cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ancestral Appetites: Food in Prehistory

This book explores the relationship between prehistoric people and their food - what they ate, why they ate it and how researchers have pieced together the story of past foodways from material traces. Contemporary human food traditions encompass a seemingly infinite variety, but all are essentially strategies for meeting basic nutritional needs developed over millions of years. Humans are designed by evolution to adjust our feeding behaviour and food technology to meet the demands of a wide range of environments through a combination of social and experiential learning. In this book, Kristen J. Gremillion demonstrates how these evolutionary processes have shaped the diversification of human diet over several million years of prehistory. She draws on evidence extracted from the material remains that provide the only direct evidence of how people procured, prepared, presented and consumed food in prehistoric times.
Introduction to Cleanroom Technology

We live in a contaminated world. Contamination is material, usually in small quantities, which we do not want. There are a multitude of materials and processes, both biological and industrial, that are sensitive to contamination. The contamination arises from a number of sources, in natural and industrial categories. It may be obvious to us when it is in the form of dust and lint on a work surface, or it may be in the less distinguishable form of vapor in the air.
Some Characteristics of the Light-Evoked Electrical Response of the Planarian Eyecup

Early studies of planarian behavior correlated the structure of the animal’s eyecup with its negative phototaxis (Parker and Burnett, 1900, and Taliaferro, 1920). More recent studies have attributed experimental augmentation of planarian phototaxic behavior to learning (Corning and John, 1961; McConnell, Jacobson, and Kimble, 1959; and Thompson and McConnell, 1955) or other factors (Brown and Beck, 1964; Brown, Dustman, and Beck, 1966a, and b; and Halas, James, and Knutson, 1962). These studies have not contributed knowledge of the direct effects of light upon the nervous system of planaria. It is the purpose of this communication to describe briefly some characteristics of the light-evoked, extracellular, slow potentials recorded from the planarian eyecup with conventional microelectrode techniques.
Laboratory Results on Polarization Properties of Elongated Particles and Comparisons to Dust in the Tail of Comet Ikeya-Seki (1965 Viii)

Data obtained through microwave analog measurements are used to compare optical polarization characteristics of silicate particles ranging in shape from spheroids and cylinders to chains of spheres. It is confirmed that the dependence of the degree of polarization on scattering angle is a powerful indicator of particle shape. The reversal and steep gradient in the degree of polarization found by Weinberg and Beeson (1976a,b) in the dust tail of comet Ikeya-Seki (1965 VIII) is suggestive of laboratory measurements corresponding to 1.6 μm long, 0.4 μm in diameter silicate cylinders.
Data-Driven Automatic Cropping Using Semantic Composition Search

We present a data-driven method for automatically cropping photographs to be well-composed and aesthetically pleasing. Our method matches the composition of an amateur's photograph to an expert's using point correspondences. The correspondences are based on a novel high-level local descriptor we term the 'Object Context'. Object Context is an extension of Shape Context: it is a descriptor encoding which objects and scene elements surround a given point. By searching a database of expertly composed images, we can find a crop window which makes an amateur's photograph closely match the composition of a database exemplar. We cull irrelevant matches in the database efficiently using a global descriptor which encodes the objects in the scene. For images with similar content in the database, we efficiently search the space of possible crops using generalized Hough voting. When comparing the result of our algorithm to expert crops, our crop windows overlap the expert crops by 83.6%. We also perform a user study which shows that our crops compare favourably to an expert humans' crops.
Regulation of expressed truncated smooth muscle myosins. Role of the essential light chain and tail length.

Regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation controls smooth muscle myosin's ability to act as a molecular motor. If thick filament-regulated myosins share a common structural basis for the "on-off" switch, then the interface between the RLC and essential light chain (ELC) should be as important in smooth muscle myosin as it is for calcium-dependent regulation in molluscan myosin (Xie, X., Harrison, D. H., Schlichting, I., Sweet, R. M., Kalabokis, V. N., Szent-Gyorgyi, A. G., and Cohen, C. (1994) Nature 368, 306-312). To test this hypothesis, a baculovirus expression system was used to obtain a truncated smooth muscle myosin that contained its native RLC and either smooth ELC, skeletal ELC, or no ELC. Movement of actin in a motility assay by heavy meromyosin (HMM) containing either skeletal or smooth ELC occurred at the same rate and in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In contrast, substitution of skeletal RLC for smooth RLC produced an inactive molecule. HMM without an ELC moved actin at 25% the rate of control HMM, but the movement was phosphorylation-dependent even without an RLC/ELC interface. Poor regulation was observed, however, when the tail was truncated from 72 to 27 nm even though this species was primarily double-headed. These results suggest that the molecular changes induced at the active site by phosphorylation can occur independent of the ELC, but critically depend upon a stable coiled-coil tail that determines how the RLCs interact at the head/rod junction.
Predicting vehicle-level radiated EMI emissions using module-level conducted EMIs and harness radiation efficiencies

This paper proposes simple yet accurate empirical strategies, to characterize the emission coefficients of wire harnesses in a complicated system. Then, combine these with measured conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) currents, vehicle-level radiated noise can be predicted. This approach conceptually separates complicated radiated emission issues to two parts, one associated with conducted EMIs and the other related to radiation efficiencies. This means that the teams can predict system-level emission from known subsystem-level characteristics, or complicated system-level emissions can be traced down to simpler subsystem-level issues. To explain the approach, thorough analysis is included in this paper, proven by solid test results after applied on a prototype hybrid electric vehicle.
Parfit-Inspired Candidates for Meta-Level Criteria

How shall we go about selecting meta-level criteria for the evaluation of Reasons Theories? As a first step, I suggest that we identify and articulate a wide variety of possible meta-level criteria. Doing this will make it possible to classify the criteria and discern their logical relationships. It may turn out that many of the criteria are compatible, and that some of them subsume others. It may turn out that some of the criteria are incompatible and that, of these, some are clearly more plausible than their rivals. Or new criteria may suggest themselves to replace criteria currently in use. Whatever the outcome, we will be in a better position than we are now to make a deliberate and critical selection of criteria, for now we have not even formulated the candidate pool from which criteria may be chosen.1 My aim in this chapter is to make progress toward formulating the candidate pool by identifying the criteria implicit in various arguments that criticize or support Parfit’s theory.2 The arguments need not be sound to provide meta-level criteria for our candidate pool. We shall consider four aspects of Parfit’s theory: his Critical Present-aim Theory (CP),3 his subtheory of intrinsically irrational desires, his arguments against the Self-interest Theory (S), and his views about the implications for practical rationality of the Reductionist View of personal identity. It will sometimes be necessary to supply formulations or interpretations of Parfit’s arguments. If we misinterpret Parfit, we naturally risk failing to identify some possible criteria to which he subscribes; yet even misinterpretations can serve to generate possible criteria. Exegesis is not our primary concern.
Choice of Action: Using Data to Make Instructional Decisions in Kindergarten

This article focuses on the different—and at times uncertain—choices a kindergarten teacher makes when selecting and interpreting assessment data and designing instruction intended to help students develop the skills and dispositions for later reading. By examining assessment data and engaging in reflective practice, the teacher is able to anticipate students' literacy needs and design instruction that builds upon their strengths. A close-up look at a shared writing lesson is used to illustrate the connections the teacher makes between her interpretation of data and the instruction she delivers. The article concludes with a brief examination of the complexities inherent in data analysis.
Advanced machine vision systems and application examples

According to a recent study by Active‐Media Research, USA, total sales in advanced vision systems, including vision‐guided mobile devices/robots are expected to soar from US $665 million in the year 2000 to more than US $17 billion by 2005. The key technologies contributing to this massive growth include major advancements in vision imaging science and control, integrated with increasingly “machine intelligent” and robust industrial robotics. This article gives an overview of key machine vision advancements, and demonstrates some advanced vision application examples.
Incomplete information costs and database design

This paper presents a methodology for trading-off the cost of incomplete information against the data-related costs in the design of database systems. It investigates how the usage patterns of the database, defined by the characteristics of information requests presented to it, affect its conceptual design. The construction of minimum-cost answers to information requests for a variety of query types and cost structures is also studied. The resulting costs of incomplete database information are balanced against the data-related costs in the derivation of the optimal design.
The role of adsorbed fibrinogen in platelet adhesion to polyurethane surfaces: A comparison of surface hydrophobicity, protein adsorption, monoclonal antibody binding, and platelet adhesion

Ten specially synthesized polyurethanes (PUs) were used to investigate the effects of surface properties on platelet adhesion. Surface composition and hydrophilicity, fibrinogen (Fg) and von Willebrand's factor (vWf) adsorption, monoclonal anti-Fg binding, and platelet adhesion were measured. PUs preadsorbed with afibrinogenemic plasma or serum exhibited very low platelet adhesion, while adhesion after preadsorption with vWf deficient plasma was not reduced, showing that Fg is the key plasma protein mediating platelet adhesion under static conditions. Platelet adhesion to the ten PUs after plasma preadsorption varied greatly, but was only partially consistent with Fg adsorption. Thus, while very hydrophilic PU copolymers containing PEG that had ultralow Fg adsorption also had very low platelet adhesion, some of the more hydrophobic PUs had relatively high Fg adsorption but still exhibited lower platelet adhesion. To examine why some PUs with high Fg adsorption had lower platelet adhesion, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to sites in Fg thought to mediate platelet adhesion were used. The antibodies were: M1, specific to gamma-chain C-terminal; and R1 and R2, specific to RGD containing regions in the alpha-chain N- and C-terminal, respectively. Platelet adhesion was well correlated with M1 binding, but not with R1 or R2 binding. When these mAbs were incubated with plasma preadsorbed surfaces, they blocked adhesion to variable degrees. The ability of the R1 and R2 mAbs to partially block adhesion to adsorbed Fg suggests that RGD sites in the alpha chain may also be involved in mediating platelet adhesion and act synergistically with the C-terminal of the gamma-chain.
Progress toward construction and modelling of a tri-stable toggle switch in E. coli

In 2000, Gardner and Collins reported the construction of a fundamental genetic regulatory device, the bi-stable toggle switch, in E. coli. We report here our work on a natural extension of this powerful device, a tri-stable genetic toggle switch capable of switching among three stable states. Like the bi-stable switch, the tri-stable switch consists of repressible promoters that produce inhibitory proteins and requires only a transient pulse of chemical inducer to switch among stable states. Our proof-of-principal construct is designed to control the expression of three different fluorescent reporters using the pBad/AraC, pLacI/LacI, and pTetR/TetR systems; though a tri-stable switch can theoretically be constructed from any three repressible promoters that satisfy a certain mathematical relationship. We have modelled the system extensively, creating both a simple continuous deterministic model based on the work of Gardner and Collins (Gardner and Collins, 2000) and a more complex discrete stochastic model based on the work of Isaacs (Isaacs, 2003). The tri-stable switch, designed, modelled, and partially constructed as an iGEM 2006 project at Brown University, is to be composed entirely of Biobricked parts from the Registry of Standard Biological Parts. In addition to providing support for the iGEM hypothesis, the tri-stable toggle switch has implications for biotechnology and gene therapy.
Non-time-orientable lorentzian cobordism allows for pair creation

It is shown that if time-orientability is sacrificed, then, in any spacetime of odd dimension, two cobordant manifolds are also related by a Lorentzian cobordism. Thus, pair creation of Kaluza-Klein monopoleswould be allowed in such a framework. The even-dimensional case is also examined.
Frontiers in free flap reconstruction in the head and neck

This chapter describes the state of the art in head and neck free flap reconstruction and will stress some of its major deficits. It will also discuss some of the most promising frontiers in reconstruction, including tissue engineering and composite allotransplantation. The true frontiers of reconstruction need to be refined at the cellular level where tissue engineered from the individual cells and manipulation of the patient's immune system will potentially allow allotransplantation without affecting rates of cancer cure. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:669–673. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of dominance cues on attributions of sexual behavior

Abstract Many writers have suggested that dominance plays an important role in human sexuality. This proposition was examined by asking 51 females and 85 males to rate their impressions of a man and woman (photographed in the nude) who were described as having a male-dominant, female-dominant, or equalitarian relationship. Results indicated that although subjects' level of sexual arousal was unaffected by dominance, dominant individuals were perceived as more sexually active than the other stimulus persons. As expected, dominance appeared to enhance perceived masculinity, while submissiveness increased perceived femininity. Surprisingly, dominant male and female stimulus persons were not differentially evaluated. These findings were interpreted as being consistent with the assumption dominance is positively associated with sexuality.
Habitat Use Patterns of Newly Settled Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in Aransas–Copano Bay, Texas

Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma populations have been declining in Texas during the past 25 years. Despite their economic importance, little is known about their juvenile habitat requirements. We examined habitat use patterns of newly settled southern flounder in three zones at varying distances from the Aransas Pass inlet in Aransas–Copano Bay by measuring densities using a beam trawl in replicate estuarine habitat types in each zone. Highest abundance occurred near the inlet in vegetated sandy areas and was lowest in nonvegetated muddy bottom in regions furthest from the inlet. We also examined a 25-year fisheries data set from Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to evaluate long-term spatiotemporal recruitment patterns in Aransas–Copano Bay. These data showed generally low recruitment during the past 25 years with highest abundance near the inlets. Our results support the importance of vegetated habitat types, especially those near tidal passes, and suggest a long-term decline in recruitment densities of southern flounder.
Intracellular studies of the convergence of sensory input on caudate neurons of cat.

Quantitative analyses of the intracellular responses to peripheral stimuli were made in a 172 neurons recorded in the head of the caudate nucleus (Cd) of cat. Responsiveness of Cd neurons was tested using auditory and somatosensory stimuli which were presented unilaterally. We found that most cells (99%) responded to both auditory and somatosensory stimuli. Excitation followed by inhibition (i.e. E-I response) was the primary pattern of intracellular response occurring approximately 75% of the time. Qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed marked similarities in the amplitudes and time courses of the intracellular responses following supramaximal stimulation of the peripheral stimuli studied. Similarly, analyses of 40 pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons revealed a marked homogeneity in the intracellular responses to the same stimulus even though the recordings were made several mm apart. The most striking feature of the simultaneous recordings was that the peaks of the initial E-I response and the afterpotentials often occurred in register after a peripheral stimulus. Furthermore, changes in the responses of pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons co-varied. Because the striatum typically demonstrates spontaneous rhythmic activity, these data suggest that a peripheral stimulus has the potential of briefly synchronizing Cd's neuronal activity.
34 Impact of Driveline Material and Size on Exit Site Healing Time in Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Purpose: Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have proven beneficial for the treatment of advanced heart failure, however infection remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Slow initial driveline exit site (DLES) healing increases the risk of acquiring an infection. In this study, the transcutaneous driveline material and size were examined to determine the effect on DLES healing. Methods and Materials: The Utah Artificial Heart Program database was queried for patients implanted with a HeartMate II (HMII) or a HeartWare (HW) LVAD who had DLES assessments at 1, 2, and 3 months postimplant. To monitor healing, a score ranging from 1 to 4 was developed (1, fully incorporated with no drainage or erythema (D/E); 2, initial tear in skin with slight D/E; 3, increased D/E; 4, open wound with copious D/E). These data were then used to compare the effects of material and size on DLES healing using a Student’s t-test.
Positive-dispersion cavity-dumped Ti: sapphire laser oscillator and its application to white light generation

We demonstrate for the first time that up to 0.45 µJ pulses can be obtained from a cavity-dumped Ti: sapphire oscillator stably operating in the positive dispersion regime. The output pulse can be compressed to 60 fs and used to generate a white light continuum through self-filamentation in a thin sapphire plate.
Risky Shift: An Empirical Investigation and Implications for Industrial Buying Behavior and Marketing Management:

This study attempts to determine whether the nature of the industrial buying process has an effect on the riskiness of its decisions. Research has shown that group discussion of alternatives has a tendency to shift initial risk preferences of individuals and groups. This social phenomenon, known as “risky shift,” has important implications for marketers since many decisions involve group consensus or social influence if decisions are made by a single individual. It was posited that the influence of others, mainfested by group discussion, will change the risk preference in both individual and group consensus decisions. An industrial supplier selection decision was presented to 92 marketing students in which five alternative sources of supply were described in reference to various performance criteria. The data clearly reflected statistically significant changes in risk preferences as a result of group discussion in both the individual before-individual after and individual before-group after type decision.
Morphometric cytochemistry of diminution of catalase-containing peroxisomes in copper-loaded liver.

The density of hepatocellular catalase-containing peroxisomes was quantified, utilizing a computer-aided image analysing technique, on 1-μm thick diaminobenzidine-stained sections. Hepatic copper accumulation following intraperitoneal injection of cupric chloride resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the density of catalase-containing peroxisomes. A significant correlation between the density of peroxisomes and the activity of hepatic catalase indicated that computer-aided image analysis of peroxisomes stained by the diaminobenzidine technique provided a useful estimate of catalase activity in liver injured by copper. Slight treatment-related differences in the mean diameter of peroxisomes were detected in high-dose but not low-dose rats.
Existence of discrete shock profiles of a class of monotonicity preserving schemes for conservation laws

When shock speed s times Δt/Δx is rational, the existence of solutions of shock profile equations on bounded intervals for monotonicity preserving schemes with continuous numerical flux is proved. A sufficient condition under which the above solutions can be extended to - ∞ < j < ∞, implying the existence of discrete shock profiles of numerical schemes, is provided. A class of monotonicity preserving schemes, including all monotonicity preserving schemes with C 1 numerical flux functions, the second order upwinding flux based MUSCL scheme, the second order flux based MUSCL scheme with Lax-Friedrichs' splitting, and the Godunov scheme for scalar conservation laws are found to satisfy this condition. Thus, the existence of discrete shock profiles for these schemes is established when sΔt/Δx is rational.
The graph isomorphism problem

A chemically and graph-theoretically relevant problem is that of determining whether a pair of graphs G and G′ are isomorphic. A two-stage computational test is developed. In the first stage an “eigenvalue-eigenprojector” tabular graph-theoretic invariant is computed, whence if the two tables differ, G and G′ must be nonisomorphic. The second stage, utilizing the tables of the first stage, orders the vertices, thereby leading to a special labeling for them, whence if the associated adjacency matrices for G and G′ are equal, it must be that G and G′ are isomorphic. The computational implementation, and testing of the algorithm is described.
Thermal/mechanical design and design automation for packaging

The need for mechanical and thermal analysis/synthesis is motivated through examples of applications. The development cycle for design is discussed in some detail and the criticality of comprehensive analysis to ensure successful design is discussed. It is demonstrated that successful integration of diverse functional and reliability requirements requires thorough studies of design options. The current state of the art in design synthesis and analysis tools is reviewed. It is suggested that design tools still need improvements in connectivity between electrical layout and thermal and mechanical analysis/synthesis tools. Another issue that needs greater emphasis is the issue of dimensional scale transitions in analyses at the die level vs those at the package and system levels. Both these issues are reviewed in context of the ability of current tools. Some challenges as we go forward are identified based on this review.
Vapor technique for the formation of organic monolayer tunnel junctions

Abstract A vapor technique for the formation of organic monolayers within a vacuum chamber is described. The organic dimer molecules are vaporized and then broken down into monomer molecules which chemisorb onto a fresh metal film. Subsequent layers only physically absorb and are driven off by heat, leaving a monolayer which can be used as a tunneling barrier. Details of the fabrication process and the electrical characteristics of experimental Pb-organic-Al tunnel junctions are presented.
On the paper of F. F. Evison, C. E. Ingham, R. H. Orr, and J. H. Le Fort, “Thickness of the Earth's Crust in Antarctica and the Surrounding Oceans.”

Summary In a recent paper, Evison, Ingham, Orr & Le Fort concluded from the analysis of dispersed Love and Rayleigh waves along four complex wave paths that the thickness of the crust under Marie Byrd Land is around 25 km. However, gravity and surface elevation evidence suggest a thickness of about 30 km. It is believed that the agreement between these methods can be improved by a more realistic choice of crustal wave velocities than those used by Evison & others.
Fractional moiré strain analysis using digital imaging techniques

A new method for analyzing low-order moirefringe patterns of displacement fields is presented. This method adapts the techniques of half-fringe photoelasticity to moire and extracts continuous displacement information in the regions between integral fringes. The effectiveness of the technique is illustrated with three examples: a uniform uniaxial field, a tapered specimen in tension, and a disk in diametral compression.
Neurotransmitter properties of guinea-pig sympathetic neurons grown in dissociated cell culture--II. Fetal and embryonic neurons: regulation of neuropeptide Y expression.

Abstract We report here the neurotransmitter characteristics of neurons cultured from the same ganglia of fetal and embryonic guinea-pigs. Both the celiac ganglion and the superior mesenteric ganglion were examined. In a previous paper we described the neurotransmitter properties of adult guinea-pig prevertebral sympathetic neurons grown in dissociated cell culture, including the expression by these cells of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was ubiquitously expressed in all fetal embryonic cultures, as was the case for adult neurons. Fetal-derived celiac and superior mesenteric gangli neurons displayed neuropeptide Y and somatostatin immunoreactivity in the same percentage of neurons as in adult cultures but at markedly lower levels. Embryonic neurons also expressed somatostatin immunoreactivity in roughly the same proportion of neurons as in adult and fetal cultures; however, the expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in both celiac and superior mesenteric gangli cultures was significantly different. Specifically, neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in embryonic celiac cultures was greatly reduced in both the number of positive-labeled neurons and the amount of immunoreactive product, while neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in embryonic superior mesenteric gangli cultures was markedly increased compared to their adult and fetal counterparts. The expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in celiac neurons was found to be specifically elevated by culturing the neurons in medium conditioned by disassociated vascular cells, this treatment having no effect on tyrosine hydroxylase or somatostatin immunoreactivity. Heart cell-conditioned medium did not effect neuropeptide Y or somatostatin immunoreactivity, although it did result in a significant reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and an increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity. We conclude that the expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity develops independently in cultures of adult and near-term fetuses but that embryonic neurons require interactions with target cells to express this phenotype. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity can be induced in embryonic sympathetic neurons by a target-derived factor(s).
An ecological approach to learning

This paper introduces a special journal issue devoted to the study of learning in ecological and developmental contexts. In the past, the dominant approach to the study of learning has depended upon the choice of arbitrary problems, stimuli, and responses to guarantee the generality of principles discovered in the laboratory. Recently, though, there has been considerable interest in integrating an ecological (functional) account of learning with the strengths of the classic laboratory approach. One form of integration is to use the technology of the laboratory to look for the operation of general learning laws in ecological problems. The approach favored here is to treat learning as a biological phenomenon by first placing it within a functional system of behavior, and then by analyzing where and how learning modifies the operation of that system. Because the results of such analyses are defined with respect to functioning systems rather than procedural paradigms, the ecological approach readily makes contact with issues in evolution, development, and physiology, an ability not completely shared by the classic general-process approach. Concerns about laboratory versus field, function versus mechanism, generality of results, and adaptive “storytelling” can be resolved or further clarified by the present approach. The papers in this issue represent a cross-section of research stemming from an ecological approach to learning, and provide specific analyses of how learning modifies and is expressed in functional systems of behavior.
Electronic health record design and implementation for pharmacogenomics: a local perspective

Electronic health record design and implementation for pharmacogenomics: a local perspective
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography for Non-Gastroenterologists: What You Need to Know

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) represents the most powerful and widely employed platform for pancreaticobiliary interventions. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography allows diagnosis and treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases of the pancreaticobiliary tree that are both benign and malignant in nature. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography continues to evolve rapidly, and non-gastroenterologists need to understand the indications, contraindications, limitations, and role of ERCP to effectively manage and coordinate the care of patients with known or suspected pancreaticobiliary disease. This article will review the role of ERCP in detail to further an understanding of the procedure as a whole and to assess when referral of a patient for an ERCP or other related test is indicated.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF DEUTERIUM IN OILS AND BITUMENS IN THE RANGE OF CRUDES

Data given concerning the deuterium content of several Russian crudes from several areas, in some cases from “multistratal” oil “deposits”. The similarity in the amount of deuterium in crudes of different types and ages is noted and discussed. —W. D. Lowry.
New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Purpose of reviewWaldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a distinct low-grade lymphoproliferative disease. There have been recent significant advances in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of this disease, including genetic and epigenetic regulators of tumor progression.Recent findingsCurrent studie
Mutiny on the bandwidth: the semiotics of statehood in the internet domain name registries of Pitcairn Island and Niue

The internet has evolved to have a complex top-level domain name system, in which generic top-level domains such as .com and .org coexist with country-code top-level domains such as .UK and .JP. In this article, the history and significance of this hybrid naming system is examined, with specific attention directed to the manner in which it simultaneously reproduces claims to globalism, state sovereignty, and the presumption of United States hegemony. It is found that the domain name system affirms the centrality of the sovereign state while concurrently challenging its underlying basis in an idealized nexus of nation, government, and territory. These themes are explored through case studies of two Pacific island microstate domains: .PN (Pitcairn Island) and .NU (Niue).
High Affinity Interaction with Filamin A Protects against Calcium-sensing Receptor Degradation

Abstract Calcium-sensing receptors (CaR) regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis through the MAPK pathway. MAPK pathway activation requires the cytoskeletal scaffold protein filamin A. Here we examine the interactions of CaR with filamin A in HEK-293 and M2 or A7 melanoma cells to determine how interactions with filamin A facilitate signaling. Filamin A interacts with CaR through two predicted β-strands from residues 962 to 981; interactions between filamin A and CaR are greatly enhanced by exposure to 5 mm Ca2+. Truncations or deletions (from 972 to 997 or 962 to 981) of the CaR carboxyl terminus eliminate high affinity interactions with filamin A, but CaR-mediated MAPK pathway activation still occurs. CaR-mediated ERK phosphorylation can be localized to a predicted α-helix proximal to the membrane, which has been shown to be important for G protein-mediated signaling (residues 868–879). In M2 cells (–filamin A), CaR expression levels are very low; cotransfection of CaR with filamin A increases total cellular CaR and increases plasma membrane localization of CaR, facilitating CaR signaling to the MAPK pathway; similar results were obtained in HEK-293 cells. Interaction with filamin A increases cellular CaR by preventing CaR degradation, thereby facilitating CaR signaling. In addition, filamin A facilitates signaling to the MAPK pathway even by CaR truncations or deletion mutants that cannot engage in high affinity interactions with filamin A, suggesting the targeting of critical signaling proteins to CaR.
An economical system for collecting and reducing heart-rate data, using someone else’s small computer

Hardware and program are described for a heart-rate data collection and reduction system that uses a small computer at a time removed from the actual data collection. The system is portable and inexpensive; exclusive of the computer, it can cost under $1,500. It uses an ordinary tape recorder to record discrete signals upon each occurrence of a heart beat, and it returns edited second-by-second averages of interheart-beat intervals.
A method to measure the rate of net fluid secretion by monolayers of cultured renal epithelial cells

We describe an unambiguous and highly reproducible method to measure net fluid secretion across cultured renal epithelial monolayers. The method can also be used to measure the constituents of secreted fluid and the effect of agonists and inhibitors of net solute and fluid transport.
Genetic variation in N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2) and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Background Animal studies suggest that lymphomagenesis can be induced by exposure to carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines found in diet, cigarette smoke, and the environment, but human epidemiologic investigations of these exogenous exposures have yielded conflicting results. As part of our evaluation of the role of aromatic and heterocyclic amines, which are metabolized by N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzymes, in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), we examined NHL risk in relation to genetic variation in NAT1 and NAT2 and exposure to cigarette smoke and dietary heterocyclic amines and mutagens.
Covert Racism and the Formation of Social Capital among a Volunteer Youth Corps

In this ethnographic case study, I examine the race-ethnic and educational network patterns of association and subsequent social capital formation of 41 youth volunteers working for a national lead...
Conflict over forest resources in Northern New Mexico: Rethinking cultural activism as a strategy for environmental justice

Abstract Through an examination of a conflict over the management of forest resources in northern New Mexico between rural Hispanics and white environmentalists, this paper sketches a critique of the use of cultural activism on the part of environmental justice activists as they seek to maintain and diversify their political support base. Using resource mobilization and frame alignment perspectives as a lens on collective action, the central point derived from this analysis is that environmental activism which presumes shared interests on the basis of cultural values runs the considerable risk of losing sight of the structural factors that strongly influence the way ethnic and racial minorities will view environmental issues.
Physical organic probes of interfacial wettability reveal the importance of surface dipole effects

The interfacial wettabilities of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold generated from trifluoromethyl- and methyl-terminated alkanethiols were evaluated using a combination of non-polar, polar protic and polar aprotic contacting liquids. The wettabilities for the non-polar hydrocarbon liquids indicate that the fluorinated films are wet less than the hydrocarbon films, demonstrating the non-ideal nature of dispersive interactions between hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons. In contrast, the wettabilities for the polar liquids revealed that the fluorinated films were wet more than the hydrocarbon films. The presence of interactions between the dipoles of the liquid molecules and oriented CF3–CH2 dipoles at the monolayer surface was proposed to rationalize the observed trends. Furthermore, the wettabilities of the polar aprotic liquids exhibited an inverse odd–even trend that supports the existence of oriented dipole effects upon wettability. The influence of the dipoles on the interfacial wettabilities was further examined using a series of SAMs generated from terminally fluorinated hexadecanethiols having an increasing degree of fluorination. As the dipoles were buried further into the monolayer surface, their influence on the wettabilities decreased. The interfacial energies of wetting for these films were evaluated in terms of their works of adhesion. These analyses provided evidence for the contribution of oriented dipoles to the interfacial interactions of organic thin films, in addition to the commonly recognized contributions of dispersive and acid–base interactions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined Fluid Loop Thermal Management for Electric Drive Vehicle Range Improvement

Electric drive vehicles (EDVs) have complex thermal management requirements not present in conventional vehicles. In addition to cabin conditioning, the energy storage system (ESS) and power electronics and electric motor (PEEM) subsystems also require thermal management. Many current-generation EDVs utilize separate cooling systems, adding both weight and volume, and lack abundant waste heat from an engine for cabin heating. Some use battery energy to heat the cabin via electrical resistance heating, which can result in vehicle range reductions of 50% under cold ambient conditions. These thermal challenges present an opportunity for integrated vehicle thermal management technologies that reduce weight and volume and increase cabin heating efficiency . Bench testing was conducted to evaluate a combined fluid loop technology that unifies the cabin air -conditioning and heating, ESS thermal management, and PEEM cooling into a single liquid coolant-based system. This system has separate hot and cold fluid streams that are directed to the thermal components as required. The advantages include PEEM waste heat recovery to supplement cabin heating and heat pump operation without refrigerant cycle reversal. A bench test apparatus was constructed to apply transient drive cycle loads to the thermal system and measure the performance under ambient temperatures from −12°C to 43°C. The system proved capable of meeting component thermal requirements at all tested conditions. Furthermore, the system demonstrated a 9% range increase on a nationally weighted basis that accounts for vehicle usage and ambient temperature. The range improvement is expected to be greater for an optimized in-vehicle system.
On the localization of ubiquinone in phosphatidylcholine bilayers

Abstract The location of ubiquinone-10 in phospholipid bilayers was analyzed using a variety of physical techniques. Specifically, we examined the hypothesis that ubiquinone localizes at the geometric center of phospholipid bilayers. Light microscopy of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at room temperature in the presence of 0.05–0.5 mol fraction ubiquinone showed two separate phases, one birefringent lamellar phase and one phase that consisted of isotropic liquid droplets. The isotropic phase had a distinct yellow color, characteristic of melted ubiquinone. [13C]NMR spectroscopy of phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing added ubiquinone indicated a marked effect on the 13C-spin lattice relaxation times of the lipid hydrocarbon chain atoms near the polar head region of the bilayer, but almost no effect on those atoms nearest the center of the bilayer. X-ray diffraction experiments showed that for phosphatidylcholine bilayers, both in the gel and liquid-crystal-line phases, the presence of ubiquinone did not change either the lamellar repeat period or the wide-angle reflections from the lipid hydrocarbon chains. In electron micrographs, the hydrophobic freeze-fracture surfaces of bilayers in the rippled (Pβ′) phase were also unmodified by the presence of ubiquinone. These results indicate that the ubiquinone which does partition into the bilayer is not localized preferentially between the monolayers, and that an appreciable fraction of the ubiquinone forms a separate phase located outside the lipid bilayer.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Techniques Applied To Roughness Of Silver Surfaces

The shape of surfaces can be an important factor determining their properties. Likewise, the preparation of surfaces determines their shape. Understanding such processes on the microscopic level requires a variety of sophisticated probes, each with their limitations and advantages. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM), although a newcomer in this area, has the power to investigate surface properties with very high resolution. In this paper I discuss the application of STM techniques to the roughness of silver surfaces, where the roughness of the surface is generated by a variety of preparation methods, by adsorption on the surface, and by creation of structures with the STM itself. Examples are also given of local probes that provide spectroscopic information. Limitations and problems associated with the investigation of rough surfaces are covered, as well as an outlook to the applicability of STM to other areas such as adhesion, friction and engineering given. Finally I shall discuss some of the first results on the emission of photons from the tip-surface region of the STM. In the tunnel mode a large photon intensity is found in the optical range for silver films. These studies demonstrate an interesting link between STM and optical science.
Credit Access, Human Capital and Class Structure Mobility

This article examines the impact of microenterprise credit programmes on class structure mobility in developing countries. It develops a model that endogenously generates an eight‐fold class structure. Class membership is determined by optimal choice of labour activity, which is a function of access to credit and human capital endowments. Predictions from the model suggest that better access to credit will foster upward class mobility among self‐employed entrepreneurs, and that this upward class mobility will be accentuated among entrepreneurs with high levels of human capital. Theoretical predictions from the model are compared with data on class structure mobility collected first‐hand in western Guatemala. Empirical results show that upward class structure mobility increases substantially with access to credit, and also suggest that the combined effect of innate entrepreneurial ability and credit access has a greater impact on upward class structure mobility than the interaction between formal schooling...
Study of γ‐irradiated lithographic polymers by electron spin resonance and electron nuclear double resonance

The room temperature gamma irradiation degradation of the lithographic polymers, poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), poly(methyl-α-chloroacrylate) (PMCA), poly(methyl-α-fluoroacrylate) (PMFA), and poly(methylacrylonitrile) (PMCN), have been studied by electron spin resonance and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) to assess their molecular degradation processes of relevance to electron beam lithography. Two classes of radicals are found, chain radicals and chain scission radicals. PMMA and PMCA mainly form chain scission radicals consistent with degradation while for PMCN the resolution is poorer, and this is only probable. PMFA forms mainly chain radicals consistent with predominant crosslinking. The total radical yield is greatest in PMCA and PMCN. ENDOR is used to assess the compactness of the radiation degradation region for PMMA and PMCA and hence the potential resolution of the resist; this appears to be about the same for these methacrylate polymers.
Pore Scale Modeling of Reactive Transport Involved in Geologic CO2 Sequestration

We apply a multi-component reactive transport lattice Boltzmann model developed in previous studies for modeling the injection of a CO2-saturated brine into various porous media structures at temperatures T = 25 and 80°C. In the various cases considered the porous medium consists initially of calcite with varying grain size and shape. A chemical system consisting of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+, \({{\rm CO}_2^{\circ}{\rm (aq)}}\), and Cl− is considered. Flow and transport by advection and diffusion of aqueous species, combined with homogeneous reactions occurring in the bulk fluid, as well as the dissolution of calcite and precipitation of dolomite are simulated at the pore scale. The effects of the structure of the porous media on reactive transport are investigated. The results are compared with a continuum-scale model and the discrepancies between the pore- and continuum-scale models are discussed. This study sheds some light on the fundamental physics occurring at the pore scale for reactive transport involved in geologic CO2 sequestration.
Synthetic hyperspectral data cubes for complex thermal scenes

Generating synthetic hyperspectral data cubes for the thermal is useful because it is very expensive to design and fly such sensors. Using synthetic da is useful in performing trade-off studies, e.g. spectral and radiometric performance requirements, and also in testing new algorithms, e.g. temperature emissivity separation. We have developed a method to simulate complex thermal scenes under variable solar illumination, different materials and including gas plumes. The IDL-based scene simulation tool consists of public domain tools for: 3D geometry generation, raytracing, spectral and thermal property libraries, atmospheric transmission and emission modeling. The data can then be used in standard hyperspectral processing programs or processed by special purpose programs. We show how this model can be used to generate synthetic data cubes for dispersive and Fourier transform IR spectrometers. The data in turn is then used to evaluate algorithms to separate temperature and emissivity.