cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-dimensional clustering for data base organizations

Abstract A new record-clustering scheme is introduced, in which the record address is determined by multiple keys. Associated with this storage scheme is a new type of index called multi-dimensional directory. Those keys which determine the record address are jointly indexed by this directory. A data base structure which combines this new technique and the file inversion technique is analyzed. The costs of retrieval, update and storage space for this data base structure are mathematically formulated. An example illustrates that this new data base structure can be superior to the classical combination of indexed sequential and file inversion techniques.
Cell surface expression of C1qRP/CD93 is stabilized by O-glycosylation.

C1qRP/CD93 is a cell surface receptor predominantly expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and early stem cell precursors. In phagocytic cells, it has been characterized as contributing to the enhancement of FcR- and CR1-induced phagocytosis triggered by innate immune system defense collagens such as C1q and mannose binding lectin (MBL). Previously, we demonstrated a high level of glycosylation on C1qRP/CD93 that was predominantly O-linked. In this study, we investigate the role of glycosylation in C1qRP/CD93 stability first by inhibiting O-glycosylation by addition of benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside (BAG) to the human histiocytic cell line U937, and secondly, by expression of C1qRP/CD93 in the CHO-derived cell line ldlD which has a reversible defect in protein glycosylation. In both U937 cells and in ldlD cells transfected to express C1qRP/CD93, glycosylation deficiency caused cell surface expression levels of C1qRP/CD93 to decrease, concomitant with the detection of C1qRP/CD93 reactivity in the culture media. Metabolic labeling studies show that when glycosylation is absent, C1qRP/CD93 is synthesized and rapidly released into the culture supernatant or degraded. These studies demonstrate that O-glycosylation is important in the stable cell surface expression of C1qRP/CD93. J. Cell. Physiol. 196: 512–522, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selective oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of butane and maleic anhydride

The selective oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of butane and maleic anhydride has been studied over platinum- and palladium-containing zeolites as well as palladium-on-silica (Pd/SiO[sub 2]) catalysts. The results show that although a zeolite support is needed in many systems to effect a kinetic control to improve selectivity, thermodynamic control using Pd([approximately]2-4 ppm)/SiO[sub 2] is sufficient to give the desired selectivities in this system. In addition, a palladium-containing vanadium-phosphate catalyst was prepared that showed complete oxidation of carbon monoxide, conversion of butane to maleic anhydride, and no observable decomposition of the maleic anhydride. 14 refs., 4 tabs.
The Political Economy of Religious Commodities in Cairo

Anthropology’s rediscovery of material culture has emphasized the centrality of objects and their production in constituting human experience. In Egypt, the design, mass production and marketing of different classes of religious objects-from prayer beads and bumper stickers to children’s board games and jigsaw puzzles-not only construct boundaries between social groups but create alternative ways of understanding and participating in the Islamic tradition. This article explores the distribution and consumption of Islamic paraphernalia, examining how the development of a mass market in religious consumer goods, brought on in part by Egypt’s shifting place in the global market, has transformed the urban religious consciousness.
Comparison of Stimulus Energies Required to Elicit the ERG in Response to X-Rays and to Light

The retina of Rana pipiens, the leopard frog or grass frog, is shown to be an extremely sensitive detector of x-rays. Its sensitivity to x-rays equals in some respects its sensitivity to visible light. The energy required for the response to visible light is so low that the reaction has long been known as one of the most sensitive in biological systems. An exact comparison is made of the amount of energy required in the stimulus to elicit an electroretinogram (ERG) in response to x-rays and in response to light. ERG's from threshold responses to maximal responses obtainable with x-rays and with light are reproduced. The rods of the retina are shown to be responsible for the production of the ERG. The actual amount of energy absorbed in the rhodopsin from x-ray and from light stimulation over a wide range of intensities and durations has been determined and has been related to the amplitude of the ERG. To the question whether light or x-rays are more efficient in eliciting an ERG, no simple or unequivocal answer can be given. The three dimensional relationship of amplitude of response, intensity of stimulus, and duration of stimulus shows rather unexpectedly that in certain regions light is more efficient while in other regions x-rays are more efficient.
Children's computer use in the home: isolation or sociation?

The researchers examined social interactions of children using home computers. The main concern was whether computers tended to isolate youthful users. Adult anxiety regarding the damaging effects of computers on children was assessed. Parental involvement, orientation to computers, and gender were the main independent variables. A case study approach was employed to gather observational data regarding the variety of interactional networks that framed the computer experience of 32 participants. The findings challenged the notion that heavy computer users experience social isolation. It was found that the interpersonal lives and computer activities of children reflexively amplified each other and that boys were more likely to socialize in relation to computers than were girls. The findings were explained as consequences of context and gender-based differentiated styles of world-creating activity. Recommendations were made to parents and teachers encouraging a less apprehensive and more integrative/developm...
Diametrically opposite methylome-transcriptome relationships in high- and low-CpG promoter genes in postmitotic neural rat tissue.

DNA methylation can control some CpG-poor genes but unbiased studies have not found a consistent genome-wide association with gene activity outside of CpG islands or shores possibly due to use of cell lines or limited bioinformatics analyses. We performed reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) of rat dorsal root ganglia encompassing postmitotic primary sensory neurons (n = 5, r > 0.99; orthogonal validation p < 10−19). The rat genome suggested a dichotomy of genes previously reported in other mammals: low CpG content (< 3.2%) promoter (LCP) genes and high CpG content (≥ 3.2%) promoter (HCP) genes. A genome-wide integrated methylome-transcriptome analysis showed that LCP genes were markedly hypermethylated when repressed, and hypomethylated when active with a 40% difference in a broad region at the 5′ of the transcription start site (p < 10−87 for -6000 bp to -2000 bp, p < 10−73 for -2000 bp to +2000 bp, no difference in gene body p = 0.42). HCP genes had minimal TSS-associated methylation regardless of transcription status, but gene body methylation appeared to be lost in repressed HCP genes. Therefore, diametrically opposite methylome-transcriptome associations characterize LCP and HCP genes in postmitotic neural tissue in vivo.
The criminally insane patient: Who gets out?

To determine how various indicators of dangerousness might effect decisions for the community release of patients defined as criminally insane, a sample of 176 male patients transferred against psychiatric recommendations to civil mental hospitals were studied. Even though these patients were seen as some of the most dangerous patients in state institutions, there was little relationship between criminal histories or incidents of hospital assaults with their release into the community. Of the other variables examined, the most important was the length of hospitalization and its association with the availability of persons in the community willing to sponsor the release of individuals. It appears that once in civil mental hospitals, the release of the criminally insane is less influenced by any special emphasis on dangerousness than by those factors previously suggested as influencing the release of other civil mental patients.
CREATING ORDER FORECASTS: POINT‐OF‐SALE OR ORDER HISTORY?

Point-of-sale (POS) data, shared by retailers, is often touted as the solution to suppliers' ongoing challenge of accurate order forecasting. However, we find neither empirical evidence of increased order forecast accuracy from the literature, nor consistent use of POS data in suppliers' order forecasting processes. Using a sample containing weekly POS and order data for 10 ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal stock-keeping-units (SKU's), 7 yogurt SKU's, and 7 canned soup SKU's from 18 retailer distribution centers (DC's) throughout the U.S, our research compares historical POS and order data as order forecasting inputs and finds that POS data does not always outperform order data in terms of order forecast accuracy. While we did find that POS data is a better forecast input in a majority of the forecasts and that on average POS data produces a lower order forecast error, we find that there remain a large number of forecasts where order data is a better predictor than is POS data. Hence, we operationalize this comparison in terms of the frequency and magnitude of order forecast improvement based on POS data. We then hypothesize affecting factors and empirically test these relationships.
Regional prevalence of fatiguing illnesses in the United States before and after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

OBJECTIVE: Stress or emotional traumas are considered risk factors for unexplained fatiguing illnesses. From July to December 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a multigeographical pilot study to test the feasibility of a survey to estimate the prevalence of fatiguing illnesses in the United States. We used data obtained during this survey to estimate the effect of the coincidentally occurring terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on the regional prevalence of fatiguing illnesses. METHODS: Identified by random-digit dialing, 2,728 households in eight regional strata were interviewed, and 7,317 respondents were screened for severe fatigue of at least 1 month duration. Identified fatigued people of age 18 to 69 years (N = 440) and a sample of nonfatigued people of the same age range (N = 444) were interviewed in detail concerning fatigue, other symptoms, and medical and psychiatric histories. RESULTS: Weighted prevalence estimates based on interviews performed after the attacks were significantly lower compared with estimates based on interviews performed before the attacks (prolonged fatigue: 5,450 vs. 1,530/100,000, p =.010; chronic fatigue: 18,510 vs. 10,070/100,000, p =.002; chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness: 2,510 vs. 960/100,000, p =.014). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest decreased regional prevalence of fatiguing illnesses in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks. The causes of this effect are unknown but might involve acute psychological and physiological adaptations that modify the perception or manifestation of fatigue. Future studies should be specifically designed to scrutinize the relationship between stress and fatiguing illnesses and the mediating mechanisms of such a relationship. Language: en
A graph-theoretical approach for pattern discovery in epidemiological research

In this paper we describe a graph-theoretical approach for pattern discovery that is especially useful in epidemiological research when applied to case-control studies involving categorical features such as genotypes and exposures. Whereas existing approaches are limited to exploring relationships among two or three factors, or deal with thousands of genes but are unable to isolate interactions among individual genes, we focus on interactions among tens of genes. We present a pattern discovery algorithm that finds associations among multiple factors, such as genetic and environmental factors, and groups of individuals (cases and controls) in a clinical survey. To validate our approach and to demonstrate its effectiveness, we applied it to a selection of synthetic data sets that were devised to emulate the situations encountered in epidemiological studies involving common diseases with suspected associations involving multiple factors that could include inherited genotypes, somatic genotypes, demographic characteristics, or exposures. The results of this experiment show that it is possible to identify the effects of multiple factors in moderate-size surveys (involving hundreds of individuals) even when the number of factors is greater than three.
MobiCloud: A reliable collaborative mobilecloud management system

Mobile cloud computing (MCC) is evolving to efficiently and collaboratively utilize the ever-increasing pool of computing resources available on mobile devices. In such high dynamic networks, nodes are susceptible to failure for many reasons, for example, being out of battery or hijacked. Managing reliability of dynamic mobile resources provides a strong motivation for proactive autonomic management capabilities in the MCC. To this end, we propose a reliable collaborative mobilecloud management system (MobiCloud), which automatically manages task scheduling and reliable resource allocation. MobiCloud utilizes our new opt-in, prediction and trust management services to realize reliable cloud formation and maintenance in a dynamic mobile environment. In this paper, we present MobiCloud architecture and its associated Proactive Adaptive List-based Scheduling and Allocation AlgorithM (P-ALSALAM) for MCC. This algorithm dynamically maps applications' requirements to the currently or potentially reliable mobile resources. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed system not only significantly improves performance, but also substantially enhances the stability of mobileclouds.
Plagiopyla minuta and Euplotes balteatus, Giliates of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis

Of 165 sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis) examined in the Mt. Desert Island region, 41 harbored the intestinal ciliate Plagiopyla minuta in considerable numbers. Division in this ciliate is clean; i.e. it is not accompanied by the visible elimination of macronuclear material. Long periods (probably several weeks) of vegetative life appear to alternate with brief periods of intense divisional activity in P. minuta. Twenty-five of these same urchins also contained in their digestive tracts a species of Euplotes which was identified as E. balteatus. This hypotrich was also found commonly in the region as a free-living organism. Dividing specimens were found regularly in the urchin, and such specimens showed the usual macronuclear reorganization which occurs in Euplotes and its near relatives. The evidence indicates that E. balteatus is a facultative commensal, which is perhaps now in the process of acquiring the endozoic habit.
Inhibition of MicroRNA-302 (miR-302) by Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) Facilitates the BMP Signaling Pathway

The signaling pathway mediated by BMPs plays an essential role during development as well as the maintenance of homeostasis in adult. Aberrant activation or inactivation of BMP signaling can lead to developmental defects and various human disorders. To fine-tune its activity, BMP signaling is regulated both positively and negatively by extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory factors that modulate binding of ligand to the receptors, and the activity of receptors and their dedicated signal transducers, the Smad proteins. Upon BMP binding to the receptor complex, Smad proteins translocate to the nucleus and modulate gene expression transcriptionally by directly associating with the promoter region of target genes, or post-transcriptionally through modulation of microRNA (miRNA) synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that BMP signaling down-regulates transcription of the miRNA-302∼367 gene cluster. We show that the type II BMP receptor (BMPRII) is a novel target of miR-302. Upon overexpression, miR-302 targets a partially complementary sequence localized in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of BMPRII transcripts and leads to destabilization of the transcripts and down-regulation of BMP signaling. We propose that the negative regulatory loop of BMP4-miR-302-BMPRII is a potential mechanism for the maintenance and fine-tuning of the BMP signaling pathway in various systems.
Biological effects of human insulin receptor substrate-1 overexpression in hepatocytes

The human insulin receptor substrate-1 (hIRS-1) is a key intracellular protein involved in various cytokine signaling pathways associated with cell growth. We have previously demonstrated that stable transfection and overexpression of hIRS-1 in human hepatoblastoma cells in vitro leads to the constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In this setting, hIRS-1 acts as a dominant oncogene and will induce neoplastic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. In the present study, the biologic effects of hIRS-1 overexpression in the liver was analyzed using both clinical tumor samples and a newly developed transgenic mouse model. We have found that approximately 40% of 22 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors had enhanced (>200%) hIRS-1 gene expression compared with adjacent non-involved liver tissue. There was a significant relationship between the level of hIRS-1 overexpression and the tumor size; this finding suggests a possible role for hIRS-1 in tumor progression. To determine if downstream signal transduction cascades were activated by overexpression of hIRS-1 in hepatocytes, we established a transgenic mouse model using an hIRS-1 construct driven by an albumin promoter/enhancer element to direct liver specific expression. The overexpressed hIRS-1 protein was found to be tyrosyl phosphorylated and interacted with downstream SH2-containing molecules such as the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), Grb2 adaptor, and SHP2 phosphatase proteins. The functional consequences of hIRS-1 overexpression were reflected by constitutive activation of both the MAPK and PI3K signal transduction cascades. More important, overexpression of hIRS-1 in the transgenic liver led to increased hepatocyte DNA synthesis. Our findings indicate that hIRS-1 overexpression induces downstream signaling molecules associated with hepatocyte growth and may potentially enhance tumor progression of HCC.
Oceanic transport of calcified eggs: taphonomic and biogeographic implications

Estimates of the temporal and spatial resolution of fossil egg assemblages are required to constrain the inferences that can logically be drawn during assemblage analysis. Consequently, understandi...
Prevention of ischemic injury and early reperfusion derangements by hypothermic retroperfusion

Hypothermic synchronized retroperfusion was applied during coronary artery occlusion to determine its ability to alleviate junctional derangements of reperfusion and to reduce infarct size. The proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in 25 closed chest dogs for 3 hours and then reperfused for 7 days. Thirteen dogs with no reperfusion pretreatment served as a control group (Group A). In 12 dogs, hypothermic retroperfusion was applied from 30 minutes up to 3 hours of the occlusion period (Group B). Sequential two-dimensional echocardiographic and hemodynamic as well as metabolic measurements were performed. Compared with untreated control dogs, dogs with hypothermic synchronized retroperfusion had significantly reduced heart rate and rate-pressure product, decreased left ventricular volumes and improved ejection fraction during the occlusion period. Two-dimensional echocardiographi-cally-derived ischemic zone systolic fractional area change and systolic wall thickening indicated significantly improved function as a result of retroperfusion. During the reperfusion period, untreated control dogs (group A) had more severe derangements in hemodynamics and wall motion than dogs treated by hypothermic retroperfusion (group B). Mortality was 30.7% in group A, 16.7% in group B and 7th day infarct size as percent of the left ventricle was 12.0 ± 6.5 (mean ± standard deviation) and 4.2 ± 5.9, respectively (p It is concluded that hypothermic synchronized retroperfusion applied after coronary occlusion and before reperfusion significantly improves cardiac function during occlusion, minimizes complications of reperfusion and reduces the ultimate infarct size. Because this form of circulatory assistance helps maintain cardiac function and delays the evolution of myocardial necrosis, its application may be beneficial during an evolving acute myocardial infarction before achievement of surgical or nonsurgical reperfusion.
Experimental Results for and Theoretical Analysis of a Self-Organizing Global Coordinate System for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

We present an algorithm for achieving robust and reasonably accurate localization in a randomly placed wireless sensor network, without the use of global control, globally-accessible beacon signals, or accurate estimates of inter-sensor distances. We present theoretical analysis, simulation results and recent experimental results. The theoretical analysis shows that there is a critical minimum average neighborhood size of 15 for good accuracy, and simulation results show that position accuracy to within 20% of the local radio range can be achieved, even with upto 10% variation in the radio ranges.
Disaggregating Job Satisfaction: Effects of Perceived Demands, Control, and Support

Our purpose was to inductively examine how employees’ perceptions of stressor and resource work characteristics relate to nine distinct facets of job satisfaction, in accordance with the demand–control (–support) [JDC(S)] theory. Job satisfaction is a multidimensional construct composed of various facets that differ greatly from one other. However, most stress studies have examined job satisfaction at the global level. This may be problematic for managers looking to redesign the workplace to increase employee job satisfaction based on established recommendations from previous research. Data were obtained from employees of a public sector human services organization that provides services to protect children from neglect and other forms of abuse (n = 343). A series of t tests for dependent correlations determined facet-level differences in satisfaction with demand and resource work characteristics. We found different patterns of correlations across facets for all seven demand, control, and support workplace characteristics. Those re-balancing types of demands, control, and support for workplace redesign should not presume consistent effects on all aspects of satisfaction with work. By doing so, expected positive outcomes may fail to materialize, perhaps to the detriment of workplace redesign as a whole in the minds of management. A more detailed approach to workplace redesign is recommended. This is the first study which adopts the JDC(S) framework to examine job satisfaction at the facet level. Our findings shed new light on how workplace characteristics relate to different aspects of satisfaction.
Why is erythropoietin present in human milk? Studies of erythropoietin receptors on enterocytes of human and rat neonates.

Erythropoietin receptors (Epo-R) are expressed on cells in the small bowel of human fetuses, but their function has not been defined. We hypothesized that intestinal Epo-R are present postnatally, and that recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo) would increase enterocyte migration and decrease cytokine-induced apoptosis. We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the presence of Epo-R mRNA and protein in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), and in postnatal human and rat bowel. The effect of rEpo on rates of cell migration and proliferation were established in IEC-6 cells by using cell counting and incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. To determine whether rEpo affects response to injury, cells were pretreated with rEpo, then were damaged with 25 or 50 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-α plus 2.5 µg/mL cycloheximide. Cell death was determined by colorimetric bioassay. We found that Epo-R mRNA and protein were expressed by IEC-6 cells and by enterocytes of postnatal rat and human small bowel. Cells that had been exposed to 0.05 or 5.00 U/mL rEpo migrated faster than did the controls (p < 0.05), but no difference was noted in cell proliferation. Treatment of IEC-6 cells with rEpo before or at the time of injury resulted in a lower percentage of cell death, and this effect was neutralized by anti-Epo antibody. We conclude that Epo-R is expressed in enterocytes postnatally in rats and humans. Recombinant Epo increases the rate of migration of IEC-6 cells and decreases cytokine-induced apoptosis. These studies suggest that Epo within human milk has actions on neonate's intestinal function.
Fuzzy sets versus probability

One of the aims of the theory of fuzzy sets is the development of a methodology for the formulation and solution of problems which are too complex or ill-defined to be susceptible to analysis by conventional techniques. Because of its unorthodoxy, it has been and will continue to be controversial for some time. Eventually, though, the theory of fuzzy sets is likely to be recognized as a natural development in the evolution of scientific thinking. In retrospect, the skepticism about its usefulness will be viewed as a manifestation of the human attachment to tradition andre sistance to innovation.
Associations between family religious practices, internalizing/externalizing behaviors, and body mass index in obese youth.

The objective of the present study was to assess the associations among family religious practices, internalizing/externalizing behaviors, and body mass index in a sample of severely obese youth referred to an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic. The sample consisted of 43 obese youth (body mass index > 95th percentile) aged 6-16 years (mean age = 12.67 years). Approximately 93% of families endorsed their religious faith as Christian or Catholic. Parents of youth were administered a demographic questionnaire, religiosity questionnaire, and the Child Behavior Checklist. Three multiple linear regression models were examined with body mass index percentile, Child Behavior Checklist Internalizing Scale, and Child Behavior Checklist Externalizing Scale as outcome variables. A parent endorsing greater importance of religious faith in shaping family life was associated with lower child body mass index percentile (p < 0.05) in the present sample. Greater family attendance at religious services was associated with higher child body mass index percentile (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that church-based interventions may be one viable option for the delivery of lifestyle interventions in families of youth with severe obesity.
Distribution and characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme-like activity in tissues of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus.

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme-like activity (ACELA) was determined in tissue homogenates of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, using the synthetic substrate hippuryl-histidyl-leucine (Hip-His-Leu) and the specific inhibitor, captopril. ACELA was highest in gill homogenates followed by the hepatopancreas and hemolymph with specific activities of 1.69, 0.37 and 0.10 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Gill enzyme activity was membrane-associated and no difference in activity was noted between anterior and posterior gills. The enzyme preparation from gill membranes was activated by chloride and had a Km of 4.1 ± 0.4 mmol and a Vmax of 39.5 ± 2.0 nmol/min/mg protein. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by captopril and lisinopril with IC50 of 3.8 × 10−8 and 2.6 × 10−8 M. The enzyme was less strongly inhibited by angiotensin II and SQ-20881 with IC50s of 5.1 × 10−5 and 2.5 × 10−6 M, respectively.
Count Models Based on Weibull Interarrival Times

The widespread popularity and use of both the Poisson and negative binomial models for count data arises, in part, from their derivation as the number of arrivals in a given time period assuming exponenitally distributed interarrival times (without and with heterogeneity in the underlying base rates respectively). However, with that clean theory comes some limitations including limited flexibility in the assumed underlying arrival rate distribution and the inability to model underdispersed counts (variance less than the mean). While extant research has addressed some of these issues, there still remain numerous valuable extensions. In this research, we present a model that, due to computational tractability, was previously thought to be infeasible. In particular, we introduce here a generalized model for count data based upon an assumed Weibull interarrival process that nests the Poisson and negative binomial models as special cases. The computational intractability is overcome by deriving the Weibull count model using a polynomial expansion which then allows for closed-form inference (integration term-by-term) when incorporating heterogeneity due to the conjugacy of the expansion and a commonly employed gamma distribution. In addition, we demonstrate that this new Weibull count model can: (a) sometimes alleviate the need for heterogeneity suggesting that what many think is overdispersion may just be model misfit due to a different and more flexible timing model (Weibull versus exponential), (b) model both over and under dispersed count data, (c) allow covariates to be introduced straightforwardly through the hazard function, and (d) be computed in standard software. In fact, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approach using a data analysis run, including bootstrap standard errors computed via a weighted-likelihood, run in Microsoft Excel.
Modes of action of trichloroethylene for kidney tumorigenesis.

This article focuses on the various models for kidney toxicity due to trichloroethylene (TCE) and its glutathione-dependent metabolites, in particular S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine. Areas of controversy regarding the relative importance of metabolic pathways, species differences in toxic responses, rates of generation of reactive metabolites, and dose-dependent phenomena are highlighted. The first section briefly reviews information on the incidence and risk factors of kidney cancer in the general U.S. population. Epidemiological data on incidence of kidney cancer in male workers exposed occupationally to TCE are also summarized. This is contrasted with cancer bioassay data from laboratory animals, that highlights sex and species differences and, consequently, the difficulties in making risk assessments for humans based on animal data. The major section of the article considers proposed modes of action for TCE or its metabolites in kidney, including peroxisome proliferation, alpha(2u)-globulin nephropathy, genotoxicity, and acute and chronic toxicity mechanisms. The latter comprise oxidative stress, alterations in calcium ion homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein alkylation, cellular repair processes, and alterations in gene expression and cell proliferation. Finally, the status of risk assessment for TCE based on the kidneys as a target organ and remaining questions and research needs are discussed.
Preventive dentistry for patients with dentures

Disharmony between centric relation and a changing centric occlusion as a result of overclosure in patients who wear dentures creates unfavorable oral conditions. Thus, preventive measures are needed for these patients.
Aging and Cumulative Inequality: How Does Inequality Get Under the Skin?

Purpose: This article draws from cumulative disadvantage and life course theories to develop a new theory for the social scientific study of aging. Design and Methods: Five axioms of cumulative inequality (CI) theory are articulated to identify how life course trajectories are influenced by early and accumulated inequalities but can be modified by available resources, perceived trajectories, and human agency. Results: Although the concept of CI has attracted considerable attention among social scientists, it holds promise for integrating additional disciplinary approaches to the study of aging including, but not limited to, biology, epidemiology, and immunology. The applicability of CI theory to gerontology is illustrated in research on the early origins of adult health. Implications: Primary contributions of the theory to gerontology include greater attention to family lineage as a source of inequality; genes, gestation, and childhood as critical to early and enduring inequalities; the onset, duration, and magnitude of exposures to risk and opportunity; and constraints on generalizations arising from cohort-centric studies.
Chiral Magnetic Wave

We consider a relativistic plasma containing charged chiral fermions in an external magnetic field, e.g a chirally symmetric quark-gluon plasma created in relativistic heavy ion collisions. We show that triangle anomalies imply the existence of a new type of collective gapless excitation in this system that stems from the coupling between the density waves of the electric and chiral charges; we call it ”the Chiral Magnetic Wave” (CMW). The CMW exists even in a neutral plasma, i.e. in the absence of the axial and vector chemical potentials. We demonstrate the existence of CMW and study its properties using three different approaches: i) relativistic magnetohydrodynamics; ii) dimensional reduction to (1 + 1) Sine-Gordon model, appropriate in a strong magnetic field; and iii) holographic QCD (Sakai-Sugimoto model), appropriate at strong coupling. We also briefly discuss the phenomenological implications of the CMW for heavy ion collisions.
A selective bibliography on sampled data systems

References have been compiled on the synthesis and analysis of sampling servo systems as differentiated from continuous servo systems. No attempt has been made to cover material before 1955 except where particular references have been cited by various authors repeatedly, indicating "classic" references in this comparatively new area of feedback control system literature. Items are listed alphabetically by author.
A Model of the Quiet Ionosphere

Analysis of high-altitude rocket electron and ion density measurements suggests a simple model of the quiet ionosphere. Near hmaxF2 the profile is given by the ‘α-Chapman’ function, i.e. the Chapman electron density equation with sec χ = 1 and the ‘scale height’ H a constant. A method is given for determining hmaxF2, NmaxF2 and H from N(h) data obtained from ionograms. Well above the peak, the profile is taken to have a constant exponential slope of 200 km during the day and 150 km during the night. If simultaneous nearby measurements of the total electron content are available, a more accurate slope can be computed, thus providing the profile up to about 1000-km altitude.
Behavior of Surface-Anchored Poly(acrylic acid) Brushes with Grafting Density Gradients on Solid Substrates: 1. Experiment

We describe experiments pertaining to the formation of surface-anchored poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes with a gradual variation of the PAA grafting densities on flat surfaces and provide detailed analysis of their properties. The PAA brush gradients are generated by first covering the substrate with a molecular gradient of the polymerization initiator, followed by the “grafting from” polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA) from these substrate-bound initiator centers, and finally converting the PtBA into PAA. We use spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure the wet thickness of the grafted PAA chains in aqueous solutions at three different pH values (4, 5.8, and 10) and a series of ionic strengths (IS). Our measurements reveal that at low grafting densities, σ, the wet thickness of the PAA brush (H) remains relatively constant, the polymers are in the mushroom regime. Beyond a certain value of σ, the macromolecules enter the brush regime, where H increases with increasing σ. For a given σ, H exhibits a ...
Accurate monitoring leads to effective control and greater learning of patient education materials

Effective management of chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes) can depend on the extent to which patients can learn and remember disease-relevant information. In two experiments, we explored a technique motivated by theories of self-regulated learning for improving people's learning of information relevant to managing a chronic disease. Materials were passages from patient education booklets on diabetes from NIDDK. Session 1 included an initial study trial, Session 2 included self-regulated restudy, and Session 3 included a final memory test. The key manipulation concerned the kind of support provided for self-regulated learning during Session 2. In Experiment 1, participants either were prompted to self-test and then evaluate their learning before selecting passages to restudy, were shown the prompt questions but did not overtly self-test or evaluate learning prior to selecting passages, or were not shown any prompts and were simply given the menu for selecting passages to restudy. Participants who self-tested and evaluated learning during Session 2 had a small but significant advantage over the other groups on the final test. Secondary analyses provided evidence that the performance advantage may have been modest because of inaccurate monitoring. Experiment 2 included a group who also self-tested but who evaluated their learning using idea-unit judgments (i.e., by checking their responses against a list of key ideas from the correct response). Participants who self-tested and made idea-unit judgments exhibited a sizable advantage on final test performance. Secondary analyses indicated that the performance advantage was attributable in part to more accurate monitoring and more effective self-regulated learning. An important practical implication is that learning of patient education materials can be enhanced by including appropriate support for learners' self-regulatory processes.
Possible germ cell-Sertoli cell interactions are critical for establishing appropriate expression levels for the Sertoli cell-specific MicroRNA, miR-202-5p, in human testis

To examine human microRNA expression in fertile men and subsequently to compare expression patterns of miRNAs in fertile and infertile men, specifically men with Sertoli Cell Only (SCO) histopathology. Testicular tissues from men with azoospermia and SCO, as well as those of men with normal spermatogenesis, were analyzed. MicroRNA was isolated using the miRCURY™ RNA Purification Kit. A miRCURY LNA™ Universal RT system was used for detection of microRNA by quantitative real-time PCR. MicroRNA localization was performed by in situ hybridizations (ISH) on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue utilizing miRCURY LNA™ microRNA ISH technology. Statistical analysis was performed by GenEx V5.0. MicroRNA expression was determined for 13 normal fertile men and 5 men with the confirmed diagnosis of diffuse SCO. MiR-202-5p expression was reduced by 17-fold (P < 0.00001) in tissue from SCO men compared to normal. MiR-34c-5p was reduced by 346-fold (P < 0.00001), miR-10b was reduced 18-fold (P < 0.00001), miR-191 was reduced 20-fold (P = 0.001) and miR-126 was reduced 40-fold (P < 0.00001)) in tissues from SCO compared to normal fertile men. Using ISH, miR-202-5p was localized to Sertoli cells of men with normal spermatogenesis, but not in the Sertoli cells of men with SCO. Number of miRNAs are differentially expressed in normal fertile men compared to men with SCO. MicroRNA-202-5p is localized to Sertoli cells and its expression dramatically differs between fertile men and men whose germ cells are depleted, suggesting a novel interaction for regulating microRNA expression between the somatic and germ cell components of the seminiferous epithelium.
Graphlet-based edge clustering reveals pathogen-interacting proteins

Motivation: Prediction of protein function from protein interaction networks has received attention in the post-genomic era. A popular strategy has been to cluster the network into functionally coherent groups of proteins and assign the entire cluster with a function based on functions of its annotated members. Traditionally, network research has focused on clustering of nodes. However, clustering of edges may be preferred: nodes belong to multiple functional groups, but clustering of nodes typically cannot capture the group overlap, while clustering of edges can. Clustering of adjacent edges that share many neighbors was proposed recently, outperforming different node clustering methods. However, since some biological processes can have characteristic ‘signatures’ throughout the network, not just locally, it may be of interest to consider edges that are not necessarily adjacent. Results: We design a sensitive measure of the ‘topological similarity’ of edges that can deal with edges that are not necessarily adjacent. We cluster edges that are similar according to our measure in different baker's yeast protein interaction networks, outperforming existing node and edge clustering approaches. We apply our approach to the human network to predict new pathogen-interacting proteins. This is important, since these proteins represent drug target candidates. Availability: Software executables are freely available upon request. Contact: tmilenko@nd.edu Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Presacral medulloepithelioma--de novo or teratomatous?

(2004). Presacral Medulloepithelioma—De Novo or Teratomatous? Pediatric Hematology and Oncology: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 85-91.
Was Stuxnet an Act of War? Decoding a Cyberattack

Violations of privacy online threaten an individual's sense of security-and relate to the problem of protecting human security in cyberspace. In the cyber and noncyber realms, prospects for human security are shaped by policies designed.
Memory-efficient calculation of the isotopic mass states of a molecule

Our previous work postulated a transition concept among different isotopic mass states (i.e., isotopic species) of a molecule, and developed a hierarchical algorithm for accurately calculating their masses and abundances. A theoretical mass spectrum can be generated by convoluting a peak shape function to these discrete mass states. This approach suffers from limited memory if a level in the hierarchical structure has too many mass states. Here we present a memory efficient divide-and-recursivelycombine algorithm to do the calculation, which also improves the truncation method used in the previous hierarchical algorithm. Instead of treating all of the elements in a molecule as a whole, the new algorithm first ‘strips’ each element one by one. For the mass states of each element, a hierarchical structure is established and kept in the memory. This process reduces the memory usage by orders of magnitude (e.g., for bovine insulin, memory can be reduced from gigabytes to kilobytes). Next, a recursive algorithm is applied to combine mass states of elements to mass states of the whole molecule. The algorithm described above has been implemented as a computer program called Isotope Calculator, which was written in CRR. It is freely available under the GNU Lesser General Public License from http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/� hong/software.html or http://people.brandeis.edu/� agar. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations in plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels after repair of congenital heart defects: a potential perioperative marker.

Objectives B-type natriuretic peptide, a cardiac hormone with diuretic, natriuretic, and vasoactive properties, is used in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of adult cardiac patients. However, no study has yet determined the prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide after surgical intervention for congenital heart disease. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine alterations in B-type natriuretic peptide levels after repair of congenital heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass and (2) to investigate potential associations between B-type natriuretic peptide levels and outcomes in this patient population. Methods Fifty-one infants and children undergoing repair of congenital heart disease were studied. B-type natriuretic peptide levels were measured before and after surgical intervention, and the ability of the postoperative 12-hour B-type natriuretic peptide level to predict postoperative outcomes was evaluated. Results B-type natriuretic peptide levels increased after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass, with an 8-fold peak increase at 12 hours (P Conclusions B-type natriuretic peptide determinations might be a useful tool for clinicians caring for infants and children after surgical intervention for congenital heart disease.
Stacking-fault energy and yield stress asymmetry in molybdenum disilicide

Abstract Stacking-fault energies in MoSi2 due to shear along 〈331〉 have been calculated by ab-initio and modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) calculations. The results are used to investigate the configurations of ½〈331〉 dislocations and their mobility. Shear of ⅙〈331〉 in the {103} plane of MoSi2 produces an antiphase boundary (APB) whose geometry. called APB(1), is different from that produced by ⅙〈331〉 in the opposite direction, APB(2). MEAM calculations show that APB(1) is stable while both types of calculation show that APB(2) is unstable. Both ab-initio and MEAM calculations show that there is a stable fault close to APB(2) with a displacement of about ⅛〈331〉 in the same direction. The calculations also show that there is a stable fault in the {110} plane with a displacement of ¼〈111〉. The identical fault is produced by a shear of ¼〈331〉. There is good agreement between the fault energies calculated by the two methods and also with the experimental value (200-370 mJ m−2). The agreement between the ca...
Silent, Violent Spring: Chemical Warfare and Pest Control

War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring. By Edmund Russell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 336 pp., $55.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-79003-4), $14.00 paper (ISBN: 0-521-79937-6). In War and Nature , Edmund Russell, Associate Professor of Technology, Culture, and Communication at the University of Virginia, cleverly traces the interaction between chemical warfare and pest control from World War I to the Vietnam War. His central thesis is that war and the control of nature have co-evolved. Specifically, “the control of nature expanded the scale of war, and war expanded the scale on which people controlled nature” (p. 2). Following up on his dissertation (Russell 1993), which won the Rachel Carson Prize from the American Society for Environmental History, Russell has culled a wide variety of recently declassified US government documents, business publications, and contemporary books and articles. He finds that World Wars I and II and the Cold War forged close ties between military and scientific institutions. Efforts to maintain these links became the hallmark of the post-World War II era. Scientifically and technologically, the fields of pest control and chemical warfare each created knowledge and tools that reinforced the other (p. 4). For example, on the eve of World War I, few US chemical companies existed. They primarily manufactured low-profit bulk chemicals. In contrast, Germany had the …