cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mice Lacking Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors Have Spatial Working Memory Deficits

Mice deficient for dopamine D2 and D3receptors exhibit blunted c- fos responses to D1 agonist stimulation. Stereologic cell counting revealed decreased numbers of medial prefrontal cortex neurons that express Fos immunoreactivity in all layers, particularly in the prelimbic and anterior cingulate subregions. Pretreatment of these mutants with a single, low dose of methamphetamine (METH) led to a sustained increase in the number of neurons that express Fos immunoreactivity in response to a D1 agonist challenge, which was most significant in prelimbic and anterior cingulate subregions. The increased c- fos responses reached wild-type-like levels in METH-pretreated D2 mutants but remained submaximal in METH-pretreated D3 mutants. Additional studies tested the performance of wild type and mutants in a delayed alternation test, a cognitive task critically dependent on optimal activation of prefrontal cortical D1 receptors by synaptically released dopamine. Both D2 and D3 mutants exhibited deficits in their spatial working memory, with increasing impairments at increasing delays. Whereas METH pretreatment rescued the spatial working memory of D2 mutants, it had no effect on D3 mutants. These data suggest that the sustained improvement of spatial working memory in METH-pretreated D2 mutants is attributable to D1 receptor-mediated mechanisms.
Voices from the Classroom: Experiences of Teachers of Deaf Students with Additional Disabilities

The purpose of this research is to investigate experiences of K-12 classroom teachers of deaf students with additional disabilities. Today, more deaf and hard of hearing students are identified as having additional disabilities (Bruce, DiNatale & Ford, 2008; Ewing, 2011; Gallaudet Research Institute, 2011; Jones, Jones & Ewing, 2006; Mitchell & Karchmer, 2004); there is a need to explore ways of providing educational services to these students. Utilizing a phenomenological design, data were collected using survey questionnaires, focus groups and individual interviews. Several themes emerged, such as the typical school day, previous training, and continuous professional development. Understanding the experiences of the K- 12 teachers can provide valuable information for deaf education teacher preparation programs.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ULTRASOUND AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN 87 CATS WITH URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION

Urethral obstruction is a life-threatening form of feline lower urinary tract disease. Ultrasonographic risk factors for reobstruction have not been previously reported. Purposes of this retrospective cross-sectional study were to describe urinary tract ultrasound findings in cats following acute urethral obstruction and determine whether ultrasound findings were associated with reobstruction. Inclusion criteria were a physical examination and history consistent with urethral obstruction, an abdominal ultrasound including a full evaluation of the urinary system within 24 h of hospitalization, and no cystocentesis prior to ultrasound examination. Medical records for included cats were reviewed and presence of azotemia, hyperkalemia, positive urine culture, and duration of hospitalization were recorded. For medically treated cats with available outcome data, presence of reobstruction was also recorded. Ultrasound images were reviewed and urinary tract characteristics were recorded. A total of 87 cats met inclusion criteria. Common ultrasound findings for the bladder included echogenic urine sediment, bladder wall thickening, pericystic effusion, hyperechoic pericystic fat, and increased urinary echoes; and for the kidneys/ureters included pyelectasia, renomegaly, perirenal effusion, hyperechoic perirenal fat, and ureteral dilation. Six-month postdischarge outcomes were available for 61 medically treated cats and 21 of these cats had reobstruction. No findings were associated with an increased risk of reobstruction. Ultrasonographic perirenal effusion was associated with severe hyperkalemia (P = 0.009, relative risk 5.75, 95% confidence interval [1.54-21.51]). Findings supported the use of ultrasound as an adjunct for treatment planning in cats presented with urethral obstruction but not as a method for predicting risk of reobstruction.
Refinement of particle detection by the hybrid method in digital in-line holography

Digital in-line holography provides simultaneous particle size and three-dimensional position measurements. In general, the measurement accuracy varies locally, and tends to decrease where particles are closely spaced, due to noise resulting from diffraction by adjacent particles. Aggravating the situation is the identification of transversely adjoining particles as a single particle, which introduces significant errors in both size and position measurements. Here, we develop a refinement procedure that distinguishes such erroneous particles from accurately detected ones and further separates individual particles. Effectiveness of the refinement is characterized using simulations, experimental holograms of calibration fields, and a few practical applications to liquid breakup. Significant improvements in the accuracy of the measured particle sizes, positions, and displacements confirm the usefulness of the proposed method.
Simulation and model reduction for the Active Flexible Wing Program

The simulation methodology used in the Active Flexible Wing wind-tunnel test program is described. An overview of the aeroservoelastic modeling used in building the required batch and hot-bench simulations is presented. Successful hot-bench implementation required that the full mathematical model be significantly reduced while assuring that accuracy be maintained for all combinations of 10 inputs and 56 outputs. The reduction was accomplished by using a method based on internally balanced realizations and by focusing on the linear, aeroelastic portion of the full mathematical model. The error-bound properties of the internally balanced realization significantly contribute to its utility in the model reduction process. The reduction method and the results achieved are described.
Trapping and dynamical evolution of interplanetary dust particles in Earth’s quasi-satellite resonance

Abstract We used numerical simulations to model the orbital evolution of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) evolving inward past Earth’s orbit under the influence of radiation pressure, Poynting–Robertson light drag (PR drag), solar wind drag, and gravitational perturbations from the planets. A series of β values (where β is the ratio of the force from radiation pressure to that of central gravity) were used ranging from 0.0025 up to 0.02. Assuming a composition consistent with astronomical silicate and a particle density of 2.5 g cm −3 these β values correspond to dust particle diameters ranging from 200 μm down to 25 μm. As the dust particle orbits decay past 1 AU between 4% (for β = 0.02, or 25 μm) and 40% (for β = 0.0025, or 200 μm) of the population became trapped in 1:1 co-orbital resonance with Earth. In addition to traditional horseshoe type co-orbitals, we found about a quarter of the co-orbital IDPs became trapped as so-called quasi-satellites. Quasi-satellite IDPs always remain relatively near to Earth (within 0.1–0.3 AU, or 10–30 Hill radii, R H ) and undergo two close-encounters with Earth each year. While resonant perturbations from Earth halt the decay in semi-major axis of quasi-satellite IDPs their orbital eccentricities continue to decrease under the influence of PR drag and solar wind drag, forcing the IDPs onto more Earth-like orbits. This has dramatic consequences for the relative velocity and distance of closest approach between Earth and the quasi-satellite IDPs. After 10 4 –10 5 years in the quasi-satellite resonance dust particles are typically less than 10 R H from Earth and consistently coming within about 3 R H . In the late stages of evolution, as the dust particles are escaping the 1:1 resonance, quasi-satellite IDPs can have deep close-encounters with Earth significantly below R H . Removing the effects of Earth’s gravitational acceleration reveals that encounter velocities (i.e., velocities “at infinity”) between quasi-satellite IDPs and Earth during these close-encounters are just a few hundred meters per second or slower, well below the average values of 2–4 km s −1 for non-resonant Earth-crossing IDPs with similar initial orbits. These low encounter velocities lead to a factor of 10–100 increase in Earth’s gravitationally enhanced impact cross-section ( σ grav ) for quasi-satellite IDPs compared to similar non-resonant IDPs. The enhancement in σ grav between quasi-satellite IDPs and cometary Earth-crossing IDPs is even more pronounced, favoring accretion of quasi-satellite dust particles by a factor of 100–3000 over the cometary IDPs. This suggests that quasi-satellite dust particles may dominate the flux of large (25–200 μm) IDPs entering Earth’s atmosphere. Furthermore, because quasi-satellite trapping is known to be directly correlated with the host planet’s orbital eccentricity the accretion of quasi-satellite dust likely ebbs and flows on 10 5 year time scales synchronized with Earth’s orbital evolution.
Dietary sources of nitrite as a modulator of ischemia/reperfusion injury.

The nitrite anion is an endogenous product of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, a key intermediate in the nitrogen cycle in plants and bacteria, and a constituent of many foods. Research over the past 6 years has revealed a surprising biological and cytoprotective activity of this anion. Its ability to restore NO homeostasis throughout the physiological oxygen gradient in vivo has transformed this once-thought to be inert anion into a critical molecule in health and disease. Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major clinical problem worldwide. NO has been shown to be one of the most important molecules for the prevention of injury from I/R. Paradoxically, however, enzymatic NO formation from NO synthase (NOS) is inactive during conditions of inadequate oxygen and substrate delivery, such as in ischemia. Nitrite has emerged as a viable alternative source of NO under ischemic conditions. As nitrite is known to be derived not only from the oxidation of NO but also through diet, understanding nitrite metabolism and mechanisms of cytoprotection may offer novel and natural means to prevent disease or at least limit injury from an I/R event. Here, we review the current body of knowledge regarding dietary sources of nitrite and its modulation of cytoprotection in an I/R injury.
Special Issue of Computational Mechanics on Stabilized, Multiscale and Multiphysics Methods

The 13th Conference on finite elements for flow problems was held at the University of Wales Swansea, United Kingdom, April 4–6 2005. This special interest conference was supported by IACM and ECCOMAS, and it successfully brought together some of the leading authorities in the field to present and discuss the state-of-the-art research findings related to all aspects of computational fluid dynamics. This special issue is a collection of a selected group of papers that were presented in two mini-symposia: “Multiscale and Stabilized Finite Element Methods for Computational Fluid Dynamics” organized by A. Masud and T.J.R. Hughes, and “Fundamental and Enabling Technologies and Moving Boundaries and Interfaces” organized by T.E. Tezduyar and K. Kashiyama. The papers presented in these symposia covered various aspects of multiscale and stabilized finite element methods as applied to computational fluid dynamics and moving boundaries and interfaces,
Improved detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A by Endopep–MS through peptide substrate modification

Abstract Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of seven toxin serotypes that are the most toxic substances known to humans. Intoxication with BoNT causes flaccid paralysis and can lead to death if untreated with serotype-specific antibodies. Supportive care, including ventilation, may be necessary. Rapid and sensitive detection of BoNT is necessary for timely clinical confirmation of clinical botulism. Previously, our laboratory developed a fast and sensitive mass spectrometry (MS) method termed the Endopep–MS assay. The BoNT serotypes are rapidly detected and differentiated by extracting the toxin with serotype-specific antibodies and detecting the unique and serotype-specific cleavage products of peptide substrates that mimic the sequence of the BoNT native targets. To further improve the sensitivity of the Endopep–MS assay, we report here the optimization of the substrate peptide for the detection of BoNT/A. Modifications on the terminal groups of the original peptide substrate with acetylation and amidation significantly improved the detection of BoNT/A cleavage products. The replacement of some internal amino acid residues with single or multiple substitutions led to further improvement. An optimized peptide increased assay sensitivity 5-fold with toxin spiked into buffer solution or different biological matrices.
Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

We redescribe Iracema caiana, a monotypic genus of the gymnotiform electric fish family Rhamphichthyidae. Iracema is known only from the type series (holotype and three paratypes) collected from the rio Jauaperi, affluent to the rio Negro in the Amazon basin, and was never collected again. Previous morphological studies were limited to features of external morphology. To study the osteology of Iracema we examined two specimens of different sizes using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography, a non-invasive and non-destructive technique to visualize internal anatomical structures. We describe and illustrate the osteology of Iracema caiana, and present data on morphometrics and external morphology. Contrary to previous hypotheses we propose that Iracema is the sister group to Rhamphichthys based on four synapomorphies: intermuscular bones present in the adductor mandibulae, reticulated texture of opercles, fully ossified Baudelot's ligaments, and elongate scales above the lateral line in the posterior portion of the body.
Remarks on multiplicity and momentum distributions in e+e− collisions at W=14, 34, 55, 100 and 120 GeV

Abstract Remarks are made about a unified picture of multiparticle production in e + e − and hadron-hadron collisions, with extrapolations for momentum distributions of emitted particles in e + e − collisions at W =55 GeV (TRISTAN), 100 GeV (SLC) and 120 GeV (LEP).
X-ray observations of M33 with the high resolution imager on the Einstein Observatory

Three observations, separated by 6 months, of the Local Group galaxy M33 using the high resolution imager (HRI) on the Einstein Observatory are reported. Eight X-ray sources with luminosites ranging from 8 x 10 to the 36th to 1.2 x 10 to the 39th ergs/s have been detected. For seven of these sources, finding charts with positions accurate to less than 5 arcsec are provided. The X-ray properties and possible identifications are discussed for the eight HRI-detected sources and for two other sources, previously described by Long et al. (1981), for which upper limits are provided. It is found that most of the sources are associated with Population I markers. One source may be coincident with an optical supernova remnant. The most luminous source (by a factor of at least 25) is that associated with the optical nucleus. Because the X-ray flux from the nucleus decreased by a factor of 1/2 between the first and second observations, it is most likely that a single, compact object is responsible for the X-ray emission. It is possible that this source may be an active galactic nucleus, a massive binary X-ray source, or a low-mass X-ray binary such as are found in globular clusters within the Galaxy.
Hypotensive Effect of Ethacrynic Acid

Ethacrynic acid has been found to possess a similar antihypertensive action to the thiazide diuretics. The use of the two drugs together results in a greater fall in pressure than that obtained with either drug alone. When thiazide therapy is supplemented by ethacrynic acid and dietary restriction of sodium a substantial additional reduction in blood pressure averaging 48/18 mm. Hg was obtained.
Crossflow filtration in suspension-feeding fishes.

Rows of comb-like or tufted gill rakers in the oral cavity of suspension-feeding fishes (for example, herring, anchovies and tilapia) have been thought to serve as (1) non-porous barriers that direct particle-laden water to the sticky oral roof, where particles are retained as water exits from the oral cavity, (2) conventional dead-end filters that sieve particles from water exiting between rakers, or (3) sticky filters that retain particles encountered by a hydrosol filtration mechanism1,2,3,4,5,6. Here we present data from computational fluid dynamics and video endoscopy in suspension-feeding fish indicating that the rakers of three distantly related species function instead as a crossflow filter7,8. Particles are concentrated inside the oral cavity as filtrate exits between the rakers, but particles are not retained on the rakers. Instead, the high-velocity crossflow along the rakers carries particles away from the raker surfaces and transports the particles towards the oesophagus. This crossflow prevents particles from clogging the gaps between the rakers, and solves the mystery of particle transport from the rakers to the oesophagus.
Microstructural Changes and Estimated Strengthening Contributions in a Gamma Alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb Pack-Rolled Sheet (Preprint)

Abstract Thin sheets made of a gamma-titanium aluminide alloy, Ti–45Al–5Nb, produced by a pack-rolling process, were evaluated for microstructure variation and evolution taking place during aging and annealing treatments. The as-received sheet material was characterized by remarkably high yield strength, 810 MPa, and a complex bimodal microstructure. The microstructure consisted of a matrix of twinned gamma-phase grains and fine-lath lamellar grain microconstituent, together with a dispersed ultra-fine-grained gamma + alpha-2 mixture microconstituent. High-temperature isothermal aging treatments changed the microstructure to a stable mixture of gamma-phase grains (matrix) and coarse alpha-2-phase particles, having size distributions and volume fractions that were specific to the aging temperature. A concurrent strength loss reflects this trend and results in a stable strength level of 550 MPa upon aging at 1000 °C for 144 h. Using composition estimates from the phase-boundary shifts that occur from the Nb addition to a Ti–45Al base alloy and, the rule of mixtures, an analysis was made to show that the gamma-phase matrix has an intrinsic strength of 178 MPa. This is a significant intrinsic strength level, well over that of ∼70 MPa for the Ti–45Al binary alloy. This is rationalized as the solid-solution strengthening effect from shifts of the Ti and Nb levels in the gamma phase and, by an added effect due to increased oxygen solubility in the gamma phase. The overall strength of Ti–45Al–5Nb, however, is roughly the same as that of Ti–45Al, and this is explained by a drastic reduction in the volume fraction of alpha-2-phase in Ti–45Al–5Nb alloy, which is a result of the Nb-induced phase-boundary shifts.
Relationship between genetic variation in selected invertebrates and type of freshwater habitat

Abstract Genetic variation of freshwater invertebrates from a second-order stream and a permanent pond was compared using starch gel electrophoresis. We found no consistent differences in the heterozygosity levels between taxa from the two habitats. The data do not support the proposed relationship that individuals from a highly variable environment (second-order stream) have higher levels of genetic variation, as measured by heterozygosity, than do individuals from a stable environment (permanent pond). Two populations of the crayfish Orconectes rusticus had a Nei identity value of 0.90 which is similar to identity values between populations of other species of Orconectes. Orconectes sloanii had identity values of 0.78 and 0.85 between it and two populations of Orconectes rusticus which are also similar for comparisons between other Orconectes species.
Parenting: An Ecological Perspective

Contents: M.H. Bornstein, Series Foreword: Monographs in Parenting. T. Luster, L. Okagaki, Introduction. Part I: Characteristics of the Parents. L. Okagaki, G.E. Bingham, Parents' Social Cognitions and Their Parenting Behaviors. J. Vondra, H.B. Sysko, J. Belsky, Developmental Origins of Parenting: Personality and Relationship Factors. T. Luster, J.L. Haddow, Adolescent Mothers and Their Children: An Ecological Perspective. R.D. Parke, J. Dennis, M.L. Flyr, K.L. Morris, M.S. Leidy, T.J. Schofield, Fathers: Cultural and Ecological Perspectives. Part II: Characteristics of the Child. K.H. Karraker, P.K. Coleman, The Effects of Child Characteristics on Parenting. R.M. Hodapp, T.M. Ly, Parenting Children With Developmental Disabilities. Part III: Contextual Influences on Parenting. F.D. Fincham, J.H. Hall, Parenting and the Marital Relationship. M. Cochran, S.K. Walker, Parenting and Personal Social Networks. A.C. Crouter, S. McHale, The Long Arm of the Job Revisited: Parenting in Dual-Earner Families. J. Garbarino, C.P. Bradshaw, K. Kostelny, Neighborhood and Community Influences on Parenting. B. Leyendecker, R.L. Harwood, L. Comparini, A. Yalinkaya, Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Parenting. D.R. Powell, Searches for What Works in Parenting Interventions. Part IV: Parental Behavior and Children's Development. L. Okagaki, T. Luster, Research on Parental Socialization of Child Outcomes: Current Controversies and Future Directions.
Intramural vesicular fat--an uncommon CT finding

We present a case of a 75-year-old male who presented with lower back pain found to have an incidental finding of intramural vesicular fat on an unenhanced computed tomography of the pelvis. This relatively uncommon finding of a normal entity should not be mistaken for other causes of pathology within the urinary bladder.
Myelin formation by mouse glia in myelin-deficient rats treated with cyclosporine

Previous attempts to generate myelin in the myelin-deficient rat spinal cord by transplanting mouse glia were not successful. In order to determine whether this result was due to graft rejection or to interspecies mismatch of cellular or molecular components at the axoglial junction, we have repeated the experiment in cyclosporine-treated rats. Our results show that in the immunosuppressed hosts, foetal glial xenografts form an abundance of myelin within the dorsal columns at or near the injection site about two weeks after the operation. In some cases, myelination extends virtually across the entire width of the dorsal columns. Ultrastructurally, the myelin sheaths are normal in all respects, including the presence of the ‘radial component’. The lateral edges of the myelin lamellae form typical paranodal axoglial junctions, some displaying periodic ‘transverse bands’. We infer that previous mouse to rat xenograft failures reflect host immune response rather than mismatch of heterologous junctional components. We also compared foetal, early post-natal and adult xenografts. Foetal donor cells, containing an abundance of precursors but virtually no mature oligodendrocytes, are more effective than neonatal donor cells in forming myelin, and after adult grafts, we found no myelin formation. Thus, in xenografts, as in allografts, foetal precursor cells are far more suitable than glia from mature donors in generating significant amounts of myelin.
The global-scale effect of small-scale thermospheric disturbances

Abstract Thermospheric behavior at high latitudes is well described at large spatial and long temporal scales by current thermospheric general circulation models. On the other hand, many small-scale horizontal and vertical motions observed from space and the ground do not appear in simulations by these models or in versions with a nested grid. This paper reviews small-scale motions which include strong vertical components and small-scale structures in the horizontal wind field. Synthesizing from available data sources, some general patterns of vertical wind disturbance are derived. These suggest that the variability often seen in observations of neutral wind and temperature at high latitudes can frequently be due to waves downstream of strong vertical disturbances. It is also concluded that since the general circulation models do not include the small-scale activity and its expected upward transport of molecular species, they must be underestimating the consequent ionospheric and radiant heat losses at F-region altitudes.
EDUCATION AND AGE AS RELATED TO ATTITUDES TOWARD FEMINISM AND CONSUMERISM

The findings of multivariate analysis of variance indicate that women with high school education or more were more supportive of feminist and consumerist ideology and of consumer activism than were subjects with less than high school education. Women 30–40 years old tended to be more supportive of feminist and consumerist issues, but less supportive of an activist consumer movement than younger women tended to be. The absence of significant interaction indicated that these attitudes were found for subjects grouped according to age regardless of subjects' level of education and vice versa.
All silicon infrared photodiodes: photo response and effects of processing temperature

CMOS compatible infrared waveguide Si photodiodes are made responsive from 1100 to 1750 nm by Si(+) implantation and annealing. This article compares diodes fabricated using two annealing temperatures, 300 and 475 degrees C. 0.25-mm-long diodes annealed to 300 degrees C have a response to 1539 nm radiation of 0.1 A W-(-1) at a reverse bias of 5 V and 1.2 A W(-1) at 20 V. 3-mm-long diodes processed to 475 degrees C exhibited two states, L1 and L2, with photo responses of 0.3 +/-0.1 A W(-1) at 5 V and 0.7 +/-0.2 A W(-1) at 20 V for the L1 state and 0.5 +/-0.2 A W(-1) at 5 V and 4 to 20 A W(-1)-1 at 20 V for the L2 state. The diodes can be switched between L1 and L2. The bandwidths vary from 10 to 20 GHz. These diodes will generate electrical power from the incident radiation with efficiencies from 4 to 10 %.
Axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis following combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy in lymphoma

Four patients with deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity (DVTUE) following combined modality therapy (mantle radiotherapy and chemotherapy) for either Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were seen at Stanford University Medical Center between March 1980 and April 1984. A total of 235 patients had received similar combined modality therapy during this time period. Three patients presented with acute onset of DVTUE and were anticoagulated. One patient who was referred with a several month history of DVTUE was observed closely after diagnostic evaluation revealed no evidence of recurrent Hodgkin's disease. All patients remained without evidence of their original lymphoma and had developed adequate venous collateralization. These cases of DVTUE were felt to be treatment related, a previously unreported late complication of combined irradiation and chemotherapy. Methods of diagnosis and therapeutic options are discussed.
Adjunctive 3D US for Achieving Portal Vein Access during Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Procedures

PURPOSE To evaluate the usefulness of information provided by three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) and to determine whether 3D US decreased the number of passes required to obtain portal vein (PV) access during creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Intermittent 3D US volume acquisitions were obtained during creation of TIPS in 20 patients. Useful information provided by 3D US was tabulated. The number of passes required to achieve PV access was recorded and results were compared retrospectively to 25 patients who underwent TIPS without 3D US. RESULTS 3D US documented that the operator's opinion of which hepatic vein had been selected was incorrect in nine patients (45%), detected unfavorable PV anatomy that required modification of equipment or technique in seven patients (35%), permitted estimation of the trajectory required to access the targeted PV in all patients (100%), assisted in selecting the optimal point along the hepatic vein for origination of the needle pass in 11 patients (55%), allowed avoidance of a large hepatocellular carcinoma in one patient (5%), and confirmed that access into the main PV was intrahepatic in four patients (20%). The mean number of needle passes decreased from 10.4 in the historic control group to 4.6 in the 3D US group ( P = .0001). CONCLUSION 3D US provided imaging information that detected technical errors and altered anatomy, and provided positional and directional information to significantly improve needle pass efficiency.
Undergraduate Field Placement: Survey and Issues:

A summary of responses from 29 Liberal Arts College psychology departments shows some trends in the offering of experiential learning.
Precision measurement of light shifts in a single trapped Ba+ ion

Experimental tests of atomic theory often involve the measurement of atomic state lifetimes, oscillator strengths, polarizabilities [1], and other properties which depend directly on atomic dipole matrix elements. Absolute measurements of these quantities can be difficult. Another approach [2] is to make high precision measurements of properties which can be directly calculated using modern atomic theory techniques and depend on ratios of atomic matrix elements. Here we report a 0.1% measurement of the ratio R of the ac Stark effect (or light shift) in the 6S1/2 and 5D3/2 states of a singly-ionized barium ion, iso-electronic to the well-studied alkali atom Cs. Comparison of this result with an ab initio calculation of R would yield a new test of atomic theory. Since R is expressible as ratios of matrix elements (shown below), this measurement also establishes a sum rule relating the barium matrix elements known to ∼ 1% or better (i.e. h 6S1/2||r||6P1/2,3/2i ) to matrix ele
UN Habitat Indicators Database: evaluation as a source of the status of urban development problems and programs

Abstract The use of numerical indicators to measure economic and social conditions and progress toward adopted goals has become accepted practice by many national and international agencies, including the World Bank and the United Nations. This paper presents an evaluation of the data assembled by the UN Habitat's Urban Indicators Program as a source of the status of individual cities' development problems and programs, based on a research project undertaken with graduate students at New York University.
A history of the right: The battle for control of national curriculum history 1989–1994

Abstract This paper explores the manner in which educational and political conservatives attempted to control the content and purposes of the history curriculum in English schools during the period 1987–1994. It focuses upon this particular coalition because, since the late 1970s, it has set the agenda for the debate and dominated the race to produce a history curriculum designed to help produce a particular kind of society. The paper argues that the New Right's claim to be engaging in an educational debate is spurious. Rather, its concern is primarily ideological and only educational in terms of its use of history education as a vehicle through which to disseminate a specific set of values and beliefs.
Thermo-mechanical response of Al 6061 with and without equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)

Abstract The thermo-mechanical responses of Al 6061 before and after equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at different strain rates and temperatures were measured. Al 6061 was solution heat treated before ECAP pressing at room temperature and subjected to up to three passes. After pressing, the billets were aged at 100 °C for 2 days. An as-received Al 6061-T651 was studied similarly to investigate the differences between processed and non-processed specimens. The responses of ECAP material were determined at −30, 22, 125 and 250 °C, and at strain rates from 10 −5 to 2530 s −1 ; the 6061-T651 specimens were subjected to uniaxial compressive loading at −31, 22, 85, 150, 230 and 315 °C, and strain rates ranging from 10 −5 to 2200 s −1 . It was found that, the ECAP process increases the strength versus the T651 condition. Additionally, the Al 6061 ECAP is not sensitive to strain rate at room and lower temperatures, but the sensitivity increases as the number of passes and/or temperature are increased and this is the same for the non-processed material. Increasing the number of passes increases the flow stress at room and lower temperatures, has almost no effect at 125 °C and decreases at 250 °C. For both materials, the dynamic flow stress is higher than the stress at quasi-static strain rates even when the quasi-static strain rate regime is insensitive to strain rate. The Al 6061 has strong texture after one pass but steadily increases as the number of passes are increased. This is the first study that reports on the thermo-mechanical responses of ECAP and non-ECAP Al 6061 at such a wide range of strain rates, including dynamic, and temperatures.
Effects of hycanthone on rapidly proliferating cells.

Abstract The effects of hvcanthone on various types of rapidly proliferating tissue, including tumor cells in vitro and in vivo , phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes, and embryonic cells, have been investigated. Hycanthone was cytotoxic to several tumor cell lines in tissue culture and exerted antitumor activity in vivo against Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, leukemia L1210 and mast cell P815. Human PHA-stimulated lymphocytes incubated in the presence of hycanthone showed a 50 per cent depression in mitotic index, and a marked increase in number of chromosomal aberrations. Hycanthone administered to pregnant mice was not teratogenic, but its embryotoxicity was manifested by an increased incidence of intrauterine death and a decrease in average fetal body weights. Mechanism studies have shown that hycanthone inhibits both DNA and RNA, but not protein synthesis, in human PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Furthermore, hycanthone was found to inhibit aldehyde oxidase and this inhibition was greater than that previously reported for the N -alkylphenothiazines. These studies suggest that hycanthone may have promise as an antitumor agent, either alone or in combination with antitumor agents known to be inactivated by aldehyde oxidase.
Peripheral leukocyte count and pulmonary function in a national sample of women and men.

The inverse relationship between peripheral leukocyte count and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), previously reported in employed men, was investigated in women and men in a representative national sample. Leukocyte count was negatively correlated with FEV, and FVC in most age, sex, and smoking subgroups in whites. In linear regression analyses controlling for age, height, and smoking variables, leukocyte count was significantly associated with FEV1 and FVC in white men (P < .05) and white women (P < .002). In “never smokers,” significant independent associations were seen for leukocyte count and FVC in white men (P = .01) and FEV1 in white women (P = .02). These findings confirm an independent association of leukocyte count with pulmonary function in white men and extend the findings to white women.
EXPRESSION OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS IN BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

The plasminogen activators, tissue type and urokinase type (tPA and uPA, respectively), have been identified in various malignancies and have been implicated in both local growth and metastatic spread. To characterize plasminogen activator expression more fully in human basal cell carcinoma, the localization of uPA and tPA mRNAs was evaluated by in situ hybridization. Nodular basal cell carcinomas demonstrated uPA expression in most cases, whereas the non-nodular subtypes were negative. Message for uPA was identified within tumour islands (11/12 cases), scattered fibroblast-like stromal cells (6/12 cases), and the basal layer of the overlying epidermis (10/12 cases). In addition, signal for uPA was elevated and pronounced in areas where the epidermis merged into invasive basal cell carcinoma in the superficial papillary dermis in some cases. Message for uPA was often associated with ulceration or erosion of the overlying epithelium. Expression of tPA was noted in the epidermis (3/12 cases) and in tumour cells (4/12 cases), but tended to be focal and sparse. These results suggest that complex interactions involving uPA expression occur between the tumour, the stroma, and the overlying epidermis. Both the stroma and the epidermis may contribute to local spread of the tumour through production of uPA and consequent plasmin-mediated activation of collagenases and metalloproteinases.
The effect of oxygen tension on rat hepatocytes in short-term culture

Cell viability, cytochrome P-450 content, cell respiration, and lipid peroxidation were all investigated as a function of oxygen tension in adult rat hepatocytes in short-term culture (less than 9 h). The various oxygen tensions used in this study were obtained by equilibrating culture medium with air, air + nitrogen, or air + oxygen. Cell viability, as assessed by trypan blue exclusion, was significantly greater at all time points tested when hepatocytes were cultured in Ham's F12 medium containing 132 μM O2, as compared to medium equilibrated with air (220 μM O2) or air + oxygen (298 μM O2). Cells cultured in 220 μM O2 (air) also exhibited a gradual loss of cytochrome P-450, so that by 9 h of incubation less than 60% of the active material remained. This loss of P-450 was minimized when cells were cultured in 163 μM O2 and abolished when cells were cultured in 132 μM O2. The 132 μM O2 exposure conditions also maintained cell respiration at the 1 h incubation values, whereas there was a continuous loss in cell respiration over time when the cells were cultured in either 220 μM O2 (air) or 298 μM O2 (air:O2). These cytotoxicity findings may be related to oxidative cell damage inasmuch as it was additionally demonstrated that lipid peroxidation (as measured by malondieldehyde equivalents) was consistantly lower in hepatocytes cultured in air:N2 as compared to air or air:O2. These results suggest that hepatocyte culture in low oxygen tension improves not only cell viability but also maintains other functional characteristics of the cell.
Finding Health Education Jobs on the Internet

Abstract The Internet has introduced a variety of new sources for job information. In addition to traditional methods, such as using campus career services offices and professional association job banks, there are many new resources available online, including (1) health education job web sites, (2) organizational and governmental job web sites, (3) job search engines, (4) online newspaper classified listings, (5) professional electronic mailing lists, (6) USENET newsgroups, and (7) bulletin board services. Each of these methods is discussed with some advice for finding the ideal health education job.
Position and Attitude Control of Deep-Space Spacecraft Formation Flying Via Virtual Structure and Θ-D Technique

Control of deep-space spacecraft formation flying is investigated in this paper using the virtual structure approach and the θ-D suboptimal control technique. The circular restricted three-body problem with the Sun and the Earth as the two primaries is utilized as a framework for study and a two-satellite formation flying scheme is considered. The virtual structure is stationkept in a nominal orbit around the L 2 libration point. A maneuver mode of formation flying is then considered. Each spacecraft is required to maneuver to a new position and the formation line of sight is required to rotate to a desired orientation to acquire new science targets. During the rotation, the formation needs to be maintained and each spacecraft's attitude must align with the rotating formation orientation. The basic strategy is based on a "virtual structure" topology. A nonlinear model is developed that describes the relative formation dynamics. This highly nonlinear position and attitude control problem is solved by employing a recently developed nonlinear control approach, called the 0-D technique. This method is based on an approximate solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and yields a closed-form suboptimal feedback solution. The controller is designed such that the relative position error of the formation is maintained within 1 cm accuracy.
First-principles calculation of the spin-orbit splitting in graphene

Recent success in making macroscopic graphene samples has stimulated interest in possible unusual electron physics near the Brillouin zone (BZ) vertex $K$, notably the prediction of a spin quantum Hall effect. Observability depends critically on the size of the spin-orbit gap ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathit{SO}}$ at $K$. Prior approximate calculations give results from $1.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ $(\ensuremath{\approx}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV})$ down to $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$ $(\ensuremath{\approx}0.00086\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV})$. We report fully first-principles all-electron calculations of this splitting using large Gaussian basis sets and the Douglas-Kroll-Hess methodology in the density functional theory fitting function code GTOFF. Our result ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathit{SO}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ or $0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ is robust against the choice of the approximate exchange-correlation functional and against variations of the lattice constant, density of the BZ scan, basis set enrichment, and key numerical convergence parameters.
Revisiting the benefits of performance-approach goals in the college classroom: exploring the role of goals in advanced college courses☆

Abstract In our previous work documenting benefits of both mastery and performance-approach goals, we assessed achievement goals for a particular type of student (specifically, the college student) in a particular type of classroom environment (specifically, the large introductory lecture). The current study sought to extend our initial work by testing college students in a different classroom environment (specifically, the small advanced seminar). Contrary to predictions that mastery goals may prove more advantageous in this context and performance goals less advantageous, we continued to find positive effects for both mastery and performance-approach goals. Implications for achievement goal theory are discussed.
Direct Observation of Feedout-Related Mass Oscillations in Plastic Targets

"Feedout" means the transfer of mass perturbations from the rear to the front surface of a driven target. When a planar shock wave breaks out at a rippled rear surface of the target, a lateral pressure gradient drives sonic waves in a rippled rarefaction wave propagating back to the front surface. This process redistributes mass in the volume of the target, forming the feedout-generated seed for ablative Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability. We report the first direct experimental observation of areal-mass oscillation associated with feedout, followed by the onset of exponential RT growth.
Growth Characteristics and Cell Composition of Alcaligenes eutrophus in Chemostat Culture

Growth characteristics and cell composition of Alcaligenes eutrophus under limitation of gaseous substrates were evaluated in a chemostatically controlled continuous culture. Yield coefficients, especially , and cell composition varied conspicuously with the change of growth limiting gas from hydrogen to oxygen. In O2-limitation, was 1.5 times higher than that in H2-limitation but the content of protein in cell decreased. With feeding the gas-mixture containing H2:O2:CO2=3: 1:0.4, simultaneous limitation of three gases was suspected to occur. With this feeding ratio of gases, highest productivity of cell mass and efficient utilization of gaseous substrates were obtained.
Slow light: Variable speed limit

Most techniques for slowing light are limited in the delay time that can be achieved relative to the temporal pulse width. The use of gap solitons could help overcome this limitation.
An upper and lower bound for clock synchronization

The problem of synchronizing clocks of processes in a fully connected network is considered. It is proved that, even if the clocks all run at the same rate as real time and there are no failures, an uncertainty of e in the message delivery time makes it impossible to synchronize the clocks of n processes any more closely than e(1−1/ n ). A simple algorithm is given that achieves this bound.
Rate of rise or fall of liquid drops

Measurements of the terminal velocity of liquid drops immersed in an insoluble liquid were made for eleven liquid systems, covering a wide range of physical properties: continuous-phase density 0.960 to 1.145 g./cc., viscosity 0.93 to 1.56 centiposes; dispersed-phase density 0.807 to 1.674 g./cc., viscosity 0.59 to 72.1 centipoises; interfacial tension 0.3 to 42.4 dynes/cm. A correlation of the data was developed for each of the two velocity-drop-diameter regions which permits easy computation of the drop velocities. The correlations are shown to reproduce the present data and much of the published data very satisfactorily. Photographs permitted measurement of the drop eccentricities, which are shown to be a function of the drop diameter, density difference, and interfacial tension.
Trepidation-free teamwork teaching

Teamwork is a fact of life for engineers, and sooner (hopefully) or later, successful engineers develop a good set of skills for working together to accomplish a project. Somewhat more challenging is working on a team that includes non-engineers: the "marketing department", for instance. Since the advent of ABET 2000, most professors are aware of this challenge, and have found ways to include teamwork in their classes and curriculum. This column provides an introduction to teamwork resources available on the IEEE A-P-S Education Web site. Tools to help students understand team dynamics, to help students organize their teams, and to help assess the team experience are given. This material is adapted from materials prepared by the University of Utah CLEAR Center. The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of April Kedrowicz, Katie Sullivan, Juliane Mora, Damon Hall, and Andrew Dohanos.
Phytoplankton Composition, Abundance, and Distribution: Nearshore Lake Ontario and Oswego River and Harbor

Abstract Phytoplankton samples were collected during July, August, and October of 1981 from 16 stations located in the nearshore of Lake Ontario and in the Oswego Harbor and river. Phytoplankton assemblages observed represented many species widely recognized as associated with eutrophic environments and environments possessing high chloride levels. Picoplankton and diatoms were the dominant groups on a numerical and bioyolume basis, respectively. The eutrophic species Stephanodicus tenuis, Fragilaria capucina , and Scenedesmus spp. were present in the Oswego Harbor and river with substantially higher abundances than in the nearshore region of Lake Ontario. A decrease in abundance of the historically prevalent Asterionella and Tabellaria and an increase in cryptomonads is suggested for the Oswego area. Halophilic species dominated the diatom assemblage of the Oswego Harbor and mouth of the Oswego River. The abundance of halophilic species was correlated with high conductivity and chloride levels. Cyclotella atomus, Cyclotella cryptica , and Cyclotella meneghiniana , the dominant halophilic species at the harbor and river stations, accounted for 36.6% of the total diatom abundance.
Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion and Extracorporeal Life Support in Lung Transplantation

Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion and extracorporeal life support have re-invigorated lung transplantation.