cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer Prevalence and Risk Stratification in Adults Presenting With Hematuria: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Abstract Objective To calculate the prevalence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UT-UC), and lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (LT-UC) in patients with gross asymptomatic microhematuria (AMH) and symptomatic microhematuria (SMH). Patients and Methods This study was a population-based retrospective descriptive study. The study was approved by both the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board and the Olmsted Medical Center Institutional Review Board, and the population used was Olmsted County residents. A total of 4453 patients who presented with an initial episode of hematuria from January 1, 2000, through December 30, 2010, were included. Of the 4453 patients (median age, 58 years; interquartile range, 44.6-73.3 years), 1487 (33.4%) had gross hematuria, 2305 (51.8%) had AMH, and 661 (14.8%) had SMH. Results In the 1487 patients with gross hematuria, the prevalence of RCC, UT-UC, and LT-UC was 1.3%, 0.8%, and 9.0%, respectively. In the 2305 patients with AMH, the prevalence of RCC, UT-UC, and LT-UC was 0.2%, 0.3%, and 1.6%, respectively. In the 661 patients with SMH, the prevalence of RCC, UT-UC, and LT-UC was 0.6%, 0.2%, and 0.3%, respectively. Age was the most relevant risk factor for any hematuria type. Conclusion This unique cohort study reported that the prevalence of RCC or UC in patients with AMH and SMH was low, especially in the young cohort, and a large number of intense work-ups, such as cystoscopy and computed tomography urography, currently conducted could be omitted if stratified by hematuria type and age.
How semantic knowledge enhances word recognition? New evidence from struggling readers performances.

The current study examined the contribution of semantic knowledge to the process of reading aloud unfamiliar words among thirty non-typical readers from third grade. The performances of reading alo...
Brief exposure to systemic hypoxia enhances plasticity of the central nervous system in spinal cord injured animals and man.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW We have known for many decades that animals that sustain injuries to the neuraxis, which result in respiratory impairment, are able to develop rapid neural compensation for these injuries. This compensation, which is linked to the systemic hypoxia resulting from damage to the respiratory apparatus, is a potent manifestation of neural plasticity. Hypoxia-induced plasticity is also applicable to somatic neural systems that regulate motor activity in extremity muscles. We report on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this seemingly beneficial action of acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH). RECENT FINDINGS AIH improves breathing in animal models of spinal cord injury, and increases strength and endurance in individuals with incomplete spinal injuries. The role of AIH as a therapeutic intervention remains to be confirmed but it has proved to be well tolerated for use in humans with no adverse effects reported to date. The effects of AIH emerge rapidly and persist for several hours raising the possibility that the intervention may serve as a priming mechanism for facilitating rehabilitation and promoting recovery after neurologic injury in man. SUMMARY AIH is emerging as a potent and relatively inexpensive modality for inducing neuroplasticity, so it may prove feasible to use AIH in a clinical setting.
Adair analysis and generalizations

Consider the decay of a particle which is produced in a reaction with an angular distribution I(Θ) and subsequently decays.
Dynamisms of Difficult Mental Disorders

This chapter begins with the simplest definition of personality to be found in Sullivan’s writings and lectures. Personality “is the relatively enduring pattern of recurrent interpersonal situations which characterize a human life” (Sullivan, 1953). The organism’s relatively enduring pattern of recurrent interpersonal relations is what, in the main, characterizes a person. In the later years of his professional life, Sullivan got very defensive about the uniqueness of any person. Perhaps he was reacting against an excessive emphasis on individuality. One is dealing with different levels of reality. Hence, it seems wise to ignore this highly technical and controversial topic.
Trends on Attitudes Toward Tax Evasion in the United States

This paper uses data collected from three surveys regarding attitudes on tax evasion to determine whether any trends can be identified. Comparisons are also made by gender, age, religious practice and marital status to determine whether attitudes toward tax evasion differ based on these categories.
Synthesis and Breakdown of the Polyphosphate Fraction and Acid Phosphomonoesterase of Saccharomyces mellis and Their Locations in the Cell

Weimberg, Ralph (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.), and William L. Orton. Synthesis and breakdown of the polyphosphate fraction and acid phosphomonoesterase of Saccharomyces mellis and their locations in the cell. J. Bacteriol. 89:740-747. 1965.-The conditions for accumulation of polyphosphate in cells of Saccharomyces mellis differ in several respects from those for acid phosphomonoesterase biosynthesis and maintenance. Polyphosphate can be synthesized or degraded in vivo by resting cells, provided an energy source is present. Experiments with growing cells indicate that the enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of the polyphosphate fraction are constitutive, since cells respond immediately to changes in the level of inorganic phosphate in the external medium. There is no change in the acid phosphatase level in either resting cells or in cells in the lag phase of growth. Enzyme formation or breakdown occurs only in cells that are exponentially dividing. Enzyme is lost rapidly from derepressed cells when they are transferred to a phosphate-rich medium, falling to a very low value by the time the cell mass had doubled. Protoplasts of repressed cells were prepared to determine the location of ortho- and polyphosphates in the cell. Previous studies have shown that phosphomonoesterase is released as a soluble enzyme when derepressed cells become protoplasts. Unlike phosphomonoesterase in derepressed cells, the two phosphate fractions in repressed cells are still attached to the protoplast after the cell wall has been digested and are eluted only when the protoplast structure is lysed in cold water. However, it is also possible to extract a part of the two phosphate fractions from intact cells in the absence of snail gut extract by osmotic shock if the cells are first suspended in a solution of high salt concentration. This treatment with salt does not affect viability. These results do not permit a definite conclusion concerning the location of ortho- and polyphosphates in the cell, other than that they are associated with the protoplast and thus occupy a position different from that of the phosphomonoesterase.
Retirement Income Insurance: A Do-It-Yourself Approach

The recent market downturn highlighted the substantial impact that capital markets fluctuations can have on retirement wealth. A possible strategy to manage investment risk is to purchase guarantees (i.e. put options), which can be fairly expensive. As an alternative, this paper suggests that an individual can self-insure against poor market outcomes by adjusting his retirement date as a function of market returns. To analyze this strategy, we introduce an endogenous retirement date in Merton's (1971) optional consumption and portfolio choice model. We show that with a flexible retirement date, the worker can effectively guarantee that his retirement wealth will not drop below an endogenously determined floor. The presence of this self-insurance may crowd out the demand for guarantees, which is consistent with the relatively small size of that market. In that context, our analysis suggests that an interesting guarantee design would make the guarantee payments contingent on the individual's inability to work. Our analysis also reveals that a flexible retirement date increases the worker's risk tolerance and allows him to invest a higher proportion of his wealth in risky assets. However, when the individual retires, this increased risk tolerance disappears and our results indicate that the new retiree should suddenly switch to a more prudent investment strategy.
Variations in the oceanic vertical carbon isotope gradient and their implications for the Paleocene‐Eocene biological pump

[1] Variations in the efficiency of the biological pumping of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean have been invoked to explain changes in atmospheric pCO2 and thus climate on a variety of timescales. We compiled published Paleocene and Eocene foraminiferal carbon isotope data and adjusted them to a uniform timescale to investigate changes in the biological pump in the early Cenozoic. Eight basinal time series were binned into 0.01 Ma increments and five water column depth horizons. The carbon isotope data reveal remarkably coherent trends in surface, thermocline, and deep water carbon isotope values through the Paleocene and Eocene. These data were used to drive a three-box ocean carbon isotope model to estimate long-term relationships among changes in atmospheric pCO2, organic and inorganic carbon burial, and biological pumping. Our model results provide evidence for two different modes of organic carbon cycling. During the Paleocene and earliest Eocene, atmospheric pCO2 drawdown was driven externally by terrestrial organic carbon burial. After the earliest Eocene, variations in atmospheric pCO2 resulting from imbalances in organic carbon cycling appear to have been driven by variations in the biological pump. A temporary decline in biological pump efficiency at ∼50 Ma may have led to increased atmospheric pCO2, increased weathering and nutrient delivery to the oceans, and enhanced organic carbon burial. Thus, a biological-pump-driven increase in atmospheric pCO2 created a counterintuitive inverse relationship between organic carbon burial and atmospheric pCO2, with no indication of the burial event in the surface water carbon isotope record.
Creep and quakes on the northern transition zone of the San Andreas fault from GPS and InSAR data

[1] The San Juan Bautista (SJB) segment forms the northern transition zone of the creeping section of the San Andreas fault. It is an area of moderate seismicity; the largest instrumentally-recorded earthquakes have been M5.5. However, historic records suggest six M ≥ 6 earthquakes occurred near the SJB segment between 1840 and 1899. It is also an area that has experienced several slow earthquakes. We perform a joint inversion of GPS and InSAR data to determine the current rate and distribution of interseismic creep. We find two low-slip/locked segments at mid-seismogenic depths that may represent source regions for the 19th century earthquakes. We find that the SJB segment is currently accumulating strain energy at the rate of one M6.3–6.7 earthquake per century. At this rate, the 1840–1899 sequence released 135–510 years of accumulated moment deficit.
Simulation of hemispherical transducers for transcranial HIFU treatments using the hybrid angular spectrum approach.

Transcranial focused ultrasound is emerging as a promising treatment modality for a variety of disorders including essential tremor and glioblastoma. However, traditional full-wave methods of simulating ultrasound pressure fields for these treatments, such as FDTD, are computationally intensive. The situation is exacerbated by the large area insonified by the transcranial transducers, which are typically hemispherical to spread the intensity over a large area of the skull and prevent burns. The Hybrid Angular Spectrum (HAS) approach [1] has been used to rapidly model ultrasonic beam propagation. Here we present a method for adapting the HAS technique to hemispherical transducers.
The Proper Role of the Community in Determining Criminal Liability and Punishment

This essay argues that community views ought to have a central role in constructing criminal law and punishment rules, for both democratic and crime-control reasons, but ought not to have a role in the adjudication of individual cases. The differences in the American and Chinese debates on these issues are examined and discussed.
Quality‐adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity (Q‐TWiST): patient‐reported outcome or mathematical model? A systematic review in cancer

Objective: Successful cancer treatment is defined as an increase in overall survival and/or progressionfree survival. Despite their importance, these metrics omit patient quality of life. Quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity (Q-TWiST) was developed to adjust survival gained, accounting for quality of life. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the methods reported in cancer literature to determine Q-TWiST values and how these are currently translated to the clinic. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were used to conduct a systematic review of studies indexed on MEDLINE and Web of Science through April 2013. Cancer studies that measured Q-TWiST either as a primary outcome or retrospectively and determined utility coefficients from a patient population were identified, and their methods reviewed to determine how the utility coefficient was calculated. Additionally, other relevant factors such as definitions of health states and significant findings were collected and summarized. Results: Out of 284 studies, 11 were identified that calculated patient-defined utility coefficients. Several methods to determine utility coefficients were reported, and multiple definitions of health state toxicity were applied. Of these studies, seven reported significant differences (p<0.05) in qualityadjusted survival. No studies, however, directly discussed the clinical relevance of their findings. Conclusions: Currently, Q-TWiST is utilized as a mathematical theory rather than a clinical tool. Standardization of terminology plus reliability and validity testing of determining both utility coefficients and time frame definitions must be performed before Q-TWiST can become clinically useful to physicians and patients alike for making treatment decisions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repair replication and photorepair of DNA in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster.

Repair replication of DNA has been studied in first instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster with isopycnic centrifugation techniques. Larvae were fed BUdR, FUdR, streptomycin, penicillin, and Fungazone for two to four hours prior to exposure to UV, X-rays, MMS, or EMS. Feeding was continued for four hours in the presence of 3HBUdR and DNA was isolated from whole larvae. Repair replication is stimulated by each of these agents. MMS is about 10 times as potent as EMS in stimulating repair synthesis. A dose of 200 ergs/mm2 largely saturates the level of repair replication observed after UV irradiation. Repair replication rises between 0 and 80,000 R of X-rays before falling off. Semiconservative synthesis is seriously inhibited above a dose of 40,000 R of X-rays. Photorepair has been detected as a reduction in repair synthesis resulting from post-irradiation exposure to photoreactivating light. The same treatment has no detectable effect on X-ray-stimulated repair replication. Repair replication is insensitive to the presence of caffeine or hydroxyurea during the final incubation, although semiconservative synthesis is strongly inhibited by these agents. A mixture of BUdR and 3HTdR can be used to replace 3HBUdR in detecting repair replication.
Variations in Dietary Iron Alter Brain Iron Metabolism in Developing Rats

The rat has been widely used as a model for the study of iron deficiency (ID), but the differences in the timing of development of humans and rats must be taken into account to derive appropriate conclusions from the animal model. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary ID and iron excess on rat brain iron and the iron metabolism proteins, transferrin (Tf), transferrin receptor (TfR) and ferritin. The experimental design is developmentally sensitive and permits control of the timing as well as the duration of the nutritional insult. Iron-deficient and iron-supplemented (SU) rats between postnatal day (PND) 10 and 21, PND 21 and 35 and PND 10 and 35 were used to study the effects of early, late, and long-term iron deficiency and supplementation. Some ID rats were iron repleted between PND 21 and 35. These experiments demonstrated several new findings: 1) Early ID/SU (PND 10-21) altered brain iron, TfR, Tf and ferritin concentration in many regions different from those observed in the later period (PND 21-35). 2) Two weeks of iron repletion were adequate for correcting the overall Fe concentration of the brain and of individual brain regions, although larger amounts of iron were necessary to fully normalize iron and its regulatory proteins. 3) Long-term ID/SU resulted accordingly in the continued decrease or increase in brain iron concentration in some brain regions and not others. In conclusion, brain regions regulate their iron concentration in response to local needs when faced with alterations in systemic iron delivery.
The rarity of multiple mating by females in the social Hymenoptera

Interest in how often female social insects mate is particularly intense because of its impact on sociality and because of the well-known extreme multiple mating in honeybees. With multiple mating, worker to brood relatedness decreases but worker versus queen interests often converge. The overwhelming majority of species of social ants, bees, and wasps mate only once. Even those species where some females mate multiply typically have effective mate numbers close to one. Ants have effective mate numbers of 1.43, which drops to 1.15 if the advanced fungus growers (2.14) and harvester ants (6.76) are excluded. Honeybees have effective mate numbers of 12.48. Stingless bees and bumblebees have effective mate numbers of only 1.06 and 1.02 respectively. Polistine wasps have effective mate numbers of 1.01. Vespine wasps have effective mate numbers of 1.12 excluding only Vespula which has effective mate numbers of 3.68. Favoring the very low mate numbers we observe for nearly all female social insects is the narrow time window for mating, lack of material gain from males, lack of male ability to harass females (who must move their sting aside to mate in most species), and lack of paternal care. Single mating may be further favored by the apparent lack of any post-copulatory sperm discrimination mechanisms. Leks and male territories, which are common in social insects, make it easier for females to choose the single best mate, further contributing to low mate numbers. Multiple mating is a rare, derived trait in a generally single-mating group. Single mating may have facilitated the origins of sociality in the Hymenoptera because it confers higher relatedness among potential workers and the brood they care for. The rare exceptions to low mate numbers all come from highly social species with single queens, morphological castes, and many workers. Multiple mating might be stable in highly social species because their highly specialized workers have few selfish responses to lowered relatedness. The unusual cases of multiple mating are most likely to be selected for because they increase genetic diversity in the brood, though empirical support for specific genetic diversity hypotheses has proved to be elusive. What is clear is that single mating is predominant in this large, evolutionarily and ecologically successful group.
Surface structure of polymers for biomedical applications

Article de synthese: breve revue des methodes d'analyse et de modification de surface des polymeres. Cas particulier des polyetherurethannes: analyse par spectroscopie ESCA et IR, introduction de fragments fluores. Etude des polymeres preparee par polymerisation au plasma d'un melange oxiranne/perfluoropropane
Glutamate Biosensors Based on Electrical Communication Between L-Glutamate Oxidase and a Flexible Redox Polymer

Abstract Electrical communication between the flavin adenine dinucleotide redox centers of L-glutamate oxidase and a conventional carbon electrode has been achieved using a new electron transfer relay system based on a ferrocene-modified siloxane-ethylene oxide branch copolymer. Using cyclic voltammetry and stationary potential experiments, it was shown that spectrographic graphite electrodes modified with this redox polymer and L-glutamate oxidase respond rapidly to addition of glutamate, with steady-state current responses achieved in less than 1 min. At an applied potential of +400 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), a lower detection limit of approximately 0.01 mM and an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, KM app, of 0.20 mM were determined.
Thermal Conductivity and Phonon Scattering by Magnetic Impurities in CdTe

Crystals of CdTe containing 1 mole% of Mn, Fe, or ZnTe have been grown from the melt. The segregation coefficients of these impurities and of Co can be understood in terms of differences in the covalent, tetrahedral radii of the various metal atoms. The thermal conductivity, $K$, of these crystals and of pure CdTe has been measured from 3 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A table of $K$ values for pure CdTe is given; its $K=0.075$ W/cm deg at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The heat transport in pure CdTe is due to phonons, and is limited by phonon scattering by crystal boundaries, isotopes, and other phonons. The local lattice distortions, which are nearly the same for Mn, Fe, and Zn, produce an additional nonmagnetic phonon scattering in the doped crystals. There is also a magnetic scattering, particularly pronounced for the Fe with a $3{d}^{6}$ configuration, caused by phonon assisted transitions between various low lying energy levels of the $d$-shell electrons. The nature and spacing of these levels can be predicted by crystal field theory, and there is qualitative agreement between this theory and the experimental results.
Redescription and reclassification of the African termite, Forficulitermes planifrons (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae)

Forficulitermes planifrons is a monotypic genus and species described by Emerson (1960) from three soldiers and a single worker. All known occurrences of Forficulitermes (Emerson 1960, Wango & Josens 2011, this study) originate from equatorial middle Africa. Emerson (1960) compared soldiers of Forficulitermes with Basidentitermes, Proboscitermes, Orthotermes, Profastigitermes, and Fastigitermes , (the latter all in the Cubitermitinae) with respect to the general shape of the labrum, but found no similarities among these genera with respect to either the former’s mandibles or the undulating profile surrounding its fontanelle. The only worker morphology noted for F. planifrons by Emerson (1960) was a pair of worn mandibles. Based largely on the enteric valve armature, we herein redescribe F. planifrons and assign this genus to the subfamily Termitinae.
The Closing Triangle: Critical Notes on a Model for Peasant Mobilization in Latin America

Students of contemporary campesino movements in Latin America have their analyses generally focused on two problem-complexes. One of these entails the macro-structural changes of the larger society within which campesino movements develop. Such changes are represented by the gradual imposition of the nation-state over the more remote regions of the countries, the concomitant decline in the geographic, political, and economic isolation of these remote areas, the emergence of 'multiple-power domains' within which ascending groups challenge the political brokerage monopolies of the traditional large landholders over the campesinos within their domains, and the development of clientelistic political structures within which campesino followings become attractive power resources for politicians at the regional and national level.1 The second, and more controversial, problem-complex deals with the formation of class consciousness and solidarity among mobilized campesino groups. In this line of inquiry the most critical questions concern the degree to which campesino movements represent the struggles of a 'class for itself' and emancipate their members from the domination of the upper classes.2 While authors generally agree that campesino movements, as prima facie evidence of at least a minimal measure of class solidarity, have developed in the twentieth century largely as a consequence of the indicated macrostructural changes, a number of authors have suggested a very specific theoretical model for analyzing the interrelations between campesino solidarity and structural changes. This is the model of the 'closed triangle' which was first developed by Cotler (1969) and subsequently applied to the analysis of Peruvian and Bolivian campesino movements by other authors (cf. Whyte, 1970; Dandler, 1969, 1971; Bourque, 1971; Alberti, 1970).
Warm brain and eye temperatures in sharks

1. Temperatures in the brain and eyes of mako and porbeagle sharks (Lamnidae) are 5°C warmer than the water while the brain and eye temperatures in six other species of pelagic sharks are within 0.1°C of water temperature. 2. An orbital rete mirabile is present in the porbeagle and mako sharks but absent in the cranial vasculature of eleven other species of pelagic sharks. 3. The orbital rete in the head of the porbeagle and mako sharks acts as a heat exchanger which conserves metabolic heat and raises the local tissue temperatures. 4. This brain and eye warming system should buffer the central nervous system from the effects of rapid temperature change. Warming of the retina may improve the visual sensitivity of these active predators.
Axial radiation force of a bessel beam on a sphere and direction reversal of the force.

An expression is derived for the radiation force on a sphere placed on the axis of an ideal acoustic Bessel beam propagating in an inviscid fluid. The expression uses the partial-wave coefficients found in the analysis of the scattering when the sphere is placed in a plane wave traveling in the same external fluid. The Bessel beam is characterized by the cone angle β of its plane wave components where β=0 gives the limiting case of an ordinary plane wave. Examples are found for fluid spheres where the radiation force reverses in direction so the force is opposite the direction of the beam propagation. Negative axial forces are found to be correlated with conditions giving reduced backscattering by the beam. This condition may also be helpful in the design of acoustic tweezers for biophysical applications. Other potential applications include the manipulation of objects in microgravity. Islands in the (ka,β) parameter plane having a negative radiation force are calculated for the case of a hexane drop in w...
Bioavailability of Regular and Controlled-Release Chlorpheniramine Products

The bioavailability of chlorpheniramine regular-release versus controlled-release products was compared using 15 human subjects. The dosage forms evaluated were an 8-mg barrier coated-bead capsule, an 8-mg repeat action tablet, two 4-mg tablets, and 4- and 8-mg syrups. Single doses of each product were administered orally in a 5-way crossover study, plasma samples were collected at specific time intervals, and chlorpheniramine levels assayed by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic analysis was based on a two-compartment open model. The average plasma elimination half-life of chlorpheniramine was calculated to be approximately 18.3 hr. The controlled-release products gave a higher Cmax than the 4-mg syrup, but less than two 4-mg tablets. The controlled-release products also extended the time necessary to attain peak drug levels compared to the 4- and 8-mg syrups. The area under the curve (AUC) data for the controlled-release products was not equivalent to equal amounts of the regular-release products. The study indicated that while the controlled-release chlorpheniramine products were successful in prolonging the time course of absorption, this was at the expense of incomplete bioavailability of the drug.
Conversion Through Vision: Puritanism and Transcendentalism in The Ambassadors

HE first novel of Henry James' "major phase," The Ambassadors,' has long been of interest to students of American culture, and I want to concentrate in this essay upon the way James' art of fiction enables him to deal resourcefully with ideas and images drawn from two major strains of American religious experience, namely, Puritanism and Transcendentalism. As James peoples his novel and shapes his hero's story, these two strains are clearly at odds in their surface interactions. However, the ideal vision in which The Ambassadors culminates an ideal prepared for and supported by James himself is anchored in a confluence of the Puritan and Transcendentalist currents of American culture. Of course, James' treatment of ideas was not theological, but his imagination was profoundly religious. T. S. Eliot perceptively described James' religion as an "indifference to religious dogma" along with an "exceptional awareness of spiritual reality."2 My reading of this novel rests on a dual hypothesis. First, I am presupposing that the religious aspects of American life may be most fruitfully illumined by cultural analysis, especially when elements once explicitly religious have become muted or passed beneath the conscious level of community experience. Sacvan Bercovitch, for example, remarks that the "sweep" of many Puritan assertions about America "is breath-taking, especially in view of their persistence, mutatis mutandis, long after the theocracy faded."3 Once "underground," religious elements live on perhaps even more powerfully as undercurrents than as dogma. As such, religious elements are subject to imaginative transformations which give them a currency beyond their life span as recognized ideas. Second, as
Breakfast Cereals and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Physicians’ Health Study I

Objective: To examine the association between breakfast cereal consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (DM). Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed prospectively data from 21,152 male participants of the Physicians’ Health Study I. Consumption of breakfast cereals was estimated using an abbreviated food questionnaire, and incident DM was ascertained through yearly follow-up questionnaires. Results: The average age was 53.6 ± 9.4 years (range, 39.7 to 85.9) during the initial assessment of cereal intake (1981 to 1983). During a mean follow-up of 19.1 years, 1958 cases of DM occurred. The crude incidence rates of DM were 57.7, 53.8, 43.5, and 35.4 cases/10,000 person-years for people reporting breakfast cereal intake of 0, ≤1, 2 to 6, and ≥7 servings/wk, respectively. In a Cox regression model adjusting for age, cigarette smoking, BMI, physical activity, vegetable consumption, and alcohol intake, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for DM were 1.0 (reference), 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00), 0.76 (0.67 to 0.86), and 0.63 (0.55 to 0.72) from the lowest to the highest category of cereal consumption, respectively (p for trend < 0.0001). In secondary analyses, the inverse association between cereal intake and DM was stronger with whole-grain than refined cereals. Discussion: These results suggest that intake of breakfast cereals might confer a lower risk of DM. Consumption of whole-grain products may help lower the risk of DM.
Effect of temperature on normal and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts

The effect of a temperature shift from low (36°C) to high (40°C) temperature on human fibroblasts (IMR90) at various population doubling levels and IMR90 cells transformed by SV40 virus infection at a population doubling level of 30 (SV40/IMR90) was examined. Both IMR90 and SV40/IMR90 cells showed a decrease in cell saturation density at confluency, whereas an increase in population doubling time and protein content was noted when the cells were shifted up to 40°C from 36°C. The modification of IMR90 chromosomal proteins by arginyl-tRNA transferase was increased by the temperature shift, whereas NH2-terminal arginylation of SV40/IMR90 chromatin was not altered. Similarly, no appreciable change in 2-deoxyglucose uptake was noted with SV40/IMR90 cells at either temperature, although 2-deoxyglucose uptake by IMR90 cells was increased by the temperature shift. Additionally, the rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake showed no difference between IMR90 and SV40/IMR90 cells. The above 3esults support previous findings that environmental alterations, such as temperature shift can cause acceleration of cellular senescence. These findings also imply that cellular senescence remains fixed when viral transformation occurs and is rendered refractory to further age-associated alterations.
The Perception of Cytokinin: A Story 50 Years in the Making

In 1913, Gottlieb Haberlandt found that phloem exudates from various plant species had the ability to stimulate cell division in wounded potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) tubers ([Haberlandt, 1913][1]). These studies implied the existence of a soluble factor(s) that could promote cell division in plant
The relationship of growth hormone to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal calcium transport.

Abstract The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and bovine growth hormone (bGH) on intestinal calcium transport have been assessed in vitamin D deficient rats. Calcium transport did not increase after 7 days bGH treatment. A single dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly increased calcium transport in the hypophysectomized (Hx) rats treated with bGH but not in the Hx rats who did not receive bGH, unless the dosage of 1,25(OH)2D3 was increased to 500 p moles. Even though calcium transport in the Hx rats was stimulated by the high dose of 1,25(OH)2D3, this response was less in the Hx than in bGH treated group. These results suggest that growth hormone status may be important in the expression of 1,25-(OH)2D3 action on intestinal calcium transport.
Genetic control of susceptibility of mice to Rous sarcoma virus tumorigenesis

Studies with congenic resistant strains of mice indicate that susceptibility to Rous sarcoma virus tumorigenesis is influenced by a gene or genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex (H-2). These genes manifest dominant relative susceptibility. Preliminary studies indicate that the CBA/J strain harbors a gene or genes for relative susceptibility, which are recessive. These results are compared with other studies onH-2-associated genes affecting murine viral oncogenesis.
Simple Approximate Eigenfunctions for an Electron in a Finite Dipole Field

Ground-state energy eigenvalues for an electron in a stationary finite electric-dipole field are calculated by a novel variational approach. The physical model is taken to be a perturbed hydrogen atom. Accurate energy eigenvalues are obtained for a large range of dipole moments. The simple variational functions used compare favorably with more nearly exact eigenfunctions obtained in complex calculations.
Nonallergen-specific treatments for food allergy

Purpose of review This review summarizes recent reports on non-allergen specific therapies for food allergy. These therapies are especially appealing for food allergy, because unlike allergen-specific immunotherapy, they would allow for the treatment of multiple food allergies in a single patient with one therapy.
The perception of social support among U.S. Chinese older adults: findings from the PINE Study.

Objective: This study examined perceptions and correlates of both positive and negative social support among U.S. Chinese older adults. Method: Data were drawn from the Population Study of Chinese ...
Multi-phase plumes in uniform and stratified crossflow

Laboratory experiments of multiphase plumes in uniform and stratified crossflows are presented. In uniform crossflow, multi-phase plumes behave as mixed single-phase plumes up to a critical height, h s, where the entrained fluid separates from the dominant dispersed phase. From the experimental results, an empirical relationship for h s was calibrated giving u ∞ /(B/s ) 1/3 =6.3(us/(B/hs )1/3)-2.4, where u ∞ is the crossflow velocity, B is the total kinematic buoyancy flux of the mixed plume, and u s is the slip velocity. Above h s the separated continuous-phase plume behaves like a momentum jet and the bubble column follows the trajectory of the vector sum of u s and u ∞ In stratified crossflow. the trap height in quiescent water, h T, was compared to h s. For h T « h s, the plumes are stratification-dominated and separation occurs at h T = (2.8-0.27 u s/(B/N)1/4)(B/N 3)1/4, where N is the Brunt- Vaisala buoyancy frequency. For h T, » h s. the plumes are crossflow-dominated, and separation occurs at h s....
Community College Student Engagement Patterns: A Typology Revealed through Exploratory Cluster Analysis.

This study employs survey data from the Center for Community College Student Engagement to examine the similarities and differences that exist across student-level domains in terms of student engagement in community colleges. In total, the sample used in the analysis pools data from 663 community colleges and includes more than 320,000 students. Using data-mining techniques to discover a parsimonious number of natural clusters and, in turn, a k-means cluster analysis as a means of revealing a naturally occurring typology of engagement patterns, our findings reveal that support service utilization is the most distinguishing feature of the similarities and dissimilarities across student groups, suggesting areas for further theory development and testing.
Cardiovascular responses elicited by γ-aminobutyric acid in the nucleus tractus solitarius: Evidence for action at the GABAB receptor

Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that GABAergic neurotransmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius contributes to the maintenance of blood pressure. Increasing the synaptic action of GABA in the nucleus tractus solitarius by injection of the blocker of the uptake of GABA, nipecotic acid elevated blood pressure. The current studies examined the subtype of GABA receptor involved in mediating this response. Bilateral injections of (−)baclofen into the nucleus tractus solitarius (1–100 pmol in 100 nl) of chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats increased blood presssure without significantly altering heart rate. This presser response was neither attenuated nor blocked by the selective GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. Similarly, the pressor response elicited by the injection of nipecotic acid into the nucleus tractus solitarius was totally unaffected by the GABAA receptor blockade with bicuculline. Since nipecotic acid acts by potentiating the action of synaptic GABA, and the GABA present presumably can interact with both GABAA and GABAB receptors, the observation that bicuculline did not block or attenuate the pressor response to nipecotic acid suggests that the presser response to the enhanced synaptic action of GABA in the nucleus tractus solitarius can be produced independently of the involvement of GABAA receptors, and presumably is mediated through an action on GABAB receptors.
X-ray diffraction studies of a partially liganded hemoglobin, [α(FeII-CO)β(MnII)]2

We have applied single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods to analyze the structure of [α(FeII-CO)β(MnII)]2, a mixed-metal hybrid hemoglobin that crystallizes in the deoxyhemoglobin quaternary structure (the T-state) even though it is half liganded. This study, carried out at a resolution of 3·0 A, shows that (1) the Mn(II)-substituted β subunits are structurally isomorphous with normal deoxy β subunits, and (2) CO binding to the α subunits induces small, localized changes in the T-state that lack the main directional component of the corresponding larger structural changes in subunit tertiary structure that accompany complete ligand binding to all four subunits and the deoxy to oxy quaternary structure change. Specifically, in the T-state, CO binding to the α heme group draws the iron atom toward the heme plane, and this in turn pulls the last turn of the F helix (residues 85 through 89) closer to the heme group. The direction of these small movements is almost perpendicular to the axis of the F helix. In contrast, when the structures of fully liganded and deoxyhemoglobin are compared, extensive structural changes occur throughout the F helix and FG corner, and the main component of the atomic movements in the F helix (in addition to the smaller component toward the heme) is in a direction parallel to the heme plane and toward the α1β2 interface. These findings are discussed in terms of the current stereochemical theories of co-operative ligand binding and the Bohr effect.
Implications of stomatal response to saturation deficit for the heat balance of vegetation

Abstract The Penman—Monteith equation for transpiration from a uniform stand of vegetation is extended to take account of the response of stomata to the saturation deficit (SD) of air in the canopy. The main assumption is that stomatal conductance throughout the canopy decreases linearly with a value of the SD calculated from the SD at a reference height adjusted to allow for vertical gradients of temperature and vapour pressure. In most circumstances, stomata can achieve an equilibrium conductance satisfying both the physics and the physiology of the system. In others, equilibrium is unachievable: stomata cannot remain open because air within the canopy becomes drier as they close — a microclimatic form of feedback. Calculations for an arable crop and for deciduous and coniferous forest show the extent to which transpiration rate is overestimated (a) when the response of stomata to SD is ignored; and (b) when the vertical gradient of SD is ignored. Large errors are associated with (a), and (b) is important when stomatal conductance is small because of drought.
PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION, URBAN CONCENTRATION, AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT

The effect of geographic concentration of population on income distribution is investigated in this paper. The Kuznets simulation model, used to demonstrate the rising-falling income inequality effect resulting from increasing urbanization, is modified so that the urban sector is assumed to be differentiated into five city-size classes, with the larger city sizes assumed to be associated with higher average incomes. Numerical examples are used to illustrate a wide range of population and income distribution alternatives; the results of the more likely scenarios are presented. Also discussed are the implications of the findings for (1) inequality trends under dynamic conditions of population and income parameters, (2) the turning points of the concentration and inequality curves, and (3) spatial policy.
Penetration‐sorption of cotton fibers measured by immersed weight

Weight of cotton immersed in an aqueous solution (various concentrations of NaOH) was explored as a basis for assessing penetration and sorption of the solute. The overall effects of swelling are indicated. Penetration and sorption phenomena can be identified with supplementary information, but they cannot yet be quantified. This methodology supplements and complements gel filtration as a means of measuring interactions between solutes in aqueous solution and cellulose fibers.
Evidence for domain wall tunnelling in a quasi-one dimensional ferromagnet

We have studied the motion of magnetic domain walls in very small diameter ferromagnetic wires. Our results suggest that walls do not move smoothly along the wire, but can be trapped at pinning sites. It appears that they escape from these sites by thermal activation at high temperatures, and quantum tunnelling at low temperatures. Tunnelling dominates below , which is about an order of magnitude higher than predicted by the current theory.
Phenolic conwent in the roots and leaves of tolerant and susceptible citrus cultivars attacked by Radopholus similis

Abstract The free and bound phenolics were quantitatively determined in the roots and leaves of both healthy and Radopholus similis-infected citrus cultivars, three of which were susceptible and three tolerant to the pathogen. Forty-one phenolics were detected, thirty-two of which were present in significant amounts. The same kinds of phenolics, with few exceptions, were isolated from the six cultivars whether healthy or infected and changes in the individual phenolics in the susceptible and tolerant groups were principally quantitative. In R. similis-infected plants, eleven of the bound phenolics in the roots of tolerant cultivars were appreciably increased while in the susceptible cultivars, the individual bound phenolics either remained unchanged or were lowered. The net effect of infection was a 27–300 per cent increase in the bound phenolics in the roots from tolerant cultivars while in the roots from the susceptible group, the bound phenolics were reduced 16–34 per cent. There was no consistent pattern of accumulation or reduction of the total free or individual free phenolics in infected roots from any of the cultivars. The total bound phenolics in the leaves from both the tolerant and susceptible cultivars were not significantly increased as a consequence of infection, although increases in specific individual bound phenolics were observed. After infection, the free phenolics in the leaves from the tolerant cultivars were increased from 2 to 7 per cent of the total phenolicp, while in the susceptible cultivars, the free phenolics remained at the same level.
On the peratization theory of Feinberg and Pais

Abstract We present an alternate formulation of the peratization program of Feinberg and Pais and show that the principal results of their theory can be reproduced in a simple manner. Essential use is made of the self-damping of the Fermi interaction in the chain approximation, and of a circumstance that follows therefrom; to wit, the existence of a continuously infinite set of theories equivalent in the ladder approximation. While some of the results are more general, the discussion is geared to the case of distinguishable and massless Fermions scattering at zero energy. No pretensions are made to mathematical rigor.
1794 SURFACTANT TREATMENT IN NEONATES WITH SEVERE RDS: IMPROVES OXYGENATION WITHOUT IMPROVING DYNAMIC LUNG COMPLIANCE (dynCL)

We determined the dynCL on six neonates (wt. 1.0±0. 1kg) with severe RDS before and after successful human surfactant treatment (mean age 6.6 hr). Trans pulmonary pressure was measured with a differential transducer comparing the pressure at the proximal ET tube to pressure from an esophageal balloon. Flow was measured by a pneumatochygraph and volume determined from the area of the flow tracing. The dynCL during spontaneous and ventilator breaths was calculated as the ratio of volume to transpulmonary pressure change between points of no flow. Blood gases and ventilator settings were recorded at the time the pulmonary studies were performed (mean 25 min before, 36 min after surfactant treatment). With treatment the mean FiO2 required for adequate oxygenation decreased from 0.89 to 0.46 (P<.001); there was no change in PaO2 or ventilator settings. The dynCL before treatment was 0.45±0.11 ml/cmH2O for spontaneous breaths and 0.26±0.16 ml/cmH2O for ventilator breaths; after treatment the dynCL was 0.37±0.06 ml/cmH2O and 0.17±0.16 ml/cmH2O respectively. On chest radiographs lung volume was increased after treatment. Surfactant therapy did not alter acutely the dynCi in severe RDS, We speculate that surfactant treatment increases FRC thereby improving V/Q inequality. The poor compliance characteristic of RDS may be due to factors other than surfactant deficiency.