cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4D-fingerprint categorical QSAR models for skin sensitization based on the classification of local lymph node assay measures.

Currently, the only validated methods to identify skin sensitization effects are in vivo models, such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA) and guinea pig studies. There is a tremendous need, in particular due to novel legislation, to develop animal alternatives, for eaxample, quantitative structure−activity relationship (QSAR) models. Here, QSAR models for skin sensitization using LLNA data have been constructed. The descriptors used to generate these models are derived from the 4D-molecular similarity paradigm and are referred to as universal 4D-fingerprints. A training set of 132 structurally diverse compounds and a test set of 15 structurally diverse compounds were used in this study. The statistical methodologies used to build the models are logistic regression (LR) and partial least-square coupled logistic regression (PLS-LR), which prove to be effective tools for studying skin sensitization measures expressed in the two categorical terms of sensitizer and non-sensitizer. QSAR models with low values ...
Spin-orbit relaxation of S(33P0)

Abstract S(3 3 P 0 ) atoms have been produced by quenching S( 1 D) atoms and, directly, in the photodissociation of CS 2 at 193 nm. Resonance-enhanced photoionization has been used to follow their decay back to a Boltzmann population. Rate coefficients for quenching S( 3 P 0 ) have been measured for Ar, He, N 2 , O 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, OCS, SF 6 , CO 2 , and H 2 (in order of increasing rate coefficient) at 300 K.
The evolution battles in high-school science classes: who is teaching what?

How frequently and in what manner are evolution, creationism, and intelligent design taught in public high schools? Here, I analyze the answer to this question, as given by nearly 600 students from major public universities nationwide in a survey conducted during the spring of 2006. Although almost all recent public high-school graduate respondents reported receiving evolution instruction, only about three-quarters perceived that evolution was taught as a “credible scientific theory”. Creationism and intelligent design were reportedly presented almost one-third and one-fifth of the time, respectively, though respondents recalled that both concepts were presented as lacking scientific credibility much more often than not. The survey results are presented in composite form and also disaggregated with respect to the strength of evolution-related state standards, red state–blue state divisions, and the regional location of states within the country.
Response of xylem-feeding leafhopper to host plant species and plant quality.

Carneocephala floridana, an oligophagous leafhopper that inhabits the salt marshes along the coasts of Florida, utilizesBorrichia frutescens andSalicornia virginica (both herbs) as primary summer hosts, but uses two grasses,Distichlis spicata andSpartina alterniflora, during the winter. We tested whether the seasonal patterns of abundance and apparent host-switching byCarneocephala are related to plant quality. In laboratory experiments, nymphs ofCarneocephala reared on nonfertilized control plants of the two herbs produced adults that were similar in size to field-collected insects. OnlyCarneocephala raised at the lowest densities onSpartina andDistichlis from the highest fertilizer treatments produced adults similar in body mass to those reared on nonfertilizedBorrichia andSalicornia. ForDistichlis, superior quality (high foliar nitrogen) plants were able to mitigate the negative effect of nymphal crowding on adult body mass. However, laboratory fertilization regimes produced an extremely high foliar nitrogen content in the two herbs and the organic acid concentration in the xylem fluid ofBorrichia, the only host species suitable for xylem fluid extraction, increased 2.5- to 3-fold. Total amino acid concentration in the xylem fluid of fertilizedBorrichia decreased compared to nonfertilized plants.Carneocephala demonstrated reduced feeding efficiencies on high nitrogenBorrichia. Our results suggest thatCarneocephala prefers, and performs better on, plants with high nitrogen content up to a threshold, beyond which high nitrogen levels result in reduced leafhopper feeding rates and assimilation efficiencies.
The Metabolism and Mechanism of Action of Aldosterone

ALTHOUGH the clinical importance of the adrenal cortex in the regulation of electrolyte balance had long been realized (1), it was not until the early 1950s that the major regulatory steroid, aldosterone, was isolated and identified by Simpson et al. (2). Simpson and Tait used a sensitive mineralocorticoid bioassay based on changes of urinary 24Na/42K ratios in adrenalectomized rats to help isolate aldosterone (3). Aldosterone is still the most potent mineralocorticoid known: 30–50 times more potent than deoxycorticosterone and at least a thousand times more active than the glucocorticoids, cortisol and corticosterone. Aldosterone's greater potency is balanced by a reduced secretory rate compared with most other adrenal steroids (4, 5). Its synthesis, exclusively by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, is responsive to dietary sodium and potassium manipulations and more acutely to ACTH, plasma potassium concentrations, and the renin-angiotensin system (5, 6). Many of the initial investigations were...
Predicting the performance of fixed-bed granular activated carbon adsorbers

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) adsorption is an effective treatment technology for the removal of Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) from drinking water supplies. This treatment process can be expensive if not properly designed. Application of mathematical models is an attractive method to evaluate the impact of process variables on process design and performance. In this study, a mathematical modeling methodology incorporating the pore and surface diffusion model (PSDM) is proposed for known mixtures in fixed-bed adsorbers. Thermodynamic correlations for estimation of equilibrium parameters and empirical correlations for estimation of mass transfer parameters are presented. The PSDM was successfully compared to a 6-component mixture for empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 2.4, 4.9, and 9.56 minutes.
Effect of ordering energy and stoichiometry in Σ = 5 boundaries in B2 compounds

The relaxed atomistic grain boundary structures in B2 aluminides were investigated using molecular statics and embedded atom potentials in order to explore general trends for a series of B2 compounds. We studied free surface energies and grain boundary structures in three compounds: FeAl, NiAl and CoAl. These alloys represent a series of materials with increasing antiphase boundary energies. The misorientations chosen for detailed study correspond to the Σ5(310) and Σ5(210) symmetrical tilt grain boundaries. The effects of both boundary stoichiometry and bulk simulation block stoichiometry on grain boundary energetics were investigated in detail. The structures obtained for the three alloys are very similar. Defect energies were calculated for boundaries contained in both stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric bulks. The surface energies for these B2 aluminides were also calculated so that trends concerning the cohesive energy of the boundaries could be studied. The implications of the increasing ordering energy, stoichiometry, and multiplicity of possible structures for grain boundary brittleness are discussed.
Radial strain‐induced attenuation in plastic optical fiber

Plastic optical fiber (POF) wrapped around two steel posts is stretched by increasing the post separation. A nearly linear relationship between the strain of the POF segments between the posts and optical attenuation is reported. The primary cause of the attenuation is the radial compression of the POF in contact with the posts. The radial compression is approximated using contact stress theory. The cross-sectional area deformation caused by the radial compression is modeled as a fractional area loss. Optical power loss is shown to be nearly equal to the fractional area loss, since the POF cross-sectional irradiance is approximately uniform.
A new time‐domain transverse resonance method in solving guided wave problems

A new time-domain approach based on the frequency-domain transverse resonance method is proposed to solve guided wave problems. This new method is capable of solving both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional propagation problems. The structure under investigation is cut into individual substructures. Time-domain Green's functions of each substructure are computed via the analytical inverse Laplace transform of the frequency-domain Green's functions. The original problem is reconstructed by connecting the cut-out substructures together through the interface boundary conditions. In order to verify the present approach, the empty rectangular waveguide is used as a comparison. With accurately calculated time-domain Green's functions, the data obtained are in good agreement with the analytical results.
Subtleties in Perception and Discrimination by Cabbage Looper Moths, Trichoplusia ni, of the two 14-carbon Acetate Sex Pheromone Components

Three compounds that are emitted by virgin female cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7–14:Ac), and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac), are detected by antennal olfactory receptor neurons specialized to detect sex pheromone components. The principal evidence signifying that either or both of Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac have an effect on male behavior comes from an observed reduction in the numbers of males trapped by Z7–12:Ac paired with a six-component mixture. The evidence conforms to a hypothesis that either or both of these compounds are the basis for discrimination between the two mixtures. However, scant evidence for this hypothesis was obtained in paired-source laboratory wind-tunnel assays, even at airborne concentrations of Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac that ranged up to 1000× that emitted by a female. Furthermore, there was little evidence from single-source laboratory or field trap assays confirming that Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac at or above natural stimulus strengths modify the moth's perception of Z7–12:Ac. The data suggest that discrimination of small mixture differences may not be resolvable within the confines of a wind tunnel.
Effects of affiliation arousal (hope of closeness) and affiliation stress (fear of rejection) on progesterone and cortisol.

Our prior research has suggested a connection between progesterone (PROG) and implicit affiliation motivation, the non-conscious drive for positive social contact. In particular, experimental arousal of affiliation motivation led to relative PROG increase in women and men [Schultheiss, O.C., Wirth, M.M., Stanton, S.J., 2004. Effects of affiliation and power motivation arousal on salivary progesterone and testosterone. Horm. Behav. 46(5), 592–599]. The present study aimed to (1) replicate this effect, (2) simultaneously assess cortisol (CORT) levels in this paradigm in order to rule out non-specific adrenal effects induced by affiliation arousal, and (3) examine effects on PROG and CORT of approach (hope for closeness, HOC) versus avoidance (fear of rejection, FOR) affiliation arousal. These motivational states were experimentally aroused in participants using film segments containing approach- or avoidance-oriented affiliation-related themes; a neutral film segment was used as a control condition. The film segments affected participants' implicit affiliation motivation and self-reported mood, demonstrating effectiveness of the manipulation. In the FOR condition, participants' CORT and PROG were increased post-film, consistent with the idea that fear of rejection is stressful. We did not replicate our prior finding of PROG increase following the HOC manipulation. However, relationships between PROG and implicit affiliation motivation were apparent across conditions. In particular, PROG co-varied positively with affiliation motivation, and baseline affiliation motivation positively predicted PROG increase in the FOR condition. As prior research implicates PROG in down-regulation of stress, we speculate that PROG release during stress may encourage affiliation for stress reduction purposes.
Genetic diversity in Malus ×domestica (Rosaceae) through time in response to domestication

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Patterns of genetic diversity in domesticated plants are affected by geographic region of origin and cultivation, intentional artificial selection, and unintentional genetic bottlenecks. While bottlenecks are mainly associated with the initial domestication process, they can also affect diversity during crop improvement. Here, we investigate the impact of the improvement process on the genetic diversity of domesticated apple in comparison with other perennial and annual fruit crops.• METHODS Apple cultivars that were developed at various times (ranging from the 13th through the 20th century) and 11 of the 15 apple cultivars that are used for 90% of the apple production in the United States were surveyed for genetic diversity based on either 9 or 19 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Diversity was compared using standard metrics and model-based approaches based on expected heterozygosity (He) at equilibrium. Improvement bottleneck data for fruit crops were also collected from the literature.• KEY RESULTS Domesticated apples showed no significant reduction in genetic diversity through time across the last eight centuries. Diversity was generally high, with an average He > 0.7 for apples from all centuries. However, diversity of the apples currently used for the bulk of commercial production was lower.• CONCLUSIONS The improvement bottleneck in domesticated apples appears to be mild or nonexistent, in contrast to improvement bottlenecks in many annual and perennial fruit crops, as documented from the literature survey. The low diversity of the subset of cultivars used for commercial production, however, indicates that an improvement bottleneck may be in progress for this perennial crop.
Princesses Who Commit Suicide: Primary Children Writing Within and Against Gender Stereotypes

This article analyzes 13 "published" stories written by young writers during 1 month in a multicultural, mixed-age primary classroom. The first goal is to examine how primary children constructed gender in their own stories. The second goal is to explore how children, at times, wrote against the traditional gendered positions. The data were gathered as part of a 3year longitudinal study on children's literacy experiences across home and school environments. Primary data sources utilized include {a) participant-observer fieldnotes; (b) interviews with the classroom teacher, parents, and children; and (c) children's writing. In analyzing students' writing and how they reified or redefined gender expectations, we relied heavily on Foucault's notion of power and how it is related to positioning. Although stereotypical images of dominant males and passive females were numerous, there were also disruptions of gender stereotypes. Implications include the need to help preservice and in-service teachers increase their awareness of how our children take up positions as gendered beings and also ways in which they break out of those traditional frames.
Particle Beam Fusion Acceleratr-I (PBFA-I)

The first Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator (PBFA-I) has recently completed its operational series of tests. It provided 30 TW into 36 power flow lines terminated in electron beam loads at the accelerator's center. The outputs were 2 MV at 15 MA for a 40 ns pulse which provided 1 MJ of output energy. During the accelerator develcpament, several ways of modifying and reconnecting this modular, few MV output pulsed power were discovered. The data from PBFA-I tests show the flexibility and reliability of pulsed power. This technology base could provide a 100 TW accelerator known as PBFA-II which will be the light ion beam test bed for breakeven experiments for the Department of Energy's Inertial Confinement Fusion Program. Pulsed power technology continues to be flexible and adaptable to a wide variety of basic research problems. It is a cost effective technology for producing large pulsed energy outputs.
2014 Neer Award Paper: neuromonitoring the Latarjet procedure.

Background We used intraoperative neuromonitoring to define the stages of the Latarjet procedure during which the nerves are at greatest risk. Methods Thirty-four patients with a mean age of 28.4 years were included. The Latarjet procedure was divided into 9 defined stages. Bilateral median and ulnar somatosensory evoked responses and transcranial motor evoked potentials from all arm myotomes were continuously monitored. A "nerve alert" was defined as averaged 50% amplitude attenuation or 10% latency prolongation of ipsilateral somatosensory evoked responses and transcranial motor evoked potentials. For each nerve alert, the surgeon altered retractor placement, and if there was no response to this, the position of the operative extremity was then changed. Results Of 34 patients, 26 (76.5%) had 45 separate nerve alert episodes. The most common stages of the procedure for a nerve alert to occur were glenoid exposure and graft insertion. The axillary nerve was involved in 35 alerts; the musculocutaneous nerve, in 22. Of the 34 patients, 7 (20.6%) had a clinically detectable nerve deficit postoperatively, all correlated with an intraoperative nerve alert. All cases involved the axillary nerve, and all resolved completely from 28 to 165 days postoperatively. Prior surgery and body mass index were not predictive of a neurologic deficit postoperatively. However, total operative time ( P = .042) and duration of the stage of the procedure in which the concordant nerve alert occurred ( P = .010) were statistically significant predictors of a postoperative nerve deficit. Conclusions The nerves, in particular the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves, are at risk during the Latarjet procedure, especially during glenoid exposure and graft insertion.
Error resilient pyramid vector quantization for image compression

The robustness of image and video compression in the presence of time-varying channel error has received increased interest with the emergence of portable digital receivers and computers. To achieve robust compression, pyramid vector quantization (PVQ) can be used. It is a fixed-rate quantization scheme suited to Laplacian-like sources, such as those arising from transform and subband image coding. The authors propose a new method of PVQ which not only improves upon the image compression performance of typical JPEG implementations, but also demonstrates excellent resilience to channel error. >
Estimating seismic velocities at ultrasonic frequencies in partially saturated rocks

Seismic velocities in rocks at ultrasonic frequencies depend not only on the degree of saturation but also on the distribution of the fluid phase at various scales within the pore space. Two scales of saturation heterogeneity are important: (1) saturation differences between thin compliant pores and larger stiffer pores, and (2) differences between saturated patches and undersaturated patches at a scale much larger than any pore. We propose a formalism for predicting the range of velocities in partially saturated rocks that avoids assuming idealized pore shapes by using measured dry rock velocity versus pressure and dry rock porosity versus pressure. The pressure dependence contains all of the necessary information about the distribution of pore compliances for estimating effects of saturation at the finest scales where small amounts of fluid in the thinnest, most compliant parts of the pore space stiffen the rock in both compression and shear (increasing both P- and S-wave velocities) in approximately the same way that confining pressure stiffens the rock by closing the compliant pores. Large-scale saturation patches tend to increase only the high-frequency bulk modulus by amounts roughly proportional to the saturation. The pore-scale effects will be most important at laboratory and logging frequencies when pore-scale pore pressure gradients are unrelaxed. The patchy-saturation effects can persist even at seismic field frequencies if the patch sizes are sufficiently large and the diffusivities are sufficiently low for the larger-scale pressure gradients to be unrelaxed.
Revising You the Staging for Pancreatic Cancer in 2012

Sadly, only 20% patients are “resectable” at the time of diagnosis [3]. Pancreatic cancer is “resectable” if the tumor is confined to the pancreas without the encasement of adjacent surrounding major vessels, or distant metastases. Even among those patients who undergo resection for pancreatic cancer and have tumor-free margins, the 5-year survival rate after resection is 10-25% and the median survival is 15-19 months [3]. “Locally advanced pancreatic cancer” is defined as the tumor that has a local invasion: arterial (celiac trunk, hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery) or venous (portal vein, superior mesenteric vein) but not metastasized, and represents about 25% of pancreatic cancer cases at presentation [4]. Locally advanced stage is associated with a median survival of 6-10 months. The vast majority of these patients develop metastatic disease within the first year of therapy. The tumor is considered “advanced” when it has metastasized to other organs, such as the liver or distant areas of the abdomen. Approximately 45% to 55% of patients are diagnosed at this stage. The prognosis of patients with advanced disease remains extremely poor, with a median survival of 6 months [5]. Evolution of Staging System for Pancreatic Cancer
Effects of rapid versus slow accumulation of eight hours of sleep loss.

The present study assessed alertness, memory, and performance following three schedules of ∼8 hr of sleep loss (slow, intermediate, and rapid accumulation) in comparison to an 8-hr time in bed (TIB) sleep schedule. Twelve healthy individuals aged 21–35 completed each of four conditions according to a Latin Square design: no sleep loss (8-hr TIB for 4 nights; 2300–0700), slow (6-hr TIB for 4 nights; 0100–0700), intermediate (4-hr TIB for 2 nights; 0300–0700), and rapid (0-hr TIB for 1 night) sleep loss. On each day, participants completed a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), a probed-recall memory task, a psychomotor vigilance task, a divided attention task, and the Profile of Mood States. “Rapid” sleep loss produced significantly more impairment on tests of alertness, memory, and performance compared to the “slow” accumulation of a comparable amount of sleep loss. The impairing effects of sleep loss vary as a function of rate, suggesting the presence of a compensatory adaptive mechanism operating in conjunction with the accumulation of a sleep debt.
ASHP national survey on informatics: assessment of the adoption and use of pharmacy informatics in U.S. hospitals-2013.

Purpose Results of the 2013 ASHP national survey on informatics are presented. Methods Pharmacy directors from all types and sizes of U.S. hospitals were included in the sample of 4893 individuals invited to participate in an online survey. The survey contained over 600 data elements that addressed the adoption and use of a variety of pharmacy informatics and technology. Data were analyzed by hospital type and size, accounting for sampling procedures and differences in response rate. Results Of the 4893 surveys distributed, 465 usable surveys were returned, yielding a response rate of 9.5%. Nearly 33% of hospitals reported having a complete electronic health record (EHR) (i.e., no paper charts). Adoption rates for computerized prescriber order entry, clinical decision support, electronic prescribing, and bar-code-assisted medication administration indicated that these technologies are clear priorities. Nearly half of respondents indicated using solely paper-based medication reconciliation processes, while almost as many reported using processes that combined electronic and paper methods. Overall, automated dispensing cabinets were more common in U.S. hospitals than were carousels and dispensing robots. The adoption of patient portals and personal health records is becoming common. Technologies identified as enablers of the Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative (PPMI) were found in at least 25% of hospitals. The average total number of pharmacy information technology full-time equivalents was 3.12. Conclusion This survey found widespread use of pharmacy informatics and technology across the entire medication-use process. Considerable progress was demonstrated in meeting meaningful-use measures for EHRs and meeting the recommendations of the ASHP PPMI.
The Future of Human Longevity

The modern rise in life expectancy is one of humani-ty’s crowning achievements. After more than 200,000 years of slow but steady increases in life expectancy for anatomically modern people like us (McNeill 1976), a new chapter in the book of human longev-ity began in the middle of the 19 th century when a quantum leap in duration of life began (Omran 1971). The external forces of mortality (e.g., infectious dis-eases, predation and accidents) that precluded survival beyond the first few years of life for most people were significantly relaxed as modern humans learned how to insulate themselves from the major hazards of the outside world. As a result, the biological consequences of aging are now a common occurrence for the first time in the history of our species. This longevity ben-efit, however, was accompanied by a trade-off involv-ing a rise in such fatal diseases as cancer, heart disease, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as such chronic conditions as sensory impairments, arthritis and dementia. In today’s world we see countries with life expec-tancies as high as 85 years for women and approaching 80 years for men. It would appear to some that this historic rise in longevity has no end in sight (Oeppen and Vaupel 2002; Wilmoth 1998). Others suggest that while there are no genetic mechanisms that evolved to limit the duration of life, there are nevertheless limits on duration of life imposed by a spectrum of forces (e.g., biochemical, biomechanical, biodemographic and stochastic) that exist at virtually every level of bio-logical organization. Although large increases in life expectancy are still possible, attaining those increases will require a source of mortality decline different from those observed in the past (Olshansky et al. 2001, 2005). How much further can the envelope of human sur-vival be extended? Is it possible that life expectan cy in developed countries can continue to rise in the future as it did during most of the 20 th century? Can the maximum documented lifespan of 122 years for humans (experienced by Madame Jeanne Calment from France; Allard et al. 1998) be broken and if this record was broken would it have any scientific rele-vance? Is there any reason why humans cannot live to 200 years or more? Is physical immortality possible as some suggest (de Grey et al. 2002; Kurzweil and Grossman 2004)?
Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group

The efficacy and safety of 1 yr of GH-releasing hormone [GHRH-(1-29)] therapy in GH-deficient children were determined. One hundred and ten previously untreated prepubertal GH-deficient children were treated for up to 1 yr in a multicenter, open label study with 30 micrograms/kg GHRH-(1-29)/day, sc, given at bedtime. Eighty-six of the 110 patients were eligible for efficacy analysis. The main outcome measures, monitored every 3-6 months, were linear growth enhancement (height velocity), bone age progression, and safety measures including clinical chemistry. The mean height velocity for the group increased from 4.1 +/- 0.9 cm/yr at baseline to 8.0 +/- 1.5 and 7.2 +/- 1.3 cm/yr after 6 and 12 months of therapy, respectively. At 6 months, 74% of the children were considered to have a good response to GHRH. The ratio of the change in bone age to height age was not significantly different from unity at 12 months (1.04 +/- 0.58; P = 0.63). No adverse changes in general biochemical or hormonal analyses were note...
OS streaming deployment

A network deployment of generally available operating systems (OS) usually takes in the order of tens of minutes. This is prohibitive in an environment in which OSs must be dynamically and frequently provisioned in response to external requests. By exploiting the fact that in general only a small part of an OS image is actually required to be present to perform useful tasks, we demonstrate how an OS can perform work shortly after a deployment has begun. This requires the insertion of a streaming device between the operating system and the disk. We have implemented such a device for Windows∗ and Linux∗. We show that such an OS streaming deployment reduces significantly (i.e., to a few seconds) the time between the start of the deployment and the moment at which the OS is available. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the performance overhead of using the OS during streaming is negligible as the penalty introduced by the streaming device is minor and the I/O performance is completely dominated by the multiple caches between the application and the disk.
Alcohol ingestion before burn injury decreases splanchnic blood flow and oxygen delivery.

Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that alcohol and burn injury impair intestinal barrier and immune functions. Although multiple factors can contribute to impaired intestinal barrier fu...
Real-Time Simulation and Animation of Suspension Control System Using TI TMS320C30 Digital Signal Processor

Real-Time Simulation and Animation (RTSA) of dynamic control systems has been shown to significantly enhance the interpretation, understanding and evaluation of system response performance. Texas I...
Extending Power and Sample Size Approaches Developed for McNemar's Procedure to General Sign Tests

Du logiciel et des manuels actuels presentent des procedures pour estimer la puissance et la taille d'echantillon qui s'appliquent seulement aux arrangements qui donnent des resultats soit positifs (c-a-d X = 1) soit negatifs (c-a-d X = -1), mais pas de resultats neutres (c-a-d X = 0). Cependant, de maintes etudes analysees par des testes de signe entrainent un contexte plus general ou un nombre considerable de resultats neutres peuvent se produire. Dans cet article, on decrit comment etendre les approches et le logiciel existants qui ont ete developpe pour estimer la puissance et l'effectif d'echantillon des reponses binaires appariees (les paires discordantes de McNemar) pour que ceux-ci servent a traiter des testes de signe generaux incluant des resultats neutres. Ceci est demontre dans une application a une etude recente a laquelle l'auteur a collabore.
Sufficient Conditions for Optimal Facility Locations to Coincide

In some cases multifacility location problems may be solved by verifying a few simple inequalities involving the interfacility weights. This paper develops certain inequalities which are sufficient conditions for optimality in some multifacility problems. In the problems considered here, distances are represented by a symmetric metric and there are no constraints on the location of the new facilities.
α‐Nitroketones. Part 10.113C NMR spectra of alkylated 2‐nitrocyclohexanones

The 13C NMR spectra of 22 α-nitrocyclohexanones were recorded and fully assigned. The one-bond CH coupling constants for the nitromethine resonances of these compounds were also obtained and tabulated.
Taking X-ray diffraction to the limit: Macromolecular structures from femtosecond X-ray pulses and diffraction microscopy of cells with synchrotron radiation

Recent work is extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to the structure determination of noncrystalline specimens. The phase problem is solved using the oversampling method, which takes advantage of "continuous" diffraction patterns from noncrystalline specimens. Here we review the principle of this newly developed technique and discuss the ongoing experiments of imaging nonperiodic objects, such as cells and cellular structures, using coherent and bright X rays produced by third-generation synchrotron sources. In the longer run, the technique may be applicable to image single biomolecules using anticipated X-ray free electron lasers. Here, computer simulations have so far demonstrated two important steps: (a) by using an extremely intense femtosecond X-ray pulse, a diffraction pattern can be recorded from a macromolecule before radiation damage manifests itself; and (b) the phase information can be retrieved in an ab initio fashion from a set of calculated noisy diffraction patterns of single protein molecules.
Biomphalaria Glabrata, A Continuing Environmental Biodeteriogen: Alterations in the Levels of Some Hydrolases Following Schistosoma Mansoni Infection. 1. Phosphatases and N-Acetyl-Beta-D-Glucosaminidase

The snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, has been considered the weakest link in the life cycle of this parasite. Chemical molluscicides are not specific for fresh water snails, and as a result all aquatic biota suffer (Duncan, 1980) and limited progress has been made in biological control research (Mone et al., 1986). The ideal of attaining a more effective and specific molluscicide has not yet materialized because of our limited knowledge of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the Schistosoma-Biomphalaria relationship (for review see, Jordan, 1985). As part of our efforts to understand the physiology of this host-parasite relationship we investigated the kinetic changes in the activities of phosphatase and n-acetyl s-D-glusosaminadase in B. glabrata following S. mansoni infection.
Integrating-Float Measurements in Turbulent Flows

The effect of turbulence on discharges measured by the integrating-float method is studied. Based on Taylor's classical theory on diffusion of fluid particles by continuous movements, an equation is derived giving the dispersion of floats in a homogeneous turbulence field. It shows that larger errors are expected in using the float technique when the relative intensity and scale of turbulence are large, and when the float used rises rapidly. In the experimental part of the study, the integrating-float technique was used to measure discharges in a laboratory flume. A grid was sometimes placed in the flume to decrease turbulence scale and intensity. Results obtained are compared with discharges measured by a standard sharp-crested weir. For a total of 16 runs taken in flows with turbulence of various intensities and scales, the average errors based on 18 releases are 1% and 3% respectively for cases with and without grid.
Origin and implications of an A 2 -like contribution in the quantization of circuit-QED systems

By placing an atom into a cavity, the electromagnetic mode structure of the cavity is modified. In cavity QED, one manifestation of this phenomenon is the appearance of a gauge-dependent diamagnetic term, known as the ${A}^{2}$ contribution. Although in atomic cavity QED, the resulting modification in the eigenmodes is negligible, in recent superconducting circuit realizations, such corrections can be observable and may have qualitative implications. We revisit the canonical quantization procedure of a circuit-QED system consisting of a single superconducting transmon qubit coupled to a multimode superconducting microwave resonator. A complete derivation of the quantum Hamiltonian of an open circuit-QED system consisting of a transmon qubit coupled to a leaky transmission line cavity is presented. We introduce a complete set of modes that properly conserves the current in the entire structure and present a sum rule for the dipole transition matrix elements of a multilevel transmon qubit coupled to a multimode cavity. Finally, an effective multimode Rabi model is derived with coefficients that are given in terms of circuit parameters.
Empowering Your Patients: From Compliance to Concordance

Eliminating the accumulation of dental biofilm on the teeth is the most effective means of preventing and controlling infective periodontal, dental, and implant diseases. The immune system mediates inflammation; however, as it is difficult for patients to regulate or control their immunologic responses, the primary objective of the patient then becomes to focus on daily reducing the quantity of bacterial plaque on their teeth in order to successfully prevent and control their periodontal diseases and help prevent dental caries. Keeping in mind quorum sensing discussed previously in Chap. 1, the goal of the patient’s plaque removal is to reduce the quantity of microorganisms, thus affecting the virulence and the concentration of the toxins. The clinician’s role as the patient’s assistant and coach is to periodically see them for maintenance hygiene therapy and inform them if and where plaque is accumulating. Seeing plaque and inflammation, the clinician will then coach them in removal techniques and then eliminate any calculus and stain that the patient is unable to remove. Additionally, if there are rough roots or calculus subgingivally, root planing is done for patients who have or have had periodontitis. As plaque accumulates daily, it is the primary responsibility of each patient to accomplish the major part of the disease prevention/control for themselves. To the patients, this concept needs to be considered as analogous to handwashing or taking a bath or a shower, hygiene concepts commonly accepted and performed. Taking the analogy a step further, the patient needs to understand that the mouth is different from most skin surfaces of the body, being warm, wet, and replete with bacteria, which makes it a perfect incubator for rapid growth of microorganisms. Also the tooth surfaces are an excellent habitat for colonization of bacteria being a non-shedding surface.
EPID-06AGE-SPECIFIC FEATURES OF LOW AND HIGH-GRADE DIFFUSE GLIOMAS BY IDH MUTATION STATUS

BACKGROUND: Incidence rates of glioma subtypes are significantly associated with age, and youth is one of the strongest predictors of improved survival after diagnosis. In the US, lower grade gliomas (LGG, WHO grade II and III) are more common in younger age groups (18-39 years) than glioblastoma (WHO grade IV), which is most common in those over 65. The causes of these incidence and survival differences are not currently known. METHODS: Using data from 991 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), including 565 glioblastomas and 426 LGGs, we assessed somatic mutations by age and by IDH mutational status. RESULTS: 32 (7.3%) glioblastomas and 321 (81.4%) LGGs were IDH mutants (IDHmut). Median age at diagnosis for IDHmut and IDH wild type (IDHwt) subjects was 39.0 and 59.2, respectively. IDHwt gliomas had a mutation rate approximately 3x that of IDHmut. Within the IDHmut group, older age was significantly associated with increased mutation rate (p = 0.03) after adjustment for WHO grade. Older age was significantly associated with MGMT hypermethylation in both groups and 1p19q codeletion in IDHmut. Within IDHmut, there was a significant positive associations between age and mutation in NOTCH1 and negative in TP53. Within IDHwt, NOTCH3 mutation was significantly associated with decreased age. CONCLUSIONS: IDH mutation is more common among younger persons and WHO grade II/III gliomas. Younger persons diagnosed with IDHmut gliomas have fewer somatic alterations as compared to older persons, and those with IDHwt tumors. Age is significantly associated with alternations that are markers of improved survival.
A Note Concerning the Square-Free Integers

(1972). A Note Concerning the Square-Free Integers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 63-65.
Bats of the Mexican State of Guerrero

Recent developments in the study of rabies in bats have generated considerable interest in the distribution of bats in Mexico. Consequently, it seems desirable to bring together data we have accumulated through field studies in Guerrero in 1952–54 and 1956 and by a survey of the published literature. In all, we have records for Guerrero of 29 species of bats representing 7 families as follows: Emballonuridae, 2; Noctilionidae, 1; Phyllostomidae, 18; Desmodontidae, 1; Natalidae, 1; Vespertilionidae, 4; Molossidae, 2. The preponderance of Neotropical species is clearly indicated by the tabulation. For assistance in identification and for the loan of comparative materials, we are grateful to Mr. Luis de la Torre, Chicago Natural History Museum, and to officials in charge of the Biological Surveys Collection, U.S. National Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Both Ing. Luis Macias A. and Sr. Bernardo Villa R, Direccion Forestal y de Caza de Mexico, facilitated our field work. To them we express our appreciation. Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck).—The present known distribution of this bat in southern Mexico indicates that it is a tropical, lowland-dwelling form. Davis examined 3 specimens from Acapulco and 18 from Papayo in the U. S. National Museum. Sanborn (1937) also reported on some of these same specimens. Balantiopteryx plicata plicata Peters.—The size of the forearm, 39 to 43 mm., average 41; the absence of a white line on the edge of the wing membrane; and the larger skull (condylobasal length 12.2 to 13.2 mm., average 12.6; zygomatic breadth 8.7 to 9.1 mm., average 9.0) distinguish B. plicata from B. io which occurs in Mexico mainly in the eastern coastal states. Although no specimens of B. p. pallida Burt were available for comparison, the subspecies B. p. plicata apparently differs from pallida in its larger size and darker, more brownish color (Burt, …
Morphology and Ultrastructure of a Snowmold Fungus on Sagebrush (Artemisia Tridentata)

Morphology and ultrastructure of a fungus causing a snowmold disease of Artemisia tridentata are compared when the fungus is grown in vitro at -4, 1, and 20 C and on its sagebrush host. Whether gro...
CT Scan Predictors of Intracranial Hypertension After Head Injury

The need exists for objective criteria for the use of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in head injured patients [2]. The initial CT scan taken soon after the arrival of the head injured patient to the hospital can provide important information as to whether ICP monitoring is needed. A normal CT scan has been associated with low incidence of intracranial hypertension in head injured patients [1, 3, 4, 5]. An abnormal admission CT scan was found by Narayan et al. to be correlated with an increased incidence of intracranial hypertension in head-injured patients: 53% of patients with hypodense lesions and 63% of patients with hyperdense lesions had elevated ICP [4]. Other CT scan features as midline shift and perimesencephalic cistern compression, have also been found to be associated with elevated ICP [6, 7]. Our goal in this study was to identify within the group of head-injured patients with abnormal admission CT scans subgroups of patients with elevated ICP.
Using Multigroup-Multiphase Latent State-Trait Models to Study Treatment-Induced Changes in Intra-Individual State Variability: An Application to Smokers' Affect

Sometimes, researchers are interested in whether an intervention, experimental manipulation, or other treatment causes changes in intra-individual state variability. The authors show how multigroup-multiphase latent state-trait (MG-MP-LST) models can be used to examine treatment effects with regard to both mean differences and differences in state variability. The approach is illustrated based on a randomized controlled trial in which N = 338 smokers were randomly assigned to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus placebo prior to quitting smoking. We found that post quitting, smokers in both the NRT and placebo group had significantly reduced intra-individual affect variability with respect to the affect items calm and content relative to the pre-quitting phase. This reduction in state variability did not differ between the NRT and placebo groups, indicating that quitting smoking may lead to a stabilization of individuals’ affect states regardless of whether or not individuals receive NRT.
Brain Volume: Age-Related Changes

The understanding of the human brain has been hampered by an inadequate examination of the brain from the integrative perspective of the entire life span. Such a perspective is essential for understanding the continually changing nature of the brain’s infrastructure and function. Postnatal brain development is primarily driven by the process of myelination that continues to improve the connectivity of the brain’s ‘Internet’ through middle age. The developmental process is eventually overcome by degenerative processes, resulting in the breakdown and loss of myelin that roughly recapitulates the developmental process in reverse. This quadratic trajectory of brain myelin over the life span can help explain multiple inconsistencies in the postmortem and imaging literatures. Ultimately, the life span perspective of this myelin model of the brain suggests powerful new approaches to understanding and treating many uniquely human neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to Alzheimer’s disease.
Non-Mendelian Dominant Maternal Effects Caused by CRISPR/Cas9 Transgenic Components in Drosophila melanogaster

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized genomic editing. The Cas9 endonuclease targets DNA via an experimentally determined guide RNA (gRNA). This results in a double-strand break at the target site . We generated transgenic Drosophila melanogaster in which the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to target a GAL4 transgene in vivo. To our surprise, progeny whose genomes did not contain CRISPR/Cas9 components were still capable of mutating GAL4 sequences. We demonstrate this effect was caused by maternal deposition of Cas9 and gRNAs into the embryo, leading to extensive GAL4 mutations in both somatic and germline tissues. This serves as a cautionary observation on the effects of maternal contributions when conducting experiments using genomically encoded CRISPR/Cas9 components. These results also highlight a mode of artificial inheritance in which maternal contributions of DNA editing components lead to transmissible mutant defects even in animals whose genomes lack the editing components. We suggest calling this a dominant maternal effect to reflect it is caused by the gain of maternally contributed products. Models of CRISPR-mediated gene drive will need to incorporate dominant maternal effects in order to accurately predict the efficiency and dynamics of gene drive in a population.
Super-Fast algorithm for minimum variance (Capon) spectral estimation

The minimum variance spectral estimator (sometimes referenced as the Capon spectral estimator, or the minimum variance distortion-less response estimator) is a high resolution spectral estimator used extensively in practice as an alternative to the classical squared-magnitude Fourier estimator. In its original form without special algorithms, the one-dimensional formulation requires order p3 computations, in which p is the minimum variance filter size. The current implementation used in practice employs a fast algorithm developed by Musicus, requiring order p2 + p log 2 (2p) computations. This paper shows discoveries of additional exploitable structure to bring the computational complexity down to p + p log 2 (p), creating a superfast algorithm. Furthermore, by exploiting a differential relationship between two quantities in this structure, an approximated version of the proposed algorithm with an even lower computational complexity is derived.