cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abiotic and biotic influences on Bromus tectorum invasion and Artemisia tridentata recovery after fire

Native sagebrush ecosystems in the Great Basin (western USA) are often invaded following fire by exotic Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), a highly flammable annual grass. Once B. tectorum is established, higher fire frequencies can lead to local extirpation of Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush) and have cascading effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the species that depend on them. We conducted a landscape-scale observational study to examine the distribution and cover of B. tectorum and A. tridentata 6 years after a large wildland fire. We used structural equation models to quantify the interacting influences of pre-fire tree canopy cover, perennial species cover, distance from potential seed source, and site environment on post-fire cover of B. tectorum and A. tridentata. Results confirmed a hypothesised negative effect of pre-fire tree canopy cover on post-fire cover of A. tridentata. Site- and landscape-level abiotic factors influenced pre-fire tree canopy cover, which, in turn, influenced the probability of rapid recovery to A. tridentata. However, B. tectorum cover was primarily influenced by a positive effect of incident solar radiation and a negative effect of perennial herbaceous species cover. Restoration efforts to reduce tree canopy cover should be limited to productive sites with sufficient cover of perennial herbaceous species to facilitate site recovery.
Correlation between ketone body and free fatty acid concentrations in the plasma during early starvation in man

Abstract During the first 2 days of starvation in healthy young adults there is an increase in free fatty acids (FFA) and ketone bodies in the blood plasma. A plot of the logarithm of ketone body concentration as a function of FFA concentration yields a highly significant linear regression.
Qualitative Features of the Glueball Spectrum

The low-energy meson spectrum is investigated. Quantum numbers of the lightest glueballs are obtained by studying low-dimension, gauge invariant, colorless operators. A general shell model of hadrons is formulated and its predictions are specified. A comparison and criticism of existing glueball models is included.
EGF receptor expression, regulation, and function in breast cancer

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression correlates with both loss of estrogen receptor (ER) and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Interestingly, in normal breast EGFR appears to be expressed more frequently than in malignant tissue, and there may be a different relationship between ER and EGFR. A variety of cellular regulators, such as EGF, TGFα, phorbol esters, and steroid hormones, are capable of altering the level of EGFR expression in breast cells. However, much work remains to be done on the mechanistic details of EGFR regulation in this disease. The significance of EGFR as an oncogene in breast cancer is compounded by its potential interactions with other oncogenes such as c-erbB-2 and c-myc. Additionally, several recent studies have placed EGFR prominently in the signal transduction pathway, demonstrating that the EGFR-ligand system may play important roles throughout the course of malignant progression in breast cancer.
Geological–Geochemical approach to “sourcing” of prehistoric chert artifacts, northwestern Alaska

A new type of approach to prehistoric chert sourcing using both geology and geochemistry is introduced and illustrated by a study conducted in northwestern Alaska. Correlation of each chert artifact with its geological source is based on the idea that both the artifact and its source have identical geologic history characterized by unique petrological and geochemical signatures. A regional database of the petrological and geochemical signatures for each chert source is constructed and artifacts from prehistoric sites located in the region are then compared to the database to determine artifact source. Data are obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, and hand specimen study. Immobile elements provide depositional environment and provenance signatures (Al, Cen/Cen*, Lan/Cen, and Eun/Smn) for artifact-outcrop correlation. Minerals and mobile elements provide diagenetic and metamorphic signatures as well as signatures related to local variability which discriminate outcrops belonging to the same stratigraphic units. Artifacts are correlated with outcrops by superimposing their chemical data on geochemical fields of outcrops obtained by descriptive statistics at 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations from the means. Two hundred eighty-nine artifacts from 57 prehistoric sites were compared with 12 chert varieties sampled in nine outcrops in the western Brooks Range. Four outcrops were firmly correlated with 51 artifacts and determined as prehistoric chert quarries. Sourcing resulted in maps of geographic and cultural distribution of quarry cherts among prehistoric sites in northwestern Alaska. The geological‐ geochemical approach to prehistoric chert sourcing is applicable to any region. q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Framing Social Justice Leadership in a University-Based Preparation Program: The University of California's Principal Leadership Institute.

Scholars are increasingly considering how theoretical concepts about social justice might permeate leadership preparation programs’ design. Yet the degree to which these concepts actually anchor th...
Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopic and X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Electronic and Steric Effects of Phosphonous Acid Ligands and Their Chlorophosphite Ligand Precursors in Tungsten Pentacarb­onyl Complexes

Although phosphonous acid ligands have recently become of interest for use in transition metal complex catalysts for organic reactions such as alkene hydroformylations, the factors that affect the steric and electronic properties of these ligands have not been studied in detail. To gain insight into the electronic and steric properties of phosphonous acid ligands, we have prepared tungsten(0) pentacarbonyl complexes with chlorophosphite ligands derived from either 2,2′-biphenol or (±)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol and have then hydrolyzed the coordinated ligands to generate tungsten(0) pentacarbonyl complexes with the corresponding phosphonous acid ligands. NMR measurements of the W–P coupling constants demonstrate that changing the biaryl groups from biphenyl to binaphthyl does not affect the electron-donor ability of the ligand, whereas changing the third substituent from chloro to oxo has a significant effect. Estimation of cone angles of the ligands from X-ray crystallographic data have shown that neither changing the biaryl group nor changing the third substituent have a significant effect on their cone angles. Further, these studies have identified important intra- and intermolecular interactions that favor certain ligand conformations. The data could be useful for the development of catalytic structure–activity relationships that could be used in the rational design of catalysts.
Organizing matrices and matrix operations for paged memory systems

Matrix representations and operations are examined for the purpose of minimizing the page faulting occurring in a paged memory system. It is shown that carefully designed matrix algorithms can lead to enormous savings in the number of page faults occurring when only a small part of the total matrix can be in main memory at one time. Examination of addition, multiplication, and inversion algorithms shows that a partitioned matrix representation (i.e. one submatrix or partition per page) in most cases induced fewer page faults than a row-by-row representation. The number of page-pulls required by these matrix manipulation algorithms is also studied as a function of the number of pages of main memory available to the algorithm.
A multi‐method approach for looking inside healthcare practices

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore a specific multi‐method approach with which to detect and analyze professional practices in order to support organizational reflection and change.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a case study, the paper describes the methodological choices made during the research process. The qualitative potentials of narrative and ethnographic orientations, and a package of data gathering tools, are analyzed in depth.Findings – The paper presents the advantages and drawbacks of tools to articulate practices and to develop hypotheses for change. It emphasizes the approach's innovative value and potential in contributing to knowledge sharing in organizations, and the implications for researchers and participants.Practical implications – The paper furnishes concrete suggestions on how practitioners and researchers/consultants can be induced to pay particular attention to aspects of the operational knowledge that should accompany change processes. This appears even mor...
Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans as major P‐selectin ligands on metastatic breast cancer cell lines

The metastatic breast cancer cell line, 4T1, abundantly expresses the oligosaccharide sialylated Lewis x (sLex). SLex oligosaccharide on tumor cells can be recognized by E- and P-selectin, contributing to tumor metastatic process. We observed that both selectins reacted with this cell line. However, contrary to the E-selectin reactivity, which was sLex dependent, P-selectin reactivity with this cell line was sLex-independent. The sLex-Neg variant of the 4T1 cell line with markedly diminished expression of sLex and lack of sLea, provided a unique opportunity to characterize P-selectin ligands and their contribution to metastasis in the absence of overlapping selectin ligands and E-selectin binding. We observed that P-selectin binding was Ca2+-independent and sulfation-dependent. We found that P-selectin reacted primarily with cell surface chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans, which were abundantly and stably expressed on the surface of the 4T1 cell line. P-selectin binding to the 4T1 cells was inhibited by heparin and CS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Moreover, Heparin administration significantly inhibited experimental lung metastasis. In addition, the data suggest that surface CS GAG chains were involved in P-selectin mediated adhesion of the 4T1 cells to murine platelets and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The data suggest that CS GAGs are also the major P-selectin-reactive ligands on the surface of human MDA-MET cells. The results warrant conducting clinical studies on the involvement of cell surface CS chains in breast cancer metastasis and evaluation of various CS types and their biosynthetic pathways as target for development of treatment strategies for antimetastatic therapy of this disease. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polarity compensation in ultra-thin films of complex oxides: The case of a perovskite nickelate

We address the fundamental issue of growth of perovskite ultra-thin films under the condition of a strong polar mismatch at the heterointerface exemplified by the growth of a correlated metal LaNiO3 on the band insulator SrTiO3 along the pseudo cubic [111] direction. While in general the metallic LaNiO3 film can effectively screen this polarity mismatch, we establish that in the ultra-thin limit, films are insulating in nature and require additional chemical and structural reconstruction to compensate for such mismatch. A combination of in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction recorded during the growth, X-ray diffraction, and synchrotron based resonant X-ray spectroscopy reveal the formation of a chemical phase La2Ni2O5 (Ni2+) for a few unit-cell thick films. First-principles layer-resolved calculations of the potential energy across the nominal LaNiO3/SrTiO3 interface confirm that the oxygen vacancies can efficiently reduce the electric field at the interface.
Recent progress in understanding the phenotype and function of intestinal dendritic cells and macrophages

Mucosal immune responses must be tightly controlled, particularly in the intestine. As members of the mononuclear phagocyte family, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are well represented in intestinal tissues and have developed unique functional niches. This review will focus on recent findings on antigen uptake and processing in the intestine and the role of DCs in the imprinting of homing receptors on T and B cells, the induction of immunoglobulin A B-cell responses, and the differentiation of regulatory T cells. It will also address the unique phenotype of intestinal macrophages and briefly what is known regarding the relationships between these cell types.
The nature, significance, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog treatment of brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease leading over the course of decades to the most common form of dementia. Many of its pathologic features and cognitive deficits may be due in part to brain insulin resistance recently demonstrated in the insulin receptor→insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) signaling pathway. The proximal cause of such resistance in AD dementia and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) appears to be serine inhibition of IRS-1, a phenomenon likely due to microglial release of inflammatory cytokines triggered by oligomeric Aβ. Studies on animal models of AD and on human brain tissue from MCI cases at high risk of AD dementia have shown that brain insulin resistance and many other pathologic features and symptoms of AD may be greatly reduced or even reversed by treatment with FDA-approved glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs such as liraglutide (Victoza). These findings call attention to the need for further basic, translational, and clinical studies on GLP-1 analogs as promising AD therapeutics.
Correlation of one-dimensional fatigue crack growth at cold-expanded holes using linear fracture mechanics and superposition

Abstract This work assesses the ability of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) with superposition to correlate the growth of one-dimensional fatigue cracks at cold-expanded open holes under constant amplitude loading. Care is taken in the work to accurately: control the test setup to ensure one-dimensional crack growth, determine residual stress in the coupons, measure crack growth, determine the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR), compute stress intensity factors, and correlate fatigue crack growth rate with stress intensity factor range ΔK and stress ratio R. The work used long dog-bone coupons having a gage section 38.1 mm wide and a centrally located 7.09 mm diameter hole. The coupons were fabricated from 2.03 mm thick 7075-T6 sheet. The small coupon thickness and alignment of the loading fixture to eliminate bending resulted in one-dimensional crack growth. Residual stress due to cold expansion (CX) was measured using the contour method, as a function of position on the crack plane. Residual stress measurements gave typical results for the average residual stress field, with near-yield compression at the hole giving way to tension further out. Measurements on multiple coupons showed ±10% variability in residual stress. Crack growth behavior of multiple as-machined (AM) coupons (without CX) tested at R of 0.1 or 0.5 agreed with earlier results published in the literature. The scatter in lifetime, defined as the range of lifetime divided by the average lifetime, was less than 30% in the AM coupons. Crack growth behavior of multiple CX coupons tested at the same two applied stress ratios was consistent with predictions by linear superposition, where the predictions used a correlation for fatigue crack growth rate as a function of ΔK and R based on crack closure concepts and a piecewise log–log fit to FCGR versus ΔKeff data from tests of non-residual stress bearing material and from the literature. Scatter in lifetime of CX coupons was 152% at R = 0.1 and 69% at R = 0.5. While the scatter in CX coupon lifetime is considerably greater than for AM coupons, it is found consistent with the observed 10% variability in residual stress. The work therefore demonstrates the ability of LEFM with superposition to accurately correlate the behavior of coupons with and without residual stresses.
Voyager Observations of the Color of Saturn's Rings

Previously unreduced high resolution Voyager 2 images of Saturn's main rings are used to generate reflectivity (I/F) profiles as a function of radius. Ratios of profiles taken from green, violet, orange, and UV filter images are then produced. The I/F ratios are diagnostic of composition, and provide us with information on the rings' present state of compositional evolution. The rings are extremely reddish in color which suggests that they could not be pure water ice. The most likely candidates for the non-icy components are silicates and organics. The sources of these pollutants are of extreme importance in determining the compositional history of the rings. The radial profiles of ring color ratio exhibit several very interesting properties: (a) broad-scale, fairly smooth, color variations which are only weakly correlated with underlying ring structure (optical depth variations) across the outer C ring and inner B ring as well as the Cassini division region. These variations are probably consistent with ballistic transport; (b) fine-scale, noise-Like (but unquestionably real) color variations across at least the outer two-thirds of the B ring. Not only the "redness" but the spectral shape varies. These variations are currently unexplained. Groundbased spectroscopic observations should be pursued to study the implied compositional heterogeneities on at least the larger scales. This data set will be used for modeling of the color and composition of the main rings using ballistic transport and radiative transfer theories.
Pumping Performance of a Modified Commercial Paddlewheel Aerator for Split‐Pond Aquaculture Systems

AbstractThe split-pond aquaculture system consists of a small fish holding basin that is connected to a waste treatment lagoon by two conduits. Split ponds require large water volumes circulated between the two basins (10,000–20,000 gal/min for 5–10-acre ponds) to remove fish waste and provide oxygenated water to the fish. Farmers producing ictalurid catfish in the USA have rapidly adopted this new technology to improve production efficiency. The original split-pond design used large, slow-rotating paddlewheels to circulate water; in this study, we evaluated paddlewheel aerators as pumps for split ponds. Pumping performance was evaluated at rotational speeds of 25–66 rotations/min and paddle submergence depths of 4.0, 6.8, and 9.5 in. Water flow rates ranged from 8,240 to 25,069 gal/min. Flows increased with increasing rotational speed and paddle submergence depth. Power input varied directly with flow rate and ranged from 1.08 to 8.28 hp. Water discharge per unit power input (i.e., pumping efficiency) ra...
Meeting Transfusion Safety Expectations

The incredibly rapid adaptation of nucleic acid tests for West Nile virus (WNV), along with declining WNV incidence in many parts of the United States, has allowed blood banks and patients to breat...
From volitional action to automatized homicide: changing levels of self and consciousness during partial limbic seizures

Abstract Refined definitions are proposed for subtle, transient changes primarily of the “sense of self,” as expressed in observable action behavior due to neuro-pathological disturbances, especially during partial seizures' interfering with volition. Two such subtypes are exemplified by temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), typically with clouding of consciousness (with amnesia for the acts), and by the proposed “Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction” (LPTR). During LPTR, consciousness is preserved to the extent that such seizure-stricken patients remember their acts, which are associated with a fleeting de novo psychosis and autonomic arousal. The acts are nonvolitional, unplanned, nonintended, motiveless, purposeless, and out-of-character, ranging from socially bizarrely inappropriate behavior to homicide. Basic “paleo” levels of the sense of self and of consciousness are preserved: Such patients “know” the nature, i.e., the kind of action, while they transiently lose their previously characteristic ability to fully appreciate the “quality” of their acts, their consequences, and implications.
The microwave spectrum, partial structure, and quadrupole coupling constants in 1,1-dichloroethane

Abstract The microwave spectra of CH 3 CHCl 35 Cl 35 and CH 3 CHCl 35 Cl 37 have been obtained yielding the following rotational constants. For CH 3 CHCl 35 Cl 35 : A = 6431.55, B = 3216.11, C = 2273.45, all ±0.03 Mc/sec. For CH 3 CHCl 35 Cl 37 : A = 6396.18, B = 3132.65, C = 2227.26, all ±0.03 Mc/sec. The quadrupole coupling constants were obtained by using high resolution techniques yielding the following values in the principal inertial axis system of CH 3 CHCl 35 Cl 35 : X aa = −39.006 ± 0.005 Mc/sec, X bb = 10.758 ± 0.010 Mc/sec, and X cc = 28.248 ± 0.005 Mc/sec. A probable value of the CCl bond coupling constant of −75.5 Mc/sec is obtained and is compared to a value of about −70.00 Mc/sec obtained for CH 3 CH 2 Cl 35 .
Closure of the Fibula Free Flap Donor Site With the Sure-Closure™ Skin-Stretching Device†

Fibula osseocutaneous free tissue transfer represents state-of-the-art reconstruction of the oromandibular complex following oncologic resection. The width of the fibula skin paddle is usually limited by the ability to achieve primary wound closure. In some cases the donor site requires skin grafting and subsequent surgical procedures to achieve effective closure, or placement of a tissue expander. The recent development of an indexed tissue advancement system (Sure Closure) makes it possible to take advantage of the viscoelastic properties of skin to close large wound deficits in a single procedure. The system secures and brings together wound edges by applying graduated pressure with a metered force approximator. A series of 12 fibula osseocutaneous free flap defects is presented, which have been successfully closed using this simple, convenient, and safe device.
The current state of evidence-based pediatric surgery

Abstract Background The efficiency of medical care in the United States has become intensely scrutinized with expectations from patients, families, payors, lawmakers, and, currently, the President. The most effective vehicle to bring more efficient care is the employment of evidence-based medicine whenever possible. Evidence-based medicine is dependent on best evidence, and best evidence is generated from prospective trials. To evaluate current state of evidence based practice in pediatric surgery we reviewed the literature for trials conducted in our field the past 10 years. Methods All randomized controlled trials from January 1999 through December 2009 published in the English literature were identified through a literature search using PubMed (www.pubmed.com). We included only those in pediatric general surgery excluding transplant, oncology, and the other nongeneral subspecialties. Results The search criteria produced 56 manuscripts, of which 51 described appropriate randomization techniques. A definitive trial design with a sample size calculation was utilized in only 19 studies (34%). A statistically significant difference between treatment arms was identified in 29 of the 56 (52%) trials. There were 26 different journals of publication, with the Journal of Pediatric Surgery being most common (20) followed by Pediatric Surgery International (7). The combined total publications from January 1999 through December 2009 for the 26 journals these randomized trials represent 0.04% of all publications. Appendicitis was the most common condition that was studied (n = 10) followed by pyloric stenosis (n = 4). Trials originated in 19 different countries led by the United States (28%), United Kingdom (14%), and Turkey (12%). There was a generally progressive increase in published trials from 1999 to 2009, however, the percentage of prospective articles published in pediatric surgery was similar to a previous review published in 1999. Conclusions The current state of evidence-based surgery in pediatric surgery has remained stable in the first decade of the 21st century. Randomized controlled trials represent less than 0.05% of all publications involving pediatric surgery. Some of the hurdles to evidence based surgery are identified and reviewed.
The optical properties of bisphenol-A polycarbonate

The optical properties of bisphenol-A polycarbonate resin as described by the complex index of refraction, N = n – ik, are derived by Kramers-Kronig analysis of experimental absorption and reflectance data obtained in the range 40μm ≥ λ ≥ 105 nm. Electronic absorption processes in polycarbonate are characterized by two broad absorption peaks centered at ∼200 and ∼100 nm.
Communication: An efficient algorithm for evaluating the Breit and spin–spin coupling integrals

We present an efficient algorithm for evaluating a class of two-electron integrals of the form r12⊗r12/r12n over one-electron Gaussian basis functions. The full Breit interaction in four-component relativistic theories beyond the Gaunt term is such an operator with n = 3. Another example is the direct spin–spin coupling term in the quasi-relativistic Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian (n = 5). These integrals have been conventionally evaluated by expensive derivative techniques. Our algorithm is based on tailored Gaussian quadrature, similar to the Rys quadrature for electron repulsion integrals (ERIs), and can utilize the so-called horizontal recurrence relation to reduce the computational cost. The CPU time for computing all six Cartesian components of the Breit or spin–spin coupling integrals is found to be only 3 to 4 times that of the ERI evaluation.
Gas ionization solar spectral monitor

We are currently developing an instrument free from optical components to measure the full-disk solar spectrum in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) regime covering wavelengths from 75 to 400A. The instrument consists of a windowless noble gas ionization cell followed by a toroidal electrostatic analyzer to spatially disperse photoelectrons as a function of their energies. A microchannel plate based position sensitive detector is used to detect individual electrons, indirectly returning the solar EUV spectrum. The instrument was launched aboard a NASA Black Brant sounding rocket on October 27, 1992. Power to this instrument was lost early in the flight, however, and a reflight is planned for October 1993. Calibration results for the He II 304-A line are presented.
Prevalence and clinical significance of pancreatic cysts associated with cysts in other organs

Abstract Background and aim Von Hippel-Lindau disease is associated with serous cysts in the pancreas and kidneys. In this study we determined the prevalence of pancreatic cysts occurring concurrently with other abdominal cysts and tested the hypothesis that these patients might represent a forme fruste of Von Hippel-Lindau disease and be more likely to be serous cysts. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound of pancreatic cysts. Results A total of 156 patients were included in the study. Eighty-five patients (54.8%) had cyst(s) in the pancreas and at least one other intra-abdominal cyst. These cysts included 24 (27.9%) serous cysts, 30 (34.9%), mucinous cysts, 6 (7%) adenocarcinoma and 25 (29.4%) unknowns. Seventy-one patients (45.2%) had isolated pancreatic cysts. These included 17 (23.9%) serous cysts, 28 (39.5%) mucinous cysts, 4 (5.6%) adenocarcinoma and 22 (31%) unknowns. The odds of serous cysts with concurrent extra-pancreatic and pancreatic cysts compared to odds of serous cysts with pancreatic cysts alone were 1.3 (95% CI: 0.6–2.9). Conclusions Pancreatic cysts are associated with cysts in other abdominal organs in 54.8% patients. The prevalence of serous cysts was not higher amongst individuals with multiple organ cysts compared to those with only pancreatic cysts.
Nature and locations of the most slowly exchanging peptide NH protons in residues 1 to 19 of ribonuclease S

The locations have been found of the eight most slowly exchanging peptide protons in residues 1 to 19 of ribonuclease S. The resonance lines of these eight protons are resolved by proton magnetic resonance at 360 MHz when either S-peptide (residues 1 to 19) or peptide 1-15 is bound to S-protein (residues 21 to 124). Other peptide protons have been removed by exchange in the sample preparation ([1H]S-peptide is added to deuterated S-protein in D2O), and also by exchange-out of the less protected protons in residues 1 to 19. At pH 5·1, 0°C, there is a 100-fold difference in rates of exchange between the eight most protected protons and the less protected protons of S-peptide. The highly protected protons are protected 104-fold compared to free S-peptide. The protected protons have been identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance after denaturing ribonuclease S in ≥3 m -urea-d4, D2O, pH 2·3, −4°C, followed by comparing the chemical shifts of the remaining eight protons with the known -NH spectrum of the free peptide, which has been assigned from the two-dimensional homonuclear correlated spectrum and by comparison with earlier work. The eight highly protected NH protons are localized in one segment, residues 7 to 14. All eight protons are H-bonded: those of residues 7 to 13 are H-bonded within the 3-13 α-helix and that of residue 14 is H-bonded to the β-sheet. The NH proton of residue 16, which also is H-bonded to the β-sheet, is not one of the highly protected protons. Both the N atoms of the eight NH groups and also the O atoms of their CO acceptor groups are shielded from solvent in most cases, according to the molecular area calculations of Finney (1978) .
Effects of DC Current on the Stress-Strain Curve and Hardness of 6061 T6511 Aluminum

The effects of electricity on the mechanical properties of aluminum are investigated with the ultimate goal of establishing a technique by which the mechanical energy associated with cutting a material can be reduced without requiring an increase in the material’s temperature. The effects of the electricity on the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum are investigated through both tensile and hardness testing. As the electricity is passed through the material, resistive heating occurs within the material. Therefore, the effects of non-stationary temperatures on the stress-strain behavior of 6061 aluminum are investigate with and without the electrical current flowing through the material. How the electrical effect varies based on the aluminum’s temper is also investigated, along with the effects of electrical pre-treatments. The experimental results indicate that the electricity has the potential to substantially reduce the energy required to machine the material without causing significant increases in the workpiece temperature. The testing also indicates that these effects exist regardless of the temper on the material. Finally, the study found that, while not reducing the energy as substantially as when using a continuous current, an electrical pre-treat can be used to reduce the energy below that found from annealing alone.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Pulmonary vein isolation and the Cox maze procedure only partially denervate the atrium.

Objectives The effects of ablation lines on myocardial innervation and response to autonomic stimuli are unclear. This study examined the effects of radiofrequency ablation on atrial autonomic innervation and compared pulmonary vein isolation and the biatrial Cox maze procedure. Methods In 12 acute canines right and left vagosympathetic trunks and right and left stellate ganglia were isolated. Each nerve was stimulated before bipolar ablation, after pulmonary vein isolation, and after the Cox maze procedure. Nadolol (n = 6) and atropine (n = 6) were administered to block sympathetic and parasympathetic responses, respectively. Changes in heart rate and atrioventricular interval were compared. Changes in QRST area relative to an isoelectric baseline (index of local innervation) were calculated. Results Sympathetic stimulation of each nerve and parasympathetic stimulation of the vagosympathetic trunks caused significant changes in heart rate and atrioventricular interval. After pulmonary vein isolation, the effect of 33% of the nerves on heart rate changes was eliminated. The Cox maze procedure eliminated right stellate sympathetic effects on heart rate. Fifty percent of the nerves caused heart rate changes after the Cox maze procedure. There was no significant effect of either lesion set on atrioventricular interval changes. Stimulation of 50% of nerves after pulmonary vein isolation produced local area changes significantly different from control area. After the Cox maze procedure, a different 50% of the nerves produced local changes different from those seen after pulmonary vein isolation. Conclusions Surgical ablation procedures disrupted innervation, affecting heart rate but not atrioventricular interval. Autonomic innervation affecting the atria was changed by pulmonary vein isolation and additionally by the Cox maze procedure. Residual autonomic effects were present even after the complete Cox maze procedure.
Tissue-specific palatability and chemical defenses against macropredators and pathogens in the common articulate brachiopod Liothyrella uva from the Antarctic Peninsula

The punctate terebratulid brachiopod Liothyrella uva is the most common brachiopod species in Antarctica. Whole brachiopods, either live or freeze dried and ground into a powder and suspended in alginate, were unpalatable to the sympatric macropredators Odontaster validus (an abundant, omnivorous sea star) and Notothenia coriiceps (an abundant, omnivorous, epibenthic fish). The unpalatability of these ground tissues coupled with that of lipophilic extracts of whole L. uva presented in alginate pellets to O. validus, suggests an involvement of chemical defenses. Several isolated brachiopod tissues were also unpalatable to O. validus after being freeze dried, ground and suspended in alginate, but only the pedicle was unpalatable in such preparations to both O. validus and N. coriiceps. This observation is consistent with the Optimal Defense Theory since the pedicle is the only tissue not protected inside the brachiopod shell. There was, however, no correlation between the energetic content and unpalatability of any of the individual tissues. Organic extracts of tissues involved in feeding (lophophore and intestine–stomach) had relatively strong antimicrobial activity when assayed against several strains of Antarctic bacteria. However, the lophophore was palatable to both macropredators, suggesting nonoverlapping chemical defenses are involved in protection against predators and pathogens.
Reproductive allocation between the sexes, across natural and novel habitats, and its impact on genetic diversity

Allocation to reproductive mode (sexual and asexual) can vary depending on environmental conditions but is often examined at the population level, whereas selection acts upon the individual. We examined individual variation in reproductive mode to identify how the interaction of sex and the environment affect population genetic diversity. Using the plant Marchantia inflexa, we tested whether reproductive allocation pattern varies consistently between males and females and among plants collected from different environments, and determined if morphological responses were the result of individual plasticity or genetic differences. We then quantified genetic variability between the different environments and between the sexes. Male and female plants were collected from two strikingly different habitats within the same region: along natural sites (rivers) and along novel human-modified sites (roadsides). Using a common garden approach, we found a strong sex by habitat interaction: male and female responses differed significantly by their source habitat. For females, relative to river-collected, road-collected plants had higher growth and asexual reproduction, while the pattern was reversed, although not significant, for males. Genetic differentiation was significant between the two habitats with no evidence of individual differences in plasticity for growth, but there was a genotype effect for asexual propagule production. Males and females did not differ genetically; but river-collected plants with lower sexual potential were more diverse than roadside-collected plants, possibly the result of founder events. These results show that individual variation in reproduction is controlled by the interaction of both the environment and genetics. Due to different selection pressures between natural and novel habitats, there are observable differences in life history traits with an associated evolutionary response to the novel habitat.
Perceived and objective measures of the food store environment and the association with weight and diet among low-income women in North Carolina.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to highlight the similarities and differences between perceived and objective measures of the food store environment among low-income women and the association with diet and weight.DesignCross-sectional analysis of food store environment. Store level was characterized by: (i) the availability of healthy foods in stores where participants shop, using food store audits (objective); and (ii) summary scores of self-reported perception of availability of healthy foods in stores (perceived). Neighbourhood level was characterized by: (i) the number and type of food stores within the census tract (objective); and (2) summary scores of self-reported perception of availability of healthy foods (perceived).SettingSix counties in North Carolina.SubjectsOne hundred and eighty-six low-income women.ResultsIndividuals who lived in census tracts with a convenience store and a supercentre had higher odds of perceiving their neighbourhood high in availability of healthy foods (OR = 6·87 (95 % CI 2·61, 18·01)) than individuals with no store. Overall, as the number of healthy foods available in the store decreased, the probability of perceiving that store high in availability of healthy foods increased. Individuals with a supercentre in their census tract weighed more (2·40 (95 % CI 0·66, 4·15) kg/m2) than individuals without one. At the same time, those who lived in a census tract with a supercentre and a convenience store consumed fewer servings of fruits and vegetables (−1·22 (95 % CI −2·40, −0·04)).ConclusionsThe study contributes to a growing body of research aiming to understand how the food store environment is associated with weight and diet.
Calculating upper and lower probability bounds on the outcomes of large entry games

Abstract Recently developed econometric techniques for estimating the parameters of entry games with multiple equilibria suffer significant computational constraints associated with calculating upper and lower bound entry probabilities. We provide simulation-based and analytical expressions for these probabilities, reducing this computational burden.
Measurements of Phase Response in an Oscillatory Reaction and Deduction of Components of the Adjoint Eigenvector

We present the first experiments that use the phase response method to determine components of the adjoint eigenvector (of the Jacobian matrix of the linearized system) of an oscillating reaction system. The Briggs−Rauscher reaction was studied near a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. Phase response curves for I- and Mn2+ have been determined, and from them corresponding components of the adjoint eigenvector have been deduced. The relative magnitudes and difference in arguments of these components agree reasonably well with those from a reduced model of the Briggs−Rauscher reaction, whereas agreement with results from quenching experiments is mixed.
Localization of monoamine fluroscence in the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters

Summary Explorations into the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system have focused on the stomatogastric ganglion as a paradigm of neural mechanisms and integrative circuitry. Emerging evidence implicates dopamine as a fundamental modulator of the bursting pacemaker neurons and many of the intraganglionic rhythms. The present paper has employed formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in freeze-dried specimens, a microscopic histochemical technique which demonstrates anatomical structures containing particular putative transmitters, indoleamines and catecholamines. We have localized specific, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in the lobster stomatogastric nervous system. This fluorescence occurs throughout the stomatogastric ganglion neuropil, in 4–8 cell bodies of the bilaterally paired commissural ganglia and in discrete and continuous neurites interconnecting these 3 ganglia. Variations of the basic fluorescence technique suggest that the specific fluorescence is catecholaminergic. Evidence from related biochemical studies supports this observation and indicates that the catecholaminergic fluorescence is dopaminergic since tests for norepinephrine are negative while concomitant tests for dopamine are positive.
Free barium in and evaporated from oxide cathodes.

DURING 1945, in connexion with experiments on thermionic emission from electrodes other than the cathode in small radio valves, we had occasion to make measurements on the quantity of free barium evaporated from the cathode, and also the amount actually adsorbed on or distributed in the barium–strontium oxide coating. In view of the theoretical importance of the latter in connexion with the electrical conductivity of the coating treated as a semi-conductor (investigated by D. A. Wright, whose results are at present in the course of publication), we feel that our results have become of more general interest. Previous measurements by Berdennikowa1 and Clausing2 did not distinguish between the barium in the cathode coating and that evaporated, while Prescott and Morrison3, who made the distinction, used cathodes with free nickel distributed through the coating and activated them in an unusual manner by heating in methane. This may have produced excess barium, which could alloy with the nickel in the coating.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: early contributions of Jean-Martin Charcot.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is historically an important entity because its manifestations involve distinct signs that can be correlated with gray and white matter lesions at specific sites within the central nervous system. Working at the end of the nineteenth century, the celebrated neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot, used this disorder as a prototypic example of the power of his research method, termed “methode anatomoclinique.” Using clinical cases and autopsy material, he showed how anatomical lesions in the nervous system could be accurately determined by the presence of carefully analyzed clinical signs. Charcot's work on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brought together neurological entities formerly considered as disparate disorders, primary amyotrophy and primary lateral sclerosis. In addition, these studies contributed to the understanding of spinal cord and brain stem anatomy and the organization of the normal nervous system. Because of Charcot's fundamental contributions, the eponym “Charcot's disease” has been used internationally in association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 23: 336–343, 2000
On-line measurement of ultrafine aggregate surface area and volume distributions by electrical mobility analysis: I. Theoretical analysis

Abstract Electrical mobility analyzers are usually calibrated for spherical particles, and provide number, area and volume distributions for spherical particles. However, these instruments cannot be directly used to obtain the surface area and volume distributions for aggregates. Aggregates are important in technological applications, such as the manufacture of fine powdered materials, and in air pollution and atmospheric sciences. Thus, nanoparticle chain aggregates of low fractal dimension are another important limiting case, in addition to spheres; a method is described which makes it possible to relate aggregate surface area and volume distributions to the electrical mobility diameter. This is accomplished by equating the migration velocity of an aggregate to that of a sphere. Particles of equal migration velocities will trace similar paths in the mobility analyzer and have the same mobility diameter (neglecting the Brownian diffusive spread). By equating the migration velocities of a sphere and aggregate, the number and size of the primary particles composing the aggregate can be related to the diameter of a sphere with the same migration velocity. The calculation of aggregate surface areas and volumes requires two theoretical “modules”, one for the drag on the aggregates and the other for aggregate charging efficiency. Two modules selected from the literature were used. The results indicate that the surface area distributions of aggregates with random orientation are somewhat over-predicted when calculated directly from the mobility diameter. However, the volume distributions are greatly over-predicted, up to a factor of ten compared with values based on the mobility diameter. The affect of aggregate orientation on surface area estimates was also examined.
Keynote: High performance computing based on FPGAS

Driven by the increasing demand of high performance computing (HPC) systems in scientific and commercial computing on one hand and the limitation of todays processor technology (memory wall, frequency wall, power wall) on the other hand there is a growing interest in highly scalable and high-performance computer architectures based on application-optimized processors and computation technology. Examples of specialized high-performance processors are graphic processing units (GPUs) and game processors, e.g. the Cell/B.E. processor, which are capable of performing more than the specific computations for which they were designed. A big challenge especially in HPC is to integrate those specialized processors into a system architecture which is able to provide the I/O and sustained system performance in a massively parallel computation system. An example is the worldpsilas fastest supercomputer with a peak performance of 1.7 petaflops which is a hybrid design based on standard dual-core and specialized game processors which are connected by a specific I/O expansion board. Another highly innovative and scalable computer design based on game processors is the so-called ldquoQCD parallel computer based on cell technologyrdquo (QPACE) which consists of an application-optimized network chip implemented on FPGA overcoming the I/O limitations of existing network chips. This talk will provide an overview and insight into the QPACE architecture concept with focus on the application-optimized network implemented on FPGAs and will discuss scalable computer design concepts in HPC based on specialized high performance processors.
On Speaking Up and Alcohol and Drug Testing for Health Care Professionals

In the target article, Banja (2014) argues against alcohol and drug testing for health care professionals and provides several reasons. Most important, there is not much evidence that alcohol or dr...
Diffusion and dissociation of platinum clusters on Pt(111)

Abstract Platinum clusters on Pt(111) have been examined using the field ion microscope to provide atomistic information about their stability and mobility, which is required for understanding the macroscopic kinetics of crystal growth. From the temperature dependence of the diffusivity D , the diffusion barrier E D and the prefactor D 0 have been ascertained for clusters made up of three to seven Pt atoms. The diffusion barrier rises monotonically with cluster size, unlike the behavior of iridium clusters on Ir(111). The prefactor D 0 of the largest cluster, Pt 7 , is unusual, exceeding that of Pt 6 by two orders of magnitude. Dissociation of Pt clusters has been examined separately. Activation energies for dissociation, deduced from the temperature at which clusters disappear, also rise monotonically with size. Even at low temperatures like 350 K, diffusion as well as dissociation are found to be significant for all clusters up to and including pentamers, and can affect the kinetics of growth.