cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse Vibration of a Rectangularly Orthotropic Spinning Disk, Part 2: Forced Vibration and Critical Speeds

The transverse forced vibration of a rectangularly orthotropic spinning disk is investigated. The disk is subjected to a constant stationary point-load. Although the deflection of an isotropic disk under these loading conditions is time-invariant in a space-fixed coordinate system, the orthotropic disk undergoes time-dependent oscillatory motion. This phenomenon occurs as a result of the continually changing orientation of material properties with respect to the load. The disk deflection under-the-load is determined as a function of time. Also the deflection along a disk radius and circle containing the load are determined at a fixed instant of time. The occurrence of critical speeds is also investigated. Without damping, virtually any angular speed of the orthotropic disk is found to be critical. This behavior is due to the occurrence of more than one Fourier component in each of the eigenfunctions of the free vibration problem. With damping included, a large amplitude response is found at a speed much less than the lowest classical critical speed of an isotropic disk.
Fatigue behavior of polystyrene and effect of mean stress

The behavior of polystyrene under cyclic loading has been investigated. Tests have been run under completely reversed axial stress and also at various superimposed mean stress values. In one series...
Planar-doped structures by atomic layer epitaxy

Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) has been used for the low temperature deposition of planar-doped structures using organometallic sources, AsH3 and H2Se. Carrier concentrations in the 1019/cm3 range have been achieved, with a sharp concentration profile comparable to that reported for equivalent structures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A set of planar-doped Se sheets, separated by 50 A of undoped GaAs, was used for nonalloyed contacting layers to n-GaAs films with contact resistivity in the low 10-6?cm2 range. The sidewall regrowth capability of ALE was also used in reducing the parasitic source and drain resistances by about 30%. Finally, a planar doped field effect transistor (FET) were fabricated. The performance of these ALE devices were comparable to FET devices fabricated by other growth techniques.
Abstract 102: Mathematical models for growth of metastatic tumors

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The mathematical form best describing the growth of a single tumor mass has been found to be any of several models including the power law, logistic or Gompertzian, depending on the particular clinical or experimental tumor considered. All these models exhibit monotonically decreasing growth rate over time; some plateau at some finite volume. However, the kinetics of growth of the total mass of a metastatic tumor remains a separate question with relevance for understanding survival time, optimal treatment, and the development of symptoms that arise from total tumor burden. Here, exact analytical solutions for total tumor burden are derived under the assumption that both the primary tumor and each individual metastatic lesion grow with power law kinetics. Solutions are also derived for the case of metastatic growth after removal of the primary tumor. Two cases are considered: one where the rate of metastasis formation from an individual lesion grows with power law kinetics, and one where this rate is independent of size. Surprisingly, the latter assumption, which is consistent with only a small subpopulation of cells having metastatic potential, proves entirely adequate to describe data of Iwata et al on the cumulative distribution of metastases of a human hepatocellular carcinoma. For both cases, as time progresses, the growth ultimately becomes exponential, regardless of whether or not the primary tumor has been excised. However, it is shown that for the range of parameters describing observed tumors, this exponential limit is not reached before the tumor burden becomes lethal. The growth does not, however, show the trend of decreasing rate with increasing volume exhibited by single lesions, and appears in fact approximately exponential over the range of clinical detectability. This provides an explanation for experimental data showing near exponential growth of plasma tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen in patients followed for metastatic colorectal or medullary thyroid carcinoma. Using the model, it can be seen that neither the growth rate of individual lesions, nor the rate of metastasis formation by itself causes tumor lethality; rather it is the ratio of these two rates that determines whether a large number of metastases form before the primary tumor reaches detectable size. The models derived here are expected to have application to mathematical modeling of optimal treatment and tumor-immune system interactions. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 102.
2014 Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutic Update

Rapid advances are occurring in multiple sclerosis disease modifying therapies. Recent therapeutic advances include modifications to improve tolerability of existing products (e.g. interferon beta and glatiramer acetate), development of novel anti-neuroinflammatory medications (e.g. fingolimod, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate, daclizumab, alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab) and investigation of treatments in progressive MS (e.g. natalizumab, mastinib, natalizumab, siponimod). The impact of vitamin D supplementation on the disease course in relapsing MS patients is also being studied in several clinical trials. This article reviews the current state of the field with a forward look to the next phase of MS research that could focus on strategies to promote remyelination and provide neuronal protection.
Kernel estimators for cell probabilities

Abstract Kernel density estimators for discrete multivariate data are investigated, using the notation framework of contingency tables. We derive large sample properties of kernel estimators and the least-squares cross-validation method for choosing the bandwidth, including the asymptotic bias, the mean summed squared error, the actual summed squared error, and the asymptotic distribution of the resulting non-parametric estimator. We show that the least-squares cross-validation procedure is superior to Kullback-Leibler cross-validation in terms of mean summed squared error, but that the least-squares cross-validation is still sub-optimal concerning actual summed squared error.
Characterization of Tetrol I-1 and (±)-anti-BPDE-DNA Adducts with Solid-Matrix Fluorescence Quenching

The solid-matrix fluorescence (SMF) quenching of (±)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts and a hydrolysis product of the DNA adducts, tetrol I-1, were investigated by using thallium nitrate and sodium iodide to quench the SMF. Several fluorescence quenching models were evaluated for both (±)-anti-BPDE-DNA adducts and tetrol I-1. The SMF quenching phenomena were quite different with the two salts for the (±)-anti-BPDE-DNA adducts and tetrol I-1. Generally, with thallium nitrate as a quencher, a two-site model with two independent quenching sites was applicable to both the (±)-anti-BPDE-DNA adducts and tetrol I-1 data. However, with sodium iodide, the SMF quenching data for tetrol I-1 were fit to the sphere of action model, but the (±)-anti-BPDE-DNA adducts SMF quenching data were qualitatively related to a BET isotherm. From the SMF quenching data, unique information was acquired for the quasi-intercalated BPDE-DNA adducts and the external form of the BPDE-DNA adducts. In addition, insights were obtained on how the adsorbed salts interacted with the solid matrix and with the (±)-anti-BPDE-DNA adducts and tetrol I-1.
Earliness–tardiness production planning for just-in-time manufacturing: A unifying approach by goal programming

Abstract With popularity of the just-in-time (JIT) philosophy, researchers have started to seek the integration of Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP-II) and JIT methodologies. This paper deals with the master production planning problem for a mass manufacturing system in the JIT environment, an earliness–tardiness production planning (ETPP) problem. The objective is to determine the optimum production rate for each product so that the total penalties imposed on the early and tardy production for all production periods be minimized. A goal programming (GP) approach is proposed to formulate the ETPP problem in a more generalized form, which includes several existing models in one unifying model. Moreover, the proposed GP algorithm ensures a global optimum solution, while the existing ones did not. In addition, it also possesses the advantages over others, such as easier to comprehend, easier to solve, and easier to extend it to the problem of multiple goals.
Reliability modeling of wireless sensors

The accuracy of system reliability analysis depends on realistic estimation of failure parameters at the component-level. This paper models the reliability of wireless sensor nodes under three different scenarios, contributing toward reliability analysis of wireless sensor network systems. Under Scenario 1, a sensor node is kept activated and consumes constant energy throughout its lifetime. Under Scenario 2, a sensor node alternates between two modes: sleep mode and active mode. The duration of each mode is fixed. It consumes less power during the sleep mode than during the active mode. Under Scenario 3, a sensor node also alternates between sleep and active modes but the duration of each mode is not fixed. In particular, the duration of the active mode is bounded and follows a certain distribution. However, the time to activate the sensor node is fixed. Numerical example results show that sensor node working under Scenario 3 is the most reliable and offers longest lifetime among the three scenarios while Scenario 1 is the least reliable one.
Ratio of Neutral to Charged Particles in the Nuclear Interacting Component of Cosmic Rays

The ratio of neutral to charged primaries of nuclear interactions having a median primary energy around ${10}^{11}$ ev has been measured at 3250-m elevation, the result being $\frac{N}{C}\ensuremath{\cong}\frac{3}{4}$. This value indicates a high degree of elasticity in the nuclear collisions from which nucleons of ${10}^{11}$-ev emerge.
Advanced programming and the aims of standardization

Some of the most advanced programming techniques have emerged either because of the complete lack of coordinated standards, or because there was too rigid standardization and too soon, whether it was planned that way or not. The standardization that was lacking, or too rigid, was in programming techniques, programming languages, programming terminology, equipment techniques, available equipment, and specification and documentation methods for equipment, programs, languages, and problems to be solved. For example, common programming languages developed because of the lack of standardized equipment or languages for their use.
History of Pacific Northwest Heat Waves: Synoptic Pattern and Trends*

AbstractA historical record of Pacific Northwest (defined here as west of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon) heat waves is identified using the U.S. Historical Climate Network, version 2, daily data (1901–2009). Both daytime and nighttime events are examined, defining a heat wave as three consecutive days above the 99th percentile for the maximum and minimum temperature anomalies separately. Although the synoptic characteristics of the daytime and nighttime heat events are similar, they do indicate some differences between the two types of events. Most notable is a stronger influence of downslope warming over the Cascade Mountains for the daytime events versus a more important role of precipitable water content for the nighttime events, presumably through its impact on downward longwave radiative fluxes. Current research suggests that the frequency and duration of heat waves are expected to increase in much of the United States, and analysis of the heat events reveals that a significant, incr...
Was Newton’s Calculus a Dead End? The Continental Influence of Maclaurin’s Treatise of Fluxions

1. INTRODUCTION. Eighteenth-century Scotland was an internationally-recog- nized center of knowledge, "a modern Athens in the eyes of an enlightened world." (74, p. 40) (81) The importance of science, of the city of Edinburgh, and of the universities in the Scottish Enlightenment has often been recounted. Yet a key figure, Colin Maclaurin (1698-1746), has not been highly rated. It has become a commonplace not only that Maclaurin did little to advance the calculus, but that he did much to retard mathematics in Britain although he had (fortunately) no influence on the Continent. Standard histories have viewed Maclaurin's major mathematical work, the two-volume Treatise of Fluxions of 1742, as an unread monument to ancient geometry and as a roadblock to progress in analysis. Nowadays, few people read the Treatise of Fluxions. Much of the literature on the history of the calculus in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries implies that few people read it in 1742 either, and that it marked the end the dead end of the We will show that Maclaurin's Treatise of Fluxions did develop important ideas and techniques and that it did influence the mainstream of mathematics. The Newtonian tradition in calculus did not come to an end in Maclaurin's Britain. Instead, Maclaurin's Treatise served to transmit Newtonian ideas in calculus, improved and expanded, to the Continent. We will look at what these ideas were, what Maclaurin did with them, and what happened to this work aftetwards. Then, we will ask what by then should be an interesting question: why has Maclaurin's role been so consistently underrated? These questions will involve general matters of history and histortcal writing as well as the development of mathematics, and will illustrate the inseparability of the external and internal approaches in under- standing the history of science. 2. THE STANDARI) PICTURE. Let us begin by reviewing the standard story about Maclaurin and his Treatise of Fluxions. The calculus was invented indepen- dently by Newton and Leibniz in the late seventeenth century. Newton and Leibniz developed general concepts-differential and integral for Leibniz, fluxion and fluent for Newton and devised notation that made it easy to use these concepts. Also, they found and proved what we now call the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which related the two main concepts. Last but not least, they successfully applied their ideas and techniques to a wide range of important problems.
Garnet peridotite from Colorado Plateau ultramafic diatremes: Hydrates, carbonates, and comparative geothermometry

Crystal fragments of pyrope from diatremes of ultramafic microbreccia in the Navajo Province of the Colorado Plateau contain inclusions of olivine, pyroxene, spinel, chlorite, amphibole, chlorapatite, and dolomite. The included suite supports earlier hypotheses that hydrous phases and carbonates were primary parts of some garnet peridotite assemblages in the Plateau lithosphere. Garnets with spinel and orthopyroxene inclusions likely all were sampled at pressures less than 36 kb and perhaps as low as 15–20 kb; no evidence was found for inclusions from greater depths. Temperature estimates are 800°–900° C for garnet-clinopyroxene equilibration, but only 500°–700° C for garnetolivine equilibration. Inherent differences between geothermometry methods account for only part of the discrepancy. Pronounced Fe-Mg zoning in garnet at olivine contacts and the lack of such zoning at clinopyroxene contacts are evidence that the difference in part relates to relative reequilibration rates with cooling. The garnet-olivine temperature estimates may be the best approximations to mantle temperatures before eruption. Our data are compatible both with the hypothesis that the garnet peridotite was emplaced in the mantle by large-scale, horizontal transport in the lithosphere and with the hypothesis that rocks were sampled from Precambrian lithosphere cooled to temperatures like those along a low heat flow geotherm. Discordances between the geothermometers here and in other lherzolite localities may be keys to evaluating tectonic histories of lherzolite masses.
Information model level integration for CIM systems: a unified database approach to concurrent engineering

Abstract In traditional manufacturing systems engineering, systems are designed around the transformation process of raw materials into usable components or materials. These systems are value added processes, such as materials processing, or support systems such as scheduling. In the last thirty years, information has become an important resource to manage in the manufacturing environment. Unfortunately, information is poorly managed in many manufacturing systems. Highly automated computer systems that are not well interfaced are often referred to as “islands of automation.” They increase the efficiency in their departments without aiding activities outside of their areas. This lack of interfacing can often be traced to a lack of understanding of the mappings between data in the individual systems. A new methodology for expressing these mappings will aid designers in developing the interfaces between these island systems.
Predictive Modeling of Electrocatalyst Structure Based on Structure-to-Property Correlations of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Measurements

Chemical structure and catalytic activity of nonplatinum porphyrin-based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction is characterized by combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and rotating disk electrode. The goal of the study is to show how modifications in the molecular structure affect catalytic characteristics and how to use these structural modifications in a purposeful manner to increase catalytic activity. Initial correlation of structure to electrochemical performance is achieved through the application of principal component analysis (PCA) to curve-fits of high-resolution XPS spectra combined with results of electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, a predictive model that describes this correlation is build using the combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and multiple linear regression (MLR). Based on structure-to-property correlations, two types of active sites responsible for the catalytic activity, i.e., Co associated with pyropolymer and Co particles covered by oxide layer, are determined, and a dual-site for oxygen reduction on cobalt porphyrins is hypothesized, allowing for designing a catalyst structure with optimal performance characteristics.
Testing for fault activity at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, using independent GPS results from the BARGEN network

[1] Data from BARGEN GPS stations around Yucca Mountain (YM) have been independently processed using GIPSY-OASIS and GAMIT/GLOBK. The RMS velocity differences between these solutions is 0.06 mm/yr (east component) and 0.10 mm/yr (north), indicating an ability to resolve tectonic signals >0.3 mm/yr with high confidence. Inversion of GPS station velocities for Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) fault parameters produces an unreasonably deep locking depth of ∼30 km for the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, contradicting seismological evidence. The GPS cluster locally west of YM observes a strain rate of 17.0 ± 1.8 ns/yr, marginally higher than our ECSZ model predicts (13.9 ± 0.7 ns/yr). Significantly, the cluster to the east observes 22.3 ± 2.1 ns/yr, which is 6.2σ higher than the model (8.6 ± 0.7 ns/yr), suggesting that additional sources of strain more local to YM ( 0.7 mm/yr.
Mapping snags and understory shrubs for a LiDAR-based assessment of wildlife habitat suitability

Abstract The lack of maps depicting forest three-dimensional structure, particularly as pertaining to snags and understory shrub species distribution, is a major limitation for managing wildlife habitat in forests. Developing new techniques to remotely map snags and understory shrubs is therefore an important need. To address this, we first evaluated the use of LiDAR data for mapping the presence/absence of understory shrub species and different snag diameter classes important for birds (i.e. ≥ 15 cm, ≥ 25 cm and ≥ 30 cm) in a 30,000 ha mixed-conifer forest in Northern Idaho (USA). We used forest inventory plots, LiDAR-derived metrics, and the Random Forest algorithm to achieve classification accuracies of 83% for the understory shrubs and 86% to 88% for the different snag diameter classes. Second, we evaluated the use of LiDAR data for mapping wildlife habitat suitability using four avian species (one flycatcher and three woodpeckers) as case studies. For this, we integrated LiDAR-derived products of forest structure with available models of habitat suitability to derive a variety of species-habitat associations (and therefore habitat suitability patterns) across the study area. We found that the value of LiDAR resided in the ability to quantify 1) ecological variables that are known to influence the distribution of understory vegetation and snags, such as canopy cover, topography, and forest succession, and 2) direct structural metrics that indicate or suggest the presence of shrubs and snags, such as the percent of vegetation returns in the lower strata of the canopy (for the shrubs) and the vertical heterogeneity of the forest canopy (for the snags). When applied to wildlife habitat assessment, these new LiDAR-based maps refined habitat predictions in ways not previously attainable using other remote sensing technologies. This study highlights new value of LiDAR in characterizing key forest structure components important for wildlife, and warrants further applications to other forested environments and wildlife species.
Family trees: an ordered dictionary with optimal congestion, locality, degree, and search time

We consider the problem of storing an ordered dictionary data structure over a distributed set of nodes. In contrast to traditional sequential data structures, distributed data structures should ideally have low congestion. We present a novel randomized data structure, called a family tree, to solve this problem. A family tree has optimal expected congestion, uses only a constant amount of state per node, and supports searches and node insertion/deletion in expected O(log n) time on a system with n nodes. Furthermore, a family tree supports keys from any ordered domain. Because the keys are not hashed, searches have good locality in the sense that intermediate nodes on the search path have keys that are not far outside of the range between the source and destination.
Determination of Lead and Cadmium by Stripping Voltammetry After Separation from Humic Acid by Thin-Layer Chromatography

Interferences resulting from the presence of humic acid (HA) and other surface-active substances in a sample matrix decrease the reliability of Pb and Cd determinations obtained by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The implementation of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) prior to SWASV minimizes the effect of these interferents by physically separating Pb and Cd from the sample matrix prior to analysis. The determination of both Pb and Cd was shown to be feasible after TLC separation from laboratory standards spiked with 100 ppm humic acid and from a lake water sample spiked with 1 ppm of Pb and Cd.
Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by increasing T cell proliferation and lifespan through IFN-γ-induced class II transactivator

Abstract Expansion of the pool of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-producing T cells is instrumental for the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency, but the responsible mechanism is unknown. Here we show that ovariectomy up-regulates IFN-γ-induced class II transactivator, a multitarget immune modulator, resulting in increased antigen presentation by macrophages, enhanced T cell activation, and prolonged lifespan of active T cells. Up-regulation of class II transactivator derives from increased production of IFN-γ by T helper 1 cells, resulting from enhanced secretion of IL-12 and IL-18 by macrophages. The resulting T cell expansion and bone loss are prevented in vivo by both blockade of antigen presenting cell-induced T cell activation, and silencing of IFN-γ receptor signaling. Thus, increased IFN-γ-induced class II transactivator expression and the resulting enhanced T cell proliferation and lifespan are critical to the bone wasting effect of estrogen deficiency.
Testing a typology of tasks: An empirical validation of McGrath's (1984) Group Task Circumplex

This article presents an empirical test of McGrath’s group task circumplex, which has been used as a theoretical basis for numerous empirical and conceptual articles. Data from Straus and McGrath (1994) were used to test the hypothesis that the degree to which tasks pose requirements for member interdependence will be positively associated with the amount of communication that reflects consensus building and coordination processes in groups. Seventy-two, 3-person groups completed three tasks with increasing levels of member interdependence as prescribed by the vertical dimension of the task circumplex: an idea generation task, an intellective task, and a judgment task. Groups communicated either in computer conferences or face-to-face discussions. Patterns of group communication show support for the vertical dimension of the task circumplex. In addition, results suggest that some aspects of group process serve different purposes as a function of communication medium.
Studies on the availability of iron in potatoes

Iron availability in potatoes and ferrous sulphate was measured in rats in a 10 d balance study and from a single meal using 59Fe and 55Fe as extrinsic labels. Dried potato samples were incubated in gastric juice in vitro and the amount solubilized was compared with other foods. The relationship between ascorbic acid content of dried potato and Fe solubilization was examined in vitro. In the balance study, the rats absorbed (mean with SE) 15.2 (2.7)% Fe from the diet containing 660 g dried potato/kg and 32.1 (2.8)% Fe from the semi-synthetic diet containing FeSO4. Absorption was higher from the extrinsically-labelled single meal: 49.6 (1.1)% Fe from 59Fe-labelled potato and 62.4 (1.2)% Fe from 59FeSO4. The in vitro experiments showed a much greater solubilization of Fe from potato than from the other foods examined. There was a correlation between Fe solubilization and ascorbic acid content of potatoes (rS 0.76, P less than 0.01). It appears that potatoes contain Fe of moderate availability, possibly higher than most vegetables. They also provide ascorbic acid which may enhance Fe absorption from a meal if present in sufficient quantities. Thus potatoes may make a useful contribution towards the Fe nutriture of the UK population.
Replica molding of high-aspect-ratio (sub-)micron hydrogel pillar arrays and their stability in air and solvents

High aspect-ratio hydrogel pillars are attractive in applications, such as tissue engineering, actuation, and sensing. By replica molding from respective partially polymerized precursor solutions, followed by photocross-linking with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), we successfully fabricated three kinds of high-aspect-ratio (up to 12) hydrogel pillar arrays, including poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)-based, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) (PHEMA-co-PNIPA)-based, and poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (PEGDMA) systems. In the dry state, all hydrogel pillars were mechanically robust and maintained their structural integrity. When exposed to water, PHEMA-co-PNIPA conical pillar array was wetted and swollen by water, which drastically decreased its Young's modulus. The combination of reduction in stiffness and capillary force between pillars caused PHEMA-co-PNIPA conical pillars to collapse on the substrate after drying from water in air. In comparison, highly cross-linked PEGDMA conical pillars were not wetted by water and maintained high stability since their Young's modulus exceeded the critical modulus required for pattern collapse by capillary force. When exposed to a lower surface energy solvent, ethanol, however, the PEGDMA conical pillars surface became wettable and the pillars collapsed after drying due to capillary force. Depending on the pillar array geometry, PEGDMA pillars dried from ethanol collapsed either randomly in the case of conical pillar array or in groups of four in the case of more densely packed circular pillars.
Review of Circuit Approach to Calculate Shielding Effectiveness

The shielding effectiveness of an enclosure at low frequencies can be readily computed using a circuit approach. Not only does this technique include the effects of the properties of the shield material, but it also includes the details of the geometry of the enclosure. Furthermore, this approach allows a nonempirical consideration of mesh enclosures and the effects of resistive seams in enclosure walls. By working with the circuit analogue, penetration by transient fields can also be computed. Essentially the enclosure is viewed as an antenna. In the case of magnetic shielding effectiveness, the enclosure is viewed as a short circuited loop antenna. In the case of electric field penetration, the enclosure is viewed as a fat electric dipole. Using this characterization and exact solutions where available, the current distribution on the outside of the enclosure is first determined. Then, based on the current distribution, the penetrating fields are computed. The equations are developed in such a way as to preserve a lumped circuit analogue for the low-frequency region. The basic circuit equations for magnetic field penetration are rederived from a rigorous solution. Rules to estimate the rise-time, fall-time, and peak magnitudes of transient penetrating fields are developed. The electric shielding effectiveness is developed in a similar manner. In both cases the results of the circuit approach agree well with those based on rigorous solutions of the electromagnetic boundary conditions. The results also agree with published experimental data on both large and small enclosures.
A Note on Filter Synthesis

An equal-ripple type of approximation to constant attenuation in both stop and pass bands is often desirable in electric filter design. Elliptic functions have been extensively employed in solutions of problems of this sort. Double-entry tables are required and the mathematics is, in general, involved. This paper describes a design method that avoids the use of elliptic functions. A closed-form solution is obtained for networks of low complexity. Even for high complexity it appears that a rapidly con- vergent iterative process will solve the resulting equation.
Fault analysis of differential cascode voltage switch circuits

It is shown that the manufacturing process defects of DCVS (differential cascode voltage switch) circuits can be modeled as conventional stuck-at faults. A one-to-one correspondence relationship between each defect and each stuck-at fault is depicted using failure analysis. The results also show that a DCVS circuit can be fully tested using the fault model developed here. >
Preoperative characteristics of men with unfavorable high-Gleason prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy.

Introduction: Some men with Gleason sum 8 –10 prostate cancer (PC) at RP have favorable outcomes: Biochemical recurrence free (BFS) and prostate cancer-specific survival (CSS) are improved for such men with pT2 or pT3a disease compared with pT3b or N1 disease at radical prostatectomy (RP). We examine biopsy characteristics of men with high-grade PC at RP to better select those who may benefit from surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,174 men from our Institutional Database (1982–2010) had Gleason 8 –10 cancer at RP. Their demographic and prostate biopsy characteristics were compared among those with disease defined as favorable (pT2 or pT3a) vs. unfavorable (pT3b or N1). Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of unfavorable disease. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine survival outcomes. Results: Biopsy data were available for 1,157 men (median cores 12 [2–20]); 779 (66.4%) favorable, 394 (33.6%) unfavorable; 102 (8.7%), 515 (44.1%), and 552 (47.2%) were low, intermediate, and high-risk. For favorable and unfavorable cases, 10-year BFS was 40.0% and 5.7% (P 0.001) and CSS was 84.9% and 60.3% (P 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that PSA 20 and perineural invasion (PNI) at biopsy increased the likelihood of unfavorable, high-grade disease. Considering PSA 20 and PNI as adverse features, 23.7%, 40.1%, and 71.4% of patients with none, 1, or 2 adverse features had unfavorable, high-Gleason PC (P 0.001). Conclusions: High-Gleason PC was not uniformly associated with poor outcomes after RP, though men with unfavorable (pT3b/N1) disease fared poorly. Preoperative predictors of high-Gleason, unfavorable disease in a cohort of predominantly intermediate and high-risk patients were PSA 20 and PNI. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PROGgene: gene expression based survival analysis web application for multiple cancers

Background Identification of prognostic mRNA biomarkers has been done for various cancer types. The data that are published from such studies are archived in public repositories. There are hundreds of such datasets available for multiple cancer types in public repositories. Wealth of such data can be utilized to study prognostic implications of mRNA in different cancers as well as in different populations or subtypes of same cancer.
Wandering peripherally inserted central catheter tip: an under-recognised intensivist challenge

A 75-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation presented with altered mental status. He was intubated in the emergency department for airway protection. A CT scan of the brain revealed multiple embolic strokes. He also developed aspiration pneumonia after 48 h in the intensive care unit. In view of poor peripheral intravenous access and stable haemodynamics, a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) was placed using the microintroducer technique from the right side via the basilic vein. The position of PICC tip was found at the junction of the superior vena cava (SVC) and the right atrium and was confirmed with a standard technique of real-time ECG monitoring during insertion and chest X-ray (CXR) postinsertion (figure 1A). A …
The bounded chromatic number for graphs of genus g

Abstract For G a collection of finite graphs, the bounded chromatic number χB( G ) is the smallest number of colors c for which there exists an integer N such that every graph G∈ G can be vertex c-colored without forcing more than N monochromatic edges. The bounded (simple) path chromatic number χP( G ) (χSP( G )) is the smallest number of colors c for which there exists an integer N such that every graph G∈ G can be c-colored without forcing a monochromatic (simple) path of length more than N. For the set S g of all graphs of genus g it is known that 4≤χB( S g)≤6, and χSP( S g)=4. In this paper we show that χB( S g)≤5, and χP( S g)=4. For g≥1, let μ5(g) (π4(g)) denote the smallest integer x such that every graph G∈ S g can be 5-colored without forcing more than x monochromatic edges (4-colored without forcing a monochromatic path of length more than x). We also show that 2g ≤ μ5(g) ≤ 74g − 36 and ( 3 8 )g − ( 1 2 ) 3g + 3 32 ≤ π 4 (g) ≤ 224g − 106 .
The distribution and evolutionary history of Wolbachia infection in native and introduced populations of the invasive argentine ant (Linepithema humile)

Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally transmitted bacterium that often alters the life history of its insect host to maximize transmission to subsequent generations. Here we report on the frequency and distribution of Wolbachia infection in a widespread invasive species, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). We screened 1175 individual Argentine ants from 89 nests on five continents and several islands, including numerous locations in both the native (South American) and introduced ranges. We detected Wolbachia in four of 11 native populations, but only one of 21 introduced populations was infected. In the Argentine ant's native range, the distribution of Wolbachia supergroups A and B was nonoverlapping. By coupling infection frequency data with behaviourally defined colony boundaries, we show that infected and uninfected colonies are often adjacent to one another, supporting the proposition that little female-mediated gene flow occurs among Argentine ant colonies. We also conduct a phylogenetic analysis, and show that the Wolbachia infecting both native and introduced populations of Argentine ants belong to two lineages that appear to be specialized on infecting New World ants. One other lineage of Wolbachia has undergone frequent, recent episodes of horizontal transmission between distantly related, introduced insect hosts.
Prosocial and Coercive Configurations of Resource Control in Early Adolescence: A Case for the Well-Adapted Machiavellian

This is the publisher's version, which is also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23096057.
Dissolution Rate Studies III: Effect of Type and Intensity of Agitation on Dissolution Rate

The effect of flow rates on dissolution rates using a continuous flow, column-type apparatus was determined. The flow method of agitation is compared to three other types used with the static beaker procedure. The advantages of the column-type apparatus in attaining low intensities of agitation without sacrificing accuracy or homogeneity are discussed.
Oncologist use of the Adjuvant! model for risk communication: a pilot study examining patient knowledge of 10-year prognosis.

Background Our purpose was to collect preliminary data on newly diagnosed breast cancer patient knowledge of prognosis before and after oncology visits. Many oncologists use a validated prognostic software model, Adjuvant!, to estimate 10-year recurrence and mortality outcomes for breast cancer local and adjuvant therapy. Some oncologists are printing Adjuvant! screens to use as visual aids during consultations. No study has reported how such use of Adjuvant! printouts affects patient knowledge of prognosis. We hypothesized that Adjuvant! printouts would be associated with significant changes in the proportion of patients with accurate understanding of local therapy prognosis.
Lasers and light sources for PDT: past, present and future

The more recent use of Photodynamic therapy in Oncology dates to the early 1970's, when Dr. Thomas J. Dougherty, began his investigations into the mechanisms and clinical uses hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD). Since then the therapy has found its way through the regulatory process in numerous countries throughout the world. In many of these locales as it was in the United States, this was the first drug device approval, for oncology, that had been undertaken and ultimately approved, by the regulatory agencies in the respective countries. Throughout this time changes occurred in the formulation of HpD as well as the development of other photosensitizers. The more difficult aspect, however, of this modality has been the availability of reliable, affordable and appropriate devices for the production and delivery of light to the targeted areas. In the last 10 years, however, there has been a slow yet improving landscape in the development of devices for PDT that ultimately will provide the impetus for greater acceptance of PDT in the medical community.
Teacher Educators Using Encounter Stories.

Many prospective teachers are unaware of the encounters that Black, heterosexual women or White lesbians face. Here, we present encounter stories—individual narratives of poignant encounters and interactions that we have experienced with people unlike us—to identify with and ultimately draw on their experiences. Subsequently, the narratives become data that not only inform our work as teacher educators and scholars but also are used to shape prospective teachers’ understanding of inimitable difference. Despite the heralded affirming visibility of Michelle Obama and Ellen Degeneres, oppressive practices and perspectives against Black women and lesbians continue. Our encounter stories are put forward as qualitative data that goes against the grain and empowers. Further, our narratives challenge the conventional linear written format by intersecting our authentic voices with extant theory. Given the growing diversity in K-12 education, it is crucial that prospective teachers gain meaningful insight of unique, real life experiences, examine those experiences against their own familiarities to recognize sameness amid difference. Subsequently, this recognition will help to situate prospective teachers to meet the curricular and social needs of all schoolchildren. Keywords: Counter Narratives; Encounter Stories; Lesbian, Gay, Queer Sexual Orientation; Racial and Sexual Diversity; Sociocultural Consciousness; Teacher Education
Plexin B1 inhibits MET through direct association and regulates Shp2 expression in melanocytes

Plexin B1, the receptor for Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), is expressed by melanocytes in the skin. We recently showed that Sema4D suppresses activation of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, MET, in melanocytes, and that knockdown of Plexin B1 results in activation of MET. MET signaling mediates proliferation, survival and migration in melanocytes, and its activation is associated with transformation of melanocytes to melanoma. In this report we investigated the mechanism by which Plexin B1 inhibits MET activation. Our results show that Plexin B1 and MET exist as an oligomeric receptor-receptor complex in melanocytes, and that receptor association is increased by Sema4D. MET and Plexin B1 receptor complexes were identified along the cell body of melanocytes, and Sema4D increased receptor association on dendrites, suggesting that Sema4D regulates MET-dependent processes at precise locations on the melanocyte. Despite activation of MET, Plexin B1 knockdowns proliferated slowly and showed increased apoptosis compared with controls. Shp2, a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, translates growth and survival signals from MET and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Plexin B1 knockdowns had markedly lower levels of Shp2 compared with controls, and Sema4D upregulated Shp2 expression at the protein and message level in normal melanocytes. Functional studies showed that blockade of Shp2 activity abrogated MET-dependent activation of Erk1/Erk2 and Akt in melanocytes. These results suggest a complex role for Sema4D and Plexin B1 in orchestrating signaling from the MET receptor in melanocytes. Because Shp2 is a downstream adaptor protein for multiple receptors, Sema4D may control the effects of several growth factors on melanocytes through regulation of Shp2.
Moderate alcohol consumption does not impair overload-induced muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis.

Chronic alcohol consumption leads to muscle weakness and atrophy in part by suppressing protein synthesis and mTORC1-mediated signaling. However, it is unknown whether moderate alcohol consumption also prevents overloadinduced muscle growth and related anabolic signaling. Hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle was induced by removal of a section of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles from one leg of C57BL/6 adult male mice while the contralateral leg remained intact as the sham control. A nutritionally complete alcohol-containing liquid diet (EtOH) or isocaloric, alcohol-free liquid diet (Con) was provided for 14 days post-surgery. EtOH intake was increased progressively (day 1–5) before being maintained at ~20 g/day/kg BW. The plantaris muscle from the sham and OL leg was removed after 14 days at which time there was no difference in body weight between Con and EtOH-fed mice. OL increased muscle weight (90%) and protein synthesis (125%) in both Con and EtOH mice. The overload-induced increase in mTOR (Ser2448), 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46), S6K1 (Thr389), rpS6 (Ser240/244), and eEF2 (Thr56) were comparable in muscle from Con and EtOH mice. Modulation of signaling upstream of mTORC1 including REDD1 protein expression, Akt (Thr308), PRAS40 (Thr246), and ERK (Thr202/Tyr204) also did not differ between Con and EtOH mice. Markers of autophagy (ULK1, p62, and LC3) suggested inhibition of autophagy with overload and activation with alcohol feeding. These data show that moderate alcohol consumption does not impair muscle growth, and therefore imply that resistance exercise may be an effective therapeutic modality for alcoholic-related muscle disease.
Detecting and Tracking Eyes Through Dynamic Terrain Feature Matching

Automatic eye detection and tracking is an important component in the advanced human-computer interface design. In this paper, we present a novel approach for detecting and tracking eyes through matching their terrain features. Regarded as a 3D terrain surface, eye region exhibits certain intrinsic traits when using a so-called topographic representation. With the topographic classification of terrain features, we generate a terrain map for each facial image and extract eye candidates from the terrain map. Our algorithm mainly consists of two parts. First, eye locations are estimated from the candidate positions using an appearancebased object recognition technique. Second, a mutual information based fitting function is defined to describe the similarity between two terrain surfaces. By optimizing the fitting function, eye locations are updated for each frame in a video sequence. The distinction of the proposed approach lies in that both eye detection and eye tracking are performed in a terrain map domain rather than an original intensity image domain. The robustness of the approach is demonstrated under various imaging conditions and with different facial appearances using a web camera.
Information Technology in Global Health Radiology

Medical imaging is nearly nonexistent in many under-resourced regions of the world. To bring imaging to these areas, electronic transmission of images and reports will be necessary. Most areas have limited networking capability via cellular telephone networks, but these networks are generally slow and variable in cost, reliability, and coverage. Basic principles for use of existing infrastructure are as follows: limit bandwidth use, plan for frequent network outages, avoid costly software and hardware, and conserve power. An eight-step process for building an imaging network using these principles is described. These steps include use of inexpensive low power imaging systems, advanced lossy data compression to reduce network bandwidth requirements, creation of low-cost workstations for interpretation, provision of an electronic reporting system, establishment of a quality monitoring system, provision for system maintenance, and a plan for system and data security. The exact solutions will depend on whether local, regional, or international interpretation of the images created is to be used. Continual improvements in network infrastructure and declining electronic component cost will make development of low-cost imaging network solutions easier in the future.
Phenol Red Clearances in Man

Although phenol red, introduced by Rowntree and Geraghty in 1912, has been widely used as an empirical renal function test in man, there is no information on the excretion of this substance in relation to the simultaneous excretion of other urine constituents.∗ With knowledge available concerning the order of magnitude of glomerular filtration in man,1 a determination of phenol red clearance is of particular interest in indicating the relative role played by filtration and secretion in the excretion of this substance.Preliminary observations following oral, intramuscular and intravenous administration of phenol red indicate that the latter is most suitable for investigative purposes. In the observations reported here, a sterile 10% solution of the dye, prepared for us by Hynson, Westcott and Dunning, was administered intravenously following the intravenous administration of inulin, and the experiments were so conducted that the simultaneous clearances of inulin and phenol red could be determined at variou...