cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum-Chemical Calculations of Carbon-Isotope Fractionation in CO2(g), Aqueous Carbonate Species, and Carbonate Minerals

Quantum chemical calculations on large supermolecular carbonate−water and carbonate mineral clusters are used to predict equilibrium constants for 13,12C-isotope-exchange reactions between CO2(g), aqueous carbonate species, and the common carbonate minerals. For the aqueous species, we evaluate the influence of the size and conformational variability of the solvation shell, the exchange−correlation functional, and the basis set. The choice of exchange−correlation functional (PBE vs B3LYP), the basis set (6-31G* vs aug-cc-pVDZ), and solvation shell size (first shell only vs first shell and a partial second shell) each produce changes of ∼5−10 per mil in the reduced partition function ratio. Conformational variability gives rise to a standard error of ∼0.5 per mil using ∼10 solute−solvent conformations. The best results are obtained with the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ combination, but because the improvements in the basis set and exchange correlation functional drive the reduced partition function ratios in opposite...
Diagnostic yield of repeat catheter angiography in patients with catheter and computed tomography angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND The yield of repeat catheter angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who have negative initial catheter and computed tomography (CT) angiograms is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the yield of repeat catheter angiography in a prospective cohort of patients with SAH and negative initial catheter and CT angiograms. METHODS From January 1, 2005, until September 1, 2010, we instituted a prospective protocol in which patients with SAH documented by noncontrast CT (NCCT) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) xanthochromia and negative initial catheter and CT angiograms were evaluated with repeat catheter angiography 7 days and 3 months after presentation to assess for causative vascular abnormalities. RESULTS Seventy-two patients were included, with a mean age of 53.1 years (median, 53.5 years; range, 19-88 years). Forty-six patients were female (63.9%) and 26 male (36.1%). Thirty-nine patients had nonperimesencephalic SAH (54.2%), 29 patients had perimesencephalic SAH (40.3%), and 4 patients had CSF xanthochromia (5.5%). The first repeat catheter angiogram performed 7 days after presentation demonstrated a causative vascular abnormality in 3 patients (yield of 4.2%), 2 of which had nonperimesencephalic SAH (yield of 5.1%), and 1 had perimesencephalic SAH (yield of 3.4%). The second repeat catheter angiogram performed in 43 patients (59.7%) did not demonstrate any causative vascular abnormalities. No causative abnormalities were found in patients with CSF xanthochromia. CONCLUSION Repeat catheter angiography performed 7 days after presentation is valuable in the evaluation of patients with SAH who have negative initial catheter and CT angiograms, demonstrating a causative vascular abnormality in 4.2% of patients.
Transitional errors and deep structure differences

Sentences which have the same description in surface structure may have very different representations in deep structure where the actual grammatical relationships are specified. For two experiments, independent groups of Ss learned lists of sentences which were identical in surface structure but different in deep structure. Error scores for different word-to-word transitions indicated that transitional error probabilities detected different recall patterns reflecting the deep structure differences. Operational tests of this sort should aid the psycholinguist in constructing psychological competence models for language behavior.
The Relevance of Prolonged QTc Measurement to Pediatric Psychopharmacology

ABSTRACT Objective To consider the relevance of prolonged QTc (QT interval corrected for rate) to pediatric psychopharmacology. Method The authors reviewed publications on QTc prolongation and publications on sudden death in Medline from 1968 to November 2002. Results The search yielded more than 20,000 publications. Review manuscripts with clinical recommendations outnumber the few pediatric studies of QTc duration during treatment. Most reviews have been published in the past 5 years, during a time when the Food and Drug Administration restricted five psychotropic medications because of QTc prolongation (sertindole: not approved; thioridazine, mesoridazine, and droperidol: black-box warning; and ziprasidone: bolded warning) and nine somatic medications because of QTc prolongation. Conclusions Pretreatment screening, careful selection of psychotropic and/or somatic medication combinations, and recognition of QTc prolongation in electrocardiographic tracings during treatment with medications that prolong QTc are important components of clinical practice.
Relation of serum ferritin level to cardiovascular fitness among young men.

Although iron overload is associated with fatigue and low ferritin is associated with decreased cardiovascular fitness (CVF), little research has focused on the relation of elevated ferritin with CVF in young adult men. An analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 was conducted to examine the relation between elevated ferritin and CVF in relatively healthy young adult men. Adult men aged 20 to 49 years (unweighted n = 1,030, weighted n = 28,514,823) who participated in a treadmill test for CVF were evaluated. Logistic regressions were computed for ferritin with CVF, adjusting for age, race or ethnicity, body mass index, anemia, smoking, exercise, blood donation, and C-reactive protein. Subjects with ferritin >300 ng/ml were less likely than those with normal ferritin to have high CVF (odds ratio [OR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32 to 0.99). When ferritin was split into categories, in a fully adjusted model with a reference group of ferritin at 16 to 100 ng/ml, except for ferritin >100 but 150 but 200 but 300 ng/ml: OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.70). The prevalence of ferritin >150 ng/ml was 45.5% in young adult men. In conclusion, elevated ferritin levels, even those much lower than what is normally considered to be elevated, were associated with a decreased likelihood of having high CVF in young adult men.
Self-regulation in ADHD: The role of error processing

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by persistent and impairing developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Such behavioral dysregulation may be a consequence of deficits in self-monitoring or adaptive control, both of which are required for adaptive behavior. Processing of contextual demands, ongoing monitoring of one's behavior to evaluate whether it is appropriate for a particular situation, and adjusting behavior when it is suboptimal are components of self-regulation. This review examines and integrates the emerging literature on error-processing and adaptive control as components of self-regulation into the prominent etiological theories of ADHD. Available data on error-processing, as reflected in event-related potentials (ERN and Pe) and behavioral performance, suggest that both early error detection and later error-evaluation may be diminished in ADHD, thereby interfering with adaptive control processes. However, variability in results limit broad conclusions, particularly for early error detection. A range of methodological issues, including ERP parameters and sample and task characteristics, likely contribute to this variability, and recommendations for future work are presented. The emerging literature on error-processing and adaptive control informs etiological theories of ADHD in general and may provide a method for testing self-regulation models in particular.
Risk factors for mortality among patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis at an academic inner-city hospital in the US.

Despite an overall decrease in numbers of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the US, the proportion of extrapulmonary TB cases has increased. The study objective was to determine the most important predictors of all-cause mortality among patients with extrapulmonary TB. A retrospective chart review of adult extrapulmonary TB cases registered between 01/1995 and 12/2001 at Grady Memorial Hospital (a 1,000 bed, public inner-city hospital in Atlanta) was performed. Risk factors for death within 12 months after diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB were identified in multivariate analysis using log-binomial regression model. A total of 212 cases of extrapulmonary TB were identified; 100 (47%) were HIV-infected. The majority of patients were male (68%) and African-American (84%); mean age was 40 years. The most common sites of extrapulmonary TB were: lymph node (26%), pleural (21%), disseminated (20%), and central nervous system (CNS) or meningeal (16%). All-cause mortality rate in patients with extrapulmonary TB was 15% (21% among HIV-seropositive and 9% among HIV-uninfected patients, p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of mortality included disseminated disease (PR = 4.66, 95% CI 1.93–11.24) and CNS/meningeal extrapulmonary TB (PR = 4.29, 95% CI 1.78–10.33), controlling for HIV infection. Extrapulmonary TB continues to be a persistent problem in the inner city and is associated with high mortality rates, especially among HIV-infected. Disseminated disease and the presence of CNS/meningeal TB are associated with poor prognosis.
Prioritarianism for variable populations

Philosophical discussions of prioritarianism, the view that we ought to give priority to those who are worse off, have hitherto been almost exclusively focused on cases involving a fixed population. The aim of this paper is to extend the discussion of prioritarianism to encompass also variable populations. I argue that prioritarianism, in its simplest formulation, is not tenable in this area. However, I also propose several revised formulations that, so I argue, show more promise.
Effect of Hypophysectomy on Several Rat Adrenal NADPHGenerating and Oxidizing Systems

The effect of hypophysectomy on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, glutathione reductase and pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase in rat adrenal has been studied. A fall in activity of glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase was observed following hypophysectomy. This fall appears to be insignificant at the time when corticosteroid secretion decreases. A study of the subcellular distribution of the particulate enzymes was also performed. (Endocrinology 75: 506, 1964)
A novel analytical model for optimal channel partitioning in the next generation integrated wireless and mobile networks

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for near optimal channel assignment when different types of services are to be provided in the next generation integrated wireless and mobile networks. We specifically propose a preemptive priority scheme for an integrated wireless and mobile network by first dividing channels into three independent groups and classifying traffic into four different types. The proposed system is modeled by Markov chain model, and then such a model is used to obtain a set of relations that correlate performances with various system parameters. We have analytically determined the minimal number of channels required for each type of traffic that can satisfy a desired level of QoS (Quality of Service) requirements. We also investigate the impact of load ratio for different types of traffic on channel assignment. Finally, we discuss some limitations of our approach and indicate possible future work. We believe that the partitioning scheme proposed in this paper can become a starting point for analysis of future integrated wireless and mobile networks.
How informed need be informed consent

Dr C. Lever is a pioneer in endovascular infrarenal aneurysmectomy, with some of the best results published in the literature. He attempted an endovascular stent in an octogenarian that required an acute open repair. The procedure was touch-and-go and the postoperative course a train wreck, with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. After steadily deteriorating, the patient died. The son has filed a lawsuit claiming Dr Lever did not specify that a standard procedure might need to be done as an emergency. Dr Lever usually indicates an open procedure might be necessary, but the resident did not include whether or not Dr Lever did so in the informed consent note. Regarding technical details in the informed consent note: AAlways include operative details that will increase the risk, no matter how rare. BOperative details are not necessary. CComplications are the only necessary important components of informed consent documentation. DAs long as you postoperatively document what happened in the OR, you are legally and ethically all right. EEvery factor that could influence the patient's decision must be mentioned and then adequately documented.
Subsurface distribution of granitic rocks, south-central Maine

Two- and three-dimensional modeling of gravity data from the area north of Penobscot Bay in south-central Maine reveals that major granitic intrusive masses there are tabular in shape. Batholiths are less than 7 km thick on the average and have nearly vertical contacts. Smaller granitic bodies average less than 3 km thick. Structural and contact metamorphic features of granite and surrounding rocks suggest that felsic masses of batholithic proportions were emplaced at a late stage in the tectonic history of the area. Model configurations combined with structural evidence indicate that the batholiths were probably intruded along faults. Several previously unmapped felsic masses have been located and defined, mainly within the Passagassawakeag Gneiss. The largest of these is the Stricklen Ridge Granite, an igneous mass up to 3 km thick and 11 km long. The near-surface dip of the Passagassawakeag Gneiss contact northeast of the Mount Waldo batholith is calculated to be 45°N to 55°N on the basis of gravity evidence. A sill-like tongue of high-density rocks related to the Bays-of-Maine complex has been postulated to extend under the Ellsworth Schist north from Mount Desert Island and approach the Lucerne batholith near its southeastern contact. The Lucerne Granite is bounded on the north by a low-density body, proposed to represent a distinctly earlier felsic intrusion, now covered by a thin veneer of Lucerne Granite.
Characterization of the human PANK2 promoter

Pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) is an essential regulatory enzyme in coenzyme A biosynthesis. PANK2 mutations cause pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), which leads to pigmentary retinopathy, progressive dystonia and other abnormalities. Two nearly identical PANK2 isoforms have been described: short PANK2 and mature PANK2, which are processed from a precursor isoform. Since the biological relevance of these isoforms remains unclear, we sought to explore their transcriptional regulation. Here we show that their regulation is distinct and describe a promoter for the short isoform of PANK2. Moreover, we identify potential regulators of PANK2 expression, including NF-Y, FOXN4 and the human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B family. These findings validate expression of the short PANK2 isoform and enable predictions about potentially deleterious sequence variants in the regulatory region of this human disease gene.
Does Intention Have a Characteristic Fast Time Scale

Abstract The homeokinetic approach to behavior (applied to humans, the approach is described in Iberall & McCulloch, 1969; and more generally in Soodak & Iberall, 1978) is extended in this article to argue that free will is exercised at a temporal scale of approximately 6 s. The homeokinetic theory of complex physical systems, including living systems, analyzes activity into component sets of oscillators, action modes, each with a characteristic time scale. A full set of nested time scales involved can be thought of as a spectrum. In this article, I argue that a survey of human action modes, as a spectral analysis, allows for the free election of acts only at the 6-s scale. Intention (per Hebb, see Wolman, 1973, p. 437): central guidance of behavior by an enduring system that maintains its independence despite sensory input. Volition: act of willing or choosing. This article is concerned with establishing a physical foundation for such actions in mammals, particularly human.
Adsorption of proteins onto hydrophobic polymer surfaces: Adsorption isotherms and kinetics

Adsorption of albumin, γ-globulin, and fibrinogen from solution, under both static and flow conditions, onto several hydrophobic polymers was studied using internal reflection infrared spectroscopy. Isotherm curves experimentally found were consistant with Langmuir type adsorption. The rate and amount of protein adsorbed was found to be dependent upon both the nature of the polymer substrate and on the flow rate of the solution.
Young children's hand contact activities: an observational study via videotaping in primarily outdoor residential settings.

Microlevel activity time series (MLATS) data were gathered on hand contact activities of 38 children (1–6 years old) by videotaping in primarily outdoor residential environments. The videotape recordings were then translated into text files using a specialized software called VirtualTimingDevice™. Contact frequency (contacts/h), duration per contact (s/contact), and hourly contact duration (min/h) were summarized for outdoor hand contacts with 15 distinct object/surface categories (“Animal”, “Body”, “Clothes/Towels”, “Fabric”, “Floor”, “Food”, “Footwear”, “Metal”, “Non-dietary Water”, “Paper/Wrapper”, “Plastic”, “Rock/Brick”, “Toys”, “Vegetation/Grass”, and “Wood”) and two aggregate object/surface categories (“Non-dietary objects/surfaces” and “Total objects/surfaces”). For outdoor both hand contacts with “Total objects/surfaces”, contact frequencies ranged from 229.9 to 1517.7 contacts/h, median durations/contact ranged from <1 to 5 s, and hourly contact durations ranged from 42.6 to 102.2 m/h. The data were analyzed for significant differences in hand contact activities as a function of (1) age, (2) location, (3) gender, and (4) hand. Significant differences (P⩽0.05) were found for all four factors analyzed. Hourly contact durations with “Non-dietary objects/surfaces” and “Total objects/surfaces” increased with age (P=0.01, rs=0.42 and P=0.005, rs=0.46, respectively), while contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with “Wood” decreased with age (P=0.02, rs=−0.38 and P=0.05, rs=−0.32, respectively). Location was found to affect contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with certain objects/surfaces. For example, contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with “Fabric” were higher indoors (P=0.02 for both), while contact frequencies and hourly contact durations with “Vegetation/Grass” were higher outdoors (P=0.02 and P=0.04, respectively). Girls had longer hourly contact durations with “Footwear” (P=0.02), “Non-dietary objects/surfaces” (P=0.03), and “Total objects/surfaces” (P=0.01) than boys. The right hand had longer hourly contact durations with objects that are often manipulated with the hand (e.g., “Toys” (P=0.0002)), while the left hand had longer hourly contact durations with passively touched objects/surfaces (e.g., “Clothes/Towels” (P=0.003) and “Floor” (P=0.04)).
Quantile Association Regression Models

It is often important to study the association between two continuous variables. In this work, we propose a novel regression framework for assessing conditional associations on quantiles. We develop general methodology which permits covariate effects on both the marginal quantile models for the two variables and their quantile associations. The proposed quantile copula models have straightforward interpretation, facilitating a comprehensive view of association structure which is much richer than that based on standard product moment and rank correlations. We show that the resulting estimators are uniformly consistent and weakly convergent as a process of the quantile index. Simple variance estimators are presented which perform well in numerical studies. Extensive simulations and a real data example demonstrate the practical utility of the methodology. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
RFLPs of factor IX gene in Japanese haemophilia B families and gene deletion in two high-responder-inhibitor patients.

The factor IX genes in four Japanese families with haemophilia B were analysed for the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) ofTaqI,XmnI andDdeI, using subcloned intragenic DNA fragments as probes (probes VIII and XIII). The factor IX genes in 12 patients with haemophilia B and three high-responder-inhibitor cases showed no size difference using a cDNA probe (cVII) when restricted byTaqI,EcoRI andHindIII. Complete gene deletions were observed in two other high-responder-inhibitor cases.
Journal Searching in Non-MEDLINE Resources on Internet Web Sites

Abstract Internet access to the medical journal literature is absorbing the attention of all relevant parties, i.e., publishers, journal vendors, librarians, commercial providers, government agencies, and end users. Journal content on the Web sites spans the range from advertising and ordering information for the print version, to table of contents and abstracts, to downloadable full text and graphics of articles. The searching parameters for systems other than MEDLINE also differ extensively with a wide variety of features and resulting retrieval. This discussion reviews a selection of providers of medical information (particularly the journal literature) on the Internet, making a comparison of what is available on Web sites and how it can be searched.
Efficient routing in all-optical networks

Communication in all-optical networks requires novel routing paradigms. The high bandwidth of the optic fiber is utilized through wavelengthdivision multiplexing: a single physical optical link can carry several logical signals, provided that they are transmitted on different wavelengths. We study the problem of routing a set of requests (each of which is a pair of nodes to be connected by a path) on sparse networks using a limited number of wavelengths, ensuring that different paths using the same wavelength never use the same physical link. The constraints on the selection of paths and wavelengths depend on the type of photonic switches used in the network. We present eflicient routing techniques for the two types of photonic switches that dominate current research in all-optical networks. Our results es*IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown. This work was supported in part by grant MDA 97292-C-0075 from ARPA. t The Weizmann Institute, Israel, and IBM Alrnaden Research Center, California. Work at the Weizmann Institute supported in part by the Norman D. Cohen Professorial Chair of Computer Science. Permission to co y without fee all or part of this material is granted provicf~hatthecopies are not madeorcfistrfbutedfor direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association of Computing Machinery. To copy otherwke, or to republish, requires a fee andJor specific permission. STOC 945/84 Montreal, Quebec, Canada (!3 1984 ACM 0-89791 -663-6/94/0005.. $3.50 tablish a connection between the expansion of a network and the number of wavelengths required for routing on it.
Effect of the Power Generation Unit Operation on the Energy, Economical, and Environmental Performance of CCHP Systems for a Small Commercial Building

Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems generate electricity at or near the place of consumption and utilize the accompanying waste heat to satisfy the building’s thermal demand. CCHP systems have often been cited as advantageous alternatives to traditional methods of power generation and one of the critical components affecting their performance is the power generation unit (PGU). This investigation examines the effect of the PGU on the energy, economical, and environmental performance of CCHP systems. Different size PGUs are simulated under the following operational strategies: follow the building’s electric load, follow the building’s thermal load, and operate at constant load. An internal combustion engine is used as the PGU in the CCHP system to meet hourly electric, cooling, heating, and hot water loads of a typical office building for a year. Annual operational cost, primary energy consumption (PEC), and carbon dioxide emissions (CDE) are found for two cities and compared to a conventional building. Finally, a simple optimization is performed to determine the best engine load for each hour during the simulation. Among the results, the smallest engine generally yielded the lowest costs and lowest PEC; but, no such trend was found with regards to CDE.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
THE ET INTERVIEW: PROFESSOR ROBERT F. ENGLE, JANUARY 2003

In the past thirty-five years, time-series econometrics developed from infancy to relative maturity. A large part of that development is due to Robert F. Engle, whose work is distinguished by exceptional creativity in the empirical modeling of dynamic economic and financial phenomena. Engle's footsteps range widely, from early work on band-spectral regression, testing, and exogeneity through more recent work on cointegration, autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) models, and ultra-high-frequency financial asset return dynamics. The booming field of financial econometrics, which did not exist twenty-five years ago, is built in large part on the volatility models pioneered by Engle, and their many variations and extensions, which have found widespread application in financial risk management, asset pricing, and asset allocation.We began the interview in fall 1998 at Spruce in Chicago, the night before the annual NBER/NSF Time Series Seminar; continued in fall 2000 at Tabla in New York; continued again in summer 2001 at the Conference on Market Microstructure and High-Frequency Data in Finance, Sandbjerg Estate, Denmark; and wrapped up by telephone in January 2003.For their cheerful and effective assistance in transcribing this interview, I thank (without implicating) Sean Campbell, Michele Souli, and Clara Vega.
Reply to Professor Cross

Professor Vogel presents counterexamples both to the necessity and to the sufficiency of the sensitivity and safety conditions that have been proposed for knowledge. Professor Cross defends these conditions, and the utility of subjunctive conditions generally, as capturing something important about how knowledge contrasts with true belief. Cases that Vogel thinks refute the conditions are cases that Cross thinks either fulfill them, or are not properly cases of knowledge after all. Cross does not, however, try to decide which of the conditions, safety or sensitivity, is correct or fundamental. He does not decide how they fare as to necessity or sufficiency, nor use them to endorse a specific reductive analysis. The extent of the disagreement is therefore unclear. Since Vogel relies on different cases to discredit the two conditions, it is (strictly) open to him to grant that each condition gets some cases right, and that knowledge in general is not adequately understood without involving these conditions in some way. In reply to Cross I would like to do Vogel one better. I suggest that both conditions fail as necessary or sufficient conditions for knowledge in the same cases, and for essentially the same reasons. This result makes it unpromising to hope for some kind of composite analysis in which one condition succeeds where the other fails.
Blending by Blogging: weblogs in blended learning initiatives

Weblogs (‘blogs’) are emerging in many educational contexts as vehicles for personal expression and the dissemination and critique of Internet materials. The study of the weblog phenomenon in itself can convey important insights about social construction; hundreds of thousands of blogs emerged worldwide within a fairly short time span without considerable direction from corporations or other institutions. Strategic approaches toward blended learning environments are often instructor-centered, with control of the mix of educational approaches in the instructor's hands. In contrast, weblogs are a flexible medium that can be used in approaches that provide educational participants with a ‘middle space’ of options as to how to integrate face-to-face and online modes. Weblog construction encourages the development of individual, critical voices within the broader context of classroom interactions.
Update on late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: methodological considerations

Late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) is now considered the best approach to screen patients suspected of having endogenous hypercortisolism (Cushing’s syndrome). As the use of LNSC increases, new preanalytic and analytic issues have arisen. The routine immunoassay for salivary cortisol seems to have better diagnostic performance than liquid chromatograph/tandem mass spectrometry, although measurement of normal salivary cortisone concentrations with the latter technique is very useful in identifying samples contaminated with topical hydrocortisone. LNSC is very useful in screening for Cushing’s syndrome in women with increased corticosteroid-binding globulin resulting from estrogen therapy or pregnancy. Two LNSCs from each patient is recommended for routine screening, although one adequate saliva sample seems to perform well. The overnight dexamethasone suppression test remains superior to LNSC in the evaluation of potential subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Periodic assessment of LNSC is extremely useful in monitoring patients for recurrence of Cushing’s disease after pituitary surgery. With the large increase in the number LNSCs being ordered around the world, it is likely that more preanalytic and analytic issues will arise, which laboratorians and clinical chemists will need to resolve.
Periodontal Microbiota and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST)

Background— Chronic infections, including periodontal infections, may predispose to cardiovascular disease. We investigated the relationship between periodontal microbiota and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— Of 1056 persons (age 69±9 years) with no history of stroke or myocardial infarction enrolled in the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST), we analyzed 657 dentate subjects. Among these subjects, 4561 subgingival plaque samples were collected (average of 7 samples/subject) and quantitatively assessed for 11 known periodontal bacteria by DNA-DNA checkerboard hybridization. Extensive in-person cardiovascular risk factor measurements, a carotid scan with high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, white blood cell count, and C-reactive protein values were obtained. In 3 separate analyses, mean carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) was regressed on tertiles of (1) burden of all bacteria assessed, (2) burden of bacteria causative of periodontal disease (etiologic ba...
Resistance and tolerance to herbivory in Salix cordata are affected by different environmental factors

1. Effects of sand burial and nutrients on the ability of sand-dune willow (Salix cordata) to tolerate or resist herbivory by the beetle Altica subplicata were evaluated in field experiments. 2. To assess tolerance, all combinations of sand burial (none, 50%), nutrients (presence, absence), and beetles (presence, absence) were applied to caged plants and growth responses to herbivory were measured. Sand burial increased plant growth rate, but decreased S. cordata's tolerance to herbivory. Although nutrients increased growth, tolerance to herbivory was unaffected. 3. To assess resistance, plants were exposed to all combinations of sand burial and nutrients, and then to natural beetle colonisation. The presence of nutrients, but not sand burial, significantly increased the percentage of plants with beetles, for both adults and larvae. This decreased resistance to beetles of plants grown with added nutrients occurred only in the absence of sand burial. 4. The performance and preference of beetles were examined in laboratory experiments. Larvae developed faster and had increased pupation success on plants with nutrients added. Beetles also showed a marginally significant feeding preference for leaves grown with added nutrients. Thus, S. cordata tolerance to herbivory was affected by sand burial, whereas resistance, preference, and performance were affected by nutrient level.
Young Children's Comprehension of Logical Connectives.

situation. The import'ance of understanding the extent and limitations of children's mastery of the logical connectives is evident for any cognitive theory of development, The recent rrork in psycholinguistics, emphasizing the c,olnplex nature of the granmar and senlantics of the language of children, has provided further impetus for seeking such understanding. It seems clear that the decelopment of a bet'ter theory about children's beha,vior and the changes in that behavior with age requires much more detailed infomlaiion about, their linguistic lmbits and competence than me now have. The present st'udy, which consists of two closely related experiments, is meant to contribute to the accumulation of such systematic information. The data of the experiment,s have been ana,lyzed in terms of several specific regression models to provide a deeper insight into what aspects of comprehension of sentential connect'ives are most difficult. The formal relations between various English idioms expressing conjunction, disjunction, and negation, and t'he set-theoretical operations of intersection, union, and complementation are not deeply explored in this paper, but our assumptions about these connections are obvious and uncontroversial. Deeper investigation of these linguistic and senuntical nlat'tere seems desirable as part of any further extensive study of children's conlprehension of logical connectives.
Selective Nanocatalysis of Organic Transformation by Metals: Concepts, Model Systems, and Instruments

Monodispersed transition metal (Pt, Rh, Pd) nanoparticles (NP) in the 0.8–15 nm range have been synthesized and are being used to probe catalytic selectivity in multipath organic transformation reactions. For NP systems, the turnover rates and product distributions depend on their size, shape, oxidation states, and their composition in case of bimetallic NP systems. Dendrimer-supported platinum and rhodium NPs of less than 2 nm diameter usually have high oxidation states and can be utilized for catalytic cyclization and hydroformylation reactions which previously were produced only by homogeneous catalysis. Transition metal nanoparticles in metal core (Pt, Co)––inorganic shell (SiO2) structure exhibit exceptional thermal stability and are well-suited to perform catalytic reactions at high temperatures (>400 °C). Instruments developed in our laboratory permit the atomic and molecular level study of NPs under reaction conditions (SFG, ambient pressure XPS and high pressure STM). These studies indicate continuous restructuring of the metal substrate and the adsorbate molecules, changes of oxidation states with NP size and surface composition variations of bimetallic NPs with changes of reactant molecules. The facile rearrangement of NP catalysts required for catalytic turnover makes nanoparticle systems (heterogeneous, homogeneous and enzyme) excellent catalysts and provides opportunities to develop hybrid heterogeneous-homogeneous, heterogeneous-enzyme and homogeneous-enzyme catalyst systems.
Majority rule outcomes and the structure of debate in one-issue-at-a-time decision-making

In many group decision-making situations, such as faculty hiring decisions, outcomes are often arrived at by deciding one issue at a time (e.g., first rank, then subfield). It is well known that procedures limiting votes to separate orthogonal dimensions always result in a unique outcome at the generalized median, the median of each separate issue dimension. Often, however, there is conflict within groups over what ought to be the relevant (orthogonal) dimensions within which choices will be made. We show that the way in which debate is structured (i.e., the way in which the dimensions of choice are specified) can have important consequences for what outcome gets chosen. However, we also show that the range of outcomes that could arise from alternative structurings of the decision process is bounded. These bounds are expressed relative to the yolk, a sphere located centrally in the Pareto set, whose existence was first noted by Tullock (1967: 262) and whose properties have recently been developed by McKelvey (1986) and Feld et al. (1987). We find that, in m orthogonal dimensions, the feasible outcomes must lie within % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOaaaeaaca% qGTbaaleqaaaaa!36F8!\[\sqrt {\text{m}} \] radii of the center of the yolk
The failure of malate to affect radical concentration at room temperature in systems containing succinic dehydrogenase

Abstract Malate does not appear to inhibit or potentiate the formation of radicals with the succinic dehydrogenase preparations employed in any discernible manner at room temperature. Malate, therefore, appears to have no part in the mechanism of radical formation.
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors regulates ribosomes of cochlear nucleus neurons

The brain stem auditory system of the chick is an advantageous model for examining changes that occur as a result of deafness. Elimination of acoustic input through cochlear ablation results in the eventual death of approximately 30% of neurons in the chick cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM). One early change following deafness is an alteration in NM ribosomes, evidenced both by a decrease in protein synthesis and reduction in antigenicity for Y10B, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a ribosomal epitope. Previous studies have shown that mGluR activation is necessary to maintain Y10B antigenicity and NM viability. What is still unclear, however, is whether or not mGluR activation is sufficient to prevent deafness-induced changes in these neurons, or if other activity-dependent factors are also necessary. The current study investigated the ability of mGluR activation to regulate cochlear nucleus ribosomes in the absence of auditory nerve input. In vitro methods were employed to periodically pressure eject glutamate or mGluR agonists over neurons on one side of a slice preparation leaving the opposite side of the same slice untreated. Immunohistochemistry was then performed using Y10B in order to assess ribosomal changes. Application of glutamate and both group I and II selective mGluR agonists effectively rescued ribosomal antigenicity on the treated side of the slice in comparison to ribosomes on the untreated side. These findings suggest that administration of mGluR agonists is sufficient to reduce the early interruption of normal ribosomal integrity that is typically seen following loss of auditory nerve activity.
Comparative methods for the expression of enzyme data in porcine adipose tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. An equal number of adipose cells was the preferred reference unit for the comparison of enzyme activity between adipose tissue fragments containing cells of different sizes. 2. 2. The advantages and shortcomings of various reference units for the expression of metabolic data are discussed. 3. 3. In the pig (Sus domesticus) the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase per adipose tissue organ (perirenal depot or extramuscular fat) increased during growth from 28 to 109 kg live weight.
Gene Transfer in Leptolyngbya sp. Strain BL0902, a Cyanobacterium Suitable for Production of Biomass and Bioproducts

Current cyanobacterial model organisms were not selected for their growth traits or potential for the production of renewable biomass, biofuels, or other products. The cyanobacterium strain BL0902 emerged from a search for strains with superior growth traits. Morphology and 16S rRNA sequence placed strain BL0902 in the genus Leptolyngbya. Leptolyngbya sp. strain BL0902 (hereafter Leptolyngbya BL0902) showed robust growth at temperatures from 22°C to 40°C and tolerated up to 0.5 M NaCl, 32 mM urea, high pH, and high solar irradiance. Its growth rate under outdoor conditions rivaled Arthrospira (“pirulina” strains. Leptolyngbya BL0902 accumulated higher lipid content and a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids than Arthrospira strains. In addition to these desirable qualities, Leptolyngbya BL0902 is amenable to genetic engineering that is reliable, efficient, and stable. We demonstrated conjugal transfer from Escherichia coli of a plasmid based on RSF1010 and expression of spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance and yemGFP reporter transgenes. Conjugation efficiency was investigated in biparental and triparental matings with and without a “elper”plasmid that carries DNA methyltransferase genes, and with two different conjugal plasmids. We also showed that Leptolyngbya BL0902 is amenable to transposon mutagenesis with a Tn5 derivative. To facilitate genetic manipulation of Leptolyngbya BL0902, a conjugal plasmid vector was engineered to carry a trc promoter upstream of a Gateway recombination cassette. These growth properties and genetic tools position Leptolyngbya BL0902 as a model cyanobacterial production strain.
Mistakes of Reason: Practical Reasoning and the Fallacy of Accident

For Aristotle the fallacy of accident arises from mistakes about being per accidens and not from accidental predication. Mistakes in perceiving per accidens come from our judgements about being per accidens and so commit that fallacy. Practical syllogisms have the same formal structure as being and perceiving per accidens. Moreover perceiving per accidens typically provides the minor premise for the practical syllogism as it makes it possible for us to know singular propositions, especially those about substances. Thus these minor premises may come about through fallacious reasoning, what today would be called reasoning via collateral information. On account of these foundations for the practical syllogism, even a person of practical wisdom will need a lot of luck to avoid mistakes.
Void growth rates in irradiated materials at the peak swelling temperature

The extent to which interface control of vacancy and interstitial flow into voids inhibits void growth in irradiated metallic materials is discussed along with the dose dependence of swelling contrasted with diffusion-controlled growth. It is suggested that the observed linear variation of swelling with dose may be partially accounted for by the insensitivity of the swelling to the void growth controlling mechanism. (JRD)
Direct Determination of Lead in Smoke from Burned Crude Oil by Impaction Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A unique impaction graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric system was used to investigate the concentration of lead in smoke from burning crude oil. The lead concentration in 3 ml of crude oil decreased sharply in the inital burning stages, which was attributed to the release of the more volatile lead compounds, and then steadily decreased over the length of the burn. Lead signals from the smoke of the burned oil confirmed that the lead was being released into the smoke and ultimately into the atmosphere.
Minimizing solar cell reflection loss through surface texturing and implementation of 1D and 2D subwavelength dielectric gratings

In our simulation of reflection losses for 1D and 2D subwavelength dielectric grating, surface texturing was done while comparing reflection losses with various incident angles for photovoltaic materials like Si and III-Vs GaAs. Transfer matrix formalism is modeled by treating each grating's effective refractive index as being composed of several layers of varying refractive indexes. Discrete parameterization on intervals with different profiles such as 1D rectangles and triangle, as well as 2D pyramids and hemispheres are used to minimize power reflected for black body radiation. This simulation treats each layer to be uniform, which requires the texturing to be in the subwavelength region. We compared the reflection loss and incident angle dependence for dielectric layers, dielectric gratings, and the combination of both dielectric layers and gratings, and found that with gratings, reflection losses are less dependent on incident angle. By optimizing the texturing and design parameters, we can obtain reflection losses around 1% for spectral range of solar cell with a very small increase in incidence angle.
Alcohol and Violence Among Youth in Boot Camps for Non-Violent Offenders

Abstract The study is of a boot camp for non-violent, first-admissions to the Department of Correction in Arkansas, and self-report data indicated that 69 percent of those inmates (N = 600) had 3 or more violent offenses prior to entering boot camp. Discriminant analysis indicated, by order of entry (from highest to lowest discrimination), that carrying a weapon, peer association with persons who engage in violence, more alcohol consumption, attempted suicide, younger age, use of amphetamines, persons of color, feelings of alienation, low self-esteem, and unprotected sex are related to violence. The intervention implications of these findings are discussed.
Lessons Learned From Translators and Interpreters From the Dinka Tribe of Southern Sudan

This article discusses the methodological challenges associated with working with translators and interpreters from the Dinka tribe of southern Sudan during an ethnographic study with refugee Dinka women who were resettled with their children in the United States. Navigating the cultural differences between the researcher, the translator, and the interpreters provided a deeper understanding about the culture of the study population. The lessons learned included the importance of cultural congruence between the interpreters and participants; the education, training, and experience of the interpreters; and the difficulties encountered in preparing interpreters according to university institutional review board requirements. Cultural differences such as time perception and communication and literacy styles were negotiated throughout each phase of the study. The most valuable lesson learned from this experience was the importance of the relationship between the researcher, the translator, and the interpreters...
Advances in Anemia Management in Chronic Kidney Disease

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in the United States. Efforts to promote earlier intervention to screen for CKD and manage secondary complications are of paramount importance to improve overall care of this population. Anemia is a secondary complication of CKD that develops as kidney function declines. Historically, anemia management efforts have been primarily emphasized in patients with end-stage renal disease; however, early detection and treatment of anemia in the early stages of the disease are essential to prevent negative consequences of anemia such as reduced quality of life, left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality. With the increased prevalence of CKD and efforts focused on identifying this disorder early in its course, it is likely that more pharmacists will be involved in the management of CKD and secondary complications such as anemia. Treatment approaches must also be based on the more recently advocated guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney D...