cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based Pediatric Nursing: Does It Have to Hurt?

Pediatric nursing is deeply rooted in tradition and ritual. Although many practices remain relevant, others do not stand up to the challenge of an evidence-based nursing practice. Though intuition and tradition are important aspects of professional nursing practice, their incorporation into clinical practice can vary among practitioners. Although ample evidence to guide the practice of pain assessment and pain management in children exists, children remain undermedicated when compared to adults. This article explores the influence of practice traditions, personal bias, and the persistence of myths regarding pain in children on the practice of pain relief.
Bayesian Factor Analysis When Only a Sample Covariance Matrix Is Available

In traditional factor analysis, the variance-covariance matrix or the correlation matrix has often been a form of inputting data. In contrast, in Bayesian factor analysis, the entire data set is typically required to compute the posterior estimates, such as Bayes factor loadings and Bayes unique variances. We propose a simple method for computing the posterior estimates of Bayesian factor analysis using only the sample variance-covariance matrix without the entire data set. The method is verified in terms of an existing data set. With our method, researchers will be able to apply Bayesian factor analysis when they find either a variance-covariance or a correlation matrix with standard deviations in the existing literature.
Using Epidemiology and Genomics to Understand Osteosarcoma Etiology

Osteosarcoma is a primary bone malignancy that typically occurs during adolescence but also has a second incidence peak in the elderly. It occurs most commonly in the long bones, although there is variability in location between age groups. The etiology of osteosarcoma is not well understood; it occurs at increased rates in individuals with Paget disease of bone, after therapeutic radiation, and in certain cancer predisposition syndromes. It also occurs more commonly in taller individuals, but a strong environmental component to osteosarcoma risk has not been identified. Several studies suggest that osteosarcoma may be associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes important in growth and tumor suppression but the studies are limited by sample size. Herein, we review the epidemiology of osteosarcoma as well as its known and suspected risk factors in an effort to gain insight into its etiology.
Simple fusion systems and the Solomon 2-local groups

We introduce a notion of simple fusion systems which imitates the corresponding notion for finite groups and show that the fusion system on the Sylow-2-subgroup of a 7-dimensional spinor group over a field of characteristic 3 considered by Ron Solomon [18] and by Ran Levi and Bob Oliver [11] is simple in this sense.
One-trial behavioral sensitization in preweanling rats: differential effects of cocaine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, and D-amphetamine

Preweanling rats exhibit robust one-trial cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization; however, it is uncertain whether other psychostimulants can also induce sensitization in young rats using the one-trial procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether methamphetamine, methylphenidate, and d-amphetamine are capable of inducing one-trial locomotor sensitization in preweanling rats. In a series of four experiments, rats were pretreated with cocaine (30 mg/kg), methamphetamine (2–12 mg/kg), methylphenidate (5–20 mg/kg), or amphetamine (5 mg/kg) before being placed in a novel activity chamber or the home cage on PD 19. Rats were then challenged with the same psychostimulant (20 mg/kg cocaine, 1–8 mg/kg methamphetamine, 2.5–7.5 mg/kg methylphenidate, or 1–2 mg/kg amphetamine) on PD 21, with distance traveled being measured for 180 min. In a separate experiment, rats were pretreated with methamphetamine on PD 16–19 and challenged with methamphetamine on PD 21. Only cocaine, but not various dose combinations of other psychostimulants, was able to produce one-trial behavioral sensitization in preweanling rats. Context-dependent locomotor sensitization was also evident if rats were pretreated with methamphetamine on PD 16–19 and tested on PD 21. It is uncertain why only cocaine was able to induce one-trial locomotor sensitization in preweanling rats, but it is possible that: (a) the neural circuitry mediating sensitization differs according to psychostimulant, (b) cocaine is more readily associated with environmental contexts than other psychostimulants, or (c) affinity and pharmacokinetic factors may underlie cocaine’s ability to induce one-trial behavioral sensitization in preweanling rats.
Electrophoretic determination of albumin-globulin ratios in mice.

INFORMATION on the serum protein patterns of normal mice is necessary if these animals are to be used for studies in cellular immunity. However, except for Albritton's report1, in which no indication was made of the animal's age, sex and strain, such published data are not available. This communication, therefore, provides some of this essential information; we have found that there are differences in serum protein patterns in different groups of mice, and that these patterns are related to age and sex.
Solubilization and conversion of hepatic adenylate cyclase to a form requiring MnATP as substrate.

A general feature of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase systems is the “lability” of the basal enzyme to dispersion by detergents. A stable form of the detergentsolubilized enzyme is obtained only if the membrane-bound enzyme is first pretreated with fluoride or Gpp(NH)p. However, we have found with the basal hepatic enzyme that the lability is evident primarily when MgATP is used as substrate; substitution of MnATP for MgATP reveals that substantial basal activity survives detergent treatment. This effect is independent of the detergent; it is seen with either Lubrol PX or with deoxycholate. In addition to the altered substrate requirement, the membrane-bound and solubilized forms of the basal enzyme exhibit other differences. In contrast to the membrane-bound form, the solubilized enzyme shows (1) weak stimulation by Gpp(NH)p; (2) little inhibition by adenosine, (3) strong inhibition by Pi or PPi, and (4) and apparent loss of the Me2+-reactive regulatory site. Such dissimilarities between membranebound and solubilized cyclase are not seen if the membranes are pretreated with Gpp(NH)p prior to exposure to detergents. The characteristics of the solubilized basal hepatic enzyme are similar to those of the naturally occurring soluble adenylate cyclase found in mature rat testes. It would appear that separation of adenylate cyclase from components that confer regulation by divalent cation and guanine nucleotides produces a form of the enzyme that will turnover only MnATP; this may represent the free catalytic moiety. Such preparations could be useful in reconstructing some of the regulatory functions of adenylate cyclase seen in its membrane-bound form.
Unexpectedly long 14S ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena mitochondria.

Extraction of RNA from Tetrahymena mitochondrial ribosomes yields several RNA species, including a “large” 21S molecule, a “small” 14S molecule, a 7S molecule, and other smaller RNAs. The molecular weight of the 14S rRNA indicates that it is about 1,300 bases in length. We have sequenced the 14S rRNA gene and, by aligning our sequence with that of the corresponding small rRNA from E. coli, find that the 14S rDNA is at least 1,635 bases in length. We propose, based on the results of hybridization studies, that this unexpected length is due to the presence of 7S RNA sequence within the 14S gene sequence. The 7S region is apparently lost from the 14S rRNA, yet is still a component of the ribosome.
Regional specialization of the radial glial cells of the adult frog spinal cord

The amphibian spinal cord is characterized by the presence of radially oriented astrocytic glial cells. These cells have their somata located in the grey matter of the spinal cord and radial processes that extend from the soma through the grey and white matters to the pial surface of the cord. Here we show that these radial glial cells are the predominant cell type labelled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) when the marker is applied to the surface of the cord. The morphology of the HRP-labelled processes of an individual cell is different as they pass through the grey and white matter regions of the cord. By indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections we show that the binding of an antibody raised against mammalian glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is preferentially localized in those areas of the glial process that traverse the white matter of the spinal cord. By transmission electron microscopy we confirm that there are no astrocyte cell bodies either at the pial surface or throughout the white matter region of the cord. These results demonstrate that all the astrocytes in the adult frog spinal cord can be selectively labelled through the application of HRP to the surface of the cord, and that the processes of these labelled cells display regional morphological and biochemical specializations depending on their location in the cord. We propose that these astrocytes may play an important role in setting up the grey-white matter arrangement of the amphibian spinal cord and that a single astrocyte of the frog spinal cord may combine the properties and functions of both grey and white matter mammalian astrocytes.
A Decade of Change in the Skidaway River Estuary. I. Hydrography and Nutrients

The Skidaway River estuary is a tidally-dominated subtropical estuary in the southeastern USA surrounded by extensiveSpartina salt marshes. Weekly smapling at high and low tide began in 1986 for hydrography, nutrients, chlorophylla, particulate matter, and microbial and plankton biomass and composition; hydrographic and nutrient data during 1986–1996 are reported here. Salinity varied inversely with river discharge and exhibited variability at all time scales but with no long-term trend. Water temperature typically ranged over 25°C and was without apparent long-term frend. Seasonal cycles in concentrations of NO3, NH4, PO4, Si(OH)4, and DON were observed, with annual maxima generally occurring in late summer. Superimposed on seasonal cycles, all five nutrients exhibited steady increases in minimum, mean, and maximum concentrations; mean concentrations increased c. 50–150% during the decade. Nutrient concentrations were highly correlated with water temperature over the ten-year period, but weakly related to salinity and discharge. Nutrients were strongly correlated with one another, and the relative ratios among inorganic nutrients showed little long-term trend. Correlations among temperature and nutrient concentrations exhibited considerable inter-annual variability. Major spikes in organic and inorganic nutrient concentrations coincided with significant rainfall events; concentrations increased hyperbolically with rainfall. Although pristine compared to more heavily impacted waterways primarily outside the region, residential development and population density have been increasing rapidly during the past 15–20 years. Land use is apparently altering nutrient loading over the long-term (months-years), and superimposed on this are stochastic meteorological events that accelerate these changes over the short term (days-weeks).
Impression Procedure for a Severely Atrophic Mandible

A complete denture is constructed for a mandible with severe bone resorption. The technique involves use of a wax that flows at mouth temperature. The wax impression is fitted three times in a process that takes at least 26 minutes. Because of this time requirement, a closed-mouth impression method that ensures equal distribution of pressure and comparative patient comfort is used.
Adult Support and the Exploratory Behavior of Children with Learning Disabilities

Low- and moderate-exploratory children with learning disabilities engaged in exploratory behavior independently and with an adult who communicated support in one of two nonintrusive ways. Consistent with a developmental motivation perspective, low- and moderate-exploratory children showed higher levels of exploration under both kinds of supportive conditions.
Depression and reactivity to stress in older women with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the role of depressive symptoms in reactivity to stress and pain in older women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Participants were 188 older women with RA (N = 87) and OA (N = 101). They were initially assessed for depressive symptoms and interviewed weekly for 12 to 20 weeks regarding interpersonal stress, arthritis pain, and negative affect. Results Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) revealed that depressive symptoms were related to weekly elevations in arthritis pain, negative events, perceived stress, and negative affect for RA respondents and elevations in arthritis pain and negative affect for OA respondents. HLM analyses also indicated that depressive symptoms were related to increased reactivity to perceived stress and arthritis pain in people with RA, but not those with OA. Conclusions Depression may be related to elevations in pain for people with RA and OA and to elevations in stress and increased reactivity to stress and pain for those with RA.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease

Infusion of dobutamine in low and high doses in combination with echocardiography can be used for the assessment of myocardial viability and functional significance of coronary artery disease. Improvement of contractile function of hypokinetic or akinetic ventricular wall segment with low-dose dobutamine has a high predictive value for the detection of hibernating and stunned myocardium. High-dose dobutamine stress is of value for noninvasive diagnosis of coronary disease, assessment of its clinical significance, risk stratification of patients after myocardial infarction, preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery, and assessment of the efficacy of coronary revascularization. It has an excellent safety record even in the immediate postmyocardial infarction period.
Tectal fourth nerve palsy due to infarction.

51-YEAR-OLD WOMAN with a history of a heart murmur and a small stroke several years earlier suddenly began walking unsteadily and noticed vertical double vision. Examination findings revealed limitation of the right eye on looking down and in (Figure )a nd mild ataxia of gait and of each arm. She had a slight spontaneous left head tilt, and additional left tilt decreased, whereas right head tilt maximized image separation, supporting the diagnosis of a right trochlear nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance image findings showed bilateral cerebellar and left pontomesencephalic tectal infarctions in the territory of the superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs) (Figure). Echocardiography revealed a large atrial septal defect as the avenue of a probable paradoxical embolus. During the next 2 weeks, diplopia disappeared and ataxia improved. COMMENT Intramedullary involvement of the fourth nerve from any cause is uncommon, 1 though probably underdiagnosed and confused with skew deviation. Brainstem infarction of the fourth nerve usually arises from midbrain tegmental involvement of the trochlear nucleus or proximal fascicles in the territory of the paramedian or short circumferential vessels. 2 Guillain and colleagues 3 described the clinicopathologic findings of infarction of the SCA territory, including tectal trochlear palsy, in 1928. However, SCA infarcts were considered rare until the introduction of computed scanning showed that infarcts of the cerebellar SCA territory are common, and it is symptomatic involvement of the SCA territory of the brainstem, as in the present
Introduction: Geographic Perspectives on Civil Wars

The scientific study of war has recently embraced two significant developments: A change of attention to intrastate wars from a near-exclusive focus upon interstate wars and an increasing inclusion...
Test of Socially Motivated Underachievement: “Letting Up” for Others

Underachievement on a task may occur for a variety of reasons. We hypothesized, based on earlier survey findings, that individuals sometimes perform less than their best out of concern for the feelings of others and a desire to maintain relationships. In two experiments, performance by participants on an anagrams task was worse under conditions that promoted the social motivation to underachieve. In Experiment 1, participants solved fewer problems when an experimental confederate had failed and was present to observe the participants' performance. In Experiment 2, participants underachieved when a likable confederate failed, but did not underachieve when the unlikableness of the confederate or the average performance of the likable confederate diminished their social concerns. Implications for understanding the academic difficulties of ethnic minorities in academia are discussed.
Ecto-calcium-dependent ATPase activity of mammalian taste bud cells.

Histochemistry was utilized to characterize Ca-ATPases associated with lingual taste buds in the golden hamster. Taste buds showed elevated staining for magnesium- or calcium-dependent ATPase (Ca-ATPase) relative to the surrounding epithelium. At low calcium concentrations (0.1-0.5 mM), intracellular staining predominated. Most of the studies were conducted at calcium concentrations of > or = 10 mM, in which most of the staining was localized to the external face of plasma membranes of taste bud cells (including receptor and basal cells) located in the core of fungiform taste buds, or the entire vallate or foliate taste buds. The peripheral fungiform taste bud cells stained much less intensely, but the peripheral cells adjacent to the core showed intermediate levels. GTP and ITP were just as effective substrates as ATP. Millimolar concentrations of magnesium were as effective as calcium. Inhibitors of intracellular ATPases, including quercetin, sodium azide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, had no effect on the sta...
Cognitive development of intellectually gifted: A Piagetian perspective

(1985). Cognitive development of intellectually gifted: A Piagetian perspective. Roeper Review: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 180-184.
Interactions of tryptophan, tryptophan peptides, and tryptophan alkyl esters at curved membrane interfaces.

Motivated by ongoing efforts to understand the mechanism of membrane protein crystallogenesis and transport in the lipidic cubic phase, the nature of the interaction between tryptophan and the bila...
CdTe photovoltaic gamma-ray dosimeter

Abstract X- and gamma-ray radiation detectors were fabricated from polycrystalline, chlorine-compensated cadmium telluride (CdTe) having a resistivity of >10 8 Ω cm . These detectors were operated in a photovoltaic in a mode (zero bia) while dc coupled to a sysmetrical differenial current amplifier to serve as a prototypic dosimeter. The sensitivity of the system to 60 keV gamma radiation was 0.1 mR/h and was noise limited. The drift of the electrical zero was negligible from 0 to 50°C; the radiation sensitivity
Senatorial decision making: I. The determination of structure

A three-mode factor analysis of the U. S. Senate roll call voting was performed. The modes were: issues, time and Senator seats. The entries into the data matrix were the point biserial correlations of a Senator's votes on a particular issue in a particular time period with the popularity of the roll calls in that set. Five Senator factors were found, indicating the various voting coalitions. There were indications of the ideological, geographic and partisan structure within the Senate. There was also the formulation of the factors of time change which indicate how coalitions vary across time.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells transport peripheral antigens to the thymus to promote central tolerance.

Summary Central tolerance can be mediated by peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) that transport innocuous antigens (Ags) to the thymus for presentation to developing T cells, but the responsible DC subsets remained poorly defined. Immature plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) express CCR9, a chemokine receptor involved in migration of T cell precursors to the thymus. We show here that CCR9 mediated efficient thymic entry of endogenous or i.v. transfused pDCs. pDCs activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands downregulated CCR9 and lost their ability to home to the thymus. Moreover, endogenous pDCs took up subcutaneously injected fluorescent Ag and, in the absence of TLR signals, transported Ag to the thymus in a CCR9-dependent fashion. Injected, Ag-loaded pDCs effectively deleted Ag-specific thymocytes, and this thymic clonal deletion required CCR9-mediated homing and was prevented by infectious signals. Thus, peripheral pDCs can contribute to immune tolerance through CCR9-dependent transport of peripheral Ags and subsequent deletion of Ag-reactive thymocytes.
Very Large Array observations of rapid non-periodic variations in OJ 287

Time variations in compact extragalactic objects can be used to constrain both their emission mechanisms and models for their geometry. In particular, periodic variations constrain the popular black hole model for these sources1,2. There have been many reports of the presence (and absence) of both periodic3–8 and non-periodic9 variability in the BL Lacertae object OJ 287 = 0851 + 202, from the optical and infrared through centimetre radio wavelengths (Table 1). The apparent consistency of the reported periodicity near P =15.7 min and the absence of variations in other sources observed in the same way lends some credence to these variations, even though they are only a few per cent of the mean intensity. We observed OJ 287 with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 5, 15 and 22 GHz several times in early 1983. The 5-GHz data, taken coincident with the 22-GHz observations of Valtaoja et al.8, show OJ 287 to have decreased in flux by about 1.8% in an irregular way over a span of about 7 h, and to have fluctuated by about 0.5% on a timescale of about 15 min. Brightness temperatures derived from causality constraints range between 1016 and 1020 K. Fourier spectra of the time series were analysed using a novel one-dimensional complex CLEAN algorithm to remove the effects of the data sampling. At 5 GHz there was no harmonic component to the intensity of OJ 287 which exceeded 0.1% of the mean for any period between 80 and 5,000 s. The limits at 15 and 22 GHz were 2% and 0.8%, respectively.
Augmentation of mouse natural killer cell activity by muramyl dipeptide and its analogs.

Abstract The ability of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and its structural analogs (des-MDP, abu-MDP, and des-abu-MDP) to influence mouse natural killer (NK) cells in two different strains of mice was examined. In CBA/J mice, administration of MDP by both intraperitoneal (ip) and intravenous (iv) routes enhanced splenic NK cell activity. Maximum augmentation of NK cell activity was observed 3 days after MDP treatment. NK cell activity was also stimulated upon in vitro culture of CBA/J mouse spleen cells with MDP. Only iv inoculation of MDP to C57BL/6 mice 7 days previously enhanced NK cell activity of spleen cells. Peritoneal NK cell activity was not affected in either strain of mice, regardless of the route of inoculation of MDP. Two structural analogs of MDP, abu-MDP and des-abu-MDP, enhanced peritoneal NK cell activity, whereas des-MDP had no effect when tested 3 days after ip treatment of CBA/J mice with these compounds. Peritoneal NK cell activity of C57BL/6 mice was not modulated by des-MDP, abu-MDP, or des-abu-MDP. A synergistic effect on peritoneal NK cell activity was observed in both CBA/J and C57BL/6 mice treated first with MDP and then with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).
Near-resonance spin-lock contrast

Spin-lock and spin-tip excitations are the two magnetization components created by the preparatory RF pulse of an MRI contrast enhancement sequence. Only spin-lock is inherently adiabatic, preserving spin alignment so that tissue-specific relaxation can generate desired saturation contrasts. Spin-tip is the rotating-frame oscillating excitation, and generally causes nonadiabatic loss of all detectable magnetization. Relative levels of spin-lock and spin-tip are important to understand as a function of the preparatory B1 delta amplitude, resonance frequency offset, delta, and the pulse waveform. These MR responses can be accurately analyzed theoretically and numerically by using Torrey's tipped coordinates to formulate Bloch's equations. At near-resonance offsets, (delta/gamma B1) less than 2.0, spin-lock contrast (SLC) depends strongly on T2, due to the nature of spin-lock T1 rho relaxation in the RF pulse interval. The relaxation rates 1/T1 rho and 1/T2 rho apply for active B1 delta, but remain linear combinations of ordinary (1/T1) and 1/T2) for motionally narrowed MR. The SLC increases rapidly as delta decreases below 2000 Hz; carefully chosen B1 delta rise times avoid spin-tip losses down to 150 Hz or less. The SL saturation enhances or multiplies any other indirect saturation effects that may be also present, such as magnetization transfer. A strong near-resonance SLC multiplier is advantageous for clinically practical MRI sequences that use short B1 delta pulses and fast SE multislice scan modes. Simulations based upon spin-lock/spin-tip theory and measured (T1,T2) yield excellent agreement with real MRI results for clinically practical fast multislice scans.
Directional coronary atherectomy in unstable angina

Abstract Objectives. To determine whether excision of complex, ulcerated plaque improves the risk of patients with unstable angina to the level of those with stable angina, the results of directional coronary atherectomy were compared in patients with these two syndromes. Background. The procedural results of angioplasty in the setting of unstable angina are not as favorable as those observed for chronic stable angina, presumably because thrombus-associated plaque augments the risk of abrupt closure. Methods. Two hundred eighty-seven consecutive patients who had undergone directional atherectomy for a single new stenosis were studied. Seventy-seven patients had stable angina (Group I); 110 patients had progressively worsening angina hi the absence of rest or postinfarction angina (Group II); and 100 patients had rest or postinfarction angina, or both (Group III). Results. Major behende complications (death, Q wave infarction, emergency bypass surgery) occurred more frequently in Group m (1.3% [Group I] vs. 0.9% [Group II] vs. 7% (Group III], p = 0.036). This difference was largely due to a higher incidence of emergency surgery in Group III (1.3% [Group I] vs. 0% [Group II] vs. 5% [Group III], p = 0.05). Clinical follow-up was obtained in 97% of successful procedures for a mean followup period of 22 months (range 9 to 52) and revealed a higher incidence of hospital admission for angina (p = 0.05) and a trend toward more bypass surgery (p = 0.09) and myocardial infarction (p = 0.16) in Group III. There was no difference in repeat percutaneous interventions among the three groups (range 19% to 24%, p = 0.75). Conclusions. These results show that the definition of unstable angina is important in determining the immediate outcome of directional atherectomy. In the absence of rest or postinfarction angina, the immediate results are not significantly different from those obtained in stable angina. Our results also suggest that both the immediate and short-term outcome in unstable angina are not greatly influenced by atherectomy but more so by the pathophysiology of unstable angina, which increases the complications of percutaneous interventions.
Aeroelastic Limit Cycles as a Small Scale Energy Source

Nonlinear limit cycle oscillations of an aeroelastic energy harvester are exploited for enhanced piezoelectric power generation from aerodynamic flows. Specifically, a flexible beam with piezoelectric laminates is excited by a uniform axial flow field in a manner analogous to a flapping flag such that the system delivers power to an electrical impedance load. Fluid-structure interaction is modeled by augmenting a system of nonlinear equations for an electroelastic beam with a discretized vortex-lattice potential flow model. Experimental results from a prototype aeroelastic energy harvester are also presented. Root mean square electrical power on the order of 2.5 mW was delivered below the flutter boundary of the test apparatus at a comparatively low wind speed of 27 m/s and a chord normalized limit cycle amplitude of 0.33. Moreover, subcritical limit cycles with chord normalized amplitudes of up to 0.46 were observed. Calculations indicate that the system tested here was able to access over 17% of the flow energy to which it was exposed. Methods for designing aeroelastic energy harvesters by exploiting nonlinear aeroelastic phenomena and potential improvements to existing relevant aerodynamic models are also discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
OPTIMIZATION OF STIFFENED LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES WITH FREQUENCY CONSTRAINTS

Abstract The problem considered in this paper concerns the maximization of frequencies of stiffened laminated composite plates subject to frequency separation constraints and an upper bound on weight. The number of plies of given fiber orientations and the stiffener areas form the two sets of design variables and the problem belongs to the class of nonlinear mixed integer programming ( NMIP) Several efficiency measures are adopted to reduce the computational cost of the optimization process. As a result of these efficiency measures, structural optimization of laminated composite plates using nonlinear mixed integer programming becomes a viable alternative to using the conventional practice of obtaining designs by an ad hoc rounding off of the continuous designs.
Perceived threat mediates the relationship between psychosis proneness and aggressive behavior

Psychotic symptoms are associated with aggressive tendencies, but this relationship is both complex and imperfect. In contrast to psychotic disorders, little is known about aggressive behavior and sub-clinical psychotic symptoms (e.g., “psychosis proneness”), which are relatively common in the general population. Threat/control-override (TCO), which is the propensity to overestimate the likelihood that an outside agent will (1) inflict harm (threat) or (2) control one’s behaviors (control-override), has been associated with aggression in both psychiatric and community samples. The purpose of this study was to determine if psychosis proneness is related to aggression, and if one or both aspects of TCO mediate this relationship. We hypothesized that the propensity to overestimate threat would mediate this relationship, but control-override would not. Sixty men and sixty women (mean age = 20.00 years, sd = 3.00) with no history of psychotic disorder completed measures assessing psychosis proneness, threat control/override, aggressive history, aggressive ideation, and aggressive behavior. Three structural equation models were tested: (1) Threat and control-override modeled as separate mediating variables, (2) TCO as a unitary mediating latent construct, and (3) TCO considered as part of a psychosis-proneness latent variable. Results indicated that psychosis proneness is positively related to aggression and that the best model fit was obtained when threat and control-override were modeled as separate variables, with mediation through threat alone. The utility of TCO for explaining the relation between psychosis spectrum symptoms and aggression is discussed.
SUDS: an infrastructure for dynamic software bug detection using static analysis

SUDS is a powerful infrastructure for creating dynamic bug detection tools. Its instrumentation engine is designed in a manner that allows users to create their own correctness models quickly but is flexible to support construction of a wide range of different tools. Several static analysis phases improve the number of bugs found, the quality of the defects detected, and the run-time performance. The effectiveness of SUDS is demonstrated by showing that is capable of finding high-quality bugs with reasonable performance.
Contouring by Moire Interferometry

A double-exposure moire-interferometry technique for topographic contour measurement of an arbitrarily curved object is presented. A curved surface coated with light-sensitive material is exposed twice in a volume of virtual gratings formed by the interference of two coherent light beams split from a laser. An adequate rotation of the curved surface relative to the virtual grating between the two exposures produces moire fringes which reveal topographic contour, or contour under some conditions, of the surface. The advantage of the present method in comparison with others is that it offers both reasonably good fringe quality and easily adjustable high sensitivity. The sensitivity of the technique is shown to be from the order of micrometer to that of millimeter depending on the frequency of the virtual grating and the amount of the relative rotation. This technique was successfully applied to the topographic contour measurement of a cylindrical shell with and without a diametrical point loading. The principle of this paper and some early results were presented at the SPIE conference held at Dearborn, MI on June 27–30, 1988 and appeared in its proceeding.1
The Isotopic Constitution of Gadolinium, Dysprosium, Erbium and Ytterbium

The mass spectra of four rare earth elements have been photographed, by the use of a spark source for the ions. New faint isotopes have been found in all four. The mass numbers of the new isotopes and rough estimates of their abundance in percent are: Gd, 154 (1.5), 152 (0.2); Dy, 160 (1.5), 158 (0.1); Er, 164 (2), 162 (0.25); Yb, 170 (2), 168 (0.06).
An Enhanced Theory for Thermographic Stress Analysis of Isotropic Materials

An enhanced theory for Thermographic Stress Analysis of isotropic materials is developed. This theory encompasses nonlinear thermoelastic, thermoplastic and specimen motion effects. With this theory, several new applications for Thermographic Stress Analysis are possible including cyclic plasticity analysis, high-temperature stress analysis, and residual stress analysis. Examples of each of these applications are presented.
Characterization of Calmodulin with Mutated Ca2+-Binding Sites

Calmodulin (CaM) regulates cellular functions via its Ca2+ binding properties. The N- and C-domains of CaM, which are separated by a flexible tether, each bind two Ca2+ ions via EF-hand motifs. Mutation of position 1 in individual EF hands (the X coordination site) from Asp to Ala has been used to selectively inhibit Ca2+ binding to the N- and C-domains of CaM. We used this mutation strategy to investigate how the individual Ca2+ binding sites contribute to the association of PEP-19 with CaM. Four CaM mutants were made and designated CaM12, CaM3, CaM4 and CaM34 based on nomenclature established in the literature. Ideally, all mutant proteins should be structurally and functionally identical to native CaM in the absence of Ca2+, however, mutation of Ca2+ binding sites in the C-domain of CaM caused weak affinity and significantly different koff and kon rates for binding PEP-19. This led us to use NMR and other methods to determine the degree of structural perturbation caused by mutation of the EF-hands. Inhibition of Ca2+ binding to the N-domain in CaM12 does not affect Ca2+ binding to the C-domain, however, inhibition of Ca2+-binding to the C-domain in CaM3 and CaM34 significantly increases the Ca2+-binding affinity of the N-domain by decreasing the koff for Ca2+. This was associated with increased exposure of hydrophobic regions in the N-domain as detected by ANS fluorescence. Significantly, 1H-15N HSQC spectra collected in the absence of Ca2+ show large structural perturbations in the C-domain of CaM3, CaM4 and especially CaM34 relative to apo-CaM. This was observed as resonance broadening and a loss of dispersion. These data indicate that conversion of Asp 93 and 129 to Ala destabilizes the C-domain of apo-CaM.
Two Dimensional Modeling of Laser Cladding With Droplet Injection

Directed Metal/Material Deposition (DMD) process is one of additive manufacturing processes based on laser cladding process. A full understanding of laser cladding process is a must to make the DMD process consistent and robust. A two dimensional mathematical model of laser cladding was developed to understand the influence of fluid flow to the mixing, dilution, and deposition dimension, incorporating melting, solidification, and evaporation phenomena. The fluid flow in the melt pool driven by thermal capillary convection and energy balance at liquid-vapor and solid-liquid interface was investigated and the impact of the droplets on the melt pool shape and ripple was studied. Dynamic motion, development of melt pool and the formation of cladding layer were simulated.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Evidence for a novel picornavirus in human dermatomyositis

We prepared RNA probes from cloned segments of human and murine enteroviruses (EVs) for in situ hybridization of skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis, other inflammatory myopathies, and noninflammatory muscle diseases, and from normal control subjects. A probe derived form Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) detected viral RNA within mononuclear cells of the interstitial connective tissue in 3 of 5 patients with adult-onset DM. None of these patients showed positive hybridization to probes derived from human EVs (poliovirus type 1 and Coxsackei virus B3) applied to subjacent sections of the same biopsies. The remaining 2 adult DM patients, 4 patients with childhood-onset DM, and 24 and non-DM patients did not react with either TMEV or human entervirus probes. Histochemical stains for esterase and immunoperoxidase stains for Mac-1 antigen in the 3 DM patients who reacted positively revelaed positive cells in the same distribution as, but in far greater number than, those positive by in situ hybridization. Immunoperoxides staining for HLA-DR antigens revealed positive cells in the same distribution and number as were seen with the TMEV probe. We conclude that an EV-like agent, more closely related to TMEV than to human EVs, may be associated with DM and that this agent is probably localized within muscle macrophages that express class II major histocompatibility complex antigens.
Comparison between dressed-atom and bare-atom pictures in laser spectroscopy

The theory of the interaction between radiation fields and atoms as applied to laser spectroscopy can be approached using either a bare-atom picture (BAP) or dressed-atom picture (DAP). In the BAP, the basis states are those of the free atoms and free field while, in the DAP, the basis states encompass some part of the atom-field interaction. The theory of saturation spectroscopy in three-level systems is discussed using both approaches. Whereas calculations are usually more easily done using the BAP, one can gain useful insight into the underlying physical processes from the DAP. Moreover, when the radiation field strengths (in frequency units) are larger than the relaxation rates in the problem, the DAP equations simplify considerably and lead to line-shape expressions which may be given a simple interpretation. The DAP is used to obtain resonance conditions for traveling-wave fields interacting with three- and four-level atoms and for a standing-wave saturator and traveling-wave probe interacting with a three-level atom. In addition, the DAP is applied to several problems involving optical coherent transients. A comparison is made between the various advantages of the BAP and DAP and an interesting duality between the two approaches is noted.
The relationship of bound water to the IR amide I bandwidth of albumin

Four different types of ir experiments, involving changes in pH, changes in pressure, and the use of nonaqueous solvents, and with either albumin molecules dissolved in saline or adsorbed albumin films, support the hypothesis that the bandwidth of the amide I vibration of albumin is directly related to the amount of bound water in this protein. From the amide I band narrowing and the amide I shift to higher frequencies, it is proposed that a more ordered helix structure results as the amount of bound water is decreased.
Stability of production and plant species diversity in managed grasslands: A retrospective study

Plant biodiversity theory suggests that increased plant species diversity contributes to the stability of ecosystems. In managed grasslands, such as pastures, greater stability of herbage production would be beneficial. In this retrospective study, I used data from three reports from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1960s to determine whether increasing mixture complexity contributed to yield stability with time. Yield data from a total of 175 mixtures of grasses and legumes (two to seven species per mixture) in experiments of 3–6 year duration in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Utah, USA, were used in the analysis. Regression was used to examine relationships among herbage yield, stability of yield [measured as the interannual coefficient of variation (CV)], and diversity measures [Shannon diversity index (H), species richness (S), and evenness (J)]. In several instances there was no relationship between herbage yield or yield stability and the complexity (number of species) of the mixture. In one experiment, the proportion of legume in the sward seemed to be the controlling factor regarding herbage yield and yield stability. Monocultures and binary mixtures frequently had the highest interannual CV (e.g., less yield stability) than more complex mixtures. Within forage mixtures, however, there was no consistent relationship between herbage yield or yield stability and measures of species diversity. Species identity and composition of forage mixtures may be more important determinants of herbage yield than simply the number of species.
Epiglycanin as a membrane glycoprotein. Isolation of plasma membrane from the TA3-Ha tumor cell

A plasma membrane fraction (M) was isolated from ascites cells of mouse TA3-Ha mammary carcinoma by the procedure of Brunette and Till [J. Membr. Biol., 5 (1971) 215], involving homogenization, slow-speed centrifugation, and finally, differential centrifugation in a two-phase system. Marker enzyme activities indicated only minimal contamination of M by the endoplasmic reticulum, a result confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. To monitor the presence of epiglycanin (a large cell-surface glycoprotein), each fraction was tested in a radioimmunoassay for epiglycanin content, by gas chromatography for carbohydrate and amino acid compositions, and by scintillation spectrometry for radioactivity. Cells had been treated with galactose oxidase, followed by reduction with sodium borotritide, prior to homogenization. Of the total recovered epiglycanin, 15% was present in M, but, as indicated by g.l.c., M also contained other glycoproteins in high concentration. A direct correlation was found between epiglycanin concentration, GalNAc content, and radioactivity. Electron microscopy of fraction M by shadow casting showed multiple filaments emanating from some of the particles. The dimensions of these filaments corresponded to those of isolated epiglycanin molecules.
Effort and Efficiency in the Neoclassical Firm

The neoclassical firm, framed, say, in the context of an Arrow-Debreu, general-equilibrium model, has traditionally been viewed as an institution that combines units of goods and services called inputs, such as raw materials, machines and labor time, into units of another good or service referred to as output. In so doing, the firm is thought of as restrained by both market prices and its production function, and is assumed to hire those quantities of inputs, and produce (and sell) that quantity of output which maximizes its profit. Such a firm is assumed to be technically efficient in that, by definition, its production function associates the maximum possible output with each combination of labor time and non-labor inputs (given technology). Moreover, since its output and all of its inputs flow through perfectly competitive markets, the quantities of output and inputs it achieves at economy-wide, general equilibrium are Pareto efficient.
Improving photo-generated carrier escape in quantum well solar cells

Using material systems displaying a band offset only on the conduction (GaAs/(In)GaAsN) or valence (GaAs/GaAsSb(N)) band, we offer device designs that rely on intra-subband thermal transitions accompanied by resonant tunneling to adjacent wells, which greatly accelerates the carrier escape process. Typically, photo-excited carriers in the well regions need about several nanoseconds to make their way out of the well, but a proper design of energy states in successive quantum wells can reduce this escape time to few picoseconds, leading to reduced recombination and higher carrier collection. Using a solar cell modeling program based on the drift-diffusion framework, we show that quantum well solar cells displaying such thermo-tunneling carrier escape process can substantially surpass the efficiency limit of their bulk counterpart.
Caracal: dynamic translation of runtime environments for GPUs

Graphics Processing Units (GPU) have become the platform of choice for accelerating a large range of data parallel and task parallel applications. Both AMD and NVIDIA have developed GPU implementations targeted at the high performance computing market. The rapid adoption of GPU computing has been greatly aided by the introduction of high-level programming environments such as NVIDIA's CUDA C and Khronos' OpenCL. Given the fact that CUDA C has been on the market for a number of years, a large number of applications have been developed in the HPC community.In this paper we describe Caracal, our implementation of a dynamic translation framework that allows CUDA C programs to run on alternative GPU platforms. Here we target the AMD Evergreen family of GPUs. We discuss the challenges of compatibility and correctness faced by the translator using specific examples. We analyze the overhead of the translator compared with the execution time of several benchmarks. We also compare the quality of the code generated by our framework with that produced by the AMD OpenCL library. Our dynamically translated code performs comparably to the native OpenCL library, expands the opportunities for running CUDA C on new heterogeneous architectures, and provides a vehicle for evaluating compiler optimizations in the future.
Triploid and gynogenetic diploid Xenopus laevis

Triploid and gynogenetic diploid Xenopus laevis frogs were produced using pressure to suppress the formation of the second polar body. Five to ten minutes after in vitro insemination, eggs were subjected to six minutes of hydrostatic pressure at 4,800 pounds per square inch. All of the surviving embryos tested were triploid. Application of the same pressure technique to eggs fertilized with ultraviolet irradiated sperm resulted in gynogenetic diploid embryos in every case where the sperm nucleus was inactivated. Triploid and gynogenetic diploid embryos developed normally through the larval period and metamorphosis.
Finding green river in SeaWiFS satellite images

Understanding oceanic primary production on a global scale can be enhanced by methods that are able to automatically track phytoplankton blooms from color satellite images. In the paper, unsupervised clustering and rule learning are combined to track green river, a plume of discolored water that forms every March-May offshore along the edge of the west Florida Shelf, from the Sea Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor which began flying in late 1997. Spatial information and sea surface temperature can be integrated into the approach to improve performance. Using cross-validation experiments over a series of 59 multi-spectral images, it is shown that the developed system is able to reliably discriminate between images with green river from those with no phytoplankton blooms or other kinds of blooms. It is also effective in identifying the region which the green river covers.