cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic and Molecular Mapping of Chromosome Region 85a in Drosophila Melanogaster

Chromosome region 85A contains at least 12 genetic complementation groups, including the genes dhod, pink and hunchback. In order to better understand the organization of this chromosomal segment and to permit molecular studies of these genes, we have carried out a genetic analysis coupled with a chromosome walk to isolate the DNA containing these genes. Complementation tests with chromosomal deficiencies permitted unambiguous ordering of most of the complementation groups identified within the 85A region. Recombinant bacteriophage clones were isolated that collectively span over 120 kb of 85A DNA and these were used to produce a molecular map of the region. The breakpoint sites of a number of 85A chromosome rearrangements were localized on the molecular map, thereby delimiting regions of the DNA that contain the various genetic complementation groups.
Dilute-acid pretreatment of distillers' grains and corn fiber.

Abstract Distillers’ grains and corn fiber are the coproducts of the dry grind and wet corn milling industries, respectively. Availability of distillers’ grains and corn fiber at the ethanol plant and their high levels of lignocellulosic material make them attractive feedstock for conversion to ethanol. In this study, dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis for the conversion of distillers’ grains and corn fiber to monomeric sugars and the formation of furfural were investigated. The extent of solubilization of biomass beyond monomeric sugars was also monitored. Biomass loadings in the range of 5–20 wt.% at 5% intervals, acid concentrations in the range of 0.5–1.5 vol.% at 0.5% intervals, and temperatures of 120 and 140 °C were studied. The highest yields of monomeric sugars were observed when the least amount of biomass loading was pretreated with the highest concentration of sulfuric acid and when the temperature was 140 °C. For the majority of the cases under consideration, the most effective period of hydrolysis appeared to be during the initial 20–30 min of the reaction. Formation of furfural during the course of hydrolysis was significantly lower at 120 °C and also lower for the distillers’ grains samples compared with the corn fiber samples. The total amount of the solubilized matter during the hydrolysis was significantly higher than the amount of the monomeric sugars. Analyses according to standard procedure were performed to quantify moisture, oil, carbohydrates, and ash in distillers’ grains and corn fiber samples. The total carbohydrate content of distillers’ grains and corn fiber were 57.7 ± 2.0 and 77.0 ± 1.0 wt.%, respectively. The presented results will provide a foundation for the suitability of the pretreated distillers’ grains and corn fiber for enzymatic hydrolysis step.
Adaptive Track Detection for Multi-Static Active Sonar Systems

Multi-static active sonar systems detect contacts of interest by transmitting coherent waveforms and detecting the echoes on one or more receiving sensors. When a target of interest is in a region where its echoes are detectable by more than one receiver it can, in general, be declared sooner by combining the measurements from all sensors. The track detection schemes used in active sonar systems are often based on the Wald Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) and take as input the amplitudes of the target echoes associated to the track and where the statistical models for the amplitude of a target echo usually depend on a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) parameter. The Multi-Static Adaptive Track Detector (MSATD) is an SPRT based track detection scheme that uses estimates of target aspect derived from track state estimates and a model of bi-static target strength to adapt the parameters in the distribution for target echo amplitude. Essentially, the SUM detector is modified to use different values for SNR parameter at each sensor. The SNR parameters are determined using a model of bistatic target strength and estimates of the target aspect observed by each sensor computed from the current track state estimate. The theoretical improvement in system track detection performance (i.e., probability of detection and latency) afforded by the proposed method is also presented; theoretically exact expressions for probability of detection and latency are evaluated numerically for all three track detection schemes for a system of one source and two receivers
Digestibility of phosphorus and calcium in meat and bone meal fed to growing pigs.

Seventy-two growing pigs (initial BW: 18.0 ± 1.6 kg) were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in 8 different sources of meat and bone meal (MBM) and to develop equations to predict digestibility of P and Ca in MBM. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages and were randomly allotted to 9 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Eight diets were formulated by mixing cornstarch, sucrose, soybean oil, sodium chloride, vitamin-mineral premix, and 8% of each source of MBM, and MBM was the sole source of P and Ca in each diet. A P-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous P losses (EPL) by the pigs. Feces were collected for 5 d based on the marker to marker approach after a 5-d adaptation period. On an as-fed basis, the concentration of P in the MBM sources ranged from 2.6 to 5.3% with an average of 4.3 ± 0.8% whereas Ca concentration ranged from 5.1 to 11.0% with an average of 9.2 ± 2.0%. The variation among MBM samples in Ca and P concentrations was calculated (CV = 22.1 and 20.0%, respectively) as was the variation in the concentration of other chemical components (CV = 6.2, 10.5, and 13.8% for CP, acid-hydrolyzed ether extract, and ash, respectively). The ATTD of P (52.1 to 80.1%, average = 65.9 ± 8.8%) and Ca (53.0 to 81.0%, average = 63.9 ± 9.4%) differed (P < 0.05) among MBM sources. The basal EPL was measured at 106 ± 51 mg/kg DMI in pigs fed the P-free diet. The STTD of P was different (54.8 to 84.4%; average = 68.8 ± 9.3%; P < 0.05) among MBM sources. The ATTD of Ca and the STTD of P decreased (P < 0.01) as ash, Ca, and P concentration in MBM increased, and the ATTD of Ca was positively related (R 2 = 0.99, P < 0.001) with the STTD of P. The STTD of P (%) in MBM may be predicted as 107.857 - 8.8 × total P (R 2 = 0.68, root mean square error (RMSE) = 5.73, P < 0.01) whereas ATTD of Ca (%) may be predicted as 105.375 - 9.327 × total P (R 2 = 0.75, RMSE = 4.70, P < 0.01). In conclusion, P and Ca digestibility varies among sources of MBM, but prediction equations using the concentration of total P in MBM may be used to estimate P and Ca digestibility in MBM fed to growing pigs.
Active radiating element using FET source integrated with microstrip patch antenna

An FET source has been integrated with a microstrip patch antenna to form an active radiating module. The patch antenna serves both as a radiating element and a resonator in the feedback loop for the FET oscillator. Power output of 17mW was achieved at 5.7 GHz.
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO CONDITION-BASED MAINTENANCE

In this paper we discuss interesting developments of expert systems for machine diagnosis and condition-based maintenance. We review some elements of condition-based maintenance and its applications, expert systems for machine diagnosis, and an example of machine diagnosis. In the last section we note some problems to be resolved so that expert systems for machine diagnosis may gain wider acceptance in the future.
Recognition and correction of subcuticular malposition of pacemaker pulse generators.

FURMAN, S., et al.: Recognition and Correction of Subcuticular Malposition of Pacemaker Pulse Generators. Implantation of a cardiac pacemaker should be in the tissue plane deep to the subcutaneous tissue (i.e., between the fatty layer and the pectoralis fascia of the chest wall). Five patients with pacemaker implants between the cutis and the subcutaneous fat presented months later with chronic, unremitting, and often excruciating pain. The pulse generator in each case seemed excessively superficial and displaced, appeared too large for its known size, and was seemingly fixed to the overlying skin with exquisite sensitivity to light touch by a garment or palpation. Each had multiple consultations and treatments for pain, all without effect other than the temporary relief of local anesthesia. In three patients with obvious large subcutaneous fatty layers, the pulse generator was markedly superficial. Wound cultures were sterile in each case. Correction consisted of operative repositioning of the pulse generator into the readily developed subcutaneous tissue plane. In each patient, total and permanent relief of pain was achieved. Subcuticular positioning of permanent pacemaker pulse generators causes chronic pain that is readily relieved by operative repositioning of the pulse generator in the proper tissue plane.
Exercise training enhances basic fibroblast growth factor-induced collateral blood flow

This study evaluated whether daily exercise would enhance the peripheral collateral vessel development found in response to exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) infusion. After bilateral...
Macrolide, Quinolone, and Other Non-β-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae

The emergence of resistance to penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics in pneumococci in the 1980s and 1990s led to the increased use of macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and other nonbetalactam antibiotics for pneumococcal infections. This chapter focuses on the molecular mechanisms of non-beta-lactam resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Resistance to macrolides can occur by enzymatic inactivation, modification of the target by methylation or mutation, and active efflux. Proteins of the ABC transporter superfamily are organized such that two ATP-binding domains located cytoplasmically interact with two hydrophobic domains consisting of six to eight transmembrane domains. The esterase activity identified in Staphylococcus hydrolyzed 14- and 16-membered macrolides. The primary targets of other quinolones have been determined; trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and norfloxacin target topoisomerase IV (ParC), whereas the primary target of gatifloxacin is DNA gyrase (GyrA). The use of fluoroquinolones to treat pneumococcal infections is the most important factor in the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in S. pneumoniae. Inducible expression allows the mRNA to be made in an inactive conformation that becomes active by the presence of an inducing macrolide. In the United States, population-based surveillance for S. pneumoniae invasive disease showed that the rapid increase in macrolide resistance was correlated with the spread of mega in pneumococci. Exciting, recent data indicate that the total burden of antimicrobial resistance can be reduced by the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines that reduce colonization and transmission of the vaccine serotypes.
Bichromatic Analysis as Performed in the Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyzer (‘aca’)

The ‘aca’ system comprises an automatic clinical analyzer (‘aca’) and a repertoire of analytical methods for performing a variety of discrete chemical analyses of body fluid samples. Introduced in 1968, this was the first system to automate bichromatic clinical analyses. The system employs various differential absorbance techniques, including the bichromatic technique described in this chapter.
CLIMATIC RELATIONSHIPS TO CHESAPEAKE BAY SALINITY DURING SOUTHERN OSCILLATION EXTREMES

Monthly cool-season salinity over the 1958 to 1991 period is analyzed for the Chesapeake Bay (CB), and the salinity variations are associated with low-frequency 500 hPa flow variations and with extremes of the Southern Oscillation (SO). Results identify a significant decrease in mean CB surface salinity, which is supported by similar trends in individual salinity subbasins occupying the northern extremes of the bay. Zonal (meridional) flow associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) seems to be linked to below-(above-) normal CB salinity, while the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) seems to be negatively correlated with CB salinity. Principal components analysis (PCA) reveals that the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern is related to CB salinity, even though the PNA index is not. Within extreme El Nino months, the strongest association between CB salinity and PCA-derived circulation suggests that 500 hPa height features over the Great Plains may be linked to surface salinity in CB. By contrast, d...
HEIFTS - Design, Modeling, and Recent Experimental Results

HEIFTS is a recent Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imaging optical system design, with no internal moving parts. Experimental results will be presented along with designs for compact, robust, visible and IR HEIFTS systems, and modeled system performance.
Microbiology of Ova Harvested from Commercially Slaughtered Mature Chickens

Abstract The microbiological quality of ova harvested from mature chickens in commercial slaughter plants was studied. Greatest contamination of the product occurred at the location where ova were drawn from the carcasses. Water fluming and chilling procedures caused some reduction in contamination levels. Total aerobic plate counts, coagulase-positive staphylococci, presumptive Clostridium perfringens and Enterobacteriaceae counts of chilled ova were low, and no salmonellae were detected on these samples. Since intact ova are shipped refrigerated to egg processing plants for further processing and pasteurization before use in food products, there should be little concern about microbial food safety of ova.
Research on China's Low-carbon Roof Development in the Context of Global Climate Change

The low-carbon roof is a major green project in the context of global climate change,and it is mainly about the two aspects including the solar roof and the green roof.The development of the low-carbon roof is benefit to the energy-saving emission reduction,to reducing the effect of the heat-island and energy intensity,to bringing the business values and to increasing the employment.At present,in China,there are mainly problems in developing low-carbon roof about the concept,policy,technology,capital and other issues.International experience used in ref-erence in the development of low-carbon roof in China.Efforts should be taken to develop the low-carbon roof plan,to improve the property rights provisions of a low-carbon roof,to build a low-carbon roof service system,to promote the technological innovation of the low-carbon roof,to seek the international cooperation,and to strengthen the pub-licity and the marketing of low-carbon roof.
An Improved on Screw Thread Interpolation Algorithm

A pulse coder must be mounted on the spindle when processing thread. Screw thread interpolation is linear interpolation of K (the number of pulse per- revolution) and P (thread lead). The interpolation algorithm in common use can抰 meet the demands of high speed thread cutting because it is difficult to find a invariable pulse count value 憂?. An improved interpolation algorithm adopted a variable pulse count value is introduced This algorithm can ensure high speed thread cutting and smooth moving
The Effects of Cognitive Impairment and Substance Abuse on Psychiatric Hospitalizations

Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between impairment in executive functioning and hospital and community tenure for people with schizophrenia. However, while it has been clearly established that comorbid substance abuse has a profound negative impact on the functioning of people with schizophrenia, no studies have examined the relative effect of cognitive impairment to substance use in predicting rehospitalization in this population. The present study examined the extent to which impairment on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and substance abuse are correlated with lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations for outpatients with schizophrenia. Substance abuse was a significant predictor of prior hospitalizations and impairment on the WCST was a significant predictor of the months hospitalized. The findings suggest that both substance abuse and cognitive impairment need to be addressed in order to reduce hospitalizations and time in the hospital.
Does the Advanced Proficiency Evaluated in Oral-Like Written Text Support Syntactic Parsing in a Written Academic Text Among L2 Japanese Learners?

Corpus linguistics identifies the qualitative difference in the characteristics of spoken discourse vs. written academic discourse. Whereas spoken discourse makes greater use of finite dependent clauses functioning as constituents in other clauses, written academic discourse incorporates noun phrase constituents and complex phrases. This claim can be extended to the contrast between academic written texts and more informal oral-like written texts. This study examined whether this qualitative difference in syntactic structures affects second language learners’ syntactic parsing in a written academic text. For the purpose of this research, a think-aloud protocol of reading a typical written academic text was carried out with 31 undergraduate students at a U.S. university who demonstrated near-passing scores and above on the Japanese language proficiency test level 2. The statistical analysis, using Kendall's tau, revealed that advanced proficiency in terms of oral-like written texts does not guarantee the ability to parse syntactic structures in written academic texts.
The relative stabilities of A- and B-type carbonate substitution in apatites synthesized in aqueous solution

Carbonated calcium apatites doped with a monovalent cation (Li + , Na + , or K + ) or a divalent cation (Mg 2+ or Zn 2+ ) were prepared in aqueous solution and analysed by powder X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The hypothesis that the location of carbonate in the apatite structure, either in place of hydroxide ions in the c -axis channels (A-type substitution) or in place of phosphate (B-type substitution), is affected by the solution energetics of the cation (specifically its enthalpy of hydration) was strengthened by the observation of larger amounts of A-type carbonate in apatites containing the monovalent cations in aqueous solution. It is shown that cations with low negative enthalpies of hydration favour A-type substitution, whereas cations with higher negative hydration enthalpies, such as divalent cations (Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ ), favour B-type substitution.
Effects of epinephrine on angiogenesis-related gene expressions in cultured rat cardiomyocytes

Epinephrine is often used for the treatment of patients with heart failure, low cardiac output and cardiac arrest. It can acutely improve hemodynamic parameters; however, it does not seem to improve longer term clinical outcomes. Therefore, we hypothesized that epinephrine may induce unfavorable changes in gene expression of cardiomyocyte. Thus, we investigated effects of epinephrine exposure on the mediation or modulation of gene expression of cultured cardiomyocytes at a genome-wide scale. Our investigation revealed that exposure of cardiomyocytes to epinephrine in an in vitro environment can up-regulate the expression of angiopoietin-2 gene (+2.1 times), and down-regulate the gene expression of neuregulin 1 (-3.7 times), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (-2.4 times) and SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein-2 (-4.5 times). These changes suggest that epinephrine exposure may induce inhibition of angiogenesis-related gene expressions in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. The precise clinical significance of these changes in gene expression, which was induced by epinephrine exposure, warrants further experimental and clinical investigations.
Mercury bioaccumulation increases with latitude in a coastal marine fish (Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia)

Human exposure to the neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg) occurs primarily via the consumption of marine fish, but the processes underlying large-scale spatial variations in fish MeHg concentrations [MeHg], which influence human exposure, are not sufficiently understood. We used the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), an extensively studied model species and important forage fish, to examine latitudinal patterns in total mercury (Hg) [Hg] and [MeHg]. Both [Hg] and [MeHg] significantly increased with latitude (0.014 and 0.048 μg MeHg·g dry weight−1 per degree of latitude in juveniles and adults, respectively). Four known latitudinal trends in silverside traits help explain these patterns: latitudinal increase in MeHg assimilation efficiency, latitudinal decrease in MeHg efflux, latitudinal increase in weight loss due to longer and more severe winters, and latitudinal increase in food consumption as an adaptation to decreasing length of the growing season. Given the absence of a latitudinal pattern in partic...
Applying the density matrix expansion with coordinate-space chiral interactions

We apply the density matrix expansion (DME) at Hartree-Fock level with long-range chiral effective field theory interactions defined in coordinate space up to next-to-next-to-leading order. We consider chiral potentials both with and without explicit $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ isobars. The challenging algebra associated with applying the DME to three-nucleon forces is tamed using a new organization scheme, which will also facilitate generalizations. We include local regulators on the interactions to mitigate the effects of singular potentials on the DME couplings and simplify the optimization of generalized Skyrme-like functionals.
Psychological Disorders Without Brain Disorders

Elsey and Kindt (2016) provide a useful summary of recent experimental work on memory reconsolidation and the potential clinical applications of reconsolidation-based memory interventions. Moreover...
Evaluating the Advanced Technology Program: a preliminary assessment of economic impacts

The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) was established in the USA in 1988 to assist US businesses in creating and applying the generic technology and research results necessary to commercialize significant new scientific discoveries and technologies rapidly, and to refine manufacturing technologies. To accomplish these goals, the ATP solicits and evaluates projects for co–funding. This paper describes the ATP and offers an evaluation process for assessing its short–term and long–term economic impacts. In addition, the feasibility of this evaluation plan is demonstrated using information from the ATP's first two solicitations. This plan has been adopted by the ATP and is currently being implemented on a larger scale.
Preoperative radiation dose escalation for rectal cancer using a concomitant boost strategy improves tumor downstaging without increasing toxicity: A matched-pair analysis

Abstract Purpose Pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is associated with improved outcomes for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Increased response rates have been reported with higher radiation doses, but these studies often lack long-term outcome and/or toxicity data. We conducted a case-control analysis of patients with LARC who underwent definitive CRT to determine the efficacy and safety of intensified treatment with a concomitant boost (CB) approach. Methods and materials From 1995 to 2003, a phase 2 protocol examined CRT with 5-fluorouracil and CB radiation therapy (52.5 Gy in 5 weeks) for patients with LARC. Seventy-six protocol patients were matched (case-control approach) for surgery type, tumor (T) stage, and clinical nodal (N) stage with patients who received standard dose (SD) CRT (5-fluorouracil, 45 Gy). A chart review was performed. McNemar's test and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results The SD and CB groups did not differ in tumor circumferential involvement and length, but the tumors of CB patients were closer to the anal verge (4.7 vs 5.7 cm; P = .02). Although tumor downstaging was higher in the CB cohort (76% vs 51%; P .05). The median follow-up was 11.9 years. The 5-year local control rates were higher for CB (100.0%) compared with SD (90.0%) patients (P = .01). CB patients had higher rates of 10-year progression-free survival (71.9% vs 57.6%, P Conclusions CRT dose escalation for patients with LARC is safe and effective. The improved T-downstaging and local control observed in CB patients should encourage further dose escalation studies.
Natural Cannabinoids of Cannabis and Methods of Analysis

Cannabis has gained a lot of popularity in last few years not only because of its use as illicit drug but due to its use as food, fiber and medicine. It is a complex mixture of constituents which contain a unique class of secondary metabolites called phytocannabinoids. In general, so far a total of 565 constituents including 120 phytocannabinoids have been reported in Cannabis sativa. This chapter discusses the chemistry of phytocannabinoids in the plant with particular emphasis on the Δ9-THC type of cannabinoids and different analytical methods available for cannabinoids analysis in cannabis plant and cannabis products.
To God be the Glory : discussing sex in evangelical communities in Southern Nigeria : original research

Many people hold stereotypes and assumptions about religious communities in regards to their feelings and beliefs about sex and the impact it has on the lived experiences of religious people. However, stereotypes and assumptions are not often grounded in reality, and many people are hesitant to address the issue head on. This qualitative ethnographically informed preliminary grounded theory study aimed to engage an Evangelical Pentecostal community in Southern Nigeria with the ultimate goal of understanding how communities conceptualize and discuss sexuality topics, the factors influencing sexual decision making amongst youth and young adults, and to identify research needs that will better inform innovative and efficacious research utilizing religious communities in sexuality research. Results showed that this population was highly interested in discussing sexuality in their community including major threats to their ideal sexual behavior path, reasons why people stray from this ideal and how to keep people on this ideal path. This research demonstrates that religious communities are interested in conducting sexuality research so long as the research takes their values and beliefs into account and respects their limitations when it comes to research intent and methods. Beaucoup de gens detiennent des stereotypes et des hypotheses concernant les communautes religieuses en ce qui concerne leurs sentiments et leurs croyances sur le sexe et l'impact qu'elle a sur les experiences vecues par les personnes religieuses. Cependant, les stereotypes et les hypotheses ne sont pas souvent ancres dans la realite, et beaucoup de gens sont reticents a aborder la question de front. Cette etude qualitative qui est ethnographiquement informe de theorie ancree de facon preliminaire avait pour objectif d'engager une communaute evangelique pentecotiste dans le sud du Nigeria dans le but ultime de comprendre comment les communautes concoivent et discutent le sujets portant sur la sexualite, les facteurs qui influent sur la prise de decision sexuelle parmi les jeunes et les jeunes adultes et d'identifier les besoins de recherche qui permettront une meilleure recherche innovante et efficace en utilisant les communautes religieuses dans la recherche sur la sexualite. Les resultats ont montre que cette population etait tres interessee a la discussion de la sexualite dans leur communaute, y compris les principales menaces a leur trajectoire ideale de comportement sexuel, les raisons pour laquelle les gens s'eloignent de cet ideal et la facon de garder les gens sur ce chemin ideal. Cette recherche demontre que les communautes religieuses sont interessees a mener des recherches sur la sexualite tant que la recherche prend leurs valeurs et croyances en compte et respecte leurs limites en ce qui concerne l'intention et les methodes de recherche.
Introduction: The Emerging Paradigm

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of the clinical approaches to health care. A broader vision of humanity and human wellness allows current health care approaches to be placed into proper context. Currently, it's witnessed that the process of integration as the holistic paradigm begins to shift health care. The terms used to describe this new style of health care have gone through a curious evolution. In the early 1970s, it was termed holistic health. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, it was called alternative medicine. By the late 1980s, the British term complementary medicine was coming to the forefront. By the early 1990s, another term, integrative medicine, became popularized by Andrew Weil. Three of these terms—complementary, alternative, and integrative—represent the progressive relationship of this new paradigm to the current health care system. Only one term is actually descriptive of the new model: holistic.
The Role of Order in Lattice Theory

As an algebraic system, a lattice is a two operation system with equation definable axioms. The usual axiom set is the following: Idempotent laws: a ∨ a = a, a ∧ a = a Commutative laws: a ∨ b = b ∨ a, a ∧ b = b ∧ a Associative laws: (a ∨ b) ∨ c = a ∨ (b ∨ c), (a ∧ b) ∧ c = a ∧ (b ∧ c) Adsorptive laws: a ∨ (a ∧ b) = a, a ∧ (a ∨ b) = a.
Performance Evaluations of Rain Microphysical Retrieval Using Gpm Dual-Wavelength Radar by Way of Comparison With the Self-Consistent Numerical Method

The primary concern of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of drop size distribution (DSD) retrievals for the rain region using global precipitation measurement (GPM) dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR). Direct comparison between ground and spaceborne radar might answer the question, but unfortunately, this is a difficult and challenging task that can result in largely unmeasurable uncertainty. In this paper, the self-consistent numerical method (SNM) was used to estimate microphysical parameters along rain profiles. The assessment of the SNM performance characterizes its accuracy in the microphysics retrieval. It follows that the profile data set used for the evaluation plays an important role in this process. The ideal solution would be to use real conditions. For this purpose, a new approach for providing vertical profiles closer to the natural vertical variability of rainfall microphysical characteristics and its global vertical structure can be derived from the observations of NASA dual-frequency, dual-polarization, Doppler radar (D3R)—a matched-beam, $\textit {Ku}$ - and $\textit {Ka}$ -band dual-frequency radar that is similar to the precipitation radar (DPR) on board the GPM core satellite. The profile data set was generated using reflectivity measurements collected in RHI mode, after correcting them for attenuation using the polarimetric measurements of the $\textit {Ku}$ -band. With this data set, the behavior of SNM is evaluated in the presence of the inaccuracy introduced by taking the constant value of $\mu $ and the measurement errors. The entire version 4 of the GPM DPR precipitation products obtained with data collected from September 1, 2014 to February 28, 2017 was used. In the presence of bright-band features, the rain region of matched scans, for which measurements were simultaneously collected by $\textit {Ku}$ - and $\textit {Ka}$ -band radars, was employed to retrieve DSD parameters with SNM and GPM algorithms. A direct comparison between the two procedures was performed in terms of merit factors. The results show a significant difference between the performance of the two methods by not taking into consideration the SNM procedures that, instead, are being performed by the GPM algorithms.
Implications of the Evolution of Writing for the Origin of Language: Can a Paleoneurologist Find Happiness in the Neolithic?

Comparative primatological evidence suggests that the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees that lived five million years ago had a lateralized brain. The endocranial cast (endocast) of a two million year old Homo habilis specimen shows a cortical sulcal pattern associated with Broca’s speech area in modern humans. Thus, the beginnings of speech appear to have originated early during the evolution of our genus. Unfortunately, there is no direct evidence regarding the subsequent development of speech in humans, or its rate of evolution. However, an archaeological record does exist for the relatively recent evolution of the ability to record speech, i.e. writing. Because writing had a long evolution, even though its domain was visual and therefore easily recordable and retrievable, the evolution of its predecessor, unseen speech, must have been much longer. Such a view is consistent with the continuity and elaboration of neurological lateralization and related behaviors throughout higher primate evolution, and an early origin of language behaviors in Homo that continued to evolve over time.
Economic Downturn and Financing Innovative Startup Firms

How does economic downturn affect the financing of young innovative startup firms? In the context of venture capital firms financing innovative firms during economic downturns, we hypothesize that the decision to finance young innovative firms depends largely on the nature of the economic downturn. Specifically, we hypothesize that venture capital firms are less likely to invest in early-stage innovative firms during an economic downturn that is directly related to the technology sector, and are more likely to invest in early-stage innovative firms during an economic downturn that is not directly related to the technology sector. This is mainly because venture capital fundraising activity decreases during economic downturns, which makes venture capital firms shift investments between early-stage startup companies and later-stage startup companies depending on the situation of the public equity market. Our empirical analyses support our hypotheses. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature ...
Lytic Therapy for Retained Traumatic Hemothorax: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background Intrapleural lytic therapy has been established as an important modality of treatment for many pleural disorders, including hemothorax and empyema. Retained traumatic hemothorax is a common and understudied subset of pleural disease. The current standard of care for retained traumatic hemothorax is operative management. The use of lytic therapy for avoidance of operative intervention in the trauma population has not been well established. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs reporting operative intervention following the use of intrapleural lytic treatment for retained traumatic hemothorax were identified in the literature. The primary outcome was avoidance of surgery following treatment with any lytic agent. Meta-analysis was performed to pool the results of those studies. Subgroup analysis by type of lytic therapy and analysis of length of stay were also performed. Results One RCT and nine non-RCTs including 162 patients were pooled in the analysis. Avoidance of surgery following treatment with any lytic agent was found to be 87% (95% CI, 81%-92%). Tissue plasminogen activator resulted in 83% operative avoidance (95% CI, 71%-94%), and other, non-tissue plasminogen activator lytic agents resulted in 87% operative avoidance (95% CI, 82%-93%). The average length of stay for patients undergoing lytic therapy was 14.88 days (95% CI, 12.88-16.88). Conclusions Lytic therapy could reduce the need for operative intervention in trauma patients with retained traumatic hemothorax. RCTs are indicated to definitively evaluate the benefit of this approach.
Local Adrenergic Nerves Regulate Diurnal Leukocyte Adhesion: Impact In Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract 1099 Leukocyte recruitment is a crucial component of immune homeostasis. The sequential multistep process leading to leukocyte migration is thought to be regulated on demand at the inflammatory site. Here, we show that broad systemic programs involving long-range signals from the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) delivered by adrenergic nerves regulate rhythmic recruitment of leukocytes in tissues. While oscillations in the numbers of circulating leukocytes ranged from 4.1 to 7.8 × 10 6 cells/ml blood (P zeitgeber time, ZT5), numbers of extravascular leukocytes in skeletal muscle exhibited circadian fluctuations whose pattern ran in antiphase with that of blood, peaking at ZT13 (night) and reaching a trough at ZT5 (ZT5 / ZT13: 5.3 ± 0.3 / 7.3 ± 0.3 cells per 100 × 50 μm 2 extravascular vessel segment, p Icam1 -deficient animals did not exhibit an apparent rhythm in leukocyte infiltration. GFNx also completely abolished the night increase of ICAM-1 expression providing a direct link between SNS input and leukocyte infiltration. Since circadian rhythms are synchronized by light we tested whether alterations in photic input by induction of experimental jetlag would be sufficient to modify rhythms in leukocyte recruitment to the cremaster muscle. Indeed, circadian rhythms in extravascular leukocyte numbers in the tissue and fluctuations of ICAM-1 expression were completely abolished after a 12h jetlag. Oscillations were mediated by the molecular clock since rhythms of leukocyte numbers in both blood and tissue ceased to exist in Bmal1 −/− animals kept in constant darkness for three weeks, in contrast to normal rhythms observed in heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Remarkably, circadian rhythms in leukocyte recruitment persisted during inflammation. After administration of TNF-α, circadian rhythms in ICAM-1 expression (1.4-fold increase, p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Endoscopic Stents in the Management of Bariatric Complications: Our Algorithm and Outcomes.

Endoscopic techniques can provide an alternative to surgery in the management of post-bariatric surgery complications such as leaks, strictures, fistulas, and erosion of transgastric and adjustable gastric bands. Endoscopically placed stents can also be used to manage gastric perforations secondary to NSAIDS or perforated marginal ulcers following gastric bypass surgery. Additionally, stents can be used in conjunction with operative intervention to decrease the risk of more deleterious complications that could require additional operations. The objective of this report is to describe our private practice experience in managing bariatric procedure complications with fully covered endoscopic stents. We present the algorithm we use in the application of endoscopic stents in the management of complications following bariatric surgery. Private practice, Single provider, Tertiary Referral Center, USA Data for all patients who underwent endoscopic stent placement for complications after various bariatric surgeries (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric sleeve, lap band, and vertical banded gastroplasty) performed by several different surgeons between July 2015 and December 2018 at a single private practice were retrospectively reviewed. Patient’s medical history, perioperative information, stent placement details, outcomes, and subsequent interventions were reviewed and analyzed. Thirty-five patients who were treated with endoscopic stents after bariatric surgery were identified. Complications after bariatric surgery treated with stenting included staple line leaks, anastomotic leaks, strictures, marginal ulcer perforations, gastrogastric fistula, and lap band erosion repairs. Mean duration of each stent round also varied. Resolution occurred in 33 patients (94.3%). Stent migration occurred in seven patients (20%) and in eight of 51 stents placed (15.7%). Two patients ultimately required revision surgery, though only one was related to stent (2.9%). Our findings suggest that foregut stents deployed according to our algorithm can facilitate healing of anastomotic leaks, staple line leaks, and marginal ulcer perforations. Furthermore, stent placement can also bolster tenuous repairs of band erosion sites, repairs staple line failure, and manages leaks at band erosion repair sites. Endoscopic stents can also be utilized to augment both balloon and savory dilation of gastric anastomoses and gastric sleeve strictures. Stents should be clipped proximally and distally to minimize the risk of migration.
Welcome to R

As a marketing analyst, you have no doubt heard of R. You may have tried R and become frustrated and confused, after which you returned to other tools that are “good enough.” You may know that R uses a command line and dislike that. Or you may be convinced of R’s advantages for experts but worry that you don’t have time to learn or use it.
Classes of lifetime adversity in emerging adult women and men and their associations with weight status.

Abstract The aim of this paper was to better understand how child and adult adversities cluster together into classes, and how these classes relate to body weight and obesity. Analyses included 2015 and 2018 data from emerging adults (18–25 years old) who participated in a state surveillance system of 2- and 4-year college students in Minnesota (N = 7475 in 2015 and N = 6683 in 2018). Latent Class Analyses (LCA) of 12 child and adult adversities were run stratified by gender and replicated between 2015 and 2018. The distal outcome procedure and three-step Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars approach were used to estimate predicted BMI means and predicted probabilities of obesity for each class, adjusted for covariates. The LCA identified seven classes in women and 5 in men. In women, BMI ranged from 23.9 kg/m2 in the lowest-BMI class (“Adult Adversities and Childhood Household Dysfunction”; 95% CI: 22.6–25.1) to 27.3 kg/m2 in the highest-BMI class (“High Lifetime Adversities”; 95% CI: 25.9–28.7), a statistically significant difference of 3.4 kg/m2. In men, the adjusted BMIs ranged from 24.6 kg/m2 (“Low Adversities”; 95% CI: 24.3–25.0) to 26.0 kg/m2 (“Childhood Household Mental Illness”; 95% CI: 25.1–26.9), a statistically significant difference of 1.4 kg/m2. The pattern was similar for obesity. These results indicate that specific classes of child and adult adversities are strongly associated with BMI and obesity, particularly in women. A key contribution of LCA appeared to be identification of small classes at high risk for excess weight.
Chronic respiratory failure in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Although survival has improved dramatically for extremely preterm infants, those with the most severe forms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) fail to improve in the neonatal period and go on to develop chronic respiratory failure. When careful weaning of respiratory support is not tolerated, the difficult decision of whether or not to pursue chronic ventilation via tracheostomy must be made. This requires shared decision-making with an interdisciplinary medical team and the child's family. Although they suffer from increased morbidity and mortality, the majority of these children will survive to tolerate ventilator liberation and tracheostomy decannulation. Care coordination for the technology-dependent preterm infant is complex, but there is a growing consensus that chronic ventilation can best support neurodevelopmental progress and improve long-term outcomes.
Design and Implementation of a Low Cost, Open Access Digital Stethoscope for Social Distanced Medical Care and Tele Auscultation: Stethogram

As quality and availability of information and communication technologies infrastructure improved in urban and rural areas across the world, telemedicine is gaining more attention and momentum to improve healthcare delivery. However, tele auscultation, an essential part of clinical diagnosis, remains challenging due to several factors, including access to an affordable quality digital stethoscope for patients receiving care remotely. The COVID-19 pandemic has exhibited a similar challenge highlighting the need for a low-cost digital stethoscope used while donning personal protective equipment. Motivated by healthcare providers struggle to protect themselves and the patient during the COVID-19 pandemic and to address the challenges of caring for a patient remotely, we designed a low-cost digital stethoscope suitable for both the COVID-19 challenges and tele auscultation based on standard smartphone, off-the-shelf components, open-source 3D-printed parts and tool-free assembly. We present the result of a fully functional digital stethoscope smartphone attachment successfully developed at the cost of approximately $20 and evaluated by participating clinicians.
To File or Not to File: The Practical and EthicalImplications of Motion Practice on SentenceNegotiations* in Capital Cases

their application can be quite challenging and constrain inthe context of actual motion practice and sentence bargaining in capital cases. 55 B. TheA BA Stadai for COrirn Jwtice The ABA developed the Standards for Criminal Justice as "guidelines and recommendations intended to help criminal justice planners design a system, set goals and priorities to achieve it, and propose procedures... targeted toward achieving a criminal justice system that is fair, balanced, and constitutionally responsive." Although the Virginia Bar has not adopted the Standards, and thus theyare not binding on Virginia criminal attorneys, the Standards are widely 50. VA. Rt PROFCONDUCT 1. 1.8(). 51. V.R.PROFLONDUCrR 1.9(a). 52. Because a criminal defense attorney's subsequent representation of clients very rarely involves the same or a substantially related matter to that of a former client and the former and present clients' interests are even more seldomly adverse to one another, Rule 1.9(a) is very rarely, if ever, directly applicable to the criminal defense attorney. But sM Micliens v. Taylor, 535 US. 162 (2002) (ineffective assistance of counsel challenge to conviction on basis of conflict of interest where defense attorney had previously represented victim of crime). 53. Se i#6r notes 92-97 and accompanying text. 54. Sees"gn notes 26-28 and accompanying text.
The thiamine-dependent hysteretic behavior of human transketolase : implications for thiamine deficiency

We have investigated the hysteretic properties of human transketolase with emphasis on its dependency of thiamine pyrophosphate concentration. As demonstrated previously, the reaction progress curves revealed a slow transition from an initial low velocity to a faster final steady-state velocity, characterized by the rate constant τ -1 . The rate of the transition was dependent on the concentration of the thiamine pyrophosphate cofactor, with progressively longer transition times found as the concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate was decreased. At physiological thiamine pyrophosphate concentrations, the inverse rate constant was in the range of 10 to 20 min for fibroblast-derived transketolase and increasesd dramatically with only small decreases from these levels of thiamine pyrophosphate. Variation in the lag was found when transketolase from different individuals was examined. Moreover, at low levls between fibroblast- and lymphoblast-derived transketolases. The substantial lag in formation of active holoenzyme and the findings of interindividual variation and cell type variation in the lag period suggest mechanisms for the loss of transketolase activity variaation and cell type variation i nthe lag period suggest mechanisms for the loss of transketolase activity during thiamine deficiency and may explain, at least in part, the differential sensitivity to deficiency demonstrated by tissues and individuals