cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prototype studies and design considerations for the CLAS Region 2 drift chambers

Abstract The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) has recently been commissioned in Hall B of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). The six “Region 2” drift chambers, built by Old Dominion University with technical support from Jefferson Lab, are located between the coils of the CLAS super-conducting toroidal magnet. The endplates were constructed from non-conducting fiberglass in order to eliminate eddy-current forces during possible magnet quenches. The non-conducting endplate allowed the use of compact wire connecting and signal transfer hardware, thus minimizing the loss of acceptance of the Region 2 chambers. Wires were positioned by flared trumpet-shaped metal feedthroughs that were glued directly into precision holes drilled into the endplates. We report test results from two prototype chambers. A single-cell prototype proved general functionality of the endplate/feedthrough design and showed that the active area of the chamber starts approximately 10 mm from the end of the sense wire. A 36-cell prototype achieved a tracking resolution of better than 150 μm with various gas mixtures.
A Convenient and Efficient Preparation of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Substituted Dienals from 3-Alkoxypropenals

Abstract Both vinylic and allylic Grignard reagents react rapidly and cleanly with 3-ethoxy propenals to produce excellent yields of unrearranged alkadienals after acid hydrolysis.
Mitigating Worm Propagation on Virtual LANs

Recent sophisticated worms have spread faster than the patch distribution. We propose an active defense framework that can defend against widespread by reacting quickly to quarantine infections. We propose deploying a number of detectors in the VLAN network. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we have shown that containment of future epidemics is possible and the probability of containment is a function of number of detectors, and that with our assumptions for worm scanning and infection speed characteristics, less than 2% detectors are enough to bring this probability very close to zero.
Sustaining the development of cyberinfrastructure: an organization adapting to change

Cyberinfrastructures are virtual organizations comprised of people and large-scale scientific computational infrastructures. Cyberinfrastructures endeavor to support "cutting-edge" science and must continually evolve and be under development in order to maintain their relevance and usefulness. This qualitative study of a cyberinfrastructure development project to support the new science of metagenomics investigates how sustaining cyberinfrastructure entails continually realigning the relationships among people, technologies, and organizations.
Physiologic effects on the vestibular system in Meniere's disease.

Meniere syndrome is an inner ear disorder characterized by spontaneous attacks of vertigo, fluctuating low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, aural fullness and tinnitus. When the syndrome is idiopathic and cannot be attributed to any other cause (eg, syphilis, immune-mediated inner ear disease, surgical trauma), it is referred to as Meniere disease. This article reviews the physiologic effects of Meniere disease on vestibular function, as measured by caloric, head impulse, and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing.
Petrologic and experimental evidence for the movement and heating of the pre-eruptive Minoan rhyodacite (Santorini, Greece)

Hydrothermal experiments combined with petrologic observations form the basis for a new two-stage model for the evolution of the pre-eruption Minoan magma chamber at Santorini, Greece. Ninety-nine percent of the erupted volume is two-pyroxene, rhyodacitic magma that had been stored at a temperature of ∼885 °C, based on magnetite-ilmenite and QUILF geothermometry. The rest of the volume is basaltic to andesitic magma, which occurs as 200 MPa. In addition, the composition of the plagioclase hosts (An56 ± 6) of the inclusions require temperatures of 825 ± 25 °C at pressures >200 MPa. This demonstrates that the Minoan rhyodacitic magma underwent a two-stage evolution, first crystallizing at ∼825∘C and >200 MPa, and then rinsing to a shallow ∼50 MPa storage region with a concomitant rise in temperature to ∼885 °C. We suggest that the episodic intrusion of mafic magmas provided the necessary heat and perhaps contributed to the ascent of the magma to shallow crustal depths where it reequilibrated before the cataclysmic eruption. Phase equilibria suggest that much of the heating of the rhyodacite occurred in the shallow storage region. Thermal budget calculations suggest that the rhyodacite magma could have been heated by intrusions of basalt rising at reasonable upwelling rates and injected into the storage zone over several hundred years. Preservation of amphibole in the mafic scoria indicate that injection of mafic magma continued up until days before the cataclysmic eruption, perhaps triggering the event.
Preoperative Onyx embolization of hypervascular head, neck, and spinal tumors: experience with 100 consecutive cases from a single tertiary center.

Background/purpose Preoperative embolization of head, neck, and spinal tumors is frequently used to control tumor bleeding, reduce operative time, and achieve better resection. Numerous embolic materials have been used. The use of the liquid embolic agent Onyx is rapidly increasing but current experience is limited to small case series. Our purpose was to evaluate the indications, techniques, angiographic devascularization, blood loss, outcome, and general efficacy of preoperative tumor embolization with Onyx in a large series. Methods Retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive cases of head, neck, and spinal tumors embolized with Onyx and prospective follow-up. Results 100 patients (63 women, 37 men) were included. Tumors included 39 meningiomas, 23 metastases, 16 parangliomas, five juvenile nasal angiofibromas, five giant cell bone tumors, three Ewing9s sarcomas, three hemangiomas, three hemangioblastomas, two multiple myelomas, and one osteoblastoma. In all patients, angiographic analysis of the feeding arteries and branches was performed and all embolizations were completed in a single session. Additional materials were used in 28 patients. No mortality or major complications were observed. Minor complications were seen in 11 patients. 85 patients underwent surgery; 79 within the next 48 h and six of them 4–188 days after embolization. Conclusions Embolization of intracranial, head, neck, and spinal tumors with Onyx is effective and safe by a transarterial route or by direct puncture. Onyx penetrates well into the tumor capillary with less arterial catheterization. Studies are necessary to establish long term utility in adjunct or palliative tumor embolization.
Value-Based Health Care Delivery

20090501 Kaiser Permanente Leadership Program Copyright 2009 Michael E. Porter Medical Association, 2007; 297:1103:1111. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise — without the permission of Michael E. Porter and Elizabeth Olmsted Teisberg. Further information about these ideas, as well as case studies, can be found on the website of the Institute for Strategy & Competitiveness at http://www.isc.hbs.edu.
A Rhizobium meliloti symbiotic regulatory gene

Abstract We have characterized a Rhizobium meliloti regulatory gene required for the expression of two closely linked symbiotic operons, the nitrogenase operon ( nifHDK genes) and the "P2" operon. This regulatory gene maps to a 1.8 kb region located 5.5 kb upstream of the nifHDK operon. The regulatory gene is required for the accumulation of nifHDK and P2 mRNA and for the derepression of an R. meliloti nifH-lacZ fusion plasmid during symbiotic growth. The nifH and P2 promoters can be activated in free-living cultures of R. meliloti containing plasmids that produce the Escherichia coli ntrC(glnG) or the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA regulatory gene products constitutively. The R. meliloti regulatory gene hybridizes to E. coli ntrC ( glnG ) and, to a lesser extent, to K. pneumoniae nifA DNA. Our results suggest that the R. meliloti regulatory gene acts as a positive transcriptional activator and that it is related to the K. pneumoniae nif regulatory genes.
Depression, anxiety and telomere length in young adults: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Telomere length has been hypothesized to be a marker of cumulative exposure to stress, and stress is an established cause of depression and anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety and telomere length, and to assess whether this relationship is moderated by race/ethnicity, gender and/or antidepressant use. Data were from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Telomere length was assessed using the quantitative PCR method of telomere length relative to standard reference DNA. Past-year major depression (MD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD), as well as depressed affect and anxious affect, were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory (N=1290). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between depression and anxiety disorders and telomere length. Among women, those with GAD or PD had shorter telomeres than those with no anxious affect (β: -0.07, P 0.05). Among respondents currently taking an antidepressant, those with MD had shorter telomeres than those without (β: -0.26, P 0.05). Neither depressive nor anxiety disorders were directly associated with telomere length in young adults. There was suggestive evidence that pharmacologically treated MD is associated with shorter telomere length, likely reflecting the more severe nature of MD that has come to clinical attention.
Arterial heparan sulfate is negatively associated with hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis in diabetic monkeys

Arterial proteoglycans are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by their ability to trap plasma lipoproteins in the arterial wall and by their influence on cellular migration, adhesion and proliferation. In addition, data have suggested an anti-atherogenic role for heparan sulfate proteoglycans and a pro-atherogenic role for dermatan sulfate proteoglycans. Using a non-human primate model for human diabetes, studies examined diabetes-induced changes in arterial proteoglycans that may increase susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Control (n = 7) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (n = 8) cynomolgous monkeys were assessed for hyperglycemia by measurement of plasma glycated hemoglobin (GHb). Thoracic aortas obtained at necropsy, were extracted with 4 M guanidine HCL and proteoglycans were measured as hexuronic acid. Atherosclerosis was measured by enzymatic analysis of extracted tissue cholesterol. Glycosaminoglycan chains of arterial proteoglycans were released with papain, separated by agarose electrophoresis and analysed by scanning densitometry. Tissue cholesterol was positively associated with hexuronic acid content in diabetic arteries (r = .82, p < .025) but not in control arteries. Glycosaminoglycan chain analysis demonstrated that dermatan sulfate was associated with increased tissue cholesterol in both control (r = .8, p < 0.05) and diabetic (r = .8, p < .025) arteries, whereas a negative relationship was observed between heparan sulfate and tissue cholesterol in diabetic arteries only (r = -.7, p < .05). GHb, which was significantly higher in diabetic animals (8.2 ± 0.9 vs 3.8 ± 0.2%, p < .0005) was negatively associated with heparan sulfate in diabetic arteries (r = -.7, p < .05). These data implicate hyperglycemia induced modifications in arterial proteoglycans that may promote atherosclerosis.
The Business Ethics Index as a Leading Economic Indicator

Theoretical justification for the Business Ethics Index (BEI) from the emerging economics of trust literature is discussed. The BEI results for 2007, 2008, and 2009 are presented. While the Personal/Past BEI component shows no significant difference from the previous years, the Vicarious/Past component shows a dramatic drop to levels previously never recorded. However, when it came to the perception of the future business ethical behavior, respondents were signifi- cantly more optimistic than in previous measurements. This finding was more than a little surprising given the depth of the economic crisis. A possible explanation is that consumers hopefully perceived the economic crisis as already abating and/or that at least the worst was over.
Localized Production of IL-10 Suppresses Early Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Subsequent Development of IFN-γ–Mediated Lyme Arthritis

IL-10 is a nonredundant inflammatory modulator that suppresses arthritis development in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice. Infected C57BL/6 (B6) IL-10(-/-) mice were previously found to have a prolonged IFN-inducible response in joint tissue. Infection of B6 IL-10 reporter mice identified macrophages and CD4(+) T cells as the primary sources of IL-10 in the infected joint tissue, suggesting that early local production of IL-10 dampened the proarthritic IFN response. Treatment of B6 IL-10(-/-) mice with anti-IFN-γ reduced the increase in arthritis severity and suppressed IFN-inducible transcripts to wild-type levels, thereby linking dysregulation of IFN-γ to disease in the B6 IL-10(-/-) mouse. Arthritis in B6 IL-10(-/-) mice was associated with elevated numbers of NK cell, NKT cell, α/β T cell, and macrophage infiltration of the infected joint. FACS lineage sorting revealed NK cells and CD4(+) T cells as sources of IFN-γ in the joint tissue of B6 IL-10(-/-) mice. These findings suggest the presence of a positive-feedback loop in the joint tissue of infected B6 IL-10(-/-) mice, in which production of inflammatory chemokines, infiltration of IFN-γ-producing cells, and additional production of inflammatory cytokines result in arthritis. This mechanism of arthritis is in contrast to that seen in C3H/He mice, in which arthritis development is linked to transient production of type I IFN and develops independently of IFN-γ. Due to the sustained IFN response driven by NK cells and T cells, we propose the B6 IL-10(-/-) mouse as a potential model to study the persistent arthritis observed in some human Lyme disease patients.
Streptococcus Suis Infection in Swine: A Retrospective Study of 256 Cases. Part I. Epidemiologic Factors and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns

A retrospective study of 256 cases of naturally acquired Streptococcus suis infections in swine submitted to the Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory from 1985 to 1989 was performed to determine the epidemiologic factors and antibiotic susceptibility patterns associated with S. suis serotypes 1-8 and 1/2. A standardized computer form was used to record the history, signalment, and clinical signs obtained from the records of selected cases and the microscopic lesions identified after review of the histopathology slides for each case. A computer statistics package (SAS) was used to evaluate the data. Although the number of recovered S. suis isolates increased in the fall and winter months, most serotypes were readily isolated throughout the year; only serotypes 1, 4, 7, and 1/2 increased in frequency of isolation in the fall, winter, and spring months. The majority (61.1%) of infected pigs in this study were < 12 weeks of age. More than 75% of pigs infected with serotypes 1, 6, 7, and 1/2 were < 12 weeks of age. There was extensive overlap in the age distributions for pigs with each serotype, and statistically significant differences for most serotypes were not observed. Fifty percent of pigs infected with S. suis serotypes 1 and 1/2 were 3-10 weeks of age, 50% of pigs infected with serotype 2 were 6-14 weeks of age, and 50% of pigs infected with serotypes 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 were 2-16 weeks of age. Isolates of S. suis were not uniformly susceptible to penicillin, and a large percentage of isolates were resistant to many antibiotics in common usage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Eye orientation during static tilts and its relationship to spontaneous head pitch in the laboratory mouse

Abstract Both eye position and head orientation are influenced by the macular (otolith) organs, via the tilt maculo-ocular reflex (tiltMOR) and the vestibulo-collic reflexes, respectively. The mechanisms that control head position also influence the rest position of the eye because head orientation influences eye position through the tiltMOR. Despite the increasing popularity of mice for studies of vestibular and ocular motor functions, relatively little is known in this species about tiltMOR, spontaneous orientation of the head, and their interrelationship. We used 2D video oculography to determine in C57BL/6 mice the absolute horizontal and vertical positions of the eyes over body orientations spanning 360° about the pitch and roll axes. We also determined head pitch during ambulation in the same animals. Eye elevation varied approximately sinusoidally as functions of pitch or roll angle. Over the central ± 30° of pitch, sensitivity and gain in the light were 31.7°/g and 0.53, respectively. The corresponding values for roll were 31.5°/g and 0.52. Absolute positions adopted in light and darkness differed only slightly. During ambulation, mice carried the lambda–bregma plane at a downward pitch of 29°, corresponding to a horizontal eye position of 64° and a vertical eye position of 22°. The vertical position is near the center of the range of eye movements produced by the pitch tiltMOR. The results indicate that the tiltMOR is robust in this species and favor standardizing pitch orientation across laboratories. The robust tiltMOR also has significant methodological implications for the practice of pupil-tracking video oculography in this species.
Genome Alignments Using MPI-LAGAN

We develop a parallel algorithm for a widely used whole genome alignment method called LAGAN. We use the MPI-based protocol to develop parallel solutions for two phases of the algorithm which take up a significant portion of the total runtime, and also have a high memory requirement. The serial LAGAN program uses CHAOS to quickly determine initial anchor or seeds, which are extended using a sparse dynamic programming based longest-increasing subsequence method. Our work involves parallelizing the CHAOS and LIS phases of the algorithm using a one-dimensional block cyclic partitioning of the computation. This leads to development of an efficient algorithm that utilizes the processors in a balanced way. We also ensure minimum time spent in communication or transfer of information across processors.We also report experimental evaluation of our parallel implementation using pairs of human contigs of varying lengths. We discuss and illustrate the challenges faced in parallelizing a sparse dynamic programming formulation as in this work, and show equivalent to theoretical speedups for our parallelized phases of the LAGAN algorithm.
Bone response to jumping is site-specific in children: a randomized trial.

Skeletal loading during growth may be one way of increasing bone mass early in life. We hypothesized that children randomized to a jumping program (25 jumps/day from a 45-cm box, 5 days/week for 12 weeks) would have greater increases in hip and spine bone mineral content (BMC) and 4% distal tibia volumetric bone density than children randomized to the control group. Our secondary hypothesis was that jumping would not be as beneficial among peripubertal children as compared to prepubertal or pubertal children due to the relatively high growth rate that occurs during the peripubertal period. Fifty-four children (31 girls) ages 3-5, 7-8, 11-12, and 15-18 years were enrolled. We performed bone, anthropometric, and force plate measurements at baseline and 12 weeks. Twenty-four-hour diet recall and Tanner's self-report of pubertal development were completed at baseline. Jumpers had a lower calcium intake than nonjumpers at baseline (965 +/- 403 vs 1295 +/- 465 mg/day, P < 0.01), but the groups were otherwise similar. Overall, jumpers had greater increases in total body BMC (45.0 +/- 4.9 vs 29.4 +/- 5.3 g, P = 0.03) and regional dual energy x-ray absorptiometry leg BMC (19.8 +/- 2.6 vs 11.5 +/- 2.8 g, P = 0.03) than nonjumpers at all pubertal stages. However, the 4% distal tibia bone response to jumping appeared to be modified by pubertal stage, with the greatest bone benefit from jumping observed in pubertal children (interaction of jumping group by pubertal stage, P < 0.05, for both BMC and volumetric BMD). A similar pattern was observed for spine BMC (interaction, P = 0.10). We conclude that skeletal loading increases total body and leg BMC in children, but may not have a positive effect at sites that are predominantly trabecular bone during periods of rapid growth (i.e., peripubertal period).
Nasal sensory nerve populations responding to histamine and capsaicin.

Background Inflammation of the nasal mucosa leads to sneezing, nasal itch, rhinorrhea, and nasal blockage. Many of these symptoms are likely the result of nasal trigeminal sensory nerve stimulation by inflammatory mediators. Nasal challenge with the C-fiber stimulant capsaicin causes a different set of symptoms than those evoked by histamine, suggesting that these 2 stimuli may activate separate subpopulations of nasal sensory nerves. Objective To investigate the trigeminal sensory nerves innervating the guinea pig nasal mucosa and to address specifically the hypothesis that histamine and capsaicin activate distinct subgroups of these nerves. Methods Guinea pig trigeminal neurons (retrogradely labeled from the nasal mucosa) were assessed for their responses to histamine and capsaicin by studying changes in the intracellular free calcium concentration, and assessed for substance P immunoreactivity. Results Only 60% of the nasal-specific trigeminal sensory neurons were found to be capsaicin-sensitive. Histamine stimulated only a subset ( Conclusion Nasal neurons are not homogenous with respect to chemosensitivity or substance P content. It is likely that this heterogeneity in nasal afferent nerves underlies the differences in nasal responses to specific inflammatory mediators associated with the allergic reaction.
Dimensions of Subjectivity in Natural Language

Current research in automatic subjectivity analysis deals with various kinds of subjective statements involving human attitudes and emotions. While all of them are related to subjectivity, these statements usually touch on multiple dimensions such as non-objectivity, uncertainty, vagueness, non-objective measurability, imprecision, and ambiguity, which are inherently different. This paper discusses the differences and relations of six dimensions of subjectivity. Conceptual and linguistic characteristics of each dimension will be demonstrated under different contexts.
Tracetree: a scalable mechanism to discover multicast tree topologies in the internet

The successful deployment of multicast in the Internet requires the availability of good network management solutions. Discovering multicast tree topologies is an important component of this task. Network managers can use topology information to monitor and debug potential multicast forwarding problems. In addition, the collected topology has several other uses, for example, in reliable multicast transport protocols, in multicast congestion control protocols, and in discovering network characteristics. We present a mechanism for discovering multicast tree topologies using the forwarding state in the network. We call our approach tracetree. First, we present the basic operation of tracetree. Then, we explore various issues related to its functionality (e.g., scalability, security, etc.). Next, we provide a detailed evaluation by comparing it to the currently available alternatives. Finally, we discuss a number of deployment issues. We believe that tracetree provides an efficient and scalable mechanism for discovering multicast tree topologies and therefore fills an important void in the area of multicast network management.
Rotational analysis of pseudorotational bands of Na3

The B 2 A' 1 -X 2 B 2 system of Na 3 has been investigated at rotational resolution by using resonant two photon ionization and optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy. A number of vibronic bands were assigned and rotationally analyzed. In states which are excited by at least one quantum in the linear distortion mode, the three sodium nuclei perform a free pseudorotational motion in the moat of a pseudo-Jahn-Teller potential. Structure and dynamics of this floppy molecule are discussed on the basis of the measured rotational and Coriolis coupling parameters
Multiple layer asymmetric vertical comb-drive actuated scanning mirrors

A MEMS based, resonant mode, thinned single crystal silicon scanning mirror stiffened by a skeleton truss and actuated via multi-layer vertical comb-drives has been realized utilizing a self-aligned DRIE fabrication process.
The Impact of Social Types within Information Communities: Findings from Technical Newsgroups

We explored whether Fisher and Durrances [11] framework of information communities applies to online technical newsgroups and the impact of particular social types on information flow within digital economy. Data collection methods included content analysis of discussion threads from six technical newsgroups over an eighteen month period, along with focus groups, participant observation and interviews with key informants, and analysis of quantitative data obtained from Microsoft Researchs Netscan project. Findings support and expand the information communities framework. Four social types were identified: (1) members, (2) mentors, (3) managers and (4) moguls. Newsgroups facilitated social and information exchanges among individuals from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and geographic locations as they posted and replied to messages publicly available for viewing. The interaction of the social types within the communities thus fostered information flow as people solicited, disseminated and exchanged information on varied topics.
Cyclone Development in Polar Air Streams over the Wintertime Continent

Abstract A polar air stream cyclogenesis over the wintertime North American Continent is documented. Numerous similarities are found between this land case and oceanic polar lows studied Harrold and Browning (1969), Reed (1979) and Mullen (1979). The main difference between the land case and oceanic polar lows is that the land cyclone develops in an air mass with negligible water vapor content whereas oceanic ones clearly do not since they are characterized by enhanced cumulus activity during their early stage of development Hence, it is concluded that cumulus convection and its associated latent heat release are not essential for cyclone development in a polar air stream. It is also shown that the surface occlusion which forms from the merger of the polar trough with the main polar front does not follow the typical surface occlusion process as described by the Norwegian cyclone model.
Luteinizing Hormone: A New Generation of Bioassays

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses bioassays for luteinizing hormone (LH). It describes two bioassays of new generation in which a single cell of target cells is isolated for quantifying of the biochemical consequences of the action of hormone. The term interstitial cell stimulating hormone defines adequately the action of hormone in the male. The development of sensitive in vitro bioassays for LH has provided one of the essential tools for exploring this interesting and potentially important aspect of the actions of gonadotropins. The biological responses used as end points in the two classic in vivo bioassays for LH, namely, testosterone secretion by Leydig cells or depletion of ascorbic acid from corpora lutea, form the basis of two bioassays of the new generation. In the Leydig-cell assay, the target cells are separated out physically after enzymatic and/or mechanical disruption of the target organ.
Assessing Problem Solving

Methods for assessing problem-solving learning outcomes vary with the nature of the ­problem. For simpler well-structured problems, answer correctness and process may be used along with assessments of comprehension of problem schemas, including problem classification, text editing, and analogical comparisons. For more complex and ill-­structured problems that have no convergent answers, solution criteria, or solution methods, problem solving may be assessed by constructing and applying solution rubrics to assess mental simulations (scenarios), arguments in support of solutions, and student-constructed ­problems. Problem solving processes are normally assessed by coding schemes. In addition to assessing problem solutions, assessments of critical cognitive skills, including causal reasoning and student models, may be used to infer problem-solving skills.
Abstract PL06-03: Role of the circadian clock in skin cancer prevention and sunburn erythema

Epidemiological studies of humans and experimental studies with mouse models suggest that sunburn apoptosis and erythema as a result of exposure to excessive UV light and damage to DNA confers an increased risk for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The early inflammatory response to UV exposure, sunburn, follows molecular and cellular responses including DNA repair and apoptosis. Previous reports have shown that nucleotide excision repair, the sole pathway for removing UV-induced DNA damage, as well as DNA replication, are regulated by the circadian clock in mouse skin. Furthermore, more skin carcinogenesis was observed in mice exposed to UV in the early morning, when repair activity was low, and replication activity was high, as compared to mice exposed in the late afternoon. Because sunburn and skin cancer are causally related, we investigated UV-induced sunburn apoptosis and erythema in mouse skin as a function of circadian time. Interestingly, sunburn apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine induction, and erythema were maximal following an acute early morning exposure to UV, and minimal following an afternoon exposure. We find that the circadian rhythmicity of erythemal response was correlated with greater UV-induced stabilization and activity of p53 protein in the early morning as compared to the late afternoon. These data provide the first evidence that the circadian clock plays an important role in the erythemal response. Furthermore, modulating either the circadian clock or the time of the day when exposure occurs may be effective in mitigating the risk for sunburn, skin cancer development and photo aging. Citation Format: Shobhan Gaddameedhi, Aziz Sancar. Role of the circadian clock in skin cancer prevention and sunburn erythema. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr PL06-03.
Abstract TP299: Lone Intraventricular Hemorrhage Frequently Harbors Vascular Malformations And Has Better Clinical Outcomes Than When Associated With Small Parenchymal Component

Background: Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is an uncommon neurological event which can cause significant morbidity. The current literature comprises of small case series that include two types of PIVH: 1) blood restricted to the ventricular system only 2) predominant IVH plus a small parenchymal component. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that these two types represent different clinical entities and have key differences in their clinical, diagnostic and prognostic profiles. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review over last 3 years from our center’s database. Neuroradiology reports of initial CT scans from all cases of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) were reviewed to capture patients. Then CT images were reviewed and classified into pure IVH or IVH with small intraparenchymal hemorrhage within 15mm of the ventricular wall (IVH/sICH). Exclusion criteria included presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage and head trauma. Results: Out of 846 ICH patients, 25 patients (3%) were identified as pure IVH and 26 (3.1%) as IVH/sICH. Median ages were 72 and 61 years, and females were 17 (68%) and 14 (54%) without significant difference. Pure IVH was found to have significantly higher rate of cerebral angiogram performance (60% vs 26.9%, p=0.02), more frequent etiology of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) or arteriovenous fistula (32% vs 3.8%, p=0.01), better early clinical outcomes measured by median modified Rankin score at discharge (4 vs 5, p=0.05) and lower in-hospital mortality (0% vs 23.1%, p=0.02). IVH/sICH group was found to have significantly higher rate of focal findings on presentation (p=0.02) and past history of HTN (p=0.02). No significant differences were found between the groups in clinical presentation, admission blood pressure, pre-admission antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy, severity of IVH on CT, CT angiogram findings, and in-hospital complication and treatment. Conclusion: Clinical presentation was not different between pure IVH and IVH with small parenchymal component. Pure IVH patients received a more aggressive diagnostic approach, had more frequent diagnosis of vascular malformation, and had better early clinical outcomes.
Visualization Overview

In data visualization, we graphically represent information to ultimately utilize more understanding from data and reveal more knowledge of hidden information from contents. We are surrounded by data of all kinds and forms, business, demographics, weather, Scientifics, medicine, financials, marketing, advertising and so forth. Human being internal model-cognitive map is generated based on what we observed. This internal model is not just big map but a large number of these for all different kinds of things. Moreover, visualization is inherently analytical and therefore, showing images and graphs in 3D is not enough. Data visualization should be part of process that allows the user to find the answer in his own mind while view of projection of the data that reduces the complexity and amount of data to capture important and essential information. To summarize, goal is, understanding of data that could be combined with visualization to provide quantitative overview of large and complex data sets, can summarize data, and can assist in identifying regions of interest with appropriate parameters for more focused analysis. It should harnesses the perceptual capabilities of human visual system.
The Application of International Human Rights in Non-International Armed Conflict: From Rhetoric to Action

Since the end of the Cold War, the world has experienced a decrease in international conflict and a significant increase in non-international armed conflict (niac). Despite this change, however, international law has been very slow in adapting its laws that initially were crafted with international armed conflict in mind to the new niac environment. There is a growing recognition that international humanitarian law (ihl) is not well equipped to deal with issues of human rights violations committed during niac. New efforts to make international human rights law (ihrl) applicable in such conflicts have, however, raised more questions than answers. There is still no consensus on whether international human rights law applies to niac. Furthermore, the question on whether non-international armed groups are bound by international human rights obligations remains controversial. This article tries to analyze where international law stands now of these questions. It proposes steps international law could follow to move from its current rhetoric to a more practical solution on these questions. The three solutions proposed are: individual agreements to respect human rights during armed conflict, the possibility of an icj advisory opinion and the option of a protocol additional to international human rights treaties relating to their application in niac.
A mutation abolishing the ZMPSTE24 cleavage site in prelamin A causes a progeroid disorder

In 1994 in the Journal of Cell Science, Hennekes and Nigg reported that changing valine to arginine at the endoproteolytic cleavage site in chicken prelamin A abolishes its conversion to lamin A. The consequences of this mutation in an organism have remained unknown. We now report that the corresponding mutation in a human subject leads to accumulation of prelamin A and causes a progeroid disorder. Next generation sequencing of the subject and her parents' exomes identified a de novo mutation in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) that resulted in a leucine to arginine amino acid substitution at residue 647 in prelamin A. The subject's fibroblasts accumulated prelamin A, a farnesylated protein, which led to an increased percentage of cultured cells with morphologically abnormal nuclei. Treatment with a protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor improved abnormal nuclear morphology. This case demonstrates that accumulation of prelamin A, independent of the loss of function of ZMPSTE24 metallopeptidase that catalyzes processing of prelamin A, can cause a progeroid disorder and that a cell biology assay could be used in precision medicine to identify a potential therapy.
Author response to “Re: occupation and thyroid cancer.”

In Muirhead's letter to the editor1 regarding our recent publication,2 he identifies three studies of thyroid cancer incidence in radiation-exposed occupations and with occupational radiation exposures that were not included in our review. We appreciate his interest in our review and his identification of these missing papers. The Muirhead et al 3 and Kesminiene et al 4 publications were eligible for inclusion in our review. Although the search engine we used to identify articles had the ability to search all text in a document and …
Design and Implementation of a Message Queuing Middleware

The design and implementation of a new message queuing middleware is introduced.The size of message is unlimited.It applied to Windows 2000/NT/98/ME.It makes message reture many times and provides MQ Clinent API with COM.
Bacterial community diversity of the deep-sea octocoral Paramuricea placomus

Compared to tropical corals, much less is known about deep-sea coral biology and ecology. Although the microbial communities of some deep-sea corals have been described, this is the first study to characterize the bacterial community associated with the deep-sea octocoral, Paramuricea placomus. Samples from five colonies of P. placomus were collected from Baltimore Canyon (379-382 m depth) in the Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of the United States of America. DNA was extracted from the coral samples and 16S rRNA gene amplicons were pyrosequenced using V4-V5 primers. Three samples sequenced deeply (>4,000 sequences each) and were further analyzed. The dominant microbial phylum was Proteobacteria, but other major phyla included Firmicutes and Planctomycetes. A conserved community of bacterial taxa held in common across the three P. placomus colonies was identified, comprising 68-90% of the total bacterial community depending on the coral individual. The bacterial community of P. placomus does not appear to include the genus Endozoicomonas, which has been found previously to be the dominant bacterial associate in several temperate and tropical gorgonians. Inferred functionality suggests the possibility of nitrogen cycling by the core bacterial community.
Cancer information in local television news.

B32 Introduction. It is important that health professionals and health information providers understand the extent and nature of cancer information available to the public as it directly affects their outreach efforts as well as their daily interactions with individual patients and their families. Local television news represents an important channel for the dissemination of health and cancer information. This study assesses the extent and nature of the coverage of cancer in local television news. Method. Using content analytic procedures, coders examined every news story on 1, 257 newscasts aired on seven stations (the affiliates of ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC, UPN, WB, and Univision) in four midwest U.S. markets_Chicago, Indianapolis, South Bend, and Terre Haute_during four composite weeks from December 2004 to June 2005. Each channel9s local morning, noon, and early and late evening newscasts were analyzed. Each cancer news story was coded in terms of: length (in seconds); location in the newscast; specific cancer types, stages, and topics covered; overall visual and verbal tone, viewpoints presented, follow-up options provided, and language accessibility. Results. A total of 386 news stories (1.0%) focused on cancer, with an average duration of 57 seconds. More than half of these stories (58%) were located in health segments; 7% served as a lead story of a newscast. Nearly half (40%) of all cancer news stories were broadcast in the morning, a function of newscast length. When compared by the number of cancer stories per 30 minutes, newscasts at noon offer the most coverage of cancer. The most frequently covered cancers were breast (24%) and colon/rectum (12%), followed by prostate, brain, lung/bronchus, leukemia, skin, liver, ovary, non-hodgkin lymphoma, oral cavity, and pancreas (all between 10% and 1%). This order diverges from actual cancer incidence rates. One out of four (26%) cancer stories covered advances; 13% focused on fundraising; 5% focused on technology; and 3% on law/policy. Most cancer news stories were verbally neutral (55%) or positive (35%), and visually neutral (93%) in tone. Few offered contrasting viewpoints (2%). Only one in eight provided follow-up information (12%). The average story required a 10 th grade education to be understood. Differences across markets did emerge but they were not systematically related to market size (and the likely resources of stations in those markets). Implications. Health practitioners can take some comfort in knowing that cancer stories in local news are mostly natural or positive, content unlikely to discourage information-seeking among cancer patients and their families as some earlier studies suggested. Yet, since cancer stories are episodic and abbreviated, and only few provide follow-up options, health practitioners will have to utilize other information outlets (i.e., PSAs and pamphlets) to set an agenda and steer viewers to interactive sources of information.
X-ray crystallographic structure of a teixobactin analogue reveals key interactions of the teixobactin pharmacophore

The X-ray crystallographic structure of a truncated teixobactin analogue reveals hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions and a cavity that binds a chloride anion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against Gram-positive bacteria correlate the observed structure with antibiotic activity.
Designing the future for the US Department of Energy's national laboratories

The US Department of Energy's (DOE) laboratories play a critical role in maintaining the innovative leadership of the US in the world arena. This article discusses the role of DOE's Federal labs and the role of Federal labs in general in effecting US innovativeness. In addition, problems which have recently surfaced concerning DOE's management of these labs are presented. Suggestions for improvement for DOE's Federal labs are provided, and include: separation from the DOE; development of a governing board; stronger and more consistent focus; professional CEO; a corporate matrix staff structure.
Thoracotomy in the emergency department for resuscitation of the mortally injured.

Purpose Emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy is an intervention of last resort for the acutely dying victim of trauma. In light of improvements in pre-hospital emergency systems, improved operative strategies for survival such as damage control and improvements in critical care medicine, the most extreme of resuscitation efforts should be re-evaluated for the potential survivor, with success properly defined as the return of vital signs which allow transport of the patient to the operating room.
Epithelial plasticity in the mammary gland

Many epithelial tissues rely on multipotent stem cells for the proper development and maintenance of their diverse cell lineages. Nevertheless, the identification of multipotent stem cell populations within the mammary gland has been a point of contention over the past decade. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the various lineage-tracing studies performed to address this issue and conclude that although multipotent stem cells exist in the embryonic mammary placode, the postnatal mammary gland instead contains distinct unipotent progenitor populations that contribute to stage-specific development and homeostasis. This begs the question of why differentiated mammary epithelial cells can exhibit stem cell behavior in culture. We speculate that such reprogramming potential is repressed in situ under normal conditions but revealed in vitro and might drive breast cancer development.
Sustainability: Humanity Perspective

Sustainability is the capacity to endure in ecological terms. A sustainable system is one that has a "stable" nontrivial "end" state. Monotonous change is an indication that the system is not sustainable. The Sun's energy powers the entire ecosystem on earth: water cycle and biomass cycle. The water cycle provides opportunity for hydroelectric power development. While both hydroelectricity and wind electricity are renewable and sustainable, hydroelectricity power plants have a more predictable load factor. The water storage reservoirs can have a stabilizing effect on the "local climate", improving biomass cycles. Biomass utilization brings a sustainable state change. Switching from fossil energy use to biomass use will see an increase in carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere initially. However, there is a new sustainable state foreseeable with biomass use, in direct contrast to fossil energy use. Apart from the sustainability impact, the depletion of fossil sources has made it imperative to move away from its utilization. Wood or forest biomass has the highest saturation standing biomass, while algae have the highest production rate. High saturation biomass species are more advantageous than low saturation biomass species due to the collection and transportation restrictions. The lower standing biomass also leads to more CO 2 staying in the atmosphere. Depending on the life-span of the final product, the effect of biomass management on the carbon storage can be either positive or negative. Solar energy is vastly available and its use is less disturbing to the ecosystems. It is clear that in the direct solar energy utilization cycle; there is no water, carbon dioxide, or any other than substance emission involvement. Efficient capture of solar energy is the key for its sustainable exploitation. However, solar energy capture cannot interfere with plant biomass. Geothermal energy is most reliable as it is stored deep underneath the earth. It can be exploited from any point on the earth surface by deep drilling into the rocks. However, geothermal energy is neither sustainable nor renewable. Just because there is vast amount of geothermal energy is not the reason for us to exploit. It is a more desperate resource than anything else on earth.
Medicine Success When Simple

Physicians are faced with a fundamental problem to take the information that they are given, examine, determine what further information may required, and reach a conclusion. Throughout history the information available and the form in which it is presented has changed markedly. The rise of modern medicine has been due in major part to deeper understanding of basic biology, including anatomy and physiology. It deals successfully with simple systems, where diagnosis and treatment work, where causes and cures are well defined and easily handled.