cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eulerian Model for Prediction of Particle Transport and Deposition in Turbulent Duct Flows with Thermophoresis

The Reynolds-averaged equations for turbulent particle population/transport in an Eulerian framework must be closed by specifying models for several terms: a turbophoretic force; a turbulent thermophoretic force; and a turbulent particle-diffusion term. In this article, new models are proposed for the turbophoretic term, as a particle-size dependent extrapolation of the corresponding turbulent fluid-velocity correlation, and for the turbulent thermophoretic term as an eddy-viscosity-scaled multiple of the corresponding mean thermophoretic term, appropriate for small low-inertia particles with τ+p < 10. When the turbophoresis model is incorporated in a system of equations that describes particle motion within the surrounding fluid, it predicts particle deposition velocities that are in good agreement with experimental data over a range of particle sizes. When this equation system is included in a computational model to predict particle transport in turbulent pipe flows, the efficiency of particle depositio...
Systematics of nuclear radii from elastic electron scattering and muonic X-ray measurements

The detailed investigation of charge distr ibut ion differences between isotones and isotopes of neighboring nuclei provides information about the spatial d is t r ibution of valence protons and the polarization of the proton core in response to the addition of protons and neutrons. The experimental accuracy obtained in recent measurements of charge radi i shows clearly that the usual empirical mass-radius formulae (e.g. 1,2) are only approximate.The variations of actual charge radi i are strongly modified by nuclear shell structure and deformation effects (3,4). The deviations of the measured charge radi i from the mass-radius formulae seem to fol low regular trends as indicated in Fig. 1.
Information Use in New Product Development: An Initial Exploratory Empirical Investigation in the Chemical Industry*

In-depth interviews with product developers and product development software providers in a previous qualitative phase of research uncovered eight general types of information that are used across the new product development process (strategic, project management, financial, market and customer, wants and needs, technical, competitor, and regulatory information) and three general approaches to managing information in the process (project-centric, functionally oriented, and fully distributed). This paper presents a second phase of research trying to understand the role that managing knowledge and information plays in developing new products and achieving NPD success. This research phase empirically investigates use of the eight types of information across three general phases of the NPD process in the chemical industry using 81 mail survey responses from marketing and new product development professionals. Respondents were asked to indicate the degree to which each of the eight information types was used in each of the following general phases of new product development: the fuzzy front end, development, and testing and launch. The respondents also provided information on new product development success, information management system sophistication, and innovation strategy. This research makes several contributions to new knowledge. First, this research suggests that information management in product development is even more complex than initially posited in Zahay et al. (2004), with each of the eight types of information identified being used in each of the three phases of development. Unexpectedly, for all but one type of information use is higher in later stages of the NPD process, even though use of several kinds of information early in the project is associated with increased success. Thus, managers may need to encourage teams to start gathering information from outside the firm earlier than is currently the norm. Second, the results suggest that more sophisticated information management systems are indeed associated with increased use of various different types of information, as expected. Third, more sophisticated information management systems are more highly associated with success than less sophisticated information management systems. These results are important, as most new product development information management systems are limited in their ability to handle complex and non-quantitative information such as customer wants and needs, as well as strategic, competitor, and regulatory information. However, being able to transmit information on these issues is associated with increased firm performance and project success from these data. Thus, firms need to figure out how to improve their ability to manage and use non-quantitative information more effectively.
Moving Research into Practice: Can We Make Dissemination Stick?

Although researchers in special education have made significant advances in defining and identifying evidence-based practices, scholars often constitute an insular group that disseminates research findings primarily through outlets and venues targeting like-minded researchers using traditional approaches. Thus, despite tangible results in determining what works, using dissemination approaches that fail to resonate with or influence practitioners represents an important but often overlooked contributor to the ongoing research-to-practice gap in special education. The authors argue that empirical and theoretical literature outside of special education may offer insight into how ideas take hold, which may be especially relevant to the effective dissemination of evidence-based practices. Drawing on Heath and Heath's (2008) model, the authors describe 6 characteristics of messages that are likely to “stick”: (a) simple, (b) unexpected, (c) concrete, (d) credible, (e) emotional, and (f) stories. The authors con...
Anticipated stigma and quality of life among people living with chronic illnesses

Objectives: We examined the process by which anticipated stigma relates to quality of life among people living with chronic illnesses. We hypothesized that stress, social support and patient satisf...
Cation-π interactions with a π-excessive nitrogen heterocycle: Structures and absolute binding energies of alkali metal cation–pyrrole complexes

Abstract Threshold collision-induced dissociation techniques are employed to determine the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of mono- and bis-complexes of alkali metal cations, Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , and the bis-complex of Li + , with pyrrole, C 4 H 5 N. The primary and lowest energy dissociation pathway in all cases is the endothermic loss of an intact pyrrole ligand. Sequential loss of a second pyrrole ligand is observed at elevated energies for the bis-complexes. Theoretical calculations at the MP2(full)/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants of these complexes. Theoretical BDEs are determined from single point energy calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p) level using the MP2(full)/6-31G* optimized geometries. The agreement between theory and experiment is good for all complexes. The nature of the binding and the trends in the BDEs of these alkali metal cation–pyrrole complexes are compared to the analogous benzene and indole complexes using electrostatic potential maps and natural bond orbital analyses to examine the influence of the size of the aromatic system and the nitrogen heteroatom on the cation-π interaction. The binding of alkali metal cations to pyrrole is also compared to other metal cations and organic cations.
An Ecohydraulic Model to Identify and Monitor Moapa Dace Habitat

Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) is a critically endangered thermophilic minnow native to the Muddy River ecosystem in southeastern Nevada, USA. Restricted to temperatures between 26.0 and 32.0°C, these fish are constrained to the upper two km of the Muddy River and several small tributaries fed by warm springs. Habitat alterations, nonnative species invasion, and water withdrawals during the 20th century resulted in a drastic decline in the dace population and in 1979 the Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) was created to protect them. The goal of our study was to determine the potential effects of reduced surface flows that might result from groundwater pumping or water diversions on Moapa dace habitat inside the Refuge. We accomplished our goal in several steps. First, we conducted snorkel surveys to determine the locations of Moapa dace on three warm-spring tributaries of the Muddy River. Second, we conducted hydraulic simulations over a range of flows with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Third, we developed a set of Moapa dace habitat models with logistic regression and a geographic information system. Fourth, we estimated Moapa dace habitat over a range of flows (plus or minus 30% of base flow). Our spatially explicit habitat models achieved classification accuracies between 85% and 91%, depending on the snorkel survey and creek. Water depth was the most significant covariate in our models, followed by substrate, Froude number, velocity, and water temperature. Hydraulic simulations showed 2–11% gains in dace habitat when flows were increased by 30%, and 8–32% losses when flows were reduced by 30%. To ensure the health and survival of Moapa dace and the Muddy River ecosystem, groundwater and surface-water withdrawals and diversions need to be carefully monitored, while fully implementing a proactive conservation strategy.
A Comparative Study on the Ability of Two Implicit Solvent Lipid Models to Predict Transmembrane Helix Tilt Angles

Free-energy profiles describing the relative orientation of membrane proteins along predefined coordinates can be efficiently calculated by means of umbrella simulations. Such simulations generate reliable orientational distributions but are difficult to converge because of the very long equilibration times of the solvent and the lipid bilayer in explicit representation. Two implicit lipid membrane models are here applied in combination with the umbrella sampling strategy to the simulation of the transmembrane (TM) helical segment from virus protein U (Vpu). The models are used to study both orientation and energetics of this α-helical peptide as a function of hydrophobic mismatch. We observe that increasing the degree of positive hydrophobic mismatch increased the tilt angle of Vpu. These findings agree well with experimental data and as such validate the solvation models used in this study.
Myoglobinaemia in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and carriers: A new adjunct to carrier detection.

Myoglobinaemia was detected in 14 of 18 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (D.M.D.) with a sensitive specific complement-fixation assay. Myoglobinaemia was also detected in 10 of 16 known D.M.D. carriers, including 4 with normal serum-creatine-phosphokinase activity. 9 of 27 possible carriers also had myoglobinaemia. It is suggested that this assay is a useful adjunct to present methods of carrier detection in D.M.D.
Optimal scaling of two-level factorial experiments

Abstract The relationship of a response variable with k continuous explanatory variables can be effectively studied by imbedding a 2k factorial design in the R k space. A Bayesian model enables us to use prior information to select the scale of the experiment design. In this paper, the experimental design is scaled according to a criterion based on the Shannon entropy and on a criterion based on the maximum posterior variance within the experimental region. The designs are optimal if the observations are made without error, as in computer experiments, and are approximately optimal in the setting where experimental error is possible, and the ratio of error variance to prior variance is small.
Computer-assisted training and learning in surgery.

The teaching and learning of surgery is a time-honored tradition based upon the "see one, do one, teach one" apprenticeship model. Recent improvement of this model has centered upon incremental change in skills teaching and testing and curricular development. Economic pressures have strained the resources of academic health centers and faculty responsible for teaching surgery, even as information technology has opened new avenues for obtaining and benefitting from relevant information. Combining the tools of simulation theory, virtual reality, and the principles of adult education offers new opportunities to optimize surgical education as we enter a more highly connected and interdependent era, where the boundaries between teacher and student blur as the modern surgeon truly becomes a lifelong learner.
Post-acquisition small-animal respiratory gated imaging using micro cone-beam CT

On many occasions, it is desirable to image lungs in vivo to perform a pulmonary physiology study. Since the lungs are moving, gating with respect to the ventilatory phase has to be performed in order to minimize motion artifacts. Gating can be done in real time, similar to cardiac imaging in clinical applications, however, there are technical problems that have lead us to investigate different approaches. The problems include breath-to-breath inconsistencies in tidal volume, which makes the precise detection of ventilatory phase difficult, and the relatively high ventilation rates seen in small animals (rats and mice have ventilation rates in the range of a hundred cycles per minute), which challenges the capture rate of many imaging systems (this is particularly true of our system which utilizes cone-beam geometry and a 2 dimensional detector). Instead of pre-capture ventilation gating we implemented a method of post-acquisition gating. We acquire a sequence of projections images at 30 frames per second for each of 360 viewing angles. During each capture sequence the rat undergoes multiple ventilation cycles. Using the sequence of projection images, an automated region of interest algorithm, based on integrated grayscale intensity, tracts the ventilatory phase of the lungs. In the processing of an image sequence, multiple projection images are identified at a particular phase and averaged to improve the signal-to-ratio. The resulting averaged projection images are input to a Feldkamp cone-beam algorithm reconstruction algorithm in order to obtain isotropic image volumes. Minimal motion artifact data sets improve qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques useful in physiologic studies of pulmonary structure and function.
Expected characteristics of an ideal, all-purpose inhaled corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma

Abstract Background: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are well established as the mainstay of asthma therapy. A number of ICSs are now available, each with unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and physical characteristics. Objective: This article reviews the key characteristics of an ideal ICS and uses examples of existing agents to indicate the extent to which therapies reach these goals. Results: Improved therapeutic efficacy in an ICS may be offset by an increase in systemic effects. The ideal characteristics of an ICS include optimal clinical efficacy and no toxicity in combination with a convenient and easy-to-use inhaler device. To achieve this optimal profile, an ICS should have the following: a high affinity for and potency at the glucocorticoid receptor; prolonged retention in the lung; minimal or no oral bioavailability (ie, high first-pass inactivation); and rapid, complete systemic inactivation. The formulation and type of inhaler device are also important considerations: they should provide deposition in the lung in both large and small airways with no absorption effects outside the lung. ICSs should be evaluated for administration with several different delivery devices to ensure ease of use by patients of all ages with different asthma severities. An ICS that can be administered QD is also likely to improve patient adherence by simplifying the treatment regimen. Conclusion: An ideal ICS should have a large therapeutic margin, be used safely and effectively for long periods, be administered QD, be suitable for use in patients of all ages and asthma severities, and offer both control and prevention of asthma symptoms and exacerbations.
Antiresonant-ring transient spectroscopy.

We show theoretically and experimentally that the antiresonant ring is a versatile detection arrangement in ultrafast spectroscopy that permits accurate optical subtraction of probe-laser background light, independent of absorption and refractive-index transients through optical heterodyning, and improvement of measurement ratios. In addition, because the sample medium is placed off center in the ring, it also permits signal-to-noise high-pass filter operation: signals from effects with time scales longer than twice the light travel time from tunable the sample to the ring center can be suppressed.
Wearable wireless sensor platform for studying autonomic activity and social behavior in non-human primates

A portable system has been designed to enable remote monitoring of autonomic nervous system output in non-human primates for the purpose of studying neural function related to social behavior over extended periods of time in an ambulatory setting. In contrast to prior systems which only measure heart activity, are restricted to a constrained laboratory setting, or require surgical attachment, our system is comprised of a multi-sensor self-contained wearable vest that can easily be transferred from one subject to another. The vest contains a small detachable low-power electronic sensor module for measuring electrodermal activity (EDA), electrocardiography (ECG), 3-axis acceleration, and temperature. The wireless transmission is implemented using a standard Bluetooth protocol and a mobile phone, which enables freedom of movement for the researcher as well as for the test subject. A custom Android software application was created on the mobile phone for viewing and recording live data as well as creating annotations. Data from up to seven monkeys can be recorded simultaneously using the mobile phone, with the option of real-time upload to a remote web server. Sample data are presented from two rhesus macaque monkeys showing stimulus-induced response in the laboratory as well as long-term ambulatory data collected in a large monkey cage. This system enables new possibilities for studying underlying mechanisms between autonomic brain function and social behavior with connection to human research in areas such as autism, substance abuse, and mood disorders.
Cdc14 Phosphatases Preferentially Dephosphorylate a Subset of Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) Sites Containing Phosphoserine

Mitotic cell division is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), which phosphorylate hundreds of protein substrates responsible for executing the division program. Cdk inactivation and reversal of Cdk-catalyzed phosphorylation are universal requirements for completing and exiting mitosis and resetting the cell cycle machinery. Mechanisms that define the timing and order of Cdk substrate dephosphorylation remain poorly understood. Cdc14 phosphatases have been implicated in Cdk inactivation and are thought to be generally specific for Cdk-type phosphorylation sites. We show that budding yeast Cdc14 possesses a strong and unusual preference for phosphoserine over phosphothreonine at Pro-directed sites in vitro. Using serine to threonine substitutions in the Cdk consensus sites of the Cdc14 substrate Acm1, we demonstrate that phosphoserine specificity exists in vivo. Furthermore, it appears to be a conserved property of all Cdc14 family phosphatases. An invariant active site residue was identified that sterically restricts phosphothreonine binding and is largely responsible for phosphoserine selectivity. Optimal Cdc14 substrates also possessed a basic residue at the +3 position relative to the phosphoserine, whereas substrates lacking this basic residue were not effectively hydrolyzed. The intrinsic selectivity of Cdc14 may help establish the order of Cdk substrate dephosphorylation during mitotic exit and contribute to roles in other cellular processes.
Laboratory Evolution and Multi-platform Genome Re-sequencing of the Cellulolytic Actinobacterium Thermobifida fusca

Biological utilization of cellulose is a complex process involving the coordinated expression of different cellulases, often in a synergistic manner. One possible means of inducing an organism-level change in cellulase activity is to use laboratory adaptive evolution. In this study, evolved strains of the cellulolytic actinobacterium, Thermobifida fusca, were generated for two different scenarios: continuous exposure to cellobiose (strain muC) or alternating exposure to cellobiose and glucose (strain muS). These environmental conditions produced a phenotype specialized for growth on cellobiose (muC) and an adaptable, generalist phenotype (muS). Characterization of cellular phenotypes and whole genome re-sequencing were conducted for both the muC and muS strains. Phenotypically, the muC strain showed decreased cell yield over the course of evolution concurrent with decreased cellulase activity, increased intracellular ATP concentrations, and higher end-product secretions. The muS strain increased its cell yield for growth on glucose and exhibited a more generalist phenotype with higher cellulase activity and growth capabilities on different substrates. Whole genome re-sequencing identified 48 errors in the reference genome and 18 and 14 point mutations in the muC and muS strains, respectively. Among these mutations, the site mutation of Tfu_1867 was found to contribute the specialist phenotype and the site mutation of Tfu_0423 was found to contribute the generalist phenotype. By conducting and characterizing evolution experiments on Thermobifida fusca, we were able to show that evolutionary changes balance ATP energetic considerations with cellulase activity. Increased cellulase activity is achieved in stress environments (switching carbon sources), otherwise cellulase activity is minimized to conserve ATP.
Localized orbital studies of hydrogen bonding. IV. Salicylaldehyde, salicylaldimine, H2COH2O, and H2CNHH2O

Abstract The intramolecular hydrogen bonds in salicylaldehyde and salicylaldimine are analyzed using INDO localized orbitals and the interference analysis developed in earlier papers. The OH…X intramolecular analogues, while the reverse is true for the NH…O bond in salicylaldimine.
Green proteorhodopsin reconstituted into nanoscale phospholipid bilayers (nanodiscs) as photoactive monomers.

Over 4000 putative proteorhodopsins (PRs) have been identified throughout the oceans and seas of the Earth. The first of these eubacterial rhodopsins was discovered in 2000 and has expanded the family of microbial proton pumps to all three domains of life. With photophysical properties similar to those of bacteriorhodopsin, an archaeal proton pump, PRs are also generating interest for their potential use in various photonic applications. We perform here the first reconstitution of the minimal photoactive PR structure into nanoscale phospholipid bilayers (nanodiscs) to better understand how protein–protein and protein–lipid interactions influence the photophysical properties of PR. Spectral (steady-state and time-resolved UV–visible spectroscopy) and physical (size-exclusion chromatography and electron microscopy) characterization of these complexes confirms the preparation of a photoactive PR monomer within nanodiscs. Specifically, when embedded within a nanodisc, monomeric PR exhibits a titratable pKa (6...
The effect of benzodiazepines and β-carbolines on gabastimulated chloride influx by membrane vesicles from the rat cerebral cortex

Benzodiazepine agonists such as diazepam, flunitrazepam and clonazepam enhanced GABA (30 μM )-stimulated 36 C1 − uptake in membrane vesicles from the rat cerebral cortex. The rank order of potencies was flunitrazepam > diazepam = clonazepam. β-Carboline-3-carboxylate esters β-CCM,β-CCE and DMCM inhibited GABA-stimulated 36 Cl − uptake. The rank order of inhibitory potencies was DMCM > β-CCM > β-CCE. The benzodiazepine antagonist Ro15-1788 antagonized the enhancement of flunitrazepam and the inhibition of DMCM on GABA-stimulated 36 Cl − uptake in a competitive inhibitory manner. These results suggest that benzodiazepine receptors regulate GABA-stimulated 36 Cl − uptake and there is a functional coupling between the GABA and benzodiazepine receptors, and chloride channels in membrane vesicles from the rat cerebral cortex.
Triglyceride, Small, Dense Low-density Lipoprotein, and the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype

This review provides an overview of the recent data evaluating triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size, two highly interrelated, genetically influenced, risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). An examination of new epidemiologic studies continues to demonstrate that plasma triglyceride levels predict CVD. The first prospective study of the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia has shown that relatives in familial-combined hyperlipidemia families are at increased risk for CVD mortality and that triglyceride levels predicted 20-year, CVD mortality among relatives in familial hypertriglyceridemia families. A meta-analysis of three, large-scale, prospective studies in men, and the first study to examine the correlation of LDL particle size distribution and vascular changes measured by B-mode ultrasound, add to growing evidence that small, dense LDL is atherogenic. Quantitative genetic analysis has recently shown substantial pleiotropic (common) genetic effects on triglyceride and LDL size. At least part of this may be explained by variation at the cholesterol ester transfer protein locus on chromosome 16, possibly through its role in reverse cholesterol transport. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the importance of triglyceride and LDL particle size for understanding genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and its prevention.
Undetectable transition faults under broadside tests with constant primary input vectors

In a broadside test, a scan-in operation is followed by two functional clock cycles where primary input vectors, denoted by v0 and v1, are applied. Because of tester limitations that prevent the primary input vectors from being changed at speed, broadside tests are computed under the constraint where v0=v1. This results in a loss of delay fault coverage. This study develops a fast procedure for identifying transition faults that are undetectable by broadside tests under the constraint v0=v1. Faults that are undetectable because of this constraint are undetectable because of tester limitations and not because of the logic in the circuit. These faults may be able to affect the circuit during functional operation, when the primary input vectors are unconstrained. In this case the faults are important to detect. A fast procedure for identifying undetectable transition faults under the constraint v0=v1 provides a quantitative measure of the effect of this constraint on the achievable fault coverage without performing test generation. If it turns out that the effect on fault coverage is unacceptable, other solutions may be used without first performing test generation.
Reactions of the tungsten alkylidyne complexes [W(CCCR)(CO)2(η-C5H5)] (R C6H4Me-4 OR But)

Abstract The compound [W(CCCC6H4Me-4)(CO)2(η-C5H5)] has been prepared, and its reactions with aqueous HI and with HBF4. Et2O in the presence of [NEt4][W(CC6H4 Me-4)(CO)2(η5-C2B9H9Me2)] investigated. The former reaction affords the alkylidene-tungsten complex [W{C(H)CCC6H4Me-4}(I)(CO)2(η-C5H5)], and the latter reaction the ditungsten species [W2(μ-CCCC6H4Me-4)(CO)4{η5-C2B9H8(CH2C6H4Me-4)Me2}(η-C5H5)]. Similar protonation reactions of [W(CCCBut)(CO)2(η-C5H5)] with HI, and with HBF4·Et2O in the presence of the salts [NEt4][W(CR)(CO)2(η5-C2B9H9Me2)] (R  C6H4Me-4 or Me), afford the complexes [W{C(H)CCBut}(I)(CO)2(η-C5H5)] and [W2(μ-CCCBut)(CO)4{η5-C2B9H8(CH2R)Me2}(η-C5H5)], respectively.
Microphysical and macrophysical responses of marine stratocumulus polluted by underlying ships: 2. Impacts of haze on precipitating clouds

[1] The 94-GHz cloud profiling radar on the CloudSat satellite was used to examine the precipitation response of marine stratocumulus clouds to the increased aerosol burden from oceangoing vessels. Aerosol plumes generated by ships sometimes influence cloud microphysics and, to a largely undetermined extent, precipitation. To assess this response, the locations of over one thousand ship tracks coinciding with the radar were meticulously logged by hand from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. Although precipitation detectable by the radar was infrequent, drizzle rates were often suppressed (72% of cases) and lighter in the ship tracks compared to the clouds adjacent to them. Ship plumes primarily decreased average rain rates through reducing the spatial coverage of precipitation. However, larger liquid water paths in ship tracks seldom coincided with the reduced cloud water sink from the suppression of precipitation (in less than 20% of cases). The sign and strength of the precipitation response was primarily tied to the mesoscale convective structure of the clouds. When closed cellular clouds were identified, significant decreases in the relative average liquid water path, rain rate (an average relative decrease of 68%), and rain cover fraction were observed in ship tracks compared to the surrounding clouds. The opposite occurred in the open cell regime where it was more common to find enhanced precipitation in the perturbed clouds. Ship plumes ingested into this regime resulted in significantly deeper and brighter clouds with higher liquid water amounts and rain rates (an average relative increase of 89%).
Integrated imaging linear polarimeter

Abstract The polarimetric vector is a more general descriptor of light than intensity information alone, and it contains physical information about the imaged objects in a scene that traditional intensity based sensors ignore. Polarimeters — devices that measure polarization — are used to extract physical features from an image such as specularities, occluding contours, and material properties. Scientists use polarization information to perform difficult tasks such as image segmentation and surface reconstruction, object orientation, material classification, atmospheric and solar analysis. We will present an integrated CMOS sensor/imager that uses a unique polymer-based polarizing filter to sense two orthogonal directions of linear polarization. The CMOS imager uses analog translinear circuitry to compute, in real-time on the focal-plane, polarization contrast: a measure of the orientation and degree of linear polarization in an imaged scene. We will present the microfabrication technique that enables us to apply CMOS fabrication technology to bulk manufactured poly(vinyl alcohol) linearly polarizing films. This technique allows us to define lithographically micron-scale linearly polarizing regions in polymer-based polarizing filters in order to make a high resolution polarization contrast imager.
Comparison of cell culture with an immunoperoxidase kit for rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections

Cell culture technique using continuous mink lung cells was compared to an immunoperoxidase kit for rapidity and sensitivity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) detection. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, 26 (65%) of 40 clinical specimens were positive for HSV by cell culture compared with 19 (48%) by immunoperoxidase staining (p less than 0.001, Fisher's Exact Test).
Study of the crystal structures of ZrSb and β-ZrSb2 and of the bonding in the two ZrSb2 structures

The structures of ZrSb and ..beta..-ZrSb/sub 2/ have proven to be orthorhombic with, respectively, a = 3.827(1), 7.393(1) A, b = 10.426(3), 3.9780(7) A, c = 14.007(5), 9.581(1) A; space group Cmcm, Pmma; Z = 12, 4; R = 0.037, 0.032; R/sub w/ = 0.045, 0.039, for 327 and 345 independent reflections with 20 less than or equal to 55/sup 0/. The new ZrSb structure can be described in terms of sheets of interlinked cofacial trigonal prismatic chains of zirconium centered by antimony that are separated by layers of weakly bonded antimony resembling those in the element. The substoichiometric ..beta..-form of ZrSb/sub 2/ (ZrSb/sub 1.96) has a PbCl/sub 2/-type structure and contains zigzag chains of antimony atoms (d(Sb-Sb) = 2.89 A) more weakly bonded to other antimony atoms to form ribbons. Some of the same features occur in the previously known ..cap alpha..-ZrSb/sub 2/ modification. The electronic interactions of the two ZrSb/sub 2/ structures are compared with the aid of extended-Hueckel density-of-states calculations. The heteroatomic bonding is dominant, with stronger Sb-Sb bonding in results in ..beta..-ZrSb/sub 2/. Significant Zr-Sb covalence, interantimony bonding, and the broad Zr-Sb valence band that results in ..beta..-ZrSb/sub 2/. Significant Zr-Sb covalence, interantimony bonding, and themore » broad Zr-Sb valence band that results in ..beta..-ZrSb/sub 2/ remove it from the class of simple Zintl phases. Both compounds are predicted to be metallic, and ..cap alpha..-ZrSb/sub 2/ is confirmed to exhibit metallic behavior (rho//sub 298/ approx. = 1.2 x 10/sup -4/ ohm cm).« less
Modeling of solid‐state polycondensation. II. Reactor design issues

The relative merits of the moving packed bed, fluidized bed, and stirred bed reactors for solid-state polycondensation are discussed along with methods for improving these designs. A general model to describe continuous solid-state polymerization reactors is then developed and illustrated by a case study of a moving packed bed reactor showing the relative importance of operating variables. The model also predicts the dynamic behavior in response to several process inputs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 1775–1788, 1998
The partition behavior of complexes of glycosaminoglycans and quaternary ammonium salts

Complexes of purified glycosaminoglycans and hexadecylpyridinium chloride are shown to be capable of partition between aqueous and butanol phases. The partition coefficient of these complexes is dependent upon the concentration of the supporting electrolyte as well as the concentration of the quaternary ammonium salt. A sharp transition, during which the complex changes from complete solubility in the butanol phase to complete solubility in the aqueous phase, occurs over a very narrow range of salt concentrations. The various glycosaminoglycans show differences sufficient to permit fractionation at least into nonsulfated, monosulfate, and polysulfated classes by simple partition.
Some compositional properties of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) seeds and oils

Fatty acid profiles (FAP), tocopherol (T), and tocotrienol (T3) contents, total lipid contents, and trypsin inhibitor activity were quantitated from thirteen accessions of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz), a little-known oilseed. Camelina seeds of ten accessions were also assayed for s-glucans. FAP (%) of camelina oils were: oleic (14.1 to 19.5), linoleic (18.8 to 24.0), linolenic (27.0 to 34.7), eicosenoic (12.0 to 14.9), erucic (0.0 to 4.0), all others (11.8 to 17.4). Camelina oil T and T3 contents (mg/100 g) were: αT (0.66 to 2.38), sT (0.38 to 1.45), γT/st3 (4.37 to 18.68), δT (0.00 to 0.48), γT3 (0.00 to 0.79), γT3 (0.00), γT3 (0.00). Total tocols were higher in camelina than in canola, crambe, flax, soybean, and sunflower, with γT/sT3 constituting 82% of total tocols. The oil content of camelina seeds ranged from 29.9 to 38.3%. Camelina seeds did not contain s-glucans. Trypsin units inhibited ranged from 12 to 28 compared to 111 for raw soybean.
Making sense of the dysplastic nevus controversy : a unifying perspective

There is currently much confusion regarding the "dysplastic nevus." There is justification for this confusion, given the abundance of seemingly contradictory statements in the literature. This article proposes a unifying perspective that can help reconcile seemingly contradictory statements and decrease confusion regarding the "dysplastic nevus." The proposed unifying perspective suggests that the "dysplastic nevus" does not exist in nature as a distinct clinical-pathologic entity, but that there is probably legitimacy to the concept of a "dysplastic nevus."
Political Uses of Sorcery in Medieval Europe

(1972). Political Uses of Sorcery in Medieval Europe. The Historian: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 670-687.
Enhanced Retinal Insulin Receptor-activated Neuroprotective Survival Signal in Mice Lacking the Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase-1B Gene

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been implicated in the negative regulation of insulin signaling. We previously demonstrated that light-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the retinal insulin receptor (IR) results in the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt survival pathway in rod photoreceptor cells. The molecular mechanism behind light-induced activation of IR is not known. We investigated the in vivo mechanism of IR activation and found that PTP1B activity in dark-adapted retinas was significantly higher than in light-adapted retinas. We made a novel finding in this study that the light-dependent regulation of PTP1B activity is signaled through photobleaching of rhodopsin. Conditional deletion of PTP1B in rod photoreceptors by the Cre-loxP system resulted in enhanced IR signaling. Further PTP1B activity negatively regulated the neuroprotective survival signaling in the retina. One of the challenging questions in the retina research is how mutations in human rhodopsin gene slowly disable and eventually disrupt photoreceptor functions. Our studies suggest that a defect in the photobleaching of rhodopsin and mutation in rhodopsin gene enhances the activity of PTP1B, and this activated activity could down-regulate the IR survival signaling. Our studies suggest that PTP1B antagonists could be potential therapeutic agents to treat stress-induced photoreceptor degenerations and provide further evidence that rhodopsin photoexcitation may trigger signaling events alternative to the classic phototransduction.
The effect of interleukin-1α and the glucocorticoid receptor blocker RU 38486 on total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in skeletal muscle

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that muscle proteolysis induced by interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is mediated by glucocorticoids. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 40–60 g, were treated with recombinant IL-1α (rIL-1α), 300 μg/kg in three divided intraperitoneal doses over 16 hr, or corresponding control injections. Groups of rats received the glucocorticoid receptor blocker RU 38486 by gavage (15 mg/kg in three divided doses over 16 hr) or were subjected to sham-gavage. In other experiments we tested the effectiveness of the same dose of RU 38486 to block muscle proteolysis in rats treated with corticosterone (200 mg/kg in two divided doses over 16 hr). Total and myofibrillar protein breakdown rates in incubated extensor digitorum longus muscles were determined by measuring release of tyrosine and 3-methylhistidine, respectively. Administration of rIL-1α increased total and myofibrillar protein breakdown by 49 and 134%, respectively. This effect of the cytokine was not affected by RU 38486. The same dose of RU 38486, however, completely blocked the increase in total and myofibrillar protein breakdown induced by corticosterone. The results suggest that muscle proteolysis induced by the administration of rIL-1α is not mediated by glucocorticoids.
Ion microtomography using ion time-of-flight

Abstract We have developed and are in the process of testing an ion time-of-flight (TOF) detector system for use in our ion microtomography measurements. Using TOF, ion energy is determined by measurement of the ion's flight time over a certain path length. For ion microtomography, the principle advantage of TOF analysis is that ion count rates of several hundred thousand counts per second can be achieved as compared to a limit of about ten thousand ions per second when using a solid-state silicon surface barrier detector and associated electronics. This greater than 10-fold increase in count rate correspondingly shortens sample analysis time or increases the amount of data that can be collected on a given sample.
The information center approach for developing computer-based information systems

Abstract Organizations which have used computers for a number of years are well acquainted with the software maintenance problem and the new-application development backlog. The first exists because computer programs require various types of changes throughout their life. The second has been created because so many systems development staff have to be assigned to software maintenance, and because many computer users have recognized the value of additional computer applications in their organization. It is believed that the concept of end-user computing has been used to relieve the new application development backlog in many organizations. In some, information centers have been implemented partly to support the development of computer applications by end-users. A survey was conducted to determine to what extent the information center approach is being used. Over one-half of the responding organizations reported their use. The survey included an identification of the functions provided by information centers to end-users and the responsibilities of both information center consultants and end-users. Recommendations are presented.
Ditching and Ditch-Plugging in New England Salt Marshes: Effects on Plant Communities and Self-Maintenance

Salt marsh plant communities are regulated by feedback processes involving hydrologic regimes, disturbance, and marsh physical characteristics, and as expected differ among habitat types. Using three barrier beach salt marshes along the Gulf of Maine, we examined the effects of ditching and ditch-plugging on plant characteristics by means of comparisons to natural creek and pool habitats. Results indicated that ditch and creek habitats were similar in terms of species richness and diversity of emergent vascular plants, but cover and biomass were significantly higher in habitat adjacent to creeks. Plant composition in ditch habitat was distinguished by the higher percentage of forb species (associated with poor drainage), while the proportion of tall-form Spartina alterniflora was much higher in creek habitat (associated with sloping banks of creeks). These results are indicative of differences in hydrologic and disturbance regimes that can influence competitive and facilitative interactions, habitat structure, and heterogeneity. Results for pool comparisons indicated that plant characteristics were significantly different between ditch-plug and natural pools. Species richness, diversity, and biomass were significantly lower in ditch-plug habitat compared with all other habitats, and plant cover averaged only 30 % in habitat adjacent to ditch-plugs, which was significantly lower than all other habitats. These differences have ecological implications in terms of habitat structure and function of ditch-plug habitat. In addition, increased stress leading to plant dieback due to ditch-plugging has resulted in subsidence that can decrease the stability of ditch-plug habitat and expedite the loss of salt marsh habitat, especially with rising sea levels.
Live Vaccine Use and Safety in DiGeorge Syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Live vaccines are generally contraindicated in patients with DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), a congenital disorder characterized by cellular immune deficiency. Vaccine utilization and safety in this population are not well described. This study examined vaccination patterns and adverse events following live immunization (AEFLI) in these individuals. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in subjects with DGS confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization assay (chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion). Live vaccine-preventable illnesses, vaccination coverage and timeliness, and AEFLIs in the 56-day window after live vaccination were examined. Bivariate and multivariable analyses assessed the impact of demographics medical history, timing of diagnostic confirmation, and preceding immune function on vaccination patterns and AEFLIs. RESULTS: Of 194 subjects, 77% and 75% received measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and varicella vaccines, respectively; 58% completed recommended vaccinations by age 19 to 35 months. Adverse events occurred after 14% and 20% of MMR and varicella vaccine doses, respectively. Most events were minor, few were serious, and no deaths were reported in post–live vaccination windows. Although early diagnostic confirmation negatively affected live vaccination coverage and timeliness (P CONCLUSIONS: Live vaccines were frequently given and generally well-tolerated among patients with DGS with mild-to-moderate immunosuppression.
Outer-sphere electron transfer kinetics of metal ion oxidation by molecular oxygen

Abstract Density functional theory molecular orbital calculations and Marcus theory have been combined to assess the rates and physicochemical factors controlling the outer-sphere oxidation of divalent V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co aquo and hydroxo ions by O 2 in homogeneous aqueous solution. Key quantities in the elementary oxidation step include the inner-sphere component of the reorganization energy, the thermodynamic driving force, and electrostatic work terms describing the interactions occurring, in this case, between the net charges on the product species. Collectively, these factors and their interplay have a large influence on the rate of the oxidation cross-reaction. An inner-sphere pathway for the self-exchange reactions and oxidation by O 2 of Mn 2+ and Cr 2+ ions has been supported indirectly in this study by comparing predicted outer-sphere rates with the results of previous experiments. Likewise, an outer-sphere pathway is suggested for the similar sets of reactions involving the V, Fe, and Co ions. An assessment of the self-exchange reaction for the oxygen/superoxide couple has led to predicted rates in excellent agreement with direct measurements. Predicted rates of oxidation for the hexaquo Fe ion are also in agreement with experiment, while the predicted rates for the outer-sphere oxidation of its hydrolysis products are ∼2 to 3 (monohydroxo) and ∼4 (dihydroxo) orders of magnitude slower than the observed rates. This suggests an inner-sphere pathway is appropriate to explain the relatively fast rates observed for the hydrolyzed Fe species.
Progress and cumulation in the human sciences after the fall

What do we mean by progress and cumulation in the social and human sciences? Recent thinking in the philosophy and history of science has led to an abandonment of some versions of logical positivism and of verificationism that had a strong deductive and theory testing orientation. What is to replace them is less clean This paper argues that progress and cumulation can be seen as a process of evaluation and retention within an epistemic community. Scholarly disciplines differ in their social structure and in their epistemic and normative commitments. Since sociology is a fragmented discipline, progress and cumulation differ within its multiple subdisciplines, which to varying extents represent epistemic communities. Brief sketches of progress (advance) and cumulation in several subdisciplines are offered.
Quark parastatistics and color gauging

If quarks obey Green parastatistics, a gauge theory of color SU(3) is impossible. One can accommodate such a gauge theory of color with tricolored Fermi quarks or with quarks obeying an octonionic mutant of Green parastatistics invented by Gunaydin and Gursey. Underlying parastatistics we find a new algebraic object, the graded mixed triple system, a generalization of the more familiar Lie triple system concept. (AIP)