cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Phenacetin and Aspirin Respectively upon Action of Phenobarbital

ConclusionThe above results confirm for phenobarbital those reported by Loewe for barbital. It is apparent that when an analgesic is given simultaneously with a hypnotic drug, care must be exercised in the choice of the former. Thus, whereas acetyl salicylic acid antagonizes the hypnotic action of phenobarbital, phenacetin in no way diminishes its activity. Furthermore, the evidence shows that phenacetin may exert a protective influence by antagonizing the toxic effects of phenobarbital.
[Current view of macrophage recognition/immune response system to microorganisms].

マクロファージの侵入微生物に対する認識はその後のマクロファージの食作用や各種サイトカイン産生を含む種々の応答にとって必須である。このような観点から微生物に対するオプソニンを介しての認識機構は古くより研究されてきた。しかしながらオプソニン非存在下でのこれらオプソニンに依存しない直接的な微生物認識機構の詳細については必ずしも明らかではなかった。さらにはこのような微生物に対する認識がどの様に細胞応答機構へと繋がって行くのか不明であった。近年の研究では侵入微生物に対するマクロファージの直接的認識には複数のレセプターが関与しており, ある種のレセプターは特定グループのサイトカイン応答を特異的選択的に制御していることが判明した。このような特定レセプターによる特定サイトカインの応答制御はマクロファージの微生物に対する認識時のみならず広くマクロファージが関与する認識応答機構の本質に繋がるものと思われる。
Preliminary Studies of Sugars and Amino Acids in the Honeydews of Five Species of Coccids Feeding on Citrus in California

Deposits of crystalline or syrupy honeydews (or mannas) on plants have attracted attention since ancient times. (See Braun, 1938, for a review of early literature.) Essig (1942) points out that the “manna of the Wilderness” of Biblical accounts was honeydew produced by the coccid Trabutina mannipara (Ehr.), feeding on Tamarix trees.
Analysis of Epidemic Data of Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease in Anshan City during 2008-2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Anshan City in recent 3 years,and provide evidence for better control of HFMD and developing corresponding control measures.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiological study method was adopted for analysis.[Results]The epidemic data of HFMD during 2008-2010 showed that the incidence of HFMD had a typical seasonal pattern,mainly targeting children in rurban villages and towns.[Conclusion]The incidence of HFMD shows an upward tendency in Anshan City.The important measures for reducing HFMD incidence are strengthening propaganda and education of HFMD knowledge,raising public awareness of health,and carrying out Patriotic Health Campaign.
Interface of Security and Development: The Bases

However much grumbling there was nationally about the extent of U.S. assistance to the Philippines, within the armed forces there was always a businesslike attitude and gratitude for American weaponry and training. The military, as columnist Tony Abaya put it, “rightly or wrongly, is perceived to be pro-American.”1 Although the roots of this perception are in the nature of the connection, the practical spirit of this cooperation was always a function of senior AFP and civilian DND leaders. During the 1960s and into the 1970s it was Alejandro Melchor, an Annapolis graduate, who incarnated this. As under secretary of DND and then executive secretary at Malacanang Palace, Melchor made it his business to know all the key American military personnel in the Philippines—as well as their bosses back home. Several CINCPACs (Commanders in Chief, Pacific) were personal friends. He came to know weapons issues intimately.
Rapid guided wave delamination detection and quantification in composites using global-local sensing

This paper presents a rapid guided ultrasonic wave inspection approach through global inspection by phased array beamforming and local damage evaluation via wavenumber analysis. The global-local approach uses a hybrid system consisting of a PZT wafer and a non-contact laser vibrometer. The overall inspection is performed in two steps. First, a phased array configured by a small number of measurements performs beamforming and beamsteering over the entire plate in order to detect and locate the presence of the damage. A local area is identified as target damage area for the second step. Then a high density wavefield measurement is taken over the target damage area and a spatial wavenumber imaging is performed to quantitatively evaluate the damage. The two-step inspection has been applied to locate and quantify impact-induced delamination damage in a carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite plate. The detected delamination location, size and shape agree well with those of an ultrasonic C-scan. For the test case studied in this work the global-local approach reduced the total composite inspection (damage detection and characterization) time by ~97% compared to using a full scan approach.
Antimicrobial susceptibility and antibiotic resistance profiles of cultivable lactic acid bacteria from intestinal tract of domestic chickens collected in Adjara

Abstract Elaboration and introduction of safe, effective probiotic preparations as alternatives to antibiotics are being actively conducted throughout the world. 66 LAB isolates were isolated from ileal, cecal and rectal samples collected from domestic chickens collected in different districts of Adjara, Georgia. Their resistance to 17 antibiotics and antibacterial activity were studied using the agar diffusion method. Among the isolates, widespread resistance was found to metronidazole and nystatin, sensitivity – to ampicillin, tylosin, rifampicin and bacitracin. Most of isolates have intermediate susceptibility to the majority of the antibiotics. 3 LAB isolates were selected by antibacterial action against the several bacterial indicator strains that makes them effective remedy to control antibiotic-independent pathogen through competitive exclusion and promotion of good protective microbiota and perspective probiotic additives for chicken food. Future investigations, proving the safety of the strains and their antimicrobial compounds will enable to apply in vivo probiotic properties on poultry production.
A Comparison of Extremity Thrombosis Rates in Adolescent and Young Adult Versus Younger Pediatric Oncology Patients at a Children's Hospital.

Purpose: To examine whether the rates of thrombosis in children (≤14 years of age) and adolescent/young adult (AYA) patients (15–22 years of age) with cancer is different. Methods: We retrospectively studied the rates of thrombosis in children and AYA patients at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh during the years 2002–2010, using the tumor registry database. This list was then divided into two groups based on age at diagnosis. A review of ICD-9 codes from hospital billing records was then performed to identify patients who carried diagnoses of cancer (140.x–239.x) and venous thrombosis of the extremities/vena cavae (453.x) simultaneously. This list was confirmed by electronic medical record review. Proportions, comparisons, and descriptive statistics were then performed. Results: One thousand three hundred nine total patients were identified; 274 patients fit into the AYA age category (mean age 17.3 years) and 1036 patients were in the child group (mean age 6.5 years). Overall, 30 patients (2.29%) had...
State-level minimum wage and heart disease death rates in the United States, 1980–2015: A novel application of marginal structural modeling

Abstract Despite substantial declines since the 1960's, heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and geographic disparities in heart disease mortality have grown. State-level socioeconomic factors might be important contributors to geographic differences in heart disease mortality. This study examined the association between state-level minimum wage increases above the federal minimum wage and heart disease death rates from 1980 to 2015 among ‘working age’ individuals aged 35–64 years in the US. Annual, inflation-adjusted state and federal minimum wage data were extracted from legal databases and annual state-level heart disease death rates were obtained from CDC Wonder. Although most minimum wage and health studies to date use conventional regression models, we employed marginal structural models to account for possible time-varying confounding. Quasi-experimental, marginal structural models accounting for state, year, and state × year fixed effects estimated the association between increases in the state-level minimum wage above the federal minimum wage and heart disease death rates. In models of ‘working age’ adults (35–64 years old), a $1 increase in the state-level minimum wage above the federal minimum wage was on average associated with ~6 fewer heart disease deaths per 100,000 (95% CI: −10.4, −1.99), or a state-level heart disease death rate that was 3.5% lower per year. In contrast, for older adults (65+ years old) a $1 increase was on average associated with a 1.1% lower state-level heart disease death rate per year (b = −28.9 per 100,000, 95% CI: −71.1, 13.3). State-level economic policies are important targets for population health research.
Time-Optimal Control of Reactor Power

Control laws that permit adjustments in reactor power to be made in minimum time and without overshoot have been formulated and demonstrated. These control laws, which are derived from the standard and alternate dynamic period equations, are closed-form expressions of general applicability. These laws were deduced by noting that if a system is subject to one or more operating constraints, then the time-optimal response is to move the system along those constraints. Given that nuclear reactors are subject to limitations on the allowed reactor period, a time-optimal control law would step the period from infinity to the minimum allowed value, hold the period at that value for the duration of the transient, and then step the period back to infinity. The change in reactor power would therefore be accomplished in minimum time. This particular response can be achieved by exploiting the balance between the prompt and delayed neutron populations. Specifically, the reactor period can be made to change essentially as a step by initiating the transient with a very high rate of change of reactivity (prompt effect) and then cutting back on that rate as the delayed effects build in. The resulting control laws are superior to other forms of time-optimal control because they are general-purpose, closed-form expressions that are both mathematically tractable and readily implemented. Moreover, these laws include provisions for the use of feedback. The results of simulation studies and actual experiments on the 5 MWt MIT Research Reactor in which these time-optimal control laws were used successfully to adjust the reactor power are presented.
Tritium Recovery from Liquid Lithium-Lead by Vacuum Degassing

Various techniques for tritium removal from the liquid eutectic Li/sub 17/Pb/sub 83/ under vacuum are considered as candidates for the tritium removal system (TRS) for the Mirror Advanced Reactor Study (MARS). The TRS baseline parameters require the removal of 60% of the tritium contained in the liquid metal at a tritium partial pressure of 1.0 x 10/sup -4/ torr (0.013 Pa). Degassing from a droplet spray was chosen as the preferred design option, although removal from thin films is a feasible alternative. Vacuum removal from a stirred pool was rejected because of the size and relatively poor transport conditions. The use of an inert purge gas was also rejected due to the large purge gas flow rate and the problem of separating tritium from a large quantity of inert gas.
Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Northern Plains American Indians Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Objectives: Heart disease is the leading cause of death in American Indians (AIs). For AI patients with severe coronary artery disease requiring coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, little data exist. The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term outcomes of Northern Plains AI undergoing CABG and identify variations in patient presentation. Methods: All patients undergoing isolated CABG between June 2012 and June 2017 were studied. Seventy-four AI and 1236 non-American Indian (non-AI) patients were identified. Risk factors, preoperative characteristics, cardiac status, procedural information, and outcomes were collected. Univariate analysis comparing short-term clinical outcomes between AI and non-AI populations was performed. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed and outcome differences assessed. Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were produced using 5-year survival data. Results: AI patients presented with increased risk factors, including higher rates of diabetes mellitus (AI 63.5% vs. non-AI 38.7% p= 0.001). Seventy-nine percent of AI patients resided on or near federal reservations and presented from rural locations. Internal mammary artery (IMA) graft use in both groups was high (AI 95.9% vs. non-AI 94.9% p=0.904), and multiarterial grafting with left internal mammary artery and radial artery use was common in both groups (AI 67.6% vs. non-AI 69.6% p=0.814). No significant differences in unadjusted 30-day mortality or short-term outcomes were detected. Adjusted Kaplan-Meier survival curves were similar between race groups up through 5 years after CABG (p-value=0.38). Conclusion: AIs presented with significantly more risk factors for cardiovascular disease compared with the general population, with especially high rates of insulin-dependent diabetes and active tobacco use. Despite this, outcomes were similar between groups. In propensity-matched groups, AIs were at decreased risk for prolonged length of stay and combined morbidity/mortality. In contrast to previous reports, AI racial identity did not adversely affect survival up to 5 years after CABG.
Irradiation effects of MeV protons on dry and hydrated Brassica rapa seeds.

Abstract Although space radiation is a known risk for space travel and eventual colonization of Moon or Mars, relatively few data exist on radiation effects on potential crop plants. We studied Brassica rapa to assess the tolerance of seeds and seedlings to radiation by exposing dry and hydrated B. rapa seeds to 1, 2 and 3 MeV proton ions of various fluences and examined the effect on germination and root growth. Modeling penetration depth with SRIM code indicated that the applied energy was insufficient to penetrate the seeds; therefore, all energy was deposited into the tissue. Subsequent germination varied based on the incident ion energy and fluence (dose). Dry and hydrated seeds germinate after ion fluence (1013 ions cm−2) irradiation, but the germination percentage decreased with increasing fluence for ions that could penetrate the seed coat (> 1 MeV). Despite their greater volume and mass, hydrated seeds were more sensitive to irradiation than dry seeds. Damage of the seed coat after irradiation led to faster germination and initial seedling growth. Our results suggest that the seed coat represents a valuable natural radiation protection and that low energy protons, the prevailing solar radiation, are suitable for studying radiation effects in seeds and plants.
Approximate CPU and GPU Design Using Emerging Memory Technologies

Approximate computing trades off energy and accuracy in existing computing systems in order to accelerate computation. In this chapter, we outline examples of novel designs that enable approximation in CPU and GPU. Cores have been approximated by using a small-size associative memory next to each core to store the precomputed results. The associative memory returns precomputed results not only for operands that perfectly matches but also for the inexact matches, providing significant energy savings. If operands do not match closely enough, then exact computation is done. CPUs use associative memory based on nonvolatile memory, in particular memristor technology, to approximate complex functions that tolerate approximation well, while GPUs use associative memory placed next to each floating point unit to accelerate floating point operations. Each of the cores can dynamically adapt their approximation while controlling for accuracy. Our proposed designs can get more than 12.6× energy improvement and 6.6× speedup for CPU-based workloads, and bring 2× improvement in energy efficiency for GPUs, while providing the desired accuracy.
Synthesis of aviation fuel from bio-derived isophorone

Using photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition, a cyclobutane dione was generated from isophorone, a condensate of bio-acetone. Hydrodeoxygenation of the dione yielded a mixture of polycyclic alkanes, whose high energy density is appropriate for high perfomance aviation applications. This work outlines a light-based approach to increase the energy density of a potential renewable carbon aviation fuel in high yields and high carbon efficiency without sacrificing performance.
Community composition and antibiotic resistance of bacteria in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus – Potential impact of 2010 BP Oil Spill

Aquatic contamination, oil spills in particular, could lead to the accumulation of antibiotic resistance by promoting selection for and/or transfer of resistance genes. However, there have been few studies on antibiotic resistance in marine mammals in relation to environmental disturbances, specifically oil contaminations. Here we initiated a study on antibiotic resistance bacteria in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in relation to oil contamination following the 2010 BP Oil Spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance prevalence one year after the 2010 BP Oil Spill were compared between Barataria Bay (BB) and Sarasota Bay (SB) by applying the rarefaction curve method, and (generalized) linear mixed models. The results showed that the most common bacteria included Vibrio, Shewanella, Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance was high in the bacterial isolates at both bays. Though bacterial diversity did not differ significantly among water or dolphin samples, and antibiotic resistance did not differ significantly among water samples between the two bays, antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance in dolphin samples was significantly higher in the BB than in the SB, mainly attributed to the resistance to E, CF, FEP and SXT. We also found sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia the first time in the natural aquatic environment. The higher antibiotic resistance in the dolphins in BB is likely attributed to 2010 BP Oil Spill as we expected SB, a more urbanized bay area, would have had higher antibiotic resistance based on the previous studies. The antibiotic resistance data gathered in this research will fill in the important data gaps and contributes to the broader spatial-scale emerging studies on antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments.
Calibrating Copyright Statutory Damages to Promote Speech

Copyright and the First Amendment exist in tension. The Supreme Court acknowledges this tension but says that copyright law resolves it with two built-in free speech safeguards: (1) by protecting only the expression of ideas and not the ideas themselves (the idea/expression dichotomy); and (2) by allowing the use of expression under certain circumstances (the fair use doctrine). The problem is that these doctrines are notoriously vague, so users often cannot know ex ante whether their uses will be immune from liability. This unpredictably might be tolerable if users could be confident that, if they were subject to liability, any damage award would be limited to a reasonable licensing fee or a share of profits attributable to the infringement. But copyright law allows plaintiffs to opt for statutory damages instead of compensatory or restitutionary damages, and statutory damages can sometimes be punitive and even grossly excessive. This combined uncertainty – of not knowing whether a use will be immunized from liability and what the penalty will be if it is not – means that the idea/expression and fair use doctrines are underutilized. Yet if these doctrines are what resolve copyright’s tension with the First Amendment, they need to be sufficiently viable that users can confidently rely on them. One solution is to make the fair use and idea/expression doctrines more predictable, but this has proven largely illusory. Another is to modify the statutory damage regime to ensure that awards are better calibrated to not chill speech. This latter solution, which has not been methodically explored in the literature, is the focus of this article.
Food Insecurity and Revolution in the Middle East and North Africa: Agrarian Questions in Egypt and Tunisia: By Habib Ayeb and Ray Bush London and New York: Anthem Press, 2019, pp. 199, $42 (paperback), ISBN 9781785270871

Last year marked the 10-year anniversary of the uprisings that began in Tunisia at the end of 2010, overthrowing the long-standing government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. A few weeks later, uprising...
The Green New Deal and Just Transition Frames within the American Labour Movement

The chapter explores the varying and often competing just transition frames promoted within the U.S. labour movement. It will begin with a review of the literature on just transition, including its history and contradictions. Then, to situate readers, the chapter will provide a landscape analysis of the American labour movement with regard to industries, unions, and environmental issues, including an overview of the major structural features that make it on average more conservative than other national labour movements in regard to the environment. Finally, drawing from four years of participant observation within the U.S. labour-climate movement and 34 in-depth qualitative interviews with labour leaders, I will present three ideal typical just transition frames deployed by U.S. labour activists: (1) protective, (2) proactive, and (3) transformative.
Quantum Dot/Graphene Heterostructure Nanohybrid Photodetectors

Colloidal semiconductor quantum dot/graphene van der Waals heterostructure nanohybrids are emerging technologies for photodetection. These nanohybrids combine the advantages of the enhanced light-matter interaction and spectral tunability of quantum dots (QDs) and superior charge mobility in graphene, providing an affordable alternative for uncooled photodetectors with high gain or external quantum efficiency in a wide spectral range. In particular, the interfacing of QDs with high-mobility graphene as a charge transport pathway has provided an effective resolution to the critical issue of charge transport in QD-only photodetectors stemming from the low charge mobility associated with both QD surface defect states and QD-QD junctions. Furthermore, the achieved capability in industrial-scale fabrication of graphene, colloidal QDs, and QD/graphene nanohybrids has motivated efforts in researches of focal plane arrays that are expected to be not only high performance and low cost but also lightweight, flexible, and wearable. This chapter aims to provide an up-to-date review of the recent progress made in the research of QD/graphene nanohybrid photodetectors, together with a discussion on the challenges remaining and perspective in future research and development to make QD/graphene nanohybrids competitive for commercialization.
Teaching Psychopharmacology in the Medically Ill: A Problem-Based Learning Card Game for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Didactics.

Introduction Our educational report discusses a unique card game that provides an engaging, and competitive strategy for teaching psychopharmacology in the medically ill. It engages the players and helps them learn how to justify medical decisions in the context of complicated medical comorbidity. Methods We describe a problem-based learning approach where learners are presented with randomized diagnoses and complications and are then forced to make prescription decisions for treatment from a limited and randomized supply of medication cards. Each round is facilitated by the teacher, who engages the teams and/or individual players in discussions regarding the rationale and justification of the medication decisions. These treatment plans are scored according to the appropriateness of the medication choice and the process is repeated. Discussion The game is flexible regarding players' levels of education and has been played by medical students, psychiatry residents, and fellows throughout their years of training. Overall feedback has been positive from facilitators and trainees and the game has been a valuable source of engaging learners in the process of making complex medication decisions in the medically ill.
An Examination of Principal Professional Development and its Alignment to Professional Standards and Professional Development Constructs

Principals need and require specific professional development that is rigorous, effective, and aligned to professional leadership standards and effective professional development constructs. This case study examined the professional development strategies, and practices, used by school districts and their alignment to the California Professional Standards for Educational Leaders (CPSEL) and effective professional development constructs. School district administrators and principals representing the Southern San Joaquin Valley, a predominantly rural area of California, participated in this research via interviews and focus groups. This research is critical as rural areas are often underrepresented in educational research. The findings indicate a lack of intentional alignment of principal professional development with professional standards and professional development constructs. The findings call for districts to take an intentional approach to principal development that is aligned with these frameworks to ensure principals are provided with effective and rigorous support for their educational leadership, growth, and development.
The Perennial Value of Socratic and Aristotelian Paideia

I intend to discuss the perennial value of the form of education proposed by Socrates and by Aristotle, by comparing it to the alternative forms of paideia proposed in their day, as well as in our own day. Before we examine views on what constitutes paideia, understood as a means of educating people, we need to examine views on what the end of education is, for the end dictates the means. As Aristotle notes «sometimes the aim has been correctly proposed, but people fail to achieve it in action, sometimes they achieve the means successfully but the end that they posited was a bad one, and sometimes they err as to both.» [Politics, 1331b30-34.]
Organizational Assessment and Improvement in the Public Sector

Organizational Assessment and the Public Sector The Demand for Effectiveness and Efficiency Organizational Assessment Assessment and Organizational Development Challenges in Public Sector Assessment and Improvement Opportunities in Public Sector Assessment Summary Notes Assessment as a Communication Process Communication Processes in Self-Assessment Summary Notes Applying Assessment Practices in the Public Sector Current State of Assessment in Government and How It Has Developed over Time Structured Self-Assessment Models Adapting Existing Assessment Processes for the Public Sector Assessment Summary Notes The Public Sector Assessment and Improvement Model Structure The Human Factor Group: Interpersonal and Communication Competence The Operational Factors: Enabling the Work of the Organization Dashboards Assessment: Applying the Information Learned Notes Implementing a Self-Assessment Program Step 1: Preparing for an Assessment Step 2: Conducting the Assessment Process Step 3: Following Through on Outcomes Summary Notes Assessment, Improvement, and the Process of Organizational Change Change Efforts in the Public Sector Identifying Barriers to Change The Process of Organizational Change Understanding the Scope of Change Organizational Learning and Personal Learning: Creating an Internal Case for Change Creating an External Case for Change: Constituent Involvement Summary Notes Case Studies and Best Practices in Assessing Public Sector Organizations Case Studies Summary Notes The Future of Assessment The Need to Identify and Disseminate Best Practices in Government Assessment The Need for Continued Adaptation of Assessment Models Identifying Tools that Facilitate Assessment Processes Finding New Ways to Encourage Governments to Participate and to Engage Their Staff Increased Recognition of the Role of Constituents in Assessment Linking Assessment Processes to Strategic Planning and Budgeting Finding Ways to Sustain a Culture of Assessment that Do Not Rely on a Single Champion Conclusion Bibliography Glossary Appendix A: The Public Sector Assessment and Improvement Model Appendix B: The Public Sector Assessment and Improvement Model-Short Form Appendix C: Exercises Appendix D: Tools for Organizational Change Efforts
Recent Developments in the Theory of Control and Regulation of Cellular Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the theoretical aspects of regulation and control in cellular systems, and the implications which such theoretical work will have for the experimental cell biologist. The experimental biologist is familiar with the method of studying real systems of actual interest bymeans of model systems, i.e., systems which exhibit functional properties similar to those in which he is interested, but which differ more or less completely from them in physicochemical terms. Thus by the employment of enzyme models a biochemist can learn about enzymes by studying things which are not enzymes; a membrane physiologist can learn about biological membranes by studying collodion films and silica gels, which preserve basic functional properties of real membranes while differing radically from them in terms of physics and chemistry. The models of regulation and control are all relational models, and differ only in their level of generality; i.e., the degree to which their defining relations admit a variety of physicochemical realizations.
Intentional Costs? How Great Powers Utilize IOs

Channels of Power: The UN Security Council and U.S. Statecraft in Iraq. By Alexander Thompson. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. 261 pp., $39.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-8014-4718-1). Why do great powers so often seek to gain the blessing of international organizations when considering the use of force in international politics and when their resources allow for unilateral or more flexible coalitions (p. 2)? Although constructivist and rationalist explanations for states’ use of IOs have helped elucidate, respectively, IO normative and bargaining effects, Alexander Thompson argues that these approaches fail to theoretically address when and under which circumstances states will activate the IOs (p. 9). According to Thompson, states use different IOs at different times and for different ends, a strategic calculation that demands viewing IOs as an element of “statecraft,” or “the strategic exercise of power and influence by states” (p. 9). Considering the international politics of the last eight years in regard to Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, this perspective deserves thorough exploration and theorizing, and Thompson provides solid ground upon which to build the effort. Thompson's central thesis in Channels of Power is that IOs are vessels of “strategic information transmission” on matters of international security in that leaders of coercing states can use IOs to “signal benign intentions” to the leaders and publics of non-targeted states (p. 5). In so doing, coercing states indicate their willingness to be potentially constrained in the execution of the coercion in exchange for political legitimacy. The implication of this thesis is that, in the modern political context, IOs impose a legitimacy cost to coercers, but working through IOs is the most efficient means of communicating non-threatening policy intentions to third-party foreign leaders and their publics. Foreign publics …
Parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in human squamous carcinoma cells is repressed by mutant isoforms of p53

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a normal secretory product of a variety of squamous epithelia, including epidermal keratinocytes. Only a subset of squamous carcinomas, however, express the gene at levels sufficient to cause humoral hypercalcemia. In the present study, comparison of PTHrP expression levels with p53 functional status in a series of squamous carcinoma lines has revealed an association between expression of specific mutant isoforms of p53 and very low levels of PTHrP mRNA. Evaluation of p53 isoforms with mutations in codons 248 and 273 showed them to be capable of repressing PTHrP gene expression in a high-expressing, p53-negative squamous line by approximately 50%. Conversely, inactivation of an endogenous mutant p53 with E1B proteins resulted in an increase in PTHrP expression in a low-expressing cell line. Subsequent analysis of promoter-specific PTHrP transcripts in a p53-negative squamous line transfected with mutant p53 isoforms suggested that down-regulation occurred primarily at the two TATA-based promoters. Direct testing of a murine PTHrP reporter construct in transient transfection assays confirmed the capacity of the 248 and 273 mutants to repress this TATA-based promoter, although only about half as effectively as wild-type p53.
Theme Issue Overview: Emerging Issues in Global Animal Product Trade

In this special issue of Agribusiness: An International Journal we focus on emerging issues in global animal product trade, the theme of a conference hosted by the Economic Research Service (ERS), U.S. Department of Agriculture on September 27–28, 2012 in Washington, DC, in partnership with Farm Foundation, NFP, the Larry Combest Endowed Chair for Agricultural Competitiveness at Texas Tech University, and the S-1043 Regional Research Group. The articles in this special issue highlight a range of factors affecting animal product trade such as import standards and regulations, import bans, preferential trade agreements, price transmission and volatility, exchange rate volatility, and demand growth in emerging markets.
Factional Politics and Credit Networks in Revolutionary Vermont

Studies of state formation tend to emphasize the demise of localism through centralization. This article specifies empirically the social structural conditions that strengthen localism under state formation. The historical case is the creation of Vermont during the Revolutionary War and the local factionalism it involved. Probate records are used to reconstruct credit networks that provided the relational foundation for localism and factional identities. The evidence demonstrates that network segregation between factional regions intensified over time, and was supported by strong cohesion within these regions. Local brokers who forged cohesion within factions consistently attained important political offices while mediators between opposing factions increasingly failed to obtain offices. This structural process coincided with the shift of Vermont's domestic politics into national level conflicts between Federalists and Jeffersonians. Within this escalation local and national factions crystallized around equivalent pairs of binary categorical oppositions. The evocation of national politics directly resonated with local lines of conflict, and reinforced factional identities and localism.
Rho Kinase Inhibition Enhances Axonal Regeneration in the Injured CNS

Myelin-associated inhibitors limit axonal regeneration in the injured brain and spinal cord. A common target of many neurite outgrowth inhibitors is the Rho family of small GTPases. Activation of Rho and a downstream effector of Rho, p160ROCK, inhibits neurite outgrowth. Here, we demonstrate that Rho is directly activated by the myelin-associated inhibitor Nogo-66. Using a binding assay to measure Rho activity, we detected increased levels of GTP Rho in PC12 and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell lysates after Nogo-66 stimulation. Rho activity levels were not affected by Amino–Nogo stimulation. Rho inactivation with C3 transferase promotes neurite outgrowth of chick DRG neurons in vitro, but with the delivery method used here, it fails to promote neurite outgrowth after corticospinal tract (CST) lesions in the adult rat. Inhibition of p160ROCK with Y-27632 also promotes neurite outgrowth on myelin-associated inhibitors in vitro. Furthermore, Y-27632 enhances sprouting of CST fibers in vivo and accelerates locomotor recovery after CST lesions in adult rats.
Is depression simply a nonspecific response to brain injury

Depressive disorders are among the most common ailments affecting humankind and some of the world’s leading causes of medical disability. Despite being common, disabling and a major public health problem, the etiology of depression is unknown. Indeed, investigators have suggested that the causes of depression are multiple and multi-factorial. With these considerations in mind, in this article we examine the hypothesis that our inability to identify the causes of depressive disorders is because depression is a nonspecific epiphenomenon of brain injury or insult arising through multiple pathways.
Dual Impact: Outness and LGB Identity Formation on Mental Health

Conflicting literature exists for the relationship among outness, sexual minority identity formation, and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. The present study examines the complex relationship among outness, identity, and mental health among 192 lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals collected from an online sample. The findings revealed that outness has a complex, dual impact on mental health. Specifically, outness was found to have both positive and negative consequences for mental health, with identity development accounting for the positive aspects of outness. Directions for future research and implications for clinicians are discussed.
ROMPIN — A relativistic optical model program for pion-nucleus scattering

Abstract Pion-nucleus elastic scattering and single- and double-charge exchange to analog states are computed from a momentum- space optical potential. The optical potential is calculated with an exact performance of the fermi averaging integral and with fully relativistic kinematics by utilizing relativistic three-body recoupling coefficients.
Distribution of muscle spindles in the human first dorsal interosseus.

The problem of accurately locating muscle spindles within the bulk of skeletal muscle has been the major difficulty in histological evaluation of human muscle spindles and in attempts to record their physiological activity. Entire first Dorsal Interossei were taken from full-term infants, stained in toto by deCastro's silver technique, serially sectioned or squashed, and individual spindles microdissected for study. A model of the muscle with its extrafusal innervation was constructed and the average number of spindles in five muscles was found to be 47 (range 4C–54). The first Dorsal Interosseus muscle is a bi-pinnate structure divided by a central tendon which inserts on the proximal first phalanx. The spindles within this muscle are nearly equally distributed between the halves. Most of the spindles are concentrated in two well-defined regions, a lateral, more distal spindle-rich region and a medial, more proximal, grouping. Each of these two concentrations consists of approximately one-third of the spindles present, the remaining one-third being rather uniformly distributed throughout the muscle mass. An idea of the degree of concentration usually seen is illustrated by finding as many as eight spindles present in a 100X field in cross-section. This density of concentration and apparent consistency of location within the muscle is expected to facilitate procurement of more adequate numbers of spindles at muscle biopsy and to aid the intramuscular recording from human muscle spindles.
Chelation of a Proton by an Aliphatic Tertiary Diamine

A series of monoprotonated aliphatic diamines has been examined, which crystallize in three general motifs: salt-bridged, cyclic, or clustered. The monoprotonated triflic acid salt of Me2N(CH2)4NMe2 forms a proton-bridged cyclic cation. The internal N−N distance is 2.66 A, with the bridging proton in the middle, having an NHN angle ≥172°. The triflate oxygens lie more than 4 A away from the midpoint between the nitrogen atoms, indicating that a salt bridge does not form. The average NH distance in a solid sample was determined by measuring the 15N−H dipolar coupling in the triflic acid salt of the completely deuterated diamine (CD3)2N(CD2)4N(CD3)2. The value of the dipolar coupling constant, 5250 ± 90 Hz, corresponds to an average NH distance of 1.32 A, nearly half-the NN distance. That result agrees with DFT calculations, which give a double-well potential minimum for proton transit between the two amino groups, having a zero-point vibrational level close to the barrier top. Theory predicts that the maxi...
Measurement and verification of rates of sediment phosphorus release for a hypereutrophic urban lake

The contribution of sediment release to the phosphorus budget of hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake was determined through laboratory measurements made on intact cores. Rates ranged from 9-21 mg P m-2 d-1 with a mean of 13 mg P m-2 d-1, values similar to those observed in other lakes of comparable trophic state. There was no statistically significant trend in rates in time (July versus September) or in space (location along the major N/S axis of the lake). Rates of sediment phosphorus release measured in the laboratory compared favorably with the observed rate of soluble reactive phosphorus accumulation in the lake’s hypolimnion. The sediments are the second largest source of phosphorus for Onondaga Lake, contributing 24% of the overall phosphorus load to the system.
Thermodesorption of water from silicate surfaces

Abstract A sensitive electrolytic technique suitable for quantitative measurement of the different states of water bound to low-area substrates (0.1 m2/g) is described. Water is thermally desorbed from a substrate and measured by means of a P2O5 electrolytic cell. The method is sensitive enough to detect adsorbed water on solids with specific areas as small as 0.1 m2/g. This technique was used to study water on pure silica and silicas doped with metal cations. Strongly bound molecular water and water resulting from dehydroxylation reactions were detected and quantitatively measured. Results were consistent with previous studies of porous silicas. The presence of cation-aluminate sites on the silica surface greatly increased the amount of strongly bound water. Cation-aluminate sites are proposed as being the primary adsorption sites for water on glass. Silane coupling agents, often used to promote water resistance, therefore do not reduce water adsorption by the replacement of polar silanols with less polar organosilanes. Rather than reducing the thermodynamic driving force for adsorption, silanes appear to reduce the rate at which water is adsorbed to the glass surface.
Characterization and simulation of NMOS pass transistor reliability for FPGA routing circuits

In this work, the impact of bias temperature instability is evaluated for routing pass gate circuits. A simple test structure is proposed and measured data is compared to aging models to demonstrate the importance of modeling circuit level aging effects. Aging models which are shown to be accurate at the transistor level are inadequate at the circuit level unless frequency dependent aging effects are taken into account.
Across the borderline: The outlaws of country music

The Outlaws: Twentieth Anniversary Edition. Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Jessi Colter, Tompall Glaser. RCA 66841–2.
Natural transplacental infection of dairy calves with bovine immunodeficiency virus and estimation of effect on neonatal health.

Abstract Many experimental infection studies with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) have been conducted, but neither virus transmission under natural conditions nor longitudinal clinical effects of naturally occurring infections in non-experimental populations are well explored. We tested the hypotheses that BIV is transmitted across the placenta during gestation and that intragestionally infected calves are at increased risk of neonatal disease. A cohort of 59 dairy cows on one farm were enrolled at parturition and the BIV serostatus of the cows and their pre-colostral calves determined with an indirect fluorescent-antibody assay. Moreover, the enrolled calves were monitored thrice weekly for specific clinical signs through the duration of the 30 day neonatal period and the occurrence of clinical signs analyzed for association with calf pre-colostral BIV serostatus and dam BIV serostatus. Confounding due to calf passive immunity and season of birth were also explored. Forty percent of seropositive cows (14/35) gave birth to seropositive calves but no seropositive calves (0/19) were born to seronegative dams (estimated relative risk 16, 95% exact confidence interval 2.6–5.8×1029). Calf pre-colostral BIV serostatus was not associated with the occurrence or frequency of clinical signs — but dam BIV serostatus was associated with the odds of occurrence of calf hyperthermia and with the frequency of occurrence of calf hyperthermia and hyperventilatory events. This study is inconclusive about the effects of prenatal BIV infection on neonatal health — but it does provide evidence for the natural occurrence of transplacental BIV infection.
Development of a second generation Inhibin B ELISA.

Inhibins are heterodimeric protein hormones secreted by the granulosa cells of the ovary in the female and the Sertoli cells of the testis in the male. Published research studies have assessed Inhibin B levels in Sertoli cell function, ovarian reserve and granulosa cell tumors. A two-step sandwich-type enzymatic microplate assay to measure Inhibin B levels within 3.5h is reported, and sample pre-treatment is not required. The assay measures Inhibin B in 50 μL of serum or Li-Hep plasma sample against Inhibin B calibrators (10-1000 pg/mL). The highly characterized antibody pair used in the assay measures 100% Inhibin B and no response was detected above the sensitivity of the assay with Inhibin A, Activin A, Activin B, Activin AB, AMH, FSH, LH or Follistatin 315 at the concentrations tested. The second generation Inhibin B assay was compared against two commercially available assays using 60 male and 60 female samples, ranging in age from 20 to 50 years. The assay showed significant positive linear correlations to Oxford Brooks Innovation (OBI) and Diagnostics Systems Laboratories (DSL) assays (r=0.99; P 0.99 and a slope of 0.97 with zero intercept. Total imprecision calculated on three samples and two controls over 40 runs, three replicates per run, using NCCLS EP5-A guidelines was 6.8% at 19.34 pg/mL, 4.4% at 76.03 pg/mL, 4.3% at 275.3 pg/mL, 5.4% at 99.88 pg/mL, and 5.7% at 363.9 pg/mL. The LoQ for the assay at 20% CV was 4.8 pg/mL. Dilution and spiking studies showed an average recovery of 90-110%. A highly specific, sensitive, simplified and reproducible microplate Inhibin B assay has been developed to measure Inhibin B in serum and Li-Hep plasma. The performance of the assay is ideal for investigation into the physiologic role of Inhibin B in both men and women.