cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progressive Fracture in Composite Structures

This report includes the results of a research in which the COmposite Durability STRuctural ANalysis (CODSTRAN) computational simulation capabilities were augmented and applied to various structures for demonstration of the new features and verification. The first chapter of this report provides an introduction to the computational simulation or virtual laboratory approach for the assessment of damage and fracture progression characteristics in composite structures. The second chapter outlines the details of the overall methodology used, including the failure criteria and the incremental/iterative loading procedure with the definitions of damage, fracture, and equilibrium states. The subsequent chapters each contain an augmented feature of the code and/or demonstration examples. All but one of the presented examples contains laminated composite structures with various fiber/matrix constituents. For each structure simulated, damage initiation and progression mechanisms are identified and the structural damage tolerance is quantified at various degradation stages. Many chapters contain the simulation of defective and defect free structures to evaluate the effects of existing defects on structural durability.
THE USE OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL (1,25-(OH) 2 D) IN THE TREATMENT OF RICKETS WITH NEONATAL LIVER DISEASE

THE USE OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL (1,25-(OH) 2 D) IN THE TREATMENT OF RICKETS WITH NEONATAL LIVER DISEASE
Interventions Requiring Purchase of Materials: Cautions and Considerations

Family counselors and counseling supervisors often encounter questions about professional ethics that are not directly addressed in codes or guidelines. This article features International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors Ethics Committee members’ response to a counselor’s question related to the design of clinical interventions that require clients to purchase materials with personal or family funds.
Enantioselective esterification of racemic ketoprofen in non-aqueous solvent under reduced pressure

The enantioselective esterification of (R,S)-ketoprofen catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase (type B) has been performed with dodecanol in solvent media under reduced pressure. The nature of the solvent, either aromatic, ether or ketone, affects the activity of the lipase and its enantioselectivity, defined as the ratio of the initial rates of reaction for each enantiomer. Faster reactions are obtained in hydrophobic solvents whereas the enantioselectivity remains constant across all solvents, except for ketones where the enantioselectivity increases with a decrease of the Log P. When the same reaction is performed with 1-propanol in xylenes, an inhibition by the nucleophile is observed, which is not detected when using dodecanol under the same conditions.
Analysis of the Ã1B1-X̃1A1 electronic transitions of pyrimidine-d0 and d4 vapors☆

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of 1,3-diazabenzene-d0 and d4 vapors have been studied at high resolution between 2600 and 3500 A. Each band, including the 0-0 band, shows the very strong and sharp Q-branch edge of a type C band. Thus, the electronic transition moment must lie perpendicular to the plane of the molecule. Rotational fine structure of the origin band of the d0 molecule indicates that the transition effects only about a 0.5% increase of the average distance of the atoms from the center of mass. However, interpretation of the vibrational intensities, on both sides of the origin band, by means of the Franck-Condon Principle, suggests that some bond distances in the aromatic ring change by 5–10%. The two results are made consistent through the assignment of the two intense upper-state progressions to the totally-symmetric (ring-elongation) normal modes, ν6a and ν8a: Atoms on the C2 symmetry axis of the molecule are little affected by the transition while the off-axis heavy atoms move only slightly away from the center of mass. Bond angles CNC open, but also only slightly. Extensive Fermi resonances, linking ν6a and ν16b in each electronic state, are analyzed. These account for the complexity of vibrational structure. All strong bands are assigned to the single electronic transition 1B1(π∗, n)-1A1. New measurements of the Raman spectrum of pyrimidine-d4 are appended.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with valvular cardiomyopathy.

Sudden Death Prevention in Valvular Cardiomyopathy. Background: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are beneficial for preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with previous SCD or left ventricular dysfunction. Objective: The objective was to investigate the outcomes of ICD implantation in patients who have surgery for valvular cardiomyopathy (VCM). Methods: We identified patients with VCM who had ICD implantation after valve surgery. Age- and sex-matched patients who received an ICD for ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) served as controls. Patients with VCM who had valve surgery but did not receive an ICD served as an additional control group. We compared mortality and appropriate ICD discharges between the study group and control groups. Results: Mean (SD) age (31 patients with VCM with ICD, 30 with ICM, 26 with DCM, and 62 patients with VCM without ICD) was 60 (15) years, 73% were men. Ejection fraction at ICD implantation was 34%, 26%, and 23% for the VCM with ICD, ICM, and DCM groups, respectively (P = 0.03). After a median follow-up of 4.1 years, survival was not significantly different among ICD groups (P = 0.06). The annual appropriate shock rate was 5%, 10%, and 4% for the VCM with ICD, ICM, and DCM groups, respectively (P = 0.71). Compared to VCM without ICD, patients with VCM and ICD had comparable survival (P = 0.82) despite a reduced LVEF following valve surgery. Conclusion: Patients with VCM who undergo ICD implantation for SCD prevention have similar appropriate ICD discharge rates and mortality as do those with ICM and DCM. These data are hypothesis generating and deserve confirmation with large-scale prospective studies. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1326-1332, December 2012)
Hydrogen-induced defects in polycrystalline silicon

The incorporation of hydrogen in polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) is essential to improve the materials properties which contains a high density of localized states in the grain-boundary regions. The presence of hydrogen in poly-Si gives rise to new and hitherto unexpected phenomena. In this paper, light-induced defect creation and H-induced metastable changes of the dark conductivity are reviewed. Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates the direct participation of H in the metastable effects.
An Exit Survey Project for a Social Psychology Laboratory.

(1995). An exit survey project for a social psychology laboratory. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 238-240.
The male's dilemma: Increased offspring production is more paternity to steal

Large potential effects of male care on the number of offspring females successfully raise are not sufficient to select for caring males because of the pervasive importance of mating competition. Males face a version of ‘the social dilemma’, in which increased production increases the pay-off for theft. Models of the allocation of male effort partitioned between caring for babies and competing for paternity show that the optimal allocation to care is very low under a wide range of conditions. Like sex allocation where the alternatives are male versus female function or sons versus daughters, the pay-offs to one alternative are always strongly frequency dependent. Because that alternative (male function, sons, male mating effort) pays so well when rare, it cannot remain rare under most conditions. Here we consider the consequences of partitioning mating effort into mate guarding and all other forms of mating conflict. If a male gets all his partner's conceptions while guarding, gaining them at a constant rate, there are two possible regions of stability. The evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) depends on a parameter scaling the decisiveness of (non-guarding) mating conflict. When marginal returns from conflict decrease with scale, almost all effort goes into guarding. When marginal returns increase, the ESS devotes all effort to mating. Even when the potential effect of care is large, male equilibrium strategies allocate little effort to it. We also report the results of computer simulations showing that care increases if gains from guarding saturate quickly, so that a male is assured of the paternity of most of his partner's offspring with little guarding, and consequently the pool of unguarded conceptions open to competion shrinks sharply. But even when the male's dilemma is very much reduced, it still substantially limits the allocation to care. The results of both computer simulations and mathematical analysis converge with other lines of evidence that mating has much stronger effects than parenting in shaping male strategies.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF OYSTERS, CLAMS, AND CULTURED AND WILD SHRIMP

An 18 member panel was used to identify descriptive terms that could be used for the sensory evaluation of oysters, clams and shrimp. Twenty-two descriptive terms were developed for the sensory evaluation of clams and shrimp, and 29 were developed for oysters. The descriptive vocabulary that was developed for shrimp was used to determine sensory differences between wild and cultured shrimp and the effect of size on the sensory properties of shrimp. The cultured shrimp were judged as good or better than wild shrimp. Large shrimp (11–15g) were scored as having a better texture than small shrimp (3–5g).
High-performance liquid chromatography assay for 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase activity in rat liver microsomes

Abstract A quantitative HPLC method has been developed for measuring 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase activity in rat liver microsomes. Apparent Km values of 23 and 27 μM were estimated for 5-cholestene-3β,7α-diol and NAD+, respectively. A temperature optimum of 45°C was estimated using standard assay conditions. It was observed that feeding cholesterol (2%) or cholestyramine (5%) to rats increased (twofold) specific activity. This method should prove useful in studies of the regulation of bile acid synthesis and complement the HPLC assay technique recently developed for measuring cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity.
Energies of substitution and solution in semiconductors.

The tight-binding theory of cohesion in pure semiconductors, based upon universal parameters, is presented and applied to systems with an impurity. Results are given in terms of an energy of substitution, defined as the energy required to remove a single atom from a semiconductor, leaving it as a free atom in the ground state, and replacing it by a free atom of another element; any excess or deficit of electrons is placed at the valence-band maximum. Calculated values are in reasonable accord with the recent measurements by Su and Brebrick [J. Phys. Chem. Solids 46, 963 (1985)] for Zn, In, and Sn in Ge. Lattice distortions and relaxation energies are also calculated. Agreement with the limited amount of data is mixed but predictions are tabulated for a large array of systems. Relaxation is seen to reduce the misfit energy by a factor of order 4. Comparison of predicted force constants with experiment suggests that the theory underestimates the misfit energy by a similar factor so theoretical energies of unrelaxed substitution provide estimates of the experimental energies of relaxed substitution. Such predictions are in reasonable accord with experiment for homovalent substitutions, which are dominated by misfit energy. For heterovalent substitutions, the enthalpy is dominated by a redistribution of bond polarities in the substitution. Extensive tables of energies of substitution for elements and compounds from the third (silicon), fourth (germanium), and fifth (tin) rows of the Periodic Table are given, permitting direct estimates of the energy change for a wide variety of atomic rearrangements.
ELECTROSTATIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BINDING OF MYOSIN AND MYOSIN-MGADP TO F-ACTIN IN SOLUTION

The ionic strength dependence of skeletal myosin subfragment 1 (S1) binding to unregulated F-actin was measured in solutions containing from 0 to 0.50 M added lithium acetate (LiOAc) in the absence and presence of MgADP. The data were analyzed by using a theory based on an ion interaction model that is rigorous for high ionic strength solutions [Pitzer, K. S. (1973) J. Phys. Chem. 77, 268-277] in order to obtain values for K, the equilibrium association constant when the ionic strength is zero, and for [zMzA[, the absolute value of the product of the net electric charges of the actin binding site on myosin (zM) and the myosin binding site on actin (zA). The presence of MgADP reduced K by a factor of 10, as expected, and reduced [zMzA[ by about 1 esu2. Because the presence of MgADP is not likely to change the net charge of the myosin binding site on actin, these data are consistent with a model in which MgADP binding to S1 reduces its affinity for actin by a mechanism that reduces the net electric charge of the acting binding site on S1. The value of [zMzA[ in the absence of ADP was 8.1 +/- 0.9 esu2, which, if one uses integer values, suggests that zM and zA are in the 8+ to 1+ esu and 1- to 8- esu ranges, respectively. ADP binding then reduces zM to the 7+ to 0.88+ esu range.
The [17.0]2Π1/2←X2Π1/2 system of AlCa

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to study supersonically cooled AlCa. This study investigates under higher resolution (0.007 cm-1) a single band previously studied and tentatively assigned as the (0-0) vibrational transition of the [17.0] 2 Δ 3/2 (?)← X 2 Π 1/2 system of AlCa. The resolution of the rotational structure in the present study enabled a definite assignment as a 2 Π 1/2 ← 2 Π 1/2 transition. Analysis of the spectrum gives B0′=0.096685(19) cm-1, (p+2q)′=−0.013078(370) cm−1, and B0″=0.105518(20) cm-1. These convert to ground and excited state bond lengths of r0″=3.14942(30) and r0′=3.29014(32) A, respectively.
Tuberculosis in Africa--combating an HIV-driven crisis.

Africa is facing the worst tuberculosis epidemic since the advent of the antibiotic era. Drs. Richard Chaisson and Neil Martinson write that the unprecedented growth of the epidemic is attributable to several factors, the most important being the HIV epidemic.
A low profile AMC for flexible and conformal applications

In this paper, we present a novel ultra thin Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) intended for flexible and conformal applications. The proposed AMC is based on a magneto dielectric substrate which consists of a Cobalt nano-wire magnetic material deposited over a commercially available flexible dielectric substrate. As a benchmark, a square patch based AMC unit cell with an overall thickness of 1 mm is designed to have a reflection phase at 2.45 GHz. The inductance enhancement achieved by the magnetic material loading improves the bandwidth significantly compared to the considered low thickness. Our results show that a reduction of up to 10 times is achieved in terms of thickness when compared to conventional substrates which makes the proposed structure suitable for the targeted applications. Furthermore, the proposed structure offers a miniaturization of 4% which can be further increased if it is used with a higher permittivity material.
A pilot survey of sexual function and quality of life following 3D conformal radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose: To assess the impact of high dose three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) for prostate cancer on the sexual function-related quality of life patients and their partners. Methods and Materials: Sixty of 124 consecutive patients (median age 72.3 years) treated with 3D CRT for localized prostate cancer were surveyed and reported being potent to treatment. The answers to survey questions assessing the impact of quality of life related to sexual function from these 60 patients and their partners forms the basis for this retrospective analysis. Results: Following 3D CRT, 37 of 60 patients (62%) retained sexual function sufficient for intercourse. Intercourse at least once per month was reduced from 71 to 40%, whereas intercourse less than one per year increased from 12 to 35%. Following treatment, 25% of patients reported that the change in sexual dysfunction negatively affected their relationship or resulted in poor self-esteem. This outcome was associated with impotence following treatment ( p ). Patients who had partners and satisfactory sexual function appeared to be at a higher risk of having a negatively affected relationship or losing self-esteem if they become impotent ( p ). Partners of patients who reported a negatively affected relationship or loss of self-esteem appear to be less likely to return the survey instrument used ( p = 0.02). Conclusions: More work is needed to evaluate the impact of radiotherapy and other treatments on the quality of life patients and their partners to allow adequate informed consent to be given.
Localization of Divalent Metal Ions in the Minor Groove of DNA A-Tracts

Double-stranded DNA molecules which contain runs of four to eight consecutive adenine or thymine residues without a 5′TA-3′ step (i.e., A-tracts) exhibit a significant curvature of the helical axis. In spite of numerous investigations, the origin of A-tract bending remains unresolved.1 A hallmark of curved DNA is an electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels that is anomalously large with respect to straight DNA (i.e., DNA without static curvature).2 The magnitude of this anomaly for A-tract DNA, and presumably its curvature, depends upon the concentration and species of cation(s) present in the running buffer of the gel.3 Surprisingly, we find no reports of experimental investigations which address the possibility of sitespecific interactions between cations and A-tract DNAs. We have initiated such a study by monitoring line broadening in 1H NMR spectra of oligonucleotides containing A-tracts in the presence of the paramagnetic cation manganese(II). Here, we report what is, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence of cations localized in the minor groove of DNA in the solution state. Oneand two-dimensional 1H NMR spectra of the selfcomplementary dodecamers d(GCA4T4GC) [A4T4] and d(CGT4A4CG) [T4A4] have been collected as a function of MnCl2 concentration. It has previously been shown that DNAs containing the sequence 5′-A4T4-3′ exhibit bending typical of A-tract DNA, while DNAs containing the sequence 5′-T4A4-3′ are either straight or perhaps only slightly curved.4 1D 1H NMR spectra of the aromatic resonances of representative MnCl2 titrations of the A-tract oligonucleotides are shown in Figure 1. While all aromatic resonances are affected to some extent by the presence of Mn2+, which is expected considering the polyanionic nature of DNA, specific 1H resonances in both sequences are preferentially broadened with respect to others. This indicates that both duplex oligonucleotides contain sites where Mn2+ association is relatively high and/or relatively close to the bases.5 In A4T4, the minor groove A3H2 and A4H2 resonances are the most broadened of the nonexchangeable aromatic resonances upon the addition of MnCl2, indicating a favored site for Mn2+ association in the minor groove. Consistent with this observation is the selective line broadening of the minor groove H4′ resonances. Because of spectral overlap in the 1D 1H spectra, broadening of the H4′ resonances can be appreciated more easily by a comparison of the H1′-H4′ cross peaks from 2D 1H NOESY spectra in the absence and presence of MnCl2. Reduction in the intensities of H1′-H4′ NOESY cross peaks accurately reflects the line broadening of the H4′ resonances because the H1′ resonances are far less affected by the presence
Health Literacy, eHealth, and Communication: Putting the Consumer First:

Health Literacy, eHealth, and Communication is a summary of a workshop proceedings conducted by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) on health literacy. The document describes key emerging issues and lessons learned on eHealth applications such as electronic health records (EHRs) and personal health records (PHRs), as well as challenges of dealing with health literacy issues among a diverse vulnerable group. It also introduces promising eHealth initiatives that demonstrate great potential to reduce health disparities. This practical and thought-provoking document is a valuable resource for policy makers, healthcare providers, and advocacy groups.
CanaryAdvisor: a statistical-based tool for canary testing (demo)

Canary testing is an emerging technique that offers to minimize the risk of deploying a new version of software. It does so by slowly transferring load from the current to the new ("canary") version. As this ramp-up progresses, a human compares the performance and correctness of the two versions, and assesses whether to abort the canary version. For canary testing to be effective, a plethora of metrics must be analyzed, including CPU utilization and logged errors, across hundreds to thousands of machines. Performing this analysis manually is both time consuming and error prone. In this paper, we present CanaryAdvisor, a tool for automatic canary testing of cloud-based applications. CanaryAdvisor continuously monitors the deployed versions of an application and detects degradations in correctness, performance, and/or scalability. We describe our design and implementation of the CanaryAdvisor and outline open challenges.
Desorption mass spectrometry: Revisiting the in-situ calibration technique for mixed group-V alloy MBE growth of ~3.3 µm diode lasers

Abstract We apply the desorption mass spectrometry (DMS) technique and analyze the desorbed Sb species in-situ during MBE growth of mixed As/Sb heterostructures. We demonstrate how DMS is useful in pre-growth calibration of the V/III ratio, the group-III ratio, as well as the Sb-content in quaternary or quinary mixed As/Sb alloys. We also apply DMS to the digital alloy growth method. For demonstration purposes, we start with an un-calibrated MBE system, use the DMS technique to calibrate all of the previously undetermined MBE parameters and grow a ~3.3 µm diode laser heterostructure in only one attempt. The results demonstrate that the DMS technique will allow the MBE to quickly converge toward a set of acceptable growth parameters without the need for ex-situ calibration of alloy composition.
The role of the nerve in maintenance of frog taste buds

Abstract After denervation, frog taste buds progressively decreased in size over a period of months. In early stages, the predominant event was cell shrinkage; in later stages, it was cell loss. The rate of cell loss in the denervated taste bud was approximately the same as the rate of cell birth in the innervated taste bud, but after denervation, DNA synthesis and mitosis were markedly impaired. The effects of denervation could not be attributed to over-all changes in blood flow. Thus, the gustatory nerve is concerned with day-to-day maintenance of adult cells, and control of DNA synthesis and mitosis of germinative cells. In a few cases, the effects of denervation were reversed in part by either cutaneous or lingual nerve reinnervation: i.e., the trophic role is not an exclusive property of gustatory nerves.
Increases in muscle activity produced by vibration of the thigh muscles during locomotion in chronic human spinal cord injury

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the muscle vibration applied to the quadriceps has potential for augmenting muscle activity during gait in spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals. The effects of muscle vibration on muscle activity during robotic-assisted walking were measured in 11 subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) that could tolerate weight-supported walking, along with five neurologically intact individuals. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were made from the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and medial hamstrings (MH) during gait. Vibration was applied to the anterior mid-thigh using a custom vibrator oscillating at 80 Hz. Five vibratory conditions were tested per session including vibration applied during: (1) swing phase, (2) stance phase, (3) stance-swing transitions, (4) swing-stance transitions, and (5) throughout the entire gait cycle. During all vibration conditions, a significant increase in EMG activity was observed across both SCI and control groups in the RF, VL, and MH of the ipsilateral leg. In the SCI subjects, the VL demonstrated a shift toward more appropriate muscle timing when vibration was applied during stance phase and transition to stance of the gait cycle. These observations suggest that the sensory feedback from quadriceps vibration caused increased muscle excitation that resulted in phase-dependent changes in the timing of muscle activation during gait.
Treatment of late-onset asthma with fluconazole ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Background: Although the etiology of intrinsic or late-onset asthma is generally not known, some cases are associated with overt dermatophyte infection and immediate hypersensitivity to proteins derived from fungi of the genus Trichophyton . Objective: We sought to test the efficacy of oral antifungal treatment for Trichophyton -induced asthma by using fluconazole in a placebo-controlled trial. Methods: Eleven patients with severe or moderately severe asthma were randomized to treatment with fluconazole 100 mg daily or placebo for 5 months (phase 1); during the following 5 months, all patients received active drug (phase 2). Subjects were evaluated by skin tests, bronchial provocation tests, and measurement of serum antibodies to Trichophyton species antigens. Clinical response was monitored by changes in peak flow values measured during a 2-week period at the end of each phase and by changes in bronchial sensitivity, symptoms, and steroid requirements. Results: At the end of the first 5 months of active treatment, there was a highly significant decrease in bronchial sensitivity to Trichophyton ( P = .012) and in oral steroid requirement ( P = .01). At the end of phase 2, mean peak expiratory flow rates increased in 9 of 11 patients. An improvement in symptoms, peak flow, and steroid use was maintained up to 36 months after starting fluconazole in patients who continued to receive treatment. Conclusion: The results show that fluconazole can be useful in the treatment of patients with severe or moderately severe asthma who have dermatophytosis. These findings are consistent with the argument that proteins derived from fungi on the skin and nails can contribute to allergic disease. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:541-6.)
Delayed endosome-dependent CamKII and p38 kinase signaling in cardiomyocytes destabilizes Kv4.3 mRNA.

The Kv4.3 transient outward current (Ito) channel, which produces early repolarization in human cardiomyocytes, is downregulated with cardiac pathology. This is evident in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in which Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38K) to increase apoptosis and induce Kv4.3 mRNA destabilization to downregulate the channel protein. However, it is not understood how p38K activation, which is activated transiently for minutes, induces downstream effects hours later. Here we show that there is a second phase of p38K activation. Inhibiting this delayed p38K activation eliminated Kv4.3 mRNA destabilization. Furthermore, inhibiting endosome generation left the transient activation of p38K intact, but blocked delayed p38K activation and the Kv4.3 effect. CamKII was also found to be required for delayed p38K activation and Kv4.3 mRNA destabilization. Finally, CamKII methionine oxidation and activation are biphasic, with the delayed phase requiring endosomes. Hence, in addition to participating in channel traffic, cardiomyocyte endosomes control channel mRNA expression by mediating delayed oxidative CamKII–p38K signaling.
Revolution In The Balance: Law And Society In Contemporary Cuba

Transformation to socialism democracy and rights development of the legal profession and the practice of law the judicial system law and equality family law criminal justice private property economic regulation.
Characterization of solutions to the generalized Cauchy-Riemann system

Abstract For a generalized biaxially symmetric potential U on a semi-disk D+, a harmonic conjugate V is defined by the generalized Cauchy-Riemann system. There is an associated boundary value theory for the Dirichlet problem. The converse to the Dirichlet problem is considered by determining the boundary functions to which U and V converge. The unique limits are hyperfunctions on the ∂D+. In fact, the space of hyperfunctions is isomorphic to the spaces of generalized biaxially symmetric potentials and their harmonic conjugates. A representation theorem is given for U and V terms of convolutions of certain Poisson kernels with continuous functions that satisfy a growth condition on the ∂D+.
Addressing Global Systems Failure Through An Integral Systems Paradigm for Sustainable Development

Abstract Current economic ontology development has failed to confront two important errors associated with historicism. Embracing the linearity of economic value being directly attributed to the labour applied to natural resources taken together with efficiency arguments used to justify monetary policy on both the micro (transaction) and macro (global trade), we know these legacies of the scientific method applied to economic systems have left the G-20 paralyzed to deal with structural failings evidenced from banking to business to economic policy. An exploration of the structural modalities that impair our current capacity for adaptation and alternative methods for accounting for value is the basis for this inquiry. Integral Accounting is proposed as a more suitable method to transition from scarcity-based market models to abundance-based modes of sustainable engagement.
Literacy, Social Movements, and Class Consciousness: Paths from Freire and the São Paulo Experience

During a socialist administration in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1989 to 1992, a movement for literacy training of youths and adults (MOVA) and for a curriculum reform was established in the city's elementary schools. This article describes the socialist educational projects and Freire's work in Sao Paulo. It provides both a theoretical discussion of the projects' Freirean premises and a narrative of the experience of a particular group of literacy learners in one Sao Paulo favela (shantytown). The authors demonstrate a special concern for the articulation between the public sector (i.e., a government agency) and various social movements, as manifested in the MOVA literacy movement. The conclusion calls for “long life” to the creative imagination that inspires and propels such projects of education for social change.
Applications and Advancements in the Use of High-resolution Microendoscopy for Detection of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia

The high-resolution microendoscope (HRME) is a novel imaging modality that allows real-time epithelial imaging at subcellular resolution. Used in concert with any standard endoscope, this portable, low cost, "optical biopsy" technology has the ability to provide images of cellular morphology during a procedure. This technology has been the subject of a number of studies investigating its use in screening and surveillance of a range of gastrointestinal neoplasias, including esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell cancer, colorectal neoplasia, and anal neoplasia. These studies have shown that HRME is a modality that consistently provides high specificity, negative predictive value, and accuracy across different diseases. In addition, they have illustrated that HRME users can be relatively easily trained in a short period of time, and that users have demonstrated solid inter-rater reliability. These features make HRME a potential complement to high-definition white-light imaging, narrow-band imaging, and other red flag technologies in facilitating real-time clinical diagnosis, endoscopic therapy, and margin determination. Further clinical validation is needed to determine whether this translates to reduced procedure times, pathology costs, and follow-up procedures. Finally, the HRME has a relatively simple design compared with other similar technologies, making it portable, simple to maintain, and low cost. This may allow the HRME device to function in both advanced care settings as well as in places with less resources and specialized support systems. As a whole, the HRME device has shown good performance along with low cost and portable construction, and its application in different conditions and settings has been promising.
Designing for diversity in matching: extended abstract

Diversity and financial aid concerns often lead schools to "reserve" some slots for specific types of students or tuition contracts. Students only care about their school assignments and contractual terms---they are indifferent among slots within a school. These indifferences can be resolved in multiple ways. As we illustrate using the cases of Chicago and Boston public schools, the method of indifference resolution impacts the eventual allocation, and thus presents a novel opportunity for market design.We introduce a two-sided, many-to-one matching with contracts model in which agents with unit demand match to branches, which may have multiple slots available to accept contracts. Each slot has its own linear priority order over contracts; a branch chooses contracts by filling its slots sequentially. This model of matching with slot-specific priorities embeds classical priority matching frameworks, models of affirmative action, and the cadet--branch matching framework.In matching markets with slot-specific priorities, (1) branches' choice functions may not satisfy the substitutability conditions typically crucial for matching with contracts, and (2) agent-optimal stable outcomes may not exist. Despite these complications, we are able to show that stable outcomes exist in the slot-specific priority matching framework---they can be found by a cumulative offer mechanism that is strategy-proof and respects unambiguous improvements in priority.Our results provide insight into the design of transparent affirmative action mechanisms and show the value of a seemingly ad hoc administrative decision in the United States Military Academy's branch-of-choice program.
Intrinsic motivation and performance standards

In an experiment investigating the effects of performance standards on the intrinsic motivation of college students, male and female subjects were presented with one of two levels of a performance standard (constant or accelerating) in a number guessing task. During a free time period after completion of the task, observations of the subjects' continued play with the number task were made. A self report questionnaire of intrinsic motivation was also administered. Subjects who were given an accelerated standard of performance spent significantly more time playing the game during the free period than those who were given a constant standard. A similar difference was not obtained on the questionnaire. The results indicate that accelerating standards of performance can enhance intrinsic motivation and that questionnaire answers such as those used in prior studies and the current one may not be adequate measures of intrinsic motivation.
Short-circuiting the visual cycle with retinotoxic aromatic amines

Abstract The retinotoxic drug 1,5-di-(p-aminophenoxy)pentane inhibits the accumulation of all 11-cis-retinoids in the eye and can deplete preformed stores of them. It is shown here that these effects are not specific to 1,5-di-(p-aminophenoxy)pentane but are shared generally by primary aromatic amines containing a hydrophobic tail. Furthermore, certain clinically used drugs, such as the anti-inflammatory drug phenacetin, can be metabolized to produce these retinotoxic amines. It is likely that hydrophobic aromatic amines will in general be retinotoxic, and drugs based on these structures need to be reassessed in this light. It is proposed here that these amines function by catalyzing the isomerization of 11-cis-retinal thermodynamically downhill to form its all-trans congener. This mechanism accounts for the lack of structural specificity observed with these compounds and is supported by experimental evidence presented here. Schiff bases formed between 11-cis-retinal and a relevant aromatic amine in phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes lead to the formation of the all-trans isomer, at rates approximately equal to 15 times faster than the rate of 11-cis-retinal isomerization by itself in these liposomes and 10(2)-10(3) times faster than the rate of isomerization of this molecule in n-heptane. The rates of the amine-catalyzed isomerization are fast enough to account for their in vivo effect.
Who's Exploiting Whom? Agency, Fieldwork, and Representation among Lauje of Indonesia

This article focuses on two events; my 1985 confrontation with a thief who stole my shoes, my husband's shoes, and some clothing, and the subsequent public response to that accusation. Reconsidering the event 17 years later, I reflect on my own complicity in creating the conflict, others' motivations for gossiping about the thief in the first place, and the thief and his friends' motivations for shouting, “American, go home!” I situate myself and the other actors—the thief, the members of the crowd, and gossips outside the conflict—within the political and economic context in which the encounter occurred and consider whether it is possible to delineate the various actors' intentions. I question scholarly assumptions (inspired by Said's Orientalism [1978]) that seem to portray fieldwork as a one-sided endeavor in which Western agents/ethnographers misrepresent non-Western others, even act as domineering agents, while the locals are passive victims, without power and agency of their own. Employing a nonreductive feminist theory of agency, I consider the ways in which participants and behind-the-scenes gossips exercise a form of agency to implement their desires while simultaneously being constrained by their positions of powerlessness. My conclusion ends with lingering questions about whether it is possible to “really” interpret others' motivations. I propose that a reflexive awareness of my own and others' power and agency can help ameliorate misrepresentation, though never resolve it.
Surface grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) films.

Two reaction schemes were developed to covalently graft poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains on poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) surfaces. The schemes involved surface grafting of linker molecules l-lysine or polypropyleneamine dendrimer (AM64), with subsequent covalent bonding of PEG chains to the linker molecules. NHS and EDC were used to activate the carboxylic acid groups of the EAA in the outermost region of the film, estimated to be 20 nm by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. XPS demonstrated that the conversion of this activation step was almost 100% in the detected region. After activation, l-lysine or dendrimer was grafted onto the EAA surface, followed by PEG grafting. Combining the data from ATR-FTIR, XPS, and contact angle goniometry, it was found that the PEG chains were grafted on the surface of the EAA film and larger surface coverage was achieved when the dendrimer was used as the intermediate layer. This surface also had the lowest water contact angle.
On the behavior of responsive loads in the presence of DFACTS devices

The paper studies a constrained economic dispatch problem in electricity networks with price-dependent demand, and in which the transmission lines are potentially instrumented with DFACTS devices with a view to mitigating system congestion. Specifically, the network objective concerns the joint adjustment of consumption profiles in response to the electricity price and the design of variable reactance (DFACTS settings) that lead to a form of welfare optimization. To this end, the paper introduces an iterative minimization approach that seeks to optimize the constrained dispatch objective through successive (iterative) adjustments of consumption profiles at the responsive loads based on the difference between the price estimated by the loads and the price resulting from the economic dispatch. Simulations demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed approach in the presence of two different types of DFACTS devices are presented on the IEEE 14-bus system. In particular, the numerical findings provide a quantitative understanding of how the presence of DFACTS lead to reduced locational marginal prices and increased demand accommodation capacity in networks of responsive loads.
Development of wide-band, time and energy resolving, optical photon detectors with application to imaging astronomy

Abstract Superconducting transition edge sensors (TESs) are showing promise for the wide-band spectroscopy of individual photons from the mid-infrared (IR), through the optical, and into the near ultraviolet (UV). Our TES sensors are ∼20 μm square, 40 nm thick tungsten (W) films with a transition temperature of about 80 mK. We typically attain an energy resolution of 0.15 eV FWHM over the optical range with relative timing resolution of 100 ns. Single photon events with sub-microsecond risetimes and few microsecond falltimes have been achieved allowing count rates in excess of 30 kHz per pixel. Additionally, tungsten is approximately 50% absorptive in the optical (dropping to 10% in the IR) giving these devices an intrinsically high quantum efficiency. These combined traits make our detectors attractive for fast spectrophotometers and photon-starved applications such as wide-band, time and energy resolved astronomical observations. We present recent results from our work toward the fabrication and testing of the first TES optical photon imaging arrays.
Isochronal temperature–concentration diagram for a polymer–diluent system

The results of an investigation of the viscoelastic and thermal properties of the gelatin–glycerol system are presented in the form of a complete temperature–composition diagram. This diagram shows the isochronal (10-sec.) mechanical behavior of the system along lines of constant modulus and thereby affords a convenient assessment of variation in viscoelastic behavior along any isotherm or isopleth of interest. Comparison of the results with previously obtained limited sets of data on a number of other polymer–dilent systems indicates the applicability and utility of such a presentation.
Impurity concentration profile in irradiation enhanced diffusion experiments

Abstract Experiments dealing with irradiation enhanced diffusion in semiconductors in which the exciting particles have a range less than the sample thickness are shown to be characterized by nonexponential diffusant concentration profiles as functions of lattice depth.
Impairment in a T-maze task following unilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions ☆

Rats with unilateral LH lesions showed great difficulty performing a contraversive turn to escape shock in a T-maze. Rats that were required to turn to the side ipsilateral to the side of their lesion did not show this performance deficit. The impairment in contraversive responding was shown to dissipate over time. It is proposed that animals with LH lesions do not suffer learning disabilities in escape-avoidance tasks, but can not activate motor behavior directed toward the side contralateral to their lesion.
An investigation of conductivity in metal-substituted phthalocyanine Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract Conductivity data for Langmuir-Blodgett films of cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc tetracumylphenoxy phthalocyanine complexes are presented as well as the changes in conductivity of the films induced by exposure to ammonia. An explanation is given for these results, supported by discrete variational X-α calculations of simple cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc phthalocyanine complexes and on calculations of these metals complexed with tetraazaporphyrin and ammonia. It was found that to some extent the conductivity can be correlated with the energy gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals.
The politics of IO performance: A framework

Some international organizations (IOs) are subject to constant criticism for producing poor results while others are praised for accomplishing difficult tasks despite political and resource constraints. Indeed, IO performance varies substantially over time and across tasks, and yet the international relations literature has devoted little attention to why this occurs. This article provides a framework for studying IO performance. After addressing some of the distinct challenges of conceptualizing and analyzing performance in the context of IOs, we discuss the tradeoffs of using different performance metrics—from process indicators to outcome indicators—and present a typology of factors that influence performance. Finally, we discuss research strategies for those interested in studying performance rigorously. The policy relevance of studying IO performance is clear: only if we understand why some IOs perform better than others can we begin to improve their performance in a systematic way. As many organizations come under pressure to reform, while at the same time taking on new and more complicated tasks, scholars should be actively engaged in debates surrounding IO performance and its role in effective governance at the international level.
Effects of intracerebral implants of steroid hormones on scent marking in the ovariectomized female gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

Abstract The effects of intracerebral implants of steroid hormones on scent marking in the female gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1 various steroids were implanted alone or in combination into the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area of ovariectomized females. Unilateral implants of testosterone + estrogen, estrogen, estrogen + progesterone, testosterone and testosterone + progesterone stimulated a significant level of marking when compared to controls. Experiment 2 utilized bilateral implants of estrogen dissolved in paraffin in order to explore the distribution hormone sensitive areas in the brain which might be important in the regulation of scent marking in the female gerbil. Pellets of estrogen-paraffin were implanted stereotaxically into either the anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, septum, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala or anterior olfactory nucleus of ovariectomized females. Total dosage of hormone implanted was 8.2–8.4 μg. A significant level of marking resulted in animals receiving implants into the anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area and septum when compared to controls. Marking appeared at about the same rate in each of these groups; however, the level of marking attained differed. By the last trial, anterior hypothalamic implanted animals were marking significantly more often than animals in either the preoptic or septum groups. Although there was no evidence of ieakage from the brain, the data suggested that some rapid diffusion of hormone, largely restricted to the brain, was taking place or that the three areas were differentially responsive to the hormone. The data do indicate that some localization of function does exist with respect to regulation of scent marking in the female.