cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aguerridos, esforzados y porteños: el imaginario wanderino de Valparaíso por medio de la Revista Estadio

Bajo la mirada de los imaginarios urbanos, se revisa la influencia que tuvo la extinta Revista Estadio en el imaginario wanderino de Valparaiso. Para esto se repasa la relacion entre imaginarios urbanos y futbol, la posicion hegemonica de Estadio en su epoca de publicacion, y aspectos ligados a la epoca fundacional de Santiago Wanderers, simbolo de Valparaiso. Luego, se analiza la construccion del es­tilo de juego y la figura del idolo, ambas representaciones mediadas por la labor de Estadio , las cuales otorgan caracter, se actualizan y persisten hasta esta epoca en el imaginario wanderino de Valparaiso.
The Application of HACCP in Supervision and Management of the Delivery of Group Meal

Through the research of the production process of enterprises which produce the group meal,the hazard analysis was made;the critical control points were determined;the prevention and rectification measurement were proposed;and the HACCP system was established in the Delivery of Group Meal production.This HACCP system can effectively control the harm in the process of delivery of group meal and improve the management capability of food safety control of these enterprises.In addition,it can change the way of law execution of the law department and improve efficacy of the supervision and law enforcement.
Integrated Fluidic Circuits (IFCs) for Digital PCR

The Fluidigm Digital Array IFC is a nanofluidic biochip where digital PCR reactions can be performed with isolated individual DNA template molecules. This chip is part of a family of integrated fluidic circuits (IFC) and contains a network of fluid lines, NanoFlex™ valves and chambers. NanoFlex™ valves are made of an elastomeric material that deflects under pressure to create a tight seal and are used to regulate the flow of liquids in the IFC. Digital Arrays have enabled a different approach to digital PCR, by partitioning DNA molecules instead of diluting them. Single DNA molecules are randomly distributed into nanoliter volume reaction chambers and then PCR amplified in the presence of a fluorophore-containing probe. Positive fluorescent signal indicates the presence of a DNA molecule in a reaction chamber, while negative chambers are blank. IFC technology enables the delivery of very precise volumes of solutions in a simple, fast procedure, utilizing a minimum of sample and assay reagents. The development of the IFC technology and the Digital Array chip has revolutionized the field of biology, and has been utilized in gene copy number studies, absolute quantitation (molecule counting) of genomic DNA and cDNA, rare mutation detection, and digital haplotyping.
Apoptosis/programmed cell death. A historical perspective.

The concept of cell death dates back to 1858, when cell death at the gross level was discussed in Virchow's Cellular Pathology as degeneration, mortification, and necrosis equivalent to the term "gangrene" 1• Carl Weigart in 1877 described coagulation necrosis in which he observed that necrotic cells lose their nuclei 2• When stains became available in 1885, Walther Flemming described spontaneous cell death as a physiological event3 . This was perhaps the first morphological description of apoptosis. He observed that the epithelial lining of regressive ovarian follicles was full of cells whose nuclei were breaking up. The broken nuclei ultimately disappeared. He described half-moons of pyknotic chromatin and loose chromatin in the follicular cavity. He termed the entire process "chromatolysis". Soon after the description of Walther Flemming, Franz Nissen, a German medical student, described chromatolysis in the lactating mammary gland4 . Chromatin margination was described in 18905. In 1892, Strobe gave a detailed account of chromatolysis and nuclear pathology in breast cancer cells, which would be a modem description of apoptosis6 • Ludwig Grapher in 1914 published a paper in German under the title "Eine neue Anschauung uber physiologische Zellausschaltung", whose English translation is, "A new point of view regarding the elimination of cells"7• His hypothesis was that there must be an amitotic mechanism to counterbalance mitosis. Based upon his studies, he concluded that physiological elimination of cells occurs by chromatolysis during the shrinkage of organs; a sister cell engulfs a neighboring cell that breaks down. Glucksmann understood the significance of chromatolysis in morphogenetic mechanism. In a landmark paper, he described physiological cell death in the embryo8• In 1960 Majno et al , using a model of ischemic cell death, established a role of protein denaturation in cell death9. The concept of cell suicide was proposed by De Duve, who postulated that the cells might be killed from within by an explosion of their lysosomes acting as "suicide bags" 10•
Impact of Ho3+-doping on 13C dynamic nuclear polarization using trityl OX063 free radical

We have investigated the effects of Ho-DOTA doping on the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of [1-13C] sodium acetate using trityl OX063 free radical at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. Our results indicate that addition of 2 mM Ho-DOTA on 3 M [1-13C] sodium acetate sample in 1:1 v/v glycerol:water with 15 mM trityl OX063 improves the DNP-enhanced 13C solid-state nuclear polarization by a factor of around 2.7-fold. Similar to the Gd3+ doping effect on 13C DNP, the locations of the positive and negative 13C maximum polarization peaks in the 13C microwave DNP sweep are shifted towards each other with the addition of Ho-DOTA on the DNP sample. W-band electron spin resonance (ESR) studies have revealed that while the shape and linewidth of the trityl OX063 ESR spectrum was not affected by Ho3+-doping, the electron spin–lattice relaxation time T1 of trityl OX063 was prominently reduced at cryogenic temperatures. The reduction of trityl OX063 electron T1 by Ho-doping is linked to the 13C DNP improvement in light of the thermodynamic picture of DNP. Moreover, the presence of Ho-DOTA in the dissolution liquid at room temperature has negligible reduction effect on liquid-state 13C T1, in contrast to Gd3+-doping which drastically reduces the 13C T1. The results here suggest that Ho3+-doping is advantageous over Gd3+ in terms of preservation of hyperpolarized state—an important aspect to consider for in vitro and in vivo NMR or imaging (MRI) experiments where a considerable preparation time is needed to administer the hyperpolarized 13C liquid.
Introduction: transmission/disequilibrium test/association group. .

A range of study designs, using unrelated or family controls, were used to investigate the pattern of association with disease of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate gene 1 (simulated data). Strong evidence of disease association at the functional locus was detected using all study designs, and in the "general" but not the "isolated" population the functional polymorphism displayed considerably higher association than surrounding SNPs. There was much variation in the strength of association of SNPs with disease, up to 70% of which was explained by SNP allele frequency and distance from the functional polymorphism. Some common polymorphisms very close to the functional locus however showed no association with disease. Analysis of short haplotypes of SNPs reduced but did not totally remove this feature.
Measuring the Impact of Memory Errors on Application Performance

Memory reliability is a key factor in the design of warehouse-scale computers. Prior work has focused on the performance overheads of memory fault-tolerance schemes when errors do not occur at all, and when detected but uncorrectable errors occur, which result in machine downtime and loss of availability. We focus on a common third scenario, namely, situations when hard but correctable faults exist in memory; these may cause an “avalanche” of errors to occur on affected hardware. We expose how the hardware/software mechanisms for managing and reporting memory errors can cause severe performance degradation in systems suffering from hardware faults. We inject faults in DRAM on a real cloud server and quantify the single-machine performance degradation for both batch and interactive workloads. We observe that for SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks, memory errors can slow down average execution time by up to 2.5 $\times$ . For an interactive web-search workload, average query latency degrades by up to 2.3 $\times$ for a light traffic load, and up to an extreme 3746 $\times$ under peak load. Our analyses of the memory error-reporting stack reveals architecture, firmware, and software opportunities to improve performance consistency by mitigating the worst-case behavior on faulty hardware.
Dynamic range of safe electrical stimulation of the retina

Electronic retinal prostheses represent a potentially effective approach for restoring some degree of sight in blind patients with retinal degeneration. However, levels of safe electrical stimulation and the underlying mechanisms of cellular damage are largely unknown. We measured the threshold of cellular damage as a function of pulse duration, electrode size, and number of pulses to determine the safe range of stimulation. Measurements were performed in-vitro on embryonic chicken retina with saline-filled glass pipettes for stimulation electrodes. Cellular damage was detected using Propidium Iodide fluorescent staining. Electrode size varied from 115μm to 1mm, pulse duration from 6μs to 6ms, and number of pulses from 1 to 7,500. The threshold current density was independent of electrode sizes exceeding 400μm. With smaller electrodes the current density was scaling reciprocal to the square of the pipette diameter, i.e. acting as a point source so that the damage threshold was determined by the total current in this regime. The damage threshold current measured with large electrodes (1mm) scaled with pulse duration as t-0.5, which is characteristic of electroporation. For repeated electrical pulsed exposure on the retina the threshold current density varied between 0.059 A/cm2 at 6ms to 1.3 A/cm2 at 6μs. The dynamic range of safe stimulation, i.e. the ratio of damage threshold to stimulation threshold was found to be duration-dependent, and varied from 10 to 100 at pulse durations varying between 10μs to 10ms. Maximal dynamic range of 100 was observed near 1ms pulse durations.
Human Footprints and the Peopling of the Americas

ABSTRACTIn the last two decades, human footprints have grown in importance in discussions about the peopling of the Americas. Study of such footprints needs to begin with rigorous documentation establishing that the sedimentary structures thought to be human footprints are bona fide human footprints. Determining the age of the human footprints follows but can be very difficult to achieve with the necessary precision. Nevertheless, this two-step process of identification and age determination is essential to using human footprints to understand the peopling of the Americas.
Alliances, Conflicts, and Mediations: The Role of Population Mobility in the Integration of Ecology into Poverty Reduction

The poverty–environment–migration triad sustains a complex relationship characterized by contradictory and ambiguous effects and multiple feedbacks (Locke et al. 2000; Adger et al. 2002). Population mobility1 may both directly or indirectly contribute to poverty reduction (e.g., through remittances, diversification of livelihoods, improved living conditions, access to social and other services, and expansion of networks), or to the exacerbation of poverty (e.g., accelerate aging in sending communities, brain drain, community weakening, impoverishment of displaced populations, or raising unemployment in receiving communities). Similarly, migration may have environmental impacts (frontier settlements change land use patterns; growing population density in sensitive and/or hazardous areas exacerbates ecological deterioration; depopulation facilitates forest re-growth; remittances may accelerate adoption of green technologies) and in turn migration can be a demographic response to environmental change and deterioration, as in the case of environmentally induced displacement. Finally, migration may be a mediating factor between poverty reduction and ecosystem health – either facilitating a positive feedback (e.g., remittances may lessen the income demands for resource extraction in origin communities) or exacerbating a negative feedback relationship (e.g., remittances may provide the technological investments to accelerate resource extraction).
Beauty and the Geek: On-Screen Representations of Geeks

As the media roles reflected to us play a strong role in shaping group identity, we will consider geek identity as constructed through television depictions. The Big Bang Theory and many similar franchises revolve around the stereotype of a beautiful but stupid woman pursued by socially inept but brilliant men. We will deconstruct the tension of the “un-masculine” geek as opposed to the hyperfeminine bimbo, and the narrative of geek wish fulfillment it constructs in which women serve as rewards and audiences for male brilliance. The heroes of these franchises, with their combination of socially awkward presentation and geek stereotypical quirks, offer a perfect parallel to the aspirational narratives of the pop culture on which these very characters feed, as the relationship of Sheldon with Spock perfectly epitomizes. We will contrast these geek icons and their masculinity with the definition of the hypermasculine hero drawn from our examination of geek-driven popular culture narratives.
Patient-Sharing Networks of Physicians and Health Care Utilization and Spending Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Importance Physicians are embedded in informal networks in which they share patients, information, and behaviors. Objective We examined the association between physician network properties and health care spending, utilization, and quality of care among Medicare beneficiaries. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, we applied methods from social network analysis to Medicare administrative data from 2006 to 2010 for an average of 3 761 223 Medicare beneficiaries per year seen by 40 241 physicians practicing in 51 hospital referral regions (HRRs) to identify networks of physicians linked by shared patients. We improved on prior methods by restricting links to physicians who shared patients for distinct episodes of care, thereby excluding potentially spurious linkages between physicians treating common patients but for unrelated reasons. We also identified naturally occurring communities of more tightly linked physicians in each region. We examined the relationship between network properties measured in the prior year and outcomes in the subsequent year using regression models. Main Outcomes and Measures Spending on total medical services, hospital, physician, and other services, use of services, and quality of care. Results The mean patient age across the 5 years of study was 72.3 years and 58.5% of the participants were women. The mean age across communities of included physicians was 49 years and approximately 78% were men. Mean total annual spending per patient was $10 051. Total spending was higher for patients of physicians with more connections to other physicians ($1009 for a 1–standard deviation increase,P Conclusions and Relevance Characteristics of physicians’ networks and the position of physicians in the network were associated with overall spending and utilization of services for Medicare beneficiaries.
Does climate influence energy demand? A regional analysis

Abstract The duality of cost minimization is used to examine the effects of climate change on US sectoral climatic regional energy demands from 1970 to 2014. The first order conditions of transcendental logarithm cost function provide sectorial compensated demands for energy. A system of demand share equations or sectorial compensated demand for energy is explained by exogenous prices, technology and distribution of climatic variables i.e. temperature and precipitation is estimated. The distribution includes the downside and upside first moment, i.e., mean and downside and upside second moment, i.e., variance. The estimated parameters are used to construct energy demand cross-price elasticities (CPE) and Allen elasticities of substitution (AES) for nine climatic regions. The Southwest, Northeast, and South are sensitive to rainfall distributions especially the transportation and industrial sectors while the Northeast, Central, and South are affected by temperature variations affecting residential and industrial sector energy use. The commercial sector uses the least energy because of improved technological changes. Consequently, there are high substitutions of commercial energy for both residential and industrial. The transportation sector has the least price and technical substitutions.
Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects

The increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major concern for successful diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been achieved on the development of nanotechnology-based medicines for combating multidrug resistance in microorganisms. Among this, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hold great promise in addressing this challenge due to their broad-spectrum and robust antimicrobial properties. This review illustrates the antibacterial mechanisms of silver nanoparticles and further elucidates how different structural factors including surface chemistry, size, and shape, impact their antibacterial activities, which are expected to promote the future development of more potent silver nanoparticle-based antibacterial agents.
GABAergic Control of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis: Role of Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors

The body’s physiological response to stress is mediated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, the activity of which is tightly regulated by GABAergic inhibition. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus which release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) govern the output of the HPA axis. CRH neurons are innervated by a high density of GABAergic terminals and are regulated by robust GABAergic inhibition. Furthermore, numerous other brain regions, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and amygdala, exert control over the HPA axis via indirect GABAergic connections onto CRH neurons. CRH neurons express numerous γ-aminobutyric-acid type-A receptor (GABAAR) subunits and are regulated by both phasic and tonic GABAergic inhibition, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs, respectively. The GABAergic control of the HPA axis is highly plastic and is altered by both acute and chronic stress. Here, I review the role of extrasynaptic GABAARs in the regulation of the HPA axis and the physiological response to stress.
Fluids: Liquids and Gases

A particularly challenging type of animation involves objects that do not have well-defined boundaries—fluids. Technically, fluids include water, fire, and clouds. Because of the difficulty in accurately modeling all aspects of such fluids, special purpose models have been developed to model specific effects under specific circumstances. Some of these special purpose models are presented in this chapter. Examples include a simple height field for water, sinusoidal waves, 2D fire effects, particle system flames, and implicit surface-modeled clouds.
Machina in Homine

Der Mensch, als Pflanze gesehen, hat so oft seine Wurzeln in falscher Erde, muss sich gegen Unkraut empor recken oder fristet im Unterholz ein Trauerdasein.
[Dphe 6 , betaAla 11 , Phe 13 , Nle 14 ]bombesin-6-14

While D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-betaAla-His-Phe-Nle-NH2, a bombesin analog, was initially shown to be a high affinity BB3 bombesin receptor agonist …
Outcomes of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and acute myocardial infarction: a propensity score-matched, 15-year nationwide population-based study in Asia.

Objectives Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) entails thickening of the myocardium and an increased risk of ischaemia. However, the prognosis of patients with HCM with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is incompletely understood. Methods Medical information was retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database in 1997–2011. The exclusion criteria were patients Results In total, 201 166 patients were admitted for AMI. There were 177 058 patients with new-onset AMI, 257 with HCM and 176 801 without HCM after exclusion criteria. Using 1:4 PS matching, the study population consisted of patients with AMI, 257 with HCM and 1028 without HCM. Patients with AMI with HCM received significantly less coronary intervention (OR=0.46; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.65; p Conclusions This is the first PS-matched study to compare the prognosis of patients with AMI with and without HCM. Compared with patients with AMI without HCM, patients with HCM had significantly better in-hospital and within 1-year outcomes.
Depressive symptoms, frailty, and adverse outcomes among kidney transplant recipients.

Depressive symptoms and frailty are each independently associated with morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. We hypothesized that having both depressive symptoms and frailty would be synergistic and worse than the independent effect of each. In a multicenter cohort study of 773 KT recipients, we measured the Fried frailty phenotype and the modified 18-question Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Using adjusted Poisson regression and survival analysis, we tested whether depressive symptoms (CES-D score > 14) and frailty were associated with KT length of stay (LOS), death-censored graft failure (DCGF), and mortality. At KT admission, 10.0% of patients exhibited depressive symptoms, 16.3% were frail, and 3.6% had both. Recipients with depressive symptoms were more likely to be frail (aOR = 3.97, 95% CI: 2.28-6.91, P < 0.001). Recipients with both depressive symptoms and frailty had a 1.88 times (95% CI: 1.70-2.08, P < 0.001) longer LOS, 6.20-fold (95% CI:1.67-22.95, P < 0.01) increased risk of DCGF, and 2.62-fold (95% CI:1.03-6.70, P = 0.04) increased risk of mortality, compared to those who were nonfrail and without depressive symptoms. There was only evidence of synergistic effect of frailty and depressive symptoms on length of stay (P for interaction < 0.001). Interventions aimed at reducing pre-KT depressive symptoms and frailty should be explored for their impact on post-KT outcomes.
Determinants of spending for metastatic breast, lung, and colorectal cancer in SEER-Medicare.

6621Background: A substantial proportion of cancer spending is directed towards patients with metastatic disease. Past efforts to characterize spending for metastatic cancer have been limited, beca...
Predictors of sentinel lymph node positivity in thin melanoma using the National Cancer Database.

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) specimens are often obtained from patients for further staging after these patients have undergone melanoma excision. Limited data regarding predictors of SLNB positivity in thin melanoma are available. Objective We sought to evaluate predictors of SLNB positivity in thin melanoma. Methods Patients with cutaneous melanoma with a Breslow thickness ≤1.00 mm who received a SLNB were identified from the National Cancer Database between 2004 and 2014 (n = 9186). Predictors of SLNB positivity were analyzed using logistic regression. Results In a multivariate analysis, patients 0.8 mm (P = .03) were at increased risk for positive sentinel lymph node (SLN). Moreover, on multivariate analysis, the presence of dermal mitoses increased the odds of SLN positivity by 95% (odds ratio [OR] 1.95 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.53-2.5], P Limitations Limited survival data are available. Conclusions Younger age, a Breslow thickness >0.8 mm, the presence of dermal mitoses, ulceration, and Clark level IV to V are positive predictors of positive SLN. While the new American Joint Committee on Cancer system has removed dermal mitotic rate from staging, continued evaluation of dermal mitotic rate could be valuable for guiding surgical decision making about SLNB.
Help Me, Help You: The Consumer’s Perceptions of “Green” Credit Cards: An Abstract

As an apparent trend, more and more firms are adopting cause-related marketing to promote a green corporate image (Leonidou et al. 2011) in an effort to improve market share and performance. Although consumers consider a product’s environmental attributes as “structurally important features” (Gershoff and Frels 2015, p. 101), this study provides additional evidence that marketing efforts in the financial industry can also target peripheral rather than central attributes to maximize greenness perceptions by establishing the connection between consumer values and the choice of environmental cause. The existing literature highlights the importance of brand-cause fit by arguing that “a perceived match between the product’s brand and the cause it supported” could greatly improve consumer perceptions toward cause-marketing campaigns and brand image (e.g., Cheron et al. 2012, p. 362). In our research, however, the brand-cause fit is moderated by the individuals’ previous philanthropic experiences and biospheric values. Therefore, marketers should understand the environmental concerns of targeted audiences to effectively communicate with consumers. More importantly, marketers should clearly indicate the benefits of environmental consumption if they hope to convince ambivalent consumers (Burke et al. 2014).
Cognitive and Emotional Factors Associated with Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) between the ages of 13 and 24 account for a disproportionate number of new HIV infections in the U.S. Recognizing the unique developmental circumstances that YMSM face and building on the dual-process model, it is important to consider the role of cognitive and emotional factors as well as self-efficacy to negotiate safer sex when understanding experiences of sexual risk-taking among YMSM. This article used structural equation modeling to examine how the decisional balance to use condoms (a cognitive factor) and limerence (an emotional factor) are both directly and indirectly associated with sexual risk-taking behaviors (the number of insertive and receptive condomless anal intercourse partners), with indirect effects occurring via limited self-efficacy to negotiate safer sex. Data were from a cross-sectional online survey of YMSM (aged 18–24) in the U.S. who did not report being in a romantic relationship. Analysis included a sample of 1084 single YMSM who had never tested positive for HIV and who had engaged in anal intercourse in the previous 2 months. Results indicated that the decisional balance to use condoms was both directly and indirectly associated with reduced sexual risk-taking behaviors. Limerence was not directly associated with sexual risk-taking behaviors; however, it was indirectly associated with sexual risk-taking behavior through limited self-efficacy to negotiate safer sex. These findings highlight the importance of considering both cognitive and emotional factors, as well as self-efficacy to use condoms, in the development and implementation of HIV prevention interventions for YMSM.
Allegory and Ethics in Beethoven’s Fidelio

Few operas foreground ethics as clearly as Beethoven’s Fidelio. Yet the heroic tale of liberation from political oppression resists narrowly historical interpretations, availing itself equally to revolutionary and reactionary interpretations. Allegory theory offers a new approach to the ethical meanings of Fidelio. Allegory, in which characters embody moral qualities, preserved a hierarchical and theocentric view of society, in opposition to the humanistic outlook of Enlightenment mimesis. Allegory and mimesis coexist in Fidelio, whose title character traces a lineage to the Christian morality play. This essay compares the 1805 original of Beethoven’s opera (Leonore) with the 1814 version (Fidelio), concentrating on the final scene and the character of Marzelline. I argue that the 1814 version enhances the allegorical dimension, simplifying the characters and reducing moral complexities. Fidelio models the traditional “consensus society” of pre-Revolutionary Europe, offering a vision congenial to Congress of Vienna audiences.
Addressing Infringement: Developments in Content Regulation in the US and the DNS

Over the course of the last decade, in response to significant pressure from the US government and other governments, service providers have assumed private obligations to regulate online content that have no basis in public law. For US tech companies, a robust regime of “voluntary agreements” to resolve content-related disputes has grown up on the margins of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and the Communications Decency Act (CDA). For the most part, this regime has been built for the benefit of intellectual property rightholders attempting to control online piracy and counterfeiting beyond the territorial limits of the United States and without recourse to judicial process. The reach of privately ordered online content regulation is wide and deepening. It is wide in terms of the range of service providers that have already partnered with corporations and trade associations to block sites, terminate accounts, and remove content without court orders. It is deepening with reference to the Internet’s protocol stack, migrating downward from the application layer into the network’s technical infrastructure, specifically, the Domain Name System (DNS). While enforcement of intellectual property rights is the purpose for which these agreements exist, the site-blocking procedures they institutionalize are readily adaptable for use in censoring all kinds of disfavored content. Recent private agreements between DNS intermediaries and intellectual property rightholders cross the Rubicon. Such agreements, which are the subject of this chapter, are cause for special concern among open Internet advocates, because they transform technical network intermediaries into content regulators in an unprecedented way. They expand the remit of domain name registrars and registry operators beyond their raison d’etre, which is the administration of the Internet's addressing system and the maintenance of its operational security and stability. As these private, under-the-radar agreements multiply, they are taking a tangible but hard-to-measure toll on the global environment for freedom of speech and access to information online.
Dynamic Groups and Attribute-Based Access Control for Next-Generation Smart Cars

Smart cars are among the essential components and major drivers of future cities and connected world. The interaction among connected entities in this vehicular internet of things (IoT) domain, which also involves smart traffic infrastructure, restaurant beacons, emergency vehicles, etc., offer several real-time applications and provide safer and pleasant driving experience to consumers. With more than 100 million lines of code and hundreds of sensors, these connected vehicles (CVs) expose a large attack surface, which can be remotely compromised and exploited by malicious attackers. Security and privacy are big concerns that deter the adoption of smart cars, which if not properly addressed will have grave implications with risk to human life and limb. In this paper, we present a formalized dynamic groups and attribute-based access control (ABAC) model (referred as CV-ABAC-G) for smart cars ecosystem, where the model not only considers system wide attributes-based security policies but also takes into account the individual user privacy preferences for allowing or denying service notifications, alerts and operations to on-board resources. Further, we introduce a novel notion of groups in vehicular IoT, which are dynamically assigned to moving entities like connected cars, based on their current GPS coordinates, speed or other attributes, to ensure relevance of location and time sensitive notification services, to provide administrative benefits to manage large numbers of entities, and to enable attributes inheritance for fine-grained authorization policies. We present proof of concept implementation of our model in AWS cloud platform demonstrating real-world uses cases along with performance metrics.
Primary Dedifferentiated Amelanotic Anorectal Melanoma: Report of a Rare Case

Anorectal melanoma (ARM) is an uncommon aggressive malignancy that comprises 0.5% to 1.6% of all melanoma manifestations. Dedifferentiated melanoma is very rare with loss of all melanocytic differentiation markers and is usually seen in metastatic melanoma of cutaneous origin. In this article, we report the first case of primary dedifferentiated amelanotic ARM in a 68-year-old male who presented with anal discomfort that was initially treated as inflamed hemorrhoids. Physical examination revealed a large protruding anal mass, biopsy of which showed biphasic malignant tumor cells with distinct immunoprofiles: a superficial spindled/sarcomatoid component positive for SOX10 and S100, and a deeper epithelioid/rhabdoid component positive for desmin, AE1/AE3, and EMA. Both components were negative for HMB-45, Melan-A/MART-1, c-Kit, and other lineage markers. Molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction demonstrated wild-type BRAF and KRAS genes. A diagnosis of dedifferentiated ARM was made based on the coexistence of a differentiated component (spindled: S100 and SOX10 positive) and a dedifferentiated component (epithelioid: all melanoma markers including S100 and SOX10 negative). Shortly afterwards, the patient developed extensive pulmonary and liver metastases and expired 20 days after the diagnosis was rendered, reinforcing the highly aggressive nature of this disease entity.
Flow2Code: Transforming Hand-Drawn Flowcharts into Executable Code to Enhance Learning

Flowcharts serve as a great tool for new students learning programming logic in a language-independent fashion. However, current software tools for creating flowcharts on the computer have various shortcomings. UI-based solutions make creating flowcharts difficult through inefficient drag-and-drop menus. Sketching-based solutions take a more intuitive approach but don’t help the students beyond having pseudocode to start with. Flow2Code, on the other hand, enables students to draw flowcharts and translate them into code in a helpful way of bridging the gap between the two languages. Flow2Code can identify and interpret flowcharts drawn on paper using an algorithm for recognizing various shapes used in flowcharts. It fills a gap in the current solutions by converting the flowcharts into executable code and by having an intuitive and interactive interface where the users can edit both their flowchart and its resulting code.
Chemotherapy of cancer

The chemotherapy of cancer will continue to be a major area of biological and medical research until chemicals are found that control the growth of, or obliterate, all forms of the disease. Thus far, as a result of recent efforts, drugs have been introduced into clinical practice that exert regular therapeutic effects on some forms of neoplastic disease. They are useful in the management of many patients with nonresectable or disseminated cancer. A number of indirect benefits to the cancer patient have accrued from the work in chemotherapy. It has stimulated active concern for patients with advanced cancer, and, as a result, these patients are better cared for, and all the resources of medicine are being brought to bear on their individual problems. It has provided productive opportunities for clinical research, particularly in those patients who demand active therapy during the course of a relentless disease. It has kept patients and their families hopeful and cheered by the fact that something is being done. It has trained physicians to regard disseminated cancer as another form of chronic disease and impressed on them the therapeutic rewards from the skilled management of their patients through a sometimes rocky, progressive, and often protracted clinical course.
Cerebrospinal fluid treponemal antibody titres: a breakthrough in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis.

Neurosyphilis, like other infections of the central nervous system, results in intrathecal antibody production.1 2 Both treponemal and non-treponemal (lipoidal) antibodies are produced and will continue to be produced even after successful treatment of the infection (this also occurs in the blood at much higher concentrations than the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)). Therefore, CSF antibodies produced intrathecally are specific for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Serum antibodies, particularly IgG (due to its small size), can passively diffuse across the blood–CSF barrier.1 The presence of these antibodies in the CSF does not imply neurosyphilis. Thus, when using CSF IgG antibodies to diagnose neurosyphilis, whether treponemal or nontreponemal, the goal is to identify those antibodies produced intrathecally. During infection with Treponema pallidum , significantly more treponemal antibodies are produced than nontreponemal antibodies in the blood (and intrathecally in neurosyphilis). This results in enhanced passive diffusion of serum treponemal antibodies into the CSF. Consequently, the specificity of CSF treponemal antibody tests is low (due to passive diffusion), but their sensitivity is high (due to high intrathecal production), whereas the specificity of the CSF nontreponemal antibody tests is much higher (less passive diffusion), but the sensitivity is low (lower intrathecal production).3 A reactive CSF non-treponemal test (eg, venereal diseases research laboratory (VDRL)) is diagnostic of neurosyphilis (in the absence of gross blood contamination), but a reactive CSF …
External Validation of a Deep Learning Model for Predicting Mammographic Breast Density in Routine Clinical Practice.

Rationale and Objectives Federal legislation requires patient notification of dense mammographic breast tissue because increased density is a marker of breast cancer risk and can limit the sensitivity of mammography. As previously described, we clinically implemented our deep learning model at the academic breast imaging practice where the model was developed with high clinical acceptance. Our objective was to externally validate our deep learning model on radiologist breast density assessments in a community breast imaging practice. Materials and Methods Our deep learning model was implemented at a dedicated breast imaging practice staffed by both academic and community breast imaging radiologists in October 2018. Deep learning model assessment of mammographic breast density was presented to the radiologist during routine clinical practice at the time of mammogram interpretation. We identified 2174 consecutive screening mammograms after implementation of the deep learning model. Radiologist agreement with the model's assessment was measured and compared across radiologist groups. Results Both academic and community radiologists had high clinical acceptance of the deep learning model's density prediction, with 94.9% (academic) and 90.7% (community) acceptance for dense versus nondense categories (p Conclusion Our deep learning model had a high clinical acceptance rate among both academic and community radiologists and reduced the proportion of mammograms assessed as dense. This is an important step to validating our deep learning model prior to potential widespread implementation.
A gravimetrie adaptation of the filter paper press method for the determination of water-binding capacity

A gravimetric adaptation of the filter paper press method for the determination of water-binding capacity in meat was developed and its sensitivity was compared to that of the conventional planimetric technique of the method. Both the gravimetric and planimetric techniques were applied to samples of cooked fish treated with various water binders. The mean results of the samples were grouped and compared using an analysis of variance. In all comparisons, the gravimetric data produced higher F-values than did the planimetric data for the same samples. This indicated greater sensitivity for the gravimetric technique.
Evaluation of Performance of the BD Veritor SARS-CoV-2 Chromatographic Immunoassay Test in Patients with Symptoms of COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected as the causative agent for an outbreak of viral pneumonia in 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization subsequently named the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and declared COVID-19 a
Variation in Radiologists' Follow-Up Imaging Recommendations for Small Cystic Pancreatic Lesions.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine the incidence, identify imaging and patient factors, and measure individual radiologist variation associated with follow-up recommendations for small focal cystic pancreatic lesions (FCPLs), a common incidental imaging finding. Methods This institutional review board–approved retrospective study analyzed 146,709 reports from abdominal CTs and MRIs performed in a large academic hospital from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2018. A trained natural language processing tool identified 4,345 reports with FCPLs, which were manually reviewed to identify those containing one or more Results Of 2,872 reports with FCPLs Discussion Interradiologist variation significantly contributes to variability in follow-up imaging recommendations for FCPLs.
Relations Between Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Derived Left Ventricular Mass, Early Repolarization, and Cardiovascular Events (from the Dallas Heart Study).

Early repolarization pattern (ERP) is associated with increased mortality in case-control studies, but the mechanism and role of left ventricular mass (LVM) remain unclear. Our objectives were to understand (1) whether ERP associates with adverse outcomes in a multiethnic population and (2) to explore the role of LVM in these associations. Participants from the Dallas Heart Study with an electrocardiogram interpretable for ERP, defined as J point elevation ≥1 mm in 2 contiguous leads, were included. Combined all-cause mortality and nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and individual components were assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling after adjustment for demographics, traditional CVD risk factors, electrocardiogram intervals, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-derived factors. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-defined LVM was then added to the most fully adjusted model. Of the 2,686 participants, 240 (8.9%) demonstrated ERP. Participants with ERP were more likely to be male and Black, with lower body mass index, greater left ventricular end-diastolic volumes, and LVM. Over a median follow-up of 11 years, the combined end point occurred in 326 patients. Multivariable modeling demonstrated ERP was associated with the combined end point (HR [95% CI] 1.61 [1.14 to 2.26]), all-cause mortality (1.67 [1.00 to 2.80]). However, further adjusting for LVM attenuated the associations of ERP with the primary end point (HR [95% CI] 1.22 [0.85 to 1.77]) and secondary end points of mortality (1.39 [0.80 to 2.41]) and nonfatal CVD (1.05 [0.68 to 1.64]). ERP was associated with increased mortality and nonfatal CVD events, which was attenuated after adjusting for LVM, a previously under-recognized clinical phenotype. Previous associations of ERP with adverse cardiovascular outcomes may be partially explained by greater LVM in those with ERP.
III Echoes at Optical Frequencies

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a new optical phenomenon, which is referred to as “photon echoes”. The initial observations, theoretical interpretation, and the new measurements resulting from these observations are discussed in the chapter. The study of fluorescent radiation, from excited atoms to treat such radiation as because of uncorrelated atoms, is explained. There is no definite phase relationship between atoms and hence: cross-terms vanishing in the summation, and the incoherent intensity, proportional to the number of atoms N is obtained. The phenomenon of photon echoes is understood by introducing a definite phase relationship between the N atoms, in which case a result which preserves the N(N-1) cross-terms in the expansion.
Sovereign Risk: Are the EU's New Member States Different?

This article examines whether rating agencies and investors perceive the sovereign risk of the new member states (NMS) of the European Union (EU) as different from that of other emerging markets. The results suggest the NMS have enjoyed favourable treatment since somewhere between 2002 and 2004, amounting to an advantage of 1.8 notches in ratings and 100 basis points in foreign currency spreads. We argue that, although several explanations of this effect are possible, it is most likely because of higher policy credibility bestowed by EU membership.
The microeconomics of deposit rate ceilings: Inferences for NOW accounts and interest on checking accounts

Abstract This paper examines the specific set of market and product conditions which could support the theoretical argument, widely held among commercial bankers, that deposit rate ceilings, especially the prohibition of interest on checking accounts, are beneficial to bank earnings. The analysis points to the conclusion that ceilings are beneficial to bankers only if (a) bank deposits are homogeneous goods, (b) deposit markets are non-collusive oligopsonies, and (c) the regulated ceiling rate is not set too far below the ceiling that would exist in an unregulated monopsony. Empirical studies done elsewhere seem to indicate that none of these three necessary conditions are normally met in the marketplace. The NOW account, which is really an interest-bearing checking account, also extends demand deposit powers to non-bank thrift institutions. Under our analysis, the NOW account adds to the number of competitors offering checking-type deposits, driving up the cost of funds, other things equal, to the oligopsonist banker — perhaps by enough to offset the cost-reducing effect of repeal of the interest prohibition.
Shear modulus of coevaporated Ni1-xZrx thin films.

Electron-beam evaporation was used to deposit ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Zr}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloy thin films, 0x1.0, onto piezoelectric quartz-crystal substrates. For 0.1x0.87, the films are single-phase amorphous. Surface acoustic (Rayleigh) waves were generated and detected on the substrates using interdigital transducers predeposited on the substrate surface. The difference between the Rayleigh wave velocity before and after the deposition of the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Zr}}_{\mathit{x}}$ films is used to deduce the shear modulus, \ensuremath{\mu}(x), of the films through a first-order perturbation theory. For all compositions, \ensuremath{\mu}(x) is lower than the weighted average of the \ensuremath{\mu} values of the pure Ni and Zr films. Within the range 0.1x0.87, \ensuremath{\mu}(x) has five narrow maxima indicative of chemical short-range ordering at selected compositions.
Large Scale Motion in Turbulent Boundary Layers

Experiments reported in the last five years confirmed more and more the existence of large scale coherent motion in turbulent boundary layers as well as in other turbulent shear flows. The principal experimental tool was the hot-wire anemometer followed by novel signal processing techniques. Conditional sampling and averaging, as well as the mapping out of double space-time correlations for different flow variables (velocity components, inter-mittency function, temperature, etc.) (Ref. 1), have indicated that the large scale flow structures (eddies) are relatively long lasting entities that may extend all across the layer’s thickness in the direction of the highest gradient, namely perpendicular to the wall. They may be quite elongated in the flow direction and their inferred average life-times correspond to time intervals that allows them to travel downstream with the free stream velocity as much as 10–20 boundary thicknesses.