cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Extra-Mathematical Program Explanation of Color Experience

In the debate over whether mathematical facts, properties, or entities explain physical events (in what philosophers call ‘extra-mathematical’ explanations), Aidan Lyon’s (2012) affirmative answer ...
Hyperspectral remote sensing for detecting geotechnical problems at Ray mine

Abstract While many or most geotechnical problems at open-pit mines are related to geological structures or discontinuities, highwall movement and failure can also occur as a consequence of nonstructural geological factors. Nonstructural causes of movement are not amenable to detection by conventional geotechnical sensing techniques such as LiDAR. In this case study, we applied hyperspectral remote sensing for large-scale mapping and detection of minerals at a non-structure-related ground instability in the highwalls of the Ray mine near Tucson, Arizona. The spectral images, obtained and integrated with radar images and the geological map, show that the dominant spectrally active mineral underlying the unstable area is the swelling clay montmorillonite, whereas kaolinite and white mica are more common in more stable parts of the highwall. The montmorillonite is concentrated in an outcropping altered diabase and conglomerate that underlie more competent rocks, providing a potential lift and slip surface. This study shows that hyperspectral remote sensing can aid in geotechnical slope characterization, particularly for nonstructural causes of failure. We provide a brief overview of best practices for hyperspectral remote sensing in geotechnical applications (combining drone- and tripod-mounted sensors, integrating hyperspectral with LiDAR and radar data, and using an iteratively refined spectral library based on site-specific sampling supported by ground truth).
Legacies of Saleem Shah: Correctional and legal psychology.

Saleem A. Shah made seminal and substantive contributions to psychological knowledge, theory, and practice in corrections and the law. He assumed a role as instigator of research and generous colleague in a vast range of psychological-legal activities. Current clinical practices and conceptual frames of reference in legal and correctional psychology reflect the conscience, involvements, and ideas of Saleem Shah.
Anatomy of the Median Nerve and Its Branches

Thorough knowledge of median nerve anatomy is of utmost importance to diagnose and treat injuries and entrapment neuropathies affecting this nerve and its major branches in the upper extremity. The median nerve enters the axillary outlet with the axillary/brachial artery as a neurovascular bundle, and travels distally in the arm within the median bicipital groove. In the cubital fossa, the median nerve traverses the bicipital aponeurosis, pronator teres, and flexor digitorum superficialis, where the anterior interosseous branch enters deeply into the forearm. The main trunk of the median nerve travels distally in the forearm, providing a pure cutaneous sensory palmar branch, and passes underneath the flexor retinaculum through the carpal tunnel into the hand. The first branch in the hand is generally the thenar motor branch, which bifurcates into radial and ulnar divisions that eventually further bifurcate into the common digital nerves that subsequently divide into proper digital nerves.
Assessing Douglas-Fir Seedling Establishment Using Two Modified Forestry Reclamation Approaches in the Pacific Northwest

The Forestry Reclamation Approach uses uncompacted, mounded spoils to reforest mined-land and has been successful in hardwood forests in the Appalachian region. A surface coalmine reclamation site in the Pacific Northwest was used to compare the site’s standard reclamation approach (Reference) with a modified version of the Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) along with a modified FRA treatment that also incorporated an amendment of bottom ash from the coal burning power plant on-site (FRA + Ash). Survival and growth were followed for three growing seasons in bareroot and container Douglas-fir seedlings. Soil characteristics and understory cover were also assessed. Considerable variation in microsite characteristics was observed in the study area. Container seedlings did not improve survival compared to bareroot seedlings. In the soil reclamation treatments, seedling survival was significantly higher in FRA + Ash treatments compared to FRA and Reference treatments at the end of the second growing season. Survival declined in each year of the study, but the order of treatment effectiveness did not change. Relativized growth increment was significantly higher in the FRA treatment compared to both the Reference and FRA + Ash treatments during the third growing season. Understory cover was established after three years, but varied substantially across the study area.
Pushing the Frontier of Sustainable Service Operations Management: Evidence from US hospitality industry

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop a performance measurement system of environmental sustainability in service settings and to empirically examine the relationship between the measured environmental sustainability and operating performance.Design/methodology/approach – This study applies exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to a six‐year panel dataset of 984 US hotels to construct a two‐factor standardized measure of environmental sustainability. The authors then conduct a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to investigate the relationship between the measured environmental sustainability and the operating performance frontier, considering the impact of operating structure.Findings – Customer behavior and operational decisions are two key drivers of environmental sustainability. There is a positive link between environmental sustainability and operating performance. Operating structure has a significant impact on the operating performance. The performance frontier varies across market segment a...
High-resolution observations of human premolar eruption

Abstract Using an optical instrument based on the principle of Moire´magnification to obtain resolution of less than 0.1 μm, eruption of maxillary second premolars was observed during the prefunctional phase of eruption in 10 children. The participants were observed on four occasions for approx. 30 min each, once in the afternoon and once in the evening on two consecutive days. For all participants, a pulsatile movement of the erupting tooth was noted in concert with the arterial pulse. Significant variations in short-term eruption rates and patterns were observed, with a mean rate of 0.28 pm/min over continuous 20-min periods but a range from -0.91 to 2.29 μm/min. During most sessions net eruption occurred, but in several of the 30-min periods there was little movement or intrusion. An unexplained cyclic phenomenon was observed consistently, which had a period of 20–50 s and a range of magnitudes from 0.12 to 2.22 pm. It seems clear that a discontinuous pattern of eruption occurs in short-term as well as longer-term observations.
Behavioral recovery from traumatic brain injury after membrane reconstruction using polyethylene glycol

Polyethylene glycol (PEG; 2000 MW, 30% by volume) has been shown to mechanically repair damaged cellular membranes and reduce secondary axotomy after traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (TBI and SCI respectively). This repair is achieved following spontaneous reassembly of cell membranes made possible by the action of targeted hydrophilic polymers which first seal the compromised portion of the plasmalemma, and secondarily, allow the lipidic core of the compromised membranes to resolve into each other. Here we compared PEG-treated to untreated rats using a computer-managed open-field behavioral test subsequent to a standardized brain injury. Animals were evaluated after a 2-, 4-, and 6-hour delay in treatment after TBI. Treated animals receive a single subcutaneous injection of PEG. When treated within 2 hours of the injury, injured PEG-treated rats showed statistically significant improvement in their exploratory behavior recorded in the activity box when compared to untreated but brain-injured controls. A delay of 4 hours reduced this level of achievement, but a statistically significant improvement due to PEG injection was still clearly evident in most outcome measures compared at the various evaluation times. A further delay of 2 more hours, however, eradicated the beneficial effects of PEG injection as revealed using this behavioral assessment. Thus, there appears to be a critical window of time in which PEG administration after TBI can provide neuroprotection resulting in an enhanced functional recovery. As is often seen in clinically applied acute treatments for trauma, the earlier the intervention can be applied, the better the outcome.
Mitochondrial Sequence Evolution in Spiders: Intraspecific Variation in tRNAs Lacking the TΨC Arm

Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences from three species of Habronattus jumping spiders (Chelicerata: Arachnida: Araneae) reveal unusual inferred tRNA secondary structures and gene arrangements, providing new information on tRNA evolution within chelicerate arthropods. Sequences from the protein-coding genes NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), and subunit II (COII) were obtained, along with tRNA, tRNA, and large-subunit ribosomal RNA (16S) sequences; these revealed several peculiar features. First, inferred secondary structures of tRNA and, likely, tRNA, lack the TPsiC arm and the variable arm and therefore do not form standard cloverleaf structures. In place of these arms is a 5-6-nt T arm-variable loop (TV) replacement loop such as that originally described from nematode mitochondrial tRNAs. Intraspecific variation occurs in the acceptor stem sequences in both tRNAs. Second, while the proposed secondary structure of the 3' end of 16S is similar to that reported for insects, the sequence at the 5' end is extremely divergent, and the entire gene is truncated about 300 nt with respect to Drosophila yakuba. Third, initiation codons appear to consist of ATY (ATT and ATC) and TTG for ND1 and COII, respectively. Finally, Habronattus shares the same ND1-tRNA-16S gene arrangement as insects and crustaceans, thus illustrating variation in a tRNA gene arrangement previously proposed as a character distinguishing chelicerates from insects and crustaceans.
Neurolysis of the Distal Superficial Radial Nerve for Dysaesthesia Due to Nerve Tethering

The subcutaneous course of the superficial radial nerve over the radial border of the wrist and hand renders it very susceptible to injury. Both traumatic and iatrogenic injury can produce tethering of this nerve, presenting as dysaesthesia. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of neurolysis of the distal superficial radial nerve for this condition. Twenty-five cases of tethered superficial radial nerves underwent neurolysis. At final follow-up (mean 3.5 years), fourteen cases reported symptomatic resolution while eleven continued to experience dysaesthesia. Intra-operatively, evidence of external abnormality, scarring, or compression was identified in only six cases, and its presence did not correlate with symptomatic outcome. Although the majority of patients were improved postoperatively, the success rate was lower than anticipated. Therefore, while neurolysis of the superficial radial nerve offers the opportunity for pain relief, it does not reliably produce success.
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Activity and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Production Are Not Altered in DT40 Lymphoma B Cells Exposed to Power Line Frequency Magnetic Fields

Exposure of wild-type DT40 lymphoma B cells or Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK)-deficient DT40 cells reconstituted with the human btk gene to a 1-gauss 60-Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) has been reported to rapidly increase inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins 1,4, 5-P3) production (1,2). Here we have used BTK-deficient DT40 B cells reconstituted with the human btk gene to evaluate the reproducibility of these findings. An experimental design with blinded exposures and anti-IgM treatment to induce Ins 1,4,5-P3 production as a positive control, showed no significant effect of a 1-gauss 60-Hz EMF on Ins 1,4,5-P3 production. Because recent work has shown that the activation of BTK was required for EMF-responsiveness (2), we also evaluated the reproducibility of this finding in wild-type DT40 cells. BTK was activated in a dose- and time-dependent manner by treatment with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate. However, the ability to detect BTK activation, as measured by increased autophosphorylation by immune complex kinase assay, was dependent on the kinase buffer. Using cells from the original investigators, no evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that exposure to a 1-gauss 60-Hz EMF had a causal effect on protein-tyrosine kinase activities affecting Ins 1,4,5-P3 production.
Political party affiliation and presidential campaign discourse

This study investigates the question of whether the political party affiliation of presidential candidates influences the nature of the discourse they produce in political campaigns. Analysis of primary and general debates, primary and general television spots, and acceptance addresses from 1948 to 2000 demonstrates systematic differences between the messages invented by Republican and Democratic presidential candidates. Democrats discuss policy more, and character less, than Republicans. Democrats attack on policy more, and character less, than Republicans. Democrats emphasize Democratic issues (e.g., education) more than Republicans, whereas Republicans stress Republican issues (e.g., defense), more than Democrats. Finally, Republicans emphasize the character traits of sincerity and morality more, and empathy and drive less, than Democrats.
Regional functional depression immediately after ventricular septal defect closure

Left ventricular ejection is depressed immediately after repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD). Postrepair functional depression seen after VSD closure could result from a reduction in preload. However, other mechanisms could be at work. Functional depression could also be caused by closure of a low-impedance path for left ventricular ejection, the introduction of a stiff akinetic patch, or the operation itself. We reasoned that functional depression mediated by changes in preload or afterload should symmetrically affect end-diastole and end-systole, whereas depression resulting from changes in septal mechanics should be localized. We, therefore, performed segmental wall-motion analysis on intraoperative echocardiograms from patients undergoing VSD and atrial septal defect repair. After VSD closure, there was an asymmetric change in left ventricular end-systolic segment length and a decrease in fractional segment shortening localized to the septal and lateral walls, whereas patients with atrial septal defect had a symmetric increase in fractional shortening. These results suggest that acute functional depression after VSD repair is a result of localized impairment of septal function.
METAL EXTRACTION BY ALKYL SUBSTITUTED DIPHOSPHONIC ACIDS. PART 4. P, P'-DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) BUTANEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID

ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing investigation of the properties of dialkyl substituted diphosphonic acids as solvent extraction reagents for metal cations, we have studied the extraction of alkaline earth cations, Fe(III) and representative actinides (Am(III), U(VI) and Th(IV)) at tracer-level concentration by o-xylene solutions of P,P′-di(2-ethylhexyl) butanediphosphonic acid, H2DEH[BuDP]. The extractant and acid dependencies of these metal ions exhibited significant differences from those of the previously investigated analogous extractants in which the two phosphonate groups are separated by a methylene or an ethylene bridge. The aggregation of H2DEH[BuDP] was investigated in toluene at 25° C by vapor pressure osmometry. H2DEH[BuDP] was found to exist predominantly as a trimeric species in the 0.1-0.005 molal concentration range. Osmometric measurements and infrared spectra indicate that Ca(II) is extracted into H2DEH[BuDP] solutions with little disruption of the structure of the extractant. Iron(III) c...
A transfer function for estimating paleoceanographic conditions based on deep-sea surface sediment distribution of radiolarian assemblages in the South Atlantic☆

Abstract A quantitative analysis of radiolarian species in 57 deep-sea surface sediment samples from the South Atlantic Ocean produced four geographically distinct assemblages (tropical, polar, gyre margin, and subtropical). The distributions of these assemblages or factors coincide with present-day patterns of sea-surface temperatures or water masses. These four assemblages were used to construct a transfer function relating radiolarian distribution in the surface sediments to present-day winter and summer temperatures using standard regression techniques. As a test of the quality of this transfer function, temperatures were estimated on surface sediment samples from the eastern South Pacific. The temperatures produced by the transfer function compared favorably with the observed (present-day) winter and summer sea-surface temperatures at these sites.
Dry-air-stable lithium silicide–lithium oxide core–shell nanoparticles as high-capacity prelithiation reagents

Rapid progress has been made in realizing battery electrode materials with high capacity and long-term cyclability in the past decade. However, low first-cycle Coulombic efficiency as a result of the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase and Li trapping at the anodes, remains unresolved. Here we report LixSi-Li2O core-shell nanoparticles as an excellent prelithiation reagent with high specific capacity to compensate the first-cycle capacity loss. These nanoparticles are produced via a one-step thermal alloying process. LixSi-Li2O core-shell nanoparticles are processible in a slurry and exhibit high capacity under dry-air conditions with the protection of a Li2O passivation shell, indicating that these nanoparticles are potentially compatible with industrial battery fabrication processes. Both Si and graphite anodes are successfully prelithiated with these nanoparticles to achieve high first-cycle Coulombic efficiencies of 94% to >100%. The LixSi-Li2O core-shell nanoparticles enable the practical implementation of high-performance electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries.
Spinels and Oxygen Fugacity in Olivine-Phyric and Lherzolitic Shergottites

We examine the occurrences, textures, and compositional patterns of spinels in the olivine- phyric shergottites Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 005, lithology A of Elephant Moraine A79001 (EET-A), Dhofar 019, and Northwest Africa (NWA) 1110, as well as the lherzolitic shergottite Allan Hills (ALH) A77005, in order to identify spinel-olivine-pyroxene assemblages for the determination of oxygen fugacity (using the oxybarometer of Wood [1991]) at several stages of crystallization. In all of these basaltic martian rocks, chromite was the earliest phase and crystallized along a trend of strict Cr-Al variation. Spinel (chromite) crystallization was terminated by the appearance of pyroxene but resumed later with the appearance of ulvospinel. Ulvospinel formed overgrowths on early chromites (except those shielded as inclusions in olivine or pyroxene), retaining the evidence of the spinel stability gap in the form of a sharp core/rim boundary (except in ALH A77005, where subsolidus reequilibration diffused this boundary). Secondary effects seen in chromites include reaction with melt before ulvospinel overgrowth, reaction with melt inclusions, reaction with olivine hosts (in ALH A77005), and exsolution of ulvospinel or ilmenite. All chromites experienced subsolidus Fe/Mg reequilibration. Spinel-olivine-pyroxene assemblages representing the earliest stages of crystallization in each rock essentially consist of the highest-Cr#, lowest-fe# chromites not showing secondary effects plus the most magnesian olivine and equilibrium low-Ca pyroxene. Assemblages representing the onset of ulvospinel crystallization consist of the lowest-Ti ulvospinel, the most magnesian olivine in which ulvospinel occurs as inclusions, and equilibrium low-Ca pyroxene. The results show that, for early crystallization conditions, oxygen fugacity (fO2) increases from SaU 005 and Dhofar 019 (~QFM -3.8), to EET-A (QFM -2.8) and ALH A77005 (QFM -2.6), to NWA 1110 (QFM -1.7). Estimates for later conditions indicate that in SaU 005 and Dhofar 019 oxidation state did not change during crystallization. In EET-A, there was an increase in fO2 that may have been due to mixing of reduced material with a more oxidized magma. In NWA 1110, there was a dramatic increase, indicating a non-buffered system, possibly related to its high oxidation state. Differences in fO2 among shergottites are not primarily due to igneous fractionation but, rather, to derivation from (and possibly mixing of) different reservoirs.
Progress in Development of a Low Energy Reaction Cell for Distributed Power Applications

Power units using Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) potentially offer a radical new approach to power units that could provide distributed power units in the 1–50 kW range. As described in prior ICONE papers [9, 23] these cells employ thin metallic film cathodes (order of 500 A, using variously Ni, Pd and Ti) with electrolytes such as 0.5–1 molar lithium sulfates in light water. Power densities exceeding 10 W/cc in the films have been achieved. An ultimate goal is to incorporate this thin-film technology into a “tightly packed” cell design where the film material occupies ∼ 20% of the total volume. If this is achieved, power densities of ∼20 W/cm3 appear feasible, opening the way to a number of potential applications involving distributed power. Recent studies reported here have concentrated on new electrode designs intended to maximize the proton loading in the films while maintaining the required proton and electron current densities.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Clinical utility of Kaufman's “amazingly” short forms of the WAIS–R with educable mentally retarded adolescents

This study investigated the comparability between three "amazingly" short forms of the WAIS-R (a dyad, triad, and tetrad) suggested by Kaufman, Ishikuma, and Kaufman-Packer (1991) and the complete battery among a sample of 114 educable mentally handicapped adolescents. Results indicate that the short forms are highly correlated with the complete battery Full Scale IQs, and all three short forms yielded scores, on average, within 2 points of the complete battery. Analyses at an individual level revealed that more than 90% of the sample fell within 3 SEM (9 points) of the FSIQ for all three short forms. Overall results are consistent with previous studies and support the use of these "amazingly" short forms.
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of varicose veins.

Varicose veins and venous insufficiency of the lower extremities are among the most common disease entities affecting the general adult population. Venous insufficiency is estimated to be the seventh most common reason for medical referral in the United States.1 Although numerous epidemiological studies of venous insufficiency have been conducted internationally, the exact prevalence of varicose veins remains difficult to determine because of variability in study population selection criteria, survey methods, and disease definition between different studies. This point is illustrated by Table 1, which compares the study population age, methodology, and disease definition used in 5 major general population surveys for varicose veins.2 These studies show a relatively consistent prevalence of varicose veins in women (25-32%), compared with a wide variability in men (7-40%). Callam concluded from an analysis of 21 epidemiological studies of varicose veins1 that the overall prevalence of visible tortuous varicose veins in a Western population greater than 15 years of age was 10% to 15% for men and 20% to 25% for women. Table 2 summarizes the prevalence of varicose veins as determined in different nations over a 28-year period.2
Potential risk indicators of retained placenta and other diseases in multiparous cows.

Abstract Retained placenta (RP), defined as fetal membranes not being expelled within 24 h after calving, is a costly disease in multiparous dairy cows that has been linked to immune suppression, infections, elevated lipid mobilization, and depleted status of antioxidants including α-tocopherol, and that increases the risk of other diseases (OD) in early lactation. Early detection of cows at increased risk of developing RP, OD, or both in early lactation could improve treatment success and result in improved milk production and reproductive performance. To identify risk indicators of RP, OD, or both, we used a nested case-control design and compared multiparous dairy cows that developed RP (n = 32) with cows that remained healthy (H; n = 32) or cows that developed OD (n = 32) in early lactation. We compared peripartal body condition score (BCS) as well as serum concentrations of α-tocopherol, metabolites [β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and urea N], haptoglobin, and macrominerals (i.e., calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) on d −21, −14, −7, −3, −1, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 postpartum. In addition, average serum concentrations were calculated for each cow for the last 3 wk prepartum, for 3 and 2 wk prepartum combined, for the last week prepartum, and for the morning after calving and compared between groups. The RP cows had lower BCS than the H or OD cows until 2 wk postpartum. During the prepartal periods, RP and OD cows had lower α-tocopherol concentrations (corrected or not for cholesterol concentration) and higher NEFA and BHBA concentrations than H cows. Thus, lower prepartal BCS could be an early predictor for RP risk, and lower α-tocopherol concentrations and higher NEFA and BHBA concentrations could be early predictors for disease.
A Quasi-Steady Flexible Launch Vehicle Stability Analysis Using Steady CFD with Unsteady Aerodynamic Enhancement

Launch vehicles frequently experience a reduced stability margin through the transonic Mach number range. This reduced stability margin is caused by an undamping of the aerodynamics in one of the lower frequency flexible or rigid body modes. Analysis of the behavior of a flexible vehicle is routinely performed with quasi-steady aerodynamic lineloads derived from steady rigid computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, a quasi-steady aeroelastic stability analysis can be unconservative at the critical Mach numbers where experiment or unsteady computational aeroelastic (CAE) analysis show a reduced or even negative aerodynamic damping. This paper will present a method of enhancing the quasi-steady aeroelastic stability analysis of a launch vehicle with unsteady aerodynamics. The enhanced formulation uses unsteady CFD to compute the response of selected lower frequency modes. The response is contained in a time history of the vehicle lineloads. A proper orthogonal decomposition of the unsteady aerodynamic lineload response is used to reduce the scale of data volume and system identification is used to derive the aerodynamic stiffness, damping and mass matrices. The results of the enhanced quasi-static aeroelastic stability analysis are compared with the damping and frequency computed from unsteady CAE analysis and from a quasi-steady analysis. The results show that incorporating unsteady aerodynamics in this way brings the enhanced quasi-steady aeroelastic stability analysis into close agreement with the unsteady CAE analysis.
Effects of Carnitine Supplementation on Flow-Mediated Dilation and Vascular Inflammatory Responses to a High-Fat Meal in Healthy Young Adults

Because carnitine has been shown to decrease oxidative stress and improve endothelial cell functioning, we examined the effects of carnitine supplementation on postprandial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and circulating biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress after a high-fat meal. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study design was used. Thirty men and women (age 30 +/- 8 year, body mass 72.9 +/- 17.1 kg, body fat 13.0 +/- 6.4%) participated in 2 vascular testing days, each preceded by 3 weeks of supplementation with either 2 g/day of L-Carnitine (L-Carnitine L-Tartrate) or placebo with a 3- to 5-week washout period between trials. Brachial artery FMD in response to 5 minutes of upper arm occlusion and circulating markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured in the fasting state and after a standardized high-fat meal. After 3 weeks of supplementation, peak FMD in the fasting state was similar between the carnitine and placebo trials, averaging 6.6%. Peak FMD during the postprandial period decreased to 5.8% at 1.5 hours during placebo and increased to 7.7% during the carnitine trial (n = 30: p = 0.043 for supplement by time interaction effect). This improvement in postprandial vascular function was most dramatic in subjects who showed a decrease in peak FMD in response to the meal (n = 15: p = 0.003 for supplement by time interaction effect). There was a significant increase in postprandial lipemia and plasma interleukin-6 but no effect of supplementation. There were no significant postprandial changes or supplement effects for plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha and malondialdehyde. In conclusion, consistent with other work showing a beneficial effect of carnitine on vascular function, these findings indicate that carnitine supplementation in healthy individuals improves postprandial FMD after a high-fat meal.
Overview of pulmonary complications.

Abstract Pulmonary diseases continue to be important causes of illness and death in patients with HIV infection, but changes in therapy and demographics of HIV-infected populations are changing their manifestations. The risk of developing specific disorders is related to the area of residence, degree of immunosuppressions, HIV risk group, and use of prophylactic therapies. Bronchitis and sinusitis occur commonly in the general population but more frequently in HIV-infected persons. The increasing population of HIV-infected drug users is reflected in the increasing incidence of bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis. Antipneumocystis prophylaxis has reduced the incidence of and mortality rate from this infection, and adjunctive corticosteriod therapy has improved the outlook for respiratory failure. Increased longevity, however, carries the risk of developing other opportunistic infections and neoplasms, some previously rare in AIDS.
A Psychotherapy process study of therapist in session self-awareness

Abstract Therapist self-awareness has been hailed as a critical component of clinical practice. Yet initial evidence suggests that momentary states of in-session self-awareness in therapists may be distracting. To test the relationships among therapist in-session self-awareness, its affective and behavioral manifestations, therapist management strategies, and client perceptions of the therapy process, therapist and client dyads participated in process recall of a therapy session. Results suggest that therapist self-awareness was helpful and related to more positive client ratings of the therapy process. In addition, therapists were most likely to use basic techniques (e.g., asking a question, using paraphrase) as a way to manage distracting self-awareness, yet no one management strategy was seen as most effective. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Prevalence and Patterns of Microarray Data Sharing

Sharing research data is a cornerstone of science. Although many tools and policies exist to encourage data sharing, the prevalence with which datasets are shared is not well understood. We report our preliminary results on patterns of sharing microarray data in public databases.The most comprehensive method for measuring occurrences of public data sharing is manual curation of research reports, since data sharing plans are usually communicated in free text within the body of an article. Our early findings from manual curation of 100 papers suggest that 30% of investigators publicly share their full microarray datasets. Of these, 70% of the datasets are deposited at NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, 20% at EBI's ArrayExpress, and 10% in smaller databases or lab or publisher websites.Next, we supplemented this manual process with a rough automated estimate of data sharing prevalence. Using PubMed, we identified research articles with MeSH terms for both "Gene Expression Profiling" and "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis" and published in 2006. We then searched GEO and ArrayExpress for links to these PubMed IDs to determine which of the articles had been credited as an originating data source.Of the 2503 articles, 440 (18%) articles had links from either GEO or ArrayExpress. Of these 440 articles, 70% had links from GEO and 30% from ArrayExpress, with an overlapping 12% from both GEO and ArrayExpress.Interestingly, studies with free full text at PubMed were twice (Odds Ratio=2.1; 95% confidence interval: [1.7 to 2.5]) as likely to be linked as a data source within GEO or ArrayExpress than those without free full text. Studies with human data were less likely to have a link (OR=0.8 [0.6 to 0.9]) than studies with only non-human data. The proportion of articles with a link within these two databases has increased over time: the odds of a data-source link for studies was 2.5 [2.0 to 3.1] times greater for studies published in 2006 than 2002.As might be expected, studies with the fewest funding sources had the fewest data-sharing links: only 28 (6%) of the 433 studies with no funding source were listed within GEO or ArrayExpress. In contrast, studies funded by the NIH, the US government, or a non-US government source had data-sharing links in 282 of 1556 cases (18%), while studies funded by two or more of these mechanisms were listed in the databases in 130 out of 514 cases (25%).In summary, our initial manual approach for identifying studies which shared their data was comprehensive but time-consuming; natural language processing techniques could be helpful. Our subsequent automated approach yielded conservative estimates for total data sharing prevalence, nonetheless revealing several promising hypotheses for data sharing behaviorWe hope these preliminary results will inspire additional investigations into data sharing behavior, and in turn the development of effective policies and tools to facilitate this important aspect of scientific research.
Probing the Rate of Hole Transfer in Oxidized Synthetic Chlorin Dyads via Site-Specific 13C-Labeling

Understanding electronic communication among interacting constituents of multicomponent molecular architectures is important for rational design in diverse fields including artificial photosynthesis and molecular electronics. One strategy for examining ground-state hole/electron transfer in an oxidized tetrapyrrolic array relies on analysis of the hyperfine interactions observed in the EPR spectrum of the π-cation radical. This strategy has been previously employed to probe the hole/electron-transfer process in oxidized multiporphyrin arrays of normal isotopic composition, wherein 1H and 14N serve as the hyperfine “clocks”, and in arrays containing site-specific 13C-labels, which serve as additional hyperfine clocks. Herein, the hyperfine-clock strategy is applied to dyads of dihydroporphyrins (chlorins). Chlorins are more closely related structurally to chlorophylls than are porphyrins. A de novo synthetic strategy has been employed to introduce a 13C label at the 19-position of the chlorin macrocycle, w...
Biochemical characterization of FMRF-NH2-like peptides in spinal cords of various mammalian species using specific radioimmunoassays

Phe-Leu-Phe-Gln-Pro-Gln-Arg-Phe-NH2 (F-8-F-NH2) and Ala-Gly-Glu-Gly-Leu-Ser-Ser-Pro-Phe-Trp-Ser-Leu-Ala-Ala-Pro-Gln-Arg-Phe-NH2 (A-18-F-NH2), originally detected by FMRF-NH2 antiserum and subsequently isolated from bovine brain, were found to be highly localized in the bovine spinal cord. Using specific radioimmunoassays coupled with HPLC, F-8-F-NH2 and A-18-F-NH2 immunoreactivities in spinal cord of bovine, rat, mouse, guinea pig and human were studied. One major F-8-F-NH2 immunoreactivity was detected in the spinal cord of every species except in human, however, the retention time of F-8-F-NH2 immunoreactivity appears to vary from species to species. In the human spinal cord three major F-8-F-NH2 immunoreactivities are detected and one of them was eluted in the position of F-8-F-NH2. Two major A-18-F-NH2 immunoreactivities were detected in every species except guinea pig; one of these immunoreactivities can be identified as F-8-F-NH2 immunoreactivity due to the high affinity of the A-18-F-NH2 antiserum to F-8-F-NH2. F-8-F-NH2 and A-18-F-NH2 immunoreactivities can also be clearly detected by FMRF-NH2 antiserum, however, the quantities of these peptides can be grossly underestimated by the FMRF-NH2 RIA. These results confirm that there is a novel system of FMRF-NH2-like peptides in mammalian CNS and some of them are more closely related to the bovine peptides, F-8-F-NH2 and A-18-F-NH2 than to FMRF-NH2.
Manual vacuum aspiration for second-trimester pregnancy termination.

Objectives: To compare manual and electric vacuum aspiration for surgical abortions between 14 and 18 weeks of pregnancy. Methods: A consecutive case series of pregnant women presenting to Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center for abortion. There were 73 women in the manual vacuum aspiration group and 37 women in the electric vacuum aspiration group. Dilatation and evacuation was performed using manual or electric vacuum aspiration according to protocol. Procedure time was assessed with the t-test. Results: In all cases, abortion was performed with initial vacuum. Group sizes were sufficient to detect a 20% difference in mean procedure time with 80% power (calculated with two separate S.D.s for procedure time). There was no significant difference in procedure time between the two groups. Conclusions: Manual vacuum aspiration can be safely and effectively used in second-trimester abortion procedures and should be more widely investigated for this purpose.
Physical diagnosis of collateral ligament and combined ligament injuries

An understanding of the orthopedic physical examination of the knee has evolved from a simplistic two-dimensional model of knee stability to an appreciation of complex coupled knee motions. Our current abilities to evaluate and objectively measure these coupled motions during the examination have allowed us to appreciate and grade, on an objective level, the subjective complaints of the patient. The primary means by which the clinician currently diagnoses injury to the collateral ligament and combined ligamentous injuries is still the physical examination. However, newer and more accurate imaging techniques, specifically magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), yield secondary as well as confirmatory diagnostic information to support the evaluation made on manual examination. Most of our examination techniques have remained unchanged over the decades, and even descriptions of testing variations will find their roots in the medical literature of the prior century. Specifically, the Lachman test, which received its most significant aclaim in the 1970s, was well described in the 1800s. The greatest progress has been in an improved anatomical and biomechanical understanding of the restraints to the lateral and posterolateral corner of the knee. This has translated into the ability of the clinician to better appreciate and diagnose instabilities involving these structures. Severe isolated and combined collateral ligament injuries to the knee vary with respect to treatment and prognosis. Characteristically, prognosis worsens with injury from the medial to lateral side of the knee. Therefore, it is essential that an early accurate diagnosis can be made to be able to institute a timely and appropriate treatment plan. The basic tests for knee ligament laxity are presented along with the historical and biomechanical bases for interpretation of the examination.
Warm ischemic time tolerance after ventilated non-heart-beating lung donation in piglets.

Objective: The availability of lungs for transplantation could be ameliorated with the use of organs retrieved from ventilated non-heartbeating donors (VNHBD). The aim of this work is to determine the limit to tolerable in situ warm ischemia time (WIT) for lung grafts after circulation is stopped. Methods: Twenty piglets underwent left lung allotransplantation. Animals were randomly allocated based on the donor’s status before lung harvesting into the following study groups: Sham ( n = 5), Heart-beating donors ‐ non-warm ischemia; I-30 (n = 5), I-60 (n = 5) and I-90 (n = 5), VNHBD-WIT of 30, 60 and 90 min, respectively. Right pulmonary artery and bronchus were permanently occluded one hour after transplantation. Assessment of pulmonary function was monitored hourly by hemodynamic, oxygenation and pulmonary mechanic measurements during a period of 6 h after reperfusion. Lung grafts were weighed pre- and posttransplantation. Results: Cold ischemic time was similar for all groups, and averaged 80.1 ∠ 2.7 min. Final mean lung weight was significantly greater in VNHBD (92.5∠ 3.1 g vs. Sham values 75.6 ∠ 2.4 g, P , 0.01). After right lung exclusion, hemodynamic changes consisted of a sustained increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and a reduction in cardiac output. Lung mechanics also modified, with a rise in airway resistance and a fall in compliance. Conclusions: Post-transplantation lung graft function from VNHBD with up to 90 min of WIT, is equivalent to those achieved by grafts harvested after heart-beating donation. This method may be a promising strategy of increasing the pulmonary donor pool. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
FINANCING LITERACY THROUGH LIBRARIES

Since the Industrial Age has given way to the Information Age, our attention has been focused on the new electronic media. But sometimes we forget that even electronic information has to be read. All libraries have a stake in literacy.
Temperature-sensitive polypropylene membranes prepared by plasma polymerization

Abstract Poly- N -isopropylacylamide (PNIPAAm) was grafted on polypropylene (PP) microfiltration membranes using plasma polymerization. The surface of the grafted membrane was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy pictures demonstrated that the PNIPAAm can be grafted either on the surface or in the pores of the membrane. The morphology of the grafted membrane can be adjusted through monomer concentration and polymerization time. Surface properties with a reversible response to temperature change were observed by measuring the dynamic contact angle. Below the low critical soluble temperature (LCST) of PNIPAAm, the grafted PP membrane exhibited a hydrophilic surface (advancing contact angle 90°). We investigated the on–off characteristics of the grafted membrane by measuring water flux through the grafted membrane at different temperatures. The water flux can be varied from 25 to 7500 kg/m 2 h, depending on the temperature and pressure drop. The swelling PNIPAAm chains block the pores of the microfiltration membrane, and the flux decreases (off status). The PNIPAAm chains shrink above the LCST and open the pores of the microfiltration membrane. Thus, the water flux increases (on status). The effect of pressure drop on the water flux of the grafted PP membrane was discussed. The rapid and remarkable changes in the pore size of the membrane may make it possible to use the grafted PP membranes as the carrier for a drug-delivery system. They would also be used as multifunctional separation membranes, control valves, and actuators.
Second Gaussian maps on surfaces

In this article, we study second Gaussian maps on surfaces, both in general, and for specific examples. These examples include Hirzebruch surfaces and their double covers.
Electrophoretic analysis of genetic linkage in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Eighty megagametaphytes from each of 24 Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) were subjected to horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. The trees were from crosses among widely separated provenances, and each was polymorphic for 8 to 14 loci. Evidence for linkage among 275 two-locus combinations was tested using chi-square analysis. Data from different trees were pooled to calculate map distances for the species. Nineteen of the twenty-nine loci tested were linked in one of six groups; the groups varied in size from two to seven loci. Similarities in linkage relationships among Scots pine, other pines, and other species within the Pinaceae support karyological research that suggests extensive conservation of the conifer genome.
Calculation and Evaluation of Energy: Amino Acid Ratios for the Egg-Production Type Hen

Abstract Published equations for estimating the daily energy needs of laying hens were combined with published equations for estimating the daily amino acid needs to derive estimated energy: amino acid ratios for laying hens at different stages of production and environmental temperatures. Two feeding trials were conducted using various percentages of the suggested ratios to determine their applicability. The results of these studies indicate that the calculated energy: amino acid ratios appeared to support production levels comparable with those of hens fed higher nutrient levels. The use of temperature-adjusted energy: amino acid ratios appears to be a valid and feasible means of formulating diets to meet the changing nutritional needs of laying hens.
Do quarks know about Kähler metrics

Abstract We study compactification of ten-dimensional E 8 (×E 8 ) super-Yang-Mills theory on the coset manifold SU(3)/U(1) 2 . W obtain a three generation SO(10) model without mirror fermions. The internal space admits both Kahler and non-Kahler metrics, but the correct fermion mass spectrum can be obtained only if the metric is Kahler. In this case there is a natural mechanism for satisfying simultaneously the mass inequalities m t ≲ m W , m b ≪ m t and m u , m c ≪ t .
The (im)possible translation of Nostalgia

AbstractNostalgia (1983), Andrei Tarkovsky's first foreign production, represents crisis—the. distressing longing for one's own land is mixed with the rejection of the concept of translation, which consequently leads to a state of permanent alienation and forms an irremediable breach between cultures. Arsenii Tarkovsky's poem ‘As a child I once fell ill…’ and the Italian translation of his ‘My sight, my strength, dims…’ embody the film's discursive dilemma. The impossible possibility of contact between the two ‘foreign’ cultures is embodied by the two male protagonists—the. madman and the utterly confused individual who both die for the sake of an obscure ideal. The film's climax is reached in the poetic declamation by Gorchakov in Russian and by Domenico in the Italian translation. The reading takes place in the dilapidated flooded church, which might be perceived as an embodiment of the ruins of the Tower of Babel. Its incompleteness relates the Babylonian failure to arrive at a monumental completion. T...
Talking to UNIX in English: an overview of UC

UC is a natural language help facility which advises users in using the UNIX operating system. Users can query UC about how to do things, command names and formats, online definitions of UNIX or general operating systems terminology, and debugging problems in using commands. UC is comprised of the following components: a language analyzer and generator, a context and memory model, an experimental common-sense planner, highly extensible knowledge bases on both the UNIX domain and the English language, a goal analysis component, and a system for acquisition of new knowledge through instruction in English. The language interface of UC is based on a “phrasal analysis” approach which integrates semantic, grammatical and other types of information. In addition, it includes capabilities for ellipsis resolution and reference disambiguation.