cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalization effects vs random effects: Is σTL2 a source of type 1 or type 2 error?

A criticism of language-generalization tests has been that their widespread use would increase Type 2 errors. This article examines the mathematics and shows that such tests provide information about Type 2 as well as Type 1 errors and that they should therefore decrease, not increase, the prevalence of Type 2 errors. The point is illustrated by two sets of experiments that provide positive evidence for extra-experimental interference. It is argued that past failures to find such evidence were due in part to sampling variance from treatment-language interactions that were offsetting the treatment effect. It is suggested that the sensible editorial policy for handling non-random language samples is to report three Fs : F Subjects , F Language , and Quasi or Min Quasi F .
The knit stitch. An improved method of laparoscopic knot tying.

Intracorporeal suturing is essential to advanced laparoscopy and is a rate-limiting step in many procedures. We have outlined an improved method of intracorporeal knot tying which is easier to learn, faster, and more consistently performed than current methods. Conventional intracorporeal knot-tying technique was compared to the knit-stitch method by ten volunteer surgeons. Each participant tied ten conventional-style knots in a video trainer. Surgeons were then taught the knit-stitch method and tied an additional ten knots. Knot-tying times were recorded and compared. Participants were asked to choose the method they preferred. The knit-stitch method was demonstrated to be faster than the conventional method for all participants, regardless of level of training or laparoscopic expertise (mean 63±19 vs 97±48 s; P<0.001). The difference was most marked in participants with the least laparoscopic suturing experience. The knit-stitch was preferred by 90% of the surgeons. Reasons cited for this preference were ease of learning, conservation of instrument motion, better utilization of the nondominant hand, and ability to work with shorter suture. Knit stitching is a faster, more consistent method of intracorporeal suturing. It is preferred because of its simplicity, efficiency, and potential to further reduce tissue trauma during the course of laparoscopic suturing.
Simulation of fluctuating populations of microorganisms and macroorganisms with models having a normal random variate term

Fluctuating populations of micro- and macroorganisms play a major role in the stability and safety of food and agricultural products. In recent years such populations have been described by 'chaotic' models, most notably the discrete logistic function. This model's major limitations, however, are that it implies determinism and that it can account for neither population explosions nor extinction. Consequently, it is suggested that in order to simulate realistic population histories, the growth rate constant, r, in the original discrete logistic function X n+1 = rX n (1 - X n ) can be replaced by a randomly varying term, r n . The latter can be defined as r n = r 0 exp(kZ rn ) where r 0 is a characteristic constant, Z rn a normal random variate produced by a normally distributed random number generator and k its chosen standard deviation. Theoretically, the magnitude of such r n (and its corresponding X n ) can be anywhere in the range 0 1 is a very rare event. In the special case of widely fluctuating populations dominated by random factors, the model can be replaced by N n /N 0 = exp(k'Z rn ), where N 0 is a characteristic number. In this form the model can account for occasional aperiodic population explosions, and if a lower limit to a viable number is also set (eg N/N 0 > 0.01), for extinction events as well. The flexibility of the two models is demonstrated with simulated population evolution patterns of different kinds.
Numerical Simulation of the Somali Jet

Abstract In this study we show that many of the observed features of the cross-equatorial low-level jet of the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Somalia can be numerically simulated by including 1) the cast African and Madagascar mountains, 2) the beta effect and 3) a lateral forcing from the east around 75°E. This lateral forcing at 75°E is, in fact, a solution of another numerical model–one where the land-ocean contrast heating in the meridional direction is incorporated in much detail to simulate the zonally symmetric monsoons, essentially following Murakami et al. (1970). This zonally symmetric solution of a very long-term numerical integration from a state of rest exhibits many of the observed characteristics of the broad-scale monsoons at 75°E. This later solution is used as a lateral forcing for the low-level jet simulations over the Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean. The numerical model presented here is a one-level primitive equation model with a detailed bottom topography and a one-degree latitude grid size....
Smooth Goodness-of-Fit Specification Tests Under the Lagrange Multiplier Principle

This article generalizes Neyman's smooth test for the goodness-of-fit hypothesis using orthogonal polynomials of the density function under the null hypothesis, and derives a Lagrange Multiplier (LM) statistic based on the generalized form of the smooth test. Under the null hypothesis, using the joint limiting normality of the orthogonal functions imbedded into the smooth alternative density function and the restricted parameter estimators, the covariance matrix of the LM statistic can be estimated. The procedure of constructing monic orthogonal polynomials from a given moment function is developed. This procedure is applied to examples of testing for normal, Poisson, and gamma distributions.
The migration of Russians outside their homeland

(1992). The migration of Russians outside their homeland. Nationalities Papers: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 35-40.
Fall Spawning of Atlantic Sturgeon in the Roanoke River, North Carolina

AbstractIn 2012, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) declared Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus to be threatened or endangered throughout its range in U.S. waters. Restoration of the subspecies will require much new information, particularly on the location and timing of spawning. We used a combination of acoustic telemetry and sampling with anchored artificial substrates (spawning pads) to detect fall (September–November) spawning in the Roanoke River in North Carolina. This population is included in the Carolina Distinct Population Segment, which was classified by NOAA as endangered. Sampling was done immediately below the first shoals encountered by anadromous fishes, near Weldon. Our collection of 38 eggs during the 21 d that spawning pads were deployed appears to be the first such collection (spring or fall) for wild-spawned Atlantic Sturgeon eggs. Based on egg development stages, estimated spawning dates were September 17–18 and 18–19 at water temperatures from...
Parallel programming in 2001

Factors driving the growth of parallel computing and those inhibiting its growth are identified. The impact of advances in communication, VLSI technology, and embedded systems on parallel architecture are discussed. The two categories of parallel programs-transformational and reactive-are examined. The use of templates and libraries is considered. Reasoning about parallel processes in the context of software design is discussed. Programming environments and operating systems support are addressed. >
Density functional theory calculations of molecular structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies using hybrid density functionals

Abstract Geometries and harmonic frequencies of CH4, NH3, H2O, HF, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, HCN, CO, H2CO and CH3F are calculated via density functional theory (DFT) using the “hybrid” density functionals “Becke3-Lee-Yang-Parr” and “Becke3-Perdew86” at the 6-31G∗ and TZ2P basis set levels. At both basis set levels, the results are in better agreement with experiment than those obtained via DFT using the LSDA and BLYP functionals and via the SCF and MP2 methodologies. At the TZ2P basis set level, the mean absolute deviation of predicted and experimental bond lengths is 0.005 A for both hybrid functionals; at 6-31G∗ it is 0.006 A. The mean absolute percentage deviation of predicted and experimental harmonic vibrational frequencies is 1.2% at TZ2P and 1.9–2.0% at 6-31G∗.
The long-time behavior of the solution to a non-linear diffusion problem in population genetics and combustion

Abstract The Fisher (1937) or Kolmogoroff-Petrovsky-Piscounoff (1937) equation exemplifies wave-like phenomena occurring in population genetics and combustion. In an earlier paper, we proposed an extension of this equation and obtained closed form traveling wave, stationary, and “symmetric” solutions. Employing the transformation properties of the extended equation, two integral invariants for the problem are obtained and two Lyapunov functionals, which characterize the evolution of the profile to a uniformly propagating traveling wave, are constructed. A generalization of this modified Fisher equation is proposed and we obtain its integral invariants, traveling wave solutions and wave speeds, as well as the Lyapunov functionals which describe its asymptotic evolution.
Mini track: 'ethical, legal and economic issues in the digital economy: intellectual property rights, piracy, trust, security and privacy'

The emergence of the Internet as the de facto medium for business has accentuated the role of factors such as intellectual property rights (IPR), consumer privacy, and trust. Newer technologies have it made it a challenging task to protect content for sellers and private information for consumers. This is the second time for this mini track at HICSS and it includes technical, analytical, empirical, and conceptual research spanning diverse research areas and methodologies including the social, behavioral, and economic issues. In his paper “Does drop in copying cost support copyright term extension?” Michael Y. Yuan examines copyright duration and analyzes the validity of the extending copyright duration. Through a simulation of an information product market, this model recommends that decrease in copying cost of information products reduces the optimal duration of copyright. Further, while longer life expectancy may support copyright term extension, this work finds that increase in demand for information products supports reduction in copyright duration.
Spontaneous hepatic hemorrhage during pregnancy

Spontaneous rupture of the liver during pregnancy seems to represent an extreme vascular complication of toxemia. The very high mortality rate has generally been attributable to uncontrolled hemorrhage. However, control of the hemorrhage may not be sufficient to achieve recovery. Hepatic dysfunction may proceed to necrosis associated with multiple organ failure, even after successful hemostasis. Although ligation of the hepatic artery has been successful in controlling hemorrhage in hepatic trauma, this maneuver may contribute to injury in patients with this lesion in whom there is a preexisting hepatic abnormality. In this brief review, the relationship of the underlying pathology to a variety of therapeutic measures in the context of a catastrophic complication of pregnancy are discussed.
Recommended dietary allowances as standards for family food plans

Abstract The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) 1977–78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey included low-income households. Large proportions of this population had intakes that failed to meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin A, vitamin B-6, calcium, magnesium, and iron. To examine dietary changes required to meet the RDA, we used a computer programmed with a mathematical model that plans diets based on reported consumption patterns. Consumption patterns of children one to two years old, teenage girls, and women required the greatest changes to meet the RDA. Compared to diets in consumption patterns, the diets planned for these categories included large quantities of red meats, breakfast cereals, and legumes and small quantities of fats and sweets. We had particular difficulty meeting the RDA for vitamin E, vitamin B-6, folacin, calcium, iron, and zinc. Based on our findings from this and earlier studies of households at all income levels, we present the adaptations to the RDA that we are using to revise the USDA family food plans.
Analysis of roller chain sprocket pressure angles

Abstract An analysis is presented for determining the effect of pitch difference on roller chain articulation angles and pressure angles. Basic formulas and strategies are given for locating contact points. Results are presented and compared with those from a graphical solution.
S06.4 New Directions in HIV Partner Services: An Evolving Model of Global, Integrated Field Services

Partner services are a longstanding component of public health efforts to control sexually transmitted infections (STI). However, they have not been a consistent part of HIV prevention efforts either in high-or lower-income nations. In many areas, partner services for HIV and other STIs have been administratively separated, and the goals of partner services have usually been narrowly conceived to concentrate exclusively on the diagnosis and treatment of sex partners. This is now beginning to change. New evidence suggests that HIV PS in high income nations may be less effective at finding new cases of HIV than previously believed, but could play an important role in linkage to care. In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV PS appears to be highly acceptable and effective. This session will focus on new opportunities in the area of HIV PS. The speaker will review the following issues: (1) data supporting the efficacy of HIV partner services as an HIV case-finding tool in both in high and low-income nations; (2) cost and cost-effectiveness data on HIV PS; (3) evidence that PS for bacterial STIs can been used to promote HIV case-finding and engagement in care among persons with previously diagnosed HIV infection; and (4) outstanding research questions related to HIV PS.
Biophysics: Assembly line inspection

Many of the biochemical events that occur in a cell are performed by huge complexes of proteins and nucleic acids. A cunning approach promises to show how the components convene to make a functioning 'machine'.
Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency does not down-regulate γ-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites in the mouse brain

Abstract We investigated whether succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency alters γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) receptor characteristics due to elevation of GHB levels in the mouse brain. The membrane homogenate binding and quantitative autoradiography using [ 3 H]NCS-382 revealed no significant changes in the affinity ( K d ), receptor density ( B max ), or displacement potency (IC 50 ) in various brain regions of Aldh5a1 −/− vs. Aldh5a1 +/+ mice.
The electroreduction of formaldehyde on tin and indium

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of formaldehyde on tin and indium cathodes has been studied over a wide range of pH (0.4–13), concentrations (1×10−3 to 6×10−1M) and potentials. Potentiostatic, potentiodynamic, ac impedance and photoe mission techniques were used to determine the kinetics of the reaction and to postulate a mechanism. The behavior on indium is similar to that reported on mercury cathodes. Tafel slopes are about 65 to 80 mV/decade. This value indicates that protonation of a reaction intermediate is the rate determining step of the reaction. The value of the slope depends slightly on concentration and pH because of adsorption under Temkin conditions. The reaction order with respect to formaldehyde is close to 1 in the limiting current region, but smaller in the Tafel region. The effect of formaldehyde on tin in neutral and alkaline solutions is to decrease the hydrogen overpotential by about 0.5 V, without affecting the Tafel slope. The rate of formaldehyde reduction is very slow. An explanation for this catalytic effect is postulated, based on the adsorption of formaldehyde-related species on the electrode surface. Formation of bridge-type complexes is also postulated. The exact nature of the adsorbed species is unknown. Preliminary results indicate that the behavior of formaldehyde on lead is similar to that on tin. The influence of this species on the reduction of formic acid on tin and lead is discussed.
Current status of the NASA/JPL airborne synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR)

The NASA/JPL Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar system (AIRSAR) has been in operation since 1988. The original radar configuration consisted of PIL/C-band quadpolarization mode in both 20 MHz and 40 MHz chirp bandwidths. Over the years, we have added the L- and C-band along track interferometry mode (ATI), the on-board processor, the C-band cross-track interferometry mode (XTI) in 199 1 , and the L-band XTI mode in 1995. In addition, we also replaced the GPS receiver as well as the inertial navigation system in 1995 to improve the accuracy of motion compensation and geolocation of the output products. In the 1996 PacRim Campaign, we flew a new digital chirp generator that has significantly better chirp linearity, which should improve the ISLR of the output images. In this paper, we will briefly describe the instrument characteristics, the evolution of the various radar modes, the instrument performance and improvement in the knowledge of the positioning and attitude information of the radar. In addition, we will summarize the progress of the data processing effort especially in the interferometry processing. Finally, we will address the issue of processing and calibrating the cross-track interferometry (XTI) data.
Self-Esteem and Suicide Ideation in Psychiatric Outpatients

Depression, hopelessness, and low self-esteem are implicated as vulnerability factors for suicide ideation. The association of self-esteem with suicide ideation after controlling for depressed mood and hopelessness was examined. Adult psychiatric outpatients (N = 338) completed measures of self-esteem, suicide ideation, hopelessness, and depression. Self-esteem was operationalized as beliefs about oneself (self-based self-esteem) and beliefs about how other people regard oneself (other-based self-esteem). Each dimension of self-esteem was negatively associated with suicide ideation after controlling for depression and hopelessness. Of the two dimensions of self-esteem, other-based self-esteem was the more robust predictor of suicide ideation. These findings suggest that even in the context of depression and hopelessness, low self-esteem may add to the risk for suicide ideation.
Phage selection for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo

The development of a method for the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo would significantly facilitate studies of the cellular function of proteins, as well as make possible the synthesis of proteins with novel structures and activities. Our approach to this problem consists of the generation of amber suppressor tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs that are not catalytically competent with all the endogenous Escherichia coli tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, followed by directed evolution of such orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to alter their amino acid specificities. To evolve the desired amino acid specificity, a direct selection for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into a reporter epitope displayed on the surface of M13 phage has been developed and characterized. Under simulated selection conditions, phage particles displaying aspartate were enriched over 300-fold from a pool of phage displaying asparagine using monoclonal antibodies raised against the aspartate-containing epitope. The direct phage selection offers high specificity for the amino acid of interest, eliminating the potential for contamination with synthetases active towards wild-type amino acids in multiple rounds of selection.
Phonotactic probability of brand names: I’d buy that!

Psycholinguistic research shows that word-characteristics influence the speed and accuracy of various language-related processes. Analogous characteristics of brand names influence the retrieval of product information and the perception of risks associated with that product. In the present experiment we examined how phonotactic probability—the frequency with which phonological segments and sequences of segments appear in a word—might influence consumer behavior. Participants rated brand names that varied in phonotactic probability on the likelihood that they would buy the product. Participants indicated that they were more likely to purchase a product if the brand name was comprised of common segments and sequences of segments rather than less common segments and sequences of segments. This result suggests that word-characteristics may influence higher-level cognitive processes, in addition to language-related processes. Furthermore, the benefits of using objective measures of word characteristics in the design of brand names are discussed.
C–H bond activation of ethylene by a zirconacycle

The reaction of C2H4 and β-SiH containing azasilazirconacycle Cp2Zr{κ2-N(SiHMe2)SiHMeCH2} (3), formed via a γ-abstraction reaction of Cp2Zr{N(SiHMe2)2}H (1), follows an unusual pathway in which a rare σ-bond metathesis reaction of ethylene generates a vinyl intermediate. That species undergoes a β-hydrogen abstraction under the reaction conditions to form a zirconium silanimine ethylene adduct en route to the metallacyclopentane product.
Clinical, Laboratory, Roentgenographic, and Electrocardiographic Findings in Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism and No Pre-Existing Cardiac or Pulmonary Disease

The history, physical examination, chest radiograph, electrocardiogram and blood gases were evaluated in patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and no history or evidence of pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. The investigation focused upon patients with no previous cardiac or pulmonary disease in order to evaluate the clinical characteristics that were due only to PE. Acute PE was present in 117 patients and PE was excluded in 248 patients. Among the patients with PE, dyspnea or tachypnea (≥20/min) was present in 105 of 117 (90 percent). Dyspnea, hemoptysis, or pleuritic pain was present in 107 of 117 (91 percent). The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood on room air was (Chest 1991; 100:598-603)
Anterior dislocation of the hip after arthroscopy in a patient with capsular laxity of the hip. A case report.

Capsular laxity is a poorly understood but increasingly recognized cause of hip pain1,2. As with shoulder instability, hip instability represents a wide spectrum of pathologic entities, ranging from acute traumatic dislocation to chronic capsular laxity. Primary capsular laxity is often associated with underlying collagen abnormalities, such as those seen with Ehlers-Danlos or Marfan syndrome. Secondary capsular laxity is seen more commonly in athletes and is secondary to overuse or repetitive activities2. Although the mainstay of treatment for these conditions has been nonoperative, surgical intervention may be indicated because of either recurrent instability or lack of pain relief with nonoperative measures. Surgical treatment may require access to both the hip capsule and the labrum through either an open3-5 or an arthroscopic6-12 approach. Although the latter techniques are relatively new, two studies have demonstrated that arthroscopic surgery can provide stability to the hip joint10,11. However, while arthroscopic techniques are generally less invasive than open surgical techniques, hip arthroscopy is not without complications13. This case study documents the first report, to our knowledge, of a hip dislocation following an arthroscopic procedure of the hip. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she consented. A fifty-two-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our clinic in the fall of 2005 with a two-year history of pain in the right groin and anterior part of the thigh and a sensation of “popping” in the right hip. She had undergone bilateral shoulder capsulorrhaphy for multidirectional instability (the right shoulder in 2002, and the left in 2000) as well as bilateral knee meniscal repairs (both in 1999). On physical examination, both the affected right hip and the asymptomatic left hip had flexion to 120° …
Clinical use of the optical digitizer for intracranial neuronavigation.

OBJECTIVE: Computer-assisted frameless navigation techniques are used in many centers for intracranial neurosurgical procedures. In this study, we assessed the accuracy and the clinical usefulness of a frameless system based on the optical digitizer in a variety of intracranial procedures. METHODS: The optical digitizer (StealthStation, Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN) was used to perform 170 neurosurgical operations. Its accuracy was judged before and after each operation by comparing the computer-estimated error with the real estimated error measured on the patient's anatomy. Several objective factors were evaluated to assess the clinical usefulness of the optical digitizer. For craniotomies, the intraoperative extent of resection based on computer-generated images was compared with that on postoperative images, and the length of hospital stay of patients undergoing frameless procedures was compared with that of patients undergoing conventional procedures. For needle biopsies, clinical usefulness was based on the rate of success in establishing a histological diagnosis. RESULTS: The optical digitizer was accurate to within 2 mm for all procedures. The computer-estimated error was not significantly different from the real estimated error. The intraoperative extent of resection was accurate in 58 of 60 tumor resection patients, as confirmed on postoperative images. Patients undergoing frameless procedures had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those undergoing conventional procedures (7.5 ± 1 versus 10.8 ± ± 1.3 d, P < 0.05). All biopsies were diagnostic. CONCLUSION: The optical digitizer is an accurate frameless device that offers clinical benefits. These include precise surgical resection, decreased hospitalization time, and accurate tissue diagnosis.
Quantitative high-speed burned gas temperature measurements in internal combustion engines using sodium and potassium fluorescence

When sodium- and potassium-containing fuel additives are used in internal combustion engines, the bright fluorescence that sodium and potassium atoms emit in the burned gas zone offers a large potential for spectroscopic combustion analysis. To utilize this potential quantitatively, it is crucial to fully understand all physical and chemical processes involved. This includes (1) the temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity due to gas-phase collisions, (2) the pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio effects on thermodynamic equilibria in the burned gas zone and (3) pressure and temperature-dependent line shapes for quantitative correction of fluorescence reabsorption. High-speed imaging of sodium and potassium fluorescence in a spark-ignited, direct injection, single-cylinder research engine was conducted under well-controlled homogeneous operating conditions at equivalence ratios ranging from 0.71 to 1.43, cylinder pressure from 3 to 15 bar and burned gas temperatures from 1,700 to 2,600 K. This study demonstrates that the influence of pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio on the fluorescence signals of sodium and potassium is understood quantitatively and establishes the potentials and limitations of this tool for burned gas temperature measurements with high temporal and two-dimensional spatial resolution in a homogeneously operated internal combustion engine.
From microscope to computer: Using facebook to assist medical laboratory scientists in Nigeria access and navigate eLearning courses

A Facebook Group was established to sensitize medical laboratory scientists in Nigeria to eLearning courses accredited for continuing professional development. In 11 months, over 6,000 members joined the Group to learn how to access and navigate the courses. Research will focus on analyzing the social networks within the Group to identify key influencers and more efficiently spread accurate information.
Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings

Abstract Purpose To report the first documented case of intrauterine transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) with resulting congenital chorioretinal scarring and central nervous system malformation in a newborn. Design Case report. Methods Ophthalmic findings and laboratory data in an otherwise presumed healthy 2-day-old female are presented. The infant’s mother developed paraplegia due to WNV during the second trimester of her pregnancy. The newborn’s external and general physical examination were unremarkable. Results Ophthalmic examination disclosed marked chorioretinal changes, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated severe abnormalities. Serology for WNV was positive. Other causes of congenital chorioretinal changes were ruled out with the appropriate serology. Conclusions Intrauterine transmission of WNV may result in significant ocular and neurologic morbidity. Titers for this important and emerging viral pathogen should be obtained when standard serologies are negative in an infant with congenital chorioretinal scarring.
X-ray echoes from gamma-ray bursts

The identification of an echo of reflected radiation in time histories of gamma-ray burst spectra can provide important information about the existence of binary companions or accretion disks in gamma-ray burst systems. Because of the nature of Compton scattering, the spectrum of the echo will be attenuated at gamma-ray energies compared with the spectrum of the primary burst emission. The expected temporal and spectral signatures of the echo and a search for such echoes are described, and implications for gamma-ray burst models are discussed.
Nucleated red blood cell count in the differentiation of fetuses with pathologic growth restriction from healthy small-for-gestational-age fetuses

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the neonatal nucleated red blood cell count in differentiating the fetus with growth restriction from the small but otherwise healthy fetus. Study Design: Perinatal outcomes were evaluated prospectively for all neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in 1997. Nonanomalous neonates with normal phenotype and a complete blood cell count performed within the first 6 hours after birth were included in the study. All neonates with birth weights lower than the 10th percentile for gestational age were considered small for gestational age. Neonates were divided into four groups: small-for-gestational-age neonates with elevated nucleated red blood cell counts, appropriately grown neonates with elevated nucleated red blood cell counts, small-for-gestational-age neonates with normal nucleated red blood cell counts, and appropriately grown neonates with normal nucleated red blood cell counts. Analysis of variance, χ 2 tests, and stepwise regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Two hundred thirty-seven neonates met the inclusion criteria. Forty-three were small for gestational age. Small-for-gestational-age neonates with high nucleated red blood cell counts had significantly lower umbilical artery pH and were more likely to require mechanical ventilation or blood pressure support agents. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that small-for-gestational-age neonates with elevated nucleated red blood cell counts had significantly more adverse outcomes than did small-for-gestational-age neonates with normal nucleated red blood cell counts. Outcomes of small-for-gestational-age neonates with normal nucleated red blood cell counts were essentially identical to those of appropriately grown neonates. Conclusion: An elevated nucleated red blood cell count may distinguish the fetus with growth restriction from the small but healthy fetus. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1107-9.)
Human Evolution: Thrifty Genes and the Dairy Queen

Two new studies of genes that have experienced positive selection since the origin of pastoral agriculture help explain the incidence of lactose tolerance and diabetes, but cast considerable doubt on the popular thrifty genes hypothesis.
A New Amber-Embedded Sphaerodactyl Gecko from Hispaniola, With Comments On Morphological Synapomorphies of the Sphaerodactylidae

Abstract A new species of Sphaerodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) is described from an amber inclusion from the late Early Miocene or early Middle Miocene (15 to 20 million years ago) of the Dominican Republic. Unlike earlier amber-embedded specimens assigned to this genus, the new specimen is largely skeletal, with some integument remaining. A combination of 258 (of 674) osteological and external characters could be scored for the new species in a cladistic analysis of 21 gekkotan species, including representatives of all sphaerodactylid genera. The most parsimonious trees obtained confirm the placement of the amber gecko within the genus Sphaerodactylus and a comparison with extant Hispaniolan and Puerto Rican congeners suggests phenetic similarity both with members of S. difficilis complex and the S. shrevei species group. Character mapping on the basis of the phylogenetic analysis permits the preliminary identification of morphological characters diagnostic of the Sphaerodactylidae, Sph...
Utility of dapsone for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-intolerant, HIV-infected individuals

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of 100 mg dapsone three times weekly for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis in HIV-infected, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)-intolerant patients. Design Retrospective chart review of patients followed-up to 22 May 1992. Setting Infectious diseases outpatient clinic of a tertiary care center in suburban New York City. Patients Twenty-three HIV-infected patients requiring PCP prophylaxis with documented intolerance to TMP-SMX. Main outcome measures Patients were followed clinically and with laboratory testing at approximately monthly intervals. Results Dapsone was discontinued in nine (39%) patients because of adverse reactions. All reactions occurred within the first 2 months of treatment. Two (14%) of the remaining 14 patients developed histologically proven PCP over 126 patient-months of follow-up. Conclusion Approximately 40% of TMP-SMX-intolerant HIV-infected individuals are also intolerant of dapsone. Prophylaxis failures may be expected on a dose regimen of 100 mg dapsone three times weekly. More experience with other dose regimens and alternative agents is needed.
Extent of Tibiofemoral Osteoarthritis Before Knee Arthroplasty: Multicenter Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Background Knee arthroplasty traditionally is recommended for persons with substantial disability and disabling pain attributable to moderate or severe osteoarthritis (OA). Pain and functional status after arthroplasty may be influenced by the extent of knee OA before surgery and recent evidence suggests persons with less severe knee OA before undergoing TKA have greater pain levels and worse function than persons with more severe knee OA.
Formalization and implementation of topological visual navigation in two dimensions

In this paper we formalize and implement a model of topological visual navigation in two-dimensional spaces. Unlike much of traditional quantitative visual navigation the emphasis throughout is on the methods and the efficiency of qualitative visual descriptions of objects and environments and on the methods and the efficiency of direction-giving by means of visual landmarks. We formalize three domainsthe world itself the map-maker''s view of it and the navigator''s experience of itand the concepts of custom maps and landmarks. We specify for a simplified navigator (the " level helicopter" ) the several ways in which visual landmarks can be chosen depending on which of several costs (sensor distance or communication) should be minimized. We show that paths minimizing one measure can make others arbitrarily complex the algorithm for selecting the path is based on a form of Dijkstra''s algorithm and therefore automatically generates intelligent navigator overshooting and backtracking. We implement using an armheld camera such a navigator and detail its basic seek-and-adjust behaviors as it follows visual highways (or departs from them) to reach a goal. Seeking is based on topology and adjusting is based on symmetry there are essentially no quantitative measures. We describe under what circumstances its environment is visually difficult and perceptively shadowed and describe how errors in path-following impact landmark selection. Since visual landmark selection and direction-giving are in general NP-complete and rely on the nearly intractable© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Graft copolymers of nucleic acid bases on polyethyleneimine: Interaction of the polymers

Interactions of the graft copolymers of nucleic acid bases on polyethyleneimine with polynucleotides were studied. The backbone of the polymer is linear or branched polyethyleneimine. The nucleic acid bases are adenine and thymine. The polynucleotides used were polyadenylic acid (poly-A) and polyuridylic acid (poly-U). Interactions between these polymers were measured by ultraviolet (UV) absorption and the results were compared with the vinyl-type nucleic acid model polymer.
Contaminant Concentrations in Juvenile Fall Chinook Salmon from Columbia River Hatcheries

Abstract Previous studies have reported elevated chemical contaminant concentrations in out-migrant juvenile salmon from the lower Columbia River. Hatchery rearing is a potential exposure pathway, as contaminants have been measured in hatchery fish and feed from other regions. In this study, we analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in juvenile fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and feed from eight hatcheries (Big Creek Hatchery, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; Elochoman, Cowlitz, Washougal, Klickitat, and Priest Rapids hatcheries, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; Little White Salmon National Fish Hatchery; and Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery) that release fish into the lower Columbia River. In feed samples, the mean concentrations of summed PCBs, summed DDTs, and summed PAHs were 14, 27, and 370 ng/g wet...
Identification of the 1.4 KB and 4.0 KB messages for the lipoprotein associated coagulation inhibitor and expression of the encoded protein

Lipoprotein-Associated Coagulation Inhibitor (LACI) is a factor Xa dependent inhibitor of the factor VII(a)/Tissue Factor catalytic complex. Deduced from partial cDNA sequence, LACI's amino acid sequence has recently been reported. Northern blot analysis showed LACI cDNA hybridizes to RNAs of 1.4 and 4.0 kb in size. To complete the characterization of the LACI message(s), overlapping LACI cDNAs were isolated from a human endothelial cell library. Sequence analysis revealed the clones' inserts span 4023 bases of sequence, consisting of 381 bases of 5' untranslated sequence, an open reading frame of 912 bases, 2682 bases of 3' untranslated sequence and 48 bases of poly(A) sequence. In addition, a short 1.4 kb insert which encodes for LACI was found to contain 49 bases of 3' untranslated sequence and a 3' poly(A) tail. The 1.4 kb of sequence is contained in the 4.0 kb sequence, except for 14 bases of 5' sequence, suggesting that the LACI messages arise by the use of alternative termination and polyadenylation signals during processing. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from cells treated with actinomycin D showed both RNA species appear to be relatively stable. Using a bovine papilloma virus vector, LACI cDNA was transfected into mouse C127 fibroblasts. The recombinant LACI is recognized by polyclonal anti-LACI IgG, binds to factor Xa and inhibits VII(a)/Tissue Factor activity in a similar fashion as LACI purified from HepG2 cell conditioned media.
Degradation of a cAMP-binding protein of Dictyostelium discoideum by an endogenous protease

When cells of Dictyostelium discoideum are starved they aggregate to form multicellular organisms that eventually can differentiate into fruiting bodies of spores and stalk cells, cAMP plays a dual role in this process: it is the chemotactic agent that allows cells on a moist surface to aggregate to a common point to form the multicellular organism [1], and it is also involved in the process of differentiation. Pulsatile additions of cAMP stimulate cell differentiation [2,3]. High concentrations of cAMP can induce stalk cell formation [4,5] and, under certain conditions, spore cell production can be induced by cAMP [6,7]. Cyclic AMP has also been shown to induce differentiation in the multicellular aggregate [8]. Further evidence of the involvement of cAMP in differentiation is given by the finding that addition of cAMP to cells affects the expression of developmentally regulated proteins [9] and the expression of specific genes [10]. Receptors for cAMP have been identified by many workers. Membrane-associated cAMP-binding proteins have been reported [11-14], and soluble cAMP-binding proteins have also been identified [14-19]. There has been a report that the soluble cAMP-binding proteins are associated with protein kinase activity [16] but this report has not been confirmed [17,18]. Wallace and Frazier [14] reported that the soluble cAMP-binding proteins are of M r 26 000, 33 000, and 36 000, but Cooper et al. [19] have reported that the M r are higher, in the 36 000-40 000 range. Here we describe our studies indicating that the endogenous cAMP-binding protein of M r 40 000 is extremely sensitive to endogenous protease activity, and the lower M r binding proteins are produced during the process of freezing the cells. When fresh extracts are used, only the 40 000 M r binding protein is observed. Tos-LysCH2C1, an inhibitor of proteinase I of Dictyostelium [20,21] inhibits this degradative reaction.
Pozzolana-induced reductions in the environmental availability of cadmium from fly and bottom ash

Abstract Pozzolana cementation is shown to be beneficial for the immobilization of aqueous cadmium from ash materials. Waste ash was obtained from an aluminum smelter, coal-fired electric power generating plants (conventional and fluidized bed types), and incinerators fueled by sewage sludge and municipal refuse. Ash samples from a home wood stove fueled with scrap lumber and silica beach sand were obtained to provide a greater range of comparison. Ash and sand samples were subjected to intermittent flow-through leaching as loose samples and as their respective pozzolanas. The leachate collected was analyzed by flameless atomic absorption for cadmium. Cadmium availability to the environment prior to and at steadystate conditions was defined and quantified. Pozzolana reduction of cadmium leaching exceeded 90% for all ash samples.
Newcastle Disease Virus as an Antineoplastic Agent: Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Augmentation of Its Cytotoxicity

The oncolytic strain 73-T of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of cancer patients, but little is known about its mechanism of action. In this study, NDV strain 73-T and a wild-type isolate of NDV were found to be potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by both human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and rat splenocytes. Antibody inhibition experiments identified TNF-alpha as the major species of TNF induced by NDV in PBMCs. The effect of recombinant human TNF-alpha (rHuTNF-alpha) on human cancer cells was then examined. Neither rHuTNF-alpha nor supernatants from NDV-stimulated PBMCs were cytotoxic toward the TNF-resistant human malignant melanoma cell line MEL-14. However, when MEL-14 cells were treated with NDV strain 73-T, both rHuTNF-alpha and supernatants from NDV-stimulated PBMCs killed 48% and 55%, respectively, of these tumor cells. Treatment with NDV also conferred TNF susceptibility to the TNF-resistant human malignant melanoma cell line MEL-21 and the human myelogenous leukemia cell line K562. In contrast to its enhanced cytotoxicity toward NDV-treated cancer cells, rHuTNF-alpha had no effect on NDV-treated normal human PBMCs proliferating in response to concanavalin A. These results suggest two important mechanisms for the antineoplastic activity of NDV: (a) induction of TNF-alpha secretion by human PBMCs and (b) enhancement of the sensitivity of neoplastic cells to the cytolytic effects of TNF-alpha.
DFT Study of Nitrogen-Substituted FAU: Effects of Ion Exchange and Aluminum Content on Base Strength

We have studied base strengths of nitrogen-substituted (nitrided) zeolites with faujasite (FAU) structure by calculating sorption energies of probe molecules (BF3 and BH3) using density functional theory with mixed basis sets applied to embedded clusters. BH3 was found to be a better probe of base strength because it does not introduce competing metal−fluorine interactions that obfuscate trends. In all cases, the base strengths of nitrided zeolites (denoted M−N−Y) were found to exceed those of the corresponding standard M−Y zeolites, where M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs charge-compensating cations. We have found that for a particular Si:Al ratio, BH3 sorption energies vary in the order Li < Na < K ∼ Rb ∼ Cs. Sorption energy and hence base strength was found to decrease with increasing Si:Al ratio from 1 to 3 beyond which the base strength was found to increase again. The initial regime (1 < Si:Al < 3) is consistent with the prevailing understanding that the base strength increases with Al content, while the lat...