cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycosphingolipids of K562 cells: A chemical and immunological analysis

The K562 cell line, which was established from a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis, was thought to be myeloid, but recent data indicate that it is an undifferentiated erythroid cell line. We have found that the glycosphingolipid content of these cells differs considerably from that of mature erythrocytes. Globotetraosylceramide, the most abundant glycolipid of mature red cells, was not detected in K562 cells, and neither was globotriaosylceramide. The predominant neutral glycolipids of K562 cells are monohexaosylceramides, which are a mixture of glucosyl- and galactosylceramides, and lactotriaosyl- and lactoneotetraosylceramides were also detected. Secondly, gangliosides which contain N-acetylgalactosamine were much more abundant than those containing N-acetylglucosamine in K562 cells, in contrast to erythrocytes. The most abundant ganglioside of K562 cells, GM2, is present in trace quantities in erythrocytes. A third major difference between these two cells lies in their relative proportions of neutral glycolipids and gangliosides. The molar ratio of neutral glycolipids/gangliosides is approximately 15:1 in erythrocytes and 1:1 in K562 cells. These striking differences between K562 cells and mature erythrocytes indicate that glycolipids may be useful cell surface markers of normal erythrocyte differentiation, and of erythroleukemias.
Text Structure and Retention of Prose.

AbstractIn a study exploring the effects of aspects of text structure on short and long-term retention for prose, “standard” (S) text group performance was contrasted with nonstructured (N) (manuscript only, without text modifications) group scores under controlled conditions. Posttreatment results indicated no facilitative effects for S subjects on either immediate multiple-choice or cued recall tests for the S condition, with N subjects scoring significantly higher on delayed multiple-choice items, generating more text relevant “idea units,” and producing more coherent and logical essay examinations under both immediate and delay conditions. Results were consistent with an interference/distinctiveness of encoding hypothesis.
Terahertz optical measurements of correlated motions with possible allosteric function

A suggested mechanism for allosteric response is the distortion of the energy landscape with agonist binding changing the protein structure’s access to functional configurations. Intramolecular vibrations are indicative of the energy landscape and may have trajectories that enable functional conformational change. Here, we discuss the development of an optical method to measure the intramolecular vibrations in proteins, namely, crystal anisotropy terahertz microscopy, and the various approaches which can be used to identify the spectral data with specific structural motions.
Variant Angina Culminating in Coronary Thrombosis and Myocardial Infarction

A patient with variant angina is described who developed inferior wall myocardial infarction in the midst of recurrent episodes of rest angina associated with inferior lead ST elevations. Coronary arteriography within six hours of onset of persistent chest pain demonstrated right coronary thrombotic occlusion which was lysed by intracoronary streptokinase and revealed an underlying non-critical coronary stenosis.
Effect of local corticosteroids on early inflammatory function in surgical wound of rats

To investigate the effects of local corticosteroids during the early inflammatory process in iatrogenically induced surgical wounds, three different types of corticosteroids, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Decadron), betamethasone sodium phosphate (Celestone Phosphate), and betamethasone sodium phosphate-acetate (Celestone Soluspan), were evaluated using rats. Single doses of corticosteroid were administered locally to male Sprague-Dawley rats after the surgical implantation of a wound chamber, which was used to collect fluid from the surrounding surgical wound. Wound fluids were drawn from the wound chamber at postoperative days 1, 3, and 5 and analyzed for total white blood cells (WBCs) and differential count. In this study, the authors have demonstrated that the corticosteroids (dexamethasone sodium phosphate, betamethasone sodium phosphate, betamethasone sodium phosphate-acetate) cause at least 50% reduction in the total circulating WBCs at the surgical wound site on postoperative day 1, followed by decreased reductions on days 3 and 5.
Effect of metabolic inhibition on sodium ion exchange in the ventral nerve cord of Melanoplus differentialis

l. Radioisotopic studies with 22Na were conducted in vitro on nerve cords of the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis. 2. The total uptake of 22Na by nerve cords is significantly decreased by the presence of 5 mM azide in the incubation medium. 3. Six components were extracted from desaturation curves of nerve cords, after which some residual radioactivity remained in the majority of cases. 4. The size of the third efflux component is decreased significantly and that of the fourth efflux component is increased significantly by metabolic inhibition during incubation. 5. It was concluded that the intact nerve cord of M. dzyeerentiulis actively absorbs Naf from the bathing medium.
Absorption Spectrum of Rhodopsin: 500 nm Absorption Band

Denaturation of rhodopsin by guanidine hydrochloride provides support for the hypothesis that the colour of the rhodopsin chromophore arises from secondary interactions of native opsin with a protonated Schiff base.
Bayesian estimation for target tracking, Part III: Monte Carlo filters

This is the third part of a three part article series examining methods for Bayesian estimation and tracking. In the first part we presented the general theory of Bayesian estimation where we showed that Bayesian estimation methods can be divided into two very general classes: a class where the observation-conditioned posterior densities are propagated in time through a predictor/corrector method and a second class where the first two moments are propagated in time, with state and observation moment prediction steps followed by state moment update steps that use the latest observations. In the second part, we make the assumption that all densities are Gaussian and, after applying an affine transformation and approximating all nonlinear functions by interpolating polynomials, we recover the sigma point class of Kalman filters. In this third part, we show that approximating a non-Gaussian density by a set of Monte Carlo samples drawn from an importance density leads to particle filter methods, where the posterior density is propagated in time and moment integrals are approximated by sample moments. These methods include the sequential importance sampling bootstrap, optimal, and auxiliary particle filters and more general Monte Carlo particle filters. WIREs Comput Stat 2012 doi: 10.1002/wics.1210 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
The evolution and function of central venous catheters for dialysis.

The use of central venous catheters (CVC) for acute or chronic dialysis has been a relatively recent innovation in Nephrology. The first problem addressed has been how to allow removal and return of blood at high flow rates throughout a dialysis treatment. Four solutions have emerged: place the lumens within the right atrium; place the removal lumen on the insdie of the catheter; use a large catheter size; or provide independent limbs with multiple blood-entry ports to draw and return blood in all directions. Many other requirements include resistance to infection, especially the passage of organisms around the catheter. A subcutaneous Dacron cuff within a tunnel has successfully accomplished this goal for most chronic CVC dialysis catheters, but other immobilizing devices such as plugs have also been successful. Materials for CVC dialysis catheters have improved, providing strength to allow the catheters to last for several years, with flexibility to avoid vein damage (in general). However, component and material failures still occur, and some materials are incompatible with medications placed at the exit site. CVC for dialysis will remain a necessary choice for many patients beginning and continuing dialysis therapy.
Effects of ERα overexpression on female reproduction in mice

Abstract Recently, we generated transgenic mice in which ERα can be inducibly overexpressed in reproductive tissues (ERα overexpressors). These mice were used to test the hypothesis that prenatal and postnatal ERα overexpression reduces female fertility. To do so, litter sizes, ovulation, follicle numbers, uterine histology, implantation sites, and hormone levels were compared in ERα overexpressors and controls. The data indicate that ERα overexpressors have reduced fertility compared to controls and that the reduced fertility is not due to reduced ovulatory capacity, altered levels of estradiol, FSH, and LH, or impaired follicular growth. ERα overexpressors, however, had a higher number of apoptotic cells in the endometrial epithelium and a reduced number of implantation sites compared to controls. Thus, the increased number of apoptotic cells and reduced number of implantation sites observed in ERα overexpressing uteri compared to controls may, in part, account for the reduced litter size produced by ERα overexpressing females.
1209 MESODERMAL INDUCTION DEFECT AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF EAR MALFORMATIONS

Deafness due to inner ear anomalies is rarely associated with malformation of the auricles. Two brothers born of consanguineous parents, with profound congenital sensorineural deafness, malformed auricles, abnormal vestibular function and delayed motor development, had low-set, cupped, pointed auricles with folded helices, narrow external auditory canals and normal tympanic membranes. Caloric stimulation failed to elicit nystagmus. Temporal bone laminography revealed bilateral absence of the cochlea and normal ossicles. Since the external and inner ear originate from distinctly separate structures, the embryogenesis of this malformation association is less clear than the more common association of external and middle ear anomalies. In the latter, the first and second branchial arches are the common derivative of both structures. The association of auricular and inner ear anomalies, with sparing of the middle ear, can be explained on the assumption that mesodermal induction is responsible for differentiation of both otocyst and branchial arch ectoderm. A recessive mutant gene may be responsible for the production of a deficient mesodermal inductor substance or a deficient cell surface receptor of the target tissue, rendering it unresponsive. A similar mechanism may be involved in other multiple malformation syndromes, whereby a mutant gene acting during a specific period of organogenesis causes disruption of the normal induction competence relationship.
spotrod: a semi-analytic model for transits of spotted stars

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Kepler space mission observed a large number of planetary transits showing anomalies due to starspot eclipses, with more such observations expected in the near future by the K2 mission and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). To facilitate analysis of this phenomenon, we present spotrod, a model for planetary transits of stars with an arbitrary limb darkening law and a number of homogeneous, circular spots on their surface. A free, open source implementation written in C, ready to use in Python, is available for download. We analyze Kepler observations of the planetary host star HAT-P-11, and study the size and contrast of more than two hundred starspots. We find that the flux ratio of spots ranges at least from 0.6 to 0.9, corresponding to an effective temperature approximately 100 to 450 K lower than the stellar surface, although it is possible that some spots are darker than 0.5. The largest detected spots have a radius less than approximately 0.2 stellar radii.
A chiral, heterometallic metal-organic framework derived from a tris(chelate) coordination complex

A novel tris(chelate) metalloligand has been used to synthesize a chiral, heterometallic metal-organic framework that is robust to solvent removal and shows selective uptake of nitroaromatic compounds.
An evaluation of depletion layer photoactivity in Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film

Abstract Cu2ZnSnS4 films were examined in Eu3 +/Eu2 + electrolyte to evaluate various analytical expressions for photocurrent response as a function of applied potential. A Gartner model, which considers charge transfer (across the double layer) was evaluated. This model shows an adequate fit in the negative photocurrent region. The fit of the Gartner model over a broader range of photocurrent is improved by modifying it to include the contributions due to space charge current and dark current as proposed and demonstrated in this study. Various other models and relevant fitting parameters are also evaluated and discussed in this article.
Unusual computed tomographic manifestations of benign metastasizing leiomyomas as cavitary nodular lesions or interstitial lung disease

The unusual computed tomographic manifestations of benign metastasizing leiomyomas diagnosed in two patients 3 1/2 and 6 years after hysterectomy for uterine fibroids are described. One showed multiple pulmonary nodules with a round or irregular air-filled cavity representing obstructive emphysema. The other showed interstitial lung disease with tumor cells spreading along alveolar septa, the vascular wall, and the bronchial tree. We consider such metastasizing tumors as low-grade leiomyosarcomas.
Downregulation of glutathione S-transferase pi in asthma contributes to enhanced oxidative stress

Background Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTPi) is the predominant redox regulator in the lung. Although evidence implicates an important role for GSTPi in asthma, the mechanism for this has remained elusive. Objectives We sought to determine how GSTPi is regulated in asthma and to elucidate its role in maintaining redox homeostasis. Methods We elucidated the regulation of GSTPi in children with asthma and used murine models of asthma to determine the role of GSTPi in redox homeostasis. Results Our findings demonstrate that GSTPi transcript levels are markedly downregulated in allergen- and IL-13–treated murine models of asthma through signal transducer and activator of transcription 6–dependent and independent pathways. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 was also downregulated in these models. The decrease in GSTPi expression was associated with decreased total glutathione S-transferase activity in the lungs of mice. Examination of cystine intermediates uncovered a functional role for GSTPi in regulating cysteine oxidation, whereby GSTPi-deficient mice exhibited increased oxidative stress (increase in percentage cystine) compared with wild-type mice after allergen challenge. GSTPi expression was similarly downregulated in children with asthma. Conclusions These data collectively suggest that downregulation of GSTPi after allergen challenge might contribute to the asthma phenotype because of disruption of redox homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. Furthermore, GSTPi might be an important therapeutic target for asthma, and evaluation of GSTPi expression might prove beneficial in identifying patients who would benefit from therapy targeting this pathway.
Tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions in the cat

Abstract Two groups of female cats (6 each) were used: (1) a seizure group which received a minimum convulsive dose (MCD) of cacaine i.v., and (2) a subseizure group which received a subconvulsive dose of cocaine i.v., for 13 successive days. Determination of the MCD across 13 days in the seizure group and on Day 14 in the subseizure group revealed significant tolerance to cocaine-induced convulsions. However, reverse tolerance to cocaine-induced abnormal behavior developed as dystonic posture and speed of stereotyped movement increased during the 13-day treatment period in the subseizure group. These data are discussed in terms of local anesthetic and catecholaminergic effects of cocaine, as well as possible differential effects of various routes of administration.
The in vitro evaluation of a local pedicled osteomyocutaneous mandibular flap for the reconstruction of composite mandibular defects.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the potential feasibility of reconstructing composite defects of the mandible with a local pedicled osteomyocutaneous mandibular flap. Materials and Methods: The flap design was established based on anatomic principles. A prospective evaluation of the flap was then performed in a fresh cadaver model, and, subsequently, its vascular integrity was documented with angiography. Results: The pedicled osteomyocutaneous mandibular flap was technically simple to raise and had an exceptionally long arc of rotation, which should enable it to fill most compound segmental defects of the mandible. Angiographic studies of the harvested flaps done under fluoroscopic guidance confirmed that excellent vascularity of all components of the flap was present. Conclusions: The pedicled osteomyocutaneous mandibular flap appears to have a sound anatomic basis. Clinical evaluation is needed to fully elucidate its potential role in head and neck reconstruction.
SYSTEM FOR SCHEDULING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

: The type and number of activities involved in highway construction, the precedence relationships between them, and their estimated durations depend on a multitude of factors. When considered under different conditions, the number of options available in this regard is found to be very high. Computerized support for the generation of construction schedules is currently limited to creating networks for manually defined and sequenced activities. This paper describes a system called ROAD PLANNER that generates activity networks and computes estimated activity durations. Eleven main activities that are present in the majority of highway construction projects have been defined at the root level. Based on information provided by the user, the system generates the precedence relationships between these main activities. It then generates subactivities and estimates their duration by interacting with 14 rule bases. Lead and lag times between activities are also calculated by the system. The rule bases contain expert information on various construction methods and different technologies. They interface with 27 databases that contain productivity information regarding a multitude of construction equipment.
Spanking Natasha: Post-Soviet Pornography and the Internet

The collapse of Communism and the advent of the internet shifted the center of gravity in violent spanking pornography from Japan and Great Britain to the Czech Republic and Russia. Exploiting the vagueness of anti-pornography legislation, Czech and Russian internet pornographers displayed a propensity for realistic violence that surprised even veteran observers of the spanking genre, and viewers have speculated about ties to international slave trafficking known as the Natasha trade. Such links have not moved beyond speculation, and Czech companies have taken steps to distance themselves from such charges, while Russian producers of spanking pornography have emerged as the world’s most violent.
Analysis of sequence distribution in methyl methacrylate-methyl acrylate copolymers by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Methyl methacrylate (MMA)–methyl acrylate (MA) copolymers, prepared in bulk at 50 °C using AIBN as initiator, were characterized by 150 MHz 13C NMR spectroscopy, including use of the Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT) experiment to obtain methylene and methine carbon resonances as subspectra. Dyad, triad, tetrad and partial pentad distributions were measured from the α-methyl, methine and methylene carbon resonances. These were in good agreement with distributions calculated for the copolymers based on monomer feed compositions, conversions and reactivity ratios of 2.60 and 0.27 for methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate, respectively.
Parents' Effects on Children's Development: A Decade of Progress?.

Abstract Ten years ago, I reviewed the research concerning parents' effects on their children's development and come up with a number of generalizations about our state of knowledge—and ignorance—in this area. I also made a number of suggestions for future research. Now, a decade later, it seems appropriate to take stock of our progress: What do we know now about parents' effects that we did not know then? In this article, I examine some recent research results and trends, focusing on five areas of research—temperament, attachment, socialization, cognitive development, and language acquisition—and again come up with a description of our knowledge and ignorance and some suggestions for future research. One suggestion that comes out of both reviews is that we need to exploit more fully the under-utilized paradigm of parent training in order both to understand and to modify parents' influence on their children's development.
A comparison of numerical solutions to the inviscid equations of fluid motion

The second-order MacCormack method and the third-order Rusanov and Kutler-Warming-Lomax methods are applied to the inviscid 1-d Burgers' equation, wedge flow, and the problem of shock reflection from a rigid boundary. The numerical solution in each case is compared to the exact solution and the quantitative estimates of accuracy are obtained. Results of this study show that the third-order Kutler-Warming-Lomax or the Rusanov methods tuned for minimum dissipation or minimum dispersion provide the most accurate solution in each of the examples considered.
Pseudomonas syringae HrpP Is a Type III Secretion Substrate Specificity Switch Domain Protein That Is Translocated into Plant Cells but Functions Atypically for a Substrate-Switching Protein

Pseudomonas syringae delivers virulence effector proteins into plant cells via an Hrp1 type III secretion system (T3SS). P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 HrpP has a C-terminal, putative T3SS substrate specificity switch domain, like Yersinia YscP. A ΔhrpP DC3000 mutant could not cause disease in tomato or elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco, but the HR could be restored by expression of HrpP in trans. Though HrpP is a relatively divergent protein in the T3SS of different P. syringae pathovars, hrpP from P. syringae pv. syringae 61 and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A restored HR elicitation and pathogenicity to DC3000 ΔhrpP. HrpP was translocated into Nicotiana benthamiana cells via the DC3000 T3SS when expressed from its native promoter, but it was not secreted in culture. N- and C-terminal truncations of HrpP were tested for their ability to be translocated and to restore HR elicitation activity to the ΔhrpP mutant. No N-terminal truncation completely abolished translocation, implying that HrpP has an atypical T3SS translocation signal. Deleting more than 20 amino acids from the C terminus abolished the ability to restore HR elicitation. HrpP fused to green fluorescent protein was no longer translocated but could restore HR elicitation activity to the ΔhrpP mutant, suggesting that translocation is not essential for the function of HrpP. No T3SS substrates were detectably secreted by DC3000 ΔhrpP except the pilin subunit HrpA, which unexpectedly was secreted poorly. HrpP may function somewhat differently than YscP because the P. syringae T3SS pilus likely varies in length due to differing plant cell walls.
A comparative study of lens gamma crystallins using isoelectric focusing

Abstract 1. 1. The isoelectric points of gamma crystallins of the lenses of rats, dogfish, calves, and humans differ, with a range of pH 8.87-6.80. 2. 2. In each species, one gamma crystallin component with an isoelectric point at pH 7.5 is present, but at differing levels. 3. 3. Amino acid compositions of this component were similar among these four species. 4. 4. All pH 7.5 isoelectric point proteins crossreact immunochemically. 5. 5. A common messenger RNA must be present for this gamma crystallin in all of these species.
Teaching within All Three Domains to Maximize Student Learning.

(2008). Teaching Within All Three Domains to Maximize Student Learning. Strategies: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 9-13.
Cognitive and neurologic impairment with hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that is traditionally used to treat hypertension. Thiazide diuretics inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle and early distal tubules, leading to increased urinary excretion of sodium and chloride. These drugs also increase
Predicting non-organ-confined prostate cancer in men diagnosed after 2000

The objective of this study was to preoperatively predict non-organ-confined disease in patients considering radical prostatectomy. To account for the stage migration seen in prostate cancer, we included only those patients who underwent prostatectomy after the year 2000. Information on a cohort of 1895 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy from 2000 to 2008 was retrieved from the Duke Prostate Center database. Race (African American, non-African American), body mass index, age at surgery, PSA, biopsy Gleason sum ( 7) and clinical tumor stage (cT1, cT2/3) were analyzed by univariate analysis followed by logistic regression analysis. The Duke Interactive Clinical Equation for staging (DICE-S score) was calculated from the logistic regression model. The model was then internally validated using a bootstrapping technique. Biopsy Gleason sums 7 and >7 were more likely to have non-organ-confined disease compared with 7). Clinical tumor stage, cT2/3, predicted non-organ-confined disease (OR=1.58). Older age was associated with non-organ-confined disease (OR=1.02), as was greater PSA (OR=1.12). DICE-S equation x=ln (p/1-p)=-3.627+0.019 (age)+0.109 (PSA)+1.087 (bGleason=7)+1.180 (bGleason >7)+0.459 (clinical T stage >T1), where p=(e(x))/(1+e(x)). A concordance index (prediction accuracy) of 0.73 was reached on internal validation. Using the DICE-S score, age, PSA, biopsy Gleason sum and clinical tumor stage, we can predict non-organ-confined disease in radical prostatectomy at an acceptable accuracy. Preoperative information on disease stage may aid in treatment decisions and surgical approach.
Effect of strain ratio on cyclic deformation and fatigue of extruded AZ61A magnesium alloy

Abstract Strain-controlled fatigue experiments were conducted on an extruded AZ61A magnesium alloy at three strain ratios (Rɛ = −∞, −1, 0) using smooth tubular specimens. As the strain ratio decreased, stronger cyclic hardening, more asymmetric hysteresis loop, smaller stress amplitude, lower mean stress, and higher initial plastic strain amplitude were observed. These phenomena were associated with twinning in the compressive phase and detwinning in the tensile phase during cyclic deformation. At the same strain amplitude, fatigue life increased with decreasing strain ratio. The strain-fatigue life curve at each strain ratio exhibited a distinguishable kink. Such a kink point represents a demarcation point above which persistent twinning–detwinning occurs under cyclic loading. Two Smith, Watson, and Topper (SWT) fatigue criteria can predict the fatigue lives of the material at all strain ratios satisfactorily.
Ribozymes, recognition and evolution

Precision in the recognition and orientation of substrate is important in the selectivity of catalysis by natural enzymes. Several new ribozyme species have been evolved using in vitro selection/mutagenesis which make use of precise substrate recognition to catalyze a variety of reactions.
Acidic Properties of Silica-Containing Mixed Oxide Aerogels:Preparation and Characterization of Zirconia–Silica andComparison to Titania–Silica

In this work we describe our preparation and characterization ofzirconia–silica aerogels having 2 : 1, 1 : 1, and1 : 2 Zr : Si atomicratios. By preparing samples both with and without siliconprecursor prehydrolysis, we also probe different extents ofcomponent mixing. Prehydrolyzed samples display improvedmolecular-scale homogeneity at all compositions as evidenced bytotal acid site densities, fractional Bronsted populations, and1-butene isomerization activities that are higher than incorresponding nonprehydrolyzed materials. Acid site densities ofour zirconia–silicas are among the highest reported in theliterature for comparable materials prepared by a number ofdifferent methods, suggesting that the aerogel preparationdelivers samples that, even in its nonprehydrolyzed variant, areamong the most homogeneously mixed. The effects of prehydrolysison the catalytic properties of zirconia–silica parallel thosewe previously reported for titania–silica, illustrating thegeneral applicability of the technique for preparation ofwell-mixed, two-component oxides. We do, however, observe someimportant differences between the two oxide pairs.Zirconia–silica is a more active 1-butene isomerizationcatalyst than titania–silica and, as a function of composition,its maximum activity occurs at a higher silica content (50 mol%silica vs 33 mol%). Within the framework of the Tanabe model ofmixed oxide acidity, we explain these observations in terms ofthe number and transition metal coordination of the Si–O–M(M = Ti, Zr) linkages accessible in each mixed oxide pair.
Endotoxin administration to humans primes alveolar macrophages for increased production of inflammatory mediators

To elucidate potential mechanisms of the acute lung injury associated with endotoxemia, we evaluated the effect of intravenously administered endotoxin on the ability of alveolar macrophages isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage from normal subjects to produce inflammatory mediators. Within 1 hr of endotoxin (4 ng/kg body weight) administration, all 12 study subjects developed constitutional symptoms and leukopenia, and within 3 hr, lowgrade fever. Resolution of symptoms and fever by 6 hr was accompanied by systemic granulocytosis. Although intravenously administered endotoxin appeared to activate a subset of circulating monocytes, it did not alter the bronchoalveolar lavage cell number, phenotype (95% macrophages), or constitutively expressed high levels of surface HLA-DR and O 2 − . In contrast, intravenous endotoxin primed the alveolar macrophages for enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of interleukin-1 (11.8 to 25.8 U/ml;P=0.04), tumor necrosis factor-α (titer, 6.8 to 13.6;P=0.20), and prostaglandin E2 (38.4 to 116.3 ng/ml;P=0.035). These results demonstrate that low-dose intravenous endotoxin primes human alveolar macrophages, which are already differentiatedin situ, for enhanced secretion of inflammatory mediators. Such mediators may contribute to the pulmonary changes associated with endotoxemia and acute lung injury.
Adsorption and solvation of ethanol at the water liquid-vapor interface: a molecular dynamics study

The free energy profiles of methanol and ethanol at the water liquid−vapor interface at 310 K were calculated using molecular dynamics computer simulations. Both alcohols exhibit a pronounced free energy minimum at the interface and, therefore, have positive adsorption at this interface. The surface excess was computed from the Gibbs adsorption isotherm and was found to be in good agreement with experimental results. Neither compound exhibits a free energy barrier between the bulk and the surface adsorbed state. Scattering calculations of ethanol molecules from a gas phase thermal distribution indicate that the mass accommodation coefficient is 0.98, and the molecules become thermalized within 10 ps of striking the interface. It was determined that the formation of the solvation structure around the ethanol molecule at the interface is not the rate-determining step in its uptake into water droplets. The motion of an ethanol molecule in a water lamella was followed for 30 ns. The time evolution of the prob...
Adapting the stretched sample method from tissue profiling to imaging.

The characterization and localization of peptides and proteins in tissues provides information that aids in understanding function and in characterizing disease states. Over the past decades, the use of mass spectrometry for the profiling and imaging of biological compounds from tissues has evolved into a powerful modality to accomplish these studies. One recently described sampling approach, the stretched sample method (Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 6826), places a tissue section onto an array of glass beads embedded on a Parafilm M membrane. When the membrane is stretched, it separates the tissue section into thousands of cell-sized pieces for tissue profiling by MALDI MS. The physical separation between beads eliminates analyte redistribution during matrix application and allows long analyte extraction periods without loss of spatial resolution. Here we enhance this sampling approach by introducing algorithms that enable the reconstruction of ion images from these stretched samples. As the first step, a sample-tailored data acquisition method is devised to obtain mass spectra exclusively from the beads, thereby reducing the time, instrument resources, and data handling required for such MS imaging experiments. Next, an image reconstruction algorithm matches data acquired from the stretched sample to the initial bead locations. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated using peptide-coated beads with known peptide distributions and appears well-suited to the MS imaging of heterogeneous tissue samples.
Angular momentum dependence of complex fragment emission.

The angular momentum dependence of large fragment production in long lived reactions is studied by measurements of fragment cross sections from reactions with substantially different angular momentum distributions and the coincident $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray multiplicity distributions. The results indicate that the primary $l$-wave distributions move to larger mean values and decrease in width and skewness with increasing mass symmetry in the decay channel. The results also confirm that the partition of angular momentum in kinetic energy relaxed heavy-ion reactions is that expected for a rigidly rotating intermediate.
Determination of interface states for CaF2/Si(111) from near-edge x-ray-absorption measurements.

DETERMINATION OF INTERFACE STATES FOR CAF2/SI(111) FROM NEAR-EDGE X-RAY-ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS - REPLY
Hepaticojejunostomy and intrahepatic cystojejunostomy for type IV-A choledochal cyst.

Abstract Background The incidence of choledochal cyst with intrahepatic involvement (Todani's type IV-A cyst) is considerably high. Dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct is frequently observed around the hepatic hilum, occasionally in the umbilical portion, and rarely in the more upstream intrahepatic bile duct, associated with or without downstream stricture. We recently encountered 2 children with type IV-A cyst associated with upstream intrahepatic ductal dilatation; one with a cystic dilatation of the medial branch arising from the left hepatic duct and another with a cyst of the medial branch arising from the anterior hepatic duct. Methods After excision of the extrahepatic bile duct cyst at the hilum and making a large fenestration of the intrahepatic duct cyst, hepaticojejunostomy and intrahepatic cystojejunostomy were performed using a Roux-en-Y jejunal loop in both children. Results Postoperatively, both intrahepatic cysts were remarkably reduced in size, and recurrent bouts of abdominal pain did not occur for up to 4 or 5 years. Conclusion Hepaticojejunostomy at the hepatic hilum, combined with intrahepatic cystojejunostomy, appears to be a recommendable procedure for an upstream intrahepatic ductal cyst of type IV-A, preventing postoperative cholangitis owing to bile stone formation.
Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and deposition to Galveston Bay, Texas, USA

Abstract Estimates of the atmospheric deposition to Galveston Bay of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are made using precipitation and meteorological data that were collected continuously from 2 February 1995 to 6 August 1996 at Seabrook, TX, USA. Particulate and vapor phase PAHs in ambient air and particulate and dissolved phases in rain samples were collected and analyzed. More than 95% of atmospheric PAHs were in the vapor phase and about 73% of PAHs in the rain were in the dissolved phase. Phenanthrene and napthalene were the dominant compounds in air vapor and rain dissolved phases, respectively, while 5 and 6 ring PAH were predominant in the particulate phase of both air and rain samples. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 4 to 161 ng m −3 in air samples and from 50 to 312 ng l −1 in rain samples. Temporal variability in total PAH air concentrations were observed, with lower concentrations in the spring and fall (4–34 ng m −3 ) compared to the summer and winter (37–161 ng m −3 ). PAHs in the air near Galveston Bay are derived from both combustion and petroleum vaporization. Gas exchange from the atmosphere to the surface water is estimated to be the major deposition process for PAHs (1211 μg m − 2 yr − 1 ), relative to wet deposition (130 μg m −2 yr − 1 ) and dry deposition (99 μg m −2 yr − 1 ). Annual deposition of PAHs directly to Galveston Bay from the atmosphere is estimated as 2 t yr −1 .
Computational ecosystems for data-driven medical genomics

In the path towards personalized medicine, the integrative bioinformatics infrastructure is a critical enabling resource. Until large-scale reference data became available, the attributes of the computational infrastructure were postulated by many, but have mostly remained unverified. Now that large-scale initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) are in full swing, the opportunity is at hand to find out what analytical approaches and computational architectures are really effective. A recent report did just that: first a software development environment was assembled as part of an informatics research program, and only then was the analysis of TCGA's glioblastoma multiforme multi-omic data pursued at the multi-omic scale. The results of this complex analysis are the focus of the report highlighted here. However, what is reported in the analysis is also the validating corollary for an infrastructure development effort guided by the iterative identification of sound design criteria for the architecture of the integrative computational infrastructure. The work is at least as valuable as the data analysis results themselves: computational ecosystems with their own high-level abstractions rather than rigid pipelines with prescriptive recipes appear to be the critical feature of an effective infrastructure. Only then can analytical workflows benefit from experimentation just like any other component of the biomedical research program.
Real-time target acquisition for the Army's scout mission

We have developed a robotic unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) that performs reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition. THis vehicle has been used in a number of tactical training exercises at Fort Hood, TX with US Army scouts from the 1st Armored Cavalry Division. The UGV, built around a high- mobility, multi-purpose, wheeled vehicle, is designed to be supervised by an operator at a control station located 10 km or more away from the UGV. The UGV's real-time automatic target acquisition system uses an infrared sensor to automatically detect and track moving ground vehicles out to a range of 5 km. When commanded by the operator, the UGV will engage a particular target with a laser designator. The ATA system is the topic of this paper. We describe the requirements of the ATA system, the algorithms used, their implementation, and the system's performance.
A continuous cell line of a nonhematophagous mosquito,Toxorhynchites amboinensis

A continuous cell line of a nonhematophagous mosquito was obtained by using partially incapacitated but living larvae as the source The cells were predominantly epithelioid and diploid (2N=6). Syncytia were occasionally observed in the normal cell cultures.
Correction of percentage depth dose for varying SSD for 8 MV x rays and 60Co gamma rays

A change of source skin distance results in a significant change in percentage depth dose. The factors P(f 2 ) / P(f 1 ) by which percentage depth dose at SSD f 1 is to be multiplied to find new percentage depth dose at SSD f 2 are tabulated and presented in a graphical form, for f 1 = 100 cm and f 2 = 110–140 cm for 8 MV x rays and for f 1 = 80 cm and f 2 = 90–140 cm for 60Co gamma rays. The use of quadratic and linear equations to calculate this factor have been suggested. The ratios calculated using a quadratic equation agree very well with values from experimental data.
Demographic issues in Medicare reform

ABSTRACT: This paper estimates the contribution of demographics to the Medicare financing dilemma. It suggests that delayed eligibility, by itself, cannot solve this problem. Although there is uncertainty regarding each component of demographic change, there is little hope that the future population distribution will save the program without other, more painful, measures. Methods used in the private sector, such as prefunding, have not been seriously applied to medical insurance but might provide part of the solution for long-run solvency.
Potential for Protection and Repair Following Injury to the Developing Brain: A Role for Erythropoietin?

Perinatal brain injury is a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality, and a considerable number of these children will develop long term neurodevelopmental disabilities. Despite the severe clinical and socio-economic significance and the advances in neonatal care over the past twenty years, no therapy yet exists that effectively prevents or ameliorates detrimental neurodevelopmental effects in cases of perinatal/neonatal brain injury. Our objective is to review recent evidence in relation to the pervading hypothesis for targeting time-dependent molecular and cellular repair mechanisms in the developing brain. In addition we review several potential neuroprotective strategies specific to the developing nervous system, with a focus on erythropoietin (Epo) because of its potential role in protection as well as repair.
Aeolian sediment transport following wildfire in sagebrush steppe

Abstract Wind erosion of soil is an appreciable but unstudied event following fires in cold desert. We examined aeolian transport of sediment for 1 year following fire in semi-arid shrub steppe on loess soils in southern Idaho, USA. Sediment collectors were used to determine horizontal mass transport of soil and saltation sensors and anemometers were used to determine saltation activity (fraction of time having saltation) and threshold wind speed in an area burned in August and an unburned control site. Horizontal mass transport (per 30-day period) was negligible in the unburned area, but in the burned area was 5.40 kg m−1 in October and decreased to 2.80 kg m−1 in November and 0.32 kg m−1 in December. Saltation activity was high enough to determine threshold wind speeds only in the burn site during fall, when values ranged from 10.0 to 10.6 m s−1. Sediment flux and saltation activity in the burned site became much less pronounced following the emergence of herbaceous vegetation in the spring. Post-fire sediment flux in the shrub steppe we examined was of greater magnitude but shorter duration than post-fire fluxes in warm deserts or sandier regions that experience more frequent wind erosion.
The safety attitudes questionnaire in radiology: a cornerstone of a successful quality program.

The SAQ, now used widely in the health care domain as a quantitative tool to evaluate safety culture, was derived from commercial aviation’s Flight Management Attitudes Questionnaire and Cockpit Management Attitudes Questionnaire. The latter was based on studies of human factors’ contributions to flight safety. Safety culture in medicine and aviation share several similarities; for example, pilots and doctors work in complex social environments, are responsible for human lives, and often work under stressful conditions despite the human limitations of fatigue and stress. The aviation industry has made remarkable progress in aviation safety and points to the Flight Management Attitudes Questionnaire as an important component of accident prevention [3]. Below, we propose a guide on how to use the SAQ as an effective way to assess the safety culture in your radiology department. We discuss how to ensure compliance from those taking the SAQ and how to use the results to identify problem areas contributing to an unsafe work environment. An example SAQ for radiology can be found online [4].
Solar position algorithm for solar radiation applications

Abstract There have been many published articles describing solar position algorithms for solar radiation applications. The best uncertainty achieved in most of these articles is greater than ±0.01° in calculating the solar zenith and azimuth angles. For some, the algorithm is valid for a limited number of years varying from 15 years to a hundred years. This report is a step by step procedure for implementing an algorithm to calculate the solar zenith and azimuth angles in the period from the year −2000 to 6000, with uncertainties of ±0.0003°. The algorithm is described in a book written by Jean Meeus in 1998. This report is written in a step by step format to simplify the complicated steps described in the book, with a focus on the sun instead of the planets and stars in general. It also introduces some changes to accommodate for solar radiation applications. The changes include changing the direction of measuring azimuth angles to be measured from north and eastward instead of being measured from south and eastward, and the direction of measuring the observer’s geographical longitude to be measured as positive eastward from Greenwich meridian instead of negative. This report also includes the calculation of incidence angle for a surface that is tilted to any horizontal and vertical angle, as described by Iqbals in 1983.
Disziplinentwicklung und Wissenschaftstransfer - Deutschsprachige Psychologen in der Emigration†

(Discipline development and the transfer of science - German-speaking psychologists in the emigration). In this essay recently developed ideas from the social history of science, in particular the notion that there are historically conditioned „national professional styles” in science, are applied to the transfer of psychological theory - and of scientific psychologists - from German-speaking lands to the United States before and after 1933. After an overview of the scope and structure of the emigration in psychology, an analysis of the transfer process is offered focusing upon Gestalt theory.
Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among White Southern Lesbians

Several studies find suicide behaviors to be more prevalent among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations than their heterosexual counterparts. Studies of non-LGB populations reveal 13% prevalence of lifetime ideation and 4% prevalence of lifetime attempts. This study analyzed data from the Lesbian Social Life (LSL) study, a primarily online, survey-based research project focusing on lesbians living in the southern United States, and found that more than 40% of participants had seriously considered suicide and more than 15% had attempted suicide. We estimated the likelihood of suicide ideation and attempts by utilizing known general risk factors and lesbian-specific indicators within hierarchical logistic regression. Predictors of suicide ideation and attempts included depressive symptoms, discrimination, social support, self-esteem, and stigma. Results highlight the magnitude of suicide behaviors in southern lesbians and important predictor variables. Analysis shows support for the minority stress t...