cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Outpatient Telemedicine Utilization Among Rural Medicare Beneficiaries, 2010 to 2019

Importance Little is known about how telemedicine use was evolving before the broad changes that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Understanding prepandemic patterns of telemedicine use can inform ongoing debates on the future of telemedicine policy. Objective To describe trends in telemedicine utilization among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries before the COVID-19 pandemic and the specialties of clinicians providing telemedicine. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional study and descriptive analysis of telemedicine utilization by 10.4 million fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from 2010 to 2019. Data analysis was performed from June 6, 2019, to July 30, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Rates of telemedicine utilization, characteristics of beneficiaries who received telemedicine in 2010 to 2019, and specialties of clinicians delivering telemedicine. Results Of 10.4 million rural Medicare beneficiaries, telemedicine was used by 91 483 individuals (age ≥65 years, 47 135 [51.5%]; women, 51 476 [56.3%]; and White, 76 467 [83.6%] individuals) in 2019. In 2010 to 2019, telemedicine visits grew by 23.1% annually. A total of 0.9% of all fee-for-service rural beneficiaries had a telemedicine visit in 2019 compared with 0.2% in 2010. In 2019, there were 257 979 telemedicine visits or 34.8 visits per 1000 rural beneficiaries and most (75.9%) of these visits were for mental health conditions. Patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia (3.0% of rural beneficiaries) received 40% of all telemedicine visits in 2019. Some traditionally disadvantaged and underserved groups comprised a larger share of telemedicine users than nonusers in 2019, such as those dually insured with Medicaid (56.9% of users vs 18.6% of nonusers; adjusted odd ratio, 3.83; 95% CI, 3.77-3.89). In 2010 to 2019, telemedicine for mental health conditions shifted away from psychiatrists (71.2% to 35.8% of all telemedicine visits) to nonphysician clinicians, eg, nurse practitioners, psychologists, and social workers (21.4% to 57.2%). There was wide variation in telemedicine utilization in 2019 across counties: median (IQR), 16.0 (2.5-51.4) telemedicine users per 1000 beneficiaries). In 891 counties (29% of all US counties), at least 10% of beneficiaries with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia used a telemedicine service in 2019. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of telemedicine utilization before the COVID-19 pandemic, there was sustained growth in telemedicine visits among rural beneficiaries covered by the Medicare program, especially care delivered by nurse practitioners and other nonphysician clinicians. The prepandemic model of telemedicine provided in local health care settings may be a viable modality to maintain in rural communities.
Examining the relation between respiratory sinus arrhythmia and depressive symptoms in emerging adults: A longitudinal study.

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating and prevalent disorder associated with lower quality of life and substantial economic burden. Recently, there has been strong interest in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as a biological predictor of later depression. Theoretical work suggests that higher resting RSA indexes physiological flexibility and better emotion regulation whereas lower RSA may mark vulnerability for psychopathology. However, empirical findings have varied. This study examined whether lower resting RSA predicted later depressive symptoms in a sample of healthy young adults across one year (n = 185). Results indicate that year one (Y1) resting RSA predicted Y2 depressive symptoms. This finding remained significant when accounting for the stability of RSA and depressive symptoms across both time points and when including trait anxiety, body mass index, and medication use in statistical models. Findings provide further support for RSA as a promising biological marker for understanding and predicting depressive symptoms.
EVAPORATIVE FILM COOLING AT HYPERSONIC VELOCITIES FOR RE-ENTRY VEHICLES

Abstract : A theoretical analysis of similarity parameters of evaporative film cooling was developed for blunt bodies indicating the effect of mass transfer on heat transfer and skin friction for Prandtl and Lewis numbers unity. Calculated interface temperatures are in good agreement with wall temperatures measured around a hemisphere in a hypersonic wind tunnel. Application of theANALYSIS SHOWS THAT EVAPORATIVE FILM COOLING IS FEASIBLE FOR TYPICAL RE-ENTRY VEHICLES. At circul r velocities the effective heat of evaporation of water i as high as 11,000 Btu/lbm. The significant advantage of evaporative film cooling is that the walls of a vehicle during re-entry are maintained at relatively low temperatures. (Author)
Aspects Of Deconstruction: Refuting Indeterminacy With One Bold Thought

Deconstruction has already happened on the Supreme Court. Not only can no member of the Court really believe that "the law" (self-invented by the very Court it is supposed to govern!) can constrain the result in any individual case, but its members have also convinced themselves that they have no time to be concerned with dispensing justice to the parties. The justificatory legal language used in judicial opinions is not what our law teachers told us it was. The justificatory legal language is not provided to explain - much less constrain - the result in the case. Rather, it is a mode of couching the personal legislative preferences of unelected judges in the publicly venerated language of a judicial decree.
Memristor panic — A survey of different device models in crossbar architectures

The popularity of memristors has led to a wide range of models being proposed for both physically realized devices and their concepts in general. These models have been fit to specific devices, but the resulting device models are not often discussed in relation to specific applications. A common tool in neuromorphic algorithms, crossbar architectures rely exclusively on the electrical properties of the device connecting rows to columns. Using memristors for these connections, we investigate the viability of 14 device models found in literature for this application. We look at these device models in a crossbar architecture, with supporting circuitry clocked at 500 MHz and providing voltages up to 4V. The two primary functions of a crossbar, evaluating and updating, are both addressed in the context of Rozell et al.'s neuromorphic, Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA) learning the MNIST dataset and are used to identify the practical qualities of different memristor models. We establish guidelines for designing crossbars regardless of individual device characteristics, and identify a class of devices that produce energy savings when write voltage is relaxed. Our analysis is aimed at assisting researchers with the selection of an appropriate device model, and informing device manufacturers of critical qualities needed from memristive devices for these applications.
The safety of dipyridamole in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy prior to lung volume reduction surgery.

Patients with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) undergoing lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) are at high risk of peri-operative cardiac complications, and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is commonly used for risk stratification. This study prospectively assessed the safety of dipyridamole in these patients and compared the incidence of side-effects (particularly dyspnoea) with that in patients undergoing dipyridamole MPS prior to elective non-cardiothoracic surgery. Fifty patients were enrolled: 25 in the LVRS cohort (13 males, 12 females), with a mean age of 65 years and a mean FEV1 of 0.79 l, and 25 (with no history of asthma or COPD) in the control cohort (14 males, 11 females), with a mean age of 66 years. Fourteen patients (56%) in each group developed side-effects. Dyspnoea was reported by five patients (20%) in the LVRS and two patients (8%) in the control cohort (P=NS). One patient in each cohort developed severe hypotension and bradycardia. Eight (32%) other patients developed minor side-effects in the LVRS cohort compared with 11 (44%) in the control group. All side-effects responded promptly to intravenous aminophylline. In summary, there was a statistically non-significant increase in the incidence of dyspnoea in patients with end-stage COPD and all side-effects responded to aminophylline. Thus, dipyridamole can be used safely in these patients.
Isovolemic hemodilution in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Part 1: Effects on hemodynamics, hemorheology, and intracranial pressure.

✓ A total of 76 splenectomized dogs were entered in a study of the value and effects of isovolemic hemodilution. Of these, seven were not included in the analysis because of technical errors. Of the remaining 69 dogs, 35 were treated with hemodilution; 28 were subjected to a 6-hour period of temporary occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery and the proximal middle cerebral artery, and seven underwent a sham operation only, with arterial manipulation but no occlusion. The other 34 dogs were not subjected to hemodilution; 26 of these underwent temporary arterial occlusion and eight had a sham operation only. In each group the animals were about equally divided into 1) an acute protocol with regional cerebral blood flow measurements by a radioactive microsphere technique and sacrifice at the end of the acute experiment, and 2) a chronic protocol with survival for 1 week to permit daily neurological assessment and final histopathological examination but without blood flow measurements. Isovolemic hemo...
The Prospects for Hybrid Electric Vehicles, 2005-2020: Results of a Delphi Study

The introduction of Toyota's hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), the Prius, in Japan has generated considerable interest in HEV technology among US automotive experts. In a follow-up survey to Argonne National Laboratory's two-stage Delphi Study on electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs) during 1994-1996, Argonne researchers gathered the latest opinions of automotive experts on the future ''top-selling'' HEV attributes and costs. The experts predicted that HEVs would have a spark-ignition gasoline engine as a power plant in 2005 and a fuel cell power plant by 2020. The projected 2020 fuel shares were about equal for gasoline and hydrogen, with methanol a distant third. In 2020, HEVs are predicted to have series-drive, moderate battery-alone range and cost significantly more than conventional vehicles (CVs). The HEV is projected to cost 66% more than a $20,000 CV initially and 33% more by 2020. Survey respondents view batteries as the component that contributes the most to the HEV cost increment. The mean projection for battery-alone range is 49 km in 2005, 70 km in 2010, and 92 km in 2020. Responding to a question relating to their personal vision of the most desirable HEV and its likely characteristics when introduced in the US market in the next decade, the experts predicted their ''vision'' HEV to have attributes very similar to those of the ''top-selling'' HEV. However, the ''vision'' HEV would cost significantly less. The experts projected attributes of three leading batteries for HEVs and projected acceleration times on battery power alone. The resulting battery packs are evaluated, and their initial and replacement costs are analyzed. These and several other opinions are summarized.
Primary and secondary structural analyses of glutathione S-transferase π from human placenta

Abstract The primary structure of glutathione S-transferase (GST) π from a single human placenta was determined. The structure was established by chemical characterization of tryptic and cyanogen bromide peptides as well as automated sequence analysis of the intact enzyme. The structural analysis indicated that the protein is comprised of 209 amino acid residues and gave no evidence of post-translational modifications. The amino acid sequence differed from that of the deduced amino acid sequence determined by nucleotide sequence analysis of a cDNA clone (Kano, T., Sakai, M., and Muramatsu, M., 1987, Cancer Res. 47 , 5626–5630) at position 104 which contained both valine and isoleucine whereas the deduced sequence from nucleotide sequence analysis identified only isoleucine at this position. These results demonstrated that in the one individual placenta studied at least two GST π genes are coexpressed, probably as a result of allelomorphism. Computer assisted consensus sequence evaluation identified a hydrophobic region in GST π (residues 155–181) that was predicted to be either a buried transmembrane helical region or a signal sequence region. The significance of this hydrophobic region was interpreted in relation to the mode of action of the enzyme especially in regard to the potential involvement of a histidine in the active site mechanism. A comparison of the chemical similarity of five known human GST complete enzyme structures, one of π, one of μ, two of α, and one microsomal, gave evidence that all five enzymes have evolved by a divergent evolutionary process after gene duplication, with the microsomal enzyme representing the most divergent form.
Methods for data screening, flagging and error analysis at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility

Abstract All data collection, from sample submittal through processing into targets and AMS analysis, is integrated within a large relational database (Sybase). Over 50 tables are linked through key fields. Through structured queries, the information is analysed and presented for a wide variety of applications. Benefits include enhanced quality control, more complete reports to users and more accurate transfer of data among the several laboratories on the network.
Synthesis and properties of crosslinked polycarbosilanes by hydrosilylation polymerization

The aim of this investigation is the development of crosslinked polycarbosilanes (PCSs) with excellence on mechanical properties. Crosslinked polycarbosilanes were obtained by using a hydrosilylation curing reaction between multi-functional vinylsilanes and hydrosilanes. The PCSs were prepared with a casting method from the monomer solution. The mechanical properties and the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of the PCSs were measured by a flexural test and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy was employed for estimating the conversion of the vinylsilanes. The effects of the following three points on the mechanical properties of the crosslinked PCSs were evaluated: (1) the molecular weight between the crosslinking points, (2) the introduction of flexural units, and (3) the network chain density. The mechanical properties and Tgs of the PCSs were found to be dependent on the structures of the monomer used. It was clear that both the high network chain density and the rigid-rod unit, [–Me2Si–p–C6H4–Me2Si–CH2CH2–], are favorable to high mechanical properties. The improvement in strength can be related to the structures of vinylsilanes and hydrosilanes used.
A break in the nitrogen cycle in aridlands? Evidence from δp15N of soils.

We examined the content and isotopic composition of nitrogen within soils of a juniper woodland and found that a cryptobiotic crust composed of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses was the predominant source of nitrogen for this ecosystem. Disturbance of the crust has resulted in considerable spatial variability in soil nitrogen content and isotopic composition; intercanopy soils were significantly depleted in nitrogen and had greater abundance of 15N compared to intra-canopy soils. Variations in the 15N/14N ratio for inter- and intra-canopy locations followed similar Rayleigh distillation curves, indicating that the greater 15N/14N ratios for inter-canopy soils were due to relatively greater net nitrogen loss. Coverage of cryptobiotic crusts has been reduced by anthropogenic activities during the past century, and our results suggest that destruction of the cryptobiotic crust may ultimately result in ecosystem degradation through elimination of the predominant source of nitrogen input.
Cutaneous presentation of post‐renal transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a series of four cases

We report detailed histological and molecular characteristics of four post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) presenting in the skin of renal transplant patients, and their clinical outcome. Three had B-cell lymphomas (cases 1-3), and one had a T-cell lymphoma (case 4). All B-cell lymphomas showed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH). Cases 1 and 2 were large cell lymphomas, and case 3 a plasmacytoma. Case 1 showed light chain restriction and heavy chain gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patient was then diagnosed with an abdominal lymphoma and died of sepsis. Case 2 had no recoverable DNA. Case 3 had a plasmacytoma that showed monoclonal light chain restriction on IHC and an oligoclonal heavy chain rearrangement by PCR. In cases 2 and 3, the lesions regressed following reduction of immunosuppression, and died 1.5 and 8 years later from unrelated medical causes. Case 4 was a CD 30+ anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma with no EBV detected by IHC, ISH and PCR, and died of heart failure 2 years later. Cutaneous manifestations of PTLD are rare, show wide array of clinical and pathological features, and generally have a favorable prognosis. EBV appears to be associated only with B-cell cutaneous lymphomas.
Consumers’ Perceptions About Autopilots and Remote-Controlled Commercial Aircraft:

Trust, willingness, and comfort to fly on an airliner is a large factor in the consumer’s travel plan decision process. This research aims to further understand consumers’ opinions on the set-up of...
BRIC national export performance: a portfolio approach

The BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) have expanded their export sector considerably in the last two decades. Their export portfolios range from commodities to knowledge-intensive products. In this paper, we use two portfolio approaches (Markowitz and single index models) to assess export diversification strategies. The results indicate that China’s export portfolio dominates the portfolios of Brazil, India, and Russia. China has a highly diversified export profile and also expresses the highest efficiency amongst the BRIC countries. Thus, we make several conclusions about the impact of BRIC countries on the global political economy: (1) export portfolios can be used as a measure of geo-political influence, (2) BRIC countries’ export performance approximates the economic behavior of a global ‘middle class,’ and (3) China’s dominance among the BRIC countries, particularly its diverse profile, largely represents the global economy. China’s portfolio beta for export is closest to the global p...
Preschool Teachers' Beliefs Concerning the Importance of Various Developmental Skills and Abilities

Abstract Head Start, public school preschool, and preschool special education teachers were surveyed to investigate their beliefs concerning the importance of various developmental skills and abilities. Teachers were presented with 54 items representing different skills and abilities and asked to rate each with respect to how important they thought it was for preschoolers to learn. The items represented three key domains of early functioning: social-emotional, language and literacy, and early math. A comparison of teachers' mean item ratings indicated that teachers in all three groups felt that the social-emotional items were more important for preschoolers to learn than were the language and literacy and early math items, which were rated similarly. Preschool special education teachers placed a slightly higher premium on social-emotional functioning than did Head Start teachers. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance for teacher education and providing programming for young children.
Studies on the fat-mobilizing factor of the anterior pituitary gland.

On the bases of chemical and physiological evidence there has been general acceptance of six well-defined anterior pituitary hormones: growth hormone, thyrotrophin, corticotrophin, luteotrophin (lactogenic hormone), follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Anterior pituitary preparations have, however, been noted to cause a number of metabolic effects variously described as diabejfcogenic, glycotrophic, glycostatic, fat mobilizing, respiratory quotient lowering, ketogenic, pancreatotrophic, etc. It would be desirable to define more closely the hormones responsible for these various effects so as better to characterize the secretions of this complex endocrine gland. This study deals with the hypophyseal factor which leads to an increase in liver fat; it was undertaken with the aim of determining whether this principle could be identified with any one of the six wellcharacterized hormones, or whether evidence could be adduced indicating a separate factor. methods The fat-mobilizing activity of...
CMS-D8 Restoration in Cotton Is Conditioned by One Dominant Gene

Cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS-D8) and fertile restorer lines (D8R) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (AD 1 ) were developed by transfer ring the cytoplasm and nuclear gene(s) from G. trilobum (DC.) Skovst. (D 8 ) into the cofton nuclear background. Understanding the genetics of fertility restoration in this CMS system is essential for its use in a hybrid breeding system. The objective of this investigation was to determine the mode of inheritance of D8R restoration to CMS D8. The experimental approach involved a series of crossing schemes involving nuclear permulations among the AD 1 and D 8 alloplasms, Eighteen normal genolypes did not restore fertility to the CMS-D8 (A line) and could be ased as maintainer (B) lines. D8R crossed as female with 8 lines yielded F 1 and F 2 populations with all fertile plants. F 1 pollen also produced all fertile progeny in crosses on A lines Thus, the D8 restorer functions at the gametophytic level. When heterozygous restored plants were pollinated with B lines, or when reciprocal F 1 's with normal cytoplasm were crossed as male with the A line, the progeny ratio was one fertile to one sterile. A 3:1 ratio was obtained when restored F 1 plants with D 8 cytoplasm were pollinated by their reciprocal F 1 's with normal cytoplasm. Accordingly, restoration of CMS-D8 by the D8R restorer is conditioned by a single dominant gene (Rf 2 ). The genotypes for A, B. and D8R lines in the CMS-D8 system are designated S (rf 2 rf 2 ), N (rf 2 rf 2 ), and S (Rf 2 Rf 2 ), respeclively. This gametophytic restoration system is potentially useful for utilizing F 2 heterosis in cotton.
Heterogeneous catalytic reactors undergoing chemical deactivation. Part II. Design and analysis: Approach of reactor point effectiveness

A design method is presented that takes into account the effects of both diffusion and deactivation on hetergeneous catalytic reactors. Improvements that can be made by the method are demonstrated and an efficient methodology is developed by which the design problem as well as associated optimization problems can be solved in a routine manner. The approach is based on the reactor point effectiveness for global rate of reaction in terms of bulk fluid conditions. Some important features emerge from the examples presented.
Theory of mind, computational tractability, and mind shaping: 2009 Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems Workshop

Philosophers and psychologists have traditionally understood theory of mind as a human capacity for understanding and predicting human behavior based on the attribution of unobservable mental states, like beliefs and desires. The classical model views the human "mind reader" as a kind of scientist, formulating hypotheses about the unobservable causes of the behavior of her fellows, and then testing them through observation (Gopnik & Wellman 1995). Many argue that the attribution of unobservable, theoretical mental states increases the power of human social cognition over mere sensitivity to patterns of observable behavior, of the kind that characterizes the social cognition of most, if not all non-human animals (Tomasello & Call 1997). In this paper, I review some familiar problems with this view and suggest a novel strategy for dealing with them. In section 2, I explain why the timely and accurate attribution of mental states appears to be a computationally intractable task. In sections 3 and 4, I consider two standard models of human cognitive architecture aimed at mitigating problems of computational tractability: modularity and fast and frugal heuristics, respectively. I argue that these are unlikely to help in the case of theory of mind. In the final section, I show how "mind shaping" (Mameli 2001; Zawidzki 2008) -- roughly, the practice of socializing individuals in ways that make human populations more homogeneous -- can mitigate some of the problems raised in the earlier sections.
Empirical fit to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors

We have made an empirical fit to the world data for the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors [ital G][sub [ital E][ital p]], [ital G][sub [ital M][ital p]] for 0[lt][ital Q][sup 2[lt]]30 (GeV/[ital c])[sup 2], and to the neutron electromagnetic form factors [ital G][sub [ital E][ital n]],[ital G][sub [ital M][ital n]] in the range 0[lt][ital Q][sup 2][lt]10 (GeV/[ital c])[sup 2].
Two-color labeling of temporally defined protein populations in mammalian cells

The proteome undergoes complex changes in response to disease, drug treatment, and normal cellular signaling processes. Characterization of such changes requires methods for time-resolved protein identification and imaging. Here, we describe the application of two reactive methionine (Met) analogues, azidohomoalanine (Aha) and homopropargylglycine (Hpg), to label two protein populations in fixed cells. Reactive lissamine rhodamine (LR), 7-dimethylaminocoumarin (DMAC), and bodipy-630 (BDPY) dyes were prepared and examined for use in selective dye-labeling of newly synthesized proteins in Rat-1 fibroblasts. The LR and DMAC, but not BDPY, fluorophores were found to enable selective, efficient labeling of subsets of the proteome; cells labeled with Aha and Hpg exhibited fluorescence emission three- to sevenfold more intense than that of control cells treated with Met. We also examined simultaneous and sequential pulse-labeling of cells with Aha and Hpg. After pulse-labeling, cells were treated with reactive LR and DMAC dyes, and labeled cells were imaged by fluorescence microscopy and analyzed by flow cytometry. The results of these studies demonstrate that amino acid labeling can be used to achieve selective two-color imaging of temporally defined protein populations in mammalian cells.
Structures induced by collections of subsets: a hypergraph approach

Abstract During recent years, much attention has been paid by anthropologists and sociologists to the analysis of social networks. These networks arise from dyadic relationships such as kinship or friendship and they have been studied using techniques derived from graph theory. Although the study of such networks can cast much light on the social structure of a population, many important aspects of this structure cannot be addressed using dyadic relationships alone. For example, group membership gives rise to natural non-dyadic relationships which will be distorted if they are forced into a dyadic mold. The purpose of this paper is to propose an analytical scheme which will permit the study of structure induced by non-dyadic relationships. The concepts used derive from the theory of hypergraphs, and it is shown that these concepts permit a wide variety of structural questions to be posed.
Nonparallel discharge of digestive enzymes from isolated pancreatic acini.

Abstract The secretion of amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and proelastase from isolated rat dispersed pancreatic acini was investigated in the absence (basal) and presence of two concentrations of CCK 8 (50 and 500 pM), carbachol (2.5 and 7.5 μM) and secretin (10 nM and 1 μM). The unstimulated (basal) rate of release of each of the digestive enzymes was essentially the same. However, whereas both doses of CCK 8 and carbachol caused a preferential release of chymotrypsinogen over that of amylase and trypsinogen, the magnitude of stimulated release of amylase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen by 1 μM secretin was found to be similar for each of the enzymes. Furthermore, none of the secretagogues caused a significant enhancement in proelastase release. The present data demonstrate that whereas CCK 8 and carbachol induce a greater release of chymotrypsinogen over that of amylase or trypsinogen, release of all three enzymes was equally stimulated by secretin from isolated pancreatic acini.
13C-LABELED RICE CEREAL ABSORBED BY INFANTS WITH ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS (AGE)

Diluted cow milk (CM) is used in tropical countries for refeeding infants with AGE. Staple foods are used to provide calories during recovery from malnutrition. To determine if rice cereal could be used as a caloric supplement during AGE, we studied 8 male, CM-fed infants, age (x±SD) 95±23 d, range 69-131 d, admitted to hospital in Guatemala. After rehydration, rice cereal was added to CM diluted by 50% with water to restore caloric density to 0.65 kcal/ml. A 48-h stool collection and balance study were begun with the first feeding to which 13C-labeled rice cereal (5g) was added. Fecal 13C abundance, osmolality, N, and energy were determined. Infants were restudied 17d later. Differences between study periods were analyzed by paired t test. The absorption of rice cereal was not significantly impaired during AGE, compared with that during the recovery period, as indicated by the %13C malabsorbed (x±SD 11±8% vs 4±3%, p=0.08), the coefficient of energy absorption (84±9% vs 92±4%, P=0.099), total fecal output (dry weight), N, and fecal energy (152±86 vs 104±39 kcal). Appreciable fecal energy loss occurred in both study periods despite good absorption of cereal, suggesting incomplete recovery from AGE or small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Our data show good absorption of rice cereal used as an energy supplement during AGE.
Transurethral Enzyme Injection—Future Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Although benign prostatic hyperplasia, a common condition among elderly men, has been effectively treated with transurethral resection of the prostate, this surgical procedure is associated with many well-recognized risks and complications. Because of this potential morbidity and mortality, various alternative treatment strategies for benign prostatic hyperplasia have been proposed. The use of enzyme solubilization and ablation of prostatic tissue to alleviate urinary outlet obstruction has proved effective in dogs and warrants investigation in human trials. Transurethral enzyme injection of the prostate has the potential for being a treatment modality with minimal invasiveness, limited requirements for anesthesia, and minimal associated toxicity for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Pathways of D-fructose transport in Arthrobacter pyridinolis.

Abstract Previous work indicated that Arthrobacter pyridinolis can transport d -fructose by either a phosphoenolpyruvate: d -fructose phosphotransferase system or by a respiration-coupled system. The respiration-coupled transport system for d -fructose, which is stimulated by the addition of l -malate, has been characterized in membrane vesicles from d -fructose-grown cells. Such vesicles carry out malate-dependent uptake of d -fructose but not of d -glucose or l -rhamnose, indicating that there is a sugar-specific component to the respiration-coupled transport system. A mutant which is deficient in the d -fructose-specific component was isolated. Vesicles from fructose-glutamate-grown cells of a phosphotransferase-negative strain (AP100) exhibited malate-dependent d -fructose uptake, while phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent uptake was reduced to a small fraction of that seen with vesicles from wild-type cells. Inhibitors of electron transport, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol and N-ethylmaleimide caused marked inhibition of malate-dependent d -fructose uptake while exerting little or no effect on phosphoenolpyru-vate-dependent transport of the sugar in vesicles from wild-type cells. Activity of a flavin adenine dinucleotide-linked l -malic dehydrogenase was detected in membrane vesicles as well as in whole cells.
Developmental changes in carbohydrate concentration and activaties of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in fruits of two Capsicum annuum L. genotypes

Abstract Recently it was reported that hexose sugars accumulate in pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit during ripening as a result of increased acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity. In this study, fruit of two pepper genotypes which differ in size, shape and carbohydrate concentration were evaluated during growth and development. Carbohydrate concentrations and sucrose metabolizing enzyme activities were measured. Starch and sucrose concentration increased midway through development and declined during fruit ripening. The increase in sucrose concentration was seemingly unrelated to activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) (EC 2.4.1.14). As sucrose and starch concentrations declined during ripening, hexose sugar concentration increased. This change in carbohydrate composition was associated with increased acid and neutral invertase activity. Overall trends in carbohydrate pools and enzyme activities were similar between the two genotypes. However, the smaller jalapeno-shaped pepper had much higher carbohydrate concentrations and enzyme activities than the bell pepper. The most striking differences between the two genotypes were a very high concentration of hexose sugars (> 90 mg/g fresh wt.) and the extent to which activity of acid and neutral invertases increased during the final stages of ripening in the jalapeno-shaped pepper compared to the bell-shaped pepper. Thus, there may be an association between increased invertase activity and the accumulation of hexose sugars in pepper fruit during ripening.
The quantised Hall effect and other macroscopic quantum phenomena

The relation between the quantized Hall conductance and other macroscopic quantum effects is discussed. Under the appropriate conditions, fluxoid quantization and a phenomenon similar to the AC Josephson effect are possible in normal conductors.
A Voice for the Dying

Secondary analysis of data collected for a grounded theory study of family surrogate decision-making processes at the end of life was undertaken to describe participants' perceptions of the needs of family decision makers as expressed through their advice to others. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory, resulting in identification of the major categories and their properties describing surrogates' recommendations. The entire data set (approximately 22 hours of audiotaped narrative data collected from persons who had functioned as surrogates during the terminal phase of a family member's cancer) was newly analyzed for the secondary analysis. All participants experienced the role as very demanding. Those who were able to see that another's wishes were honored experienced satisfaction. Advice from experienced surrogates offers nurses both direct guidance to help them meet surrogates' needs and insight to assist them in coaching surrogates in the performance of this critical role.
A radiochemical method for monoamine oxidase assay

Abstract A simple radiochemical method is described for the assay of monoamine oxidase utilizing tritiated tyramine. The synthesis of tyramine-1,2-3H from tyrosine-2,3-3H is reported. Tritium, released by the oxidation of tyramine-1,2-3H by monoamine oxidase, was counted by conventional liquid scintillation techniques. Also reported is the application of this method for the study of a number of parameters which influence the activity of the enzyme, including pH, substrate concentration, and amount of enzyme.
Multiple behavior change among church members taking part in the faith, activity, and nutrition program.

Abstract Objective To examine the extent to which participants in a combined physical activity (PA) and dietary intervention achieved changes in multiple health behaviors. Design Group randomized trial; includes only participants assigned to the intervention group only. Setting Thirty-six churches in South Carolina. Participants Three hundred sixty African American church members. Intervention A 15-month PA and dietary intervention, guided by the structural ecological model, targeting environmental (ie, social, cultural, physical) and organizational (ie, policies, practices) changes within the church. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported PA, fruit and vegetable consumption, fat-, and fiber-related behaviors. Analysis Change in each behavior was defined as unadjusted pretest–posttest improvement ≥ 0.20 of the baseline standard deviation. The total number and each combination of behaviors changed were calculated. Results Up to 19% changed no health behaviors as defined above, 31% changed 1 health behavior, 31% changed 2 health behaviors, 13% changed 3 health behaviors, and 5% changed all 4 of the targeted health behaviors. Combinations of multiple behavior change included PA and dietary behaviors, which suggests that both behaviors can be changed simultaneously. Conclusions and Implications Nearly half of participants changed at least 2 health behaviors. Faith-based interventions targeting environmental and organizational change can successfully change multiple behaviors, potentially leading to greater improvements in public health.
Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Common Fruits

Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Phytochemicals, especially phenolics, in fruits and vegetables are suggested to be the major bioactive compounds for the health benefits. However, the phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities in fruits and vegetables were underestimated in the literature, because bound phenolics were not included. This study was designed to investigate the profiles of total phenolics, including both soluble free and bound forms in common fruits, by applying solvent extraction, base digestion, and solid-phase extraction methods. Cranberry had the highest total phenolic content, followed by apple, red grape, strawberry, pineapple, banana, peach, lemon, orange, pear, and grapefruit. Total antioxidant activity was measured using the TOSC assay. Cranberry had the highest total antioxidant activity (177.0 +/- 4.3 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of fruit), followed by apple, red grape, strawberry, peach, lemon, pear, banana, orange, grapefruit, and pineapple. Antiproliferation activities were also studied in vitro using HepG(2) human liver-cancer cells, and cranberry showed the highest inhibitory effect with an EC(50) of 14.5 +/- 0.5 mg/mL, followed by lemon, apple, strawberry, red grape, banana, grapefruit, and peach. A bioactivity index (BI) for dietary cancer prevention is proposed to provide a new alternative biomarker for future epidemiological studies in dietary cancer prevention and health promotion.
Measurement of Lattice Vibrations in Vanadium by Neutron Scattering

The energy spectrum of slow neutrons inelastically scattered by vanadium metal has been measured by the time-of-flight technique. The neutrons gain energy by absorbing quanta of lattice vibration energy (phonons). As the nuclear scattering amplitude of vanadium is incoherent, the energy distribution of scattered neutrons is directly related to the frequency distribution of lattice vibrations. The measured neutron energy spectrum, as well as the derived frequency distribution, shows a clearly resolved double peak. This structure, which is distinctly different from the simple Debye distribution, but expected on the basis of detailed calculations, has heretofore not been amenable to direct measurement. The measured frequency distribution is compared with calculations for a bodycentered cubic lattice by the Born-von Karman theory and qualitative agreement is obtained. A more exact comparisom awaits measurement of the elastic constants of vanadium. (auth)
Pressurized-Wall Minirhizotron for Field Observation of Root Growth Dynamics

Data derived from minirhizotrons, tubes installed in the field for observation of root growth, can suffer from particular conditions at the interface between tube and soil. These include the interface being excessively tight―leading to under observation of roots―or to gaps between wall and soil―leading to visibility problems and over-proliferation of roots at the wall. Details are presented for a minirhizotron designed to overcome these problems by use of flexible and constantly pressurized outer walls. The 0.5-mm thick, clear polyvinyl outer wall is concentric with and sealed to an inner wall of extruded acrylic (...)
Karl Barth's ecclesiology reconsidered

The essay begins by noting some of the things Karl Barth might have said to defend himself against Stanley Hauerwas's criticisms, in the otherwise largely appreciative discussion in With the Grain of the Universe, of Barth's anthropology and pneumatology and the consequent problems in his ecclesiology. I then discuss some issues that Barth himself might have wanted to raise with regard to Hauerwas's own ecclesiology, especially in reference to its comparative lack of emphasis upon divine action and the difference that makes to an account of the church's witness. I argue that Barth and Hauerwas differ to some degree in their understanding of the gospel and of Christianity, with Hauerwas emphasizing rather more than Barth the necessity and centrality of the church's work in the economy of salvation. Barth, on the other hand, sees the need rather more than Hauerwas of situating the church's activity within a well-rounded account of the work of the Word and the Spirit. I offer some concluding remarks to suggest that this particular aspect of Barth's ecclesiology is worth preserving as an effective way of responding to modernity.
Respiratory activity of avian blood cells.

Respiratory activity and hematological factors of avian blood cells, discussing oxygen consumption, thermal effects, tissue and erythrocyte metabolism
Value of Weight Reduction in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease and contributes markedly to individual CV risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and other chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, and physical deconditioning. Obesity, defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in severely obese patients with a body mass index ≥35 kg/m2. Physical activity, healthy eating and behavioral modification are three pivotal approaches to treating obesity. Some individuals may benefit from pharmacologic agents to achieve meaningful weight loss. Unfortunately, there are few such agents at present with proven efficacy and safety profiles. In this review, we discuss the obesity epidemic and its detrimental effects on the CV system, and focus on exercise training and on established pharmacologic agents as well as those on the horizon. We conclude by summarizing the surgical therapeutic options available to treat obesity and the evidence supporting the CV benefits of surgery, and discuss the potential adverse effects of both pharmacologic and surgical options.
Soft restarting of industrial power network using inverter-controlled energy storage system

We describe a process for using inverter-coupled local energy storage to softly-restart an industrial power network, and then bumplessly reclose the circuit breaker that has tripped the plant offline. The soft restart process eliminates a number of problems commonly associated with breaker reclosing such as large inrush currents, motor torque pulsations, and dipping of the line voltage feeding the plant. The soft restart is accomplished by pre-energizing the industrial power network with a voltage/frequency ramp while the network operates in islanded mode, then reclosing the circuit breaker when the industrial network is phase- and voltage-matched to the utility grid. Voltage and frequency acceleration of the industrial network are controlled by the inverter according to the characteristics of the connected loads. The performance of such a soft restart is characterized in terms of the plant load characteristics.
Experimental evidence for the stochastic theory of particle flow under gravity

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented for a recent stochastic theory of flow which represents the convergent flow of cohesionless particles under gravity toward an open orifice as equivalent to a counterflow of voids from the orifice upward through the bed by biased random flight; the theory is summarized in a new phenomenological form. Data, taken from the literature, were obtained from cells initially loaded with alternate layers of differently colored granular material. The theory predicts that after a fixed flow, each layer develops a depression such that if zo is the original height of a given layer above the orifice and zm is the corresponding height of the depression minimum, then for three-dimensional flow a plot of zm2 vs. zo2 for different layers will yield a straight line of slope one; the intercept gives statistical information concerning the equivalent void jumps. For two-dimensional flow, the corresponding theoretical plot is zm 3 2 vs. zosu 3 2 Data plotted from several sources conform closely to the above predictions, provided zo is not too large for a given flow. The latter discrepancy is qualitatively explained by a transient effect requiring the density to fall to a certain level before steady-state flow can occur.
Role of itaconic acid in latex particle nucleation

Itaconic acid, a carboxylated water-soluble monomer, was examined in terms of its role in latex particle nucleation when copolymerized with acrylate monomers. From emulsion polymerizations in which the particle number concentrations were followed as a function of monomer conversion, it was found that the greater the amount of itaconic acid present, the larger the final latex particle diameter. This was interpreted as the result of the lower number of primary particles being initially nucleated. The above observations can be explained by the incorporation of the hydrophilic itaconic acid into acrylate oligomeric radicals that initially form. This incorporation increases the water-solubility of the radicals such that a lower proportion of these radicals is likely to precipitate to form primary particles.
High Density Protein Kinase Assay With Subattomole Sensitivity

A rapid assay system based on incorporation of [γ-32P]ATP into biotinylated peptide substrates and their subsequent capture onto a high capacity streptavidin-coated membrane, SAM2™, has been developed for the detection of protein kinases. The system uses prenumbered and partially cut membrane squares for analyzing a limited number of samples or can be formatted to analyze up to 1,536 samples per microtiter plate footprint of 7.0 cm X 10.6 cm. The high biotin-binding capacity and low background of the membrane allows the use of nearly saturating amounts of most substrates, giving this system very high signal-to-noise ratios at low enzyme concentrations. Using cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA) as a model system, as little as 0.3 amol of purified enzyme in 0.2 μl can be detected with a linear response range of over 3 orders of magnitude. cAMP-dependent kinase activity can be measured directly in tissue extracts by using a specific substrate and harsh washing procedures to reduce nonspecific backgrounds f...