cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amyloid beta-peptide (AβP) potentiates a nimodipine-sensitive L-type barium conductance in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells

The neurodegenerative pathology observed in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has been partially attributed to the neurotoxic effects of the amyloid beta-peptide (A beta P), although the mechanisms underlying this neurotoxicity are unknown. Since A beta P is capable of forming cation channels in lipid bilayers, it is possible that the neurotoxic effects on neurons may be mediated by a cation flux. We have used patch-clamp recording techniques to study the effects of A beta P on cation currents in differentiated mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. In whole-cell recordings, incubation of cells with A beta P for 24 h significantly increased the median peak inward current from -201.8 pA to -352.0 pA, and shifted the voltage at peak current (Vpeak) and that of current activation (Vact) towards more positive potentials. For untreated cells, median Vpeak was 1.7 mV and Vact was -28.9 mV, vs. 10.5 mV and -24.7 mV in A beta P-treated cells. Incubation with the reverse sequence A beta P(40-1) or A beta P(25-35) did not produce significant changes in the amplitude or kinetic behavior of the inward current. At the single channel level, A beta P added to the pipette increased the open probability of cation-conducting ion channels. As determined by cell viability counts, both A beta P(1-40) and the A beta P(25-35) fragment had neurotoxic effects; within 24 h, addition of A beta P reduced the number of viable cells by more than 50%. It is suggested that the neurotoxic effects of A beta P may be mediated by its ability to form cation channels de novo and/or alter the activity of cation channels already present in the cell membrane.
Measurements of singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy

Photochemical reactions are used in photodynamic therapy of cancer and other disease. The cytotoxic agent in photochemotherapy is usually singlet oxygen. Thus measurements of singlet oxygen production or concentration may allow prediction of the biological response. The decrease in fluorescence of L-tryptophan because of reaction with singlet oxygen, the decrease in absorbance of a dye such as RNO subject to secondary oxidation by singlet oxygen, and the decrease in fluorescence of the most common photosensitizer, dihematoporphyrin ether/ester (DHE) because of photobleaching, have been investigated in solutions in vitro. The most promising method for dosimetry and prediction of biological response appears to be the photobleaching of DHE.
Security against probe-response attacks in collaborative intrusion detection

Probe-response attacks are a new threat for collaborative intrusion detection systems. A probe is an attack which is deliberately crafted so that its target detects and reports it with a recognizable "fingerprint" in the report. The attacker then uses the collaborative infrastructure to learn the detector's location and defensive capabilities from this report.We analyze the fundamental tradeoff between the ability of a collaborative network to detect epidemic threats and security of individual participants against probe-response attacks. We then design and evaluate a collaborative detection system which provides protection against probe-response attacks. Unlike previously proposed collaborative detection networks, our system supports alert sharing while limiting exposure of members' identities.
DETERMINATION OF THORIUM, URANIUM AND PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES IN ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLES

A new procedure for the radiochemical measurements of thorium, uranium and plutonium in atmospheric samples is described. Analysis involves coprecipitation of these actinides with iron hydroxide from a 40-to 50-dm3 sample of rainwater, followed by radiochemical separation and purification procedures by the use of ion exchange chromatography (Dowex AG1×8) and solvent extraction. The new procedure enables one to determine the isotopes of thorium, uranium and plutonium, which are found in rainwater at extremely low concentrations, with a chemical yield ranging from 60 to 80%.
Reorientational diffusion of tungsten hexacarbonyl in solution

Abstract The oxygen-17 spin-lattice relaxation time in tungsten hexacarbonyl has been measured in the solvent, chloroform-d, and used to determine the reorientational diffusion coefficient, D, as a function of temperature. The experimental activation energy for D was significantly below that predicted by the Gierer-Wirtz ‘microviscosity’ model, but in almost perfect agreement with the value calculated from the more recent Hynes-Kapral-Weinberg (HKW) theory of reorientation in liquids. The HKW model was used to predict the diffusion coefficient and, hence, the reorientational contribution (ΔReor) to the bandwidths of the Eg (Raman) and Tlu(IR) vibrational modes of W(CO)6 in various solvents. These, together with the reported widths (ΔObs), permitted determination of the contribution of vibrational relaxation (ΔVib). Both ΔReor and ΔVib are sensitively dependent both upon mode and solvent. In general, the latter contribution dominates the observed bandwidth, particularly in the solvents, chloroform and benzene.
Interspecific attack on mice and frogs by golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

When tested for their reactions to mice, most male and female hamsters attacked with a pattern typical of hamster attacks on conspecifics. Females attacked with shorter latency than did males, and the very few hamsters that consistently killed mice were all females. Latencies of attack decreased with repeated testing, even though most attacks were not followed by killing. When tested with frogs, hamsters typically avoided the frogs, although a few showed long-latency attacks and kills. A detailed description of the topography of interspecific attack by hamsters and other closely related groups would be useful as a beginning step in analysis of the function of interspecific attack.
Giant magnetic moments of nitrogen-doped Mn clusters and their relevance to ferromagnetism in Mn-doped GaN.

Calculations based on density-functional theory show that the stability and magnetic properties of small Mn clusters can be fundamentally altered by the presence of nitrogen. Not only are their binding energies substantially enhanced, but also the coupling between the magnetic moments at Mn sites remains ferromagnetic irrespective of their size or shape. In addition, these nitrogen-doped Mn clusters carry giant magnetic moments ranging from $4{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ in MnN to $22{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ in $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{5}}\mathrm{N}$. It is suggested that the giant magnetic moments of ${\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n}}_{x}\mathrm{N}$ clusters may play a key role in the ferromagnetism of Mn-doped GaN which exhibit a wide range (10--940 K) of Curie temperatures.
Impact of Power Plant Entrainment of Ichthyoplankton on Juvenile Recruitment of Four Fishes in Western Lake Erie in 1975–77

The effect of power plant entrainment on juvenile recruitment of four species of ichthyoplankton in western Lake Erie was investigated. Of the four species studied—gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), white bass (Morone chrysops), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens)—it was found that the effect on walleye year class strength is minimal while the effect on gizzard shad recruitment may possibly be significant in terms of overall impact on the community ecology of the western basin. This aspect of the impact of power plant entrainment should be further investigated. It was estimated that total juvenile recruitment of these four species would increase by 742 individuals per acre if all power plant entrainment were eliminated.
Using wavefront sensor information in image post-processing to improve the resolution of telescopes with small aberrations

Due to mechanical aspects of fabrication, launch, and operational environment, space telescope optics can suffer from unforseen aberrations, detracting from their intended diffraction-limited performance goals. Presented here are the results of a simulation study designed to explore how wavefront aberration information could be used in post- processing to improve the effective resolution of such telescopes. Knowledge of the telescope pupil aberration can be effectively used in a post-processing paradigm referred to as deconvolution from wavefront sensing (DWFS). Simulation results show that even when relatively noisy wavefront sensor information is used on images experiencing up to 10% of a wave root-mean-squared (RMS) of unspecified wavefront error, the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the optical transfer function (OTF) can be increased by a factor of 1.5, and RMS OTF phasor angle errors can be approximately cut in half, across a wide range of spatial frequencies. Post-processing consisted of correction of the Fourier phase of the image spectra using information from wavefront sensing, without the use of inverse filtering or adaptive optics compensation.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A white-light profiling algorithm adopting the multiwavelength interferometric technique

A new profiling algorithm is proposed for the scanning white-light interferometry. A series of white-light interferograms are acquired by traditional vertical scanning process. The collected intensity data of the interferograms are then Fourier-Transformed with respect to the ordinate, or the scanning axis, into the wave number domain, where two or more wave numbers are selected for further calculation. The multi-wavelength phase-unwrapping technique is then used to solve for the surface profile. Preliminary experiment has been carried out with a Mirau-type white-light interferometer on two sets of step-height standards. The proposed algorithm works as well even when the spectrum of the white-light source is not Gaussian distributed, while the conventional peak sensing algorithms do not.
Secondary gain concept: Definition problems and its abuse in medical practice

Abstract Secondary gain is claimed to be important to the generation and maintenance of disease or illness behavior. This concept is of major interest to the clinician dealing with the chronic pain patient, as these clinicians often encounter patients with whom secondary gain factors are suspected or inferred, or both. The author begins a critical examination of the concept of secondary gain. Primary, secondary, and tertiary gains and secondary losses are defined and described. Difficulties with and abuses of the secondary gain concept in chronic pain treatment are presented.
A long view of polluting industry and environmental justice in Baltimore

Abstract Purpose This study examines the density of polluting industry by neighborhoods in Baltimore over the long term, from 1950 to 2010, to determine if high pollution burdens correspond spatially with expected demographic and housing variables predicted in the environmental justice literature. For 1960–1980 we use data on heavy industry from Dun and Bradstreet directories and for 1990–2010 the US EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory to calculate a Hazards Density Index. Drawing on the decennial censuses for 1960–2010, we populate census tracts from corresponding years with data on race, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, and housing tenure. Findings Density of polluting industry is positively correlated with low-income neighborhoods and renter-occupied housing in 1960 and by 2010 with white, Hispanic, and low educational attainment populations. In general, over time density of polluting facilities shifts from an association with wealth to race and ethnicity while educational attainment remains a significant variable throughout. This study confirms earlier analyses on Baltimore that white neighborhoods are more likely than African–American neighborhoods (1990–2010) to contain polluting facilities but reveals for the first time that educational attainment is also significant. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Baltimore Sustainability Plan and its weak efforts to address persistent environmental injustices.
DEFECTIVE ADHERENCE-MEDIATED POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE (PMN) ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY (ADCC) IN PATIENTS WITH PMN SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN 138 (GP 138) DEFICIENCY

Four unrelated patients with GP 138 deficiency, marked leukocyte adherence defects, and normal IgG Fc receptors (PMN-EA rosettes = 84±6%) were studied for the ability to mediate PMN and Mononuclear cell (MC) ADCC and MC natural killer cytotoxicity (NKC) in a 51Cr assay to herpes simplex virus-infected Chang liver cells. At multiple effector to target cell ratios (E:T), patients' PMN-ADCC was absent (E:T 100:1, 4.3±1.2) and significantly lower than that of adults (27.9±8.1, p<.025), infants (15.3±4.2, p<.005) or cord blood (34.7±6.5, p<.001). Patients' MC-NKC (E:T 30:1, 10.0±4.3, controls 39.6±9.4, p<.05) and MC-ADCC (E:T 30:1, 27.6±11.4, controls 45.2±7.6) were markedly lower than controls but variable. A single cell agarose conjugation assay demonstrated that anti-HSV IgG increased the percentage of normal PMN conjugation (from 1.5±0.5 to 4.5±0.8, p<.01) but had no effect on conjugation of patients' PMN (1.2±0.2 to 1.0±0.2). Low MC cytotoxicity was due to lytic defects. This model demonstrates for the first time that PMN-ADCC is dependent on an adherence-mediating leukocyte surface glycoprotein GP138 to mediate target binding in addition to intact IgG Fc receptors. Supported by NIH grant HD 13021
Note: Characterization of a high-photon-energy X-ray imager.

The Bragg angle, rocking curve, and reflection efficiency of a quartz crystal x-ray imager (Miller indices 234) were measured at photon energy of 15.6909 keV, corresponding to the Kα2 line of Zr, using the X15A beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. One flat and three spherically curved samples were tested. The peak reflectivity of the best-performing crystal was determined to be (3.6 ± 0.7) × 10−4 with a rocking-curve full width at half maximum of 0.09°. The Zr Kα2 emission was imaged from a hot Zr plasma generated by a 10-J multiterawatt laser.
Taking on the Trust: The Epic Battle of Ida Tarbell and John D. Rockefeller – By Steve Weinberg

The author offers an engaging, descriptive account of the parallel, and sometimes intersecting, lives of Ida Tarbell, the muckraking journalist, and John D. Rockefeller, the founder of the Standard...
Tense, Propositions, and Meanings

L'A. distingue entre temporalisme la verite des propositions est fonction du temps , et eternalisme les propositions sont vraies ou fausses sub specie aeternitati . Il soutient que l'eternalisme est seul consistant avec la logique temporelle priorienne. Les propositionnalistes doivent donc se resigner, selon l'A., a faire porter, dans la logique du temps, le temps sur les significations des phrases et non sur les objets de croyance (ou propositions) que ces phrases expriment.
Curbing the global AIDS epidemic.

President George W. Bush's recent pledge of $15 billion to fight human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS is another welcome sign of the increased priority placed on the global epidemic. The announcement calls for a strong focus on prevention along with increased access to treatment. The critical steps now are to ensure that these resources are appropriated rapidly and that they complement other critical health and development initiatives. The hope is that other donor governments will follow the lead of the United States with commitments to increased resources, because the global AIDS epidemic threatens to grow far graver. Stover . . .
Incidents of potential public health significance identified using national surveillance of US poison center data (2008–2012)

AbstractBackground. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Association of Poison Control Centers conduct national surveillance on data collected by US poison centers to identify incidents of potential public health significance (IPHS). The overarching goals of this collaboration are to improve CDC's national surveillance capacity for public health threats, identify early markers of public health incidents and enhance situational awareness. The National Poison Data System (NPDS) is used as a surveillance system to automatically identify data anomalies. Purpose. To characterize data anomalies and IPHS captured by national surveillance of poison center data over 5 years. Methods. Data anomalies are identified through three surveillance methodologies: call-volume, clinical effect, and case-based. Anomalies are reviewed by a team of epidemiologists and clinical toxicologists to determine IPHS using standardized criteria. The authors reviewed IPHS identified by these surveillance ...
Nucleophilic displacement reactions on fluorine. II. The role of σ- and π-bond nucleophiles

Abstract S N 2 displacement reactions on fluorine by σ- and π-bond nucleophiles are discussed and shown to constitute a general class of reaction. Mechanisms are suggested for reactions mentioned in the literature which are consistent with this generalization.
Time-dependence of crystal orientation in crystalline polymers

The results of two methods for studying molecular processes accompanying the deformation of polyethylene are described. The examination of spherulite deformation by observing light scattering patters along with measurement of the birefringence, stress and strain during the rapid extension of polyethylene shows that this initial structural deformation is essentially instantaneous. Dynamic x-ray diffraction shows that this is followed by a slower relaxation involving change in the orientation of the crystals by two processes, the lower temperature one involving slipping of lamellae past each other and the higher temperature one involving viscoelastic flow of the crystals.
Nucleon-antinucleon interaction from the Skyrme model. II. Beyond the product ansatz

We calculate the full static interaction of a Skyrmion and an anti-Skyrmion as a function of separation and relative grooming. From this, using projection methods and Born-Oppenheimer mixing, we obtain the nucleon- antinucleon interaction. We find agreement with the major features of the empirical interaction including the strong central attraction and the sharp onset of annihilation at about 1 fm.
Triplet-triplet interactions in organic scintillators

Abstract Data on the prompt and delayed scintillation emission of an organic liquid solution are analysed to obtain the triplet-triplet interaction parameters.
Glutamatergic modulation of auditory information processing in the human brain.

Background Auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) and P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) are reduced in schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers administered the N- methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine. In rodents, N- acetylcysteine (NAC), a stimulator of the cystine-glutamate exchanger, attenuates the cognitive and behavioral effects of N- methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. On the basis of these findings, we tested whether NAC would reduce ketamine effects on behavior, MMN, and P300 in healthy humans. Methods This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study consisted of 2 test days during which subjects ( n = 16) were administered oral NAC (3000 mg in divided doses) or matching placebo 165 min before the infusion of saline and then ketamine (as a bolus of .23 mg/kg over 1 min followed by .58 mg/kg for 30 min, and then .29 mg/kg for 40 min) in a fixed order. Behavioral and ERP data including auditory MMN and P300 were collected during each test day. Results Ketamine produced psychotic-like positive symptoms, reductions in working memory and sustained attention performance, and amplitude reductions for the frequency- and intensity-deviant MMNs and P300. NAC pretreatment did not reduce the behavioral or ERP effects of ketamine. In addition, NAC reduced frequency-deviant MMN amplitude and increased target and novelty P3 amplitudes. The decrements in frequency-deviant MMN amplitude produced by ketamine and NAC were not additive. Conclusions NAC did not attenuate the effects of ketamine in humans, in contrast to previous studies in animals. NAC merits further investigation as a cognitive enhancing agent due to its ability to increase the P300 amplitude.
Linear-Time Estimation with Tree Assumed Density Filtering and Low-Rank Approximation

We present two fast and memory-efficient approximate estimation methods, targeting obstacle avoidance applications on small robot platforms. Our methods avoid a main bottleneck of traditional filtering techniques, which creates densely correlated cliques of landmarks, leading to expensive time and space complexity. We introduce a novel technique to avoid the dense cliques by sparsifying them into a tree structure and maintain that tree structure efficiently over time. Unlike other edge removal graph sparsification methods, our methods sparsify the landmark cliques by introducing new variables to de-correlate them. The first method projects the current density onto a tree rooted at the same variable at each step. The second method improves upon the first one by carefully choosing a new low-dimensional root variable at each step to replace such that the independence and conditional densities of the landmarks given the trajectory are optimally preserved. Our experiments show a significant improvement in time and space complexity of the methods compared to other standard filtering techniques in worst-case scenarios, with small trade-offs in accuracy due to low-rank approximation errors.
Excited state conformational dynamics in carotenoids: Dark intermediates and excitation energy transfer

Abstract A consideration of the excited state potential energy surfaces of carotenoids develops a new hypothesis for the nature of the conformational motions that follow optical preparation of the S 2 (1 1 B u + ) state. After an initial displacement from the Franck–Condon geometry along bond length alternation coordinates, it is suggested that carotenoids pass over a transition-state barrier leading to twisted conformations. This hypothesis leads to assignments for several dark intermediate states encountered in femtosecond spectroscopic studies. The S x state is assigned to the structure reached upon the onset of torsional motions near the transition state barrier that divides planar and twisted structures on the S 2 state potential energy surface. The X state, detected recently in two-dimensional electronic spectra, corresponds to a twisted structure well past the barrier and approaching the S 2 state torsional minimum. Lastly, the S ∗ state is assigned to a low lying S 1 state structure with intramolecular charge transfer character (ICT) and a pyramidal conformation. It follows that the bent and twisted structures of carotenoids that are found in photosynthetic light-harvesting proteins yield excited-state structures that favor the development of an ICT character and optimized energy transfer yields to (bacterio)chlorophyll acceptors.
The neuronal dark discharge during eye movements in awake ‘encéphale isolécats

Summary (1) Transient increases in the neuronal dark discharge of the central visual pathways (geniculo-cortical tract and corticofugal radiation), as well as of single lateral geniculate units, have been observed time-locked with eye movements during wakefulness in ‘encephale isole’ cats. These changes were accompanied by the appearance of a distinctive wave pattern in the visual cortex, while no change has been seen in the activity level of the optic chiasm fibers. (2) These increases in central visual impulse traffic have been found to be always bilateral. No direct relationship between the amplitude of a transient increase in central visual activity and that of an eye movement could be observed. Only active and bilateral eye movements with fast rising phase in the electro-oculogram were found to be related to the central visual events. (3) In our awake ‘encephale isole’ cat preparation, the central visual phenomena could be present without a corresponding or detectable eye movement in the electro-oculogram. When a more sensitive index of the motor activity, such as the electromyogram of the extrinsic ocular muscle involved in the movement or the neuronal activity of an oculomotor nucleus replaced the electro-oculogram, the central visual phenomena were always found to be accompanied by the oculomotor activation. (4) The observed phasic increases in central visual firing rate have always followed the oculomotor activation. Evidence has been achieved that the central visual phenomena synchronous with eye movements are not depending upon peripheral inputs from the eye. (5) These transient changes in central visual activity might represent that central discharge concurrent with the efferent discharge resulting in an active eye movement postulated in an attempt to explain distinctive perceptual phenomena during active eye movements.
VAGINAL ESTRUS IN IRRADIATED MICE RELATIONSHIP OF VAGINAL ESTRUS TO OVARIAN CHANGES AND PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE OVARIAN TUMORS AFTER ROENTGEN IRRADIATION

IN A PREVIOUS COMMUNICATION, the experimental production of biologically active ovarian tumors in mice by roentgen irradiation was reported (I). Granulosa and theca cell neoplasms with varying degrees of luteinisation were found to occur in a number of mice during periods of 10 to 15 months following irradiation. Histogenetically, these tumors appeared to have been derived from undifferentiated ovarian parenchyma. Their estrogenic hormonal activity was expressed in proliferative changes within the endometrial and vaginal mucosa. Since these tumors were comparable in structure and function to the granulosa cell neoplasm, its excessively luteinised variety, the Lecene tumor, and the theca cell tumor of the human ovary, an analogous derivation from ovarian parenchyma was postulated. In the course of this study, animals were killed at frequent intervals during the many months prior to tumor development, permitting a correlation between the histopathology of the ovary, the uterine endometrium and the vaginal m...
Image Making in John Cheever's THE FIVE-FORTY-EIGHT

The motif of deceptive images constitutes one of the aesthetic triumphs in John Cheever's short story “The Five-Forty-Eight.” As the story opens, the main character, Blake—an emotionally frozen bus...
Local properties of Lévy processes on a totally disconnected group

This paper is the first study of the sample path behavior of processes with stationary independent increments taking values in a nondiscrete, locally compact, metrizable, totally disconnected Abelian group. After some preparatory results of independent interest we give a general integral criterion for a deterministic function to be a local modulus of right-continuity for the paths of the process and then study the sets of “fast” and “slow” points where the local growth of the process is anomalously large or small. We establish the lim sup behavior for the sequence of first exit times from a collection of concentric balls for an arbitrary process and show that no deterministic function can act as an exact lower envelope. Under appropriate conditions similar results hold for the related sojourn time sequence. We consider various candidates for measuring the variation of the paths of the process, show that they exist and coincide in our situation, and then determine the common value for a general process. Using earlier results we calculate the Hausdorff and packing dimensions of the image of an interval, exhibit the correct Hausdorff measure for this set, and establish a dichotomy that classifies measure functions into those that lead to a zero packing measure for the image and those that lead to an infinite packing measure. Lastly, we prove some uniform dimension results, which bound the dimension of the image of a set in terms of the dimension of the set itself. These results hold almost surely for all sets simultaneously.
Long-Term Changes in Imposex Frequency in File Dogwinkles, Nucella lima G., and Tributyltin Concentrations in Bay Mussels, Mytilus trossulus G.

We quantified imposex in file dogwinkles (Nucella lima) and tributyltin (TBT) contamination in bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) from a number of sites in Auke Bay, Alaska, previously studied in the late 1980s. Imposex occurence and TBT contamination have generally declined in spatial extent and severity over time. However, high levels of TBT contamination (0.069 μg TBT/g wet tissue wt.) and imposex (100% of females affected) are still present near a large boat docking facility in the bay and deserve continued attention because of the importance of this bay to the local economy and fisheries.
A QTL on 12q Influencing an Inflammation Marker and Obesity in White Women: The NHLBI Family Heart Study

It has been recognized that obese individuals are intrinsically in a state of chronic inflammation, as indicated by positive correlations between serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and various anthropometric measures of obesity. To explore the hypothesis that a gene(s) may underlie this relationship, we conducted bivariate linkage analyses of BMI and CRP in white and African-American (AA) families of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study (FHS). Variance components linkage analysis as implemented in SOLAR was performed in 1,825 whites (840 men and 985 women) and 548 AAs (199 men and 351 women). CRP exhibited significant genetic correlations with BMI in women (0.54 ± 0.10 for white and 0.53 ± 0.14 for AA) and the combined samples (0.37 ± 0.09 for white and 0.56 ± 0.13 for AA), but not in men. We detected a maximum bivariate lod score of 3.86 on chromosome 12q24.2–24.3 at 139 cM and a suggestive linkage signal (lod = 2.19) on chromosome 19p13.1 (44 cM) in white women. Both bivariate peaks were substantially higher than their respective univariate lods at the same locus for each trait. No significant lod scores were detected in AAs. Our results indicate that chromosome 12q may harbor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) jointly regulating BMI and CRP in white women.
Road Network-Aware Spatial Alarms

Road network-aware spatial alarms extend the concept of time-based alarms to spatial dimension and remind us when we travel on spatially constrained road networks and enter some predefined locations of interest in the future. This paper argues that road network-aware spatial alarms need to be processed by taking into account spatial constraints on road networks and mobility patterns of mobile subscribers. We show that the Euclidian distance-based spatial alarm processing techniques tend to incur high client energy consumption due to unnecessarily frequent client wakeups. We design and develop a road network-aware spatial alarm processing system, called RoadAlarm , with three unique features. First, we introduce the concept of road network-based spatial alarms using road network distance measures. Instead of using a rectangular region, a road network-aware spatial alarm is a star-like subgraph with an alarm target as the center of the star and border points as the scope of the alarm region. Second, we describe a baseline approach for spatial alarm processing by exploiting two types of filters. We use subscription filter and Euclidean lower bound filter to reduce the amount of shortest path computations required in both computing alarm hibernation time and performing alarm checks at the server. Last but not the least, we develop a suite of optimization techniques using motion-aware filters, which enable us to further increase the hibernation time of mobile clients and reduce the frequency of wakeups and alarm checks, while ensuring high accuracy of spatial alarm processing. Our experimental results show that the road network-aware spatial alarm processing significantly outperforms existing Euclidean space-based approaches, in terms of both the number of wakeups and the hibernation time at mobile clients and the number of alarm checks at the server.
Gas-phase reactions of C2H(X̃2Σ+) with O2, H2, and CH4 studied via time-resolved product emissions

Abstract The reaction of C 2 H with O 2 at 300 K has as one of its product channels CH(A 2 Δ) + CO 2 (X 1 Σ + g ). By monitoring time-resolved CH(A-X) chemiluminescence following laser photolysis production of C 2 H in the presence of O 2 , rate coefficients for reactions of C 2 H with O 2 , H 2 and CH 4 have been measured.
Global convergence and stabilization of unconstrained minimization methods without derivatives

In this paper, acceptability criteria for the stepsize and global convergence conditions are established for unconstrained minimization methods employing only function values. On the basis of these results, the convergence of an implementable line search algorithm is proved and some global stabilization schemes are described.
The End-Products of Research

Author's Summary— Sometimes research in the humanities is called upon to defend itself against critics, lay and professional, who question its significance. The justice of this criticism is considered. The final results of research are distinguished from intermediate stages and by-products.
Comparison of thyroidal and gastric iodide pumps in rats.

Low iodine intake activated the thyroidal iodide pump of rats but had no effect on the gastric pump. Thyroid/serum (T/S) and gastric juice/serum (J/S) radioiodidc concentration ratios were similar in rats receiving adequate amounts of dietary iodine. When graded doses of Na I127 or NaC1O4 were injected, the T/S was more markedly depressed at any dose level used than was the J/S. In rats on a diet with adequate iodine content the capacity of the rat's stomach juice for “pumped” iodide was found to be higher than that of the thyroid. Analysis of the findings suggests that the gastric iodide pump differs from its thyroidal counterpart a) by not being responsive to TSH and to low serum iodide levels, and b) by having a smaller affinity for iodide. SINCE transport of iodide across the stomach wall is not followed by incorporation of the iodide into thyroglobulin, the process can be studied without recourse to the methods of “chemical dissection” used in investigating the thyroidal iodide pump.
The context of trust repair efforts: Exploring the role of relationship dependence and outcome severity

Compared to prior trust repair research that has focused on reactions by the trustor to social accounts or actions by the trustee, this research examines two contextual factors posited to affect the perceived need for and difficulty of repairing trust after a negative outcome. Based on interdependence theory, propositions involving the unique and joint effects of relationship dependence and outcome severity are developed.
Inflammatory fibrous histiocytoma: case report.

This report concerns a patient with inflammatory fibrous histiocytoma, who in contrast to previous reported cases, has had a long survival (20 years), without evidence of recurrent disease following treatment. An interesting but non-reproducible study was the development of leukemia in 2 of 3 Swiss strain mice following the intraperitoneal injection of a saline extract of the patient's tumor.
Nutritional Factors Modify the Inhibition of CNS Development by Combined Exposure to Methadone and Ethanol in Neonatal Rats

The consequences resulting from the combined exposure to methadone and ethanol during a time period equivalent to the third trimester brain growth spurt was the purpose of this study. Rat pups were treated on postnatal days 6-10 and sacrificed on postnatal day 11. Body weight along with the heart, liver, kidneys, whole brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem weights were measured. The impact of nutritional factors were identified by delivery of the drug solutions in one of two intubation vehicles differing in both caloric density and composition. Ethanol and methadone in combination result in significantly increased detrimental effects compared to methadone alone only when possible nutritional compromise was present. The combined effect of both drugs significantly inhibited body growth and the development of all brain regions studied. Neither drug alone, nor in combination, produced significant inhibition of growth in the liver, heart, or kidney. The nutritional status of the pup, as represented by vehicle composition, was able to modify the specific drug effects and suggests that nutritional status can mask or enhance the determination of specific drug effects.
Hiding in Plain Sight: The Practical and Doctrinal Significance of Secrecy in Shi‘ite Islam

To hide and to unveil, to contain and to release-this is the rhythm of secrets and also of the sacred. 1
Courtship in the monogamous convict cichlid; what are individuals saying to rejected and selected mates?

I examined the relation between courtship and mate choice in convict cichlids by presenting females with the option of courting and spawning with one of two males that were isolated from each other. I quantified the amount of courtship performed by females towards males they selected as mates and males they rejected, and the amount of courtship performed by each male towards the female. I measured courtship using two rates: (1) daily courtship rate, the total number of courtship events per number of days until spawning; and (2) contact courtship rate, the total number of courtship events per day per total time spent with a given individual. Females showed similar contact courtship rates to each male, whereas both types of courtship rates between females and only rejected males were significantly and positively correlated. Females showed a nonsignificant tendency to select larger males. Females spent significantly more time with the males they selected and therefore females' daily courtship rate towards selected males was significantly higher than that towards rejected males. Although females showed a preference early in their search for the male they eventually selected, they continued to spend time with, and court, the rejected male until spawning with the selected male, indicating that females continuously assess males throughout their search. Male courtship differed from female courtship in that while the daily courtship rates towards the females did not differ significantly between males, the contact courtship rate of rejected males was significantly higher than that of selected males. Thus, rejected males may court more because they know they are not the preferred male, or selected males may court less because they know they are the preferred male, or a combination of both.
Resistance of “recovery” flavors to later association with illness

Three groups of rats were given 4 days of exposure to saccharin solution: for the recovery group, exposure to saccharin was paired with recovery from thiamine deficiency; the familiarity group was given sacccharin without experiencing either illness or recovery from illness; the recovery-familiarity group was given saccharin after recovering from thiamine deficiency. When these groups were later given saccharin solution followed by an injection of lithium chloride, only the familiarity and recovery-familiarity groups showed a strong long-lasting aversion to saccharin solution. The results are discussed in relation to the previously observed effects of novelty on food preferences and taste aversions in the rat.
Regulation of growth and metabolism

mTOR is the target of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin and the central component of a nutrient- and hormone-sensitive signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and proliferation. We now appreciate that this pathway becomes deregulated in many human cancers and has an important role in the control of metabolism and aging. We have identified two distinct mTOR-containing proteins complexes, one of which regulates growth through S6K and another that regulates cell survival through Akt. These complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, define both rapamycin-sensitive and insensitive branches of the mTOR pathway. I will discuss new results from our lab on the regulation and functions of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways.
Scanning electron microscope observations on the miracidium of Schistosoma

Abstract Miracidia of two species of Schistosoma , viz. haematobium and japonicum , were studied with the scanning electron microscope to more clearly visualize what is seen with the light microscope and the transmission electron microscope, and more specifically, to relate the structure of the apical papilla to its function in snail penetration. The apical papilla of schistosome miracidia is composed of corrugated areas which form tiny suckerlike cups, presumably used by the miracidium to facilitate attachment to the snail during penetration. A lateral opening (secretory pore) on the apical papilla and short stubby apical cilia (tactile or sensory) are also demonstrated.
Microwave Modulation of Light Using the Kerr Effect

Modulation of light at 3 and 6 kMc is achieved by applying a superimposed electrostatic and microwave field to a carbon-disulfide Kerr-cell which is incorporated within the high-electric-field region of a resonant cavity. The development of this light shutter requires the analysis of the Kerr effect under circumstances in which the transit time of light is appreciable. A Kerr cell whose length is such that the transit time of light is one-half the period of the modulating microwave field proves to have particular advantages over other designs. The light shutter is realized with a re-entrant microwave cavity with provision for the application of electrostatic as well as microwave fields. At about 26-kv dc and 10-kw pulsed 3-kMc ac power, the system modulates a light beam of several milliwatts radiant power up to 80%.
Thrombotic microangiopathy in blood and marrow transplant patients receiving tacrolimus or cyclosporine A.

BACKGROUND: Cyclosporine A (CSA) and tacrolimus (FK-506) are both associated with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in allogeneic BMT recipients, although it is not known which drug is more likely to cause the syndrome. The optimal treatment of BMT-associated TMA is also not known. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To estimate the risks, predisposing factors, and outcomes of TMA, data were analyzed from two cohorts of BMT patients who had received CSA or FK-506 in our institution with the same clinical definition for TMA. TMA was diagnosed in 11 of 55 patients (CSA, 3 of 24; FK-506, 8 of 31). RESULTS: The daily risk of developing TMA was 0.12 percent for patients receiving CSA and 0.26 percent for those receiving FK-506 (p = 0.16, chi-square). Among patients receiving FK-506, sibling donor BMT recipients were as likely to develop TMA as matched unrelated donor recipients. Serum CSA and FK-506 concentrations were not elevated above the therapeutic range in most patients with TMA. The blood urea nitrogen to serum creatinine ratio was elevated in patients with TMA. Despite daily plasmapheresis, 9 of 11 patients died without resolution of TMA; however, the causes of death were multifactorial, including GVHD. Histologic evidence for TMA was absent in 1 patient who died with persistent clinical signs attributed to microangiopathy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a high incidence of TMA was found in patients receiving either CSA or FK-506 following BMT, with uniform diagnostic criteria and strict monitoring. Neither drug showed elevated levels in most patients with TMA. Plasmapheresis was unsuccessful in reversing most cases of TMA.
Inequality and living standards under early communism: Anthropometric evidence from Czechoslovakia, 1946-1966

Abstract A sample of adolescent heights and weights from the Czechoslovak city of Liberec is analyzed to shed light on the changes in biological standard of living between 1946 and 1966, the early years of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. The long-term trend in average height was upwards for all social groups but differences in stature between social groups were about as large as in Communist Czechoslovakia as in market economies, such as the UK. Sons of blue-collar fathers and of parents employed in agriculture were generally shorter than sons of clerks and professional employees (teachers, doctors, lawyers). The anthropometric record also suggests that in the immediately post-war years inequality was greater than in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Insufficient Sleep in Young Patients With Diabetes and Their Families

Objective: We examined sleep in families of individuals with type 1 diabetes and the relationship of sleep with obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Methods: Probands with type 1 diabetes dia...
Primary productivity in the Arabian Sea: A synthesis of JGOFS data

Abstract Temporal and spatial variations in phytoplankton biomass exist in the Arabian Sea at all scales from the diurnal to the seasonal, and from fine to large scale. Phytoplankton physiological rate parameters and productivity measurements suggest that phytoplankton are not strongly limited by either irradiance or nutrient supply. Grazing activities, in most cases, match phytoplankton net photosynthetic rates and growth. The variations in biomass are therefore explained from variations in mixing at diurnal to seasonal scales, and spatial variations caused by upwelling near the Omani coast and the presence of mesoscale eddies. Vertical mixing regulates the supply of irradiance and nutrients, but vertical mixing is never deep enough to limit phytoplankton productivity, and nitrogen does not appear to be a factor limiting phytoplankton growth. Vertical mixing, however, also affects grazing by diluting micro-grazers along with phytoplankton. It is argued here that mixed layer deepening acts as a natural ‘dilution experiment’ that allows phytoplankton to escape grazing losses and grow, and thereby create the observed variability in phytoplankton biomass.
IN SUPPORT OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT IN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTINGS

Personality constructs have been demonstrated to be useful for explaining and predicting attitudes, behaviors, performance, and outcomes in organizational settings. Many professionally developed measures of personality constructs display useful levels of criterion-related validity for job performance and its facets. In this response to Morgeson et al. (2007), we comprehensively summarize previously published meta-analyses on (a) the optimal and unit-weighted multiple correlations between the Big Five personality dimensions and behaviors in organizations, including job performance; (b) generalizable bivariate relationships of Conscientiousness and its facets (e.g., achievement orientation, dependability, cautiousness) with job performance constructs; (c) the validity of compound personality measures; and (d) the incremental validity of personality measures over cognitive ability. Hundreds of primary studies and dozens of meta-analyses conducted and published since the mid 1980s indicate strong support for using personality measures in staffing decisions. Moreover, there is little evidence that response distortion among job applicants ruins the psychometric properties, including criterion-related validity, of personality measures. We also provide a brief evaluation of the merits of alternatives that have been offered in place of traditional self-report personality measures for organizational decision making. Given the cumulative data, writing off the whole domain of individual differences in personality or all self-report measures of personality from personnel selection and organizational decision making is counterproductive for the science and practice of I-O psychology.