cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Azithromycin and clarithromycin inhibition of 50S ribosomal subunit formation in Staphylococcus aureus cells

The ID50 values for azithromycin and clarithromycin inhibition of translation and of 50S assembly in Staphylococcus aureus cells have been measured. For clarithromycin, 50% inhibition of growth occurred at 0.075 μg/ml, and the effects on translation and 50S formation were equivalent at 0.15 μg/ml. The inhibition of these processes by azithromycin was less effective, with an ID50 of 2.5 μg/ml for growth and 5 μg/ml for inhibition of translation and 50S formation. The additive effects of each of these drugs on translation and 50S formation account quantitatively for their observed influence on cellular growth rates. In macrolide-treated cells, there was also a direct relationship between the loss of ribosomal RNA from the 50S subunit and its accumulation as oligoribonucleotides. These results are compared with the previously described effects of erythromycin on these same processes.
Fluctuating equilibrium MRI.

A new fast, spectrally selective imaging method called fluctuating equilibrium magnetic resonance is presented. With all gradients refocused over a repetition interval, certain phase schedules of radiofrequency excitation pulses produce an equilibrium magnetization that fluctuates from excitation to excitation, thus permitting simultaneous acquisition of several images with different contrast features. For example, lipid and water images can be rapidly acquired. The effective echo time can be adjusted using the flip angle, thus providing control over the T(2) contribution to the contrast. Several applications of the technique are presented, including fast musculoskeletal, abdominal, breast, and brain imaging, in addition to MR angiography. A technique for combining lipid and water images generated with this sequence for angiography is described and other potential applications are suggested. Magn Reson Med 42:876-883, 1999.
Stollwerk or Bulwark?: David Meets Goliath and the Continuation of the Testimonio Debate

I began gingerly feeling my way into1 David Stoll's Rigoberta Menchu' and the Story ofAll Poor Guatemalans (1998) after having read an excerpt in the literary journal Brick (Stoll, 1997), responses to it, and the by now (in)famous piece in the New York Times (Rohter, 1998) and others, the most recent probably being the one in The Nation (Grandin and Goldman, 1999). When I finally received a copy of the book I attempted an Arabic reading of it, from the bibliography to the beginning. At first I was impressed by the bibliography, but it was quickly revealed as a catalogue of substantial lacunae: Stoll does list my recent book on the testimonio debate, The Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America (1996), for instance, but all too soon it becomes apparent that he is familiar only with the collection's earlier essays. He indicates almost complete lack of awareness of the critical discussions of the third testimonio phase (represented by Alberto Morairas, Gareth Williams, Jorge Sanjines, and others). One can easily draw the conclusion that Stoll is resistant to literary theory despite contemporary anthropology's increasing dependence on it. He lists the Latin American Perspectives issue on testimonio, "Voices of the Voiceless," but unfortunately overlooks its second part, with its brief yet emotional piece by a student whose response to a reading of Rigoberta Menchu's testimonio indicates the enormous power of this literary text. Regrettably, it is this kind of response that from now on will be less likely because of Stoll's intervention. Most of the essays in the special issue of Revista de Critica Literaria Latinoamericana (1992) are also not cited, although the issue as such is properly listed. What good, one may ask, is a bibliography when the text indicates that the compiler has obviously not read the books included in it? These lacunae are quite telling, for through them it becomes obvious that the academic who attacks the scholarship of others regarding the con-
Differential Processing of Proglucagon by the Subtilisin-like Prohormone Convertases PC2 and PC3 to Generate either Glucagon or Glucagon-like Peptide (∗)

Proglucagon is processed differently in the islet alpha cells and the intestinal endocrine L cells to release either glucagon or glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-37) (GLP1-(7-37)), peptide hormones with opposing actions in vivo. In previous studies with a transformed alpha cell line (alpha TC1-6) we demonstrated that the kexin/subtilisin-like prohormone convertase, PC2 (SPC2), is responsible for generating the typical alpha cell pattern of proglucagon processing, giving rise to glucagon and leaving unprocessed the entire C-terminal half-molecule known as major proglucagon fragment or MPGF (Rouille, Y., Westermark, G., Martin, S. K., Steiner. D. F. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3242-3246). Here we present evidence, using mouse pituitary AtT-20 cells infected with a vaccinia viral vector encoding proglucagon, that PC3 (SPC3), the major neuroendocrine prohormone convertase in these cells, reproduces the intestinal L cell processing phenotype, in which MPGF is processed to release two glucagon-related peptides, GLP1 and GLP2, while the glucagon-containing N-terminal half-molecule (glicentin) is only partially processed to oxyntomodulin and small amounts of glucagon. Moreover, in AtT-20 cells stably transfected with PC2 (AtT-20/PC2 cells), glicentin was efficiently processed to glucagon, providing further support for the conclusion that PC2 is the enzyme responsible for the alpha cell processing phenotype. In other cell lines expressing both PC2 and PC3 (STC-1 and beta TC-3), proglucagon was also processed extensively to both glucagon and GLP1-(7-37), although STC-1 cells express lower levels of PC2 and processed the N-terminal domain to glucagon less efficiently. In contrast, GH4C1 and COS 7 cells, which express very little or no PC2 or PC3, failed to process proglucagon, aside from a low level of interdomain cleavage which occurred only in the GH4C1 cells. In vitro PC3 did not cleave at the single Arg residue in GLP1 to generate GLP1-(7-37), its truncated biologically active form, indicating the likelihood that another convertase is required for this cleavage.
PLANT PHENOLICS AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN MITIGATING IRON OVERLOAD DISORDER IN WILD ANIMALS

Abstract: Phenolic compounds are bioactive chemicals found in all vascular plants but are difficult to characterize and quantify, and comparative analyses on these compounds are challenging due to chemical structure complexity and inconsistent laboratory methodologies employed historically. These chemicals can elicit beneficial or toxic effects in consumers, depending on the compound, dose and the species of the consumer. In particular, plant phenolic compounds such as tannins can reduce the utilization of iron in mammalian and avian consumers. Multiple zoo-managed wild animal species are sensitive to iron overload, and these species tend to be offered diets higher in iron than most of the plant browse consumed by these animals in the wild and in captivity. Furthermore, these animals likely consume diets higher in polyphenols in the wild as compared with in managed settings. Thus, in addition to reducing dietary iron concentrations in captivity, supplementing diets with phenolic compounds capable of safe...
Raman and optical parametric oscillation in ultra-high-Q planar microcavities

The ultra-high-Q and small mode volume of chip-based toroid microcavities, allows to significantly reduce the threshold for all common nonlinear optical phenomena. Here we report on stimulated Raman and optical parametric oscillation in these cavities.
Hoop conjecture in spherically symmetric spacetimes

We give general sufficient conditions for the existence of trapped surfaces due to concentration of matter in spherically symmetric initial data sets satisfying the dominant energy condition. These results are novel in that they apply and are meaningful for arbitrary spacelike slices, that is, they do not require any auxiliary assumptions such as maximality, time symmetry, or special extrinsic foliations, and most importantly they can easily be generalized to the nonspherical case once an existence theory for a modified version of the Jang equation is developed. Moreover, our methods also yield positivity and monotonicity properties of the Misner-Sharp energy.
How much PEEP? Do we need another meta-analysis?

That ventilator-induced lung injury can result from inappropriate ventilator settings is now well accepted. Tidal volume limitation (6 mL/kg ideal body weight) and inspiratory pressure limitation (plateau pressure less than 30 cm H2O) are now standards of care to avoid over-distention injury for
The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations With China in World War II

This book is a general history of America's relations with China during World War II. It is based on archival material and monographic writings, and is designed to be a balanced and comprehensive synthesis of information.
Point-Counterpoint: Consolidated Clinical Microbiology Laboratories

ABSTRACT The manner in which medical care is reimbursed in the United States has resulted in significant consolidation in the U.S. health care system. One of the consequences of this has been the development of centralized clinical microbiology laboratories that provide services to patients receiving care in multiple off-site, often remote, locations. Microbiology specimens are unique among clinical specimens in that optimal analysis may require the maintenance of viable organisms. Centralized laboratories may be located hours from patient care settings, and transport conditions need to be such that organism viability can be maintained under a variety of transport conditions. Further, since the provision of rapid results has been shown to enhance patient care, effective and timely means for generating and then reporting the results of clinical microbiology analyses must be in place. In addition, today, increasing numbers of patients are found to have infection caused by pathogens that were either very uncommon in the past or even completely unrecognized. As a result, infectious disease specialists, in particular, are more dependent than ever on access to high-quality diagnostic information from clinical microbiology laboratories. In this point-counterpoint discussion, Robert Sautter, who directs a Charlotte, NC, clinical microbiology laboratory that provides services for a 40-hospital system spread over 3 states in the southeastern United States explains how an integrated clinical microbiology laboratory service has been established in a multihospital system. Richard (Tom) Thomson of the NorthShore University HealthSystem in Evanston, IL, discusses some of the problems and pitfalls associated with large-scale laboratory consolidation.
Computing general geometric structures on surfaces using Ricci flow

Systematically generalizing planar geometric algorithms to manifold domains is of fundamental importance in computer aided design field. This paper proposes a novel theoretic framework, geometric structure, to conquer this problem. In order to discover the intrinsic geometric structures of general surfaces, we developed a theoretic rigorous and practical efficient method, Discrete Variational Ricci flow. Different geometries study the invariants under the corresponding transformation groups. The same geometry can be defined on various manifolds, whereas the same manifold allows different geometries. Geometric structures allow different geometries to be defined on various manifolds, therefore algorithms based on the corresponding geometric invariants can be applied on the manifold domains directly. Surfaces have natural geometric structures, such as spherical structure, affine structure, projective structure, hyperbolic structure and conformal structure. Therefore planar algorithms based on these geometries can be defined on surfaces straightforwardly. Computing the general geometric structures on surfaces has been a long lasting open problem. We solve the problem by introducing a novel method based on discrete variational Ricci flow. We thoroughly explain both theoretical and practical aspects of the computational methodology for geometric structures based on Ricci flow, and demonstrate several important applications of geometric structures: generalizing Voronoi diagram algorithms to surfaces via Euclidean structure, cross global parametrization between high genus surfaces via hyperbolic structure, generalizing planar splines to manifolds via affine structure. The experimental results show that our method is rigorous and efficient and the framework of geometric structures is general and powerful.
Distributed dynamic channel assignment schemes

Some distributed channel schemes for a one-dimensional cellular radio system are described. The channel assignment in the schemes proposed is based on signal strength measurements and therefore gives an improvement in capacity over schemes using reuse distance criterion for channel assignment. The proposed schemes are evaluated by simulations and their behavior with variation in traffic density, size of the channel set and number of reassignments is studied.
Can a practicing surgeon detect early lymphedema reliably

Background: Lymphedema may be identified by simpler circumference changes as compared with changes in limb volume. Methods: Ninety breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in an academic trial, and seven upper extremity circumferences were measured quarterly for 3 years. A 10% volume increase or greater than 1 cm increase in arm circumference identified lymphedema with verification by a lymphedema specialist. Sensitivity and specificity of several different criteria for detecting lymphedema were compared using the academic trial as the standard. Results: Thirty-nine cases of lymphedema were identified by the academic trial. Using a 10% increase in circumference at two sites as the criterion, half the lymphedema cases were detected (sensitivity 37%). When using a 10% increase in circumference at any site, 74.4% of cases were detected (sensitivity 49%). Detection by a 5% increase in circumference at any site was 91% sensitive. Conclusions: An increase of 5% in circumference measurements identified the most potential lymphedema cases compared with an academic trial. © 2003 Excerpta Medica, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dockground protein–protein docking decoy set

Summary: A protein–protein docking decoy set is built for the Dockground unbound benchmark set. The GRAMM-X docking scan was used to generate 100 non-native and at least one near-native match per complex for 61 complexes. The set is a publicly available resource for the development of scoring functions and knowledge-based potentials for protein docking methodologies. Availability: The decoys are freely available for download at http://dockground.bioinformatics.ku.edu/UNBOUND/decoy/decoy.php Contact: [email protected]
La ciencia del tabaco en Puerto Rico, 1900-1940

Tobacco became an important export product in Puerto Rico after the American occupation of 1898, in large part, because of investments in the scientific study of tobacco: its efficient cultivation, its economic structure and its marketing. Scientific experimentation and the practical application of research findings in tobacco farms provided an arena for significant collaborative relationships between tobacco growers, scientists in Puerto Rico and the U.S., and the insular and federal governments. The involvement of Puerto Ricans in the science of tobacco, including their support of scientific inquiry, their continued demands for funding and beneficial agricultural legislation, and their adoption of modern agricultural technology, demonstrate that rather than being observers of rapid economic changes, they were activists, using the democratic guarantees available under the U.S. colonial structure to improve their economic situation.
Compensatory kidney growth in estrogen receptor-α null mice

Females are relatively protected in many progressive kidney diseases. Processes of kidney scarring and growth are intricately linked, and female kidneys are smaller than male kidneys. To better und...
Off-pump insertion of continuous flow left ventricular assist devices.

Background and Aim of the Study: Traditional left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation requires extensive dissection and use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Potential adverse effects of CPB in very ill end-stage heart failure patients include right ventricular dysfunction, end-organ injury, and bleeding. We sought to evaluate the feasibility and outcome of LVAD insertion without CPB. Methods: The Jarvik 2000 is an axial-flow pump newly involved in a phase I clinical trial in status I patients as a bridge to transplantation. Seven patients received this pump through thoracotomy or sternotomy with or without the use of CPB. Results: All patients had NYHA class IV heart failure with end-organ dysfunction requiring inotropic therapy. Two were in cardiogenic shock, necessitating full CPB support. Five patients had the Jarvik implanted off-CPB. The off-CPB patients were associated with decreased length of surgery, mechanical ventilation, blood transfusions, inotropic support, and hospital stay including rehabilitation. Nearly all of the patients had complete resolution of liver and kidney dysfunction. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that off-CPB insertion of axial flow LVADs is feasible, safe, and potentially advantageous. Although we are encouraged by the perioperative simplicity of this strategy, we acknowledge that additional implants and comparisons of outcomes with traditional pulsatile and continuous flow device techniques will be necessary to advocate its widespread adoption.
Playing with fieldwork

Field research produces all kinds of knowledge, only some of which makes it into our texts. Rich troves of data are mined over many years, but some materials get stuck, constituted as marginal, imagined as private musings, anecdotes, mere ‘stories’ told over dinner but never part of the formal narrative. During a year of often-arduous field research in rural Sudan, I kept a comic book journal where I secreted my crankiness, recorded my amusements and amazements, and kept myself afloat. Like most journals, it was private, reflective, and therapeutic. It was a way to laugh at what can be so maddening or painful in doing research, all the more so—as will be readily apparent—because I have no idea how to draw, but in years of traveling, making comics had become a way to get away from being away, to spend time inside my head. Over the years I realized that my comics were also ‘fieldnotes,’ and that sharing them could, at the very least, comfort someone else doing field research, but more so that they recorded ...
Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism climate system

Abstract Volcanic eruptions that inject large quantities of sulfur-rich gases into the stratosphere have the capability of cooling global climate by 0.2–0.3°C for several years after the eruption. Equatorial eruptions will impact global climate whereas mid-latitude eruptions can cool climate in the hemisphere of origin. Magnitude of cooling varies by latitude and it is possible for warming to occur in certain regions, primarily during the winter. Although instrumental records have been used to quantify the volcanic impact on climate, they are limited in their temporal and spatial coverage, and the style and magnitude of eruptions occurring over the two centuries of instrumental records is limited. A thorough evaluation of the range of variability in the volcanism–climate system requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes the analysis of ice core records, geological data, atmospheric measurements and visual phenomena, tree-ring records and other proxy data. Evaluation of these longer time series indicates that multiple volcanic eruptions have the potential to force climate over decadal to multi-decadal time frames, especially when these eruptions enhance or extend pre-existing cool conditions. On the other hand, a lack of climatically significant eruptions may result in warmer average temperatures over decadal time frames because the volcanic-cooling component within the climate system is absent. Mega-eruptions, like the Toba eruption of ∼71,000–73,000 yr ago, may impact climate on centennial time frames through positive feedback mechanisms. Evidence exists which indicates that environmental changes associated with rapid climatic fluctuations, such as crustal loading/unloading with glaciation/deglaciation and variability in glacial meltwater loading on ocean basins, may cause an increase in volcanic activity.
In vivo biological response to vitamin E and vitamin-E-doped polyethylene

Background: Cross-linking has decreased the wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, a cause of osteolysis leading to total joint replacement failure. Compared with melting or annealing, doping cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene with vitamin E stabilizes free radicals from irradiation while maintaining mechanical properties and wear resistance. This study was done to determine the local tissue effects of free vitamin E and vitamin E eluted from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene implants in the joint space. Methods: Three studies were performed. First, pure vitamin E and solubilized vitamin E were injected into rabbit knees to simulate vitamin-E elution from radiation cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene; second, vitamin-E-doped, irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene plugs were implanted into dorsal subcutaneous pouches of rabbits to determine the local effects of vitamin-E elution from radiation cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene; and, third, two groups ofvitamin-E-doped, irradiated acetabular liners (high surface and uniform vitamin-E concentration profiles) were compared with undoped, control ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene liners in a canine model of total hip replacement to determine the effect of possible vitamin-E elution on bone ingrowth and the local tissue response to it in a load-bearing environment. Results: Injection of solubilized vitamin E resulted in histologically normal surrounding soft tissue at both two and twelve-week follow-up intervals, while injection of pure vitamin E resulted in acute and chronic inflammation at the time of the two-week follow-up. Both control and vitamin-E-doped subcutaneous plugs showed inflammation associated with surgery at two weeks of follow-up, but showed stable fibrous encapsulation without inflammation at twelve weeks of follow-up. In the canine total hip replacement model, there was no qualitative difference in local tissue appearance and no significant difference in the percent bone ingrowth and the percent bone density between the control and vitamin-E groups. Conclusions: These investigations showed that vitamin-E-doped ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene plugs and total hip replacement components are well tolerated in both a small and a large-animal model with no observed adverse effects on the surrounding tissues at twelve weeks of follow-up. Clinical Relevance: A lack of adverse effects of vitamin E eluted from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene components on surroundingjoint tissues and bone ingrowth suggests that vitamin-E elution from these components would not cause clinical complications.
Immature and Transitional B Cells Are Latency Reservoirs for a Gammaherpesvirus

Gammaherpesviruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8]), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68; also known as gammaherpesvirus 68 [γHV68] or murine herpesvirus 4 [MuHV-4]), establish lifelong latency in the resting memory B cell compartment. However, little is known about how this reservoir of infected mature B cells is maintained for the life of the host. In the context of a normal immune system, the mature B cell pool is naturally maintained by the renewable populations of developing B cells that arise from hematopoiesis. Thus, recurrent infection of these developing B cell populations could allow the virus continual access to the B cell lineage and, subsequent to differentiation, the memory B cell compartment. To begin to address this hypothesis, we examined whether MHV68 establishes latency in developing B cells during a normal course of infection. In work described here, we demonstrate the presence of viral genome in bone marrow pro-pre-B cells and immature B cells during early latency and immature B cells during long-term latency. Further, we show that transitional B cells in the spleen are latently infected and express the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) throughout chronic infection. Because developing B cells normally exhibit a short life span and a high rate of turnover, these findings suggest a model in which gammaherpesviruses may gain access to the mature B cell compartment by recurrent seeding of developing B cells.
Tolerance and avoidance: Two contrasting physiological responses to salt stress in mature marsh halophytes Juncus roemerianus Scheele and Spartina alterniflora Loisel

Abstract For most plants, elevated salinities can promote both hyperionic and hyperosmotic stress, often resulting in decreased growth and increased mortality. In previous studies involving plant–water relations, two contrasting physiological mechanisms to water stress have emerged: ( i ) stress-tolerance, which can be achieved through osmotic adjustment and changes in tissue elasticity, and ( ii ) stress-avoidance, which restricts further water loss through decreased stomatal conductance and changes in leaf morphology and/or orientation. While these processes have been well characterized in angiosperms during drought, few studies have considered these responses in halophytes during salt-stress. In this study, experimental microcosms were used to evaluate salt-tolerance and salt-avoidance in two contrasting coastal-marsh halophytes, Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora . In mature S. alterniflora , preacclimated to freshwater, only salt-tolerance mechanisms (osmotic adjustment and increased tissue rigidity) were observed during high salinity conditions. In contrast, physiological modifications observed in mature J. roemerianus involved salt-avoidance through decreased stomatal conductance. These physiological responses are consistent with zonation patterns in these plants, wherein S. alterniflora resides in the lower marsh and must contend with long-term salt exposure and J. roemerianus inhabits the upper reaches of salt-marshes where salinities tend to be lower and where salt-stress often involves transient exposure to high salinities.
Slip-tendency analysis and fault reactivation

Slip-tendency analysis is a new technique that permits rapid assessment of stress states and related potential fault activity. The tendency of a surface to undergo slip in a given stress field depends on its frictional characteristics (primarily controlled by rock type) and the ratio of shear to normal stress acting on the surface, here defined as slip tendency (determined by orientation of the surface within the stress field). An interactive computer tool displays the stress tensor in terms of its associated slip-tendency distribution and the relative likelihood and direction of slip on surfaces of all orientations. The technique provides easy visualization and rapid evaluation of stress in terms of its potential for causing slip on individual faults or fault populations for use in seismic-risk and fault-rupture–risk assessment, exploration for high-risk and earthquake-prone blind faults, selection of likely earthquake focal mechanism solutions, and for use in analysis of compatibility of geologic structures.
Conceptual performance-based seismic design using building-level and story-level decision support system

SUMMARY This paper summarizes the body of research on the development of a practical approach for conceptual performance-based design, and the semi-graphical design decision support system (DDSS) devised for its application. The objective of the study presented here is to improve the previous implementation of DDSS, which was based on representing losses at the building-level, to a more refined form in which losses at the story/floor level are addressed. DDSS provides engineers with insight in making informed decisions on the choice of an effective structural system and its stiffness (period), base shear strength, and other important global structural parameters for target performance objectives, which are defined by placing limits on direct (monetary) loss and probability of collapse. A byproduct of this performance-based design process is that it can be used as simplified performance-based assessment process by only changing the flow of information from ground motion hazard to loss estimation. The DDSS proposed in this study is supported with a database of structural response parameters obtained for a wide-range of combination in structural parameters of frame and wall structural systems. The proposed process is illustrated in an example to demonstrate its practicality. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-density, multiplexed patterning of cells at single-cell resolution for tissue engineering and other applications.

Surface chemistry meets tissue engineering: A novel surface-patterning approach for creating arrays of DNA squares is combined with a unique method for DNA-encoding of cells to construct dense arrays of distinct single cells. The cell patterns can be transferred from the substrate surface into thin hydrogel films, and these layers can be stacked to form 3D tissue constructs.
Moderating Role of Follower Characteristics With Transformational Leadership and Follower Work Engagement

This study examines whether follower characteristics moderate the relationship between transformational leadership and follower work engagement. Data were collected from 140 followers and their 48 ...
Land and water governance on the shores of the Laurentian Great Lakes

The Laurentian Great Lakes Basin is large and complex, as is its institutional setting. Given these characteristics, Great Lakes boundaries are both horizontal and fluid, and governance at the Great Lakes water/land interface implicates at least four different frontiers of planning and management. While substantial multinational and sub-national policy regimes have formed over the last century to improve Great Lakes water quantity and water quality management, parallel arrangements have not formed to manage better shoreland boundaries and frontiers.
Decay of Bi 207

${\mathrm{Bi}}^{207}$ has been found to decay by electron capture accompanied by gamma rays of energies 0.569\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0015, 0.894\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007, 1.0639, 1.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, and 1.771\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 Mev having transition intensities of 100: 0.16: 87: 0.16: 8 percent per disintegration, respectively. $K$-conversion electron intensities are 1.7, 0.0039, 8.2, 0.0009, and 0.022 electrons per 100 disintegrations respectively. The 0.894, 1.43 and 1.771-Mev transitions have $K$-conversion coefficients of (2.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, (5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and (2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The first of these is in agreement with $M1$ radiation and the latter two with $E2$ or $E2+M1$ radiations. Electron capture branches are 87 percent to the ${i}_{\frac{13}{2}}$ state at 1.633 Mev, 5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 percent to the 0.57-Mev first excited state and 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 percent to a level at 2.35 Mev. Branching to the 2.35-Mev level proceeds only by $L$-capture as shown from the x-ray spectrum in coincidence with 1.78+0.57 Mev photopeak sum pulses. The decay energy to the 2.35-Mev level thus lies between 15 and 90 kev and the total ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{207}$ decay energy is 2.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 Mev. Gamma-gamma and electron-gamma correlation experiments confirm the 1.06-0.57 Mev cascade as $\frac{13}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{5}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{1}{2}$ while the 1.78-0.57 Mev gamma-gamma correlation is isotropic to within 5 percent. A spin $\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{7}{2}$ for the 2.35 Mev state is supported by a crossover intensity of 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ per disintegration as determined with a photoneutron detector. An assignment of ${f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ to the 2.35 Mev level is compatible with all of the data including the 1.78-0.57 Mev angular correlation, if the 1.78-Mev transition is assumed to consist of a mixture of \ensuremath{\sim}94 percent $E2$ and \ensuremath{\sim}6 percent $M1$. Fast-coincidence techniques have been used to show that the 0.57-Mev level has a lifetime of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec.
Malignant Bone Tumors

Malignant bone tumors in children can be a diagnostic challenge, and there are few areas in which cooperation and communication between surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists are more important. In this chapter, the radiographic and pathologic features of the major pediatric skeletal malignancies are described, with emphasis given to practical diagnostic features. The entities of osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, angiosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, primary bone lymphoma, melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy and adamantinoma are all discussed, with emphasis given to the proper roles of the many imaging modalities now available, as well as the practical use of histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetics in diagnosis.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF ROTHE'S METHOD TO PARABOLIC AND RELATED EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses applications of Rothe's method to parabolic and related equations. It describes the extension of qualitative properties of the ordinary differential systems, occurring in the approximating scheme to the corresponding partial differential equations. The chapter highlights the approximation of solutions of the heat equation, by the method of lines, in the case of an unbounded domain. L. I. Kamynin has investigated the approximation of solutions of the heat equation, by the method of lines, in the case of an unbounded domain. He discretized the variable x ; the chapter presents a few results in the case of an unbounded domain, when the discretization regards the variable t .
Elevated Temperature Studies of Continuous and Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites

This paper reviews the analytical and experimental investigations at the Center for Composite Materials of the University of Delaware on ceramic matrix composites with continuous and discontinuous reinforcements. The focus is on the strength, fracture and creep behaviors of these composites. The experimental studies have been conducted on hot-pressed SiC whisker reinforced alumina and Nicalon SiC fiber reinforced calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) composites.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
Recent advances in understanding the genetic etiology of congenital heart disease.

The genetic etiologies of multiple cardiovascular disorders have been identified recently. For the most part, familial cardiomyopathic, vascular, or arrhythmogemc disorders have been studied given the opportunity to identify the disease gene by linkage analyses, positional cloning, and analysis of candidate genes. Given that structural congenital heart disease rarely occurs in the context of large families, alternative approaches to understand the possible genetic etiologies have been taken. In particular, molecular evaluations of genetic syndromes in which cardiac defects are a cardinal feature are providing new insights into disease-related genes and developmental pathways. The identification of rare families with multiple affected members also has provided some insight into the genetic contribution to structural congenital heart defects. This review highlights the newest findings on the genetic etiology or implications in each of the subcategones of congenital cardiovascular disorders, arid will provide the reader with both a brief overview and update. Particular note will be made of the genotype/phenotype analyses of hypertrophic cardiomy-opathy and the long QT syndromes, as well as the identification of new disease-related genes for dilated cardiomyopathy, idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, and structural heart disease. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999. 11:437–443 & copy; Lippmcott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Interplay between Subnanometer Ag and Pt Clusters and Anatase TiO2 (101) Surface: Implications for Catalysis and Photocatalysis

Structural and electronic properties of Agn and Ptn (n = 2, 4, and 8) clusters deposited on anatase TiO2 (101) surface were investigated using density functional theory. Binding mechanisms that characterize deposited subnanometer clusters and the effect of cluster size on the adsorption behavior are explored. The restricted movement of interfacial atoms and interaction of the top layer atom with surface atoms of the support were found to affect the adsorption characteristics. Metal nanoparticle encapsulation by the support is explained via the tendency to maximize orbital overlaps between deposited clusters and surface atoms. The probability of sintering of subnanometer clusters was evaluated using adsorption energy and the number of local minima as indicators, suggesting that sintering is less likely to occur for Ag and Pt clusters larger than trimer and monomer, respectively. The sub-bandgaps introduced by subnanometer clusters are investigated in terms of its formation, size effect, and the correlation...
A Possible Worlds Model of Object Recognition

Definissant l'intelligence comme la manifestation de la dependance de l'esprit et du cerveau, l'A. se propose de developper une structure de l'intelligence artificielle comme modele de l'intelligence consciente et de la reconnaissance de l'objet, fonde la definition de l'objet et de l'observateur, et sur des fondements phenomenologiques empruntes a Husserl et Heidegger. Appliquant le modele des mondes possibles, le modele de l'observateur individuel et le modele de la communaute a la reconnaissance de l'objet, l'A. montre que l'ambiguite liee a l'appartenance a la communaute chez Heidegger et a la theorie des multiples chez Husserl peut etre resolue par l'utilisation des theoremes de G. Null et A. Simon
International Organizations: Loose and Tight Coupling in the Development Regime

In this essay, we explore how international organizations (IOs) have shaped how economic development has been conceptualized, promoted, and practiced since the end of World War II. We conceive of development as an international regime that provides structure and coherence to an area in international relations. We argue that over time, the international development regime has varied in how tightly coupled it has been—that is to say, in the degree to which it has been characterized by interdependence, centralized authority, and standardization. IOs have played a leading role in determining the tightness of coupling within the regime by selectively channeling resources, enforcing policy rules, and disseminating norms and ideas. We describe three distinct periods in the history of IOs in the international development regime. In the first period, which lasted through the end of the 1970s, the UN and its agencies specialized in diffusing norms and ideas, and the World Bank in providing resources, but neither played a significant role in enforcing policy rules, resulting in relatively loose coupling. The second period, which lasted until the early 2000s, was associated with the centralization of authority in the World Bank, closer linkages between rules, resources, and ideas, and tighter coupling. Finally, we argue that we are entering a more loosely coupled third period, characterized by the rise of new actors, the decentralization and fragmentation of authority, and the declining influence of policy paradigms.
Interaction of insecticides with human serum albumin.

The binding of chlorinated hydrocarbon, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides to human serum albumin was studied at pH 7.0 and 16 and 26° using equilibrium dialysis, difference spectra, and fluorescence. There is one site of higher affinity than the other sites and 4-6 binding sites of moderate affinity. The affinity is inversely related to the aqueous solubiity of the compounds. The interaction is primarily hydrophobic as binding is only weakly temperature dependent. Binding gives rise to a long wavelength shift of the tyrosyl and tryptophyl absorption spectra. The protein fluorescence is quenched to varying degrees as a result of the binding. The difference spectra and fluorescence quenching indicate that tyrosine and tryptophan residues are located close to the moderate affinity binding sites, although the possible role of binding-induced conformational changes cannot be ruled out. A red shift in the spectrum of bound carbaryl and carbofuran, and a severalfold decrease in binding in F form as compared to that in N form for most of the insecticides, suggests that the binding sites are in the regions which are formed by interactions between hydrophobic surfaces of several domains of albumin.
The Story of Banking

Moneylending was practised for centuries before it became one of the main features of banking. Centuries before the Christian era, the Babylonians and Greeks recorded on clay tablets the promises of debtors to pay what they owed. The Greeks introduced a gold and silver coinage in addition to their copper currency, and there followed widespread lending and the exchanging of bullion for coin, and of Greek drachmae for currency of other countries. After the Greeks had introduced their drachma currency to the Mediterranean world, there was little change in moneylending and elementary banking procedures for nearly 2000 years.
Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons specifically promote rapid eye movement sleep in mice

Abstract Currently available evidence indicates that neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the lateral hypothalamus are critical modulators of sleep-wakefulness, but their precise role in this function is not clear. Studies employing optogenetic stimulation of MCH neurons have yielded inconsistent results, presumably due to differences in the optogenetic stimulation protocols, which do not approximate normal patterns of cell firing. In order to resolve this discrepancy, we (1) selectively activated the MCH neurons using a chemogenetic approach (Cre-dependent hM3Dq expression) and (2) selectively destroyed MCH neurons using a genetically targeted diphtheria toxin deletion method, and studied the changes in sleep–wake in mice. Our results indicate that selective activation of MCH neurons causes specific increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without altering wake or non-REM (NREM) sleep. On the other hand, selective deletions of MCH neurons altered the diurnal rhythm of wake and REM sleep without altering their total amounts. These results indicate that activation of MCH neurons primarily drives REM sleep and their presence may be necessary for normal expression of diurnal variation of REM sleep and wake.
Proxy-Guided Load Balancing of Graph Processing Workloads on Heterogeneous Clusters

Big data decision-making techniques take advantage of large-scale data to extract important insights from them. One of the most important classes of such techniques falls in the domain of graph applications, where data segments and their inherent relationships are represented as vertices and edges. Efficiently processing large-scale graphs involves many subtle tradeoffs and is still regarded as an open-ended problem. Furthermore, as modern data centers move towards increased heterogeneity, the traditional assumption of homogeneous environments in current graph processing frameworks is no longer valid. Prior work estimates the graph processing power of heterogeneous machines by simply reading hardware configurations, which leads to suboptimal load balancing. In this paper, we propose a profiling methodology leveraging synthetic graphs for capturing a node's computational capability and guiding graph partitioning in heterogeneous environments with minimal overheads. We show that by sampling the execution of applications on synthetic graphs following a power-law distribution, the computing capabilities of heterogeneous clusters can be captured accurately (
Cognitive Function in Girls with ADHD

Neuropsychological performance of 43 girls, aged 6 to 17 years, with ADHD and 36 controls without ADHD was assessed at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Exploring Path Models of Disablement in Residential Care and Assisted Living Residents.

This study examined the relationships between individual and environmental factors and physical activity, and between physical activity and functional limitations and disability in residential care/assisted living (RC/AL) residents. Participants completed questionnaires and physical performance tests, and wore the Fitbit Motion Tracker® to capture physical activity. Model fit was analyzed using two-level path models with residents nested within RC/AL settings. Model parameters were estimated using the MPlus robust maximum likelihood method. A multilevel model with good fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.07, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.91) showed that persons with greater exercise self-efficacy were more physically active, and persons who were more physically active had better physical function and less disability. Setting-level factors did not significantly correlate with physical activity or disability. Although environmental factors may influence physical activity behavior, only indivi...
Protein kinase A regulates the Ras, Rap1 and TORC2 pathways in response to the chemoattractant cAMP in Dictyostelium

National Institutes of Health [GM008804]; U.S. Public Health Service [GM037830]; American Cancer Society [127940-RSG-15-024-01-CSM]
Prevalence of Vertebral Compression Fractures on Routine CT Scans According to L1 Trabecular Attenuation: Determining Relevant Thresholds for Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening.

OBJECTIVE. Radiologists interpreting body CT scans may be the first to identify osteoporosis and associated vertebral fractures. This study correlates L1 trabecular attenuation measurements with prevalent vertebral body fractures in older adults undergoing routine CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Mean L1 trabecular attenuation was measured at thoracoabdominal CT in 1966 consecutive adults (983 men and 983 women) 65 years and older (mean age, 74.1 ± 6.6 [SD] years). Sagittal reconstructions and lateral scouts were analyzed for moderate or severe thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures according to the Genant semiquantitative assessment method. The diagnostic performance of L1 attenuation for the evaluation of prevalent vertebral fractures was assessed, including ROC curve analysis. RESULTS. A total of 162 (8.2%) individuals (mean age, 78.3 years; 66 men, 96 women) had at least one moderate or severe vertebral fracture. The mean L1 attenuation was 70.2 HU among patients with a prevalent fracture, whereas it...
The Uncharted Nature of Licensure Requirements for Charter School Principals: Implications and Possibilities for Policy Action:

The authors drew upon state policy documents and other public sources to review licensure requirements for charter school principals. The results indicate that few states have adopted licensure req...