cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The problem of mountain chains

In order to explain the formation of ranges of mountains on the Earth's surface, the solution of three following fundamental problems must be given: (1) the mechanism of the folding of a mountain range, (2) the field of forces corresponding to an actual simultaneous distribution of mountain ranges, and (3) the changes of this field during the geological history. Four principal types of the mechanism of folding may be discerned. The hypothesis of the zonal rotation of the Earth leads to the distribution of forces in the crust which can produce the mountain building in the Tertiary. A certain variation of this field of forces in the preceding geological periods may be established.
Application of respiration- and adenylate-based soil microbiological assays to deep subsurface terrestrial sediments

Abstract Nine samples were aseptically collected from subsurface sediments at depths of 10–436 m at a site in South Carolina near the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Plant. The sediment samples were characterized physically, chemically and microbiologically. Subsurface microbial communities were characterized in various ways. Standard plate counts of the sediment samples resulted in variable densities of culturable bacteria ( 2 to 4.0 × 10 4 colony-forming units g −1 dry wt). Basal respiration values ranged from 0 to 1.08 μg CO 2 g −1 dry wt h −1 ; substrate-induced respiration (SIR) biomass C values ranged from 0 to 40.5 μg biomass C g −1 dry wt; the ATP values ranged from −1 dry wt; and adenylate energy charge (AEC) values ranged from 0.23 to 0.76. Metabolic quotients (respiration rate: biomass C) ranged from 0.000516 to 0.0239 μg CO 2 -Ch −1 : μg biomass C. Respiration rates were correlated with both AEC ( r = 0.860) and ATP ( r = 0.768). Ratios of biomass C to total organic carbon (TOC) for four samples for which TOC data were available averaged 4.96 mg biomass C g −1 organic C.
Identical mutations in unrelated families with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone occur in cytosine-guanine-rich areas of the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene. Analysis of 15 families.

Abstract Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone (GRTH) is a syndrome of variable reduction of tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone. 28 different point mutations in the human thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR beta) gene have been associated with GRTH. These mutations are clustered in two regions of the T3 binding domain of the TR beta (codons 310-347 and 417-453). We now report point mutations in the TR beta gene of six additional families with GRTH and show that three mutations occurred each in three families with GRTH, and that three other mutations were each present in two families. In 11 of these 15 families, lack of a common ancestor could be confirmed by genetic analysis. 28 of the 38 point mutations so far identified, including all those occurring in more than one family, are located in cytosine-guanine-rich areas of the TR beta gene. Differences in clinical and laboratory findings in unrelated families harboring the same TR beta mutation suggest that genetic variability of other factors modulate the expression of thyroid hormone action.
Tombusviruses upregulate phospholipid biosynthesis via interaction between p33 replication protein and yeast lipid sensor proteins during virus replication in yeast

Positive-stranded RNA viruses induce new membranous structures and promote membrane proliferation in infected cells to facilitate viral replication. In this paper, the authors show that a plant-infecting tombusvirus upregulates transcription of phospholipid biosynthesis genes, such as INO1, OPI3 and CHO1, and increases phospholipid levels in yeast model host. This is accomplished by the viral p33 replication protein, which interacts with Opi1p FFAT domain protein and Scs2p VAP protein. Opi1p and Scs2p are phospholipid sensor proteins and they repress the expression of phospholipid genes. Accordingly, deletion of OPI1 transcription repressor in yeast has a stimulatory effect on TBSV RNA accumulation and enhanced tombusvirus replicase activity in an in vitro assay. Altogether, the presented data convincingly demonstrate that de novo lipid biosynthesis is required for optimal TBSV replication. Overall, this work reveals that a (+)RNA virus reprograms the phospholipid biosynthesis pathway in a unique way to facilitate its replication in yeast cells.
Convergence of a head-field selector Otx2 and Notch signaling: a mechanism for lens specification.

Xenopus is ideal for systematic decoding of cis-regulatory networks because its evolutionary position among vertebrates allows one to combine comparative genomics with efficient transgenic technology in one system. Here, we have identified and analyzed the major enhancer of FoxE3 (Lens1), a gene essential for lens formation that is activated in the presumptive lens ectoderm (PLE) when commitment to the lens fate occurs. Deletion and mutation analyses of the enhancer based on comparison of Xenopus and mammalian sequences and in vitro and in vivo binding assays identified two essential transcriptional regulators: Otx2, a homeodomain protein expressed broadly in head ectoderm including the PLE, and Su(H), a nuclear signal transducer of Notch signaling. A Notch ligand, Delta2, is expressed in the optic vesicle adjacent to the PLE, and inhibition of its activity led to loss, or severe reduction, of FoxE3 expression followed by failure of placode formation. Ectopic activation of Notch signaling induced FoxE3 expression within head ectoderm expressing Otx2, and additional misexpression of Otx2 in trunk ectoderm extended the Notch-induced FoxE3 expression posteriorly. These data provide the first direct evidence of the involvement of Notch signaling in lens induction. The obligate integration of inputs of a field-selector (Otx2) and localized signaling (Notch) within target cis-regulatory elements might be a general mechanism of organ-field specification in vertebrates (as it is in Drosophila). This concept is also consistent with classical embryological studies of many organ systems involving a `multiple-step induction9.
Relativistic perspectives of genetic enhancement: a challenge to future progress.

Social, political, cultural, and religious differences all contribute to the wide spectrum of values and perspectives that exist on the topic of genetic enhancement, both across and within contempo...
A radioimmunoassay for the histamine H2-antagonist, tiotidine.

A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the histamine H2-antagonist, tiotidine, has been developed. The assay is based upon competition of tiotidine with [3H]-tiotidine for antibody (Ab) obtained from immunized rabbits. The immunogen used was a glutaraldehyde coupled conjugate of the tiotidine derivative (ICI 147,655) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Displacement of [3H]-tiotidine by unlabeled tiotidine was competitive over a concentration range of 10–1000 fmol. The Ab was 100-fold less sensitive to the pharmacologically inactive metabolite of tiotidine (ICI 129,585) and did not cross-react with histamine, cimetidine or phenylguanidine. In dogs given an i.v dose of tiotidine, plasma levels of the antagonist, as measured by the RIA, were correlated with inhibition of histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. Tiotidine (0.3 or 0.6 μmol kg−1) caused a dose-dependent and transient decrease in acid secretion at plasma concentrations of 10−6 to 10−8M. Other potential analytical and research uses of H2-antagonist radioimmunoassays are discussed.
Impacts associated with the recent range shift of the aeolid nudibranch Phidiana hiltoni (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) in California

In 1977, Phidiana hiltoni (O’Donoghue in J. Entomol Zool (Pomona College, Claremont, California) 19:77–119, 1927) began spreading northward from Monterey, California. By 1992, it had reached Duxbury Reef (37° 53′ 23″ N, 122° 41′ 59″ W), 100 km to the north, where other nudibranchs subsequently appeared to decline. The role of P. hiltoni in this decline was investigated through diet analysis, feeding trials, and comparison of historical and recent abundance data. In the wild, P. hiltoni preyed largely on hydroids, but also showed evidence of predation on nudibranchs. In the laboratory, P. hiltoni attacked most of the dendronotid and aeolid nudibranchs presented to it, ingesting small individuals whole. The pooled abundance of nudibranchs vulnerable to attack by P. hiltoni declined an average of two-thirds at Duxbury Reef since its arrival, compared to (1) no change in the non-vulnerable species and (2) no change in either group at two other sites where P. hiltoni was one to two orders of magnitude less abundant. Phidianahiltoni therefore appears to have caused this decline, likely through a combination of direct predation and competition for prey. A brief larval period, combined with cyclonic re-circulation in the lee of Point Reyes, may be driving self-recruitment of P. hiltoni at Duxbury Reef, as well as hindering further northward spread.
The geometry and topology of reconfiguration

A number of reconfiguration problems in robotics, biology, computer science, combinatorics, and group theory coordinate local rules to effect global changes in system states. We define for any such reconfigurable system a cubical complex-the state complex-which coordinates independent local moves. We prove classification and realization theorems for state complexes, using CAT(0) geometry as the primary tool.
Construct validation of patient global impression of severity (PGI-S) and improvement (PGI-I) questionnaires in the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in aging men are often associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). While regulatory evaluations of treatment benefit require an assessment of specific symptoms, a simpler approach to measuring patients’ perceptions of severity and symptom change may be particularly useful for clinical practice. The aim of this study was to provide evidence of the validity of the 1-item Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S) and Improvement (PGI-I) questionnaires for use as outcome measures in the treatment of BPH-LUTS.
Fixed-phase diffusion Monte Carlo study of the quantum-Hall effect on the Haldane sphere

Abstract A generalized diffusion Monte Carlo method for solving the many-body Schrodinger equation on curved manifolds is introduced and used to perform a ‘fixed-phase’ simulation of the integer and fractional quantum-Hall effect on the Haldane sphere. The effect of Landau level mixing on the ν =1 and ν= 1 3 energy gaps and the relative stability of spin-polarized and spin-reversed quasielectron excitations are studied using the new method.
Nonparametric Optimality of the Sample Mean and Sample Variance

Abstract In discussing sufficiency and completeness, textbooks tend to deal strictly with parametric families of distributions. This note deals with the multinomial and multihypergeometric distributions, which, as will be seen, can represent any distribution to be encountered in practice.
Electronic Energy Transfer in CdSe Quantum Dot Solids

We demonstrate electronic energy transfer between close packed quantum dots using cw and time resolved photoluminescence. Optically clear and thin, close packed quantum dot solids were prepared from mixtures of small and large CdSe quantum dots (38.5 and 62 \AA{}, $\ensuremath{\sigma}l4.5%$). Quenching of the luminescence (lifetime) of the small dots accompanied by enhancement of the luminescence (lifetime) of the large dots is consistent with long-range resonance transfer of electronic excitations from the more electronically confined states of the small dots to the higher excited states of the large dots.
Anaesthesia with dexmedetomidine and remifentanil in a child with mitochondrial myopathy

Patients with mitochondrial disorders have complex physiological issues which create a challenging scenario with regard to the safe provision of anaesthetic care. Within the spectrum of mitochondrial disorders, patients can be susceptible to multiple adverse effects and drug reactions from medications used during general anaesthesia. Although recent evidence suggests that inhalational anaesthetic agents may be used in patients with mitochondrial disorders, there is still a preference among some anaesthesia providers to use total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). In most scenarios, when TIVA is chosen, propofol is a major component. However, as a result of using propofol, patients with mitochondrial disorders may be susceptible to an acute metabolic crisis. It has been postulated that propofol, especially when given in large dosages, or when infused for prolonged periods of time, can adversely affect the function of the abnormal mitochondria that are present in patients with mitochondrial disorders. We present our experience with the use of dexmedetomidine as the primary component of a general anaesthetic regimen in a 10-year-old girl with a mitochondrial disorder and dystonia, who required anaesthetic care during a urological procedure. Previous reports on the use of dexmedetomidine as part of TIVA in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia are reviewed, and its benefits in patients with mitochondrial disorders, discussed. Additional concerns regarding the perioperative care of patients with mitochondrial disorders are deliberated.
Simulation and Evaluation of Respirator Faceseal Leaks Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Infrared Imaging

This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation approach for the prediction of leakage between an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) and a headform and an infrared camera (IRC) method for validating the CFD approach. The CFD method was used to calculate leak location(s) and 'filter-to-faceseal leakage' (FTFL) ratio for 10 headforms and 6 FFRs.The computational geometry and leak gaps were determined from analysis of the contact simulation results between each headform-N95 FFR combination. The volumetric mesh was formed using a mesh generation method developed by the authors. The breathing cycle was described as a time-dependent profile of the air velocity through the nostril. Breathing air passes through both the FFR filter medium and the leak gaps. These leak gaps are the areas failing to achieve a seal around the circumference of the FFR. The CFD approach was validated by comparing facial temperatures and leak sites from IRC measurements with eight human subjects. Most leaks appear at the regions of the nose (40%) and right (26%) and left cheek (26%) sites. The results also showed that, with N95 FFR (no exhalation valves) use, there was an increase in the skin temperature at the region near the lip, which may be related to thermal discomfort. The breathing velocity and the viscous resistance coefficient of the FFR filter medium directly impacted the FTFL ratio, while the freestream flow did not show any impact on the FTFL ratio. The proposed CFD approach is a promising alternative method to study FFR leakage if limitations can be overcome.
Impact of Horizontal Mergers on Research & Development and Patenting: Evidence from Merger Challenges in the U.S.

This paper contributes further empirical evidence on the effects of mergers on innovation using company level data. Evidence on this issue has implications for the relationship between innovation and market concentration. Our departure from previous work is that we focus on a sample of horizontal mergers whose market concentration impacts were flagged by U.S. antitrust authorities as potentially posing a problem for antitrust law compliance. We employ propensity score matching and difference-in-differences estimation to compare the innovation activities of challenged and non-challenged merger firms to a control group of non-merged firms. We use R&D, patent grants, and citation-weighted patent grants to measure the innovation activities of firms before and after a merger. Our results indicate that the post-merger innovation outcomes of firms whose mergers were challenged are lower than they would have been had the firms not merged. But for non-challenged mergers, or mergers that do not raise concerns about market concentration, post-merger innovation outcomes are not significantly different from what they would have been without a merger.
Areawide Patterns of Azinphosmethyl Resistance in Adult Male Platy nota idaeusalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in South central Pennsylvania

Levels of resistance to azinphosmethyl in adult male populations of Platynota Idaeusalis (Walker) within apple, peach, pear, and cherry orchards and woodland from three regions in Adams County, Pa., were tested during 1986-1987. In Quaker Valley, significant differences among habitats were found only for brood I in 1986. However, LD50’s were generally highest for populations within apple and lowest for populations in peach and woods for both years. In 1987, a significant population-within-crop effect was found only for brood II. LD50’s of populations in three more northern orchards within Quaker Valley where azinphosmethyl + phosmet use was high were significantly higher than for two populations in southwestern apple orchards which received less of these pesticides. A comparison of three regions that varied in their mixture of crops and surrounding habitats in 1987 revealed no significant differences among regions. However, significant differences related to crops were found in brood II. LD50’s of populations in apple in Quaker Valley and Fox Hill were significantly higher than for populations in cherry or peach within each region. Low-density, susceptible adult male populations were trapped from wooded sites 1.3-5.0 km from the nearest apple orchards.
A Potentiometric, Spectrophotometric and Pitzer Ion-Interaction Study of Reaction Equilibria in the Aqueous H+-Al3+, H+-Oxalate and H+-Al3+-Oxalate Systems up to 5 mol⋅dm−3 NaCl

The aqueous speciation of the mixed H+-Al3+-oxalate (L) system at equilibrium was determined by potentiometry in solutions of 0.1, 1.6 and 3.0 mol⋅dm−3 NaCl and by spectrophotometry in solutions of 5.0 mol⋅dm−3 NaCl at 298.2 K. These experiments enabled the description of the ionic strength dependence of the AlL+,AlL2− and AlL33− species and the formulation of a Pitzer ion-interaction model. The accuracy of our aqueous speciation calculations for this mixed system was also strengthened by experimental validation of previously-established models for the protonation of oxalate in the H+-L system and of the hydrolysis of Al3+ in the H+-Al3+ system. The latter system also enabled the formulation of a new Pitzer ion-interaction model for the heptavalently-charged Al13O4(OH)247+ Keggin ion to 3.0 mol⋅dm−3 NaCl. The proposed set of parameters can be used to predict chemical speciation in the mixed H+-Al3+-L system in aqueous solutions of NaCl up to 5.0 mol⋅dm−3 (5.6 mol⋅kg−1 NaCl) at 298.2 K.
Eigentaste: A Constant Time Collaborative Filtering Algorithm

Eigentaste is a collaborative filtering algorithm that uses i>universal queries to elicit real-valued user ratings on a common set of items and applies principal component analysis (PCA) to the resulting dense subset of the ratings matrix. PCA facilitates dimensionality reduction for offline clustering of users and rapid computation of recommendations. For a database of i>n users, standard nearest-neighbor techniques require i>O(i>n) processing time to compute recommendations, whereas Eigentaste requires i>O(1) (constant) time. We compare Eigentaste to alternative algorithms using data from i>Jester, an online joke recommending system. Jester has collected approximately 2,500,000 ratings from 57,000 users. We use the Normalized Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) measure to compare performance of different algorithms. In the Appendix we use Uniform and Normal distribution models to derive analytic estimates of NMAE when predictions are random. On the Jester dataset, Eigentaste computes recommendations two orders of magnitude faster with no loss of accuracy. Jester is online at: http://eigentaste.berkeley.edu
Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis: Effect of Antioxidant Therapy

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The exact pathogenesis of pancreatitis remains unknown but several mechanisms related to oxidative and inflammatory stress are implicated. It is reasonable to surmise that antioxidants would play a protective role in ameliorating the deleterious effects of pancreatitis. We have a wealth of data from animal models that reveal a positive correlation between antioxidant drugs and improved outcomes in experimental pancreatitis. Human clinical trials with antioxidants however, have disclosed conflicting results. We review the existing pathogenesis of pancreatitis related to oxidative stress and provide of a review of current trials with antioxidant therapy.
In vitro efficacy of the combination of voriconazole and anidulafungin against voriconazole-resistant cyp51A mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus

We selected voriconazole-resistant (VCZ-R) Aspergillus fumigatus in the laboratory, characterized the cyp51A gene for possible mutations and evaluated the in vitro activities of voriconazole and anidulafungin alone and in combination against VCZ-R isolates of A. fumigatus using a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) methodology. Voriconazole-resistant isolates were selected from wild-type A. fumigatus isolates in the laboratory by a 2-step selection process (plus 1 clinical isolate). The MICs of azoles (VCZ, posaconazole, itraconazole) and echinocandins (anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin) for all A. fumigatus isolates were then determined in RPMI1640 using the broth microdilution technique recommended by the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute M38-A2 methodology and the FICI calculated. The combination of VCZ and anidulafungin was synergistic (FICI <0.5) not only against VCZ-susceptible isolates, but also against 8 of 10 VCZ-R, G448S mutants of A. fumigatus. The combination demonstrated synergy against the VCZ-R clinical isolate as well.
Venus surface power and cooling systems

Abstract A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450 °C ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500 °C radiator temperature, 50 °C above ambient. The radioisotope Stirling power converter designed produces a thermodynamic power output capacity of 478.1 W, with a cooling power of 100 W. The overall efficiency is calculated to be 23.36%. The mass of the power converter is estimated at approximately 21.6 kg.
Microtubules are associated with intracellular movement and spread of the periodontopathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 465, the invasion prototype strain, enters epithelial cells by an actin-dependent mechanism, escapes from the host cell vacuole, and spreads intracellularly and to adjacent epithelial cells via intercellular protrusions. Internalized organisms also egress from host cells into the assay medium via protrusions that are associated with just a single epithelial cell. Here we demonstrate that agents which inhibit microtubule polymerization (e.g., colchicine) and those which stabilize polymerized microtubules (e.g., taxol) both increase markedly the number of intracellular A. actinomycetemcomitans organisms. Furthermore, both colchicine and taxol prevented the egression of A. actinomycetemcomitans from host cells into the assay medium. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that protrusions that mediate the bacterial spread contain microtubules. A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 465 and 652, strains that are both invasive and egressive, interacted specifically with the plus ends (growing ends) of the filaments of microtubule asters in a KB cell extract. By contrast, neither A. actinomycetemcomitans 523, a strain that is invasive but not egressive, nor Haemophilus aphrophilus, a noninvasive oral bacterium with characteristics similar to those of A. actinomycetemcomitans, bound to microtubules. Together these data suggest that microtubules function in the spread and movement of A. actinomycetemcomitans and provide the first evidence that host cell dispersion of an invasive bacterium may involve the usurption of host cell microtubules.
Introgression of crown rust resistance from diploid oat Avena strigosa into hexaploid cultivated oat A. sativa by two methods: direct crosses and through an initial 2x·4x synthetic hexaploid

New sources of resistance to crown rust, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Eriks.), the major fungal disease of cultivated oat, Avena sativa L. (2n = 6x = 42), are constantly needed due to frequent, rapid shifts in the virulence pattern of the pathogen. Crown rust resistance identified in the diploid oat A. strigosa (Schreb.) (2n = 2x = 14) accession CI6954SP was transferred into cultivated oat using two methods: direct cross of the diploid to a hexaploid cultivar facilitated by embryo rescue, and initial cross of the diploid to a wild tetraploid oat to make a synthetic hexaploid for subsequent crossing to a hexaploid cultivar. Two tetraploids, a crown rust resistant A. murphyi (Ladiz.) accession P12 and a susceptible A. insularis (Ladiz.) accession INS-1, were used in the 2x·4x crosses. Resistant backcross-derived lines were recovered by both methods. Although the 2x·4x synthetic method did not require the laborious discovery and rescue of an infrequent initial hybrid embryo of the direct cross, the direct cross method provided more rapid backcross recovery of plants with high fertility, full transmission of resistance, and desired plant and seed phenotypes. A suppressor effect, present initially but segregating in backcrosses, appeared to come from the CI6954SP donor and is the same as, or analogous to, suppression by an oat line with the crown rust resistance gene Pc38. No resistance from A. murphyi P12 was detected in advanced generations when it was introduced either as a component of a synthetic hexaploid or in direct crosses to A. sativa, indicating suppression of its resistance in interploidy combinations. That the dominant resistance gene transferred from CI6954SP and a gene Pc94 introgressed earlier from a different A. strigosa accession may be the same or quite similar to one another is indicated by their in-common specificity to suppression of resistance expression, susceptibility to a newly recovered rust isolate, and close linkage to the molecular marker SCAR94-2. The introgressed resistance genes from the different sources, even if the same, may have different cultivar genomic introgression sites, which would allow tests of dosage effects on resistance expression.
Language-oriented information retrieval

There is no task that computers regularly perform that is more affected by the nature of human language than the retrieval of texts in response to a human need. Despite this, the techniques actually in use for this task, as well as most of the techniques proposed by information retrieval (IR) researchers, make little use of knowledge about language. In this article we take the view that IR is an inference task, and that natural language processing (NLP) techniques can produce text representations that enable more accurate inferences about document content. By considering previous work on language-based and knowledge-based techniques from this perspective, some clear lessons are apparent, and we are applying these lessons in the ADRENAL (Augmented Document REtrieval using NAtural Language processing) project. Our initial experiments with hand-coded representations suggest that using NLP-produced representations can result in significant performance increases in IR systems, and also demonstrate the attention that must be given to representational issues in language-oriented IR. © 1989 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rotavirus‐Associated Necrotizing Enterocolitis After Cardiac Catheterization in Infants

Necrotizing enterocolitis is common in preterm and low birth weight infants but rare beyond the neonatal period. Various infectious agents including bacterial and viral organisms have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Rotavirus has recently been shown to be associated with necrotizing enterocolitis. In this report we describe two irlfants with congenital cardiac disease who developed ficlminating necrotizing enterocolitis after cardiac catheterization. Both infants were beyond the newborn period and developed enterocolitis during an epidemic of rotaviral injection. We postulate a relationship between rotavirus infection and the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in older infants with congenital heart disease after cardiac catheterization. (J Interven Cardiol 1991 :4:2)
Compact Multiband Folded 3-D Monopole Antenna

In this letter, we present the design and the detailed analysis of a novel antenna based on the monopole element for multiband mobile handsets. The proposed antenna is a hex-band antenna that covers the 800/900/1800/1900, 2100, and the 2400 bands. The antenna is folded in 3-D providing a compact form to enable its implementation internally without compromising its performance. It is optimized through extensive numerical simulations and experimental prototyping. Different design parameters are identified and their effects on the antenna performance is presented. The antenna performance is shown through the simulated and measured return loss as well as the simulated radiation patterns and efficiency. Its total volume is only 1.6 cm3 . The results show good return loss, radiation patterns, and efficiency performance.
The properties and connections of supernumerary sensory and motor nerve cells in the central nervous system of an abnormal leech.

The characteristic features of individual neurons in leech ganglia are highly consistent from animal to animal. Hy chance a leech was dis- covered that had more cells to be seen than usual in many of its ganglia. In some segmental ganglia of the abnormal animal there were four or even five sensory cells responding independently to touch (T cells) instead of the usual complement of three on each side. Ganglia also contained three or four pressure sensitive cells (P cells) and three or four nociceptive cells (N cells) instead of two of each. The membrane properties, as well as the shapes, sizes, and positions, of all these cells were normal. Their axons reached the skin by the appropriate nerve bundles. Two sensory neurons of one modality, often independently innervated, overlay regions of skin that normally would be supplied by one cell. On the other hand, the areas innervated by some supernumerary cells were abnormal in their shape and position. In some ganglia instead of one motor neuron that raised the skin into bumps (the annulus erector, or AE cell) there were two, each of which could independently erect annuli. The regions innervated by the extra AE cells appeared normal and overlapped extensively. Normal synaptic interactions were found between supernumerary sensory cells and motor cells. The results with this animal indicate that two or more nerve cells can form effective connections with other neurons and with skin that normally would be innervated by a single cell.
Lack of a direct adrenotropic action of chorionic gonadotropin on the rat adrenal.

There is conflicting evidence on a possible adrenotropic action of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). We have recently found an adrenotropic action of CG in hypophysectomized male rats, but this action was mediated by the testes. We have now attempted to find whether CG had, in addition, a direct effect on the rat arenal; the data gave no indication of such an action. We believe, therefore, that the adrenotropic action of CG is confined to that mediated by the testes.
Humanist Sociology and Holocaust Memorialization: On Accenting the Positive:

The inevitable passing of all direct Holocaust participants (victims and perpetrators alike) makes the perspective of empathetic others all the more significant. Humanist sociologists can help in t...
Ten fallacies and pitfalls on end-to-end available bandwidth estimation

The area of available bandwidth (avail-bw) estimation has attracted significant interest recently, with several estimation techniques and tools developed during the last 2-3 years. Unfortunately, some key issues regarding the avail-bw definition, estimation, and validation remain vague or misinterpreted. In this note, we first review the previous work in the area and classify the existing techniques in two classes: direct probing and iterative probing. We then identify ten misconceptions, in the form of fallacies or pitfalls, that we consider as most important. Some misconceptions relate to basic statistics, such as the impact of the population variance on the sample mean, the variability of the avail-bw in different time scales, and the effect of the probing duration. Other misconceptions relate to the queueing model underlying these estimation techniques. For instance, ignoring that traffic burstiness or the presence of multiple bottlenecks can cause significant underestimation errors. Our objective is not to debunk previous work or to claim that some estimation techniques are better than others, but to clarify a number of important issues that cover the entire area of avail-bw estimation so that this important metric can be better understood and put in practical use.
Method for calculating the unsteady flow of an elliptical circulation-control airfoil

A numerical method is developed to study the unsteady aerodynamics of an elliptical airfoil in two-dimensional incompressible flow. In this method, it is assumed that the separation positions of the wall jet on the upper surface and the boundary layer on the lower surface of the airfoil can be determined by solving the quasisteady boundary-layer equations; the discrete vortex model is used to model the wake, and the potential flow is calculated by conformal mapping technique. Results are presented and discussed for a number of cases that illustrate relevant characteristics of the unsteady flow of circulation-c ontrol airfoils. a b Cm Nomenclature semimajor axis of an ellipse semiminor axis of an ellipse pitching-moment coefficient (about 0.5c), moment/#c2 pressure coefficient, perturbation pressure/^c lift coefficient, lift/qc blowing-momentum coefficient, blowingmomentum flux/# airfoil chord length K k p q
Modeling and Scaling Laws for Large Fires

Mathematical models of the convective transport induced by large fires are presented. The models are chosen to illustrate the role of scaling laws in the mathematical development and computer implementation of simulations. The basic equations governing large fire dynamics are presented in a form suitable for these studies. The role of vorticity and heat release is emphasized in this formulation. Two different fire scenarios are examined; each with a unique analysis aimed at the phenomena of interest. First, a “kinematic” approach to fire plume dynamics is used to relate vorticity and heat release distributions obtained from plume correlations to fire induced winds. The utility of this approach is illustrated by appeal both to experiments on individual laboratory plumes and simulations of mass fires. The interaction of fire plumes with atmospheric winds is illustrated by a smoke dispersion model that couples a simplified description of the stratified atmosphere with a CFD based simulation of the large scale fire induced motions. Simulations of crude oilfire plumes compared with large scale experiments are shown to demonstrate the use of this model. A brief discussion of additional factors involved in the analysis of large fires is outlined.
Mathematics in the home: Homework practices and mother–child interactions doing mathematics

Parents are a largely untapped resource for improving the mathematics performance of American children, which lags behind the performance of children from other nations. The purpose of the research reported here was to assess homework practices in the home, and to examine interactions between mothers and their 5th grade children as they worked challenging mathematics problems (pre-algebra equivalence problems). Results indicated that children spent on average 23 min per day on mathematics homework, with an average of 8 min of help from parents. Videotapes of mother–child interactions indicated that mothers varied considerably in the quality of the mathematics content that they conveyed while teaching, and in the quality of their scaffolding of the material for the child. As expected, mothers who themselves had more mathematics preparation performed better in conveying mathematical content and in scaffolding. Mothers with more mathematics self-confidence also performed better. The results suggest that children face inequities in the parental resources available to them for math learning; these inequities might be remedied by school–family partnership programs.
Spectrometer with nanophotonic structure based on compressive sensing (Presentation Recording)

This talk will introduce a new method of spectral analysis based on compressive sensing, which is based on nanophotonic structures and thus has the potential to achieve high resolution in a compact device size. This method will solve the common problems that exist in traditional spectrometers--bulky and expensive. Also the complex interferences in nanostructures will offer diverse spectral features suitable for compressive sensing.
The 5th Asia Pacific CHRIE & 13th Asia Pacific Tourism Association Joint Conference: “Coming of the Asian Waves,” Beijing, China, May 23–27, 2007

The 5th Asia Pacific Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education (CHRIE) and 13th Asia Pacific Tourism Association (APTA) joint conference was held May 23–27, 2007, at the Landmark Hot...
Catenaries in viscous fluid

Abstract This work explores a simple model of a slender, flexible structure in a uniform flow, providing analytical solutions for the translating, axially flowing equilibria of strings subjected to a uniform body force and drag forces linear in the velocities. The classical catenaries are extended to a five-parameter family of curves. A sixth parameter affects the tension in the curves. Generic configurations are planar, represented by a single first order equation for the tangential angle. The effects of varying parameters on representative shapes, orbits in angle-curvature space, and stress distributions are shown. As limiting cases, the solutions include configurations corresponding to “lariat chains” and the towing, reeling, and sedimentation of flexible cables in a highly viscous fluid. Regions of parameter space corresponding to infinitely long, semi-infinite, and finite length curves are delineated. Almost all curves subtend an angle less than π radians, but curious special cases with doubled or infinite range occur on the borders between regions. Separate transitions in the tension behavior, and counterintuitive results regarding finite towing tensions for infinitely long cables, are presented. Several physically inspired boundary value problems are solved and discussed.
Finite Difference Scheme

To arrive at finite difference equations modeling magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium we use a technique that is motivated by the finite element method [3]. First we develop a second order accurate numerical quadrature formula for the Hamiltonian E based on a rectangular grid of mesh points over a unit cube of the space with coordinates s, u and v. We differentiate that formula with respect to nodal values of the unknowns R, ψ r0 and z0 in order to derive difference approximations to the magnetostatic equations. This procedure yields equations in a conservation form that is automatically compatible with conditions stemming from the fact that the flux function ψ is only determined up to an arbitrary additive function of s. Thus we avoid elementary difficulties with existence of solutions of the equilibrium problem which tend to obscure the more serious issues raised by the KAM theory.
Cellulose, Chitosan and Keratin Composite Materials: Facile and Recyclable Synthesis, Conformation and Properties

A method was developed in which cellulose (CEL) and/or chitosan (CS) were added to keratin (KER) to enable [CEL/CS+KER] composites formed to have better mechanical strength and wider utilization. Butylmethylimmidazolium chloride ([BMIm+Cl–]), an ionic liquid, was used as the sole solvent, and because the majority of [BMIm+Cl–] used (at least 88%) was recovered, the method is green and recyclable. FTIR, XRD, 13C CP-MAS NMR and SEM results confirm that KER, CS and CEL remain chemically intact and distributed homogeneously in the composites. We successfully demonstrate that the widely used method based on the deconvolution of the FTIR bands of amide bonds to determine secondary structure of proteins is relatively subjective as the conformation obtained is strongly dependent on the choice of parameters selected for curve fitting. A new method, based on the partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) of the amide bands, was developed, and proven to be objective and can provide more accurate information. R...
Oceans Apart: The Influence of Situational Factors in Grenada and Cyprus

This paper explores the universality of Belk's concept of the relationship of situational variables and consumer purchase behaviors within two island cultures, Grenada and Cyprus. The analysis revealed that consumers in the two countries were significantly different in the relationships of their situational dimensions with their purchase behaviors. However, because of the considerable differences between the demographics of consumers in the two islands, a logistic regression was calculated. This regression suggested that situational factors were more related to purchase behaviors than demographic attributes for both countries. The paper concludes with a discussion of the marketing implications of the research findings.
Seasonal Development of the Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle in Southern California

Since its initial California find in San Jose in March 1951, the smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), has spread rapidly to most of the elm-growing areas of this State. Owing to the many drought-weakened elm trees, it has become a particularly serious pest in southern California on both native and imported elms. To be able to suggest to spray-operators appropriate times to spray for the beetles, it was essential to learn something of its development under southern California conditions. It was reasoned that the number of generations of beetles might be more here, and consequently spraying dates might vary considerably, as our winters are mild and the growing season longer, compared with the Northeastern United States, where this well-known insect has been studied thoroughly.
Cardiac arrhythmias modelled by Cai-inactivated Ca2+ channels

A model of cardiac cells incorporating the membrane potential and the intracellular calcium concentration as the two dynamical variables is developed. This model is applied to simple systems of cells to investigate its behavior as a function of the model parameters. Rational entrainment is observed in systems of two coupled pacemaker cells. The propagation of the membrane potential and intracellular calcium concentration through a sheet is simulated. Behavior suggestive of circus movement tachycardias is observed.
Effects of Surface Topography and Morphology on Space Charge Packet in Polyethylene

The heat pressing and annealing conditions of polyethylene obviously affect the morphology of polyethylene(PE).During the heat pressing,the surface of PE possesses different topographies because of different substrate materials.Surface topography is greatly related to the epitaxial crystallization layer and influences the space charge characteristic of PE dramatically.We studied the formation process of different surface topographies and their micrographic characters in low density polyethylene(LDPE),adopted the pulsed electro-acoustic(PEA) method to measure the space charge distribution of samples with different surface topographies and morphologies in LDPE,and analyzed the effect of surface topography and morphology on space charge packet.The results show that the surface topography has a great influence on space charge packet polarity,and morphology affects both the movement speed rate and the polarity of space charge packet.
Humans and Intelligent Vehicles: The Hope, the Help, and the Harm

Intelligent vehicles offer hope for a world in which crashes are rare, congestion is reduced, carbon emissions are decreased, and mobility is extended to a wider population. As long as humans are in the loop, over a half century of research in human factors suggests that this hope is unlikely to become a reality unless careful attention is paid to human behavior and, conversely, the potential for harm is real if little attention is given to said behavior. Different challenges lie with each of the two middle levels of automation which are the primary focus of this article. With Level 2 automation (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; NHTSA), the driver is removed from always having to control the position and speed of the vehicle, but is still required to monitor both position and speed. Humans are notoriously bad at vigilance tasks, and can quickly lose situation awareness. Moreover, even if vigilant, the driver needs to interact with the vehicle. But voice-activated systems which let the driver continue to glance at the forward roadway are proving to be a potential source of cognitive distraction. With Level 3 automation (NHTSA), the driver is out of the loop most of the time, but will still need to interact with the vehicle. Critical skills can be lost over time. Unexpected transfers of control need to be considered. The surface transportation and aviation human factors communities have proposed ways to solve the problems that will inevitably arise, either through careful experimentation or extensions of existing research.
Perceptions of vulnerability: impact on AIDS-preventive behavior among college adolescents.

Perceptions of their own and others' risk of contracting AIDS, AIDS knowledge, and extent of AIDS-preventive behavior (APB) were assessed in sexually active heterosexual college students (N = 80) to investigate why many college students fail to enact APB. Personal risk of contracting AIDS was estimated to be significantly lower than risk for each of a set hypothetical persons who varied in degree of similarity to respondents, p < .0001. ANOVAs indicated that males (F = 60.13, p < .0001), homosexual males and females (F = 62.55, p < .0001), and young adults not in college (F = 8.17, p < .005) were perceived as more likely to contract AIDS than females, heterosexuals, and college students, respectively. AIDS knowledge was related to accuracy of risk estimates, but was not predictive of APB. Lack of APB is discussed in terms of illusion of unique invulnerability and the characterization of AIDS as an outgroup problem. Implications and recommendations for AIDS-preventive education programs are discussed.