cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex and environmental influences on the size and ultrastructure of the rat corpus callosum.

Abstract A contested report of sex differences in the size of the splenium of the corpus callosum in humans prompted the present examination of the corpus callosum in the rat. We have previously found that sex differences can vary with the rearing environment. Consequently, male and female rats were raised from weaning to 55 days of age in either a complex or an isolated environment. There were no sex differences in the size of the corpus callosum in sagittal cross section in these rats; however, rats of both sexes had a larger posterior third of the corpus callosum if they were raised in the complex environment. Because the corpus callosum continues to grow in size past 55 days of age, we examined socially housed rats at 113 days and again found no sex differences. The splenium was examined with electron microscopy in complex and isolation reared rats at 55 days of age. The ultrastructural analysis revealed differences at were not apparent from gross size measures. Females had more unmyelinated axons regardless of environment, and females from the complex environment had more myelinated axons than comparably housed males. In contrast, males in the complex environment had larger myelinated axons than females. Rats of both sexes from the complex environment had larger and more unmyelinated axons than isolated rats. In addition in myelinated axons, plasticity in the females occurred through changes in axon number and in males, through axon size. Thus sex differences exist in axonal number and size and the environment influences these differences.
Nouns in early lexicons: evidence, explanations and implications*

Many theories of grammatical and lexical acquisition assume that children learn predominantly nouns, and specifically names of objects, when they first begin to acquire words in the second year. We show that the noun bias in early vocabularies is far from universal, and that it rests only in part on the acquisition of object names. An analysis of vocabulary composition from 45 children at 1;8 indicates that more nouns are acquired than all other word classes, but that of the nouns acquired only about half are the names of basic level object classes (BLOCs). An examination of the use of nouns in mother-child discourse shows that non-object words referencing locations, actions and events, for example, are used in distinctive pragmatic and grammatical contexts which might enable a child to grasp the word's use and eventually its meaning. It is concluded that a theory of lexical acquisition in discourse context is required to explain word learning at all levels and for all word types. Implications for semantic bootstrapping theories are considered.
Electron–longitudinal-acoustic-phonon scattering in double-quantum-dot based quantum gates

Abstract We propose a nanostructure design which can significantly suppress longitudinal-acoustic-phonon–electron scattering in double-quantum-dot based quantum gates for quantum computing. The calculated relaxation rates vs. bias voltage exhibit a double-peak feature with a minimum approaching 10 5 s −1 . In this matter, the energy conservation law prohibits scattering contributions from phonons with large momenta; furthermore, increasing the barrier height between the double quantum dots reduces coupling strength between the dots. Hence, the joint action of the energy conservation law and the decoupling greatly reduces the scattering rates. The degrading effects of temperatures can be reduced simply by increasing the height of the barrier between the dots.
Neutron scattering study of the vibrational density of states in icosahedral and crystalline Al0.80Mn0.20.

We present an inelastic neutron scattering study of the vibrational density of states, $\overline{g}(E)$, for the icosahedral and crystalline phases of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.80}$ ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.20}$. At low energy transfers we find nearly identical $\overline{g}(E)\ensuremath{\propto}{E}^{2}$ dependences indicating that the two materials are elastically similar. In the intermediate energy range, 20-35 meV, the crystalline $\overline{g}(E)$ shows weak structure while that of the icosahedral phase remains smooth. Above 40 meV there is an excess of the icosahedral $\overline{g}(E)$ compared with that of the crystalline material. These results provide a direct test for models of the interatomic forces and dynamics of the icosahedral phase.
Vaginal perforation during transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in a woman undergoing multiple cycles of assisted reproduction

Abstract Objective To report a case of vaginal perforation during transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration. Design Case report. Setting A university hospital. Patient(s) A 41-year-old woman who had undergone transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration five times previously for IVF–embryo transfer. Intervention(s) Retrospective evaluation of past medical history and surgical treatment. Main outcome measure(s) Medical follow-up after surgical repair of the perforation. Result(s) Simple vaginal perforation with no damage to the gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems can be repaired at the time of perforation through the vagina. Conclusion(s) Perforation of the vagina is a possible complication of transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in older patients with a history of repeated transvaginal aspiration of follicles, particularly when the ovaries are difficult to visualize.
Complicated Hyaluronan Patterns in Skin: Enlightenment by UVB?

Hyaluronan has a complex metabolism with rapid turnover in skin, with wide differences occurring in dermal and epidermal compartments. Analyses of acute UVB irradiation of skin, as documented in cultured human fibroblast and immortalized keratinocyte cell culture media, confirm that no simple patterns are present. A systematic approach has been initiated in the studies by Averbeck et al.
Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA Variation within and among Yukon River Chum Salmon Populations

Abstract We surveyed seven regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome for restriction site variation to investigate the evolution of genetic variability in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta from the Yukon River. Chum salmon from other Alaska regions were also analyzed to provide context for mtDNA variation. No divergence was observed in mtDNA haplotype frequency distributions among Yukon River populations, but divergence was observed across Alaska. The haplotype genealogy identified two lineages, and nested clade analysis revealed significant relationships between the geographical distribution of haplotypes and their genealogy for a two-step clade (which predominates in the Yukon River), a three-step clade, and for the total cladogram. The demographic signal detected for the two-step clade was consistent with isolation by distance, whereas contiguous range expansion was identified for the three-step clade and the total cladogram. The absence of signals of historical fragmentation suggests that incomplete...
Interval Estimation in Linear Regression When Both Variables are Subject to Error

Abstract Define the linear functional relationship with parameters, α, β, by μ = α + βv. This paper considers the problem of confidence interval estimation of α and β separately, based on a sample of independent pairs, (x i , y i ), i = 1, 2, ···, n, with Ex i = vi, Ey i = μ i . The pairs, (x i , y i ), are assumed to be independent (i ≠ i′), to have a common (unknown) covariance matrix Σ, and to follow the bivariate normal distribution. It is known that under these circumstances (providing instrumental variates are available) one can define a variance ratio with 2 and (n − 2) degrees of freedom, F 2,n–2 say, as a function of α, β, sample statistics and instrumental variates to yield a confidence region on (α, β) based on In this paper we show, for interval estimation of α only, that taking limits as (min α, max α) satisfying yields confidence at least (1–γ). A similar result holds for interval estimation of β only. In the latter case, the limits obtained differ from those derived by the well-known proced...
Activity of dose-dense outpatient intravenous Interleukin-2 preceded by famotidine in metastatic clear cell cancer of the kidney

Daily short intravenous infusions of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been developed to decrease toxicity while maintaining anticancer activity of this agent against kidney cancer. Such IL-2 schedules have previously been shown to increase Lymphokine Activated Killer cell (LAK) numbers (Quan) and LAK activity (Mitchell). Famotidine may increase LAK activity by increasing Interleukin-2 internalization by the IL-2 receptor on lymphocytes (Tsunoda). We treated 15 patients with metastatic clear cell kidney cancer using IL-2 18 Million IU/M2 intravenously over 15-30 minutes preceded by famotidine 20 mg IV daily for 3 days for 6 consecutive weeks on an outpatient basis. Cycles were repeated every 8 weeks until disease progression. Patient characteristics: 7 males/8 females, median age-59 (range: 28-70), median ECOG performance status-1; common metastatic sites: lungs (14), lymph nodes (9), liver (4), bone (4), and pancreas (4). Prior systemic therapy: oral TKI (8), Interleukin-2 (6), mTor inhibitor (2), no prior (3). Prior nephrectomy (9). Most common toxicities were rigors (13), arthralgia/myalgia (12), nausea/emesis (11), fever (11), hypotension (11), and constipation (8). All episodes of hypotension were transient and alleviated with outpatient intravenous fluid. No patients have required hospitalization due to toxicity of therapy. There have been no treatment-related deaths. One complete response (7%) (in lungs lasting 13 months) and four partial responses (26%) have been seen (total response rate =33%; 95% CI:15-59%). Responses have occurred in lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and bone. Median response duration = 5 months (2-13). Median survival = 13.75 months (3-41 months). Two patients are alive at 35.7+ and 35.2+ months. Dose-dense outpatient intravenous Interleukin-2 preceded by famotidine has activity in metastatic clear cell kidney cancer.
Enantioselective synthesis of (S)- and (R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride

Abstract The enantioselective synthesis of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a potent serotonin-uptake inhibitor, is described. The synthesis of (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride begins with the asymmetric carbonyl-ene reaction of benzaldehyde with 3-methylene-2,3-dihydrofuran (1) catalyzed by Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4/(S)-BINOL to give (S)-2-(3-furyl)-1-phenyl-1-ethanol (2) in 90% yield and 95% ee. In five steps, alcohol 2 was converted into (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride (97% ee and 56% overall yield from benzaldehyde). (R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride was prepared by the same sequence except that Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4/(R)-BINOL was used in the first reaction to give the enantiomer of 2.
USE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION METHODS TO MONITOR REMEDIATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT LANDFILL: 2004-2011

Time-lapse geophysical surveys using frequency-domain electromagnetics (FDEM) can indirectly measure time-varying hydrologic parameters such as fluid saturation or solute concentration. Monitoring of these processes provides insight into aquifer properties and the effectiveness of constructed controls (such as leachate interceptor trenches), as well as aquifer responses to natural or induced stresses. At the University of Connecticut landfill, noninvasive, electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods were used to monitor changes in subsurface electrical conductivity that were related to the landfill-closure activities. After the landfill was closed, EMI methods were used to monitor changes in water saturation and water quality. As part of a long-term monitoring plan to observe changes associated with closure, redevelopment, and remediation of the former landfill, EMI data were collected to supplement information from groundwater samples collected in wells to the south and north of the landfill. In comparison to single-point measurements that could have been collected by conventional installation of additional monitoring wells, the EMI methods provided increased spatial coverage, and were less invasive and therefore less destructive to the wetland north of the landfill. To monitor effects of closure activities on the subsurface conductivity, EMI measurements were collected from 2004 to 2011 along discrete transects north and south of the landfill prior to, during, and after the landfill closure. In general, the results indicated an overall decline in subsurface electrical conductivity with time and with distance from the former landfill. This decline in electrical conductivity indicated that the closure and remediation efforts reduced the amount of leachate that originated from the landfill and that entered the drainages to the north and south of the landfill.
Ethanol and Natural Killer Cells. II. Stimulation of Human Natural Killer Activity by Ethanol In Vitro

A single ethanol ingestion of 1 g/kg by healthy individuals under controlled conditions does not inhibit and may stimulate fresh natural killer (NK) activity measured 16 hr later. However, ethanol inhibits fresh human NK activity when added to the lytic assay medium, as reported previously by other investigators. In contrast, using the same target (K562 erythroleukemia cells), peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured 3 days with 50 units/ml of interleukin-2 are no longer inhibited significantly by the same concentration of ethanol that inhibited the fresh cells by 80%. When freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte-depleted lymphocytes, or partially purified NK cells are pre-exposed to ethanol in vitro for 1 to 7 days, washed, and assayed for lytic activity against K562, the lytic activity is increased compared with nonethanol-exposed cells incubated concurrently. This increase is not dependent on accessory cells, added cytokines, or cell growth, and seems to be an intrinsic response of the NK subset to ethanol exposure. The finding of NK stimulation by ethanol, considered together with the observation of NK cell loss in some chronic alcoholics, suggests that loss of NK activity in the chronic alcoholic may result from cell loss rather than direct ethanol inhibition of NK activity.
Evidence for a mevalonate shunt in a tracheophyte

Primary leaf tissue from light and dark grown wheat seedlings incubated with [2-$^{14}$C]acetate and [2-$^{3}$H]mevalonolactone (MVA) synthesized doubly labelled sterols and long chain fatty alcohols (LCFA). While [2-$^{3}$H]MVA was incorporated into LCFA as efficiently as into sterols, [5-$^{3}$H]MVA was metabolized only to sterols. Mevinolin, a specific inhibitor of HMG--CoA reductase, completely inhibited [2-$^{14}$C]acetate incorporation into sterols but it did not completely prevent [2-$^{3}$H]MVA from being incorporated into LCFA. In the presence and absence of mevinolin, $^{3}$H in the purified LCFA was found associated primarily with C$\_{22}$, C$\_{24}$, and C$\_{26}$ (components isolated from the subcellular membranes), while $^{14}$C was present additionally in C$\_{28}$ (the major LCFA isolated from the epicuticular wax). Substantial $^{14}$C and $^{3}$H was incorporated into the membrane-bound 24-desalkyl and 24-alkylsterols with no loss of label associated with increasing the side chain length, that is, by alkylation at C$_{24}$. The results demonstrate for the first time that: (i) the MVA shunt operates in a tracheophyte; (ii) preferential utilization of acetate, formed by the shunt and presumably compartmentalized, may exist in wheat for the synthesis of LCFA having a chain length distribution more suitable for membrane than wax construction; and (iii) the MVA shunt is not a minor vestigial lipid pathway but may, under certain physiological and developmental conditions, represent a pathway for routing isopentenyl pyrophosphate C-atoms away from their inclusion into the sterol pathway. Photosynthesis had no apparent effect on shunt activity.
Electrical properties of Ta-doped SnO2 thin films prepared by the metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition method

Undoped and Ta-doped SnO2 (Sn1−xTaxO2) thin films were prepared on Corning 7059 glass substrates by the metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition method. The relative amount of Ta, CTa=XTa/(XTa+XSn), varied from 0 to 7.13 at. %. For the five compositions studied, the lowest resistivity at room temperature was 2.01×10−4 Ω cm at CTa=3.75% with charge carrier density and mobility of 1.27×1021 cm−3 and 24.5 cm2/V s, respectively. In microstructural investigation, 3.75% Ta-doped film maintains a growth pattern of initial stage growth while 7.13% Ta-doped film has a high population of small grains at the interface, which results in large grains through competitive growth. The resistivity of the undoped film was 0.17 Ω cm with charge carrier density and mobility of 1.31×1018 cm−3 and 28.1 cm2/V s obtained from Hall measurement. This study suggests that Ta is an excellent n-type dopant in SnO2.
Compression of AIRS data using Emperical Mode Decomposition

In this paper, we consider an application of the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) introduced by Norden E. Huang in 1996 to the compression of 3D hyperspectral sounding data. The EMD is a new data analysis method which is based on expansion of the data in terms of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF). These IMFs are based on and derived from the data set. Since EMD adaptively represent the signal as a sum of "well behaved" amplitude/frequency modulated components, we found it very well suited for the whitening part of the compression scheme.
A model of memory dynamics

We derive and study Hebbian learning dynamics and recall dynamics for a neural net arranged in a hierarchy of layers. Reciprocal interactions between layers and lateral inhibitory interactions within layers characterize the model. We present a set of simulations which illustrate learning and recall dynamics. The computations call on the constructs of a feasible memory analysis, as well as informax optimization protocol.
Some predicted relationships and properties for the charge distribution in crambin

Abstract An HF/3-21G calculation was performed for crambin, which is present in seeds of Crambe abyssinica, at the recent 0.54 A−1 resolution X-ray geometry. The resulting electron distribution function was analyzed using Bader’s topological method. The density at bond critical points in the peptide unit shows some scatter in the correlation with bond length. Additionally, (3,−3) critical points (local minima) were located in ∇ 2 ρ( r ) within the valence shell charge concentration region of the carbonyl oxygen atoms. These points always lie near the plane of the peptide unit, which itself is sometimes not precisely planar.
A 8 Tl 11 ( A = K, Rb, or Cs) phases with hypoelectronic Tl 11 7− cluster anions: Syntheses, structure, bonding, and properties

The title compounds, which are synthesized from be elements, are shown to be isostructural with K8In11 (R3¯c Z=6) and to contain pentacapped trigonal prismatic clusters that have been compressed along the three-fold axes so as to bring the two types of capping atoms within bonding distances. These are arranged in double-ccp layers separated by double alkali--metal layers. Extended Huckel calculations show a substantial energy gap and the end of significant intracluster bonding for the hypoelectronic (by Wade's rules) 18-electron Tl11 7−. Correspondingly, all three compounds are metallic (ρ298 ≈ 400 μΩ · cm) and Pauli-paramagnetic (χM ≈ 4 x 10−4 emu. mol−1, consistent with their formulation as metallic (A +)8Tl11 7− e− phases. Factors thought to be responsible for the cluster distortion, the metallic salt characteristics, and the unusual chemistry of thallium am noted.
An analytic model for the excess properties of binary liquid mixtures

Abstract A model has been devised to analyse excess property data for binary liquid mixtures. The model embodies the concept of the segmentation of the total composition range into three distinct regions. Results are given for the analyses of Δ V , Δ H and Δν for the acetonitrile-water and dimethylsulfoxide-water systems.
Deformation measurements on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Repeated electronic distance measurements across Kilauea Caldera with Tellurometers and Geodimeter show definite horizontal expansion related to the vertical uplift and outward tilting of the summit prior to an eruption, and contraction during and after a flank eruption. Measurements started in October 1964, along a 3098 meter line between Uwekahuna and Keanakakoi, indicate a relatively uniform lengthening of 12 centimeters during the interval October 22, 1964 to March 1, 1965. Rapid shortening of the line by 28 centimeters was measured 4 days after the beginning of a flank eruption which involved emission of approximately 29 million cubic meters of lava during the period March 5 to March 15, 1965.
Floating spherical gaussian orbital calculation of electric field gradients near the deuteron in CH3D, H2CCHD, HCCD

Abstract Electric field gradients near the deuteron are calculated for CH3D, H2CCHD and HCCD by using wavefunctions obtained by the floating spherical gaussian orbital method. Failry accurate field gradients are obtained by the use of double gaussian functions.
The time of origin of neurons in Ammon's horn and the associated retrohippocampal fields.

The time of origin of the neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, in the regio superior and regio inferior of Ammon's horn, and in the following retrohippocampal fields — the subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, medial and lateral entorhinal areas and the perirhinal cortex, has been determined in the rat, by the technique of 3H-thymidine autoradiography. In each field the cells are generated over a limited period of about five days, with the majority being formed in a 24–48 h period. As in the neocortex, the cells in the various hippocampal fields are generated in a distinct “inside-out” sequence with respect to the ependymal zone in which they arise. In addition there are two distinct gradients along the transverse, or dentato-rhinal axis, of the formation. Thus the neurons in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus (including field CA4) tend to arise earlier than the pyramidal cells in the regio inferior, and these in turn, are on average, generated earlier than those in the regio superior or in the subiculum. In the retrohippocampal region there is a comparable gradient extending medially from the perirhinal cortex to the presubiculum, the cells in the lateral entorhinal area being formed, on average, earlier than those in the medial entorhinal cortex, and these, in turn, are generated earlier than those in the para- or presubiculum. There is no evidence for a dorso-ventral (or septotemporal gradient) in any part of the hippocampal formation like that found in the dentate gyrus. Cell counts indicate that there are over 320,000 pyramidal cells in the regio superior (field CA1) and about 150,000 in the regio inferior (fields CA2 and CA3).
Beyond transaction markets, toward relationship marketing in the human firm: A socio-economic model

Abstract Relationship marketing involving a long-term, symbiotic, learning partnership between buyer and seller is an important new development that is dramatically different from transaction oriented marketing in which the aim of the seller is simply to close a specific sale. The socio-economic model developed in this paper explains the firm's choice of marketing orientation, i.e., where the firm will locate on the spectrum from transaction orientation to relationship marketing orientation. This choice is determined by 1) the economic incentives from markets it participates in, 2) the customer's orientation, 3) the internal organizational capabilities of the seller, 4) the “macro” societal influence, 5) the “micro” social influences of extra firm institutions and infrastructures, 6) special product related factors, and 7) the technological opportunities available to the seller. There is good reason to believe that businesses fail to invest sufficiently in their buyer-seller relationships. Therefore, society would gain if governments were to foster the development of relationship marketing.
Rb function is required for E1A-induced S-phase checkpoint activation

It is widely accepted that adenoviral E1A exerts its influence on recipient cells through binding to the retinoblastoma (Rb) family proteins, followed by a global release of E2F factors from pocket-protein control. Our study challenges this simple paradigm by demonstrating previously unappreciated complexity. We show that E1A-expressing primary and transformed cells are characterized by the persistence of Rb-E2F1 complexes. We provide evidence that E1A causes Rb stabilization by interfering with its proteasomal degradation. Functional experiments supported by biochemical data reveal not only a dramatic increase in Rb and E2F1 protein levels in E1A-expressing cells but also demonstrate their activation throughout the cell cycle. We further show that E1A activates an Rb- and E2F1-dependent S-phase checkpoint that attenuates the growth of cells that became hyperploid through errors in mitosis and supports the fidelity DNA replication even in the absence of E2F complexes with other Rb family proteins, thereby functionally substituting for the loss of p53. Our results support the essential role of Rb and E2F1 in the regulation of genomic stability and DNA damage checkpoints.
Effects of compost-derived humic acids on vegetable biomass production and microbial growth within a plant (Cichorium intybus)-soil system: a comparative study

The responses of chicory plants to amendments with natural and synthetic surface active substances, represented by either potassium humates from compost stabilised green waste or Tween 80, are reported from a pot trial. Results are evaluated in terms of plant biomass production and behaviour of soil microbial populations following different treatments. Amendments with humic acids stimulated vegetative growth of chicory. They also caused significative variations in the numbers of bacterial heterotrophs and autotrophic nitrifiers in the soil. The study suggests that the mechanism through which humic acids affect both plant and soil microbes may chiefly involve enhancement of cell membrane permeability to nutrients.
Characterization of hybrids between bovine (MDBK) and mouse (L-cell) cell lines.

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)-deficient mutants of a bovine kidney cell line (MDBK) were selected following mutagenesis with ethylmethane sulfonate or ICR-170G. MDBK mutants were hybridized to thymidine kinase-deficient L cells and selected in HAT medium. Parental and hybrid cells were characterized for isozyme patterns of lactic dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxalate transaminase. Chromosomes of MDBK can be distinguished from mouse L cells by configuration and by fluorescent staining with Hoechst 33–258 stain. Hybrid cells contained both MDBK and L-cell chromosomes and had elevated DNA content. MDBK cells are normally restrictive for mengovirus replication. Both permissive and restrictive hybrids were found. Our data indicate that there was preferential loss of MDBK chromosomes in the hybrid cell lines.
Carboxyl methylation of the low molecular weight GTP-binding protein G25K : regulation of carboxyl methylation by RhoGDI

Abstract A soluble form of G25K from brain co-purified with a 28 kDa protein, which was identified as guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) protein, similar or identical to rhoGDI. The GDI protein inhibited the dissociation of GDP from G25K. G25K and the GDI protein form a heterodimer and remain associated with either GDP or GTPγS bound. The GDI protein inhibited carboxyl methylation of G25K in the presence of magnesium and GDP. The GDI protein appears to be an important regulator of G25K methylation by blocking methylation of G25K in the inactive GDP-bound conformation.
Pramipexole-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with Parkinson's disease and disgust sensitivity.

While literature supports the phenomenological links between Parkinson’s disease (PD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and impulse control disorders, the neurobiological underpinnings have yet to be established. Parkinson’s disease and its treatment have been implicated in the development of impulsive behaviors, including hypersexuality and pathologic gambling. They have not, however, been reported to induce frank OCD. In this case, we present a patient with PD and heightened disgust sensitivity who developed pramipexole-induced contamination OCD. As disgust sensitivity is positively correlated with the contamination subtype of OCD, this case illustrates the value of screening for this trait when patients require dopamine agonist treatment.
Synthetic strategy for side chain mono-N-alkylation of Fmoc-amino acids promoted by molecular sieves.

A new synthetic strategy to alkylate amino groups under mild conditions has been developed. It utilizes only 4 A molecular sieves as base in order to promote the N-alkylation reaction, in presence of the appropriate alkyl halide. The methodology was validated by the simple and efficient side-chain N-alkylation of o-Ns-protected Fmoc-amino acid. One of them was introduced as building block into a peptide sequence, thus allowing the preparation of site-specific alkylated peptide molecules.
The Church Settlement of Oliver Cromwell

In the first months of his Protectorate, Oliver Cromwell’s council created two administrative bodies of ‘Triers’ and ‘Ejectors’ to govern England’s clergy. This church settlement lasted for the remainder of the Interregnum and aroused heated controversy. The Protector repeatedly recognized it as the most important administrative achievement of his regime. Nevertheless, the settlement of 1654 has been largely neglected (or misinterpreted) by historians. This article narrates the history of the Cromwellian church settlement and examines how it operated. It establishes that the effort to secure the settlement ranked as a central political issue of the Interregnum, and it details Cromwell’s close personal involvement in that effort. Finally, this article places the Cromwellian church settlement within the broader religious history of the English Revolution.
Wavelength-multiplexed holographic lens arrays for optical interconnection

Multistage interconnection networks (MINs) are used to create wide diameter networks with a logarithmic number of stages. To further reduce the costs of constructing and operating this type of network, these stages can be stored in a volume hologram and accessed sequentially to achieve the same functionality as a MIN. We discuss the design of such a system and demonstrate a prototype that uses infrared sensitive photorefractive lithium niobate to store a wavelength multiplexed volume holographic lens array. The holograms were recorded at 800 nm and several stages were multiplexed in a single hologram, each separated by as little as 0.6 nm. The optical system performance was analyzed and the results discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Unilateral hearing loss is associated with a negative effect on language scores in adolescents

Objective To determine if adolescents with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) demonstrate worse language skills than their siblings with normal hearing (NH).
Trauma and Grace: Psychology and Theology in Conversation

This paper explores the contours of a conversation between recent developments in trauma theory and Christian systematic theology. Toward this end, I examine three levels of theological discourse in a linear progression and responses based on the work of some trauma theorists: (a) twentieth century conceptualizations of divine revelation using the metaphor of a “bridge,” (b) configurations of evil, sin, redemption, and theodicies, and (c) the use of sacraments and iconography as vehicles of solidarity and flourishing. As a burgeoning area of inquiry in academic circles, trauma theory both resists and is in need of the discipline of theology. I conclude that trauma theory and theology are not antithetical disciplines, and a consideration of both brings greater insights than the disciplines considered alone.
Properties of two temperature-sensitive rous sarcoma virus transformed cerebellar cell lines

Cells from the cerebellum of 3-day-old BD-IX rats were obtained as permanent lines by transforming them with temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus. The presence or absence of veratridine-stimulated Na+-uptake (voltage-dependent channels) was used to operationally classify them as neuronal or glial. When incubated at 34 degrees C, the permissive temperature for transformation, the cerebellar cells exhibit a transformed phenotype determined by anchorage independence, rounded morphology, high growth rate and absence of density-dependent inhibition of growth. In contrast, when the transformed cerebellar cell lines are kept at a temperature (38 degrees C) non-permissive for transformation, they exhibit a normal cellular phenotype with respect to the above properties. Moreover, changes toward neuronal morphology, increase in veratridine-stimulated Na+-uptake, decreased growth rate and the expression of the astrocyte specific protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, suggest that a degree of differentiation is expressed at the non-permissive temperature.
Evidence for Inversion Polymorphism Related to Sympatric Host Race Formation in the Apple Maggot Fly, Rhagoletis pomonella

Evidence suggests that the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) is undergoing sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence without geographic isolation) in the process of shifting and adapting to a new host plant. Prior to the introduction of cultivated apples (Malus pumila) in North America, R. pomonella infested the fruit of native hawthorns (Crataegus spp.). However, sometime in the mid-1800s the fly formed a sympatric race on apple. The recently derived apple-infesting race shows consistent allele frequency differences from the hawthorn host race for six allozyme loci mapping to three different chromosomes. Alleles at all six of these allozymes correlate with the timing of adult eclosion, an event dependent on the duration of the overwintering pupal diapause. This timing difference differentially adapts the univoltine fly races to an approximately 3- to 4-week difference in the peak fruiting times of apple and hawthorn trees, partially reproductively isolating the host races. Here, we report finding substantial gametic disequilibrium among allozyme and complementary DNA (cDNA) markers encompassing the three chromosomal regions differentiating apple and hawthorn flies. The regions of disequilibrium extend well beyond the previously characterized six allozyme loci, covering substantial portions of chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 (haploid n = 6 in R. pomonella). Moreover, significant recombination heterogeneity and variation in gene order were observed among single-pair crosses for each of the three genomic regions, implying the existence of inversion polymorphism. We therefore have evidence that genes affecting diapause traits involved in host race formation reside within large complexes of rearranged genes. We explore whether these genomic regions (inversions) constitute coadapted gene complexes and discuss the implications of our findings for sympatric speciation in Rhagoletis.
EPI- AND ENDOBIONTS ON AND IN FREE-LIVING COLONIES OF MANICINA AREOLATA (CNIDARIA, SCLERACTINIA): A COMPARISON OF TWO PLEISTOCENE COMMUNITIES FROM SOUTHERN FLORIDA

The epi- and endobiont communities (EEBCs) found within an exquisitely preserved collection of 48 Manicina areolata specimens from two Pleistocene localities in southeastern Florida, United States, were examined in detail. The EEBCs include a broad taxonomic spectrum of encrusting and boring organisms, but differ markedly between the two localities. Specimens from the Canal locality generally show an equable distribution of EEBCs, with serpulids, spirorbids, and/or chamids numerically dominant and chamids dominating in average area, whereas the Palm Beach Aggregates (PBA) coralla have a much less even distribution of EEBC constituents and lithophagids numerically and spatially dominate virtually all bases. Given the relative proximity of the two localities and inferred distance from the Pleistocene shoreline, it seems unlikely that any of the EEBC components would have been substantially less available in one locality as compared to the other. Therefore, we favor an explanation focused on sedimentologic differences between the two areas. The Canal environment was shelly, carbonate mud, in contrast to the shelly, coarser-grained siliciclastic sediment present at PBA. The substrate at the Canal site was relatively soft, which resulted in corallum basal morphology commencing with a prominent apical cone, whereas the substrate at the PBA site was firmer and this support produced much flatter bases as well as allowing for a substantially greater number of lithophagid bivalves to bore into the coralla.
The art and practical wisdom of student affairs leadership

Editors Notes (Jon C. Dalton and Marguerite McClinton). 1. The Art and Practical Wisdom of Student Affairs Leadership (Jon C. Dalton). 2. Relationships: The Critical Ties That Bind Professionals (Larry Roper). 3. Reflections on Career Development Among Student Affairs Leaders (Gregory S. Blimling). 4. Managing Change in Student Affairs Leadership Roles (Jon C. Dalton and Diana Imanuel Gardner). 5. Self Renewal and Personal Development in Professional Life (Linda Reisser). 6. The Moral Domain of Student Affairs Leadership (William Thomas). 7. Uncommon Truths: A Diary of Practical Wisdom (Gregory S. Blimling). 8. Life Planning: Preparing for Transitions and Retirement (Elizabeth Nuss and Charles Schroeder). 9. Nuggets of Practical Wisdom (Jon C. Dalton and Alicia Trexler). 10. Concluding Thoughts (Jon C. Dalton and Marguerite McClinton). INDEX.
Quantifying Uncertainty in Multiscale Heat Conduction Calculations

In recent years, there has been interest in employing atomistic computations to inform macroscale thermal transport analyses. In heat conduction simulations in semiconductors and dielectrics, for example, classical molecular dynamics (MD) is used to compute phonon relaxation times, from which material thermal conductivity may be inferred and used at the macroscale. A drawback of this method is the noise associated with MD simulation (here after referred to as MD noise), which is generated due to the possibility of multiple initial configurations corresponding to the same system temperature. When MD is used to compute phonon relaxation times, the spread may be as high as 20%. In this work, we propose a method to quantify the uncertainty in thermal conductivity computations due to MD noise, and its effect on the computation of the temperature distribution in heat conduction simulations. Bayesian inference is used to construct a probabilistic surrogate model for thermal conductivity as a function of temperature, accounting for the statistical spread in MD relaxation times. The surrogate model is used in probabilistic computations of the temperature field in macroscale Fourier conduction simulations. These simulations yield probability density functions (PDFs) of the spatial temperature distribution resulting from the PDFs of thermal conductivity. To allay the cost of probabilistic computations, a stochastic collocation technique based on generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) is used to construct a response surface for the variation of temperature (at each physical location in the domain) as a function of the random variables in the thermal conductivity model. Results are presented for the spatial variation of the probability density function of temperature as a function of spatial location in a typical heat conduction problem to establish the viability of the method.
TIME PREFERENCE IN GLOBAL WARMING CALCULATIONS: A PROPOSAL FOR A UNIFIED INDEX

Abstract Many aspects of the calculation of the impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the costs and benefits of possible response options are highly sensitive to the way in which time preference is incorporated into the computations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) used global warming potentials (GWPs) to standardize inputs of different gases with differing radiative forcings and atmospheric lifetimes; in the results emphasized by the IPCC's Second Assessment Report, a 100-year time horizon and no discounting is used, and this has been adopted by the Kyoto Protocol for use in the first commitment period (2008–2012). Here an alternative unified index is proposed that assigns explicit weights to the interests of different generations. In contrast to discounting (including the zero discount rate used by the IPCC), the generationally weighted index forces policy makers to face the moral assumptions that underlie their choices related to global warming.
The Dreaded Essay Exam

Surveys in 2 undergraduate psychology classes (N = 86) found that students felt less comfortable taking all-essay tests than taking multiple-choice or short-answer tests. The dominant examination format for students in university and in high school had been multiple-choice tests. We describe measures to encourage essay writing in large classes.
The KLMN of X-Ray Spectroscopy:Dolejšek’s Discovery of the N Series

The discovery of the N series in the X-ray spectra of atoms (Bi, Th, U) in 1922 is placed in the context of the old quantum theory. The roles and mutual interactions of the protagonists, Vaclav Dolejssek and Manne Siegbahn, throughout the late 1930s are described. Dolejssek participation in the Czech Resistance during World War II and his tragic death in 1945 are briefly recounted.
Grammar-specified model-driven architectures

Instead of UML diagrams, an alternative approach is using graph grammars according to G. Rozenberg (1997) to specify meta-models. With the capability of formally specifying syntax in a visual fashion, graph grammars have gained much attention in recent years. Based on graph grammar formalism, called the reserved graph grammar (RGG) as stated in D.Q. Zhang et al. (2001), this paper proposes an intuitive yet formal approach to specifying models. More specially, given a graph grammar defining a meta-model, a visual language generator can automatically generate a graphical environment, which allows users to directly manipulate models by drawing box-line diagrams. A graph transformation engine underlying the environment can validate the integrity of user-designed models.
Respiration-coupled calcium transport by membrane vesicles from Azotobacter vinelandii.

Membrane vesicles, isolated from osmotic lysates of Azotobacter vinelandii spheroplasts in Tris-acctate buffer, rapidly accumulate calcium in the presence of an oxidizable substrate. The addition of D-lactate to vesicles increases the rate of calcium uptake by 34-fold; L-malate, NADH, NADPH, and reduced phenazine methosulfate are nearly as effective as lactate. The intravesicular calcium pool which accumulates under these conditions is rapidly discharged by isotopic exchange or in the presence of respiratory inhibitors, uncouplers, or EGTA. The uptake rates for calcium follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics yielding a Km of 48 μM and a Vmax of 45 nmoles/min/mg membrane protein. Initial rates of EGTA-induced calcium efflux also follow saturation kinetics, giving a Vmax identical to that for calcium entry; but the Km for exodus` is 14 mM, assuming that free calcium accumulates in vesicles. The difference in the affinity of calcium for the entry and exit processes observed during respiration is sufficient to accou...
Impaired immunoglobulin synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus

Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBL) from 33 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was compared to that synthesized by PBL from 22 normal individuals. Short-term unstimulated culture of SLE-PBL immediately after separation from PB revealed Ig synthesis 4 times that of normal PBL. However, SLE-PBL had a depressed PWM-induced Ig synthetic response that was partially, but not totally, related to active disease and was not correctable by co-culture with normal lymphocyte populations. In both the short-term-unstimulated and the PWM-stimulated cultures, IgM was the major Ig class synthesized by normal PBL, while IgM synthesis by SLE-PBL was depressed more than the other Ig classes. These results can best be explained by a preactivated PBL population in SLE.
On entropy of pyramid structures

An information-theoretic analysis of multiresolution pyramid structures is presented. The analysis is carried out using the concept of spectral entropy which, for Gaussian sources, is linearly related to the differential entropy. The spectral entropy is used to define the spectral roughness measure that, in turn, is an indicator of the amount of memory in a source. The more the memory in a source, the greater is the value of its spectral roughness measure. The spectral roughness measure also plays an important role in lower bounding the rate-distortion function. The main result is that the spectral roughness measure of a pyramid structure is less than that of the original fullband process. This means that substantial reduction in bits can be obtained by merely representing a source as a pyramid. Simulations using one-dimensional and two-dimensional sources verifying these claims are presented. >
Expression of neuropeptide-Y-like immunoreactivity begins after adrenergic differentiation and ganglionic synaptogenesis in developing bullfrog sympathetic neurons.

Immunoreactivities for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were studied in developing sympathetic neurons of bullfrog tadpoles and adults. At stage III, nearly all ganglion cells are positive for TH. This suggests early commitment to an adrenergic phenotype, the timing of which is analogous to that reported for sympathetic neurons in birds and mammals. During metamorphic stages and in juvenile bullfrogs, the expression of TH becomes transiently bimodal: many neurons are intensely positive; the remainder are faintly positive. In adult sympathetic neurons, TH expression is more uniform. NPY first appears in a few principal neurons (less than 1%) of paravertebral ganglia 9 and 10 at stage XI. The percentage of ganglion cells containing NPY then increases gradually, reaches adult levels (approximately 55%) by stage XX, and persists at these levels through metamorphosis. The development of NPY expression follows a similar time course in paravertebral ganglion 6. Double-label experiments in late- stage tadpoles and juvenile bullfrogs revealed that the intensely TH- positive neurons are negative for NPY. Taken together with recent electrophysiological data (Horn and Stofer, 1990), these results demonstrate that the development of NPY expression begins long after the onset of adrenergic differentiation and ganglionic synapse formation. The present findings also show that cellular levels of TH and NPY can be independently altered, and they suggest that the onset of NPY expression is not linked to maturation of peripheral targets, but rather to some more global event operating synchronously along the rostro-caudal axis.