cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Galactose or Glucose-1-Phosphate in Preventing the Lysis of Streptococcus diacetilactis

Cells of Streptococcus diacetilactis DRCI grown at 32 C in media containing glucose as the energy source were osmotically fragile and began to lyse immediately after growth was stopped (by the action of chloramphenicol or the exhaustion of glucose), unless they were then stabilized by hypertonic medium or spermine or by storage at low pH or low temperature, or both. In media containing excess glucose, with growth limited by exhaustion of some nutrient other than the energy source, the appearance of lysis was masked by the occurrence of a balance between lysis and synthesis. The osmotic fragility apparently resulted from inability of the organism to use glucose as an adequate precursor of galactosamine, and conditions of temperature and pH that promoted rapid growth on glucose were particularly conducive to the formation of cells that lysed readily. Growing the organism in media containing galactose, lactose, maltose, or glucose (at 17 C) as energy source resulted in the formation of cells that were resistant to lysis and richer in galactosamine than unstable cells formed on glucose at 32 C. The results indicate that the organism phosphorolyzes maltose to glucose plus β-glucose-1-phosphate, and suggest that it can use the β-glucose-1-phosphate in place of α-glucose-1-phosphate in the formation of cell materials.
Proto-Indo-European circumflex intonation or bisyllabicity?

AbstractThe traditional analysis of PIE thematic case endings (a-stems and o-stems) with long vowels with circumflex intonation as the result of earlier contraction is now widely rejected on the grounds that languages cannot have distinctive intonations on unstressed syllables if they also have distinctive stress and vowel length. Instead of reconstructing long vowels with inherent circumflex intonation, uncontracted pairs of vowels with intervocalic laryngeal will be reconstructed here. This analysis can be applied to the Lithuanian reflexes and several accent-shifts can be discussed in terms of it. The division of Lithuanian into four accentual paradigms can be seen to result from these shifts and Lithuanian accent as an indicator of PIE accentual patterns is accordingly vindicated.
B Cell Receptor and BAFF Receptor Signaling Regulation of B Cell Homeostasis

B lymphocyte homeostasis depends on tonic and induced BCR signaling and receptors sensitive to trophic factors, such as B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R or BR3) during development and maintenance. This review will discuss growing evidence suggesting that the signaling mechanisms that maintain B cell survival and metabolic fitness during selection at transitional stages and survival after maturation rely on cross-talk between BCR and BR3 signaling. Recent findings have also begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk. In this review I also propose a model for regulating the amplitude of BCR signaling by a signal amplification loop downstream of the BCR involving Btk and NF-κB that may facilitate BCR-dependent B cell survival as well as its functional coupling to BR3 for the growth and survival of B lymphocytes.
Backward assembly planning with assembly cost analysis

The author considers automatic assembly planning by developing a backward assembly planner which handles the case where an assembly sequence is not the same as the reverse of a disassembly sequence; improving planning efficiency with the reduction of search space by merging and grouping parts based on interconnection feasibility and special process precedence constraints; establishing assembly process planning by incorporating such special processes as testing, cleaning, etc., in assembly planning; and providing subassembly evaluation criteria with a direct connection to assembly cost. A method for the stability and directionality of an assembly is presented through which the required number of holding devices and reorientations during assembly are identified. >
Interbranch Negotiations over Policies with Multiple Outcomes

Whereas presidents represent the entire nation, members of Congress serve districts and states. Consequently, presidents and members of Congress often disagree not only about the merits of different policies but also about the criteria used to assess them. To investigate the relevance of jurisdictional-and by extension criterial-differences for policymaking, we revisit classic models of bargaining under uncertainty. Rather than define uncertainty about the mapping of one policy into one outcome, as all previous scholars have done, we allow for every policy to generate two politically relevant outcomes, one local and another national. We then identify equilibria in which the president's utility is increasing in the value that a representative legislator assigns to national outcomes. As an application of this theory, we analyze budgetary politics in war and peace. We find that during periods of war, when members of Congress assign greater importance to the very same national outcomes that preoccupy presidents, congressional appropriations more closely reflect presidential proposals.
Restricted Shortest Path in Temporal Graphs

The restricted shortest path RSP problem on directed networks is a well-studied problem, and has a large number of applications such as in Quality of Service routing. The problem is known to be NP-hard. In certain cases, however, the network is not static i.e., edge parameters vary over time. In light of this, we extend the RSP problem for general networks to that for temporal networks. We present several exact algorithms for this problem, one of which uses heuristics, and is similar to the $$A^*$$ algorithm. We experimentally evaluate these algorithms by simulating them on both existing temporal networks, and synthetic ones. Furthermore, based on one of the pseudo-polynomial exact algorithms, we derive a fully polynomial time approximation scheme.
H2 Control of Natural T Regulatory Cell Frequency in the Lymph Node Correlates with Susceptibility to Day 3 Thymectomy-Induced Autoimmune Disease

Day 3 thymectomy (D3Tx) results in a loss of peripheral tolerance mediated by natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) and development of autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis (AOD) and autoimmune dacryoadenitis (ADA) in A/J and (C57BL/6J × A/J) F(1) hybrids (B6A), but not in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Previously, using quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis, we showed that D3Tx-AOD is controlled by five unlinked QTL (Aod1-Aod5) and H2. In this study, using D3Tx B6-Chr(A/J)/NaJ chromosome (Chr) substitution strains, we confirm that QTL on Chr16 (Aod1a/Aod1b), Chr3 (Aod2), Chr1 (Aod3), Chr2 (Aod4), Chr7 (Aod5), and Chr17 (H2) control D3Tx-AOD susceptibility. In addition, we also present data mapping QTL controlling D3Tx-ADA to Chr17 (Ada1/H2), Chr1 (Ada2), and Chr3 (Ada3). Importantly, B6-ChrX(A/J) mice were as resistant to D3Tx-AOD and D3Tx-ADA as B6 mice, thereby excluding Foxp3 as a susceptibility gene in these models. Moreover, we report quantitative differences in the frequency of nTregs in the lymph nodes (LNs), but not spleen or thymus, of AOD/ADA-resistant B6 and AOD/ADA-susceptible A/J, B6A, and B6-Chr17(A/J) mice. Similar results correlating with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and orchitis susceptibility were seen with B10.S and SJL/J mice. Using H2-congenic mice, we show that the observed difference in frequency of LN nTregs is controlled by Ada1/H2. These data support the existence of an LN-specific, H2-controlled mechanism regulating the prevalence of nTregs in autoimmune disease susceptibility.
Towards a model of seamless mobility - user value and security in computing, control, and communications

Seamless mobility is a term that encompasses a broad range of technologies and applications. It builds on technology developments in the wireless industry over the last 20 years, starting with mobile telephony, on through mobile IP, convergence of voice and data, and now towards an ever-increasing rate of convergence/collision between the worlds of secure communication, content, and computing. It is well accepted that in each of these domains, that there is exponential growth in capabilities, with a doubling of capabilities in communication technologies every 9 months, in memory technology (storage/content) every 12 months, and in computing technologies (processing) every 18 months. In this presentation, we begin by proposing a mathematical formulation in order to understand the relevant factors and as a means of clarifying the value of seamless mobility. Our model proposes an efficiency metric to represent this value. Intuitively, the maximum value of perfect seamless mobility can be intuitively understood as the value resulting from the maximum of processing and storage that is available to the user (by purchase or subscription), regardless of the environment where this processing and storage resides.
Talking the talk: the role of VEGF proteins in cell signaling

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) stimulate endothelial cell growth through interactions with their tyrosine kinase receptors to stimulate intracellular signaling events. This culminates in the expression of specific gene products that induce a cellular response in numerous physiological processes, including hematopoeisis, oncogenesis and embryogenesis. The primordial function of VEGF can be revealed by studying VEGF-mediated signaling pathways in the powerful and tractable model system, Drosophila melanogaster, which has proved invaluable in furthering our understanding of conserved developmental themes.
Efficacy and food safety considerations of poultry competitive exclusion products

Competitive exclusion (CE) products are anaerobic cultures of bacteria that are applied to poultry hatchlings to establish a protective enteric microbiota that excludes intestinal colonization by human food-borne pathogens. For safety of the poultry flock and human consumers, the identities of bacteria in CE products need to be known. A CE product is a culture of intestinal contents from adult chickens. It may be microbiologically defined by analysis of bacteria isolated from the culture, but many bacteria are hard to reliably isolate, identify, and characterize with conventional techniques. Sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes may be more reliable than conventional techniques to identify CE bacteria. Bacteria in CE products may contain antimicrobial drug resistance and virulence mechanisms that could be transferred to the enteric bacteria of the food animal and to the human consumer. Detection methods for specific antimicrobial drug resistance and virulence genes and the integrase genes of conjugative transposons, mostly utilizing PCR technology, are being developed that can be applied to assess these risks in CE bacteria. With improvements in efficacy, bacterial identification, and detection and control of the possible risks of gene transfer, CE product technology can be made a more effective food safety tool.
Synthesis and evaluation of nitroxide-based oligoradicals for low-temperature dynamic nuclear polarization in solid state NMR

Abstract We describe the synthesis of new nitroxide-based biradical, triradical, and tetraradical compounds and the evaluation of their performance as paramagnetic dopants in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with magic-angle spinning (MAS). Under our experimental conditions, which include temperatures in the 25–30 K range, a 9.4 T magnetic field, MAS frequencies of 6.2–6.8 kHz, and microwave irradiation at 264.0 GHz from a 800 mW extended interaction oscillator source, the most effective compounds are triradicals that are related to the previously-described compound DOTOPA-TEMPO (see Thurber et al., 2010), but have improved solubility in glycerol/water solvent near neutral pH. Using these compounds at 30 mM total nitroxide concentration, we observe DNP enhancement factors of 92–128 for cross-polarized 13 C NMR signals from 15 N, 13 C-labeled melittin in partially protonated glycerol/water, and build-up times of 2.6–3.8 s for 1 H spin polarizations. Net sensitivity enhancements with biradical and tetraradical dopants, taking into account absolute 13 C NMR signal amplitudes and build-up times, are approximately 2–4 times lower than with the best triradicals.
The maize plastid psbB-psbF-petB-petD gene cluster: spliced and unspliced petB and petD RNAs encode alternative products.

The chloroplast psbB, psbF, petB, and petD genes are cotranscribed and give rise to many overlapping RNAs. The mechanism and significance of this mode of expression are of interest, particularly because the accumulation of the psb and pet gene products respond differently to both light and, in C4 species such as maize, developmental signals. We present an analysis of the maize psbB, psbF, petB, and petD genes and intergenic regions. The genes are organized similarly in maize (a C4 species) and in several C3 species. Functional class II-like introns interrupt the 5′ ends of petB and petD. Both spliced and unspliced RNAs accumulate; these encode alternative forms of the petB and petD proteins, differing at their N-termini. Promoter-like elements between psbF and petB, and biased codon usage suggest that the differential regulation of the psb and pet genes might be achieved at both the transcriptional and translational levels.
Inactivation of chicken liver d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase by N-alkylmaleimides

Abstract Chicken liver d -3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase was effectively inhibited at 25 °C by micromolar concentrations of N -ethyl-, N -butyl-, N -pentyl-, N -heptyl-, and N -phenylmaleimide. The rates of inactivation of the enzyme did not vary with chain length of the N -alkylmaleimide derivative. Saturation kinetics in the same concentration range was observed with each maleimide derivative studied. A maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.1 min −1 was determined for all of the maleimide inactivation reactions. Compounds shown to bind at the coenzyme binding site such as NAD, 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide, adenosine diphosphoribose, and adenosine diphosphate did not protect the enzyme against N -ethylmaleimide inactivation. AMP was demonstrated to be a substrate-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. AMP and 3-phosphoglycerate both effectively protected the enzyme against N -ethylmaleimide inactivation. Diazotized 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide, a sulfhydryl modifying, site-labeling reagent for several pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzymes, did not inactivate the phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase but functioned rather as a reversible coenzyme-competitive inhibitor.
Madrid Adolescents Express an Interest in Gender Roles and Work Possibilities

Three hundred fourteen adolescents (11-16 years of age) attending a lower middle class private school in Madrid, Spain, rated 10 qualities of the ideal man or ideal woman and drew a picture of the ideal person doing something. Being kind and honest was rated as the most important quality of the ideal person. The ideal woman, more often than the ideal man, was portrayed as physically mature, sexy, liking children, and working at a job or at home. The ideal man was shown engaged in a variety of activities, including sports, working in an office, or performing acts of heroism. A common image of the ideal person was an attractive and sexy singer. Comments on the drawings reflected many of the concerns of early adolescents, including an interest in gender roles, a commitment to work and the use of the imagination to conceive of a variety of possible future roles.
Trends in Secondary Organic Aerosol at a Remote Site in Michigan's Upper Peninsula

The trends in secondary organic aerosol at a remote location are studied using atmospheric fine particulate matter samples collected at Seney National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in northern Michigan. Detailed analysis of particle-phase organic compounds revealed very low concentrations of primary anthropogenic emissions and relatively high levels of organic di-, tri-, and tetracarboxylic acids thought to be indicators of secondary organic aerosols. Seasonal changes in these organic compounds were tracked by analyzing composites of monthly average samples. The concentration of aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids peak in July and taper off in the fall, which coincides with fine particle organic carbon concentration. In contrast, a chemical mass balance model used to quantify primary sources of particulate matter shows higher contributions from primary emissions in the winter. Complementing the monthly average concentrations, event-based composites of high volume samples were used to track the different species of secondary organic aerosol at the Seney NWR location. The distribution of aliphatic diacids and the aromatic di- and triacids varied with different atmospheric conditions, which suggests different precursor gases for these secondary organic aerosol components. The aliphatic diacid concentrations track with ambient concentrations of particle-phase pinonic acid. In addition, back-trajectories for the eight event-based composites are compared to the organic acid distributions and are linked to the distribution of organic acids present in the composites.
Real-time motion detection using an analog VLSI zero-crossing chip

The authors have designed and tested a one-dimensional 64 pixel, analog CMOS VLSI chip which localizes intensity edges in real-time. This device exploits on-chip photoreceptors and the natural filtering properties of resistive networks to implement a scheme similar to and motivated by the Difference of Gaussians (DOG) operator proposed by Marr and Hildreth (1980). The chip computes the zero-crossings associated with the difference of two exponential weighting functions and reports only those zero-crossings at which the derivative is above an adjustable threshold. A real-time motion detection system based on the zero- crossing chip and a conventional microprocessor provides linear velocity output over two orders of magnitude of light intensity and target velocity.
The calculation of the E.S.R. hyperfine coupling constants of substituent methyl and methylene group protons

Two formulae have been derived relating the E.S.R. hyperfine coupling constant of methyl and methylene group protons in aromatic radicals to the pi-electronic structure of the radical. The derivation of these formulae assumes that the principal coupling mechanism is hyperconjugation but includes a small spin polarization term. The formulae have been used to calculate theoretical methyl and methylene coupling constants in several radicals whose E.S.R. spectra have been measured.
Miniature Mobile Robots Down to Micron Scale

Miniature mobile robots have the unique capability of accessing to small spaces and scales directly. Due to their small size and small scale physics and dynamics, they could be agile and portable, and could be inexpensive and in large numbers if they are mass produced. Different scale miniature robots with various locomotion capabilities are proposed in this study. Network or swarm of these miniature mobile robots would have applications in the fields of mobile sensor networks, environmental monitoring, health-care, inspection and maintenance, space, security, entertainment, and education.
Selective separation of minor actinides and lanthanides using aromatic dithiophosphinic and phosphinic acid derivatives

A new extractant for the separation of actinide(III) and lanthanide(III) cations, bis(o-trifluoromethylphenyl) phosphinic acid (2) was synthesized. The synthetic route employed mirrors one that was employed to produce the sulfur containing analog bis(o-trifluoromethylphenyl) dithiophosphinic acid (1). Classic radiochemical methods and absorbance spectroscopy were used to study the coordination chemistry of the Am-dithiophosphinic acid and Am-phosphinic acid complexes.
The effect of ethanol on uncontrolled hemorrhage in a rodent model.

Objectives: Ethanol intoxication has hemodynamic and metabolic effects after hemorrhage according to studies using fixed-volume controlled blood loss models. The authors tested the null hypothesis that after uncontrolled hemorrhage there would be no difference in the hemodynamic responses between ethanol-intoxicated (EtOH1) and nonintoxicated (EtOH2 )r ats.Methods: Forty Sprague‐ Dawley rats were anesthetized with althesin intraperitoneally. Twenty EtOH1 rats received a 3-g/kg dose of 20% ethanol intraperitoneally 60 minutes before hemorrhage. The EtOH2 rats received an equivalent volume of normal saline intraperitoneally. The femoral artery was cannulated by cutdown to monitor the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and to obtain blood samples for lactate (LAC). Twenty rats (ten EtOH1 and ten EtOH2) underwent uncontrolled hemorrhage by 75% tail amputation. Twenty rats (ten EtOH1 andtenEtOH2)servedasnonhemorrhagecontrols.TheMAP, LAC, and cumulative hemorrhage volume were measured prehemorrhage and then every 15 minutes posthemorrhage for 120 minutes. Data were reported as mean 6 SEM. Group comparisons were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeatedvaluesandposthoctestingbyBonferroni(twotailed; a ¼ 0.05). Results: Initially, EtOH1 and EtOH2 rats were evenly matched for LAC and MAP. The mean (6SD) baseline ethanol level was 170 (668) mg/dL in EtOH1 rats. Cumulative hemorrhage volume was similar (p ¼ 0.23) for the EtOH2 (2.36 6 0.24 mL/100 g) and EtOH1 (1.87 6 0.32 mL/100 g) rats. No significant difference was noted in posthemorrhage MAP between EtOH2 (68.6 6 6.8 mm Hg) and EtOH1 (69.3 6 7.2 mm Hg) rats (p ¼ 1.00). The EtOH2 group had a significantly higher LAC (4.94 6 1.07 mmol/L) than the EtOH1 group (2.27 6 0.59 mmol/L) (p , 0.03). Conclusions: Ethanol intoxication does not deleteriously affect the hemodynamic response to uncontrolled hemorrhage. Key words: ethanol intoxication; hemorrhagic shock; rodent; trauma. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2005; 12:1141‐1147.
Food and drug interactions in critically ill adults

What happens when two needed therapies collide in the critically ill patient? This article explores the negative interaction of food and drugs that can occur along with important nursing implications. Also included is a discussion on the development of a food-drug interaction program, a multifaceted and comprehensive approach to monitoring, evaluating, reporting, and reducing the occurrence of food-drug interactions.
Bevatron Experience with a Homogeneous Luminescent Chamber

A luminescent chamber system consisting of a four-inch sodium iodide crystal and four image tubes has been studied using plons of 2 Bev/c momentum. Gating times of 3 to 10 microseconds have been used in particle fluxes of up to 104 per pulse through the scintillator. The potentialities and problems of such a system are discussed and illustrated with stereoscopic photographs of pion interactions.
ISOLATION OF DIPLOID STRAINS OF DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM FROM HAPLOID POPULATIONS.

PLOIDAL composition is a clonally inherited property in D. discoideum1. Three types of strains exist: stable haploid, stable diploid, and metastable. In the last, each clone contains appreciable proportions of haploid and diploid cells indicating a rate of interconversion substantially higher than in the first two types. Each of these ploidal varieties can be isolated from the others2.
Effect of processing conditions on inversion layer mobility and interface state density in 4H-SiC MOSFETs

N-channel, inversion mode MOSFETs have been fabricated on 4H−SiC using different oxidation procedures, source/drain implant species and implant activation temperature. The fixed oxide charge and the field-effect mobility in the inversion layer have been extracted, with best values of 1.8×1012 cm−2 and 14 cm2/V-s, respectively. The interface state density, Dit close to the conduction band of 4H−SiC has been extracted from the subthreshold drain characteristics of the MOSFETs. A comparison of interface state density, inversion layer mobility and fixed oxide charges between the different processes indicate that pull-out in wet ambient after reoxidation of gate oxide improves the 4H−SiC/SiO2 interface quality.
Polyamorous Families, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Slippery Slope

Opponents of same-sex marriage identify multiple-partner families as the pivotal step that, were same-sex marriage legalized, would propel society down a “slippery slope” to relational chaos. Like the families of same-sex partners, polyamorous families—or those with adults in openly conducted multiple-partner relationships—demonstrate alternate forms of kinship not necessarily dependent on conventional biolegal kin, sexual connections, or even chosen kin ties as previously understood. This article extends sociological knowledge by detailing characteristics of relatively unknown family form; comparing original data on polyamorous families with published research on same-sex families instead of heterosexual families, a contrast that decenters heterosexual families as the sole measure of legitimacy while simultaneously expanding knowledge about same-sex families and explaining how polyamorous families’ differences have implications for the same-sex marriage debate and how these shifting social norms implicat...
Research Material Selection in the pre-web and post-web Environments: An Interdisciplinary Study of Bibliographic Citations in Doctoral Dissertations

Abstract Information use patterns by doctoral students are studied for selected years in the pre-web (1990–1993) and post-web (2003–2006) time periods. Over 55,000 citations from dissertations in ten disciplines were analyzed. The results show that there was some increase in journal use in most of the disciplines in the post-web era, and that the use of monographs, dissertations, and technical reports declined over the period of the study.
An Application of Response Surface Methodology to Research in Poultry Nutrition

Abstract Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an experimental procedure for exploring and examining the nature of responses obtained from the simultaneous variation of quantitative factors. The method has been used only to a limited extent in poultry research. Statistical procedures were discussed for fitting a response surface to experimental data. An outline was made of the mathematical process for finding the stationary point, yield at the stationary point and nature of the response surface. A poultry example was given which involved the investigation of the protein and energy requirements of Japanese quail. The advantage of RSM was shown when it was determined by RSM procedures that the optimum response for body weight was out of the exploratory region covered in the first trial. A second trial was then conducted based on the levels of protein and energy predicted to give an optimum body weight. Optimum responses were shown for both body weight and feed conversion. Examination of the responses by three dimensional figures and computer plotting of contours was shown. The RSM procedure appears to offer an efficient method for examining the requirements and relationships of nutrients for poultry.
Alexander Jablonski, PhDFluorescence Spectroscopy

Alexander Jablonski, PhD (1898–1980) Alexander Jablonski, who would one day come to be known as the father of fluorescence spectroscopy, was born on February 26, 1898, in Voskresenovka, Ukraine. He began his formal journey into the field of atomic physics in 1916 at the University of Kharkov, but his career track was soon delayed due to his service in the military. In 1918, when Poland once again became an independent state after more than 120 years of occupation, Jablonski moved there and entered the University of Warsaw to continue his education. He was, however, forced to postpone his study of physics for a time in 1920, when he again undertook military service, this time in the Polish-Bolshevik War. Upon his return to the university in 1921, Jablonski studied under prominent Polish physicist, Stefan Pienkowski. He also began playing first violin at the Warsaw Opera, an activity he continued for 5 years before relinquishing it in order to more fully concentrate on scientific endeavors. …
Spatial and temporal variations of hydrogen peroxide in Gulf of Mexico waters

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico were measured on two cruises in May and August, 1982, in a variety of locations ranging from oligotrophic oceanic stations to highly productive coastal sites. Measurements were made using a fluorescence decay technique. Depth profiles of H 2 O 2 exhibit surface maxima of 1−2 × 10 −7 mol L −1 and decreasing concentrations with depth. Peroxide concentrations decreased only slightly or were invariant with depth in the mixed layer but decreased sharply to below the limit of detection (5 × 10 −9 mol L −1 ) in the region of the pycnocline at the base of the mixed layer. Surface concentrations were generally highest in coastal regions but did not vary by more than a factor of three among all stations studied. There was a marked diel variation in peroxide profiles, with the highest values occurring during the late afternoon, and the lowest values occurring at dawn. Diel variations were more pronounced in coastal surface waters than in oligotrophic waters. The observations are consistent with photochemical formation of H 2 O 2 by photooxidation of dissolved organic matter. However, other formation pathways, such as biological formation or atmospheric deposition, cannot be ruled out at this point.
Planning Service Capacity When Demand Is Sensitive to Delay

This paper presents a model designed to help determine the number of clerks or servers in a retail queuing situation. The model demonstrates a realistic treatment of the effect of waiting time on customer demand and revenues by treating the average waiting time as a form of price. Thus, the demand rate and service level are interrelated. The number of servers is obtained by balancing the cost of additional servers against the revenues and profits arising from greater demand. An example is shown, using data obtained from a supermarket, to demonstrate the insight gained from applying the model. Some extensions and research possibilities are considered, including a treatment of ancillary activities. An appendix examines a continuous version of the model which provides additional insight into the character of the model.
Market Microstructure and Real Estate Returns

This paper examines the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) market microstruc-ture and its relationship to stock returns. When compared with the general stock market, REIT stocks tend to have a lower level of institutional investor participation and are followed by fewer security analysts. In addition, REIT stocks that have a higher percentage of institutional investors or are followed by more security analysts tend to perform better than other REIT stocks. Our results seem to confirm Jensen's (1993, p. 868) proposition that ownership structure (that is, who owns the firm's securities) affects the value of the firm. Our findings also have implications about the well documented phenomenon that the financial performance of Commingled Real Estate Funds (CREFs) is better than that of REITs.
Experiments and Simulation of Transport and Separation of Gas Mixtures in Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes

We report here the results of our recent studies describing the preparation of carbon molecular sieve membranes, their separation and transport characteristics with gas mixtures, and their molecula...
Comparisons of sampling methods and seasonal abundance of Drosophila repleta in caged-layer poultry houses.

. Four sampling methods were compared to determine their practicality and suitability for detecting population fluctuations of adult Drosophila repleta, a pest in caged-layer poultry houses. Five caged-layer poultry houses with gutter-flush manure removal systems in Franklin County, North Carolina, U.S.A., were sampled once every 2 weeks over 15 months, from June 1991 to August 1992. The flies were most abundant during the spring and early summer. Visual counts of adult flies resting on the feed troughs in front of cages in the aisles and counts of flies caught on a sticky ribbon lowered into the gutter used for manure removal by flushing were more satisfactory sampling methods than using counts of flies caught on sticky ribbons carried along the aisles or aspirator collections from the gutters. For the visual count method, the effects of location in the house, within each aisle, and feed trough height were determined; two counts on feed troughs in each of two inside rows of cages were sufficient to measure population changes. For routine monitoring of D. repleta populations, visual counts of flies resting on the feed troughs in the front area of two aisles and catching flies on sticky ribbons inserted into the rear gutter area are recommended.
Finite element simulation of sheet metal forming for planar anisotropic metals

Abstract Modeling of sheet metal forming processes requires an accurate description of anisotropic material behavior. This paper describes the finite element (FEM) simulation results obtained using Barlat's six-component anisotropic yield function, developed recently. The hydraulic bulge and cup drawing tests were modeled for a 2008-T4 aluminum alloy, using this new yield function incorporated into ABAQUS. For the hydraulic bulge test, bulge profiles and pole displacement versus bulge pressure were computed. For the cup drawing test, earing profiles, cup heights, and cup thickness profiles were computed. Good agreement was found between FEM simulations and experiments. The results show that a valuable mathematical tool is now available which can be used for the forming simulation of planar anisotropic metals.
Some aspects of the surface of subsidence

The problem of subsidence within the atmosphere has received comparatively little attention in synoptic studies embodying aerological material. Only the most general statements are usually made in regard to this little-understood though important process always occurring within selected portions of the atmosphere. Several difficulties immediately associate themselves with a rigorous treatment of the phenomenon as observed. Chief among these is the small number of aerological soundings obtainable within one and the same subsiding air-mass. Since subsidence is generally associated with anticyclones whose periphery is marked by a frontal boundary-surface having a small slope (especially in southern United States), soundings made some distance from the center of the anticyclone can often penetrate but a thin layer of the underlying airmass before entering a different current aloft. Such soundings yield information regarding only the least conservative portions of the air-mass being studied.
Perceptions of self-oriented and other-oriented “everyday” helpers

In two investigations, participants were asked to evaluate eight different young adults (Study 1) and children (Study 2) who had described (a) a situation in which they had offered assistance to another individual and (b) the reason why they had offered the assistance in that situation. Although other-oriented helpers and their motives were generally rated more favorably than self-oriented helpers and their motives, participants' evaluations were found to be influenced by the closeness of the helper-recipient relationship, the type of help provided (i.e., instrumental vs. expressive), and the participants' gender. A similar pattern of responses was found for the undergraduate (Studies 1 and 2) and preadolescent (Study 2) participants.
The distribution of benthic invertebrates in Holbæk Fjord (Denmark) in relation to environmental factors

Abstract Relationships between animal distribution patterns and measured physical variables were investigated in a shallow, mesohaline fjord by means of principal components analysis and multiple regression analysis. Twentyfour ~tations were sampled in March, June and October 1973. In all three data-sets the first principal component, accounting for 20-26 % of the total faunistic variation, correlated with the silt and clay content. Depth and distance to the fjord mouth correlated with one or several of the first five principal components, except for the March survey, in which depth did not correlate with any of the components. The first five principal components together accounted for between 49 and 57 % of the total variation. The principal components analyses show that distribution patterns, even though correlated with the same environmental parameters, change throughout the year. On the basis of the nature of these changes, it is hypothesized that they are, at least partly, due to interspecific intera...
The adaptive and maladaptive faces of dependency in later life: Links to physical and psychological health outcomes

Objectives: Negotiating the balance between reliance on others and desires for autonomy is a fundamental task of successful aging. The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend a three-factor model of interpersonal dependency in a sample of older adults, and to examine the physical and psychological health correlates of this multifaceted construct. Methods: Data come from the third wave of a population-based study of older Americans (n = 166; mean age 80 years). We conducted an exploratory factor analysis of selected dependency items from two scales, and then conducted logistic and hierarchical linear regressions to analyze the association of dependency factors with self-reported health, use of hypertension medication, depressed affect and positive affect. Results: We found three factors closely paralleling those of Bornstein and Languirand's (Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 3–23, 2004) measure: destructive overdependence, healthy dependency and dysfunctional detachment, as well as a fourth...
New prediction-augmented classical least squares (PACLS) methods: Application to unmodeled interferents

A significant improvement to the classical least squares (CLS) multivariate analysis method has been developed. The new method, called prediction-augmented classical least squares (PACLS), removes the restriction for CLS that all interfering spectral species must be known and their concentrations included during the calibration. The authors demonstrate that PACLS can correct inadequate CLS models if spectral components left out of the calibration can be identified and if their spectral shapes can be derived and added during a PACLS prediction step. The new PACLS method is demonstrated for a system of dilute aqueous solutions containing urea, creatinine, and NaCl analytes with and without temperature variations. The authors demonstrate that if CLS calibrations are performed using only a single analyte's concentration, then there is little, if any, prediction ability. However, if pure-component spectra of analytes left out of the calibration are independently obtained and added during PACLS prediction, then the CLS prediction ability is corrected and predictions become comparable to that of a CLS calibration that contains all analyte concentrations. It is also demonstrated that constant-temperature CLS models can be used to predict variable-temperature data by employing the PACLS method augmented by the spectral shape of a temperature change of the watermore » solvent. In this case, PACLS can also be used to predict sample temperature with a standard error of prediction of 0.07 C even though the calibration data did not contain temperature variations. The PACLS method is also shown to be capable of modeling system drift to maintain a calibration in the presence of spectrometer drift.« less
Sensory testing of pathophysiological mechanisms of pain in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

The incidence of 3 sensory abnormalities was studied among 17 patients with a diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and 14 patients with persistent limb pain following trauma; the extent to which the 3 abnormalities were associated with each other and with the intensity of spontaneous clinical pain were also studied. These abnormalities included (1) heat-induced hyperalgesia (54.8% of 31 patients tested); (2) low-threshold A beta-mediated (45.2%) or high-threshold (54.8%) mechanical allodynia; and (3) slow temporal summation of mechanical allodynia (10 of 29 patients tested). These 3 sensory abnormalities occurred to widely varying extents and were not reliably associated with each other. As hypothesized, patients with temporal summation had significantly more intense spontaneous pain than those who did not demonstrate this sensory characteristic. In contrast, the presence or absence of thermal hyperalgesia and type of allodynia did not appear to influence the intensity of spontaneous pain. These results indicate that variable types of primary afferents (i.e., A beta versus A delta, C) and/or varying extents of abnormal spatial summation mechanisms trigger pain responses among RSD patients and that at least one of these, slow temporal summation, is likely to contribute to the intensity of a patient's ongoing pain.
Effect of tentoxin of the membrane potential of Lemna gibba G1

Abstract The treatment of Lemna gibba G1 with tentoxin caused an inhibition of photoautotrophic growth and a decrease of transmembrane potential (Em) in light. The active component of Em that is dependent on photosynthesis was abolished by tentoxin treatment. The inhibition of growth of Lemna plants by tentoxin was partially prevented and membranes partially repolarized when the plants were supplied by sucrose. Fusicoccin also induced recovery of Em but with additional membrane hyperpolarization. The inhibition of growth and the decline of Em induced in Lemna by tentoxin is discussed in relation to the toxin inhibition of photophosphorylation.
Evaluation of human mast cell-mediated cytotoxicity by DIOC18 target cell labeling in flow cytometry

(51)Cr release assay (CRA) is still the standard method to study mast cell (MC)-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Non-radioactive methods e.g. MTT, Hoechst 22147 staining, have also been used. Though CRA has the benefit of being reproducible, it has several drawbacks e.g. spontaneous release and radioactivity. The basic strategy of this new flow cytometric assay involves labeling target cells with DIOC18, in addition to staining with propidium iodide to identify dead cells. 8-week-old human MCs were used as effectors. Human LAK-sensitive K-562; and LAK-resistant myeloid leukemia cell lines (DAMI, HL-60 and Meg-01) as well as 6 LAK-resistant myeloid leukemia patient samples were utilized. MCs/targets were co-incubated in certain ratios for short/long-term. Although there was some insignificant killing at 2 h/18 h, probably due to small sample size, significant killing in Meg-01 and HL-60 cells (27% and 39%; respectively) was observed at 48 h. This method clearly showed human MC-mediated cytotoxicity against human tumor cells. It was reproducible, reliable and cheaper without any radiation and spontaneous release. This is the first study to elucidate MC-mediated cytotoxicity by a flow cytometric assay.
Excitatory amino acids inhibit stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism by aminergic agonists in hippocampus.

Since the initial observations in the 1950s1,2 a large number of neurotransmitters and hormones have been shown to influence phosphatidylinositol (PI) metabolism in brain and peripheral ganglia (see ref. 3 for review). This has led to the suggestion that PI is part of an intracellular second messenger system for some types of diffusible chemical factors4,5. Consistent with this are recent reports that one of the products of PI turnover (diacylgly-cerol) stimulates the Ca-dependent phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (kinase C) while a second (inositol trisphosphate) causes the release of calcium from intracellular stores6,7. Thus it is possible that at least some brain neurotransmitters utilize the PI system to produce functional effects that are in addition to and which outlast the very brief physiological responses they elicit. Although it had been anticipated that another class of receptors might inhibit receptor-mediated stimulation of PI breakdown, no clear examples of such effects have been described. We now report that acidic amino acids, which are thought to be excitatory neurotransmitters at the majority of brain synapses8, strongly inhibit the stimulation of PI metabolism elicited by carbachol, histamine, or by potassium-induced depolarization, without changing the response to noradrenaline. As well as indicating a novel function for the excitatory amino acids, these results suggest that the central nervous system possesses cell-cell interactions of a previously unsuspected type.
Assessing sex differences: methodological considerations.

Medical and scientific journals report a variety of findings owing to biological differences in the study participants, including those due to sex. Sex differences occur in disease pathophysiology,...
Photolithographic patterning of porous silicon using silicon nitride and silicon carbide masks

Abstract In this study, a two-step photolithographic process for selective formation of porous silicon is described. The process utilizes coatings of silicon nitride or silicon carbide on silicon. These films are impervious to the HF solution during anodic etching in an ambient environment. However, when the coated wafer is illuminated during anodization, microcracks are produced in the illuminated regions. Creation of these microcracks results in formation of porous silicon in the underlying regions. The patterning of 100 μm features is deemed possible with this technology.
Cyclic sieving of finite Grassmannians and flag varieties

In this paper, we prove instances of the cyclic sieving phenomenon for finite Grassmannians and partial flag varieties, which carry the action of various tori in the finite general linear group GL"n(F"q). The polynomials involved are sums of certain weights of the minimal length parabolic coset representatives of the symmetric group S"n, where the weight of a coset representative can be written as a product over its inversions.
Improving spot homogeneity by using polymer substrates in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides.

We describe a method for improving the homogeneity of MALDI samples prepared for analysis of small, single-stranded oligonucleotides using the widely used DNA matrix system, 3-hydroxypicolinic acid/picolinic acid/ammonium citrate. This matrix system typically produces large crystals around the rim of the dried sample and requires tedious searching of this rim with the laser. However, when a substrate is prepared using both Nafion and a hydrophilic, high-molecular-weight polymer, such as linear polyacrylamide, linear poly(ethylene oxide), or methyl cellulose, oligonucleotide-doped matrix crystals tend to be smaller and more uniformly distributed across the entire spot, thus decreasing the time that is required for locating a usable signal. In addition to MALDI characterization of the spatial distribution of “sweet spots,” fluorescence microscopy allows for imaging dye-labeled DNA in dried MALDI spots. The mechanism of enhanced uniformity may involve increased viscosity in the MALDI sample droplet due to pa...
GC/MS CONFIRMATION OF ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE RESIDUE IN FOODS

Electron impact (EI) and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) GC/MS techniques are described for the confirmation of ethylene dibromide (EDB) residues in various food products.
SMALL MANUFACTURING FIRM BUSINESS SERVICES EXTERNALIZATION IN THE CHICAGO METROPOLITAN REGION

This paper examines one aspect of emerging urban industrial systems: the extemalization, or out-sourcing, of business services from the manufacturing sector. Drawing upon Williamson's ( 1975,1990) seminal research on transaction costs economics, the paper demonstrates conceptually that externalization is integrally linked to the vertical disintegration of firms. The empirical portion of the paper uses surveys of small manufacturers located in the Chicago metropolitan region to identify the extent to which five basic business services are externalized. Thereafter, two logit models are developed to evaluate the influence of factors that may contribute to the externalization of basic services. The modeling results indicate that the size of firms and their previous extemalization experience significantly influence the externalization decision.