cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Dual Disorders in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Intellectual disabilities are a risk factor for the development of mental health problems. Additionally, an individual’s severity of intellectual disability increases the risk for the development of comorbid psychopathology (e.g., mild/moderate intellectual disabilities and anxiety and depression, severe/profound intellectual disabilities, and pica or self-injurious behavior). Research surrounding dual diagnosis identifies both biological and environmental factors that contribute to an individual’s risk. Identification of risk factors is important for the determination of appropriate procedures for both prevention and treatment of mental health problems in individuals with ID. Specific risk factors including the severity level of ID, behavioral genetics, gender, socioeconomic status, job satisfaction, exposure to stressful life events, poor problem-solving ability, and lack of job satisfaction are among the risk factors that will be covered in this chapter.
HKH40A (RTA 502) inhibits growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo by arresting cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle via Cdc25C phosphorylation and inducing apoptosis

5621 HKH40A (RTA 502) or 2-(3-{4-[3-(8-methoxy-6-oxo-6H-2,10b-diaza-aceanthrylen-5-ylamino)-propyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-propyl)-5-nitro-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione is a water soluble newly synthesized tumor growth inhibitor, mol. wt. 673. It potently inhibited the growth (IC50 = 0.5 μM) of rat (JM-1) and human (Hep3B) hepatoma lines in culture. It arrested Hep3B cells preferentially at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. This was likely caused by increased phosphorylation of Chk1 and Chk2 at limited times of exposure to HKH40A, without change in Chk1 or Chk2 amounts. The Chk target Cdc25C also had an increase in its inhibitory serine phosphorylation, without change in Cdc25C protein amounts. A consequence of this was an increase in the inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk1, a Cdc25C protein target, which is important in mediating the G2/M cell cycle transition. Caspase-3 was found to be cleaved, indicating that the cells were undergoing apoptosis, and ERK was found to be strongly phosphorylated. HKH40A also efficiently inhibited the growth of transplantable syngeneic JM-1 hepatoma cells in rat liver at doses of 1 mg/kg IP injection on alternate days for 5 doses. Moreover, the number of GST-pi foci formed in rat livers after a single dose of the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN), was also inhibited by HKH40A. However, normal liver regeneration was not inhibited. There was no apparent toxicity in the animals at the doses used for these in vivo experiments. This new compound thus inhibited cellular Cdc25C activity through its phosphorylation, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and also inhibited hepatoma cell growth in 2 unrelated assays in vivo.
Case report: Atypical polycystic kidney disease.

Abstract Atypical or unilateral polycystic kidney disease is a rare entity that is found incidentally and is characterized on imaging as asymmetric or unilateral distribution of cysts confined to the kidneys. We present a case of an incidental finding of atypical polycystic kidney disease in a 72-year-old male. Computed tomography imaging showed asymmetric distribution of cysts only in the kidneys and the patient had no genitourinary symptoms, had normal renal function, and did not have a family history of renal disease. Although considered to be benign, rare cases of progression of atypical polycystic kidney disease to bilateral polycystic kidney disease has been documented in the literature, which portends a worse prognosis. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this entity so that patients can be monitored periodically for progression of disease.
Comparison of the sealing ability of various bioceramic materials for endodontic surgery

Objectives Endosequence Bioceramic Root Repair Material (BC-RRM) is used in endodontic microsurgery. It is available as a paste and a putty. However, no studies to date have examined the sealing ability of these forms alone or in combination as root-end filling materials. Hence, this study aimed to compare the sealing properties of these 2 forms of BC-RRM. Materials and Methods Forty-two extracted upper anterior teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups, a positive and negative control. After the root canal treatment, the root ends were resected, retroprepared and retrofilled with either putty, paste + putty or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The teeth were mounted in tubes so the apical 3 mm was submerged in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. The coronal portions of the canals were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and BHI broth and incubated for 30 days. The broth in the tubes was analyzed for colony forming units to check for leakage of bacteria from the canal. The teeth from the groups were sectioned and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Kruskal-Wallis test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data with a significance level p < 0.05. Results The BC-RRM and MTA groups showed similar sealing ability. The positive control showed leakage in all samples. The SEM imaging showed the presence of bacteria in all experimental groups at the material-tooth interface. Conclusions No significant differences were noted in the experimental groups, providing sufficient evidence that any combination could be effectively used during endodontic microsurgery.
Development of a Novel Recurrent Gastrointestinal Bleeding Model in Swine for Provocative Mesenteric Angiography

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a novel swine model of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding that could potentially be utilized for the study of provocative mesenteric angiography. Methods Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The superior mesenteric artery was catheterized via percutaneous transfemoral access. Via laparotomy, multiple small incisions were created in the small bowel wall of four swine. After hemostasis was achieved, varying amounts of thrombolytics were infused into the superior mesenteric artery via a 5 french catheter. The number of incisions with observable rebleeding and interval until rebleeding were ascertained. Results In a test animal, active extravasation was confirmed to be detectable on digital subtraction angiography at a small bowel incision site. After tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration into the superior mesenteric artery, rebleeding from the incisions was visually observed in 11 of 30 small bowel incisions (37%). Provoked bleeding occurred at a median of 6 minutes (mean: 5 minutes and 52 seconds) after completion of tPA injection with a range of approximately 1 to 10 minutes. Conclusion This pilot study proposes a feasible model for provocative mesenteric angiography in swine.
Anticipatory and reactive responses to underfoot perturbations during gait in healthy adults and individuals with a recent mild traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background Following mild traumatic brain injury, individuals often exhibit quantifiable gait deficits over flat surfaces, but little is known about how they control gait over complex surfaces. Such complex surfaces require precise neuromotor control to anticipate and react to small disturbances in walking surfaces, and mild traumatic brain injury-related balance deficits may adversely affect these gait adjustments. Methods This study investigates anticipatory and reactive gait adjustments for expected and unexpected underfoot perturbations in healthy adults (n = 5) and individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (n = 5). Participants completed walking trials with random unexpected or expected underfoot perturbations from a mechanized shoe and inertial measurement units collected kinematic data from the feet and sternum. Linear mixed-effects models assessed the effects of segment, group, and their interaction on standardized difference of accelerations between perturbation and non-perturbation trials. Findings Both groups demonstrated similar gait strategies when perturbations were unexpected. During late swing phase before expected perturbations, persons with mild traumatic brain injury exhibited greater lateral acceleration of their perturbed foot and less lateral movement of their trunk compared with unperturbed gait. Control participants exhibited less lateral foot acceleration and no difference in mediolateral trunk acceleration compared with unperturbed gait during the same period. A significant group*segment interaction (p Interpretation Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury may be adopting cautious strategies for expected perturbations due to persistent neuromechanical deficits stemming from their injury.
Dynamical Evidence for Preferential Structure in Electron Photoejection from Arylaminonaphthalene Sulfonates

On variation of the solvent, arylaminonaphthalene sulfonates such as 2,6 toluidinyl naphthalene sulfonate (TNS) may exhibit enormous changes in their fluorescence properties while showing little or no change in their absorption spectra [1-3]. In particular, for TNS an extreme increase of two orders of magnitude in the nonradiative rate (knr) and a redshift of the emission maximum of several thousand wavenumbers is observed with water as a solvent as compared to other common solvents, such as simple alcohols. Previous work has shown that this large increase in nonradiative rate constant is accompanied by the appearance of solvated electron absorption [4]. Linear behavior of electron absorption with incident intensity, arguing against solvated electron production as an artifact of a biphotonic process, leads to the conclusion that electron photoejection is the primary process responsible for the high nonradiative rate in water [5]. Other workers [6] have shown that electron solvation is highly dependent on local solvent configuration. Electrons are thought to be solvated by initially being trapped in already existent molecular solvent clusters, which further relax to produce the typical solvated electron absorption [7]. Data in this paper suggest that, in the excited state, TNS in water has a preexisting local solvent structure that is nearly ideal for the electron transfer. Evidence based on the dynamics of solvent exchange in mixed solvent systems indicates that this structure consists of approximately twelve water molecules.
Patterns of speciation in Hawaiian Drosophila inferred from ancient chromosomal polymorphism

Polymorphisms due to chromosomal aberrations such as inversions or trans-locations are widely known in existing natural populations of many organisms, especially Diptera. Study of the allelic frequencies of the components of these polymorphisms, together with their geographical distributions, have indicated that some of them must have existed in the balanced state in populations for a considerable number of generations. How long this has been in the geological sense, however, is not clear, although in some cases, attempts at an estimate have been made (e.g. Mayr 1945; Stebbins 1945).
A novel design and performance characterization of a very high current low voltage dc-dc converter for application in micro and mild hybrid vehicles

This research proposes a new single-phase two-level design for a very high current low voltage unidirectional dc-dc converter. The targeted converter is a 48-to-13.3 V, 250 A converter used in dual voltage architecture of micro and mild hybrid vehicles. A novel solution integrating a single-winding self-driven synchronous rectification technique into phase-shifted full-bridge topology (PSFB) has been proposed for the design. The proposed design eliminates body diode conduction and reverse recovery loss in synchronous rectifier (SR) MOSFETs used in the PSFB topology. It also achieves ZCS turn-off of SR MOSFETs thus reducing their switching loss. Moreover, due to the single-phase design, it offers a more cost effective solution with less device count and simpler control, as compared to multiphase designs proposed in the past for similar high current low voltage converters. Performance of the new design approach has been characterized and compared with traditional PSFB topology with control driven synchronous rectification in terms of converter efficiency, size, and thermal requirements.
Career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of personal characteristics (goal orientation) and contextual characteristics (organizational learning culture and developmental feedback) on employees' career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention.Design/methodology/approach – Subjects were drawn from four Fortune Global 500 companies in Korea. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to explain the variance in outcome variables.Findings – The results indicate that career satisfaction is predicted by organizational learning culture and performance goal orientation. Organizational learning culture, developmental feedback, and learning goal orientation are the significant predictors of organizational commitment. Finally, organizational learning culture, career satisfaction, and organizational commitment turn out to be the predictors of turnover intention.Practical implications – By enhancing organizational learning culture and by...
Which Measures of School Quality Does the Housing Market Value

This study explores which measures of public school quality the housing market values. Both a traditional hedonic house price estimation and a hedonic corrected for spatial autocorrelation are used...
Opening My Voice, Claiming My Space: Theorizing the Possibilities of Postcolonial Approaches to Autoethnography

This essay examines the ways in which postcoloniality and autoethnography can be integrated to create a space of scholarly inquiry that disrupts the colonialist enterprise prevalent in the academy. By utilizing Gonzalez's four ethics of postcolonial ethnography, this essay presents an ethics for postcolonial autoethnography as a mode to build a body of scholarly research that disrupts scientific imperialism.
Nuclear Aspects of Few-Baryon Systems

Recent progress in understanding the bound state properties of the trinucleons and the alpha particle in terms of a hadron picture of the nucleus is reviewed. The role of three-body forces and meson exchange currents is examined. Novel aspects of few-body hypernuclei as well as unresolved issues in this S ≠ 0 sector are summarized.
From Etymology to Pragmatics: Semantic structure and semantic change: English perception-verbs in an Indo-European context

Introduction As mentioned in chapter 1, recent work on polysemy structures (see Brugman 1988; G. Lakoff 1985) has suggested that a word meaning is a structured and unified entity. In order to better understand that structure, we need further investigation of the connections between the different (sub-)meanings of polysemous lexical items. In phonology, analysts have frequently assumed that units which were related, or could be classed together, would be more likely to undergo parallel historical changes. For the restricted semantic field of English perception-verbs, this chapter will investigate the interaction between synchronic semantic groupings and parallelisms in historical change of meaning. I shall argue that the historical and synchronic data point to one and the same cognitively based analysis of the relevant semantic domain. The general study of semantic change has undergone a long period of relative neglect, largely because the phonological part of word history proved so much more immediately tractable to systematic analysis. Semantic shifts have been felt to be random, whimsical, and irregular; general rules concerning them are nearly impossible to establish. Of course, two hundred years ago the same charges might well have been leveled against phonological change, and only work based on the opposite assumption of regularity could have changed our understanding of sound change as it has been changed since then. But it is scarcely surprising that to many linguists, the non-phonological side of etymology appears inherently non-scientific. Synchronic as well as diachronic linguistics has found sound a more accessible domain for study than meaning.
Earliest Triassic origin of Isoetes and quillwort evolutionary radiation

Isoetes beestonii new species is the most ancient known species of this living genus. In earliest Triassic shales of the Sydney and Bowen Basins of Australia it is locally abundant as circlets of transversely wrinkled leaves. It was heterosporous with megaspores of Maiturisporites rewanensis and microspores of Lundbladispora sp. cf. L. springsurensis.Isoetes thus predates Pleuromeia from which it has been thought to have evolved. Australian Pleuromeia-like subarborescent lycopsids are here reviewed as whole plants, with names based on fertile structures, and include Cylostrobus sydneyensis Helby and Martin from the Sydney Basin, Pleuromeia dubia (Seward) Retallack from the Sydney and Canning Basins, and Cylostrobus indicus (Lele) new combination and Pleuromeia sternbergii (Munster) Corda for Germar, newly recorded from the Canning Basin.There are in addition an array of cormose lycopsids that formed compact conelike plants when fertile, intermediate in stature between Isoetes and Pleuromeia. One of these is Tomiostrobus australis (Ash) Sadovnikov, formerly regarded as a cone, but here reinterpreted as a small pioneering plant of oligotrophic lakes and ponds, like Isoetes. Its megaspores are Horstisporites and its microspores are the stratigraphically important Aratrisporites tenuispinosus. Other similar forms are Tomiostrobus polaris (Lundblad) new combination from the early Triassic of Greenland, T. mirabilis (Snigirevskaya) new combination from the early Triassic of the Tunguska Basin of Siberia, T. taimyrica (Sadovnikov) new combination from the Early Triassic of the Taimyr region of Siberia, Lepacyclotes ermayinensis (Wang) new combination from the middle Triassic of China, L. convexus (Brik) new combination from the middle-late Triassic of Kazachstan, and L. zeilleri (Fliche) new combination from the middle Triassic of France and Germany.The diversity of isoetaleans in early Triassic floras and the weak vascular system of permineralized Tomiostrobus and Pleuromeia contradict the traditional view that Isoetes evolved by reduction in size from Pleuromeia and that its opportunistic life style allowed it to avoid plant competition. It is now more likely that Isoetaceae were weedy survivors of Permian-Triassic extinctions. The adaptive radiation and decline of Triassic quillworts matches the recovery from near-extinction, then decline of therapsid reptiles, for which these plants may have been an important food.
Implementation of a shared-savings program for surgical supplies decreases inventory cost

Background Management of operating room inventory has substantial cost-saving opportunities if surgeons agree to standardize supplies used to perform procedures; however, there is no incentive for surgeons to participate in these decisions, because the cost-savings are realized only by the hospital, not the practitioner. In an attempt to engage surgeons with the management of the operating room supply chain, a shared-savings programs was instituted that returned 50% of money saved to the surgery divisions. Methods Opportunities for savings in the use of biologic mesh, cranial plating systems, and neurostimulators was identified. Each item was assigned a physician champion responsible for ensuring that there was clinical equipoise between the products being used. Any cost-savings realized during the fiscal year were shared 50–50 between the hospital and the surgery divisions. Results The total cost-savings was $893,865 with $446,932 being shared across 15 surgery divisions. Standardization of cranial plating systems ($374,805) generated the greatest amounts of savings followed by neurostimulators ($278,404) and biologic mesh ($240,655). Conclusion Aligning hospital and surgeon incentives led to dramatic cost-savings and standardization of the operative inventory used. Quality of care is not compromised by this approach, and no conflicts of interest are created.
Early alterations in platelet mitochondrial function are associated with survival and organ failure in patients with septic shock

Abstract Introduction The objective of the study is to determine if changes in platelet mitochondrial function in patients with sepsis are present early after presentation and the association of these changes with clinical outcomes and systemic metabolic function. Materials and methods This is a prospective observational cohort study of a convenience sample of patients with severe sepsis. Mitochondrial function of intact, nonpermeabilized platelets suspended in their own plasma was estimated using high-resolution respirometry. Unstimulated basal respiration, oligomycin-induced state 4, and maximal respiratory rate after serial titrations of carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone were measured. Organ failure was estimated using Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and patients were followed up until 28 days to determine survival. Lactate levels were measured in all patients, and a subset of patients had lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratios measured. Results Twenty-eight patients were enrolled, 21 of whom survived. Initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and lactate levels were 8.5 (interquartile range [IQR], 6-10) and 2.3 (IQR, 1.2-3.5) respectively, whereas the median L/P ratio was 23.4 (IQR, 15.2-38). Basal and maximal respiratory rates were significantly higher among nonsurvivors compared to survivors ( P = .02 and P = .04), whereas oligomycin-induced state 4 respiration was not statistically different between groups ( P = .15). We found a significant association between maximal respiration and organ failure ( P = .03) and both basal and maximal rates with initial lactate level ( P = .04, P = .02), but not with L/P ratio. Conclusions Differences in platelet mitochondrial function between survivors and nonsurvivors are present very early in the hospital course and are associated with organ failure and lactate.
A Ti salicide process for 0.10 /spl mu/m gate length CMOS technology

The fundamental issues for extension of a Ti salicide process to 0.1 /spl mu/m gate length CMOS technologies are presented for the first time. We report the first process to achieve low sheet resistance of 4 /spl Omega//sq at an ultra-narrow 0.10 /spl mu/m gate length (with deposited Ti=27 nm for TiSi/sub 2/=50 nm). Successful implementation into a sub-0.18 /spl mu/m gate length CMOS technology is demonstrated.
Predicting “Survival” in the Community Among Persistent and Serious Juvenile Offenders

ABSTRACT This study of 244 adolescents, aged ten to seventeen years, was designed to examine the predictors of number of days persons survived in the community without being returned to the Arkansas Division of Youth Services. as well as of whether or not they returned. Unstandardized regression (OLS) coefficients indicate that persons remain in the community 41.3 fewer days with each additional prior commitment, and males remain in the community 29.1 fewer days than do females. Moreover, these two predictors together account for 19 percent of the variance in number of days survived in the community. Logistic regression of significant predictors indicate that the odds of return to DYS are increased 13.5 by prior commitments, 3.35 by carrying a weapon, 2.38 for those neglected or abused by parents, 2.27 for those with peers present at the time of their committing offense, 2.03 for gang members, 1.75 for males (versus females), 1.68 for those whose mother abuses substances, 1.63 for those with poor parental...
Increasing dietary linoleic acid in young rats increases and then decreases docosahexaenoic acid in retina but not in brain

The accumulation of fatty acids in retina, brain, liver, and plasma of 30-day-old rat pups consuming various levels of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and constant α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) is reported. Dams were fed graded levels of LA during gestation and lactation, and the pups were maintained on the diet of their dams until the end of the brain growth spurt at 30 d of life. Milk, and pup brain, retina, liver, and plasma were analyzed quantitatively for fatty acid profile. The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in retina increased from an LA-deficient dietary level, peaked at the 9:1 (LA/ALA) level, then fell for the 41:1 and 69:1 levels. In contrast, the brain DHA percentage was unaffected by dietary LA levels. Retinal unsaturated fatty acid levels paralleled liver and plasma levels. The milk fatty acid composition mirrored the diets. These data show that the retinal fatty acid composition responds sensitively to dietary fatty acid composition, similar to liver and plasma, while the brain unsaturate composition is nearly independent of dietary composition.
Modeling very large scale systems: using simulation modeling to assess rail track infrastructure in densely trafficked metropolitan areas

We present a simulation modeling methodology to assess the rail track infrastructure in highly dense traffic areas. We used this model to determine the best trackage configuration to meet future demand in the Los Angeles-Inland Empire Trade Corridor Region. There are three major challenges in modeling a rail network in a densely trafficked metropolitan area. They are: (1) complex trackage configurations, (2) various speed limits, and (3) non-fixed dispatching timetables and routes between the origin and destination. Our proposed model has the ability to handle the above complexities in order to determine the best use of the rail capacity. Furthermore, our methodology is general enough so that it can be applied to other large scale rail networks.
Role of the hinge loop linking the N- and C-terminal domains of the amidotransferase subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

Abstract Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate, glutamine, and two molecules of ATP. The enzyme consists of a large synthetase subunit and a small amidotransferase subunit. The small subunit is structurally bilobal. The N-terminal domain is unique compared to the sequences of other known proteins. The C-terminal domain, which contains the direct catalytic residues for the amidotransferase activity of CPS, is homologous to other members of the Triad glutamine amidotransferases. The two domains are linked by a hinge-like loop, which contains a type II β turn. The role of this loop in the hydrolysis of glutamine and the formation of carbamoyl phosphate was probed by site-directed mutagenesis. Based upon the observed kinetic properties of the mutants, the modifications to the small subunit can be separated into two groups. The first group consists of G152I, G155I, and Δ155. Attempts to disrupt the turn conformation were made by the deletion of Gly-155 or substitution of the two glycine residues with isoleucine. However, these mutations only have minor effects on the kinetic properties of the enzyme. The second group includes L153W, L153G/N154G, and a ternary complex consisting of the intact large subunit plus the separate N- and C-terminal domains of the small subunit. Although the ability to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate is retained in these enzymes, the hydrolysis of glutamine is partially uncoupled from the synthetase reaction. It is concluded that the hinge loop, but not the type-II turn structure of the loop per se, is important for maintaining the proper interface interactions between the two subunits and the catalytic coupling of the partial reactions occurring within the separate subunits of CPS.
Prospective study of alcohol consumption and self-reported hearing loss in women

Chronic excess alcohol intake has been associated with irreversible hearing loss and acute alcohol intake may temporarily impair auditory function; however, some evidence suggests that long-term moderate alcohol intake may be related to lower risk of hearing loss. This study prospectively examined the association between total alcohol and individual alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of hearing loss in women. Data were prospectively collected from 65,424 participants in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II), aged 27-44 years at baseline (follow-up 1991-2009). Alcohol consumption was assessed using a validated questionnaire every 4 years. An incident case was defined as a self-reported hearing problem that began after 1991. Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression was used to adjust for potential confounders. During 1,024,555 person-years of follow-up, 12,384 cases of hearing loss occurred. After multivariate adjustment, there was no significant association between total alcohol consumption and risk of hearing loss. In exploratory analyses, beer consumption was associated with increased risk and wine consumption was associated with reduced risk. No significant association was observed for consumption of liquor. Total alcohol consumption is not associated with risk of hearing loss in women. The modest associations observed for beer (direct) and wine (inverse) may be due to chance or residual confounding but merit further study.
The effects of incorporating fluorine in amorphous germanium-silicon alloy films

Abstract The structural, electrical and optical properties of rf sputtered fluorinated amorphous GeSi alloy films have been studied as a function of the amount of fluorine incorporated in the films. The results indicate an increased coordination in the binary semiconductor alloys with the increasing fluorine content. Fluorine attaches with extreme preference to silicon over germanium in the alloys. Due to this high preferential ratio, the increase in coordination on fluorination is much less than that observed in fluorinated amorphous silicon. The thermal stability of fluorinated alloys is found to be higher than similarly prepared hydrogenated samples.
The Effectiveness of Regulatory Disclosure Policies.

Regulatory transparency—mandatory disclosure of information by private or public institutions with a regulatory intent—has become an important frontier of government innovation. This paper assesses the effectiveness of such transparency systems by examining the design and impact of financial disclosure, nutritional labeling, workplace hazard communication, and five other diverse systems in the United States. We argue that transparency policies are effective only when the information they produce becomes “embedded” in the everyday decision-making routines of information users and information disclosers. This double-sided embeddedness is the most important condition for transparency systems' effectiveness. Based on detailed case analyses, we evaluate the user and discloser embeddedness of the eight major transparency policies. We then draw on a comprehensive inventory of prior studies of regulatory effectiveness to assess whether predictions about effectiveness based on characteristics of embeddedness are consistent with those evaluations. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
A critical evaluation of metal-promoted Klenow 3′-5′ exonuclease activity: calorimetric and kinetic analyses support a one-metal-ion mechanism

Metal-mediated hydrolysis of phosphate esters is a common catalytic pathway in nucleic acid biochemistry. Two distinct models are principally invoked in mechanistic discussions of these reactions for magnesium-dependent nuclease activation: namely, the one-versus two-metal-ion pathways. The 3′-5′ exonuclease domain of the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I is a paradigm for the two-metal-ion mechanism; however, this reaction model is principally based on structural and kinetics experiments employing high concentrations of transition metal analogues and high concentrations of background ammonium sulfate during doping experiments. This prompted us to re-evaluate the metal cofactor stoichiometry of the 3′-5′ exonuclease mechanism for the Klenow fragment by solution kinetics and isothermal titration calorimetry using the natural Mg2+ cofactor and salt conditions. Both solution calorimetric and kinetics experiments strongly indicate binding of only one metal ion to the exonuclease active site. Comparative studies with Mn2+ also indicate a requirement for one metal ion to effect 3′-5′ exonuclease activity.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Spectrum and Cytotoxic Activity of Pleurocidin for Food Applications

Pleurocidin, an antimicrobial peptide originally isolated from the winter flunder (Pleuronecetes americanus), was evaluated for potential use in food sapplication. Eighteen microbial species. including yeasts, molds, and foodborne bacterial pathogens, were evaluated. Liquid based minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique was used to test antincrobial activity of the synthetic peptide. Hemolytic and cytoroxic effects on human cells were investigated using colorimetric analysis. Pleurocislia was found to be effective against foodborne organisms including Vibrio parahemolyticus (MIC of 69 μM), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (5.3 μM), Listeria manocytogenes (23 μM), Saccharamyces cerevisiae (5.5 μm), and Penicillium expansum (20.5 μm). Antimicrobial activity occurred without significant hemolytic or cytotoxic effect on human intestinal cells.
Structure and extinction of methane-air flamelet with radiation and detailed chemical kinetic mechanism

Abstract The methane-air flamelet was studied with the effect of thermal radiation considered in this paper. The chemical reaction mechanism used is the latest detailed mechanism of GRI-Mech 2.11 which contains 49 species and 279 elementary reactions including C2 chemistry of methane oxidation and chemistry of thermal NO and prompt NO. The numerical results show that flame radiation can induce another extinction limit at a low scalar dissipation rate (0.029 s−1), which is in addition to the well-known extinction limit caused by the overstretching of flame at a high scalar dissipation rate (18.4 −1). The influence of thermal radiation on flamelet temperature and NOx concentration is found to be significant enough in the small to moderate range of the scalar dissipation rate to change the trend of the temperature and species mass fraction profiles in the direction opposite to that when the thermal radiation is ignored. NOx production is shown to be strongly dependent upon the flamelet temperature. In the methane-air flamelet structure, it is found that the major species, H2O, can be well predicted by the equilibrium state relationship for the scalar dissipation rates between the two extinction limits, but not CO2 or CO since they are affected not only by the mixture fraction, but also by the scalar dissipation rate. Also shown is that preheating the air side has a more profound effect on flamelet temperature than preheating the fuel side, and that raising either air or fuel temperature increases NOx and CO production. Finally, the effect of nonunity Lewis numbers of hydrogen (H2 and H) on the flamelet structure is examined and shown to increase CO2, but decrease the flamelet temperature and mass fractions of H2O, CO, and NOx. The Lewis number is also found to have an important effect on the extinction limits of the scalar dissipation rate for methane-air flames
Racial Differentials in the Impact of Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy on Fetal Development and Mortality: Concerns for Black Psychologists:

Data from more than 60,000 births in the United States were reevaluated by statistical power analysis to determine if racial differentials existed in the impact of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on low birth weight and infant mortality. The risk of mortality was significantly greater for infants of Black maternal smokers than Black nonsmokers. But the same relationship was not evident for Whites. The most dramatic increase in mortality was exhibited among infants of Black mothers who smoked more than one pack of cigarettes per day. Recent estimates indicate that the rate of smoking among pregnant Blacks now surpasses that of Whites, and the number of Black women who smoke more than one pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy has increased. Racism, sexism, and associated increased levels of psychosocial stress appear to be implicated in the etiology of these racial differentials.
Optimization of permanganic etching of polyethylenes for scanning electron microscopy

The permanganic etching technique has been studied as a function of time, temperature, and concentration for a series of polyethylenes. Kinetic studies show that a film of reaction products builds up on the surface, impeding further etching, an effect which is greatest for the lowest-crystallinity polymers. SEM studies combined with EDS show that the film contains sulfur, potassium and some manganese. An artifact is produced by the etching process which is impossible to remove by washing procedures if certain limits of time, temperature, and concentration are exceeded. For lower-crystallinity polyethylenes multiple etching and washing steps were required for optimal resolution. Plastic deformation during specimen preparation, whether from scratches or freeze fracturing, enhances artifact formation. When appropriate procedures are used, virtually artifact-free surfaces can be produced allowing a combination of permanganic etching and scanning electron microscopy to give a rapid method for detailed morphological characterization of bulk specimens.
Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder

In this paper, we study the transverse vortex-induced vibrations of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder in a fluid flow. We use simultaneous force, displacement and vorticity measurements (using DPIV) for the first time in free vibrations. There exist two distinct types of response in such systems, depending on whether one has a high or low combined mass–damping parameter (m*ζ). In the classical high-(m*ζ) case, an ‘initial’ and ‘lower’ amplitude branch are separated by a discontinuous mode transition, whereas in the case of low (m*ζ), a further higher-amplitude ‘upper’ branch of response appears, and there exist two mode transitions.To understand the existence of more than one mode transition for low (m*ζ), we employ two distinct formulations of the equation of motion, one of which uses the ‘total force’, while the other uses the ‘vortex force’, which is related only to the dynamics of vorticity. The first mode transition involves a jump in ‘vortex phase’ (between vortex force and displacement), ϕvortex, at which point the frequency of oscillation (f) passes through the natural frequency of the system in the fluid, f ∼ fNwater. This transition is associated with a jump between 2S [harr ] 2P vortex wake modes, and a corresponding switch in vortex shedding timing. Across the second mode transition, there is a jump in ‘total phase’, phis;total , at which point f ∼ fNvacuum. In this case, there is no jump in ϕvortex, since both branches are associated with the 2P mode, and there is therefore no switch in timing of shedding, contrary to previous assumptions. Interestingly, for the high-(m*ζ) case, the vibration frequency jumps across both fNwater and fNvacuum, corresponding to the simultaneous jumps in ϕvortex and ϕtotal. This causes a switch in the timing of shedding, coincident with the ‘total phase’ jump, in agreement with previous assumptions.For large mass ratios, m* = O(100), the vibration frequency for synchronization lies close to the natural frequency (f* = f/fN ≈ 1.0), but as mass is reduced to m* = O(1), f* can reach remarkably large values. We deduce an expression for the frequency of the lower-branch vibration, as follows:formula herewhich agrees very well with a wide set of experimental data. This frequency equation uncovers the existence of a critical mass ratio, where the frequency f* becomes large: m*crit = 0.54. When m* < m*crit, the lower branch can never be reached and it ceases to exist. The upper-branch large-amplitude vibrations persist for all velocities, no matter how high, and the frequency increases indefinitely with flow velocity. Experiments at m* < m*crit show that the upper-branch vibrations continue to the limits (in flow speed) of our facility.
Suicide attempts in rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients

We studied 100 rapid cycling patients (33% of whom had truncated episodes), and 120 non-rapid cycling bipolar patients for history of suicide attempts. In contrast to our hypothesis, no significant differences were found when comparing suicide attempt histories for these two groups.
Solution of algebraic systems of disjunctive equations

This paper considers the solution of systems of equations that are expressed by the two sets: a global rectangular system of equations involving more variables than equations, and a set of conditional equations that are expressed as disjunctions. The set of disjunctions are given by equations and inequalities, where the latter define the domain of validity of the equations. In this way the solution of such a system is defined by variables x satisfying the rectangular equations, and exactly one set of equations for each of the disjunctions. This paper focuses mainly in the solution of systems of linear disjunctive equations. Using a convex hull representation of the disjunctions, the disjunctive system of equations is converted into an MILP problem. A sufficient condition is presented under which the model is shown to be solvable as an LP problem. The extension of the proposed method to nonlinear disjunctive equations is also discussed. The application of the proposed algorithms are illustrated with several examples.
Usable trust anchor management

Security in browsers is based upon users trusting a set of root Certificate Authorities (called Trust Anchors) which they may know little or nothing about. Browser vendors face a difficult challenge to provide an appropriate interface for users. Providing usable Trust Anchor Management (TAM) for users, applications and PKI deployers is a complex task. The PKIX working group at Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is working on a new protocol, the Trust Anchor Management Protocol (TAMP), which will provide a standardized method to automatically manage trust anchors in applications and devices. Although promising, this protocol does not go far enough to allow users to gather information about previously unknown trust anchors in an automatic fashion. We have proposed the PKI Resource Query Protocol (PRQP)---which is currently an Internet Draft on Experimental Track with IETF---to provide applications with an automatic discovery system for PKI management. In this paper we describe the basic architecture and capabilities of PRQP that allow Browsers to provide a more complete set of trust anchor management services. We also provide the design of a PRQP enabled infrastructure that uses a trust association mechanism to provide an easy solution for managing Trust Anchors for Virtual Organizations.
Impact of flow patterns in a heterogeneous air–water mixture flow in a microchannel on in situ physical parameters

Abstract Space transportation systems require high-performance thermal protection and fluid management techniques for systems ranging from cryogenic fluid management devices to primary structures and propulsion systems exposed to extremely high temperatures, as well as for other space systems such as cooling or environment control for advanced space suits and integrated circuits. Although considerable developmental effort is being expended to bring potentially applicable technologies to a readiness level for practical use, new and innovative methods are still needed. One such method is the concept of Advanced Micro Cooling Modules (AMCMs), which are essentially compact two-phase heat exchangers constructed of microchannels and designed to remove large amounts of heat rapidly from critical systems by incorporating phase transition. The development of AMCMs requires fundamental technological advancement in many areas, including: (1) development of measurement methods/systems for flow-pattern measurement/identification for two-phase mixtures in microchannels; (2) development of a phenomenological model for two-phase flow which includes the quantitative measure of flow patterns; and (3) database development for multiphase heat transfer/fluid dynamics flows in microchannels. This paper focuses on the results of experimental research in the phenomena of two-phase flow in microchannels. The work encompasses both an experimental and an analytical approach to incorporating flow patterns for air–water mixtures flowing in a microchannel, which are necessary tools for the optimal design of AMCMs. Specifically, the following topics are addressed: (1) design and construction of a sensitive test system for two-phase flow in microchannels, one which measures ac and dc components of in situ physical mixture parameters including spatial concentration using concomitant methods; (2) data acquisition and analysis in the amplitude, time, and frequency domains; and (3) analysis of results including evaluation of in situ physical parameters of the mixture and their validity for application in flow pattern determination.
Electron transfer barriers for ground- and excited-state redox couples: trans-dioxo(1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) osmium(VI)/osmium(V)☆

Abstract Pulse radiolysis methods were used to measure rate and equilibrium constants for the reaction of the OsVI(TMC)(O)22+/ OsV(TMC)(O)2+ couple with semiquinone/quinone couples, OsVI(TMC)(O)22+ + Q− ⇋ OsV(TMC)(O)2+ + Q, where TMC = tetramethylcyclam and Q is 1,4,-nezoquinne of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. This work yields a self-exchange rate constant of 1.1 × 106 M−1 s−1 and a reduction potential of +0.048 V versus NHE for the dioxoosmium ground-state couple at 0.1 M ionic strength and 25°C. [Os(TMC)(O)2](PF6)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P2 1 /c, with a = 6.712(2) A , b = 17.756(6) A , c = 10.150(2) A , β = 95.59(2)° and Z = 2 . Single crystal X-ray diffraction results for the PF6− salt of the OsVI(TMC)(O)22+ indicate that the dominant isomer present in the crystal is the RSSR isomer in which one pair of N-methyl groups is ‘up’ while the other is ‘down’. The average OsO and OsN distances are 1.735(6) and 2.126(8) A, respectively.
Efficacy of the Goh Short Form of the WISC-R in the Re-Evaluation of EMR Students:

This study investigated the applicability of the Goh short form of the WISC-R for use in the re-evaluation of students classified as Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR). Sixty-one WISC-R re-evaluation protocols were recorded by the Goh method; the scores obtained then were compared to those yielded by the full form. All correlations between short- and full-form scaled scores and standard scores (IQs) were significant (p<.001). Dependent t-tests were applied between mean standard scores across the two forms for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. The Goh short form yielded lower IQs for the Verbal and Full Scale (p< .001); there was no significant difference on the Performance Scale. In the majority of cases (64%), the Goh short form yielded lower IQs; however, the mean difference between short- and full-form FSIQs was within the standard error of measurement (≈ points). In addition, the short form generated a 71% correct classification rate. The results suggest that the Goh short form may be an effe...
Portable Laser Spectrofluorimeter System for in Vivo Human Tissue Fluorescence Studies

A compact, portable spectrofluorimeter which measures broad-band fluorophores with high sensitivity is described. This instrument is specifically designed for acquisition of human tissue autofluorescence spectra in vivo. Pulsed excitation laser light at 337 nm and in the 370-700 nm wavelength range is provided, and the resulting fluorescence can be measured with 10-nm resolution. The system produces single-pulse spectra in human artery wall tissues with a signal-to-noise ratio of 100:1. An optically shielded fiber-optic probe for light delivery and collection permits calibrated intensity information to be obtained.