cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in the Relationships among Young Adults' Religiosity, Risk Perception, and Marijuana Use: A Moderated Mediation Model.

BACKGROUND: Studies show that religiosity is a protective factor against marijuana use. Given many religions' teachings to promote risk perception of substance use, risk perception possibly mediates the relationship between religiosity and marijuana use. Moreover, since males and females differ in religiosity, risk perception, and marijuana use, gender may moderate religiosity's indirect effect on marijuana use through risk perception and religiosity's direct effect on marijuana use. Despite substantial research on religiosity and adolescent marijuana use, little research has targeted the young adult population. OBJECTIVES: This study is the first to investigate the conditional nature of religiosity's influence on marijuana use through risk perception among young adults in the U.S. METHODS: Using a nationally representative sample from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 12,646), conditional process analysis was examined through significant test of the index of moderated mediation. Additionally, mediation analysis was conducted in male (n = 6042) and female (n = 6604) groups separately to further characterize the nature of the relationships. RESULTS: Religiosity's indirect effect on marijuana use through risk perception was found to be significantly different between males and females, while there were no gender differences in religiosity's direct effect on marijuana use. The indirect effect of religiosity on marijuana use via risk perception was significant among both males and females and was larger for females than males. CONCLUSION: Prevention interventions for young adults' marijuana use that incorporate religiosity should emphasize factors related to risk perception and have a gender informed perspective. Direction for future research is provided. Language: en
3D Simulation of Flow Problems with Parallel Finite Element Computations on the Cray T3D

In this article, we present our recent work in finite element computations using the Cray T3D massively parallel supercomputer. Several fluid flow problems encountered in real-life applications are numerically simulated with highly optimized coding techniques and efficient algorithms implemented on the Cray T3D. The superior technical features of the Cray T3D combined with our efficient implementations give us a unique capability to solve a large class of practical problems involving millions of degrees of freedom. These new computational capabilities are allowing us to solve problems which we were not able to attempt few years ago. All computations reported in this article are carried out on unstructured meshes with high resolution and with emphasis on the precise representation of the complex 3D model.
Exercise and Mitochondrial Dynamics: Keeping in Shape with ROS and AMPK.

Exercise is a robust stimulus for mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscle which consequently plays a central role in enhancing metabolic health. Despite this, the precise molecular events that underpin these beneficial effects remain elusive. In this review, we discuss molecular signals generated during exercise leading to altered mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. In particular, we focus on the interdependence between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox homeostasis, the sensing of cellular bioenergetic status via 5’ adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion. Precisely how exercise regulates the network of these responses and their effects on mitochondrial dynamics is not fully understood at present. We highlight the limitations that exist with the techniques currently available, and discuss novel molecular tools to potentially advance the fields of redox biology and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Ultimately, a greater understanding of these processes may lead to novel mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies to augment or mimic exercise in order to attenuate or reverse pathophysiology.
Localization of adventitious respiratory sounds

In a recent publication by Henry and Royston [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, 1774–1783 (2017)], an algorithm was introduced to calculate the acoustic response to externally introduced and endogenous respiratory sounds within a realistic, patient-specific subglottal airway tree. This work is extended using an efficient numerical boundary element (BE) approach to calculate the resulting radiated sound field from the airway tree into the lung parenchyma taking into account the surrounding chest wall. Within the BE model of the left lung parenchyma, comprised of more than 6000 triangular surface elements, more than 30 000 monopoles are used to approximate complex airway-originated acoustic sources. The chest wall is modeled as a boundary condition on the parenchymal surface. Several cases were simulated, including a bronchoconstricted lung that had an internal acoustic source introduced in a bronchiole, approximating a wheeze. An acoustic source localization algorithm coupled to the BE model estimated the wheeze so...
Fatigue Related to Speech Processing in Children With Hearing Loss: Behavioral, Subjective, and Electrophysiological Measures.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine fatigue associated with sustained and effortful speech-processing in children with mild to moderately severe hearing loss. Method We used auditory P...
Babies Made Us Modern: How Infants Brought America into the Twentieth Century

Placing babies' lives at the center of her narrative, historian Janet Golden analyzes the dramatic transformations in the lives of American babies during the twentieth century. She examines how babies shaped American society and culture and led their families into the modern world to become more accepting of scientific medicine, active consumers, open to new theories of human psychological development, and welcoming of government advice and programs. Importantly Golden also connects the reduction in infant mortality to the increasing privatization of American lives. She also examines the influence of cultural traditions and religious practices upon the diversity of infant lives, exploring the ways class, race, region, gender, and community shaped life in the nursery and household.
Assessment of Alaska Rain-on-Snow Events Using Dynamical Downscaling

AbstractThe ice formed by cold-season rainfall or rain on snow (ROS) has striking impacts on the economy and ecology of Alaska. An understanding of the atmospheric drivers of ROS events is required...
Priority and Disclosure: Challenges and Protections to Small Inventors in a First-to-File World

The America Invents Act reshaped U.S. patent law by granting priority of invention to the first inventor to file. This marks a radical departure from the United States’ previous method of giving priority of invention to the first inventor to invent. The policy shift harmonizes the U.S. patent system with the rest of the world, but creates potential problems for small firms or inventors who do not have the resources to win a race to the patent office against large corporate competitors. This Article argues, however, that small inventors may find protection in the new grace period, which grants inventors who publicly disclose their inventions priority over all third parties. Inventors who use disclosures under the new law to establish priority will be achieving the historically recognized patent law goals of encouraging inventors to disclose their work and increasing dissemination of information to the public.
Blood Pressure in Humans and Epidemiology

Arterial pressure in humans, reported using systolic and diastolic values, is said to by typically around 120/80 mm Hg. But, specific deviations from the norm have been catalogued, often using studies of large numbers of subjects. Pressure increases steadily with age, except in those societies that have a very low sodium consumption. Reducing the dietary sodium intake in subjects with hypertension will decrease their pressure somewhat. Obesity is associated with increased pressure in children and adults; conversely, weight loss decreases pressure. Children of parents with high blood pressure will tend to have a higher pressure also, and vice versa. This appears to be partly genetic and partly environmental. Curiously, the physiological mechanisms underlying all of these empirical relationships remain unknown.
Use of Lamé Mode Properties in the Determination of Texture Parameters on AL Plates

Texture (preferred grain orientation) characterization of polycrystalline aggregates has traditionally been done by X-ray or neutron diffraction techniques. These techniques are generally slow and destructive. Advances in ultrasonics over the last decade have made it possible to determine texture of cubic polycrystalline aggregates quickly and nondestructively [1–3]. It is known that all polycrystalline materials have some degrees of texture and, when texture is present, the materials are anisotropic, usually weakly orthotropic for rolled plates or sheets. The principle of ultrasonic characterization of texture is to infer texture by sensing and determining the material anisotropy.
When is a good deal bad for business? An exploratory study of room rates highlighting the practice and effects of discounting room rates

When is a good deal bad for business? An exploratory study of room rates highlighting the practice and effects of discounting room rates
Recombinant DNA Strategies of Neurotransmitter Research

SUMMARY Recent developments in molecular genetics technology offer important strategies for acceleration of neurotransmitter research, especially the identification of important proteins (e.g., receptors and metabolic enzymes) and polypeptides (e.g., neuropeptides and their pre-prohormones). Some potential applications are illustrated by this brief review of the developing literature, with special attention to the peptide products of the Pro-opicmelanocortin gene, and other ongoing work in our laboratory.
Characterizing the Nonlinearity of Power System Generator Models

Power system dynamics are naturally nonlinear. The nonlinearity stems from power flows, generator dynamics, and electromagnetic transients. Characterizing the nonlinearity of the dynamical power system model is useful for designing superior estimation and control methods, providing better situational awareness and system stability. In this paper, we consider the synchronous generator model with a phasor measurement unit (PMU) that is installed at the terminal bus of the generator. The corresponding nonlinear process-measurement model is shown to be locally Lipschitz, i.e., the dynamics are limited in how fast they can evolve in an arbitrary compact region of the state-space. We then investigate different methods to compute Lipschitz constants for this model, which is vital for performing dynamic state estimation (DSE) or state-feedback control using Lyapunov theory. In particular, we compare a derived analytical bound with numerical methods based on low discrepancy sampling algorithms. Applications of the computed bounds to dynamic state estimation are showcased. The paper is concluded with numerical tests.
Discovery of Orally Bioavailable Chromone Derivatives as Potent and Selective BRD4 Inhibitors: Scaffold Hopping, Optimization, and Pharmacological Evaluation.

Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) represents a promising drug target for anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel chromone derivatives via scaffold hopping to discover a new class of orally bioavailable BRD4-selective inhibitors. Two potent BRD4 bromodomain 1 (BD1)-selective inhibitors 44 (ZL0513) and 45 (ZL0516) have been discovered with high binding affinity (IC50 values of 67-84 nM) and good selectivity over other BRD family proteins and distant BD-containing proteins. Both compounds significantly inhibited the expression of Toll-like receptor-induced inflammatory genes in vitro and airway inflammation in murine models. The cocrystal structure of 45 in complex with human BRD4 BD1 at a high resolution of 2.0 A has been solved, offering a solid structural basis for its binding validation and further structure-based optimization. These BRD4 BD1 inhibitors demonstrated impressive in vivo efficacy and overall promising pharmacokinetic properties, indicating their therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Eastern Promises Fulfilled: The Differential Impact of Marketing-Focused Short-Term Study Abroad Programs in India and Japan

This study compares two marketing focused short term study programs in Asia (Indi a and Japan) and highlights reasons as to why students perceive that they learn more in one country than the other . Research to date has sparsely assessed the impact of study abroad programs on students’ perceived growth . The existing literature has rarely focused on short term study abroad programs while focusing mainly on undergraduate non business students studying in Europe in long term study abroad program s Short term study abroad programs (lasting less than eight weeks) are not considere d rigorous enough and several doubts exist as to their effectiveness as a pedagogical technique. This paper uses survey methodology and a sample of 92 undergraduate and graduate business students who have completed a short term study abroad program. The results show that students in these particular short term study abroad programs perceive greater personal, professional, and inter cultural growth than in a 10 week quarter long course. Students’ backgrounds could be a differential impact facto r, but more research needs to be done. Marketing educators, when designing short term study abroad programs, are encouraged to balance freedom and structure, and account for students’ backgrounds.
Minimally Invasive Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Release for Anterior Column Realignment

Study Design:Review of the literature.Objectives:Anterior column realignment (ACR) is a powerful but relatively new minimally invasive technique for deformity correction. The purpose of this study ...
Abstract 5326: Cholecystokinin receptor antagonist decreases fibrosis in pancreatic cancer microenvironment to improve uptake and efficacy of chemotherapy

Background: Although pancreatic cancer cells respond to chemotherapeutic agents in cell culture, many of these drugs are less effective in vivo. This decreased response to chemotherapy in animal models and human subjects is in part attributed to the dense stroma of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) that impedes penetration of drugs. Pancreatic stellate cells and tissue fibroblasts have cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors and when these receptors are activated, they promote collagen deposition and increase fibrosis in the TME. We have previously shown that CCK receptor antagonists can decrease fibrosis and change the T-cell infiltrates of the TME in pancreatic tumors. We hypothesized that an oral CCK receptor antagonist, proglumide, would improve the efficacy of gemcitabine by decreasing fibrosis in the TME and improving uptake of chemotherapy. Methods: 500,000 mT3 murine pancreatic cancer cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of 40 C57/BL6 female mice. One week after the mice had measurable tumors (baseline), mice were divided into 4 groups (N=10 mice each) with equal mean tumor volumes. Treatment groups included: PBS control (100µl IP twice weekly); proglumide in drinking water (0.1 mg/ml); gemcitabine (100mg/kg, 100µl IP twice weekly); and combination of gemcitabine and proglumide. Tumors were measured weekly and the volumes were calculated. Mice were euthanized per protocol when the tumor diameter reached 20mm; tumors were removed, then flash frozen for gemcitabine measurement via mass spectrometry. Results: Tumor volumes demonstrated a rapid growth rate in the PBS control mice with a slope of 184.2±2 (mm3/week), whereas growth rates for proglumide (75±2) and gemcitabine monotherapy (72±14) were 2.6-fold slower, and also 3.4-fold slower for mice treated with both gemcitabine and proglumide (55.6±12; p Conclusion: CCK receptor blockade with proglumide decreases fibrosis in pancreatic cancer TME allowing greater tumor uptake of gemcitabine and improving efficacy by slowing tumor growth and improving survival. Strategies to improve first-line therapies for patients with pancreatic cancer may improve overall survival of this disease. Citation Format: Zoe X. Malchiodi, Hong Cao, Martha Gay, Sunil Bansal, Benjamin A. Weinberg, Amrita Cheema, Narayan Shivapurkar, Jill P. Smith. Cholecystokinin receptor antagonist decreases fibrosis in pancreatic cancer microenvironment to improve uptake and efficacy of chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5326.
Safety analysis of instantaneous release of compressed natural gas from a cylinder

Abstract This study presents a numerical model to analyze the sudden failure of compressed natural gas (CNG) cylinder onboard a CNG vehicle. The model is developed using COMSOL. It accounts for the real gas effects, physical energy, and combustion of the flammable gas. The model is tested using experimental data. The study highlight compression energy as one of the serious concern. An unintentional rupture of a compressed cylinder filled with natural gas would generate a rapid energy release in the form of the pressure energy (blast). The release of energy and gas would cause rapid mixing and generate overpressure and may also cause flash fire. A detailed failure frequency analysis is also done to analyze the effectiveness of barriers. This study identifies critical points for the safe operation of the CNG system onboard a vehicle.
Microbial fuel cell inoculated with Beni-Messous wastewater and development of electroactive biofilm for powering of the LED light

This work describes crucial steps LED lighting from a simple device microbial fuel cell without membrane, using a domestic wastewater. Firstly, wastewater from activated sludge of Beni Messous was ...
Laxative Use and Risk of Dyskalemia in Patients with Advanced CKD Transitioning to Dialysis.

Background Patients with advanced CKD experience increased intestinal potassium excretion. This compensatory mechanism may be enhanced by laxative use; however, little is known about the association of laxative use with risk of dyskalemia in advanced CKD. Methods Our study population encompassed 36,116 United States veterans transitioning to ESKD from 2007 to 2015 with greater than or equal to one plasma potassium measurement during the last 1-year period before ESKD transition. Using generalized estimating equations with adjustment for potential confounders, we examined the association of time-varying laxative use with risk of dyskalemia (i.e., hypokalemia [potassium 5.5 mEq/L]) versus normokalemia (3.5-5.5 mEq/L) over the 1-year pre-ESKD period. To avoid potential overestimation of dyskalemia risk, potassium measurements within 7 days following a dyskalemia event were disregarded in the analyses. Results Over the last 1-year pre-ESKD period, there were 319,219 repeated potassium measurements in the cohort. Of these, 12,787 (4.0%) represented hypokalemia, and 15,842 (5.0%) represented hyperkalemia; the time-averaged potassium measurement was 4.5 mEq/L. After multivariable adjustment, time-varying laxative use (compared with nonuse) was significantly associated with lower risk of hyperkalemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.76 to 0.84) but was not associated with risk of hypokalemia (aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.07). The results were robust to several sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Laxative use was independently associated with lower risk of hyperkalemia during the last 1-year pre-ESKD period. Our findings support a putative role of constipation in potassium disarrays and also support (with a careful consideration for the risk-benefit profiles) the therapeutic potential of laxatives in hyperkalemia management in advanced CKD.
Psychotropic Medication Informed Consent: A Cross-Specialty Role-Playing Skill Builder.

Introduction Obtaining informed consent (IC) is an essential medical practice. Utilization of IC role-playing training with medication study cards and self-peer-supervisor review should improve stu...
Diversity fatigue: A survey for measuring attitudes towards diversity enhancing efforts in academia.

OBJECTIVES Academia is grappling with how to address persistent underrepresentation and reduce inequities. With so many diversity-enhancing initiatives underway, some within the academic community might experience "diversity fatigue," a construct we use to understand majority groups' feelings of weariness toward diversity efforts. METHOD For our testing purposes, we focused on ethnic and minority underrepresentation, and collected data in four studies from 473 White American students and faculty. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis, we develop and confirm the single factor structure of the final 6-item Diversity Fatigue scale. We measured associations with other established measures and examined the strength of the association between diversity fatigue and faculty's support for a diversity-enhancing intervention. RESULTS Results demonstrated scale reliability, convergent validity with system-justifying beliefs, and offer suggestive evidence of discriminant validity with inclusion concerns and implicit race-based associations. Although mean levels of diversity fatigue were low overall, diversity fatigue scores were related to concerns about the effort involved with diversity work and were significantly associated with faculty's motivation to adopt a diversity-enhancing classroom activity. CONCLUSIONS Diversity fatigue in academia is a dampening in people's response to or enthusiasm for efforts that improve the experience of underrepresented people. This state experience is connected to system-justifying beliefs and is related to concerns about the effort required to do diversity interventions. Understanding and measuring this construct has implications for the psychology of intergroup relations, as well as practical implications for campus communities committed to diversity programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Gender Differences in a Risk-Reduction Model of Sharing.

The current experimental study investigated human sharing within a laboratory task that modeled environmental variability. In particular, it sought to assess the efficacy of a risk-reduction model ...
Unification of Photo- Thermionic, and Field Emission

Many theoretical studies have focused on unifying various electron emission mechanisms 1 due to their impact on numerous applications, including nano vacuum transistors, electric thrusters, multipactor, and time-resolved electron microscopy 2 . Recent theories have unified field emission through the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) law, space-charge limited emission (SCLE) in vacuum through the Child-Langmuir (CL) law, and SCLE with collisions through the Mott-Gurney (MG) law. 1 , 2 Subsequent studies extended this linkage to include Ohm’s law and thermionic emission through the Richardson-Laue Dushman (RLD) law 1,2,3 and then developed a complete non-dimensional scheme to link quantum SCLE through Paschen’s law 4 . This talk extends the prior theory linking thermionic emission 3 by replacing the general thermal field current density with the general thermal field photo current density to further assess photoemission through the Fowler-DuBridge (FD) equation. We numerically solve the current density as a function of voltage to demonstrate the transition between CL, MG, FN, RLD, and FD. We specifically outline the process for plotting each individual asymptotic solution as a function of temperature, laser frequency, mobility, or gap distance with the other parameters fixed to develop "nexus plots." Examining the nexuses between these asymptotic solutions determines whether we can use the simple emission laws to characterize emission behavior or we must resort to using either the full emission theory derived here or one of the previously derived coupled theories 1 , 3 .The implications of these results for determining operating conditions for practical devices for laser and plasma applications will be discussed.
Dispersion of Silt Particles in Open Channel Flow

THE DISPERSION PROCESS FOR SEDIMENT PARTICLES IN A TWO- DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW IS FORMULATED IN TWO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, ONE FOR PARTICLES SUSPENDED IN THE FLOW AND THE OTHER FOR THOSE DEPOSITED ON THE BED. EXCHANGE OF PARTICLES BETWEEN THE BED AND THE FLOW IS PERMITTED. USING THE ARIS MOMENT TRANSFORMATIONS, THE EQUATIONS ARE CONVERTED TO A MORE TRACTABLE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS WHICH ARE SOLVED BY NUMERICAL METHODS WITH THE AID OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER, FOR THE ZERO 'TH, FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD MOMENTS OF THE LONGITUDINAL CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTIONS. VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF BOUNDARY AND OTHER INPUT CONDITIONS ARE IMPOSED AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE DISPERSION PROCESS ARE DEMONSTRATED. THE RESULTS OF THE NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TOGETHER WITH THE RESULTS OF EARLIER DISPERSION EXPERIMENTS WITH SILT PARTICLES AND FLUORESCENT DYES SHOW THAT THE TENDENCY OF THE SILT PARTICLES TOWARD DEPOSITION AND TEMPORARY STORAGE ON THE BED CAN PROFOUNDLY AFFECT THE LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION PROCESS. /ASCE/
Increase of Grain Yields by Manipulating Starch Biosynthesis

Starch is the main carbohydrate storage reserve in many plants. This carbohydrate not only serves as the major caloric source for much of the world’s population and as a key feedstock for renewable energy but is also utilized in many food and industrial applications. As the demand for starch as a source of food and energy feedstock will continue to increase in the coming years, increased production of starchy cereals and tuber crops will be needed, a goal that will be moderated by the loss of arable land and unpredictable environmental conditions due to global warming. In this chapter, we provide an update on starch biosynthesis occurring in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic organs, the role of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and other enzymes in this process, and the various molecular strategies for increasing starch in cereals. Although extensive efforts have been made, relatively small improvements have been accomplished in enhancing starch content and grain yield, necessitating the employment of new strategies to meet this goal.
Single or Multiple Sourcing: An integrated Optimization Framework for Sustaining Time-Based Competitiveness

This paper establishes an integrated framework that incorporates significant factors from the literature to date into joint decisions of sourcing and lot sizing. As many winning companies are switching from doing business with many suppliers to few suppliers, selecting competitive suppliers and maintaining time-based competitiveness have become more and more important. We develop an optimization procedure that can be conveniently implemented on a spreadsheet to determine the optimal number of sources and the lot size. Our sensitivity analysis shows that the impact of transportation on the sourcing and lot sizing decisions is significant.
Tritium removal from contaminated water via infrared laser multiple-photon dissociation

Isotope separation by means of infrared-laser multiple-photon dissociation offers an efficient way to recover tritium from contaminated light or heavy water found in fission and fusion reactors. For tritium recovery from heavy water, chemical exchange of tritium into deuterated chloroform is followed by selective laser dissociation of tritiated chloroform and removal of the tritiated photoproduct, TCl. The single-step separation factor is at least 2700 and is probably greater than 5000. Here we present a description of the tritium recovery process, along with recent accomplishments in photochemical studies and engineering analysis of a recovery system.
Applicant Gender and Family Structure: Effects on Perceived Relocation Commitment and Spouse Resistance

Within the context of a controlled laboratory study, the effects of applicant gender, marital type (single earner, dual earner), and parental status (child, no child) on perceptions of job applicant commitment to a move involving geographic relocation and expected family resistance to the move were investigated. The results indicated that gender and family structure variables interacted in their influence on the dependent variables. Participants also provided reasons for their ratings of perceived commitment. Content analysis revealed 4 themes underlying participant responses: family concerns, goals and motivation of applicant, experience of applicant, and individual differences.
Veterans as Teachers? A Literature Review of Inhibitors and Enablers for Veterans to Complete College and Veterans as Teachers.

With almost two million veterans returning from Afghanistan and Iraq, many of them may be coming to American colleges and universities as a result of the Post-9/11 GI Bill. These veterans have lucrative education benefits available to them, such as the Montgomery GI Bill, Post-9/11 GI Bill and, if they joined from Texas, the Hazlewood Exemption. With the shortage of teachers in high-needs schools and in areas of need, such as math and science, veterans provide a population from which to draw teachers. Research on military veterans becoming teachers indicates that they exhibit the characteristics sought in effective teachers. This literature review provides a short history of veterans education benefits, reviews the inhibitors and enablers for veterans to complete college, and reviews the literature on veterans as teachers. This literature review informs the discussion of policy on campuses as well as decisions that are made. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
Decision support for supply chain analysis

High-fidelity computer models and simulations are very useful in design as well as ongoing systems management of many complex, real world, dynamic systems. Although there have been several studies on simulating aspects of supply chain systems, there is a dearth of high-fidelity models that represent supply chain interactions at a detailed level that includes the incorporation of real-time information updates. This article presents a computational platform that features a decision support system that aids human in making decisions and studies the role of a decision support system in enhancing the performance of the supply chain system. The decision support system follows the philosophy of mixed-initiative collaboration where human decision makers and automated agents work together in achieving high joint performance in the context modeled.
THEORETICAL COMPARISON OF THE BONDING OF CHALCOCARBONYL LIGANDS

Abstract Fenske-Hall molecular orbital calculations on the complexes CpFe(CO)2(CX)+ (X = O, S, Se, and Te) have been used to quantify the nature of bonding between the CX ligands and the metal atom. In addition, conclusions have been reached about the reactivity of the complexes under both nucleophilic and electrophilic attack. The previously established trend of increasing metal—ligand bond strength as X changes from O to S to Se is demonstrated by our molecular orbital calculations, and found to extend to Te. The mechanism for nucleophilic attack, variously explained in the past by either charge control or orbital control, is quantitatively ascribed to orbital control only. The nature of electrophilic attack on these complexes is also found to begin with orbital control.
Riboflavin-responsive trimethylaminuria in a patient with homocystinuria on betaine therapy.

A 17-year-old female patient with pyridoxine non-responsive homocystinuria, treated with 20 g of betaine per day, developed a strong body odour, which was described as fish-like. Urinary trimethylamine (TMA) was measured and found to be markedly increased. DNA mutation analysis revealed homozygosity for a common allelic variant in the gene coding for the TMA oxidising enzyme FMO3. Without changing diet or betaine therapy, riboflavin was given at a dose of 200 mg per day. An immediate improvement in her odour was noticed by her friends and family and urinary TMA was noted to be greatly reduced, although still above the normal range.
Conservation Congress v. U.S. Forest Service

This case involves challenges to the adequacy of the United States Forest Service’s biological assessment authorizing a timber sale in the Shasta-Trinity National Forest of Northern California. The plaintiff requested an injunction under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) alleging that the Forest Service failed to adequately evaluate the effects the timber sale could have on the northern spotted owl’s critical habitat. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the District Court for the Eastern District of California, finding that the Forest Service’s actions did not violate the ESA and that the ESA imposes a lesser requirement than the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) in assessing cumulative environmental impacts of unrelated projects in the same area.
Review of international media ethics

An international orientation has been a primary goal of media ethics, especially since the MacBride Report (1980), as can be seen in cases, issues and codes of ethics that have been adopted in different countries. But work in ethical theory has also been increasingly committed to an international perspective, and three examples of it (besides the classical Habermas’ discourse ethics) are discussed in this essay: feminist ethics of care, African communal ethics, and Confucian media ethics. All these theories emphasize, in their specific ways, three major ethical principles – truth, human dignity, non-violence – that emerge from a common protonorm, a kind of first belief that can be found in all religions, philosophies, and cultures: the sacredness of life. Given the dilemmas and moral issues that the media face in today’s volatile world, a commitment with these universal values will give communication education and practice long-term vitality.
Urine Club Cell 16-kDa Secretory Protein and Childhood Wheezing Illnesses After Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Infancy.

Background: Infants with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are at an increased risk of developing childhood wheezing illnesses (including asthma), but it is not currently possible to predict those at risk for these long-term outcomes. The current objective was to examine whether urine levels of club cell 16-kDa secretory protein (CC16) at the time of an infant LRTI are associated with the development of childhood wheezing illnesses. Methods: Prospective study of 133 previously healthy infants enrolled during a healthcare visit for a LRTI and followed longitudinally for childhood wheezing illnesses. Urine levels of CC16 at the time of enrollment were measured after validating a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for serum. The outcome of interest was parental report of subsequent childhood wheeze (defined as ≥1 episode of wheezing following the initial LRTI) at the 1-year follow-up visit. Logistic regression was used for the main analysis. Results: The median (interquarti...
The Psychophysics of Price: A Critique of the Weber-Fechner Approach in Consumer Behavior

The present paper reviews the application of Fechnerian psychophysics to the study of consumer perceptual response to price. Because Weber’s Law and Fechner’s Law apply only to sensory dimensions, and are predicated upon the concepts of sensory thresholds, they cannot be applied to the study of price perception, since price is a nonsensory dimension. An alternative approach to the study of the psychophysics of price is presented which depends upon direct consumer estimates of subjective magnitude. The implications of this approach for future research are discussed.
Establishing Cyberspace Sovereignty

International norms governing appropriate conduct in cyberspace are immature, leaving politicians, diplomats, and military authorities to grapple with the challenges of defending against and executing hostilities in cyberspace. Cyberspace is unlike the traditional physical domains where actions occur at specific geographic places and times. Rules governing conduct in the traditional domains emerged over centuries and share a common understanding of sovereignty that helps establish and justify the use of force. In cyberspace, sovereignty is a more abstract notion because the geographic boundaries are often difficult to define as data and applications increasingly reside in a virtual, global “cloud.” This paper proposes a construct for establishing sovereignty in cyberspace by studying similarities between space and cyberspace. The characteristics of the space domain challenged traditional notions of sovereignty based on geography. As nations deployed space-based capabilities, the concept of sovereignty needed to mature to deal with the physical realities of space. Sovereignty is defined, and general requirements for claiming sovereignty are presented. The evolution of sovereignty in space is then discussed, followed by a construct for how sovereignty could be defined in cyberspace. The paper also reviews U.S. civil policy and military doctrine and discusses how these documents offer insights into the U.S. approach to asserting its claims within these domains. It concludes by examining an emerging trend where nations not only seek to establish sovereign claims over the architectural aspects of cyberspace, but also the information that flows over it. Establishing Cyberspace Sovereignty
Tailoring optical forces in waveguides through radiation pressure and electrostrictive forces

Radiation pressure is known to scale to large values in engineered micro and nanoscale photonic waveguide systems. In addition to radiation pressure, dielectric materials also exhibit strain-dependent refractive index changes, through which optical fields can induce electrostrictive forces. To date, little attention has been paid to the electrostrictive component of optical forces in high-index contrast waveguides. In this paper, we examine the magnitude, scaling, and spatial distribution of electrostrictive forces through analytical and numerical models, revealing that electrostrictive forces increase to large values in high index-contrast waveguides. Similar to radiation pressure, electrostrictive forces increase quadratically with the optical field. However, since electrostrictive forces are determined by the material photoelastic tensor, the sign of the electrostrictive force is highly material-dependent, resulting in cancellation with radiation pressure in some instances. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the optical forces resulting from both radiation pressure and electrostriction can scale to remarkably high levels (i.e., greater than 104(N/m2)) for realistic guided powers. Additionally, even in simple rectangular waveguides, the magnitude and distribution of both forces can be engineered at the various boundaries of the waveguide system by choice of material system and geometry of the waveguide.This tailorability points towards novel and simple waveguide designs which enable selective excitation of elastic waves with desired symmetries through engineered stimulated Brillouin scattering processes in nanoscale waveguide systems.
Average-case analysis of the smart next fit algorithm

In this paper, we present the Smart Next Fit algorithm for on-line bin packing, which is obtained by slightly modifying the Next Fit algorithm. For any list of items, this algorithm uses the smallest number of bins among all on-line algorithms that have only one active bin at any time. We analyze its average-case performance when the item sizes are uniformly distributed over [0,b],b ⩽ 1. For b⩽12, the Smart Next Fit algorithm behaves exactly like the Next Fit algorithm. For 12 <b ⩽ 1, its average-case performance is significantly better than that of Next Fit. For b = 1, its average-case performance rate is 1.2274113…, compared to 1.333… for Next Fit. Its average-case performance is better than that of any known constant-space algorithm.
Effect of Cs on electron stimulated desorption of negative ions

Abstract The effect of submonolayers of Cs on the electron stimulated desorption of O − from the O − Mo(100) chemisorption system was investigated. Enhancement of the O − yield at low Cs coverages was observed.
DONOR FLUORESCENCE AS A PROBE OF ENERGY TRANSFER

— When a system of N similar molecules (the donors) gives its excitation energy rapidly enough to a dissimilar acceptor, the donor fluorescence rate equals the energy removal rate. Analysis of donor fluorescence decay then provides information about the N-donor system even if the acceptor is chemically unidentified. The dependence of the removal rate on N in a linear polymer in the extreme limit of very strong interdonor coupling is compared with that of very weak interdonor coupling. The principal result is that removal can be slower in the strong coupling limit because standing-wave excitons tend to avoid boundaries. Possible application of the concept of standing-wave excitons to photosynthetic units is discussed. The theory of diffusive energy transfer (very weak coupling limit) is also discussed, and some of its basic formulas given in simple form.
Resistance-Associated Variants in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Treated with Protease Inhibitors

Direct-acting antiviral agents in combination with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) significantly improve sustained virologic response rate and reduce duration of therapy among both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. One of the most important considerations with both boceprevir and telaprevir is the potential development of resistant variants with therapy. Patients with poor intrinsic responsiveness to interferon, and those with incomplete virological suppression on protease inhibitor therapy, appear to be at higher risk for resistance. In this article we will define antiviral resistance and review the data on both in vitro and in vivo resistance to protease inhibitors, concentrating on data on boceprevir and telaprevir. We will also explore the significance of resistant variants present at the baseline, as well as the fate of the resistant variants and the ways to minimize the development of resistance to protease inhibitors.
Reflexes evoked by the femoral and coxal chordotonal organs in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract 1. 1. Reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of isolated and identified chordotonal organs in cockroach limbs were studied. 2. 2. The femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) produced classical resistance reflexes in the flexor and extensor tibiae. The frequency response characteristics of the FCO evoked reflexes (active from 0.1 to 8 Hz) suggest a possible role in the maintenance of posture. 3. 3. The coxal chordotonal organ (CCO) produced resistance reflexes in the femoral flexors but had no effect on the femoral extensors. 4. 4. The frequency response characteristics (2.0–25 Hz) suggest that these reflexes may play a possible role in the maintenance of the rigidly fixed position of the femur during flight.
Vortex relaxation near the second peak in single crystal YBCO

Abstract Single crystal YBCO samples frequently show a maximum in their critical current density j c ( B ) at large applied magnetic field B p (the `second peak', or `fishtail' effect). The origin of this technologically important effect is unclear. The decrease in j c at fields above the peak is probably related to plastic flow in the vortex glass. We have used SQUID based creep data to examine the second peak in both an optimally doped single crystal of YBCO and in a nominally identical sample which has been radiation hardened by fast neutron bombardment. Although the details differ, both samples exhibit a strong second peak. The creep data show a clear change in relaxation mechanism as B crosses the peak. We can also note that the fall in j c ( B ) for B > B p is in reasonable agreement with theoretical models for plastic flow depinning. Finally, we can use our data to extract values for the fundamental sample-dependent microscopic pinning parameter V 4 . In both samples, a clear change in the functional form of V 4 ( B ) takes place as B crosses B p , with BV 4 becoming constant with increasing field. Near the peak ( V 4 )≈62 nm in each sample. This equality strongly suggests plastic flow.
Diagnostic electron microscopy for amelanotic melanoma: Correlation of patient biopsy, soft agar assay, and xenograft

In an attempt to diagnose a suspected amelanotic melanoma tumour, we examined a variety of tissue and cell samples from one patient at the ultrastructural level, which consisted of single cell suspensions of tumour cells with and without DOPA treatment, tumour cells after culture in agar with and without DOPA treatment, and single tumour cells hetero-transplanted into a nude mouse. Premalanosomes were not observed in sections of the amelanotic tumour with routine electron microscopy. Osmophilic-dense bodies, suggestive of melanosomes, were noted in the single cells in suspension treated with DOPA and cells grown in agar without DOPA treatment. Definitive premelanosomes, with an identifiable striated matrix, were only observed in cells grown into colonies in agar and treated with DOPA. Positive L-DOPA reaction products were noted in the golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum closely related to the golgi (GERL), and in vacuoles from cells grown in agar. As controls, Cloudman S91 53.1 melanoma cells were evaluated as single cells in suspension or as colonies after culture in agar, both with and without DOPA treatment. Premelanosomes were always observed in this established melanoma cell line while DOPA-treated cells contained positive L-DOPA reaction products. The overall findings identified the tumour as amelanotic melanoma and indicated that both DOPA treatment and culture in agar were needed for the demonstration of premelanosomes.
Octatonicism in Luigi Dallapiccola's Twelve‐Note Music

This survey addresses perhaps the least-known aspect of Luigi Dallapiccola's twelve-note music, namely the composer's preference for octatonic collections. Part I summarises the different arrangements of octatonic hexachords that are possible within a twelve-note context. Parts II–IV then examine some of the octatonic characteristics which recur across a number of specific works, several of which have not previously been the subject of critical attention. Octatonicism is thereby revealed as a consistent feature of Dallapiccola's harmonic language that runs throughout his twelve-note canon.
The comparative study of party-based Euroscepticism: the Sussex versus the North Carolina School

Since the late 1990s, a true cottage industry of ‘Euroscepticism studies’ has emerged, which has given way to hundreds of publications in increasingly prominent journals. This article looks at two of the most important ‘schools’ of Euroscepticism studies: Sussex and North Carolina. The two differ in many ways – e.g. definition, data and methods, scope – but account for much of the academic output on the topic. Initially, I briefly describe the major publications of the two schools, before comparing and contrasting them on the basis of some key dimensions (definition, data, scope, explanations). The article then discusses the crucial ‘so what question’ by focusing on the Achilles heel of Euroscepticism studies: salience. Finally, I propose ways in which the two schools can be better integrated and suggest some avenues of research for the post-crisis period.