cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An augmented Lagrangian method for sliding contact of soft tissue.

Despite the importance of sliding contact in diarthrodial joints, only a limited number of studies have addressed this type of problem, with the result that mechanical behavior of articular cartilage in daily life remains poorly understood. In this paper, a finite element formulation is developed for the sliding contact of biphasic soft tissues. The Augmented Lagrangian method is used to enforce the continuity of contact traction and fluid pressure across the contact interface. The resulting method is implemented in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. The accuracy of the new implementation is verified using an example problem of sliding contact between a rigid, impermeable indenter and a cartilage layer for which analytical solutions have been obtained. The new implementation’s capability to handle a complex loading regime is verified by modeling plowing tests of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc.
The effect of CO2 at low temperature and pressure on solutions supersaturated with silica in the presence of limestone and dolomite

Abstract The effect of 1 atm of CO 2 over initially neutral solutions supersaturated with silica, at room temperature, as contrasted with 1 atm of air was determined over a period of 5 months, together with changes brought about by the introduction of calcite and dolomite to these solutions in the form of either chips or finely ground powder. In the absence of CO 2 all solutions quickly reached equilibrium and no silica precipitated. In the presence of CO 2 approximately two-thirds of the silica precipitated as silica gel within the first 2 months; the amount of silica precipitated was not affected by the presence of limestone or dolomite. Silica gel precipitated as a fine powder in the presence of finely ground calcite and dolomite, but as a cloudy gelatinous mass in the presence of coarse chips of dolomite and calcite, and in the absence of either calcite or dolomite. Preferential leaching of calcium from dolomite took place, both in the presence of air and in the presence of CO 2 , but was more pronounced in the presence of air. There was no evidence of physical replacement of either limestone or dolomite by precipitated silica.
Room temperature ferromagnetism in Mn-doped TiO2 nanopillar matrices

Abstract Diluted magnetic semiconductors have attracted considerable attention for potential applications in spintronics. Morphology and microstructure exert strong, but complicated, effects upon ferromagnetic behavior. To partially unravel such effects, the present work compares room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in Mn-doped anatase TiO2 films synthesized by two different atomic layer deposition protocols, leading to either nanopillars or more conventional columnar grains. RTFM is largely unaffected by this difference for undoped material, but nanopillaring greatly increases both the coercive field (100 Oe) and saturation magnetization (14–21 emu/cm3) for Mn doping up to 2.7 at%. Nanopillaring seems to enhance the congregation of defect-related bound magnetic polarons near grain boundaries, thereby increasing RTFM.
Adding value to carbon dioxide from ethanol fermentations

Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from ethanol production facilities is increasing as more ethanol is produced for alternative transportation fuels. CO(2) produced from ethanol fermentation processes is of high purity and is nearly a saturated gas. Such highly-concentrated source of CO(2) is a potential candidate for capture and utilization by the CO(2) industry. Quantity, quality and capture of CO(2) from ethanol fermentations are discussed in this review. The established and emerging value-added opportunities and markets for CO(2) from ethanol plants also are reviewed. The majority of CO(2) applications are dedicated to serving carbonated beverage and food processing and preservation markets. Beyond traditional merchant markets, the potential for exploring some fresh and profitable markets are discussed including carbon sources in chemical industries for the following: enhanced oil recovery; production of chemicals, fuels, and polymers; and production of algae-based biofuels through CO(2) fixation by microalgae.
Bendamustine: Safety and Efficacy in the Management of Indolent Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Bendamustine (Treanda, Ribomustin) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of patients with rituximab refractory indolent lymphoma and is expected to turn into a frontline therapy option for indolent lymphoma. This compound with amphoteric properties was designed in the former Germany Democratic Republic in 1960s and re-discovered in 1990s with multiple successive well-designed studies. Bendamustine possesses a unique mechanism of action with potential antimetabolite properties, and only partial cross-resistance with other alkylators. Used in combination with rituximab in vitro, bendamustine shows synergistic effects against various leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. In clinical studies, bendamustine plus rituximab is highly effective in patients with relapsed-refractory indolent lymphoma, inducing remissions in 90% or more and a median progression-free survival of 23-24 months. The optimal dosing and schedule of bendamustine administration is largely undecided and varies among studies. Results of ongoing trials and dose-finding studies will help to further help ascertain the optimal place of bendamustine in the management of indolent NHL.
Principal role in magnet schools: transformed or entrenched?

Although school choice programs are expected to alter the traditional roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders involved in the education of children, empirical evidence on differences between principals in schools of choice and traditional schools is scant. Relying primarily on the theoretical frameworks posited by Kerchner and Crow, this study compares self‐reported survey data from principals of magnet schools (i.e. schools of choice) to principals of nonmagnet schools (i.e. traditional neighborhood schools) to ascertain how the principal’s role may differ in choice environments. Despite the predictions of market theorists, collectively, the findings from this study suggest that magnet schools do little, if anything, to alter the role of the principal. Specifically, no significant differences were found in the extent to which the principals of these school types served as entrepreneurial leaders, middle managers, or instructional leaders. Potential explanations for the lack of differences in role are provided.
Charismatic Dead Megafauna

These essays explore why and how individual animals end up in museums and how they are interpreted.
SU-E-T-538: Evaluation of IMRT Dose Calculation Based on Pencil-Beam and AAA Algorithms.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of dose calculation for intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) based on Pencil Beam (PB) and Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) computation algorithms. Methods:IMRT plans of twelve patients with different treatment sites, including head/neck, lung and pelvis, were investigated. For each patient, dose calculation with PB and AAA algorithms using dose grid sizes of 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.125 mm, were compared with composite‐beam ion chamber and film measurements in patient specific QA. Discrepancies between the calculation and the measurement were evaluated by percentage error for ion chamberdose and γ〉l failure rate in gamma analysis (3%/3mm) for film dosimetry.Results: For 9 patients, ion chamberdose calculated with AAA‐algorithms is closer to ion chamber measurement than that calculated with PB algorithm with grid size of 2.5 mm, though all calculated ion chamberdoses are within 3% of the measurements. For head/neck patients and other patients with large treatment volumes, γ〉l failure rate is significantly reduced (within 5%) with AAA‐based treatment planning compared to generally more than 10% with PB‐based treatment planning (grid size=2.5 mm). For lung and brain cancer patients with medium and small treatment volumes, γ〉l failure rates are typically within 5% for both AAA and PB‐based treatment planning (grid size=2.5 mm). For both PB and AAA‐based treatment planning, improvements of dose calculation accuracy with finer dose grids were observed in film dosimetry of 11 patients and in ion chamber measurements for 3 patients. Conclusion: AAA‐based treatment planning provides more accurate dose calculation for head/neck patients and other patients with large treatment volumes. Compared with film dosimetry, a γ〉l failure rate within 5% can be achieved for AAA‐based treatment planning.
Close Emotional Relationships with Women versus Men: A Qualitative Study of 56 Heterosexual Men Living in an Inner-City Neighborhood

Heterosexual men's close relationships with women versus men were compared using open-ended interview methods. Participants were 56 ethnically diverse and heterosexually active men recruited from S...
Approximation algorithms for MAX-3-CUT and other problems via complex semidefinite programming

A number of recent papers on approximation algorithms have used the square roots of unity, -1 and 1 to represent binary decision variables for problems in combinatorial optimization, and have relaxed these to unit vectors in real space using semidefinite programming in order to obtain near optimal solutions to these problems. In this paper, we consider using the cube roots of unity, 1, ei2π/3, to represent ternary decision variables for problems in combinatorial optimization. Here the natural relaxation is that of unit vectors in complex space. We use an extension of semidefinite programming to complex space to solve the natural relaxation, and use a natural extension of the random hyperplane technique introduced by the authors in [8] to obtain near-optimal solutions to the problems. In particular, we consider the problem of maximizing the total weight of satisfied equations xu-xv≡c (mod 3) and inequations xu-xv≢c (mod 3) , where xu ∈ {0,1,2} u. This problem can be used to model the MAX-3-CUT problem and a directed variant we call MAX-3-DICUT. For the general problem, we obtain a .79373-approximation algorithm. If the instance contains only inequations (as it does for MAX-3-CUT), we obtain a performance guarantee of 7/12 + 3/(4π2) arccos2 (-1/4)≈.83601. This compares with proven performance guarantees of .800217 for MAX-3-CUT (by Frieze and Jerrum [7]) and 1/3 + 10 -8 for the general problem (by Andersson, Engebretson, and Hastad [2]). It matches the guarantee of .836008 for MAX-3-CUT found independently by de Klerk, Pasechnik, and Warners [4]. We show that all these algorithms are in fact identical in the case of MAX-3-CUT.
Multiphoton ionization detected by fourier-transform mass spectrometry

Abstract Ions produced by multiphoton ionization (MPI) of naphthalene, fluoranthene and triphenylene have been detected by Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (FT MS). Paret ions are produced very efficiently at 250 and 222 nm with pulse energies as low as 1 mJ. With FT MS a complete, high-resolution mass spectrum is obtained for each laser pulse.
The impact of federal incentives on the adoption of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States

Abstract Starting in 2004, the federal government in the United States offered several nationwide incentives to consumers to increase the adoption of hybrid electric vehicles. This study assesses the effectiveness of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 in this regard using econometric methods and data between 2000 and 2010. Our model accounts for network externalities by using lagged sales as an independent variable. This approach helps to capture the exponential initial growth associated with the diffusion of new technologies and avoids overestimating the effect of the policy incentives. Our results show that the Energy Policy Act of 2005 increased the sales of hybrids from 3% to 20% depending on the vehicle model considered. In addition, we find that this incentive is only effective when the amount provided is sufficiently large.
Anti-capture into the continuum in electron-atom ionization

Abstract Collisional ionization by electrons and positrons is a major unsolved problem in atomic collisions. Because the projectile can transfer significant momentum to the loosely bound atomic electrons and/or the target core, this cannot be treated as a semi-classical three-body collision between the projectile, the target core and a loosely bound electron, even at 100 times the ionization energy. To elucidate this problem, we are studying single and double binary effects in correlation experiments between outgoing projectile and ejected electrons as a function of projectile energy, and projectile and ejected electron exit angles. We have made, what we believe to be, the first observation of anti-capture to the continuum, the electron equivalent of the Thomas peak in ion-atom scattering. We also have observed a very sharp drop in the double differential cross section at 45°. This is probably due to the fact that two identical particles cannot have the same momentum and energy. In addition, our results show that the probability of scattering one electron to a particular angle or two is given only by the geometry in zero order. Thus, the double differential cross section is much larger than one might expect on the basis of a second Born calculation.
Fungal infection in acute leukemia

A retrospective study was made of the postmortem records of 65-consecutive patients who died with acute leukemia. The records of each patient were examined for evidence of fungal or other infections, days with fever, type of antibiotic and/or antileukemic therapy, and whether treatment included the glucocorticoids. Twenty-eight per cent of patients had severe fungal infections at autopsy. Only saprophytic fungi were found. The diagnosis was not made premortem in any of the cases. Aspergillus was the most frequent invader; pulmonary involvement was present in all cases. The majority of patients who developed fungal infections had been treated with steroids. Patients with fungal infections had prolonged febrile courses. The diagnosis of fungal infections must be pursued vigorously including biopsy of lung and other organs suspected of involvement. A trial of amphotericin B may be indicated in selected cases where prolonged fever or pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics is present.
Damping-induced interplay between vibrations and waves in a forced non-dispersive elastic continuum with asymmetrically placed local attachments

We study the dynamics of a linear, uniform, undamped string under harmonic base excitation, with an attachment consisting of either a springdashpot system or a vibration absorber. Mode complexity c...
Catabolism and tissue distribution of CD109 in rats

There have been a number of reports in the literature concerning the uptake and distribution of cadmium by different tissues following various routes of exposure. It was reported earlier that following a 4 hr sc cadmium exposure, lung damage can be induced in mice and rats. The catabolic fate of the cadmium in these early events appeared to be very important as the damage seen in the lung may be either cytotoxic or due to direct tissue deposition of cadmium in lung tissues. Further studies on rats for a 72 hr exposure period also indicated that significantly large amounts of cadmium remain deposited in the organs of gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, and kidney. The present study is concerned with the catabolic fate of cadmium at early time periods via a bolus or constant infusion and its simultaneous organ distribution in the same experimental animal.
Uptake of asialoglycophorin-liposomes by the perfused rat liver

Asialoglycophorin-containing liposomes and their contents (125I-labeled bovine serum albumin) were taken up by a perfused rat liver with subsequent digestion of their protein components. The uptake of these liposomes required Ca2+ as well as desialylation. The process was inhibited partially by asialofetuin and completely by further addition of asialoglycophorin to the perfusate.
Using a weight-of-evidence approach for management of watersheds

This research used a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate sources of contaminants in a drinking water watershed that serves as part of the City of Boston's water supply. The approach incorporated land use analysis using GIS, sanitary surveys, traditional water quality monitoring and microbial source tracking (MST) tools. Case-study tributaries were selected based on elevated faecal coliform counts. Land use analysis and sanitary surveys were used to identify suspected microbial sources, including residential septic systems, agricultural animal operations, commercial/industrial operations and wildlife activity. Sampling sites were selected to hydrologically isolate potential contamination sources. Samples were collected seasonally over 1 year and analysed for traditional and MST parameters. Results demonstrated that both septic systems and a horse stable were contributing microbial loads in the first tributary. In the second tributary, septic systems from the townhouses were contributing microbial loads while a plant nursery was contributing organic matter. This evidence was used to evaluate best management practices to mitigate the contamination.
Transition metal complexes of 2,6-disulphenamidopyridine and its schiff-base derivative with 2-pyridinaldehyde

Abstract What would appear to be the simplest of the sulphur-containing pyridine ligands, 2-mercaptopyridine, gives complex, poorly-characterized derivatives with transition metal ions [1, 2]. The conversion of this compound to 2-sulfenamidopyridine and the latter's coordination to divalent metal ions yields complexes in which, in every reported instance, bonding is through the two nitrogen atoms [3]. The Schiff base derivatives of 2-sulphenamidopyridine also give species which conform to the expected mode of complexation[3]. The complexes of 2,6-dimercaptopyridine have also been reported[4]. As with the monosubstituted derivatives, no clearly defined structure has been reported, although these complexes are thought to be highly polymeric species. In this communication, the synthesis and pattern of complexation of 2,6-disulphenamidopyridine and its Schiff-base derivative with 2-pyridinaldehyde are investigated. Particular emphasis is placed on the structures of the nickel(II) analogs.
Photon-attenuation cross sections for beryllium from 1.5 to 8.0 keV

The photon-attenuation cross sections for beryllium have been measured with use of a Si(Li) detector spectrometer in the energy range 1.5\char21{}8.0 keV. The K\ensuremath{\alpha} and L\ensuremath{\alpha} x-ray lines produced by the heavy-ion interaction with the thick targets of different materials have been used as the low-energy photon sources. High-purity (99.8%) beryllium foils are used. The experimental errors are less than 2.5%, except when stacked foils were used for the Cu K\ensuremath{\alpha} line, in which case the error was 2.9%. The results are compared with the available measured values in this energy region and also with widely used tabulated values of Storm and Israel, of Veigele, and with recent tabulations of Hubbell. Furthermore, the photoeffect cross sections are derived from the total attenuation cross sections by subtracting the scattering cross sections and are compared with Scofield's theoretical calculations.
Models of HIV infection utilizing transgenic and reconstituted immunodeficient mice

The development of animal models for testing anti-HIV therapeutics and preventions has been problematic. Non-human primate models most closely resemble the human disease. But these animals are expensive and scarce. Natural infections of other laboratory animals with lentiviruses are rare. The use of transgenic animals and the repopulation of immunodeficient mice with cells of human origin have allowed the development of models utilizing HIV. Although these models might allow for the testing of anti-HIV drugs in live animals, they rarely reflect the underlying pathogenesis of AIDS.
Anti-phase domain-free growth of GaAs on offcut (001) Ge wafers by molecular beam epitaxy with suppressed Ge outdiffusion

The nucleation and growth of GaAs films on offcut (001) Ge wafers by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is investigated, with the objective of establishing nucleation conditions which reproducibly yield GaAs films which are free of antiphase domains (APDs) and which have suppressed Ge outdiffusion into the GaAs layer. The nucleation process is monitored by in-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. Several nucleation variables are studied, including the state of the initial Ge surface (single-domain 2×1 or mixed-domain 2×1:1×2), the initial prelayer (As, Ga, or mixed), and the initial GaAs growth temperature (350 or 500°C). Conditions are identified which simultaneously produce APD-free GaAs layers several microns in thickness on Ge wafers with undetectable Ge outdiffusion and with surface roughness equivalent to that of GaAs/GaAs homoepitaxy. APD-free material is obtained using either As or Ga nucleation layers, with the GaAs domain dependent upon the initial exposure chemical species. Key growth steps for APD-free GaAs/Ge growth by solid source MBE include an epitaxial Ge buffer deposited in the MBE chamber to bury carbon contamination from the underlying Ge wafer, an anneal of the Ge buffer at 640°C to generate a predominantly double atomic-height stepped surface, and nucleation of GaAs growth by a ten monolayer migration enhanced epitaxy step initiated with either pure As or Ga. We identify this last step as being responsible for blocking Ge outdiffusion to below 1015 cm−3 within 0.5 microns of the GaAs/Ge interface.
Optimal lens epithelial cell proliferation is dependent on the connexin isoform providing gap junctional coupling

PURPOSE. Gap junctions between epithelial cells are essential for normal lens growth. In mice, knockout of Cx50 or targeted replacement of Cx50 with Cx46 (knockin) caused smaller lenses because of decreased epithelial cell proliferation. However, it remains unclear whether Cx50 functionally contributes to lens epithelial coupling during maximal proliferation on postnatal day 2 (P2) and P3. To determine which connexins functionally contribute to epithelial cell coupling and proliferation, junctional coupling from epithelial cells of wild-type and knockin mice was examined. METHODS. Epithelial cells were isolated from wild-type or knockin mice at different developmental ages. Junctional currents were measured by dual whole cell voltage clamp. Cell proliferation was assayed by BrdU incorporation. Connexins were immunolocalized using specific antibodies.
Comparative Cardiovascular Toxicity in Dogs Given Inotropic Agents by Continuous Intravenous Infusion

ABSTRAC~ A comparative study of the toxicity of the inotropic amines isoproterenol hydrochloride (IP), Z-norepinephrine bitartrate (NE), dopamine hydrochloride (DP), and dobutamine hydrochloride (DB) was conducted in beagle dogs (2lsexldose group). All drugs were administered at doses that produced maximal contractile tension in dog myocardium. Doses, continuously infused for 96 hr, were 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 pg/kg/min IP, 2.5 and 5 pg/kg/min NE, and 25, 50, and 100 pg/kg/min DP and DB. Three of 4 dogs that received 5 pg/ kg/min NE and one of 4 given 100 pg/kg/min DP died. Pronounced tachycardia (mean peak rate increases from baseline of 88-104 beatslmin) was observed at all doses of IP. DB produced a transient moderate tachycardia (mean peak rate increases from baseline of 25-27 beatslmin) at 25 and 50 pg/kg/min and pronounced tachycardia (mean peak rate increases from baseline of 74 beatslmin) at 100 pg/kg/min. Moderate bradycardia occurred at both doses of NE and at 25 and 50 pg/kg/min DP (mean peak rate decreases from baseline of 4246 and 22-38 beatslmin, respectively). At high doses the 4 inotropes produced focal to multifocal myocardial necrosis located mainly in left ventricle and segmental medial necrosis of the coronary arteries, mainly in small intramural muscular branches. Segmental medial hemorrhage was also seen following administration of high doses of NE and DP. An additional intramural coronary arterial lesion produced by all of the inotropes consisted of a mild periadventitial cellular infiltrate and fibroplasia. The results indicated that NE and DP produced the most severe cardiovascular lesions, followed by IP which produced lesions of more moderate severity. DB produced only slight lesions in comparison to the other 3 inotropic amines.
Comparison of statistical and neural-fuzzy approaches to process control applications

During the past few years, we have been witnessing the increasing use of artificial neural network and fuzzy logic approaches to semiconductor equipment and manufacturing process control. However, there is a lack of objective evaluation of these new techniques to the existing statistically based, or PID control techniques. In this paper, we would like to review, survey, and perform comparisons of the effectiveness of these proposed techniques. We first will address the attractive features of each technique, their design procedures, applicability to various different control problems, and their limitations. Then, we will propose a general guideline for practioners and design engineers to select an appropriate design technique. We will also address the major theoretical challenges in this field.
Implications of the Demographic History of Developed Countries for Present-Day Underdeveloped Nations

In a recent issue, John T. Krause has raised the specter that improved nutrition and health in the underdeveloped countries "will increase birth rates fantastically."' Coupled with the present and prospective declines in mortality in these countries this would pose a formidable prospect indeed for solution of "the population problem," and the argument therefore calls for careful evaluation. The available historical evidence provides one basis for such appraisal, and the purpose of the present note is to point to one case in which the evidence conflicts with Krause's hypothesis. Krause's argument itself rests on the use of historical data. His analysis
Clinical Guidelines for Managing Topotecan-Related Hematologic Toxicity

Purpose: Topotecan, a semisynthetic water-soluble camptothecin analog, was recently approved as a second-line treatment for women with ovarian cancer. In clinical trials, hematologic toxicity has been the predominant toxicity associated with its use. The purpose of this article is to provide guidelines on the clinical management of these toxicities. Methods: The guidelines on the management of hematologic toxicities associated with topotecan therapy for advanced ovarian cancer patients were established through a review and analysis of phase I, II, and III clinical trials. Results: In phase I studies, noncumulative neutropenia was the predominant toxicity associated with topotecan therapy. In subsequently conducted phase II trials, thrombocytopenia related to prior carboplatin and alkylating agent therapies has become a prominent toxicity, and neutropenia has been more severe than anticipated from phase I studies. The risk for both toxicities relates to the extent of prior myelosuppressive chemotherapy and to renal impairment. These toxicities can be managed through the identification of high-risk patients and implementation of appropriate prophylactic measures. Such measures include dose reductions or the use of hematopoietic growth factors. For patients with persistently low blood cell parameters, transfusion therapy remains a viable option. Conclusion: Hematologic toxicities associated with topotecan therapy are noncumulative. Consequently, once a dosing regimen is established, toxicity patterns are predictable. Pretreatment assessment of the nature and toxicities of prior therapy and renal function should assist the clinician in preventing complications caused by the myelosuppressive effects of topotecan therapy. The Oncologist 1998;3:4-10
AN INHIBITORY INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN (IN-IGFBP) FROM HUMAN PROSTATIC CELL CONDITIONED MEDIUM REVEALS N-TERMINAL SEQUENCE IDENTITY WITH BONE DERIVED IN-IGFBP

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), are produced by several cell types, are present in biological fluids, and may function in modulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) biological activities. Recently the presence of multiple IGFBPs was reported in seminal fluid, suggesting that IGFBPs are produced by prostatic epithelium. We have found that human prostatic tumor cells of the PC3 cell line produce an IGFBP. PC3-IGFBP was purified to homogeneity using sequential IGF I affinity and HPLC C4 reverse phase chromatographies. Chemical cross-linking of PC3-IGFBP to 125I-IGF I revealed a molecular weight of 25 kDa. Its N-terminal sequence and amino-acid composition were highly homologous to that of a recently described 25 kDa inhibitory IGFBP (In-IGFBP), produced by osteoblasts in vitro. PC3-IGFBP inhibited basal and IGF II-stimulated bone cell DNA synthesis. We conclude that the PC3-IGFBP is very similar, if not identical to the osteoblast-derived In-IGFBP. Expression of PC3-IGFBP by metastatic...
Optimal Abolition of FCC Spectrum Allocation

Ronald Coase based his 1959 call for spectrum markets on theoretical conjecture. Today abundant evidence supports his case. Targeted liberalization in cellular markets, as contrasted with regulatory planning of the digital TV transition and other traditional policies, suggest enormous efficiency gains are available from wider use of "the price system." With exclusive frequency rights assigned to owners, markets widely reconfigure spectrum use, coordinating complex spectrum sharing. Resulting social gains include increased consumer surplus from enhanced technological innovation and wireless service competition. A social bonus arrives in the benefits associated with wider scope for free speech. Yet, the administrative allocation system continues to distribute rents and garner political support. Liberal reforms, in contrast, produce large but broadly dispersed efficiency gains and are undersupplied. This paper proposes an incremental extension of property rights in spectrum to move beyond the current rent-seeking equilibrium, eliminating the Federal Communications Commission's centralized spectrum allocation process and, with it, an "attractive nuisance" generating anticonsumer outcomes.
Development of an Aortic Valve Mass After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

A 49-year-old woman underwenl a successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of a left-sided accessory pathway using a retrograde approach across the aortic valve. Routine echocardiogruphy performed 20 hours after the procedure revealed a new aortic valve mass. Five blood cultures were negative. An echocardiogram after 2 days of heparin therapy showed complete resolution of the mass. There was no clinical evidence of embolization. Echocardiography may need to be performed routinely after catheter ablations performed retrograde across the aortic valve so that this potentially devastating complication can be diagnosed and treated early in its course.
The Image Orthicon

The image orthicon (IO) was developed during World War II to solve some of the problems of its predecessors in the camera-tube family. These included poor sensitivity, spurious signals, and unstable operation. The solution was good enough that it made commercial television practicable, and in fact good enough that the IO was the best camera tube available for over twenty years. Figure 1 shows a schematic cross section of an image orthicon. The tube has an image section, a storage target, a low-velocity reading beam, and an electron multiplier to amplify and return the beam signal.
Measuring the Adhesion of Diamond Thin Films to Substrates Using the Blister Test

It is shown that the blister testing technique can be used to measure the adhesion of thin films to their substrates. A brief discussion of blister test mechanics is presented here, leading to a simple equation relating adhesion to the height of the blister and the pressure causing it to grow. Blister test data for plasma-enhanced CVD diamond films on Si substrates have been analyzed using this relation. The tests show adhesion energies of 1.8– 2.6 J/m2.
Are Standard Names Lists Taxonomic Straightjackets

Standard names lists of the North American herpetofauna have been published since 1882, with the newest list published in 2008. The most recent list was criticized by Pauly et al. in this issue's Points of View forum. Specifically, Pauly et al. question the function and review process of such a list, the stability of scientific names, and the authority of the list, with an unfavorable conclusion for those involved in authoring the list. I provide counter arguments to the controversial points raised by Pauly et al. and pose the question: which is a greater impediment to taxonomic freedom of scientific names, imposed taxonomic stability or the nonexistent authority attributed to the list?
The association between clubfoot and developmental dysplasia of the hip

The association between idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) and developmental dysplasia of the hip is uncertain. We present an observational cohort study spanning 6.5 years of selective ultrasound screening of hips in clubfoot. From 119 babies with CTEV there were nine cases of hip dysplasia, in seven individuals. This suggests that 1 in 17 babies with CTEV will have underlying hip dysplasia.This study supports selective ultrasound screening of hips in infants with CTEV.
Theoretical analysis and compensation for the joint effects of HPA nonlinearity and RF crosstalk in VBLAST MIMO-OFDM systems over Rayleigh fading channel

In this paper, we investigate the joint effects of nonlinear distortions due to high-power amplifier (HPA) and radio-frequency (RF) crosstalk on the performance of a multiple-input multiple-output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system. The performance of the vertical bell laboratories layered space-time (VBLAST) MIMO-OFDM system, in terms of bit error rate (BER) and system capacity, is derived and evaluated for a Rayleigh flat fading channel. In the performance analysis, M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) is considered and the joint effects of nonlinear HPA distortions and RF crosstalk are studied. Theoretical results and comparisons are provided for several system parameters, such as the input back-off (IBO) and crosstalk intensity. It is shown that the results obtained from the theoretical study are very close to the ones obtained from the simulation. Indeed, we introduce a nonlinear distortion cancellation (NDC) technique to estimate and mitigate nonlinear distortions and crosstalk effects jointly.
Differential expression and interaction of transcription co-activator MBF1 with TATA-binding protein (TBP) in the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum

All gene-specific transcriptional activators initiate gene transcriptions by binding to promoter sequences and recruiting general transcription factors including TATA-binding protein (TBP) to upstream of targeted genes. Some of them require multiprotein bridging factors (MBFs); for example, the type 1 MBF (MBF1) which interconnects the gene activator with TBP. In this study, the properties of a previously cloned type 1 multiprotein bridging factor (CpMBF1) and a newly identified TBP (CpTBP1) from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum were investigated. Genes encoding both proteins were differentially expressed as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCRs during the parasite life cycle, but in different patterns. The highest level of expression of CpMBF1 was in the well-developed intracellular parasites, whereas that of CpTBP1 was found in intact oocysts and late intracellular stages, possibly correlated with the formation of oocysts. Both CpMBF1 and CpTBP1 were expressed as maltose-binding protein fusion proteins. The function of CpTBP1 was confirmed by its ability to bind a biotinylated DNA oligonucleotide containing TATA consensus sequence. The interaction between CpMBF1 and CpTBP1 was also observed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Since little is known about the regulation and control of gene activity in C. parvum, this study may point to a new direction for the study of gene activation associated with the development of the complex life cycle of this parasite.
Editing of Trypanosoma brucei maxicircle CR5 mRNA generates variable carboxy terminal predicted protein sequences

Abstract RNA editing post-transcriptionally modifies several mRNAs from the maxicircle of kinetoplastid parasites by addition and removal of uridine residues. We report here that maxicircle CR5 transcripts of Trypanosoma brucei are edited in two domains separated by an eight nucleotide sequence that remains unedited. The large 5' domain is edited to a consensus sequence while the smaller 3' domain is edited to multiple final sequences. In all, 205-217 Us are inserted and 13-16 encoded uridines are deleted from the CR5 mRNA, producing a mature transcript 75-80% larger than the unedited transcript. The edited RNAs predict small, highly hydrophobic proteins. The carboxy terminal 15-30% of these predicted proteins have multiple different amino acid sequences as a result of the variable edited 3' mRNA sequence, but these fall into two families of sequence. Limited amino acid sequence and hydrophobicity profile similarities suggest that the protein encoded by edited CR5 mRNA may be a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase.
Column Performance Testing of SuperLig® 639 Resin with Simulated Hanford Waste Supernates: Identification of the Primary Sorbing Species and Detailed Characterization of Their Desorption Profiles

Abstract Several benchscale column tests (resin bed volume ≤75 mL) have been conducted with SuperLig® 639 resin and simulated U.S. Department of Energy tank waste supernates. Rhenium (surrogate for technetium in actual waste samples) breakthrough profiles were determined for three simulant compositions, which are representative of the basic waste categories requiring treatment in the Hanford River Protection Project Waste Treatment Plant. Considerable loading performance variability was observed between the three waste types, although the resin is effective at rhenium removal from each solution. Careful and frequent analysis during elution studies conducted at the conclusion of the column loading tests confirmed that sodium nitrate and sodium perrhenate ion pairs are primary sorbing species on SuperLig® 639 resin. Furthermore, it was discovered that potassium nitrate and potassium perrhenate salts are significant competitors for sorption sites on the resin. Successive desorption profiles were identified f...
Mechanism of Nasal Absorption of Drugs II: Absorption of l-Tyrosine and the Effect of Structural Modification on its Absorption

Abstract The nasal absorption of l -tyrosine and the effect of structural modification on that absorption have been studied using an insitu experimental technique. The extent of nasal absorption of the amino acid was found to be the same at pH values of 4.0 and 7.4 but dependent on concentration in the range of 2.8 × 10 −4 -2.2 × 10 −3 M. O -Acyl- l -tyrosine esters, although possessing higher octanol-water (pH 7.4) partition coefficients, have the same rate of nasal absorption as the parent amino acid. N -Acetyl- l -tyrosine, on the other hand, was found to have both partition coefficient and nasal absorption rate similar to those of l -tyrosine. Esterification of the carboxyl moiety of l -tyrosine results in derivatives that hydrolyze in the in-situ perfusion medium generating the original amino acid. The rate of nasal absorption of these derivatives was, therefore, determined from an overall disappearance rate which accounted for the rate of hydrolysis to l -tyrosine. These carboxylic esters were absorbed 4 to 10 times faster than l -tyrosine. Although the carboxylic esters of l -tyrosine possess higher octanol-water partition coefficients than the parent amino acid, the differences in the rates of nasal absorption could not be attributed solely to partition coefficient. The enhancement in the rate of absorption observed for these esters was attributed instead to the absence of the negative charge on the carboxylate moiety. It is a result of this negative charge that the rales of nasal absorption of l -tyrosine, O -acyl- l -tyrosine esters and N -acetyl- l -tyrosine are similar, despite significant differences in their partition coefficients.
Screening by tRNA primer extension analysis of porcine kidney mRNA libraries defines a novel endogenous porcine retroviral long terminal repeat.

Background. We have taken advantage of the common requirement of all eukaryotic retroelements for a specific tRNA primer to initiate DNA synthesis and applied a previously described in vitro screening methodology to the analysis of in vivo porcine tissues for transcriptionally active retroviral sequences. Methods. A series of 18-base pair (bp) 3' tRNA oligomers complementary to established primer binding sites for a variety of vertebrate retroviruses, retrotransposons, and retroposons were applied to primer extension analysis of kidney poly(A) mRNA. Primer extension products are predicted to represent strong stop signals characteristic of the initial stages of retroviral transcription. Results. Several extension products were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed as probes for screening the porcine genome for potentially active retroviral sequences. We used this strategy to identify and clone a 655-bp 5' long terminal repeat of a porcine retrovirus with significant homology to the simian sarcoma virus. This transcriptionally active virus has an 82-bp U5 region, a conserved AATAAA polyadenylation sequence, a 39-bp repeat reminiscent of other retroviral enhancers, and a unique glycine primer binding site. Conclusion. Our results suggest that tRNA primer cloning can effectively identify novel retroviral elements.
Binding of antigen in the absence of histocompatibility proteins by arsonate-reactive T-cell clones

Abstract Inducer T-cell clones reactive to the p-azobenzenearsonate (arsonate) hapten possess binding sites for radioactive arsanylated proteins, which are not present on clones with other antigen specificities. Binding occurred in the absence of histocompatibility proteins. Binding was specific for the p-azobenzenearsonate hapten, since unconjugated proteins and proteins conjugated to the nonactivating o-azobenzenearsonate hapten neither bound to the clones nor competed binding of radioactive antigen. One of the clones was studied in more detail, using a panel of structural analogs of arsonate conjugated to the carrier protein ovalbumin. All conjugates that activated the clone in the presence of antigen-presenting cells also competed binding of radioactive antigen in the absence of antigen-presenting cells. Nonactivating conjugates did not compete binding. Based on evidence in this and the succeeding paper (Rao et al., accompanying paper), we suggest that these arsonate-binding sites may include the physiological antigen receptors of arsonate-reactive Tcell clones.
'Lost' Clerks of the White Court Era

While studies of early Supreme Court clerks have focused on the scholarly Justices (Horace Gray, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louis Brandeis, Benjamin Cardozo) who hired clerks from elite law schools and mentored them on to successful careers after one or two terms, most Justices in the White Court era employed private secretaries, who, although graduates of local D.C. law schools, performed mainly clerical work and often stayed with their Justice for many years before becoming government lawyers. Wide variations in tenure, promotion, and remuneration existed for the White Court era clerks while they served the Supreme Court.
Bayesian assurance and sample size determination in the process validation life-cycle

Validation of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes is a regulatory requirement and plays a key role in the assurance of drug quality, safety, and efficacy. The FDA guidance on process validation recommends a life-cycle approach which involves process design, qualification, and verification. The European Medicines Agency makes similar recommendations. The main purpose of process validation is to establish scientific evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering a quality product. A major challenge faced by manufacturers is the determination of the number of batches to be used for the qualification stage. In this article, we present a Bayesian assurance and sample size determination approach where prior process knowledge and data are used to determine the number of batches. An example is presented in which potency uniformity data is evaluated using a process capability metric. By using the posterior predictive distribution, we simulate qualification data and make a decision on the number of batches required for a desired level of assurance.
The perils of dynamic electricity pricing tariffs in the presence of retail market imperfections

In this paper, we show that the profit maximizing nature of electricity retailers, combined with boundedly rational customer behavior, might induce physical operational problems for the power grid under dynamic retail pricing. This is because, under certain conditions, retailers will be incentivized to design prices that shift load away from supply, further increasing the demand supply gap. We propose an alternative pricing method, referred to as differentiated pricing, which does not suffer from this issue. Our analysis is based on a simple demand model in order to gain useful insights on the repercussions of ignoring retail market imperfections.
Compositional CompCert

This paper reports on the development of Compositional CompCert, the first verified separate compiler for C. Specifying and proving separate compilation for C is made challenging by the coincidence of: compiler optimizations, such as register spilling, that introduce compiler-managed (private) memory regions into function stack frames, and C's stack-allocated addressable local variables, which may leak portions of stack frames to other modules when their addresses are passed as arguments to external function calls. The CompCert compiler, as built/proved by Leroy etal 2006--2014, has proofs of correctness for whole programs, but its simulation relations are too weak to specify or prove separately compiled modules. Our technical contributions that make Compositional CompCert possible include: language-independent linking, a new operational model of multilanguage linking that supports strong semantic contextual equivalences; and structured simulations, a refinement of Beringer etal logical simulation relations that enables expressive module-local invariants on the state communicated between compilation units at runtime. All the results in the paper have been formalized in Coq and are available for download together with the Compositional CompCert compiler.