cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PS3-29: Impact of BMI and Change in BMI on Progression from Normotension to Prehypertension or Hypertension in Patients Ages 3–17.

Background/AimsOverweight and obesity among US children and adolescents is an important public health problem. Conditions associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, are becoming more common in children. This study examined the relationship between changes in BMI percentile and incident prehypertension and hypertension in a cohort of children and adolescents.MethodsStudy subjects were 23,578 patients, ages 3–17, with three or more outpatient primary care visits between 2007 and 2010 at HealthPartners Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, or Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Data were extracted from electronic health records (EHR). Change in BMI was defined as: increase, decrease, stayed obese, stayed overweight, and stayed healthy weight using established BMI percentile cut-points. Incident prehypertension and hypertension were defined using blood pressures and diagnosis codes from the EHR. We used time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard of change in BMI percentile with incident prehypertension and hypertension.ResultsOver a median 2.6 years follow-up, there were 7,232 cases of incident prehypertension, 148 diagnoses of incident hypertension, and 107 additional cases of incident hypertension based on blood pressure data from the EHR. Seventy-one prehypertensives went on to develop hypertension. Those who stayed obese, stayed overweight, and increased BMI had increased hazard of incident prehypertension (1.96, 1.39, and 1.49, respectively) and increased hazard of incident hypertension (3.61, 1.21, and 1.83, respectively) compared with those who stayed healthy weight.ConclusionsPersistently high BMI or increasing BMI over time was associated with pronounced increase in risk of both incident prehypertension and hypertension. Future research should examine factors associated with the development and recognition of hypertension.
THE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL AUDIT ROLE AND REPORTING RELATIONSHIPS ON INVESTOR PERCEPTIONS OF DISCLOSURE CREDIBILITY

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess whether internal audit role and reporting relationships affect investor perceptions of disclosure credibility.Design/methodology/approach – The experiment involved a 2 × 2 design with internal audit role and reporting relationship randomly assigned among 84 MBA students serving as proxies for nonprofessional investors.Findings – The results indicate that participants perceived disclosure credibility to be significantly higher when the Chief Audit Executive reported functionally to the audit committee and administratively to the CEO (versus both strategically and administratively to the CFO). The results reveal no significant differences in perceived disclosure credibility from the differing audit roles (i.e. primarily assurance versus primarily consulting).Originality/value – The findings contribute to the internal audit and corporate governance literatures by providing further evidence of the importance of internal audit in investor judgement and decision ...
A review of skin conditions in modern warfare and peacekeeping operations.

ABSTRACT Skin is the most exposed organ of the body, and military personnel face many external skin threats. As a result, skin disease is an important source of morbidity among military personnel deployed on combat or peacekeeping operations. This article reviews the most common conditions seen by deployed military dermatologists. A PubMed search was used to identify articles in English, written between 1965 and 2014, using medical subject headings “military medicine” AND “skin disease” or “military personnel” AND “skin disease.” The five most common reasons for physician consultation for skin conditions in wartime since the Vietnam War were warts (10.7%), fungal infections (10.4%), acne (9.0%), nonspecific eczematous conditions (7.1%), and sexually transmitted diseases (6.1%). There was a significant difference in the skin conditions seen in the hot and humid climates of Vietnam and East Timor, where bacterial and fungal infections were more common reasons for consultation, and the dry climates of Bosnia...
Economic and Land-Use Optimization of Lignocellulosic-Based Bioethanol Supply Chains Under Stochastic Environment

The ever increasing concerns such as energy security and climate change calls for a wide range of alternate renewable sources of energy. Bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic feedstock show enormous potential as an economically and environmentally sustainable renewable energy source. In recent years considerable research has focused on the economic feasibility of lignocellulosic-based biofuel supply chains while analytical understanding of land-usage for biomass cultivation has remained limited. Switchgrass is considered as one of the best lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production that can be cultivated on both marginal land with arid soil and crop land. Switchgrass cultivated on crop land normally gives twice the yield when compared with marginal land: however, the higher yield is obtained due to higher input costs. Crop lands are a finite resource and their widespread use for growing energy crops rather than food crops like corn and wheat has resulted in land-use issues such as food versus fuel debate. Therefore, cultivation of switchgrass on marginal land is being studied intensively to minimize the use of crop land for biomass cultivation. This work proposes a novel dual-objective stochastic optimization model to maximize the expected profit and simultaneously minimize usage of crop land to cultivate switchgrass for a lignocellulosic-based bioethanol supply chain (LBSC) under uncertainties of biomass supply, bioethanol demand and bioethanol sale price. The model determines the optimum allocation of marginal land and crop land for switchgrass cultivation, biorefinery locations, and biomass processing capacity of biorefineries. The e–constraint method is applied to trade-off among the competing objectives of profit maximization and land-use minimization. In order to solve the proposed stochastic model efficiently and effectively, the Sample Average Approximation method is utilized. A case study based in the state of Alabama in the U.S. illustrates the application of the proposed stochastic model. In addition, sensitivity analyses are conducted to provide insights on the important factors that impact on the profitability and land usage in the LBSC.
Angiotensin II regulates renin gene expression.

We investigated the effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) and enalapril on accumulation of renin messenger RNA (mRNA) and on renal renin distribution (immunohistochemical analysis). Adult Wistar-Kyoto ...
Expression of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in nonmelanoma skin cancer and gene targeting in a keratinocyte cell line.

The recently described apoptosis inhibitor survivin is expressed in many human cancers, thus potentially contributing to disease progression and resistance to therapy. Its potential role in nonmelanoma skin cancer is unknown. By immunohistochemistry, survivin was expressed in 81% (17 of 21) of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) of both nodular and morpheaform subtypes, and in 92% (24 of 26) of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Survivin was also expressed in 19 premalignant lesions of Bowen's disease (SCC in situ) and hypertrophic actinic keratosis (HAK), suggesting that its appearance occurs early during keratinocyte transformation. Survivin expression was detected by Western blotting in a model keratinocyte cell line, HaCat. Transfection of HaCat cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-conjugated survivin antisense or GFP-conjugated survivin dominant negative mutant (Cys84Ala) resulted in spontaneous apoptosis in the absence of other genotoxic stimuli. In GFP-conjugated survivin antisense transfectants, a decreased level of endogenous survivin was confirmed by flow cytometry. This was associated with a five-fold increase in the sub-G 0 /G 1 fraction corresponding to apoptotic cells and a decrease in proliferating cells with 4N DNA content. These data demonstrate that apoptosis inhibition by survivin may participate in the onset and progression of both BCC and SCC, and suggest that therapeutic targeting of survivin may be beneficial in patients with recurrent or advanced disease.
Remote teleassistance

We contrast the effects of communication latency on our human/robot control technique, called teleassistance, versus traditional teleoperation. In teleassistance, a human operator uses hand signs to guide an otherwise autonomous robot manipulator through a given task. Each sign signals a context switch and provides task-centered reference frames for the robot's autonomous servo-motor routines. The signs are natural, such as pointing to an object to indicate the desire to reach toward it as well as the axis along which to reach. The robot is a Utah/MIT hand mounted on a Puma 760 arm. For both teleassistance and teleoperation, the operator wears an EXOS hand master, a polhemus arm position sensor and a Virtual Research helmet that is coupled to binocular cameras mounted on a second Puma 760. The use of a video helmet allows for remote control of the robot and the simulation of communication lag-time. Experimental results suggest that teleassistance scales well with latency delays, unlike teleoperation.
Overlapping photodegradable and biodegradable organic nitrogen in wastewater effluents.

Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in final effluent of trickling filter and activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was studied. Inorganic N, mostly nitrite, was produced from the photodegradation of DON for samples from both WWTPs. Photodegradable DON (PDON), biodegradable DON (BDON), and overlapping photodegradable–biodegradable DON (OPBDON) were determined. BDON was associated with PDON as well as non-PDON. BDON and PDON concentrations in the final effluent samples were 4.71 and 4.62 mg N/L for the trickling filter plant and 3.95 and 3.73 mg N/L for the activated sludge plant, indicating that photodegradation is as important as biodegradation in the mineralization of effluent DON in receiving waters. OPBDON, which is more problematic in the water environment because it can be mineralized by light or bacteria or both, was 3.68 and 2.64 mg N/L (57% and 43% of total DON) in the final effluent samples from the trickling filter and activated sludge plants, respective...
IR Photodissociation Spectroscopy of H7+, H9+, and Their Deuterated Analogues

Cluster ions of H7+/D7+ and H9+/D9+ produced in a supersonic molecular beam with a pulsed discharge source are mass selected and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy. Photodis...
Nonuniformity of Temperatures in Microwave Steam Heating of Lobster Tail

ABSTRACT The biennial Conference for Food Protection provides a formal process for all interested parties to influence food safety guidance. At a recent conference, an issue was raised culminating in a formal request to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to change its Food Code recommendation for safe cooking of seafood using microwave energy when steaming was also employed. The request was to treat microwave steam cooked seafood as a conventionally cooked raw animal product rather than a microwave cooked product, for which the safe cooking recommendation is more extensive owing to the complex temperature distributions in microwave heating. The request was motivated by a literature study that revealed a more uniform temperature distribution in microwave steam cooked whole lobster. In that study, single-point temperatures were recorded in various sections of the whole lobster, but only one temperature was recorded in the tail, although the large size of the tail could translate to multiple hot and cold ...
The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Simultaneously Enhances NK Cell Tumor Cytotoxicity While Paradoxically Reducing Antigen Specific T-Cell Tumor Cytotoxicity.

The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib was recently found to render tumor cells susceptible to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. This sensitization appears to occur as a consequence of this agent up-regulating surface expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) on human malignant cells rendering them susceptible to TRAIL-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that bortezomib would likewise sensitize tumors to the cytotoxic effects of antigen specific T-cells through similar apoptotic pathways, thereby providing an incentive to use bortezomib as a universal immune-sensitizing agent. The HLA-A2+, gp100+, MART-1+ melanoma cell lines 526 and 624 were treated with 10nM bortezomib for 18 hrs then were analyzed by FACS for expression the cell surface markers (HLA-ABC, MIC-A/B, TRAIL-R1/2 and Fas) and Cr51 cytotoxicity assay for susceptibility to CD8+/HLA-A2+ restricted gp100 and MART-1 specific CTL-mediated lysis. As observed previously, NK cell-mediated apoptosis was significantly higher in tumor cells treated with bortezomib compared to untreated tumor cells. In contrast, an unanticipated and significant reduction in CTL-mediated cytotoxicity was observed in tumors treated with bortezomib compared to untreated tumors; at an effector:target ratio of 3:1, NK cell cytotoxicity increased from 43±2% to 70±2% (p Conclusions: Exposure of malignant cells to bortezomib results in simultaneous divergent effects on innate NK cell and adaptive T-cell anti-tumor immunity. While tumors exposed to bortezomib have enhanced susceptibility to NK-cell cytotoxicity, proteasome inhibition appears to disrupt antigen presentation potentially reducing tumor specific CTL effector responses. These findings suggest antigen specific T-cell responses such as graft-vs-host disease, and T-cell mediated graft-vs-tumor effects might be altered when bortezomib is administered following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Hartree-Fock Treatment of Spin-Polarized Crystals

A brief introduction to the Hartree-Fock method for spin-polarized crystalline systems is presented, together with a description of a few applications.
Warm Mix Asphalt

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies have potential to reduce the application temperature of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and improve workability without compromising the performance of asphalt pavement. This promises various benefits, e.g. a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, decreased energy consumption and costs, improved working conditions, better compaction, extended paving season, higher reclaimed asphalt content, earlier opening to traffic, etc. These benefits as well as the potential concerns are discussed in this chapter. Mix design considerations and possible specializations of WMA technologies are summarized. Different WMA production technologies are reviewed with an emphasis on practical applications.
Permanent Prosthetics: Polypropylene, Polyester, ePTFE, and Hybrid Mesh

While primary suture repair remains an option for select hernias, mesh prosthetics have shown to greatly reduce the incidence of hernia recurrence [1, 2]. Because of this significant benefit, the vast majority of modern hernia repairs utilize some form of mesh reinforcement. Surgeons strive to find and utilize the “ideal” mesh. Up until relatively recently, little has changed over the last half century with regard to the evolution of mesh. Dr. Francis Usher popularized the use of polypropylene mesh in the 1950s, [3] while Dr. Rene Stoppa and Dr. Jean Rives published their use of polyester meshes in the 1980s, among other great surgeons using various mesh prosthetics [4]. Currently, polypropylene and polyester remain the most commonly utilized materials in modern meshes, with a reduction in the use of expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE). Newer synthetic materials have been developed, including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); however, long-term data is still being accrued. A variety of composite and hybrid meshes have also been developed that share characteristics of different materials to aid in mesh integration, impede adhesion formation, and/or provide some degree of resorption.
A/r/tography: At the Intersection of Art, Leisure, and Science

A/r/tography is an arts-based research methodology and form of representation. The spelling of the word indicates the ways multiple roles of artist, researcher, and teacher are folded in the proces...
Consuming Diet Supplemented with Either Red Wheat Bran or Soy Extract Changes Glucose and Insulin Levels in Female Obese Zucker Rats

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the inability to regulate blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance, resulting in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Research has shown that consuming soy and fiber may protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus. We performed a study to determine whether supplementing diet with soy extract (0.5% weight of diet) or fiber (as red wheat bran; 11.4% weight of diet) would decrease serum insulin and blood glucose levels in a pre-diabetic/metabolic syndrome animal model. In our study, female obese Zucker rats were fed either a control diet (n = 8) or control diet supplemented with either soy extract (n = 7) or red wheat bran (n = 8) for seven weeks. Compared to rats consuming control diet, rats fed treatment diets had significantly lower (p-value < 0.05) fasting serum insulin (control = 19.34±1.6; soy extract = 11.1±1.54; red wheat bran = 12.4±1.11) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values (control = 2.16±0.22; soy extract = 1.22±0.21; red wheat bran = 1.54±0.16). Non-fasted blood glucose was also significantly lower (p-value < 0.05) in rats fed treatment diets compared to rats consuming control diet at weeks four (control = 102.63±5.67; soy extract = 80.14±2.13; red wheat bran = 82.63±3.16), six (control = 129.5±10.83; soy extract = 89.14±2.48; red wheat bran = 98.13±3.54), and seven (control = 122.25±8.95; soy extract = 89.14±4.52; red wheat bran = 84.75±4.15). Daily intake of soy extract and red wheat bran may protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus by maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Hearing Loss: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Survey of Otologists’ and Pediatric Otolaryngologists’ Knowledge:

ObjectiveTo evaluate pediatric otolaryngologists, neurotologists, and otologists on awareness and knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV).Study DesignPilot cross-sectional online survey.Sett...
A Multimode Area-Efficient SCL Polar Decoder

Polar codes are of great interest, since they are the first provably capacity-achieving forward error correction codes. To improve throughput and to reduce decoding latency of polar decoders, maximum likelihood (ML) decoding units are used by successive cancellation list (SCL) decoders as well as SC decoders. This paper proposes an approximate ML (AML) decoding unit for SCL decoders first. In particular, we investigate the distribution of frozen bits of polar codes designed for both the binary erasure and additive white Gaussian noise channels, and take advantage of the distribution to reduce the complexity of the AML decoding unit, improving the throughput-area efficiency of the SCL decoders. Furthermore, a multimode (MM) SCL decoder with variable list sizes and parallelism is proposed. If high throughput or small latency is required, the decoder decodes multiple received words in parallel with a small list size. However, if error performance is of higher priority, the MM-SCL decoder switches to a serial mode with a bigger list size. Therefore, the MM-SCL decoder provides a flexible tradeoff between latency, throughput, and error performance at the expense of small overhead. Hardware implementation and synthesis results show that our polar decoders not only have a better throughput-area efficiency but also easily adapt to different communication channels and applications.
The Use of a Diabetes Electronic Medical Record Template Leads to Consistent Improvement of Screening for Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a prevalent chronic disease among the pediatric population. Complications of type 1 DM can be reduced with adequate glycemic control reflected by a target level Hemoglobin A1C (HA1C). Previously, we have shown the use of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) template and order set improved compliance with the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) screening guidelines for …
Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic.

Background Obesity (OB) is a serious epidemic in the United States. Methods We examined OB patterns and time trends across socio-economic and geographic parameters and projected the future situation. Large national databases were used. Overweight (OW), OB and severe obesity (SOB) were defined using body mass index cut-points/percentiles; central obesity (CO), waist circumference cut-point in adults and waist:height ratio cutoff in youth. Various meta-regression analysis models were fit for projection analyses. Results OB prevalence had consistently risen since 1999 and considerable differences existed across groups and regions. Among adults, men's OB (33.7%) and OW (71.6%) levelled off in 2009-2012, resuming the increase to 38.0 and 74.7% in 2015-2016, respectively. Women showed an uninterrupted increase in OB/OW prevalence since 1999, reaching 41.5% (OB) and 68.9% (OW) in 2015-2016. SOB levelled off in 2013-2016 (men: 5.5-5.6%; women: 9.7-9.5%), after annual increases of 0.2% between 1999 and 2012. Non-Hispanic Blacks had the highest prevalence in women's OB/SOB and men's SOB. OB prevalence in boys rose continuously to 20.6% and SOB to 7.5% in 2015-2016, but not in girls. By 2030, most Americans will be OB/OW and nearly 50% of adults OB, whereas ∼33% of children aged 6-11 and ∼50% of adolescents aged 12-19 will be OB/OW. Since 1999, CO has risen steadily, and by 2030 is projected to reach 55.6% in men, 80.0% in women, 47.6% among girls and 38.9% among boys. Regional differences exist in adult OB prevalence (2011-2016) and across ethnicities; South (32.0%) and Midwest (31.4%) had the highest rates. Conclusions US obesity prevalence has been rising, despite a temporary pause in 2009-2012. Wide disparities across groups and geographical regions persist. Effective, sustainable, culturally-tailored interventions are needed.
Analysis of D4Z4 mutation in a child with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy presented initially as mental retardation

Objective To identify pathological mutation of D4Z4 in a child with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) presented initially as mental retardation. Methods Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised in China (WISC-Ⅳ) was used to assess the patient’s IQ. Other clinical data was also collected. With genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples, the child and his parents were subjected to medical exome sequencing and copy number variation analysis by next generation sequencing (NGS). The D4Z4 repeats and their origin source were determined by molecular combing. Results By the WISC-Ⅳ test, the child was found to have a total IQ of 41, with a speech comprehension IQ of 45, and perceptual inference index IQ of 52. No pathological mutation was detected by NGS. By molecular combing method, the child was found to carry a D4Z4 spanning 5.2 kb with a copy number of 2. Analysis of his parents indicate that the mutation was de novo. Conclusion The D4Z4 copy number variation may account for the FSHD and mental retardation in the child. The molecular combing method can be used to identify the number of repeat units and facilitate the diagnosis of FSHD. Key words: Mental retardation; Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy; D4Z4 repeating unit; Molecular combing
Latitude Dependence of the COVID-19 Mortality Rateâ€”A Possible Relationshito Vitamin D Deficiency?

The latitude dependence of death rates due to COVID-19 infection suggests a possible relationshito vitamin D deficiency This relationshiis made stronger wh
Experiences of weight stigma and links with self-compassion among a population-based sample of young adults from diverse ethnic/racial and socio-economic backgrounds

Abstract Objective This study examines weight stigma experiences in a population-based sample of young adults from diverse ethnic/racial and socio-economic backgrounds, and explores cross-sectional associations between weight stigma and self-compassion, including gender differences in this relationship. Methods Data come from EAT 2018, a population-based study of weight and related behaviors in young adults (N = 1523, mean age = 22 years, 53.5% females). Adjusted models tested associations between different experiences of weight stigma and the Self-Kindness Subscale of the Self-Compassion Scale, controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity/race, and SES. Results Over a third (32.3–52.2%) of participants reported experiences of weight teasing, and almost half (39.2–54.8%) indicated that people in their work or school settings are treated differently based on weight. There were few differences across ethnic/racial groups in reports of weight stigma. The prevalence of weight stigma experiences reported by participants in their current school or work environment was similar across gender, and those who had experienced weight stigma had lower levels of self-kindness. Among both females and males, lower self-kindness scores were associated with the experience of weight teasing (females: χ2 = 22.6, df = 1, p Conclusion Associations between self-compassion and experiences of weight stigma found in our diverse sample of young adults offers insights on this understudied relationship.
Performance Evaluation of 10kV SiC-based Extreme Fast Charger for Electric Vehicles with Direct MV AC Grid Interconnection

This paper evaluates the performance of a 10kV SiC MOSFET based direct Medium Voltage (MV) connected Extreme Fast Charger (XFC) for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging applications. Two-stage converter topology is considered, where the Active Front End (AFE) is directly connected to the 4.16kV MV grid. The MVDC output of the AFE is processed by the isolated DC-DC converter to achieve the output voltage that is compatible with the EV battery. Thanks to the reconfiguration capability, the proposed XFC can charge both 400V and 800V EVs without any significant performance degradation. The data collected through experimental characterization of the 10kV SiC MOSFETs is used for simulating the complete converter of MV-XFC and performing loss analysis through MV SiC modeling in PLECs software. Analytical transformer losses and multiobjective design optimization are obtained using MATLAB. Based on the outcome of the multiobjective design optimization, the converter design parameters are selected and the trade-off between the loss and volume of the proposed design has been evaluated.
Are long-term FAD diets restricting micronutrient intake? A randomized controlled trial.

The micronutrient adequacy of common fad diets is rarely assessed. We compared a high-fiber diet [HF] with a low-carbohydrate diet [LC] to assess their effects on body weight and micronutrient adequacy. One hundred and seventy-three adult males and females with or without diabetes with a mean body mass index of 36 kg/m2 were randomized to either a HF or LC diet. Differences in anthropometrics, blood lipids, glucose, blood pressure, and micronutrient consumption between groups were assessed after 52 weeks. Differences between groups a priori were assessed using independent t tests and chi-squared tests. Post hoc differences in nutrient consumption between groups while controlling for gender were assessed using factorial analysis of variance. After 52 weeks, LC dieters (n = 24) retained weight loss better than their HF counterparts (n = 30) (p = .06). LC dieters consumed more vitamin K (mcg) [HF = 124.0 ± 15.0; LC = 220.0 ± 39.1; p = .025] and vitamin B12 (mcg) [HF = 3.1 ± 0.3; LC = 4.1 ± 0.4; p = .026]. The HF group consumed more folate (mcg) [HF = 479.9 ± 34.0); LC = 333.8 ± 22.1; p < .001], magnesium (mg) [HF = 353.1 ± 17.4; LC = 281.1 ± 18.0; p < .001], and iron (mg) [HF = 14.6 ± 0.8; LC = 10.7 ± 0.6; p < .001. Both groups consumed less than the respective EAR for vitamins D and E and less than the AI for potassium. While a LC diet may be more effective for long-term weight loss, both diets were deficient in micronutrients.
A differentiation theory for Itô's calculus

Abstract A peculiar feature of Ito's calculus is that it is an integral calculus that gives no explicit derivative with a systematic differentiation theory counterpart, as in elementary calculus. So, can we define a pathwise stochastic derivative of semimartingales with respect to Brownian motion that leads to a differentiation theory counterpart to Ito's integral calculus? From Ito's definition of his integral, such a derivative must be based on the quadratic variation process. We give such a derivative in this note and we show that it leads to a fundamental theorem of stochastic calculus, a generalized stochastic chain rule that includes the case of convex functions acting on continuous semimartingales, and the stochastic mean value and Rolle's theorems. In addition, it interacts with basic algebraic operations on semimartingales similarly to the way the deterministic derivative does on deterministic functions, making it natural for computations. Such a differentiation theory leads to many interesting a...
Comparing Spatial Release From Masking Using Traditional Methods and Portable Automated Rapid Testing iPad App

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare speech identification abilities of individuals of various ages and hearing abilities using traditional methods and Portable Automated Rapid Testing (PART) iPad app. Method Speech identification data were collected using three techniques: over headphones using a virtual speaker array, using PART iPad app (UCR Brain Game Center, 2018), and using loudspeaker presentation in a sound-attenuated room. For all three techniques, Coordinate Response Measure sentences were used as the stimuli and "Charlie" was used as the call sign. A progressive tracking procedure was used to estimate the speech identification thresholds for listeners with varying hearing thresholds. The target sentence was always presented at 0° azimuth angle, whereas the maskers were colocated (0°) with the target or symmetrically spatially separated by ±15°, ±30°, or ±45°. Results Data analysis revealed similar speech identification thresholds for the iPad and headphone conditions and slightly poorer thresholds for the loudspeaker array condition across participant groups. This was true for all spatial separations between the target and the maskers. Conclusion Strong correlation between the headphone and iPad data presented in this study indicated that the spatial release from masking module in the PART iPad app can be used as a clinical tool to assess spatial processing ability prior to audiologic evaluation in the clinic and can also be used to make recommendations for and to track progress with aural rehabilitation programs over time.
Numerical Investigation of Wing Section Undergoing Low-Frequency Aeroelastic Limit Cycle Oscillations

An in-house-developed computational fluid dynamics code that allows for grid motion was implicitly coupled with the differential equation for a harmonic oscillator. Simulations were carried out for...
Graph Filtering to Remove the "Middle Ground" for Anomaly Detection

Discovering patterns and anomalies in a variety of voluminous data represented as a graph is challenging. Current research has demonstrated success discovering graph patterns using a sampling of the data, but there has been little work when it comes to discovering anomalies that are based upon understanding what is normative. In this work we present two approaches to reducing graph data: subgraph filtering and graph filtering. The idea behind the proposed algorithms is the removal of a "murky middle", where data that may not be normative or anomalous, is removed from the discovery process. We empirically validate the proposed approach on real-world, pseudo-real-world, and synthetic data, as well as compare against a similar approach.
Studies in the Growth and Nutrition of Dairy Calves: VIII. Raising Dairy Heifers by Means of the Self-Feeder

Summary From this trial with a self-feeder in the raising of dairy heifers it is probable that the following suggestions may be made: 1. There is little difference in the feed cost of raising heifers to two years of age by the self-feeder method or by hand feeding where a liberal grain allowance is given. 2. The feed cost per pound of gain is lower with the self-fed heifers. 3. The heifers raised with the self-feeder will show the greater increases in live weights, height at withers, depth of chest and width. 4. The greatest relative increase will be in the live weight and though the skeletal measurements mentioned do show a true increase, this is further augmented by extra fleshing. 5. With self-fed heifers the extra conditioning may tend to delay breeding, or perhaps impair their breeding powers. 6. Ground oats and wheat bran are not palatable to heifers. 7. When the heifers are on a milk ration, whole corn is the grain consumed in greatest quantities; cracked corn and whole oats being used but little. 8. After weaning, and when under summer conditions, the consumption of cracked corn increased while that of whole corn decreased. 9. When the heifers were under winter conditions, after they were a year old, cracked corn and whole oats were apparently the most palatable grains. 10. Linseed oil meal was evidently a palatable supplement though the quantities of it consumed varied from time to time. 11. Salt was consumed regularly. The largest amounts were used when pasture was available.
Towards automated deployment of built-to-order systems

End-to-end automated application design and deployment poses a significant technical challenge. With increasing scale and complexity of IT systems and the manual handling of existing scripts and configuration files for application deployment that makes them increasingly error-prone and brittle, this problem has become more acute. Even though design tools have been used to automate system design, it is usually difficult to translate these designs to deployed systems in an automated manner due to both syntactic obstacles and the synchronization of multiple activities involved in such a deployment. We describe a generic process of automated deployment from design documents and evaluate this process for 1, 2, and 3-tier distributed applications.
Past and Future Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault

The San Andreas fault in Calfornia is one of the best studied earthquake-generating faults in the world. In their Perspective, Weldon et al . discuss recent efforts to construct "rupture scenarios," that is, possible histories of the date, location, and length of fault rupture of past earthquakes on the fault. Existing knowledge of the locations and dates of past earthquakes can be explained by different scenarios, but the authors argue that the evidence favors the hypothesis that the fault breaks in relatively infrequent, large earthquakes. They caution that the current 148-year hiatus since the last big earthquake is likely to end within the next ~50 years with a large rupture or sequence of ruptures spanning a substantial part of the fault.
Exploration of the meaning of sustainability in textiles and apparel discipline and prospects for curriculum enhancement

Sustainability is gaining importance because of heightened ecological challenges. The UN declared 2005-2014 as the decade of sustainable development encouraging educational institutions at all levels to nurture ecologically literate individuals. An ecologically literate person has the knowledge necessary to comprehend interrelatedness among individuals, society and nature, an attitude of care or stewardship, and the practical competence required to act on the basis of knowledge and feelings. This study focuses on developing an understanding of the definition of the term sustainability, and expectations related to sustainability for education in the discipline of textiles and apparel. Focus group interviews with college students provided an understanding as to how they define sustainability and how they take action to embody sustainable behavior in their personal and professional lives. The focus group interviews describe their ecological literacy level and understanding of sustainability. In order to get a holistic perspective, individual interviews with two additional audiences (academic and industry) were conducted. Results of focus groups indicated that students use a variety of terms to define sustainability and view it from an ecocentric perspective, but complete understanding and a comprehensive definition are absent. Results of individual interviews indicate that a life-long learning focus is critical to understand sustainability and its connection to the textile and apparel industry. Overall, results indicated that students are engaged with sustainability and take actions based on their knowledge, but that their knowledge is limited. Themes related to environment, longevity, recycling, resource depletion and conservation, mass
The fine structure of teleost epidermis: III. Club cells and other cell types

Club cells in the epidermis of the goldfish and catfish are similar in that their cytoplasm is filled with fine fibrils. Also, the nucleus invariably is centrally placed within the cell, and the cell is located in the mid layers of the epidermis. Club cells in eel epidermis have a characteristic central vacuole, and the remainder of the cytoplasm is packed with structures that resemble coiled filaments. Club cells from the goldfish and catfish are thought to be involved in mediating the “fright reaction” whereas club cells of the eel contribute to the formation of a slime layer. Chloride cells, important in osmoregulation, found in goldfish epidermis and granular cells of catfish epidermis also are described and discussed.
Prevention of relapse after chemotherapy in a chronic intracellular infection: mechanisms in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.

In visceral leishmaniasis, chemotherapy probably seldom eradicates all parasites in tissue macrophages; nevertheless, most T cell-intact patients show long-lasting clinical cure after treatment despite residual intracellular infection. To characterize prevention of posttreatment relapse, amphotericin B was used to kill ∼90–95% of Leishmania donovani in livers of mice deficient in mechanisms of acquired antileishmanial resistance. Recrudescence subsequently developed 1) in animals deficient in both CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as CD40L-mediated T cell costimulation, but not in a) CD4 or CD8 cells alone, b) NK cell lytic activity, or c) ICAM-1-recruited monocytes; and 2) in mice deficient in IFN-γ, but not in the IFN-γ-inducing cytokines, a) IL-12, b) IL-12 and IL-23, or c) IL-18. Posttreatment recrudescence also did not develop in animals deficient in macrophage phagocyte NADPH oxidase (phox) or inducible NO synthase (iNOS) alone or, surprisingly, in those deficient in both phox and iNOS. Therefore, regulation of the intracellular replication of residual Leishmania donovani that escape chemotherapy evolves to a host mechanism distinguishable from initial acquired resistance at the T cell, cytokine, and macrophage levels. Posttreatment, either CD8 or CD4 cells can direct the response, IL-12 is not required, and iNOS and phox, the activated macrophage’s primary IFN-γ-inducible leishmanicidal pathways, both become dispensable.
Pair-breaking effects and coherence peak in the terahertz conductivity of superconducting BaFe 2 − 2 x Co 2 x As 2 thin films

We report a study of high quality pnictide superconductor ${\text{BaFe}}_{1.84}{\text{Co}}_{0.16}{\text{As}}_{2}$ epitaxial thin films using time-domain terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. Near ${T}_{c}$ we find evidence for a coherence peak and qualitative agreement with the weak-coupling Mattis-Bardeen form of the conductivity. The real part of the THz conductivity is found to be not fully suppressed at low temperature and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}$ is significantly smaller than the Matthis-Bardeen expectation. The temperature dependence of the penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ follows a power law with an unusually high exponent of 3.1. We interpret these results as consistent with impurity scattering-induced pair breaking. Taken together our results are strong evidence for an extended $s\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ order-parameter symmetry.
A continuously-adaptive filter implemented as a lattice structure

This paper is concerned with the use of adaptive, linear, non-recursive digital filters. Filters of this type are generally implemented in tapped-delay-line form and have been widely used in linear prediction filtering, spectral estimation and noise cancelling applications. Recently, an alternative implementation, called the lattice structure, has been proposed for fixed-coefficient recursive and non-recursive digital filters. The purpose of this paper is to present a class of adaptive algorithms suitable for use with the lattice structure, and to compare these algorithms with the conventional tapped-delay-line implementation. It is suggested that the successive orthogonalization offered by the lattice may provide convergence advantages not obtainable with tapped-delay-line methods.
Raman Spectroscopy of Gases

The sections in this article are Introduction Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy High-Resolution Rotation–Vibration Spectra Use of Interferometers Raman Line Widths Intensity Alternation Supersonic Jet Expansions Vibrational Raman Spectra Scattering Cross-Sections Resonance Raman Spectra Raman Spectroscopy under Extreme Conditions Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Stimulated Raman Gain or Loss Spectroscopy Photoacoustic Raman Scattering Double Resonance Techniques Line Widths and Line Shapes Time-Domain Nonlinear Spectroscopy Wavenumber Calibration of Raman Spectra Some Applications Summary Acknowledgments
Anchorage Arrival Scheduling Under Off-nominal Weather Conditions

Weather can cause flight diversions, passenger delays, additional fuel consumption and schedule disruptions at any high volume airport. The impacts are particularly acute at the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska due to its importance as a major international portal. To minimize the impacts due to weather, a multi-stage scheduling process is employed that is iteratively executed, as updated aircraft demand and/or airport capacity data become available. The strategic scheduling algorithm assigns speed adjustments for flights that originate outside of Anchorage Center to achieve the proper demand and capacity balance. Similarly, an internal departure-scheduling algorithm assigns ground holds for pre-departure flights that originate from within Anchorage Center. Tactical flight controls in the form of airborne holding are employed to reactively account for system uncertainties. Real-world scenarios that were derived from the January 16, 2012 Anchorage visibility observations and the January 12, 2012 Anchorage arrival schedule were used to test the initial implementation of the scheduling algorithm in fast-time simulation experiments. Although over 90% of the flights in the scenarios arrived at Anchorage without requiring any delay, pre-departure scheduling was the dominant form of control for Anchorage arrivals. Additionally, tactical scheduling was used extensively in conjunction with the pre-departure scheduling to reactively compensate for uncertainties in the arrival demand. For long-haul flights, the strategic scheduling algorithm performed best when the scheduling horizon was greater than 1,000 nmi. With these long scheduling horizons, it was possible to absorb between ten and 12 minutes of delay through speed control alone. Unfortunately, the use of tactical scheduling, which resulted in airborne holding, was found to increase as the strategic scheduling horizon increased because of the additional uncertainty in the arrival times of the aircraft. Findings from these initial experiments indicate that it is possible to schedule arrivals into Anchorage with minimal delays under low-visibility conditions with less disruption to high-cost, international flights.
Apparent Production of Two Types of Antibodies by a Single Cell

Immunization of mice with bacterial, sheep red cells coated with antigen resulted in apparent production of antibody-forming plaques with specificities for both hemolysis and bactericidal activity. The secondary response for production of these bifunctional types of plaques could be induced by red blood cells or bacteria alone. A significant mutual suppression of immune response between the two immunizing agents was observed.
Treatment of skin cancer using multiple modalities

Physicians concerned with modern treatment of skin cancer should be knowledgeable about the indications and contraindications of the five major modalities available for the treatment of skin cancer: electrosurgery, excision and suture closure surgery, radiation therapy, cryosurgery, and Mohs' chemosurgery. Flexibility in the application of these modalities is important if physicians are to offer patients the best method for the treatment of each skin cancer. Selection of the proper treatment method must take into consideration factors of cell type, size and depth, specific anatomic location, duration, primary or recurrent, single or multiple, degree of sun damage to surrounding skin, and age and general health of the patient. This review seeks to define the relative advantages and disadvantages, as well as indications and contraindications, of these five major modalities. This review also seeks to present relative guidelines for choosing treatment methods, including discussions of the previously mentioned factors.
Pendular bond strength between unequal-sized spherical particles

Abstract The pendular liquid bridge between two unequal-sized particles is studied by assuming that the liquid-bridge profile is circular in shape. Expressions for principal radii of curvature, liquid-bridge volume, and force of adhesion are derived in terms of the ratio of sphere diameters, solid/liquid contact angle, and angles of filling. The mean radius of curvature is calculated by using an averaging procedure, which is simple and accurate. Surface tension force, capillary force, and total force of adhesion between unequal-size spheres are calculated as a function of liquid-bridge volume. It is found that the size ratio of the spherical particles and the contact angle do not have a significant effect on the surface tension force. On the other hand, the capillary force and the total force of adhesion between the particles decrease with increasing contact angle and increasing size ratio of smaller to larger particle.