cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MODELLING LIQUID-SOLID PHASE CHANGES WITH MELT CONVECTION

SUMMARY Methods are described for modelling of phase change processes using the finite element method to simulate freezing and melting including convection in the melt. Evaluation of several enthalpy/specific heat methods and time marching schemes is also included. Suppression of velocities in the solid region is described, and example problems are given. Comparison is made to simulations performed by other researchers using finite difference methods. Substantially different results were found for one of these problems, and this result is shown to be caused by numerical problems in the earlier work. strong effect on the resulting microstructure. A number of researchers have shown reorientation of columnar grains,' alteration of the size and location of equiaxed zones' and macro~egregation,~. all due to melt convection. Mathematical models have been used in attempts to better understand the processes and thus control them. Although the most convenient mathematical models would use analytical solutions to the coupled heat and momentum transport equations, very few such solutions exist for these problems, and none would extend to the realistic problems where complicated geometries and temperature dependent material properties are included. For this reason, nearly all of the efforts in this area have been numerical. There are different types of numerical methods which are appropriate to phase change problems, depending on the kind of material involved. In pure materials, eutectics or congruent melting phases, the liquid-solid interface is sharp and corresponds to an isotherm. For these kinds of problems it may be appropriate to have part of the mesh coincide with the solidification front at all times, and distort the mesh in both phases as the boundary moves. A number of these front- tracking methods have been de~eloped,~, but none exists for three-dimensional problems. For alloys which freeze over a range of temperatures, front-tracking methods are no longer applicable. Instead, what is normally done is to specify the evolution of latent heat over a freezing range as part of the material properties. The phase boundaries are then recovered from the solution as the isotherms corresponding to the beginning and end of the transformation. The two
Ergodic Sets as Cell Phenotype of Budding Yeast Cell Cycle

It has been suggested that irreducible sets of states in Probabilistic Boolean Networks correspond to cellular phenotype. In this study, we identify such sets of states for each phase of the budding yeast cell cycle. We find that these “ergodic sets” underly the cyclin activity levels during each phase of the cell cycle. Our results compare to the observations made in several laboratory experiments as well as the results of differential equation models. Dynamical studies of this model: (i) indicate that under stochastic external signals the continuous oscillating waves of cyclin activity and the opposing waves of CKIs emerge from the logic of a Boolean-based regulatory network without the need for specific biochemical/kinetic parameters; (ii) suggest that the yeast cell cycle network is robust to the varying behavior of cell size (e.g., cell division under nitrogen deprived conditions); (iii) suggest the irreversibility of the Start signal is a function of logic of the G1 regulon, and changing the structure of the regulatory network can render start reversible.
Spontaneous activity of rats on diets varied in protein, carbohydrate and fat content.

Nous avons mesure l'activite spontanee de rats mâles et femelles recevant des rations contenant 10%, 25% et 60% de proteine et 29% de graisses non-saturees ou 31% de graisses saturees. Les rats ont ete maintenus isoles dans des cages a stabilimetre 6 jours de suite. On a compare les donnees obtenues pendant les 3 derniers jours. On n'a pas trouve de differences significatives dans l'effet des differents regimes, ni pour les mâles ni pour les femelles.
A likelihood ratio test for three-mode singular values: upper percentiles and an application to three-way ANOVA

Abstract This paper considers the rank-1 three-mode model for an n2n3 × n1 matrix, Y. In vector form, the model is y = (υ1⊗υ2⊗υ3)λ + ϵ, where y = vec ( Y ), υ j is an nj × 1 vector of parameters, υ′jυj = 1 for j = 1, 2, 3, and ϵ ∼ N( 0 , σ 2 I ) . The likelihood ratio test of H0:λ = 0 is given and, employing a Jacobi polynomial expansion, upper percentiles of the null distribution of the test statistic are computed. As an illustration, the results are applied to the problem of testing additivity in unreplicated three-way classifications.
Structure and film formation in charged emulsions and microemulsions

Abstract A statistical mechanical approach for investigating ensembles of fluid deformable droplets submerged in an immiscible liquid is suggested. The main emphasis is on the effect of long-range forces as electrostatic and van der Waals, that is why the result are most relevant to oil in water emulsions and microemulsions. The radial distribution functions for different cases of practical interest are calculated and the effect of droplet deformability is demonstrated. It is shown that thin liquid films could form between the droplets even in cases in which the pair energy of interaction is not sufficiently attractive to deform the droplets alone. The reason for this deformation is found to have an entropic origin. Thin-film formation in emulsions is important because of its close relation to their stability. That is why we believe that the approach and results described in this study could be helpful in further understanding the basic properties of emulsions and microemulsion and for interpretation of experimental results.
Defect-mediated ferromagnetism in insulating Co-doped anatase TiO2 thin films

The room temperature ferromagnetism recently discovered in transition metal doped oxides makes of them unique materials for new spintronic technologies. However, the mechanism responsible for this behavior has remained elusive. Here we use Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy to image the Co and find that the magnetic phase in Co doped TiO2 films consists of a superstructure of interstitial Co atoms homogeneously distributed in the anatase lattice. Detailed analysis of the energy-loss near edge structure at the Ti L2,3 edge shows that the activation of ferromagnetism by post growth vacuum annealing involves the creation of Co - Ti3+- oxygen vacancy defect complexes. First-principles, spin-polarized density functional theory calculations confirm that these defect complexes have the lowest energy configuration and that their magnetic moment is in agreement with experimental observations.
Variability of soil physical quality and erodibility in a water-eroded cropland

Abstract Physical degradation of the soil increases its susceptibility to erosion by water action. However, relatively few studies have evaluated the opposite, i.e., the impact of water erosion on soil erodibility. This study was conducted in a corn field in Ohio. Some sites within the field have experienced water-induced soil erosion following heavy rainstorms. Physical characteristics of the soil were compared between eroded (ER) and un-eroded sites (UN). Compared with ER, the soil in UN had lower penetration resistance (4.87 vs. 4.53 MPa), bulk density (1.45 vs. 1.33 Mg m −3 ), and sand content (17.4 vs. 14.2%), and higher shear strength (80.1 vs. 125.3 KPa), hydraulic conductivity (3.0 vs. 3.4 cm h −1 ), intrinsic permeability (31.9 vs. 36.4 × 10 −10 cm 2 ), and contents of soil organic carbon (36.1 vs. 32.1 g kg −1 ), total nitrogen (3.3 vs. 3.1 g kg −1 ), clay (25.2 vs. 24.2%), silt (60.5 vs. 58.4%), and very fine sand (3.4 vs. 1.1%). Also Munsell's variables differed between ER and UN (1.24 vs. 0.54 for hue, 4.59 vs. 4.35 for value, and 1.99 vs. 1.79 for chroma, respectively). The erodibility factor ( K ) was lower in UN than in ER (0.00327 vs. 0.00354 Mg ha h ha −1 MJ −1 mm −1 , respectively). Hence, it is suggested the ER sites within the corn field agroecosystem are more susceptible to accelerated erosion as compared with UN sites.
The principle of solar wind induced planetary dynamos.

Solar wind induced planetary magnetic field systems supportable by bodies free of electrically insulating atmospheres and dynamo driven intrinsic magnetic fields
A General Model for Testing Mediation and Moderation Effects

This paper describes methods for testing mediation and moderation effects in a dataset, both together and separately. Investigations of this kind are especially valuable in prevention research to obtain information on the process by which a program achieves its effects and whether the program is effective for subgroups of individuals. A general model that simultaneously estimates mediation and moderation effects is presented, and the utility of combining the effects into a single model is described. Possible effects of interest in the model are explained, as are statistical methods to assess these effects. The methods are further illustrated in a hypothetical prevention program example.
External validity and experimental design: the sensitive phase for song learning ☆

In the past decade there has been widespread acceptance of the idea that the use of live, socially interactive tutors in song learning experiments produces results that differ dramatically from, and are more valid than, results obtained with tape tutors. The influential series of experiments by Baptista & Petrinovich (1984,Animal Behaviour,32, 172–181, 1986,Animal Behaviour,34, 1359–1371; Petrinovich & Baptista 1987,Animal Behaviour,35, 961–974) have promoted this view, and their results have been widely accepted. Baptista & Petrinovich's results have led them and others to question whether there are age-limited sensitive phases for song learning, as Marler's (1970,Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology Monographs,711–25) early studies on the white-crowned sparrow,Zonotrichia leucophrys, suggested, and led them to argue that interactive tutoring produces essentially open-ended learning. I argue here that this view is mistaken, and that the sensitive phase for song learning in the white-crowned sparrow is identical for live and tape tutors and is restricted to the first few months of life. Baptista & Petrinovich presented live and tape tutors for different periods to their subjects. Type of tutor (live versus tape) is confounded with duration of exposure to tutors. As a consequence, their experiments confound two different forms of song learning that occur at different ages, and give the mistaken appearance of an extended sensitive phase when live tutors are used.
Community Insiders as Justice-Oriented Teachers: Creating New Educators Through a Collaborative Approach to Teacher Preparation

In this article, we argue that preparing and maintaining a cadre of culturally responsive teachers is critical to improving urban education and achieving educational equity. We discuss a collaborative, social-justice-oriented approach to teacher preparation committed to developing a stable and effective teaching force reflective of the student population within urban schools. Through narrative inquiry, we share stories of community insiders now teaching in urban classrooms. In doing so, we aim to complicate current debates about what it means to prepare highly qualified, effective teachers and to reassert the capacity of colleges of education to advance equity in U.S. schooling.
“Clicked” fluoropolymer elastomers as robust materials for potential microfluidic device applications

We report the design and synthesis of a new perfluoropolyether-based material, which has liquid-like viscosity and can be cured into a tough, highly durable elastomer when “clicked” with selected tri-pod organic small molecules. This highly fluorinated elastomer exhibits remarkable resistance to a variety of organic solvents, water, heat and even harsh acidic and basic conditions. Whereas PDMS-based microfluidic devices are commonly used for aqueous based applications, their limited chemical resistance and high swellability in many common organic solvents make it unfeasible for microfluidic applications involving organic solvents and/or harsh conditions. With excellent chemical resistance and low swellability, our newly synthesized fluoro-elastomers will hopefully provide an alternative material for organic based microfluidic devices. Furthermore, the alkyne–azide “click” chemistry employed in curing not only provides high efficiency of synthesis and ease of device fabrication, but, more importantly, produces 1,2,3-triazole linkages that are very stable against harsh acidic or basic conditions. This work has great potential to expand microfluidics to a series of novel applications especially in organic and medicinal chemistry.
Realization of giant optical nonlinearities in a quantum dot coupled to a nanocavity

We coherently probe a quantum dot that is strongly coupled to a photonic crystal nano-cavity by scattering of a resonant laser beam. The coupled systempsilas response is highly nonlinear as the quantum dot saturation with nearly one photon per cavity lifetime. This coherent probing method has applications for classical and quantum information processing.
Identification of congenital auricular deformities during newborn hearing screening allows for non-surgical correction: a Mayo Clinic pilot study.

Abstract Objective To introduce a Mayo Clinic pilot study in which newborn hearing screeners are trained to identify congenital auricular deformities, allowing for non-surgical correction with a simple splint initiated in the immediate neonatal period. Methods Newborn hearing screeners received education on evaluation of congenital auricular deformities. Ten infants with 19 affected ears amenable to treatment with a simple splint were enrolled between June 15 and December 10, 2009. Splinting was initiated prior to the infant's discharge from the hospital. Results Congenital auricular deformities amenable to correction with splinting included cup ear, Stahl's ear, and prominent ear. All ears were assessed by physical examination and photographic documentation prior to splinting and at follow-up visits. All exhibited improvement from the original deformity after 1–4 weeks of splinting. There were no instances of skin irritation or breakdown. Conclusion Splinting therapy of congenital auricular deformities is very effective when initiated within the first 3 days of life while cartilage is quite malleable. Newborn hearing screening is performed within 24–48 h of birth and is an ideal opportunity to identify auricular deformities. This pilot study shows that early identification of auricular deformities by properly educated newborn hearing screeners is feasible, allowing for successful initiation of splinting therapy.
Multi-rate Kalman filtering for the data fusion of displacement and acceleration response measurements in dynamic system monitoring

Many damage detection and system identification approaches benefit from the availability of both acceleration and displacement measurements. This is particularly true in the case of suspected non-linear behavior and permanent deformations. In civil and mechanical structural modeling accelerometers are most often used, however displacement sensors, such as non-contact optical techniques as well as GPS-based methods for civil structures are becoming more common. It is suggested, where possible, to exploit the inherent redundancy in the sensor information and combine the collocated acceleration and displacement measurements in a manner which yields highly accurate motion data. This circumvents problematic integration of accelerometer data that causes low-frequency noise amplification, and potentially more problematic differentiation of displacement measurements which amplify high-frequency noise. Another common feature of displacement-based sensing is that the high-frequency resolution is limited, and often relatively low sampling rates are used. In contrast, accelerometers are often more accurate for higher frequencies and higher sampling rates are often available. The fusion of these two data types must, therefore, combine data sampled at different frequencies. A multi-rate Kalman filtering approach is proposed to solve this problem. In addition, a smoothing step is introduced to obtain improved accuracy in the displacement estimate when it is sampled at lower rates than the corresponding acceleration measurement. Through trials with simulated data the procedure's effectiveness is shown to be quite robust at a variety of noise levels and relative sample rates for this practical problem.
Identifying phonological patterns and projecting remediation cycles: Expediting intelligibility gains of a 7 year old Australian child

The primary purpose of this case study was to analyse phonological deviations of a 7 year old with highly unintelligible speech in order to (a) identify deficient phonological patterns, (b) determine the severity of his phonological impairment, (c) identify optimal target patterns for treatment, and (d) obtain baseline data to be used for comparison following treatment. The method involved analysing transcriptions of 50 phonological assessment words for occurrences of (a) syllable/word structure omissions, (b) consonant category deficiencies, and (c) substitutions and other strategies. The total occurrences of major phonological deviations placed this client’s performance in the profound range of phonological impairment. Primary target patterns for the first cycle of intervention include: (a) final consonants, (b) /s/ clusters, (c) velars, and (d) liquids. Potential optimal phoneme targets to enhance the phonological patterns were projected for cycle one (approximately 16 contact hours). In addition, potential secondary target patterns for later cycles were discussed.
Role of abscisic acid (ABA) and Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-insensitive loci in low water potential-induced ABA and proline accumulation

The mechanisms by which plants respond to reduced water availability (low water potential) include both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent processes. Pro accumulation and osmotic adjustment are two important traits for which the mechanisms of regulation by low water potential, and the involvement of ABA, is not well understood. The ABA-deficient mutant, aba2-1, was used to investigate the regulatory role of ABA in low water potential-induced Pro accumulation and osmotic adjustment in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. Low water potential-induced Pro accumulation required wild-type levels of ABA, as well as a change in ABA sensitivity or ABA-independent events. Osmotic adjustment, in contrast, occurred independently of ABA accumulation in aba2-1. Quantification of low water potential-induced ABA and Pro accumulation in five ABA-insensitive mutants, abi1-1, abi2-1, abi3, abi4, and abi5, revealed that abi4 had increased Pro accumulation at low water potential, but a reduced response to exogenous ABA. Both of these responses were modified by sucrose treatment, indicating that ABI4 has a role in connecting ABA and sugar in regulating Pro accumulation. Of the other abi mutants, only abi1 had reduced Pro accumulation in response to low water potential and ABA application. It was also observed that abi1-1 and abi2-1 had increased ABA accumulation. The involvement of these loci in feedback regulation of ABA accumulation may occur through an effect on ABA catabolism or conjugation. These data provide new information on the function of ABA in seedlings exposed to low water potential and define new roles for three of the well-studied abi loci.
A pollen-specific calmodulin-binding protein, NPG1, interacts with putative pectate lyases

Previous genetic studies have revealed that a pollen-specific calmodulin-binding protein, No Pollen Germination 1 (NPG1), is required for pollen germination. However, its mode of action is unknown. Here we report direct interaction of NPG1 with pectate lyase-like proteins (PLLs). A truncated form of AtNPG1 lacking the N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (TPR1) failed to interact with PLLs, suggesting that it is essential for NPG1 interaction with PLLs. Localization studies with AtNPG1 fused to a fluorescent reporter driven by its native promoter revealed its presence in the cytosol and cell wall of the pollen grain and the growing pollen tube of plasmolyzed pollen. Together, our data suggest that the function of NPG1 in regulating pollen germination is mediated through its interaction with PLLs, which may modify the pollen cell wall and regulate pollen tube emergence and growth.
A semi-adaptive DCT compression method that uses minimal space

Adaptive DCT (discrete cosine transform) compression methods outperform fixed DCT compression methods in terms of image quality, but they need a large amount of scratch space for the transformed image file. The author proposes a semi-adaptive DCT compression method that outperforms fixed DCT compression, but uses only a small amount of scratch space. This method was designed for use in an electronic still camera that is being developed by NASA. Simulation results show that at 2.25 bits per pixel, the SNR (signal to noise ratio) of the semi-adaptive method ranged from 35 dB to 42 dB as compared to a range of 34 dB to 42 dB for the fixed DCT method. At 3 bits per pixel, the semiadaptive method has an SNR that ranges from 40 dB to 47 dB. >
Identification of genes that interact with glp-1, a gene required for inductive cell interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans

The glp-1 gene functions in two inductive cellular interactions and in development of the embryonic hypodermis of C. elegans. We have isolated six mutations as recessive suppressors of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations of glp-1. By mapping and complementation tests, we found that these suppressors are mutations of known dumpy (dpy) genes; dpy genes are required for development of normal body shape. Based on this result, we asked whether mutations previously isolated in screens for mutants defective in body shape could also suppress glp-1(ts). From these tests, we learned that unselected mutations of eight genes required for normal C. elegans morphogenesis, including the four already identified, suppress glp-1(ts). All of these suppressors rescue all three mutant phenotypes of glp-1(ts) (defects in embryonic induction of pharyngeal tissue, in embryonic hypodermis development, and in induction of germline proliferation). However, they do not rescue putative glp-1 null mutants and therefore do not bypass the requirement for glp-1 in development. In the light of current ideas about the molecular nature of the glp-1 and suppressor gene products, we propose an interaction between the glp-1 protein and components of the extracellular matrix and speculate that this interaction may impose spatial constraints on the decision between mitosis and meiosis in the germline.
An Instrumental Study of Vowel Reduction and Stress Placement in Spanish-Accented English.

Morphophonological alternations in English words such as able versus ability involve changes in both stress and vowel quality. This study examined how native speakers of Spanish and English produced four such morphologically related English word pairs. Degree of stress and vowel quality was assessed auditorily and instrumentally. Stress placement generally seemed to constitute less of a learning problem for the native Spanish speakers than vowel reduction. The results suggest that Englishlike stress placement is acquired earlier than vowel reduction and that the ability to unstress vowels is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for vowel reduction. The magnitude of stress and vowel quality differences for the four word pairs suggests that L2 learners acquire stress placement and vowel reduction in English on a word-by-word basis.
HOW IS INDIVIDUAL RISK FOR PROSTATE CANCER ASSESSED

A man's risk of developing prostate cancer is influenced by both genetic and nongenetic factors. Genetic factors are particularly important at younger ages, and the attributable risk of strong genetic factors could be as high as 43% among men less than 55 years of age; however, only about 9% of all cases may be directly attributable to a family history of prostate cancer. Race appears to be an important determinant of risk; African-American men are at high risk, whereas men of oriental ancestry are at lower risk. The bases of these racial differences remain obscure but may be related to hormonal differences. Modifiable risk factors are most important from a public health perspective. Diet or closely related factors appear to hold the most promise for prevention, although the precise factors are unknown. The strongest evidence indicates that some component of animal fat intake appears to act as a promoter of prostate cancer. Other dietary factors, including vitamin D, vitamin E, and beta-carotene and lycopene, may confer protection, but these require more study. Many but not all studies that have examined long-term effects of vasectomy suggest that this procedure may increase risk of prostate cancer, but whether this association is causal is not established. Occupational factors, smoking, and physical activity level do not appear to be major determinants of prostate cancer risk.
A novel phase assignment protocol and driving system for a high-density focused ultrasound array

Currently, most phased-array systems intended for therapy are one-dimensional (1-D) and use between 5 and 200 elements, with a few two-dimensional (2-D) systems using several hundred elements. The move toward lambda/2 interelement spacing, which provides complete 3-D beam steering, would require a large number of closely spaced elements (0.15 mm to 3 mm). A solution to the resulting problem of cost and cable assembly size, which this study examines, is to quantize the phases available at the array input. By connecting elements with similar phases to a single wire, a significant reduction in the number of incoming lines can be achieved while maintaining focusing and beam steering capability. This study has explored the feasibility of such an approach using computer simulations and experiments with a test circuit driving a 100-element linear array. Simulation results demonstrated that adequate focusing can be obtained with only four phase signals without large increases in the grating lobes or the dimensions of the focus. Experiments showed that the method can be implemented in practice, and adequate focusing can be achieved with four phase signals with a reduction of 20% in the peak pressure amplitude squared when compared with the infinite-phase resolution case. Results indicate that the use of this technique would make it possible to drive more than 10,000 elements with 33 input lines. The implementation of this method could have a large impact on ultrasound therapy and diagnostic devices
Effectiveness of total worker health interventions.

Total Worker Health (TWH) was introduced and the term was trademarked in 2011 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to formally signal the expansion of traditional occupational safety and health (OSH) to include wellness and well-being. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and other databases using keywords TWH, health promotion, health protection, and variants for articles meeting the criteria of (a) employing both occupational safety and/or health (OSH, or health protection) and wellness and/or well-being (health promotion, or HP) in the same intervention study, and (b) reporting both OSH and HP outcomes. Only 17 published studies met these criteria. All but 1 of the 17 TWH interventions improved risk factors for injuries and/or chronic illnesses, and 4 improved 10 or more risk factors. Several TWH interventions reported sustained improvements for over a year, although only 1 is readily available for dissemination. These results suggest that TWH interventions that address both injuries and chronic diseases can improve workforce health effectively and more rapidly than the alternative of separately employing more narrowly focused programs to change the same outcomes in serial fashion. These 17 articles provide useful examples of how TWH interventions can be structured. The promise of simultaneous improvements in safety, health, and well-being leads to the call to pursue TWH research to identify and disseminate best practices.
Mobility in SnO2:F Thin Polycrystalline Films: Grain Boundary Effect and Scattering in the Grain Bulk

Basic electronic properties relevant to the carrier mobility were studied in tin oxide thin films doped with fluorine, prepared by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. Electrical resistivity, Hall and Seebeck effects, plasma and collision frequencies were measured (the last two by using multiangle spectral ellipsometry) and analyzed for films with carrier concentrations from 1.8×1020 to 5.6×1020 cm−3. Scanning over the sample area of resistivity (four-point probe method) and Seebeck coefficient (thermoprobe) monitored uniformity of electronic properties in plane. Ellipsometry was used to check uniformity over the film thickness. Films with a thickness above 400 nm demonstrated high spatial uniformity and were used for further studies. Effective mass was determined from combined Hall and plasma frequency measurements and was found to be independent of carrier concentration, which indicates a parabolic band spectrum. Its value was very close to the literature data. In films with carrier concentration ≥3×1020 cm−3 the Hall mobility was very close to the optical mobility calculated based on collision frequency and effective mass values. This indicates a very small contribution of grain boundaries to the total resistivity of films. Thus the measured mobility is close to the electron mobility in the grain bulk. The scattering parameter value derived from thermopower measurements along with the temperature independent mobility indicated that electron scattering by impurity ions screened by free carriers is the dominating scattering mechanism. Theoretical estimates of mobility are very close to the highest measured mobility values (≥ 30 cm2/Vs) if the spatial dispersion of the dielectric constant is taken into account. Comparison of differently processed films showed that compensation of donor dopant with uncontrolled acceptor centers significantly impacted mobility.
State of malaria diagnostic testing at clinical laboratories in the United States, 2010: a nationwide survey

Background The diagnosis of malaria can be difficult in non-endemic areas, such as the United States, and delays in diagnosis and errors in treatment occur too often.
Non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses treated in hospital emergency departments in the United States.

Objectives —To estimate the number and rate of occupational injuries and illnesses treated in hospital emergency departments and to characterize the nature, event, and source of injury and illness. Setting —Twenty four hour emergency departments in hospitals in the United States. Methods —Surveillance for occupational injuries and illnesses was conducted in a national probability based sample of hospital emergency departments through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Worker demographics, nature of injury and disposition, and incident circumstances were abstracted from emergency department medical records, typically within 24–72 hours of treatment. Results —Approximately 3.6 million occupational injuries and illnesses were treated in emergency departments in 1998. Younger workers, particularly males, continue to have the highest rates of work related injuries. Together, lacerations, punctures, amputations, and avulsions represented one fourth of the emergency department treated injuries, mostly to hand and fingers. Sprains and strains, largely to the trunk, also accounted for one fourth of the injuries. The three leading injury events were contact with objects, bodily reactions and exertions, and falls. Conclusions —Despite apparent decreases in rates, youth continue to have a high burden of injury in the workplace. However, three fourths of all emergency department treated injuries occur to workers 20–44 years of age. Emergency department surveillance is particularly amenable to capture of young worker injuries and provides a wealth of injury details to guide prevention efforts—efforts that will likely reduce occupational injuries as these workers age. Emergency department surveillance also provides injury estimates with few demographic or employer constraints, other than the medical venue used.
Indomethacin in the Treatment of Proximal Tubular Acidosis

Treatment of a 7-week-old black male who had proximal tubular acidosis with large doses of bicarbonate did not achieve correction of the acidosis and was accompanied by diarrhea. Addition of indomethacin therapy (2 mg/kg/day) was followed by correction of the acidosis and allowed a decrease in the dosage of alkali.
Atomic Force Microscopy of DNA-CTAB Aggregates

Past studies of DNA-surfactant aggregates involving UV-spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis show that when 20 to 100 base-length oligonucleotides interact with the surfactant CTAB in specific ratios of surfactant to oligonucleotide base, they form aggregates. The interaction between the oligonucleotide and surfactant molecule appears to involve both the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail of CTAB. We characterized these aggregates using an atomic force microscope (AFM) by drying DNA-CTAB solutions on mica and silicon, reconstituting the dried aggregates in buffer and imaging them in fluid. Topographical data was collected that showed consistent, almost hexagonal, regular patterns of aggregates on the surface, and we studied the surface properties of the aggregates using force spectroscopy with functionalized AFM tips. The spring constants of the aggregates and information on the adhesion forces between the derivatized tips and the aggregate surfaces were obtained. Preliminary results show that tips functionalized with 1-dodecanethiol were found to have a lower adhesion to the aggregate surface than tips functionalized with mercaptoundecanoic acid implying that the surface of the aggregate is also hydrophilic.
A Contextual Examination of Gender Role Conflict Among College Football Players

This mixed methods study examined the contextual nature of gender role conflict (GRC). Using a quasi-experimental design, 153 male college football players were randomly assigned to two groups wherein they were instructed to report levels of GRC based on the assigned life domain (within the football environment vs. life outside of football). Results indicated that participants did not differ significantly in levels of GRC across life domains but did reveal that life domain (within the football environment) moderated the significant relationship between Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men (RABBM) and life satisfaction. Qualitative findings provided support for quantitative results and described ways that football players express emotions and affection toward other men within this unique context. Results can help psychologists design interventions that normalize and encourage affective and emotional expression within the domain of football, with the intent of teaching players to transfer these behaviors to life domains outside of football.
Large scale Hamming distance query processing

Hamming distance has been widely used in many application domains, such as near-duplicate detection and pattern recognition. We study Hamming distance range query problems, where the goal is to find all strings in a database that are within a Hamming distance bound k from a query string. If k is fixed, we have a static Hamming distance range query problem. If k is part of the input, we have a dynamic Hamming distance range query problem. For the static problem, the prior art uses lots of memory due to its aggressive replication of the database. For the dynamic range query problem, as far as we know, there is no space and time efficient solution for arbitrary databases. In this paper, we first propose a static Hamming distance range query algorithm called HEngines, which addresses the space issue in prior art by dynamically expanding the query on the fly. We then propose a dynamic Hamming distance range query algorithm called HEngined, which addresses the limitation in prior art using a divide-and-conquer strategy. We implemented our algorithms and conducted side-by-side comparisons on large real-world and synthetic datasets. In our experiments, HEngines uses 4.65 times less space and processes queries 16% faster than the prior art, and HEngined processes queries 46 times faster than linear scan while using only 1.7 times more space.
Streptococcal infection of scabetic lesions related to acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad.

Abstract Streptococci isolated from human scabetic lesions during an epidemic of scabies in Trinidad were compared with those from other skin lesions and from throat cultures. Early in the study, a majority of the M-typable strains were M-type 1. However, M-type 55 became prevalent shortly before and during the onset of a major epidemic of acute glomerulonephritis. Both nephritic patients and their family members had scabetic lesions more often than respective control subjects. The streptococci from scabetic lesions were M-typable more often than those from other lesions or from throats. Thus, scabetic lesions appear to be particularly favorable for growth of virulent streptococcal strains including those that cause acute glomerulonephritis. Three of 13 streptococcal strains isolated from canine scabetic lesions resembled human strains by precipitating with M-type 1 as well as groups C and A-variant antisera. Although these strains grew well in human blood, they did not respond as M-type 1 in bactericidal tests so that a relationship between the human and canine Streptococcal strains could not definitely be established.
Fluid flow analysis of continuous and segmented riblet structures

The scales of fast-swimming sharks contain riblet structures with microgrooves, aligned in the direction of fluid flow, that result in water moving efficiently over the surface. In previous experimental and modeling studies, it has been shown that riblet structures provide a drag reduction by lifting the vortices formed in turbulent flow that generate transverse shear stresses. Drag reductions on the order of 10% when compared to a smooth, flat surface have been reported. Most experimental and modeling work has analyzed continuous riblet configurations with some experimental work for segmented riblet configurations. To better understand the role of vortices on drag reduction, various continuous and segmented, blade riblet geometries and their vortex structures were studied and compared with that for a flat surface. To understand the role of various segmented riblet designs, various shark-skin-inspired riblet structures were created in which riblet gaps and offsets were independently modified. Through this work, optimal riblet dimensions of spacing, height, thickness, gap, and offset were determined. A better understanding of riblet design for drag allows for the fabrication of drag-reducing surfaces in marine, medical, and industrial applications utilizing features ranging from the micro- to nanoscale dependent upon the scale of the components.
Creating Reverse Bilingual Dictionaries

Bilingual dictionaries are expensive resources and not many are available when one of the languages is resource-poor. In this paper, we propose algorithms for creation of new reverse bilingual dictionaries from existing bilingual dictionaries in which English is one of the two languages. Our algorithms exploit the similarity between word-concept pairs using the English Wordnet to produce reverse dictionary entries. Since our algorithms rely on available bilingual dictionaries, they are applicable to any bilingual dictionary as long as one of the two languages has Wordnet type lexical ontology.
A loosely-coupled scheme for the interaction between a fluid, elastic structure and poroelastic material

Abstract We model the interaction between an incompressible, viscous fluid, thin elastic structure and a poroelastic material. The poroelastic material is modeled using the Biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity. The fluid, elastic structure and the poroelastic material are fully coupled, giving rise to a nonlinear, moving boundary problem with novel energy estimates. We present a modular, loosely coupled scheme where the original problem is split into the fluid sub-problem, elastic structure sub-problem and poroelasticity sub-problem. An energy estimate associated with the stability of the scheme is derived in the case where one of the coupling parameters, β, is equal to zero. We present numerical tests where we investigate the effects of the material properties of the poroelastic medium on the fluid flow. Our findings indicate that the flow patterns highly depend on the storativity of the poroelastic material and cannot be captured by considering fluid–structure interaction only.
Source parameters and scaling relations for small earthquakes in the Matsushiro region, southwest Honshu, Japan

Abstract Using near-field, broadband data from a suite of crustal earthquakes which occurred in a small, homogeneous source region, we examine the scaling relationships among source parameters for earthquakes in the critical 1.5 to 4.5 magnitude range. We take special precautions to insure that our conclusions are not biased by local structure. Seismic moment, fault radius, and stress drop relations were determined for 32 small, shallow, strike-slip earthquakes (1.6 ≦ M L ≦ 4.3) in the Matsushiro region of southwest Honshu, Japan. Spectral and cepstral analyses of short-period arrivals exhibit structure interpreted as resulting from reverberations within thin, low-velocity surface layers below the recording site. Furthermore, calculated crustal transfer functions for SH predict a peak over the range of 2 to 4 Hz. This type of site response can bias estimates of spectral parameters; particularly corner or characteristic frequencies. For simple sources, such a bias can be reduced by filtering in the cepstral domain. The effect of cepstral filtering on corner frequency determinations is generally less than 20 per cent and tends to decrease them, particularly for larger events where the structurally induced spectral enhancement is at frequencies above the source-related corner frequencies. Estimates of the seismic moment, Brune stress drop, and fault radius for each event were calculated from SH displacement amplitude spectra. The seismic moments range from 10 18 to 10 22 dyne-cm. The stress drops range from 0.008 to 16 bars. The relationship between log-stress drop and log-moment is approximately linear with a slope of 1 up to a moment of 2 × 10 21 dyne-cm, but for higher moments the slope is not significantly different from zero. Fault radii range from 0.3 to 1.2 km. There is a physical scatter in radius for any given moment up to a factor of 1.5. For moments less than 2 × 10 21 dyne-cm, there is no significant trend in the radius as a function of moment, but for higher moments the radius increases with moment. The main conclusion is that the stress drop is the dominant scaling factor for moments less than 10 21 dyne-cm. For higher moment, the source dimension becomes the controlling factor.
Metabolic inhibition increases feeding and brain Fos-like immunoreactivity as a function of diet

Whether administration of 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol (2,5-AM) or methyl palmoxirate (MP) elicits eating behavior in rats depends on the composition of the maintenance diet. To assess whether specific b...
Using macromedia breeze in an advanced web development course delivered to face-to-face and distance students

This paper describes the use of Web-based software to deliver digital content to students in an advanced Web development course. The course is part of a major which is delivered to an audience of face-to-face students and to students at two remote sites. The paper includes a description of the method used to deliver the major via distance to two remote sites. The goals of the course and curriculum are discussed. The use of Web-based software in the course is highlighted.
Assessment of Diurnal Wind Turbine Collision Risk for Grassland Birds on the Southern Great Plains

Abstract Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources in the United States and has the potential to reduce the use of traditional nonrenewable energy. However, there is concern for potential short- and long-term influences on wildlife populations, such as bird collisions with turbine blades, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and habitat avoidance. Bird flight heights are indicative of collision risks, but knowledge of their distributions is limited. Our goal was to examine the diurnal flight heights of bird species to assess which are at greatest risk of collision with wind turbine blades. During October 2008–August 2009, we estimated the flight heights of 66 bird species at a planned wind energy facility on the southern Great Plains. Flight heights were estimated by measuring angle of incline with a clinometer and ground distance with a laser rangefinder. Previous work has been limited to flight height measurements categorized to site-specific rotor swept zone (RSZ) specification...
Engaging the public in planning for disaster recovery

Abstract Communities engage in various ways with stakeholders around plan development. This project aims to validate quantitative content analysis scores for participation in disaster recovery plans with follow-up key informant interviews. Recovery plans from 87 counties and municipalities adjacent to the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast were collected and content analyzed using a plan coding protocol. Four jurisdictions – two with high and two with low scores in the plan quality principle of participation – were selected for follow-up key informant interviews. Several themes emerged from the qualitative data. Public engagement in recovery planning is more successful when planners actively engage individuals and groups and when dedicated staff are assigned to participation activities. While addressing the needs of socially and physically vulnerable residents can be challenging, there are effective ways of encouraging their participation. While the sample size of this study was small and the findings may not be generalizable to areas outside of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, findings do support the planning research literatures' suggestion that increased participation is associated with higher plan quality. Our findings provide specific examples for planners interested in increasing participation. However, an unanswered question remains as to the extent to which increased engagement in recovery planning will lead to increased stakeholder awareness of risk, available resources, and support for policies that build resilience.
Pink Bollworm: Trap Tests with Gossyplure

Studies related to control of the pink bollworm (PBW) by trapping were conducted on an 80-ha farm located in Phoenix, AZ. Initial laboratory studies of trap efficiency lead to the incorporation of 10% dicrotophos into Stickem® used in traps (ca. 13% increased kill compared to traps with Stickem only). During the period April 29 to Sept. 15, 1975, a trapping program on 36 ha of cotton resulted in the capture of ca. 30,000 ♂ PBW. Nine percent of the acreage attained 10% or greater boll infestations during the season compared to 45–100% for the preceding 1972–74 seasons. Early fruiting cotton (plots of 4 rows × 7.6 m) was no more attractive to PBW than surrounding, less developed cotton. Early season trap catches indicated that male moths congregated in cotton fields regardless of where they emerged.