cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleeping and waking states in infants: a functional perspective

There is little agreement on sleep-wake state categories for describing infants, nor is there agreement on how states are to be conceptualized. We propose General Systems Theory as a perspective for viewing behavioral states and for describing their function as a behavioral system within the infant's larger social system. In the social context, states provide communicative cues, mediate perception of caregiver stimuli, and modulate the infant's responses to those stimuli. Thus, states reflect the infant's CNS status and they are related in a complex, dynamic way to the developmental course of that status. A taxonomy of infants' behavioral states is described, composed of ten Primary States: Alert, Nonalert Waking, Fuss, Cry, Drowse, Daze, Sleep-Wake Transition, Active Sleep, Active-Quiet Transition, and Quiet Sleep. Using combinations of these states, a set of six Derived States is also defined. Results of naturalistic studies of infants' states are described to demonstrate for each of these states: reliability of measurement, evidence for concurrent and predictive validity, and unique intraperson correlation patterns. The findings support the usefulness of this state taxonomy for describing infants and for investigating the functions of state. Categorical and conceptual differences with the states as viewed by Wolff and Prechtl are discussed.
Bias in estimates of seat belt effectiveness.

In his recent commentary entitled “Bias in estimates of seat belt effectiveness”,1 Robertson criticizes our study of seat and shoulder belts in relation to crash injury risk.2 He writes: “In one of the recent studies claiming high belt effectiveness, missing data on velocity changes in crashes were imputed partly from injury severity scores, again a cause imputed from an effect and then used as a control in the study, a true scientific ‘no-no’.” Robertson’s criticism is incorrect. When multiple imputation is used to deal with missing data on a covariate, the imputation model needs to preserve relationships between that covariate and other key variables that will be used in the main analysis.3 These other key variables include both exposure and outcome. In contrast, Robertson argues that measures of crash outcome should not be used to impute values on a covariate which will later enter the main analysis as a predictor of crash outcome. In our study, velocity change during the crash (delta-V) was a clear confounder: when known, larger delta-V was associated …
Polarization effects in stretched copper cadmium chloride photochromic glasses

Abstract Weak polarization effects are reported in a stretched copper-cadmium-chloride photochromic glass. Details of the microstructure suggest that the observed dichroism may arise from interactions between isotropic particles, which are dispersed upon a second prolate phase. The glass compositions, details of preparation and resulting microstructure are described.
Stability of a slider with hemispherical legs in plane contacting a flat surface

Abstract This paper examines the stability of a contact system consisting of a slider with hemispherical legs, in plane, against a stationary flat surface. The normal and angular contact dynamics of the slider are modeled with a two degree-offreedom nonlinear system. The eigenvalues of the linearized system predict stable sliding, flutter unstable sliding, and divergent unstable slider behavior. The effect of coefficient of friction, slider aspect ratio, slider center-of-mass location, damping, and slider leg radius on the stability of sliding is examined. Four types of behavior are observed from experiments: smooth steady sliding, sliding with squeal, jerky sliding, and tipping of the slider. The simulation results are compared with the experimental observations.
Simplified method for fabricating a prong denture for atrophic maxillae

Abstract A simpler technique for fabricating a prong denture has been described. The prong denture was placed in the mouth of a patient with an atrophic maxilla, who was suffering from ALS, a disabling motor disease. The patient was unable to manage a conventional denture. With the insertion of a prong denture, the patient experienced greatly increased retention and function of his maxillary prosthesis and a more favorable attitude toward himself and his disease.
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor provides an endogenous brake during inflammation-induced microvascular fluid leak.

Background The dual actions of angiotensin II (AngII) on microvascular fluid leak remain enigmatic. Our hypothesis was that the AngII type 2 (AT2) receptor decreases microvascular fluid leak during inflammation. The purposes of this study were to determine the activity of the AT2 receptor during stimulation by endogenous AngII, during stimulation by exogenous AngII, and during inflammation. Study Design Hydraulic permeability (L p ) of rat mesenteric venules was measured using a microcannulation technique. L p was measured during perfusion with the AT1 receptor antagonist, ZD7155, and also with exogenous AngII during AngII type 1 receptor (AT1) blockade. Inflammation was induced with platelet activating factor (PAF), and L p was measured during perfusion of AngII with AT1 blockade and also with an AT2 receptor agonist, CGP42112. Results AT2 receptor activation by endogenous AngII slightly decreased L p over that of the control (p=0.02). Exogenous AngII increased L p fivefold (L p =4.83±1.32; p p by 74% (to 1.24±0.03; p p fourfold (L p =4.49±0.74; p p by 39% (to 2.74±0.12; p p by 61% (from 4.49±0.74 to 1.77±0.22; p p by 69% (from 4.49±0.74 to 1.40±0.04; p Conclusions This study further supports a dual role for AngII. AngII increases microvascular fluid leak during basal conditions but appears to decrease it during inflammation. Alterations in AT2 receptor activity may be responsible for these different effects.
Temporal patterns of plantar pressures and lower-leg muscle activity during walking: effect of speed

Plantar pressure assessment is a tool useful for study of the gait cycle. In this study, we present a means of assessing the gait cycle using a temporal analysis of plantar pressures and lower-leg muscle activities. Plantar pressures and surface electromyography (EMG) of the tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles were recorded as 19 men walked on a treadmill at seven speeds between 0.45 and 1.79 m/s. A typical 'heel strike to toe off' gait pattern was observed. Speed had minimal effects on the shapes of the muscle EMG root-mean-square-and plantar pressure-time curves except for the pressure-time curves in the heel and midfoot. A linear relationship was found between speed and peak pressures in the heel, medial forefoot, and toes; pressures in these regions increased by 91-289% going from 0.45 to 1.79 m/s. The temporal pressure changes in the forefoot and toes were paralleled by changes in MG muscle activity (i.e., cross-correlations of > or =0.90); TA muscle activity was not cross-correlated with the temporal pressure patterns in any region. However, the peak values of TA muscle activity were found to be highly correlated across speeds with peak pressures in the heel and toes (i.e., r > or =0.98); similar high correlations were found between peak values of MG muscle activity and heel pressure. In summary, these data collected on able-bodied persons during motorized treadmill walking can be useful for comparison to those of patients undergoing treadmill evaluations for atypical gait cycle patterns and for tracking the progress of patients during gait rehabilitation.
The one-body density matrix in Helium droplets

The growth of the Bose condensate in Helium droplets is studied through variational Monte Carlo calculations of the one-body density matrix. Both the off-diagonal and the l=0 component of the one-body density matrix show unmistakable finite range ordering within the core of the droplet.
Parental Trait Influence on God as an Object Representation

Abstract Formation of a God concept, in accordance with the developmental hypothesis of object relations theory, includes the utilization of representations acquired within the context of significant relationships. Previous researchers have attempted to determine the comparative extent to which parent representations give rise to an individual's God image. In this study, we measured the similarities between subjects' composite parental ratings and their image of God. As predicted, the parental composite was significantly closer to the God rating than were the singular parent representations.
Inadequacy of computed tomography in assessing patients with esophageal carcinoma after induction chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND Induction chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery may improve survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) has been used to evaluate the tumor response after completing induction chemoradiotherapy. The authors examined the ability of CT to evaluate the pathologic tumor response to induction therapy and to stage the tumor correctly. METHODS Preinduction and postinduction chemoradiotherapy CT scans were reviewed retrospectively for 50 patients enrolled in a protocol of induction chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. All studies were performed on third-generation or fourth-generation scanners. Radiographic response was determined using Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group solid tumor response criteria for bidimensional measurable disease. This was compared with the pathologic tumor response. CT-tumor (T) classification using the modified Tio scale was compared with the pathologic T classification. RESULTS CT-T classification did not correlate with the pathologic stage (P = 0.09) or the pathologic tumor response (P = 0.22). The postinduction chemoradiotherapy CT accurately staged the T classification in 42% of patients but overstaged 36% of patients and understaged 20% of patients. CT had a sensitivity of 65%, a specificity of 33%, a positive predictive value of 58%, and a negative predictive value of 41% in evaluating the pathologic tumor response. CONCLUSIONS CT is a poor diagnostic study tool for determining the pathologic tumor response or the pathologic disease stage after induction chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 1999;85:1026–32. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Finite Volume Model for Two-Dimensional Shallow Environmental Flow

This paper presents the development of a two-dimensional, depth integrated, unsteady, free-surface model based on the shallow water equations. The development was motivated by the desire of balancing computational efficiency and accuracy by selective and conjunctive use of different numerical techniques. The base framework of the discrete model uses Godunov methods on unstructured triangular grids, but the solution technique emphasizes the use of a high-resolution Riemann solver where needed, switching to a simpler and computationally more efficient upwind finite volume technique in the smooth regions of the flow. Explicit time marching is accomplished with strong stability preserving Runge-Kutta methods, with additional acceleration techniques for steady-state computations. A simplified mass-preserving algorithm is used to deal with wet/dry fronts. Application of the model is made to several benchmark cases that show the interplay of the diverse solution techniques.
Ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty: A new standard—Opposes

Abstract This article reviews the performance characteristics of ceramic-on-ceramic as a bearing surface in total hip arthroplasty. Ceramic has superior wear properties but has yet to demonstrate decreased rate of revision compared to other bearings. There are no data to support ceramic-on-ceramic as a more cost-effective bearing surface. Conversely, it may be more costly to revise, and fracture of the latest generation ceramic heads may cause taper damage that necessitates stem removal in addition. A well-positioned ceramic-on-ceramic total hip is likely to perform well, but there is no evidence to support its use as a new standard for total hip arthroplasty.
Uncoupling of the substrate monooxygenation and reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidation activities of salicylate hydroxylase by flavins.

Abstract The NAD(P)H oxidation and substrate monooxygenation activities of Pseudomonas cepacia salicylate hydroxylase can be uncoupled by added flavins. The uncoupling is postulated to result from a reducing equivalent exchange between the hydroxylase-bound FADH2 and the added flavins, leading to the reduction of the latter species and the regeneration of oxidized holoenzyme without hydroxylating the salicylate substrate. When exogenous FMN was added, the salicylate hydroxylase-catalyzed NAD(P)H oxidation could be coupled to the bacterial bioluminescence reaction, which is specific for fully reduced FMN as a substrate. The quantum yield of the coupled bioluminescence, based on the amount of NADH oxidized independently of salicylate monooxygenation, was determined to be 0.14 correlating closely with the known quantum yield of about 0.17 for reduced FMN in the luciferase-catalyzed bioluminescence reaction. A series of flavin derivatives were tested for their effects on the uncoupling of NAD(P)H oxidation and substrate monooxygenation activities of salicylate hydroxylase. Results indicated that the efficiency for interactions between the bound FADH2 and free flavins was sensitive to the position of structural modification, size, and charge of the added flavin species, suggesting that the bound FADH2 was partially exposed to aqueous medium under conditions of actual catalysis.
Lipotropic effect of liver extract on dietary hepatic injury in rats.

Summary1. Rats fed a 16% casein, 51% fat diet for 29 weeks all developed markedly fatty livers. Nearly all of the animals showed a diffuse, progressive hepatic fibrosis.2. The fatty change and fibrosis were completely prevented by supplementing the high-fat diet with choline, or with crude liver extract.3. The lipotropic effect of the liver extract is not due to an increase in protein intake resulting from a stimulation of appetite, and is not due to the small amount of choline present in the liver extract.
Neutron powder diffraction study and physical characterization of zeolite D-ZK—5 deep-bed calcined at 500°C and 650°C

Abstract Zeolite ZK—5 samples, deep-bed calcined at 500°C and at 650°C, respectively, were studied by neutron powder diffraction, i.r. and n.m.r. In addition their methanol sorption was measured. The chemical composition of the starting material was (NH4)xCs4.5K0.003Al22.5Si73.5 o192. After calcination at 500°C and deuteration the composition was D8.5Cs4.5Al13Si83O192 (DZK500); 75% of the pore space was accessible to methanol. Sample DZK500 crystallizes in space group lm 3m , a = 18.633 A . The sample calcined at 650°C and subsequently deuterated (DZK650) had the composition D3.5Cs4.5Al8Si88O192, and only 44% of its pore space was accessible to methanol. Sample DZK650 crystallizes in space group lm 3m , a = 18.440 A . l.r. and n.m.r. studies show that 9.5–20.2 Al/u.c. in DZK500 and 14.5–19.2 Al/u.c. in DZK650 are removed from the framework. The neutron diffraction study shows Cs atoms located in eight rings and shows a peak in the difference Fourier map at 0, ∼0.45, and ∼0.07 in the γ cage which has been attributed to non-framework Al O atoms. The discrepancy between the number of Al O in the γ cage and that found by Al and Si n.m.r. is attributed to the presence of non-framework Al O in other sites or randomly distributed condensed AlOOH clusters.
Heat transfer in the nitrogen dioxide‐nitrogen tetroxide system

Local heat transfer coefficients were carefully measured for the nitrogen dioxide-nitrogen tetroxide system in well-developed turbulent flow in an electrically heated, 0.194-in. I.D. tube. The average probable error determined from reproducibility tests was less than 2%. The modification of the Deissler analogy presented earlier (8) was found to predict coefficients which agreed well (0 to 19% deviation) with the observed results. Some of this deviation may be due to uncertainties in the viscosity data. Brokaw's viscosity information (1) gives results that were higher than the experimental values, but that of Thievon et al. (11) would have given low values. The data were also compared with a simpler Colburn type of analogy in which a heat transfer coefficient based upon enthalpy was employed. The deviations here were larger.
Dynamical Systems and Jung, with a Note on Language.

Comments on the original article "Rethinking intractable conflict: The perspective of dynamical systems," by R. R. Vallacher, P. T. Coleman, A. Nowak, and L. Bui-Wrzosinska (see record 2010-08987-003). Vallacher et al presented an intriguing description of dynamical systems theory as applied to the understanding of intractable conflicts ranging from the intrapsychic to the international. It seems clear from the authors' text that the term hysteresis (p. 267) was not their coinage but came from the mathematical history of dynamical systems theory. The concept is fascinating: A single-time measure of an event in a dynamical system is meaningless without knowledge of the whole status of the system, its history, and the current direction of periodic cycles maintained by the system's attractors. Unfortunately, the sound of the term is reminiscent of "hysteria," as if it included notions of feminine unpredictability, periodicity, and emotional catastrophe. Scholars of ancient Greek may find etymological counterweights to this concern, but the use of the word in today's literature runs the risk of intractable conflict with feminist theorists, whose justifiable objection should be intense. I propose the terms bivalence for hysteresis, trivalence when there are three attractors, and so on, up to multivalence for complex systems.
Reducing health disparities through community-based research

EDWARD L. BAKER, MD, MPHa LUANN E. WHITE, PHD, DABTb MAUREEN Y. LICHTVELD, MD, MPHa Health disparities associated with race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are consistently observed in mortality and morbidity statistics and in indicators of health.' The slow progress in reducing health disparities demands that we expand the traditional research approach of studying problems toward seeking solution-oriented outcomes that address practice needs.2 The ultimate goal of public health prevention research is to generate a strong science base that supports practice and includes measures to translate science into programs and policy. One promising direction emerging from prevention research utilizes a community-based approach3 and is integral in the evolution of research in ways that are applicable to practice. Successful translation of science into public health practice is an iterative process that depends on practice needs, partnerships, and applicability of research. The process has three components: research, dissemination, translation into practice (see Figure).
Alcohol's effect on body temperature: hypothermia, hyperthermia or poikilothermia?

A series of five experiments was undertaken in order to characterize the pharmacological effects of alcohol on the body temperature of the unrestrained rat. After a thermistor probe was fixed within the colon of each animal and its body temperature had stabilized, physiological saline. 2.0 g/kg or 4.0 g/kg of ethyl alcohol was given by intragastric gavage. A constant concentration of 20% was utilized with doses determined volumetrically according to the individual weight of the animal. The following observations were made: (1) At a laboratory room temperature of 22 degrees C, alcohol produced a dose-dependent decline in colonic temperature. This fall was enhanced when the rat was placed in a chamber with an ambient temperature of 8 degrees C, but reversed into a hyperthermic response when the ambient temperature of the rat was elevated to 36 degrees C. (2) If the rat was exposed for one hour to either a warm (36 degrees C) or cold (8 degrees C) ambient temperature beginning at the time of the intragastric gavage with alcohol, the body temperature of the animal correspondingly decreased or increased, respectively. The magnitude of the shift in the animal's colonic temperature depended solely on the dose of alcohol given, i.e., thermolability was enhanced to a greater extent by the r.0 g/kg dose than the 2.0 g/kg dose. Exposure of the rat to a high or low ambient temperature prior to intragastric gavage with alcohol also affected the body temperature displacement as well as the direction of change. (3) Following the 4.0 g/kg alcohol dose, the animal's colonic temperature could be controlled precisely by varying the ambient temperatures in the 26 degrees C--32 degrees C range of thermoneutrality; in fact, within limits, the rat's temperature could be held constant at any predetermined level. (4) Pretreatment of the animal with 6.0 ml of a 50% solution of glucose given subcutaneously failed to attenuate the poikilothermic effect of intragastric alcohol administered in a dose of 4.0 g/kg. (5) Comparisons of the effect on body temperature of equipotent doses of sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg), administered intraperitoneally, and alcohol (4.0 g/kg) given by gavage showed that either a high or low ambient temperature elevated or lowered the colonic temperature of the rat at an identical rate and magnitude. It is concluded that alcohol acts acutely as any other anesthetic agent to abolish all thermoregulatory control functions. Thus, the physiological mechanisms for the dissipation of body heat as well as those for heat production are incapacitated by the drug. Clearly, alcohol is a poikilothermic agent, and thus, the decline in body temperature observed in the animal typically kept at a laboratory room temperature of 20 degrees C--24 degrees C represents the result of a cold challenge and is not due to a postulated "hypothermic" effect of alcohol.
The major component of human casein: a protein phosphorylated at different levels.

Abstract A single protein, with 0–5 atoms of P per molecule, makes up the major portion of human casein. Also present is a fraction similar to bovine kappa-casein in its ability, in the presence of Ca2+, to solubilize the phosphoprotein us micelles.
Histograms of the unitary evoked potential of the mouse diaphragm show multiple peaks

1. Two classes of miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) were recorded from diaphragm neuromuscular junctions. Amplitude histograms of both classes had multiple peaks that were integral multiples of the smallest peak (s-m.e.p.p.s). The smaller m.e.p.p.s formed the first three or four peaks of histograms and the number of m.e.p.p.s (skew-m.e.p.p.s) in each peak decreased, forming an over-all skewed distribution. The larger m.e.p.p.s (bell-m.e.p.p.s) formed a more-or-less bell-shaped distribution. The distribution of m.e.p.p.s varied from mainly skew- to mainly bell-m.e.p.p.s. In young adult mice the number of subunits composing the classical m.e.p.p.s varied between ten and fifteen at room temperature; at higher temperatures the range was from three to ten subunits.2. End-plate potentials (e.p.p.s) were reduced with cobalt ions (ca. 4 mm) until most nerve impulses failed to release transmitter. The amplitudes of ;unitary evoked potentials' were of the bell-m.e.p.p. class and histograms show integral multiple peaks that correspond to the peaks in histograms of the bell-m.e.p.p.s.3. The peaks in both m.e.p.p. and unitary e.p.p. histograms remained in the same position throughout the recording period and became more distinct as the sample size increased.4. The variance of the s-m.e.p.p. was estimated from the noise and measurement error and the variance of all peaks in the histograms. Most variance of the first peak (s-m.e.p.p.) was due to noise and measurement error.5. The integral peaks in the m.e.p.p. and ;unitary evoked potential' histograms are predicted with a probability density model based on the estimated variance of the s-m.e.p.p. and the assumption that larger potentials are composed of subunits the size of s-m.e.p.p.s. The data and model support the hypothesis that m.e.p.p.s and unitary potentials are composed of subunits.
Assumptions of the Two-Step Approach to Latent Variable Modeling

Although methods for latent variable modeling that allow a joint analysis of measurement and theory have become popular, they are not without difficulties. As these difficulties have become more apparent, several researchers have recently called for a “two-step approach” to latent variable modeling in which measurement is evaluated separately from theory. This implies that programs for covariance structure analysis are not needed because factor analysis and regressions would suffice for analysis. Before a return to earlier practice using seemingly simpler analysis tools can be recommended, it seems prudent to consider the assumptions underlying a two-step approach. At least four implicit assumptions can be identified: (a) theory and measurement are independent, (b) results of factor analysis specifications can be generalized to other specifications, (c) the estimators have desirable statistical properties, and (d) the statistical test in one step is independent of the test in the other. The authors show t...
Risk aversion, bank funding risk and futures hedging

In this article, Commodity Futures Trading Commission data on Bank Participation in Futures Markets is used to examine specific characteristics of futures hedging by financial firms at a level of detail that has not so far been reported in the literature. The article analyzes quantity and rate risks hedged by banks, the sensitivity of observed futures hedging positions to changes in market variables and the impact of risk aversion on hedging behavior. The results indicate that while bank futures hedging positions are insensitive to quantity risks they are far more sensitive to rate changes. I also find that commonly used simplifying assumptions in this literature (constant absolute risk aversion, forward market unbiasedness) are not supported by actual hedging data.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol stimulates ABP secretion from rat sertoli cells in vitro

Abstract The effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on rat Sertoli cell function was investigated. THC significantly increased ABP secretion by 1.5- to 2.1-fold but did not consistently enhance the stimulation of ABP induced by FSH, testosterone or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. ABP was measured by steady-state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, DEAE Bio-Gel and immunoassay; all three methods gave similar results. The minimal concentration of THC that stimulated ABP was 10 ng/ml; maximal stimulation was observed with 100–200 ng/ml. This effect was specific since THC did not affect gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity or the secretion of plasminogen activator, lactate and transferrin. This observation that THC affects ABP secretion specifically is the first report of any differential effect of a drug on Sertoli cell secretion.
Extended Femoral Osteotomy for Revision of Hip Arthroplasty: Results and Complications

Seventy-five revision total hip arthroplasties (73 patients) performed using an extended greater trochanteric osteotomy for exposure and an extensively porous-coated uncemented stem were reviewed after 2 years (range, 1 to 5). The mean osteotomy length was 14 cm (range, 7 to 19 cm) and fixation was with at least 2 cables. One stem was revised at 4 months for stem subsidence and loosening. Of the remaining 74 osteotomies, 73 healed without further procedures. A single nonunion was reoperated at 4 months and healed. Sixty-eight of 73 osteotomies healed with no migration and 5 did with less than 5 mm of proximal migration of the osteotomy fragment. Complications included 3 intraoperative and 1 postoperative osteotomy fragment fractures. Extended trochanteric osteotomy, executed preserving the fragment's vascularity and fixed with rigid fixation, can be performed with a low rate of complications.
A partnership between the dioxin receptor and a basic helix-loop-helix protein.

The dioxin receptor is the focus of current controversy regarding safe exposure levels for dioxin. Although the mechanisms are unclear, many of the toxic effects of dioxin have been linked to its receptor, leading to suggestions that most if not all of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of dioxin may be mediated by the dioxin receptor. If this is so, exposures to concentrations of dioxin well below the dissociation constant of dioxin from the receptor are unlikely to lead to toxicity, and standard methods for the extrapolation of dioxin's toxic and carcinogenic effects to lower doses would result in overestimation of the risks of exposure
Modulation of delayed rectifier potassium current by angiotensin II in CATH.a cells.

Abstract Angiotensin II (Ang II) modulates, via Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors, the activity of brain catecholaminergic neurons. Here we utilized catecholaminergic CATH.a cells to define the effects of Ang II on delayed rectifier K+ current (IKv), one of the factors that determines changes in neuronal activation. Receptor binding analyses demonstrated the presence of AT1 receptors in CATH.a cells. Whole cell voltage clamp experiments in these cells revealed that Ang II (100 nM) produced a significant inhibition of IKv, that was abolished by the AT1 receptor blocker, losartan (1 μM), or by inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 (10 μM). Furthermore, this action of Ang II was completely abolished by co-inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKII). These results demonstrate that Ang II produces an inhibition of IKv in CATH.a cells, via an intracellular pathway that includes PLC, PKC, and CaMKII.
The unilateral DNR order: One hospital's experience

Hospital or institutional policies that guide the activity of nurses in the care of their patients may, at times, be controversial. Nursing staffs often act as gatekeepers of patient care activities and the implementers of institutional policy. When nurses raise questions as to the appropriateness of a given policy statement, the institution should take serious notice and, perhaps, even study the policy outcomes that relate to the concerns expressed by the nursing staff. This article introduces a policy that originally prompted serious concerns by the nursing staff at one institution. The nursing staff voiced their concerns regarding a revision in the DNR policy that would allow physicians to write unilateral do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders. Because of this, a review of this policy took place and the results were used to dispel unfounded concerns and also to improve the use of the policy. This article may help nursing administrators to understand better the importance of policy-related studies and it may also encourage nurses to question policy statements and guidelines that may present some concerns. Enhanced patient care will ultimately result by such teamwork and scholarly activity.
The Proxy Model of Social Comparison for Self-Assessment of Ability

One purpose of the social comparison of abilities is to determine action possibilities-"Can I do X?" By comparing ourselves with a proxy who has attempted X, we can determine our likelihood of success. A good proxy is one who has performed the same as us on an initial task requiring the ability. In addition, however, a good proxy must be similar on related attributes so that we can be confident that the proxy's performance on the initial task was maximal. In the case of a task requiring multiple abilities, more than one proxy may be used.
Models of sulfur dynamics in forest and grassland ecosystems with emphasis on soil processes

The major S constituents in terrestrial ecosystems include inorganic SO 4 2− , C-bonded S and ester sulfate with the organic fractions constituting the major soil S pools. Conceptual models of S dynamics link inorganic SO 4 2− flux to organic sulfur transformations and other elements such as N and C. Mass balance models have been useful in ascertaining whether a system is at steady-state with respect to adsorption processes and/or nutritional demands of vegetation for S. Chemical equilibrium/surface complexation models have been used to evaluate the effects of a complex of factors, including effects of pH on SO4 − adsorption and precipitation; these models have not generally been integrated into ecosystem models of S dynamics. Models such as ILWAS, Birkenes, Storgama, Trickle-Down and MAGIC were developed to ascertain surface water acidification processes within watersheds; these models incorporated SO4 2− adsorption in some formulation combined with hydrological considerations. None of these models explicitly treat organic S transformations and fluxes. In contrast, grassland ecosystem models detail organic S transformations, but give little attention to adsorption and hydrologic factors. More detailed simulation models of S transformations in forest and grassland soils have recently been developed, but these results have yet to be incorporated into ecosystem and watershed models.
An investigation of the effects of mix strength on the fracture and fatigue behavior of concrete mortar

This paper examines the effects of mix compressive strength (30, 35 and 40 MPa) on the fracture initiation toughness, resistance-curve behavior and fatigue crack growth behavior of concrete mortar. The fracture initiation toughness and the resistance-curve behavior are shown to increase with increasing mix strength. The observed resistance-curve behavior is then attributed largely to the effects of ligament bridging, which are predicted using small- and large-scale bridging models. In contrast, the fatigue crack growth resistance is shown to decrease with increasing mix strength. An extended multiparameter framework was used for the modeling of fatigue crack growth. Finally, the implications of the results are discussed for the design of concrete mixtures with attractive combinations of strength, fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance.
Cardiac chemical power: 2. Application of chemical power, work and efficiency equations to characterise left ventricular energetics in man.

Thirty patients have been evaluated using single-plane left ventricular cineangiography and the contractile filament stress history, contractile element velocity history, and extrapolated Vmax were obtained. Peak chemical power (\(\widehat{CP}_\theta ,\widehat{CP}_\phi \)), endcycle chemical work (\(\widehat{CW}_\theta ,\widehat{CW}_\phi \)) and average efficiency (\(\bar \eta _\theta ,\bar \eta _\phi \)) for the circumferential (θ) and longitudinal (ϕ) directions were computed. For 11 normal patients\(\widehat{CP}_\theta \) was 84·9±25·8 mJ (cycle)−1 cm−3 and\(\bar \eta _\theta \) was 0·48±0·03, There was no significant difference between these values and five compensated volume overload patients. For six decompensated volume overload patients,\(\widehat{CP_\theta }\) and\(\widehat{CW_\theta }\) were significantly elevated (p<0·025, p<0·05, respectively) and\(\bar \eta _\theta \) significantly reduced (p<0·025). Peak mechanical stress-velocity power was maintained near normal limits, indicating that the basic defect was a poor coupling of chemical power generated to mechanical power output. For two compensated pressure overload patients,\(\widehat{CW_\theta }\) was significantly elevated (p<0·025), but\(\bar \eta _\theta \) was individually reduced below normal values, indicating that essentially no additional safety margin remained for compensation. Finally, the six congestive cardiomyopathy patients exhibited a reciprocal relationship between chemical power/work and efficiency.
The stability and instability of partial realizations

A finite or infinite sequence of real numbers is said to be stable if it admits minimal realization by a stable linear system. It is shown that the preservation of stability as such a sequence is truncated or extended is not a generic property even among stable sequences. This is of interest for identification of linear systems from partial data and for partial realization of random systems, in which cases it constitutes a negative result. Certain finite sequences have infinitely many minimal realizations each having different stability properties. In this case, a graphical criterion in the spirit of the Nyquist criterion is derived to exploit this lack of uniqueness in order to determine whether one can achieve a stable pole placement by a judicious choice of partial realization.
Cowboy Capitalists and the Rise of the “New Right”: An Analysis of Contributors to Conservative Policy Formation Organizations

Recent interpretations of the rise of the “new right” point towards the increasing power of cowboy capitalists who are centered in the new growth industries of the sunbelt and are excluded from traditional yankee institutions. We critically assess this thesis and offer an alternative interpretation of the bases of recent capitalist political action. Our analysis of the social backgrounds, business affiliations, elite social ties, and political memberships of capitalist supporters of the major new right policy formation organizations shows that the major base of support has been the national corporate elite. The corporate elite simultaneously supported the major moderate-conservative policy organizations. We argue that the “profit squeeze” of the 1970s, the decline of popular political struggles, and the spread of national elite networks brought about a realignment among the major segments of the capitalist class and created the grounds for the rise of the new right.
Pinocytosis persists in the ileum of hypophysectomized rats unless closure is induced by thyroxine or cortisone.

Abstract It was previously reported that in rats hypophysectomized at 6 days of age, the apicotubular system that permits the entrance of macromolecules closes spontaneously in the duodenal epithelium. Extending these observations to the ileum, where pinocytosis is nutritionally important in the suckling rat, now reveals that in the absence of the hypophysis, closure of the surface does not occur. Hence, the failure of growth that sets in during the fourth postnatal week appears not to be due to malnutrition consequent on the cessation of intracellular digestion. Treatment of the hypophyseoprivic sucklings with either thyroxine or cortisone from 15 to 23 days causes the disappearance of the apical infoldings, vesicles, and giant vacuole characteristic of the suckling stage. Instead, the cells exhibit all of the ultrastructural features typical of mature ileal epithelium. The effects of the two hormones differed in that cortisone caused a slightly greater lengthening of the microvilli. These results further extend the evidence indicating that either thyroid hormone or glucocorticoid can activate the complete regulatory program that brings about the redifferentiation of the intestinal epithelium from the suckling to the mature type.
Enhanced proliferation, survival, and yield of cultured myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive Lewis rat lymph node cells following dual activation with concanavalin A and MBP

Abstract Lymph node cells (LNC) from Lewis rats sensitized 7 days previously to myelin basic protein (MBP) exhibit greatly increased survival and undergo much greater proliferation when cultured in the presence of both concanavalin A (Con A) and MBP. Dual activation, in contrast to culture with either the mitogen or the neural antigen, results in a substantially greater yield of lymphoblasts with the capacity to transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to normal syngeneic recipients. Dual activation provides a practical advantage over other methods reported to date for securing larger numbers of functional MBP-reactive lymphoid cells for immunologic studies.
Drinking reductions following alcohol-related sanctions are associated with social norms among college students.

Students mandated for intervention following an alcohol-related sanction event often reduce their drinking prior to intervention. Knowing the determinants of self-initiated change may help identify intervention targets for individuals who do not reduce their drinking. Guided by self-regulation theory, we tested whether fewer past alcohol consequences and higher descriptive and injunctive norms would be associated with higher levels of postsanction drinking. College students referred for a campus alcohol violation (N = 658, 64% male) reported on their drinking during the month before and after their sanction event. Results show that postsanction drinking was significantly lower than presanction drinking across 4 outcomes: (a) drinks per drinking day, (b) drinks per week, (c) peak drinks, and (d) peak blood alcohol concentration. Hypothesized social influence variables (i.e., descriptive and injunctive norms) were consistently associated with all 4 drinking outcomes; that is, students who perceived that their friends drank more and held more accepting views of drinking were less reactive to alcohol-related sanctions. Past consequences of drinking did not consistently predict subsequent drinking. Therefore, we conclude that alcohol interventions for mandated students should target both descriptive and injunctive norms to optimize their efficacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
General Appearance, Growth and Reproduction of Thyroidectomized Bovine

Summary 1. The effects of thyroidectomy upon the general appearance and behavior of immature and mature bovine are analogous to those reported for other mammals. 2. Partial thyroidectomy failed to produce any symptoms of hypothyroidism in immature or mature bovine. 3. Growth was definitely retarded by thyroidectomy. 4. Growth was resumed during the late states of pregnancy, probably due to beneficial effects of the thyroid of the developing fetus. 5. The physical manifestations of estrus and male breeding behavior were absent, although the production of fertile ova and sperm occurred, as shown by birth of three normal calves from thyroidectomized parents. 6. Thyroid therapy restored normal breeding behavior in the male and female.
Processing‐Property Relationships in Electrospun Janus‐Type Biphasic Ceramic Nanofibers

Electrospinning provides a promising route to quickly produce high-purity ceramic fibers from readily available sol–gel precursors. Recently, techniques have been developed to enable the production of biphasic nanocomposites on a single fiber, enabling the development of novel composites with connectivities that are difficult to obtain using existing methods. These “composites on a fiber” can be used as a unique anisotropic building block for creating more complex ordered structures. This work examines links between processing, structure, and properties for Janus-type composite nanofibers for the magnetoelectric BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 system. Specifically, we show how altering the viscosity and conductivity of precursor solutions can provide a unique route to synthesize biphasic composites of a range of sizes and compositions. Furthermore, we show how altering these properties can impact the magnetic and magnetoelectric behavior of these fibers. While this work focuses specifically on the BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 system, lessons learned can be applied to electrospinning biphasic ceramic materials from a variety of material systems and applications.
Optimizing programs with intended semantics

Modern object-oriented languages have complex features that cause programmers to overspecify their programs. This overspecification hinders automatic optimizers, since they must preserve the overspecified semantics. If an optimizer knew which semantics the programmer intended, it could do a better job.Making a programmer clarify his intentions by placing assumptions into the program is rarely practical. This is because the programmer does not know which parts of the programs' overspecified semantics hinder the optimizer. Therefore, the programmer has to guess which assumption to add. Since the programmer can add many different assumptions to a large program, he will need to place many such assumptions before he guesses right and helps the optimizer.We present IOpt, a practical optimizer that uses a specification of the programmers' intended semantics to enable additional optimizations. That way, our optimizer can significantly improve the performance of a program. We present case studies in which we use IOpt to speed up two programs by a factor of 2.To make specifying the intended semantics practical, IOpt communicates with the programmer. IOpt identifies which assumptions the programmer should place, and where he should place them. IOpt ranks each assumption by (i) the likelyhood that the assumption conforms to the programmers' intended semantics and (ii) how much the assumption will help IOpt improve the programs' performance. IOpt proposes ranked assumptions to the programmer, who just picks those that conform to his intended semantics.With this approach, IOpt keeps the programmers' specification burden low. In our case studies, programmers had to add just a few assumptions to realize significant performance speedups.
The Effects of a Stress Management Course on Counselors‐in‐Training

The effects of a stress management course on the stress knowledge and coping techniques of 101 graduate students in counseling were examined. Participants, drawn from various racial groups, were typically female (79%) and 21 to 55 years of age. Seven of the 8 null hypotheses were rejected. There were significant differences on 6 of the 7 dependent variables (overall knowledge of stress, perceived state and trait anxiety, stress response to positive and negative self-statements, and general and current stress level). The treatment group learned and implemented stress management strategies to better cope with stress. Recommendations and further directions for research are offered.
Self-Report Benefits of Tai Chi Practice by Older Adults

Older persons who are willing to begin exercise programs are often not willing to continue them. At the Atlanta FICSIT (Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques) site, individuals aged 70+ were randomized to Tai Chi (TC), individualized balance training (BT), and exercise control education (ED) groups for 15 weeks. In a follow-up assessment 4 months post-intervention, 130 subjects responded to exit interview questions asking about perceived benefits of participation. Both TC and BT subjects reported increased confidence in balance and movement, but only TC subjects reported that their daily activities and their overall life had been affected; many of these subjects had changed their normal physical activity to incorporate ongoing TC practice. The data suggest that when mental as well as physical control is perceived to be enhanced, with a generalized sense of improvement in overall well-being, older persons' motivation to continue exercising also increases.
Integrating Philosophy for Children and Young Adults into the Public Schools: Tales from Long Beach, California.

In this article we describe our experiences in developing and expanding a philosophy in the schools program in Long Beach, California.We point to similarities and differences between our program an...