cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of WO3 loading on the surface acidity of WO3/Al2O3 composite oxides

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, colorimetric titration and inverse gas chromatography (IGC) were used to study the changes in acidity of a series of WO3/Al2O3 composite oxides with increasing loading of tungsten. The addition of WO3 increases the Lewis and Bronsted acidity of the series of composites. We find that, for the highly dispersed solid acid, WO3/Al2O3, the modified Benesi titration provides an estimate of the number of acid sites and that Lewis and Bronsted partitioning cannot be conclusively assessed. The inverse gas chromotography technique offers certain advantages in that it can be performed at elevated temperatures (close to reaction temperatures), in a gaseous environment, and on colored samples. The electron donating properties of the probes used in IGC have enabled us to speculate on the source of Bronsted acidity introduced into this system by the presence of the second-phase oxide. Charge delocalization into the support due to terminal oxygen atoms is proposed to be the source of this increased Bronsted acidity and is analogous to that occurring when halides are added to alumina.
The Evolution of Altruism: The Sober/Wilson Model*

Abstract In what follows, I critique the interpretation that Sober and Wilson offer of their group selection model in Unto Others. Sober and Wilson mistakenly claim that their model operates as an example of Simpson’s paradox and defend an interpretation of their model according to which groups are operated upon by natural selection. In the place of their interpretation, I offer one that parallels the mathematical calculation of the model’s outcome and does not depend on the postulation of a force of group selection or a value for group fitness.
The Community Innovation Process: A Conceptualization and Empirical Analysis.

Previous research into the community innovation process has tended to emphasize either intercommunity information flows and imitation or local need and political factors. This paper presents a conceptualization incorporating both sets of factors and stressing, in particular, the distinction between community innovations supported by a central pro pagator and those adopted solely on the basis of local initiative. In empirical analysis the former are represented by public housing and urban renewal, the latter by automated data processing and public water fluoridation. The major findings of the empirical analysis are that both information-related and local need and political factors are critical to the community innovation process, and that the distinction between sponsored and local initiative community innovations is particularly useful in explaining the decision to adopt.
Thyroid-specific antigens in Basedow's disease.

All three major thyroid-specific auto-antigens, namely Tg, TPO and the TSH receptor, have now been cloned. Of greatest significance in the pathogenesis of Basedow's disease is the TSH receptor. It is anticipated that in the coming years this accomplishment by a number of laboratories will lead to major advances in our understanding of this disease. Opportunities are now available to study the molecular mechanisms underlying Basedow's disease, and we will emerge from a phase of descriptive investigation
IR multiple photon excitation of C2H5F and 1,1-C2H4F2 near dissociation threshold: vibrational emissions from parent and product species

The IR multiple photon excitation and dissociation of C2H5F and 1,1-C2H4F2 has been studied by monitoring vibrational fluorescence in the region 2000–4000 cm−1 following excitation with the focused output from a CO2 TEA laser.
Effectiveness of a 10-week tier-1 response to intervention program in improving fine motor and visual-motor skills in general education kindergarten students.

OBJECTIVE. This study examined the efficacy of a 10-wk Tier 1 Response to Intervention (RtI) program developed in collaboration with classroom teachers to improve the fine motor and visual–motor skills of general education kindergarten students. METHOD. We recruited 113 students in six elementary schools. Two general education kindergarten classrooms at each school participated in the study. Classrooms were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Fine motor skills, pencil grip, and visual–motor integration were measured at the beginning of the school year and after the 10-wk intervention. RESULTS. The intervention group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in fine motor and visual–motor skills, whereas the control group demonstrated a slight decline in both areas. Neither group demonstrated a change in pencil grip. CONCLUSION. This study provides preliminary evidence that a Tier 1 RtI program can improve fine motor and visual–motor skills in kindergarten students
"Medical oophorectomy" using a long-acting GNRH agonist--a possible new approach to the treatment of endometriosis.

Five women with endometriosis were given a daily dose of a potent long-acting GnRH agonist, D-Trp6-Pro9-Net-LHRH (GnRH-A) for 28 days in an attempt to suppress ovarian estrogen secretion. The mean level of estradiol (E2) during sampling over 24 hours decreased (P less than 0.01) from 62 +/- 11 to 10 +/- 1 pg/ml at the end of treatment. Mean concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and E2 on day 28 of therapy were similar to those measured in oophorectomized women. The level of FSH was decreased (P less than 0.001) during GnRH-a, whereas that of LH was significantly (P less than 0.001) increased, suggesting differing intracellular control mechanisms for release of the two gonadotropins. Desensitization of the pituitary was demonstrated at the end of treatment by a complete lack of acute response of FSH or LH to the daily dose of GnRH-a. "Medical oophorectomy" provides a new approach to the treatment of endometriosis.
The Carnegie Planet Finder Spectrograph

The Carnegie Planet Finder Spectrograph is being constructed for use at the Magellan Telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Its primary scientific objective is the detection of extrasolar planets through monitoring of stellar radial velocity variations. The spectrograph is being optimized for high precision measurement of these velocities with a resolution goal of 1 m s-1. The optical design includes all spherical, standard optical glass and calcium fluoride lenses that function as both camera and collimator in a double-pass configuration. A prism cross-disperser is also used in double-pass and provides a minimum order separation of 4.0 arcsec. An R4 echelle grating is illuminated near true Littrow and provides complete wavelength coverage between 390 nm and 620 nm. Spectral resolution is 38,000 when using a 1 arcsec slit, although slit widths as small as 0.2 arcsec are available. An iodine cell is used to superimpose well-defined absorption features onto spectra to serve as a fiducial wavelength scale, and a thorium argon lamp is available for traditional wavelength calibrations. The spectrograph is currently under construction and is scheduled for commissioning in the second quarter of 2007.
A power set-based statistical selection procedure to locate susceptible rare variants associated with complex traits with sequencing data

Motivation Existing association methods for rare variants from sequencing data have focused on aggregating variants in a gene or a genetic region because of the fact that analysing individual rare variants is underpowered. However, these existing rare variant detection methods are not able to identify which rare variants in a gene or a genetic region of all variants are associated with the complex diseases or traits. Once phenotypic associations of a gene or a genetic region are identified, the natural next step in the association study with sequencing data is to locate the susceptible rare variants within the gene or the genetic region. Results In this article, we propose a power set-based statistical selection procedure that is able to identify the locations of the potentially susceptible rare variants within a disease-related gene or a genetic region. The selection performance of the proposed selection procedure was evaluated through simulation studies, where we demonstrated the feasibility and superior power over several comparable existing methods. In particular, the proposed method is able to handle the mixed effects when both risk and protective variants are present in a gene or a genetic region. The proposed selection procedure was also applied to the sequence data on the ANGPTL gene family from the Dallas Heart Study to identify potentially susceptible rare variants within the trait-related genes. Availability and implementation An R package 'rvsel' can be downloaded from http://www.columbia.edu/∼sw2206/ and http://statsun.pusan.ac.kr.
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and cost of using cimetidine, famotidine, and lansoprazole for stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) at our institution and determine which agent was most cost-effective.METHODS:An observational study of adults admitted to the medical, surgical, or cardiovascular intensive care unit was conducted to compare the cost and effectiveness of cimetidine, famotidine, and lansoprazole for SUP. Patients were identified for inclusion during three 2-week periods in 2000. Medical record reviews were conducted to gather data regarding the costs associated with the administration of SUP drugs and the treatment of any adverse events or therapeutic failures. Decision analysis was used to determine the average cost per patient for each treatment arm. A cost-effectiveness analysis was then conducted to determine which of the SUP agents was associated with the least cost without adversely affecting patient outcomes. A sensitivity analysis was applied to determine the robustness of the da...
Measuring the Absorption Rate of CO2 in Nonaqueous CO2-Binding Organic Liquid Solvents with a Wetted-Wall Apparatus.

The kinetics of the absorption of CO2 into two nonaqueous CO2-binding organic liquid (CO2 BOL) solvents were measured at T=35, 45, and 55 °C with a wetted-wall column. Selected CO2 loadings were run with a so-called "first-generation" CO2 BOL, comprising an independent base and alcohol, and a "second-generation" CO2 BOL, in which the base and alcohol were conjoined. Liquid-film mass-transfer coefficient (k'g ) values for both solvents were measured to be comparable to values for monoethanolamine and piperazine aqueous solvents under a comparable driving force, in spite of far higher solution viscosities. An inverse temperature dependence of the k'g value was also observed, which suggests that the physical solubility of CO2 in organic liquids may be making CO2 mass transfer faster than expected. Aspen Plus software was used to model the kinetic data and compare the CO2 absorption behavior of nonaqueous solvents with that of aqueous solvent platforms. This work continues our development of the CO2 BOL solvents. Previous work established the thermodynamic properties related to CO2 capture. The present paper quantitatively studies the kinetics of CO2 capture and develops a rate-based model.
Superconductivity of the hydrides and deuterides of Hf0.5Zr0.5V2

Abstract The superconducting transition temperature of Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 V 2 was enhanced by 1.7 K upon a small addition of H into the lattice. The maximum T c of 11.8 K occurs at the composition Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 V 2 H 0.5 . A large “normal” isotope effect was observed with respect to the deuteride.
Structural and Functional Asymmetry of Bacterial Membranes

Plasma membranes of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria perform a variety of functions including transport of ions and metabolites, secretion of proteins, energization, biosynthetic stages in cell wall peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, and capsular polysaccharide formation, and the biosynthesis of membrane lipids. All of these functions are organized in a single membrane system, in contrast to the functional compartmentalization characteristic of the membranous organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and lysosomes) of eukaryotic cells (Stanier, 1970; Carlile, 1980). In addition to plasma membranes, gram-negative bacteria possess a distinctive outer membrane (Inouye, 1979), and certain groups of bacteria possess specialized intracellular membranes such as chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria, cytomembranes of nitrifying organisms, and spore membranes of sporulating bacteria. The only other membrane structure seen in many bacteria, especially in gram-positive organisms, is the mesosome. The origins and functions of mesosomes have been widely reviewed and there is still much speculation and some evidence as to their role and significance in the bacterial cell and cell cycle (Ghosh, 1974; Salton and Owen, 1976; Higgins et al?,1981). Central to an understanding of the structure-function relationships of these various bacterial membrane systems are (1) resolution of the complexity of the components in plasma membranes, outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria, and specialized membranes such as chromatophores, and (2) establishment of the molecular architecture and sidedness of the membranes and derived vesicles. Much progress has been made in recent years by resolving the variety of polypeptides in membrane structures by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by the application of two-dimensional (“crossed”) immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in the identification of membrane antigens and/or enzymes under essentially nondenaturing solubilization conditions with nonionic detergents such as Triton X-100(Owen and Salton, 1975a; Owen and Smyth, 1977; Smyth et al., 1978).
On a Problem of Optimal Stochastic Control with Incomplete Information

We study a problem of Bayesian adaptive control arising in mathematical finance. For this particular problem, we obtain explicit formulas for the value function and the optimal control policy.
SENSUAL ATTACHMENT AND INCEST AVOIDANCE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Les auteurs s'attaquent a la critique de la psychanalyse et a la description de la sexualite humaine et de l'eviteinent de l'inceste dans la psychologie evolutionniste. Sur les bases de la neurobiologie humaine et de l'anthropologie evolutionniste, ils demontrent que l'etre humain a acquis au cours de son evolution une disposition a vivre en couple et s'est dote des capacites d'autoreguler ses impulsions sexuelles et agressives. Des lors que l'on apprehende non seulement l'importance mais aussi les interdependances de ces traits caracteristiques, on est appele a revisiter le complexe d'Rdipe, a proposer un nouveau modele de l'evitement de l'inceste chez les humains et a regarder sous un nouvel angle la relation entre le comportement reproducteur et l'environnement.
Relighting acquired models of outdoor scenes

In this paper we introduce a relighting algorithm for diffuse outdoor scenes that enables us to create geometrically correct and illumination consistent models from a series of range scans and a set of overlapping photographs that have been taken under different illumination conditions. To perform the relighting we compute a set of mappings from the overlap region of two images. We call these mappings irradiance ratio maps (IRMs). Our algorithm handles cast shadows, being able to relight shadowed regions into non-shadowed regions and vice-versa. We solve these cases by computing four different IRMs, to handle all four combinations of shadowed vs. non-shadowed surfaces. To relight the non-overlapping region of an image, we look into the appropriate IRM which we index on surface normal, and apply its value to the corresponding pixels. The result is an illumination consistent set of images.
Well Cuttings Analysis in Ground‐Water Resources Evaluationa

A method for collection and analysis of well cuttings samples to aid in ground-water resources evaluation of certain types of alluvial aquifers is described. The method standardizes collection procedures which minimize disruption of the drilling process and allows for easier laboratory interpretation. Analysis techniques for soils are adapted to differentiate between the formations encountered. Wet and dry colors, particle size analysis, acid reaction, plus examination of mineral constituents permits correlation of formation characteristics from wells constructed at different times and by different drillers. An example of the procedure for an area northwest of Tucson, Arizona is given.
Three Dimensional Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation for Beam Elements: Theory

The description of a beam element by only the displacement of its centerline leads to some difficulties in the representation of the torsion and shear effects. For instance such a representation does not capture the rotation of the beam as a rigid body about its own axis. This problem was circumvented in the literature by using a local coordinate system in the incremental finite element method or by using the multibody floating frame of reference formulation. The use of such a local element coordinate system leads to a highly nonlinear expression for the inertia forces as the result of the large element rotation. In this investigation, an absolute nodal coordinate formulation is presented for the large rotation and deformation analysis of three dimensional beam elements. This formulation leads to a constant mass matrix, and as a result, the vectors of the centrifugal and Coriolis forces are identically equal to zero. The formulation presented in this paper takes into account the effect of rotary inertia, torsion and shear, and ensures continuity of the slopes as well as the rotation of the beam cross section at the nodal points. Using the proposed formulation curved beams can be systematically modeled.
Novell NetWare multimedia communication system using Microsoft Windows

A multimedia communication system combines many of the information resources such as text, images, data, fax, video and audio signals using the networking power of existing network operating systems (NOS). The Novell NetWare and Microsoft Windows facilities have been widely used in many areas of client-server networking. This research effort effectively combines the merits of the Novell NetWare and Microsoft Windows to produce a user friendly multimedia communication system as a final product. The basic framework for the multimedia communication system is created using the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) with object linking and embedding (OLE) capabilities. Object-oriented programming (OOP) techniques are employed to ensure software reusability. The framework is designed around the Win32s API to allow future compatibility with Windows 95 and portability to Windows NT. >
Blue-stain Fungi Associated with Roots of Southern Pine Trees Attacked by the Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis

Forty paired plots were established from eastern Texas to Alabama to study root-infecting, blue-stain fungi in southern pine stands undergoing southern pine beetle (SPB) attack. Woody roots were sampled in plots undergoing recent or current attack by the SPB. Comparisons were made between occurrence of Leptographium spp. and related fungi and data on various characteristics of natural stands and plantations studied. Three fungal species, L. terebrantis, L. procerum, and Ophiostoma ips, along with unidentified Leptographium and Graphium species, were isolated from sampled roots. L. terebrantis was isolated more frequently from SPB-attacked plots (P < 0.001) than was either L. procerum or O. ips. More blue-stain fungal species and related genera were isolated from SPB-attacked plots than from control plots (P < 0.001). This also was true for combined isolation percentages of L. terebrantis, L. procerum, and O. ips (P = 0.03). Presence of blue-stain fungi also was associated with higher stand basal area in the control plots (P = 0.045). Isolation frequencies of O. ips and L. procerum, along with the combination of these fungal species with L. terebrantis, were logistically related to increasing stand basal area in the control plots (P = 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively). No logistic relationship was found for frequency of any of the three blue-stain species with respect to basal area in SPB-attacked plots. These results suggest blue stain fungi are important in the dynamics of susceptibility of southern pines to SPB attack.
Memory biases in the anxiety disorders: Current status

Information-processing models of emotional disorders suggest that anxious individuals may be characterized by a memory bias for threat-relevant information. This paper reviews and synthesizes evidence for explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) memory biases in the anxiety disorders. Our review suggests variations among the anxiety disorders for explicit memory biases. Specifically, there is support for explicit memory biases for threat-relevant information in panic disorder (PD), particularly when information has been deeply encoded, but not in social phobia (SP) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The few available studies suggest the presence of explicit memory biases in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but further research is needed. In contrast, some degree of support for implicit memory biases has been demonstrated for each of the anxiety disorders. Inconsistencies in the existing literature, topics worthy of future research attention, and directions for revising existing information-processing models of anxiety are discussed.
Identification of Central-Pacific and Eastern-Pacific types of ENSO in CMIP3 models

[1] Much understanding of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been obtained from the analyses of the climate simulations produced for World Climate Research Programme's Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3). However, most of these analyses do not consider the existence of the Eastern-Pacific (EP) and Central-Pacific (CP) types of ENSO events, which have been increasingly recognized as two distinct types of interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variation in the tropical Pacific. This study uses a regression-Empirical Orthogonal Function method to identify how well these two ENSO types are captured in the pre-industrial simulations of nineteen CMIP3 models. It is concluded that most CMIP3 models (13 out of 19) can produce realistically strong CP ENSOs, but only a few of them (9 out of 19) can produce realistically strong EP ENSOs. Six models that realistically simulate both the EP and CP ENSOs and their intensity ratio are identified. By separating the SST variability into these two types, it is further revealed that the leading periodicity of the simulated EP ENSO is linearly related to the latitudinal width of SST variability and varies from 1 to 5 years. As for the simulated CP ENSO, its leading periodicity is either 2 or 4 years depending on whether its SST variability is located to the east of the dateline or in the western-Pacific warm pool, respectively. The identification produced in this study offers useful information to further understand the two types of ENSO using the CMIP3 models.
The Discreteness of Emotion Concepts: Categorical Structure in the Affective Circumplex

Emotion concepts might be mentally represented as continuous dimensions or as discrete, bounded categories. One account that subscribes to the first possibility proposes that emotion concepts are distributed more or less continuously around the perimeter of a circumplex defined on bipolar dimensions of pleasure and arousal. Using an analogue of categorical perception methodology, this study demonstrated a number of category boundaries that mark out discrete segments of the circumplex. The discriminability of emotion concepts was relatively weak within segments and relatively strong across adjacent segments. Furthermore, empirically derived dimensions additional to pleasure and arousal discriminated the same segments.
Comparison of AC losses of superconducting wires for ramped-field applications

A local maximum at a slow field variation was measured in the AC-loss profile vs. field ramping rate in a double-stacked wire, which is not predicted by the existing AC-loss models. The AC losses of three important superconducting wires, manufactured mainly for superconducting magnets running at large amplitudes and slowly ramping fields, have been measured. These three single-strand samples, including a NbTi, an internal-tin, and a modified jelly-roll internal-tin wire, have different cross sectional constructions. A model taking into account the saturation of the filament bundle walls caused by strong local interbundle coupling currents in the inner multifilament region is proposed to provide a possible explanation to this special loss dependency. >
High power operation of the polyphase resonant converter modulator system for the spallation neutron source linear accelerator

The spallation neutron source (SNS) is a new 1.4 MW average power beam, 1 GeV accelerator being built at Oak Ridge national laboratory. The accelerator requires 15 "long-pulse" converter-modulator stations each providing a maximum of 11 MW pulses with a 1.1 MW average power. Two variants of the converter-modulator are utilized, an 80 kV and a 140 kV design, the voltage dependant on the type of klystron load. The converter-modulator can be described as a resonant zero-voltage-switching polyphase boost inverter. As noted in Figure 1, each converter modulator derives its buss voltage from a standard 13.8 kV to 2100 Y (1.5 MVA) substation cast-core transformer. The substation also contains harmonic traps and filters to accommodate IEEE 519 and 141 regulations. Each substation is followed by an SCR preregulator to accommodate system voltage changes from no load to full load, in addition to providing a soft-start function. Energy storage and filtering is provided by special low inductance self-clearing metallized hazy polypropylene traction capacitors. Three "H-Bridge" insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switching networks are used to generate the polyphase 20 kHz transformer primary drive waveforms. The 20 kHz drive waveforms are chirped the appropriate duration to generate the desired klystron pulse width. PWM (pulse width modulation) of the individual 20 kHz pulses is utilized to provide regulated output waveforms with DSP (digital signal processor) based adaptive feedforward and feedback techniques. The boost transformer design utilizes amorphous nanocrystalline material that provides the required low core loss at design flux levels and switching frequencies. By resonating the transformer secondary leakage inductance, voltage multiplication and IGBT zero-voltage-switching can be attained. The transformers are wound for leakage inductance, not turns ratio, and a 1:18 turns ratio results in a 1:60 output. The resonant topology has the added benefit of being deQed in a klystron fault (shorted output) condition, with little energy transfer during an arc-down situation. This obviates the need of crowbars and other related protective networks. A review of these design parameters, operational performance at design power levels, and production status will be presented.
A logic for reasoning about probabilities

A language for reasoning about probability is considered that allows statements such as 'the probability of E/sub 1/ is less than 1/3' and 'the probability of E/sub 1/ is at least twice the probability of E/sub 2/', where E/sub 1/ and E/sub 2/ are arbitrary events. The case is treated in which all events are measurable (i.e. represent measurable sets), as well as the more general case, which is also of interest in practice, where they may not be measurable. The measurable case is essentially a formalization of (the propositional fragment of) N. Nilson's (1986) probabilistic logic, while the general (nonmeasurable) case corresponds precisely to replacing probability functions by Dempster-Shafer belief functions. In both cases, an elegant complete axiomization is provided, and it is shown that the problem of deciding satisfiability is NP-complete. >
Beau Ties Ltd. Of Vermont

Bill Kenerson, the owner-operator of a retail bow-tie business, faces two decisions. The first is whether to bring production of bow ties in-house. The second concerns his telephone-order-entry system. This case invites students to calculate the capacity of the production facility and determine the appropriate staffing plan for telephone operators.
Treatment of Forearm Shaft Fracture with Modified Interlocking Intramedullary Nail

157 통신저자:김 광 열 부산광역시 금정구 남산동 374-75 왈레스기념 침례병원 정형외과 Tel:051-580-1422ᆞFax:051-583-2568 E-mail:kykimdr@yahoo.co.kr *본 논문의 요지는 2007년도 대한정형외과학회 추계학술대회에서 구연되 었음. Address reprint requests to:Kwang-Yul Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wallece Memorial Baptist Hospital, 374-75, Namsan-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-728, Korea Tel:82-51-580-1422ᆞFax:82-51-583-2568 E-mail:kykimdr@yahoo.co.kr 변경된 교합성 골수강내 금속정을 이용한 전완부 간부 골절의 치료
Low-cost, fly-ash-containing aluminum-matrix composites

In recent years there has been considerable activity in the development of metal-matrix composites, especially for aerospace, ground transportation, and the leisure industry. Short-fiber-reinforced pistons and cylinder blocks have been marketed by Japanese companies for several years. It is likely that in the near future cast particulate composites like aluminum-graphite, aluminum-silicon carbide, and aluminum-alumina will find widespread applications as brake rotors, drive shafts, cylinder liners, connecting rods, and wrist pins. The cost of metal-matrix composites has been one of the major barriers toward their widespread application. This paper describes the development of cast aluminum-fly ash particle composites (ash alloy). Incorporation of fly-ash particles, which are a waste by-product of coal-based power generation, reduces the cost of aluminum castings by acting as a filler; decreases their density, and increases their hardness, abrasion resistance, and stiffness. Several prototype castings have been made from aluminum-fly ash composites to demonstrate their castability. With sustained research and the support of manufacturing organizations, these alloys can find widespread applications as low-cost aluminum composite components.
Involution of Thymus During Pregnancy in Young Mice

SummaryPregnancy caused the thymi of young mice to undergo involution, both grossly and microscopically. With one exception out of 20, the degree of thymic involution varied between 45% and 80% as measured by gland weights. At parturition, the post-partum mice generally weighed more than their litter-mate controls.
Moving Toward Mixed Service Delivery: The Growth in Schools Run by Non-Governmental Providers in Ten Cities

ABSTRACTThe delivery of public services by a mix of government and non-governmental organizations can offer many public policy benefits. When direct governmental provision has predominated, however, achieving these benefits requires building the supply of non-governmental service providers, which requires understanding how to improve their availability and quality. Integrating the literature on contracting and mixed delivery, this article specifies three categories of supply-building tactics: creating markets, buying smart, and managing markets. We then report on 10 cities that have nurtured the supply of schools run by non-governmental organizations. We find that cities’ supply-building efforts fall along a continuum from passive to active, and they employ some types of tactics (creating markets, buying smart) more than others (managing markets). Differential changes in market share across the cities we studied suggest a relationship between supply-building activities and movement from exclusive governme...
Out of an Iron Cage and into a Living Web

Cara is a native Arkansan and has been advocating for sustainable food systems and clean energy policies at the local, state, and federal levels for the past 10 years. Cara is a technical specialist at the Institute for Sustainable Energy Solutions where she leads policy research and analysis for Northern Arizona University’s engagement in the Four Corners Wind Resource Center. Cara has a BA in Fine Arts from the University of Arkansas and a MA in Sustainable Communities from Northern Arizona University. She is a dedicated gardener and composter.
Consideration of dose-weight relationships.

SummaryThe toxicity of alpha-naphthyl thiourea for both wild pigmented and laboratory albino rats, when expressed as a dose per animal, appears to be constant over a wide age and weight range. The use of the customary mg/kg correction for body weight introduces marked systemic variation. The requirements for a proper correction factor of dose for weight of animal are considered and it is suggested that this factor should minimize variation in effective dose between groups of animals of different weights and make corrected dose independent of body weight.
‘Torture her until she lies’: Torture, Testimony, and Social Status in Roman Rhetorical Education

Declamation was an essential component of elite male rhetorical education in the Roman imperial period. In the controversia, the most advanced exercise in the standard sequence of rhetorical pedagogy, students would deliver speeches on both sides of fictional law cases. Several of the controversiae involve scenarios of torture. Masters torture their slaves and then choose to report or withhold the testimony they extract thereby; or a tyrant who has usurped control of the community tortures free persons. In a small number of cases, an abusive father or the declamatory court itself subjects a free person to torture as part of punishment for a conviction. Not long after completing their training, some of the elite male students who practised declamation would present appeals before governors, courts, and public audiences. Others would become magistrates empowered to use torture as part of judicial quaestiones (investigations). By examining several controversiae that involve scenarios of torture, this article looks at how rhetorical education in the Roman imperial period guided elite male students to think critically about both the ethical and the pragmatic considerations involved in the employment of torture.
Functional enrichments of disease variants across thousands of independent loci in eight diseases

For most complex traits, known genetic associations only explain a small fraction of the narrow sense heritability prompting intense debate on the genetic basis of complex traits. Joint analysis of all common variants together explains much of this missing heritability and reveals that large numbers of weakly associated loci are enriched in regulatory regions, but fails to identify specific regions or biological pathways. Here, we use epigenomic annotations across 127 tissues and cell types to investigate weak regulatory associations, the specific enhancers they reside in, their downstream target genes, their upstream regulators, and the biological pathways they disrupt in eight common diseases. We show weak associations are significantly enriched in disease-relevant regulatory regions across thousands of independent loci. We develop methods to control for LD between weak associations and overlap between annotations. We show that weak non-coding associations are additionally enriched in relevant biological pathways implicating additional downstream target genes and upstream disease-specific master regulators. Our results can help guide the discovery of biologically meaningful, but currently undetectable regulatory loci underlying a number of common diseases.
Empirical Research on the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Regional Investment Environment Disparity in China

Based on the comprehensive evaluation of the provincial investment environment for the period 1992-2006 in China,the spatial disparity of the investment environment is measured and decomposed by employing a generalized entropy index,MLD.The result shows,the regional disparity or inequality of the investment environment in China is very obvious,whose main source is from the intra-regions.However,temporally,either the interregional or the intraregional disparity decreases gradually as a whole.The dynamic decomposition of MLD index shows that the change of the intraregional disparity is the dominant factor to cut down the whole regional disparity,but the interregional disparity also is an important force to lessen the whole regional disparity and has a trend to increase.The economic growth is a factor to increase the whole regional disparity but its effect is very limited.The findings above have important policy implications to perfect the regional investment environment in China.
Weldability of a high entropy CrMnFeCoNi alloy

Abstract High-entropy alloys are unique alloys in which five or more elements are presented all in high concentrations. To determine its potential as a structural alloy, a model face-centered-cubic CrMnFeCoNi alloy was selected to investigate its weldability. Welds produced by electron beam welding show no cracking. The grain structures within the fusion zone (FZ) are controlled by the solidification behavior of the weld pool. The weldment possesses mechanical properties comparable to those of the base metal (BM) at both room and cryogenic temperatures. Compared with the BM, deformation twinning was more pronounced in the FZ of the tested alloy.
Federal Anti-Sanctuary Law: A Failed Approach to Immigration Enforcement and a Poor Substitute for Real Reform

In July 2015, Kate Steinle, a thirty-two-year-old San Francisco resident was shot and killed as she walked with her father along a popular fishing pier. Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez, a native of Mexico living unlawfully in the United States, was arrested and later confessed to shooting Ms. Steinle. Lopez-Sanchez had seven prior criminal convictions and had previously been deported from the United States five times. Three months before the shooting, Lopez-Sanchez was released from custody by the San Francisco Sheriff’s office despite a request from federal immigration officials that Lopez-Sanchez be detained for transfer to federal custody and, eventually, removal from the United States.In the aftermath of Steinle’s death, a torrent of accusations and blame were leveled at the San Francisco Sheriff’s office for failing to comply with the immigration detainer, at the City of San Francisco for establishing itself as a sanctuary city where unauthorized immigrants are alleged to be immune from prosecution of immigration law violations, and at the Obama administration for failing to enforce federal laws designed to shut down sanctuary cities. More specifically, it was argued that two federal “anti-sanctuary” laws passed in 1996 made it illegal for San Francisco to refuse to comply with federal immigration authorities’ requests for assistance and that the Obama administration had willfully failed to enforce those laws against hundreds of sanctuary jurisdictions. Had these laws been obeyed and enforced, critics asked, would Kate Steinle be alive today?This Article offers an answer to this question. It does so by closely examining the history of the 1996 federal anti-sanctuary laws, the ways in which state and federal courts have understood their meaning and purpose, and the evolving role of the statutes in the national immigration debate, in particular the struggle to define the proper role for state and local actors in immigration enforcement. The Article closes with a discussion of the anti-sanctuary statutes in the context of Kate Steinle’s killing and San Francisco’s sanctuary law, concluding that the San Francisco ordinance which mandated Lopez-Sanchez’s release from custody did not violate the anti-sanctuary statutes or any other federal law. On the other hand, San Francisco’s sanctuary provision also did not prohibit the San Francisco Sheriff from contacting federal immigration officials to advise them that Lopez-Sanchez would be released, something that did not happen and that may very well have saved Kate Steinle’s life. Almost two decades of experience with the anti-sanctuary statutes and the recent senseless death of Kate Steinle reveal that an anti-sanctuary approach to immigration enforcement is a failed strategy that diverts resources from enforcement priorities like national security and public safety and diverts attention from seeking real solutions through comprehensive immigration reform.
The Ethics (Ethos) of History

This paper provides a critical analysis of Heidegger’s brief remarks in his “Letter on Humanism” in which he links ethics to ethos and ultimately to our relation to time and history. Central to this analysis is the phrase of Heraclitus, ēthos anthrōpōi daimōn, from which Heidegger claims that human living (ethos) is inseparable from the event of appropriation (Ereignis) which generates our historical destiny. Through further analysis that draws from the work of Jean-Luc Nancy and Giorgio Agamben, it is shown just how Heraclitus’s phrase can be interpreted differently and thus presents us with an idea of human destiny that serves to qualify Heidegger’s
Iron Deficiency and Cognitive Underachievement

The relationship between iron deficiency and cognitive test scores among 5398 children, 6 to 16 years old, was studied at the University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY, by analysis of data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988-1994.
Inside the Mind of the Millennial Shopper: Designing Retail Spaces for a New Generation

Challenges facing retailing abound. Retailers and brands are struggling to find new ways to appeal to shoppers. Yet, research has shown that the store's physical design plays a crucial role in whether a shopper enters a store and engages with a brand. The latest generation of shoppers, the millennials, are a powerful cohort representing 75.4 million individuals in 2016 and accounting for $200 billion in annual consumer spending. Although this generation is well known for online shopping, research has shown that the majority (75%) of their retail dollars are still being spent in brick-and-mortar stores. This has generated awareness in viewing the retail store as a tool for brand-building, motivating brands to reevaluate their store designs. This exploratory study seeks to understand the elements of the retail environment that catch the attention of the millennial shopper and their response to them. The methodology employed photo elicitation for data collection using personal smartphones that allowed the millennial participants to combine photography with captions, creating an annotated image bank of retail environments. This image bank revealed tangible and intangible dimensions of the retail experience that offer insights into the mind of the millennial shopper. The identified themes have design implications for both education and practice that can inform the process of creating dynamic, engaging retail environments for this generation.
Pigmentation, DNA Repair, and Candidate Genes

This chapter summarizes the results of a case-control and a family study of melanoma we have conducted in a Mediterranean population of Southern Emilia-Romagna and Northern Marche regions of Italy. This area includes approx 1 million people, with a wide range of pigmentary phenotypes, who are often exposed to intense sun exposure in the popular sea resorts of the region. The role of pigmentation, DNA repair, and major candidate genes for melanoma has been investigated in this population and is discussed here. As the incidence and mortality of melanoma continue to increase in Southern European countries once considered at low risk for melanoma, a better comprehension of the etiology of this disease can have considerable clinical and preventive impact on melanoma.
Cost of Children's Healthy vs Unhealthy Snacks Does Not Differ at Convenience Stores

Abstract Objective This study compared the prices of unhealthy (chips) and healthy (ready-to-eat fruit) snacks that students are likely to purchase from corner stores. Methods Snacks were purchased from 325 New Jersey corner stores; chip prices were compared with fruit prices overall and by store sales volume and block group characteristics. Results Prices did not differ significantly between chips and fruit in the overall sample in which both items were available (n = 104) (chips: $0.46 ± $0.15; fruit: $0.49 ± $0.19; P = .48) or by store or block group characteristics. Neither mean fruit prices nor mean chip prices differed by store sales volume or by neighborhood characteristics. Conclusions and Implications Promoting ready-to-eat fruits in corner stores to children as a price-neutral alternative to calorically dense snacks can be a viable strategy to improve the nutritional quality of snacks commonly purchased at corner stores.
Mechanisms of Carrier-Mediated Transport: Facilitated Diffusion, Cotransport, and Countertransport

This chapter describes the functional properties of carrier-mediated transport mechanisms present in the cellular plasma membrane. The functional properties defining facilitated diffusion, co-transport and countertransport are considered with regard to the thermodynamic constraints imposed by primary and secondary active transport as well as passive transport. A stepwise kinetic model is described for each mechanism illustrating the substrate concentration dependence of the rate of transport and differences in the rate limiting steps accounting for transport. The functional properties of facilitated diffusion, co-transport and countertransport are further considered with regard to competitive and non-competitive inhibition, stoichiometric coupling and electrogenic transport. The structure–function relationship of prototypical membrane proteins mediating facilitated diffusion, co-transport and countertransport is briefly considered.
A single-center retrospective analysis of patency rates of intraluminal versus subintimal endovascular revascularization of long femoropopliteal occlusions.

Abstract Objective The evaluation of patency rates of intraluminal versus subintimal endovascular revascularization of long femoropopliteal (FP) lesions. Background Chronic total occlusions (CTO) of the FP artery in peripheral interventions are crossed either with a support catheter-guidewire based technique or subintimal dissection and re-entry device assisted approach. Both techniques have a high procedural success rate, but their long term patency is not well studied. There is also lack of comparative data addressing the patency of long non-CTO vs. CTO occlusions. Methods We performed a single center retrospective analysis, studying the patency rates in 215 patients (254 limbs) with TASC C and D FP lesions treated with stents. There were 3 patient groups: without CTO (non-CTO); CTO crossed using support catheter and guide-wire (CTO-SW) and CTO crossed with a re-entry device (CTO-RE). Results There were 155 limbs in CTO-SW group; 50 in CTO-RE group and 49 in non-CTO. Lesion length (mean ± SD) was 251.81 ± 7.48 mm in CTO-SW group; 280 ± 13.18 mm in CTO-RE group and 248.77 ± 13.31 in non-CTO group (p = non-significant). In-stent restenosis (ISR) at a mean follow-up of 19.26 ± 16.14 months did not differ between groups occurring in 23 (47%) limbs in non-CTO; 66 (42%) in CTO-SW; and 24 (48%) in CTO-RE. Smoking and stent fracture were predictors of ISR by multivariate analysis. Conclusion In patients with long FP lesions, ISR rates were similar between patients with and without CTO. In the CTO group mid-term vessel patency was not affected by the crossing technique utilized.