cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connectance and Connectivity

Habitat connectivity is defined as the degree to which a landscape facilitates or impedes movement of organisms among habitat or resource patches. It is measured because of its critical important to the movement of individuals, population dynamics of individual species, community structure, ecosystem processes, species diversity, genetics, and evolution. Structural connectivity measures the physical structure of habitat, whereas functional connectivity measures the potential or actual movement of a species and may vary from species to species. Connectivity is also measured between pairs of habitat patches and a landscape scale. A variety of metrics of habitat connectivity have been described, varying in the amount of information they convey about movement and the amount of data required to measure them. Metrics vary in whether they require information on patch occupancy or observed movement events, and whether information is collected from random locations or systematically across a grid or landscape. Connectivity is regularly manipulated through the construction of habitat corridors. However, corridors are expected to benefit certain species or individuals of a particular type, depending on width, length, habitat composition within them, the makeup of the surrounding habitat matrix, and what kinds of areas they are connecting.
Physical Activity Stations: Opportunities for Teachers and Students during the School Day.

Physical activity stations are a simple approach to engage in physical activity breaks during the elementary school day. This article describes the procedures involved in creating physical activity...
Response of a polystyrene foam subjected to large strains and high pressures

This article presents experimental data, and their comprehensive analysis, for a polystyrene foam (with an initial density of 0.623 g/cm3) subjected to large strains and high pressures. The data were obtained from unconfined uniaxial stress tests in compression (at two different strain rates), confined compression tests with compressive strains to almost 50%, and a tension test. The confinement for the compression tests consists of a steel cylinder with external strain gages to monitor the hoop strains due to the radial stresses from the compressed foam. The procedure used to analyze the data allows for a continuous determination of axial, radial and hoop stresses, pressure, and von Mises equivalent stress. A parametric finite element analysis was used to provide for the determination of the stresses from small strains to large strains approaching 50%. There is excellent agreement between test results for similar conditions, as well as the results from data obtained from the confined experiments with two different wall thicknesses. The strength (von Mises equivalent stress) is highly dependent on the pressure, but not as dependent on the strain. The strain rate has a significant effect on strength for the uniaxial stress tests, but only limited data were obtained. Constants were obtained for an existing computational model, and there is good correlation between the experimental data and the model.
Self-reinforcing effects of mTOR hyperactive neurons on dendritic growth.

Abstract Loss of the mTOR pathway negative regulator PTEN from hippocampal dentate granule cells leads to neuronal hypertrophy, increased dendritic branching and aberrant basal dendrite formation in animal models. Similar changes are evident in humans with mTOR pathway mutations. These genetic conditions are associated with autism, cognitive dysfunction and epilepsy. Interestingly, humans with mTOR pathway mutations often present with mosaic disruptions of gene function, producing lesions that range from focal cortical dysplasia to hemimegalanecephaly. Whether mTOR-mediated neuronal dysmorphogenesis is impacted by the number of affected cells, however, is not known. mTOR mutations can produce secondary comorbidities, including brain hypertrophy and seizures, which could exacerbate dysmorphogenesis among mutant cells. To determine whether the percentage or “load” of PTEN knockout granule cells impacts the morphological development of these same cells, we generated two groups of PTEN knockout mice. In the first, PTEN deletion rates were held constant, at about 5%, and knockout cell growth over time was assessed. Knockout cells exhibited significant dendritic growth between 7 and 18 weeks, demonstrating that aberrant dendritic growth continues even after the cells reach maturity. In the second group of mice, PTEN was deleted from 2 to 37% of granule cells to determine whether deletion rate was a factor in driving this continued growth. Multivariate analysis revealed that both age and knockout cell load contributed to knockout cell dendritic growth. Although the mechanism remains to be determined, these findings demonstrate that large numbers of mutant neurons can produce self-reinforcing effects on their own growth.
Inhibition of regrowth of planktonic and biofilm bacteria after peracetic acid disinfection.

Abstract Peracetic acid (PAA) is a promising alternative to chlorine for disinfection; however, bacterial regrowth after PAA disinfection is poorly understood. This study compared the regrowth of bacteria (Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Gram-positive Bacillus sp.) after disinfection with PAA or free chlorine. In the absence of organic matter, PAA and free chlorine prevented the regrowth of planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa PAO1 at C·t (= disinfectant concentration × contact time) doses of (28.5 ± 9.8) mg PAA·min·L−1 and (22.5 ± 10.6) mg Cl2·min·L−1, respectively, suggesting that they had comparable efficiencies in preventing the regrowth of planktonic bacteria. For comparison, the minimum C·t doses of PAA and free chlorine to prevent the regrowth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm cells in the absence of organic matter were (14,000 ± 1,732) mg PAA·min·L−1 and (6,500 ± 2,291) mg Cl2·min·L−1, respectively. PAA was less effective than free chlorine in killing bacteria within biofilms in the absence of organic matter most likely because PAA reacts with biofilm matrix constituents slower than free chlorine. In the presence of organic matter, although the bactericidal efficiencies of both disinfectants significantly decreased, PAA was less affected due to its slower reaction with organic matter and/or slower self-decomposition. For instance, in a dilute Lysogeny broth-Miller, the minimum concentrations of PAA and free chlorine to prevent the regrowth of planktonic P. aeruginosa PAO1 were 20 mg PAA·L−1 and 300 mg Cl2·L−1, respectively. While both disinfectants are strong oxidants disrupting cell membrane, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) revealed that PAA made holes in the center of the cells, whereas free chlorine desiccated the cells. Overall, this study shows that PAA is a powerful disinfectant to prevent bacterial regrowth even in the presence of organic matter.
Assessing Patterns of Palliative Care Referral and Location of Death in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Sixteen-Year Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with an unpredictable course and a median survival of three to four years. This timeline challenges ...
Low-Rank Dynamic Mode Decomposition using Riemannian Manifold Optimization

We present a method for non-intrusive data-driven reduced order modeling of high-dimensional dynamical systems using a new low-rank extension of Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). A matrix optimization problem with a rank-constraint on the solution is formulated and results in a non-convex optimization problem. We propose two methods to solve the optimization problem. The first is an iterative subspace projection method that is computationally efficient but can only give the optimal solution under certain conditions. In the second method we perform Riemannian optimization on Grassmanian manifolds. Using a model equation for fluid flows, we evaluate the performance of the proposed methods on complex linearized Ginzburg-Landau equations in the supercritical globally unstable regime.
Mice can learn phonetic categories

Speech is perceived as a series of relatively invariant phonemes despite extreme variability in the acoustic signal. To be perceived as nearly-identical phonemes, speech sounds that vary continuously over a range of acoustic parameters must be perceptually discretized by the auditory system. Such many-to-one mappings of undifferentiated sensory information to a finite number of discrete categories are ubiquitous in perception. Although many mechanistic models of phonetic perception have been proposed, they remain largely unconstrained by neurobiological data. Current human neurophysiological methods lack the necessary spatiotemporal resolution to provide it: speech is too fast, and the neural circuitry involved is too small. This study demonstrates that mice are capable of learning generalizable phonetic categories, and can thus serve as a model for phonetic perception. Mice learned to discriminate consonants and generalized consonant identity across novel vowel contexts and speakers, consistent with true category learning. A mouse model, given the powerful genetic and electrophysiological tools for probing neural circuits available for them, has the potential to powerfully augment a mechanistic understanding of phonetic perception.
Healthcare Marketing: Who? What? How?

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has struggled with how to create a workable prohibition on marketing, i.e. communications to patients regarding specific products or services, within the framework of the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. In response to modifications to the rule in 2013, a prescription refill reminder company, Adheris, challenged the marketing prohibition as an unconstitutional content-based and speaker-based restrictions on speech. In response to the challenge, HHS settled with Adheris, agreeing to delay enforcement and provide additional guidance. This Article evaluates the unresolved constitutional question presented by Adheris v. Sebelius — whether the HIPAA Marketing prohibition constitutes unconstitutional restrictions on speech. The Article discusses the creation of the marketing prohibition from the initial proposed rulemaking in 1999 to the 2013 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Omnibus Rule. The Article then reviews applicable First Amendment law, with particular focus on the prescription detailing cases filed by IMS Health which culminated in Sorrell v. IMS Health and the Supreme Court's heightened review of speaker-based speech restrictions. The Article concludes by setting forth whether and how constitutional prohibitions can be created.
What Happened to Elementary School Arithmetic

builds better attitudes toward the subject and develops greater interest in the subject. Again the evidence is meager certainly not so great as to spark a wholesale revolution, although it should be quickly admitted that there is a body of testimony to support this view. However, those with some experience in education will point out that attitudes and interest in a subject seem to be correlated much more closely with teacher enthusiasm and teacher interest than with
Very large intermediate breaking scale in the Gepner/Schimmrigk three generation model

A detailed study of the intermediate symmetry breaking scale, via the renormalization group equations, for a three generation heterotic string model arising from the N = 2 superconformal construction is reported. The numerical study shows that the model admits a very large intermediate breaking scale ⪆ 1.0 × 1016 GeV. The role of the gauge singlets in this model is studied, and it is found that these fields play a crucial role in determining the directions and the scale of the intermediate symmetry breaking. The importance of the mixing in generation space is also studied. The generation mixing terms are found to have special effects in the intermediate symmetry breaking. Remarkably these terms can produce some new Yukawa couplings (not present at the Planck scale) through loops. These couplings are in general very small compared to the ones with non-vanishing tree level values and thus offer a new a mechanism to solve the lepton/quark mass hierarchy problem.
Polytetrafluoroethylene granuloma-associated facial palsy following microvascular decompression.

Objective Microvascular decompression (MVD) may be employed in the management of hemifacial spasm (HFS), wherein a pledget of polytetrafluoroethylene (i.e., Teflon, Chemours, Wilmington DE) is sometimes introduced to separate an offending vessel from the cisternal segment of facial nerve. Rarely, Teflon may cause a granulomatous reaction resulting in nerve palsy. We here present the first case series of facial palsy thought to be secondary to Teflon granuloma following MVD for HFS. Methods A data repository of 1,312 patients with facial palsy was reviewed to identify individuals who had previously undergone MVD for HFS. Data collected include age at time of MVD, age at onset of facial weakness and at presentation, House-Brackmann scores, clinician-graded facial function using the Electronic Facial Paralysis Assessment scale, imaging findings, and therapeutic interventions and outcomes. Results Six patients meeting criteria were identified. Average time between MVD with Teflon placement and onset of facial weakness was 16.1 (±4.9) years (range 9.3-23.3 years). Initial House-Brackmann scores were as follows: four patients with V/VI and one each with III/VI and IV/VI. Interventions included eyelid weight placement (n = 3), chemodenervation (n = 2), static suspension with tensor fascia latae (n = 2), dynamic reanimation with cranial nerves V to VII transfer (n = 1), and temporalis muscle transfer (n = 1). Conclusion Teflon granuloma should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with new onset facial weakness with a previous history of MVD for HFS. It remains unknown whether early granuloma extirpation is effective. Prompt diagnosis allows consideration of time-sensitive nerve transfer procedures to reanimate facial function. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1422-1427, 2020.
Spatio-Temporal Imaging and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis: New Avenues in Herbal Drug Discovery and Plant Metabolomics

Plant secondary metabolites confer pharmacological activities to the plant. The identification of the secondary metabolites, their tissue specific content, and spatio-temporal distribution has opened new avenues for discovery of metabolite synthesis pathways in plants. Plant metabolomics is an emerging field in plant sciences that utilizes techniques for characterization, differentiation, and activity identification of secondary metabolites. With advancement in state-of-the art technology for the study of metabolites, researchers have focused their attention towards non-invasive and intact sample analysis by application of various imaging and mass spectrometry techniques. These techniques include micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and several systems utilizing mass spectrometry. These computationally assisted techniques help in exploration of complex interactions that exist between the spatial distribution and molecular composition of metabolites leading to biological variability in plants and their potency. Through various studies reported till date, the application of these techniques for identification of novel plant secondary metabolites that may serve as candidate new drugs is demonstrated.
Building bridges to customer needs in open source documentation

The Red Hat OpenShift documentation repository is situated in a unique open source environment in which anybody with a GitHub account can contribute directly to the documentation set. One of the primary contributors to the documentation repository are developers, which presents a challenge. The technical writers on the Red Hat OpenShift documentation team who collaboratively write, edit, and merge these contributions are faced with the challenge of maintaining user-centered rather than engineering- centered documentation. Furthermore, the technical writers lack direct interaction with external customers. Considering these challenges, this industry insight report discusses several methods that can be employed to maintain a customer-centric focus and improve the documentation set: focus on user stories, network with internal customers and stakeholders who work closest with external customers, and seek opportunities to work on customer cases.
Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 17 The Wintel Standards-based Platform

The purpose of this chapter is to use the theory of bottlenecks laid out in the previous chapter to better understand the dynamics of an open standards-based platform. I describe how the Wintel platform evolved from 1990 through 2000 under joint sponsorship of Intel and Microsoft. I first describe a series of technical bottlenecks that arose in the early 1990s concerning the “bus architecture” of IBM-compatible PCs. Intel’s management of buses demonstrates how, under conditions of distributed modular complementarity (DMC), a platform sponsor can reconfigure the modular structure of a technical system and property rights within the system to increase system-wide throughput, while protecting its own strategic bottleneck from disintermediation. I go on to describe how Microsoft used platform envelopment to establish a second strategic bottleneck in productivity software and later to respond to the threat of disintermediation from platform-independent Internet browsers. I end the chapter by discussing the conditions under which shared platform sponsorship can be a long-term dynamic equilbrium.
Infectious Disease Research in the Era of Big Data

Infectious disease research spans scales from the molecular to the global—from specific mechanisms of pathogen drug resistance, virulence, and replication to the movement of people, animals, and pa...
Cool Town: How Athens, Georgia, Launched Alternative Music and Changed American Culture: By Grace Elizabeth Hale. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. 384 pp. 978-1-4696-5487-4, Hardcover, $27.00

In the early 1980s a critical mass of neo-hippies, art school students, punk fans, and various other avant-gardists and bohemians coalesced in the college town of Athens, Georgia, and fashioned one...
Abdominal adiposity assessed using CT angiography associates with acute kidney injury after trans-catheter aortic valve replacement

AIM To determine if there is an association between area-based visceral abdominal adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), and abdominal circumference measured on computed tomography (CT) angiography before trans-catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and post-TAVR acute kidney injury (AKI). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective cohort study of 106 TAVR patients, SAT and VAT areas and abdominal circumference was measured on a single CT section at L4 vertebral level. Univariate comparisons between patients who did and did not develop AKI were undertaken for radiological measurements. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess association between CT measurements and the development of post-TAVR AKI. RESULTS Post-TAVR AKI occurred in 20 of 106 patients (19%). In univariate comparisons, body mass index (BMI) did not differ significantly between patients who did and did not develop AKI (p=0.14); however, VAT+SAT (443.2±163.7 versus 351±168.7 cm2; p=0.03), VAT (213.9±110.6 versus 153.9±96.1 cm2; p=0.03), and outer abdominal circumference (100.2±14.4 cm versus 91.8±13.3 cm; p=0.02) were significantly higher in the patients who did not develop post-TAVR AKI. These three measures on pre-TAVR CT angiogram remained significantly associated with reduced post-TAVR AKI with a lower incidence of post-TAVR AKI after multivariable adjustment for pre-TAVR estimated glomerular filtration rate and patient height (p CONCLUSION This study found that increased abdominal obesity as assessed by measures on pre-TAVR CT angiogram is associated with a significantly lower incidence of AKI.
Fluid and Electrolytes

The physiologic principles that provide the basis for fluid therapy are reviewed. The application of these principles to clinical fluid management in the surgical patient is outlined. The relationship between disorders of water balance and sodium metabolism as well as the physiology and management of disorders of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism is delineated.
I Play, You Play, We Play: Concurrent Activity at Play Streets.

Purpose: Despite multiple health benefits, many children and teens do not achieve recommended amounts of physical activity (PA). Temporary changes to the built environment like Play Streets, tempor...
Intraoperative red blood cell salvage in posterior spinal fusions for idiopathic scoliosis: identifying potential criteria for selective use

Retrospective. Evaluate the role and effectiveness of ICS in primary posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for idiopathic scoliosis (IS). Intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) minimizes blood loss and need for allogeneic transfusions. However, it adds substantial charges ($800–1200 US) and may be of less clinical benefit in some PSF for IS. This was a single-hospital, retrospective analysis of 178 consecutive IS cases (10–18 years of age) who underwent primary PSF by a single pediatric spine surgeon. Overall, 41% of cases received a mean 167 cc of ICS blood, after a mean EBL of 528 mL (range 200–1800 mL). No blood was returned in 59% of cases, with a mean EBL of 293 mL (range 75–700 mL). Only 6.5% of the entire cohort received > / = 250 cc via ICS, after a mean EBL of 773 mL. A positive correlation exists between EBL and vertebral levels fused, preoperative major Cobb angle, and length of anesthesia (p / = 55°, anesthesia exposure > / = 6 h, and with use of posterior column osteotomies (PCOs) (p / = 250 cc of ICS blood (similar volume to one allogeneic unit) in only 6.5% of cases. Charges for ICS set-up and processing of one bowl of ICS is much higher than for one allogeneic unit ($1200 vs. $462 US), hence transfusing lower volumes of autologous ICS blood is not cost-effective for all PSF for IS. IV; Therapeutic studies.
Inactivation and removal of Enterobacter aerogenes biofilm in a model piping system using plasma-activated water (PAW)

Abstract Plasma-activated water (PAW) was explored as a clean-in-place agent for inactivating biofilms of Enterobacter aerogenes on the inner surface of a model piping system. Abilities of PAW or chlorine solution or distilled water to inactivate the biofilm (~1 × 108 CFU/cm2) attached to the pipe inner surface were compared. Distilled water flowing at 0.11 m/s through the piping system reduced the Enterobacter aerogenes counts on the surface by 0.35, 0.2, and 0.2 log CFU/cm2 on the tees, elbows, and tubing, respectively. However, PAW reduced the E. aerogenes counts on tees, elbows, and tubing by 3.0, 3.2, and 3.8 log CFU/cm2, respectively, which were similar to 100-ppm chlorine water. Increasing the flow velocity to 0.22 m/s made only small difference in terms of biofilm removal. The antimicrobial effect of PAW for Enterobacter aerogenes biofilm on the inner surface of a piping system was comparable to 100-ppm of chlorine solution.
Thrombopoietin-based CAR-T cells demonstrate in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity to MPL positive acute myelogenous leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells.

While targeting CD19+ hematologic malignancies with CAR T cell therapy using single chain variable fragments (scFv) has been highly successful, novel strategies for applying CAR T cell therapy with other tumor types are necessary. In the current study, CAR T cells were designed using a ligand binding domain instead of an scFv to target stem-like leukemia cells. Thrombopoietin (TPO), the natural ligand to the myeloproliferative leukemia protein (MPL) receptor, was used as the antigen binding domain to engage MPL expressed on hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and erythropoietic and megakaryocytic acute myeloid leukemias (AML). TPO-CAR T cells were tested in vitro against AML cell lines with varied MPL expression to test specificity. TPO-CAR T cells were specifically activating and cytotoxic against MPL+ leukemia cell lines. Though the TPO-CAR T cells did not extend survival in vivo, it successfully cleared the MPL+ fraction of leukemia cells. As expected, we also show the TPO-CAR is cytotoxic against MPL expressing bone marrow compartment in AML xenograft models. The data collected demonstrate preclinical potential of TPO-CAR T cells for stem-like leukemia through assessment of targeted killing of MPL+ cells and may facilitate subsequent HSC transplant under reduced intensity conditioning regimens.
EU Artificial Intelligence Act: The European Approach to AI

On 21 April 2021, the European Commission presented the Artificial Intelligence Act. This Stanford Law School contribution lists the main points of the proposed regulatory framework for AI. The draft regulation seeks to codify the high standards of the EU trustworthy AI paradigm. It sets out core horizontal rules for the development, trade and use of AI-driven products, services and systems within the territory of the EU, that apply to all industries. The EU AI Act introduces a sophisticated ‘product safety regime’ constructed around a set of 4 risk categories. It imposes requirements for market entrance and certification of High-Risk AI Systems through a mandatory CE-marking procedure. This pre-market conformity regime also applies to machine learning training, testing and validation datasets. The AI Act draft combines a risk-based approach based on the pyramid of criticality, with a modern, layered enforcement mechanism. This means that as risk increases, stricter rules apply. Applications with an unacceptable risk are banned. Fines for violation of the rules can be up to 6% of global turnover for companies. The EC aims to prevent the rules from stifling innovation and hindering the creation of a flourishing AI ecosystem in Europe, by introducing legal sandboxes that afford breathing room to AI developers. The new European rules will forever change the way AI is formed. Pursuing trustworthy AI by design seems like a sensible strategy, wherever you are in the world.
Thyroxine transport proteins of plasma. Molecular properties and biosynthesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular properties and biosynthesis of the thyroxine transport proteins of plasma. The purification of the complete amino acid sequence and the high-resolution X-ray diffraction model of pre-albumin (PA) have helped enhance the knowledge of the physiology of these proteins. Apart from thyroxine-binding globulin and PA, several other serum proteins interact with the thyroid hormones. However, both human and bovine serum albumin, in addition to several less active sites, possess one binding site for thyroxine with a rather high affinity constant. Despite its abundance in plasma, albumin transports only about 10% of the circulating thyroid hormone. Other proteins interacting with thyroxine include lipoproteins. In severe illnesses and in acute stress, the disappearance rate of PA from plasma is usually normal, which suggests that the low serum PA level in the patients is the result of a low rate of synthesis.
Tumor suppressor genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract Several lines of evidence indicate that tumorigenesis in humans is a multi-step process and these steps reflect genetic alterations that drive the progressive transformation of normal cells into malignant cells. Multiple genomic changes occuring successively in a normal cell are associated with the stages of initiation, promotion and progression of cancers. Applying this multi-hit theory of carcinogenesis to HCC, it is possible that HBV and HCV could provoke initiation of carcinogenesis. Despite the availability of increasing amounts of information concerning molecular changes associated with HCC, the precise mechanisms by which HCC develops are not yet understood.
Motion in a Geographical Database System

Motion is an important phenomenon in geographic data related to Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS). Motion creates a need for frequent updates to the location of moving objects. Search queries like collision detection leads to a sequence of related spatial queries in the presence of moving objects. We evaluate the performance of existing spatial access methods for processing periodic collision detection queries in presence of moving objects. Tree based spatial access methods tend to incur high overhead for balancing and maintaining the tree structure for high update rate due to motion. We propose a new access method, called MoBiLe Files to efficiently manage spatial queries on moving objects. We use homeomorphic functions to map the object locations to disk addresses for saving disk space and computation time. We carry out detailed simulation and analysis of the performance of the proposed methods.
An Evolutionary Study of the Methylation of Transfer and Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid in Prokaryote and Eukaryote Organisms

Abstract The methylated bases and nucleosides of transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA isolated from a number of eukaryote and prokaryote organisms were compared. Of the many different types of methylated bases and nucleosides found, only certain ones ever appeared in each type of methylated RNA; thus, the methylation of tRNA and both types of rRNA was a highly specific process. In addition, in all cells tested the pattern of methylation for tRNA and each rRNA differed markedly from each other. Eukaryote tRNA, whether isolated from yeast, amoeba, chicken, mouse, monkey, or human cells, always exhibited a strikingly similar pattern of methylation. In addition, a second and third pattern of methylation were found to be common to the lower and higher molecular weight species of ribosomal RNA, respectively, in the eukaryote cells tested. Each of these three eukaryote RNA species contained at least one characteristic methylated base not found (or found only in trace amounts) in any of the others. These were N2-dimethylguanine and 1-methylhypoxanthine in tRNA, N2-dimethyladenine in 18 S RNA (16 S in yeast), and 3-methyl-uracil in 28 S RNA (25 S in yeast). The patterns of methylation of prokaryote tRNA and rRNA were different from those of their eukaryote RNA counterparts. Two gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, had identical methylation patterns for tRNA, 16 S RNA, and 23 S RNA, respectively. In addition, each of the ribosomal RNA species had a characteristic methylated base not found in the other. These were N6-dimethyladenine in 16 S RNA, and N6-methyladenine in 23 S RNA. The pattern of methylation of tRNA from gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and mycoplasma differed only slightly from each other. It was concluded that great differences exist in the methylation patterns of the various RNA species in a given cell while great similarities exist in the methylation patterns of each RNA species throughout a wide range of eukaryote or prokaryote cells.
Lactobacillus exonuclease mutants. II. Sensitivity toward ultraviolet irradiation and alkylating agents.

Abstract Mutants of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26, an organism which requires a source of deoxyribonucleoside for its growth, were selected for inability to grow in a basal medium supplemented with nitrophenyl esters of thymidine 3′- or 5′-monophosphates. These esters are specific substrates in vitro for exonucleases of the bacterium. Among the selected strains were found exonuclease-altered mutants, whose extracts failed to hydrolyze normally the 3′- or 5′-nitrophenyl diesters, respectively (Hotchkiss, Nozawa & Gabor, 1971). It is found that 5′-exonuclease mutants are sensitive to u.v.-irradiation, nitrosoguanidine and methyl methanesulfonate treatment. Spontaneous and nitrosoguanidine-induced mutability of these mutants is lower than that of the wild strain, indicating that the 5′-exonuclease function may be involved in the DNA repair system. By contrast, 3′-exonuclease mutants do not exhibit such sensitivity.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as Complication of Phenylephrine Injection for the Treatment of Ischemic Priapism in a Sickle Cell Disease Patient

ABSTRACT Introduction Ischemic priapism (IP) is a urologic condition, which necessitates prompt management. Intracavernosal injection of phenylephrine is a usual treatment modality utilized for the management of these patients. Aim We present a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage following intracavernosal injection of phenylephrine for IP in a patient with sickle cell disease. Methods We analyzed the degree of subarachnoid hemorrhage in our patient after intracavernosal injection of phenylephrine. The patient had an acute rise in blood pressure during corporal irrigation. This was followed by the onset of severe headache. Computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the diagnosis of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Main Outcome Measure Subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with intracavernosal injection of phenylephrine. Result A 23-year-old African American male with a history of sickle cell disease presented with a painful penile erection. The patient was started on intravenous fluids, oxygen by nasal canula, and analgesic medication. After this, a blood gas was obtained from his left corpora cavernosa. This was followed by normal saline irrigation and injection of phenylephrine. The patient complained of a sudden, severe “terrible headache” immediately following the last injection, and noncontrast CT scan of the head was obtained and a subarachnoid hemorrhage was noted. The patient was admitted for observation and no significant changes were noted. Conclusions Intracavernosal injection of phenylephrine for the management of IP can be associated with several possible complications. We present our single case complicated with the formation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The patient was treated conservatively and had no long-term neurologic sequelae. Davila HH, Parker J, Webster JC, Lockhart JL, and Carrion RE. Subarachnoid hemorrhage as complication of phenylephrine injection for the treatment of ischemic priapism in a sickle cell disease patient.
Generalized switching, splitting, and multiplexing operations using circular arrays of coupled waveguides

Nth-order coupled circular arrays of optical fibers can perform switching, splitting, and (de)multiplexing operations by adjusting the coupling between adjacent guides. A generalized 4-guide array to accomplish these operations is described, along with additional more specific results for higher-order systems.
The Soviet settlement system--current issues and future prospects.

A survey of current urban issues and trends in the Soviet Union sets the stage for an analysis of the problems of the urban system of the USSR and discussion of recent efforts at planning and policy development for a national settlement system. The General Scheme of Settlement issued in 1975 and revised in 1982 to guide the development of such a national system is examined as is the ensuing debate between two opposing schools of thought as to the best approach for restructuring the urban system. (EXCERPT)
Observation of a Solar Flare at 4.3-mm. Wave-length

DURING a programme of solar observations at a wave-length of 4.3 mm., scans were made across the Sun on September 25, 26 and 27, 1957. The radio telescope used for these observations has a half-power beam-width of 6.7 minutes of arc. The antenna reflector is an aluminium paraboloid, 10 feet in diameter with a focal length of 35.8 inches. The receiver is mounted on the back of the antenna and is a Dicke-type radiometer consisting of a superheterodyne receiver preceded by a motor-driven attenuator wheel. This radio telescope has been described in a previous publication1. The observations were made by pointing the antenna ahead of the Sun and locking it in position. The radiometer output was then recorded continuously as the Earth's rotation carried the Sun's image through the antenna beam. The scans were made across a large plage region located in the eastern part of the solar disk. The scans for each of the three days are shown in Fig. 1. The observed enhanced radiation from the plage region is clearly evident on all three scans. The scan on September 26 was made at the time of the maximum of an importance 3 solar flare occurring in the plage region. The enhancement recorded on September 26 is about twice the enhancement for the two scans made on the day before and the day after the flare. This indicates that the enhanced radiation is from the flare.
Reduction in injury rates in nursing personnel through introduction of mechanical lifts in the workplace

BACKGROUND: Health care workers incur frequent injuries resulting from patient transfer and handling tasks. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of mechanical lifts in preventing injuries and time loss due to these injuries. METHODS: We examined injury and lost workday rates before and after the introduction of mechanical lifts in acute care hospitals and long-term care (LTC) facilities, and surveyed workers regarding lift use. RESULTS: The post-intervention period showed decreased rates of musculoskeletal injuries (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-1.00), lost workday injuries (RR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.41-0.78), and total lost days due to injury (RR = 0.42). Larger reductions were seen in LTC facilities than in hospitals. Self-reported frequency of lift use by registered nurses and by nursing aides were higher in the LTC facilities than in acute care hospitals. Observed reductions in injury and lost day injury rates were greater on nursing units that reported greater use of the lifts. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of patient lifts can be effective in reducing occupational musculoskeletal injuries to nursing personnel in both LTC and acute care settings. Strategies to facilitate greater use of mechanical lifting devices should be explored, as further reductions in injuries may be possible with increased use. Language: en
Substance Abuse Treatment for African American Men with HIV/AIDS in Eastern North Carolina

This paper examined the impact of and barriers to accessing substance abuse treatment for people with HIV/AIDS in eastern North Carolina. The outcomes of treatment for HIV/AIDS with public coverage in North Carolina are addressed in terms of the impact on the African American male population. Substance abuse services for African American men with HIV/AIDS in eastern North Carolina have not been sufficient. There is a desperate need to provide information on this segment of the population. Therefore, this paper provided an initial discussion that will serve as the impetus for further discussion and research.
Can't Buy Me Love? How Charismatic CEOs Supplement Their Charms with Instrumental Behaviors

An abundance of literature has focused on leader charisma as an antecedent to performance, but much remains unknown about what charismatic leaders do differently than their peers. This question is ...
Effects of Trade-Wind Strength and Direction on the Leeside Circulations and Rainfall of the Island of Hawaii

Abstract The leeside circulations and weather of the island of Hawaii were studied from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) land surface model simulations for eight strong (∼7.9 m s−1) and eight weak (∼5.2 m s−1) trade-wind days and for five days with southeasterly trades (∼7.1 m s−1) during summer 2004. The objective is to investigate the effects of trade-wind strength and directions on the leeside circulations and rainfall and the modification of these effects by the land surface thermal forcing. For the small wake on the lee side of the Kohala Mountains (1700 m, lower than the trade-wind inversion at 2000 m) over northern Hawaii, the hydraulic jump is present with stronger downslope winds and warmer and drier conditions on the lee side and a weaker westerly reversed flow offshore when trades are stronger. In contrast, the westerly reversed flow along the large wake axis off the central Kona leeside coast (behind massive mountains with tops >4000 m) is 1–1.5 m s...
Magnetomechanical characterization and unified actuator/sensor modeling of ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni-Mn-Ga

A unified thermodynamic model is presented which describes the bulk magnetomechanical behavior of singlecrystal ferromagnetic shape memory Ni-Mn-Ga. The model is based on the continuum thermodynamics approach, where the constitutive equations are obtained by restricting the thermodynamic process through the Clausius-Duhem inequality. The total thermodynamic potential consists of magnetic and mechanical energy contributions. The magnetic energy consists of Zeeman, magnetostatic, and anisotropy energy contributions. The microstructure of Ni-Mn-Ga is included in the continuum thermodynamic framework through the internal state variables domain fraction, magnetization rotation angle, and variant volume fraction. The model quantifies the following behaviors: (i) stress and magnetization dependence on strain (sensing effect), and (ii) strain and magnetization dependence on field (actuation effect).
Acospectoside a II: The Structure of the Cardenolide Glycoside

Abstract The structure of acospectoside A, a new cardenolide bioside isolated from Acokanthera oblongifolia , was elucidated by studying the various hydrolysis products.Anhydroacovenosigenin A, acovenosigenin A, D-glucose, and L-acovenose resulted from mineral acid hydrolysis.Enzymatic hydrolysis furnished acovenosides A and B, acobioside A, and D-glucose.These and other results showed that acospectoside A is 1- O -acetyl-acobioside A.The findings were confirmed by acetylating acospectoside A and acobioside A to yield the same hexa- O -acetyl-acobioside A which with mild alkaline hydrolysis afforded acospectoside A.
Trajectories of parasympathetic nervous system function before, during, and after feeding in infants with transposition of the great arteries.

Background Compromised parasympathetic response to stressors may underlie feeding difficulties in infants with complex congenital heart defects, but little is known about the temporal pattern of parasympathetic response across phases of feeding. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe initial data exploration of trajectories of parasympathetic response to feeding in 15 infants with surgically corrected transposition of the great arteries and to explore the effects of feeding method, feeding skill, and maternal sensitivity on trajectories. Method In this descriptive, exploratory study, parasympathetic function was measured using high-frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV), feeding skill was measured using the Early Feeding Skills assessment, and maternal sensitivity was measured using the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment. Data were collected before, during, and after feeding at 2 weeks and 2 months of age. Trajectories of parasympathetic function and relationships with possible contributing factors were examined graphically. Results Marked between-infant variability in HF HRV across phases of feeding was apparent at both ages, although it was attenuated at 2 months. Four patterns of HF HRV trajectories across phases of feeding were identified and associated with feeding method, feeding skill, and maternal sensitivity. Developmental increases in HF HRV were apparent in most breast-fed, but not bottle-fed, infants. Discussion This exploratory data analysis provides critical information in preparation for a larger study in which varying trajectories and potential contributing factors can be modeled in relationship to infant outcomes. Findings support inclusion of feeding method, feeding skill, and maternal sensitivity in modeling parasympathetic function across feeding.
Development Of A Physician-Friendly Digital Image Display Console

Development of a physician- friendly digital image display consoleF.van der Voorde, R.Arenson, H.Kundel, W.Miller, D.Epstein, W.Gefter, S.Seshadri, I.Brikman,S.KhalsaDepartment of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce StreetPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19104AbstractA high speed fiber optic network for the transmission of digital images has been underdevelopment for the last three years at our Hospital. This network utilizes a ringarchitecture with token passing contention handling. Radiographs are digitized with a highresolution camera. Images can be viewed at either high or low resolution. The software forthis four node Medical Image Management System (MIMS) is now complete and is undergoingtrial runs. Clinical tests begin on March 1, 1986.This paper will focus on the philosophy, evolution and the present state of theinterfaces that exist between the system and the physician. Care has been taken to developan interface that is fast, powerful and error -free. Though simple to use, it presents thephysician with a number of powerful options to manipulate the image to facilitate effectiveinterpretation. An effort has been made to incorporate those functions that are useful tothe physician. We tried to avoid cluttering the user menu with an array of less -usedoptions.IntroductionThe volume of data encountered in a MIMS is radically different from that of a moretraditional network. A typical picture with a spatial resolution of 1024x1024 and a greylevel resolution of 1024 levels will generate a file that is approximately 16 Mbits in size.Contrast this to the typical size of a few thousand bits for I/O records on most computers.These large file sizes impact heavily on both the design of the network and the displaystategies. We work on the assumption that the more crucial problems to be dealt with toachieve physican acceptance are:1. The speed of transmission of the image2. The speed of the display, and3. The ease of use of the system.The storage problem takes a secondary place as compared to these issues.A MIMS, consisting of four nodes, has been under development at our Hospital for the lastthree years. The project is funded by the National Institutes of Health to evaluate theefficacy of picture transmission for interpretation, evaluation and comparison for
Related solution operators in mathematical physics

Transmutation operators are derived relating many of the frequently encountered linear partial differential equations in mathematical physics. The setting for this study is vector-valued distributions. Examples are given showing how fundamental solutions are derived for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous partial differential equations.
The effects of trout on water striders in stream pools.

Observations made in Rattlesnake Creek, Santa Barbara County, California, U.S.A. indicate that rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) affect the microdistribution of adult water striders (Gerris remigis). Gerrids occupied all areas of stream pools lacking trout but stayed in margins of pools containing trout. To test the hypothesis that the presence of trout controlled the distribution of water striders within pools, trout were removed from some pools and transferred to pools lacking trout. Undistrubed pools with and without trout served as controls for the trout transferrals. The results supported the hypothesis; within one week, gerrids moved to the edge of pools where trout were added and to the middle of pools where trout were removed. Time budgets and gut analyses suggest that local patterns of gerrid distribution were maintained by harrassment of gerrids by trout. At times trout had significant effects on components of gerrid fitness.