cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient-Reported Impotence and Incontinence After Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy

Background: The age-adjusted rate of radical prostatectomy, the most common treatment of early (nonmetastatic) prostate cancer, increased almost sixfold between 1984 and 1990. This increase was due in part to reported improvements in postoperative sexual potency after the use of newly developed ‘‘nerve-sparing’’ procedures. However, published estimates from physicians of impotence following various types of radical prostatectomy may be low, since not all patients may report treatment-related complications accurately and completely to their doctors. In contrast, direct surveys of patients indicate much higher rates of postoperative sexual and urinary dysfunction. One problem with most physician and patient surveys is that they have been performed retrospectively, and pretreatment impotence and incontinence prevalent in older men cannot be assessed accurately in retrospective studies. Purpose: This study was initiated in a cohort of men before they underwent radical prostatectomy to assess treatment-related effects on impotence and incontinence. Methods: The study population consisted of 94 men enrolled in a cohort study of treatment for early prostate cancer. The patients completed questionnaires about sexual and urinary functions before surgery and at 3 and 12 months after surgery and had adequate information to assess the type of surgical technique used (non-nerve-sparing, unilateral nerve-sparing, or bilateral nerve-sparing). Because items assessing sexual function were inadvertently omitted from the questionnaire in the initial months of the study, information on sexual function for all time periods was available for only 49 men. Results: Compared with men who had not been treated with a nerve-sparing procedure, men who underwent nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy, particularly of the bilateral type, were younger and had better prognostic features, indicating less advanced cancers. Before surgery, nine (75%) of 12 men not treated with a nerve-sparing procedure reported erections that were usually inadequate for sexual intercourse compared with six (33%) of 18 men and one (5%) of 19 men who underwent unilateral and bilateral nerve-sparing prostatectomies, respectively. At 12 months after surgery, most men reported inadequate erections, including 15 (79%) of the 19 men who had bilateral nerve-sparing surgery; unilateral nerve preservation provided no apparent benefit. In general, nerve-sparing surgery was associated with more use of absorbent pads at 3 and 12 months following treatment, and this approach was associated with substantial urinary incontinence at 3 months but not at 12 months following surgery. Conclusions: Nervesparing prostatectomy, particularly when performed unilaterally, improves postoperative sexual function to a lesser extent than previously reported. Because men with preoperative impotence and more advanced cancers receive nervesparing surgery less often, some of the previously reported benefit of nerve preservation may be the result of patient selection and not of the technique per se. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1117-23]
Generation of Multiple Isoforms of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4GI by Use of Alternate Translation Initiation Codons

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI) is an essential protein that is the target for translational regulation in many cellular processes and viral systems. It has been shown to function in both cap-dependent and cap-independent translation initiation by recruiting the 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA cap structure or internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element, respectively. Interestingly eIF4GI mRNA itself has been reported to contain an IRES element in its 5′ end that facilitates eIF4GI protein synthesis via a cap-independent mechanism. In HeLa cells, eIF4GI exists as several isoforms that differ in their migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels; however, the nature of these isoforms was unclear. Here, we report a new cDNA clone for eIF4GI that extends the 5′ sequence 340 nucleotides beyond the previously published sequence. The new extended sequence of eIF4GI is located on chromosome 3, within two additional exons immediately upstream of the previously published eIF4GI sequence. When mRNA transcribed from this cDNA clone was translated in vitro, five eIF4GI polypeptides were generated that comigrated in SDS-polyacrylamide gels with the five isoforms of native eIF4GI. Furthermore, translation of eIF4GI-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion constructs in vitro or in vivo generated five isoforms of fusion polypeptides, suggesting that multiple isoforms of eIF4GI are generated by alternative translation initiation in vitro and in vivo. Mutation of two of the five in-frame AUG residues in the eIF4GI cDNA sequence resulted in loss of corresponding polypeptides after translation in vitro, confirming alternate use of AUGs as the source of the multiple polypeptides. The 5′ untranslated region of eIF4GI mRNA also contains an out-of-frame open reading frame (ORF) that may down-regulate expression of eIF4GI. Further, data are presented to suggest that a proposed IRES embedded in the eIF4GI ORF is able to catalyze synthesis of multiple eIF4GI isoforms as well. Our data suggest that expression of the eIF4GI isoforms is partly controlled by a complex translation strategy involving both cap-dependent and cap-independent mechanisms.
Tunable microwave and millimeter-wave band-pass filters

The authors present an overview of tunable microwave and millimeter-wave bandpass filters realized in different technologies. Some general design principles are described. Recent progress in the performance of various tunable filters is reported. The authors survey magnetically tunable filters (ferrimagnetic resonance filters, magnetostatic-wave filters, evanescent waveguide filters, E-plane printed circuit filters), electronically tunable filters, and mechanically tunable filters. The typical performance parameters are summarized. This comparison shown that none of these devices can simultaneously satisfy all requirements for perfect tunable filters. For microwave systems where multioctave tuning is essential, a YIG filter is an obvious choice. In systems where the requirement of high power handling capability combined with low insertion loss, predominates, mechanically tunable filters and magnetically tunable E-plane filters are recommended. If the tuning speed is a crucial requirement, varactor-tuned filters or E-plane filters with ferrite toroids are devices of choice. For millimeter-wave design, the most promising structures are ferrimagnetic resonance filters utilizing hexagonal ferrite resonators or, up to 60 GHz, magnetically tunable E-plane printed circuit filters. >
Effect of a surface active pyrrole on the conductivity of polypyrrole composites

A surface active pyrrole, which has a long hydrophobic chain attached to the 3 position of the pyrrole ring, is used to modify the surface properties of the pores of a porous, crosslinked polystyrene. The latter is prepared starting from a concentrated emulsion (an emulsion with a large volume fraction of the dispersed phase, here 0.81) of water dispersed in a continuous medium composed of styrene, divinyl benzene, a suitable surfactant, an initiator, and the surface active pyrrole. This modified crosslinked porous medium is emplyed as the host for a polypyrrole composite that is prepared first by imbibing the host with a solution of pyrrole and subsequently with an oxidant solution. The latter plays the role of catalyst for polymerization as well as the role of dopant. The presence of the head groups of 3-alkyl pyrrole molecules on the surface of the pores of the host polymer increases the affinity of the surface for pyrrole. The improved wetting thus achieved for the pyrrole solution ensures a higher connectivity among the pyrrole films present on the internal surface of the host polymer and increases the conductivity of the polypyrrole composites by a factor of 2 to 14, depending upon the solvents employed for pyrrole and oxidant.
Fishes of the Streams of Acadia National Park, Maine

Abstract Acadia National Park (ANP) is a non-continuous conglomerate of park lands interspersed with private lands, which is located mainly on Mount Desert Island, ME. Surveys of fishes in ANP have largely ignored or under-sampled most of the streams on the island. Reported here are the results of a 2009 survey that sampled freshwater fishes in 43 streams flowing through Park boundaries. Overall, 19 species were collected, and many were recorded from specific streams for the first time. Notemigonus crysoleucas (Golden Shiner) was the most widely distributed species (47% of surveyed streams), while Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) was recorded from ANP for the first time as a recent bait-bucket introduction. This survey provides an updated baseline for ANP stream fishes and will be used to identify streams for restoration and measure the impacts of future environmental perturbations.
Foot Voting, Federalism, and Political Freedom

The idea of “voting with your feet” has been an important part of debates over federalism for several decades. But foot voting is still underrated as a tool for enhancing political freedom: the ability of the people to choose the political regime under which they wish to live.Part I of this article explains some key ways in which foot voting in a federal system is often superior to ballot box voting as a method of political choice. A crucial difference between the two is that foot voting enables the individual to make a decision that has a high likelihood of actually affecting the outcome. By contrast, the odds of casting a meaningful ballot box vote are vanishingly small. This reality both enhances the individual’s degree of political freedom and incentivizes him or her to make better-informed and more rational decisions. It is an important consideration in favor of greater political decentralization.In Part II, I consider some possible limitations of foot voting in a federal system as a tool for enhancing political freedom. These include moving costs, the possibility of “races to the bottom,” and the problem of oppression of minority groups by subnational governments. Each of these sometimes poses a genuine constraint on effective foot voting. But none are as severe a limitation as critics claim.Part III argues that the case for foot voting under federalism should be expanded “all the way down” to local governments and private communities, and “all the way up” to freer international migration. It builds on a growing recent literature that advocates granting greater autonomy to local governments relative to regions. Just as foot voting can be expanded all the way down to the local level, there is also a strong case for extending it “all the way up” to the international level. The potential gains from freer international foot voting in some respects dwarf those that can be achieved domestically. For people living under authoritarian regimes, foot voting through international migration is often their only means of exercising any political choice at all.The utility of foot voting as a tool for exercising political freedom is not the only factor that should be considered in designing federal systems. But it deserves much greater consideration than it has so far received.
LOG-LINEAR MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MATCHED COHORT STUDIES

The application of conditional logistic regression to the analysis of matched case-control studies has now become quite customary. In addition, it is well known that software designed to fit linear logistic and log-linear models can be used in these analyses. The application of conditional logistic regression to cohort designs is described, and an approach is developed that adapts the linear logistic and log-linear models for the analysis of prospectively collected data. Specific situations discussed include matched pairs, 2:1 matching, and studies in which some subjects are pair matched and others matched 2:1. The methods are illustrated with numeric examples.
Abstract 2841: A simplified approach to measuring thymidine kinase activity in cells, tumors, and blood as a biomarker of tumor proliferative potential

Understanding tumor size and growth is essential for preclinical oncology drug development, but costs and technical hurdles can prevent accurate, repeated measurements of cell proliferation and tumor growth. Many investigators instead measure the accumulation of nucleosides and analogs (e.g., [ 18 F]-FLT; [ 3 H]-Thy; BrdU) in cells and tissues, a manifestation of thymidine kinase 1 activity (TK1 a ). These methods can be costly and laborious, and can generate significant hazardous waste, promoting the use of even less-direct measures of cell division. Seeking further insights into the role of TK1 in cancer, we developed rapid, robust, non-isotopic methods that measure TK1 a in tissue extracts and blood. In this approach, samples are exposed to FLT in vivo or in vitro, promoting its phosphorylation. Subsequently, nucleosides and their phosphorylated metabolites are isolated for analysis by a simple organic extraction. Using these methods, TK1 a was measured in primary and transformed cells, and showed excellent comparability with established proliferation assays including 3 H-thymidine incorporation, ATP generation, and fluorescent dye dilution flow cytometry. In drug screens, our method was as sensitive as commercial viability assays, and typically detected drug effects much sooner than those less-specific measures. We also demonstrated chemotherapy-induced alterations in TK1 a in xenografted tumor tissue that were comparable to results obtained using radioisotopes. Finally, this approach was adapted to measure TK1 a in blood samples. Consistent with published reports, circulating TK1 a correlated well with tumor burden in solid tumor models and primary canine hematological cancer. These methods require only small sample volumes ( Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2841. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2841
A multilayered silicon-reduced graphene oxide electrode for high performance lithium-ion batteries.

A multilayered structural silicon-reduced graphene oxide electrode with superior electrochemical performance was synthesized from bulk Si particles through inexpensive electroless etching and graphene self-encapsulating approach. The prepared composite electrode presents a stable charge–discharge performance with high rate, showing a reversible capacity of 2787 mAh g–1 at a charging rate of 100 mA g–1, and a stable capacity over 1000 mAh g–1 was retained at 1 A g–1 after 50 cycles with a high columbic efficiency of 99% during the whole cycling process. This superior performance can be attributed to its novel multilayered structure with porous Si particles encapsulated, which can effectively accommodate the large volume change during the lithiation process and provide increased electrical conductivity. This facile low-cost approach offers a promising route to develop an optimized carbon encapsulated Si electrode for future industrial applications.
Synthesis of nanoscale silicon oxide oxidation state distributions: The transformation from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity

Abstract Silicon oxide nanostructures which span the range from hydrophilic to hydrophobic have been synthesized. The surface chemistry of these silicon-based nanostructures was analyzed using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflectance infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The dominant oxidation state for the nanostructured oxides shifts from an average oxidation state of +III to a combination of +II and +III oxidation states. A correlation of the ability to adsorb water with variations in the surface Si:O ratios was observed showing a transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic character.
Sentiment analysis of online spoken reviews

This paper describes several experiments in building a sentiment analysis classifier for spoken reviews. We specifically focus on the linguistic component of these reviews, with the goal of understanding the difference in sentiment classification performance when using manual versus automatic transcriptions, as well as the difference between spoken and written reviews. We introduce a novel dataset, consisting of video reviews for two different domains (cellular phones and fiction books), and we show that using only the linguistic component of these reviews we can obtain sentiment classifiers with accuracies in the range of 65-75%.
Conclusion: The Spell Is Cast

The Urubamba Valley is a locus of larger ideas about Andean land, life, place, and memory. It is a vertical domain whose cascading environments acutely respond to and reflect the climatic implications of elevation above sea level (asl). The Urubamba attracts, drawing in people to settle and farm. Its magnetic quality is evident in the many visitors who come from afar seeking scenery, extinct civilization, folklore and/or adventure sports. The Urubamba is a container of secrets, harboring elements that only persistent inquiry reveals. Since the Inca period, the Urubamba’s mid-section known as the Sacred Valley offers a case study of how the elite, whatever the culture, take possession of preferred territory. In this work the Urubamba is examined for changes on two very different scales: the effects of the Spanish Conquest that began 500 years ago and, more recently, the past half century in the life of the author. The Urubamba holds personal memories and offers a reflexive perspective on the transformative experience of doing fieldwork there. Lastly, the Urubamba Valley is discussed in terms of the meaning of place in understanding the world.
Disclosure of Genome Sequencing Results: Are Pediatricians Ready?

* Abbreviations: WES — : whole exome sequencing WGS — : whole genome sequencing In this issue of Pediatrics , McCullough et al1 use the tools of ethical analysis and argument to address the issues surrounding the disclosure of genome sequencing results, specifically whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). From this analysis, they develop a framework for pediatricians to use in their practice to address the unique issues surrounding the disclosure of WES/WGS results. This review is particularly helpful because it addresses issues regarding genetic testing that were not readily apparent when the 1995 American Academy of Pediatrics’ Committee on Bioethics report2 was written. In this world of rapidly changing genetic testing, revisiting our previously well-thought-out guidelines is an important step. In addition to understanding the ethical framework for the disclosure of genomic testing results, pediatricians must have sufficient knowledge of … Address correspondence to Leah W. Burke, MD, The University of Vermont Medical Center Clinical Genetics Program, 112 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05401. E-mail: leah.burke{at}uvmhealth.org
Increasing Social Skill Use in Adolescents with High-Functioning Autism: A Nine-Participant Single-Subject Design

The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a social skill intervention with adolescents with high-functioning autism. The intervention was administered 1 hour per week over 7 weeks. Frequency of targeted social skills was measured at baseline, intervention, and 3-month probe. Participants completed pre- and posttests measuring social interaction comfort (SCPQ; SWQ). The school director completed pre- and posttests measuring perceptions about students' social skills (ERSSQ). Seven of nine participants demonstrated statistically significant increases in targeted social skill use from baseline to 3-month probe. As a group, participants demonstrated increased social interaction comfort based on SCPQ (z = –1.997, p = 0.046) and SWQ (z = –2.53, p = 0.012) scores. The school director perceived the participants as more proficient in social skill use based on ERSSQ scores (z = –2.67, p = 0.008). Intervention appeared to facilitate increased targeted social skill use and social interaction comfo...
Incorporating Cultural Competence & Youth Program Volunteers: A Literature Review

The increasing diversity of youth in the United States necessitates a shift in the ways that youth services and programming are designed and implemented. This article examines existing scholarship on developing the cultural competency of volunteers in youth development programs in an effort to improve 4-H YDP protocol. Drawing from a diverse, interdisciplinary range of peer-reviewed, academic articles, this literature review plots out recent pedagogical trends, theoretical concepts, and empirical studies dealing with the cultural competence of service workers and mentors interacting with youth. Based on a synthesis of the findings, this paper presents guiding principles for increasing cultural competence of youth program design through both training and organizational changes.
AM-to-PM conversion in a resonant microwave optical rectification detector.

A LiNbO3-loaded microwave cavity pumped with weakly AM-modulated 30 fs optical pulses was used as a platform to investigate AM-to-PM conversion in the optical rectification process. Theoretical treatment of AM-to-PM conversion (i.e., peak-induced electrical phase deviation βi due to optical power modulation with index m) suggests that the dominant mechanism is self-group-velocity modulation due to χ(3) and cascaded χ(2) processes with a value of δ=βi/m=−151 dB, linearly dependent on the optical power at intensities of 6×1010 W/m2 in a 40 mm long LiNbO3 crystal. This is in stark contrast to p-i-n photodiodes which can exhibit an AM-to-PM conversion gain δ>0 dB. In this experiment, we measured values of δ for a resonant optical rectification detector using typical mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser pulses (100 MHz, 30 fs, Pavg≈100 mW) and found an instrumentation-limited lower bound of δ≈−43.5 dB, independent of the optical power.
Selective harmonic mitigation for cascaded multilevel inverters in the event of unbalanced phase condition

This paper provides the switching angles that mitigate the dominant low-order line-to-line voltage harmonics in a cascaded H-bridge power converter with a single faulty switch. In this paper, first the firing angles for 5-level and 7-level converters are calculated by solving a set of nonlinear equations. Then, in the faulty condition, a set of switching angles for each phase that results in balanced line-to-line voltages is derived. Finally, the provided solutions are used to simulate the faulty operation of a multilevel inverter.
Is metformin beneficial for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes

Heart failure is a common and serious cardiovascular complication of type 2 diabetes. Many antihyperglycemic drugs can increase the risk of heart failure. However, it is commonly believed that metformin - the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes - reduces the risk of and improves the clinical course of heart failure. It is estimated that 20-25% of patients taking metformin have heart failure. Metformin has been shown to have favorable effects on the course of heart failure in experimental models. Furthermore, when compared with other antihyperglycemic medications in nonrandomized epidemiological studies, metformin users had a lower risk of new-onset heart failure and a lower risk of death if they already had heart failure. However, these reports are difficult to interpret, given the potential for prescribing bias and the likelihood that comparator agents caused cardiovascular harm. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of metformin on the risk of or the clinical course of heart failure. Given metformin's importance in the management of type 2 diabetes and its widespread use in heart failure, the current confidence in its benefits in high-risk patients needs to be re-evaluated.
Biodegradation: Principles, Scope, and Technologies

Biodegradation is the mostly microbiologically mediated natural process that continually recycles biologically essential elements within the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. Biodegradation processes usually are catalyzed by enzymes that are arranged in pathways that convert chemicals via series of intermediates into end products. The conversion of a chemical to completely oxidized products is called mineralization. Biotransformation involves the conversion of one chemical into another without complete mineralization and is seen frequently during microbial metabolism of unnatural synthetic chemicals (xenobiotics). Scientific research focusing on the processes of biodegradation has been ongoing for more than a century. Much of this research has involved the elucidation of biodegradative pathways to discern the discrete steps occurring during biodegradation of a chemical of interest. Related to pathway characterization has been the study of the genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze each pathway step and the mechanisms of genetic control of the expression of these genes. The methods used to study these pathways and their genes include the techniques of microbiology, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and genomics, which often are used in combination. Here, we discuss the principal techniques, both old and new, which have proved to be effective for elucidating biodegradation pathways and biotransformation reactions while providing a few new and/or classic examples for each.
Role of the macrophage in angiogenesis-dependent diseases.

It is now well established that the functional domain of the macrophage Mφ extends far beyond its originally recognized role as a scavenger cell. The rich array of secretory products, now numbering in excess of 100 well characterized molecules, and their widespread anatomic distribution and functional heterogeneity, are unmatched by any other cell type (Nathan, 1987). This remarkable diversity enables the Mφ to influence virtually every facet of the immune response and inflammation as well as contribute to the etiology and/or pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Angiogenesis, the process which results in the formation of new capillary blood vessels, is an essential component of a number of important physiological processes (Folkman and Cotran, 1976; Auerbach, 1981; Folkman and Klagsbrun, 1987; Klagsbrun and D’Amore, 1991). Furthermore, when angiogenesis occurs in excess or inappropriately, it can contribute to the etiology and/or pathogenesis of several inflammatory, degenerative and developmental diseases. Mφ are key angiogenesis effector cells that produce a number of growth stimulators and inhibitors, proteolytic enzymes, and cytokines that can influence one or more steps in the angiogenesis cascade. In this review I will summarise the evidence implicating Mφ as important accessory cells in physiological angiogenic responses, and describe how disruption of the coordinate production of Mφ-derived stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis contributes to tumor progression and the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Local transformations for multi-input nonlinear systems

In this paper Brockett's feedback invariants of nonlinear systems are generalized to a larger class of transformations. In terms of these invariants, the recent results on linear equivalents of nonlinear systems to the multiple-input case have also been extended.
Framework to Predict Bipolar Episodes

Patients suffering from Bipolar disorder (BD) experience repeated relapses of depressive and manic states. The extremity of this disorder can lead to many unpleasant events, even suicide attempts, which make early detection vital. Presently, the primary method for identifying these states is evaluation by psychiatrists based on patient’s self-reporting. However, ubiquitous use of mobile devices in combination with sensor fusion has the potential to provide a faster and convenient alternative mode of diagnosis to better manage the illness. This paper proposes a continuous, autonomous sensor fusion based monitoring framework to identify and predict state changes in patients suffering from bipolar disorder. Instead of relying on subjective self-reported data, the proposed system uses sensors to measure and collect, Heart Rate Variability, Quantity and Quality of sleep and Electrodermal activity data as predictors to discern between the two bipolar states. Using classification techniques along with a fusion algorithm, a prediction algorithm can be derived based on all the sensor modalities, gathered via a mobile application, is used to set alerts and visualize the information and results efficiently.
New insights into the utility of omalizumab.

Cells that express FceRIα, including mast cells, basophils, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), are regulated by IgE binding to FceRIα. Omalizumab binds IgE and prevents its engagement with FceRIα, thereby downregulating its expression and modulating cell function. Because these cells are implicated in the pathobiology of many allergic and immunologic diseases, as well as host defense mechanisms, it is unsurprising that omalizumab studies continue yielding biologic insights and treatment break-throughs for many diseases. Several recent updates in the biology and use of omalizumab will be presented here, and others will be summarized in Table I, highlighting available biomarker-based personalized approaches. TABLE I. Omalizumab and its uses
Islamic Schools Successes: Averroes and Al-Kindi

Averroes and Al Kindi are two major players in the landscape of private Muslim schools in France. Despite having faced controversies, both have weathered them without affecting their contract with the State. Part I of this chapter details the history of the first Islamic school to succeed in signing a contract with the state from its founding through its recent success. Averroes High School made national headlines in 2013 after being ranked the best high school in France. It has also made negative headlines, when a former teacher accused the school of various offenses it was eventually cleared of. Part II focuses on Al Kindi, which at some point was the largest Muslim school in France, and the first to range from K-12.
Emotion Regulation Across the Psychosis Continuum

Emotion regulation dysfunction is characteristic of psychotic disorders, but little is known about how the use of specific types of emotion regulation strategies differs across phases of psychotic illness. This information is vital for understanding factors contributing to psychosis vulnerability states and developing targeted treatments. Three studies were conducted to examine emotion regulation across phases of psychosis, which included (a) adolescent community members with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; n = 262) and adolescents without PLEs (n = 1,226); (b) adolescents who met clinical high-risk criteria for a prodromal syndrome (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 29); and (c) outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ; n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 67). In each study, participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and measures of psychiatric symptoms and functional outcome. The three psychosis groups did not differ from each other in reported use of suppression; however, there was evidence for a vulnerability-related, dose-dependent decrease in reappraisal. Across each sample, a lower use of reappraisal was associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Findings indicate that emotion regulation abnormalities occur across a continuum of psychosis vulnerability and represent important targets for intervention.
Adiabatic Logic Circuits

This chapter contains sections titled: Zig-Zag Path to Understanding A Low-Power Multiphase Circuit Technique Asymptotically Zero Energy Split-Level Charge Recovery Logic Low Power Digital Systems Based on Adiabatic Switching Principles Adiabatic Dynamic Logic
Neurotrophic factors regulate cathepsin S in macrophages and microglia: A role in the degradation of myelin basic protein and amyloid beta peptide.

Cathepsin S is a member of the family of cysteine lysosomal proteases preferentially expressed in macrophages and microglia and is active after prolonged incubation in neutral pH. Upon activation of macrophages by a number of inflammatory mediators, there is an increase in secreted cathepsin S activity accompanied by a decrease in cellular cathepsin S activity and protein content, as well as a decrease in cathepsin S mRNA. The decrease in cathepsin S mRNA and protein at the cellular level is in contrast to the response observed in some in vivo scenarios. We investigated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), two growth factors present during cell injury and inflammation but not known to activate macrophages and microglia, on the expression of cathepsin S, cathepsin B, and cathepsin L mRNAs in these cells, and on cathepsin S activity. We then tested the ability of cathepsin S to degrade myelin basic protein, and amyloid β peptide at both acidic and neutral pH. Basic FGF and NGF treatment of macrophages and microglia significantly increased the levels of cathepsin S, B, and L mRNAs (2- to 5-fold). Basic FGF also increased cathepsin S activity intra- and extracellularly. Recombinant human cathepsin S was able to degrade myelin basic protein and monomelic and dimeric amyloid β peptide at both acidic and neutral pH, as well as to process human amyloid precursor protein generating amyloidogenic fragments. These data suggest that bFGF and NGF may be the molecular signals that positively regulate the expression and activity of cysteine lysosomal proteases (cathepsin S in particular) in macrophages and microglia in vivo, and that there is an interplay between these factors and the activators of inflammation. Disruption of the balance between these two categories of signals may underlie the pathological changes that involve cysteine proteases.
Improved Spacecraft Magnetic Attitude Maneuvering

A magnetometer is essential in spacecraft magnetic attitude control due to the need for magnetic field information to compute the control command. The measurements of the magnetometer, however, are...
Radiation-Related Toxicities Using Organ Sparing Total Marrow Irradiation Transplant Conditioning Regimens

Purpose Toxicities after organ sparing myeloablative total marrow irradiation (TMI) conditioning regimens have not been well characterized. The purpose of this study is to report pulmonary, renal, thyroid, and cataract toxicities from a prospective trial monitoring patients up to 8 years after TMI. Methods and Materials A total of 142 patients with primarily multiple myeloma or acute leukemia undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation were evaluated. Follow-up included pulmonary function tests, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, thyroid panel, and ophthalmologic examinations performed at 100 days, 6 months, and annually. Median TMI dose was 14 Gy (10-19 Gy) delivered at 1.5 to 2.0 Gy twice per day at a dose-rate of 200 cGy/min. Results Median age was 52 years (range 9-70). Median follow-up (range) for all patients was 2 years (0-8) and for patients alive at the time of last follow-up (n = 50), 5.5 years (0-8). Mean organ doses in Gy were lung 7.0, kidneys 7.1, thyroid 6.7, and lens 2.8. The crude incidence of radiation pneumonitis (RP) was 1 of 142 (0.7%). The cumulative incidence of infection and RP (I/RP) was 22.7% at 2 years post-TMI. Mean lung dose ≤8 Gy predicted for significantly lower rates of I/RP (2-year cumulative incidence 20.8% vs 31.8%, P = .012). No radiation-induced renal toxicity was noted. Hypothyroidism occurred in 6.0% and cataract formation in 7.0% of patients. Conclusions TMI delivered with intensity modulated radiation therapy results in lower organ doses and was associated with fewer toxicities compared with historical cohorts treated with conventional total body irradiation. Keeping the mean lung dose to 8 Gy or less was associated with lower pulmonary complications. Further evaluation in clinical trials of intensity modulated radiation therapy to deliver TMI, total marrow and lymphoid irradiation, and organ sparing conformal total body irradiation is warranted.
Evolutionary Explanation in Psychology: Not an Issue for Philosophy?

Are our psychologies too determined by our evolutionary biology? Applying the 'dazzling image' to human beings might make it seem so, with our nature as persons fixed by those biological perspectives that recognize us as the animals we obviously are, given the causal explanation appropriate to biology. But Wiggins’ view (sketched earlier) elaborates persons material, biological continuants—in a word, animals (if of a distinctive type): yet how should our biological nature be accommodated within a framework established by evolutionary conceptions? Chapter 5 defends an account of some features of evolutionary explanations against their critics, thereby rejecting various mistaken forms of “Social Darwinism”, and stressing limitations on the application of evolutionary ideas (ideas rooted in science) to human decision-making, especially for individuals—when psychology is “the discipline most in thrall to the exigency of statistical methodologies” (Forrester, Thinking in Cases, Cambridge, 2017, p. 4), typically concerned only with trends and tendencies.
A Comparison of Frailty Measures at Listing to Predict Outcomes After Lung Transplantation.

Background Sarcopenia may be an important predictive factor of outcomes after lung transplantation (LTx). Serum albumin and the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) have been shown to be a marker of LTx outcomes. We measured sarcopenia, albumin, and 6MWD in a cohort of LTx patients and analyzed the utility of these as markers of outcomes for LTx patients. Methods We retrospectively identified LTx recipients from 2013-2018 at our institution who underwent computed tomographic imaging during their listing evaluation. From that image, we measured skeletal muscle cross-sectional surface area at the third lumbar vertebral level, and sarcopenia was diagnosed by established cutoffs. Associations between sarcopenia, albumin, 6MWD, and survival, and hospital length of stay, complications, readmissions, and discharge destination were evaluated. Results Sarcopenia was found in 72% (95 of 132) of patients, 18% (24 of 131) of patients were hypoalbuminemic, and 41% had a low 6MWD. Survival was not associated with presence of sarcopenia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-2.42) or low 6MWD (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.410-1.83). Hospital length of stay, complications, readmissions, and discharge destination were not influenced by sarcopenia or 6MWD. In contrast, hypoalbuminemia was independently associated with decreased survival (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.04-4.85) and a higher grade of postoperative complications (P = .04). Conclusions Sarcopenia is prevalent in LTx patients. Neither sarcopenia nor 6MWD predicted mortality or short-term outcomes after LTx. This is in contrast to albumin levels, which were inversely associated with survival and complications. Albumin shows promise as an important predictor of mortality and short-term outcomes after LTx.
Monitoring kidney optical properties during cold storage preservation with spatial frequency domain imaging.

Author(s): Rowland, Rebecca; Ponticorvo, Adrien; Jarrin Lopez, Alberto; Li, Shiri; Li, Xiaodong; Ichii, Hirohito; Durkin, Anthony | Abstract: Transplantation of kidneys results in delayed graft function in as many as 40% of cases. During the organ transplantation process, donor kidneys undergo a period of cold ischemic time (CIT), where the organ is preserved with a cold storage solution to maintain tissue viability. Some complications observed after grafting may be due to damage sustained to the kidney during CIT. However, the effects due to this damage are not apparent until well after transplant surgery has concluded. To this end, we have used spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to measure spatially resolved optical properties of porcine kidneys over the course of 80-h CIT. During this time, we observed an increase in both reduced scattering (μsa') and absorption (μa) coefficients. The measured scattering b parameter increased until 24nh of CIT, then returned toward baseline during the remaining duration of the imaging sequence. These results show that the optical properties of kidney tissue change with increasing CIT and suggest that continued investigation into the application of SFDI to kidneys under CIT may lead to the development of a noninvasive method for assessing graft viability.
There Will Be Blood: Women’s Positive and Negative Experiences with Menstruation

Because negative views of menstruation are ubiquitous throughout the world, women’s distinctly positive and negative experiences with menstruation are rarely distinguished from each other. Semi-str...
The Logic of Revelation

No longer trusting the once-dominant disciplines of reasoning in the modern academy, contemporary discussions of theology often turn to tradition- or experience-based sources of religious knowledge. While applauding the turn, for example to scripturally grounded theology, I argue that this should not entail a turn away from all logic-based disciplines of reasoning. The genres of modern reasoning that merit postmodern criticism—foundationalist and other types of reductive reasoning – are all informed by two-valued, disjunctive logics. Many classic and medieval scriptural commentaries are informed, however, by non-disjunctive disciplines of reasoning that may be formalized, today, in any of a range of multi-valued logics. There is therefore no justification for extending postmodern suspicions of disjunctive disciplines of reasoning to non-disjunctive disciplines.
Lupine Seeds (Lupinus spp.): History of Use, Use as An Antihyperglycemic Medicinal, and Use as a Food Plant

Abstract Lupine (lupin) species have a broad geographical distribution and have long been used for ornamental, agricultural, nutritional, and medical purposes. As with other legumes, lupine seeds are rich in fiber and protein and could be a beneficial addition to the human diet, although some varieties also contain varying degrees of toxic quinolizidine alkaloids. Recent studies show that lupine consumption is associated with favorable effects on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension and could be a valuable food for individuals with those conditions.
Harmonic Generation and Broadband Upconversion in a Coupled Semiconductor-Metal Nanoparticle Bilayer

A heterostructure comprising CuS and Au nanoparticle films separated by insulating ligands exhibits enhanced second- and third-harmonic generation and broadband multiphoton photoluminescence from femtosecond excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances of CuS at 1050 nm.
Gabapentin Relieves Vertigo of Periodic Vestibulocerebellar Ataxia: 3 Cases and Possible Mechanism.

Objective The aim of this study was to report relief of optokinetic-triggered vertigo (OKTV) with low-dose gabapentin in three patients with periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia [episodic ataxia type 4 (EA4); OMIM 606552]. Methods Clinical observations and analysis of video-recorded eye movements were used before and after gabapentin. Results Gabapentin relieved vertigo of all three treated patients with EA4, particularly during activities that typically would induce vertiginous symptoms. Two patients reported 8-12 hours of sustained relief after the first 100 mg dose. One has benefited from 100-200 mg TID for 7 years. Video analysis of nystagmus revealed improved target tracking on smooth pursuit and a steadier gaze hold. Conclusions Gabapentin effectively relieved the optokinetic-triggered vertigo in our patients with EA4. Mechanisms are postulated in terms of known tight gabapentin binding to the Purkinje cell voltage-gated calcium channel. The observations may offer insight into this rare disease's neuropathology. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Genome sequencing in the Parkinson disease clinic

Background and Objectives: Genetic variants impact both Parkinson disease (PD) risk and manifestations. While genetic information is of potential interest to patients and clinicians, genetic testing is rarely performed during routine PD clinical care. The goal of this study was to perform genome sequencing and examine patient interest in comprehensive genetic testing for PD in 2 academic movement disorder clinics. Methods: In 208 subjects with PD (age=63 years, 67% male), genome sequencing was performed and filtered using a custom panel, including 49 genes associated with PD, parkinsonism, or related disorders, as well as a 90-variant PD genetic risk score. Separately, 231 patients (age=67 years, 63% male) were surveyed on interest in genetic testing at baseline and in response to vignettes covering (i) familial risk of PD (LRRK2); (ii) risk of PD dementia (GBA); (iii) PD genetic risk score; and (iv) secondary, medically-actionable variants (BRCA1). Results: Genome sequencing revealed a LRRK2 variant in 3.4% and a GBA risk variant in 10.1% of our clinical sample. The genetic risk score was normally distributed, identifying 42 subjects with high risk of PD. Medically-actionable findings were discovered in 2 subjects (1%). In our survey, the majority (82%) responded they would share a LRRK2 variant with relatives. Most registered unchanged or increased interest in testing when confronted with potential risk for dementia or medically- actionable findings, and most (75%) expressed interest in learning their PD genetic risk score. Discussion: Our results highlight broad interest in comprehensive genetic testing among patients with PD and may facilitate integration of genome sequencing in clinical practice.
An Integral Simplex Algorithm for Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems

In this paper a local integral simplex algorithm will be described which, starting with the initial tableau of a set partitioning problem, makes pivots using the pivot on one rule until no more such pivots are possible because a local optimum has been found. If the local optimum is also a global optimum the process stops. Otherwise, a global integral simplex algorithm creates and solves the problems in a search tree consisting of a polynomial number of subproblems, subproblems of subproblems, etc. The solution to at least one of these subproblems is guaranteed to be an optimal solution to the original problem. If that solution has a bounded objective then it is an optimal set partitioning solution of the original problem, but if it has an unbounded objective then the original problem has no feasible solution. It will be shown that the total number of pivots required for the global integral simplex method to solve a set partitioning problem having m rows, where m is an arbitrary but fixed positive integer, is bounded by a polynomial function of n. A method for programming the algorithms in this paper to run on parallel computers is discussed briefly.