cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern Wetlands and Their Potential as Coal-Forming Environments: ABSTRACT

An array of modern wetlands, including swamps, marshes, bogs, etc exists on nearly every continent. The wetlands range from essentially dry upland shrub-moss communities to forests which exist on a constantly submerged substrate. Some wetlands are common to arctic regions, others are found only in the tropics. Each wetland has developed a variable and fascinating assemblage of plant species that have adapted to the peculiar physical and chemical properties of their environment. The great variety of wetlands provides us with an opportunity to study an assortment of depositional settings, some of which are suitable analogs to ancient, coal-forming environments. Some wetlands, such as kettle swamps and bogs, or karst swamps and marshes may have occurred so infrequently in the past as to have been unimportant in coal formation. Other wetlands, such as back-barrier lagoon swamps, deltaic swamps, and inland river swamps have unquestionably been responsible for deposition of our most extensive coal deposits. An overview of modern wetlands illustrates the tremendous complexity of these plant communities, and dispells the idea that modern swamp/marsh deposits (i.e., peats) and, hence, coal deposits are simple. The physical and chemical compositions of peats and coal beds have changed with time, as different environments have dominated areas of the globe and plants have evolved in response to those environmental changes. The study of modern wetlands is receiving increased emphasis as End_Page 1682------------------------------ further comparison of modern and ancient deposits improves our means of mining and utilizing coal. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1683------------
Implication of a power-law power-spectrum for self-affinity

We examine numerically the self-affine scaling of time series with an imposed power-law power spectrum P(\ensuremath{\omega})=C${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, for different exponents 1\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\le}3, and for different sequences of phases. We use two different criteria for testing self-affinity, a fractal dimension of the graph of the time series, and a more sensitive test based on the scaling of moments of probability distributions. For \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ne}2, our results suggest that time series with a power-law spectrum are only approximately self-affine, even in the best case of long-time series with high-dimensional, \ensuremath{\delta}-function-correlated, uniformly distributed phases. Scaling curves are most sensitive to phases with long correlation times, are weakly dependent on the shape of the phase probability distribution, and are independent of the fractal dimension of the phases.
Rapid thermal annealing of Si implanted GaAs

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) technology offers potential advantages for GaAs MESFET device technology such as reducing dopant diffusion and minimizing the redistribution of background impurities. LEC semi-insulating GaAs substrates were implanted with Si at energies from 100 to 400 keV to doses from 1 × 1012 to 1 × 1014/cm2. The wafers were encapsulated with Si3N4 and then annealed at temperatures from 850-1000° C in a commercial RTA system. Wafers were also annealed using a conventional furnace cycle at 850° C to provide a comparison with the RTA wafers. These implanted layers were evaluated using capacitance-voltage and Hall effect measurements. In addition, FET’s were fabricated using selective implants that were annealed with either RTA or furnace cycles. The effects of anneal temperature and anneal time were determined. For a dose of 4 × 1012/cm2 at 150 keV with anneal times of 5 seconds at 850, 900, 950 and 1000° C the activation steadily increased in the peak of the implant with overlapping profiles in the tail of the profiles, showing that no significant diffusion occurs. In addition, the same activation could be obtained by adjusting the anneal times. A plot of the equivalent anneal times versus 1/T gives an activation energy of 2.3 eV. At a higher dose of 3 × 1013 an activation energy of 1.7 eV was obtained. For a dose of 4 × 1012 at 150 keV both the RTA and furnace annealing give similar activations with mobilities between 4700 and 5000 cm2/V-s. Mobilities decrease to 4000 at a dose of 1 × 1013 and to 2500 cm2/V-s at 1 × 1014/cm2. At doses above 1 × 1013 the RTA cycles gave better activation than furnace annealed wafers. The MESFET parameters for both RTA and furnace annealed wafers were nearly identical. The average gain and noise figure at 8 GHz were 7.5 and 2.0, respectively, for packaged die from either RTA or furnace annealed materials.
Design and performance of a high resolution streamer chamber

Abstract We have constructed and operated a high pressure streamer chamber which exhibits substantially improved spatial resolution over a conventional one atmosphere chamber. Operating with 24 atm of neon-helium at a peak electric field of 330 kV/cm we have achieved a spatial resolution of 40 μm.
Differentiating dietary and non-dietary microfossils extracted from human dental calculus: the importance of sweet potato to ancient diet on Rapa Nui

Human dental calculus is an excellent target for examining the plant component of ancient diets. Microfossils become imbedded within dental calculus throughout life, providing an overall picture of plant foods available (at least those that produce recoverable microfossils). Here we evaluate previous phytolith results (Dudgeon and Tromp, 2012) by examining starch grains from 30 human dental calculus samples from 10 archaeological sites throughout Rapa Nui (Easter Island), dating between AD 1330–1900. The unobscured starch grains recovered are consistent with descriptions of modern reference samples of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). These results indicate the importance of sweet potato to the Rapanui diet prior to European contact in 1722. The analysis of modern sweet potato skins show that they incorporate phytoliths as they grow in phytolith rich sediment, and we argue that the high frequency of palm phytoliths recovered from dental calculus, in conjunction with our starch results points to the consumption of sweet potato.
Computer models of a new deoxy-sickle cell hemoglobin fiber based on x-ray diffraction data

A new x-ray fiber diffraction pattern from deoxygenated sickle cell erythrocytes has been observed. It displays 14 layer lines with a 109 A periodicity compared with the 64 A periodicity of the "classic" sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) fiber. These data and association energy calculations serve as a basis for computer model building. Systematic searches over four-dimensional parameter space yielded twelve protofilament models that satisfy the following constraints: (a) two HbS molecules be related by twofold screw symmetry with a translational repeat of 109 A; (b) at least one of the substituted residues in HbS, val beta 6, should participate in intermolecular contacts; and (c) the energy of intermolecular interaction be less than -24 kcal/mol. Each of the protofilament models is a zigzag mono-strand that stands in contrast to the double-stranded protofilament of the "classic" fiber. Fiber models were constructed with each of the 12 protofilament models, pseudo-hexagonally packed. Searches of variable packing parameters showed four fiber models with minimal protofilament association energies and minimal differences between calculated transforms and observed data. The R-factor was less than 0.24 for each of these four models. In three of the fiber models the protofilament association energy is between -(93 and 130) kcal, and in a fourth, the energy is -64 kcal. One protofilament model constituted three distinct fiber models of the lower energy class, and a second protofilament model packed with a higher association energy into a fourth fiber model. The selection of a unique fiber model from among these four cannot be made because of the limited available data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Treatment of pseudohypoparathyroidismwith oral vitamin D biweekly

VITAMIN D is usually administered to patients with pseudohypoparath yroidism in daily doses of 50,000 to 100,000 IU of ergocalciferol (vitamin D~). ~ Because of individual variation, the dose needed to prevent hypocalcemia may vary from 25,000 to 200,000 IU per day. The amount of vitamin D that will cause toxic effects is also unpredictable, but hypercalcemia is frequently observed if the dose exceeds 100,000 IU daily.-' Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, with the risk of renal damage, can occur without symptoms-sometim es after prolonged periods of good control with a stable dose. :~ Therefore, levels of serum and urine calcium must be closely observed until and after an effective dose of vitamin D is achieved. The same considerations apply to the use of dihydrotachysterol, a synthetic form of vitamin D.' A major dilemma of good medical management of pseudohypoparathyroidism can be lack of compliance with recommended therapy. There is a growing awareness of the magnitude of this general problem, and ways to promote compliance in other diseases where continuous medication is necessary have been proposed? In the following case the failure of self-medication led to frequent relapses until a new regimen was applied which has been shown to be effective and safe.
GABA-induced conductance fluctuations in cultured spinal neurones.

ANALYSIS of conductance fluctuations induced by putative neurotransmitters has provided a new level of resolution of the molecular events underlying postsynaptic membrane responses1–3. So far, conductance fluctuation (or ‘noise’) analysis has been applied to neuromuscular synapses in vertebrates and invertebrates1–6 and has not yet been applied at synapses in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), largely because of the inherent complexity and relative inaccessibility of the CNS. Recently, methods for growing dissociated neurones derived from fetal mouse spinal cord in cell culture have become sufficiently established7 to allow long-term stable intracellular recording. Using this preparation we have applied fluctuation analysis to the membrane current flow induced by the putative inhibitory amino acid transmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and report here an initial estimate of the conductance and duration of ion channels activated by GABA.
Getting Ready for Day One: Taking Advantage of the Opportunities and Minimizing the Hazards of a Presidential Transition

Presidential transitions make a difference to the quality of the start a chief executive has coming into office. With formal presidential transitions a reality since 1952, we have sufficient experience to identify some of the elements of an effective transition. This article focuses on how a president-elect can minimize the hazards and take advantage of the opportunities transitions offer. Opportunities and hazards can be found in the actions and commitments candidates take during their presidential campaigns, the information they gather on past transitions and on the actions of the incumbent president, the coordination they do with those in the Washington community, and their capacity to identify and take advantage of the early goodwill that exists when a new president comes into office.
Mixed formulation of nonlinear beam on foundation elements

This paper presents an inelastic element for the analysis of beams on foundations. The element is derived from a two-field mixed formulation with independent approximation of forces and displacements. The state determination algorithm for the implementation of the element in a general purpose nonlinear finite element analysis program is presented and its stability characteristics are discussed. Numerical studies are performed to compare the model with the classical displacement formulation. The studies confirm the superiority of the proposed model in describing the inelastic behavior of beams on foundations.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on prostaglandin production and contractions of the pregnant rat uterus.

Abstract Although evidence for a role for prostaglandins in parturition is abundant, less is known about how prostaglandin levels are regulated at term. Conditions occurring peripartum in the uteroplacental unit can result in reactive oxygen production. We investigated the effect of one reactive oxygen product, hydrogen peroxide, on in vitro activity of uterine segments from the 18-day-pregnant rat. H 2 O 2 (0.3 mmol/L) was found to elicit rhythmic contractions and increase prostaglandins F 2α and E 2 release by uterine tissue. Indomethacin blocked both of these effects. We conclude that H 2 O 2 stimulates uterine contractions through a prostaglandin release mechanism. A speculative hypothesis of peripartum regulation of prostaglandin production by reactive oxygen is discussed.
New multidentate ligands containing mercaptobenzyl functional groups, and biodistribution of gallium-67-TACN-HSB

Abstract The synthesis of two multidentate ligands containing mercaptobenzyl functional groups: N,N′-bis(2-mercaptobenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid and N,N′,N″-tris(2-mercaptobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane is described. Labeling of N,N′,N″-tris(2-mercaptobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane with 67 Ga was carried out, and the results are compared with that obtained with tris(2-mercaptobenzyl)amine.
Abstract 1698: Evaluation of pesticide involvement in breast cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC There is considerable evidence linking cumulative and sustained exposure to estrogens as a key promoter of breast tumor proliferation. Chemicals with estrogenic activity can bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) to affect downstream signaling of estrogen-responsive genes. Organochlorines are a class of chemical pesticides that can act as xenoestrogens to disrupt normal endocrine function. Mitochondria play a significant role in maintenance of energy regulation and cellular detoxification and mitochondrial DNA is sensitive to levels of estrogen. Some members of the Estrogen Related Receptor (ERR) family are known to interact with hypoxia inducible factors to modulate mitochondrial response through the mTOR pathway which is pivotal to cell homeostasis and cellular detoxification. This study investigates the link between two organochlorine pesticides, Methoxychlor and Toxaphene, and the cellular effects by examining the hypothesis that exposure induces differential molecular pathways. Two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-), and a normal breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A are used as a model to evaluate the response to Methoxychlor and Toxaphene treatment. Cytotoxicity studies established different sensitivities of the two breast cancer cell lines to pesticides. MCF-7 was more sensitive to both pesticides, which supports the premise that organochlorines may be acting as endocrine disruptors. Furthermore, pesticide-resistant clones of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were established and compared to their sensitive counterparts. RNA was collected from cells treated in a hypoxic environment, cells treated with a high dose pesticide, and cells that had a co-treatment of hypoxia and pesticide for evaluation of ERR, hypoxic factor expression, and markers of mTOR pathway. Flow cytometry, RT-PCR and immunoblotting demonstrated that treatment affected mitosis and mitochondrial function and we found that ERR and hypoxic factor expression changed in a similar manner suggesting a common mechanism by pesticide treatment or hypoxic conditions. These results provide a basis for understanding specific pesticide-induced molecular mechanisms and their possible relationship to ER+ and ER- mammary epithelial biology. Citation Format: Kathryn Patterson, Julie Hale, Jason Bush. Evaluation of pesticide involvement in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1698. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1698
On Having the Same Visual Experiences

There, too often, the matter is left, B feeling that A is profoundly unclear about what he is asking for, and A reckoning that B’s refusal to have his difficulty indicates only a lack of depth and a narrowness of technique. A’s position is quite shocking, despite the fact that many discussions (both inside and outside philosophy) often come perilously close to it. Because if you and I can never know whether we are having the same experience in those situations where we both confront, e.g. a stoplight, and respond by saying “Red,” then we can certainly never know whether we are having the same experience when we are looking at triangles, or chairs, or tables, or other people, or any of the other philosophical furniture of the external world. To have the doubt which A expresses just is to entertain the most radical kind of solipsism, although many seem to have had the former without explicitly entertaining the latter. It is hardly satisfactory to point out here, as some recent philosophers, like B above, seem to have thought it sufficient to do, that the question is not a soluble one. This is precisely what A is claiming. Discussions often conclude therefore in agreeing that the difficulty is insoluble and then proceed to construct theories as to how it is that A and B ever manage to agree upon so much in the world, despite their disagreements about “basic” visual experience. Here words like “convention”, “agreement”, “stipulation”, and “ostensive”, are exercised rather heavily. We can, apparently, never really know that we have the same “inner” visual experiences. But we can, by various sorts of arbitrary agreements and conventional decisions, proceed to act as if we do have the same experiences. The value of the agreements and decisions is assessed pragmatically. If we can all succeed in managing our affairs in the world by agreeing that X and deciding that Y, then in so far do we rely on X and Y.
Measuring and Utilizing Corporate Risk Tolerance to Improve Investment Decision Making

Strategic investment decisions are generally characterized by financial risk as well as an irrevocable commitment of significant amounts of capital. The firm's willingness to undertake financial risks plays an important role in the investment decision making process. A comprehensive economic decision analysis to evaluate strategic investment decisions requires a measure of the firm's tolerance for financial risk. This article describes a decision analysis–based technique for assessing managerial risk tolerance as well as managers' ability to be consistent in terms of their financial risk taking. These assessments are then utilized to assist the firm in establishing a corporate risk policy that can guide strategic decisions under uncertainty. The study firm is a business unit within a U.S.-based major oil company with an annual capital budget of approximately $400 million. Our findings suggest that managers are generally risk averse but struggle in terms of being consistent in their financial risk-taking d...
Simulating policy processes through electronic mail

Computer-based simulations provide one vehicle for making theory on social policy come to life and for developing shared experiences. However, computerized simulations often involve extensive front-end technical work. Electronic mail offers an alternative method for constructing simulations. This paper focuses on the use of electronic mail for teaching and learning about social welfare policy processes and compares electronic mail sa a simulation medium to more structured computer applications.
Time-dependent deformations of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP bars

Abstract Carbon FRP is recently used as a reinforcing element in concrete structures in view of its excellent resistance to corrosion. The paper presents studies of the long-term behavior of the beams reinforced with carbon–epoxy FRP under uniform sustained loading. Four rectangular concrete beams reinforced with CFRP bars were cast in two sizes; 152 mm ×203 mm ×2438 mm , and 152 mm ×152 mm ×2438 mm . The beams were simply supported and subjected to a uniform sustained loading. The beams were instrumented and monitored to observe the changes in the behavior due to creep and shrinkage of concrete. Observations were recorded regularly for nearly two years. An analytical method is developed to predict the long-term behavior of CFRP internally reinforced concrete beams. The calculated deflections, strains and curvatures compare reasonably with the experimental values. A simplified equation for calculating the long-term deflection is proposed for CFRP reinforced concrete beams.
Targets used in the production of radioactive ion beams at the HRIBF

Abstract Radioactive ion beams are produced at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility using the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique where the atoms are produced in a thick target, transported to an ion source, ionized, and extracted from the ion source to form an ion beam. These radioactive ion beams are then accelerated to energies of a few MeV per nucleon and delivered to experimental stations for use in nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics experiments. At the heart of this facility is the RIB production target, where the radioactive nuclei are produced using beams of light ions (p, d, 3He, α) to induce nuclear reactions in the target nuclei. Several target materials have been developed and used successfully, including Al2O3, HfO2, SiC, CeS, liquid Ge, liquid Ni, and a low-density matrix of uranium carbide. The details of these targets and some of the target developments that led to the delivery of high-quality radioactive ion beams are discussed in this paper.
Theoretical prediction of ionization/oxidation potentials in conjugated polymers

Various density functional theory (DFT) functionals and semiempirical techniques were used to predict the ionization potentials of selected conjugated polymers. Ionization potentials at infinite chain lengths were estimated using Meier fit on oligomer data. Calculated gas-phase ionization potentials with BHandH functional showed good correlation with the experimental data. The results from the semiempirical techniques do not compare as favorably as the ones obtained from DFT methods. The data fitting allowed us to estimate the size of “effective ionization length”, which spanned over 20–30 double bonds in the conjugated backbone of the polymer in question.
Common Circulatory Measurements in Smokers and Nonsmokers

Pulse rates and blood pressure, and circulatory responses to pressor stimuli were compared in habitual smokers and nonsmokers in an attempt to ascertain possible "chronic effects" of tobacco smoking on the circulation. Several common cardiovascular measurements were made in 4 groups, a total of 1,093 men, ages 17 to 67, and comparisons made with reference to the cigarette smoking habit. Acute effects of smoking were eliminated and, when possible, effects of age and weight were eliminated statistically. Relative body weight is consistently lower in the "heavy" cigarette smokers compared to those who "never" smoked. Basal oxygen consumption is slightly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Pulse rate during work and recovery is significantly higher in one group of middle-aged men if pathologic cases in the group are considered. In "normal" populations, somewhat preselected for absence of hypertension, no differences in resting blood pressures are found between smokers and nonsmokers. In the broader studies,...
Transcutaneous chemical collection of caffeine in normal subjects: relationship to area under the plasma concentration-time curve and sweat production.

A novel transcutaneous chemical collection device (TCD) has been developed to study the phenomenon of outward transcutaneous chemical migration. The TCD is a Bandaid-like device containing an immobilized aqueous media and binding reservoir material to prevent back-transfer into the skin. This device, when placed against the skin, allows collection and quantitation of chemicals that diffuse directly through the skin from within the body. The relationship of the amount of drug collected in the TCD to the amount in the body available for collection (as represented by the area under the plasma-concentration time curve, AUC) and the effects of sweating, a potential confounding factor, on collection of drug in a TCD were studied, using caffeine as a model compound. TCD were placed on the skin of normal male volunteers. Twenty-four hours later subjects took caffeine by mouth. Blood samples were collected and TCD were removed at various times after drug intake and analyzed by HPLC for caffeine. Studies of the sweating effect were carried out in a similar manner, except that one arm of each subject was maintained at 40°C to induce local sweating, the other arm acted as a non-sweating control. The amount of caffeine collected was linearly related to the AUC. Sweating seemed to have a large (40%) contribution to transdermal collection in the early period (5.5 h) of the study, but this difference was much less (14%) at longer collection times (10 h).
Investigating the effects of strategy use and second language test performance with high- and low-ability test takers: a structural equation modelling approach:

Implicit in the research on strategy use is the notion that high- and low-ability language learners utilize strategies differently and that these differences are related to differential performance; however, to date, no study has tested these assumptions statistically. This study uses structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the relationships between strategy use and second language test performance (SLTP) with high- and low-ability test takers. 1,382 test takers were given strategy questionnaires and a language test, and separate baseline models of strategy use and SLTP were established for each group. These models were then estimated simultaneously with cross-group equality constraints imposed. The similarities and differences in this multi-group model provided the means for evaluating the viability of the parameter estimates across ability levels. The results showed that the metacognitive strategy use (MSU) and SLTP models produced almost identical factorial structures for each group, while the c...
From Slavery to Abolition in Peru: Four Recent Contributions

Agentes de su propia libertad. Los esclavos de Lima y la desintegracion de la esclavitud, 1821–1854. By CARLOS AGUIRRE. Lima: Fondo Editorial Universidad Catolica, 1993. Pp. 333. Slavery and Abolition in Early Republican Peru. By PETER BLANCHARD. Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1992. Pp. xx, 247. Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labor among Lima's Slaves, 1800–1854. By CHRISTINE HUNEFELDT. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Pp. xi, 269. Safari africano y compra‐venta de esclavos para el Peru (1412–1818). By FERNANDO ROMERO. Lima: IEP‐UNSCH, 1994. Pp. 275.
Multi-detector row computed tomographic appearance of celiac ganglia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the imaging features of celiac ganglia on multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 103 consecutive MDCT studies and recorded the frequency of visualization, location, morphologic feature, size, and enhancement pattern of the celiac ganglia. RESULTS: The left celiac ganglion was visualized more often than the right ganglion (89% vs 67%, P < 0.0001). Both ganglia were identified at the level between the origins of celiac and superior mesenteric arteries and anterior to the diaphragmatic crura. The ganglia were either multilobulated or discoid in shape. The mean long- and short-axis dimensions of the ganglia were larger on the left than right (left: 2.2 [0.4] and 0.4 [0.1] cm; right: 2.0 [0.4] and 0.3 [0.1] cm, respectively, P < 0.005). The ganglia had the same CT attenuation as the adjacent adrenal glands on nonenhanced and portal venous-phase images in almost all cases and demonstrated higher attenuation than the adrenal glands in approximately two thirds of the cases on delayed scans. CONCLUSIONS: Celiac ganglia can be identified based on their characteristic locations and morphologic features on MDCT.
Measles virus nucleic acid sequences in human brain

We constructed a measles virus genomic recombinant DNA library, and used clones coding for portions of the viral P, M and H proteins to probe for measles virus nucleic acid sequences in post-mortem multiple sclerosis, SSPE and control brains. By dot blot hybridization, the probes detected measles virus nucleic acid sequences in as little as 3 nanograms of total RNA extracted from measles virus-infected cells and also in highly diluted RNA extracted from SSPE brain, but did not detect measles virus sequences in RNA extracted from 11 multiple sclerosis or 8 control brains, even at a 1 000-fold higher concentration of RNA. By in situ hybridization, these probes detected measles virus nucleic acid sequences in virtually every cell and the surrounding neuropile of SSPE brain, but again did not detect such sequences in multiple sclerosis or control brains. Our findings using these highly specific probes confirm that measles virus is found in SSPE brains and indicate that measles virus genome is unlikely to be present in multiple sclerosis or normal brains.
Determining seeing conditions of a horizontal turbulent optical path with video image analysis

The turbulent effects from the Earth’s atmosphere degrade the performance of any optical system within it. There have been numerous studies in the effects of atmospheric turbulence on an imaging system that is pointed vertically to the sky looking at distant objects and the seeing conditions associated with it. We investigate the calculation of the seeing conditions with an imaging system pointed horizontally in terrestrial and maritime environments. We have acquired video data of different horizontal paths in the infrared wavelengths and performed data analysis that will be the basis of new characterizations and modeling of horizontal path atmospheric turbulence.
An immunological study of a human pituitary interstitial cell-stimulating hormone.

SEVERAL investigators1–5 have reported recently the production of rabbit antiserum to human urinary gonadotrophins, but no similar data have appeared with respect to human pituitary gonad-stimulating substances. However, an immunochemical investigation in this Laboratory6 has shown that a highly purified preparation of sheep pituitary interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) is a potent antigen. The rabbit antiserum obtained in that work6 was highly specific for the antigen and was able significantly to counteract its ability to stimulate the ventral prostate in hypophysectomized rats. By the Ouchterlony double diffusion test in agar-gel and the quantitative precipitin technique, the sheep interstitial cell-stimulating hormone was demonstrated to be homogeneous. Moreover, antiserum to sheep interstitial cell-stimulating hormone was capable of neutralizing significantly the interstitial cell-stimulating hormone activity of pituitary extracts from the rat, pig and whale, as well as of purified preparations of human pituitary interstitial cell-stimulating hormone and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Injected anti-serum to sheep interstitial cell-stimulating hormone was also shown to cause an inhibition of endogenous activity of the hormone in normal rats. The results of similar investigations on the antigenicity of human pituitary interstitial cell-stimulating hormone are reported here.
CEPHS--a system for computer analysis of cephalometric radiographs.

Abstract A system developed for computer-aided analysis of cephalometric radiographs is described. Capabilities of the system include a method to digitize the radiographs using a personal computer and to upload the data to mainframe computer. Extensive cephalometric analysis measurements are performed, and superimposition of plots a series of radiographs is also possible. In addition, the system is capable of generating normal measurement values for various patient groupings and of producing plots of normal radiographs for these groupings.
Compressible Turbulent Boundary-Layer Heat Transfer to Rough Surfaces

Progress in Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 7, edited by Kuchemann et al., Pergamon Press, New York, 1966. 14 Squire, H. B., "Analysis of the Vortex-Breakdown Phenomenon," Part I, Rept. 102, 1960, Aeronautics Department, Imperial College, London. 16 Benjamin, T. B., "Theory of the Vortex Breakdown Phenomenon," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 14, Pt. 4, Dec. 1962, p. 593. 16 Benjamin, T. B., "Significance of the Vortex Breakdown Phenomenon," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 87, No. 2, 1965, pp. 518, 1091. 17 Benjamin, T. B., "Some Developments in the Theory of Vortex Breakdown," Journal of Fluid Mechanics^ Vol. 28, Pt. 1, April 1967, p. 65. 18 Ludwieg, H., "Zur Erklarung der Instabilitat der iiber angestellten Deltaniigeln auftreten freien Wirkbelkerne," Zeitschriftfiir Flugwissenschaften, Vol. 10, 1962, p. 242. 19 Ludwieg, H., "Experimented Nachprufung der Stabilitatstheorien fur reibungsfreie Stromungen mit schraubenformigen Stromlinien," Zeitschrift fur Flugwissenschaften, Vol. 12, 1964, p. 304. 20 Jones, J. P., "The Breakdown of Vortices in Separated Flow," Rept. 140, 1960, University of Southampton Aeronautics and Astronautics Department. 21 Hall, M. G., "On the Occurrence and Identification of Vortex Breakdown," TN 66283, 1966, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough Hants. 22 Bossel, H. H., "Vortex Breakdown Flowfield," The Physics of Fluids, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1969, p. 498. 23 Leibovich, S., "Weakly Non-Linear Waves in Rotating Fluids," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 42, Pt. 4, Dec. 1970, p. 803. 24 Pedley, T. J., "On the Instability of Viscous Flow in a Rapidly Rotating Pipe," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 35, Pt. 1, Jan. 1969, p. 97. 25 Talbot, L., "Laminar Swirling Pipe Flow," Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 21, No. 1, March 1954, p. 1. 26 Joseph, D. D. and Munson, B. R., "Global Stability of Spiral Flow," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 43, Pt. 3, Sept. 1970, p. 545. 27 Henderson, F. M., Open Channel Flow, Macmillan, New York, 1966, pp. 45, 215^218.
Limiting treatment in nursing homes: knowledge and attitudes of nursing home medical directors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine nursing home medical directors' knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome and their support of treatment limitation requests and policies. DESIGN: Mailed questionnaire, followed by telephone interview. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six medical directors of 70 community nursing homes in Harris County, Texas. MEASUREMENTS: Medical directors were asked to estimate the CPR survival rate to discharge of all nursing home residents and that of two case scenarios. They were asked to indicate on a Likert scale their support for mandatory Do-Not-Resuscitate orders and for requests by nursing home patients to withhold other life support measures. RESULTS: Responses were received from 33 directors. Overall CPR survival rate of older nursing home residents after cardiac arrest was thought to be 10.7%. The average CPR survival rate for healthy older people with witnessed arrests was believed to be 13.8%. The perceived rate for unwitnessed arrests in terminal patients was 4.6%, significantly lower than estimates for healthy older people (P = .003) and estimates of the overall survival rate (P = .02). Medical directors were split regarding mandatory Do-Not-Resuscitate orders for patients in vegetative states, with terminal illness, with an unwitnessed arrest, or in those older than 90 years of age. Mandatory use of Do-Not-Resuscitate orders for all nursing home residents was strongly opposed. Assuming a 2% survival rate did not significantly influence medical directors' opinions about mandatory DNR orders in these groups. Medical directors were more willing to support requests by stable nursing home residents to withhold resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, or hospitalization than requests to withhold antibiotics, intravenous fluids, or tube feedings (P < .005). The majority of medical directors were willing to withhold all such measures for terminal patients. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals who are responsible for educating patients about the efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in nursing homes overestimate its benefit and may benefit from further education about its outcome. Although mandatory Do-Not-Resuscitate orders were favored for terminal or vegetative patients, medical directors are not supportive of such orders across the board. Medical directors are more willing to honor requests for treatment limitation by terminal patients than others.
In Vivo Diagnosis of Oral Dysplasia and Malignancy Using Optical Coherence Tomography: Preliminary Studies in 50 Patients

Author(s): Wilder-Smith, Petra; Lee, Kenneth; Guo, Shuguang; Zhang, Jun; Osann, Kathryn; Chen, Zhongping; Messadi, Diana | Abstract: BackgroundIn vivo, non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high-resolution imaging of tissue surfaces and subsurfaces, with the potential capability for detection and mapping of epithelial pathologies.PurposeTo evaluate the clinical capability of non-invasive in vivo OCT for diagnosing oral dysplasia and malignancy.Experimental designIn 50 patients with oral lesions, conventional clinical examination was followed by OCT imaging, then standard biopsy and histopathology. Two blinded, pre-standardized investigators separately diagnosed each lesion based on (1) OCT and (2) histopathology.ResultsIntra- and inter-observer agreement between diagnoses based on histopathology and imaging data was excellent, with lambda values between 0.844 and 0.896. Sensitivity and specificity were also very good.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate the excellent capability of in vivo OCT for detecting and diagnosing oral premalignancy and malignancy in human subjects.
Monitoring the collateral effects of leisure skill instruction: a case study in multiple-baseline methodology.

Abstract Researchers and clinicians have begun to emphasize the importance of documenting the multiple effects associated with interventions intended to modify a single target behavior. The likelihood of collateral behavior change represents a major methodological difficulty for so-called multiple-baseline designs. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the issues by analyzing a study which monitored the percentage occurrence of various appropriate and inappropriate responses during free time as a function of systematic instruction in leisure activities. Four severely-handicapped adolescents provided direct replications of a conventional multiple-baseline design format across four activities for each student. The results revealed an increase in independent play in the nontraining environment for 2 of the 4 students, and indicated both direct and indirect collateral effects of a desirable nature in all of the S s. The value of multiple response monitoring and the logical and statistical analysis of single- S designs are stressed.
Velocity Toward Goal Attainment in Immediate Experience as a Determinant of Affect

An experiment tested a model in which affect reflects rate of movement (velocity) toward one's behavioral goal. Participants responded to an ambiguous task and received false feedback regarding their performance. The pattern of feedback either remained fairly constant at 50% correct, went from low incidence of correct to 50% correct across trials, or went from high incidence of correct to 50% correct across trials. Self-reported mood change (from before the task to the point at which all groups received 50% correct) took the following pattern: Participants moving from frequent correct to 50% correct (low velocity) changed to less positive mood, whereas those moving from infrequent correct to 50% correct (high velocity) tended to change to more positive mood. Discussion centers on convergence between these findings and those of previous research.
Enzymatic Solubilization of Insoluble Proteins at Neutral pH

Insoluble epidermal proteins (possibly keratin), previously considered inert to enzyme action, were solubilized by either trypsin or chymotrypsin. Cleavage of the disulfide bonds prior to enzymatic action is not necessary. In addition, the enzymatic action on intact epidermis is not influenced by the presence or absence of endogenous lipids, soluble proteins, peptides, or amino acids. Solubilization of epidermal protein by chymotrypsin is inhibited by the supernatant solution of the homogenized epidermis.
Simplified method for evaluating the flight stability of liquid-filled projectiles

This paper describes a modification to the tricyclic theory to include the effect of a liquid payload on the motion and stability of the projectile. The influence on the projectile's motion by the liquid payload is similar to the Magnus effect. A computer program has been developed that determines the complex projectile motion using either theoretical estimates of liquid-fill characteristics or experimental results obtained from a test fixture for nonrigid payloads. Preliminary stability assessments for liquid-filled projectiles can be made rapidly and provide a means of determining the relative importance between the aerodynamic and liquid-fill characteristics on the projectiles flight stability. Flight stability predictions show good agreement with flight tests of liquid-filled, 155mm projectiles.
Separable approximation method for two-body relativistic scattering

A method for defining a separable approximation to a given interaction within a two-body relativistic equation, such as the Bethe-Salpeter equation, is presented. The rank-N separable representation given here permits exact reproduction of the T matrix on the mass shell and half off the mass shell at N selected bound state and/or continuum values of the invariant mass. The method employed is a four-space generalization of the separable representation developed for Schr\"odinger interactions by Ernst, Shakin, and Thaler, supplemented by procedures for dealing with the relativistic spin structure in the case of Dirac particles.
Algebraic Methods for Function Reconstruction: Application to System Identification

We consider functions that have a known structure but involve a number of unknown parameters. Specifically, we consider classes of functions that involve sums of exponential terms. The values of the function and some of its derivatives are given at a finite number of points and it is of interest to uniquely reconstruct the function from the given data. In this paper we consider this problem and suggest algebraic methods of solution. We also show how these methods can be used as the basis of algorithms for system identification. The methods are simple, mathematically rigorous and analytical in nature. In the case of low order systems they can be very easily presented and executed. These attributes make the techniques very appealing for introductory treatments of the subject matter for students in systems and control
Interactive real-time motion blur

Motion blurring of fast-moving objects is highly desirable for virtual environments and 3D user interfaces. However, all currently known algorithms for generating motion blur are too slow for inclusion in interactive 3D applications. We introduce a new motion-blur algorithm that works in three dimensions on a per object basis. The algorithm operates in real time even for complex objects consisting of several thousand polygons. While it only approximates true motion blur, the generated results are smooth and visually consistent. We achieve this performance break-through by taking advantage of hardware-assisted rendering of semitransparent polygons, a feature commonly available in today's workstations.
Medical Image Communication Using Halftone Algorithms

Physicians frequently need to see retinal, biopsy, and other images, produced originally by medical diagnostic equipment and then processed by computers. At present this is done using either time-consuming photography or expensive video equipment. We have used digital halftoning as a method for fast communication of images both on print and on computer terminal screens. This method quickly produces a good-quality halftone rendition of a grey-scale image. These images are suitable for display and printout on inexpensive devices that normally do not have grey-scale capability. The algorithm is based on a previously published error-propagation technique. We improved the algorithm by including a factor that accounts for the difference in size between light and dark points on various devices. The algorithm is extended to devices that have two bitplanes (VT240), and the execution and transmission times are reduced. At Tufts-New England Medical Center in Boston, this program has been used in processing and reporting the results of muscle and nerve biopsies. At the Eye Research Institute in Boston, it has been used to report the results of retinal visual field mapping. This technique has a wide range of applications. It allows "image processing" to be done on computers that have no traditional image-processing hardware. It allows several users to operate simultaneously on time-shared systems that have only a single image-processor. Images are displayed on 1 or 2 bitplane devices (LA50 printers or VT240 terminals). It allows image transmission over long distances --replacing video communication equipment with RS232 cables and modems.
Shrinking lambda expressions in linear time

Functional-language compilers often perform optimizations based on beta and delta reduction. To avoid speculative optimizations that can blow up the code size, we might wish to use only shrinking reduction rules guaranteed to make the program smaller: these include dead-variable elimination, constant folding, and a restricted beta rule that inlines only functions that are called just once. The restricted beta rule leads to a shrinking rewrite system that has not previously been studied. We show some efficient normalization algorithms that are immediately useful in optimizing compilers; and we give a confluence proof for our system, showing that the choice of normalization algorithm does not affect final code quality.
High-Performance Wings with Significant Leading Edge Thrust at Supersonic Speeds

A new class of curved-leading-edge wings with which significant levels of leading-edge thrust may be achieved at moderate supersonic speeds is suggested. A recent analysis of the factors limiting such leading-edge thrust has led to a new method for the prediction of attainable leading-edge thrust from subsonic through supersonic speeds for wings of arbitrary planform. Recent supersonic tests of a new wing shape, which largely meets design criteria given by the new prediction method, give evidence of significant levels of leading-edge thrust. The consequent unusually high levels of aerodynamic performance should renew interest in supersonic-cruise vehicle design in general and in cruise-speed selection in particular.
Image enhancement for multilayer information retrieval by using full-field optical coherence tomography

When a full-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is used to extract tomographic images from a multilayer information carrier, the resulting images may suffer from interlayer modulations and parasitic patterns derived from interference fringes. We describe and analyze these negative influences that degrade the quality of extracted tomographic images and propose practical algorithms and methods to minimize them. The emphasis of the discussion will be the removal of the parasitic fringes produced by the imperfection of a CCD camera. The simulative and experimental results of image enhancement for multilayer tomography extraction using full-field OCT are provided.