cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of hypoxic neonatal hearts after cardioplegic arrest

Objectives: Surgery for repair of congenital heart defects in the infant may be affected by hypoxia associated with the defect. The effects of chronic hypoxia on systemic ventricular function are not well characterised and few studies have considered myocardial preservation in the hypoxic neonatal heart. The aim was to determine how chronic hypoxia would affect left ventricular function in neonatal rabbit hearts subjected to global ischaemia. Methods: Hearts from rabbits one, four, and six weeks of age and raised at 9% O2 were compared with hearts from rabbits raised in ambient air. Haemodynamic variables were measured with an isolated heart preparation before and after cardioplegic arrest. Creatine kinase was measured during reperfusion and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) during ischaemia. Results: At all ages, hypoxic hearts had significantly lower peak dP/dt and contractility index (dP/dt/left ventricular pressure (LVP)) than normoxic controls. After ischaemia and reperfusion, one week hypoxic hearts did not differ significantly in recovery from controls. Four week hypoxic hearts had significantly higher stroke volume and aortic flow, and six week hearts had significantly higher coronary flow than age matched controls. Contractility index did not show significant differences between hypoxic and control animals at any age. Hypoxic hearts released less creatine kinase in the coronary effluent during reperfusion than did control hearts of similar age. Six week hypoxic hearts had significantly higher MVo2 measured during the second administration of cardioplegia compared with six week control hearts but MVo2 did not differ significantly at one and four weeks of age. Conclusions: Despite reduced baseline function, chronically hypoxic immature rabbit hearts can recover from an ischaemic insult as well as age matched controls, with less evidence of myocardial necrosis. This parallels clinical findings in cyanotic infants. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :1123-1126
Boosted Surfaces: Synthesis of Meshes using Point Pair Generators as Curvature Operators in the 3D Conformal Model

This paper introduces a new technique for the formulation of parametric surfaces. Applying translation operations to tangent vectors $${n_{\circ} {\bf \upsilon}}$$ results in null point pairs $${\tau}$$ . We treat these null point pairs as surface and mesh curvature control points which can be interpolated and exponentiated to construct continuous topological transformations $${\mathcal{K}}$$ of the form $${e^{{-}\frac{\tau}{2}}}$$ 2. Some basic algorithms are proposed, including the boost which bends a line to a circle of curvature $${\kappa}$$ , and the twisted boost which generates the Hopf fibration. We investigate methods to control curvature in two orthogonal directions u and v and examine a few distance-based and linear weighting techniques for synthesizing surface patches using multiple curvature control points. We consider the expressivity of the technique in manipulating meshes, and find that applying these rotors to mesh points provides a novel and computationally efficient method for creating boosted forms.
5' CpG island methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the tumour suppressor p16/CDKN2/MTS1 in human cancers.

5′ CpG island methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the tumour suppressor p16/CDKN2/MTS1 in human cancers
The amplitude-modulation following response in young and aged human subjects.

Abstract The amplitude-modulation following response (AMFR) is a steady-state auditory response which may be an objective measure of intensity discrimination. Aged subjects with normal hearing have poorer intensity discrimination for low-frequency tones measured behaviorally, which would predict poorer AMFRs for low-frequency carriers. Experiment 1 was designed to assess age-related differences in AMFR characteristics. Response amplitudes were not significantly different among the young and aged groups for either carrier frequency (520 or 4000 Hz) or modulation depth (0–100%). Response phase did not vary systematically among groups. These results suggest that the AMFR may not be directly comparable to behavioral measures of intensity discrimination in aged subjects with normal hearing. To assess the contribution of high-frequency hearing loss on the AMFR in aged subjects, Experiment 2 compared AMFR amplitudes in aged subjects and in young subjects under the condition of high-pass masking. The amplitude of the AMFR was reduced at 520 Hz for both aged subjects and masked young subjects compared to unmasked young subjects, suggesting that reduced amplitudes in aged subjects with high-frequency hearing loss were associated with threshold elevations. Furthermore, the results suggest that the base of the cochlea contributes to the AMFR for low carrier frequencies.
The resurrection of recapitulation

A Theory of the Evolution of Development. By Wallace Arthur. Wiley: 1988. Pp. 94. £14.95,$34.95.
Angular correlations in the decay of 127Xe

Abstract Gamma-gamma directional correlations in the decay of 127Xe were measured in different source environments. With an aluminium foil source the anisotropies of the 172–203 keV, 145−58 keV and 172−58 keV correlations in 127I were found to be [W(π)−W( 1 2 π)]/W( 1 2 π) = +0.377±0.007, −0.180±0.043 and +0.24±0.12 , respectively. With a gaseous source of 127Xe the anisotropy of the 145−58 keV correlation was observed to be reduced by 0.090±0.026. This reduction is interpreted as indicating a perturbation of the correlation due to hyperfine interaction following K capture. A review of all the available information on the 145−58 keV cascade allows one to predict the anisotropy of the unperturbed correlation. Comparison with the measured anisotropy suggests that this correlation is perturbed even in the metallic environment. This observation led us to re-analyse the conversion electron-gamma correlation data of Geiger on the 172–203 keV cascade. From this analysis, for which we made use of internal conversion results and the measured anisotropy of the γ-γ correlation, we conclude that the K conversion particle parameters of Biedenharn and Rose, as modified by Church et al., are compatible with all the measurements, even in the presence of a perturbation. Unambiguous spin values for the 203 keV level ( 3 2 ) and the 375 keV level ( 1 2 ) and a positive sign for the mixing amplitude of the 203 keV transition emerge from the analysis, irrespective of perturbations of the angular correlations. The mixing amplitude of the 172 keV transition, however, may not be inferred from presently available data.
Emergent Literacy in Children With Autism: An Exploration of Developmental and Contextual Dynamic Processes

Purpose This investigation describes emergent literacy skills, print motivation, and home literacy environments in a linguistically diverse group of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Method Emergent literacy skills were directly assessed in 41 children between the ages of 4 and 8 years. Parent report was solicited to provide additional information concerning the children’s emergent literacy skills, as well as their print motivation and home literacy environments. The achievements of children with differential language abilities were compared, and associations among the children’s language and emergent literacy abilities were explored. Results Narrowly, children with typical language achieved significantly higher scores on an emergent literacy composite than those with mild-to-moderate or severe language impairments; broadly, these scores were highly correlated (ρ = .56) with the children’s language. Skill performance was varied but was characterized by relative strengths in discrete skills, s...
If vector spaces are projective modules then multiple choice holds

We show that the assertion that every vector space is a projective module implies the axiom of multiple choice and that the reverse implication does not hold in set theory weakened to permit the existence of atoms. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ethanol-induced changes in the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid.

Abstract Previous reports have suggested that ethanol (ETOH) consumption alters the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In several models, acute ETOH exposure has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of PGE1 from dihomogamna-linolenic acid, while chronic ETOH consumption depletes microsomal arachidonate levels and presumably lowers the availability of substrate for the synthesis of PGs and related compounds of the “2” series. Chronic ETOH has also been reported to inhibit 16-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity, the enzyme responsible for degrading the PGs. In the experiments reported here, we have measured microsomal levels of arachidonic acid, prostacyclin (PGI2) synthetase activity, and the kinetic parameter of PGDH in male rats chronically dosed with varying amounts of ETOH. In animals matched for nutritional intake, ETOH caused a dose dependent lowering of the microsomal arachidonate content of heart, brain, and liver. Kidney microsomal arachidonate levels were significantly increased by ETOH. Total and specific PGDH activity in these kidneys were lowered by chronic exposure to ETOH. PGDH activity fell to 80% and 62% of control values at three and six weeks, respectively. In addition the catalytic efficiency of the remaining PGDH activity was significantly lowered. PGI synthesis in the stomachs and aortas of the ethanol-treated animals showed a biphasic dose response, i.e., moderate ETOH exposure stimulated PGI2 synthesis in both aortas and stomach fundi while high ETOH levels lowered the activity. This biphasic dose response of PGI2 synthetase mimics certain aspects of the cardiovascular response to ETOH.
The clinical laboratory diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease of childhood.

(1977). The Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 81-103.
Eosinophils of human colonic mucosa: C3b and Fcγ receptor expression and phagocytic capabilities

Abstract Because little is known about eosinophils of the human intestine, we measured their C3b and Fcγ receptor expression and phagocytic activity in mucosal suspensions from colon resections for large bowel neoplasms. Enzymatically dissociated suspensions were enriched for eosinophils by countercurrent centrifugation. C3b and Fcγ receptors were measured by immunofluorescent assays with flow cytometry. Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli ON2 was determined by an in vitro microscopic method. Suspensions of normal tissue from neoplasm resections yielded 1.8 × 106 eosinophils/g mucosa, and these cells were more numerous than either macrophages or neutrophils. Fivefold enrichment was achieved by countercurrent centrifugation, and 75% of these cells expressed C3b receptors and 90% expressed Fcγ receptors. Sixty-seven percent of mucosal eosinophils were phagocytic for E. coli ON2 and ingested a mean of 4.7 bacteria per cell. Eosinophils accounted for more overall phagocytic activity than either neutrophils or macrophages.
Limits of input-to-state stability☆

Abstract The relations between attractors, input-to-state-stability, and controllability properties are discussed. In particular it is shown that loss of the attractor property under perturbations is connected with a qualitative change in the controllability properties due to a ‘merger’ with a control set.
Some properties of denatured horse heart cytochrome c.

Abstract A cytochrome c derivative has been prepared by treating horse heart cytochrome c at pH 11 at 65 °. This material contains two types of iron. One is associated with the chromophoric center of the protein. The other is nonchromophoric and endows the molecule with an ascorbate oxidase property. Spectral observations indicate protein configurational changes, as well as changes in the accessibility of the chromophoric iron to reducing agents. This derivative no longer can function as part of the electron transport chain, but does competitively inhibit cytochrome c in the succinoxidase and the succinate cytochrome c reductase systems, but not in the NADH oxidase system.
Mode of Action of RNase BN/RNase Z on tRNA Precursors: RNase BN DOES NOT REMOVE THE CCA SEQUENCE FROM tRNA*

RNase BN, the Escherichia coli homolog of RNase Z, was previously shown to act as both a distributive exoribonuclease and an endoribonuclease on model RNA substrates and to be inhibited by the presence of a 3′-terminal CCA sequence. Here, we examined the mode of action of RNase BN on bacteriophage and bacterial tRNA precursors, particularly in light of a recent report suggesting that RNase BN removes CCA sequences (Takaku, H., and Nashimoto, M. (2008) Genes Cells 13, 1087–1097). We show that purified RNase BN can process both CCA-less and CCA-containing tRNA precursors. On CCA-less precursors, RNase BN cleaved endonucleolytically after the discriminator nucleotide to allow subsequent CCA addition. On CCA-containing precursors, RNase BN acted as either an exoribonuclease or endoribonuclease depending on the nature of the added divalent cation. Addition of Co2+ resulted in higher activity and predominantly exoribonucleolytic activity, whereas in the presence of Mg2+, RNase BN was primarily an endoribonuclease. In no case was any evidence obtained for removal of the CCA sequence. Certain tRNA precursors were extremely poor substrates under any conditions tested. These findings provide important information on the ability of RNase BN to process tRNA precursors and help explain the known physiological properties of this enzyme. In addition, they call into question the removal of CCA sequences by RNase BN.
Psychoactive drug abuse in older adults.

Background: Misuse and abuse of legal and illegal drugs constitute a growing problem among older adults.
Context-based therapy: A conceptual framework for transplantation tolerance

Allotransplantation has improved dramatically in the past 2 decades, mostly as a result of more potent immunosuppression and increasingly effective prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. It is likely, however, that the field has entered a period of diminishing returns, such that increased immunosuppression will minimally increase graft survival and markedly augment morbidity. The authors suggest that gains in graft and patient survival will best be achieved by pursuing strategies promoting immune tolerance and selecting therapies that enhance physiologic immune adaptation rather than those that indiscriminately suppress immune function. Principles of tolerance as they relate to allotransplantation are discussed. The authors introduce the concept of context-based therapy. This approach places an emphasis on preserving specificity during immune intervention by augmenting or avoiding interference with antigen receptor function. Graft acceptance is fostered by altering contextual signals influencing the outcome of antigen recognition such as intrinsic indicators of cell injury, costimulatory signals, the activation state of antigen presenting cells, or the local environment of immune engagement. The manipulation of immune thresholds is also introduced as an additional concept influencing tolerance. Supportive data from nonhuman primate and human trials are presented.
Reproductive ecology of a deep-water scleractinian coral, Oculina varicosa, from the southeast Florida shelf

Abstract The Ivory Tree Coral Oculina varicosa forms extensive reefs of azooxanthellate colonies at depths of 70–100 m along the edge of the Florida Hatteras slope. Healthy reefs support invertebrate and fish communities as diverse as those of tropical coral reefs, and are a critical spawning habitat for a number of commercial fisheries species. A 3-year study of reproduction and larval development revealed that O. varicosa is a gonochoristic broadcast spawning species, with small eggs (
Scoring ligand similarity in structure-based virtual screening.

Scoring to identify high-affinity compounds remains a challenge in virtual screening. On one hand, protein–ligand scoring focuses on weighting favorable and unfavorable interactions between the two molecules. Ligand-based scoring, on the other hand, focuses on how well the shape and chemistry of each ligand candidate overlay on a three-dimensional reference ligand. Our hypothesis is that a hybrid approach, using ligand-based scoring to rank dockings selected by protein–ligand scoring, can ensure that high-ranking molecules mimic the shape and chemistry of a known ligand while also complementing the binding site. Results from applying this approach to screen nearly 70 000 National Cancer Institute (NCI) compounds for thrombin inhibitors tend to support the hypothesis. EON ligand-based ranking of docked molecules yielded the majority (4/5) of newly discovered, low to mid-micromolar inhibitors from a panel of 27 assayed compounds, whereas ranking docked compounds by protein–ligand scoring alone resulted in one new inhibitor. Since the results depend on the choice of scoring function, an analysis of properties was performed on the top-scoring docked compounds according to five different protein–ligand scoring functions, plus EON scoring using three different reference compounds. The results indicate that the choice of scoring function, even among scoring functions measuring the same types of interactions, can have an unexpectedly large effect on which compounds are chosen from screening. Furthermore, there was almost no overlap between the top-scoring compounds from protein–ligand versus ligand-based scoring, indicating the two approaches provide complementary information. Matchprint analysis, a new addition to the SLIDE (Screening Ligands by Induced-fit Docking, Efficiently) screening toolset, facilitated comparison of docked molecules' interactions with those of known inhibitors. The majority of interactions conserved among top-scoring compounds for a given scoring function, and from the different scoring functions, proved to be conserved interactions in known inhibitors. This was particularly true in the S1 pocket, which was occupied by all the docked compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity—II. Analysis

Abstract A mechanism-based theory of strain gradient (MSG) plasticity has been proposed in Part I of this paper. The theory is based on a multiscale framework linking the microscale notion of statistically stored and geometrically necessary dislocations to the mesoscale notion of plastic strain and strain gradient. This theory is motivated by our recent analysis of indentation experiments which strongly suggest a linear dependence of the square of plastic flow stress on strain gradient. Such a linear dependence is consistent with the Taylor plastic work hardening model relating the flow stress to dislocation density. This part of this paper provides a detailed analysis of the new theory, including equilibrium equations and boundary conditions, constitutive equations for the mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity, and kinematic relations among strains, strain gradients and displacements. The theory is used to investigate several phenomena that are influenced by plastic strain gradients. In bending of thin beams and torsion of thin wires, mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity gives a significant increase in scaled bending moment and scaled torque due to strain gradient effects. For the growth of microvoids and cavitation instabilities, however, it is found that strain gradients have little effect on micron-sized voids, but submicron-sized voids can have a larger resistance against void growth. Finally, it is shown from the study of bimaterials in shear that the mesoscale cell size has little effect on global physical quantities (e.g. applied stresses), but may affect the local deformation field significantly.
Hersey, Staples and Company, 1854 – 1860: Eastern Managers and Capital in Frontier Business

Hersey, Staples and Company was organized by eastern men in 1854 to carry on a business in Stillwater, leading lumber town in Minnesota Territory. Bringing to this business venture on the energy, experience lumbering acquired in Maine, knowledge of the mercantile trade, and capital from Maine and Massachusetts, the four partners of Hersey, Staples and Company initiated an enterprise that gained the attention of businessmen throughout the Territory. The firm became the largest owner of pinelands in the St. Croix Delta, a leading producer of logs and lumber in an area that ranked first in lumber exportation in Minnesota, operator of the finest mill in the Territory, wholesaler and retailer of logs and lumber, part owner in boom companies, dam companies, and a general store, and later, promoter of railroads and banks. Although only one partner became a resident of Minnesota, the others were favorably known in the community in which their business was located. Few of the records of the company are extant, but the history of operations that can be discovered illuminate the general problems of running a lumber business in the West in the 'fifties.
Correlations between brain catecholamines, neurosecretion, and serum corticoid levels in osmotically stressed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

The effects of depleting brain catecholamines with a combined treatment of reserpine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine on serum corticosterone levels and release of immunoreactive neurophysin from the median eminence, in osmotically stressed and unstressed mallard ducks, were studied. Corticoid levels in salt loaded birds were more than three times that of unstressed birds. The combined treatment of reserpine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine significantly decreased the concentration of brain monoamines in all experimental groups and raised serum corticoid levels in non-stressed birds to the same level found in the osmotically stressed animals. Immunoreactive neurophysin in the zona externa of the median eminence was depleted in all birds subjected to either osmotic stress and/or reserpine treatment but not in unstressed control birds. These preliminary data indicate that catecholamines may exert an inhibitory influence on both ACTH release from the anterior pituitary and neurophysin from the median eminence and that these two events may in some way be interrelated in the duck.
Non-covalent intercalative binding of 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxybenzo(a)pyrene to DNA.

When the benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (+) -7..beta..,8..cap alpha..-dihydroxy-9..cap alpha..,10..cap alpha..-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE) is mixed into a DNA solution, a 10nm red shift in the absorption maximum of BPDE appears at 354nm which is due to a non-covalent intercalation complex. The major reaction pathway at this intercalation site is the hydrolysis of BPDE to its tetraol which is accompanied by a decrease in the absorbance and a shift from 354 to 353nm (the latter is due to intercalated tetraol). The non-covalent binding constants are approximately 8200M/sup -1/ for BPDE and 3300M/sup -1/ for the tetraol at 25/sup 0/C, pH 7.0. Covalent adduct formation between BPDE and DNA occurs either at another, external binding site, or after some rearrangement of the intercalated BPDE, since covalent adducts display a 345nm absorption maximum (2nm red shift only).
Intermediate filaments of the midgestation rat trophoblast giant cell

Trophectoderm (TE) of the rodent blastocyst, the preimplantation precursor of the trophoblast giant cell (TGC), is the first embryonic cell to exhibit intermediate filaments (IF). The two IF proteins of TE (54K and 46K) have been variously described as trophectoderm specific, noncytokeratin, or cytokeratin and have been identified with Endo A and Endo B, IF proteins extracted from extraembryonic endodermal cells. IF proteins of midgestation rat TGC, the postimplantation descendant of TE, were compared to IF proteins of various rat simple epithelial cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, partial proteolytic digest, antibody recognition on electrophoretic transfer, and antibody recognition by indirect immunofluorescence. The two TE IF proteins at 54K and 46K were identified in TGC IF and recognized by anti-Endo A, anti-Endo B, respectively, and anticytokeratins. TGC were found to possess additional cytokeratins at 52K, 45K, 43K, and 40K. The profile of TGC cytokeratins was qualitatively identical to that of various rat simple epithelial cells. The results suggest that (a) TE and TGC IF proteins are cytokeratins, (b) TE and TGC cytokeratins are characteristic of a simple epithelial cell, and (c) the morphologic and functional differentiation of TE to TGC is accompanied by elaboration of the cytokeratin profile.
Constructing Consumables and Consent: A Critical Analysis of Factory Farm Industry Discourse

With the relatively recent advent of the factory farming industry (or corporations that confine, breed, fatten, and slaughter nonhuman animals using modern industrial methods), an assortment of corporate strategies have ensued that construct an image of a benevolently beneficial industry. Far from benign, however, factory farms are responsible for a tremendous amount of environmental damage, and although the concerns are significant, the controversy surrounding factory farms and activists’ strategies have rendered little, if any, change. Part of the reason for this ineffectiveness is the immense power of the discursive strategies constructed to support the industry. This article focuses on two codependent corporate strategies: (1) the widespread use of “doublespeak” to describe particular processes internal to the industry, and (2) the creation of “speaking” animals in advertisements to sell the products of those industrial processes. The author argues that these discourses help construct how US Americans...
Asserting the demand and needs for research as indicated by various groups in community colleges

This study investigates the future role of the community colleges in a southeastern state. Presidents, deans of instruction, deans of student services, representative department chairmen, state community college administrators, and educators in a state university formed a panel of 100 respondents in a four iteration delphi study. The panel rated the importance of meeting seven major demands: physical facilities, financial bases, curricula needs, system coordination, student services, personnel needs, and accountability, and also evaluated the importance of about 60 specific research projects.
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy dosing and nutritional outcomes in children with cystic fibrosis.

Objectives To utilize the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry to evaluate whether pancreatic enzyme dose is associated with better nutritional status as measured by average body mass index (BMI) percentile. Study design A retrospective analysis of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry from 2005-2008 was performed. The final analysis included 42 561 patient visits from 14 482 patients 2-20 years of age taking pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy from 179 programs. Cystic fibrosis care programs were assigned to quartiles based on adjusted mean patient BMI percentiles. Differences in median lipase dose between programs in the highest and lowest BMI quartiles were examined using a mixed effects model that adjusted for individual patient BMI, age, race, ethnicity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second percent, acid-blocker use, presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , nutritional supplement use, growth hormone use, and diagnosis of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Results A significant difference in median enzyme dose existed between the highest and lowest BMI quartiles. Multivariable analysis demonstrated the effect persisted after adjustment for covariates. Highest quartile programs had a median enzyme dose of 1755 lipase units/kg/meal compared with 1628 lipase units/kg/meal for lowest quartile programs. Conclusion Patients attending US cystic fibrosis programs achieving highest nutritional outcomes, measured by mean BMI percentile, have higher enzyme dosing than those attending programs at lower performance levels. Further randomized clinical trials are necessary to determine the role of enzyme dose in improving nutritional outcomes.
A study in role theory: liaison between social agencies.

What happens when two agencies cooperatively seek to work together more closely? This report analyzes the communication between two social agencies, a state hospital and a community mental health center, as they attempted to develop working ties through a liaison social worker. The program did not prove completely effective; this report presents a practical and theoretical analysis of what happened.
Is body fat distribution associated with cardiovascular risk factors in childhood

The authors studied the association of cardiovascular risk variables with body fat distribution (BFD) in a cross-sectional sample of 743 Texas schoolchildren of both sexes ages 6-14 years. This association is well known in adults and several useful indices of BFD are available. Whether they are applicable to children remains a question of importance for epidemiological investigations in this age group. Canonical correlations between anthropometric (five skinfolds, four circumferences) and risk (blood pressures, cholesterol, pulse) variables ranged from 0.37 to 0.82 depending on sex/age group (p < 0.01). The skinfold vector suggested an association of risk with central fat at most but not all ages. The circumference vectors, on the other hand, suggest that size or fatness, not BFD, was related to risk. Partial correlation and stepwise regression of fatness and BFD indices with cardiovascular risk factors as dependent variables, showed that 'fatness' or 'size' was more clearly associated with risk factors than BFD. The variables most consistently entering the regression were hip circumference and sum of skinfolds. These results contrast with studies of adults or sexually mature adolescents, in which BFD is more clearly related to CV risk variables and the hip circumference is a 'low-risk' variable.
Mendel Lives: The Survival of Mendelian Genetics in the Lysenkoist Classroom, 1937-1964.

The demise of Soviet genetics in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s has stood for many as a prime example of the damage that social and political dogmatism can do when allowed to meddle in the workings of science. In particular, the story of Trofim Lysenko’s rise to preeminence and the fall of Mendelian genetics in the Soviet Union has become a lasting testament to the dangers of state power and a seemingly blatant manifestation of totalitarianism in practice. In recent years, historians have begun to complicate this story. The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which this conventional account of state power in Soviet biology, symbolized by the disappearance of Mendel, still holds true. Using middle school textbooks, encyclopedias, and pedagogical journals that were published between 1934 and 1964 this article argues that despite its efforts, the state apparatus was functionally incapable of eradicating genetics from its schools.
Design and use of an "optrode" for optical recordings of cardiac action potentials.

An optical method was used to measure action potentials from frog ventricle, in vitro, under normal physiological conditions with 0.5–1 mM Ca2+ Ringer's solution. The approach presented in this paper involves a portable fluorimeter coupled to a multimode optical fiber running into a glass pipette (“optrode”) to carry both excitation light to and fluorescence from the ventricle stained with the voltage sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS. A suction technique was used to stabilize the optrode-tissue interface, significantly reducing motion artifacts from the beating ventricle. The typical fractional change in fluorescence intensity for an action potential was −9%. The optical recordings faithfully reproduced membrane action potentials as measured with microelectrode recordings. To confirm further the validity of our method we studied the effect of an increasing stimulation rate on the optical action potential. The amplitude of the action potential did not increase, and the change in action potential duration was similar to published results obtained with microelectrode recordings, suggesting that our optical action potentials are relatively free of motion artifacts. Finally, our optical recordings suggest that during anodal and cathodal point stimulation, the time course of membrane potential differs from that predicted simply by a passive cable model.
Factors affecting proteolytic activity of extracts from normal and tumour tissues of tobacco.

A SERIES of experiments were undertaken to establish the optimal conditions for extraction of soluble fractions containing proteolytic enzymes from normal and tumour (crown-gall) tissues of Nicotiana tabacum var. Wisconsin, and for assaying the proteolytic activity of these crude stem extracts. It was hoped that the results attained would expedite the selection of a single set of conditions for future extractions of crude plant material for the purpose of purifying the proteolytic principle.
Bactericidal effect of Fe2+, ceruloplasmin, and phosphate☆

Fe2+, when combined with ceruloplasmin or phosphate, was bactericidal to Escherichia coli at pH 5.0, and when Fe2+, ceruloplasmin, and phosphate were combined, a bactericidal effect was observed under conditions, i.e., short incubation period, in which Fe2+ plus ceruloplasmin and Fe2+ plus phosphate were ineffective. Bactericidal activity increased with the ceruloplasmin or phosphate concentration to a maximum and then decreased as their concentration was further increased. Fe2+ was oxidized in the presence of ceruloplasmin, phosphate, or, in particular, a combination of the two. A bactericidal effect was observed when there was only a partial loss of Fe2+, with more extensive oxidation resulting in a loss of bactericidal activity. The bactericidal effect of Fe2+ plus ceruloplasmin and/or phosphate was unaffected by catalase or superoxide dismutase and was not associated with iodination. Fe-EDTA was also bactericidal at an Fe2+: EDTA molar ratio of 1:0.5, where Fe2+ was partially oxidized. However, in contrast to Fe2+ plus ceruloplasmin and/or phosphate, bactericidal activity was inhibited by catalase and was associated with iodination. Combinations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ were not bactericidal under the conditions employed. A requirement for Fe2+ plus either a product of Fe2+ oxidation or an iron ceruloplasmin and/or phosphate chelate for bactericidal activity is proposed.
Direct estimation of estrone sulfate in serum and urine of pregnant swine as indicators of litter size at birth

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations in maternal serum or urine of pigs are correlated with litter size. Therefore the goals of this study were to determine the following: (1) are E1S concentrations in maternal blood and urine on day 24 or 28 of pregnancy positively correlated with litter size at birth? (2) are E1S concentrations in maternal blood and urine correlated? and (3) how useful are E1S measurements in maternal blood or urine as a predictor of litter size at birth? Estrone sulfate was measured by direct radioimmunoassay in serum and urine of pregnant sows on days 24 and 28 postcoitum. The levels of E1S in serum and urine were higher on day 28 than on day 24. On day 24, neither maternal serum nor urinary E1S concentrations were correlated with total litter size at birth. On day 28, both serum (r = 0.47; P
The Impact of Failure Severity, Prior Failure, and Company Control on Service Recovery Outcomes

This study investigates the effects of differential levels of failure severity, prior service failures, and perceived company control on postrecovery satisfaction and negative word-of-mouth. The au...
Increased carrier mobility in end-functionalized oligosilanes†

We show that a class of oligosilane–arene σ, π-hybrid materials exhibits distinct and enhanced solid-state electronic properties relative to its parent components. In the single crystal structure, the σ-conjugation axis of one molecule points towards the π-face of a neighboring molecule due to an unusual gauche conformation. This organization is hypothesized to be beneficial for charge transport. We show that solution-deposited crystalline films of the hybrid materials show up to a 100-fold increase in space-charge limited current (SCLC) mobility relative to literature reports of photoinduced hole transport in oligosilane films. The discovery that σ, π-hybrids are more than the sum of their parts offers a design opportunity for new materials.
A Queuing Model for Finite-Buffered Multistage Interconnection Networks

In this paper, we present a queueing model for per formance analysis of finite-buffered multistage inter connection networks. The model captures network be havior in an asynchronous communication mode and is based on realistic assumptions. Throughput and de lay are computed using the proposed model and the results are validated via simulation. Various design decisions using this mode! are drawn with respect to delay, throughput, and system power.
Transforming Growth Factor-β and Wnt Signals Regulate Chondrocyte Differentiation through Twist1 in a Stage-Specific Manner

We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition between immature and mature chondrocytes downstream of TGF-beta and canonical Wnt signals. We used two developmentally distinct chondrocyte models isolated from the caudal portion of embryonic chick sternum or chick growth plates. Lower sternal chondrocytes exhibited immature phenotypic features, whereas growth plate-extracted cells displayed a hypertrophic phenotype. TGF-beta significantly induced beta-catenin in immature chondrocytes, whereas it repressed it in mature chondrocytes. TGF-beta further enhanced canonical Wnt-mediated transactivation of the Topflash reporter expression in lower sternal chondrocytes. However, it inhibited Topflash activity in a time-dependent manner in growth plate chondrocytes. Our immunoprecipitation experiments showed that TGF-beta induced Sma- and Mad-related protein 3 interaction with T-cell factor 4 in immature chondrocytes, whereas it inhibited this interaction in mature chondrocytes. Similar results were observed by chromatin immunoprecipitation showing that TGF-beta differentially shifts T-cell factor 4 occupancy on the Runx2 promoter in lower sternal chondrocytes vs. growth plate chondrocytes. To further determine the molecular switch between immature and hypertrophic chondrocytes, we assessed the expression and regulation of Twist1 and Runx2 in both cell models upon treatment with TGF-beta and Wnt3a. We show that Runx2 and Twist1 are differentially regulated during chondrocyte maturation. Furthermore, whereas TGF-beta induced Twist1 in mature chondrocytes, it inhibited Runx2 expression in these cells. Opposite effects were observed upon Wnt3a treatment, which predominates over TGF-beta effects on these cells. Finally, overexpression of chick Twist1 in mature chondrocytes dramatically inhibited their hypertrophy. Together, our findings show that Twist1 may be an important regulator of chondrocyte progression toward terminal maturation in response to TGF-beta and canonical Wnt signaling.
The effect of clerkship site on medical student examination grades

Summary Fairness and equity in grading medical students is a subject of continuing interest and concern. It appeared that the students on one clerkship site, the emergency room, were scoring less well on the written final examination than those on the other clerkship sites. Correlating the scores confirmed this impression. A simple intervention was made, and follow-up examination of the scores revealed that it was effective; in fact, the students on the emergency clerkship are now scoring higher than those on the other sites.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the endangered St. Vincent Parrot, Amazona guildingii

Microsatellite loci were isolated within the St Vincent parrot (Amazona guildingii), an endangered island endemic, from a GTn enriched genomic library. Nine polymorphic loci were characterized varying from two to nine alleles per locus. Seven loci exhibited levels of heterozygosity ranging from 39 to 100% within the 28 individuals genotyped. Furthermore, the primers were demonstrated to cross-amplify within four genera of Neotropical parrots, indicating the potential utility of these markers to further population-level studies and conservation efforts of New World Psittacines.
Directed Evolution of a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase for Alkane Oxidation

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase BM-3 (EC 1.14.14.1) hydroxylates fatty acids with chain lengths between C12 and C18. It is also known to oxi- dize the corresponding alcohols and amides. How- ever, it is not known to oxidize alkanes. Here we re- port that P450 BM-3 oxidizes octane, which is four carbons shorter and lacks the carboxylate function- ality of the shortest fatty acid P450 BM-3 is known to accept, to 4-octanol, 3-octanol, 2-octanol, 4-octa- none, and 3-octanone. The rate is much lower than for oxidation of the preferred fatty acid substrates. In an effort to explore the plasticity and mechanisms of substrate recognition in this powerful biocatalyst, we are using directed evolution - random mutagen- esis, recombination, and screening - to improve its activity towards saturated hydrocarbons. A spectro- photometric assay has been validated for high throughput screening, and two generations of la- boratory evolution have yielded variants displaying up to five times the specific activity of wild-type P450 BM-3.
The Predictive Brain State: Timing Deficiency in Traumatic Brain Injury?

Attention and memory deficits observed in traumatic brain injury (TBI) are postulated to result from the shearing of white matter connections between the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and cerebellum that are critical in the generation, maintenance, and precise timing of anticipatory neural activity. These fiber tracts are part of a neural network that generates predictions of future states and events, processes that are required for optimal performance on attention and working memory tasks. The authors discuss the role of this anticipatory neural system for understanding the varied symptoms and potential rehabilitation interventions for TBI. Preparatory neural activity normally allows the efficient integration of sensory information with goal-based representations. It is postulated that an impairment in the generation of this activity in traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to performance variability as the brain shifts from a predictive to reactive mode. This dysfunction may constitute a fundamental defect in TBI as well as other attention disorders, causing working memory deficits, distractibility, a loss of goal-oriented behavior, and decreased awareness.
The Role of Operations Research in Population Planning

Two features of population planning are of special interest to operations researchers: the important interaction among family planning, health, and economic development, and the substantial but varying impact of social, cultural, political, and economic factors—features that require a multi-disciplinary, flexible approach for which operations research is well suited. In spite of the vast differences among various international settings, three overriding principles should be borne in mind. First, programs of population planning are designed to serve national goals, whereas the ultimate actions concerning family limitation are usually recognized to be private family decisions. Second, one usually faces a rather ill-defined interplay among a great variety of factors. Third, the universal importance of the population problem in developing countries is always coupled with severe limitations of resources to cope with the problem. This paper deals initially with the family decision process and then with the orga...
Conjugate Heat Transfer Measurements and Predictions of a Blade Endwall With a Thermal Barrier Coating

Multiple thermal protection techniques, including thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), internal cooling and external cooling, are employed for gas turbine components to reduce metal temperatures and extend component life. Understanding the interaction of these cooling methods, in particular, provides valuable information for the design stage. The current study builds upon a conjugate heat transfer model of a blade endwall to examine the impact of a TBC on the cooling performance. The experimental data with and without TBC are compared to results from conjugate CFD simulations. The cases considered include internal impingement jet cooling and film cooling at different blowing ratios with and without a TBC. Experimental and computational results indicate the TBC has a profound effect, reducing scaled wall temperatures for all cases. The TBC effect is shown to be more significant than the effect of increasing blowing ratio. The computational results, which agree fairly well to the experimental results, are used to explain why the improvement with TBC increases with blowing ratio. Additionally, the computational results reveal significant temperature gradients within the endwall, and information on the flow behavior within the impingement channel.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Improved resolution 3D object sensing and recognition using time multiplexed computational integral imaging

In this paper we present a high-resolution technique to passively sense, detect and recognize a 3D object using computational integral imaging. We show that the use of a non-stationary microlens array improves the longitudinal distance estimation quantization error. The proposed method overcomes the Nyquist upper limit for the resolution. We use 3D non-linear correlation to recognize the 3D coordinates and shape of the desired object.
Conclusion: Recommendations for How Practitioners, Researchers, and Policymakers Can Promote Youth Purpose.

Initially drawing from, yet then expanding on the research discussed in this volume, this article discusses specific measures that practitioners, researchers, and policymakers can take to support purpose among youth. Strategies for educators include utilizing practical purpose teaching tools, such as purpose interviews, purpose-related discussions, whole classroom and school community games, and purpose survey methodologies. Research strategies include expanding the study of youth purpose to more diverse groups of young people, and developing more succinct tools to assess purpose in research. Finally, the article discusses policy measures to promote purpose, including modification of current academic testing practices, expanding the breadth of course and extracurricular experiences in schools to provide opportunities for purpose development, and integrating purpose promotion skill-building into existing teacher education programs.