cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Banked microarchitectures for complexity-effective superscalar microprocessors

High performance superscalar microarchitectures exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP) to improve processor performance by executing instructions out of program order and by speculating on branch instructions. Monolithic centralized structures with global communications, including issue windows and register files, are used to buffer in-flight instructions and to maintain machine state. These structures scale poorly to greater issue widths and deeper pipelines, as they must support simultaneous global accesses from all active instructions. The lack of scalability is exacerbated in future technologies, which have increasing global interconnect delay and a much greater emphasis on reducing both switching and leakage power. However, these fully orthogonal structures are over-engineered for typical use. Banked microarchitectures that consist of multiple interleaved banks of fewer ported cells can significantly reduce power, area, and latency of these structures. Although banked structures exhibit a minor performance penalty, significant reductions in delay and power can potentially be used to increase clock rate and lead to more complexity-effective designs. There are two main contributions in this thesis. First, a speculative control scheme is proposed to simplify the complicated control logic that is involved in managing a less-ported banked register file for high-frequency superscalar processors. Second, the RingScalar architecture, a complexity-effective out-of-order superscalar microarchitecture, based on a ring topology of banked structures, is introduced and evaluated. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Density of Common Complex Ocular Traits in the Aging Eye: Analysis of Secondary Traits in Genome-Wide Association Studies

Genetic association studies are identifying genetic risks for common complex ocular traits such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The subjects used for discovery of these loci have been largely from clinic-based, case-control studies. Typically, only the primary phenotype (e.g., AMD) being studied is systematically documented and other complex traits (e.g., affecting the eye) are largely ignored. The purpose of this study was to characterize these other or secondary complex ocular traits present in the cases and controls of clinic-based studies being used for genetic study of AMD. The records of 100 consecutive new patients (of any diagnosis) age 60 or older for which all traits affecting the eye had been recorded systematically were reviewed. The average patient had 3.5 distinct diagnoses. A subset of 10 complex traits was selected for further study because they were common and could be reliably diagnosed. The density of these 10 complex ocular traits increased by 0.017 log-traits/year (P = 0.03), ranging from a predicted 2.74 at age 60 to 4.45 at age 90. Trait-trait association was observed only between AMD and primary vitreomacular traction (P = 0.0009). Only 1% of subjects age 60 or older had no common complex traits affecting the eye. Extrapolations suggested that a study of 2000 similar subjects would have sufficient power to detect genetic association with an odds ratio of 2.0 or less for 4 of these 10 traits. In conclusion, the high prevalence of complex traits affecting the aging eye and the inherent biases in referral patterns leads to the potential for confounding by undocumented secondary traits within case-control studies. In addition to the primary trait, other common ocular phenotypes should be systematically documented in genetic association studies so that adjustments for potential trait-trait associations and other bias can be made and genetic risk variants identified in secondary analyses.
Extraction of Pt/Rh/ZrO 2 high temperature elastic constants

A recently developed thin Pt/Rh/ZrO 2 film has been successfully used as electrode material for high temperature acoustic wave device applications up to 1000°C. In order to accurately model and design high temperature acoustic wave devices, the elastic properties of the Pt/Rh/ZrO 2 film are required. In this work, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) method is developed to extract the elastic constants of a co-deposited Pt/Rh/ZrO 2 thin film both before and after annealing at 850°C. SAW delay lines are fabricated on multiple langasite (LGS) orientations with Pt/Rh/ZrO 2 metalized delay paths. The group velocity of each delay line is measured and input into the matrix method for SAWs in order to extract the independent elastic constants c 11 and c 44 of the thin film. Preliminary values of the Pt/Rh/ZrO 2 elastic constants before and after annealing are reported here for the first time. Elastic constants for the unannealed film vary from the platinum constants by 48% in c 44 and 12% in c 11 . These results reveal the importance of characterizing this new film in order to apply it in the design of high temperature acoustic wave devices.
On Strong Ellipticity for Implicit and Strain-Limiting Theories of Elasticity

There has been increasing interest in the archival literature devoted to the study of implicit constitutive theories for non-dissipative materials generalizing the classical Green and Cauchy notions of elasticity, and for the special case of strain-limiting models for which strains remain bounded, even infinitesimal, while stresses can become arbitrarily large. This paper addresses the question of strong ellipticity for several classes of these models. A general approach for studying strong ellipticity for implicit theories is introduced and it is noted that there is a close connection between the questions of strong ellipticity and the existence of an equivalent Cauchy elastic formulation. For most of the models studied to date, it is shown that strong ellipticity holds if the Green–St. Venant strain is small enough, whereas it fails to hold for large strain. The large strain failure of strong ellipticity is generally associated with extreme compression.
Laboratory evaluation of insecticide-treated sugar baits for control of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of boric acid, imidacloprid, ivermectin, or abamectin incorporated into sugar baits as oral toxicants for adult phlebotomine sand flies. Variable toxicity of insecticide-sugar bait solutions to adult male and female sand flies was demonstrated, based on male- female median lethal concentration values of 0.10-0.08, 6.13-9.53, and 9.03-18.11 mg/liter of imidacloprid, ivermectin, and abamectin, respectively. Complete control of sand flies could not be achieved with as high as 40 g/liter of boric acid in sugar bait solution; concentrations .40 g/liter were found repellent to the sand flies. Uranine O (a fluorescent tracer dye that can be used to measure the ingestion of sugar baits by sand flies) did not interact negatively with imidacloprid, ivermectin, or abamectin when it was combined with the insecticides in a sugar bait. Also, incorporation of imidacloprid, ivermectin, or abamectin into sugar baits did not reduce the effect whether adult male and female sand flies fed on these sugar baits. We propose that imidacloprid, ivermectin, or abamectin could be used to control adult sand fly populations with targeted use of insecticide-treated sugar baits.
Automatic postural responses in individuals with peripheral neuropathy and ankle-foot orthoses

Abstract Eleven individuals with sensory neuropathy participated in static and dynamic balance tests with and without ankle–foot orthoses (AFOs). During the tests the subjects were required to stand on a fixed or moving computer-controlled platform with their eyes open or closed. Equilibrium scores, response latency, and strength scores were obtained. For all tests equilibrium scores were significantly larger in experiments with AFOs in comparison to conditions without AFOs ( P
A numerical model simulating sound propagation in human thorax

Auscultation sounds offer a rich source of diagnostic information to allow for noninvasive detection of various thoracic pathologies. However, recent efforts attempting to use an array of acoustic sensors for diagnostic purposes has seen marginal success owing to the simplifying assumptions employed in their models. In particular, factors such as heterogeneity of medium, shear wave contributions and extreme near-field conditions are often ignored. This work presents a 2D numerical model capable of simulating the propagation of intra-thoracic acoustic sources that can assist in development of improved diagnostic schemes. Specifically, the model employs a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme to solve the viscoelastic wave equations while taking the intrinsic anatomy and associated stiffness properties of various tissue structures into account. The simulated sound distribution maps can then be employed to develop better inverse problem techniques for disease diagnosis.
Modified Acid Colloid Process for Controlling Wool Fabric Shrinkage

The influences of several process variables on the dimensional stabilization of wool fabrics with melamine resin acid colloid were studied in the laboratory. Preparation of acid colloid, different organic acids, curing temperature, and solids deposited were among the variables examined. It was found that low temperature curing with higher resin solids deposits is as effective as high temperature curing with lower solids in controlling wash shrinkage.
Marseillevirus, Blood Safety, and the Human Virome

range from familiar viruses that can infect humans and other vertebrates, such as those of the Poxviridae and Asfarviridae (the cause of African swine fever) families, respectively, to poorly understood viruses that seem to primarily infect insects, Paramecium, algae, or, as in the case of Marseilleviridae, amoebae. These viruses are unique both in size and genetic makeup, frequently including genes of a variety of viral, bacterial, and cellular origins, including protists. It has recently been proposed that the giant
Collective communication in wormhole-routed massively parallel computers

Most MPC networks use wormhole routing to reduce the effect of path length on communication time. Researchers have exploited this by designing ingenious algorithms to speed collective communication. Many projects have addressed the design of efficient collective communication algorithms for wormhole-routed systems. By exploiting the relative distance-insensitivity of wormhole routing, these new algorithms often differ fundamentally from their store-and-forward counterparts. We examine software and hardware approaches to implementing collective communication operations. Although we emphasize methods in which the underlying architecture is a direct network, such as a hypercube or mesh, as opposed to an indirect switch-based network, several approaches apply to systems of either type. We illustrate several issues arising in this research area and describe the major classes of algorithms proposed to solve these problems.
Memory-based computing for performance and energy improvement in multicore architectures

Memory-based computing (MBC) is promising for improving performance and energy efficiency in both data- and compute-intensive applications. In this paper, we propose a novel reconfigurable MBC framework for multicore architectures where each core uses caches for computation using Look Up Tables (LUTs). Experimental results demonstrate that on-demand memory-based computing in each core can significantly improve performance (up to 4.7X, 3.3X on average) as well as reduce energy consumption (up to 4.7X, 2X on average) in multicore architectures.
Use of online systems in clinical medical assessments: an analysis of physician acceptance of online disability evaluation systems

In today's world of ever increasing amounts of information, hospitals and medical groups must continually find ways to manage the myriad information that is gathered on patients. This reality makes the field of medicine well suited to benefit from integrative and online information systems. However, research reveals that at times physicians resist the use of information technology (IT) in the clinical setting. This paper seeks to develop a conceptual model for physician acceptance and test this socio-work structure model using a nationwide survey of physicians (n=141) conducted by the authors. The domain focus of this study is physician acceptance of an online disability evaluation system for generating and managing medical examination reports. The survey measured whether behavioral intention to use the new system varied as a function of IT infrastructure, organizational processes relating to IT, physician experience with computer use in clinical settings, and both specific and general attitudes toward IT use in clinical settings. Survey findings suggest that each of these factors affects behavioral intention to use online disability evaluation systems, and that these factors are more important than generalized attitudes toward online systems or socio-demographic predictors. These findings suggest that work-system variables are important when considering physicians use of online systems. This extends traditional use of TAM to consider organizational factors when analyzing the acceptance decision.
Aristotle’s “Certain Kind of Multitude”:

Political theorists have recently emphasized the popular dimension of Aristotle’s political thought, and many have called attention to Aristotle’s assertion that certain multitudes should share in the city’s deliberations. In this article, I explore the “part of virtue and prudence” Aristotle believes necessary for a multitude to participate in political life. I argue, first, that military service helps citizens develop the “part of virtue” necessary for political participation and, second, that the “part of prudence” Aristotle has in mind is sunesis. I argue, moreover, that military virtue helps citizens acquire sunesis and guides its exercise. Aristotle recognizes the limitations and potential dangers of military virtue and attempts to avoid these, in part by offering a new understanding of military virtue to offset the Spartan. Understanding the “part of virtue and prudence” citizens have helps understand their role in a polity but also points to how those citizens, and their regime, can be improved.
The Genus Orius of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Twenty-one species of Orius Wolff occur in the Western Hemisphere. All species are keyed, described, and illustrated. New species are: alcides (Peru), candiope (Iowa), championi (Colombia), diespeter (British Columbia), euryale (Mexico), florentiae (Colombia to Bolivia), harpocrates (California), ixionides (Honduras) jasiones (Honduras), lesliae (Peru), pele (Colombia), and thyestes (Mexico, Colombia).
State-space realizations of linear differential-algebraic-equation systems with control-dependent state space

This note addresses the derivation of state-space realizations for the feedback control of linear, high-index differential-algebraic-equation systems that are not controllable at infinity. In particular, a class of systems is considered for which the underlying algebraic constraints involve the control inputs, and thus a state-space realization cannot be derived independently of the feedback controller. The proposed methodology involves the design of a dynamic state feedback compensator such that the underlying algebraic constraints in the resulting modified system are independent of the new inputs. A state-space realization of the feedback-modified system is then derived that can be used as the basis for controller synthesis.
HYDRA2: A Multispectral Data Analysis Toolkit for Sensors onSuomi-NPPand Other Current Satellite Platforms

AbstractThe Hyperspectral Data Viewer for Development of Research Applications, version 2 (HYDRA2), is a freeware-based multispectral analysis toolkit for satellite data that assists scientists in research and development, as well as education and training of remote sensing applications. HYDRA2 users can explore and visualize relationships between sensor measurements (brightness temperatures for infrared and reflectances for visible/near-infrared wavelengths) using spectral diagrams, cross sections, scatterplots, multiband combinations, and color enhancements on a pixel-by-pixel basis.HYDRA2 can be used with direct broadcast and archived data from sensors on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Suomi–National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (Suomi-NPP), NASA Aqua/Terra, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Meteorological Operational (MetOp), and Chinese Fengyun-3 platforms.This paper d...
Facets and Fissures of a Fractured SOI Wafer

This scanning electron micrograph shows a cross section of a cleaved silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafter. The wafer cleave passed through a partially released device that included the array of etch release holes visible in this image. The patterned monocrystalline silicon layer had a different crystalline orientation than the much thicker monocrystalline silicon substrate. When the wafer was cleaved, substrate silicon fractured along a single crystalline plane, leaving a flat, smooth surface. The patterned layer did not share this crystalline plane, and fractured in many directions resulting in an irregular, multi-faceted surface.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A preliminary study on microsatellite markers screening from EST sequences of Larimichthys crocea

A normalized gonad cDNA library of Larimichthys crocea was constructed,from which 3535 EST were obtained by sequencing clones.The frequency and density of 2-6 bp SSR were analyzed from these ESTs.Amount of 150 SSR(4.24%) were obtained,among which there were 64 dinucleotide,80 trinucleotide,5 tetranucleotide and 1 pentanucleotide sequences.The trinucleotide repeats motifs were the most abundant motif in these SSR(53.3%).Among the dinucleotide and trinucleotide sequences(TG/GT/AC/CA)n and(GAG/AGG/GGA/CCT)n repeats were the dominant motifs,which accounted for 26% and 14%,respectively.62 pairs of primers were designed from EST sequences containing SSR.And 8 of them showed polymorphic PCR products by electrophoresis on 2.0% agarose gel.Polymorphism rate was 12.9%.The results will contribute to the development of EST-SSR marker and the research of genes which contain SSR in coding regions.
Use of green fluorescent protein expressing Salmonella Stanley to investigate survival, spatial location, and control on alfalfa sprouts

Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) was used to observe the interaction of Salmonella Stanley with alfalfa sprouts. The green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was integrated into the chromosome of Salmonella Stanley for constitutive expression, thereby eliminating problems of plasmid stability and loss of signal. Alfalfa seeds were inoculated by immersion in a suspension of Salmonella Stanley (ca. 10 7 CFU/ml) for 5 min at 22°C. Epifluorescence microscopy demonstrated the presence of target bacteria on the surface of sprouts. LSCM demonstrated bacteria present at a depth of 12 μm within intact sprout tissue. An initial population of ca. 10 4 CFU/g seed increased to 7.0 log CFU/g during a 24-h germination period and then decreased to 4.9 log CFU/g during a 144-h sprouting period. Populations of Salmonella Stanley on alfalfa seeds decreased from 5.2 to 4.1 log CFU/g and from 5.2 to 2.8 log CFU/g for seeds stored 60 days at 5 and 22°C, respectively. The efficacy of 100, 200, 500, or 2,000 ppm chlorine in killing Salmonella Stanley associated with sprouts was determined. Treatment of sprouts in 2,000 ppm chlorine for 2 or 5 min caused a significant reduction in populations of Salmonella Stanley. Influence of storage on Salmonella Stanley populations was investigated by storing sprouts 4 days at 4°C. The initial population (7.76 log CFU/g) of Salmonella Stanley on mature sprouts decreased (7.67 log CFU/g) only slightly. Cross-contamination during harvest was investigated by harvesting contaminated sprouts, then directly harvesting noncontaminated sprouts. This process resulted in the transfer of ca. 10 5 CFU/g Salmonella Stanley to the noncontaminated sprouts. La localisation des bacteries (Salmonella Stanley) sur les graines de luzerne germees et inoculees est etudiee grâce a l'expression d'une proteine fluorescente recombinante par la bacterie. Elle peut etre detectee jusqua 12 μm de profondeur dans le tissu intact. L'efficacite d'un traitement au chlore est mesuree. Une contamination croisee lors de la recolte est observee.
Li 6 , Li 7 induced reactions on Bi 209

Results are reported on experimental measurements of total cross sections for ($^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}, \mathrm{xn}$), ($^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}, f$), ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}, \ensuremath{\alpha}\mathrm{xn}$), ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}, \mathrm{txn}$), and ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}, \ensuremath{\alpha}p$) reactions on a $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ target at bombarding energies in the range 25-34 MeV. At $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ bombarding energies of 32 and 30 MeV, the cross sections for transfer reactions are 57 and 70%, respectively, of the total measured cross section. At energies below the Coulomb barrier, the cross section for transfer reactions becomes considerably larger than those for compound nucleus reactions.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}(^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}, xn)$, ($^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}, f$), ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}, \ensuremath{\alpha}\mathrm{xn}$), ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}, \mathrm{txn}$), ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}, \ensuremath{\alpha}p$), $E=25\ensuremath{-}34$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$.
The Western Case for Monogamy Over Polygamy

For more than 2,500 years, the Western tradition has embraced monogamous marriage as an essential institution for the flourishing of men and women, parents and children, society and the state. At the same time, polygamy has been considered a serious crime that harms wives and children, correlates with sundry other crimes and abuses, and threatens good citizenship and political stability. The West has thus long punished all manner of plural marriages and denounced the polygamous teachings of selected Jews, Muslims, Anabaptists, Mormons, and others. John Witte, Jr carefully documents the Western case for monogamy over polygamy from antiquity until today. He analyzes the historical claims that polygamy is biblical, natural, and useful alongside modern claims that anti-polygamy laws violate personal and religious freedom. While giving the pro and con arguments a full hearing, Witte concludes that the Western historical case against polygamy remains compelling and urges Western nations to hold the line on monogamy.
J M Keynes's Logical Theory of Probability Is Based on Interval Valued Probability, Not Ordinal Probability: How the Keynesian Fundamentalists Runde, Skidelsky, Carabelli, O’Donnell, Meeks Got It All Wrong

The misbelief that Keynes’s logical theory of probability was based on a foundation of ordinal probability can be traced back to Frank Ramsey’s query about Keynes’s “mysterious non numerical probabilities.” Ramsey’ s flawed analysis was then passed on to a host of other philosophers and economists. Two of these were Robert Skidelsky and Gay Meeks. Their work, based on Ramsey, was then passed on to a host of economists. Neither Skidelsky not Meeks had any formal training in mathematics, logic, statistics, or probability. They simply read into certain parts of one chapter of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability (1921), chapter 3, a gross misinterpretation based on the erroneous work of Ramsey. They confused unknown probabilities with indeterminate (interval valued) probabilities. A Huge amount of academic work, numbering in the thousands of articles and hundreds of books, has been published based on this confusion. The intellectual foundation for their flawed analysis rests on the uncritical acceptance of two extremely poor book reviews of the A Treatise on Probability made by F P Ramsey in 1922 and 1926 when he was 18 and 22 years old, respectively. The vastly superior reviews of Keynes’s book, made, for instance, by Francis Y Edgeworth, C. D Broad, and Bertrand Russell, were simply ignored. This paper shows how this error occurred and why.
The Little Nell Problem: reasonable and resolute maintenance of agent intentions

The Little Nell Problem was formulated by Drew McDermott in 1982. It reveals unexpected complexities in the interaction of the beliefs and intentions of a planning agent. This paper discusses the problem and proposes a solution.
Interference suppression using a SAW-based adaptive filter

The structure and performance of a transversal filter interference suppressor that has been constructed using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) delay line are described. The delay line operates at a center frequency of 300 MHz and has eight equally spaced taps with an intertap delay of 150 ns. In the programmable mode, the tap weights are externally controllable, and in the adaptive mode, the tap weights are adjusted using the Widrow-Hoff least-mean-squared algorithm. Experimental results are provided that illustrate the performance of the filter ill both the adaptive and programmable modes. Filter responses obtained in the adaptive mode are shown, along with spectra demonstrating the corresponding interference suppression. Bit-error-rate performance results for a single-tone jammer interfering with a direct sequence spread spectrum signal are presented. >
Liposomes Came First: The Early History of Liposomology

It has been a long journey from Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) to the FDA approval of the first injectable Nanomedicine in 1997. It has been a journey powered by intellectual curiosity, which began with sprinkling olive oil on seawater and culminated in playing around with smears of egg lecithin on microscopic slides. This brief review highlights how a few pairs of gifted hands attached to highly motivated brains have launched Liposome Technology.
Effectiveness of Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Insomnia: An Examination of Response and Remission Rates

Study objectives To examine the real-world effectiveness of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BzRAs) by quantifying response and remission rates in a clinical sample receiving chronic BzRA treatment for insomnia. Methods Participants were outpatients (N = 193; 72% female; 55.2 ± 11.1 year) who had an insomnia diagnosis per medical records, and who were taking a therapeutic dose of BzRA for their insomnia. Endpoints were nocturnal sleep disturbance and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores. A reduction meeting the criterion for the minimally important difference in ISI scores (change ≥ 6) constituted "response"; "remission" was inferred when symptoms fell below the clinical cutoff (ISI Results Most participants (71%) used BzRAs at least 5 nights per week. Mean ISI scores were significantly lower (t = 22.31; p 30 minutes and/or wake-time after sleep onset > 60 minutes while on BzRAs. After controlling for gender and insomnia severity when untreated, odds of insomnia persistence despite BzRA use were 2 times higher in patients with comorbid medical [odds ratio (OR) = 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20% to 4.77%; p Conclusions This is the first study to distinguish between response and remission in insomnia patients taking BzRAs. Findings suggest that while many insomnia patients respond to chronic BzRA treatment, most do not remit. Remission rates are particularly low for comorbid insomnia, the most prevalent phenotype of the disorder.
Role of Nonlinear Dynamics in Accelerated Warming of Great Lakes

In recent decades, the Laurentian Great Lakes have undergone rapid surface warming with the summertime trends substantially exceeding the warming rates of surrounding land. Warming of the deepest Lake Superior was the strongest, and that of the shallowest Lake Erie—the weakest of all lakes. We investigate the dynamics of accelerated lake warming in idealized coupled thermodynamic lake–ice–atmosphere models. These models are shown to exhibit, under identical seasonally varying forcing, multiple possible stable equilibrium cycles, or regimes, with different maximum summertime temperatures and varying degrees of wintertime ice cover. The simulated lake response to linear climate change in the presence of the atmospheric noise rationalizes the observed accelerated warming of the lakes, the correlation between wintertime ice cover and next summer’s lake-surface temperature, as well as higher warming trends of the (occasionally wintertime ice-covered) deep-lake vs. shallow-lake regions, in terms of the corresponding characteristics of the forced transitions between colder and warmer lake regimes. Since the regime behavior in the models considered arises due to nonlinear dynamics rooted in the ice–albedo feedback, this feedback is also the root cause of the accelerated lake warming simulated by these models.
Abstract 19360: Potassium Infusion at the Onset of CPR Prevents Mitochondrial Impairment After Prolonged VF Arrest

Introduction: Potassium-based cardioplegia has been used for decades in cardiac surgery to preserve cardiac tissue while inducing cardiac standstill. Recent studies have also shown that animals can be successfully resuscitated after infusion of potassium at the beginning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study tested the hypothesis that infusion of potassium at the onset of CPR prevents mitochondrial impairment caused by reperfusion injury after prolonged cardiac arrest. Methods: After 15 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF), 18 pigs were randomized to receive control saline, 50 mEq potassium (low-dose), or 100 mEq potassium (high-dose) via central venous catheter at the initiation of CPR. All animals received mechanical CPR with active compression/decompression, an impedance threshold device, and epinephrine per standard AHA protocols. Cardiac tissue was harvested after 4 minutes of CPR without defibrillation. Primary endpoints included mitochondrial respiratory control index (RCI) and mitochondrial calcium retention capacity (CRC). Secondary endpoints included the hemodynamic assessment. Results: Infusion of potassium at the onset of CPR had no effect on hemodynamics including coronary perfusion pressure (25 vs. 28, p=0.7 for Control and low-dose KCl, respectively). Despite similar hemodynamics, potassium infusion improved RCI comparing control to low-dose KCl infusion using both complex I (4.3 vs. 6.1, p=0.01) and complex II (2.4 vs. 3.3, p=0.003) substrates. High-dose KCl did not provide additional respiration benefit. Potassium infusion also increased CRC. With complex I substrates, high-dose KCl enhanced CRC compared to controls [1361 vs. 1040, (in nmol), p=0.008, respectively]. Low-dose KCl increased CRC with complex II (1337 vs. 1597, p=0.02, for control and low-dose KCl, respectively) while high-dose KCl did not provide additional benefit. Conclusions: Potassium infusion at the initiation of CPR prevents reperfusion-induced mitochondrial damage. This improvement was independent of the perfusion pressure achieved during CPR. Improvement of mitochondrial function and stability is observed within the first four minutes of CPR providing an improved substrate for establishing ROSC.
The Robustness of Trials That Guide Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Surgery.

Background:The fragility index (FI) may prove to be a powerful metric of trial robustness. The FI is the minimum number of patient events that would need to become nonevents in order to nullify a significant result. The fragility quotient (FQ) is the FI divided by the total sample size. This study e
Scalable stochastic models for cloud services

Cloud computing appears to be a paradigm shift in service oriented computing. Massively scalable Cloud architectures are spawned by new business and social applications as well as Internet driven economics. Besides being inherently large scale and highly distributed, Cloud systems are almost always virtualized and operate in automated shared environments. The deployed Cloud services are still in their infancy and a variety of research challenges need to be addressed to predict their long-term behavior. Performance and dependability of Cloud services are in general stochastic in nature and they are affected by a large number of factors, e.g., nature of workload and faultload, infrastructure characteristics and management policies. As a result, developing scalable and predictive analytics for Cloud becomes difficult and non-trivial. This dissertation presents the research framework needed to develop high fidelity stochastic models for large scale enterprise systems using Cloud computing as an example. Throughout the dissertation, we show how the developed models are used for: (i) performance and availability analysis, (ii) understanding of power-performance trade-offs, (ii) resiliency quantification, (iv) cost analysis and capacity planning, and (v) risk analysis of Cloud services. In general, the models and approaches presented in this thesis can be useful to a Cloud service provider for planning, forecasting, bottleneck detection, what-if analysis or overall optimization during design, development, testing and operational phases of a Cloud.
Moral Education and Moral Reasoning in Traditional African Cultures

Etude de la nature de l'education morale et du raisonnement moral dans les cultures africaines traditionnelles. Soulignant le caractere informel de la moralite transmise par le folklore, les mythes et les paraboles, la sagesse et le comportement des ancetres, l'A. montre que la dimension communautaire des societes et de la morale africaines ne rend pas impossibles l'education et le raisonnement moraux, bien au contraire, la communaute determine et renforce les principes moraux employes par les individus
Tethered Cord Syndrome

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a stretch-induced functional disorder of the lumbosacral spinal cord caused by excessive tension between the ligaments and an inelastic structure anchoring caudal end. Its presentations vary according to different ages and underlying pathologic conditions. Changes in the lumbosacral ligamentous laxity with pregnancy as well as the prolonged lithotomy position in childbirth can cause stretching of the conus medullaris. Lumbosacral imaging should be obtained for all patients such as MRI. Neuraxial techniques can be used in selected parturients with TCS.
Teaching Statistics: Going from Scary, Boring, and Useless to, Well, Something Better

Although research methods and statistics play an increasing role in political science and beyond, students all too often find statistics classes intimidating and boring. This need not be the case, however, because statistics classes provide opportunities to pose and answer questions about which students care. This article highlights four steps to making our methods and statistics classes more engaging and meaningful.
"Prevention Produce": Integrating Medical Student Mentorship into a Fruit and Vegetable Prescription Program for At-Risk Patients

Introduction Fruit and vegetable prescription (FVRx) programs provide increased access to produce to food-insecure, at-risk populations, yet many lack the educational and social components to support long-term disease prevention. Objectives To address these barriers, students at Penn State College of Medicine designed "Prevention Produce"-a modified FVRx program that integrated a community-based, month-long educational curriculum-and undertook preliminary evaluation. Methods Nine families deemed by clinicians as at risk of chronic disease and food insecurity received weekly $40 "prescriptions" for produce at partnering farmers markets. Participants were paired with medical student mentors who delivered weekly nutrition education modules and assisted in produce shopping. Preprogram and postprogram surveys were administered, categorizing perceptions and practices of healthy eating. All participants were interviewed by phone 3 years later to assess long-term impact. Medical students provided written reflections via online survey. Results Postprogram fruit and vegetable consumption increased, and more patients expressed efforts to include produce in every meal. More participants strongly agreed that fruits and vegetables prevented chronic diseases. In reflective interviews, participants praised the program's ease of use, mentor-patient relationship, and increased access to produce. Student mentors expressed gratitude for one-on-one interaction and felt empowered to learn and deliver nutrition education. Conclusion Integration of an FVRx program with education, mentorship, and community-based focus may increase produce consumption and improve opinions about healthy eating. This program serves as a model for integrating preventive strategies within larger health care systems. Additionally, the model can facilitate early clinical interventions that may benefit medical trainees' professional development.
Web Appendix for Dynamic Multilevel Covariance Structure Models for Analyzing Rolling Cross-Sectional Tracking Surveys

Full Paper is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3127710 Updated Web Appendix for the paper "Dynamic Multilevel Covariance Structure Models for Analyzing Rolling Cross-Sectional Tracking Surveys." This Web Appendix contains the following sections: A. Supplementary Tables discussed in Manuscript, B. Dynamic Linear Model specification, C. Simulation Studies, and D. Unit Roots Testing. Across all the sections, equations are numbered sequentially with section letter such as E1, E2, and so on; similarly, all tables and figures are numbered as T1, T2, and F1, F2, and so on.
It's about Time: Unraveling Standing and Equitable Ripeness

In this article, Professor Laura Little analyzes City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95 (1983), in which the United States Supreme Court held that Lyons, an individual who had been choked to unconsciousness during a traffic stop, did not have standing to seek injunctive relief against the Los Angeles Police Department's chokehold policy because of his failure to show a threat of real and imminent future harm. Professor Little criticizes Lyons's holding for its conflation of jurisdictional and remedial inquiries, as well as its implication that a defendant must make separate showings of standing for each type of relief sought. In the first few sections of this article, Professor Little argues that the Supreme Court's standing analysis in Lyons is unnecessarily severe, as it requires a federal court to make a crucial remedial decision at the threshold of litigation, before the factual bases of a claim are fully established. Professor Little also demonstrates that upfront analysis of the appropriateness of an equitable remedy fails to further any of the values underlying the standing doctrine. Professor Little concludes the first part of this article with suggestions of ways courts can make threshold determinations regarding standing and justiciability without reference to the type of relief requested. Next, Professor Little addresses how a court should analyze whether to issue an injunction - once all of the facts have been established. After explaining that equity theory requires a showing of irreparable injury and equitable ripeness before an injunction can issue, Professor Little notes that courts have traditionally conjoined their analyses of the two factors, i.e., requiring plaintiffs to show that that the risk of irreparable harm is also imminent. Professor Little argues that the two factors should be analyzed separately, as the practical consequences of a court refusing relief based on lack of irreparable injury can be quite different from those resulting from a denial of relief based on lack of imminence (which she refers to as equitable ripeness). Finally, she argues that equitable ripeness should not be used simply as a means of deciding whether to grant or deny injunctive relief; instead, courts should weigh ripeness along with other circumstances in a particular case to determine the type of relief that would be appropriate, as issues of timing and probability of harm may greatly affect the balancing required for the decision of what type of relief would be appropriate in a particular case.
AKM2D: An adaptive framework for online sensing and anomaly quantification

AbstractIn point-based sensing systems such as coordinate measuring machines and laser ultrasonics where complete sensing is impractical due to the high sensing time and cost, adaptive sensing thro...
A Generalized Exposition of Money Creation in the Money and Banking Course

Since the Great Recession, monetary policy conducted by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks has changed. However, the discussion regarding money creation and the money multiplier has n...
Women Behind Bars: Dissecting Social Constructs Mediated by News and Reality TV

This chapter examines the ways in which the watchdog role of the news media oftentimes collides with the bottom-line objective of entertainment media when it comes to stories of women behind bars and notably of their children left behind. These inmates’ true stories are sometimes shadowed behind distorted notions of so-called reality entertainment; their real-life stories become skewed behind the storylines, confusing the viewer with a warped sense of reality. This paper provides an in-depth look at several examples of how traditional and new media, including reality television, profile incarcerated women and their children, and debates the media’s role in the social construction of reality. Finally, the author questions whether the worlds of news and entertainment can coexist when it comes to such coverage, to conclude that though seemingly far-fetched, entertainment can intersect with news if those in decision-making positions in both industries make a commitment to use impactful media strategies.
Bright Epoch: Women and Coeducation in the American West

Review of: "Bright Epoch: Women & Coeducation in the American West," by Andrea G. Radke-Moss.
Economic crises, civilian mobilization, and repression in developing states:

Research on the causes of repression has had limited success in connecting economic crises to state-led violence. We develop an explanation for violent government repression in urban areas, which l...
Pregnancy Outcomes After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction Liver transplantation (LT) remains the gold standard for treatment of end-stage liver disease. Given the increasing number of liver transplantation in females of reproductive age, our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating pregnancy outcomes after LT. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Estimates of pregnancy-related outcomes in LT recipients were generated and pooled across studies using the random-effects model. Results A comprehensive search identified 1,430 potential studies. Thirty-eight studies with 1,131 pregnancies among 838 LT recipients were included in the analysis. Mean maternal age at pregnancy was 27.8 years, with a mean interval from LT to pregnancy of 59.7 months. The live birth rate was 80.4%, with a mean gestational age of 36.5 weeks. The rate of miscarriages (16.7%) was similar to the general population (10%-20%). The rates of preterm birth, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery (32.1%, 12.5%, and 42.2%, respectively) among LT recipients were all higher than the rates for the general US population (9.9%, 4%, and 32%, respectively). Most analyses were associated with substantial heterogeneity. Discussion Pregnancy outcomes after LT are favorable, but the risk of maternal and fetal complications is increased. Large studies along with consistent reporting to national registries are necessary for appropriate patient counseling and to guide clinical management of LT recipients during pregnancy.
Finite simple Moufang loops

We study the class of non-associative finite simple Moufang loops, called Paige loops. We obtain information about their generators, automorphisms, presentations, and subloop structure. The work combines methods of loop theory, group theory, composition algebras, and combinatorics. See Section 1.5 for details.
Molecular Organization of the Cell Membrane in Normal and Pathological Axons: Relation to Glial Contact

It is now well established that, in myelinated fibers in adult mammals, the axon membrane exhibits a high degree of regional specialization. The molecular organization of the axon membrane of the mammalian myelinated fiber is now well understood in terms of ion channel organization. Recent studies show that there is a complementary distribution of voltage-sensitive sodium channels (which are clustered in high density at the node of Ranvier) and voltage-sensitive potassium channels (which are located in the internodal axon membrane under the myelin sheath) in the mammalian myelinatec axon (72). This differentiation of the axon membrane, with respect to ion channel populations, coincides with the disposition of the overlying myelin-forming cells. Thus, an important next step in studying the organization of the myelinated fiber will be to understand the manner in which the axon and its associated glial cells signal and recognize each other, and interact so as to differentiate in this highly coordinated manner. The underlying mechanisms undoubtedly involve the presence of cell recognition molecules on the surfaces of the participating cells (axon, glial cells). One important approach is to study the molecular differentiation of the cell membrane in these cell types as they recognize each other and interact during development.
Viscoelastic behavior of rat cortex in response to micro-scalp-volume fluid injections

The characterization of the performance of microfluidic devices in the brain is crucial for reliable in-vivo drug delivery applications. Understanding the properties of brain tissue surrounding the microfluidic device and the mechanical response to a bolus delivery is important for optimizing the delivery capabilities. This study investigates the viscoelastic response of brain tissue to a micro-scale fluid volume. It was determined that significant tissue pressure changes and tissue relaxation time constants could be measured accurately and were found to correlate with the displacement volume used for injection. This is an important finding in developing and optimizing MEMS based in-vivo fluid delivery systems.
QSAR Models of the in vitro Estrogen Activity of Bisphenol A Analogs

Bisphenol A is a monomer constituent of epoxy and polycarbonate resins used in consumer products. Many studies have shown that bisphenol A is a weak estrogen receptor agonist with endocrine disrupting potential in exposed organisms. Presented here is a series of quantitative structure-activity relationship models to describe the in vitro hormone activity (estrogen receptor binding, reporter gene induction, and cell proliferation) of bisphenol A and 24 of its analogs. The hormone activity ranged over four orders of magnitude, with bisphenol A displaying intermediate activity. Comparative molecular field analysis, comparative molecular similarity indices, and hologram quantitative structure activity models were generated using SYBYL 6.8. Bisphenols with optimal estrogen activity contained two unencumbered phenolic groups in the para orientation, and multiple alkyl substituents extending from the carbon linking phenolic rings. Bisphenols with methyl group hydrogens replaced by halogens also produced strong estrogenic analogs. These studies suggest that it may be possible to use such structure activities to develop bisphenols that are useful monomers with reduced hormone activity.