cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Wine in Old Bottles: An Experimental Study of How Voters Respond When New Issues are Given a Religious Frame

This paper uses experiments to test voters’ reactions when liberal issue positions on the environment (global warming) and capital punishment are framed in religious language. We ran two experiments. In the first experiment, voters evaluated a single (hypothetical) candidate, and we manipulated whether that candidate used a religious or secular rationale for a liberal policy position. In the second experiment, voters chose between two (hypothetical) candidates — one Republican, one Democrat — and we manipulated both the candidates’ positions as well as whether they used a religious or secular frame for the issues. We find in the single-candidate experiments that low religiosity voters are repelled by God-talk on the environment by Republicans and Democrats, with no effect for high religiosity voters. Neither high nor low religiosity voters react to a religious frame for the death penalty. However, in a two-candidate experiment, God-talk on the environment by candidates of either party increases support among high religiosity voters. But Democratic candidates also suffer a decline of support among low religiosity voters under these circumstances. On the death penalty, God-talk by a Democrat leads to less support among low religiosity voters and no gain among high religiosity voters; there is no effect for Republican candidates.
Multiuser Water-Filling

We find the capacity region of a two-user Gaussian multiaccess channel with intersymbol interference (ISI) where the inputs pass through respective linear systems and are then superimposed before being corrupted by an additive Gaussian noise process. We give a novel geometrical method to obtain the optimal input power spectral densities and the capacity region. This method can be viewed as a nontrivial generalization of the single-user water-filling argument, We show that as in the traditional memoryless multiaccess channel, FDMA, with optimally selected frequency bands for each user, achieves the total capacity of the K-user Gaussian multiaccess channel with ISI. However, the capacity region of the two-user channel with memory is, in general, not a pentagon unless the channel transfer functions for both users are identical.
Optical Response of Atomic Gases to Ultrafast Pump-Probe Pulses

We present a computational study of the pump-probe response of a single atom to assess any microscopic anisotropy induced by strong, non-resonant optical fields. Using simulations of the Schrodinger equation for an atom exposed to a linearly polarized ultrafast pump pulse, we calculate the induced dipole moment along the probe polarization directions parallel and perpendicular to the pump polarization. Our simulations show birefringence ratios of approximately 0.7-0.9 on the timescale of tens of femtoseconds following the excitation pulse. In the regime studied, we conclude that excited bound states prepared by the pump are primarily responsible for the birefringence observed, but that the precise response reflects the probe pulse properties.
Attachments used for implant-supported facial prostheses: Asurvey of United States, Canadian, and Swedish centers

A survey was conducted of one Swedish, three Canadian, and 24 United Statescenters that provide implant-supported facial prosthetic treatment. All centers responded to the survey. A total of 357 patients began treatment. Of those, 338 completed treatment: 165 in Sweden, 131 in the United States, and 42 in Canada. The incidence of facial sites treated with implant-supported prostheses indicated that the auricular (72%) region was the most common site, followed by the orbital (20%), nasal (6%), and combination (2%). Clips were the predominant mechanism used to retain auricular prostheses. Orbital prostheses were fabricated with a wider variety and combination of attachments. Nasal and combination prostheses were too few to elicit any specific trends of attachment use. A variety of manufacturers' attachments were used for clip, magnet, and miscellaneous attachments to retain implant-supported facial prostheses. Results of this survey indicate a need for further investigation regarding the most efficacious attachment method to serve patients treated with implant-supported facial prostheses.
An application of Premack’s theory to behaviors associated with a FFI food schedule

Four female rats were trained to lever-press on a FR 100 food schedule, then switched to a FFI 45-sec. food schedule. Water was freely available in both schedules. Lever-pressing was more probable than drinking in the FR 100, but the inverse was obtained in the FFI. This indicated that although adventitious reinforcement occurred in the FFI, drinking and lever-pressing in the FFI could not be attributed to the same reinforcement contingency.
Raman microscopy of intercalated graphite fibers

Abstract We have assembled a Raman microprobe to perform Raman spectroscopy studies of intercalated graphite fibers. This instrument allows rapid acquisition of data at a spatial resolution of 2 μm. Staging homogeneity has been examined in FeCl3- and K-intercalated benzene-derived graphite fibers, and is found to be similar to that observed in HOPG-based compounds.
Respiratory distress syndrome of newborn infants

The respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a syndrome associated with a variety of anatomic changes, most of which cannot be diagnosed with certainty except by postmortem examination. New criteria have been developed in this clinic for the diagnosis of RDS. While the presence of any one of these criteria is sufficient for the diagnosis of RDS, the severity of the syndrome is determined by the presence or absence of generalized cyanosis. All infants with severe RDS have generalized cyanosis which persists beyond the first few minutes of life. When the criteria of this clinic are applied, the incidence of RDS ranges from 80 per cent in the weight group of 1,000 to 1,500 grams to 9 per cent in full-term infants born per vaginum.
US findings of adnexal torsion in children and adolescents: size really does matter

Adnexal torsion is rare, and symptoms are nonspecific. Clinicians often rely on US examinations to evaluate girls with abdominal or pelvic pain. To determine which sonographic findings can predict adnexal torsion by comparing pediatric and adolescent patients with surgically confirmed torsion (cases) to those without torsion (controls). Cases and controls were identified retrospectively by searching 7 years of medical record and radiology databases. An adnexal ratio was calculated as the volume of the affected adnexa divided by the volume of the unaffected adnexa. We identified 61 menarchal subjects: 33 cases and 28 controls. Adnexal volume was larger in cases than in controls (185 vs. 37.8 ml, P 75 ml was more common in cases than in controls (64 vs. 15%, P 15 was seen in 40% of cases and in no controls (P = 0.08). Doppler US results were not predictive of torsion. An adnexal volume of <20 ml is strong evidence against adnexal torsion in menarchal females. In this age group, the diagnosis of torsion cannot be established by US examination alone.
Evaluation of Rodent Depredations to Crops and Stored Products

Estimates of food losses to rodents vary widely. In most cases, such estimates are not statistically defensible. Adequate sampling techniques have only been developed for a few crops and a few situations. Often, estimates have been related to rodent numbers, which have not been validly determined. Environmental management is basic to rodent control, both in terms of growing crops and stored products. Many aspects of intermediate technology have important applications to this need. Needs relate to better understanding of rodent ecology, adequate assessment of damages, training of specialists in management of vertebrate pests, and use and development of appropriate technologies.
George Perkins Marsh: The Times and their Man

David Lowenthal is correct in suggesting that George Perkins Marsh was America's most influential mid-nineteenth-century conservationist. Lowenthal's biography, however, fails to address Marsh's intellectual and social 'times'. This article challenges the premise that Marsh was unique in laying out an ecological justification for conservation. It suggests that these principles were common currency in early American natural history. Drawing on theological and evolu tionary thinking, naturalists searched for patterns of purpose and interrelatedness in nature, and this quest laid the groundwork for ecological consciousness and conservation thinking, well before publication of Marsh's Man and Nature.
A "sea urchin" family of boranes and carboranes: the 6m + 2n electron rule.

A new family of related borane and carborane cages has been designed computationally. These compounds obey a new electron counting rule (6m + 2n rule) rather than Wade's rule. The structures of these cages can be conceived by combining m aromatic pyramidal and n aromatic triangular units. The interstitial electrons from the m pyramids (six electrons for each unit) and the n triangles (two electrons for each unit) constitute the total 6m + 2n skeletal electrons. The greater number of skeletal electron pairs in large closo-borane cages (e.g., B32H328- or C8B24H32) achieves stabilization through the optimal occupancy of all bonding orbitals. The favorable electronic structure, the large HOMO−LUMO gaps, the large lowest positive frequencies, and the local aromaticity of the pyramidal and triangular units (as demonstrated by the large negative NICS values) of the new large closo-cages auger well for their eventual experimental realization.
Event Rates and Aggregation in Hierarchical Discrete Event Systems

A discrete event system (DES) is a dynamical system whose evolution in time develops as the result of the occurrence of physical events at possibly irregular time intervals. Although many DES's operation is asynchronous, others have dynamics which depend on a clock or some other complex timing schedule. Here we provide a formal representation of the advancement of time for logical DES via interpretations of time. We show that the interpretations of time along with a timing structure provide a framework to study principles of the advancement of time for hierarchical DES (HDES). In particular, it is shown that for a wide class of HDES the event rate is higher for DES at the lower levels of the hierarchy than at the higher levels of the hierarchy. Relationships between event rate and event aggregation are shown. We define a measure for event aggregation and show that there exists an inverse relationship between the amount of event aggregation and the event rate at any two successive levels in a class of HDES. Next, we study how to design the timing structure to ensure that there will be a decrease in the event rate (by some constant factor) between any two levels of a wide class of HDES. It is shown that if the communications between the various DES in the HDES satisfy a certain admissibility condition then there will be a decrease in the event rate. These results for HDES constitute the main results of this paper, since they provide the first mathematical characterization of the relationship between event aggregation and event rates of the HDES and show how to design the interconnections in a HDES to achieve event rate reduction. Several examples are provided to illustrate the results.
On the Meaning of the Term “Jew” in Greco-Roman Inscriptions

The Greek terms Ἰουδαῖος/Ἰουδαία and their Latin equivalents Iudaeus/Iudaea have rarely posed serious translation problems for scholars. Whether in masculine or feminine form, singular or plural, regardless of declension, these terms have usually been taken as straightforward indicators of Jews, at least when applied to individual persons. Only recently A. T. Kraabel has suggested that these terms, uniformly translated “Jew” or “Jews,” might have other significance, in particular as indicators of geographic origin, that is, “Judaean(s).”
Conditioning Individual Mosquitoes to an Odor: Sex, Source, and Time

Olfactory conditioning of mosquitoes may have important implications for vector-pathogen-host dynamics. If mosquitoes learn about specific host attributes associated with pathogen infection, it may help to explain the heterogeneity of biting and disease patterns observed in the field. Sugar-feeding is a requirement for survival in both male and female mosquitoes. It provides a starting point for learning research in mosquitoes that avoids the confounding factors associated with the observer being a potential blood-host and has the capability to address certain areas of close-range mosquito learning behavior that have not previously been described. This study was designed to investigate the ability of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say to associate odor with a sugar-meal with emphasis on important experimental considerations of mosquito age (1.2 d old and 3–5 d old), sex (male and female), source (laboratory and wild), and the time between conditioning and testing (<5 min, 1 hr, 2.5 hr, 5 hr, 10 hr, and 24 hr). Mosquitoes were individually conditioned to an odor across these different experimental conditions. Details of the conditioning protocol are presented as well as the use of binary logistic regression to analyze the complex dataset generated from this experimental design. The results suggest that each of the experimental factors may be important in different ways. Both the source of the mosquitoes and sex of the mosquitoes had significant effects on conditioned responses. The largest effect on conditioning was observed in the lack of positive response following conditioning for females aged 3–5 d derived from a long established colony. Overall, this study provides a method for conditioning experiments involving individual mosquitoes at close range and provides for future discussion of the relevance and broader questions that can be asked of olfactory conditioning in mosquitoes.
Variation in metabolic rate between populations of a geographically widespread lizard.

Abstract In geographically widespread ectotherms, variation in life history phenotypes may be caused by differences in maintenance metabolism of individuals. I estimated daily and annual maintenance metabolism of eastern fence lizards, Sceloporus undulatus, from two populations with markedly different life histories; lizards in South Carolina grow faster, mature earlier, and have greater annual reproductive output than lizards in New Jersey. I measured diel cycles of resting metabolic rate (RMR) at four temperatures (20°, 30°, 33°, and 36°C) during spring, summer, and fall. In all seasons, RMR increased significantly from 20° to 33°C but did not differ significantly between 33° and 36°C. Adults from New Jersey had a higher RMR than adults from South Carolina in summer and fall but not in spring. Juveniles from South Carolina had a higher RMR than juveniles from New Jersey in summer but not in spring or fall. Annual maintenance metabolism of New Jersey lizards (53.7 kJ) was greater than that of South Carol...
BORON AND LIME EFFECTS ON YIELD AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF RICE GROWN IN GREENHOUSE ON ACID TYPIC GLOSSAQUALF

ABSTRACT No boron (B) deficiencies have been reported for rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the United States and, when occurring elsewhere, reports often lack details of deficiency symptoms and leaf-B critical values. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of B and lime on yield, pollen viability, and to determine diagnostic symptoms of B deficiency in rice. Rice cv. “Bengal” was grown in the greenhouse on a soil acquired from a rice farm from SW Louisiana in the United States, a Caddo silt loam (Caddo sl) (Typic Glossaqualf, fine-silty, siliceous, thermic), treated with 0.44 mg B kg−1 (+B) or no B (−B). Split plots were limed at rates of (i) none; (ii) 224 mg kg−1 CaO+40.3 mg kg−1 MgO; and (iii) 673 mg kg−1 CaO+121 mg kg−1 MgO. Rice was also grown in −B and +B potting media and in −B sand culture using nutrient solution identical to that used in other studies of ours. Rough-rice yields from the +B Caddo sl treatment was 11% higher than from the −B treatment (29.3 vs. 26.3 g pot−1; P=0.02). Th...
Decomposition of Utility Functions on Subsets of Product Sets

The standard decomposition theorem for additive and multiplicative utility functions Pollak [Pollak, R. O. 1967. Additive von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions. Econometrica35 485-494.], Keeney [Keeney, R. L. 1974. Multiplicative utility functions. Opns. Res.22 22-34.] assumes that the outcome set is a whole product set. In this paper this assumption is relaxed, and the question of whether or not a natural revision of this theorem necessarily holds is investigated. This paper proves that two additional conditions are needed for the decomposition theorem to hold in the context where the outcome set is a subset of a Cartesian product. It is argued that these two new conditions are satisfied by a large family of subsets corresponding to significant real-world problems. Further research avenues are suggested including a generalization of this new decomposition result to nonexpected utility theories.
Bimodality of cluster-size distribution and condensation in a finite Lennard-Jones system

The complete summation of Mayer's expression for the canonical-ensemble partition function for a finite number N of particles, in terms of reducible cluster integrals b k (1≤k≤N), is performed with a recursion formula. The b k required for this are themselves obtained by use of the same technique in the summation of Mayer's expression for them, in the volume-independent case, in terms of star (i.e., irreducible cluster) integrals sj (1≤j≤k-1). Below the critical temperature the results, obtained with use of all the star integrals that have been evaluated for the Lennard-Jones potential, display features indicative of vapor condensation at appropriate densities, i.e., bimodality in the size distribution of Mayer's mathematical clusters and remarkable constancy (for small N) in the pressure isotherms. Thus the lower-order star integrals alone suffice for the appearance of the phenomenon of vapor condensation in the theoretical results. Indeed the first star integral β 1 alone (corresponding to a "tree approximation" for the cluster integrals b k ) is found to suffice. This suggests that the cooperative essence of the first-order transition from vapor to liquid is to be attributed primarily to a cascade in chain branching.
Using ‘found’ data to augment a probability sample: Procedure and case study

While probability sampling has the advantage of permitting unbiased population estimates, many past and existing monitoring schemes do not employ probability sampling. We describe and demonstrate a general procedure for augmenting an existing probability sample with data from nonprobability-based surveys (‘found’ data). The procedure, first proposed by Overton (1990), uses sampling frame attributes to group the probability and found samples into similar subsets. Subsequently, this similarity is assumed to reflect the representativeness of the found sample for the matching subpopulation. Two methods of establishing similarity and producing estimates are described: pseudo-random and calibration. The pseudo-random method is used when the found sample can contribute additional information on variables already measured for the probability sample, thus increasing the effective sample size. The calibration method is used when the found sample contributes information that is unique to the found observations. For either approach, the found sample data yield observations that are treated as a probability sample, and population estimates are made according to a probability estimation protocol. To demonstrate these approaches, we applied them to found and probability samples of stream discharge data for the southeastern US.
Silicone oil induced aggregation of proteins

Prior to delivery to the patient, protein pharmaceuticals often come in contact with a variety of surfaces (e.g., syringes and stoppers), which are treated to facilitate processing or to inhibit protein binding. One such coating, silicone oil, has previously been implicated in the induction of protein aggregation. We have investigated the propensity of model proteins to aggregate when silicone oil is present in solution and find significant induction of aggregation in four proteins of various molecular weights and isoelectric points in the presence of 0.5% oil. The ability of silicone oil to induce conformational changes that might be responsible for this aggregation was also examined by a combination of circular dichroism (CD) and derivative UV spectroscopy. Neither method produces evidence of large conformational changes or alterations in thermal stability although in a limited number of cases some small changes suggest the possibility of minor structural alterations. The most probable explanation for silicone oil induced aggregation is that the oil has direct effects on intermolecular interactions responsible for protein association through interaction with protein surfaces or indirectly through effects on the solvent.
Computer based urban planning systems and the user interface

The urgency of our urban problems and crises has led to a search for new methodologies to better understand the situation and to explore new solutions. The advent of the modern computer, systems analysis, operations research, and other related phenomena have led to the possibilities of much more sophisticated analysis and decision-making. But these techniques have also raised a significant problem of user interface.
Signal processing with orthonormalized exponentials

Abstract Signal processing with sinusuidal waveforms as basis functions has dominated the electrical engineering discipline. Yet, a large class of signals arising from natural processes may be more efficiently represented by exponentials with complex or purely real exponents, rather than by exponentials with purely imaginary exponents which is the case in the Fourier representation. This paper presents a method for orthonormalizing a set of expontials and a survey of signal processing with orthonormalized exponential functions. It is tutorial in nature. A method for finding an optimal set of exponentials for efficient representation of an ensemble of signals is also given.
DEVELOPMENT AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF THE THYLAKOIDAL BODY IN TOBACCO CHLOROPLASTS

Developing plastids in young tobacco leaves contain thylakoidal bodies, inclusions bound by a single membrane continuous with stroma lamellae. Both the thylakoidal body and its attached lamellae contain an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation reaction with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB). DAB staining of the thylakoidal body and lamellae is not the result of photooxidation and is inhibited by potassium cyanide. The thylakoidal body disappears as plastids develop into chloroplasts and, further, the lamellar systems of the mature chloroplasts do not stain with DAB. In developing chloroplasts, it is suggested that the thylakoidal body forms by accumulation of protein which stains with DAB within primary lamellae derived from the inner plastid membrane. The ultrastructural and cytochemical evidence suggests that the thylakoidal body stores protein used later in lamellar formation.
Nonhomologous synapsis of the sex chromosomes in the heteromorphic bivalents of two x-7 translocations in male mice; r5 and r6.

Electron microscopy of pachytene nuclei of mice heterozygous for either of two reciprocal X-7 translocations (R5 or R6) revealed a high frequency of heteromorphic bivalents involving the translocated chromosomes. In both translocations the break was in the proximal third of the 7 and the distal third of the X, but the R5 breaks were closer to the 7 centromere and X telomere than the R6 breaks. In both translocations the 7 frequently synapsed nonhomologously with the X7. In R5 the part of the X to which the 7 synapsed may include a region that synapses with the Y in normal mice. However, in R6 the 7 synapsed with a portion of the X that never synapses with the Y (Synapsis was clearly in the "differentiated" region). In both translocations the Y synapsed maximally with the X portion of the 7X in those nuclei in which there was nonhomologous synapsis of the 7 with the X7. The Y occasionally synapsed nonhomologously with the 7 portion of the 7X. The behavior of the bivalents suggests that the autosomal portions of the 7X and X7 may alter the behavior of the sex-chromosome portions. Both the nonhomologous synapsis of the Y with the 7X and the timing of events during pachytene have led us to question the "homology" between the X and Y in this species.
Results of a community vision-screening program using the Spot photoscreener.

Purpose To describe the results of vision screenings performed with the Spot photoscreener in the community setting. Methods Low-income, predominantly Hispanic children in day care and preschool settings were screened by lay operators using the Spot photoscreener. Inclusion criteria were age 6-72 months and availability of a complete photoscreening record. Referral criteria were based on Vision Screening Committee of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus guidelines. Data were stratified by age group and analyzed for percentage of children referred for hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, anisometropia, anisocoria, and ocular misalignment. Vision screening records were compared with comprehensive eye examination records from an optometrist or ophthalmologist to determine positive predictive value. Results Vision screening examinations were performed on 8,317 subjects from September 2011 through May 2012. The mean age of the 7,814 subjects (3953 males) meeting inclusion criteria was 44.4 months. The Spot referred 2,393 (30.6%). Of the screened population, the suspected reason for referral was astigmatism in 1,863 (23.8%), ocular misalignment in 879 (11.3%), anisometropia in 90 (1.2%), myopia in 82 (1.1%), hyperopia in 63 (0.8%), and anisocoria in 16 (0.2%). Comprehensive examination reports, including a cycloplegic refraction, were available for 300 referred children (12.5%). The reason for referral was confirmed in 55.7%, with an overall positive predictive value of 65.7%. Conclusions The Spot photoscreener yielded a high overall referral rate. Although a high prevalence of astigmatism may be expected in this population, a high referral rate for suspected ocular misalignment led to a very high proportion of false positive referrals, suggesting that the software for this algorithm is in need of refinement.
Ligand-induced Inactivation of Type I Iodothyronine 5′ Deiodinase: Protection by Propylthiouracil in Vivo and Reversibility in Vitro

The inactivation of the phenolic ring deiodinases by natural substrates and iodinated contrast agents such as iopanoic acid (IOP) is a principal mechanism regulating the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. The present studies were designed to investigate the cellular and biochemical mechanisms mediating this effect on type I 5'-deiodinase (5'DI) in rat liver and kidney. We reasoned that if inactivation requires the direct interaction of ligand (e.g. IOP) with 5'DI, then this effect should be blocked by a prior injection of 6n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), which binds to an essential sulfhydryl group at the enzyme's active site and inhibits catalytic cycling. Experiments were performed using liver and kidney microsomes prepared from male rats injected 2.5 or 6 h earlier with various combinations of PTU, IOP, and/or vehicle. In initial studies, conditions were defined whereby active 5'DI could be regenerated in vitro from PTU-injected animals. This involved the treatment of microsomes with 50 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.0, before assay. After this reductive treatment, 5'DI activity in both liver and kidney microsomes from rats previously injected with PTU, or the combination of PTU followed 30 min later by IOP, was equivalent to that in vehicle-injected control animals, whereas activity was decreased 60% in microsomes from animals injected with only IOP. This demonstrates that PTU protects 5'DI against ligand-induced inactivation, suggesting that this process is initiated by substrate binding to the enzyme's active site. In other experiments, liver microsomes from IOP-injected animals were pretreated with 100 mM dithiothreitol, pH 9.0, then washed, and 5'DI activity was determined. Under these stringent reducing conditions, 5'DI activity was completely recovered in microsomes from rats injected with IOP 2.5 h earlier, but only partially recovered 6 h after the IOP injection. Thus, ligand-induced inactivation of 5'DI may involve initially a reversible oxidation of the enzyme, followed by its irreversible inactivation.
Partial molar heat capacities of selected electrolytes and benzene in methanol and dimethylsulfoxide at 25, 40, and 80°C

A high temperature-high pressure flow heat capacity calorimeter, designed to operate to 350°C and 20 Mpa, has been constructed and tested with aqueous sodium chloride solutions to 80°C. The calorimeter has been used to measure the specific heats for solutions of NaBr, NaClO4, φ4PBR, NaBφ4, and benzene in methanol (MeOH) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 40 and 80°C. A commercial calorimeter was used to measure the same systems at 25°C. Apparent molar heat capacities C>p,ϕ have been evaluated and extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain standard partial molar heat capacities\(\bar C_{p,2}^{\text{o}} \). For electrolytes\(\bar C_{p,2}^{\text{o}} \) are positive and insensitive to temperature to 80°C in DMSO, but in MeOH, C p, 2 0 for simple electrolytes are negative and become increasingly negative with temperature. The behavior in MeOH is attributed to strong electrostriction by ionic charge and solvation of anions by MeOH molecules which increases with temperature. This is similar to observed behavior of electrolytes in water above 100°C. For benzene\(\bar C_{p,2}^{\text{o}} \) is positive in MeOH and DMSO, and increases with temperature.
Severe gastrointestinal complications in the era of image-guided high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer.

Abstract Purpose The purposes of this analysis are to report a modern series of severe gastrointestinal toxic effects after definitive chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer at our institution and to review the existing literature on factors that contribute to toxic effects and preventive strategies and management. Methods Our institution’s cervical cancer cohort was evaluated for patients with late grade 3 to 4 gastrointestinal toxic effects who were retrospectively reviewed for clinical or dosimetric parameters that could have contributed to late toxic effects. A review of the published literature was performed to identify factors associated with late toxic effects, prophylactic agents, and corrective therapy. Findings Five of 85 patients were identified as having late grade 3 to 4 gastrointestinal toxic effects with a median follow-up of 13.3 months. Two of 5 patients developed late grade 3 toxic effects, and 3 of 5 developed late grade 4 toxic effects. Three of the 5 patients reviewed ultimately required permanent colostomies. Cumulative median dose (in equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions) of clinical target volume to the hottest 90% was 107.2 Gy, rectal dose to the hottest 2 cc (D2cc) was 81.7 Gy, sigmoid D2cc was 61.7 Gy, and bladder D2cc was 79.5 Gy. No patient had evidence of disease recurrence in the pelvis. One patient developed oligometastatic disease in the suprarenal gland and was successfully salvaged with adrenalectomy. Implications Despite its risk of toxic effects, intracavitary brachytherapy remains a critical component of the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer. Even with modern radiotherapy planning and delivery techniques, extra attention is warranted to continue to strive for optimal outcomes.
Rat Bioassay of Combinations of Diuretics

Abstract A bioassay procedure was used to determine whether or not combinations of acetazolamide sodium with selected diuretic agents would yield more effective responses than those induced by the individual components of a given combination. The diuretics chosen for combination with acetazolamide sodium were: caffeine, mercurophylline, potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium nitrate, sodium acetate, theobromine, and theophylline. The best combinations of relatively weak diuretics were obtained with the acetazolamide sodium + potassium bicarbonate and acetazolamide sodium + potassium acetate series. Both the acetazolamide sodium + caffeine and acetazolamide sodium + potassium nitrate combinations warrant more critical evaluation.
Activity-Dependent Changes in “Transplanted” Cerebellar Cultures

Organotypic cerebellar cultures were used to assess the effects of increasing or blocking neuronal activity on circuit reconstruction in an in vitro transplantation model. Granule cells and oligodendrocytes were destroyed and astrocytes were functionally compromised by exposing newborn mouse-derived cerebellar explants to cytosine arabinoside for the first 5 days in vitro. Such cultures were "transplanted" at 9 days in vitro with granule cells and glia and maintained in standard nutrient medium; in medium with the GABA antagonist, picrotoxin, to increase neuronal activity; or with tetrodotoxin and elevated levels of magnesium to block neuronal activity. Transplanted cultures exposed to picrotoxin were not significantly different from control transplanted cultures. Transplanted cultures deprived of neuronal activity had reduced inhibitory synaptogenesis, greater persistence of heterotypical axospinous synapses, and hyperactive cortical spontaneous discharges after recovery from the blockade. Transplantation-induced changes that were not affected included myelination, reduction of sprouted Purkinje recurrent axon collaterals, astrocytic ensheathment of Purkinje cells, reduction of excess Purkinje cell axosomatic synapses, and formation of excitatory parallel fiber-Purkinje cell dendritic spine synapses. The results were consistent with previous studies indicating the necessity of neuronal activity for the full development of inhibitory circuitry, and suggested that neuronal activity is also necessary for the reconstruction of inhibitory circuitry after transplantation.
The Measurement of Distortion Tendencies Induced by the Win-Lose Nature of In-Group Loyalty.

A great deal has been written about the pressing need to put people back into the decisionmaking process and to rely less on machines, models, and quantitative methods for management decisions. Considerable research has been devoted to the task of identifying the relative advantages and disadvantages of the more popular group decision-making techniques such as interacting groups, nominal groups, and Delphi groups. The purpose of this inquiry is the measurement of the distortion effects of group loyalty on the decision-making behavior of nominal groups.
A Quantitative Model of Energy Release and Heating by Time-dependent, Localized Reconnection in a Flare with Thermal Loop-top X-ray Source

We present a quantitative model of the magnetic energy stored and then released through magnetic reconnection for a flare on 26 February 2004. This flare, well observed by RHESSI and TRACE, shows evidence of non-thermal electrons for only a brief, early phase. Throughout the main period of energy release there is a super-hot (T≳30 MK) plasma emitting thermal bremsstrahlung atop the flare loops. Our model describes the heating and compression of such a source by localized, transient magnetic reconnection. It is a three-dimensional generalization of the Petschek model, whereby Alfven-speed retraction following reconnection drives supersonic inflows parallel to the field lines, which form shocks: heating, compressing, and confining a loop-top plasma plug. The confining inflows provide longer life than a freely expanding or conductively cooling plasma of similar size and temperature. Superposition of successive transient episodes of localized reconnection across a current sheet produces an apparently persistent, localized source of high-temperature emission. The temperature of the source decreases smoothly on a time scale consistent with observations, far longer than the cooling time of a single plug. Built from a disordered collection of small plugs, the source need not have the coherent jet-like structure predicted by steady-state reconnection models. This new model predicts temperatures and emission measure consistent with the observations of 26 February 2004. Furthermore, the total energy released by the flare is found to be roughly consistent with that predicted by the model. Only a small fraction of the energy released appears in the super-hot source at any one time, but roughly a quarter of the flare energy is thermalized by the reconnection shocks over the course of the flare. All energy is presumed to ultimately appear in the lower-temperature (T≲20 MK) post-flare loops. The number, size, and early appearance of these loops in TRACE’s 171 A band are consistent with the type of transient reconnection assumed in the model.
Survival and growth of Tanytarsus dissimilis (Chironomidae) exposed to copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead

Tanytarsus dissimilis (Johannsen) was exposed to four heavy metals. Static exposure began during embryogenesis and continued through hatching and larval development to the 2nd or 3rd instar. The LD50 concentrations for cadmium, copper, and zinc were 3.8, 16.3, and 36.8 microgram/l, respectively. The LC50 for lead was 258 microgram/l. Growth was not reduced at exposure concentrations less than the LC50. The LC50 concentrations obtained in this insect exposure are as much as 1,600 times lower than other insect exposures reported in the literature. This is probably due to a combination of exposure of this insect during important life cycle events and species-specificity.
Water economy and salt balance in a south american desert rodent, Eligmodontia typus

Abstract 1. 1. Water balance and utilization of sodium chloride solutions were examined for Eligmodon-tia typus of the Monte Desert of northwestern Argentina. 2. 2. Eligmodontia typus was generally unable to maintain body weight on a diet of air-dried seeds. 3. 3. Consumption of up to 2.0 M sodium chloride demonstrates that this species is particularly adapted to concentrate electrolytes and may be capable of using halophytic plants as water sources. 4. 4.Urine urea levels were highly correlated with total urine osmolarity ( r = 0.74). Urine sodium equivalents were correlated with the molarity of the drinking solution ( r = 0.84). 5. 5. E. typus is able to maintain body weight using cactus ( Trichocereus candicans ) as a water source. 6. 6. E. typus probably uses a multifaceted strategy of water procurement (cacti, halophytes, insects) to avoid desiccation.
On training optimization of the generalized ADLINE neural network for time varying system identification

On-line System identification of linear time-varying (LTV) systems whose system parameters change in time has been studied lately. One neural network based such on-line identification method was studied by the author with a generalized ADAptive LINear Element (ADALINE). Since the ADALINE is slow in convergence, which is not suitable for identification of LTV system, one technique was proposed to speed up training, that is, to introduce a momentum term to the weight adjustment during convergence period. Experimental study was then performed to search for an optimal combination of the momentum term and the learning rate η. The goal was to speed up convergence (or tracking) while keeping smooth tracking during any transient period. Simulation results show that several optimal combinations of the momentum factor and learning rate were found and the time varying parameters of LTV systems could be identified quite effectively; which, in turn, sows that the fined tuned GADLINE is quite suitable for online system identification and real time adaptive control applications due to its low computational demand.
A Social Learning Approach to Organizational Behavior

After first reviewing the existing theoretical frameworks for human behavior, we present a social learning theory approach that incorporates the interactive nature of all the variables of organizational behavior — the behavior itself, the environment, and the person (internal cognitions). We differentiate social learning theory from operant theory, highlighting the processes of modeling, cognitions, and self-control. We suggest self-management techniques as a way to apply the social learning framework in order to enhance managerial effectiveness.
Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in broilers with pulmonary hypertension syndrome (Ascites): effect of t-butyl hydroperoxide on hepatic mitochondrial function, glutathione, and related thiols

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess mitochondrial function and glutathione (a mitochondrial antioxidant) in response to oxidative stress in mitochondria in vitro obtained from broilers with and without pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS). Liver mitochondria from Control and PHS broilers were incubated with 0, 1, and 5-mM tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH). Indices of mitochondrial function [the respiratory control ratio (RCR) and the adenosine diphosphate to oxygen ratio (ADP:O)], and levels of mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, cysteine, cystine, glutamate and cysteinyl-glycine were determined following tBH treatment. Lower RCR and ADP:O values were observed in PHS mitochondria than in controls. Whereas control mitochondria remained coupled (RCR > 2.0), only 3 PHS preparations remained coupled after 60 min of incubation with 5 mM tBH, indicating a greater susceptibility to oxidative stress in PHS mitochondria. The lower RCR in PHS mitochondria was due to increased oxygen consumption during State IV respiration. Oxidative stress following tBH treatment (decreased GSH and increased GSSG) was observed, but there were no differences in GSH or GSSG between control and PHS mitochondria. The PHS mitochondria did exhibit elevated mitochondrial and extramitochondrial cystine than controls, however. The results indicate that PHS mitochondria do not lack antioxidant protection from GSH, but lower RCR and ADP:O ratios in PHS mitochondria indicate a dysfunction that may contribute to the pathophysiology of this metabolic disease in broilers.
Managing Aromatase Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Survivors: Not Just for Oncologists

The role of the general internist in the care of breast cancer survivors is increasing as the number of women living with breast cancer continues to rise. Most breast cancers occurring in women older than 50 years are estrogen receptor– and/or progesterone receptor–positive, and adjuvant endocrine therapy plays an important role in the treatment plan. Aromatase inhibitors are becoming the preferred endocrine therapy, and general internists caring for breast cancer survivors need to be familiar with their use and adverse effect profile. This article reviews the use of aromatase inhibitors, the frequency of common adverse effects, and strategies for their management.
An Investigation of the Impacts of Contact Parameters on Wear Coefficient

In this study, the wear depths under different loads, speeds, lubricant temperatures, and surface roughness amplitudes are experimentally determined using a twin-disk rolling contact setup. A point contact wear model combining a contact formulation and Archard's wear equation in an iterative manner is developed to simulate the wear process of the experiments. By matching the measured and predicted wear profiles, the wear coefficients under different operating and surface conditions are determined. It is found that the wear coefficient increases when either the load or the surface roughness amplitude increases and decreases as the lubricant pressure-viscosity coefficient increases. Within the operating ranges considered, it is observed that the lubricant pressure-viscosity coefficient is the most influential parameter on wear, the load has the least impact, and the surface roughness amplitude is in between. Lastly, a regression formula is given for the estimation of Archard's wear coefficient.
EVIDENCE FOR A GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN SEX-DETERMINING RESPONSE TO INCUBATION TEMPERATURE IN THE LEOPARD GECKO, EUBLEPHARIS MACULARIUS

Among vertebrates, sex is determined by environmental or genotypic sex determination, such that sex is determined by incubation environment or by the genetic contribution of parents, respectively. The selective advantage of one mechanism over the other is unclear and our understanding of the evolution of environmental sex determination (ESD) is obscured by the lack of description of the mechanism's genetic architecture. In this study, a reptile with environmental sex determination, the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius, was tested for a genotype × environment interaction (G×E) with respect to sex-determining response to incubation temperature. Five sires were each mated to five unique dams. The eggs from each sire/dam combination were randomly assigned to one of three incubation temperatures and resultant hatchling sex ratios were measured. Temperature and temperature × dam (sire) interaction significantly affected treatment group sex. We report a statistically significant effect of genotype by enviro...
Induction of altered patterns of cortical morphogenesis and inheritance in Paramecium aurelia.

The effect of phenethyl alcohol (PEA) on cortical morphogenesis in Paramecium aurelia in relation to the fission cycle was investigated by the method of sister cell analysis. PEA interferes with cortical morphogenesis by suppressing the formation of cortical units, presumably by the inhibition of kinetosome production. The action of PEA at different timed stages during the fission cycle shows that there are series of “transition points” beyond which PEA no longer has any effect on cell division, but still blocks cortical unit formation, while at a later time, both cell division and cortical morphogenesis are unaffected. Incompletely divided cells, “chains,” lacking oral membranelles are produced after prolonged PEA treatment. The specific inhibition of oral membranelle formation is shown by the effect of PEA on oral morphogenesis during fertilization and reorganization in the absence of cell division. The gullet condition following PEA-treatment during conjugation is restored to normal through successive cell generations, except for those cells lacking oral membranelles. The results indicate that chemical modification of the cortex can result in persistent changes in the pattern of cortical organization.
Seston dynamics and tripton sedimentation in the pelagic zone of a shallow eutrophic lake

The transport of organic matter from the water column to the sediment and the relationship between the dynamics of the settleable fraction and that of the total suspended particulate matter were studied in shallow eutrophic Lake Wingra, Wisconsin. Tripton sedimentation was closely related to the dynamics of seston with a lag of 2 to 4 weeks. Sedimentation rate of tripton ranged from 0 to 8 g m−2 day−1 (in May and August respectively). Relative t0 the standing crop 0f seston the maximum sedimentation rate was 8% seston per day (in September). The annual tripton sedimentation was estimated at 632 g dry weight or 215 g C per m2 which was equivalent t0 55% of the annual phytoplankton production and 42% of the phytoplankton and macrophytes annual production. It was estimated that 70% of the settling organic matter is decomposed annually, consequently only a small fraction 0f tripton is involved in the long term accumulation of bottom deposits. Factors influencing tripton sedimentation are discussed.
A 25 Gbps silicon microring modulator based on an interleaved junction

A silicon microring modulator utilizing an interleaved p-n junction phase shifter with a V(π)L of 0.76 V-cm and a minimum off-resonance insertion loss of less than 0.2 dB is demonstrated. The modulator operates at 25 Gbps at a drive voltage of 1.6 V and 2-3 dB excess optical insertion loss, conditions which correspond to a power consumption of 471 fJ/bit. Eye diagrams are characterized at up to 40 Gbps, and transmission is demonstrated across more than 10 km of single-mode fiber with minimal signal degradation.