cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PORT OF THOLOS IN EASTERN CRETE AND THE ROLE OF A ROMAN HORREUM ALONG THE EGYPTIAN ‘CORN ROUTE’

Summary. Roman provincial warehouses and rural horrea in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean remain largely undocumented and their functions are poorly understood. A recent intensive archaeological survey at the bay of Tholos in the Kavousi area of northeastern Crete has investigated one such horreum and has explored the regional archaeological context of the building and its hinterland. The present study discusses the architectural form and archaeological context of this warehouse and assesses its function within the broader political and economic sphere of eastern Mediterranean trade routes in the second century A.D. Patterns of coastal urbanization, settlement development, and land use in eastern Crete in the Classical and Hellenistic periods, are examined as background for discussion of Roman rule, and as factors that are crucial in understanding the economics of settlement and the role of Cretan cities and the port of Tholos in the first and second centuries A.D.
Rethinking internet routing

Internet routing introduces many interesting challenges, far beyond the basic problem of computing paths on a graph. This talk presents an overview of several open research questions in Internet routing, with the broader goal of placing the design of future routing architectures on a stronger theoretical foundation.
Local Coregistration Adjustment for Anomalous Change Detection

We describe an approach for improving the robustness to misregistration of pixel-wise anomalous change detection (ACD) algorithms. The aim of ACD is to distinguish actual anomalous changes from the irrelevant incidental differences that occur throughout the scene. For such change detection to be effective, it is important that corresponding pixels in the two images of interest correspond to the same location in the scene. Indeed, one of the most confounding sources of incidental differences is the inevitable imprecision in the coregistration of the two images. We address this with small local adjustments to the coregistration which leads to a modified misregistration-insensitive measure of anomalousness. Several variants are considered, and the resulting performance improvements are evaluated using both real and simulated changes, and real and simulated misregistration.
On the relation of hardness and microstructure of tempered and spheroidized carbon steels

The dependence of Meyer hardness and Vickers hardness of tempered and spheroidized steels (0.065 to 1.23 pct C) on microstructural spacings obeys the Hall-Petch equation, provided that relevant spacing parameters are selected for each type of microstructure. It is found that the Tabor relation between hardness and uniaxial flow stress,H = Cσf, applies reasonably well to these steels over a range of carbon content and a range of rep-resentative strain. The geometrical constraints on the evaluation of hardness values from spherical indenters are discussed and considered in the analysis of results.
Buoyancy-driven ventilation of hydrogen from buildings: Laboratory test and model validation☆

Passive, buoyancy-driven ventilation is one approach to limiting hydrogen concentration. We explored the relationship between leak rate, ventilation design, and hydrogen concentrations.
Acetabular considerations during total hip arthroplasty for hip dysplasia

The wide spectrum of anatomic abnormalities that characterize hip dysplasia dictate the need for different reconstructive techniques when hip replacement is required. Multiple factors such as young age and high activity level of this patient population, coupled with the increased complexity of surgery, explain the somewhat elevated historical failure rate of hip arthroplasty in DDH and emphasize the need for careful analysis of each case and selection of the most appropriate reconstruction options. One particular problem specific to acetabular reconstruction is the deficient bone stock that may limit the ability to place the component fully on native bone at the true acetabular region. When standard techniques of reconstruction leave a significant portion of the component uncovered, the alternatives include acetabular augmentation with bone autograft, intentional high placement of the component, or medialization of the component with or without medial wall osteotomy. Uncemented sockets have provided promising midterm results with supplemental bone augmentation and are the authors' preferred method of treatment for hips with moderate dysplasia and anterolateral acetabular bone deficiency.
Cytomegalovirus-specific, high-avidity IgG with neutralizing activity in maternal circulation enriched in the fetal bloodstream

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the major cause of congenital infection and disease leading to permanent birth defects. In about 35–40% of pregnant women with primary CMV infection, virus crosses the placenta, resulting in the birth of congenitally infected babies. In contrast, this happens in only 1–3% of seropositive women with strong CMV-specific humoral immunity. Whether CMV reaches the fetus and disseminates depends on the level of high-avidity antibodies in the maternal circulation and the passive immunity of the fetus.
On the strength of nonstandard analysis

It is often asserted in the literature that any theorem which can be proved using nonstandard analysis can also be proved without it. The purpose of this paper is to show that this assertion is wrong, and in fact there are theorems which can be proved with nonstandard analysis but cannot be proved without it. There is currently a great deal of confusion among mathematicians because the above assertion can be interpreted in two different ways. First, there is the following correct statement: any theorem which can be proved using nonstandard analysis can be proved in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with choice, ZFC, and thus is acceptable by contemporary standards as a theorem in mathematics. Second, there is the erroneous conclusion drawn by skeptics: any theorem which can be proved using nonstandard analysis can be proved without it, and thus there is no need for nonstandard analysis.The reason for this confusion is that the set of principles which are accepted by current mathematics, namely ZFC, is much stronger than the set of principles which are actually used in mathematical practice. It has been observed (see [F] and [S]) that almost all results in classical mathematics use methods available in second order arithmetic with appropriate comprehension and choice axiom schemes.
CT in Detecting Urinary Tract Calculi: Influence on Patient Imaging and Clinical Outcomes

PURPOSE: To determine changes in examination patterns and effectiveness of care since the introduction of unenhanced helical computed tomography (CT) for examination of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of urinary tract calculi (UTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospital clinical and radiology information systems were used to retrospectively identify patients presenting with UTC symptoms from January to December 1997 (before introduction of unenhanced CT) and from January to December 1999 (after introduction of unenhanced CT). Chart abstraction was used to confirm the identification of patients with presenting symptoms suggestive of UTC and assess patient outcomes. Two hundred sixty-five patients presented before (1997) and 602 after (1999) unenhanced CT was introduced. Distributions of dichotomous variables were compared between the 1997 and 1999 groups by using logistic regression. Means were compared between the groups by using analysis of variance and mean total numbers of ...
Experimental stretch neuropathy. Changes in nerve conduction under tension

We developed an animal model of stretch injury to nerve in order to study in vivo conduction changes as a function of nerve strain. In 24 rabbits, the tibial nerve was exposed and stretched by 0%, 6% or 12% of its length. The strain was maintained for one hour. Nerve conduction was monitored during the period of stretch and for a one-hour recovery period. At 6% strain, the amplitude of the action potential had decreased by 70% at one hour and returned to normal during the recovery period. At 12% strain, conduction was completely blocked by one hour, and showed minimal recovery. These findings have clinical implications in nerve repair, limb trauma, and limb lengthening.
Targeted downregulation of caveolin‐1 is sufficient to drive cell transformation and hyperactivate the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade

Caveolin-1 is a principal component of caveolae membranes in vivo. Caveolin-1 mRNA and protein expression are lost or reduced during cell transformation by activated oncogenes. Interestingly, the human caveolin-1 gene is localized to a suspected tumor suppressor locus (7q31.1). However, it remains unknown whether downregulation of caveolin-1 is sufficient to mediate cell transformation or tumorigenicity. Here, we employ an antisense approach to derive stable NIH 3T3 cell lines that express dramatically reduced levels of caveolin-1 but contain normal amounts of caveolin-2. NIH 3T3 cells harboring antisense caveolin-1 exhibit anchorage-independent growth, form tumors in immunodeficient mice and show hyperactivation of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade. Importantly, transformation induced by caveolin-1 downregulation is reversed when caveolin-1 protein levels are restored to normal by loss of the caveolin-1 antisense vector. In addition, we show that in normal NIH 3T3 cells, caveolin-1 expression levels are tightly regulated by specific growth factor stimuli and cell density. Our results suggest that upregulation of caveolin-1 may be important in mediating contact inhibition and negatively regulating the activation state of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade.
Entry Criteria and Baseline Characteristics Predict Outcome in Acute Stroke Trials

Background and Purpose—We sought to study the range of entry criteria and baseline characteristics in acute stroke trials and to understand their effects on patient outcomes. Methods—Randomized, placebo-controlled therapeutic trials in patients with acute ischemic stroke were identified. Entry criteria, baseline clinical characteristics, and outcome were extracted for the placebo group of each trial. The relationship between key variables was then determined. Results—Across 90 placebo groups identified, there was great variation in entry criteria and outcome measures. This was associated with divergent outcomes; for example, in some studies most placebo group patients died, while in other studies nearly all had no disability. Entry criteria were significantly correlated with outcome; for example, higher age cutoff for study entry correlated with 3-month mortality. Entry criteria also predicted baseline clinical characteristics; for example, wider time window for study entry correlated directly with time t...
Quantifying morphological change during an evolutionary radiation of Devonian trilobites

The fossil record provides an important source of data on adaptive radiations, and indeed some of the earliest theoretical insights on the nature of these radiations were made by paleontologists. Here we focus on the diverse Devonian Metacryphaeus group calmoniid trilobites, known from the Malvinokaffric Realm, which have been considered a classic example of an adaptive radiation preserved in the fossil record. We use a geometric morphometric analysis in conjunction with phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns and data on speciation rates. Using ancestral character state reconstruction during speciation events, we quantify patterns of morphological change in order to assess the role ecological and geographical factors may have played in mediating this radiation. We found no significant differences between the amount of morphological change that occurred during speciation events when ancestors and descendants were in the same area as opposed to when they occupied different areas. Further, the magnitude of morphological divergence did not change through time or with cladogenetic rank. These patterns, in conjunction with the fact that the radiation occurs in a geographically heterogeneous region subjected to repeated episodes of sea-level rise and fall, suggest that at the macroevolutionary scale this radiation may have been motivated more by phenomena that facilitated geographic isolation than by competition.
The Art of Richard Mayhew

This article employs ten years of interviews with the African and Native American artist Richard Mayhew to examine Mayhew’s artistic narrative of cultural “spiritual” commitments and ideals, his alignment with community production and performance, and his advocacy of an aesthetic individualism that embraces the overriding challenge confronted by Spiral, an artistic alliance that represented African American artists in the March on Washington and that sought to formulate an ongoing artistic response to the civil rights movement.
Curricular Implications of Transition Life Skills Instruction as an Integral Part of Transition Education

The importance of systematic and comprehensive transition planning is promoted by a significant number of professionals in the field of special education and underscored by federal mandate. Sometimes lost in the multifaceted process of transition are the curricular features that ensure that important knowledge is covered and requisite skills are taught. The key point embedded in the transition planning process is that areas of need will be addressed before the student exits from the school system. This process functions on a reactive basis: Needs are identified, transition goals are developed, and action is taken. A well-grounded understanding of students' transition needs can lead to a more proactive approach to teaching the life skills that are critical to functioning successfully in adulthood. A variety of ways to teach transition-related topics are discussed, and examples are provided. However, the option most appropriate for certain students will depend on the settings in which they receive their edu...
Rotating Sample Holder for X-Ray Emission Spectrometry

A rotating sample holder is invaluable in x-ray emission analysis of nonhomogeneous samples because when such samples are rotated,1,2 different sample areas are observed continuously, thus permitting an averaging of irregularities. This feature of the sample holder is of significance in the nondestructive testing of materials in that it provides more reliable analytical data. The rotating sample holder described in this paper is designed and constructed for use on a General Electric XRD-6 x-ray emission spectrometer. The reduced x-ray intensity variation obtained by continuous sample rotation results in significant improvement in over-all precision compared with intensity variation obtained by rotation only between readings.
Opinion #2: Vitaly Gordin, MD

This case presents several medical and ethical issues. After sustaining a fall, the patient developed low back pain and hip pain, which became progressively worse in the course of the following 4 years. Based on the procedures performed, I assume that the patient's pain was predominantly axial and injections such as sacroiliac joint injections and medial branch nerve blocks of the lumbar facet joints are common practice for the treatment of these patients. There is no clear evidence from the literature that these procedures provide patients with long-term benefits. However, in carefully selected patients who respond to diagnostic medial branch blocks, radiofrequency thermocoagulation …
Regulation of Volatile Fatty Acid Uptake by Mitochondrial Acyl CoA Synthetases of Bovine Liver

Abstract Mitochondria of bovine liver contain acyl CoA synthetases necessary for the uptake of propionate, butyrate, and valerate whereas acetate is bound only weakly. Purification of these enzymes separated a distinct propionyl CoA synthetase highly specific for propionate and acrylate and a butyrate-activating fraction with broad substrate specificity for short and medium chain fatty acids. Evidence from kinetic studies and sucrose density centrifugation suggested that this latter fraction was composed of two enzymes, a butyryl CoA synthetase and a valeryl CoA synthetase. The apparent molecular weights of the propionyl, butyryl, and valeryl CoA synthetases were 72,000, 67,000, and 65,000. The Michaelis-Menten constants of propionyl CoA synthetase for propionate, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and coenzyme A were 1.3×10 −3 M, 1.3×10 −3 M, and 6.3×10 −4 M. Enzyme activity is regulated by the concentration of propionate in portal blood. Relative to propionyl, butyryl, or valeryl CoA synthetases little acetyl CoA synthetase could be demonstrated. In ruminants hepatic metabolism is such that use of acetate as an energy source is minimum. This ensures that an alternative energy source to glucose, as acetate units, will reach the extrahepatic tissues. Separation of a distinct propionyl CoA synthetase regulated by the concentration of propionate in portal blood is significant because a primary role of ruminant liver is to synthesize glucose from ruminally derived propionate.
Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Statins on Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Study objectives: To assess the clinical relevance of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors (statins) in the context of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Background: IPF is a progressive interstitial lung disease for which there is no effective treatment. ACEI and statins have been shown to possess antifibrotic properties in experimental models in vitro and in vivo. Design, setting, and patients: Retrospective review of the effects of ACEI and statins on survival of 478 patients with IPF seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1994 through 1996. Fifty-two patients (11%) were receiving ACEI, 35 patients (7%) were receiving statins, and 5 patients (1%) patients were receiving both at their initial visit. Results: For subjects receiving ACEI, the median survival from the index visit was 2.2 years, compared to 2.9 years for subjects not receiving ACEI (p 0.088). The median survival was 2.9 years if patients were receiving statins or not (p 0.573). There was also no significant difference in survival between patients with IPF receiving either ACEI or statins vs those receiving neither at the index visit (2.5 years vs 3 years, respectively; p 0.066). After adjusting for age, gender, recommended IPF treatment, smoking status, prior oxygen use, FVC, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, there were no differences in survival between those subjects receiving either ACEI, statins, or both vs neither. Conclusions: These data do not suggest a beneficial effect of ACEI and/or statins on survival in patients with IPF. (CHEST 2004; 126:438 – 446)
The Relationships Among Instrumental Sight-Reading Ability and Seven Selected Predictor Variables

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among instrumental sight-reading ability and seven selected variables: (1) Technical Proficiency, (2) Rhythm Reading Ability, (3) Sigh...
Egalitarian Peer-to-Peer Satellite Refueling Strategy

bi = supply/demand corresponding to a node in Vn C M = cost of an egalitarian peer-to-peer solution M CLB = optimal value of objective function of the optimization problem cij = cost of an edge in Gn cij = cost of an edge in G‘ c i; j; k = cost of a triplet i; j; k representing an egalitarian peer-to-peer maneuver d = distance between two triplets tp and tq E‘ = set of edges in G‘ Ef = set of edges in Gn representing forward trips of active satellites En = set of edges in Gn Er = set of edges in Gn representing return trips of active satellites Es = set of source arcs in Gn Et = set of sink arcs in Gn fi = maximum fuel capacity of satellite si f i = minimum fuel requirement by satellite si to remain operational fi;t = fuel content of satellite si at time t G = constellation digraph G‘ = bipartite graph used for calculating lower bound on cost of optimal e-p2p solution Gn = constellation network g0 = acceleration due to gravity at surface of the earth Isp = specific thrust of satellite s J = index set for satellites/orbital slots J a = index set for orbital slots of active satellites J p = index set for orbital slots of passive satellites J r = index set of orbital slots available for active satellites to return J d;t = index set for orbital slots of fuel-deficient satellites at time t J s;t = index set for orbital slots of fuel-sufficient satellites at time t M = egalitarian peer-to-peer solution composed of a set of triplets M = optimal egalitarian peer-to-peer solution MH = egalitarian peer-to-peer solution obtained after local search onMIP MIP = Egalitarian peer-to-peer solution yield by the optimization problem MP2P = optimal egalitarian peer-to-peer solution ms = mass of permanent structure of satellite s N2 tp; tq = two-exchange neighborhood of a triplet pair comprising tp and tq N M = neighborhood of an egalitarian peer-to-peer solution M p ij = fuel expenditure required for an orbital transfer by satellite s from slot i to slot j Q i; j; k = edge in E‘ corresponding to a triplet i; j; k si = satellite with index i 2 J T = total time allotted for refueling T = set of feasible triplets in the constellation graph tp = triplet ip; jp; kp with index p Vn = set of vertices in Gn xij = binary variable corresponding to an arc i; j 2 En or an edge hi; ji in E‘ Vij = velocity change required for a transfer from slot i to slot j = suboptimality measure
EGALITARIANISM AND WELFARE-STATE REDISTRIBUTION

A central idea of contemporary philosophical egalitarianism's theory of justice is that involuntary inequalities or disadvantages—those that arise through no choice or fault of one's own—should be minimized or rectified in some way. Egalitarians believe that the preferred institutional vehicle for fulfilling these obligations of justice is some form of a welfare state. Of course, contemporary egalitarians disagree about the best way to interpret or understand their theory of justice and institutions: Which inequalities are chosen and which are unchosen? What form of a welfare state will best serve justice? However, no contemporary egalitarian denies that egalitarian justice requires a welfare state that will redistribute income and wealth to aid the involuntarily disadvantaged.
Alterations in cytoskeletal and immune function-related proteome profiles in whole rat lung following intratracheal instillation of heparin.

Heparin has been shown to modify fundamental biologic processes ranging from blood coagulation and cell proliferation to fibrogenesis and asthma. The goal of this study was to identify specific or broad biologic responses of the rat lung to intratracheal instillation of heparin by targeted proteomic analysis. Rats were given either aerosolized 500 μg heparin in 250 μl saline or saline alone. Lungs were harvested at 0, 24, or 96 hours post-treatment and isolated proteins analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins which increased and decreased significantly in treated groups above controls were then selected for identification by mass spectrometry. Although heparin treatments resulted in a general reduction in cytosolic protein expression, there were significant increases within members of discrete groups of proteins. At 24 hours, proteins which function in cytoskeletal organization and in calcium signaling were up-regulated between 2- and 27-fold above baseline and untreated controls. Increased proteins include annexins V and VI, septin 2, capping G protein, actin-related protein 3, moesin, RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor, and calcyclin. A group of proteins relating to immune response and tumor suppressor function were either up-regulated (tumor suppressor p30/hyaluronic acid binding protein-1, Parkinson disease protein 7, proteosome 28 subunit/interferon-γ inducible protein, and proteosome subunit macropain α-1) or strongly down-regulated (transgelin). At 96 hours, most proteins that had increased at 24 hours remained elevated but to a much lesser degree. These cumulative observations demonstrate that whole lung heparin treatment results in significant up-regulation of selected groups of proteins, primarily those related to cytoskeletal reorganization and immune function, which may prove to be relevant biomarkers useful in analysis of lung exposures/treatments as well as in system biology studies.
Infrared Study of the Orientation of Chlorobenzene Sorbed on Pyridinium-Montmorillonite

The pyridinium-montmorillonite complex has the ability to sorb additional aromatic molecules between the layers. The neutral molecules occupy the vacant space produced by the change in orientation of the pyridinium ion from a parallel to a perpendicular position and with the N-H group directed toward the negative unit layer surface.
TFTR DT Preparation Project status

The objective of the DT (deuterium-tritium) Preparation Project on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is to provide the capability required to perform a sequence of DT experiments in a manner which is consistent with DOE (US Department of Energy) orders and the environmental, safety and health requirements of the DOE and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. These experiments will include the study of confinement and heating of DT plasmas, determining the effects of alpha particles, the demonstration of DT technical capability, and the demonstration of DT power production. The TFTR research plan summarizing these activities is shown. >
Erythropoietin levels can be used to determine tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients

Critically ill patients often require pharmacological support to maintain blood pressure and cardiac output, and mechanical ventilation to ensure adequate oxygenation. Current methods of measurement of oxygen delivery do not necessarily reflect tissue oxygenation. Levels of circulating erythropoietin reliably reflect the adequacy of renal oxygen supply under physiological and many pathological conditions. It is proposed that the measurement of circulating erythropoietin can be used as a measure of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients.
Anticipated Improved Performance of Advanced Steel Cladding Under Long Term Dry Storage of Spent Fuel

In current light water reactors the nuclear fuel rods are dependent on zirconium alloys cladding. Used fuel bundles are generally stored in water pools for approximately twenty years and then they may be transferred to a dry casket for an interim storage until reprocessing or the final disposition in a permanent nuclear waste repository. The delay in opening a permanent repository in the US says that the used fuel bundles would need to be stored in dry casks for unanticipated extended periods (maybe 100 years). Under dry storage several mechanisms were identified for the degradation of zirconium based cladding. The vulnerabilities of zirconium alloys would limit their subsequent fuel retrievability and transportation after the long term storage. As part of the DOE Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF), advanced ferritic steels such as Fe-Cr-Al alloys are being investigated to replace the zirconium alloy cladding. Previous performance in storage of austenitic stainless steel cladding suggests that the proposed ATF ferritic steels would perform well under long term storage in dry casks.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Prospective Validation of a Novel Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal Score as a Predictor of Outcomes After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Background We sought to further validate the novel vasoactive-ventilation-renal (VVR) score in a prospective study of a heterogeneous cohort of children undergoing cardiac surgery that includes patients with single-ventricle anatomy and residual mixing lesions. Methods We prospectively performed an observational study of all children less than 18 years of age who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease at our center from November 2013 to June 2014. We calculated VVR score as follows: vasoactive-inotrope score + ventilation index + (change in serum creatinine from baseline × 10). Admission, peak, and 48-hour measurements were recorded. Outcomes of interest were prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit and hospital stays, represented by the upper 25% for all patients. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUC) were determined for all study timepoints and outcome variables. Results Ninety-two patients were analyzed; their median age was 0.65 (range, 3 days to 17.9 years), and 17 (18%) had single-ventricle anatomy. The VVR measurements outperformed vasoactive-inotrope scores in isolation at all timepoints, with higher AUC values for all outcomes. Of the three timepoints assessed, the 48-hour VVR score most consistently predicted poor outcome, especially with regard to prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation (AUC 0.980) and prolonged intensive care unit stay (AUC 0.919). Conclusions In a heterogeneous population of children undergoing cardiac surgery, the 48-hour VVR score was a very strong predictor of outcomes, and outperformed the more traditional vasoactive-inotrope score. The VVR score, therefore, represents a novel and potentially powerful means of predicting clinical outcomes relatively early in the hospital course of these patients.
Conservatism: A State of the Field

December 2011 The Journal of American History 723 The historical literature of American conservatism is at a crossroads. Over the past two decades it has been one of the most dynamic subfields in American history, the subject of dozens of journal articles, books, and dissertations. In contrast to the many polemical works on conservatism that populate bookstores, this body of scholarship is wide-ranging, ecumenical, and grounded in serious archival research. The catalogs of major university and commercial presses from the past few years reveal titles on subjects ranging from libertarianism to the southern agrarians to the development of Christian conservatism. Recent meetings of the Organization of American Historians (oah) and the American Historical Association have seen panels on the intellectual history of conservatism, teaching the Right, the Right in the 1960s, military history and conservatism, and the conservative movement in the 1970s. The 2010 meeting of the oah even featured a metapanel on the expansion of the subfield: “How Should Historians Study Conservatism Now That Studying the Right Is Trendy?” In 1994 Alan Brinkley wrote an oft-cited essay for a forum published in the American Historical Review arguing that historians had ignored conservatism to the point that it was an “orphan” of American political history. Today, instead of decrying the absence of scholarship on conservatism, historians might be forgiven for asking whether there is anything left to study in the history of the Right.1 The answer is yes. The new work on conservatism has illuminated the history of a powerful and diverse political movement that organized throughout the postwar era alongside other social movements that received much more attention. Written during a time when conservatism often seemed to be the dominant force in American politics, this new scholarship has reversed the earlier vision of the Right as a marginal part of American life. The literature has described a range of different constituencies for the Conservatism: A State of the Field
Keys to the Nearctic genera of the families Braconidae, Aphidiidae, and Hybrizontidae (Hymenoptera).

Keys are presented for the identification of Nearctic genera in the families Braconidae, Aphidiidae, and Hybrizontidae (= Paxylommatidae). Included is a list of references in which the Nearctic genera are described or which include keys to the Nearctic species. Hecabolus Curtis is listed for the first time in North America; Polystcnoidcs Muesebeck becomes a synonym of Curtisella Spinola (New Synonymy).
Moments of excitement

At the atomic level, biomolecular dynamics, like war to its soldiers, consists of long periods of boredom interspersed by brief, intense moments of excitement. During the vast majority of its existence, a biomolecule flails about randomly, with large-amplitude motions when unfolded and with smaller-amplitude motions when folded. Rare transitions between these two states of often apparently aimless activity occur through a fleeting series of steps: a set of transition paths guided by the biomolecular energy landscape. On page 239 of this issue, Neupane et al. use single-molecule force spectroscopy to study the transition paths for folding a nucleic acid and for misfolding a prion protein ( 1 ). They are able to confirm some very basic aspects of biomolecular energy landscape theory.
Strength Distribution Changes in a Silicon Nitride as a Function of Stressing Rate and Temperature

Machining damage (a surface flaw) and porous-region-flaw (a volume flaw) populations limited the flexure strengths of a commercially available silicon nitride at 25°C, while these same flaws, along with inclusions, limited flexure strengths at 850°C. The machining damage and porous region flaws were the primary interest in the present study because they caused failure at both temperatures. Censoring revealed that the two-parameter Weibull strength distributions representing each flaw population changed as a function of stressing rate (i.e., dynamic fatigue) and temperature. A decrease in the Weibull scaling parameter is recognized as an indication of slow crack growth or time-dependent strength reduction in monolithic ceramics. Available life prediction codes used for reliability predictions of structural ceramic components consider the slow crack growth phenomenon. However, changes in the Weibull modulus are infrequently observed or reported, and typically are not accounted for in these life prediction codes. In the present study, changes in both Weibull parameters for the strength distributions provided motivation to the authors to survey what factors (e.g., residual stress, slow crack growth, and changes in failure mechanisms) could provide partial or full explanation of the observed distribution changes in this silicon nitride. Lastly, exercises were performed to examine the effects of strength distribution changes on the failure probability prediction of a diesel exhaust valve. Because the surface area and volume of this valve were substantially larger than those of the tested bend bars, it was found that the valve’s failure probability analysis amplified some slight or inconclusive distribution changes which were not evident from the interpretation of the censored bend bar strength data.© 1998 ASME
Compression Technology of Color Image Based on Wavelet Transformation

Based on the HVS and the theory of zerotree,a color image compression scheme is proposed in the theory of improved and expanded SPIHT coding algorithm.After testing,it is proved that this color image compression scheme is better to visual effects and easier to implement.
A Traffic Signal Wireless Control System and Application of Related New Technology

A traffic signal wireless control system is introduced which is the organic combination between advanced short-range wireless communication (Zigbee) technology and control technology of photocoupler-solid state switch. Its ratio of performace to price is high, and is especially suitable for the traffic signal control at intersections,on roads and bridges without communications network. The wireless control technology of this system can also be applied in other aspects,such as grasp and transmission of pictures of the vehicles driving against traffic rules.
Human Protozoal Infections and Their Potential for Causing Neoplasms

Protists causing human infections generally produce local or systemic disease through direct cellular injury, and inflammatory response. Some protists have been found associated with human neoplasms, and their carcinogenic potential has received much attention in recent years. Here we outline the epidemiologic and experimental evidence linking Cryptosporidium sp., malaria and Trichomonas vaginalis to neoplastic changes in humans. Experimental studies in mammalian cells have unraveled the disruptive alterations in many of the normal signaling pathways that are critical in innate and adaptive immunity. The immune deficient states, induced by protists or other concurrent infections, most likely increase susceptibility to infection and contribute to tumorigenesis. The neoplasms that occur in malaria and trichomoniasis often contain Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV), respectively. The relative contribution of protists and different viruses, including HIV, requires delineation. The role of local microbiota in determining susceptibility to Cryptosporidium sp. or T. vaginalis infection and in carcinogenesis also requires additional investigation. The elucidation of precise mechanisms of tumorigenesis in mono- and polymicrobial infections is expected to identify targets for intervention and treatment.
Solving the Crisis in Economic Theory

Except for a few brief years in the 1930s, the development of monetary theory and international trade theory has been dominated by a pre-Keynesian, i.e. neoclassical, logic. This analytical approach may have been useful as a rough approximation a century or more ago when agricultural products made up a large proportion of the gross national product and economic and financial affairs were organised on a significantly different basis than currently.
Anterior Segment Trauma (Non-chemical)

Pediatric ocular trauma is common, and open globe injuries in particular can have poor visual outcomes. Efforts to improve visual outcomes include prompt recognition and surgical repair of open globe injuries with diligent follow-up for complications. Visual rehabilitation includes treatment of amblyopia, which is common after surgical repair. This chapter will present suggestions on how to recognize pediatric open globe injuries, considerations for ancillary testing, antibiotic prophylaxis, and follow-up care. An example of a pediatric perforating eye injury will be presented, including the child’s presentation, surgical repair, and follow-up care.
Following the Locus of Execution

Perhaps the most basic monitoring act is following along in the source-code as execution progresses. Locus of execution information is used in various tools such as source-code viewers and profilers. Frequently, location information is used in combination with other execution information to inform the user of the specific source code line and column responsible for some behavior of interest.
Quantum Statistics of Homodyne and Heterodyne Detection

There are three basic techniques that may be employed to detect optical radiation: photon detection, homodyne detection, and heterodyne detection (see Fig. 1). From the photocounting theory of Kelley and Kleiner [1], one can readily show that photon detection, in the limit of unity quantum efficiency, can be interpreted as the quantum measurement of the total photon number operator N for any quantum state of a quasi-monochromatic input field. No similar quantum description is as yet available for homodyne or heterodyne detection. In this paper, we shall derive the abstract quantum description of homodyne detection. Because heterodyne detection involves the more complicated concept of simultaneous measurement of non-commuting observables, its quantum description will only be briefly discussed.
Recalling the Bell Jar

Ironically, in Aurelia Plath’s own assessment, the crucial event of Sylvia’s life was her breakdown and recovery.1 That her mother never admitted any complicity in that psychological malaise was, as we have seen, endemic to her psychology — and, of course, to her daughter’s. Mrs. Plath tended to focus on what most readers would think were the externals of the situation: whose car they drove to the out-patient facility, or how Aurelia managed her work schedule to be home most of the time with her daughter. One element of that continuum of details which Mrs. Plath seldom mentions was the existence of what Sylvia saw as frightening electroconvulsive shock treatments — those given during the summer by a psychologist she did not respect, and those given during her rehabilitation at McLean Hospital, this time under the care of Dr. Ruth Buescher, a psychiatrist she did admire and respect — and love.
High-Flow Nasal Cannula Utilization in Pediatric Critical Care

BACKGROUND: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is increasingly utilized in pediatrics, delivering humidified air and oxygen for respiratory conditions causing hypoxia and distress. In the neonatal ICU, it has been associated with better tolerance, lower complications, and lower cost. Few data exist regarding indications for use and the epidemiology of disease/pathology that warrants HFNC in the pediatric ICU. METHODS: This study is a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to a tertiary children9s hospital pediatric ICU and placed on HFNC from October 1, 2011 to October 31, 2013. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographics and utilization data. t test comparisons were used for comparison data. RESULTS: Over the enrollment study period, 620 subjects with HFNC were managed, which represented 27% of total ICU admissions. The average age was 3.74 y (range 0–18.1 y), and subjects were 44% female and 65% African American. Reported primary indications for the utilization of HFNC were status asthmaticus (24%), status asthmaticus with pneumonia (17%), and bronchiolitis (16%). Of the subjects admitted with a primary diagnosis of status asthmaticus, 41% required management with terbutaline. Respiratory viral infections were detected by polymerase chain reaction in 334 subjects managed with HFNC (53.8%) and included 260 subjects testing positive for rhinovirus/enterovirus. When compared with all other respiratory viral illness, subjects with rhinovirus/enterovirus required a higher peak flow (14.9 L vs 13.1 L, P = .01); however, this was an older population, and peak oxygen concentration did not differ between the 2 groups (49.8% vs 47.1%, P = .25). HFNC was used as postextubation support in 16% of the subjects. Of the 63 subjects with congenital heart disease, 92% of the utilization was postextubation. CONCLUSIONS: HFNC was utilized in 27% of all pediatric ICU admissions for a wide range of indications. Development of protocols for the initiation, escalation, and weaning of HFNC would optimize the utilization.
Challenges of diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in foster and adopted children.

Abstract Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) might be 10–15 times more prevalent among foster/adopted children compared to the general population; however, many of these children remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. The lack of confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may be a key barrier to diagnosis. Our sample included 681 patients evaluated for FASD, according to the University of Washington 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, at a pediatric specialty clinic. Guardianship status and other patient characteristics were evaluated by multinomial logistic regression as potential predictors of being classified into one of the following FASD groups: 1) full or partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS/pFAS; n = 97); 2) Static Encephalopathy/Alcohol-Exposed (SE/AE) or Neurobehavioral Disorder/Alcohol-Exposed (ND/AE) (n = 135); and 3) some features of FASD (equivalent to pFAS, SE/AE or ND/AE phenotypes) but unknown PAE (n = 449). Median age at assessment was 7.0 years, non-Hispanic White constituted the predominant racial/ethnic group (49.5%), and the majority (81.8%) lacked involvement from a biological parent/relative. Many patients (66.0%) had some features of FASD but lacked reliable PAE information. Children classified into the ‘some features/unknown PAE’ group had higher median age of assessment (8 years) compared to other groups (6 years; p 0.05). Adopted/foster children were 2.8 times as likely (95% CI: 1.6; 4.8) to be classified into the ‘some features/unknown PAE’ group compared to children living with a parent/relative after adjusting for covariates. This study's findings indicate that adopted/foster children are more likely to have unknown PAE and not receive a FASD diagnosis, potentially denying them access to specialized services, treatment, and rehabilitation.
Fabrication Aspects of Porous Biomaterials in Orthopedic Applications: A Review

Porous biomaterials have been widely used in a variety of orthopedic applications. Porous scaffolds stimulate the cellular responses and accelerate osteogenesis. The porous structure of scaffolds, as well as their compositions, dictate cellular responses such as their adhesion, penetration, differentiation, nutrition diffusion, and bone in-growth. During the last two decades, tremendous efforts have been devoted by researchers on innovative processing technologies of porous ceramics, metals, polymers, and glasses, resulting in a wide variety of porous architectures with substantial improvements in properties. Design and fabrication of porous scaffolds are complex issues that can jeopardize scaffolds’ biological, mechanical, and physiochemical properties. This paper intends to comprehensively review the processing techniques used in fabricating porous biomaterials including ceramics, polymers, metals, and glasses along with correlating with their biological and mechanical performances. From a macroscopic p...
In vitro Homeostatic Proliferation of Human CD8 T Cells.

Long-lived T-cell-mediated immunity requires persistence of memory T cells in an antigen-free environment while also maintaining a heightened capacity to recall effector functions. Such antigen-independent homeostatic proliferation is mediated in part by the common gamma-chain cytokines IL-7 and IL-15. To further explore the mechanisms governing maintenance of effector functions in long-lived memory T cells during antigen-independent proliferation, human naive and memory CD8 T cells can be sorted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), labeled with the proliferation-tracking dye carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and then purified based on their levels of cell division. This allows investigators to assess differences in the desired molecular target in cells that have undergone cytokine-driven proliferation. We provide here a protocol for assessing epigenetic programs in divided and undivided human naive and memory CD8 T cells following 7 days in culture with IL-7 and IL-15 to illustrate how this approach can shed light on the mechanism(s) that governs the preservation of effector functions during homeostasis of long-lived memory CD8 T cells.
Comparative assessment of four Steinernematidae and three Heterorhabditidae species for infectivity of larval Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.

Larval Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were exposed to seven different entomopathogenic nematode species to test their potential infectivity in a laboratory setting. Known D. virgifera-infecting nematode species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, Jackson & Klein, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser were tested in a concerted experiment alongside Steinernema diaprepesi Nguyen & Duncan, Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston, and a Missouri wild-type H. bacteriophora which have not been previously tested on D. virgifera. The species S. rarum Doucet was tested separately for D. virgifera infectivity. Third-instar D. virgifera were exposed to either 60 or 120 nematodes per larva for 6 d. Following exposure, mortality was recorded and larvae were examined to determine the presence of active nematode infections. Results indicated a significantly higher proportion of larvae with active infections from the Heterorhabditidae species and S. diaprepesi than the other Steinernematidae species for both exposure rates; mortality data indicated a similar trend. Steinernema rarum showed almost no infectivity in laboratory experiments.