cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood Commute to Work Times and Self-Reported Caregiver Health Behaviors and Food Access.

Abstract Objective Time spent commuting is associated with obesity. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between neighborhood-level commute to work (CTW) times and self-reported health behaviors and food access. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of caregivers with infants as part of the Greenlight Study, a multisite obesity trial in Chapel Hill, New York City, Nashville, and Miami. ZIP code–based commuting estimates were determined using the US Census American Community Survey. Self-reported health behaviors and food access data were collected by directed interview. Logistic and linear regression models were used to determine associations between neighborhood CTW times and health behaviors and food access. Results The average neighborhood CTW time for all ZIP codes was 29 minutes (n = 846). Caregivers in longer CTW time neighborhoods were more likely to endorse fewer food choices (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.69; P = .001) and difficulty accessing markets with fresh produce (AOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.02–2.25; P = .04). Neighborhood CTW time >30 minutes was associated with less caregiver physical activity (AOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34–0.98; P = .044). Neighborhood CTW time was inversely related to infant television time (adjusted mean, 399 minutes/day for ≤30 minutes and 256 minutes/day for >30 minutes; P = .025). New York families in longer CTW neighborhoods were more likely to report difficulty accessing markets with fresh produce (AOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.03–3.14; P = .039). Conclusions Neighborhood CTW time is associated with several self-reported health behaviors and perceived food access among caregivers with children. Neighborhood CTW times may represent city-specific features, including transportation infrastructure, which may impact the health of families.
A photo documentation of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA

Bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation are rare, forming only about 15% of the dinosaur specimens. Nevertheless, one of them was among the first dinosaurs named from what was then the ‘’Atlantosaurus Beds’’ of Colorado. Collecting and restudy for 140 years has in­creased the diversity from the initial 1877 discovery to the currently valid four genera and six species, viz., Fruitadens haagaroum, Nanosaurus agilis, Camptosaurus dispar, C. aphanoecetes, Dryosaurus altus, and D. elderae, which we briefly review. We demonstrate that the enigmatic Nanosaurus agilis is the senior name for Drinker nisti, Othnielosaurus consors, and Othnielia rex. In addition, a new species, Dryosaurus elderae is proposed for the Dryosaurus specimens from Dinosaur National Monument that are characterized by elongate cervical verebrae and a long, low ilium among other features.
An Exploratory Analysis of Quality Indicators in Adapted Alternating Treatments Designs

The single-case adapted alternating treatments design allows for an experimental comparison between two independent variables applied across two equally difficult, yet functionally independent, dep...
Interrater Reliability and Concurrent Validity for the Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale 3.0: Application With Persons With Acquired Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia

Purpose This investigation was designed to provide interrater reliability data for the Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale 3.0 (ASRS 3.0; Strand, Duffy, Clark, & Josephs, 2014). Importantly, ratings wer...
Blocking neuroestrogen synthesis modifies neural representations of learned song without altering vocal imitation accuracy in developing songbirds

ABSTRACT Birdsong, like human speech, is learned early in life by first memorizing an auditory model. Once memorized, birds compare their own burgeoning vocalizations to their auditory memory, and adjust their song to match the model. While much is known about this latter part of vocal learning, less is known about how initial auditory experiences are formed and consolidated. In both adults and developing songbirds, there is strong evidence suggesting the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), a higher order auditory forebrain area, is the site of auditory memory consolidation. However, the mechanisms that facilitate this consolidation are poorly understood. One likely mechanism is 17β-estradiol (E2), which is associated with speech-language development and disorders in humans, and is abundant in both mammalian temporal cortex and songbird NCM. Circulating E2 is also elevated during the auditory memory phase, and in NCM immediately after song learning sessions, suggesting it functions to encode recent auditory experience. Therefore, we tested a role for E2 production in auditory memory consolidation during development using a comprehensive set of investigations to ask this question at the level of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and behavior. Our results demonstrate that while systemic estrogen synthesis blockade regulates juvenile song production, inhibiting E2 synthesis locally within NCM does not adversely affect song learning outcomes. Surprisingly, early life E2 manipulations in NCM modify the neural representations of birds’ own song and the model tutor song in both NCM and a downstream sensorimotor nucleus (HVC). Further, we show that the capacity to synthesize neuroestrogens remains high throughout development alongside substantial changes in NCM cell density across age. Taken together, these findings suggest that E2 plays a multifaceted role during development, and demonstrate that contrary to prediction, unilateral post-training estrogen synthesis blockade in the auditory cortex does not negatively impact vocal learning. Acute downregulation of neuroestrogens are therefore likely permissive for juvenile auditory memorization, while neuroestrogen synthesis influences communication production and representation in adulthood.
Understanding and Responding to Victims of Interpersonal Sexual Violence and Sexual Assault within Committed Relationships

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to increase therapeutic discussion surrounding intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) by increasing understanding in how victims of IPSV perceive and respond...
Speech sample type and children’s segmental durations

This study was designed to determine how segmental durations in children’s speech are affected by differences in type of speech sample. Ten five-year-old male subjects produced repeated utterances of isolated meaningful CVC words, isolated nonsense CVC syllables and the meaningful CVC words in a carrier phrase. Initial consonant voice onset times, vowel durations and syllable durations were measured. A number of significant differences were found including: (1) voicing leads were more common for /b/ in isolated syllables than in syllables in the phrase; (2) VOTs for /p/ and /k/ differed for meaningful syllables but not for nonsense syllables; and (3) vowel durations constituted a smaller proportion and the final stop consonant closure duration a larger proportion of total syllable duration for the meaningful syllables in the phrase than in isolation. The results suggest that type of speech sample does affect differently certain segmental durations and the relationships among them. The effect of speech sample type on intrasubject variability was minimal.
Participatory science for coastal water quality: freshwater plume mapping and volunteer retention in a randomized informational intervention

Among the biggest threats to coastal water quality are freshwater discharges. It is difficult to predict the spatial extent of freshwater plumes at marine beaches because processes governing mass transport in the surf zone are complex. Participatory science approaches could facilitate collecting shoreline data, although volunteer sampling campaigns can be challenged by data quality and volunteer retention. The goals of this study were to (1) work with volunteers to estimate safe swimming distances at beaches that receive polluted discharges, and (2) test whether informational feedback to volunteers increased retention. Forty-six volunteers participated over 12 weeks in 2019 by collecting 1452 salinity measurements at beaches near the mouths of two Central California freshwater discharges and completing participation surveys. These measurements resulted in 145 distinct estimates of safe swimming distances (D90), spanning a range of environmental conditions during rainy and dry periods. Median D90s were 150 and 100 m at San Pedro Creek south and north, and 490 and 330 m at San Lorenzo River west and east, respectively. D90 was significantly associated with adjacent freshwater discharge rate at both discharges and tide level at one discharge. On average, the odds of volunteers conducting sampling decreased by 4% (95% CI: 1%, 7%) with each successive week. A randomized intervention providing repeated data feedback via email to volunteers did not affect their retention in the study.
A Discussion of “Going to Where the World Ends: When the Bodies of Children Speak Who is Listening?”

This commentary is a response to Dr. Rachael Peltz’s paper (this issue) concerning the experience of resignation syndrome among refugee children in Sweden, and more broadly extreme traumatic stress...
Remote Methods for Conducting Tobacco-Focused Clinical Trials.

Most tobacco-focused clinical trials are based on locally-conducted studies that face significant challenges to implementation and successful execution. These challenges include the need for large, diverse, yet still representative study samples. This often means a protracted, costly, and inefficient recruitment process. Multi-site clinical trials can overcome some of these hurdles but incur their own unique challenges. With recent advances in mobile health (mHealth) and digital technologies, there is now a promising alternative: Remote Trials. These trials are led and coordinated by a local investigative team, but are based remotely, within a given community, state, or even nation. The remote approach affords many of the benefits of multi-site trials (more efficient recruitment of larger study samples) without the same barriers (cost, multi-site management, regulatory hurdles). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) global health pandemic has resulted in rapid requirements to shift ongoing clinical trials to remote delivery and assessment platforms, making methods for the conduct of remote trials even more timely. The purpose of the present manuscript it to provide an overview of available methods for the conduct of remote tobacco-focused clinical trials as well as illustrative examples of how these methods have been implemented across recently completed and ongoing tobacco studies. We focus on key aspects of the clinical trial pipeline including remote: 1) study recruitment and screening, 2) informed consent, 3) assessment, 4) biomarker collection, and 5) medication adherence monitoring.
Technical Note: Vendor miscalibration of preclinical orthovoltage irradiator identified through independent output check.

Purpose Accurate radiation dosimetry in radiobiological experiments is crucial for preclinical research in advancement of cancer treatment. Vendors of cell irradiators often perform calibration for end-users. However, calibration accuracy remains unclear due to missing detailed information on calibration equipment and procedures. In this study, we report our findings of a vender miscalibration of the radiation output and our investigation on the root cause of the discrepancy. Methods Independent calibration verification for a commercial preclinical orthovoltage irradiator was conducted. Initially, in the absence of ionization chambers calibrated at kV energy, radiochromic films (EBT3) was first calibrated at MV energy. Energy correction factors from literature were used to create an in-house kV dosimetry system. The miscalibration identified with the in-house kV EBT3 dosimetry was later confirmed by ADCL calibrated ionization chambers (Exradin A1SL and PTW 30013) at kV energy. Ionization chambers were suspended in-air following TG-61 recommendation for output calibration. To investigate the root cause of the miscalibration, additional measurements were performed with ionization chambers placed on the shelf. A validated Monte Carlo simulation code was also used to investigate the impact of placing the ionization chamber on the shelf instead of suspending it in air during the vendor-performed calibration process. Results Up to a 6% dosimetry error was observed when comparing the vendor calibrated output of the preclinical irradiator with our independent calibration check. Further investigation showed incorrect setups in the vendor's calibration procedure which may result in dose errors up to 11% from the backscatter of the shelf board during calibration, and up to 5% from omitting temperature and pressure corrections to ionization chamber readings. Conclusion Our study revealed large dose calibration errors caused by incorrect setup and the omission of temperature/pressure correction in the vendor's calibration procedure. The findings also highlighted the importance of performing an independent check of the dose calibration for preclinical kV irradiators. More absolute dosimetry training is needed for both vendors and end users for establishing accurate absolute dosimetry.
A crowd-based explosive detection system with two-level feedback sensor calibration

Large, open, public events, such as marathons and festivals, have always presented a unique safety challenge. These sprawling events, which can take up entire city blocks or stretch for many miles, can draw tens to hundreds of thousands of spectators and in some cases have open admission. As it is impracticable to guarantee the subjection of every event-goer to a security screening, we propose a crowd-based explosive detection system that uses a multitude of low-cost ChemFET sensors which are distributed to attendees. As the sensors offer limited accuracy, we further propose a server-based decision-making framework that utilizes a two-level feedback loop between the sensors and the server and explores spatial and temporal locality of the collected data to overcome the inherent low-accuracy of individual sensors. We thoroughly explore two distinct detection schemes, stressing their performance under a myriad of conditions, thus showing that such a crowd-based detection system comprised of low-cost and low-accuracy sensors can deliver high detection accuracy with minimal false positives.
Do Auditors Price Audit Committee's Expertise? The Case of Accounting versus Nonaccounting Financial Experts

The issue of whether audit pricing reflects the effectiveness of the audit committee is of fundamental interest to auditors, managers, and others. Auditors are expected to price the effectiveness o...
A Path to More Meaningful Technical Services Assessment

In recent years, there have been many initiatives aiming to improve library assessment by making better use of operational data. While most LIS administrators and stakeholders believe assessment i...
Dosimetric feasibility of neurovascular bundle-sparing stereotactic body radiotherapy with periprostatic hydrogel spacer for localized prostate cancer to preserve erectile function.

Objective:We aim to test the hypothesis that neurovascular bundle (NVB) displacement by rectal hydrogel spacer combined with NVB delineation as an organ at risk (OAR) is a feasible method for NVB-s...
Principal Officers and the Function of Section 4 of the 25th Amendment

Section 4 of the 25th Amendment allows the “Vice President” and a majority of the “principal officers of the executive departments” to disempower a President who is “unable” to discharge the office’s powers and duties. Scholars and courts agree that “principal officers” means the members of the President’s Cabinet. Less clear is whether acting Cabinet members count as “principal officers.” The present scholarly consensus is that, while the issue is a close one, the Amendment’s text and legislative history suggest that acting members do count. This Essay complicates that consensus. It suggests that, if text and history are ambiguous, function should inform our reading of the 25th Amendment. And the best functional argument is that acting Cabinet members should not count as “principal officers” who can vote in the Section 4 process. The standard reading, under which acting members are “principal officers,” allows an out-of-control President to easily short-circuit the very process designed to rein him in. Under that interpretation, a deranged President, suspecting Section 4 action against him, could simply fire his Cabinet and replace them with loyalist acting members who would vote in his favor. By contrast, as we explain, an interpretation excluding acting members from the category of “principal officers” makes Presidential manipulation of the Section 4 process harder. Our reading therefore best preserves Section 4’s function as an extraordinary tool, able to quickly curb Presidential malfeasance and thereby avert disaster, perhaps on a global scale.
Measuring Noise Figure and Noise Power

One of the challenges in noise‐figure measurements is in determining the noise figure of systems that integrate the low‐noise amplifier (LNA) stage into a single‐chip down‐converter, where the output is not at the same frequency as the input and the LNA cannot be separated from the rest of the system. This chapter illuminates the details of noise figure and noise‐power measurements, including their uncertainty, verification, and methods to improve them. It discusses active antenna noise‐figure measurements and describes noise figure in mixers and frequency converters. Mixers and frequency converters are often the first component after the antenna in a receiver system, and as such the noise figure of the first converter predominantly sets the noise figure of the system. The chapter also discusses noise power measurements with a vector network analyzer spectrum analyzer and noise figure measurements using spectrum analysis as well as carrier‐to‐noise measurements.
Surface charge of environmental and radioactive airborne particles

Abstract. Self-charging of radioactive uranium oxide particles was measured by comparing the electrostatic surface-charge characteristics of the uranium particles to various airborne dust particulates. Though radioactive aerosols can gain charge through various decay mechanisms, researchers have traditionally assumed that the radioactive aerosols do not carry any additional charge relative to other atmospheric dust particles as a consequence of charge neutralization over time. In this work, we evaluate this assumption by directly examining the surface charge and charge density on airborne uranium oxide particles and then comparing those characteristics with charging of other natural and engineered airborne dust particles. Based on electric field–assisted particle levitation in air, the surface charge, charge distribution as a function of particle size, and surface charge density were determined for uranium oxide aerosols (
The effect of film production studios on housing prices in Atlanta, the Hollywood of the South:

Governments compete to attract film productions to their communities, expecting them to provide economic benefits directly through local purchases and employment and indirectly through publicity an...
Air film contact modes of drop impact on lubricated surfaces under reduced pressures

Air film evolution underneath a drop impacting on a surface can cause the drop to either bounce off or make contact. Water drops impacting on a dry surface exhibited a transition from bouncing to the kink and film modes of contact. Additionally, a dimple mode of contact was observed on a lubricated, smooth surface. Here, we report experimental findings of drops impacting on a lubricated, smooth surface under both reduced and atmospheric pressures using liquids of two different viscosities. The kink mode observed on a dry surface only occurs at low impact velocities under reduced pressures but is completely absent at the atmospheric pressure on a lubricated surface. The horizontal extent of the dimple agrees well with the incompressible and compressible scaling within the inertial regime. The experimentally measured horizontal extent of the kink shows good agreement with the existing theoretical scaling. Slight deviations in the contact mode transition were observed between experiments and previously reported simulations, presumably due to the velocity slip at the air–lubricant interface in the present study.
Initiating the Curriculum Review Process in the Early 1990s

At Columbia Business School, two quite different factors played major roles in the initiation phase of the early 1990s curriculum review process. First, a set of generalized forces, some internal and some external to Columbia Business School, interacted to form a meta-stable equilibrium. This equilibrium provided a set of enabling conditions for initiation of the curriculum change decision process. Second, a set of specific triggering events was responsible for actual initiation of the curriculum review process.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

This chapter discusses the spectrum of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hospital-acquired pneumonias, urinary tract infections, surgical-site infections, and bacteremias are among the nosocomial infections frequently caused by P. aeruginosa. The major cause of high morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) is chronic respiratory infection with P. aeruginosa. The lack of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production in CF may have two important repercussions. First, the reduced NO levels have been linked to the hyperabsorption of sodium in CF. Second, nitric oxide has also been directly implicated as a bactericidal and bacteristatic agent. The major causes of high morbidity and mortality presently associated with CF are chronic inflammation and the resulting respiratory tissue destruction. The first phase is an insidious infection, with intermittent isolation of P. aeruginosa from the lungs of the patient with CF. The mucoid phenotype of P. aeruginosa is rarely seen in infections other than CF, although mucoid strains can be isolated during chronic urinary tract infections, but all mucoid isolates produce chemically similar polymers based on the polyuronic acid exopolysaccharide alginate. The majority of the support for such a role of alginate in allowing P. aeruginosa to persist in the CF lung comes from in vitro studies that have previously been extensively reviewed. P. aeruginosa causes life-threatening infections in patients with compromised innate immune defenses, such as burn victims, neutropenic individuals undergoing chemotherapy, and persons with CF.
Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation

Understanding the regulation of transcription in eukaryotes is of paramount importance. Its relevance extends across human biology and uncovering its complexity is necessary for understanding diverse issues of human health from cancer to diabetes to birth defects, infections, and aging. This review is designed to introduce the major ideas in transcriptional regulation and give the reader a foundation for further study.
Tracking complex objects using graphical object models

We present a probabilistic framework for component-based automatic detection and tracking of objects in video. We represent objects as spatio-temporal two-layer graphical models, where each node corresponds to an object or component of an object at a given time, and the edges correspond to learned spatial and temporal constraints. Object detection and tracking is formulated as inference over a directed loopy graph, and is solved with non-parametric belief propagation. This type of object model allows object-detection to make use of temporal consistency (over an arbitrarily sized temporal window), and facilitates robust tracking of the object. The two layer structure of the graphical model allows inference over the entire object as well as individual components. AdaBoost detectors are used to define the likelihood and form proposal distributions for components. Proposal distributions provide 'bottom-up' information that is incorporated into the inference process, enabling automatic object detection and tracking. We illustrate our method by detecting and tracking two classes of objects, vehicles and pedestrians, in video sequences collected using a single grayscale uncalibrated car-mounted moving camera.
Characterization of the human histone H2A.X gene. Comparison of its promoter with other H2A gene promoters.

The human gene for the replication-unlinked histone protein H2A.X is a naturally occurring chimera that contains a replication-unlinked promoter yet produces a stemloop mRNA characteristic of replication-linked histone genes. Consistent with the latter attribute, the H2A.X gene was found to lack introns. The promoter of the H2A.X gene was localized to a 120-base pair region upstream of the transcription start site, a region which included a TATA and two CCAAT sequence elements. The proximal of the two CCAAT elements was shown to be an important determinant of H2A.X gene promoter activity. In a comparative study with the CCAAT elements from the replication-linked H2A.1a gene and the replication-unlinked H2A.Z gene, the proximal CCAAT element of the H2A.X gene was found to bind nuclear factors also bound by CCAAT elements in the latter but not in the former. The specificity of the replication-unlinked H2A.X and H2A.Z gene promoters for CCAAT-binding transcription factors appeared to also reside in short homologous sequences about 10 base pairs away on either side of the CCAAT sequence.
Implications of Seasonal and Regional Abundance Patterns of Daphnia on Surface Water Monitoring and Assessment

The seasonal dynamics of Daphnia populations vary regionally throughout the United States. Within the general pattern, Daphnia increase in abundance after the initiation of the spring algal bloom in all lakes, but their subsequent seasonal patterns differ in various climatic regions. Lakes in regions with cooler summers have large-bodied Daphnia populations that tend to persist throughout the summer, although the species dominance may shift. Regions with warmer summers tend to have large-bodied Daphnia populations that decline or are absent through much of the summer. Still warmer water bodies tend to have medium- to small-bodied species that are abundant during spring, but absent most of the summer. Many central Florida lakes lack Daphnia; if Daphnia species are present, they tend to be small-bodied. Daphnia abundance in these water bodies varies, but seems to be independent of temperature.
Termination of Psychotherapy

Termination refers to the ending of a period of psychotherapy. There has been a wide variety of views on its significance and how it ought to be conducted. Most termination seems to be patient initiated (i.e., the result of the client not showing up for a scheduled session). Termination can also depend on a number of variables, such as the theoretical orientation of the therapist, nature of the client problem, length of treatment, degree of success of therapy, personality characteristics of the client and therapist, and cost considerations. In addition, termination is sometimes associated with the need for relapse prevention and appropriate attention to continuity of care. Finally, the APA Ethical Principles require that termination occur when therapy is not beneficial or likely to be beneficial, when therapy is harming the client, or when there is harm or threat of harm to the therapist. Keywords: ethics in psychology; mental health; practice in clinical psychology; psychotherapies; cognitive behavior therapy
Structure, distribution, and functional expression of the phosphofructokinase C isozyme

To elucidate the structure, tissue-specific expression, and allosteric properties of phosphofructokinase-C (PFK-C), we cloned the cDNA for PFK-C from a rat hypothalamic cDNA library. The cDNA is 2643 base pairs long and encodes a protein of 765 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly homologous to PFK-M (muscle) and PFK-L (liver), 69 and 65% amino acid identity, respectively, especially at substrate binding and catalytic sites, while the allosteric binding sites are less conserved. Tissue-specific expression of PFK-C was investigated by Northern blot analysis. PFK-C mRNA was detected in several brain regions and the anterior pituitary but not in liver, skeletal muscle, or several other tissues. In situ hybridization showed that PFK-C is expressed at a higher level in higher brain regions such as the cortex, compared with the midbrain and basal ganglia, while PFK-L is expressed at approximately equal levels throughout the brain. Expression plasmids containing PFK-C and PFK-L coding sequences were constructed and expressed by transient transfection into CMT cells. Expression of transfected PFKs was demonstrated by PFK enzymatic activity and by Western blotting with anti-rat brain and liver PFK antisera. Allosteric regulatory properties of PFK-C and PFK-L expressed in CMT cells were compared. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, a potent activator of PFK, decreased the Km of PFK-C for fructose 6-phosphate from 200 to 60 microM while decreasing that of PFK-L from 300 to 55 microM. The properties of PFK-C and PFK-L expressed in CMT cells clearly demonstrate the allosteric differences between the different PFK isozymes.
16 Critical parameters

Publisher Summary The great work of van der Waals explains the measurement of critical properties of pure substances for application in thermodynamic models based on the principle of corresponding states. Several reviews of experimental methods and data have been published. The chapter discusses the more widely used experimental techniques for the measurement of critical properties of pure substances, with special emphasis on the methods that have been used to obtain the critical properties of substances that are thermally unstable. In principle, the critical point of a substance that decomposes at a temperature below its critical temperature cannot be measured experimentally. The measurement of the critical properties of a thermally stable substance requires fine temperature control to obtain data of high precision. Methods to achieve both these conditions are discussed in the chapter.
American consumers' attitudes towards commercial banks: A comparison of local and national bank customers by use of geodemographic segmentation

Purpose – This article demonstrates the application of geodemographic segmentation to the service industry by using commercial banking as a case example.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through self‐administered questionnaires. Two sets of variables were used to profile market segments.Findings – Study results indicate that there are substantial differences between customers of local and national US banks in their evaluation of the relative importance of bank service charges and overall confidence in the bank. Compared to national banks, local banks were evaluated more positively by customers in areas such as extra services offered by the bank, image of the bank, and convenience of the bank.Originality/value – More focused and concentrated marketing strategies are suggested to achieve better local bank performance.
12 Oligomerization kinetics of ORF1p is correlated with LINE1 retrotransposition

ORF1 protein (p) is encoded by the long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE1) retrotransposon. LINE1 replicates by converting its transcript into genomic DNA, a mechanism that can also similarly process some host gene transcripts. LINE1 activity has thereby greatly expanded mammalian genomes during evolution and it causes variety of genetic changes in the modern human genome. The role of human ORF1p (hORF1p) in LINE1 retrotransposition is largely unknown, although it presumably involves its nucleic acid chaperone activity and its ability to oligomerize on nucleic acids. To better understand the molecular mechanism of hORF1p in LINE1-retrotransposition, we developed a novel method to characterize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-hORF1p interactions using single molecule stretching with optical tweezers. Here we examined the interactions of two hORF1p variants with ssDNA: hORF1-111p, the modern wild type (wt) protein and hORF1-151p, a hybrid of modern wt and a resuscitated ancestral hORF1p. Although the in vitro nucleic acid chaperone activities are indistinguishable in the two variants, 151p is inactive in an in vivo retrotransposition assay. We characterized three distinct binding kinetics for 111p and 151p with ssDNA. A fast kinetic fraction characterized by association and dissociation on a timescale of seconds, an intermediate fraction with a timescale of greater than one minute, which characterizes dissociation of the protein after the stretching force on DNA is released and a slow fraction with negligible dissociation on a timescale of tens of minutes. The fast fractions of both variants are converted to intermediate and slow fractions with time, consistent with protein oligomerization. However, oligomerization of 151p occurs two orders of magnitude slower than 111p. This result could explain the inactivity of 151p in retrotransposition and suggests that the oligomerization rate of ORF1p is important for retrotransposition.
Remembering Villagisation in Tanzania: National Consciousness Amidst Economic Failure

Debates over the perceived failure of the policy of forced villagization in Tanzania have been one of the most prominent topics in Tanzanian history and political science. James Scott's critique of villagization as the hubris of "high modernism" has been refined and developed by Leander Schneider who sees villagization as a result of a flawed belief in "developmentalism." Schneider's thesis builds on James Ferguson's thesis of the "anti-politics" machine, which argues that development theory tends to sideline political debate and negotiation, and thereby becomes authoritarian. While villagization certainly fell short of its immediate economic goals, and it also encouraged authoritarian government practice, these results must be viewed within a historical context. Tanzanian villagization in the 1970s took place in the context of ongoing conflict with regimes in Southern Africa, and Idi Amin's takeover in Uganda. In the words of one of the functionaries who implemented in the policy, "the act of moving people was very important in the consolidation of the state." Using oral history, this paper seeks to understand how villagization in one village created both approving and critical memories that equally contributed to the definition and affective consolidation of the nationalist state in the minds of its citizens.
Tempering the Decline in College Student Physical Activity Using Informational Interventions: Moderating Effects of Stress and Stage of Change

An intervention was conducted to identify effective but feasible ways to combat the decline in physical activity (PA) among college students. One hundred forty-six first year college students were randomly assigned to one of three brief interventions: brochures, a classroom presentation, or an in-person demonstration. Benefiting from the study, having low perceived stress, and being in a later stage of change for PA were expected to protect against the typical decreases in PA outcomes. Declines in PA were slowed or reversed when students were influenced by the intervention, had lower stress, and were in earlier stages of change. Students may benefit from simple interventions such as one-time seminars and brochures explaining fitness guidelines, especially if combined with a stress management intervention.
A Learnable Constraint-based Grammar Formalism

Lexicalized Weil-Founded Grammar (LWFG) is a recently developed syntactic-semantic grammar formalism for deep language understanding, which balances expressiveness with provable learnability results. The learnability result for LWFGs assumes that the semantic composition constraints are learnable. In this paper, we show what are the properties and principles the semantic representation and grammar formalism require, in order to be able to learn these constraints from examples, and give a learning algorithm. We also introduce a LWFG parser as a deductive system, used as an inference engine during LWFG induction. An example for learning a grammar for noun compounds is given.
Financial hardship and the intensity of medical care received near death

Background Although end-of-life (EOL) care can present a substantial financial burden for the household, the influence of this burden on the intensity of care received at the EOL remains unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the association between financial hardship and intensive care in the last week of life. Methods The Coping with Cancer (CwC) Study is a longitudinal, multisite cohort study of terminally ill cancer patients and their informal caregivers, September 2002–February 2008. Patients (N = 281) were followed from baseline to death, a median of 4.4 months after baseline assessment. Intensive care was defined as the use of resuscitation and/or ventilation in the patient's last week of life. Financial hardship was measured at study baseline as a positive response to whether the household had to use all or most of their savings because of the family member's illness. Results Twenty-nine percent reported financial hardship, and 9% received intensive EOL care. Patients reporting financial hardship had a 3.22 (95% CI: 1.38, 7.53) higher likelihood of receiving intensive EOL care compared with patients not reporting financial hardship. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and patient preferences, patients reporting financial hardship had a 3.05 (95% CI: 1.22, 7.62) higher likelihood of receiving intensive EOL care. Conclusion The depletion of a family's financial resources is a significant predictor of intensive EOL care, over and above the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and patient preferences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential Regulation of the Stability of Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase Messenger RNA in Normal versus Neoplastic Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells

Neoplastic mouse lung epithelial cells contain greatly diminished activity, protein, and mRNA for the type I isozyme of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA I), while expression of the type II isozyme (PKA II) is similar to that of normal lung cells. A time course of PKA mRNA content in transcriptionally inhibited cells indicated that most PKA mRNAs are more stable in the neoplastic E9 cell line than in related nontumorigenic C10 cells. To address the basis of this differential stability, we treated both cell lines with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, in the presence or absence of the transcriptional inhibitor, 5,6-dichloro-1- b -ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DRB). The rate of PKA II regulatory subunit α mRNA decay in the presence of DRB was unaffected by cycloheximide treatment in E9 cells but decreased upon the addition of cycloheximide to DRB-treated C10 cells. The combination of these two agents markedly destabilized PKA II mRNAs (PKA catalytic subunit α and PKA II regulatory subunit α) relative to DRB treatment alone in neoplastic E9 cells, causing them to decay at a rate equal to that in C10 cells. PKA II mRNA may be specifically stabilized by a protein with a relatively short half-life in neoplastic E9 cells. These results suggest the involvement of tumor-specific factor(s) in the regulation of PKA mRNA stability, a potential mechanism for conferring the observed differential responsiveness of normal and neoplastic lung cells to cyclic AMP.
Predicting weed emergence for eight annual species in the northeastern United States

Abstract A 2-yr experiment assessed the potential for using soil degree days (DD) to predict cumulative weed emergence. Emerged weeds, by species, were monitored every 2 wk in undisturbed plots. Soil DD were calculated at each location using a base temperature of 9 C. Weed emergence was fit with logistic regression for common ragweed, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade. Coefficients of determination for the logistic models fit to the field data ranged between 0.90 and 0.95 for the eight weed species. Common ragweed and common lambsquarters were among the earliest species to emerge, reaching 10% emergence before 150 DD. Velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and yellow foxtail were next, completing 10% emergence by 180 DD. The last weeds to emerge were large crabgrass, smooth pigweed, and eastern black nightshade, which emerged after 280 DD. The developed models were verified by predicting cumulative weed emergence in adjacent ...
SU-FF-T-55: A Treatment Planning Study Comparing Active Scanning Beam Delivery and Passively Scattered Beam Delivery in Proton Therapy

Purpose:Treatment planning study for proton passive, active beam with and without bolus and aperture. Method and materials: Most beam delivery systems in proton therapy use passive beam spreading techniques to conform the dose to the target. Chordoma, meningioma, GBM and other head and neck cases are routinely treated with passively scattered beams at many proton centers. Patched fields are often used in sparing normal tissues surrounding the targets. This is achieved by matching the distal edge of one beam with the lateral edge of another beam to get good target coverage and reduce normal tissuedoses. Boluses are used to compensate for the distal contour of the target and tissue density variations upstream of the target. This modality offers distinct advantages over conventional (X‐ray) radiation therapy, viz., no dose to the normal structures distal to the tumor and easy avoidance of normal structures surrounding the tumor; resulting in low integral dose to the patient. Passively scattered proton beams offer limited treatmentfield size, necessitating the use of matching fields to cover larger targets, e.g., medulloblastoma, and cranio‐spinal irradiation. Also there is increased risk of neutron contamination for passively scattered proton beams. Active beam scanning eliminates these limitations. This technique can, in principle, be used without the use of boluses and apertures. However, comparing with passively scattered beam, the increased penumbra of the active scanning beam for a shallower target may compromise treatmentdelivery by giving increased dose to the healthy tissues.Results: In this study, we compare the passively scattered beam and active scanning beam plans for the extra‐medullary plasmacytoma of the right maxilla, a head and neck tumor.Conclusions: A significant reduction in dose to healthy tissues can be achieved by using the scanning beam technique in conjunction with a limited use of apertures and boluses.
Heterogeneous Reactions of Alkylamines with Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Bisulfate

The heterogeneous reactions between alkylamines and ammonium salts (ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate) have been studied using a low-pressure fast flow reactor coupled to an ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ID-CIMS) at 293 ± 2 K. The uptake of three alkylamines, i.e., monomethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, on ammonium sulfate shows a displacement reaction of ammonium by aminium, evidenced by the release of ammonia monitored using protonated acetone dimer as the reagent ion. For the three alkylamines, the initial uptake coefficients (γ0) range from 2.6 × 10–2 to 3.4 × 10–2 and the steady-state uptake coefficients (γss) range from 6.0 × 10–3 to 2.3 × 10–4 and decrease as the number of methyl groups on the alkylamine increases. A different reaction mechanism is observed for the uptake of the three alkylamines on ammonium bisulfate, which is featured by an acid–base reaction (neutralization) with irreversible alkylamine loss and no ammonia generation and occurs at a rate lim...
Combined sub-surface imaging and surface spectroscopic imaging in biological samples

We present a coherence domain imaging modality based on the spectral analysis of the output of an interferometer. It features no moving parts and combines the imaging of sub-surface morphology with surface spectroscopic imaging.
Distorted-wave theory of electron-ion collisions. II. Auger ionization and excitation fluorescence

When electrons of moderately high energy collide with multiply stripped ionic targets, the predominant mode of collision is the impact excitation of outer-shell electrons, which subsequently decay by radiative emission. As the degree of ionization increases, the strength for inner-shell excitation becomes comparable with that for the direct-impact ionization of outer-shell electrons. The inner-shell vacancy thus created may decay by emission of an electron (Auger ionization (AI)) or a photon (excitation fluorescence (EF)). For highly charged ionic targets, it is shown that the Auger ionization contributes significantly to the total ionization cross section, and becomes dominant over the direct-impact ionization in some cases (Mo/sup 24 +/). The excitation probabilities, both to discrete and continuum states, have been calculated for the inner- and outer-shell electrons, using the improved Bethe approximation and the semiclassical projection operator. The result shows the drastic decrease in the relative transition strength to the continuum as the degree of ionization Z/sub I/ increases. The branching ratios for the Auger ionization and fluorescence decay are fitted as functions of Z/sub I/ for ionized targets. The AI and EF cross sections are compared with the corresponding direct processes.
Multiscale modeling for light metals alloy development

Abstract Continuum models are beginning to include constitutive equations containing a physical size scale which make them more applicable to metals development. Prediction of the evolution of crystallographic texture and substructure is increasingly being supported by more detailed quantitative microscopy. This is required in order to identify and confirm the controlling physical mechanisms underlying model predictions of structure evolution. Simulations of nonequilibrium phase evolution and dislocation interactions are likewise providing more realistic and experimentally validated predictions.
Bacillus subtilis α-amylase, a zinc-protein complex

Abstract 1. 1. Crystalline Bacillus subtilis α-amylase, which has been reported to be a calcium metalloenzyme, also contains small amounts of zinc. Under normal conditions, this enzyme exists in the form of a dimer. 2. 2. Dissociation of the dimer takes place in the presence of metal-binding agents whereas dimerization is induced by zinc ions. One atom of zinc per molecule of dimer is taken up by the protein during dimerization and released as dissociation proceeds according to the following scheme: [Prot—Ca x —Zn—[Prot—Ca x ] 2[Prot—Ca x ]+Zn 3. 3. Formation of this zinc-protein complex appears to be peculiar to B. subtilis α-amylase. Intermolecular cross-linking under the influence of zinc has not been observed with α-amylases from human saliva, hog pancreas, or Aspergillus oryzae . 4. 4. Calcium ions do not induce dimerization of bacterial amylase.
High-temperature diffusion-controlled creep behavior of the Zn-22% Al eutectoid alloy tested in torsion

Abstract Torsion testing was carried out on Zn-22% Al eutectoid alloy and covered a range of strainrates between 4.4 × 10−5S−1 and 4.2 × 10−1s−1, temperatures between 413K and 533 K and grain sizes between 0.8 × 10−4 cm and 3.5 × 10−4cm. Within the range of strain-rates, temperatures and grain sizes investigated, four rate-controlling deformation mechanisms are found operative and are identified as Coble creep, Nabarro-Herring creep, superplastic creep and dislocation climb creep, respectively. The ranges of manifestation of each mechanism in terms of stress, strain-rate, temperature and grain size, are determined. The four mechanisms are shown to relate to each other and new correlation form based on the newly proposed {AM} parameter is developed. Furthermore, it is shown that for the high-temperature diffusion-controlled deformation mechanism, the value assumed by the {AM} parameter, completely and uniquely identifies the rate-controlling deformation mechanism.