cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA Damage, Mutagenesis and Cancer

A large number of chemicals and several physical agents, such as UV light and γ-radiation, have been associated with the etiology of human cancer. Generation of DNA damage (also known as DNA adducts or lesions) induced by these agents is an important first step in the process of carcinogenesis. Evolutionary processes gave rise to DNA repair tools that are efficient in repairing damaged DNA; yet replication of damaged DNA may take place prior to repair, particularly when they are induced at a high frequency. Damaged DNA replication may lead to gene mutations, which in turn may give rise to altered proteins. Mutations in an oncogene, a tumor-suppressor gene, or a gene that controls the cell cycle can generate a clonal cell population with a distinct advantage in proliferation. Many such events, broadly divided into the stages of initiation, promotion, and progression, which may occur over a long period of time and transpire in the context of chronic exposure to carcinogens, can lead to the induction of human cancer. This is exemplified in the long-term use of tobacco being responsible for an increased risk of lung cancer. This mini-review attempts to summarize this wide area that centers on DNA damage as it relates to the development of human cancer.
Freight Traffic and Safety - A European Perspective

Economic growth in Europe, coupled with major institutional changes such as the creation of the Single European Market in 1993 and the political reforms that have swept eastern and central Europe, have combined to increase the movements of goods. Freight transport generates a variety of environmental and safety issues that are likely to pose new and important challenges to European policy makers. Both individual nations within Europe and countries collectively, as part of the European economic integration process, have initiated measures to ensure that freight transport safety issues are addressed within a wide policy framework. This paper examines the context in which European transport policy, that includes national policies as well as those of the European Union, has evolved and the extent to which it has both explicitly and implicitly affected the safety with which freight is carried. It looks at all modes and takes a fairly wide definition of freight transport to embrace elements in the logistic chain that extend beyond the simple movement of freight along elements in the network. It also looks briefly at infrastructure issues as well as at the operational side of freight transport.
Web access to the American Society of Hematology slide bank.

To the Editor: The third edition of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) Slide Bank contains well over 5,000 hematopathologic images of great use to hematology educators and trainees. The University of Washington Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources (<http://cer.hs.washington.edu/
The nucleic acids of some strains of tobacco mosaic virus.

Investigation of the protein compositions of highly purified preparation8 of eight strains of tobacco mosaic virus revealed that each strain possesses a characteristic composition which in several instances could be demonstrated to differ significantly from that of the other strains (1). The differences found consist mainly of altered proportions of certain amino acids, but it was also found that one of the strains, HR, contains two amino acids, histidine and methionine, apparently absent from the other strains examined, including common tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). It was concluded therefrom that mutation of tobacco mosaic virus can be accompanied by changes in the amino acid content of the virus. Since these strains of TMV are nucleoproteins, it is obvious that mutation in the virus might be associated with changes in the nucleic acid composition as well as with change8 in the protein composition. From previous results of phosphorus and pentose analyses (2), it would appear that all of the strains contain the same quantity and type of nucleic acid; namely, about 6 per cent of pentose nucleic acid. However, changes in the composition of the nucleic acid might occur during virus mutation without such change8 being reflected in the total amount of nucleic acid. In the present investigation, the molar proportions of the purine and pyrimidine bases in the nucleic acids were determined for the strains of tobacco mosaic virus on which the amino acid a88ays had previously been made. The results indicate that, with the exception of cucumber viruses 3 and 4, the strains contain the same proportions of purines and pyrimidines.
Analysis of Ecrime in Crowd-Sourced Labor Markets: Mechanical Turk vs. Freelancer

Research in the economics of security has contributed more than a decade of empirical findings to the understanding of the microeconomics of (in)security, privacy, and ecrime. Here we build on insights from previous macro-level research on crime, and microeconomic analyses of ecrime to develop a set of hypotheses to predict which variables are correlated with national participation levels in crowd-sourced ecrime. Some hypotheses appear to hold, e.g. Internet penetration, English literacy, size of the labor market, and government policy all are significant indicators of crowd-sourced ecrime market participation. Greater governmental transparency, less corruption, and more consistent rule of law lower the participation rate in ecrime. Other results are counter-intuitive. GDP per person is not significant, and, unusually for crime, a greater percentage of women does not correlate to decreased crime. One finding relevant to policymaking is that deterring bidders in crowd-sourced labor markets is an ineffective approach to decreasing demand and in turn market size.
In-Depth Examples of Activity Systems Analysis Research

The purpose of this chapter is to share an in-depth account of a Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) comparative case study research using activity systems analysis in which I was engaged between 1998 and 2001. Several aspects of this study have already been shared with the professional community through conference presentations and peer reviewed journal articles. Some of the published works include Yamagata-Lynch (2003a, 2003b, 2007).
Quality of life in patients undergoing pleurectomy and decortication for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

8556Background: Pleurectomy and decortication (PD), a maximal cyto-reductive surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) improves survival in selected patients. In others the survival benefit ...
Quantification of the influence of subsurface uncertainties on the performance of rocking foundations during seismic loading

Abstract The major objective of this paper is to quantify the effects of uncertainties in soil properties and loading conditions on the performance of rocking foundations during seismic loading. Probabilistic numerical simulations were carried out using a validated soil-foundation Contact Interface Model in OpenSees finite element framework. Results indicate that for relatively larger static vertical factor of safety systems, the moment capacity of rocking foundations mainly depends on the applied vertical load on the foundation as opposed to the bearing capacity, while the energy dissipation and settlement are more sensitive to initial vertical stiffness of soil-foundation system and applied vertical load.
Blame the Brain

This article outlines the significance of some major STS theorists (Latour 1993, Galison 1997, Dumit 2004, Haraway 1991, Knorr-Cetina 1999) as a means of examining the ways in which STS perspectives can, if integrated into criminal courtrooms, enrich our understanding of contemporary neuroscience and society. In this paper, I trace the co-production of neuroscientific and legal knowledges through a study of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans in criminal courtrooms. In following the social life of such brain scans, I demonstrate how brain images are assembled, how they travel from one context (e.g. a lab) to another (e.g., a courtroom or a magazine), and how they are put to persuasive use in legal contexts. I argue law-science interactions in the U.S. courtroom have become sites of epistemic contestations over meanings of truth, justice, personhood, and expert knowledges in U.S. society and politics. In reframing this epistemic contest towards a “serviceable truth” (Jasanoff 2015) of neurolegal knowledge in action, I conclude with insights as to how legal and neuroscientific experts and laypeople alike might navigate the uneven diffusion of knowledge in U.S. criminal proceedings.
Science Signaling Podcast: 16 December 2014

This Podcast features an interview with Benjamin Tu, author of a Research Article that appears in the 16 December 2014 issue of Science Signaling , about metabolic rewiring that enables cells to survive nutrient limitation. Under nutrient-replete conditions, signaling through the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) promotes protein synthesis and cell growth. Inhibition of TORC1 signaling under nutrient-limiting conditions promotes autophagy, a set of processes through which cells can break down nonessential or damaged cellular components to recycle their chemical constituents. In yeast, a complex containing Npr2 mediates TORC1 inhibition when nutrients are limiting to promote autophagy. Knocking out npr2 prevents yeast from initiating autophagy under nutrient-limiting conditions, yet yeast lacking Npr2 actually proliferate faster than normal cells under nutrient-limiting conditions. Laxman et al . found that, when grown on a nonfermentable carbon source instead of glucose, npr2 -deficient cells synthesized glutamine and used it as a nitrogen donor to make nitrogen-containing metabolites. These cells also had increased abundance of S -adenosyl methionine (SAM), which drives cell growth.
Non-cellulosic polysaccharide content in feed ingredients and ileal and total tract non-cellulosic polysaccharide digestibility in 21- and 42-day-old broilers fed diets with and without added composite enzymes

An initial study profiled non-cellulosic polysaccharide (NCP) levels in feed ingredient samples-corn, soybean meal (SBM), whole soybean, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). A separate NCP digestibility assay was performed in broilers at day 21 (grower phase) and day 42 (finisher phase) fed corn-soy based diets with and without composite enzymes (phytases, multi-carbohydrases, and proteases). Negative control (NC), NC + composite enzymes (NC+E), and positive control (PC) diets were tested. Negative control and NC + E diets were isocaloric, 3,020 kcal/kg ME at grower phase and 3,026 kcal/kg ME at finisher phase. Positive control diet was formulated to meet the Cobb standard nutrient specifications. Diets, pooled digesta, and excreta samples from all treatment diets were collected from 21- and 42-day-old birds and NCP content analyzed as soluble NCP (S-NCP) and insoluble NCP (I-NCP) fractions. Digestibility coefficient (DC) values were determined for all dietary treatments for both the feeding periods. Results from the ingredient analysis showed NCP levels of ∼7 to 10% in corn samples, ∼8 to 11% in SBM samples, ∼11 to 14% (including pectin level) in whole soybean, and ∼12 to 17% in DDGS samples, suggesting variation (P < 0.05) in NCP levels existed within ingredient samples. Digestibility assays showed that enzyme treated (NC + E) diet improved DC values at day 21 from 6 to 10 units and 6 to 9 units for ileal and total tract collection, respectively, for I-NCP fraction (P < 0.05) compared to DC values for NC or PC diets. The ileal DC values at day 42 were not different between treatment diets (∼0.6) but total tract DC values improved 9 to 11 units for broilers fed NC + E diet compared to NC or PC diets. Higher DC values for S-NCP were observed for all treatments for both feeding periods (∼0.7-ileal and ∼0.8-total tract) compared to DC values for I-NCP. Overall, the use of supplemental enzymes in corn-soy-based diets showed improvement in total NCP digestion.
From Whom Do Young Adults Actively Seek Career Information? An Ego-network Analysis of Vocational Anticipatory Socialization

Using an ego network analysis, this study examined how young adults actively seek out vocational anticipatory socialization (“VAS”) information and whether there is a difference between those who r...
Economic feasibility of conversion to mobile drip irrigation in the Central Ogallala region

As groundwater levels continue to decline in the Ogallala Aquifer, stakeholders, policymakers, and producers encourage the adoption of new irrigation technology in an effort to conserve groundwater, extend the economic life of the aquifer, and enhance profitability. One such technology currently receiving attention in the Central Ogallala region is the mobile drip irrigation (MDI) application system. This study compares MDI to low elevation spray application irrigation by evaluating the changes in variable cost per hectare to calculate the payback period for a MDI system under three levels of investment cost for grain and fiber crops representing three levels of water use while holding yield constant. Using a 3% discount rate, under the medium level of investment cost ($371 per hectare), a discounted payback period of 4.9, 9.0, and 6.3 years is required for corn, cotton, and sorghum/wheat, respectively. As the cost per hectare to convert an existing center pivot drops to $185 per hectare, the payback period also drops to 2.3, 4.2, and 3.0 years, respectively. Thus, producers growing higher water use crops are able to recover the costs of the conversion to MDI through increased water use efficiency quicker than producers growing medium and lower water use crops.
An Open Environment for Real-Time Applications

This paper describes an open system architecture that allows independently developed hard real-time applications to run together and supports their reconfiguration at run-time. In the open system, each real-time application is executed by a server. At the lower level, the OS scheduler schedules all the servers on the EDF basis. At the upper level, the server scheduler of each server schedules the ready jobs of the application executed by the server according to the algorithm chosen for the application. The paper describes the two-level CPU scheduling scheme used by the open system and the design and implementation of a uniprocessor open system within the framework of the Windows NT operating system. The implementation consists of three key components: the two-level hierarchical kernel scheduler, common system service providers, and real-time application programming interface.
Analysis of emergency department visits for all reasons by adults with depression in the United States.

We aimed to characterize Emergency Department (ED) utilization and outcomes of patients with depression seeking emergency care for all reasons. Using 2014–2016 ED data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, we investigated demographics, ED resource utilization, clinical characteristics, and disposition of patients with depression versus those without depression. Approximately 10,626,184 (11.4%) out of 92,899,685 annual ED visits were by patients with depression. ED patients with depression were mostly non-Hispanic White (74.0%) and were less likely to be male than patients without depression (aOR: 0.62; [95%] CI: 0.57–0.68). ED patients with depression were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (aOR: 1.50; CI: 1.38–1.63) than patients without depression. Among ED patients with depression, males were more likely than females to be seeking emergency care for psychiatric reasons (OR: 2.45; 95% CI: 2.10–2.87)) and to present with overdose/poisoning (OR: 1.46; CI: 1.03–2.05). We described the unique demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of ED patients with depression, using the most comprehensive, nationally representative study to date. We revealed notable gender disparities in rates and reasons for admissions. The higher hospital and ICU admission rates of ED patients with depression suggests this population requires a higher level of emergency care, for reasons that remain poorly understood.
Properties of P 30 Levels from the Si 29 ( p , γ ) P 30 Reaction. I

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray decay schemes of seven resonances in the ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}(p, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{P}}^{30}$ reaction in the range ${E}_{p}=700\ensuremath{-}1750$ keV have been studied in order to gain additional information on properties of resonant and bound levels of ${\mathrm{P}}^{30}$. The results also provide necessary information for the analysis of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular-correlation and polarization measurements, which are in progress. Singles and coincidence spectra were obtained at each of the resonances at ${E}_{p}=730, 917, 1302, 1470, 1505, 1686, \mathrm{and} 1748$ keV (all\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 keV) using large-volume NaI (Tl) detectors and a Ge(Li) detector. The resonance strengths were measured relative to the strength of the resonance at ${E}_{p}=416$ keV in the same reaction, which is known from previous work. Consistent resonance decay schemes were derived, along with decay schemes of lower-lying bound states which, in many cases, differ considerably from previously available information. New results, or results significantly different from earlier reports, were obtained for the decay properties of the 3.02-, 3.74-, 3.93-, 4.14-, 4.18-, 4.23-, 4.43-, 4.50-, 4.62-, and 4.92-MeV levels of ${\mathrm{P}}^{30}$. The existence of a weak transition from the ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 4.23-MeV level to the ${1}^{+}$ ground state is shown. Another unusual transition found is one from the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 4.92-MeV level to the ${1}^{+}$, 0.709-MeV level. The energies of 17 bound levels of ${\mathrm{P}}^{30}$ were determined from the Ge(Li) data to a greater accuracy than heretofore available. Evidence is found for a previously unreported level at 4.468\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 MeV, which is proposed to be the $J=0$, $T=1$ analog of the 3.79-MeV level of ${\mathrm{Si}}^{30}$. The decay schemes of the ${E}_{p}=730\ensuremath{-}, 917\ensuremath{-}, \mathrm{and} 1302$-keV resonances indicate they are quite pure $T=0$ levels. The new value $Q=5.597\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ MeV for the ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}(p, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{P}}^{30}$ reaction was derived from the Ge(Li) spectra.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland metastasizing to the pericardium and diaphragm: Report of a rare case.

Background Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is an uncommon malignancy of the salivary gland characterized by slow growth, increased risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. The annual incidence in the United States is approximately 1200 cases per year and rarely involves the body cavities. Case presentation We present a case of a 48-year-old male diagnosed with AdCC of the left submandibular gland. He received his last chemotherapy in 2006 and presented with pleural metastasis. After undergoing pleurectomy and decortication procedure, pericardial fluid and biopsies from the chest wall, sixth rib, diaphragm, pleural cavity and pericardium were sent for pathologic evaluation. A diagnosis of metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma was confirmed, including in the pericardium, pericardial fluid and diaphragm. Conclusion AdCC of the submandibular gland is a malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. It is very rare for AdCC to metastasize to the pericardium and diaphragm. Metastasis to uncommon sites such as seen in our case with metastases to the pericardium and diaphragm shows the aggressive and unpredictable nature of this tumor, requiring close follow up, and indicating the need for molecular profile analysis and biomarker-stratified clinical trials.
The Impact of Stereotype Threat on Memory and Cognition in Older Adults

Cultural stereotypes that equate aging with decreased competence and increased forgetfulness have persisted for decades. Stereotype threat (ST) refers to the psychological discomfort people experie...
Mason Academic Advisor Network: A Resource For Faculty

Location: Dewberry Hall Many scholars agree that quality faculty-student interactions have positive implications on the overall student experience (Komarraju & Bhattacharaya, 2010; Micari & Pazos, 2012;). Elements of quality faculty-student interactions include accessibility, caring attitude, approachability, and many more (Cokley, Komarraju, Rosales, Pickett & Patel, 2007). Student development scholars indicate that quality faculty-student interactions are instrumental to interpersonal and intrapersonal student development (Tinto, 1975). Although teaching and research are the main components of a faculty role, advising naturally folds into this nature of work. The goal of the poster presentation is two-fold, and it aims to (a) inform Faculty of the Mason Academic Advisor Network (MAAN), and (b): provide resources that are designed to assist Faculty in regards to advising. Examples of resources that will be discussed include the following: The Mason Advisor Certificate Program (MAC), Webinars presented by the National Academic Advising Association (NACADA), and MAAN informational sharing platforms. MAC is a 6 module training series for faculty and advisors on topics related to student success, policy, and advising tools. The training series is comprised of the following modules: Academic Advising Foundations, Academics and Undergraduate Policy, Advising Tools and Resources, Building Rapport with Students, Working with Special Populations, and Transfer Admissions Policies and Procedures. Modules are offered every semester and they are taught by expert advisors at Mason. The NACADA professional development webinars include topics such as building self-efficacy within students and the Advising as Teaching Model. Participants will learn more about the advising resources that are provided by the Mason Academic Advisor Network which can inform their work/interactions with students. Faculty will also benefit from this resource by learning about our informational share opportunities, professional development webinars, and cross campus collaborations that will ultimately cater to holistic student development. https://advising.gmu.edu/mason-advisors/maan/
Unstable angina pectoris: National cooperative study group to compare surgical and medical therapy: II. In-Hospital experience and initial follow-up results in patients with one, two and three vessel disease

Abstract A prospective randomized study comparing intensive medical therapy with urgent coronary bypass surgery for the acute management of patients with unstable angina pectoris was carried out by nine cooperating medical centers under the auspices of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Between 1972 and 1976, a total of 288 patients were entered into the study. All patients had transient S-T or T wave changes, or both, in the electrocardiogram during pain; 90 percent had pain at rest in the hospital, and 76 percent had multivessel coronary disease. The medically and surgically treated patients were comparable with respect to clinical, electrocardiographic and angiographic characteristics and left ventricular function. During the total study period, the hospital mortality rate was 5 percent in the surgical group and 3 percent in the medical group (difference not significant). The rate of in-hospital myocardial infarction was 17 and 8 percent in the respective groups (P In the 1st year after hospital discharge class III or IV angina (New York Heart Association criteria) was more common in medically than in surgically treated patients with one vessel disease (22 percent versus 3 percent, P The results indicate that patients with unstable angina pectoris can be managed acutely with intensive medical therapy, including the administration of propranolol and long-acting nitrates in pharmacologic doses, with adequate control of pain in most patients and no increase in early mortality or myocardial infarction rates. Later, elective surgery can be performed with a low risk and good clinical results if the patient's angina fails to respond to intensive medical therapy.
Circulating T helper cells with T follicular helper cell phenotype renders the autoantibody generation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (HUM7P.304)

SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, a T cell subset located in the germinal center (GC) of lymphoid organs, is a key participant regulating B cell tolerance and antibody production. To identify the role of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells in SLE, we examined their phenotype and function on supporting antibody production, and their correlation with autoantibody level and disease activity. Peripheral blood was collected from 29 SLE patients and age/gender-matched healthy donors. Tonsils from non-SLE controls were used to extract GC-Tfh cells. Tfh cells were defined by their signature surface markers (CXCR5, ICOS, CD57, and PD-1) via flow cytometry. IL-21 expression was measured by real-time PCR and intracellular staining. Tfh cells, non-Tfh cells were purified by MACS columns and co-cultured with B cells. IgG in the culture supernatant was detected by ELISA. Our results showed that cTfh cells in SLE patients expressed GC-Tfh signature molecules and IL-21 and were capable of driving B cells differentiate into plasma cells in vitro. The elevated frequency of cTfh cells correlated positively with levels of circulating plasmablasts, serum anti-dsDNA Ab and ANA. Our data suggests that the increased cTfh cells in SLE patients share phenotypic and functional properties with GC-Tfh cells. Tfh cells may serve as perpetrator to the pathogenesis in SLE patients and target for novel treatment.
Dynamic data driven applications systems: new capabilities for application simulations and measurements

The Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems (DDDAS) concept entails the ability to incorporate dynamically data into an executing application simulation, and in reverse, the ability of applications to dynamically steer measurement processes. Such dynamic data inputs can be acquired in real-time on-line or they can be archival data. DDDAS offers the promise of improving modeling methods, augmenting the analysis and prediction capabilities of application simulations, improving the efficiency of simulations and the effectiveness of measurement systems. In the recent years grid computing technologies provide advanced computational capabilities for applications and application simulations At the same time measurement infrastructures, from instruments to sensor systems, to data storage technologies and remote data access have also matured. The DDDAS concept dynamically integrates computational and measurement aspects of an application, and in that respect the “platform” supporting the application becomes a unified computational and measurement infrastructure. Enabling the synergistic feedback and control-loop between application simulations and measurements requires novel application modeling approaches and interfaces to measurement systems, mathematical and statistical algorithms tolerant to perturbations from dynamic data inputs, and systems software to support the dynamic resource requirements of such applications. This and the rest of the papers in the proceedings of this workshop provide examples of ongoing research developing DDDAS technologies, both in terms of new capabilities in applications, measurement methods and in related systems software technologies.
On the Second Iterate for Critically Diffusive Active Scalar Equations

We consider an iterative resolution scheme for a class of active scalar equations with a fractional power γ of the Laplacian and focus our attention on the second iterate. In the case of critical diffusivity, we extract information relevant to Well-posedness questions in scale-invariant spaces. Our results are Two-fold: we prove continuity of the bilinear operator in \({\dot{B}^{0}_{\infty,1}}\); for equations with an even symbol we show that the \({B^{-1/2}_{\infty,q}}\)-regularity, where q > 2, is in a sense a minimal necessary requirement on the solution.
Effect of Aspirin Plus Hydrochloric Acid on the Gastric Mucosal Microcirculation

Abstract The effect of topically applied aspirin or HCl, or both, on gastric mucosal blood flow was studied by in vivo microscopy in the rat. Ten minutes after the topical application of 20 mM aspirin in 50 mM HCl, red blood cell flow ceased and red blood cells were no longer present in the superficial mucosal microvessels in 76.8% ± 7.7% of the microscopic field. Hydrochloric acid (50 mM) alone caused this effect in only 12.8% ± 12.8% of the field, whereas 20 mM aspirin alone had no effect. During this microcirculatory change, white thrombi were observed flowing through mucosal microvessels. Later, mucosal hemorrhages developed in areas where flow had ceased. Study of the submucosal microcirculation suggested that high concentrations of HCl are responsible for thrombus formation and low concentrations of HCl for submucosal arteriolar constriction. These results suggest that aspirin-induced acid back-diffusion causes thrombus formation in mucosal microvessels and submucosal arteriolar constriction. These microcirculatory changes might play a causative role in the cessation of mucosal blood flow, mucosal injury, and focal hemorrhage.
Indus Towers: Collaborating with Competitors on Infrastructure

The case describes the formation of Indus Towers, the largest telecom tower company in the world which has a joint venture created to build and manage the passive infrastructure of wireless telecom operators by bringing together three competitors in India's tough telecom market-Bharti AirteI, Vodafone Essar, and Idea Cellular-and merging their tower holdings. It focuses on the issue as to how do you collaborate with your competitors in setting up towers but engage in a brutal competition with them in the market place?
Were Native People Keystone Predators? A Continuous-Time Analysis of Wildlife Observations Made by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806

It has long been claimed that native people were conservationists who had little or no impact on wildlife populations. More recently, though, it has been suggested that native people were keystone predators, who lacked any effective conservation strategies and instead routinely overexploited large mammal populations. To test these hypotheses, I performed a continuous-time analysis of wildlife observations made by Lewis and Clark because their journals are often cited as an example of how western North America teemed with wildlife before that area was despoiled by advancing European civilization. This included Bison, Elk, Mule Deer, Whitetailed Deer, Blacktailed Deer, Moose, Pronghorn Antelope, Bighorn Sheep, Grizzly Bears, Black Bears, and Grey Wolves. I also recorded all occasions on which Lewis and Clark met native peoples. Those data show a strong inverse relationship between native people and wildlife. The only places Lewis and Clark reported an abundance of game were in aboriginal buffer zones between tribes at war, but even there, wildlife populations were predator, not food-limited. Bison, Grizzly Bears, Bighorn Sheep, Mule Deer, and Grey Wolves were seldom seen except in aboriginal buffer zones. Moose were most susceptible to aboriginal hunting followed by Bison and then Elk, while Whitetailed Deer had a more effective escape strategy. If it had not been for aboriginal buffer zones, Lewis and Clark would have found little wildlife anywhere in the West. Moreover, prior to the 1780 smallpox and other earlier epidemics that decimated native populations in advance of European contact, there were more aboriginal people and even less wildlife. The patterns observed by Lewis and Clark are consistent with optimal foraging theory and other evolutionary ecology predictions.
NISp1-01: A Countermeasure to Defend Against Relay Attacks in Wireless Networks

In this paper, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof scheme is proposed for secure identification in wireless networks, and it uses a timed oblivious transfer technique to enable a single verifier to identify multiple provers. The verifier and the prover do not need to be synchronized in this scheme. This scheme also enjoys the distance bounding property which makes the proposed scheme invulnerable to the relay attack. We propose to use the order statistic for the detection of relay attackers. We show that it is optimal in terms of minimum variance. Finally, we will shed some light on implementation issues of our proposed scheme.
Defined medium for primary culture de novo of adult rat alveolar epithelial cells

Isolated type II pneumocytes grown in serum on tissue culture-treated polycarbonate filters form monolayers with characteristic bioelectric properties, and change morphologically with time in culture to resemble type I cells. Concurrently, the cells express type I cell surface epitopes, making this a potentially useful in vitro model with which to study regulation of alveolar epithelial cell function and differentiation. To define specific soluble growth factors and matrix substances that may regulate these processes, it would be preferable to culture isolated pneumocytes de novo under completely defined, serum-free conditions. In this study, we developed a completely defined serum-free medium that is capable of supporting alveolar epithelial cells in primary culture, allowing the formation of monolayers with characteristic bioelectric and phenotypic properties. Freshly isolated rat type II cells were resuspended in completely defined serum-free medium and plated de novo on polycarbonate filters. Plating efficiency, bioelectric properties, morphology, and binding of a type I cell-specific monoclonal antibody were determined as functions of time. Plating efficiency plateaus at about 14% by Day 3 in culture. Transepithelial resistance rises to high levels, peaking at 1.76 +/- 0.14 K omega-cm2 by Day 5 in culture. Short-circuit current peaks on Day 3 in culture at 2.71 +/- 0.35 microA/cm2. With time, the cells gradually become flattened with protuberant nuclei and long cytoplasmic extensions, more closely resembling type I cells, and begin to express a type I cell surface epitope.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cooperative Transformation and Coexpression of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 E5 and E7 Proteins

Productively infected bovine fibropapillomas were examined for bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E7 localization. BPV-1 E7 was observed in the cytoplasm of basal and lower spinous epithelial cells, coexpressed in the cytoplasm of basal cells with the E5 oncoprotein. E7 was also observed in nucleoli throughout the basal and spinous layers but not in the granular cell layer. Ectopic expression of E7 in cultured epithelial cells gave rise to localization similar to that seen in productive fibropapillomas, with cytoplasmic and nucleolar expression observed. Consistent with the coexpression of E7 and E5 in basal keratinocytes, BPV-1 E7 cooperated with E5 as well as E6 in an anchorage independence transformation assay. While E5 is expressed in both basal and superficial differentiating keratinocytes, BPV-1 E7 is only observed in basal and lower spinous epithelial cells. Therefore, BPV-1 E7 may serve to modulate the cellular response of basal epithelial cells to E5 expression.
Flame Synthesis of Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Using CH4‐H2 Fuel Blends

Flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has the potential to become a cost effective, energy efficient and scalable method for large‐volume commercial synthesis. The in‐flame concentration of key particulate inception intermediates, i.e., CH3, C2H2, C3H3, and C5H5 can be tailored using hydrogen fuel blends to optimize and enhance the yield of flame synthesis processes. Additionally, synthesis of CNTs using hydrogen fuel blends (coal or biomass derived gases) creates new opportunities for efficient coal utilization and bi‐product synergism of coal‐fired power plants. This article reports an investigation on the synthesis of CNTs using H2 doped CH4 flames. For a baseline study, nanostructures formed in diffusion flames of 100% CH4 at different fuel flow rates have been analyzed. Initially the yield of nanomaterials increases with the increase in H2 doping in the fuel mixture. However, at higher H2 concentration (>10%) and flow velocity (Jet Exit Reynolds number >200), formation of nanostructures diminish...
An undergraduate course in applied data communications

This paper describes a different type of data communications course than that presently offered in most computer science programs. Several justifications for such a course are provided.
A vulnerable interval for cerebral injury—comparison of hypothermic circulatory arrest and low flow cardiopulmonary bypass

Over the past two decades, advances in equipment used for cardiopulmonary bypass and in operative techniques have resulted in a tremendous decrease in the mortality of patients undergoing surgical repair of congenital heart disease utilizing hypothermic circulatory arrest. Despite the widespread use of hypothermic arrest, opinion is not unanimous with regard to its safety. Previous studies which have examined neurological outcome following repair of congenital heart disease in infancy have generally agreed that when the period of arrest exceeds 60 minutes, there is increasing risk of cerebral injury.
Regional Myocardial Perfusion of Cardioplegic Solutions

We compared the regional myocardial perfusion of blood cardioplegic solution (BCP) and crystalloid cardioplegic solution (CCP) in 14 mongrel dogs. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established at 28 degrees C, and a hydraulic occluder was placed around the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. In group 1 (N = 7) collateral coronary arteries were ligated; in group 2 (N = 7) collateral coronary arteries were left in situ. After the aorta was clamped, BCP and CCP were alternately perfused at 200 ml/min. The occluder was inflated to produce moderate, severe, and critical LAD stenosis, and regional perfusion was measured by xenon-133 washout with the Silicon Avalanche Radiation Detector. BCP infusion produced a consistently higher aortic pressure, but CCP flow was better than BCP flow under all conditions, particularly without coronary collaterals (p less than .05). Regional myocardial perfusion of CCP is superior to BCP.
Abnormal dynamic cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in pediatric patients after Fontan procedure

AbstractObjectives. Novel protocols were used to focus on dynamic cardiorespiratory function during submaximal exercise and on the recovery from 1-min pulses of exercise in children who had undergo...
Managing and interpreting student actions in an intelligent simulation training system

Abstract The main objective of the ISTS project is to develop a simulation-based training system that conducts content training without the human instructor being continuously involved. A prototype for Air Traffic Control (ATC) has been developed by isolating the domain dependent expertise from the generic system. The prototype is modularized to be easily modified, expanded, or adapted to other domains. In order to evaluate a student's performance, a simulation-based training system must be able to accurately interpret student actions. This paper will present a generic paradigm for managing and interpreting the effects of student inputs for an Intelligent Simulation Training System (ISTS). The Control module is the manager of the ISTS. It is responsible for coordinating the communication between the simulation and the rest of the system. It is also responsible for deciding when and which modules to activate based on a set of prioritized facts. The Interpreter module determines the effects of the student input to the simulation by comparing snapshots of the simulation before and after a student input is executed. It also checks the simulation for late events.
Marketing ethics: Some dimensions of the challenge

We should seek an ethic internal to marketing arising from marketing's societal function, rather than imposing some “add-on” ethic. This suggests that marketing should enhance the information and the freedom the potential customer brings to the market transaction. Defining and achieving this information and freedom is difficult, but marketers suggest that the market itself drives out major violators, a suggestion less persuasive concerning increasingly complex goods and services. Marketing also is tempted to appeal to our baser, darker side. These problems are better addressed through self-regulation guided by a vision of advertising and business in the service of society, and by the marketer's own sense of integrity than through external regulation.
Molecular heterogeneity of a type III cytotoxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoS is a bifunctional type III cytotoxin. The N-terminus (residues 1-232) is a Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain, while the C-terminus (residues 233-453) is a FAS-dependent ADP-ribosyltransferase domain that targets Ras and Ras-like GTPases. A membrane localization domain (residues 51-72) localizes ExoS to a perinuclear region within eukaryotic cells. Recent studies observed that ExoS is auto-ADP-ribosylated upon delivery into eukaryotic cells. Auto-ADP-ribosylated ExoS analyzed from eukaryotic cells displayed pI heterogeneity and prompted an analysis of this heterogeneity. Bacterial-associated ExoS and ExoS that had been secreted by P. aeruginosa also showed pI heterogeneity with five charge forms ranging in pI from 5.1 to 5.9. The pI heterogeneity of ExoS was independent of a mass change and thus represented molecular charge conformers. Urea was not required to observe the pI conformers of ExoS; it enhanced the resolution and formation of pI conformers during the focusing component of the analysis. ExoS(E381D), a mutant deficient in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, isolated from cultured cells showed charge forms that migrated to a more acidic pI than type III secreted ExoS but more basic than auto-ADP-ribosylated ExoS. Incubation of cell lysates with Mn 2 + shifted the pI of ExoS(E381 D) to a pI identical to secreted ExoS. This indicates that within the mammalian cells ExoS undergoes a negatively charged modification, in addition to auto-ADP-ribosylation observed for wild-type ExoS. ExoT, ExoU, and YopE also focus into multiple pI forms, suggesting that this is a common property of type III cytotoxins.
Bias, Controversy, and Abuse in the Study of the Scientific Publication System

Journal publications constitute one of the most public and powerful dimensions of the multifaceted "exchange system" in science, and that exchange lies at the heart of its vitality in the pursuit of knowledge (Mahoney 1985). Technically speaking, then, science is inherently dialectical, rhetorical, and hermeneutic (Weimer 1977, 1979). The promise of science lies in its perpetual openness, its dynamic "essential tensions," and in the opportunities that professional exchanges may create for novel conjectures and bold endeavors. The study reported by Dr. Epstein was clearly a bold endeavor, but, in my opinion, it may have done more harm than good to our attempts to understand and refine scientific communication practices. As histories of scientific publication have noted, the professional "exchanges" that now fill our journals were originally transmitted by means of vicarious observation, word of mouth, and written correspondence (Mahoney 1987). Books came later and, ironically, scientific journals began in 1665 as a solution to the surfeit of books. Our modern, computerized "search and retrieval" services are now struggling with the surfeit of both. There is, I believe, little debate about the fact that scientific publication has become as much a tyrant as a servant, and it is curious that it has taken us almost three centuries to realize the potential costs of our continuing ignorance about the whole process.
Long-term psychiatric outcomes in pediatric brain tumor survivors

The increased efficacy of cancer treatments has led to a greater survival rate of patients with pediatric brain cancers. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the long-term consequences of therapies employed to treat pediatric brain tumors. The goal of this study was to provide a review of literature regarding the downstream psychological and psychiatric consequences experienced by adult survivors of pediatric brain cancer as a result of treatment, tumor type, or tumor location. A PubMed MeSH search and additional online database searches were conducted to include pertinent studies that discussed psychological deficits in childhood brain cancer survivors. The studies included were subjected to data extraction to quantify relevant information for further analysis. A total of 17 papers with 5320 pediatric brain tumor patients were incorporated in our review. Mean age at diagnosis (8.13 ± 0.77 years), mean follow-up time (9.98 ± 3.05 years), and male-to-female ratios (1.08:1) were compiled from studies reporting this information. Incidences of depression (19 %), anxiety (20 %), suicidal ideation (10.9 %), schizophrenia and its related psychoses (9.8 %), and behavioral problem (28.7 %) were higher among pediatric brain cancer survivors than in the normal population. Craniospinal radiotherapy and/or surgery corresponded to an increased likelihood of developing adverse deficits. Astrocytomas or other glial tumors were linked to poorer outcomes. Physicians treating pediatric brain tumor patients should be aware of the possible consequences associated with treatment. Psychiatric monitoring is warranted in survivors of pediatric brain tumors, but further investigation is needed to elucidate late outcomes regarding tumor type and location.
Non-specificity and synergy at the binding site of the carboplatin-induced DNA adduct via molecular dynamics simulations of the MutSα-DNA recognition complex.

MutSα is the most abundant mismatch-binding factor of human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins. MMR maintains genetic stability by recognizing and repairing DNA defects. Failure to accomplish their function may lead to cancer. In addition, MutSα recognizes at least some types of DNA damage making it a target for anticancer agents. Here, complementing scarce experimental data, we report unique hydrogen-bonding motifs associated with the recognition of the carboplatin induced DNA damage by MutSα. These data predict that carboplatin and cisplatin induced damaging DNA adducts are recognized by MutSα in a similar manner. Our simulations also indicate that loss of base pairing at the damage site results in (1) non-specific binding and (2) changes in the atomic flexibility at the lesion site and beyond. To further quantify alterations at MutSα–DNA interface in response to damage recognition, non-bonding interactions and salt bridges were investigated. These data indicate (1) possible different packing and (2) di...
Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation pretreatment for enhanced virus removal using microfiltration membranes.

This research studied virus removal by iron electrocoagulation (EC) followed by microfiltration (MF) in water treatment using the MS2 bacteriophage as a tracer virus. In the absence of EC, MF alone achieved less than a 0.5-log removal of MS2 virus, but, as the iron-coagulant dosage increased, the log virus removal increased dramatically. More than 4-log virus removal, as required by the Surface Water Treatment Rule, was achieved with 6-9 mg/L Fe(3+). The experimental data indicated that at lower iron dosages and pH ( approximately 9 mgFe/L and pH 8.3), virus removal was attributed predominantly to enmeshment and subsequent removal by MF. Additionally, the experimental data showed no obvious influence of ionic strength in the natural water range of 10(-7)-10(-2)M on MS2 virus removal by EC-MF. Finally, EC pretreatment significantly outperformed chemical coagulation pretreatment for virus removal. The proposed mechanism for this improved performance by EC is that locally higher iron and virus concentrations and locally lower pH near the anode improved MS2 enmeshment by iron flocs as well as adsorption of MS2 viruses onto the iron floc particles.