cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of a precolumn fluorogenic reaction, separation, and detection of reduced glutathione.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) has been determined by fluorescence detection after derivatization together with a variety of separations. The reactions between GSH and fluorescent reagents usually are carried out during the sample pretreatment and require minutes to hours for complete reactions. For continuous monitoring of GSH, it would be very convenient to have an integrated microdevice that could perform online precolumn derivatization, separation, and detection. Heretofore, thiol-specific fluorogenic reagents require fairly long reaction times, preventing effective online precolumn derivatization. We demonstrate here that the fluorogenic, thiol-specific reagent, ThioGlo-1, reacts rapidly enough for efficient precolumn derivatization. The second order rate constant for the reaction of GSH and reagent (pH 7.5, room temperature) is 2.1 × 104 M−1s−1. The microchip integrates this precolumn derivatization, continuous flow gated sampling, separation, and detection on a single device. We have validated this devi...
NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program: assurance research on optoelectronics

The wide variety of optoelectronics applications in NASA flight systems and instruments require that optoelectronic technologies meet the demanding requirements of the space environment throughout mission life. These requirements vary widely from intense radiation near Jupiter to the very cold temperatures on the Martian surface to the effects of solar flares in Earth orbit. Considerable work has been performed under the NEPP Program to meet these assurance needs and minimize the risk of insertion of optoelectronics in NASA systems. In this paper we provide recent examples of this work for a variety of NASA mission applications that employ various optoelectronic devices.
Determinants of Prostate Cancer Specific Survival Following Radiation Therapy During the Prostate Specific Antigen Era

ABSTRACTPurpose: Identifying pretreatment and posttreatment predictors of time to prostate cancer specific death (PCSD) following external beam radiation therapy (RT) is the subject of this study.Materials and Methods: A Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the ability of the pretreatment risk group to predict time to PCSD for 381 patients who underwent RT for clinically localized prostate cancer. Posttreatment factors analyzed for the 94 patients who experienced prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure included the time to failure, posttreatment PSA doubling time (DT) and timing of salvage hormonal therapy.Results: Despite a median age of 73 at diagnosis, 45% of patients with high risk disease were estimated to die of prostate cancer within 10 years following RT compared to 0% (p = 0.004) and 6% (p = 0.05) of those with low or intermediate risk disease, respectively. Predictors of time to PCSD following PSA failure included PSA DT (p = 0.01) and delayed use of hormonal therapy (p ≤0.002). Nearly i...
Human methionine synthase reductase, a soluble P-450 reductase-like dual flavoprotein, is sufficient for NADPH-dependent methionine synthase activation.

Abstract Methionine synthase is a key enzyme in the methionine cycle that catalyzes the transmethylation of homocysteine to methionine in a cobalamin-dependent reaction that utilizes methyltetrahydrofolate as a methyl group donor. Cob(I)alamin, a supernucleophilic form of the cofactor, is an intermediate in this reaction, and its reactivity renders the enzyme susceptible to oxidative inactivation. In bacteria, an NADPH-dependent two-protein system comprising flavodoxin reductase and flavodoxin, transfers electrons during reactivation of methionine synthase. Until recently, the physiological reducing system in mammals was unknown. Identification of mutations in the gene encoding a putative methionine synthase reductase in the cblE class of patients with an isolated functional deficiency of methionine synthase suggested a role for this protein in activation (Leclerc, D., Wilson, A., Dumas, R., Gafuik, C., Song, D., Watkins, D., Heng, H. H. Q., Rommens, J. M., Scherer, S. W., Rosenblatt, D. S., and Gravel, R. A. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 3059–3064). In this study, we have cloned and expressed the cDNA encoding human methionine synthase reductase and demonstrate that it is sufficient for supporting NADPH-dependent activity of methionine synthase at a level that is comparable with that seen in thein vitro assay that utilizes artificial reductants. Methionine synthase reductase is a soluble, monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 78 kDa. It is a member of the family of dual flavoproteins and is isolated with an equimolar concentration of FAD and FMN. Reduction by NADPH results in the formation of an air stable semiquinone similar to that observed with cytochrome P-450 reductase. Methionine synthase reductase reduces cytochrome c in an NADPH-dependent reaction at a rate (0.44 μmol min−1 mg−1 at 25 °C) that is comparable with that reported for NR1, a soluble dual flavoprotein of unknown function, but is ∼100-fold slower than that of P-450 reductase. TheK m for NADPH is 2.6 ± 0.5 μm, and the K act for methionine synthase reductase is 80.7 ± 13.7 nm for NADPH-dependent activity of methionine synthase.
Characterization of metallothionein-I-transgenic mice.

A metallothionein-I-transgenic mouse strain (MT-TG) was characterized to determine whether they would be suitable to study the functions of this protein. MT-TG mice were visually indistinguishable from nontransgenic littermate controls, but had 10- to 20-fold higher basal levels of MT protein in pancreas, liver, and stomach, as well as 2- to 6-fold higher MT protein levels in other organs (kidney, intestine, uterus, testes, spleen, heart, and lung) than control mice, as determined by the Cd/hemoglobin assay. The MT-TG mice had 50% more Zn in liver and 300% more Zn in pancreas than control mice. Interestingly, female MT-TG mice have 4- to 5-fold higher MT levels in liver than those of males. To determine whether MT can be further increased by well-known MT inducers, control and MT-TG mice were given Zn (200 μmol/kg), Cd (20 μmol/kg), or diethyl maleate (DEM, 5 mmol/kg), and tissue MT concentrations were measured 24 hr later. MT-TG mice responded to MT inducers in a manner similar to control mice. The hepatic antioxidant components (glutathione (GSH), GSH-peroxidase, GSH-reductase, GSH S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, DT-diaphorase, and catalase) of MT-TG mice were not different from those of controls. The cytochrome P450 enzymes (total P450, b5, NADPH cytochrome c reductase) were normal in these MT-TG mice. The activities of CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP2E enzymes in MT-TG mice were also similar to those of controls, as determined by ethoxy- and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation and chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation. Thus, MT-TG mice appear to be a good model for studying functions of MT.
Is Vancouver the Future or the Past? Asian Migrants and White Supremacy

In the two decades since the World Exposition of 1986 put Vancouver, British Columbia, on the map as a global tourist destination, the city has achieved an almost iconic status as the harbinger of a coming transnational Pacific world. Utilizing incentives to attract wealthy migrants and foreign capital investment, Vancouver rapidly shed its obscurity as the resource-based, provincial backwater at the end of the transcontinental railroad. The future of Vancouver would no longer be as a lonely western outpost of British and European civilization—it would achieve its destiny as the catalyst of Canada’s new engagement with Asia and what was now called the “Pacific Rim.” In the decade that followed Expo 86, policy initiatives 04-C3807-ESS 4/17/06 10:37 AM Page 307
Nonequilibrium inhomogeneous processes: a nonlinear stochastic description

Abstract An alternative interpretation of the Langevin-type stochastic equation has been established. As an obvious, simple and natural alternative to both Ito's and Stratonovich's rules, the present interpretation rule has never before been reported. Under the new rule, an equivalent nonlinear stochastic description of the master equation for the general inhomogeneous process under the condition of small transition lengths is obtained. The advantage of the present interpretation over the existing ones is that under the present rule, the nonlinear Langevin equation for an inhomogeneous nonequilibrium process has exactly the same form as the linear one corresponding to its relevant homogeneous process. Therefore, under the condition of small transition lengths, a simple approach for obtaining the mesoscopic descriptions of an inhomogeneous process from the ones known for the relevant homogeneous process is established.
Growth inhibition in G(1) and altered expression of cyclin D1 and p27(kip-1 )after forced connexin expression in lung and liver carcinoma cells.

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and connexin expression are frequently decreased in neoplasia and may contribute to defective growth control and loss of differentiated functions. GJIC, in E9 mouse lung carcinoma cells and WB-aB1 neoplastic rat liver epithelial cells, was elevated by forced expression of the gap junction proteins, connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin32 (Cx32), respectively. Transfection of Cx43 into E9 cells increased fluorescent dye-coupling in the transfected clones, E9-2 and E9-3, to levels comparable to the nontransformed sibling cell line, E10, from which E9 cells originated. Transduction of Cx32 into WB-aB1 cells also increased dye-coupling in the clone, WB-a/32-10, to a level that was comparable to the nontransformed sibling cell line, WB-F344. The cell cycle distribution was also affected as a result of forced connexin expression. The percentage of cells in G1-phase increased and the percentage in S-phase decreased in E9-2 and WB-a/32-10 cells as compared to E9 and WB-aB1 cells. Concomitantly, these cells exhibited changes in G1-phase cell cycle regulators. E9-2 and WB-a/32-10 cells expressed significantly less cyclin D1 and more p27kip-1 protein than E9 and WB-aB1 cells. Other growth-related properties (expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, epidermal growth factor receptor, protein kinase C-α, protein kinase A regulatory subunit-Iα, and production of nitric oxide in response to a cocktail of pro-inflammatory cytokines) were minimally altered or unaffected. Thus, enhancement of connexin expression and GJIC in neoplastic mouse lung and rat liver epithelial cells restored G1 growth control. This was associated with decreased expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of p27kip-1, but not with changes in other growth-related functions. J. Cell. Biochem. 79:347–354, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FRONTLINE—The Liberal Arts of Psychoanalysis

Abstract In terms of process, psychoanalysis is more closely related to the disciplines of the arts and humanities than those of the sciences, however much the latter have contributed to our knowledge of the mind and our discussions of technique. Will we, accordingly, assert our support for liberal arts education, at a time when it is under unprecedented attack? Neuroscience has made remarkable strides in establishing the importance of artistic and humanist training to the plasticity and connectedness of mental functioning. But these discoveries have sadly done nothing to protect the academic disciplines of the arts and humanities from budget cuts and closings. It is as if contemporary boosters of technical and scientific education had no interest in, or knew nothing about, the new knowledge of the brain that scientists are actually producing. Will psychiatrists and psychoanalysts, for the sake of the arts and the sciences, support liberal arts education, or will we distance ourselves from it, and thus ab...
History Repeats Itself: Connections and Causality in the Study of Surgical Infections

Today, I have chosen to discuss several disparate areas of social and biological evolution that led to surgery, and more particularly the study of surgical infection becoming a discipline within the field of medicine. I am sure that all of you are quite familiar with George Santayana's quotation that I have used for the epigram of my address. 1 Herein I will pursue several areas of the study of physiological evolution that have led to a number of important theories of causes and causality, as well as societal evolution, and examine some seemingly disparate connections with the past. I strongly believe that these connections have led to much of our current progress in the study of surgical infectious disease but also serve to put our current research in perspective. Interest in historical cycles pervades literature and science. For example, even Salvador Dali took an interest in this topic when he
An Experimental Study of Statistical Discrimination by Employers

This article reports findings of an experiment motivated by a dynamic labor market model that considers the problem faced by employers in making hiring decisions between workers of different types. The question examined here is how quickly employers learn about the ability of a group of workers through observing representatives of that group. If prior opinions are weak, the employer will use information from the workplace to quickly update any incorrect group-based stereotypes it may have. On the other hand, if priors are heavily weighted, incorrect initial perceptions will result in persistent wage differences. Our experimental findings are twofold. First, subjects' (employers') behavior moves quickly toward optimal choices. Second, strong priors are hard to establish. These results suggest that it would take a long time for employers to form group-based stereotypes and that such stereotypes should go away quickly in response to signals that contradict these stereotypes.
A stochastic evolution equation arising from the fluctuations of a class of interacting particle systems

In an earlier paper, we studied the approximation of solutions V (t) to a class of SPDEs by the empirical measure V n (t) of a system of n interacting difiusions. In the present paper, we consider a central limit type problem, showing that p n(V n iV ) converges weakly, in the dual of a nuclear space, to the unique solution of a stochastic evolution equation. Analogous results in which the difiusions that determine V n are replaced by their Euler approximations are also discussed.
NUCLEAR FORCES IN PSEUDOSCALAR MESON THEORY

The nuclear forces in pseudoscalar meson theory are evaluated using a nonrelativistic approximation to the relativistic interaction. The potential is obtained in a form which allows explicit evaluation of the contribution due to the multiple scattering of the virtual mesons between the two nucleons. An approximate expression for the potential, including the multiple scattering of a single meson, is obtained in closed form. For $rl\frac{0.5\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\ensuremath{\mu}c}$, the multiple-scattering terms predominate and a power series expansion of the potential is non-convergent. On the other hand, for $rg\frac{0.5\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\ensuremath{\mu}c}$ the potential obtained can be approximated by the second- and fourth-order terms as obtained from perturbation theory. With these latter two terms and a phenomenological "repulsive core," quite satisfactory results are obtained for the low-energy properties of the two-nucleon system.
Modeling Earth Surfaces for Highway Earthwork Computation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Research was performed for the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) to evaluate the feasibility of using terrestrial laser scans (TLS) on road construction projects as a cost-effective means of measuring earthwork quantities. A scanning workflow was developed that included detailed planning of pre-construction scan locations to capture point cloud data efficiently. Customized software was developed to allow users to view the large data sets in familiar station/offset coordinates in order to eliminate extraneous points and generate the ground surface. This surface was converted to a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) and earthwork quantities were calculated and compared to quantities computed using traditional cross-sections and average end area (AEA) method. The results indicated that TLS yields earthwork quantities consistent with AEA, provides additional data that may alleviate the need for return field work, and requires comparable field time for data collection.
Behavior of Spermophilus lateralis between periods of hibernation.

A study of the behavior of golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus (= Citellus ) lateralis , during the period of activity between periods of winter-pattern hibernation revealed the following: (1) the average duration of the period of activity of 134 male and 170 female ground squirrels exhibiting the winter pattern of hibernating behavior was 11.0 and 10.3 hours (h), respectively; (2) continuous visual observations of behavior during 15 periods of activity revealed that the following approximate percentages of the period of activity were devoted to five patterns of behavior—hibernation posturing, 93.4 percent; bedding arrangement, 3.7 percent; grooming, 1.8 percent; exploratory behavior, 0.9 percent; feeding, 0.2 percent. No consistent pattern of behavior that could be correlated with the first activity upon arousal from hibernation or the last activity prior to induction was detected. Behavior pertaining to elimination or to the obtaining of food or water was not considered significant. None of the behavior observed suggested a functional relationship regarding the physiological causation for arousal from a period of hiberation.
The Effect of Extralumenal Safety Wires on Ureteral Injury and Insertion Force of Ureteral Access Sheaths: Evaluation Using an Ex Vivo Porcine Model

Objective To evaluate the effect that a safety wire (SW) had on insertion force and direct ureteral trauma using ureteral access sheaths (UAS) in an ex vivo porcine model. Material and Methods UASs were advance into 20 fresh ex vivo porcine kidney-ureters, either with or without SWs. The average and max force of insertion were recorded. Retrograde saline injection was used to identify the presence of lacerations. Results For SW vs no SW, the mean insertion force (1.79 vs 0.67, P = .0003, respectively) and max insertion force (2.29 kg vs 1.00, P = .0007) was greater in the SW group. There were 9 lacerations, 6 of which were partial and 3 complete. Of the partial injuries, 2 were in the no SW group and 4 were in the SW group. Of the complete lacerations, 2 occurred in the no SW group and 1 in the SW group. However, there was no significant difference in the total number of lacerations ( P = 1.00), the number of partial lacerations ( P = .628), or the number of complete lacerations ( P = 1.00) between the 2 groups. Conclusions The use of an SW significantly increases the force required to insert a UAS; however, it does not appear to affect the force or the degree of ureteral injury.
A time-resolved tunable diode laser study of the photodissociation dynamics of W(CO)6

Abstract Time-resolved diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the photodissociation of W (CO) 6 following excitation at 351 nm. The narrow linewidth (≈ 10 −4 cm −1 ) and tunability of this infrared source allows the nascent rotation-vibrational energy distribution of the CO product to be determined. Additionally, translational energy disposal can be characterized by measurements of the shapes of individual rotation-vibration lines. Our results indicate that energy is partitioned preferentially to product translational and vibrational, rather than rotational, motion for the 351 nm photofragmentation of W(CO) 6 .
Chlorine-36 in pitchblende

Abstract The natural occurrence of chlorine-36 in pitchblende has been established. The specific activity of chlorine in Great Bear Lake pitchblende, (4 ± 1) disintegrations per minute per gram of chlorine, corresponds to an “apparent thermal neutron flux” of (0.12 ± 0.03) neutrons cm −2 sec −1 .
Magnetization distribution in an amorphous ferromagnet

Experimental results of magnetization and M\"ossbauer measurements on an amorphous alloy ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{75}$${\mathrm{P}}_{15}$${\mathrm{C}}_{10}$ are presented to show that there is a sizable fluctuation in exchange interaction in amorphous ferromagnets. Like several other amorphous ferromagnetic alloys, the spontaneous magnetization as a function of the reduced temperature for the amorphous alloy falls characteristically below those of crystalline ferromagnets such as ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$P and Fe. A comparison of the magnetization data with Hadrich's theory for amorphous ferromagnets suggests that in the amorphous alloy the average variation in the exchange constant ($J$) can be as large as $J$ itself. The M\"ossbauer spectrum is analyzed in terms of a distribution of hyperfine fields which suggests a spatial distribution of magnetization that is compatible with the exchange fluctuation as deduced from the temperature dependence of magnetization. The origin of magnetization fluctuation in amorphous alloys is discussed. It is pointed out that a broad distribution of magnetic ordering is consistent with the experimental observation of the coexistence of Kondo-type resistance minimum and ferromagnetism in amorphous alloys.
The state-universal multi-reference coupled-cluster theory with perturbative description of core-virtual excitations

The idea of combining the state-universal multi-reference coupled-cluster singles and doubles method (SUCCSD) with the multi-reference many-body perturbation theory (MRMBPT) is tested by approximating the cluster amplitudes of the SUCCSD formalism that carry only core and virtual orbital indices by their first-order MRMBPT estimates. The resulting SUCCSD(1) approach offers considerable savings in the computer effort, while providing the results that are as good as those obtained with the original SUCCSD method. Test calculations are performed for the lowest two totally symmetric singlet states of the H4 model system and methylene.
Negative pressure therapy on primarily closed wounds improves wound healing parameters at 3 days in a porcine model.

OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of negative pressure therapy (NPT) in postoperative primary wound treatment and closure. To date, extensive evidence exists demonstrating the benefit of negative pressure dressings in the treatment of open wounds; our experiment tested the hypothesis that negative pressure dressings improve healing of closed (sutured) wounds. METHODS A porcine model was used to collect data on the characteristics of closed wounds after 3 days of treatment with NPTs as compared with control dressings. RESULTS In six pigs with a total of 56 wounds, load to failure (N/mm) in controls was 0.348 (standard deviation [SD] 0.109) versus NPT at 0.470 (SD, 0.194) with a P value of 0.001; energy to failure (mJ/mm) in controls was 0.85 (SD, 0.378) versus NPT at 1.128 (SD, 0.638) with a P value of 0.035. Blinded grading of clinical wound appearance and cross-sectional hematoma size were also improved at 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS NPT dressings applied to surgically closed wounds enhance the healing characteristics of porcine wounds at 3 days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE We have observed that primarily closed surgical wounds may benefit from treatment with NPT. The benefit of using NPTs may be most pronounced in situations in which wounds are closed under tension, involve considerable soft tissue trauma, or may be at risk of subdermal hematoma formation.
Effects of total dietary nitrogen and nitrogen form on the development of xylophagous leafhoppers

The influence of primary nutrients on the development of the leafhopper Homalodisca coagulata (Say) was examined using Glycine max (L.) Merrill subjected to treatments using different forms of nitrogen fertilization (urea and nitrate) and inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria. Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, and ureides in xylem fluid varied with treatment; differences were most pronounced in young plants (6 weeks after planting), and subsided as plants aged. Plants receiving urea fertilization had lower concentrations of organic nitrogen and carbon, but more balanced profiles of amino acids. Leafhoppers on urea-fertilized plants had much higher success in development (62 to 87% survival to adult stage) than H. coagulata developing on nitrate-fertilized plants (31–42%). The sex ratio of successfully developed adults varied greatly with treatments, indicating that female survival was much higher on urea-fertilized plants. Males and females utlilized diets differently as indicated by the carbon and nitrogen content of adult carcasses. Consumption rates and nitrogen assimilation efficiencies were higher for young (third instar) leafhoppers on urea-fertilized plants. Instar duration and total time of development were not affected by treatment. Highest rates of success in development on diets providing the lowest (yet most balanced) concentrations of total nitrogen, amino acids, and organic compounds underscored the importance of nutrient balance for leafhopper development. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 42:37–50, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of bedside ultrasound on diagnosis and management of soft tissue infections in a pediatric ED

Background: Presentation of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) to the pediatric emergency department (PED) has increased. Physical examination alone can be inadequate in differentiating cellulitis from an abscess. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of bedside ultrasound (US) in improving diagnostic accuracy for SSTIs in the PED and to evaluate its effect on the management of patients with SSTIs. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of a convenience sample of children who presented to an inner-city PED with signs and symptoms of SSTI. The treating physician's pretest opinions regarding the need for incision and drainage and procedural sedation were collected. A bedside US was performed by trained PED physicians to evaluate for cellulitis vs abscess. The treating physician was made aware of the US findings, and the effect on management was recorded. Results: Sixty-five patients were enrolled, of whom 47 had US-proven abscess and 18 had cellulitis. The sensitivity of US for detection of abscess was 97.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90.1%-99.5%), and the specificity was 69.2% (95% CI, 57.8-72.4%). In comparison, the sensitivity for physical examination alone for detection of abscess was 78.7% (95% CI, 71.4%-84.4%), and the specificity was 66.7% (95% CI, 47.6-81.6%). Ultrasound disagreed with clinical examination and changed management in 9 (13.8%) of 65 patients. Conclusions: Emergency department bedside US improves accuracy in diagnosis of SSTIs. Bedside US changes management in a small but significant number of patients with SSTIs.
Multichat: Persistent, Text-As-You-Type Messaging in a Web Browser for Fluid Multi-Person Interaction and Collaboration

To facilitate face to face conversation between deaf and hearing participants, we created a cross-platform, browser-based, persistent text-as-you-type system that aggregates each individual's utterances in revisable personal notes on a user-configurable multi-person workspace in a common web browser. The system increases the fluidity of real time interaction, makes it easier to keep track of an individual's contributions over time, and allows users to format their contributions and customize their displays. Because the system affords "full duplex" parallel communication in a web browser, it supports new patterns of interaction and new possibilities for dynamic browser-based visual representations of temporal patterns of communication. Furthermore, the near-real-time-architectures we are exploring seem to open the way to a family of centralized and peer-to-peer persistent conversation applications such as real-time wikis, collaborative web design systems, collaborative web-surfing applications, and an in-class discussion systems.
Linear coordination of Hg(II) by cysteamine

Combination of the hydrochloride salt of cysteamine (1) with HgCl2 in water affords the unique compound, [Hg{S(CH2)2NH3}2](Cl)2 (2) in which the SHgS angle is nearly linear. The ammonium portion of the molecule forms short hydrogen bonding contacts with the sulfur atoms. A related S···H bond is observed in the structure of the free ligand 1 indicating that such bonding does not require the presence of a metal. The compounds were characterized with spectroscopic ( 1 H NMR, IR) and physical techniques (Mp, CH-analysis) as well as X-ray diffractometry. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Drug-Eluting Stents and Antiplatelet Resistance

Resistance to the antiplatelet effects of both aspirin and clopidogrel is common and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy. Available data indicate that hyporesponsiveness to clopidogrel is overcome in some patients by increasing the loading dose from 300 mg to 600 mg, with the higher loading dose being associated with reduced risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Recent studies in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation indicate that antiplatelet resistance is associated with increased risk of stent thrombosis. A study in 804 patients receiving drug-eluting stents showed that nonresponse (defined as >70% aggregation at 10 μmol/L adenosine diphosphate) after a clopidogrel 600-mg loading dose was associated with a significantly increased risk of stent thrombosis (8.6% vs 2.3% for nonresponders vs responders, respectively) and cardiovascular death at 6 months. Another study in 380 patients showed that high posttreatment platelet reactivity (top tertile of values) on a rapid assay was associated with significantly greater out-of-hospital 6-month rates of stent thrombosis (4.0% vs 0.4% for high posttreatment reactivity group vs low posttreatment reactivity group, respectively), cardiovascular death, and nonfatal myocardial infarction. Further studies are needed to provide standardized definitions of antiplatelet resistance to better correlate resistance with clinical outcomes in patients receiving stents and to identify treatment alternatives in patients with resistance.
A treatment algorithm for pneumothoraces complicating central venous catheter insertion.

Abstract Background: We investigated the role of observation or insertion of a small French pigtail catheter with Heimlich valve as alternative management to a tube thoracostomy for iatrogenic pneumothorax complicating central venous catheter (CVC) insertion. Methods: A retrospective review of 9,637 consecutive patients who had had subclavian CVCs inserted on an outpatient basis identified 100 patients with pneumothoraces. Treatment consisted of (1) observation, (2) outpatient insertion of a Heimlich valve, or (3) inpatient tube thoracostomy. Results: The median pneumothorax size was 10% (range 1% to 100%). Fifty-eight patients had observation as initial treatment, and this strategy was successful in 35 (60%). Thirty-four patients were treated initially with Heimlich valves, and this strategy was successful in 29 (85%). Tube thoracostomy as initial therapy was successful in 7 (88%) of 8 patients. Patients in who initial treatment failed were treated with insertion of a Heimlich valve or tube thoracostomy. Conclusions: In appropriately selected patients, pneumothorax after insertion of a subclavian CVC can be successfully managed in the outpatient setting with observation. Patients in whom observation fails can be treated with insertion of a Heimlich valve. Tube thoracostomy can be reserved for refractory PTX or emergent situations.
Binding of apomorphine to neural membranes

The intrinsic fluorescence of apomorphine has been used to measure its binding to neural membranes. A large number of relatively weak binding sites are concentrated in myelin and synaptic membrane fractions. Butyrophenones have the highest affinities for these sites--KD = 43 micrometer for haloperidol--while dopamine and dopamine releasers and reuptake blockers, as well as a variety of other alkaloids, have much lower affinities. The sites are hydrophobic and undergo a phase transition to a highly fluid state near 26 degrees C. Calcium is a noncompetitive inhibitor of apomorphine binding. Some of the actions of neuroleptic drugs may result from binding to these hydrophobic membrane sites in vivo, blocking conduction in small catecholamine axons.
BILINGUALISM AND THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF FIRST- AND SECOND-GENERATION ASIAN AMERICANS: ACCOMMODATION WITH OR WITHOUT ASSIMILATION?*

Recent scholarship claims that bilingualism has a positive effect on the academic achievement of immigrant children. According to this perspective, growing up speaking two languages is beneficial because it stimulates cognitive development and allows immigrants a means of resisting unwanted assimilation. Immigrant children who are fluent bilinguals can use their nutive-language ability to maintain beneficial aspects of their ethnic culture while accommodating to the linguistic demands of an English-speaking society. Using data on first- and second-generation Asian American students from the 1988 National Educational Longitudinal Study, we test for these hypothesized effects of bilingualism. We find no evidence that bilingualism per se has a positive effect on achievement. Instead, speaking a native language with parents has a temporary positive effect if the parents are not proficient in English. These results indicate that the academic importance of bilingualism is transitional: The educational benefits of delaying linguistic assimilation exist only before immigrant parents achieve a moderate level of English-language proficiency.
Tumor-Derived Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Regulates Myeloid Inflammation and T Cell Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer

Cancer-associated inflammation is thought to be a barrier to immune surveillance, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells are a key feature of cancer inflammation in PDA, but remain poorly understood. Using a genetically engineered mouse model of PDA, we show that tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is necessary and sufficient to drive the development of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells that suppressed antigen-specific T cells. In vivo, abrogation of tumor-derived GM-CSF inhibited the recruitment of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells to the tumor microenvironment and blocked tumor development-a finding that was dependent on CD8(+) T cells. In humans, PDA tumor cells prominently expressed GM-CSF in vivo. Thus, tumor-derived GM-CSF is an important regulator of inflammation and immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.
Mountain Pine Beetle Attack Associated with Low Levels of 4-Allylanisole in Ponderosa Pine

Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is the most important insect pest in southern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. Tree mortality is hastened by the various fungal pathogens that are symbiotic with the beetles. The phenylpropanoid 4-allylanisole is an antifungal and semiochemical for some pine beetle species. We analyzed 4-allylanisole and monoterpene profiles in the xylem oleoresin from a total of 107 trees at six sites from two chemotypes of ponderosa pine found in Colorado and New Mexico using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Although monoterpene profiles were essentially the same in attacked and nonattacked trees, significantly lower levels of 4-allylanisole were found in attacked trees compared with trees that showed no evidence of attack for both chemotypes.
Effects of observed correlation structure among tumor types on experimentwise false positive rate in animal carcinogenicity studies

Probabilities P 1 P 2,…P n , of n evens E 1 E 2, …E n can impose constraints on the probability of a further event E. deFineti's fundamental theorem of probability characterizes the interval of coherent probability of E. Lad, Dickey, and Rahman(5)extended deFinetti's theorem in a few diretions. In this work we will show some applications of these results to the calculation of experimentwise false positive error rate in multiple hypotheses testing procedure.
Pre-eocene Paleosol South of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

ABSTRACT In the Rancho Delicias area south of Tijuana, Baja California, well preserved remnants of an ancient weathering profile are developed on mid-Cretaceous granodioritic rocks. The paleosol is buried beneath Middle Eocene marine sedimentary rocks of the Delicias Formation. It has a 16 m thick C horizon characterized by grus decomposed to varying degrees. The A horizon is a severely leached oxisol that exceeds 13 m thickness and consists of approximately [2]/[3] kaolinite and [1]/[3] residual quartz gains with minor iron oxide concretions near the top. Thick latosolic soil profiles dominated by kaolinite form today only in near equatorial areas which have around 25° C average annual temperature and greater than 1,200 mm yearly rainfall. The Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene climate of th San Diego-Tijuana region was probably like that of the hot and humid areas found within 20 to 30° of the modern equator, and very unlike the present temperate, arid climate.
A Refactoring Approach to Parallelism

In the multicore era, a major programming task will be to make programs more parallel. This is tedious because it requires changing many lines of code; it's also error-prone and nontrivial because programmers need to ensure noninterference of parallel operations. Fortunately, interactive refactoring tools can help reduce the analysis and transformation burden. The author describes how refactoring tools can improve programmer productivity, program performance, and program portability. The article also describes a toolset that supports several refactorings for making programs thread-safe, threading sequential programs for throughput, and improving scalability of parallel programs.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Neuroscience

iors requires discipline and training. While David McKenzie Rioch understood that not a believer in a particular analytic approach, dogma, and the acceptance of wishful thinkDavid was convinced that developing one’s ing, would always be more reassuring to most skills of observation and reporting in collabopeople than a disciplined operational process ration with a supervisor was essential to develfounded on the careful conceptualization of a oping the skills of a true participant–observer. problem. Such a process uses strict measurable In David’s scientific world there were parameters to formulate a problem, followed both explorers and scientists, each fulfilling by experimentation to accept or reject assumpsomewhat different roles. Explorers are obtions. David was attracted to Chestnut Lodge servers who seek out experiences that occur from Washington University in St. Louis by in the uncontrolled real world. They make Dexter Bullard’s, Harry Stack Sullivan’s, Frieda observations and report those observations as Fromm-Reichmann’s, and their talented colaccurately as they can. Their narratives are leagues’ serious interest in understanding the frequently emotionally and cognitively comtransactions between the patient and the phypelling and may be formulated in language sician. He was impressed that these colleagues that seems operational.Unfortunately, explornot only described how the patient manifested ers frequently lack control over chance events and illness, but also how the actions of physicians can misperceive the elements of experience, influenced the ways in which the patientmaniso that their report contains sociocultural asfested illness. He recognized that the therapist sumptions, illusions, and errors. Still, these as a participant–observer could not achieve reports may have great credibility with various the control available in the laboratory, nor the practitioners of the healing arts. Explorers do same operational analytic power. But David their work in the world where healers practice saw the participant–observer as critical to the and patients live and suffer. operational explication of science, the formuScientists work in a more protected enlating of useful questions and the description vironment and attempt to formulate the probof phenomena, which challenged often-misleadlems that interest them in terms of strictly
Determining the Meaning of Parameters in Multilevel Models for Longitudinal Data

This paper is concerned with parameter interpretation in longitudinal, multilevel models. Models are described that consider repeated observations nested within individuals. These models typically first estimate subjectspecific parameters for growth curves that describe the development of some observed variable over time. Examples of such descriptors include polynomials. It is shown that interpretation of polynomial parameters can be facilitated by linear transformations. Examples of such transformations include centring (i.e. subtracting the mean from raw data). When parameters are specified such that they have no straightforward meaning at the first level of analysis, interpretation problems carry over to the second and higher levels. Therefore, proper specification of models at the first level is of utmost importance. Methods of transformation are introduced. Examples illustrate the method using data that describe children's vocabulary development in the second year of life.
Properties of output sequences and their use in guiding property-based test generation for synchronous sequential circuits

We show that output sequences produced by synchronous sequential circuits in response to test sequences that achieve high fault coverage have certain distinct properties. We demonstrate that these properties are useful as part of a property-based (simulation-based) test generation procedure. The importance of these properties is that they provide additional heuristics to drive property-based test generation, which to-date achieves the highest fault coverages reported for benchmark circuits. These additional heuristics are expected to improve the ability of property-based test generation procedures to achieve complete fault coverage in an efficient manner.
Electromagnetic analysis of forces and torques on the ITER shield modules due to plasma disruption

An electromagnetic analysis is performed on the ITER shield modules under different plasma disruption scenarios using the OPERA-3d software. The modeling procedure is explained, electromagnetic torques are presented, and results of the modeling are discussed.
Hybrid evolutionary path planning via visibility-based repair

This paper introduces a hybrid evolutionary system for globel path planning within unstructured environments. This hybrid system combines a novel representation for obstacles within an environment, the concept of evolutionary search and a new concept we refer to as visibility-based repair to form a hybrid which quickly transforms infeasible paths into feasible ones. Our hybrid evolutionary system differs from other evolutionary path planners in that (1) more emphasis is placed on repairing infeasible paths to develop feasible paths rather than using simulated evolution exclusively as a means of discovering feasible paths and (2) a continuous map of the environment is used rather than a discretized map. In this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this new hybrid system by using three challenging path planning problems.
Superconductive Inductor-Converter Units for Pulsed Power Loads

Pulsed power loads of increasing magnitudes up to several hundred megawatts or more must be supplied in the near future. High energy physics research laboratory experiments and the longer range foreseeable needs for successful nuclear fusion reactors such as the University of Wisconsin Tokamak reactor designs are representative examples. Such large pulsed power demands are at best undesirable if not prohibitive, even for the largest electric power systems. Techniques for storing energy in superconductive inductors employing thyristorized converters are described. Circuits which serve to minimize both the pulsed power and corresponding reactive volt-ampere requirements from the three phase power system are presented. Exploitation of these circuits and related concepts from the control standpoint should provide a basis for designing power conditioning interface equipment to meet the challenging requirements of very large pulsed power loads looking to the future.
Abstract 58: Rates Of Postoperative Stroke, Cardiac Complication And Mortality In Patients Undergoing Intracranial Stent Placement As Part Of A Clinical Trial Versus Those Treated Outside A Clinical Trial

Background: The pre-maturely discontinued Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial demonstrated lack of benefit of intracranial stent placement due to high rates of immediate post procedure complications. The rates of complications were higher than those reported previously raising the question whether such results were representative of intracranial stent placement in actual routine practice. Objective: To ascertain and compare the rate of outcomes between patients who underwent intracranial stent placement within and outside clinical trials. Materials/Methods: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2008 to 2010, patients with cerebral ischemic events who underwent intracranial stent placement were identified using ICD-9 diagnosis and procedure codes. Patients were divided into those who received intracranial stent placement as part of the clinical trial and those who were treated outside any trial. The postoperative mortality, stroke and cardiac complications were primary endpoints. Results: A total of 3447 patient underwent intracranial stent placement, 223 patients (6.5%) were enrolled in a clinical trial. Patients who received intracranial stent placement as part of the clinical trial were significantly younger (65±10 versus 68±13 years, p=0.008). Both groups did not differ in terms of gender, race and ethnicity and medical co-morbidities. Mean length of stay was longer in patients treated outside a clinical trial (9.1±11 versus 5.1±4, p Conclusions: Patients who undergo intracranial stent placement outside a clinical trial have higher rates of postoperative stroke, cardiac complication and mortality. Such results support those of the SAMMPRIS trial and the need for restricting these procedures to selected patients and specialized centers with high experience.
Reducing Cavitation in Valves

Critical cavitation indices are presented for a 12-in. ball and a 12-in. butterfly valve installed in a closed conduit with an enlarged section downstream. Tests were conducted under normal operating conditions and with air (atmospheric and pressurized) and water being injected to control cavitation. Injecting a small amount of air into the low pressure region is a very satisfactory method of controlling cavitation, whereas using water is not. The most critical factor in successful use of air is placing the injection port such that it admits the air as close as practicable to the high intensity shear region between the jet and the separation zone. If the port is properly placed, atmospheric air is satisfactory for reducing cavitation. For valves where it is not possible or practical to locate the injection port in the optimum location, pressurized air can be used effectively to reduce cavitation.