cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying center of pressure variability in chondrodystrophoid dogs.

Abstract The center of pressure (COP) position reflects a combination of proprioceptive, motor and mechanical function. As such, it can be used to quantify and characterize neurologic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the movement of COP and its variability in healthy chondrodystrophoid dogs while walking to provide a baseline for comparison to dogs with spinal cord injury due to acute intervertebral disc herniations. Fifteen healthy adult chondrodystrophoid dogs were walked on an instrumented treadmill that recorded the location of each dog’s COP as it walked. Center of pressure (COP) was referenced from an anatomical marker on the dogs’ back. The root mean squared (RMS) values of changes in COP location in the sagittal (y) and horizontal (x) directions were calculated to determine the range of COP variability. Three dogs would not walk on the treadmill. One dog was too small to collect interpretable data. From the remaining 11 dogs, 206 trials were analyzed. Mean RMS for change in COPx per trial was 0.0138 (standard deviation, SD 0.0047) and for COPy was 0.0185 (SD 0.0071). Walking speed but not limb length had a significant effect on COP RMS. Repeat measurements in six dogs had high test retest consistency in the x and fair consistency in the y direction. In conclusion, COP variability can be measured consistently in dogs, and a range of COP variability for normal chondrodystrophoid dogs has been determined to provide a baseline for future studies on dogs with spinal cord injury.
Neural net design of Gabor wavelet filters for distortion-invariant object detection in clutter

We consider the detection of multiclasses of objects in clutter with 3D object distortions and contrast differences present. We use a correlator since shift invariance is necessary to handle an object whose location is not known and to handle multiple objects. The detection filter used is a linear combination of the real part of different Gabor filters which we refer to as a macro Gabor filter (MGF). A new analysis of the parameters for the initial set of Gabor functions in the MGF is given a new neural net algorithm to refine these initial filter parameters and to determine the combination coefficients to produce the final MGF detection filter are detailed. Initial detection results are given. Use of this general neural net technique to design correlation filters seems very attractive for this and other applications.
Effects of pulsed electric field processing and storage on the quality and stability of single-strength orange juice.

The effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) processing on microorganisms in orange juice and on the flavor and color of the juice during storage for 112 days at 4 and 22°C were investigated. Single-strength orange juice was PEF processed at an electric field strength of 35 kV/cm for 59 μs and placed into sterilized glass bottles in a sanitary glove box. PEF-processed orange juice was microbiologically stable at 4 and 22°C for 112 days. PEF processing resulted in significant increases in the hydrocarbons D-limonene, α-pinene, myrecene, and valencene (P ≤ 0.05) but did not have any effect on octanal, decanal, ethyl butyrate, and linalool. The levels of hydrocarbon compounds did not change at 4 and 22°C in 112 days. Octanal, decanal, ethyl butyrate, and linalool levels significantly decreased in 14 days at 4°C and in 2 days at 22°C. The decrease in these compounds did not have a significant effect on the sensory quality of the orange juice (P ≥ 0.05). The microorganisms in PEF-processed orange juice, along with the flavor and color of the juice, remained stable at 4°C for 112 days.
Ab Initio Force Fields for Organic Anions: Properties of [BMIM][TFSI], [BMIM][FSI], and [BMIM][OTf] Ionic Liquids.

Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) composed of organic anions bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), and trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) exhibit interesting physical properties and are important for many electrochemical applications. TFSI and FSI form “hydrophobic” ILs, immiscible with water but miscible with many organic solvents and polymers; for computer simulation studies, it is thus essential to develop force fields for these anions that are transferable among this wide variety of chemical environments. In this work, we develop entirely ab initio force fields for the TFSI, FSI, and OTf anions and predict the properties of corresponding 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs. We discuss important subtleties in the force field development related to accurately modeling conformational flexibility, that is, relaxed torsional profiles and intramolecular electrostatic interactions. The TFSI anions have notable conformational flexibility in the IL, and we predict approximately...
Carotenoids and Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease of the heart caused by atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries and is likely to produce angina pectoris (chest pain). In atherosclerosis, commonly called hardening of the arteries, the artery walls become thick and lose elasticity. Because of their ability to act as antioxidants (see Chapter 12), it has been proposed that carotenoids could be protective against CHD. One factor in the development of coronary vascular disease is the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). When LDL is oxidized it is readily taken up by foam cells in the vascular endothelium where it contributes to the development of atherosclerotic lesions [1, 2]. The facts that LDL is a major transporter of β-carotene (3) and lycopene (31) in the circulation [3] and that these carotenoids have the capacity to trap peroxyl radicals and quench singlet oxygen lend support to the hypothesis that the carotenoids may have a protective role.
A Technique to Identify Changes in Hemlock Forest Health over Space and Time Using Satellite Image Data

The objective of this study was to develop a technique to classify health of eastern hemlock stands using historical satellite images. While remote sensing and geographic information systems have been used successfully to classify forest health using recent images, applying this process to older images is problematic because contemporaneous field data are not available to measure the accuracy of the classification of historical images. Data ranges were established for each hemlock health class using a contemporary image and field data. These ranges were used to level-slice archived images to create a series of health-class maps that show changes in forest health over time. By applying cross-tabulation procedures to pairs of classified images, it is possible to construct a transition map that indicates how the hemlock health class of each pixel in the images of the study area has changed over time. The resulting maps provide a look back at forest conditions of the past and can be used to identify areas of special interest.
Thyroid Cancer Stem Cells – Strategies for Therapeutic Targeting

Thyroid cancer stem cells are capable of sustaining neoplastic growth. Because they are often resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, they present a major obstacle to effective thyroid cancer treatment. This review discusses the recent discovery of cancer stem cells in many subtypes of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic. It emphasizes potential new therapeutic strategies targeting multi-drug resistance, DNA repair and oncogenic signaling pathways activated in the stem cells during cancer progression. These new, targeted therapies, if realized, may improve the efficacy of current therapeutic treatments against advanced thyroid cancer, prevent disease relapse and enhance patient survival.
Using adaptive priority weighting to direct search in probabilistic scheduling

Many scheduling problems reside in uncertain and dynamic environments – tasks have a nonzero probability of failure and may need to be rescheduled. In these cases, an optimized solution for a short-term time horizon may have a detrimental impact over a broader time scale. We examine a scheduling domain in which time and energy on a phased array radar system is allocated to track objects in orbit around the earth. This domain requires probabilistic modeling to optimize the expected number of successful tasks on a particular day. Failed tasks must be attempted again on subsequent days. Given a set of task requests, we study two long-term objectives: percentage of requests initially successful, and the average time between successful request updates. We investigate adaptive priority weighting strategies that directly influence the short-term objective function and thus indirectly influence the long-term goals. We find that adapting priority weights based on when individual tasks succeed or fail allows a catalog of requests to be filled more quickly. Furthermore, with adaptive priorities, we observe a Pareto-front effect between the two long-term objectives as we modify how priorities are weighted, but an inverse effect of weighting when the priorities are not adapted.
Volunteers for Democracy

In many places all around the world, millions of people devote enormous amounts of time and energy every year in their communities to civic activities. A small proportion of people do this as part of their paid jobs. Among them are elected and appointed officials, professional politicians, technical staff, union and business leaders, researcher-activists, coordinators of advocacy groups, community organizers in nonprofit organizations and the like. Most participants, however, engage in these activities on voluntary basis, without any remuneration, often because they believe in a cause, are affected by an issue, or want to improve the quality of life or the quality of democracy in their localities.
Do the Ages of Mass Shooters Matter? Analyzing the Differences Between Young and Older Offenders

Abstract As the threat of public mass shootings continues to be on the forefront of Americans' minds, it begs the question whether there are differences between young and older mass shooters. In ge...
The Future of the Suburban City: Lessons from Sustaining Phoenix

Can the postwar suburban city transform into an adaptive urban metropolis? Despite scant local water resources, increasing temperatures, and the absence of prominent corporations or nationally vita...
Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Women With Breast Cancer

Cardio-oncology is a rapidly developing field which seeks to improve patient outcomes through enhanced clinical and research collaboration across the disciplines of oncology and cardiology. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer diagnosis among women in the United States and, as decades of research have resulted in decreased mortality rates, there has been an increasing focus on reducing short- and long-term treatment toxicity and improving morbidity among survivors. Preexisting or emergent cardiovascular disease in a patient with BC requires a multidisciplinary, team-based approach to balance the need for curative cancer treatment while preventing increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Given the overlap in risk factors for BC and cardiovascular disease, such as smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity, there are opportunities for cardiovascular disease prevention and detection before, during, and after BC treatment. Cardiology providers also play an important role in preventing, diagnosing, and treating cardiac dysfunction and other cardiovascular complications that may develop as a result of BC treatment. A number of recent clinical practice guidelines address approaches to cardiotoxicity, however, they focus on specific agents or treatment modality, rather than on collaborative disease management. In this review we present cardiovascular concerns associated with contemporary, multimodality BC treatment and illustrate how current guideline recommendations apply to clinical cardiology and oncology questions. We provide a cardio-oncology team-based approach to cardiovascular assessment and management of patients with BC from diagnosis through treatment and in survivorship.
Rate-and-State Model Casts New Insight into Episodic Tremor and Slow-slip Variability in Cascadia

Advances in geodetic and seismic observations have led to the discovery of Episodic Tremor and Slow‐slip (ETS). ETS in Cascadia subduction zone occurs semiregularly and shows intriguing spatio‐temporal variability reportedly associated with frictional properties and stress conditions. Yet the origin of complex ETS behaviors remains largely unknown. Here we develop a laboratory‐based rate‐and‐state asperity‐in‐matrix subduction fault model, supported by geological observations of exhumed fault with heterogeneous frictional properties and pore pressure variation, to reproduce all ETS variability in good agreement with observations. Our results show that differential pore pressure plays a crucial role in affecting fault behaviors. Regions of asperities with decreased pore pressure tend to have increased tremor. Our study suggests that ETS variability can be used to probe otherwise enigmatic fault zone properties.
Synthesis of (±)-Allocyathin B2 and (+)-Erinacine A

(±)-Allocyathin B2 (2) and (+)-erinacine A (4), the 1-β-d-xyloside of (+)-allocyathin B2, the first cyathin diterpenes to be prepared, have been synthesized using a carbonyl ene reaction of 14a to construct an appropriately functionalized seven-membered ring and palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of dienyl triflates 10 and 39 as key steps. The entire cyathin carbon skeleton is constructed in seven steps, and allocyathin B2 is synthesized in only 17 steps (>5% overall yield) from readily available enone 9.
Outcomes with First-Line PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition in Advanced Urothelial Cancer: A Single Institution Experience

Abstract Background First-line PD-inhibition in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer represents a novel clinical setting, with uncertainty concerning second-line outcomes. Specifying second-line treatment and outcomes will provide guidance in this new sequence. We performed a retrospective chart review to document the outcomes of these patients treated at our institution. Patients and Methods Our cohort consisted of 43 patients with advanced urothelial cancer receiving first-line checkpoint inhibition. Baseline factors, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) status, treatments, and outcomes during and beyond the first line were obtained. Response was scored using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1 criteria. Log rank tests were used to compare outcomes in prognostic subgroups, and outcome associations with PD-L1 status were analyzed with Fisher exact tests. Results A total of 43 patients received first-line atezolizumab or pembrolizumab from June 2014 until June 2018. The median age was 76.8 years, and the population was 74% male, with 60% having visceral metastases. Reasons for cisplatin ineligibility were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 2%, 30%; renal insufficiency, 44%, and both, 21%. First-line objective response rate (ORR) was 30%, and complete response was 14%. The median overall survival was 11.7 months. Of 29 patients progressing, 17 received second-line treatment (most commonly, gemcitabine/carboplatin [10 patients]). The second-line response rate was 33%, and the ORR was 11%. The second-line median overall survival was 6.2 months. No association was found between PD-L1 status and outcomes. Conclusion Outcomes with first-line immunotherapy are consistent with historical outcomes. The ORR after first-line checkpoint inhibition falls short of historical comparators; however, the response rate compares favorably to those of chemotherapies used in previous second-line regimens. The older age and poorer performance status may have contributed to second-line outcomes.
The Reference-Driven College Paper (Or Why Your Students Should Read the JACF)

The main objective of college finance courses should be critical thinking in financial settings. Instructors assigning papers therefore should be concerned about not just writing fundamentals, but also students’ ability to develop well‐reasoned arguments that are expressed effectively. Finding the right reference materials is likely to be an important first step toward identifying important topics and issues in finance, and then formulating and expressing cogent arguments about them. Unfortunately, paper writers too often begin by selecting topics that sound interesting, followed by information searches that tend to yield either popular articles that are short on analysis, or academic publications with solid analysis based on quantitative content well over their heads. Students should instead be encouraged to take the “middle way” of the reference‐driven approach: that is, find analytical materials written at a level they can comprehend and choose topics supported by those sources. The ideal tools for building the critical thinking of undergraduate finance students can be found in two sources: the Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, which presents articles written with practitioners in mind by academics, as well as edited transcripts of roundtable discussions between academic theorists and corporate practitioners; and the subset of finance articles in the Journal of Economic Perspectives. Both of these publications are written mainly by top academic thinkers, but without the complicated mathematics that can discourage students. The author also offers access to files that facilitate the search for articles in both of these journals based on topics, phrases, or authors.
Brainwork and Community in ‘Eden Bower’

By tracing the creative process in the archival drafts of ‘Eden Bower’, I demonstrate the intellectual ardour and creative exertion contained within each of Rossetti's poems. I posit that such a pr...
WILLIAMS SYNDROME AND NEONATAL CARDIAC SURGERY FOR CONGENITAL DOUBLE OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE

Williams syndrome (WS) is an arteriopathic derangement most often associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis and branch pulmonary artery stenosis. WS has also been reported in conjunction with several types of congenital heart disease. We report a unique case of double outlet right ventricle with
Chapter 45 – Chrysalis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses chrysalis, which is the pupa of a butterfly, usually belonging to the family Papilionidae, Pieridae, or Nymphalidae. In forming the chrysalis, the prepupal caterpillar has to perform the seemingly impossible maneuver of spinning the silk pad to attach its cremaster (caudal pupal hooks) while maintaining its grip; it then must molt the larval skin as it attaches to the silk pad. Members of the Pieridae and Papilionidae (except Parnassinae) secure the chrysalis in an upright position with a band of silk around the middle. Chrysalids are usually angular, with projections, tubercles, spines, and sometimes gold or silver flecks. They are often cryptically colored so that they blend into the surrounding materials but some, such as the monarch chrysalis, are smooth with gold flecks. In emerging from the chrysalis, the adult splits the chrysalis ventrally and dorsally at the anterior end, crawls out, and suspends itself from the pupal skin while its wings expand.
Reversal of Oral Anticoagulants in the Elderly

As the population ages and the prevalence of thrombotic disorders increases the need for anticoagulation, treatment also increases. This also has led to the need for reversal mechanisms for the various anticoagulation treatments. This article goes through a brief history of anticoagulation treatments and then outlines the various anticoagulant therapies and the reversal mechanisms for them with a special view of the use in the geriatric population.
Exemplar: Closing the Gender Pay Gap at the Medical College of Wisconsin

The Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) is a private health sciences university located in southeast Wisconsin and has been successfully addressing the gender pay gap among its physicians for the past decade. The institution has developed processes, methods of communication, and cross-disciplinary collaborations necessary to achieve salary equity; positioned leaders to support the mission, and adopted benchmarks, audit practices, and processes to ensure accountability. In this chapter, authors describe MCW’s journey in detail so that other organizations may learn from its experience and adapt approaches to their own settings.
Long-Term PM 2.5 Exposure and Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke Events: Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) has known effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, no study has quantified and compared the risks of incident myoca...
On Being First, on Being Only, on Being Seen, on Charting a Way Forward

This Essay reflects upon my professional experiences as a Black woman both at Notre Dame and beyond. It argues that it is important for students to have demographically diverse professors within their educational environments. It calls for the Notre Dame Law School community to continue to create a diverse, equitable, and inclusive culture.
Nuclear reorientation effects for the 26Mg, reactions at E = 41 MeV

Abstract Angular distributions for elastic and inelastic scattering of 41 MeV 12 C from 26 Mg and 28 Si have been measured. Corresponding angular distributions from coupled-channels calculations show significant differences depending on whether a prolate or an oblate intrinsic shape is assumed. The 26 Mg and 28 Si data are best described by calculations with prolate and oblate shapes, respectively, in agreement with previous Coulomb excitation rorientation measurements. The Hendrie scaling procedure fails to accurately predict the measured nuclear β 2 deformation for 26 Mg.
Brucellosis: Estudio Clínico -Hernatológico en un Hospital General

Study of 58 patients with brucellosis hospitalized at «Dos de Mayo» Hospital from June 1994 through June 1996. Forty patients were men (69%) and eighteen women (31 %). Median age was 33,2 years (range 14-81 years) and 41 patients were less than 40 years old (70.7%). Most frequent symptoms were fever in 56 patients (96,6%), articular involvement in 35 (60,3%), splenomegaly in 32 (55,2%), lymphadenopathy in 30 (51,7%), hepatomegaly in 28 (48,3%), headache in 24 (41,4%), pallor in 20 patients (34,5%) and bleeding complications in 11 (19%). Liver was involved in 5 patients. Hematologic changes were anemia in 43 patients (74,1%), lymphopenia imi 13 (22,4%), thrombocytopenia in 9 (15,5%), leukopenia in 6 (10,3%) and pancytopenia in 2 patients (3,5%). Study of bone marrow in 36 patients showed normocellular or hiperplasic findings with increase of histiocytes and slight to moderate cellular phagocytosis.
Intracellular Signaling in Cancer

Cancer genes that encode protein kinases are the most commonly mutated class of genes to be causally linked to the progressive outgrowth of malignant neoplasms. Protein kinases operate as important molecular switches that impinge, directly or indirectly, upon an integrated signaling circuitry that often becomes genetically reprogrammed, through successive mutations, to transmit many of the growth-stimulating and survival signals that govern the transformation of normal human cells into a cancerous cell mass. Of the 291 genes recently included in a comprehensive catalog of known human cancer genes, 9.3% (27 distinct genes) encode kinase domain sequences. This number far exceeds a random prediction of 6.3 genes (2%) and reinforces the hypothesis that a vast majority of human cancer cells carry genetic defects in the growth-signaling circuitry that enable these cells to grow autonomously and evade cellular senescence and death. First, we provide a general overview of a prototypical growth-signaling circuit and a detailed analysis of the canonical Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, because it has a central role in cancer cell signaling. This analysis is followed by a discussion of each of the kinases known to be mutated in cancer; we will describe the domain organization and normal function(s) of the protein, its oncogenic alterations in cancer and how this alters its activity, and identify the tumor/cancer types in which these changes are most common. Keywords: Cancer Gene; Chromosomal Translocation; Human Kinome; Kinase Domain; Neoplasm
PiMiCo: Privacy Preservation via Migration in Collaborative Mobile Clouds

The proliferation of mobile devices and mobile clouds coupled with a multitude of their sensing abilities is creating interesting possibilities, the sensing capabilities are creating different types and fidelities of data in a geographically distributed manner that can be used to build new kinds of peer-to-peer applications. However, the data generated by these mobile devices can be personal and of a highly confidential nature. While very interesting possibilities exist for collaborating on the diverse, shared data in real time, privacy policies on the data sharing, transport, as well as usage must be clearly specified and respected. The goal of this work is to introduce a privacy preserving data centric programming model for building collaborative applications in large scale mobile clouds and discuss its design. Our work introduces several concepts and leverages privacy annotations and a transparent execution migration framework to achieve our goals. We also present an evaluation using several applications demonstrating that overheads are minimal and can be used in a real-time setting.
High-modulus-high-strength poly-(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) fibres

Heat-treatment processing of dry-jet wet-spun poly-(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) fibres was undertaken to enhance fibre tensile mechanical properties. The effects of fibre tension and temperature and time of heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on fibre mechanical properties were systematically investigated. Fibres possessing a tensile modulus as high as 300 GPa along with a tensile strength of 3 GPa have been produced. To attain this level of tensile properties, heat-treatment temperatures of 630 to 680° C for residence times of under one minute were required while applying tensions approaching fibre breaking stress at the elevated temperatures; conditions bordered on fibre degradation. Fibre structural changes associated with heat treatment and enchancement of mechanical properties are discussed in Part 2 of this work.
Abstract 1461: A miR-221 multigene pharmacodynamic signature for assessing miR-221 inhibition

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA miR-221 targets key cancer pathways, inhibits translation of important tumor suppressors, and is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aberrant miR-221 expression has been linked to HCC progression, while inhibition of miR-221 has been shown to reduce tumor growth. In preclinical models, miR-221 inhibition can be assessed by measuring de-repression of known miR-221 target genes such as p27. However, changes in individual microRNA target genes are often small and model-dependent; and comprehensive assessment of pharmacodynamic (PD) effects following microRNA inhibition is often challenging. Herein, we present a miR-221 multigene PD signature that can assess miR-221 target engagement with a large dynamic window and work across different human HCC models following miR-221 inhibition. In the first stage, we transfected five different human HCC lines with two chemically-modified oligonucleotides that inhibit miR-221 functions (miR-221 anti-miRs) and a microRNA-duplex that mimics miR-221/222 functions (mimic). The resulting global mRNA expression changes were compared to mock treated cells using GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array (Affymetrix). Ninety unique human genes with transcripts containing conserved and/or 8-mer target seeds (TargetScan), that significantly went up and down after anti-miR-221s and mimic treatment respectively, were further profiled with qPCR in the second stage. Out of the 90 tested transcripts, 62 of them were significantly up-regulated by anti-miR-221s but not by control oligonucleotides (either mismatch or targeting unrelated microRNAs). From the 62 genes, an optimal multigene signature consisted of 13 unique human genes normalized by 6 reference housekeeping genes was identified. We also devised a “miR-221 signature score” and demonstrated that our multigene signature can separate miR-221 anti-miRs treatment from control oligonucleotides with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. We further validated this multigene signature by demonstrating that it correctly distinguished miR-221 anti-miRs treatment from controls in three additional HCC cell lines in vitro and one HCC model in vivo. In summary, our miR-221 multigene PD signature analysis provided a comprehensive assessment of miR-221 inhibition, with significantly larger dynamic window compare to individual gene analysis, that may be used to discover, rank order and guide the development of novel miR-221 anti-miRs for the treatment of human cancers. Citation Format: Adam Pavlicek, Thomas Vincent, Oivin Guicherit, Nelson Chau, Sonya Zabludoff, Neil Gibson, Edmund C. Lee. A miR-221 multigene pharmacodynamic signature for assessing miR-221 inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1461. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1461
X-RAY SYNCHROTRON-EMITTING Fe-RICH EJECTA IN SUPERNOVA REMNANT RCW 86

Supernova remnants may exhibit both thermal and nonthermal X-ray emission. In a previous study with ASCA data, we found that the middle-aged supernova remnant RCW 86 showed evidence for both processes, and predicted that observations with much higher spatial resolution would distinguish harder X-rays, which we proposed were primarily synchrotron emission, from softer, thermal X-rays. Here we describe Chandra observations which amply confirm our predictions.
MONSTER ACARDIUS PARASITICUS.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of acardius monster is presented with x-rays, photographs, and pathologic description. 2. 2. The rarity of this freak is noted. It is estimated that only 152 cases appear in the world literature. 3. 3. Classification of this monster is discussed. Reasons why a simple, single name for this entire group, monster acardius parasiticus, are presented. 4. 4. Etiologic theories are reviewed. The confirmatory evidence of monozygosity afforded by nuclear sex chromatin studies is mentioned. 5. 5. Dystocia is the single clinical consideration of concern.
Morphological, temporal, and nodal accumulation of nutrients by determinate soybean

Abstract Crop growth models that account for nutrient accumulation offer insight into soil fertility and plant nutrition interactions. This understanding provides opportunities to develop improved management practices. During the 1980s, several process‐level growth models were developed for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Model validation and application to different locations and weather require detailed, independent data sets. An extensive data set describing the nutrient status of a determinate soybean ('Bragg') was collected in 1979 on a Goldsboro (Aquic Paleudult) loamy sand near Florence, SC, USA. Because of its importance to subsequent model development, we concluded that providing this entire data set in a readily accessible form was a logical step in the course of this experiment. We report here, in tabular form, mean and standard deviation data for aerial accumulation of dry matter and eight nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn) for 10 dates, for four plant components (stems, leaves, pet...
The deuterium content of water in some volcanic glasses

Abstract The deuterium-hydrogen composition (relative to Lake Michigan water = 0.0) of water extractsd from coexisting perlite and obsidian from eleven different localities was determined. The water content of the obsidians is generally from 0.09 to 0.29 per cent by weight, though two samples from near Olancha, California, contain about 0.92 per cent. The relative deuterium concentration is from −4.6 to −12.3 per cent. The coexisting perlite contains from 2.0 to 3.8 per cent of water with a relative deuterium concentration of −3.1 to −16.6 per cent. The deuterium concentration in the perlites is not related to that in the enclosed obsidian. The deuterium concentration in the perlite water is related to the deuterium concentration of the modern meteoric water and the perlite water contains approximately 4 per cent less deuterium than does the groundwater of the area in which the perlites occur. The above relations hold true for perlites from northern New Mexico, east slope of the Sierra Nevada. California Coast Range, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, and New Zealand. As the water in the obsidian is unrelated to meteoric water, but the enclosing perlite water is related, we believe that this is evidence for the secondary hydration of obsidian to form high water content perlitic glass.
Reconstructing the lung.

From an engineering and materials science perspective, the lung is a paradigm of design efficiency. A gas transfer surface area of approximately 70 m2 is packed into an elastic, dynamic structure to accomplish efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer. There has been modest success in organizing cells into small-scale structures that mimic pulmonary tissue, but the question of how to scale up and effectively connect such structures has loomed large. Two studies by Petersen et al. on page 538 of this issue ( 1 ) and by Ott et al. ( 2 ) describe an alternative approach by which the structural efficiencies of native lung tissue can be captured while potentially avoiding the immunogenicity barriers associated with nonautologous tissue transplantation.
The Role of Fuel Cells for Consumer Electronic Products and Toys

Batteries have not kept pace with the advancing technology that they power, but they are used in everything from cell phones, laptop computers, and toys to consumer electronics. Compared to the devices that they power, batteries are relatively heavy, expensive per unit power they produce, last a relatively short time and recharging them takes hours. The solution to this less than desired means of a power source is fuel cells. Three fuel cells, also referred to as air breathers, considered are proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), and direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFC). We will discuss these fuel cells for micro and portable applications within the power range of 0.5 to 20 W for potential replacement of batteries. The reason for developing such fuel cells is to harness the power stored in the high energy density fuels, which provides more power and longer run times for the same packaging volume as batteries. The advantages of each type of fuel cell over batteries, their unique characteristics, technical drawbacks, current and future consumer products, and commercial issues will be outlined in this paper. A growing mobile society and consumer demands will drive the development of fuel cell technology forward as batteries reach their limit.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
In silico model of drug permeability across sublingual mucosa

The objective of this work was to develop an in silico model to predict the sublingual permeability of a drug based on physicochemical descriptors of a molecule. Fourteen model drugs with diverse physicochemical properties were selected for this study. Molecular volume, molecular weight, logP, logD (pH 6.8), pKa, total polar surface area, hydrogen bond acceptors and donors (HBD), number of rotatable bonds, solubility (pH 6.8), and melting point were used as molecular descriptors. Apparent permeability coefficients (Pe) of drugs across porcine sublingual mucosa were determined experimentally. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop the model with permeability as the response variable and various descriptors as the predictive variables. Q(2), the cross-validated correlation coefficient, was used to assess the prediction ability of the model. MLR analysis showed that HBD and logD were the significant descriptors (P<0.05, Q(2)=0.88) in the sublingual permeability model. The resulting model is expressed as the following equation:An excellent fit with R(2) of 0.93 was obtained between experimental and predicted permeabilities. The analysis of contributions of molecular descriptors to sublingual permeability revealed the molecular structure basis of permeation across sublingual mucosa. In conclusion, an in silico model was developed to predict sublingual permeability of drugs using known descriptors for evaluating the feasibility of sublingual drug delivery.
Magnetic resonance evaluation of acquired benign uterine disorders

MRI has become an invalvaluable method for evaluating uterine pathology. This article reviews MRI assessment of benign uterine disorders, including leiomyoma, adenomyosis, endometrial polyp, and Nabothian cyst. The article also describes extensively the technical aspects of uterine MRI scanning, and the normal MRI features of the uterus, vagina, and the uterine ligaments. A companion article in the same issue is concerned with MRI of malignant uterine disorder.
Treatment of acute phenothiazine reaction

Dystonic reactions induced by phenothiazines are not uncommon, yet rapid relief of symptoms is still often delayed. We think that a test dose of diphenhydramine should be given for its diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy when phenothiazine-induced dystonic reactions are suspected. Differential diagnostic testing should then proceed. We present three typical cases and discuss the therapy and diagnosis.
Biomass burning — a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion

Abstract Biomass combustion is an important primary source of particles with adsorbed biomarker compounds in the global atmosphere. The introduction of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular compositions of organic matter in smoke particles are highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Dehydroabietic acid is typically the major tracer for conifer smoke in the atmosphere. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g. levoglucosan from cellulose, methoxyphenols from lignin) are also excellent tracers. Additional markers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke have been defined which aids the assessment of the organic matter types and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry has also been applied successfully to provide source specific tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and the intermingling of natural with anthropogenic emissions and with smoke plumes. A brief review of the organic matter composition in aerosols derived from the major sources is also given, with emphasis on the detection of biomass burning components. These major sources are the natural background from biogenic detritus (e.g. plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g. oils, soot, synthetics, compounds, etc.). The emissions of organic constituents in coal smoke particulate matter are also reviewed and depend on combustion temperature, ventilation, burn time, and coal rank (geologic maturity). The components of peat and brown coal and to a lesser degree semi-bituminous coal consist mainly of hydrocarbons, biomarkers, and aromatic components, quite similar to burning of contemporary biomass. Dispersion from the source and long range transport of smoke particulate matter with the associated organic compounds is also discussed.
The structure of reversible one-dimensional cellular automata

Abstract An algorithm is presented for determining reversibility characteristics of 1-dimensional cellular automaton laws. The concept of local reversibility is defined. Each locally reversible automaton is shown to be isomorphic to a member of the class of “center-reversible” automata. Algorithms are described for generating the set of center-reversible laws and the set of center-reversible additive laws.
Public regardingness in energy conservation attitudes

Abstract Though many studies have explored public attitudes concerning energy conservation programs, few have addressed attitudes which are specifically political in the sense of addressing the relationship between the individual and the community or state. The paper suggests a role in evaluation research for the study of political values that are potentially relevant to energy conservation policy. The concept of public regardingness helps to define such values. The paper develops the concept of public regardingness, and examines state-level survey data concerning public regarding attitudes. The findings suggest that the public regarding component of attitudes concerning energy conservation is weak and unrelated to variables including income, education, and race. The implications of this finding for the future of energy policy are suggested.
Development of simple algorithm for direct and rapid determination of cotton maturity from FT-IR spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of seed and lint cottons were collected to explore the potential for the discrimination of immature cottons from mature ones and also for the determination of actual cotton maturity. Spectral features of immature and mature cottons revealed large differences in the 1200-900 cm -1 region, and such spectral distinctions formed the basis on which to develop simple three-band ratio algorithm for classification analysis. Next, an additional formula was created to assess the degree of cotton fiber maturity by converting the three-band ratios into an appropriate FT-IR maturity (MIR) index. Furthermore, the MIR index was compared with parameters derived from traditional image analysis (IA) and advanced fiber information system (AFIS) measurements. Results indicated strong correlations (R 2 > 0.89) between M IR and M AFIS and between M IR and M IA among either International Cotton Calibration (ICC) standards or selected cotton maturity references. On the other hand, low correlations between the pairs were observed among regular cotton fibers, which likely resulted from the heterogeneous distribution of structural, physical, and chemical characteristics in cotton fibers and subsequent different sampling specimens for individual and independent measurement.
Blood safety: Opportunities and challenges addressed through Critical Path research at FDA.

New scientific discoveries and technologies create opportunities for medical and public health advancement through development of innovative products. However, novel products and technologies bring new challenges to regulation. FDA recently established a ‘Critical Path’ research initiative to modernize regulatory science concepts and tools to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Central to this initiative is the concept that regulatory science is distinct from the ‘discovery’ science that generates ideas for development of new drugs, biologics, or medical devices. In this article, the authors discuss the concepts of FDA ‘Critical Path’ research and review examples of such research performed in the Office of Blood Research and Review within the Center for Biologics Research and Evaluation at FDA to illustrate how the ‘Critical Path’ research is being used to address opportunities and challenges impacting blood and blood products.
An Experimental Determination of a Real Fire Performance of a Non-Load Bearing Glass Wall Assembly

A glass wall assembly was exposed to an intense real-scale compartment fire. The wall assembly consisted of four glass sections, two of which were fitted with tempered double-pane glass and the other two sections were fitted with tempered single-pane glass. At each glass section, temperatures were measured at the exposed face and the unexposed face. Total heat flux gauges were used to measure both the temporal variation of the energy incident on the glass wall and the transmitted energy rate detected through two of the glass sections. Visual and infrared cameras were used to image the unexposed face of each wall assembly during the fire exposure. Results of glass breakage and subsequent glass fall out were compared to studies in the literature for glass sections exposed to compartment fires. The behavior of the glass wall assembly under a fire load is presented.
Contextual factors and age group differences in coincidence-anticipation performance.

Abstract Age group differences in the direction of anticipatory motor responses may be attributable to the increased susceptibility of young children to contextual factors. That is, their performances on a given trial may be influenced by the stimulus speed presented in the previous trial. Mixed-sex groups of 8–9 year-olds and adults were given 3 blocks of 18 coincidence-anticipation trials each in a counterbalanced design. One block contained stimulus speeds of 1, 3, or 5 MPH, another speeds of 3, 5, or 7 MPH, and a third speeds of 5, 7, or 9 MPH, so that the 5 MPH speed was common to all blocks. An age group by sex by testing order by trial block ANOVA of constant error on the 5 MPH trials indicated that trial block was a significant factor within an age group by block interaction. Mean scores showed that the children responded very early in the 5–7–9 MPH block to the 5 MPH stimuli while the adults did not. Testing order was also a significant factor: subjects in the 1–3–5, 5–7–9, 3–5–7 MPH order perfor...
Alternative model structure with simplistic noise model to identify linear time invariant systems subjected to non-stationary disturbances

Abstract Non-stationary disturbances are of common occurrence in chemical process industry. These cannot be modeled using constant parameterized models and hence pose a difficult problem in the identification of true process and disturbance dynamics. A simple system identification technique to identify the linear processes affected by non-stationary disturbances is proposed in this work. This uses a time varying bias term, a representative of the additive non-stationary external disturbance entering the process, in addition to the output predictions in an ARMAX or OE model framework. Decoupled loss function and covariance update with different forgetting factors for linear time invariant input–output dynamics part and time varying part (bias term) of the model ensures the unbiased estimation of true process dynamics along with disturbance dynamics. Practical issues such as time delay estimation, model order selection are discussed. Extensions for time varying processes and MIMO processes are also proposed. Validation is performed using various simulation studies.
Evolutionary differences in food preference rely on Gr64e, a receptor for glycerol

The authors show that the Drosophila gustatory receptor Gr64e is necessary and sufficient for neuronal and behavioral response to glycerol. They find that species of Drosophila that are predicted to carry pseudogenes of Gr64e have reduced glycerol sensitivity.
A Class of Selection Procedures Based on Ranks

Let Xij (j = 1,.. n; i = 1,.. s) be independent samples from populations with cumulative distribution functions F(ϰ — Θi). For selecting the population with the highest Θ-value, procedures based on the ranks of the observations are compared with the means procedure which selects the population with the largest mean Xi. The asymptotic relative efficiency of two selection procedures is defined as the ratio of the sample sizes required to achieve the same minimum probability of selecting a “good” population. It is shown that the asymptotic relative efficiency of the procedures based on ranks relative to the means procedure is the same as that of the associated tests in the two — or c-sample problem. If the ratio of the sample sizes is equal to this efficiency, the two procedures being compared are shown to have the same asymptotic performance characteristic.