cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Totally robotic single-position ‘flip’ arm technique for splenic flexure mobilizations and low anterior resections

Background Using the da Vinci robot in low anterior resection (LAR) has not been widely adopted due to limited range of motion of the robotic arms and the need to move the robot during operations. Our technique uses all three arms for both the splenic flexure and the pelvis, but with only one docking position. Methods The robot is placed to the left of the patient. The camera port is 3 cm to the right of the umbilicus. Arm 1 is placed in the RLQ. Arm 2 is placed midepigastric. Arm 3 is placed in the LLQ. Arm 3 starts off on the left side of the robot, on the same side as Arm 1 aimed cephalad. During mobilization of colon and splenic flexure, Arms 2 and 3 help retract the colon while Arm 1 dissects. Our pelvic dissection begins with Arm 3 “flipped” to the right side of the robot and redocked to the same left sided port aimed caudally. The robot does not need to be repositioned and the patient does not need to be moved. The pelvic dissection can now be done in the standard fashion. Results Our early experience includes four patients: two LARs and two left hemicolectomies. Mean operative time = 347 minutes, docking time = 20 minutes, and robotic surgical time = 195 minutes. Two complications occurred: post-operative ileus and high ostomy output. Mean LOS = 5. Conclusions The robotic “flip” arm technique allows the surgeon to fully utilize all the robotic arms in LAR, which is unique versus other techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability in steering control

With the aid of mechanical models, a study on the steering mechanisms of animals has been conducted. Comparisons are made with many of our commonly used vehicles, such as automobiles, trucks, and tractors.
U87MG Decoded: The Genomic Sequence of a Cytogenetically Aberrant Human Cancer Cell Line

U87MG is a commonly studied grade IV glioma cell line that has been analyzed in at least 1,700 publications over four decades. In order to comprehensively characterize the genome of this cell line and to serve as a model of broad cancer genome sequencing, we have generated greater than 30× genomic sequence coverage using a novel 50-base mate paired strategy with a 1.4kb mean insert library. A total of 1,014,984,286 mate-end and 120,691,623 single-end two-base encoded reads were generated from five slides. All data were aligned using a custom designed tool called BFAST, allowing optimal color space read alignment and accurate identification of DNA variants. The aligned sequence reads and mate-pair information identified 35 interchromosomal translocation events, 1,315 structural variations (>100 bp), 191,743 small (<21 bp) insertions and deletions (indels), and 2,384,470 single nucleotide variations (SNVs). Among these observations, the known homozygous mutation in PTEN was robustly identified, and genes involved in cell adhesion were overrepresented in the mutated gene list. Data were compared to 219,187 heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms assayed by Illumina 1M Duo genotyping array to assess accuracy: 93.83% of all SNPs were reliably detected at filtering thresholds that yield greater than 99.99% sequence accuracy. Protein coding sequences were disrupted predominantly in this cancer cell line due to small indels, large deletions, and translocations. In total, 512 genes were homozygously mutated, including 154 by SNVs, 178 by small indels, 145 by large microdeletions, and 35 by interchromosomal translocations to reveal a highly mutated cell line genome. Of the small homozygously mutated variants, 8 SNVs and 99 indels were novel events not present in dbSNP. These data demonstrate that routine generation of broad cancer genome sequence is possible outside of genome centers. The sequence analysis of U87MG provides an unparalleled level of mutational resolution compared to any cell line to date.
Agronomic and natural rubber characteristics of sunflower as a rubber-producing plant

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae) is a genus native to North America and is a potential natu- ral rubber (NR) producing crop. The objectives of the study were to: (1) evaluate commercial sunflower cultivars to determine biomass production and how they partition biomass into leaves, stems, and head, (2) determine how removing the head affects biomass partitioning, (3) determine latex concentration and yield in commercial sunflower cultivars and a diversity of genetic sunflower material, and (4) char- acterize several quality factors pertaining to the latex produced by commercial sunflower cultivars and a diversity of genetic sunflower material. Field performance tests were conducted at the Western Col- orado Research Center at Fruita, Colorado for three growing seasons (2001, 2002, and 2003). Latex was found almost entirely in the leaves of young and mature sunflowers. No latex was found in mature stems or in the pappus of the flowers. On average, sunflower partitioned biomass into 18% leaves, 38% stems, and 44% heads. With the head removed, sunflower partitioned biomass into 33% leaves and 67% stems. Sunflower cultivars exhibited considerable genetic variation for biomass partitioning and also for NR yield and quality. Sunflower synthesized NR with 95-97% being low molecular weights ranging from 66,000 to 74,000 g/mol and a small, remarkable percentage (∼5%) of NR being higher molecular weight (∼600,000 g/mol). The potential for increasing latex production in sunflower appears possible, given that current NR levels are low and reasonable advances in NR production in sunflower plants through plant breeding and genetic engineering might be achieved. Based on the genetics of the sunflower cultivars included in our study, it appears that some cultivars would be more responsive to plant breeding for increased leaf mass than others. The development of sunflower cultivars suitable for commercial pro- duction of NR will require significant improvements in the quantity and quality of NR produced in the plant.
Surface Activity of Alkanols and Energies of Their Interaction with Dipalmitoyllecithin and Dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine

The free energies of adsorption of the C1 to C14 alkanols at the air-water interface, estimated from plots of the surface pressure (π ≤ 5 dynes/cm) against the bulk concentration, were a linear function of the chain length for 1-alkanols. From C3 to C8, the 2- and 3-isomers showed lower values than the 1-isomers. The energies of interaction of the C1 to C14 alkanols with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoyllecithin monolayers, previously spread at the air-water interface, were estimated from the increase of the surface pressure with increasing concentrations of the injected alkanol. The energies of interaction of the C1 to C5 l-alkanols were linear functions of the chain length. The energy of interaction per methylene group of the alkyl chain suggests that the phospholipid monolayers behaved as ultrathin “oil” phases. The and 3-isomers presented marked departures from linearity. The literature data for reflection coefficients in biomembranes and for partition coefficients between olive oil and water, red cell membranes and water, and phospholipid liposomes and water for the C1 to C5 alkanols show similar linearities with the chain length for the 1-isomers and comparable departures for the 2- and 3-isomers.
A chemically pumped CO2 laser from the CS2/O2 reaction

Abstract A chemical laser has been constructed in which simultaneous output is obtained from both CO and CO 2 laser species at 5 and 10 μm, respectively. Excitation of CO 2 is via energy transfer from vibrationally excited CO (CO † ) produced in the photolytically initiated reaction: O + CS → CO † + S. Gain measurements at the CO 2 laser frequencies are also reported.
Acute Respiratory Infection Due to Chlamydia pneumoniae: Current Status of Diagnostic Methods

Reliable diagnosis of respiratory infection due to Chlamydia pneumoniae and investigation of its role in chronic diseases remain difficult because of the absence of well-standardized and commercially available diagnostic tests. In 2001, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published recommendations for standardizing the diagnostic approach. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of C. pneumoniae-associated respiratory infections in the context of epidemiological studies published during the past 5 years, with particular emphasis on the diagnostic strategies used and their impact on results. The single most likely factor underlying wide variations in data is the significant interstudy variation of the choice of diagnostic methods and criteria used. Adoption of a more unified approach, both for choices of diagnostic methods and for validation of new molecular assays, is long overdue and will be critically important for development of a standardized test for clinical laboratories.
Embryonic mortality in pregnancies induced in rabbits of different reproductive stages.

GONADOTROPHINS have been widely utilized to bring about experimental ovulation in a number of species; the fertilizability of such ova in the larger animals appears partially dependent on the stage of the reproductive cycle in which ovulation was induced. Zavadovskii et al. (1935) induced heat in cattle treated with gonadotrophins 4–8 days after normal estrus, but failed to obtain pregnancies when these animals were mated or artificially inseminated. Casida et al. (1940, 1943) obtained no fertility in cattle treated in the early part of the estrous cycle, but found good fertility in later stages. Similarly, Murphree et al. (1944) in the ewe and Tanabe et al. (1949) in the sow failed to obtain fertility in animals ovulated during the luteal phase, although fertilization in the follicular phase was satisfactory. Good fertility was also obtained in juvenile, estrual, and anestrual rabbits (Murphree et al., 1947)
The design and performance of high- and low-voltage terminal boxes

The failure of terminal boxes in service has led to new developments in two main respects. Firstly, connection arrangements are designed to be through-fault-proof and the possibility of a dielectric failure is minimized by using fully taped connection arrangements in a clean, dry enclosure. Secondly, as faults give rise to very dangerous conditions, where equipment is circuit-breaker protected and the supply has a large short-circuit capacity, excessive pressure build-up under short-circuit conditions is prevented by a suitable pressure-relief vent.Comprehensive test results under short-circuit conditions are described and a basis of calculation is presented. The alternative method of electrical protection by h.r.c. fuses is also considered, in conjunction with test results and appropriate theoretical predictions. The more generalized behaviour of arcs in enclosures and the effect of the surrounding medium, which is important in connection with the alternative methods of termination, e.g. under compound, and for oil-cooled equipment generally, is discussed briefly in terms of a limited special investigation. It is considered that the proposed designs ensure an absolute minimum likelihood of failures, without incurring any disadvantageous complications and at the same time ensuring the safety of personnel, if a fault should occur for any reason.
The American Presidential Election of 2008

Every election has unique elements. The American presidential election of 2008 had more than its share. The nomination phase on the Democratic side was the most long‐drawn‐out affair since the prim...
Shared receptors in axon guidance: SAX-3/Robo signals via UNC-34/Enabled and a Netrin-independent UNC-40/DCC function

The C. elegans SAX-3/Robo receptor acts in anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral and midline guidance decisions. Here we show that SAX-3 signaling involves the C. elegans Enabled protein UNC-34 and an unexpected Netrin-independent function of the Netrin receptor UNC-40/DCC. Genetic interactions with gain- and loss-of-function mutations suggest that unc-34 and unc-40 act together with sax-3 in several guidance decisions, but the C. elegans Netrin gene unc-6 does not act in the same genetic pathways. Within the migrating axon, sax-3, unc-34 and unc-40 all act cell-autonomously. Our results support a role for UNC-34/Enabled proteins in SAX-3-mediated repulsion, and show that UNC-40/DCC can potentiate SAX-3/Robo signaling via a mechanism that may involve direct binding of the two guidance receptors. A combinatorial logic dictates alternative functions for UNC-40/DCC, which can act in attraction to UNC-6/Netrin, repulsion from Netrin (with UNC-5), or repulsion from Slit (with SAX-3).
A measurement study of persistent forwarding loops on the Internet

In this paper, we present a measurement study of persistent forwarding loops and a flooding attack that exploits persistent forwarding loops. Persistent forwarding loops may share one or more links with forwarding paths to some hosts. An attacker can exploit persistent forwarding loops to overload the shared links and disrupt Internet connectivity to those hosts. To understand the extent of this vulnerability, we perform extensive measurements to systematically study persistent forwarding loops. We find that persistent forwarding loops do exist in the Internet. At least 35 million addresses experience persistent forwarding loops, and at least 11 million addresses can be attacked by exploiting such persistent forwarding loops. In addition, 87.4% of persistent forwarding loops involve routers in destination domains, which can be observed from various locations. This makes it possible to launch attacks from multiple vantage points. We also find that most persistent forwarding loops are just two hops long, which enables an attacker to significantly amplify traffic to them. We further investigate the possible cause of persistent forwarding loops, and find that about 50% of them are caused by neglecting to configure pull-up routes. We show that even if the misconfiguration occurs in a stub network, it may cause persistent forwarding loops involving routers in large ISPs, and can potentially be exploited by attackers to flood links in a backbone network. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploiting routing misconfigurations to launch DDoS attacks and understanding the impact of such attacks.
In vivo proton beam range verification using spine MRI changes.

Purpose In proton therapy, uncertainty in the location of the distal dose edge can lead to cautious treatment plans that reduce the dosimetric advantage of protons. After radiation exposure, vertebral bone marrow undergoes fatty replacement that is visible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This presents an exciting opportunity to observe radiation dose distribution in vivo . We used quantitative spine MRI changes to precisely detect the distal dose edge in proton radiation patients. Methods and Materials We registered follow-up T1-weighted MRI images to planning computed tomography scans from 10 patients who received proton spine irradiation. A radiation dose-MRI signal intensity curve was created using the lateral beam penumbra in the sacrum. This curve was then used to measure range errors in the lumbar spine. Results In the lateral penumbra, there was an increase in signal intensity with higher dose throughout the full range of 0–37.5 Gy (RBE). In the distal fall-off region, the beam sometimes appeared to penetrate farther than planned. The mean overshoot in 10 patients was 1.9 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.8–3.1 mm), on the order of the uncertainties inherent to our range verification method. Conclusions We have demonstrated in vivo proton range verification using posttreatment spine MRI changes. Our analysis suggests the presence of a systematic overshoot of a few millimeters in some proton spine treatments, but the range error does not exceed the uncertainty incorporated into the treatment planning margin. It may be possible to extend our technique to MRI sequences that show early bone marrow changes, enabling adaptive treatment modification.
Gel filtration of the sperm attractants of some marine hydrozoa

Elution patterns of sperm chemo-attractants isolated from female hydroids of the genera Campanularia, Gonothyrea, Tubularia and Clava were obtained by comparative gel filtration chromatography. Generally one major and one minor peak of activity were obtained for each of the species used, except Gonothyrea which yielded two large active peaks. The Rf values of these peaks fall into two non-overlapping groups. The first group consists of the major peak obtained from Campanularia calceolifera, the first major peak from Gonothyrea and the minor peak obtained from each of the three species of Tubularia, all of which have Rf values near 0.7. The second group consists of the major peaks from the three species of Tubularia, the second major peak from Gonothyrea, the minor peak from C. calceolifera, and the major peak from Clava, all of which have Rf values near 0.5. Separation of mixtures of some of the attractants was possible using this method. Correlation between chromatographic elution position and species-specificity determined by testing the extracts from the various species against live sperm, is not perfect in all cases, in part, at least, because gel filtration is not capable of separations other than on the crude basis of molecular size. Gonothyrea and Campanularia calceolifera extracts and sperm show cross-reactivity and their active agents elute together during chromatography. The same is true for the three species of Tubularia tested. However, the second Gonothyrea peak elutes at the same position as the major peak of Tubularia activity, but these genera do not attract each other's sperm. These results suggest that methods other than chemotaxis are used by many hydroids to prevent exposure of eggs to sperm from the wrong species and that more specific separation methods will have to be used to determine the molecular basis for chemotactic specificity in hydroids.
Energy trade-offs between intensive biomass utilization, site productivity loss, and ameliorative treatments in loblolly pine plantations

Abstract Loblolly pine plantations are the most important source of forest products in the US and the slash remaining after conventional harvest represents a significant potential source of bioenergy. However, slash removal in intensive harvests might, under some circumstances, reduce site productivity by reducing soil organic matter and associated nutrients. Two complimentary studies in the Gulf Coastal Plain of the southeastern US were designed to test whether harvest intensity (level of biomass removal) could have a negative long-term impact on site productivity. Harvesting tree crowns in addition to the merchantable bole had a negative impact (18%) on pine biomass accumulation by age 7–10 years on 15 of 19 research blocks. Sites at risk of harvest-induced reductions in productivity were relatively unproductive prior to harvest and had low soil phosphorus (P) concentrations. Intensive harvesting, fertilization, and chemical control of non-crop vegetation were all energy efficient; the additional biomass energy gained through these practices was two-orders of magnitude greater than the energy needed to conduct the activities. Harvest of slash for bioenergy in the Gulf Coastal Plain of the southeastern US has the potential to reduce productivity on infertile soils, but fertilization has the potential to restore and even improve productivity on those sites in an energy-efficient way.
Hotel ratings. V: Effects of format and survey length

Two studies addressed format issues in the design of hotel guest surveys. The first study indicated that a space for commentary was a positive incentive for return among 600 guests at a resort hotel. An unstructured space for comment elicited more comments than a structured space. A second study showed that, when space for comment was provided, longer lists of objective rating items brought about higher return rates (5, 10, and 15 Likert items). As more rating items were provided, the number of comments declined.
Effort Optimism in the Classroom: Attitudes of Black and White Students on Education, Social Structure, and Causes of Life Opportunities

Do black and white students hold similar beliefs about the causes of life opportunities? Disparities in academic performance between blacks and whites have been attributed, in part, to differing attitudes about the relationship between education and life opportunities. Advocates of oppositional culture theory argue that black students consider structural barriers to have more influence on prosperity than do their own efforts in the classroom; detractors contend that black and white students equally consider individual academic performance to be key to future life opportunities. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study, 1988 through 1992, the author demonstrates that students simultaneously accept both structural and individualistic explanations for prosperity. Black students report greater support for structural explanations than do white students, but they report equal or greater support for the relevance of education to their futures. The author finds that, while black and white students do diffe...
Teaching children at-risk An American preschool teacher’s folk psychology and folk pedagogy

This article examines how an American preschool teacher’s practice and her views of her practice for children considered at-risk for later academic failure are constrained by her cultural contexts. The research is framed by a cultural psychology and draws on an 18-month ethnographic and interpretive biographic study of Anita, an experienced preschool teacher. Anita emphasized: providing a controlled and predictable environment; helping children succeed in kindergarten; and promoting children’s ability to take care of themselves. Her practice and her discussion on her practice reflected European-American cultural beliefs about the independent self. We discuss how these cultural beliefs both enhance and restrict the teacher’s views of children from underprivileged families and of their development.
Surfactant protein B processing in human fetal lung

Surfactant protein B (SP-B8), an 8-kDa hydrophobic protein essential for surfactant and normal lung function, is produced from the intracellular processing of preproSP-B. To characterize SP-B proce...
Biology of Trichopria popei and T. atrichomelinae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), Parasitoids of the Sciomyzidae (Diptera),

Trichopria popei (Muesebeck) and T. atrichomelinae Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) are gregarious, internal parasitoids of the pupae of some Sciomyzidae (Diptera). In nature T. popei parasitizes aquatic Sciomyzidae, and T. atrichomelinae attacks a terrestrial species, yet both wasps readily parasitize aquatic and terrestrial hosts in the laboratory. At 24°C T. popei emerged 19 days after oviposition and T. atrichomelinae required 2b days. The average numbers of wasps that emerged from a host parasitized by one female in laboratory rearings were 10.0±0.5 (mean ± standard error) from 35 hosts for T. popei and 5.7±0.4 from 24 puparia for T. atrichomelinae. Superparasitized puparia produced up to 38 T. popei and 29 T. atrichomelinae. The mean fecundity was 27±5 for thirteen T. popei and 14±2 for nine T. atrichomelinae. Other aspects of their biology also are discussed. The egg and the three larval stadia are illustrated and described.
Rare case of neglected pessary presenting with concealed vaginal hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Vaginal pessaries are commonly used for management of pelvic organ prolapse. Severe complications can occur in neglected cases. CASE A 91-year old woman with significant comorbidities presented with large concealed vaginal bleeding and history of vaginal pessary placement 14 years before. On examination, an impacted Gellhorn pessary in the vagina was noted with some spotting. Serum blood tests revealed severe anemia and renal insufficiency. An abdominal and pelvic computed tomographic scan confirmed a Gellhorn pessary and a large vaginal accumulation of blood superior to impaction. The pessary was surgically removed vaginally under anesthesia. Recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 1 week later. CONCLUSION Our case underlines the need of follow-up and compliance after pessary placement for early detection of complications.
Breastfeeding among Mothers on Opioid Maintenance Treatment A Literature Review

Although there is an abundance of interventional studies to increase breastfeeding rates, little is known about how to support and promote breastfeeding among mothers on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT). The studies on maternal OMT mainly focus on medication excreted in breast milk and breastfeeding benefits for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). We aim to review interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes among mothers on OMT to make recommendations for practice and future research. We searched CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for articles, preferably experimental/quasi-experimental studies published within the past 10 years, that examined interventions to increase rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration among mothers on OMT. Nine studies met our inclusion criteria, comprising 5 categories: 4 combined obstetric and addiction care, 1 rooming-in, 1 Baby-Friendly hospital, 2 inpatient/outpatient NAS treatment, and 1 divided methadone dose. Breastfeeding rates were relatively higher for divided methadone dose (81% initiated any breastfeeding) and rooming-in (62% initiated any breastfeeding); lower in Baby-Friendly hospital (24%) and inpatient/outpatient NAS treatment (45% and 24%, respectively); and mixed in combined obstetric and addiction care programs (2 studies reported 70% and 76%; 2 studies reported 17% and 28%). Studies that included both methadone and buprenorphine did not specify breastfeeding results by medication. We recommend future research to differentiate breastfeeding types and duration by OMT medication. Qualitative studies are needed to explore maternal view on breastfeeding regarding need, barrier, and motivating factors in order to develop effective interventions to promote breastfeeding among mothers on OMT.
Respiratory Support in Pediatric Surgery

This section covers five situations in surgical respiratory care that the busy surgeon may encounter only a few times each year. The authors are experts on the modern understanding of these conditions. The practice of pediatric surgery and neonatal intensive care is approaching the point at which a surgeon will deal with neonates all the time or not at all. Nonetheless, many of the respiratory care techniques that are currently routine procedures in adults came directly from the neonatal intensive care unit, so that every reader serves to gain by careful study of the clear descriptions by Philippart, Sarnaik, and Belenky. Likewise, patients with smoke inhalation and burns are usually referred to burn care centers, which are familiar with Moylan’s work. However, there are important lessons in his article for anyone who deals with disorders of the airway. By contrast, every surgeon lives with major trauma, aspiration, pulmonary embolism, and cardiac failure. Every reader will remember the last patient seen with these problems and anticipate the next with concern. These solid practical reviews will make that experience easier.
The modern endocrine approach to the management and diagnosis of the infertile patient.

(1959). The Modern Endocrine Approach to the Management and Diagnosis of the Infertile Patient. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 26, New York University-Bellevue Medical Center, pp. 659-672.
Chapter 3 – High-Level Architecture

This chapter describes the high-level architecture of JABWT, which introduces the architecture of the JABWT specification, the Bluetooth Control Center, and a simple JABWT application. JABWT provides functionality that falls into three categories that are discovery, communication, and device management. Discovery includes device discovery, service discovery, and service registration. Communication includes establishing connections between devices and using those connections for Bluetooth communication between applications. Device management allows for managing and controlling these connections. The Bluetooth Control Centre (BCC) is part of the JABWT specification, but it does not have any Java APIs that provide direct access to it. The need for the BCC arises from the desire to prevent one application from adversely affecting another application. The chapter also presents the classes and methods defined in JABWT, the traditional ‘‘Hello, World’’ application. It describes how to set up a development environment that makes it possible to build and test JABWT code in a simulated environment.
A science of integration: frameworks, processes, and products in a place-based, integrative study

Integrative research is increasingly a priority within the scientific community and is a central goal for the evolving field of sustainability science. While it is conceptually attractive, its successful implementation has been challenging and recent work suggests that the move towards interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in sustainability science is being only partially realized. To address this from the perspective of social-ecological systems (SES) research, we examine the process of conducting a science of integration within the Southcentral Alaska Test Case (SCTC) of Alaska-EPSCoR as a test-bed for this approach. The SCTC is part of a large, 5 year, interdisciplinary study investigating changing environments and adaptations to those changes in Alaska. In this paper, we review progress toward a science of integration and present our efforts to confront the practical issues of applying proposed integration frameworks. We: (1) define our integration framework; (2) describe the collaborative processes, including the co-development of science through stakeholder engagement and partnerships; and (3) illustrate potential products of integrative, social-ecological systems research. The approaches we use can also be applied outside of this particular framework. We highlight challenges and propose improvements for integration in sustainability science by addressing the need for common frameworks and improved contextual understanding. These insights may be useful for capacity-building for interdisciplinary projects that address complex real-world social and environmental problems.
A high efficiency Ka-band monolithic GaAs FET amplifier

A monolithic three-stage Ka-band GaAs FET power amplifier has been designed and fabricated on MBE (molecular-beam epitaxy)-grown material with a highly doped (8*10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/) channel. Devices with gate length of 0.25 mu m and gate width of 50 mu m, 100 mu m, and 250 mu m were cascaded. The gate and drain bias networks were also integrated. A maximum small-signal gain of 26 dB was obtained with 4 V on the drain and 0 V on the gate. When biased for large-signal operation, the amplifier was capable of generating 112 mW output power with 16-dB gain and 21.6% power-added efficiency at 34 GHz. It is believed that this is a record efficiency for a GaAs MMIC (microwave monolithic integrated circuit) amplifier at this frequency. >
Plenary Lecture: Surface Analysis at the Atomic Level Using the Atom-Probe

The atom-probe FIM as the most sensitive micro-analytical tool combines the single atom resolution of a field ion microscope with mass spectrometric single ion identification. The early, straight time-of-flight instrument, however, suffers from insufficient mass resolution as ion energy deficits cause a spill-over to apparently heavier masses, and from random artifact signals caused by residual gas or by afterpulses of the detector. A curved energy-focusing drift tube and a double channel plate detector eliminate these problems. By aiming at individual impurity atoms seen as interstitials, at dislocations or at grain boundaries, their nature can be identified. Atom-layer by atom-layer depth profiling of alloys with adjacent isotopes and the analysis of small atomic clusters is unambiguous. The occurrence of metal-hydride, metal-helide, or metal-neide ions formed with some metals in the presence of the imaging gas is now well established. Gas-metal surface reactions with nitrogen and carbon monoxide are found to be affected by dissociation due to the special conditions in the FIM, such as the high field and possible excitation of the adsorbate by electron impact.
Treatment of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Thumb: A Critical Analysis Review.

“Gamekeeper’s thumb” was first described by Campbell in 1955 as a mechanism for chronic ulnar thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) ligament instability among gamekeepers involved in the killing of rabbits[1][1]. According to Campbell, the repeated use of a pincer maneuver involving the ulnar side
Economic optimization of super-intensive biosecure recirculating shrimp production systems

Super-intensive, biosecure, recirculating shrimp production systems (SIBRSPS) have been developed to prevent disease outbreaks and improve profitability. To evaluate the economic viability for SIBRSPS, the Hanson-Posadas bioeconomic model was developed to conduct analysis of net present values (NPVs), internal rate of returns (IRRs), and payback periods. The objective of this study is to develop a profit maximization model, as an enhancement to the Hanson-Posadas bioeconomic model, to determine the optimal harvesting week, size, and batch number per year and evaluate the economic viability for the SIBRSPS. Biological growth and feed functions in the profit maximization model were estimated using data from experiments conducted at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL), Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC), and the Oceanic Institute (OI) during 2003 through 2006. Results found that Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) growth and feed significantly (P < 0.01) responded to number of weeks farmed as quadratic concave function shapes in GCRL and WMC and as linear in OI. The optimal harvest week, size, and batch number per year are 12th–18th week, 18–21 g, and approximately three to four batches, respectively, depending on the location. The economic viability of SIBRSPS is questionable, with positive NPVs ($9.35, $2.27, and $0.36 million) experienced only in three (OI-14, WMC-9, and WMC-8, respectively) out of seven experiment scenarios. Profitability is dependent on economic factors including L. vannamei prices and establishment and maintenance costs of SIBRSPS as well as biological factors such as stocking density, initial puerulus (PL) size, growth rates, feed conversion rates, and survival rates.
Peritoneal fluid localization on FAST examination in the pediatric trauma patient.

Abstract Objective To determine the location of intraperitoneal free fluid on FAST exam in pediatric patients undergoing evaluation for trauma. Methods Retrospective review of all FAST exams positive for intraperitoneal free fluid performed in patients sustaining trauma between August 2009 and February 2016 in an urban pediatric emergency department. Positive results were categorized into one of nine potential intraperitoneal locations; 4 each in the right and left upper quadrants, and the pelvis. Results One hundred and three complete positive studies were reviewed. The median age of patients was 10 years (IQR 7–14) with 66% being male. Ninety-five percent had fluid present in the pelvis, 35% had fluid present in the RUQ, and 16.5% had fluid present in the LUQ. Overall, the most frequent location of fluid outside of the pelvis was found at the inferior tip of the liver, present in 83.3% of patients with fluid in the RUQ and 29% of all patients with a positive FAST. Conclusions The majority of pediatric trauma patients with a positive FAST exam will exhibit free fluid in the pelvis. Particular attention should be directed to the inferior tip of the liver in children as this represents the most common location for fluid collection outside the pelvis.
Research on electrical properties of natural ester-paper insulation after accelerated thermal aging

As an environmental insulating medium, natural ester fluid has many advantages such as renewable, biodegradable, fireproof and heat resistance. In order to master the natural ester's insulation properties of long-term high temperature operation, the electrical properties of the natural ester — paper insulation under long-term thermal aging condition, especially the partial discharge characteristic test research is very necessary. In this paper, the natural ester — paper and mineral oil — paper composite insulation test sample were processed after the same treatment. Long-term thermal aging experiments were performed under the 110 Ό and 130 Ό to compare the power frequency breakdown voltage, volume resistivity and dielectric loss factor of two kinds of oil — paper composite insulation thermal aging process, and the partial discharge inception voltage with its apparent discharge, partial discharge extinction voltage with its apparent discharge of two kinds of oil were compared. Experimental results showed that the power frequency breakdown voltage(DBVE) of natural ester and mineral insulating oil decreases with aging, and the power frequency breakdown voltage of natural ester is larger than that of mineral oil under the same condition. The volume resistivity of the natural ester and its oil-impregnated pressboards is less than that of mineral oil and oil-impregnated pressboards. The dielectric loss factor of the natural ester is one order of magnitude larger than that of the mineral oil. The aging temperature has great influence on the dielectric loss of the natural ester, and the dielectric loss factor of the insulating pressboards in the natural ester is larger than that in the mineral oil. The partial discharge inception and extinction voltage of natural ester are slightly less than that of mineral insulating oil. The pressboard insulation partial discharge inception voltage is greater than the natural ester impregnated paper impregnated with mineral oil, but the partial discharge of pressboard impregnated natural ester out of the insulating board voltage was significantly less than that of mineral oil impregnated. The partial discharge inception voltage of insulating pressboards impregnated with natural ester is higher than that of insulating pressboards impregnated with mineral oil under 110 Ό and 3000h aging condition, but the partial discharge extinction voltage of insulating pressboards impregnated with natural ester is obviously smaller than that of insulating pressboards impregnated with mineral oil.
Accessibility evaluations for nighttime walking and bicycling for low-income shift workers

Abstract This paper addresses an important issue related to nighttime commuting of low-income shift workers who walk and/or bike to their workplace using public transit. A shift worker is anyone who follows a work schedule that is outside of the typical daytime working hours of a business day and commute after dark - by walking or bicycling to a transit stop. However, poor visibility conditions on sidewalks and bicycle lanes often thwart safety of their walking and bicycling activities. Therefore, this paper develops two simple scores - nighttime accessibility score for walking (NASW) and nighttime accessibility for bicycling (NASB) - for evaluating nighttime infrastructure for pedestrians and bicyclist. The scores consider the employment data, travel time and the physical distribution of streetlight poles along the sidewalks and bicycle lanes. Data from the city of El Paso in Texas is used to demonstrate the applicability of the two scores. Employment data from three prominent service industry sectors known to employ low-income shift workers – i) Retail Trade, ii) Accommodation and Food Services, and iii) Health Care and Social Assistance – are used for demonstration purposes. It is observed that amongst the three sectors analyzed, both NASW and NASB values are higher for regions in El Paso with low-income employment concentrations from the Health Care and Social Assistance sector. It is also observed that some prominent regions in north-east, south-east and west of El Paso need improvements in streetlight systems, sidewalks and bicycle network to facilitate walking and bicycling amongst low-income shift workers employed in Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services industry sectors to access transit stops at night.
31 A new paediatric head injury assessment tool considering subject-specific child head anatomy

Head injury is the leading cause of paediatric death, disability, and Emergency Department visits in the United States. Current paediatric head injury assessment tools are developed primarily based on the scaled adult responses, despite anatomical differences between child and adult heads. The goal of this study was to establish a new paradigm for developing and using subject-specific paediatric head finite element (FE) models for predicting head injuries in young children. To develop this new tool, head CT scans from over 100 0–3 year-old children were collected to develop statistical skull geometry models using principal component analysis and regression analysis. A mesh morphing method was developed to rapidly morph a template head FE model to a target geometry predicted by the geometry model with a given age and head circumference . Age-dependent brain material properties were also quantified using infant and adolescent porcine brain tissues under compression and shear loading conditions. The subject-specific head models were used to reconstruct 50 paediatric cadaver drop tests conducted previously to develop skull fracture risk curves. Moreover, in-depth investigations of 60 paediatric fall cases have also been conducted for computational reconstruction to ensure the accuracy of the model. The results showed that, with this new injury assessment tool, a fall case can be quickly reconstructed in reasonable accuracy, which can provide additional and objective evidence to determine the true causes of a paediatric head injury. The methods developed in this study can enable a rapid development of a complicated FE head model for children accounting for subject-specific head anatomy, and the experiences gained in the in-depth fall investigation and reconstruction significantly enhanced the capability and accuracy of the models. The modelling paradigm will provide a more objective, accurate, and cost-effective way for paediatric head injury prediction in various impact conditions.
Essential micronutrient and toxic trace element concentrations in gluten containing and gluten-free foods.

For individuals following a gluten-free (GF) diet, rice is commonly the major grain. People following a GF diet have a higher arsenic burden than the general population. We conducted a multielemental market basket study of GF and gluten containing ingredients and prepared foods (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, total As, As species, total Hg and methylmercury). Foods containing rice were significantly higher in As, Hg and Pb and lower in Se, Fe, Cu and Zn. Wheat-based foods were higher in Cd. Mercury concentrations were low (<3.5 ng/g); speciation was predominantly methylmercury. Arsenic and mercury in rice were correlated. GF foods contained significantly more As and Hg. Eating a wide variety of GF grains may reduce contaminant exposure and increase micronutrient status compared to a rice-based GF diet.
Predictors of Outcomes of Non-Surgical Management for Acetabular Labral Tears

Objectives:Acetabular labral tears are increasingly recognized as a source of hip pain in the younger, active population. Due to a significant focus on surgical intervention, there has been limited...
Human detection in infrared imagery using intensity distribution, gradient and texture features

Many human detection algorithms are able to detect humans in various environmental conditions with high accuracy, but they strongly use color information for detection, which is not robust to lighting changes and varying colors. This problem is further amplified with infrared imagery, which only contains gray scale information. The proposed algorithm for human detection uses intensity distribution, gradient and texture features for effective detection of humans in infrared imagery. For the detection of intensity, histogram information is obtained in the grayscale channel. For extracting gradients, we utilize Histogram of Oriented Gradients for better information in the various lighting scenarios. For extraction texture information, center-symmetric local binary pattern gives rotational-invariance as well as lighting-invariance for robust features under these conditions. Various binning strategies help keep the inherent structure embedded in the features, which provide enough information for robust detection of the humans in the scene. The features are then classified using an adaboost classifier to provide a tree like structure for detection in multiple scales. The algorithm has been trained and tested on IR imagery and has been found to be fairly robust to viewpoint changes and lighting changes in dynamic backgrounds and visual scenes.
Listening to Patients’ Voices: Workarounds Patients Use to Construct Pain Intensity Ratings:

This study analyzed patients' perspectives about a measure of current, usual, and extreme pain and a measure of activity-related pain. Thirty-one patients with osteoarthritis participated in focus groups. Researchers completed thematic analysis of transcripts using coding software and an inductive approach. Three emerging themes were that many factors affected patients' perceptions and ratings of pain intensity, patients used different approaches to construct pain ratings, and patients interpreted maximal response anchors differently. Particularly, novel findings were that patients evaluated pain fluctuation, location, duration, and quality when constructing pain intensity ratings. Also, activity items helped patients to remember pain and provided a valued context for communicating pain experiences. However, the activities needed to be sufficiently described and personally relevant. These findings further clarify the challenges patients face and the workarounds they use when rating pain intensity. The patients' suggestions for improved administration methods and items warrant future investigation.
Background on and Applications of Jets in Crossflow

The jet in crossflow or transverse jet has been studied extensively because of its relevance to a wide variety of flows in technological systems, including fuel or dilution air injection in gas turbine engines, thrust vector control for high speed airbreathing and rocket vehicles, and exhaust plumes from power plants. These widespread applications have led over the past 50+ years to experimental, theoretical, and numerical examinations of this fundamental flowfield. This summary provides a background on these studies and applications, setting the stage for the specific topics described later in this text which are relevant to transverse jet modeling, manipulation, and control.
An oxazolone cycloadduct approach to Cis-fused decahydroquinoline alkaloids: Regio- & stereocontrolled installation of a C5-substituent by “radical clock”

Abstract An approach to highly functionalized cis-fused decahydroquinoline frameworks with general potential for alkaloid synthesis is presented. Initial intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition of an oxazolone triene is followed by face-selective cyclopropanation with diazoacetate-derived carbenoid. Whereas numerous attempts at direct cyclopropane rupture failed, use of the analogous chloro-substituted system allowed subsequent radical clock scission with complete regio- and stereocontrol. A 5β-ester was thus installed as required.
Health Equity Curricula Within Health Policy and Management Concentrations in U.S. Public Health Graduate Programs

Achieving health equity is a national priority in the United States and having a public health workforce equipped to make health policy and administrative decisions that reduce disparities is neede...