cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN DYSLEXIA: III. OCULAR-MOTOR FACTORS IN VISUAL PERCEPTUAL RESPONSE EFFICIENCY

Summary.-The study concerned the effects of induced interference employing a backward masking paradigm, on the processing of sensory information and on the formation of perceptual-motor responses in 20 dyslexic and 20 normal children. Results indicate that dyslexics do not exhibit impairment in perceptual localization. In a recent paper by Bouma and Legein (1977), it was asserted that, while dyslexic children are not significantly different from age-matched normals in the recognition of tachistoscopically presented isolated letters presented in both foveal and parafoveal areas, significant differences were reported on embedded letter and word tasks. The results were explained on the basis that complex stimuli, such as words, cause a narrowing of the functional visuaI field during each fixation, thereby creating a situation with high degrees of visual interference between the components. Leisman and Schwartz, however, found no significant differences in either gross saccadic control (1978a) or in the ability to preprogram saccadic eye movements (1778b) between dyslexic and normal subjects. While no significant differences have been found between dyslexics and normals on eye-movement control functions, perceptual disturbances have, nevertheless, been reported to be associated with the disorder (cf. Hanley & Sklar, 1976). This study, then, is concerned with the effects of induced interference on the processing of sensory information and in the formation of perceptualmotor responses in dyslexic and normal subjects.
Redescription of Acrobasis caryae Grote and Descriptions of Three New Species of Acrobasis (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)

The name Acrobasis caryae Grote is restricted to populations of Acrobasis that feed within shoots of several species of hickory: Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet., C. pallida Ashe, C. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch, C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, and C. tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Populations of Acrobasis associated with shoots of pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch in spring and with the nuts of pecan during later generations (the pecan nut casebearer of economic literature) are not A. caryae , but a distinct taxon which is designated A. nuxvorella , n. sp. Additional species described as new are A. elyi , which feeds principally in the rachis of C. tomentosa , and A. carpiniyorella , which feeds on the leaves of Carpinus caroliniana Walt.
Micro-differential scanning calorimeter for combustible gas sensing

Abstract A micron-scale differential scanning calorimeter (μDSC) has been produced on a silicon chip allowing for microscopic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements on small samples. The device consists of a suspended rectangular microhotplate with sample and reference zones at either end, each with a polysilicon microheater for temperature control. The temperature difference between the two zones is measured with a thermopile consisting of a series of successive polysilicon/metal junctions which alternate between the two zones. In a scanning differential calorimetry measurement, the two elements are heated simultaneously with a ramped temperature profile. A thermal process zone is defined on one of the elements, for example, a catalyst for chemical sensing, a material which exhibits a phase transition, or a chemically selective reactive material. When temperature is scanned the loss or gain of heat associated with the reaction or phase transition on the sample zone produces a difference signal on the thermopile. The device has a temperature range from 20 to 600 °C, and can be heated to that temperature in as little as 40 μs, while the cooling time constant is 5 ms. Thermal imaging was used to characterize heat flow across the device in response to a 40 μs voltage pulse applied to one side. At 4 ms after the pulse the heat distribution has become largely uniform across the device, showing that scans shorter than this time-scale will minimize the effects of heat loss from the sample to the reference zone. An example application shows the response to varying concentrations of methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, and hydrogen in air, when operated with periodic ramps to 570 °C of duration 3.5 s. The thermopile responds with a periodic waveform which is different for different gases, making the use of pattern recognition analytical methods for gas identification possible.
E. coli L‐asparaginase in the treatment of leukemia and solid tumors in 131 children

One hundred thirty-one children between 1 and 15 years of age have been treated. Ninety-five children had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); 13 had other types of leukemia; 8 had lymphoma; and 15 had other solid tumors. The dosage ranged from 10 to 5,000 IU/kg daily. Treatment schedules included maintenance after remission and no maintenance. Nine patients in bone marrow remission with other chemotherapy prior to treatment with A-ase received a 28-day course. Six patients received the enzyme intrathecally for meningeal leukemia. Of the 73 adequately treated (over 14 days) ALL patients, the overall remission rate was 62%; the median duration of remission was 60 days with a range of 15 to 248 days. The duration of remission appeared to be independent of dose. Six nonlymphoblastic leukemias demonstrated transient fall in WBC and decreased organ size but no bone marrow remission. One of 4 with Hodgkin's disease demonstrated decrease in size of nodes, liver, and spleen. None of the solid tumors responded. The usual side effects of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, mucous membrane ulcerations, alopecia, and diarrhea were not seen. Side effects included reversible abnormal biochemical liver function tests, fever, and anaphylaxis.
Sequential recruitment of HAT and SWI/SNF components to condensed chromatin by VP16.

Abstract Eukaryotic transcription initiation requires the complex dynamics of hundreds of proteins, many of which are found in large multisubunit complexes [1]. Recent experiments have suggested stepwise recruitment of preassembled complexes, including chromatin remodeling, general transcription factor, mediator, and polymerase complexes [1], in which the actual order of recruitment may vary for different promoters [2]. How do these complexes access target sequences contained within tightly condensed chromatin? While chromatin remodeling activities may facilitate the accessibility of large transcription and polymerase complexes to promoters, it is not known how they themselves are targeted within condensed chromatin. Gene activation in the context of condensed chromatin does occur. A yeast acidic activator, Gal4, can overcome heterochromatin gene silencing in Drosophila [3], and the addition of LCRs (locus control regions) to transgenes overcomes position effect silencing, even within centromeric chromatin [4]. Here, we directly visualize the recruitment of HAT and SWI/SNF components after tethering the VP16 acidic activation domain within condensed chromatin. A recruitment delay of tens to hundreds of minutes for catalytic HAT subunits and SWI/SNF subunits, relative to other HAT and SWI/SNF components, suggests sequential recruitment/assembly of chromatin remodeling complexes within condensed chromatin.
Theorizing Passionate Love in Reading: A Social–Psychoanalytic Theory

This paper presents a theoretical framework for considering the power of passionate attachment in reading. Drawing on observations of a 10-year-old boy who expresses strong, physically and emotionally experienced love of Japanese manga (comics), the author melds social activity theory with psychoanalytic understandings of attachment to consider the role of bodies and emotions in literacy practices. The author maintains that bringing images of the affectively charged, desirous body to literacy studies should prompt us to broaden our framing of literacy events and to consider the ethics of what counts in our relationships with children who are our students or research subjects.
Speech recognition with character string encoding

An isolated word recognition system that uses character string encoding is described that has achieved 98% correct recognition scores on limited vocabularies (20-54 words). Speaker normalization, word segmentation, and learning paradigms have been incorporated. Audio input passes through a 6-channel octave band pass filter bank. The output of each channel is time integrated for 10 ms, and log mapped. An utterance is represented by a succession of points (a new point is generated every 10 ms) in the 6- dimensional space defined by the 6 octave bands. Reference points are scattered throughout the space. Each time interval is assigned the label of the nearest reference point. We call the resulting string of labels a "character string". Encoding an utterance into a character string may proceed with an arbitrary degree of precision, greater resolution resulting from the use of more reference points. Only 24 reference points are needed to achieve 98% correct recognition scores for 54 words in near real time. String generation techniques are explored. Several learning schemes based on character strings are described. Finally, experiments with a software classifier that uses "deformable templates" based on character strings are presented.
Competency-based instruction in critical invasive skills improves both resident performance and patient safety

Abstract Background: Correct performance of invasive skills is essential, but residents often undertake such procedures after no or minimal instruction. Methods: We instructed eight postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) residents in the cadaver laboratory using a competency-based approach (CBI). Each resident had been evaluated before the laboratory during patient encounters. Group instruction in endotracheal tube insertion (ET), venous cutdown (VC), and chest tube insertion (CT) was followed by individual pretesting and hands-on teaching, with 100% competency the goal. Failure was considered an inability to perform the task correctly or within 120 seconds. After the laboratory, residents were evaluated for correctness and rapidity of performance. Results: Prelaboratory failures consisted of ET, 7; CT, 5; VC, 7. Postlaboratory failures were 0 for all. Prelaboratory complications consisted of ET, 3.3 ± 1.1; CT, 1.9 ± 1.0; VC, 3 ± 1.0. Postlaboratory complications were 0 for all. Prelaboratory times (seconds) were ET, 66.5 ± 30.8; CT, 104 ± 4.1; VC, 116.3 ± 0.7. Postlaboratory times were ET, 25 ± 7; CT, 65.5 ± 10.7; VC, 81.3 ± 2.5. Changes were statistically significant for all (P
Quantifying Distributed System Stability through Simulation: A Case Study of an Agent-Based System for Flow Reconstruction of DDoS Attacks

We investigate the stability properties of a novel agent-based system for the detection of network bandwidth-based distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The proposed system provides a description of the structure of flows which comprise the DDoS attack. In doing so, it facilitates DDoS mitigation at or near attack traffic sources. The constituent agents within the system operate at the inter autonomous system (AS) level, comprising a distributed collection of IP-layer network taps which self-organize in response to attack flows. We formalize the notion of stability for the proposed system, and show how we can use simulation to identify regions of instability within the system’s parameter space. We then modify our system design to circumvent the uncovered singularities, and demonstrate the efficacy and tradeoffs implicit in our redesigned system.
Clock synchronization and isotropy of the one-way speed of light.

Experimental tests of the isotropy of the speed of light using one-way propagation are analyzed using a test theory of special relativity. It is shown that, when properly expressed in terms of measurable quantities, the results of such experiments are independent of the method of global synchronization of clocks. Experiments analyzed include a Jet Propulsion Laboratory time-of-flight measurement, a resonant two-photon absorption experiment, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory-NASA 1976 rocket gravitational redshift experiment, and M\"ossbauer rotor experiments. If the characteristic anisotropy is proportional to $\ensuremath{\alpha}w$, where $w$ is the velocity of the Earth relative to the cosmic background radiation, the best bound on $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ from these experiments is $|\ensuremath{\alpha}|l9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$.
Antibiotic Levels in Empyemic Pleural Fluid

Objective: To determine the degree to which bioactive penicillin, metronidazole, ceftriaxone, clindamycin, vancomycin, and gentamicin penetrate into empyemic pleural fluid using our new rabbit model of empyema. Methods: An empyema was created via the intrapleural injection of 10 8 Pasteurella multocida bacteria into the pleural space of New Zealand white rabbits. After an empyema was verified by thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis, penicillin, 24,000 U/kg; metronidazole, 37 mg/kg; ceftriaxone, 30 mg/kg; clindamycin, 9 mg/kg; vancomycin, 15 mg/kg; or gentamicin, 1 mg/kg, were administered IV. Antibiotic levels in samples of pleural fluid and serum, collected serially for up to 480 min, were then determined using a bioassay. Results: The degree to which the different antibiotics penetrated into the infected pleural space was highly variable. Penicillin penetrated most easily, followed by metronidazole, ceftriaxone, clindamycin, vancomycin, and gentamicin. Of the antibiotics tested, penicillin and metronidazole equilibrated the most rapidly with the infected pleural fluid. Penicillin levels remained elevated in pleural fluid even after serum levels had decreased. Conclusions: Using this rabbit model of empyema, there was marked variation in the penetration of antibiotics into the empyemic fluid. Although there are species differences between rabbit and human pleura, the variance in degree of penetration of antibiotics into the pleural space should be considered when antibiotics are selected for the treatment of patients with empyema. (CHEST 2000; 117:1734 ‐1739)
Yellow sand of Berlin

While conducting fieldwork in Berlin in 1996 and 1997, I encountered a Zeitgeist of 'becoming' enveloping all aspects of my life in the city - from the sensory experiences of walking a metropolis under intense revision, to listening to public discourse on the future of the 'New Berlin' as symbol of German cosmopolitanism, to hearing my East German interlocutors recount the erasure of the GDR past from the historical nar- ratives of unified Germany. This essay in literary ethnography seeks to capture this collective mood and sense of simultaneous historical becom- ing and erasure by weaving anecdotal observations, encounters and reflec- tions oriented by the metaphor of shifting sands. It recalls a host of dialectical apparitions in the politics of German unification, in contempor- ary East-West relations in the profession of journalism, and in the ratio of historical effacement to futurological manifesto in the built environment of the city itself.
Idiopathic lymphoplasmacellular mucositis-dermatitis.

Background: In 1952, Zoon described a series of patients with dense plasma-cell infiltrates in the glans penis. Since then, similar Zoon-like lesions (ZLL) have been described on the external female genitalia and in the airways, for which over 20 designations currently exist. Methods: Twenty-eight cases of ZLL, twenty-two cases of lichen planus, eight cases of plasmacytoma and two cases of syphilis were evaluated from the surgical pathology archive at the University of Virginia. Twenty-four histologic data points were tabulated in each case, including 12 epidermal and 12 dermal features. Results: Histopathologic findings were similar in the majority of cases of ZLL, regardless of their location. They demonstrated superficial cutaneous erosions, basal vacuolar alteration and many showed lozenge-shaped keratinocytes in the epiderms. The dermis contained a dense inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of plasma cells, with scattered neutrophils and lymphocytes. Dense fibrosis was seen in the upper dermis. Conclusions: A uniform nomenclature for ZLL does not exist. Based on the results of this analysis, we suggest that the generic term idiopathic lymphoplasmacellular mucositis-dermatitis be considered to encompass the lymphoplasmacellular infiltrates in the skin and mucosal surfaces considered herein. This designation is morphologically descriptive and can be applied regardless of anatomic location. Brix WK, Nassau SR, Patterson JW, Cousar JB, Wick MR. Idiopathic lymphoplasmacellular mucositis-dermatitis.
Ischemic Heart Disease Events Triggered by Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution

Background—Recent evidence suggests that long-term exposure to particulate air pollution contributes to pulmonary and systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, progression of atherosclerosis, and risk of ischemic heart disease and death. Short-term exposure may contribute to complications of atherosclerosis, such as plaque vulnerability, thrombosis, and acute ischemic events. These findings are inconclusive and controversial and require further study. This study evaluates the role of short-term particulate exposure in triggering acute ischemic heart disease events. Methods and Results—A case-crossover study design was used to analyze ischemic events in 12 865 patients who lived on the Wasatch Front in Utah. Patients were drawn from the cardiac catheterization registry of the Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study, a large, ongoing registry of patients who underwent coronary arteriography and were followed up longitudinally. Ambient fine particulate pollution (particles with an aerodynamic diameter 2.5 m; PM2.5) elevated by 10 g/m 3 was associated with increased risk of acute ischemic coronary events (unstable angina and myocardial infarction) equal to 4.5% (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 8.0). Effects were larger for those with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. Conclusions—Short-term particulate exposures contributed to acute coronary events, especially among patients with underlying coronary artery disease. Individuals with stable presentation and those with angiographically demonstrated clean coronaries are not as susceptible to short-term particulate exposure. (Circulation. 2006;114:2443-2448.)
Color Doppler sonography of portocaval shunts

Nine patients who had undergone end-to-side portocaval shunts were assessed using a sector real-time color Doppler sonography system. Shunt patency was demonstrated in 8 of 9 patients by detection of color-coded flow within the portal vein, in the anastomotic region, and in the inferior vena cava adjacent to the shunt. Color flow could not be detected in 1 patient. This patient had no evidence of shunt compromise. Spectral Doppler studies were also performed in these patients and flow was demonstrated in all 8. In these instances, information available with color Doppler imaging allowed visualization of the shunt even when it had not been apparent on preliminary real-time grey-scale imaging. This study, which does not assess accuracy, nevertheless suggests that color flow Doppler sonography may prove useful in assessing patients with portocaval shunts.
Do you need a computed tomographic scan to evaluate suspected appendicitis in young men: an administrative database review.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of computed tomographic (CT) scans of the abdomen on clinical outcomes and costs in young male patients presenting with suspected appendicitis. Methods Discharge data from the University HealthSystem Consortium was accessed for all male patients between 18 and 55 years of age from October 2007 to June 2011. Results Of a total of 13,228 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 11,340 (85%) were assessed using a CT scan of the abdomen, whereas 1,888 (15%) did not undergo CT evaluation. Patients undergoing CT imaging compared with those without a CT scan had less morbidity (.86% vs 2.2%, P P Conclusions This study suggests that in young men with suspected appendicitis, the use of an abdominal CT scan is associated with improved immediate postoperative complications, lower readmission rates with observed higher length of stay, and increased cost of care.
Heterogeneity in the physiological states and pharmacological responses of differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes

Increases in key components of adipogenesis and lipolysis pathways correlate at the population-averaged level during adipogenesis. However, differentiating preadipocytes are highly heterogeneous in cellular and lipid droplet (LD) morphologies, and the degree to which individual cells follow population-averaged trends is unclear. In this study, we analyze the molecular heterogeneity of differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using immunofluorescence microscopy. Unexpectedly, we only observe a small percentage of cells with high simultaneous expression of markers for adipogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma [PPARgamma], CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, and adiponectin) and lipid accumulation (hormone-sensitive lipase, perilipin A, and LDs). Instead, we identify subpopulations of cells with negatively correlated expressions of these readouts. Acute perturbation of adipocyte differentiation with PPARgamma agonists, forskolin, and fatty acids induced subpopulation-specific effects, including redistribution of the percentage of cells in observed subpopulations and differential expression levels of PPARgamma. Collectively, our results suggested that heterogeneity observed during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis reflects a dynamic mixture of subpopulations with distinct physiological states.
Making Pairwise Binary Graphical Models Attractive

Computing the partition function (i.e., the normalizing constant) of a given pair-wise binary graphical model is NP-hard in general. As a result, the partition function is typically estimated by approximate inference algorithms such as belief propagation (BP) and tree-reweighted belief propagation (TRBP). The former provides reasonable estimates in practice but has convergence issues. The later has better convergence properties but typically provides poorer estimates. In this work, we propose a novel scheme that has better convergence properties than BP and provably provides better partition function estimates in many instances than TRBP. In particular, given an arbitrary pairwise binary graphical model, we construct a specific "attractive" 2-cover. We explore the properties of this special cover and show that it can be used to construct an algorithm with the desired properties.
Metabolic effects of coconut, safflower, or menhaden oil feeding in lean and obese zucker rats

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effects of fish oil feeding in obese Zucker rats to establish its suitability as an animal model of hyperlipidaemia, and to understand the possible mechanism of fish oil-induced perturbations in cell metabolism. Lean and obese Zucker rats were fed on diets containing 180 g coconut, safflower, or menhaden oil/kg for 10 weeks. Body-weights and food intakes of lean coconut (LC), safflower (LS), and menhaden (LM) groups were similar. Obese menhaden (OM) rats had lower food intakes and body-weights compared with obese coconut (OC) and obese safflower (OS) groups, but values for all obese rats were higher than those for lean rats. Liver weights were higher in obese compared with lean rats, but on a percentage body-weight basis menhaden oil rats had higher values within genotype. Serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were lower in the OM group compared with the OC and OS groups, and in the LM group compared with the LC group. Glucose and insulin levels were highest in OS rats followed by OC and OM rats and then the lean rats. Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine were lower in OM rats compared with OC and OS rats. Liver mitochondrial state 3 rates with glutamate-malate and succinate were lower; mitochondrial beta-oxidation was unaffected and peroxisomal beta-oxidation was higher in menhaden oil rats compared with both coconut and safflower oil rats. In general, consumption of menhaden oil lowered hepatic malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.38, 1.1.1.40), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities and elevated long-chain fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2) activity when compared with the two other diets. It is concluded that obese Zucker rats do respond like human subjects to fish oil feeding but not to vegetable oils. The hypolipidaemic effect of fish oil appears to be mediated through a lowering of lipogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme.
Physical Activity-Related Policy and Environmental Strategies to Prevent Obesity in Rural Communities: A Systematic Review of the Literature, 2002-2013

Citation: Meyer, M. R. U., Perry, C. K., Sumrall, J. C., Patterson, M. S., Walsh, S. M., Clendennen, S. C., . . . Valko, C. (2016). Physical Activity-Related Policy and Environmental Strategies to Prevent Obesity in Rural Communities: A Systematic Review of the Literature, 2002-2013. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, 24. doi:10.5888/pcd13.150406
From Nature to the Laboratory and Into the Clinic

Natural products possess a broad diversity of structure and function, and they provide inspiration for chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this review article, we highlight and place in context our laboratory’s total syntheses of, and related studies on, complex secondary metabolites that were clinically important drugs, or have since been developed into useful medicines, namely amphotericin B (1, Figure 1), calicheamicin γ1I (2), rapamycin (3), Taxol® (4), the epothilones [e.g. epothilones A (5) and B (6)], and vancomycin (7). We also briefly highlight our research with other selected inspirational natural products possessing interesting biological activities [i.e. dynemicin A (8, Figure 2), uncialamycin (9), eleutherobin (10), sarcodictyin A (11), azaspiracid-1 (12), thiostrepton (13), abyssomicin C (14), platensimycin (15), platencin (16), and palmerolide A (17)]. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Molecular structures of selected natural product drugs and drug leads.
Formation and Quantification of Two-Photon Induced DNA Photolesions

The generation of DNA photolesions with a high degree of spatial confinement presents unique opportunities to study the recruitment of UV damage repair proteins to localized damage sites. Photolesion formation is typically accomplished by exposure to UV light which is difficult to manipulate with conventional optics, thus limiting the spatial control over the site of irradiation. As an alternative, we use two-photon absorption of visible light to mimic UV exposure in a form that can be manipulated by conventional optics. We frequency double the output of a tunable Ti:sapphire laser using a barium borate crystal to generate femtosecond pulses of 340-540 nm light. Sample irradiation is performed on 10-20μL volumes confined in a multiwell plate and scanned by a focused beam in a raster pattern through different axial planes. We have adapted a sensitive PCR-based assay to quantify the amount of two-photon induced damage. The assay is premised on a reduction in DNA transcription efficiency by the presence of bulky photolesions; decreased amplification of a sample relative to a control indicates the amount of damage. The assay and laser irradiation system are being tested on linearized pBR322 plasmid, and validated by comparison to direct UV exposure. Our preliminary results indicate that the degree of lesion formation exhibits a nonlinear dependence on power, which is in keeping with the intensity dependence expected for two-photon absorption. Additionally, maximal two-photon DNA damage occurs at wavelength lower than twice the single photon absorption maximum. We are analyzing our results to obtain quantitative information about the yield of photolesions generated by two-photon absorption.
Truncus arteriosus malformation: a spectrum including fourth and sixth aortic arch interruptions.

Abstract Previous explanations of the pathogenesis of truncus arteriosus malformation have emphasized absence of conotruncal ridges, absence of pulmonary conus, or fusion of ventricular outflow streams. These concepts explain the persistence of the single semilunar valve and outflow vessel, but have not elucidated the significance of many associated anatomic lesions. We studied the 19 patients with truncus arteriosus malformation listed in the autopsy files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital whose hearts were available for review. The patients ranged in age from one day to 30 years, and included 12 males. All hearts showed a single semilunar valve with three or four cusps, and a high ventricular septal defect. In 13 patients, the aorta was larger in diameter than the pulmonary artery, and no remnant of the ductus arteriosus was present (interruption of the embryonic sixth arch). In one patient, the aorta was larger than the pulmonary artery, and a small, patent ductus arteriosus was present. In two patients, the pulmonary artery was larger than the aorta, and the aortic arch was interrupted. The remaining three cases could not be fully evaluated for the status of the ductus arteriosus and size of the great arteries. We tabulated the number of associated anatomic lesions which were unexplained by each of the three pathogenetic hypotheses. The fused outflow stream hypothesis, which explains truncus arteriosus malformation as the result of a maldirection of ventricular outflow streams so that the separation of two semilunar valves is prevented, was superior at the 0.05 level of significance. This concept explains the spectrum of great vessel patterns in which flow is dominant into either the sixth or fourth embryonic aortic arch, permitting early disappearance of unperfused segments of the aortic arches, and is commonly seen at autopsy as either an interrupted aorta or an absent ductus arteriosus.
Epidemiologic Realities and Gee-Whiz Facts

Most of us received our professional education in academic medical centers (AMCs), which tend to attract patients with uncommon and difficult-to-manage diseases. In the AMC, learners often encounter advanced systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto thyroiditis, hemochromatosis, and central cord syndrome, and may come to think of these as everyday health problems. Then these learners become licensed health professionals, and most begin seeing ordinary persons with ordinary health problems in community-based settings.
The Dragon, the Lion, and the Eagle: Chinese-British-American Relations, 1949-1958

The establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 and the subsequent conclusion of the Sino-Soviet Alliance Treaty destroyed the old balance of power in East Asia and introduced new forces into the international system. These developments had important implications for Great Britain and the United States, both of which possessed significant interests in the region. Drawing on previously classified British and American documents and private papers, Qiang Zhai compares the respective policies toward the recognition of China and that country's representation in the United Nations; China's entry into the Korean War; the Geneva Conference of 1954; the Quemoy-Matsu crises of 1954-55 and 1958; and Chinese threats to Taiwan and Tibet. He carefully analyzes the objective of dividing the Sino-Soviet alliance as a goal of Anglo-American policies and uses recently available Chinese Communist materials - including inner-party documents, diaries, memoirs, and biographies by and about former Chinese leaders, generals, and diplomats - to reconstruct Chinese foreign policy initiatives and responses to Western challenges. With its unique international and comparative dimensions, this study allows the first clear view of early Cold War history from the Chinese as well as Western perspectives. Washington and London differed widely in their assessments of Beijing's intentions and capabilities, as reflected in their respective policies toward recognition and containment of China. Zhai examines the mutual influences and constraints - distinct strategic concerns, divergences in political structures, public opinion, interest groups, and diplomatic traditions, as well as the perceptions andidiosyncrasies of the top policymakers - that affected Anglo-American relations and shows how consideration of each other's reactions further complicated their policy decisions. This study in international history and comparative analysis avoids the tunnel vision so common in explorat
Computers, Information, and Everyday Life

One way to view the literature on the history of computing is to consider the function of the computing device that comes under historical investigation. However, new uses of computers supplement rather than supplant old uses of computers. For example, we still have scientific calculators, business database machines, and personal computers in the modern era. This article focuses on the computer as a personal machine as a device to gather information through email and Web searches, and hence the focus is on the period starting in the early 1990s and carrying forward to the present. Historians of computing are typically focused on information technology (including its uses), while information science scholars often focus instead on information and its organization, even if information technology plays an important supporting role. The particular concern in this case study is everyday information-seeking behavior, or everyday information for short.
Clinical Trials and Translational Applications in Cancer Therapy

Despite the gains that had been made in increasing overall survival and extending disease-free survival rates, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death in the United States [1]. There remains an urgent need for the rapid development of new cancer therapeutics. Unfortunately, only about 5% of new compounds intended for use in cancer therapy are approved for clinical use [2]. The time and enormous costs involved in conducting clinical trials are special barriers to drug development [3, 4]. Careful thought regarding each phase of investigation is critical for the successful and efficient completion and interpretation of a clinical trial and prior to widespread clinical use of a new drug. This chapter focuses on clinical trials in oncology and translational applications. The global objectives of cancer clinical trials are to evaluate promising new agents that may alleviate symptoms and/or cure the disease. As newer agents such as molecular targeted therapies are developed, questions remain as to whether current models of clinical trial design are sufficient. Nevertheless, classic design forms the basis of drug development in cancer therapy. Study objectives and endpoints are associated with specific study designs and determine the level of testing and the number of subjects required for each phase (Fig. 1) [5].
Arousal and ventilatory responses during sleep in children with obstructive sleep apnea

Abnormal central regulation of upper airway muscles may contribute to the pathophysiology of the childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We hypothesized that this was secondary to global...
Crown Gall Neoplasms

Crown gall, a neoplastic disease of worldwide distribution, affects woody and herbaceous plants. Although this neoplasm occurs primarily in dicotyledons, it has also been found in gymnosperms and monocotyledons.1 Crown gall is characterized by the formation of tumors or galls of varying size and form which may occur on stems, roots, and leaves of plants. Plants with the disease become stunted, produce small chlorotic leaves and exhibit increased susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions, especially winter injury and suprainfection.2
Kamstrupp’s wow-effect: re-examined and expanded

This review examines Anne Katrine Kamstrupp’s article “The wow-effect in science teacher education; technology; sociomateriality.” In the discussion below we explore three key areas of her ethnographic research. First, we reconsider Kamstrupp’s article through the lens of technology as a pedagogical choice and philosophy. This is followed by our discussion of aspects of her study within the context of a basic understanding that entry-level pre-service teachers need to fully understand both the process of learning and scientific principles as these are important foundational factors in determining whether or not the wow-effect will occur as expected. Finally, our review team presents multiple areas in Kamstrupp’s article as potential points for further elaboration.
The Impact of Programming Experience on Successfully Learning Systems Analysis and Design.

In this paper, the author reports the results of an empirical study on the relationship between a student’s programming experience and their success in a traditional Systems Analysis and Design (SA&D) class where technical skills such as dataflow analysis and entity relationship data modeling are covered. While it is possible to teach these technical skills to students without programming experience, the results of the study strongly suggest that students with programming experience complete the course more successfully than those without.
Histologically benign, clinically aggressive: Progressive non-optic pathway pilocytic astrocytomas in adults with NF1.

Although optic pathway gliomas are the most common brain tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), extra-optic gliomas occur and may behave more aggressively with outcomes that differ by age. A retrospective case-control study was designed to describe the clinical course of adult NF1 patients with progressive extra-optic pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) and compare to a pediatric cohort. Data for patients treated at the Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Center from 2003 to 2013 were reviewed to identify cases (adults, age >18) and controls (pediatric, age <18) with clinically or radiographically progressive extra-optic PAs. Demographic, clinical, histologic, and radiographic data were collected. Three adult NF1 cases and four pediatric NF1 controls were identified. Mean age was 32.3 ± 9.5 years, 66% male (cases); 12.8 ± 4.2 years, 100% male (controls). Symptomatic progression occurred in two-of-three adults (67%) while the majority of pediatric patients presented with isolated radiographic progression (n = 3, 75%). Onset tended to be more rapid in adults (4 ± 1 vs. 14 ± 8.3 months, P = 0.10). Subtotal resection was the treatment for all pediatric patients. Radiotherapy (n = 2), chemotherapy (n = 2), and targeted, biologic agents (n = 2) were administered in adults. Although all pediatric patients are living, outcomes were universally poor in adults with progression to death in all (median survival 17.1 months, range 6.6-30.3). In conclusion, despite grade I histology, all three adult NF1 patients with progressive extra-optic PAs suffered an aggressive clinical course which was not seen in pediatric patients. Clinicians should be aware of this clinico-histologic discrepancy when counseling and managing adult NF1 patients with progressive extra-optic PAs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Morphology of the Forelimb of Mormoopid Bats

The structure of the forelimb of all currently recognized species of bats of the family Mormoopidae and 18 species of leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomati-dae) were studied. Characteristic of mormoopids are specializations furthering reduction of weight of the wing; these adaptations are associated with maneuverable, rapid flight, and the ability to remain continuously on the wing for long periods. Certain modifications of muscles, muscle attachments, and articular surfaces parallel specializations of corresponding structures in vespertilionids and molossids. in contrast, the wings of phyllostomatids are less well adapted for efficient flight, and retain muscular patterns that allow the "generalized" wing to be used for food handling and clambering in vegetation as well as for flight. Perhaps mormoopid bats were established in the Neotropics and exploited some of the most important feeding niches open to insectivorous bats before vespertilionids reached this region. Intense competition with mormoopids may have limited the success of vespertilionids in this area.
Poultry Immunogenetics: Which Way Do We Go?

A major goal in poultry immunogenetics is the enhancement of innate immunoresponsiveness and resistance to disease. This may be pursued by studying either single genes or polygenic traits. The MHC is perhaps the best-characterized family of host genes that modulates response to a variety of antigens and pathogenic challenges. The association of different MHC alleles with disease resistance has been known for decades. But only recently has analysis at the DNA level opened new avenues of understanding and new opportunities for application of genetic variation in the MHC with immunoresponsiveness. An alternate approach to molecular analysis is selection for a desired phenotype controlled by polygenes. Several studies have illustrated the successful alteration of immunoresponsiveness by genetic selection for antibody production. Recently, a selection program based upon multiple traits of immune response was conducted. Results of this project demonstrated that selection on multiple immune-response traits altered immunophysiology, MHC allelic frequencies, and disease resistance. Several areas for future pursuits in poultry immunogenetics research are proposed.
The Analysis and Dispose of Oil Film Whirl on a Certain Low-pressure Rotor

Sudden vibration phenomenon occur in steam turbine low pressure rotor at the high load condition. The vibration lasting for more than ten minutes disappeared instantly after the load was slowly decreased,but the similar sudden vibration phenomenon occur on the changing lubricating test at the middle load condition. The analysis of vibration spectrum shows that bearing main frequency is 0. 376 × low frequency component. Combining the with the characteristics of vibration characteristics,unit structure,bearing graphite metal temperature,oil film pressure and axis position change on the slow down the process,the oil film whirl was diagnosed. The low frequency vibration fault was eliminated after increasing the bearing load when the bearing was examined without exception.
Hume’s forgotten fallacy

One of the strangest things about Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion is Philo's apparent about-face in the final chapter. After carrying the argument against Cleantbes a n d the argument from design so brilliantly, Philo confesses (once the orthodox Demea has departed) that the marvellous adaptation of means to ends in nature leads him almost "insensibly to acknowledge a first intelligent author. ''a The difference between skeptics like himself and sensible theists, he says, is really very minimal. It is, in fact, merely a verbal dispute, an empty argument about whether the order of nature bears more or less of a resemblance to human contrivance. And like all arguments which turn on immeasurable judgments of degree, this one neither needs or permits any resolution. "The theist allows that the original intelligence is very different from human reason; the atheist (i.e., the skeptic) allows that the original princple of order bears some remote analogy to it. ''2 Yet the theist prefers to stress the likeness, while the skeptic would rather stress the unlikeness.
Falloposcopy: frontiers realized ... a fantastic voyage revisited.

The technique of falloposcopy holds promise for diagnosis and treatment of fallopian tube pathology
Modeling of the Dynamic Deformation and Fracture of the Tensile Bar

A recently developed viscoplastic-damage constitutive theory is used to describe the deformation behavior and ductile fracture of a cylindrical bar subject to dynamic tensile loading that produces strain rates of the order 102 – 104. In this simulation the localization of inelastic deformation is allowed to occur naturally, rather than to have it induced at a particular location along the gage length of the bar. It appears that location of localization is significantly influenced by the dynamic nature of the loading.
Law and the Borders of Belonging in the Long Nineteenth Century United States: Borders: Resistance, Defense, Structure, and Ideology

Privilege built upon exclusion, marginalization, and subordination of others is fragile; it produces individual and collective resistance; it requires work to maintain. And so it was and so it did in the long nineteenth century United States. In myriad individual and collective ways, even as new limitations on their personhood and citizenship were incorporated into law, disabled persons, racialized others, and women challenged the borders of belonging. And women and racialized others especially gained greater recognition in law of their personhood and rights as citizens than had been true at the founding. As significantly, the resistance of those excluded from full personhood, citizenship, and nation rendered legible and exposed the flaw at the foundation of American liberalism: their own subjection and exclusion. But resistance also engendered defense of privilege so that what the founding generation of men took for granted in fomenting a revolution, they and subsequent generations defended as right long after the Civil War. In part, deeply held assumptions relating to ability, race, gender — an abled, racialized, and gendered “imagination,” to borrow and expand on Alice Kessler Harris's evocative phrase — led to the replication of the borders of belonging even as context changed. In part, too, the political process meant that privilege reproduced itself. But the resilience of the borders of belonging depended fundamentally on the fact that men who were white and able held the reins of lawmaking. Over the course of the nineteenth century, incredible effort went into preserving law as the domain of able white men.
A synthetic acceleration method for discrete ordinates calculations with highly anisotropic scattering

Alcouffe's diffusion-synthetic acceleration scheme for one-dimensional discrete ordinates calculations is extended to accelerate both the zero'th and first moments of the scattering source. The extended scheme is found to be significantly more effective than the standard scheme for problems with highly forward-peaked scattering. A new diffusion theory is derived directly from the discrete ordinates equations, which varies from the standard theory only in the definition of the diffusion coefficient. When employed in the standard diffusion-synthetic acceleration scheme, the new theory is found to perform slightly better than the standard diffusion theory.
Pediatric Colorectal Disorders

Managing colorectal surgery conditions in infants and children presents a highly detailed and technical challenge that, in many cases, requires formal training, experience, and expertise. In addition to the wide array of congenital anomalies that surgeons may encounter, this chapter will cover conditions that are also experienced in adults; however, the evaluation and management of these disease states needs to be tailored to the pediatric population.
Antitumor activity of ionic liquids on human tumor cell lines

Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as new class of compounds with unique properties and potential to tailor their physiochemical properties. However, very limited studies have been reported on their toxicity and safety causing concern for their use for biomedical applications, specifically as therapeutic agents and drugs. Our studies towards finding therapeutic applications of ILs for the first time demonstrated the anti-cancer activity and cytotoxicity of three different classes of ionic liquids (imidazolium, phosphonium and ammonium) on National Cancer Institute's 60 human tumor cell lines. In this chapter an overview of these results is presented through representative examples. The preleminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) showed that the chain length of alkyl substitution on the cations plays crucial role towards anti-tumor activity and cytotoxicity of ionic liquids. In general, phosphonium-based ILs were found to be more active and less cytotoxic as compared to their ammonium amd imidazolium conterparts. In-vitro cell line data and hollow fiber study has demonstrated the potential of ILs to be developed as therapeutic agent.