cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photopheresis monotherapy and in combination with recombinant interferon alfa: A 10-year experience at a single institution

Abstract Background: Extracorporeal photopheresis is a pheresis-based therapy that permits the direct targeting of psoralen-mediated photochemotherapy to circulating pathogenic T cells. Although photopheresis is currently used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), limited data are available regarding overall response rates and durability of responses among patients with advanced disease. Furthermore, little is known about the effectiveness and tolerability of combined regimens employing other biologic response modifiers including interferon alfa. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the efficacy of photopheresis among 41 patients with the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of CTCL; the majority of patients had stage III or IV disease with the presence of circulating malignant T cells. Methods: A retrospective chart review during a 10-year period at a single university hospital was performed for all patients receiving either photopheresis monotherapy on two consecutive days every 4 weeks (one cycle) and for an additional 12 patients who also received interferon alfa 1.5 to 5 million U subcutaneously three to five times weekly. Results: Thirty-one of 41 patients (76%) were treated for six or more cycles. The remaining 10 were treated with less than six cycles because of rapidly progressing disease ( n = 6), death unrelated to CTCL ( n = 2), or withdrawal from treatment ( n = 1); one of the 10 patients had only received five cycles of treatment but is still receiving therapy. Twenty-eight of the 31 patients treated for six or more cycles received photopheresis alone. Among the 28, seven patients (25%) had a complete remission, 13 (46%) had a partial remission defined as more than 50% clearing of skin disease, and eight (29%) did not respond to treatment. The presence of Sezary cells in the peripheral blood was associated with a favorable response. Median time to treatment failure was 18 months, whereas median survival from initiation of therapy was 77 months and from the time of diagnosis exceeded 100 months. Nine of these 28 patients went on to receive combination therapy with interferon alfa and, in some cases, other agents. Among these nine patients, five had an enhanced clinical response to the combination therapy compared with treatment with photopheresis monotherapy. The combined regimen was well tolerated. Conclusion: These results indicate that patients with advanced CTCL can achieve a high response rate for an extended period with photopheresis and that interferon alfa combined with photopheresis is a well-tolerated regimen that appears to produce higher response rates than photopheresis alone.
α-Induced Reaction Rates for Accreting Compact Stars

Abstract Studies have shown that alpha-induced nuclear reactions in the hot CNO cycles and on the waiting points of the rp-process play a principal role in energy production and nucleosynthesis on the surface of mass-accreting white dwarfs and neutron stars. This paper will present recent measurements at Notre Dame on the rate of 15 O( α , γ ) and new experiments for ( α ,p) reactions on the waiting point nuclei of 14 O and 26 Si. Preliminary results and astrophysical implications will be discussed.
The Expression of the Neurogenic Locus Notch During the Postembryonic Development of Drosophila Melanogaster and its Relationship to Mitotic Activity

The molecular analysis of the Notch locus of Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that it codes for a protein which shows homology to the epidermal growth factor as well as to the products of certain yeast genes involved in the control of the cell cycle (Wharton et al., 1985a; Breeden and Nasmyth, 1987). The structure of the protein suggests that Notch is involved in a cell interaction mechanism which controls the differentiation of several different tissues during development. Here we examine Notch expression during imaginal development using in situ hybridization to tissue sections and demonstrate that Notch is not expressed ubiquitously during the postembryonic stages, but rather is confined to specific tissues. During the larval and early pupal period Notch transcripts are predominantly localized in the imaginal discs and the central nervous system. In the middle and late pupal period the signal levels in these tissues drop dramatically and in the adult animal Notch transcripts are essentially detected only in the ovaries. In the larval stages the pattern of Notch expression appears to be closely correlated with mitotically active tissues, while in later stages this correlation appears less strict. The findings reported here indicate that there is a requirement for normal Notch function in a number of tissues at several developmental stages and that the pleiotropic phenotypic manifestation of Notch mutations is a context dependent developmental result. The observed association of Notch expression with mitotically active cell populations raises the possibility that Notch may play a role in the cell cycle.
Validation of a portable instrument for assessing tremor severity in epidemiologic field studies.

BACKGROUND An important part of epidemiologic and genetic studies of essential tremor (ET) is an assessment of tremor severity. Clinical rating scales are semiquantitative and computerized tremor analysis, available at tertiary medical centers, is not transportable into the field. As part of an epidemiologic study, we modified the Klove-Matthews Motor Steadiness Battery, collecting objective quantitative data on tremor severity in patients with ET and control subjects. OBJECTIVE To describe the modified Klove-Matthews Motor Steadiness Battery, validate this test battery against several other measures of tremor severity, demonstrate test–retest reliability, and provide standard reference values for normal control subjects and patients with ET who undergo this test battery. METHODS Patients with ET and control subjects, ascertained from both a clinic and a community, underwent a standardized evaluation including a demographic and medical questionnaire, tremor disability questionnaire, videotaped tremor examination, performance-based test, modified Klove-Matthews Motor Steadiness Battery (Groove-Type Steadiness Tester [GTST] and Nine-Hole Steadiness Tester [NHST]), and quantitative computerized tremor analysis. RESULTS There were 19 patients with ET and 28 control subjects. NHST and GTST total scores were correlated significantly with the tremor disability questionnaire score (r = 0.63, p = 0.001 and r = 0.49, p = 0.016), total tremor score (tremor examination, r = 0.68, p <0.001 and r = 0.41, p = 0.005), performance-based test score (r = 0.81, p <0.001 and r = 0.65, p = 0.001), and quantitative computerized tremor analysis results (for example, spiral drawing, r = 0.62, p = 0.01 and r = 0.58, p = 0.019). Test–retest reliability was generally high (r = 0.79–0.94, p <0.001). CONCLUSION The modified Klove-Matthews Motor Steadiness Battery provides a reliable and valid means to collect objective quantitative data on tremor severity. Rapidity of administration and ease of transport make it a potentially useful tool in epidemiologic and genetic field studies.
Creole nationalists and the search for nativist authenticity in twentieth-century Zanzibar: the limits of cosmopolitanism

The founders of the Zanzibar National Party can be understood as creole nationalists, who imagined their political authority as stemming from membership in a transnational Arab elite. But in the mid-twentieth century, prompted by the rising hegemony of territorial nationalism and by subaltern challenges informed by pan-Africanism, they crafted a new historical narrative that depicted their movement as having originated with indigenous villagers. Party leaders then related this narrative to Western scholars, whose publications helped reproduce the myth throughout the rest of the century. This article traces the genesis of this masquerade and asks what it implies about the nature of the creole metaphor and its supposed link to discourses of cosmopolitan hybridity. The conventional contrast between creolite and nativist essentialism is shown to be illusory.
αGal-conjugated anti-rhinovirus agents: chemo-enzymatic syntheses and testing of anti-Gal binding

The syntheses of αGal-conjugated anti-rhinovirus agents 1, 2 and 3 and their abilities to inhibit αGal binding of human anti-Gal antibody are described. An efficient enzymatic glycosylation using a novel fusion protein serves to provide the key αGal intermediate 7, which is elaborated to αGal amines 9, 12 and 14 with various tethers. The conjugates are then formed by amide coupling of these amines to heterocyclic acid 18 in the presence of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), followed by deprotection of the αGal part. Conjugate 3 having a triethylene glycol linker displays the highest binding affinity to human anti-Gal antibody as tested by ELISA.
Construction of a High Power OPO Laser system for Differential Absorption LIDAR

Our goal is to develop and characterize optical measurement technology to enable accurate quantification of greenhouse-gas emissions from distributed sources and sinks. We are constructing a differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) system that will be sensitive to the three primary greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Our system uses a high energy optical parametric oscillator (OPO) operating from 1585 nm to 1646 nm. Here we describe this OPO system and initial characterization of its output. The OPO uses a Rotated Image Singly-Resonant Twisted RectAngle (RISTRA) design. The commercially available RISTRA cavity is machined from a solid block of aluminum. The compact single piece cavity design requires no mirror adjustments and image rotation provides efficient light conversion efficiency and excellent beam quality. The injection seeded OPO has demonstrated total output energy of 50 mJ/pulse when pumped with 220 mJ/pulse of 1064 nm radiation. The pump laser has a repetition rate variable from 1 Hz to 100 Hz and a temporal pulse width of 4.2 ns. In the current configuration the seed laser is locked to a mode of the cavity.
Electro-optic measurement of the wake fields of a relativistic electron beam.

When a relativistic electron bunch traverses a structure, strong electromagnetic fields are induced in its wake. For a 12 nC bunch of duration 4.2 ps FWHM, the peak field is measured $g0.5\mathrm{MV}/\mathrm{m}$. Time resolution of $\ensuremath{\sim}5\mathrm{ps}$ is achieved using electro-optic sampling with a lithium tantalate $({\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3})$ crystal and a short-pulse infrared laser synchronized to the beam. We present measurements for both the longitudinal and radial components of the field and relate them to the wall impedance.
Macromolecular dynamics and free volume in polymer melts

Abstract The temperature dependence of the excess free volume, derived from the quasi-lattice theory of Simba and Somcynsky, above the glass-transition temperature for the non-crystalline component of four semicrystalline polymers [polyoxymethylene, poly(ethyleneterephthalate), polyethylene, and nylon-661] is used to facilitate the interpretation of 1 H-n.m.r. data. This method gives values for the crystalline content that agree well with values obtained by other methods. The correlation between the excess free vlume of the quasi-lattice and the segmental mobility of the noncrystalline component above the glass-transition temperature is discussed.
Toll-like receptor 7 mediates pruritus

Toll-like receptors are typically expressed in immune cells to regulate innate immunity. We found that functional Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) was expressed in C-fiber primary sensory neurons and was important for inducing itch (pruritus), but was not necessary for eliciting mechanical, thermal, inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice. Our results indicate that TLR7 mediates itching and is a potential therapeutic target for anti-itch treatment in skin disease conditions.
A prospective study of health and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury

Abstract Krause JS, Carter RE, Pickelsimer EE, Wilson D. A prospective study of health and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury. Objective To test hypothesized relationships between multiple health parameters and mortality among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) while controlling for variations in biographical and injury characteristics. Design Prospective cohort study with health data collected in late 1997 and early 1998 and mortality status ascertained in December 2005. Setting A large rehabilitation hospital in the Southeastern United States. Participants A total of 1389 adults with traumatic SCI, at least 1 year postinjury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was time from survey to mortality (or time of censoring). Mortality status was determined using the National Death Index and the Social Security Death Index. There were 225 deaths (16.2%) by December 31, 2005. Results Cox proportional hazards modeling identified several significant health predictors of mortality status, while controlling for biographic and injury factors. Two sets of analyses were conducted—the first identifying the significance of a single variable of interest and the second analysis building a comprehensive model based on an optimal group of variables. Multiple types of health conditions were associated with mortality. The best set of health predictors included probable major depression, surgeries to repair pressure ulcers, fractures and/or amputations, symptoms of infections, and days hospitalized. Inclusion of these variables, along with a general health rating, improved prediction of survival compared with biographic and injury variables alone, because the pseudo R 2 increased from .12 to .18 and the concordance from .730 to .776. Conclusions In addition to secondary conditions that have been the traditional focus of prevention efforts (eg, pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections), amputations, fractures, and depressive symptoms were associated with higher risk for mortality; however, further research is needed to identify the association of specific conditions with causes of death and to determine whether interventions can modify these conditions and ultimately improve survival.
Polymorphism of attack and defense

Abstract Coevolution of attack and defense occurs in host–parasite systems and various forms of genomic conflict. Attackers benefit when their specific molecules allow entry past host defenses. Defenders gain when their matching biochemical specificities aid recognition. Selection continually favors new attack specificities that avoid matching defense and, in turn, new defense specificities that match novel attackers. The introduction of novel specificities strongly influences the spatial and temporal dynamics of conflict. Lack of reciprocally matching diversity in a particular system suggests biochemical constraints that prevent diversification. New work on cytoplasmic male sterility, B chromosomes and meiotic drive suggests that varying biochemical constraints on recognition cause varying patterns of diversity and spatiotemporal dynamics
Amerikkka Über Alles: German Nationalism, American Imperialism, and the 1960s Antiwar Movement in Gravity's Rainbow

Abstract A cross Pynchon's body of writing, there is an abiding concern with the radical democratic politics of 1960s America. That concern manifested itself as early as “Entropy,” Pynchon's self-professed “Beat story” (Slow Learner 14), in which the reader is left, finally, with two distinct and contradictory images: On the one hand, we see Callisto's ineffectual paralysis, as he holds the dead bird and stares at the window that Aubade has just shattered; on the other hand, we see the image of Meatball Mulligan attempting to “try and keep his lease-breaking party from deteriorating into total chaos” by giving wine to the sailors, separating the morru players, introducing the fat government girl to Sandor Rojas, helping the girl in the shower to dry off and go to bed, and calling a repairman to fix the refrigerator (97). As Tony Tanner recognized, Pynchon's story provides a metaphor for a classic epistemological dichotomy as old as Plat0 and the Sophists. Tanner writes:
Principal component analysis on properties of binary and ternary hydrides and a comparison of metal versus metal hydride properties

Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to investigate interrelationship among material properties of hydrides. Property data which consist of ∼200 compounds (binary and ternary metal hydrides) were analyzed. A comparative study was carried out among the metal properties with that of their hydrides. The observed decrease or increase of entropy, molar volume and specific heat of hydrides from that of the metals can be attributed to hydrogen bond formation, charge transfer and corresponding change in crystal structure.
Diuretic-Induced Hyponatremia

Diuretics are one of the most common causes of severe hyponatremia. Yet, despite several relevant studies and years of clinical experience, the mechanism and optimal treatment of diuretic-induced hyponatremia remain unclear. What is clear is that most cases are caused by thiazide rather than loop diuretics and that severe hyponatremia can develop very rapidly in susceptible patients. In this review, I will discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, prevention, and treatment of diuretic-induced hyponatremia in the hope that increased awareness and understanding will reduce the incidence and complications of this potentially life-threatening syndrome.
A method for the quantitative recovery of polyethylene wear debris from the simulated service of total joint prostheses

Abstract The quantitative recovery of polyethylene wear debris is particularly important in the evaluation of the wear of total joint prostheses as it is the only feasible experimental wear parameter and also because of the clinical significance of the rate of release of the debris into the surrounding tissues. A method has been developed to recover the debris from the synovial fluid or serum in the joint; it consists in essence of chemical digestion, filtration and stereological evaluation of the debris volume. This method separates the polyethylene debris from all the other suspended solids present in the joint fluid and can be reliably and reproducibly calibrated. It has revealed that gross differences exist in the wear rates of commercially available total hip prostheses.
Therapeutic Tolerance, Hemodynamic Effects, and Oral Dose Kinetics of Dilazep Dihydrochloride in Hypertensive Patients

The oral dose metabolism of dilazep dihydrochloride [tetrahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine-1,4(5H)-dipropanol 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate] was examined in six hypertensive patients receiving a single oral dose of 600 mg of dilazep (3-3.8 mg/kg BW). Blood was collected at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after administration of the dose and urine was collected for three time intervals of 0-4 h, 4-10 h, and 10-24 h. Dilazep concentrations in blood and urine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dilazep decayed monoexponentially with a mean elimination rate constant of 0.27 +/- 0.13 h-1 and a mean half-life of 3.04 +/- 1.34 h. The mean tmax of absorption was 1.40 +/- 0.82 h. With maximally tolerated chronic doses, the steady-state concentration measured at 1 week was 25.6 ng/mL in a patient receiving 300 mg daily (100 mg TID) for 3 weeks, and dilazep concentration increased with the dose in others for up to a 600-mg dose daily. Dilazep did not produce any significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure after a single oral dose or during chronic dosing. There was no correlation between blood dilazep levels and the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. In three additional patients, oral dilazep dihydrochloride titrated gradually to maximally tolerated doses (900 mg daily) failed to produce significant effects on biochemical and neurohumoral measurements, and hemodynamic parameters as well as ventricular functional indices measured by radionucleide methods. Oral dilazep administration in maximally tolerated doses is devoid of effects on blood pressure and cardiac hemodynamic function.
Quasi-steady problems in freezing soils: IV. Traveling wave solutions

Abstract A mathematical model of a frozen fringe called M1 was introduced (Nakano, 1990). The results of mathematical and experimental studies presented in preceding papers (Nakano, 1990; Takeda and Nakano, 1990; Nakano and Takeda, 1991) clearly show tht the model M1 accurately describes the properties of a frozen fringe when the steady growth of an ice layer occurs. In this work the steady growth of ice-rich frozen soil is studied by using M1. Deriving a traveling wave solution to the problem, we have found that the condition of steady growth of ice-rich frozen soil is uniquely determined by a set of two physical variables, such as α0 and α1 used earlier (Nakano, 1990), under given hydraulic conditions and overburden pressures and that the traveling wave solution converges to the solution to the problem of a steadily growing ice layer when the velocity of the 0°C isotherm relative to the unfrozen part of the soil vanishes.
Effect of various sensory inputs on prose learning.

Sumniary.-A pretest-posttest design was used to determine the effects of auditory input, visual input, audirory-visual input, and no input on prose learning. The principal result of a multivariate analysis of covariance combined with a multiple-comparison test was a significant difference in favor of auditory input. This difference seemed to be confined to definition items which were the substance of the input as opposed to application items which were not involved explicitly in the input. A difference between the present study and earlier ones was that a shprter exposure of stimuli was employed in the present study. which may have led to results favoring auditory input in contrast to earlier find~ngs favoring visual input. Several studies (Dorsel, 1976; Gulo S( Baron, 1965; Siegel, 1973) have noted superior comprehension of prose material results from visual (printed) presentation than from auditory (spoken) presentation of the material. Both Dorsel (1976) and Gulo and Baron (1965) suggested that the beneficial effect of visual presentation over auditory presentation might have resulted from subjects being able to read material faster than it can be spoken to them, thereby enabling greater study or practice opportunities within a fixed period of time for the visual conditions as compared to the auditory conditions. All of the above studies were similar in that they involved 12 to 20 min. exposure times to the material. The present study again compared visual and auditory presentations, but exposure of stimuli was limited to 2 min. which presumably held any differential practice possible between conditions to a minimum. A combined auditoryvisual presentation condition was also included to see if multiple-mode presentation would produce a beneficial effect over single-mode presentation. In addition, comprehension was subdivided into two categories, (a) simple recall of definitions and (b) application of those definitions. This multivariate approach was employed to determine whether learning was limited to only that which was presented (definitions) or if it extended to related matters which were not actually presented (applications). To ensure that the mode of presentation was the only variable manipulated, no questions, noce-taking, or underlining were allowed during the exposure to the prose pazsage. METHOD Subjects
Nativity and California Online Voter Registration and Turnout in November 2012

In September 2012, the California Secretary of State made it possible, for the first time, for the state's eligible voters to register online. In fewer than 5 weeks prior to the November 2012 election, 787,337 of California's eligible voters took advantage of this opportunity. In this article, I explore the demographics of California's November 2012 online registrants with a particular focus on nativity in order to see whether US born Latina/o and Asian-American online registrants have different characteristics than those who are naturalized. I find Latino and Asian-American naturalized voters used online voter registration at high rates, but that Asian-origin naturalized voters did so at lower rates than Latinos, sug- gesting the need for more targeted outreach to naturalized voters of different eth- noracial backgrounds. 1 This analysis is based on data provided by Political Data, Inc. (PDI), a data vendor that collects data from each of the 58 counties in California and other proprietary sources. PDI acquires voter data from individual counties at regular intervals, typically no less often than once per 4 months. When voter records are retrieved from counties, they are subjected to record standardization, validation, and enhancement. Standardization includes the application of an internal match- ing reference key, an internal ID tracking number, and name field standardization. Validations against death registries and National Change of Address listings are also performed. For the iden- tification of voters who filed for registration online, PDI relies largely on the record keeping of the individual counties. In most cases, the registration method is recorded and maintained by the county registrar-recorder and can be added directly to voter file records. In certain counties, the
Isolation-induced social pecking in domestic chicks: Contemporary correlates and sequelae

Aspects of the social pecking of domestic chicks in a free response situation were examined in a series of experiments. It was proposed that a dual pattern of responses involving (a) a preponderance of pecks at the head of a conspecific, and (b) heightened emotionality (as indicated by the emission of distress calls) might be taken to reflect an aggressive tendency, and evidence was reviewed that showed that a brief period of isolation was a sufficient condition to elicit such a pattern. The main questions asked in this paper are: (a) whether the gender of a chick had a material influence on the incidence of such social pecking, and (b) whether orders established in pecking exchanges reflected a unidimensional social ordering among chicks. In the 1st set of studies the effect of the sex of subject on rates of social pecking was tested. While an isolation procedure clearly produced the dual pattern of heightened head pecking and calling, reliable sex differences were not in evidence. In a 2nd study, concerned with the generality of social orders as observed in social pecking exchanges, the isolation procedure again was sufficient to produce apparently aggressive reactions but the resulting peck orders between chicks did not predict success in later tests when the same 2 subjects were pitted against one another in either approach or avoidance competitive tasks. These results are discussed in terms of the relationship of infant aggression to adult aggression, and suggestions are made for a revised view of the development of the aggressive behavior of fowl.
Mls determinants and anti-Mls receptors.

SUMMARY We review evidence from this laboratory that T cell recognition of Mlsa determinants is not controlled solely by the α-β T cell receptor (TcR) molecule. We propose a model in which Mlsa recognition reflects a receptor-ligand interaction between two sets of complementary accessory molecules, one molecule (Mlsa) being expressed on B cells and the other (the anti-Mlsa receptor) on T cells; this interaction augments recognition of self class II molecules by the TcR. The biological role of Mls molecules might be to facilitate physiological T-B interaction.
Prediction of DNA-binding residues from sequence

Motivation: Thousands of proteins are known to bind to DNA; for most of them the mechanism of action and the residues that bind to DNA, i.e. the binding sites, are yet unknown. Experimental identification of binding sites requires expensive and laborious methods such as mutagenesis and binding essays. Hence, such studies are not applicable on a large scale. If the 3D structure of a protein is known, it is often possible to predict DNA-binding sites in silico. However, for most proteins, such knowledge is not available. Results: It has been shown that DNA-binding residues have distinct biophysical characteristics. Here we demonstrate that these characteristics are so distinct that they enable accurate prediction of the residues that bind DNA directly from amino acid sequence, without requiring any additional experimental or structural information. In a cross-validation based on the largest non-redundant dataset of high-resolution protein–DNA complexes available today, we found that 89% of our predictions are confirmed by experimental data. Thus, it is now possible to identify DNA-binding sites on a proteomic scale even in the absence of any experimental data or 3D-structural information. Availability: http://cubic.bioc.columbia.edu/services/disis Contact: yo135@columbia.edu
Suppressors of mutations in the rII gene of bacteriophage T4 affect promoter utilization.

ABSTRACT Homyk, Rodriguez and Weil (1976) have described T4 mutants, called sip , that partially suppress the inability of T4 rII mutants to grow in λ lysogens. We have found that mutants sip1 and sip2 are resistant to folate analogs and overproduce FH 2 reductase. The results of recombination and complementation studies indicate that sip mutations are in the mot gene. Like other mot mutations (Mattson, Richardson and Goodin 1974; Chace and Hall 1975; Sauerbier, Hercules and Hall 1976), the sip2 mutation affects the expression of many genes and appears to affect promoter utilization. The mot gene function is not required for T4 growth on most hosts, but we have found that it is required for good growth on E. coli CTr5X. Homyk, Rodriguez and Weil (1976) also described L mutations that reverse the effects of sip mutations. L 2 decreases the folate analog resistance and the inability of sip2 to grow on CTr5X. L 2 itself is partially resistant to a folate analog, and appears to reverse the effects of sip2 on gene expression. These results suggest that L 2 affects another regulatory gene related to the mot gene.
How Does Language Change Perception: A Cautionary Note

The relationship of language, perception, and action has been the focus of recent studies exploring the representation of conceptual knowledge. A substantial literature has emerged, providing ample demonstrations of the intimate relationship between language and perception. The appropriate characterization of these interactions remains an important challenge. Recent evidence involving visual search tasks has led to the hypothesis that top-down input from linguistic representations may sharpen visual feature detectors, suggesting a direct influence of language on early visual perception. We present two experiments to explore this hypothesis. Experiment 1 demonstrates that the benefits of linguistic priming in visual search may arise from a reduction in the demands on working memory. Experiment 2 presents a situation in which visual search performance is disrupted by the automatic activation of irrelevant linguistic representations, a result consistent with the idea that linguistic and sensory representations interact at a late, response-selection stage of processing. These results raise a cautionary note: While language can influence performance on a visual search, the influence need not arise from a change in perception per se.
Deterministic-Systemic Relationships in Overland Flow Analysis

: An analysis of storm runoff is presented, giving primary attention to deterministic-systemic relationships. So that system aspects can be emphasized, other aspects are kept simple; analysis is made for uniform rainfall on a strip of uniform width, limiting direct applicability to small areas. Two relationships between excess rain and time of concentration, one based on hydraulic parameters, the other on hydrologic characteristics, are combined in a solution for peak discharge. The hydraulic expression gives the interrelationship of time of concentration, excess rain, friction, length, and slope. The hydrologic relationship is achieved by converting ordinary intensity-duration curves to corresponding excess rain intensity-duration curves, thereby interrelating excess rain, time of concentration, and loss characteristics. The resulting solution for peak discharge allows for systemic feedback among both hydraulic and hydrologic parameters.
Effects of low temperature on lateral diffusion in plasma membranes on maize (Zea mays L.) root cortex protoplasts: relevance to chilling sensitivity

The effects of temperature on the lateral diffusion of fluorescent phospholipids, sterols and proteins in the plasma membranes of maize root cortex protoplasts were monitored using fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR). Diffusion parameters were measured in two cultivars of maize having different chilling tolerance. Hydrodynamic theory predicts that the diffusion coefficient, D, should increase with increasing temperature. In the more chilling-tolerant cultivar, however, D for all three probes was nearly insensitive to temperature. In the more chilling-sensitive cultivar, D was also insensitive to temperature over the range from 12 to 21°C, but D for the lipid probes tended to be higher and more variable at lower temperatures. The proportion of probe molecules free to diffuse in the membrane was less than 1 for all probes, and increased significantly with increasing temperature for the protein probe. These results, taken together, support the concept that the plasma membrane contains domains having differing diffusional characteristics. Temperature effects on membrane diffusion are moderated by the existence of these domains to limit significant changes. The observed tendency for higher diffusion coefficients at low temperatures in the chilling-sensitive cultivar may correlate to morphological changes observed with protoplasts of that cultivar at low temperatures.
The Optical Properties of Radio Galaxies

In these two lectures I shall describe the optical properties of galaxies that are identified with radio sources, both from the morphological and structural and from the spectroscopic and spectrophotometric points of view. In Section 1 I shall discuss the kinds of galaxies which are found to be radio sources. The types of spectra observed will be discussed in Section 2. In Section 3 we shall inquire into what kind of evidence can be found to indicate that a particular galaxy is a candidate for identification with a radio source, what evidence exists for the occurrence of a “violent event” in such a galaxy, and what can be found out about a radio galaxy from optical studies.
Interaction of leg stiffness and surface stiffness during human hopping

Ferris, Daniel P., and Claire T. Farley. Interaction of leg stiffness and surface stiffness during human hopping.J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 15–22, 1997.—When mammals run, the overall musculoskeletal ...
Energency response shortstop inhibition during the approach to an acrylic acid runaway polymerization

The most common cause for runaway polymerizations of glacial acrylic acid (AA) is overheating of the material due to mechanical failure, human error, or nearby fire. Under such circumstances, dissolved oxygen (D.O) is consumed more rapidly than the AA stabilizer, p-methoxyphenol (MEHQ), and “oxygen stravation” is the immediate cause of polymerization onset. From the known kinetics of oxygen disappearance, it is possible to calculate D.O. concentrations during a heatup period and to predict the time remaining until that concentration becomes unacceptably low. This information provides guidance for the timely activation of an emergency response shortstop inhibitor injection system so that there is enough time for adequate mixing of the inhibitor, phenothiazine (PTZ), to prevent or mitigate the polymerization.
Erk and PI-3 kinase are necessary for collagen binding and actin reorganization in corneal epithelia.

Purpose—It was recently shown that phosphatidylinositol-(PI)3 kinase is upregulated in wounded rabbit corneal epithelia. Extracellular signal–regulated kinase (erk)-1 and -2 proteins and PI-3 kinase were activated in embryonic corneal epithelia after 1-hour stimulation by type I collagen. In the current investigation specific inhibitors of PI-3 kinase and mitogen-activated kinase-kinase (MEK-1 kinase) were used to determine the role of these signaling molecules in actin reorganization and collagen binding to isolated sheets of corneal epithelial tissue. Methods—Effects of specific PI-3 kinase and MEK-1 inhibitors (LY294002, PD98059, respectively) were investigated in embryonic corneal epithelial tissues. Avian embryonic corneal epithelia were isolated as tissue sheets, organ cultured in the presence of these specific inhibitors, and stimulated with type I collagen. The tissues were evaluated for collagen-stimulated actin reorganization, erk-1 and -2 and PI-3 kinase activity, total filamentous actin accumulation, and collagen binding. Results—The MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059 decreased erk-1 and -2 phosphorylation and blocked actin reorganization in a dose-dependent manner. The PI-3 kinase 85-kDa subunit was decreased 25% in LY294002-treated tissue, and collagen binding also decreased significantly in tissues treated with MEK-1 and PI-3 kinase inhibitors compared with control tissues. In addition, both inhibitors blocked actin cortical mat reorganization. Conclusions—PI-3 kinase and erk-1 and -2 signaling pathways are activated and necessary for collagen binding and integrin-mediated actin reorganization in embryonic avian corneal epithelium.
Experiments with a powerful parser

Abstract : A description is given of a sophisticated computer program for the syntactic analysis of natural languages. The study discusses the notation used to write rules and the extent to which these rules can be made to state the same linguistic facts as a transformational grammar. Whereas most existing programs apply context-free phrase-structure grammars, this new program can analyze sentences with context-sensitive grammars and with grammars of a class very similar to transformational grammars. The program, which is written for the IBM 7040/44 computer, is nondeterministic: The various interpretations of an ambiguous sentence are all worked on simultaneously; at no stage does the program develop one interpretation rather than another. If two interpretations differ only in some small part of a partial syntactic structure, then only one complete structure is stored with two versions of the ambiguous part. The unambiguous portion is worked on only once for both interpretations. Although the current version of the program is written in ALGOL, with very little regard for efficiency, the basic algorithm is inherently much more efficient than any of its competitors. (Author)
Atrial natriuretic peptide protects against Staphylococcus aureus-induced lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction

Lung inflammation and alterations in endothelial cell (EC) permeability are key events to development of acute lung injury (ALI). Protective effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have been sh...
Effect of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the Number of Leaching Rain Events in Florida and Implications on Nutrient Management for Tomato

Most of the winter vegetable production in the southeastern United States is located in Florida. High-value vegetable crops are grown under intensive fertilization and irrigation management practices using drip, overhead, or seepage irrigation systems. Rainfall events may raise the water table in fields irrigated by seepage irrigation resulting in leaching of nutrients when the level is lowered to remove excess water. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of El Nino– Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases on rainfall distribution and leaching rain occurrences during the fall, winter, and spring tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growing seasons using long-term weather records available for main producing areas. Differences in fall growing season mean precipitation during El Nino, La Nina, and neutral years were found to be nonsignificant. Winter and spring mean precipitations during El Nino, La Nina, and neutral years were found to be significantly different. Winter and spring average rainfall amounts during La Nina and neutral years were lower than during El Nino years. During El Nino years, at least one leaching rainfall event of 1.0 inch or more in 1 day occurred at all locations and all planting seasons and two of these events occurred in more than 9 of 10 years except during the winter and spring planting seasons at the Tamiami Trail station located in Miami–Dade County. During the fall growing season of El Nino years, three to four 1.0 inch or more in 1-day leaching rainfalls may be expected at least 4 of 5 years at all locations. In the case of larger leaching rainfall events (3.0 inches or more recorded in 3 days or 4.0 inches or more recorded in 7 days), the probability of having at least one event was mostly less than 0.80. Based on these results, nitrogen fertilizer supplemental applications of 30 to 120 lb/acre could be applied during the fall growing season of all ENSO phases and during all planting seasons of El Nino years. Using current fertilizer prices, one supplemental fertilizer application of 30 lb/acre nitrogen and 16.6 lb/acre potassium costs $55/acre. Assuming a median wholesale price of $12 per 25-lb box, this additional cost may be offset by a modest yield increase of 4.6 boxes/acre (compared with a typical 2500 25-lb box/acre marketable yield). These results suggest that ENSO phases could be used to predict supplemental fertilizer needs for tomato, but adjustments to local weather conditions may be needed.
A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus

An illustrated identification key to the three genera and 14 named species of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of the proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae: Proconiini) in the Nearctic region, is provided. Two new species, Gonatocerus morgani and G. walkerjonesi, are described from California, USA. A synopsis of the included species is given, with emphasis on their distributional records and known host associations.
Trichothelium americanum, a new species widespread in the Coastal Plain of southeastern North America1

Abstract Extensive fieldwork in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain led to the discovery of many new populations that seemed referable to Trichothelium angustisporum, a crustose lichen originally described from South America and the United States. Review of that taxon revealed North American populations are uniformly isidiate and represent a distinct, evidently allopatric species which is described as Trichothelium americanum. The circumscription of T. angustisporum is discussed; the types are shown to be lost, necessitating selection of a lectotype, and the lectotype is illustrated to provide comparison with T. americanum.
Bomb-related injuries.

Between 1980 and 1990 there were 12,216 bombing incidents in the United States, the majority involving pipe-bomb type devices. Victims of such devices may suffer a combination of blast, penetrating, and thermal injuries requiring special surgical approaches. A series of cases is presented which illustrates the management dilemmas faced in such situations. Given the nationwide incidence of bombings, both local emergency medical systems and trauma surgeons should be prepared to deal with blast injuries, be aware of their regional incidence of bombings, and have a planned response that is coordinated with law enforcement agencies. Language: en
Late Cambrian (middle Furongian) shallow-marine dysoxic mudstone with calcrete and brachiopod–olenid–Lotagnostus faunas in Avalonian Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia

The common belief that organic-rich mudstones formed in quiescent, distal settings is further weakened by study of an upper Cambrian ( Leptoplastus – lower Peltura superzones) succession in the Chesley Drive Group in Avalonian Cape Breton Island that is comparable to Alum Shale successions in Baltica. Dramatic sea-level (likely eustatic) changes are now recognized by punctuation of deposition of shallow, wave-influenced black mudstone with brachiopod ( Orusia lenticularis ) and olenid trilobite-bearing limestones by offlap and formation of a subaerially cemented calcrete-clast conglomerate. Subaerial exposure was followed by transgression and accumulation of clastic pyrite sand and phosphatic granules with Leptoplastus Superzone ( L. ovatus Zone) trilobite sclerites. Dynamic processes are shown by wave ripples in the mudstone and limestone, sorting and winnowing of fossil rudstones, and pre-compactional fracture of the conglomerate and rudstones. Orusia rudstones in the succession below the conglomerate are regarded as analogues of Eoorthis and Billingsella rudstones in the ‘biomere’ extinction intervals of the Laurentian basal Sunwaptan. The lowest Orusia -rich beds are no older than the P. spinulosa Zone but, as elsewhere in Avalonia, they range into the higher Leptoplastus (Cape Breton) and even the Peltura (Britain, New Brunswick) superzones. Rare agnostoid sclerites in lower Peltura Superzone ( Ctenopyge tumida Zone) olenid rudstone resemble those traditionally assigned to Lotagnostus trisectus in Avalonian Britain and Sweden, and are distinct from Laurentian L. americanus . An L. americanus Zone cannot be identified in Avalonia or Baltica, and the first appearance datum (FAD) of purported ‘ L. americanus ’ is not suitable as a standard for the base of the highest Cambrian stage.
Reproducibility of LCA Models of Crude Oil Production

Scientific models are ideally reproducible, with results that converge despite varying methods. In practice, divergence between models often remains due to varied assumptions, incompleteness, or simply because of avoidable flaws. We examine LCA greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions models to test the reproducibility of their estimates for well-to-refinery inlet gate (WTR) GHG emissions. We use the Oil Production Greenhouse gas Emissions Estimator (OPGEE), an open source engineering-based life cycle assessment (LCA) model, as the reference model for this analysis. We study seven previous studies based on six models. We examine the reproducibility of prior results by successive experiments that align model assumptions and boundaries. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between results varies between ∼1 and 8 g CO2 eq/MJ LHV when model inputs are not aligned. After model alignment, RMSE generally decreases only slightly. The proprietary nature of some of the models hinders explanations for divergence between the results. Because verification of the results of LCA GHG emissions is often not possible by direct measurement, we recommend the development of open source models for use in energy policy. Such practice will lead to iterative scientific review, improvement of models, and more reliable understanding of emissions.
A Study on Genotyping of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Its Drug Resistance

Objective To study on genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) isolates and to analysis the relation between drug resistance and genotype of Variable number tandem repeat(VNTR)in Sichuan area.Methods Six tandem repeat loci of the 124 isolates of M.tuberculosis in Sichuan area were analyzed by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis.The results of genotyping were analyzed with Gel-Pro analyzer 3.1 software and BioNumerics 3.0 software,and the relation between genetic type and drug resistance was explored.Results A total of 37 different allele profiles were identified by the VNTR for all the 124 isolates,74.19%(92/124)and 25.81%(32/124)belonged to cluster type and single type respectively.Drug resistant M.tuberculosis was significantly associated with cluster type.Conclusion There is obvious genetic polymorphism in the M.tuberculosis isolates in Sichuan area.And the clustering type was perhaps the main epidemic strains.It is suggested that surveillance of the epidemic genotype to be strengthened.