cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centrifugal Expansion of Fundus Autofluorescence Patterns in Stargardt Disease Over Time

Objective To study the longitudinal changes in autofluorescence in Stargardt disease to reveal aspects of disease progression not previously evident. Changes in autofluorescence reflect changing fluorophore compositions of lipofuscin and melanin in retinal pigment epithelial cells, which has been hypothesized to contribute to Stargardt disease pathogenesis. Methods We examined the temporospatial patterns of fundus autofluorescence with excitation at both 488 nm (standard fundus autofluorescence) and 795 nm (near-infrared autofluorescence) in a longitudinal case series involving 8 eyes of 4 patients (range of follow-up, 11-57 months; mean, 39 months). Image processing was performed to analyze spatial and temporal cross-modality associations. Results Longitudinal fundus autofluorescence imaging of fleck lesions revealed hyperautofluorescent lesions that extended in a centrifugal direction from the fovea with time. Patterns of spread were nonrandom and followed a radial path that left behind a trail of diminishing autofluorescence. Longitudinal near-infrared autofluorescence imaging also demonstrated centrifugal lesion spread but with fewer hyperautofluorescent lesions, suggestive of more transient hyperautofluorescence and more rapid decay at longer wavelengths. Fundus autofluorescence and near-infrared autofluorescence abnormalities were spatially correlated with each other, and together they reflect systematic progressions in fleck distribution and fluorophore composition occurring during the natural history of the disease. Conclusions Stargardt disease fleck lesions do not evolve randomly in location but instead follow consistent patterns of radial expansion and a systematic decay of autofluorescence that reflect changing lipofuscin and melanin compositions in retinal pigment epithelial cells. These progressive foveal-to-peripheral changes are helpful in elucidating molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Stargardt disease and may constitute potential outcome measures in clinical trials.
On the conspicuity of 3-D fiducial markers in 2-D projected environments

Fiducial markers are used with head-mounted eye trackers to facilitate eye movement data aggregation for quantitative analysis. However, use of these markers may be problematic in some situations (e.g., natural tasks) as the markers may be visually distracting. To date, we are aware of no study that has examined the conspicuity of such markers to determine how much (if any) effort should be expended into concealing them from view. This paper presents a study that examines Tobii's infra-red (IR) markers' conspicuity in a 2-D projected environment. Results indicate that even when these 3-D markers are superimposed on a canvas on which the 2-D environment is projected, and no effort is taken to hide them (i.e., by minimizing contrast with the background), the presence of markers does not significantly alter the number or duration of fixations on the location of the markers when a specific task is given.
Severe cardiopathy in branching enzyme deficiency

A 7 1/2-year-old girl had exercise intolerance and exertional dyspnea. Four months later, congestive heart fallure developed, with recurrent chylous pleural effusions, and she died at age 8 1/2 years. Endomyocardial biopsy tissue showed abundant PAS-posltive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic deposits. Similar inclusions were seen in muscle, skin, and liver specimens. Postmortem studies showed that the abnormal polysaccharide was especially abundant in heart and muscle, but was also present in all other tissues, including the central nervous system. Glycogen isolated from heart, muscle, and spinal cord showed a shift of the lodine spectrum foward higher than normal wavelengths. Branching enzyme activity was lacking in the muscle biopsy specimen and in all postmortem tissues; glycogenolytic enzymes had normal activities. These studies show that cardiomyopathy can be the first symptom of generalized branching enzyme deficiency and that the degree of accumulation of the abnormal polyaccharide may vary in different tissues.
Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. lubricantis using TaqMan-MGB assay in contaminated metalworking fluids

Abstract Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are highly prone to microbial contamination, which leads to their degradation and biofouling. Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. lubricantis , a newly described subspecies, was found to be important to MWF fouling. However, the actual distribution of P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis in MWF is difficult to study using standard culturing techniques. To overcome this, a study was conducted to design a specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay using TaqMan ® MGB (minor groove binding) probe for its identification and estimated quantification in contaminated MWFs. The gyr B housekeeping gene sequence was selected for designing a TaqMan ® MGB primer–probe pair using the Allele ID ® 5.0 probe design software for the assay. Whole-cell qPCR was performed with MWF spiked directly with P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis (eliminating DNA extractions using commercial kit); the primer–probe pair’s sensitivity was 10 1 colony forming units (CFU) ml −1 . The assay provided no amplification with other closely related Pseudomonas species found in MWFs indicating its specificity. It was successful in identifying and enumerating P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis from several used MWFs having between 10 4 and 10 6 CFU ml −1 . The designed TaqMan ® MGB probe thus can be successfully used for the subspecies-specific identification of P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis and facilitates the study of its impact on MWFs.
Calculation of helium plasma satellites in turbulent plasmas

Abstract Neutral helium line profiles (2P-4D), under the influence of suprathermal electric field fluctuations, are calculated with the use of a relaxation line-broadening theory. First-order plasma satellites at the nearby forbidden component (2P-4F) are investigated for various turbulent plasma conditions. The spectral energy densities of the suprathermal electric field fluctuations are analytically modeled to infer quantitative relations between the plasma satellites and the enhanced electric field. It is found that the far satellite can grow stronger than the near satellite and both satellites will split into doublets as the turbulent electric field increases. The theory is generalized to higher order to describe the second harmonic plasma satellites near the allowed transition.
The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale Development and Validation

Using feminist theory about the social construction of the female body, a scale was developed and validated to measure objectified body consciousness (OBC) in young women (N = 502) and middle-aged women (N = 151). Scales used were (a) surveillance (viewing the body as an outside observer), (b) body shame (feeling shame when the body does not conform), and (c) appearance control beliefs. The three scales were demonstrated to be distinct dimensions with acceptable reliabilities. Surveillance and body shame correlated negatively with body esteem. Control beliefs correlated positively with body esteem in young women and were related to frequency of restricted eating in all samples. All three scales were positively related to disordered eating. The relationship of OBC to women's body experience is discussed.
The action of auxin on plant cell elongation.

The review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the action of auxin on plant cell elongation. Particular emphasis will be placed on the acid growth theory of auxin action and a comparison of auxin action on shoot vs. root tissues. Theories of the action of auxin will be evaluated in view of recent information on auxin dose/response relationships, auxin uptake kinetics, the time‐dependent adaptation of tissues to auxin, and the kinetics of plant cell responses to the hormone. Considerations of research on auxin binding and auxin polar transport will be included only as they apply to the central question of the action of the hormone on cell expansion.
Design of the target area for the National Ignition Facility

The preliminary design of the target area for the National Ignition Facility has been completed. The target area is required to meet a challenging set of engineering system design requirements and user needs. The target area must provide the appropriate conditions before, during, and after each shot. The repeated introduction of large amounts of laser energy into the chamber and subsequent target emissions represent new design challenges for ICF facility design. Prior to each shot, the target area must provide the required target illumination, target chamber vacuum, diagnostics, and optically stable structures. During the shot, the impact of the target emissions on the target chamber, diagnostics, and optical elements is minimized and the workers and public are protected from excessive prompt radiation doses. After the shot, residual radioactivation is managed to allow the required accessibility. Diagnostic data is retrieved, operations and maintenance activities are conducted, and the facility is ready for the next shot. The target area subsystems include the target chamber, target positioner, structural systems, target diagnostics, environmental systems, and the final optics assembly. The engineering design of the major elements of the target area requires a unique combination of precision engineering, structural analysis, opto-mechanical design, random vibration suppression, thermal stability, materials engineering, robotics, and optical cleanliness. The facility has been designed to conduct both x- ray driven targets and to be converted at a later date for direct drive experiments. The NIF has been configured to provide a wide range of experimental environments for the anticipated user groups of the facility. The design status of the major elements of the target area is described.
Diluent effects on viscoelastic behavior

Abstract The effects of dilution upon the viscoelastic behavior of polymers are discussed and the related results of two investigations on solvent effects are presented. The creep behavior of a 40% polyvinylacetate (PVAc) solution where the solvent, sucrose benzoate, has a higher glass temperature than the PVAc is presented. Since the glass temperature, T g , of the solution is between that of the polymer and the solvent, it is higher than that of the neat polymer. In the second study, the viscosity and the recoverable compliance of six molecular-weight bimodal blends of a high (3.8×10 6 ) and a low (1.03×10 4 ) molecular-weight polystyrene were determined. The low molecular-weight component played the role of a Flory theta solvent at long times at all temperatures, enabling the determination of the steady-state recoverable compliance, J e o , of the high-molecular components as a function of concentration under theta conditions. Retardation spectra were determined from the reduced shear compliance curves for all the solutions and the neat components.
Decay of149Gd and directional correlations of gamma cascades in149Eu

The decay of149Gd(9.4d) to the levels of149Eu has been studied using large volume high resolution Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) detectors,γ-γ coincidence and directional correlation experiments have been performed. Newγ-rays at energies 131.9, 278.6, 384.7, 415.7, 599.2, 726.5, 734.7, 956.4 and 1,231.1 keV in149Eu have been observed. Three new levels in149Eu have been placed at 956.4, 1,082.0 and 1,231.1 keV. Spin-parity assignments have been made to some of the levels in149Eu. Multipolarity assignments have been made for most of the electromagnetic transitions from the conversion coefficients obtained through the knowledge of ourγ-transition intensities and the published conversion-electron intensities. Based on the newγ-transitions observed in the singles and coincidence spectra, a revised level scheme has been proposed for149Eu and compared with previously published level schemes.
Ionospheric irregularities causing random fading of very low frequencies

Abstract The process by which random irregularities in the ionosphere cause random fading in a reflected radio wave at the ground may be divided into two parts: the scattering process within the layer which builds up an inhomogeneous field in free space immediately beneath it and the diffraction process by which this field propagates to the earth's surface, possibly changing in form as it travels. The extent of this change is evaluated by finding the correlation coefficients for three pairs of quantities measured experimentally at 75 and 150 kc/s frequency. These are 1. (a) the signal amplitude at two horizontally separated receivers 2. (b) the amplitudes of the first and second reflections 3. (c) the amplitude and phase of the first reflection. The diffractive changes are found to be considerable, but the wave emerging from the layer is probably modulated in phase rather than amplitude. A study of the variation of fading speed at 75 kc/s with height of reflection appears to confirm existing ideas concerning the presence of small-scale irregularities above a critical height in the lower E -region.
Diagnosis and six-month stability of negative symptoms in psychotic disorders.

Negative symptoms were examined in 150 primarily first-admission patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic depression, psychotic bipolar disorder, and ‘other’ psychoses. The analysis focused on patients who were rated on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) within 45 days of admission and at follow-up 6 months later. Significantly more schizophrenics had moderate to severe negative symptoms at each time point compared with other psychotic patients. The SANS scores were found to be relatively stable over time in all five diagnostic groups. Although the DSM-IV includes alogia, effective flattening, and avolition in the A criterion for schizophrenia, only alogia and affective flattening were found to be specific to this disorder. Our results point to the existence and enduring quality of negative symptoms in the early phase of psychosis and its specificity to schizophrenia even at this early stage.
Structure of 10Li and 11Li

Abstract Recent two-body nuclear reaction measurements of the struture of 10 Li and 11 Li are reviewed. The mass of 11 Li is now well known, but the situtation for 10 Li is not so clear. However recent evidence presented at this conference seems to confirm the existence of a slightly unbound s-wave ground state.
PRESENCE OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK BETWEEN OESTROGEN AND LH IN PATIENTS WITH KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME, AND SERTOLI‐CELL‐ONLY SYNDROME

SUMMARY In five adult patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and two with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, exogenous administration of 17β-oestradiol, resulting in a sustained and prolonged elevation of circulating oestrogen levels, had a biphasic effect on LH release. After an initial decrease, a dramatic rise in peripheral levels of LH (positive feedback) was observed in all patients. The timing and magnitude of the induced LH surge was similar to that observed in postmenopausal women after administration of large doses of Ethinyloestradiol. A similar positive feedback effect on the secretion of FSH could not be demonstrated. In two patients with the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, oestrogen treatment induced marked variations in serum testosterone levels, which appeared to be related to the LH changes. Similar changes were not present in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, indicating a decrease in the sensitivity of the testicular Leydig cell. These experiments demonstrate that positive feedback between oestrogen and luteinizing hormone is present in the adult hum an male.
Somaclonal variant UC-T3: the expression of Fusarium wilt resistance in progeny arrays of celery, Apium graveolens L.

First generation (S1) progeny, second generation (S2) progeny, and backcross (BC) progeny of a celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) somaclonal variant, UC-T3, were evaluated for resistance to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii, race 2 (FOA2). Chisquare analysis of S1 progeny showed that the expression of resistance did not fit a single-locus model. S2 progeny means were similar among families, except in a heavily infested field. The lowest ranking S2 family in both the lightly infested and heavily infested fields was significantly more resistant to FOA2 than individuals of the susceptible progenitor line ‘Tall-Utah 527OR’; therefore; it was concluded that the trait was heritable. The phenotypic distribution of the backcross progeny was broad, suggesting that the new resistance was conferred by at least two genes whose expression was dominant to susceptibility. The mean scores for disease resistance of the progeny of crosses between UC-T3 and the moderately resistant line, ‘Tall-Utah 527OHK’, generally equaled the resistance found among the progeny of the most resistant parent.
Density-matrix algorithms for quantum renormalization groups.

A formulation of numerical real-space renormalization groups for quantum many-body problems is presented and several algorithms utilizing this formulation are outlined. The methods are presented and demonstrated using S=1/2 and S=1 Heisenberg chains as test cases. The key idea of the formulation is that rather than keep the lowest-lying eigenstates of the Hamiltonian in forming a new effective Hamiltonian of a block of sites, one should keep the most significant eigenstates of the block density matrix, obtained from diagonalizing the Hamiltonian of a larger section of the lattice which includes the block. This approach is much more accurate than the standard approach; for example, energies for the S=1 Heisenberg chain can be obtained to an accuracy of at least ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}9}$. The method can be applied to almost any one-dimensional quantum lattice system, and can provide a wide variety of static properties.
New Approach to Recycling Asphalt Shingles in Hot-Mix Asphalt

AbstractThe objective of this study is to introduce a new approach to recycling asphalt shingles in asphalt paving construction in which recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) are ground to ultrafine particle sizes and blended with asphalt binder through a wet process. In the proposed wet process, the ground recycled material is blended with the binder at a high temperature prior to mixing with the aggregates. Two unmodified binders that are classified as PG 64-22 and PG 52-28 were blended with two contrasting sources of RAS at a modification content ranging from 10–40% by weight of the binder. The use of RAS modification through the proposed wet process was successful in the laboratory. Based on the results of the experimental program, the use of RAS modification through the proposed wet process would generally improve or not influence the high temperature grade of the binder, but it may reduce the low temperature grade of the binder. As demonstrated in this study, an optimum shingle content may be identified t...
A Field of Myocardial-Endocardial NFAT Signaling Underlies Heart Valve Morphogenesis

The delicate leaflets that make up vertebrate heart valves are essential for our moment-to-moment existence. Abnormalities of valve formation are the most common serious human congenital defect. Despite their importance, relatively little is known about valve development. We show that the initiation of heart valve morphogenesis in mice requires calcineurin/NFAT to repress VEGF expression in the myocardium underlying the site of prospective valve formation. This repression of VEGF at E9 is essential for endocardial cells to transform into mesenchymal cells. Later, at E11, a second wave of calcineurin/NFAT signaling is required in the endocardium, adjacent to the earlier myocardial site of NFAT action, to direct valvular elongation and refinement. Thus, NFAT signaling functions sequentially from myocardium to endocardium within a valvular morphogenetic field to initiate and perpetuate embryonic valve formation. This mechanism also operates in zebrafish, indicating a conserved role for calcineurin/NFAT signaling in vertebrate heart valve morphogenesis.
Structure of pure metallic nanoclusters: Monte Carlo simulation and ab initio study

The structural stability and energetics for small copper and gold clusters Cu n and Au n (n = 21–56) were investigated using an effective Monte Carlo simulated annealing method, which employs the aggregate-volume-bias Monte Carlo (AVBMC) algorithm. Incorporated in the Monte Carlo method, is an efficient embedded atom method (EAM) potential developed by the authors. In general agreement with previous empirical studies, the lowest-energy copper structures adapt a single icosahedral structural motif, with pentagonal bipyramid geometry as the building block. However, contrary to studies that describe gold as less symmetric, this work demonstrates that gold clusters adapt both an icosahedral and icositetrahedral structural motifs with many clusters having symmetric geometries. To demonstrate the validity of the results, first-principles calculations utilizing the density functional theory (DFT) were performed on Cu38, Au38, and Au56 clusters for which controversial results had been reported.
University Libraries and Pricing Practices by Publishers of Scholarly Journals

Scholarly journals exhibit significant variations in price. Part of this variation is attributable to costs of production and distribution, but noncost factors may also affect the pricing of journals. These factors include publisher type, country of origin, and the discipline of the journal. This study utilizes multiple regression analysis to evaluate publisher pricing practices for a random sample of 439 scholarly journals. Holding cost factors constant, it was determined that prices to U.S. academic libraries are significantly higher for journals in the physical science disciplines and for those from commercial publishers, especially European commercial publishers. The estimated European price differential is too large to be attributed entirely to the extra cost of shipping serials to U.S. libraries.
A 5-Year Retrospective Review of Primary Palatoplasty Cases Utilizing an Acellular Collagen Interpositional Graft.

Purpose Multiple palatoplasty techniques have been developed, but a technique involving a partial 2-layer soft tissue closure of the posterior hard palate and nasal floor and a 3-layer soft tissue closure of the soft palate with reorientation of the levator and tensor veli muscles across the midline has been the gold standard for cleft repair. This report describes a series of primary palatoplasties reconstructed with a middle layer of acellular collagen membrane that aided in maintaining closure between the oral and nasal cavities without the development of an oronasal fistula. Materials and Methods An acellular collagen membrane was placed between the muscular layer and the oral mucosa during primary palatoplasty. Six patients with primary cleft palatoplasty were identified and followed for 1 year (patient 1, a 10-month-old boy; patient 2, a 12-month-old girl; patient 3, a 12-month-old girl; patient 4, a 6-year-old boy; patient 5, a 12-month-old girl; and patient 6, an 18-month-old girl). Results At 1 year, no oronasal fistulas had developed where augmentation with the acellular collagen membrane was used. Conclusions The use of an acellular collagen graft to aid in the 3-layer closure of primary palatoplasty surgery is a very effective strategy in primary and secondary healing and in preventing oronasal fistulation. The risk associated with the use of acellular collagen membranes appears nonexistent.
Immunonephelometric/turbidimetric apolipoprotein B assays for the clinical laboratory.

Abstract Because apolipoproteins are a part of complex macromolecular particles, modifications to the assay system may substantially alter results of immunological measurement. Accuracy as analytical recovery cannot be effectively determined by adding exogenous apolipoproteins because antibody access differs from access to endogenous apolipoproteins. Clinical studies are essential for determining accuracy in terms of clinical effectiveness. Since different kit methods use different reagent systems, the purpose of the present study was to compare total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol as markers for coronary artery disease with apo B by automated rate nephelometric, end-point nephelometric and turbidimetric kit methods. The subjects were age matched, male patients with and without angiographically documented coronary artery disease. High correlation coefficients (0.95–0.96) between the assays for both the normal and disease groups indicate that the methods are providing similar information: apo B was a better marker for coronary artery disease (CAD) than total or LDL cholesterol on the basis of univariate, multivariate and Bayesian statistics and correlated best with non-HDL cholesterol. Apo B along with HDLC could explain the variability between the CAD and normal groups without LDLC, total C, or triglycerides.
Opening the gates: Print on-demand publishing as cultural production

This paper will first contrast three publishing models : traditional royalty-paying publishers, POD subsidy publishers, and self-publishing, with particular attention to the value each publisher adds to the finished product. It will then describe four specific POD publishers- the largest POD publisher, which is oriented toward writers who want the experience of authorship ; a major firm with connections to mainstream publishing ; a company with a do-it-yourself ethos linked to the cultural commons movement ; and a bookstore that publishes books for its customers. It will illustrate the range and scope of titles published by each. Finally, the paper will turn to a discussion of POD subsidy publishing as a cultural practice.
A feedback mechanism between soil-moisture distribution and storm tracks

How the distribution of soil moisture impacts the location and persistence of the storm track and the resulting distribution of precipitation is investigated. Particular attention is given to North America where an extensive series of numerical experiments using a regional climate model are performed to investigate these issues. The findings suggest that soil-moisture distribution has a pronounced impact on the large-scale dynamics via a meridional displacement of the storm track. The displacement tends to enhance the local soil moisture–rainfall feedback over the region of the anomaly. The initial feedback is induced by the local effects of soil moisture on the boundary-layer energy budget and then propagated to the large-scale through modifications to the geopotential heights. Because of soil moisture's impact on the large-scale dynamics, a local soil-moisture anomaly can induce both flood- and drought-like conditions in surrounding regions. Experiments with a dry anomaly applied either over the upper Midwest or Great Plains display a northward shift in the storm track. This shift tends to result in drought-like conditions in the region of the anomaly and both flood- and drought-like conditions in surrounding regions. Anomalous wetting in the Southwest impacts the distribution of precipitation not only locally, but also over most of the United States; drought-like conditions are simulated to the north and east of the anomaly region while flood-like conditions are simulated locally and eastward. Overall, the impacts of soil-moisture distribution on the large-scale dynamics and the location and intensity of the storm track play a significant role in determining summer rainfall distribution. Soil-moisture anomalies over relatively small regions can induce floods and droughts not only locally, but also over remote regions. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Guiding group cognition in CSCL

Regardless of whether particular stakeholders are interested in individual learning outcomes or in the knowledge-building accomplishments of teams, the power of collaborative learning emanates from its potential to coalesce multiple people into the coherent cognitive effort of a group. The research goal of the field of CSCL is to understand how this synergy takes place and to design ways of supporting its fragile processes. The rigorous study of group cognition is elusive because successful collaborative learning is (a) currently rare and hard to identify, (b) complex in the structure of its constituent mechanisms and the factors influencing them, and (c) unique in each of its situated instances. There are now a number of theoretical frameworks available, which are influential in the CSCL research community, each, perhaps, with its own model of the influences on collaborative learning that must be taken into account. Figure 1 is an attempt to visualize major categories of these influences. It places at the center the dialogical interaction through which individual participants form into a collective knowledge-building agency. The sequential nature of the interaction is what weaves contributions from the Bakhtinian voices of individuals into group processes of meaning making, as each responds to previous entries and elicits new ones. The meanings—shared by the group by virtue of their having been co-constructed in the collectively experienced sequential interaction—are embodied in team knowledge artifacts, whether linguistic phrases or physical objects. This collaborative knowledge building produces the team’s outcomes, which are driven by the team’s task. A major thrust of the CSCL research agenda is to analyze the influences and constraints on the flow of knowledge building sketched in the preceding paragraph. Of course, a starting point is the determination of the individual voices of the participants: their background, perspectives, and abilities. What experiences do they bring to the interaction and what resources can they each contribute? These factors at the individual unit of analysis are preconditions of the collaboration; they are of interest to education and psychology in general, but not specifically CSCL’s concerns, which are more directed toward the group level of description. Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (2010) 5:255–258 DOI 10.1007/s11412-010-9091-7
A three-dimensional model of the human facilitative glucose transporter Glut1.

The human facilitative transporter Glut1 is the major glucose transporter present in all human cells, has a central role in metabolism, and is an archetype of the superfamily of major protein facilitators. Here we describe a three-dimensional structure of Glut1 based on helical packing schemes proposed for lactose permease and Glut1 and predictions of secondary structure, and refined using energy minimization, molecular dynamics simulations, and quality and environmental scores. The Ramachandran scores and the stereochemical quality of the structure obtained were as good as those for the known structures of the KcsA K+ channel and aquaporin 1. We found two channels in Glut1. One of them traverses the structure completely, and is lined by many residues known to be solvent-accessible. Since it is delimited by the QLS motif and by several well conserved residues, it may serve as the substrate transport pathway. To validate our structure, we determined the distance between these channels and all the residues for which mutations are known. From the locations of sugar transporter signatures, motifs, and residues important to the transport function, we find that this Glut1 structure is consistent with mutagenesis and biochemical studies. It also accounts for functional deficits in seven pathogenic mutants.
On the Motion of an Elastic Body Rolling/Sliding on an Elastic Substrate

The three-dimensional evolutionary problem of rolling/sliding of a linear elastic body on a linear elastic substrate is studied. The inertial properties of the body regarded as regid are accounted for. By employing an asymptotic analysis, it is shown that the process can be divided into two phases: transient and quasistationary. An expression for the frictional force as a function of the externally applied forces and moments, and inertial properties of the body is derived. For an ellipsoid rolling/sliding on a linear elastic substrate, numerical results for the frictional force distribution, slip/adhesion subareas, and the evolution of the slip velocity are given
Formation of amorphous Ni-Zr alloy powder by mechanical alloying of intermetallic powder mixtures and mixtures of nickel or zirconium with intermetallics

Mechanical alloying was used to synthesize NixZr1−x alloys from mixtures of intermetallic compound powders, and also from mixtures of intermetallic compound powders and pure elemental powders. The mechanically alloyed powders were amorphous in the range 0.24 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.85. This range is larger than amorphous alloys produced by the melt-spinning technique and mechanical alloying of elemental crystalline powders. Two-phase mixtures of the amorphous phase and the corresponding crystalline terminal solid solution were formed in the range 0.10 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.22, and x=0.90. It is found that the morphological development during mechanical alloying of these powders is different from mechanical alloying using only pure ductile crystalline elemental powders. The thermal stability has been investigated. The enthalpy and activation energy of crystallization for Ni-Zr amorphous powders prepared by mechanical alloying are lower than those for melt-spun samples of the same composition. The crystallization temperature of the mechanically alloyed Ni-Zr amorphous powders is higher than that of meltspun samples in the composition range Ni20Zr80 to Ni33Zr67 and Ni40Zr60 to Ni60Zr40. The presence of tiny crystallites as nucleation centres and high oxygen levels in the mechanically alloyed amorphous alloys might be responsible for the differences in crystallization behaviour. A new crystalline metastable phase was observed during crystallization studies of Ni24Zr76 amorphous powder.
Matching-to-sample procedures and the development of equivalence relations: The role of naming

Abstract Two normal children and four retarded youths were taught auditory-visual and visual-visual conditional discriminations and were then tested to determine whether the conditional relations were also equivalence relations. All subjects showed that conditionally related sample and comparison stimuli had become equivalent; the conditional discriminations generated two sets of three-member classes, one set containing both auditory and visual stimuli and the other containing only visual stimuli. In the auditory-visual classes, two of the retarded subjects failed to apply the name of the auditory stimulus to each visual stimulus in the same class; in the visual classes, all but one normal subject failed to apply a consistent label to all stimuli in a class. The formation of classes of equivalent stimuli does not, therefore, require that common names be applied to each member of a class. Although common naming responses were not necessary for equivalence, relations denoting symmetry and transitivity in the original conditional discriminations were shown to be prerequisites, as is demanded by the definition of equivalence.
Bumblebees exhibit the memory spacing effect

Associative learning is key to how bees recognize and return to rewarding floral resources. It thus plays a major role in pollinator floral constancy and plant gene flow. Honeybees are the primary model for pollinator associative learning, but bumblebees play an important ecological role in a wider range of habitats, and their associative learning abilities are less well understood. We assayed learning with the proboscis extension reflex (PER), using a novel method for restraining bees (capsules) designed to improve bumblebee learning. We present the first results demonstrating that bumblebees exhibit the memory spacing effect. They improve their associative learning of odor and nectar reward by exhibiting increased memory acquisition, a component of long-term memory formation, when the time interval between rewarding trials is increased. Bombus impatiens forager memory acquisition (average discrimination index values) improved by 129% and 65% at inter-trial intervals (ITI) of 5 and 3 min, respectively, as compared to an ITI of 1 min. Memory acquisition rate also increased with increasing ITI. Encapsulation significantly increases olfactory memory acquisition. Ten times more foragers exhibited at least one PER response during training in capsules as compared to traditional PER harnesses. Thus, a novel conditioning assay, encapsulation, enabled us to improve bumblebee-learning acquisition and demonstrate that spaced learning results in better memory consolidation. Such spaced learning likely plays a role in forming long-term memories of rewarding floral resources.
Advances in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Recent advances in our understanding of the replicative mechanism of HBV, and the development of potent nucleoside analogues as clinically effective inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase or herpesvirus polymerases has opened a new era in the treatment of chronic HBV infection. Single agent therapies, such as famciclovir, lamivudine or lobucavir, have had some success. There is now a logical basis for combination therapy, because of the clear need for prolonged treatment and the associated possibility that drug resistant strains will emerge with monotherapy, but the choice of agents to combine and the regimens in which they should be employed remain uncertain.Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precision Testing of Electric Tachometers

The magnetic-drag electric tachometer which was developed especially for the measurement of aircraft-engine speed is inherently a more precise measuring device than those instruments which normally have been used as reference standards of speed measurement. This paper describes an electric-tachometer testing system which meets the requirements of high accuracy and is also suitable for large-quantity manufacture of tachometers. The system provides facilities for testing at 22 scale points in a range of speeds from 500 to 4,500 indicated rpm without referring to a standard instrument. The power to drive the tachometers being tested is supplied from tachometer generators which are driven by a d-c motor controlled by a precision tuning fork. The method of operation and the control system are explained.
Diversity in metabolic adaptation of pelagic larval stages of two sympatric species of brachyuran crabs

Abstract The larvae of Cancer irroratus and C. borealis were cultured in the laboratory and the effect of temperature and salinity on larval development was studied. The larvae of C. irroratus survived a wide range of temperatures and salinities up to the megalops stage. But metamorphosis occurred in salinities between 20% and 35% S at 15° C, and 25% S at 20° C. The larvae of C. borealis survived in a wide range of temperatures and a narrow range of salinities in the early zoeal stages, but the larvae developed to the megalops stage in only 30% S at 15° C, and 25% and 30% S at 20° C. The megalops metamorphosed in only 30% S at 20° C. The highest survival rate of C. irroratus larvae was observed during all stages in 30% S at 15° C. The larvae of C. borealis survived better in 30% S at 15° C in the early zoeal stages and in 30° % S at 20° C in the later stages. The larvae of the 2 species required about the same length of time from hatch to the crab stage at their optimum temperatures. The larvae of Cancer irroratus are characterized by changes in metabolic-temperature patterns in some staged while there are only minor differences in the other stages. The larvae of this species become progressively stenothermal during the zoeal development. The temperature ranges for metabolic sensitivity and insensitivity narrowed in the later stages when compared to the earlier stages. The larvae of C. borealis were characterized by gradual changes in the metabolic-temperature patterns during all the stages. The temperature range in the compensation of metabolism of the larvae shifted from colder temperatures in the early stages to warmer temperatures in the later stages. The diversity in metabolic-temperature response of different larval stages seems to adapt them for growth and survival relative to vertical and temporal changes in temperature. The variation in the environmental requirements and the physiological capacities of the 2 species seem to result in a temporal succession for larval development in the pelagic environment.
College students' goals, plans, and background characteristics: A synthesis of three empirical studies

This study was designed to provide longitudinal data about the change and/or the stability of college-bound students' educational and vocational goals and plans as well as their background characteristics. Data from three studies were contrasted and compared. Included in these studies were: (a) a 2-year follow-up of 4,009 junior college students: (b) a 4-year follow-up of 5,623 4-year college and university students; and (c) a comparison of the responses of two independent samples (32,351 and 50,205) of high school seniors. Considerable differences in stability among characteristics were found; however, the changes seem to be orderly and according to logical expectations. The utility of the findings regarding changes and stability in these characteristics for those who work with college populations are discussed, and possible applications are suggested.
The Patas Monkey as a Model for Dihydrostreptomycin Ototoxicity

Although the cochlear toxicity of dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM) is well-recognized in man, it has always proved difficult to demonstrate in animals. Hearing thresholds in M. nemestrina monkeys remained essentially unchanged after DHSM 100 mg/kg im daily for 8 months, but E. patas monkeys were severely deafened by DHSM 20 mg/kg for 90 days, a regimen formerly used in treating human tuberculosis. The patas monkey may prove to be the animal model of choice for evaluating aminoglycoside ototoxicity.
A Consulting Approach to Embedding Decision-Making Skills Into the Hospitality Curriculum

Hospitality management educators are charged with developing students' key abilities in preparation for their entry into the industry. These abilities include communication skills, interpersonal skills, ability to make difficult decisions, and conceptual skills. One means by which educators can meet the needs of their students and industry professionals is through the use of experiential learning, specifically consulting. This article uses experiential-learning literature, decision-making skill development literature, and consulting literature to propose a framework for embedding decision-making skills within experiential-learning opportunities. This article also illustrates the use and appropriateness of the framework through a case-study approach.
Factors Associated with Physical Activity Among African-American Men and Women

Background African Americans have lower rates of physical activity (PA) than Caucasians. Although correlates of PA have been studied in many populations, little is known about the influences on physical activity for African Americans, particularly African-American men. Methods Individuals were randomly selected from 20 church rosters and participated in a telephone survey (165 men, 407 women) in May to September 2003. Participants were classified according to whether they were meeting recommendations for moderate to vigorous physical activity, walking, and strength training. Sociodemographic, health, psychosocial, and physical environment correlates were also assessed. Mixed-model logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results For men, explained variance ranged from 20.8% to 33.3%. For women, the independent variables explained 10.8% to 23.2% of the variance in physical activity behavior. Significant positive correlates among men were employment, income, self-rating of health, PA self-efficacy, and PA enjoyment, and fruit and vegetable intake, with age as a negative correlate. Significant positive correlates among women were employment, education, income, self-rating of health, PA self-efficacy, PA enjoyment, fruit and vegetable intake, reporting PA programs at their church, and attempting weight loss. Negative correlates included age, number of chronic health conditions, and body mass index. Conclusions Various factors influenced PA in men and women, suggesting a need for gender targeting in addition to cultural adaptations in PA interventions for African Americans.
Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Agroecosystems

It is almost certainly the case that many populations have always existed as metapopulations, leading to the conclusion that local extinctions are common and normally balanced by migrations. This conclusion has major consequences for biodiversity conservation in fragmented tropical forests and the agricultural matrices in which they are embedded. Here we make the argument that the conservation paradigm that focuses on setting aside pristine forests while ignoring the agricultural landscape is a failed strategy in light of what is now conventional wisdom in ecology. Given the fragmented nature of most tropical ecosystems, agricultural landscapes should be an essential component of any conservation strategy. We review the literature on biodiversity in tropical agricultural landscapes and present evidence that many tropical agricultural systems have high levels of biodiversity (planned and associated). These systems represent, not only habitat for biodiversity, but also a high-quality matrix that permits the movement of forest organisms among patches of natural vegetation. We review a variety of agroecosystem types and conclude that diverse, low-input systems using agroecological principles are probably the best option for a high-quality matrix. Such systems are most likely to be constructed by small farmers with land titles, who, in turn, are normally the consequence of grassroots social movements. Therefore, the new conservation paradigm should incorporate a landscape approach in which small farmers, through their social organizations, work with conservationists to create a landscape matrix dominated by productive agroecological systems that facilitate interpatch migration while promoting a sustainable and dignified livelihood for rural communities.
Local Failure Analysis of HPHT Subsea Tree Components due to Triaxial Stress

Structures can fail prematurely and potentially suddenly when the stress state is in triaxial tension. Triaxial stresses commonly occur in notches, crack tips and thread roots. Yielding criteria such as Tresca and von Mises are based on the difference in the principal stresses and therefore reduce as the three principal stresses become more equal in magnitude. Therefore, structures need to be analyzed for failure due to triaxial stress state when conducting a plastic collapse study. One of the requirements of the ASME Section VIII Divisions 2 and 3, Design by Analysis approach is to check for the local failure of the component due to triaxial stress. Based on the ASME approach, local failure is analyzed by calculating the allowable total equivalent strain and summing the plastic strain history through a damage accumulation function. In this paper, two common HPHT subsea tree components, a gate valve body and a load bearing shoulder are analyzed for ASME local failure criteria.Copyright © 2014 by ASME