cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapies for children with cerebral palsy: A Web of Science-based literature analysis

Objective: To identify global research trends in three therapies for children with cerebral palsy. Data Retrieval: We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on therapies for children with cerebral palsy from 2002 to 2011 retrieved from Web of Science. Selection Criteria: Inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed published articles on botulinum toxin, constraint-induced movement therapy, or acupuncture for children with cerebral palsy indexed in Web of Science; (b) original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material, and news items; and (c) publication between 2002 and 2011. Exclusion criteria: (a) articles that required manual searching or telephone access; (b) documents that were not published in the public domain; and (c) a number of corrected papers from the total number of articles. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Number of publications on the three therapies; (2) annual publication output, distribution by journals, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on botulinum toxin; (3) annual publication output, distribution by journal, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on constraint-induced movement therapy; (4) annual publication, distribution by journal, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on acupuncture. Results: This analysis, based on Web of Science articles, identified several research trends in studies published over the past 10 years of three therapies for children with cerebral palsy. More articles on botulinum toxin for treating children with cerebral palsy were published than the articles regarding constraint-induced movement therapy or acupuncture. The numbers of publications increased over the 10-year study period. Most papers appeared in journals with a focus on neurology, such as Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology and Journal of Child Neurology . Research institutes publishing on botulinum toxin treatments for this population are mostly in the Netherlands, the United States of America, and Australia; those publishing on constraint-induced movement therapy are mostly in Australia and the United States of America; and those publishing on acupuncture are mostly in China, Sweden and the United States of America. Conclusion: Analysis of literature and research trends indicated that there was no one specific therapy to cure cerebral palsy. Further studies are still necessary. Research Highlights We performed a bibliometric analysis of published studies on three common therapies to treat children with cerebral palsy from 2002 to 2011 retrieved from Web of Science. The three therapies were botulinum toxin, constraint-induced movement therapy, and acupuncture. Abbreviation CIMT, constraint-induced movement therapy
Unconventional Therapy in Asthma

Conventional management of asthma is based on a limited number of drags, special techniques (such as hyposensitization), and environmental adjustment. Each of these current approaches is the finely-honed outcome of a morass of traditional practices, some of which promote good sense and reasonable science, and most of which can point to a history of qualified success. However, the annals of asthma therapy are replete with the bizarre and the mystical, with unproven or doubtful remedies, with harmless nostrums contrasting with dangerous practices, and with reliance on a basic group of useful drugs that are the progenitors of many of those that are still in favor today. A comprehensive review of the unconventional measures of today and yesterday has to be based upon the history of therapeutics over the past five millennia (1, 2, 3).
Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

Deficits of the nervous system can be classified into two categories: ‘biochemical’, where replacement of a neurotransmitter like dopamine to a large measure corrects most Parkinsonian motor symptoms, and ‘networking’ deficits, where the connections between two sets of neurons or neurons and muscles are interrupted due to trauma or tumour resection. Various strategies are being investigated in an attempt to repair such deficits through regeneration of the nervous tissue. Keywords: myelin; scar; trophic factors; scaffolds; regeneration
Diacetyl-d-tartaric Anhydride

Diacetyl-d-tartaric anhydride product: diacetyl-d-tartaric anhydride Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, miscellaneous; elimination, dehydration
Levels of serotonin in the hemolymph of Aplysia are modulated by light/dark cycles and sensitization training.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) modulates the behavior and physiology of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Effects of injections of 5-HT and the morphology of the serotonergic system of Aplysia indicate that 5-HT may have a humoral, in addition to a neurotransmitter, role. To study possible humoral roles of 5-HT, we measured 5-HT in the hemolymph. The concentration of 5-HT in the hemolymph was ∼18 nm, a value close to previously reported thresholds for eliciting physiological responses. The concentration of 5-HT in the hemolymph expressed a diurnal rhythm. In addition, electrical stimulation that leads to long-term sensitization significantly increased levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph during training, 1.5 hr after training, and 24 hr after training. Moreover, levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph were significantly correlated with the magnitude of sensitization. The half-life of an increase in 5-HT in the hemolymph was ∼0.5 hr. Therefore, the persistent increase of 5-HT in the hemolymph 24 hr after sensitization training indicates that training caused a long-lasting increase in the release of 5-HT. This long-lasting increase in 5-HT in the hemolymph was blocked by treatment with an inhibitor of protein synthesis during training. Based on the levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph and its regulation by environmental events, we propose that 5-HT has a humoral role in regulation of the behavioral state of Aplysia . In support of this hypothesis, we found that increasing levels of 5-HT in the hemolymph led to significant alterations in feeding behavior. Increasing levels of 5-HT during the daytime when they were normally low increased the latency to assume feeding posture from daytime to nighttime values.
Management of Sleep Quality and Pain in an Individual Living with HIV and Hepatitis C Coinfection Using an Activity Monitor.

Study Design:Case report.Background:Twenty-five percent of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are also coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). There are limited reports to assist in the symptom management of PLWHA and HCV coinfection.Case Description:Our case was a 67-year-old man living with HIV/HCV coinfection and other medical complications. Our intervention consisted of a 6-week progressive conditioning program, while his activity and sleep pattern were monitored using a wrist accelerometer.Outcomes:After completing a conditioning training, there was a 64% decrease in the number of waking episodes per night and 68% decrease in activity at night. Based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, the participant transitioned from being a “poor sleeper” to a “good sleeper.” A 40% decrease in pain was reported. Functional outcome measures also showed improvements.Discussion:There were improvements in the participant’s sleep quality and pain. The use of a commercial accelerometer may assist in objectively ...
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) with extra-pancreatic mucin: a case series and review of the literature.

Background Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is an increasingly recognized pancreatic neoplasm characterized by excessive mucin secretion by ductal epithelial cells resulting in a cystic dilation of the pancreatic duct.
Polarization Effects in the Two-Quantum Annihilation of Positrons

Computations of two-quantum annihilation-in-flight of a positron with an electron are made with little averaging of spins or summing of photon polarizations. For energies of a few Mev, strong departures are found from the better known situation at vanishing energy, as regards annihilation probability for parallel spins, the plane-polarization correlation, and the circular-polarization correlation. Production of a circularly polarized photon beam is discussed, as is longitudinal- or transverse-polarization analysis by a polarized electron target.
Reproductive consequences of maternal care patterns during estrus among free-ranging rhesus monkeys

We examined the hypothesis that among free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), maternal care patterns during estrus influence chances of conception independently of variation in the timing of the postpartum resumption of mating. We observed 24 multiparous mothers and their infants before and during the 1990 mating season. When mothers resumed mating, they abruptly sought less contact with their infants. Infants responded by increasing the rates with which they emitted distress calls and attempted to make nipple contact. High levels of maternal rejection and low levels of maternal nipple contact initiation during the mother's first estrus were associated with low suckling frequencies and high chances of conception. Although demanding infants had some success in gaining access to the nipples of reluctant mothers during estrus, mothers' chances of conception were unrelated to measures of infant demand or distress calling. Individual differences in maternal behavior regulating access to the nipple during estrus were unrelated to those shown previously. During estrus, mothers appeared to regulate nipple contact according to their infant's age and perhaps other factors related to its vulnerability.
Using microwave metrology to count calories

Abstract One non-destructive way to probe the caloric content of food is to examine the transmission spectra of low energy microwaves over a broad band (approximately 1–8 GHz). This paper proposes a simple, but generalizable, nearest neighbor scheme to estimate the calories of homogeneous mixtures of oil, sugar, and water. The approach’s performance is empirically quantified and is also compared to the performance of an oracle estimator. We report that for this study the estimator achieves an average absolute error of approximately 10%. A heuristic extension of the nearest neighbor estimator is also discussed that can in some cases improve the average error performance. The work represents the first steps toward accurate and reliable calorie estimation techniques for complex, non-homogeneous foods of varying shapes and amounts.
Differential Phenotypes of Active Site and Human Autosomal Dominant Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia Mutations in Drosophila Mitochondrial DNA Helicase Expressed in Schneider Cells

We report the cloning and molecular analysis of Drosophila mitochondrial DNA helicase (d-mtDNA helicase) homologous to human TWINKLE, which encodes one of the genes responsible for autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia. An RNA interference construct was designed that reduces expression of d-mtDNA helicase to an undetectable level in Schneider cells. RNA interference knockdown of d-mtDNA helicase decreases the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) approximately 5-fold. In a corollary manner, overexpression of d-mtDNA helicase increases mtDNA levels 1.4-fold. Overexpression of helicase active site mutants K388A and D483A results in a severe depletion of mtDNA and a dominant negative lethal phenotype. Overexpression of mutants analogous to human autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia mutations shows differential effects. Overexpression of I334T and A442P mutants yields a dominant negative effect as for the active site mutants. In contrast, overexpression of A326T, R341Q, and W441C mutants results in increased mtDNA copy number, as observed with wild-type overexpression. Our dominant negative analysis of d-mtDNA helicase in cultured cells provides a tractable model for understanding human autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia mutations.
Transmission line matrix model for ultrasonic imaging

A transmission-line matrix (TLM) model was developed to simulate the ultrasound propagation in the multi-layer structures. The spatial resolution of the proposed model is better than tenth wavelength. The numerical modeling is carried-out for frequencies that are usually used in ultrasound imagery (3.5 - 25MHz). The acoustic impedance profile of multi-layer structures considered are similar to those found in nondestructive evaluation and in medical imaging. The structures modeled are: brazed joints, stomach and colon walls. Structures with artificial flaws are also modeled. A comparison between real images and numerical generated ones is provided for each considered structure. Both frequency and time domain responses are obtained from the structures under investigation. Both single and array transducer techniques are modeled and their performances are evaluated for the proposed structures. Different shapes for the incident pulse are considered in numerically generated images.
PCR Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Degrading Mycobacteria

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods based on the 16S rRNA genes of Mycobacterium sp. PYR-1 and Mycobacterium sp. PAH135, known PAH-degrading bacteria, were developed. An efficient mycobacterial cell lysis procedure was used for the PCR assay. The PCR methods were positive with the target species, but negative for the other 45 bacterial species tested including other Mycobacterium spp. The PCR sensitivity for pure cultures was 20 cells for Mycobacterium sp. PAH135 and 200 cells for Mycobacterium sp. PYR-1. The PCR with a simple sample preparation procedure was used to monitor Mycobacterium sp. PYR-1 cell concentrations in soil slurries amended with [{sup 14}C]pyrene. The pyrene mineralization correlated with the Mycobacterium PYR-1 cell concentrations in the soil slurries. When the PCR titer (the maximum dilution for positive PCR results) reached 10{sup -4}-10{sup -5} at 5-1O days incubation, approximately 50% of the [{sup 14}C]pyrene had been mineralized to {sup 14}CO{sub 2}. However, without inoculation with Mycobacterium PYR-1 cells, both the sterile and nonsterile soils had negative PCR results and no pyrene mineralization. 25 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Detection of Targets in Non-Gaussian Sea Clutter

Measurements of sea clutter using high-resolution radar show that clutter cross section is not Rayleigh distributed. Both the log-normal and contaminated-normal distributions are proposed and yield a fairly good description of some experimental data. Threshold values and detection curves are given for the mean and median detectors for both distributions. It is shown that the median is robust? that is, the threshold values and detection probabilities do not depend on the detailed shape of the clutter distribution but only on its median value.
Medical imaging in pediatric ophthalmology.

Advancing technologies have greatly influenced and aided in the differentiation of orbital and ocular lesions. Pediatric ophthalmologic diagnostic evaluation, in particular, has significantly improved with the use of imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, and MR imaging. This article discusses the use of imaging modalities in the diagnosis of diseases most commonly seen in infants and children.
A New Letter by William Cullen Bryant

(2001). A New Letter by William Cullen Bryant. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 24-25.
Searching for Higgs decays to four bottom quarks at LHCb

We discuss the feasibility of seeing a Higgs boson which decays to four bottom quarks through a pair of (pseudo-)scalars at the LHCb experiment to argue that the use of b-physics triggers and off-line vertex reconstruction, as opposed to jet triggers with b tagging, may be more effective for this signal. Focusing on inclusive production for the Higgs, we find that for light scalar masses below 20 GeV, signal reconstruction efficiencies of order a few percent may be enough for LHCb to find evidence for a Higgs with a dominant 4b decay channel.
051 Topical Oxygen Alters Angiogenesis‐Related Growth Factor Expression in Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Objective: Following tissue vascular and oxygen delivery disruption, normal wound healing is a complex process requiring restoration of supplies of oxygen and other nutrients through blood vessel regeneration, or angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is stimulated by synergistic interactions of growth factors and cytokines secreted by damaged cells in wound tissues exhibiting hypoxia, high lactate levels, and inflammation. Chronic wounds, often complications of diabetes, are characterized by chronic hypoxia, inflammation, and insufficient growth factor secretion. To test growth factor sensitivity to reversed hypoxia in chronic human wounds, we administered pure oxygen topically to chronic foot ulcers in diabetic humans and used molecular probes to measure growth factors previously found to regulate angiogenesis and improve delayed healing, i.e., VEGF et al. Methods: By multiplex ELISA assays of growth factor cytokines, we quantified pg/ug levels of total proteins detectable in fluids collected from human diabetic plantar wounds after exposure to topical oxygen delivered in 0–50 mm Hg pulses during 90-minute treatments 4 days per week over a 5 week protocol. Wounds that had failed to heal for at least 4 weeks were infused with a maximum of 1.06 ATM of oxygen at 1 minute intervals in a lower limb enclosing chamber. Findings: Our initial data show increased expression in angiogenesis-related growth factors (bFGF, HB-EGF, HGF, KGF, VEGF) in wound fluid from chronic diabetic foot ulcers using the Topical Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber (Advanced Hyperbaric Technologies, Inc., Farmingdale, NJ). Secretion of the most crucial angiogenic factor, VEGF, was increased by 8-fold to well over 10-fold using the described protocol. Conclusions: These data show evidence of a molecular mechanism for the scientific basis of topical hyperbaric oxygen-modulated growth factor expression in chronic diabetic wounds, previously unresponsive to standard wound care. We conclude that topically applied hyperbaric oxygen alters angiogenesis-related growth factor expression in wound fluids from chronic diabetic foot ulcers in a manner consistent with renewed healing. Acknowledgments: Advanced Hyperbaric Technologies, Inc., Farmingdale, NJ.
PGI2 as a regulator of CD4+ subset differentiation and function

Prostaglandin (PG)I2 has important regulatory functions on the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent experimental evidence reveals that PGI2 modulates the development and function of CD4+ T cells subsets, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell responses. In vitro and in vivo studies support that PGI2 generally has an inhibitory effect on Th1 and Th2 activation, differentiation, and cytokine production. In contrast, PGI2 seems to enhance Th17-favoring polarization conditions, resulting in Th17 cytokine production. Therefore, PGI2 may either promote or inhibit individual CD4+ cell subsets and impact adaptive immune responses.
You Can’t Have a Rainbow Without a Tormenta: A Description of an IHE’s Response to a Community Need for a Dual-Language School

Abstract Schools, with an ever-increasing presence of language minority students, are now compelled to critically analyze the programs and the practices in which they engage their students for academic achievement. This manuscript presents a case study2 in which a school and a university worked together in a restructuring process to create a community of learners. The implementation of a two- way bilingual model at Tormenta Elementary School was the main mechanism that drove the restructuring process in both settings. The findings may assist universities in realizing their crucial roles as catalysts for change and as learners in and with the community.
COMPOSITION OF VAPORS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH SALTS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

Techniques of mass spectrometric analysis for obtaining data on the activity of the components of a molten salt, including data on the extent of polymer and compound formation and the binding energies of the molecular bonds involved, are discussed. The use of bismuth metal as a calibrating material for a constant measure of over-all sensitivity of the apparatus and as a comparison substance for the determination of relative heats of vaporization or reaction is described. Methods are reviewed which obviate numerical corrections in analysis of high-temperature vapors, including those analyses in which monomeric and dimeric forms coexist. (C.J.G.)
Regulation of DNA repair in hypoxic cancer cells

Emerging evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironmental stress of hypoxia can induce genetic instability in cancer cells. We and others have found that the expression levels of key genes within the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways are coordinately repressed by hypoxia. These decreases are associated with functional impairments in both MMR and HR repair under hypoxic conditions, and thus they represent a possible mechanistic explanation for the observed phenomenon of hypoxia-induced genetic instability. In parallel, studies also indicate that several DNA damage response factors are activated in response to hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation, including ATM/ATR, Chkl/Chk2 and BRCA1. Taken together, these findings reveal that hypoxia induces a unique cellular stress response involving an initial, acute DNA damage response to hypoxia and reoxygenation, followed by a chronic response to prolonged hypoxia in which selected DNA repair pathways are coordinately suppressed. In this review, we discuss these pathways and the possible mechanisms involved, as well as the consequences for genetic instability and tumor progression within the tumor microenvironment.
Expectations of working relationships in international buyer-seller relationships: development of a relationship continuum scale.

This study is an attempt to develop a scale to measure expectations of buyer–seller working relationships on a cross-cultural basis in the hospitality industry. The focus is on North American and Asian hotel salespeople. The scale development drew from previous research in guanxi relationships, purchasing, and selling strategies. While the results did not support a reliable unidimensional scale that could distinguish between transactional and collaborative working relationships, the methodology did create a framework for further scale development.
Incorporating Research into a First-Year Fluid Mechanics Class:

Through simple flow visualization experiments, it is possible to introduce students to research in fluid mechanics during their first fluid mechanics course. Our visual sense is so powerful that in...
Ion channeling phenomena and Tl-upd induced film dynamics in model biomembranes studied with EQCN and QCI techniques

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of bilayer lipid films ( l -α-dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, DPPC) on Au electrodes was investigated using the electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN) and quartz crystal immittance (QCI) techniques. The bilayer DPPC film was modified with ion channel forming molecules of gramicidin (GR) permeable to Tl + ions. The QCI measurements have shown that a DPPC BLM /GR film on a Au electrode is in the solid state at room temperature and behaves as a perfectly rigid film. In the potential step chronopiezogravimetric experiments, it has been found that Tl atoms are being deposited at the Au ∣ lipid film interface and form a Tl-upd interlayer. Sharp resonant frequency spikes, associated with Tl-upd formation and dissolution, were discovered. The evaluation of mechanistic models of the processes taking place during the negative potential step, indicates an intermediate phase formation, involving aggregation of lipid molecules in the electrode sub-surface region, followed by a collapse of aggregates and formation of a new bilayer lipid film on the Tl-upd surface. The formation of lipid aggregates was not observed when only 3D-Tl had been formed or dissolved. Model calculations confirm that the formation of cylindrical non-overlapping DPPC BLM aggregates can result in trapping of sufficient amounts of solvent and this process can account for the observed frequency down-shifts. The Tl-upd induced lipid film lifting and intermediate lipid aggregation were observed only in potential step experiments and, thus, represent a dynamic transition phenomenon. In contrast to this, in the potential scan piezogravimetric experiments, where the film reorganization due to the changing substrate (from Au to Tl-upd) progresses at a slower rate, no lipid aggregation was observed.
Interlocked mismatch-aligned arrowhead DNA motifs

Abstract Background: Triplet repeat sequences are of considerable biological importance as the expansion of such tandem arrays can lead to the onset of a range of human diseases. Such sequences can self-pair via mismatch alignments to form higher order structures that have the potential to cause replication blocks, followed by strand slippage and sequence expansion. The all-purine d(GGA) n triplet repeat sequence is of particular interest because purines can align via G·G, A·A and G·A mismatch formation. Results: We have solved the structure of the uniformly 13 C, 15 N-labeled d(G1-G2-A3-G4-G5-A6-T7) sequence in 10 mM Na + solution. This sequence adopts a novel twofold-symmetric duplex fold where interlocked V-shaped arrowhead motifs are aligned solely via interstrand G1·G4, G2·G5 and A3·A6 mismatch formation. The tip of the arrowhead motif is centered about the p-A3-p step, and symmetry-related local parallel-stranded duplex domains are formed by the G1-G2-A3 and G4-G5-A6 segments of partner strands. Conclusions: The purine-rich (GGA) n triplet repeat sequence is dispersed throughout the eukaryotic genome. Several features of the arrowhead duplex motif for the (GGA) 2 triplet repeat provide a unique scaffold for molecular recognition. These include the large localized bend in the sugar–phosphate backbones, the segmental parallel-stranded alignment of strands and the exposure of the Watson–Crick edges of several mismatched bases.
Histamine mediates fast synaptic inhibition of rat supraoptic oxytocin neurons via chloride conductance activation.

Abstract Axons from the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus project to both the anterior and tuberal portions of the supraoptic nucleus. Histamine is known to activate vasopressin neurons via a histamine receptor subtype 1 and to increase release of vasopressin, but effects on oxytocin neurons have been previously unexplored. Here we investigated the effects of tuberomammillary nucleus electrical stimulation as well as of histamine antagonists on supraoptic nucleus oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in slices of rat hypothalamus. Electrical stimulation evoked short constant latency (~5ms), fast (4–6 ms onset to peak) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in oxytocin neurons and, as shown previously, fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials in vasopressin neurons. These synaptic responses followed paired-pulse stimulus frequencies up to 100 Hz and were, thus, probably reflecting monosynaptic connections. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were selectively blocked by histamine receptor subtype 2 antagonists (either cimetidine or famotidine) and by picrotoxin but not by histamine receptor subtype 1 antagonists or bicuculline. Similar synaptic responses to tuberomammillary nucleus stimulation were found in 16 of 16 neurons immunocytochemically identified as oxytocinergic and in seven putative oxytocin neurons. Perifusion of the slice with low chloride medium (4.8 mM) reversed stimulus-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. We conclude that histaminergic neurons monosynaptically contact both oxytocin and vasopressin cells of the supraoptic nucleus and inhibit the former via activation of chloride channels which can be blocked by the histamine receptor subtype 2 antagonists, famotidine and cimetidine.
Fuzzy Preference Evaluation for Hierarchical Co-Evolutionary Design Concept Generation

Conceptual design is important but complex. Its success heavily depends on a designer’s individual experience and intuition. Design support tools are in need to assist designers to improve design quality and efficiency. However, to date there are few computational tools that are mature enough to provide effective assistance for design concept generation. One of the major reasons is that design information is inherently incomplete and subjective at the early stage of design. No effective evaluation methods have been devised to assess the connectivity between means (i.e., sub-solutions or function carriers) although it has an impact effect on system performance. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy reference model for conceptual design evaluation as part of our hierarchical co-evolutionary design concept generation based on function-means connectivity. An example of designing a simple mechanical transporter is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays as Optical Sensors of Barbiturate Binding

The influence on the optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystal displays (LCDs) was examined for neutral molecule binding by mesogen/receptors in the mesomorphic phase. The motivation was to prepare neutral molecule sensors that use a colour change to signal analyte binding. A receptor that binds barbiturate analytes was modified with two or one cholesteryl groups to yield compounds 2 and 3, respectively. LCDs were prepared by incorporating one of the receptor/mesogen compounds into a cholesteric LC blend along with a potential H‐bonding guest. The optical properties of the LCDs were then determined by measuring the absorbance of the displays. For various LCDs, the colour of the display depended upon several factors: the amount of guest molecule used, the number of cholesteryl side chains on the receptor and the mole concentration of receptor/mesogen in the blend. In particular, complementary host/guest binding of H‐bonding analytes by the bis(cholesteryl) receptor 2 in a cholesteric LCD caused a ch...
On microelectronic components, interconnections, and system fabrication

Microelectronic data processing systems are analyzed and various requirements for components are considered. The rapid reduction in transmission line cross section upon scaling down causes increased losses in microelectronic systems thus giving rise to the need for high impedance components for non-cryogenic applications. A new component is proposed that seems particularly suited for microelectronic system requirements and fabrication methods. This component is based upon the quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons into vacuum; has an estimated switching time of 10-10 seconds; promises immunity to temperature variations; and seems adaptable to self-forming manufacturing methods giving component uniformity. A method of electron beam activitated micromachining for film materials is presented in which a thin chemically resistant film is formed with an electron beam to selectively protect the film being machined during a subsequent molecular beam etching. This high speed process has resolution capabilities of several hundred angstrom units; can process electronically clean materials with minimum contamination; and may ultimately be suited for the economical production of one cubic inch data processing systems having 1011 active components.
An Electromyographic Feedback Technique for Teaching Voluntary Relaxation of the Masseter Muscle

A muscle relaxation training technique that provides a person with immediate auditory or visual feedback of his electromyographic activity was developed. The forty subjects who received feedback reduced their masseter electromyographic activity significantly more than the 40 subjects who did not receive feedback.
Misuse of Nonophthalmic and Ophthalmic Drops Due to Packaging Similarity

Previous reports document the inadvertent instillation of nonophthalmic drops into the eye secondary to bottle size or packaging similarity, including Hemoccult developer,1cyanoacrylate adhesive,2and sodium hydroxide3instillation. Reports also illustrate the misuse of eyedrops secondary to bottle labeling similarity or inadvertent mismatching of bottles and caps.4We present a case of accidental use of videocassette recorder head cleaner, resulting in acute eye injury because of a similarity in bottle shape (Figure 1), and a case of similarity in eyedrop bottle labeling (Figure 2). Report of Cases. Case 1. A 23-year-old white man with a history of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in both eyes was also being treated for a recurrent corneal erosion in the left eye. He was seen with a best corrected visual acuity of counting fingers in each eye. He had been using 2% sodium chloride drops (Muro 128, Bausch & Lomb Pharmaceuticals,
Multi-level implications of framing leadership perceptions as a dynamic process.

Abstract This article integrates principles from connectionist and catastrophe theories with the process of leadership perceptions to derive and test multi-level hypotheses regarding the perception of leaders. The results of study 1 suggest that the leadership perceptions are at times stable, yet will behave dynamically under specific conditions; they lead to an investigation of personal relevance as the motivational factor underlying dynamic changes in leadership perceptions. Study 2 demonstrates that dynamic leadership perceptions are best explained from a dyad perspective, illustrating the joint effect of leader and perceiver characteristics.
Test generation via symbolic simulation

The Mango extension project of JPF is an Eclipse Workbench plugin which creates a functional specification of Java source code. The specification is presented as a series of navigable pages within Eclipse views. Representative code examples containing faults are processed by Mango. The output specification views are then navigated for the purpose of discovering robust fault recognition rules for automated testing. This paper describes how the analyst and tool work together to generate a test for a selected vulnerability described in an Oracle publication, the exposition of confidential data by the exception handler mechanism.
Measurement of residual stress in the weld overlay piping components

In general industry, especially in the nuclear industry, welding overlay repair is an important repair method mainly used to rebuild piping systems suffering from intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (IGSCC).
Implications of confounding of genotype × year and genotype × crop effects in sugarcane

In sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) field experiments, genotype × year (G × Y) and genotype × crop (G × C) interaction effects are usually confounded. In this study, the two effects were separated. Forty-seven random genotypes from a heterogeneous population and a check cultivar were grown at two locations in 1983 and 1984 as plant crop. The 1983-planted crop was available in 1984 as ratoon crop. Varinace components and broad-sense heritability estimates were calculated for the following: plant crop 83 and ratoon crop 84 (Analysis I); plant crop 84 and ratoon crop 84 (Analysis II); and plant crops 83 and 84 (Analysis III). The Analysis II gave the “true” G × C interaction which was higher for sugar concentration (SC) and tons per ha of sugar (THS) than that detected in Analysis I (confounded G × Y and G × C). For stalk weight and tons per ha of cane (THC), the G × C component was negligible in both analyses. The effect of years on plant crop (Analysis III) was noted for stalk number, THC, and THS. Broad-sense heritabililty estimates increased, for almost all traits studied, in Analysis III as compared with Analyses I and II, indicating that the genetic component was maximized by growing genotypes in the plant crop in two years. The effect of confounding G × C with G × Y was not considered substantial. We feel that the usual analysis (Analysis I) would be adequate for calculating heritability.
Wave propagation in non-uniform plasmas near the second electron cyclotron harmonic

Equations are derived which may be used to describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves in non-uniform magnetized plasma when the wave frequency is near the second electron cyclotron harmonic. The method used is to expand the linearized Vlasov equation in powers of the electron Larmor radius divided by a typical scale length. The general equations are then specialized to the problem of the coupling of transverse waves to the longitudinal modes (Bernstein modes) which exist when all quantities vary only in a plane perpendicular to a straight magnetic field. The form of these equations for two simple models of the equilibrium plasma is given. Comments are made about the equations for the higher harmonics, and the question of boundary conditions is discussed. Finally, the general equations are examined in the limit Ω→0 in order to provide equations suitable for the description of high frequency waves in non-magnetized plasmas.
Cervical Cancer Prevention in Low‐resource Settings

0020-7292/$ see front matter D 2005 International Federation of All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.04.002 DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.04.001. cancer, little headway has been made in preventing cervical cancer. This is largely because in those settings where the need is greatest, there have been almost no organized or consistent screening programs. As a result, cervical cancer remains the most common cause of cancer death among women in developing countries. Specifically there are almost 500,000 new cervical cancer cases each year, and well over 270,000 deaths. In simple terms this amounts to a cervical cancer death, a preventable death, every 2 min. Until recently, developing countries, perhaps more appropriately termed blow-resource settingsQ, have had little hope in terms of effectively implementing cervical cancer prevention programs. Conventional approaches, involving cytology and multiple visits before treatment can be offered, have proven to be unworkable in terms of achieving the coverage and treatment rates necessary to show impact. While the development of HPV vaccine also holds promise, it is not yet a reality and the vaccination programs required for its delivery will take additional time and resources to implement. The vaccine may also not address the large numbers of women who already have cervical disease. In the last several years, however, a number of groups have been attempting to demonstrate whether alternatives to the conventional approach might be workable in low-resource settings. The policy statement published in this edition of the International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics is a reflection of the prevention-focused perspectives of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and several of its worldwide organizational partners. This policy was endorsed by the FIGO Executive Board meeting in July 2004. Although much work remains to be done, and funding needs to be secured, there is every reason to believe that the approaches represented by International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2005) 90, 2—3
Synthesis and application of chiral monoesters derived from cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid and bicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

Optically active alkyl and cycloalkyl hydrogen cyclohex-4-ene-1,2- and bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene- 2,3-dicarboxylates were synthesized by asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions in the presence of chiral catalyst. The cycloadducts were found to possess antimicrobial activity.
COMPRESSION AND RELAXATION PROPERTIES OF CARROTS

Compression force and relaxation properties of radially compressed carrot samples were determined as a function of the cortex moisture content. The compression force at 10% deformation increased with an increase in the moisture content. The compression force at 86% moisture was almost ten times greater than the value at the 76% level. Similar trends were observed for part of the visco-elastic coefficients.
PDGFR-Β expression in small cell lung cancer patients

Background: Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGFR-β are expressed and have been found to have prognostic value in several human cancers. Data in non-small-cell cancer cell lines have suggested that PDGFR is a therapeutic target for drug development. In the current study PDGFR-β expression and prognostic value in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was investigated. Methods and Materials: Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 53 patients with limited and extensive stage SCLC were obtained for immunohistochemical staining. Tumors from each patient were sampled 3 times and stained with PDGFR-β specific antibody. Patients were divided into low and high staining groups based on intensity. Results: There was high intensity PDGFR-β staining in 20 patients with SCLC. Another 29 expressed low intensity PDGFR-β staining, with only 4 patients showing no PDGFR-β staining. There was no statistically significant difference in 5 year overall survival between patients with low levels of PDGFR-β staining vs. those with high level staining SCLC tumors ( p = 0.538). Conclusions: The present study found that the majority of SCLC patients express, at least, a low level of PDGF-β. However, the level of PDGFR-β expression was not a statistically significant predictor of 5 year overall survival in SCLC.
Amination of exo-2-chloronorbornane and norbornane with trichloramine-aluminum chloride☆

Abstract Treatment of exo -2-chloronorbornane with trichloramine-aluminum chloride resulted in ring expansion with incorporation of nitrogen. The major product of the rearrangement, after reduction, was 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, accompanied by small amounts of the 3-isomer and exo -2-aminonorbornane. Amination of norbornane yielded either the exo -pri-amine or the aza material as the principal basic product depending upon reaction condition. The mechanistic and synthetic are discussed, and comparisons with related reactions are made.
Analysis of residual disease following preoperative radiotherapy versus initial surgery in endometrial carcinoma

A clinicopathologic study of residual disease following pre-operative radiotherapy (RT) in 67 patients and initial surgery in 40 patients with early invasive endometrial carcinoma is presented. In 10%, extrauterine spread was found at operation. In 10% of patients, the histologic type, and in 19% the grade of tumor, differed between the curettage and hysterectomy specimens. Pre-op RT altered the depth of myometrial invasion and frequency of vascular invasion, but there was no evidence that irradiation itself affected the histologic type or grade of tumor. The patients with residual tumor after pre-op RT had significantly more cancer-related deaths than those without residual disease. The high risk factors were deep myometrial invasion and residual disease outside the uterus. Vascular invasion did not affect the prognosis in this series. The importance of surgical-pathologic staging by initial surgery is discussed.
Characterization of a Critical Interaction Between the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein and Nonstructural Protein 3 of the Viral Replicase-Transcriptase Complex

The coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (N) plays an essential structural role in virions through a network of interactions with positive-strand viral genomic RNA, the envelope membrane protein (M), and other N molecules. Additionally, N protein participates in at least one stage of the complex mechanism of coronavirus RNA synthesis. We previously uncovered an unanticipated interaction between N and the largest subunit of the viral replicase-transcriptase complex, nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). This was found through analysis of revertants of a severely defective mutant of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) in which the N gene was replaced with that of its close relative, bovine coronavirus (BCoV). In the work reported here, we constructed BCoV chimeras and other mutants of MHV nsp3 and obtained complementary genetic evidence for its association with N protein. We found that the N-nsp3 interaction maps to the amino-terminal ubiquitin-like domain of nsp3, which is essential for the virus. The interaction does not require the adjacent acidic domain of nsp3, which is dispensable. In addition, we demonstrated a complete correspondence between N-nsp3 genetic interactions and the ability of N protein to enhance the infectivity of transfected coronavirus genomic RNA. The latter function of N was shown to depend on both of the RNA-binding domains of N, as well as on the serine- and arginine-rich central region of N, which binds nsp3. Our results support a model in which the N-nsp3 interaction serves to tether the genome to the newly translated replicase-transcriptase complex at a very early stage of infection.
Physical Health, Illicit Drug Use, and Demographic Characteristics in Rural Stimulant Users

CONTEXT: There is growing concern about illicit rural stimulant use, especially regarding methamphetamine use and its health consequences. PURPOSE: The present study describes associations between aspects of stimulant use and illness experience in rural areas, with additional focus on the role of demographic characteristics in these associations. METHODS: The research participants were 710 stimulant drug users who were recruited from rural areas of Arkansas, Kentucky, and Ohio using Heckathorn's respondent-driven sampling method. Health was measured by self-reports of perceived health and extent of current, recent, and lifelong health problems. Drug use was measured with self-reports of type and frequency of use. FINDINGS: Several associations were found between drug use and illness, controlling for demographics. Stimulant use pattern related significantly with the sum of health problems in the previous 6 months and the sum of lifetime illness diagnoses, after adjustment for demographic factors. Extent of illicit drug use in the past month and self-perceived drug and alcohol problems were associated with several measures of health. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of stimulant users, methamphetamine use was associated with fewer recent medical problems than crack cocaine, combined crack and powder cocaine use, and use of all 3 of these stimulants. These results, across the 3 sites, suggest that prevalent assumptions about the methamphetamine "plague" and its negative health consequences must be viewed cautiously and examined with additional research. Language: en
Computationally useful bridge diagram series. II. Diagrams in h-bonds

Equations for calculating accurate 4-point and 5-point bridge diagrams in terms of h-bonds have been presented and solved for various phase points of the Lennard-Jones fluid. A method of finding a self-consistent solution for the bridge function and the radial distribution function is demonstrated. The significance of this result over bridge diagrams expressed as f-bonds, in terms of its applicability to charged and dipolar models is discussed. Two very simple phenomenological bridge diagram forms for the bridge function for this model are examined and found to give results almost as accurate and in some cases more accurate than previous forms in the literature. This work represents the first use of directly calculated 5-point bridge diagrams in terms of h-bonds, and the many extra orders of f-bond diagrams which they include, in an integral equation result.
A Case-based Collaborative Learning Model for Teaching Advocacy

Social work graduate school programs focusing on clinical practice have traditionally attended less to the profession's advocacy role. Masters-level clinical social work students, therefore, may not receive adequate training to understand their roles in advocating for or against policies that directly impact their practice. This article proposes a collaborative learning model called ‘Advocacy Week’, which prepares students for a statewide NASW-sponsored Advocacy Day. Using case presentations prepared in collaboration with clinical and policy social work faculty, aspiring clinical social work practitioners are exposed to the relevance of advocacy. Preliminary findings suggest that graduate students exposed to this model become aware of their advocate role as part of their clinical practice, a knowledge which has implications for social work education.