensive literature relating patients’ expectations to treatment outcomes has not addressed the determinants of these expectations. We argue that treatment history is part of a reference point that influences the patients’ expectations of how effective further treatment might be, thus influencing whether to proceed with additional treatment or not. We hypothesize that those patients with unsuccessful prior treatments have diminished expected improvement from subsequent treatments. Prospect Theory (PT) provides a theoretical foundation for reference frame effects, and the model is tested with data on patients diagnosed with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH). Our results support the reference frame hypothesis.