cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instructors' Rationales and Strategies for Teaching History of Science in Preservice Settings - Illustrations from Multiple Cases with Implications for Science Teacher Education

This multiple-case study examined the rationales and instructional strategies for teaching history of science (HOS) of 16 instructors of a history of science course for undergraduate preservice teachers in the USA. Based on instructor syllabi, instructional materials, and instructor interviews, we conducted single-case and cross-case analyses to identify why they teach HOS (rationales), how they teach HOS (instructional strategies), and what possible relationships might underlie instructor rationales and their instructional strategy choices for teaching HOS. We found 10 rationales in three overarching categories (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) and 9 active-learning instructional strategies. Moreover, we found that instructors with skills rationales implemented active-learning instructional strategies, whereas instructors who only cited knowledge rationales relied only on lectures and reading discussions. We discuss implications and recommendations for the design of HOS courses.
Neuroepigenetics of arousal and the formulation of the self

Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms (i.e., histone posttranslational modifications and DNA methylation) play a role in regulation of gene expression in response to a wide range of environmental stimuli. We studied whether pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) intrinsic gamma oscillations that are involved in arousal are affected by inhibition of histone deacetylation. Our results showed that (a) acute in vitro exposure to the histone deacetylation inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) led to the elimination of high-threshold, voltage-dependent Ca 2 + channel-mediated intrinsic membrane oscillations, specifically in the gamma band range, but not lower-frequency oscillations; (b) preincubation with TSA led to a similar decrease specifically in gamma band oscillations; and (c) a significant reduction in Ca 2 + currents was elicited by TSA. These results suggest that there is a specific effect on gamma band oscillations when histone deacetylation is blocked, suggesting that gamma oscillations related to arousal normally modulate gene transcription. A preliminary analysis of the proteins modulated by TSA showed effects on neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) (see Chapter 3 ), calcineurin, and other intracellular calcium control proteins. The implications for new research directions are significant, and the potential role of gene transcription resulting from the manifestation of gamma oscillations is discussed in terms of the formulation of the self.
Conductivity-like damping in epitaxial Fe (Conference Presentation)

Magnetic damping impacts essential dynamics for spintronic device applications, but its fundamental mechanisms in various materials – including simple ferromagnetic metals – have yet to be understood. Here, we experimentally correlate damping with structural and transport properties of epitaxial thin films of Fe. At room temperature, the effective Gilbert damping parameter is independent of whether these films are coherently strained or partially relaxed. However, at low temperature, we find that coherently strained Fe films with higher crystalline quality and conductivity exhibit higher damping. The enhancement of low-temperature damping is greater than that from classical eddy current loss. Our observation of such conductivity-like damping, possibly governed by the intraband scattering mechanism [1], provides fundamental insight into the role of crystallinity in damping in ferromagnetic metals. [1] K. Gilmore, Y. U. Idzerda, M. D. Stiles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 027204 (2007); M. A. W. Schoen et al. Nat. Phys. 12, 839 (2016).
The emerging use of immune checkpoint blockade in the adjuvant setting for solid tumors: a review

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been approved in the advanced and metastatic setting for many types of solid tumors. Nonetheless, their role in the adjuvant setting is limited to the treatment of surgically resected melanoma. Ipilimumab was the first immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for this indication, followed by nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Many ongoing trials are evaluating these molecules in the postoperative setting, alone or in combination with other therapies. Preliminary results are promising regarding the treatment of other cutaneous tumors, lung cancers, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, bladder cancer and renal cell carcinomas. Some data assessing their use for the adjuvant treatment of esophageal, colorectal, ovarian cancer and other solid tumors are similarly emerging.
Patterns of MHC Polymorphism in Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes Living in Urban and Non-urban Environments

Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a primary role in resistance to infectious disease and have been implicated in mate choice and recognition of close relatives. We describe genetic diversity at three MHC class II genes in urban and non-urban populations of San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica), an endangered canid endemic to California’s San Joaquin Valley. We used multi-tagged pyrosequencing synthesis to characterize genetic diversity in 96 kit foxes at three MHC class II genes, DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1. Using rigorous bioinformatics methods to limit sequencing artifacts, we identified 11 DQA alleles, 13 DQB alleles, and 29 DRB alleles, which translated into 1, 7, and 28 unique antigen-binding sites for the respective genes. The high polymorphism did not correlate with sequencing depth or sample location but was found across individuals and indicated polygenic loci for DQB (two gene copies) and DRB (three copies). A phylogeny based on all known carnivore MHC alleles resolved two major clades, one with alleles from DQA and one with alleles from DQB and DRB, regardless of the taxa. Based on Tajima’s D, we found evidence of negative selection in DQA (D = −1.90) and positive selection in DRB (D = 2.36). We analyzed 48 urban kit foxes that were living in the city of Bakersfield and 48 non-urban foxes living in the nearby LoKern and Carrizo plain areas. We found similar levels of MHC allelic diversity in the urban and non-urban populations. However, many of the common DRB alleles found in the non-urban population were absent in the urban population. This could result from a founder effect or different selective pressures on the two populations. The levels of MHC diversity in the SJKF are similar to or higher than MHC diversity of more wide-spread canid species, although this subspecies has been isolated in the San Joaquin Valley for millennia and has low mtDNA haplotype diversity. Our study provides baseline data on three MHC genes that can contribute to future studies of disease resistance and mate choice in the endangered San Joaquin kit fox.
A System Level Approach for Online Junction Temperature Measurement of SiC MOSFETs Using Turn-On Delay Time

In this paper, a new online junction temperature monitoring approach for SiC MOSFETs is proposed by measuring the turn-on delay time using the system microcontroller and intelligent gate drive. Specifically, the intelligent gate drive converts the turn-on delay time to the pulse-width of a digital signal. Then the high-resolution capture module in the microcontroller (with 300 picoseconds resolution) is utilized to precisely measure the turn-on delay time. To improve the measurement sensitivity, the intelligent gate drive circuit implements a large gate resistance during the measurement period and immediately switches back to low gate resistance value for normal operations. A prototype is built, and the proposed circuit is tested in both double pulse switching tests and continuous converter operations. From the experimental results, an accurate junction temperature measurement is achieved in real-time with an error less than 1°
Wing shape evolution in bombycoid moths reveals two distinct strategies for maneuverable flight

A wide diversity of wing shapes has evolved, but how is aerodynamic strategy coupled to morphological variation? Here we examine how wing shape has evolved across a phylogenetic split between hawkmoths (Sphingidae) and wild silkmoths (Saturniidae), which have divergent life histories, but agile flight behaviors. Combined with kinematics of exemplar species, we find that these two diverse sister families have evolved two distinct strategies for agile flight. Each group has evolved distinct wing shapes in phylogenetic PCA-space. The notoriously agile hawkmoths have not evolved wing shapes typical of maneuverability, but rather ones that reduce power. Instead their kinematics favor maneuverability, primarily through higher wingbeat frequency. In contrast, silkmoths evolved maneuverable wing shapes and use kinematics that reduce power. Therefore, multiple strategies have evolved to achieve similar aerodynamic performance. We suggest flapping wings provide flexible aerodynamics through kinematics and might release morphological constraints, enabling the diversity of wing shapes across extant flyers.
Optimal Design of a Novel High-Power Thyristor-based DC Circuit Breaker

Due to dc microgrid nature, dc fault current has no zero-crossing current and could increase up to a thousand amps. Because of that, a dc circuit breaker (DCCB) with the ultra-fast response and high efficiency is required. Regarding this issue, this paper presents a novel thyristor-based DCCB. Then the optimal values of the proposed DCCB components are obtained by cost-power loss multi-objective optimization method. Finally, to keep the maximum temperature of the thyristor below the maximum allowed value, an optimum forced-air microchannel that has high reliability, low cost, and high efficiency is proposed for the proposed thyristor-based DCCB.
Reply: Demineralized Bone Matrix and Resorbable Mesh Bilaminate Cranioplasty Is Ineffective for Secondary Reconstruction of Large Pediatric Cranial Defects.

Replacement of the autologous bone flap after decompressive craniectomy can be complicated by significant osteolysis or infection with large defects over scarred dura. Demineralized bone matrix is an alternative to autologous reconstruction, effective when reconstructing large defects using a resorbable mesh bilaminate technique in primary cranioplasty, but this technique has not been studied for revision cranioplasty and the setting of scarred dura. Retrospective review was performed of patients receiving demineralized bone matrix and resorbable mesh bilaminate cranioplasty for postdecompressive craniectomy defects. Seven patients (mean age, 4.2 years) were identified with a mean follow-up of 4.0 years. Computed tomography before the demineralized bone matrix and resorbable mesh bilaminate cranioplasty and at least 1 year postoperatively were compared. Defects were characterized and need for revision was assessed. All patients had craniectomy with associated hemidural scarring. Five patients had autologous bone flap cranioplasty associated with nearly total osteolysis, and two patients had deferral of bone flap before demineralized bone matrix and resorbable mesh bilaminate cranioplasty. Demineralized bone matrix and resorbable mesh bilaminate cranioplasty demonstrated unpredictable and poor ossification, with bony coverage unchanged at postoperative follow-up. All patients required major revision cranioplasty at a mean time of 2.5 years. Porous polyethylene was successfully used in six of the revisions, whereas exchange cranioplasty was used in the remaining patient, with a mean follow-up of 1.4 years. Although demineralized bone matrix and resorbable mesh bilaminate is appropriate for primary cranioplasty, it should be avoided in the setting of scarred or infected dura in favor of synthetic materials or exchange cranioplasty. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Therapeutic, IV.
Experiences and Perceptions of Patients with Uncontrolled Hypertension Who are Dissatisfied with Their Hypertension Care.

Background Hypertension control has been decreasing recently. We compared the experience and attitudes toward care between patients with uncontrolled hypertension who are more and less satisfied with that care to identify ways to improve their care. Methods Baseline survey of 3072 patients with diagnosed hypertension and repeated blood pressure measurements at or above 150/95 mmHg during clinic appointments at 21 primary care clinics of a large Midwestern multi-specialty medical group. Survey questions were about previous hypertension care satisfaction, the degree to which that care was patient-centered, their feelings of self-confidence and treatment burden in managing hypertension, and medication side effects. Results A total of 1697 patients completed surveys (response rate = 55%). Of the 1697 patients, the 24% who were most dissatisfied (scored 0 to 5 on a 0 to 10 scale of satisfaction) significantly differed from those most satisfied (scored 9 to 10) on all demographic and clinical characteristics as well as on every measure of care experience and health status. After adjusting for those characteristics, reports of patient-centered care, self-confidence, stopping the medication because of side effects, and the burdensomeness of treatment were all significantly worse (P Conclusions Many patients with uncontrolled hypertension are dissatisfied with their care, but that is associated with different problems for different people. Identifying and attending to these problems may provide opportunities to help them achieve better control.
The Prevalence of Barter in Radio

(1997). The Prevalence of Barter in Radio. Journal of Promotion Management: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 27-37.
Using High Performance Computing to Realize a System-Level RBDO for Military Ground Vehicles

Abstract : Reliability Based Design Optimization (RBDO) is a process of optimizing under uncertainty to obtain a reliable (in the probabilistic sense) optimum for a design, which is robust under the expected variability inherent in realizing the design. In this case, we are optimizing the design of a ground vehicle to reduce weight while maintaining or improving durability. Like any optimization, it is best done on a system level. When optimizing under uncertainty, considering a large number of sources of variability makes the optimization method more robust. The objective is to improve the RBDO process, expanding from component optimization to system optimization of a ground vehicle, consider more sources of uncertainty and use a multi-physics and multi-scale approach. This requires greater computing power than has previously been applied to such optimizations.
Web‐based self‐monitoring for weight loss among overweight/obese women at increased risk for breast cancer: the HELP pilot study

Objective Excess weight and physical inactivity are modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. Training women to use self-help resources over the internet has potential for reducing intervention costs and enhancing maintenance. Methods A total of 50 overweight/obese women at increased breast cancer risk were randomized to a 12-week intervention or a comparison group. Telephone-based sessions trained participants to use web-based self-monitoring tools to set goals and track diet and exercise. The comparison group received dietary information but no training. At baseline and 12 weeks, participants were weighed and wore an accelerometer. Results Participants were aged 60.9 ± 0.8 years with a BMI of 33.1 ± 0.6 kg/m2. The intervention group lost 3.3 ± 4.0 kg, whereas the comparison group gained 0.9 ± 3.4 kg (p < 0.0001). Intervention participants who found the website helpful lost 5.6 ± 0.7 kg; those who did not lost 0.8 ± 0.9 kg (p < 0.001). Change in physical activity was +70 ± 140 min/week among those who found the website helpful, −6 ± 75 min/week among those who did not, and −34 ± 207 min/week in the comparison group (p < 0.01). Conclusions A program to train women to use web-based weight loss tools achieved a substantial short-term weight loss among the majority of participants. Further follow-up is needed to assess weight loss maintenance over time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonpositive Hopfield Networks in Error Correcting Coding Applications

We consider a class of symmetric Hopfield Networks, with nonpositive synapses and zero thresholds and address a variety of design and analysis issues conected with Unidirectional Error Correcting Coding applications of this class. We show that this class is naturally suited to work in a unidirectional error environment We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a set of vectors to be storable in a Nonpositive Network. We propose a simple word storage algorithm, which is amenable to on line implementation, and guarantees storage of all storage compatible words. We show that the storage algorithm creates a maximally fault tolerant network which is free from spurious stationary points, whenever that freedom is possible. We also give a word forgetting algorithm; a tight, deterministic bound on the storage capacity, and give conditions under which the network created by our storage scheme tolerates a given number of arbitrary physical faults.
The Economics Department Brings Another Professor Aboard

Mendez is grateful for the strong relationships that he built with his professors. Now, as a professor, he wants to give his students something that he once received.” This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol9/iss1/9
Modeling Potential Shifts in Hawaiian Anchialine Pool Habitat and Introduced Fish Distribution due to Sea Level Rise

Global mean sea levels may rise between 0.75 and 1.9 m by 2100 changing the distribution and community structure of coastal ecosystems due to flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Although habitats will be inundated, ecosystems have the potential to shift inland, and endemic species may persist if conditions are favorable. Predictions of ecosystem migration due to sea level rise need to account for current stressors, which may reduce the resilience of these ecosystems. This study predicts the potential consequences of sea level rise on the groundwater-fed anchialine pool ecosystem in Hawaii. Scenarios of marine and groundwater inundation were compared with current patterns of habitat, introduced fishes, and land use. Results show that current habitats containing endemic anchialine shrimp will be increasingly inundated by marine waters. New habitats will emerge in areas that are low lying and undeveloped. Because of subsurface hydrologic connectivity, endemic shrimp are likely to populate these new habitats by moving through the coastal aquifer. In some areas, rising sea levels will provide surface connectivity between pools currently containing introduced fishes (tilapia, poeciliids) and up to 46 % of new or existing pools that do not contain these fish. Results predicting future habitat distribution and condition due to sea level rise will support conservation planning. Additionally, the interdisciplinary approach may provide guidance for efforts in other coastal aquatic ecosystems.
Convex recovery of a structured signal from independent random linear measurements

This chapter develops a theoretical analysis of the convex programming method for recovering a structured signal from independent random linear measurements. This technique delivers bounds for the sampling complexity that are similar to recent results for standard Gaussian measurements, but the argument applies to a much wider class of measurement ensembles. To demonstrate the power of this approach, the chapter presents a short analysis of phase retrieval by trace-norm minimization. The key technical tool is a framework, due to Mendelson and coauthors, for bounding a nonnegative empirical process.
Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveal transcriptional signatures as novel biomarkers of cardiac remodeling in rats with aldosteronism and hypertensive heart disease.

Objectives In searching for a noninvasive surrogate tissue mimicking the pro-oxidant/proinflammatory hypertensive heart disease (HHD) phenotype, we turned to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We tested whether iterations in [Ca2+]i, [Zn2+]i, and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and PBMCs would complement each other, eliciting similar shifts in gene expression profiles in these tissues demonstrable during the preclinical (week 1) and pathological (week 4) stages of aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST). Background Inappropriate neurohormonal activation contributes to pathological remodeling of myocardium in HHD associated with aldosteronism. In rats receiving long-term ALDOST, evidence of reparative fibrosis replacing necrotic cardiomyocytes and coronary vasculopathy appears at week 4 associated with the induction of oxidative stress by mitochondria that overwhelms endogenous, largely Zn2+-based, antioxidant defenses. Biomarker-guided prediction of risk before the appearance of cardiac pathology would prove invaluable. Methods In PBMCs and cardiomyocytes, quantitation of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ and Zn2+, H2O2, and 8-iosprostane levels and isolation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and gene expression together with statistical and clustering analyses and confirmation of genes by in situ hybridization and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed. Results Compared with controls, at weeks 1 and 4 of ALDOST, we found comparable increments in [Ca2+]i, [Zn2+]i, and 8-isoprotane coupled with increased H2O2 production in cardiac mitochondria and PBMCs, together with the common networks of expression profiles dominated by genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and repair. These included 3 central Ingenuity pathway-linked genes: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, a stress-responsive protein; nuclear factor-κB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor and a proinflammatory cascade that it regulates; and transforming growth factor-β1, a fibrogenic cytokine involved in tissue repair. Conclusions Significant overlapping demonstrated in the molecular mimicry of PBMCs and cardiomyocytes during preclinical and pathological stages of ALDOST implies that transcriptional signatures of PBMCs may serve as early noninvasive and novel sentinels predictive of impending pathological remodeling in HHD.
Majority and Minority Perceptions of Consensus and Recommendations for Resolving Conflicts about Land Use Regulation

Residents of a small rural community were surveyed to examine the relationship between the false consensus bias and recommendations for resolving conflicts about two locally relevant environmental issues concerning regulation of land use in the community. Both the level of consensus that respondents perceived for their views and the extent to which they overestimated consensus were correlated with their recommendations for resolving conflicts about the issues. Respondents who overestimated consensus and/or who perceived higher levels of consensus for their views were more likely to endorse majority rule to resolve conflicts, were less likely to endorse compromise, and were more likely to say their own views should prevail. These findings suggest that false consensus bias could affect the determination and effectiveness with which majorities and minorities press their points in public discussion of local issues.
Detection of Effects of Low Electric Fields with the Kelvin Probe

Very low voltages between a large‐area Kelvin probe and a polymer‐coated metal specimen applied for a few seconds can affect the subsequently measured work function of the specimen. The time constant for the decay of the anomalous work function decreases with increasing conductivity of the polymer. Cases where artifacts in the determination of a work function can arise are discussed.
Hyperstral Optical Tomography based on double light modulator configuration

In this work, we present the design of a time-resolved Diffuse Optical Tomography system based on wide-field illumination and wide-field hyperspectral detection for fast, quantitative, high-resolution 3D turbid media imaging. Phantom studies are conducted to establish the feasibility of this novel instrumental paradigm.
Stability of multi-component epilayers and nanopattern formation

A uniform multi-component epilayer may lose stability under the combined action of spinodal decomposition and epilayer–substrate interaction, separating into multiple phases. The phases may further self-organize into regular patterns. This paper investigates the compositional stability of a ternary epliayer and the subsequent emergence of nanoscale patterns. Multiple energetic forces and kinetic processes involving phase separation, phase coarsening and phase refining are incorporated into a continuous phase field model. Linear stability analysis is performed by perturbing a uniform concentration field into a sinusoidal field with small amplitude and arbitrary wavelength. The analysis shows that the epilayer–substrate interaction counteracts the coarsening effect of phase boundary energy and may lead to the formation of steady nanoscale patterns. Detailed analysis also reveals the interaction of multi-phases and its effect on the stability condition. Numerical simulation of evolving concentration field is discussed at the end of the paper. The simulations show that the pattern formation process of multi-component epilayers involves remarkably rich dynamics.
Hydrogen-1 and phosphorus-31 NMR spectra of one of the C2v isomers of Fe2(CO)6(μ-PHMe)2

Abstract The more symmetric ( C 2 v ) isomer of Fe 2 (CO) 6 (PHMe) 2 , was obtained free of a second ( C s ) isomer by fractional crystallization and 1 H and 31 P NMR spectra were recorded. Chemical shift and coupling constants were obtained for this Y 3 XAA′X′Y′ 3 heteronuclear spin system using a modification of the NUMARIT program.
Incoherent Magnetization Model for Perpendicular Recording Media

To study the influence of thermal fluctuation in perpendicular recording media, we investigated a new incoherent magnetization model and combined it with the Langevin equation method. In our model, the energy barrier for magnetization reversal is reduced by using an incoherent reversal process. We simulated the M-H curve and the torque curve for perpendicular media with small Hc/Hk values, and calculated the time decay of Mr due to thermal fluctuation in the perpendicular media. The results roughly agreed with the experimental values of the time decay.
Communication needs in a data engineering world

Abstract Data engineering is a new professional discipline that focuses on the design, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of long-lived distributed information systems. Unfortunately, communication engineers have long viewed distributed information systems only from a perspective of data transport requirements. Hence they have often overlooked opportunities to apply extended communications technology to the fulfillment of information system requirements. Some of the resulting shortcomings stemming from this narrow viewpoint are described, and areas for further study are suggested. We illustrate the opportunities for further study in the context of data engineering via a concrete example, the design of a medical information system.
The effects of declining capitalization on equity acquisition by commercial banks

Abstract This study examines external equity acquisition by banks with declining capitalization. We observe a nonlinear (quadratic) relationship between equity acquisition and a bank's level of capitalization in which equity acquisition rises as capitalization declines until a threshold level of undercapitalization is reached, below which equity acquisition declines. To the extent that banks falling below this threshold level of capital are deemed unworthy of investment by current or prospective shareholders, their failure to acquire external equity can be interpreted as an indication of potential nonviability.
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in renal collecting duct cells

Abstract The purpose of this paper it to briefly review recent work from our laboratory dealing with the form of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-OHSD) present in renal aldosterone target cells. It is well established that aldosterone is the physiological mineralocorticoid hormone. The observation that mineralocorticoid receptors have equal affinity for aldosterone and endogenous glucocorticoids, coupled with the fact that circulating levels of glucocorticoids are much higher than those of aldosterone, raises the question of how aldosterone can fulfill its function. To explain this paradox, it was hypothesized that in mineralocorticoid target tissues 11β-OHSD rapidly inactivates glucocorticoids (but not aldosterone), thereby decreasing intracellular glucocorticoid levels, so that aldosterone can exert specific regulation via the mineralocorticoid receptor. However, the only form of this enzyme which has been cloned thus far might not be the enzyme which is able to confer aldosterone selectivity on the mineralocorticoid receptor. On the other hand, a new form of 11β-OHSD (11β-OHSD/CD) that we have discovered in renal collecting duct cells possesses all the properties necessary for protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor: very high affinity for endogenous glucocorticoids, high abundance in target cells, and irreversible dehydrogenase activity. Our hypothesis is that 11β-OHSD/CD is the enzyme that ensures aldosterone selectivity in mineralocorticoid target cells, and that is the product of a gene different from the one previously cloned.
Transition rule complexity in grid-based automata models

Grid-based automata models have been widely applied in simulating ecological process and spatial patterns at all spatial scales. In this paper, we present methods for calculating the effects of number of states, size of the neighborhood, means of tallying neighborhood states, and choice of deterministic or stochastic rules on the complexity and tractability of spatial automata models. We use as examples Conway's Game of Life and models for successional dynamics in a mesquite savanna landscape in south Texas. The number of possible neighborhood state configurations largely determines the complexity of automata models. The number of different configurations in Life, a two-state, deterministic, voting-rule model with an eight-cell Moore neighborhood is 18. A similar model for the seven-state savanna system would have 21,021 different neighborhood configurations. For stochastic models, the number of possible state transitions is the number of neighborhood configurations times the number of possible cell states. A stochastic, unique neighbor model for the savanna system with a Moore neighborhood and seven possible states would have 282,475,249 possible neighborhood-based state transitions. Stochastic models with an eight-cell Moore neighborhood are probably most appropriate for ecological applications. The best options for minimizing the complexity of ecological models are using voting rather than unique neighbor transition rules, reducing the number of possible states, and implementing ecologically-based heuristics to simplify the transition rule table.
The selenium content of eggs, milk, and water in relation to dental caries in children.

Summary A study was conducted regarding theselenium content of eggs and milk, as well as that of private and public water supplies, in the counties of Klamath, Jackson, and Josephine, of Oregon. The number of samples of the three items under investigation collected from individual farms of each of the counties was about the same. The results showed that eggs and milkproduced in Klamath county had statistically significant lower selenium content than those produced in the other two counties. This observation provides an explanation for the differences in urinary selenium concentration observed in two previous studies among school children living in the three counties. The selenum content of water samples collected from the three counties was found to be insignificant. The findings of the present study provideadditional evidence that determination of urinary selenium concentration is a good criterion of the amount of this element ingested.
Solar interferometry utilizing the visibility of diffraction-free images

High resolution interferometry of the solar disk and measurements of the solar angular diameter are presented utilizing a small aperture lensless interferometer based on the Talbot self-imaging effect.
An improved two-node finite element for stability and natural frequencies of axial-loaded Timoshenko beams

The linear flexural stiffness, incremental stiffness, mass, and consistent force matrices for a simple two-node Timoshenko beam element are developed based upon Hamilton's principle, where interdependent cubic and quadratic polynomials are used for the transverse and rotational displacements, respectively. The resulting linear flexural stiffness matrix is in agreement with the exact 2-node Timoshenko beam stiffness matrix. Numerical results are presented to show that the current element can accurately predict the buckling load and natural frequencies of axially-loaded isotropic and composite beams for a wide variety of beam-lengths and boundary conditions. The current element consistently outperforms the existing finite element approaches in studies involving the buckling or vibration behavior of axially-loaded short beams.
Failure identification of induction motors by sensing unbalanced stator currents

The maintenance of electric drives is essential to their efficient and safe operation in any industry. The lack of an effectively designed and implemented maintenance policy will result in increased downtime, increased capital losses from catastrophic failures, and in some cases, a reduced level of personnel safety. Traditional approaches to maintenance include statistical-replacement policies and preventive-maintenance testing. The relative success or failure of these approaches is dependent on the specific industrial setting. However both have inherent limitations. For example, replacement policies tend to increase costs because motors are often taken out of service while still in good condition. Off-line testing procedures, such as insulation-resistance measurements, have limited value since they can be difficult to interpret and are applicable to the detection of a limited number of failure modes. On-line and continuous monitoring methods offer significant advantages in this regard, since incipient failures can be detected, and appropriate maintenance actions can be scheduled, thereby avoiding the costs and problems associated with unexpected failures. Thus far, research in this area has focused on sensing magnetic flux, stator current, rotor current, shaft flux, ground fault current, vibrations, temperature, and speed fluctuations. The first five methods are based on sensing electrical or magnetic parameters, and the remaining are based on monitoring mechanical quantities. A classical type of current transformer is found very effective in sensing the unbalanced currents in the three-phase power system where highresistance grounding is used, such as in an underground coal mine.
Ion-implanted bipolar transistor carrier concentration profiles

Abstract The investigation of ion implantation as a dopant process for the fabrication of narrow base width (1000 A) n-p-n microwave (5–10 GHz) bipolar transistors has been made. The performance of a bipolar transistor is intimately related to the impurity dopant distribution in the emitter and base regions of the device. Ionized impurity profiles have been determined by making Hall effect and resistivity measurements as a function of dopant layer thickness. The profiles of arsenic, phosphorus, and boron were investigated in this matter. The phosphorus layers were formed both by diffusion and implantation, while only ion implanted boron and arsenic layers were measured. The results obtained are presented.
Infrared coherence and the QED path integral

The infrared coherent states developed by Faddeev and Kulish are used to construct the path-integral representation of quantum electrodynamics. The result shows that the time-ordered products of the asymptotic fields, previously evaluated within the operator formulation, can be derived from the functional formalism. This is accomplished by retaining a nonlocal piece of the original vertex when defining the perturbation series. The resulting path integral allows exact evaluation through a nonperturbative change of spinor variables and the use of the classical solution to the gauge field equation of motion in the presence of a point source moving at constant velocity. Extension of this functional technique to the renormalized theory and to massless nonlinear theories is briefly discussed.
An investigation of the radiosensitizing effects of Ro-07-0582 on hypoxic skin in primates.

Abstract The nitroi,idizole Ro-07-0582 has been investigated as a radiosensitizer using artificially produced hypoxic skin of primates. Relative sensitizing efficiencies from 21 to 81 (enhancement ratios from 1.3 to 1.9) have been obtained for intravenous doses ranging from 100 up to 600 mg/kg. Ro-07-0582 blood levels of 200 μg/ml result in hypoxic skin enhancement ratios of approximately 1.5. Initial determinations show that at best 85–90% of a blood drug level at the time of irradiation can be found in the skin of a primate. Correlating values of hypoxic skin enhancement ratios for clinical use in man may be possible once Ro-07-0582 levels can be obtained in the hypoxic areas of tumors.
Pain, activity restriction, and symptoms of depression among community-residing elderly adults

Relations among physical illness, functional disability, pain, and symptoms of depression were investigated in a sample of community-residing elderly outpatients. As expected, physical illness, functional disability, and pain were correlated with depressive symptomatology. It was further hypothesized that functional disability (but not physical illness per se) would attenuate the relation between depressed affect and pain. The data supported these predictions by showing that functional disability (but not physical illness) accounted for differences in reported pain between nondepressed subjects and those at risk for developing clinical depression. Additional analyses revealed that functional disability mediated relations between pain and depressed affect and also between illness and depressed affect. These results indicate that both pain and illness are important contributors to functional disability, which in turn contributes to symptoms of depression. Secondary analyses revealed that restriction of certain activities associated with physical mobility and independence were strong individual factors in attenuating the relation between pain and depressed affect. An important implication of this research is that neither pain nor activity restriction should be treated in isolation. Maximal effects are likely to be achieved when both are targeted simultaneously.
Tetrametallic rectangular box complexes assembled from heteroligated macrocycles

The reaction of a heteroligated Rh(I) bimetallic macrocycle with rigid ditopic ligands (1,4-dicyanobenzene, 4-4′-dicyanobiphenyl, or dipyridyl terminated salen ligand 5) results in the formation of tetrametallic rectangular box complexes.
Effects of instructions and retention interval on memory of presentation mode

Memory for mode of presentation (auditory or visual) was investigated in a mixed modality free recall paradigm. The S s either were or were not forewarned of a test on modality identification (MI) following recall. Half the S s were given the MI task immediately following recall and half 15 min after recall. The overall level of MI performance was well above chance in all conditions. The retention interval by modality interaction was significant with auditory words identified more accurately than visual on the immediate test only. There were no differences in recall rate for either modality, nor was there any evidence that S s clustered their recall by modality. The instruction conditions were not significantly different. The implications of these results for several recent memory models were discussed, with the conclusion that many models need elaboration in order to account for the findings.
Spatially resolved stochastic cluster dynamics for radiation damage evolution in nanostructured metals

Abstract A spatially resolved stochastic cluster dynamics (SRSCD) model is introduced to describe radiation-induced defect evolution in metals. The stochastic nature of the method allows SRSCD to model more chemical species and more mobile defects than rate theory methods without loss of computational efficiency, while reaching larger timescales and simulating larger volumes than object-oriented kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) methods. To comprehend the capabilities of the method and access new understanding of defect evolution, SRSCD is used in three scenarios. In the first, the results of Frenkel pair implantation are found to match those of rate theory in both spatially homogeneous and spatially resolved media. Next, to study spatial resolution effects and correspondence to OKMC, the results of 20 keV cascade implantation into copper is simulated and an acceptable match with OKMC is found. Finally the method is used to study the problem of helium desorption in thin iron foils. The model is compared with available experimental measures and is found to be in good agreement. The ability of SRSCD to include many mobile species of defects allows a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of helium release from the free surface of the iron foils. As a result new dominant mechanisms of helium release are discussed as well as their operating regimes.
Plasmon Spectra at Wurtzite Aluminum Gallium Nitride / Silicon Carbide Heterojunctions

We present theoretical calculations for electron plasmon spectra at wurtzite Aluminum Gallium Nitride/ Silicon Carbide heterojunctions. Spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations in wurtzite semiconductors give rise to polarization discontinuities at interfaces and to bound interface sheet charges. These charges are of the order of 1013 electrons per cm2 and give rise to two dimensional electron or hole gases near heterojunctions. Electron-electron interactions in the two-dimensional electron gases give rise to collective plasmon excitations. We calculate the dielectric function in these electron gases under the well-known and widely studied random phase approximation. Our calculations are relevant to the determination of the plasmon spectra at wurtzite Aluminum Gallium Nitride / Silicon Carbide heterojunctions and are of potential interest for determining the limits of mobility in two-dimensional electron gases. They are also of interest for terahertz electronics applications.
Study of Environmental Fluid Mechanics Using State-of-the-Art Experimental Techniques and Instrumentation

Experimental fluid mechanics has always been an important branch of fluid mechanics to study the complex nature of fluid flows that often do not yield simple analytical descriptions. During recent decades, advanced experimental techniques such as optical techniques for water wave study, laser doppler velocimetry ~LDV! and particle image velocimetry ~PIV! for turbulence research, and laser-induced-fluorescent technique ~LIF! for mixing studies have been developed at leading universities and research institutes around the world. In addition, new field techniques utilizing remotely controlled data logging through telemetry have been developed for monitoring waves, currents, bridge scour, and sediment transport. This special issue is intended to collect papers to review recent advances in experimental techniques and to introduce and promote the development of advanced experimental instrumentation for both teaching and research in environmental fluid mechanics. This special volume consists of papers written by leading researchers in experimental fluid mechanics and lab/field measurements with applications to water waves ~‘‘PIV measurements
Correlation of contemporary karst landforms with paleokarst landforms: The problem of scale

The signature of karst terrain is a suite of characteristic landforms: caves, closed depressions, deranged surface drainage, and sculptured bedrock surfaces. Identification of karst, in reality, is accomplished by an ill-defined mix of morphological, sedimentological, and bedrock-geology evidence. The purely morphological signature depends on an examination of population statistics and the scaling laws for the various landforms. Caves are gragments of active and paleo conduit drainage systems. The distribution of cave lengths is a power function with a fractional (fractal) exponent. The number of closed depressions of given depth or diameter falls off exponentially with increasing size. Blind valley areas relate to stream length and stream order by power laws. Some features of bedrock sculpturing occur at fixed scale. Pinnacle karren, however, appear to be scale invariant over seven orders of magnitude of scale range.
Efficacy and safety of repeated hepatocyte transplantation for significant liver repopulation in rodents

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Significant liver repopulation by hepatocyte transplantation will advance clinical applications. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that translocation of transplanted cells into liver plates will allow repeated cell transplantation for increasing the transplanted hepatocyte mass. METHODS: Hepatocytes were transplanted via spleen from either F344 rats into syngeneic recipients deficient in dipeptidyl peptidase IV or from transgenic hepatitis B surface antigen-producing G26 mice with hepatitis B virus into nontransgenic congeneic recipients. Portosystemic shunting was shown by radiological methods. RESULTS: Repeated hepatocyte transplantation led to progressively increased liver repopulation. Transplantation of 1.75 x 10(8) hepatocytes in three divided doses repopulated more than an estimated 5% of the host rat liver, with 3.8 x 10(6) +/- 0.1 x 10(6) transplanted cells/cm3 liver. This was a tenfold or threefold mean increase in transplanted cell number compared with recipients of 2.0 x 10(7) or 7.5 x 10(7) cells transplanted in single sessions, respectively (P < 0.001). Repeated hepatocyte transplantation interfered with neither cell integrations in liver parenchyma nor secretory function of transplanted cells. Portal hypertension, portasystemic collaterals, or intrahepatic shunting were not observed in cell recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated transplantation of hepatocytes in large numbers is safe and effective and should advance strategies for liver repopulation. (Gastroenterology 1996 Oct;111(4):1092-1102)
The Role of the Complement System in Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury is a common and severe clinical problem. Patients who develop acute kidney injury are at increased risk of death despite supportive measures such as hemodialysis. Research in recent years has shown that tissue inflammation is central to the pathogenesis of renal injury, even after nonimmune insults such as ischemia/reperfusion and toxins. Examination of clinical samples and preclinical models has shown that activation of the complement system is a critical cause of acute kidney injury. Furthermore, complement activation within the injured kidney is a proximal trigger of many downstream inflammatory events within the renal parenchyma that exacerbate injury to the kidney. Complement activation also may account for the systemic inflammatory events that contribute to remote organ injury and patient mortality. Complement inhibitory drugs have now entered clinical use and may provide an important new therapeutic approach for patients suffering from, or at high risk of developing, acute kidney injury.