cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic abscesses in dogs: 14 cases (1982-1994).

Objectives To determine typical clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings in dogs with hepatic abscesses, to assess outcome of treatment, and to evaluate the role that abdominal ultrasonography has in the diagnosis of hepatic abscesses in dogs and in monitoring response to treatment. Design Retrospective case series. Animals 14 dogs with hepatic abscesses. Results Anorexia and lethargy were the most common historical complaints, followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Physical abnormalities included fever, dehydration, signs of abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and mucosal bleeding. Hematologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with neutrophilia, mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and mild anemia. Serum biochemical abnormalities included high alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities and high bilirubin concentration; hypoalbuminemia and prolonged coagulation values were also reported. Abdominal radiography revealed hepatomegaly, poor abdominal detail, a hepatic mass, or splenomegaly in 9 dogs. Thoracic radiography revealed alveolar consolidation or mixed bronchial/interstitial pulmonary patterns in 6 dogs. Hypoechoic, heteroechoic, or hyperechoic masses were identified in all dogs in which ultrasonography was performed. Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus sp, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S intermedius were the most common bacteria isolated from hepatic abscesses. Concurrent infections were identified in the biliary tract, spleen, blood, endocardium, lung, prostate gland, peritoneum, lymph nodes, salivary gland, or brain of several dogs. Seven dogs died or were euthanatized before definitive treatment could be initiated. One dog was successfully treated with antibiotics and was alive 12 months after medical treatment. Six dogs were treated surgically (ie, full or partial liver lobectomy, drainage, abdominal lavage) and medically (ie, antibiotic administration). Five of these dogs survived and were alive 12 months after surgery. Ultrasonography was used to monitor response to treatment in several dogs. Clinical implications Hepatic abscesses are rare in dogs, but the clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings are similar to other inflammatory hepatic disease. Ultrasonography revealed abnormalities in all animals in which imaging studies were performed, and was successfully used to monitor response to treatment in several dogs. Medical and surgical treatments were used successfully to treat hepatic abscesses in dogs.
Parasitic antennas for small metallic platforms

In this paper, the feasibility of utilizing metallic body of an airplane as a radiator is investigated. Characteristic mode analysis is applied to an airplane model to find the natural resonant surface current distributions on the platform. For a UAV model considered here, its first dominant mode is studied and parasitic elements that can excite such mode are designed. This mode is excited using well-positioned array of four small half-loops on the wings of the UAV. It is shown that the parasitic elements can effectively excite the platform to radiate VHF radiation at around 70 MHz. Simulation results show that array of the parasitic loops and the body of the UAV produce an antenna with 2.45 dBi gain enhancement compared to the case of small loops array in the absence of the UAV platform.
F64. DISRUPTION IN WORKING MEMORY GATING OBSERVED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

AbstractBackgroundWorking memory and cognitive control deficits are hallmarks of schizophrenia. It is not known specifically how gating mechanisms that regulate memory may be disrupted in schizophrenia. Gating mechanisms determine what task-relevant information is selected into working memory while distractors are left out (input gating) and which items stored in working memory are selected for the rule or goal at hand (output gating). The current study investigated whether patients are able to perform the same cognitive control task that is able to dissociate input and output gating processes in a general population, and explored whether schizophrenia patients inappropriately use suboptimal cognitive control strategies (e.g. output gating when input gating can be used).MethodsPatients (n=5) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were recruited from the Providence VAMC. Participants completed a computer-based cognitive control task. In this task, participants remembered a target item from a sequence of two items in order to select a response. A context (rule) cued which item was relevant to remember, and was presented first in the stimulus sequence (context first) or last (context last). On selective trials, one item in the trial was relevant. On global trials, both items in the trial were relevant.ResultsPatients were able to complete the task with minor modifications to adjust for ability to understand the task rules. Preliminary results of reaction time data suggest that patients were challenged at increased cognitive load. Patients performed poorly on trials where participants could use only an input gating strategy (selective first). Preliminary data also suggest that performance in patients tended to be slightly worse for selective first trials where the distractor was presented before the relevant item (i.e. on trials where input gating would be required to keep the distractor out of working memory).DiscussionThe current study supports the feasibility of using the cognitive control task selected to investigate gating mechanisms in the schizophrenia patient population. Preliminary data suggest disruption in the ability for patients to optimally use gating strategies and handle cognitive load. Future research will seek to reproduce these preliminary results in a larger sample, as well as compare patient performance to an age-matched control population directly. By understanding how gating mechanisms are disrupted in the patient population, we may be able to better develop therapeutic interventions such as cognitive training strategies to treat cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients.
An Introduction to Infrared Properties of High-Tc Superconductors

The essential element in the high Tc cuprate superconductors appears to be the CuO2 planes which, of course must reside in an electropositive environment (Tokura). Recognizing this, and focussing only on the properties of the CuO2 planes, as distinct from that of their environment, allows a relatively simple picture of the phenomenology of infrared properties to be obtained. In particular one finds that the normal state conductivity drops unusually slowly as a function of frequency, more like 1/ω0.8 than the conventional 1/ω2 and that it can be described in terms of a scattering rate that is linear in frequency. This linear frequency dependence appears to be fundamentally related to the linear temperature dependence of the resisitivity, and may also be related to a linear photoemission linewidth and a broad electronic background signal observed in Raman experiments. In the superconducting state a characteristic energy scale of -500 cm-1 (2Δ/kTc≃8) develops, and can be reasonably identified as a pair-excitation threshold (superconducting gap) at low temperature. Aspects of this feature which are similar to and different from expectations based on conventional BCS theory are discussed. In particular, one finds that the temperature dependence is quite unusual.
Borderline Personality Disorder, Atypical Depression, and Cyclothymia: Diagnostic Distinctions Crossing Mood and Personality Disorders Borders

Atypical depression, cyclothymia, and borderline personality disorder are three diagnostic terms used to describe the clinical presentations of patients with both chronic affective instability and interpersonal sensitivity. The historical development of these diagnostic concepts represents separate streams of effort in defining features of patients prone to develop complex configurations of psychiatric comorbidities and poor treatment response. While a small empirical literature has studied the relationship between these disorders, the boundaries between them remain unclear. The evidence-based treatment for atypical depression and cylcothymia promotes the use of medications like MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) and lithium, with significant side effect burdens and lethality in overdose. Psychotherapeutic approaches are established as the primary treatment modality for BPD, but are inadequately tested for atypical depression and cyclothymia. In clinical presentations where all three diagnoses are possible, a combined approach utilizing psychotherapy to stabilize interpersonal sensitivities and affective instability with adjunctive mood stabilizing agents may optimize the long-term outcomes for this chronic and functionally challenged group of patients.
Artificial Neural Systems as a Research Paradigm for the Study of Group Decision Support Systems

Artificial neural systems (ANSs) have received interest recently because of their ability to accurately forecast and classify data. Group decision support systems (GDSSs) also have received much interest for their support of group communication and decision making. This paper explores the potential of the ANS as a methodology for modeling the many complex, interrelated research variables involved in the field of GDSS. As an illustration, multilinear regression, an ANS with backpropagation, and an ANS with a genetic algorithm were developed to classify 133 subjects into verbal or GDSS groups based on their responses to a questionnaire. The ANSs with backpropagation and the genetic algorithm achieved higher classification accuracies (81.8 and 90.9%, respectively) than was achieved with multilinear regression (75.8%). Therefore, an ANS may more accurately model the many interrelationships occurring with GDSS group behavior.
Introduction: What are Principal Functions?

The existence of certain harmonic functions with prescribed singularities and prescribed boundary behavior is central to a variety of areas of complex function theory. It provides the unifying factor for all the topics of this book. Such functions will be called principal functions. For further orientation let us consider how they are constructed and some of their uses.
Encouraging Engagement with Students and Integrating Librarians into the Curriculum through a Personal Librarian Program.

AbstractFive years ago, the Harriet F. Ginsburg Health Sciences Library created a Personal Librarian Program (PLP) to encourage librarian engagement with first- and second-year medical students and to promote awareness of library resources and services. Prior to the creation of the PLP, the library struggled with finding ways to connect with its medical students, especially because the library is 98% digital. The PLP was created to give students an individualized library experience and an easier way to interact with librarians. As a result, opportunities for librarian-student engagement increased, and Personal Librarian groups facilitated the integration of librarians into two first- and second-year medical school courses.
Brain Glutamate, GABA, and Glutamine Levels and Associations with Recent Drinking in Treatment-Naïve Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder Versus Light Drinkers

Background Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) studies have demonstrated abnormal levels of a variety of neurometabolites in inpatients/outpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) following acute alcohol withdrawal relative to healthy controls. In contrast, few studies have compared neurometabolite levels between less severe, treatment-naive AUD individuals and light drinkers (LD) or related them to recent alcohol consumption. The present study compared neurometabolite levels between treatment-naive AUD and LD individuals. Methods Twenty treatment-naive individuals with AUD and 20 demographically matched LD completed an 1 H-MRS scan, approximately 2.5 days following their last reported drink. 1 H-MRS data were acquired in dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) using a 2-dimensional J-resolved point-resolved spectroscopy sequence. dACC neurometabolite levels, with a focus on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA, were compared between AUD and LD participants. The associations between metabolite levels and recent drinking were explored. Results AUD participants had significantly lower concentrations of GABA (Cohen's d = 0.79, p = 0.017) and glutamine (Cohen's d = 1.12, p = 0.005), but not glutamate (Cohen's d = 0.05, p = 0.893), relative to LD. As previously reported, AUD participants' glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations were inversely associated with their number of heavy drinking days. In contrast, neither number of drinking (mean p = 0.56) nor heavy drinking (mean p = 0.47) days were associated with metabolite concentrations in LD. Conclusions The present study demonstrated significantly lower levels of prefrontal γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamine in treatment-naive individuals with AUD relative to LD. Whether these findings reflect the neurotoxic consequence and/or neuroadaptive response of alcohol consumption versus a predrinking trait, and therefore a more durable neurochemical disturbance, awaits elucidation from longitudinal studies.
Trends in aggressivity and driver risk for cars, SUVs, and pickups: Vehicle incompatibility from 1989 to 2016.

AbstractObjective: When 2 vehicles of different sizes collide, the occupants of the smaller vehicle are more likely to be injured than the occupants of the larger vehicle. The larger vehicle is bot...
Hyperglycemia in Extremely Preterm Infants

Hyperglycemia after birth is common in extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks of gestation). Lower gestational age, lower birthweight, presence of severe illness, and higher parenteral glucose intake increase the risk for hyperglycemia, while provision of higher amounts of amino acids and lipids in parenteral nutrition and early initiation and faster achievement of full enteral feeding decrease the risk. Hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period. Limited data show an association with long-term adverse effects on growth, neurodevelopment, and cardiovascular and metabolic health. Lowering the glucose infusion rate and administration of insulin are the 2 treatment options. Lowering the glucose infusion could lead to calorie deficits and long-term adverse effects on growth and neurodevelopment. Conversely, insulin use increases the risk for hypoglycemia and requires close blood glucose monitoring and frequent adjustments to glucose infusion and insulin dosage. Randomized trials of varying strategies of nutrient provision and/or insulin therapy and long-term follow-up are needed to improve clinical care and overall health of extremely preterm infants with hyperglycemia.
The Arrogant Eye and the French Prohibitions of the Veil

Evânia Reich presents the argument that the veil laws in France—the banning of the full-face coverings in public and the banning of the headscarf in public schools—are consistent with the emancipatory project of French Laicite. According to this argument, the veils that Muslim women wear are symbols of their oppression, whereas French education seeks to liberate each individual and Laicite serves as a bulwark against the creeping oppressive influence of religion. Unveiling Muslim women, then, is an act of emancipation. In this essay, I argue that the view of French secularism as an emancipatory project to free women of the oppressive mechanism of the veil is an example of what Marilyn Frye calls the “arrogant eye.” In this essay, I offer an alternative approach on the veil following Frye’s notion of the “loving eye.”
IMPROVING CARDIAC REHABILITATION REFERRAL RATES FOR PATIENTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Cardiac rehabilitation has been demonstrated to improve morbidity and mortality in patients who have suffered acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In 2016, average referral rates at Michigan Medicine were 85% for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 45% for patients with Type 1
Melodramatic Masculinity: Object Relations Theory in George Cukor's Keeper of the Flame (1942)

This article offers a psychoanalytic interpretation of Keeper of the Flame (1942), George Cukor's melodrama pairing the legendary screen duo, Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. I adopt Melanie Kl...
AI for the Eye - Automated Assistance for Clinicians Screening for Papilledema.

Accurate assessment of the optic-nerve head, the optic disk, by funduscopy is an important, cost-effective, and noninvasive diagnostic tool for a variety of ocular, neurologic, and inflammatory con...
Infected Right Ventricle Thrombus as a Cause of Persistent Sepsis

The presentation of fevers in a patient with active intravenous (IV) drug use is often challenging, as there is a wide range of both infectious and noninfectious disorders that can cause fevers. A thorough diagnostic workup is essential in identifying the etiology of these fevers. We report a rare case of an infected right ventricular (RV) thrombus as a cause of persistent fever and sepsis in a 46-year-old patient with IV drug use. The patient continued to have persistent bacteremia inspite of appropriate IV antibiotics. Hence, the patient warranted a cardiothoracic surgical excision of the infected RV thrombus following which the patient showed remarkable improvement.
Sensitivity of reactor experiments to nonstandard neutrino interactions in beta decay rates

We frame beta-minus decay rate perturbations in the context of charged-current (CC) nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI). In particular, we first outline one NSI parameterization for modeling the CC NSI. Then, we demonstrate that the strength of the NSI constrained by beta-minus decay data is comparable to previously reported bounds on general CC NSI at $\mathcal{O}(10^{-4})$ to $\mathcal{O}(10^{-2})$. After discussing possible parameters involved in beta-minus decay NSI, we establish a working framework to probe potentially new physics in nuclear decay rates. Finally, we determine that current nuclear reactor technology could be used for experiments that are sensitive to these NSI parameters. These would include NSI contributions from two types of parameters: (i) the relative NSI effects from the three neutrino flavors and (ii) the change in flux of electron neutrinos through a decaying sample.
Reality television in new worlds

The Politics of Reality Television stages two conversations. In the ﬁrst, an established literature grounded in the critique of neoliberalism and located in the US-UK nexus converses with an emerging literature on the social and political lives of reality television in the Global South. In the second, empirically based studies enter in dialogue with a ﬁrst wave of largely theoretical discussions of reality television. Through these two exchanges, this volume captures not only the expansion of a television genre beyond industrialized Western countries, but attends to a gamut of thematic, conceptual and epistemological challenges that arise when the subject and methods of study cross into new terrains. Reality television reﬂects, more conspicuously than other genres, the multipleentanglements of temporalities, scales and narratives that characterize the contemporary media industries: the convergence between “old” and “new” media, new relationships between viewer, text, and context, a ﬂuid articulation of “global” and “local” in the context of the global march of market fundamentalism and local reactions to neoliberal ideology and practices. In a context of privatization, free trade, and media and worldwide liberalization of media and telecommunications, a comparative examination of reality television enables a renewed appreciation of the complicated economic, political and cultural implications of convergent media industries. By examining changing social relations empirically and across several sites,this volume addresses the ways in which the social and political lives of reality television in France, India, South Africa, the ex-Yugoslavia, Norway, Singapore, Australia and Arab countries, at once re-aﬃrm and challenge approaches and themes forged by scholars studying reality shows in the United States and United Kingdom. As it suggests ways for re-tooling our approaches to reality television, The Politics of Reality Television does not aim to stipulate a deﬁnitive agenda for the globalization of reality television studies; rather, our objective is to initiate a process of inquiry that takes the globalization of reality television studies as an opportunity to re-think broader connections between media and politics, historically and globally – reality television as a prism refracting the complexities of the contemporary global formation.
Ecology and Management of Plague in Diverse Communities of Rodents and Fleas

Plague originated in Asia as a flea-borne zoonosis of mammalian hosts. Today, the disease is distributed nearly worldwide. In western United States of America, plague is maintained, transmitted, and amplified in diverse communities of rodents and fleas. We examined flea diversity on three species of prairie dogs (Cynomys spp., PDs) and six species of sympatric small rodents in Montana and Utah, United States of America. Among 2896 fleas, 19 species were identified; 13 were found on PDs and 9 were found on small rodents. In Montana, three flea species were found on PDs; the three species parasitize PDs and mice. In Utah, 12 flea species were found on PDs; the 12 species parasitize PDs, mice, voles, chipmunks, ground squirrels, rock squirrels, and marmots. Diverse flea communities and their willingness to parasitize many types of hosts, across multiple seasons and habitats, may favor plague maintenance and transmission. Flea parasitism on Peromyscus deer mice varied directly with elevation. Fleas are prone to desiccation, and might prosper at higher, mesic elevations; in addition, Peromyscus nest characteristics may vary with elevation. Effective management of plague is critical. Plague management is probably most effective when encompassing communities of rodents and fleas. Treatment of PD burrows with 0.05% deltamethrin dust, which suppressed fleas on PDs for >365 days, suppressed fleas on small rodents for at least 58 days. At one site, deltamethrin suppressed fleas on small rodents for at least 383 days. By simultaneously suppressing fleas on PDs and small rodents, deltamethrin should promote ecosystem resilience and One Health objectives.
Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep and their Therapeutic Potential for Sleep Disorders

The recent trend for legalization of medicinal cannabis and cannabinoid-containing products, together with their soporific effects, has led to a surge of interest of their potential therapeutic role in the management of some common sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep disordered breathing, and restless legs syndrome, and less common disorders such as narcolepsy and parasomnias. Although much of the pre-clinical and clinical data were derived from studies with relatively small sample sizes and limited by biases in assessment, and in clinical trials lack of allocation concealment, as a whole, the results indicate a potential therapeutic role for cannabinoids in the management of some sleep disorders. Clinical trials are underway for insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea management, but there remains a substantial need for rigorous large multi-center studies to assess the dose, efficacy, and safety of the various types of cannabinoids on sleep disorders. This review aims to summarize the modulatory effects of cannabinoids on sleep physiology and provide a critical evaluation of the research on their potential therapeutic benefit in various sleep disorders.
Measurement Invariance and Comparison of Mean Scores by Age Cohort of Two Versions of the Male Role Norms Inventory

This study was designed to inquire into the effects of aging versus age cohort by examining how men and women representing four age cohorts across the life span endorse masculinity ideology. Ascert...
The Democratization of Invention During Early Industrialization: Evidence from the United States, 1790-1846

We employ the 1860 Census of Manufactures to study rural antebellum manufacturing in the South and Midwest, and find that manufacturing output per capita was similar across regions in counties specialized in the same agricultural products. The southern deficit in manufactures per capita appears to have been largely attributable to the very low levels of output in counties specialized in cotton production. This implies that it was the South's capabilities for the highly profitable cotton production, not the existence of slavery per se, that was responsible for the region's limited industrial development -- at least in rural areas. The other major finding is that in both the South and the Midwest measured total factor productivity was significantly lower in counties specialized in wheat (the most seasonal of agricultural products as regards labor requirements). This is consistent with suggestions that agricultural districts where the predominant crops were highly seasonal in their requirements for labor were well suited to support manufacturing enterprise during the offpeak periods.
Case of acute promyelocytic leukemia with basophilic differentiation and an ETV6 mutation

The translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 t(15;17) at the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) is thought to be specific for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We present a case of acute leukemia with evidence of t(15;17) by banding karyotype, FISH, and PCR, with rare microgranular promyelocytes and significant basophilia detected on marrow aspirate, and an ETV6 missense mutation by molecular diagnostic testing. The patient underwent treatment with isotretinoin (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) with attainment of a morphologic remission at the end of induction. There was no evidence of coagulopathy or basophil granule release with therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the co-occurrence of APL with marrow basophilia in conjunction with an ETV6 mutation. The prognostic impact of an ETV6 mutation in this setting is unclear.
Chapter 11 Immunopathogenesis of Autoimmune Liver Damage

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the multi-factorial nature of autoimmune liver disease, and the various theoretical bases for its occurrence are discussed. Autoimmune liver disease is the net consequence of an interactive network of stimulatory and inhibitory immune responses that are activated by diverse antigens that probably have a homologous epitope. Disturbances in antigen recognition, deficiencies in the regulatory networks that control immune reactivity, and differences in the genetic and gender predispositions for autoimmune liver disease are emphasized. Autoimmune liver disease has pathogenic mechanisms that are shared by other autoimmune diseases, and its distinction from the other diseases must reflect unique antigenic triggers and a constellation of host-dependent modifiers that shape the clinical phenotype. These diverse factors are interactive and the degree of their involvement can vary among individuals, and modify the clinical expression and behavior of the disease. Autoimmune liver disease is a human model of autoimmunity, and it has the potential to provide insight in the mechanisms and treatment of other similar conditions.
Transfer of ideals and quantization of small nilpotent orbits

We introduce and study a transfer map between ideals of the universal enveloping algebras of two members of a reductive dual pair of Lie algebras. Its definition is motivated by the approach to the real Howe duality through the theory of Capelli identities. We prove that this map provides a lower bound on the annihilators of theta lifts of representations with a fixed annihilator ideal. We also show that in the algebraic stable range, transfer respects the class of quantizations of nilpotent orbit closures. As an application, we explicitly describe quantizations of small nilpotent orbits of general linear and orthogonal Lie algebras and give presentations of certain rings of algebraic differential operators. We consider two algebraic versions of Howe duality and reformulate our results in terms of noncommutative Capelli identities.
The Astrometric Imaging Telescope: Near-Term Discovery and Study of Other Planetary Systems

The Astrometric Imaging Telescope (AIT) is a space-based 1.5 to 2 meter diameter telescope designed to discover and study planetary systems around other stars. The measurement objectives and instrument design aim at a definitive search for other planetary systems. The science program includes two planetary-system investigations, and the telescope carries two separate instruments: an astrometric instrument to measure the reflex motions of stars caused by the motions of unseen planets and an imaging coronagraph to directly image planets and other circumstellar matter.
Production of pure protein and antibodies and development of immunoassays to detect Ara h 3 levels in peanut varieties

Summary Peanuts are one of the most allergenic foods and are widespread in western food products. Therefore, there has been intense research into the allergic nature of the proteins involved. Ara h 3 is one of three immunodominant allergenic proteins. It is a 60-kDa protein, which forms following cleavage of the preprotein and association of the resultant 40- and 20-kDa subunits. The large subunit has been shown to harbour most of the reactive epitopes and has the protein fold likely responsible for its trypsin inhibitor activity. In this work, we have developed a method for the high-level expression and purification of recombinant Ara h 3 40-kDa subunit. Specific antibodies have been produced and applied to the secondary and tertiary screens of hundreds of peanut cultivars. Several of these cultivars were identified that have significantly reduced accumulation of Ara h 3.
Users’ Perceptions of the Impact of Public Access Computing in Colombia: Libraries, Telecenters and Cybercafés

Measuring the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) for community development is critical, yet it remains elusive. This article presents findings from an exploratory study of public access computing (PAC) services in Colombia, South America, conducted by University of Washington researchers and local partners. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the study explores perceptions of the impact of ICT on people’s lives from the perspective of users of libraries, telecenters, and cybercafes around the country. Understanding the broader dimension of PAC services, instead of focusing on only a single type of venue (i.e., only libraries, telecenters, or cybercafes), offers a more complete picture of both how people use PAC and the types of benefits they derive from PAC services. Four types of perceived benefits emerge in the study: increased information, stronger relationships, better learning opportunities, and easier transactions. In addition, some negative consequences are identified. Findings question the notion that PAC has a direct impact on development by offering access to jobs, agriculture, health, employment, or other development resources. Rather, we suggest that PAC can have an indirect contribution to development by offering users benefits, such as easier access to more information and communication resources, better social connections with friends and family, and increased opportunities for education and learning.
Making Knowledge and Making Drugs? Experimenting with University Innovation Capacity Issue

In the pursuit of improved and cheaper ways to produce new drugs, both government and industry are turning to universities to play an expanded role in the innovation process. Many of the larger U.S. research universities are experimenting with ways of moving into spaces traditionally reserved for commercial actors. This Article begins with challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry and the related pressures on universities and investigates two questions. First, the Article considers whether universities offer any advantages over firms and governments in managing not only drug discovery, but also post-discovery drug development. Second, it considers the implications of an expanded university role in drug development for the existing framework governing university technology development and transfer. The Article uses an experiment with drug development capacity currently underway at Emory University as a case study with which to explore these questions. This experiment takes Emory much further along the path of drug development than most universities have ventured. The case study illustrates the comparative advantages that the university, as a unique organizational form, might offer over firms and government labs in managing drug development. At the same time, it illustrates the challenges of protecting the public interest in access to and use of publicly funded research results without jeopardizing product development goals. The Article concludes with some proposed legal and regulatory changes designed to increase the flexibility of universities to engage in drug development while also increasing their accountability and responsibility for managing development activities in ways that further their public knowledge mandate.
Prolonged fasting significantly changes nutrient oxidation and glucose tolerance after a normal mixed meal

The aim of this study was to establish the experimental paradigm of fasting, followed by refeeding, to investigate individual differences in nutrient partitioning. Eight nonobese men were fed a normal meal (25% of daily energy requirements) on two occasions, after an overnight (13-h) fast and after a prolonged (72-h) fast. During the entire fasting period, subjects were resident in a whole room indirect calorimeter, and blood samples were drawn periodically. Because no other food was consumed over the 12 h after either meal, negative energy balance was observed after the overnight and prolonged fast. Postprandial carbohydrate oxidation was significantly reduced after the 72- vs. 13-h fast (P < 0.0001), whereas fat oxidation was significantly increased (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, carbohydrate balance was positive after the prolonged fast but negative after the overnight fast (24 +/- 17 vs. -57 +/- 16 g/12 h, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas fat balance was negative under both conditions (-78 +/- 7 vs. -47 +/- 8 g/12 h, respectively; P < 0.002). With 72 h of fasting, the glucose and insulin excursions in response to the mixed meal were significantly greater compared with the 13-h fast (P < 0.001). In conclusion, prolonged fasting resulted in a significant decrease in carbohydrate oxidation and an increase in fat oxidation, after a normal mixed meal, in healthy men. This was associated with a significant decrease in glucose tolerance. Because circulating free fatty acids were greatly elevated at all times after the prolonged fast, these may be mediating some of the changes in postprandial metabolism.
A decision-theoretic approach to developing robust collision avoidance logic

All large transport aircraft are required to be equipped with a collision avoidance system that instructs pilots how to maneuver to avoid collision with other aircraft. The uncertainty in the behavior of the intruding aircraft makes developing a robust collision avoidance logic challenging. This paper presents an automated approach for optimizing collision avoidance logic based on probabilistic models of aircraft behavior and a performance metric that balances the competing objectives of maximizing safety and minimizing alert rate. The approach involves framing the problem of collision avoidance as a Markov decision process that is solved using dynamic programming. Although this paper focuses on airborne collision avoidance for manned aircraft, the methods may be applied to collision avoidance for other categories of vehicles, both manned and unmanned.
Mechanisms underlying neural cell death in neurodegenerative diseases: alterations of a developmentally-mediated cellular rheostat

Genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases are normally expressed throughout neural development and are essential for the elaboration and maintenance of neuronal subpopulations. Disease-causing mutations can compromise defined subsets of these neural specification events in subtle ways that initially lead to impairments in the cellular homeostasis of evolving regional neuronal subpopulations, and adult-onset cell death from normally non-lethal environmental stressors. Neurodegenerative diseases may, therefore, represent an emerging class of developmental disorders characterized by novel biological responses to subthreshold neurodevelopmental abnormalities that impair targeted neuronal biosynthetic pathways without causing obvious developmental deficits. This developmental model of pathogenesis predicts that it will soon be possible to identify these dysfunctional pathways prior to the occurrence of irreversible cellular injury, and to successfully intervene using innovative neuroprotective and neural regenerative strategies.
Impaired Assimilation of EGG CO57 Vitamin B12 in Patients With Hypochlorhydria and Achlorhydria and After Gastric Resection

Abstract Patients who have undergone gastric resection and those with simple gastric hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria may have low serum B 12 concentrations with normal absorption of radiocyanocobalamin. Impaired assimilation of food vitamin B 12 , but not of the crystalline Co 57 B 12 , may be the cause for this phenomenon. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the assimilation of Co 57 B 12 incorporated into eggs in vivo with that of crystalline Co 57 B 12 . As judged by the urinary excretion test, 10 patients with gastric resection having low serum B 12 , values and normal absorption of crystalline B 12 , absorbed on the average 9% of that observed in 11 normal control subjects when the egg Co 57 B 12 was administered. Similarly, 5 patients with achlorhydria or severe hypochlorhydria absorbed on the average 12% of that seen in normal subjects. There was no difference in the absorption of the crystalline Co 57 B 12 in these groups. An equally poor assimilation of nonlabeled food B 12 may explain the low serum B 12 concentrations found in postgastrectomy patients, and achlorhydric subjects with low serum B 12 and normal absorption of crystalline radiocyanocobalamin. Patients with pernicious anemia and those with gastric resection showing low serum B 12 concentrations and B 12 absorption values had extremely poor assimilation of both food Co 57 B 12 and crystalline Co 57 B 12 .
Effects of preheating vegetable oils on performance and emission characteristics of two diesel engines.

Abstract Performance and emission characteristics of vegetable oils at elevated temperatures are studied. Fuels are run in two four-cycle, direct injection compression ignited engines having different number of cylinders, compression ratios, rated power and cooling systems but relatively close engine speed. Brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, and CO, O2, Unburned HC and NO emissions are determined as a function of load at ambient and preheat conditions for peanut, sunflower and canola oils. Overall, effects of preheat, engine type and type of vegetable oils on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions are discussed.
High frequency fatigue crack propagation behavior of a nickel-base turbine disk alloy

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted on the powder metallurgy nickel-base superalloy KM4 at room temperature. Two different heat treatments were investigated, one which produced a relatively coarse grain size around 55 μm, and another which produced a very fine grain size around 6 μm. Tests were conducted at 50 Hz and 1000 Hz in an advanced servohydraulic testing machine at R -ratios between 0.4 and 0.7. There was no effect of frequency on the fatigue behavior at room temperature, which is expected in this type of alloy, and this result yields confidence in the reliability of the servohydraulic fatigue testing system. The threshold stress intensity for fatigue crack propagation decreased with decreasing grain size and with increasing R -ratio, again as expected. With increasing grain size, the crack path tortuosity and the crystallographic facet size on the fracture surface both increased substantially, leading to increases in roughness-induced closure and a higher apparent threshold. The threshold ΔK values measured at 10 −10 m/cycle corresponded to essentially infinite lifetimes, as very small decreases in Δ K from the threshold values resulted in complete crack arrest, and led to difficulty in restarting the crack growth at higher Δ K levels. Finally, comparisons of the observed thresholds with existing models revealed significant discrepancies between the predicted and measured values.
Pituitary relationship of gonadotropins and messenger ribonucleic acid for gonadotropin subunits in white composite and Meishan boars

Two experiments were conducted to compare amounts of mRNAs for gonadotropin subunits in two breeds of pigs that are genetically distinct with respect to litter size: the Chinese Meishan and the white composite (a composite of four European white breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace, large white, and Chester white). In experiment 1, pituitaries were collected from mature Meishan (n = 5) and white composite (n = 6) boars. In experiment 2, boars were assigned to three groups according to peripheral concentrations of FSH: white composite (approximately 100 ng/ml; n = 8), Meishan with low FSH ( 750 ng/ml; n = 7). Within each of the three groups, five males were castrated. Two months after castration, pituitaries were collected from castrates and from eight contemporary boars for comparison purposes. Concentrations of FSH and LH were measured in half of each pituitary by RIA. RNA was isolated from the other half of each pituitary, applied to Northern and slot blots, and hybridized with cDNA probes for bovine alpha, LH beta, or FSH beta subunits. In experiment 1, pituitary concentrations of FSH (micrograms FSH/mg pituitary) were greater (p 0.05) between castrated and intact animals. Meishan males with high FSH had greater (p < 0.05) amounts of mRNA for all three gonadotropin subunits than did white composite males. From these results we suggest that greater levels of gonadotropins in the circulation of Meishan boars result, in part, from increased amounts of mRNA for gonadotropin subunits as compared with those in the white composite breed of boars.
Modeling volume changes due to lithium intercalation in a carbon fiber

Two different approaches were used to model the insertion of lithium ions into a single carbon particle fiber under potentiodynamic control. In the first approach, volume changes in the particle due to lithium intercalation/deintercalation were neglected (NVCP model) while in the second approach the volume changes were included (VCP model). Modeling discrimination techniques were used to determine the statistical significance of the different models when fitting experimental cyclic voltammetry data. It was found that the VCP model is a better fit of the experimental cyclic voltammetry data than the NVCP model. The VCP model predicts significant changes in the radius of the particle due to lithium intercalation/deintercalation. It is recommended to extend the application of the VCP model to a complete lithium ion cell. Incorporation of volume changes into the model along with the formation of the SEI layer may be the key to understanding and predicting capacity fade in a lithium ion battery during cycling.
The Relationship between Coercion and Protest An Empirical Evaluation in Three Coercive States

The relationship between coercion and protest, arguably the core of any theory of rebellion, remains unresolved. Competing hypotheses have emerged from formal models and empirical research. This article uses two forms of the predator-prey model to test these competing hypotheses. Time-series data from three coercive states (the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, and the Palestinian Intifada) are used to estimate parameters for both models. Results show stable, damped relationships in all three cases. The “inverted U” hypothesis receives less support than its “backlash” alternative, that is, that dissidents react strongly to extremely harsh coercion. Moreover, the study indicates that protesters adapt to coercion by changing tactics.
Patterns of Pediatric Practice by the Same Physicians in a Prepaid and a Fee- for-Service Setting

A study is reported of the ambulatory services provided by four pediatricians who practice both in their own fee-for-service practice (FFS) and in an experimental prepaid group practice model (PPGP). Differences were noted in the two prac tices. There were more infants in the fee-for- service practice and more adolescents in the pre paid practice. Likewise, a nurse provided follow- up medical services in the prepaid practice but not in the fee-for-service practice. These factors explained some of the results observed. Even allowing for these practice differences, however, the same physicians prescribed more laboratory tests, consultations, and follow-up visits in the prepaid as opposed to the fee-for-service prac tice. This study suggests that observed differences in medical care utilization between PPGP and FFS are associated with the organizational, staffing, and financial aspects of prepaid practice contrasted to fee-for-service practice, rather than with physician differences per se.
Factors which affect peak shapes and areas in ion scattering spectroscopy

This study is a further attempt to understand how experimental factors influence signal intensities and peak shapes in ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). Different inert gases and mixtures have been scattered off polycrystalline Pt and Cu using primary beam energies ranging from 500 to 2000 eV. The ISS signal intensities decreases significantly as the primary beam energy decreases or as the mass of the scattering ion increases. This fact is consistent with the assertion that the neutralization probability increases as the period of time that an ion spends near a metallic surface increases. The influence of isotopic distribution of the scattering gas on ISS peak shape is also examined using mixtures of 20Ne+ and 22Ne+.