cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and Bias in Covariation Detection: A Direct Approach to a Tangled Issue☆☆☆

Abstract Signal detection theory was used to examine the effects of sensitivity and bias in covariation detection. On each trial, participants judged whether a sample of paired data was drawn from a correlated or an uncorrelated population. Average sensitivity was suboptimal compared to an ideal observer, and performance was at chance levels for population correlations less than ρ = .30. The prior likelihood of encountering a sample drawn from a correlated population was also manipulated, resulting in higher proportions of false positive and false negative errors than were expected on the basis of a Bayesian classification rule. These biases did not hinder sensitivity, in contradiction to Alloy and Tabachnik's (1984) theory of covariation detection, nor did they enhance sensitivity, in contrast to Wright and Murphy's (1984) finding that biases can facilitate the detection of covariance. Moreover, although these biases were somewhat more extreme than Bayes' theorem would predict, there was a tendency for observers to shift their decision criteria optimally as a function of the degree of the signal-plus-noise population correlation.
Genes encoding phycobilisome linker polypeptides on the plastid genome of Aglaothamnion neglectum (Rhodophyta).

The genes encoding the phycobilisome anchor protein (apcE) and rod-core linker (cpcG) are on the plastid genome of the red alga Aglaothamnion neglectum. The apcE gene product is 5′ to and in the same operon as the α and β subunit genes of allophycocyanin. This arrangement is identical to the arrangement observed in many cyanobacteria. The cpcG gene product is 5′ to the operon encoding the α and β subunits of phycoerythrin, but is transcribed from the opposite DNA strand. This gene arrangement is different from that observed in cyanobacteria.
Additive-free hydrogelation of graphene oxide by ultrasonication

Abstract Graphene oxide hydrogels have been prepared by ultrasonication of precursor aqueous dispersions. The ultrasonication fractures the nanosheets, reducing their dimensions and exposing new sheet edges that do not possess the stabilizing carboxyl functional groups found along the edge of the as-prepared material. Ultrasonication does not affect the overall chemical functionality of the graphene oxide nanosheets, as spectra (carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) of samples before and after ultrasonication are nearly identical. Gelation is induced after only 30 min of ultrasonication to achieve a relatively weak gel with a shear modulus of 0.3 kPa; however, extension of ultrasonic treatment to 120 min yields a more robust hydrogel with a shear modulus of 1.6 kPa. Such enhancement in the gel’s physical properties can be attributed to the lack of stabilizing carboxyl groups on newly generated nanosheet fragments from the interior regions of the original nanosheets. As prepared, these hydrogels exhibit exceptionally low critical gelation concentrations ranging from ∼0.050 to ∼0.125 mg mL−1 that can be tuned according to the extent of ultrasonic treatment.
Correlation of several tests for phosphorus with resin extractable phosphorus for 30 alkaline soils

Abstract Phosphorus was extracted from 30 alkaline soils from western Minnesota using the Olsen NaHCO3, the Soltanpour AB‐DTPA, Mehlich 2, Mehlich 3, Bray‐1, and resin methods. Values from the first six methods were compared to resin extractable phosphorus. The NaHCO3‐P values for 30 soils were most closely related to resin extractable‐P values with r ‐ 0.943, followed by the AB‐DTPA with r ‐ 0.889, and Mehlich 3 with r ‐ 0.809. Bray‐1 values from three different soil‐to‐solution ratios were less closely related to resin P. The correlation coefficient between Olsen NaHCO3‐P and Bray‐1 was r ‐ 0.693 for all 30 soils. Soils were divided on the basis of their reaction to dropwise addition of 10% HC1. Violently effervescent samples (n‐15), with one exception, were found to be those soils in the study group with calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) ranging from 7 to 62 percent. Non‐violently effervescing soils (n‐15) were found to have CCE of less than 7 percent. The elimination of the violently effervescing, hi...
An investigation into the influence of grain boundary misorientation on the tensile strength of SiC bicrystals

ABSTRACTIn this work, molecular dynamics (MD) and Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulation-based analyses are performed to understand the influence of grain boundary (GB) misorientation on the tensile strength of SiC bicrystals. The tensile strength is governed by the changes in electron density and bond strength of atoms in GBs. An investigation of dislocation activity during mechanical deformation shows that the extent of the propagation of dislocations across the bicrystal grains is directly proportional to the extent of GB misorientation. An analytical relation that predicts the tensile strength as a function of GB misorientation is developed.
Effect of C/N ratio and moisture content on the composting of poplar wood

Milled poplar wood (1.7 mm mesh size) was composted in lab-scale reactors. Initial C/N ratios were adjusted to 10:1, 30:1, and 50:1 using urea as the nitrogen source. At each C/N ratio, three moisture levels (30, 50, and 70%) were tested. C/N ratios of 50:1 or 30:1 and moisture content of 70% favored more effective composting as indicated by higher levels of mineralization of the poplar wood to CO2.
Timing of Temporomandibular Joint Sounds in Orthodontic Patients

The consistency of occurrence and also the timing of TMJ sounds during jaw opening and closing were studied by means of an audio-visual sound recording system in an attempt to address the possible causes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds. From a group of 347 orthodontic patients, 104 were found to have medium- or high-amplitude TMJ sounds during jaw opening or closing. Most patients (53%) had reciprocal clicking--that is, a single sound on opening and on closing; another 12% had multiple sounds on opening or closing; 22% had a single closing sound; and 13% had a single opening sound. Sounds occurred at all degrees of jaw opening throughout this sample, but in most patients opening sounds tended to be closer to maximum opening, whereas closing sounds tended to occur in the middle of the closing movement. No statistically significant association was found between the timing of the opening and closing sounds. In 42.3% of patients, the sound was inconsistent in its occurrence on successive opening and closing cycles. Twenty-three percent of patients reported pain, jaw locking, or limitation of movement, but these were not associated with the timing of the opening sound. The findings suggest that the reciprocal click, widely associated with anterior disc displacement with reduction, was relatively common, but that other explanations for the joint sounds should also be considered. Conversely, a large variation may exist in the timing and the occurrence of sounds in patients with anterior disc displacement in the absence of pain and limitation of movement.
Hyperpyramids For Vision-Driven Navigation

If an autonomous vehilce is to operate in an environment of arbitrary complexity, it must be able to perceive the locations of the obstacles in its environment and store this information in a world model. It is important that the world model be structured in such a manner that the information may be easily utilized. An object-oriented data structure called Hyper-Pyramids is presented for representing the environment in the navigation problem. A summary of preliminary research efforts on the navigation problem is also presented. This includes work on the implementation and manipulation of octtree-like data structures, and the introduction of a new technique for the recovery of depth information from grey-scale images.
Administrative, Faculty, and Staff Perceptions of Organizational Climate and Commitment in Christian Higher Education

Findings of 957 surveyed employees from four evangelical higher education institutions found a negative correlation for climate and commitment and staff members. Administrators were found to have a more favorable view of their institutional climate than staff. Employee age, tenure, and classification had predictive value for organizational climate, whereas only employee age and tenure predicted organizational commitment.
Airway Hyperreactivity in Cystic Fibrosis: Clinical Correlates and Possible Effects on the Course of the Disease

To evaluate whether increased airway reactivity affected the course of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), we categorized 40 CF patients as to methacholine sensitivity and then evaluated their disease activity and natural history. Twenty methacholine reactors had more severe lung disease (lower S-K clinical scores and more impairment of pulmonary function) than did 16 nonreactive patients, and acute bronchodilator response was greater in the methacholine reactors. Thirty-four patients were followed prospectively over a 17- to 24-month period. Among 19 methacholine reactors, there were more pulmonary exacerbations and a more rapid decline in FEV 1 . In general, increased obstruction was associated with increased reactivity. Although the data are subject to differing interpretations, they are consistent with the hypothesis that in patients with CF, airway hyperreactivity occurs secondary to bronchial damage, is associated with more rapid pulmonary deterioration, and is an unfavorable prognostic finding.
Load–impulse characterization for steel connection

Abstract Abnormal loading generated by blast or impact may cause local damage in a building that may evolve to affect the whole structural system. Therefore, structures have to be designed to prevent such disproportional consequences. Connection is an important contributor to ductility and robustness of the structural steel systems in mitigating such consequences. The aim of this study was to derive a better understanding of how steel connections behave under high-speed loads by means of characterizing their resistance, ultimate strength, and ductility in the form of load–impulse diagrams. The established high-strain-rate resistance properties were applied into simplified frame analyses. The accuracy and cost-effectiveness of the approach were then evaluated comparing the results from detailed and simplified models.
Tilting effects on the performance of hydrostatic and hybrid gas thrust bearings

Abstract A hydrostatic gas thrust bearing is analysed to determine the effect of tilting on its performance characteristics. The governing Reynolds Equation is solved simultaneously with the mass flow rate equation by numerical methods to determine the inlet pressure and the pressure distribution throughout the pad. It is shown that the load, friction, and lubricant mass flow rate are strong functions of the bearing number λ, restrictor coefficient λ o , supply pressure P s and tilt parameter ϵ
Accreditation as a catalyst for institutional effectiveness

Accreditation bodies increasingly force institutions to merge their accountability reporting, institutional research, outcomes assessment, and decision-making activities, thus serving as catalysts for enhancing institutional effectiveness.
An Integrative Spiritual Development Model of Supervision for Substance Abuse Counselors-in-Training.

Substance abuse counselors who address clients' spiritual development may provide more comprehensive counseling. This article presents an integrative supervision model designed to promote the spiritual development of substance abuse counselors-in-training, reviews the model, and discusses the implications for counselor education.
Structure of vacuum condensates

It is essential to know the space-time structure of the nonlocal vacuum condensates for application to medium energy processes. Using the Dyson-Schwinger formalism in the rainbow approximation for the quark propagator, we study the nonlocal quark condensate and model forms for the nonperturbative gluon propagator constrained by fits to local condensates and deep inelastic scattering with nucleon targets.
Software pipelining and superblock scheduling: compilation techniques for VLIW machines

Compilers for VLIW and superscalar processors have to expose instruction-level parallelism (ILP) to effectively utilize the hardware. Software pipelining is a scheduling technique to overlap successive iterations of loops; and superblock scheduling extracts ILP from frequently executed traces. The authors describe an effort to employ both software pipelining and superblock scheduling techniques in a VLIW compiler. Ten Fortran benchmarks are analyzed, and upon close examination, it appears that both techniques are required to obtain the highest performance across a variety of programs. >
Compatible phase co-scheduling on a CMP of multi-threaded processors

The industry is rapidly moving towards the adoption of Chip Multi-Processors (CMPs) of Simultaneous Multi-Threaded (SMT) cores for general purpose systems. The most prominent use of such processors, at least in the near term, will be as job servers running multiple independent threads on the different contexts of the various SMT cores. In such an environment, the co-scheduling of phases from different threads plays a significant role in the overall throughput. Less throughput is achieved when phases from different threads that conflict for particular hardware resources are scheduled together, compared with the situation where compatible phases are co-scheduled on the same SMT core. Achieving the latter requires precise per-phase hardware statistics that the scheduler can use to rapidly identify possible incompatibilities among phases of different threads, thereby avoiding the potentially high performance cost of inter-thread contention.In this paper, we devise phase co-scheduling policies for a dual-core CMP of dual-threaded SMT processors. We explore a number of approaches and find that the use of ready and in-flight instruction metrics permits effective co-scheduling of compatible phases among the four contexts. This approach significantly outperforms the worst static grouping of threads, and very closely matches the best static grouping, even outperforming it by as much as 7%.
Focusing on the positive, focusing on the negative: implications for psychotherapy.

Each of the contributions in this special section challenges some of our preciously held notions. We are challenged to be aware that an overfocus on positivity and optimism can be tyrannical, see the positivity in the negativity, realize that some pessimism can be adaptive, see that complaining has positive value, and be aware that false hope is not necessarily bad. Through an examination of these, I have suggested that (a) we have to be careful to deeply respect the individuality of our clients and to take seriously the possibility that there is some “ecological wisdom” in their apparently dysfunctional behavior, and (b) what is more important than optimism–pessimism, complaining versus not complaining, or false versus realistic hope is the degree to which the client adopts a task-focused orientation towards problems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1037–1043, 2002.
Impact of real-time ultrasound guidance on complications of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a propensity score analysis.

Introduction Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of real-time ultrasound guidance during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, including in patients with risk factors such as coagulopathy, cervical spine immobilization and morbid obesity. Use of real-time ultrasound guidance has been shown to improve the technical accuracy of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy; however, it is unclear if there is an associated reduction in complications. Our objective was to determine whether the peri-procedural use of real-time ultrasound guidance is associated with a reduction in complications of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy using a propensity score analysis.
A Study of Plasma-Stabilized Diffusion Flames at Elevated Ambient Temperatures

We report on a study of the use of repetitive ultrashort pulsed plasma discharges in stabilizing a lifted methane jet diffusion flame in elevated temperature (855 K-975 K) vitiated coflow. CH chemiluminescence images are used to record the flame liftoff height, which serves as a measure of the flame stability. The results show that, for the same reduced electric field (E /n), the stabilizing ability of the discharge in the investigated temperature range diminishes with increasing coflow temperature. Based on the results of a zero-dimensional transient chemistry simulation, it is conjectured that the reduced propensity for stabilization at elevated temperature is caused by the rapid depletion of H2 and CO formed in the postplasma gas, under high ambient temperature conditions.
Detection of Predictive Dynamics of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Xenopus Laevis Embryonic Tissues

The regulatory interactions in embryonic development that is guided by a complex set of spatially and temporally integrated stimuli result in the emergence of highly functional units. Since a better understanding of spatiotemporal responses provides a great insight to fundamental emergent patterns that may evolve from complex systems such as embryonic development, it is important to examine a generalized response to frequency-modulated stimulation from a system comprised of hundreds of cells where each cell has millions of interacting molecules. We present the dynamic responses of vertebrate embryonic tissues to time-varying localized chemical stimulation through a closed-loop microfluidic control that enabled localized spatiotemporal regulation of steroid hormone dexamethasone (DEX) in Animal Cap (AC) tissues isolated from gastrulating Xenopus embryos. We investigated dynamic cell-scale responses to precisely controlled stimulation by tracking the activity of a GFP-tagged Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR). Interestingly, the overall response had a predictive first-order behavior to periodic stimulation environments. We modeled these dynamic responses using first order differential equation with two different time derivatives: moving into and out of the nucleus. There was a good agreement between the predicted responses and the experimental results. Our approach provided a methodology for manipulating these biochemical inputs to examine and model the collective behavior of many biochemical reactions. The intricate cellular signaling and transport machinery responses were similar to behaviors in other complex systems, suggesting that even within a highly integrated and robust embryonic tissue, the overall system that we had studied converged toward a predictive first-order response. We believe that our results may suggest in the future that nanoscale molecular interactions in this developmental system results in highly regulated behavior, which we are able to determine through our feedback microfluidic control approaches in developmental biology.
Salvage radical prostatectomy in the management of locally recurrent prostate cancer after 125I implantation

Objective To define the role of salvage prostatectomy in patients who have locally recurrent prostate cancer following pelvic lymph node dissection and 125I implantation. Patients and methods Over 1000 patients underwent 125I implantation for localized prostate cancer at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 1970 and 1986. Salvage radical prostatectomy was performed in a highly selected group of 10 patients with locally recurrent disease. Results Three of the 10 patients had organ-confined residual prostate cancer following salvage radical prostatectomy. The remaining seven patients had extra-prostatic disease including four patients with positive surgical margins. Two patients with organ-confined disease and one with extracapsular tumour had no evidence of locally recurrent or metastatic disease and continue to have undetectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at 50, 44, and 31 months following salvage radical prostatectomy. After a mean follow-up of 30 months, the remaining seven patients had a rising PSA level consistent with locally persistent and/or metastatic disease (median 5 ng/mL; range 1.0-144). This PSA elevation occurred within 20 months of salvage radical prostatectomy (median 6 months). Two of these patients developed clinically evident bone metastases. Conclusion Salvage radical prostatectomy, although technically feasible in highly selected patients, should not be widely advocated as an effective treatment option for patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer after 125I implantation.
Isolation and Characterization of the Immune Macroglobulin from the Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula*

Abstract The immune macroglobulin from the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, was purified and characterized physicochemically. The macroglobulin had a sedimentation coefficient of 14.2 S and a molecular weight of 660,000. Total reduction and alkylation in 7 m guanidine hydrochloride resulted in dissociation into heavy (H) and light (L) chains. The H and L chains were separated by gel filtration and found to have molecular weights of 58,100 and 21,000, respectively, employing sedimentation equilibrium in 5.0 m guanidine hydrochloride. Based on absorbance, equimolar quantities of the chains were recovered from the macroglobulin. These data are compatible with previously reported electron microscopic studies (Acton, R. T., Weinheimer, P. F., Dupree, H. K., Russell, T. R., Wolcott, M., Evans, E. E., Schrohenloher, R. E., and Bennett, J. C., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 68, 107 (1971)), which demonstrated a tetrameric structure for the immune macroglobulin, and indicated that the structural subunit consists of two H and two L chains. Generally the amino acid composition was similar to mammalian IgM H and L chains. Although no NH2-terminal group was detected in the light chain, the sequence of the first 5 residues from the NH2-terminus of the H chain was found to be [see PDF for sequence]. These data provide additional evidence for a structural similarity among phylogenetically distinct immune macroglobulins and suggest a common evolutionary origin.
Seasonal Variation in Offspring Sex Ratio in the Snowy Plover

The Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus) is unique in being a determinate layer of an odd modal clutch size and in having a variable mating system in which female brood desertion occurs regularly. These traits make determining Snowy Plover offspring sex ratios important not only for long-term population stability, as the species is of conservation concern, but also for application to sex allocation theory. In this study, we determined Snowy Plover offspring sex ratios, examined differential costs of producing male and female offspring, and evaluated sex ratio variation in relation to maternal condition, habitat condition, and time during the nesting season on saline lakes of the Southern High Plains of Texas. Examination of 245 chicks from 118 clutches during 1999–2000 and 2008–2009 showed that male offspring were more costly to produce than female offspring; however, offspring sex ratio did not differ from parity, but was slightly male-biased in most years. The probability of producing a male offspring was greater both earlier and later in the breeding season than in the middle. As the availability of saline lake surface water and the subsequent availability of food vary unpredictably throughout the breeding season, depending on precipitation events, we suggest that sex ratio adjustment in unpredictable environments may not be straightforward and may follow nonlinear models and/or vary annually The effects such changes in sex ratios may have on population growth and stability remain unknown.
Identifying Antecedents of Risky Appearance Management Behaviors The United States and South Korea

Acts of appearance management include a range of activities to control the presentation of the body that one makes to self and to others. Appearance management behaviors (AMBs) can be divided into ...
Resistance of Random Electrical Networks

Many people have studied the electrical resistance of a network made up of random resistors. It was realized quite early that critical phenomena occur, and that there is a close relation with percolation theory, in special cases where the individual resistors can have infinite resistance (or zero resistance). We refer the reader to Kirkpatrick (1978) and Stauffer (1979) for a survey of much of this work. In these introductory paragraphs we shall assume that the reader knows what the resistance of a network is, but we shall come back to a description of resistance in Sect. 11.3.
Scalable global and local hashing strategies for duplicate pruning in parallel A* graph search

For many applications of the A* algorithm, the state space is a graph rather than a tree. The implication of this for parallel A* algorithms is that different processors may perform significant duplicated work if interprocessor duplicates are not pruned. In this paper, we consider the problem of duplicate pruning in parallel A* graph-search algorithms implemented on distributed-memory machines. A commonly used method for duplicate pruning uses a hash function to associate with each distinct node of the search space a particular processor to which duplicate nodes arising in different processors are transmitted and thereby pruned. This approach has two major drawbacks. First, load balance is determined solely by the hash function. Second, node transmissions for duplicate pruning are global; this can lead to hot spots and slower message delivery. To overcome these problems, we propose two different duplicate pruning strategies: 1) To achieve good load balance, we decouple the task of duplicate pruning from load balancing, by using a hash function for the former and a load balancing scheme for the latter. 2) A novel search-space partitioning scheme that allocates disjoint parts of the search space to disjoint subcubes in a hypercube (or disjoint processor groups in the target architecture), so that duplicate pruning is achieved with only intrasubcube or adjacent intersubcube communication. Thus message latency and hot-spot probability are greatly reduced. The above duplicate pruning schemes were implemented on an nCUBE2 hypercube multicomputer to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). For uniformly distributed intercity costs, our strategies yield a speedup improvement of 13 to 35 percent on 1,024-processors over previous methods that do not prune any duplicates, and 13 to 25 percent over the previous hashing-only scheme. For normally distributed data the corresponding figures are 135 percent and 10 to 155 percent. Finally, we analyze the scalability of our parallel A* algorithms on k-ary n-cube networks in terms of the isoefficiency metric, and show that they have isoefficiency lower and upper bounds of /spl Theta/(P log P) and /spl Theta/(Pkn/sup 2/), respectively.
Membrane-encased polymer millirods for sustained release of 5-fluorouracil.

This article describes the design and development of a novel membrane-encased polymer millirod for the sustained release of an anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The millirod consists of two functional compartments: (1) an inner 5-FU-loaded monolithic millirod as the drug depot, and (2) an outer NaCl-impregnated polymer membrane to control the release rate of 5-FU. The inner millirod is fabricated by a compression-heat molding procedure to permit the entrapment of 5-FU particles in the poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) matrix. The drug loading density is controlled at 30 w/w% to achieve a burst release of 5-FU (>90% of the drug are released within 48 h) from the monolithic millirod. The NaCl-impregnated PLGA membrane is generated by solvent casting and is then wrapped over the monolithic millirod to produce the membrane-encased millirod. Scanning electron microscopy shows that dissolution of NaCl particles produces a semipermeable polymer membrane to provide a sustained release of 5-FU. The membrane thickness and the density of NaCl particles inside the membrane are useful parameters to control the release kinetics of 5-FU. Under the experimental conditions in this study, sustained release of 5-FU [rates between 0.1 and 0.4 mg/(day. cm of millirod)] is achieved for 2 to 5 weeks in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. Results from this study demonstrate that membrane-encased polymer millirods provide controllable sustained release kinetics for applications in intratumoral drug delivery.
The origin of tiger salamander ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) populations in California, Oregon, and Nevada: introductions or relicts?

Whether intentionally or accidentally introduced, exotic species have the capacity to dramatically disrupt native communities. In central California, tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) have been introduced as a by-product of the sport fishing bait industry. Some of these introductions are relatively well known and have resulted in the formation of hybrids with the imperiled native California tiger salamander (A. californiense). Other populations of A. tigrinum, particularly in the northern and eastern parts of the state, remain poorly characterized and are present in regions where relictual amphibian populations of other species have persisted, suggesting that these might be relictual, native A. tigrinum. We used genetic sequence data to determine the provenance of all known extralimital A. tigrinum populations in California and adjacent Oregon and Nevada through comparison with reference samples from the native range of A. tigrinum. Our results suggest that A. tigrinum have been introduced in Northern California, Southern California and the Sierra Nevada, originating from multiple sources across the Great Plains of the US. Furthermore, two populations near the California-Oregon border are most closely related to A. tigrinum populations from Washington and Oregon and may represent native tiger salamander lineages.
Cross-species Transcriptomic Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Mammalian Neural Cells

The mammalian brain is characterized by distinct classes of cells that differ in morphology, structure, signaling, and function. Dysregulation of gene expression in these cell populations leads to various neurological disorders. Neural cells often need to be acutely purified from animal brains for research, which requires complicated procedure and specific expertise. Primary culture of these cells in vitro is a viable alternative, but the differences in gene expression of cells grown in vitro and in vivo remain unclear. Here, we cultured three major neural cell classes of rat brain (ie, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells [OPCs]) obtained from commercial sources. We measured transcript abundance of these cell types by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and compared with their counterparts acutely purified from mouse brains. Cross-species RNA-seq data analysis revealed hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed between the cultured and acutely purified cells. Astrocytes have more such genes compared to neurons and OPCs, indicating that signaling pathways are greatly perturbed in cultured astrocytes. This dataset provides a powerful resource to demonstrate the similarities and differences of biological processes in mammalian neural cells grown in vitro and in vivo at the molecular level.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autophagy in Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains a major complication of liver resection, transplantation, and hemorrhagic shock. Although the mechanisms that contribute to hepatic I/R are complex and diverse involving the interaction of cell injury in hepatocytes, immune cells, and endothelium, mitochondrial dysfunction is a cardinal event culminating in hepatic reperfusion injury. Mitochondrial autophagy, so-called mitophagy, is a key cellular process that regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and eliminates damaged mitochondria in a timely manner. Growing evidence accumulates that I/R injury is attributed to defective mitophagy. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of autophagy and its role in hepatic I/R injury and highlight the various therapeutic approaches that have been studied to ameliorate injury.
Analytical predictions of the temperature profile within semiconductor nanostructures for solid-state laser refrigeration

The laser refrigeration of solid-state materials with nanoscale dimensions has been demonstrated for both semi- conducting (cadmium sulfide, CdS) and insulating dielectrics (Yb:YLiF4, YLF) in recent years. During laser refrigeration it is possible to observe morphology dependent resonances (MDRs), analogous to what is well- known in classical (Mie) light scattering theory, when the characteristic dimensions of the nanostructure are comparable to the wavelength of light used to initiate the laser cooling process. Mie resonances can create substantial increases for internal optical fields within a given nanostructure with the potential to enhance the absorption efficiency at the beginning of the cooling cycle. Recent breakthroughs in the laser refrigeration of semiconductor nanostructures have relied on materials that exhibit rectangular symmetry (nanoribbons). Here, we will present recent analytical, closed-form solutions to the energy partial differential equation that can be used to calculate the internal spatial temperature profile with a given semiconductor nanoribbon during irradiation by a continuous-wave laser. First, the energy equation is made dimensionless through the substitution of variables before being solved using the classical separation-of-variables approach. In particular, calculations will be presented for chalcogenide (CdS) nanoribbons using a pump wavelength of 1064 nm. For nanostructures with lower symmetry (such as YLF truncated tetragonal bipyramids) it is also possible to observe MDRs through numerical simulations using either the discrete dipole approximation or finite-difference time-domain simulations, and the resulting temperature profile can be calculated using the finite element method. Theoretical predictions are presented using parameters that will allow comparison with experimental data in the near future.
Bacterial degradation of riboflavin. VII. Studies on the bacterial decomposition of 6,7-dimethylquinoxaline-2,3-diol.

Studies on the degradation of 6,7-dimethylquinoxaline-2,3-diol-(methyl-14C) by Pseudomonas RF are described. Evidence is presented that this degradation product of riboflavin is assimilated by at least two different pathways which are affected by growth conditions. One leads to the previously identified 3,4-dimethyl-6-carboxy-α-pyrone and the other to intermediates which in turn are metabolized to various cell constituents.
Scientific Management in E-government Network and Information System Maintenance Service Outsourcing

E-government service gradually carry out at the same time, bring confusion and a series of problems on the manage ment for the government departments and relevant enterprises. In this paper, from a practical point of view, the important link to grasp the operation and maintenance outsourcing service network and information system, from necessity, management structure,moderate budget and performance evaluation of perspective do simple.
Epidemiological Status of Measles in Zhoukou City,2005-2011

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of measles in Zhoukou city from 2005 to 2011 for formulating measles elimination measures. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was applied to analyze the measles data. Results From 2005 to 2011 in Zhoukou city,3 416 measles cases were reported,with an average annual incidence rate of 4. 88 /105. There were significant differences among different years( P 0. 01). The incidence rate in 2011 dropped to 0. 07 /105 and reached the national elimination standard. March to June were the peak season and the cases were mainly concentrated in the 7 age or below age group(81.91%),with 0-2 age group as the highest incidence group(57.99%). Conclusion Significant progress has been made in the elimination of measles in Zhoukou city,yet comprehensive measures such as high quality and timely vaccination immunization is still to be continue and strengthened to reduce measles incidence.
Influence of Iron Deficiency on the Electromagnetic Properties of Low Temperature Sintered NiCuZn Ferrites Prepared by Solid Reaction Method

The fine powder of Ni1-a-xZnxCuaFe2-δO4 (0.15a0.25,0.1x0.65) ferrites was prepared by solid reaction method. It is shown that the longer the milling time the smaller the particle size,and milling efficiencies using iron boll and using ZrO2 boll are the same. The average particle size of 0.2μm was obtained. The iron deficient amount dependence of initial permeabilityμi ,Q value are given for the specimens sintered at 880℃. The effect of iron deficient amount on the frequency dependence of initial permeabilityμi and on the temperature dependence of μi as well as the Curie temperature TC are illustrated and discussed. The NiCuZn ferrites with properties:μi 835(1±10%),Q145,tanδ/μi8×106,ρ1012?·cm,TC: 130℃ andαμ/μi: -0.9×10-6/℃ were obtained at sintering temperature 870+10℃.
Small Molecule Cyclic Amide and Urea Based Thickeners for Organic and sc-CO2/Organic Solutions

A series of cyclic amide and urea materials were prepared and screened as small molecule thickeners for organic solvents, dense CO2, and mixtures thereof. In addition to a cyclohexane or benzene core, both of which are mildly CO2-phobic, these molecules contained either ester, amide, or urea groups responsible for establishing intermolecular interactions necessary for increasing solution viscosity. These groups also function to connect siloxane or heavily acetylated CO2-philic segments to the cyclic core of the thickener molecule. Many of these compounds were shown to thicken conventional organic liquids (e.g., toluene, hexane), usually after heating and cooling the mixture. A propyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane-functionalized benzene trisurea material was also shown to thicken compressed liquid propane and butane. Attaining solubility and self-assembly in CO2 proved more challenging, however. Several ester, amide, and urea containing compounds were discovered that are soluble in dense CO2 at low loadings (...
The Changing Adolescent Experience: Social Space, the Final Frontier: Adolescents on the Internet

The recent rapid growth of the Internet, with the advent and expansion of the World Wide Web (WWW), has engendered both optimism and concern about the potential impact of new communication technologies on our collective social future. Whence comes the vehemence with which pundits and social observers expound on the dangers of the Web or on its virtues? Computer-mediated communication (CMC) in all its forms is a new phenomenon, and its growth is so rapid that we cannot clearly imagine what forms it will take in the future. Those who imagine and predict the Internets' potential impact on our future rely on observations of earlier technological advances, such as telephones and television, and on projections of current trends in the Internets' availability, use, and effects. In spite of these common starting points, the resulting visions are remarkably polarized. The most optimistic views of the Internet focus on the unique capabilities offered by the technology, in particular the capacity for rapid communication and collaboration across great distances. Social connectedness is a major theme. This reward-focused rhetoric emphasizes “a renewed sense of community … [in which] [C]omputer-mediated communication … will do by way of electronic pathways what cement roads were unable to do, namely, connect us rather than atomize us, put us at the controls of a ‘vehicle’ and yet not detach us from the rest of the world” (Jones, 1995, p. 11).
Management Lessons for Information Age Leaders from an Industrial Age Strike

Between January and March of 1912, the "Bread and Roses" strike in the textile center of Lawrence, Massachusetts, captured the attention of the nation. While the strike was sparked by a decrease in pay; the issues of the strike were more complex and entailed conflict over economic power, working conditions, workplace dignity, diversity, and corporate social responsibility. This paper considers those issues both from a historical and current perspective identifying lessons that organizational leaders can use today.
Workload Model for Situation Awareness

For human system interfaces involving supervisory control with a high degree of automation, maintaining situation awareness (SA) can be an important and challenging operator task. Additionally, maintaining SA for these types of operator tasks can be a significant percentage of the operator workload to execute their mission. This paper presents a methodology for estimating the workload required for an operator to obtain and sustain SA in an operations center during a typical eight hour shift. The methodology can be used to assist in identifying operator stress points during operations, crew task allocations, and potential user interface design modifications required to increase an operator’s SA. Our method for modeling SA workload uses Wickens et al. (Hum. Factors 45:360–380, 2003 [1]), McCarley et al. (A computational model of attention/situation awareness [2]) Salience, Expectancy, Effort and Value (SEEV) model. SEEV estimates (or models) how often an operator will attend to specific data to obtain or maintain SA. This paper describes how SEEV was used to estimate SA workload and provides a sample of empirical data that was obtained to demonstrate the validity of future research on our concept.
Charge recovery logic for thermal harvesting applications

This paper investigates the substitution of CMOS or near-threshold CMOS with Charge Recovery Logic (CRL) in applications where energy is thermally harvested. By doing so, it is possible to eliminate the bulky DC/DC stage needed to provide the supply voltage for CMOS operation. Instead, a simple LC-tank oscillator is used to generate a power-clock suitable for CRL operation. Simulation results of a 256-stage inverter chain designed in Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) are presented. Two additional novelties are presented i) using ECRL at a near-threshold voltage and ii) generating the four-phase power-clock by means of a quadrature oscillator. The traditional, full-swing CMOS system dissipates 18.2× the power dissipated by the proposed TP-ECRL system.
Does unbelted safety requirement affect protection for belted occupants

ABSTRACTObjective: Federal regulations in the United States require vehicles to meet occupant performance requirements with unbelted test dummies. Removing the test requirements with unbelted occupants might encourage the deployment of seat belt interlocks and allow restraint optimization to focus on belted occupants. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of restraint systems optimized for belted-only occupants with those optimized for both belted and unbelted occupants using computer simulations and field crash data analyses.Methods: In this study, 2 validated finite element (FE) vehicle/occupant models (a midsize sedan and a midsize SUV) were selected. Restraint design optimizations under standardized crash conditions (U.S.-NCAP and FMVSS 208) with and without unbelted requirements were conducted using Hybrid III (HIII) small female and midsize male anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in both vehicles on both driver and right front passenger positions. A total of 10 to 12 design para...
Laser micromachining and energy field manufacturing

Micro/nano material processing has become the cornerstone technology for the production of many modern products, and the unique features of laser energy make laser one of the most powerful tools for micro/nano manufacturing. Laser micromachining is flexible and can replicate features with high accuracy, but the manufacturing cost and throughput are normally not competitive enough for mass production. Thus, the optimal engineering solution usually requires integration with other energy fields and other processes. With the case study of a high aspect ratio metal structure, this paper shows the common engineering contradiction between quality and productivity, and highlights the value of new methodologies of process innovation found in Intelligent Energy Field Manufacturing.Micro/nano material processing has become the cornerstone technology for the production of many modern products, and the unique features of laser energy make laser one of the most powerful tools for micro/nano manufacturing. Laser micromachining is flexible and can replicate features with high accuracy, but the manufacturing cost and throughput are normally not competitive enough for mass production. Thus, the optimal engineering solution usually requires integration with other energy fields and other processes. With the case study of a high aspect ratio metal structure, this paper shows the common engineering contradiction between quality and productivity, and highlights the value of new methodologies of process innovation found in Intelligent Energy Field Manufacturing.
Pelvic fixation techniques and impact on sagittal balance: A literature review

Abstract As adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery advances, pelvic fixation techniques have evolved to confront several challenges such as pseudoarthrosis and instrumentation failure. Concurrently, ASD literature has identified sagittal balance as one of the pre-eminent factors in clinical outcomes in patients undergoing ASD surgery. However, despite advances in surgical technique and understanding of clinical outcome predictors, there is limited evaluation of the impact of pelvic instrumentation on global sagittal alignment. This review provides context on historical pelvic instrumentation options and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of modern pelvic fixation techniques in ASD surgery with respect to sagittal balance. Available data suggest that pre- and postoperative sagittal balance correction remains an important clinical outcome predictor, but such a correction can be undermined by postoperative complications such as pseudoarthrosis and instrumentation failure over the long term. Therefore, choice of instrumentation construct should not only consider intraoperative factors and immediate sagittal balance correction but also prevention of complications over patients’ full postoperative course. Future research should directly evaluate pelvic fixation techniques in the context of long-term postoperative clinical and radiologic outcomes, specifically sagittal balance.
Content Analysis of Google Alerts for Cultural Heritage Institutions

This article outlines evidence-based methods for cultural heritage institutions to look for news and mentions about their collections and services online. Google Alerts were created for repository ...
Apiaceous Vegetables and Cruciferous Phytochemicals Reduced PhIP-DNA Adducts in Prostate but Not in Pancreas of Wistar Rats

Abstract We previously showed rats fed with apiaceous vegetables, but not with their putative chemopreventive phytochemicals, reduced colonic DNA adducts formed by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a dietary procarcinogen. We report here the effects of feeding apiaceous and cruciferous vegetables versus their purified predominant phytochemicals, either alone or combined, on prostate and pancreatic PhIP-DNA adduct formation. In experiment I, male Wistar rats received three supplemented diets: CRU (cruciferous vegetables), API (apiaceous vegetables), and CRU+API (both types of vegetables). In experiment II, rats received three diets supplemented with phytochemicals matched to their levels in the vegetables from experiment I: P + I (phenethyl isothiocyanate and indole-3-carbinol), FC (furanocoumarins; 5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, and isopimpinellin), and COMBO (P + I and FC combined). After 6 days of feeding, PhIP was injected (10 mg/kg body weight) and animals were killed on d...