cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate change feedbacks to microbial decomposition in boreal soils

Abstract Boreal ecosystems store 10–20 % of global soil carbon and may warm by 4–7 °C over the next century. Higher temperatures could increase the activity of boreal decomposers and indirectly affect decomposition through other ecosystem feedbacks. For example, permafrost melting will likely alleviate constraints on microbial decomposition and lead to greater soil CO2 emissions. However, wet boreal ecosystems underlain by permafrost are often CH4 sources, and permafrost thaw could ultimately result in drier soils that consume CH4, thereby offsetting some of the greenhouse warming potential of soil CO2 emissions. Climate change is also likely to increase winter precipitation and snow depth in boreal regions, which may stimulate decomposition by moderating soil temperatures under the snowpack. As temperatures and evapotranspiration increase in the boreal zone, fires may become more frequent, leading to additional permafrost loss from burned ecosystems. Although post-fire decomposition could also increase due to higher soil temperatures, reductions in microbial biomass and activity may attenuate this response. Other feedbacks such as soil drying, increased nutrient mineralization, and plant species shifts are either weak or uncertain. We conclude that strong positive feedbacks to decomposition will likely depend on permafrost thaw, and that climate feedbacks will probably be weak or negative in boreal ecosystems without permafrost. However, warming manipulations should be conducted in a broader range of boreal systems to validate these predictions.
Variable-rate multistage vector quantization of multispectral imagery with greedy bit allocation

Multispectral satellite images of the earth consist of sets of images obtained by sensing electromagnetic radiation in different spectral bands for each geographical region. We have applied a variable rate multistage vector quantizer for the compression of multispectral imagery. Spectral and spatial correlation are simultaneously exploited by forming vectors from 3-dimensional data blocks. The wide variation in entropy across the data set is efficiently exploited by an adaptive bit allocation algorithm based on a greedy approach where the rate- distortion trade-off is locally optimized for each successive encoding stage. Simulation results on an image set acquired by a Thematic Mapper scanner are presented. A substantial improvement is obtained over prior vector quantization based coders for multispectral data compression.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Molecular Correlates of Site-Specific Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of tumor cells from a primary site to distant organs. It is the major cause of cancer morbidity and death. In the last few decades, significant advances have been made in surgical techniques, radiation therapy delivery, and chemotherapy including the development of combination regimens and agents inhibiting newly characterized biological targets. Treatment of metastasis, however, remains the most challenging task in cancer therapy because metastatic growth relies on complex interactions between tumor cells and the host and is often resistant to all therapeutic modalities. Management of metastasis in bone is especially challenging given the difficulty of access for therapeutic agents. Contemporary research seeks to explain the striking organ specificity observed in metastasis. In this article, we will examine historic perspectives on site-specific metastasis and review cellular and molecular evidence pertinent to the mechanisms of organ specificity. We will discuss a number of studies that aim to identify gene signatures correlating with organ-selective metastasis using microarray technology. Lastly, we will discuss potential areas of future research including microRNAs, proteomics, and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY TO THE DETECTION OF 239PU AND 240PU INTAKES

Abstract The United States Department of Energy requires routine bioassay monitoring for workers who may incur intakes of radioactive materials, that may result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 1 mSv. The radiochemistry/α-spectroscopy method, historically used for analysis of plutonium in urine, does not provide the level of measurement sensitivity to meet this monitoring requirement. Los Alamos National Laboratory has an established, ultrasensitive, actinide analysis program. Application of class-100 clean room radiochemistry and thermal ionization mass spectrometry to the determination of plutonium concentration in human urine samples yielded an average measurement uncertainty of 3.8 μBq 24 h−1, a 40-fold improvement over the measurement uncertainties associated with radiochemistry/α-spectroscopy analytical methods. This measurement capability corresponds to an ability to detect intakes on the order of 30 Bq of 239Pu and 240Pu, under conditions of annual routine monitoring. The resulting minimum detectable committed effective dose equivalent associated with this intake is 2 mSv.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a 2,3-Dialuminated Indole Derivative

1-Methylindole was dimercurated upon treatment with mercuric acetate (2 equiv) in 1:1 ethanol−diethyl ether to afford 2,3-bis(acetoxymercurio)-1-methylindole (88%). 2,3-Bis(acetoxymercurio)-1-methylindole was converted to 2,3-bis(chloromercurio)-1-methylindole (92%) by refluxing with excess lithium chloride in methanol for 48 h. Treatment of 2,3-bis(chloromercurio)-1-methylindole with trimethylaluminum (4 equiv) in hexane afforded dimeric 2-(chloromethylaluminio)-3-(dimethylaluminio)-1-methylindole in 93% yield. The structure of dimeric 2-(chloromethylaluminio)-3-(dimethylaluminio)-1-methylindole was established by NMR, IR, and microanalysis and by an X-ray structure determination. Dimeric 2-(chloromethylaluminio)-3-(dimethylaluminio)-1-methylindole shows hindered rotation of the dimethylaluminio groups, with a barrier to rotation of 14.2 ± 0.2 kcal/mol. The molecular structure of dimeric 2-(chloromethylaluminio)-3-(dimethylaluminio)-1-methylindole was determined by X-ray crystallography and consists of a...
Metabolic Effects of Rosiglitazone in HIV Lipodystrophy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background Patients with HIV infection who are treated with antiretroviral agents often lose subcutaneous fat and have metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and reduced adiponectin levels, which may be related to disrupted subcutaneous adipogenesis and altered peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma signaling. Objective To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone (4 mg/d), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, in HIV-infected men and women with hyperinsulinemia and lipoatrophy. Design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-month study. Setting University hospital. Patients 28 HIV-infected men and women with hyperinsulinemia and lipoatrophy. Measurements Insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp testing; subcutaneous leg fat area measured by computed tomography; adiponectin, free fatty acid, and lipid levels; and safety variables. Results Rosiglitazone, when compared with placebo, improved insulin sensitivity (mean [+/-SD] change, 1.5 +/- 2.1 mg of glucose/kg of lean body mass per minute vs. -0.4 +/- 1.6 mg/kg per minute; P = 0.02), increased adiponectin levels (mean [+/-SD], 2.2 +/- 2.2 micro g/mL vs. 0.1 +/- 1.1 microg/mL; P = 0.006), and reduced free fatty acid levels (mean [+/-SD], -0.09 +/- 0.1 mmol/L vs. 0.01 +/- 0.1 mmol/L; P = 0.02). Mean percentage (+/-SD) of body fat (1.38% +/- 3.03% vs. -0.83% +/- 2.76%; P = 0.03) and subcutaneous leg fat area (2.3 +/- 8.4 cm2 vs. -0.9 +/- 1.9 cm2; P = 0.02) increased significantly with rosiglitazone compared with placebo. Mean total cholesterol levels (+/-SD) also increased with rosiglitazone compared with placebo (0.6 +/- 1.0 mmol/L [25 +/- 37 mg/dL] vs. -0.4 +/- 0.6 mmol/L [-15 +/- 25 mg/dL]; P = 0.007). Limitations The study was relatively small and of short duration. Conclusions The authors demonstrated positive effects of rosiglitazone on lipoatrophy; insulin sensitivity; and metabolic indices, including adiponectin levels, in HIV-infected patients with lipoatrophy and insulin resistance. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists may correct the metabolic abnormalities associated with disrupted adipogenesis in this population. Further studies must determine the clinical utility of such agents in HIV-infected patients.
Negotiating gender roles: Gender differences in assertive negotiating are mediated by women’s fear of backlash and attenuated when negotiating on behalf of others.

The authors propose that gender differences in negotiations reflect women's contextually contingent impression management strategies. They argue that the same behavior, bargaining assertively, is construed as congruent with female gender roles in some contexts yet incongruent in other contexts. Further, women take this contextual variation into account, adjusting their bargaining behavior to manage social impressions. A particularly important contextual variable is advocacy-whether bargaining on one's own behalf versus on another's behalf. In self-advocacy contexts, women anticipate that assertiveness will evoke incongruity evaluations, negative attributions, and subsequent "backlash"; hence, women hedge their assertiveness, using fewer competing tactics and obtaining lower outcomes. However, in other-advocacy contexts, women achieve better outcomes as they do not expect incongruity evaluations or engage in hedging. In a controlled laboratory experiment, the authors found that gender interacts with advocacy context in this way to determine negotiation style and outcomes. Additionally, process measures of anticipated attributions and backlash statistically mediated this interaction effect.
Morphology of M-cell axon arbors in striate cortex of monkeys reared with monocular aphakia

Although the effects of visual deprivation on the development of ocular dominance columns have been well described in primates, nothing is known in primates about the impact of the deprivation on the axonal profiles that make up the ocular dominance columns. We now show that the effects of monocular deprivation on the morphology of geniculostriate axons involve not only shifts in terminal arbor sizes, much as would be expected from the ocular dominance data, but also changes in the proliferation of terminal arbor branches. In macaque monkeys reared from birth with unilateral lens removal (aphakia), terminal arbors of geniculostriate axons were bulk-filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in brain-slice preparations and reconstructed from serial sections through striate cortex (area 17). Our focus was on the arbors that terminate in the upper tier of layer IV, the target of cells in the magnocellular (M) layers of the LGN. Of the 26 M-cell arbors reconstructed from three aphakic monkeys, eight were unique in having few very simple terminal arbor branches. These also tended to be smaller in total extent than the average M-cell axons reconstructed from 1 normal monkey. In contrast, eight arbors had very rich terminal branching patterns, and seven of these were larger than any of those from the normal monkey. We propose that the small, sparse axon arbors are related to the deprived eye, and the large, dense arbors are related to the non-deprived eye. These morphological changes reflect abnormalities in the growth patterns of geniculostriate inputs that undoubtedly have important persisting consequences for visual performance.
The effect of ovariectomy on broodiness and plasma prolactin levels in turkey hens during a photo-induced reproductive cycle

The effects of ovariectomy on broody behavior and plasma prolactin levels were examined in turkey hens that had previous histories of broodiness. Ovariectomy eliminated all nesting behavior and blocked the photostimulated increase in plasma prolactin observed in sham-operated hens. Sham-operated hens demonstrated egg-laying patterns and nesting behavior typical of broody hens. A large increase in plasma prolactin preceded broody behavior which continued as long as the elevated amounts of plasma prolactin persisted. It was concluded that the ovary is essential in expressing broody nesting behavior, the large increase in plasma prolactin associated with this behavior, and the prolactin increase in hens that did not demonstrate nesting behavior.
Elastic scattering of 2.0 GeV/c negative pions off protons

Abstract An experimental study of the elastic scattering of negative pions off protons at 2.0 GeV/ c is presented. The differential cross section is fitted to a polynomial in cos θ c.m. and the forward angular region as a diffraction peak. The results are compared with those from other bubble chamber experiments at neighbouring energies and discussed in terms of optical model and possible exchange trajectories.
Scheduling parallel processors: An integer linear programming based heuristic for minimizing setup time

The problem of scheduling parallel processors in a make-to-stock environment with sequence setup costs is considered. A new algorithm which formulates a series of 0-1 integer sub problems is proposed and contrasted with an earlier formulation (Dearing and Henderson 1982,1984). Parallels between the sub problem formulations and generalized networks are discussed. The efficiency and quality of the solutions provided were tested using previously published data for a loom assignment problem. The heuristic solution was evaluated against the optimal integer linear programming (ILP) solution, and a rounded linear program (LP) approximation to the optimal solution for several sample problems. Results indicate that the heuristic is efficient, provides near optimal solutions to production planning problems and requires significantly less computing capability than previously reported LP, TLP approaches.
SCALING THEORY OF THE HALL-PETCH RELATION FOR MULTILAYERS

A scaling theory describing the strength of lamellar materials is developed. The theory is based on the premise that dislocation pileups are responsible for the yielding behavior of the lamellar material. The theory is developed in terms of four parameters: The pileup length, the exponent characterizing the divergence of the dislocation density at the interface, a critical distance between the lead dislocation and the interface, and a pinning stress at the interface which acts as an additional hindrance to dislocation motion.
Stereoscopic form disappearance in temporal lobe dysfunction.

Summary Fifteen children, 7 to 13 years old, viewed stereoscopic materials in which paired forms could be distinguished from their surround by relative depth. When asked to fixate upon one form member, children with temporal lobe seizure disorders reported a disappearance of the other form significantly more often than children with seizures which were not specific to temporal regions and children without seizure disturbances. Contextual differences within stimulus materials did not affect this differential performance.
Error performance of cooperative diversity with distributed space-time code

This paper considers a cooperative communications system consisting of a source, a relay and a destination and using the amplify-and-forward protocol. In the first time phase, the source node radiates data to both the relay and the destination nodes. In the second time phase, however, the relay node and the source node transmit cooperatively to build up a distributed space-time coding scheme. For such a system with independent Rayleigh fading in each link, we obtain its exact BER performance in a one-integral form which can be numerically calculated. The analytic results match accurately with simulation results in various channel conditions.
Building a dictionary of game-descriptive words to study playability

This work-in-progress paper reports the development of a dictionary of game-descriptive words. Inspired by the lexical approach [1] used by psychologists to study personality traits, it is proposed that the same approach can be used in computer game research. The premise is that if computer games display some common traits, players ought to use natural language to describe them. By studying the language used by game players, we can explore the common traits of computer games which may reveal playability problems and information about game classification. As the first step to use the lexical approach, this study attempts to build a dictionary of game-descriptive words for future lexical analyses. The detailed development process was discussed.
346 KETOCONAZOLE, AMPHOTERICIN B AND AMPHOTERICIN METHYL ESTER: COMPARATIVE IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION

346 KETOCONAZOLE, AMPHOTERICIN B AND AMPHOTERICIN METHYL ESTER: COMPARATIVE IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION
Determinants of the Fear of Crime: The Combined Effects of Country-Level Crime Intensity and Individual-Level Victimization Experience

Researchers have long been interested in explaining variations in fear of crime. Much of the existing literature uses a micro-level approach, primarily focused on the relationship among individual ...
Mathematical model of oscillations in the human corneo-retinal potential.

Two mathematical models are developed describing the damped oscillations of the indirectly measured corneo-retinal potential in man. The variations of the potential are represented as feed-back systems between three structures, using a system of linear differential equations. The models were fitted to a typical electro-oculogram by means of an IBM 1410 digital computer. 97% of the observed variance can be explained by the models. The hypothesis is advanced that periodic oscillations of the indirectly measured corneo-retinal potential participate in a sensory homeostasis.
Mechanical behavior of powder metallurgy AlFeNi alloys

Abstract The tensile and creep response of three P/M processed AlFeNi dispersion-strengthened alloys has been evaluated at temperatures up to 400°C; dispersoid (FeNiAl9) volume fractions were 0.19, 0.25 and 0.32. Ambient temperature strength increases with increasing volume fraction of dispersoid and decreases with dispersoid size for a given volume fraction. Strengthening at room temperature in these alloys is primarily due to the fine grains stabilized by the dispersoids. The observed yield strength is explained by the Hall-Petch relationship with a grain size exponent larger than 0.5 and a significantly higher friction stress than that of pure Al. The yield strength of the alloys decreases with increasing temperature. Below about 250 °C it is still determined by the grain size, but above 250 °C, the deformation mechanism changes and dispersoid volume fraction and size do not have a significant effect on yield strength. Fracture mode also exhibits a change at about 250 °C; below this temperature tensile failure occurs by void initiation around the grain boundary dispersoids and subsequent coalescence leading to fracture while above 250 °C the fracture surface exhibits coarse features. Creep data are independent of dispersoid volume fraction in the temperature range 250–400 °C. Sherby's structure-invariant dislocation model and Arzt's interface reaction-controlled diffusional creep model have been found to be consistent with the experimental creep data.
Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Pelleting of Cellulosic Biomass: A Preliminary Experiment

Biofuels produced from cellulosic biomass (such as the fibrous, woody, and generally inedible portions of plant matter) can significantly reduce the nation’s dependence on foreign oil, create new jobs, improve rural economies, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve national security. However, in the U.S., there are currently no cellulosic biofuel plants in commercial production. Several technical barriers have hindered large-scale cost-effective manufacturing of cellulosic biofuels. One such barrier is related to the low density of cellulosic feedstocks, causing their transportation and storage to be very expensive. Pelleting biomass can increase the overall efficiency by utilizing existing transportation infrastructure and storage systems for mega-ton quantities. If biomass is pelleted, it can be handled and transported with existing grain handling equipment in the field, on the road, and at the central biorefinery. This paper presents experimental study on ultrasonic vibration assisted pelleting of cellulosic feedstocks. The results show that ultrasonic vibration assistance could increase the mechanical strength of pellets by more than six times and the density by 50%.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Direct interactions between ENaC gamma subunit and ClCN2 in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal disease caused by mutations in the chloride channel CFTR gene. The disease is characterized by decreased chloride secretion and unregulated sodium absorption through the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the airway epithelium and other affected organs. We hypothesize that a non-CFTR alternative chloride channel ClCN2 can be activated to negatively regulate ENaC in CF epithelial cell cultures. We identified a novel interaction between ClCN2 and the ENaCγ subunit in CF airway epithelial cells and show that the upregulation of ClCN2 leads to decreased expression of ENaCγ via a K63 ubiquitination mechanism. These regulatory effects of ClCN2 on ENaCγ appear to be dependent on the CBS-1 domain located within the c-terminus of ClCN2, which is necessary for the targeting of ClCN2 to the apical surface. In sum, these results suggest the ability of ClCN2 to negatively regulate sodium absorption through ENaC, supporting its role as a therapeutic target for the treatment of CF.
Structure-dependent dynamic mechanical behavior of fibrous caps from human atherosclerotic plaques.

BACKGROUNDAlthough thrombosis associated with a fissured atherosclerotic plaque is believed to be the most common cause of acute coronary syndromes, the underlying factors that trigger plaque ruptu...
Health Services Research: Evolution and Applications

Health services research (HSR) is broadly focused on characterizing and improving the access, quality, delivery, and cost of health care. HSR is a multidisciplinary field, engaging experts in clinical medicine and surgery, policy, economics, implementation science, statistics, psychology, and education to improve the care of patients across all specialties. This article summarizes the evolution and distinctive attributes of HSR and present several real-world applications.
Comparison of fused-core and conventional particle size columns by LC-MS/MS and UV: application to pharmacokinetic study.

Abstract The chromatographic performance of fused-core (superficially porous) HPLC packing materials was compared with conventional fully porous particle materials for LC–MS/MS analysis of two pharmaceuticals in rat plasma. Two commercially available antidepressants, imipramine and desipramine, were assayed using a conventional analytical C 18 column (5 μm, 2.0 mm × 30 mm) and a fused-core C 18 column (2.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 30 mm). Retention time, column efficiency, pressure drop, resolution, and loading capacity were compared under the same operating conditions. The fused-core column demonstrated reduced assay time by 34% and 2–3-fold increased efficiency ( N ). Loading capacity up to 25 μl of extract injected on column showed no peak distortion. The registered back-pressure from a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min did not exceed 3400 psi making it compatible with standard HPLC equipment (typically rated to 6000 psi). Two mobile phases were examined, and morpholine as an organic base modifier yielded a 2–5-fold increase in S/N near the limit of detection over triethylamine. The 2.7 μm fused-core column was applied to the analysis of imipramine and desipramine in extracted, protein precipitated rat plasma by LC–MS/MS. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.5–1000 ng/ml for both imipramine and desipramine. Intra-run precisions (%CV) and accuracies (%bias) were within ±7.8% and ±7.3% at three QC levels and within 14.7% and 14.4% at the LOQ level for both analytes. Following a single method qualification run, the method was applied to the quantitation of pharmacokinetic study samples after oral administration of imipramine to male rats.
Alcoholism: A Catalyst for Women to Organize/1850-1980:

Since the mid-nineteenth century, women have been concerned about and have had an impact on social legislation related to alcoholism. This article describes the activities of women in the anti-alcohol movement and explores the concept that women organize in a way that focuses the public's attention on social problems that involve the use and abuse of alcohol.
Localization of minimax points

In their proof of Gilbert---Pollak conjecture on Steiner ratio, Du and Hwang (Proceedings 31th FOCS, pp. 76---85 (1990); Algorithmica 7:121---135, 1992) used a result about localization of the minimum points of functions of the type max y?Y f(·, y). In this paper, we present a generalization of such a localization in terms of generalized vertices, when we minimize over a compact polyhedron, and Y is a compact set. This is also a strengthening of a result of Du and Pardalos (J. Global Optim. 5:127---129, 1994). We give also a random version of our generalization.
Biochemical analysis of a rhodopsin photoactivatable GFP fusion as a model of G-protein coupled receptor transport

Rhodopsin is trafficked to the rod outer segment of vertebrate rod cells with high fidelity. When rhodopsin transport is disrupted retinal photoreceptors apoptose, resulting in the blinding disease autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Herein, we introduce rhodopsin-photoactivatable GFP-1D4 (rhodopsin-paGFP-1D4) for the purposes of monitoring rhodopsin transport in living cells. Rhodopsin-paGFP-1D4 contains photoactivatable GFP (paGFP) fused to rhodopsin’s C-terminus and the last eight amino acids of rhodopsin (1D4) appended to the C-terminus of paGFP. The fusion protein binds the chromophore 11-cis retinal and photoisomerizes upon light activation similarly to rhodopsin. It activates the G-protein transducin with similar kinetics as does rhodopsin. Rhodopsin-paGFP-1D4 localizes to the same compartments, the primary cilium in cultured IMCD cells and the outer segment of rod cells, as rhodopsin in vitro and in vivo. This enables its use as a model of rhodopsin transport and details the importance of a free rhodopsin C-terminus in rod cell localization and health.
Schiff bases of pyridoxal and amino alkyl phosphonic acids, and their metal chelates☆

Abstract Schiff base formation between pyridoxal, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMP), 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP) and 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid has been investigated by measurement of the corresponding electronic absorption spectra. Equilibrium measurements of the absorption band intensities as a function of pH have been employed for the determination of the conditional formation constants of the Schiff bases over a range of pH values, and of the formation constants of the completely deprotonated Schiff bases from the deprotonated forms of pyridoxal and aminoalkylphosphonic acids. Chelates of the Schiff bases of AMP and 2-AEP formed from Cu(II), Al(III) and Zn(II) are identified by a change in frequency of the characteristic Schiff base absorption bands, and an intensity change indicating greater than a 100-fold increase in tendency toward Schiff base formation.
Erratum to “The spectrum of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency: Clinical, biochemical and genetic features in 371 patients” Molecular Genetics and Metabolism (2012) [34–43]

a Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA c Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA d Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
A Case of Necrotizing Granulomatous Lymphadenitis with Mycobacterium avium ; Impaired IL-12 Dependent IFN-γProduction with Apparent Intact Expression of IL-12 Receptor (β1 and β2 Chains)

A Case of Necrotizing Granulomatous Lymphadenitis with Mycobacterium avium ; Impaired IL-12 Dependent IFN-γProduction with Apparent Intact Expression of IL-12 Receptor (β1 and β2 Chains)
Overview and special features of the time-stepped energy system optimization model (TESOM)

Abstract This paper provides a discussion of the TESOM methodology. TESOM is the principal time-dependent energy integrating model used at Brookhaven National Laboratory for energy systems analysis. Special control theoretic features which act to smooth the intertemporal transitions between time periods are highlighted. These features include a market penetration adjustment algorithm, an explicit representation of the technological and cost behavior of inherited (vintaged) stock, and the incorporation of risk factors in resource pricing.
Interconnection services of Net/One

Abstract This paper presents a discussion of the interconnection services provided by Net/One, a local area network communication system produced commercially by Ungermann-Bass, Inc. Net/One was designed to provide communication among user devices which are attached to the network. The services are provided by the networking software; they include a virtual circuit service, used for logically connecting two devices so they may exchange bytes with one another, and a datagram service, used by intelligent packet-oriented hosts to communicate simultaneously with any number of other such hosts. The paper provides an overview of these services as seen by the user of Net/One. It also offers some discussion on hybrid variants of these services and the additional capabilities they provide for interconnection of user equipment.
Globalization and Poverty: Lessons from the Theory and Practice of Food Security: Discussion

academically credible dialogue which couples globalization, poverty and food security. They review opinions of prominent academicians and integrate their own expert insight. Several points set the tone of their discourse: (1) globalization is timely and sensitive; (2) only developed countries have enjoyed unprecedented prosperity under globalization; (3) undernourishment plagues many, especially in sub-Sahara Africa; (4) globalization offers both risk and opportunity; (5) empirical analysis of globalization's impact on poverty and food security is scant; and (6) poverty experts seek its eradication with bias toward intervention. The authors
Hypothalamic interleukin-1 in physiology and pathology

The occurrence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the brain is usually associated with pathological events of the central nervous system (CNS), although there is evidence that the cytokine may also play a role in physiological processes. The ability of IL-1 to induce a damage in the CNS is dependent on the type of cell producing the cytokine and the length of exposure; on this regard, it is possible to distinguish between the minutes-to-days and the days-to-years time-frames. While the long-term action of IL-1 in the CNS is unambiguously associated with the activation of glial cells as well as the occurrence of chronic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and AIDS-related dementia, it remains to be established whether glial cells, 'interleukinergic' neurons or both cell types are involved in CNS responses to acute noxiae, such as physical stress (restrain stress, nociceptive stimulation) or immune-inflammatory challenges.
Detection of antibody made in rabbits to the C3HBA adenocarcinoma of mice using a Protein-A binding assay.

Abstract An assay utilizing 125 I-labeled Protein A to detect antibody in the serum of rabbits immunized with tumor from mice is described. The assay was adapted to study cells obtained from solid tumors. Incubations at room temperature for 30 min using 1 ng [ 125 I]PA werefound to be adequate for most tests. Data from studies of serum titration, cell titration and absorption suggest that rabbits are capable of producing antibodies selective for the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma.
The effect of light on brightness perception in rats with retinal dystrophy.

Abstract Rats of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) strain undergo retinal degeneration within their first postnatal months. In this study, brightness detection thresholds for white and colored stimuli were measured in RCS rats using the behavioral method of conditioned suppression . Despite their retinal degeneration, RCS rats reared in cyclic light showed only a small visual deficit. Dark reared RCS rats had thresholds equal to those of nondystrophic albino rats. When exposed to continuous illumination, however, RCS rats raised in cyclic light showed severe visual deficits not incurred by nondystrophic albinos exposed to the same conditions.
Struktur uod Funktion chromosomaler Nucleohistone

Durch die Fortschritte der molekularen Biologie ist eindeutig bewiesen, das alle genetischen Informationen zellularer Organismen in der DNA enthalten sind. Der Hauptanteil der DNA ist in den Zellkernen lokalisiert und bildet mit Histonen und sauren Proteinen das Grundgerust der Chromosomen. Dieser DNA/Protein-Komplex, auch Nucleohiston oder Chromatin genannt, reprasentiert die Anzahl aller vorhandenen Gene eines Zelltypes und ist eine genetisch funktionelle Einheit. Allen genetischen Strukturen ist dieses Grundelement gemeinsam, und nur dessen raumliche Anordnung oder Multiplizitat bestimmt die artgebundene unterschiedliche Morphologie der Chromosomen. Als strukturerhaltende Elemente konnen die Histone angesehen werden, die im allgemeinen mit dichtgepackten und metabolisch inaktiven DNA-Sequenzen assoziiert sind. Das lysinreiche Histon I scheint eine spezielle regulatorische Funktion zu erfullen, da es die Transkription bestimmter Gene zu unterdrucken vermag. Die sauren Proteine sind vor allem in metabolisch aktiven chromosomalen Strukturen nachweisbar, die gestreckte DNA-Sequenzen aufweisen und den Zusammenhang zwischen Struktur und Funktion der Nucleohistone besonders unterstreichen. Ungefahr 50% der DNA im Nucleohiston-Komplex sind nicht durch Proteine maskiert, obwohl nur ein geringer Prozentsatz dieser freien Nucleotidsequenzen durch RNA-Polymerase transkribiert werden kann. Da die bis jetzt sequenzanalytisch untersuchten Histone eine ungleiche Verteilung der basischen Aminosaurereste aufweisen und nur durch diese geladenen Sequenzen an die DNA gebunden werden konnen, ist diese “offene” Struktur leicht erklarlich. In dem von Crick vorgeschlagenen Chromosomen-Modell wird die einzigartige Struktur der Histone berucksichtigt und angenommen, das die histonreichen Heterochromatinbander nur multiple Kontrollelemente enthalten und nicht transkribiert werden. Dagegen soll das Euchromatin funktionellen Genen entsprechen, die bereits einstrangige DNA enthalten und fur diese spezifische Konformation besondere Proteine benotigen.
Male Face-Lift

Middle-aged men represent an emerging group expressing an interest in facial rejuvenation procedures. One must understand the complex differences in motivation, psychosocial factors, and aspects associated with anatomy and facial aging that are unique to men. To maximize postoperative results and increase patient satisfaction, the facial plastic surgeon must adjust perioperative management and surgical techniques when performing a male face-lift.
Ischemia: from acidosis to oxidation.

Organ damage can occur quickly when blood flow is compromised. Lactic acidosis has long been associated with such ischemia, and many physicians assume that organ damage is caused by this acidosis. However, reviewing the literature related to hypoxia and ischemia reveals little data to support the concept of acidosis as damaging to tissue. In contrast, recent studies indicate that the acidosis is actually protective, even during reperfusion when cellular damage may occur. Reperfusion is accompanied by generation of free radicals and other reactive species that can damage proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids, supporting an emerging view that implicates these reactive species in the actual tissue damage. The critical targets of the damaging species are not known, but reaction with key enzymes and structural proteins could certainly disrupt organ function. Cellular proteins are oxidatively modified during reperfusion, in part by metal-catalyzed oxidation in which cellular iron plays a key role. Metal-cataly...
Petascale Application of a Coupled CPU-GPU Algorithm for Simulation and Analysis of Multiphase Flow Solutions in Porous Medium Systems

Large-scale simulation can provide a wide range of information needed to develop and validate theoretical models for multiphase flow in porous medium systems. In this paper, we consider a coupled solution in which a multiphase flow simulator is coupled to an analysis approach used to extract the interfacial geometries as the flow evolves. This has been implemented using MPI to target heterogeneous nodes equipped with GPUs. The GPUs evolve the multiphase flow solution using the lattice Boltzmann method while the CPUs compute up scaled measures of the morphology and topology of the phase distributions and their rate of evolution. Our approach is demonstrated to scale to 4,096 GPUs and 65,536 CPU cores to achieve a maximum performance of 244,754 million-lattice-node updates per second (MLUPS) in double precision execution on Titan. In turn, this approach increases the size of systems that can be considered by an order of magnitude compared with previous work and enables detailed in situ tracking of averaged flow quantities at temporal resolutions that were previously impossible. Furthermore, it virtually eliminates the need for post-processing and intensive I/O and mitigates the potential loss of data associated with node failures.
Contracting in a Supply Chain with Stochastic Demand and Substitute Products

Retailers often stock competing products from multiple manufacturers. When the retailer stocks out of a particular item, customers who prefer the item are likely, with some probability, to switch to a substitute product from another manufacturer at the same store. In such an event, a “lost sale” for the manufacturer is not a “lost sale” for the retailer. This exacerbates differences in manufacturer's and retailer's stockout costs for the item. Such differences in stockout cost influence the optimal contract between the manufacturer and the retailer and also impose agency costs on the channel. Such contracts, in turn, determine equilibrium inventory levels and fill rates. We study these issues in a single-period supply chain, consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, under three different scenarios (when the two firms are integrated into a single entity, when the retailer makes stocking decisions, and when the manufacturer makes stocking decisions). We compare, and present a methodology for comparing, stocking quantities, manufacturer efforts, and supply chain profits across different scenarios. We find that VMI performs better when manufacturer effort is a substantial driver of consumer demand and when consumers are unlikely to substitute to another brand in case of a stockout. On the other hand, if non-contractible manufacturer effort is unimportant, or when substitution is significant, VMI can exacerbate, rather than mitigate, channel inefficiencies, and can perform worse than traditional Retailer Managed Inventory.
Quantitative parallel electron energy-loss spectrometry of Cu-Be alloys

Summary A technique is described for the quantitative microanalysis of a Cu-Be alloy using parallel electron energy-loss spectrometry. Spectrum acquisition and processing variables were optimized specifically for Cu—Be alloy spectra in an attempt to ensure that signal collection was equally efficient for both Be and Cu edges and that reliable, consistent results could be obtained from the subsequent quantification procedure. Analyses of the Cu Be γ–phase showed that the nominal composition of 50 at.% Be is not constant, and that Cu solubility increases slightly with increasing ageing temperature.
Parallel projection methods for set theoretic signal reconstruction and restoration

An attempt is made to lay a theoretical and computational foundation for the use of parallel projection methods in set-theoretic signal restoration and reconstruction. A general method of parallel projections (MOPP) for solving feasibility problems in Hilbert spaces is proposed. In the proposed scheme, an elementary iteration consists in projecting the current estimate simultaneously onto selected sets and forming a relaxed convex combination of the projections. MOPP is seen to have substantial advantages over the method of successive projections, the widely used serial projection method which it generalizes: straightforward implementation on a parallel computing architecture, an explicit condition on the relaxation coefficients for faster convergence, and convergence to weighted least-squares solutions for inconsistent set-theoretic formulations. Convergence results for this algorithm in the convex and nonconvex cases are presented. Both consistent and inconsistent set-theoretic formulations are considered. Practical issues pertaining to the utilization of the method are discussed. >
Addressing the Challenge of Diversity in the Graduate Ranks: Good Practices Yield Good Outcomes

In this paper, we examine the impact of implementing three systemic practices on the diversity and institutional culture in biomedical and public health PhD training at Brown University. We hypothesized that these practices, designed as part of the National Institutes of Health–funded Initiative to Maximize Student Development (IMSD) program in the Division of Biology and Medicine, would have a positive effect on underrepresented minority (URM) recruitment and retention and objective measures of student success. These practices include: 1) develop strategic partnerships with selected undergraduate institutions; 2) provide a personalized education program of student support and skill-based modules to supplement discipline-based course work; and 3) transform institutional culture by engaging faculty in supporting diversity-related goals and practices. Data comparing URM numbers and key academic milestones before and after implementation of IMSD practices support the initial hypothesis and effectiveness of these practices at Brown. Program components are broadly applicable as best practices for others seeking to improve URM recruitment and achievements of graduate students traditionally underrepresented in the sciences.
Non Gaussian models for hyperspectral algorithm design and assessment

In this paper, we explore the use of elliptically contoured distributions (ECDs) to model the statistical variability of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data. ECDs have the elliptical symmetry of the multivariate Gaussian distribution and therefore share most of its properties. However, the presence of additional parameters, allows to control the behavior of their tails to match the distribution of the data more accurately than the normal distribution. More specifically, the purpose of our paper is two fold. First, we provide a brief introduction to ECDs and their key properties. Second, we introduce the multivariate EC t-distribution and investigate its capability to accurately describe the joint statistics of HSI data from the HYDICE sensor.
The Colorado Lineament: A middle Precambrian wrench fault system

The “Colorado Lineament” is the name herein assigned to a northeast-trending belt of Precambrian faults that traverses the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and the Colorado Plateau and is followed along much of its trend by the Colorado River. It has been established that northeast faults in the Colorado Mineral Belt have a Precambrian ancestry; other faults in the system have been identified in north-central Colorado. Similar faults in the Grand Canyon region have been traced across the Colorado Plateau into Utah, defining an extension of the zone in Colorado. The entire belt constitutes a fault lineament more than 1,100 km long and 160 km wide. The northern margin of the belt is the Mullen Creek–Nash Fork shear zone, which traverses southeastern Wyoming, separating an ancient basement terrain (⩾2,400 m.y. old) in central Wyoming from younger rocks (⩽1,750 m.y. old) in Colorado. Gravity and aeromagnetic data, together with radiometric ages obtained for deep-well samples, suggest an extension of this boundary beneath the high plains and into the northern midcontinent region. The pattern that emerges resembles a fault system of the San Andreas type. Although the record is fragmentary, the sum of the evidence suggests that the system formed adjacent to the southeastern margin of the ancestral North American continent in connection with Penokean orogeny 2000 to 1700 m.y. B.P. It appears to represent a Precambrian counterpart of Phanerozoic wrench fault systems that have formed commonly along continental plate margins during episodes of mountain building.
Verification modulo versions: towards usable verification

We introduce Verification Modulo Versions (VMV), a new static analysis technique for reducing the number of alarms reported by static verifiers while providing sound semantic guarantees. First, VMV extracts semantic environment conditions from a base program P. Environmental conditions can either be sufficient conditions (implying the safety of P) or necessary conditions (implied by the safety of P). Then, VMV instruments a new version of the program, P', with the inferred conditions. We prove that we can use (i) sufficient conditions to identify abstract regressions of P' w.r.t. P; and (ii) necessary conditions to prove the relative correctness of P' w.r.t. P. We show that the extraction of environmental conditions can be performed at a hierarchy of abstraction levels (history, state, or call conditions) with each subsequent level requiring a less sophisticated matching of the syntactic changes between P' and P. Call conditions are particularly useful because they only require the syntactic matching of entry points and callee names across program versions. We have implemented VMV in a widely used static analysis and verification tool. We report our experience on two large code bases and demonstrate a substantial reduction in alarms while additionally providing relative correctness guarantees.
TTTC technical forum honoring Sudhakar M. Reddy

In conjunction with the 2005 International Test Conference, the Test Technology Technical Council sponsored a forum honoring Sudhakar M. Reddy.
Melissopus latiferreanus as a Pest of Filberts in the Northwest

Among the insects that attack the filbert in the Pacific Northwest Melissopus latiferreanus (Walsingham), referred to in this paper as the filbert worm, has caused the growers the greatest concern on account of its direct damage to the nuts and the expense involved in sorting the infested nuts from the sound ones. Although the actual losses for the most part have not been serious, several locally severe infestations have developed, demonstrating the potential importance of the insect. The filbert worm has been under observation by the Entomology Department of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station for a number of years and that agency is now conducting experimental control tests against it (Thompson 1938). This paper is presented because the preliminary investigations on the biology of the insect, conducted at the Eugene, Oregon, laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, have brought to light certain interesting facts and trends which appear to be worthy of record.
Successive refinement of information: characterization of the achievable rates

Let R(/spl middot/) be the rate-distortion function. Assume that we want to describe a source with distortion no larger than /spl Delta//sub 1/. From the rate-distortion theory we know that we need to do so at a rate R/sub 1/ no smaller than R(/spl Delta//sub 1/) /spl lsqb/bits/symbol/spl rsqb/. If it turns out that a more accurate description at distortion /spl Delta//sub 2/, /spl Delta//sub 2/ >