cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting sweat loss response to exercise, environment and clothing

Metabolic heat production (M), clothing heat transfer characteristics, and the environment dictate a required evaporative cooling (Ereq) from the body to maintain thermal balance. However, the maximal evaporative capacity (Emax) is dictated by vapor transfer properties of the clothing and environment. Relationships between metabolic load, environmental conditions, clothing and sweat loss were studied in 34 heat-acclimatized males categorized into four groups (eight, eight, eight, and ten subjects) and exposed to various environmental conditions (ambient temperature, 20–54‡ C, and relative humidity, 10–90%), three levels of metabolic rate (resting; walking 1.34 m·s−1, level; or walking 1.34 m·s−1, 5% grade) while wearing various clothing ensembles (shorts and T-shirts, fatigues, fatigues plus overgarment, or sweat suit). Individual groups were not exposed to all combinations. Exposures lasted 120 min: either 10 min rest — 50 min exercise — 10 min rest — 50 min exercise, or 120 min at rest. Physiological measurements included heart rate, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, energy expenditure and sweat loss (δmsw). Emax and Ereq were calculated from environmental conditions, metabolism, clothing insulation and permeability. The ratio Ereq/δmsw was found to correlate with Emax and not with M. The predictive equation for sweat loss was: δmsw=18.7×Ereq×(Emax)−0.455 within the limits 50<Ereq<360; W·m−2 and 20<Emax<525; W·m−2. This formula predicts sweat loss for specific work loads, climates and clothing ensembles.
Modeling Tropical Convergence Based on the Moist Static Energy Budget

Abstract The vertically integrated moist static energy equation provides a convenient starting point for the construction of simple models of the time-mean low level convergence in the tropics. A vertically integrated measure of the moist static stability, the “gross moist stability,” proves to be of central importance. Minima in this quantity mark the positions of the tropical convergence zones. We argue that the positions of these minima are determined by the time-mean moisture field, which is, in turn, closely tied to the time-mean surface temperature.
Effect of ethanol self-administration on choice behavior: money vs. socializing.

Abstract Volunteer chronic alcoholic subjects were exposed to a discrete-trial choice procedure within a residential research setting. Twelve daily trials occurred at 20 min intervals. In each trial a subject chose between 2 mutually exclusive options involving either receipt of money or the opportunity for socializing. The effect of ethanol self-administration was evaluated by requiring randomly over days that a subject consume either 8 drinks of orange juice or 8 drinks of ethanol (89.12 g ethanol total). For all 4 subjects, the mean rate of choosing socialization over money was significantly greater on sessions involving ethanol self-administration than on sessions involving orange juice self-administration.
Chick Cartilage Fibronectin Differs in Structure from the Fibronectin in Limb Mesenchyme

Abstract Fibronectin, present in the extracellular matrix of several tissues, is heterogeneous in structure. This heterogeneity is largely due to the alternative splicing of three exons (IIIB, IIIA, and V) during processing of the fibronectin primary transcript. Previously, we determined that the splicing patterns of fibronectin mRNAs change from B+A+ to B+A− during the differentiation of mesenchyme into cartilage (V. D. Bennett, K. M. Pallante, and S. L. Adams,J. Biol. Chem.266, 5918–5924, 1991). Therefore, the structure of fibronectin at the protein level most likely changes during chondrogenesis as well. In order to characterize the fibronectin protein in chick limb prechondrogenic mesenchyme and cartilage, we generated a polyclonal antibody specific for the region encoded by exon IIIB in the chick fibronectin gene. Immunoblot and immunohistochemistry analyses with this antibody and an antibody specific for the region encoded by exon IIIA indicate that both antibodies react with the fibronectin present in prechondrogenic mesenchyme. In contrast, only the exon IIIB antibody reacts with the fibronectin present in chick cartilage. Quantitative ELISA assays with these antibodies indicate that approximately 96% of the fibronectin in chick embryonic cartilage contains exon IIIB while less than 3% of the fibronectin contains exon IIIA. These results corroborate the structures of the fibronectin isoforms present in prechondrogenic mesenchyme and cartilage that were predicted from our previous characterization of the fibronectin mRNAs in these tissues and indicate that essentially all of the fibronectin in cartilage is synthesized and secreted by cartilage chondrocytes.
CZM Act Amendments of 1976: Summary and Implications

The Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of 1976 greatly expand the 1972 Act. This paper briefly discusses each element of those amendments and their implication for coastal states and local governments as well as the private sector. Since no regulations have yet been developed for those amendments, opportunity for input through the Federal Register review process will be available to both public and private interests.
Relation between early motor delay and later communication delay in infants at risk for autism.

Background Motor delays have been reported in retrospective studies of young infants who later develop Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs).
A classification tree based modeling approach for segment related crashes on multilane highways.

Abstract Introduction This study presents a classification tree based alternative to crash frequency analysis for analyzing crashes on mid-block segments of multilane arterials. Method The traditional approach of modeling counts of crashes that occur over a period of time works well for intersection crashes where each intersection itself provides a well-defined unit over which to aggregate the crash data. However, in the case of mid-block segments the crash frequency based approach requires segmentation of the arterial corridor into segments of arbitrary lengths. In this study we have used random samples of time, day of week, and location (i.e., milepost) combinations and compared them with the sample of crashes from the same arterial corridor. For crash and non-crash cases, geometric design/roadside and traffic characteristics were derived based on their milepost locations. The variables used in the analysis are non-event specific and therefore more relevant for roadway safety feature improvement programs. First classification tree model is a model comparing all crashes with the non-crash data and then four groups of crashes (rear-end, lane-change related, pedestrian, and single-vehicle/off-road crashes) are separately compared to the non-crash cases. The classification tree models provide a list of significant variables as well as a measure to classify crash from non-crash cases. ADT along with time of day/day of week are significantly related to all crash types with different groups of crashes being more likely to occur at different times. Conclusions From the classification performance of different models it was apparent that using non-event specific information may not be suitable for single vehicle/off-road crashes. Impact on Industry The study provides the safety analysis community an additional tool to assess safety without having to aggregate the corridor crash data over arbitrary segment lengths.
Fed policy and presidential elections

Abstract In this paper, we test the hypothesis that the Federal Reserve attempts to stimulate the economy prior to a presidential election. Our data covers the Johnson, Nixon, and Carter administrations. While we cannot rule out that political pressure has been effectively brought to bear on the Fed prior to some elections, the data do not produce evidence of a systematic move to ease.
The Mertk receptor tyrosine kinase promotes T–B interaction stimulated by IgD B-cell receptor cross-linking

The Mertk receptor tyrosine kinase facilitates macrophage and DC apoptotic-cell clearance and regulates immune tolerance. Mertk may also contribute to B-cell activation, because Mertk-KO mice fail to develop autoantibodies when allo-activated by T cells. We investigated this possibility with a well-characterized model in which injection of mice with goat anti-IgD antibody causes membrane IgD cross-linking that induces T-independent B cell activation and antigen presentation to T cells. Goat anti-mouse IgD antibody-injected C57BL/6 Mertk-KO mice had normal initial B cell activation and proliferation, but significantly lower T cell activation and proliferation, as well as lower IgE and IgG anti-goat IgG responses, as compared to C57BL/6 WT controls. B cell antigen processing, analyzed by evaluating B cell fluorescence following injection of monoclonal anti-IgD antibody labeled with biotin or FITC, was comparable between Mertk-KO mice and WT mice. IgD Ab primed B cells from Mertk-KO mice exhibited significantly lower ability in activating memory T cells isolated from WT mice injected with the same antigen 10 days before. These observations suggest that Mertk expression is required for optimal B-cell antigen presentation, which is, in turn, required in this model for optimal T cell activation and subsequent T cell-dependent B cell differentiation.
NS-398, a Cyclooxygenase-2-Specific Inhibitor, Delays Skeletal Muscle Healing by Decreasing Regeneration and Promoting Fibrosis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often prescribed after muscle injury. However, the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on muscle healing remains primarily controversial. To further examine the validity of using these drugs after muscle injury, we investigated the working mechanism of NS-398, a cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor. In vitro experiments showed that NS-398 inhibited the proliferation and maturation of differentiated myogenic precursor cells, suggesting a detrimental effect on skeletal muscle healing. Using a mouse laceration model, we analyzed the in vivo effect of NS-398 on skeletal muscle healing at time points up to 4 weeks after injury. The in vivo results revealed delayed muscle regeneration at early time points after injury in the NS-398-treated mice. Compared to controls, lacerated muscles treated with NS-398 expressed higher levels of transforming growth factor-β1, which corresponded with increased fibrosis. In addition, transforming growth factor-β1 co-localized with myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. We also found reduced neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in treated muscles, indicating that the delayed skeletal muscle healing observed after NS-398 treatment could be influenced by the anti-inflammatory effect of NS-398. Our findings suggest that the use of cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors to treat skeletal muscle injuries warrants caution because they may interfere with muscle healing.
A systematic classification of the phenomenology of emotions.

This paper reports the conclusions drawn from an intensive study of the relationships existing between the thinking processes of neurotic patients and their emotional experiences. The data of this study are not suitable to tabulation and statistical analysis, and the conclusions only are presented. It is suggested that “proof” of the conclusions be sought by other investigators applying the principles outlined to individual patients as a test of validity. No other practical method of assembling “proof” seems available. To apply a principle, for instance, one might search to find what “imagined danger” a given patient is fantasying at the moment he is experiencing fear. If one assumes that such an idea must exist, and dismisses all protestations to the contrary, it is surprising how easily and frequently the idea giving rise to fear can be uncovered. If one assumes, on the other hand, that a patient can, indeed, be unaware of what he is afraid of, then the investigator may never find out what the “imagined danger” is.
Worsening of nose bleeding heralds high cardiac output state in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Abstract Background Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is characterized by arteriovenous malformations or telangiectasias in multiple organs. Nose bleeding is the most common manifestation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and can be debilitating. Cardiac involvement in the form of high-output cardiac failure is a poorly studied complication of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The objective of this study is to describe the natural history of high-output cardiac failure in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and define the relation between bleeding complications and high-output cardiac failure. Methods In this case-control study at the Washington University hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia center, all patients evaluated for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and found to have high cardiac output between 1999 and 2006 were enrolled as cases (n=17) and compared with 17 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia controls without high-output cardiac failure. Results During lifetime, cases needed more transfusions, emergency department visits, and hospital admission for nose bleeding. Cases experienced significant worsening of nose bleeding immediately before heart failure diagnosis. During the 2 years before study-related evaluation, 16 (94%) cases needed transfusions every month as compared with 2 (12%) controls ( P P Conclusions Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients with high-output cardiac failure have significantly greater nose bleeding as compared with patients without high-output cardiac failure. In addition, nose bleeding worsens around the time of development of high-output cardiac failure. Early recognition of the relationship between severe nose bleeding and high-output cardiac failure can lead to earlier diagnosis and provide an opportunity for earlier institution of therapy for high-output cardiac failure.
Review of Negotiating the Arctic:The Construction of an International Region, by E. C. H. Keskitalo

Since the waning of the cold war during the late 1980s, the Arctic has emerged as a lively arena for initiatives designed to promote international cooperation. These initiatives take a variety of forms. Some, like the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) and its successor the Arctic Council (AC), involve intergovernmental agreements. Others, such as the Northern Forum (NF), are collaborative efforts on the part of subnational units of government (e.g. counties, provinces, states). Still others, like the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the University of the Arctic (UArctic), and the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC), feature efforts on the part of nongovernmental bodies to infl uence the course of transnational relations.
eAir: an energy efficient air quality management system in residential buildings: poster abstract

The ASHRAE standard requires that sufficient fresh air be provided to keep the CO2 level below 1,000 ppm on buildings. However, surveys on buildings, classrooms and houses found CO2 concentrations at or above 1,000 and 2,500 ppm. To reduce CO2 level in buildings, ventilation system exchanges air between indoor and outdoor. Due to the temperature difference, heating or cooling system should also be turned on to keep the stable temperature in the building. In this paper we propose eAir to improve indoor air quality while reducing expense for compensation of heating or cooling. Based on the CO2 level, indoor and outdoor temperature, our design can automatically select the best time to turn on ventilation, heating and cooling systems to keep CO2 and temperature under certain level. In addition, we apply ventilation among rooms to reduce CO2 level for a specific room to avoid turning on heating or cooling system. Our experiments proved that our design can improve the air quality and offer valuable savings to buildings.
Radiotherapy is successful treatment for orbital lymphoma

Abstract Purpose: To describe the clinical presentation, treatment technique, outcome and complications in a large single institutional experience using radiotherapy for treatment of orbital lymphoma. Methods and Materials: Twenty-five patients with lymphoma of the orbit or ocular adnexa were treated with radiotherapy at Stanford University Medical Center during the fourteen year period, 1977–1991. Patients were staged using the Ann Arbor criteria with chest x-ray, computerized tomography of abdomen and orbits, lymphangiogram, and bone marrow biopsy. Patients with disease localized to the orbits as well as those with disseminated disease and symptomatic orbital lesions were treated. Thirty-one involved eyes were treated. Mean radiotherapy dose was 35.3 Gy, with a range of 28 Gy to 40.2 Gy. Lens protection was used in all cases. Two patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma also received chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment. Follow-up ranged from 10 months to 13 years, with a mean follow-up time of 4 years. Results: Twenty patients had disease confined to one or both orbits (Stage 1). One patient had a monoclonal atypical infiltrate, while the remainder had a histologic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma: diffuse small lymphocytic, 13; follicular mixed, 3; diffuse small cleaved, 3; diffuse large cell, 2; follicular small cleaved, 1; follicular and diffuse small cleaved, 1; undifferentiated, 1. Two local relapses occurred; the actuarial 5-year freedom from local relapse is 89%. Actuarial 5-year freedom from distant relapse, freedom from any relapse and overall survival are 77%, 70%, and 93%, respectively. Acute complications of treatment were mild. Late complications included transient cystoid macular edema (one patient), asymptomatic subcapsular and medial sector cataract formation (two patients), retinopathy (two patients), mild eyelid retraction (one patient), and dry eye with secondary conjunctivitis (one patient). Conclusion: Carefully planned radiotherapy with lens shielding is an effective and safe treatment in the management of orbital lymphoma. We recommend megavoltage radiation doses of 30–35 Gy in 180–200 cGy fractions for low grade lesions, and 36–40 Gy for intermediate and high grade lesions.
Soil Magnetic Susceptibility: A Quantitative Proxy of Soil Drainage for Use in Ecological Restoration

Flooded, saturated, or poorly drained soils are commonly anaerobic, leading to microbially induced magnetite/maghemite dissolution and decreased soil magnetic susceptibility (MS). Thus, MS is considerably higher in well-drained soils (MS typically 40–80 × 10−5 standard international [SI]) compared to poorly drained soils (MS typically 10–25 × 10−5 SI) in Illinois, other soil-forming factors being equal. Following calibration to standard soil probings, MS values can be used to rapidly and precisely delineate hydric from nonhydric soils in areas with relatively uniform parent material. Furthermore, soil MS has a moderate to strong association with individual tree species’ distribution across soil moisture regimes, correlating inversely with independently reported rankings of a tree species’ flood tolerance. Soil MS mapping can thus provide a simple, rapid, and quantitative means for precisely guiding reforestation with respect to plant species’ adaptations to soil drainage classes. For instance, in native woodlands of east-central Illinois, Quercus alba, Prunus serotina, and Liriodendron tulipifera predominantly occur in moderately well-drained soils (MS 40–60 × 10−5 SI), whereas Acer saccharinum, Carya laciniosa, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica predominantly occur in poorly drained soils (MS <20 × 10−5 SI). Using a similar method, an MS contour map was used to guide restoration of mesic, wet mesic, and wet prairie species to pre-settlement distributions at Meadowbrook Park (Urbana, IL, U.S.A.). Through use of soil MS maps calibrated to soil drainage class and native vegetation occurrence, restoration efforts can be conducted more successfully and species distributions more accurately reconstructed at the microecosystem level.
Implications of the virial theorem for quantum-chemical calculations of vibrational frequencies and equilibrium distances

Abstract Consider two theoretically calculated vibrational potential curves for a specific state of a diatomic molecule, both satisfying the quantum-mechanical virial theorem but the two giving slightly different predictions of equilibrium distance Re and harmonic force constant ke. Let the fractional changes in Re and ke between the two curves be ϱ and κ, and let t and v be t fractional changes in calculated kinetic and potential energies. Then it is shown that ϱ = t−v and κ = −3t + 4v. A certain mod class of molecules gives v= 1.20t, so that κ= −9p. For Hartree-Fock H2, v;= 1.17t and κ= −10.0 ϱ.
Effect of altitude on brain intracellular pH and inorganic phosphate levels.

Normal brain activity is associated with task-related pH changes. Although central nervous system syndromes associated with significant acidosis and alkalosis are well understood, the effects of less dramatic and chronic changes in brain pH are uncertain. One environmental factor known to alter brain pH is the extreme, acute change in altitude encountered by mountaineers. However, the effect of long-term exposure to moderate altitude has not been studied. The aim of this two-site study was to measure brain intracellular pH and phosphate-bearing metabolite levels at two altitudes in healthy volunteers, using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). Increased brain pH and reduced inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels were found in healthy subjects who were long-term residents of Salt Lake City, UT (4720 ft/1438 m), compared with residents of Belmont, MA (20 ft/6 m). Brain intracellular pH at the altitude of 4720 ft was more alkaline than that observed near sea level. In addition, the ratio of inorganic phosphate to total phosphate signal also shifted toward lower values in the Salt Lake City region compared with the Belmont area. These results suggest that long-term residence at moderate altitude is associated with brain chemical changes.
An electrically trainable artificial neural network (ETANN) with 10240 'floating gate' synapses

The use of floating-gate nonvolatile memory technology for analog storage of connection strengths, or weights, has previously been proposed and demonstrated. The authors report the analog storage and multiply characteristics of a new floating-gate synapse and further discuss the architecture of a neural network which uses this synapse cell. In the architecture described 8192 synapses are used to interconnect 64 neurons fully and to connect the 64 neurons to each of 64 inputs. Each synapse in the network multiplies a signed analog voltage by a stored weight and generates a differential current proportional to the product. Differential currents are summed on a pair of bit lines and transferred through a sigmoid function, appearing at the neuron output as an analog voltage. Input and output levels are compatible for ease in cascade-connecting these devices into multilayer networks. The width and height of weight-change pulses are calculated. The synapse cell size is 2009 mu m/sup 2/ using 1- mu m CMOS EEPROM technology. >
Control systems which generate decomposable Lie algebras

Let X, Y be real analytic vector fields on an n -manifold M , (ad X, Y ) = [ X, Y ]denote the Lie product, inductively(ad k + 1 X, Y ) = [ X , (ad k X, Y )]and ℒ 1 ={(ad v X, Y):v =0,…}. The attainable set at time t , denoted Download full-size image ( t , for the control system (1) x = X(x) + u(t) Y(x), x (0) = p , ¦ u(t) ¦ ⩽ 1, is contained in the integral manifold through p of the Lie algebra, L (ℒ 1 ), generated byℒ 1 , L (ℒ 1 ) is said to be decomposable at p if (essentially), when dim L ℒ 1 ( p = n , the solution of (1) can be written as(exp tX ) ∘ (exp F 1 (t, u) V 1 ) ∘ … ∘ (exp F n ( t, u) V n )( p ) with V 1 , …, V n ∈Lℒ 1 . This is true, for example, at any p , if L (ℒ 1 ) is nilpotent. The F i ( t, u ) are shown to satisfy a system on ℝ n of the form (2) x i = u(t) G i ( t, x 1 ,…, x i − 1 ), x i (0) = 0, i = 1,…, n , where, if L (ℒ 1 ) is nilpotent, each G i is a polynomial in x 1 , …, x i − 1 . In this case, reachability properties of (2) for controls being countably additive measures (impluses) reduce to the study of algebraic equations; homogeneity allows these to be considered on projective space, ℙ n , giving local results by Bezout's theorem. Similar results hold for controls in the unit ball of ℒ ℞ . Krener's results on approximating systems of the form (1) by systems which generate nilpotent Lie algebras can then be used to remove the condition that L (ℒ 1 ) be nilpotent. The method applies to show that, ifℒ m denotes the set of all products of k elements ofℒ 1 with k ⩽ m and dim spanℒ m +1 ( p )= dim spanℒ m for all odd m , then(exp tX)(p )∈ int Download full-size image ( t )for all t > 0.
SU-E-T-581: Planning Evaluation of Step-And-Shoot IMRT, RapidArc and Helical TomoTherapy for Hippocampal-Avoidance Whole Brain Radiotherapy (HA-WBRT).

Purpose: Several planning strategies are available for hippocampal‐ avoidance whole‐brain radiotherapy (HA‐WBRT) following RTOG protocol 0933, but have yet to be compared on a common set of patient data. In this inter‐institutional investigation, we evaluate three modalities likely to be employed by protocol participants; step‐and‐shoot IMRT, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and helical tomotherapy. A common set of patients is used for comparison, including credentialing and successfully accrued patients. Methods: Eight patient datasets were selected and de‐identified prior to planning. Structures were contoured by physicians per protocol using fused MRI datasets. Three plans were generated for each dataset: Philips Pinnacle 9‐field non‐coplanar IMRT using protocol recommended beam parameters, Varian's RapidArc using two coplanar arcs, and Accuray's TomoTherapy using a 1cm jaw width. With the goal of meeting the compliance criteria outlined in RTOG 0933 (target coverage and dose limits to the hippocampus and optic structures), three planners independently planned each modality without prior knowledge of the patient's other plans to reduce bias. The three plans for each patient were compared according to the protocol's dosimetric compliance criteria. A homogeneity index was also computed to compare target dose uniformity. Results: All plans achieved the protocol dose criteria, except for one RapidArc plan with slightly inferior dose to the optic chiasm. TomoTherapy offered superior dose homogeneity for all patients. For the two linac based methods, RapidArc was found to provide dose homogeneity at least as good as, and in most cases superior to, 9‐field step‐and‐shoot IMRT.Conclusions: Helical TomoTherapy offers superior dose homogeneity for HA‐WBRT following RTOG 0933. Compared to step‐and‐shoot IMRT, volumetric modulated arc techniques, such as RapidArc, can offer improved homogeneity for HA‐ WBRT and are generally more efficient/expeditious to deliver than the noncoplanar 9‐field arrangement recommended by the protocol, which uses 7 separate couch angles.
Children's Prehension: Normative Data for the Children's Box and Block Test:

To establish norms for gross manual dexterity of school-age children, 113 Ss, aged 7, 8, 9 yr., were given the Children's Box and Block Test, which yields a performance index for each hand. (a) For 7-yr.-olds, the mean scores for dominant hand were 61.8 for boys, 62.7 for girls; and 57.7 for boys' and 59.4 for girls' non-dominant hands. (b) The mean scores for dominant hand of 8-yr.-old boys and girls were 66.0 and 67.2 respectively; for the non-dominant hand 61.9 and 63.3. For dominant and non-dominant hands of 9-yr.-old boys, scores were 71.0 and 62.3; for the girls 68.0 and 64.6. Test-retest reliability varied from .78 to .91.
Electrochemical performance of Nd0.6Sr0.4Co0.5Fe0.5O3−δ–Ag composite cathodes in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The electrochemical performances of Nd 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3− δ –Ag composite cathodes have been investigated in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The Nd 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3− δ –Ag cathodes prepared by ball milling followed by firing at 920 °C show the maximum performance (power density: 0.15 W cm −2 at 800 °C) at 3 wt.% Ag. On the other hand, the Nd 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3− δ –Ag composite cathodes with 0.1 mg cm −2 (∼0.5 wt.%) Ag that were prepared by an impregnation of Ag into Nd 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3− δ followed by firing at 700 °C (but the electrolyte–Nd 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3− δ assembly was prepared first by firing at 1100 °C) exhibit much better performance (power density: 0.27 W cm −2 at 800 °C) than the composite cathodes prepared by ball milling, despite a much smaller amount of Ag due to a better dispersion and an enhanced adhesion. AC impedance analysis indicates that the Ag catalysts dispersed in the porous Nd 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3− δ cathode reduce the ohmic and the polarization resistances due to an increased electronic conductivity and enhanced electrocatalytic activity.
Attribution bias: On the inconclusiveness of the cognition-motivation debate

Abstract Social psychologists have given considerable theoretical and research attention to whether motivational variables bias the attributions people make for behavior. Some theorists maintain that motivational constructs must be invoked to explain certain attributional phenomena; other theorists maintain that information-processing variables can adequately explain these phenomena. The present article critically examines existing cognitive and motivational approaches to attribution and analyzes the assumptions underlying the cognition-motivation debate. We argue that cognitive and motivational theories are currently empirically indistinguishable. In particular, its is possible to construct information-processing explanations for virtually all evidence for motivated bias. We conclude by examining the implications of this indeterminacy of cognitive and motivational explanations. Future research in the area can most profitably be addressed to improving the specificity of cognitive and motivational theories rather than to resolving the between-theory confrontation.
Thermal Conductivity, Second Sound, and Phonon-Phonon Interactions in NaF

The thermal conductivity of several NaF crystals of varying purity has been measured between 2 and 100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The full Callaway formalism is employed to derive phonon-phonon scattering rates from the thermal-conductivity data. The data can be fitted above 37 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K only by assuming a change from the low-temperature scattering rates. Heat-pulse data and the observation of second sound are reported for a crystal less pure than that studied by Jackson et al. The temperature region of second-sound propagation observed for several NaF crystals of varying purity along with the derived phonon-phonon scattering rates are used to give quantitative meaning to the criteria for the observation of second sound. The thermal-conductivity measurements and the second-sound observations are consistent with a scattering rate for normal processes between 10 and 25 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{N}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10} \ensuremath{\omega}{T}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Measurement of Pudendal Evoked Potentials During Feminizing Genitoplasty: Technique and Applications

ABSTRACTWe report on 6 patients (average age 13 months) with ambiguous genitalia who underwent stimulation of the dorsal neurovascular bundle of the phallus during feminizing genitoplasty. Three patients had the adrenogenital syndrome, 1 underwent removal of a masculinizing adrenal tumor before genital reconstruction, 1 had mixed gonadal dysgenesis and 1 had male pseudohermaphroditism. Stimulation of the dorsal neurovascular bundle with measurement of electromyographic nerve conduction latencies was performed before and after ligation of the corporeal bodies and excision of the erectile tissue. In all 6 cases electromyographic responses were preserved after phallic reduction. Our study clearly shows that modern techniques of genital reconstruction allow for preservation of nerve conduction in the dorsal neurovascular bundle and may permit normal sexual function in adulthood.
The effect of succinylcholine on denervated skeletal muscle

Succinylcholine, commonly used in anesthesia, paralyzes normal skeletal muscles by blocking transmission at the myoneural junction, but in denervated muscle, it produces sustained muscle contractions lasting several minutes. This denervation hypersensitivity, believed to be due to the progressive enlargement of the receptor area, begins within 2 to 3 weeks and may last for months. Three patients with denervation hypersensitivity were studied: one with isolated denervation of the flexor pollicis longus and two with combined median and ulnar nerve palsy. Within 1 to 2 minutes after administration of succinylcholine, sustained contraction of the denervated muscles occurred and lasted 4 to 5 minutes. Succinylcholine, due to its ability to produce sustained muscle contraction in denervated muscles, may be a useful diagnostic aid in distinguishing loss of function due to nerve injury from tendon disruption.
Comparative study of luting agents with composite resin cores.

Abstract This study compared bond strengths of zinc phosphate and polycar☐ylate cements in cementing cast gold crowns to composite resin cores. The study also compared the effect of thermocycling on the bond strengths in tension of the two cements under varied storage and thermocycling conditions. Sixty standard cores were made from composite resin material. Gold alloy crowns were cast for each core and cemented with zinc phosphate or polycar☐ylate cement. The samples were stored for 1 day or 1 month and then cycled with 60-second dwell times between 5 °C and 55 °C distilled water baths for 5, 100, or 1000 cycles. The controls were stored for the same periods and were not cycled. Overall comparison of both storage periods and all cycled and noncycled groups revealed that zinc phosphate cement had significantly higher bond strengths than polycar☐ylate cement. Increasing the storage time before cycling significantly increased the bond strengths for both cements. There was no difference between any of the cycle periods or the noncycled controls for either cement.
Abstract A40: CTEN prolongs EGFR signaling by reducing ligand-induced EGFR degradation

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase engages a vast array of signaling pathways regulating tissue development and homeostasis. The signal is normally induced by ligand binding (such as EGF) that activates the receptors and then the downstream molecules, which mediate cell fate decisions such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation. EGF binding not only turns on the EGFR activity; it also turns on the mechanisms to inactivate EGFR signaling. One way is the activation of c-Cbl, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds to tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR and leads to ubiquitination of EGFR for lysosomal degradation. Dysregulated EGFR signaling either by up-regulation or aberrant activation of the receptor will trigger cellular events that contribute to tumor microenvironments and cancer formation. Focal adhesions connect extracellular matrix to cytoskeletal networks and play critical roles in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. They also crosstalk with growth factor receptors, such as EGFR to elicit a wider range of cellular responses, and may function as biosensors for microenvironments. Cten (C-terminal tensin like) is a focal adhesion molecule known to regulate cell adhesion and migration. Previously, we had shown that cten was up-regulated by EGF and mediated EGF induced cell migration. To further investigate cten's role in EGFR signaling pathway, we examined cten's effect on EGFR protein stability. Cten significantly reduced ligand-induced EGFR degradation through decreasing EGFR ubiquitination. This was accomplished by binding to c-Cbl in a phosphotyrosine-SH2 dependent fashion. A functional SH2 domain of cten was essential for its activities in promoting tumor cell migration, invasion, and colony formation. In addition to cell culture systems, EGFR levels were markedly enhanced in a cten tissue-specific knockin mouse model. By analysis of cten and EGFR expressions in human cancer samples, we found a positive association between cten and EGFR protein levels. Since cten regulates the activated EGFR level and plays roles in tumor migration/invasion, targeting of cten might have a beneficial effect on EGFR targeted therapies. Citation Format: Shiao-Ya Hong, Yi-Ping Shih, Tianhong Li, Kermit Carraway, Su Hao Lo. CTEN prolongs EGFR signaling by reducing ligand-induced EGFR degradation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A40.
Analysis of Synechococcus pigment types in the sea using single and dual beam flow cytometry

Abstract Distributions and optical properties of Synechococcus cells were studied at sea using flow cytometric techniques to distinguish between several different pigment types. Cells with only phycoerythrobilin chromophores were distinguished from those with both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin (PUB) chromophores by exciting with 488 nm light and measuring the resulting phycoerythrin fluorescence below 560 nm (green) and above 560 nm (orange). All populations detected had green/orange emission ratios similar to PUB-containing strains of Synechococcus in culture. In addition, the ratio of fluorescence emission intensity resulting from excitation at 488 and 515 nm was used to measure the relative PUB content of the cells. In the majority of samples, we found ratios as high or higher than those of the cultured strains considered to have unusually high PUB contents. These findings suggest that our perception of the characteristics of Synechococcus populations in the open ocean may have been biased by studies of cells from culture collections. According to our survey, virtually all Synechococcus cells in the open ocean contain PUB and most of them have very high relative PUB contents. This gives them absorption properties not very different from those of the eukaryotic phytoplankton, and this could explain why photosynthetic action spectra have suggested that light absorption by phycoerythrobilin-rich phycoerythrin (at about 550 nm) is relatively unimportant in the open ocean.
Creating Vibrant Public Spaces: Streetscape Design in Commercial and Historic Districts

Ned Crankshaw, Washington DC, Island Press, $70.00, ISBN 9781597264822 (hbk) $35 ISBN 9781597264839 (pbk) Small towns “represent a history of investment of energy and materials in building and infr...
G-Jitter Effects in Protein Crystal Growth - A Numerical Study

The impact of spacecraft acceleration environment on Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) is studied. A brief overview of the Space Shuttle acceleration environment is provided followed by a simple scaling procedure used to obtain estimates of the flow and concentration field characteristics in PCG. A detailed two-dimensional numerical model is then used to simulate the PCG system response to different disturbance scenarios; viz. residual g effects, impulse type disturbances and oscillatory inputs. The results show that PCG is susceptible to g-jitter and is a good candidate for vibration isolation.
Forssman hapten N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase in rat brain and kidney.

—Forssman hapten (N-acetyl-α-galactosaminosyl-N-acetyl-β-galactosaminosyl-α-galactosyl-β-galactosyl-glucosylceramide), prepared from sheep erythrocytes was specifically labelled with tritium at the terminal N-acetyl-α-galactosamine moiety by the galactose oxidase-sodium [3H]borohydride method. Activities to cleave the terminal N-acetyl-α-galactosamine from Forssman hapten were detected in the high-speed supernatant of the frozen-thawed and sonicated crude mitochondrial fraction from adult rat brain and kidney. The optimal pH of the reaction was approximately 4·4. The reaction was linear for at least 1 h for the kidney enzyme and up to 3 h for the brain enzyme. Taurocholate was required for the activity. The optimal concentration was 1·5-2 mg/ml. Several other detergents and bile salts tested could not replace taurocholate. The apparent Km of the brain and kidney enzymes were 1·0×10−4M and 3·5×10−4m, respectively. During development, Forssman hapten-cleaving activities of both brain and kidney gradually declined in specific activity as the animal matured. These changes were similar to those of nonspecific p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-α-galactosaminidase. Several rat organs examined all showed detectable activities to cleave Forssman hapten.
Value-Added Predictors of Expressive and Receptive Language Growth in Initially Nonverbal Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Eighty-seven preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders who were initially nonverbal (under 6 words in language sample and under 21 parent-reported words said) were assessed at five time points over 16 months. Statistical models that accounted for the intercorrelation among nine theoretically- and empirically-motivated predictors, as well as two background variables (i.e., cognitive impairment level, autism severity), were applied to identify value-added predictors of expressive and receptive spoken language growth and outcome. The results indicate that responding to joint attention, intentional communication, and parent linguistic responses were value-added predictors of both expressive and receptive spoken language growth. In addition, consonant inventory was a value-added predictor of expressive growth; early receptive vocabulary and autism severity were value-added predictors of receptive growth.
X-RAY LUMINESCENCE OF SOLID NOBLE GASES.

Abstract Crystals of Ar, Kr, and Xe, grown from the melt in plastic or quartz tubes, show weak light emission during irradiation with X-rays. This luminescence consists of impurity and intrinsic contributions. It is called intrinsic if it is not suppressed by reduction of the impurity concentration. This consists mostly of broader bands between 2000 and 5000Awhich are temperature and radiation-dose dependent. We attribute luminescence in solid Kr to two different centers. A tentative model for one of them is the V K center, since noble gas molecular ions are stable in free space and are not much affected by the crystal. Extensions of these luminescence measurements will be discussed.
Analyzing the value of monitoring duodenal mucosal perfusion using photoplethysmography

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a technique that permits noninvasive measurement of changes in the volume of tissues. A novel device uses PPG to assess changes in duodenal mucosal perfusion. When tested in septic piglets, data obtained using this device correlate with the blood lactate concentration and duodenal serosal microvascular blood flow as measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter. This new PPG-based approach for continuously monitoring gut mucosal perfusion warrants further development, leading to prospective clinical trials in patients.
Effect of transport inhibitors on dibasic amino acid exchange diffusion in rat-kidney cortex

Abstract In rat-kidney cortex slices, l -lysine and l -arginine active transport and exchange diffusion, and intracellular Na + and K + concentrations, have been measured in the presence of temperature reduction, anaerobiosis, 2,4-dinitrophenol, extracellular Na + and K + deprivation, and ouabain. In general, lysine and arginine influx due to amino acid exchange diffusion appeared to be quantitatively more sensitive than active transport to these inhibitors. These data suggest an effect of these inhibitors at a transport site common to both processes. The most active inhibitors of amino acid exchange also produced marked depletion of intracellular K + . Restoration of intracellular K + , however, did not restore amino acid exchange. It is concluded that the changes in cation transport are probably not directly related to the changes in amino acid uptake, but that they represent parallel indices of membrane dysfunction.
Variational Principle of Hall Magnetohydrodynamics

The Hall current, which is written by a higher order derivative term, appears as a singular perturbation term to the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. The Hall MHD system has three invariants, the energy, the magnetic (electron) and ion helicities. The ion helicity is known to be “fragile” with respect to the energy norm of the magnetic and flow fields. In a sense of selective dissipation, the ion helicity may dissipate faster than the energy. Therefore a variational principle that gives minimumenergy state under two helicities constraints becomes an ill-posed problem. On the other hand, studying stability of a shear flow system, its non-Hermitian property invalidates the standard normal-mode analysis or energy principle. The Lyapunov stability analysis (Arnold method) is an effective way to that system. In this analysis, convexity (or coerciveness) of a functional, a linear combination of invariants, plays an important role. However the functional of Hall MHD is not a convex form. It is studied how thedifficulties appear in the variational principle of minimum energy state and Lyapunov stability analysis in the Hall MHD system. In both cases the difficulties stem from the fact that the highest order derivative term in the functional is not positive definite.
Coordinated Activation and Reporting for Energy-Efficient Target Intrusion Detection, Tracking, and Reporting in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network consisting of several nodes equipped with sensors that cooperatively monitor physical conditions. WSNs are being used in many monitoring applications. In this paper, we present a new approach to perform coordinated activation and reporting (CAR) for energy-efficient target monitoring (detection, tracking, and reporting) in WSNs. Our approach aims to minimize the response-time by activating sensors (from sleep-mode) that are along the target's path, and then forwarding the information to be reported to the base-station from these sensors along the same coordinated path. If we are unable to meet the response-time deadline using a coordinated path, we split the tracking path and the reporting path in to independent paths, so that the base-station is reported within the response-time deadline. We perform extensive simulations on different sample target-paths, and compute average response-time and network lifetime for each scenario. We also investigate the problem of optimal base-station placement, so as to improve the average response-time in the network.
Theoretical studies of the preferred connectivity in X3NZ (X=H, F; Z=O, S) types of molecules

Abstract B3LYP/6-311+G ∗ calculations were performed on a series of structural isomers of nitrosyl trifluoride ( 1a ), thiazyl trifluoride ( 3d ), and their hydrogen analogues ( 2 and 4 ). Computational results show that the most stable isomeric form varies among the four series. For example, in the hydride series, the molecule with the formula H 2 NZH, with Z being either O or S, has the highest thermal stability. In contrast, the most stable isomers in the two fluoride series were found to be F 3 NO and cis -FNSF 2 . The relative energetics and the structural differences among the constitutional isomers in each series, as well as those between the isovalent series, are discussed. Natural bond orbital analysis results are presented, and new structures for F 3 NO and F 3 NS are proposed.
Lysine-enediyne conjugates as photochemically triggered DNA double-strand cleavage agents.

Statistical analysis of DNA-photocleavage by two types of lysine–enediyne conjugates confirms that more double-strand breaks are produced than can be accounted for by coincident single-strand breaks.