cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruption of androgen receptor signaling in males by environmental chemicals

Androgen-disruptors are environmental chemicals in that interfere with the biosynthesis, metabolism or action of endogenous androgens resulting in a deflection from normal male developmental programming and reproductive tract growth and function. Since male sexual differentiation is entirely androgen-dependent, it is highly susceptible to androgen-disruptors. Animal models and epidemiological evidence link exposure to androgen disrupting chemicals with reduced sperm counts, increased infertility, testicular dysgenesis syndrome, and testicular and prostate cancers. Further, there appears to be increased sensitivity to these agents during critical developmental windows when male differentiation is at its peak. A variety of in vitro and in silico approaches have been used to identify broad classes of androgen disrupting molecules that include organochlorinated pesticides, industrial chemicals, and plasticizers with capacity to ligand the androgen receptor. The vast majority of these synthetic molecules act as anti-androgens. This review will highlight the evidence for androgen disrupting chemicals that act through interference with the androgen receptor, discussing specific compounds for which there is documented in vivo evidence for male reproductive tract perturbations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Endocrine disruptors'.
The cellular interlamellar and growth-front interphase boundaries in Cu-3 Wt pct Ti

Examination of the cellular colony interlamellar and growth-front interphase boundaries in Cu-3 wt pct Ti reveals an influence of crystallography at both of these interface types. Analysis of the interlamellar boundaries demonstrates that different arrangements of interphase misfit-compensating defects exist and combinations of misfit dislocations (MDs), structural ledges (SLs), or direction steps (DSs) were observed to dominate strain reduction between lamellae, even within the same colony. Detailed analysis also demonstrated that the actual interlamellar orientation relationship (OR) is (111) α ‖ (010) β with [-101] α ‖ [501] β , which is 0.28 deg in misorientation from the reported OR. The effect of crystallography was also apparent at the cellular growth front, as evidenced by the misfit-compensating structure observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at the grain-boundary segments and the sharp faceting of all β precipitate-growth interfaces.
Effect of dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles, soybean hulls, or a polyclonal antibody product on the ability of growing pigs to resist a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge.

An experiment was conducted to determine if dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean hulls, or soybean hulls sprayed with an egg-based, polyclonal antibody product would reduce the incidence or severity of infection, or both, in growing pigs after a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge. One hundred 17-d-old weaned pigs were blocked by sex, ancestry, and BW, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatment groups: negative control, unchallenged, corn-soy diet; positive control, challenged, corn-soy diet; 20% DDGS diet (D), challenged; 5% soybean hulls diet (SH), challenged; and SH sprayed with a polyclonal antibody product diet, challenged. Challenged pigs were orally inoculated with 6.4 x 10 8 L. intracellularis organisms after a 4-wk prechallenge feeding period. On d 21 postchallenge, pigs were euthanized, lesions of intestinal mucosa were evaluated, and ileal tissue samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to determine the presence and proliferation rate of L. intracellularis. Challenging pigs with L. intracellularis reduced growth rate, feed intake, and efficiency of gain (P 0.10). Heart, empty stomach, and liver weights were similar among dietary treatments (P > 0.10). Weight of the large intestine as a percentage of BW was increased in D and SH pigs compared with positive control pigs (P 0.10), although ileal lesion length and severity observed tended to be greater in the SH sprayed with polyclonal antibody product diet vs. the D pigs (P < 0.10). Results from a previous study indicated that diet composition may affect length, severity, and prevalence of lesions caused by L. intracellularis in growing pigs subjected to a moderate challenge. However, beneficial results were not observed by feeding the dietary treatments used in this study.
Regulation of Water Quality in Lake Michigan: Report of the Food Web Workshop

Abstract During the past 20 years, Lake Michigan has experienced substantial reduction in nutrient inputs, major changes in the biological community, and re-configuration of the pelagic food web. Alewife, the previously dominant zooplanktivore, has decreased to 10–20% of its former abundance, a new assemblage of zooplankton has become dominant, and summer water clarity has increased nearly three-fold in that time. This report summarizes an International Joint Commission (IJC)-sponsored Workshop on Food Web Interactions convened in Ann Arbor during 4–6 December 1985. In general, physical-chemical conditions are the major regulators of water quality during spring and fall periods. Food web effects are most manifest in offshore waters during the period of summer stratification. Discussion during the workshop led to insights regarding the causes of recent changes, their association with nutrient controls and/or food web interactions, and the likely dimensions for future effects.
Developmentally regulated expression of Thy-1 in structures of the mouse sensory-motor system.

Thy-1 is a cell-surface molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily which is expressed at high levels in the mature nervous system. Thy-1 has been implicated in regulating axonal outgrowth and synaptic function, but little is known regarding its cellular localization and expression in the central nervous system (CNS) during development or in adulthood. In this study, Thy-1 gene expression and protein localization were examined in sensory-motor and related areas of the adult and postnatally developing mouse CNS. Thy-1 mRNA expression was restricted to neurons; immunoreactivity was densely distributed throughout the neuropil of all regions examined, often delineated the neuronal plasmalemma, and labeled axons in white matter tracts of the brain and spinal cord. In adulthood, immunolabeling was regionally widespread and was present relatively homogeneously throughout all cell-dense layers of sensory-motor cortex, throughout most thalamic nuclei, globus pallidus, and spinal cord. Developmentally, however, Thy-1 expression and localization exhibited a spatially and temporally staggered sequence leading to the adult pattern. In sensory-motor cortex, Thy-1 expression in layer V preceded expression in other layers; in the barrel field, labeling of barrel septa preceeded a gradually increasing intensity of immunolabeling of barrel centers; in the thalamus, Thy-1 exhibited a differential onset and temporal pattern of expression across different nuclei associated with motor, sensory, or limbic systems; in the caudate nucleus, Thy-1 expression was greatest during the first postnatal week of life before declining during subsequent development. Taken together, the adult distribution and developmental patterns leading to it form a unique profile in comparison with other structurally related glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored neural cell adhesion molecules. The pattern and timing of Thy-1 expression across layers and nuclei during early postnatal development are more complex than previously recognized, thus perhaps reflecting varied roles for Thy-1 in aspects of structural or functional maturation which proceed independently of the timing of neurogenesis, migration, and dendritic and axonal growth.
E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell attachment activates Cdc42.

E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that mediates Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion. Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, participates in cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell cycle progression. Recent evidence reveals that members of the Rho family modulate E-cadherin function. To further examine the role of Cdc42 in E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion, we developed an assay for active Cdc42 using the GTPase-binding domain of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Initiation of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell attachment significantly increased in a time-dependent manner the amount of active Cdc42 in MCF-7 epithelial cell lysates. By contrast, Cdc42 activity was not increased under identical conditions in MCF-7 cells incubated with anti-E-cadherin antibodies nor in MDA-MB-231 (E-cadherin negative) epithelial cells. By fusing the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein/GTPase-binding domain to a green fluorescent protein, activation of endogenous Cdc42 by E-cadherin was demonstrated in live cells. These data indicate that E-cadherin activates Cdc42, demonstrating bi-directional interactions between the Rho- and E-cadherin signaling pathways.
Enzymatic assay procedures that employ high-performance liquid chromatography: Competition between phosphoribosyltransferases for a common substrate

Abstract A survey of the phosphoribosyltransferase (PRTase) activities in yeast has been accomplished using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay procedures. The following bases were observed to be utilized during phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRibPP)-dependent nucleotide syntheses: adenine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, guanine, uracil, orotate, nicotinamide, nicotinate and quinolinate. Gradient elution procedures have also been perfected that allow the separation of the two following sets of PRTase assay components: (1) adenosine monophosphate, nicotinate mononucleotide, orotate, adenosine triphosphate, nicotinate, adenosine diphosphate, inosine monophosphate and hypoxanthine, and (2) nicotinate mononucleotide, nicotinamide mononucleotide, adenosine triphosphate, nicotinate, adenosine diphosphate and nicotinamide. Separation 1 has been employed to examine the PRibPP allocation among the hypoxanthine PRTase, orotate PRTase and nicotinate PRTase catalyzed reactions, whereas separation 2 has been employed to define the role that ATP plays in the nicotinamide PRTase-catalyzed reaction along with the allocation of nicotinamide between the reactions catalysed by nicotinamide PRTase and nicotinamide deamidase.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE EYE OF THE ROTIFER ASPLANCHNA BRIGHTWELLI

Electron microscopy of the eye of the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli reveals two elements: a cup-shaped pigmented cell and an irregular sensory cell. The receptoral processes of the latter cell are thin lamellae, arranged like the leaves in a head of cabbage, which lie within the concavity of the pigment cell. A ciliary or centriolar apparatus was not observed. Accordingly, the eye is considered to be rhabdomeric in type. Below the photoreceptoral processes is a layer of mitochondria. From the basal end of the sensory cell a long nerve fiber containing granules and tubules extends anterodorsally to a neural center near the middle of the brain.
Regulating the Fiction of Informed Consent in ART Medicine

(2001). Regulating the Fiction of Informed Consent in ART Medicine. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 19-20.
Graphene and carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid nanomaterials for human embryonic stem cell culture

The objective of this study was to explore the potential of graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)–graphene hybrid nanomaterials for culturing delicate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and maintaining their viability. This first in vitro study reports the hESC viability and proliferation when cultured with graphene and MWNT–graphene nanomaterials. The results demonstrated that the hESCs remained viable and pluripotent, and they proliferated on graphene and MWNT–graphene hybrid during 9 days of culture with or without Geltrex®. With Geltrex®, the cells attached and proliferated on graphene-based nanomaterials during 9 days of culture. Without Geltrex®, the cells remained viable and formed cell aggregates suspended in media during 9 days of culture.
The recolonization of Lake Tahoe by Bosmina longirostris: Evaluating the importance of reduced My sis relicta populations1

On 28 August 7978, Bosmina longirostris (Crustacea: Cladocera) reappeared in the plankton of Lake Tahoe, following an absence of more than 3 years and a reduction in Mysis relicta density to 27·m‒2 from about 380·m‒2 in 1975. Bosmina seems to have been reintroduced by wind-induced advection from Emerald Bay, a semi-isolated embayment of the lake, suggesting the importance of chance events to zooplankton community structure. Demographic analyses of Bosmina population dynamics from 1967–1978 in Lake Tahoe indicate that reduced populations of M. relicta were not solely responsible for the timing of the Bosmina reappearance.
Does scale exist? An epistemological scale continuum for complex human–environment systems

Abstract Scale pervades interdisciplinary research on human–environment systems that exhibit hallmarks of complexity such as path dependence, nonlinearity, and surprise. Although scale concepts are woven through the data, methodology, and theory of human–environment research, the question remains: does scale exist? More broadly, can a single definition of scale suffice for human–environment systems? The meaning and use of scale is contested across the social, natural, and information sciences. Given that the study of human–environment systems spans many of these disciplines, specific research problems inherit a broad range of conflicting scale concepts. This paper proposes an epistemological scale continuum that arrays scale perspectives from the realist contention that there are natural scales independent of observers through to the constructionist view that scale is subjective and socially mediated. As seen in biocomplexity and human–environment research more broadly, this scale continuum establishes that scale is not a single measure or object of study, nor is any single definition of scale sufficient for human–environment systems. Viewpoints and tensions among scale epistemologies also suggest several general principles for using scale effectively in human–environment research.
External operations on the frontal sinus

Abstract I have expressed certain personal opinions regarding the choice of external operation on the frontal sinus. These are based on the anatomic characteristics of the sinus and the pathologic nature of the disease. I have outlined the postoperative care which I have found useful. In general, it can be said that well directed external operations on the frontal sinuses produce excellent clinical results and that the fear of disfiguring deformity of the forehead is of minor consideration. Excellent results have come about because surgeons are familiar with the technical improvements, including methods for anesthesia suggested by various observers, understand thoroughly the pathologic characteristics of diseased conditions common to the frontal sinus, and know the indications for the use of an external operation.
THE INHOMOGENEOUS WAVE EQUATION IN LOCAL RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

Abstract The equation (□ + m2) u(x) = j(x), where j(x) is a known local field is solved for u(x) in the form u(x)=u(0)(x)−∫δR(x−x′)dx′j(x′), where u(0)(x) is a free field. The possibility of choosing u(0)(x) so that u(x) is local is studied by considering vacuum expectation values containing j(x) and u(x). It is shown that in the case j(x) = gφ2(x), φ(x) a free field, no u(0)(x) with the desired properties exists. The argument is generalized to the case of the equations of a neutral vector meson field, B, interacting with a spinor field, χ: (y u ∂ u +m)χ(x) = ie γ u A u (x)ψ(x) , ∂ v [∂ v B u −∂ u B v ] + K 2 B u (x) = ie:ψ † (x)γ u ψ(x): .
Heat-flux footprints for I-mode and EDA H-mode plasmas on Alcator C-Mod

Abstract IR thermography is used to measure the heat flux footprints on C-Mod’s outer target in I-mode and EDA H-mode plasmas. The footprint profiles are fit to a function with a simple physical interpretation. The fit parameter that is sensitive to the power decay length into the SOL, λSOL, is ∼1–3× larger in I-modes than in H-modes at similar plasma current, which is the dominant dependence for the H-mode λSOL. In contrast, the fit parameter sensitive to transport into the private-flux-zone along the divertor leg is somewhat smaller in I-mode than in H-mode, but otherwise displays no obvious dependence on Ip, Bt, or stored energy. A third measure of the footprint width, the “integral width”, is not significantly different between H- and I-modes. Also discussed are significant differences in the global power flows of the H-modes with “favorable” ∇ B drift direction and those of the I-modes with “unfavorable” ∇ B drift direction.
Structure of the nucleotide complex of PyrR, the pyr attenuation protein from Bacillus caldolyticus, suggests dual regulation by pyrimidine and purine nucleotides.

PyrR is a protein that regulates the expression of genes and operons of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis (pyr genes) in many bacteria. PyrR acts by binding to specific sequences on pyr mRNA and causing transcriptional attenuation when intracellular levels of uridine nucleotides are elevated. PyrR from Bacillus subtilis has been purified and extensively studied. In this work, we describe the purification to homogeneity and characterization of recombinant PyrR from the thermophile Bacillus caldolyticus and the crystal structures of unliganded PyrR and a PyrR-nucleotide complex. The B. caldolyticus pyrR gene was previously shown to restore normal regulation of the B. subtilis pyr operon in a pyrR deletion mutant. Like B. subtilis PyrR, B. caldolyticus PyrR catalyzes the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase reaction but with maximal activity at 60°C. Crystal structures of B. caldolyticus PyrR reveal a dimer similar to the B. subtilis PyrR dimer and, for the first time, binding sites for nucleotides. UMP and GMP, accompanied by Mg2+, bind specifically to PyrR active sites. Nucleotide binding to PyrR is similar to other phosphoribosyltransferases, but Mg2+ binding differs. GMP binding was unexpected. The protein bound specific sequences of pyr RNA 100 to 1,000 times more tightly than B. subtilis PyrR, depending on the RNA tested and the assay method; uridine nucleotides enhanced RNA binding, but guanosine nucleotides antagonized it. The new findings of specific GMP binding and its antagonism of RNA binding suggest cross-regulation of the pyr operon by purines.
Current concepts review: venous thromboembolic disease in foot and ankle surgery.

Venous thromboembolic disease (VTED) can be fatal, particularly in orthopaedic surgical patients.14,15 Clinicians and researchers continue to struggle to define, from a riskbenefit perspective, which subset of foot and ankle patients would benefit from prophylaxis and which treatment is appropriate for a given patient. Efforts have focused on preventing the most common and most dangerous sequelae of VTED: proximal and distal deep venous thrombosis (DVT), post-thrombotic syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and particularly the potentially fatal pulmonary embolism (PE).55 This current concepts review examines the pertinent literature that identifies the pathophysiology and treatment issues associated with venous thromboembolic disease in foot and ankle surgery.
Pulse oximetry in children

Pulse oximetry is routinely used in hospitals in high-income settings, but its theoretical basis is often poorly understood. 1 This paper summarises the physiological background, technological basis and limitations of pulse oximetry.
Muslim Reformers in Iran and Turkey: The Paradox of Moderation

Muslim Reformers in Iran and Turkey: The Paradox of Moderation, Gunes Murat Tezcur, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2010, ISBN-13: 978-0292728837, 320 pp. This book represents an ambitious s...
The Herbivores of Solanum carolinense (Horsenettle) in Northern Virginia: Natural History and Damage Assessment

Abstract I studied interactions between the herbaceous weed Solanum carolinense (horsenettle) and its herbivore community in northern Virginia from 1996–2002. Thirty-two species regularly fed on the plant, including 31 insects from 6 taxonomic orders and Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow vole). An intensive field experiment on 960 horsenettle individuals in 2001 revealed high levels of damage to all parts of the plants. Two chrysomelid beetles—Epitrix fuscula (eggplant flea beetle) and Leptinotarsa juncta (false potato beetle)—damaged leaves on nearly every plant. Roughly half of the flowers were destroyed by herbivores, with Anthonomus nigrinus (potato bud weevil) destroying 30%. Nearly three-fourths of the fruits were damaged by three species: the tephritid fly Zonosemata electa (pepper maggot), false potato beetle, and meadow vole. The weevil Trichobaris trinotata (potato stalk borer) bored in stems of 73% of the plants, and the most damaging root feeder was the moth Synanthedon rileyana (Riley's clearwi...
Multiphoton ionization mechanisms in CH3I and CD3I

Abstract The processes that occur subsequent to the absorption of multiple photons by CH 3 I and CD 3 I in the 325–335 nm region have been studied using a single stage time-of-flight mass spectrometer. At the fluences employed, ionization of methyl iodide, at parent resonances that were studied, can compete with parent fragmentation and subsequent ionization of the photofragments. The predominant source of the I + , CD + 2 , CD + , and C + signals observed in the wavelength region under study is fragmentation of the methyl iodide parent ion. A similar mechanism is likely for CH 3 I.
The peak-interpolation sets in product domains

Jimbo and Sakai defined interpolation manifolds on a product domain and discussed the properties of them. In this paper, it will be pointed out that for A(D)the interpolation manifolds are different. Peak interpolation manifolds for A ∞(D) are studied as well.
Solubilization of California Small White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Proteins

California Small White beans contained 25.90% crude protein on dry weight basis. Albumins accounted for 11.30% of the total crude proteins. Alkali (1N NaOH) extractable proteins had an isoelectric pH of about 4.0. About 88% of the total crude proteins were recovered employing acid/alkali extraction. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses indicated that the acid soluble proteins were comprised of at least five components whereas the alkali soluble proteins consisted of at least two components.
Exploring Transnational Identities in Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost

Victoria Cook, in "Exploring Transnational Identities in Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost," addresses issues of identity raised in the narrative of Michael Ondaatje's novel Anil's Ghost. Cook's paper is a close analysis of Ondaatje's novel, paying particular attention to the way in which Ondaatje examines identity as both a "construct" and a "process." The approach used is one that draws on postcolonial theory and takes a "transnational" perspective. Cook argues that Ondaatje's text moves beyond the concept of a postcolonial literature of "resistance" into an area that requires a theory of process rather than product. Transnationalism is shown here to be just such a theory, in that it captures something of this fluidity: the analysis is underpinned, therefore, by the application of transnational theory, as put forward by critics such as Paul Giles. Names and naming are the main themes addressed in the course of this argument, with regard to the way in which they impact on issues of identification. Finally, Cook explores in her paper issues of identity in Anil's Ghost, identity that traverses cultural and national boundaries and encompasses both central and marginal positions. Victoria Cook, "Exploring Transnational Identities in Ondaatje's Anil’s Ghost" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.3 (2004):
Determination of Hydrogenase in Free-living Cultures of Rhizobium japonicum and Energy Efficiency of Soybean Nodules.

A sensitive tritium exchange assay was applied to the Rhizobium system for measuring the expression of uptake hydrogenase in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum. Hydrogenase was detected about 45 hours after inoculation of cultures maintained under microaerophilic conditions (about 0.1% O2). The tritium exchange assay was used to screen a variety of different strains of R. japonicum (including major production strains) with the findings that about 30% of the strains expressed hydrogenase activity with identical results being observed using an alternative assay based on uptake of H2. The relative efficiency of intact soybean nodules inoculated with 10 different rhizobial strains gave results identical to those obtained using free-living cultures. The tritium exchange assay provides an easy, quick, and accurate assessment of H2 uptake efficiency of intact nodules.
Petrogenesis of the Mount Albert Ultramafic Massif, Quebec

Ultramafic massifs that occur in the Earth9s crust are, in a complex way, samples of the mantle. They may be classified into a number of different types (Wyllie, 1970; Moores, 1973), one of which is the high-temperature peridotite massifs characterized by high-temperature contact metamorphic aureoles. One such example is the Mount Albert ultramafic intrusion in the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, Canada. The high-temperature peridotites are composed of interlayered harzburgite, dunite, and lherzolite. The mineralogy is generally simple and lacks the cryptic layering generally found in comparable mineral systems in cumulate layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions (Wager and, Brown, 1967; Jackson, 1971). Compositional variations do occur, however, and the question arises as to whether they are related to the mechanism of intrusion or inherited mantle properties. Textural and structural evidence (Darot, 1973) indicate that some high-temperature peridotites have been intruded as solid material. The present study focuses on the mechanism of intrusion and the results of intrusion on the variations of chemistry hetween coexisting phases and observed textural and structural features.
Fathers' expectations and aspirations for their children

Do contemporary fathers have the same kinds of goals, beliefs, aspirations, and expectations about their children that fathers had 30 years ago? To answer this question, we interviewed 102 White fathers of 133 daughters and 126 sons about the topics probed by Aberle and Naegele (1952). We also asked about how the fathers expressed approval and disapproval of their children's behaviors, about their techniques for encouraging their children to develop the traits the fathers considered desirable, and about the sources of sex education for children. In general, our contemporary fathers mimicked some of the expectations of the earlier group and differed in others. Like the earlier group, some expectations were gender stereotypic. These expectations presumably function to restrict or limit the socialization of their children. More striking were the differences in the two sets of responses. In contrast to the statements from Aberle and Naegele's fathers, our fathers expressed many similar expectations for their daughters and sons. The educational and occupational levels of the fathers and the family composition qualified only a few of the above results.
Localization of amino acid absorption systems in the larval midgut of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta

Abstract Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared separately from the three morphologically distinct regions of larval Manduca sexta midguts by Mg/EGTA precipitation and differential centrifugation. Inwardly directed potassium thiocyanate gradients resulted in transient accumulation of arginine, leucine and proline by vesicles prepared from posterior midgut but only arginine by vesicles prepared from anterior midgut.
Microstructural evolution in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy-20 vol. % SiC composite shock-loaded to 5 GPa

This paper reports that recently, the superior performance of Al-alloy-matrix composites under extreme loading conditions has attracted the attention of many investigators. Bless et al. have observed the reinforced-aluminum composites were up to three times more efficient at stopping tungsten projectiles than an unreinforced-Al alloy. Marchand et al. and Cho et al. have also found that dynamic loading raises the value of the critical stress intensity factor of fracture for Al alloy matrix composites. Recent work has observed more frequent interfacial cracks during dynamic deformation than during quasi-static deformation in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy-20 vol. % SiC composite, which could lower fracture toughness at high strain rates. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the microstructure development in an A;-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy-20 vol. % SiC composite deformed at even higher strain rates ({gt}10{sup 6}/sec) than the rates employed previously (10{sup {minus}3}--10{sup 4}/sec) by the present investigators. In this study, the microstructural evolution and damage accumulation in shock-loaded underaged and overaged composites will be compared with those observed at lower stain rates.
Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy in eyes with anterior corneal dystrophies: short-term clinical outcomes with and without an antihyperopia treatment and poor effectiveness of ultrasound biomicroscopic evaluation.

Purpose:To evaluate the use of high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in determining the depth of corneal pathology in eyes undergoing excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) for primary or recurrent anterior stromal corneal dystrophies. Corneal clarity, visual acuity, and refractive
Expression and coexpression of CO2-sensitive Kir channels in brainstem neurons of rats

Several inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channels are inhibited by hypercapnic acidosis and may be involved in CO2 central chemoreception. Among them are Kir1.1, Kir2.3, and Kir4.1. The Kir4.1 is expressed predominantly in the brainstem. Although its CO2 sensitivity is low, coexpression of Kir4.1 with Kir5.1 in Xenopus oocytes greatly enhances the CO2/pH sensitivities of the heteromeric channels. If these Kir channels play a part in the central CO2 chemosensitivity, they should be expressed in neurons of brainstem cardio-respiratory nuclei. To test this hypothesis, we performed in-situ hybridization experiments in which the expression of Kir1.1, Kir2.3, Kir4.1 and Kir5.1, and coexpression of Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 were studied in brainstem neurons using non-radioactive riboprobes. We found that mRNAs of these Kir channels were present in several brainstem nuclei, especially those involved in cardio-respiratory controls. Strong labeling was observed in the locus coeruleus, ventralateral medulla, parabrachial-Kolliker-Fuse nuclei, solitary tract nucleus, and area postrema. Strong expression was also seen in several cranial motor nuclei, including the nucleus of ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, facial nucleus and dorsal vagus motor nucleus. In general, the expression of Kir5.1 and Kir4.1 was much more prominent than that of Kir1.1 and Kir2.3 in all the nuclei. Evidence for the coexpression of Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 was found in a good number of neurons in these nuclei. The expression and coexpression of these CO2/pH-sensitive Kir channels suggest that they are likely to contribute to CO2 chemosensitivity of the brainstem neurons.
Electronic information interchange in an office environment

This paper describes an architectural approach that provides information interchange across a broad spectrum of user applications and office automation offerings. Some of the architectures described herein are currently implemented in existing IBM products. These and other architectures will provide the basis for document interchange capability between products such as the IBM 5520 Administrative System, the IBM System/370 Distributed Ofice Support System (DISOSS), and the IBM Displaywriter System. Specifically described is a document distribution architecture and its associated data streams. Transforms can be utilized to interchange between these data streams and others. A general overview of the architectures as opposed to a detailed technical description is provided. The architectures described are protocols for interchange between application processes; they do not address the specific user interface. The document distribution architectures utilize SNA for data transmission and communications control facilities.
THE APPLICATION OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF GRAZING SYSTEMS

Decision making studies in agriculture are often made difficult by the complex and dynamic nature of bio-economic systems. Simulation is one of the newer systems research techniques which as yet has had limited use in farm management research. This paper discusses some methodological aspects of simulation with specific reference to grazing systems. Problems arising in the development and use of simulation models are discussed and the need for inter-disciplinary co-operation to overcome data problems is indicated. One approach to experimentation is illustrated by reference to a model of a sheep grazing system and the problem of cropping for winter grazing. It is concluded that simulation is a potentially useful technique for management-oriented systems research in agriculture.
Jet Mixing of Liquids in Long Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks

Large storage tanks may require mixing to achieve homogeneity of contents for several reasons: prior to sampling for mass balance purposes, for blending in reagents, for suspending settled solids for removal, or for use as a feed tank to a process. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory, mixed waste evaporator concentrates are stored in ∼190-m3 (50 000-gal) horizontal tanks, about 3.7 m (12 ft) in diameter and 18 m (60 ft) in length. This tank configuration has the advantage of permitting transport by truck and therefore fabrication in the shop rather than in the field. A survey of the literature revealed no information on mixing large storage tanks with length-to-diameter ratios greater than 2. Jet mixing experiments were carried out in two model tanks: a 0.87-m3 (230-gal) Plexiglas tank that was ∼1/6 linear scale of the actual waste tanks and a 95-m3 (25 000-gal) tank that was about 2/3 linear scale of the actual waste tanks. Mixing times were measured by the use of a sodium chloride tracer and several cond...
On Edge Semi-Isomorphisms and Semi-Dualities of Graphs

Let G1 and G2 be undirected graphs, and Â?1(G 1) and Â?2(G 2) be families of edge sets of G1 and G2, respectively. An (Â?1,Â?2)-semi-isomorphism ofG 1 ontoG 2 is an edge bijection between G1 and G2 that induces an injection from Â?1(G 1) to Â?2(G 2). This concept generalizes a well known concept of a circuit isomorphism of graphs due to H. Whitney. If has a "dual nature" with respect to Â?2(G 2) then the concept of (Â?1,Â?2)-semi-isomorphism of graphs turns into a concept of a (Â?1,Â?2)-semi-duality of graphs. This gives a natural generalization of the circuit duality of graphs due to H. Whitney. In this paper we investigate (Â?1,Â?2)-semi-isomorphisms and (Â?1,Â?2)-semi-dualities of graphs for various families Â?1(G 1) and Â?2(G 2). In particular, we consider families of circuits and cocircuits of graphs from this point of view, and obtain some strengthenings of Whitney's 2-isomorphism theorem and Whitney's planarity criterion for 3-connected graphs.
Stability properties of cylindrically curved mean flows

This article describes results from numerical experiments which isolate the influence of horizontal curvature upon various linear properties of growing baroclinic eddies. Cylindrically symmetric mean flows on an f-plane are studied; they have either strong or weak curvature. The radius of curvature is twice as large for weak as it is for strong curvature. Strong curvature reduces the growth rates and this is most evident only for the short waves. The baroclinic energy conversion is positive (from mean flow to eddy) and little influenced by curvature. The barotropic conversion is made more negative by stronger curvature; it is responsible for the growth rate reductions. The regions of positive and negative barotropic conversion are distributed about the mean flow jet in such a way that the eddies are tending to straighten out that jet. These results compare favorably with some previous analyses of long-wave flows by others. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1983.tb00194.x
Bacteriologic contamination of intravenous infusion delivery systems in an intensive care unit

Abstract Seventy intensive care unit patients were admitted to a double-blind prospective study to determine the level of contamination associated with the admixture and administration of intravenous solutions and whether intravenous filtersets prevented bacteremia. Patients were randomly assigned a 0.22 micron filterset (real filter) or a filter cartridge without a 0.22 micron membrane (blank filter) on all possible intravenous lines. Forty-six (14.1 percent) real filtersets and 38 (11.3 percent) blank filtersets were found to be contaminated, and overall 30 patients (42.4 percent) were found to have extrinsically contaminated intravenous administration systems at least once during the study. Bacterial adherence to the plastic cartridge was demonstrated to be responsible for culture-positive blank filtersets. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the organism most frequently isolated from real and blank filtersets. Epidemiologic surveillance identified 10 patients with blank filtersets and three patients with real filtersets with clinically significant hospital-acquired bacteremias during the study period. It is concluded that (1) a significant level of extrinsic contamination of intravenous infusion delivery systems occurred on the intensive care unit; (2) documented clinically significant nosocomial bacteremias occurred less often in those patients who had a 0.22 micron bacterial retention filter on all possible intravenous lines.
Uredinales of Porto Rico Based on Collections By F. L. Stevens

76. Aecidium abscedens sp. nov. Pycnia epiphyllous, numerous on brownish spots 4-9 mm. across, prominent, golden-yellow becoming dark-brown, hemispheric, subcuticular, I40-200 u broad by about half as high. Aecia hypophyllous, numerous in crowded groups, cupulate; peridia short, cylindric, o.I-o.3 mm. in diameter, soon open, coarsely lacerate, somewhat revolute, peridial cells colorless, somewhat overlapping, oblong, 11-I6 by 20-371, the outer wall I.5-3,U thick, smooth, the inner wall slightly thicker, moderately verrucose; aeciospores broadly ellipsoid or globoid, I8-2I by 20-27/u wall pale-yellow, thin, I-1.5 U, very closely and finely verrucose.
Glucocorticoids regulate rat glutamine synthetase expression in a tissue-specific manner

During stress states, organismal glutamine production is augmented secondary to an increase in the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the lung and skeletal muscle. Because glucocorticoids are key regulators of the metabolic response to stress, we undertook a survey of glucocorticoid induction of GS expression in rat organs in response to dexamethasone. Male adult rats were injected with glucocorticoid or vehicle and 4 hr later, 10 organs were assayed for GS messenger RNA and protein contents by Northern and Western blotting. We observed a 20-fold range of GS mRNA levels in organs of control animals. Blotting detected two GS RNA species of approximately 2.8- and 1.4-kb sizes in all tissue except testis, where an additional 2-kb RNA species was observed. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA levels were also assayed and used as a normalization factor. An approximately 10-fold range of GAPDH mRNA levels was observed. Four hours after dexamethasone injection, a nearly a 5-fold increase in glutamine synthetase mRNA levels in lung and muscle, as well as an approximately 2-fold increase in heart were observed. Relative to GAPDH mRNA, a significant decrease in GS mRNA levels was observed in the liver. A wide range of glutamine synthetase protein contents were observed in rat organs. Comparison of Northern and Western blotting results revealed a dichotomy in the ratio of relative GS mRNA and protein level in rat organs, suggesting that tissue-specific posttranscriptional processes determine GS protein levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alternatives to low-temperature poly-Si technology in active matrix displays

Incorporating low temperature poly-Si (LTPS) technology as an active matrix (AM) in flat panel displays (FPDs) has been a struggle and remains costly. The situation motivates companies to investigate alternative AM technologies. Some projects try to relieve the low temperature constraint by switching the substrate material to a metal foil. Some companies try simply to make the most out of a-Si:H technology. Another strategy is to replace silicons as the TFT channel material. Examples include CdSe and even an organic material like pentacene. When crystalline silicon is considered best, engineers consider how to replace excimer laser annealing (ELA) and its cost. A prominent example is the effort at MIT, which printed devices with a kind of 'semiconductor ink'. The best prospects for inexpensive AM backplanes may be plastic transistors and c-Si block assembly. Current leaders of AM technology, a-Si:H and ELA- LTPS, might still end up offering better overall performance, but their costs will probably be higher.
Empathy toward Strangers Triggers Oxytocin Release and Subsequent Generosity

Empathyisrelatedtoavarietyofprosocialbehaviors,butthebrainmechanismsproducing the experience of empathy have not been fully characterized. This study investigated whether the experience of empathy raises oxytocin levels and affects subsequent generosity toward strangers. Short video clips of an emotional scene and an unemotional scene were used as stimuli. Participants rated the emotions they experienced and then played a $40 ultimatum game to gauge their generosity. We found that empathy was associated with a 47% increase in oxytocin from baseline. We also found the empathy‐ oxytocin response was stronger in women than in men. Higher levels of empathy were also associated with more generous monetary offers toward strangers in the ultimatum game. Our findings provide the first evidence that oxytocin is a physiologic signature for empathy and that empathy mediates generosity.
Quantification of the morphological features of a full microvascular network.

Investigations into the changes that occur in microvasculature following the surgical procedure called delay have brought about the need for a computer system capable of quantifying the morphological features of a full microvascular network in terms of average vessel length, diameter, and tortuosity. Both the formulaic conventions that have been developed to measure these quantities as well as their implementation in the form of a HP-9000/UNIX based computer software system that we developed specifically for this purpose are discussed. Reliability studies performed using the final system to measure the microcirculatory network of a mouse latissmus dorsi muscle (LDM) showed 95% confidence intervals within 5% of means and coefficients of variability within 7% of means for all quantities measured in large (150–300 μm), medium (50–150 μm), and small (<50 μm) diameter vessels. These variations were significantly smaller than the changes that were observed in a preliminary study comparing these microvascular network parameters before and after delay in the hairless mouse LDM, showing the proposed quantification methods to be well suited to the study of the microvascular changes following delay. It is hoped that the formulaic conventions, implementation process and reliability data will provide a useful comparison for other researchers interested in measuring similar features of microcirculatory networks.
The Ambivalent Character of Nationalism Among Egyptian Professionals

As part of a broader study dealing with communications behavior in the Middle East, the Bureau of Applied Social Research of Columbia University conducted interviews with 110 Egyptian professionals during the Spring and Summer of 1951. Doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, and journalists were queried, in interviews lasting from two to three hours,' about their opinions and attitudes on local, national and international affairs, as well as their tastes and habits with regard to domestic and foreign radio broadcasts, the press and motion pictures. These data afford an opportunity to study the political attitudes of a group which, although numerically small, constitutes an important sub-elite within Egyptian society today.
Twinning pseudoelasticity in InTl

Abstract Twin boundaries generally contribute significantly to the damping of a twinned crystal. In an In-19.1 at.% Tl single crystal the damping gives rise to automodulation if the internal friction studies are performed in the 10 Hz frequency range, with a strain amplitude larger than 0.05 and at temperatures lower than 10°C. The frequency of the automodulation is about 60 times slower than the frequency with which the reed type sample is driven. The automodulation frequency has a maximum at −6 C and is characterized by an activation energy of 29 kJ/mol (7 kcal/mol). This maximum can be understood by applying Lucke and Stuwe, and Cahn's theory of impurity diffusion controlled grain boundary motion to the motion of twin boundaries. On the basis of this analysis it is suggested that the twinning pseudoelasticity in InTl comes about because at low temperatures the Tl atoms in the vicinity of the core of the twin boundary cannot relax to their equilibrium configuration.
Low-resolution gamma-ray measurements of process hold-up

This tool, consisting of software with a compact detector, an M3CA, and an Intermec datalogger: 1. acquires and manages several hundred spectra in an hour; 2. produces prompt and reliable quantitative analyses; 3. is self-powered, easily carried and operated by a single user; 4. accomodates varying degrees of user expertise; 5. corrects for the effects of equipment geometry; 6. corrects for the effects of equipment attenuation; 7. tolerates facility variables such as temperature fluctuations and equipment accessibility; 8. has been subjected to quality testing under field conditions; and 9. does not require extensive specialized training for the operators.
Stereotype threat: the case of black males in the IT profession

An interview-based investigation of Black males was conducted to identify how individual identity, individual influences and environmental influences affect the academic pipeline for Black male students. Semi-structured interviews, informed by the Individual Differences Theory of Gender and IT, were conducted with Black males at a Predominately White Institution (PWI) and Historically Black College and University (HBCU) regarding the presence of stereotypes and how they may have combated these barriers. The results revealed that stereotypes and stereotype threat are prevalent among Black males pursuing IT careers and influence self-efficacy, identity, the academic environment and career choice
A framework to analyze comparative dynamics in a continuous time stochastic growth model

Abstract This paper develops a general framework to analyze the comparative dynamic properties of optimal growth paths with respect to any parameter in a continuous time model of uncertainty. A distinguishing feature of the analysis is that the entire dynamic time path of the capital accumulation process can be characterized rather than restricting attention to a comparison of steady states as in conventional analysis. Since any policy variable enters as a parameter in a growth model, the paradigm developed immediately yields the dynamic impact of any policy tool on the time paths of the optimal capital accumulation program. The powerful Ito's Lemma of stochastic calculus then determines the impact of the policy parameter on other variables on interest such as the wage rate and the return to capital. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.