cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water Properties in Relation to Porous Media

This chapter discusses the properties of water in relation to porous media. The chemical formula of water is H 2 O, which signifies that each molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. There are three isotopes of hydrogen ( 1 H, 2 H, 3 H) and three of oxygen ( 16 O, 17 O, 18 O), which can form 18 combinations. The strong intermolecular forces in liquid water are caused by the electrical polarity of the water molecule. Water shows a hydrogen bond property in which every hydrogen proton, though attached primarily to a particular molecule, is also attracted to the oxygen of a neighboring molecule with which it forms a secondary link. In the gaseous state, water molecules are largely independent of one another and occur mostly as monomers, designated (H 2 O) 1 . Occasionally, colliding molecules fuse to form dimers (H 2 O) 2 or trimers (H 2 O) 3 , but such combinations are rare. Adsorption is an interfacial phenomenon that results from the differential forces of attraction or repulsion occurring among molecules or ions of different phases at their exposed surfaces. Because of cohesive and adhesive forces coming into play, the zones of contact among phases may exhibit a concentration or a density of material different from that inside the phases themselves.
Understanding Presidential Failure in South America

This article examines the issue of presidential failure in South America by evaluating the multiple factors that create risk of resignation, removal, or impeachment of presidents. The study draws on various economic variables that have not been thoroughly investigated in the past and uses survival analysis to identify what factors are influential. In performing this testing, the importance of variables such as civil protest, executive wrongdoing, and specific measures of economic hardship—inflation and prolonged recession—becomes clear. Majority legislative support also remains significant, supporting early arguments about the influence of presidential institutions. This investigation provides a unique perspective on presidential survival while evaluating the importance of previously excluded variables in a comprehensive manner.
Abstract 4969: Neuropilin-2 is downregulated by Snail during EMT in lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Neuropilins (NRP1 and NRP2) are receptors for class-3 semaphorins that are guidance molecules involved in nerve growth patterning, tissue development, immune response, angiogenesis, and cancer development. Upon semaphorin binding, neuropilins transmit signals to the co-receptor, the plexins. Interestingly, neuropilins are also receptors for VEGF. Semaphorins control cell protrusion, spreading and adhesion and can trigger migratory responses often in a repulsive manner but also attractive depending on the cellular context. We previously cloned SEMA3F, coding for a class-3 semaphorin, in the chromosome 3p21.3 region which undergoes frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in lung cancer. We further reported that levels of SEMA3F inversely correlated with tumor aggressiveness in human lung cancer and we demonstrated the tumor suppressor activity of SEMA3F in experimental xenograft models. In addition, SEMA3F is directly downregulated by ZEB1, a transcription factor involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recently, we found an inverse correlation between the transcription factor Snail and NRP2 expression in a panel of 19 lung cancer cell lines. Interestingly, Snail is induced during EMT and NRP2 is the best affinity receptor for SEMA3F. Data will be presented with the H358 NSCLC cell line model where Snail induction decreases NRP2 expression both at the RNA and protein levels. Chromatin immunoprecipation (ChIP) experiment suggests Snail direct binding to the NRP2 promoter. In addition, in lung cancer tissue microarrays, Snail and NRP2 stainings are frequently mutually exclusive. Our results suggest that loss of SEMA3F and NRP2 would trigger EMT and promote metastasis. Therefore, targeting the semaphorin/neuropilin pathway would be an interesting therapeutic approach in lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4969.
The Imprinting of Adult Hepatic Monoamine Oxidase Levels and Androgen Responsiveness by Neonatal Androgen

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was measured in livers from male rats castrated neonatally and treated with hormones. MAO activity in the adult male, normally lower than that in the adult female, was elevated by neonatal castration to a level similar to that in the adult intact female. The increase in adult male MAO activity due to neonatal castration was not an artifact of adult androgen deprivation, since administration of testosterone propionate or dihydrotestosterone to the adult (castrated neonatally) for 7 days before sacrifice failed to reverse this increase. The administration of testosterone propionate or diethylstilbestrol to neonatal castrates on day 2 prevented the rise in MAO activity observed in the adult male after neonatal castration. The alterations in total MAO activity as a result of neonatal castration and hormone treatment were, in general, closely reflected by changes in levels of MAO type A. These results suggest that the sex-related differences in adult male and female MAO and the...
Bayesian estimation of soil parameters from radar backscatter data

Given measurements m/sub 1/,m/sub 2/,...,m/sub J/ representing radar cross-sections of a given resolution element at different polarizations and/or different frequency bands, the authors consider the problem of making an "optimal" estimate of the actual dielectric constant /spl epsiv/ and the rms surface height h that gave rise to the particular {m/sub j/} observed. To obtain such an algorithm, the authors start with a data catalog consisting of careful measurements of the soil parameters /spl epsiv/ and h, and the corresponding remote sensing data {m/sub j/}. They also assume that they have used these data to write down, for each j, an average formula which associates an approximate value of m/sub j/ to a given pair (/spl epsiv/;h). Instead of deterministically inverting these average formulas, they propose to use the data catalog more fully and quantify the spread of the measurements about the average formula, then incorporate this information into the inversion algorithm. This paper describes how they accomplish this using a Bayesian approach. In fact, their method allows them to (1) make an estimate of /spl epsiv/ and h that is optimal according to the authors' criteria; (2) place a quantitatively honest error bar on each estimate, as a function of the actual values of the remote sensing measurements; (3) fine-tune the initial formulas expressing the dependence of the remote sensing data on the soil parameters; (4) take into account as many (or as few) remote sensing measurements as they like in making their estimates of /spl epsiv/ and h, in each case producing error bars to quantify the benefits of using a particular combination of measurements.
Limited boundaries for extensive horizontal gene transfer among Salmonella pathogens.

Recombination is thought to be rare within Salmonella, as evidenced by absence of gene transfer among SARC strains that represent the broad genetic diversity of the eight primary subspecies of this common facultative intracellular pathogen. We adopted a phylogenetic approach to assess recombination within the mutS gene of 70 SARB strains, a genetically homogeneous population of Salmonella enterica subspecies I strains, which have in common the ability to infect warm-blooded animals. We report here that SARB strains show evidence for widespread recombinational exchange in contrast to results obtained with strains exhibiting species-level genetic variation. Besides extensive allele shuffling, SARB strains showed notably larger recombinagenic patch sizes for mutS (at least ≈1.1 kb) than previously reported for S. enterica SARC strains. Explaining these experimental dichotomies provides important insight for understanding microbial evolution, because they suggest likely ecologic and genetic barriers that limit extensive gene transfer in the feral setting.
THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BRINE FROM FERMENTED AND SULFITE‐PRESERVED CUCUMBERS

Pickling cucumbers may be temporarily preserved by fermentation in brine (6-8% NaCI) or without fermentation in salt-free, sulfite solution (300 ppm sulfite, pH 3.5). Brines obtained from preservation processes are often discarded. Due to environmental concerns, there is increasing consideration for further use of the brine solutions by recycling for use in bulk storage or filtration and incorporation into finished products. Thermal and rheological properties are fundamental to the reuse of the brine. The effect of temperature was determined on the rheological (5-45C) and thermal properties (5-75C) of brine. The properties of the brine samples were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other and from water. Salt content was the most important factor affecting the thermal and rheological properties of brine. At the same conditions, the values of the properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity, viscosity) were about 5 to 23% less than the corresponding values for water.
Selachyl alcohol as an oral antihypertensive agent: a preliminary note.

ABSTRACT Selachyl alcohol (SA) is a monooleyl glyceryl ether. It has certain biologic activities similar to those of the antihypertensive neutral renomedullary lipid (ANRL) derived from the renal papilla and its renomedullary interstitial cells (RIC). These include a vasodepressor effect following bolus injection and a requirement for hepatic activation for the development of biological activity. In view of this similarity to ANRL, it appeared worthwhile to test the antihypertensive action of SA when given via the GI tract. Accordingly, pure SA was given either by gavage or by tube into the stomach or duodenum of one-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats (5–10 mg per dose). The role of hepatic activation was demonstrated by comparing the BP response to bolus injection of SA and ANRL with and without the presence of an intact circulation to the liver. Administration of SA via the GI tract resulted in a significant decline in BP without tachycardia or weight loss. In the absence of a circulation to the liver, neither SA nor ANRL was active. SA appears to be an effective antihypertensive agent when given via the GI tract.
Attitudes toward interprofessional health care teams scale: a confirmatory factor analysis

The purpose of this study was to assess reliability and validity of the adapted "Attitudes Toward Health Care Teams Scale (ATHCTS)" with graduate professional students. Data using a cross-sectional design were collected from 288 graduate students who were enrolled at an urban professional university in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was run and it was found that a two-factor ATHCTS better represented the sample. Further, it provided evidence that the two-factor model is valid, and the quality of care and time constraint subscales are reliable. This study suggested that the two-factor model should be tested with different populations, such as undergraduate students, health care professionals and persons at other training programs. The ATHCTS can be used as an assessment tool to evaluate the effectiveness of educational or training programs designed to improve the attitude of graduate students toward interprofessional teamwork.
A Glass Intraocular Lens

We designed a glass and polyimide iris-plane, iris-clip intraocular lens. It is sterilized in the autoclave and weighs approximately 6 mg in water. The optic is 0.3 mm thick for a 19-diopter lens and the flexible haptic is 0.05 mm thick. Two identical haptics and the optic are joined mechanically to form the intraocular lens. The round spatula-like portion of an insertional instrument secures the intraocular lens by passing through two opposing flexible haptic loops and behind the optic. Fluid or air is irrigated through the cannula as the implant is inserted in order to protect the endothelium.
Phenobarbital use and bladder cancer risk.

Background: Two epidemiologic studies have reported an inverse association between use of phenobarbital (PB) and bladder cancer development. It was proposed that PB use protects against bladder cancer by inducing enzymes that participate in the detoxification of human bladder carcinogens, such as the aminobiphenyls and naphthylamines, which are found in cigarette smoke. Methods: A population-based case–control study was conducted in Los Angeles, California, involving 815 incident bladder cancer cases and an equal number of controls who were matched to the index cases by neighborhood, sex, date of birth (within 5years), and race. Detailed information on lifetime use of PB was collected through in-person interviews. Results: Ever use (20 or more times over lifetime) of PB was not associated with risk of bladder cancer (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.39). Regular use of PB also was not associated with risk of bladder cancer in either men or women, in either smokers or non-smokers, although the number of regular users in cases and controls were relatively small (21 cases vs. 15 controls, OR: 1.20; 95%CI: 0.59, 2.45). In fact, compared with non-users, subjects in the highest category of lifetime PB consumption were at a non-significant 2.46-fold increased risk of bladder cancer (95% CI: 0.90, 6.78). Conclusions: The present study did not observe a protective role of PB use in bladder cancer development in the general population.
Convergence Rates to Purchasing Power Parity for Traded and Nontraded Goods

This article estimates the speed of the adjustment coefficient in structural error-correction models. We use a system method for real exchange rates of traded and nontraded goods by combining a single-equation method with Hansen and Sargent's instrumental variables methods for linear rational expectations models. We apply these methods to a modified version of Mussa's model. Our results show that the half-lives of purchasing power parity deviations for the rates of traded goods are less than 1 year and are shorter than those for general price and for nontraded goods in most cases, implying a faster adjustment speed to parity.
Binding properties of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein p7 to a model RNA: elucidation of the structural determinants for function.

HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) is a double zinc-fingered protein that has been traditionally implicated in viral RNA recognition and packaging, in addition to its tight association with genomic RNA and tRNA primer within the virion nucleocapsid. The availability of large quantities of viral or recombinant wild-type NCp7 and mutant p7 has made possible the assignment of the different roles that structural motifs within the protein play during RNA binding. At low ionic strength binding to the homopolymeric fluorescent RNA, poly(epsilonA), is electrostatically driven and four sodium ions are displaced. Arg7 in the flanking N-terminal region, Lys20 and Lys26 in the first zinc finger and one positively charged residue (attributed to Lys41) in the second zinc finger are involved in electrostatic contacts with RNA. The p7 zinc fingers do not function independently but concomitantly. The first zinc finger (both isolated or in the context of the full-length protein) has a more prominent electrostatic interaction than the second one. The second zinc finger dominates the non-electrostatic stabilization of the binding to RNA due to stacking of its Trp residue with nucleic acid bases. Mutations in the highly conserved retroviral Zn-coordinating residues (CCHC) to steroid hormone receptor (CCCC) or transcription factor (CCHH) metal cluster types do not affect RNA binding. In spite of the limited impact in RNA binding affinity in vitro or RNA packaging in vivo that such mutations or structural alterations impart, they impair or abolish virus infectivity. It is likely that such an effect stems from the involvement of NCp7 in crucial steps of the virus life cycle other than RNA binding.
Near-optimal binary phase-only filter correlator for obscured inputs

The experimental and theoretical operation of the dc-blocked phase-only filter correlator is studied for obscured inputs. The performance of the nearly optimal filter is compared with the performances of other varieties of simple optimal filters that are capable of real-time implementation with spatial light modulators. Uses of these correlation filters in associative memories is investigated.
A global assessment of the mosaic approach to modeling land surface heterogeneity

[1] Modeling the impact of small-scale land surface heterogeneities on scales resolved by general circulation models (GCMs) has long been a challenging problem. We present here a global offline comparison between two approaches to account for the heterogeneities. These approaches are mosaic, which computes separate energy budgets for each surface type within a grid box, and dominant, which assumes that a grid box can be completely described by the dominant vegetation. The experiments are all conducted using the turbulence parameterization of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) GCM, coupled to the Koster-Suarez Land Surface Model. The results show a large impact in the high- and middle-latitude Northern Hemisphere climates. At high latitudes the warming of the surface after the spring snowmelt is more rapid for dominant. At midlatitudes, where the surface is potentially under moisture stress, the mosaic approach results in a drier, warmer climate. This impact is determined to a large extent by the influence of bare soil areas on the grid-scale climate. The impact of the choice of approach is less important over more homogeneous terrains, such as deserts, as can be expected in the offline framework. These results support the need for a mosaic-type approach to properly model the coupling at the land surface interface.
Transfer reactions with heavy ions on light nuclei

Proton and neutron transfer reactions resulting from the bombardment of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ targets by $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ beams and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ targets by $^{10}\mathrm{B}$ beams have been studied with counter telescopes and particle identification techniques. The incident energies were far above the Coulomb barrier for these systems: 155 MeV for $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ ions and 100 MeV for $^{10}\mathrm{B}$ ions. Angular distributions have been measured for transitions to the ground states and several excited states in the residual nuclei produced. Ejectile excitations were also observed in some instances. Exact finite range distorted-wave-Born-approximation calculations have been performed for these states which are mostly in the $1p$ and $2s\ensuremath{-}1d$ shells. The extracted spectroscopic factors are generally in good agreement with theoretical predictions and other previously obtained results. However, there are some conspicuous but isolated instances where they are not, pointing towards a need for more sophisticated approaches including core excitations for those cases. Generally the quality of spectroscopic studies with heavy-ion-induced transfer reactions is comparable if not superior to that from the corresponding light-ion-induced reactions.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{13}\mathrm{N}$), $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{13}\mathrm{C}$), $E=155$ MeV; $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{13}\mathrm{N}$), $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{13}\mathrm{C}$), $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{15}\mathrm{N}$), $E=155$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{11}\mathrm{B}$), $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{11}\mathrm{C}$), $E=100$ MeV; $^{14}\mathrm{N}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{11}\mathrm{B}$), $^{14}\mathrm{N}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{11}\mathrm{C}$), $^{14}\mathrm{N}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$), $E=100$ MeV; $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{11}\mathrm{B}$), $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{11}\mathrm{C}$), $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($^{10}\mathrm{B}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$), $E=100$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; EFR DWBA analyses; extracted spectroscopic factors.
Phase Behavior, Structure, and Applications of Reverse Microemulsions Stabilized by Nonionic Surfactants

Reverse microemulsion-mediated synthesis of various inorganic and organic nanoparticles is of interest for a variety of applications. Mixtures of commercially available polyethoxylated alcohols and...
Coverage-dependent electronic absorption spectrum of pyrene on Al2O3(1120)

Abstract The electronic absorption spectrum of pyrene adsorbed on Al2O3(11 2 0) was measured at 21 K as a function of coverage. The absorption maximum of the S0→S2 transition shifted from λ = 337 nm at Θ = 0.13 ML to λ = 349 nm at Θ⩾ 3.0 ML. The frequency shifts versus coverage were in agreement with dispersion interactions between the pyrene admolecules. The Bayliss relation was used to obtain the refractive index in the pyrene adlayer from the frequency shift. The refractive index increased from n=1.32 at Θ=0.13 ML to n=1.77 at Θ⩾3 ML; its coverage dependence was also determined using the Lorentz-Lorenz equation after calculating the local density within a sphere on the surface. The sphere radius (8 A) obtained from fitting these calculations to the observations was consistent with dispersion interactions between pyrene admolecules.
Why AM an EUISKO appear to work.

Abstract The am program was constructed by Lenat in 1975 as an early experiment in getting machines to learn by discovery. In the preceding article in this issue of the AI Journal, Ritchie and Hanna focus on that work as they raise several fundamental questions about the methodology of artificial intelligence research. Part of this paper is a response to the specific points they make. It is seen that the difficulties they cite fall into four categories, the most serious of which are omitted heuristics , and the most common of which are miscommunications . Their considerations, and our post- am work on machines that learn, have clarified why am succeeded in the first place, and why it was so difficult to use the same paradigm to discover new heuristics. Those recent insights spawn questions about “where the meaning really resides” in the concepts discovered by am . This in turn leads to an appreciation of the crucial and unique role of representation in theory formation, specifically the benefits of having syntax mirror semantics. Some criticism of the paradigm of this work arises due to the ad hoc nature of many pieces of the work; at the end of this article we examine how this very adhocracy may be a potential source of power in itself.
The use of de jure to maintain a de facto status quo

The vignette we use as the introduction works to define and distinguish the concepts of de jure and de facto pedagogical actions, especially as related to Latin@ education and its relationship with STEM fields. The authors assert that de jure educational policies, which are often legal guidelines that mandate minimum levels of compliance, unfortunately become translated to mean the normative way to implement educational practice. Hence, going above and beyond the call of duty to educate Latin@ children and youth through culturally meaningful STEM practices while respecting, affirming, and utilizing decolonizing ways of viewing science and math is not viewed as standard. Thus, it is imperative that STEM educators who work with Latin@ learners demand that de jure education guidelines translated as de facto pedagogical actions are not enough. On the contrary, de jure and de facto ways of teaching and learning should always consist of a counterhegemonic normative.
Remote classification of Cerrado (Savanna) and agricultural land covers in northeastern Brazil

Remote classification of land-use/land-cover (LULC) types in Brazil's Cerrado ecoregion is necessary because knowledge of Cerrado LULC is incomplete, sources of inaccuracy are unknown, and high-resolution data are required for the validation of moderate-resolution LULC maps. The aim of this research is to discriminate between Cerrado and agriculture using high-resolution Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery for the western region of Bahia state in northeastern Brazil. The Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithms were applied to a ∼3000 km2 subset, yielding comparable classification accuracies. The panchromatic band was reserved for validation. User's and producer's accuracies were highest for non-irrigated agriculture (∼94%) but lower for Cerrado Lato Sensu (89%). Classification errors likely resulted from spatial and spectral characteristics of particular classes (e.g. riparian forest and burned) and overestimation of other classes (e.g. Eucalyptus and water). Manual misinterp...
PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF SIXTEEN ISOMERS OF RETINAL. INITIAL PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN DIRECT AND SENSITIZED IRRADIATION. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLYENES 31

— Initial product distributions of all 16 geometric isomers of retinal in hexane solutions have been determined. With direct irradiation, the product ratios are characterized by a preference for isomerization at the 13,14-bond. In particular, all isomers containing the 13-cis geometry give the corresponding 13-trans isomer as the major product. Preference for one-photon-one-bond isomerization was also noted, although a substantial amount of the all-trans isomer was detected for all poly-cis, 13-trans isomers. In sensitized irradiation, the initial mixture shows extensive one-photon-two(or multiple)-bond isomerization to the corresponding unhindered isomers. In cases of hindered isomers, multiple-bond isomerized products are dominant. The different results are accountable by the different shapes of the excited state potential curves for singlet and triplet states.
Automatic search and detection of comets and asteroids

A family of asteroids the Apollos have orbits which cross that of the earth. Most of these bodies are small and have low reflectivity making detection difficult. A telescope of modest size equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) can be used to search for these objects which will inevitably sirike the earth. The destructive power of a small Apollo asteroid 200m in diameter would be on the order of 1 gigaton causing severe global damage. It is important to find and track these objects so that their numbers and orbits may be accurately determined. The discovery process is typically done by human comparison of time skewed images. Two photographic plates are aligned by hand on a blink comparator which animates the images by alternating light sources. Once a moving object has been found its celestial coordinates on each image are calculated. This process is repeated with other images to determine an orbit. These orbital elements are then compared with the elements of known objects which exist in machine readable form. This paper examines algorithms stated in Air Force Image Algebra which facilitate automation of this process and discusses issues relative to conducting a fast search for such objects. These techniques are also appropriate for detection of comets or any moving extraterrestrial body.
Use of gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MRI to characterize renal mass in patient with renal insufficiency

A patient with chronic renal insufficiency was found to have an indeterminate renal mass after renal ultrasound, non-contrast CT, and non-contrast MRI studies. The mass was correctly diagnosed as an enhancing tumor with gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Direct Calculation of Electron Transfer Parameters through Constrained Density Functional Theory

It is shown that constrained density functional theory (DFT) can be used to access diabatic potential energy surfaces in the Marcus theory of electron transfer, thus providing a means to directly calculate the driving force and the inner-sphere reorganization energy. We present in this report an analytic expression for the forces in constrained DFT and their implementation in geometry optimization, a prerequisite for the calculation of electron transfer parameters. The method is then applied to study the symmetric mixed-valence complex tetrathiafulvalene−diquinone radical anion, which is observed experimentally to be a Robin−Day class II compound but found by DFT to be in class III. Constrained DFT avoids this pitfall of over-delocalization and provides a way to find the charge-localized structure. In another application, driving forces and inner-sphere reorganization energies are calculated for the charge recombination (CR) reactions in formanilide−anthraquinone (FA-AQ) and ferrocene−formanilide−anthraqu...
Adherence to Masculine Norms and Attributional Processes Predict Depressive Symptoms in Recently Unemployed Men

We investigated individual differences in adherence to masculine norms (AMN) as predictors of concurrent and prospective depressive symptoms above and beyond negative attributional style and explanatory flexibility in a community sample of unemployed men. Sixty-two men from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds were recruited from an unemployment center in a large industrial city and were followed for 3 months. Adherence to the specific masculine norms of emotional control and self-reliance accounted for variance in concurrent depressive symptoms after statistically controlling for attributional processes. At the 3-month follow-up, only AMN predicted depressive symptoms after accounting for attributional processes and initial depressive symptoms. Negative attributional style was negatively associated with the likelihood of reemployment at the 3-month follow-up while AMN was positively associated with the likelihood reemployment. Results suggested that AMN may be an important sociocultural factor contributing to depression that is largely independent of attributional processes.
Average BER of BFSK with Postdetection Switch-and-Stay Combining in TWDP Fading

The performance of noncoherent binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) with dual-branch postdetection switch-and-stay combining (SSC) in two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading is studied. A closed- form expression for the average bit error rate (BER) of noncoherent BFSK with dual-branch postdetection SSC is derived. Previously obtained results on the performance of predetection SSC in TWDP fading are corrected. The performance of postdetection SSC is compared to the performance of predetection SSC and it is shown that postdetection SSC outperforms predetection SSC. The effects of the fading parameters on the relative performances of the two SSC receivers are studied. Monte Carlo simulation results are presented to verify the validity of the obtained analytical results.
Ectomycorrhizae formed in vitro by quaking aspen: including Inocybe lacera and Amanita pantherina

Ectomycorrhizae formed in synthesis tubes by aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings and each of seven fungal isolates are described. Isolates of Amanita muscaria v. formosa, A. pantherina, Inocybe lacera, and Paxillus vernalis, from sporocarps collected in aspen stands in southwestern Montana, developed mantles and Hartig nets on aspen roots, as did the broad-hostrange fungi Cenococcum geophilum and Pisolithus tinctorius from the VPI culture collection. Chalciporus piperatus failed to form mycorrhizae, and Piloderma croceum formed a mantle, but no Hartig net. The first syntheses of I. lacera and A. pantherina with aspen are reported.
The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual discrimination tasks

Averaged event-related cortical potentials (ERPs) were obtained from an array of scalp electrodes overlying the left hemicranium in response to regularly presented visual or auditory stimuli (non-signals)and to infrequent random replacements by different stimuli (signals) in the same modality. A motor response was required to the signals. Non-signal ERPs were subtracted from signal ERPs and the topographic distributions of the negative (N2 delta) and positive (P3 delta) components were plotted as isopotential maps. N2 delta distributions differed for the auditory and visual modalities, whereas P3delta was modality unspecific. These topographic data were compared to those from the previous study of missing stimulus potentials (Simson et al. 1976) using maps representing the contributions from unilateral cerebral sources. The N2 delta and negative missing stimulus potential distributions ascribed to cortical activity within the secondary auditory and visual regions, whereas the late positive component (positive missing stimulus potential or P3 delta) were considered to derive principally from inferior parietal association cortex.
A precision drinking device for rats tested with water, etonitazene, and ethanol.

Abstract An inexpensive system for detecting tongue licking and for delivering liquids to rats is described. Liquids were dispensed under a heterogenous chain schedule of reinforcement in which depressions of a lever were required before tongue licking produced liquid delivery. Three rats drank water dispensed by the system at lowest, highest, and midmost valve settings. The volume of water delivered increased logarithmically from 0.00270 ml to 0.01180 ml across valve settings. In addtional tests, drug-experienced rats were tested with either 5.0 μg/ml etonitazene HCl, water, or 8% w/v ethanol available with the valve at its widest setting. More of the drug solutions were consumed than water suggesting that the drugs served as reinforcers. Intakes of both drugs were compared with intakes previously determined in dipper delivery systems using the same rats. This liquid delivery system has several advantageous features in that it is inexpensive to construct, allows quick and easy control of the volume delivered, minimizes evaporation, and, along with the heterogenous chain schedule of reinforcement, insures that liquid is delivered only when oral contact is made with it.
Blood concentration profiles of acetaminophen following oral administration of fatty acid esters of acetaminophen with pancreatic lipase to dogs

Fatty acid esters of acetaminophen were administered orally to dogs, and blood concentrations of acetaminophen were determined at various time intervals. Blood concentrations of acetaminophen following oral administration of a short chain ester, p-acetamidophenyl acetate, were not significantly different from those found using acetaminophen. Blood concentrations of acetaminophen following oral administration of intermediate hydrocarbon chain-length compounds were less than those of the control at 1 and 3 hr postdosing. There appears to be a direct relationship between the in vitro hydrolysis rates and the blood concentration in vivo. Concomitant oral administration of acetaminophen derivatives, pancreatic lipase, and calcium salts resulted in an increase in the blood levels of acetaminophen as compared to administration of the esters alone. Calcium carbonate was included as a source of calcium ion to activate the lipase involved in the hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. A combination of p-acetamidophenyl acetate, p-acetamidophenyl dodecanoate, pancreatic lipase, and calcium carbonate was shown to achieve a prolonged release of acetaminophen. p-Acetamidopheny acetate was thought to provide the initial release of acetaminophen; p-acetamidophenyl dodecanoate, being hydrolyzed more slowly, provided the prolonged release, which maintained therapeutic blood concentrations for 13 hr following a single dose of the combination in dogs.
A modification of the kruskal-wallis statistic for the generalized behrens-fisher problem

The problem of testing the equality of the medians of several populations is considered. Standard distribution-free procedures for this problem require that the populations have the same shape in order to maintain their nominal significance level, ever asymptotically, under the null hypothesis of equal medians , A modification of the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic is proposed which is exactly distribution-free under the usual nonparanetric asswnption that the continuous populations are identical with any shape. It is asymptotically distribution-free when the Continuous populations are asswned to be syrmnetric with equal medians.
On the Memory of a Chronic Illness

The elderly are particularly susceptible to disease, yet the biological mechanisms that bring about this susceptibility remain unclear. Using atherosclerosis as a model chronic illness, we review how recent studies of bone marrow-derived vascular repair systems in mice and humans provide new insights into the causes and potential cures for age-related illness. Organisms are born with a finite capacity for stem cell-mediated repair after chronic exposure to tissue injury. Once that capacity is exhausted, a cycle of pathological inflammation ensues and leads to overt disease manifestations. Augmentation of stem cell-mediated repair systems may provide a novel means of treating or preventing many age-related illnesses.
Binding of maytansine to rat brain tubulin.

Abstract Maytansine and vincristine binding to crude rat brain tubulin is a temperature- and ionic strength-dependent process. The K A values for binding of vincristine and maytansine are 0.5 × 10 6 M −1 and 1.5 × 10 6 M −1 , respectively. Maytansine competitively inhibits vincristine binding with a K i for maytansine of 0.4 × 10 −6 M. The binding of both drugs is easily reversible. Unlabeled maytansine rapidly displaces the labeled drug whereas only about 75% of the bound maytansine was displaced by vincristine. Bound labeled vincristine is completely displaced by either vincristine or maytansine. Both drugs appear to share a common binding site, although an additional site specific for maytansine seems to be present. Colchicine did not affect either vincristine or maytansine binding.
Structural biology: Protein dynamics from disorder.

The functions of proteins are often crucially dependent on how they move, but measuring the absolute magnitudes of protein motions hasn't been possible. A spectroscopic method looks set to change all that.
Poly(ADP-ribose) regulates post-transcriptional gene regulation in the cytoplasm

Since its discovery in 1963, poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) has been shown to play important functions in the nucleus of multicellular eukaryotes. Each of these functions centers upon DNA metabolism, including DNA-damage repair, chromatin remodeling, transcription and telomere functions. We recently described two novel functions for pADPr in the cytoplasm, both of which involve RNA metabolism – 1) the assembly of cytoplasmic stress granules, cellular macrostructures that aggregate translationally stalled mRNA/protein complexes, and 2) modulation of microRNA activities. Multiple stress granule-localized, post-transcriptional gene regulators, including microRNA-binding argonaute family members, are substrates for pADPr modification and are increasingly modified by pADPr upon stress. Interestingly, the cytoplasmic RNA regulatory functions for PARPs are likely mediated through activities of catalytically inactive PARP-13/ARTD13/ZC3HAV1/ZAP and mono/poly(ADP-ribose)-synthesizing enzymes, including PARP-5a/ARTD5/TNKS1, PARP-12/ARTD12/ZC3HDC1 and PARP-15/ARTD7/BAL3. These data are consistent with other recent work, which suggests that mono(ADP-ribosyl)ated residues can be poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by different enzymes.
The loneliness of the long-distance radiologist.

Over the past decade or so, the practice of radiology has become more solitary. Technological innovations such as PACS have decreased the frequency of face-to-face interactions between radiologists and refering physicians [1,2]. New economic pressures have led many radiology groups to reorganize their work in ways that increase efficiency and productivity at the expense of interactions with patients, referring physicians, and colleagues [3-7]. Viewing the interpretation of images as a solitary activity, radiologists have often sought insulation against “distractions” and “interruptions.” From the standpoint of some referring physicians, patients, and the general public, the radiologist is increasingly cast in the role of a technician, someone laboring in isolation in a secluded spot, not interacting with patients, and generating reports on the basis of observations made with the aid of a machine [8,9]. Radiologists are increasingly regarded in some of these quarters as mere lesion detectors and generators of differential diagnoses, lacking a sense of personal responsibility for the dozens or even hundreds of patients in whose care they participate each day. They would not recognize their “patients” if they bumped into them in the hallway. Whether such perspectives are to any degree justified or not, there is another aspect of radiologists’ increasing isolation that warrants careful examination: loneliness. We believe an increasing number of radiologists feel lonely at work. Consider the following anecdotes, drawn from interviews with and observations of radiologists, as well as from radiology-themed blogs and chat rooms:
Toward a natural language-based causal model acquisition system

Future expert systems for understanding physical mechanisms will probably employ causal models as the foundation of their expertise, and the problem of acquiring these causal models is important. This paper explores one possibility, that of acquiring causal models by understanding natural language explanations of these mechanisms. It identifies six different research issues in which understanding an explanation requires knowledge-based reasoning, and proposes approaches to these problems within an integrated natural language-based causal model acquisition system.
Getting Ahead: Decapitation as Political Metaphor in Silius Italicus' Punica

In Silius Italicus' Punica the Second Punic War is cast as a conflict fought over and between heads, and the decapitations in the epic thereby become ways of measuring the different trajectories and ultimate outcomes for each side in the war: the symbolic decapitation of Rome on the occasion of Paulus' death at Cannae in book 10 marks the low-ebb in the city's fortunes while the many decapitations perpetrated by Romans after Cannae reflect Carthage's own slide toward final defeat, an event that entails her symbolic decapitation too. Read in relation to this epic-wide program, Hannibal's abiding enmity toward Jupiter, the god of Rome's head, the Capitolium , gains greater clarity and purpose, as do his identification with Lucan's Pompey and Carthage's with Virgil's Priam toward the end of the epic. This concluding development is also succinctly recapitulated in the epic's final two lines, where an allusion to the final two lines of Bellum Civile 8 invites us to contrast Rome and Jupiter with Lucan's decapitated Pompey and to compare Carthage and Hannibal with him.
Prediction of Walleye Egg and Embryo Survival at Two Stages of Development

Abstract Survival of the eggs and embryos of walleye Stizostedion vitreum from fertilization through the eye-up stage just prior to hatch was determined at approximately 6, 72, and 180 h postfertilization—3, 45, and 112 temperature units (TU = days × °C above 0°C). Mean survival was 58.5% at 6 h, 50.3% at 72 h, and 49.9% at 180 h. Eighty-three percent of the total egg mortality occurred prior to 6 h. Survival was significantly different (P = 0.0052) only between the 6-h and 180-h estimates. A predictive equation was calculated for survival from 6 h to 180 h: percent survival at 180 h = 5.4997 + 0.7596 × percent survival at 6 h; R 2 = 0.597, P < 0.0001. This equation, used in conjunction with techniques described in this paper, can provide estimates of walleye egg survival early in the incubation period, which can save time and effort in both research and large-scale production.
Glutamate agonistic and antagonistic activity ofl-proline investigated in the hippocampal slice

Abstract l -Proline in concentrations of 5 mM and more acted as a glutamate antagonist, reversibly blocking transmission in synapses between the Schaffer collaterals and pyramidal dendritic spines in CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice, probably by competing with glutamate for glutamate receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. This explanation was supported by the partial reversal of the proline-induced synaptic blockade by 4-aminopyridine, which enhances spike duration and presumably increases the release of the natural transmitter. Lower l -proline concentrations (1–3 m m ) promoted evoked population spike activity. This was postulated to be due to a glutamate agonistic effect of l -proline which, bound to glutamate receptors, would cause depolarization of dendritic plasma membranes and K+ release. The effect of l -proline would be similar to that of glutamate, but less effective. An increase of the K+ concentration in the superfusion solution, which also can be expected to cause depolarization, had a similar enhancing effect on the population spike activity. A reduction of the K+ concentration depressed this activity. The possibility was considered that the promotion of population spikes by 1–3 m ml -proline is due to the suppression of the effect of inhibitory interneurons (basket cells) on the CA1 neurons. However, abolishing this inhibition by 10−4 m bicuculline did not prevent the facilitating effect of l -proline on the population spikes, which seems to exclude this explanation.
Ultrafiltration of Parvovirus

Abstract Ultrafiltration is frequently used in the biotechnology industry for protein purification. The main applications of ultrafiltration are for protein concentration and buffer exchange. This paper focuses on ultrafiltration for purification of parvovirus. The feasibility of using ultrafiltration to remove contaminating host cell proteins from the virus particles has been investigated. Purification of virus particles and virus vectors for clinical applications of gene therapy and in the manufacture of viral vaccines is a major large‐scale separations problem. Today, parvoviruses, such as adeno associated virus, are being extensively investigated as gene therapy vectors. Consequently, development of robust purification operations will be essential. Tangential flow ultrafiltration and high performance tangential flow filtration of Aedes Aegypti densonucleosis virus has been investigated using flat sheet membranes with a nominal molecular weight cut off of 100 and 300 kD. Virus particles were detected i...
Raman longitudinal acoustic mode studies of a poly(ethylene oxide) fraction during isothermal crystallization from the melt

Raman longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) spectra have been obtained during isothermal crystallization from the melt at various temperatures of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fraction of molecular weight about 3000. At all temperatures, we find an initial single well-defined LAM band corresponding to a helical chain length that represents a non-integral-fold (NIF) structure. With time, and more rapidly at higher crystallization temperatures, the NIF chains transform into integer-fold (IF) structures. The final morphology consists of IF mixed crystals composed mainly of extended (E) chains but with once-folded (F2) chains embedded in them. This solid-state transformation from the NIF state may proceed through the F2 state.