cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind-tunnel Measurements of the Coefficient of Restitution and Kinetic Energy of Quartz Sand for Mars and Earth Impacting on a Basalt Rock with Numerical Simulation

The methods by which rocks physically weather over time on the surfaces of planets with atmospheres can provide important information on the geologic history of a region. One of the most significant mechanisms by which rock physical weathering occurs is through aeolian abrasion. This process produces ventifacts, i.e., rocks that have been abraded by windborne particles. Ventifact morphology is dependent upon rock properties and the history of abrasion. Ventifacts can provide important clues on rock and atmospheric properties over time. Up until recently, Earth was the only planet on which ventifacts had been definitively identified. That changed in 1997 with the finding of abundant ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site on Mars. The presence of ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site are important for several reasons. First, they indicate that rock abrasion is a significant geologic process on Mars. Second, they point to a defined range of abrading particle and rock properties such that ventifacts can form. Third, the orientation of ventifact features implies formation under a climatic regime different than that of today. However, insight into these implications is hindered by our lack of understanding of i) the rate of ventifact formation; and, ii) the link between morphology and geologic and atmospheric properties, especially on Mars. Investigation of these questions was the central goal of this research effort. This paper presents a series of abrasion experiments coupled with theoretical models that address ventifact formation on Mars and Earth. Rock analog materials have been abraded under terrestrial and Martian conditions to determine the effects of target and atmospheric properties on ventifact morphology. The relation between the target properties and experimental conditions and the resulting morphological forms produced allow formulation of models of ventifact formation applied to planetary rocks. These models can now be coupled to theoretical treatments of abrasion energy due to saltation. These results of these models will, in turn, provide estimates for the rates of ventifact formation and the link between morphology and geologic and aeolian factors for rocks on Earth and Mars. The results of this research: i) increase our understanding of the factors involved in terrestrial and Martian rock abrasion and ventifact formation; ii) result in a better theoretical treatment of the relation between saltation properties and abrasion; and, iii) provide information on the ancient weathering regime and climate on Mars.
Visual Study of Resonance Dominated Microjet Flows Using Laser-Based Micro-Schlieren

A laser-based micro-schlieren system has been developed to visually analyze the unsteady micro-flowfields of a high frequency pulsed microjet actuator, a sparkjet actuator, and a 1 mm impinging jet. Due to the small scale and high velocity of these flows it was necessary to develop an imaging technique that gives high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, a short duration light source was coupled with a micro-schlieren system. Laser-induced breakdown in argon is used as the light source, which generates broadband light with a pulse width of approximately 10 nanoseconds and sets the exposure time for the image. With this unique light source, it is possible to freeze the structures present in each of these smallscale, high-speed, resonant flows. Through this technique various complex flow features such as shock oscillation displacements, jet front velocities, phase correlations between the aeroacoustic structures etc. were measured for various microscale resonant flows.
Body Volume and Density of Live Coturnix Quail and Associated Genetic Relationships

Abstract A device was developed for the nondestructive measure of body volume by air displacement. Two experiments were performed on Coturnix quail to determine the feasibility of using body density and volume of the live bird as criteria of selection for changing whole body lipid content. In Experiment 1, 423 birds were used from three selected lines differing in adult weight. Three measurements of volume were taken on each bird. Repeatability of volume was consistently high for all line-sex subclasses, averaging .75. A phenotypic correlation of .55 was derived for body density and lipid content of the whole carcass. Estimates of heritabilities and genetic relationships for body density, volume and weight, and whole body lipid content were derived in Experiment 2 on 739 birds representing 50 sires and 125 dams of a randombred population. Heritability of volume averaged over full and half-sibs and over sexes was high (.66). The average genetic correlation for volume and lipid content was .44. Heritabilities of density averaged .38 and were highly genetically correlated (.69) with lipid content, which had an average heritability of .35. Body weight was very highly heritable in the population (.82) and correlated genetically with body lipid (.60).
Effects of Optical Spot/Magnetic Head Misalignment for Perpendicular Hybrid Magnetic Recording Systems

We present modeling and experimental work on the alignment tolerances between the optical and magnetic head in a hybrid recording system. The experiments were performed using a longitudinal magnetic write head on TeFeCo media. Based on these findings conceptual designs for an integrated transducer are given.
Youth-Based Social Entrepreneurship: Post-Tsunami Crisis Interventions

This article analyzes the social entrepreneurial strategies of young college students and their professor who designed a series of interventions during a semester course titled OB 490 Becoming a Global Change Agent. Immediately following the devastation of the Asian tsunami in December 2004, this group formed teams and prepared projects to be implemented in Thailand's coastal areas where considerable death and destruction occurred. After the course ended, over a hundred volunteers traveled to Khao Lak and worked to rebuild villages, schools, families, and income-generating projects. Details about the structure, strategies, and impacts of these interventions are reported, their ripple effects, as well as suggestions for future social entrepreneurship outreach.
Time and Money: Discovery Leads to Hourly Billing

Although many clients and lawyers now condemn hourly billing, there is heavy irony about this. Starting in the 1950s, both groups demanded the switch from fixed-fee billing to hourly billing. This paper explains why. Our economic model shows that societal changes, particularly the expansion of pretrial discovery in the 1938 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, led inevitably to hourly billing. Hourly billing both efficiently shifted new risks away from lawyers and made legal services cheaper than under fixed fee billing. Our model suggests that, if litigation costs are relatively certain, then the efficient contract is a fixed-fee contract. Although such a contract imposes a cost risk on attorneys, the contract reduces moral hazard, that is, the incentive for an attorney to waste time. If instead cost uncertainty increases greatly and lawyers are more risk averse than their clients, then it becomes efficient to switch to hourly billing. Hourly billing will reduce risk for the attorney. If cost uncertainty is large enough, then the savings from risk reapportionment, which the lawyer and the client can share, will more than offset the cost of the waste from hourly billing's moral hazard. Before 1938, the standard fee arrangement was a fixed fee. Broadened discovery then increased the uncertainty of litigation costs, especially as states copied the Federal Rules over the next two decades. Starting in the mid-1950s, as our model predicts, litigators, spurred by their institutional clients, switched to hourly billing. By the late 1960s, society's increasing complexity had increased cost uncertainty for transactional lawyers. As our model predicts, the bar soon also shifted to hourly billing for transactional work. Many personal injury cases continue to be litigated under contingency agreements in part because, as the model shows, clients in these cases are often more risk averse than other clients. The model suggests why clients and lawyers have recently experimented with forms of fixed-fee billing. Because the conditions that made hourly billing efficient may now have changed, economic pressures are now building for a return to forms of fixed-fee billing.
Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes mellitus in Huaiyin District of Huai'an City,Jiangsu Province

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes mellitus in a population older than18 years in Huaiyin District of Huai'an City,Jiangsu Province and to provide methods to control DM in Huaiyin District.Methods A survey with multi-stage random cluster sampling was performed among 6410 residents with age of over18.Questionnaire,physical examination and laboratory test were evaluated.The resulting date was analyzed by χ2test and multi-factor non-conditional logistic regression.Results Diabetes mellitus prevalence in older than 18 years in Huaiyin was6.07%,and standardized rate was 5.12%,which increased with the growth of age(χ2= 586.40,P 0.01).The result from multi-factor non-conditional logistic regression was that age(OR = 0.857),education(OR = 1.246),smoke(OR =1.133),central obesity(OR = 1.022) and BMI(OR = 0.852) were relative to Diabetes Mellitus.Conclusion The risk factors of diabetes mellitus of the residents in Huaiyin District are age,education,smoke,central obesity high-fat diet and BMI.Pertinent measures as strengthening health education,advocating a healthy lifestyle and a reasonable diet,managing the persons with diabetes in specification mode are important to prevent and control DM.
Spiritual Dimensions of Surgical Palliative Care

Death is the most complex of religious issues and suicide is the most complex of philosophic issues. Our century has seen a massive technological expansion in our ability to prolong life, and unfortunately, to kill with unparalleled efficiency Society has demanded that physicians explore with them whether death by suicide is a logical extension of palliative care. For surgeons, these profoundly spiritual concerns are, in many ways, beyond our education and training and may not be compatible with the current practice of surgery.
Candida of the bladder wall: computerized tomography demonstration.

AbstractWe describe a patient with a history of vulvar cancer, aplastic anemia and diabetes who was found to have a bladder wall lesion on a computerized tomography scan, which was compatible with malignancy. Pathological examination of the biopsy specimen revealed the lesion to be Candida. The differential diagnosis of filling defects in the bladder as seen on computerized tomography is discussed.
AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF MENISCAL PATHOLOGIES: A CASE SERIES ANALYSIS OF THE MULLIGAN CONCEPT “SQUEEZE” TECHNIQUE

Background Partial meniscectomy does not consistently produce the desired positive outcomes intended for meniscal tears lesions; therefore, a need exists for research into alternatives for treating symptoms of meniscal tears. The purpose of this case series was to examine the effect of the Mulligan Concept (MC) “Squeeze” technique in physically active participants who presented with clinical symptoms of meniscal tears.
Towards safer texting while driving through stop time prediction

Driver distraction due to in-vehicle device use is an increasing concern and has led to national attention. We ask whether it is not more effective to channel the drivers' device and information system use into safer periods, rather than attempt a complete prohibition of mobile device use. This paper aims to start the discussion by examining the feasibility of automatically identifying safer periods for operating mobile devices. We propose a movement-based architecture design to identify relatively safe periods, estimate the duration and safety level of each period, and delay notifications until a safer period arrives. To further explore the feasibility of such a system architecture, we design and implement a prediction algorithm for one safe period, long traffic signal stops, that relies on crowd sourced position data. Simulations and experimental evaluation show that the system can achieve a low prediction error and its converge and prediction accuracy increase proportionally to the availability of the amount of crowd-sourced data.
Iodixanol Versus Low-Osmolar Contrast Media for Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy Meta-analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials

Background— Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The objective of our meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM) for prevention of CIN. Methods and Results— We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and internet sources of cardiology trial results for individual and relevant reviews of randomized, controlled trials, for the terms contrast media, contrast nephropathy, renal failure, iodixanol, Visipaque, and low-osmolar contrast media. All studies reported an incidence rate of CIN for each study group; there was no restriction on the definition of CIN. There were no restrictions on journal type or patient population. Overall, 36 trials were identified for analysis of aggregated summary data on 7166 patients; 3672 patients received iodixanol and 3494 patients received LOCM. Overall, iodixanol showed no statistically significant reduction in CIN incidence below that observed with heterogeneous comparator agents ( P =0.11). Analysis of patient subgroups revealed that there was a significant benefit of iodixanol when compared with iohexol alone (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.55; P <0.001) but not when compared with LOCM other than iohexol or with other ionic dimers or among patients receiving intra-arterial contrast injections or among patients undergoing coronary angiography with or without percutaneous intervention. Conclusions— Analysis of aggregated summary data from multiple randomized, controlled trials of iodixanol against diverse LOCMs for heterogeneous procedures and definitions of CIN show an iodixanol-associated reduction that is suggestive but statistically nonsignificant.
Threads of Tradition: Design and Meaning in Russian Peasant Clothing and Textile Arts

The diverse components and decoration of peasant costumes in the north and south of Russia are the focus of this examination of the materials, stitches, and colors of textile arts. The identification of the wearer’s stage of life, village, kinship, and local traditions is analyzed through the sartorial elements and embroidered designs of garments and headdresses. Other textile work, especially embroidery on towels and bed linens, with repeated patterns and stylized motifs, shows formal similarities with designs on wooden distaffs, suggesting shared historical origins of certain forms. The essay emphasizes both the conservative nature of peasant clothing and the adaptability of textile arts to new materials, techniques, and functions.
Vowel space density as an indicator of speech performance

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for visualizing and assessing the characteristics of vowel production by measuring the local density of normalized F1 and F2 formant frequencies. The result is a three-dimensional plot called the vowel space density (VSD) and indicates the regions in the vowel space most heavily used by a talker during speech production. The area of a convex hull enclosing the vowel space at specific threshold density values was proposed as a means of quantifying the VSD.
Addressing Memory Pressure in Data-intensive Parallel Programs via Container Based Virtualization

Out-of-memory (OOM) errors and excessive garbage collection (GC) activities are common issues in dataintensive parallel programs, which cause not only poor performance but also execution failures. A recent study [1] proposed a new programming model to address the memory pressure in data-parallel programs. The proposed iTask proactively reclaims memory to avoid OOM errors and reduce GC time. Although effective, it requires extensive changes to the parallel program.In this paper, we show that lightweight virtualization, such as OS containers, can address the memory pressure in data-parallel programs with much less effort. Virtualization provides two key benefits: 1) tasks running in a container can set a large heap size to avoid OOM errors without worrying about thrashing the physical host; 2) tasks that are under memory pressure and incur significant GC activities can be temporarily “suspended” by depriving the hosting containers of resources, and can be resumed later when other tasks complete and release their resources. Experimental results using Docker containers and Hadoop benchmarks show that this simple approach effectively avoids OOM errors and suppresses wasteful GC.
Resected irradiated rectal cancers: Are twelve lymph nodes really necessary in the era of neoadjuvant therapy?

BACKGROUND Our study aims to identify the minimum number of lymph nodes (LN) associated with improved survival in patients who underwent NRT for stage II-III rectal cancer. METHODS Adults with clinical stage II and III rectal adenocarcinoma in the National Cancer Data Base were stratified by NRT. Multivariable Cox regression modeling with restricted cubic splines was used to determine the minimum number of LNs associated with improved survival. RESULTS Of 38,363 patients, 76% received NRT. After adjustment, a LNY≥12 was associated with improved survival among patients receiving NRT (HR 0.79, p < 0.0001) and those without NRT (HR 0.88, p = 0.04). Among patients receiving NRT, factors independently associated with LNY≥12 were younger age, private insurance, low comorbidity score, a recent year of diagnosis, higher T stage and grade, APR resection, and academic institution. CONCLUSIONS A minimum LNY of 12 confers a survival benefit for rectal cancer patients regardless of receiving neoadjuvant radiation therapy.
Quantum Sets, Assemblies and Plexi

Set theory may be used as a language to talk about things in some mathematical or nonmathematical domain of discourse, representing things by sets. When our knowledge of these things is complete and unchanging, it is convenient to represent one thing by one point, providing a 1-1 or complete description of the domain of discourse. When our knowledge is incomplete at the time the Inaguage is being formulated, it is customary to represent one thing by many points, in a 1-to-many or incomplete description, later reducing this multiplicity on the basis of later information. The multiplicity representing a thing in such an incomplete description is called the space of the thing, and is generally provided with further structure. The phase space of classical mechanics, the phase space of thermodynamics, the sample space of statistics and the vector space of quantum mechanics are examples of such spaces and incomplete descriptions, often of the same thing. In all these examples but the quantum it is supposed that the incomplete description finally completed, or at least may be, by choosing one point of the space on the basis of later information. In the quantum case, the space is used to record a process of production or preparation, and a dual space records the subsequent process of absorption or detection.
The order effect of advertisers on consumer search behavior in sponsored search markets

Abstract This research examines consumer search behavior across multiple ordered advertisers in sponsored search markets. To consider the sequential nature of consumer search, we model search behavior as a set of interdependent ordered decisions: namely, the entry, click, and stop decisions. Using individual-level data obtained from a search engine, we identify the key determinants of consumer search behavior in the sponsored section of search results. Our results reveal that there is significant variation in the effects of advertisers' latent brand equity and website quality on the search decisions. Thereby, search behavior heavily depends on the ordered composition of advertisers in sponsored listing. We highlight the ability of our model to quantify the order effect of advertisers on the number of clicks on sponsored ads, which can assist the search engine and advertisers in predicting the click counts and assessing the value of ad positions.
Propulsion of catalytic Janus spheres in viscosified Newtonian solutions

In many applications of synthetic motors objects are moved through environments with component mixtures. Here active colloid propulsion is experimentally probed versus solution viscosity in hydrogen peroxide solutions, and interpreted with existing diffusion reaction models of self-diffusiophoresis.
Spectrin and its interacting partners in nuclear structure and function

Nonerythroid αII-spectrin is a structural protein whose roles in the nucleus have just begun to be explored. αII-spectrin is an important component of the nucleoskelelton and has both structural and non-structural functions. Its best known role is in repair of DNA ICLs both in genomic and telomeric DNA. αII-spectrin aids in the recruitment of repair proteins to sites of damage and a proposed mechanism of action is presented. It interacts with a number of different groups of proteins in the nucleus, indicating it has roles in additional cellular functions. αII-spectrin, in its structural role, associates/co-purifies with proteins important in maintaining the architecture and mechanical properties of the nucleus such as lamin, emerin, actin, protein 4.1, nuclear myosin, and SUN proteins. It is important for the resilience and elasticity of the nucleus. Thus, αII-spectrin's role in cellular functions is complex due to its structural as well as non-structural roles and understanding the consequences of a loss or deficiency of αII-spectrin in the nucleus is a significant challenge. In the bone marrow failure disorder, Fanconi anemia, there is a deficiency in αII-spectrin and, among other characteristics, there is defective DNA repair, chromosome instability, and congenital abnormalities. One may speculate that a deficiency in αII-spectrin plays an important role not only in the DNA repair defect but also in the congenital anomalies observed in Fanconi anemia , particularly since αII-spectrin has been shown to be important in embryonic development in a mouse model. The dual roles of αII-spectrin in the nucleus in both structural and non-structural functions make this an extremely important protein which needs to be investigated further. Such investigations should help unravel the complexities of αII-spectrin's interactions with other nuclear proteins and enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of disorders, such as Fanconi anemia , in which there is a deficiency in αII-spectrin. Impact statement The nucleoskeleton is critical for maintaining the architecture and functional integrity of the nucleus. Nonerythroid α-spectrin (αIISp) is an essential nucleoskeletal protein; however, its interactions with other structural and non-structural nuclear proteins and its functional importance in the nucleus have only begun to be explored. This review addresses these issues. It describes αIISp's association with DNA repair proteins and at least one proposed mechanism of action for its role in DNA repair. Specific interactions of αIISp with other nucleoskeletal proteins as well as its important role in the biomechanical properties of the nucleus are reviewed. The consequences of loss of αIISp, in disorders such as Fanconi anemia, are examined, providing insights into the profound impact of this loss on critical processes known to be abnormal in FA, such as development, carcinogenesis, cancer progression and cellular functions dependent upon αIISp's interactions with other nucleoskeletal proteins.
Modeling Dependence in Evolutionary Inference for Proteins

Protein structure alignment is a classic problem of computational biology, and is widely used to identify structural and functional similarity and to infer homology among proteins. Previously a statistical model for protein structural evolution has been introduced and shown to significantly improve phylogenetic inferences compared to approaches that utilize only amino acid sequence information. Here we extend this model to account for correlated evolutionary drift among neighboring amino acid positions, resulting in a spatio-temporal model of protein structure evolution. The result is a multivariate diffusion process convolved with a spatial birth-death process, which comes with little additional computational cost or analytical complexity compared to the site-independent model (SIM). We demonstrate that this extended, site-dependent model (SDM) yields a significant reduction of bias in estimated evolutionary distances and helps further improve phylogenetic tree reconstruction.
Thermal Stresses in Coal Conversion Pressure Vessels Built of Layered Construction

Radially varying temperature and thermal stress distributions in layered pressure vessels designed for use in coal conversion processes are investigated. A least-squares residual method which incorporates Lagrange multipliers for satisfaction of initial, boundary and interface conditions is employed in the case of transient heat conduction. Assuming orthotropic elastic behavior, a general solution is formulated for the stresses induced by combined temperature, pressures and initial interferences between layers. The effects of heat-transfer resistance at layer contact surfaces are illustrated through several numerical examples. Representation of a layered vessel as a homogeneous cylinder having an effective thermal conductivity, for the purpose of predicting thermoelastic response, is also explored.
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): Late Consequences

Since its introduction, ESWL has had a great impact on the treatment of renal stone disease. This treatment is 90% successful for upper urinary tract stones less than 2 centimeters in diameter. The initial reports created tremendous enthisiasm and related few complications. Subsequent studies have raised concerns about stone recurrence rates and renal dysfunction, as well as hypertension, following lithotripsy. Studies on stone recurrence rates have yielded reassuringly low rates; however, the duration of follow-up in these studies is only 2 years and certainly more data concerning the 10%–30% of patients with remnant stone fragments are needed. Initial reports of tissue damage, consisting of subcapsular hematomas immediately following treatment and localized areas of interstitial fibrosis in more chronic animal models, provide a possible explanation for the reports of decreased renal blood flow correlated with hypertension in human subjects studied up to 4 years after lithotripsy. These studies contain small numbers of patients and corroborative studies are needed to document the risks of such complications.
Compliance with and typical usage of artificial tears in dry eye conditions.

Background Although the literature on dry eye is extensive, little has been written about the typical use of tear supplements among the clinical population. Methods This study consisted of chart reviews and telephone surveys. Self-reported use of tear supplements was evaluated. Results At the time of the survey, 63% of those recommended to use artificial tear solutions (114 of 229) continued to do so. The discontinuation rate was higher for ointments, with 53% (47 of 89) having stopped using a recommended ointment. The majority of those continuing to use drops will use one or two drops per day (30 gtts/30 days, +/- 89). In addition to the extreme amount of variability in the number of artificial tears used by any individual, a great deal of day-to-day variability is seen within any individual. Conclusions Patients appear to titrate dosage to symptoms on any given day. Given this, there may be little reason to prescribe a specific dosage regimen for the majority of persons using tears. Researchers who are looking at the effectiveness of tear supplements need to take into account the individual variability of use in tear supplements. When prescribing artificial tears, patient education regarding purpose for treatment, specific agent, and dosage used may improve relatively low compliance rates.
Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Load Estimation Using Small-Scale Testing

Vibration serviceability in large assembly-type structures such as stadiums and grandstands has become a design and management concern as crowds continue to impose significant dynamic loads on a structure through synchronized movement. However, there is little guidance on the appropriate dynamic design loading to be anticipated for the design of new structures or the assessment of existing structures. The guidance currently available for human-induced dynamic loading is limited to laboratory experiments and numerical models that fail to take into account the effects that many factors of the event atmosphere may have on the loading models. Because measurement of the forces exerted by a crowd under true event conditions is next to impossible, this project investigates the ability to estimate the dynamic loading with consideration of only the more reasonably obtainable acceleration response of the structure during the event. Experimental testing was performed on a simple floor structure subjected to dynamic forces generated by small groups to investigate the accuracy and sensitivity of the load estimation method for consideration when applying this method to large scale structures.
Pure phase synthesis of Cu3PS4 and Cu6PS5Cl for semiconductor applications

We have achieved the first reported pure phase synthesis of two new nanoparticle materials, Cu3PS4 and Cu6PS5Cl. We have achieved this through learning about the potential reaction pathways that CuCl2, P2S5, and 1-dodecanethiol can take. This study has shown that the key variable to control is the state of the phosphorus source when the CuCl2 is added. If P2S5 is added together with the CuCl2 to dodecanethiol then the reaction will follow a path to Cu3PS4, but if it is dissolved in dodecanethiol prior to the addition to CuCl2 then the reaction will produce Cu6PS5Cl. The formation of these two different phases can occur simultaneously, yet we have found sets of conditions that manipulate the reaction system to form each phase exclusively. These nanoparticles could have broad semiconductor or solid electrolyte applications.
A robust excess in the cosmic-ray antiproton spectrum: Implications for annihilating dark matter

An excess of $\ensuremath{\sim}10--20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ cosmic-ray antiprotons has been identified in the spectrum reported by the AMS-02 Collaboration. The systematic uncertainties associated with this signal, however, have made it difficult to interpret these results. In this paper, we revisit the uncertainties associated with the time, charge and energy-dependent effects of solar modulation, the antiproton production cross section, and interstellar cosmic-ray propagation. After accounting for these uncertainties, we confirm the presence of a $4.7\ensuremath{\sigma}$ antiproton excess, consistent with that arising from a ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\approx}64--88\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ dark matter particle annihilating to $b\overline{b}$ with a cross section of $\ensuremath{\sigma}v\ensuremath{\simeq}(0.8--5.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$. If we allow for the stochastic acceleration of secondary antiprotons in supernova remnants, the data continue to favor a similar range of dark matter models (${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\approx}46--94\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}v\ensuremath{\approx}(0.7--3.8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$) with a significance of $3.3\ensuremath{\sigma}$. The same range of dark matter models that are favored to explain the antiproton excess can also accommodate the excess of GeV-scale gamma rays observed from the Galactic center.
Surveillance imaging in pediatric lymphoma

Current therapies used in treating children with Hodgkin lymphoma and many histological subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma have resulted in overall survival rates exceeding 90% in many instances. With increasing concerns related to the cost of radiologic imaging, exposure to ionizing radiation, and potential false-positive results, the role of routine off-therapy surveillance imaging has been called into question. Although radiologic imaging plays an important role in diagnosing and assessing treatment response, in these children - the majority of whom have an excellent outcome following completion of therapy - there is an opportunity to dramatically reduce the number of off-therapy imaging evaluations. This review summarizes several recent studies in both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma providing evidence to support these efforts. In addition, we propose a surveillance imaging strategy that uses a novel risk-adapted and response-based approach to determine which children would most benefit from off-therapy imaging surveillance.
Preventing Fall Injury

Falls are the leading cause of injury, premature institutionalization, and long-term disability in elderly adults worldwide, with a fall-related fatality in the United States every 19 minutes.1 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2 3 million people over 65 years of age receive emergency room treatment for fall injuries at an average cost of $30 000. The annual cost of fall injuries was more than $50 billion in 2015.1,2 Community-based interventions effective in preventing falls include exercise, medication, and nutritional management as well as improving safety of the local environment.3 Evidence supporting interventions designed to reduce hospital inpatient falls is less clear despite considerable research aimed at reducing this growing problem. Those injured due to falling during a hospital stay incur higher costs, including a 6-day longer hospital stay, than non-fallers.4 Programs have worked to prevent other "never events," such as wound infections or pressure ulcers, but mixed results have been reported for preventing falls or fall-related injuries in hospitals. This month's Evidence Corner reviews a randomized controlled trial (RCT)5 and a prospective observational study6 that offer important clues on how to prevent hospital inpatient falls.
Anatomic Pectoralis Major Repair With Intramedullary Anchor Fixation

Although previously described as a rare injury, pectoralis major tendon rupture has shown increased reports in recent years. This injury can be managed conservatively; however, given the propensity for young, physically active male individuals, surgical repair is often preferred. Definitive surgical repair can be performed through various techniques such as bone trough, transosseous fixation, suture anchor, and cortical button techniques. This technique guide describes surgical repair through intramedullary anchor fixation with a unique pull-through method using taped suture to secure the tendon repair to its anatomic footprint. We believe this method is biomechanically advantageous, reduces bone loss that may lead to postoperative fractures, and re-creates the anatomic footprint of the torn tendon.
Transient Biliary Fistula After Pancreatoduodenectomy Increases Risk of Biliary Anastomotic Stricture

Biliary fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of early postoperative biliary fistula for developing biliary anastomotic stricture after PD. Retrospective review of all PD performed for various indications at a single institution between 2013 and 2018. Postoperative biliary fistulae were graded according to the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) as grade A–C. Multivariable analysis was performed for all comparative patient subgroups. A total of 843 patients underwent PD for malignant (68%) and benign (32%) indications. Postoperative biliary fistula developed in 66 (8%) patients; ISGLS grade A in 29 (3%), grade B in 32 (4%), and grade C in 5 (0.6%). Ninety-day mortality was 3% (25 patients). The remaining 818 patients were evaluated with a median follow-up of 16 months (IQR, 5–32 months). Biliary anastomotic stricture developed in 41 (5%) patients at a median of 10 months (IQR, 6–18 months) postoperatively. Strictures were managed with percutaneous (27 patients, 66%) or endoscopic (14 patients, 34%) stenting. No biliary stricture required operative anastomotic revision. Postoperative biliary fistula (HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.0–9.9; P = 0.0002) was associated with biliary anastomotic stricture; an increased risk for biliary anastomotic stricture was seen in patients with grade A (HR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.4–16.9; P = 0.0002) and grade B (HR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2–10.9; P = 0.02) postoperative biliary fistula. Postoperative biliary fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy, including clinically insignificant, transient biliary fistula, is associated with an increased risk of a late biliary anastomotic stricture requiring stenting.
A Disposable, Papertronic Three-Electrode Potentiostat for Monitoring Bacterial Electrochemical Activity

Bacterial electrochemical activities can promote sustainable energy and environmental engineering applications. Characterizing their ability is critical for effectively adopting these technologies. Conventional studies of the electroactive bacteria are limited to insensitive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive two-electrode microbial fuel cell (MFC) techniques. Even the latest miniaturized MFC array is limited by irreproducibility and uncontrollability. In this work, we created a 4-well electrochemical sensing array with an integrated, custom-made three-electrode potentiostat to provide a controllable analytic capability without unwanted perturbations. A simple potentiostat circuit used two operational amplifiers and one resistor, allowing chronoamperometric and staircase voltammetric analyses of three well-known electroactive bacteria species: Shewanella oneidensis MR1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Bacillus subtilis. Portability and disposability were emphasized by integrating all the functions into a paper substrate, which makes analyses possible at the point-of-use and in resource-limited settings without a bulky and expensive benchtop potentiostat. After use, the papertronic system was disposed of safely by incineration without posing any bacterial cytotoxic risks. This novel sensing platform creates an inexpensive, scalable, time-saving, high-performance, and user-friendly platform that facilitates the study of fundamental electrocatalytic activities of bacteria.
Dark Sector Searches at the CMS Experiment

Several astrophysical observations show that about 85% of the entire universe consists of dark matter, the origin of which is unknown. Observations particularly from PAMELA, AMS, etc. have triggered light dark matter and dark sector scenarios (Adriani et al. (PAMELA Collab.) in Natue (London) 458:607, 2009, [1]). Attempts to formulate a unified theoretical framework to explain these observations have led to dark sector models. Some of the recent results for searches involving dark photons and dark-sector particles from the CMS experiment is presented Some of the recent results for searches involving dark photons and dark-sector particles from the CMS experiment is presented [2].
The Co-Video Mathematician

Many of my experiences during the pandemic and the response are probably similar to most. Some days I can’t see the differences from how it was before unless I look closely. I go for a hike with my family or watch my son play ball or my daughter do gymnastics. It feels normal till I look more closely and see how spread out we are, how little conversation there is in the stands. Other times what we have lost is clear, especially on days when my kids should be in school and are instead home with me. I fight the same depression that we all face.
Anomalous Effects Involving Excess Power, Radiation, and Helium Production During D2O Electrolysis Using Palladium Cathodes

Previous experiments showed that eight electrolysis gas samples collected during episodes of excess power production in two identical cells contained measurable amounts of [sup 4]He while six control samples gave no evidence for helium. However, the detection limit for helium could not be defined clearly. This study of helium diffusion into the Pyrex glass sample flasks establishes a minimum helium detection limit of 3 [times] 10[sup 13] atom/ 500 ml (3 ppb) for these experiments. New D[sub 2]O and H[sub 2]O control experiments involving helium measurements of electrolysis gas samples collected in metal flasks support this conclusion. This places the [sup 4]He production rate at 10[sup 11] and 10[sup 12] atom/s per watt of excess power, which is the correct magnitude for typical fusion reactions that yield helium as a product. Simultaneous evidence for excess power, helium production, and anomalous radiation was present in these experiments. Completely new experiments with more precise helium measurements are reported that again show simultaneous evidence for excess power, helium production, and anomalous radiation. 22 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.
Adolescent Sleep and Mental Health Across Race/Ethnicity: Does Parent-Child Connectedness Matter?

Objective Sleep is vital for healthy development, yet most adolescents do not meet recommended nightly hours. Although racial/ethnic minorities often experience relatively worse sleep outcomes compared with White peers, little is known about how the sleep-mental health relationship holds across diverse groups or how family relationships affect this association. Method Using data on 8th, 9th, and 11th grade public school respondents to the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 113,834), we conducted univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to examine whether sleep duration was associated with depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Furthermore, we examined the effect of the parent-child connectedness by sleep interaction on these relationships. Analyses were conducted for 9 racial/ethnic groups collectively and separately. Results Overall, youth sleep duration and parent-child connectedness were independently associated with reduced rates of depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt. There was significant interaction between parent-child connectedness and sleep, demonstrating that connectedness magnifies the benefits of the sleep-mental health relationship. Main effects of sleep and parent-child connectedness for mental health were similar for most individual racial/ethnic groups, although magnitudes varied. The connectedness-sleep interaction only remained significant for White and Asian youth on select suicide-related outcomes. Conclusion Despite racial/ethnic differences, adolescent sleep and parent-child connectedness both seem to buffer youth from poor mental health in a large, multiethnic sample. On the whole, these factors demonstrate a synergistic protective effect and reflect promising intervention targets. The extent to which their interactive benefit translates across diverse populations requires additional study.
Explaining Language Structure through Systems Interaction

This book proposes a framework for describing languages through the description of relationships among lexicon, morphology, syntax, and phonology. The framework is based on the notion of formal coding means; the principle of functional transparency; the notion of functional domains; and the notion of systems interaction in the coding of functional domains. The study is based on original analyses of cross-linguistic data.The fundamental finding of the study is that different languages may code different functional domains, which must be discovered by analyzing the formal means available in each language. The first part of the book proposes a methodology for discovering functional domains and the second part describes the properties of various functional domains. The book presents new cross-linguistic analyses of theoretical issues including agreement; phenomena attributed to government; nominal classification; prerequisites for and implications of linear order coding; and defining characteristics of lexical categories. The study also contributes new analyses of specific problems in individual languages.
Environmental Manipulation and Neuropeptide Effects on Energy Balance and Cancer

Social and environmental factors have profound impacts on energy balance and cancer. Yet many experimental studies of the metabolic syndromes and cancer utilize animals in laboratory conditions without adequate social interactions. We recently demonstrate that environments that are more complex and challenging, but not stressful per se, have robust effects on body composition, energy balance, and peripheral cancer progression. One key underlying mechanism is the activation of a specific neuroendocrine brain-adipocyte axis, the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte (HSA) axis . The social, physical, and cognitive stimuli provided by the enriched environments induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hypothalamus and the ensuing sympathetic innervation of adipose tissue. The remodeling of the adipose tissue, including the white-to-brown phenotypic switch and the suppression of leptin, leads to antiobesity and anticancer phenotype. This chapter summarizes this work and discusses how environmental enrichment (EE) can serve as a valuable animal model to study eustress (positive or benign stress), metabolism, cancer, and aging.
Mechanics of Granular Matter

Publisher Summary Perhaps the most striking characteristic of a granular material is its dual nature, which prohibits rigid classification as either solid or fluid. Although the individual particles of a medium are solid, the tendency of the entire mass to flow readily is a property shared with fluids. In contrast to the essentially fixed geometric form of a solid, both granular and fluid media assume a form dependent on imposed external boundaries, each of which is capable of indefinite shear. On the other hand, when a liquid is subjected to no active (as opposed to reactive) forces other than the force of gravity, its traction-free surface is a horizontal plane. Under similar circumstances, however, a granular medium may take a variety of shapes. A “granular medium,” in this respect, is an aggregate of discrete and solid granules in contact.
A J-integral for the analysis of electrically induced mechanical stress at cracks in elastic dielectrics

Abstract A path independent J- integral is formulated for the problem of a crack in an eiastically deformable dielectric subject to electrostatic and mechanical load. The result is essentially the invariant Γ-integral of Cherepanov [Mechanics of Brittle Fracture, McGraw-Hill (1979)], but it accounts specifically for large deformations. The integral can be used to obtain a result for the mechanical stress intensity factor at the tip of a conducting crack in the dielectric in the presence of an electrical field. This has implications for the mechanical stresses that would be present when a dielectric containing such cracks experiences insulator failure at high electric field levels. Such stresses may cause this failure.