cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SHORT-TERM Hα VARIABILITY IN M DWARFS

We spectroscopically study the variability of H? emission in mid- to late-M dwarfs on timescales of ~0.1-1?hr as a proxy for magnetic variability. About 80% of our sample exhibits statistically significant variability on the full range of timescales probed by the observations, and with amplitude ratios in the range of ~1.2-4. No events with an order of magnitude increase in H? luminosity were detected, indicating that their rate is 0.05?hr?1 (95% confidence level). We find a clear increase in variability with later spectral type, despite an overall decrease in H? activity (i.e., L H?/L bol). For the ensemble of H? variability events, we find a nearly order of magnitude increase in the number of events from timescales of about 10-30 minutes, followed by a roughly uniform distribution at longer durations. The event amplitudes follow an exponential distribution with a characteristic scale of Max(EW)/Min(EW) ? 1 0.7. This distribution predicts a low rate of ~10?6?hr?1 for events with Max(EW)/Min(EW) 10, but serendipitous detections of such events in the past suggest that they represent a different distribution. Finally, we find a possible decline in the amplitude of events with durations of 0.5?hr, which may point to a typical energy release in H? events for each spectral type (E H? ~ L H? ? t ~ const). Longer observations of individual active objects are required to further investigate this possibility. Similarly, a larger sample may shed light on whether H? variability correlates with properties such as age or rotation velocity.
Call to action: Addressing pediatric fall safety in ambulatory environments.

Abstract Background Pediatric falls in the ambulatory environment are a patient safety concern. Historically, fall safety efforts have focused on inpatient settings and are not transferrable to ambulatory environments. Minimal research and absence of ambulatory-specific guidelines from regulatory and global benchmarking bodies contribute to the void of knowledge. Consequently, there has been minimal progress in developing fall reduction strategies for the ambulatory environment. Purpose To review research evidence and findings from environmental assessments that included interprofessional stakeholder feedback to make recommendations for improving fall safety in the pediatric ambulatory environment. Methods Implementation science was employed in two large pediatric quaternary hospitals to identify existing gaps and provided the foundation for translation of findings in the development of fall safety practice recommendations in the ambulatory environment. Results Recommendations from the findings included identified barriers and tangible interventions within three broad categories: equipment and furniture, environment, and people. Purposeful inclusion of all areas in the ambulatory environment, integration of high reliability concepts, and partnering with parents were identified as pertinent factors associated with these recommendations. Conclusion This call to action recognizes the importance of utilizing an evidence-based approach for improvement and provides a framework for conducting an environmental assessment, which is an essential starting point to improve fall safety in the pediatric ambulatory environment. Guidance and support from research, regulatory and collaborative bodies, and healthcare organizations remains a critical need in improving fall safety.
Nonlinear Robotic Control Including Drive Motor Interactions

A unified approach to a robust robotic control design which retains all the nonlinearities inherent in the dynamics is developed for motor-robot configuration considered as an interacting system. This control system design, based on decomposition and Freund's nonlinear decoupling control theory with arbitrary pole placement, decouples the motor-robot configuration into robot, motor, and series compliance (interaction) subsystems. This approach is in contrast to the conventional treatment of the motor as a pure torque source and the neglect of dynamic interactions between the robot joint and the motor drive mechanism.
The effects of intravenous injections of ergonovine and solution of posterior pituitary extract on the postpartum patient.

Abstract Symptoms associated with one unit of solution of posterior pituitary extract given intravenously occur frequently but are transient, variable, and do not contraindicate the use of the drug. Injections have been given to thousands of patients and only one in over 28 years was found to be unusually susceptible, and while she was sick for several hours, she was never critically ill. She also consented to two subsequent studies. Death is usually due to hemorrhage and shock from the ruptured uterus following the injection of from 5 to 10 units of the pituitary solution. There are numerous subjective symptoms in postpartum patients receiving oxytocic medication intravenously. In 2 groups of patients totaling 37 who received intravenous injections of ergonovine maleate 0.4 mg., there were 57 per cent who experienced cramping; 19 per cent dizziness; 14 per cent nausea (one case associated with emesis); 14 per cent flushing; and small numbers who complained of cardio- or laryngospasm, headache, desire to defecate or to urinate, tingling of breasts, tinnitus, and palpitation. Very few of the symptoms can be attributed to the psychic effect of an intravenous injection. Also, there were 58 per cent who developed a transient rise in blood pressure after intravenous ergonovine. Thus, one must conclude that a therapeutic dosage of ergonovine given intravenously can produce definite, distressing symptoms which are transient and variable.
Motion Planning in Humans and Robots

We present a general framework for generating trajectories and actuator forces that will take a robot system from an initial configuration to a goal configuration in the presence of obstacles observed with noisy sensors. Studies of human voluntary manipulation tasks suggest that human motions can be described as solutions of certain optimization problems. Motivated by these observations, we formulate the robot motion planning problem as a problem of finding the trajectory and the associated actuator inputs that optimize a performance criterion dictated by specific task requirements. We show that this approach can be extended to incorporate uncertainty by formulating the motion planning problem as a two-person, zero sum game with the optimal solution being a saddle-point strategy. We present several examples to illustrate our approach.
Selenium as an antiviral agent

Recent work with selenium has demonstrated that a deficiency in this trace mineral will lead to increased viral pathogenesis. Selenium-deficient animals infected with a viral pathogen demonstrate immune dysfunction, including altered chemokine and cytokine expression patterns. A benign coxsackievirus infection of selenium-deficient mice leads to the development of myocarditis and further experiments demonstrated that the change in virulence was due to point mutations in the viral genome. Thus, replication in a selenium-deficient host led to a normally benign virus acquiring virulence due to viral mutations. A deficiency in selenium is also associated with disease progression in HIV-infected individuals and with hepatitis C virus-induced liver cancers. It appears that adequate levels of selenium help to protect the host against viral infection.
Protease-inhibitor boosting in the treatment-experienced patient

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) consisting of protease inhibitor (PI)-containing regimens has revolutionized the treatment options for HIV-infected individuals. However, even with successful treatment, virus is not completely eliminated, and virologic failure can occur because of treatment complexity, tolerability and side-effect issues, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics. Ritonavir-boosted PI therapies (i.e. combinations of low-dose ritonavir with a primary PI) can effectively enhance the pharmacokinetics of the primary PI by reducing its first-pass metabolism and postabsorptive clearance, thereby increasing potency. Boosted PI regimens may also simplify treatment by reducing regimen complexity and pill burden. For treatment-experienced patients, the higher PI concentrations achieved with ritonavir boosting may improve activity against PI-resistant virus. This article reviews the principles of PI boosting, its advantages and disadvantages, and the clinical experience with this strategy in treatment-experienced populations.
Development of a 3D Controller Using LEDs and Sensors

Current recreational and industrial 3D controllers are cumbersome in design and can be difficult to use, these controllers have supplementary controllers and limited direct control abilities -- otherwise observed as restricted simultaneous control of spatial axes. This paper proposes the development of a novel control system, a "quad-sensing 3D controller," that utilizes pre-existing LED and sensor technologies directly mounted on a slid able framework. Via quad-sensing, the position of a movable LED can be determined in Euclidean space. The proposed controller eliminates the need for supplementary controllers by using several LEDs and sensors. The simplified design of a quad-sensing 3D controller allows for expanded direct control usages, resulting in a controller that can better manipulate objects in 3D space. In comparison to current recreational and industrial 3D controllers, quad-sensing 3D controllers are also more lightweight and cost-effective with the minimization of components.
An architecture for adaptive algorithmic hybrids

We describe a cognitive architecture for creating more robust intelligent systems by executing hybrids of algorithms based on different computational formalisms. The architecture is motivated by the belief that (1) most existing computational methods often exhibit some of the characteristics desired of intelligent systems at the cost of other desired characteristics and (2) a system exhibiting robust intelligence can be designed by implementing hybrids of these computational methods. The main obstacle to this approach is that the various relevant computational methods are based on data structures and algorithms that are very difficult to integrate into one system. We describe a new method of executing hybrids of algorithms using the focus of attention of multiple modules. This approach has been embodied in the Polyscheme cognitive architecture. Systems based on Polyscheme can integrate reactive robotic controllers, logical and probabilistic inference algorithms, frame-based formalisms and sensor-processing algorithms into one system. Existing applications involve human-robot interaction, heterogeneous information retrieval and natural language understanding. Systems built using Polyscheme demonstrate that algorithmic hybrids implemented using a focus of attention can (1) exhibit more characteristics of intelligence than individual computational methods alone and (2) deal with problems that have formerly been beyond the reach of synthetic computational intelligence.
Avoidance of criminality in abused and neglected children.

This paper compares previously abused and neglected children who have avoided official records of delinquency and adult criminality with those who have not. The goal of this analysis is to uncover potential mediating variables that may act to buffer or protect maltreated children from later delinquency and criminality. It is hoped that this analysis will provoke others to consider the "invulnerable" among the abused and neglected so that we might ultimately learn what works to protect them. In terms of "competence" as an outcome, these findings must be treated as preliminary. Language: en
Occlusion Removal Using Depth Mapping in Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging

In this paper, we present an occlusion removal method to enhance reconstructed images of occluded three-dimensional (3D) objects based on pixel depth mapping technique in 3D multi-perspective imaging. Depth mapping is achieved by minimizing the statistical variance of projection image pixels of 3D object points on different perspective images. Then depth map and variance map are utilized to classify elemental image pixels into object or occlusion classes. Based on pixel classification results, a modified reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct the object without the effect of occlusion. In the proposed method, the occlusion is unknown and may be arbitrarily placed in front of the scene. Experimental results are presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Polarization rotation enhancement and gyrotropic photonic bandgaps in birefringent magneto-photonic crystals

We present a study of polarization rotation enhancement in birefringent magneto-optic photonic crystal waveguides and provide theoretical and experimental support for a novel type of photonic bandgap. The coupling between counter-propagating elliptically birefringent local normal modes of different order results in the formation of partially overlapping bandgaps and selective suppression of Bloch state propagation near the band edges. We use a bilayer unit cell stack model with an alternating system of birefringent states in adjacent layers. A magnetically tunable and large polarization rotation of the allowed Bloch modes near the band edges is computed theoretically and observed experimentally.
Reversible alkene insertion into the Pd-N bond of Pd(II)-sulfonamidates and implications for catalytic amidation reactions.

Alkene insertion into Pd–N bonds is a key step in Pd-catalyzed oxidative amidation of alkenes. A series of well-defined Pd(II)-sulfonamidate complexes have been prepared and shown to react via insertion of a tethered alkene. The Pd–amidate and resulting Pd–alkyl species have been crystallographically characterized. The alkene insertion reaction is found to be reversible, but complete conversion to oxidative amination products is observed in the presence of O2. Electronic-effect studies reveal that alkene insertion into the Pd–N bond is favored kinetically and thermodynamically with electron-rich amidates.
Transgenic mice expressing the human GLUT4/muscle-fat facilitative glucose transporter protein exhibit efficient glycemic control

To examine the physiological role of the GLUT4/muscle-fat specific facilitative glucose transporter in regulating glucose homeostasis, we have generated transgenic mice expressing high levels of this protein in an appropriate tissue-specific manner. Examination of two independent founder lines demonstrated that high-level expression of GLUT4 protein resulted in a marked reduction of fasting glucose levels (approximately 70 mg/dl) compared to wild-type mice (approximately 130 mg/dl). Surprisingly, 30 min following an oral glucose challenge the GLUT4 transgenic mice had only a slight elevation in plasma glucose levels (approximately 90 mg/dl), whereas wild-type mice displayed a typical 2- to 3-fold increase (approximately 250-300 mg/dl). In parallel to the changes in plasma glucose, insulin levels were approximately 2-fold lower in the transgenic mice compared to the wild-type mice. Furthermore, isolated adipocytes from the GLUT4 transgenic mice had increased basal glucose uptake and subcellular fractionation indicated elevated levels of cell surface-associated GLUT4 protein. Consistent with these results, in situ immunocytochemical localization of GLUT4 protein in adipocytes and cardiac myocytes indicated a marked increase in plasma membrane-associated GLUT4 protein in the basal state. Taken together these data demonstrate that increased expression of the human GLUT4 gene in vivo results in a constitutively high level of cell surface GLUT4 protein expression and more efficient metabolic control over fluctuations in plasma glucose concentrations.
Unique Reactivity of a Tetradentate N2S2 Complex of Nickel: Intermediates in the Production of Sulfur Oxygenates

Complex 1 [(N,N‘-dimethyl-N,N‘-bis(2-sulfanylethyl)ethylenediamine)nickel(II)], previously shown to react with H2O2 to produce the fully oxygenated disulfonate 5 [diaqua(N,N‘-dimethyl-N,N‘-bis(2-sulfonatoethyl)ethylenediamine)nickel(II)], has been explored in detail to explain the observed reactivity of this compound and to discern intermediates in the oxygenation reaction. Reaction of 1 with 1 equiv of methyl iodide results in the monomethylated square-planar nickel complex 2 {[(N,N‘-dimethyl-N-(2-sulfanylethyl)-N‘-(2-methylthioethyl)(ethylenediamine)nickel(II)] iodide}, while a slight excess of methyl iodide results in the dimethylated complex 3 [diiodo(N,N‘-dimethyl-N,N‘-bis(2-methylthioethyl)ethylenediamine)nickel(II)], an X-ray structure of which has shown that the nickel ion is in an octahedral N2S2I2 environment. Crystal data of 3: monoclinic, a = 8.865(3) A, b = 14.419(4) A, c = 14.389(6) A, β = 100.19(3)°, V = 1810.2(12) A3, space group P21/n, Z = 4. The equatorial positions are occupied by the ...
Agrarian Potential, Population, and the Tarascan State

Estimates based on potential maize crops and maize consumption patterns of the 15th-century Mesoamerican protohistoric Tarascan population living within its geopolitical core (Lake Pattzcuaro Basin) indicate that this population had not maintained itself through agricultural- and lacustrine-carrying capacity alone. It was through having to obtain basic resources such as maize from outside the basin that the Tarascans developed mechanisms that formed the particular character of their state.
Conrad of Megenberg: The parisian years

Conrad of Megenberg was one of the most important and productive German scholars in the generation before Henry of Langenstein, Henry Totting of Oyta, and Marsilius of Inghen, and like the latter three secular masters, he received much of his higher education at Paris. Conrad’s Parisian period began with his appointment as lector in philosophy at the Cistercian house of studies, the College St. Bernard. If Conrad moved out of the College St. Bernard when he became regent master in arts, his departure ironically would coincide approximately with the completion of philosophical studies and the beginning of theological studies of a young and later controversial Cistercian monk, Jean de Mirecourt. The peculiar thing is that Conrad never refers to himself as a bachelor in theology, and that title is never accorded to him when he is mentioned in papal documents, as was customary.Keywords: Conrad of Megenberg; Parisian period; theology
Trajectory Synthesis for Air Traffic Automation

Trajectory synthesis algorithms that are key to the center ‐terminal radar approach control automation system (CTAS) developed at NASA Ames Research Center for air trafe c control automation are discussed. CTAS generates computer advisories based on synthesized trajectories that help controllers to produce a safe, efe cient, and expeditious e ow of trafe c over the extended terminal area. Trajectories are synthesized from initial aircraft positionsto ametering e x orrunway, depending on airspace.Thehorizontal pathisconstructed e rstfrom specie ed waypoints using straight lines and constant-radius turns. The vertical trajectory is divided into a series of e ight segments. Three types of e ight proe les are dee ned by connecting selected segments in a predetermined order: fast, nominal, and slow. Each proe lecan produce a certain rangeof arrivaltimes. A second-order Runge ‐Kutta scheme is used for integrating a set of simplie ed point-mass equations to generate vertical trajectories. Then, an iterative scheme is employed to determine the speed that meets a specie ed arrival time. Several special case trajectories are also explained. Two e ight scenarios are used to illustrate the use of trajectory synthesis algorithms.
Tower-Induced Errors in Wind Profile Measurements

Abstract An investigation of the effect of a meteorological tower on the measurement of wind speed was conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Reductions up to 35% occur in the wake. The distribution of the velocity deficit in the wake is nearly Gaussian; corrections based on this distribution have improved wind data in a trial case. A slight dependence on atmospheric stability was detected; the deficit appears to be independent of the wind speed.
Visible light photolysis of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-titanium(III) solutions

Abstract Hydrochloric acid solutions containing tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and titanium(III) were irradiated with visible light. Contrary to a published report, we find that virtually no molecular hydrogen is produced during the photolysis (quantum yield ⩽ 1O −5 mol einstem −1 ). The mechanism of the quenching of the charge-transfer excited state of the ruthenium(II) complex by titanium(III) is discussed.
Joint Analyses of Disease and Correlated Quantitative Phenotypes Using Next-Generation Sequencing Data

The joint analysis of multiple disease phenotypes aims to increase statistical power and potentially identify pleiotropic genes involved in the biological development of common chronic diseases. As next-generation sequencing data become more common, it will be important to consider ways to maximize the ability to detect rare variants within the human genome. The two exome sequence data sets provided for analysis at Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17) offered three quantitative phenotypes related to disease status in 200 simulated replicates for both families and unrelated individuals. Participants in Group 10 addressed the challenges and potential uses of next-generation sequencing data to identify causal variants through a broad range of statistical methods. These methods included investigating multiple phenotypes either through data reduction or joint methods, using family or unrelated individuals, and reducing the dimensionality inherent in these data. Most of the research teams regarded the use of multiple phenotypes as a means of increasing analytical power and as a way to clarify the biology of complex disease. Three major observations were gleaned from these Group 10 contributions. First, family and unrelated case-control samples are suited to finding different types of variants. In addition, collapsing either phenotypes or genotypes can reduce the dimensionality of the data and alleviate some of the problems of multiple testing. Finally, we were able to demonstrate in certain cases that performing a joint analysis of disease status and a quantitative trait can improve statistical power.
Use of Cultured Cells to Study the Relationship Between Arachidonic Acid and Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor

We have used mixedand co-cultures of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells to investigate the role of phospholipase activation and arachidonic acid metabolites in the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Inhibition of phospholipase A2with para-bromophenacyl bromide, dexamethasone or quinacrine, alone or in combination, blocked arachidonate release by 50%-60% but had no effect on EDRF production as assessed by cyclic GMP accumulation in mixedor co-cultures of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Inhibition of the phospholipase C-diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase pathway of arachidonate release by the DAG lipase inhibitor RHC-80267 also caused partial inhibition of arachidonate release and had no effect on EDRF. When both phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C pathways for arachidonate mobilization were inhibited (dexamethasone + RHC 80267), arachidonate release was totally inhibited while EDRF release remained intact. We conclude that neither phospholipase activation nor arachidonate mobilization is required for EDRF release from cultured bovine endothelial cells.
Cross-view activity recognition using Hankelets

Human activity recognition is central to many practical applications, ranging from visual surveillance to gaming interfacing. Most approaches addressing this problem are based on localized spatio-temporal features that can vary significantly when the viewpoint changes. As a result, their performances rapidly deteriorate as the difference between the viewpoints of the training and testing data increases. In this paper, we introduce a new type of feature, the “Hankelet” that captures dynamic properties of short tracklets. While Hankelets do not carry any spatial information, they bring invariant properties to changes in viewpoint that allow for robust cross-view activity recognition, i.e. when actions are recognized using a classifier trained on data from a different viewpoint. Our experiments on the IXMAS dataset show that using Hanklets improves the state of the art performance by over 20%.
Thin film edge emitting lasers integrated onto silicon

The integration of thin film edge emitting lasers onto silicon enables the realization of planar photonic structures for interconnection and for miniaturized optical systems that can be integrated in their entirety at the chip scale. These thin film emitters are compound semiconductor lasers that are optimized for operation without the growth substrate. Removal of the laser growth substrate, coupled with bonding to the silicon host substrate, enable the integration of high quality edge emitting lasers with silicon. This paper explores the challenges, approaches, fabrication processes, and progress in the integration of thin film edge emitting lasers integrated onto silicon.
Modeling of user performance with computer access and augmentative communication systems for handicapped people

The design of the user interface for an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) or computer access system is a critical factor in determining a user's p0erformance with a system. A comprehensive, quantitative, and accurate model for alternative access systems is needed to optimize both developers' design decisions and clinicians' system recommendations. This paper presents an application of one possible model, called the GOMS (Goals, Operafors, Mefhods, Selecfion Rules) model (Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983). The model provides a comprehensive description of user behavior based on system-specific parameters as well as the cognitive, perceptual, and motor capabilities of the user. It can be used to predict both task execution and learning times, as well as points of excessive long or short term memory load. The GOMS model is applied here to three interfaces currently used in AAC and computer access systems in order describe and predict user performance, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The thre...
Studies on the production of high radioiodine uptake goiter with propylthiouracil.

Rats were fed a low iodine diet with propylthiouracil added at a level of from 2×1O−5 to 15×lO−2%. In 2 of the 3 experiments, half the animals received supplementary iodine. In no instance was the thyroid enlargement in propylthiouracil-fed rats significantly greater than that of the respective controls without a concomitant lowering of radioiodine uptake. Iodine supplementation favored the formation of diiodotyrosine and T4 over monoiodotyrosine and T3. Propylthiouracil inhibited formation of diiodotyrosine and T4 to a greater extent than it did monoiodotyrosine and T3. Supplementary iodine decreased goitrogenesis but increased the inhibitory effects of propylthiouracil on radioiodine uptake and on formation of diiodotyrosine and T4.
Immunoreactivity profile of hippocampal CA2/3 neurites in diffuse Lewy body disease.

Ubiquitin-immunoreactive dystrophic neurites in the CA2/3 region of the hippocampus are characteristic of diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). The origin of dystrophic CA2/3 neurites is unknown, but their extent correlates with the number of cortical Lewy bodies (LBs). To examine the molecular composition of these lesions, hippocampal sections were obtained at postmortem from cases of DLBD, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The tissue samples were fixed in a variety of fixatives and immunostained with antibodies to ubiquitin, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (PGP9.5), neurofilament protein subunits, tau protein, paired helical filaments and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In addition to being ubiquitin positive, both cortical LBs and CA2/3 dystrophic neurites were positive with a neurofilament monoclonal antibody (RM032) and PGP9.5; however, fewer lesions were detected with these antibodies compared to ubiquitin immunocyto-chemistry. The dystrophic CA2/3 neurites were not stained with antibodies to tau proteins, paired helical filaments or TH. Absence of TH immunoreactivity suggests that CA2/3 neuritic processes are not derived from brain stem dopaminergic afferents to the hippocampus. Since CA2/3 neurites are immunologically similar to cortical LB, the pathogenesis of these lesions may be similar. Characterization of dystrophic CA2/3 neurites and cortical LBs may clarify how these lesions contribute to the emergence of dementia in DLBD.
TNFα mediates sepsis‐induced impairment of basal and leucine‐stimulated signaling via S6K1 and eIF4E in cardiac muscle

Decreased translation initiation adversely impacts protein synthesis and contributes to the myocardial dysfunction produced by sepsis. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to identify sepsis-induced changes in signal transduction pathways known to regulate translation initiation in cardiac muscle and to determine whether the stimulatory effects of leucine can reverse the observed defects. To address this aim, sepsis was produced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in anesthetized rats and the animals studied in the fasted condition 24 h later. Separate groups of septic and time-matched control rats also received an oral gavage of leucine. To identify potential mechanisms responsible for regulating cap-dependent mRNA translation in cardiac muscle, several eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) were examined. Under basal conditions, hearts from septic rats demonstrated a redistribution of the rate-limiting factor eIF4E due to increased binding of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 with eIF4E. However, this change was independent of an alteration in the phosphorylation state of 4E-BP1. The phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K1, the ribosomal protein (rp) S6, and eIF4G was not altered in hearts from septic rats under basal conditions. In control rats, leucine failed to alter eIF4E distribution but increased the phosphorylation of S6K1 and S6. In contrast, in hearts from septic rats leucine acutely reversed the alterations in eIF4E distribution. However, the ability of leucine to increase S6K1 and rpS6 phosphorylation in septic hearts was blunted. Sepsis increased the content of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in heart and pre-treatment of rats with a TNF antagonist prevented the above-mentioned sepsis-induced changes. These data indicate that oral administration of leucine acutely reverses sepsis-induced alterations eIF4E distribution observed under basal conditions but the anabolic actions of this amino acid on S6K1 and rpS6 phosphorylation remain blunted, providing evidence for a leucine resistance. Finally, TNFalpha, either directly or indirectly, appears to mediate the sepsis-induced defects in myocardial translation initiation.
Mastoid size and otitis media with effusion: Question of correlation†

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine the incidence of otitis media (OME) with effusion on histologic examination in temporal bones with mastoid cavities reduced by the fenestration procedure for otosclerosis. Study Design: Temporal bone histologic study. Methods: Light-microscopic examination of serially sectioned temporal bones. Results: The incidence of otitis media with effusion in temporal bones with prior fenestration operation was not any more frequent than the control group of temporal bones with surgically unaltered mastoid cavity. Conclusions : There is no increased incidence of otitis media with effusion in temporal bones with prior fenestration op eration.
Kofenya: The Role of Accounting Information in Managing the Risks of a New Business

With its focus on two student entrepreneurs who successfully opened an espresso cafe´, this case illustrates how accounting information can be used to measure performance and control business risks with respect to new businesses. Also, this case encourages you to consider the potential financial outcomes of various risk response options linked to strategic and operating decisions. By completing this case successfully, you should develop a better appreciation for business model development, business process identification, performance measurement, and risk assessment.
Role of a charm factory in extracting CKM-phase information via B → DK

In this paper we study the impact of data that can be obtained from a charm factory on the determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa parameter $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ from decays of the form $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{D}^{0}K$ where the ${D}^{0}$ decays to specific inclusive and exclusive final states. In particular, for each exclusive final state f, the charm factory can determine the strong phase difference between ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f$ and ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f$ by exploiting correlations in $\ensuremath{\psi}(3770)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{0}{D}^{0}.$ This provides crucial input to the determination of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ via the interference of ${B}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f$ with ${B}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f.$ We discuss how the method may be generalized to inclusive final states and illustrate with a toy model how such methods may offer one of the best means to determine $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ with ${O(10}^{8}\char21{}{10}^{9})$ B mesons.
Aperture fields of paraboloidal reflectors by stereographic mapping of feed polarization

For any paraboloidal reflector operating in a focused condition, the aperture-field orientation may be obtained by first stereographically mapping the feed-polarization pattern and then overlaying the paraboloid aperture on the projection. Examples shown are for electric and magnetic dipoles, and Huygens source feeds pointed at central and offset sections of the paraboloidal reflector.
Effect of Sewage Sludge on Formation of Acidic Ground Water at a Reclaimed Coal Mine

Data on rock, ground water, vadose water, and vadose gas chemistry were collected for two years after sewage sludge was applied at a reclaimed surface coal mine in Pennsylvania to determine if surface-applied sludge is an effective barrier to oxygen influx, contributes metals and nutrients to ground water, and promotes the acidification of ground water. Acidity, sulfate, and metals concentrations were elevated in the ground water from spoil relative to unmined rock because of active oxidation of pyrite and dissolution of aluminosilicate, carbonate, and Mn-Fe-oxide minerals in the spoil. Concentrations of acidity, sulfate, metals (Fe, Mn, Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn), and nitrate, and abundances of iron-oxidizing bacteria were elevated in the ground water from sludge-treated spoil relative to untreated spoil having a similar mineral composition; however, gaseous and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not differ between the treatments. Abundances of iron-oxidizing bacteria in the ground water samples were positively correlated with concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, acidity, metals, and sulfate. Concentrations of metals in vadose water samples (< 5-m depth) from sludge-treated spoil (pH 5.9) were not elevated relative to untreated spoil (pH 4.4). In contrast, concentrations of nitrate were elevated in vadose water samples from sludge-treated spoil, frequently exceedingmore » 10 mg/L. Downgradient decreases in nitrate to less than 3 mg/L and increases in sulfate concentrations in underlying ground water could result from oxidation of pyrite by nitrate. Thus, sewage sludge added to pyritic spoil can increase the growth of iron-oxidizing bacteria, the oxidation of pyrite, and the acidification of ground water. Nevertheless, the overall effects on ground water chemistry from the sludge were small and probably short-lived relative to the effects from mining only.« less
Bilingual Writing as an Act of Identity: Sign-Making in Multiple Scripts

This article explores early bilingual script writing as an act of identity. Using multiple theoretical perspectives related to social semiotics and social constructivist perspectives on identity and writing, the research presented in this article is based on a case study of an early biliterate learner of Japanese and English from the ages of 3–7. Through the analysis of multiple data sources, this research seeks to understand how Emma authored herself as she composed signs through the integration of voices represented in the use of multiple scripts. This article presents descriptive statistics on 372 written artifacts collected in the home and two interrelated themes that arose out of the raw data. Finally, this article will suggest that the availability of multiple scripts allowed Emma to work through constructs of “self” and “other.” In addition, the conclusion of this article will discuss the implications for schools.
The new problem of genetics: A response to Gifford

Recently, Fred Gifford attempted to explicate the meaning of the term “genetic” as applied to phenotypic traits. He takes as his primary goal the explication of how the term is used and tries to avoid conclusions about how it should be used. He proposes two independent criteria (DF and PI) which together capture much of what biologists mean when they describe traits as “genetic”. Although Gifford's approach is extremely insightful in many ways, I argue that his analysis is not sufficiently critical concerning the adequacy of common usage.
Solvent effects and approaches for the fine structure analysis of peptidyl amide 1H NMR spectra

Abstract Two methods are used to analyze glycyl C α H 2 −N H 1H NMR spectra as ABX proton spin systems. The first is based on the observation of the doublet-of-doublet fine structure in the N H multiplet assisted by digital resolution enhancement. The second method makes use of low-power, double-resonance 1 H N -{ 1 H α } experiments, selectively decoupling each geminal 1 H α . Here, account must be taken of the effect of the decoupling wave on the nonirradiated 1 H α geminal partner, as in ordinary off-resonance decoupling. Both methods show excellent agreement in the determined 3 J values. Amide N H -C α H spin-spin couplings were determined on alumichrome dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid, trifluoroethanol, and H 2 O, and compared with values previously determined in dimethyl sulfoxide. The solvent effects are shown to be minor and mainly of conformational origin. The present study shows that (a) under favorable conditions the glycyl vicinal N H -C α H couplings can be individually detected as doublet N H resonances, and (b) the Karplus curve for the N H -C α H dihedral angle based on alumichrome data is essentially solvent independent.
Democracy and Danger on the Beach: Class Relations in the Public Space of Rio de Janeiro

Through an ethnographic study of a stretch of beach in Rio de Janeiro's Copacabana and Ipanema neighborhoods, the author argues that the public space of the city can act as a sort of public sphere where the politics of everyday class and race interaction can be part of larger scale politics, even in a very divided city like Rio de Janeiro. But Rio's beaches only confer a sort of marginal citizenship on their users. They are not the location of discursive democracy idealized by some social theorists, nor are they the egalitarian classless and color-blind spaces mythologized by the Brazilian elite. Rather, they are the site of an unequal, often confrontational politics of class whereby the legitimacy of the social order is challenged, renegotiated, and ultimately reproduced.
Cardiovascular effects of NMDA and MK-801 infusion at area postrema and mNTS in rat.

Abstract In urethane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, microinfusion of N- methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) into the area postrema (AP) at the dose of 10 ng produced significant decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (−26 ± 5 mmHg), heart rate (HR) (−34 ± 6 bpm), renal blood flow, mesenteric blood flow, and iliac vascular resistance. In addition, microinfusion of the same dosage of NMDA into the medial nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS) produced significant decreases in MAP (−33 ± 4 mmHg), HR (−33 ± 6 bpm), renal blood flow, mesenteric blood flow and vascular resistance, and iliac blood flow and resistance. MK-801 (dizocilpine) microinfusion alone produced no significant changes in MAP or HR when microinfused either into the AP or unilaterally into the mNTS; however, bilateral microinfusion of MK-801 into mNTS produced sustained hypertension and tachycardia, lasting about 30 min. MK-801 pretreatment at both AP and mNTS effectively blocked NMDA-induced cardiovascular responses. MK-801 microinfusion at AP significantly attenuated baroreceptor reflex-mediated bradycardia elicited by intravenous injection of phenylephrine, but did not alter reflex tachycardia elicited by intravenous nitroprusside. In conclusion, NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission is involved in the cardiovascular functions of both AP and mNTS. Both loci appear to be sites of action for mK-801.
17. Serum free testosterone levels associated with anal human papillomavirus types 16/18 in a cohort of men who have sex with men

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16/18 are significant causes of female cervical cancers and likely cause most anal cancers. Oestrogen influences HPV-related cervical malignancies; however, the role of testosterone in anal HPV16/18 infections is unknown. Methods: 340 men who have sex with men (MSM) enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were tested for serum free testosterone (SFT) and, ~24 months later, anal HPV16/18-DNA. Poisson regression with robust error variance analyses estimated prevalence ratios for HPV16/18 infections with the following exposures: log10-transformed SFT, exogenous and supraphysiological testosterone measures, race, age, self-reported number of anal receptive intercourse partnerships ≤24 months before testing, enrolment period, body mass index, hepatitis C infection, tobacco and alcohol, HIV infection, and CD4+ T-cell counts among the HIV-infected. Stratified-tabular analyses also evaluated blood draw timing (AM/PM), study site, and time on study. Results: 89% (304/340) of men provided complete data for all covariates. On average, men were White (263/304), 60 years old (s.d. 5.3; median 60.1 years) with 76.2 ng dL–1 (s.d. 57.1; median 69.0 ng dL–1) SFT, and 43% (132/304) were HIV infected; 25% (75/304) tested HPV16/18-DNA positive. The fully adjusted model suggests each half-log10 increase of SFT is associated with a 1.69-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 2.64) higher HPV16/18 prevalence. Compared with HIV-uninfected men, HPV16/18 prevalence was 1.81-fold higher (95% CI: 1.08, 3.03) for HIV-infected men with ≤500 CD4+ T-cells mm–3. No other covariates were significantly associated with HPV16/18 prevalence. Conclusions: Higher free testosterone is associated with increased HPV16/18 prevalence in MSM, independent of sexual behaviour and other potential confounders. The mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear and warrant further study.
Coupled differential equations and coupled boundary conditions

Abstract It is demonstrated that the high accuracy for approximations requiring only a few terms which is typical of the decomposition method for nonlinear stochastic operator equations, or special cases (linear or deterministic), holds for coupled equations and coupled boundary conditions as well.
Cough Headache Presenting as a Toothache: A Case Report

Benign cough headache (BCH) presents as an intermittent, usually bilateral, severe bursting or explosive pain brought on by coughing. Some of the known conditions which can mimic the pain experienced in BCH are subarachnoid hemorrhage, increased intracranial pressure, intracranial tumors, and even toothache. Careful evaluation must be carried out in order to differentiate between these conditions. A case of BCH which presented as a toothache is reported. The evaluation for exertional headaches, and for headaches brought on by coughing, is discussed.
Nonlinear load exceedance model for cyclic load processes: development

Studies of structural response due to stochastic load processes have been extended to include nonlinear material response. The studies on the Poisson processes with rectangular pulses were for positive pulse intensity such as gravity load. The reliability analysis developed was not applicable for processes with reversible cyclic load pulses such as earthquake, thermal or wind loads. Since these reversible loads are critical to the safety of a structure, it is vital that a rigorous analysis be developed to perform the safety assessment. In this paper, the development of a probability model for nonlinear load exceedances subjected to a stochastic process with reversible cyclic load pulses is presented. A probability mass function for the nonlinear load exceedances was developed based on the Markov process. The load deformation relationship used in the study was assumed to be bilinear with the unloading parallel to the initial loading path and the compressive properties being the same as tensile. Good agreements were found between the probability model developed and the histograms computed based on simulated load processes.
Revised Structure for the Diphenylaminyl Radical: The Importance of Theory in the Assignment of Electronic Transitions in Ph2X• (X = CH, N) and PhY• (Y = CH2, NH, O)

Density functional theory indicates that the minimum energy structure of the diphenylaminyl radical, Ph2N•, has a “staggered” conformation in which the two phenyl rings are twisted relative to each...
Effects of prostaglandin B2 on renal hemodynamics and excretion.

Summary and ConclusionThe infusion of PGB2 into canine renal arteries produces a dose related increase in total RBF and UNaV. The increasing variability in RBF and NNaV with increasing dose may be due to a transition from vasodilator to vasoconstrictor action. The results obtained demonstrate that PGB2 affects renal hemodynamics and excretion qualitatively the same as PGE1, PGE2, PGA1 and PGA2.