cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When will it be over?" U.S. children's questions and parents' responses about the COVID-19 pandemic."

Parent-child conversations are important for children's cognitive development, children's ability to cope with stressful events, and can shape children's beliefs about the causes of illness. In the context of a global pandemic, families have faced a multitude of challenges, including changes to their routines, that they need to convey to their children. Thus, parent-child conversations about the coronavirus pandemic might convey information about the causes of illness, but also about how and why it is necessary for children to modify their behaviors to comply with new social norms and medical guidance. The main goal of this study was to examine the questions children ask about the COVID-19 pandemic and how parents answer them. This survey included responses from a national sample of 349 predominantly white parents of children between the ages of 3 and 12 recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk in United States. Parents reported that although children asked about COVID-19 and its causes (17.3%), children asked primarily about lifestyle changes that occurred as a result of the pandemic (24.0%) and safety (18.4%). Parents reported answering these questions by emphasizing that the purpose of different preventative measures was to protect the child (11.8%) or the family (42.7%) and providing reassurance (13.3%). Many parents discussed how it was their social responsibility to slow the spread of the virus (38.4%). Parents of younger children tended to shield them from information about COVID-19 (p = .038), while parents with more knowledge were more likely to provide explanations (p < .001). Our analysis shows that families not only discuss information about the virus but also information about changes to their lifestyle, preventative measures, and social norms.
An Empirical Analysis of Firms that Meet or Exceed Analysts' Earnings Forecasts

We study the characteristics of firms that consistently meet or exceed analysts' expectations over a long time period spanning multiple quarters (MEET firms). We find that MEET firms are more likely to be firms with higher growth, a pattern of increasing earnings, a larger analyst following, lower forecast dispersion among analysts, and greater earnings stability. We also find that the price-earnings multiple is on average higher for profit MEET firms, conditional on other known cross-sectional determinants of price-earnings relationships such as growth, leverage, and a pattern of increasing earnings. The MEET firms that are most likely to have guided analysts in our sample are systematically different in growth and performance characteristics relative to (i) firms that are less likely to engage in such behavior, and (ii) NONMEET firms. Our results suggest that the market discerns and discounts such expectations management behavior.
The Medical Education of Generation Y.

Medical schools face challenges preparing students to meet evolving health-care needs in society. However, little has changed in the way that education is delivered to aspiring health professionals [1]. The in-class lectures continuing in the majority of classrooms across the country do not acknowledge the unique proclivities of the current crop of medical students. An explanation of this observation is gleaned by understanding the fundamental attributes of the current generation of medical trainees. Educational research in schools outside of medicine demonstrates that students with different learner characteristics will value instructional measures in relation to the way they suit their own habits, ideas, and preferences of learning well [2]. To be effective, teaching styles have to take into account learning styles [3]. Therefore, instructional measures should address learner beliefs to improve the quality of student learning [2]. Our paper responds to the need to examine the impact of social and motivational variables in learning. Specially, we sought to understand the implications of generational differences in medical education, and how medical education can consciously evolve to accommodate the learning styles of current trainees.
Immunomodulation by Growth Hormone in Humans

The role of growth hormone in the establishment and maintenance of the immune system of animals has been well documented. Beginning with the demonstration of involution of the thymus gland following hypophysectomy,1 many studies have shown diminished immune functions in hypophysectomized animals that were reversible by growth hormone administration.2–8 Growth hormone has also been reported to stimulate DNA synthesis and c-myc proto-oncogene expression9 as well as superoxide anion production10,11 in hypophysectomized rats.
Exploring Pseudomonas syringae Ecology via Direct Microscopic Observations of the Leaf Surface

While the factors affecting the relative abundance of bacterial populations have been addressed for entire leaves or plants, little is know about how they affect the density and spatial distribution of micro-organisms at small scales corresponding to their size. The development of new approaches that combine molecular biological tools with light microscopy techniques has enabled us to extend our scale of investigation of epiphytic communities to small scales and has revealed unanticipated features of leaf surface microbial communities. We examined Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B728a inoculated onto bean leaves. Cells genetically marked with genes conferring fluorescent proteins of different colours were visualised using epifluorescence microscopy directly on leaf surfaces. Cell viability was also assessed following propidium iodide staining. Bacterial cells are not randomly distributed on the leaf surface but occur in a wide range of cluster sizes. Large cell aggregates are not frequent on a given leaf but often account for the majority of the cells present. Aggregated cells are much more capable of tolerating desiccation stress on leaves than solitary cells and the preferential survival of cells in aggregates promotes a highly clustered spatial distribution of bacteria on leaves. The fate of immigrant cells depends on both anatomical features of the leaf and the number of resident cells at their landing site. The relatively low occurrence of mixed species aggregates on leaves reveals that bacterial colonisation of leaves is characterised by a high level of spatial segregation and direct bacterial interactions between two populations is limited to only those few cells in direct contact. Description of the spatial distribution of epiphytic bacteria at small scales corresponding to their size has provided us with important biological and ecological information on processes enabling growth and survival of epiphytes and their interactions on leaf surfaces.
A Fast Bundle-based Anytime Algorithm for Poker and other Convex Games

Convex games are a natural generalization of matrix (normal-form) games that can compactly model many strategic interactions with interesting structure. We present a new anytime algorithm for such games that leverages fast best-response oracles for both players to build a model of the overall game. This model is used to identify search directions; the algorithm then does an exact minimization in this direction via a specialized line search. We test the algorithm on a simplified version of Texas Hold’em poker represented as an extensive-form game. Our algorithm approximated the exact value of this game within $0.20 (the maximum pot size is $310.00) in a little over 2 hours, using less than 1.5GB of memory; finding a solution with comparable bounds using a state-of-theart interior-point linear programming algorithm took over 4 days and 25GB of memory.
The Instrument of Terror: Some Thoughts on Comparative Historiography, White Rural Unofficial Violence, and Segregation in South Africa and the American South

This paper underscores that so far comparative historians of segregation have largely neglected a detailed examination of extra-legal violence in the two countries. The use of violence by relatively powerful white elites against and on behalf of the state has been a central but inchoate feature of the histories of South Africa and the United States. Once the two societies were founded as white settler states, no century passed without some major flashpoint becoming the defining event or process of the era.
Insights from the Baldrige Award Item-Level Blinded Applicant Scoring Data

This paper examines the item-level applicant scoring data of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award from 1991 to 2006, which were released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology...
The permanent effects of innovation on financial depth

Abstract This paper examines links between innovation in the US intermediating sector and financial deepening from 1872–1929. Technical progress is modeled in a credit-rationing framework with limited liability as an enhanced ability of intermediaries to monitor loan recipients. This allows an innovating lender to earn temporary rents by lowering loan rates and inducing firms with higher repayment prospects to apply. Rents persist until others adopt the improvement and competition for loanable funds raises the deposit rate. Subsequent deposits ensure that more funds are channeled to projects of higher average quality. The link between the loan–deposit spread and financial deepening implied by the model is then examined in an unobservable components framework. The finding that permanent reductions of 1% in the spread of New York banks are associated with increases in financial depth that range from 1.7% to nearly 4% is consistent with a role for efficiency improvements in the rapid financial deepening that characterized the pre-1930 US economy.
An Investigation of Wear Mechanisms for Transfer Films in an In Situ Self-Replenishing Tribosystem

While continuum-based approximations have had success modeling tribosystems with thick film powder flows, they do not predict the behavior of thin powder transfer films which can be worn away from the asperity region during mixed lubrication. This is especially the case for in situ self-replenishing transfer films in the form of compacted solids which are set up to undergo deposition and depletion simultaneously. Although control volume models have been developed to describe this type of tribosystem, very little is known about the wear mechanisms that govern the transfer film in sliding contact. The problem is highlighted through the sudden breakdown of the lubricant film which inevitably leads to interfacial starvation. This study examines evidence that will lead to a fundamental description of the deposition and depletion of powder transfer films by leveraging abrasive wear theory. Justification for this theory is provided by examining the relationship between the coefficient of friction (COF), wear rate, and atomic force microscope (AFM) images of wear interfaces; so that a more accurate model of an in situ self-replenishing solid lubrication process may be constructed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Some remarks on a radiating solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations

Mathematically speaking, we might define a spacetime as a pair (M,gab), consisting of a 4-dimensional connected Hausdorff differentiable manifold M, together with a differentlable pseudo-Riemannian metric gab of signature (4----) on M. [i] In General Relativity, one does not usually study all such objects but instead employs a criterion to select spacetimes of physical interest. In order to state one of Einstein's criteria, we require some notational conventions: V a denotes the unique covariant derivative satisfying Vagbc = O. The Riemann tensor associated with Va is defined by
Stability of corneal polarization axis measurements for scanning laser polarimetry

Abstract Objective Corneal polarization axis (CPA) has been reported to affect retardation measurements obtained with scanning laser polarimetry. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the longitudinal stability of CPA measurements. Design Prospective, noncomparative case series. Participants Persons with normal corneas were enrolled; eyes with less than 1 year of follow-up from the initial CPA measurement were excluded. Intervention We constructed a noninvasive slit-lamp–mounted device incorporating two crossed linear polarizers and an optical retarder to measure the slow axis of corneal birefringence, or CPA. Main outcome measures Corneal polarization axis measurements. Results Seventy-one eyes of 40 individuals (23 female, 17 male) were enrolled in this investigation (mean age, 42.9 ± 13.6 years; range, 22–85 years). Initial CPA measurements (mean, 24.0 ± 18.0° nasally downward; range, 67° downward to 13° nasally upward) were strongly associated (R 2 = 0.88; P 2 = 0.1; P = 0.009), but not associated with age (R 2 = 0.0003; P = 0.9) or gender (R 2 = 0.03; P = 0.2). Conclusions Corneal polarization axis measurements have good 1-year stability. These data suggest that CPA should not contribute significantly to longitudinal measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness obtained with scanning laser polarimetry.
Situational Awareness: a Cornerstone of Operational Excellence in Space

Operating in space is, at best, a risky business. Given that it is fraught with peril, the goal of operational excellence is not just a nice-to-have objective; it becomes a mandatory, albeit unwritten, requirement. Does this mean we have to command our spacecraft flawlessly or that every maneuver imparts an exactly predictable amount of delta-V? Obviously not, but it does mean striving to be error free in commanding and trying to reduce the variance of our maneuvers as much as possible. It is an attitude in our behavior as much as it is an exactitude in our performance. A number of factors, training, experience, education, and so forth, contribute to our behavior and performance, but the one that provides the essential foundation is maintenance of situational awareness.
Managing and Reproducing Colour Images (MARCI)

The emergence of colour fax machines, colour digital copiers and digital electronic still photographic cameras has accustomed people in many businesses to consider the usage of colour in a wide variety of applications. For all the advances in the technologies of document scanners, monitors and printers, there remain fundamental differences in how various devices create, manipulate and reproduce colour. The IBM PRGS Toronto Laboratory CAS project Managing and Reproducing Colour Images (MARCI) addresses the problems of controlling colour throughout a network of diverse input and output devices. This paper describes the goals and objectives of the project, the MARCI system and software application, and gives the status of the relevant component technologies as developed in the system. Issues facing MARCI are described, as are future directions for development of the system.
Predicting Illness-Related Outcomes with FCB-TI Trait Pairs

The Formal Characteristics of Behavior–Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI; Strelau & Zawadzki, 1993, 1995a) evolved from the Pavlovian CNS typology, which emphasizes the “formal” (energetic and temporal) aspects of behavior. Research suggests that the scales of the FCB-TI – Briskness (BR), Endurance (EN), Sensory Sensitivity (SS), Perseveration (PE), Activity (AC), and Emotional Reactivity (ER) – should predict illness-related variables. We examined the ability of PE to account for somatic anxiety and self-reported illness/injury item endorsement in 1,824 individuals. The analyses went beyond an examination of the predictive powers of PE alone by focusing on the nonadditive effects of PE in two-trait interactions (e.g., PE × SS, PE × ER). Regression analyses indicated that PE accounted for significant variance in somatic anxiety, while interactions of PE with other FCB-TI traits accounted for significant variance in total illness reports as well as common illness and inflammations. The interaction of PE × SS w...
Compensatory Regulation of Two Closely Related Hemoglobin Loci in CHIRONOMUS TENTANS.

ABSTRACT Regulatory mutants in the hemoglobin system of Chironomus larvae can be detected by shifts in the relative quantity of specific components among the 10-12 mixed monomers. One such mutant, at or near a hemoglobin structural locus in the right tip of chromosome 3, greatly increases the quantity of that minor hemoglobin and greatly diminishes the quantity of the hemoglobin normally most abundant. Heterozygotes for the mutant are quantitatively intermediate, suggesting a transcriptional basis.—Structural similarities of the two hemoglobins indicate a close evolutionary relationship, and their interdependent but non-coordinate regulation is interpreted as competition for a common factor which functions in transcription. If evolutionary duplication of both structural genes and promotors is assumed, this factor may be a sigma subunit of RNA polymerase which recognizes similar but non-identical promotor regions. Parallels in the compensatory control of human hemoglobins are described.
Tritium labeling of the local anesthetic tetracaine via a polyhalogenated precursor

Tetracaine was brominated to provide a convenient precursor employed in a catalytic tritiation yielding [3H] tetracaine.
Argon vs. Neodymium YAG Laser Photocoagulation of Experimental Canine Gastric Ulcers

A neodymium YAG (Nd:YAG) laser was evaluated in a dog ulcer model used in the same manner as is recommended for bleeding patients (power 55 W, divergence angle 4 degrees, with CO2 gas-jet assistance). The experiments were performed during sterile laparotomy in heparinized dogs. Bleeding gastric ulcers were photocoagulated until bleeding stopped and then examined histologically 7 days later when depth of tissue injury was maximal. In the first series of experiments, the Nd:YAG laser was compared with the 7-W argon laser in the same dogs. Both lasers stopped bleeding from all experimental ulcers. The 55-W Nd:YAG laser caused full-thickness injury to the gastric wall beneath 11 of the 14 treated ulcers, whereas the 7-W argon laser caused no full-thickness injury beneath 14 treated ulcers. In a second series of experiments, we tried to determine whether varying exposure times with the 55-W Nd:YAG laser would make it less injurious; it did not. In a third series of experiments, the 55-W Nd:YAG laser was tested with and without CO2 gas-jet assistance in order to determine if this would affect the depth of injury; it did not. In the final series of experiments, the wattage of the Nd:YAG laser was varied to see if this would reduce depth of injury; lower wattage did not stop bleeding, and intermediate and higher wattages did stop bleeding but did not reduce depth of injury. We conclude that the 55-W Nd:YAG laser as it is currently used clinically produces deeper tissue damage than the argon laser in our animal model. This damage is not reduced by changes in power, duration of exposure, or the presence of gas-jet assistance.
CREATING AN ENGINEERING ACADEMIC FORMULAS LIST

This study presents a partial replication of the Academic Formulas List (AFL) project (Ellis, Simpson-Vlach & Maynard 2008). The objective of the present study was to identify a corpus derived, pedagogically useful list of formulaic sequences for technical writing in engineering, called the Engineering Academic Formulas List (EAFL) by triangulating corpus metrics with engineering instructors’ insights. This list of formulas was created using the following criteria: (1) highly frequent, recurrent formulas that were extracted from a 1 million word corpus of published engineering research articles, which (2) occurred significantly more often in the engineering corpus than a corpus of 1.5 million words of general academic discourse, and (3) appeared in a wide range of engineering subfields and publications. Approximately 765 formulas fit these criteria (e.g., a function of the). Next, to determine which of these formulas were most pedagogically useful, 12 graduate level engineering teaching assistants rated whether the formulas extracted from the expert texts were worth teaching to newcomers to the engineering disciplinary discourse community (Hyland 2004, 2015) on a Likert scale from 1 (disagree) to 6 (agree). The highest ranked formulas were compiled into a final list of 99 formulas and categorized according to their discursive function: referential expressions (e.g., at room temperature), stance expressions (e.g., assumed to be) and discourse organizing expressions (e.g., results indicate that) (Biber et al 2004). A correlation analysis reveals associations between the highest ranked formulas, their frequency in the corpus and their mutual information scores. These findings contribute to engineering-specific writing instruction and learning by providing a list of pedagogically useful formulas. Further, they provide a contribution to the English for Specific Purposes movement with a methodology that can easily be replicated to create lists of other discipline-specific vocabulary. We conclude this report with pedagogical recommendations and future research directions.
Model-independent Insights into the Nature of the Lyα Forest and the Distribution of Matter in the Universe

Straightforward physical arguments are used to derive the properties of Lyα forest absorbers. It is shown that many aspects of the current physical picture of the forest, in particular the fact that the absorption arises in extended structures of moderate overdensities that contain a large fraction of the baryons in the universe, can be derived directly from the observations without making any specific assumptions about the presence and distribution of dark matter, the values of the cosmological parameters, or the mechanism for structure formation. The key argument is that along any line of sight intersecting a gravitationally confined gas cloud, the size of the region over which the density is of order the maximum density, is typically of order the local Jeans length. This is true for overdense absorbers, regardless of the shape of the cloud and regardless of whether the cloud as a whole is in dynamical equilibrium. The simple analytic model is used to derive the mass distribution of the photoionized gas directly from the observed column density distribution. It is demonstrated that the shape of the column density distribution, in particular the observed deviations from a single power law, and its evolution with redshift, reflect the shape of the matter distribution and can be understood in terms of the growth of structure via gravitational instability in an expanding universe.
Do tree ring chronologies have missing rings that distort volcanic cooling signal?: Tree ring records not distorted by missing rings

Tree ring records are often used as a proxy for past climate. Trees form a new growth ring each year, and ring widths are related to temperature and other conditions at cold sites. Some recent studies have noted that tree ring width chronologies and resulting climate reconstructions do not appear to show the widespread cooling in the past millennium that would be expected following large volcanic eruptions. One hypothesis suggests that regional cooling after a volcanic eruption could be so severe that many trees do not form a ring at all, which leads researchers to misdate the tree ring chronology.
Spectra and structure of organogermanes—XXIII. Infrared and Raman spectra of methylgermyl isothiocyanate

Abstract The mid-i.r. spectra (3200–500 cm−1) of gaseous and solid methylgermyl isocyanate and two of its isotopic derivatives, CH3GeD2NCO and CD3GeH2NCO, as well as the far-i.r. spectra of the solids, have been recorded. The Raman spectra of the liquid and solid phases have also been obtained, and a relatively complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on the i.r. band contours, Raman depolarization values, group frequencies, and isotopic shifts. A number of depolarized Raman lines are observed which indicate that the GeNC angle is either pseudolinear or the NCO group is eclipsing the methyl carbon atom. In the spectra of the solids, most of the fundamentals were observed as doublets, which is indicative of at least two molecules per primitive cell. No evidence for the existence of more than one conformer at ambient temperature could be found in the vibrational spectra of the gas or liquid. The results of this study are compared with the corresponding data of similar molecules.
Growth and doping of SiC-thin films on low-stress, Amorphous Si 3 N 4 /Si substrates for robust microelectromechanical systems applications

The N2-doped 3C-SiC thin films have been grown by low-pressure, chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) on amorphous Si3N4/p-Si (111) substrates using the single, organosilane-precursor trimethylsilane [(CH3)3SiH]. The effects of N2 flow rate and growth temperature on the electrical properties of SiC films were investigated by Hall-effect measurements. The electron-carrier concentration is between 1017-1018/cm3. The lowest resistivities at 400 K and 300 K are 1.12 × 10-2 and 1.18 × 10-1 cm, respectively. The corresponding sheet resistances are 75.02 Ω/□ and 790.36 Ω/□. The SiC film structure was studied by x-ray diffraction. The 3C-SiC films oriented in the 〈111〉 direction with a 2θ peak at 35.5° and line widths between 0.18-0.25° were obtained. The SiC/Si3N4 interface is very smooth and free of voids. The fabrication of microelectromechanical (MEMS) structures incorporating the SiC films is discussed.
Exploratory studies on reactions of cobaloxime π-cations with C-nucleophiles: Irreversible alkene decomplexation versus nucleophilic capture

(β-Hydroxyalkyl)- and (β-acetoxyalkyl)cobaloximes can undergo facile acid-catalyzed β-heteroatom exchange with oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles in an SN1-like mechanism via cationic metal−alkene π-complex intermediates (cobaloxime π-cations). The reaction of cobaloxime π-cations with carbon nucleophiles has not been previously reported. The results reported in this paper demonstrate that cobaloxime π-cations are reasonably good electrophiles. They are sufficiently reactive to add to the electron-rich sp2 centers in allyltrimethylsilane and pyrrole. A major side reaction for intermolecular reactions is irreversible alkene decomplexation. An intramolecular pyrrole cyclization (22 to 23, 83% yield) significantly raised the yield for nucleophilic addition compared to that of the analogous intermolecular couplings (12b to 13b, 32% yield and 17 to 18, 29% yield). The results of these studies provide a foundation for the design and evaluation of modified cobalt ligands with the goal of suppressing alkene decompl...
Hypertonic saline for cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure.

The use of HS solutions has been shown to reduce ICP both in animal models and in human studies in a variety of underlying disorders, even in cases refractory to treatment with hyperventilation and mannitol. There are several possible mechanisms of action, and important complications such as central pontine myelinolysis and intracranial hemorrhage have not been reported in the human studies. Different types of HS solutions with different methods of infusion (bolus and continuous) have been used in the past, and so far there are not enough data to recommend one concentration over another. Many issues remain to be clarified, including the exact mechanism of action of HS, the best mode of administration and HS concentration to be given, and the relative efficacy of HS vis-a-vis available treatments, particularly mannitol.
Fostering Healthy Lifestyles in the African American Population

Approximately 8.3% of the U.S. population (25.8 million people) is affected by type 2 diabetes. The burden of diabetes is disproportionately greater in the African American community. Compared with non-Hispanic Caucasian adults, the risk of diagnosed type 2 diabetes was 77% higher among non-Hispanic Blacks, who are 27% more likely to die of diabetes complications than either Caucasians or Hispanics. The purpose of this longitudinal community intervention was to promote healthy lifestyles among African American participants through multiple channels, including individualized point-of-testing counseling, and weekly exercise and nutrition classes led by trained community health mentors. Data collection procedures were guided by the World Health Organization's STEPS approach, which includes gathering demographic and health information, collecting anthropometric measurements, and analyzing biochemical blood work. Changes in body mass index were assessed from in-person measurements and changes in blood lipids and glucose were examined by biochemical analyses. A total of 157 individuals participated in this study. Results showed that weight gain during the intervention was prevented, glucose levels decreased (-10.88 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (-8.8 mg/dL), while high-density lipoprotein increased (+3.2 mg/dL). Lifestyle interventions and point-of-testing counseling can be successful in reducing risk factors for type 2 diabetes among the African American population. The results of this intervention indicate that the use of community health mentors and point-of-testing counseling may be effective in fostering healthy lifestyle changes, which can halt the progression of type 2 diabetes among non-Hispanic Black populations.
Hysteresis and export targeting

Abstract A direct and largely untested implication of hysteresis concerns the extent of market entering and leaving in response to large movements in exchange rates. This note examines, for 359 4-digit U.S. SIC industries, data on the distribution of U.S. exports by country of destination (a proxy for the number of markets served) from 1978 to 1987 and relates changes in these distributions to overall exchange rate movements. We seek to explain differences in the response across industries on the basis of differences in sunk costs. The empirical results are generally consistent with the hysteresis approach. While in periods of general dollar depreciation firms spread exports more widely across foreign markets, this effect is seen to be limited in industries with relatively large distribution and media advertising costs, for which much of the costs of establishing export networks may be sunk.
The electrogenerative partial oxidation of propylene

Abstract The electrogenerative allylic oxidation of propylene to acrolein and acrylic acid has been demonstrated on a palladium anode in a 25% phosphoric acid fuel cell. Open circuit cell potentials of 0.6 V and current densities as high as 5 mA cm−2 have been obtained but electrode inhibition results in a lower steady state current density of about 2 mA cm−. Selectivity to one particular product was poor and the influence of temperature and anode potential on product distribution remains unclear.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and nonhydraulic signaling of soil drying in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

We examined the influence of Glomus intraradices on nonhydraulic signaling of soil drying, in a drought-avoiding plant having stomates that are extremely sensitive to changes in soil moisture. Cowpea [Vigna un guiculata (L.) Walp. 'White Acre'] seedlings were grown in a greenhouse with root systems split between two pots. The 2×3×2 experimental design included two levels of mycorrhizal colonization (presence or absence of Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith UT143), three levels of phosphorus fertilization within each mycorrhizal treatment and two levels of water (both pots watered or one pot watered, one pot allowed to dry). Stomatal conductance was mostly similar in fully watered mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal controls. However, g s of half-dried, nonmycorrhizal plants was reduced on fewer days and to a lesser extent than g s of half-dried, mycorrhizal plants, perhaps related to quicker soil drying in mycorrhizal pots. The partial soil drying treatment had little effect on leaf relative water content or osmotic potential, indicating that declines in g s and leaf growth were induced by some nonhydraulic factor. Leaf growth was inhibited only in nonmycorrhizal plants, evidently due to a difference in phosphorus nutrition between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. The mycorrhizal effect on g s was not associated with phosphorus nutrition. Inhibition of g s was directly related to extent of soil drying, while inhibition of leaf growth was inversely related to extent of soil drying.
DNA Deformability as a Recognition Feature in the RevErb Response Element

Most nuclear receptors recognize the same consensus hexameric sequence, AGGTCA. An important question has been how the various members of this transcription factor family distinguish identity features in these closely related DNA sites. We determined structures from several crystal forms of the RevErb−DNA complex and analyzed the patterns of protein−DNA interactions and DNA distortions. We found a significant and consistent DNA distortion at a TA step directly preceding the first consensus 5‘-AGGTCA-3‘ recognition sequence. Importantly, while this base-pair sequence is associated with RevErb's high-affinity sites, there are no sequence-specific contacts formed with the protein. Our study shows that RevErb relies instead on the intrinsic geometry and flexibility of this TA site to make the required fit between the proteins' independent major groove and minor groove binding interactions, which occur on both sides of the TA step. Our findings extend the description of response element discrimination to inclu...
The Role of the Mass Communication System in Natural and Technological Disasters and Possible Extrapolation to Terrorism Situations

Much is known, from systematic social science research done over the last 50 years, about the role and activity of the mass communication system (MCS) in natural and technological disasters. Among other things, studies have shown, first, that the MCS is a subworld of its own (with distinctive norms, values and beliefs not shared with the larger society), and second, that this system does not simply mirror or reflect the world. However, the greatest specific knowledge exists about local community MCS. We summarize a dozen generalizations about the local reporting of disaster news, and then ask the question: to what extent would they be operative in the MCS approach to terrorism? It seems that there would be both similarities and differences, which have to be taken into account in any kind of crisis planning.
Community leaders' perspectives on engaging African Americans in biobanks and other human genetics initiatives.

There is limited information about what African Americans think about biobanks and the ethical questions surrounding them. Likewise, there is a gap in capacity to successfully enroll African Americans as biobank donors. The purposes of this community-based participatory study were to: (a) explore African Americans’ perspectives on genetics/genomic research, (b) understand facilitators and barriers to participation in such studies, and (c) enlist their ideas about how to attract and sustain engagement of African Americans in genetics initiatives. As the first phase in a mixed methods study, we conducted four focus groups with 21 African American community leaders in one US Midwest city. The sample consisted of executive directors of community organizations and prominent community activists. Data were analyzed thematically. Skepticism about biomedical research and lack of trust characterized discussions about biomedical research and biobanks. The Tuskegee Untreated Syphilis Study and the Henrietta Lacks case influenced their desire to protect their community from harm and exploitation. Connections between genetics and family history made genetics/genomics research personal, pitting intrusion into private affairs against solutions. Participants also expressed concerns about ethical issues involved in genomics research, calling attention to how research had previously been conducted in their community. Participants hoped personalized medicine might bring health benefits to their people and proposed African American communities have a “seat at the table.” They called for basic respect, authentic collaboration, bidirectional education, transparency and prerogative, and meaningful benefits and remuneration. Key to building trust and overcoming African Americans’ trepidation and resistance to participation in biobanks are early and persistent engagement with the community, partnerships with community stakeholders to map research priorities, ethical conduct of research, and a guarantee of equitable distribution of benefits from genomics discoveries.
Carnitine (vitamin B t) as a nutritional requirement for the confused flour beetle.

THIS is a preliminary report on experiments now in progress to determine the nutritive requirements of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval.
INCENTIVE CONTRACTING IN MENTAL HEALTH: STATE AND LOCAL RELATIONS

One of the problems of mental health care in the 1970s and 1980s is “dollars not following patients”. One factor contributing to this alleged mismatch in funds is that many states have provided public mental hospital services to localities as a free good. In an effort to reduce the use of state mental hospitals, a number of states have recently introduced payment incentives. This paper presents a framework for considering the likely effects of these incentives.
Medical follow-up visits in adults 5-25 years after treatment for childhood acute leukaemia, lymphoma or Wilms' tumour.

Aim: One aspect of organizing medical follow-up for adult survivors of childhood cancer is to determine to what extent the former patient experiences a need for health services. In the present pape ...
Prebalanced and Balanced Sequences of Modules over Domains

Abstract Balanced and prebalanced exact sequences of abelian groups are intimately tied to the structure of Butler groups and have been used a great deal in this regard. Butler modules as well as torsion-free modules over integral domains receive a lot of attention and we feel it is necessary to explore the notions of balanced and prebalanced in a more general setting. As a consequence of our results, we are able to provide a new characterization of Butler modules over certain integral domains; examples of which include the subrings of algebraic number fields.
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR AN INTEGRAL PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR

Abstract Several vendors have recently been actively pursuing the development of integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs) that range in power levels from small to large reactors. Integral reactors have the features of minimum vessel penetrations, passive heat removal after reactor shutdown, and modular construction that allow fast plant integration and a secure fuel cycle. The features of an integral reactor limit the options for placing control and safety system instruments. The development of instrumentation and control (I&C) strategies for a large 1,000 MWe iPWR is described. Reactor system modeling—which includes reactor core dynamics, primary heat exchanger, and the steam flashing drum—is an important part of I&C development and validation, and thereby consolidates the overall implementation for a large iPWR. The results of simulation models, control development, and instrumentation features illustrate the systematic approach that is applicable to integral light water reactors.
The distinguishable electron method for electronic structure calculations

Abstract We present a new perturbation method for calculating electronic structure base on 1) intuitive choice of a non-symmetric H o and 2) application of a Van Vleck type of degenerate perturbation theory. The connection with Sinanoǧlu's pair formalism is developed.
BILINGUAL EDUCATION: A DIALOGUE WITH THE BAKHTIN CIRCLE. Marcia Moraes. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996. Pp. xii + 159. $39.50 cloth, $12.95 paper.

Marcia Moraes has made a contribution that will be of interest to many bilingual educators in the United States. Her book is an attempt to examine and critique contemporary bilingual education as it is generally conceptualized in the United States within the framework of a critical Marxian, poststructuralist perspective grounded in the work of Mikhail Bakhtin and Valentin Voloshinov. Thus, Bilingual education: A dialogue with the Bakhtin circle seeks to bring together two fields that have been, until this time, relatively unconnected. There is a great deal to be said for such undertakings, and both those interested in critical pedagogy and those involved in bilingual education have much to learn from one another.
PHOTOPHYSICAL PROBES FOR MONITORING THE ELECTRIC FIELD/MICROPOLARITY WITHIN THE FAUJASITE SUPERCAGE

— The micropolariry of the supercages of zeolites is a reflection of the electric field provided by the cations present within them. The notion of polarity within the cages of X and Y zeolite does not have precisely the same meaning as in solution. In this study, pyrene, pyrenealdehyde, and para-dimethylaminobenzonitrile have been used as photophysical probes to monitor the polarity of the zeolite interior. With pyrenealdehyde and para-dimethylaminobenzonitrile the supercage wherein the probe is expected to reside is more polar or possesses a higher electric field when the cation is Li or Na. The polarity/electric field of the supercage decreases with cation size (Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs) and the supercage is more polar in the case of X zeolites than in Y zeolites. The results with pyrene are generally consistent with those with the other two probes. However, pyrene is unable to sense the difference between Li. Na and other cations.
Lysophospholipids as biosurfactants.

Abstract Lysophospholipids are surface-active amphiphiles generated naturally in biological membranes by the action of phospholipases. These surfactants contain only one long chain fatty acyl group and therefore have much higher critical micelle concentrations than the parent phospholipids. While the physical properties of phospholipids have been studied extensively, the unique physical behavior of lysophospholipids is only now being studied in detail. Information gained from such studies is necessary for the appropriate design and interpretation of experiments involving these lipids. The current body of data on the self-assembly and polymorphic phase behavior of lysophospholipids is summarized and the relation of the physical properties of lysophospholipids to observed biological properties is discussed. Specific examples of how the activity of a human amnionic lysophospholipase is affected by the physical state of the lysophospholipid substrate such as its CMC, acyl chain length and position are reported.
Subspecies and the philosophy of science

ABSTRACT Phylogenetic methods increasingly are brought to bear on questions of subspecies taxonomy, but several recent examples highlight the need for a clear and consistent philosophical approach to how genetic data are used to assess subspecies limits. Such standards are crucial conceptually, whether or not taxonomic decisions affect conservation decisions, as they might in a recent study focused on the California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica), a taxon currently protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. It is also crucial that any adopted framework allows each of a full range of alternatives to be either supported or rejected. In this spirit, in addition to recommending best practices, I propose an amendment to the phylogenetic species concept to include a subspecies category.
Thyroid hormone effects on the proton permeability of rat liver mitochondria

The effect of thyroid status on passive permeability of liver mitochondrial inner membrane was studied in euthyroid (EU), hyperthyroid (HYPER), hypothyroid (HYPO) rats and hypothyroid rats treated with a single dose of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (HYPO + T3). Respiration was titrated with uncoupler and plotted against uncoupler concentration to calculate proton permeability. The passive permeability was the same in EU, HYPER, and HYPO + T3 rats, but was significantly lower in HYPO mitochondria. The State IV respiration rates were the same as the oligomycin-inhibited rats for EU, HYPO and HYPO + T3 rats, but in HYPER rats the oligomycin rate was less than the State IV rate. The data show that hypothyroid mitochondria have decreased permeability of the inner membrane which can be normalized by a single dose of T3. Hyperthyroid mitochondria show increased oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity in State IV, a possible mechanism of the enhanced respiratory rate.
Distributed by Design: On the Promises and Pitfalls of Collaborative Learning with Multiple Representations

This article presents a designed learning environment intended to engage students in learning about the relationships among multiple representations as they work together on a shared task. Over the course of several extended problem-solving sessions, groups developed several successive alignments of participants and representations as they learned to solve increasingly difficult tasks. Our findings highlight the emergent and often unexpected meanings that learners established for representational tools as their groups reorganized into increasingly effective problem-solving ensembles. Our findings echo those of prior research regarding learners' considerable competence and creativity in interpreting and applying distributed representational tools, as well as the careful coordination among learners involved in establishing and acting on those interpretations. Challenges in this design space include instances in our data where students capitalized on connections among representations without really trying to...
Influence of the lattice and electronic factors on the hydrogenation properties of the RNi5-base (R is a rare earth) haucke compounds: Results of low temperature heat capacity measurements

Abstract The low temperature heat capacities (1 – 20 K) and the hydrogen absorption properties of some ternary Haucke compounds — LaNi5−xAlx (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.5), LaNi5−xPtx (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 5) and La1−xThxNi5 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1)—were investigated to examine any correlation between the ability of these compounds to absorb hydrogen and their physical properties, e.g. their electronic structure and elastic properties. The density of states at the Fermi level has a minimum near x = 1 in LaNi5−xAlx. The electronic specific heat constants of LaNi5−xPtx decrease in a smooth fashion as the concentration of nickel decreases. La1−xThxNi5 alloys, however, only exhibit a slight change in their electronic specific heat constants. The low temperature heat capacities were also measured for the hydrides of these compounds. The electronic specific heat constant γ and the Debye temperature θD of the LaNi5−xAlxHy phase do not change as drastically, relative to the corresponding LaNi5−xAlx phase, as those for the RH2 compounds change relative to the corresponding pure metal R. This is probably caused by filling of the new bonding states formed in these compound hydrides with the added electrons of hydrogen.
First and Last Words: Reconsidering the Title of The Summer Before the Dark

Abstract As the first words of a text, the title sets the stage for our reading and interpretation of the words that follow. Some readers who see the ending of Doris Lessing's The Summer Before the Dark as predicting a dark future for Kate Brown seem to have taken their cue from these primary textual words. Alison Lurie, for example, calls Kate's return home to her unfaithful husband and ungrateful children “a puzzling unsatisfactory conclusion.” She asserts that “both this fatalistic ending and the title seem to suggest that for most women there is no escape from the prison constructed for them by society and their own sexual vulnerability” (18).1 Because the title and the ending seem to support this pessimistic view, critics who see the novel as more optimistic have found it necessary to reconcile their interpretations with the title.