cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locating faulty code using failure-inducing chops

Software debugging is the process of locating and correcting faulty code. Prior techniques to locate faulty code either use program analysis techniques such as backward dynamic program slicing or exclusively use delta debugging to analyze the state changes during program execution. In this paper, we present a new approach that integrates the potential of delta debugging algorithm with the benefit of forward and backward dynamic program slicing to narrow down the search for faulty code. Our approach is to use delta debugging algorithm to identify a minimal failure-inducing input, use this input to compute a forward dynamic slice and then intersect the statements in this forward dynamic slice with the statements in the backward dynamic slice of the erroneous output to compute a failure-inducing chop. We implemented our technique and conducted experiments with faulty versions of several programs from the Siemens suite to evaluate our technique. Our experiments show that failure-inducing chops can greatly reduce the size of search space compared to the dynamic slices without significantly compromising the capability to locate the faulty code. We also applied our technique to several programs with known memory related bugs such as buffer overflow bugs. The failure-inducing chop in several of these cases contained only 2 to 4 statements which included the code causing memory corruption.
Towards a cognitive gravity model: The case of consumer spatial behaviour

Cadwallader M. (1981) Towards a cognitive gravity model: the case of consumer spatial behaviour, Reg. Studies 15, 275–284. A cognitive gravity model is tested and found to be a potentially useful predictor of consumer spatial behaviour. Within the context of this study, the mass component appears to be far more important than the distance component, although it is not clear whether the mass component should be expressed in an additive, multiplicative or weighted additive form. Also, there is evidence to suggest that the relative importance of the individual store attributes varies from store to store.
Crowd Management: Understanding Attitudes and Behaviors

In a democratic and free society, group expression and demonstration is a right and should not raise apprehension among either the crowd participant or those tasked with crowd management and public safety. Under the community policing paradigm, consultation and contingency planning can allow for contentious protests to be policed in a professional manner. Private security personnel are among those tasked with managing the crowd, who may be either protesting or celebrating. Those managing the crowd must be aware of the diversity and complexity of the individuals within that crowd. The attitudes found within crowds and the various psychological aspects of the individual, as well as the overall psychological dimensions of the crowd, are discussed in the context of public safety.
Effects of the contacts on shot noise in graphene nanoribbons

We investigate the shot noise of an impurity-free graphene flake as a function of the chemical potential. For large width to length ratios, this noise has been predicted and observed to exhibit universal characteristics at the Dirac point. Furthermore, a sharp decrease of the shot noise with increasing carrier density has been predicted. This decrease has also been observed in experiments but with much smaller slope than predicted. We reconcile this discrepancy between theory and experiment by including the effects of the contacts to the graphene ribbon.
Atherectomy offers no benefits over balloon angioplasty in tibial interventions for critical limb ischemia

Background Endovascular adjuncts, like atherectomy, were developed to improve outcomes of endovascular arterial interventions. The true impact of atherectomy on endovascular outcomes remains to be determined, and little data exist on the influence of atherectomy on tibial interventions. Our study compares early and late outcomes of tibial intervention with angioplasty vs atherectomy-assisted interventions. Methods We completed a retrospective review of all tibial interventions between 2008 and 2010. Outcomes were analyzed using single and multivariate analysis, Cox regression, and Kaplan-Meier curves. Primary outcomes were primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency rates, as well as limb salvage and survival rates. Results Over a 2-year period, 480 tibial interventions were completed for 421 patients. Eighty-seven percent (n = 418) of interventions were performed for critical limb ischemia (CLI) and 13% (n = 62) for claudication. The CLI cohort of 418 interventions was analyzed. These patients had a mean age of 71 years with a mean follow-up time of 16 ± 15 months (range, 0-59 months). Of the 418 interventions, 339 underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA): 333 PTA alone, six PTA + stent. The remaining 79 interventions received atherectomy: 33 laser, 13 directional, and 33 orbital either alone or in conjunction with PTA (11 atherectomy only, 68 atherectomy + PTA). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographics, risk factors, or technical success. The atherectomy group had more TASC B lesions (54% vs 38%; P = .013), while the PTA-alone group had more TASC D lesions (25% vs 13%; P = .004). TASC A and C lesions did not differ significantly between the groups. No significant differences existed with respect to the early (30-day) outcomes of loss of patency (11% vs 13%; P = .699), complications (8% vs 13%; P = .292), or major amputation (17% vs 13%; P = .344) in the PTA-alone group vs the atherectomy-assisted group. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no difference for all primary outcomes of PTA alone vs the atherectomy-assisted group at 12 and 36 months: primary patency (69%, 55% vs 61%, 46%; P = .158), primary assisted patency (83%, 71% vs 85%, 67%; P = .801), secondary patency (94%, 89% vs 95%, 89%; P = .892), limb salvage (79%, 70% vs 81%, 77%; P = .485), or survival (77%, 56% vs 80%, 50%; P = .944). Conclusions The adjunctive use of atherectomy offered no improvement in primary outcomes over PTA alone in either early or late outcomes in CLI patients who underwent endovascular tibial interventions. Considering the additional cost and increased procedural time, these findings put into question the routine use of adjunctive atherectomy.
Effects of Cocaine in an Experimental Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: Cocaine intoxication is found in a significant subset of emergency department (ED) patients presenting with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Objectives: To investigate the effects of acute cocaine intoxication on physiologic and metabolic parameters in a model of experimental TBI. Methods: Under inhalational anesthesia, swine were instrumented and subjected to fluid percussion TBI of 3 atm. Two groups were studied: TBI and cocaine (n = 7) and TBI only (n = 7). Two sequential doses of cocaine hydrochloride were administered intravenously to the animals receiving cocaine: 4 mg/kg 10 minutes prior to injury and 2 mg/kg 1 minute prior to injury. Control animals received normal saline. Cardiorespiratory and cerebral physiologic data were monitored for 180 minutes following injury. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using dye-labeled microspheres. Serum cocaine levels were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results: Mean (6SD) cocaine levels at the time of injury were 1,771 (6403) ng/mL. All animals survived the 180-minute observation period. There was a trend toward higher intracranial pressure (ICP) in the control (15.4 6 8.2) vs. cocaine-treated (11.1 6 5.8) animals, although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.18). Cerebral venous lactate (CVL) levels also trended higher in the control (1.14 6 0.22) vs. cocaine-treated (0.91 6 0.19) groups (p = 0.06). Cerebral perfusion pressures (CPPs), however, did not differ between groups. The CBF values decreased significantly from baseline in both groups but were not different between groups. Conclusions: Cocaineintoxicated animals subjected to TBI showed no significant difference in primary outcome measures of CPP or CBF, although a nonsignificant trend toward lower ICP was noted. Overall, acute cocaine intoxication did not adversely affect the physiologic parameters examined in this TBI model. Key words: traumatic brain injury; cocaine. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2005; 12:483‐490. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant societal problem, with considerable morbidity, mortality, and monetary costs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that annually, almost 1.3 million people sustain a TBI, with 280,000 hospitalizations and 50,000 deaths. 1‐4 Most patients who sustain significant injuries present to emergency departments (EDs) for initial stabilization and treatment. There is clearly an association between trauma and cocaine abuse/intoxication, as noted in multiple clinical studies. 5‐7 There is also a significant subset of patients who present to EDs with TBI and concurrent cocaine intoxication, although these statistics are not as well documented. As of 1997, estimates from urban centers suggest that there are 1.5 million cocaine users
Esthetics and Anterior Tooth Position: An Orthodontic Perspective Part II: Vertical Position

This article discusses the vertical position of the maxillary incisors and its relationship to esthetics. Two situations are discussed. The first, a discrepancy between the incisal plane and the interpupillary line, is corrected by maxillary surgery, orthodontic intrusion/extrusion, or orthodontics and restorative dentistry. The correct decision depends on the interrelationship of the posterior occlusal plane, incisal plane, interpupillary line, and the crown length of the incisors. The second discrepancy in the vertical position of the maxillary incisors is the “gummy” smile. This problem, due to either overdevelopment of the entire maxilla or over-eruption of the maxillary incisors, is solved by maxillary surgery, orthodontic intrusion of the over-erupted teeth, or orthodontics and restorative dentistry. The proper choice of treatment depends on the interrelationship of the posterior occlusal plane, incisal plane, crown length of the maxillary incisors, and the level of the gingival margins of the maxillary anterior teeth.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION MANDATES: A STUDY OF TWO LAND USE REGULATORY POLICIES

This paper examines the implementation mandates and experiences associated with two intergovernmental regulatory policies, one at the federal-state level and the other a t the state-control level. The policies are the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the Florida Growth Management Act of 1985. These experiences suggest that implementation mandates, a t least with respect to intergovernmental regulatory policies, are not as effective as logic and rational argument might dictate.
One-dimensional XY model in Lorentzian random field

Abstract The average free energy and related thermodynamic quantities are calculated exactly for the one-dimensional spin - 1 2 XY model in a lorentzian transverse random field. Critical exponents for correlation lengths are estimated in the ground state.
Photochemistry of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Effect of HCN.

— In attempting to sort out possible mechanisms of photoreactivation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA (TMV-RNA) inactivated by ultraviolet radiation (u.v.) in buffer of ionic strength 0.25, we have investigated the effect of HCN on the quantum yield for u.v. inactivation of TMV-RNA and on the percent photoreactivation of inactivated TMV-RNA. Some photo-products produced by irradiation of model substances, polyuridylic acid (poly U) and polycytidylic acid (poly C), in the presence of HCN have also been studied. The ratio of the quantum yield for inactivation of TMV-RNA in the presence of HCN to that in the absence of HCN is 1.5, under non-photoreactivating conditions. By comparison, the ratio of the initial rates of loss of uracil residues in poly U under comparable conditions is 1.6; by contrast, the rate of loss of cytosine residues in poly C is unaffected by HCN. This similarity of ratios between poly U and TMV-RNA suggests that two of the mechanisms of u.v. inactivation of TMV-RNA at high ionic strength are akin to known reactions of uracil residues in poly U, i.e. hydrate and dimer formation. The photohydration reaction in poly U, as measured by the heat reversal of hydrated residues to uracil residues, is almost abolished by HCN, and the rate of dimerization, as measured by the appearance of dimer containing oligonucleotides following enzymatic hydrolysis of irradiated poly U, is reduced to half by HCN. HCN does not affect the rate of hydration of cytosine residues in poly C. Since photoreactivation of RNA inactivated in presence of HCN is only 60 per cent of that in absence of HCN it is suggested that uracil dimers are somehow involved in photoreactivation of TMV-RNA inactivated at high ionic strength.
Oral blistering diseases.

Multiple immune and nonimmune dermatological disorders can have oral mucosal changes as part of the spectrum of disease. Often the pain and discomfort of the oral symptoms can be more significant than the cutaneous involvement. Scarring, weight loss, and strictures can be end-stage complications. Desquamative gingivitis is a general term to describe erythema and inflammation of the gingiva. This disorder is more common in postmenopausal women and was thought to be a unique disorder for many years. It is now well known that multiple allergic, irritant, and autoimmune disorders may have this as a clinical sign. A specific diagnosis can only be made with routine histology and immunofluorescence studies. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the mucosal findings in the most common oral blistering disorders. Both current and new therapies for these disorders have recently been reviewed in detail.1,2
On The Reality of Tooth Fairies: A Review of The God Delusion.

In The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins reviews the evidence for and against God. After considering arguments for a divine power, he says the main current one is that the characteristics of living creatures must be attributed to an all-powerful designer. Design is the only plausible account, because the excellent fit between each plant and animal and its environment could not possibly have appeared in one stroke by pure chance. Dawkins agrees that randomness could not have done the job, but he says that a designer is equally unlikely. The only viable explanation is evolution by natural selection, a process that operates without plan or design. He then turns to the adaptive value of religious belief. After failing to find any, he proposes that belief in divinities is the by-product of a powerful tendency to learn from others, an adaptive strategy produced by natural selection. Adults and other influential figures teach children many useful things, but they also train them to worship deities. Religious devotion is established through education, and it is maintained over generations by the social learning processes underlying all instances of cultural evolution. Dawkins' arguments together with other problems encountered in describing evolutionary processes highlight the importance of social learning. His discussion leads the reviewer to assert that only by knowing the mechanisms of social learning is it possible to understand how biological and cultural evolution interact to produce life as we find it.
Psychosocial assessment of adult living liver donors.

Key points 1. Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation is used increasingly to treat patients with end-stage liver disease. 2. Donor selection limits the use of living donor liver transplantation. Psychosocial assessment is a critical component of the donor evaluation. 3. There are no strict guidelines for the psychosocial assessment of potential living liver donors before and after donation. 4. The attitude toward living liver donation remains high. 5. Both short-and long-term psychosocial assessment of living liver donors is necessary after donation.
OMP Peptide Signals Initiate the Envelope-Stress Response by Activating DegS Protease via Relief of Inhibition Mediated by Its PDZ Domain

Abstract Transmembrane signaling between intracellular compartments is often controlled by regulated proteolysis. Escherichia coli respond to misfolded or unfolded outer-membrane porins (OMPs) in the periplasm by inducing σ E -dependent transcription of stress genes in the cytoplasm. This process requires a proteolytic cascade initiated by the DegS protease, which destroys a transmembrane protein (RseA) that normally binds to and inhibits σ E . Here, we show that peptides ending with OMP-like C-terminal sequences bind the DegS PDZ domain, activate DegS cleavage of RseA, and induce σ E -dependent transcription. These results suggest that DegS acts as a sensor of envelope stress by binding unassembled OMPs. DegS activation involves relief of inhibitory interactions between its PDZ and protease domains. Peptide binding to inhibitory PDZ domains in proteases related to DegS, including DegP/HtrA, may also regulate the degradation of specific substrates by these enzymes.
A METHOD FOR CONDUCTING LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES OF CLASSROOM VIDEORECORDINGS AND TRANSCRIPTS

In this paper, we describe a methodological approach that can be used to analyze large sets of qualitative data such as classroom videorecordings and transcripts. The method emerged while conducting longitudinal case studies of four pairs of students' small group activity. In the first phase of the analysis, the data are dealt with on an episode- by-episode-basis in chronological order. Sample episodes are given to illustrate how inferences made while analyzing one episode are viewed as initial conjectures that can be revised when analyzing subsequent episodes. In later phases of the analysis, these conjectures become data that are (meta-)analyzed to create chronologies that are structured by general assertions and yet are grounded in the particulars of students' mathematical activity. In the course of the discussion, we clarify the role of domain-specific psychological models and the influence of assumptions about the relation between psychological and social processes. We conclude by considering both the generality and the trustworthiness of the approach.
EPA/VA human adipose tissue study: Quality control for chemical analysis

Abstract The determination of PCDD and PCDF human body burden levels requires that data from all analyses are of known and documented quality so that effective comparisons of populations can be achieved. The chemical analysis effort for the collaborative U.S. EPA and Veterans Administration study of the adult male population included a rigorous quality assurance/quality control program that provided the needed information on method accuracy and precision. A summary of the QA/QC efforts, the resulting data quality criteria, and a summary of the analytical results for the PCDDs and PCDFs for 197 design specimens are presented.
Augmented lung injury due to interaction between hyperoxia and mechanical ventilation

Objective:Mechanical overdistension and hyperoxia can independently cause lung injury, yet little is known about their combined effects. We hypothesized that hyperoxia exacerbates lung injury caused by large tidal volume ventilation.Design:Experimental study.Setting:University laboratory.Subjects:An
Digitizing life at the level of the cell: high-performance laser-scanning microscopy and image analysis for in toto imaging of development

The field of biological imaging is progressing at an amazing rate. Advances in both laser-scanning microscopy and green fluorescent protein (GFP) technology are combining to make possible imaging-based approaches for studying developmental mechanisms that were previously impossible. Modern confocal and multi-photon microscopes are pushing the envelope of speed, sensitivity, spectral resolution, and depth resolution to allow in vivo imaging of whole, live embryos at cellular resolution over extended periods of time. In toto imaging, in which nearly every cell in an embryo or tissue can be tracked through space and time during development, may become a standard technique for small transparent embryos such as zebrafish and early stage chick and mouse embryos. GFP and its spectral variants can be used to mark a wide range of in vivo biological information for in toto imaging including gene expression patterns, mutant phenotypes, and protein subcellular localization patterns. Combining in toto imaging and GFP transgenic approaches on a large scale may usher in an explosion of in vivo, developmental data as has happened in the past several years with genomic data. There are significant challenges that must be met to reach these goals. This paper will discuss the current state-of-the-art, the challenges, and the prospects of in toto imaging in the areas of imaging, image analysis, and informatics.
Mechanism of nanostructure movement under an electron beam and its application in patterning

In electron microscopy, the motion of the sample features due to the interaction with the electron beam has been traditionally regarded as a detrimental effect. Uncontrolled feature displacement produces artifacts both in imaging and patterning, limiting the resolution and distorting precise nanoscale patterns. The mechanism of such motion remains largely unclear. We present an experimental study of e-beam-induced nanopost movement and offer a mechanistic theoretical model that quantitatively explains the physical phenomenon. We propose that e-beam bombardment produces an uneven distribution of electrons in the sample, and the resulting electrostatic interactions provide forces and torques sufficient to bend the nanoposts. We compare the theoretical predictions with a series of controlled experiments that support our model. We take advantage of this theoretical understanding to demonstrate how this generally undesirable effect can be turned into an unconventional e-beam writing technique to generate pseudo-three-dimensional structures.
Photoconductivity and drift mobilities in single crystal realgar (As4S4)

The photoconductivity and carrier mobilities of synthetic crystals of realgar (As4S4) have been investigated. A sharp increase in the photoresponse at short wavelengths is attributed to an energy gap of (2.40 ± 0.05) eV. An additional weak peak in the photoresponse at 600 nm is due to free hole formation at defect or impurity sites. Electron and hole mobilities have been measured over the temperature range from 250 to 470 °K. At 25 °C the hole mobility was 12 cm2V−1s−1 and the electron mobility 2 × 10−2 cm2V−1s−1. The hole transport can be described by band conduction controlled by lattice scattering. The electron changes is consistent with an intermolecular hopping process which at low temperatures transport to a trap-controlled mechanism. Die Photoleitfahigkeit und Tragerbeweglichkeit synthetischer As4S4-Einkristalle wurde untersucht. Ein steier Anstieg im Verlauf der Photoleitfahigkeit bei kurzen Wellenlangen wird einem Bandabstand von (2,40 ± 0,05) eV zugeschrieben. Ein zusatzliches schwaches Maximum bei 600 nm wird durch die Bildung freier Locher an Defekt-oder Verunreinigungsstorstellen verursacht. Elektronen- und Locherbeweglichkeiten werden im Temperaturbereich von 250 bis 470 °K gemessen. Bei 25 °C betragt die Locherbeweglichkeit 12 cm2V−1s−1 und die Elektronenbeweglichkeit 2 × 10−2 cm2V−1s−1. Der Lochertransport kann durch eine Energiebandleitung, die durch Gitterstreuung gesteuert wird, erklart werden. Der Elektronentransport stimmt mit einem intermolekularen Hopping-Prozes uberein. der bei tiefen Temperaturen in einen haftstellen-gesteuerten Mechanismus ubergeht.
"Why Won't He Go to the Doctor?": The Psychology of Men's Help Seeking

Men seek help less often than women and underutilize medical and mental health services. This article explores three bodies of theory and research related to men’s help seeking. Gender socialization theories, social constructionist theories, and social psychological theories are considered. Each theoretical paradigm is illustrated through case examples and considered in light of its ability to help health care providers understand men’s orientation to health care and help seeking. Strategies to increase men’s help seeking are also explored.
Regulation of Dendrite and Spine Morphogenesis and Plasticity by Catenins

The appropriate regulation of dendrite, spine, and synapse morphogenesis in neurons both during and after development is critical for the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. It is becomingly increasingly clear that the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex, a complex that has been widely studied in epithelia, regulates neuronal morphogenesis. More interestingly, the catenins, cytosolic proteins that bind to cadherins, regulate multiple aspects of neuronal morphogenesis including dendrite, spine, and synapse morphogenesis and plasticity, both independent of and dependent on their ability to bind cadherins. In this review, we examine some of the more recent and exciting studies that implicate individual catenins in various aspects of neuronal morphogenesis and plasticity.
BOMBURIA AND ELLIPSODON (MAMMALIA: MIOCLAENIDAE) FROM THE EARLY PALEOCENE OF NEW MEXICO

Abstract Bomburia and Ellipsodon are poorly known taxa from the early Paleocene of western North America. New fossil material from New Mexico expands morphological information and allows taxonomic revision of these taxa. Bomburia is a valid genus, whereas Platymastus palantir, previously considered to be a loxolophine arctocyonid, is probably a junior synonym of B. prisca and as such reveals the upper molar morphology of this taxon. Ellipsodon is highly derived relative to other mioclaenid condylarths. It has a reduced mesial dentition, with the probable loss of the P1/p1. P2–3/p2–3 are reduced and show a simple incisor-like morphology. M1/m1 and especially M2/m2 are simple with highly inflated protocones/ protoconid-metaconids accentuating a mortar-and-pestle-like chewing function. The M3/m3 are more reduced than in any other mioclaenid. Mioclaenidae is monophyletic and endemic to western North America. There is no support for a close relationship between Mioclaenidae and South American or African ungulates.
Enhanced Isolation of Tyr-MIF-1 from fresh human brain cortex

Abstract Tyr-MIF-1 previously was isolated from tissue obtained after death. A possible role of autoysis could not be excluded. We report the isolation of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-OlyNH 2 ) in Increased amounts from fresh human brain cortex. This confirms the natural existence of this brain peptide.
Tool Use Influences Perceived Shape and Perceived Parallelism, Which Serve as Indirect Measures of Perceived Distance.

Targets presented just beyond arm's reach look closer when observers intend to touch them with a reach-extending tool rather than without the tool. This finding is one of several that suggest that a person's ability to act influences perceived distance to objects. However, some critics have argued that apparent action effects were actually due to effects on the judgments rather than on the perception. In other words, the target does not actually look closer, but participants report that it is. To help counter this argument, the current experiments used an indirect measure of perceived distance: Participants reported perceived shape or perceived parallelism. The results revealed that triangles looked shorter and lines looked more horizontal to participants who reached with a tool, and therefore could reach the targets, than they did to participants who reached without the tool. These results demonstrate convergence across multiple types of judgments, a finding that undermines alternative, judgment-based accounts and suggests that the ability to reach an object changes the perceived distance to the object. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Internal wave attenuation by coastal kelp stands

Abstract Coastal kelp stands are a unique physical environment having high drag distributed throughout the water column. Temperature records from locations at increasing distances into the kelp show a damping of high-frequency variance and a slowing of wave propagation at low frequencies. This behavior at low frequencies is more a diffusion than a wave process. Linearized internal wave models incorporating linear drag successfully explain the frequency response of phase velocity but are less successful with the attenuation coefficient. The attenuation coefficient is well explained by the model of the outer area of the kelp but is overestimated in the kelp stand interior. In the outer area phase velocity is about 0.12 m s−1 at 100 cpd (cycles per day), a third of that at 1 cpd; attenuation coefficient is 7.5 km−1 at 100 cpd, 1.5 km−1 at 1 cpd.
Significance of Mesozoic radiolarians from the pre-Nevadan rocks of the southern Klamath Mountains, California

Ribbon cherts and siliceous tuffs of the North Fork and Rattlesnake Creek terranes of the Klamath Mountains yield Mesozoic radiolarians. Rocks of the North Fork terrane were previously considered to be of Paleozoic age and those of the Rattlesnake Creek to be of Paleozoic and Triassic age, on the basis of fossiliferous limestone bodies that are now considered to be exotic blocks. In both terranes, however, red cherts that are closely associated with ophiolitic rocks contain Late Triassic radiolarians; overlying cherts and siliceous tuffs contain Early or Middle Jurassic radiolarians. The Jurassic radiolarian fauna from the North Fork terrane is similar to a fauna contained in Franciscan chert near Santa Barbara in southern California. The change in age assignment of the dominant rocks of these terranes, based on this new radiolarian data, indicates that the suture between the North Fork terrane and the Devonian rocks of the central metamorphic belt on the east probably formed during Middle or Late Jurassic time.
Relative anisotropies of plane waves and guided modes in thin orthorhombic plates: Implication for texture characterization

Abstract The angular dependences of the long wavelength velocities of S0 and SH0 modes of orthorhombic (orthotropic) plates are compared to those of the velocities of corresponding plane waves. To first order in the anisotropy, many of the phenomena are as expected. The absolute velocities and anisotropy of the SH0 plate modes are identical to those for plane SH waves and the absolute velocities of the S0 modes propagating along symmetry axes are reduced from the longitudinal plane wave velocities by an amount explained by the change from the plane strain to the plane stress condition. However, for certain classes of materials such as metal polycrystals, the anisotropy of the S0 mode can be substantially different from that of the longitudinal plane waves. This effect is explained through an expansion of the crystallite orientation distribution function in terms of generalized spherical harmonics. Implications of the results for the ultrasonic measurement of preferred grain orientation (texture) in polycrystals is indicated.
Gastric emptying in Mexican Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites.

Mexican Americans, a group at high risk for type II diabetes mellitus, have higher postprandial insulin and glucose levels when compared to non-Hispanic whites. A rapid rate of gastric emptying contributes to an increased rate of nutrient absorption and subsequent greater elevation of postprandial glucose and insulin levels. A more rapid rate of gastric emptying and hyperinsulinemia have been observed in patients with recently diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus. In this study, we examined whether Mexican Americans have a more rapid rate of gastric emptying than non-Hispanic whites. Gastric emptying studies were performed on 32 nondiabetic Mexican Americans and on 31 nondiabetic non-Hispanic whites. The rate of gastric emptying following a liquid glucose meal was measured. Serum insulin, plasma glucose, and GIP levels were measured in fasting and postprandial blood samples collected at 15-min intervals for 2 hr. Adjusting for age, body mass index, and gender, the gastric half-emptying time of a glucose meal was significantly (P<0.05) more rapid for the Mexican American subjects (56.5±3.4 min) compared to the non-Hispanic white subjects (66.4±3.5 min). Nondiabetic Mexican Americans empty a liquid glucose meal more rapidly from their stomachs than nondiabetic non-Hispanic whites. Rapid gastric emptying is associated with hyperinsulinemia as a normal physiologic response to increased nutrient availability. The rapid gastric emptying observed in nondiabetic Mexican Americans is associated with hyperinsulinemia and could be a contributing factor for the increased risk of obesity and type II diabetes in this population.
Movement of the Iron-Sulfur Subunit beyond the efLoop of Cytochrome b Is Required for Multiple Turnovers of the bc1 Complex but Not for Single Turnover Qo Site Catalysis

Abstract Recent kinetics experiments using mutants of thebc 1 complex (ubihydroquinone-cytochromec oxidoreductase) iron-sulfur subunit with modified hinge regions have revealed the crucial role played by the large scale movement of its [2Fe-2S] cluster domain during the activity of this enzyme. In particular, one of these mutants (+1Ala) with an insertion of one alanine residue in the hinge region is partially deficient in performing this movement. We found that this defect can be overcome by the appearance of a second mutation substituting the leucine at position 286 in the ef loop of cytochromeb with a phenylalanine. Detailed studies of these mutants and their derivatives revealed that the ef loop acts as a barrier that needs to be crossed for multiple turnovers of the enzyme but not for a single turnover ubihydroquinone oxidation site catalysis. These findings indicate that the movement of the iron-sulfur subunit is composed of two discrete parts: a “micro-movement” at the cytochrome b interface, during which the [2Fe-2S] cluster interacts with ubihydroquinone oxidation site occupants and catalyzes ubihydroquinone oxidation, and a “macro-movement,” during which the cluster domain swings away from cytochrome binterface, crosses the ef loop, and reaches a position close to cytochrome c 1 heme, to which it ultimately transfers an electron.
Phosphorylation of MARCKS (80-kDa) protein, a major substrate for protein kinase C in oligodendroglial progenitors.

We have recently reported a potent mitogenic stimulation of oligodendroglial (OL) progenitors by the protein kinase C (PKC) activating phorbol ester, i.e., phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Bhat NR, J Neurosci Res 22:20-27, 1989). The present study deals with PMA-induced protein phosphorylation reactions in cultured OL progenitors. The phorbol ester induced the phosphorylation of several cytosol and membrane-associated proteins, including a major protein with an apparent molecular weight of 80 kDa. In both control and PMA-treated cultures, phosphorylation level of the 80-kDa protein in cytosol was higher than that in the particulate fraction. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, also increased the phosphorylation of several proteins and substantially enhanced protein phosphorylation induced by PMA. In vitro incubation of the cell membranes with phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol (a physiological activator of PKC) in the presence of [gamma 32p]-ATP resulted in an increased phosphorylation of the 80-kDa protein. The induction of phosphorylation of the 80-kDa protein under both in situ and in vitro conditions was subject to inhibition by 1-[5[isoquinolinyl sulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine (H-7), a potent inhibitor of PKC. The 80-kDa phosphoprotein was identified as the prominent PKC substrate, i.e., myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) protein by immunoprecipitation with anti-MARCKS antibodies.
Assignment of temperature-sensitive mutations of BHK cells to the X chromosome.

A class of recurring, noncomplementing, recessive, temperaturesensitive mutation of BHK-21 cells has been assigned to the X chromosome. X-linkage was determined by complementation, karyotypic, and enzymatic analyses.
Budget hearings in Congress

The tentative schedule for hearings and markups by the Senate and House of Representatives on the Reagan budget proposal for fiscal 1986 is listed below. Dates and times should be verified with the committee or subcommittee holding the hearing; all offices on Capitol Hill may be reached by calling 202-224-3121. For guidelines on contacting a member of Congress, see AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 669).
Cationic polymerization of 6,8‐dioxabicyclo‐[3.2.1]octane and 3,6,8‐trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane

6,8-Dioxabicyclooctane (DBO) and 3,6,8-trioxabicyclooctane (TBO) underwent ring-opening polymerization when treated with PF5 in dichloromethane at −78°C. These conditions were outstandingly effective for the polymerization of these bicyclic monomers, as shown by systematic variation of catalyst, solvent, and temperature. Best results were 68–84% yields of poly-DBO, ηinh 0.26–0.33 dl/g, and ∼100% yield of poly-TBO, ηinh 0.56–0.80 dl/g. The relationship of these results to those of previous investigators of DBO discussed.
Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: How much is too much?

Abstract Objective: The aim of this paper was to better differentiate physical discipline, corporal punishment, and physical child abuse based on samples drawn from the United States. Methodology: The American literature was examined to differentiate these three constructs, first on such dimensions as severity, intention, and child effects; and second on key contextual or environmental factors empirically associated with higher rates of violent behavior in families. Third, normative data on parental spanking frequencies were summarized to better operationalize patterns of physical discipline among abusive and nonabusive parents. Results: Five articles that met selection criteria revealed that abusive parents spanked their children more often than did nonabusive parents. Aggregated data from nonabusive parents were used to compute a continuum or “normal range” of daily spanking frequencies from 0 to 5.73 (M = 2.5) times in 24 hours. Conclusion: While further research is needed to address spanking intensity, severity, and context, results of the research suggest that “relative exposure” to spanking may be an additional risk marker for abuse when considered with other known indicators or risk factors.
Dorsal/ventral parcellation of the amygdala: relevance to impulsivity and aggression

Investigations into the specific association of amygdala volume, a critical aspect of the fronto-limbic emotional circuitry, and aggression have produced results broadly consistent with the 'larger is more powerful' doctrine. However, recent reports suggest that the ventral and dorsal aspects of the amygdala play functionally specific roles, respectively, in the activation and control of behavior. Therefore, parceling amygdala volume into dorsal and ventral components might prove productive in testing hypotheses regarding volumetric association to aggression, and impulsivity, a related aspect of self-control. We sought to test this hypothesis in a group of 41 psychiatric patients who received standard magnetic resonance imaging and a psychometric protocol including aggression and impulsivity measures. Whole amygdala volumes were not associated with aggression or impulsivity, but significant correlations were found when dorsal/ventral amygdalae were analyzed separately. Specifically, left and right ventral amygdala volume was positively associated with motor impulsivity, and left dorsal amygdala was negatively associated with aggression. Results are discussed in terms of an activation and control model of brain-behavior relations. Potential relevance to the continuum of amygdala hyper- to hypo-activation and aggression is discussed.
Seed Germination and Dormancy in Eastern Gamagrass

Eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] is an important native rangeland species and could be a more widely used perennial pasture grass. Stand establishment, however, is slow, and it can take 3 yr before a full stand is attained. Our objectives were to determine the caryopsis weight distribution, the relationship between caryopsis weight and percentage germination, the role of the copulate fruit case in seed dormancy, and the force required to open the cupulate fruit case. Caryopses of Iuka' and 'Pete' eastern gamagrass were extracted from the cupulate fruit case by hand, individually weighed, separated into five weight classes, and germinated in a germination chamber. Differences in percentage observed germination and total potential germination at 7 and 14 d were attributed to caryopsis weight (P > 0.05). No caryopsis weight x cultivar interaction occurred, suggesting homogeneity of slopes for cultivars (P > 0.25). An artificial fruit case (band) was fashioned from an extruded plastic tube and a caryopsis placed inside to examine the role of the fruit case in germination. Germination of unbanded caryopses (44.8%) was significantly greater than banded caryopses (6.3%, P ≤ 0.01). A lever and fulcrum were used to find the force required to open the fruit case. We concluded that seed dormancy was likely mechanical for these cultivars. Under natural conditions, the integrity of the fruit case must be reduced before germination will proceed normally. Light, alternating temperatures, freezing and thawing, fire, rodents, and soil microorganisms, to name a few, may be involved in the decay of the fruit case.
Extremely Thermophilic Archaebacteria: Biological and Engineering Considerations

Interdisciplinary interactions between molecular biologists, microbial ecologists, and biochemical engineers portend well for the biotechnological exploitation of novel extremely thermophilic methanogens and sulfur-metabolizing archaebacteria.
Detection of Bilirubin Using Surfactant Fluorescence Enhancement and Visible Laser Fluorometry

Abstract Improvements on detection limits for the measurement of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in aqueous solutions using surfactant fluorescence enhancement and visible laser fluorometry were investigated. To maximize the fluorescence signal, commonly used surfactants were employed to enhance the fluorescence quantum yields of these bilirubin molecules and one of the visible lines of an argon ion laser was used for fluorometric excitation; to minimize optical noise, a unique optical fiber flow-cell was employed. Relative and absolute limits of detection for the micelle-bound unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin were in the sub-micromole per liter and sub-nanogram range, respectively. These capabilities should be important for the potential use of surfactants in flow injection analysis or micellar liquid chromatography for the determination of bilirubin species in biological materials.
The productivity impact of information technology across competitive regimes: The role of industry concentration and dynamism

Empirical research has revealed differences in the economic impact of information technology (IT) across industries. However, the source of these differences is unclear. In this study we analyze the role of the competitive environment in moderating the productive impact of information technology and regular capital. We focus on two important features of an industry's competitive environment: industry concentration and industry dynamism. Industry concentration is the degree to which the output of an entire industry is produced by a few firms and is considered an inverse proxy for industry competitiveness. Industry dynamism denotes change that is difficult to predict, measured as the deviation of industry sales from a trend line. We analyze the moderating impact of concentration and dynamism on the output elasticity of information technology and regular capital by estimating a production function using 5211 firm-year observations spanning the years 1987 to 1994. We find that the marginal product of IT is lower in more concentrated industries, while the opposite is true for regular capital. There is limited evidence that the marginal product of IT is higher in more dynamic industries, and strong evidence that the marginal product of regular capital is lower in more dynamic industries. Taken together, our results suggest that IT provides enhanced productivity impacts to firms in more competitive industries without any productivity loss in dynamic industries, in contrast to regular capital. The findings underscore the salience of inclusion of the competitive environment in studies of the productive impacts of information technology.
1.5/spl mu/m photon-counting optical time domain reflectometry with a single-photon detector using up-conversion in a PPLN waveguide

A 1.5 /spl mu/m single-photon detector, which combines up-conversion in a PPLN waveguide with a silicon avalanche photodiode, is used to demonstrate photon-counting OTDR. The system exhibits good sensitivity, high spatial resolution and small measurement time.
PERFORMANCE, WORKLOAD, AND STRESS CORRELATES OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL TASK DEMANDS

Increased understanding of the mechanisms by which stress impacts performance is essential to the design and operation of complex information systems. Ths study represents a test of the hypothesis of Hancock, Szalma, and Weaver (2002) that the attentional narrowing observed under stressful conditions results from spatial and temporal perception drawing on common resource capacities. Although the present results were unable to resolve the specific issue to a satisfactory degree, a novel finding was observed that noise increases leniency in responding. The impact of noise on performance thus depends on the characteristics of the task to be performed, with spatial uncertainty exerting a significant influence on perceived workload.
Regiospecific synthesis of 3,5-bis(bromomethyl)benzoic acid, a cysteine crosslinking agent

Abstract Bridging two molecules of an organic thiol with the 3,5-dimethylenebenzoic acid (Dmb) group produces a rigid five-carbon Dmb crosslink that is stable to disulfide reducing agents. Radical bromination of 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid or its succinimido ester gave four α-brominated products. So NMR-pure 3,5-bis(bromomethyl)benzoic acid (Br2Dmb) was regiospecifically synthesized in 38% overall yield by a four-step route from 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid. S-Alkylation of cysteine methyl ester, a model thiol, with Br2Dmb provided the 2:1 adduct (Cys-OCH3)2 Dmb in 79% yield. Subsequent N-protection with di(tert-butyl) dicarbonate gave (Boc-Cys-OCH3)2Dmb in 60% overall yield from cysteine methyl ester. This protected diamino acid is suitable for assembly of two Dmb-crosslinked peptide chains.
A direct method for the evaluation of instantaneous invariants of a given motion

Abstract Explicit formulas are derived for the evaluation of the instantaneous invariants for a given motion. The use of these formulas brings the application of the theory of mechanism synthesis for higher order approximations (first presented by Venkamp) to a practical level where a mechanism designer can readily use this elegant and computationally efficient theory for designing motion generating or function generating fourbar mechanisms.