cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased frequency of HLA class II alleles DRB1*0301 and DQB1*0201 in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome without associated cancer

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against the presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), resulting in a clinical syndrome of proximal muscular weakness and autonomic dysfunction. Sixty percent of LEMS cases are associated with cancer, most commonly small cell carcinoma of the lung. In the 40% of LEMS patients without carcinoma, the stimulus for the production of VGCC autoantibodies is unknown; however, these LEMS patients have multiple other organ-specific autoantibodies. To investigate the autoimmune basis of noncancer associated LEMS (NCA-LEMS), high resolution typing of major histocompatibility loci was performed in 23 patients with NCA-LEMS. NCA-LEMS was strongly associated with DRB1*0301 (p<0.0001) and DQB1*0201 (p<0.0001), suggesting that NCA-LEMS is an autoimmune disorder associated with the DR3-DQ2 extended haplotype.
Sr-Isotope Record of Quaternary Marine Terraces on the California Coast and off Hawaii

Abstract Strontium-isotopic ratios of dated corals have been obtained from submerged reefs formed during Quaternary glacial periods off the Hawaiian islands. These data, combined with data from deep-sea sediments, tightly constrain the secular variation of marine 87 Sr 86 Sr for the past 800,000 yr. Although long-term trends are apparent, no significant (>0.02‰), rapid ( 87 Sr 86 Sr were resolved nor did we observe any samples with 87 Sr 86 Sr greater than that of modern seawater. Strontium in mollusks from elevated marine terraces formed during interglacial periods on the southern California coast show resolvable and consistent variations in 87 Sr 86 Sr which, when compared to the trend of Quaternary marine 87 Sr 86 Sr , can be used to infer uplift rates and define approximate ages for the higher terraces. The Sr-isotope age estimates indicate that uplift rates vary among crustal blocks and were not necessarily constant with time. No contrast in Sr-isotopic ratios between similar-age Hawaiian and California fossils was observed, confirming that any change in marine 87 Sr 86 Sr from glacial to interglacial periods must be small. A realistic appraisal of the potential of Sr-isotope stratigraphy for chronometric applications in the Quaternary suggests that the technique will be limited to relatively coarse distinctions in age.
Modernism, administration, and the post-progressive era

Beginning in the 1920s a group of theorists made a significant departure from Progressive administrative theory. These Post-Progressives argued that organizations must be more than efficient producers; they must be institutions within which individuals can develop their creative potential. Toward this end, they emphasized a unified science of organizations and leadership. In so doing, the Post-Progressives believed that they were extending the course of modernity itself. The abandonment of the Post-Progressive synthesis between efficiency and human oriented organizations risks not only the viability of modern organizations but the course of modernity as well.
Pharmacologic and toxicologic evaluation of 2-(N-tetradecyl-N-ethylamino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride, an inhibitor of intestinal absorption.

2-(N-Tetradecyl-N-ethylamino)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride (I) and Cetrimide caused a dose responsive inhibition of growth rate of rats which is, at least in part, due to a decrease in food and water consumption. The pharmacologic profile of I does not resemble that of the centrally acting anorexigenic agent, d-amphetamine. The acute toxicity of I in rodents is low, and hyperplasia and marked keratosis of the epithelium of the esophagus and nonglandular portion of the stomach were the only histopathologic changes observed. Pathologic evidence of toxicity was not observed in cats, dogs, or monkeys given active doses of I. The correlation in potency between Cetrimide and I as surfactants, as irritants to mucous membranes, as irreversible noncompetitive inhibitors of induced contractions of the isolated ileum and jejunum, and as inhibitors of active transport in the gastrointestinal tract suggest that these compounds interfere locally with the energy mechanisms of the cells of the alimentary canal. This, in combination with local irritation of the esophagus, may be responsible for the observed anorexigenic effects of these compounds.
Fortifying bread with each of three antioxidants

ABSTRACT White bread was fortified individually with fat-coated l-ascorbic acid (AsA), cold-water-dispersible (CWD) β-carotene, and CWD all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (ToAc) at levels of 64, 5, and 100 mg, respectively, of active ingredient per 100 g of flour (14% mb). The freshly baked puploaves retained 76, 67, and 96% of added antioxidant, respectively. To extract ToAc quantitatively from bread or dough, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) gave better results than hexane, which indicated that ToAc was in a partially bound state. “Protein-encased” (PE) β-carotene did not impart a yellow color to bread crumb and had one-fourth higher retention in fresh bread when compared to CWD β-carotene. In loaves stored at 25°C for one to seven days, AsA disappeared rapidly and PE β-carotene disappeared slowly; CWD β-carotene and ToAc were stable. In spite of storage loss, bread fortified with PE β-carotene retained significantly higher levels of β-carotene when compared to CWD β-carotene. One serving size (one slice, 28 g) of t...
Antitumor agents XLII: Comparison of Antileukemic Activity of Helenalin, Brusatol, and Bruceantin and their Esters on Different Strains of p-388 Lymphocytic Leukemic Cells

Based on the fact that some known antineoplastic agents possess an ester moiety within their structure, the esters of helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone, and of brusatol and bruceantin, quassinoids, were synthesized and tested for antileukemic activity in the P-388 screen. These agents gave different T/C % values dependent on the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia strain and the host strain of mice used. Later studies demonstrated that the agents caused different degrees of inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the various P-388 strains. The higher the degree of inhibition of precursor incorporation into the nucleic acid or protein, the higher was the T/C % value obtained in a given P-388 strain. The study demonstrates the lack of consistency of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell lines used in various laboratories and indicates that the inbred strain of mice is a critical factor in the tolerance of drug toxicity and, thus, T/C % obtained.
A Front Tracking Method for the Motion of Premixed Flames

A front tracking method to study multi-fluid flows in which a sharp interface separates incompressible fluids of different densities and viscosities is adopted to simulate the unsteady motion of an infinitely thin premixed flame characterized by significant chemical heat release and hence thermal expansion. The flow field is discretized by a conservative finite difference approximation on a stationary grid, and the flame surface is explicitly represented by connected marker points that move with the local flame speed, relative to the flow field. The performance of the method is tested by applying it to a steady planar flame and the Darrieus?Landau instability. The numerical results are in good agreement with analytical results. The method is also applied to the interaction between a flame and a vortex array. The results show that the flame can destroy the vorticity originally in the unburnt gas and generate vorticity of opposite sign in the burnt gas.
Updated Terrestrial Environment Guidelines for Aerospace Vehicle Development

NASA recently released extensively revised and updated guidelines and information on terrestrial environments (land, water, and atmosphere). The guidelines are applicable in developing design requirements and specifications for aerospace vehicles, payloads, and associated ground support equipment operating in specific geographic regions. The document, “Terrestrial Environment (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Development, 2008 Revision” (NASA/TM-2008-215633), has been updated periodically since its initial publication in 1964. The latest version includes a broad scope of information about the terrestrial environment, though spaceflight systems development and test centers are the primary geographic areas encompassed in the document.
Photoelectrically enhanced microwave imaging

An experimental high resolution radar imaging technique is described, which permits magnitude determination of currents and local fields established on an around complex bodies irradiated with microwave energy. This highly useful information reveals radar cross section contributions from constituent parts of larger systems.
Optimal Factoring of FIR Filters

New insights suggest that the most efficient FIR digital filters can be created by using a scaled sequence of stages, each representing a factor of the filter's transfer function. A crucial capability for building such filters concerns finding the best FIR filter factors, then carefully scaling and sequencing them. The efficiency of the resulting structure depends heavily upon obtaining such optimal factors. We offer an algorithm to find, scale and sequence optimally factored FIR filters.
Out-of-Equilibrium Chiral Magnetic Effect at Strong Coupling

We study the charge transports originating from triangle anomaly in out-of-equilibrium conditions in the framework of AdS/CFT correspondence at strong coupling, to gain useful insights on possible charge separation effects that may happen in the very early stages of heavy-ion collisions. We first construct a gravity background of a homogeneous mass shell with a finite (axial) charge density gravitationally collapsing to a charged black hole, which serves as a dual model for out-of-equilibrium charged plasma undergoing thermalization. We find that a finite charge density in the plasma slows down the thermalization. We then study the out-of-equilibrium properties of chiral magnetic effect and chiral magnetic wave in this background. As the medium thermalizes, the magnitude of chiral magnetic conductivity and the response time delay grow. We find a dynamical peak in the spectral function of retarded current correlator, which we identify as an out-of-equilibrium chiral magnetic wave. The group velocity of the out-of-equilibrium chiral magnetic wave is shown to receive a dominant contribution from a nonequilibrium effect, making the wave moving much faster than in the equilibrium, which may enhance the charge transports via triangle anomaly in the early stage of heavy-ion collisions.
Measurement of the Michel parameters and the chirality parameter in τ decays from e+e− → τ+τ−

The Michel parameters ρ, η, ξ and ξδ, the chirality parameter ξh, and the τ polarization Pτ are measured using 32012 Z → τ+τ− decays recorded by the L3 dectector at LEP. Their values are extracted from the energy spectra of leptons and hadrons in τ→l¯v¯lvτ and τ− → π−ντ decays, the energy and decay angular distributions in τ− → ρ−ντ decays, and the correlations in the energy spectra and angular distributions of the decay products. Assuming universality in leptonic and semileptonic τ decays, the results are ρ = 0.794 ± 0.039 ± 0.031, η = 0.25 ± 0.17 ± 0.11, ξ = 0.94 ± 0.21 ± 0.07, ξδ = 0.81 ± 0.14 ± 0.06, ξh = −0.970 ± 0.053 ± 0.011, and Pτ = −0.154 ± 0.018 ± 0.012.
FEATUREImage search at the speed of thought

Editors' Note: The ability to sense cognitive activity---ranging from information-processing load, attention levels, and perceptual judgments---using EEG sensors provides a basis for developing systems that adapt to users and exploit latent human capabilities. Santosh Mathan describes a neural interface being developed by Honeywell for searching through large image sets efficiently.
Experimental Evidence for Space-Charge Effects between Ions of the Same Mass-to-Charge in Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry.

It is often stated that ions of the same mass-to-charge do not induce space-charge frequency shifts among themselves in an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry measurement. Here, we demonstrate space-charge induced frequency shifts for ions of a single mass-to-charge. The monoisotopic atomic ion, Cs+, was used for this study. The measured frequency is observed to decrease linearly with an increase in the number of ions, as has been reported previously for space-charge effects between ions of different mass-to-charge. The frequency shift between ions of the same m/z value are compared to that induced between ions of different m/z value, and is found to be 7.5 times smaller. Control experiments were performed to ensure that the observed space-charge effects are not artifacts of the measurement or of experimental design. The results can be rationalized by recognizing that the electric forces between ions in a magnetic field conform to the weak form of the Newton's third law, where the action and reaction forces do not cancel exactly.
α-Cyanoamino acids and related nitriles as inhibitors of glutamate decarboxylase

Abstract l -γ-Cyano-γ-aminobutyric acid, l -β-cyano-β-alanine, and α-cyanoglycine, new synthetic amino acids with the unique α-cyanoamino acid structure, have been found to be strongly inhibitory to Escherichia coli glutamate decarboxylase ( l -glutamate i -carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15). Eleven related nitriles of simpler structure also are active, which suggests organic nitriles as a new class of enzyme inhibitors. γ-Cyano-γ-aminobutyric acid, β-cyano-β-alanine, β-cyanopropionate and α-aminoacetonitrile have Ki values of 0.014, 0.082, 3.2 and 6.2 mM, respectively. The inhibition by each is competitive with glutamic acid. The inhibition by n-butyronitrile is non-competitive with the substrate but is reversible with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. The structurally related l -isoglutamine, glutaric and succinic acids are moderately inhibitory. Administered to chicks at a dosage near 12 mg/100 g, n-butynotrile is sedative. At a dosage of 8 mg, γ-cyano-γ-aminobutyric acid is convulsant and lethal.
Formation and decomposition of C3 metallacycles from ethylene and methylene on MoAl alloy thin films.

The reaction between adsorbed ethylene and methylene species has been investigated on a molybdenum−aluminum alloy grown from Mo(CO)6 on a planar alumina film formed on a Mo(100) single crystal in ultrahigh vacuum. Di-σ-bonded ethylene reacts with carbene species, formed on the surface from methylene iodide, to form a C3 metallacycle. This predominantly decomposes to yield propylene, while a smaller portion yields cross-metathesis products since 12C13CH4 is formed from reaction between 13C2H4 and 12CH2. This work demonstrates for the first time that the reaction proceeds in heterogeneous phase via a C3 metallacycle as proposed in the Herisson-Chauvin mechanism.
A five year follow‐up study of the Nebraska project: Still a long way to go...

Numerous projects funded by the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act in 1989 contributed to answering important questions in the field of gifted education. However, little evaluation has examined how their findings are used or linked to current educational practices. This pilot‐study followed up on 18 students, identified as potentially gifted during the 1992 Javits‐sponsored Nebraska Project which used a teacher observation protocol. This follow‐up study examined the students' current status in gifted education programs, academic performance, and social/behavioral attributes, and the stability of the attributes associated with able/creative students over the past five‐year period. Results indicate a continued use of traditional identification practices in the school districts studied, and a presence of underachieving behaviors in students believed to be gifted during the Nebraska Project but not recognized as such currently by their school districts. The attributes associated with a...
Toward a three-dimensional view of protein networks between species

General principles governing biomolecular interactions between species are expected to differ significantly from known principles governing the interactions within species, yet these principles remain poorly understood at the systems level. A key reason for this knowledge gap is the lack of a detailed three-dimensional, atomistic view of biomolecular interaction networks between species. Recent progress in structural biology, systems biology, and computational biology has enabled accurate and large-scale construction of three-dimensional structural models of nodes and edges for protein-protein interaction networks within and between species. The resulting within- and between-species structural interaction networks have provided new biophysical, functional, and evolutionary insights into species interactions and infectious disease. Here, we review the nascent field of between-species structural systems biology, focusing on interactions between host and pathogens such as viruses.
Evaluating speech translation systems: applying SCORE to TRANSTAC technologies

The Spoken Language Communication and Translation System for Tactical Use (TRANSTAC) program is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) advanced technology research and development program. The goal of the TRANSTAC program is to demonstrate capabilities to rapidly develop and field free-form, two-way translation systems that enable speakers of different languages to communicate with one another in realworld tactical situations without an interpreter.The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), along with support from MITRE and Appen Pty Ltd., have been funded to serve as the Independent Evaluation Team (IET) for the TRANSTAC Program. The IET is responsible for analyzing the performance of the TRANSTAC systems by designing and executing multiple TRANSTAC evaluations and analyzing the results of the evaluation.To accomplish this, NIST has applied the SCORE (System, Component, and Operationally Relevant Evaluations) Framework. SCORE is a unified set of criteria and software tools for defining a performance evaluation approach for complex intelligent systems. It provides a comprehensive evaluation blueprint that assesses the technical performance of a system and its components through isolating variables as well as capturing end-user utility of the system in realistic use-case environments.This document describes the TRANSTAC program and explains how the SCORE framework was applied to assess the technical and utility performance of the TRANSTAC systems.
Altered processing of integrin receptors during keratinocyte activation

We used monoclonal antibodies against specific integrin subunits to examine the role of integrin receptors in keratinocyte activation. We found that before activation, beta 1 subunits in keratinocytes showed a diffuse distribution, whereas after activation, keratinocytes organized beta 1 receptors into marginal adhesion plaques. In immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies against beta 1 integrin subunits, we found mostly immature subunits synthesized in keratinocytes freshly harvested from skin. Moreover, integrin receptor complexes immunoprecipitated from these cells by monoclonal antibodies against alpha 2, alpha 3, or alpha 5 subunits contained only immature beta 1 subunits. With keratinocytes cultured 4-7 days, anti-beta 1 antibodies immunoprecipitated mostly mature beta 1 subunits, and integrin complexes immunoprecipitated from cultured cells by anti-alpha subunit antibodies contained mostly mature beta 1 subunits. Antibodies directed against beta 1 subunits also inhibited keratinocyte migration. Based on these results, we suggest that up-regulation of migration by activated keratinocytes depends on changes in processing of pre-beta 1 subunits to mature beta 1 subunits. We also studied the distribution of integrin subunits in skin and on keratinocytes migrating out of skin explants. Whereas beta 1, alpha 2, and alpha 3 subunits were detected in keratinocytes in skin and migrating out of explants, alpha 5 subunits were observed only in migrating cells.
Carvedilol therapy after cocaine-induced myocardial infarction in patients with asthma.

Abstract Introduction Cocaine-induced myocardial infarction (MI) is well documented. Current literature recommends avoiding beta-blockers in the acute care setting, but after discharge from the hospital, benefits of beta-blocker use may outweigh risks in patients with recent MI resulting from cocaine use. Cardioselective beta-blocker therapy has been demonstrated to be beneficial in post-MI patients with nonsevere asthma. This review article is to compare the risks and benefits of using carvedilol in patients with asthma who have had cocaine-induced MI. Methods The authors searched the English literature from 1984 to July 2010 via PubMed, EMBASE and SCOPUS using the following search terms: "cocaine-induced myocardial infarction AND treatment," "cocaine AND carvedilol," "beta blockers AND asthma," and "carvedilol AND asthma." All studies and case reports related to carvedilol use associated with bronchospasm in patients with asthma and carvedilol use after cocaine-induced MI were included. Results Carvedilol has theoretical advantages in patients who use cocaine, but there are no controlled studies confirming the superior efficacy of this agent. Reports of carvedilol use in patients with asthma are rare, but findings include increased asthma symptoms and hospitalization in some patients. Fatal asthma has also been reported because of this noncardioselective beta-blocker. Conclusions Based on a lack of evidence supporting the theoretical advantages but documented risks associated with its use in patients with asthma, carvedilol should be avoided in asthma patients who have a history of cocaine-induced MI. Cardioselective beta-blockers should be used in post-MI patients with nonsevere asthma.
Exertional responses to sprint interval training: a comparison of 30-sec. and 60-sec. conditions.

Summary.—The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of sprint interval training on rating of perceived exertion. 20 healthy participants (11 men, 9 women; M age = 23 yr.) completed a maximal cycle ergometer test and two high-intensity interval training cycling sessions. Each session utilized the same work-to-rest ratio (1:1), work intensity (90% max), recovery intensity (10% work intensity), and session duration (16 min.). Trials differed on duration of the interval segment, with a 30-sec. trial and a 60-sec. trial. Sessions required the same amount of total work over the duration of the trial. Rating of perceived exertion assessed before, during, and after exercise were higher for the 60-sec. trial than the 30-sec. trial despite no difference in total work. High intensity interval training trials utilizing the same total external work but differing in interval length produced different ratings of perceived exertion. Perceived exertion is significantly higher for sessions of exercise that utilize ...
Pattern formation by a moving morphogen source

During Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis, the follicular epithelium that envelops the germline cyst gives rise to an elaborate eggshell, which houses the future embryo and mediates its interaction with the environment. A prominent feature of the eggshell is a pair of dorsal appendages, which are needed for embryo respiration. Morphogenesis of this structure depends on broad, a zinc-finger transcription factor, regulated by the EGFR pathway. While much has been learned about the mechanisms of broad regulation by EGFR, current understanding of processes that shape the spatial pattern of broad expression is incomplete. We propose that this pattern is defined by two different phases of EGFR activation: an early, posterior-to-anterior gradient of EGFR signaling sets the posterior boundary of broad expression, while the anterior boundary is set by a later phase of EGFR signaling, distributed in a dorsoventral gradient. This model can explain the wild-type pattern of broad in D. melanogaster, predicts how this pattern responds to genetic perturbations, and provides insight into the mechanisms driving diversification of eggshell patterning. The proposed model of the broad expression pattern can be used as a starting point for the quantitative analysis of a large number of gene expression patterns in Drosophila oogenesis.
Designing improved composite materials through the use of fibre coatings

Abstract An analytical model is reviewed which suggests that the transverse strain to failure of a composite material can be maximized by optimizing the stiffness of the fibre coatings. An ‘optimal’ coating is one in which the stress state in the composite has been minimized for a given applied displacement. This coating is mathematically constructed by equating the offsetting stress concentrations which arise in the physical problem, those due to holes and rigid inclusions. It is suggested that by improving the transverse strain to failure of an advanced composite system the fatigue life and the durability of the composite will be increased. Experimental results are presented which tentatively confirm the model's predictions.
Growth Kinetics and Defects of CVD Graphene on Cu

Growth of high quality graphene is the basis for the successful demonstration and reduction to practice of electronic devices and transparent conductive electrodes. To date the highest quality devices have been fabricated on graphene exfoliated from natural graphite or Kish graphite, unfortunately this source of graphite is not scalable to sizes required by manufacturing processes. Chemical vapor deposition has been used to demonstrate the growth of monolayer graphite or graphene on large area Cu substrates.(1) This technique by its nature is scalable to sizes that are compatible to any size requirement. The growth of high quality films requires the understanding of the growth kinetics and the interaction with the underlying substrate.
The computer and eye processing pictures: The implementation of a raster graphics device

The process of solving visual analogies was examined using a digital video display and video-based eye tracker. The results indicated that increasing the complexity of an analogy by increasing the number of relations involved in the problem resulted primarily in increasing the time it takes to discover the mapping between the two members of the first pair. The display of the picture and the analysis of the eye fixations are described.
Acculturation, stress, and depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants in the United States.

A sample of 157 Korean immigrants responded to measures of acculturation level, stress from acculturation, and depressive symptoms. The authors hypothesized that adaptive acculturation would depend on assimilation regarding social interactions and the host culture's language as well as on retention of a core identity, including values and traditions of the culture of origin. Consistent with the mediation hypothesis, acculturation, based on a factor representing language use and social relationships, was related to lower acculturative stress and, in turn, lower depression. However, there was no direct support for the integrative, or bicultural, strategy of acculturation. Stress did not mediate the effect of a 2nd acculturation factor, identity and tradition-based acculturation. Rather, this measure of acculturation was directly related to higher depression (i.e., immigrants reporting abandonment of Korean identity, traditions, and values scored higher for depression).
Methods for Comparison of Cost Data

Background: Researchers are increasingly interested in examining costs of care, and large administrative and clinical databases have made relevant data readily available. Because a few patients inc...
Bioethics, Whose Crowd, and What Ideology

ing embrace of strong advocacy Bioethics, as a proper role for those in bioethics. To be sure, one's moral Our Crowd, convictions should be pursued and advocated; no problem and Ideology there. But this needs always to be done in a way that takes the enterprise of bioethics seriously: fairly and carefully stating opposing positions, looking always for their best exemplifications; avoiding the kind of courtroom, daytimeTV-show polemic and bombast that have come to pass for civil discourse in our society; and to be acutely aware of one's own ideological bias, lying like a snake in the grass below one's arguments and supposedly rational convictions-step on that snake sometimes. Third, cause trouble now and then with one's own crowd. Say something nice (and liberal) about bioethics in the journals Commentary and First Things. Submit an attack on abortion and euthanasia to the Australian journal Bioethics. Send the Hastings Center Report a paper in favor of physician paternalism. Invite Jeremy Rifkin to be part of a study group on biotechnology at the Institute of Medicine. If we are lucky and do our work well, the director of NIH may someday emulate his French counterpart and think us a potential menace. Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson probably already have such thoughts. But that's too easy. ? e brace of strong advocacy i ethics, as a proper role for those in bio-
Magnetostriction measurements using a tunneling-tip strain detector

Abstract A novel device for measuring magnetostriction is described. The instrument is based on the measurement of very small length changes using a tunneling-tip mounted on a piezoelectric-tube in the feedback mode of operation, similar to scanning tunneling microscopy. As an illustration of its capabilities, the magnetostrictive hysteresis curves of some common materials are measured, in addition to those of two metallic glasses. The present device is capable of measuring magnetostrictive strains over the range of 10−9 to 10−5. The smaller number corresponds to a sensitivity in measuring length changes of 0.06 nm √ Hz at a frequency of 1 Hz. The capabilities of the device are discussed and compared with other commonly-used methods of measuring magnetostriction. Ways of improving the performance of the instrument are outlined.
Modeling nodal prices in deregulated electricity markets in the usa: current practices and future needs

The purpose of this paper is to model the stochastic behavior of the nodal prices of electricity in deregulated markets in the USA, and in particular, to explain how this behavior has changed over time. These changes require different modeling strategies to capture the salient features of the market. The paper discusses three different models. The first model represents the period immediately after deregulation when price spikes were observed during the summer months using stochastic regime switching. Regulators in the northeastern markets responded to these “uncompetitive” price spikes by implementing various forms of market monitoring to mitigate the speculative behavior of generators. However, in a market like New York State, congestion on the transmission lines transferring power to New York City still led to spatial price differences. A new market for Transmission Congestion Credits (TCC) was established to allow generators to hedge these price differences. The second strategy uses Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Models of temperature, demand and price to estimate the financial riskiness of holding a TCC. Finally, current research on modeling the demand for electricity on networks with high penetrations of renewable sources of generation is discussed. Since these sources of generation are generally intermittent, it is likely that controllable demand, such as charging electric vehicles and thermal storage, will be increasingly important as a way to mitigate the variability of supply. These technologies present new challenges for modeling the demand for electricity. It will be important to capture the ability to shift demand from peak to off-peak periods as well as to mitigate the variability of renewable generation.
Post-apartheid Transformations and Population Change Around Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve, South Africa

This paper examines population changes around the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve in South Africa’s Eastern Cape province, in light of Wittemyer et al. (2008a)’s argument that migration is leading to disproportionate population growth around protected areas. Migration to, and within, rural areas of South Africa reflects both migrants’ diverse motives and the limits on movement created by socially-embedded land tenure systems, not simply an aggregation of populations around areas with potential livelihood attractions. At the 10 km resolution used by Wittemyer et al., contradictory trends are evident, related to long-standing livelihood differences and changes in rural-urban migration that accompanied the end of apartheid, and expansion of other rural population centres. At a finer resolution (2–4 km), the paper describes some small scale population movement toward the Nature Reserve, primarily attributable to the reversal of apartheid-era evictions, driven more by uncomfortable situations in the resettlement area than any attractions of the Nature Reserve. In conclusion, the paper raises broader questions about the causal claims in Wittemyer et al.’s analysis, given its lack of attention to local and regional political economic factors and the demography of migrant streams.
Design of a Multiply Nested Primitive Equation Ocean Model

A new multiply nested primitive equation ocean model is presented. The model employs a two-way interactive nesting technique successfully applied for many years in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory‐NOAA hurricane prediction model. The formulation of the mesh nesting algorithm allows flexibility in deciding the number of meshes and the ratio of grid resolutions between adjacent meshes. Other advanced features include realistic coastline geometry and spatially variable grid spacing. The results of various idealized experiments indicate good performance of the nesting technique. The most important feature of the model is the ability to combine large-scale and regional-scale predictions. The model is tested as a general circulation model (GCM) in a 3-yr spinup experiment of the large-scale circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It demonstrates skill comparable to that of other recently developed GCMs. The resulting large-scale fields are then used in the nested configuration as initial conditions for simulations of the ocean response to a westerly wind burst and a tropical cyclone. Significant improvements over a coarse, singlemesh model have been achieved in resolving finescale features of the wind-induced current and temperature fields. These results highlight the importance of model resolution for realistic simulations of mesoscale ocean variability.
Learning in Homosexuality

Distinguishing between sex in the biological sense and sex-role or sex-identity as a reflection of culture allows room for research of psychology and psychiatrists on the subtle influences of learning in homosexuality.
Influence of Infrared (Micronization) Treatment on the Nutritional Value of Corn and Low- and High-Tannin Sorghum

Abstract The effects of micronization (infrared treatment) of corn, low (LTS), and high tannin sorghum (HTS) was studied. Micronization decreased acid and neutral detergent fiber of the grains. Arginine was reduced in corn, LTS, and HTS and Lys was reduced in corn. Tannin contents of untreated LTS, micronized, LTS, untreated HTS, and micronized HTS expressed as percentage catechin equivalents on a dry matter basis were .06, .05, 5.6, and 4.1%, respectively. The decrease in tannin content of HTS due to micronization was not enough to alleviate the depressing effects of tannin on weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC) of broilers. In vitro starch digestibility was improved for all grains. Broiler performance was evaluated in a feeding trial that involved a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of grain processing and grain sources. No interactions among method of grain processing and grain sources for either WG or FC were observed. Micronization improved WG and FC for all grains. Birds fed corn and LTS showed no differences in WG and FC. There were reductions in WG and FC of birds fed HTS as compared with those fed LTS. Micronization of grains improved the performance of broilers.
Progress in Myelodysplastic Syndromes

During the past 5 years, we have witnessed an explosion in our understanding, classification, and number of therapeutic opportunities for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). These include the development of new histologic classifications, scoring systems, supportive care measures, and most importantly, effective treatments that are safe and can modify the natural history of this complex group of hematopoietic disorders. In this brief review, and as part of the Leukemia 2008, Fourth International Conference, held in Houston during September 2008, I summarize some of the most important recent developments in the field of MDS and try to identify new problems and opportunities for patients and researchers in this area.
Should the diagnosis of major depression be made independent of or dependent upon the psychosocial context

BackgroundThe diagnosis of certain psychiatric syndromes (e.g. panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder) is crucially dependent on the psychosocial context in which they arise. For other syndromes (e.g. schizophrenia), the context is generally irrelevant. Should the diagnosis of major depression (MD) be made dependent upon or independent of the psychosocial context in which it occurs?MethodTwins were selected from a population-based registry who, on personal interview, reported developing a full depressive syndrome either ‘out of the blue’ or in response to stressful life events (SLEs) rated objectively as having mild, low moderate, high moderate or severe long-term contextual threat (LTCT).ResultsIn these depressed subjects, no relationship was found between the level of adversity associated with onset and most indices of liability to depression, including risk of MD in co-twin and parents, level of neuroticism, risk for future depressive episodes, co-morbidity with other internalizing disorders and history of sexual abuse. Compared to the remainder of this epidemiologic cohort, subjects developing depression in response to the severe threat events had substantially elevated levels of all the examined indices of liability to MD.ConclusionsIndividuals who develop a full depressive syndrome in response to high-threat events do not have an appreciably lower liability to MD than those developing depression after exposure to low adversity and have much higher liability to depression than observed in their population cohort. These results support the hypothesis that, in general, MD can be diagnosed independently of the psychosocial context in which it arises.
Tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells: biological insights from molecular imaging

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability (i) to duplicate indefinitely while maintaining pluripotency and (ii) to differentiate into cell types of all three embryonic germ layers. These two properties of ESCs and iPSCs make them potentially suitable for tissue engineering and cell replacement therapy for many different diseases, including Parkinson's disease, diabetes and heart disease. However, one critical obstacle in the clinical application of ESCs or iPSCs is the risk of teratoma formation. The emerging field of molecular imaging is allowing researchers to track transplanted ESCs or iPSCs in vivo, enabling early detection of teratomas.
RETENTION OF SELECTED NUTRIENTS IN PORK ROASTS PREPARED BY VARIATIONS IN COOKERY METHODS1

The retention of selected nutrients was determined in boneless Chef's PrimeTM pork loin roasts cooked by three different methods to 71 and 82C internal temperatures. Nutrients measured were those in pork that Americans frequently consume in inadequate quantities including vitamin B-6, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Thiamin was the index nutrient. Roasts were cooked at 163C to internal temperatures of 71 and 82C by roasting, braising, and cooking in a bag. Cooking yields were similar for all treatments. Retention values for vitamin B-6 and thiamin were significantly higher in pork cooked to 71C internal temperature than 82C. Vitamin B-6 values were significantly higher in pork cooked in a bag than roasted, which was significantly higher than braised. Retention values for iron, magnesium, and zinc were similar for all treatments. These roasts would be considered as major sources of vitamin B-6, thiamin, and zinc and good sources of iron.
New radar pulse compression waveforms

Pulse compression waveforms are described which have low sidelobe levels. Emphasis is on individual waveforms or multiple dissimilar waveforms. Processing the single waveforms consists of matched filtering while the multiple waveforms are individually matched, filtered, time-aligned, and summed. The multiple waveforms consist of complementary waveforms whose compressed pulses sum to zero in the sidelobes. These waveforms, in turn, were related to the underlying theory of orthogonal matrices. Multiple waveforms are discussed that, when filtered using a filter matched to a different waveform of the set, have a small output or cross-correlation response after combination of the individual responses. These waveforms have potential applications in reducing ambiguous range stationary clutter returns. >
The Global Burden of Esophageal Cancer: A Disability-Adjusted Life-Year Approach

Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. As a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, its burden on society has yet to be fully characterized. The aim of this study is to examine its global burden through estimation of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to it. Global incidence and mortality estimates for esophageal cancer were obtained from the International Agency for Research on Cancer GLOBOCAN 2008 database. DALYs were calculated, using methodology established by the World Health Organization. In 2008, 3,955,919 DALYs were attributed to esophageal cancer, at a global rate of 0.58 DALYs per 1000 people annually. Years of life lost (YLL) accounted for 96.8 % of DALYs, while years lived with disability (YLD) accounted for 3.2 %. 83.8 % of the global DALYs occurred in less-developed countries, with most accrued in Eastern Asia, comprising 50.9 % of the total. The highest rate of DALY accrual was in Southern Africa, at 1.62 DALYs per 1000 people annually. A substantial number of years of life were lost or affected by esophageal cancer worldwide in 2008, with the burden resting disproportionately on less-developed countries. Geographically, the greatest burden is in Eastern Asia. The vast majority of DALYs were due to YLL, rather than YLD, indicating the need to focus resources on disease prevention and early detection. Our findings provide an additional basis upon which to formulate global priorities for interventions that affect DALY reduction in esophageal cancer.
Expanding the scope of humanitarian program evaluation.

The effectiveness of humanitarian programs normally is evaluated according to a limited number of pre-defined objectives. These objectives typically represent only selected positive expected impacts of program interventions and as such, are inadequate benchmarks for understanding the overall effectiveness of aid. This is because programs also have unexpected impacts (both positive and negative) as well as expected negative impacts and expected positive impacts beyond the program objectives. The authors contend that these other categories of program impacts also should be assessed, and suggest a methodology for doing so that draws on input from the perspectives of beneficiaries. This paper includes examples of the use of this methodology in the field. Finally, the authors suggest future directions for improving this type of expanded assessment and advocate for its widespread use, both within and without the field of disaster response. Language: en
A Statistical Analysis of Factors That Affect Prices of Coffee

EARLY in 1954 the price of coffee went up sharply. Spot prices for Santos 4 at New York advanced from 62 cents per pound in midDecember 1953 to a peak of 72.5 cents in mid-January 1954. This price rise followed a substantial price rise in the latter part of 1950; the spot price was 57 cents in July 1950, compared with 25 cents in January 1949. These price rises have been the subject of considerable public concern. Not only were they sudden and substantial, but the prices attained set new record highs. The question was immediately raised as to whether or not the price rises were justified by the supply and demand situation. A statistical analysis designed to answer the question is discussed in this paper. This study is of interest not only because it contributes to an understanding of recent developments that affected prices of coffee but also because the analysis contains several statistical innovations.
NC-12DEPRESSION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING IN RELATION TO SURVIVAL AMONG PATIENTS WITH GLIOBLASTOMA.

OBJECTIVE: Depression and neurocognitive function (NCF), particularly executive functioning (EF), have been associated with overall survival (OS) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, the combined effect of depression and impaired EF has not been reported. METHODS: Patients with GBM (n = 102) completed neuropsychological assessment postoperatively (mean = 23.5 days post surgery) including the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) and the Trail Making Test Part B (TMTB). Median splits were used to determine cut-points indicating the presence of elevated depressive symptoms on the BDI-II (BDI-II > 8) and executive impairment on TMTB (demographically-adjusted z-score 50, neither KPS nor age modified the independent effect of BDI-II and TMTB on OS in cox regression models. CONCLUSION: The presence of depressive symptoms and impaired EF are independently associated with shorter survival in patients with GBM. This retrospective analysis was unable to determine if these factors were independent of tumor molecular markers. Routine neuropsychological assessment of mood and cognition can help refine prognosis and facilitate initiation of psychological and cognitive interventions, which are likely to improve patient quality of life and may extend survival time.
Culture and Preferences in the International Cooperation Two-Step

Rational choice analyses of international cooperation have slighted the effect of state preference formation and the influence of cultural forces in that process. This article addresses these gaps by developing an explanation that specifies how organizational cultures of bureaucracies shape state aims and international outcomes. This approach is evaluated in a set of least likely cases—decisions on the use of force in war—where the conventional wisdom expects external material, not internal cultural, concerns to dominate. Before World War II, countries agreed to limit the use of three types of warfare, but during that conflict mutual restraint was maintained in only one. I show how this variation is best understood as a product of state preference dynamics, shaped largely by the collective beliefs and customs of military services. This result suggests ways to rethink the use of the preferences-interaction model and the role of cultural factors in that framework.