cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing an Introductory Course in Data Science: Topics and Pedagogy (Abstract Only)

Participants in this Birds-of-Feather session will share thoughts and experiences in offering an introductory course in this exploding field. It will be the third consecutive year that these facilitators will conduct a SIGCSE session on a first course in Data Science. The interest in the field has increased greatly over the years, and attendees of varying backgrounds, points of view and experience are welcome. Whether the course will serve as an outreach vehicle to students of all majors, including non-technical ones, or as a first course in a formal program of some sort, we will be exchanging points of view regarding both topic coverage and pedagogical approaches. Regarding topics, we'll raise questions on the relative emphases of statistics, programming (should R be the vehicle? how about Python? other languages?), machine learning (which algorithms?), other tools, and appropriate data sets. Participants who have taught such a course will be invited to describe some of their approaches, especially if they've used such active learning methods as flipped classrooms. The facilitators, PI's on an NSF IUSE grant now winding down, bring experience from two institutions and three departments, including one interdisciplinary course. They hope to expand the community begun through the grant and these sessions, hosted at http://computingportal.org/DataScienceCommunity.
Learning to Be Rural: Lessons about Being Rural in Teacher Education Programs.

This qualitative study investigated the evolving perceptions of rurality of five Appalachian native, first-year teachers as influenced by their teacher preparation program. Findings suggested tensions between participants’ rural upbringings and programmatic and non-rural peer conceptions of rurality that surfaced during their program of study. Responses to these tensions included participants positioning themselves as “rural representatives” in their courses and, in some cases, the adoption of revised conceptions of rurality. Intra-Appalachian diversity, such as different childhood community types and childhood social class, influenced participants’ conceptualizations of rurality and their perceptions of its representation in their programs. The majority of participants perceived a trend toward generalized notions of rural place that were not necessarily representative of their personal experiences. Transitioning to first-year teachers, participants relied on their community-driven knowledge and teacher preparation to guide their practice in home or new rural, Appalachian communities
Patterns of care and predictors of survival among DCIS patients: An NCDB analysis.

e12515Background: The optimal treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains controversial. The aims of this study were to: 1) evaluate patterns of treatment, and 2) identify predictors of su...
Ascorbic acid protects lipids in human plasma and low-density lipoprotein against oxidative damage.

The authors exposed human blood plasma and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to many different oxidative challenges and followed the temporal consumption of endogenous antioxidants in relation to the initiation of oxidative damage. Under all types of oxidizing conditions, ascorbic acid completely protects lipids in plasma and LDL against detectable peroxidative damage as assessed by a specific and highly sensitive assay for lipid peroxidation. Ascorbic acid proved to be superior to the other water-soluble plasma antioxidants bilirubin, uric acid, and protein thiols as well as to the lipoprotein-associated antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, ubiquinol-10, lycopene, and beta-carotene. Although these antioxidants can lower the rate of detectable lipid peroxidation, they are not able to prevent its initiation. Only ascorbic acid is reactive enough to effectively intercept oxidants in the aqueous phase before they can attack and cause detectable oxidative damage to lipids.
The Multiple Scientific Disciplines Served by EcoCyc

The EcoCyc database integrates information about the E. coli genome, its metabolic pathways, and its regulatory network. EcoCyc is in use by scientists from a variety of disciplines. Experimental biologists use it as a reference source on E. coli, and to leverage information about E. coli to the study of other microbes. Because the E. coli genome has the largest number of experimentally characterized genes of any organism, EcoCyc is used in the annotation of other microbial genomes by sequence similarity. EcoCyc has also been used in a number of global biological studies by computational biologists, and to provide training and validation datasets for the development of new bioinformatics algorithms. EcoCyc serves as a reference source for metabolic engineers, and it is used in microbiology education. The software behind EcoCyc, called Pathway Tools, has been used to develop EcoCyc-like databases for many other organisms. Pathway Tools provides powerful query and visualization capabilities, including tools to analyze high-throughput datasets by painting those datasets onto genome-scale diagrams of the metabolic network, the transcriptional regulatory network, and the complete genome map.
The Democratic Firm: An Argument Based on Ordinary Jurisprudence

This paper presents an argument for the democratic (or 'labor-managed') firm based on ordinary jurisprudence. The standard principle of responsibility in jurisprudence ('Assign legal responsibility in accordance with de facto responsibility') implies that the people working in a firm should legally appropriate the assets and liabilities produced in the firm (the positive and negative fruits of their labor). This appropriation is normally violated due to the employment or self-rental contract. However, we present an inalienable rights argument that descends from the Reformation and Enlightenment which argues that the self-rental contract, like the self-sale or voluntary slavery contract, is inherently invalid. The key intuition of the inalienable rights theory is that one cannot in fact voluntarily transfer de facto responsibility for one's actions to another person. One can only voluntarily co-operate with another person, but then one is de facto jointly responsible for the results. Just as the legal authorities legally reconstruct the criminous employer and employee as a partnership with shared responsibility, so justice demands that every firm be legally reconstructed as a partnership of all who work (working employers and employees) in the enterprise, i.e., as a democratic firm.
Introduction to International Financial Centers: Their Origin and Recent Developments

In recent years the volume of cross-border international financial flows has risen sharply, dwarfing that of international trade. While the total world trade volume has reached the $4 trillion mark a year, the total cross-border international financial flows are about fifty times as much, estimated at $200 trillion per year. Thus, unlike in earlier decades the engine of growth in international financial flows is no longer the world trading activities but the accelerating momentum of international financial market activities. The huge volume of cross-border financial flows is directly related to the enormous size of the international financial market system. As of the end of 1987 the gross size of the Eurocurrency market was $4.4 trillion, while the total amount of funds raised on international financial markets reached $384 billion in 1987.1
Evaluating the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Adaptive Parsons Problems

Practice is essential for learning. There is evidence that solving Parsons problems (putting mixed up code blocks in order) is a more efficient, but just as effective, form of practice than writing code from scratch. However, not all students successfully solve every Parsons problem. Making the problems adaptive, so that the difficulty changes based on the learner's performance, should keep the learner in Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and maximize learning gains. This paper reports on a study comparing the efficiency and effectiveness of learning from solving adaptive Parsons problems vs non-adaptive Parsons problem vs writing the equivalent code. The adaptive Parsons problems used both intra-problem and inter-problem adaptation. Intra-problem adaptation means that if the learner is struggling to solve the current problem, the problem can dynamically be made easier. Inter-problem adaptation means that the difficulty of the next problem is modified based on the learner's performance on the previous problem. This study provides evidence that solving intra-problem and inter-problem adaptive Parsons problems is a more efficient, but just as effective, form of practice as writing the equivalent code.
Biosensor for Pancreatic Cancer Biomarker Based on Dielectrophoresis and Image Processing

We demonstrate a label-free method to detect the concentration of pancreatic cancer biomarker CA 19-9 by com-bining dielelectrophoresis and image processing to measure the frequency-dependent group velocity of functionalized polysty-rene microspheres due to the gradient of electric field produced by an interdigitated microstructured electrode.
Issues of generality, reliability and efficiency in optimum design

Optimal design of large systems in the interdisciplinary design environment needs reliable algorithms. Many algorithms have been developed and evaluated for structural optimization. In these algorithms, efficiency has been given priority over reliability and generality. To have efficiency, approximations are introduced into the algorithms. With such approximations, many algorithms loose their robustness and applicability to complex problems. In summary, approximate methods are efficient but unreliable, inaccurate and not general. Globally convergent (robust) methods are general, accurate and reliable but need more computational effort. My contention is that we should relax the efficiency “constraint” for optimum design of practical systems. I am not saying that we should use inefficient algorithms. What I am advocating is that reliability should be given more weightage over efficiency in practical design environment. We should concentrate on developing reliable algorithms that are generally applicable. For complex and interdisciplinary systems, reliability of algorithms is essential. Unreliable algorithms can be actually more expensive because they require more user interaction and time, resulting in overall inefficiency. Use of optimization in general design environment also needs reliable algorithms.
Short Range Spectral Udar using Mid-lnfrared Semiconductor Laser wlth Code Division Multiplexing Technique

A short-range spectral lidar based on the codedivision multiplexing (CI)M) architecture using midinfrared Sb semiconductor lasers tbr remote sensing has been demonstrated with near detector-limited performance. The system principle is simtlar to optical-CDMA for Communications and applicable to any number of wavelengths, but was demonstrated with two wavelengths similarly to convcntional DIAL.2
Arrhythmias and fasciculoventricular pathways in patients with Danon disease: A single center experience.

Background Danon disease is a rare X-linked storage disorder characterized by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy leading to arrhythmias and heart failure. A preexcitation pattern on electrocardiogram (ECG) has been described in these patients, however, invasive studies to distinguish between Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome syndrome and fasciculoventricular pathways (FVP) are limited. Objectives The purpose of this study was to delineate the electrophysiological cardiac abnormalities in patients with Danon disease and to describe the presence of FVP in this population. Methods We performed a retrospective study of all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Danon disease presenting to a single center from May 2005 to May 2018. Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, ECG findings, and electrophysiology study (EPS) results were collected. Results Ten patients with Danon disease (30% male, average age 17.4 years) were identified. Seven patients (70%) had tachyarrhythmias including five with atrial arrhythmias and six with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Preexcitation pattern on ECG was found in four (40%) patients. Of these, two underwent an EPS which confirmed the presence of an FVP. One patient underwent an adenosine challenge which supported a FVP. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator was placed in five patients for primary prevention with no patients receiving an appropriate discharge. Over a follow-up of 5.3 years, five underwent heart transplantation. Conclusions This study reports a high incidence of FVP in patients with Danon disease and preexcitation. It underscores an alternate etiology of preexcitation in this population which can potentially be diagnosed without invasive EPS testing. Future multicenter studies are needed to expand this experience.
Interfacial charge transfer with exfoliated graphene inhibits fibril formation in lysozyme amyloid

Amyloid fibrillation is known to contribute in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease) and type II diabetes. The inhibition of fibrillation has been suggested as a possible therapeutic strategy to prevent neuronal and pancreatic β-cell death associated with amyloid diseases. To this end, strong hydrophobic and π-π interactions between proteins and nanomaterials at the nanobio interface could be used to mitigate the stacking of amyloid structures associated with fibrillation. In this study, the authors show that exfoliated graphene effectively inhibits the formation of amyloid fibrils using a model amyloid-forming protein, viz., hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). While previous theoretical models posit that hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions result in strong interactions between graphene and proteins, the authors experimentally identified the presence of additional interfacial charge transfer interactions between HEWL and graphene using micro-Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Their photoluminescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies evince that the interfacial charge transfer combined with hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions, specifically between the nanomaterial and the amino acid tryptophan, increase HEWL adsorption on graphene and thereby inhibit amyloid fibrillation.
Adolescent Sexual Minority Males, Relationship Functioning, and Condomless Sex.

Abstract Purpose Adolescent sexual minority males (SMMs) are at a high risk of contracting HIV through condomless sex. Many develop serious partnerships, and sex with main partners accounts for many new infections. Previous research with adolescent SMMs largely focused on relationship seriousness and found a positive association with sexual HIV risk. This study tested associations between three relationship functioning indicators and condomless sex. Methods Adolescent SMMs aged 15–19 years (n = 85) completed a brief online survey. Respondents rated commitment, seriousness, and satisfaction on 7-point Likert-type scales. Results Among adolescent SMMs who had sex in their lifetime, those who were more satisfied in their relationship were less likely to have condomless in the past 90 days (odds ratio = .56, p = .04). Conclusions Results support examining multiple domains of relationship functioning in this age group to identify relationship mechanisms that may serve as the target of HIV risk–reduction interventions among adolescent SMM s initiating relationships.
Still for Direct Reference

Michael Devitt argues against direct reference, and in favor of an alternative theory of meaning, in “Against Direct Reference,” “Still against Direct Reference,” and Coming to Our Senses. This paper criticizes Devitt’s theory of meaning and defends direct reference against his most important objection. Devitt’s initial theory of meaning entails, contrary to direct reference, that substitution of co-referring names can fail to preserve truth-value. However, Devitt recognizes that his initial theory does not deal well with Kripke’s puzzle and other hard cases. Devitt then modifies his theory to handle those cases. But his modified theory, when fully developed along the lines that Devitt indicates, entails that proper names can be freely substituted in attitude ascriptions, just as direct reference says. Devitt’s strongest objection to direct reference claims (roughly) that if it were true, then attitude ascriptions would be incapable of explaining behavior. But Devitt’s objection rests on false assumptions about explanation.
Power-Speed Trade-Offs in Design of Scaled FET Circuits Using C / I DS Methodology

An analytical approach to evaluate performance of analog integrated circuits and make a comparative study in different technology nodes is presented. To provide closed-form solutions, this article proposes using $\mathscr {C} = \text {C}/\text {I}_{\text {DS}}$ as an independent design variable, where C refers to any physical or parasitic capacitance associated with a Field-Effect Transistor (FET) biased at IDS. The proposed $\mathscr {C}$ -based methodology is used to study speed versus power trade-offs in both continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) circuits. Predictive Technology Models (PTMs) have been used to study performance of both MOSFET and FinFET (i.e. FET) devices in different technology nodes. This analysis shows that FinFET transistors exhibit a wider medium-inversion region compared to MOSFET devices, making them more convenient for high-speed and low-power designs. Additionally, this study proves that a lower sub-threshold slope factor results in an improved energy-efficiency of analog circuits.
“No Place for Amateurs”: Trump as Decider and Administrator-in-Chief

This chapter examines Trump as Chief Executive, placing his style in the context of other models of presidential organization. His relations with staff, the Cabinet, and the bureaucracy is contrasted with views of scholars, including Richard Neustadt. It notes Trump is a governing if not political novice, wasn’t was a real CEO as a businessman, and has little understanding of how to manage the executive branch. The large staff turnover, scandals and corruption within his administration, infighting and decision/policy reversals, etc., along with generally ineffective implementation are linked to his personality, background, and failure to comprehend the job. At the same time, as one of his goals was to “deconstruct the administrative state,” his lack of attention, incompetence, and regulatory and budget cuts have hampered the efficacy of the executive branch—yet, also, arguably his own authority.
Rates of Presentation, Treatments and Serious Neurologic Disorders Among Children and Young Adults Presenting to US Emergency Departments With Headache.

Objective:To evaluate rates of presentation, neuroimaging, therapies, and serious neurologic disorders (SNDs) among children and young adults presenting to the emergency department with headache.Me...
Liver-Type Glutaminase is an Essential and Druggable Metabolic Node in Defined Breast Cancer Subtypes

A key strategy targeting the metabolic changes underlying tumorigenesis involves inhibiting the glutaminase isozyme GLS to disrupt glutamine catabolism. However, identifying patient groups for this approach remains a challenge. Here, we define the roles of GLS and its less studied counterpart liver-type glutaminase (GLS2) in breast cancer. We find that GLS2 is upregulated and essential for TCA cycle anaplerosis, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis in luminal-subtype breast cancers, which account for >70% of disease incidence, and that it mediates resistance to GLS-selective inhibitors. Although GLS is overexpressed in basal-subtype breast cancers, sensitivity to GLS inhibitors depends on glutamate efflux through the xCT antiporter. These findings establish an important role for GLS2 in tumorigenesis and suggest patient stratification approaches for glutaminase-targeted therapy.
How medical are states' medical cannabis policies?: Proposing a standardized scale.

Abstract Background There are important differences in medical cannabis laws across the U.S.. However, prior studies investigating the effect of medical cannabis laws on outcomes disregard this heterogeneity. Findings from the body of literature using a simple dichotomous assessment of whether a particular state has enacted a medical cannabis law are equivocal or conflicting. To advance the science, a national advisory group of experts in medical cannabis developed and utilized a systematic methodology, the “medicalization of cannabis laws standardized scale” (MCLaSS), to characterize and quantify state laws’ degree of medicalization, the extent to which medical cannabis is treated similarly to pharmaceutical medications. Methods We conducted a systematic review of state-level medical cannabis laws in the U.S. Using the novel MCLaSS, we calculated seven domain scores (patient-clinician relationship, manufacturing and testing, product labeling, types of products, supply and dose limit, prescription drug monitoring program, and dispensing practices) and a summary score for each state which had enacted medical cannabis laws as of July 2019. Results There is substantial heterogeneity in the degree of medicalization of states’ medical cannabis laws, as demonstrated by the MCLaSS summary score, which ranged from 23 (least medicalized) to 86 (most medicalized). Conclusion This methodology will advance the evidence base about the impact of medical cannabis laws on patient and public health outcomes, which is urgently needed to ensure the development of policies that minimize the risks and maximize the benefits of medical cannabis.
Indirect Socialization in Preschool: How Teachers Harness Children’s Ability to Shape Peer Behavior

How do teachers use children to shape the behaviors of their peers, and which students benefit? In this qualitative case study of a half-day preschool classroom, I find that teachers encourage children to shape one another’s behavior in ways they regard as classroom-appropriate in order to prepare them for the student role in kindergarten and beyond. At the beginning of the school year, children use varying techniques to shape peer behavior, with some employing rudimentary strategies which may be effective but regarded as inappropriate for the classroom. To encourage preschoolers to influence their peers to behave in more appropriate ways, the teachers sequentially introduce three sets of strategies—simple communication, situational exclusion, and rewarding inclusion strategies—which prescribe increasingly nuanced rules for the children’s provision or denial of attention and inclusion as a means of influencing their peers to comply with classroom expectations. When, in their own peer interactions, the children interpretively reproduce the strategies learned in creative and occasionally excessive ways, the teachers intervene to provide coaching or more effective classroom-appropriate strategies. I show that this manner of teaching and learning school norms and rules advantages children who begin the year demonstrating classroom-appropriate behaviors and disadvantages those whose behaviors are initially less appropriate. These differential advantages have implications for students’ future interactions with the school disciplinary system.
Cross-property deep transfer learning framework for enhanced predictive analytics on small materials data.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been increasingly used in materials science to build predictive models and accelerate discovery. For selected properties, availability of large databases has also facilitated application of deep learning (DL) and transfer learning (TL). However, unavailability of large datasets for a majority of properties prohibits widespread application of DL/TL. We present a cross-property deep-transfer-learning framework that leverages models trained on large datasets to build models on small datasets of different properties. We test the proposed framework on 39 computational and two experimental datasets and find that the TL models with only elemental fractions as input outperform ML/DL models trained from scratch even when they are allowed to use physical attributes as input, for 27/39 (≈ 69%) computational and both the experimental datasets. We believe that the proposed framework can be widely useful to tackle the small data challenge in applying AI/ML in materials science.
Restitching the American Marital Quilt: Untangling Marriage from the Nuclear Family

Part I of this Note will trace the various threads of American marriage law, particularly the perception that marriage is unraveling today due to an unprecedented divorce crisis. Part II will disentangle the conflicting patterns of contract law and status regimes that variously govern marriage, focusing on the uneven enforcement of antenuptial contracts and the implications of such. Part III will argue that the true focus of regulation is the status of the nuclear family, not of marriage per se. Finally, Part IV will propose a bifurcation of the legal regimes governing marriage and the family, recognizing the ability of individuals to order their private lives without state involvement until third parties-children-are involved. Laws designed to regulate, and arguably protect, families need to be extended to include those families that are formed outside legal marriages and limited to exclude married couples without children.
A Vlsi Architecture for Separable 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform

In this paper, an efficient semi-systolic array architecture for separable 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is introduced. The semi-systolic array is applicable to any convolution that requires an arbitrary subsampling function. The semi-systolic array presents a better implementation of the convolution function of DWT. This kind of implementation offers a higher efficiency compared to regular systolic implementation when applied for 2-D DWT. The architecture has an efficiency of at least 91% which increases proportional to the number of octaves with no change in the architecture design except for minor modifications to the control logic and memory size. The propose architecture is scalable for different size of filter and different number of octave. The communication routing is minimum since data transfers are limited to immediate neighboring processors. The components of the architecture are fairly regular and consist of minimum number of computational units which makes it a good candidate for VLSI implementation.
The Long Road to Race-Blindness

In June of 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that universities could continue to consider applicants' race in admission decisions. In this Policy Forum, [Thomas Kane][1] discusses the empirical realities underlying the decision. He explains the difficulties of using race-neutral alternatives, such as family income or high school class rank, to maintain racial diversity on selective campuses. The author also identifies likely future challenges to race-conscious policies. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/302/5645/571
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

Keywords: disruptive behavior disorders; parent–child interaction; parenting training programs; behavior therapy; children; parenting
First-principles description of phonons in Ni 50 Pt 50 disordered alloys: The role of relaxation

Using a combination of density-functional perturbation theory and the itinerant coherent potential approximation, we study the effects of atomic relaxation on the inelastic incoherent neutron scattering cross sections of disordered Ni$_{50}$Pt$_{50}$ alloys. We build on previous work, where empirical force constants were adjusted {\it ad hoc} to agree with experiment. After first relaxing all structural parameters within the local-density approximation for ordered NiPt compounds, density-functional perturbation theory is then used to compute phonon spectra, densities of states, and the force constants. The resulting nearest-neighbor force constants are first compared to those of other ordered structures of different stoichiometry, and then used to generate the inelastic scattering cross sections within the itinerant coherent potential approximation. We find that structural relaxation substantially affects the computed force constants and resulting inelastic cross sections, and that the effect is much more pronounced in random alloys than in ordered alloys.
Measuring motor rhythmic ability in children.

Abstract Methods of determining gross motor rhythmic ability were studied in subjects (N=44) 5 yr of age. Using a rhythmic ability analysis system subjects performed 8 trials in each of 3 stimulus modalities, audio, visual, and audio-visual. The time-space response characteristics were also observed as a function of sex and the externally paced or self-paced rate of stimulus cue. MANOVA revealed significantly better performances with the audio stimuli; no differences based on sex or the source of response rate were found. There was statistical evidence indicating that absolute error was the best scoring technique for dependent variables when using the rhythmic system.
The Educational Significance of Trust

Annette Baier begins her widely discussed article, “Trust and Antitrust,” with the observation that moral and political philosophers, from the ancients to our contemporaries, have said relatively little about trust. As Baier notes, this is surprising given the centrality of trust to so many kinds of social interactions. Indeed, society itself, whether in the form of a small clan or a large state, is unimaginable in the total absence of trust. The impetus for this essay was the intuition that, among the social interactions in which trust (or its absence) is significant, are those occurring in educational relations. When I began looking for literature that might advance my understanding of the significance of trust in these relations, I found that philosophers of education, like the philosophers to whom Baier refers, have mostly been silent on the topic.
The governance of natural resources: Issues affecting better management of revenues and distribution of benefits within Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources, including minerals, oil, gas, timber and fish, and cash crops such as coffee, palm oil, cocoa, copra, rubber, tea and spices which contribute significantly to Papua New Guinea’s overall development. Several mining, oil and gas companies are currently operating in Porgera, Ok Tedi, Lihir, Hidden Valley, Sinivit, Simberi, Tolukuma, Kutubu and Gobe. The operations of these companies have generated an estimated K13.42 billion to Papua New Guinea’s economy. Landowners affected by these developments also receive royalties from those operations. However this wealth has not been translated into tangible human development across the country, as shown in persistently poorly performing social indicators. Instead income from the exploitation of natural resources is being used in unplanned projects and not focused on the delivery of core social functions, such as the provision of a stable and non-distorting policy aimed at building and sustaining the development of a modern market, and legislative and regulatory frameworks, social services, social security and social infrastructure which would lead to the improvement in the delivery of essential services to all Papua New Guineans. There is widespread evidence of benefits not being distributed to all landowners. Landowners are yet to fulfil their aspirations regarding these developments and to see improvements in their living standards. This paper discusses two case studies: the Porgera and Lihir mines, outlining the landowners associations’ experiences, which illustrate issues of governance and management of the distribution of benefit flows from the exploitation of Papua New Guinea’s natural resource wealth. The focus of the article’s discussion is on governance and management issues that affect the distribution of benefits, delivery of essential services to rural areas of PNG, stability within government, and the expectations of landowners.
Low-temperature Positron Annihilation

For a strong understanding of astrophysical annihilation radiation, especially that observed from the galactic center direction, the interaction of positrons with the ambient medium must be carefully investigated. Although hot, ionized regions may be important sources of annihilation radiation, in this report I will examine mainly the simpler processes occurring in low‐temperature neutral hydrogen gas. The goal is to set limits on conditions in the annihilation region by using the predictions of atomic theory compared with the observed γ‐ray line width, continuum strength and time dependence.
How to plan and manage reserves effectively

Three categories comprise the major project manager (PM) responsibility. To be successful, he/she has to control quality, schedule and budget. When these come together inside an agreement with a customer/sponsor, all is well. NASA has been transitioning from the paradigm of implementing a few "large" (>/spl Aring/) projects to one of more "smaller" (<S600M) cost-and-time-constrained projects. Of course, science results of the highest caliber are the basis of all agreements. In other words, cheaper, faster, better are still fundamental...to wit, quality, schedule and budget. The challenge for modern PMs is clear. To maximize the likelihood of success, the PM needs a strong buffer of margin and reserves. However, having a buffer does not necessarily translate into understanding whether it is enough, or how and when to release/spend reserves. Thus, a PM needs a well-developed reserves management plan, a.k.a. cash flow planned inside the time boundaries to defeat threats. A technique is offered to plan for cash flow of reserves that can pay great dividends in confidence and eventual success.
Evidence for specificity in the encapsidation of Sindbis virus RNAs.

We investigated the interaction of the capsid protein of Sindbis virus with Sindbis viral RNAs and defined a region of the genome that is required for binding in vitro and for packaging in vivo. The binding studies were performed with purified capsid protein immobilized on nitrocellulose and 32P-labeled RNAs transcribed in vitro from viral and nonspecific cDNAs. Genomic and defective interfering (DI) RNAs bound capsid protein significantly better than either the subgenomic (26S) RNA or nonspecific RNAs. Transcripts prepared from either truncated or deleted cDNAs were used to define the segment required for binding. This segment, which is represented twice in DI RNA, lies between nucleotides 746 and 1226 of the genomic RNA and is within the coding region of the nonstructural protein nsP1. Insertion of a domain covering these sequences into a nonviral RNA was able to convert it from a background level of binding to an activity that was 80% that of the Sindbis virus DI RNA. We analyzed DI RNA transcripts in detail because they could be studied not only for the ability to bind capsid protein in vitro but also for the ability to be replicated and packaged in vivo in the presence of helper virion RNA. The results obtained with three DI RNAs are reported. One (CTS14), which has one copy of the binding domain, bound efficiently to capsid protein in vitro and was packaged in vivo as measured by amplification on passaging. In contrast, a DI RNA (CTS1) which lacked this region did not bind to capsid protein and was not detected on passaging. By using lipofectin (P. L. Felgner, T. R. Gadek, M. Holm, R. Roman, H. W. Chan, M. Wenz, J.P. Northrop, G. M. Ringold, and M. Danielson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7413-7417, 1987) to enhance RNA uptake, we were able to demonstrate that CTS1 RNA was replicated in the transfected cells. It was replicated to the same level as another DI RNA (CTS253) which has only the 3' 279 nucleotides of the binding domain and these are located near the 3' terminus of the RNA. CTS253 bound capsid protein to an intermediate level but was amplified on passaging. The binding studies and the in vivo packaging data, taken together, provide strong support for the conclusion that there is a specific capsid recognition domain in Sindbis virus RNA that plays a role in nucleocapsid assembly.
Teaching & learning guide for: rebuilding Australia's linguistic profile - recent developments in research on Australian aboriginal languages

At the end of the eighteenth century, between 250 and 700 languages were spoken on the Australian continent. No genetic link has been proven between these languages and those elsewhere, and there was remarkably little contact between speakers of Australian aboriginal languages and others during the tens of thousands of years that intervened between the first occupation of the continent and the arrival of English speakers. Although there are many hallmarks of Australian phonologies, morphology and syntax, as well as recurrent themes in semantic categorization and the linguistic reflexes of cultural preoccupations, there is considerable current debate over which of these may be attributed to shared inheritance from a common ancestor and which to more recent contact between linguistic groups. A course on the aboriginal languages of Australia might cover: (i) the structural features typical of Australian languages (highlighting those that are atypical in global perspective); (ii) whether and how these can be related to typical features of Australian cultures; (iii) the particular challenges Australian languages have posed to linguistic theories and typologies developed on the basis of other languages; and (iv) the genetic relationships between Australian languages and how well these are modelled by traditional methodologies.
Selective combinatorial catalysis; challenges and opportunities: the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide

This work presents a knowledge-based approach for the selection of catalysts along with an experimental methodology to be used with high throughput and combinatorial catalytic experimentation. As a demonstration of this methodology, new results on the activity and selectivity of different catalysts for the preferential oxidation of CO are presented. Two families of catalysts were selected on the basis of existing literature results, one family consisted of Pt and Pd supported on alumina and titania promoted with ceria, and the other family of the same metals interdispersed in various oxides. The activity of an array of up to 50 samples is studied using in situ infrared thermography (IRT). The materials that showed the highest activity in the IRT studies were selected for further evaluation in a parallel reactor with 10 microreactors and then in a single recycle reactor. The results show that titania supported Pt catalysts promoted with ceria show the highest activity and selectivity for the PROX reaction. Thus the selective combinatorial approach, which is a restricted approach of combinatorial catalysis, can lead quickly to new catalytic results.
Analysis of Eccentric Annular Incompressible Seals: Part 2—Effects of Eccentricity on Rotordynamic Coefficients

A new analysis procedure has been presented which solves for the flow variables of an annular pressure seal in which the rotor has a large static displacement (eccentricity) from the centered position. The present paper incorporates the solutions to investigate the effect of eccentricity on the rotordynamic coefficients. The analysis begins with a set of governing equations based on a turbulent bulk-flow model and Moody's friction factor equation. Perturbations of the flow variables yields a set of zeroth- and first-order equations. After integration of the zeroth-order equations, the resulting zeroth-order flow variables are used as input in the solution of the first-order equations. Further integration of the first order pressures yields the eccentric rotordynamic coefficients. The results from this procedure compare well with available experimental and theoretical data, with accuracy just as good or slightly better than the predictions based on a finite-element model.
From concepts, theory, and evidence of heterogeneity of treatment effects to methodological approaches: a primer

Implicit in the growing interest in patient-centered outcomes research is a growing need for better evidence regarding how responses to a given intervention or treatment may vary across patients, referred to as heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE). A variety of methods are available for exploring HTE, each associated with unique strengths and limitations. This paper reviews a selected set of methodological approaches to understanding HTE, focusing largely but not exclusively on their uses with randomized trial data. It is oriented for the “intermediate” outcomes researcher, who may already be familiar with some methods, but would value a systematic overview of both more and less familiar methods with attention to when and why they may be used. Drawing from the biomedical, statistical, epidemiological and econometrics literature, we describe the steps involved in choosing an HTE approach, focusing on whether the intent of the analysis is for exploratory, initial testing, or confirmatory testing purposes. We also map HTE methodological approaches to data considerations as well as the strengths and limitations of each approach. Methods reviewed include formal subgroup analysis, meta-analysis and meta-regression, various types of predictive risk modeling including classification and regression tree analysis, series of n-of-1 trials, latent growth and growth mixture models, quantile regression, and selected non-parametric methods. In addition to an overview of each HTE method, examples and references are provided for further reading. By guiding the selection of the methods and analysis, this review is meant to better enable outcomes researchers to understand and explore aspects of HTE in the context of patient-centered outcomes research.
Three-time autocorrelation function of the power associated with a Gaussian random process

Abstract A general expression is derived for the three-time autocorrelation function 〈I(0)I(τ1)I(τ1+τ2)〉 of the power I(t) ≡ E(t)2 associated with a Gaussian random process E(t). A similar expression is derived for the three-time autocorrelation function of the intensity of complex quasi-Gaussian light.
A Sense of Humor

Each major behavior science has a variety of distinct perspectives on our species' capacity for humor. Some psychological, sociological, and anthropological approaches are explained in this article. No theory accounting for or method of studying humor has gained a plurality of adherents in any of these disciplines. This article presents a social psychological analysis, emphasizing the interpersonal and intergroup functions of humor production, expression, and appreciation, with particular attention to gender-based socialization of language and its individual and social consequences. Historical and contemporary examples of women in humor are discussed, in addition to implications of feminist humor for future relations between women and men.
Thermo-Modulating Container for Protecting Point-of-Care Devices from Extreme Temperatures during Disaster Relief

When a crisis occurs, emergency medical responders must often operate outside of a hospital setting without basic resources such as electricity. As a result, they rely on point-of-care (POC) testing devices, which are designed to be portable for monitoring critical parameters such as blood gases and glucose levels. Unfortunately, POC devices often have narrow operating ranges, with typical temperature limits within ±10°C of room temperature. This presents significant challenges to the efficiency of the medical response effort since environmental temperatures can vary widely as a function of geography and seasonal weather patterns. To address this issue, a thermo-modulating container is being developed to protect POC devices from extreme temperatures during crisis care situations.
Hissing by laboratory rats during fighting encounters

An audible hissing sound was produced by all pairs of laboratory rats receiving tailpinch stimulation which was sufficiently painful to cause fighting. Rats tail-pinched alone did not hiss; pairs of rats prevented from contact by a transparent partition hissed infrequently. Playing taperecorded hissing to pairs of rats which were fighting neither increased nor decreased the frequency of attacks. Frequency analysis of hissing disclosed that ultrasonic components exist. Possible functions of hissing were discussed.
Evolution of anticodons.

Abstract Anticodons are trinucleotides in transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The latter carry amino acids for insertion into the polypeptide sequences of proteins during the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Messenger RNA molecules are transcribed from genes. Evolution of tRNA molecules has resulted in a set of anticodons for the 20 amino acids that are used in protein synthesis. This set of anticodons is slightly different in mitochondrial codes from the set that is used in the nuclear “universal” code. Theories for the evolution of the code include frozen accident, doublet expansion, repeating triplets and coevolutionary distribution. The number of codons has always been fixed at 64 by mathematical rules, but because an anticodon may pair with more than one codon, the number of anticodons is only 54 in the universal code, is smaller in mitochondrial codes, and was probably even smaller in archetypal primitive codes. Evidence of anticodon evolution can be seen by comparing mitochondrial codes with the universal code. Codes used by very primitive organisms that are now extinct might have specified fewer amino acids than are now used.
Excitatory signaling in bacterial probed by caged chemoeffectors

Chemotactic excitation responses to caged ligand photorelease of rapidly swimming bacteria that reverse (Vibrio alginolyticus) or tumble (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) have been measured by computer. Mutants were used to assess the effects of abnormal motility behavior upon signal processing times and test feasibility of kinetic analyses of the signaling pathway in intact bacteria. N-1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl-L-serine and 2-hydroxyphenyl 1-(2-nitrophenyl) ethyl phosphate were synthesized. These compounds are a 'caged' serine and a 'caged' proton and on flash photolysis release serine and protons and attractant and repellent ligands, respectively, for Tsr, the serine receptor. The product quantum yield for serine was 0.65 (+/- 0.05) and the rate of serine release was proportional to [H+] near-neutrality with a rate constant of 17 s-1 at pH 7.0 and 21 degrees C. The product quantum yield for protons was calculated to be 0.095 on 308-nm irradiation but 0.29 (+/- 0.02) on 300–350-nm irradiation, with proton release occurring at > 10(5) s-1. The pH jumps produced were estimated using pH indicators, the pH-dependent decay of the chromophoric aci-nitro intermediate and bioassays. Receptor deletion mutants did not respond to photorelease of the caged ligands. Population responses occurred without measurable latency. Response times increased with decreased stimulus strength. Physiological or genetic perturbation of motor rotation bias leading to increased tumbling reduced response sensitivity but did not affect response times. Exceptions were found. A CheR-CheB mutant strain had normal motility, but reduced response. A CheZ mutant had tumbly motility, reduced sensitivity, and increased response time to attractant, but a normal repellent response. These observations are consistent with current ideas that motor interactions with a single parameter, namely phosphorylated CheY protein, dictate motor response to both attractant and repellent stimuli. Inverse motility motor mutants with extreme rotation bias exhibited the greatest reduction in response sensitivity but, nevertheless, had normal attractant response times. This implies that control of CheY phosphate concentration rather than motor reactions limits responses to attractants.