cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What are you looking at? Impaired 'social attention' following frontal-lobe damage.

Humans are able to predict the behavior of others. Several studies have investigated this capability by determining if social cues, such as eye gaze direction, can influence the allocation of visual attention. When a viewer sees a face looking to the left, the viewer’s attention is allocated in the gazed-at direction. These ‘social attention’ studies have asked if this allocation of attention is automatic or under voluntary control. In this paper, we show that a patient with frontal-lobe damage is impaired at allocating attention to peripheral locations voluntarily, although attention can be allocated there automatically. The patient, EVR, can use peripheral cues to selectively process one location over another but cannot use symbolic cues (words) to allocate attention. EVR is also impaired in using eye gaze cues to allocate attention, suggesting that ‘social attention’ may involve frontal-lobe processes that control voluntary, not automatic, shifts of visuospatial attention.
On K-Sets in Arrangements of Curves and Surfaces

We extend the notion ofk-sets and (≤k)-sets (see [3], [12], and [19]) to arrangements of curves and surfaces. In the case of curves in the plane, we assume that each curve is simple and separates the plane. Ak-point is an intersection point of a pair of the curves which is covered by exactlyk interiors of (or half-planes bounded by) other curves; thek-set is the set of allk-points in such an arrangement, and the (≤k)-set is the union of allj-sets, forj≤k. Adapting the probabilistic analysis technique of Clarkson and Shor [13], we obtain bounds that relate the maximum size of the (≤k)-set to the maximum size of a 0-set of a sample of the curves. Using known bounds on the size of such 0-sets we obtain asympotically tight bounds for the maximum size of the (≤k)-set in the following special cases: (i) If each pair of curves intersect at most twice, the maximum size is ?(nk?(nk)). (ii) If the curves are unbounded arcs and each pair of them intersect at most three times, then the maximum size is ?(nk?(n/k)). (iii) If the curves arex-monotone arcs and each pair of them intersect in at most some fixed numbers of points, then the maximum size of the (≤k)-set is ?(k2?s(nk)), where ?s(m) is the maximum length of (m,s)-Davenport-Schinzel sequences. We also obtain generalizations of these results to certain classes of surfaces in three and higher dimensions. Finally, we present various applications of these results to arrangements of segments and curves, high-order Voronoi diagrams, partial stabbing of disjoint convex sets in the plane, and more. An interesting application yields andO(n logn) bound on the expected number of vertically visible features in an arrangement ofn horizontal discs when they are stacked on top of each other in random order. This in turn leads to an efficient randomized preprocessing ofn discs in the plane so as to allow fast stabbing queries, in which we want to report all discs containing a query point.
Laboratory Evaluation of Antifungal Agents: A Brief Overview

The increasing incidence and significance of human mycotic diseases has prompted concurrent interest in the development and evaluation of antifungal drugs. There has never been a period in medicine when the number of antimycotic agents, either commercially available or undergoing clinical investigation, is as great as at present. An integral part of new antimicrobial development is the laboratory evaluation, both in vivo and in vitro, of such agents. Each of these aspects of laboratory testing offers distinct limitations and advantages; however, such evaluation is critical for continued success in the quest for nontoxic, inexpensive, and efficacious antifungal agents.
THE EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SINTERING ADDITIVES ON MICROWAVE SINTERED SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS

Silicon nitride requires the use of susceptive additives for microwave liquid phase sintering due to the material’s low dielectric loss. In this article, we report the effect of complex dielectric properties of two compositions of sintering aids on 2.45 GHz microwave sintered Si3N4 with respect to power absorption, temperature distribution and densification behavior. The temperature dependent dielectric properties were measured from 25°C to 1400°C using a conventional cavity perturbation technique. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulations coupled with a thermal solver was used to predict the microwave power absorption and the corresponding temperature evolution inside the samples.The additive with higher dielectric loss (4 wt% MgO, 6 wt% Y2O3 and 2.5 wt% ZrO2) produces a greater sintered density than the lower loss additive (4 wt% MgO and 6 wt% Y2O3) or pure Si3N4. Although microwave loss at temperatures below 600°C is insignificant with or without the additives, the loss begins to...
Carboplatin in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) will account for approximately 20%-25% of the 171,500 estimated new lung cancer cases in 1998. Combination cytotoxic therapies have yielded the best response rates in SCLC patients. Cisplatin in combination with etoposide is used routinely in the treatment of SCLC. Because of cisplatin's nonhematologic toxicities, carboplatin was developed and has far fewer nonhematologic toxicities. Carboplatin in combination with etoposide has been shown to be as effective as, but less toxic than, cisplatin/etoposide. Moreover, carboplatin/etoposide is a viable combination in the treatment of the elderly with SCLC, who can readily tolerate this combination. Concurrent radiation therapy with carboplatin and etoposide in patients with limited SCLC disease can be given safely and effectively. Carboplatin has been combined with several different chemotherapeutic agents, including ifosfamide, and, more recently, paclitaxel in hopes of improving the response rates and overall survival. In order to try to dose intensify carboplatin-based regimens, peripheral blood stem cells have been used to decrease the hematologic toxicities. Further studies are warranted to investigate these therapies as well as newer carboplatin combinations.
Performance Optimization of Woven Fabric Composites for Printed Circuit Boards

Woven fabric composites have been used extensively as substrate materials for multilayer printed circuit boards. This paper presents a brief overview of the recent accomplishments in the modeling and characterization of woven fabric composites. Three analytical models have been developed to predict the thermo-mechanical properties of fabric composites with various weaving geometries. A three-dimensional finite element analysis has also been adopted to determine the properties of plain-weave fabric composites. Parametric studies are performed for both hybrid and non-hybrid woven fabric composites to generate data for materials selection and design. These data are presented in the form of “structure-performance maps” where the unique characteristics and relative effectiveness of various woven fabric composites can be easily assessed. The potential of tailoring a low thermal expansion coefficient substrate material through suitable materials selection, geometrical design, and fiber hybridization is also discussed.
Exploring quality of care for African Americans.

The continuous health disparities for African Americans when compared with Caucasians raise the question of whether health care objectives designed for African Americans actually address their needs and wants. To explore quality-of-care dimensions from the African American perspective, a combined fo
Jealousy and Parenting: Predicting Emotions from Identity Theory:

This research incorporates the sociology of emotions into the study of parenting by examining the theoretical relationship between the mother identity and mothers' emotional response of jealousy to father-child interactions. Using identity theory, we predict that in response to father-child interactions, mothers with a more prominent mother identity will report the emotional experience of jealousy, and mothers with a more salient mother identity will report coping strategies designed to reduce the jealous experience. Since prominence captures the affective dimension of an identity, it should be tied to one's emotional response in a situation. Further, while salience captures the behavioral dimension of an identity, it should be related to the coping strategies which follow from and manage one's emotional response in a situation. The results confirm these expected relationships. We discuss not only how emotion may serve to maintain the mother identity, but also how mothers' emotion may unintentionally serv...
Registered Nurses: The Curious Case of a Persistent Shortage.

Purpose To better understand the apparent persistent shortage of registered nurses (RNs), including both aggregate trends and cyclical responses. Design We examine the employment of RNs over variations in economic activity, employing national aggregate and unique micro-population data on nurses in Arizona. Methods These data, including our unique, ongoing survey of nurses in Arizona, enable a systematic examination of the cyclical demand for hospital care and institutional responses to that demand in the nursing market by employing multivariate regressions. Findings Demand for hospital nursing care increases rapidly during the early years of recessions, moderating as the economy improves. Hospitals initially employ more temporary nurses, then reduce temporary hires by shifting employed RNs from part time to full time while also adding RNs not previously employed in hospitals. The substitution of regularly employed RNs for temporary nurses reflects the need to reduce staffing costs to offset increases in uncompensated care. Conclusions The increased supply of nurses came from delayed retirements, higher relative hospital wages (inducing nurses in other sectors to return to hospitals), and added-worker effects. Additional nursing hours were drawn from a pool of RNs who were not employed in health care. Clinical Relevance These results strongly suggest that correctly aligned incentives could reduce RN shortages without waiting for another recession.
Immigration Reform: The Contrasting Views of the Press

The topic of immigration reform has been at the forefront of the political debate for many years. The debate has been especially intense in Arizona, a border state where sentiments over immigration...
How to Make Embedded Acoustic Instruments.

An embedded acoustic instrument is an embedded musical instrument that provides a direct acoustic output. This paper describes how to make embedded acoustic instruments using laser cutting for digital fabrication. Several tips are given for improving the acoustic quality including: employing maximally stiff material, placing loudspeaker drivers in the corners of enclosure faces, increasing the stiffness of “loudspeaker” faces by doubling their thickness, choosing side-lengths with non-integer ratios, and incorporating bracing. Various versions of an open design of the“LapBox” are provided to help community members replicate and extend the work. A procedure is suggested for testing and optimizing the acoustic quality.
Analysing the Recruitment and Use of Foreign Men and Women in ISIL through a Gender Perspective

ISIL’s declared goals of conquest and the imposition of its form of Islamic law to build a new society requires the group to recruit significant numbers of men and women. In its attempts to recruit foreign men, women and children, ISIL employs highly gendered narratives which exploit cleavages between potential recruits and their home countries, characterise the Syrian Civil War as a war against Muslims and ‘true’ Islam, promise that recruits will fulfil idealised roles as ‘real men’ and ‘real women’, and offer them a central role in building a new society where they no longer face discrimination and abuse and live a ‘holier’ life. This chapter privileges gender in its analysis of ISIL recruitment strategies and narratives targeting foreigners and the experiences of males and females upon entering ISIL. The insights garnered are important for both counter-terrorism and anti-radicalisation efforts.
Contraction of collagen matrices mediated by alpha2beta1A and alpha(v)beta3 integrins

The (beta)1-null fibroblastic cell line GD25 and its derivatives were studied to gain an understanding of the roles of (beta)1 and (beta)3 integrins in the initial (1-hour) contraction of collagen gels. Stable transfectants of GD25 cells expressing the (beta)1A splice variant of (beta)1 ((beta)1A-GD25) did not express (alpha)2(beta)1A and did not adhere to collagen. After transfection of (alpha)2 into (beta)1A-GD25 cells, the (alpha)2(beta)1A-GD25 transfectants contracted collagen gels in the presence of serum, whereas (beta)1A-GD25 cells did not. The GD25 parental cells, however, also contracted collagen gels. Collagen gel contraction by GD25 cells was blocked by antibodies to (alpha)v(beta)3 or a RGD-containing peptide, indicating that (alpha)v(beta)3 is the integrin responsible for mediation of contraction by GD25 cells. Collagen gel contraction by (alpha)2(beta)1A-GD25 cells was not inhibited by antibodies to (alpha)v(beta)3 or RGD-containing peptide, but was inhibited by anti-(alpha)2 antibody. Flow cytometry demonstrated negligible expression of (alpha)v(beta)3 by (beta)1A-GD25 and (alpha)2(beta)1A-GD25 cells when compared to GD25 cells. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) enabled gel contraction by (alpha)2(beta)1A-GD25 and GD25 cells, respectively, in the absence of serum. PDGF-stimulated contraction by (alpha)2(beta)1A-GD25 cells was attenuated in the presence of inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase whereas such inhibitors had no effect on S1P-stimulated contraction by GD25 cells. These experiments using the (beta)1-null GD25 cells and (beta)1A and (alpha)2(beta)1A transfectants demonstrate that (alpha)2(beta)1A and (alpha)v(beta)3 independently mediate collagen gel contraction and are regulated by different serum factors and signaling pathways.
Hungarian optimum assignment algorithm with Java computer animation

The classical, popular Hungarian algorithm for solving the “optimum assignment” problems (with its broad engineering/science applications) has been well-documented in the literature. Other (more efficient) variations of the Hungarian algorithm have also been extensively studied by the research communities. In this paper, the basic Hungarian algorithm is revisited, with the ultimate goal of developing a useful, user friendly, attractive Java computer animation for “effectively teaching” this basic/important optimum assignment algorithm. The final product from this work will help both the students and their instructor to not only mastering this technical subject, but also provide valuable tool for obtaining the solutions for homework assignments, class examinations, self-assessment tools, etc. A demo video of the Hungarian Algorithm's animation and result can be viewed online from any web browser using the website provided in reference [9].
Filling Rates for Linear Flow on the Torus: Recent Progress and Applications

It is well known that if the frequency vector ω ∈ Sn-1 < ℝ n is nonresonant, then the Kronecker flow with frequency ω on the flat n-torus T n = ℝ n /Z n fills the torus densely. In many applications where such flows arise, ω also satisfies a diophantine condition, and one wants to know the rate at which filling occurs in terms of the diophantine condition. This note examines the problem of estimating this rate of filling, lists some applications, and briefly explains how one application (to kinetic theory) shows that a recent estimate in higher dimensions has the optimal power-law dependence on the filling diameter (the optimal dependence in dimension n = 2 has long been available using elementary number theory).
Redesigning flow injection after 40 years of development: Flow programming.

Abstract Automation of reagent based assays, by means of Flow Injection (FI), is based on sample processing, in which a sample flows continuously towards and through a detector for quantification of the target analyte. The Achilles heel of this methodology, the legacy of Auto Analyzer®, is continuous reagent consumption, and continuous generation of chemical waste. However, flow programming, assisted by recent advances in precise pumping, combined with the lab-on-valve technique, allows the FI manifold to be designed around a single confluence point through which sample and reagents are sequentially directed by means of a series of flow reversals. This approach results in sample/reagent mixing analogous to the traditional FI, reduces sample and reagent consumption, and uses the stop flow technique for enhancement of the yield of chemical reactions. The feasibility of programmable Flow Injection (pFI) is documented by example of commonly used spectrophotometric assays of, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and glucose. Experimental details and additional information are available in online tutorial http://www.flowinjectiontutorial.com/
Magnetic field induced evolution of intertwined orders in the Kitaev magnet β − Li 2 IrO 3

Recent scattering experiments in the 3D Kitaev magnet $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ have shown that a relatively weak magnetic field along the crystallographic $\mathbf{b}$ axis drives the system from its incommensurate counter-rotating order to a correlated magnet, with a significant uniform `zigzag' component superimposing the magnetization along the field. Here it is shown that the zigzag order is not emerging from its linear coupling to the field (via a staggered, off-diagonal element of the $\mathbf{g}$ tensor) but from its intertwining with the incommensurate order and the longitudinal magnetization. The emerging picture explains all qualitative experimental findings at zero and finite fields, including the rapid decline of the incommensurate order with field and the so-called intensity sum rule. The latter are shown to be independent signatures of the smallness of the Heisenberg exchange $J$, compared to the Kitaev coupling $K$ and the off-diagonal anisotropy $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$. Remarkably, in the regime of interest, the field ${H}^{*}$ at which the incommensurate component vanishes, depends essentially only on $J$, which allows us to extract an estimate of $J\ensuremath{\simeq}4$ K from reported measurements of ${H}^{*}$. We also comment on recent experiments in pressurized $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ and conclude that $J$ decreases with pressure.
Distinct characteristics of hippocampal pathogenic TH17 cells in a mouse model of depression

Increasing evidence indicates that multiple actions of the immune system are closely intertwined with the development of depression and subsequent recovery processes. One of these interactions is substantial evidence that the TH17 subtype of CD4+ T cells promotes susceptibility to depression-like behaviors in mice. Comparing subtypes of CD4+ T cells, we found that administration of TH17 cells, but not TH1 cells or TREGS, promoted susceptibility to learned-helplessness depressive-like behavior and accumulated in the hippocampus of learned helpless mice. Adoptively transferred TH17 cells into Rag2-/- mice that are devoid of endogenous T cells increased susceptibility to learned helplessness, demonstrating that increased peripheral TH17 cells are capable of modulating depression-like behavior. Moreover, in wild-type mice, adoptively transferred TH17 cells accumulated in the hippocampus of learned-helpless mice and induced endogenous TH17 cell differentiation. Hippocampal TH17 cells from learned-helpless mice expressed markers of pathogenic TH17 cells (CCR6, IL-23R) and of follicular cells (CXCR5, PD-1), indicating that the hippocampal cells are TFH-17-like cells. Knockout of CCR6 blocked TH17 cells from promoting learned helplessness, which was associated with increased expression of PD-1 in CCR6-deficient TH17 cells. In summary, these results reinforce the conclusion that depression-like behaviors are selectively facilitated by TH17 cells, and revealed that these cells in the hippocampus of learned helpless mice display characteristics of TFH17-like cells, which may contribute to their pathogenic actions in promoting depression.
Chronotropic Incompetence and Heart Rate Recovery

Exercise electrocardiography is one of the most commonly performed diagnostic tests in clinical medicine. Typically and traditionally, clinicians perform the test to look for ST-segment changes induced by exercise, which are thought to reflect stress-induced ischemia. The usefulness of the test for purely diagnostic purposes, however, has been called into question because of poor test accuracy (1). Furthermore, the sensitivity of the test may be grossly overestimated and the specificity similarly underestimated because almost all studies suffer from verification bias (2). One study, which was truly unbiased, showed that the sensitivity of the exercise test was only 40–45% for detecting coronary lesions of 50% diameter stenosis or more (2). Another limitation of using the exercise test for strictly diagnostic purposes stems from inherent problems related to the coronary angiogram, which has been shown to be an inadequate measure of the biological severity of arterial wall disease (3).
The Apolipoprotein CI A Allele As a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease

The E4 allele for the apolipoprotein E gene has been shown to be a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The gene is located in a conserved gene cluster on chromosome 19q12-13.2. Downstream from APOE is the gene for apolipoprotein CI. We had previously shown that the presence of a restriction site in the 5'end of APOCI (the A allele) was present at increased frequency in Alzheimer's patients and could also be considered as a risk factor for the disease. We have extended these studies and find that both familial and sporadic cases of Alzheimer's disease have a higher frequency of the APOCI A allele than control spouses. In addition, male patients with the APOCI A allele and/or the APOE4 allele tend to have an earlier age of onset of the disease than female patients.
A Review of Fundamental Tasks in Requirements Elicitation

The success of a software system implementation is contingent on how well it meets the needs or requirements of the organization and the end users. Many information systems projects get abandoned before completion or fail to deliver the expected organizational benefits, causing significant losses in resources, productivity, and reputation. The main reason for the failure of these projects is inaccurate or incomplete requirements determination. Thus, the requirements elicitation process has a significant impact on information systems success and therefore is considered as the most critical workflow in the development process. The requirements elicitation process consists of several fundamental tasks and performing these tasks appropriately may contribute considerably towards a successful systems development effort. This study provides a comprehensive review of these fundamental tasks during the requirement elicitation process and the challenges associated with these tasks or activities.
Designing comprehensive patient and family centered oncology care to achieve value based quality outcomes: Lessons learned from the field in creating sustainable change.

e18225Background: Of all clinical specialties cancer care is often thought of as one of the most patient and family centered due to the nature of the disease and course of treatment. Traditionally ...
Experimental and numerical investigation of intra-laminar energy dissipation and size effect in two-dimensional textile composites

Abstract Design of large composite structures requires understanding the scaling of their mechanical properties, an aspect often overlooked in the literature on composites. This contribution analyzes, experimentally and numerically, the intra-laminar size effect of textile composite structures. Test results of geometrically similar Single Edge Notched specimens made of [0 ∘ ] 8 epoxy/carbon twill 2 × 2 laminates are reported. Results show that the nominal strength decreases with increasing specimen size and that the experimental data can be fitted well by Bažant's size effect law, allowing an accurate identification of the intra-laminar fracture energy of the material, G f . The importance of an accurate estimation of G f in situations where intra-laminar fracturing is the main energy dissipation mechanism is clarified by studying numerically its effect on crashworthiness of composite tubes. Simulations demonstrate that, for the analyzed geometry, a decrease of the fracture energy to 50% of the measured value corresponds to an almost 42% decrease in plateau crushing load. Further, assuming a vertical stress drop after the peak, a typical assumption of strength-based constitutive laws implemented in most commercial Finite Element codes, results in an strength underestimation of the order of 70%. The main conclusion of this study is that measuring accurately fracture energy and modeling correctly the fracturing behavior of textile composites, including their quasi-brittleness , is key. This can be accomplished neither by strength- or strain-based approaches, which neglect size effect, nor by LEFM which does not account for the finiteness of the Fracture Process Zone.
Characterizing Alzheimer's Disease With Image and Genetic Biomarkers Using Supervised Topic Models

Neuroimaging and genetic biomarkers have been widely studied from discriminative perspectives towards Alzheimer's disease (AD) classification, since neuroanatomical patterns and genetic variants are jointly critical indicators for AD diagnosis. Generative methods, designed to model common occurring patterns, could potentially advance the understanding of this disease, but have not been fully explored for AD characterization. Moreover, the introduction of a supervised component into the generative process can constrain the model for more discriminative characterization. In this study, we propose an original method based on supervised topic modeling to characterize AD from a generative perspective, yet maintaining discriminative power at differentiating disease populations. Our topic modeling jointly exploits discretized image features and categorical genetic features. Diagnostic information - cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD - is introduced as a supervision variable. Experimental results on the ADNI cohort demonstrate that our model, while achieving competitive discriminative performance, can discover topics revealing both well-known and novel neuroanatomical patterns including temporal, parietal and frontal regions; as well as associations between genetic factors and neuroanatomical patterns.
Factors predicting persistence of AV nodal block in post-TAVR patients following permanent pacemaker implantation

INTRODUCTION A common complication of transcatheter aortic valve repair (TAVR) is development of conduction defects requiring pacemaker (PPM) implantation. These defects are not universally permanent. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and predictors of persistent device dependency in patients with PPM implantation following TAVR with a self-expanding prosthesis. METHODS Records of patients who underwent post-TAVR PPM implantation were reviewed. Patients with persistent complete AV block (AVBIII) one month post-TAVR were compared to those regaining conduction. RESULTS Between September 2014 and March 2017, 485 patients underwent TAVR with a self-expanding prosthesis; 77 (15.9%) underwent PPM implantation for AVBIII. Device interrogation at one month was available for 61 patients (79%): 22 (36.1%) had resolution of AVBIII while 39 (63.9%) remained pacemaker-dependent. Pre-TAVR right bundle branch block was more frequent in device-dependent patients (19 of 38, 50% vs 4 of 22, 18%; RR 2.75; P = .01). Device-dependence was associated with AVBIII as the first postprocedural rhythm (37 of 39, 95% vs 12 of 22, 55%; RR 1.74; P < .0001), earlier implantation (median 1d, IQR: 0-1.5d vs 2d, IQR: 1.0-4.0d, P = .0004), and a shorter duration of hospitalization (median 3d, IQR: 2-3.5d vs 4d, IQR: 2-5.75d, P = .03). Pacemaker dependence was also associated with a higher prosthesis-to left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter (1.45 ± 0.11 vs 1.39 ± 0.07; P = .02) and the lack of prior aortic valvuloplasty (5 of 39, 13% vs 8 of 22, 36%; RR 0.35; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS In patients receiving a PPM following self-expanding TAVR, a long-term pacing requirement can be predicted from the timing of AV block, existing conduction-system disease, larger prosthesis-to-LVOT diameter, and the lack of aortic valvuloplasty.
Gamma somatosensory cortical oscillations are attenuated during the stance phase of human walking

Abstract It is well appreciated that processing of peripheral feedback by the somatosensory cortices plays a prominent role in the control of human motor actions like walking. However, very few studies have actually quantified the somatosensory cortical activity during walking. In this investigation, we used electroencephalography (EEG) and beamforming source reconstruction methods to quantify the frequency specific neural oscillations that are induced by an electrical stimulation that is applied to the right tibial nerve under the following experimental conditions: 1) sitting, 2) standing in place, and 3) treadmill walking. Our experimental results revealed that the peripheral stimulation induced a transient increase in theta-alpha (4−12 Hz; 50−350 ms) and gamma (40−80 Hz; 40−100 ms) activity in the leg region of the contralateral somatosensory cortices. The strength of the gamma oscillations were similar while sitting and standing, but were markedly attenuated while walking. Conversely, the strength of the theta-alpha oscillations were not different across the respective experimental conditions. Prior research suggests the afferent feedback from the Ia sensory fibers are likely attenuated during walking, while afferent feedback from the β polysynaptic sensory fibers are not. We suggest that the attenuated gamma oscillations seen during walking reflect the gating of the Ia afferents, while the similarity of theta-alpha oscillations across the experimental conditions is associated with the afferent information from the type II (Aα and β) polysynaptic sensory fibers.
Take it or Leave It: Unconscionability of Mandatory Pre-Dispute Arbitration Agreements in the Securities Industry

The pervasive use of mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreements in the securities industry is a relatively new phenomenon. However, research reflects that an overwhelming majority of retail brokerage and investment advisory agreements include language requiring that all disputes between the customer and the broker-dealer/investment adviser be resolved through arbitration – most often with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Dispute Resolution. Thus, only in rare instances can an investor open either a brokerage or investment advisory account without agreeing to submit to mandatory pre-dispute arbitration. The enclosed article is the first to focus on the fairness of mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreements through the lens of an investor’s options, or lack thereof, for relief once an arbitration award has been granted. The Article begins by discussing the jurisprudence of mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreements in the securities industry, including the legality of investors waiving their right to file class action lawsuits. The Article then transitions into a discussion of arguments against the use of mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreements including the Supreme Court invention of a “pro-arbitration” policy and the adhesive nature of brokerage and advisory contracts. The Article then argues that mandatory pre-dispute agreements do not meet investors’ “reasonable expectations” and are per se unconscionable, because they require investors to involuntary waive certain Constitutional rights and provide narrow appellate avenues that effectively preclude judicial review of arbitral awards. The Article concludes by providing an example of what a mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreement would look like if it reflected the current legal regime governing arbitration and provides solutions to policy-makers, the most appropriate of which is to end the use of mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreements in the securities industry.
Equitable Enforcement of Pandemic-Related Public Health Laws: Strategies for Achieving Racial and Health Justice.

[ ]New York's stop and frisk program was associated with poorer physical and psychological health in men and boys in areas where more police stops occurred 8 Police killings of unarmed Black Americans also cause widespread harm, damaging the mental health of Black Americans who are not directly affected 4 In the wake of George Floyd's death, there has been growing attention to delineating the appropriate role of law enforcement In many jurisdictions, however, violations of these public health orders are criminal offenses punishable by fines and, potentially, jail time 10 Consequences like these disproportionately affect individuals with low income and people of color, exacerbating health inequities 11 For example, a law that imposes a $250 fine for a violation can affect a person's ability to pay rent, feed family, or meet other essential needs-all consequences that harm health [ ]some populations may experience challenges to compliance;for example, immigrants may lack access to information in their preferred language In San Francisco, California, for example, the police department has stated that stay-at-home orders will be enforced through multilingual education and voluntary compliance, with criminal penalties as a last resort 10 Tying enforcement to public health education that acknowledges and addresses the challenges of physical distancing and the importance of mask wearing are less likely to exacerbate existing risk factors driven by poverty and lack of access to resources, such as overrepresentation in low-wage essential jobs and overcrowded housing 12 To ensure that graduated enforcement schemes consider equity, jurisdictions should articulate options directly in emergency orders, where permissible, instead of relying on informal guidance from police departments or other enforcement officials Furthermore, creating opportunities for community members to participate in the development and implementation of enforcement provisions is likely to increase compliance 15 Because the impact of COVID-19 restrictions is so far-reaching-affecting family life, businesses, and access to a range of services, including medical care-policymakers should include a transdisciplinary range of stakeholders (e g , individuals who are more likely to experience the medical and economic effects of the pandemic, communitybased organizations, local businesses, housing advocates, public health organizations, and criminal justice advocates)
Safety, immunogenicity and shedding of LAIV4 in HIV-infected and uninfected children.

Abstract Objectives HIV-infected children have poor responses to inactivated influenza vaccines. Live vaccines (LAIVs) are highly efficacious in children, but they are not used in HIV-infected children du e to limited information. We investigated the safety, immunogenicity and viral shedding of LAIV4 in HIV-infected compared with uninfected children. Design Forty-six HIV-infected and 56 uninfected children 2 to 25 years old, who had been previously vaccinated against influenza, consented to receive a single dose of LAIV4. All grade adverse events (AEs) were recorded in the first month post-vaccination and serious AEs (SAEs) throughout the influenza season. Nasopharyngeal swabs for influenza PCR and IgA ELISA and blood for hemagglutination inhibition antibody (HAI) measurements were collected at entry, 2–5, 7–10 and 21–28 days post-vaccination. Results The HIV-infected subjects had median CD4+ cells of 649 cells/μL and plasma HIV RNA of 20 copies/mL. AEs were similar in the two groups. There were no vaccine-related SAEs. Shedding of ≥1 vaccine virus was detected in 67% HIV-infected and 50% uninfected participants ( p = 0.14). HAI titers did not appreciably change, but mucosal IgA antibodies significantly increased post-vaccination in both groups. High baseline HAI and IgA antibody concentrations were associated with decreased viral shedding in controls, but not in HIV-infected subjects. Similar proportions of HIV-infected vaccinees and controls reported influenza-like illnesses (12% and 6%) throughout the season. Conclusions LAIV4 was equally safe and immunogenic and caused similar viral shedding in HIV-infected and uninfected children. A correlate of protection against vaccine viral shedding was not identified in HIV-infected participants, although both circulating and mucosal antibodies correlated with protection in controls.
The Great Streetcar Conspiracy

Streetcars are the latest urban planning fad, stimulated partly by the Obama administration’s preference for funding transportation projects that promote “livability” (meaning living without automobiles) rather than mobility or cost-effective transportation. Toward that end, the administration wants to eliminate cost-effectiveness requirements for federal transportation grants, instead allowing non-cost-effective grants for projects promoting so-called livability. In anticipation of this change, numerous cities are preparing to apply for federal funds to build streetcar lines. The real push for streetcars comes from engineering firms that stand to earn millions of dollars planning, designing, and building streetcar lines. These companies and other streetcar advocates make two major arguments in favor of streetcar construction. The first argument is that streetcars promote economic development. This claim is largely based on the experience of Portland, Oregon, where installation of a $103-million, 4-mile streetcar line supposedly resulted in $3.5 billion worth of new construction. What streetcar advocates rarely if ever mention is that the city also gave developers hundreds of millions of dollars of infrastructure subsidies, tax breaks, and other incentives to build in the streetcar corridor. Almost no new development took place on portions of the streetcar route where developers received no additional subsidies. The second argument is that streetcars are “quality transit,” superior to buses in terms of capacities, potential to attract riders, operating costs, and environmental quality. In fact, a typical bus has more seats than a streetcar, and a bus route can move up to five times as many people per hour, in greater comfort, than a streetcar line. Numerous private bus operators provide successful upscale bus service in both urban and intercity settings. Streetcars cost roughly twice as much to operate, per vehicle mile, as buses. They also cost far more to build and maintain. Streetcars are no more energy efficient than buses and, at least in regions that get most electricity from burning fossil fuels, the electricity powering streetcars produces as much or more greenhouse gases and other air emissions as buses. Based on 19th-century technology, the streetcar has no place in American cities today except when it functions as part of a completely self-supporting tourist line. Instead of subsidizing streetcars, cities should concentrate on basic — and modern — services such as fixing streets, coordinating traffic signals, and improving roadway safety.
Using a technological community framework to manage new medical technologies. The case of umbilical cord blood (UCB) banking.

A technological community framework can be used to explain and manage new medical technologies. It describes emergence, commercialization, and standardization of an innovation or technology within the context of its whole network (or community) of stakeholders. This framework is used to illustrate the emergence, commercialization, and standardization of a relatively new medical technology – umbilical cord blood (UCB) banking. Umbilical cord blood may prove to be a source of stem cells for bone marrow transplant that is safer, more accessible, and less expensive than current sources of stem cells. The technological community framework can signal potential problems as the technology emerges, and help healthcare delivery systems and providers to effectively assess and manage the technology. The framework can also be applied to other medical technologies and innovations.
Borrelia burgdorferi gene expression profiling with membrane-based arrays

Publisher Summary The chapter describes Borrelia burgdorferi membrane arrays contain PCR-amplified open reading frames (ORFs) from Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 MI, and illustrates the strain whose genome sequence. The B. burgdorferi B31 genome is unique among fully sequenced bacterial genomes in that it consists of a linear chromosome 910,725 bp in length and a collection of 9 circular and 12 linear plasmids. Among the 1689 putative open reading frames (ORFs), 855 are chromosome encoded and 834 are plasmid encoded. More than 90% of the Borrelia burgdorferi plasmid ORFs are unrelated to any known bacterial sequences. The novel genes found on the Borrelia burgdorferi plasmids may, therefore, contribute to the ability of this pathogen to survive and maintain its complex life cycle. Since the identities of all the spots (ORFs) on the array are known, the complete gene expression profile of an organism under a given set of conditions may be analyzed with a single array.
30 Years of Reactor Characterization on the NBSR

The NIST nuclear reactor irradiation facilities used for neutron activation analysis have been well characterized for absolute neutron flux measurements, variations within each irradiation facility, neutron energy measurements of each facility, and temperature and pressure measurements. This has been accomplished with various sample materials and under a range of conditions including biological samples inside of sealed quartz ampoules, and for radiation damage measurements on the polyethylene rabbits used for all pneumatic tube irradiations. As a result of all these measurements, initiated in 1969 and still continuing, the NBSR irradiation facilities have become the most highly characterized NAA irradiation facilities in the world. This paper describes the methods and techniques developed and used for characterization of the NBSR irradiation facilities.
Morphologic features of adenocarcinoma of the lung predictive of response to the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib.

Abstract Context.—A subset of lung adenocarcinomas appears preferentially sensitive to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). EGFR-activating mutations and never smoking are associated with response to TKIs. Objectives.—To describe the morphology of adenocarcinomas responsive to TKIs, compare it to tumors in nonresponding patients, and correlate findings with EGFR mutations, gene copy number, and protein expression. Design.—Material from 52 EGFR TKI-treated patients was studied: 29 responders and 23 nonresponders. Adenocarcinoma subtypes and morphologic features were defined in histologic and cytologic material. EGFR mutations were detected by sequencing, copy number by chromogenic in situ hybridization, and expression by immunohistochemistry. Results.—Tumors from TKI responders tended to be better-differentiated adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma components. Nonresponders showed more heterogeneous morphology, higher grade, and more subtypes, and were mor...
La violencia erótica del cuerpo femenino en "Farabeuf o la crónica de un instante" de Salvador Elizondo

La violencia dentro de la obra del mexicano Salvador Elizondo ha sido un tema recurrente con el que se ha buscado aproximarse a un afan totalizador del mundo. Esta busqueda a partir de la violencia dentro de Farabeuf o cronica de un instante (1965) se hace presente como elemento que potencia y reconcilia las relaciones erotico-sexuales en el relato. Este trabajo tienecr por objeto mostrar dicha elaboracion como una conciliacion erotica, que a traves de las analogias, tiene lugar en la anatomia femenina. La novela presenta como elemento fundamental una formulacion de analogias desarrolladas en tres planos temporales referidos en la novela como "instantes".
Salutary effects of aspirin in coronary artery disease are not limited to its platelet inhibitory effects

Aspirin is widely used in the treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, other platelet inhibitory agents, which inhibit platelet activation, have not been found to be effective or as effective as aspirin. The discrepancy between the efficacy of these compounds and aspirin suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of aspirin may not be limited to its platelet inhibitory effect. In this review, the basis for a unique place for aspirin in the therapy of patients with CAD is discussed. The author believes that the nonplatelet-mediated effects of aspirin could be more important than the platelet inhibitory effect, or at least may complement the platelet inhibitory effects of aspirin in patients with acute myocardial ischemia and in others undergoing intracoronary procedures.
Randomized Trial of Primary Anesthetic Agents on Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Operations

To examine the role of primary anesthetic agent on outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting operations, 1,012 patients were prospectively randomized to receive enflurane (257), halothane (253), isoflurane (248), or sufentanil (254). Except for administration of the primary anesthetic, anesthesia management was standardized for all patients. The randomized groups did not differ in demographic characteristics, extent of coronary artery disease, chronic antianginal therapy, hemodynamic characteristics including new myocardial ischemia at arrival to the operating room, and surgical characteristics that might influence the rate of postoperative myocardial infarction or death. From anesthetic induction to start of cardiopulmonary bypass, new ST segment depression appeared in 310 (30.4%) patients and was not different among primary anesthetic groups (28.0-33.5%). Similarly, the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction (3.6-4.7%) and death (1.2-2.4%) was not different. Although intraoperative hypotension was twice as common in patients receiving any volatile anesthetic and hypertension twice as common with sufentanil, tachycardia (greater than or equal to 110 bpm) was not related to any primary anesthetic (4.3-9.1%) and was the only hemodynamic abnormality significantly related to intraoperative ischemia. The strongest predictor of intraoperative ischemia was ischemia on arrival to the operating room. The authors postulate that approximately 90% of new myocardial ischemia observed during anesthesia is the manifestation of silent ischemia observed in patients before operation and only 10% is related to anesthetic management. They conclude that, despite differences in the hemodynamic consequences of the primary anesthetics studied, none of the primary anesthetics influenced outcome and the primary role of the anesthesiologist in management of these patients is control of heart rate.