cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Genomics Approaches and Technologies

Comparative molecular approaches used DNA sequencing and less costly alternatives. Today new DNA sequencing methods are dramatically impacting comparative genomics studies and many old approaches are being adapted or enhanced by the ultra-high-throughput sequencing (UHTPS) methods. Even so, the expenses of the newer methods limits their access, while the older methods continue to be improved and applied widely. This article reviews comparative genomics approaches used today but does not review UHTPS methods. A subsequent article by us (Smith and Oh, in preparation) will focus on the impact of the new UHTPS methods on comparative genomics.
Sources of Common Cause Failures in Decision Making Involved in Man-Made Catastrophes

Four major accidents in large-scale engineering operations are analyzed for the apparent attributes that contributed to key decisions preceding the catastrophic event. The accidents considered include: Bhopal, Challenger Shuttle, Three Mile Island, and Chernobyl. The analysis focuses on the key decisions and assumptions that would have seemed implausible to, or would have been treated differently by, other similarly qualified operations management teams (based on generally available knowledge and practices contemporaneous to the decisions made). The analysis was done to identify measurable attributes that may be causative or associated with common cause failure of perception (CCFP) by a management team.
Brainstem auditory evoked response: application in neurology

The tecnique that we use for eliciting brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) is described. BAERs are a non-invasive and reliable clinical test when carefully performed. This test is indicated in the evaluation of disorders which may potentially involve the brainstem such as coma, multiple sclerosis posterior fossa tumors and others. Unsuspected lesions with normal radiologic studies (including CT-scan) can be revealed by the BAER.
Communications security on the internet

The Internet is an open network where all traffic is subject to interception by malicious outsiders. TUOMAS AURA and DIETER GOLLMANN overview the current major threats and security solutions for communication over the Internet. They note that the lack of satisfactory authentication infrastructures and guaranteed quality of service remain the main impediments for secure communication. Continuous evolution of the protection mechanisms, developer skills, and user culture are necessary to stay on track with the progress in communication technology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated mapping of tropical deforestation and forest degradation: CLASlite

Monitoring deforestation and forest degradation is central to assessing changes in carbon storage, biodiversity, and many other ecological processes in tropical regions. Satellite remote sensing is the most accurate and cost-effective way to monitor changes in forest cover and degradation over large geographic areas, but the tools and methods have been highly manual and time consuming, often requiring expert knowledge. We present a new user- friendly, fully automated system called CLASlite, which provides desktop mapping of forest cover, deforestation and forest disturbance using advanced atmospheric correction and spectral signal processing approaches with Landsat, SPOT, and many other satellite sensors. CLASlite runs on a standard Windows-based computer, and can map more than 10,000 km 2 , at 30 m spatial resolution, of forest area per hour of processing time. Outputs from CLASlite include maps of the percentage of live and dead vegetation cover, bare soils and other substrates, along with quantitative measures of uncertainty in each image pixel. These maps are then interpreted in terms of forest cover, deforestation and forest disturbance using automated decision trees. CLASlite output images can be directly input to other remote sensing programs, geographic information systems (GIS), Google Earth™, or other visualization systems. Here we provide a detailed description of the CLASlite approach with example results for deforestation and forest degradation scenarios in Brazil, Peru, and other tropical forest sites worldwide.
Tyrosine phosphorylation and the mechanism of signal transduction by the B-lymphocyte antigen receptor.

In the 1950s, Burnet developed the theory of clonal selection to explain the specificity of antibody responses. He postulated that each antibody-producing cell makes antibody molecules with a single specificity, and, moreover, that it makes these antibodies in two forms, a secreted form and a cell-surface form, the latter of which serves as an antigen receptor. According to this theory, antigen binding to cell-surface Ig leads to proliferation of antigen-binding cells. Following clonal expansion, a significant proportion of these cells would initiate high-level antibody production, whereas other cells would become memory B cells and be reserved for the secondary immune response observed upon return of the antigen.
Effect of mutations in the cII and cIII genes of bacteriophage λ on macromolecular synthesis in infected cells

Abstract We have investigated the time-course of macromolecular synthesis following infection by cI−, cII− and cIII− mutants of λ in an effort to understand the role of the cII and cIII genes in the establishment of repression and lysogeny. cII− and cIII− mutants of λ begin to synthesize the “late” proteins tail antigen and lysozyme substantially before a cI− mutant; the shift to late messenger RNA production from the head and tail genes also occurs earlier after cII− or cIII− infection. In contrast, no appreciable difference among cI−, cII−, or cIII− mutants was found in synthesis of the “early” protein λ-exonuclease or in the rate of total or λ-specific DNA synthesis. These results suggest that the λ cII and cIII gene products function to delay the lytic response by inhibiting, directly or indirectly, the production of messenger RNA from the late λ genes. When lysozyme synthesis was studied after infection by cI− cII− and cI− cIII− double mutants, results were obtained which were similar to those found in the case of single cII− and cIII− mutants. The results with the double mutants suggest that the cII and cIII gene products may also participate in the regulation of cI represser synthesis or activity.
Analysis of USA-European Community oilseeds agreements

Abstract In 1986, the American Soybean Association filed a Section 301 petition under the Trade Act of 1974, alleging that European Community oilseed subsidies nullified and impaired benefits of previous trade concessions, specifically the tariff binding of 1962. Two bilateral trade agreements were negotiated to remedy the dispute, the Blair House Agreement and the Memorandum of Understanding on Oilseeds. The impacts of these trade agreements were simulated using a three-region trade model. Results indicated that neither supply constraints nor penalties for overproduction will contribute to a recovery of USA soybean exports to the EC.
Prospective secondary mathematics teachers’ pedagogical knowledge for teaching the estimation of length measurements

Prospective secondary mathematics teachers’ pedagogical knowledge for teaching the estimation of length measurements was investigated by examining their personal benchmarks for measurement estimation. Benchmarks for measurement estimation are the meaningful representations of units that serve to increase one’s understanding of measurement and one’s ability to estimate measurements. Data included electronic journal responses, observation and verbal data, and work samples. Thematic analysis revealed that prospective teachers possessed various benchmarks for measurement estimation that enabled them to estimate length measurements, but these benchmarks for measurement estimation were not evident in participants’ pedagogical knowledge for teaching the estimation of length measurements. Participants’ pedagogical knowledge for teaching the estimation of length measurements was instead based on the belief that hands-on activities were the only way to teach the estimation of length measurements.
Alignment of phonemes with their corresponding orthography

A technique has been developed for aligning the phonemes in a phonemic transcription of a word with the graphemes in its orthographic representation. For example, creationism /kri:eizam/ can be alighed ascreationism/kri:[email protected]!nizam/ Tables of phonemic-to-orthographic correspondences are given together with the frequency of occurrence of each correspondence in the texts constituting the Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus (LOB) (1978). The initial motivation for this algorithm was as an aid to the production of a computerized dictionary of English pronunciation. It has been used subsequently to extract from the dictionary all possible pronunciations of English prefixes, and is being used as part of the inferential process in the building of rules for the automated phonemic transcription of English. Uses are also seen in automatic speech recognition as part of the process of decoding the phonetic information extracted from the analysis of the acoustic signal. The algorithm has been checked using a phonemically tagged version of the LOB Corpus. The accent of English used in this work is Received Pronunciation (RP), see Gimson (1980).
Displacement dependent friction in space structural joints

Likins, P. W., Babera, F. J., and Baddeley, V., "Mathematical Modeling of Spinning Elastic Bodies for Modal Analysis," AIAA Journal, Vol. 11, Sept. 1973, pp. 1251-1258. Laurenson, Robt. M., "Modal Analysis of Rotating Flexible Structures," AIAA Journal, Vol. 14, Oct. 1976, pp. 1444-1450. Laurenson, Robt. M. and Heaton, P. W., "Equations of Motion for a Rotating Flexible Structure," Paper presented at Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Large Flexible Spacecraft, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, June 1977. Archer, J. S., "Consistent Mass Matrix for Distributed Mass Systems," Journal Structural Division, Proceedings of ASCE, Vol. 89, 1963, pp. 161-178. Guyan, R. J., "Reduction of Stiffness and Mass Matrices," AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, Feb. 1965, p. 380. Laurenson, Robt. M., "Influence of Mass Representation on the Modal Analysis of Rotating Flexible Structures," AIAA Paper 83-0915, May 1983. Przemieniecki, J. S., Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1968, pp. 383-407. divided by the peak strain energy E
The Impact of AIDS Awareness on the Adolescent Female

Abstract Twenty-six percent of heterosexual AIDS patients are women, one-third of whom may have been exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during adolescence. Because little is known about attitudes, AIDS awareness, and the impact of AIDS knowledge on the sexual behavior in adolescent and young adult females, 200 private primary care patients (mean 18.2 ± 3.2 years, range 11–25 years) were interviewed during an office visit. One hundred twenty-seven (64%) were sexually active. Condoms were used by 35 (28%) of the patients' sexual partners. No perceived need for condoms was the most frequent reason for condom nonuse. A history of a sexually transmitted disease did not increase patients' willingness to use condoms in the future. Despite verbalized concern about AIDS, few patients were willing to alter their present sexual behavior. All but one of the patients [199, (99.5%)] credit TV as an AIDS information source, yet friends had the greatest influence in precipitating a willingness to change sexual behavior. Protecting the sexually active female from AIDS necessitates more effective education using peer counselors as well as the media.
Learning through listening: applying an action learning model to a cross-cultural field study experience in Native America

Abstract We discuss our experience using an action-learning model to teach an interdisciplinary field course about the complex cross-cultural issues Native American populations face in Oregon today. This approach took students out of the traditional post-secondary classroom setting for 1 week and emphasized learning through active listening and the creation of partnerships between students, the teaching team, and community stakeholders. Our hybridized teaching model is based on Freire's (Pedagogy of the oppressed, Contimurm, New York, 1970) problem-posing approach and combines a number of pedagogical techniques including experiential learning, collaborative models of group learning, the use of field experience and the use of the Internet. Within this unique pedagogical environment, students were empowered to take charge of their own learning and explore the myriad of ways in which systemic and institutionalized discrimination affects Native American people in a small rural town in Oregon.
Renal gluconeogenesis: effects of Ca2+ and H+.

Abstract Isolated segments of rat renal tubules formed glucose from a variety of substrates at a linear rate for at least 45–60 min. An increase in either Ca 2+ or H + concentration in the medium caused a significant increase in gluconeogenesis from α-ketoglutarate or glutamate. An increase in Ca 2+ concentration led to increased gluconeogenesis when succinate, malate, or oxaloacetate, served as substrate. In contrast, an increase in H + concentration caused either no change or a decrease in glucose formation from succinate, malate, or oxaloacetate. When pyruvate was substrate, an increase in Ca 2+ concentration enhanced the rate of glucose formation without changing the rate of pyruvate disappearance at pH 7.4, but at pH 6.8 an increase in Ca 2+ concentration did not alter gluconeogenesis. In contrast, a fall in pH from 7.4 to 6.8 led to a significant inhibition of pyruvate disappearance, pyruvate decarboxylation, and glucose formation. When glycerol served as substrate, neither Ca 2+ or H + enhanced gluconeogenesis, but both inhibited CO 2 production from glycerol. Very striking differences in the concentrations of Krebs cycle and some glycolytic intermediates were seen when either H + or Ca 2+ was altered. A change in H + concentration produced different changes in metabolite levels than those seen after a change in Ca 2+ concentration. It was concluded that an increase in H + concentration led to an activation of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and an inhibition of pyruvate conversion to citrate, and that Ca 2+ acted by enhancing the activity of one or more enzymatic steps beyond oxaloacetate and by inhibiting pyruvate kinase.
The ASTM E57 file format for 3D imaging data exchange

There is currently no general-purpose, open standard for storing data produced by three dimensional (3D) imaging systems, such as laser scanners. As a result, producers and consumers of such data rely on proprietary or ad-hoc formats to store and exchange data. There is a critical need in the 3D imaging industry for open standards that promote data interoperability among 3D imaging hardware and software systems. For the past three years, a group of volunteers has been working within the ASTM E57 Committee on 3D Imaging Systems to develop an open standard for 3D imaging system data exchange to meet this need. The E57 File Format for 3D Imaging Data Exchange (E57 format hereafter) is capable of storing point cloud data from laser scanners and other 3D imaging systems, as well as associated 2D imagery and core meta-data. This paper describes the motivation, requirements, design, and implementation of the E57 format, and highlights the technical concepts developed for the standard. We also compare the format with other proprietary or special purpose 3D imaging formats, such as the LAS format, and we discuss the open source library implementation designed to read, write, and validate E57 files.
The Roles of Intraseasonal Kelvin Waves and Tropical Instability Waves in SST Variability along the Equatorial Pacific in an Isopycnal Ocean Model

Abstract The roles of intraseasonal Kelvin waves and tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the intraseasonal and low-frequency mixed-layer temperature budget were examined in an isopycnal ocean model forced by QuikSCAT winds from 2000 to 2004. Correlations between temperature tendency and other terms of the intraseasonal budget compare well with previous results using Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) observations: the net heat flux has the largest correlation in the western Pacific and zonal advection has the largest correlation in the central Pacific. In the central Pacific, the intraseasonal variations in zonal advection were due to both the zonal background velocity acting on the Kelvin wave temperature anomaly and the Kelvin wave’s anomalous velocity acting on the background temperature. In the eastern Pacific, three of the four temperature budget terms have comparable correlations. In particular, the vertical processes acting on the shallow thermocline cause large SST anomalies in phase with the intras...
Use of a novel induced spawning technique for the first reported captive spawning of Tetraodon nigroviridis.

Abstract The spotted green pufferfish ( Tetraodon nigroviridis ) is an important genetics model animal due to its small, well-mapped genome. However, only wild-caught juveniles and adults are available to researchers. A lack of gametes, fertilized eggs, developing embryos, and other early life stages hampers development of the full potential of T. nigroviridis as a model research species. We report on successful spawning trials using a novel induced spawning technique, ovarian lavage. Chorulon ® (human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG) was injected into a catheter inserted into the oviduct at a rate of 3 μl/g body weight. In one trial, a female paired with a male spawned in an aquarium at about 72 h post-treatment. In other trials, females were hand-stripped of eggs at 36 h post-treatment. There were 3680 eggs/g of eggs and females produced up to 24% of their body weight in eggs. Hatch resulted from all trials on the 4th day post-fertilization. Ovarian lavage is a simple method for administering spawning hormones, uses a catheter technique similar to that frequently performed to determine egg maturity in broodstock, and eliminates the need for injection.
A new route for silk

Famous for its use in clothing since early times, silk is now finding a new application as a useful biocompatible material in photonic devices. Thin films, diffraction gratings and organic photonic crystals are just a few of the exciting possibilities.
Playing Church: Toward Critically Creative Pastoral Practices

The author develops theory and practices that contribute to psychological health and well-being in pastoral ministry. Drawing on experiences in congregational ministry and clinical pastoral learning environments, the author argues for the benefit of a playful pastoral education method informed by the critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire and the theological worldview of Jurgen Moltmann. Attention is given to explication of core principles and practical application that foster soul-filled creativity in pastoral ministry.
Old medicine in a new bottle

Arthur Kleinman, Peter Kunstadter, E. Russell Alexander, and James L. Gale, eds. Medicine in Chinese Cultures: Comparative Studies of Health Care in Chinese and Other Societies. Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. 1975. xvi and 803 pp. Maps, tables, notes, references, and index. $11.00.
Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype C Associates with Dual Ganglioside Receptors to Facilitate Cell Entry

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cleave SNARE proteins in motor neurons that inhibits synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis, resulting in flaccid paralysis. There are seven BoNT serotypes (A–G). In current models, BoNTs initially bind gangliosides on resting neurons and upon SV exocytosis associate with the luminal domains of SV-associated proteins as a second receptor. The entry of BoNT/C is less clear. Characterizing the heavy chain receptor binding domain (HCR), BoNT/C was shown to utilize gangliosides as dual host receptors. Crystallographic and biochemical studies showed that the two ganglioside binding sites, termed GBP2 and Sia-1, were independent and utilized unique mechanisms to bind complex gangliosides. The GBP2 binding site recognized gangliosides that contained a sia5 sialic acid, whereas the Sia-1 binding site recognized gangliosides that contained a sia7 sialic acid and sugars within the backbone of the ganglioside. Utilizing gangliosides that uniquely recognized the GBP2 and Sia-1 binding sites, HCR/C entry into Neuro-2A cells required both functional ganglioside binding sites. HCR/C entered cells differently than the HCR of tetanus toxin, which also utilizes dual gangliosides as host receptors. A point-mutated HCR/C that lacked GBP2 binding potential retained the ability to bind and enter Neuro-2A cells. This showed that ganglioside binding at the Sia-1 site was accessible on the plasma membrane, suggesting that SV exocytosis may not be required to expose BoNT/C receptors. These studies highlight the utility of BoNT HCRs as probes to study the role of gangliosides in neurotransmission.
Preparation and characterization of members of the system La2−xA1+xCu2O6±y where A = Ca,Sr

Members of the system La{sub 2{minus}x}A{sub 1+x}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 6 {plus minus} y}, where A = Ca, Sr, were prepared by decomposition of the nitrates. The tolerance of these compounds for oxygen uptake, as well as the ease of substitution for the A-site ions, is shown to be closely related to the distribution of the alkaline-earth ions on the 8- and 9-coordinated A-sites.
Some Possible Effects Of Degraded Image Quality On Human Performance In Simulation

degradation in at least one of the taskswhen compared with the single -task per-formance levels. An attempt will be madenow to review some of the factors whichdetermine the relative performance decre-ments that occur.Much of the underlying impetus forstudying multiple task performance comesperhaps less from the desire to advancehuman performance theory than from thesheer practical need to evaluate man'sperformance in complex systems operations.Two general problems will be identified
A prospective 10 year audit of a single Irish centre's experience of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testis cancer

Background: Retro-peritoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) following chemotherapy is critical in advanced germ cell tumours with residual retro-peritoneal masses. Post-chemotherapy RPLND is more extensive, may require adjacent organ resection and has higher morbidity. The study aim was to analyse patient demographics, clinical stage, surgical procedures and cure rates following RPLND. Methods: An RPLND database (1994–2005) was analysed prospectively for demographics, pre/post-RPLND staging, chemotherapy regimen, cure, follow-up and early/late morbidity and mortality. Results: 73 patients were identified (range 17–49 median 25.7). The mean hospital stay was 14.3 days (range 6–50). Clinical stage at presentation was; IV (16), III (19), II (27), I (11) and prior to RPLND was IV (12), III (6), II (55), I (0). Eleven patients with stage I disease progressed prior to RPLND. Seventy-one patients received cisplatin-based chemotherapy with partial response (49), minimal response (14), no response (7), disease progression (3) and 13 patients required salvage chemotherapy. RPLND was bilateral (26), unilateral (36) and suprahilar (11) with nerve sparing in 10. Other major procedures included nephrectomy (22), aortic graft (1), ureterectomy (1) and caval dissection (1). RPLND histology was mature teratoma (MT) (37), fibrosis/necrosis (26), NSGCT (6), seminoma (1), mixed NSGCT/teratoma (1), sarcoma (1) and mixed seminoma/teratoma (1). Early (n=26) and late (n=13) morbidity was significant but expected. There was no mortality. Ninety-five per cent had complete remission following RPLND (mean follow-up 30 months). One patient is deceased following relapse. Conclusions: The decision to perform post-chemotherapy RPLND depends on the possibility of viable tumour or teratoma and surgical morbidity. Appropriate case selection and timely intervention in an experienced centre permits optimum outcome.
Propagation of Uncertainty in Risk Assessments: The Need to Distinguish Between Uncertainty Due to Lack of Knowledge and Uncertainty Due to Variability

In quantitative uncertainty analysis, it is essential to define rigorously the endpoint or target of the assessment. Two distinctly different approaches using Monte Carlo methods are discussed: (1) the end point is a fixed but unknown value (e.g., the maximally exposed individual, the average individual, or a specific individual) or (2) the end point is an unknown distribution of values (e.g., the variability of exposures among unspecified individuals in the population). In the first case, values are sampled at random from distributions representing various "degrees of belief" about the unknown "fixed" values of the parameters to produce a distribution of model results. The distribution of model results represents a subjective confidence statement about the true but unknown assessment end point. The important input parameters are those that contribute most to the spread in the distribution of the model results. In the second case, Monte Carlo calculations are performed in two dimensions producing numerous alternative representations of the true but unknown distribution. These alternative distributions permit subject confidence statements to be made from two perspectives: (1) for the individual exposure occurring at a specified fractile of the distribution or (2) for the fractile of the distribution associated with a specified level of individual exposure. The relative importance of input parameters will depend on the fractile or exposure level of interest. The quantification of uncertainty for the simulation of a true but unknown distribution of values represents the state-of-the-art in assessment modeling.
Search for Off-Diagonal Density Matrix Elements for Atoms in a Supersonic Beam

We demonstrate the absence of off-diagonal elements for the density matrix of a supersonic Na atomic beam, thus showing that there are no coherent wave packets emerging from this source. We used a differentially detuned separated oscillatory field longitudinal interferometer to search for off-diagonal density matrix elements in the longitudinal energy/momentum basis. Our study places a stringent lower bound on their possible size over an off-diagonal energy range from 0 to 100 kHz.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE DISTAL EXTREMITY OF THE HORSE

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an imaging tool that is becoming increasingly available for use in veterinary medicine. Advantages, including depiction of detailed cross-sectional anatomy, improved contrast resolution, and computer reformatting, make it a potentially valuable diagnostic technique. Veterinary application of CT has been primarily limited to use in small animals. Current reports describe the technique for use in the horse, but there are no published studies correlating serial CT images with equine cross-sectional anatomy. A study of the distal extremity of the horse was undertaken to facilitate interpretation of images produced using CT. Transverse CT images of the distal forelimb of equine cadavers were evaluated relative to gross anatomic dissection. Resolution of bone architecture in transverse plane images was satisfactory, but soft-tissue' resolution, although satisfactory for visualization of major structures, was relatively poor, probably due to lack of interposed fat and insufficient differences in physical density and atomic number. Thus it appears in the equine distal limb that CT may be most useful for evaluation of complex bone abnormalities.
Gravitational lensing by cosmic string loops.

We calculate the deflection of a light ray caused by the gravitational field of a cosmic string loop in the weak field limit and reduce the problem to a single quadrature over a time slice of the loop's world sheet. We then apply this formalism to the problem of gravitational lensing by cosmic string loops. In particular, we find an analytic solution for the special case of a circular loop perpendicular to the optical axis. As examples of more complicated loops, we consider two loops with higher frequency Fourier modes. The numerical analysis illustrates the general features of loop lenses. Our estimates, using typical parameters for GUT scale loops, show that the stringy nature of loop lenses can be observed for lensing systems involving high redshift galaxies ($z\ensuremath{\sim}2$), and we suggest that gravitational lensing can confirm the existence of GUT scale strings if they are the seeds for large-scale structure formation.
Optimization and Analysis of Low-Leakage Core Management for Pressurized Water Reactors

Low-leakage extended burnup fuel management is a promising pressurized water reactor (PWR) improvement that yields better neutron economy than the traditional out-in fuel management scheme with res...
A Phonological Reading Model for Technical Communicators.

When people read silently, they unconsciously translate what they read into a speech-like code that facilitates word identification and the creation of meaning. This article examines that phenomenon-known as silent speech-based upon the published research of cognitive psychologists and psycholinguists. The author develops a phonological model of reading based upon published results of experimental investigators to determine the relationship between cognition and silent speech. The author then applies the model to technical communication. The applications include the use of punctuation, pronouns, and abbreviations, as well as introducing new words, writing to satisfy the speech instinct, cultivating a human voice, and revising technical documents.
Tricarbonylrhenium(I) and manganese(I) complexes of 2-(pyrazolyl)-4-toluidine

Abstract A series of tricarbonyl rhenium(I) and manganese(I) complexes of the electroactive 2-(pyrazolyl)-4-toluidine ligand, H(pzAnMe), has been prepared and characterized including by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The reactions between H(pzAnMe) and M(CO)5Br afford fac-MBr(CO)3[H(pzAnMe)] (M = Mn, 1a; Re, 1b) complexes. The ionic species {fac-M(CH3CN)(CO)3[H(pzAnMe)]}(PF6) (M = Mn, 2a; Re, 2b) were prepared by metathesis of 1a or 1b with TlPF6 in acetonitrile. Complexes 1a and 1b partly ionize to {M(CH3CN)(CO)3[H(pzAnMe)]+}(Br−) in CH3CN but retain their integrity in less donating solvents such as acetone or CH2Cl2. Each of the four metal complexes reacts with (NEt4)(OH) in CH3CN to give poorly-soluble crystalline [fac-M(CO)3(μ-pzAnMe)]2 (M = Mn, 3a; Re, 3b). The solid state structures of 3a and 3b are of centrosymmetric dimeric species with bridging amido nitrogens and with pyrazolyls disposed trans- to the central planar M2N2 metallacycle. In stark contrast to the diphenylboryl derivatives, Ph2B(pzAnMe), none of the tricarbonyl group 7 metal complexes are luminescent.
Metal-sulfur valence orbital interaction energies in metal-dithiolene complexes: determination of charge and overlap interaction energies by comparison of core and valence ionization energy shifts.

The electronic interactions between metals and dithiolenes are important in the biological processes of many metalloenzymes as well as in diverse chemical and material applications. Of special note is the ability of the dithiolene ligand to support metal centers in multiple coordination environments and oxidation states. To better understand the nature of metal–dithiolene electronic interactions, new capabilities in gas-phase core photoelectron spectroscopy for molecules with high sublimation temperatures have been developed and applied to a series of molecules of the type Cp2M(bdt) (Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl, M = Ti, V, Mo, and bdt = benzenedithiolato). Comparison of the gas-phase core and valence ionization energy shifts provides a unique quantitative energy measure of valence orbital overlap interactions between the metal and the sulfur orbitals that is separated from the effects of charge redistribution. The results explain the large amount of sulfur character in the redox-active orbitals and the ‘leve...
Sources and predictors of resolvable indel polymorphism assessed using rice as a model

The principal sources of genetic variation that can be assayed with restriction enzymes are base substitutions and insertions/deletions (indels). The likelihood of detecting indels as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) is determined by the size and frequency of the indels, and the ability to resolve small indels as RFLPs is limited by the distribution of restriction fragment sizes. In this study, we use aligned sequences from the indica and japonica subspecies of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) to quantify and compare the ability of restriction enzymes to detect indels. We look specifically at two abundant transposable element-derived indel sources: miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) and long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements. From this analysis we conclude that indels rather than base substitutions are the prevailing source of the polymorphism detected in rice. We show that, although MITE derived indels are more abundant than LTR-retroelement derived indels, LTR-retroelements have a greater capacity to generate visible restriction fragment length polymorphism because of their larger size. We find that the variation in the detectability of indels among restriction enzymes can be explained by differences in the frequency and dispersion of their restriction sites in the genome. The parameters that describe the fragment size distributions obtained with the restriction enzymes are highly correlated across the sequenced genomes of rice, Arabidopsis and human, with the exception of some extreme deviations in frequency for particular recognition sequences corresponding to variations in the levels and modes of DNA methylation in the three disparate organisms. Thus, we can predict the relative ability of a restriction enzyme to detect indels derived from a specific source based on the distribution of restriction fragment sizes, even when this is estimated for a distantly related genome.
Effects of relaxin on the fertilization capacity of human spermatozoa

Abstract Relaxin, a polypeptide hormone found in human seminal plasma, exerted favorable effects on the function of spermatozoa. This study was designed to investigate the effect of this hormone on the fertilization capacity of human spermatoxoa from 10 oligospermic men (group A), 11 asthenospermic men (group B), 10 normospermic infertile men (group C), and 10 men with verified fertility (group D). We compared the effects of purified porcine relaxin at different concentrations (0, 50, and 150 ng/ml). Parameters include motility, hypoosmolar swelling test, and zona-free hamster egg penetration test. In group A and group B, relaxin increased the results of the hamster egg penetration test and motility. In group C, results of the hamster egg penetration test and motility improved only at the concentration of 50 ng/ml. In group D, relaxin increased the results of the hamster egg penetration test only at a concentration of 150 ng/ml. Results of the hypoosmolar swelling test were not consistently altered in any study group. Relaxin appears to enhance the fertilization capacity and motility of human spermatozoa in oligospermic and asthenospermic subjects.
Reinventing high density area departure traffic management

As a complex dynamic system, today's National Airspace System (NAS) can be very sensitive to disruptive events. High density area departure management is particularly sensitive to such disruptions. This paper builds upon previous research that proposes an operational concept to ensure safe, efficient, and stable departure traffic management in the Next Generation Air Transportation System. This research first proposes the proper roles and responsibilities of Traffic Management Coordinators (TMCs) in different facilities and then defines the functions/capabilities needed to support the roles and responsibilities identified. This paper models, simulates, and compares the performance of the proposed operation with today's operation. The sensitivity of the proposed operation to events like over-head flow constraints is also examined and compared with today's operation. The results reveal that the proposed concept provides performance enhancements and system stability in response to disruption.
Individual isotopic fragmentation cross sections of relativistic nuclei in hydrogen, helium, and carbon targets

In this paper, the third in a series of papers, we discuss isotopic fragmentation cross sections measured in hydrogen, helium, and carbon targets. Over 300 of these cross sections have been measured in 24 separate runs using 12 charges from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ to $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$. Most of these isotope cross sections were measured at an energy \ensuremath{\sim}600 MeV/nucleon, however, some measurements of the $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ fragmentation are available at an energy \ensuremath{\gtrsim}1 GeV/nucleon. We observe, comparing both these data and other data, that to first order, the mass fractions for each isotope are essentially independent of energy. This indicates that the energy dependence of the isotopic cross sections is essentially the same as for the charge changing cross sections. It is also observed that the isotopic mass fractions and the width of the mass distributions for each charge are essentially independent of the H, He, and C targets involved. These systematics greatly simplify the construction of a semiempirical formula to describe these cross sections. New isotopic cross sections are presented for a number of interesting reactions, $^{12}$C\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Be, $^{16}$O\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N, $^{27}$Al\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Na, and $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ into Mn and Ar among others. A large body of new data on proton and neutron stripping reactions are also presented and discussed.
Roller-coaster failure rates and mean residual life functions with application to the extended generalized inverse gaussian model

The investigation in this article was motivated by an extended generalized inverse Gaussian (EGIG) distribution, which has more than one turning point of the failure rate for certain values of the parameters. In order to study the turning points of a failure rate, we appeal to Glaser's eta function, which is much simpler to handle. We present some general results for studying the reationship among the change points of Glaser's eta function, the failure rate, and the mean residual life function (MRLF). Additionally we establish an ordering among the number of change points of Glaser's eta function, the failure rate, and the MRLF. These results are used to investigate, in detail, the monotonicity of the three functions in the case of the EGIG. The EGIG model has one additional parameter, δ, than the generalized inverse Gaussian (GIG) model's three parameters; see Jorgensen [7]. It has been observed that the EGIG model fits certain datasets better than the GIG of Jorgensen [7]. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present some general results dealing with the relationship among the change points of the three functions described earlier. The EGIG model is used as an illustration.
A comparison of urinary incontinence among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and white women

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to compare urodynamic findings and the rate of incontinence diagnoses among various ethnic groups. Study Design: Data were collected for all new patients referred to the urogynecology clinic during a 10-year period. One hundred ninety-five Hispanic, 95 white, 66 Asian, and 59 African American women had urodynamic testing and were included in the study. All women had a complete history, physical examination, and multichannel urodynamic studies. Demographic data, urodynamic data, and final diagnoses differences were analyzed. Results: African American women had higher maximum urethral closure pressures than Hispanic, white, or Asian women (58 cm H 2 O vs 47, 47, and 48 cm H 2 O; P =.001, P =.005, and P =.02). African American women were less likely to be diagnosed with genuine stress incontinence than were Hispanic or white women (42% vs 67% and 59%; P P =.046). Detrusor instability was diagnosed more often in African American women than in Hispanic, white, or Asian women (29% vs 8%, 15%, and 14%; P P =.04, and P =.04). Conclusions: African American women with urinary incontinence have different urodynamic diagnoses than Hispanic, white, or Asian women. Hispanic, white, and Asian women have similar rates of genuine stress incontinence. Although African American women have lower rates of genuine stress incontinence than Hispanic and white women, they have higher rates of detrusor instability than all 3 groups. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1083-6.)
Dislocation mechanisms in single crystals of tantalum and molybdenum at low temperatures

Abstract High purity single crystals of Ta and Mo oriented for (101)[111] single slip were tested in tension over the range of temperatures up to 620°K at two strain rates. Activation energies and activation volumes were determined. Analyses of the data revealed that they were in good agreement with the Peierls mechanism.
Methods Matter: Rethinking Inventor Disambiguation with Classification & Labeled Inventor Records

Existing record linkage methods often use ad-hoc weights, thresholds, and decision rules that may lead to unwanted and systematic errors in the results. We use a unique set of 98,762 labeled invent...
Vicianin, prunasin, and β-cyanoalanine in common vetch seed as sources of urinary thiocyanate in the rat

When young rats were fed a diet containing common vetch seed for 1 month, they excreted in the urine ∼7 times more thiocyanate than they had ingested. Vicianin, prunasin, and β-cyanoalanine were id...
A tamper-proof and lightweight authentication scheme

We present a tamper-proof and lightweight challenge-response authentication scheme, based on 2-level noisy Physically Unclonable Functions (PUF). We present a security reduction, which shows the scheme to be secure against passive attacks, provided that it is hard to learn a threshold of halfspaces under the uniform distribution. Furthermore, we provide an extensive analysis of PUFs. In particular, we thoroughly derive a linear model for delay based PUFs, and finally we explore extensions of PUFs to produce efficient and tamper-resilient n-to-n mappings.
The effect of protein deprivation on RNA and protein breakdown in subcellular fractions of the cultured chick embryo.

Abstract During protein deprivation there is a rapid loss of radioactivity from prelabeled protein and rRNA of the brain, neural tube, and extraembryonic membrane of the explanted chick embryo, but not from the heart or somites. No concomitant decrease in the amounts of rRNA or protein are detected. When nutrient proteins are provided, these losses of radioactivity are not found. In the rapidly growing embryo, the ribosome/cell ratio doubles in the brain, neural tube, and extraembryonic membrane, while it remains constant in the heart and somites. During protein deprivation, however, the ribosome/cell ratio remains constant in all regions. The rapid ribosomal turnover seen in the starvation-sensitive regions of the embryo may be a mechanism whereby the rRNA/DNA ratio is held constant during early growth inhibition of a previously rapidly multiplying cell population.
New studies of non-photochemical holes of dyes and rare-earth ions in polymers. II: Laser-induced hole filling

Abstract The phenomenon of laser-induced hole filling (LIHF) is reported and discussed in detail for rhodamine 640, Nd 3+ , Pr 3+ and the mixed system of rhodamine 560 and cresyl violet. Importantly, LIHF does not show any spectral diffusion (i.e. broadening). Possible mechanisms (thermal heating, site reversion and energy transfer) involved in LIHF are discussed and are argued to have insignificant contribution. A tentative model is developed to explain these results. The model basically invokes a connectivity between spatially removed extrinsic (impurity) two-level systems (TLS) via an ensemble of intrinsic (host) TLS (the glassy state). Additionally, a correlation between impurity excitation energies and absolute glassy state energies is imposed.
MINOR FATTY ACIDS FROM PECAN KERNEL LIPIDS

Twenty-three fatty acids have been identified in the oils from pecan (Carya illinoensis Wang) kernels. In addition to confirming the 10 previously reported, 13 newly identified acids were found in 2 years’ sampling of four varieties of pecans. Newly identified acids are: decanoic, dodecanoic, dodecenoic, tetradecanoic, tetradecenoic, tetra-decadienoic, pentadecanoic, pentadecenoic, pentadecadienoic, hexa-decadienoic, heptadecadienoic, eicosenoic, and heneicosanoic acids. All but one were present in all oil samples in quantities of less than 0.1%; tetradecanoic acid averaged ca 1.2%.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas: case report

Abstract The intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is the rarest of the cystic pancreatic tumors. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is currently the gold standard for evaluating IPMN’s and can demonstrate dilatation of the main duct or side branches, mural nodules, filling defects, and communication between the tumor and the main pancreatic duct. Recent literature has shown that MRCP may be more sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of IPMN [1] In this case report, we present a patient with IPMN of the pancreas where MRCP was superior to ERCP in characterizing the tumor.
Current excitement from insect muscarinic receptors

Recent electrophysiological, pharmacological and molecular studies suggest that muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) in insects are related to, but distinct from, their mammalian counterparts. Insect mAChRs perform two primary roles that are distinguished by their locations. Presynaptic mAChRs, present on sensory terminals, inhibit transmitter release, thereby reducing the effectiveness of specific afferent inputs. In contrast, postsynaptic mAChRs depolarize and increase the excitability of motoneurons and interneurons, thereby acting as dynamic-gain controls. This postsynaptic modulation is achieved in different ways in specific neurons but generally results from the activation of persistent inward and outward currents. At the level of neural processing, these distinct roles enable insect mAChRs to regulate the transfer of sensory information, and modulate the contributions of central neurons to central pattern generators and reflexes. Because these phenomena can be studied in identified neurons, a combination of physiological and molecular studies of mAChRs in insects should help to elucidate some of their behavioral roles. Furthermore, such studies could lead to the identification of general mechanisms of functional plasticity in neuronal networks.
A Contribution of an Electrogenic Na+ Pump to Membrane Potential in Aplysia Neurons

The resting membrane potential (RMP) of Aplysia neurons is very temperature-dependent, and in some cells increases with increasing temperature by as much as 2 mv/°C. RMP at room temperature may significantly exceed the potassium equilibrium potential, which can be determined by measurement of the equilibrium point of the spike after potential. The hyperpolarization on warming is completely abolished by ouabain, replacement of external Na+ by Li+, removal of external K+, and by prolonged exposure to high Ca++, while it is independent of external chloride but is increased by cocaine (3 x 10-3 M). In an identified cell that shows a marked temperature dependence of RMP, both the potassium equilibrium potential and the membrane resistance were found to be relatively independent of temperature. The hyperpolarization on warming, which may increase RMP by as much as 50%, can most reasonably be ascribed to the activity of an electrogenic Na+ pump.