cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV risk reduction and service delivery strategies in criminal justice settings

Because of the HIV risk behaviors of substance abusers, particularly injection drug users and those who exchange sex for drugs, and the large numbers who are already infected with HIV or showing symptoms of AIDS, significant service delivery issues are associated with their criminal justice processing. Many strategies have been implemented in correctional settings in an effort to prevent and control the transmission of HIV. A number of these are for the purpose of lowering transmission risk in institutions, whereas others have been structured for the sake of offering prevention/intervention to inmates before they return to the free community. As such, prisons and jails represent opportune settings for HIV prevention and education. The most common HIV control/prevention/education strategies include mandatory testing of inmates for HIV, segregating infected inmates from the general prison population, establishing special health care units for HIV positive and AIDS symptomatic inmates, offering HIV prevention and risk reduction programs, and granting medical parole for the terminally ill. Because drug abuse treatment results in substantial declines in the use of heroin, cocaine, and other drugs, treatment per se can play a significant role in reducing the spread of HIV and AIDS among those coming to the attention of the criminal justice system. Most promising are continuous and integrated treatment services that are tied to the stages of correctional supervision: primary treatment while incarcerated; secondary treatment while on work release, halfway house or community supervision; and, tertiary treatment in ongoing aftercare.
What makes competitions fun to participate?: the role of audience for middle school game designers

Though recent efforts have focused on creating tools and communities for youth game designers, the emergence of online competitions is a recent phenomenon in engaging students in such activities. In this paper we describe and analyze how a class of middle-school students participated in a national STEM video game challenge. Using Scratch, students designed, debugged and submitted their own video games over a three-month period. In analyzing the game designs, we paid particular attention to the role different authentic audiences and what we learned about supporting participation in online competitions.
On pressing of a buckled film

Abstract The problem of smoothing a locally debonded and distorted thin film structure is considered. The structure consists of a thick rigid but deformable substrate and a thin elastic film, where the film is buckled in the debonded region as a result of compression of the substrate. A transverse point load is applied at the center of the buckled segment of the film simulating the action of a press. The film is modeled as a von Karman's thin plate. The problem is formulated in terms of the variational Principle of Stationary Potential Energy coupled with Griffith's Energy Criterion governing delamination growth. A self-consistent system of nonlinear equations describing deformation and delamination of the structure is derived. The associated transversality condition is found as a consequence of the variation of the debond edges, with the energy release rate seen to be comprised of mode I and mode II fracture. The problem is recast into a mixed formulation in terms of the transverse displacement and the membrane strain of the film, which renders a linear boundary value problem coupled with a nonlinear integrability condition associated with the prescribed in plane displacements at the debond edges. A special technique is introduced to modify the integrability condition by indirect evaluation of the corresponding integral. A closed form analytical solution is obtained and analyzed. Numerical simulations reveal the typical pressing scenario which appears to involve a snap-through behavior. Analysis of the growth condition shows that further delamination does not occur for the present type of loading, suggesting that successful pressing is possible under appropriate conditions.
Unsteady conjugate heat transfer from a translating fluid sphere at moderate Reynolds numbers

Abstract The conjugate unsteady heat transfer between a translating droplet and its surrounding fluid at moderate Reynolds number is numerically investigated. The energy equation is solved by the ADI finite difference method with fluid motions inside and outside the droplet simulated by a series-truncation spectral method. The range of Reynolds numbers investigated is between 0 and 50. The ratios of viscosity and thermal conductivity between a droplet and its ambient flow range from 0 to 10 7 and 0.01 to 3, respectively. It was found that by increasing the Reynolds number, the predicted rate of heat transfer is significantly increased for fluid spheres as a result of increased fluid motions both inside and outside the droplet. On the other hand, the transfer rate for a solid sphere is much less sensitive to the Reynolds number than are the fluid spheres. For a gas bubble, any increase in the Reynolds number only increases the amplitude and frequency of the fluctuations in the Nusselt number and the steady-state Nusselt number is nearly independent of the Reynolds number.
The family constrained network problem

Abstract An extension of the classical fixed charge transportation problem is developed that allows a wide variety of practical production, distribution, and inventory planning models to be addressed. Computational results are presented for problems with up to one thousand network constraints and five thousand network variables.
Isolation and Characterization of a Folate Receptor-directed Metalloprotease from Human Placenta (∗)

Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored hydrophobic placental folate receptors (PFRs), which have an important functional role in maternal-to-fetal transplacental folate transport, can be converted to soluble hydrophilic forms by a placental metalloprotease. Using a Triton X-114 temperature-induced phase separation assay to monitor enzyme-mediated conversion of radiolabeled hydrophobic PFR into hydrophilic PFR, a metalloenzyme was isolated to apparent homogeneity from Triton X-114-solubilized human placenta using concanavalin A-Sepharose and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as major purification steps. The purified hydrophobic enzyme eluted as a single protein peak on reverse-phase HPLC and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single 63,000 Mr species, which was reduced to 58,000 Mr following deglycosylation, findings comparable with amino acid analysis (Mr ~59,000). The metalloenzyme was activated by Mg+2, Zn+2, Mn+2, and Ca+2, optimally at physiologic pH; it also exhibited EDTA-sensitive endoproteolytic cleavage of [3H]leucine-labeled full-length nascent PFR polypeptide generated in vitro in the absence of microsomes. Rabbit polyclonal anti-metalloprotease antiserum specifically immunoprecipitated 125I-metalloprotease and recognized cross-reacting moieties on plasma membranes of normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells and human cervical carcinoma cells, both of which also express FR.
Site of action of a synergistic factor of a granulosis virus of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta

Abstract A synergistic factor (SF), which is present in the capsule matrix protein of a granulosis virus of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta , enhances baculovirus infection in armyworm larvae. The site of action of the SF was investigated. The oral inoculation of SF did not enhance the infectious hemolymph virions which had been inoculated into the hemocoel. The SF also did not enhance the infection of purified enveloped virions when both virus and SF were inoculated into the hemocoel, but enhancement occurred when they were inoculated orally. Thus, the activity of the SF was confined to the midgut lumen. Observations with ferritin-conjugated antibody indicated that the site of action of SF was the cell membrane of the microvillus. There were more ferritin particles attached to midgut cell membranes of larvae inoculated orally with SF than to those of control larvae inoculated with buffer.
Harvesting singlet fission for solar energy conversion via triplet energy transfer

The efficiency of organic solar cells may be increased by the incorporation of materials capable of singlet fission. Here, Tritsch and colleagues identify strategies to enhance the extraction of multiple excitons from the desirable singlet fission process.
A Wireless, Passive Embedded Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Water Content in Civil Engineering Materials

A wireless, passive embedded sensor was applied for real-time monitoring of water content in civil engineering materials such as sands, subgrade soils, and concrete materials. The sensor, which comprised of a planar inductor-capacitor (LC) circuit, was embedded in test samples so that the internal water content of the samples could be remotely measured with a loop antenna by tracking the changes in the sensor's resonant frequency. Since the dielectric constant of water was much higher compared with that of the test samples, the presence of water in the samples increased the capacitance of the LC circuit (capacitance of the capacitor was proportional to the dielectric constant of the medium between its electrodes), thus decreasing the sensor's resonant frequency. Using the described sensor, a study was conducted to investigate the drying rate of sand samples of different grain sizes. A study was also conducted to measure the curing rate of a portland cement concrete slab during casting, and its drying rate after it has been soaked in water. The described sensor technology can be applied for long-term monitoring of localized water content inside soils and sands to understand the environmental health in these media. In addition, this sensor will be useful for monitoring water content within concrete supports and road pavements. The measurement of water content is important for civil engineering infrastructure since excess water may hasten their degradation.
Effects of temperature on the susceptibility of insect cells to infection by baculoviruses.

Three insect cell lines were tested for susceptibility to baculovirus infection by use of a typical endpoint assay procedure. Cell lines from Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-Sf21AE), Lymantria dispar (IPLB-LdEIta), and Heliothis virescens (IPLB-HvE6s) in 96-well tissue culture plates were each infected with dilutions of extra cellular virus suspensions of the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). In addition, the L. dispar and H. virescens cells were also infected with L. dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus, and Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus, respectively. Each cell/virus combination was incubated at three temperatures: 22, 27 and 32 °C and wells were scored for positive infection (presence of occlusion bodies in cell nuclei) at 2 to 4 day intervals for up to 4 weeks. The resulting data were analyzed by the Spearman-Karber method, providing virus titers for each combination of virus, cell line, and temperature. The results were categorized by accuracy (assuming the highest titer achieved was the most accurate) and by rapidity of maximum titer. AcMNPV reached the highest titer in each line at 22 °C although equivalent titers were reached with both AcMNPV and HzSNPV in the HvE6a line at all three temperatures. This line actually reported about 100-fold less AcMNPV than the other two lines with the same virus sample. Alternatively, the Sf21AE and LdEIta lines reached 10-fold higher titers at the lowest temperature as compared with the higher temperatures, although also at a slower rate.
Principles of Early Intervention Reflected in Toddler Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders

This review examines how recommended practices for toddlers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are integrated into interventions in the first generation of research targeting toddlers with ASD. T...
The difference in elutability of poliovirus and SV40 from a DEAE column.

SummaryThe differences in avidity for a DEAE cellulose ion exchange column exhibited by polioviruses and SV40 virus make it possible to reduce the content of SV40 virus in a mixture of the 2 viruses to a trace at most. SV40 virus has a much greater avidity for a DEAE cellulose ion exchange column than do polioviruses. This fact permits the freeing of poliovirus from detectable SV40 virus.
Analysis of causes of death for all decedents in Ohio with and without mental illness, 2004-2007

ObjectiveThis study compared causes of death, crude mortality rates, and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) between decedents with mental illness in Ohio’s publicly funded mental health system (“mental illness decedents”) and all Ohio decedents.MethodsOhio death certificates and Ohio Department of Mental Health service utilization data were used to assess mortality among decedents from 2004 to 2007. Age-adjusted SMRs and age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated across race and sex strata.ResultsMental illness decedents accounted for 3.3% of all 438,749 Ohio deaths. Age-adjusted SMRs varied widely across the race and sex strata and by cause of death. Nonblacks with or without mental illness showed higher SMRs than blacks. Nonblack females with mental illness showed the highest SMRs in injury-related deaths. Higher SMRs were found for deaths associated with substance abuse; mental illness; diabetes; issues related to the nervous, cardiovascular, or respiratory systems; and injury. With and without men...
Predictors of hospital admission after ED observation unit care

Abstract Background Emergency department observation units (EDOUs) represent an opportunity to efficiently manage patients with common conditions requiring short-term hospital care. Understanding which patients are ultimately admitted to the hospital after care in an EDOU may enhance patient selection for EDOU care. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of US emergency department visits resulting in admission to observation status using the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey (NHAMCS) from 2009 to 2010, a nationally representative sample. We used survey-weighted logistic regression to identify predictors at the patient level, visit level, and hospital level for inpatient hospital admission after EDOU care. Results Between 2009 and 2010, there were 4.65 million patient visits (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.68-5.63) to EDOUs in the United States. Of those evaluated in an EDOU, 40.4% (95% CI, 34.5%-46.6%) were admitted to the hospital after EDOU care. Progressively older patient age was a strong predictor of hospital admission: patients age older than 65 years were more than 5 times more likely to be admitted than patients age younger than 18 years (odds ratio, 5.36; 95% CI, 2.26-12.73). The only other visit-level factor associated with admission was a reason for visit of chest pain; this was associated with a lower rate of hospital admission (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.41-0.91). Conclusion Across the United States in 2009 to 2010, older patient age was a strong predictor of admission after EDOU care, suggesting that older patients are more likely to require inpatient hospital services after EDOU care than younger patients.
Numerical simulation of the turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard problem using subgrid modelling

A numerical simulation of turbulent natural convection (the Rayleigh–Benard problem) has been conducted using large-eddy-simulation (LES) methods and the results compared with several experiments. The development of the LES equation is outlined and discussed. The modelling of the small-scale turbulent motion (called subgrid modelling) is also discussed. The resulting LES equations are solved and data collected over a short period of time in a similar manner to the direct simulation of the governing conservation equations. An explicit, second-order accurate, finite-difference scheme is used to solve the equations. Various average properties of the resulting flow field are calculated from the data and compared with experimental data in the literature. The use of a subgrid model allows a higher value of Ra to be simulated than was previously possible with a direct simulation. The highest Ra successfully simulated was 2.5 × 106. The problems at higher values of Ra are discussed and suggestions for improvements made.
Elevated nitrogen effects on Bromus tectorum dominance and native plant diversity in an arid montane ecosystem.

Abbreviations ANOSIM = analysis of similarity; D '=S impson's dominance index; E1/D = Simpson's evenness index; GB = grazed-burned; GU = grazed- unburned; H' = Shannon diversity index N = nitrogen; UB = ungrazed-burned; SEM = SE of mean Abstract Questions: Dominance of the widespread fire-altering invasive grass, Bromus tectorum, is markedly reduced at upper elevations in the Great Basin Desert. Here, we evaluated whether increased anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition would have an effect on species composition and ecosystem invasibility by B. tectorumat high elevations, and whether B. tectorum cover was associated with decreased native plant diversity. Location: Sagebrushsteppe of the easternSierraNevada, CA, US, at the western edge of the Great Basin Desert. Methods: We set up 54 paired plots, half of which were exposed to elevated N deposition (50 kgha � 1 � yr � 1 at the time of snowmelt for 4 yr) and half acted as controls, in areas differing in disturbance history (grazed, burned and grazed- burned). We monitored species composition each summer from 2008 to 2011 and then compared species richness, Shannon's diversity (H'), Simpson's domi- nance (D'), Simpson's evenness (E1/D), B. tectorum dominance and community similarity(with ANOSIM and SIMPER analyses) by N treatment and disturbance history. Results: Species composition differed by disturbance history in all years (ANO- SIM, P < 0.05), and the grazed-burned plots consistently had the highest levels of B. tectorum dominance (P � 0.0003) and cover (P � 0.0001). Bromus tecto- rum cover was inversely related to native forb species richness (r = � 0.44, P < 0.0001), H'(rs = � 0.73, P < 0.0001), -ln(D') (rs = � 0.75, P < 0.0001) and E1/D'(rs = � 0.49, P < 0.0001). We found no evidence that increased N deposi- tion would affect native plant diversity after 4 yr in this arid montane ecosys- tem, but the possibility of longer-term effects cannot be eliminated. Conclusions: Results suggest that high-elevation plant communities are already experiencing invasion impacts even though changes to the fire cycle have notyet occurred.In the most disturbed areas,B. tectorumcover isapproach- ing the threshold for increased fire risk, which could result in more severe impacts at high elevations.
CARVED MONUMENTS AND CALENDRICAL NAMES

This paper describes 15 stone monuments documented until the 1995 field season at Rio Viejo, the largest settlement in the alluvial plains of the Rio Verde drainage in Coastal Oaxaca from 100 B.C. to A.D. 1100. The monuments, all seemingly dating to the Classic period (A.D. 600–900), include mainly carved stelae that most often depict elaborately dressed human figures accompanied by their calendrical names. The large size of these monuments and the political primacy of Rio Viejo strongly suggest that the named individuals were local rulers. We posit that additional flattened sculptures and slabs riddled with small circular depressions were foci of sacred activities aimed at petitioning favors from supernatural forces. The analysis of the inscriptions is framed in terms of graphic similarities with highland scribal traditions in the central valleys of Oaxaca, the Mixteca Baja, and the Mexican Highlands.
Texture of Glassy Corn Cakes as a Function of Moisture Content

Glass transition temperatures of yellow and white corn cakes were investigated within the moisture range of 2 to 32% (w/w) using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry. All measurements were conducted at 10°C/min heating rate, 30 sec equilibrium period, and 1°C amplitude. Effects of water plasticization on corn cakes were predicted by the Gordon-Taylor's equation. Moisture sorption isotherms were established using BET and GAB equations. Relationships were found among glass transition temperature, moisture content and cake texture. The loss of crispness of corn cakes occurred within the glassy state. The initial loss of crispness occurred around monolayer moisture content, and the complete loss of crispness occurred at about 9% moisture with the highest hardness.
Electrophoretic Light Scattering of Red Cell Membrane Vesicles: A Study of the Electrical Charges of the Cytoplasmic Membrane Surface

The membrane of human red blood cells is structurally asymmetric in that most, if not all, of its constituent molecules are oriented in such a manner that different groups are exposed at each membrane surface. Carbohydrates are restricted to the external surface and peripheral proteins to the cytoplasmic surface. Integral proteins which span the membrane are always asymmetrically arranged. Of the major phospholipids, the ones at the outer surface are mainly the choline phosphatides, while the inwardly facing ones are amino lipids.1,2,3
Variable expression of retinoie acid receptor (RARβ) mRNA in human oral and epidermal keratinocytes; relation to keratin 19 expression and keratinization potential

Previous studies have revealed that the cells that form the different regions of the oral and epidermal stratified squamous epithelia represent a number of intrinsically distinct keratinocyte subtypes, each of which is developmentally programmed to preferentially express a particular pattern of keratins and type of suprabasal histology. Retinoic acid (RA) is known to modulate stratified squamous epithelial differentiation, including expression of the basal cell keratin K19 and the suprabasal keratins K1/K10 and K4/K13. We have found that all keratinocyte subtypes are similar in their steady state levels of RAR alpha and RAR gamma mRNAs in culture and that these levels are only minimally affected by RA. In contrast, RAR beta mRNA expression varies greatly among keratinocyte subtypes and, in eight of ten cell strains examined, directly correlated with their levels of K19 mRNA. Exposure to 10(-6) M RA increases the levels of RAR beta and K19 mRNA; conversely, complete removal of RA from the medium results in reduced levels of these messages. RA does not coordinately induce RAR beta and K19 messages in nonkeratinocyte cell types: fibroblasts cultured in the presence of 10(-6) M RA express very high levels of RAR beta mRNA but do not express detectable K19, and mesothelial cells decrease their levels of RAR beta and K19 mRNA in response to 10(-6) M RA. The correlation between RAR beta and K19 mRNA levels in most keratinocyte subtypes suggests a role for RAR beta in specifying patterns of keratin expression and suprabasal differentiation in stratified squamous epithelia.
3-D reconstruction in PET cameras with irregular sampling and depth of interaction

Presents three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction algorithms that address fully 3-D tomographic reconstruction for a septa-less, stationary, and rectangular camera. The field of view (FOV) encompasses the entire volume enclosed by detector modules capable of measuring depth of interaction (DOI). The filtered backprojection-based algorithms incorporate DOI, accommodate irregular sampling, and minimize interpolation in the data by defining lines of response between the measured interaction points. The authors use fixed-width, evenly spaced radial bins in order to use the fast Fourier transform but use irregular angular sampling to minimize the number of unnormalizable zero efficiency sinogram bins. To address persisting low-efficiency bins, the authors perform two-dimensional (2-D) nearest neighbor radial smoothing, employ a semi-iterative procedure to estimate the unsampled data, and mash the "in plane" and the first oblique projections to reconstruct the 2-D image in the 3DRP algorithm. The authors present artifact-free, essentially spatially isotropic images of Monte Carlo data with full-width at half-maximum resolutions of 1.5, 2.3, and 3.1 mm at the center, in the bulk, and in the corners of the FOV, respectively.
Retail spatial structure in Suburban Sydney

(1974). Retail spatial structure in Suburban Sydney. Australian Geographer: Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 401-418.
The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence.

Importance Acne vulgaris is the most common skin condition affecting late adolescents across the globe. Although prior studies have evaluated epidemiologic patterns of acne vulgaris in various ethnicities and regions, adequate understanding of the worldwide burden of the disease associated with patients in their late adolescence (15–19-year olds) remains lacking.
Network risk assessment base on multi-core processor architecture

Network Technology using Multi-core Processor Architecture can be additional enhanced the security through the development of network risk assessment. Preventing network attacks has become increasingly difficult and time consuming to all who deals in today's network technologies. These days' people are dependents on internet and its integration in our live and major information supplies. These dependencies increase the growth in the volume of network traffic which becomes difficulty in monitoring and analysis; therefore, attacks are more sophisticated and more complex to detect. By analyzing the multi-core processors for the network intrusion preventions involve a thorough approach on the analysis of customizing the frame work of multi-core processor architecture. Analyzing at the Active Network Interface (ANI), the lowest layer of the architecture, can provide the insight were network attacks can occur. This analysis can deliver an event-based system logs that allows opportunities to study the information of cache locality that are collected. By relating events with the packets that eventually stimulated them, this can determine when all analysis for a given packet has completed, and thus that it is safe to forward the pending packet providing none of the analysis elements previously signaled that the packet should instead be discarded. Results of the simulation analysis will verified the evaluation of the risk assessment at high-speed network and improve the performance and efficiency as well as its security. In this paper a proposes implementation of network risk assessment in the network system using multi-core processor to enhance the network security
Water oxidation by a mononuclear ruthenium catalyst: characterization of the intermediates.

A detailed characterization of intermediates in water oxidation catalyzed by a mononuclear Ru polypyridyl complex [RuII–OH2]2+ (Ru = Ru complex with one 4-t-butyl-2,6-di-(1′,8′-naphthyrid-2′-yl)-pyridine ligand and two 4-picoline ligands) has been carried out using electrochemistry, UV–vis and resonance Raman spectroscopy, pulse radiolysis, stopped flow, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with H218O labeling experiments and theoretical calculations. The results reveal a number of intriguing properties of intermediates such as [RuIV═O]2+ and [RuIV–OO]2+. At pH > 2.9, two consecutive proton-coupled one-electron steps take place at the potential of the [RuIII–OH]2+/[RuII–OH2]2+ couple, which is equal to or higher than the potential of the [RuIV═O]2+/[RuIII–OH]2+ couple (i.e., the observation of a two-electron oxidation in cyclic voltammetry). At pH 1, the rate constant of the first one-electron oxidation by Ce(IV) is k1 = 2 × 104 M–1 s–1. While pH-independent oxidation of [RuIV═O]2+ takes...
Sharing, consumption, and patch choice on Ifaluk atoll : Evaluating an explanatory hypothesis

Anthropological tests of patch choice models from optimal foraging theory have primarily employed acquisition rates as the currency of the model. Where foragers share their returns, acquisition rates may not be similar to consumption rates and thus may not be an appropriate currency to use when modeling foraging decisions. Indeed, on Ifaluk Atoll the distribution patterns of fish vary by fishing method and location. Previous analyses of Ifaluk patch choice decisions suggested that if Ifaluk fishers are trying to maximize their production rates they should rarely torch fish for dogtoothed tuna. However, some men do spend considerable time and energy exploiting the dogtoothed tuna patch. To improve our understanding of the constraints and motivations influencing men's decisions to exploit this patch, here I use per capita consumption rates as a currency, rather than production rates, to evaluate predictions generated from a patch choice model. Results indicate that although fish caught in other patches are more widely distributed than fish caught in the dogtoothed tuna patch, the consumption rates of torch fishers and their kin are still considerably lower than the consumption rates of men pursuing fish in other patches. Although these results are unable to explain why Ifaluk men exploit the dogtoothed tuna patch, an important explanatory hypothesis is eliminated.
The Cheyenne migration and the Biesterfeldt site revisited

The Cheyenne migration to the Great Plains is re-examined in light of recent archaeological work at the Biesterfeldt site in southeastern North Dakota. Biesterfeldt is regarded as an intrusion from the west rather than as the product of a farming people moving from the southeast. Wood's previous analysis of Biesterfeldt is reaffirmed with the additional suggestion the Cheyenne people, regarded as the authors of the site, were by this time already established residents in the Missouri River region. This conclusion is reinforced by historical and linguistic resources, and by recent archaeological work in Biesterfeldt region. The implications of this for ethnological and historical reconstructions are briefly considered.
Modern developments related to nanotechnology and nanoengineering of concrete

This paper reports on modern developments related to nanotechnology of cement and concrete. Recent advances in instrumentation and design of advanced nano-composite materials is discussed. New technological directions and historical milestones in nanoengineering and nanomodification of cement-based materials are presented. It is concluded that there is a strong potential of nanotechnology to improve the performance of cement-based materials.
Observation on the palatability of rodents to gel bait

Objective To observe the stealing food rate of mouse to different kind of poisonous bait,compare six kinds of poisonous bait to select a well tasty preperty and economic poisonous bait to extinct mouse.Methods Using powder trace method to investigate the mouse density.Using 0.5% Brodifacoum to make poisonous bait(include unbusked rice,small chestnut,shelled peanat,pumpkin seeds and rice),using the unguent of Brodifacoum as comparing bait,putting poisonous for three days,counting stealing food rate.Results Before and after extincting mouse,the mouse density rates were 44.2% and 8.8 %,stealing food rates of mouse to poisonous bait separately were unhusked rice 41.7%,small chestnut 39.5%,pumpkin seeds 32.2 %,shelled peanut 12.0%,rice 6.9%,the unguent of Brodifacoum 2.1 %.Through investgating density before and after extincting mouse,comparing with the stealing food rate to different poisonous bait(P0.01).Conclusion The mouse was fond of looking for hard food with shell.The poisonous baits,made out of small chestnut and unhusked rice,were better poisonous in public canteen and environment.
Neutron-Induced Reactions

Fermi had already realized in the early 1930s that neutrons were an ideal probe to induce nuclear reactions because of the lack of the Coulomb barrier. The use of high-flux reactors and neutron generators—primarily in the 1950s and 60s—to produce new isotopes is described in the chapter.
Epilepsy surgery for pediatric low-grade gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres: neurosurgical considerations and outcomes

Introduction Pediatric low-grade tumors are found in roughly 1–3 % of patients with childhood epilepsy; seizures associated with these tumors are often medically refractory and often present a significant morbidity, greater than the presence of the tumor itself.
Geometrical properties of the manganese(iv)/iron(iii) cofactor of Chlamydia trachomatis ribonucleotide reductase unveiled by simulations of XAS spectra.

Using simulations of Mn/Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), combined with DFT-optimized structural models and direct comparisons with available experimental data, we determine geometrical and electronic properties of the Mn–Fe active site of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). In the post-edge XAS energy range, we use extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data, to acquire absorber–scatterer geometrical information around each absorber metal center. For this task, we apply a protocol that evaluates Debye–Waller factors in scattering paths instead of scattering shells to fit the experimental EXAFS. The model of the manganese(IV)/iron(III) cofactor that best fit Mn and Fe K-edge EXAFS experimental data is a structure with Mn at metal site 1 (proximal to Phe-127), a μ-oxo/μ-hydroxo/μ-1,3-carboxylato core, and a terminal hydroxo ligand, i.e. OH−–Mn1(IV)–(μ-O)(μ-OH−)-Fe2(III).
Reflections on Kony 2012

In spring 1997, few people outside Uganda had heard of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The LRA arose in the late 1980s out of the ashes of Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Movement, and over the next decade, LRA raids killed thousands of villagers in Northern Uganda. Hundreds of thousands were displaced, and an estimated 10,000 children were forcibly abducted by the LRA and brutally coerced into becoming killers, sex slaves or both. But in the spring of 1997, the LRA had yet to make CNN.
Photon-noise reduction experiments with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

ABSTRACT We demonstrate the use of a commercial mode-locked and Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in photon-noisereduction experiments. There are many frequency bands wherein the photodetection of such a laser isshot-noise limited. By appropriately filtering the photocurrent produced in direct detection of light froman optical parametric amplifier that is pumped with this laser, we have successfully generated twin-beam states of light. We demonstrate that such twin beams can be used to make measurements below the shot-noise limit. 2. INTRODUCTION The fundamental noise in optical measurements using lasers results from the fact that photons of light are detected at random. In a lossless system, one can ascribe the random detection of photons to the random emission of photons by the laser itself. It can be shown from the detailed laser theory' that anideal laser emits photons in a Poissonian fashion2 as shown in Fig. 1. This fact implies that there willalways be fluctuation in the number of photons that are counted in a given time interval. If = ii photonsare counted by the detector in an observation time T, then the variance in the photon count will be givenby the Poisson formula Var(N) = ii. This fluctuation in the detected photon number leads to the followingmaximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that can be obtained using laser light:
Public health science in agriculture: farmers' perspectives on respiratory protection research.

Abstract Although agriculture in the US is now firmly rooted in scientific investigation, farmers were dismissive of agricultural science for many decades. Currently, there is a well-established body of scientific evidence related to occupational hazards on farms, as well as strategies to mediate them. However, rates of injuries and illness remain higher in agriculture than almost any other industry. This paper, based on in-depth interviews with poultry producers in Texas, suggests that farmers are not receptive to health and safety research in agriculture. They do not trust researchers’ agendas, they fear that there will be negative economic consequences, and they do not agree that the questions asked by safety and health researchers are scientifically valid. As a result, agricultural safety and health research resembles earlier iterations of agricultural science in which the industry is resistant to accept the validity of the research process, approach, or evidence presented.
Material Requirements Planning in a Noncomputerized Environment

This paper reviews briefly the material requirements planning (MRP) concept and shows how its major elements can assist a small manufacturer to control production and inventories for some products ...
Active presynaptic ribosomes in mammalian brain nerve terminals, and increased transmitter release after protein synthesis inhibition

Presynaptic neuronal activity requires the localization of thousands of proteins that are typically synthesized in the soma and transported to nerve terminals. Local translation for some dendritic proteins occurs, but local translation in mammalian presynaptic nerve terminals is difficult to demonstrate. Here, we present evidence for local presynaptic protein synthesis in the mammalian brain at a glutamatergic nerve terminal. We show an essential ribosomal component, 5.8s rRNA, in terminals. We also show active translation in nerve terminals, in situ, in brain slices demonstrating ongoing presynaptic protein synthesis. After inhibiting translation for ~1 hour, the presynaptic terminal exhibits increased spontaneous release, and increased evoked release with an increase in vesicle recycling during stimulation trains. Postsynaptic response, shape and amplitude were not affected. We conclude that ongoing protein synthesis limits vesicle release at the nerve terminal which reduces the need for presynaptic vesicle replenishment, thus conserving energy required for maintaining synaptic transmission.
Ninety to Nothing: a PDSA quality improvement project

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of a successful quality improvement project in an acute care hospital focused on reducing the time of the total patient visit in the emergency department. Design/methodology/approach A multidisciplinary quality improvement team, using the PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) Cycle, analyzed the emergency department care delivery process and sequentially made process improvements that contributed to project success. Findings The average turnaround time goal of 90 minutes or less per visit was achieved in four months, and the organization enjoyed significant collateral benefits both internal to the organization and for its customers. Practical implications This successful PDSA process can be duplicated by healthcare organizations of all sizes seeking to improve a process related to timely, high-quality patient care delivery. Originality/value Extended wait time in hospital emergency departments is a universal problem in the USA that reduces the quality of the customer experience and that delays necessary patient care. This case study demonstrates that a structured quality improvement process implemented by a multidisciplinary team with the authority to make necessary process changes can successfully redefine the norm.
Judicial Politics versus Ordinary Politics

Democratic politics are built upon the majority principle, but no contemporary constitutional democracy can live on that principle alone. To sustain key anti-majoritarian pillars of democracy, such as fundamental rights, it is often necessary to override majority politics through deployment of an anti-majoritarian institution—typically, the Constitutional or Supreme Court. In certain countries, like the US, all major divisive political issues, such as abortion and same-sex marriage, typically end up before the courts. Reactions to judicial decisions on these issues being usually highly political, courts figure prominently in politics thus triggering a shift from majoritarian to anti-majoritarian politics. Courts cannot avoid being in politics, but are judicial politics similar to ordinary politics? Is the nature of the politics involved the same and only its locus different? Or are judicial politics altogether different from ordinary politics, hence safeguarding salutary checks and balances against potential excesses stemming from the latter? I defend the thesis that judges have a politics of their own that is distinguishable from ordinary politics, but that often blends and overlaps with the latter. Judicial politics concern the ideals, ideology, practices and procedures of adjudication. Reasonable judges may disagree as to which of various positions within this ambit is preferable. For example, in the US there is a controversy between originalists and adaptionists, but neither of these positions necessarily aligns with any particular position within ordinary politics. In some exceptional cases, such as Bush v. Gore, judges stray from their judicial politics and lapse into ordinary politics. Far from undermining the thesis I defend, such latter cases reinforce it by highlighting the bounds between what ought to be judicially permissible and what would cross the line of legitimate judicial politics.
Corticothalamic Connections: Structure and Function

Corticothalamic projections are ubiquitous across mammalian species and sensory modalities, yet little is known about their function in sensory processing. This article reviews the structure and possible function of the two main types of corticothalamic projections: those originating in cortical layer 6 targeting first-order nuclei in the thalamus and those originating in cortical layer 5 targeting higher-order thalamic nuclei.
Studies in Blood Alcohol Level Discrimination

In recent years the contention that unwavering abstinence constitutes the only legitimate treatment goal for alcoholism has come under increasing scrutiny. Acceptance of a single abstinence-oriented treatment goal for all alcoholics has been challenged by findings indicating that some alcoholics can acquire and maintain patterns of limited social drinking without any accompanying “loss of control” over intake (e.g., Davies, 1962; Pattison, 1968). The apparent success of alcoholism treatment programs having controlled drinking as an explicit treatment goal (e.g., Lovibond and Caddy, 1970; Pomerleau et al., in press; Sobell and Sobell, 1973) has also contributed to reconsideration of treatment goals for some alcoholics.
Hashtag lifespan and social networks during the london riots

Social media is a powerful medium for rapidly sharing information and organizing response in times of crisis or extreme events. Twitter users have adopted a convention of hashtags to support this and other uses of microblogging services. Using Twitter data from the 2011 London riots, we analyze emergent social networks directly relating to response to crisis. We examine networks of riot response oriented around cleanup or prayer activities. These networks differ in size, structure, general membership, and prominent actors. We explore whether temporal patterns observed in social media, such as hashtag "lifespan," may relate to observed social processes and behaviors.
Functional Interpretation of Genetic Variants Using Deep Learning Predicts Impact on Epigenome

Identifying causal variants underling disease risk and adoption of personalized medicine are currently limited by the challenge of interpreting the functional consequences of genetic variants. Predicting the functional effects of disease-associated protein-coding variants is increasingly routine. Yet the vast majority of risk variants are non-coding, and predicting the functional consequence and prioritizing variants for functional validation remains a major challenge. Here we develop a deep learning model to accurately predict locus-specific signals from four epigenetic assays using only DNA sequence as input. Given the predicted epigenetic signal from DNA sequence for the reference and alternative alleles at a given locus, we generate a score of the predicted epigenetic consequences for 438 million variants. These impact scores are assay-specific, are predictive of allele-specific transcription factor binding and are enriched for variants associated with gene expression and disease risk. Nucleotide-level functional consequence scores for non-coding variants can refine the mechanism of known causal variants, identify novel risk variants and prioritize downstream experiments.
Vasodepressor Effects of Adenosine in the Cat are Independent of Cyclooxygenase, Potassium Channels, and Nitric Oxide Pathways

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a hemodynamic disorder. Signs and symptoms are generally difficult to recognize because they are non-specific. The current treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension offers no cure or prevention; therefore, it is important to explore treatment avenues for novel pulmonary arterial hypertension treatments. In this study, we tested the hypothesis: pulmonary vasodilator responses of adenosine are dependent on the activation of l-type calcium channels, independent of the synthesis of nitric oxide from l-arginine, activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, and the release of cyclooxygenase products. We performed an isolated lobar lung preparation in mongrel cats. The thromboxane A2 analog U-46619 was used to increase lobar arterial pressure to a high steady level. We recorded responses to adenosine and other vasodepressor agents in the pulmonary vascular bed of a cat under conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow and constant left atrial pressure. These data show that adenosine has significant vasodepressor activity in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat. The data suggest that pulmonary vasodilator responses to adenosine are partially dependent on the activation of adenosine 1 and 2 receptor pathways, and independent of the activation of cyclooxygenase activation, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K + channels, or synthesis of nitric oxide in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat. Vasodepressor effects of adenosine are species specific, and this species specificity will impact the development of future testing and treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clinical studies are warranted to see if adenosine moieties could play a therapeutic role in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or other pulmonary pathogeneses.
Artificial Intelligence Education and Tools for Medical and Health Informatics Students: Systematic Review.

Background: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine will generate numerous application possibilities to improve patient care, provide real-time data analytics, and enable continuous patient monitoring. Clinicians and health informaticians should become familiar with machine learning and deep learning. Additionally, they should have a strong background in data analytics and data visualization to use, evaluate, and develop AI applications in clinical practice. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the current state of AI training and the use of AI tools to enhance the learning experience. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted to analyze the use of AI in medical and health informatics education, and to evaluate existing AI training practices. PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines were followed. The studies that focused on the use of AI tools to enhance medical education and the studies that investigated teaching AI as a new competency were categorized separately to evaluate recent developments. Results: This systematic review revealed that recent publications recommend the integration of AI training into medical and health informatics curricula. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review exploring the current state of AI education in both medicine and health informatics. Since AI curricula have not been standardized and competencies have not been determined, a framework for specialized AI training in medical and health informatics education is proposed.
Kinetic and Mechanism Studies Using Shrinking Core Model for Copper Leaching from Chalcopyrite in Methanesulfonic Acid with Hydrogen Peroxide

An investigation on copper leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and hydrogen peroxide at 75°C was carried out. Periodic additions of H2O2 were applied to enhance c...