cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach to protein identification

Advances in tandem mass-spectrometry (MS/MS) steadily increase the rate of generation of MS/MS spectra and make it more computationally challenging to analyze such huge datasets. As a result, the existing approaches that compare spectra against databases are already facing a bottleneck, particularly when interpreting spectra of post-translationally modified peptides. In this paper we introduce a new idea that allows one to perform MS/MS database search ... without ever comparing a spectrum against a database. The idea has two components: experimental and computational. Our experimental idea is counter- intuitive: we propose to intentionally introduce chemical damage to the sample. Although it does not appear to make any sense from the experimental perspective, it creates a large number of “spectral pairs” that, as we show below, open up computational avenues that were never explored before. Having a spectrum of a modified peptide paired with a spectrum of an unmodified peptide, allows one to separate the prefix and suffix ladders, to greatly reduce the number of noise peaks, and to generate a small number of peptide reconstructions that are very likely to contain the correct one. The MS/MS database search is thus reduced to extremely fast pattern matching (rather than time-consuming matching of spectra against databases). In addition to speed, our approach provides a new paradigm for identifying post-translational modifications.
System engineering approach for diagnostics of electromechanical systems

Complex electromechanical subsystems have a number of electrical and mechanical components that make it difficult to fault-isolate a failure. Some electromechanical subsystems are: engine controls (Full Authority Digital Engine Control-FADEC), Environmental Control System (ECS), Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), Air-Turbine Starter Set (ATSS), Electrical Power System (EPS), mechanical Flight Control System (includes hydraulics and servo-actuators), anti-skid brake system, traction control, Fuel subsystem and anti-collision system. These have a number of electrical and mechanical components that are difficult to fault-isolate This paper provides an overall system-level approach for the implementation of a Health Management Fault Isolator (HMFI). The HMFI can be applied to a number of different systems (products) which contain electromechanical systems (subsystems) that are difficult to fault-isolate. This paper focuses on systems related to aircraft however, other systems on ships, submarines, locomotives, trucks, power plants, office buildings, wind turbines, refineries, farm equipment, tanks and automobiles can also benefit from the Health Management Fault Isolator. There are some challenges in the implementation of the HMFI that have been discussed in this paper. The initial proposal for the HMFI project must include the complete life cycle cost for the system with HMFI and the complete life cycle cost for the same system without HMFI.
Computations of Taylor Vortex Flows Using Multigrid Continuation Methods

Numerical solutions of axisymmetric Taylor vortex flows have been calculated using Multigrid Continuation Techniques. Both infinite and finite cylinders are considered, and the results agree well with experiments. New solutions are found in the infinite cylinder case and these, surprisingly, may help in understanding some experimental results obtained in relatively short cylinders. The numerical method proved to be efficient and reliable so that computations with fine grids and long cylinders are easily performed.
Asymmetric Cell Division in T Lymphocyte Fate Diversification

Immunological protection against microbial pathogens is dependent on robust generation of functionally diverse T lymphocyte subsets. Upon microbial infection, naive CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes can give rise to effector- and memory-fated progeny that together mediate a potent immune response. Recent advances in single-cell immunological and genomic profiling technologies have helped elucidate early and late diversification mechanisms that enable the generation of heterogeneity from single T lymphocytes. We discuss these findings here and argue that one such mechanism, asymmetric cell division, creates an early divergence in T lymphocyte fates by giving rise to daughter cells with a propensity towards the terminally differentiated effector or self-renewing memory lineages, with cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues from the microenvironment driving the final maturation steps.
A two-scale homogenization framework for nonlinear effective thermal conductivity of laminated composites

In this study, we formulate the effective temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of laminated composites. The studied laminated composites consist of laminas (plies) made of unidirectional fiber-reinforced matrix with various fiber orientations. The effective thermal conductivity is obtained through a two-scale homogenization scheme. A simplified micromechanical model of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced lamina is formulated at the lower scale. Thermal conductivities of fiber and matrix constituents are allowed to change with temperature. The upper scale uses a sublaminate model to homogenize temperature-dependent thermal conductivities of only a representative lamina stacking sequence in laminated composites. The effective thermal conductivity of each lamina, in the sublaminate model, is obtained using the simplified micromechanical model. The thermal conductivities from the micromechanical and sublaminate models represent average nonlinear properties of fictitiously homogeneous composite media. Interface conditions between fiber and matrix constituents and within laminas are assumed to be perfect. Experimental data available in the literature are used to verify the proposed multi-scale framework. We then analyze transient heat conduction in the homogenized composites. Temperature profiles, during transient heat conduction, in the homogenized composites are compared to the ones in heterogeneous composites. The heterogeneous composites, having different fiber arrangements and sizes, are modeled using finite element (FE) method.
Laminar free convection from a non-isothermal cone

Abstract Consideration is given to laminar free convection from a vertical non-isothermal right circular cone. Similar solutions for the boundary-layer equations are found to exist when the surface temperature varies as xn. Numerical solutions of the transformed boundary-layer equations are presented for Prandtl number 0.7, both for the isothermal and linear temperature distributions. The heat-transfer results of previous analyses for the isothermal cone and an experimental correlation for laminar free convection are found to be in excellent agreement with the results reported here.
Improvement of Guideline Beta-Blocker Prescribing in Heart Failure: A Cluster-Randomized Pragmatic Trial of a Pharmacy Intervention

Abstract Background Treatment with specific beta-blockers and doses recommended by guidelines is often not achieved in practice. We evaluated an intervention directed to the pharmacy to improve prescribing. Methods and Results We conducted a pragmatic cluster-randomized trial, where facilities (n = 12) with patients (n = 220) were the clusters. Eligible patients had a beta-blocker prescription that was not guideline concordant. Level 1 intervention included information to a pharmacist on facility guideline concordance. Level 2 also provided a list of patients not meeting guideline goals. Intervention and follow-up periods were each 6 months. Achievement of full concordance with recommendations was low (4%–5%) in both groups, primarily due to lack of tolerability. However, compared with level 1, the level 2 intervention was associated with 1.9-fold greater odds of improvement in prescribing (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–3.2). Level 2 patients also had greater odds of a higher dose (1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.3). The intervention was aided by the patient lists provided, the electronic medical record system, and staff support. Conclusions In actual practice, full achievement of guideline goals was low. However, a simple intervention targeting pharmacy moved patients toward guideline goals. As health care systems incorporate electronic medical records, this intervention should have broader feasibility.
Decision Making in a Public Accounting Firm: An Instructional Case in Risk Evaluation, Client Continuance, and Auditor Independence within the Context of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002

The purpose of this case, loosely based on an actual auditor‐client situation, is to study decision making by auditors in public accounting firms regarding risk management (business, engagement, and audit risk), client continuance, and auditor independence. Audit partners often face difficult decisions for which they must balance the business objectives of the firm with their professional objective of satisfying the public interest. While most studies and cases focus on client‐acceptance decisions (e.g., Johnstone 2000; Gendron 2002; Knapp and Knapp 2004), an equally important decision for public accounting firms in the Sarbanes‐Oxley era is whether to keep a current client. This case encourages students to consider the decision with respect to client continuance, auditor independence, and risk evaluation.
Research utilization and interdisciplinary collaboration in emergency care.

Objectives: To examine perceptions of nurse-physician collaboration and research utiliza- tion in a large, county medical center with an emer- gency medicine (EM) residency program, to assess differences among nurses, residents, and attending physicians, and to explore the relationship between collaboration and research utilization. Methods: A cross-sectional, exploratory, correlational design. Questionnaires measuring four aspects of collab- oration—leadership, communication, problem solv- ing, and coordination—and four aspects of research utilization—support, attitude, availability, and use— were distributed to 115 nurses, 18 attending physi- cians, and 33 EM residents (n = 166). A 59% response rate was achieved. Results: The survey instruments demonstrated acceptable reliability at 0.70 or better Cronbach's alpha except for communication timeli- ness (a = 0.64) and predictive validity. Overall, phy- sicians and nurses rated measures of collaboration and research favorably. However, there were sig- nificant differences (p < 0.05) between physicians and nurses on four measures of collaboration (i.e., physi- cian leadership, communication openness within group, communication openness between groups, and problem solving within group) and research utiliza- tion (research use), with physicians holding more fa- vorable views than nurses. Three measures of collab- oration predicted 47% of the variance in research use for physicians; only one measure of collaboration was important for nurses, explaining 9.3% of the variance in research use. Conclusion: Interdisciplinary collab- oration showed some significance in promoting re- search use in the ED, especially for physicians. How- ever, nurse-physician differences in perceptions of collaboration and research use should be examined
On Scheduling Best-Effort HTM Transactions

This paper shows the issues to face while designing contention management policies that involve best-effort hardware transactions. Also, in this paper we present Octonauts, a solution for scheduling HTM transactions without relying on on-the-fly information. Octonauts learns the objects accessed by a hardware transaction while running and it uses them in case of conflict. It also proposes an innovative scheme for optimizing the communication between transactions running in hardware and software.
Halogenated 2,5-pyrrolidinediones: synthesis, bacterial mutagenicity in Ames tester strain TA-100 and semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations.

Abstract The chloroimide 3,3-dichloro-4-(dichloromethylene)-2,5-pyrrolidinedione, a tetrachloroitaconimide, is the principal mutagen produced by chlorination of simulated poultry chiller water. It is the second most potent mutagenic disinfection by-product of chlorination ever reported. Six of seven new synthetic analogs of this compound are direct-acting mutagens in Ames tester strain TA-100. Computed energies of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ( E LUMO ) and of the radical anion stability (Δ H f rad −Δ H f ) from MNDO-PM3 for the chloroimides show a quantitative correlation with the Ames TA-100 bacterial mutagenicity values. The molar mutagenicities of these direct acting mutagenic imides having an exocyclic double bond fit the same linear correlation (ln M m vs. E LUMO ; ln M m vs. Δ H f rad −Δ H f ) as the chlorinated 2(5 H )-furanones, including the potent mutagen MX, 3-chloro-4-(dichloro-methyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5 H )-furanone, a by-product of water chlorination and paper bleaching with chlorine. Mutagenicity data for related haloimides having endocyclic double bonds are also given. For the same number of chlorine atoms, the imides with endocyclic double bonds have significantly higher Ames mutagenicity compared to their structural analogs with exocyclic double bonds, but do not follow the same E LUMO or Δ H f rad −Δ H f correlation as the exocyclic chloroimides and the chlorinated 2(5 H )-furanones.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Older Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study

Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of prolonged exposure psychotherapy in older Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure therapy has broad empirical support for PTSD, but it has not been studied systematically in older adults, partly due to published concerns that older adults would not tolerate the treatment. Methods The trial followed a prospective pre-post design of 11 men recruited from a Veterans Affairs (VA) PTSD Clinical Team program. After baseline assessment, eight participants completed prolonged exposure therapy. Results were compared with a nonrandomized treatment-as-usual comparison group. The traumatic events identified by the Veterans in our samples had occurred, on average, 40 years prior to their study participation. Results Results revealed that conducting 6 weeks of exposure therapy with older Veterans with PTSD was feasible and efficacious, with evidence of some superiority to treatment-as-usual therapy. Conclusions As hypothesized, Veterans showed a significant decrease in symptoms of PTSD (clinician-rated and self-reported) following exposure therapy.
Material-based regulation of the myofibroblast phenotype

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation by basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) serves to naturally repress the myofibroblast activation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs). Co-receptors for FGF-2, the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), are key participants in the formation of active FGF-2 signaling complexes. Bioactive environments regulating the myofibroblast phenotype were created by utilizing heparin glycosaminoglycan as a competitive inhibitor of HSPGs. First, soluble heparin was delivered to compete with cell-surface HSPG for the binding of FGF-2. Exogenous soluble heparin prevented serum-dependent activation of the classic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induced myofibroblast alpha smooth muscle actin ( α SMA) expression and collagen production. Next, heparin-functionalized hydrogel cell substrates were polymerized from vinyl-modified precursors and rendered adhesive through incorporation of RGDS peptide. Culture of VICs on heparin-modified gels induced α SMA expression and inhibited MAPK activity compared to control gel substrates lacking heparin. Additionally, heparin-functionalized gels continued to induce α SMA expression in serum-free culture conditions, suggesting that bioactivity was independent of exogenous soluble mediators. Biomaterial scaffolds targeting cell surface growth factor receptors are a promising new direction for regulating cell functions in tissue-engineering applications.
Foam Fractionation of Proteins: Potential for Separations from Dilute Starch Suspensions

Fundamentals of the separation of proteins from foam are reviewed. Thermodynamic, hydrodynamics and kinetic considerations of foam separation from protein mixtures are discussed as a guidance for operating and design parameters. They are useful for suggesting ways to apply this methodology to the starch industry, particularly in the area of protein (zein) removal from starch particles
Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression

Abstract The role of caring parent-child relationships in the development of depression has been investigated in three types of research strategies: (a) the study of secure and insecure attachment patterns in infants and young children; (b) the study of depressed mother-child interactions based on the assumption that the caring patterns in these families of children at risk for depression could contribute to the understanding of the etiology of depression; and (c) the study of normal and depressed adults' retrospective accounts of early caring experiences with their parents. A major conclusion from all three research methodologies is that mental representations or internal working models of attachment of care-giving relationships are central constructs in understanding the development of a vulnerability to depression. Secure and disturbed patterns of caring relationships are internalized by the child as mental representations; impaired mental representations based on disturbed relationships can create a vulnerability to later depression. There are suggestions that an anxious or ambivalent insecure attachment may lead to a depression focused on issues of dependency, loss, and abandonment, whereas an avoidant insecure attachment may result in a depression focused on issues of self-worth and self-criticism, with angry feelings directed toward both the caregiver and toward the self. Indications of possible critical periods in the development of vulnerability to depression are also considered.
STATIC COULOMB CORRECTIONS TO THE POINT-NUCLEUS FERMI FUNCTION IN NUCLEAR BETA DECAY.

In this paper we use a simple model to include the effects of nuclear charge change in $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. We develop the point-nucleus Fermi function for the daughter nucleus in perturbation theory to ${Z}^{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ and corrections to it arising from the change in nuclear charge. The model considers only Coulomb interactions between the static parent-daughter nucleus with the leptons and allows for pair creation. This model has been used by Chern et al. and by Halpern and Chern to obtain analytical model dependences of the finite nuclear size, screening, and static $\ensuremath{\beta}$-vertex correction to first order in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. The divergences in the Fermi function are shown to have the same source as the divergences occuring in this model due to the change in nuclear charge, so that both types of divergence must be treated in the same manner, including the use of the same cutoff. We find that the $Z{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ contribution to the transition probability per unit time calculated from this model is comparable to the screening correction, and thus must be included if one takes the screening into account. An uncertainty has arisen in the literature concerning the incorporation of the first-order radiative correction into the Fermi function. We find from this model that the approximate factorization previously used in the literature to order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is also valid to order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ for nuclei with $Z$ less than that of ${\mathrm{Al}}^{26}$. The validity of this factorization for higher $Z$ is still unresolved.
Comparison of MS-325- and gadodiamide-enhanced MR venography of iliocaval veins.

PURPOSE To compare conventional extracellular and blood-pool magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents in “indirect” contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) MR venography of the iliocaval veins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine gadodiamide-enhanced 3D MR (Gd-MR) angiography studies and 12 MS-325-enhanced 3D MR (MS-325-MR) angiography studies were reviewed retrospectively. Abnormalities of the inferior vena cava (IVC) or iliac veins were not suspected before MR imaging. The MR angiography studies were reviewed with and without subtraction. Diagnostic conspicuity and subjective contrast of the various iliocaval venous segments (suprarenal IVC, infrarenal IVC, and iliac veins) and the presence of artifacts were subjectively scored by two blinded observers. RESULTS In the Gd-MR angiography group, the infrarenal IVC and iliac veins were visualized with good conspicuity in only 55% of segments compared to 92%–100% of segments in the MS-325-MR angiography group. Although subtraction improved subjective conspicuity and contrast relative to background in the Gd-MR angiography group, it resulted in increased artifacts and luminal blurring. Subtraction offered little diagnostic advantage in the MS-325-MR angiography group. CONCLUSION Indirect contrast-enhanced 3D MR venography with use of MS-325 offered significantly improved diagnostic conspicuity and contrast in iliocaval venous opacification compared to gadodiamide-enhanced studies.
Performing community: Community service as cultural conversation

Despite the recovery of the traditions of community in public philosophy, political science, and organizational studies, little attention has been given to the social construction of the meaningfulness of community by organizational members. This study examined the ways in which the term community was central to the discourse and organizing practices of a community service organization. Organizational practices referenced both organizational and cultural significances particularly in the conflicting traditions and themes of individualism and social commitment. In addition, “community service” blurred the boundaries between the external and internal workings of the organization. Emphasizing the relationships between cultural systems of signification and meaningful practices of organizing provided a way of understanding the increasingly less clear boundaries of the postmodern organization.
A Critical Appraisal of the Safety and Efficacy of Drug-Eluting Stents

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) have largely demonstrated their superiority to bare-metal stents (BMSs) with respect to in-stent restenosis. Since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first DES in 2003, there has been a significant increase in the use of these devices. They are used in 70–80% of all stent procedures worldwide. Nevertheless, safety concerns stemming from reports of increased risk of late stent thrombosis (ST) and myocardial infarction (MI) have tempered the enthusiasm that the advent of these stents originally generated. New generation DESs with novel polymers, antiproliferative drugs, and improved platforms are now approved and available for use. In this review we provide a critical appraisal, based on published clinical data, of the safety and efficacy of various DESs. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009); 85, 5, 474–480 doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.8
Optimized synchronization of chaotic and hyperchaotic systems.

A method of synchronization is presented which, unlike existing methods, can, for generic dynamical systems, force all conditional Lyapunov exponents to go to $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$. It also has improved noise immunity compared to existing methods, and unlike most of them it can synchronize hyperchaotic systems with almost any single coupling variable from the drive system. Results are presented for the Rossler hyperchaos system and the Lorenz system.
ADSORPTION DYNAMICS OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) ONTO BINARY INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS (IPNS) OF POLY(2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) (PHEMA)

A binary hydrophilic interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) comprising of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) was prepared and the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was carried out onto the surfaces of the IPNs. The adsorbed amounts of BSA were investigated as a function of the composition of the hydrogel, pH and ionic strength of the protein solution. The adsorption of protein was also studied kinetically and various parameters such as the rate constants for adsorption, diffusion and penetration rate constants were evaluated. For the assessment of the antithrombogenic property of the IPNs surfaces, blood-clot formation tests were performed.
Lava lamps in the 21st century

Computer displays of colorful and undulating lava-like forms will decorate living rooms of the future. These forms can already be created using mathematical simulations and hardware-assisted, isosurface computer graphics. In particular, the simulations involve “twisted majority rules” computed using a 3-D cellular automation lattice described in this paper.
Tissue markers in human atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque

Carotid artery stenosis predisposes to thrombo-embolization and stroke. Established tissue markers such as osteopontin, nitric oxide synthases, myeloperoxidases, and matrix metalloproteinases have been examined within stenotic plaques and their impact upon plaque stability discussed. However, a new generation of tissue markers is being discovered, and their role in atherosclerotic development and plaque stability is being debated. Prostaglandin synthase, 15-lipoxygenase-2, myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14, and protease nexin-1 have recently been shown to correlate with carotid artery atherosclerosis. These proteins highlight new areas of interest in the role of macrophages in atherosclerotic development, plaque formation, and rupture. Additionally, these new molecules raise the possibility of new screening and treatment techniques.
Digital dynamics and the simulation of magnetic systems

This paper investigates the problems associated with simulating many-body systems with finite-state machines such as computers. It is shown that the digital (discrete) character of time brings in features which are not encountered in the usual analytical studies using continuous time. This is illustrated with a thorough study of the dynamics of simple magnetic systems with competing interactions. Whereas continuous dynamics, as derived from the usual master-equation approach, yields asymptotic behavior which is time independent, dynamics in digital time can lead to complex behavior characterized by the existence of multiple basins of attraction, broken symmetries, oscillations, and chaos. These results might provide a dynamical explanation for the breakdown of ergodicity which has been reported in Monte Carlo studies of spin-glasses.
International Cross-Listing and Stock Market Development in Emerging Economies

Abstract Why have emerging equity markets grown so rapidly since 1990? First, it is shown how international cross-listings can transform a segmented local equity market from an equilibrium of low liquidity and market capitalization to an integrated market with high liquidity and market capitalization by altering the incentives of companies and individuals to participate in the market. Second, benefits of international cross-listings for domestic stock market development and welfare across emerging equity markets are found to be negatively related to both the degree of correlation between the domestic and world equity market and the relative size of the domestic equity market. Third, the price impact of international listing is shown to depend on the liquidity conditions in the domestic market prior to listing.
Ability of Blood Pressure to Predict Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children with Primary Hypertension

Objective To determine whether casual blood pressure (BP) or ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) measurements obtained at the initial visit of a child with confirmed hypertension (HTN) might predict left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), possibly obviating the need for echocardiography. Study design We conducted a cross-sectional study of 184 children aged 3 to 20 years who were referred for initial evaluation of elevated BP at 3 tertiary care centers. Casual BP and various ambulatory BP variables were analyzed to determine their association with LVH, defined after echocardiography by cardiologist diagnosis or a left ventricular mass index equal to or greater than the sex-specific 95th percentile. Results A total of 41% of children who had echocardiograms had LVH. Children with LVH were significantly more likely to be non-white and have a higher body mass index z-score. There was no difference in casual systolic or diastolic BP index in children with hypertension who had LVH and children with hypertension without LVH. Children with systolic or diastolic BP loads ≥50% were no more likely to have LVH than children with loads Conclusion LVH is common in children with newly diagnosed HTN. The initial examination of these children should include echocardiography, because neither the severity of casual BP elevation nor the presence of abnormal ambulatory BP results at initial diagnosis are predictive of LVH.
Running Training, Instruction on Running Technique, and Running Economy in 10-year-old Males

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of running training, instruction on running technique, and a combination of instruction and running training on the running economy of 10-year-old children. Experimental treatments were randomly assigned to intact groups. Oxygen consumption was determined via the open circuit method during overground running at 161 m · min –1.Vertical displacement was determined utilizing cinematography. Stride rate was determined using 60-sec counts; stride length was calculated from stride rate and the distance covered. Subjects (n =40) required 38.9 ml · min –1 · kg –1 of O 2 to sustain this pace and exhibited 3.71 cm vertical displacement. The mean stride length was 88 cm and the mean stride rate was 183 strides · min –1.No statistically significant alterations in running economy or technique were produced as a result of the various treatment regimens.
Oncogenes, antioncogenes, and the regulation of cell growth

A variety of proto-oncogenes are present in normal cells, and many of these genes are expressed in different cell types in a tissue-specific and developmentally specific fashion. Although proto-oncogenes have normal functions, apparently related to cell proliferation and differentiation, these genes are able to cause cancer when they are expressed inappropriately (usually as a result of a mutation). Most oncogene mutations promote tumor growth by inducing autonomous activity of proteins, which normally transmit growth signals that are triggered by extracellular factors. Studies of oncogenes and suppressor genes (antioncogenes) have greatly contributed to our understanding of the regulation of normal cell growth by focusing on the molecular mechanisms by which the signals for cell proliferation exert their effects.
Temperature programmed desorption studies of water interactions with Apollo lunar samples 12001 and 72501

Abstract The desorption activation energies for water molecules chemisorbed on Apollo lunar samples 72501 (highlands soil) and 12001 (mare soil) were determined by temperature programmed desorption experiments in ultra-high vacuum. A significant difference in both the energies and abundance of chemisorption sites was observed, with 72501 retaining up to 40 times more water (by mass) and with much stronger adsorption interactions, possibly approaching 1.5 eV. The dramatic difference between the samples may be due to differences in mineralogy and surface exposure age. The distribution function of water desorption activation energies for sample 72501 was used as an initial condition to simulate water persistence through a temperature profile matching the lunar day.
The coenzyme B12 derivative N1-methyl-5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin: Synthesis, characterization, stability towards dimroth rearrangement, and Co–C thermolysis product and kinetic studies

The mechanism of Co-C heterolysis of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) is studied, specifically the effect of a positive charge produced by methylation (CH3+, a "sticky proton" analog of H+ addition) to the most basic adenine N1 nitrogen site in AdoCbl. This is accomplished by the synthesis, characterization and Co-C thermolysis in the presence of the radical trap TEMPO of the N1 methylated AdoCbl derivative, [N1-methyl-5'-deoxyadenosycobalamin]+, 5. A variety of needed additional syntheses and other control experiments are also reported, including effective purification methods using ultrafiltration membranes, procedures that may prove to be the more generally useful part of the synthetic work reported. The thermolysis results with 5 are unequivocal in showing that a positive charge at the N1 nitrogen in the adenosyl group of AdoCbl has no effect within +/- 8% on the products or rates of Co-C thermal cleavage. The data are most consistent with a recently suggested, new mechanism for AdoCbl Co-C heterolysis at less acidic pH values, one not involving the protonation of the beta-ribose oxygen that is known to occur under strongly acidic conditions. In addition, the present study illustrates some of the positive features, and also some of the pitfalls, in the approach where CH3+ is used as a "sticky proton" analog in mechanistic studies.
Coalitions and learning: Applications to a simple game in the triad

This paper concerns decision processes in systems at the group level. The accuracy and domain of a model of rational choice developed by Siegel are increased through the use of complementary models of the process by which subjects estimate the probabilities of reciprocated choice in a simple coalitions game. Two alternative models are presented, one a simple linear stochastic learning model, the other a Bayesian model. Both are tested in conjunction with the Siegel model using data from experiments on coalition formation conducted by Ofshe and Ofshe. Although both models perform significantly better than a static null model, which makes predictions corresponding closely to the original Siegel model, the performance of the linear model is superior to that of the Bayesian model in all but one case. The results illustrate the way in which models developed in one area of research, probability learning, may find useful application in another, coalition formation.
Dual Tuning in a Supportive Context: Joint Contributions of Positive Mood, Negative Mood, and Supervisory Behaviors to Employee Creativity

We develop a dual-tuning perspective concerning how positive and negative moods interact to influence creativity in supportive contexts. Using data on employees in an oil field services company, we...
Does the Minimum Wage Make Young Adult Labor More Attractive to Firms?: A Panel Data Analysis That Controls for Spatial Heterogeneity

Adverse effects of minimum wage policy on labor markets materialize only if the new rate is binding. Annual data from the Current Population Survey indicate that the minimum wage is effectively non-binding for young adults (19-29) who have at least one year of college and are not enrolled in school. Hence, a minimum wage hike would have no effect on young adult workersâ€¦ or does it? The authors investigate this using dynamic panel data that accounts for spatial heterogeneity, which must be controlled for because minimum wage coefficients are biased otherwise (Allegretto, Dube, and Reich 2011). The authors find that accounting for spatial heterogeneity and the inertia that is present in labor market variables affects the results dramatically. Average unemployment in adjacent states has a large net positive cumulative impact on young adult male employment but a large negative cumulative effect on young adult female employment. Though both cohorts are sensitive to market wages and weekly earnings, males are more geographically mobile while female employment is negatively linked to having children, poverty, welfare participation, and urbanity but positively associated with welfare reform. While the minimum wage was insignificant in the young adult male employment model, its anticipatory effect is associated with higher young adult female employment. This is perhaps due to firms substituting teen (16-18) labor with young adult females who possess longer employment tenure, slightly better job skills, and greater personal responsibility.
Preaching Christ Crucified: Luther and the Revelation of God

: The doctrine of revelation has to do with how we know God, but Luther warned against the human presumption that God can be known fully. God remains hidden and is revealed in Jesus and his death on the cross. The cross is at odds with all human notions of an omnipotent God. Preachers ought to be suspicious of human presumptions about God that inflate and puff up. The cross is the antidote for a theology and a preaching of glory as well as the criterion for theology and preaching that authentically proclaims God and the gospel of Jesus Christ.
A new method for finding the global and discrete optima of structural systems

Abstract Two new optimization methods, the Percent Selection method and the Percent Elimination method are presented. The Percent Selection method models discrete optimization problems as continuous problems. A gradient based procedure is used to determine the optimum given two or more distinct options. This is done with averaged properties. It is shown that the process is much more efficient than discrete searches. This method is applied to determining the optimum end fixity of a member, and the optimum flange alignment. The Percent Elimination method is an adaption of the Percent Selection method for eliminating members from a design. Existing optimization procedures can become trapped at local optimum solutions. The Percent Elimination method overcomes local optima.
Dynamic calcium requirements for activation of rabbit papillary muscle calculated from tension-independent heat

The heat generated by right ventricular papillary muscles of rabbits was measured after adenosine triphosphate (ATP) splitting by the contractile proteins was chemically inhibited. This tension-independent heat (TIH) (1 mJ/g wet weight) was used to calculate the total calcium (Ca) cycled in a muscle twitch by assuming that 87% of TIH was due to Ca2+ transport by the sarcoplasmic reticulum with a coupling ratio of 2 Ca2+/ATP split; the enthalpy of creatine phosphate hydrolysis buffering ATP was taken as -34 KJ/mol. The estimated Ca turnover per muscle twitch at 21 degrees C, 0.2 Hz pacing rate, and 2.5 mM Ca in the Krebs solution was approximately equal to 50 nmol/g wet weight. There was a tight positive correlation between TIH and mechanical activation during steady-state measurements but no correlation during the sharp increase in mechanical activation (treppe) when stimulation was resumed after a rest period. It is suggested that while total Ca cycling remains unchanged during the initial period of tension treppe, the free Ca2+ transient and mechanical activation increase sharply due to resaturation of high affinity Ca2+ buffers, other than troponin C, depleted of Ca2+ during the rest period.
Engrafted neural progenitor cells express a tissue-restricted reporter gene associated with differentiated retinal photoreceptor cells.

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have shown ability to repair injured CNS, and might provide precursors to retinal neurons. NPCs were isolated from the brains of 14 day murine embryos of transgenic m...
Nephritogenicity of proteoglycans. II. A model of immune complex nephritis

Nephritogenicity of proteoglycans. II. A model of immune complex nephritis. Antibodies to glomerular basement membrane, heparan sulfate-proteoglycans are nephrotoxic but possess a weak nephritogenic potential. In order to enhance the nephritogenic potential, the antibodies were intravenously administered into rats presensitized with heterologous rabbit IgG. This resulted in the integration of heterologous and autologous phases, the two phases characteristic of the traditional model of nephrotoxic serum nephritis. The presensitization caused a dramatic shift in the binding characteristics of the heterologous antibodies between the kidney and lymphoid tissues. A proliferative form of immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with a remarkable proteinuric response was observed. In addition, a moderate degree of hematuria was noted as well. The proteinuria was largely complement-dependent and may possibly be cell-mediated as well. The proteinuria became severe with increasing production of host IgG antibodies and with their subsequent sequestration in the glomeruli. The predominant glomerular lesions were in the form of epimembranous/subepithelial immune deposits, which became more frequent with timely increasing titer of host autologous IgG antibodies. These findings indicate that antibodies to heparan sulfate-proteoglycan, an authentic component of the basement membrane, are capable of mediating a glomerular injury with acquisition of nephritogenic potential in an appropriate environment of the host. At present, it seems that this is the sole constituent of the basement membrane whose antibodies are capable of inducing an immune complex nephritis.
Plasticity in Value Systems and its Role in Adaptive Behavior

Adaptive behavior requires the sensing of salient behavioral consequences which can act to modulate changes in neural connections linking sensory and motor structures. In previous work, we proposed that salient sensory events trigger neuronal value systems capable of modulating synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigate the capacity of value systems to modulate their own responses in the context of various conditioning tasks. To this end, we implement a modifiable value system incorporating anatomical and physiological properties within Darwin V, a neuronal model embedded in a mobile real world device. While exploring an environment containing stimulus objects, Darwin V's visual maps develop object-related neuronal responses. Phasic responses of a value system initially triggered only by object-"taste" (innate value) modulate changes in connections between visual and motor neurons, thus linking specific visual responses to appropriate motor outputs. Over time, Darwin V is able behaviorally to discriminate ...
Collective effects in excitonic free induction decay: Do semiconductors and atoms emit coherent light in different ways?

We show that the many-body interactions among excitons govern the temporal line shape of the coherent (free induction decay) emission from semiconductor quantum walls. At low exciton densities, they become the dominant contribution to the emission.
NBTI and Concurrent HCI-NBTI Degradation of 65 nm SOI PMOSFETs

Body contacted (BC) core logic/high speed (HS) and input/output (I/O) SOI PMOSFETs from 65 nm technology are shown to have higher degradation than the counterpart floating body (FB) devices under NBTI stress. It is also observed that concurrent HCI-NBTI (hot-carrier injection-negative bias temperature instability) leads to worst case degradation for the I/O and HS SOI p-channel MOSFETs. I/O PMOS devices stressed under HCI conditions at room temperature show NBTI-like behavior at higher stress voltages and combined HCI-NBTI behavior at lower stress voltages. HS PMOS devices stressed under HCI conditions show a combined HCI and NBTI degradation behavior across the entire stress bias range. Both HS and I/O devices degrade more when HCI stressed with FB at high stress voltages; however the degradation becomes comparable to BC devices at lower stress voltages.
The isolation of catalytic components required for cell-free fungal bioluminescence.

Abstract Two fractions have been isolated from luminous molds, both of which are necessary for light emission. The activity of one fraction, the supernatant of a 198,000 × g centrifugation, is heat labile, nondialyzable and ammonium sulfate precipitable, thus implying that it may be proteinaceous in nature. This fraction is thought to catalyze a reaction in which reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH) acts as an electron donor to an unknown constituent which is subsequently utilized in the actual light reaction. The second fraction, whose activity is also thought to be enzymic in nature, is the pellet obtained from the same centrifugation. This fraction catalyzes the actual light reaction and thus contains the enzyme that has classically been referred to as luciferase. Kinetic evidence suggests that the second fraction is functional in the oxidation of the unknown constituent mentioned above. The biological implications of these findings are discussed.
Altered macrophage function in tumor necrosis factor α- and endotoxin-induced tolerance

Pretreatment of rats with a sublethal dose of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (hrTNFα, 10 μg/kg i.p.) or Salmonella enteritidis LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) prevented death when a lethal dose of S. enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 24 h later. The resistance to the lethal effect of LPS was associated with similar alterations of the functional phenotype of peritoneal macrophages from both groups. In ex vivo studies, peritoneal macrophages were harvested 24 h after vehicle (control), hrTNFα or LPS injection and stimulated in vitro with LPS. In macrophages collected from control rats, LPS stimulated arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, as assessed by 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) levels, nitric oxide (NO) production, as assessed by nitrite, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production. In macrophages from hrTNFα-pretreated or LPS pretreated rats, basal and LPS-stimulated 6-keto-PGF1α production were significantly reduced compared to controls, while nitrite production was i...
Superconvergence analysis of approximate boundary-flux calculations

Certain projection post-processing techniques have been proposed for computing the boundary flux for two-dimensional problems (e.g., see Carey, et al. [5]). In a series of numerical experiments on elliptic problems they observed that these post-processing formulas for approximate fluxes were almost (O(h 2)-accurate for linear triangular elements. In this paper we prove that the computed boundary flux isO(h 2 ln 1/h)-accurate in the maximum norm for the partial method of [5]. If the solutionu?H 3(Ω) then the boundary flux error isO(h 3/2) in theL 2-norm.
Invertebrate, not small vertebrate, herbivory interacts with nutrient availability to impact tallgrass prairie community composition and forb biomass

The effects of herbivores and their interactions with nutrient availability on primary production and plant community composition in grassland systems is expected to vary with herbivore type. We examined the effects of invertebrate and small vertebrate herbivores and their interactions with nutrient availability on grassland plant community composition and aboveground biomass in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The abundance of forbs relative to grasses increased with invertebrate herbivore removals. This increase in forb abundance led to a shift in community composition, where invertebrate removals resulted in greater plant species evenness as well as a divergence in composition among plots. In contrast, vertebrate herbivore removals did not affect plant community composition or aboveground biomass. Nutrient additions alone resulted in a decrease in plant species richness and an increase in the abundance of the dominant grass, but the dominant grass species did not greatly increase in abundance when nutrient additions were combined with invertebrate removals. Rather, several subdominant forbs came to dominate the plant community. Additionally, the combined nutrient addition and invertebrate herbivore removal treatment increased forb biomass, suggesting that invertebrate herbivores suppress the responses of forb species to chronic nutrient additions. Overall, the release of forbs from invertebrate herbivore pressure may result in large shifts in species composition, with consequences for aboveground biomass and forage quality due to altered grass:forb ratios in grassland systems.