cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amending cultures of selenium‐resistant bacteria with dimethyl selenone

A possible biological intermediate in the reduction and methylation of selenium oxyanions, dimethyl selenone, was synthesized, and the first experiments involving the amendment of selenium resistant bacterial cultures with this compound are reported. The amount of volatile, reduced selenium-containing species released from these cultures into the headspace is significantly more than that produced in analogous experiments involving sodium selenate amended cultures. Dimethyl selenone is reduced in the presence of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide in a complex growth medium, trypticase soy broth with 0.1% nitrate. This reduction occurs whether or not the reduced sulfur compounds are biologically produced.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in U.S. soldiers with post-traumatic headache

Objective To determine the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on headache characteristics and headache prognosis in U.S. soldiers with post-traumatic headache. Background PTSD and post-concussive headache are common conditions among U.S. Army personnel returning from deployment. The impact of comorbid PTSD on the characteristics and outcomes of post-traumatic headache has not been determined in U.S. Army soldiers. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 270 consecutive U.S. Army soldiers diagnosed with post-traumatic headache at a single Army neurology clinic. All subjects were screened for PTSD at baseline using the PTSD symptom checklist. Headache frequency and characteristics were determined for post-traumatic headache subjects with and without PTSD at baseline. Headache measures were reassessed 3 months after the baseline visit, and were compared between groups with and without PTSD. Results Of 270 soldiers with post-traumatic headache, 105 (39%) met screening criteria for PTSD. There was no significant difference between subjects with PTSD and those without PTSD with regard to headache frequency (17.2 vs 15.7 headache days per month; P = .15) or chronic daily headache (58.1% vs 52.1%; P = .34). Comorbid PTSD was associated with higher headache-related disability as measured by the Migraine Disability Assessment Score. Three months after the baseline neurology clinic visit, the number of subjects with at least 50% reduction in headache frequency was similar among post-traumatic headache cases with and without PTSD (25.9% vs 26.8%). Conclusion PTSD is prevalent among U.S. Army soldiers with post-traumatic headache. Comorbid PTSD is not associated with more frequent headaches or chronic daily headache in soldiers evaluated at a military neurology clinic for chronic post-traumatic headache. Comorbid PTSD does not adversely affect short-term headache outcomes, although prospective controlled trials are needed to better assess this relationship.
SONET: A SOcial NETwork Model for Privacy Monitoring and Ranking

Many concerns have been raised regarding the privacy issues in social media. The risks, as well as the security and privacy issues of social media in business, public policy, and legislation need to be evaluated and studied. However, there is lack of effective and practical way to quantify, measure, and evaluate privacy. In this paper, we propose a social network model, SONET, for privacy monitoring and ranking. The model provides a novel, effective, and practical way to quantify, measure, and evaluate privacy. Further, the proposed model is also flexible and built on real data from social media. The proposed privacy risk indicator, PIDX, can be calculated in real time and the value can be used for privacy monitoring and risk control.
A systematic analysis of the N-person chicken game

We report computer simulation experiments based on our agent-based simulation tool to model the multiperson Chicken dilemma game for the case when the agents are greedy simpletons who imitate the action of that of their neighbors who received the highest payoff for its previous action. The individual agents may cooperate with each other for the collective interest or may defect, i.e., pursue their selfish interests only. After a certain number of iterations the proportion of cooperators stabilizes to either a constant value or oscillates around such a value. The payoff (reward-penalty) functions are given as two straight lines: one for the cooperators and another for the defectors. The payoff curves are functions of the ratio of cooperators to the total number of agents. Even for linear payoff functions, we have four free parameters that determine the payoff functions that have the following properties: (1) Both payoff functions increase with the increasing number of cooperators. (2) In the region of low cooperation the cooperators have a higher reward than the defectors. (3) When the cooperation rate is high, there is a higher payoff for defecting behavior than for cooperating behavior. (4) As a consequence, the slope of the D function is greater than that of the C function and the two payoff functions intersect. (5) All agents receive a lower payoff if all defect than if all cooperate. We have investigated the behavior of the agents systematically. The results show that the solutions have predictable tendencies but they are nontrivial and quite irregular. The solutions show drastic changes in the parameter ranges 0.6 ≤ R ≤ 0.65 for all values of S and 0 ≤ S ≤ 0.2 when R < 0.6 (R is the reward for mutual cooperation and S is the sucker's payoff to a lonely cooperator). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010
Complacency in confusion

Because it contains so much food for thought for all students, whether in college or out, this address, originally delivered to a student group at the institution of which Doctor Doherty is president, is presented here for the benefit of all “students” in the AIEE audience
A microvax compatible data acquisition system for the collection of time-resolved X-ray data

Abstract We have designed and constructed a system which will allow us to accumulate time-resolved X-ray data from the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. The system consists of a SKY 320Q digital signal processor connected to a time/data buffer front end; a configuration that can handle the rapid data rates we eventually hope to attain. The interface allows for data to be sequentially routed in up to 15 individual time bins that can be varied in duration from 350 ns to 22.9 ms. Data rates of up to 10 MHz can be handled. The system should be applicable to a variety of experimental techniques including time-resolved XANES, EXAFS and X-ray scattering studies.
Reorientation of the large-scale circulation in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

We present measurements of the orientation theta0(t) of the large-scale circulation (LSC) of turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection in cylindrical cells of aspect ratio 1. Theta0(t) undergoes irregular reorientations. It contains reorientation events by rotation through angles delta theta with a monotonically decreasing probability distribution p(delta theta), and by cessations (where the LSC stops temporarily) with a uniform p(delta theta). Reorientations have Poissonian statistics in time. The amplitude of the LSC and the magnitude of the azimuthal rotation rate have a negative correlation.
Integration Of Imagery And Cartographic Data Through A Common Map Base

Several disparate data types are integrated by using control points as the basis for spatially registering the data to a map base. The data are reprojected to match the coordinates of the reference UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) map projection, as expressed in lines and samples. Control point selection is the most critical aspect of integrating the Thematic Mapper Simulator MSS imagery with the cartographic data. It is noted that control points chosen from the imagery are subject to error from mislocated points, either points that did not correlate well to the reference map or minor pixel offsets because of interactive cursorring errors. Errors are also introduced in map control points when points are improperly located and digitized, leading to inaccurate latitude and longitude coordinates. Nonsystematic aircraft platform variations, such as yawl, pitch, and roll, affect the spatial fidelity of the imagery in comparison with the quadrangles. Features in adjacent flight paths do not always correspond properly owing to the systematic panorama effect and alteration of flightline direction, as well as platform variations.
Improving Breastfeeding Success: Nurses’ Commitment to Evaluation of a Newborn Feeding at the Breast

Poster Presentation Background Breastfeeding is the undisputed optimal feeding method for infants. In recognition of this fact, Healthy People 2020 calls for an increase in the number of mothers who have ever breastfed to 81.9%. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported this rate for 2011 as only 74.6%. To accomplish the Healthy People 2020 goal, mothers need excellent breastfeeding support during the first few days of their infants’ lives. The American Academy of Pediatrics 2005 Policy Statement recommended observation of feedings twice per day during the newborn’s hospital stay.
Origin of Ice Ages: an Ice Shelf Theory for Pleistocene Glaciation

A RECENT paper by Wilson1 suggests that ‘thermal’ surges of the Antarctic ice sheet led to the growth of large ice shelves in the Southern Ocean, and that these shelves cooled the Earth sufficiently to cause glaciations in the northern hemisphere. That the southern hemisphere may dominate the northern in this way is the antithesis of a suggestion in an earlier paper2 by me. However, both that paper2 and a later one3 do discuss the possibility of large thermal surges in Antarctica (see especially ref. 2, 185; ref. 3, 312), and since these papers were published I have been examining the further possibility that the surges act as ‘triggers’ for northern glaciation. The theoretical results of this examination, which will be published elsewhere, are inconclusive: the ice shelf theory for glaciation involves so many glaciological, oceancgraphical and meteorological assumptions that it may be impossible to justify all of them. It is the purpose of this communication to suggest how field evidence may be used to test the theory. Really convincing tests will probably require contributions from field workers in every part of the world.
Electronic Absorption Spectra and Phosphorescence of Oxygen-Containing Molybdenum(IV) Complexes

Electronic absorption and emission spectra are reported for salts of two oxomolybdenum(IV) cations, [MoOCl(CN-t-Bu)(4)](+) and [MoOCl(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PPh(2))(2)](+), and for the new Mo(IV) complex [trans-Mo(OCH(3))(2)(CN-t-Bu)(4)](2+). All three ions show absorption bands (lambda(max,abs) 550-570 nm; epsilon 45-120 M(-)(1) cm(-)(1)) attributable to the (1)A(1)[(d(xy)())(2)] --> (1)E[(d(xy)())(1)(d(xz)()(,)(yz)())(1)] (C(4)(v)()) transition, and the last two show weak shoulders in the 700-750 nm range due to the analogous spin-forbidden ((1)A(1) --> (3)E) transition. Phosphorescence (lambda(max,em) 850-960 nm) occurs in the solid state for all three compounds at both room temperature and 77 K, and for [MoOCl(CN-t-Bu)(4)](+) in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature. These are the first phosphorescences recorded for molybdenum(IV) complexes. [MoOCl(CN-t-Bu)(4)](BPh(4)) precipitates quickly if NaBPh(4) is added to the Mo(IV) solution prepared from MoCl(5) and tert-butyl isocyanide in CH(3)OH. However, if NaPF(6) is used instead, [trans-Mo(OCH(3))(2)(CN-t-Bu)(4)](PF(6))(2) (formed by reaction of [MoOCl(CN-t-Bu)(4)](+) with methanol) crystallizes over a period of ca. 24 h. The crystal structure of [trans-Mo(OCH(3))(2)(CN-t-Bu)(4)](PF(6))(2) has been determined: C(22)H(42)F(12)MoN(4)O(2)P(2), monoclinic; space group P2(1)/c; a = 9.1538(8) A, b = 15.709(2) A, c = 13.456(2) A; beta = 103.31(1) degrees; Z = 2; R(F) = 0.063, R(w)(F) = 0.056 for 2719 reflections with I > sigma(I).
The Health IT Regional Extension Center Program: Evolution and Lessons for Health Care Transformation

Objective Assess the Regional Extension Center (REC) program’s progress toward its goal of supporting over 100,000 providers in small, rural, and underserved practices to achieve meaningful use (MU) of an electronic health record (EHR).
On the load-displacement relation for a cracked rectangular specimen with constrained ends

Abstract : Relations are presented between the net force, the end displacement, and the stress intensity factor for cracked rectangualar panels subjected to uniform displacement. Two configurations are considered: an edge-cracked panel and a center-cracked panel. If the stress intensity factor is already known in terms of the normal displacement, then the resulting formulation allows the determination of that stress intensity in terms of the applied load and vice versa. (Author)
Internal oxidation and local equilibrium

Local equilibrium principles can provide boundary conditions for modeling internal oxidation. For example at the moving boundary between the oxidized and oxide free regions, the principles require that average concentrations and matrix concentrations are equal and strongly suggest that “enrichment” of the oxidized region with solute will not occur. Instead, depletion of solute is always predicted for dilute alloys. Also, a flux of solute from the internally oxidized region toward the free surface is always predicted except in the limiting case of a zero solubility limit.
The effect of isotonic glucose on eating as a function of feeding condition and infusion site.

Abstract Rabbits were infused with 10 cc of 5% glucose and equal volumes of isotonic saline in a free-feeding condition and following a 22-hr total food-deprivation period. Infusions were made into the duodenum or a collecting vein of the hepatic-portal system through chronic indwelling cannulas. The results showed that duodenal infusions of glucose suppressed feeding only in the free-feeding rabbit while hepatic-portal infusions suppressed feeding only in the food-deprived animal. Both suppressive effects of isotonic glucose were eliminated by bilateral, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The results suggest that at least two loci can act to reduce eating following glucose intake and the locus of the effect is dependent upon the feeding condition or nutritional state of the animal.
A Contact Force Model With Hysteresis Damping for Impact Analysis of Multibody Systems

A continuous contact force model for the impact analysis of a two-particle collision is presented. The model uses the general trend of the Hertz contact law. A hysteresis damping function is incorporated in the model which represents the dissipated energy in impact. The parameters in the model are determined, and the validity of the model is established. The model is then generalized to the impact analysis between two bodies of a multibody system. A continuous analysis is performed using the equations of motion of either the multibody system or an equivalent two-particle model of the colliding bodies. For the latter, the concept of effective mass is presented in order to compensate for the effects of joint forces in the system. For illustration, the impact situation between a slider-crank mechanism and another sliding block is considered.
Developing a national collaborative of medical educators who lead clinical skills courses.

Background: The majority of US medical schools now have pre-clerkship clinical skills (PCCS) courses. Course directors for these often logistically complicated courses may be in different medical specialties and, historically, have had few formal opportunities for communication and collaboration with their counterparts at other institutions. As such, we hypothesized that leaders of PCCS courses would benefit from a national network. Summary: In this paper, we outline the methodology used to form a national collaborative from grass roots interest. Over three years, a self-identified eleven-person task force with national representation has created an organization for PCCS course directors from US medical schools called Directors Of Clinical Skills courses (DOCS) that meets annually. Conclusions: Through iterative presentations at regional and national medical education meetings, we have produced an inventory of educational issues for those developing, administering, and evaluating PCCS courses. Further dev...
Antioxidant studies need a change of direction.

A major flaw of the studies to date is that they failed to measure changes in levels of oxidative stress.
Dielectronic recombination and resonant transfer excitation for Ca12

Abstract The dielectronic recombination (DR) cross section for 1s excitation is estimated for the Ca 12+ (oxygen-like) target. The ratios of the resonance peaks corresponding to capture into states with n =2 and n ⩾3 are compared with results from a recent experiment of resonant transfer excitation (RTE) for the 20 Ca 12+ +H 2 system, dramatically confirming the relationship between DR and RTE.
Alcohol use trajectories among non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers.

Objective:Heavy drinking, often defined as more than five drinks per occasion, is a major public health problem worldwide, yet most individuals who drink heavily never receive treatment. Focusing on those who receive treatment, numerous studies have found that alcohol use following treatment is discontinuous, with periods of abstinence alternating with periods of heavy drinking. In contrast, little is known about changes in alcohol use among the majority of individuals who engage in heavy drinking and never receive treatment. The goal of this study was to examine changes in alcohol consumption (proportion of heavy drinking days) in a sample of non–treatment-seeking heavy drinkers (n = 151).Method:The current study focused on three quantitative models—latent growth curve, latent growth mixture, and latent Markov models—to examine changes in the frequency of heavy drinking days (i.e., ≥5/4 drinks per day for men/women) among a sample of heavy drinkers who did not receive any form of treatment or self-help o...
Effect of crystallographic texture, anisotropic elasticity, and thermal expansion on whisker formation in β-Sn thin films

A strategy for identifying the preferred sites and overall propensity of a Sn film to form whiskers has been developed based on film textures, local grain orientations, and elastic strain energy densities (ESEDs), with preferred sites predicted to be grains with local high ESEDs. Using β-Sn films with various textures, ESED distributions were simulated for elastic and thermoelastic stresses depending on isothermal aging or thermal cycling conditions. Local high ESEDs are preferentially induced in (110) or (100) oriented grains with c-axes nearly parallel to the film plane; films with overall low ESEDs have strong (100) textures for elastic stresses and strong (001) textures for thermoelastic stresses, suggesting low propensities to form whiskers. This work establishes a model for understanding the effect of the β-Sn anisotropy on whisker formation and provides guidelines for testing whether engineering specific film textures will reduce a film’s propensity to form whiskers.
An examination of the task and trial parameters in passive avoidance learning by hippocampectomized rats

Abstract The performance of 10 rats with bilateral hippocampal damage, 10 rats with bilateral neocortical lesions, and 10 normal rats was compared on 3 different passive avoidance problems. The results indicated that the hippocampectomized rats were only deficient in the ability to inhibit a trained response as opposed to a spontaneous response, regardless of the number of training trials or motivational level.
Two Color Variants of Sternidius alpha (Say) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Show Dissimilar Cytochrome Oxidase I Genes

ABSTRACT Sternidius alpha (Say) was previously recognized as having several subspecies that were subsequently synonymized. We examined two variants of S. alpha that seem to be morphologically similar except for their color. Specimens of S. alpha collected in Indiana show two different common color patterns depending on the locality. DNA was extracted from 14 individuals. Phylogenetic analysis using a 648 bp partial sequence from the barcoding region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene revealed three different clades.
QoS-driven networked continuous media server

This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Continuous Media (CM) system including a CM server and CM clients. It has been proven that TCP/IP is not suitable for distributed applications that require high network bandwidth and timing-criticality. UDP/IP is one of the alternatives. However, due to the fact that UDP is a lossy protocol, there will be many issues that arise when implementing distributed CM applications, some of which will be discussed in this report. Moreover, the magic word QoS (Quality of Service) causes other difficulties. Most of the QoS metrics known so far assume that the communication channel is lossless. In this paper, since we use UDP for CM data transmission, we adopt a new QoS metric that is applicable to lossy streams to evaluate the performance of our server.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Success of sequential free flaps in head and neck reconstruction.

Summary Background The need for additional free flaps following an initial free flap reconstruction sometimes arises. However, there is understandable hesitation to perform subsequent free flaps due to concerns regarding recipient vessel availability, flap loss, and other complications. Methods An analysis of patients undergoing one or more sequential head and neck free flap reconstructions between 2000 and 2012 was performed. Results Two hundred seventy-three free flaps were performed on 117 patients over the course of 2, 3, or 4 surgeries, with 23 patients receiving 2 or 3 simultaneous free flaps in a single surgery. The success rate of subsequent free flaps was 98.7% compared to 99.1% for initial free flaps in the same patients ( p = 1.00). The complication rate following subsequent free flaps was 42.9% compared to 36.8% following initial free flaps ( p = 0.46). Flap success rates for double/triple simultaneous free flaps were 97.8% compared to 99.1% for single flaps ( p = 0.41) and the complication rate for double/triple simultaneous free flaps was 34.6% compared to 47.8% for single flaps ( p = 0.20). In patients receiving oral or pharyngeal sequential free flap reconstructions, 90.1% demonstrated at least 80% speech intelligibility and 81.6% remained feeding tube-independent. The 5-year survival of patients undergoing sequential free flaps was 75.4%. Conclusions Multiple sequential free flaps are feasible and reliable in appropriately selected patients. These findings suggest that the ability to perform free flap reconstruction should rarely limit a patient's candidacy for resection of recurrent cancers or consideration for surgery intended to improve patient aesthetics or function.
Thermo-rheology, quality characteristics, and microstructure of frankfurters prepared with selected plant and milk additives.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate substitution of nonmeat proteins for meat protein on the thermo-rheology, quality characteristics, and microstructure of frankfurters. Batters were formulated to contain either 2% sodium caseinate or soy protein isolate, or 3.5% whey protein concentrate or wheat germ flour. The storage modulus (G') of all treatments initially decreased during temperature ramping from 20-50C, then increased rapidly from 60-80C, with all-meat batter exhibiting the highest G' at 80C. Substitution with nonmeat proteins decreased G', shear force, compression force, and red color of meat compared with all-meat frankfurters. Increased protein content, cooking yield, and decreased fat content were obtained with nonmeat protein formulations. Electron micrographs showed that nonmeat proteins were able to bind to the meat protein and fat, forming a protein-fat matrix with less coalescence of fat droplets. Sodium caseinate, soy protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, and wheat germ flour can be used as protein additives in comminuted meat products without adversely affecting their physical characteristics.
Anatomical Glenoid Reconstruction for Recurrent Anterior Glenohumeral Instability With Glenoid Deficiency Using an Autogenous Tricortical Iliac Crest Bone Graft

BackgroundAnterior shoulder instability associated with severe glenoid bone loss is rare, and little has been reported on this problem. Recent biomechanical and anatomical studies have suggested guidelines for bony reconstruction of the glenoid.HypothesisAnatomical glenoid reconstruction will restore stability in shoulders with recurrent anterior instability owing to glenoid bone loss.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsEleven cases of traumatic recurrent anterior instability that required bony reconstruction for severe anterior glenoid bone loss were reviewed. In all cases, the length of the anterior glenoid defect exceeded the maximum anteroposterior radius of the glenoid based on preoperative assessment by 3-dimensional CT scan. Surgical reconstruction was performed using an intra-articular tricortical iliac crest bone graft contoured to reestablish the concavity and width of the glenoid. The graft was fixed with cannulated screws in combination with an anterior-inferior capsular repai...
All-fiber bidirectional optical parametric oscillator for precision sensing

We present the design and operation of an all-fiber, synchronously pumped, bidirectional optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for precision sensing applications. The fiber-based OPO (FOPO) generates two frequency combs with identical repetition rates but different carrier offset frequencies. A narrow beatnote was observed with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of <10 Hz when the two frequency combs were overlapped on a photodetector. The all-fiber design removes the need for free-space alignment and adjustment. In addition, an external delay line to overlap the two pulse trains in time on the detector is not needed since our unique design provides automatic delay compensation. We expect the novel FOPO to find important applications in precision measurements including rotation sensing with ultra-large sensing area and sensitivity.
Dynamics of a Semi-Infinite Crystal Lattice in a Quasiharmonic Approximation. I. The Static Equilibrium Configuration of a Semi-Infinite Lattice

This is the first of two papers dealing with the dynamics of semi-infinite crystals. The static equilibrium structure of a semi-infinite crystal at zero temperature is considered in the first paper. The discussion of small-amplitude vibrations of the atoms about their static equilibrium positions is taken up in the second paper. The static equilibrium configuration of a semi-infinite, classical, crystal lattice at zero temperature, having a free boundary, is described in terms of a set of displacements relating the actual positions to those which the lattice particles would assume if the semi-infinite lattice were embedded in an infinite lattice. These displacements are calculated from a set of difference equations which specify the conditions of static equilibrium for the semi-infinite lattice in the absence of external forces. Several unexpected results concerning the structure of the physical boundary region were obtained. These will be shown, in a forthcoming paper, to provide a consistent interpretation of some features of low-energy electron diffraction data, which, until now, could not be interpreted. Of particular interest is the conclusion that the two-dimensional period of the semi-infinite lattice in the planes parallel to the boundary may be larger than that deduced from the bulk lattice structure. The diffraction of low-energy electrons from the surface of single crystals of Ge and Si provides a clear illustration of this effect. It is also shown that the change in the spacing of atomic planes (in the direction normal to the boundary) varies in a nonmonotonic fashion with the distance from the boundary. The effect of appreciable distortions in the surface region is considered in some detail.
Attomole Detection of in Vivo Protein Targets of Benzene in Mice Evidence For A Highly Reactive Metabolite

Modified proteins were detected in liver and bone marrow of mice following treatment with [14C]benzene. Stained sections were excised from one-dimensional and two-dimensional gels and converted to graphite to enable 14C/13C ratios to be measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Protein adducts of benzene or its metabolites were indicated by elevated levels of 14C. A number of proteins were identified by in-gel proteolysis and conventional mass spectrometric methods with the low molecular weight proteins identified including hemoglobin and several histones. The incorporation of 14C was largely proportional to the density of gel staining, giving little evidence that these proteins were specific targets for selective labeling. This was also true for individual histones subfractionated with Triton-acid-urea gels. A representative histone, H4, was isolated and digested with endopeptidase Asp-N, and the resulting peptides were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. 14C levels in collected fractions were determined, and the peptides were identified by conventional mass spectrometry. The modifications were distributed throughout the protein, and no particular amino acids or groups of amino acids were identified as selective targets. Thus chemical attack by one or more benzene metabolites upon histones was identified and confirmed, but the resulting modifications appeared to be largely nonspecific. This implies high reactivity toward proteins, enabling such attack to occur at multiple sites within multiple targets. It is not known to what extent, if any, the modification of the core histones may contribute to the carcinogenicity of benzene.
Isolation of mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that survive without sphingolipids.

Abstract Sphingolipids comprise a large, widespread family of complex eucaryotic-membrane constituents of poorly defined function. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is particularly suited for studies of sphingolipid function because it contains a small number of sphingolipids and is amenable to molecular genetic analysis. Moreover, it is the only eucaryote in which mutants blocked in sphingolipid biosynthesis have been isolated. Beginning with a nonreverting sphingolipid-defective strain that requires the addition of the long-chain-base component of sphingolipids to the culture medium for growth, we isolated two strains carrying secondary, suppressor mutations that permit survival in the absence of exogenous long-chain base. Remarkably, the suppressor strains made little if any sphingolipid. A study of how the suppressor gene products compensate for the lack of sphingolipids may reveal the function(s) of these membrane lipids in yeast cells.
Diazoxide Maintains Human Myocyte Volume Homeostasis During Stress

Background Exposure to hypothermic hyperkalemic cardioplegia, hyposmotic stress, or metabolic inhibition results in significant animal myocyte swelling (6% to10%) and subsequent reduced contractility (10% to 20%). Both are eliminated by the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener diazoxide (DZX). The relationship between swelling and reduced contractility suggests that the structural change may represent one mechanism of postoperative myocardial stunning. This study evaluated human myocyte volume during stress to investigate if similar phenomena exist in human myocytes. Methods and Results Human atrial myocytes isolated from tissue obtained during cardiac surgery were perfused with Tyrode's physiological solution (20 minutes, 37°C), test solution (20 minutes), and Tyrode's (37°C, 20 minutes). Test solutions ( n =6 to 12 myocytes each) included Tyrode's (37°C or 9°C), Tyrode's+DZX (9°C), hyperkalemic cardioplegia (9°C)±DZX, cardioplegia+DZX+HMR 1098 (sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor, 9°C), cardioplegia+DZX+5-hydroxydeconoate (mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor, 9°C), mild hyposmotic solution±DZX, metabolic inhibition±DZX, and metabolic inhibition+DZX+5-hydroxydeconoate. Myocyte volume was recorded every 5 minutes. Exposure to hypothermic hyperkalemic cardioplegia, hyposmotic stress, or metabolic inhibition resulted in significant human myocyte swelling (8%, 7%, and 6%, respectively; all P <0.05 vs control). In all groups, the swelling was eliminated or lessened by DZX. The addition of channel inhibitors did not significantly alter results. Conclusions DZX maintains human myocyte volume homeostasis during stress via an unknown mechanism. DZX may prove to be clinically useful following the elucidation of its specific mechanism of action. ( J Am Heart Assoc . 2012;1:e000778 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.000778.)
Predicting Geophysical Measurements: Testing a Combined Empirical and Model-Based Approach Using Surface Waves

There are several approaches commonly used to provide spatial corrections of geophysical data. One end-member approach is to develop model-based corrections in which the variations are based either on a priori knowledge or on geophysical inversions, such as tomography. While this approach would have the advantage of full spatial coverage, in general one would be unable to recover the full station corrections due to the inherent averaging of models. Another end-member approach, common in seismically active regions, would be to develop empirically based corrections based directly on measurements. An example of this approach would be kriging or other interpolation techniques. The advantage of this approach is a true fit to the most applicable measurements, but at the cost of severe spatial limitations. Ideally, one would like to combine the two approaches. This short note demonstrates the value of a combined empirical and model-based approach to generating accurate spatial correction surfaces using surface wave measurements and a tomography model from the Middle East and North Africa. By kriging residual values from a tomographic model, there was a significant reduction in misfit over either approach alone. In principle, kriging measurement residuals from models could improve many geophysical applications from travel times to amplitudes.
Collaborative Study of the NCCLS and Flow Cytometry Methods for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans

One hundred clinical isolates of Candida albicans were tested for amphotericin B and fluconazole susceptibilities by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) broth microdilution test at center 1 (C1). The same isolates were tested blinded at center 2 (C2) by NCCLS and flow cytometry (FC) methods. The agreement between NCCLS and FC methods ranged from 96 to 99%.
The formal definition of the BASIC language

The translator The translator which transforms the parsed text into the abstract text (that is, a text which conforms to the abstract syntax and takes into account the default conditions) is peculiar to the language in the Lucas system but has not been developed here since it is the author's opinion that a general translator may be developed which is applicable to all languages. The default rules for Basic are:
A VHDL based environment for system level design and analysis

The UVA uninterpreted modeling methodology uses a set of predefined primitive elements to model computer systems that can be used to explore different design alternatives. We present an overview of the VHDL perspective of our UVA design methodology. We present Colored Petri Net models for the primitive elements that formalizes the UVA methodology. We then present a translation algorithm which translates the Petri Net (PN) model to VHDL so that the PN model can be simulated In order to speed up the simulation, we also present a set of reduction rules that reduces the complexity of the PN model. >
The Transient Circulation Response to Radiative Forcings and Sea Surface Warming

Tropospheric circulation shifts have strong potential to impact surface climate. However, the magnitude of these shifts in a changing climate and the attending regional hydrological changes are difficult to project. Part of this difficulty arises from the lack of understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the circulation shifts themselves. To better delineate circulation shifts and their respective causes the circulation response is decomposed into 1) the ‘‘direct’’ response to radiative forcings themselves and 2) the ‘‘indirect’’ response to changing sea surface temperatures. Using ensembles of 90-day climate model simulations with immediate switch-on forcings, including perturbed greenhouse gas concentrations, stratospheric ozone concentrations, and sea surface temperatures, this paper documents the direct and indirect transient responses of the zonalmean general circulation, and investigates the roles of previously proposed mechanisms in shifting the midlatitude jet. It is found that both the direct and indirect wind responses often begin in the lower stratosphere. Changes in midlatitude eddies are ubiquitous and synchronous with the midlatitude zonal wind response. Shifts in the critical latitude of wave absorption on either flank of the jet are not indicted as primary factors for the poleward-shifting jet, although some evidence for increasing equatorward wave reflection over the Southern Hemisphere in response to sea surface warming is seen. Mechanisms for the Northern Hemisphere jet shift are less clear.
Survival in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients with Prior Breast Cancer

Ovarian cancer patients who carry germ-line BRCA1 mutations may have improved survival compared with ovarian cancer patients without these mutations. To evaluate this hypothesis, the authors compared survival in ovarian cancer patients who had a history of prior breast cancer with that of patients without such a history. Specifically, they used data from the population-based US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program to assess time to death from ovarian cancer among ovarian cancer patients with and without a prior breast cancer. All 25,637 White women diagnosed with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in SEER registries between 1973 and 1995 were included. Of these, 824 women had had a prior breast cancer diagnosis. The ovarian cancer death rate among women with prior breast cancer was significantly lower than that of women with ovarian cancer only, adjusted for age and stage at ovarian cancer diagnosis. The survival advantage was most pronounced among older women and among those whose ovarian cancers were more advanced at the time of diagnosis. These results lend indirect support to prior findings of improved ovarian cancer survival in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
Comforting Discomfort: A Review of "Warrior Women: Remaking Postsecondary Places Through Relational Narrative Inquiry"

A review of Warrior Women: Remaking Postsecondary Places Through Relational Narrative Inquiry
Given to theatrics: how to agree with your critic on the qualities of qualitative research

Editor's note:An article by Kathleen Gershman, “Surviving Through Time: A Life History of a High‐School Drama Production,” was published in volume 1, number 3 of QSE.The article was responded to in the next issue by John Bengston, an educational psychologist with an interest in drama and qualitative research. In his article, “What makes a study qualitative?,” Bengston draws a connection between the rigors demanded by theater productions and the demands of qualitative research. In the following article Gershman responds.
Drug Misuse and Abuse in the Elderly

The elderly are at particular risk for drug misuse and abuse, yet this problem is underdiagnosed. Drug misuse is the underuse, overuse, or erratic use of a drug. Drug abuse is the use of a drug for other than its intended purpose. A thorough nursing assessment is essential to detect and correct drug misuse and to diagnose drug abuse. In this paper methods to prevent and correct drug misuse and abuse are discussed. Case studies are used to illustrate the complexity of the problem.
Geographical political economy

The line of scholarship dominating Anglophone geographers’ approaches to studying economic geography since 1980 can be characterized as geographical political economy; an approach prioritizing commodity production over market exchange. Here the spatialities of capitalism co-evolve with its economic processes and economic, political, cultural and biophysical processes are co-implicated with one another. Disequilibrium is normal and space/time an emergent feature. This approach is very different from geographical economics. Mutual engagement is desirable and most easily approached via the geographical sub-field of regional political economy. Regional political economy demonstrates that capitalism’s spatialities increase agents’ uncertainty and the likelihood of unintended consequences, that microfoundations are inadequate, and that capitalism is generative of economic inequality and uneven geographical development. The scope of geographical political economy is illustrated by the geography of commodity production.
Crystal chemistry of Ca-bearing majorite

Single crystals of Ca-bearing majorite, a garnet with composition (Cao.49Mg2sl)(MgSi)SiPI2' have been synthesized at 18.2 GPa and 2050 0c. This sample is the first silicate garnet to display ordering on both octahedral and dodecahedral sites- behavior that may increase the compositional flexibility of garnet, affect element partitioning at high pressure, and stabilize the garnet structure in the transition zone and upper portion of the lower mantle. The garnet is tetragonal [space group 14/a, Z = 8, a = 11.5816(9), C= 11.5288(13) A, V = 1546.39(29) A3] and, like MgSiO, majorite, displays twinning by twofold rotation about [110].
Frequency-Doubled Fiber Lasers for RF Spectrum Analysis in Spectral-Hole-Burning Media

We demonstrate an RF spectrum analyzer based on spectral-hole burning (SHB) that operates with unity probability of intercept and resolution under 100 kHz. An SHB crystal, which consists of rare-earth ions doped into a crystal host, records the power spectrum of an RF signal modulated onto an optical carrier as a series of spectral holes that persist for about 10 ms. While the crystal's homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths place the fundamental limits on resolution and bandwidth, respectively, the practical limits depend on the lasers used to interrogate the record stored in the crystal's absorption profile. Up to now, SHB spectrum analyzers have used chirped beams from externally modulated, stabilized lasers, which have linewidths of under 10 kHz but cannot chirp over much more than octave bandwidths, or directly modulated diode lasers, which can chirp over more than 20GHz but have linewidths of about 1 MHz. Switching to chirped fiber lasers, which have natural linewidths of under 2 kHz and chirping linewidths on the order of 10 kHz, produces a measurement with fine resolution without any laser stabilization. In addition, by chirping the fiber laser with a sufficiently fast piezo, the resulting chirp could extend over tens of gigahertz in under 10 ms, yielding both fine resolution and broad bandwidth without extraordinary stabilization schemes.
Gelatin-Filtered Consommé: A Practical Demonstration of the Freezing and Thawing Processes

ABSTRACT: Freezing is a key food processing and preservation technique widely used in the food industry. Application of best freezing and storage practices extends the shelf-life of foods for several months, while retaining much of the original quality of the fresh food. During freezing, as well as its counterpart process, thawing, a number of critical physiochemical processes take place, including freeze concentration and freezing-point depression. As a start to understanding the complexities associated with frozen foods, Food Science students should be able to describe and explain what occurs during the freezing and thawing of an aqueous solution. A modern cooking technique, gelatin-filtered consomme, illustrates all of the phenomena associated with the freezing and thawing processes in a memorable, edible, hands-on fashion.
Relation between exercise central haemodynamic response and resting cardiac structure and function in young healthy men.

SummaryBackground Left ventricular (LV) structure and function are predictors of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and are related to resting peripheral haemodynamic load in older adults. The central haemodynamic response to exercise may reveal associations with LV structure and function not detected by traditional peripheral (brachial) measures in a younger population. Purpose To examine correlations between acute exercise-induced changes in central artery stiffness and wave reflections and measures of resting LV structure and function. Methods Sixteen healthy men (age 26 ± 6 year; BMI 25·3 ± 2·7 kg m−2) had measures of central haemodynamic load measured before/after a 30-s Wingate anaerobic test (WAT). Common carotid artery stiffness and reflected wave intensity were assessed via wave intensity analysis as a regional pulse wave velocity (PWV) and negative area (NA), respectively. Resting LV structure (LV mass) and function [midwall fractional shortening (mFS)] were assessed using M-mode echocardiography in the parasternal short-axis view. Results There was a significant association between mFS and WAT-mediated change in carotid systolic BP (r = −0·57, P = 0·011), logNA (r = −0·58, P = 0·009) and PWV (r = −0·44, P = 0·045). There were no significant associations between resting mFS and changes in brachial systolic BP (r = −0·26, P>0·05). There were no associations between resting LV mass and changes in any haemodynamic variable (P>0·05). Conclusion Exercise-induced increases in central haemodynamic load reveal associations with lower resting LV function in young healthy men undetected by traditional peripheral haemodynamics.
The Fourteenth Amendment: Its Significance for Public School Educators

Courts have increasingly been asked to determine significant educational questions in recent years. Often their decisions are based on an interpretation of the due process or equal protection claus...
Interpretation and visualization of user history in a spatial hypertext system

We describe a new history mechanism based on experiences with the use of recorded interaction history in the Visual Knowledge Builder (VKB). Problems with the use of history in prior systems include difficulty in locating activity of interest in large tasks, the problem of history records being at a system activity level rather than a human activity level, and difficulty in supporting navigation and comprehension in the branching histories used to represent alternative directions. To support comprehension of the history, we describe automatic history clustering to group low-level system events into a more human-level representation of activity and the extraction of information for summarizing these groups of events. To further support navigation and comprehension of history, the mechanism includes multiple visualization techniques to match diverse uses of history. The new history mechanism is integrated into VKB 3.
Privacy Concerns and Behaviors of People with Visual Impairments

Various technologies have been developed to help make the world more accessible to visually impaired people, and recent advances in low-cost wearable and mobile computing are likely to drive even moreadvances. However, the unique privacy and security needs of visually impaired people remain largely unaddressed. We conducted an exploratory user study with 14 visually impaired participants to understand the techniques they currently use for protecting privacy, their remaining privacy concerns,and how new technologies may be able to help. The interviews explored privacy not only in the physical world (e.g., bystanders overhearing private conversations) and the online world (e.g., determining if a URL is legitimate), but also in the interface between the two (e.g. bystanders `shoulder-surfing' data from screens). The study revealed serious concerns that are not adequately solved by current technology, and suggested new directions for improving the privacy of this significant fraction of the population.