cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conserved quantities at spatial and null infinity: The Penrose potential.

We define a superpotential for energy-momentum and rotation momentum which is built out of the conformal tensor and a bivector. This superpotential is identified with that used by Penrose in his definition of quasilocal energy. It is applied to the definition of energy-momentum and rotation momentum at spatial and at null infinities. At spatial infinity the results are in agreement with those of Ashtekar and Hansen. At null infinity the results are unsatisfactory; they are tied to a specific Bondi frame. Thus, they are not in agreement with the results of Tamburino and Winicour, Geroch and Winicour, nor with those of Dray and Streubel. Some reasons for this failure are discussed.
Library of Congress Digital Library effort

The Library of Congress has been actively seeking gift funds to continue the digitization efforts begun five years ago by its American Memory pilot project, which has successfully digitized more than 210,000 items. Many of these items have been made available to 44 test sites around the United States, and selected items from this project are also available via the Library of Congress's World-Wide Web server (http://www.loc.gov). Last October, the library received a total of $13 million in grant and gift funds to digitize its American historical collections, many of which are unique, and to help it identify instructional uses of digitized library materials.
CONCERTED DIFFUSION OF MOLECULAR CLUSTERS IN A MOLECULAR SIEVE

We show that attractive interactions between molecules adsorbed in molecular sieves play a vital role in the mechanisms and rates of intracrystalline diffusion. Over a wide temperature range, the single-file diffusion of CF{sub 4} , SF{sub 6} , and CCl{sub 4} in AlPO{sub 4} -5 is dominated by the diffusion of molecular clusters. SF{sub 6} and CCl{sub 4} clusters diffuse by concerted mechanisms involving all of the cluster{close_quote}s molecules simultaneously. The activation energies, E{sub a} , for these mechanisms are strongly size dependent and are lower than E{sub a} for monomer diffusion. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Energy storage effects on day-ahead operation of power systems with high wind penetration

This paper simulates the optimal day-ahead operation of energy storage in a power system with high wind penetration. Mixed integer programming is employed to formulate the optimal scheduling problem of a thermal based power system with energy storage as a centralized optimization. Simulation of the operation of a 10-generator power system with near-ideal storage is employed to identify the effects of energy storage on generation cost and conventional power plants. Simulation results show that implementation of energy storage reduces total energy generation costs for wind energy penetration levels up to 30%, while also reducing the variability in the output power of conventional generation units and wind energy spillage.
Development Of Biorthonormal Eigenvectors For Modal Analysis Of Linear Discrete Non-classically Damped Systems

Abstract For linear discrete non-classically damped systems, it is shown that truncated orthonormal and biorthonormal eigenvector matrices can be developed for the purpose of uncoupling the physical equations of motion in a truncated ordered set of normal co-ordinates. This approach avoids for large systems the impractical step of having to find the entire modal matrix and its inverse and then apply these matrices as a similarity transformation to the system matrix. The development focuses on systems that possess simultaneously both classical and non-classical natural modes of free vibration. It is shown that the forced motion can be expanded partially in the classical modal vectors and partially in the non-classical modal vectors. The biorthonormal eigenvectors needed for expanding the forced motion are associated with asynchronous non-classical natural modes. These modes arise whenever the algebraic multiplicity of a non-classical eigenvalue exceeds the eigenvalue's geometric multiplicity in the non-classical eigenvector subspace. The development takes advantage of the simplifying properties that come with a symmetric formulation of the equations of motion in state space. Two examples illustrate the analytical results.
Distribution of aflatoxin B1 in tissues of mink (Mustela vison).

Abstract Seven female mink ( Mustela vison ) were injected intraperitoneally with single dose of 100 μg aflatoxin B 1 ( 14 C-labeled and unlabeled). They were sacrificed 1, 2, 4, and 24 h after dosing. Liver, intestines, stomach, lung, kidney, brain, pancreas, spleen, urinary bladder, uterus, and bile were removed and examined for the retained radioactivity. 1 h after dosing, intestines and their contents retained the largest amount of 14 C-radioactivity (18.9% of the amount that was administered) which was followed by liver (13.2%) and bile (10.8%). At this time all other tissues retained less than 1% of the administered radioactivity. Generally, the amount of radioactivity retained in all tissues declined with time. Only 1.2 and 0.6% of the administered radioactivity was found in intestines and bile, respectively, 24 h after dosing; however, the liver still contained 6.6% of the initial radioactivity. Examination of subcellular fractions of liver revealed that all time intervals most of the radioactivity was associated with the microsomal supernatant fluid.
ANAPHORIC PRONOUNS IN VERY LATE MEDIEVAL SUPPOSITION THEORY

This paper arose from an attempt to determine how the very late medieval 1 supposition theorists treated anaphoric pronouns, pronouns whose significance is derivative from their antecedents. Modern researches into pronouns were stimulated in part by the problem of "donkey sentences" discussed by Geach (1962) in a section explaining what is wrong with medieval supposition theory. So there is some interest in seeing exactly what the medieval account comes to, especially if it turns out, as I suspect, to work as well as contemporary ones. Besides, finding a good analysis of pronouns has proved to be very difficult, and so we might possibly find some insight in a historically different kind of approach. I discuss a version of supposition theory that aims at producing analyses of sentences containing quantified terms, 2 as articulated around 1400 by Paul of Venice, and as further developed by certain logicians such as de Soto and Celaya in the 1400's and early 1500's. 3 Much of what I will say also applies indirectly to earlier versions of supposition theory (before
The J-curve: Indonesia vs. Her Major Trading Partners

Couple previous studies that have investigated the J-curve phenomenon for Indonesia, have employed aggregate trade data and provided mixed results. Given the aggregation bias embodied in using trade data between Indonesia and the rest of the world, we disaggregate Indonesian trade data by trading partners and investigate the short-run as well as the long-run effects of the real bilateral exchange rate on the bilateral trade balance between Indonesia and each of her 13 trading partners. We find evidence of the J-curve effect in five out of 13 trading partners.
Local Exchange Approximations and the Virial Theorem

Two contradictory conclusions on the question whether the local exchange potentials yield energy values consistent with the virial theorem are resolved here.
Effect of injection of thyrotropin upon deiodination of diiodotyrosine by rat thyroid and liver.

Intravenous administration of thyrotropin in rats resulted in prompt enhancement of the deiodinating activity of thyroid tissue, as judged by the formation of labeled iodide in gland homogenates incubated with labeled diiodotyrosine. Deiodinating activity of thyroid tissue was significantly greater than in the controls within 3 hr after TSH injection, and the increased activity persisted for at least 24 hr. The deiodinating activity of liver slices and homogenates was not modified by the administration of TSH. Deiodinating activity of thyroid homogenates was greatly enhanced by addition of TPNH to the incubation medium; in such fortified homogenates, the deiodinating activity of thyroid tissue of TSH-treated rats was not appreciably different from that of the controls. The results suggest that TSH-induced stimulation of thyroidal deiodinating activity may be related to an increased glandular concentration of TPNH.
Calcium-dependent phospholipid catabolism and arachidonic acid mobilization in cerebral minces

Cerebral minces were used to investigate the role of calcium influx on trauma-induced alterations of brain lipid metabolism. Cerebral phospholipids, nonpolar lipids, and free fatty acids were radiolabeled in vivo with [3H]arachidonic acid. Tissue incubation stimulated the time-dependent catabolism of choline and inositol glycerophospholipids, and resulted in the accumulation of [3H]free fatty acids. These effects were attenuated in Ca2+-free incubations, and when EGTA or verapamil were present. The inhibition of calcium influx also reduced the labeling of diglycerides, whereas ethanolamine and serine glycerophospholipids were not affected by incubation or treatments. Replacing Ca2+ with other cations also attenuated the incubation-dependent alterations in lipid metabolism. However, only cadmium was able to compete with calcium and reduce the accumulation of [3H]free fatty acids. It appeared that about half of the observed phospholipid catabolism was dependent on Ca2+ influx and that at least 80% of the [3H]free fatty acid accumulation required calcium.
Theoretical base for pipeline leakage detection by means of IR camera

This article deals with a theoretical substantiation of infrared camera application for pipeline leaks detection. Three various physical principles of temperature anomalies appearance from pipeline leaks are considered. Models of pipeline and leaks thermal contrast are considered. Numerical meanings of temperature differences for three methods are determined. The required basic parameters of the thermal equipment for detection of pipeline leaks are determined.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Integrated Midinfrared Laser Based on an Er-Doped Chalcogenide Microresonator

On-chip midinfrared (mid-IR) optical sources play an increasingly important role in building a fully integrated photonic system for sensing, imaging, communications, and signal processing applications. In this paper, we present a practical room-temperature planar design for an Er-doped chalcogenide-based mid-IR laser, which features a multimode microresonator. The cavity is carefully designed to have a high Q-factor at both pump (0.66 μm) and lasing (3.6 μm) wavelengths, which are separated by more than two octaves. This is achieved by using a novel idea of operating the cavity as a microdisk at the pump wavelength and as a microring at the lasing wavelength. Detailed numerical analysis shows that the high-Q feature of the cavity greatly reduces the lasing threshold to 7.6 μW, with a laser slope efficiency of 10%.
Prenatal Predictors of Intimate Partner Abuse

Objective To determine the prevalence of physical abuse and to identify predictors of abuse in a sample of pregnant women in Alabama. Design A prospective, correlational design was used. Setting Participants were drawn from four unrelated public and private prenatal clinics in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Participants The sample consisted of pregnant women between 20 and 34 years of age who had no high‐risk health conditions and who initiated prenatal care during the 1st trimester. Four hundred thirty‐nine ethnically diverse women completed interviews during the 1st and 3rd trimesters and had available birth outcomes. Main Outcome Measure Physical abuse during pregnancy was measured by a modified version of the Abuse Assessment Screen. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions yielded significant associations between individual predictors and physical abuse during pregnancy. Results The findings showed that 10.9% of the sample experienced physical abuse during the current pregnancy and 62% reported the intimate partner or former intimate partner to be the perpetrator. The best predictive model included stressful life events, depression, lack of faith in God or a higher power, and lack of contraceptive use.
Refractory hypoxemia associated with neonatal pulmonary disease: The use and limitations of tolazoline

Thirty-nine critically ill infants with pulmonary disease received tolazoline because of severe hypoxemiarefractory to administration of 100% O 2 and mechanical ventilation. Twenty-seven (69%) of the infants responded with an increase in Pa O 2 ≥20 torr in the first umbilical arterial gas after completion of the initial ten-minute infusion (1 to 2 mg/kg) of the drug. A response was not correlated with survival. The overall survival was 46%, essentially unchanged from our previous report (44%). Infants with hyaline membrane disease had the poorest survival rate (33%). Complications associated with the use of tolazoline occurred in 82% of the infants. A hypotensive reaction, defined as a 25% decrease in mean arterial pressure from the pre-tolazoline level, occurred in 67% of the infants, and more commonly in the infants with RDS (87%). In 11 infants who did not respond to the initial dose of tolazoline, the dose was increased up to 10 mg/kg/hour; only one infant responded, and eight (73%) had a hypotensive reaction.
Histopathology of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a complex problem because there are a number of different histological cell types. Those commonly grouped as bronchogenic carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and adenosquamous carcinoma) account for more than 90% of the new cases and the deaths each year. The natural history of bronchogenic carcinoma suggests that many years pass while the cancer evolves from a pre-cancerous change in the bronchial mucosa, to undetectable microscopic cancer, to preclinical asymptomatic cancer and finally into a full symptomatic cancer, the phase of most lung malignancies in the tissue at diagnosis. Therefore, students of the aetiology of this disease must consider what has happened to patients 5-20 years before lung cancer is diagnosed.
Predicting interannual variability in evapotranspiration rates

The amount of evapotranspiration (ET), the sum of all the water that evaporates from the surface or is drawn up through plants and vented as vapor, is a strong controlling factor for the amount of water left over for other purposes, such as groundwater recharge or surface runoff. Understanding how ET rates vary from year to year is challenging, because the change is inherently controlled by small-scale variations in vegetation type and density, soil properties, and meteorological conditions. Yet there has been some success understanding variations in ET at the watershed scale. Analyzing daily measurements of evapotranspiration for 547 watersheds across the United States from 1983 to 2006, Cheng et al. identified a strong linear relationship between two slightly different ratios: the ratio between the watershed's potential evapotranspiration (PET) and precipitation and that between observed ET and precipitation. This is surprising because many previous studies suggested a nonlinear relationship between the two ratios by following the Budyko framework, a dominant approach in water cycle modeling that relates ET rates to the amount of energy and water in the system.
Insight into helicase mechanism and function revealed through single-molecule approaches

Helicases are a class of nucleic acid (NA) motors that catalyze NTP-dependent unwinding of NA duplexes into single strands, a reaction essential to all areas of NA metabolism. In the last decade, single-molecule (sm) technology has proven to be highly useful in revealing mechanistic insight into helicase activity that is not always detectable via ensemble assays. A combination of methods based on fluorescence, optical and magnetic tweezers, and flow-induced DNA stretching has enabled the study of helicase conformational dynamics, force generation, step size, pausing, reversal and repetitive behaviors during translocation and unwinding by helicases working alone and as part of multiprotein complexes. The contributions of these sm investigations to our understanding of helicase mechanism and function will be discussed.
Aging and scleroderma

Although rare in the general population, geriatricians and general practitioners should be aware of the clinical manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc) as it can present at an older age and may have unique patterns of organ involvement. Furthermore, recent important advances in treatment have improved survival among SSc patients resulting in a distinct population aging with SSc. Symptoms of SSc overlap frequently with those of the aging population (such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and cold sensitivity), however, specific features, such as the new onset of Raynaud phenomenon or the new onset of swelling of the hands and feet, should prompt an evaluation for SSc. Elderly-onset SSc patients may have higher rates of specific organ manifestations (such as pulmonary hypertension) but can present with the whole spectrum of SSc. The diagnosis and care of elderly patients with SSc present unique and challenging issues best approached by a multidisciplinary team focusing on each SSc-specific organ system.
Modeling the strain hardening response of low SFE FCC alloys

Abstract A mathematical description has been proposed to capture the complex four-stage strain hardening behavior of low stacking fault energy (SFE) polycrystalline fcc metallic alloys that deform plastically by both slip and twinning mechanisms. It has been demonstrated that the proposed model is capable of predicting fairly accurately the measurements reported previously on the strain-hardening responses of several fcc alloys, including brasses (varying Zn content), stainless steels, and a Co–Ni superalloy, deformed to large strains in simple compression tests. For a set of alloys with a wide range of SFEs but with roughly the same initial average grain size, it was demonstrated that only one material parameter in the proposed model was influenced by the stacking fault energy of the alloy; all other parameters normalized by the shear modulus of the alloy maintained approximately the same value. The parameters that are strongly influenced by the grain size have been identified for these alloys. A physical interpretation has been provided for the various material parameters in the proposed strain-hardening model.
Missouri Casino Self-Excluders: Distributions Across Time and Space

According to public health research, exposure to casinos is a risk factor for disordered gambling. Consequently, casino self-exclusion programs, which provide gamblers with the opportunity to voluntarily seek limits on their access to gambling venues, can serve as a barometer of the concentration of disordered gambling in an area. This study reports on the distribution, both temporally and geographically, of 6,599 people who applied to exclude themselves from Missouri casinos between November, 1996 and February, 2004. Analyses used Microsoft MapPoint to plot the location of casinos and self-excluders (SEs) across Missouri and its constituent counties. These regional exposure analyses showed that the Western region around Kansas City is an epicenter of disordered gambling as, to a lesser extent, is the Eastern region around St. Louis. The annual number of SE enrollments increased during the first few years of the Missouri self-exclusion program and then leveled off during the later years. These findings have important implications for public health and the development of public health interventions for disordered gamblers.
Effect of temperature and fiber distribution on matrix cracking in ceramic matrix composites

Abstract In this paper, the matrix cracking of Nicalon-fiber/SiC-matrix ceramic composites under high temperature is studied. First the fracture toughness of the matrix material (SiC) is obtained using monolithic (SiC coated on a graphite base) and composite (Nicalon/SiC) specimens at various temperatures ranging from room temperature to 800°C. It is observed that the matrix fracture toughness is reduced significantly at elevated temperatures. The experimental results also indicate that it is easier to generate microcracks in regions with higher local density of fibers and thus the “apparent fracture toughness” which includes the effect of fiber distribution is reduced with increasing local volume fraction of fibers. A theoretical model to predict this behavior has been developed and the results agree qualitatively and quantitatively well with the experimental findings. Finally, debonding along the fiber/matrix interface is studied and the shear strength of the interface is obtained by a combination of experimental data and finite element calculations.
Microbial sealing: a new approach to reducing contamination.

Summary Most surgical site infections (SSIs) are caused by the patient's endogenous flora, and hence strategies to prevent bacterial contamination of the surgical incision have a central role in the prevention of such infections. However, even with optimal skin preparation, true sterilisation of the skin is not possible. A recently available method of preventing infection is a cyanoacrylate-based microbial sealant (marketed as InteguSeal * Microbial Sealant), which mechanically blocks migration of pathogens to the surgical wound. In in-vitro studies, this preoperative preparation reduced the recovery of pathogens commonly implicated in SSIs by up to 99.9%. Similarly, the incidence of wound contamination was lower with the microbial sealant than with antimicrobial surgical drapes in in-vivo studies. Other studies have shown that this microbial sealant significantly improves the effect of povidone iodine by fixing it on the skin and avoiding wash off, and does not affect normal skin transpiration. In a clinical study in 177 patients, the incidence of wound contamination was 53.0% with the sealant, compared with 68.7% using povidone iodine. The conclusion of this clinical study is that InteguSeal * Microbial Sealant significantly reduces surgical wound bacterial contamination when used in conjunction with 10% povidone iodine skin preparation, as compared to povidone iodine alone. The clinical experience to date is that this sealant is easy to apply and can be used with a variety of skin preparation solutions and with most wound closure techniques. It also has a good safety profile. This preparation may therefore form a valuable part of strategies to reduce bacterial contamination of surgical incisions, thereby potentially decreasing the risk of SSIs.
Charge Transfer in a Multiperipheral Picture

The transfer of charge from one c.m. hemisphere to the other is discussed in terms of schematic multiperipheral models. The resultant expectations for experimental quantities contrast markedly with predictions based on the fragmentation picture. Particularly sensitive tests between the rival viewpoints are indicated.
Synthesis and 1H NMR studies of some pentacoordinate tin(IV) complexes derived from triphenyltin halides

Abstract Several anionic—cationic and neutral pentacoordinate tin(IV) complexes were prepared by the reaction of triorganotin(IV) halides, R 3 SnX (R =Me and X =Cl; R =Ph and X =F, Cl, Br) with tetraalkylammonium halides and neutral ligands (pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, hexamethylphosphoramide and triphenylphosphine oxide). The complexes were examined in solution by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and characterized as having trigonal bipyramidal geometry around tin where the phenyl groups occupy the equatorial sites and more electronegative ligands are at axial positions. The 1 H NMR spectra of these complexes showed two distinct sets of aromatic multiplets arising from ortho -protons at low field, and meta - and para -protons at high field. A possible rationale has been offered for this observation. The upward shift of the tetraalkylammonium proton resonances in the phenyl-substituted complexes has been postulated to arise from shielding caused by the aromatic ring.
QUANTUM KIRWAN MORPHISM AND GROMOV-WITTEN INVARIANTS OF QUOTIENTS I

This is the second in a sequence of papers in which we construct a quantum version of the Kirwan map from the equivariant quantum cohomology QH G (X) of a smooth polarized complex projective variety X with the action of a connected complex reductive group G to the orbifold quantum cohomology QH(X//G) of its geometric invariant theory quotient X//G, and prove that it intertwines the genus zero gauged Gromov–Witten potential of X with the genus zero Gromov–Witten graph potential of X//G. In this part we construct virtual fundamental classes on the moduli spaces used in the construction of the quantum Kirwan map and the gauged Gromov–Witten potential.
Echocardiographic Source of Early Anterior Systolic Motion in Late Systolic Mitral Valve Prolapse

The echocardiographic features of patients with parachute mitral valve have revealed the combination of an early systolic movement of the mitral valve and late systolic prolapse. Cross-sectional echocardiographic and angiographic studies showed that the early systolic anterior motion was produced by the presence of a flail scallop of the anterior mitral leaflet in the left ventricular outflow tract.
Locking Plate Fixation for Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Comparison With Other Fixation Techniques

Various traditional surgical treatment methods for displaced proximal humerus fractures were compared with locking plates. Ninety-eight patients were reviewed and functional outcomes were obtained. After a mean 45-month follow-up, trends were noted toward better fracture reduction with locking plates and greater range of motion (ROM) with percutaneous pinning. Complications occurred in 22 patients, unrelated to treatment type. Method of fixation did not correlate with outcome scores, but functional ROM was associated with better American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores. Locking plates are comparable to traditional fixation methods. Functional ROM is associated with better outcome scores.
The Day-of-the-Week and the Week-of-the-Month Effects: An Analysis of Investors' Trading Activities

This study examines the positive Monday returns detected in the stock market during the 1988–1998 period and finds that (a) the positive Monday returns are concentrated in the first and the third weeks of the month, and (b) they are related to the increasing trading activities of institutional investors.
The Functional Neuroanatomy of Awareness: With a Focus on the Role of Various Anatomical Systems in the Control of Intermodal Attention

This review considers a number of recent theories on the neural basis of consciousness, with particular attention to the theories of Bogen, Crick, Llinas, Newman, and Changeux. These theories allot different roles to various key brain areas, in particular the reticular and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and the cortex. Crick's hypothesis is that awareness is a function of reverberating corticothalamic loops and that the spotlight of intramodal attention is controlled by the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. He also proposed different mechanisms for attention and intention ("will"). The current review presents a new hypothesis, based on elements from these hypotheses, including intermodal attention and olfaction and pain, which may pose problems for Crick's original theory. This work reviews the possible role in awareness and intermodal attention and intention of the cholinergic system in the basal forebrain and the tegmentum; the reticular, the intralaminar, and the dorsomedial thalamic nuclei; the raphe and locus coeruleus; the reticular formation; the ventral striatum and extended amygdala; insula cortex, and other selected cortical, areas. Both clinical and basic research data are covered. The conclusion is reached that the brain may work by largely nonlinear parallel processing and much intramodal shifts of attention may be effected by intracortical, or multiple corticothalamic mechanisms (small local "flashlights" rather than one major "searchlight"). But this is constrained by the functional anatomy of the circuits concerned and waking "awareness" is modulated by the many "nonspecific" systems (cholinergic from the basal forebrain, noradrenergic from the locus coeruleus, dopaminergic from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum, and serotoninergic from the raphe). But the principal agents for intermodal attention shifts, the "searchlight," may be two key nuclei of the cholinergic system in the mesencephalon. Clinical loss of consciousness results from damage to these nuclei but not from damage to the cholinergic nucleus basalis of the basal forebrain.
Diagnostic criteria for the evaluation of the endoscopic pancreatogram

Pancreatography was successful in 80 of 104 patients in whom endoscopic duct cannulation was attempted because of pancreatic disease. The findings in acute recurrent and chronic pancreatitis, in pseudocyst, and in neoplasm are described. Ductal obstruction did not differentiate the various pancreatic diseases, but other distinguishing features were helpful. Biliary tract disorders were found in 23 patients. The authors recommend demonstration of both pancreatic and bile ducts when possible.
Surface-level mechanistic studies of adsorbate–adsorbate interactions in heterogeneous catalysis by metals

Abstract Despite being considered a mature field, recent developments in experimental and theoretical techniques have greatly increased the fundamental understanding of complex surface processes in catalysis. One area of particular interest is the effect of co-adsorbed species on reactivity in heterogeneous systems. Experiments have demonstrated that co-adsorbed species, both organic and inorganic, can improve surface activity and selectivity. We begin by classifying adsorbate–adsorbate interactions that have been shown to alter the reactivity of a metal surface. We then review numerous systems where such effects have been observed using experiment or theory. Systems such as the hydrogenation of olefins with other carbonaceous adsorbates present, the chiral templating of surfaces, and the co-adsorption of alkalis, halides, and other inorganic “poisons” to improve selectivity are discussed in detail. Finally, future directions of study and outstanding questions are addressed.
Microwave atmospheric temperature sounding - Effects of clouds on the Nimbus 5 satellite data

The microwave spectrometer on the Nimbus 5 earth observatory satellite has been used to measure thermal radiation in five frequency bands between 22.235 and 58.8 GHz. Clouds were observed to affect less than 0.5% of the temperature profile soundings. Most such effects occur in the intertropical convergence zone and alter the inferred temperature profile by less than a few degrees Centigrade. These effects are evident as cold spots at 53.65 GHz and can be identified by virtue of their small spatial extent, in contrast to smooth variations characteristic of normal atmospheric temperature fields. These effects at 53.65 GHz are sufficiently well correlated with inferred liquid water abundances that they can be used for detecting major storm systems over both land and sea.
Stylistic Variations Among Professional Research Scientists

(1960). Stylistic Variations Among Professional Research Scientists. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 87-98.
Experience with in-service examinations of pediatric surgical trainees

Abstract A formal examination is an effective device for assessing certain aspects of a resident's competence. Participation by outside examiners is advisable. Generalizations on the basis of 2 yr of experience may be premature, however, the oral examination, strengthened by outside examiners and complimented by a written clinical problem-solving test, has provided insight into the candidates' abilities and into their progress from the first to the second year. In addition, this process has identified strengths and weaknesses in the training program, which has led to modifications of the surgical curriculum. It is concluded that comprehensive oral and written examination of pediatric surgical trainees at the completion of their first year and again at the end of their second year yields information that is of importance to the trainee and to the faculty.
Multistability of clustered states in a globally inhibitory network

Abstract We study a network of m identical excitatory cells projecting excitatory synaptic connections onto a single inhibitory interneuron, which is reciprocally coupled to all excitatory cells through inhibitory synapses possessing short-term synaptic depression. We find that such a network with global inhibition possesses multiple stable activity patterns with distinct periods, characterized by the clustering of the excitatory cells into synchronized sub-populations. We prove the existence and stability of n -cluster solutions in a m -cell network. Using methods of geometric singular perturbation theory, we show that any n -cluster solution must satisfy a set of consistency conditions that can be geometrically derived. We then characterize the basin of attraction of each solution. Although frequency dependent depression is not necessary for multistability, we discuss how it plays a key role in determining network behavior. We find a functional relationship between the level of synaptic depression, the number of clusters and the interspike interval between neurons. This relationship is much less pronounced in the absence of depression. Implications for temporal coding and memory storage are discussed.
Effects of oestrogen on the differentiation of some reproductive behaviours in male pigeons (Columba livia).

At Cornell University in Ithaca New York the hypothesis that estrogen in a very young male bird can organize typically feminine behavior was studied. Males recently hatched were treated with diethylstilbestrol for about 4 weeks 10 days or 48 hours beginning on Days 1 3 5 and 9 posthatching. Behavioral tests occurred after maturation. Long-treatment birds displayed feminization of bow coo bow/bow coo nest call and probably the behavior patterns known as gather nest material squat beg and bill with beak inside partners. On the other hand the shorter treatment beginning Day 9 and the 10-day treatment might have induced hastened maturation of the normal male pattern of displacement preen. The estrogen treatments brought specific alterations in individual components of reproductive behavior rather than generalized change. It is believed that the diethylstilbestrol caused an organizing of the central nervous system in the centers directly mediating individual behaviors.(Authors modified)
Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations

Abstract Over the last decade and a half, the topic areas of charismatic and transformational leadership in organizational settings have undergone a significant evolution in terms of both theory development and empirical investigations. As a result, our knowledge about these leadership forms has deepened, and there are several dominant theories that are now established paradigms in the leadership field. At the same time, despite advances, there are numerous dimensions of these leadership forms about which we still know very little. Given this moment in the field's evolution, it is only appropriate that we take stock of where we have been and where we need to go into the future. We therefore provide an overview of the evolution of charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations. We examine progress along the following dimensions: 1) leader behaviors and their effects; 2) follower dispositions and dependency dynamics; 3) contextual factors; 4) institutionalization and succession forces; and 5) the liabilities of charismatic and transformational leaders.
Mechanical, hygroscopic, and thermal properties of ultrathin polymeric substrates for magnetic tapes

Mechanical, hygroscopic, and thermal properties of improved ultrathin polymeric films for magnetic tapes are presented. These films include poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), and aromatic polyamide (ARAMID). PET films are currently the most commonly used polymeric substrate material for magnetic tapes, followed by PEN and ARAMID. The thickness of the films ranges from 6.2 to 4.8 μm. Tensile tests were run to obtain the Young's modulus, F5 value, strain at yield, breaking strength, and strain at break. The storage modulus, E′, and the loss tangent, tan δ, were measured using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) at temperature ranges of −50 to 150°C (for PET) and −50 to 210°C (for PEN and ARAMID) and at a frequency range of 0.016–28 Hz. Frequency–temperature superposition was used to predict the dynamic mechanical behavior of the films over a 28-decade frequency range. Short-term longitudinal creep behavior of the films during 10, 30, 60, and 300 s, 7 MPa, were measured at 25 and 55°C. Long-term longitudinal creep measurements were performed at 25, 40, and 55°C for 100 h. The Poisson's ratio and 50-h long-term lateral creep were measured at 25°C/15% RH, 25°C/50% RH, 25°C/80% RH, and 40°C/50% RH. The in-plane coefficient of hygroscopic expansion (CHE) at 25°C/20–80% RH and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at 30–70°C were measured for all the samples. The properties for all films are summarized. The relationship between the polymeric structure and the mechanical and physical properties are discussed, based on the molecular structure, crystallinity, and molecular orientation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3052–3080, 2003
Pattern formation in non-gradient reaction-diffusion systems: the effects of front bifurcations

Domain patterns in reaction-diffusion systems often contain two spatial scales; a long scale determined by a typical domain size, and a short scale pertaining to front structures separating different domains. Such patterns naturally develop in bistable and excitable systems, but may also appear far beyond Hopf and Turing bifurcations. The global behaviour of domain patterns strongly depends on the fronts' inner structures. In this paper we study a symmetry breaking front bifurcation expected to occur in a wide class of reaction-diffusion systems, and the effects it has on pattern formation and pattern dynamics. We extend previous works on this type of front bifurcation and clarify the relations among them. We show that the appearance of front multiplicity beyond the bifurcation point allows the formation of persistent patterns rather than transient ones. In a different parameter regime, we find that the front bifurcation outlines a transition from oscillating (or breathing) patterns to travelling ones. Near a boundary we find that fronts beyond the bifurcation can reflect, while those below it either bind to the boundary or disappear.
Physiologic changes after diet combined with structured aerobic exercise or lifestyle activity

Moderate intensity physical activity achieved through changes in lifestyle may promote weight management. However, little is known about changes in physiologic and metabolic variables when patients lose weight using moderate intensity lifestyle activity instead of traditional structured vigorous aerobic exercise. To compare changes in resting metabolic energy expenditure (REE), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) associated with a 12-week weight loss program combined with either: (1) aerobic exercise (AER); or (2) lifestyle activity (LIFE), we randomized 39 overweight adults (mean body mass index [BMI] = 30.9 +/- 2.8 kg/m(2)) to either diet plus AER (N = 18) or diet plus LIFE (N = 21). Both groups consumed a self-selected diet of 1,200 to 1,800 kcal/d (5,021 to 7,531 kJ/d). The AER group performed vigorous aerobic exercise for up to 45 minutes 3 to 4 d/wk. The LIFE group accumulated 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on most days of the week. Compliance with the respective protocols was monitored on a weekly basis. REE was measured before and after treatment via open-circuit spirometry. The AER group decreased body weight by 8.4% (P<.001)while the LIFE had a reduction of 6.7% (P <.001) after treatment. Over the course of the interventions, the AER and LIFE groups experienced 10.9% (P <.001) and 10.2% (P <.001) reductions in REE, respectively. Aerobic exercise did not prevent reductions in REE to a greater extent than did lifestyle activity in patients consuming a reduced calorie diet. Change in REE was not related to changes in FFM or FM for either group, and there were no differences between groups in reductions of REE, weight, FM, or FFM. A program of diet plus lifestyle physical activity may be a suitable alternative for dieting adults who have difficulty adhering to a program of vigorous activity.
The Elma E. Koch Memorial Fund

Discusses the establishment of the Elma E. Koch Memorial Fund dedicated to acquisitions on psychology.
Solutions of the Maxwell and Yang-Mills equations associated with hopf fibrings

It is shown that the magnetic pole of lowest strength and the pseudoparticle solution of the Yang-Mills equations correspond to natural connections defined on the principal bundlesU(2)/U(1)=S3 →S2 andSp(2)/Sp(1)=S7 →S4, respectively. This observation leads to a general methods of constructing new, topologically nontrivial solutions of the Maxwell and Yang-Mills equations. Among them is an “electromagnetic instanton” defined over the two-dimensional complex projective space endowed with the Fubini-Study metric.
A Computational Procedure for Incomplete Gamma Functions

We develop a computational procedure, based on Taylor's series and continued fractions, for evaluating Tncomi's incomplete gamma functmn 7*(a, x) = (x-"/F(a))S~ e-~t'-ldt and the complementary incomplete gamma function F(a, x) = $7 e-tt "-1 dt, suitably normalized, m the region x >_. 0, -oo < a < oo.
The learning of strategies in a simple, two‐person zero‐sum game without saddlepoint

Subjects play a 2 × 2 zero-sum game without saddlepoint against a computer program opponent; the computer program either follows its minimax mixed strategy or adopts a (pre-defined) nonrational mixed strategy. It is found that there is a significant trend in the strategy choice behavior of subjects playing against a rational opponent such that these subjects tend to approach their optimal strategy mixture. Since subjects playing opposite a rational opponent cannot affect the expected outcome of the game, the relationship between subjects' play and the variance and skewness of payoffs (interpreted as components of the riskiness of the game) is explored. Subjects whose opponent is a computer program which plays nonoptimally appear to be able to learn to exploit their opponent's departure from rational play. There is some evidence that subjects may respond to random fluctuations in the computer's play.
A comparison of trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder

The validity of conceptualizing trichotillomania (TCM) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as separate and distinct diagnoses was examined in a study of 20 patients with each disorder. A comparison of demographic, psychometric, and clinical features between the two groups revealed a number of statistically significant differences. Patients meeting the criteria for OCD scored higher on measures of psychiatric symptomatology including ratings of obsessions and compulsions, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, general anxiety, phobic anxiety, and psychoticism. Patients meeting the criteria for TCM reported an earlier age at onset than those with OCD. Stressors associated with onset were also significantly different between groups. These results support the validity of conceptualizing TCM and OCD as differing behavioral disorders.
Is the expected utility maximization hypothesis refutable by finite market data: The case of two observations

Abstract It is shown that with only two observations on the asset demand functions of an investor, it is not possible to refute the hypothesis of expected utility maximization on the part of the investor as long as the axioms of revealed preference are satisfied.
Insertion of the eukaryotic transposable element Ty1 creates a 5-base pair duplication.

The his4–912 mutation results from insertion of a transposable element into the 5′-non-coding region of the his4 gene of yeast. A duplication of 5 base pairs of wild-type his4 DNA flanks the inserted element. The major class of His+ revertants result from excision of most of the transposable element, leaving an inserted segment of 334 base pairs flanked by the 5-base pair repeats.
COMPARISON OF HYDROCARBONS IN BENTHIC FISH FROM COAL OIL POINT AND TANNER BANK, CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons of rockfish (Sebastes sp.), sanddab (Citharichthys sp.), and sole (Lyopsetta sp.) were analyzed by high resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography, following saponification in methanolic-KOH, extraction by n-hexane, and separation via liquid chromatography. The fish contained a wide range of hydrocarbons, with total concentrations varying from less than 10 µg/g dry weight to values exceeding 100 µg/g DW. Some differences between species were noted: levels of biogenic constituents decreased in the order—sanddab>rockfish>slender sole. Fish collected during the summer exhibited hydrocarbon profiles similar to those taken during winter. Gravid females were characterized by somewhat higher levels of hydrocarbons. Subtle differences were observed between fish collected near Coal Oil Point, a region of intense natural petroleum influx, and Tanner Bank, an area some 140 km offshore. Mean concentrations of hydrocarbons were elevated in COP fish (53.2 ± 38 µg/g), and many samples demonstrat...
Kicking the Habit: Moving from Pegged Rates to Greater Exchange Rate Flexibility

Why do governments find it so difficult to move from pegged exchange rates to greater exchange rate flexibility? I first establish that there is a problem to be solved: that there are powerful incentives for greater flexibility deriving from changes in the international economic and financial environment but that policymakers find it difficult to engineer a smooth transition. I offer practical suggestions and a framework under which the probability of a smooth transition can be maximised. Drawing examples from recent economic history, I then attempt to understand the experience of selected countries which have undertaken this transition.
Surface Charge Potentiates Conduction Through the Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Channel

Single channel currents through cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channels were measured in very low levels of current carrier (e.g., 1 mM Ba2+). The hypothesis that surface charge contributes to these anomalously large single channel currents was tested by changing ionic strength and surface charge density. Channel identity and sidedness was pharmacologically determined. At low ionic strength (20 mM Cs+), Cs+ conduction in the lumen-->myoplasm (L-->M) direction was significantly greater than in the reverse direction (301.7 +/- 92.5 vs 59.8 +/- 38 pS, P < 0.001; mean +/- SD, t test). The Cs+ concentration at which conduction reached half saturation was asymmetric (32 vs 222 mM) and voltage independent. At high ionic strength (400 mM Cs+), conduction in both direction saturated at 550 +/- 32 pS. Further, neutralization of carboxyl groups on the lumenal side of the channel significantly reduced conduction (333.0 +/- 22.5 vs 216.2 +/- 24.4 pS, P < 0.002). These results indicate that negative surface charge exists near the lumenal mouth of the channel but outside the electric field of the membrane. In vivo, this surface charge may potentiate conduction by increasing the local Ca2+ concentration and thus act as a preselection filter for this poorly selective channel.