cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and Earnings Conference Calls

Using a large sample of quarterly earnings conference call transcripts, we investigate gender issues in interactions between two high-profile professions—sell-side analysts and public firm executives. We find that women are generally less “visible” on conference calls. Specifically, female analysts have fewer conference call participation opportunities. Conditional on participation, female analysts are allowed fewer opportunities to ask follow-up questions and speak less compared with male counterparts. Female analysts speak with more positive tone, less uncertainty, less numerical content, fewer speech hesitations, and fewer back and forth conversations with firm management. Female executives have shorter discourses and receive more rounds of questions from analysts. However, female executives exhibit more certainty and hesitate less, indicating superior abilities in answering analysts’ questions. Our analysis of speech interruptions finds that female analysts are interrupted less by female, but not male, executives. Female executives receive more interruptions from both male analysts and executives and are more likely to be challenged by male subordinates. The equity market also discounts female analysts’ participation. Overall, our results are consistent with gender-based discrimination.
Creating and Evaluating Chatbots as Eligibility Assistants for Clinical Trials: An Active Deep Learning Approach towards User-centered Classification

Clinical trials are important tools to improve knowledge about the effectiveness of new treatments for all diseases, including cancers. However, studies show that fewer than 5% of cancer patients are enrolled in any type of research study or clinical trial. Although there is a wide variety of reasons for the low participation rate, we address this issue by designing a chatbot to help users determine their eligibility via interactive, two-way communication. The chatbot is supported by a user-centered classifier that uses an active deep learning approach to separate complex eligibility criteria into questions that can be easily answered by users and information that requires verification by their doctors. We collected all the available clinical trial eligibility criteria from the National Cancer Institute's website to evaluate the chatbot and the classifier. Experimental results show that the active deep learning classifier outperforms the baseline k-nearest neighbor method. In addition, an in-person experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the chatbot. The results indicate that the participants who used the chatbot achieved better understanding about eligibility than those who used only the website. Furthermore, interfaces with chatbots were rated significantly better in terms of perceived usability, interactivity, and dialogue.
Telemedicine for epilepsy patients – an emergence of the 21st century clinic (P3.5-031)

Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility of telemedicine in an outpatient, university-based epilepsy clinic and to assess the patient and provider satisfaction with telemedicine. Background: Patients with epilepsy have unique barriers to accessing medical care, especially secondary to driving restrictions due to seizure risk. Telemedicine enables providers to offer care remotely in a cost-effective, convenient manner. Telemedicine in various forms has demonstrated good outcomes in several patient populations and in many clinical settings. We conducted a feasibility study looking at use of telemedicine for patients with epilepsy. Design/Methods: Eight consecutive adult epilepsy patients were prospectively enrolled in the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) outpatient epilepsy clinic. For the purposes of the feasibility study, the patients who were non-English speaking, had intellectual disability without caregiver availability were excluded. After each telemedicine visit a standardized patient satisfaction survey was automatically sent to the patient to assess willingness to participate again, technical issues, and satisfaction with the clinic experience and medical provider. A provider satisfaction survey was obtained at the end of the study. Other outcome measures included no-show rate, distance traveled, and clinic cost. Results: All patients who filled out the survey were satisfied with their session and would choose telemedicine over face-to-face visits in the future. The telemedicine visits had 100% show rate and decreased encounter time. Cost analysis demonstrated no significant change in reimbursements while a UCLA healthcare system saved $28 on each telemedicine visit compared to an in-person clinic visit. Conclusions: Telemedicine is a feasible alternative for epilepsy patients and satisfied to patients and providers. Telemedicine met the needs of patients who lived far from the clinic and facilitated care for patients without driving privileges. In the future, we plan to look at impact of epilepsy telemedicine on rates of emergency department visits and urgent hospital admissions. Disclosure: Dr. Reider-Demer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eliashiv has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stern has nothing to disclose. Dr. Keselman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nuwer has nothing to disclose.
Precision Nutrition for Alzheimer's Prevention in ApoE4 Carriers.

The ApoE4 allele is the most well-studied genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, a condition that is increasing in prevalence and remains without a cure. Precision nutrition targeting metabolic pathways altered by ApoE4 provides a tool for the potential prevention of disease. However, no long-term human studies have been conducted to determine effective nutritional protocols for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in ApoE4 carriers. This may be because relatively little is yet known about the precise mechanisms by which the genetic variant confers an increased risk of dementia. Fortunately, recent research is beginning to shine a spotlight on these mechanisms. These new data open up the opportunity for speculation as to how carriers might ameliorate risk through lifestyle and nutrition. Herein, we review recent discoveries about how ApoE4 differentially impacts microglia and inflammatory pathways, astrocytes and lipid metabolism, pericytes and blood–brain barrier integrity, and insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. We use these data as a basis to speculate a precision nutrition approach for ApoE4 carriers, including a low-glycemic index diet with a ketogenic option, specific Mediterranean-style food choices, and a panel of seven nutritional supplements. Where possible, we integrate basic scientific mechanisms with human observational studies to create a more complete and convincing rationale for this precision nutrition approach. Until recent research discoveries can be translated into long-term human studies, a mechanism-informed practical clinical approach may be useful for clinicians and patients with ApoE4 to adopt a lifestyle and nutrition plan geared towards Alzheimer’s risk reduction.
Internet reference services for distance education : Guidelines comparison and implementation

SUMMARY Published guidelines for distance learning library services provide a framework for distance education librarians to use in planning services for off-campus students. Other literature in the arena of distance education librarianship provides concrete examples of how reference services have been offered in real settings. This paper attempts to synthesize these two types of literature in order to offer models of reference service for distance learners.
Enhancement of coherent light amplification using Anderson localization

Several aspects of interplay between Anderson localization and coherent amplification/absorption, and aspect of mirrorless laser for a laser-active (amplifying) disordered dielectric medium have been addressed. We have calculated the statistics of the reflection coefficient and the associated phase for a light wave reflected from a coherently amplifying/absorbing one-dimensional disordered dielectric medium for different lengths, different disorder strengths and different "amplification"/"absorption" parameters of the disordered sample. Problems with modeling coherent amplification/absorption by complex potential have been discussed. We have shown an alternative way to model the coherent absorption. Several conceptual and physical aspect for coherently amplifying/absorbing media with disorder also have been discussed.
Investigation of the Proteolytic Functions of an Expanded Cercarial Elastase Gene Family in Schistosoma mansoni

Background Cercarial elastase is the major invasive larval protease in Schistosoma mansoni, a parasitic blood fluke, and is essential for host skin invasion. Genome sequence analysis reveals a greatly expanded family of cercarial elastase gene isoforms in Schistosoma mansoni. This expansion appears to be unique to S. mansoni, and it is unknown whether gene duplication has led to divergent protease function.
Biotin uptake and cellular translocation in human derived retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79): a role of hSMVT system.

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the presence of a specialized carrier-mediated system for biotin and delineate uptake mechanism and intracellular trafficking of biotin in the human derived retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79). Human derived retinoblastoma cell line, Y-79, was used for uptake studies. Uptake of [ 3 H]Biotin was determined at various concentrations, pH, temperatures, in the absence of sodium and in the presence of other vitamins and metabolic inhibitors to delineate the mechanism of uptake. Uptake was determined in the presence of various intracellular regulatory pathways (protein kinase A & C, protein tyrosine kinase and calcium-calmodulin) modulators. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to confirm the molecular identity of human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (hSMVT). Uptake of [ 3 H]Biotin in Y-79 cells were found to be saturable at micromolar concentration range, with apparent K m of 8.53 μM and V max of 14.12 pmol/min/mg protein, but linear at nanomolar concentration range. Uptake was sodium, pH, temperature and energy-dependent, but chloride independent; inhibited by the structural analogue desthiobiotin, pantothenic acid and lipoic acid at milimolar concentrations and not at nanomolar concentrations. Uptake of [ 3 H]Biotin was trans -stimulated by the intracellular biotin. Ca 2+ /calmodulin pathways appeared to play important roles in the regulation of riboflavin uptake in Y-79 cells via significant reduction in V max (66%) and K m (28%) of the uptake process. A human sodium-dependant multivitamin transporter, hSMVT, was identified by RT-PCR in Y-79. These studies demonstrated for the first time the existence of a human sodium dependant multivitamin transporter (hSMVT), a specialized carrier-mediated system for biotin uptake, in human derived retinoblastoma cells.
The use of a lytic bacteriophage to remove rhizobium trifolii from protoplast cultures of trifolium repens

Summary A lytic rhizobiophage was isolated and used to remove non-internalized Rhizobium trifolii from protoplast cultures of Trifolium repens following treatment of bacteria and protoplasts with polyethylene glycol. The phage was shown to kill R. trifolii in plant cell culture media. The lytic phage served as an alternative to the use of antibiotics for the removal of external contaminating R. trifolii in protoplast cultures.
Macrophages Recognize Size and Shape of Their Targets

Recognition by macrophages is a key process in generating immune response against invading pathogens. Previous studies have focused on recognition of pathogens through surface receptors present on the macrophage's surface. Here, using polymeric particles of different geometries that represent the size and shape range of a variety of bacteria, the importance of target geometry in recognition was investigated. The studies reported here reveal that attachment of particles of different geometries to macrophages exhibits a strong dependence on size and shape. For all sizes and shapes studied, particles possessing the longest dimension in the range of 2–3 µm exhibited highest attachment. This also happens to be the size range of most commonly found bacteria in nature. The surface features of macrophages, in particular the membrane ruffles, might play an important role in this geometry-based target recognition by macrophages. These findings have significant implications in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and in designing drug delivery carriers.
Literacy Readiness: Transitional Partnerships Between Preschool and Kindergarten

The transition from preschool to elementary school is an important period for all families but can be particularly difficult for children from low-income families (Pianta, Rimm-Kaufman, & Cox, 1999...
Ischemic cerebral vascular disease an overview

The management of patients with cerebrovascular ischemic disease (ICD) is rapidly changing due to newer diagnostic approaches and therapies being developed. In the present article, the author reviews part of his experience in the clinical and basic fields of ICD which is the most common neurologic problem leading to acute hospitalization. Clinico-anatomic categories of ICD as well as prognosis and differential diagnosis are discussed. Data from basic and research are analysed with a main focus on their implications for clinical management.
Sustained miRNA-mediated Knockdown of Mutant AAT With Simultaneous Augmentation of Wild-type AAT Has Minimal Effect on Global Liver miRNA Profiles

α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency can exhibit two pathologic states: a lung disease that is primarily due to the loss of AAT's antiprotease function, and a liver disease resulting from a toxic gain-of-function of the PiZ-AAT (Z-AAT) mutant protein. We have developed several recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors that incorporate microRNA (miRNA) sequences targeting the AAT gene while also driving the expression of miRNA-resistant wild-type AAT-PiM (M-AAT) gene, thus achieving concomitant Z-AAT knockdown in the liver and increased expression of M-AAT. Transgenic mice expressing the human PiZ allele treated with dual-function rAAV9 vectors showed that serum PiZ was stably and persistently reduced by an average of 80%. Treated animals showed knockdown of Z-AAT in liver and serum with concomitant increased serum M-AAT as determined by allele-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). In addition, decreased globular accumulation of misfolded Z-AAT in hepatocytes and a reduction in inflammatory infiltrates in the liver was observed. Results from microarray studies demonstrate that endogenous miRNAs were minimally affected by this treatment. These data suggests that miRNA mediated knockdown does not saturate the miRNA pathway as has been seen with viral vector expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). This safe dual-therapy approach can be applied to other disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, cerebral ataxia, and optic atrophies.
Gender marking on citizens band radio: Self-identity in a limited-channel speech community

Self-assigned “handles” (nicknames) connote gender images in citizens band radio (CB), a limited-channel, mass participation speech community. Semantic differential analysis of a sample of male and female handles reveals that men project virility, while women collectively refrain from any significant degree of gender marking. Male dominance, absence of nonverbal communication channels, and the newness of the community combine to account for present image patterns.
Diffusion and recombination of products of ionizing radiations

The relative importance of diffusion and recombination of the products of ionizing radiations is examined in several typical cases and methods for the solution of the differential equation of columnar ionization are discussed. It is shown that Jaffe's method is not applicable to radiobiological or purely radiochemical processes in which no external electric fields are acting. A method based on a recent suggestion of Kramers (see Gerritsen, 1948) appears to be particularly good when recombination is strong.
Using interdisciplinary bioinformatics undergraduate research to recruit and retain computer science students

An interdisciplinary undergraduate research project in bioinformatics, jointly mentored by faculty in computer science and biology, has been developed and is being used to provide top-quality instruction to biology and computer science students. This paper explains the benefits of such a collaboration to computer science students and to the computer science discipline. Specific goals of the project include increased recruitment of students into computer science and increased retention within the discipline. The project is also intended to be particularly attractive to women students.
Incidence of injuries in high school track and field athletes and its relation to performance ability

Two hundred fifty-seven high school track athletes from 17 teams were observed prospectively for one complete season (77 days) to study the incidence and types of injuries and to establish the relationship among injuries, duration of training, and individual performance ability. One hundred seventy-four (68%) of the athletes were male and 83 (33%) were female. A total of 41 injuries was observed over this period of time. One injury occurred for every 5.8 males and every 7.5 females. On the average, an injury resulted in 8.1 days of missed practice, 8.7 days for males and 6.6 days for females. Sprinting events were responsible for 46% of all injuries. The majority (83%) of injuries involved the lower extremities. Management of these injuries varied greatly. A direct correlation was noted between performance level of the athlete and incidence of injuries. The average noninjured athlete ranked at the 57.4 percentile based on best seasonal performance while the average injured athlete ranked at the 75.4 percentile. This direct relationship was present for both sexes and within all events, although some variation was noted within these separate groups.
Theory of melting with natural convection in an enclosed porous medium

This paper reports a complete theory of the melting that occurs in a confined porous medium saturated with phase-change material and heated from the side. Darcy flow characteristics are assumed for the liquid phase. The solid phase is isothermal and at the melting point. The first part of the paper reports a matched boundary layer solution for natural convection dominated melting in the quasi-steady regime. The second part reports a solution for the heat transfer during the two earlier regimes, pure conduction followed by mixed conduction and convection. Together, the two solutions cover the entire history of transient heating administered from the side. This theory shows that the liquid-side Stefan number has a profound effect on the heat transfer and melting rates.
Harmonic cancellation from computing voltage source in servo analogue computers

A system where harmonics that appear on the computing voltage source of a servo analogue computer may be cancelled out in the summing network of the servo amplifier is described. This is accomplished by the injection of harmonics into the quadrature rejection circuit of the servo system.
Polymer reactions—Part VII: Thermal pyrolysis of polypropylene

Abstract Polypropylene has been pyrolysed in a carrier stream of helium from 388° to 900°C in both the programmed heating and flash pyrolysis modes. The products were on-line identified and quantitatively analysed by an interfaced GC peak identification system. The first order rate constants for pyrolysis are 3·7 × 10−4 sec−1 and 4·0 × 10−4 sec−1, respectively, for atactic and isotactic polypropylene at 388°C; the corresponding overall activation energies are 56 ± 6 and 51 ± 5 kcal mole−1. The main products in decreasing yields are 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene, 2-pentene, propylene, 2 methyl-1-pentene and 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-nonene. Also isolated, but in much smaller quantities, are: ethane, isobutylene, 4,6-dimethyl-2-nonene, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-heptene, 3-methyl-3,5-hexadiene and methane. Propylene is the product of an unzipping reaction. Most of the other products can be accounted for by a mechanism involving first, random scission of carbon-carbon bonds to produce methyl, primary and secondary alkyl radicals, followed by intramolecular hydrogen transfer processes. Methane and ethane are formed from the methyl radicals. All the products found in high yields are derived from the secondary alkyl radicals.
Bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Advances in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been striking while results have been less impressive in adults who develop this disease. Obvious differences in a patient's ability to withstand cytotoxic therapy may account, in part, for these findings, but the biologic behaviour of the disease in the two age groups appears to be different; relapses are more frequent and cures less common in adults. In fact, age alone appears to be the most important prognostic factor in ALL. The demonstration of the efficacy of bone marrow transplantation in advanced disease as well as the marked improvements in supportive care and the development of effective high-dose cytotoxic preparative regimens, especially those which use total body irradiation, however, have paved the way for transplantation in first complete remission. Formerly, most adult ALL patients who underwent bone marrow transplant did so in relapse, or in second or subsequent remission. In most studies 40-50% of first remission adult patients attain long-term disease-free survival after allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplant. Relapses are considerably higher in the autologous transplant group when compared to the allogeneic group, but the latter population may experience increased morbidity and mortality due to graft-versus-host disease and opportunistic infection. These differences may reflect the beneficial graft-versus-leukemia effect in the allograft as well as infusion of autologous leukemia cells in the autograft but neither transplant subtype appears superior. Compared to more conventional approaches, however, transplantation may offer improved disease-free survival, although patient selection appears to be significantly influence outcome. These many inherent biases must be noted when comparing markedly different approaches, e.g. transplant versus conventional therapy. The challenge of demonstrating which therapy is superior for adult ALL patients can only be addressed in a well-designed, prospective, randomized trial.
Thermotropic color changing nanoparticles prepared by encapsulating blue polystyrene particles with a poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide gel

Water-dispersed thermotropic nanoparticles with core-shell structures were synthesized by the in situ polymerization of a lightly crosslinked shell of poly(N- isopropylacrylamide) [poly(NIPAM)] onto blue polystyrene cores. At room temperature, the thermal responsive outer shell is hydrophilic and is in a fully swollen gel state; but as the temperature is raised above 31°C, it becomes increasingly hydrophobic and eventually collapses as the temperature reaches the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the poly(NIPAM). Passing through the LCST has a drastic effect on the color of the latex solution, which exhibited an intense blue color at room temperature and gradually pales or lightens as the temperature is raised above 31°C. Analysis using spectroscopic and dynamic light scattering techniques showed that it is a reversible process. Microscopy evaluation of samples dried by the evaporation of water at temperatures above and below the LCST revealed that the swollen/collapse state of the polymer shell influenced the morphology of the dry state. Drying at room temperature resulted in thin films in which only particles of sizes corresponding to the polystyrene core are clearly seen in the microscopy images; but for samples prepared above the LCST, the images revealed a morphology made of much larger particles with diameters of 400–500 nm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Hard turning versus grinding - The effect of process-induced residual stress on rolling contact

Abstract Compared with grinding, hard turning may induce a relatively deep compressive residual stress while still achieving an equivalent surface finish. Although it is generally agreed that deep compressive residual stresses are beneficial to component life in rolling contact, the interactions between the residual stress profile, applied load, and surface material are poorly understood at present. With the input of process-induced residual stress profile instead of one point “surface” residual stress, a simulation model of rolling contact for hard-machined components has been developed by directly modeling the interaction between the roller and the machined surface, rather than moving the assumed Hertzian pressure and tangential surface traction across the surface of the traditional method. The equivalent plastic strain could characterize relative fatigue damage under the influence of process-induced residual stress. The slope of a compressive residual stress profile as well as its depth were identified as key factors for rolling contact fatigue damage. Rolling contact tend to reduce the initial compressive residual stress. The predicted residual stress pattern and magnitude agree with the test data in general. The increase of friction dramatically increases the magnitude of peak compressive residual stress but not its location. The normal load shifts the location of peak compressive residual stress much deeper below the surface.
POLLEN DIGESTION BY NEW WORLD BATS: EFFECTS OF PROCESSING TIME AND FEEDING HABITS

Although pollen is included in the diet of vertebrates and invertebrates, and extraction efficiency of its contents has been estimated for several flower visitors, the relationship between feeding habits and pollen digestion efficiency has not been carefully studied. We compared the efficiency with which four species of New World bats with different feeding habits extracted the contents of different types of pollen, and we tested the hypothesis that flower-visiting bats have higher extraction efficiencies than fruit-eating bats. We gave doses of different types of pollen to two nectarivorous (Anoura geoffroyi Leptonycteris curasoae) and two frugivorous (Artibeus jamaicensis Sturnira lilium) bats and collected their feces at regular intervals. We used pollen from three species of flowers that are associated with bat visitation: Pseudobombax ellipticum, Hylocereus undatus and an unidentified species of night-blooming, columnar cactus. In addition to estimating the percentage of empty pollen grains in the fe...
Is There an Independent Principle of Causality in Physics

Mathias Frisch has argued that the requirement that electromagnetic dispersion processes are causal adds empirical content not found in electrodynamic theory. I urge that this attempt to reconstitute a local principle of causality in physics fails. An independent principle is not needed to recover the results of dispersion theory. The use of “causality conditions” proves to be either the mere adding of causal labels to an already presumed fact; or, if one seeks a broader, independently formulated grounding for the conditions, that grounding either fails or dissolves into vagueness and ambiguity, as has traditionally been the fate of candidate principles of causality.
α-n-hydroxyamino acid derivatives

Abstract Reactions of organolithium reagents with glyoxylate derived oximes provided a direct route to α-N-hydroxyamino acids. The process required direct attachment of an ionizable group to the glyoxylate carbonyl to prevent competitive reactions. The procedure allowed for direct formation of the α-chiral center of the newly formed α-N-hydroxyamino acid derivative. Introduction of potential chiral auxiliaries on the oxime oxygen resulted in modest diastereoselection. In most instances, use of chiral glyoxylamides also gave low diastereoselectivity.
Isolated compartment syndrome of the pronator quadratus compartment: a case report

Abstract We present a case of compartment syndrome that involves the pronator quadratus space but does not affect any of the other forearm compartments. Symptoms consisted of pain out of proportion to examination findings, splinting of the forearm in a 30° pronated position, and severe pain with passive supination. Diagnosis was confirmed with pressure measurements of all forearm compartments at the time of surgery. Symptoms resolved promptly with isolated release of the pronator quadratus compartment with concomitant reduction in compartment pressure in that one compartment.
Operator gauge transformations in quantum electrodynamics

Abstract An operator transformation is formulated which transforms electromagnetic potentials and spinor fields from one gauge to another. Commutation rules are transformed under this gauge transformation and, in particular, change from the commutation rules of the Lorentz gauge to those of the Coulomb gauge when the appropriate gauge transformation is made. The equations of motion are also correspondingly transformed. The transformation is used to generate commutation rules and equations of motion for the null-plane gauge.
Personalities in Faces: V. Personal Identification and the Judgment of Facial Characteristics

(1956). Personalities in Faces: V. Personal Identification and the Judgment of Facial Characteristics. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 289-291.
Geologic controls on bedrock channel width in large, slowly-eroding catchments: Case study of the New River in eastern North America

Abstract We have investigated the geologic controls on hydraulic geometry of bedrock rivers using a single large catchment, the New River, from a stable tectonic setting with variable, resistant lithology but spatially stable climate. Our survey of channel width at 0.5 km spacing along 572 km of the river shows major variation that only roughly fits the expected scaling relationships between width, drainage area, and slope. Considerable variations in width, including steps in trends and large spikes, relate to physiogeologic boundaries that the river passes through. A large fraction (15%) of the river's length classifies as bedrock reach, showing that it behaves more like a bedrock river than an alluvial river. Unlike established trends, the channel is wider in bedrock than in alluvium. Field observations show that aspect ratio (width to depth) is not constant, but fluctuates systematically with width from wide, shallow reaches to narrower, deeper reaches. Our observations of bedrock properties suggest that susceptibility to fluvial plucking versus abrasion may control this anomalous channel morphology. One end member form with aspect ratio as high as 500, which we term the incision plain , is associated with very closely spaced discontinuities (~ 10 cm) in otherwise hard rock. We propose that the closely spaced discontinuities enable efficient plucking that leads to widening by lateral erosion. This morphology locally occurs in other passive margin rivers and may be a fundamental fluvial form that is similar to, but the inverse of, slot canyons. The other end member, which we term channel neck , is narrower and deeper with complex flow paths through blocky bedrock. This form occurs where discontinuity spacing is longer (> 0.5 m) and erosion is abrasion dominated. These results imply that changes in channel width do not necessarily reflect variations in uplift rate, but instead may result from complex response to bedrock properties.
Electron energy distributions and electron impact source functions in Ar/N2 inductively coupled plasmas using pulsed power

In plasma materials processing, such as plasma etching, control of the time-averaged electron energy distributions (EEDs) in the plasma allows for control of the time-averaged electron impact source functions of reactive species in the plasma and their fluxes to surfaces. One potential method for refining the control of EEDs is through the use of pulsed power. Inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) are attractive for using pulsed power in this manner because the EEDs are dominantly controlled by the ICP power as opposed to the bias power applied to the substrate. In this paper, we discuss results from a computational investigation of EEDs and electron impact source functions in low pressure (5–50 mTorr) ICPs sustained in Ar/N2 for various duty cycles. We find there is an ability to control EEDs, and thus source functions, by pulsing the ICP power, with the greatest variability of the EEDs located within the skin depth of the electromagnetic field. The transit time of hot electrons produced in the skin depth at the onset of pulse power produces a delay in the response of the EEDs as a function of distance from the coils. The choice of ICP pressure has a large impact on the dynamics of the EEDs, whereas duty cycle has a small influence on time-averaged EEDs and source functions.
Detection of a guanine X adenine base pair in a decadeoxyribonucleotide by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract A decadeoxyribonucleotide, d(C-C-A-A-G-A-T-T-G-G) (I), forms a duplex in solution. The base pairing pattern in this duplex was studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Five NH...N hydrogen-bonded proton resonances were observed, and they were assigned by nuclear Overhauser enhancement experiments as well as by comparison to five previously assigned NH...N hydrogen-bonded proton resonances in a self-complementary duplex of similar sequence, d(C-C-A-A-G-C-T-T-G-G) (II). The results suggest that the central -G-A- residues of I form G X A base pairs in the helical state. The fact that the H2 proton of A at the sixth position from the 5' end of I showed nuclear Overhauser enhancement when the NH...N hydrogen-bonded proton resonance of G X A was irradiated suggests that the bases of the G X A base pair are oriented in an anti-anti conformation. Comparison of the linewidths at the half height of the NH...N hydrogen-bonded proton resonances of I at 1 degree C suggest that the G X A base pairs are less stable than adjacent A X T base pairs.
LFSR seed computation and reduction using SMT-based fault-chaining

We propose a new method to derive a small number of LFSR seeds for Logic BIST to cover all detectable faults as a first-order satisfiability problem involving extended theories. We use an SMT (Satisfiability Modulo Theories) formulation to efficiently combine the tasks of test-generation and seed-computation. We make use of this formulation in an iterative seed-reduction flow which enables the "chaining" of hard-to-test faults using very few seeds. Experimental results demonstrate that up to 79% reduction in the number of seeds can be achieved.
Perspective: Relativistic Hamiltonians

Under the no-photon approximation, an effective quantum electrodynamics (QED) Hamiltonian can be constructed based solely on charge conjugation symmetry. It serves as the basis not only for the emerging field of “molecular QED” but also for various approximate Hamiltonians, including the standard no-pair ones. The whole spectrum of relativistic Hamiltonians is hence completed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TCgen 2.0: a tool to automatically generate lossless trace compressors

This tutorial explains the usage of TCgen, a tool for generating portable lossless trace compressors based on user-provided trace format descriptions. TCgen automatically translates these descriptions into optimized C source code. In many cases, the synthesized code is faster and compresses better than BZIP2, GZIP, MACHE, PDATS II, SBC, SEQUITUR, and VPC3, making it ideal for trace-based research and teaching environments as well as for trace archives. Version 2 includes several improvements and simplifies the integration of the generated code with other code through a streamlined API.
Hippocampal conditioned responses in the absence of entorhinal input.

Abstract Hippocampal unit responses to conditioned stimuli were analyzed in intact rats and in rats deprived of the input from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. Cells in normal rats responded more intensely to a conditioned stimulus when it was applied within 1 min from a previous one. The rats with lesions had smaller conditioned hippocampal responses and, in addition, there were no differences between responses to stimuli applied after short or long intertrial intervals. No effects on gross conditioned behaviour were noticed.
The New Approach of Marking Activity-Loops Based on the String Reachable Matrix

The Authors present a new approach of finding out unreasonable activity loops. The approach was named as SRM (string reachable matrix) which intended to analyze business processes effectively. This matrix stemmed from reachable matrix and could show activity loops and paths directly in elements of the matrix. The definition, operating rules of SRM and others related to SRM were also described in this paper. At the end, the approach was applied to a practical process, the loops and paths were found out quickly. The approach provides a new resolution to the BPR (business process reengineering).
Expression of potential β-catenin targets, cyclin D1, c-Jun, c-Myc, E-cadherin, and EGFR in chemically induced hepatocellular neoplasms from B6C3F1 mice

In this study we used liver neoplasms induced by several chemical carcinogens to investigate potential nuclear targets associated with beta-catenin/Wnt signaling and potential membrane-associated beta-catenin binding partners. Strong expression of cyclin D1, in a pattern similar to that observed previously for beta-catenin, was observed by Western analysis for all five hepatoblastomas examined regardless of treatment. Increased expression of cyclin D1 was also detected in 12 of 35 (34%) hepatocellular neoplasms. Ten of 15 tumors (67%) that had mutations in the Catnb gene had upregulation of cyclin D1, while only 2 of 20 tumors (10%) without Catnb mutations had increased cyclin D1 expression. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed strong expression of cyclin D1 in most nuclei of hepatoblastomas and scattered nuclear staining in hepatocellular tumors that had Catnb mutations. Increased c-Jun expression was observed in 19 of 30 (63%) hepatocellular tumors and all hepatoblastomas, although upregulation was not completely correlated with Catnb mutation. C-Myc expression was not increased in the tumors. Reduced expression of E-cadherin, which interacts with beta-catenin at the membrane, was observed in some tumors, but this did not correlate with Catnb mutation. Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor, which may have a role in beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation, was lower in some tumors than in normal tissue depending on chemical treatment. The results provide evidence that increased expression of cyclin D1 and c-Jun may provide an advantage during tumor progression and in the transition from hepatocellular neoplasms to hepatoblastomas. Moreover, it is likely increased cyclin D1 expression results at least in part from Catnb mutation, beta-catenin accumulation, and increased Wnt signaling.
The three-dimensional structure of a complex of a murine Fab (NC10. 14) with a potent sweetener (NC174): an illustration of structural diversity in antigen recognition by immunoglobulins.

The three-dimensional structure of a complex of an Fab from a murine IgG2b(λ) antibody (NC10.14) with a high potency sweet tasting hapten, N-(p-cyanophenyl)-N′-(diphenylmethyl)-N″-(carboxymethyl)guanidine (NC174), has been determined to 2.6 A resolution by X-ray crystallography. This complex crystallized in the triclinic space group P1, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. In contrast to a companion monoclonal antibody (NC6.8) with a κ-type light chain and similar high affinity for the NC174 ligand, the NC10.14 antibody possessed a large and deep antigen combining site bounded primarily by the third complementarity-determining regions (CDR3s) of the light and heavy chains. CDR3 of the heavy chain dominated the site and its crown protruded into the external solvent as a type 1′ β-turn. NC174 was nested against HCDR3 and was held in place by two tryptophan side-chains (L91 and L96) from LCDR3. The diphenyl rings were accommodated on an upper tier of the binding pocket that is largely hydrophobic. At the floor of the site, a positively charged arginine side-chain (H95) stabilized the orientation of the electronegative cyano group of the hapten. The negative charge on the acetate group was partially neutralized by a hydrogen bond with the phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine H58. Comparisons of the modes of binding of NC174 to the NC6.8 and NC10.14 antibodies illustrate the enormous structural and mechanistic diversity manifest by immune responses.
Crystal structure of peroxynitrite-modified bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase.

Abstract The crystal structure of bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase modified with peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) was determined by X-ray diffraction, utilizing the existing three-dimensional model of the native structure deposited in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (J. A. Tainer et al., J. Mol. Biol. 160, 181–217, 1982). The native structure and the modified derivative were refined to R factors of 19.0 and 18.7% respectively using diffraction data from 6.0 to 2.5 A. The major result after reaction with peroxynitrite was the appearance of electron density 1.45 A from a single epsilon carbon of Tyr-108, the only tyrosine residue in the sequence. Tyr-108 is a solvent-exposed residue 18 A from the copper atom in the active site. The electron density was consistent with nitration of Tyr-108 at one of the epsilon carbons to form 3-nitrotyrosine. We propose that the nitration occurs in solution by transfer of a nitronium-like species from the active site on one superoxide dismutase dimer to the Tyr-108 of a second dimer.
Models for reserpine effects on normal and brain-operated animals on a continuous reinforcement bar pressing schedule.

Mathematical models are presented for the relationship between changes in the bar pressing rate of albino rats on a continuous reinforcement schedule and alterations of the brain amines norepinephrine and serotonin induced by electrolytic lesions in the hypothalamus and by the drug, reserpine. The discussion utilizes central concepts from some of the more prominent hypotheses on the relation of the amines to behavior and for the potentiation effects of the drug by the lesion (A. Carlsson, 1964. “Functional Significance of Drug-induced Changes in Brain Monoamine Levels.” InBiogenic Amines, eds. H. E. Himwich and W. A. Himwich, New York: Elsevier, 9–27; B. B. Brodie and E. Costa, 1962. “Some Current Views on Brain Monoamines.”Psychopharm. Service Centre Bull.,2, 1–25.) Laboratory data (F. Grabarits and J. Harvey, 1966. “The Effects of Reserpine on Behavior and on Brain Concentrations of Serotonin and Norepinephrine in Control Rats and Rats with Hypothalamic Lesions.”J. Pharm.,153, 403–411) are interpreted, and suggestions for further experimental and theoretical work are made.
Optimization of Plane Fits to Image Segments in Multi-view Stereo

One step in the reconstruction pipeline for creating scene geometry from multiple camera views is the fitting of 3-D planes to image segments. We optimize the four homogeneous coefficients of the equation of a plane, so that the homography it induces on a source image segment minimizes a cost function with photo consistency and edge consistency terms. The photo consistency term for a segment is defined as the summed squared pixel color differences with all target images in which it is visible. For the edges we find a set of sub pixel-precise Canny edge points from the source image. The edge consistency term considers all pairs of segments which are adjacent in 3D, and sums the squared 2D distances of the appropriate Canny edge points to the projection of the line in which the two segment planes intersect. We apply the L-BFGS non-linear optimization algorithm, which uses derivatives of the cost function with respect to the plane equation coefficients, and we derive analytic formulas for these derivatives for both terms in the cost function. An alternate optimization method uses the sparse Hessian matrix of second derivatives, and we compute these second derivatives as well. We test these plane optimizations on both synthetic and real image sequences.
Outcomes of patients with low-risk endometrial cancer surgically staged without lymphadenectomy based on intra-operative evaluation.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate clinical outcomes in patients with stage I endometrial cancer undergoing surgical management without lymphadenectomy based on intra-operative assessment for low-risk disease. Methods Between 2000 and 2009, a total of 179 patients were surgically staged without lymphadenectomy for low-risk stage I endometrial cancer. Low-risk cancer was defined by intra-operative criteria based on both gross and frozen tissue microscopic evaluation: 1) G1 or G2 endometrioid histology; 2) myoinvasion Results Morbidity, cancer recurrence, and disease-specific mortality were low. Postoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (2.8%). Nine patients (5.0%) were offered adjuvant radiation for higher risk disease diagnosed on final pathology. Radiation morbidity was minimal: grade 1 vaginal toxicity in 2 patients. Three patients (1.7%) experienced recurrent cancer with mean time to recurrence of 43.7months. Five year overall survival was 95.8%. The five year probability of disease-specific death was 1.1%. Conclusion In an institution with reliable capability of pathological frozen tissue diagnosis, omission of lymph node dissection is a reasonable option in the surgical management of those patients with low-risk disease diagnosed by intra-operative factors.
On temporal determinants of European Union enlargement: The case of Turkey's accession

This paper aims at contributing to theoretical debates over why the European Union (EU) enlarges. Whereas existing theoretical approaches take a snapshot view of EU enlargement and focus on its synchronic determinants, this paper explores its temporal determinants. Developing a historical-institutionalist approach to EU enlargement, the paper claims that the enlargement process operates under the constraining weights of past policy choices. The paper examines and illustrates the relative merits of the existing approaches and the historical-institutionalist approach to EU enlargement through analysis of the Turkey–EU relations.
Traumatic Brain Injury in a Child Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic: A Controlled Study

ABSTRACT Objective To demonstrate the similarity of children with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly mild TBI, to matched children without such a history, within a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. Method This is a chart review of patients presenting to a child psychiatry outpatient clinic over a 3-year period. Children with TBI were matched by age, sex, race, and social class to children with no history of TBI. Axis I and II diagnoses, use of special education services, and IQ scores were compared. Results Seventy-four (5.6%) of 1,333 consecutive clinic cases had a definite TBI. Of these, 64 were mild. Only 3 of 59 comparisons that were made between TBI and control subjects were significant. A developmental communication disorder cluster was significantly more frequent in the TBI group. Autism and a pervasive developmental disorder cluster were significantly more frequent in the control group. Conclusion In a child psychiatry clinic, patients with a history of TBI are virtually indistinguishable from matched children without TBI. Caution should be exercised before attributing the child's problems, especially long-term problems, to the TBI unless the injury was severe or the child is exhibiting related phobic or posttraumatic stress symptomatology.