cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Becoming an Expert: Developing Expertise in an Applied Discipline.

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the development of expertise in an applied discipline by addressing the research question: How is professional expertise developed in an applied profession? Design/methodology/approach – Using a grounded theory methodology (GTM), nine technical-tax experts, and three experienced, non-expert tax professionals were interviewed regarding their experience in developing technical-tax expertise. Using GTM procedures, a core concept and variables (categories and properties of categories) were identified. A theory is advanced which explains the interaction of the core concept and the variables. Findings – This theory proposes that expertise in applied disciplines occurs through years of engaging in the high-value, non-routine work. Professionals with an intelligence matched to the discipline and willingness to work hard are more likely to be successful in this non-routine work. Professionals who find the discipline fascinating and who revel in ambiguity are likely to repeatedl...
Factors associated with students’ intentions to engage in science learning activities.

The determinants of fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth graders' intentions to perform science learning activities were investigated. Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action was used to assess students (n = 254) on their laboratory and nonlaboratory behavioral intentions, which required using the two determinants included in the theory (attitude toward the behavior and subjective norm) as well as five external variables identified by the researcher. The five external variables were gender, grade, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status as determined by the range of the family's annual income, and attitude toward science. Two models were tested. The first model included the two determinants as predictor variables and behavioral intention as the criterion. The second model involved the analysis of the two determinants as they were considered in subgroups according to the five external variables. This model also included interaction terms. For laboratory learning activities, the two determinants (attitude toward behavior and subjective norm) were found to contribute collectively to the prediction of behavioral intention, accounting for almost a fourth of the variance. For nonlaboratory learning activities, the two determinants accounted for over a fourth of the variance in behavioral intention. Testing of the second model revealed that for both laboratory and nonlaboratory behavioral intentions, no interaction terms were significant. The results of post hoc tests on significant predictors of behavioral intentions for laboratory and nonlaboratory activities are reported. Implications of this study on future research are also discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 455–473, 1999
Mechanical Properties of 3BaO·5SiO2 Glass‐Ceramics

Flexural strengths, elastic moduli, and fracture energies of 3BaO·5SiO2 glass-ceramics with a variety of microstructures were determined. Flexural strength depends on the size of spherulites in the microstructure and on the amount of glassy phase remaining in the material. Higher strengths were achieved in glass-ceramics containing a tabular, rather than a spherulitic, microstructure. The addition of small quantities of Na2O to the original glass promoted production of the higher-strength tabular morphology after only 10 min of crystallization at 775°C. The increase in the strength of the glass-ceramics over that of the glass resulted from an increase in the fracture energy and elastic modulus of the material. The microstructure had little effect on the size of the flaws introduced by abrasion.
Forefoot Injuries in Dancers

Dancers, particularly ballet dancers, are artists and athletes. In dance, the choreographer acts as a sculptor, using the dancer as a medium of expression. This often entails placing the dancer's body in positions that require extraordinary flexibility and movement, which requires controlled power and endurance. Ballet and other forms of dance can be highly demanding activities, with a lifetime injury incidence of up to 90%. Ballet is stressful particularly on the dancer's forefoot. The en pointe position of maximal plantarflexion through the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot requires tremendous flexibility and strength that only can be attained safely through many years of training. The forces experienced by the toes and metatarsals are extraordinary.
Modern trends in monitoring in anaesthesia: its benefits and costs

Many monitoring devices, including peripheral arterial catheters, multichannel electrocardiographs, pulmonary artery catheters, capnographs, and pulse oximeters, have vied for acceptance in modern operating rooms. Considerable costs are associated with the use of these monitors. These costs are not limited to the purchase price of the equipment, but extend to the cost of any complications. The use of new equipment is fostered by the belief that new monitors improve the care of patients. However, for some invasive monitoring modalities, it is difficult to demonstrate clinical benefit.
Comparison of big bluestem with other native grasses: chemical composition and biofuel yield.

Multiple entry selections of big bluestems and three native C4 grass species, including switchgrass, miscanthus, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) mixture grass, were evaluated for their chemical composition and ethanol yields via diluted sulfuric acid pretreatment following simultaneous sacchariﬁcation and fermentation (SSF). Big bluestem and switchgrass had a similar glucan content that was significantly higher than miscanthus and CRP grass. Big bluestem had the highest average mass recovery (55.56%) after acid pretreatment, and miscanthus had the lowest mass recovery (46.3%). A positive correlation was observed between glucan recovery and mass recovery. No significant difference in average efficiency of SSF was observed among four native grasses, but ethanol yields from big bluestem entries, which averaged 26.2%, were consistently greater than the other three grasses. The highest ethanol yield among the 10 entries was from big bluestem cultivar KAW (27.7%). Approximately 0.26 kg ethanol with 9.4 g/L concentration can be produced from 1 kg of big bluestem biomass under current processing conditions. A negative relationship exists between lignin content and the efficiency of SSF with R = −0.80, and a positive relationship exists between ethanol yield and glucan content with R = 0.71.
Metabolism of N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide in the rat

After intratracheal administration to rats, the bronchodilator N-acetyl PGE2 carboxamide was converted rapidly to PGE2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2, the major plasma metabolite. Oxidation of the N-acetyl carboxamide by prostaglandin dehydrogenase and hydrolysis of the imide bond were demonstrated in vitro.
Coding processes in verbal learning

Summary In a free learning situation S s were presented 10 trigrams for five alternate study and recall trials. Each trigram could be transformed into either of two words by rearranging the letters. Parallel groups were either instructed or not instructed concerning the transformation possibilities. Within these parallel groups, subgroups of 30 S s each were differentiated on the basis of the nature of the correct response allowed. If S s were allowed to write the letters of each trigram in any order they wished, performance was facilitated if the trigrams were encoded to words. This facilitation was more apparent in the instructed group than in the noninstructed group simply because more S s encoded in the former group. If S was required to write down the trigram as presented, encoding to words and decoding to trigrams inhibited performance, but if during learning the rules were changed so that S could write the letters in any order (eliminating decoding) performance rose sharply and to a higher level than that shown by S s not using an encoding-decoding sequence.
Stock returns, size, and book‐to‐market equity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reinvestigate the performance of common stock returns with respect to two popularly known firm level characteristics: size and book‐to‐market ratio.Design/methodology/approach – All of New York Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange, and National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations stocks between July 1926 and June 2007 are used, and divided into various size and book‐to‐market equity groups. The extension of the various versions of the simple Fama‐French model is implemented.Findings – From the findings, it is inferred that: two risk factors based on the mimicking return for the size and book‐to‐market ratio play a significant role in capturing strong variation in stock returns; and volatility persistence can significantly improve the common risk factors' impact in explaining the time series variation in size and book‐to‐market sorted portfolios.Research limitations/implications – In some sense, the model is based on only two firm level variab...
[1,10]-Phenanthrolin-2-yl ketones and their coordination chemistry.

A synthetic protocol involving the Friedlander reaction of 8-amino-7-quinolinecarbaldehyde followed by potassium dichromate oxidation was applied to 2,3,4-pentanetrione-3-oxime and 1-(pyrid-2‘-yl)propane-1,2-dione-1-oxime to provide the ligands di-(phenathrolin-2-yl)-methanone (1) and phenanthrolin-2-yl-pyrid-2-yl-methanone (8), respectively. Ligand 1 complexed as a planar tetradentate with Pd(II) to form [Pd(1)](BF4)2 and with Ru(II) and two 4-substituted pyridines (4-R-py) to form [Ru(1)(4-R-py)2](PF6)2 where R = CF3, CH3, and Me2N. With [Ru(bpy)2Cl2], the dinuclear complex [(bpy)2Ru(1)Ru(bpy)2](PF6)4 was formed (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine). Ligand 8 afforded the homoleptic Ru(II) complex [Ru(8)2](PF6)2, as well as the heteroleptic complex [Ru(8)(tpy)](PF6)2 (tpy = 2,2‘;6,2‘ ‘-terpyridine). The ligands and complexes were characterized by their NMR and IR spectra, as well as an X-ray structure determination of [Ru(1)(4-CH3-py)2](PF6)2. Electrochemical analysis indicated metal-based oxidation and ligand-based ...
Application of FUN3D Solver for Aeroacoustics Simulation of a Nose Landing Gear Configuration

Numerical simulations have been performed for a nose landing gear configuration corresponding to the experimental tests conducted in the Basic Aerodynamic Research Tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center. A widely used unstructured grid code, FUN3D, is examined for solving the unsteady flow field associated with this configuration. A series of successively finer unstructured grids has been generated to assess the effect of grid refinement. Solutions have been obtained on purely tetrahedral grids as well as mixed element grids using hybrid RANS/LES turbulence models. The agreement of FUN3D solutions with experimental data on the same size mesh is better on mixed element grids compared to pure tetrahedral grids, and in general improves with grid refinement.
Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma mortality in the United States.

Abstract White male and female melanoma mortality rates for the period 1950–1969 for 18 U.S. counties have been examined to clarify the importance of received ultraviolet radiation as a factor in melanoma mortality. Although latitude and received ultraviolet radiation were correlated at the 0.01 significance level, no significant correlation was found between melanoma mortality in white males or females and ultraviolet radiation. This suggests that factors other than received ultraviolet radiation may play a role in melanoma mortality, particularly in the 18 counties studied.
Purification and properties of ATPase inhibitor from rat liver mitochondria

Abstract (1) The ATPase inhibitor protein has been isolated from rat liver mitochondria in purified form. The molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis is approximately 9500, and the isoelectric point is 8.9. (2) The protein inhibits both the soluble ATPase and the particle-bound ATPase from rat liver mitochondria. It also inhibits ATPase activities of soluble F1, and inhibitor-depleted submitochondrial particles derived from bovine heart mitochondria. (3) On particle-bound ATPase the inhibitor has its maximal effect if incubated in the presence of Mg2+. ATP at slightly acidic pH. (4) The inhibitor has a minimal effect on Pi-ATP exchange activity in sonicated submitochondrial particles. However, unexpectedly the inhibitor greatly stimulates Pi-ATP exchange activity in whole mitochondria while the low ATPase activity of the mitochondria is not affected. The possible mechanism of action of the inhibitor on intact mitochondria is offered.
Human mortality: written in the stars?

Purpose – This paper seeks to consider certain characteristics of the human mortality table, and the possibility that mortality rates are governed by an underlying natural law.Design/methodology/approach – After providing a brief overview of the mathematics of the mortality table, explores the reasonableness of using a simple analytic function to model the mortality hazard rate.Findings – By comparing the perceived accuracy of Makeham's Law in actuarial science with that of the Titius‐Bode Law in astronomy, it is seen that simple mathematical rules are not always as useful as they may appear initially.Originality/value – The editorial identifies a problem common to all branches of the natural and social sciences: the possibility of “discovering” formal mathematical relationships where none in fact exists.
ENERGY TRANSFER FROM CAROTENOID POLYENES TO PORPHYRINS: A LIGHT‐HARVESTING ANTENNA

— Carotenoid to porphyrin singlet-singlet energy transfer has been observed in a new covalently linked carotenoid-porphyrin ester. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies reveal that the relatively high energy transfer efficiency (˜ 25%) is a result of a stacked conformation in which the 26 π electron carotenoid chromophore resides ˜4–5 A above the mean porphyrin plane. Substantial quenching of porphyrin fluorescence was also observed. Implications for the mechanism of energy transfer and possible applications to synthetic solar energy conversions systems are discussed.
Investigating the background of a 1-cm3 quartz gas proportional counter

The background count rate of a 1-cm(3) quartz gas proportional counter (GPC) was investigated for measuring natural radioactivity levels of small samples. Using a new multiparameter digital counting system, spurious or afterpulses that contribute to background were identified by their pulse waveform and by a special event indicator defined by the time (<2000micros) between two successive pulses. With the GPC in coincidence with a low-background NaI(Tl) scintillation guard detector, the weighted mean and standard uncertainty anticoincidence counts per day (d(-1)) was 6.2+/-0.4d(-1).
Decreasing inter-resident conflict by using computer-generated on-call schedules.

Although significant attention has been paid to the number of hours worked by residents, little consideration has been given to how the hours are assigned. This project describes an alternative to having Chief Residents manually create on-call schedules. In order to enhance objectivity and transparency, reduce perceived inequities in the process, and reduce inter-resident conflict, Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency Training Program experimented with a computer-generated on-call schedule. A locally written MATLAB script generated an on-call schedule for academic year (AY) 2012–2013. Measurements to assess the manual scheduling method (from AY 2011–2012) and the computer-generated method included the balance in the total number of hours assigned to individual residents; the number of call switches over two six-month periods; and survey of the residents’ perception of fairness of the two scheduling methods and preferences. A retrospective analysis of the AY 2011–2012 Chief Resident-generated call schedule found a range of differences of up to 25.8 % between total hours assigned to individual residents in a given year. In the AY 2012–2013 computer-generated schedule, the differences in total hours assigned were reduced to a maximum of 6.1 %. There were 63 % fewer call switches resulting from the computer-generated as compared to the Chief Resident-generated method. Resident survey response rate was 76 %. Seventy-seven percent of resident respondents (N = 22) perceived the computer-generated method to be fairer, and 90.9 % of residents preferred having a summary table of hours of call per resident. Residents perceived the computer-generated method as resulting in less inter-resident conflict. Methods for assigning duty hour schedules that are transparent, equitable, and require less Chief involvement may result in perceptions of greater fairness and less inter-resident conflict.
Competitive Inhibition of Mammalian Tyrosinase by Phenylalanine and its Relationship to Hair Pigmentation in Phenylketonuria

IN Jervis's introductory study, and in subsequent case reports of phenylketonuria (phenylpyruvic oligophrenia), a blonde hair colour and a fair skin have been noted in the large majority of the patients1–4. The most striking example described by Jervis was “an idiot baby with blonde hair and blue eyes who belonged to a family of Sicilian extraction, all the members of which, for at least three generations, were of a very dark Mediterranean race”1. Three possible hypotheses may be advanced to explain the reduction of melanin formation: absence of the melanin-forming enzyme, tyrosinase; absence or decrease of the melanin precursor, tyrosine; and finally, inhibition of the tyrosine–tyrosinase reaction by phenylalanine or related abnormal aromatic metabolites which accumulate in the blood of patients with phenylketonuria.
Polymorphism and aging in terephthalic acid

The role of the polymorphic transformation was investigated by X-Ray diffraction in the habit modification process of terephthalic acid reported earlier (Gaines, Myerson). Contrary to the expectations it was found that only one of the two polymorphs described in the literature (Bailey, Brown) was present. Using an interatomic function derived (Derissen, Smit) to approximate the crystallographic properties of this class of organic acids, we calculated the lattice energies of the two proposed polymorphs of terephthalic acid. These were found to be 41.02 and 39.99 kcal/mole for the polymorphs I and II, respectively. The heat of transition calculated (1.03 kcal/mole) is small enough to be overcome by an increase of the enthropy term and the polymorphic transition is realizable. Mit Hilfe von Rontgenstrahlen wurde die Rolle untersucht, die die polymorphe Umwandlung in dem fruher beschriebenen Prozes (Gaines, Myerson) der Alterung von Terephthalsaurekristallen spielte. Entgegen den Erwartungen konnte festgestellt werden, das nur eine der beiden Formen, die in der Literatur beschrieben worden sind (Bailey, Brown), zu finden war. Um die thermodynamische Stabilitat zu beurteilen, wurden deren Gitterenergien mit Hilfe einer Atom-Atom-Funktion berechnet, die fur diese Klasse von organischen Sauren publiziert wurde (Derissen, Smit). Die Gitterenergien waren 41,02 und 39,99 kcal/mole, was eine Umwandlungswarme von 1,03 kcal/mole ergab, klein genug, so das die Umwandlung erfolgen kann, wenn die Temperatur genugend hoch ist.
Deforming field theories with U(1) × U(1) global symmetry and their gravity duals

We find the gravity dual of a marginal deformation of = 4 super Yang Mills, and discuss some of its properties. This deformation is intimately connected with an SL(2,) symmetry of the gravity theory. The SL(2,) transformation enables us to find the solutions in a simple way. These field theory deformations, sometimes called β deformations, can be viewed as arising from a star product. Our method works for any theory that has a gravity dual with a U(1) × U(1) global symmetry which is realized geometrically. These include the field theories that live on D3 branes at the conifold or other toric singularities, as well as their cascading versions.
The timing of conscious states.

Striking experimental results by Benjamin Libet and colleagues have had an impor-tant impact on much recent discussion of consciousness. Some investigators havesought to replicate or extend Libet’s results (Haggard, 1999; Haggard & Eimer, 1999;Haggard, Newman, & Magno, 1999; Trevena & Miller, 2002), while others havefocused on how to interpret those ﬁndings (e.g., Gomes, 1998, 1999, 2002; Pockett,2002), which many have seen as conﬂicting with our commonsense picture of mentalfunctioning.Libet’s experiments focus on the timing of two types of conscious mental occur-rence. One has to do with subjects’ conscious experiences of somatosensory stimula-tion. Libet’s work shows that these conscious experiences can occur as much as 500ms later than the stimulation, though subjects also automatically experience thosestimulations as occurring earlier. This subjective referral of sensations backward intime results in the sensations’ seeming to occur within 10 to 20 ms of the actualstimulus (Libet, 1981; see Libet, 1978; Libet, Wright, Feinstein, & Pearl, 1979).Other experimental work seems to show that, when we consciously decide to dosomething, the neural event that initiates the action occurs prior to that consciousvolition. This result seems to conﬂict with our commonsense idea that volitions causevoluntary actions. But Libet believes that a second ﬁnding diminishes somewhat thatapparent conﬂict. Although the neural initiation of actions we consciously decide onoccurs prior to our conscious decisions, subjects retain some ability consciously tocall the action off. Conscious decisions to ‘‘veto’’ the action can occur after thenonconscious neural initiation and still prevent the nonconscious initiation from lead-ing all the way to action.Both results appear to conﬂict with our commonsense picture of how mental func-tioning interacts with bodily occurrences. As Susan Pockett puts it, Libet’s results‘‘seem to deny to consciousness any major role in the conduct of our day-to-dayaffairs’’ (2002). Our conscious experiences of bodily stimuli may, she suggests, occurtoo late to inﬂuence our voluntary reactions to those stimuli. And the conscious voli-tions we think determine voluntary actions actually occur after that behavior is initi-ated. Perhaps most striking, this second result seems to compromise our sense of
Comparisons of optically monitored small-scale stirred tank vessels to optically controlled disposable bag bioreactors

Background Upstream bioprocesses are extremely complex since living organisms are used to generate active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Cells in culture behave uniquely in response to their environment, thus culture conditions must be precisely defined and controlled in order for productivity and product quality to be reproducible. Thus, development culturing platforms are needed where many experiments can be carried out at once and pertinent scale-up information can be obtained.
Metabolism of dietary genotoxins by the human colonic microflora; the fecapentaenes and heterocyclic amines.

Abstract The microflora of the human colon is a complex ecosystem of anaerobic bacteria which have the capability of enzymatically transforming a variety of dietary (or biliary) compounds to genotoxic metabolites. In the past, most investigators studying the interplay between diet and colonic flora and its role in the etiology of cancers focused on the reductive and glycosidic potential of the bacterial enzymes— many of which reverse the oxidative and conjugative reactions performed by the liver. Recent work in our laboratory has focused on the metabolism of two relatively new classes of genotoxins, the fecapentaenes and the heterocyclic amines (pyrolysis carcinogens). The fecapentaenes (conjugated ether lipids) are produced in the colon by Bacteroides spp. from polyunsaturated ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) whose natural origin and function are unknown. The fecapentaenes are potent direct-acting genotoxins that are detected in the feces of most individuals on normal western diets. The heterocyclic amines, which originate from fried or broiled proteinaceous foods, normally require activation by the liver before being potent mutagens or carcinogens. However, the “IQ” subclass (e.g. IQ and MeIQ) can be activated in the colon by Eubacterium and Clostridium species to a 7-hydroxy form which is directly mutagenic in Salmonella. Although there is no direct evidence that the fecapentaenes or the 7-hydroxy “IQ” compounds influence risk for colon cancer, the potency and prevalence of these bacterial metabolites is cause for concern.
Analysis and Hybrid Computer Simulation of Multiconductor Transmission Systems

A method of analysis convenient for the simulation of transposed and untransposed transmission systems is set forth, and the facility of the hybrid computer in studying the traveling waves on these systems is illustrated. In particular, computer results are given showing the electric transients during line charging of a 3-phase, transposed system as well as the traveling waves on transposed and untransposed 3- phase systems during 3-phase and line-to-ground faults. Also presented are computer results showing the line-charging transients of two mutual- ly coupled, untransposed, 3-phase transmission systems. The material presented in this paper should permit a broader base from which to evaluate the various methods of analysis and simulation of traveling waves on transmission systems.
Microchemistry and microstructure of proton-irradiated austenitic alloys: toward an understanding of irradiation effects in LWR core components

Abstract Over 1200 measurements of grain boundary composition and microstructure have been made on 14 different austenitic Fe–Cr–Ni alloys following proton irradiation in the temperature range 200–600°C and in the dose range 0.1–3.0 dpa. From these data, a greater understanding of radiation induced segregation (RIS) and microstructure development has been gained. Grain boundary composition measurements revealed that Cr depletes at grain boundaries, Ni enriches and Fe can either enrich or deplete depending on alloy composition. Analysis of temperature and composition dependence of RIS revealed that the magnitude and direction of grain boundary segregation depends on alloy composition because the values of migration enthalpy of the alloy constituents are not the same, and diffusivities of the alloy constituents are composition-dependent. The dose dependence of segregation revealed ordering in Ni-base alloys and temperature dependence was used to show that RIS is consistent with a vacancy exchange mechanism. The dependence of segregation on composition is consistent with all known, relevant neutron data. RIS was found to be related to the development of the dislocation and void microstructures. Alloys in which the microstructure develops slower with dose also show slower changes in RIS. Similarly, it was shown that the dependence of swelling on composition is the same for neutron, ion and proton irradiation and all can be explained by the effect of RIS on defect diffusivity at the void nuclei. This paper illustrates the value of conducting carefully chosen irradiation experiments over several, well-controlled variables to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the microchemical and microstructural changes.
Temporal coalescing with now granularity, and incomplete information

This paper presents a novel strategy for temporal coalescing. Temporal coalescing merges the temporal extents of value-equivalent tuples. A temporal extent is usually coalesced offline and stored since coalescing is an expensive operation. But the temporal extent of a tuple with now, times at different granularities, or incomplete times cannot be determined until query evaluation. This paper presents a strategy to partially coalesce temporal extents by identifying regions that are potentially covered. The covered regions can be used to evaluate temporal predicates and constructors on the coalesced extent. Our strategy uses standard relational database technology. We quantify the cost using the Oracle DBMS.
The symbol's symbol: spider webs in French literature

L'A. examine la reversibilte symbolique et epistemologique de la toile d'araignee, dont la metaphore renvoie a la fatalite destructrice du labyrinthe, mais aussi a la reaffirmation de la vie par l'imagination creatrice. Lecture des oeuvres de Balzac, Zola, Schwob, Hugo, Valery, James, Ponge...
Metadata type system: integrate presentation, data models and extraction to enable exploratory browsing interfaces

Exploratory browsing involves encountering new information during open-ended tasks. Disorientation and digression are problems that arise, as the user repeatedly loses context while clicking hyperlinks. To maintain context, exploratory browsing interfaces must present multiple web pages at once. Design of exploratory browsing interfaces must address the limits of display and human working memory. Our approach is based on expandable metadata summaries. Prior semantic web exploration tools represent documents as metadata, but often depend on semantic web formats and datasets assembled in advance. They do not support dynamically encountered information from popular web sites. Optimizing presentation of metadata summaries for particular types of documents is important as a further means for reducing the cognitive load of rapidly browsing across many documents. To address these issues, we develop a metadata type system as the basis for building exploratory browsing interfaces that maintain context. The type system leverages constructs from object-oriented programming languages. We integrate data models, extraction rules, and presentation semantics in types to operationalize type specific dynamic metadata extraction and rich presentation. Using the type system, we built the Metadata In-Context Expander (MICE) interface as a proof of concept. A study, in which students engaged in exploring prior work, showed that MICE's metadata summaries help users maintain context during exploratory browsing. \
A short design method for nonuniformly spaced antenna arrays

A design method is presented for symmetrical nonuniformly spaced linear arrays. Element positions are easily found if one element position is given. Instead of restricting the cosine functions in the array factor, a constraint is placed upon the arguments of the cosine functions. For an array of 2N elements, one obtains N - 1 equations in N unknowns, which can be solved sequentially instead of simultaneously. The array designs are not optimum, but the simplicity of this method will allow arrays to be designed quickly. These arrays could inturn be used as preliminary steps toward more rigorous studies.
Interdependence and the interpersonal sense of control: An analysis of family relationships.

Family members' beliefs about their ability to influence one another were investigated in 51 2-parent, 2-child families. Three reliable dimensions were identified: (a) effectance - a feeling of personal control in the relationship, (b) acquiescence - the belief that one is controlled by the partner, and (c) fate - the belief that relationship outcomes are due to fate, chance, or unknown factors. The existence of interdependence in these control dimensions was investigated using the Social Relations Model. The results demonstrate that the interpersonal sense of control is virtually never a function of the perceiver alone but depends also on characteristics of the partner and the relationship
Gravitationally lensed X-ray sources towards galaxy clusters

Foreground massive galaxy clusters are expected to gravitationally lens background sources. Here, we calculate the expected number of gravitationally lensed X-ray sources on the sky owing to foreground galaxy clusters for different cosmological models. We describe the background sources using flux and redshift distribution observed in the ROSAT Deep Survey towards the `Lockman' hole, and model the foreground galaxy clusters as isothermal spheres. We account for the redshift evolution of lensing clusters using a Press--Schechter analysis with normalizations based on the observed cluster temperature function. For a flat cosmology with Οm=0.3 and ΟΛ = 0.7, we predict ∼ 103 lensed sources with fluxes larger than ∼ 5 × 10-15 erg cm-2 s-1 and ∼ 104 sources with fluxes larger than ∼ 10-16 erg cm-2 s-1 in the 0.5--2.5 keV band. We discuss the possibility of detecting lensed X-ray sources towards clusters in deep AXAF observations. The planned AXAF guaranteed time observation of A370 with an exposure of 90 ks is likely to recover at least two lensed active galactic nuclei (AGNs) above the 3 σ level. Aided by amplification owing to gravitational lensing, the search for lensed X-ray sources towards clusters is likely to recover AGNs at redshifts of 1--4.
Short-Wave Signatures of Stratospheric Mountain Wave Breaking

Abstract Recent stratospheric mountain wave measurements over the Sierra Nevada indicate that downgoing secondary waves may be common or even ubiquitous in large wave events. Because of their short wavelengths, they may dominate the vertical velocity field near the tropopause, and they give a remote indicator of wave breaking farther aloft. Using a 2D numerical model, the authors have simulated the secondary wave generation process with qualitative agreement in the wave location, phase speed, wavelength (i.e., 10–20 km), and amplitude. A key to the analysis was the use of Morlet wavelet cross spectra on both the observational and simulated fields. Several characteristics of the simulated secondary waves were unexpected. First, the secondary waves are generated with good efficiency, approaching 20% of the primary upgoing wave momentum flux. Second, whereas most of the secondary waves are downward, the shorter components reflect upward from the tropopause, giving a kind of lee wave trapping in the lower str...
New layout strategies with improved matching performance

In this paper, the systematic mismatch error in integrated circuits due to gradient effects is modeled and analyzed. Three layout strategies with improved matching performance are reviewed and summarized. The hexagonal tessellation pattern can cancel quadratic gradient errors with only 3 units for each device and has high area-efficiency when extended. Both the Nth-order circular symmetry patterns and Nth-order central symmetry patterns can cancel up to Nth-order gradient effects between two devices using 2N unit cells for each one. Among these three techniques, the central symmetry patterns have the best-reported matching performance for Manhattan structures; the circular-symmetry patterns have the best theoretical matching performance; and the hexagonal tessellation pattern has high density and high structural stability. The Nth-order central symmetry technique is compatible to all IC fabrication processes requiring no special design rules. Simulation results of these proposed techniques show better matching characteristics than other existing layout techniques under nonlinear gradient effects. Specifically, two pairs of P-poly resistors using 2nd and 3rd-order central symmetry patterns were fabricated and tested. Less than 0.04% mismatch and less than 0.002% mismatch were achieved for the 2nd and the 3rd-order structures, respectively.
Effect of leukotriene D4 and platelet-activating factor on human alveolar macrophage eicosanoid and PAF synthesis

Leukotrienes (LT) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) can increase nonspecific airway reactivity in normal subjects, and they have been proposed as putative mediators of asthma. Alveolar macrophages (AM), which have receptors for and synthesize leukotrienes and PAF, also may play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma. The present study was designed to determine the effects LTD4 and PAF have on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells, including AM eicosanoid and PAF synthesis, and to relate them to changes in nonspecific airway reactivity. Airway reactivity to methacholine was measured in healthy, male volunteers at least 2 days before and 6 h, 1, 3, and 7 days after inhaling either LTD4 or PAF. At least 3 wk later subjects inhaled in random order either methacholine or the mediator to which they were previously exposed, and BAL was performed the next day. This sequence was repeated with the other chemical 3 wk or more later. LTD4 inhalation increased airway reactivity and stimulated AM thromboxane synthesis while it reduced stimulated AM LTB4 synthesis. LTD4 did not affect the number of percentage of BAL cells or the BAL fluid protein and histamine concentrations. PAF inhalation increased airway reactivity and the proportion of neutrophils and eosinophils recovered by BAL, but it did not alter AM eicosanoid and PAF synthesis or the BAL fluid protein and histamine concentrations. A relationship was identified between the PAF-induced increase in airway reactivity and the percentage of BAL neutrophils, but no correlation was found between LTD4- or PAF-induced changes in airway reactivity and stimulated AM eicosanoid or PAF synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asymmetric Synthesis of syn-α-Substituted β-Amino Ketones by Using Sulfinimines and Prochiral Weinreb Amide Enolates

syn-α-Substituted β-amino Weinreb amides are new chiral building blocks for asymmetric synthesis of syn-α-substituted β-amino acids, aldehydes, and ketones and are prepared by addition of prochiral lithium enolates of Weinreb amides to sulfinimines (N-sulfinyl imines).
The effects of slow breathing on affective responses to pain stimuli: an experimental study

This study examined whether breathing rate affected self-reported pain and emotion following thermal pain stimuli in women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM: n = 27) or age-matched healthy control women (HC: n = 25). FM and HC were exposed to low and moderate thermal pain pulses during paced breathing at their normal rate and one-half their normal rate. Thermal pain pulses were presented in four blocks of four trials. Each block included exposure to both mild and moderate pain trials, and periods of both normal and slow paced breathing. Pain intensity and unpleasantness were recorded immediately following each pain trial, and positive and negative affect were assessed at the end of each block of trials. Compared to normal breathing, slow breathing reduced ratings of pain intensity and unpleasantness, particularly for moderately versus mildly painful thermal stimuli. The effects of slow breathing on pain ratings were less reliable for FM patients than for HCs. Slow versus normal breathing decreased negative affect ratings following thermal pain pulses for both groups, and increased positive affect reports, but only for healthy controls with high trait negative affect. Participants who reported higher levels of trait positive affect prior to the experiment showed greater decreases in negative affect as a result of slow versus normal breathing. These experimental findings provide support for prior reports on the benefits of yogic breathing and mindful Zen meditation for pain and depressed affect. However, chronic pain patients may require more guidance to obtain therapeutic benefit from reduced breathing rates.
Physiological and growth responses of C3 and C4 plants to reduced temperature when grown at low CO2 of the last ice age.

During the last ice age, CO2 concentration ((CO2)) was 180-200 μmol/mol compared with the modern value of 380 μmol/mol, and global temperatures were ∼8 ◦ C cooler. Relatively little is known about the responses of C3 and C4 species to long- term exposure to glacial conditions. Here Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (C3 )a ndAmaranthus retroflexus L. (C4 )w ere grown at 200 μmol/mol CO2 with current (30/24 ◦ C) and glacial (22/16 ◦ C) temperatures for 22d. Overall, the C4 species exhibited a large growth advantage over the C3 species at low (CO2). However, this advantage was reduced at low temperature, where the C4 species produced 5×the total mass of the C3 species versus 14×at the high temperature. This difference was due to a reduction in C4 growth at low temperature, since the C3 species exhibited similar growth between temperatures. Physiological differences between temperatures were not detected for either species, although photorespiration/net photosynthesis was reduced in the C3 species grown at low temperature, suggesting evidence of improved carbon balance at this treatment. This system suggests that C4 species had a growth advantage over C3 species during low (CO2) of the last ice age, although concurrent reductions in temperatures may have reduced this advantage.
Magnetic Moment of Negative Muons.

The magnetic moment of negative muons bound in atoms of carbon, oxygen (in water), magnesium (metallic and in Mg${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$), silicon, and sulfur has been measured with a precision ranging from 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ in carbon to 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ in sulfur. The measured moment is corrected for relativistic effects, diamagnetism, and nuclear polarization before being compared to the moment of the positive muon. The two moments are found to be equal to 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, where the major uncertainty is due to Knight shift. The relativistic, diamagnetic, nuclear, and solid-state shifts are large enough compared to the statistical and systematic errors to make this technique usable for the investigation of these effects.
Report from the ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting.

The ASHP Midyear Clinical meeting continues to be the largest pharmacy meeting in the world. A broad range of topics was presented at hundreds of symposia and posters at the 2001 meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, in December. Pain management, hospice care, evidence based medicine, safe medication practices and improved drug information services were among the many practice areas addressed and recognized at the meeting.
On the spectrum of tripositive neptunium in single crystals of lanthanum trichloride

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of Np/sup 3+/(5f/sup 4/) in LaCl/ sub 3/ were studied. Results indicated that fluorescence takes place from several Stark-component levels in the near ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum. A comparison was made between the theoretical free-ion'' spectrum of Np/sup 3+/(5f/sup 4/) with the observed spectrum of Np/sup 3+/ in LaCl/sup 3/. (M.C.G.)
Nanostructural basis of rainbow-like iridescence in common bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera feathers

Structural colors are common in nature. Generally single feathers or other integuments contain only one structural color, but those of the common bronzewing display a consistent color gradient from blue to red (462-647 nm) over the proximo-distal length of individual barbs. We used optical microscopy and macro- and micro-spectrophotometry to characterize this color gradient, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the nanostructure. Combining optical modeling and experimental results, we demonstrate that the rainbow-like iridescence is caused by multilayer interference from organized arrays of melanosome rods in a keratin matrix and that the color gradient results from subtle shifts in both diameter and spacing of melanosome rods. This result illustrates tight developmental control feathers and may provide inspiration for the design of multi-colored coatings or fibers.
Uridine-diphosphoglucose glucosyltransferase in human erythrocytes☆

Abstract The presence of glucosyltransferase activity in mature human erythrocytes and leukocytes has been established both by demonstration of UDP formation from UDPG, and by incorporation of [14C] glucose from UDP-[14C] glucose into glycogen. The erythrocyte and leukocyte enzymes have similar properties and both require glucose 6-P for activity. The enzyme activity per white cell is about 400 times that per red cell. The erythrocyte glucosyltransferase activities did not differ from that in the normal in two patients with hepatic glucosyltransferase deficiency and in other patients with a variety of carbohydrate abnormalities.
Quasiclassical R-matrix theory of inelastic processes in collisions of electrons with HCl molecules.

The {ital R}-matrix theory for the vibrational excitation and dissociative attachment in {ital e}-HCl collisions is developed. Only one pole in the {ital R}-matrix expansion is included. This allows for making a connection between the {ital R}-matrix and the nonlocal-complex-potential theories, and for obtaining the expression for the dissociative-attachment cross section without using the {ital R}-matrix radius in the internuclear coordinate. All matrix elements in the equation for the vibrational-excitation and dissociative-attachment amplitudes are calculated using the quasiclassical approach. We study how the results depend on the number of vibrational levels of the neutral molecule included in the theory and show how to exclude the vibrational continuum by a modification of the nonlocal-complex potential. The results for the vibrational-excitation cross sections are extremely sensitive to the behavior of the {ital R}-matrix potential curve near the point of crossing this curve with the potential curve of the neutral molecule. Particularly in some cases the cross section at the threshold peak exhibits the boomerang oscillations earlier found for HCl by Domcke (in {ital Aspects} {ital of} {ital Electron}{minus}{ital Molecule} {ital Scattering} {ital and} {ital Photoionization}, edited by A. Herzenberg (AIP, New Haven, 1989), p. 169). The dissociative-attachment cross sections are in reasonablemore » agreement with experiment and with other theories.« less
Oleothorax Following Pulmonary Resection

Thoracoplasty has been generally accepted as the method of choice for the prevention of mediastinal shift and the resultant disturbances in candiorespiratony function which may follow pneumonectomy in the adult. While in most patients this additional surgical procedure is well tolerated, either as a concomitant or subsequent operation, there are some patients iii whom thoracoplasty is inadvisable because of debility, advanced age, or poor prognosis, while in others it is refused by the patient on temporarily deferred by the surgeon. For these patients, an easily tolerated method of preventing overdistention of the remaining lung and shift of the mediastinum should be considered. Ideally, this procedure should be simple in application, minimally traumatic, and easily discontinued if necessary. The constant search for an ideal intrapleural space-filling substance, which could be used as a substitute for thoracoplasty in the compression treatment of tuberculosis, and more recently as a method of filling the pleural space after pneumonectomy, indicates that many investigators do not consider thoracoplasty an altogether satisfactory procedure.
Simultaneous Similarity Reductions for a Pair of Matrices to Condensed Forms

We present simultaneous reduction algorithms for two (nonsymmetric) matrices \(A\) and \(B\) to upper Hessenberg and lower Hessenberg forms, respectively. One is through the simultaneous similarity reduction and the other is through a Lanczos–Arnoldi-type iteration. The algorithm that uses the Lanczos–Arnoldi-type iteration can be considered as a generalization of both the nonsymmetric Lanczos algorithm and the standard Arnoldi algorithm. We shall also apply our reduction to construct a model reduction for certain kind second-order single-input single-output system. It is proved that the model reduction has the desirable moment matching property.