cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited gene flow in Uca minax (LeConte 1855) along a tidally influenced river system

For crab larvae, swimming behaviors coupled with the movement of tides suggests that larvae can normally move upstream within estuaries by avoiding ebb tides and actively swimming during flood tides (i.e., flood-tide transport [FTT]). Recently, a 1-D transport model incorporating larval behavior predicted that opposing forces of river discharge and tidal amplitude in the Pee Dee River/Winyah Bay system of South Carolina, USA, could limit dispersal within a single estuary for downstream transport as well as become a dispersal barrier to recruitment of late stage larvae to the freshwater adult habitats of Uca minax (LeConte 1855). We sequenced 394-bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome apoenzyme b for 226 adult U. minax, from four locales along a 49-km stretch of the Pee Dee River/Winyah Bay estuary, above and below the boundary of salt intrusion. Results of an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and an exact test of population differentiation showed a small, but statistically significant (α=0.05) population subdivision among adults of the 4 subpopulations, as well as all subpopulations being significantly differentiated (α=0.05). This pattern fitted with model predictions, which implies that larval transport within the tidally influenced river system is limited.
Native South American Genetic Structure and Prehistory Inferred from Hierarchical Modeling of mtDNA

Genetic diversity in Native South Americans forms a complex pattern at both the continental and local levels. In comparing the West to the East, there is more variation within groups and smaller genetic distances between groups. From this pattern, researchers have proposed that there is more variation in the West and that a larger, more genetically diverse, founding population entered the West than the East. Here, we question this characterization of South American genetic variation and its interpretation. Our concern arises because others have inferred regional variation from the mean variation within local populations without taking into account the variation among local populations within the same region. This failure produces a biased view of the actual variation in the East. In this study, we analyze the mitochondrial DNA sequence between positions 16040 and 16322 of the Cambridge reference sequence. Our sample represents a total of 886 people from 27 indigenous populations from South (22), Central (3), and North America (2). The basic unit of our analyses is nucleotide identity by descent, which is easily modeled and proportional to nucleotide diversity. We use a forward modeling strategy to fit a series of nested models to identity by descent within and between all pairs of local populations. This method provides estimates of identity by descent at different levels of population hierarchy without assuming homogeneity within populations, regions, or continents. Our main discovery is that Eastern South America harbors more genetic variation than has been recognized. We find no evidence that there is increased identity by descent in the East relative to the total for South America. By contrast, we discovered that populations in the Western region, as a group, harbor more identity by descent than has been previously recognized, despite the fact that average identity by descent within groups is lower. In this light, there is no need to postulate separate founding populations for the East and the West because the variability in the East could serve as a source for the Western gene pools.
Determination of the earliest site of ventricular activation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: application of digital continuous loop two-dimensional echocardiography.

Surgical and transcatheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) requires accurate localization of the accessory pathway. In a canine model of endocardial pacing, a continuous loop two-dimensional echocardiographic technique was developed for determining the earliest site of ventricular activation. This technique was then used to localize accessory AV connections in patients. Echocardiographic images were acquired on videotape and converted to a digital continuous loop format, from which the earliest site of systolic motion was determined. In six dogs, using six distinct endocardial sites, two blinded observers accurately identified the earliest site of ventricular activation in 31 (86%) of 36 and 32 (89%) of 36 locations. Determination of the earliest site of ventricular activation with the continuous loop digital technique was superior to standard analog analysis in overall accuracy (p After validation of this technique, 21 patients with 22 accessory AV connections with anterograde conduction were studied. The earliest site of mechanical activity was determined during sinus (10 patients) or atrial paced (11 patients) rhythms by two blinded observers and compared with electrophysiologic mapping and surface electrocardiograms. Digitally processed echocardiograms correctly localized the earliest site of ventricular activation in 18 of 22 connections and predicted an adjacent location in the remaining 4. It is concluded that digitally processed continuous loop echocardiographic analysis accurately localizes the site of origin of ventricular activation in patients with ventricular pre-excitation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
On the shelf life of democracy in journalism scholarship

Scholarship on journalism has long privileged a journalistic world that is narrower than that which resides on the ground. Perhaps nowhere is this as much the case as with the placement of democrac...
Oxalate dependence of calcium uptake kinetics of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomes (fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum).

The initial rate of oxalate-facilitated Ca2+ uptake by skeletal microsomes depends on both Ca2+ and oxalate concentrations in the medium. The apparent Km for Ca2+ increases with increasing oxalate concentration, indicating that Ca2+ uptake can involve a carrier-mediated transport system.
The genetic control of ultraviolet sensitivity levels in bacteriophages T2 and T4

Abstract The difference in ultraviolet sensitivity between bacteriophages T2 and T4 behaves as a unit character in crosses and is linked to the r 17 locus of T2L. The same locus controls the level of UV sensitivity, the extent of photoreactivability, and the evolution of intracellular UV sensitivity during phage development. Genotype and phenotype with respect to levels of UV sensitivity always seem to coincide.
Response-dependence, rigidification and objectivity

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle l'approche reponse-dependante des notions morales et autres attributs normatifs -tels que le mal- s'apparente, d'un point de vue ontologique, a une forme d'objectivisme. Ceci ne s'applique qu'au cas des approches reponses-dependantes rigides, les approches non-rigides etant non-objectives
Microwave brightness of Saturn's rings

Abstract It is shown that a lower limit exists on the microwave brightness of the rings of Saturn, if they are assumed to be composed of Mie scatterers of geological composition. The lower limit (about 15°K) is due to scattering of planetary microwave emission. Significant variation of brightness with azimuth along the rings is expected if the particles are typically of 2–3cm radius. Implications for the multiple-scattering hypothesis of the radar cross section of the rings are noted.
Effect of pH on cadmium toxicity, speciation, and accumulation during naphthalene biodegradation

Lowering pH of a microbiological medium from 7 to 4 decreased cadmium toxicity during naphthalene biodegradation by a Burkholderia sp. Cadmium speciation and cadmium accumulation in the system were studied to explain this effect. Cadmium speciation was determined by direct measurement and by geochemical modeling. Previous studies have implicated the monovalent hydroxylated cadmium (CdOH+) species in the effect of pH on cadmium toxicity. Modeling analysis predicted CdOH+ formation only at very low concentrations (≤0.0128 μM), while the measured concentration of divalent ionic cadmium (Cd2+) was at least three orders of magnitude greater, suggesting that Cd2+ is the more significant metal form. With respect to cadmium accumulation, cells contained in media adjusted to pH 4 accumulated only 2.76 ± 0.76 mg Cd/g cells, whereas cells in media adjusted to pH 7 accumulated 8.52 ± 0.71 mg Cd/g cells. These data suggest that cadmium toxicity is correlated with increased cadmium accumulation rather than the formation of CdOH+ as pH is increased. At low pH, the decrease in cadmium accumulation may be caused by increased competition between hydrogen and cadmium ions for binding sites on the cell surface or by an increase in metal efflux pump activity due to an increase in the proton gradient that drives the efflux pump.
Therapy of Paroxysmal Pulmonary Edema by Antifoaming Agents

Inhalation of certain volatile substances decreases the amount of foam in the respiratory passages and may be helpful in acute pulmonary edema. Experiments with several agents were performed in animals with different types of acute edema of the lungs. The best results were obtained with ethyl alcohol, which decreased the severity of the edema and prolonged the survival of the animals. Alcohol, while acting as an antifoaming agent, has no untoward side effects and is well tolerated. This method of therapy is now undergoing clinical tests.
Abstract 2638: The BCAR3/Cas/c-Src signaling node in breast cancer progression.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Despite advances in early detection and improved adjuvant therapies, breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death among women mainly due to metastatic spread of the disease. The ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade is important in the process of metastasis. Studies have shown that the adaptor protein Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (BCAR3) is highly expressed in invasive breast cancer cell lines and functions as a positive regulator of migration and invasion. To date, BCAR3 has only one clearly established binding partner in breast cancer cells, the adaptor protein, p130Cas (Cas). Studies of human breast tumors have shown a positive correlation between high levels of Cas protein expression and poor clinical outcome in patients (Dorssers LC et al, 2004). Additionally, the protein tyrosine kinase c-Src is a C-terminal binding partner of Cas. c-Src kinase activity promotes enhanced Cas signaling and is associated with breast cancer progression and poor clinical outcome (Blscardi JS et al, 1999). These data suggest a critical role for the BCAR3/Cas/c-Src signaling node in breast tumor progression. We hypothesize that enhanced signaling through the BCAR3/Cas/c-Src network in breast epithelial cells is critical for the transition to an invasive cancer cell phenotype. In this work, we compared the relationship between these proteins in non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) and invasive breast cancer cells (BT549 and MDA-MB-231). As is the case for invasive breast cancer cells, we found that the majority of BCAR3 in MCF10A breast epithelial cells is in complex with Cas. However, less Cas is found in association with c-Src in MCF10A cells compared to more invasive breast cancer cells. These finding suggest that despite some similarities in BCAR3, Cas, and c-Src signaling between non-tumorigenic and invasive breast cancer cells, both the physical interplay between these proteins and the signaling pathways activated downstream become dysregulated as non-tumorigenic cells progress to a fully oncogenic state. A better understanding of BCAR3/Cas/c-Src signaling in non-tumorigenic versus invasive breast tumor cells is necessary to determine whether this signaling network contributes to breast tumor progression and metastasis. Citation Format: Allison M. Batties, Michael S. Guerrero, Ashley L. Wilson, Keena S. Thomas, Amy H. Bouton. The BCAR3/Cas/c-Src signaling node in breast cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2638. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2638
Polylactide-based paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles fabricated by dispersion polymerization: characterization, evaluation in cancer cell lines, and preliminary biodistribution studies.

The macromonomer method was used to prepare cross-linked, paclitaxel-loaded polylactide (PLA)–polyethylene glycol (stealth) nanoparticles using free-radical dispersion polymerization. The method can facilitate the attachment of other molecules to the nanoparticle surface to make it multifunctional. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirm the synthesis of PLA macromonomer and cross-linking agent. The formation of stealth nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The drug release isotherm of paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles shows that the encapsulated drug is released over 7 days. In vitro cytotoxicity assay in selected breast and ovarian cancer cell lines reveal that the blank nanoparticle is biocompatible compared with medium-only treated controls. In addition, the paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles exhibit similar cytotoxicity compared with paclitaxel in solution. Confocal microscopy reveals that the nanoparticles are internalized by MCF-7 breast cancer cells within 1 h. Preliminary biodistribution studies also show nanoparticle accumulation in tumor xenograft model. The nanoparticles are suitable for the controlled delivery of bioactive agents. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2546–2555, 2014
Neurotransmitter levels in two populations of larval Fundulus heteroclitus after methylmercury exposure.

Abstract The effects of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure on neurotransmitter (NT) levels in larval mummichogs ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) obtained from a mercury-polluted site (Piles Creek (PC), NJ) and a reference site (Tuckerton (TK), NJ) were examined. Population differences between PC and TK larvae in neurochemical composition and in neurochemical changes in response to MeHg intoxication were found. Heads of untreated PC larvae (7 days posthatch (dph)) contained considerably higher levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) than TK. However, they had comparable levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) and 5-hyroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT ratios. Changes in NTs with age were noticed, especially in PC larvae. Exposure of larvae to 10 μg/l MeHg induced neurochemical alterations. A significant increase in DA and 5-HT, as well as depressed dopaminergic and serotonergic activity (i.e. decreased DOPAC/DA, HVA/DA and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios) were seen in TK larvae. Exposure of PC larvae to 10 μg/l MeHg reduced 5-HT at 14 dph, increased serotonergic activity at 7 dph, and altered dopaminergic activity (i.e. increased DOPAC/DA ratios, but decreased HVA/DA ratios). Changes in DA levels were inconsistent over time. The DA level, which was considerably higher than the control at 7 dph, was significantly lower than the control at 14 dph. For the two populations, the level of 5-HT and serotonergic activity, as well as DOPAC and HVA levels, were correlated with previously noted spontaneous activity. The changes in NT levels after exposure to MeHg are an indication of neurological dysfunction in larvae.
The modular multivariable controller: I: Steady‐state properties

The modular multivariable controller (MMC) represents a multivariable controller design methodology which is based on the solution of multiobjective optimization problems using the strategy of lexicographic goal programming; priority-driven, sequential satisfaction of objectives. This article formally introduces the concept of the MMC, analyzes its static characterstics, and proposes a specific methodology for the design of steady-state MMCs. It is shown that the framework of MMC can explicitly handle all types of control objectives (for example, equality or inequality specifications on controlled outputs), and constraints on manipulations. Its priority-driven, sequential satisfaction of control objectives leads to a modular, hierarchical structure of controllers with specific objectives. The modular character of MMC allows the explicit maintenance, tuning, and reconfiguration of multivariable control systems, while its hierarchical structure explicitly expresses engineering decisions and trade-offs. Its static design incorporates uncertainty in process gains and automatic reconfiguration to account for failure in sensors and/or actuators. The design of an MMC for a heavy oil fractionator is presented to illustrate the controller's character and the proposed methodology for the design of static MMCs.
Women, gender, and conflict: making the connections

This review essay explores the need to make the roles of women and of men visible in order to understand the different ways in which they are involved in, and affected by, armed conflict; and also to examine the ways in which gender roles, the relations between women and men, are changed during and as a result of such conflict. The author reviews current literature on the political economy of conflict, and feminist writing on women in conflict, noting that the former tends to be gender-blind, while the latter generally fails to take into account an understanding of the wider Realpolitik. The author focuses on five recent feminist works that have attempted to do this, and hence contributed to moving the debate forward.
Psychological Considerations, Growth, and Transcendence at the End of Life: The Art of the Possible

Patients with life-threatening illnesses face great psychological challenges and frequently experience emotional distress. Yet, the end of life also offers opportunities for personal growth and the deepening of relationships. When physical symptoms and suffering are controlled, it is easier to address patients' central concerns-about their families, about their own psychological integrity, and about finding meaning in their lives. Optimal end-of-life care requires a willingness to engage with the patient and family in addressing these distinct domains. In addition to supporting growth of patients and their caregivers, physicians need to recognize the impact of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and delirium at the end of life and develop skills in diagnosing and treating these syndromes. Comments of a patient with pancreatic cancer, his son, and his physician help illuminate the potential opportunities presented when coping with life-threatening illness. Enhanced understanding of the common psychological concerns of patients with serious illness can improve not only the clinical care of the patient, but also the physician's sense of satisfaction and meaning in caring for the dying.
Use of a new mouse β-globin haplotype (Hbbs2) to study hemoglobin expression during development

Abstract Mice of the mutant haplotype ( Hbb s2 ) produce a variant β-s globin (β-s2major) which can be distinguished from β-smajor and β-sminor by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and ion exchange chromatography. Mice homozygous for this mutation were used to study the relative quantities of the mutant β-s2major and normal β-sminor globins specified by the two adult β-globin genes of the Hbb s2 haplotype during development. At 11.5 days of gestation, β-s2major comprises under 20% and β-sminor over 80% of the adult β-globin. The relative level of β-sminor decreases through fetal development; at birth β-sminor represents 33.7% of the β-globin. The adult value of 71.0% β-s2major and 29.0% β-sminor globin is expressed in mice 6 days after birth. In mildly anemia α-thalassemic heterozygotes ( Hba b2(th) Hba b ; Hbb s2 Hbb s2 ) the level of β-sminor globin increases from 29.0 to 37.9%, but β-sminor is elevated only slightly (29.0 to 33.9%) in asymptomatic β-thalassemic heterozygotes ( Hba b Hba b ; Hbb c3(th) Hbb s2 ). The relative quantity of β-sminor is increased significantly (29.0 to 41.4%) in doubly heterozygous α-thalassemic, β-thalassemic mice ( Hba b2(th) Hba b ; Hbb d3(th) Hbb s2 ). The relative levels of expression of the β1 s2major and β2 sminor globin genes of Hbb s2 Hbb s2 mice correlates well with the expression of the β1 dmajor and β2 dminor globin genes of Hbb d Hbb d mice during development and in response to hematological stress caused by thalassemia. Expression of the β1 sminor globin gene should not have been affected by the ENU-induced base substitution in the β1 smajor gene. Therefore, we propose that the β1 sminor gene is also expressed in mice of the Hbb s haplotype. The results also indicated that the two adult β-globin genes of the Hbb s2 and, presumably, of the Hbb s haplotypes are regulated independently as are the β1 dmajor and β2 dminor genes of the Hbb d and Hbb p haplotypes.
DISCRETE MODE-CHOICE ANALYSIS OF URBAN TRAVEL DEMAND BY THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

This paper develops a new procedure for the problem of multimodal urban corridor travel demand estimation by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Certain conceptual and operational features of the AHP are common to the discrete choice theory-based modeling approach. Whereas the computational and data requirements of standard discrete choice models are immense, the proposed AHP approach deals efficiently with multidimensionality, nested demand structure and discrete travel decision making behavior. The paper concludes by summarizing the AHP-aided, step-by-step procedure for metropolitan travel demand (modal split) estimation.
Magnetic susceptibility of a dilute magnetic alloy with magnetic interactions: ZnMn

Magnetic-susceptibility measurements at low temperatures (1.2-4.2 K) on a series of ZnMn alloys (20-2500 ppm Mn) indicate that $\ensuremath{\chi}$ follows a Curie-Weiss law, $\ensuremath{\chi}=\frac{C}{(T+\ensuremath{\Theta})}$, in which both $C$ and $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ vary as a function of concentration $n$ of Mn impurities. As a function of $n$, $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ goes through a minimum (${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{min}=0.3$ K) at about $n=100$-ppm Mn. We interpret this minimum in $\ensuremath{\Theta}$, here observed for the first time in a dilute magnetic alloy system, as separating two distinct concentration regions. For $nl100$ ppm we have $n{V}_{0}l{k}_{B}{T}_{K}$, where ${V}_{0}$ is the strength of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction between two Mn impurities and ${T}_{K}$ is the Kondo temperature. In this region the single-impurity Kondo effect is the dominant interaction and the RKKY interactions reduce the "effective Kondo temperature" as $n$ increases up to 100 ppm. Above 100 ppm where $n{V}_{0}g{k}_{B}{T}_{K}$, RKKY interactions between Mn impurities dominate the measured magnetic susceptibility and we find $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ increasing proportional to $n{V}_{0}$, in agreement with theoretical predictions. For $n=2500$-ppm Mn, we find $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ equal to zero to within experimental error, thus indicating a change in character of the impurity-impurity interactions for $ng1000$-ppm Mn. From the concentration dependence of the Curie constant $C$, the effective magnetic moment per Mn impurity, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, is also found to vary with $n$. Like $\ensuremath{\Theta}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ goes through a minimum at about $n=100$-ppm Mn. From $\ensuremath{\Theta}(n)$ we determine ${V}_{0}$ to be (2.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}36}$ erg ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, in satisfactory agreement with values for ${V}_{0}$ obtained from recent specific-heat and magnetization measurements on these same ZnMn alloys.
Sustainable target value design: integrating life cycle assessment and target value design to improve building energy and environmental performance

Buildings are the largest consumer of energy and greatest contributor to climate change in the United States—consuming approximately half of energy produced and contributing close to half of greenhouse gas emissions. Building designers, contractors, and owners currently have few methods to effectively control a building's life cycle energy and environmental impacts during the design phase. Managing and reducing these impacts during design requires rapid information turnaround and decision-making. When left unconsidered, poor environmental design decisions leave potential design value uncaptured. This research combines life cycle assessment (LCA) and target value design (TVD) to rapidly produce more sustainable building designs. By establishing site-specific sustainability targets and using dynamically-updating life cycle assessments, this research demonstrates that buildings can be designed to perform at higher environmental standards than those designed without a target in place. The research also offers unique opportunities to analyze the tradeoffs between design and operational decisions.
Injection and Capture of Electrons in the UCI Stellatron

An l=2 stellatron accelerator is under experimental study. The stellarator field has a strength of up to 10 kG and a rotational transform angle ? ~ 0.1. Electrons are injected from either a thermionic emitter or a field-emission cathode placed inside the torus. Typically, a 20 kV, 2-4 ?s pulse is applied to the hot cathode which emits ~ 3 A. A 2 MeV, 200 A beam is formed due to betatron acceleration which immediately follows the injection. The injection voltage is raised to 60 kV with the cold cathode emitting ~ 30 A for ~ 0.4 ?s. A significant increase in beam current is not observed. A beam in excess of 500 A is generated by injecting plasma and electrons simultaneously at the beginning of the stellarator field and starting the betatron acceleration after the plasma has diffused throughout the torus.
The ensemble mean limit of the one-dimensional turbulence model and application to residual stress closure in finite volume large-eddy simulation

In order to gain insight into the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model of Kerstein [1] as it pertains to residual stress closure in large-eddy simulation (LES), we develop ensemble mean closure (...
A New Species of Bactrophyamixia (Hemiptera: Alydidae: Micrelytrinae) from Costa Rica

Abstract Bactrophyamixia brailovskyi, new species (tribe Micrelytrini), is described from Province Puntarenas, Costa Rica. This species extends the range of the genus from southern Mexico 1,200 km south and east, into Central America. Differences between this species and the three others in the genus are discussed; the similarities between Bactrophyamixia and related New World genera also are discussed; and the new species is figured.
Improving organ donation rates in the black community.

The risk of developing end-stage renal disease is four times higher in the Black than in the White population. The number of Blacks on dialysis or on the waiting list for transplantation continues to grow due to an insufficient number of suitable organ donors. Same-race transplants have been shown to be more successful when blood types and human leucocyte antigens are used as the matching criteria. The low levels of organ donation by Blacks has been attributed to a number of factors. This article reviews some of the more complex factors (e.g., social practices, religious beliefs, and cultural expectations) affecting the organ donation decision. In addition, some implications and strategies are suggested that may increase the rate of organ donation in the Black community.
Neglected children, shame-proneness, and depressive symptoms

Neglected children may be at increased risk for depressive symptoms. This study examines shame-proneness as an outcome of child neglect and as a potential explanatory variable in the relation between neglect and depressive symptoms. Participants were 111 children (52 with a Child Protective Services [CPS] allegation of neglect) seen at age 7. Neglected children reported more shame-proneness and more depressive symptoms than comparison children. Guilt-proneness, in contrast, was unrelated to neglect and depressive symptoms, indicating specificity for shame-proneness. The potential role of shame as a process variable that can help explain how some neglected children exhibit depressive symptoms is discussed.
Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer

Background. The study aim was to investigate factors that predict the use of neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and the overall survival in each group. Methods. We identified 493 patients with Stage I-III TNBC between 1998 and 2008. Patients were divided according to receipt of neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or none/unknown chemotherapy. Data were compared using χ 2 and Fisher's exact test. For more than two group comparisons and analyzing multiple dependent variables, MANOVA was used. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated. Results. Of 493 patients with TNBC, 154 (31%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 251 (51%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 88 (18%) had no or unknown chemotherapy. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy were younger (mean 50, range 20―83) compared with those undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy (mean 53, range 25―83) or none/unknown chemotherapy (mean 62, range 29―86) (P < 0.0001). The three groups did not differ significantly by patient race, tumor histology, or tumor grade. Increased tumor size, nodal positivity, and advanced stage were more likely to be associated with use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (all comparisons P < 0.0001). After controlling for covariates associated with survival in unadjusted tests, patients undergoing adjuvant therapy were less likely to die compared with patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy or none/unknown therapy (overall aHR 0.476, 95% CI 0.295-0.770). Conclusions. Women with TNBC who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy were 52% less likely to die overall compared with those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or none/unknown chemotherapy in this institutional series. Prospective studies are necessary to determine if this finding is durable.
Minimalist ensemble algorithms for genome-wide protein localization prediction

Background: Computational prediction of protein subcellular localization can greatly help to elucidate its functions. Despite the existence of dozens of protein localization prediction algorithms, the prediction accuracy and coverage are still low. Several ensemble algorithms have been proposed to improve the prediction performance, which usually include as many as 10 or more individual localization algorithms. However, their performance is still limited by the running complexity and redundancy among individual prediction algorithms. Results: This paper proposed a novel method for rational design of minimalist ensemble algorithms for practical genome-wide protein subcellular localization prediction. The algorithm is based on combining a feature selection based filter and a logistic regression classifier. Using a novel concept of contribution scores, we analyzed issues of algorithm redundancy, consensus mistakes, and algorithm complementarity in designing ensemble algorithms. We applied the proposed minimalist logistic regression (LR) ensemble algorithm to two genome-wide datasets of Yeast and Human and compared its performance with current ensemble algorithms. Experimental results showed that the minimalist ensemble algorithm can achieve high prediction accuracy with only 1/3 to 1/2 of individual predictors of current ensemble algorithms, which greatly reduces computational complexity and running time. It was found that the high performance ensemble algorithms are usually composed of the predictors that together cover most of available features. Compared to the best individual predictor, our ensemble algorithm improved the prediction accuracy from AUC score of 0.558 to 0.707 for the Yeast dataset and from 0.628 to 0.646 for the Human dataset. Compared with popular weighted voting based ensemble algorithms, our classifier-based ensemble algorithms achieved much better performance without suffering from inclusion of too many individual predictors. Conclusions: We proposed a method for rational design of minimalist ensemble algorithms using feature selection and classifiers. The proposed minimalist ensemble algorithm based on logistic regression can achieve equal or better prediction performance while using only half or one-third of individual predictors compared to other ensemble algorithms. The results also suggested that meta-predictors that take advantage of a variety of features by combining individual predictors tend to achieve the best performance. The LR ensemble server and related benchmark datasets are available at http://mleg.cse.sc.edu/LRensemble/cgi-bin/predict.cgi.
Cognitive styles of school-age children showing attention deficit disorders with hyperactivity.

Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) children (23 boys and 5 girls) and 28 normal children (23 boys and 5 girls) were matched by age. The ADDH group had a mean score of 2.06 on the hyperactivity scale of the Parent Symptom Questionnaire; a mean score of 1.5 is accepted as the lower limit for establishing hyperactivity. Both groups were individually administered The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, Children's Embedded Figures Test, and Matching Familiar Figures Test. No significant difference appeared on the Matching Familiar Figures Test, a measure of cognitive styles of reflection-impulsivity with intelligence statistically controlled; however, a significant main effect was found on the Children's Embedded Figures Test which suggests that ADDH children are field-dependent. Some therapeutic implications were discussed.
Individual variability in cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to low-fat and low-saturated-fat diets in men: body mass index, adiposity, and insulin resistance predict changes in LDL cholesterol

Background: Although reductions in total and saturated fat consumption are recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, individual variability in plasma lipid responses exists. Objective: Our aim was to determine the effect of adiposity and insulin resistance on the lipoprotein response to diets lower in total and saturated fat than the average American diet (AAD). Design:Arandomized,double-blind,3-periodcrossovercontrolled feeding design was used to examine the effects on plasma lipids of 3 diets that differed in total fat: the AAD [designed to contain 38% fat and 14% saturated fatty acids (SFAs)], the Step I diet (30% fat with 9% SFAs), and the Step II diet (25% fat with 6% SFAs). The diets were fed for 6 wk each to 86 free-living, healthy men aged 22–64 y at levels designed to maintain weight. Results: Compared with the AAD, the Step I and Step II diets lowered LDL cholesterol by 6.8% and 11.7%, lowered HDL cholesterol by 7.5% and 11.2%, and raised triacylglycerols by 14.3% and 16.2%, respectively. The Step II diet response showed significant positive correlations between changes in both LDL cholesterol and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol and baseline percentage body fat, body mass index, and insulin. These associations were largelyduetosmallerreductionsinLDLcholesterolwithincreasing percentage body fat, body mass index, or insulin concentrations. Subdivision of the study population showed that the participants in the upper one-half of fasting insulin concentrations averaged only 57% of the reduction in LDL cholesterol with the Step II diet of the participants in the lower half. Conclusion: Persons who are insulin resistant respond less favorably to Step II diets than do those who are insulin sensitive. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:957–63.
Overview of the Antarctic ozone depletion issue

On presente les grandes lignes des scenarios des variations de l'ozone: activite solaire, pollution, eruption volcanique, redistribution de la circulation atmospherique
The Relationship of Program Quality to Children's Play in Integrated Early Intervention Settings

The purpose of this study was to examine associations between three types of program quality indicators (structural, global, dynamic/process) and children's play behavior. Children with and without...
Traces of a Jewish-Christian community at S. Cecilia in Trastevere *

Heading the list of horizons unexplored when my study of the cult of St Cecilia appeared in 1995 was a strong suspicion that music's mysterious patroness sprang from a Jewish milieu, and that traces of Jewish influence persisted in her cult well into the Middle Ages. But the evidence was cloudy, and no discussion of my suspicion found its way into the book beyond the bare statement that Cecilia may have belonged to an early Jewish-Christian community. 1 Now that the evidence is clearer, and the suspicion better founded, it is time to set forth that evidence. I do so here, and at the outset point to my brief corollary suggesting that if indeed Jewish-Christian influence persisted in Rome rather longer than is generally supposed, then we need to think in a new way about the origins of Western chant. Rather than thinking simply about transfer from Synagogue to Church, we should ponder what might have happened within communities that were in some sense churches and synagogues at the same time.
IX. Mast cell-deficient mice and intestinal biology

Mutant mice that express abnormalities in mast cell development represent a powerful tool for the investigation of multiple aspects of mast cell biology. In addition, the identification of the genes affected by these mutations has not only increased our knowledge about the mast cell but has opened new areas of investigation as to the role of these gene products in gastrointestinal pathology, immunology, and physiology.
Damage to Cordgrass by Scale Insects in a Constructed Salt Marsh: Effects of Nitrogen Additions

Because tall cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) is needed for nesting by the endangered light-footed, clapper rail, managers of constructed salt marshes in southern California are proposing large-scale nitrogen fertilization to improve cordgrass growth. How this might affect an existing infestation of scale insects (Haliaspis spartina) and the degree of damage these insects cause to their cordgrass hosts was unknown. We explored the effects of timing and duration of fertilization onHaliaspis damage to cordgrass, as well as the timing ofHaliaspis dispersal, in a constructed marsh at Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge in San Diego Bay, California. Fertilization did not result in increasedHaliaspis abundance. After a large dispersal pulse in late May,Haliaspis establishment in the long-term fertilized plots was greater than in the controls; however, this trend reversed in August, when many more stems in the control plots were infested with large numbers ofHaliaspis. Since adultHaliaspis cannot leave a feeding site, losses of individuals in the fertilized plots were apparently due to mortality, perhaps resulting from mechanical or chemical changes in the fertilized plants or increased predation. Late in the growing season, plots fertilized with 10 applications of urea over 20 wk had the lowest meanHaliaspis abundance. Plots fertilized only in March, April, June, or August did not differ from controls in meanHaliaspis abundance.Haliaspis was never abundant in the fertilized or control plots in the adjacent natural marsh. This study suggests that fertilization, of constructed salt marshes in San Diego Bay may proceed without concern that furtherHaliaspis outbreaks will be facilitated.
Localization of T and B Lymphocytes to the White Pulp of the Spleen is Independent of L-, E-, and P-Selectin

T and B cell interactions are thought to be of prime importance in the generation of a humoral immune response. These interactions are thought to take place in the secondary lymphoid organs. The largest of which is the spleen. While the pathways involved in lymphocyte migration into other secondary lymphoid organs have been unraveled, very little is understood about T and B cell migration to the spleen. We report that adoptively transferred T lymphocytes appear more rapidly within the lymphoid compartment of the spleen than do B lymphocytes. Indeed, half of the transferred T lymphocytes in the spleen appear within the white pulp by 1.4 hours. B lymphocytes take nearly 4.3 hours to achieve the same level of accumulation. In addition, T lymphocyte arrival is fucoidan sensitive, while B cells are not affected by this polysaccharide. Finally, we show that neither L-, E-, or P-selectin appears to play a significant role in the accumulation of lymphocytes in the white pulp.)
Overview of the HDL impulse synthetic aperture radar

Summary form only given. An impulse radar built on a railroad track on top of the main building at the US Army's Harry Diamond Laboratories (HDL) facility in Adelphi, Maryland, is described. The radar operates over a ultrawide bandwidth of 50-1000 MHz and is fully polarimetric. Coherence is maintained across the aperture by a coherent-on-receive system. The pulse repetition interval is jittered by a code with a spike autocorrelation. The radar includes a 480 MFLOP array processor that is used to do pulse-to-pulse interference filtering followed by a backprojection focusing algorithm. Since the bandwidth of the radar is greater than that of real targets, both the range resolution and azimuthal resolution are constrained by the target scattering characteristics rather than the radar. Measurements to be carried out by the radar include clutter backscatter, foliage penetration loss, foliage penetration group delay, signatures of dispersive targets in the presence of clutter, and signatures of anisotropic targets in clutter. >
Sample Size in Petersen Mark–Recapture Experiments

Abstract The efficient planning of a Petersen-type mark and recapture experiment requires some knowledge of the order of magnitude of the population size N. Sample sizes M and C of the mark and recapture samples, respectively, may then be ascertained on the basis of a guessed value of N to achieve any desired degree of accuracy with any specified degree of confidence. Restrictions on the sample sizes M and C are that MC must exceed 4 times the guessed value of N, and the total costs of M and C must be equal. Graphs and formulas are given defining sample size to attain preassigned levels of accuracy and precision of population estimation. A method of choosing sample sizes such that experimental costs are minimized is described.
Pilling, Abrasion, and Tensile Properties of Fabrics from Open-End and Ring Spun Yarns 1

This study investigates the flex abrasion, stress-strain, and pilling performance of test fabrics woven from open-end and ring spun yams. The propensity of test fabrics to pilling is evaluated after repeated exposure to random tumble pilling (RTP) and the elastomeric pad method (EPM), using scanning electron micrographs. The as sociation between the pilling and other performance properties of test fabrics is also investigated. The SEM results reveal that the degree of pilling and fiber fracture on test samples after specified test intervals is influenced by yarn types and the pilling machines themselves. The first test interval produces a few fiber pull-outs but little pilling. The second interval produces flaking and transverse cracking of fibers and fuzz assemblies. The last two test intervals produce more extensive fiber fractures and fiber entanglements. The mean abrasion, tensile strength, elongation, and pill ratings of the test samples woven from two kinds of yarns are compared using t-tests. In al...
U.S. Treasury Auctions (D)

The B case provides data comparing the performance of single-price and multiple-price auctions of U.S. Treasury notes from 1991 to 1998. See also the A (UVA-QA-0635) and C (UVA-QA-0637) cases.
Identification of an estrogen-responsive element from the 5'-flanking region of the rat prolactin gene.

Abstract The DNA sequences which interact with the estrogen receptor and which mediate the estrogenic regulation of prolactin gene transcription have been investigated by the use of receptor-DNA-binding experiments and gene transfer studies. Nitrocellulose filter binding assays using highly purified estrogen receptor and cloned fragments of the 5'-flanking region of the rat prolactin gene demonstrate that the receptor selectively binds to DNA sequences located between nucleotides -1713 and -1532 with respect to the transcription initiation site. The binding of the estrogen receptor to this region of the prolactin gene was strongly dependent on receptor concentration, suggesting that receptor dimers may be important in DNA binding. These data demonstrate that the selective binding of purified estrogen receptor to specific sequences of the rat prolactin gene is an intrinsic property of the receptor and is not due to the interaction of receptor with other proteins. The role of specific prolactin gene sequences in mediating the estrogenic regulation of prolactin gene transcription was confirmed by the use of prolactin-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion genes. These studies demonstrated that sequences upstream of position -1532 are required for estrogen responsiveness. Furthermore, the region of the prolactin gene at -1713 to -1495 was able to confer estrogen responsiveness on the thymidine kinase promoter. Exonuclease III protection experiments further localized the receptor-binding sequences to positions -1587 to -1563. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the region of the prolactin gene which binds the estrogen receptor with the sequence of other estrogen-responsive genes suggested the presence of the conserved sequence [sequence in text], which shows similarity to sequences thought to mediate glucocorticoid receptor effects on transcription.
The Third Way: Reflections on Helen Longino’s The Fate of Knowledge

In Science, Truth, and Democracy, Philip Kitcher develops the notion of well-ordered science: scientific inquiry whose research agenda and applications (but not methods) are subject to public control guided by democratic deliberation. Kitcher's primary departure from his earlier views involves rejecting the idea that there is any single standard of scientific significance. The context-dependence of scientific significance opens up many normative issues to philosophical investigation and to resolution through democratic processes. Although some readers will feel Kitcher has not moved far enough from earlier epistemological positions, the book does represent an important addition to literature on science, society, and values.
Linear Free Energy Relationships in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Kinetic Analysis of a Cobaloxime Catalyst

Kinetic analysis of hydrogen production catalyzed by Co(dmgBF2)2(CH3CN)2 (dmgBF2 = difluoroboryl-dimethylglyoxime) was performed in acetonitrile with a series of para-substituted anilinium acids. It was determined that the mechanism of hydrogen evolution is governed by three elementary steps; two are acid concentration and pKa dependent, whereas the third was shown to be intrinsic to the catalyst, likely reflecting either H–H bond formation or H2 release. The kinetics of the first proton transfer step, the protonation of the singly reduced catalyst, were evaluated using foot-of-the-wave analysis, as well as current–potential analysis for voltammograms displaying total catalysis behavior. Analysis of the total catalysis peak shift required the empirical determination of a new equation for the ECEC′ catalytic mechanism using digital simulations. The kinetics of the second proton transfer step—assigned to protonation of the doubly reduced, singly protonated species—and the acid-independent step were determin...