cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of Bayes Factors Based on Test Statistics

. This article examines the consistency, interpretation and application of Bayes factors constructed from standard test statistics. Primary conclusions are that Bayes factors based on multinomial and normal test statistics are consistent for suitable choices of the hyperparameters used to specify alternative hypotheses, and that such constructions can be extended to obtain consistent Bayes factors based on likelihood ratio statistics. A connection between Bayes factors based on likelihood ratio statistics and the Bayesian information criterion is exposed, as is a connection between Bayes factors based on F statistics and parametric Bayes factors based on normal-inverse gamma models. Similarly, Bayes factors based on chi-squared statistics for multinomial data are shown to provide accurate approximations to Bayes factors based on multinomial/Dirichlet models. An illustration of how the simple form of these Bayes factors can be exploited to generate easily interpretable summaries of the experimental ‘weight of evidence’ is provided.
Simulation Model of Stream Capture

Because the importance of the process of capture, or piracy, in the formation of stream networks is difficult to evaluate by field or map studies, an indirect approach is used in this paper to investigate capture, through the use of a simulation model involving capture within rectangular stream networks on a square matrix. The simulation rules make the probability of capture of a stream by a lower adjacent stream proportional to the advantage in gradient of the potential path of capture between the streams compared to the present gradient of the higher stream. Stream elevations are assumed to be defined by the same type of pattern observed in natural stream networks, that is, a linear relationship between the logarithms of gradient and drainage area. The slope of this relationship, Z, is variable in nature and is the main adjustable parameter in the simulation model. Simulation of capture must start from assigned initial network patterns; random walk networks and parallel drainage are among those used for initial networks. For a given value of Z, the statistical properties of networks (for example, stream numbers, length and area ratios, and shape factors) formed after repeated captures are nearly the same for a wide range of assigned initial networks. However, when the value of Z changes during capture, the statistical properties of the resultant networks may depend upon the type of change, so that properties may be partially inherited from earlier stages of basin evolution. Both the networks simulated by capture and natural networks have similar slight deviations from topological randomness. The capture simulations more closely predict many properties of natural networks than do completely random methods of simulation, such as the random walk. In addition, several parameters in the capture-simulated networks exhibit a consistent trend with respect to the parameter Z that appears to occur also in natural networks. These correspondences between the capture model and natural networks suggest that capture may be an important natural process. However, capture should have its greatest relative importance in early stages of drainage basin evolution.
The involuntary research subject.

Informed consent is the bedrock principle on which most of modern research ethics rest. That principle, like most others, has some exceptions, such as for emergency situations and for some studies involving very low risk. But what about situations that do not fall into either of these categories? Are there such research studies that are so important to society that we nonetheless are willing to involuntarily enroll subjects, without their informed consent?
Repair of methyl methane sulfonate-damaged phage by Haemophilus influenzae.

Seven mutants of Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd (mmsA -) have been isolated that are more sensitive to methyl methane sulfonate (mms) than recombination-deficient (recA -) mutants. The mutations cotransformed about 25% with the strA locus while the five studied clustered tightly; they are all probably allelic. The mutants are not sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, or nitrous acid. Mms-damaged phage HP1 plated very inefficiently on these mutants, indicating that they lack the first step in the excision repair of the lesion N3-methyladenine (m3A). Incubation of damaged phage at 30°C in the absence of mms resulted in a steady decline of viability when the phage were plated on the wild mmsA + host but an initial steep rise was seen when it was plated on an mmsA - mutant. The rise is explained by the assumption that m3A lesions hydrolyzed off the DNA giving rise to repairable apurinic sites by both the mmsA + and mmsA - hosts. No decline in viability was observed when hydroxylamine was present in the medium. This compound is known to prevent or slow down β-elimination. The delayed decline in viability is therefore explained by assuming that apurinic sites give rise to β-elimination-induced single strand breaks in the phage DNA that cannot be repaired by either host. Marker rescue experiments indicated that these breaks did not interrupt injection of phage DNA.
Effect of amphetamine on sucrose-reinforced lever pressing: interaction with food deprivation.

Rats were trained to lever press on a Fixed Ratio Schedule 8 using sucrose reinforcement in one of two feeding conditions: (1) ad lib food and water available in the home cage; (2) reduced feeding in order to maintain the animals at 80% of their free feeding body weight. The effect of three doses of d-amphetamine (0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) on lever pressing was examined for each feeding condition. A systematic decrease in responding as dose increased was found in the ad lib feeding condition while only the highest dose had any effect on responding in the food restricted animals. Thus, it appeared that the effect of food deprivation was to shift the amphetamine dose-response curve to the right.
HIGH-SPEED CULTIVATION AND BANDING FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN NO-TILL CORN

Replacing herbicides with mechanical cultivation can reduce pesticide use in row crop production. Although a majority of Iowa’s corn land is cultivated, most is cultivated only once and herbicide is broadcast applied. To increase grower confidence in reducing herbicide use and in using cultivation for interrow weed control, a three-year field experiment compared various single-cultivation plus band-herbicide application strategies with broadcast application strategy and no-control strategy. To cover larger acreages in a narrow window of time, cultivation speed was increased each year from 11.3 to 14.1 to 16.9 km/h (7.0, 8.8, and 10.5 mph). A 38-cm (15-in.) herbicide band treatment had less weed growth, and generally greater yield, extended leaf height, and corn population than did a 19-cm (7.5-in.) band treatment. Few differences were noted among cultivator styles. Weed management and grain yield were as good or better with the traditional low-crown sweep as with other styles. Its wider cutting width (56-cm or 22 in.) in 76-cm (30-in.) rows resulted in a lower corn population, however, when operated at 16.9 km/h (10.5 mph) with a crosswind. Differences in weed population and visual weed cover rankings when comparing single-cultivation with broadcast-only strategies varied with years. Grain yield from a treatment using a single cultivation with a low-crown sweep and a 38-cm (15-in.) wide herbicide band was statistically equivalent to that from a broadcast-only treatment in all three years. Results of this study indicate that herbicide use can be halved and weed control and corn yield can be maintained by use of a 38 cm (15 in.) herbicide band and a single sweep cultivation.
Reduced-risk drinking as a treatment goal: what clinicians need to know

Reduced-risk drinking as a treatment goal for clients with alcohol problems has received limited acceptance in the United States. The majority of literature addressing reduced-risk drinking has focused on debates between proponents of traditional abstinence treatment and those supporting nonabstinence treatment. Proportionately little attention has been given to objective consideration of the potential advantages of integrating both abstinence and nonabstinence goals as part of a comprehensive continuum of treatment for clients with alcohol problems. Further, there is a lack of guidelines available to assist clinicians in treating and supporting clients with nonabstinence goals. The purpose of this article is to review the potential advantages of reduced-risk drinking for clients with alcohol problems and to forward strategies designed to assist clinicians in safely treating clients who wish to reduce rather than abstain from drinking alcohol. Current gaps in the literature and implications for future research are identified.
The relative impact of anxiety, depression, and clinical seizure features on health-related quality of life in epilepsy.

Summary: Purpose: To determine the independent effects of depression and anxiety on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in epilepsy as well as the relative explanatory power of psychiatric comorbidity compared with demographic and clinical epilepsy variables (e.g., seizure frequency, severity, and chronicity). Methods: Subjects (n = 87) with temporal lobe epilepsy completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, HRQOL, and seizure severity. Information was derived regarding subjects’ seizure frequency, duration, and treatment. HRQOL status (QOLIE-89) was examined in relation to self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, clinical seizure features, and demographic characteristics. Results: Depression and anxiety were independently associated with reduced HRQOL. Psychiatric comorbidity explained more variance in HRQOL than did combined groups of clinical seizure or demographic variables. Although weaker in explanatory power than psychiatric comorbidity, several epilepsy factors were nonetheless significantly related to HRQOL, including seizure frequency, severity, and chronicity. Conclusions: Interictal anxiety and depression exert independent adverse effects on HRQOL. In addition, frequent, severe, and chronic seizures reduce HRQOL, but appear less powerful predictors of HRQOL than interictal psychiatric symptoms. Recognition and treatment of comorbid depression and anxiety is an important consideration in improving quality of life in epilepsy. Key Words: Quality of life—Temporal lobe epilepsy—Complex partial seizures—Depression— Anxiety.
MBE growth of HgCdTe on silicon substrates for large format MWIR focal plane arrays

HgCdTe p-on-n double layer heterojunctions (DLHJs) for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) detector applications have been grown on 100 mm (4 inch) diameter (211) silicon substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The structural quality of these films is excellent, as demonstrated by x-ray rocking curves with full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of 80–100 arcsec, and etch pit densities from 1 106 to 7 106 cm−2. Morphological defect densities for these layers are generally less than 1000 cm−2. Improving Hg flux coverage of the wafer during growth can reduce void defects near the edges of the wafers. Improved tellurium source designs have resulted in better temporal flux stability and a reduction of the center to edge x-value variation from 9% to only 2%. Photovoltaic MWIR detectors have been fabricated from some of these 100mm wafers, and the devices show performance at 140 K which is comparable to other MWIR detectors grown on bulk CdZnTe substrates by MBE and by liquid phase epitaxy.
Raising the Next Generation

Amy Morris Homans had a vision that graduates of the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics and Wellesley College would make physical education a well-respected profession. The professional preparation received by her students equipped them to be educators, administrators, and future leaders of physical education. The purpose of this essay is to examine the socialization process that doctoral students in kinesiology experience as they prepare for their roles as future faculty in higher education. New faculty members quickly discover that they must be more productive than their predecessors, and they must possess broader talents to meet the societal expectations placed on university faculty. Three simultaneous socialization processes will be discussed: the role of the graduate student, the roles and way of life of faculty in higher education, and into the discipline. How can doctoral faculty better prepare future faculty to meet the expectations of the tenure and promotion process? Strategies by which the doct...
Calculation of the Time-Averaged Flow in Squirrel-Cage Blowers by Substituting Blades With Equivalent Forces

Radial fans of the squirrel-cage type are used in various industrial applications. The analysis of such fans via computational fluid mechanics can provide the overall fan performance coefficients, as well as give insights into the detailed flow field. However, a transient simulation of a 3D machine using a sliding grid for the rotating blades still requires prohibitively large computational resources, with CPU run times in the order of months. To avoid such long simulation times, a faster method is developed in this paper. Instead of solving the transient Navier-Stokes equations, they are first averaged over one impeller rotation, and then solved for the mean flow since only this flow is of practical interest. Due to the averaging process, the blades disappear as solid boundaries, but additional equation terms arise, which represent the blade forces on the fluid. An innovative closure model for these terms is developed by calculating forces in 2D blade rows with the same blade geometry as the 3D machine for a range of flow parameters. These forces are then applied in the 3D machine, and the resulting 3D time-averaged flow field and performance coefficients are calculated. The 3D flow field showed several characteristic features of squirrel-cage blowers, such as a cross-flow pattern through the fan at low flow coefficients, and a vortexlike flow pattern at the fan outlet. The 3D fan performance coefficients showed an excellent agreement with experimental data. Since the 3D simulation solves for the mean flow, it can be run as a steady-state problem with a comparatively coarse grid in the blade region, reducing CPU times by a factor of about 10 when compared to a transient simulation with a sliding grid. It is hoped that these savings in computational cost will encourage other researchers and industrial companies to adopt the new method presented here.
Spin‐up circulation of high‐latitude ion drag‐driven gyres

[1] We have used a model of thermospheric gyres with simplified geometry (azimuthally symmetric cylindrical coordinate) to study dynamical adjustment for high-latitude gyres spun-up into rapid motion by ion drag. In our simulations, winds are spun-up for an hour subject only to circumgyre ion drag forcing from strong radial electric fields with peak values of ±75 mV m−1 centered at a radial distance of 1500 km. The winds in the core of the jets approach 500 m s−1. The major finding is that the imbalance between the inertial forces (centrifugal and Coriolis) and the pressure gradient force during the spin-up of high-latitude gyres drives a strong radial circulation, and this circulation is a significant contributor to the radial circulation forced by all sources. This agradient circulation attempts to establish a gradient-wind balance between the inertial and pressure gradient forces. A feature of general circulation model simulations of the high-latitude lower thermosphere is that, subtracting the warming of the whole polar cap due to Joule heating, the counterrotating gyres driven into motion by ion convection have opposite thermal polarities, with the cyclonic gyre developing a cold core (low density) and the anticyclonic gyre a warm core (high density). We suggest that this is accomplished by the radial circulation forced by the aforementioned imbalance between the inertial and pressure gradient forces. While diabatic heating over the polar cap acts to elevate the temperature (raise the density) over the polar cap as a whole, the changes induced by the dynamically induced circulation account for the fact that cyclonic gyres in the lower thermosphere are relatively colder and denser and the anticyclonic gyres are relatively warmer and less dense. We also examine the radial circulation forced by the initial stages of spin-down and show that the spin-down circulation is significant.
Trophallaxis by temporal subcastes in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in response to honey

. Trophallactic behaviour of temporal subcastes in Solenopsis invicta Buren colonies was studied in two separate experiments. First, radiolabeled honey was presented to small colonies containing larvae, queens and marked workers; radioactivity in the head, thorax and abdomen of each ant was measured after 0.25, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The quantity of honey per subcaste was dependent on the total amount of honey collected. As more honey entered the colony, the quantity in foragers, queens and reserves increased more rapidly than that in nurses or larvae. The internal distribution of radioactivity in the head, thorax or abdomen indicated that differences between subcaste members in either the rate of food exchange or digestion existed. In a second experiment behavioural observations were made on marked workers in colonies before and after the presentation of honey. Reserves spent significantly more time engaged in trophallaxis than either foragers or nurses, both as active donors and active receivers. Based on number of encounters, nurses were more likely to receive honey while reserves and foragers were more likely to donate honey. The duration of encounters involving nurses tended to be shorter than those involving reserves or foragers.
A Mathematical Model for the Growth of Aluminum Etch Tunnels

A simulation of the growth of pits on aluminum during anodic etching in hot chloride solutions was developed. The simulation is based on equations for mass transport and for the potential-controlled removal of chloride ions from the dissolving surface. The latter process untrates oxide passivation. Etch pits are found to transform into tunnels which at first maintain parallel sidewalls and then begin to taper. The predicted tunnel shapes agree quantitatively with those measured experimentally. Tunnel formation is possible only when the potential at the tunnel entrance during etching is within 20-30 mV of the repassivation potential: as a result. the size of the dissolving surface is nearly constant during pit growth. In the tapered-width regime of tunnel growth, the AlCl 3 concentration at the end of the tunnel is near saturation, despite the absence of precipitation from the model equations. The model shows that this condition derives from the low conductivity of the concentrated solution, coupled with the sensitivity of the rate of surface chloride removal to changes in the potential at the dissolving surface.
Ancient advice for modern mariners

Some unusual preparations may be advised for persons anticipating voyages in sailing research vessels. For example, cooking facilities on sailing ships tend to be of modest means, and a scientist embarking on such a vessel may wonder whether he should bring his own essential provisions. Casting about for ideas, I happened on some relevant advice from Benjamin Franklin, who was seldom reluctant to sermonize on matters at hand. In spite of his numerous Atlantic crossings, Franklin was humble about offering advice to mariners, who he realized were generally suspicious of landlubbers.
How frequently should the amniotic fluid index be repeated

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the most appropriate interval for assessing amniotic fluidvolume with amniotic fluid index. STUDY DESIGN: In a retrospective analysis amniotic fluid indexes performed every 3 to 4 days in antepartum testing patients were compared with their follow-up values. Of 10,742 amniotic fluid indexes there were 7393 with follow-up values within 4 days. The results were stratified by current amniotic fluid index, gestational age, and concurrent nonstress test results. The groups were compared with X2 analysis. RESULTS: Patients with normal amniotic fluid index (≥8 cm) had a 0.54% chance of oligohydramnios developing in the next 4 days. Those patients with low normal amniotic fluid indexes (5 to 8 cm) had a 5% chance of oligohydramnios developing within the next 4 days, and patients with low amniotic fluid indexes (≤5 cm) had a 59% chance of persistent oligohydramnios 4 days after the index examination. Subdividing by gestational age demonstrated that patients ≥41 weeks' gestation had a 2.6% chance of oligohydramnios developing within 4 days if current amniotic fluid index was between 8 and 15 cm. Results of concurrent fetal heart rate findings did not appear to change the risk for development of oligohydramnios. CONCLUSION: In patients Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1129–33.)
Inferential Hopscotch: How People Draw Social Inferences From Behavior:

Tim and Sue observe an anxious looking man in a dentist's waiting room. Tim decides that the man must have an anxious personality (a trait inference). In contrast, Sue de cides that the man is anxious be cause he is waiting to see the dentist (a situational inference). Why might Tim and Sue have drawn such dif ferent inferences? Social inference researchers have long been inter ested in the different inferences that people draw when they view the same behavior. Early work on social inference focused on the tendency for peoples' inferences to be biased in favor of trait inferences. For ex ample, when members of a debate team are assigned to argue for a par ticular political position, observers often infer that the debaters' true at titudes match their assigned posi tion.1 More recently, research has focused not only on what people in fer (i.e., the final inference), but also on how they infer (i.e., the process by which inferences are drawn).
Do Intermediate Radiation Doses Contribute to Late Rectal Toxicity? An Analysis of Data From Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 94-06

Purpose To investigate whether the volumes of rectum exposed to intermediate doses, from 30 to 50 Gy, contribute to the risk of Grade ≥2 late rectal toxicity among patients with prostate cancer receiving radiotherapy. Methods and Materials Data from 1009 patients treated on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocol 94-06 were analyzed using three approaches. First, the contribution of intermediate doses to a previously published fit of the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model was determined. Next, the extent to which intermediate doses provide additional risk information, after taking the LKB model into account, was investigated. Third, the proportion of rectum receiving doses higher than a threshold, VDose, was computed for doses ranging from 5 to 85 Gy, and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine which of these parameters were significantly associated with time to Grade ≥2 late rectal toxicity. Results Doses n = 0.077). Furthermore, there was no detectable difference in late rectal toxicity among cohorts with similar risk estimates from the LKB model but with different volumes of rectum exposed to intermediate doses. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model selected V75 as the only value of VDose significantly associated with late rectal toxicity. Conclusions There is no evidence from these data that intermediate doses influence the risk of Grade ≥2 late rectal toxicity. Instead, the critical doses for this endpoint seem to be ≥75 Gy. It is hypothesized that cases of Grade ≥2 late rectal toxicity occurring among patients with V75 less than approximately 12% may be due to a "background" level of risk, likely due mainly to biological factors.
A comparison of designs for one-step screening and response surface estimation

The sequential design approach to response surface exploration is often viewed as advantageous as it provides the opportunity to learn from each successive experiment with the ultimate goal of determining optimum operating conditions for the system or process under study. Recent literature has explored factor screening and response surface optimization using only one three-level design to handle situations where conducting multiple experiments is prohibitive. The most straightforward and accessible analysis strategy for such designs is to first perform a main-effects only analysis to screen important factors before projecting the design onto these factors to conduct response surface exploration. This article proposes the use of optimal designs with minimal aliasing (MA designs) and demonstrates that they are more effective at screening important factors than the existing designs recommended for single-design response surface exploration. For comparison purposes, we construct 27-run MA designs with up to 13 factors and demonstrate their utility using established design criterion and a simulation study. Copyright 2011 © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicone-Based Magnetic Microspheres for Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapeutics

Magnetic microspheres are used in a wide variety of applications within the scientific community - from cell-sorting to microscale force experiments. Recently, they have shown promise in magnetic hyperthermia therapeutics, which may be an effective substitute for more traditional chemotherapy and radiation treatments of malignant tumors. An ideal magnetic microsphere for magnetic hyperthermia must have a high magnetic content and a biocompatible matrix. We present here the first instance of a silicone-based magnetic elastomer with the nanoscale homogeneity required for the fabrication of uniform magnetic microspheres. We fabricate microspheres (0.5 - 1 μm diameter) of this material with magnetic content approaching 50% wt. and demonstrate heating with an external high frequency magnetic field. High magnetic content and the absence of aggregation of the constituent magnetic nanoparticles in our material leads to a high specific absorption rate (SAR, or the power absorbed per gram of material) upon magnetic stimulation, and therefore effective heating. Furthermore, hyperthermia studies with magnetite nanoparticles have shown that SAR depends very heavily on diameter; therefore, in this work we produce magnetic microspheres containing monodisperse nanoparticles across a range of applicable diameters and explore the effects of particles size on SAR.
Changing patterns of breast cancer. Lucy Wortham James lecture (clinical)

At present, through public awareness and the use of improved diagnostic aids, increasing numbers of patients are being seen with localized "minimal" breast cancer. In our own experience, the average measured size of the primary tumor has diminished from 3.2 cm in 1955 to 2 cm in 1974. Although the incidence of axillary node metastases has diminished only from about 50% to 42% during this interval, the extent of involvement and the distribution of nodal disease has improved markedly with a marked decrease in apical node involvement. Mammography has been responsible for the detection of more than 50% of our "minimal" breast cancers. This improved patient material presents a great potential for improved control of this disease. In planning the choice of surgery for primary breast cancer, its multicentric origin, and regional nodal spread to axillary and internal mammary nodal areas must be considered. There is no single ideal operation for all breast cancers. The scope of surgery should be correlated with the clinical and pathologic extent of disease in the individual patient with the aim of removing all disease present while preserving appearance and function-the main goal being removal of disease. We have utilized three operative procedures: total mastectomy with axillary dissection, radical mastectomy, and extended radical mastectomy. With this approach a 10-year survival rate of 61% with a local recurrence rate of 7.7% has been attained in a group of 565 patients with 40% axillary node involvement. The best salvage obtained in patients with "minimal" breast cancers-noninfiltrating cancers and infiltrating cancers under 1 cm in diameter with clinically negative axillae-was 95% survival at 10 years following modified radical mastectomy (total mastectomy with axillary dissection). When disease has extended to the axillary nodes the more extensive procedures have proved more effective in achieving long term control-54% 10 year survival in patients with axillary node metastases treated by the extended radical mastectomy. An increasing number of patients are being seen who can be treated adequately by less than a radical mastectomy. Careful clinical judgment and close liason with a competent pathologist must be combined in selecting the proper operative procedure for each individual patient. Statistics concerning therapeutic effects based on current material, unless they are based on accurate data covering extent of disease, cannot be compared with previous data because of the improved patient material now being encountered. Adjuvant multiple chemotherapy appears promising as a supplement to surgical treatment of breast cancer. However, it should not be used to replace or minimize the role of primary surgery, but should be combined with the optimum procedure for each individual patient.
A simple method to purify ribonucleotide reductase.

Abstract Assays of ribonucleotide reductase in extracts of Detroit 98 (human) cells were found to be complicated by the rapid depletion of the substrate (CDP) by nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Assays of either 100,000g supernatants or ammonium sulfate-fractionated extracts resulted in the conversion of >90% of the substrate to CTP within 2 min. It was therefore desirable to separate nucleoside diphosphate kinase from ribonucleotide reductase. Chromatography of the fractionated extract on an ATP-agarose column resulted in the delivery of nondissociated ribonucleotide reductase in the void volume and the retention of >99.9% of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase. The kinase could be eluted by 2 m m ATP. The ribonucleotide reductase was recovered from this commercially available gel with an apparent yield of >200%. It could be accurately assayed with only minimal extraneous depletion of substrate. Furthermore, it was stable to storage at −80°C. Tris-HCl was found to inhibit the enzyme. When HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)-Na buffer was used in place of Tris-HCl, the rate of CDP reduction was increased by 2.5-fold. Since the above procedure selectively removes nucleoside diphosphate kinase from crude preparations of ribonucleotide reductase, it should have general applicability for purifying ribonucleotide reductase from other sources.
Production, isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to cytochromes c of beef heart and Paracoccus denitrificans

Hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies which bind beef heart eytochrome c or Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome c have been produced using spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with cytochrome c. Immunization was performed with either the native cytochrome c, succinylated hemocyanin-conjugated cytochrome c, or beef heart cytochrome c polymerized with glutaraldehyde. Of 10 such fusions, the hybridization frequency ranged from 0 to 42%. The cell fusion efficiency, the possible factors involved in the cell fusion efficiency and the frequency of antibody producing hybridomas are described. The percentage of hybridomas positive for anti-cytochrome c antibody production as screened for by radioimmunoassay or ELISA was 2%. Of the antibodies from 12 hybridoma cell lines which resulted from 10 fusions, three were specific to beef heart cytochrome c, another three were specific to P. denitrificans cytochrome c, and the remainder reacted with both cytochromes c. These groups of monoclonal antibodies react to different sets of sites on these two cytochromes c. The monoclonal antibodies from ten representative clones have been isolated and characterized by different methods.
The Relations of Proper Character Introduction to Narrative Quality and Listening Comprehension for Young Children from High Poverty Schools.

The present study explored the types and frequency of literate language features in children’s narratives, and the relation of literate language and proper character introduction to children’s oral language skills in a sample of 184 prekindergarten, kindergarten, and first grade students from high-poverty schools. Using hierarchical regression, the results showed that literate language features were not predictive of listening comprehension or narrative quality outcomes. In contrast, children’s skill in properly introducing characters significantly accounted for variance in all outcome measures (narrative comprehension, narrative quality, and listening comprehension) above and beyond the control variables (age, total number of words, and mean length of utterance) and literate language features (adverbs, conjunctions, mental and linguistic verbs, and elaborated noun phrases). These results indicate that the child’s retell and language comprehension skills may develop concurrently with proper character introduction.
On the interpretation of multiplicative white noise

Abstract The interpretation of a stochastic differential equation as an approximation to a stochastic difference equation is discussed. A criterion is presented for determining which stochastic calculus should be used.
Extra‐Individual Correlates of Physical Activity Attainment in Rural Older Adults

CONTEXT: Challenged with a higher incidence of disease, reduced social support, and less access to physical activity facilities and services, rural older adults may find healthy active living a challenge. Despite these challenges, some rural older adults manage to achieve active lifestyles. PURPOSE: This study investigates the relative importance of 4 extra-individual correlates of physical activity to physical activity achievement in rural seniors. METHODS: Data were drawn from mail questionnaires completed by 454 adults age 65 and over in 7 rural North Carolina counties. FINDINGS: Results from an analysis of covariance indicate that respondents who approached CDC/ACSM recommended levels of physical activity were significantly more likely to report that they lived within walking distance to parks, perceived they had transportation to physical activity areas, had a partner with whom to be active, and felt activity facilities were safe. Next, 7 extra-individual correlates of physical activity were entered into a backward logistic regression. The resultant model predicting physical activity achievement among rural older adults included social support for physical activity, a safe environment for physical activity, and reported ability to walk to a local park. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions designed to provide social support, heighten safety at activity areas and improve park infrastructure may provide opportunities to increase physical activity among seniors. Language: en
A three channel model of temporal frequency perception

This paper derives the constraints on a set of channels that would be consistent with the results of several experiments on the temporal properties of the visual system, and it describes a specific set of channels that meet these constraints. Data on simultaneous detection and discrimination require a minimum of three channels. Temporal frequency discrimination at and above threshold constrain the bandwidths and locations of the channels. The shape of the temporal modulation sensitivity function constrains their sensitivities. The functions that meet these constraints are similar to those derived from masking data, and they can account for data on flicker matching, notch losses in modulation sensitivity, and changes of perceived temporal frequency with changes of modulation depth.
Somatic recombination of themnd chromosomal region in diploids and dikaryons ofSchizophyllum commune

Abstract Somatic recombination was compared in genetically identical diploid and dikaryotic mycelia heteroallelic for the recessive morphological marker,mnd, and six other genetic markers. Although recombination including the chromosomal segment containingmnd was detected in both types of somatic cells, the underlying process appears to be different. The diploids showed parasexual recombination associated with sectoring, whereas the dikaryon typically showed, with rare exception, a peculiar type of internuclear transfer resulting in a single genetic alteration in themnd chromosomal region. Some of the haploidmnd end products recovered from diploids produced unusual and unstable dikaryotic transformed mound tissue when mated tomnd+ strains. The instability produced normal dikaryotic sectors which proved upon analysis to be revertants to nonmounds. The results suggest that these “transformed” dikaryotic mound cells contained a donormnd nucleus and a recipient nucleus which is somehow heteroallelic [mndmnd+]. Reversion from a mound to a nonmound cell is envisioned as loss of the previously acquiredmnd allele. These results suggest that unstable mounds formed in dikaryotic colonies do not occur by a somatic recombination mechanism involving allelic substitution, as previously hypothesized, but rather by the addition of genetic material to themnd+ nucleus without genetic loss. Whatever the precise mechanism for stable and unstable mound development in dikaryons, the studies detailed within suggest that a diploid nucleus is an unlikely intermediate in the somatic recombination process.
The Language Discothèque

Author's Summary— The best results from the use of phonograph records in language study are obtained only if the records are carefully chosen and used in conjunction with a serious study of phonetics. The records should be made available to students through the creation of a language discotheque or library of records.)
Associations between systemic lupus erythematosus and the major histocompatibility complex: Clinical and immunological considerations

Abstract One hundred and six Caucasian patients with SLE were studied regarding the frequency of genetic (MHC) markers and clinical and immunological features and whether there was any association among these. MHC testing included HLA-A, B, C, DR, MB, MT, and related specificities. There was a significant increase in HLA/B8, DR2, and DR3, and a decrease in MB3. The linkage disequilibrium of A1, B8, and DR3 in patients with SLE was similar to that in normals. The association (relative risk) between SLE and B8 may be greater than SLE and DR3. Associations were noted between Aw31 and low factor B levels, absence of DR5 and arthritis, MB1 and arthritis, pericarditis and Aw32, rheumatoid factor and DR2, and anti-DNA and anti-Sm and DR7. The findings of genetic markers associated with different immunological and clinical features suggest that combinations of different genes may result in the spectrum of the disease SLE.
The impact of deregulation on employment discrimination in the trucking industry

Past studies of racial discrimination in the for-hire sector of the motor carrier industry find that deregulation is an effective tool for mitigating discrimination. These studies argue that regulation provides a refuge from competition that allows employers to discriminate and pass costs on to consumers. Thus, increased competition of deregulation allows less latitude to discriminate. This study reexamines the impact of deregulation on racial employment in the trucking industry. Specifically, micro-data are used to measure and decompose increased minority participation of for-hire drivers following deregulation. The findings of this paper concur that deregulation increased minority participation in the industry. However, the new findings suggest that only a fraction of this increase can be attributed to employers having less latitude to racially discriminate.
Context and consistency in absenteeism: studying social and dispositional influences across multiple settings

Abstract We examine the merits of studying absence and attendance behaviors across multiple settings. In this approach, we connect consistent, between-person variance to dispositional influences and contextual, within-person variance to social influences. Using definitions of absence and lateness that focus on how these behaviors violate social expectations, we found that self-reported absenteeism at 11 different settings yielded a consistency estimate comparable to many measures of work-related constructs (coefficient α=.62). Self-reported lateness yielded even greater consistency (α=.76). Supplementary evidence using archival records of attendance and performance showed that response biases were unlikely sources of all of the apparent absence and lateness “proneness.” Self-monitoring was unrelated to overall levels of absence or lateness, but was weakly related to modulation of absence and lateness rates across settings (r's=.14 and .10, respectively). Perceived social expectations were correlated at the idiographic level with absence and lateness patterns across the 11 settings (median r's=−.30 and −.17, respectively). Findings are discussed in terms of how different research strategies partition and highlight different components of variance in absenteeism behavior.
Studies on the metabolism of ribosomal RNA and protein of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of rat liver

Abstract The metabolism of structural RNAs and structural proteins of ribosomes in hepatic free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of rats was investigated. The results indicated that ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins associated with free polyribosomes become more highly labeled than those of membrane-bound polyribosomes during early periods of labeling (0.5–4.0 h) with radioactive precursors ([14C]orotate or [14C]leucine). However, after this early labeling period, ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes reach a similar degree of labeling by 12 h after the injection of the radioactive compounds. Studies dealing with actinomycin D indicated that when the synthesis of rRNA was selectively inhibited by administering a low dose of actinomycin D, the incorporation of [14C]-leucine into ribosomal proteins was also inhibited. These findings suggest a metabolic coordination between the synthesis of RNA and that of protein of ribosomes.
A rare cause of blindness.

Abstract Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection remains a serious problem in many underdeveloped countries. TB is largely perceived as a disease affecting the pulmonary system, yet despite declining cases of pulmonary TB in the United States (US), extrapulmonary infections are being reported at an increasing proportion of total TB cases. Moreover, due to the insidious nature of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), it may not be readily recognized by emergency physicians, as it masquerades as more commonly encountered infectious or inflammatory processes. Objectives The incidence of ocular TB infection varies widely by geographic area, but has historically been low in the US. However, a resurgence of TB in developed European nations is cause for concern, as an increasing percentage of these infections have revealed ocular involvement. Case Report We present a case report of blindness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and highlight some of the challenges the emergency physician may encounter when diagnosing EPTB. The case includes the patient's treatment course and subsequent follow-up. Conclusion Loss of vision may be a presenting complaint for active tuberculosis infection.
Crystallization of icosahedral phase from glassy Pd-U-Si alloys

The glassy-to-icosahedral phase transformation in Pd-U-Si alloys is studied by using x-ray and transmission electron diffraction. It is found that the transformation is polymorphous and it proceeds via a nucleation and growth process. The nucleation is homogeneous, and a large number of nuclei (\ensuremath{\simeq}${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) are found in the early stage of transformation which can be explained by the existence of short-range icosahedral order in the corresponding glassy phase. It appears that the icosahedral particles grow by atomic attachment at the particle interphase boundary. Some particles are in pentagonal or hexagonal shape, which reflects the internal symmetry of icosahedral phase. Coarsening is believed to occur during the growth process. A picture of the transformation is presented and comparisons are made with other results on glassy-to-icosahedral phase transformations.
Deposition of non-Brownian particles under colloidal forces

Abstract The trajectory equations for non-Brownian particle motion in flow past spherical and rotating disc collectors are solved numerically to yield prediction of particle collection when particle-collector interactions are of the classical colloid type (DLVO). Four distinct zones of collection are delineated, depending on the physical and chemical parameters: (a) strong capture by the primary minimum of the interaction potential; (b) weak capture by the secondary minimum of the interaction potential; (c) an extremely narrow zone of simultaneous strong and weak capture on different parts of a given spherical collector; (d) a zone in which repulsion prevents collection altogether. Sample calculations of collection efficiencies corresponding to the four zones are presented. Existing experiments are discussed in light of the theory and decisive new experiments, which should provide a crucial test of colloid force theories, are proposed.
Bio-inspired particle separator design based on the food retention mechanism by suspension-feeding fish

A new particle separator is designed using a crossflow filtration mechanism inspired by suspension-feeding fish in this study. To construct the model of the bio-inspired particle separator, computational fluid dynamics techniques are used, and parameters related to separator shape, fluid flow and particle properties that might affect the performance in removing particles from the flow, are varied and tested. The goal is to induce a flow rotation which enhances the separation of particles from the flow, reduce the particle-laden flow that exits via a collection zone at the lower/posterior end of the separator, while at the same time increase the concentration of particles in that flow. Based on preliminary particle removal efficiency tests, an exiting flow through the collection zone of about 8% of the influent flow rate is selected for all the performance tests of the separator including trials with particles carried by air flow instead of water. Under this condition, the simulation results yield similar particle removal efficiencies in water and air but with different particle properties. Particle removal efficiencies (percentage of influent particles that exit through the collection zone) were determined for particles ranging in size from 1 to 1500 µm with a density between 1000 and 1150 kg m−3 in water and 2 and 19 mm and 68 and 2150 kg m−3 in air. As an example, removal efficiencies are 66% and 64% for 707 µm diameter particles with a density of 1040 kg m−3 in water and for 2 mm particles with a density of 68 kg m−3 in air, respectively. No significant performance difference is found by geometrically scaling the inlet diameter of the separator up or down in the range from 2.5 to 10 cm.
The alar scroll: An important anatomical structure in lobule surgery

The alar scroll (the interval structure between the upper and lower lateral cartilages) has been an overlooked important component of nasal anatomy and rhinoplasty. The functional roll and consequences of destroying the integrity of the scroll are discussed. Among other features, the scroll provides rigidity to the area of the internal nasal valve. It also provides tip support. The need to avoid excessive disruption of the scroll is discussed. Preservation of the scroll is suggested when possible. Surgical approaches to the alar scroll and reestablishment of scroll functions are reviewed. The use of buttress grafts proves particularly helpful. These techniques are described for both the open and closed approach.