cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telomerase Activity in Benign and Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumors

Background: Ovarian epithelial tumors include benign lesions lacking invasive and metastatic abilities (cystadenomas) in addition to malignant lesions (carcinomas). An intermediate category, called tumors of low malignant potential (LMP), is also recognized. The merit of this classification is being challenged because the clinical behavior of LMP tumors appears closer to that of cystadenomas than to that of carcinomas. Purpose: To verify our hypothesis that the expression of the enzyme telomerase distinguishes these two categories of ovarian epithelial tumors, we examined and compared such expression in ovarian cystadenomas and carcinomas. By examining the expression of telomerase in LMP tumors, we then sought to determine if these tumors were more closely related to cystadenomas or to carcinomas with regard to telomerase expression. Methods: We examined a total of 64 consecutive ovarian tumors subdivided into 20 carcinomas, 17 LMP tumors, and 27 cystadenomas. We subsequently discarded three of the 27 cystadenomas because of the presence of admixed normal ovarian stroma in those specimens. Tumor subtyping was done without knowledge of the telomerase results, and telomerase assays were likewise interpreted without knowledge of tumor types. Telomerase activity was determined by use of the TRAP (i.e., telomeric repeat amplification protocol) assay. Differences between the proportions of tumors expressing this enzyme in each subgroup were evaluated by use of Fisher's exact test (two-sided). Results: Telomerase activity was detected in all 20 carcinomas and in all 17 LMP tumors examined. In contrast, it was not detected in 19 of the 24 cystadenomas. These differences between rates of telomerase expression in either carcinomas or LMP tumors and those in cystadenomas were statistically significant (P<.0001). All five of the telomerase-positive cystadenomas belonged to a variant called papillary cystadenomas, whereas none of the telomerase-negative cystadenomas belonged to this variant (P<.0001). Conclusions and Implications: The presence of telomerase expression in ovarian LMP tumors supports the merit of continuing to separate these tumors from cystadenomas, in spite of their apparent benign clinical course. The finding of telomerase expression in papillary cystadenomas suggests that such tumors may be mechanistically related to LMP tumors and should perhaps be reclassified as variants of LMP tumors. Lack of telomerase expression in ovarian cystadenomas raises questions about the alleged immortality of these tumors because expression of this enzyme is thought to be essential for continuous growth in adult tumors.
A Formalism for the Specification of Operationally Embedded Reactive Systems

The Operational Procedure Information Model, presented in this paper, provides a formalism for the specification of the behavior of operationally embedded reactive systems found in aircraft guidance and navigation systems. The information model assigns semantic interpretations of the operational procedure construct to the elements of a finite state machine. The operational procedure construct captures the embedded operational behavior of the system over all the missions in the life-cycle. The finite state machine captures the reactive behavior of the system. The information model, captured in a database and interrogated through a graphical user-interface, can be used for simulation, analysis, and the generation of code and documentation.
Exploring the concept of manliness in relation to the phenomenon of crying: a Bourdieusian approach.

The concept of manliness related to the phenomenon of crying can be better understood by tracing the roots of the language of manliness through history. A Bourdieusian theoretical approach is used, incorporating the analytics of habitus, bodily hexis, and symbolic violence. This less-studied phenomenon of crying is investigated from a holistic, biopsychosocial framework. Manliness is a social construct that has remained surprisingly consistent throughout history. The importance of this concept to physical, psychological, and social health and well-being is addressed from a holistic nursing perspective. This is a timely issue for men’s mental health, for example, that of returning combat veterans experiencing loss, grief, and posttraumatic stress. This exploration provides insight for nursing by analyzing the concept of manliness, which stems largely from militaristic roots, and might present obstacles to emotional release.
Modeling the 3D self ballasting behavior and filamentation under high current stressing in DeNMOS

A critical understanding of self ballasting behavior due to current crowding of avalanche generated carriers in a DeNMOS is developed. Then we study its performance under the gate biased conditions. The impact of flow of holes and electron in the bulk and across the surface — on the snapback-back features has been critically evaluated through variations in the device structure (associated with process parameter) which has also been extensively studied through 2D & 3D TCAD simulations. We demonstrate that after an initial homogeneous triggering (due to bipolar snapback), self heating preferentially activates the 2D array of bipolars in the bulk and subsequently current instability under negative resistance regime (as the bipolar turns on) leads to inhomogeneous triggering in the 3D.
Reproductive Biology of Male Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam

Reproductive biology of males in the Guam population of the Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis, was investigated through monthly examinations of the urogenital system organs and plasma testosterone levels. All males examined during the 12 consecutive months of the study were spermatogenic and had sperm in the ductus epididymis and ductus deferens. No evidence of testicular recrudescence or regression was observed. Testis mass did not vary among months. Epithelial height of the kidney sexual segment was the only feature examined that varied significantly among months, with lowest heights observed in May through July. Despite this variation, the sexual segment in all males was hypertrophied and contained secretory granules. Plasma testosterone levels did not vary significantly among months, were relatively low compared to those of most other snake species, and were extremely variable among individuals. There were individuals with near-zero levels in most months. Overall, the reproductive biology of males on Guam is aseasonal. In light of this finding, the claim of seasonality in the putative source population is reassessed. Testosterone levels were independent of coelomic fat body mass, which was extremely variable among males and, in many cases, quite low. Observations on morphological features suggest that individual reproductive capacity increases disproportionately with increasing body size. The possibility of facultative aseasonal/seasonal reproduction in the species is discussed. The observed capacity for continuous spermatogenesis and its relative independence from body condition may facilitate the invasive capabilities of this ecologically damaging species.
Comparisons of gauge and satellite rain estimates for the central United States during August 1979

Rainfall estimates, inferred from the thermal infrared channel of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-East (GOES-East) for August 1979, are compared with gauge rainfalls over hourly and daily time frames for area-averaged amounts and point values. The area of interest is a 3.6×106 km2 region in the central third of the United States. Over the month the satellite rainfalls tend to be smaller by 20–40% than the corresponding gauge amounts, but mean sampling errors inherent in a gauge network of this density (1 gauge/4000 km2) are estimated to be minimally 100% of the areal mean rainfall. Root-mean-square errors are approximately 1 mm for daily and 0.1 mm for hourly area-averaged rainfalls and are 14 mm for daily and 5 mm for hourly point rainfalls. Satellite-gauge differences of daily (hourly) point values can be large, but 50% of the satellite amounts are within ±4 (±2) mm of the gauge amount, and 90% are within ±20 (±8) mm, reinforcing the fact that the satellite-derived rainfall is an area-averaged rather than a point estimate of rain amount. Timing of rain events is comparable for daily area-averaged satellite and gauge data. However, hourly area-averaged gauge data exhibit considerably more short-term fluctuations than the hourly satellite data. For the two satellite algorithms tested, the streamlined technique requires the least computation time (10% of that needed by the life history technique) and shows a little difference in its comparisons with the gauges.
Narrow QRS Is Not the Right Substrate for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

The physiological underpinning for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) began with Carl Wiggers in 1925. He showed that when contraction of the heart was induced by direct cardiac electric stimulation, the early phase of contraction of the heart was slowed and myocardial tension developed more gradually.1 Wiggers explained these findings by differences in the order of excitation of the ventricle. Subsequent studies by a number of investigators highlighted the fact that a left bundle-branch block conduction pattern was associated with dyssynchronous contraction that exacerbated left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Few people appreciate the fact that Dr Morton Mower, who was involved in the development of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator,2,3 also developed the patent for cardiac resynchronization therapy in 19904 that was assigned to CPI/Guidant and subsequently licensed to Medtronic. In 1994, Cazeau et al5 reported 1 patient with widened QRS and advanced heart failure who achieved dramatic improvement with biventricular pacing. Various short-term animal and clinical hemodynamic studies showed significant improvement in cardiac function when both right and left ventricles of a diseased heart with conduction disturbance were preexcited (biventricular pacing),6 and similar findings were observed recently with univentricular left ventricular stimulation in the compromised heart …
Design of optimal digital filter using a parallel genetic algorithm

This paper describes the use of a parallel genetic algorithm to design a direct form of a finite word length (FWL), finite impulse response (FIR) low pass digital filter. The results of the proposed design technique are compared to two other proposed methods, an integer programming technique and roundoff of the optimal floating point set of coefficients. Using the Chebyshev metric as the comparison criterion, design of the low pass filter by the parallel genetic algorithm technique proved to be superior to the other methodologies. >
Control of Immunity by the TNFR-Related Molecule OX40 (CD134)

TNFR/TNF superfamily members can control diverse aspects of immune function. Research over the past 10 years has shown that one of the most important and prominent interactions in this family is that between OX40 (CD134) and its partner OX40L (CD252). These molecules strongly regulate conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, and more recent data are highlighting their ability to modulate NKT cell and NK cell function as well as to mediate cross-talk with professional antigen-presenting cells and diverse cell types such as mast cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Additionally, OX40-OX40L interactions alter the differentiation and activity of regulatory T cells. Blocking OX40L has produced strong therapeutic effects in multiple animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory disease, and, in line with a prospective clinical future, reagents that stimulate OX40 signaling are showing promise as adjuvants for vaccination as well as for treatment of cancer.
A three-dimensional volume-of-fluid method for reconstructing and advecting three-material interfaces forming contact lines

We introduce a piecewise-linear, volume-of-fluid method for reconstructing and advecting three-dimensional interfaces and contact lines formed by three materials. The new method employs a set of geometric constructs that can be used in conjunction with any volume-tracking scheme. In this work, we used the mass-conserving scheme of Youngs to handle two-material cells, perform interface reconstruction in three-material cells, and resolve the contact line. The only information required by the method is the available volume fraction field. Although the proposed method is order dependent and requires a priori information on material ordering, it is suitable for typical contact line applications, where the material representing the contact surface is always known. Following the reconstruction of the contact surface, to compute the interface orientation in a three-material cell, the proposed method minimizes an error function that is based on volume fraction distribution around that cell. As an option, the minimization procedure also allows the user to impose a contact angle. Performance of the proposed method is assessed via both static and advection test cases. The tests show that the new method preserves the accuracy and mass-conserving property of the Youngs method in volume-tracking three materials.
COPD, Comorbidity, and Disease-Specific Clinical Practice Guidelines

Many recent studies suggest that individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are predisposed to comorbidity. Data on the prevalence of individual comorbidities among patients with COPD are highly variable. This may partly be due to differences in the methods of data acquisition, which range from self-reported survey data to administrative database analysis. There is also variability in comorbidity selection and the patient demographics among studies. When trying to determine the best diagnostic or treatment modality for a given patient, physicians often look to disease-specific clinical guidelines for recommendations to guide clinical decisions. These guidelines evaluate the body of evidence behind clinical questions and formulate recommendations, with the intent to influence clinical decision making. The strength of a recommendation is partially based on the quality of evidence from which it is derived. Even the strongest recommendations, however, are meant to be interpreted within the context of individual patient preferences and goals of care. A physician must use his or her clinical judgment when applying these guidelines to medical practice. One important question that must always be asked is whether or not these recommendations apply to the patient in question who may be elderly or have multiple comorbidities.
ELECTRODYNAMICS OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE FROM SUPERPRESSURE BALLOONS

Stratospheric balloons continue to provide a unique platform for scientific investigation, even in the 1990s. Although we now have competing remote sensing technologies that can operate from satellites, aircraft and even the ground, it remains absolutely essential to obtain in-situ data for most scientific disciplines concerned with stratospheric phenomena That is certainly true for the research area of atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric electrodynamics and plasma physics. In fact most important electric current systems in magnetospheric physics flow through or connect with the ionosphere, and they have fringing effects directly seen in the atmosphere. Thus, one of the best methais for long term observations of ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena, with multiple measurements simultaneously (as needed for most modern models), is with electrodynamic measure ments in the stratosphere.
Cell surface receptors for CCN proteins

The CCN family (CYR61; CTGF; NOV; CCN1–6; WISP1–3) of matricellular proteins in mammals is comprised of six homologous members that play important roles in development, inflammation, tissue repair, and a broad range of pathological processes including fibrosis and cancer. Despite considerable effort to search for a high affinity CCN-specific receptor akin to growth factor receptors, no such receptor has been found. Rather, CCNs bind several groups of multi-ligand receptors as characteristic of other matricellular proteins. The most extensively documented among CCN-binding receptors are integrins, including αvβ3, αvβ5, α5β1, α6β1, αIIbβ3, αMβ2, and αDβ2, which mediate diverse CCN functions in various cell types. CCNs also bind cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), low density liproprotein receptor-related proteins (LRPs), and the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, which are endocytic receptors that may also serve as co-receptors in cooperation with other cell surface receptors. CCNs have also been reported to bind FGFR-2, Notch, RANK, and TrkA, potentially altering the affinities of these receptors for their ligands. The ability of CCNs to bind a multitude of receptors in various cell types may account for the remarkable versatility of their functions, and underscore the diverse signaling pathways that mediate their activities.
Visualization of metabolic interaction networks in microbial communities using VisANT 5.0

The complexity of metabolic networks in microbial communities poses an unresolved visualization and interpretation challenge. We address this challenge in the newly expanded version of a software tool for the analysis of biological networks, VisANT 5.0. We focus in particular on facilitating the visual exploration of metabolic interaction between microbes in a community, e.g. as predicted by COMETS (Computation of Microbial Ecosystems in Time and Space), a dynamic stoichiometric modeling framework. Using VisANT’s unique metagraph implementation, we show how one can use VisANT 5.0 to explore different time-dependent ecosystem-level metabolic networks. In particular, we analyze the metabolic interaction network between two bacteria previously shown to display an obligate cross-feeding interdependency. In addition, we illustrate how a putative minimal gut microbiome community could be represented in our framework, making it possible to highlight interactions across multiple coexisting species. We envisage that the “symbiotic layout” of VisANT can be employed as a general tool for the analysis of metabolism in complex microbial communities as well as heterogeneous human tissues. VisANT is freely available at: http://visant.bu.edu and COMETS at http://comets.bu.edu.
Features and care progress of pediatric hand-foot-mouth disease

Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common pediatric infectious diseases and has great impact on children.Active and good care can enhance patients' recovery.This article has reviewed the progress in primary care,psychological care and health education of the disease,in order to provide necessary nursing basis for children in the treatment of hand-foot-mouth disease.
Expectation of Application for 500 kV Hot Washing Technique for Electric Power Apparatus

Since the existing national standard, GB/T 13395-2008 "Regulation of hot washing for electric power apparatus", is only applicable for 10-220 kV electric power apparatus, the technical application of 500 kV hot washing is still at tentative stage. This paper presents the testing research results and the current situation of domestic research of 500 kV hot washing. This paper also involves the analysis of some problems in current experimental application of 500 kV hot washing technique. There would be potential safety troubles during expanding application in the future. Existing research results indicate that the technical guidance is acceptable for safety of 500 kV hot washing, and feasible to carry out expansion application. But it still requires supplementary research and data of experiments, so that the practicability of 500 kV hot washing technique will be advanced. Perfect guidance would efficiently direct the application of hot washing in 500 kV system, and properly develop the technique.
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Myths and Future Realities for Liver Cell Therapy

The severe shortage of organ donors for treating patients with liver disease has prompted in vitro efforts to produce the main functional cells of the liver: hepatocyte-like cells (Hep cells). We consider the key challenges posed by various stem cell technologies and liver pathologies for developing clinically useful Hep cells.
Assessment of hypothermic, cardioplegic protection of the global ischemic canine myocardium

Global ischemic arrest was induced in the canine myocardium under normothermic (35° to 37° C), hypothermic (8° to 12° C), and hypothermic plus cardioplegic conditions (30 mEq K+, 10 mEq Na+, 10 mM procaine, and mannitol to 440 mOsm). At 30 and 60 minutes, samples of the free wall of the left ventricle were removed, sectioned into endocardial and epicardial fractions, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and myofibrils were isolated by differential centrifugation. At 30 minutes, normothermic arrest was associated with a significant depression of both SR calcium uptake velocities and myofibrillar pCa-ATPase activity. Hypothermic arrest significantly protected SR but not myofibrillar function. Hypothermic plus cardioplegic arrest demonstrated significant additional protection of both SR and myofibrillar function. At 60 minutes, there was additional significant depression of both SR and myofibrillar function, the endocardial populations being more depressed than the epicardial populations. At 60 minutes, hypothermic arrest still protected SR function but not myofibrillar function. There was no additional protection with the use of hypothermic plus cardioplegic arrest over and above hypothermia alone at 60 minutes. The data suggest that surgically induced global myocardial ischemia under normothermic conditions is associated with a significant depression of both SR and myofibrillar function. With the use of hypothermia, there is affordable protection of the SR but not the myofibrils. With the use of hypothermia plus cardioplegia, there is significant protection of both SR and myofibrillar function at 30 minutes, but this protection is lost by 60 minutes in the absence of reperfusion with the cardioplegic solution.
Ludwig Erhard, the CDU, and the Free Market

On 20 June 1948, the Anglo–American military government introduced the Deutsche mark into the American and British zones. On the same day, Ludwig Erhard, the as yet politically independent bizonal director of the economy, released a series of consumer goods from the price controls that the Nazis introduced in 1936. The introduction of the free-price mechanism represented the first step on West Germany's path toward what became known as the social market economy by the following year. When Christian Democrats met in Dusseldorf in June 1949, they fully embraced Erhard's free market policies and entered into the first Bundestag campaign as defenders of the Marktwirtschaft against the hated Zwangswirtschaft . Henceforth, the social market economy served as the CDU's economic policy and as a model against which Christian Democrats could contrast not only the National Socialist command economy, but the East German Communist experiment as well. The CDU's adoption of the free-market social market economy represents one of the most controversial topics of postwar German history. Until mid-1947, Christian Democrats had embraced the idea that the experience of Nazism discredited free-market capitalism. Driven by the so-called Christian socialists, the CDU adopted many of the same measures as the SPD to reform the economy, from the socialization of heavy industry to increased worker influence in industry, in the Ahlen Program of February 1947.
NutriDense and waxy corn hybrids: effects on site and extent of disappearance of nutrients in sheep.

Six Suffolk wether lambs (40.9+/-1.05 kg) surgically fitted with ruminal and double-L-shaped duodenal and ileal cannulas were used in a 3 x 6 Latin rectangle design to investigate the effects of three corn hybrids on site and extent of disappearance of nutrients and rumen characteristics. Treatments were 1) a conventional yellow dent corn (CC) diet, 2) a NutriDense corn (NC) diet, and 3) a waxy corn (WC) diet. Diets consisted of 43.9% cracked corn grain, 39.1% cottonseed hulls, 15.3% soybean meal, 1.49% vitamin and mineral supplement, and 0.21% chromic oxide (DM basis). Lambs were fed twice daily at 1.8 x NEm requirement. Ruminal pH, fluid dilution rate, volume, NH3 N, and total VFA concentrations, as well as molar proportions of isobutyrate, butyrate, and valerate, were similar (P > 0.10) among dietary treatments. Apparent and true OM disappearances (g/d and percentage of OM intake) from the stomach were similar (P > 0.10) among dietary treatments. Apparent OM disappearance (percentage of duodenal OM flow) from the small intestine was higher (P 0.10) among dietary treatments. Total apparent and true starch disappearances (g/d) from the stomach were higher (P 0.10) among dietary treatments. Apparent and true N disappearance from stomach (g/d) and apparent total tract N disappearance (percentage of N intake) were also similar (P > 0.10) among dietary treatments. Total N disappearance from the hindgut was -0.81, -1.06, and -1.46 g/d for CC, NC, and WC, respectively, and was different (P < 0.05) between CC and WC diets. Results indicated that higher ruminal starch disappearance in WC did not increase microbial N production or efficiency when compared to CC.
Flexible Loyalties: How Malleable Are Bicultural Loyalties?

Biculturals are individuals who are acculturated in two cultures and have dual identities. Due to this, many early discussions on biculturalism argued that biculturals may have divided loyalties between their two cultural backgrounds and the identities derived from these backgrounds. This view is further highlighted given historical and contemporary debate regarding immigrants in the European and American political arenas. These concerns illustrate two possibilities. First, that biculturals have a preference for their home or host culture, identifying one as the in-group to express loyalty towards and the other as the out-group. Second, biculturals may alternate between who they identify as their in-group depending upon the circumstances. In a particular cultural environment, a given bicultural may feel greater degrees of loyalty towards that culture, while feeling different loyalties when immersed in a different cultural environment. To-date, few empirical studies have examined these two questions in detail. We proposed two hypotheses: First, biculturals will express higher levels of loyalty for a specific culture if they have been exposed to a prime congruent with that culture than if they have been exposed to a prime associated with a different culture. Second, the magnitude of preferences expressed for the two cultures will differ depending on the cultural prime. We experimentally investigated this phenomenon in a sample of Chinese-Americans (N = 136) using a computer simulated soccer game between the United States and China. This simulation was selected in order to avoid the controversial nature of an immigration or cultural conflict scenario. Past research has shown that support for the sports team of a given country is a form of expressing loyalty. Participants were randomly exposed to one cultural priming condition (American, Neutral, Chinese) using commentaries recorded in different languages: English, no commentary, and Chinese. Participants were then asked to what degree they would cheer for each team. Participants expressed more likelihood to cheer for the Chinese team than for the American team. However, our results indicate that cultural priming does influence the degree to which the participants express loyalty for the Chinese team over the American team in the form of rooting behaviors.
Using normative evaluations to plan for and manage shellfish aquaculture development in Rhode Island coastal waters

Abstract As shellfish aquaculture activities grow in the US, researchers, practitioners, resource users, and others have questioned how much development can be accommodated by natural and social systems. In a unique application of the normative evaluation approach to shellfish aquaculture development, this study uses data from a mail survey to (1) examine Rhode Islanders’ support for aquaculture in general and in RI waters; (2) investigate how different features of an aquaculture farm influence normative evaluations; and (3) explore areas of agreement and disagreement among stakeholder groups for social carrying capacities associated with aquaculture in RI coastal waters. Findings demonstrate that respondents do not strictly support or oppose aquaculture development; instead support depends on the waterbody where the aquaculture is occurring, the amount of area used for aquaculture, and ways in which aquaculture is conducted. Social norm curves show that levels of acceptabilities for shellfish aquaculture development in two RI waterbodies decline with increasing levels of aquaculture activities. Comparisons among sub-sets of respondents highlight disagreement among groups on the level beyond which shellfish aquaculture development is no longer acceptable (social carrying capacity). Results from normative evaluation studies can be used in combination with physical, ecological, and biological carrying capacities; management goals and objectives; other resource uses and values; and desired social and ecological conditions to inform policy discussions about shellfish aquaculture development in coastal waters.
A comparison of statistical methods for the study of etiologic heterogeneity

Cancer epidemiologic research has traditionally been guided by the premise that certain diseases share an underlying etiology, or cause. However, with the rise of molecular and genomic profiling, attention has increasingly focused on identifying subtypes of disease. As subtypes are identified, it is natural to ask the question of whether they share a common etiology or in fact arise from distinct sets of risk factors. In this context, epidemiologic questions of interest include (1) whether a risk factor of interest has the same effect across all subtypes of disease and (2) whether risk factor effects differ across levels of each individual tumor marker of which the subtypes are comprised. A number of statistical models have been proposed to address these questions. In an effort to determine the similarities and differences among the proposed methods, and to identify any advantages or disadvantages, we use a simplified data example to elucidate the interpretation of model parameters and available hypothesis tests, and we perform a simulation study to assess bias in effect size, type I error, and power. The results show that when the number of tumor markers is small enough that the cross-classification of markers can be evaluated in the traditional polytomous logistic regression framework, then the statistical properties are at least as good as the more complex modeling approaches that have been proposed. The potential advantage of more complex methods is in the ability to accommodate multiple tumor markers in a model of reduced parametric dimension.
The global carbon nation: Status of CO2 capture, storage and utilization

As the world transitions toward cleaner and more sustainable energy generation, Carbon Capture and Sequestration/Storage (CCS) plays an essential role in the portfolio of technologies to help reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The projected increase in population size and its resulting increase in global energy consumption, for both transportation and the electricity grid —the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, will continue to add to current CO2 emissions levels during this transition. Since eighty percent of today’s global energy continues to be generated by fossil fuels, a shift to low-carbon energy sources will take many decades. In recent years, shifting to renewables and increasing energy efficiencies have taken more importance than deploying CCS. Together, this triad —renewables, energy efficiency, and CCS— represent a strong paradigm for achieving a carbon-free world. Additionally, the need to accelerate CCS in developing economies like China and India are of increasing concern since migration to renewables is unlikely to occur quickly in those countries. CCS of stationary sources, accounting for only 20% reduction in emissions, as well as increasing efficiency in current systems are needed for major reductions in emissions. A rising urgency for fifty to eighty percent reduction of CO2 emissions by 2050 and one hundred percent reduction by 2100 makes CCS all that more critical in the transition to a cleaner-energy future globally.
Notes on Macdonald Polynomials and the Geometry of Hilbert Schemes

These notes are based on a series of seven lectures given in the combinatorics seminar at U.C. San Diego in February and March, 2001. My lectures at the workshop which is the subject of this proceedings volume covered a portion of the same material in a more abbreviated form
We’re All in This Together: How one University Drew on Collective Impact Principles to Advance Student Success in Higher Education

Student attrition rates in higher education are an ongoing concern in the U.S, and are costly to students themselves, colleges and universities, and the economy in terms of dollars and human potential. Thus, the need to identify solutions to student attrition is pressing for both students who are enrolled in institutions of higher education today, and for multiple generations of students yet to enroll. This manuscript discusses collective impact as a model of intervention at an urban university and the quest to promote institutional efficacy around student retention and graduation strategies in partnership with internal (on-campus) and external (off-campus) constituents.
Detecting Performance Anomalies in Cloud Platform Applications

We present Roots, a full-stack monitoring and analysis system for performance anomaly detection and bottleneck identification in cloud platform-as-a-service (PaaS) systems. Roots facilitates application performance monitoring as a core capability of PaaS clouds, and relieves the developers from having to instrument application code. Roots tracks HTTP/S requests to hosted cloud applications and their use of PaaS services. To do so it employs lightweight monitoring of PaaS service interfaces. Roots processes this data in the background using multiple statistical techniques that in combination detect performance anomalies (i.e., violations of service-level objectives). For each anomaly, Roots determines whether the event was caused by a change in the request workload or by a performance bottleneck in a PaaS service. By correlating data collected across different layers of the PaaS, Roots is able to trace high-level performance anomalies to bottlenecks in specific components in the cloud platform. We implement Roots using the AppScale PaaS and evaluate its overhead and accuracy.
Women in Mathematics: the Addition of Difference by Claudia Henrion

(2000). Women in Mathematics: the Addition of Difference by Claudia Henrion. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 10, pp. 959-963.
The Impact of Carbon Source as Electron Donor on Composition and Concentration of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Biosorption-Activated Media for Stormwater and Groundwater Co-Treatment

Eutrophication has been a long-term issue in aquatic environments, where dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) recalcitrance is important. Bioavailable nitrogen qualification and quantification for effluents from stormwater and wastewater are always a challenge. The information in this study deepens the understanding of the interactions between carbon addition and DON decomposition through linear-ditch best management practices for stormwater and groundwater cotreatment. By running a laboratory-scale column study for nitrogen removal using green sorption media, the variation in composition and concentration of DON can be further linked to the population dynamics of microbial species that dominate the nitrification and denitrification processes. With the varying levels of influent total nitrogen concentration, the efficacy of nitrogen removal via biosorption activated media may be realized at the molecular level with ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
Reality Perception Spectrum Syndromes (Imagination, Dissociation, Conversion, Somatoform, Misattribution Somatization, Psychosis)

Imagination is a reassembly of perceptual memory, memes, within the brain. Reality is a complex memeplex consisting of sets of memes or percepts that have been accepted by the selfplex as “real.” Existing perceptual memes replicate and gain force when attention is paid to them and reassembled as imagination. Normal persons can differentiate between imagination and reality in spite of similar activation of brain areas, but in the dreaming state, normal persons actually experience hallucinations and delusions as reality. Imagination and dreaming are necessary for problem solving and creativity. Being unable to distinguish between imagination, dreaming, and reality and being unable to return to reality result in distress and thus mental illness. This inability may arise from either reduction in the evaluative aspect of meme processing, attenuation of reality perception, or excessive attention to the internal processing of memes. Dissociation and the associated phenomena of depersonalization and derealization are not uncommonly experienced in normal persons when absorbed in a task or under stress. Dissociation may be hardwired as an adaptive mechanism. Under circumstances that increase suggestibility, and in susceptible individuals, misattribution of distress to parts of the body rather than to a memetic stress may occur as in conversion and somatization syndromes, as well as misattribution of percepts from within the brain (imagination) to outside of the brain (hallucination). Dissociative identity disorder results when there is a disturbance in the formation of a coherent set of mutually recognized selfplexes. Distress misattribution processes that occur in conversion, somatization, hypochondriasis, psychogenic pain, etc., may be facilitated in certain individuals through epigenetic factors, early memetic infection from another person who somatizes or is in the sick role, or both, and current stress memes. Psychosis is an alternative mode of experiencing reality, often occasioned by an inability to distinguish fantasy and dreaming from reality. Schizophrenia is conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in a reduction in cortical volume and dysfunctions in glutamatergic, GABA-ergic, and dopaminergic transmission. Certain individuals with problems in the normal development of the brain functions involved in meme processing may be susceptible to difficulty in distinguishing between internal and external sources of meme presentation, such that internal memes are perceived as external perception (hallucinations). Delusions may occur when the meme-processing ability is impaired such that irrational memes are reinforced and become convictions, beyond the control of the meme filter for unreasonable memes. The meme pool of the environment may then determine the presentation of the psychosis. Treatment of major syndromes in this category is discussed.
The metachromatic reaction

Metachromasy exists when a pure dye stains a tissue section in a hue perceptibly different from the color characteristically associated with a dye. Thus, a dilute solution of toluidine blue is blue. Cell nuclei and certain basophilic components of the cytoplasm are stained in this color. A number of other histological elements are stained red by toluidine blue. The latter is the metachromatic color of the dye. Both extremes of color, as well as intermediate hues, may prevail in the same histological preparation.
Comparison of a Distal Tibial Allograft and Scapular Spinal Autograft for Posterior Shoulder Instability With Glenoid Bone Loss

Background:Posterior glenoid bone deficiency can occur with recurrent glenohumeral instability. Glenoid reconstruction with a distal tibial allograft (DTA) has been reported to successfully restore...
Sensitized brain response to acute pain in patients using prescription opiates for chronic pain: A pilot study.

Abstract Background Chronic opiate use leads to a sensitized behavioral response to acute pain, which in turn, leads to escalating doses of opiates. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that chronic opiate usage is also associated with a sensitized neurobiological response to acute pain in individuals that have used prescription opiates for 6 or more months. Methods Fourteen patients with non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis that have been taking prescription opiates for 6 or more months and 14 gender matched, non-opiate using controls were enrolled. Functional neuroimaging data was acquired while participants received blocks of thermal stimulation to their wrist (individually-tailored to their pain threshold). Results Self-reported pain was significantly greater in opiate using patients (3.4 ± 3.4) than controls (0.2 ± 0.8: Brief Pain Inventory p Conclusion The findings suggest that in chronic pancreatitis patients, a dose of opiates that normalizes their behavioral response to acute pain is associated with an amplified neural response to acute pain. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine if this neural sensitization hastens a behavioral tolerance to opiates or the development of an opioid use disorder.
The importance of integrated pest management for sustainable agriculture

By this study, integrated pest management (IPM) methods were analyzed through sustainable agriculture perspective against agricultural pests. Results of the studies suggested that use of IPM methods in agriculture has a lot of beneficial effects on human health, environmental pollution and ecological life. In IPM, it is essential that using the sequence of cultural, mechanical, biotechnological and biological control methods and finally chemical control methods. By these methods, especially biotechnical and biological control methods are applied effectively and economically to control several pests. In this manner, sustainable agriculture can be carried out by eliminating negative effects of most pesticides.
Cognitive Distraction at Mealtime Decreases Amount Consumed in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Crossover Exploratory Study.

BACKGROUND Environmental distractions have been shown to affect eating patterns. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a cognitive distraction on amount, preference, and memory of food consumed and perceptions of fullness, hunger, and enjoyment of food in a healthy young-adult population. METHODS A randomized controlled crossover study of 119 healthy adults (20.2 ± 1.4 y; 57% women; 48% white) assigned participants to begin under either the distracted (DIS, n = 55) or control (CON, n = 64) conditions. DIS participants consumed a meal of quiche while completing a Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP) for 15 min. CON participants ate without any task assignment. After a 30-min rest period, participants were offered a snack and given 5 min to eat ad libitum. Participants completed a survey assessing fullness, hunger, and enjoyment of the meal using 100 mm visual analogue scales. One week later, participants completed the opposite condition. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. RESULTS Those in DIS consumed 13 g less of the meal (P < 0.001), even when comparing by initial condition (P < 0.001) and adjusting for sex (P < 0.001). A carryover effect of initial condition was found (P < 0.001), such that participants first assigned to DIS condition consumed less (95.2 ± 61.7 g) when distracted compared to all other condition combinations (127-133 g). Those in DIS had decreased accuracy for both memory of quiche received (absolute difference, 1.1 ± 1.6 compared with 0.7 ± 1.2 for CON, P < 0.001) and memory of quiche consumed (0.8 ± 1.1 for DIS compared with 0.7 ± 1.2 for CON, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS When distracted, healthy young adults consumed significantly less food and their memory of the meal was dampened. These findings underscore the potential importance of cognitive distraction in affecting food intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04078607.
Identical or similar brand names used in different countries for medications with different active ingredients: a descriptive analysis.

Objective To identify US drug brand (proprietary) names that are identical or similar to drug brand names used in other countries containing different active ingredients and name confusion medication errors associated with these drugs. Methods We compared a list of brand names approved by the US Food and Drug Administration from 2006 through 2018 with a list of brand names from other countries generated by Uppsala Monitoring Centre using the WHODrug Dictionary. We evaluated drug name pairs that were identical or highly similar and had different active ingredients and searched for name confusion medication errors with these drugs. Results A total of 27 US brand names were found to be identical to 38 drug brand names in other countries with different active ingredients. A total of 74 US drug brand names were highly similar to 93 brand names in other countries for drugs containing different active ingredients. We identified name confusion medication errors for one similar name pair. Conclusions US drug brand names that are identical to or highly similar to brand names in other countries may cause confusion that can lead to medication errors such as wrong drug errors and wrong drug information being consulted. Manufacturers should consider this risk prior to submitting proposed brand names to regulatory authorities. Regulatory authorities may consider incorporating this check in their brand name reviews and work with manufacturers to eliminate the use of the same or similar brand names for products with different ingredients. Consumers filling prescriptions at foreign pharmacies should also be aware of potential name confusion.
Waferscale S-MCM for High Performance Computing

This paper describes a novel strategy to combine laser direct write (LDW) and optical lithography (I-line) to fabricate 200 mm waferscale superconducting multi-chip modules (S-MCM) for interconnecting multiple active superconducting electronics chips based on single flux quantum (SFQ) logic for next generation cryogenic processing systems. The packaging roadmap includes the development of S-MCM (48 mm x 48 mm) using a nearly full I-line reticles, followed by reticle stitching to fabricate the largest possible stitched S-MCM (96 mm x 96 mm) using a four mask/layer process. The stitching process starts with sequential exposure of multiple I-line photomasks, with small overlap (stitched area), to realize larger combined circuit areas for design- critical S-MCM layers with minimum linewidths of 0.8-1 gm. The packaging roadmap further extends the S-MCM size utilizing laser direct write (LDW) lithography to make wider (> 1 gm) features such as fan-out circuits, extending the stitched circuit area to include the entire 200 mm wafer as a single S-MCM. Process control monitors (PCM) include snake/comb test structures, critical dimension (CD) cells, transmission lines, daisy chains etc. Niobium-indium-based microbump technology was developed to demonstrate full-size (20 x 20 mm2) SFQ flip-chips on an S-MCM with low 4 K interconnect resistance (50-100 μΩ) at the SFQ chip to S-MCM interface. Confocal micrographs show a uniform niobium-indium microbump-based interconnect network and X-ray images show the desired deformation of niobiumindium microbumps after flip-chip bonding. Full-size (20x20mm2) flip-chip daisy chains with 10k and 100k bumps maintained high Nb critical current post-bonding (> 50 mA), demonstrating a viable platform for building larger superconducting computing systems.