cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Thermal Transport in Transitional Flow Through Rough-Wall Microchannels

The thermal transport characteristics of transitional and turbulent flow through smoothand rough-wall microchannels is investigated by performing instantaneous and spatiallyresolved measurements of fluid temperature using a microscale adaptation of two-color fluorescent thermometry for flow through a heated rectangular copper microchannel. This microchannel has a hydraulic diameter Dh = 600 μm and measurements are acquired over the Reynolds-number range 1300 ≤ Re ≤ 3500 in increments of 200. These measurements, in concert with pressure-drop measurements, are performed for a smooth-wall case and two different rough-wall cases [with root-mean-square roughness heights of 7.51 μm (0.0125Dh) and 15.1 μm (0.025Dh)] with highly-irregular surface patterns that are reminiscent of the surface irregularities one might encounter due to imperfect fabrication methods. The pressuredrop measurements reveal the onset of transition above Recr ∼= 1800 for the smooth-wall case, consistent with the onset of transition at the microscale. However, with increasing surface roughness, deviation from laminar behavior is noted at progressively lower Re which indicates that Recr is a strong function of roughness. Consistent with the pressure-drop measurements, the mean temperature profiles calculated from data sets acquired in the transitional regime for the smoothand rough-wall cases illustrate deviation from fullydeveloped laminar behavior for Re > Recr. Nevertheless, these mean temperature profiles still suggest similarities in the transitional pathway of the thermal transport behavior for the smoothand the rough-wall cases save for a relative shift due to the initiation of transition toward turbulence at lower Re with increasing surface roughness. Visualization of instantaneous temperature fields for smooth-wall flow reveal that the ensembles of instantaneous temperature fields acquired at fixed Re for transitional flow are comprised of a subset of realizations that exhibit laminar behavior while the remaining realizations reveal significant deviation from laminar behavior, with the latter subset increasing with Re until a turbulent state is attained. Finally, estimates of the bulk heat-transfer coefficient from the aforementioned measurements indicate enhancement in convective heat transfer over the smooth-wall case with increasing surface roughness in both the transitional and turbulent regimes.
Increased temperature causes protein limitation by reducing the efficiency of nitrogen digestion in the ectothermic herbivore Spodoptera exigua

For insect herbivores, rising temperatures lead to exponentially higher metabolic rates. As a result, basic nutritional demands for protein and carbohydrates can be altered at high temperatures. It is hypothesized that temperature-driven increases in metabolic nitrogen turnover will exacerbate protein limitation by increasing metabolic nitrogen demand. To test this hypothesis, the present study examines whether metabolic nitrogen turnover at higher temperatures causes protein limitation of a generalist herbivore, the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae). Third-instar S. exigua larvae were reared at 25 and 30 °C on three artificial diets of varying protein : carbohydrate ratios (23 : 26, 17 : 26 and 6 : 26 %P : %C, respectively) and their growth rates, metabolic nitrogen demand and consumption rates were measured. Warming was found to lead to temperature-induced protein limitation of the S. exigua larvae by increasing metabolic nitrogen demand at the same time as reducing nitrogen digestion efficiency. Because climate change is increasing atmospheric temperatures rapidly worldwide, it is suggested that a better understanding of how temperature change can influence metabolic demands will provide key information for predicting herbivore growth rates and foraging strategies in the future.
State dependent cortico-amygdala circuit dysfunction in bipolar disorder

Abstract Background Existing models of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder posit disruption in neural circuits of emotion regulation and reward processing. However, few fMRI studies have compared regional brain activity and connectivity in different mood states in bipolar disorder to determine if manic symptomatology is reflected in specific circuit abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that bipolar mania is associated with altered connectivity between cortical regions thought to regulate subcortical structures such as the amygdala and striatum. Methods 28 subjects with bipolar disorder in a manic state, 24 different bipolar subjects in a euthymic state, and 23 matched healthy comparison subjects underwent resting state fMRI scans. Several cortical and sub-cortical structures implicated in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder were selected for study. We conducted a whole-brain analysis of functional connectivity of these regions. Results Bipolar mania was differentiated from euthymia by decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Mania was also characterized by increased connectivity between amygdala and dorsal frontal cortical structures that are normally anti-correlated in emotion regulation tasks. Limitations Both groups of bipolar subjects were prescribed medications. The study was not longitudinal in design. Conclusions Compared to bipolar subjects in a euthymic state, subjects in the manic state demonstrate disrupted functional connectivity between brain regions involved in the regulation of emotion and the amygdala. This disruption of activity in neural circuits involved in emotion may underlie the emotional dysregulation inherent to a bipolar manic episode.
A Collaborative Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) for ALS Patients:

This study evaluated a SSVEP-based collaborative brain-computer interface (BCI) for people with severe motor disabilities. With ten ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) patients and 10 age-matched able-bodied participants as control group, effects of collaboration and motor disability were investigated. Participants were requested to control a robot in a predefined path with their brain signals. Two collaboration modes were developed in the study: individual mode and simultaneous mode. Results revealed significantly better performance in simultaneous mode than individual mode, but no significant effect of motor disability. The study showed promising preliminary results for supporting collaborative work between BCI users with severe motor disabilities. It should provide great insights for future research and system development.
NH2-terminal-inserted myosin II heavy chain is expressed in smooth muscle of small muscular arteries.

We demonstrate, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, that, whereas abdominal aorta from rabbit consists almost entirely of myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA with no insert at the 5'-t...
Experimental challenges in qubit specific coupled electron waveguide application

Solid-state based coupled electron waveguide (CEW) is one of the suggested approaches to realize a Qubit for futuristic quantum computing purposes. Its functionality is based on coherent switching and superposition of electron wavefunction over two coupled quantum wires. Conceptually it is the simplest approach (relatively), however there are a multitude of effects which interfere with the actual phenomenon and complicate any experimental analysis. This paper reports on the influence of measurement setup, device structure, and operating region.
Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection and Virus Clearance in Patients with Hemophilia

Abstract Introduction Hemophilia A and B are hereditary genetic disorders caused by deficiency of clotting factor VIII and IX respectively. Infusions of clotting factors constitute the mainstay of treatment. Before availability of recombinant factor VIII and IX, patients with hemophilia received products derived from human plasma and were at risk of blood-borne infections exposure. Since then, ongoing advances have yielded not only safer recombinant clotting factors but also effective treatment of infections. Hepatitis C infection and its complications constitute a common cause of morbidity and mortality in older hemophilia patients. In the last few years, FDA approved various antiviral medications which allow achievement of sustained virologic response and even cure hepatitis C infection. Goal of our study is to show prevalence of hepatitis C infection and virus clearance at our hemophilia treatment center. Methods We performed retrospective chart review of patients followed at a single hemophilia treatment center in the United States. We included 59 patients with factor VIII or IX deficiency, age 30 and older, followed in clinic between 2005 and 2014. Patients with acquired hemophilia were excluded from study. Data was collected from physician notes and laboratory tests results which included hepatitis C antibodies and viral load. Results 39 (66.1%) patients had history of hepatitis C infection. 21 (35.6%) patients had detectable hepatitis C viral load [95% CI 0.24-0.49] while 18 (30.5%) patients cleared the virus [95% CI 0.19-0.44]. Conclusions Our study showed that 66.1% of hemophilia patients followed at our institution had current or past hepatitis C infection. More than half of them were virus carriers during their last viral load check. Many of them had refused interferon-based treatment due to the requirement of being on it for long duration and concerns about side effects. Others had received the treatment but failed it. This constituted as much as 35.6% of hemophilia patients at our hemophilia treatment center. Availability of the newer antiviral agents that are better tolerated and yield high cure rates provide an opportunity to further reduce the disease burden in these patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Two Second‐Personal Conceptions of the Dignity of Persons

In spite of the burgeoning philosophical literature on human dignity, Stephen Darwall's second-personal account of the dignity of persons has not received the attention it deserves. This article investigates Darwall's account and argues that it faces a dilemma, for it succumbs either to a problem of antecedence or to the wrong kind of reasons problem. But this need not mean one should reject a second-personal account. Instead, I argue that an alternative second-personal conception, one I will call relational, promises to solve the dilemma by avoiding both the problem of antecedence and the wrong kind of reasons problem. More generally, distinguishing these two second-personal conceptions of the dignity of persons is important to enrich the available philosophical accounts of human dignity.
A Review of Traditional Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and the Potential Impact on the Otolaryngologist

Introduction A majority of otolaryngologists have not had direct experience with many vaccine-preventable diseases since the creation of national vaccination programs. Despite the elimination of endemic transmission of some of these diseases in the United States, outbreaks can occur anywhere and still pose a threat to public health around the world. Recent outbreaks and changing trends in exemption rates indicate that it is important for physicians to maintain a working knowledge of how these diseases present and of the recommended treatment guidelines. Objectives This review will evaluate the current state of vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and disease incidence in the United States and in the world. It will also examine the clinical presentation and treatment recommendations of these diseases. Data Synthesis United States estimated vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and vaccine-preventable disease incidences were obtained from data compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. World vaccination rates and disease incidences were obtained from the World Health Organization databases, which compile official figures reported by member states. A PubMed literature review provided information on the current state of vaccination exemptions and outbreaks in the United States. Conclusion Vaccination and vaccine exemption rates continue to put the United States and many areas of the world at risk for outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Clinical guidelines should be reviewed in the event of a local outbreak.
Optical temperature mapping around plasmonic structures using directional anisotropy in fluorescence

Optically measuring temperature fields around plasmonic structures is of great importance for their thermal management considering the strong energy dissipations along with the extraordinary abilities of light coupling. Among all the available methods, ratiometric studies are particularly desirable since they suppress the influence of trivial factors, such as temporal fluctuations in excitation and spatial non-uniform distributions of fluorescent species, and thus gives reliable temperature dependence. Here we report a new ratiometric thermometry that simultaneously captures the fluorescence images of different numerical apertures (NAs) to resolve the temperature-dependent orientations of emission dipoles. This thermometry measures fluorescent anisotropy based on the directionality of emission. We show that this thermometry can be used to measure temperature near metallic surfaces. We foresee it to trigger interests of a large community who desire simultaneous thermal characterization along with the optical imaging. Moreover, it brings out a general idea to simplify ratiometric setups if inequalities exist on the excitation side, which may reach for a larger number of researchers.
Regioisomeric Preference in Ring-Opening Polymerization of 3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphoesters of Functional Thymidine DNA Analogues

Regioregularity is a crucial property in the synthesis of DNA analogues, as natural DNA is synthesized exclusively in the 5′ to 3′ direction. We have focused our attention on the determination of the regioisomeric distribution of poly(3′,5′-cyclic 3-(3-butenyl) thymidine ethylphosphate)s obtained from the ring-opening polymerization of (R)-3′,5′-cyclic 3-(3-butenyl) thymidine ethylphosphate. The regioisomeric preference was investigated by comparison to synthesized model compounds of 3′,3′-, 3′,5′-, and 5′,5′-linkages, where the model 3′-phosphoester linkages were to the secondary alcohol of 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran and the model 5′-linkages derived from coupling to the primary alcohol of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. From the 31P resonance frequency assignments of those small molecule model compounds, 31P NMR spectra revealed the major connectivity in the polymer backbone to be 3′,5′-linkages, with ≤30% of other isomeric forms. Model reactions employing a series of alcohol initiators imparting various degr...
Rational Coherence in Environmental Policy: Paris, Montreal, and Kigali

In June 2017, President Trump announced that the US intends to withdraw from the Paris Agreement.1 The decision was widely viewed as an abrogation of US leadership in confronting a changing climate...
Cenozoic drainage evolution of the Rio Grande paleoriver recorded in detrital zircons in South Texas

Sediment provenance in the lower reach of rivers is important in reconstructing paleogeography and linking continental tectonic and climate changes with sedimentation in continental margins. This s...
Flow Field Simulations of a Gas Turbine Combustor

The flow field exiting the combustor in a gas turbine engine is quite complex considering the presence of large dilution jets and complicated cooling schemes for the combustor liner. For the most part, however, there has been a disconnect between the combustor and turbine when simulating the flow field that enters the nozzle guide vanes. To determine the effects of a representative combustor flow field on the nozzle guide vane, a large-scale wind tunnel section has been developed to simulate the flow conditions of a prototypical combustor. This paper presents experimental results of a combustor simulation with no downstream turbine section as a baseline for comparison to the case with a turbine vane. Results indicate that the dilution jets generate turbulence levels of 15-18% at the exit of the combustor with a length scale that closely matches that of the dilution hole diameter. The total pressure exiting the combustor in the near wall region neither resembles a turbulent boundary layer nor is it completely uniform putting both of these commonly made assumptions into question.
Niche specialization in Bromus tectorum seed bank pathogens

Niche theory predicts that when two species exhibit major niche overlap, one will eventually be eliminated through competitive exclusion. Thus, some degree of niche specialization is required to facilitate coexistence. We examined whether two important seed bank pathogens on the invasive winter annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass, downy brome) exhibit niche specialization. These pathogens utilize seed resources in complementary ways. Pyrenophora semeniperda is specialized to attack dormant seeds. It penetrates directly through the seed coverings. Hyphae ramify first through the endosperm and then throughout the seed. Seed death results as the embryo is consumed. In contrast, the Fusarium seed rot pathogen (Fusarium sp.) is specialized to attack non-dormant seeds in the early stages of germination. It cannot penetrate seed coverings directly. Instead, it responds to a cue emanating from the radicle end with directional hyphal growth and subsequent penetration at the point of radicle emergence, causing seed death. Non-dormant seeds usually escape P. semeniperda through germination even if infected because it develops more slowly than Fusarium. When water stress slows non-dormant seed germination, both P. semeniperda and Fusarium can attack and cause seed mortality more effectively. The Fusarium seed rot pathogen can sometimes reach epidemic levels and may result in B. tectorum stand failure (‘die-off’). Stands usually re-establish from the persistent seed bank, but if P. semeniperda has also reached high levels and eliminated the seed bank, a die-off can persist indefinitely.
Impact of physical seismic damage on the fire resistance of reinforced concrete walls

Abstract Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the impact of physical seismic damage on the fire resistance of (steel) reinforced concrete (RC) structural walls. A wall with characteristics representative of typical construction in seismic regions is utilized as the basis of the simulations. A two-story wall is considered, with lateral restraint at all floors and at the top only to simulate loss of restraint from floor slabs. The behavior of an undamaged wall is assessed relative to the behavior of slices of walls typically explored in simulation studies. The non-uniform layout of reinforcement is shown to provide a complex deformed shape. Individual damage states, representative of damage observed following earthquakes and in laboratory tests, are introduced to the wall to assess impact on fire resistance. Cracking is shown to have a greater impact on the thermal-insulation fire resistance than on the load-bearing fire resistance. Cover loss or core concrete crushing in the boundary elements or web is shown to result in the possibility of increased out-of-plane deformations and decreased fire resistance. The location of cover loss has remarkable impact on the deformed shape of a wall and its load-bearing fire resistance. Lateral restraint at the floors provides significant support that minimizes the effects of damage on the load-bearing fire resistance. While the load-bearing fire resistance is reduced by damage in the wall studied, fire resistance times are not of concern; however additional studies would be warranted for thin walls and walls with large axial load ratios.
Graph algorithms via SuiteSparse: GraphBLAS: triangle counting and K-truss

SuiteSparse: GraphBLAS is a full implementation of the GraphBLAS standard, which defines a set of sparse matrix operations on an extended algebra of semirings using an almost unlimited variety of operators and types. When applied to sparse adjacency matrices, these algebraic operations are equivalent to computations on graphs. GraphBLAS provides a powerful and expressive framework for creating graph algorithms based on the elegant mathematics of sparse matrix operations on a semiring. To illustrate GraphBLAS, two graph algorithms are constructed in GraphBLAS and compared with efficient implementations without GraphBLAS: triangle counting and constructing the $k$ -truss of a graph.
Racial differences and pancreatic cancer: A 5-year retrospective review of stage at diagnosis, insurance status, and choice for hospice care versus aggressive treatment at an inner city university program.

e15230 Background: Pancreatic cancer is the tenth most common malignancy and fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the US. To our knowledge studies have looked into hospice in terminal c...
Eliminating nonradiative decay in Cu(I) emitters: >99% quantum efficiency and microsecond lifetime.

Luminescent complexes of heavy metals such as iridium, platinum, and ruthenium play an important role in photocatalysis and energy conversion applications as well as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Achieving comparable performance from more–earth-abundant copper requires overcoming the weak spin-orbit coupling of the light metal as well as limiting the high reorganization energies typical in copper(I) [Cu(I)] complexes. Here we report that two-coordinate Cu(I) complexes with redox active ligands in coplanar conformation manifest suppressed nonradiative decay, reduced structural reorganization, and sufficient orbital overlap for efficient charge transfer. We achieve photoluminescence efficiencies >99% and microsecond lifetimes, which lead to an efficient blue-emitting OLED. Photophysical analysis and simulations reveal a temperature-dependent interplay between emissive singlet and triplet charge-transfer states and amide-localized triplet states.
Nucleic Acid-Barcoding Technologies: Converting DNA Sequencing into a Broad-Spectrum Molecular Counter

The emergence of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies sparked a revolution in the field of genomics that has rippled into many branches of the life and physical sciences. The remarkable sensitivity, specificity, throughput, and multiplexing capacity that are inherent to parallel DNA sequencing have since motivated its use as a broad-spectrum molecular counter. A key aspect of extrapolating DNA sequencing to non-traditional applications is the need to append nucleic-acid barcodes to entities of interest. In this review, we describe the chemical and biochemical approaches that have enabled nucleic-acid barcoding of proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous materials and provide examples of downstream technologies that have been made possible by DNA-encoded molecules. As commercially available high-throughput sequencers were first released less than 15 years ago, we believe related applications will continue to mature and close by proposing new frontiers to support this assertion.
Auxiliary Power Supply for Medium-Voltage Power Converters: Topology and Control

This paper presents an isolated auxiliary power supply for medium-voltage power electronics systems. The proposed converter comprises two stages: a non-isolated ac/dc stage that connects directly to the medium-voltage line, and an isolated dc/dc stage that provides 100-W output power at 24 V, with 10 kV isolation. The proposed modular ac/dc stage uses just one active semiconductor device per module, features an internal capacitor voltage balancing, and achieves power factor correction by employing predictive current control. High switching frequency operation of both converter stages enable a reduction in system size and weight when compared to traditional low-frequency transformer-based approach. The proposed converter is simulated and its operation is validated experimentally on a 100-W prototype.
Effective Leadership at a Hispanic-Serving Institution: Critical Attributes and Principles

This chapter holistically examines critical attributes and principles of effective leadership as they relate to an institution with a designation of serving a large population (>25%) of ethnic minority students. It focuses on a variety of dimensions of the highly complex phenomena of leading an institution of higher education in the twenty-first century, addressing the multiple stakeholders including administrators, faculty, staff, and community. Persisting challenges will be identified as well as recommendations that may be helpful to other institutions in pursuit of going beyond an enrollment status (Hispanic-Enrolling/Hispanic-Serving Institution) designation to one known for its graduation status (Hispanic-Graduating Institution). Exemplars of successful practice as well as resources for useful references will be shared.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Presenting Initially as Spinal Cord Compression: When Chemotherapy Alone Is Enough.

Spinal cord compression (SCC) is a rare initial presentation and complication of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with nearly all reported cases occurring in the pediatric population. We report a 38-year-old previously healthy man who presented with acute on chronic lower back pain, gait instability, urinary retention, and severe thrombocytopenia. Radiologic examination revealed two soft tissue masses of the thoracic spine associated with compression fractures causing spinal canal narrowing and cord compression. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ALL. Immediate initiation of high-dose corticosteroids and systemic chemotherapy resolved the patient's symptoms without radiation therapy or surgical intervention. After two courses of chemotherapy, the patient achieved complete remission in the bone marrow. Rapid administration of chemotherapy alone in this case resulted in a complete resolution of SCC. Given the rarity of this complication in adults, no standardized treatment has been established. The success of this case recommends chemotherapy as the initial management of SCC in chemotherapy-naive ALL.
Transient Mixed Chimerism With Nonmyeloablative Conditioning Does Not Induce Liver Allograft Tolerance in Nonhuman Primates.

Background Although short-term outcomes for liver transplantation have improved, patient and graft survival are limited by infection, cancer, and other complications of immunosuppression. Rapid induction of tolerance after liver transplantation would decrease these complications, improving survival and quality of life. Tolerance to kidneys, but not thoracic organs or islets, has been achieved in nonhuman primates and humans through the induction of transient donor chimerism. Since the liver is considered to be tolerogenic, we tested the hypothesis that the renal transplant transient chimerism protocol would induce liver tolerance. Methods Seven cynomolgus macaques received immune conditioning followed by simultaneous donor bone marrow and liver transplantation. The more extensive liver surgery required minor adaptations of the kidney protocol to decrease complications. All immunosuppression was discontinued on postoperative day (POD) 28. Peripheral blood chimerism, recipient immune reconstitution, liver function tests, and graft survival were determined. Results The level and duration of chimerism in liver recipients were comparable to those previously reported in renal transplant recipients. However, unlike in the kidney model, the liver was rejected soon after immunosuppression withdrawal. Rejection was associated with proliferation of recipient CD8 T effector cells in the periphery and liver, increased serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-2, but peripheral regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers did not increase. Antidonor antibody was also detected. Conclusions These data show the transient chimerism protocol does not induce tolerance to livers, likely due to greater CD8 T cell responses than in the kidney model. Successful tolerance induction may depend on greater control or deletion of CD8 T cells in this model.
Language and Literacy Predictors of Dialect Density Among School-Age African American Children From Two Geographic Regions

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral language, literacy skills, age, and dialect density (DD) of African American children residing in two different ge...
The Benefits of T'ai Chi for Older Adults with Chronic Back Pain: A Qualitative Study.

Objective: To determine the perceived benefits of t'ai chi in older adults with chronic low-back pain (cLBP). Design: A qualitative analysis from a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Subjects: Eighteen participants (65+ years old) with cLBP of at least moderate intensity. Intervention: A 36-week intervention beginning with twice weekly classes for 12 weeks, weekly classes for 6 weeks, biweekly classes for 6 weeks, and monthly classes for 12 weeks. Participants were asked to practice at home on nonclass days and videos were provided to assist in that process. Outcome Measures: Participants in the focus groups were asked to provide feedback on their experiences with the study as well as the benefits of their t'ai chi practice. We used demographic and class attendance data to describe the sample. Results: Regarding the benefits of t'ai chi practice, five major themes were identified: functional benefits, pain reduction/pain relief, psychospiritual benefits, the importance of social support in learning t'ai chi, and the integration of t'ai chi into daily activities. The most common functional benefits were improvements in balance, flexibility, leg strength, and posture. Some reported pain reduction or pain relief, but others did not. Increased relaxation, mindfulness, and a sense of connectedness were subthemes that emerged from psychospiritual benefits. Social support benefits included motivation to attend class and group support while learning a new skill. Finally, improved body awareness allowed participants to integrate t'ai chi skills into their daily activities. Conclusions: This qualitative analysis demonstrates the multifaceted benefits of t'ai chi for older adults living with cLBP.
High school student employment in social context: adolescents' perceptions of the role of part-time work

The majority of middle-class high school students now work at part-time jobs during the academic year. During in-depth interviews, 35 seniors at a predominantly middle-class high school were asked to relate their jobs, or their decisions not to work, to the social contexts of employment. Attitudes toward the workplace and interpretations of the work ethic were analyzed within these contexts in order to examine the role of part-time employment in their lives. The findings of this study suggest that a negative stereotype of the high school student-worker is not justified. Instead, part-time work upholds a variety of interpretations of the work ethic within the framework of normative middle-class values. Future studies are needed to relate part-time work among adolescents to social and economic as well as developmental perspectives.
The Biology of Intimacy: Lamarckian Evolution and the Sentimental Novel

This article explores the enabling intimacy between sentimentalism and biopolitics by turning to a less-than-obvious and yet characteristic example of the sentimental mode: the ubiquitous orphan tale of the mid- to late nineteenth century. It argues that individual orphan heroines of domestic plots not only function as tropes of domestic and national belonging, as has been widely recognized, but also of population regulation at the biological level of species. Sentimentalism functions as a mode of evolutionary theory, one that articulated the Lamarckian belief that sensory impressions shape the development of the individual body and of the species. Sentimental Lamarckism extended across literature, reform, and scientific theory and preceded naturalism’s deep engagement with evolutionary thought by decades. The sentimental orphan trope figures as a key aesthetic technology for regulating the growth of the population. Sentimental novels about orphans are not just about children who transform through their experiences; they were also directed at children readers and crafted to elicit emotional identification that could spur similar changes off the page.
The influence of fault reactivation on injection-induced dynamic triggering of permeability evolution

Mechanisms controlling fracture permeability enhancement during injection-induced and natural dynamic stressing remain unresolved. We explore pressure-driven permeability (k) evolution by step-increasing fluid pressure (p) on near-critically stressed laboratory fractures in shale and schist as representative of faults in sedimentary reservoirs/seals and basement rocks. Fluid is pulsed through the fracture with successively incremented pressure to first examine sub-reactivation permeability response that then progresses through fracture reactivation. Transient pore pressure pulses result in a permeability increase that persists even after the return of spiked pore pressure to the null background level. We show that fracture sealing is systematically reversible with the perturbing pressure pulses and pressure-driven permeability enhancement is eminently reproducible even absent shear slip and in the very short term (order of minutes). These characteristics of the observed fracture sealing following a pressure perturbation appear similar to those of the response by rate-and-state frictional healing upon stress/velocity perturbations. Dynamic permeability increase scales with the pore pressure magnitude and fracture sealing controls the following per-pulse permeability increase, both in the absence and presence of reactivation. However, initiation of the injection-induced reactivation results in a significant increase in the rate of permeability enhancement (dk/dp). These results demonstrate the role of frictional healing and sealing of fractures at interplay with other probable processes in pore pressure-driven permeability stimulation, such as particle mobilization.
Nonlinear optical characterization of pharmaceutical formulations

Abstract Unique challenges in formulating the next generation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into stable formulations demand analytical tools not currently available using common benchtop methods. Herein, we review approaches to address some of these challenges through leveraging nonlinear optical (NLO) interactions between light and matter. Applications in dissolution testing, polymorphism, and accelerated stability testing highlight the breadth of these methods. The specificity of second harmonic generation (SHG) to chiral crystals supports rapid polymorphism analysis at the limit of individual crystals and informs formulations designs to address solubility challenges common in emerging drug candidates. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) provide vibration-specific microscopy of final dosage forms to inform composition at video-rate acquisition speeds and ~1 μm spatial resolution. Recent results are reviewed to illustrate challenges in designing formulations for emerging drug candidates and opportunities for the development of NLO tools tailored to meet them.
Efficient Heat Shielding of Steel with Multilayer Nanocomposite Thin Film

In an effort to protect metal substrates from extreme heat, polymer-clay multilayer thin films are studied as expendable thermal barrier coatings. Nanocomposite films with a thickness ranging from 2 to 35 μm were deposited on steel plates and exposed to the flame from a butane torch. The 35 μm coating, composed of 14 deposited bilayers of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM)-buffered polyethylenimine (PEI) and vermiculite clay (VMT), decreased the maximum temperature observed on the back side of a 0.32 cm thick steel plate by over 100 °C when heated with a butane torch. Upon exposure to high temperature, the polymer and amine salt undergo pyrolysis and intumesce, subsequently forming a char and blowing gas. The char encases the nanoclay platelets, and a ceramic bubble is formed. The macro-scale bubble, in tandem with the nanocomposite coating properties, increases resistance to heat transfer into the underlying metal substrate. This heat shielding behavior occurs through radiative effects and low aggregate through-plane conductivity resulting from multilayer nanodomains and intumesced porosity (i.e., conduction through the gas as the film expands to form a ceramic bubble). These relatively thin and lightweight films could be used to protect important metal parts (in automobiles, aircraft, etc.) from fire-related damage or other types of transient high-temperature situations.
Use of peritoneal dialysis for acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City: a multicenter observational study.

To demonstrate feasibility of acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) for acute kidney injury during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we performed a multicenter, retrospective, observational study of 94 patients who received acute PD in New York City in the spring of 2020. Patient comorbidities, severity of disease, laboratory values, kidney replacement therapy, and patient outcomes were recorded. The mean age was 61 ± 11 years; 34% were women; 94% had confirmed COVID-19; 32% required mechanical ventilation on admission. Compared to the levels prior to initiation of kidney replacement therapy, the mean serum potassium level decreased from 5.1 ± 0.9 to 4.5 ± 0.7 mEq/L on PD day 3 and 4.2 ± 0.6 mEq/L on day 7 (P
Centering Race to Move Towards an Intersectional Ecological Framework for Defining School Safety for Black Students

Across time, frameworks for assessing school safety have failed to acknowledge the harm that institutional racism in school inflicts upon Black students. Such frameworks coupled with disparate outc...
BODIES AND DATA: THE DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY OF THE INDIAN STATE

In February 2019, the Government of India released a draft e-commerce policy that boldly proclaimed, “India and its citizens have a sovereign right to their data,” (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, 2019) a right that could not extend to non-Indians. The draft policy was one of many in recent years that have mandated data localization, protectionism or other measures of greater national control over the digital economy in India. These actions are widely read as a nation-state asserting its sovereignty in the digital realm against the power of US-based global tech firms. They are sold in geopolitical terms, a digital sovereignty that challenges digital colonialism. I argue that the Indian state’s project of digital sovereignty must also be understood as biopolitical. I connect the Indian state’s regulation of the digital economy, exemplified by the 2019 draft of the e-commerce policy to its regulation and control of bodies, specifically through the biometric ID, Aadhaar, and its proliferating uses. I read these state actions collectively as a process through which the Indian state is engaged in altering what it is to be sovereign and its subject. When “digital” appends sovereignty, it is not merely a new terrain upon which to exert power, nor is it an unbridled force that the state must contend with, it is the means through which the Indian state enacts its project(s) of domination.
Epidemiologic evaluation of inhaled nitric oxide use among neonates with gestational age less than 35 weeks

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in +late preterm and term infants with pulmonary hypertension is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved and has improved outcomes and survival. iNO use is not FDA approved for preterm infants and previous studies show no mortality benefit. The objectives were 1) to determine the usage of iNO among preterm neonates <35 weeks before and after the 2010 National Institutes of Health consensus statement and 2) to evaluate characteristics and outcomes among preterm neonates who received iNO. METHODS This is a population-based cross-sectional study. Billing and procedure codes were used to determine iNO usage. Data were queried from the National Inpatient Sample from 2004 to 2016. Neonates were included if gestational age was <35 weeks. The epochs were spilt into 2004-2010 (Epoch 1) and 2011-2016 (Epoch 2). Prevalence of iNO use, mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage, length of stay, mechanical ventilation, and cost of hospitalization. RESULTS There were 4865 preterm neonates <35 weeks who received iNO. There was a significant increase in iNO use during Epoch 2 (p < 0.001). There was significantly higher use in Epoch 2 among neonates small for gestational age (SGA) 2.3% versus 7.2%, congenital heart disease (CHD) 11.1% versus 18.6%, and BPD 35.2% versus 46.8%. Mortality was significantly lower in Epoch 2 19.8% versus 22.7%. CONCLUSION Usage of iNO was higher after the release of the consensus statement. The increased use of iNO among preterm neonates may be targeted at specific high-risk populations such as SGA and CHD neonates. There was lower mortality in Epoch 2; however, the cost was doubled.
Mathematical theory of the effects of cell structure and of diffusion processes on the homeostasis and kinetics of the endocrine system with special reference to some periodic psychoses

Publisher Summary In a series of important papers Danziger and Elmergreen have developed a theory of non-linear interactions in the endocrine system. In particular they discussed the pituitary–thyroid interaction. They applied those studies to periodic catatonia, assuming that the periodic character of that disease reflects periodic relaxation oscillations in the endocrine system. The theory proved to have a clinical predictive value. The idea that periodic catatonia may have something to do with periodic fluctuations in the endocrine system, especially in the thyroid gland, is strongly suggested by the findings of Gjessing. In a series of papers, Danziger and Elmergreen have developed a mathematical theory of periodic phenomena in the endocrine system, based on the non-linearity of certain feedback biochemical circuits. These periodicities were assumed to be responsible for such psychoses as periodic catatonia. Clinical applications of the theory have been made in connection with R. Gjessing's work on the effects of thyroid administration. In their theory, however, Danziger and Elmergreen use, as a first approximation, such equations of biochemical kinetics which are valid only for homogeneous systems. Not only does this theory suggest possible effects of drugs which affect the viscosity of the cytoplasm or the membrane permeabilities, but it also suggests the possibility of effects produced by purely mechanical trauma or tumors.
Storage Area Networks

This chapter provides a tutorial on storage area networks (SANs), including a description of SAN networking protocols, topologies, and design considerations. Additional topics to be discussed include SAN management, virtualization, multiprotocol routing, fabrics and intra-switch links. SAN's extension over long distances (hundreds or thousands of kilometers) will also be considered for applications such as disaster recovery or remote tape and disk vaulting. Both synchronous and asynchronous solutions will be described. Keywords: SAN; WAN; fibre channel; FICON; infiniband; ethernet; LSAN; WDM; DWDM; disaster recovery; NAS; SCSI; management; MIB; GDPS; PPRC; XRC
The Magnetic Fields on Cool Stars and Their Correlation with Chromospheric and Coronal Emission

I discuss the results of recent measurements of magnetic fields on cool stars and how these measurements relate to stellar “activity”. Special emphasis is given to the correlations between the magnetic field strength, surface filling factor, and the nonthermal emission from the hot outer atmospheres of these stars.
Solving Inverse Problems with Spectral Data

We consider a two dimensional membrane. The goal is to find properties of the membrane or properties of a force on the membrane. The data is natural frequencies or mode shape measurements. As a result, the functional relationship between the data and the solution of our inverse problem is both indirect and nonlinear. In this paper we describe three distinct approaches to this problem. In the first approach the data is mode shape level sets and frequencies. Here formulas for approximate solutions are given based on perturbation results. In the second approach the data is frequencies and boundary mode shape measurements; uniqueness results are obtained using the boundary control method. In the third approach the data is frequencies for four boundary value problems. Local existence, uniqueness results are established together with numerical results for approximate solutions.
High-Performance Classification of Phishing URLs Using a Multi-modal Approach with MapReduce

Classifying phishing websites can be expensive both computationally and financially given a large enough volume of suspect sites. A distributed cloud environment can reduce the computational time and financial cost significantly. To test this idea, we apply a multi-modal feature classification algorithm to classify phishing websites in a non-distributed and several distributed environments. A multi-modal approach combines both visual and text features for classification. The implementation extracts color feature and histogram feature from the screenshot of a phishing website and text from its html source code. Feature extraction and comparison is accomplished by applying the MapReduce framework. Implementing the multi-modal approach in a distributed environment proves to reduce the runtime as well as the financial costs. We present results that show our work is 30 times faster than existing state of the art systems in phishing website classification problem.
Monolithic CMOS compandors based on Sigma - Delta oversampling

The CMOS compandor circuit presented is based on sigma-delta ( Sigma - Delta ) oversampling. The Sigma - Delta modulator converts an analog signal into a binary sequence, so that it can multiply another signal by on-and-off switching. Continuous-time CMOS multipliers, which are difficult to implement with high linearity, are not required in such a compandor configuration. Simulation results of a switched-capacitor implementation of the oversampled compandor are presented. >
Gesture, gaze, and ground

My emphasis in this paper is on floor control in multiparty discourse: the approach is psycholinguistic. This perspective includes turn management, turn exchange and coordination; how to recognize the dominant speaker even when he or she is not speaking, and a theory of all this. The data to be examined comprise a multimodal depiction of a 5-party meeting (a US Air Force war gaming session) and derive from a project carried out jointly with my engineering colleagues, Francis Quek and Mary Harper. See the Chen et al. paper in this volume for details of the recoding session.
Chapter 40 Policy lessons from development experience since the Second World War

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the evolution of thought regarding development policy and the evidence that challenged development thinking. The chapter focuses on the interaction between experience with development policy and development thought, as a prelude to the more detailed studies of individual aspects of economic policy and experience that follow. The chapter starts with the ideas and thinking that underlay the initial formulation of development policy. The overriding influence of the experience with early development policies is a major factor affecting policies and thinking about development and as such is important in its own right. The experience of developing countries, both the success stories (primarily in East Asia) and the stories of those countries whose growth stalled in the 1980s, is reviewed in the chapter with respect to the influence of success or failure on policy formulation. The theory and evidence regarding alternative strategies to undertake policy reform are reviewed in the chapter. The coherence of policy and the political economy of economic policy formulation and execution are also addressed in the chapter.