cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time to hemostasis: a comparison of manual versus mechanical compression of the femoral artery

Background Compression of the femoral artery to achieve hemostasis is necessary following angiographic and interventional cardiovascular procedures. Objectives To evaluate length of time to hemostasis with manual versus mechanical compression of the femoral artery. Methods In a prospective study of 503 patients randomized into one of three groups, manual compression with a pressure dressing or vascular stasis button was used on groups 1 and 3, respectively. Mechanical compression with a pressure dressing was used on group 2. The length of time to hemostasis was measured in minutes. Demographic data, current medications, risk factors, laboratory values, and procedural data were analyzed. Results Mean time to hemostasis was 22 minutes with manual compression and 31 minutes with mechanical compression. Crossover from mechanical to manual compression to achieve hemostasis occurred in 21 of 168 patients (13%). Conclusions Results of this study show that advantages of manual compression include shorter time to hemostasis, no requirement for special equipment, and the ability to remove arterial and venous sheaths simultaneously. Disadvantages include upper extremity fatigue and human resource considerations. If the operator is a nurse, the cost of compression increases and the ability to meet patient needs may be restricted. Although mechanical compression is a "hands free" approach, arterial hemostasis is prolonged, special equipment is required, and the total cost per procedure is higher.
Monitoring for post-transplant hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence.

Sir, In identifying the risks for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation, Nissen and colleagues propose that this group of patients can be monitored with less rigidity.1 We believe that this conclusion is not well supported. Roayaie et al.2 and Sotiropoulos et al.3 have reported tumour recurrence rates in the range of 8–18%. Amongst the last 28 transplants performed at this centre for HCC, we encountered five instances (17.9%) of rapid recurrence (within 15 months). One patient was initially considered to be outside the Milan criteria, but was downstaged. Two patients were outside Milan criteria following examination of the explanted liver. Four patients had a moderately elevated alphafetoprotein (AFP) level (54.0–114.5 U) and one patient had a poorly differentiated tumour. In the HCC Clinical Practice Guidelines,4 the authors propose that patients should be followed monthly for 6 months, then once every 3 months up to 1 year, twice per year up to 2 years and once every year thereafter for life. We think that accepting non-rigid follow-up for patients whose disease characteristics fall within the Milan criteria is not justified. Other factors, such as vascular invasion, tumour differentiation5 and AFP slope,6 play various roles. The early detection of recurrence and the surgical management of affected patients is related to increased survival.2 We support the view of Kneteman et al.,6 who recommend that follow-up should be defined according to the risk of each patient, based on AFP levels at transplant, status regarding Milan criteria at listing and explant, and pathology features such as microvascular invasion, tumour grade and microsatellitosis.
Ion Transport in Cryptand and Crown Ether Lithium Salt Complexes

Amorphous solid electrolytes were formed by the interaction of cryptands or crown ethers with a lithium salt, Li[CF3SO2N(CH2)3OCH3], when the cavity size of the macrocycle does not match the diameter of the lithium cation. With the exception of [Li⊂18-C-6][(CF3SO2)2N] (the mathematical symbol of inclusion, ⊂, is used to indicate Li+ included in 18-C-6), the complexes of Li[(CF3SO2)2N] with cryptand and crown ethers do not form amorphous electrolytes. Complexes of Li[CF3SO2N(CH2)3OCH3] and Li[(CF3SO2)2N] were examined by thermal, spectroscopic, and conductivity methods to determine the role of the anion on ionic glass formation.
Complete unfolding of the titin molecule under external force.

Abstract Titin (also known as connectin) is a giant filamentous protein that spans the distance between the Z- and M-lines of the vertebrate muscle sarcomere. Several earlier studies have implicated titin as playing a fundamental role in maintaining sarcomeric structural integrity and generating the passive force of muscle. The elastic properties of titin were characterized in recent single-molecule mechanical works that described the molecule as an entropic spring in which partial unfolding may take place at high forces during stretch and refolding at low forces during release. In the present work titin molecules were stretched using a laser tweezer with forces above 400 pN. The high external forces resulted in complete mechanical unfolding of the molecule, characterized by the disappearance of force hysteresis at high forces. Titin refolded following complete denaturation, as the hysteresis at low forces reappeared in subsequent stretch–release cycles. The broad force range throughout which unfolding occurred indicates that the various globular domains in titin require different unfolding forces due to differences in the activation energies for their unfolding.
Housing Dissatisfaction and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults

Analysis of a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of community-dwelling Americans older than 50 years of age indicated that rating the physical condition of one's dwelling unit as “poor” predicted significantly more rapid cognitive decline in subsequent years. This relationship persisted after controlling for a variety of factors such as wealth, income, education, health, family status, neighborhood safety, depression, and initial cognitive ability. Dissatisfaction with the physical conditions of one's housing may have a direct effect on the rate of cognitive decline in older adults. Addressing housing inadequacy for older adults may thus produce a wider range of societal benefits than previously realized.
Problematizing early grade reading: Should the post-2015 agenda treasure what is measured?

Abstract Learning has emerged as a central theme within post-2015 debates. Central to these efforts have been a focus on literacy, and specifically early grade reading. This article identifies significant challenges raised by the current framing of emergent literacy in international educational development circles. Specifically, we examine how the Early Grade Reading Assessment, or EGRA, one very influential oral reading assessment tool based largely on an American reading assessment called DIBELs, has shaped the educational quality debate in the past decade and what important elements might be missing from this dominant view of reading. To do so, the article first considers the historical development of EGRA. We discuss concerns with the model of reading embedded in EGRA. We then examine the evidence, to date, of the impact of EGRA-informed interventions in places like Liberia, Malawi, and Kenya. The article concludes with implications for the future of literacy and international educational development, especially in light of discussions within the Learning Metrics Task Force to make early grade reading a central indicator of educational quality in the post-2015 agenda.
Examining Engagement of Men in a Domestic Abuse Program from Three Perspectives: An Exploratory Multimethod Study

This study addresses the limited knowledge in the field on how men initially engage in domestic abuse treatment. Interviews were conducted with a subsample of the men (n = 8), all of the facilitators (n = 4), and an engagement instrument was completed by facilitators on the full sample (N = 95). Facilitator scores confirmed men's engagement in group and that it increased over time. A majority of men and facilitators identified “learning things” as most important in the engagement process. Key elements of group process men described included the importance of learning from each other's stories, and all facilitators observed the support exchanged between the men. Research and group work implications are discussed.
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSAPICAL CLOSURE OF POST–OPERATIVE PERIMEMBRANOUS VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS IN THE COMPLEX PATIENT

Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSDs) using transcatheter techniques has been well described, utilizing retrograde transaortic and/or antegrade venous approaches. However, tortuous or malaligned tracts in relation to access can make the procedure a challenge. In
Fractional sublimation of various metal chelates of dipivaloylmethane

Abstract Twenty different metal chelates of dipivaloylmethane were prepared and characterized by melting points, carbon-hydrogen analyses, and infrared and n.m.r. absorption data. The pure chelates were sublimed in the Berg fractional vacuum sublimator and the temperature condensation (sublimation) zones were recorded for each chelate under standardized conditions. The beryllium(II) chelate was the most volatile and the lanthanide and actinide chelates among the least volatile dipivaloylmethanates. The only volatile alkaline earth metal chelates were those of Be(II) and Mg(II); the Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) chelates were not volatile under the conditions used. Overall it was found that the chelates of dipivaloylmethane exhibited volatilities similar to those of the corresponding metal acetylacetonates but less than those of the trifluoroacetylacetonates and the hexafluoroacetylacetonates. The chelates of benzoylacetone, benzoyltrifluoroacetone and thenoyltrifluoroacetone are less volatile than the corresponding chelates of dipivaloylmethane. The data suggest that some 64 different binary and ternary mixtures of metal dipivaloylmethane chelates can be quantitatively resolved. Seven binary and three ternary mixtures of the metal chelates were resolved satisfactorily.
Colorectal cancer: adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer-an unresolved issue.

Several clinical trials have addressed the role of adjuvant chemotherapy following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery for rectal cancer. The recently published EORTC 22921 study adds further debate to the merits of adjuvant chemotherapy in this setting.
Hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries in infants with congenital rubella

Abstract A postmortem study of the pulmonary arteries of 10 infants with congenital rubella demonstrated diffuse bilateral hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries in 4 cases and unilateral hypoplasia in 2 others. Microscopic examination of the hypoplastic segments revealed no structural abnormalities other than mild intimal-thickening in 3 patients, thus suggesting that primary growth failure in localized arterial segments may be the initial defect in these cases. Even though no pressure gradient may be demonstrated in infancy, a mild degree of hypoplasia may exist and later become more severe. This may be partially explained by continued growth lag associated with persistent viral infection as well as superimposed intimalh-yperplasia causing focal narrowing. Possibly the ratios of the main pulmonary artery and of the right and left pulmonary arteries to the aorta, obtained from these postmortem measurements, may be an aid in evaluating angiocardiographic measurements in cardiovascular studies.
Side-On Photomultiplier Gating System for Thomson Scattering and Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A normally-off gating circuit for use with side-on photomultipliers (PMTs) has been developed for use in Thomson scattering and laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Switching of dynodes 1 and 5 provides cutoff ratios greater than 7 × 105 and gating times on the order of 6 ns. The gated PMT signal responds linearly up to anode currents of −6.6 mA, a saturation current roughly two orders of magnitude greater than in continuous (dc) operation. The gating circuit has an aperture width variable from 40 ns to 1.3 μs and the ability to operate at triggering rates up to 10 kHz.
Effect of isoproterenol on ribonuclease activity of salivary glands.

Abstract Administration of isoproterenol (IPR) greatly reduced the acid and alkaline ribonuclease activities in rat parotid and submandibular glands in acute experiments. RNase activity was decreased by about 70 % in parotid gland enlarged by the administration of isoproterenol for 7 days. On the other hand, the hypertrophic and hyperplastic submandibular gland displayed higher RNase activities as compared with control.
Characterization of Si/CoSi2/Si(111) heterostructures using Auger plasmon losses

The Si/CoSi2/Si heterostructures prepared by codeposition and solid-phase epitaxy on Si(111) substrates were characterized using Auger plasmon data as a measure of Si overlayer thickness. The method of calibration is described, and the results of two studies, including a study of islanding in Si/CoSi2/Si and a study of diffusion in CoSi2/Si are presented, illustrating the utility of the Auger plasmon loss technique. It is shown that, most likely, the diffusion proceeds through residual defects in the CoSi2.
Keys to climate protection.

Dramatic, immediate commitment to nurturing new technologies is essential to averting disastrous global warming
Spin correlation effects in top quark pair production at the LHC

At a 14 TeV proton-proton collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), we show that top quark pair production is dominated at low invariant mass by the fusion of two like-helicity gluons, producing top quark pairs in the left-left or right-right helicity configurations. Whereas, at higher invariant mass the production is dominated by the fusion of unlike-helicity gluons, producing top quark pairs in the up-down or down-up off-diagonal configurations, identical to top quark pair production via quark-antiquark annihilation. We study in detail the low invariant mass region, and show that the spin correlations can be easily observed in this region by looking at the distribution of the difference in the azimuthal angles, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}$, of the dileptons decay products of the top quarks in the laboratory frame. Because of the large cross section for top pair production at the LHC, even with a cut requiring that the invariant mass of the top quark pair be less than 400 GeV, the approximate yield would be ${10}^{4}$ dilepton $(\mathrm{e},\ensuremath{\mu})$ events per ${\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ before detector efficiencies are applied. Therefore, there is ample statistics to form the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}$ distribution of the dilepton events, even with the invariant mass restriction. We also discuss possibilities for observing these spin correlations in the lepton plus jets channel.
Bovine hemoglobin: a nontraditional approach to the management of acute anemia in a Jehovah's Witness patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Introduction: Management of severe symptomatic anemia in critically ill Jehovah’s Witness patients remains a challenge. The paucity of therapeutic alternatives to human red blood cells has prompted...
Generalized Bogoliubov hypothesis for dense fluids.

The Bogoliubov prescription relevant to the equilibration of a gas is reformulated to describe dense fluids. The revised description assumes that in the ``kinetic state'' of a dense fluid, multiparticle distribution functions are functionals of the one- and two-particle distribution functions. This principle is applied to the Bogoliubov-Born-Kirkwood-Green-Yvon (BBKGY) sequence and a closed kinetic equation for the radial distribution function, g(x\ensuremath{\rightarrow},p\ensuremath{\rightarrow},t), is obtained relevant to a homogeneous, anisotropic fluid, where x\ensuremath{\rightarrow} and p\ensuremath{\rightarrow} are relative two-particle displacement and momentum, respectively. In the equilibrium limit the kinetic equation reduces to a linear integro-differential equation. A closed solution to this equation is obtained in operational form which, in the limit of weak interactions, reduces to the canonical exponential form, and, with interactions turned off, gives the correct unit value of g. These equilibrium equations are applied to the specific configuration of a fluid whose particles interact under point repulsion and Newtonian attraction. Asymptotic expressions for the radial distribution function for large and small values of interparticle displacement give oscillatory decay to unity and vanishing decay to zero, respectively. These findings are consistent with previously described behavior of the radial distribution.
Error analysis for remote reference magnetotellurics

Remote reference magnetotellurics (MT) yields estimates ZR of the true impedance tensor Z in terms of average crosspowers between a reference field measured at a distant site and the electric and magnetic fields at the sounding location. In contrast to conventional estimates of Z, ZR is unbiased by the noise power in any field, provided the reference is uncorrelated with the noise in the electric and magnetic channels. When bias errors are eliminated, the accuracy of an estimate of Z is determined by random errors. The variance in each element of ZR can be expressed in terms of known average powers, if it is assumed the noises are independent of the signals, and that the noises are stationary. The variances decrease as the number of measurements N contained in the average powers increases. Hence, they can be made arbitrarily small. For small errors, the variance in any function of Z (for example, apparent resistivity, the phase of Z and the skewness), can be obtained from a Taylor expansion of the functio...
Oxaliplatin salvage for recurrent ovarian cancer: A single institution's experience in patient populations with platinum resistant disease or a history of platinum hypersensitivity

Abstract Objective Hypersensitivity reactions can preclude platinum re-challenge for patients receiving second-line and higher carboplatin/cisplatin salvage therapy. The objective is to report our patient experience with oxaliplatin in recurrent or progressive epithelial ovarian (EOC), primary peritoneal (PPC) or fallopian tube cancer (FTC), including those with prior hypersensitivity reaction. Methods A single institution, retrospective review from 1995 to 2012 of patients receiving oxaliplatin for treatment of recurrent or progressive EOC, PPC, or FTC was performed. Data collected included patient demographics, diagnosis date, prior chemotherapy regimens, platinum-free interval(s), prior hypersensitivity reactions, oxaliplatin toxicity, length of therapy, disease response, and last follow-up. Those who received ≥1cycles were included. A response to therapy was determined after ≥2cycles. Results Forty-four patients were identified. All had prior carboplatin and 38.6% had prior cisplatin therapy. Twenty-three had a prior platinum hypersensitivity reaction. Patients received a median of 2 prior platinum containing regimens and 5 chemotherapy lines prior to oxaliplatin exposure. One patient experienced grade 3 pain. No grade 4 toxicities occurred. No treatment delays for pancytopenia noted. Nausea and dysesthesias were controlled medically and weren't dose-limiting. No nephropathy or neuropathy progressed on oxaliplatin or were dose-limiting. Disease response was observed in 43.2%. Of the responders, 36.8% had a prior platinum hypersensitivity reaction. Median number of 5cycles of an oxaliplatin containing regimen was given. Median follow-up was 15.5months. Conclusions In our experience, oxaliplatin is well tolerated and should be considered for platinum challenge after hypersensitivity even in patients with platinum resistant disease with a reasonable chance of response.
Contemporary land cover and land use patterns in India estimated by different regional and global data sets

Discrepancies in various land cover and land use (LCLU) data sets could induce big uncertainties in assessing interactions among human activities, climate, and ecosystem. In this study, we analyzed inventory LCLU records from Department of Economics and Statistics (DES) and remote-sensing-based data sets obtained from Resourcesat-1, MODIS, Globcover, and HYDE 3.1 for 2005 in India. Based on the DES and Resourcesat-1 data sets, the best estimate of agricultural area was 143 million ha which was lower than MODIS and Globcover data sets (158–167 million ha). Global data sets have underestimated forest area by 20–30 million ha, comparing to DES and Resourcesat-1 data sets (63–66 million ha). All the remote sensing data sets showed a wide range for urban area (1.5–8.4 million ha) which was lower than inventory data sets. Our results caution scientific community and policymakers to carefully use global LCLU data sets that are significantly different from DES records in India.
Reliability of the Attitudes toward Women Scale

This study investigated the reliability of the 55-item, 25-item, and 15-item, Attitudes Toward Women Scales. A sample of 43 female college students, their mothers, and their grandmothers was used i...
T cell receptor β chain gene usage in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem)

The trimolecular complex comprised of the major histocompatibility complex, peptide antigen, and the T cell receptor is a requisite for T cell activation in normal and autoimmune responses. T cell receptor analysis is critical to further our understanding regarding mechanisms of T cell epitope selection and autoimmune initiation and progression and may help to identify targets for immunotherapy. Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune blistering skin disease characterized by intraepidermal blisters and circulating autoantibodies directed against desmoglein 1, a 160 kDa transmembrane desmosomal molecule expressed in keratinocytes. As tissue damage is mediated by anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies, an initial T cell response is a likely requirement for autoantibody generation in this disease. To elucidate the role of pathogenic T cells in autoimmunity further, we have directly characterized the T cell receptor of T cells derived from pemphigus foliaceus patients. Complementary DNA was isolated from 17 desmoglein 1 specific T cell clones generated from pemphigus foliaceus patients by clonal expansion in vitro. To analyze the T cell repertoire, a panel of primers, collectively specific for the known human T cell receptor β variable region (TCRBV) families were paired with a constant region primer to polymerase chain reaction to amplify one distinct T cell receptor β variable region allele for each T cell clone studied. Polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced to determine exact β chain gene usage. In the 17 clones tested, 10 distinct T cell receptor β variable region usages and nine T cell receptor β joining gene segment usages were identified. Furthermore, T cell receptor β variable region and β joining usage did not appear to be random, but oligoclonal in nature, with some preference shown for T cell receptor β variable region 5S1 and T cell receptor BJ2S5.
Pneumonia in military trainees: a comparison study based on adenovirus serotype 14 infection

Febrile respiratory illness (FRI) due to adenovirus (Ad) has been a leading cause of morbidity in basic military trainees for >60 years [1]. For the purpose of respiratory disease surveillance in the military training population, FRI has been defined as a fever (typically, a temperature ≥100.4oF) and the presence of at least 1 respiratory symptom [2, 3]. Historically, adenovirus-associated FRIs have been associated with mild upper or lower respiratory tract disease, lost training time, high respiratory disease transmission rates and outbreaks [1, 4–6]. Ad-associated fatalities in military trainees and civilians are well documented in the literature [7–13]; however, the incidence of severe or fatal adenovirus infections in young, healthy military trainees has remained low, despite high attack rates. In 2005, Ad-14 (a B subtype, respiratory Ad) emerged at Lackland Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, and elsewhere in the United States as a novel cause of FRI, pneumonia, and death in military and civilian populations [3, 14–20]. Ad-14 was not known to be a common adult respiratory pathogen in the United States before these reports but had been previously identified as a cause of nonfatal respiratory disease outbreaks in European military populations [21, 22]. Molecular studies have shown the emergent Ad-14 virus to be a new genome type, with all recent US Ad-14 strains identified as the same viral strain [3]. Since the emergence of Ad-14 in the United States, several studies have suggested an association of greater morbidity and mortality with Ad-14 infection [15–18]. Although these studies demonstrate associations with severe disease in older individuals and those with underlying chronic medical conditions, it is not known whether Ad-14 is a cause of more severe disease in young, healthy patients, compared with other respiratory pathogens. An observational, descriptive clinical report on 9 of the Ad-14–positive pneumonia cases from this study was published elsewhere [23]; however, no comparative studies have been conducted to discern whether there were true differences in clinical, laboratory, or radiographic abnormalities based on Ad-14 infection status. The objectives of this study were to assess clinical, laboratory, and radiographic factors in US Air Force trainees with pneumonia to determine whether Ad-14 infection is associated with increased morbidity or mortality and whether specific clinical variables are associated with Ad-14 infection.
Thin Pt films on the polar SrTiO3(111) surface: an experimental and theoretical study

Abstract We have examined the growth of thin Pt films on the polar SrTiO 3 (1 1 1) surface using both experimental and theoretical methods. Pt films were grown on both as-received and treated substrates using electron-beam evaporation, and then were characterized with X-ray and low-energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The nature of the substrate surface strongly influences the crystallinity and microstructure of the Pt films. We find that for well-treated, crystalline SrTiO 3 (1 1 1) substrates we obtain crystalline Pt(1 1 1) films. In addition, the first few layers strongly replicate the surface structure of the substrate. XRD results demonstrate that even the best films exhibit two distinct in-plane domains separated by 60°, equivalent to the existence of inversion domains. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for 1–4 monolayers of Pt on both terminations of SrTiO 3 (1 1 1). These calculations find that two energetically equivalent stacking sequences are possible for the second monolayer of Pt, corresponding to the observed 60° domains. We propose that these stacking faults are the source of the observed domains in crystalline Pt(1 1 1) films grown on polar SrTiO 3 (1 1 1) surfaces. Finally, the DFT calculations corroborate the observation that the structures and growth modes of the first few monolayers are coupled strongly to the substrate, yet the films quickly relax to bulk-like Pt arrangements and homoepitaxial growth modes.
Chronic estradiol treatment increases CA1 cell survival but does not improve visual or spatial recognition memory after global ischemia in middle-aged female rats.

Transient global ischemia induces selective, delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 and cognitive deficits. Physiological levels of 17β-estradiol ameliorate ischemia-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairments in young animals. In view of concerns regarding hormone therapy in postmenopausal women, we investigated whether chronic estradiol treatment initiated 14 days prior to ischemia attenuates ischemia-induced CA1 cell loss and impairments in visual and spatial memory, in ovariohysterectomized (OVX), middle-aged (9-11 months) female rats. To determine whether the duration of hormone withdrawal affects the efficacy of estradiol treatment, hormone treatment was initiated immediately (0 week), 1 week, or 8 weeks after OVX. Age-matched, OVX and gonadally intact females were studied at each OVX interval. Ischemia was induced 1 week after animals were pretested on a variety of behavioral tasks. Global ischemia produced significant neuronal loss in the CA1 and impaired performance on visual and spatial recognition. Chronic estradiol modestly but significantly increased the number of surviving CA1 neurons in animals at all OVX durations. However, in contrast with previous results in young females, estradiol did not preserve visual or spatial memory performance in middle-aged females. All animals displayed normal locomotion, spontaneous alternation and social preference, indicating the absence of global behavioral impairments. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of estradiol are different in middle-aged than in young rats. These findings highlight the importance of using older animals in studies assessing potential treatments for focal and global ischemia.
A model-theoretic analysis of knowledge

A general semantic model of knowledge is introduced, to allow reasoning about statements such as «He knows that I know whether or not she knows whether or not it is raining». This approach more naturally models a state of knowledge than previous proposals (including Kripke structures). Using this notion of model, a model theory for knowledge is developed. This theory enables one to interpret the notion of a «finite amount of information»
Characterization of Colloidal Quantum Dot Ligand Exchange by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are chemically synthesized semiconductor nanoparticles with size-dependent wavelength tunability. Chemical synthesis of CQDs involves the attachment of long organic surface ligands to prevent aggregation; however, these ligands also impede charge transport. Therefore, it is beneficial to exchange longer surface ligands for shorter ones for optoelectronic devices. Typical characterization techniques used to analyze surface ligand exchange include Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, yet these techniques do not provide a simultaneously direct, quantitative, and sensitive method for evaluating surface ligands on CQDs. In contrast, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide nanoscale sensitivity for quantitative analysis of CQD surface ligand exchange. A unique aspect of this work is that a fingerprint is identified for shorter surface ligands by resolving the regional XPS spectrum corresponding to different types of carbon bonds. In addition, a deposition technique known as resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation is used to improve the CQD film uniformity such that stronger XPS signals are obtained, enabling more accurate analysis of the ligand exchange process.
Environmental Justice and the Market: The Politics of Sharing Wildlife Revenues in Tanzania

In northern Tanzania in the late 1980s and 1990s, rural communities displaced by the creation of wildlife protection areas advanced a number of grievances centered on equitable access to resources and compensation for wildlife-induced property loss and injuries, only to find their concerns largely ignored by policymakers. Instead, the country's elite cadre of wildlife managers has formed a consensus around the idea that community concerns can best be addressed “through the market” by redistributing wildlife-sector revenues. This article explores three different initiatives whose proponents enjoy different levels of tenure security vis-a-vis wildlife resources. A comparison of these programs demonstrates that they stress quite different and sometimes competing and contradictory rationales for pursuing revenue-sharing strategies, with varying degrees of emphasis on the environmental justice claims of Tanzania's rural citizens.
Critical Care for the Patient With Multiple Trauma

Trauma remains the leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of death in those less than 44 years old in the United States. Admission to a verified trauma center has been shown to decrease mortality following a major injury. This decrease in mortality has been a direct result of improvements in the initial evaluation and resuscitation from injury as well as continued advances in critical care. As such, it is vital that intensive care practitioners be familiar with various types of injuries and their associated treatment strategies as well as their potential complications in order to minimize the morbidity and mortality frequently seen in this patient population.
Comparison of Drug Abuse Clients in Urban and Rural Settings

Examination was made of differences between the demographic and drug-using characteristics of 2,262 persons admitted to rural drug abuse units and 8,017 persons admitted to urban drug abuse treatment units in eight states. Rural clients were far more likely to report marijuana and urban clients to report heroin as their primary drugs of abuse; urban clients were also more likely to be older. Rural opiate users were also more likely to report nondaily use of heroin and were more likely to enter treatment at a younger age than their urban heroin-using counterparts. Implications of these findings for treatment are discussed.
G Protein γ Subunit Interaction with a Receptor Regulates Receptor-stimulated Nucleotide Exchange

The surfaces of heterotrimeric G proteins (alphabetagamma) in contact with receptors and the molecular events at these sites, which lead to G protein activation, are largely unknown. We show here that a peptide from the C terminus of a G protein gamma subunit blocks muscarinic receptor-stimulated G protein activation in a sequence-dependent fashion. A G protein mutated at the same site on the gamma subunit shows enhanced receptor stimulated nucleotide exchange without affecting G protein heterotrimerization. Ineffective contact between the gamma subunit and receptor increases the rate of receptor-stimulated nucleotide exchange. Specific interaction of the G protein gamma subunit with the receptor thus helps the betagamma complex to act at a distance and control guanine nucleotide exchange in the alpha subunit.
High-efficiency metallic diffraction gratings for laser applications

The design and fabrication of large-area, high-efficiency metallic gratings for use in high-power laser systems is described. The gratings exhibit a diffraction efficiency in excess of 95% in the m = −1 order (Littrow mount) and have a high threshold for laser damage. Computations and experimental measurements are presented that illustrate the effect of grating shape and polarization on efficiency. A simple theory for optical damage to metallic diffraction gratings is developed and compared with experimental measurements of the laser-damage threshold over the pulse range from 400 fs to >1 ns.
International Price Comparisons for Novel and Follow‐on Drugs

Are pharmaceutical price controls in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and Japan responsible for pushing their drug prices below prices in the United States? The answer has implications for US trade policy negotiations, and for the debate about whether the US government should directly negotiate Medicare drug prices.
ILT for double exposure lithography with conventional and novel materials

Multiple paths exists to provide lithography solutions pursuant to Moore's Law for next 3-5 generations of technology, yet each of those paths inevitably leads to solutions eventually requiring patterning at k1 < 0.30 and below. In this article, we explore double exposure single development lithography for k1 ≥ 0.25 (using conventional resist) and k1 < 0.25 (using new out-of-sight out-of-mind materials). For the case of k1 ≥ 0.25, we propose a novel double exposure inverse lithography technique (ILT) to split the pattern. Our algorithm is based on our earlier proposed single exposure ILT framework, and works by decomposing the aerial image (instead of the target pattern) into two parts. It also resolves the phase conflicts automatically as part of the decomposition, and the combined aerial image obtained using the estimated masks has a superior contrast. For the case of k1 < 0.25, we focus on analyzing the use of various dual patterning techniques enabled by the use of hypothetic materials with properties that allow for the violation of the linear superposition of intensities from the two exposures. We investigate the possible use of two materials: contrast enhancement layer (CEL) and two-photon absorption resists. We propose a mathematical model for CEL, define its characteristic properties, and derive fundamental bounds on the improvement in image log-slope. Simulation results demonstrate that double exposure single development lithography using CEL enables printing 80nm gratings using dry lithography. We also combine ILT, CEL, and DEL to synthesize 2-D patterns with k1 = 0.185. Finally, we discuss the viability of two-photon absorption resists for double exposure lithography.
Policy sciences contributions to analysis to promote sustainability

The policy sciences, in offering the most comprehensive approach to policy analysis and the sociopolitical processes that shape policy outcomes, is particularly appropriate for guiding the analysis required to promote sustainability. This article presents the main components of the policy sciences framework and demonstrates its potency in the crucial task of deepening the problem definitions required to select and enact policies to promote sustainability. As such, it provides background for the policy sciences articles of this special feature.
Reliability of Carbon Coated Optical Fibers

The inert strength of carbon coated optical fibers has been observed to be less than that standard optical fibers. The fracture toughness of the carbon film and the residual stress in the film play a critical role in determining the strength of the carbon coated optical fibers. The fracture toughness and the residual stress in the film were measured for a variety of deposition conditions. A recently developed fracture mechanics model was used to predict the failure of carbon coated optical fibers. Model based strength predictions were compared to experimentally measured values. The prediction was found to be in good agreement with the measured values.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effect of implementing a computerized system for bone mineral density storage and report preparation on result turnaround time and savings in cost, time, and space.

� Objective:�To evaluate whether introduction of a densitometry workflow, data-storage, and reporting software system would result in streamlined workflow with fewer expenses and quicker result turnaround time. � Methods: BoneStation was implemented March 30, 2009, in a large, urban, tertiary referral center performing more than 6000 bone mineral density studies annually at 3 different geographic sites. The times of scan acquisition, report preparation, and final signature in the online medical record were recorded, and the delays from scan to report and from scan to final signature in the online medi cal record were calculated for each patient during 2 representative weeks before (n = 274) and 2 weeks after (n = 235) implementation of BoneStation. � Results: Use of BoneStation reduced time from scan to report from 2.11 ± 0.16 days to 0.46 ± 0.05 days (P<.001). BoneStation saved our practice $8.94 per scan, while costing only $3 per scan, resulting in net savings. Considering that the total reimbursement from Medicare in 2010 for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is projected to be $55.44, this constitutes cost savings of 10.7% of the total reimbursement. � Conclusion:� The introduction of a specialized electronic medical system for data storage and reporting reduced costs and improved result turnaround time in a densitometry practice. (Endocr Pract. 2010;16:30-35) Abbreviations: BMD = bone mineral density; WHO = World Health Organization
Evidence against flat dysplasia as a regional field defect in small bowel adenocarcinoma associated with celiac sprue.

Objective To determine whether diffuse flat dysplasia, akin to that seen with chronic ulcerative colitis, occurs as a mucosal field defect accompanying small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with celiac sprue. Design A pathologic investigation of archival tissue was undertaken. Material and Methods From the tissue archives at Mayo Clinic Rochester for the period from January 1978 to January 1993, resected sprue-associated adenocarcinomas with adequate adjacent mucosa for study were identified. On the basis of multiple strip biopsy specimens obtained at the tumor margins and within 4 cm distal and proximal to the tumor, histologie maps were created. Results Among 94 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the small bowel, 8 had a concurrent diagnosis of celiac sprue. Of these eight cases, six surgically resected specimens (five duodenal and one jeju-nal adenocarcinoma) were adequate for study. A thin rim of benign dysplasia was demonstrated at the tumor margin in three of the six specimens; however, contiguous fields of flat dysplasia were not present in any of these cases. Conclusion These data support focal dysplasia (for example, adenoma) rather than sheets of flat dysplasia as the premalignant lesion in sprue-associated small bowel adenocarcinoma. Blind endoscopie biopsies of small bowel mucosa are not justified for neoplasia surveillance in patients with celiac sprue.
Perceptions of prosocial and delinquent peer behavior and the effect on delinquent attitudes: A longitudinal study

Abstract Purpose This study uses social learning and balance theories to explore the relationship between a youth's perceptions of both prosocial and antisocial peer behavior and their own delinquent attitudes. Methods The current research examines both the contemporaneous and lagged relationships between peer behavior and a youth's delinquent attitudes, the relative effect of prosocial versus antisocial peer behavior on attitudes as well as the effects of changes in these variables. Relationships are examined using data from a multi-site longitudinal sample of 3,820 youth. Analyses are completed using random-effects regression techniques as well as change scores. Results Findings indicate that perceptions of prosocial peer behavior have a lasting protective effect on the formation of delinquent attitudes. However, when focusing on change over time, changes in perceptions of delinquent peer behavior produce a stronger change in delinquent attitudes. Conclusions The current study was able to make advancements to both social learning and balance theory by focusing on perceptions of peer behavior and delinquent attitudes. The results justify the significance of continuing to examine factors that relate to how peer associations matter for delinquent attitudes and behavior.
Feeding in golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus.

Simultaneous cine and electromyographic records of freely feeding, unanesthetized golden hamsters show that their motion and muscular activity during mastication differ from those of albino rats (Weijs, '75). Rats show only propalinal motion while hamsters show lateral translation as well. The masticatory muscles of hamsters and rats are generally similar, but their molar dentitions differ. The interlocking molar cusps of hamsters restrict propalinal protrusion and retrusion when the molars are in occlusion; however, hamsters readily unlock occlusion by a twisting movement in the horizontal plane. Rats may perform propalinal movements even with the teeth in occlusion. In mastication the hamstery's jaw moves laterally as well as vertically and anteroposteriorly. Chewing orbits typically reverse after one to three orbits. Reversal begins at the start of the upstroke and involves a lateral shift in the opposite direction with the mouth closed. Electromyograms show that symmetric and asymmetric activities of closing protrusive and closing retrusive muscles produce a unilateral force couple on both sides. (This couple accompanies a midline closing stroke.) When the mouth is closed, unilateral activity of closing retrusors and closing protrusors also induces lateral translation. A bilateral force couple pits the retrusors of one side against the protrusors on the opposite side. Simultaneous with lateral excursion to the opposite side of midline and the action of these closing muscles, the anterior digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles of one side fire asymmetrically. The mandible moves downward coincidently with bilateral activity of the digastrics and lateral pterygoids. As the jaw opens further, activity differences of the lateral pterygoids accompany a shift of the mandible toward midline. At the end of the downstroke, all masticatory muscles studied are silent. The jaw returns to midline when the adductors fire asymmetrically at the start of closing. Trituration appears to coincide with an initial simple protrusion, which is subsequently accompanied by lateral translation. Different food types are reduced by distint chewing patterns with the differences clearest when the teeth are near occlusion. During gnawing the lateral pterygoids and digastrics fire longer, and the closing muscles fire less strongly. Chewing patterns in golden hamsters appear more generalized than those of rats; the differences may be directly associated with the ability of hamsters to store food in their cheek pouches.
SPIDER: A new instrument for fission fragment research at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center

The study of fission fragment yields and how they behave as a function of excitation energy provides insight into the process in which they are formed. Fission yields are also important for nuclear applications, as they can be used as a diagnostic tool. A new instrument, SPIDER (Spectrometer for Ion DEtermination in fission Research), is being developed for measuring fission yields as a function of incident neutron energy at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The instrument employs a time-of-flight mass spectrometry method in which the velocity and kinetic energy of the fragments are measured in order to determine their mass. Additionally, by using Bragg peak spectroscopy, the charge of the fragments can be identified. A prototype instrument has been developed and preliminary results indicate that ∼ 1 mass unit resolution is feasible using this approach. A larger detector array is currently being designed, and will be used at study fission yields from thermal neutron energies up to at least 20 MeV.
Echoes of a “Simple Faith”: The Present Resonance of the Past Proclamation of the Reverend Edler Garnet Hawkins:

Though the Reverend Edler Garnet Hawkins was the first black professor at Princeton Theological Seminary, a critical figure within American Presbyterianism and the ecumenical movement of the church...
Effect of orientation on the relative dispersion of PMDA‐ODA polyimide and polypropylene

The relative dispersion of birefringence, Db, is determined for isotactic polypropylene and Kapton HA PMDA-ODA polyimide films. Db is then used to identify the dependence of dispersion on the orientation of polymers and is interpreted in terms of fringe jumping. Optical relationships between the in-plane birefringence and wavelength are formulated to predict the in-plane birefringence of oriented Kapton HA PMDA-ODA polyimide films at any wavelength. These relations can be used for the direct comparison of the in-plane birefringence of Kapton PMDA-ODA polyimide films obtained from different optical techniques (i.e., polarized microscopy, polarized refractometry, wave guide coupling, etc.). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.