cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invasive species interact with climatic variability to reduce success of natives

Plants have evolved resource-conservative and resource-acquisitive strategies to deal with variability in rainfall, but interactions with dominant invasive species may undermine these adaptations. To investigate the relative effect of invaders on species with these two strategies, we manipulated rainfall and invasive grass presence and measured demographic rates in three resource-acquisitive and three resource-conservative native annual forbs. We found that invasive grasses were harmful to all of the target species, but especially the resource-acquisitive ones, and that these effects were stronger under experimental drought. Invasive grass presence under drought lowered per capita population growth rates of acquisitive natives through increased mortality and decreased seed set. While invasive grasses also decreased per capita growth rates of resource-conservative natives, they did so by increasing mortality under experimental watering and by limiting the production of seed under experimental drought. Invasive species can thus interact with climatic fluctuations to make bad years worse for resource-acquisitive natives and good years less good for resource-conservative natives, and they may generally tend to undermine the acquisitive strategy more than the conservative one.
The 52 Hand Blocks, Sexual Dominance, and Mother Dear as Archetype

The ‘52 Hand Blocks’ is a fighting style associated with African-Americans and penal institutions in the United States. In the closing decades of the 20th century, interest in the ‘52s’ was fanned by references in popular media. The debate over its real-world existence and origins spanned from African-descended folk arts to the ring strategies of professional boxers who learned to box while inmates in juvenile detention facilities. Inevitably, those searching for an origin sought to identify a founder and a direct lineage. In oral tradition, the leading candidate was Mother Dear, a predatory homosexual and inmate of the New York penal system who reportedly used the 52s to beat reluctant sexual partners into submission. According to legend, adepts learned the 52s while incarcerated, frequently after being raped by their mentors. Additional research reveals that the Mother Dear archetype was neither unique nor confined to the African-American community. In fact, substantially similar characters who combine physical strength, fighting ability, and homosexuality appear across the prison lore of the United States. This study explores the psychological and social functions of these figures, with particular emphasis on the Mother Dear and his relationship to similar anti-heroes in African-American oral tradition.
Antineutron Production by Charge Exchange

Antineutrons produced by 440-Mev antiprotons incident upon Pb, C, and C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ targets have been observed. The antineutrons were detected by their energy release upon annihilation. Charge-exchange cross sections for antiprotons in the three targets have been calculated. The results show that the effective charge-exchange cross section per proton of the target nucleus decreases rapidly with increasing $Z$.
A MM-Wave Current-Mode Inverse Outphasing Transmitter Front-End: A Circuit Duality of Conventional Voltage-Mode Outphasing

This article presents a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transmitter (TX) front-end employing a new inverse outphasing architecture with current-mode power amplifiers (PAs). This study on the conventional outphasing operation reveals its strong dependence on its voltage-mode driving source assumption and thus exhibits major limitations at mm-wave, since efficient and linear mm-wave PAs often behave as current sources. To address this challenge, we propose a current-mode inverse outphasing architecture that employs current-mode driving sources and is inherently compatible with mm-wave linear PAs. Moreover, the conventional series outphasing combiner is replaced by a much simpler and low-loss parallel power combining scheme. Closed-form mathematical expressions are derived for both the outphasing and inverse outphasing operations, including the active load modulation, Chireix compensations, and outphasing efficiency, which fundamentally explains the limitations of the conventional approach and the advantages of the inverse outphasing architecture. Further theoretical analysis discovers a circuit duality relationship between outphasing and inverse outphasing architectures, which offers unique circuit intuitions. As a proof-of-concept, we implement a 28-GHz TX front-end using cascode PAs, based on the inverse outphasing architecture. In the measurement, the TX achieves 22.7-dBm saturated output power with 42.6% PA drain efficiency. The TX exhibits effective PA efficiency enhancement at 6-dB power back-off (PBO), validating the high-efficiency inverse outphasing active load modulation. Modulation tests with high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals demonstrate that the TX supports >10-Gb/s high-fidelity complex signals and achieves the state-of-the-art modulation performance.
Together in the Same Boat: Exiled Nationalist State and Chinese Civil War Exiles in 1950s Taiwan

When the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came to power, one million mainland Chinese were forcibly displaced to Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek's regime. Today, this event is still largely considered as a relocation of government or a military withdrawal operation instead of a massive population movement. Contrary to popular belief, many of the displaced mainlanders were not Nationalist elites. Most were common soldiers, petty civil servants, and war refugees from different walks of life. Based on newspapers, magazines, surveys, declassified official documents produced in 1950s Taiwan and contemporary oral history, this article uncovers the complicated relationship between the regime in exile and the people in exile. It argues that the interdependency between the two, in particular between the migrant state and the socially atomized lower class migrants, was formed gradually over a decade due to two main factors: wartime displacement and the need to face an unfriendly local population together.
Respiratory Mechanics in a Cohort of Critically Ill Subjects With COVID-19 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often develop acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and receive invasive mechanical ventilation. Much remains unknown about their respiratory mechanics, including the trajectories of pulmonary compliance and [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text], the prognostic value of these parameters, and the effects of prone positioning. We described respiratory mechanics among subjects with COVID-19 who were intubated during the first month of hospitalization. METHODS: We included patients with COVID-19 who were mechanically ventilated between February and May 2020. Daily values of pulmonary compliance, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and the use of prone positioning were abstracted from electronic medical records. The trends were analyzed separately over days 1-10 and days 1-35 of intubation, stratified by prone positioning use, survival, and initial [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]. RESULTS: Among 49 subjects on mechanical ventilation day 1, the mean compliance was 41 mL/cm H2O, decreasing to 25 mL/cm H2O by day 14, the median duration of mechanical ventilation. In contrast, the [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] on day 1 was similar to day 14. The overall mean compliance was greater among the non-survivors versus the survivors (27 mL/cm H2O vs 24 mL/cm H2O; P = .005), whereas [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] was higher among the survivors versus the non-survivors over days 1-10 (159 mm Hg vs 138 mm Hg; P = .002) and days 1-35 (175 mm Hg vs 153 mm Hg; P < .001). The subjects who underwent early prone positioning had lower compliance during days 1-10 (27 mL/cm H2O vs 33 mL/cm H2O; P < .001) and lower [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] values over days 1-10 (139.9 mm Hg vs 167.4 mm Hg; P < .001) versus those who did not undergo prone positioning. After day 21 of hospitalization, the average compliance of the subjects who had early prone positioning surpassed that of the subjects who did not have prone positioning. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory mechanics of the subjects with COVID-19 who were on mechanical ventilation were characterized by persistently low respiratory system compliance and [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text], similar to ARDS due to other etiologies. The [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] was more tightly associated with mortality than with compliance.
Digitally disconnected: A qualitative study of patient perspectives on the digital divide and potential solutions.

Background As telemedicine utilization increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, divergent usage patterns for video and audio-only telephone visits emerged. Older, low-income, minority, and non-English speaking Medicaid patients are at highest risk of experiencing technology access and digital literacy barriers. This raises concern for disparities in healthcare access and widening of the "digital divide", the separation of those with technological access and knowledge and those who do not. While studies demonstrate correlation between racial and socioeconomic demographics and technological access and ability, individual patients' perspectives of the divide and its impacts remain unclear. Objective We aimed to interview patients to understand their perspectives on 1) the definition, causes, and impact of the digital divide, 2) whose responsibility it is to address, and 3) potential solutions to mitigate the digital divide. Methods Between December 2020-March 2021, we conducted 54 semi-structured telephone interviews with adult patients and parents of pediatric patients who had virtual visits (phone and/or video) between March and September 2020 at the University of Chicago Medical Center primary care clinics. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze interview data. Results Patients were keenly aware of the digital divide and described impacts beyond healthcare, including employment, education, community and social contexts, and personal economic stability. Patients described that individuals, government, libraries, schools, healthcare organizations, and even private businesses all shared the responsibility to address the divide. Proposed solutions to address the divide included conducting community technology needs assessments and improving technology access, literacy training, and resource awareness. Recognizing that some individuals will never cross the divide, patients also emphasized continued support of low-tech communication methods and healthcare delivery to prevent widening of the digital divide. Furthermore, patients viewed technology access and literacy as drivers of the social determinants of health (SDOH), profoundly influencing how SDOHs function to worsen or improve health disparities. Conclusions Patient perspectives provide valuable insight into the digital divide and can inform solutions to mitigate health and resulting societal inequities. Future work is needed to understand the digital needs of disconnected individuals and communities. As clinical care and delivery continue to integrate telehealth, studies are needed to explore whether having a video or audio-only phone visit results in different patient outcomes and utilization. Advocacy efforts to disseminate public and private resources can also expand device and broadband internet access, improve technology literacy, and increase funding to support both high- and low-tech forms of healthcare delivery for the disconnected. Clinicaltrial N/A.
Complex Fuzzy Sets and Complex Fuzzy Logic an Overview of Theory and Applications

Fuzzy Logic, introduced by Zadeh along with his introduction of fuzzy sets, is a continuous multi-valued logic system. Hence, it is a generalization of the classical logic and the classical discrete multi-valued logic (e.g. Łukasiewicz’ three/many-valued logic). Throughout the years Zadeh and other researches have introduced extensions to the theory of fuzzy setts and fuzzy logic. Notable extensions include linguistic variables, type-2 fuzzy sets, complex fuzzy numbers, and Z-numbers. Another important extension to the theory, namely the concepts of complex fuzzy logic and complex fuzzy sets, has been investigated by Kandel et al. This extension provides the basis for control and inference systems relating to complex phenomena that cannot be readily formalized via type-1 or type-2 fuzzy sets. Hence, in recent years, several researchers have used the new formalism, often in the context of hybrid neuro-fuzzy systems, to develop advanced complex fuzzy logic-based inference applications. In this chapter we reintroduce the concept of complex fuzzy sets and complex fuzzy logic and survey the current state of complex fuzzy logic, complex fuzzy sets theory, and related applications.
Output Agreement Mechanisms and Common Knowledge

The recent advent of human computation – employing nonexperts to solve problems – has inspired theoretical work in mechanism design for eliciting information when responses cannot be verified. We study a popular practical method, output agreement, from a theoretical perspective. In output agreement, two agents are given the same inputs and asked to produce some output; they are scored based on how closely their responses agree. Although simple, output agreement raises new conceptual questions. Primary is the fundamental importance of common knowledge: We show that, rather than being truthful, output agreement mechanisms elicit common knowledge from participants. We show that common knowledge is essentially the best that can be hoped for in any mechanism without verification unless there are restrictions on the information structure. This involves generalizing truthfulness to include responding to a query rather than simply reporting a private signal, along with a notion of common-knowledge equilibria. A final important issue raised by output agreement is focal equilibria and player computation of equilibria. We show that, for eliciting the mean of a random variable, a natural player inference process converges to the common-knowledge equilibrium; but this convergence may not occur for other types of queries. Portions of this work were presented at the 2013 Workshop on Social Computing and User-Generated Content, at the 14th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce.
Lectures in accelerator theory

Accelerator theory is a broad area of study involving the behaviour of particle beams. Well known examples are the theory of particle acceleration and the theory of beam stability in linear focusing systems. Out of the many categories, I have chosen to describe three phenomena taken from (1) the theory of single particle motion in nonlinear fields; (2) the theory of high intensity coherent motion and; (3) the theory of current accumulation.
Chemical composition of fingerprints for gender determination.

This work investigates the chemical nature of fingerprints to ascertain whether differences in chemical composition or the existence of chemical markers can be used to determine personal traits, such as age, gender, and personal habits. This type of information could be useful for reducing the pool of potential suspects in criminal investigations when latent fingerprints are unsuitable for comparison by traditional methods. Fin-gertip residue that has been deposited onto a bead was extracted with a solvent such as chloroform. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatogra-phy/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The chemical components identified include fatty acids, long chain fatty acid esters, cholesterol and squalene. The area ratios of ten selected components relative to squalene were calculated for a small preliminary experiment that showed a slight gender dif-ference for three of these components. However, when the experiment was repeated with a larger, statistically designed experiment no significant differences between genders were detected for any of the component ratios. The multivariate Hotelling's T2 test that tested all ten-component ratios simultaneously also showed no gender differences at the 5% significance level.
Tangent Stiffness in Plane Frames

With reference to planar framed structures, a tangent stiffness matrix is derived that does not require any approximation beyond those used in the conventional beam-column theory. The matrix is given in such a form as to clearly separate the contributions of large rigid body displacements from elastic and locally nonlinear effects, and its numerical evaluation appears to be routine. Possible approximations, analogous to those used by previous investigators, are also examined.
Decision tree models applied to the labeling of text with parts-of-speech

We describe work which uses decision trees to estimate marginal probabilities in a maximum entropy model for predicting the part-of-speech of a word given the context in which it appears. Two experiments are presented which exhibit improvements over the usual hidden Markov model approach.
Traveling wave electrode design for ultra compact carrier-injection HBT-based electroabsorption modulator in a 130nm BiCMOS process

Silicon photonic system, integrating photonic and electronic signal processing circuits in low-cost silicon CMOS processes, is a rapidly evolving area of research. The silicon electroabsorption modulator (EAM) is a key photonic device for emerging high capacity telecommunication networks to meet ever growing computing demands. To replace traditional large footprint Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) type modulators several small footprint modulators are being researched. Carrier-injection modulators can provide large free carrier density change, high modulation efficiency, and compact footprint. The large optical bandwidth and ultra-fast transit times of 130nm HBT devices make the carrierinjection HBT-based EAM (HBT-EAM) a good candidate for ultra-high-speed optical networks. This paper presents the design and 3D full-wave simulation results of a traveling wave electrode (TWE) structure to increase the modulation speed of a carrier-injection HBT-EAM device. A monolithic TWE design for an 180um ultra compact carrier-injection-based HBT-EAM implemented in a commercial 130nm SiGe BiCMOS process is discussed. The modulator is electrically modeled at the desired bias voltage and included in a 3D full-wave simulation using CST software. The simulation shows the TWE has a S11 lower than -15.31dB and a S21 better than -0.96dB covering a bandwidth from DC-60GHz. The electrical wave phase velocity is designed close to the optical wave phase velocity for optimal modulation speed. The 3D TWE design conforms to the design rules of the BiCMOS process. Simulation results show an overall increase in modulator data rate from 10Gbps to 60Gbps using the TWE structure.
Citizen Sampling Simulations: A Method for Involving the Public in Social Planning.

The growth of the planning function of government raises the question of how planning can be accomplished by democratic means. A new technological device—the teaching computer—seems to be ideally suited for disscussions between “experts” and the public on issues of medium and long-range planning. The teaching computer can be thought of as a mass communications system with feedback.
DISCONTINUITIES ACROSS BRANCH CUTS IN THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM PLANE.

Integral equations for coupled-particle and Reggeon partial-wave amplitudes are presented. A construction of these equations proceeds from the unitarity relation using the notion of two-Reggeon irreducibility. From these equations, which are appropriate matrix elements of a Lippmann-Schwinger equation in two-dimensional nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, we demonstrate that the discontinuity across the two-Reggeon cut in particle scattering is equal to an integral over Reggeon-particle absorptive parts actually measurable in single-particle inclusive reactions. This provides one with a handle on the magnitude of Regge cuts. Finally we make a little model of coupled Reggeon and particle "states" and solve for the allowed partial-wave amplitudes when a pole and a two-Reggeon cut are close by. This has clear relevance for the physics of diffraction scattering near $l=1$ and $t=0$.
Shock-Fitting Applied to Relaxation Solutions of Transonic Small-Disturbance Equations Mohammed

Shock-fitting is applied to relaxation solutions of transonic small-disturbance equations. Finite-difference algorithms expressing conservation laws across the discontinuity are introduced in a manner consistent with the type-sensitive difference schemes of Murman and Cole. Results are presented for flows involving embedded as well as bow shocks. Comparison with shock-capturing solutions based on the shock-point operator (SPO) is made for the same grid with comparable computation time. Substantial improvement in accuracy by the shockfitting is demonstrated for mesh size in the range of practical interest, the iteration convergence of shock-fitting solutions can also be improved with the use of acceleration algorithms based on the power method; a savings in computer time of a factor of four is demonstrated.
PHOTODEUTERON/PHOTOPROTON YIELD FROM SULFUR

An investigation of the relative deuteron/proton yield from sulfur, produced by irradiation with the Iowa State College 65-Mev synchrotron, was made by employing a 12-inch, helium-filled, magnetic cloud chamber as the means of detection. The average curvature and the range of each acceptable track were measured and were used to find an experimental mass histogram that provided a clear indication of proton and deuteron groups. Analysis of the mass histogram produced a ratio of deuterons to protons of 0.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04. It is estimated that the corresponding ratio for an infinitesimally thick target is 0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04.
Empirical likelihood inference for the mean residual life under random censorship

Mean residual life (MRL) for a lifetime random variable X is one of the basic parameters of interest in survival analysis. There has been a lot of work available on the inference of MRL in the complete data setting. However, the observations for X are often censored. Inference for MRL becomes more involved under random censorship. In this paper, an empirical likelihood procedure is proposed for the inference of MRL with right censored data. It is shown that the limiting distribution of the empirical log-likelihood ratio for MRL is a scaled chi-square distribution. The limiting distribution can be used to construct empirical likelihood-based confidence intervals for MRL. Numerical results from a simulation study suggest that the empirical likelihood-based confidence intervals have better coverage accuracy than the existing normal approximation-based confidence intervals.
Anomalies of the tricuspid valve, including pouches, resembling aneurysms of the membranous ventricular septum

Abstract The pathologic features of anomalies of the tricuspid valve superficially resembling congenital aneurysms of the membranous septum are described in 5 cases. In each of 3 cases a ventricular septal defect was associated with a pouch in a leaflet of the tricuspid valve. In the fourth and fifth cases, anomalous attachment of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve to the edge of a ventricular septal defect yielded a pouch-like structure. Left ventricular-right atrial communication was a common finding, a feature that may also be seen in cases of true aneurysms of the membranous septum. In 1 case a pouch of the anterior tricuspid leaflet had caused obstruction of the right ventricular infundibulum.
Choosing or Becoming an Interim Administrator

Filling an administrative position on an interim basis requires careful deliberation even when the decision has to be made quickly. A poor fit, even for a short-term position, can lead to problems for the interim administrator, the subsequent permanent administrator, faculty, staff, students, and the nursing program. This article poses questions for decision makers who are contemplating filling a position with an interim appointee. These decision makers must determine the need for an interim administrator, his or her role, the anticipated length of an interim appointment, and whether the interim appointee can apply for the permanent position. In addition, relevant questions are presented for those persons who are considering accepting an interim position, including questions about the position itself and their preparation and personal goals and considerations for leaving the temporary position.
119 PULMONARY FUNCTION AND EXERCISE RESPONSES IN CHILDREN WITH MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE (MVP)

A recent report (Zuwallack et al. Chest 76:17, 1979) on 20 adults with MVP showed increased residual volume in 63%, decreased steady state diffusion capacity (DLCO) in 50%, and increased alveolar-arterial O2 gradients in 42%. We evaluated 18 children (mean age 13.52 ± 3.3 SD years) with MVP and no history of lung disease. Lung volumes, forced expiratory flow rates, airway resistance, single breath DLCO, single breath oxygen closing volume and an incremental cycle ergometer exercise test with work loads increasing by 0.3 watts/kg every 3′ were performed. During the last 1′ of each load, heart rate (HR), end-tidal and mixed-expired PO2 and PCO2, minute ventilation, oxygen saturation and blood pressure (BP) were measured. EKG was continuously monitored. Pulmonary function results were normal before and after exercise. Peak work loads, HR, ventilation, oxygen consumption and BP response were all normal; no CO2 retention or O2 desaturation was noted. Four subjects had unifocal premature ventricular contractions at rest, which were abolished with exercise in three. We conclude that children with MVP have normal pulmonary functions and normal cardiorespiratory response to exercise and, therefore, should not be discouraged from exercise based solely on the MVP. The reason for the differences in lung function between children and adults remains unclear.
Bilateral pneumothorax in an intravenous drug abuser

Pneumothorax is a condition commonly encountered by emergency physicians. Bilateral pneumothorax is a rare occurrence. We present a case of self-induced bilateral pneumothorax in an intravenous drug abuser. Causes of bilateral pneumothorax are reviewed.
The Anatomy of the Exposures That Occurred around the World Trade Center Site: 9/11 and Beyond

The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) resulted in a new era of awareness on terrorism in the United States and the issues surrounding the potential for acute and/or long-term health outcomes caused by personal exposures to toxicants released during a terrorist event or an accident. The aftermath of the collapse yielded a situation usually not encountered in environmental health science: a large population's exposure to a previously uncharacterized complex mixture of airborne gases and particles, and re-suspendable particles (>2.5 microm in diameter). This led to a series of rapidly changing potential and actual exposure categories, both in space and time that were associated with the complex mixture of heterogeneous composition and character; e.g., very large particles mixed with much smaller amounts of fine particles, and gases released by uncontrolled combustion. The four categories of outdoor exposure that were encountered will be discussed over the period from September 11 until the fires ended on December 20, 2001. Further, the complex issue of indoor exposure to deposited dust will be highlighted from the beginning through the residual exposure issues being examined today (Category 5 period). The strength of the information on the initial WTC dust and smoke, and the smoke plumes from the fires and the continuing (permanent) gaps in our knowledge within the exposure sciences will be discussed, as well as our attempt to reconstruct exposure for various segments of the population in southern Manhattan and the surrounding areas. This all will be tied to lessons that must be considered in response to future events, natural or otherwise. Language: en
Entangled epidemics: cocaine use and HIV disease

Abstract Over the past decade, two epidemics have had a severe impact on public health in this country. These health problems involve cocaine abuse and AJDS (or HIV disease). The processes of these two conditions are clearly not independent of each other and may be quite complex. Understanding of this relationship has been hampered by a myriad of social, biological and behavioral variables that are entangled with the basic cocaine-HIV association. This article presents a paradigm for discussion of the interaction between cocaine exposure and HIV disease based on three mechanisms: the relationship between cocaine exposure and increased opportunity for HIV exposure, the direct role that cocaine plays in altering susceptibility to HIV infection, and the influence that cocaine usc has on the progression of HIV disease. The goal of this structured approach is to enhance conceptual understanding of the cocaine-HIV relationship while recognizing the complexity of the issue and the limitations of current research...
Economics of Exposure Management of Foreign Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations

The economic exposure of financial assets and liabilities of a foreign subsidiary depends mainly on the currency denomination and the commodity composition of future transactions. Country of residency of shareholders and parent corporations are of secondary interest. Accordingly, management of exposure presumes information about the denomination of future cash flows and future purchases. The decision on whether to centralize or decentralize exposure management must take into account the costs of collecting relevant information of this kind at different degrees of centralization.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a Reservoir for WAVE/SCAR Regulatory Complex Signaling in the Arabidopsis Leaf

During plant cell morphogenesis, signal transduction and cytoskeletal dynamics interact to locally organize the cytoplasm and define the geometry of cell expansion. The WAVE/SCAR (for WASP family verprolin homologous/suppressor of cyclic AMP receptor) regulatory complex (W/SRC) is an evolutionarily conserved heteromeric protein complex. Within the plant kingdom W/SRC is a broadly used effector that converts Rho-of-Plants (ROP)/Rac small GTPase signals into Actin-Related Protein2/3 and actin-dependent growth responses. Although the components and biochemistry of the W/SRC pathway are well understood, a basic understanding of how cells partition W/SRC into active and inactive pools is lacking. In this paper, we report that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle for W/SRC regulation. We determined that a large intracellular pool of the core W/SRC subunit NAP1, like the known positive regulator of W/SRC, the DOCK family guanine nucleotide-exchange factor SPIKE1 (SPK1), localizes to the surface of the ER. The ER-associated NAP1 is inactive because it displays little colocalization with the actin network, and ER localization requires neither activating signals from SPK1 nor a physical association with its W/SRC-binding partner, SRA1. Our results indicate that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf pavement cells and trichomes, the ER is a reservoir for W/SRC signaling and may have a key role in the early steps of W/SRC assembly and/or activation.
Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure: Effects of Topic Content, Friendship, and Partner's Sex ~

Male-female differences in self-disclosure were found as a function of sex stereotyping of topic content. Men disclosed less than women on “feminine” topics, which emphasized personal concerns and sensitivities. Men and women did not differ in disclosure on “neutral” topics, considered appropriate for both sexes to discuss. Men and women did not differ in disclosure on “masculine” topics (emphasizing assertiveness) in two of three experiments. Theoretical mechanisms that might mediate sex differences in self-disclosure were considered.
Left‐right comparison and children's performance on sensorimotor tests

This study compared overall performance level for both hands combined (OPL) with several lateral deviation measures calculated from scores on a composite finger localization task (FLT) and a speeded pegboard task (SPT) administered to 92 kindergarten entrants. Laterality indices were interrelated moderately or highly on each task, consistently were unrelated to OPL with respect to FLT results, and in some instances were related modestly to OPL for the SPT procedure. Significant relationships, when observed, suggested a limited tendency to diminished motor asymmetry with slowed overall performance. Results, in general, support the view that OPL and lateral deviation as measured in this study are not mutually confounded and, in large degree, comprise relatively independent sources of information to be used in a complementary manner to arrive at accurate neuropsychological inferences.
Usage of spot urine protein to creatinine ratios in the evaluation of preeclampsia.

Objective The objective of the study was to prospectively compare spot urine protein to creatinine (P:C) ratios with 24 hour urine collections for protein in women being evaluated for preeclampsia. Study Design A spot urine P:C ratio was obtained at the beginning of 24 hour urine collections from 126 patients admitted to evaluate for preeclampsia. Correlation between the spot P:C ratio with the 24 hour urine collections was calculated. Receiver operator characteristic curves were constructed to determine best P:C cut-offs for 300 mg and 5000 mg protein per 24 hours. Results Random spot P:C ratios were strongly correlated with 24 hour urine protein levels (Pearson r = 0.88). The optimal P:C cut-offs were 0.21 (300 mg per 24 hours) and 3.0 (5000 mg per 24 hours). A P:C ratio of less than 0.21 (300 mg per 24 hours) had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 83.3% and a P:C ratio of less than 3.0 (5000 mg per 24 hours) had 100% NPV. Conclusion Urine spot P:C ratio correlated well with 24 hour urine collections for protein but was not justified as a substitute for timed collections.
A simple equation for analysis of nonuniform transmission lines

The solution to the telegrapher equations is often presented as a D'Alembert expression for the voltage in terms of the voltage at a previous time or for the current in terms of the current at a previous time. In this paper, we present a complete solution for the coupled set of transmission-line equations such that the voltage or current is in terms of both the previous time voltage and current amplitudes. The key features of these equations are: they require only the initial voltage and current amplitudes, positive- and negative-direction traveling waves do not have to be identified, they are valid on a nonuniform transmission line, and they are related to the frequency-domain ABCD-parameter equations and the D'Alembert expressions for coupled functions. A method is presented for evaluating this set of equations numerically and results are given for a transmission-line filter and for a transmission line with a nonuniform section.
Language and Behavior Disorders in School-Age Children: Comorbidity and Communication in the Classroom

Language development is the foundation for competence in social, emotional, behavioral, and academic performance. Although language impairment (LI) is known to co-occur with behavioral and mental h...
Wanted: A Comprehensive Model of Healthy Development

Failure of psychologists to provide a comprehensive and valid model of healthy growth that is related to the adaptive problems with which counselors are concerned has limited the usefulness of much psychological research to practitioners. A developmental dimensional model of maturing is presented that has received some transcultural and longitudinal validation. Specific principles, induced from such research and from existing psychological research more generally, provide guidelines about how to encourage healthy growth. Recent evidence demonstrates that the psychological maturity of an adolescent is one of the most powerful predictors of his adult mental health and vocational adaptation, and that adult maturity is a powerful predictor of vocational adaptation, sexual pleasure, and marital sexual compatibility.
Development, Use, and Psychometric Properties of the Trauma History Questionnaire

The authors describe the development and psychometric properties of the widely used Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ). Additionally, they describe how the THQ has been used both nationally and internationally in a range of studies conducted in the past 14 years (1996–2010). The reviewed studies provide accumulated, although preliminary, evidence that the THQ is reliable and valid in clinical and nonclinical samples. Finally, the authors describe the strengths and limitations of the THQ and make specific recommendations for researchers and practitioners going forward.
Promoting a ubiquitous e-learning framework

Mobile learning development is, most of the time, the privilege of practitioners with support from a technical team. The deep learning curve involved understanding the native mobile operating systems and developing mobile applications keeps most of the non-technical teachers and researchers away. We explore what innovation mobile technologies and Web 2.0 can bring that allows teachers to author their own mobile learning environment and how best we can leverage the emerging technologies to better prepare students for the digital world. We hope our study will help build teachers' confidence and skills through learning the affordance of mobile Web 2.0 technologies in the process of developing mobile learning environments for their courses. In this paper we will describe our design-based research in our efforts to 1) develop a generic mobile learning based platform for all (MEPA) that allows easy access to device's core functions as well as web-based learning contents and social tools; 2) encourage instructors without a programming background to implement these functions for teaching and learning; 3) document lessons learned to inform future research.
State mandates and interest group lobbying

Abstract We apply Becker's (1983) model of political interest groups to state mandates on public expenditures and revenues of local governments. We outline conditions under which interest groups increase localities' output levels above the efficient level but political pressure at the state level will reduce spending toward the efficient level. An implication of our model is that political lobbying at the local level occurs only because of its indirect effects on state-mandated outcomes. Because the state ultimately decides the government service level, interest groups' payoffs to lobbying at the state level generally will exceed those at the local level.
Nutrient dependence of primary productivity in lakes1

An analysis of growing season measurements of daily primary productivity, chlorophyll, water chemistry, and transparency from 58 north temperate lakes shows a strong correlation between volumetric rates of photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and nutrients. Mean daily rates of photosynthesis per unit volume euphotic zone, v, are correlated with mean chlorophyll concentration (r2 = 0.80). The mean daily rate of photosynthesis at optimal depth, Āopt, is highly correlated with mean total P(r2 = 0.95), and with mean total N(r2 = 0.91). In contrast, integral rates of photosynthesis are linked less tightly to nutrient concentration because of their simultaneous dependence on transparency. The Dillon-Rigler phosphorus loading model is extended to predict volumetric rates of photosynthesis (v and Āopt) in lakes where the N:P balance indicates control by phosphorus (N:P ⩾ 13).
An investigation of fish community and water quality compositions in an isolated side channel of the upper Mississippi River

Varying degrees of connectivity between side channels and the main river channel are vital for sustainable ecological processes and functions for both aquatic and terrestrial communities. Within the Mississippi River, restoring side channel functional diversity is a top priority for many natural resource agencies. Buffalo Chute, located at river kilometer 41, is one of the several side channels, island complexes that becomes isolated from the main channel during low river stages leading to thermal and chemical stratifications and anoxic conditions. The purpose of this study was to better understand the impacts of side-channel isolation in the middle Mississippi River (MMR) by measuring fish community and water quality characteristics within an isolated waterbody. Therefore, we selected Buffalo Chute a representative side channel of the MMR to document water quality and fish community characteristics. Water quality measurements were summarized for the 2-year study. Thermal and chemical stratifications coup...
Fast intersections on nested tetrahedrons (FINT): An algorithm for adaptive finite element based distributed parameter estimation

A variety of biomedical imaging techniques such as optical and fluorescence tomography, electrical impedance tomography, and ultrasound imaging can be cast as inverse problems, wherein image reconstruction involves the estimation of spatially distributed parameter(s) of the PDE system describing the physics of the imaging process. Finite element discretization of imaged domain with tetrahedral elements is a popular way of solving the forward and inverse imaging problems on complicated geometries. A dual-adaptive mesh-based approach wherein, one mesh is used for solving the forward imaging problem and the other mesh used for iteratively estimating the unknown distributed parameter, can result in high resolution image reconstruction at minimum computation effort, if both the meshes are allowed to adapt independently. Till date, no efficient method has been reported to identify and resolve intersection between tetrahedrons in independently refined or coarsened dual meshes. Herein, we report a fast and robust algorithm to identify and resolve intersection of tetrahedrons within nested dual meshes generated by 8-similar subtetrahedron subdivision scheme. The algorithm exploits finite element weight functions and gives rise to a set of weight functions on each vertex of disjoint tetrahedron pieces that completely cover up the intersection region of two tetrahedrons. The procedure enables fully adaptive tetrahedral finite elements by supporting independent refinement and coarsening of each individual mesh while preserving fast identification and resolution of intersection. The computational efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated by diffuse photon density wave solutions obtained from a single- and a dual-mesh, and by reconstructing a fluorescent inclusion in simulated phantom from boundary frequency domain fluorescence measurements.
Artificial Neural Networks and Approximate Reasoning for Intelligent Control in Space

The previous models of artificial neural networks for control do not use the existing knowledge of a physical system's behavior and train the network from scratch. The learning process is usually long, and even after the learing is completed, the resulting network can not be easily explained. On the other hand, approximate reasoning-based controllers provide a clear understanding of the control strategy but can not learn from experience. In this paper, we introduce a new method for learning to refine the control rules of approximate reasoning-based controllers. A reinforcement learning technique is used in conjunction with a multi-layer neural network model of an approximate reasoning-based controller. The model learns by updating its prediction of the physical system's behavior. Unlike previous models, our model can use the control knowledge of an experienced operator and fine-tune it through the process of learning. We discuss some of the space domains suitable for application of the new model such as rendezvous and docking, camera tracking, and tethered systems control.
Real-Time, in Situ Monitoring of Bioactive Zone Dynamics in Heterogeneous Systems

Successful implementation of in situ bioremediation is contingent upon understanding how physicochemical and microbial factors affect the formation and dynamics of microbially active regions known as bioactive zones (BAZs). This study demonstrates how a novel fiber optic detection system can be used to test hypotheses concerning real-time, in situ BAZ formation and dynamics. This study focuses on naphthalene transport in saturated porous media containing defined physicochemical and microbial heterogeneities. Biological activity was measured using a lux reporter bacterium, Pseudomonas putida RB1353, that bioluminesces during naphthalene catabolism. Results show that the presence of defined heterogeneities drives the development of BAZs at material-property interfaces where the confluence of naphthalene, dissolved oxygen, and sufficient microbial density is optimal. Thus, despite successful transport of P. putida RB1353 into a sterile low-permeability region containing substrate, BAZ formation in this region was limited by local physicochemical conditions (e.g., naphthalene and dissolved oxygen bioavailability). In another instance, transport of P. putida RB1353 occurred against advective flow, resulting in BAZ formation upgradient of inoculated regions. Defined systems such as this can be used as a basis for predicting localization of activity in complex subsurface systems.
Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol injections on food intake and body weight in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions

Abstract Female rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) were ovariectomized during the static obese stage efter body weight levels had stabilized. Following ovariectomy, rats with VMH lesions showed smaller increases in food intake and less body weight gain than non-lesioned controls ovariectomized at the same time. Subsequently, the effects of peripheral injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) on feeding and body weight were examined. Ovariectomized rats with VMH lesions were also less responsive to exogenous EB treatment; they lost significantly less weight in response to estrogen than controls. EB caused a somewhat smaller reduction in food intake by the VMH group but this difference was not significant. Considered together the available data on changes in responsiveness to endogenous and exogenous estrogen following VMH lesions suggests a role for VMH estrogen receptors in the regulation of body weight, but these estrogen receptors may not modulate weight by directly altering food intake as previously suggested.