cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistor Patch for Multiplexed Sensing of Calcium and Ammonium Ions from Human Perspiration.

Wearable health monitoring has garnered considerable interest from the healthcare industry as an evolutionary alternative to standard practices with the ability to provide rapid, off-site diagnosis and patient-monitoring. In particular, sweat-based wearable biosensors offer a noninvasive route to continuously monitor a variety of biomarkers for a range of physiological conditions. Both the accessibility and wealth of information of sweat make it an ideal target for noninvasive devices that can aid in early diagnosis of disease or to monitor athletic performance. Here, the integration of ammonium (NH4 + ) and calcium (Ca2+ ) ion-selective membranes with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)-based (PEDOT:PSS) organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) for multiplexed sensing of NH4 + and Ca2+ in sweat with high sensitivity and selectivity is reported for the first time. The presented wearable sweat sensor is designed by combining a flexible and stretchable styrene-ethylene-butene-styrene substrate with a laser-patterned microcapillary channel array for direct sweat acquisition and delivery to the ion-selective OECT. The resulting dermal sensor exhibits a wide working range between 0.01 × 10-3 and 100 × 10-3 m, well within the physiological levels of NH4 + and Ca2+ in sweat. The integrated devices are successfully implemented with both ex situ measurements and on human subjects with real-time analysis using a wearable sensor assembly.
A Gapless Ferromagnetic Core Reactor - Magnetic Equivalent Circuit and Inductance

A magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model for a novel Gapless Ferromagnetic Core (GFC) Reactor is presented with reluctances and magnetomotive sources according to the geometrical description of the device. The improved accuracy of the equivalent circuit is obtained using more inclusive leakage flux paths for the reluctances while striking balance with complexity. The primary objective of the paper is to introduce the concept of the gapless reactor and express its equivalent inductance using MEC. The inductance is obtained after an iterative solution of the nonlinear MEC and validated against results obtained from a three-dimensional finite element model. This comparison confirms the validity of the presented MEC model within a small tolerance.
Peptide conjugated morpholinos for management of the huanglongbing pathosystem

Background 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is the causal agent of the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) and is transmitted by the insect vector Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). A potential approach for treating CLas infection is the use of synthetic nucleic acid-like oligomers to silence bacterial gene expression. Peptide conjugated morpholinos (PPMOs) targeting essential genes in CLas and the psyllid vector's endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia (-Diaphorina, wDi), were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays. Results Expression of the wDi gyrA gene was significantly reduced following incubation of wDi cells with PPMOs. In addition, the viability of isolated wDi cells was greatly reduced when treated with PPMOs as compared to untreated cells. Feeding D. citri adults with a complementary PPMO (CLgyrA-14) showed significantly reduced (70% lower) expression of the CLas gyrA gene. CLas relative density was significantly lower in the psyllids fed with CLgyrA-14, when compared to untreated insects. Psyllids that were treated with CLgyrA-14 were less successful in transmitting the pathogen into uninfected plants, compared to untreated insects. Conclusion The expression of essential genes in the D. citri symbiont, wDi and the HLB pathogen were suppressed in response to PPMO treatments. This study demonstrates the potential of PPMOs as a novel strategy for management of bacterial pathogens of fruit trees, such as HLB. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Exclusion of an outbreak of human brucellosis

Objective To prevent misdiagnoses of brucellosis and misjudgment of brucellosis outbreak through differential diagnosis between influenza and brucellosis of three new cases who were in the same work unit and underwent the longest latent period.Methods Contact history of the three new cases was investigated epidemiologically and physical examination and blood test were taken.Brucellosis antibodies of the cases and abortion cow were tested by serum tube agglutination test (SAT),and pathogen was isolated.The tonsilla and pharyngeal secretion substance of cases were collected for detection of influenza virus RNA by real-time PCR.Results The cases had contact history with brucellosis abortion cattle and/or the animal contaminated environment,and had a fever,fatigue and other symptoms.Total blood cell(WBC) was normal and proportion of lymphocyte was increased.The antibody titer in SAT test was 1:200(+++),but pathogen isolation was negative for all three cases.Brucellosis antibody of abortion cow was positive and antibody titer was 1:800 (++).The test of Bv RNA of influenza virus was positive in the three cases.Conclusions The three cases are brucellosis latent infection combined with influenza and we have excluded a misjudgment of pestilence of human brucellosis outbreak. Key words: Brucellosis; Influenza, human ; Diagnosis
Mental health services for individuals at risk of suicide in Peru: Attitudes and perspectives of mental health professionals:

Background:Mental Health professionals often have to deal with at-risk individuals in crises and lack specialized training on suicide risk assessment and intervention. This study examined mental he...
Pixel Sampling Effects in Hyperspectral Imagers

Pixel sampling affects image quality in hyperspectral imagers but is not often modeled. This paper presents modeling results that illustrate the range of contrast that a sensor can measure for any target spatial frequency.
Comparing Radar Receiver Pulse Deinterleaving Performance of Differing Window Functions for Bandpass FIR Filter Design

A radar receiver is designed to identify and process the desired echo from the radar transmission. Therefore, filter implementation is a key part of designing a receiver. This paper focuses on the performance of the Bartlett, Blackman-Harris, Chebyshev, Hamming, and Kaiser windows, which were analyzed by implementing each into a deinterleaving algorithm. Deinterleaving pulses are important because receivers often have signals interleaved with an abundance of noise. By using windows, it can reduce the abundance of noise and increase the performance of deinterleaving algorithms. The separation of the radar pulse trains from the pulse stream provides sufficient information to categorize and describe different signals with pulse descriptor words (PDW), such as Time Of Arrival (TOA), Time Of Departure (TOD), Pulse Width (PW), Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI), etc. This study presents the comparison of the five windowing techniques, the application of Hilbert transforms and envelope detection to analyze how each affects the deinterleaving algorithm. Each technique was analyzed by calculating their Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and the amount of information lost by measuring the error margin. From the data observed, the Blackman-Harris had the highest SNR, and the Kaiser window had the lowest percent error. The following sections will demonstrate the performance of each windowing technique.
Comparing Engineering Properties of Small Diameter Pressuremeter Tests to Clegg Impact Hammer Tests in Cemented Coquina Base and Sandy Subgrades

A comprehensive field testing program was undertaken to show that the small diameter pressuremeter (SDPMT) produces engineering data that compare well with the existing literature and Clegg Impact Hammer data. SDPMT tests were conducted using two SDPMT probe lengths (15- and 30-cm or 6- and 12-inch) and inflation techniques (incremental injection and continuous injection). Incremental tests required about 5 to 10 minutes to complete while continuous tests were completed within 1 minute. This device was successfully used in the drive pin hole used for nuclear density testing. Following a preliminary SDPMT equipment validation, 156 SDPMT tests and 96 Clegg Impact Hammer tests were performed in three sandy pavement subgrades and a cemented coquina base rock at four locations in Brevard County, Florida. SDPMT at-rest, initial stiffness, and limit pressures were evaluated using five statistical models. Good to excellent correlations were developed between the stiffness and limit pressure. Regression coefficients (R2) as high as 0.98 were found from SDPMT tests with incremental injection using the longer probe, indicating that these two variables are correlated. Comparisons between SDPMT stiffness and strength parameters and Clegg Impact Values (CIV) also produced strong correlations, with R2 values ranging from 0.75 to 0.90, indicating that CIVs are correlated to SDPMT strength and stiffness. These results indicate that SDPMT tests produce reliable strength and stiffness parameters in sandy subgrades and cemented coquina base materials common in Brevard County, Florida.
Elasticity-oriented design of solid-state batteries: challenges and perspectives

Engineering energy dense electrodes (e.g. lithium metal, conversion cathodes, etc.) with solid electrolytes is important for enhancing the practical energy density of solid-state batteries. However, large electrode volumetric strain can cause significant fracture and delamination, and accelerate degradation. This review discusses transport and chemo-mechanical challenges associated with energy dense solid state batteries. In particular, this review focuses on summarizing work which provides design strategies for implementation on energy dense anodes and cathodes. This review further assesses the properties which impact the elasticity of inorganic solid electrolytes and inorganic/organic hybrid electrolyte. Finally, this review discusses the advanced characterization approaches for analyzing the coupled electrochemistry/transport/mechanical phenomena that occur at buried solid–solid interfaces.
Mesh Repair of Rectus Diastasis for Abdominoplasty is Safer than Suture Plication.

Concerns regarding infection, extrusion, and pain have traditionally precluded the use of mesh to treat severe rectus diastasis during abdominoplasty in the United States. We describe a mesh abdominoplasty technique, and we hypothesize that the complication rate using mesh is greater than the complication rate of suture plication. Methods Inclusion criteria for mesh abdominoplasty were patients who (1) had retrorectus planar mesh for repair of rectus diastasis, (2) did not have concurrent ventral hernia, and (3) underwent skin tailoring. Patients who underwent rectus plication with suture, and met criteria 2 and 3 above were included in a sample of consecutive standard abdominoplasty patients. The primary endpoint was surgical site occurrence at any time after surgery, as determined with review of their office and hospital medical records. Secondary endpoints included surgical site infection, revision rates, postoperative course, and aesthetics assessed with their last set of office photographs. Results Surgical site occurrence rate was 0% of the 40 patients in the mesh group and 19% of the 37 patients in the standard group (P = 0.005); rates of soft-tissue revision were 23% in the mesh group and 27% in the standard group (P = 0.84). As to aesthetics, the mesh abdominoplasty patients had mean statistically lower preoperative scores in comparison with the standard plication group (65.8 ± 11.6 versus 70.3 ± 11.4, P = 0.0013). The mesh group had a statistical improvement to 75.9 ± 12.6 (P < 0.0001), whereas the standard plication group improved to 82.5 ± 11.4 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Retrorectus mesh placement in a cohort of patients with severe rectus diastasis had a complication rate lower than that seen in a cohort of patients with less severe rectus diastasis, therefore negating our original hypothesis. This was done without compromising aesthetic improvement.
Core circadian clock and light signalling genes brought into genetic linkage across the green lineage

The circadian clock ensures that biological processes are phased to the correct time of day. In plants the circadian clock is conserved at both the level of transcriptional networks as well as core genes. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the core circadian singleMYB (sMYB) genes CCA1 and RVE4 are in genetic linkage with the PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes PRR9 and PRR7 respectively. Leveraging chromosome-resolved plant genomes and syntenic ortholog analysis it was possible to trace this genetic linkage back to the basal angiosperm Amborella and identify an additional evolutionarily conserved genetic linkage between PIF3 and PHYA. The LHY/CCA1-PRR5/9, RVE4/8-PRR3/7 and PIF3-PHYA genetic linkages emerged in the bryophyte lineage and progressively moved within several genes of each other across an array of higher plant families representing distinct whole genome duplication and fractionation events. Soybean maintains all but two genetic linkages, and expression analysis revealed the PIF3-PHYA linkage overlapping with the E4 maturity group locus was the only pair to robustly cycle with an evening phase in contrast to the sMYB-PRR morning and midday phase. While most monocots maintain the genetic linkages, they have been lost in the economically important grasses (Poaceae) such as maize where the genes have been fractionated to separate chromosomes and presence/absence variation results in the segregation of PRR7 paralogs across heterotic groups. The evolutionary conservation of the genetic linkage as well as its loss in the grasses provides new insight in the plant circadian clock, which has been a critical target of breeding and domestication.
Dynamic Analysis of the Electrostatically Controlled Membrane Mirror using Multiple Scales

The vibrational dynamics of an electrostatically controlled membrane mirror are investigated. The motion is described by a nonlinear partial differential equation with nonconstant coefficients. The system equation is first linearized and then parameterized. The resulting equation is a singularly perturbed linear partial differential equation with variable coefficients. Asymptotic approximations are then developed systematically by the generalized multiple scales method. Thus, the rapid and slow aspects of the membrane dynamics in both the spatial and temporal sense are separated systematically. The results of our approach are compared with direct numerical integration. An excellent agreement between the two solutions is seen in the comparisons. Further reduction of the errors by including higher order approximations is discussed.
Passive and active mechanisms trap activated CD8+ T cells in the liver

The liver is a site where activated CD8 + T cells are trapped and destroyed at the end of an immune response. The intrahepatic accumulation of activated murine TCR transgenic CD8 + T cells was significantly reduced when either ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 was blocked by specific Ab. These two adhesion mechanisms account for essentially all the trapping of activated CD8 + T cells in the mouse liver. Although the ICAM-1-mediated trapping depends on the capacity of the vasculature and/or the parenchymal cells to present Ag, the accumulation of cells through VCAM-1 does not require Ag recognition. Thus, Ags expressed by the non-bone marrow-derived cells in the liver actively cause CD8 + T cell accumulation through TCR-activated ICAM-1 adhesion, but the liver can also passively sequester activated CD8 + T cells that do not recognize intrahepatic Ag, through VCAM-1 adhesion.
Context-aware data caching for mobile computing environments

The deployment of wireless communications coupled with the popularity of portable devices has led to significant research in the area of mobile data caching. Prior research has focused on the development of solutions that allow applications to run in wireless environments using proxy based techniques. Most of these approaches are semantic based and do not provide adequate support for representing the context of a user (i.e., the interpreted human intention.). Although the context may be treated implicitly it is still crucial to data management. In order to address this challenge this dissertation focuses on two characteristics: how to predict (i) the future location of the user and (ii) locations of the fetched data where the queried data item has valid answers. Using this approach, more complete information about the dynamics of an application environment is maintained. The contribution of this dissertation is a novel data caching mechanism for pervasive computing environments that can adapt dynamically to a mobile user's context. In this dissertation, we design and develop a conceptual model and context aware protocols for wireless data caching management. Our replacement policy uses the validity of the data fetched from the server and the neighboring locations to decide which of the cache entries is less likely to be needed in the future, and therefore a good candidate for eviction when cache space is needed. The context aware driven prefetching algorithm exploits the query context to effectively guide the prefetching process. The query context is defined using a mobile user's movement pattern and requested information context. Numerical results and simulations show that the proposed prefetching and replacement policies significantly outperform conventional ones. Anticipated applications of these solutions include biomedical engineering, tele-health, medical information systems and business.
Meals, behavior and brain function.

Abstract The role of meals in mood and cognitive performance is discussed. An overview is given of the nature of mood and cognition in psychological research followed by a description of how individual macro- and micronutrients affect brain functioning. The chapter concludes with a discussion of individual meals and how mental function is affected by meals, and what types of meal composition have beneficial effects on mood and cognition.
Gastric cytoprotection by epidermal growth factor: Role of endogenous prostaglandins and DNA synthesis

Abstract This study was designed to compare the gastric cytoprotective effects of epidermal growth factor and prostaglandin E 2 and I 2 in rats and cats treated with aspirin and i.v. histamine or intragastric instillation of HCl solution to develop gastric mucosal lesions. Epidermal growth factor given in nonantisecretory doses prevented dose-dependent aspirin-induced gastric ulcers, and this effect was similar to that obtained with nonantisecretory doses of prostaglandin E 2 or prostaglandin I 2 infused alone or in combination with aspirin did not affect the generation of mucosal prostaglandins, suggesting that its cytoprotective effect was not mediated by mucosal prostaglandins. The formation of aspirin-induced ulcers resulted in a significant reduction in DNA synthesis, and this was brought back to normal levels by the administration of epidermal grow factor or prostaglandins given in nonantisecretory cytoprotective doses. We conclude that epidermal growth factor is capable of protecting gastric mucosa against chemical injury caused by aspirin and this protective action is accompanied by a stimulation of DNA synthesis probably as the consequence of tissue preservation by this agent.
The U.S. National Space Weather Program: A Retrospective

The National Space Weather Program began in 1994 in response to community efforts to highlight the strategic nature of space science research. In response to these efforts, several government agencies established an interagency working groups to coordinate space weather activities. Program elements include basic research, modeling, observations, technology transition, operational forecasting, and education. The goals and objectives of the program have been delineated in a strategic plan and an implementation plan that has been recently updated. Accomplishments during the past five years include the support of targeted basic research, various workshops and meetings focussing on the needs of space weather customers, the development of a modeling center for transitioning space weather models, and education and outreach efforts that have resulted in unprecedented awareness of space weather. The program emphasizes the treatment of the space environment as an integrated system encompassing the sun, solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. The history of the National Space Weather Program underscores the merits of interagency partnering and user-oriented goals in enhancing the quality and relevance of scientific research.
A method to quantify infectious airborne pathogens at concentrations below the threshold of quantification by culture.

In aerobiology, dose-response studies are used to estimate the risk of infection to a susceptible host presented by exposure to a specific dose of an airborne pathogen. In the research setting, host- and pathogen-specific factors that affect the dose-response continuum can be accounted for by experimental design, but the requirement to precisely determine the dose of infectious pathogen to which the host was exposed is often challenging. By definition, quantification of viable airborne pathogens is based on the culture of micro-organisms, but some airborne pathogens are transmissible at concentrations below the threshold of quantification by culture. In this paper we present an approach to the calculation of exposure dose at microbiologically unquantifiable levels using an application of the “continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model” and the validation of this approach using rhodamine B dye as a surrogate for aerosolized microbial pathogens in a dynamic aerosol toroid (DAT).
Running a testbed for new instructional technology in Western Pennsylvania schools

Summary form only given. No teacher today, and particularly those in technical fields, can ignore the impact of the information superhighway in bringing the real world into classrooms, dramatically changing the information resources offered to students. However for many teachers, the necessary infrastructure is still not in place while rapidly emerging technologies are making investments difficult and risky. It will take a number of years for these technologies to find their way into widespread classroom use in instruction and to become part of the mainstream. The authors' project is generating a testbed for four major groupings of new technologies that impact the classroom and explores, with teachers in Western Pennsylvania, USA, how they can effectively be applied in science and engineering education at both the high school and undergraduate level.
Left and Right and the Middle East: Notes on the Social Construction of Race

This Article critically examines perhaps the only uncontested fact in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: generally speaking, the Left supports the Palestinians and the Right backs the Israelis. It argues that closer examination of the Israeli and Palestinian positions on key issues reveals that the positions should be substantially altered: the Left should identify more closely with the Jewish state, and the Right should see in the Palestinian position important aspects of its own ideology. Powerful arguments exist for a substantial complexification in current political alignments. The current, nearly-lockstep positions make little sense. The persistence of these anomalies derives, the Article contends, from the powerful influence of race on the debate. Racial politics has moved both Left and Right into taking positions that sit uneasily with their ideological commitments. This racial thinking, however, relies not on facts but rather on an elaborate social construct - a construct that, I argue, may stem from long-outdated Cold War and inter-Arab rivalries. Partisans of both sides may see themselves as engaged in a contemporary struggle, but just as much they are echoing the battles of the past. How did all of this happen? And why should lawyers care? The Article suggests that legal theory provides a particularly incisive prism through which to view the ideological conflict and its racially-inflected origins. It considers three prominent areas of legal theory and attempts to show how they reveal both the ideological contradictions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the roots of those contradictions. The affirmative action debate helps illuminate the controversy over Israel's Jewish character and the "Law of Return", which grants Israeli citizenship to Jews but not to other groups. The debate over the Takings Clause sheds light on the Palestinian claim of a "right of return". And the contributions of critical race theory, particularly its insight into how the very notion of race is socially constructed, helps us to understand more fully the political alignments (and misalignments) that comprise the Middle East debate. Legal theory, of course, cannot solve the conflict. It can, however, help us understand its roots in a more profound way.
Preparing Linguistically Responsive Teachers in Multilingual Contexts

Growing numbers of people around the world are learning English as a second (or third or fourth) or foreign language (Jenkins 2006; Seidlhofer 2004). Many of these learners are enrolled in schools where English is the language of instruction. To be successful, students learning English and other languages in multilingual contexts need teachers who can provide specific instructional assistance and who bring particular orientations to their teaching. One way to conceptualize such preparation is by developing linguistically responsive teacher education (Lucas, Villegas & Freedson-Gonzalez 2008; Lucas & Villegas 2010, 2011). This framework, developed for mainstream content area teachers in pre-college/university schools in the United States, can be extended for application in multilingual contexts and for preparing teachers of adult language learners. This chapter describes, extends, and illustrates the framework of orientations, knowledge, and skills of linguistically responsive teachers identified by Lucas and Villegas (2011), and discusses how the framework can be incorporated into teacher education programs in multilingual contexts.
Radar echoes from lightning and their microphysical environment

[1] A UHF Profiler radar has detected lightning echoes which occurred preferentially in a “balance layer”, the stratum of mean zero Doppler velocity with rising small ice particles and falling graupel and hail, thus providing the conditions for collisional charging and lightning. The results support prior findings of the role of the balance layer in lightning generation. The 32.8 cm Profiler radar is particularly well suited for these observations because the lightning echoes are not masked by the precipitation echoes, thus allowing simultaneous measurement of the microphysical and kinematic properties.
Cleaning of diamond nanoindentation probes with oxygen plasma and carbon dioxide snow

Diamond nanoindentation probes may perform thousands of indentations over years of service life. There is a broad agreement that the probes need frequent cleaning, but techniques for doing so are mostly anecdotes shared between experimentalists. In preparation for the measurement of the shape of a nanoindentation probe by a scanning probe microscope, cleaning by carbon dioxide snow jets and oxygen plasma was investigated. Repeated indentation on a thumbprint-contaminated surface formed a compound that was very resistant to removal by solvents, CO(2) snow, and plasma. CO(2) snow cleaning is found to be a generally effective cleaning procedure.
Hepatic DNA and RNA adduct formation from the carcinogen 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene and its electrophilic sulfuric acid ester metabolite in preweanling rats and mice

DNA and RNA adducts that were chromatographically identical to those formed in vitro on reaction of 7-sulfooxymethyl-12-methyl-benz[a]anthracene with guanine and adenine nucleosides were formed in the livers of rats and mice given i.p. injections of 7-hydroxymethyl- or 7-sulfooxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene. Considerably higher levels of these hepatic adducts were obtained from the latter short-lived electrophilic ester than from the hydroxymethyl compound. These observations are consistent with the finding of rat liver cytosolic sulfotransferase activity for 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]-anthracene (Watabe et al ., Science 215, 403, 1982) . Formation of these hepatic adducts from 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene was inhibited by prior administration to rats of dehydroepiandrosterone, an inhibitor of the sulfotransferase activity for this hydroxymethyl hydrocarbon.
Classification, Epidemiology, and Genetics of Orofacial Clefts

Orofacial clefts (OFCs) include a broad range of facial conditions that differ in cause and disease burden. In the published literature, there is substantial ambiguity in both terminology and classification of OFCs. This article discusses the terminology and classification of OFCs and the epidemiology of OFCs. Demographic, environmental, and genetic risk factors for OFCs are described, including suggestions for family counseling. This article enables clinicians to counsel families regarding the occurrence and recurrence of OFCs. Although much of the information is detailed, it is intended to be accessible to all health professionals for use in their clinical practices.
Clinical experience with sodium cellulose phosphate

There is currently no treatment program which is capable of correcting the basic abnormality of absorptive hypercalciuria, although several drugs are available which have been shown to restore normal calcium excretion. Sodium cellulose phosphate best meets the criteria for optimum therapy. When given orally, this non-absorbable ion exchange resin binds calcium and inhibits calcium absorption. However, this inhibition is caused by limiting the amount of intraluminal calcium available for absorption, and not by correcting the basic disturbance in calcium transport. The above mode of action accounts for the two potential complications of sodium cellulose phosphate therapy. First, the treatment may cause magnesium depletion by binding dietary magnesium as well. Second, sodium cellulose phosphate may produce secondary hyperoxaluria, by binding divalent cations in the intestinal tract, reducing divalent cation-oxalate complexation, and making more oxalate available for absorption. These complications may be overcome by oral magnesium supplementation (1.0–1.5 g magnesium gluconate twice/day, separately from sodium cellulose phosphate) and moderate dietary restriction of oxalate. Under such circumstances, sodium cellulose phosphate at a dosage of 10–15 g/d (given with meals) has been shown to lower urinary calcium, reduce urinary saturation of calcium salts and retard new stone formation, without significantly altering urinary oxalate or magnesium. When the above precautions are taken, sodium cellulose phosphate has been shown to be clinically useful in preventing new stone formation in patients with absorptive hypercalciuria.
Sexual dimorphism of the miniature pig submandibular glands

The submandibular salivary glands of 14 Pitman-Moore miniature pigs were examined to determine whether they exhibit sexual dimorphism. Sections of the glands from seven male and seven female animals were stained by several histochemical methods. No morphological sex differences were noted in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections but differences were found with all of the histochemical methods utilized. Most noticeable was the higher concentration of sialic acid-containing mucosubstances in mucous acini of the female submandibular gland sections when they were stained with either the Alcian blue (pH 2.5), Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid-Schiff or periodic acid-phenyl-hydrazine-Schiff methods. Unlike mucous acini, demilunes of the male submandibular gland possessed a higher concentration of sialic acid-containing mucosubstance than did those of the female. The miniature pig, unlike other animal orders studied, possesses sexual dimorphism at three weeks of age, thus differing markedly from other animals in which sexual dimorphism of the salivary glands does not occur until after the onset of puberty.
Use of a Handheld Computer Application for Voluntary Medication Event Reporting by Inpatient Nurses and Physicians

OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of capturing self-reported medication events using a handheld computer-based Medication Event Reporting Tool (MERT).
Liability Issues in the Operation of Oceanographic Research Vessels in the United States

Research vessel owners and operators face virtually all of the liability problems experienced by commercial vessel operators. In addition, operators must plan for the activities of the scientific party, who are, under the terms of the Oceanographic Research Vessel Act, considered neither passengers nor crew. This paper will consider the standards U.S. courts have applied when injuries to either the crew or scientific party have occurred aboard research vessels. It will emphasize defensive planning for the vessel owner through the use of the voluntary Research Vessel Safety Standards developed by the University-National oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS).
Eye lens ageing in the dogfish (Mustelus canis).

1. 1. Age-related alterations in the distribution of water-soluble, high molecular weight (colloidal), and water-insoluble proteins of the lens of smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) were measured. 2. 2. The ages of these animals ranged approx from 2 to 50 yr, during which time the lenses grew from 100 to 1500 mg (wet wt). The lenses contained approx 50% water. 3. 3. Water-insoluble protein accumulated to a level greater than 50% of the total proteins by the time the animals reached maturity. The lenses of other animals, such as mammals and humans, would be opaque if they had a similar insoluble protein content. 4. 4. Each protein fraction contained the same protein chains (mol. et 25,000–1900 daltons), as observed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, except the water-insoluble fraction, which seemed to contain several extra protein chains with higher molecular weights, which represent fiber cell membrane components. 5. 5. Further purification of these fiber cell membranes indicated that their protein chain makeup was mainly from the same low molecular weight chains present in the soluble and high molecular weight colloidal proteins.
Identification and initial characterization of glucose-repressible promoters of Streptococcus mutans.

Abstract Three catabolite-repressible promoters from Streptococcus mutans have been isolated. These promoters were identified by utilizing the vector pRQ200 which contains a promoterless amylase-encoding gene, a Gram− origin of replication, and an erythromycin-resistance determinant. A library of S. mutans DNA was constructed in pRQ200, amplified in Escherichia coli and integrated by Campbell-type insertion into the S. mutans chromosome following transformation. Colonies exhibiting amylase production on media lacking an extraneous carbohydrate source were screened for diminished amylase production on media containing glucose. The effect of glucose on these promoters has been characterized using a quantitative spectrophotometric assay of amylase activity.
An Application of Network Theory to Water Management in Poultry Processing

This paper summarizes a study employing a systems approach for analyzing one class of modifications within a poultry processing plant. The modifications considered were changes in water-flow arrangements and process characteristics to reduce water intake of the plant and waste-treatment costs. The object of the study was to develop a technique or techniques by which a combination of proposed modifications could be chosen to minimize water flow through the plant. Existing and proposed flows were represented as a network, and linear programming was used to solve the minimum-flow problem for the network. Application of the technique was made to an existing, typical plant in Durham, N.C. Results of the application showed fresh water intake could be reduced by 45% to 51%, and furthermore that annual returns of 62% to 494% could be obtained on investment in the optimum modification sets, as fresh water costs varying from 10 cents to $1.00 per 1000 gal. Types of modifications of a poultry processing plant are classified by types, and the relative importance and effectiveness of each type are discussed.
Chromosome Replication in Toluenized Bacillus subtilis Cells

BIOCHEMICAL studies of chromosome replication have been hampered by the unavailability of an adequate in vitro system with the basic features of in vivo DNA replication. The criteria for such a system are: (1) semiconservative replication; (2) normal biological activity of newly synthesized DNA; (3) normal advancement of the original replication fork; (4) rate of DNA replication equivalent to in vivo; and (5) expected phenotypic behaviour of temperature-sensitive dna mutants. Systems in Escherichia coli, a membrane-DNA fraction1, an agar-embedded cell lysate2 and toluene-treated cells3 have met two or three of the requirements. Several laboratories have also reported the expected behaviour of ts-dna E. coli mutants in toluenized cells3–5.
Use of hydrophilic guide wires in the fallopian tubes: effect on sperm survival and mouse embryo development

Hydrophilically coated guide wires from two different manufacturers were tested in vitro for potential use in the fallopian tubes. Incubation of the guide wires and scrapings from the guide wires with sperm and with mouse embryos did not show any deleterious effect on sperm survivability or embryo development. These "slippery" guide wires may prove useful for fallopian tube catheterization.
A high temperature study of native defects in ZnTe

Abstract Hall coefficient and resistivity measurements have been made on undoped ZnTe single crystals at temperatures up to 1000°C under controlled partial pressures of either zinc or tellurium. All samples are p -type. The Hall mobility of holes has been measured, and the equilibrium hole concentrations along both the zinc-rich and tellurium-rich solidus curves have been determined. At compositions close to the zinc-rich solidus, the dependence of hole concentration on Zn(g) partial pressure supports the conclusion, of Thomas and Sadowski that the hole concentration is controlled by the presence of a doubly ionized native acceptor defect. At compositions close to the tellurium-rich solidus the situation is apparently more complicated. The dependence of the hole concentration on Te 2 (g) partial pressure is considerably weaker than expected if the only defect of importance were the acceptor defect found close to zinc saturation. At high temperatures in this composition region there are appreciable concentrations of a neutral defect which precipitates on cooling to room temperature. We suggest that the acceptor defect is a zinc vacancy, as proposed by Thomas and Sadowski, and that the neutral defect is a tellurium interstitial. Evidence has been obtained for the association of the acceptor with a donor during slow cooling of tellurium-saturated specimens.
Probing interactions between CLIP-170, EB1, and microtubules.

Abstract Cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP-170) is a microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking protein (+ TIP) that dynamically localizes to the MT plus end and regulates MT dynamics. The mechanisms of these activities remain unclear because the CLIP-170–MT interaction is poorly understood, and even less is known about how CLIP-170 and other + TIPs act together as a network. CLIP-170 binds to the acidic C-terminal tail of α-tubulin. However, the observation that CLIP-170 has two CAP-Gly (cytoskeleton-associated protein glycine-rich) motifs and multiple serine-rich regions suggests that a single CLIP-170 molecule has multiple tubulin binding sites, and that these sites might bind to multiple parts of the tubulin dimer. Using a combination of chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry, we find that CLIP-170 binds to both α-tubulin and β-tubulin, and that binding is not limited to the acidic C-terminal tails. We provide evidence that these additional binding sites include the H12 helices of both α-tubulin and β-tubulin and are significant for CLIP-170 activity. Previous work has shown that CLIP-170 binds to end-binding protein 1 (EB1) via the EB1 C-terminus, which mimics the acidic C-terminal tail of tubulin. We find that CLIP-170 can utilize its multiple tubulin binding sites to bind to EB1 and MT simultaneously. These observations help to explain how CLIP-170 can nucleate MTs and alter MT dynamics, and they contribute to understanding the significance and properties of the + TIP network.
Characterization of transuranic waste using artificial intelligence techniques

Characterization of containers of transuranic waste is accomplished by passive and active neutron interrogation. In the passive approach, neutrons from spontaneous fission of 240Pu are detected by coincidence counting. An inherent limitation of this measurement is the presence of alpha particles from 239Pu, and from other radionuclides, which induce neutron emission by way of the ((alpha) ,n) reaction. Since detection of neutrons does not necessarily imply the presence of 240Pu, the content of plutonium is not uniquely determined. In the active mode, neutron pulses induce fission events, producing neutrons. Gated counting permits some discrimination between the pulse and the fission neutrons. Several different artificial intelligence techniques for representing uncertainty have been investigated to determine which ones might yield additional insight in a manner similar to the judgment of experts. Three experts were asked to evaluate two sets of data, a training set and a test set, and to provide an estimate of their confidence in the results. A neural-genetic optimizer was employed to evolve a neural network to mimic each expert's characterization. The conclusions of this study are useful in refinement of the logic for both Bayesian and fuzzy techniques.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Severity of Interstate Disputes Are Dyadic Capability Preponderances Really More Pacific

Two fundamentalar guments are presented to answer whether dyadic balances or preponderances of military capability are more peaceful. First, the impact of the dyadic balance of military capabilities on interstate conflict, conditional on the level of dyadic interest similarity, is assessed. Many theoreticalworks in the field argue that the degree of interest similarity gives meaning to the balance of military forces, yet few empirical studies investigate the conditionality of these two variables. The second argument is that interstate conflict is a heterogeneous outcome. Aselection model that seeks to explain the severity of interstate disputes is used to address this concern. Using data from all interstate dyads between 1886 and 1992, results show that dyads with similar interests have less severe disputes, and under the condition of interest dissimilarity, balances rather than preponderances of military capability are associated with less severe disputes.
Autoimmune diseases: overview and current concepts of pathogenesis

No single theory or mechanism can adequately explain all features or pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The clinically wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases is best considered as the mosaic of autoimmunity and the many factors involved are genetic, hormonal, immunological, and environmental. These multifactorial considerations help to explain not only the diversity of various clinical diseases encountered but also the differences in clinical manifestations from patient to patient within the same disease group.
FDA'S INSPECTIONS OF US AND NON-US CLINICAL STUDIES

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is currently conducting approximately 250 inspections a year in the United States and ten inspections a year in foreign countries. The Routine Inspections are data oriented (ie, aimed at the validation of clinical data) and are conducted only in the United States. The For Cause Inspections (FCIs) are either data oriented or investigator oriented and are conducted in the United States and in foreign countries. In approximately 10% of the routine inspections, the study deficiencies have been serious enough to warrant follow-up FCIs. The FCIs have resulted in administrative action in 98 cases and criminal prosecution in 16 cases. Of the 42 pivotal foreign studies evaluated by an FDA on-site inspection, 43% (ie, 18 of 42) have been judged not usable in support of drug claims
Interleukin-16 as a Marker of Sézary Syndrome Onset and Stage

Introduction Sezary syndrome is one of the most common forms of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). It is characterized by skin infiltration of malignant T cells. We examined interleukin-16, a potent T cell chemoattractant and cell-cycle regulator, as a prospective marker of disease onset and stage.
The West Coast Thermal Trough: Mesoscale Evolution and Sensitivity to Terrain and Surface Fluxes

AbstractDespite the significant impacts of the West Coast thermal trough (WCTT) on West Coast weather and climate, questions remain regarding its mesoscale structure, origin, and dynamics. Of particular interest is the relative importance of terrain forcing, advection, and surface heating on WCTT formation and evolution. To explore such questions, the 13–16 May 2007 WCTT event was examined using observations and simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. An analysis of the thermodynamic energy equation for these simulations was completed, as well as sensitivity experiments in which terrain or surface fluxes were removed or modified. For the May 2007 event, vertical advection of potential temperature is the primary driver of local warming and WCTT formation west of the Cascades. The downslope flow that drives this warming is forced by easterly flow associated with high pressure over British Columbia, Canada. When the terrain is removed from the model, the WCTT does not form and high...
Ordering in Mixtures of a Triblock Copolymer with a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Well-ordered block copolymer (BCP) morphologies are obtained by blending PEO−PPO−PEO triblock copolymer surfactants with the room temperature ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluor...
Multi-Dimensional Niches and Hollywood Film Performance

In this paper, I compare the independent films with major films in Hollywood through the sociological theories of the niche. I propose five dimensions of a filmi¯s niche and identify four main diff...
Participation as Commodity, Participation as Gift

(2001). Participation as Commodity, Participation as Gift. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 48-48.
An ethogram of the liontail macaque (Macaca silenus) in captivity

Abstract Seventy hours of observation were gathered on a well-composed group of captive liontail macaques (1 adult male, 3 adult females, 1 sub-adult male, 1 sub-adult female, 2 juvenile males, 1 infant male, and 2 infant females caged together for more than five years). Their behaviors are described, defined and categorized, and comparisons are made with other Macaca species. Most of the behaviors observed tended to be similar to those of other congeneric macaques, with the exception of several variations typical for the liontail which are detailed. The behaviors and interactions of infant liontail monkeys are also discussed.