cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BiDil: Assessing a Race-Based Pharmaceutical

Isosorbide and hydralazine in a fixed-dose combination (BiDil) has provoked controversy as the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration marketed for a single racial-ethnic group, African Americans, in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Family physicians will be better prepared to counsel their patients about this new drug if they understand a number of background issues. The scientific research leading to BiDil’s approval tested the drug only in African American populations, apparently for commercial reasons, so the drug’s efficacy in other populations is unknown. Race as a biological-medical construct is increasingly controversial; BiDil offers a good example of how sociocultural factors in disease causation may be overlooked as a result of an overly simplistic assumption of a racial and hence presumed genetic difference. Past discrimination and present disparities in health care involving African American patients are serious concerns, and we must welcome a treatment that promises to benefit a previously underserved group; yet the negative aspects of BiDil and the process that led to its discovery and marketing set an unfortunate precedent. Primary care physicians should be aware of possible generic equivalents that will affect the availability of this drug for low-income or uninsured patients.
Lipoxygenase Is Involved in the Control of Potato Tuber Development

Plant lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a functionally diverse class of dioxygenases implicated in physiological processes such as growth, senescence, and stress-related responses. LOXs incorporate oxygen into their fatty acid substrates and produce hydroperoxide fatty acids that are precursors of jasmonic acid and related compounds. Here, we report the involvement of the tuber-associated LOXs, designated the Lox1 class, in the control of tuber growth. RNA hybridization analysis showed that the accumulation of Lox1 class transcripts was restricted to developing tubers, stolons, and roots and that mRNA accumulation correlated positively with tuber initiation and growth. In situ hybridization showed that Lox1 class transcripts accumulated in the apical and subapical regions of the newly formed tuber, specifically in the vascular tissue of the perimedullary region, the site of the most active cell growth during tuber enlargement. Suppression mutants produced by expressing antisense coding sequence of a specific tuber LOX, designated POTLX-1, exhibited a significant reduction in LOX activity in stolons and tubers. The suppression of LOX activity correlated with reduced tuber yield, decreased average tuber size, and a disruption of tuber formation. Our results indicate that the pathway initiated by the expression of the Lox1 class genes of potato is involved in the regulation of tuber enlargement.
Improved zero-crossing demodulator for minimum shift keying under static environments

An efficient baseband receiver, called zero-IF zero crossing demodulator (ZIFZCD), was recently developed for implementation of digital-FM receiver exploiting inexpensive low-power very large scale integrated (VLSI) or application specific oriented integrated circuits (ASIC). An advantage of the ZIFZCD is that its complexity is much lower, implementation is simpler, and power consumption is smaller than those of the conventional limiter-discriminator integrate and dump (LDI) or cross-differentiate multiply (CDM) FM receivers. However, a disadvantage is that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the ZIFZCD is worse than those of the LDI or CDM especially when small numbers of phase axes were employed. But, the merit of ZIFZCD is reduced complexity, which is inversely proportional to the number of phase axes. An objective of this paper is to improve BER performance of the recently developed ZIFZCD with insignificant additional complexities. The ZIFZCD makes a symbol decision by observing only one symbol period. However, narrowband digital FM signals have memory between symbols due to modulation characteristics and intersymbol interference (ISI) effects of filters. If these memory effects are exploited by taking multiple symbol observations for a symbol decision, then performance can be improved. In this paper, rather than increasing the number of phase axes for BER improvement of ZIFZCD, the sliding window, multiple symbol observation design will be employed for a symbol decision. Thus, the merits of ZIFZCD can be preserved by the sliding-window ZIFZCD design.
Juror Background Characteristics and Attitudes Toward Rape

Although numerous writers have discussed the importance of and link between juror characteristics and juror decisions in rape trials, anempirical investigation of the relationships between these characteristics and juror verdicts has not been made. Using data obtained from a sample of 896 citizens serving as mock jurors, the principal focus of the present research was on the correlations of jurors' background characteristics and their attitudes toward rape with their decisions in a simulated rape case. Results of the study showed that the jurors' background and attitudinal variables were associated with their decisions. In addition, the pattern of the correlations was quite stable as the characteristics of the case evaluated (in terms of defendant and victim race, victim physical attractiveness, victim sexual experience, strength of evidence presented, and type of rape committed) were found to have only negligible effects on these relationships. Other tests showed that only the attitudinal variables accounted for differences in the jurors' decisionsafter characteristics of the case had been considered. Further, as compared to background data, the jurors' views of rape were the most important predictor of their decisions. Implications of the role of jurors' views of rape in jurors' decisions in rape trials and the use of rape attitudes for selecting jury members in rape cases discussed.
Phosphorus Regeneration by Lake Michigan Alewives in the Mid‐1970s

Abstract A bioenergetics model of fish growth was used to estimate phosphorus (P) cycling by the population of Lake Michigan alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in the mid-1970s. The mean annual standing stock of alewives during the mid-1970s contained 1,500 tonnes of phosphorus, representing a substantial pool of particulate phosphorus unavailable to algae, An estimated 12,000 tonnes of phosphorus were egested and excreted annually by the Lake Michigan alewife population. Over half of the alewife-regenerated phosphorus was produced by larvae and age-0 alewives, which inhabit the nearshore epilimnion during summer. Seasonal aggregations of alewives – the dominant component of the Lake Michigan fish community during the mid-1970s – could have served as an important medium of phosphorus regeneration in comparison with more traditionally reported vehicles such as zooplankton. Expressed volumetrically, alewives regenerated 0.22 μg P·L–1·d–1 during August, which is comparable to phosphorus regeneration rates previou...
Acculturation and Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes in Latinos

In their review, Perez-Escamilla and Putnik address the com- plexity between different levels of acculturation and the influ- ence on nutrition, obesity, and other lifestyle factors, which consequently modulate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Latinos (1). One would expect that several of the changes in dietary patterns associated with acculturation may explain the prevalence of diabetes among subgroups of Latinos living in the US. However, the need for further research in this area is illustrated by the fact that there is no consistent evidence that acculturation is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. Indeed, research shows that, although individuals who have been able to incorporate into the mainstream European- American culture appear to have less prevalence of type 2 diabetes, those who are less acculturated have more pronounced patterns of insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose metabolism (2). However, this finding is likely to be confounded by poverty. In a survey conducted in Mexican Americans living in Arizona, 68% of those individuals presenting type 2 diabetes belonged to a lower socioeconomic group (3), indicating that poverty level is a major contribution to degenerative diseases. Although lifestyle changes may be responsible for these patterns, an assessment of biomarkers is needed to understand the progress of the disease.
Confronting the Paucity of Collaborative Behavior: Using Large-Scale Content Analysis to Define and Measure Student Collaboration in U.S., K-12 Wikis

This study investigates the distribution of student collaborative behaviors in a sample of 406 U.S., K-12 wikis randomly drawn from a population of 179,851 publicly-viewable, education-related wikis. Aided by computational tools, trained human coders conducted a large-scale content analysis examining every revision to every page of each of these 406 wikis. Seven types of student collaborative behavior were found in these wikis: concatenation, copyediting, co-construction, commenting, discussion, scheduling, and planning. These behaviors occurred very infrequently; only 11% of wikis show evidence of even one of these types of behaviors, and the simplest forms of collaboration, concatenation and commenting were most common. These findings suggest that peer-production platforms used in schools primarily support individual work, especially given the emphasis on individual assessment in formal school settings. Confronting the paucity of student collaboration in peer-production platforms used in educational settings is an important challenge for the learning sciences. The paper concludes with a discussion of how methods leveraging large unstructured datasets can complement more established methods in the learning sciences and contribute to theory-testing, context-setting, and theory-building.
Combining microbial production with chemical upgrading

This review presents developments in the chemical processing of fermentation-derived compounds, focusing on ethanol, lactic acid, 2,3-butanediol and the acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture. We examine pathways from these products to biologically-derived drop-in fuels, polymers, as well as commodity chemicals, highlighting the role of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in the development of green processes for the production of fuels and high-value-added compounds from biomass.
Improving Food Aid’s Impact: What Reforms Would Yield the Highest Payoff?

This paper develops an integrated model of the food aid distribution chain, from donor appropriations through operational agency programming decisions to household consumption choices. We use this model to simulate alternative policies and to perform sensitivity analysis to establish how varying underlying conditions - for example, delivery costs, the political additionality of food, targeting efficacy - affect optimal food aid policy for improving the well-being of food insecure households. We find that improved targeting by operational agencies is crucial to advancing food security objectives. At the donor level, the key policy variable under most model parameterizations is ocean freight costs associated with cargo preference restrictions on the US food aid.
Rapid Determination of Fast Protein Dynamics from NMR Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Data

Functional motions of (15)N-labeled proteins can be monitored by solution NMR spin relaxation experiments over a broad range of timescales. These experiments however typically take of the order of several days to a week per protein. Recently, NMR chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments have emerged to probe slow millisecond motions complementing R1ρ and CPMG-type experiments. CEST also simultaneously reports on site-specific R1 and R2 parameters. It is shown here how CEST-derived R1 and R2 relaxation parameters can be measured within a few hours at an accuracy comparable to traditional relaxation experiments. Using a "lean" version of the model-free approach S(2) order parameters can be determined that match those from the standard model-free approach applied to (15)N R1, R2 , and {(1)H}-(15)N NOE data. The new methodology, which is demonstrated for ubiquitin and arginine kinase (42 kDa), should serve as an effective screening tool of protein dynamics from picosecond-to-millisecond timescales.
Dichlorvos Vapor for Insect Control in a Rice Mill

An average dose of 63.5 g/1000 m3 dispensed over 6 h once a week for 2 weeks in each of 7 rooms of a rice mill produced average concentrations of 4.52 to 6.26 µg of dichlorvos/liter of air. This concentration caused higher mortalities among caged test insects than a routine pyrethrins fog: 3-4.5 times higher among adult cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne (F.); 48-92 times higher among adult red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); 3-5.5 times higher among adult lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); and 5-7 times higher among larvae of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). The dichlorvos treatments caused a decrease in the insect population of the mill to ¼ the pretreatment level. Residues on bagging materials exposed to as many as 13 successive daily treatments (by moving the materials from room to room) were relatively low on cotton (≤531.8 µg/dm2) and paper (≤669.5 µg/dm2), but high on burlap (as much as 3752.4 µg/dm2). Bulk products exposed similarly had residues as follows: 4.48 ppm on rough rice, 1.29 ppm on brown rice, 1.18 ppm on milled rice, and 8.26 ppm on bran. Milled rice and bran exposed in burlap bags had only ½ as much residue, milled rice exposed in cotton bags had about the same amount, and milled rice exposed in paper bags had about 1/3 as much residue. Spillage and sweepings exposed to single treatments had residues as follows: 0.67 ppm on rough rice, 0.56 ppm on brown rice, 0.72 ppm on hulls, 1.00 ppm on broken milled rice, and 7.12 ppm on bran.
Phenomenology of Secondary Breakup of Newtonian Liquid Droplets

In this paper, deformation and breakup of Newtonian liquid droplets at elevated pressures have been studied. Detailed physics pertaining to four different breakup regimes, oscillatory, bag, multimode and shear breakup modes , has been investigated using an incompressible interface tracking methodology. The accuracy and efficiency of the code was enhanced by incorporating an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) techni que. In general, the aerodynamic drag force exerted by the ambient fluid causes the droplet to deform. The deformation is resisted by viscous and surface tension forces. The breakup mechanism becomes progressively violent as the We number increases, and moves from oscillatory to shear breakup regime. Quantitatively, the droplet lifetime decreases as the inertial force is increased in comparison to the deformation resisting, surface tension force. A criterion to mark the beginning of breakup has been quantified in terms of surface and kinetic energy associated with the droplet. Critical We numbers for the three regimes have also been identified for 100 atm pressure conditions. A generalized regime diagram, for Oh < 0.1, was developed to predict the various breakup modes, taking into account the pressure effect on critical We number, using data from previous experimental investigations , and simulations conducted during the current study.
Alternative Econometric Models of Sales-Advertising Relationships:

Alternative econometric models of advertising-sales relationships for cigarettes were evaluated by 5 methods of estimation and 4 ways of specifying dependent variables. The criteria were the adjust...
Particle dynamics and multi-channel feature dictionaries for robust visual tracking.

We present a novel approach to solve the visual tracking problem in a particle filter framework based on sparse visual representations. Current state-of-the-art trackers use low-resolution image intensity features in target appearance modeling. Such features often fail to capture sufficient visual information about the target. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of visually richer representation schemes by employing multi-channel feature dictionaries as part of the appearance model. To further mitigate the tracking drift problem, we propose a novel dynamic adaptive state transition model, taking into account the dynamics of the past states. Finally, we demonstrate the computational tractability of using richer appearance modeling schemes by adaptively pruning candidate particles during each sampling step, and using a fast augmented Lagrangian technique to solve the associated optimization problem. Extensive quantitative evaluations and robustness tests on several challenging video sequences demonstrate that our approach substantially outperforms the state of the art, and achieves stable results.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF INULIN-C14-OOH IN SERUM AND LYMPH OF NEPHRECTOMIZED DOG.

SummaryFollowing intravenous injection of inulin-C14OOH and inulin into a nephrectomized dog, the thoracic duct lymph was considerably higher than serum in specific activity, falling gradually to serum values. The fractionation of the smaller inulin-C14OOH molecules in lymph formation was thus similar to that observed in ultrafiltration through cellophane membranes, but it was quantitatively of insufficient magnitude to effect an observable decrease in serum inulin specific activity. It is suggested that the decrease in urine specific activity previously reported for the intact dog was due to a quicker uptake of inulin-C14OOH than non-labelled inulin by renal tissue.
Perioperative supportive care and monitoring.

A comparative approach is used to discuss the principles and techniques of perioperative monitoring and supportive care in small exotic patients. Determination of anesthetic depth and monitoring and supportive care of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are emphasized. The availability and use of equipment to improve the perianesthetic care of small exotics are described.
Phase Transitions of Fermi Liquids

We will take the low- T Fermi liquid state of Section 11.2.2 in dimensions d ≥ 2 (or its spinful generalization) and examine the nature of its instabilities to other ground states of a dense gas of fermions. Possibilities include ferromagnets, states in which there is spin or charge density wave order (to be defined more precisely below), or various types of superconductors. All of these cases are of considerable practical importance and have numerous experimental applications. A theoretical treatment of the quantum transition between a Fermi liquid and a magnetically or charge ordered state was given in a paper by Hertz, although many important points were anticipated in earlier work. We shall present Hertz's basic arguments in Section 12.1 for the case of a transition between a Fermi liquid and a spin density wave state. We shall not treat the other cases here and will, instead, refer the reader to the literature. There are a number of reasons for this neglect: (i) Many aspects of these transitions are not fully understood (we will note some below) and are the subject of considerable debate in the literature; it is therefore inappropriate to include them in this introductory treatment. (ii) We shall only consider systems in spatial dimensions d ≥ 2 here (the d = 1 case requires a separate treatment appropriate to Tomonaga–Luttinger liquids and will be addressed in Chapter 14). […]
Abstract 1612: Overexpression or inducible expression of Snail, Zeb1 or TGFβ recapitulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the hallmarks of cancer and a critical process providing tumor cells with the ability to metastasize to distant sites. Several previous studies have revealed that EMT plays a crucial role in the progression and aggressiveness of colorectal cancer (CRC). Snail, Zeb1 and TGFβ are considered as master EMT genes and their overexpression has been linked to metastatic disease. Our study was conducted to establish an EMT platform in-house to determine the role of Snail, Zeb1 and TGF-β1 in mediating EMT in CRC cell lines in vitro and using them for studying drug sensitivity and target validation. Screening of six CRC cell lines for expression of epithelial (E) and mesenchymal (M) markers by western blot analysis suggested that DLD-1 and HT-29 cells are epithelial in nature and were used to generate stable overexpression and tet-inducible models. Overexpression of Snail or Zeb1 or TGF-β1 induced EMT in both DLD-1 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells as indicated by downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. These cells which have undergone EMT also showed significant growth advantage in 3D growth on matrigel or soft agar. Stable ‘E’ and ‘M’ cells were also used to test the sensitivity of various inhibitors including erlotinib, salinomycin and chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel, gemcitabine, cisplatin, oxaloplatin and 5-FU. Consistent with previous findings, erlotinib showed sensitivity only in ‘E’ cells and not ‘M’ cells. Chemotherapy agents have also shown higher sensitivity in ‘E’ cells than ‘M’ cells. In contrast, Salinomycin showed equipotent sensitivity in ‘E’ and ‘M’ cells. We have also generated tet-inducible models of Snail, Zeb1 and TGF-β1 and they behaved very similar to overexpression models. These inducible models were useful to determine whether any inhibitor treatment or knock down of specific gene (target) can block EMT. In our studies, testing of a Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) inhibitor or Dasatinib (SFK inhibitor) as examples showed blockade of EMT in these models. Overall, establishing several EMT models in-house enabled us to validate new targets involved in EMT, test new inhibitors whether it can block EMT or study drug sensitivity in ‘E’ vs. ‘M’ cells. Citation Format: Shripad V. Bhagwat, Nicole E. Hamm, Yu-Chih Hsu, Yuewei Qian, Robert Wild, Jonathan A. Lee, Sheng-Bin Peng. Overexpression or inducible expression of Snail, Zeb1 or TGFβ recapitulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1612.
Charge recycling on-chip DC-DC conversion for near-threshold operation

The increasing popularity of DVFS (dynamic voltage frequency scaling) schemes for portable low power applications demands highly efficient on chip DC-DC converters. The primary aim of this work is to enable increased efficiency of on-chip DC-DC conversion for near-threshold operation of multi-core architectures. The main idea is to supply nominal (high) off-chip voltage to a multi-core processor where cores are then “voltage-stacked” to generate a near-threshold (low) voltage based on Kirchhoff's voltage law through charge recycling. However this implicit down-conversion can be affected by the current imbalance between the cores. A push-pull switched-capacitor regulator has been designed to keep the mid voltage close to the near-threshold value of half-V dd . Stacked-voltage domain with its self-regulation capability combined with push-pull based switch capacitor regulator has shown an average efficiency of more than 90% for 2∶1 down conversion with workload imbalance varying up to 50% of I load .
Why Give “Gifts” to the Gifted? Investing in a National Resource

(1995). Why Give “Gifts” to the Gifted? Investing in a National Resource. Gifted and Talented International: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 93-93.
Hilbert series and operator basis for NRQED and NRQCD/HQET

Abstract We use a Hilbert series to construct an operator basis in the 1 / m expansion of a theory with a nonrelativistic heavy fermion in an electromagnetic (NRQED) or color gauge field (NRQCD/HQET). We present a list of effective operators with mass dimension d ≤ 8 . Comparing to the current literature, our results for NRQED agree for d ≤ 8 , but there are some discrepancies in NRQCD/HQET at d = 7 and 8.
Apples to Apples: Learning Semantics of Common Entities Through a Novel Comprehension Task.

Understanding common entities and their attributes is a primary requirement for any system that comprehends natural language. In order to enable learning about common entities, we introduce a novel machine comprehension task, GuessTwo: given a short paragraph comparing different aspects of two real-world semantically-similar entities, a system should guess what those entities are. Accomplishing this task requires deep language understanding which enables inference, connecting each comparison paragraph to different levels of knowledge about world entities and their attributes. So far we have crowdsourced a dataset of more than 14K comparison paragraphs comparing entities from a variety of categories such as fruits and animals. We have designed two schemes for evaluation: open-ended, and binary-choice prediction. For benchmarking further progress in the task, we have collected a set of paragraphs as the test set on which human can accomplish the task with an accuracy of 94.2% on open-ended prediction. We have implemented various models for tackling the task, ranging from semantic-driven to neural models. The semantic-driven approach outperforms the neural models, however, the results indicate that the task is very challenging across the models.
Vowel Harmony in Gunu

The vowel harmony systems of the Bantu A.60 languages of Cameroon provide an extraordinary wealth of uncommon properties not yet exploited by linguistic theory. In this paper, the author focuses on one variant of the Yambasa cluster, Gunu A.62a, as described by Ambadian [1990, 1991], Orwig [1989], Quilis et al [1990], and Robinson [1979, 1983]. An analysis of long-distance ATR and rounding harmonies in Gunu is presented in terms of the privative features ATR, Front, Round, and Open. Both the featural representations and their "direct mapping" onto outputs account for the derivational opacity as well as transparency of front vowels to Round harmony.
Multigeneration family with dominant SPG30 hereditary spastic paraplegia

Autosomal recessive KIF1A missense mutations cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) type SPG30, while recessive truncations lead to sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSN2C) and many de novo missense mutations are associated with cognitive impairment. Here, we describe family members across three generations with pure HSP. A heterozygous p.Ser69Leu KIF1A mutation segregates with those afflicted. The same variant was previously reported in a Finnish father and son with pure HSP as well as four members of a Sicilian kindred with more intrafamilial phenotypic variability. This further validates the pathogenicity of the p.Ser69Leu mutation and suggests that it may represent a mutation hot spot.
Interactive Effects of CSR and Other Value-Creating Investments on Corporate Financial Performance

Engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) can help protect against downside risks and create economic value but it also consumes firm resources. In the condition of resource scarcity, mor...
Substance Abuse and Hypertension.

Substance abuse and hypertension are an important health concern, especially in adolescent and young adults presenting with elevated blood pressure and associated cardiovascular conditions. Illicit drugs including cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine remain potential sources of acute or newly diagnosed hypertension. Cocaine is a powerful vasoconstrictor clearly related to hypertensive crises, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, sudden death, strokes, and seizures, although not a definite cause of chronic hypertension. Potential therapies for cocaine induced hypertension and vasoconstriction include nitroglycerin, alpha-blockade combined alpha-A -blockade, and calcium channel blockers. The use of A -blockers alone should be avoided because of possible paradoxical rise in blood pressure including slight increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Amphetamines and the newly abused 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are powerful sympathetic stimulants which may mimic the action of cocaine. Ecstasy, or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, has additional severe psychiatric effects and should be considered in psychoses, panic disorders, and attempted suicide with new onset hypertension. The treatment approaches to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine toxicity needs further investigation. (c)2000 by Le Jacq Communications, Inc. Language: en
Financial Statement Analysis: What’s Right, What’s Wrong, and Why?

This is what can be referred to as a bridge chapter in the sense that it provides the setup for what comes from this point forward and builds upon the introduction from the previous chapter. It is sometimes easy to shortchange such topics because they are ancillary to the primary focus of the text. However, although bridges are the means to the destination rather than the destination itself, it is impossible to get there without them. The same is true of this chapter. The materials covered are necessary in laying the groundwork for understanding the purpose of finance in a corporate setting.
6 – transformed scores II: Z and T scores

To compare scores based on different means and standard deviations, it is desirable to convert the raw scores to transformed scores with a common mean and standard deviation. Some frequently used transformed scores are Z scores (standard scores), with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 ; T scores, with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 ; and SAT scores, with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. A transformed score shows at a glance whether a score is above or below average, and how far in terms of standard deviation units, with respect to a specified reference group. As one function of behavioral scientists is to report test scores to people who are not statistically sophisticated, several alternatives to Z scores have been developed. The mean and standard deviation of each such common denominator have been chosen so that all scores are positive, and so that the mean and standard deviation will be reasonably easy to remember.
Structure, assembly, and DNA packaging of the bacteriophage T4 head.

The bacteriophage T4 head is an elongated icosahedron packed with 172 kb of linear double-stranded DNA and numerous proteins. The capsid is built from three essential proteins: gp23*, which forms the hexagonal capsid lattice; gp24*, which forms pentamers at 11 of the 12 vertices; and gp20, which forms the unique dodecameric portal vertex through which DNA enters during packaging and exits during infection. Intensive work over more than half a century has led to a deep understanding of the phage T4 head. The atomic structure of gp24 has been determined. A structural model built for gp23 using its similarity to gp24 showed that the phage T4 major capsid protein has the same fold as numerous other icosahedral bacteriophages. However, phage T4 displays an unusual membrane and portal initiated assembly of a shape determining self-sufficient scaffolding core. Folding of gp23 requires the assistance of two chaperones, the Escherichia coli chaperone GroEL acting with the phage-coded gp23-specific cochaperone, gp31. The capsid also contains two nonessential outer capsid proteins, Hoc and Soc, which decorate the capsid surface. Through binding to adjacent gp23 subunits, Soc reinforces the capsid structure. Hoc and Soc have been used extensively in bipartite peptide display libraries and to display pathogen antigens, including those from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Neisseria meningitides, Bacillus anthracis, and foot and mouth disease virus. The structure of Ip1*, one of a number of multiple (>100) copy proteins packed and injected with DNA from the full head, shows it to be an inhibitor of one specific restriction endonuclease specifically targeting glycosylated hydroxymethyl cytosine DNA. Extensive mutagenesis, combined with atomic structures of the DNA packaging/terminase proteins gp16 and gp17, elucidated the ATPase and nuclease functional motifs involved in DNA translocation and headful DNA cutting. The cryoelectron microscopy structure of the T4 packaging machine showed a pentameric motor assembled with gp17 subunits on the portal vertex. Single molecule optical tweezers and fluorescence studies showed that the T4 motor packages DNA at the highest rate known and can package multiple segments. Forster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy studies indicate that DNA gets compressed in the stalled motor and that the terminase-to-portal distance changes during translocation. Current evidence suggests a linear two-component (large terminase plus portal) translocation motor in which electrostatic forces generated by ATP hydrolysis drive DNA translocation by alternating the motor between tensed and relaxed states.
Evaluating and ranking patents with multiple criteria: How many criteria are required to find the most promising patents?

Abstract Patents contain a wealth of information about technological progress and market trends. Many existing techniques for patent assessment rely on citation analysis. Despite its importance, citation analysis alone is not adequate to identify all important patents for a given topic. We propose the simultaneous use of eight criteria for patent ranking and evaluation. Additionally, we investigate computationally the effect on ranking quality when fewer than eight criteria are utilized. Contrary to previous approaches, the proposed methodology does not require expert opinions to weigh the different criteria and evaluate the patents. The solution of an intuitive linear optimization problem provides optimal weights for the proposed criteria. These weights are subsequently utilized in a systematic multicriteria methodology for patent ranking. The proposed methodology has been implemented in a web-based decision support system and has been validated in the context of identifying the most important patents for the production of twenty-two chemicals.
Neutron-Induced Gamma-Ray Production in Titanium for Incident-Neutron Energies of 4.9, 5.4, and 5.9 MeV

Interactions of neutrons with titanium have been studied by measuring gamma-ray-production cross sections. For a sample of natural titanium, spectra were obtained for incident-mean-neutron energies...
Turbulent mixing and transition criteria of flows induced by hydrodynamic instabilities

In diverse areas of science and technology, including inertial confinement fusion (ICF), astrophysics, geophysics, and engineering processes, turbulent mixing induced by hydrodynamic instabilities is of scientific interest as well as practical significance. Because of the fundamental roles they often play in ICF and other applications, three classes of hydrodynamic instability-induced turbulent flows—those arising from the Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities—have attracted much attention. ICF implosions, supernova explosions, and other applications illustrate that these phases of instability growth do not occur in isolation, but instead are connected so that growth in one phase feeds through to initiate growth in a later phase. Essentially, a description of these flows must encompass both the temporal and spatial evolution of the flows from their inception. Hydrodynamic instability will usually start from potentially infinitesimal spatial perturbations, will eventually transition to a turbulent flow, and then will reach a final state of a true multiscale problem. Indeed, this change in the spatial scales can be vast, with hydrodynamic instability evolving from just a few microns to thousands of kilometers in geophysical or astrophysical problems. These instabilities will evolve through different stages before transitioning to turbulence, experiencing linear, weakly, and highly nonlinear states. The challenges confronted by researchers are enormous. The inherent difficulties include characterizing the initial conditions of such flows and accurately predicting the transitional flows. Of course, fully developed turbulence, a focus of many studies because of its major impact on the mixing process, is a notoriously difficult problem in its own right. In this pedagogical review, we will survey challenges and progress, and also discuss outstanding issues and future directions.
Plant Defense by Latex: Ecological Genetics of Inducibility in the Milkweeds and a General Review of Mechanisms, Evolution, and Implications for Agriculture

Latex occurs in 10% of plant families, has evolved independently many times, and is the most effective defense of milkweeds against its chewing herbivores. Here we report on new experiments on the heritability and inducibility of latex in several milkweed species. In addition, we review what is known about the genetic and environmental determinants of latex exudation, hormonal regulation, evolution within and among species, and the role and frequency of latex in agricultural crops. We first evaluated genotype-by-environment interactions using ~20 full-sibling genetic families in each of seven Asclepias species treated as controls or attacked by monarch butterfly caterpillars. All species showed substantial genetic variation for latex exudation and six of seven species responded to monarch herbivory (two species increased latex, two species decreased, and two showed variation among genetic families). Exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) to three species induced a consistent increase in latex (including species which showed a decline following caterpillar herbivory). We next evaluated three hypotheses for what determines genetic variation for induced latex in A. syriaca: 1) a trade-off with constitutive investment, 2) differential endogenous JA induction, or 3) variation in responsiveness to JA. We only found support for the second hypothesis: genetic families with a stronger JA-burst showed the greatest latex exudation following herbivory. We conclude that most species exhibit a genetic and inducible basis for latex, although genetic variation in inducibility is not pervasive. Finally, we summarized studies across 22 species of Asclepias and found that neither a species' latitude nor its phylogenetic position predicted latex inducibility. Nonetheless, a negative association between constitutive and induced latex across species indicates a macroevolutionary trade-off in allocation to this defense. Our review indicates that jasmonic acid is a key regulator of latex exudation, laticifer morphology, and defensive metabolites within latex. Biotic and abiotic factors strongly modulate latex expression. A survey of latex in food crops revealed that latex and analogous exudates (gums, resins, mucilage) are more common than expected based on their distribution across all plants. In conclusion, despite its widespread occurrence, the literature on latex is currently dominated by rubber trees and milkweeds, and we look forward to the broadening of ecological, agricultural, and mechanistic research into other systems.
Li gradients for Li-rich cathodes

Developing high capacity yet stable cathodes is key to advancing Li-ion battery technologies. Now, a new metal oxide cathode that is rich in Li with a gradient in Li concentration is shown to be stable to O2 release leading to long cycle life and high capacity.
Piano training enhances Stroop performance and musical self-efficacy in older adults with Parkinson’s disease:

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is commonly associated with motor symptoms; however, many patients with PD exhibit decline in executive functions. Executive functions refer to a broad array of generalized...
Implementing Parent-Teen Motivational Interviewing + Behavior Therapy for ADHD in Community Mental Health.

Despite the promise of psychosocial interventions for adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), there are no studies that examine their implementation in community mental health contexts. In this study, we evaluate the implementation of community-based Supporting Teens’ Autonomy Daily (STAND), a parent-teen Motivational Interviewing + Behavior Therapy intervention for adolescents with ADHD. Adolescents with ADHD (N = 225), who were clients at four community mental health agencies, received treatment from 82 therapists. There was double randomization of adolescents and therapists to STAND or Usual Care (UC). Nearly all therapists randomized to STAND completed the training and regularly attended supervision, rating STAND as acceptable and lower burden than UC practices. In the STAND group, MI competence and implementation were lower than in university trials (benchmark range, 19.5% for reflection to question ratio to 83.1% for technical globals). MI integrity in the STAND group was significantly higher than UC across most MITI indices. Content fidelity was adequate in STAND’s engagement and skills phases (76.4–85.0%), but not its planning phase (24.4%). Therapists commonly neglected weekly review of goals and home practice and deviated from manualized pace and sequencing of therapy tasks. Learning MI was more challenging for bilingual therapists and therapists with more years of experience. STAND was delivered with higher integrity in earlier sessions and office-based sessions. Discussion identifies future directions for exporting adolescent ADHD interventions to community settings. Patient outcome data for this trial is presented elsewhere. Trial Registration: NCT02694939 www.clinicaltrials.gov .
Meta-Analysis of Dementia Rates in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean

There has been a rapid increase in epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of dementia in the countries of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. However, no past review of these studies has provided an overall quantitative estimate of the prevalence of dementia or its major subtypes (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia) in the populations of these regions. Further, the majority of past reviews have described the frequency of this disorder without regard to sources of variance between studies. This chapter provides estimates of the prevalence of dementia and two of its major subtypes based on meta-analysis. Investigation of the sources of heterogeneity in prevalence between studies is reported. These estimates are then discussed in terms of how they compare to the prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in the available studies of Latinos in the United States of America (USA). Knowledge of the occurrence of dementia and its subtypes is necessary to inform public health policies to prepare for the rapid changes that are expected in the population age structures of these countries.
Cutting out the surrogate: Caesarean sections in the Mexican surrogacy industry.

Abstract Childbirth practices shed light on cultural values, ideologies of gender and motherhood, and social inequalities. Transnational, commercial surrogacy presents a useful lens through which to view the social dynamics that shape childbirth experiences. Surrogacy challenges dominant views on the naturalness and inevitability of maternal-fetal bonds because it involves the separation of gestation from motherhood. What ideologies inform childbirth practices in the consumer-driven context of surrogacy in which the woman giving birth is neither the consumer nor the “mother”? Based on multi-sited ethnographic research between 2014 and 2017 and in-depth interviews with 120 participants in the Mexican surrogacy industry, I argue that doctors draw on normative ideologies of kinship, gender, and maternal-child bonding to justify and normalize the use of Caesarean sections among surrogates. The ideology espoused by these doctors reinforces the notion that maternal-fetal bonding is natural and inevitable, constructs women as irrational and driven by hormones, and presumes that bonding between surrogate mothers and the children they gestate is detrimental to the surrogacy process. Furthermore, the proffered justifications for the Caesarean sections reproduces stereotypes about poor Mexican women as risky patients, contributes to the “disposability” of their labor, and reinforces a hierarchy in which the perceived interests of intended parents and children are elevated above those of surrogate mothers. This article contributes to social science studies of medicine by demonstrating how classist and racist stereotypes, and folk notions of kinship, gender, and maternal-child bonding are biologized in medical practice.
Perceptions of control theory in industrial-organizational psychology: disturbances and counter-disturbances

Abstract The history of perceptual control theory's growing influence in the field of Industrial-Organizational Psychology is described. This history began in the early 1980's and included mostly conceptual work that described how control theory concepts might be used to understand applied phenomena. Both conceptual and empirical work on control theory ideas continued throughout the 1990's despite a substantial backlash against the theory by prominent scholars in the field. However, it was conceptual and empirical work in the 21st century that defined its potential integrative value and its theoretical rigor. Moreover, research regarding self-efficacy demonstrated how informal theories of human behavior might be better understood from a control theory perspective. Much of the current work with perceptual control theory involves the construction and testing of computational models that represent the links among perceptual, learning, and thinking modes of self-regulation and control.
103. IMPLEMENTATION OF A HEALTH LITERACY- INFORMED EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN AND CAREGIVERS DURING HOSPITALIZATION WITH ASTHMA

Background Asthma is the most prevalent chronic disease of children. Poor health literacy and ineffective teaching can result in poorer outcomes, increased Emergency Department visits, readmissions, and increased costs to the system. Aim Statement Our primary aims for this project are: 1) Increase the percent of families who receive multimodal asthma education (verbal, video, and handout) during hospitalization for asthma. 2) Decrease rates of inpatient hospital readmissions for asthmatics aged 2-18. Interventions A multidisciplinary QI team including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and ancillary providers was formed. Chart audits were done to assess baseline documentation of asthma education on the acute care floors from July 2017 through February 2019. Three PDSA cycles were conducted with interventions including: 1) identification of asthma nurse champions and pilot of new educational materials to families on our pilot unit (March 2019); 2) training all unit staff on asthma education materials (April-May 2019); 3) improvement of electronic medical record asthma education documentation (June-July 2019). Statistical process control charts were used to assess the impact of these interventions. Measures Outcome measures were percent of encounters with any asthma education documented and readmission rates. Process measures were the percent of encounters with each multimodal (verbal, video, or handout) type. Balancing measures included hospital length of stay, time from admission to teaching, and time from discharge order placement to hospital discharge. Results Encounters with any asthma education documented increased from baseline of 63% to 84% post interventions, with special cause improvement noted. There was also an increase in video education from 0% to 65%. It is too early to report impact on hospital readmission rates which we continue to trend. Our interventions led to no change in our balancing measures. Conclusions and Next Steps We have been able to successfully increase the overall patient and caregiver asthma education as well as increase use of multimodal methods of asthma teaching. New multimodal education materials implemented have standardized the content and process for asthma education. Ongoing efforts are being made to produce sustained change and to spread asthma education hospital wide. We speculate the project has potential to influence population level asthma outcomes as we continue to expand our reach throughout the health system and community.