cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of children's communicative status and task on parents' teaching strategies

Abstract The two goals of the study were to examine factors affecting parents' teaching strategies with their children and to identify the effectiveness of different teaching strategies for engaging children in tasks. It was hypothesized that teaching strategies would vary as a function of parent status (mother/father), children's communicative status (nonhandicapped-NCH/handicapped-CH) and different tasks (origami/book reading). Each of the 120 families included a target child ( M = 4.5 years old), a mother, and a father; 60 families had a CH child and 60 matched families had an NCH child. Each parent engaged in book-reading and origami tasks with their target child. Parents' teaching strategies were recorded and categorized according to levels of cognitive demand. In addition, children's level of task engagement was rated. Results indicated that parents varied their teaching strategies according to both task and children's communicative status. Generally, they were more demanding and less directive of the more competent, NCH, children than of the CH children. Further, parents used different strategies with their NCH and CH children in both tasks to keep them engaged. Results are discussed in terms of Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development.
A simplified SDS-gel electrophoresis procedure with improved resolution of chromosomal proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. The simplified SDS-electrophoresis procedure reported here allows application of total chromatin on the gel. 2. 2. The chromosomal proteins are extracted directly on the gel, without prior removal of nucleic acids. 3. 3. Either histones or nonhistones can be resolved completely on gels with this procedure.
Stuttering: A Matter of Bad Timing

A recent neurological investigation of stammering is briefly described in the Random Samples item “The stammering brain” (3 Aug., p. [795][1]). The magnetic resonance imaging study, led by neurologist Anne Foundas at Tulane University, revealed some anatomical differences between stutterers and
Constant-Time Convexity Problems on Dense Reconfigurable Meshes

Recently the authors have shown that the versatility of the reconfigurable mesh can be exploited to devise 0(1) time algorithms for a number of important computational tasks relevant to image processing, computer graphics, and computer vision. Specifically, we have shown that if one or two n-vertex (convex) polygons are pretiled, one vertex per processor, onto a reconfigurable mesh of size sqrt n X sqrt n, then a number of geometric problems can be solved in 0(1) time. These include testing an arbitrary polygon for convexity, the point location problem, the supporting lines problem, the stabbing problem, constructing the common tangents of two separable convex polygons, deciding whether two convex polygons intersect, and computing the smallest distance between the boundaries of two convex polygons. The novelty of these algorithms is that the problems are solved in the dense case. The purpose of this paper is to add to the list of problems that can be solved in 0(1) time in the dense case. The problems that we address are: determining the minimum area corner triangle for a convex polygon, determining the k-maximal vertices of a restricted class of convex polygons, updating the convex hull of a convex polygon in the presence of a set of query points, and determining a point that belongs to exactly one of two given convex polygons.
Bayesian analysis of complementary Poisson rate parameters with data subject to misclassification

We formulate closed-form Bayesian estimators for two complementary Poisson rate parameters using double sampling with data subject to misclassification and error free data. We also derive closed-form Bayesian estimators for two misclassification parameters in the modified Poisson model we assume. We use our results to determine credible sets for the rate and misclassification parameters. Additionally, we use MCMC methods to determine Bayesian estimators for three or more rate parameters and the misclassification parameters. We also perform a limited Monte Carlo simulation to examine the characteristics of these estimators. We demonstrate the efficacy of the new Bayesian estimators and highest posterior density regions with examples using two real data sets.
Phospholipase D1 is required for efficient mating projection formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is an important enzyme involved in lipid signal transduction in eukaryotes. A role for PLD1 in signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. Pheromone response in yeast is controlled by a well-characterized protein kinase cascade. Loss of PLD1 activity was found to impair pheromone-induced changes in cellular morphology that result in formation of mating projections. The rate at which projections appeared following pheromone treatment was delayed, suggesting that PLD1 facilitates the execution of a rate-limiting step in morphogenesis. Mutants were found to be less sensitive to pheromone, again arguing that PLD1 is acting at a rate-limiting step. The fact that morphogenesis is most dramatically affected indicates that PLD1 functions primarily in the morphogenic branch of the pheromone response pathway.
Vision-based contingency detection

We present a novel method for the visual detection of a contingent response by a human to the stimulus of a robot action. Contingency is defined as a change in an agent's behavior within a specific time window in direct response to a signal from another agent; detection of such responses is essential to assess the willingness and interest of a human in interacting with the robot. Using motion-based features to describe the possible contingent action, our approach assesses the visual self-similarity of video subsequences captured before the robot exhibits its signaling behavior and statistically models the typical graph-partitioning cost of separating an arbitrary subsequence of frames from the others. After the behavioral signal, the video is similarly analyzed and the cost of separating the after-signal frames from the before-signal sequences is computed; a lower than typical cost indicates likely contingent reaction. We present a preliminary study in which data were captured and analyzed for algorithmic performance.
Calcitonin immunoreactivity in neoplastic and hyperplastic parathyroid glands: an immunohistochemical study.

Previous studies have established that calcitonin (CT) and the calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) are synthesized and stored in subsets of hyperplastic parathyroid cells that also contain chromogranin B (Schmid, KW, et al. Lab Invest 73:90, 1995). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether other generic but variably expressed neuroendocrine markers, i.e., synaptophysin (SYN) and CD57 (Leu7), are also present in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic parathyroid tissue and to assess their relationships to the presence of CT. Immunoperoxidase stains for chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB), SYN CD57, and CT were performed on 54 hyperplastic, 17 neoplastic (adenoma), and 16 normal parathyroid glands. Sequential sections were stained with antibodies to CgA, CgB, SYN, CD57, and CT using standard avidin-biotin-peroxidase techniques. Results: CgA was diffusely expressed in all normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic glands. In hyperplasia, CgB was variably expressed in 6 cases (11%), SYN in 6 (11%), CD57 in 15 (28%), and CT in 8 (15%). In adenomas, CgB was variably expressed in 3 (17%), SYN in 3 (17%)., CD57 in 4 (23%), and CT in 4 (23%). All normal glands were negative for CgB, SYN, and CT, while CD57 was variably expressed in 17%. Of the 12 glands that were CT positive, 8 were also positive for CgB, 2 for SYN, and 9 for CD57. Four glands that were strongly and diffusely positive for CT were CgB and SYN negative. Conclusions: CgB, SYN, and CD57 are markers for subsets of hyperplastic and neoplastic parathyroid glands. CT is also expressed in a significant proportion of hyperplastic and neoplastic parathyroid glands, and may be independent of the presence of CgB, SYN, or DD57. The significance of these findings in relationship to the abnormal calcium metabolism in patients with parathyroid hyperplasia remains to be determined.
THE EXCESS ENTHALPIES OF (CARBON DIOXIDE+PENTANE) AT 308.15 AND 323.15 K FROM 7.58 TO 12.45 MPA

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies H m E for { x CO 2 + (1− x )C 5 H 12 } were measured in the vicinity of their critical locus and in the supercritical region by means of an isothermal flow calorimeter. Mixtures at 308.15 K and 10.37 and 12.45 MPa show endothermic mixing. All the mixtures at 323.15 K and 12.45 MPa and some of the mixtures at 323.15 K and 10.37 MPa (those rich in CO 2 ) show moderately exothermic mixing. Mixtures at 308.15 and 323.15 K and 7.58 MPa give large negative values of H m E ; those at 323.15 K show a region where H E varies linearly with the mole fraction x . The changes observed in the excess enthalpy with both temperature and pressure are discussed in terms of liquid-vapor equilibrium and critical constants for { x CO 2 + (1− x )C 5 H 12 }.
Laparoscopic Heller myotomy relieves dysphagia in achalasia when the esophagus is dilated

Background: It has been said that a Heller myotomy cannot improve dysphagia in achalasia when the esophagus is markedly dilated or sigmoid shaped. Those who hold this belief recommend esophagectomy as the primary treatment in such cases. This study aimed to compare the results of laparoscopic Heller myotomy combined with Dor fundoplication in 66 patients with and without esophageal dilatation, all of whom had achalasia.
Density Perturbations in a Brans-Dicke Cosmological Model

A very general flat solution for Brans-Dicke cosmology with a perfect-fluid, Robertson-Walker metric and a perfect gas law of state is examined regarding density perturbations. The model has growing instabilities, but not of exponential character.
Questioning: The Heart of Teaching

(1982). Questioning: The Heart of Teaching. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 350-352.
Vein Anastomoses in the Leaves of Long Shoots of Ginkgo biloba

IT has recently been found that four types of vein unions occur in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. and that long shoots have a significantly higher average per cent of leaves with anastomoses than short shoots1. In the present examination of 2,249 leaves collected from 154 long shoots from 16 trees it was found that the leaves from the median portion of the long shoots have a higher per cent of anastomoses than either the basal or apical leaves. It was also found that considerable variation existed in the percentage of leaves with anastomoses in the samples taken from various trees. An average of 33 per cent of the 2,249 leaves had one or more anastomoses; but the range in the individual 16 trees extended from a low of 7.3 per cent to a high of 71.2 per cent.
PRESERVICE TEACHER APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION

Successfully implementing the practice of inclusion by differentiating instruction depends on both the skills and attitudes of general education teachers. New general education teachers who are entering the field are particularly vulnerable to the demands and stress of the profession, and teacher education programs must prepare preservice teachers to meet the needs of all students by teaching the skills needed to make appropriate lesson adaptations, accommodations, and modifications. This study investigates the manifestation of differentiation for special education students in work sample lesson plans written by preservice teachers working toward an elementary school credential. The research examined the nature, characteristics, and types of instructional adaptations included in the work samples prepared by a sample of preservice teachers resulting in six distinct themes and recommendations for teacher education programs.
Exogamy and American Kinship

In this paper it is proposed that social structure may be usefully analyzed in terms of three types of principles. These are briefly: (1) explicit rules directly determining behavior in a given area; (2) explicit rules only indirectly determining behavior in a givenarea; (3) rules that are abstracted from behavior through analysis. It is suggested that type 2 and 3 rules are applicable to American kinship wlhereas type 1 rules tend not to be applicable. It is also maintained that explanations in terms of type 3 rules are preferable to explanations in terms of type 2 rules. The applicability of type 3 rules is shown in relation to the extension of exogamy in American kinship. Data on the extension of exogamy are correlated with variables relating to the intensity of interaction with relatives and it is demonstrated that exogamy in America is determined by the general principle applicable to nmost human groups that the extension of exogamy is directly proportional to the intensity of interaction withi relatives. The correlations (gammas) with one exception are all in the predicted directions ranging from .093 to .573 and P values ranlge fronm > .90 to > .01. A understanding of the elements of social organization in any society may be considerably facilitated through the employment of cross-cultural comparisons. In the study of kinship behavior, insight into the wvorkings of concrete systems has been obtained primarily through the means of comparing similar and disparate systems. For example, ambiIineality is best understood wvhen compared with unilineality, and the dynamics of both types of (lescent systems can be appreciated only by analysis of a number of empirical systems employing these principles.' In the past, kinship in the United States has not been analyzed against a background of other types of kinship svstenms but only as an isolated entity. This is, of course, no longer the case, and recently some initerestinig studies have been directed toward placing Aiiiericani kilnslhip in a cross-cultural perspective.2 The necessity for this can be illustrated by reference to the ofteil cited myth that divorce rates in America are unusually high in relation to the rates in societies that are structured more in terms of kinship positions. But this is true primarily in relation to our own historical past. From 1870 to 1944 the divorce rate in America increased from about three to a high of 27 per hundred, but it is not unusually high when compared with rates in many societies having strong emphasis on kinship. Almost any matrilineal-matrilocal group at any level of technological development will show a greater frequency of divorce than is found in America and many bilateral hiuIntin1g and gathering societies have less marriage stability. The former divorce rate in America was, in fact, comparatively low on a cross-cultural basis; yet it is frequently cited as being statistically normal for human groups. All of this indicates the continuing need for emiiphasis on crosscultural comparison in kinship studies.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter navigation during the primary science phase

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter began science operations in November 2006, with a suite of seven instruments and investigations, some of which required navigation accuracies much better than previous Mars missions. This paper describes the driving performance requirements levied on Navigation and how well those requirements have been met thus far. Trending analyses that have a direct impact on the Navigation performance, such as atmospheric bias determination, are covered in detail, as well as dynamic models, estimation strategy, tracking data reduction techniques, and residual noise.
Community traitscape of foliar nitrogen isotopes reveals N availability patterns in a tallgrass prairie

Background and aims Nutrients are important determinants of community assembly, yet the roles they play in structuring plant communities are still poorly understood. One inferential approach to understanding how environmental factors structure plant communities is examining the distribution of key functional traits among species of a community—a community traitscape.
Lamellipodial Actin Mechanically Links Myosin Activity with Adhesion-Site Formation

Cell motility proceeds by cycles of edge protrusion, adhesion, and retraction. Whether these functions are coordinated by biochemical or biomechanical processes is unknown. We find that myosin II pulls the rear of the lamellipodial actin network, causing upward bending, edge retraction, and initiation of new adhesion sites. The network then separates from the edge and condenses over the myosin. Protrusion resumes as lamellipodial actin regenerates from the front and extends rearward until it reaches newly assembled myosin, initiating the next cycle. Upward bending, observed by evanescence and electron microscopy, results in ruffle formation when adhesion strength is low. Correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy shows that the regenerating lamellipodium forms a cohesive, separable layer of actin above the lamellum. Thus, actin polymerization periodically builds a mechanical link, the lamellipodium, connecting myosin motors with the initiation of adhesion sites, suggesting that the major functions driving motility are coordinated by a biomechanical process.
Learning to listen: Critical reflections on “voices”

This essay seeks to locate unifying themes in the series of essays published in WJC as part of the “Voices” series, a task inherently fraught with paradox in view of the efforts by the “Voices” authors to confront the challenges of the postmodern condition in their own experiences. Believing that the best response to narrative is narrative, this essay concludes with a story informed by readings of the “Voices” essays.
A top-down inference procedure for template dependencies

Introduction d'une technique descendante de determination des relations de dependance dans les bases de donnees en utilisant les outils de la demonstration automatique
Almost 30 Years of Writing Research: Making Sense of It All with The Wrath of Khan

In this invited article, we present an ongoing research program in the area of writing. Although this program has focused on students with learning disabilities (LD) and other struggling writers, it has also concentrated more broadly on issues involving writing development and general writing instruction. One purpose of this review was to share our basic findings in each of these areas, as they have important implications for teaching writing to students with LD. Another purpose was to illustrate how an ongoing research program develops and grows over time. To make this process more concrete, we employed several different literacy devices, including drawing an analogy between the development of our research program and the development of the story line for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. Our final purpose was to describe the research we plan to do in the near future.
Separate effects of extinction, counterconditioning and progressive approach in overcoming fear.

Abstract The assumptions that counterconditioning, rather than extinction, and that progressive approach are effective variables in reciprocal inhibition therapy, were experimentally tested. In order to allow for a separate evaluation of each of the factors of extinction, counterconditioning, and progressive approach the present study employed four treatment groups and a control group. Ten Cebus monkeys were trained to traverse a runway to obtain sugar. Each S was then allowed to approach the sugar while a toy “teddy bear” (fear stimulus) was also present. The minimum distance separating the S from the sugar and bear constituted the avoidance measurement. This method of avoidance measurement was used to determine change throughout treatment. Treatments (presentation of the bear under conditions appropriate to each of the treatment groups) were conducted in a separate apparatus. In terms of percentage of change effected and efficiency in time, counterconditioning was more effective than extinction only when progressive approach was also used. In terms of time efficiency, progressive approach added effectiveness only when counterconditioning was also present. In terms of maximum percentage change, progressive approach added to the effectiveness of both counterconditioning and extinction. Progressive approach appears to be an effective procedure in and of itself while counterconditioning is of little value without the addition of progressive approach. When progressive approach and counterconditioning were used in combination there was a marked reduction in avoidance behavior over and above that achieved with any other treatment method.
Evaluating the ecological architecture of major events in the Phanerozoic history of marine invertebrate life

Paleoecological changes associated with Phanerozoic mass extinctions and radiations can be categorized into four nonhierarchical, nonadditive levels. First-level changes include colonization of a new ecosystem. Structural changes within an established ecosystem represent the second level, changes within an already established ecological structure are the third-level, and taxonomic changes within a community represent the fourth-level. Applying these levels to the Ordovician radiation, end-Ordovician extinction and Silurian recovery, as well as the end-Permian extinction and Triassic recovery demonstrate that paleoecological changes associated with these major events can be evaluated and compared in a more rigorous manner than previously done. Results of this analysis demonstrate that use of these levels indicates that the relative magnitude of an event as measured by taxonomic criteria may be decoupled from its paleoecological significance.
Photoangioplasty: new applications of photodynamic therapy in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis has traditionally held appeal as a pathologic entity in which photodynamic therapy might arrest or reverse the manifestations of disease. Earlier attempts to bring photodynamic therapy to the human clinical arena were hampered by the limitations of the photosensitizers under investigation, including the propensity to phototoxic manifestations and light-induced trauma to surrounding, normal vascular tissues. Many of these inherent limitations may be circumvented by newer photosensitizers that are activated at longer, more optimal wavelengths of light energy. Advances in fiberoptic catheter design for the endovascular delivery of light have also contributed to the greater applicability of photodynamic therapy to human atherosclerosis. Initial experiences with one family of photosensitizers, the texaphyrins, indicate that photodynamic therapy of human peripheral arterial atherosclerosis is feasible, safe, and well-tolerated. Photodynamic therapy of atherosclerosis holds promise for the treatment of de novo atherosclerosis and may have future applicability in the treatment, and perhaps prevention, of restenosis.
Dendritic Anomalies in Disorders Associated with Mental Retardation

Dendritic abnormalities are the most consistent anatomical correlates of mental retardation (MR). Earliest descriptions included dendritic spine dysgenesis, which was first associated with unclassified MR, but can also be found in genetic syndromes associated with MR. Genetic disorders with well-defined dendritic anomalies involving branches and/or spines include Down, Rett and fragile-X syndromes. Cytoarchitectonic analyses also suggest dendritic pathology in Williams and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes. Dendritic abnormalities appear to have syndrome-specific pathogenesis and evolution, which correlate to some extent with their cognitive profile. The significance of dendritic pathology in synaptic circuitry and the role of animal models in the study of MR-associated dendritic abnormalities are also discussed. Finally, a model of genotype to neurologic phenotype pathway in MR, centered in dendritic abnormalities, is postulated.
The Rhetorical Situations of Web Résumés

This article questions how professional communication genres already well established in print form have been changing as they are transplanted into digital media like the Web. Whereas some technol...
Multidestination communication over tunable-receiver single-hop WDM networks

We address the issue of providing efficient mechanisms for multidestination communication over one class of lightwave wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) architectures, namely, single-hop networks with tunability provided only at the receiving side. We distinguish a number of multicast traffic types, we present a number of alternative broadcast/multicast time-division multiple-access (TDMA) schedules for each type, and we develop heuristics to obtain schedules that result in low average packet delay. One of our major contributions is the development of a suite of adaptive multicast protocols which are simple to implement, and have good performance under changing multicast traffic conditions.
The Roman God Mercury: An Entrepreneurial Archetype

The emergence of new organizations, the making and losing of personal fortunes, the waxing and waning of egos and influence, and the altering landscape of competition are aspects of entrepreneurshi...
EDGE: A Routing Algorithm for Maximizing Throughput and Minimizing Delay in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are distributed event-based systems with severe energy constraints, variable quality links, low data-rate and many-to-one event-to-sink flows. Communication algorithms for sensor networks, such as directed diffusion, are designed to operate efficiently under these constraints. However, directed diffusion is not efficient in more challenging domains, such as video sensor networks, because of the high throughput and low delay requirements of multimedia data. Instead, we propose EDGE - a greedy algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces routes with high link quality and low latency, thus maximizing throughput and minimizing delay. ETX (Expected Transmission Count) is used as the metric for measuring link quality. This paper presents an improved method for computing aggregate ETX for a path that increases end-to-end throughput. Simulation results with CBR (constant bit rate) traffic show that our proposed distributed algorithm selects routes that give better throughput than those reinforced by standard directed diffusion, while maintaining low delay.
Hashin–Shtrikman bounds and their attainability for multi-phase composites

In this paper, we consider the problem of characterizing the set of the effective tensors of multi-phase composites, including those of conductive materials and elastic materials. We first present a novel derivation of the Hashin–Shtrikman (HS) bounds for multi-phase composites and the associated attainment condition. The attainment condition asserts that the HS bound is attainable if, and only if, there exists a second gradient field that is constant in all but the matrix phases. By restricting and constructing such second gradient fields, we obtain a series of sufficient conditions such that the HS bounds are attainable or unattainable. These attainability and unattainability results appear new for a generic situation. For special situations, our attainability and unattainability results recover the results of Milton (1981 Phys. Rev. Lett. 46 , 542–545), Sigmund (2000 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 , 397–428), Gibiansky & Sigmund (2000 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 , 461–498) and Albin et al. (2007 a J. Mech. Phys. Solids 55 , 1513–1553).
A1 adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of parasympathetic neuromuscular transmission in human and murine urinary bladder

The potential role of A1 adenosine receptors in modulating neuromuscular transmission in the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder has been tested in human and murine preparations with the intent to determine the viability of using adenosine receptor agonists as adjuncts to treat overactive bladder. In human detrusor muscle preparations, contractile responses to electrical field stimulation were inhibited by the selective A1 adenosine receptor agonists 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine, N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), and adenosine (rank order of potency: 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine > CPA > adenosine). Pretreatment with 8-cyclopentyl-3-[3-[[4(fluorosulphonyl)benzoyl]oxy]propyl]-1-propylxanthine, an irreversible A1 antagonist, blocked the effects of CPA, thus confirming the role of A1 receptors in human detrusor preparations. In murine detrusor muscle preparations, contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation were reduced by CPA or adenosine. Amplitudes of the P2X purinoceptor-mediated excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) recorded with intracellular microelectrodes were reduced in amplitude by CPA and adenosine with no effect on the spontaneous EJP amplitudes, confirming the prejunctional action of these agents. 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline, a selective A1 receptor antagonist, reversed the effects of CPA on EJP amplitudes with no effect of spontaneous EJPs, confirming the role of A1 receptors in mediating these effects.
Encoding of compressive stress during indentation by slowly adapting type I mechanoreceptors in rat hairy skin

The mechanical state encoded by slowly adapting type 1 mechanoreceptors (SAI) during indentation was examined using an isolated preparation in a rat model. Skin and its intact innervation were harvested from the medial thigh of the rat hindlimb and placed in a dish, with the corium side down, containing synthetic interstitial fluid. The margins of the skin were coupled to an apparatus that could stretch and apply compression to the skin. Using a standard teased nerve preparation, the neural responses of single SAIs were identified. SAIs were stimulated, using controlled compressive stress while simultaneously measuring displacement, by compressing the skin between indenters (flat cylinders) of different diameters and a hard platform. SAIs were subcategorized according to whether their neural response saturated above or below 10 kPa compressive stress (SAI-H or SAI-L, respectively). Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationships between neuron response and stress and force and displacement. For all SAIs, the mean neural response was significantly and substantially more highly correlated with compressive stress than force or displacement. For the SAI-L subcategory, the mean correlation coefficient was significantly and substantially greater for stress than for force but not significantly different for displacement. The data from this study support the hypothesis that SAI mechanoreceptors stimulated by indentation encode compressive stress rather than force, displacement, or strain.
Electrification for “Under Grid” households in Rural Kenya

Abstract In Sub-Saharan Africa, 600 million people live without electricity. Despite ambitions of governments and donors to invest in rural electrification, decisions about how to extend electricity access are being made in the absence of rigorous evidence. In this paper, we present high-resolution spatial data on electrification rates in rural Kenya in order to quantify and visualize energy poverty in a novel way. Using our dataset of 20,000 geo-tagged structures in Western Kenya, we provide descriptive evidence that electrification rates remain very low despite significant investments in nearby grid infrastructure. This pattern holds across time and for both poor and relatively well-off households and businesses. We argue that if governments wish to leverage existing infrastructure and economies of scale, subsidies and new approaches to financing connections are necessary.
Teaching Non — Swimmers

(1954). Teaching Non — Swimmers. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 11-12.
Thermomechanical Performance of High-Power-Density Annular Fuel

To have adequate confidence in the proposed design of the internally and externally (I&E) cooled annular fuel, it is important to identify the fuel operational constraints from a materials performa...
The efficacy of pregabalin in patients with moderate and severe pain due to diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Objective To compare the therapeutic response to pregabalin in patients with moderate or severe painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN). Research design and methods Data were pooled from 11 placebo-controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of pregabalin flexible or fixed dose (150, 300 or 600 mg/day) in pDPN patients with mean baseline pain scores of ≥4 to <7 (moderate) or ≥7 to ≤10 (severe). Last observation carried forward imputation was used. Study number/ClinicalTrials.gov identifier 1008-014/-, 1008-029/-, 1008-040/-, 1008-131/-, 1008-149/-, 1008-000-155/-, A0081030/NCT00156078, A0081060/NCT00159679, A0081071/NCT00143156, A0081081/NCT00301223, A0081163/NCT00553475. Main outcome measures Pregabalin-mediated change in pain, pain-related sleep interference (PRSI) and patient global impression of change (PGIC) were compared versus placebo and between moderate and severe pain cohorts. Adverse events (AEs) were reported. Results At baseline, 1816 patients had moderate pain (pregabalin, n = 1189) and 1119 patients had severe pain (pregabalin, n = 720). Pregabalin significantly reduced pain scores at endpoint compared with placebo when patients of all pain levels were combined (all doses; p < 0.05). In the moderate and severe pain cohorts, pregabalin treatment (300, 600 mg/day or flexible) significantly reduced mean pain scores at endpoint compared with placebo (p < 0.01). Pain reduction was greatest in patients with severe baseline pain compared with moderate baseline pain (pregabalin 300, 600 mg/day or flexible; p < 0.0001). Pregabalin improved PRSI and PGIC in the moderate and severe cohorts compared with placebo. The greatest improvement in PRSI also occurred in the severe cohort. Treatment-emergent AEs, most commonly dizziness, somnolence and peripheral edema, occurred more frequently in patients treated with pregabalin compared with placebo. Conclusions Pregabalin was effective in pDPN patients with both moderate and severe baseline pain. Patients with severe pain exhibited greater improvements in pain and PRSI than patients with moderate pain. Pain severity may, in part, predict therapeutic response to pregabalin.
China’s Developmental State and the Challenge of Formal Process

Through the analysis of one recent pharmaceutical injury case, this article analyzes the progress of Chinese civil litigation and predicts the role of civil litigation in China’s developing economy. Its thesis is that, while ordinary litigation will likely be litigated by private parties and adjudicated by the courts in China, litigation of greater public significance will follow the “new developmental state” model with greater state involvement. This will be reflected in the civil procedure rules that are adopted and adapted to accommodate state intervention. In other words, civil litigation and procedure will follow two tracks, depending upon the scope and the importance of the subject matter. It is essentially a “one country, two systems” phenomenon, transported to the legal arena.
Cytohistologic diagnosis of material aspirated from stomach; accuracy of diagnosis of cancer, ulcer and gastritis from paraffin-embedded washings.

Attempts to discover methods and establish criteria by which single cancer cells could be reliably identified • n • • have been either impractical for routine diagnosis or unreliable; and pathologists have continued to rely upon patterns of growth in tissue rather than upon the appearance of individual cells for diagnosis. The feasibility of the recognition of detached cells of uterine cancer in smears of vaginal fluid was demonstrated by Papanicolaou in 1928. Papanicolaou and Traut in 1943 showed the procedure to be highly reliable in a series of 3014 patients. Since then there has been a renewal of interest in cytologic methods of cancer diagnosis. Fluids from a variety of sources have been studied by an increasing number of investigators, using Papanicolaou's method or various modifications. Published work now indicates that the cytologic diagnosis is highly reliable in fluids from a variety of sources, equaling that of the biopsy in some. To date, perhaps the greatest accuracy has been attained in the diagnosis of cancer of the uterus and cancer of the lung, with claims of accuracy from 96 to 99.7 per cent in uterine cancer,' and of 82.4 per cent in pulmonary cancer. In April 1948 a conference of 61 pathologists and clinicians was called by the American Cancer Society for the purpose of evaluating the status of the cytologic .method. It was concluded that the value of the cytologic method was established in some fields and that investigation of its usefulness in other fields should be continued. Since the early recognition of cancer of the stomach is one of the most difficult diagnostic problems, gastric fluids have been studied by several workers, chiefly with the object of detecting cancer. Cancer of the stomach is the most common of malignant diseases. I t accounts for approximately 2 per cent of all deaths and 16.2 per cent of all cancer deaths in the United States. I t is also one of the least curable of cancers. Livingston and Pack stated that definitive cures in unselected patients with gastric cancer are probably in the range of 2 per cent. Walters, Gray and Priestly in 1942 reported 6.2 per cent five year cures in a series of 10,890 cases. Abrahamson and Hinton considered only 5 per cent of
Blood Inventory Management

Blood inventory management is an essential part of quality assurance and fiscal management. Optimal management of blood inventory depends on the policies and procedures of the transfusion service, the blood supplier, data collection systems, and effective communication of laboratory policies. Relevant blood usage data can be used to formulate policies and procedures to minimize waste and expense. This article reviews the resources required to form a unified and effective program to manage the blood supply and presents a method for the use of blood inventory data to modify policies and procedures that affect blood inventory.
A Mouse Model of Arachnoid Granulation Obstruction by Cryptococcus (S57.005)

Objective: To develop a murine model of cryptococcal infection. Background Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) causes much of the morbidity and mortality from HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis, but mechanisms leading to increased pressure are not well studied. Blockage of CSF reabsorption at arachnoid villi by organisms and shed polysaccharide is widely hypothesized as the mechanism, but has never been experimentally demonstrated. A high organism load appears to be necessary but not sufficient, suggesting that other factors must play a role. Design/Methods: To dissect the complex fungal-host relationships involved in neuropathogenesis of Cryptococcus in the brain, we have chosen a murine model because of the availability of genetic and immunologic reagents with this animal. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice are used, because even normovirulent C. neoformans strains cause overwhelming infection and immediate death in immunocompromised mice. We have chosen intravenous inoculation because it most closely mimics physiological hematogenously disseminated disease, allowing us to study factors besides simply the number of organisms injected intracranially. Results: We have established a mouse model which reproducibly produces meningitis after IV inoculation with 10^7 cryptococcal organisms. We have used a wildtype, normocapsular strain of C. neoformans , called H99, and a strain which is isogenic to H99, called PKR1, which is hypervirulent and hypercapsular. We are comparing the two strains for ability to block arachnoid villi, using quantitative immunohistochemical techniques to determine percentage of arachnoid villi that are obstructed and number of obstructed arachnoid villi per high powered field. We can determine whether there are qualitative or quantitative differences in the ability of these strains to cause obstruction over a time course. Conclusions: If these strains to obstruct arachnoid granulations similarly, then other factors must account for their difference in virulence. This mouse model will be a powerful tool, allowing us to evaluate host and organism factors involved in neuropathogenesis of cryptococcal infection. Disclosure: Dr. Rumbaugh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pool has nothing to disclose.
2,5-Diamino­thio­phene-3,4-dicarbonitrile

In the title compound, C6H4N4S, the planar mol­ecule lies across a crystallographic mirror plane. In the crystal, the mol­ecules form centrosymmetric dimers through cyclic amino N—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding associations with cyano N-atom acceptors [graph set R22(12)] and these dimers are extended through amine–cyano N—H⋯N associations into a three-dimensional network.
Aspergillus mycetoma of the renal pelvis associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

AbstractA case of aspergillosis of the kidney is described that could not be attributed to any of the factors that classically predispose to fungal infection (immunosuppressive, antibiotic or steroid therapy and diabetes). The patient did have severe obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction, which we believe caused stasis of urine and, in turn, the propagation of a colony of Aspergillus.
Automatic Modeling of (Cross) Covariance Tables Using Fast Fourier Transform

Covariance models provide the basic measure of spatial continuity in geostatistics. Traditionally, a closed-form analytical model is fitted to allow for interpolation of sample Covariance values while ensuring the positive definiteness condition. For cokriging, the modeling task is made even more difficult because of the restriction imposed by the linear coregionalization model. Bochner's theorem maps the positive definite constraints into much simpler constraints on the Fourier transform of the covariance, that is the density spectrum. Accordingly, we propose to transform the experimental (cross) covariance tables into quasidensity spectrum tables using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). These quasidensity spectrum tables are then smoothed under constraints of positivity and unit sum. A backtransform (FFT) yields permissible (jointly) positive definite (cross) covariance tables. At no point is any analytical modeling called for and the algorithm is not restricted by the linear coregionalization model. A case study shows the proposed covariance modeling to be easier and much faster than the traditional analytical covariance modeling, yet yields comparable kriging or simulation results.
Arterio‐venous anastomoses in isolated, perfused rat lungs

Several studies have suggested that large-diameter (>25 μm) arterio-venous shunt pathways exist in the lungs of rats, dogs, and humans. We investigated the nature of these pathways by infusing specific-diameter fluorescent latex particles (4, 7, 15, 30, or 50 μm) into isolated, ventilated rat lungs perfused at constant pressure. All lungs received the same mass of latex (5 mg), which resulted in infused particle numbers that ranged from 1.7 × 107 4 μm particles to 7.5 × 104 50 μm particles. Particles were infused over 2 min. We used a flow cytometer to count particle appearances in venous effluent samples collected every 0.5 min for 12 min from the start of particle infusion. Cumulative percentages of infused particles that appeared in the samples averaged 3.17 ± 2.46% for 4 μm diameter particles, but ranged from 0.01% to 0.17% for larger particles. Appearances of 4 μm particles followed a rapid upslope beginning at 30 sec followed by a more gradual downslope that lasted for up to 12 min. All other particle diameters also began to appear at 30 sec, but followed highly irregular time courses. Infusion of 7 and 15 μm particles caused transient but significant perfusate flow reductions, while infusion of all other diameters caused insignificant reductions in flow. We conclude that small numbers of bypass vessels exist that can accommodate particle diameters of 7-to-50 μm. We further conclude that our 4 μm particle data are consistent with a well-developed network of serial and parallel perfusion pathways at the acinar level.
Oxidative stress in cancer and fibrosis: Opportunity for therapeutic intervention with antioxidant compounds, enzymes, and nanoparticles

Oxidative stress, mainly contributed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been implicated in pathogenesis of several diseases. We review two primary examples; fibrosis and cancer. In fibrosis, ROS promote activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, activating TGF-β pathway in an autocrine manner. In cancer, ROS account for its genomic instability, resistance to apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Importantly, ROS trigger cancer cell invasion through invadopodia formation as well as extravasation into a distant metastasis site. Use of antioxidant supplements, enzymes, and inhibitors for ROS-generating NADPH oxidases (NOX) is a logical therapeutic intervention for fibrosis and cancer. We review such attempts, progress, and challenges. Lastly, we review how nanoparticles with inherent antioxidant activity can also be a promising therapeutic option, considering their additional feature as a delivery platform for drugs, genes, and imaging agents.
Friends with Benefits: Social Coupons as a Strategy to Enhance Customers’ Social Empowerment

Businesses often seek to leverage customers’ social networks to acquire new customers and stimulate word-of-mouth recommendations. While customers make brand recommendations for various reasons (e.g., incentives, reputation enhancement), they are also motivated by a desire for social empowerment—to feel an impact on others. In several multi-method studies, we show that facilitating sharing of social coupons (i.e., coupon sets that include one for self-use and one to be shared) is a unique marketing strategy that facilitates social empowerment. Firms benefit from social coupons because customers who share spend more and report greater purchase intentions than those who do not. Furthermore, we demonstrate that social coupons are most effective when the sharer’s brand relationship is new versus established. For customers with an established relationship, sharing with a receiver who also has an established relationship maximizes potential impact. Together, these studies connect social empowerment to relationship marketing and provide guidance to managers targeting social coupons.
From Economy to Identity: How Many Ends Does It Take to Make a Middle?

The suppression of the left wing has remapped class struggle onto a conflict of identities designed to maintain economic inequality. The discourses of identity politics, multiculturalism, and affirmative action act to divert attention from issues of poverty, prolong class stratification, and conceal the connection between poverty and bourgeois prosperity. The psychoanalytic concepts of the narcissism of minor differences, the defense mechanism of projection , and doubling and repetition can illuminate an economy of symbolic commodity fetishism that conceals class inequalities. Whereas multiculturalism and affirmative action policies should augment a socialization of the political economy, they serve instead to replace imperative social programs.