cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One American Perspective on the Rights of Accused: An Initial Survey of Miranda Rights in a Broader Context

In the wake of countless police dramas, commonly held misperceptions endure that the American public knows both Miranda warnings and concomitant rights. Past research has tested public knowledge of Miranda per se, without evaluating additional misconceptions. The current investigation utilizes the European Union's much more all-encompassing safeguards, as delineated in the EU's 2012 Directive and Letter of Rights. Besides knowledge of Miranda, the advisability of these enhanced rights and protections was also assessed. In order to obtain a cross-section of the community, 619 participants were recruited from actual jury pools. Interestingly, they believed that Miranda afforded arrestees many more protections than it actually does. In general, nearly all (>90%) agreed that the accused should be given accurate information (e.g., charges and alleged criminal acts) coupled with an absence of police deception. The potential implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to police practices and due process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mechanism of sciatic pain relief by chemonucleolysis.

Chemonucleolysis must relieve sciatic pain by some means other than the removal of the disc protrusion from the neural canal, because the protrusion characteristically persists despite the resolution of sciatic pain. This paper analyzes the mechanism of symptom production in sciatica and identifies how chemonucleolysis relieves these symptoms.Pressure can be exerted on a nerve root by a disc protrusion without compression against the posterior wall of the neural canal. This pressure is the result of tension produced in the nerve root when it is deformed by the disc protrusion. A previously unrecognized principle of nerve root-disc protrusion mechanics is identified. For a given disc protrusion, narrowing the disc reduces the tension in the nerve root and therefore the pressure on the nerve root; conversely, widening the disc increases the tension and pressure on the nerve root. Disc narrowing is in itself a mechanism by which chemonucleolysis relieves sciatic pain.
The cultural authority of stem cell researchers

Increasing public support for stem cell researchers may increase their influence over science policy decisions and lead to more favorable policies regarding stem cell research. Yet, until recently there was little scholarship on public opinion about the roles stem cell researchers should play in crafting science policy. A national survey of US adults found that Americans are generally supportive of stem cell researchers as policy advisers but that support is uneven throughout the public. Specifically, attitudes about stem cell researchers as policy advisers depend on gender, political beliefs, age and religiosity. Surprisingly, familiarity with science has a negative effect on attitudes about stem cell researchers as policy makers. This suggests that rather than simply “teaching” the public more scientific facts, science outreach and communication may be most effective when it is narrowly tailored to the match the interests of specific social groups. It also suggests that attitudes about stem cell researchers are rooted in deeply-held cultural dispositions and that widespread changes in public opinion are likely to occur slowly.
Succinate dehydrogenase in Parkinson’s disease

Background The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increased by age. Alleviation of their symptoms and protection of normal neurons against degeneration are the main aspects of the researches to establish novel therapeutic strategies. Many studies have shown that mitochondria as the most important organelles in the brain which show impairment in PD models. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) as a component of the oxidative phosphorylation system in mitochondria connects Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain. Dysfunction or inhibition of the SDH can trigger mitochondrial impairment and disruption in ATP generation. Excessive in lipid synthesis and induction of the excitotoxicity as inducers in PD are controlled by SDH activity directly and indirectly. On the other hand, mutation in subunits of the SDH correlates with the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, SDH could behave as one of the main regulators in neuroprotection.
Impact of fullerene derivative isomeric purity on the performance of inverted planar perovskite solar cells

The effect of utilizing a pure cis-α-dimethoxy carbonyl fulleropyrrolidine C70 (DMEC70) isomer as the electron transporting material (ETM) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was evaluated. The as-prepared C70 mono-adduct products are mixtures of regioisomers and the interest was to evaluate them independently as ETMs. Three different cis-DMEC70 isomers (α, β-endo and β-exo) (mix-DMEC70) were synthesized and purified by HPLC. It was found that PSCs based on the pure α-DMEC70 exhibit a substantially enhanced maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.6% as compared to devices based on the mixed-DMEC70 isomers that yielded a PCE of 16.4%. A maximum PCE of 15.7% was observed for devices based on [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). This work points out the importance of using pure fullerene derivative isomers as ETMs to reduce the intrinsic energy disorder, which enhances the overall device performance.
View from the Top: Studying the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse on the Flight to Nowhere

On August 21, 2017, Alaska Air Flight #9671 took off from Portland, Oregon, at 7:15 a.m. PDT, flew 1,000 miles west over the Pacific Ocean, turned around, and then returned to Portland. I was on th...
Radiation- and pair-loaded shocks

We consider the structure of mildly relativistic shocks in dense media, taking into account the radiation and pair loading, and diffusive radiation energy transfer within the flow. For increasing shock velocity (increasing post-shock temperature), the first important effect is the efficient energy redistribution by radiation within the shock that leads to the appearance of an isothermal jump, whereby the flow reaches the finial state through a discontinuous isothermal transition. The isothermal jump, on scales much smaller that the photon diffusion length, consists of a weak shock and a quick relaxation to the isothermal conditions. Highly radiation-dominated shocks do not form isothermal jump. Pair production can mildly increase the overall shock compression ratio to $\approx 10$ (from $4$ for matter-dominated shocks and $7$ of the radiation-dominated shocks).
Making good on a promise: ionic liquids with genuinely high degrees of thermal stability

Thermally robust materials have been of interest since the middle of the past century for use as high temperature structural materials, lubricants, heat transfer fluids and other uses where thermal stability is necessary or desirable. More recently, ionic liquids have been described as 'thermally robust,' with this moniker often originating from their low volatility rather than their innate stability. As many ionic liquids have vanishingly low vapor pressures, the upper limit of their liquid state is commonly considered to be their degradation temperature, frequently reported from TGA measurements. The short duration ramps often used in TGA experiments can significantly overestimate the temperature at which significant degradation begins to occur when the compounds are held isothermal for even a few hours. Here, we review our recent work, and that of colleagues, in developing thermally robust ionic compounds, primarily perarylphosphonium and perarylsulfonium bistriflimide salts, in some of which cation stability exceeds that of the anion. We have used a combination of molecular design, synthesis, and computational modeling to understand the complex tradeoffs involving thermal stability, low melting point and other desirable physicochemical properties.
Thrombelastography Suggests Hypercoagulability in Patients with Renal Dysfunction and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background The objective of this study was to quantify coagulopathy using thrombelastography (TEG) in patients with renal dysfunction and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods We reviewed patients admitted with spontaneous ICH between November 2009 and May 2015. TEG was performed at the time of admission. Creatinine clearance (CCr) was calculated using the Cockroft–Gault equation. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on normal (CCr ≥ 90) or reduced renal function (CCr Results A total of 120 patients were included in the analysis. The normal CCr group was younger (56.1 versus 62.3 years, P Conclusions Patients with ICH and reduced CCr display faster clotting rate and increased clot strength, suggesting that patients with renal dysfunction present with a relatively hypercoagulable state based on TEG parameters thought to reflect platelet activity.
Transflammation: How Innate Immune Activation and Free Radicals Drive Nuclear Reprogramming.

Abstract Significance: Yamanaka and colleagues galvanized the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine by their generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Evidence is emerging that activation of innate immune signaling is critical for efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and for the nuclear reprogramming occurring in transdifferentiation. Recent Advances: We have shown that innate immune signaling triggers a global change in the expression of epigenetic modifiers to enhance DNA accessibility. In this state of epigenetic plasticity, overexpression of lineage determination factors, and/or environmental cues and paracrine factors, can induce pluripotency, or can direct transdifferentiation to another somatic cell lineage. Accumulating evidence reveals that innate immune activation triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, and that these free radicals are required for nuclear reprogramming to pluripotency or for transdifferentiation. Critical Issues: W...
Diffusion based MR measurements correlates with age-related changes in human intervertebral disks.

Abstract Background Understanding the association between MR parameters and age related deterioration in human intervertebral disks forms an important step in the development of clinical diagnostic protocols for disk disease. Methods Ten unfixed thoracic and lumbar cadaver disk joints, age 37–81 years were imaged at 9.4 T using T2 relaxation (CPMG) and ADC (DWI spin echo) MR protocols. For each MR parameter, spatial maps were computed from the axial images, with the AF and NP segmented based on the T2 maps. Linear regression tested for the correlation between mean and variance (COV) of T2 and ADC with age in the disk, nucleus and annulus, and the effect of thoracic vs. lumbar spine on these correlations. Findings In the disk, age negatively correlated with mean ADC (P Interpretation Compared to T2, MR diffusion was a more sensitive measure of age mediated changes in disk tissues. Strong differences in the association of MR parameters with age between the lumbar and thoracic suggest that mechanical environment effects tissue specific MR parameters' association with age.
Interprofessional Education and Medical Libraries: Partnering for Success

Delineated in nine chapters, this book covers everything from “soup to nuts,” starting with the history of interprofessional education (IPE) to actual case scenarios of program development, with two full chapters devoted to medical/health sciences librarians/libraries and IPE.
41-Week Study of Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy in the ZSF1 fa/faCP Rat Model:

This symposium synopsis summarizes key results from a 41-week study of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the type 2 diabetic ZSF1 fa/faCP rat model. During this study, we conducted longitudinal analysis of biomarkers, renal histopathology, ultrastructural assessment, renal quantitative image analysis, and transcriptome analysis of glomerular-enriched tissue. We concluded that there is translational value for using the ZSF1 rat model in mechanistic and therapeutic intervention efficacy studies for type 2 DN.
Apparent exceptions to final devoicing in High Prussian: A metrical analysis

High Prussian, a variety of East Central German, has a segmentally opaque process of final devoicing: Only some forms with underlyingly voiced obstruents devoice at the end of a word. This phenomenon can also be observed in some morphological alternations where simplex forms show final devoicing but complex ones do not. This paper provides a metrical analysis of final devoicing and two related phenomena: spirantization, and an interaction of vowel length in high vowels and obstruent voicing. It is claimed that nondevoicing items contain disyllabic foot templates and that word-final consonants are then syllabified as onsets of empty-headed word-final syllables. The analysis demonstrates how evidence from West Germanic dialects can contribute to our understanding of the phonology of laryngeal features and to the role that metrical structure can play in shaping phonological alternations.*
Coeducational Physical Education in Institutions of Higher Learning

Abstract The purpose of this study was to secure information about the extent of coeducation in college physical education programs and about the practices which govern these programs. Data were gathered by means of a 174-item questionnaire returned from 269 physical educators representing 48 states. It was concluded that (a) coeducational physical education programs are well established in the United States, (b) coeducational physical education programs are better established in public institutions than in private institutions and are better established in the Southwest, (c) prevalent practices are in accord with the consensus on expressed opinions, and (d) certain cultural and historical patterns have influenced coeducational physical education programs at various periods.
Entrepreneurship, Small Firms and Wealth Creation: A Framework Using Real Options Reasoning

This book chapter explores how real options reasoningcan be systematically applied to a range of entrepreneurial problems as well asgenerating issues for research in entrepreneurship and strategy. Strategy andentrepreneurship researchers share a common interest in economic performanceand economic change. The lack of consensus for precise definition ofentrepreneurship or difference between entrepreneurship and small and mediumenterprise (SME) founding and management has led to fragmented research andunderstanding of the relation between startup firms and wealth creation. Theentrepreneurial research agenda is of interest for strategic managementresearch.Real options reasoning can provoke interesting questions andresearch directions for both these research interests. Real options reasoningoffers a powerful metaphor for analyzing the entrepreneurial process, sincestartups are analogous to options and are investments in real assets thatpreserve the right to make a future decision. A framework for understanding the entrepreneurial process is proposed. Fourcore processes are identified: (1) identification of an option (alertness), (2)formation of a new business (uncertaintyreduction), (3) growth,development, and profit (exercise), and (4) business closure(termination). Five levels of analysis are identified: (1) individual,(2) network, (3) organizational, (4) regional, and (5) institutional.Inall, twenty emerging research issues and problems relevant to strategy andentrepreneurship are identified.The options method isuseful becauseit is suited to the highly uncertain, performance-skewedworld of the SME.The framework suggests that discovery becomes a manageable process, uncertaintycan create value, failure may be a price to obtain information, and endings areas important to discuss as beginnings. (TNM)
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in the Physicians’ Health Study

Background Although coffee consumption is often reported as a trigger for atrial fibrillation (AF) among patients with paroxysmal AF, prospective studies on the relation of coffee consumption with ...
Reflections and Conclusions

Personal reflections on the chapters in this book and the field at large are offered by the author, who has worked with parents involved in the criminal justice system and their children for the past thirty years. In the decades since publishing her first article on the children of incarcerated parents, the US correctional population has grown significantly. Prisons and jails are now a major industry, housing millions of individuals each year, consuming billions of taxpayers’ dollars while also generating billions of dollars for private firms that now provide prison-based products and services. Studies about crime, criminals, and criminal justice institutions abound. Annual statistics on correctional populations, crime mapping tools, criminal risk assessment instruments, recidivism studies, and the like are all now readily available and accessible. Though not nearly as prolific or as well-funded, studies about the children, families, and communities of the incarcerated have grown in number as well. As documented in this book, there has been a significant progress in the development of scientific knowledge about the impact of incarceration on families and children and a growing acceptance of policies and programs to prevent negative outcomes for the children of incarcerated parents. Major points from the diverse set of chapters in this volume are summarized, and recommendations are made for future work in the field.
Improved Small-Sample Estimation of Nonlinear Cross-Validated Prediction Metrics

When predicting an outcome is the scientific goal, one must decide on a metric by which to evaluate the quality of predictions. We consider the problem of measuring the performance of a prediction ...
Detecting nighttime fire combustion phase by hybrid application of visible and infrared radiation from Suomi NPP VIIRS

Abstract An accurate estimation of biomass burning emissions is partially limited by the lack of knowledge of fire burning phase (smoldering vs. flaming). In recent years, several fire detection products have been developed to provide information of fire radiative power (FRP), location, size, and temperature of fire pixels, but no information regarding fire burning phase is retrieved. The Day-Night band (DNB) aboard Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is sensitive to visible light from flaming fires in nighttime scenes. In contrast, VIIRS 4 μm moderate resolution band #13 (M13), though capable of detecting fires at all phases, has no direct sensitivity for discerning fire phase. However, the hybrid usage of VIIRS DNB and M-bands data is hampered by their different scanning technology and spatial resolution. In this study, we present a novel method to rapidly and accurately resample DNB pixel radiances to the footprint of M-band pixels, accounting for onboard detector aggregation schemes and bowtie effect removals. The visible energy fraction (VEF) is subsequently introduced as an indicator of fire burning phase. VEF is calculated as the ratio of visible light power (VLP) to FRP for each fire pixel retrieved from the VIIRS 750 m active fire product. A global distribution of VEF values is quantitatively obtained, showing smaller VEF values in regions with mostly smoldering wildfires, such as peatland fires in Indonesia, larger VEF values in regions with flaming wildfires over grasslands and savannas in the sub-Sahelian region, and the largest VEF values associated with gas flaring in the Middle East. Mean VEF for different land cover types or regions is highly correlated with modified combustion efficiency (MCE). These results, together with a case study of the 2018 California Camp Fire, show that the VEF has the potential to be an indicator of fire combustion phase for each fire pixel, appropriate for estimating emission factors at the satellite pixel level.
Significance of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in children with sepsis

Objective To investigate the change of serum HMGB1 level and its clinical significance in children with sepsis.Methods Serum HMGB1 and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were determined in 30 healthy individuals and 46 children with sepsis,and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) scoring system was evaluated in children with sepsis.These indexes were also collected on the third and fifth days.The correlations between serum HMGB1 level and serum PCT level as well as APACHE Ⅱ score were analyzed.Results Serum HMGB1 levels in children with sepsis on the first day,the third day and the fifth day were significantly higher than those in control group,these differences were statistically significant [(26.28 ± 1.54) ng/ml,(20.32 ± 1.29) ng/ml,(12.84 ± 1.06) ng/ml vs (1.52 ± 0.29) ng/ml,P ＜0.05],HMGB1 levels among three time points were also significantly different(P ＜0.05).The serum HMGB 1 levels were positively correlated with the PCT levels (r =0.931,P ＜ 0.05) and APACHE Ⅱ score (r =0.915,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Serum HMGB1 level is obviously elevated in children with sepsis,and the level of HMGB1 can reflect the severity of sepsis. Key words: Sepsis; High mobility group box 1 ; Inflammatory mediator; Children
Spectrum of COVID-19 in children.

The prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is lower in children compared to adults. Children contribute to 1-5% of all COVID-19 cases (1) . A recent study from China reported that 171(12.3%) of 1391 children with suspected disease had confirmed COVID-19 infection (2) . As of May 15, 2020, there are 33,241 children with COVID-19 in the United States (3) . The most common symptoms in children with confirmed and suspected COVID-19 include fever and cough followed by diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
The Orbits of One-Dimensional Maps

In this chapter we introduce one-dimensional dynamical systems and analyze some elementary examples. A study of the iteration in Newton's method leads naturally to the notion of attracting fixed points for dynamical systems. Newton's method is emphasized throughout as an important motivation for the study of dynamical systems. The chapter concludes with various criteria for establishing the stability of the fixed points of a dynamical system. Iteration of Functions and Examples of Dynamical Systems Chaotic dynamical systems has its origins in Henri Poincare's memoir on celestial mechanics and the three-body problem (1890s). Poincare's memoir arose from his entry in a competition celebrating the 60th birthday of King Oscar of Sweden. His manuscript concerned the stability of the solar system and the question of how three bodies, with mutual gravitational interaction, behave. This was a problem that had been solved for two bodies by Isaac Newton. Although Poincare was not able to determine exact solutions to the three-body problem, his study of the long term behavior of such dynamical systems resulted in a prize winning manuscript. In particular, he claimed that the solutions to the three-body problem (restricted to the plane) are stable, so that a solar system such as ours would continue orbiting more or less as it does, forever. After the competition, and when his manuscript was ready for publication, he noticed it contained a deep error which showed that instability may arise in the solutions. In correcting the error, Poincare discovered chaos and his memoir became one of the most influential scientific publications of the past century [10]. Aspects of dynamical systems were already evident in the study of iteration in Newton's method for approximating the zeros of functions. The work of Cayley and Schroeder concerning Newton's method in the complex domain appeared during the 1880s, and interest in this new field of complex dynamics continued in the early 1900s with the work of Fatou and Julia. Their work lay dormant until the invention of the electronic computer. In the 1960s the subject exploded into life with the work of Sharkovsky and Li and Yorke on one-dimensional dynamics, and with that of Kolmogorov, Smale, Anosov and others on differentiable dynamics and ergodic theory. The advent of computer graphics allowed for the resurgence of complex dynamics and the depiction of fractals (Devaney and Mandelbrot).
Silk: a versatile biomaterial for advanced optics and photonics [Invited]

The growing demand of sustainable and biocompatible optical devices is stimulating the development of naturally derived biomaterials for optics and photonics. As a versatile biomaterial, silk provides excellent material characteristics that are favorable towards the generation of advanced optical systems. This review examines the use of silk as a material platform in optical applications. Recent advances in silk-based optical devices and multifunctional devices are summarized. The challenges and directions in further designing and fabricating silk optics are also discussed. We envision that silk will play a pivotal role in the future exploitation of sustainable, intelligent, wearable/implantable, and multifunctional optical devices.
Intracellular Organization by Jumbo Bacteriophages

ABSTRACT Since their discovery more than 100 years ago, the viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) have been widely studied as model systems. Largely overlooked, however, have been “jumbo phages,” with genome sizes ranging from 200 to 500 kbp. Jumbo phages generally have large virions with complex structures and a broad host spectrum. While the majority of jumbo phage genes are poorly functionally characterized, recent work has discovered many unique biological features, including a conserved tubulin homolog that coordinates a proteinaceous nucleus-like compartment that houses and segregates phage DNA. The tubulin spindle displays dynamic instability and centers the phage nucleus within the bacterial host during phage infection for optimal reproduction. The shell provides robust physical protection for the enclosed phage genomes against attack from DNA-targeting bacterial immune systems, thereby endowing jumbo phages with broad resistance. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the cytoskeletal elements and the specialized nuclear compartment derived from jumbo phages, and we highlight their importance in facilitating spatial and temporal organization over the viral life cycle. Additionally, we discuss the evolutionary relationships between jumbo phages and eukaryotic viruses, as well as the therapeutic potential and drawbacks of jumbo phages as antimicrobial agents in phage therapy.
Determination of Suitable Pillar Size for Protecting Gas Well Drilled Through a Longwall Mining Abutment Pillar Using Numerical Modelling Approach: A Case Study

Gas well drilled through longwall mining abutment pillar could potentially face instability issue due to the strata deformation following longwall panel extraction. Therefore, it is imperative to adequately design the pillar size of a longwall mining in order to ensure the stability of the gas well penetrated longwall mining abutment pillar. In this paper, the determination of suitable pillar size for protecting gas well subjected to longwall mining operation was investigated. Two scenarios of longwall gateroad system including the three and four entry system with varying pillar sizes were assessed using numerical modelling approach. The results of this study indicate that the pillar geometry plays an important role on the vertical gas well stability. In addressing the suitable pillar size for the given case study considering three entry system, the suitable chain pillar and abutment pillar size were found to be 80 ft (24.4 m) wide by 120 ft (36.6 m) length and 104 ft (31.7 m) wide by 120 ft (36.6 m) length rib to rib, respectively. Whereas, if four entry system is used, the suitable chain pillar size is 48 ft (14.6) wide by 120 ft (36.6 m) length and the abutment pillar size is 104 ft (31.7 m) wide by 120 ft (36.6 m) length rib to rib. The proposed numerical modelling procedure presented in this paper can be a viable alternative and applied to other similar projects in order to determine an optimal pillar size for protecting gas well in longwall mining area.
Dermal EZH2 simultaneously orchestrates dermal differentiation and epidermal proliferation during murine skin development

Skin development and patterning is dependent on factors that regulate the stepwise differentiation of dermal fibroblasts concomitant with dermal-epidermal reciprocal signaling, two processes that are poorly understood. Here we show that dermal EZH2, the methyltransferase enzyme of the epigenetic Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), is a new coordinator of both these processes. Dermal EZH2 activity is present during dermal fibroblast differentiation and is required for spatially restricting Wnt/β-catenin signaling to reinforce dermal fibroblast cell fate. Later in development, dermal EZH2 regulates the differentiation to reticular dermal fibroblasts and initiation of secondary hair follicles. Embryos lacking dermal Ezh2 have elevated epidermal proliferation and differentiation that can be rescued by small molecule inhibition of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Together, our study reveals that dermal EZH2 acts as a rheostat to control the levels of Wnt/β-catenin and RA signaling to impact fibroblast differentiation cell autonomously and epidermal keratinocyte development non-cell autonomously, respectively.
‘Dust seeds’ with undifferentiated embryos and their germination in mycoheterotrophic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae)

‘Dust seeds’ with an undifferentiated (organless) embryo are known to be produced by mycoheterotrophic species (MH) in nine families of angiosperms. However, aside from the numerous studies on seed germination of orchids, relatively little is known about germination in MH families. In the Ericaceae, some degree of mycoheterotrophy (full, partial or initial) and dust seeds with an undifferentiated embryo occur in all species in the three tribes of Monotropoideae, the only subfamily of Ericaceae with this combination of characters. In most species, the seed is <0.90 mm in the greatest dimension, the endosperm is absent (Pityopus) or consists of few to many (30–40) cells, and the embryo is minute, consisting of as few as two cells in Monotropa. Germination in Monotropoideae is monopolar, with only the radicular pole of the embryo participating in germination. Thus, germination polarity differs from that of the dust seeds of orchids in which only the plumular pole of the embryo (protocorm) participates in germination. The dust seeds in Monotropoideae require the presence of fungi, either direct contact with a fungus or the presence of a diffusible substance therefrom, to germinate (symbiotic germination). Recently, representatives of the four genera of tribe Pyroleae have been successfully germinated asymbiotically in vitro. We present a broad overview of dust-size seeds in angiosperms and conclude that they should be subdivided into at least two major categories.
Claiming homes: Confronting domicide in rural China

Rural China has witnessed drastic transformations following market reforms whereby villagers constantly encountered the outside world through labor migration to the cities and urban development sch...
Tackling food systems from a broad spectrum

First paragraph: Through an in-depth exploration of food movement actors’ capabilities to transform decision-making from local to international levels, the authors of Civil Society and Social Movements in Food System Governance examine the significance of their involvement, while exploring the intersection­ality of governance, social movements, and systems thinking. The premise of the text sets a tone for the need to fully understand the trajectory of food systems governance, especially since food systems movements are gaining significant momentum at the local, regional, and international levels. The editors note that “these movements seek to rein­force, build on, and scale up innovative, place-based initiatives” (p. 1). . . .
The impact of prior radiation therapy on outcome in a phase 2 trial combining sipuleucel-T (SipT) and ipilimumab (Ipi) in patients (pts) with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

5045Background: SipT is an FDA-approved autologous cellular immunotherapy targeting Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) that improves survival in patients with mCRPC. Combining immunotherapies could p...
An integrated taxonomic revision of Diplotrichus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) supports a Malagasy origin and single colonisation of South Africa

The Afrotropical genus Diplotrichus Jordal, 2021 is revised. Altogether 21 species are included in the genus, with 10 species described as new to science: Diplotrichus pilifrons Jordal, sp. nov., Diplotrichus medius Jordal, sp. nov., and Diplotrichus calvifrons Jordal, sp. nov. from South Africa, and Diplotrichus acutior Jordal, sp. nov., Diplotrichus falcatus Jordal, sp. nov., Diplotrichus pulchellus Jordal, sp. nov., Diplotrichus granulatus Jordal, sp. nov., Diplotrichus tuberculatus Jordal, sp. nov., Diplotrichus robustus Jordal, sp. nov., and Diplotrichus plenus Jordal, sp. nov., all from Madagascar. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on five gene fragments (COI, EF-1a, CAD, PABP1, 28S) resulted in four major clades, with South African species nested within a grade of Malagasy species, supporting a more recent colonisation of the African mainland around the early Miocene.
The Market in Poetry in the Persian World

'Poetic speech is a pearl, connected to the king's ear.' This statement gestures to words as objects of material value sought by those with power and resources. I provide a sense for the texture of the Persian world by discussing what made poetry precious. By focusing on reports on poets' lives, I illuminate the social scene in which poetry was produced and consumed. The discussion elicits poetry's close connections to political and religious authority, economic exchange, and the articulation of gender. At the broadest level, the study substantiates the interdependency between cultural and material reproduction of society.
A Feasibility Study of LiDAR-Enhanced Augmented Reality on a Handheld Device for Collision Detection and Patient Positioning.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) This study investigates the feasibility of using a commercially available handheld device with augmented reality (AR) cameras, enhanced by light detection and ranging (LiDAR), for pre-treatment collision detection and patient positioning. The on-device LiDAR scanner detects object depths with direct time-of-flight (ToF) measurements, thus improving the accuracy of contrast-based visual depth estimation. Our proposed approach leverages AR for near-real-time reconstruction of patient external contour during simulation and setup. This is advantageous compared with conventional laser-tattoo alignment and photo-based patient position, by providing an intuitive 3D rendering of the patient's body and immobilization devices at arbitrary angles. MATERIALS/METHODS Two possible modes for AR-assisted positioning were investigated: mesh and point-cloud mode. In mesh mode, surface mesh of a mock pediatric phantom (50 × 40 × 15 cm3) was rapidly reconstructed via the default meshing algorithm from the software development kit (SDK). Resulting 3D contours were manually registered to a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the phantom in a third-party open source image processing suite. For point cloud mode, surface anchor points of the phantom and its supporting devices were detected and placed in the real-world frame of reference, which were subsequently overlaid on the real-time color image. Each handheld scanning session was kept at 30 seconds. The native pulse intervals of 0.2 - 0.5 nsec of the LiDAR scanner were used; depth map was updated at 60 frames per second (fps). Scanning method was kept consistent and mimicked CT scans, with the device camera rotated about the superior-inferior axis pointing towards the phantom. The resolution of the resulting surface mesh and point cloud was quantified. Extent of the volume reconstructed was estimated. RESULTS The scan and on-device real-time reconstruction were completed within 30 seconds. We successfully extracted the reconstructed mesh and registered that to a CT scan of the phantom. A mean distance of 1.5 ± 1.0 cm between each adjacent vertex was achieved. The point cloud density was on an average 20.9 ± 0.9 points/cm2, with decreased point density 35cm superior to the phantom midpoint (10.0 points/cm2). Both modes captured approximately 4 × 4 × 4m3 volume of the phantom and its supporting structures. CONCLUSION AR has emerged as a promising modality for surface guided patient positioning, yet several previous studies have found a lack of sufficient mesh resolution and/or accuracy. LiDAR improves both aspects with directly measured depth information. We demonstrated that sub-cm full 3D rendering of the patient body contour and supporting device is achievable with a handheld device in under 30 seconds, which could provide a viable option for improved guidance on collision check and patient positioning.
Investment literacy, overconfidence and cryptocurrency investment

Cryptocurrency has been increasingly popular with investors in US financial market. Using the 2018 National Financial Capability Study Investor survey, this study examined the association between investment literacy and cryptocurrency investment. About 13% of investors invested in cryptocurrency directly or indirectly. Results from regression analyses show that objective investment literacy was negatively while subjective literacy was positively associated with holding cryptocurrency. Overconfident investors were more likely to invest in cryptocurrency, and results were robust across three overconfidence measures. This study has implications for investment advice, financial education and research.
Sampling Biorthogonal Time Domain Method (SBTD)

This chapter derives the positive sampling functions and their biorthogonal counterparts using Daubechies wavelets. Many advantages derive from the use of the sampling biorthogonal time domain (SBTD) method to replace the finite difference time domain (FDTD) scheme.
Single-projection based volumetric image reconstruction and 3D tumor localization in real time for lung cancer radiotherapy

We have developed an algorithm for real-time volumetric image reconstruction and 3D tumor localization based on a single x-ray projection image. We first parameterize the deformation vector fields (DVF) of lung motion by principal component analysis (PCA). Then we optimize the DVF applied to a reference image by adapting the PCA coefficients such that the simulated projection of the reconstructed image matches the measured projection. The algorithm was tested on a digital phantom as well as patient data. The average relative image reconstruction error and 3D tumor localization error for the phantom is 7.5% and 0.9mm, respectively. The tumor localization error for patient is ∼2 mm. The computation time of reconstructing one volumetric image from each projection is around 0.2 and 0.3 seconds for phantom and patient, respectively, on an NVIDIA C1060 GPU. Clinical application can potentially lead to accurate 3D tumor tracking from a single imager.
A 480 joule, 650 kV, <3 ns risetime, 500 ns pulse width compact pulse generator

The experimental results of a 32-stage Marx generator are presented. A pulse forming network (PFN) was added to each stage of the Marx to lengthen the pulse width to 500 ns. The "PSpice" simulation shows that PFN-Marx generator can be reduced to the basic circuit of a discharge line pulse generator. The system is designed for a load in the range of 300 to 700 /spl Omega/. To achieve the steep rise in the voltage pulse and meet a low jitter requirement, UV-coupled spark gap switches are employed in the system. With an added pulse sharpening technique, it is possible to reduce the risetime to a few nanoseconds, or to several hundreds of picoseconds if it is required.
Perturbation of nuclear decay rates during the solar flare of 2006 December 13

Abstract Recently, correlations have been reported between fluctuations in nuclear decay rates and Earth–Sun distance, which suggest that nuclear decay rates may be affected by solar activity. In this paper, we report the detection of a significant decrease in the decay of 54 Mn during the solar flare of 2006 December 13, whose X-rays were first recorded at 02:37 UT (21:37 EST on 2006 December 12). Our detector was a 1 μCi sample of 54 Mn , whose decay rate exhibited a dip coincident in time with spikes in both the X-ray and subsequent charged particle fluxes recorded by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). A secondary peak in the X-ray and proton fluxes on December 17 at 12:40 EST was also accompanied by a coincident dip in the 54 Mn decay rate. These observations support the claim by Jenkins et al. that nuclear decay rates may vary with Earth–Sun distance.
miRNA Mediated Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation in Response to Abiotic Stress in Plants

Due to their sessile nature, plants are often exposed to harsh environmental conditions. Their livelihood depends on their innate ability to respond to stress and cope with whatever challenges they may face. Phenotypic responses have been characterized to correlate to abiotic stresses, but the molecular mechanisms which underlie these responses are still under investigation. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play a key role in post-transcriptional regulation in response to abiotic stress. These small, 21 nt miRNAs, target specific mRNA transcripts and affect their translation which may cause downstream effects leading to abiotic stress response. In the following review, research using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system to investigate post-transcriptional regulation in response to abiotic stressors, such as phosphate depletion and oxidative stress, is discussed. Furthermore, research in more economically important crops, such as corn and rice, is overviewed. Investigation into miRNA function in response to stress could provide a new platform to engineer more resilient crops which may prove crucial as climate change and food insecurity continue to plague our agricultural systems.
Faculty staff perceptions of feedback to residents after direct observation of clinical skills

CONTEXTPerformance-based workplace assessments are increasingly important in clinical training. Given the inaccuracy of self-assessment, the provision of external feedback to residents about their clinical skills is necessary for the development of expertise. However, little is known about the proce
Representing Public Opinion: US Newspapers and the News System in the Long Nineteenth Century

This essay examines the expectations and concerns of the founding generation, as they laid the foundation for a national media system while building up the postal system. It discusses the rise of the party press, and show how the infrastructure of the system, including the ways that a typical newspaper was produced, invited cooptation by political parties, even while the superego of the press system condemned partisanism. The party press has been hailed by some as more democratic than the succeeding commercial and professional press systems. The essay qualifies this point of view, by showing how the party system, coupled with the openness of the system of editorial exchange, allowed voices outside the mainstream to speak, but simultaneously policed expression, distorting public recognition of racial groups, for instance, and reformist political and social movements. Finally the essay discusses the ways in which the party press system was eclipsed by commercial and professional press systems, and the ways in which the function of the press in representing public opinion has been obscured as a result. I conclude by suggesting that twenty-first century media tools and market and public opinion research has weakened the force of the representation of public opinion as a ‘regulative fiction’.
Accurate Estimation of Conversion Gain and Quantum Efficiency in CMOS Imagers

We present a new technique for accurate estimation of quantum efficiency, conversion gain, and noise in imagers. The traditional mean-variance method provides an erroneous estimation of these parameters for a non-linear device. Quantum efficiency, estimated by the mean-variance method, changes with the illumination level, a result that is inconsistent with theory. The estimation error can be easily larger than 50%, at mid-level illumination, and results from incorrect modeling of the transfer function. This is corrected by using non-linear estimation methods that force the slope of the photon transfer function to be proportional to the conversion gain. This results in accurate modeling of the signal dependence of the conversion gain, and in turn, accurate estimation of quantum efficiency and noise. By applying both methods to the measured data gathered from the same mega-pixel imager operated under different biasing conditions, it is shown that the non-linear estimation method provides a reliable and accurate estimation of quantum efficiency and noise, while the mean-variance method over-estimates quantum efficiency and under-estimates noise.
Reasons for the adoption of celibacy among older men and women living with HIV/AIDS.

The reasons for becoming celibate following diagnosis with HIV/AIDS were examined using focused interviews with 63 infected older adults (ages 50 ‐ 68). Forty‐eight percent reported they were currently celibate or had been celibate following diagnosis with HIV/AIDS. Women reported celibacy (78%) more than men (36%). Although men and women reported some similar reasons for celibacy, most notably fear of infecting others and fear of reinfection, we also found gender differences in the reasons for celibacy. Additional reasons offered by women included loss of interest in sex, anger and distrust of men, and desire to focus on themselves rather than men. Other reasons offered by men included fear of rejection or stigma‐tization, difficulty with sexual performance, and negative body image. The prevalence of celibacy and the finding that many reasons for celibacy are related to fear, anger, and distrust suggests that older adults may have difficulty resuming healthy sexual relationships following diagnosis with ...
Effects of orally administered caffeine on cellular response in protein energy-malnourished neonatal rat brain.

Effects of Orally Administered Caffeine on Cellular Response in Protein Energy-malnourished Neonatal Rat Brain
Adsorption studies in the field ion microscope with argon imaging

Abstract The adsorption of oxygen, CO, CH4 and H2 on tungsten has been investigated by means of Ar ion microscopy, with the aid of an internal channel plate multiplier. The results indicate that CO, H, and probably O are not themselves visible in Ar imaging, while CH4 may be under some conditions. CO adsorption at 78°K and 300°K does not seem to cause surface reconstruction. However in the presence of Ar, field induced corrosion sets in at F > 2.0 V A and becomes rapid at 3 V A , where it causes considerable surface disorder. In the case of CH4 corrosion also occurs at 3 V A in the presence of Ar. Oxygen at 78 °K and small coverages seem to cause little reconstruction if any; rather the visibility of substrate atoms becomes modified. For coverages close to a monolayer the image contrast vanishes almost totally so that it is difficult to draw unequivocal conclusions. There is some evidence that W-O complexes form and stick out above the surface, but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule. Field desorption in the presence of Ar sets in at 2.6 V A and leads to desorption of W as well as of O atoms. In all cases the (110) plane exhibits unusual stability and seems unreconstructed in adsorption and only slightly affected by corrosion; it is not possible to see whether changes occur which leave this surface very densely packed, and hence are unresolved, but gross reconstruction and disorder on (110) can be ruled out by the present experiments. H2 is invisible in Ar imaging and does not affect the surface in any noticeable way.