cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mortar coupling and upscaling of pore-scale models

Pore-scale models are becoming increasingly useful as predictive tools for modeling flow and transport in porous media. These models can accurately represent the 3D pore-structure of real media. Currently first-principles modeling methods are being employed for obtaining qualitative and quantitative behavior. Generally, artificial, simple boundary conditions are imposed on a model that is used as a stand-alone tool for extracting macroscopic parameters. However, realistic boundary conditions, reflecting flow and transport in surrounding media, may be necessary for behavior that occurs over larger length scales or including pore-scale models in a multiscale setting. Here, pore-scale network models are coupled to adjacent media (additional pore-scale or continuum-scale models) using mortars. Mortars are 2D finite-element spaces employed to couple independent subdomains by enforcing continuity of pressure and flux at shared boundary interfaces. While mortars have been used in the past to couple subdomains of different models, physics, and meshes, they are extended here for the first time to pore-scale models. The approach is demonstrated by modeling single-phase flow in coupled pore-scale models, but the methodology can be utilized to model dynamic processes and perform multiscale modeling in 3D continuum simulators for flow and transport.
Modeling enzyme immobilization in porous solid supports

Enzymes are often immobilized on the internal surfaces of porous solid by immersing enzyme‐free particles in a well mixed solution of enzyme. The ensuing impregnation process involves coupled transient mass transfer and surface attachment of enzyme. A mathematical model is employed to explore the influences of process parameters on the amount of enzyme loaded and the distribution of immobilized enzyme within the support particles. Nonuniform loading of the support occurs under some conditions. This is significant since the distribution of enzyme within the support particle influences the overall activity and stability of the immobilized enzyme catalyst. The model developed here may also be used to describe removal of reversibly immobilized enzyme during washing or utilization of the immobilized enzyme catalyst.
Classes of spatially inhomogeneous pseudodifferential operators.

Abstract One can obtain sharp information on a pseudodifferential operator p(x,D) by embedding the symbol p in a symbolic calculus specially designed to reflect the behavior of p. We sketch the development of symbolic calculi arising in this connection, and use our results to give simple proofs of the sharp Garding inequality and of sufficiency of Nirenberg-Traves' condition (P) for local solvability of equations of principal type.
THE CHALLENGES OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN DRUG TREATMENT COURT SETTINGS

National and local interest in drug treatment courts has grown substantially since the first program was established in Miami (FL) in 1989. Through May 2001, there were 688 operational drug treatment courts and 432 in various stages of planning. The U.S. Department of Justice provides about $50 million annually to fund the planning and implementation of drug treatment courts. Despite this support and widespread popularity, there has been relatively little rigorous empirical research on the operations, impacts, and economic impacts of drug treatment courts. This article explores the development of drug treatment court research over the past ten years, the current state of research on drug treatment courts, and the organizational and scientific challenges to conducting research in these settings. Recommendations are presented for improving the scope and rigor of drug treatment court research.
Modified microkeratome-assisted posterior lamellar keratoplasty using a tissue adhesive.

Objective To compare graft stability and astigmatic change using suture vs tissue adhesive in an experimental model of microkeratome-assisted posterior lamellar keratoplasty. Methods A 300-μm-thick partial flap keratectomy was performed in human donor corneoscleral rims using an artificial anterior chamber and a manual microkeratome. The flap stopped at the left central opening border, providing a wide hinge to add stability. After flap reflection, a 6.25-mm trephination was performed to obtain a disc of posterior stroma, Descemet membrane, and endothelium. The disc was positioned in a sutureless fashion, and the flap secured with either 5 interrupted sutures or a chondroitin-sulfate-aldehyde–based adhesive. Increasing intrachamber pressures were created to detect graft stability. Videokeratographic data were recorded to evaluate astigmatic change. Results The mean (SD) astigmatic change was 3.08 (0.84) diopters (D) in the sutured group and 1.13 (0.55) D in the glued group ( P = .008). Mean (SD) resisted pressures were 95.68 (27.38) mm Hg and 82.45 (18.40) mm Hg in the sutured and glued groups, respectively ( P = .97). Conclusion This modified technique of microkeratome-assisted posterior lamellar keratoplasty showed excellent graft stability in both groups. Flaps sealed with the novel tissue adhesive had reduced astigmatic changes in our experimental model. Clinical Relevance Sutureless microkeratome-assisted posterior lamellar keratoplasty using tissue adhesive may become a new alternative in the surgical treatment of corneal endothelial disorders.
Fused-Core Particles: A Practical Alternative to Sub-2 Micron Particles

The benefits of sub-2 micron particle size columns have been widely researched and published. The use of these columns on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) instrumentation may lead to increased efficiencies and higher throughput. However, these instruments may not be readily available to the pharmaceutical chemist. Within the past year, a practical alternative has been introduced which offers increased efficiencies, but at conventional HPLC pressure limitations. These particles are called fused-core particles and are comprised of a 1.7-micron solid core encompassed by a 0.5-micron porous silica layer (dp = 2.7 micron). The goal for this research was to test these columns for efficiency and robustness utilizing a mixture of Torcetrapib and its relative impurities. Our results indicate that excellent theoretical plates (approximately 14000) were achievable for run times less than 5 min. Compared to the Waters Acquity particles, the fused-core particles achieved approximately 80% of the efficiency but with half the observed backpressure. Our robustness results concluded that these separations were reproducible for at least 500 injections while the % RSD for retention time, theoretical plates, peak asymmetry, and resolution was found to be less than 1%.
MicroRNA miR-9 modifies motor neuron columns by a tuning regulation of FoxP1 levels in developing spinal cords

The precise organization of motor neuron subtypes in a columnar pattern in developing spinal cords is controlled by cross-interactions of multiple transcription factors and segmental expressions of Hox genes and their accessory proteins. Accurate expression levels and domains of these regulators are essential for organizing spinal motor neuron columns and axonal projections to target muscles. Here, we show that microRNA miR-9 is transiently expressed in a motor neuron subtype and displays overlapping expression with its target gene FoxP1. Overexpression or knockdown of miR-9 alters motor neuron subtypes, switches columnar identities, and changes axonal innervations in developing chick spinal cords. miR-9 modifies spinal columnar organization by specifically regulating FoxP1 protein levels, which in turn determine distinct motor neuron subtypes. Our findings demonstrate that miR-9 is an essential regulator of motor neuron specification and columnar formation. Moreover, the overlapping expression of miR-9 and its target FoxP1 further illuminates the importance of fine-tuning regulation by microRNAs in motor neuron development.
Restoration of a Forest Understory After the Removal of an Invasive Shrub, Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)

The recruitment of native seedlings is often reduced in areas where the invasive Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) is abundant. To address this recruitment problem, we evaluated the effectiveness of L. maackii eradication methods and restoration efforts using seedlings of six native tree species planted within eradication and unmanipulated (control) plots. Two eradication methods using glyphosate herbicide were evaluated: cut and paint and stem injection with an EZ-Ject lance. Lonicera maackii density and biomass as well as microenvironmental characteristics were measured to study their effects on seedling growth and survivorship. Mean biomass of Amur honeysuckle was 361 ±69 kg/ha, and density was 21,380±3,171 plants/ha. Both eradication treatments were effective in killing L. maackii (‡94%). The injection treatment was most effective on large L. maackii individuals (>1.5cm diameter), was 43% faster to apply than cutting and painting and less fatiguing for the operator, decreased operator exposure to herbicide, and minimized impact to nontarget vegetation. Deer browse tree protectors were used on half of the seedlings, but did not affect survivorship or growth. After 3 years, survival of native seedlings was significantly less where L. maackii was left intact (32±3%) compared with the eradication plots (p Quercus muehlenbergii ‡Prunus serotina ‡Juglans nigra >Cercis canadensis >Cornus florida. Survivorship and growth of native seedlings was affected by a severe first-year drought and by site location. One site exhibited greater spring soil moisture, pH, percent open canopy, and had greater survivorship relative to the other site (55±2 vs. 30±2%). Overall, both L. maackii eradication methods were successful, but restorationists should be aware of the potential for differential survivorship of native seedlings depending on species identity and microenvironmental conditions.
Patterns of inhalant use among incarcerated youth

Inhalant use is especially prevalent among antisocial youth and can have serious health consequences. However, the extant literature has not investigated how use of various inhalants may co-occur among incarcerated youth. This study begins to address this gap in the literature by using latent class analyses to form distinct typologies of inhalant use. Study participants were residents (N = 723) of 27 Missouri Division of Youth Services facilities. Interviews assessed psychiatric symptoms, antisocial traits, delinquency, trauma, suicidality, and substance use behaviors. The mean age of the mostly male, ethnically diverse sample was 15.5 (S.D. = 1.2) years old. The study revealed the following classes of inhalant use: (1) severe polyinhalant use; (2) moderate polyinhalant use; (3) gas and permanent marker use; and (4) low-use. Compared to the low-use class, members of the severe polyinhalant use class had experienced more than double the rate of head injuries, the highest rates of traumatic experiences, and the highest rates of mental illness diagnoses. The gas and markers class had the highest rate of reporting hearing voices, followed by the severe polyinhalant use class, and the moderate polyinhalant use class. Results of this study underscore the need to address the high rate of head injuries and mental health diagnoses that contribute to severe polyinhalant use.
SU(3) family gauge symmetry and the axion

We analyze the structure of a recently proposed effective field theory (EFT) for the generation of quark and lepton mass ratios and mixing angles, based on the spontaneous breaking of an SU(3) family gauge symmetry at a high scale F. We classify the Yukawa operators necessary to seed the masses, making use of the continuous global symmetries that they preserve. One global U(1), in addition to baryon number and electroweak hypercharge, remains unbroken after the inclusion of all operators required by standard model fermion phenomenology. An associated vacuum symmetry insures the vanishing of the first-family quark and charged-lepton masses in the absence of the family gauge interaction. If this U(1) symmetry is taken to be exact in the EFT, broken explicitly by only the QCD-induced anomaly, and if the breaking scale F is taken to lie in the range 10{sup 9}-10{sup 12} GeV, then the associated Nambu-Goldstone boson is a potential QCD axion.
The perceptual analysis of structure from motion for rotating objects undergoing affine stretching transformations

In two experiments, we evaluated the ability of human observers to make use of second-order temporal relations across three or more views of an apparent motion sequence for the perceptual analysis of three-dimensional form. Ratings of perceived rigidity were obtained in Experiment 1 for objects rotating in depth that were simultaneously subjected to sinusoidal affine stretching transformations along the line of sight or in a direction parallel to the image plane. Such transformations are theoretically interesting because they cannot be detected by analyses that are restricted to first-order temporal relations (i.e., two views), but they can be detected by more conventional analyses of structure from motion in which second-order temporal relations over three or more views are used. The current results show that human observers can perceive stretching transformations of a rotating 3-D object in a direction parallel to the image plane but that they fail to perceive stretching transformations along the line of sight. This result suggests that human observers can make use of some limited second-order temporal information. This finding was confirmed in Experiment 2, in which we investigated the effects of several specific optical consequences of sinusoidal stretching transformations applied in different directions. The results indicate that observers may be sensitive to the sign ofacceleration, but that. they cannot make use of the precise magnitude of second-order relations necessary to recover euclidean metric structure. Human observers have the remarkable ability to perceive an object’s three-dimensional (3-D) form from its projected pattern of motion within a 2-D visual image. This phenomenon, sometimes referred to as the kinetic depth effect, has been widely investigated by perceptual psychologists for over 60 years (Braunstein, 1962; J. J. Gibson & E. J. Gibson, 1957; E. J. Gibson, J. J. Gibson, Smith, & Flock, 1959; Green, 1961; Johansson, 1964; Johansson & Jansson, 1968; Metzger, 1934; Miles, 1931; Wallach & O’Connell, 1953). More recently, this capability has also attracted the attention of researchers in machine vision, who have developed working algorithms for computing an object’s 3-D structure from moving 2-D optical patterns. Most mathematical analyses for computing structure from motion are designed to operate on a small number of identifiable points across a small number of discrete temporal “views.” The goal of these analyses is to discover whether there is a rigid (usually) 3-D structure compatible with the positions of those points over time. Ullman (1979) has shown that one can recover 3-D structure from orthographic projections given the motions of
Factors associated with preterm delivery in mothers of children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: a case cohort study from the BWS registry.

Pregnancy that results in a child with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is associated with preterm delivery. Based on previous case series, we hypothesized that preterm delivery of a child with BWS was due to known risk factors for preterm delivery such as polyhydramnios and gestational hypertension. A case cohort study using the BWS Registry at Washington University School of Medicine was undertaken. Cases were pregnancies that resulted in the birth of a child with BWS, controls were pregnancies resulting in the birth of siblings without BWS. Univariate analyses of maternal complications and logistic regression to predict preterm delivery were used. Children with BWS (n = 304) were delivered preterm at a significantly higher rate than their siblings (n = 269) odds ratio 19.1 (95% CI 9.1–40.2). Polyhydramnios, gestational hypertension, and vaginal bleeding also occurred at high rates in the BWS group with odds ratios of 31.6 (95% CI 12.6–79.1), 2.4 (95% CI 1.4–4.1), and 3.9 (95% CI 2.3–6.4), respectively. In a multivariate logistic regression model within the BWS group, polyhydramnios, vaginal bleeding, and gestational hypertension were significant predictors of preterm delivery, odds ratios of 2.9 (95% CI 1.6–5.4), 2.6 (95% CI 1.3–5.0), and 5.3 (2.3–12.0), respectively. However, a significant proportion, 6.5% (18 of 277), of patients in the BWS group delivered preterm without known risk factors. Preterm delivery of a child with BWS is associated with an increased frequency of polyhydramnios, gestational hypertension, and vaginal bleeding in the mother. However, preterm delivery also occurs in the absence of these risk factors. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prospective analysis of patients treated with a distal urethral polypropylene sling for symptoms of stress urinary incontinence: surgical outcome and satisfaction determined by patient driven questionnaires.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the distal urethral polypropylene sling for stress urinary incontinence using patient self-assessment by questionnaires.Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent a mid distal urethral sling procedure between November 1999 and February 2002. Surgical outcome was determined by symptom, bother and quality of life questionnaires completed by the patients. The physicians were blinded to patient responses. These outcomes were compared to the SEAPI determined by the physician and to physical examination findings.Results: There were 301 patients, of whom 2.3% required treatment for persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after the polypropylene sling procedure. In the 92 patients with a minimum followup of 12 months the objective cure rate was 92%. The patient determined subjective success rate (cure and improved greater than 50%) was 89%. On questionnaires only 69% of the patients reported no sym...
Interactive rendering of real-time volumetric ultrasound images

Volumetric ultrasound imaging opens the door to a variety of diagnostic and interventional investigations. A key to the utility of volumetric ultrasound imaging is the ability to produce high quality displays of the target in real time as data is acquired. We propose a rendering technique that enables volumetric visualization of data with arbitrary geometry at real time rates. An image is generated by blending a set of slices of the volume data orthogonal to the viewing direction. Each sample in each slice is assigned a color and transparency as a function of the nearest voxel data. Finding the voxel associated with each pixel is accomplished efficiently using a precalculated volume look-up table, which converts from the Cartesian viewing coordinate system to the arbitrary (typically spherical) coordinate system of the volume data. The volume rendering technique uses off the shelf hardware and is shown to be fast and flexible.
PAX3-FKHR Regulates the Expression of Pleiotrophin to Mediate Motility in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells

More than 80% of the aggressive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMSs) harbor a PAX3-FKHR fusion transcription factor, which regulates cell motility and promotes metastasis. Our hypothesis is that PAX3-FKHR regulates cell motility by regulating the expression of its transcriptional targets that are also its downstream effectors, which if identified, may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for treating ARMS. Here we report that PAX3-FKHR regulates the expression of pleiotrophin (PTN) by binding specifically to a paired-box domain binding-site in the PTN promoter, indicating that PTN is a transcriptional target of PAX3-FKHR. Significantly, we show that PTN regulates ARMS cell motility. Taken together, we have identified PTN as a novel transcriptional target of PAX3-FKHR that promotes ARMS cell motility. PTN may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of ARMS.
Quantifying the impact of health IT implementations on clinical workflow: a new methodological perspective

Health IT implementations often introduce radical changes to clinical work processes and workflow. Prior research investigating this effect has shown conflicting results. Recent time and motion studies have consistently found that this impact is negligible; whereas qualitative studies have repeatedly revealed negative end-user perceptions suggesting decreased efficiency and disrupted workflow. We speculate that this discrepancy may be due in part to the design of the time and motion studies, which is focused on measuring clinicians' 'time expenditures' among different clinical activities rather than inspecting clinical 'workflow' from the true 'flow of the work' perspective. In this paper, we present a set of new analytical methods consisting of workflow fragmentation assessments, pattern recognition, and data visualization, which are accordingly designed to uncover hidden regularities embedded in the flow of the work. Through an empirical study, we demonstrate the potential value of these new methods in enriching workflow analysis in clinical settings.
Bioarchaeology: The Lives and Lifestyles of Past People

Skeletons represent the most direct evidence of the biology of past populations, and their study provides insight into health and well-being, dietary history, lifestyle (activity), violence and trauma, ancestry, and demography. These areas help inform our understanding of a range of issues, such as the causes and consequences of adaptive shifts in the past (e.g., foraging to farming, sedentarism), the biological impact of invasion and colonization, differential access to food and other resources (e.g., by gender or status), and conflict and warfare. Central to bioarchaeological inquiry are the interaction between biology and behavior and the role of environment on health and lifestyle. Bioarchaeological analysis has traditionally focused on local settings. However, important perspective on general questions of human adaptation is possible both regionally and globally.
Dual Estimation and the Unscented Transformation

Dual estimation refers to the problem of simultaneously estimating the state of a dynamic system and the model which gives rise to the dynamics. Algorithms include expectation-maximization (EM), dual Kalman filtering, and joint Kalman methods. These methods have recently been explored in the context of nonlinear modeling, where a neural network is used as the functional form of the unknown model. Typically, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) or smoother is used for the part of the algorithm that estimates the clean state given the current estimated model. An EKF may also be used to estimate the weights of the network. This paper points out the flaws in using the EKF, and proposes an improvement based on a new approach called the unscented transformation (UT) [3]. A substantial performance gain is achieved with the same order of computational complexity as that of the standard EKF. The approach is illustrated on several dual estimation methods.
Role of Zinc in the Nutrition of Growing Pullets

Abstract ZINC was shown by O’Dell and Savage (1957) to be responsible, in part, for the growth response in chicks when corn distillers dried solubles was fed as a supplement to a purified diet. They further described the conditions of zinc deficiency in this species. The addition of graded levels of zinc to diets containing washed soybean protein as the sole source of protein resulted in a maximum increase in growth and bone development when a level of 35 ppm. was added. The use of unwashed soybean protein also resulted in a zinc deficiency in chicks (Robertson and Schaible, 1958). Special precautions are needed to demonstrate a zinc requirement by chicks, as zinc contamination from the environment, water, galvanized batteries, and feed containers is often enough to supply the necessary zinc for the chicks (Edwards et al., 1958). In the absence of aureomycin, the addition of 50 ppm. of zinc to …
Relaxing consistency in recoverable distributed shared memory

Relaxed memory consistency models tolerate increased memory access latency in both hardware and software distributed shared memory systems. In recoverable systems, relaxing consistency has the added benefit of reducing the number of checkpoints needed to avoid rollback propagation. The authors introduce new checkpointing algorithms that take advantage of relaxed consistency to reduce the performance overhead of checkpointing. They also introduce a scheme based on lazy relaxed consistency that reduces both checkpointing overhead and the overhead of avoiding error propagation in systems with error latency. They use multiprocessor address traces to evaluate the relaxed consistency approach to checkpointing with distributed shared memory.
Kinetics of lipid oxidation in foods

This review shows how the basic kinetics of lipid oxidation can be simplified for application to the study of food deterioration. The physical and chemical factors that control oxidation are examined and analyzed in terms of food structure and composition. Studies of oxidation of several food items are examined in light of these kinetics and mechanisms.
Segmentation of the central nervous system in leech

Central nervous system (CNS) in leech comprises segmentally iterated progeny derived from five embryonic lineages (M, N, O, P and Q). Segmentation of the leech CNS is characterized by the formation of a series of transverse fissures that subdivide initially continuous columns of segmental founder cells in the N lineage into distinct ganglionic primordia. We have examined the relationship between the N lineage cells that separate to form the fissures and lateral ectodermal and mesodermal derivatives by differentially labeling cells with intracellular lineage tracers and antibodies. Although subsets of both lateral ectoderm and muscle fibers contact N lineage cells at or near the time of fissure formation, ablation experiments suggest that these contacts are not required for initiating fissure formation. It appears, therefore, that this aspect of segmentation occurs autonomously within the N lineage. To support this idea, we present evidence that fundamental differences exist between alternating ganglionic precursor cells (nf and ns primary blast cells) within the N lineage. Specifically, ablation of an nf primary blast cell sometimes resulted in the fusion of ipsilateral hemi-ganglia, while ablation of an ns primary blast cell often caused a 'slippage' of blast cells posterior to the lesion. Also, differences in cell behavior were observed in biochemically arrested nf and ns primary blast cells. Collectively, these results lead to a model of segmentation in the leech CNS that is based upon differences in cell adhesion and/or cell motility between the alternating nf and ns primary blast cells. We note that the segmentation processes described here occur well prior to the expression of the leech engrailed-class gene in the N lineage.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy Use and Health Care Costs After Introduction of Genomic Testing in Breast Cancer

PurposeWe assessed the associations between the 21-gene recurrence score assay (RS) receipt, subsequent chemotherapy use, and medical expenditures among patients with early-stage breast cancer.Patients and MethodsData from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry were used to assemble a retrospective cohort of women with early-stage breast cancer from 2007 to 2010 who underwent initial surgical treatment. These data were merged with administrative claims from the 12-month periods before and after diagnosis to identify comorbidities, treatments, and expenditures (n = 7,287). Propensity score–weighted regression models were estimated to identify the effects of RS receipt on chemotherapy use and medical spending in the year after diagnosis.ResultsThe associations between RS receipt and outcomes varied markedly by patient age. RS use was associated with lower chemotherapy use among women younger than 55 (19.2% lower; 95% CI, 10.6 to 27.9). RS use was associated with higher chemotherapy use among women 75 to 84 years ...
A genetic algorithm based approach to pipelined memory-aware scheduling on an MPSoC

Although multicore designs seem to be a viable replacement of single core designs, the new architecture comes with its share of problems. A main problem is that we do not have the necessary software tools and techniques to utilize the power of multiple processors. This added a burden on the shoulders of software and tool developers to devise techniques to harvest the powerful architecture. One very needed technique is effectively scheduling tasks on the system processing cores while managing the memory budget. The end goal is increased parallelism for better performance. In this paper, we present a genetic algorithm based approach to pipelined scheduling on a multi-processor system-on-a-chip as an integrated step with memory partitioning. Results on real life benchmarks showed the effectiveness of our techniques.
SOME OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS IN MARINE PIPE LINE CONSTRUCTION

The proper design of a pipe line for the transport of gas or oil from sea to land requires the solution of a number of engineering problems either not encountered in pipe line engineering on land or found to be of a different nature in the marine environment than in the terrestrial environment. These include: (l) consideration of the vertical stability of the pipe, (2) consideration of the lateral stability of the pipe and its vertical risers in the presence of wave-induced forces, and (3) consideration of the longitudinal stability of the pipe in the presence of thermally induced tensile and compressive forces. The first of these considerations is treated in the present paper.
Brillouin Properties of a Novel Strontium Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fiber

Presented here are the selected optical, physical, and Brillouin-related properties of a novel silica-clad, strontium aluminosilicate (SrAlSi) glass optical fiber produced using the molten core method. The Brillouin gain coefficient was found to be 0.11 × 10−11 m/W, which is about 20 × lower than conventional silica glass optical fibers. The SrAlSi core fiber also has a near-zero temperature coefficient of Brillouin frequency shift (–0.064 MHz/K) and can be considered athermal for all intents and purposes. Additional physical and Brillouin properties of the individual glass components are deduced through the use of an additive model. As a highlight, strontia (SrO) is found to have a large negative Pockels photoelastic coefficient of p12 = – 0.245. Various other bulk properties, such as the acoustic velocity, refractive index, mass density, thermo-optic, and thermo-acoustic, as well as strain-optic and strain-acoustic coefficients are provided.
Application of Reduced Order Multiscale Homogenization to ‘Assess and Quantify the Benefits of Applying Damage Tolerant Design Principles to Advanced Composite Aircraft Structures’

This study demonstrates the applicability and performance of the space-time multiscale composites failure model developed at the Multiscale Computational Mechanics Laboratory at Vanderbilt University for the life prediction of advanced aerospace composites. The study was performed as a part of an Air Force investigation entitled “Assess and Quantify the Benefits of Applying Damage Tolerant Design Principles to Advanced Composite Aircraft Structure.” The failure model employed is based on the symmetric eigendeformationbased reduced order homogenization method. The proposed model predicts macroscale failure as initiation, growth and accumulation of damage mechanisms that occur at the scale of the composite constituents. The model is exercised to predict the stiffness and strength a quasi-isotropic layup of a graphite epoxy composite subjected to tension and compression. The comparison of the results of the fully blind predictions to experiments demonstrated high accuracy of the proposed model in capturing detailed failure mechanisms in various composite layups under both tensile and compressive loading.
High Resolution Imaging of the Hemodynamic and Metabolic Response to Functional Activation

Stimulation induced changes in blood flow, oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin were imaged with combination of laser speckle contrast imaging and multi-wavelength reflectance imaging. Results reveal spatial and temporal differences between forepaw and whisker stimulation.
Parenteral Nutrition at Home for 5 Years Via Arteriovenous Fistulae: Supplemental Intravenous Feedings for a Patient with Severe Short Bowel Syndrome

On March 26, 1970, a 33-year-old male suffered intestinal infarction which required total enterectomy and duodeno-transverse colostomy. Nutrition was maintained in the hospital by daily parenteral feeding for 2 months postoperatively, after which parenteral feedings were decreased and stopped for long periods. Various oral dietary regimens failed to provide adequate nutrition, and the patient lost 40 kg and became severely malnourished during the next 13 months. In June 1971, supplemental home parenteral nutrition (PN) via an arteriovenous fistula was instituted on a 3 or 4 nights per week basis. The patient's weight and strength increased markedly after institution of the home supplemental PN program. The first fistula became occluded after 9.5 months of home PN use and subsequent successive fistulae have remained patent for 31.3, 8.8, and 5.5 months of use. The patient prepares his own PN fluids at home, using a commercial device for filling plastic intravenous fluid bags. Although several different types of fluid have been used, the current mixture of 25% glucose and 2.75% amino acids with added vitamins, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and insulin plus simultaneously administered lipid emulsion has proven most effective. Only when the patient's low fat, low oxalate diet is supplemented with this parenteral mixture 4 nights each week is he in positive nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium balance. However, his negative calcium balance is only partially corrected. There has been no sepsis, embolism, or fistula infection during 5 years of home PN.
Leukotriene D4 induces MMP-1, which functions as an IGFBP protease in human airway smooth muscle cells

We have previously demonstrated that the asthma-associated proinflammatory eicosanoid leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is comitogenic with insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. This synergistic effect of LTD4 and IGF on ASM cell growth involves proteolysis of ASM-produced inhibitory IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP). In this report, we analyzed the conditioned media (CM) from LTD4-treated human ASM cells (ASM-LTD4-CM) by Western ligand blotting and demonstrated a marked LTD4-induced reduction in the levels of the intact IGFBP (predominantly IGFBP-2) secreted by these cells. The IGFBP-2 in the ASM-LTD4-CM was identified as lower-molecular-weight fragments by Western immunoblotting. Incubation with 125I-labeled IGFBP demonstrated that an IGFBP protease was induced in the ASM cells in response to LTD4 treatment. Immunodepletion of ASM-LTD4-CM with anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 antibodies demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction of IGFBP proteolysis. Tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 and Batimastat (synthetic) inhibited proteolysis of IGFBP. Immunoblotting the ASM-LTD4-CM with anti-MMP-1 demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in MMP-1 protein. Similar results were also obtained by immunocytochemistry. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that MMP-1 is an IGFBP protease induced by leukotrienes that plays a significant role in modulating IGF action in ASM cells. A similar mechanism may be applicable in vivo in the airways of patients with asthma.
Examining the Content of Head Start Teachers’ Literacy Instruction Within Two Activity Contexts During Large-Group Circle Time

Large-group circle time is an important component of many preschool classrooms’ daily schedules. This study scrutinized the teaching content of Head Start teachers’ literacy instruction (i.e., the types of literacy concept embedded within the instruction, lexical characteristics of teachers’ talk, and elaborations on literacy knowledge) in two different large-group activity contexts (book reading and nonbook reading) that occur during large-group circle time at the beginning and the end of fall semester. Change in teachers’ literacy instruction across the semester and within each context was examined. Results indicated that teachers engaged in more literacy instruction in the nonbook reading context than during book reading. Teachers provided more vocabulary instruction than code-related instruction during book reading, but a similar amount of each type of instruction during nonbook reading. More vocabulary instruction occurred in winter than in fall, whereas the lexical characteristics of teachers’ talk ...
Coalition Politics and Economic Development: Coalition politics and economic development

The previous chapter provided a new theoretical framework to explain cross-national variation in national economic performance. Unlike previous explanations that emphasize the importance of getting policies “right,” having leaders with strong “political will,” or protecting leaders from special interests, my argument takes an almost opposite tack. Rather than powerful governments capable of imposing the right policies, what the developing world needs, I argue, are institutions that promote policy moderation by dispersing policymaking authority to multiple actors, each accountable to different constituencies. In this sense, what I am calling for is “more democracy,” even “too much democracy” (if such a thing can be even said to exist). The more voices that have to be heard before policy can be made, the harder it is for governments to make unilateral and arbitrary policy shifts, which in turn bolsters investors' confidence about the content and stability of future policy. This counter-intuitive argument comes with one condition: it is important that the actors to whom policy is dispersed have an incentive to cooperate with each other when absolutely necessary (e.g., in response to crisis). Therefore, I argued above that coalition or minority parliamentary democracies should fare best, but that the oppositional framework of divided presidential systems might lead to “gridlock” rather than “moderation” and therefore to less desirable outcomes. This chapter is the first of four empirical chapters in which I shall try to convince the reader of the empirical utility of this explanatory framework.
Confidant Availability (In)Stability and Emotional Well-Being in Older Men and Women.

Purpose of the study The present study examined the role of stability and change in the availability of a family member and a friend as a confidant in older adults' emotional well-being. Method Participants in two waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 4,631; M = 64.3, 53.7% female) were assessed on depressive symptoms and the availability of a family member and friend as confidant. Using mixed linear effects models, four groups were compared over time and across gender on depressive symptoms: those with and without a family/friend confidant at both waves and those who lost and gained a family/friend confidant. Results Those with stable availability of a family or friend confidant consistently scored the lowest on depressive symptoms; the gain of a family or friend confidant corresponded with a decrease in depressive symptoms, with a larger effect seen for the gain of a family confidant; the loss of a family confidant was associated with an increase in depressive symptoms over time; and stable availability of a family or friend confidant was more strongly linked to lower levels of depressive symptoms among women, whereas stable unavailability of a family confidant was linked to higher levels of depressive symptoms. Implications Stable availability of either a family or friend confidant in late life is especially salient to emotional well-being, notably among women. Emotional well-being benefits from the gain of a confidant highlight the importance of supplementing or substituting a loss, especially of a family confidant, which is associated with a significant increase in depressive symptoms.
941 Preventing childhood injuries through educational posters

Background Since 1991, Childsafe South Africa has gathered available statistics on childhood injuries and deaths presenting at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital Trauma Unit in Cape Town, South Africa. This database serves as a surveillance system on childhood injuries and it is considered to be one of the biggest paediatric injury databases. The database has been systematically analysed for a large number of clinical and epidemiological studies as they relate to childhood injuries. Childsafe South Africa collaborated with relevant stakeholders and developed educational posters that convey universal safety information and recommendations for families, creches, and care givers, based on the statistics from the database. Methods A series of three educational posters (1) “Growing Safely” (2008), (2) “Living Safely” (2010), and (3) “Travelling Safely” (2011) were developed encompassing the various characteristics of children throughout their development and providing corresponding harm reduction principles. These posters identify the early developmental limitations of the children; recognise typical injuries within specified age groups (from the database); illustrate the best practice scenario and best prevention are organised by age and are coloured with detailed pictures of accident precautions and suggestions. Results “Growing Safely” is an international award winning poster and depicts the child from birth until age six. It raises crucial awareness by providing safety recommendations, by age, for fall prevention, drowning risks, car safety, and the dangers of common household items. The “Living Safely” poster was designed in response to a growing number of hot water burns and flame burns. Thus, “Living Safely” is formatted in the same award winning design and addresses burn risks and fire safety. The topics portrayed in “Living Safely” include; sunburn protection, hot water burn prevention, electrical cord/outlet recommendations, and proper fire extinguishing directions. The most recently developed poster, “Travelling Safely” illustrates age appropriate vehicle restraints, helmet and safety guard suggestions, street crossing advisory, and tips for proper bicycling. To provide such imperative information, the three posters have been translated into local languages. Conclusion The Childsafe South Africa posters have been well received and regarded as best educational tool not only in South Africa but around the world. People are able to connect with messages as it’s extracted from simple situations that take place on daily basis. Images of real people (children) are being used and the pictorial depictions overcome literacy levels.
Market Power in Nonrenewable Resource Markets: An Empirical Dynamic Model

This paper estimates a dynamic model of the world markets for five nonrenewable resources over the period 1970–2004 and tests for market power in each of these markets. The results show that during the study period the world markets for copper, iron, lead, tin, and zinc were characterized by oligopolistic behavior. Our model enables us to estimate an upper bound for the price elasticity of demand for those markets exhibiting market power. We find that the demand for copper, iron, lead, and zinc is relatively inelastic, while the demand for tin is extremely elastic.
Antibacterial, antioxidant and cell proliferative properties of Coccinia grandis fruits.

Objective: Little knowledge is available on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Coccina grandis fruits and no study has reported on its cell proliferative property. The aim of this study was to examine the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cell proliferative property of fruits of C. grandis. Material and Methods: Fruits of C. grandis were extracted using water; ethanol and acetone by cold and hot Soxhlet extraction. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the modified Kirby-Bauer diffusion method and compared against erythromycin. The antioxidant property was determined using Cayman's antioxidant assay; whereas cell proliferation/cytotoxic properties were evaluated using the Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell MTS assay with MDA-MB 321 breast cancer cells. Data were analyzed for correlation and differences using unpaired student's t-test and one-way ANOVA. A p value of Results: Both cold and hot ethanol and acetone extracts of C. grandis fruits showed some degree of bacterial growth inhibition. Acetone extracts exhibited higher antibacterial activity. Both ethanol extracts showed antioxidant property when compared with standard Trolox. In contrary to cytotoxicity, all four extracts showed cell proliferation compared to controls at different concentrations. However, acetone extracts exhibited greater cell proliferation compared to ethanol extracts and cold extracts performed better than the hot extracts. Conclusion: C. grandis fruits exhibited some degree of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cell proliferative properties. Further investigation is warranted to isolate, confirm and characterize phytochemicals that are responsible for the medicinal properties observed.
The aggressiveness of neurotrauma practitioners and the influence of the IMPACT prognostic calculator

Published guidelines have helped to standardize the care of patients with traumatic brain injury; however, there remains substantial variation in the decision to pursue or withhold aggressive care. The International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI (IMPACT) prognostic calculator offers the opportunity to study and decrease variability in physician aggressiveness. The authors wish to understand how IMPACT's prognostic calculations currently influence patient care and to better understand physician aggressiveness. The authors conducted an anonymous international, multidisciplinary survey of practitioners who provide care to patients with traumatic brain injury. Questions were designed to determine current use rates of the IMPACT prognostic calculator and thresholds of age and risk for death or poor outcome that might cause practitioners to consider withholding aggressive care. Correlations between physician aggressiveness, putative predictors of aggressiveness, and demographics were examined. One hundred fifty-four responses were received, half of which were from physicians who were familiar with the IMPACT calculator. The most frequent use of the calculator was to improve communication with patients and their families. On average, respondents indicated that in patients older than 76 years or those with a >85% chance of death or poor outcome it might be reasonable to pursue non-aggressive care. These thresholds were robust and were not influenced by provider or institutional characteristics. This study demonstrates the need to educate physicians about the IMPACT prognostic calculator. The consensus values for age and prognosis identified in our study may be explored in future studies aimed at reducing variability in physician aggressiveness and should not serve as a basis for withdrawing care.