cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low prenatal detection rate of valvar pulmonary stenosis: What are we missing?

OBJECTIVES Critical pulmonary stenosis (PS) and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) require urgent neonatal intervention. Since PS may be more insidious than PAIVS during gestation, we hypothesized that neonates with PS would have lower rates of prenatal detection than PAIVS. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of all neonates who underwent diagnostic or interventional cardiac catheterization between 2000 and 2014 for critical PS or PAIVS. The rates of prenatal diagnosis were calculated for PS and PAIVS. Prenatal and postnatal echocardiographic data were reviewed. RESULTS 178 patients met inclusion criteria: 91 with critical PS and 87 with PAIVS. The prenatal diagnosis rate for critical PS was lower than for PAIVS at 37% (34/91) vs 60% (52/87) (P = .003). At the time of diagnosis at a median gestational age of 25 weeks, the median TV z-score for patients with critical PS was larger than in PAIVS (-0.15 vs -3.0 P = .004). CONCLUSION Critical PS had a lower prenatal detection rate than PAIVS, likely due to a relatively normal 4-chamber view at the time of routine second trimester screening in patients with PS. Color flow Doppler of the outflow tracts may improve detection, since outflow tracts may appear normal by 2D imaging.
In vivo activity of human-simulated regimens of imipenem alone and in combination with relebactam against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the murine thigh infection model.

Background Imipenem/relebactam is a carbapenem/β-lactamase inhibitor combination with in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales, including KPC producers. Objectives To provide translational data to support the clinical utility of the imipenem/relebactam 500/250 mg q6h regimen using a human-simulated regimen (HSR) of imipenem/relebactam, compared with imipenem alone, against a phenotypically and genotypically diverse population of P. aeruginosa. Methods Twenty-nine P. aeruginosa isolates, including KPC (n = 6), PDC (n = 9), PAO (n = 4), GES (n = 5) and VIM (n = 1) producers, were used for the in vivo efficacy studies. Neutropenic mice were thigh-inoculated and randomized to receive HSRs of either imipenem 500 mg q6h, imipenem 1 g q8h, imipenem/relebactam 500/250 mg q6h or saline. Results Twenty-seven of the 29 isolates examined were imipenem resistant, with 24/29 isolates showing imipenem MICs of ≥32 mg/L. The addition of relebactam decreased the MICs up to 64-fold; imipenem/relebactam MICs ranged from 0.25 to >32 mg/L. Efficacies of the imipenem monotherapies and the imipenem/relebactam therapy were comparable for the two imipenem-susceptible organisms. Among the imipenem-resistant isolates, an increased mean growth was observed in the imipenem 500 mg q6h HSR and 1 g q8h HSR treatment groups of 1.31 ± 1.01 and 0.18 ± 1.67 log10 cfu/thigh, respectively. In contrast, a ≥2 log reduction in bacterial density was observed in 27/29 (93%) of the imipenem-resistant isolates subjected to imipenem/relebactam 500/250 mg q6h HSR. Conclusions The imipenem/relebactam 500/250 mg q6h HSR demonstrated superior in vivo activity compared with the conventionally employed imipenem regimens against MDR P. aeruginosa over a wide range of imipenem/relebactam MICs.
Coral community resilience to successive years of bleaching in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i

The Hawaiian Islands are at the northern edge of coral reef distributions, and corals found there are exposed to large seasonal temperature changes. Historically, coral bleaching in the Hawaiian Islands was extremely rare and had only occurred in 1996. However, in the summers of both 2014 and 2015, successive bleaching events occurred in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu. Seawater temperatures were above 28 °C for approximately 1 month in 2014 and 3 months in 2015 and peaked above 30 °C in both years. Patterns of bleaching did not vary among the three sites within Kāne‘ohe Bay. Severe bleaching and paling covered 77 and 55% of reefs in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Different species showed a range of susceptibility with 80–100% of Pocillopora spp. bleaching in both years, but less than 50% bleaching of Porites compressa and Montipora capitata in Kāne‘ohe Bay. Less than 1% of the encrusting coral Leptastrea purpurea colonies bleached in both years. Sixty individual colonies of P. compressa and M. capitata and 28 colonies of Pocillopora damicornis were tagged and monitored for rates of bleaching, recovery and mortality throughout the two-year period. Most of the colonies that bleached recovered their symbionts within 3–4 months, though P. compressa visually recovered more rapidly than M. capitata and P. damicornis. Cumulatively, 19% of P. damicornis, 10% of M. capitata and no P. compressa died by May 2016. Partial mortality within a colony did not occur in 2014, but impacted 13% of the colonies in 2015, with P. damicornis and M. capitata having higher rates of partial mortality than P. compressa. Relatively, low susceptibility in the dominant species and low rates of mortality combined with rapid rates of recovery show coral resilience to anomalously high temperatures in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu.
GATA4 regulates mesenchymal stem cells via direct transcriptional regulation of the WNT signalosome

GATA4 is a transcription factor that regulates osteoblast differentiation. However, GATA4 is expressed at a higher level in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) than in osteoblasts. Therefore, the role of GATA4 in limb bud mesenchyme differentiation was investigated in mice by knocking out Gata4 using Cre-recombinase controlled by the Prx1 promoter (herein called Gata4 Prx-cKO mice). μCT analysis of the Gata4 Prx-cKO mice showed a decrease in trabecular bone properties compared with wildtype (Gata4fl/fl) littermates. Gata4 Prx-cKO mice have fewer MSCs as measured by CFU-F assays, mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC2) (flow cytometry of Sca1+/CD45-/CD34-/CD44hi) and nestin immunofluorescence. Gata4 Prx-cKO bone marrow-derived MSCs have a significant reduction in WNT ligands, including WNT10B, and WNT signalosome components compared to control cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrates that GATA4 is recruited to enhancers near Wnt3a, Wnt10b, Fzd6 and Dkk1. GATA4 also directly represses YAP in wildtype cells, and the absence of Gata4 leads to increased YAP expression. Together, we show that the decrease in MSCs is due to loss of Gata4 and a WNT10B-dependent positive autoregulatory loop. This leads to a concurrent increase of YAP and less activated β-catenin. These results explain the decreased trabecular bone in Gata4 Prx-cKO mice. We suggest that WNT signalosome activity in MSCs requires Gata4 and Wnt10b expression for lineage specification.
The Wisest One in the Room: How You Can Benefit from Social Psychology's Most Powerful Insights

When people get together, there is often one stand-out individual who others turn to for answers. This person has the best advice on everything from raising children to running a business, and offers the most penetrating insights into world events. Their understanding of people, and why we act as we do, makes them the wisest one in the room. Psychologists Thomas Gilovich and Lee Ross reveal their discipline's greatest discoveries so we can all become wiser. From conflict resolution to overcoming social shyness, and from winning a tennis match to encouraging people to recycle, they demonstrate how even small changes in social context, feedback or presentation can achieve dramatic results. Replete with real-world examples, The Wisest One in the Room is a fascinating examination of human behaviour, revealing how we can become more adept at tackling the challenges, great and small, that we face every day.
Clustering and Network Analysis for the Embedding Spaces of Sentences and Sub-Sentences.

Sentence embedding methods offer a powerful approach for working with short textual constructs or sequences of words. By representing sentences as dense numerical vectors, many natural language processing (NLP) applications have improved their performance. However, relatively little is understood about the latent structure of sentence embeddings. Specifically, research has not addressed whether the length and structure of sentences impact the sentence embedding space and topology. This paper reports research on a set of comprehensive clustering and network analyses targeting sentence and sub-sentence embedding spaces. Results show that one method generates the most clusterable embeddings. In general, the embeddings of span sub-sentences have better clustering properties than the original sentences. The results have implications for future sentence embedding models and applications.
Aspects of Sobolev-type inequalities

Preface Introduction 1. Sobolev inequalities in Rn 2. Moser's elliptic Harnack Inequality 3. Sobolev inequalities on manifolds 4. Two applications 5. Parabolic Harnack inequalities.
The Making of an Integrated National Grain Market in China

A market economy will not emerge from a redistributive economy automatically once the state abolishes a redistributive system. Because of the cognitive incompleteness of market actors in post-redistributive societies, and also because of the conflicts between the state and local interests and among local interests, selective state interventions are inevitable and necessary for a successful market transition. This paper examined the evolution of market pattern in the new market transition economies based on the emergence of an internal grain market under market reform in China. I found that local markets, tightly "protected" by local officials, tried to curtail long-distance trade beyond local territories and thus were not starting points of an internal market in China's national grain market. The approximate internal grain market at the beginning of the 21st century in China is the result of deliberate actions of the reform-oriented state.
Integrated Circuit Packaging

The sections in this article are Introduction Package Functions Integrated Circuit Processing Die Attachment Microinterconnect Methods Wire Bonding Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) Flip Chip or Solder Bump Package Sealing Rent's Rule Thermal Management Thermal Resistance Cavity-Up/Down Package Types JEDEC Dual In-Line Package Flatpack Chip Carrier Small Outline Package Grid Array Packages Hybrid Circuit Packages Package Attachment Electrical Considerations Other Package Selection Considerations Cost Multichip Modules Introduction Multichip Packaging Considerations Change and Repair Change Bars Repair Links The Future
Hormonal contraception and thromboembolic disease: Effects of the oral contraceptives on hemostatic mechanisms: A review of the literature

Abstract Clinical and epidemiological data indicate that the oral contraceptives are thrombogenic. The important papers concerning the effects of oral contraceptives on hemostatic mechanisms were reviewed. This report summarizes the effects of oral contraceptives on: (1) platelet number and function; (2) tests of coagulation; (3) tests of specific clotting factors; and (4) tests of fibrinolysis and compares them with the findings in pregnancy, and in individuals taking estrogens or progestogens alone. Oral contraceptives, or estrogens alone, lead to an increase in platelet adhesiveness and aggregability. The oral contraceptives also enhance coagulability but induce little change in the fibrinolytic system. Progestogens alone enhance fibrinolysis without altering platelet function or coagulation. Pregnancy enhances coagulation and depresses fibrinolysis. It increases platelet reactivity but to a less extent than does the use of the hormonal contraceptives. Tentatively we conclude that the thrombogenic potential of the oral contraceptives appears to reside in the estrogenic components and may be due to their effect on platelet function rather than their effect on coagulation. Addition of this effect to the hormonally-induced vascular lesions and stasis may encourage thrombus formation. Further study of the effect of these hormones as it pertains to intravascular clotting is needed.
A shared-memory packet buffer management in a network interface card

This paper proposes a dynamic shared-memory packet buffer management algorithm for a protocol processor in a network terminal. The protocol processor is located in a network interface card (NIC). In general, two types of packet buffer management algorithms, static and dynamic, can be used in a NIC; the dynamic buffer management algorithms work better than the static ones for reducing the packet loss ratio. However, conventional dynamic buffer management algorithms do not provide even packet losses to all the applica-tions. Therefore, we propose an algorithm to enhance even packet losses and the proposed algorithm improves the packet loss ratio by 11.80% to 16.70% compared to other conventional dynamic algorithms.
Degenerate 3D Tensors

Topological analysis of 3D tensor fields starts with the identification of degeneracies in the tensor field. In this chapter, we present a new, intuitive and numerically stable method for finding degenerate tensors in symmetric second order 3D tensor fields. This method is based on a description of a tensor having an isotropic spherical component and a linear or planar component. As such, we refer to this formulation as the geometric approach. In this chapter, we also show that the stable degenerate features in 3D tensor fields form lines. On the other hand, degenerate features that form points, surfaces or volumes are not stable and either disappear or turn into lines when noise is introduced into the system. These topological feature lines provide a compact representation of the 3D tensor field and are useful in helping scientists and engineers understand their complex nature.
Culture, expansion, and differentiation of murine megakaryocytes

Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the source of circulating platelets and are readily recognized by their large size and distinctive morphology. Their poor representation in hematopoietic tissues often requires considerable ex vivo expansion to generate cells for biochemical and cell biological studies. These experimental protocols describe the assessment of megakaryocytic potential within hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow by colony-forming assays and expansion and enrichment of MKs from cultured fetal liver or spleen or bone marrow cells. Although these MKs are not synchronized in their maturation, they can be enriched over an albumin step-gradient and one-third to one-half of recovered cells will typically elaborate proplatelets, the immediate precursors of blood platelets. Both protocols require recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO) as a growth factor. Support Protocols describe methods for preparing fetal liver cells, identifying mature rodent MKs by staining for acetylcholinesterase activity, and staining (May-Grunwald-Giemsa) mixed populations on cytocentrifuged blood cell preparations.
Monolithic voltage and current references: theme and variations

The Theme is that of the ‘bandgap voltage reference principle’, The Variations are some unusual and hitherto unpublished derivatives of the form. Most are of moderate to high accuracy, and generally intended for operation in a low-voltage commercial context, which typically means a minimum supply of 2.7V and a minimum temperature of-30°C. In some cases, the supply may be as low as 1.2V and operation may be required at temperatures of-55°C, though rarely in combination. A few are very simple, and useful where accuracy is needed only over a narrow supply range. The emphasis throughout is on allbipolar, and in many cases, all-NPN, realizations, while acknowledging that complementary bipolar and BiCMOS processes often provide implementation advantages. Brief mention will be made of the special challenges of realizing voltage References in an all-CMOS process; a dynamic reference, interesting and valuable because it requires only a single junction device, is described.
Hey, How did I become a Role Model? Privacy and the Extent of Role‐Model Obligations

Much of the public criticism of many public figures, such as that of Michael Phelps, Lindsay Lohan, and Bill Clinton, accuses those persons of failing as role models. The criticism often ascribes to public figures role-model status in a general sense that encompasses their behaviour in aspects of life beyond the fields for which they are known. I argue that, because of privacy considerations, we are unjustified in ascribing broadly to public figures role-model status in the general sense. Unless public figures hold themselves out to be role models regarding other aspects of life, we are justified in demanding only that they be good role models with respect to their behaviour in their particular fields. To make my arguments, I demonstrate that: 1) we are justified in ascribing role-model status to individuals far less often than most believe; 2) legitimate role-model obligations typically do not extend as far into role models' lives as most believe; and, 3) those who try to convince public figures to be better role models should redirect their efforts toward educating young people about who are proper role models and about what aspects of role-models' lives young people should imitate.
Risk Factors Associated with Falls and Injuries among Elderly Institutionalized Persons

A case-control study among 184 matched pairs of patients 65 years of age and older was undertaken to identify risk factors associated with falls and injuries in a long-term care facility in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1984-1985. Patients were matched on length of stay. Variables of interest included sociodemography, functional status, medications, and diagnoses. For all levels of care combined, the following factors were associated (p less than or equal to 0.01) with increased falls: being able to walk (relative odds (RO) = 4.0), age 90 years and older (RO = 3.8), a history of falling (RO = 5.0), and taking a vasodilator (RO = 3.0). Among the 184 fallers, the diagnosis of dementia (RO = 7.5) or taking a diuretic (RO = 7.2) was positively associated with injury (p less than or equal to 0.01). In each of the analyses, medications were associated with falls or injuries, suggesting a feasible intervention. The combination of a history of falling, being able to walk, and being 90 years of age or older increased the relative odds to 51.9 and could alert clinicians to identify and monitor high-risk elderly persons in need of preventive measures.
Potentiation of Endotoxicity by Carrageenan

Carrageenan can potentiate the lethal effects of endotoxin by 100- to more than 3,000-fold.
A short Sensation-Seeking Scale.

Four studies examined the reliability and validity of a short form of Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale. The short form demonstrated high retest reliability (r = .78), correlated with drug- and s...
Clinical trial of fluoride therapy in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: Extended observations and additional analysis

In a 4 year clinical trial in 202 postmenopausal osteoporotic women receiving NaF at 75 mg/day or placebo (both groups received supplementary calcium at 1500 mg/day), we found (N Engl J Med 322:801, 1990) that NaF increased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine (LS-BMD) substantially but did not decrease vertebral fracture rate (VFR), and it increased the nonvertebral fracture rate. Additional analyses and extended observations are now available on 50 women from the NaF group followed for up to 6 years of treatment. In these women, LS-BMD increased linearly over the 6 years (median rate, 8.7%/year or 0.063 g/cm2/year). Because during the 4 year trial the NaF dosage was decreased (because of side effects) in 54 of the 101 women randomized to NaF, dose-response relationships could be evaluated. For the entire study population, serum F level correlated directly with increase in LS-BMD (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). When individual person-years of observation were grouped by deciles of LS-BMD, VFR (per 100 person-years) decreased to a nadir of 24 as mean LS-BMD for the group increased from 0.6 to 1.2 g/cm2 and then doubled to 52 in the group with mean LS-BMD of 1.6 g/cm2. Multivariate analyses and inspection of three-dimensional plots revealed a complex pattern in which VFR was influenced by interaction of several variables. When the effects of LS-BMD, changes in LS-BMD, and serum F were assessed simultaneously, VFR was seen to decrease with increasing LS-BMD except when the higher LS-BMD was associated with rapid rate of increase in LS-BMD or a large increase from baseline serum F. For some patients (noncompliers or nonresponders), serum F or LS-BMD failed to increase. Thus, it is possible that lower dosages of NaF produce moderate decreases in VFR.
Oxidation of reduced nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide by intact rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract 1. The rate of NADH oxidation catalyzed by intact rat liver mitochondria is greatly stimulated in the presence of oxidized nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide (NHD+). 2. Mitochondrial oxidation of external NHDH is from 20- to 40-fold more rapid than that of NADH, although these coenzymes are oxidized at similar rates by sonicated mitochondria. 3. NADH and NADPH inhibit, while NADP+ stimulates NHDH oxidation. 4. NHDH oxidation is inhibited by rotenone and CN−. 5. NHDH oxidation is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, yielding P:2e− ratios approaching 3. 6. These studies indicate that external NHDH is oxidized by the intramito-chondrial respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase and that the inner mitochondrial membrane is significantly more permeable to NHDH than to NADH. Mammalian liver mitochondria have been reported to catalyze the enzymatic deamination of NAD(H) to NHD(H) [Buniatian, H. C. (1970) in Handbook of Neurochemistry (Lajtha, A., ed.), Vol. 3, pp. 399–411, Plenum Press, London and New York; Movcessian, S. G. and Manassian, R. F. (1967) in Problems of Brain Biochemistry, Vol. 3, pp. 53–66, Academic Press, Yerevan], suggesting a metabolic function for the deaminated analogue. It is concluded that this deamination reaction may be operative in a mechanism for the oxidation of cytoplasmic NADH by the respiratory chain.
Moving from gamma passing rates to patient DVH-based QA metrics in pretreatment dose QA

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to explore the usefulness of the gamma passing rate metric for per-patient, pretreatment dose QA and to validate a novel patient-dose/DVH-based method and its accuracy and correlation. Specifically, correlations between: (1) gamma passing rates for three 3D dosimeter detector geometries vs clinically relevant patient DVH-based metrics; (2) Gamma passing rates of whole patient dose grids vs DVH-based metrics, (3) gamma passing rates filtered by region of interest (ROI) vs DVH-based metrics, and (4) the capability of a novel software algorithm that estimates corrected patient Dose-DVH based on conventional phan-tom QA data are analyzed. Methods: Ninety six unique “imperfect” step-and-shoot IMRT plans were generated by applying four different types of errors on 24 clinical Head/Neck patients. The 3D patient doses as well as the dose to a cylindrical QA phantom were then recalculated using an error-free beam model to serve as a simulated measurement for comparison. Resulting deviations to the planned vs simulated measured DVH-based metrics were generated, as were gamma passing rates for a variety of difference/distance criteria covering: dose-in-phantom comparisons and dose-in-patient comparisons, with the in-patient results calculated both over the whole grid and per-ROI volume. Finally, patient dose and DVH were predicted using the conventional per-beam planar data as input into a commercial “planned dose perturbation” (PDP) algorithm, and the results of these predicted DVH-based metrics were compared to the known values. Results: A range of weak to moderate correlations were found between clinically relevant patient DVH metrics (CTV-D95, parotid D mean, spinal cord D1cc, and larynx D mean) and both 3D detector and 3D patient gamma passing rate (3%/3 mm, 2%/2 mm) for dose-in-phantom along with dose-in-patient for both whole patient volume and filtered per-ROI. There was considerable scatter in the gamma passing rate vs DVH-based metric curves. However, for the same input data, the PDP estimates were in agreement with actual patient DVH results. Conclusions: Gamma passing rate, even if calculated based on patient dose grids, has generally weak correlation to critical patient DVH errors. However, the PDP algorithm was shown to accurately predict the DVH impact using conventional planar QA results. Using patient-DVH-based metrics IMRT QA allows per-patient dose QA to be based on metrics that are both sensitive and specific. Further studies are now required to analyze new processes and action levels associated with DVH-based metrics to ensure effectiveness and practicality in the clinical setting.
Dental topography and diets of four old world monkey species

Dental topographic analysis allows comparisons of variably worn teeth within and between species to infer relationships between dental form and diet in living primates, with implications for reconstructing feeding adaptations of fossil forms. Although analyses to date have been limited mainly to the M2s of a few primate taxa, these suggest that dental topographic analysis holds considerable promise. Still, larger samples including a greater range of species and different tooth types are needed to determine the potential of this approach. Here we examine dental topography of molar teeth of Cercocebus torquatus (n=48), Cercopithecus campbelli (n=50), Colobus polykomos (n=50), and Procolobus badius (n=50). This is the first such study of large samples of Old World monkeys, and the first to include analyses of both M1s and M2s. Average slope, relief, and surface angularity were computed and compared among tooth types, wear stages, and species. Results suggest that (1) data for M1s and M2s cannot be compared directly; (2) slope and relief decline with wear on M2s of all taxa, and M1s of the colobines, whereas angularity does not generally change except in the most worn specimens; and (3) folivorous colobines tend to have more sloping surfaces and more relief than do frugivorous cercopithecines, though angularity does not clearly separate taxa by diet. Am. J. Primatol. 71:466–477, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling Cladding-Pumped Er/Yb Fiber Amplifiers

Abstract This paper presents a new computational strategy for efficient and stable modeling of rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers and illustrates the strategy with results for a cladding-pumped erbium/ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier. The computational strategy allows arbitrary radial dependence for the optical fields and rare-earth densities, arbitrary wavelength resolution for amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) at pump and signal wavelengths, and arbitrary numbers of rate equations with arbitrary dependence on ground- and excited-state number density. Numerical results are presented for cladding-pumped Er/Yb-doped fiber amplifiers that illustrate how to reach the conversion efficiency limited by the quantum defect, how power conversion and the intensity of the ASE depend on operating wavelength, and how secondary loss mechanisms such as distributed loss, upconversion, and pairing/clustering affect the efficiency of the amplifier.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn in dizygotic twins; an interesting family history.

Summary 1. Cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn in dizygotic twins are presented. 2. One of the twins, J.O., was treated by means of an exsanguination procedure and survived. The other twin, G.O., died suddenly on the fifth hospital day following conservative therapy. 3. In this family there were twelve full-term births. Five children are now living, while six of them died with signs consistent with hemolytic disease of the newborn. The death of the first child was probably due to trauma at birth. 4. The deaths recorded in this family were not consecutive, even though all surviving children are Rh+ with the same blood grouping as the father.
Advancing the Study of Marketing's Impacts on Society: JPP&M as a Keystone of the Academic Infrastructure:

William L. Wilkie is the Nathe Professor of Marketing (e-mail: wwilkie@ nd.edu), and Elizabeth S. Moore is the Notre Dame Associate Professor of Marketing (e-mail: emoore@nd.edu), University of Notre Dame. As Thomas Kinnear describes in his opening essay, the first issue of Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (JPPM it was intended that this journal would be first-rate right from the beginning. For example, among the institutions represented on the small original editorial board were Berkeley, Yale, Harvard (two members), Michigan, Florida, the Federal Trade Commission, Texas, American, North Carolina, Wisconsin (two members), and two Canadian universities. The focus was clearly and narrowly delineated as directed only to the intersection of marketing and public policy; for example, papers on social marketing and not-for-profits were excluded from consideration. The creators planned to publish only one issue per year, but it would be strong and, in addition to competitively submitted papers, would also include invited work from leading experts in this specialized area of the marketing field. After more than a quarter century, the journal has evolved and grown. As explained in the essays, it has expanded its original strict focus on public policy to become a centerpiece for the broader recognized subfield of marketing and society. Some 600 articles have been published in JPPM it is the primary publication for policy makers in government and not-for-profits seeking understanding of particular issues involving consumers, marketing, and competition. Each academic area relies on the key elements of its academic infrastructure—an association, a conference, and a journal—to facilitate the development of contributions to knowledge. This infrastructure allows scholars to not only disseminate their work to others but also meet others with common interests and learn from them and their work. This structure allows scholars to plan extended research undertakings confidently with the knowledge that there are institutional entities that will welcome our efforts. In the case of the marketing and society subfield, the creation of JPP&M in 1982 began this process of infrastructure development for the subfield. (This was followed by the initiation of the Marketing & Public Policy Conference and the formation of the American Marketing Association’s “Marketing and Society Special Interest Group” in the late 1980s and early 1990s.) Thus, thanks to the continuing presence of JPP&M, researchers interested in studying the impacts marketing is having on the world have had a venue in which to pursue this significant area of scholarship for almost 30 years. However, all has not been smooth sailing, and JPP&M has actually been more important than many of us may have realized during this period—a point we take up in the following section.
Radiation safety of sealed radioactive sources.

Sealed radioactive sources are used in a wide variety of occupational settings and under differing regulatory/licensing structures. The definition of a sealed radioactive source varies between U.S. regulatory authorities and standard-setting organizations. Potential problems with sealed sources cover a range of risks and impacts. The loss of control of high activity sealed sources can result in very high or even fatal doses to members of the public who come in contact with them. Sources that are not adequately sealed and that fail can cause spread of contamination and potential intake of radioactive material. There is also the possibility that sealed sources may be (or threaten to be) used for terrorist purposes and disruptive opportunities. Until fairly recently, generally licensed sealed sources and devices received little, if any, regulatory oversight and were often forgotten, lost or unaccounted for. Nonetheless, generally licensed devices can contain fairly significant quantities of radioactive material, and there is some potential for exposure if a device is treated in a way for which it was never designed. Industrial radiographers use and handle high activity and/or high dose-rate sealed sources in the field with a high degree of independence and minimal regulatory oversight. Failure to follow operational procedures and properly handle radiography sources can and has resulted in serious injuries and death. Industrial radiographers have experienced a disproportionately large fraction of incidents that have resulted in unintended exposure to radiation. Sources do not have to contain significant quantities of radioactive material to cause problems in the event of their failure. A loss of integrity can cause the spread of contamination and potential exposure to workers and members of the public. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements has previously provided recommendations on select aspects of sealed source programs. Future efforts to provide recommendations for sealed source programs are discussed. Language: en
Surface evolution during molecular-beam epitaxy deposition of GaAs.

Scanning tunneling microscopy studies have been performed on GaAs homoepitaxial films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Images show that in the earliest stages of deposition the morphology oscillates between one with two-dimensional islands and flat terraces. As growth proceeds there is a gradual coarsening of the surface features. Comparison with reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) leads us to propose that there is a direct correspondence between the surface step density and the RHEED specular intensity. As such, we associate the decay of the RHEED oscillation amplitude with a reduction in the temporal variation of the step density rather than the buildup of interface width.
Cloning, characterization and functional expression of an endoglucanase-encoding gene from the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina

Abstract An endoglucanase-encoding clone ( eg12 ) was isolated from the phytopathogenic soilborne deuteromycete fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) . Clones were obtained from a cDNA library by functional expression in Escherichica coli . The egl2 clone hybridized to a 1.3-kb mRNA. Expression is induced by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and repressed by glucose. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence revealed strong similarity to the eg13 from Trichoderma reesei (Tr) (72% for identical residues and 81% with conservative substitution over a span of 324 aa). The Mp eg12 lacks the cellulose-binding domain and linker region found in the Tr egl3 . Different codon usage between the two fungi resulted in a much shorter span of nucleotide homology. The Eg12 protein cleaves cellodextrins with contiguous β,1–4 linkages of four and larger, and shows activity against CMC and birchwood xylan.
Coherent Deformation in Scientific and Technical Writing

The fact that some ideas seem to be inexpressible directly in language and that the induction-hypothesis sequence in scientific thinking does not completely account for new ideas may be due to the ...
Bridging to cardiac transplantation: a clinical laboratory for the development of mechanical alternatives to transplantation

THE FIRST attempts at mechanical cardiac assistance were made almost 70 years ago, and subsequent work culminated in the development of the heart-lung machine in 1953. The next successful circulatory assist device, the intraaortic balloon pump, was developed in 1961 and first applied clinically in 1967. The first patient was bridged to cardiac transplantation by a ventricular assist device in 1978 at the Texas Heart Institute, surviving for 5 days on a pneumatically powered LVAD until a donor organ became available. Recently, new prosthetic materials, engineering advances, and increasing clinical experience has resulted in a new generation of ventricular assist systems. These devices have been used successfully for both brief and longterm support. Although currently used widely as bridges to transplantation, such devices will almost certainly become available in the near future as a long-term form of cardiac replacement.
A physical model of particulate wash-off from rough impervious surfaces

Summary Current urban water quality models rely on empirical, catchment-scale functions of particulate wash-off that do not clearly represent the governing physical erosion and transport processes. We proposed a saltation-type wash-off model in which particles are repeatedly ejected from an impervious surface by raindrop impacts and are transported laterally by overland flow while settling back to the surface. The rate that particles are ejected is proportional to rain intensity and the spatial density of particles on the surface. We found that for low particle spatial densities, ejection is proportional to spatial density, but for high spatial densities, the ejection rate is independent of spatial density. We tested our model against data from small (10.5 × 80 cm) flume experiments in which rain intensity and upslope overland flow could be independently controlled. We used a rough flume surface (∼1 mm roughness element height) and sand particles (diameter = 500–590 μm). Rainfall rates, upslope overland flow rates, and initial particle amounts were varied among experiments with ranges of, 4.2–7.8 cm h −1 , 300–565 mL min −1 , and 0.01–0.07 g cm −2 , respectively. The model predictions agreed well with the experiments ( R 2 > 0.85). This work provides a basis for developing new, uniquely mechanistic models for predicting “wash-off” from urban surfaces.
Foliar applications of abscisic acid decrease the incidence of blossom-end rot in tomato fruit

Abstract Various environmental stress factors, such as drought and high relative humidity, can cause calcium (Ca) deficiency and lead to physiological disorders such as blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) fruit. Recent studies demonstrate that abscisic acid (ABA) triggers whole-plant and fruit-specific mechanisms to increase fruit Ca uptake and prevent BER development. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of foliar application of ABA and hydroponic Ca treatments in fertilizer solution on localized deficiency of Ca causing BER in tomato fruit. The application of 500 mg L −1 ABA foliar spray treatment significantly decreased Ca in the leaf tissue. Ca decreased by 10.7% in the leaf tissue when comparing the foliar application of ABA to the control. In addition, decreasing Ca treatments from the 180 mg L −1 to the Ca deficient treatment of 60 mg L −1 decreased Ca concentration in the leaf tissue by 39.5%. The interaction of ABA and Ca treatments had a significant effect on Ca concentration in the fruit tissue. Ca concentration increased 25.7% when comparing the 180 mg L −1 Ca and 0.0 mg L −1 ABA treatment to the combination treatment of 180 mg L −1 Ca and 500 mg L −1 ABA treatment. In addition, ABA treatments had statistically significant effect on Ca in tomato fruit proximal and distal tissue and increased the concentrations 14.7% and 34.6% in, respectively. The incidence of BER in tomato fruit tissue was lowest with ABA treatments and Ca treatment of 180 mg L −1 . The incidence of BER decreased by 86.2% from the combination of 180 mg L −1 Ca and 0.0 mg L −1 ABA treatment to the combination treatment of 180 mg L −1 Ca and 500 mg L −1 ABA treatment. The results demonstrate that the application of ABA increased Ca in the fruit tissue as Ca treatments were decreased from the 180 mg L −1 Ca. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that, despite reducing total plant Ca uptake in the leaf tissue, the 500 mg L −1 ABA foliar spray treatments significantly reduced the incidence of BER development in tomato fruit. Thus, ABA could be an alternative treatment to increase Ca uptake into fruit and distribution into the distal tissue of the fruit relative to leaf uptake.
Critical p-adic L-functions

We attach p-adic L-functions to critical modular forms and study them. We prove that those L-functions fit in a two-variables p-adic L-function defined locally everywhere on the eigencurve.
Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem (ADCS) Preparations for the EPOXI Flyby of Comet Hartley 2

On November 4, 2010 the already "in-flight" Deep Impact spacecraft flew within 700km of comet 103P/Hartley 2 as part of its extended mission EPOXI, the 5th time to date any spacecraft visited a comet. In 2005, the spacecraft had previously imaged a probe impact comet Tempel 1. The EPOXI flyby marked the first time in history that two comets were explored with the same instruments on a re-used spacecraft-with hardware and software originally designed and optimized for a different mission. This made the function of the attitude determination and control subsystem (ADCS) critical to the successful execution of the EPOXI flyby. As part of the spacecraft team preparations, the ADCS team had to perform thorough sequence reviews, key spacecraft activities and onboard calibrations. These activities included: review of background sequences for the initial conditions vector, sun sensor coefficients, and reaction wheel assembly (RWA) de-saturations; design and execution of 10 trajectory correction maneuvers; science calibration of the two telescope instruments; a flight demonstration of the fastest turns conducted by the spacecraft between Earth and comet point; and assessment of RWA health (given RWA problems on other spacecraft).
North Pacific Intermediate Water response to a modern climate warming shift

[1] Oceanic observations and an isopycnal ocean model simulation are used to investigate the response of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) to atmospheric forcing associated with the well-known 1976–1977 climate regime shift to a warm regime. The model reproduces numerous features of NPIW including distribution, depth, temperature, and salinity. Changes in NPIW associated with the climate shift in the California coastal region were strongly influenced by an anomalous poleward flow at depth (300–1100 m). This current transports old, high salinity, low oxygen intermediate waters from the northern tropics to the midlatitudes. For depths below the mixed layer, the model reproduces observed changes in salinity, nitrates, and, to some extent, oxygen, thus suggesting that advective/diffusive processes are dominant in determining their concentrations below 300 m, isolated from the surface effects of direct atmospheric forcing and biological processes. These changes are structurally similar to those induced by much larger, abrupt climate changes at the end of the last glacial episode.
Dual opioid modulation of the action potential duration of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture

Multiple modulatory effects of opioids on the duration of the calcium component of the action potential (APD) of dorsal-root ganglion (DRG) neurons of mouse spinal cord-ganglion explants were studied. The APD of DRG neuron perikarya has been previously shown to be shortened by exposure to high concentrations of opioids (ca. 0.1-1 microM) in about 1/2 of the cells tested. The present study demonstrates that in addition to these inhibitory modulatory effects of opioids, lower concentrations (1-10 nM) of present study demonstrates that in addition to these inhibitory modulatory effects of opioids, lower concentration (1-10 nM) of delta- mu, and kappa-opioid agonists elicit excitatory modulatory effects, i.e. prolongation of the APD, in about 2/3 of the sensory neurons tested. APD prolongation as well as shortening elicited by delta, mu, and kappa agonists were prevented by coperfusion with the opioid antagonists, naloxone or diprenorphine (10 nM). APD prolongation induced by the delta-agonist [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) was prevented in the presence of multiple K+ channel blockers, whereas excitatory modulation by the specific kappa-agonist, U-50,488H was not attenuated under these conditions. After treatment of DRG neurons with pertussis toxin (1 micrograms/ml for several days) or forskolin (50 muM for less than 15 min), a much smaller fraction of cells showed opioid-induced APD shortening; moreover, a much larger fraction of cells showed opioid-induced APD prolongation, even when tested with high concentrations of DADLE (1-10 muM). These data indicate that opioid-induced APD prolongation is not mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins (which have been shown to regulate opioid inhibitory effects) and suggest that elevation of cyclic AMP levels may enhance opioid excitatory responsiveness. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that mu-, delta- and kappa-subtypes of excitatory as well as inhibitory opioid receptors may be expressed on the same DRG neuron perikaryon under in vitro conditions. If dual opioid modulation of the APD of DRG perikarya also occurs in central DRG terminals this may play a significant role both in nociceptive signal transmission as well as tolerance to opioid analgesia.
A Cross-Sectional Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis of Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes: Implications for the Interpretation of the Direction of Predictive Validity

Results of the differences between cross-lagged panel correlations and of the consistency of them for 2,429 students within the first eight grades weakly suggested that attitudes toward mathematics is causally predominant over mathematics achievement for what variance is shared in common. The correlations, which were generally positive and low, were strongest within the fourth through the seventh grades.
Relationship between Thyroid and Growth in Green Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Rafinesque)

Abstract The effect of thyroid activity on growth of green sunfish and the influence of photoperiod on thyroid activity were investigated. Fish of three thyroidal levels were held in light-tight aquaria at constant temperatures under four photoperiods (8-hour constant, 16-hour constant, variable increasing 8-16 hours, and variable decreasing 16-8 hours). Differences in growth of fish given injections of thyroxine (hyperthyroid), radioiodine (hypothyroid), and saline solution (control) demonstrated that the hyperthyroid fish attained the greatest growth and hypothyroid fish the least growth. Increased food consumption and increased efficiency of food conversion were generally associated with greater thyroid activity and/or greater availability of thyroxine. Using rate of loss of radioiodine from the head region as an index of thyroid activity, it was found that greater thyroid activity was associated with short photoperiods and low thyroid activity with long photoperiods.
Referral Patterns for Patients with High-Risk Thyroid Cancer

Objective: Knowledge of referral patterns for specialty cancer care is sparse. Information on both the need and reasons for referral of high-risk, well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients should...
Fluid‐phase endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase by cerebral endothelial cells in primary culture: Characterization and kinetic analysis

Endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied in primary cultures of cerebral endothelial cells prepared from 2-week-old rats. These cultures were considered “endothelial-like” on the basis of their ability to internalize acetylated low density lipoprotein. Cellular localization of HRP protein was examined at the light and ultrastructural levels and endocytosis of the protein was evaluated by a colorimetric assay. HRP was localized in discrete cytoplasmic granules by light microscopy. At the ultrastructural level these granules corresponded to pleomorphic membrane-bound structures that were present throughout the cytoplam. The amount of internalized HRP was directly related to the concentration of the protein in the medium, was not saturable at high concentrations of HRP, and increased with time. Endocytosis proceeded at 37°C, but was abolished at 4°C. In pulse-chase experiments, the quantity of internalized protein in the cells did not significantly change during the 2 hr chase period. Taken together, these findings suggest that internalization of HRP occurs by fluid-phase endocytosis, a non-receptor-mediated process, and that the protein is stable within an intracellular compartment for at least several hours. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.