cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Epitope Specificity to the Binding of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans and the Soluble Form of Its Major Polysaccharide, Glucuronoxylomannan

Incubation of encapsulated cryptococci with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans, produces two distinct capsular quellung-type reactions termed rim and puffy. The type of capsular reaction that occurs is determined by the epitope specificity of the MAb and the serotype of the yeast cell. Several biological activities, including opsonic activity, complement activation, and protective efficacy, are associated with the type of capsular reaction produced by a MAb. The goal of this study was to examine the reactivities of two families of anti-GXM MAbs with serotype A and D capsular polysaccharides in several immunochemical assays, including agglutination, immunofluorescence, quantitative precipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in an effort to identify serological assays that are predictive of the capsular quellung reaction. The results showed that the type of capsular reaction (rim versus puffy) is a qualitative assessment of antibody-capsule interaction that cannot be predicted on the basis of a serological assay. The results further showed that antibody reactivity demonstrated in one serological assay is not necessarily predictive of results in another assay, particularly in cases where one assay examines antibody-capsule interactions, e.g., agglutination, and another assay examines interaction of antibody with soluble GXM. Taken together, the results suggest caution in interpretation of immunochemical assays for anti-GXM antibodies and recommend the use of multiple assays formats when studying anticryptococcal antibodies.
The global path re-planner for a mobile manipulator

This paper is a summary of an effort to develop a powerful motion planning algorithm for the mobile manipulator. The mobile manipulator is expected to work in partially defined or unstructured environments. In our global/local approach to path planning, joint trajectories are generated for a desired Cartesian space path, designed by the global path planner. For local path planner, inverse kinematics for a redundant system is used. Obstacle avoidance and joint displacement limits for the manipulator links are considered in the motion planner. In an event of failure to obtain feasible trajectories, the task can not be accomplished. In the case of the joint constraint violation, use of Jacobian matrix element as gradient is proposed. At the point of failure, a derivation in the Cartesian space path is obtained and the re-planner gives a new path that would achieve the goal position. To calculate the deviation, a non-linear optimization problem is formulated and solved by standard sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method.
On favoring positive correlations between form and quality of candidate solutions via the emergence of genomic self-similarity

A key property for the effectiveness of stochastic search techniques, including evolutionary algorithms, is the existence of a positive correlation between the form and the quality of candidate solutions. In this paper, we show that when the ordering of genomic symbols in a genetic algorithm is completely independent of the fitness function and therefore free to evolve along the candidate solutions it encodes, the resulting genomes self-organize into self-similar structures that favor this key stochastic search property.
Outside directors and CEO turnover

Abstract This paper examines the relation between the monitoring of CEOs by inside and outside directors and CEO resignations. CEO resignations are predicted using stock returns and earnings changes as measures of prior performance. There is a stronger association between prior performance and the probability of a resignation for companies with outsider-dominated boards than for companies with insider-dominated boards. This result does not appear to be a function of ownership effects, size effects, or industry effects. Unexpected stock returns on days when resignations are announced are consistent with the view that directors increase firm value by removing bad management.
Association of type 1 viral-like dsRNA with club-shaped particles in hypovirulent strains of Endothia parasitica

Abstract A hypovirulent strain (H 1 ) of Endothia parasitica . (EP 113) contained enough dsRNA, 7 μg/g, to be detected in unconcentrated nucleic acid extracts. Two to five (the most common number) major dsRNA components (MW = 4.4–6.2 x 10 6 ) were detected in different preparations. A distinctive pattern of minor dsRNA components (MW 6 ) was also detected. Single-stranded RNA (MW = 2.0–3.1 x 10 6 ) was not detected in nucleic acid samples which contained readily detectable amounts of dsRNA. Most of the dsRNA was associated with pleiomorphic club-shaped particles up to 300 nm long with spherical heads (diameter = 50–90 nm). The particles were purified from clarified extracts by polyethylene glycol precipitation and differential centrifugation. They were resolved as broad bands in rate-zonal ( S 20,W = 180 S) and equilibrium (buoyant density = 1.28 g/cm 3 in CsCl) density gradient centrifugation and had a nucleoprotein-like absorbance profile (260 nm/280 nmn ratio = 1.23–1.28) with unusual absorbance peaks at 260, 269, 280, and 293 ran. The partially purified preparation also contained large membrane-like bodies (buoyant density = 1.23 g/cm 3 ). Similarly prepared extracts from a virulent strain (V) lacked dsRNA, club-shaped particles, and large membrane-like bodies. All these components were also detected in extracts of a hypovirulent strain (H 2 ) generated by conversion of the virulent strain with strain EP 113. The appearance and properties of the club-shaped particle suggest that it is either a new and pleiomorphic type of fungal virus-like particle or a site of accumulation of a complex dsRNA.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A First-Person Story

Abstract Real physical illnesses are often misinterpreted and mis-diagnosed as psychological or at least as psychogenic problems, especially in women and especially when the illness is not well understood. This is a first-person story about the author's history of what ultimately was diagnosed as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. The frustrating political, social, medical, and economic contexts of living with this syndrome are described on the basis of the author's experience, and suggestions are offered for therapists working with people who suffer from or may suffer from this and similar medical problems.
Making Sense of Data: How Public Health Graduate Students Build Theory Through Qualitative Research Techniques

Data interpretation and theory building are two key skills often taught in health sciences qualitative methods courses. However, little is known about how novice researchers make sense of data, as well as how their thought processes differ from those of expert researchers. In this classroom research project, the author explores how qualitative methods students in a public health graduate program describe their processes of making sense of data and building theory. She then compares these processes with "expert" guidelines to draw implications for how to enhance teaching in a qualitative research class.
Identifying genetic loci controlling neonatal passive transfer of immunity using a hybrid genotyping strategy.

Summary Colostrum intake is critical to a piglet's survival and can be measured by precipitating out the γ-immunoglobulins from serum with ammonium sulfate (immunocrit). Genetic analysis of immunocrits on 5312 piglets indicated that the heritabilities (se) for direct and maternal effects were 0.13 (0.06) and 0.53 (0.08) respectively. To identify QTL for direct genetic effects, piglets with the highest and lowest immunocrits from 470 litters were selected. Six sets of DNA pools were created based on sire of the litter. These 12 DNA pools were applied to Illumina Porcine SNP60 BeadChips. Normalized X and Y values were analyzed. Three different SNP selection methods were used: deviation of the mean from high vs. low pools, the deviation adjusted for variance based on binomial theory and ANOVA. The 25 highest ranking SNPs were selected from each evaluation for further study along with 12 regions selected based on a five-SNP window approach. Selected SNPs were individually genotyped in the 988 piglets included in pools as well as in 524 piglets that had intermediate immunocrits. Association analyses were conducted fitting an animal model using the estimated genetic parameters. Nineteen SNPs were nominally associated (P < 0.01) with immunocrit values, of which nine remained significant (P < 0.05) after Bonferroni correction, located in 16 genomic regions on 13 chromosomes. In conclusion, the pooling strategy reduced the cost to scan the genome by more than 80% and identified genomic regions associated with a piglet's ability to acquire γ-immunoglobulin from colostrum. Each method to rank SNPs from the pooled analyses contributed unique validated markers, suggesting that multiple analyses will reveal more QTL than a single analysis.
Carbon emissions associated with the procurement and utilization of forest harvest residues for energy, northern Minnesota, USA

Interest in the use of forest-derived biomass for energy has prompted comparisons to fossil fuels and led to controversy over the atmospheric consequences of its utilization. Much of the debate has centered on the carbon storage implications of utilizing whole trees for energy and the time frame necessary to offset the carbon emissions associated with fixedlife bioenergy facilities. Forest harvest residues may provide a cost-effective, carbon friendly alternative; however, robust empirical estimates of the carbon consequences of utilizing this feedstock are needed to inform policy and management related to forestbased bioenergy. This study used a modeling approach to assess the availability of harvest residues in northern Minnesota and compared the estimated carbon emissions from in-forest decomposition with emissions from processing, transport, and utilization of residues in a proposed 26 MW bioenergy facility. Model results suggest that the combined emissions from the proposed facility would be 42 percent greater e a net difference of 2,888,751 Mg of CO2 e than in-forest decomposition emissions over a 25-year period. The disparity in carbon emissions with and without the proposed facility decreases with increasing time, ultimately reducing to solely emissions from harvesting and transport 190þ years after establishment. These findings have important implications for the development of renewable energy standards including incentives aimed at increasing the use of forest-derived biomass.
Tissue plasminogen activator modulates the cellular and behavioral response to cocaine.

Cocaine exposure induces long-lasting molecular and structural adaptations in the brain. In this study, we show that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), an extracellular protease involved in neuronal plasticity, modulates the biochemical and behavioral response to cocaine. When injected in the acute binge paradigm, cocaine enhanced tPA activity in the amygdala, which required activation of corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF-R1) receptors. Compared with WT mice, tPA−/− mice injected with cocaine displayed attenuated phosphorylation of ERK, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and blunted induction of immediate early genes (IEGs) c-Fos, Egr-1, and Homer 1a in the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). tPA−/− mice also displayed significantly higher basal preprodynorphin (ppDyn) mRNA levels in the NAc in comparison to WT mice, and cocaine decreased ppDyn mRNA levels in tPA−/− mice only. Cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) were attenuated in tPA−/− mice. Cocaine exposure also had an anxiolytic effect in tPA−/− but not WT mice. These results identify tPA as an important and novel component of the signaling pathway that modulates cocaine-induced changes in neuroadaptation and behavior.
MODEL-FOLLOWING OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROLLER FOR OBLIQUE-WING AIRCRAFT

A variable-skew oblique-wing offers a substantial aerodynamic performance advantage for aircraft missions that require both high efficiency in subsonic flight and supersonic dash or cruise. The most obvious characteristics of the oblique-wing concept is the asymmetry of the wing-skew angle that causes a significant aerodynamic and inertial cross coupling between the aircraft longitudinal and lateral-directional axes. This paper presents a technique for synthesizing a decoupling controller while providing the desired stability augmentation. The use of output feedback in control law synthesis without the requirement of state estimation is presented. An explicit model-following control system with output feedback is developed. The effectiveness of the control laws developed in achieving the desired decoupling is illustrated for a given flight condition for an oblique-wing aircraft.
Evaluation of Thermally Converted Silicotitanate Waste Forms

Crystalline silicotitanate ion exchangers are highly selective for separating Cs from Narich waste streams. However, use of these ion exchangers for removal of Cs from radioactive tank waste will result in large volumes of secondary wastes. Thermal conversion of silicotitanates produces a durable waste form with reduced volumes up to 40%. Leach tests (MCC-l and PCT) have shown that Cs leach rates of IE-91 1-Na (heat treated at 900°C for an hour) are extremely low, ranging from 0.1 to lwt% Cs loss in Cs fraction release, or 10-1 to 10-8g/m2day in normalized Cs mass loss. These are several orders of magnitude lower than that of borosilicate glass. In order to understand the interplay between the structure and high Cs durability, X-ray diffraction, 133Cs NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis have been used to identify phase(s) responsible for trapping Cs in these silicotitanates. Results indicate that Cs is likely to be contained in a crystalline silicate phase.
Just because you're imaging the brain doesn't mean you can stop using your head: a primer and set of first principles.

Developments within the neurosciences, cognitive sciences, and social sciences have contributed to the emergence of social neuroscience. Among the most obvious contemporary developments are brainimaging procedures such as functional magnetic resonance imaging. The authors outline a set of first principles designed to help make sense of brain-imaging research within the fields of cognitive and social neuroscience. They begin with a principle few would debate—that social cognition, emotion, and behavior involve the brain— but whose implications might not be entirely obvious to those new to the field. The authors conclude that (a) complex aspects of the mind and behavior will benefit from yet a broader collaboration of neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and social scientists, and (b) social psychologists bring important theoretical, methodological, and statistical expertise to this interdisciplinary enterprise.
Global and local document degradation models

Two sources of document degradation are modeled: i) perspective distortion that occurs while photocopying or scanning thick, bound documents, and ii) degradation due to perturbations in the optical scanning and digitization process: speckle, blurr, jitter, thresholding. Perspective distortion is modeled by studying the underlying perspective geometry of the optical system of photocopiers and scanners. An illumination model is described to account for the nonlinear intensity change occuring across a page in a perspective-distorted document. The optical distortion process is modeled morphologically. First, a distance transform on the foreground is performed, followed by a random inversion of binary pixels where the probability of flip is a function of the distance of the pixel to the boundary of the foreground. Correlating the flipped pixels is modeled by a morphological closing operation. >
Multiframe resolution-enhancement methods for compressed video

Multiframe resolution enhancement ("superresolution") methods are becoming widely studied, but only a few procedures have been developed to work with compressed video, despite the fact that compression is a standard component of most image- and video-processing applications. One of these methods uses quantization-bound information to define convex sets and then employs a technique called "projections onto convex sets" (POCS) to estimate the original image. Another uses a discrete cosine transformation (DCT)-domain Bayesian estimator to enhance resolution in the presence of both quantization and additive noise. The latter approach is also capable of incorporating known source statistics and other reconstruction constraints to impose blocking artifact reduction and edge enhancement as part of the solution. We propose a spatial-domain Bayesian estimator that has advantages over both of these approaches.
A Brief History of Roman Water Technology

Rome’s power extended only to northern Italy in 265 B.C., where the Celt’s were a major barrier to further expansion. They had no navy so that further expansion seemed unlikely; however in the next 120 years Rome became a major Mediterranean power with interests reaching west to Spain and east to Asia and Aegean. In consolidating their empire, the Romans engaged in extensive building of cities. Rome resulted from centuries of irregular growth with particular temple and public districts that were highly planned. The Roman military and colonial towns were laid out in a variation of the grid. The layout of London, Paris and many other European cities resulted from these origins. Cities and towns need a healthy and adequate water supply, so the Romans located along rivers and streams and/or locations with access to springs, which were always favored. When cities were small, obtaining clean water and disposing of wastes was not a major problem, however, as cities grew the large populations and higher densities required public infrastructure.
Kyphosis and Kyphoscoliosis Associated with Congenital Malformations of the Thoracic Vertebral Bodies in Dogs

Congenital malformations of the thoracic vertebral bodies are commonly encountered in veterinary practice. These anomalies are prevalent in juvenile and adult small-breed dogs. These anomalous vertebrae typically result in various degrees of kyphosis and scoliosis in the region of the abnormality. They are thought to occur following developmental errors during embryonic or fetal vertebral segmentation and ossification; most are incidental. This article focuses on those anomalies of the thoracic vertebral bodies that lead to clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction. Based on a limited number of reported cases, the prognosis for surgically managed dogs with thoracic vertebral body abnormalities is favorable.
Oceanic General Circulation Models

The purpose of this text is to provide an introduction to aspects of oceanic general circulation models (OGCMs), an important component of Climate System or Earth System Model (ESM).
From Anticipations to Present Bias: A Theory of Forward-Looking Preferences

How do future well-being and preferences affect the current well-being and preferences of forward-looking agents? Our theory explores this question, producing a new class of tractable models which capture and explain phenomena such as present bias, consumption interdependence, sign effects in discounting, and the desire to space out consumption. Agents manifest impatience toward the current period, but not necessarily toward the earlier of two future periods. The theory characterizes the well-known quasi-hyperbolic discounting model as the unique model of our class which does not display consumption interdependence. Finally, it provides a rigorous approach for analyzing the welfare of agents with time-inconsistent preferences.
Cell performance distribution in a low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack during propene contamination

A 36-cell proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack was contaminated with 50 ppm propene in air. Propene contamination amplified the uneven cell performance distribution along the stack length. End cells showed a larger performance change due to contamination than contiguous cells owing to a lower temperature and a larger effect of contamination at lower temperatures. The performance change of the inner cells linearly varied from cell 2 to cell 35 and was attributed to several causes including the uneven sub-saturated air flow distribution and the propene oxidation reaction involving a water molecule. The inner cells performance distribution was also credited to the uneven coolant flow distribution and a large effect of temperature on contamination. Higher cathode potentials acted as a cleaning method that minimized the contamination effect by promoting propene oxidation and led to weakly adsorbing CO2. As a consequence, higher cathode potentials also resulted in smoothing the uneven inner cells performance distribution.
Stimulating effect of nucleoprotein fraction of chick embryo extract on homologous heart fibroblasts.

Summary1. A quantity isolation method is described for a chick embryo nucleoprotein fraction based on von Euler and Heller's(10) procedure for liver nucleoproteins. 2. When this fraction was tested in an assay medium of un-dialyzd chicken plasma and dilute un-dialyzed horse serum large outgrowths of chick heart fibroblasts were obtained with well-defined alterations in cell morphology and mode of outgrowth. 3. The nucleoprotein fraction described contains protein, 10.3% PNA, 0.3% DNA and has a characteristic nucleoprotein absorption spectrum. 4. High polymer pentose nucleic acid isolated according to Nishioka and Ibuka(9) produced no changes in size or appearance of assay cultures.
Surface Characterization of Silicon Carbide Following Shallow Implantation of Palladium Ions

Silicon carbide is a promising wide-bandgap semiconductor intended for use in fabrication of high temperature, high power, and fast switching microelectronics components running without cooling. For hydrogen sensing applications, silicon carbide is generally used in conjunction with either palladium or platinum, both of them being good catalysts for hydrogen. Here we are reporting on the temperature-dependent surface morphology and depth profile modifications of Au, Ti, and W electrical contacts deposited on silicon carbide substrates implanted with 20 keV Pd ions.
Current Status of Project Management Instruction in American Colleges And Universities

This article focuses on a study of the essence and range to which the concepts, principles and techniques of project management are currently being taught in U.S. colleges and universities. Some co...
Evidence for altered expression of the GTP-dependent regulatory proteins, GS and Gi, in adipocytes from aged rats

The alpha-subunits of Gi and Gs were quantified in adipocyte membranes from young (2-month) and older (18-month) rats by pertussis-toxin and cholera-toxin labelling respectively. Aging was associated with a 3-fold increase in Gi alpha-subunit, but only a 2-fold increase in one of the two Gs alpha-subunit species labelled. The findings may explain the altered sensitivity of adipocytes from aged rats to lipolytic and anti-lipolytic stimuli.
Rescreening and confirmation of anti-HIV antibody positive serum in primary screening in Qingdao

Objective To rescreen and confirm anti-HIV antibody positive serum in primary screening in Qingdao from 2009 to 2011 and to analyze the related data,so as to provide basis for prevention and control of AIDS in Qingdao.Methods Samples positive for anti-HIV antibody in primary screening test were re-screened with both Electroselenium method and ELISA.Then the positive samples in either re-screening test were further confirmed with Western Blot(WB).Results In 1348 positive samples from primary screening test,positive were found in 745 cases in re-screening test.By WB confirmation,563 cases were positive,95 cases were suspected and 87 cases were negative.In contrast to WB,positive coincidence rates of ELISA and Electroselenium method were 81.5% and 84.3% respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 100% and 93.6 % respectively,and those of Electroselenium method were 100% and 94.5% respectively.Flouting population accounted for 58.4% and MSM accounted for 40.1% of total HIV infection.Conclusion Anti-HIV antibody rescreening tests could exclude most false positive samples in primary screening test.However,there is still some false positive rate in either rescreening test.Flouting population and MSM are the high risk population of HIV infection in Qingdao city and intervention should be strengthened among those people.
S2-Alar-Iliac Screws are Associated with Lower Rate of Symptomatic Screw Prominence than Iliac Screws: Radiographic Analysis of Minimal Distance from Screw Head to Skin

Background In sacropelvic fixation, the iliac screw technique offers biomechanically strong constructs, but its disadvantages include screw prominence, wound dehiscence, and postoperative pain secondary to the high profile nature. To overcome this drawback, S2-alar-iliac (S2AI) screws were developed as an alternative technique for sacropelvic fixation. This study aimed to compare the S2AI screw technique with the iliac screw technique in terms of postoperative symptomatic screw prominence. Methods A retrospective review of the records of sacropelvic fusion procedures performed at a single institution between October 2010 and January 2015 identified 32 patients with 72 iliac screws and 68 patients with 148 S2AI screws, and clinical and radiographic data were collected. If a patient had wound dehiscence and/or tenderness in the buttock immediately overlying a pelvic screw head postoperatively, it was defined as symptomatic screw prominence. The minimal distance from screw head to skin (MDSS) on postoperative computed tomography scans was measured for each patient to clarify the relationship between symptomatic screw prominence and MDSS. Results Mean follow-up period was 22.0 months. There was significantly more symptomatic pelvic screw prominence in the iliac screw group (11.1% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.002). MDSS ≤23 mm was the strongest predictor of symptomatic pelvic screw prominence, which yielded sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 94.1%, positive predictive value of 47.6%, and negative predictive value of 100%. Conclusions The use of the S2AI screw technique resulted in a reduced rate of symptomatic screw prominence. MDSS ≤23 mm was the strongest predictor of symptomatic screw prominence.
Occulted Discourse and Threatening Nonsense in ‘Entertaining Mr. Sloane’

In its root sense, the occult is that which is hidden, concealed or covered over in order to protect arcane truths from the eyes of the uninitiated. In other words, there is a sharp contrast between the manifest and the latent meanings. ‘Contrast’ may be too mild a word because the most likely form of relation between surface and implied meanings is one of contradiction. The stated meaning is bland, polite, innocuous, even vacuous, in order to conceal a violent, chaotic and painful truth. To formulate this double effect in a different way, we may say that the language is deliberately and systematically occulted in order to sustain a continuous irony between what is said and what is meant. In popular parlance, language as an expressive vehicle is rendered meaningless, banal and jejune so that the real tenor and purpose of that language may be safely protected. Harsh truths are insulated by the trite formulae of social discourse. The characters speak an amusing and titilating babble of stock phrases, trite moralising (often of a proverbial turn), and pre-packaged emotional cliches drawn from the stockpot of daytime television serials.
Trauma in Hispanic youth with psychiatric symptoms: Investigating gender and family effects.

Objective Hispanic youth in the general community experience traumatic events and display symptoms of psychological distress more frequently than do Caucasian youth. However, little is known about how traumatic experiences in this ethnic minority population relate to psychopathology in clinical samples and whether these outcomes vary by gender and are impacted by family functioning. We hypothesized that traumatic stress reactions, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and internalizing and externalizing symptoms, would vary by gender and by family functioning in a clinical sample of Hispanic youth. Method The current study utilized baseline data from a randomized clinical trial (RCT) involving 200 Hispanic adolescents (122 boys and 78 girls) referred to treatment for experiencing clinical symptoms of 1 or more behavioral disorders and conflictual family relations. The rate of traumatic events, differences in outcomes depending on trauma exposure, and the effects gender, family functioning, and trauma on psychopathology and PTSD symptoms were examined. Results Analyses revealed that 61% of Hispanic youth in this clinical sample experienced at least 1 traumatic event. Although only 12% of the sample reported PTSD scores in the clinical range, girls reported higher PTSD scores than did boys. Poor family cohesion was particularly detrimental to girls compared with boys and related to internalizing and PTSD symptoms. High family conflict predicted PTSD symptoms in boys but not in girls. Conclusions These findings have clinical implications for working with Hispanic populations, suggesting that culturally sensitive interventions should incorporate family-based interventions for individuals who experience trauma to strengthen family bonds and decrease family conflict. (PsycINFO Database Record
Aeroelastic Tailoring and Active Aeroelastic Wing Impact on a Lambda Wing Configuration

Two aeroelastic design approaches are applied to a supersonic lambda wing configuration with the goal of improving the wing’s aeroelastic performance. Aeroelastic tailoring and active aeroelastic wing technologies are investigated in a sequential manner to quantify their benefits. Industry-standard tools are used to perform these design studies. First, a finite element model of a lambda wing is developed. Second, eight structural variants of the finite element model are created to study variations in wing stiffness. Finally, two sizing optimization processes are applied. The first is an aeroelastic sizing approach standard to MSC NASTRAN, and the second is an active aeroelastic wing design process, which is presented in this paper. The latter process integrates control and structural sizing design variables together. Both of these processes are used to size all eight structural variants. The optimized variants are compared based on weight and control surface effectiveness. Additionally, the optimal variat...
Self-Jamming Mitigation via Coding for Millimeter-Wave Imaging With Direct Conversion Receivers

Undesired local oscillator (LO) leakage and dc offset impairments are commonly observed when direct conversion (or homodyne) receivers (RXs) are used for coherent millimeter-wave (mmW) active imaging, and are particularly severe when imaging short-range, slow-moving targets where the target’s baseband response is close to dc. This letter proposes a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) coding scheme, which modulates the illumination source to mitigate dc offset and self-jamming in the receiver I/Q demodulator. This modulation permits the separation of the desired point-scatterer returns that form the mmW image from the undesired components. In a proof of principle experiment using a $K$ -band (17.5–26.5-GHz) short-range mmW imaging setup, the suppression of dc offset and LO leakage using a BPSK-modulated source is demonstrated. It is shown that the dc offset has been reduced by over $400\times $ and the receiver sensitivity has improved by over 40 dB. The proposed direct conversion approach with coded illumination holds promise for reducing the cost and complexity of mmW imaging systems versus conventional superheterodyne mmW imaging systems.
Abstract 19469: Quadripolar Left Ventricular Leads are Less likely to Dislodge or Require Repositioning

Objective: Since quadripolar left ventricular (LV) leads allow pacing from multiple electrodes, they are less likely than other leads to be placed in unstable positions in order to optimize electrical pacing parameters. We therefore investigated the rate of lead revision and dislodgement in quadripolar (QUAD) vs. bipolar (BI) LV lead recipients. Methods: We retrospectively collected data for N=545 patients at our institution implanted with QUAD (n=173) vs. BI (n=372) LV leads from 2012-2014 and followed them to the endpoint of LV lead revision or lead dislodgement in the first 6 months after implantation. Time to event was analyzed by lead type using Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional-hazards models. Results: The cohort was aged 69.6 ± 11.5 years, 89.3% white, with mean BMI 29.8 ± 6.3 kg/m2. Patients were mostly NYHA Class III heart failure (55.7%), while 47.4% had diabetes, 78.9% had hypertension, and 50.8% had atrial fibrillation. Baseline characteristics were comparable in patients that received QUAD and BI leads. Patients receiving BI leads were more likely to require lead revisions during the index hospitalization (BI: 4.8% vs. QUAD: 1.1%, P=0.03). In the first 6 months of follow-up, patients getting QUAD leads had a significantly lower rate of LV lead dislodgement (7.0% vs. 1.7%, P Conclusions: Quadripolar LV leads are less likely to dislodge or require lead revision during the index hospitalization or follow-up. These results have important clinical implications
The Routinization of Violence in Latin America: Ethnographic Revelations

This essay reviews the following works: In Harm’s Way: the Dynamics of Urban Violence. By Javier Auyero and Maria Fernanda Berti. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. Pp. xi + 239. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 9780691164779. Violence at the Urban Margins. Edited by Javier Auyero, Philippe Bourgois, and Nancy Scheper-Hughes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. vii + 323. $24.95 paper. ISBN: 9780190221454. Bruno: Conversations with a Brazilian Drug Dealer. By Robert Gay. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015. Pp. ix + 219. $23.95 paper. ISBN: 9780822358497. The Spectacular Favela: Violence in Modern Brazil. By Erika Robb Larkins. Oakland: University of California Press, 2015. Pp. xi + 231. $29.95 paper. ISBN: 9780520282773. Cities, Business, and the Politics of Urban Violence in Latin America. By Eduardo Moncada. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 219. $65.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780804794176. Living with Insecurity in a Brazilian Favela: Urban Violence and Daily Life. By R. Ben Penglase. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 2014. Pp. ix + 197. $26.95 paper. ISBN: 9780813565439.
Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process to an Institutional Repository Collection

Building the collection of an institutional repository requires a complex understanding of both digital library infrastructure and staff resources, as well as the institution's faculty awareness and attitudes toward self-archiving. For collection development decisions, institutional repository (IR) managers weigh the influence of these factors when pursuing strategies to increase content and faculty participation. To evaluate strategies for collection development, the authors will apply the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to create a model through which collection development strategies can be evaluated based on the unique context of the institution.
Integration on Locally Compact Groups

This chapter is independent of the others, but is interesting for its own sake. It gives examples of integration in a different setting from euclidean space, for instance integration on a group of matrices. For an application of integration and some functional analysis to compact groups, see Exercise 11.
Ultrasonic welding of plastics and polymeric composites

Abstract Ultrasonic welding is one of the most popular methods for joining plastics and it is becoming an important method for welding polymeric composites. This chapter first describes the theory of ultrasonic welding including viscoelastic heating and the difference between near-field and far-field ultrasonic welding. The chapter then includes a process description of plunge and continuous ultrasonic welding. The chapter then discusses ultrasonic welding equipment including power supply and controller, stack, actuator, and fixture and a description of the different process control modes. Finally, the chapter discusses joint and part design and thermoplastic material weldability.
Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cognition Across the Lifespan

In this chapter, we review the literature relative to physical activity, exercise training, and cardiorespiratory fitness associations with cognitive function, and brain structure and function. We begin by examining these relationships in the context of older adults, which represents the greatest proportion of the literature in this area. We conclude that data from exercise training studies show a consistent protective effect of exercise and, in particular cardiorespiratory fitness, on executive function and brain health. Next, we review a more recent series of studies that have focused on extending fitness effects on brain and cognition to children. This work is suggestive of a positive association between fitness and brain structure and function, cognitive function, and scholastic achievement. We conclude by discussing emerging trends and future directions in the physical activity and cognition field and argue that the maintenance of an active lifestyle across the lifespan may be as important for brain health as it is for physical health.
Modified Prüfer Transformation

This chapter discusses modified “Prufer” transformation applicable to linear, homogeneous, second-order ordinary differential equations. This standard transformation changes an equation from “Liouville” normal form to two successive ordinary differential equations. The chapter considers an ordinary differential equation in Liouville normal form u + Q ( x ) u = 0, defined on a x b , with Q > 0. It defines the modified amplitude R ( x ) and the modified phase Φ( x ) by u ( x ) = [ R ( x )/ Q 1/4 ]sinΦ( x ), and u '( x ) = R ( x ) Q 1/4 cosΦ( x ). Using the equations u ( x ) = [ R ( x )/ Q 1/4 ]sinΦ( x ), and u '( x ) = R ( x ) Q 1/4 cosΦ( x ) in equation u“ + Q ( x ) u = 0, the modified “Prufer” system corresponding to u “ + Q ( x ) u = 0 are determined. The modified “Prufer” transformation is usually used to obtain asymptotic information about the solution to equation u “ + Q ( x ) u = 0.
Zero Equivalence Testing

This chapter begins the discussion of “modern” algorithms that take advantage of the sparsity of multivariate polynomials. These algorithms do not perform arithmetic operations with the polynomials directly, but rather compute with the values of the polynomials at selected points. They produce the value of the final answer at these points and then reconstruct the answer from the values. This approach eliminates intermediate expression swell and, when done properly, only requires time polynomial in the size of the answer. This is often called a black box model of computation since the polynomials are treated as opaque boxes—how the values of the polynomial are computed is available to us.
Technique for reconstruction of large clival defects through an endoscopic-assisted tunneled retropharyngeal approach.

Background Reconstruction of the clivus and posterior cranial base defects following endoscopic skull-base surgery can be particularly challenging. Commonly, defects in this region are repaired with pedicled mucoperichondrial flaps from the sinonasal cavity. Complex and large defects often require regional or free flaps, particularly when intranasal flaps have been exhausted. While there are no primary barriers to routing flaps into the clivus or nasopharynx in large open approaches, secondary surgical corridors are necessary during endoscopic cases for routing of free flaps. Routing of free-flap pedicles for endoscopic cranial base reconstruction has been described through secondary surgical corridors created through the maxillary sinus and infratemporal fossa. Here we describe the technique of a more direct pedicle route to the clivus through the retropharyngeal space. Methods A patient with frank cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and extensive osteoradionecrosis of the clivus and craniocervical junction presented for treatment. Due to the size and location of the defect and previous exhaustion of candidate mucoperichondrial flaps, free-flap reconstruction was performed. A radial forearm free flap was tunneled through the prevertebral space into the nasopharynx and clivus and inserted with endoscopic-assisted techniques. The flap pedicle coursed through the retropharyngeal space to the neck vessels where arterial and venous anastomosis was established. Results The CSF leak and clival defect were successfully repaired with this technique. Postoperative imaging demonstrated appropriate positioning of the flap as well as the location of the free-flap pedicle and anastomosis. Endoscopic evaluation at 6 months showed complete resurfacing of the previously exposed cranial base. In cadaveric dissection in 3 adult specimens, the pedicle length necessary to reach the inferior clivus and craniocervical junction from the closest recipient pedicle through a retropharyngeal route was an average of 6.5 cm vs an average of 16 cm through the transmaxillary approach. Conclusion The retropharyngeal space offers a direct route for tunneling free flaps for the repair of large clival defects during endoscopic skull-base surgery. Several advantages include a less circuitous pedicle route, mucosalization of the fascial flap, avoidance of midfacial degloving, and avoidance of potential disruption of the maxillary sinus.
Low-Temperature Restructuring of CeO2-Supported Ru Nanoparticles Determines Selectivity in CO2 Catalytic Reduction

CO2 reduction to higher value products is a promising way to produce fuels and key chemical building blocks while reducing CO2 emissions. The reaction at atmospheric pressure mainly yields CH4 via methanation and CO via the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction. Describing catalyst features that control the selectivity of these two pathways is important to determine the formation of specific products. At the same time, identification of morphological changes occurring to catalysts under reaction conditions can be crucial to tune their catalytic performance. In this contribution we investigate the dependency of selectivity for CO2 reduction on the size of Ru nanoparticles (NPs) and on support. We find that even at rather low temperatures (210 °C), oxidative pretreatment induces redispersion of Ru NPs supported on CeO2 and leads to a complete switch in the performance of this material from a well-known selective methanation catalyst to an active and selective RWGS catalyst. By utilizing in situ X-ray abso...
Psychological Armor: The Science News-Letter Warns Against Propaganda (1926–1965)

ABSTRACTThe Science Service, established in 1921 by newspaper magnate, Edward Willis “E.W.” Scripps, and zoologist, William E. Ritter, was founded to educate the public about science. The overarchi...
Optimal Choice of Decision-making Structures in Inter-firm Relationships: A Review and Integration

The question of the optimal governance mode choice in inter-firm relationships such as alliances and joint ventures has usually been framed in terms of an optimal structure of equity investments. A...
On Humanizing Victims and Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe

In his Anatomy of a Genocide, Omer Bartov explores the tension between fragile familial memory and local history, testing the limits of the historical craft. The book begins on a pessimistic person...
Statutes, Common Law Rights, and the Mistaken Classification of Patents as Public Rights

Patents are increasingly swept up into the operations of agencies in the modern administrative state. This has raised anew the fundamental question whether patents are private property rights or special privileges, because this determines how constitutional guarantees apply to patents in administrative proceedings. If patents are private rights, full constitutional protections apply to them, such as the guaranty of due process. If patents are special privileges — deemed “public rights” — then they may be redefined or eliminated by the discretionary processes of administrative tribunals, such as the Patent Trial & Appeal Board. Today, courts and commentators reduce this fundamental legal classification to whether a right is born of a statute (public right) or a court decision (private right). They thus conclude that patents are public rights because they are “creatures of statute” enacted by Congress as authorized by the Constitution. The classification of patents as public rights solely given their statutory provenance is profoundly mistaken. Modern courts and commentators have misconstrued one heuristic used by earlier courts as part of a broader inquiry in distinguishing between private rights and public rights. It was only a heuristic because all legal rights share mixed origins in both statutes and judicial decisions, including both property rights in land and in inventions. This Article surveys these well-known sources of property rights in both statutes and judicial decisions, revealing that conflating “common law” with private property rights is more legal myth than historical fact. As cases proliferate at the intersection of patent law, administrative law, and constitutional law, it is a fundamental error to classify patents as public rights in relegating these vested private property rights to the vagaries of administrative processes and decrees.
Blood Interactions, Pharmacokinetics and Depth-Dependent Ablation of Rat Mammary Tumors with Photoactivatable, Liposomal Doxorubicin

Photosensitizers can be integrated with drug delivery vehicles to develop chemophototherapy agents with antitumor synergy between chemo- and photocomponents. Long-circulating doxorubicin (Dox) in porphyrin-phospholipid (PoP) liposomes (LC-Dox-PoP) incorporates a phospholipid-like photosensitizer (2 mole %) in the bilayer of Dox-loaded stealth liposomes. Hematological effects of endotoxin-minimized LC-Dox-PoP were characterized via standardized assays. In vitro interaction with erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma coagulation cascade were generally unremarkable, whereas complement activation was found to be similar to that of commercial Doxil. Blood partitioning suggested that both the Dox and PoP components of LC-Dox-PoP were stably entrapped or incorporated in liposomes. This was further confirmed with pharmacokinetic studies in Fischer rats, which showed the PoP and Dox components of the liposomes both had nearly identical, long circulation half-lives (25-26 hours). In a large orthotopic mammary tumor model in Fischer rats, following intravenous dosing (2 mg/kg Dox), the depth of enhanced Dox delivery in response to 665 nm laser irradiation was over 1 cm. LC-Dox-PoP with laser treatment cured or potently suppressed tumor growth, with greater efficacy observed in tumors 0.8 to 1.2 cm, compared with larger ones. The skin at the treatment site healed within approximately 30 days. Taken together, these data provide insight into nanocharacterization and photo-ablation parameters for a chemophototherapy agent.