cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stationary temperature profiles and heat flux distribution in a plastic-encapsulated circuit package

Thermal characteristics that are important to structural integrity are analyzed herein for a TTL, plastic-encapsulated package. By assuming that total module heat during operation is engendered at idealized junctions between lead wires and the chip surface, an analysis of its dissipation has been undertaken to determine internal steady-state temperature profiles and heat flux distribution. Based on junction heat sources of equal strength and on certain adiabatic assumptions, the multi-wire package has been modeled as a single-wire "composite" incorporating postulated heat dissipation mechanisms in representative plastic-to-wire and chip-to-lead frame thermal circuits. These circuits are treated, respectively, by axisymmetric and one-dimensional analyses. Instead of a partial differential equation approach in the former treatment, a less complicated method is devised which leads to characterization by a pair of linear ordinary differential equations. Their closed-form solution gives expressions for calculating two-dimensional temperature profiles and heat flux fractions. The resultant analyses are applied to a module containing 14 lead wires and operating at a given Power level. The plastic and wire temperature profiles are seen to ben onlinear in the neighborhood of the chip surface and to coalesce axially into a common, essentially linear form in the outlying regions of the module. Constituent heat fluxes are also calculated for each thermal circuit, and some implications of the overall results to thermal stress are qualitatively discussed.
Entrainment of Sediments and Dredged Materials in Shallow Lake Waters

Abstract Results of recent laboratory experiments concerned with the entrainment and deposition of sediments in lakes are reported. From these experiments and other recent work, quantitative descriptions and parameterizations of entrainment and deposition processes are made. In the interpretation of the experimental results, the effects of particle size variation and cohesion of particles are significant. The laboratory results are also compared with previous observations of turbidity in the western basin of Lake Erie and good agreement is obtained.
Low-cost, delay-bounded point-to-multipoint communication to support multicasting over WDM networks

The confluence of technical advances and multimedia service needs is intensifying the need for high throughput and low latency. Future communication networks will face an increase in traffic driven by multimedia requirements with stringent delay and jitter requirements. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks have the potential for meeting these goals by offering unprecedented high bandwidth and low latency. One very important aspect of the emerging Internet services is the need to support multicasting. This is crucial if WDM networks were to play an efficient role in the next generation Internet.Multicasting in WDM networks supporting multimedia applications can be viewed as the process of taking a group communication request and selecting a multicast tree that satisfies the quality of service requirements, in terms of bandwidth and end-to-end delay, of the underlying application. In this paper, we present a new class of low-cost, bounded-delay multicast heuristics for WDM networks. The heuristics use various techniques to establish a tree of semi-lightpaths between a source and a group of destination nodes. The unique feature of these heuristics is that they decouple the cost of establishing the multicast tree from the delay incurred by data transmission due to lightwave conversion and processing at intermediate nodes along the transmission path. A simulation study shows the performance of the proposed heuristics.
Laparoscopic lateral L4-L5 disc exposure.

Background The anterior laparoscopic approach requires precarious dissection around the iliac vessels to expose the L4–L5 level. Furthermore, a retroperitoneal endoscopic approach to the L4–L5 level requires a technically demanding dissection to access the L5-S1 disc space. A unique lateral laparoscopic approach to the L4–L5 disc space allows concurrent access to the L5-S1 space while avoiding major dissection around the iliac vessels. This article describes this novel lateral approach and reviews the initial clinical outcomes.
Self-assembly of nanoscale, porous T-symmetric molecular adamantanoids

Treatments of lanthanide nitrate or perchlorate and C2-symmetric 2,2‘-hydroxy-1,1‘-binaphthalene-6,6‘-dicarboxylic acid (6,6‘-H2BDA) led to diastereoselective self-assembly of nanoscale, porous molecular adamantanoids [Ln4(BDA)6(H2O)12]·12DMF (Ln = Gd, La, 1a,b). These adamantanoid clusters possess perfect T symmetry as a result of the C2-symmetric nature of BDA bridging ligands and C3-symmetric nature of lanthanide ions. Face-to-face intercluster hydrogen bonds formed between 2,2‘-dihydroxyl groups of BDA ligands and carboxylate oxygen atoms direct the assembly of 3D polycages based on chiral molecular adamantanoid building blocks which possess two different types of open channels.
Judgment and hazard adaptation: A longitudinal study of responses to the risks of water contamination☆

Abstract It is commonly assumed that risk judgments precede the taking of hazard adaptation actions such as information seeking. The present study examines this and the related assumption that information seeking leads to greater hazard mitigation knowledge using a longitudinal research design. The study focuses on judgments and actions related to an environmental hazard, water contamination, which posed an imminent danger to study participants. Three sets of judgments, suggested by prior research, were studied. Information seekers were found to be more knowledgeable about steps that could be taken to reduce the risks of the hazard. Efforts to seek out hazard information were preceded by high judgments of personal concern and low judgment of trust that technical experts can solve hazard problems. Contrary to expectations, information seeking was also preceded by low judgments that the hazard might cause personal illness. The results indicate that assessments of personal and societal control motivate information seeking and that the relationship of risk judgments to hazard adaptation behavior may be dynamically interactive.
Schwarzchild Black Holes in Matrix Theory II

We present a crude Matrix Theory model for Schwarzchild black holes in uncompactified dimension greater than $5$. The model accounts for the size, entropy, and long range state interactions of black holes. The key feature of the model is a Boltzmann gas of D0 branes, a concept which depends on certain qualitative features of Matrix Theory which have not previously been utilized in studies of black holes.
A new gassing manifold for incubation of small-volume cell suspensions

Abstract A gassing manifold is described which allows the incubation of small volumes of cell suspensions with quick and easy access to each individual tube.
Structure of the Ternary Complex of Phosphomevalonate Kinase: The Enzyme and Its Family

The isoprenoid family of compounds contains roughly 25,000 distinct natural products (1, 2), and the classes within the family are often chemically sufficiently diverse to provide the extensive functional overlap often seen in robust metabolic systems. Ubiquinones, the electron carriers of redox chains, are one such class (3); the side-chains that functionalize heme rings are another (4); the isoprenoid tethers that control localization and function of proteins (5, 6) and tRNA (7-9) are a third; carotenoids (10), cholesterol (11), steroid hormones (12)), bile acids (13) - all of these and more fall within the family. Eukaryotes, archea and a small number of bacteria convert mevalonate to isopentenyl diphosphate, the “building block” of isoprenoids, via the mevalonate pathway (Figure 1) (2, 14), which consists of three enzymes - mevalonate kinase (MK), phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK), and diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (DPM-DC). Each of these enzymes is a member of the GHMP kinase superfamily (15), the N- and C-terminal sequence-signatures of which appear in ∼ 0.75 % of the sequences in the UniProt database (16). Figure 1 The Mevalonate Pathway Given the pervasive role of isoprenoids in metabolism, it is not surprising that imbalances in isoprenoid synthesis and utilization can lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. Controlling flux through these pathways is used to prevent and cure human disease — statins, which decrease cellular levels of mevalonate by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase (17, 18), are used widely to control cholesterol levels in humans (19), and may prove useful in the treatment of other diseases (20-24). The mevalonate pathway is essential for the survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae in lung and serum (25, 26). PMK produces an allostere, diphosphomevalonate, that feedback-inhibits mevalonate kinase. This regulation occurs in S. pneumoniae, but not in humans (27), and is it hoped that careful study of the mevalonate pathway enzymes will provide the opportunity to intervene therapeutically in novel ways to prevent the devastating effect of this organism, which is estimated to kill ∼ 3700 people daily, worldwide (28). Here we present the 1.9 A X-ray structure of PMK in a ternary complex with phosphomevalonate and AMPPNP and compare it to the structures of the non-liganded form of the enzyme and other members of the family to assess its mechanism of action and structural traits of the family.
Multidisciplinary group behavioral and pharmacologic intervention for cardiac risk reduction in diabetes: a pilot study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary team providing both education and medication management in a group setting for cardiac risk reduction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods The electronic medical records of patients with diabetes who participated in group behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for cardiac risk reduction during May to October 2002 at the Providence VA Medical Center were reviewed. Forty-one veterans with diabetes mellitus attended the weekly sessions of a diabetes education and intervention program directed by pharmacists for 1 month. Two groups of 15 to 20 patients received four 1.5-hour diabetes self-management education classes provided by a multidisciplinary team consisting of a pharmacist (leader), nurse educator, dietician, physical therapist, and social worker and four 1-hour group medication adjustment sessions provided by the pharmacist. Pharmacists followed medication adjustment algorithms for blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol management previously developed in collaboration with physician specialists in the field. Baseline and 3-month after-intervention data were collected for glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (A1C), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index. Results Thirty-six patients attended 4 sessions, and 5 patients attended 3 sessions. All parameters improved after the intervention, with significant reductions in A1C (-1.5% +/- 1.0%) and DBP (-5 mm Hg). Reductions were further accentuated when baseline values were abnormal, with significant improvement in A1C (-2.0% +/- 0.5%), SBP (-14 +/- 3 mm Hg), and DBP (-13 +/- 3 mm Hg). Conclusions Short-term multidisciplinary group behavioral and pharmacologic intervention programs may be effective in improving cardiac risk factors in patients with diabetes.
INCREASED ERROR‐RELATED BRAIN ACTIVITY IN YOUTH WITH OBSESSIVE‐COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND UNAFFECTED SIBLINGS

Background The pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves increased activity in cortico-striatal circuits connecting the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) with other brain regions. The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential following an erroneous response and is thought to reflect ACC activity. This study was done to assess the ERN as a biomarker for OCD by comparing ERN amplitudes in pediatric OCD patients, unaffected siblings of pediatric OCD patients, and healthy controls. Methods The ERN and correct response negativity (CRN) were measured during an Eriksen flanker task to assess performance monitoring in 40 youth with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, 19 unaffected siblings of OCD patients, and 40 unrelated healthy comparison subjects ranging in age from 10 to 17 years. ERN and CRN amplitudes were compared between groups using linear regression by the generalized estimating equation method to account for correlated data. Results Compared to healthy controls, ERN amplitude was significantly increased in both pediatric OCD patients and unaffected siblings. There were no significant group differences in CRN amplitude. ERN amplitude in patients was unrelated to OCD symptom severity, current diagnostic status, or treatment effects. Conclusions Increased error-related brain potentials were observed not only in pediatric OCD patients but also in unaffected siblings. The results provide evidence that enhanced error-related brain activity may serve as a biomarker for OCD in youth that is independent of the presence of clinical symptoms. The ERN may be a useful quantitative phenotype in genetic studies of OCD.
Nucleotide Metabolism in Cardiac Activity

The application of ion-exchange chromatography for the determination of adenosine nucleotides in mammalian hearts is described. It is found that 1 gram ventricular muscle contains nearly 5 x 10-6 mole of adenine nucleotides, presumably present as ATP in the relaxed heart in vivo. After isolation of the heart, breakdown of ATP takes place especially under anaerobic conditions, and the reaction products AMP and IMP diffuse into the medium. Effects upon these reactions of glucose, glutamic acid and excess potassium are suggested by preliminary experiments.
Glutamine Oxidation Maintains the TCA Cycle and Cell Survival during Impaired Mitochondrial Pyruvate Transport

Alternative modes of metabolism enable cells to resist metabolic stress. Inhibiting these compensatory pathways may produce synthetic lethality. We previously demonstrated that glucose deprivation stimulated a pathway in which acetyl-CoA was formed from glutamine downstream of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Here we show that import of pyruvate into the mitochondria suppresses GDH and glutamine-dependent acetyl-CoA formation. Inhibiting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) activates GDH and reroutes glutamine metabolism to generate both oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, enabling persistent tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Pharmacological blockade of GDH elicited largely cytostatic effects in culture, but these effects became cytotoxic when combined with MPC inhibition. Concomitant administration of MPC and GDH inhibitors significantly impaired tumor growth compared to either inhibitor used as a single agent. Together, the data define a mechanism to induce glutaminolysis and uncover a survival pathway engaged during compromised supply of pyruvate to the mitochondria.
IELR(1): practical LR(1) parser tables for non-LR(1) grammars with conflict resolution

There has been a recent effort in the literature to reconsider grammar-dependent software development from an engineering point of view. As part of that effort, we examine a deficiency in the state of the art of practical LR parser table generation. Specifically, LALR sometimes generates parser tables that do not accept the full language that the grammar developer expects, but canonical LR is too inefficient to be practical. In response, many researchers have attempted to develop minimal LR parser table generation algorithms. In this paper, we demonstrate that a well known algorithm described by David Pager and implemented in Menhir, the most robust minimal LR(1) implementation we have discovered, does not always achieve the full power of canonical LR(1) when the given grammar is non-LR(1) coupled with a specification for resolving conflicts. We also outline an original minimal LR(1) algorithm, IELR(1), which we have implemented as an extension of GNU Bison and which does not exhibit this deficiency. Finally, using our implementation, we demonstrate the relevance of this deficiency for several real-world grammars, and we show that our implementation is feasible for generating minimal LR(1) parsers for those grammars.
Robust estimates of ordered parameters

We consider the estimation of a collection of location parameters when it is believed, a priori, that their ordering is known. The least squares and least absolute deviations estimates subject to this ordering restriction have been studied in the literature. We seek robust estimators which perform well for a broad range of distributions. The results of a Monte Carlo study and a study of computation algorithms are discussed.
Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: a pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development.

Objectives:Bipolar patients frequently relapse within 12 months of their previous mood episode, even in the context of adequate treatment, suggesting that better continuation and maintenance treatments are needed. Based on recent research of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, we review the evidence for mitochondrial dysregulation and selected mitochondrial modulators (MM) as potential treatments.Methods:We reviewed the literature about mitochondrial dysfunction and potential MMs worthy of study that could improve the course of bipolar disorder, reduce subsyndromal symptoms, and prevent subsequent mood episodes.Results:MM treatment targets mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered brain energy metabolism and the dysregulation of multiple mitochondrial genes in patients with bipolar disorder. Several tolerable and readily available candidates include N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), creatine mono...
A monolithic buck converter using differentially enhanced duty ripple control

This paper reports a monolithic DC-DC buck converter using the differentially enhanced duty ripple control (DE-DRC). Without any compensation circuit, this converter is stable over a wide input and output range. The switching frequency is kept constant by adjusting the on-time according to the input and output voltage. Because of the large duty ripple voltage with a big noise margin, the DE-DRC buck converter has better noise immunity than current mode and hysteretic control. The easily configured positive and negative differential difference amplifier (DDA) gains (K p and K n ) can adjust the high and low frequency portion of the loop transfer function to achieve fast load transient response. Load transient test also showed 5mΩ pure resistive output impedance of this converter to achieve the adaptive voltage position (AVP) function. We demonstrated a 1.85MHz single phase converter with wide conversion range of 10%–86.6%. This circuit was implemented in 0.5µm BCD process of TI.
Reliability of maternal-reports regarding the use of household pesticides: experience from a case-control study of childhood leukemia.

Abstract Introduction : Self-reported household pesticide use has been associated with higher risk of childhood leukemia in a number of case–control studies. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of self-reported household use of pesticides and potential differences in reliability by case–control status, and by socio-demographic characteristics. Methods : Analyses are based on a subset of the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study population. Eligible households included those with children less than 8 years old who lived in the same residence since diagnosis (reference date for controls). The reliability was based on two repeated in-person interviews. Kappa, percent positive and negative agreements were used to assess reliability of responses to ever/never use of six pesticides categories. Results : Kappa statistics ranged from 0.31 to 0.61 (fair to substantial agreement), with 9 out of the 12 tests indicating moderate agreement. The percent positive agreement ranged from 46 to 80% and the percent negative agreement from 54 to 95%. Reliability for all pesticide types as assessed by the three reliability measures did not differ significantly for cases and controls as confirmed by bootstrap analysis. For most pesticide types, Kappa and percent positive agreement were higher for non-Hispanics than Hispanics and for households with higher income vs. lower income. Conclusions : Reproducibility of maternal-reported pesticide use was moderate to high and was similar among cases and controls suggesting that differential recall is not likely to be a major source of bias.
Risk Factors for Renal Cell Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort

The association of body size, lifestyle, and medical conditions with renal cell cancer risk was examined among 161,126 Hawaii–Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort participants (1993–2002). After 8.3 years of follow-up, 347 renal cell cancer cases (220 men, 127 women) were identified. Renal cell cancer risk increased with increasing body mass index in men (multivariate relative risk (RR) ¼ 1.06 per unit of body mass index, p ¼ 0.001) and women (RR ¼ 1.07, p < 0.0001). The relative risks associated with being obese compared with being lean were 1.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 2.58) for men and 2.27 (95% CI: 1.37, 3.74) for women. Hypertension was associated with renal cell cancer (RRmen ¼ 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.87; RRwomen ¼ 1.58, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.28). Smoking was confirmed to be a risk factor for both sexes. Among women, diuretic use was associated with increased risk (RR ¼ 1.63, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.57), whereas physical activity was associated with reduced risk (ptrend ¼ 0.027). Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with risk for men (ptrend ¼ 0.045). Compared with nondrinkers, men who drank � 1 drinks/day had a 31% lower risk (95% CI: 0.49, 0.96). Results show that body mass index, smoking, and hypertension are risk factors for renal cell cancer in both sexes. body mass index; body size; carcinoma, renal cell; cohort studies; diuretics; hypertension; risk factors; smoking
Late Quaternary loess in northeastern Colorado: Part I—Age and paleoclimatic significance

Loess in eastern Colorado covers an estimated 14 000 km 2 , and is the westernmost part of the North American midcontinent loess province. Stratigraphic studies indicate there were two periods of loess deposition in eastern Colorado during late Quaternary time. The first period spanned ca. 20 000 to 12 000 14 C yr B.P. (ca. 20‐14 ka) and correlates reasonably well with the culmination and retreat of Pinedale glaciers in the Colorado Front Range during the last glacial maximum. The second period of loess deposition occurred between ca. 11000 and 9000 14 C yr B.P. This interval may be Holocene or may correlate with a hypothesized Younger Dryas glacial advance in the Colorado Front Range. Sedimentologic, mineralogic, and geochemical data indicate that as many as three sources could have supplied loess in eastern Colorado. These sources include glaciogenic silt (derived from the Colorado Front Range) and two bedrock sources, volcaniclastic silt from the White River Group, and clays from the Pierre Shale. The sediment sources imply a generally westerly paleowind during the last glacial maximum. New carbon isotope data, combined with published faunal data, indicate that the loess was probably deposited on a cool steppe, implying a last glacial maximum July temperature depression, relative to the present, of at least 5‐6 °C. Overall, loess deposition in eastern Colorado occurred mostly toward the end of the last glacial maximum, under cooler and drier conditions, with generally westerly winds from more than one source.
Isolation of a cDNA encoding a novel member of the transglutaminase gene family from human keratinocytes. Detection and identification of transglutaminase gene products based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers

We developed a method using a single set of degenerate oligonucleotide primers for amplification of the conserved active site of transglutaminases by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and identification of the PCR products by cleavage with diagnostic restriction enzymes. We demonstrate amplification of tissue transglutaminase (TGC), keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGK), prostate transglutaminase (TGP), the a-subunit of factor XIII, and band 4.2 protein from different human cells or tissues. Analysis of normal human keratinocytes revealed expression of a transglutaminase different from the expected and characterized transglutaminase gene products. A full-length cDNA for the novel transglutaminase (TGX) was obtained by anchored PCR. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded a protein with 720 amino acids and a molecular mass of approximately 81 kDa. A comparison of TGX to the other members of the gene family revealed that the domain structure and the residues required for enzymatic activity and Ca2+ binding are conserved and showed an overall sequence identity of about 35%. Two transcripts with an apparent size of 2.2 and 2.8 kilobases were detected with a specific probe for TGX on Northern blots of human foreskin keratinocyte mRNA, indicating the presence of alternatively spliced mRNAs. cDNA sequencing revealed a shorter TGX transcript lacking the sequence homologous to that encoded by exon III of other transglutaminase genes. TGX expression increased severalfold when keratinocyte cultures were induced to differentiate by suspension or growth to postconfluency, suggesting that TGX contributes to the formation of the cornified envelope.
Reprogramming of the Macrophage Transcriptome in Response to Interferon-γ and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signaling Roles of Nitric Oxide Synthase-2 and Phagocyte Oxidase

Macrophage activation determines the outcome of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activates macrophages by driving Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription–dependent induction of transcription and PKR-dependent suppression of translation. Microarray-based experiments reported here enlarge this picture. Exposure to IFN-γ and/or Mtb led to altered expression of 25% of the monitored genome in macrophages. The number of genes suppressed by IFN-γ exceeded the number of genes induced, and much of the suppression was transcriptional. Five times as many genes related to immunity and inflammation were induced than suppressed. Mtb mimicked or synergized with IFN-γ more than antagonized its actions. Phagocytosis of nonviable Mtb or polystyrene beads affected many genes, but the transcriptional signature of macrophages infected with viable Mtb was distinct. Studies involving macrophages deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase and/or phagocyte oxidase revealed that these two antimicrobial enzymes help orchestrate the profound transcriptional remodeling that underlies macrophage activation.
Crystal methamphetamine: A source of added sexual risk for Hispanic men who have sex with men?

Abstract Objectives To determine whether use of crystal methamphetamine increases HIV risk behaviors beyond the risk associated with use of other recreational drugs among Hispanic men who have sex with men (HMSM). Design We compared the sexual behaviors and psychosocial characteristics of non-recreational drug users (non-users), recreational drug users who did not use crystal (non-crystal drug users), and recreational drug users who used crystal (crystal users). Methods We recruited 294 HMSM from Internet and 272 from community venues. Eligible men completed an ACASI to assess socio-demographic factors, drug use, sexual behaviors and psychosocial factors and received $50. Results In the multivariate model, crystal users were more likely than non-crystal drug users to have lower Hispanicism, higher attachment to the gay community, and history of suicide attempts. Crystal users were not significantly different from non-crystal drug users in number of sex partners; however, differences in unprotected receptive anal sex approached significance. Conclusions The additional risk of crystal above that of other recreational drugs needs to be disentangled from those associated with poly-drug use. Our data suggest that it may depend on how one defines risky sexual behavior and is influenced by psychological, physiologic and social factors.
Dynamic modeling and control of nonlinear processes using neural network techniques

An adaptive network architecture of nonlinear elements and delay lines is proposed, which can be taught to model the time responses of a nonlinear, multivariable system. The structure has been applied to the modeling and control of a highly coupled multivariable process, namely, gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding. The authors present the architecture, learning algorithm, and experiments which showed the feasibility of the approach, and propose a controller architecture that can regulate a nonlinear, multivariable plant such as GTA welding. >
IDS Models of Airline Security

This article applies an earlier analysis of interdependent security issues to a general class of problems involving discrete interdependent exposure to terrorist risks. Any agent’s incentive to adopt risk-reducing measures depends on the actions of others because of the negative externalities created by not investing in protection. Using airline security as an illustrative example, the authors show that any individual airline will be less likely to invest in security measures as more firms in the industry also fail to invest. For a wide range of parameters, both individual airline and total industry profits can be significantly improved by everyone investing in security. The article discusses the role that private trade associations as well as public-sector actions such as taxes, subsidies, and regulations can play in dealing with the negative externalities caused by interdependent security. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.
Predicting perforator location on preoperative imaging for the profunda artery perforator flap

Introduction: The profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap is a new addition to our reconstructive armamentarium. In effort to better understand patient candidacy for the PAP flap we characterized the profunda artery perforators on preoperative imaging. Methods: A retrospective review was completed of 40 preoperative posterior thigh computed tomography angiographies and magnetic resonance angiographies by four plastic surgeons. The positioning of the patient, type of study, number of perforators, and size of perforators were documented. The location was documented on an x–y-axis. Perforator course and surrounding musculature was documented. Results: In 98.8% of posterior thighs suitable profunda artery perforators were identified. The average number and size of perforators was 3.3 and 1.9 mm. The most common perforator was medial (present in 85.6% of thighs); found near the adductor magnus at 3.8 cm from midline and 5.0 cm below the gluteal fold. The second most common perforator was lateral (present in 65.4% of thighs); found near the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis at 12.0 cm from midline and 5.0 cm below the gluteal fold. Nearly 48.3% were purely septocutaneous. And 51.7% had an intramuscular course (average length 5.7 cm). Preoperative imaging corresponded to suitable perforators at the time of dissection of all PAP flaps. Thirty five PAP flaps (18 patients) were performed with 100% flap survival. Conclusion: Analysis of preoperative posterior thigh imaging confirms our intraoperative findings that a considerable number of suitable posterior thigh profunda perforators are present, emerge from the fascia in a common pattern, and are of sufficient caliber to provide adequate flap perfusion and recipient vessel size match. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Influence of Mastitis on Properties of Milk. III. Lactic Culture Inhibitory Activity and Inhibition Titers

Abstract The effect of mastitis on the inherent inhibitory activity and inhibition titers of milk and skimmilk for lactic streptococci was investigated using individual quarter samples. Acid production by two susceptible strains of Streptococcus cremoris (R1 and HP) and a resistant strain of Streptococcus lactis (C2) in Wisconsin Mastitis Test positive (WMT>25mm) and negative (WMT
1998 Basmajian Student Award Paper: Movement patterns after anterior cruciate ligament injury: a comparison of patients who compensate well for the injury and those who require operative stabilization

The purpose of this study was to describe kinematic and kinetic differences between a group of ACL deficient subjects who were grouped according to functional ability. Sixteen patients with complete ACL rupture were studied; eight subjects had instability with activities of daily living (non-copers) and eight subjects had returned to all pre-injury activity without limitation (copers). Three-dimensional joint kinematics and kinetics were collected from the knee and ankle during walking, jogging and going up and over a step. Results showed that both groups mitigated the force with which they contacted the floor but non-copers consistently demonstrated less knee flexion in the involved limb. The copers used joint kinematics similar to those of their uninvolved knees and similar to knee motions reported in uninjured subjects. The reduced knee motion in the involved knee of the non-copers did not correlate directly with quadriceps femoris muscle weakness. The data suggest that the non-copers utilize a stabilization strategy which stiffens the knee joint which not only is unsuccessful but may lead to excessive joint contact forces which have the potential to damage articular structures. The copers use a strategy which permits normal knee kinematics and bodes well for joint integrity.
Dendritic inhibition in the hippocampus supports fear learning.

Fear memories guide adaptive behavior in contexts associated with aversive events. The hippocampus forms a neural representation of the context that predicts aversive events. Representations of context incorporate multisensory features of the environment, but must somehow exclude sensory features of the aversive event itself. We investigated this selectivity using cell type–specific imaging and inactivation in hippocampal area CA1 of behaving mice. Aversive stimuli activated CA1 dendrite-targeting interneurons via cholinergic input, leading to inhibition of pyramidal cell distal dendrites receiving aversive sensory excitation from the entorhinal cortex. Inactivating dendrite-targeting interneurons during aversive stimuli increased CA1 pyramidal cell population responses and prevented fear learning. We propose subcortical activation of dendritic inhibition as a mechanism for exclusion of aversive stimuli from hippocampal contextual representations during fear learning.
The Washougal, Washington, Aërolite

This paper contains a detailed account of the finding, identification, etc., of the meteorite discovered by Mr. Jerry E. Best on his farm about a mile north of the town of Washougal, Clark County, Washington, on July 3, 1939, the day after the audible Portland, Oregon, meteor appeared. The meteorite, which is about as large as a tennis ball, is covered by a thin, black, glazed crust and is an aerolite of the comparatively rare Howardite variety. This is the first meteorite on record for the State of Washington.
Review of The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care

Advances in genomics and portability of information technology (IT) hold the promise to transform the practice of medicine. Population—based evidence practice will evolve into personalized or individualized preventive care.
Indy Mutants: Live Long and Prosper

Indy encodes the fly homologue of a mammalian transporter of di and tricarboxylate components of the Krebs cycle. Reduced expression of fly Indy or two of the C. elegans Indy homologs leads to an increase in life span. Fly and worm tissues that play key roles in intermediary metabolism are also the places where Indy genes are expressed. One of the mouse homologs of Indy (mIndy) is mainly expressed in the liver. It has been hypothesized that decreased INDY activity creates a state similar to caloric restriction (CR). This hypothesis is supported by the physiological similarities between Indy mutant flies on high calorie food and control flies on CR, such as increased physical activity and decreases in weight, egg production, triglyceride levels, starvation resistance, and insulin signaling. In addition, Indy mutant flies undergo changes in mitochondrial biogenesis also observed in CR animals. Recent findings with mIndy knockout mice support and extend the findings from flies. mIndy-/- mice display an increase in hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis, lipid oxidation and decreased hepatic lipogenesis. When mIndy-/- mice are fed high calorie food they are protected from adiposity and insulin resistance. These findings point to INDY as a potential drug target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Why Machines Can Neither Think nor Feel

Over three decades ago, in a brief but provocative essay, Paul Ziff argued for the thesis that robots cannot have feelings because they are “mechanisms, not organisms, not living creatures. There could be a broken-down robot but not a dead one. Only living creatures can literally have feelings.”1 Since machines are not living things they cannot have feelings.
Modern mucociliary creeping trails and the bodyplans of Neoproterozoic trace-makers

The bulk of Neoproterozoic trace fossils can be interpreted as horizontal creeping trails produced by minute vermiform organisms moving on or just beneath the seafloor or under algal mats. We have investigated the formation of trails by living cnidarians and platyhelminths that creep by cilia on mucus ribbons. These relatively simple metazoans produce trails that are similar in size and morphology to some Neoproterozoic traces, owing to the entrainment of sediment within their mucus trails. Thus a mucociliary locomotory system provides sufficient means to form some types of Neoproterozoic traces. It follows that the body architectures of the Neoproterozoic trace-makers may have been quite simple, though complex bodyplans are, of course, not ruled out. Thus, the use of Neoproterozoic trace fossils to constrain the time of origin of bilaterians or of any crown-group bilaterian taxon remains questionable.
A Scenario-Based Instructional Design Model

Instructional design models address important issues of learning, content, and context during the development of instruction. The prescriptive premise behind instructional design is that if an instructional design is followed, the learning outcomes identified in the design will occur. As one evaluates the extent to which learners achieve learning outcomes, changes in the instructional design may be warranted. Documenting these changes provides designers and users of the model with feedback on its efficiency and effectiveness. Despite these attributes, the merits of instructional design have not been achieved in some settings, and some users, including teachers and product developers, are looking elsewhere for instructional development guidance. But should they? The premise of this chapter is to propose a scenario-based ID model that addresses a major shortcoming of instructional designnamely, the gap between formative design decisions and design review. Scenarios are used to keep people designing, reflecting, and re-designing.
A Taxonomic Synthesis of the Tovomita weddelliana (Clusiaceae) Species Complex

Abstract Phenetic analyses were the basis for recognizing several distinct species within the Tovomita weddelliana species complex, requiring resurrection of synonyms and description of new taxa. The Tovomita weddelliana complex is characterized vegetatively by terminal leaves clustered near the branch apex, subsessile leaves, stipule-like scars around branches (observed to form from the developmental breaking away of the leaf blade bases from the stem at maturity), and prominent midrib with inconspicuous lateral veins. The coriaceous persistent sepals may also help distinguish the complex. Numerous herbarium specimens spanning all morphological variation and geographic distribution in the complex were measured for continuous morphological characters and subjected to multivariate and univariate analyses. Measured traits included vegetative and reproductive characters such as internode length, branch diameter, leaf morphology, pedicel length and thickness, peduncle length, and bud diameter. Canonical varia...
A Hybrid Approach for Highly Coarse-grained Lipid Bilayer Models

We present a systematic methodology to develop highly coarse-grained (CG) lipid models for large scale biomembrane simulations, in which we derive CG interactions using a powerful combination of the multiscale coarse-graining (MS-CG) method, and an analytical form of the CG potential to model interactions at short-range. The resulting hybrid coarse-graining (HCG) methodology is used to develop a three-site solvent-free model for 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and a 1:1 mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (DOPS) and DOPC. In addition, we developed a four-site model of DOPC, demonstrating the capability of the HCG methodology in designing model lipid systems of a desired resolution. We carried out microsecond-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of large vesicles, highlighting the ability of the model to study systems at mesoscopic length and time scales. The models of DLPC, DOPC, and DOPC/DOPS have elastic properties...
In the Clouds

A 10-year-old male presents with a history of multiple recurrent infections including pneumonia, lymphadenitis, and osteomyelitis since the age of 2 months. The patient currently has a pulmonary mycetoma that is refractory to medical treatment and is scheduled for surgical resection. A type and screen sample (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA anticoagulant) is submitted to the blood bank with a request for two units of red blood cells (RBCs) for surgery.
471 DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF ERYTHROPOIETIN GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH METHYLATION.

Erythropoiesis in the fetus is marked by a constant and significant need for increased red blood cells. Although the mechanism of erythropoietic regulation in adults has been investigated and determined to a significant degree, it is unclear if the same mechanism of erythropoietic regulation exists in the fetus. In order to determine if methylation plays a role in differentially inhibiting gene expression of Epo in these tissues during development, we investigated the methylation patterns of the enhancer region of the Epo gene in the mid-trimester human fetal liver and kidney using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). DNA was isolated from fetal liver and kidney at 10-22 weeks9 gestation and bisulfite modified. For comparision, DNA was also isolated from Hep3B cells to act as a positive control. The methylation status of the Epo enhancer regions was determined using primers that recognize the bisulfite-modified DNA template but did not discriminate between methylated and unmethylated alleles. The 199 bp PCR product from each tissue sample was amplified, purified from gel, ligated into a vector, cloned, and sequenced. The percent methylation of the enhancer region was determined for 5 clones from each tissue type: early (10-11 weeks) and late (20-21 weeks) fetal kidney and liver and Hep 3B cells. The enhancer region of the Epo gene from Hep3B cells was 94% unmethylated, allowing for up-regulation of Epo gene transcription under hypoxic conditions, consistently seen with these cells. Early-gestation fetal liver was 64% unmethylated, while early kidney was 40% unmethylated. Later-gestation fetal tissue showed a greater degree of methylation (Figure). These data are consistent with tissue hypoxia experiments, where early gestation tissue responded to hypoxia better than late gestation and liver responded better than kidney. We speculate that methylation in the enhancer region of the fetal Epo gene plays a role in inhibiting up-regulation under hypoxic conditions in vivo.
Progress and Developing Trends of Steel Rolling Technology in China

The development of China's rolling technology was reviewed. Through importing, digesting and absorbing the rolling technologies and equipments, as well as self-innovation of technology-equipment-product-service integration, China's iron and steel rolling technology has stepped into the world's leading position. And the industrialization process has been generally finalized. When stepped into post industrialization stage, the new road to industrialization must be taken and the ecological iron and steel rolling technology system must be built, in order to solve the problems of resource, energy and environment faced by us, and realize"green production, produce green",so that to enforce the harmonious, smooth and sustainable development of the steel rolling industry.
Stirling's formula via the poisson distribution

9. A. I. Katsevich and A. G. Ramm, The Radon Transform and Local Tomography, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 10. E. Lindel?f, Calcul des R?sidus, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1905. 11. G. Mittag-Leffler, Sur la repr?sentation analytique d'une branche uniforme d'une function monog ene (Sixi eme note), Acta Math. 42 (1920) 285-308. 12. D. J. Newman, An entire function bounded in every direction, this Monthly 83 (1976) 192-193. 13. C. Runge, Zur Theorie der eindeutigen analytischen Funktionen, Acta Math. 6 (1885) 228-244. 14. P. Ullrich, Punktweise und lokal gleichm??ige Konvergenz von Folgen holomorpher Funktionen. I, II. Math. Semesterber. 41 (1994) 69-75; part II ibid. 81-87. 15. L. Zalcman, Uniqueness and nonuniqueness for the Radon transform, Bull. London Math. Soc. 14 (1982) 241-245.
Peritoneal cystic mesothelioma: successful treatment of a difficult disease.

AbstractAfter several unsuccessful attempts at surgical resection, a case of cystic mesothelioma (multilocular mesothelial cyst of the peritoneum) was treated by a combination of conservative surgical resection and sclerosive therapy with tetracycline. At 4-year followup evaluation no recurrence was noted. Surgical excision with adjunct sclerosive therapy appears to be an alternative to radical surgery and may decrease the incidence of recurrence in some cases of peritoneal multilocular cysts. (J. Urol., 143: 347–348, 1990)
Quantum Nondemolition Schemes using Second Order Nonlinearities

Conventional devices for measuring the amplitude of a light wave absorb the light, thus destroying it. Recently, quantum nondemolition (QND) methods based on the optical Kerr effect have been shown capable of measuring optical amplitude fluctuations with near quantum-limited sensitivity.1 In these experiments, amplitude fluctuations of a signal beam are transferred to the phase fluctuation quadrature of a probe beam which co-propagates with the signal beam, by the intensity-dependent refractive index, without absorption of the signal beam. A pure Kerr nonlinearity can cause only phase modulation of the light wave, and the amplitude of the signal wave is preserved. Such methods should more properly be called back-action evading measurement schemes since the quantity being measured is not perturbed by the back-action that quantum mechanics requires for any measurement. The signal-to-noise ratio achieved in these experiments was limited by the small magnitude of the Kerr nonlinearity relative to the excess phase noise imposed on the probe beam by thermal light scattering processes in the glass fibers that were employed.