cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular structure parameters in certain semiconducting polymers

The condensation polymers formed by condensing aromatic hydrocarbons or their derivatives with aromatic acids are quite conductive. The room temperature resistivities of 42 polymers studied here range from 102 to 1012 ohm-cm. It is found that the resistivities are inversely related to the number of fused rings in the hydrocarbon portion of the monomer for either the homopolymers or copolymers. The resistivities are strongly dependent, inversely, upon the acid strength of the acid monomer reactants. For all the polymers studied, the conductivity σ depended upon the pressure P as ln(σ/σ0) = (b*/k)P1/2 where b* is seen to be an inverse function of the number of fused rings in the monomer in accord with theory. The resistivity ρ varied with absolute temperature T, as ln ρ ∞ (1/T) for all polymers. Thermoelectric powers were determined, and the various relationships established among energy interval, resistivity at “infinite temperature,” carrier concentrations and mobility ratios, number of fused rings, and pressure coefficients are discussed. The polymers are p-type. Doping by Be++ or Cu++ has a small effect, increasing the conductivity slightly. Electron spin concentrations and carrier concentrations are directly related among the polymers, being found nearly equal for the most conductive but differing by up to nine orders of magnitude in the least conductive polymers.
Photoreceiver array with near-field resolution capability

It has been suggested that ultrahigh density optical storage systems could be realized by storing data in patterns with spatial coordinates below the far-field resolution limit. While the ability to write data on these fine dimensions has been shown, the ability to read data with sub-lambda resolution has proven problematic. This is especially true for memory systems that require page oriented memory access. We present a novel near-field detector array technology that is expected to satisfy the requirement of these next generation optical memory systems. Based on CMOS photoreceiver arrays and a silicon based aperture array, our device's technology is implemented using standard fabrication processes to yield a planar, near-field photoreceiver array technology. While the photoreceiver technology is an important component of our device technology, the aperture array is the fundamental component designed to enable data detection with near-field resolution. Using micro-machining technology pioneered for Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), fabrication of our aperture arrays depends on KOH etching of the Si planes. Focused Ion Beam milling is used to realize the apertures in a thin gold film deposited on a silicon dioxide layer. We present a detailed description of both the photoreceiver circuit and the aperture array fabrication method. Independent characterization of both the photoreceiver circuit and the aperture array is also included.
Adsorption of barium(II) on montmorillonite: an EXAFS study

Abstract Migration of radioactive radium, 226 Ra, in soil is an environmental concern, especially in areas adjacent to uranium processing facilities. Barium(II), as Ba 2+ , was used as a Ra analog and reacted with a Na-montmorillonite to obtain mechanistic insights into the interaction of Ra with soil matrices. The majority of sorbed Ba is associated with the permanently charged surface sites on the montmorillonite basal surface. This is indicated by the facts that (1) sorption of Ba(II) on montmorillonite is not highly sensitive to solution pH, although an increase of sorption was observed at higher pH values; and (2) displacement of sorbed Ba increased with increased NaNO 3 concentration. As demonstrated by EXAFS, a small fraction of Ba also adsorbed on the montmorillonite edge, forming an inner-sphere surface complex through sharing of oxygen atom(s) from deprotonated –OH group of the Al octahedral layer. The EXAFS measured distances between Ba and O at the first shell, and Ba and Al of the second shell are 2.7–2.8 and 3.7–3.9 A, respectively, consistent with the results from geometry of a inner-sphere complex at the edge site. Results from bulk experiments and spectroscopic analysis suggest a co-existence of outer- and inner-sphere surface complexes for Ba sorbed to the montmorillonite surface.
Prototype evaluation of transformation toughened blast resistant naval hull steels: Part II

Application of a systems approach to computational materials design led to the theoretical design of a transformation toughened ultratough high-strength plate steel for blast-resistant naval hull applications. A first prototype alloy has achieved property goals motivated by projected naval hull applications requiring extreme fracture toughness (C v > 85 ft-lbs or 115 J corresponding to K Id≥ 200 ksi.in1/2 or 220 MPa.m1/2) at strength levels of 150–180 ksi (1,030–1,240 MPa) yield strength in weldable, formable plate steels. A continuous casting process was simulated by slab casting the prototype alloy as a 1.75′′ (4.45 cm) plate. Consistent with predictions, compositional banding in the plate was limited to an amplitude of 6–7.5 wt% Ni and 3.5–5 wt% Cu. Examination of the oxide scale showed no evidence of hot shortness in the alloy during hot working. Isothermal transformation kinetics measurements demonstrated achievement of 50% bainite in 4 min at 360 °C. Hardness and tensile tests confirmed predicted precipitation strengthening behavior in quench and tempered material. Multi-step tempering conditions were employed to achieve the optimal austenite stability resulting in significant increase of impact toughness to 130 ft-lb (176 J) at a strength level of 160 ksi (1,100 MPa). Comparison with the baseline toughness–strength combination determined by isochronal tempering studies indicates a transformation toughening increment of 65% in Charpy energy. Predicted Cu particle number densities and the heterogeneous nucleation of optimal stability high Ni 5 nm austenite on nanometer-scale copper precipitates in the multi-step tempered samples was confirmed using three-dimensional atom probe microanalysis. Charpy impact tests and fractography demonstrate ductile fracture with C v > 80 ft-lbs (108 J) down to −40 °C, with a substantial toughness peak at 25 °C consistent with designed transformation toughening behavior. The properties demonstrated in this first prototype represent a substantial advance over existing naval hull steels. Achieving these improvements in a single design and prototyping iteration is a significant advance in computational materials design capability.
Stable Chlorine Isotopic Compositions of Aroclors and Aroclor-Contaminated Sediments

An exploratory investigation was conducted to evaluate if stable chlorine isotopic ratios of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could be useful in studying the processes that determine their transport and fate in the environment. First, we determined the variability of δ37Cl in the source materials for PCBs. Second, we determined if the δ37Cl values of contaminated environmental samples fell outside the range in source variability. The isotopic variability among the source materials (Aroclors) was rather small; δ37Cl values ranged from −3.37 to −2.11‰ (mean and standard deviation, −2.78 ± 0.39‰, n = 12). There was no correlation between the δ37Cl values and percentages of chlorine in the mixtures. We also found very similar values in several Clophen mixtures and one Phenoclor. The δ37Cl values in the total PCBs isolated from Aroclor-contaminated sediments from the Hudson River, New Bedford Harbor, and Turtle River Estuary ranged from −4.54 to −2.25% (n = 19). While most of the δ37Cl values were within 2 sta...
Analysis of fatigue resistance of continuous and non-continuous welded rectangular frame intersections by finite element method

Agricultural and construction equipment are commonly implemented with rectangular tubing in their structural frame designs. A typical joining method to fabricate these frames is by welding and the use of ancillary structural plating at the connections. This aids two continuous members to pass through an intersection point of the frame with some degree of connectivity, but the connections are highly unbalanced as the tubing centroids exhibit asymmetry. Due to the practice of welded continuous member frame intersections in current agricultural equipment designs, a conviction may exist that welded continuous member frames are superior in structural strength over that of structural frame intersections implementing welded non-continuous members where the tubing centroids lie within two planes of symmetry, a connection design that would likely fabricating a more fatigue resistant structural frame. Three types of welded continuous tubing frame intersections currently observed in the designs of agricultural equipment were compared to two non-continuous frame intersection designs. Each design was subjected to the same loading condition and then examined for stress levels using the Finite Element Method to predict fatigue life. Results demonstrated that a lighter weight, non-continuous member frame intersection design was two magnitudes superior in fatigue resistance than some current implemented frame designs when using Stress-Life fatigue prediction methods and empirical fatigue strengths for fillet welds. Stress-Life predictions were also made using theoretical fatigue strength calculations for the fatigue strength at the welds for comparison to the empirical derived weld fatigue strength.
Aspects of Electrochemical Behavior of Aldehydes and Ketones in Protic Media

Reduction of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones, as well as oxidation of numerous aldehydes is discussed, as well as those reductions of organic compounds where the CO group activates cleavage of an adjacent CX bond where X is a good leaving group like halogen, OH, NH2 or SR or activates hydrogenation of an adjacent CC group. Survey involves aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, aryl alkyl and diaryl ketones, as well as α-ketoacids, 1,2-diketones and compounds where the carbonyl group is a part of a ring. The role of acid–base, hydration–dehydration and in some cases keto–enol equilibria on electrochemical behavior is pointed out, as well as the role of buffer kind and concentration and the nature of the cation of supporting electrolyte. Better understanding of these factors promises finding of best conditions for electroanalytical procedures.
070 Strategies for Health System Implementation of Guidelines on Overweight and Obesity

Background Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for adult obesity and overweight provide recommendations to clinicians on interventions for weight loss and maintenance. organisation-wide implementation of these guidelines is critical to achieve changes in practice and patient health outcomes. Context To describe novel guideline implementation strategies used by a large US health care organisation to improve the care of obese and overweight adults. Description of Best Practice An evidence-based CPG was developed to address management strategies for a rapidly increasing number of obese and overweight patients. Interventions aimed at practitioner, patient and systems levels were tailored to facilitate implementation of CPG recommendations. Practitioner interventions included basic knowledge dissemination via electronic distribution of CPGs, presentation of CPGs at clinician champions’ meetings; and development of point-of-care job aids, such as in-clinic access to online CPGs and office prompts to refer obese patients to weight management classes. Patient-level interventions included proactive outreach for health education classes and telephone-based coaching; point-of-care educational publications; and after-visit summaries with weight management recommendations. Interventions at the systems level included proactive office encounter recording of patient BMI and exercise regimen; clinical performance goals; reporting of health outcomes of participants in weight management programmes; and, a physician continuing medical education (CME) course. Continued improvements in clinician/patient communication about weight, collection of patient weight information, and patient health outcomes have been observed. Lessons for Guideline Developers, Adaptors, Implementers, and/or Users Novel approaches to integrating guidance on the management of obesity and overweight into practice can achieve significant changes in clinical practice and patient health outcomes.
Posterior stabilization of the lower cervical spine with lateral mass plates and screws

Abstract Posterior cervical fixation using lateral mass plates and screws is becoming increasingly used and accepted.Advantages include increased rigidity, ability to be used in cases where the lamina or spinous processes are deficient or missing, use across the occipito-cervical or cervico-thoracic junction, and need for less postoperative bracing. Safe placement of lateral mass screws requires complete exposure and identification of the boundaries of the lateral masses. The starting point for screw placement is 1 to 2 mm medial to the center of lateral mass. The screws are angulated outward 10 to 20 degrees and cranially 20 to 30 degrees to be parallel to the facet joints. An adjustable drill guide facilitates safe drilling and tapping techniques. All 102 patients with unstable cervical spines treated with AO reconstruction plates and autogenous bone graft had healed fusions based on flexion-extension radiographs. The reductions achieved postoperatively were maintained at follow-up. Two patients had transient radiculopathies secondary to screw placement. The indications for lateral mass fixation include cases where the lamina or spinal processes are deficient or missing, multilevel or rotational instabilities, when extension to the thoracic spine or occiput is required or when decreased bracing is beneficial.
Mythic Agency and Retail Conquest

Abstract This paper expands agency theory by identifying mythic agency as a lens through which retailers can view spectacular events during which consumers act heroically to achieve an important consumption goal. Partaking in a stressful and challenging retail experience invokes the stages of a quest, through which successful consumers emerge transformed and where they challenge, at least in part, the culturally prescribed role of bride. Retailers who create events that evoke and support consumers’ heroic actions can develop powerful, meaningful, and enduring relationships with their customers.
Structural Information from Molecular Connectivity 4Xpc index

The molecular connectivity 4XPC index was examined for its ability to describe uniquely molecules containing substituted benzene rings. The subgraphs comprising this index were shown to encode information about the number, placement, and type of ring substituents. Several examples illustrate the ability of the index to describe structure-influencing properties.
The Degree of Atherosclerosis in the Descending Aorta Does Not Predict Poor In-Hospital Outcome After Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Objective: This study examined if the degree of atherosclerosis in the descending aorta is an independent predictor of poor in-hospital outcome for patients presenting for surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass. Design: The degree of atherosclerosis of the descending aorta was retrospectively reviewed in patients presenting for surgical procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2003. Preoperative risk factors and in-hospital postoperative outcome parameters were obtained. Setting: University teaching hospital. Participants: There were 310 consecutive patients enrolled in the study. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Two hundred forty-seven patients had coronary artery bypass grafting with or without valvular surgery, and 63 patients had isolated valvular surgery. The degree of atherosclerosis was rated as normal in 86 (28%), mild in 106 (34%), moderate in 69 (22%), and severe in 49 (16%) patients. Adjusting only for the degree of atherosclerosis, the total intensive care unit (ICU) time and the number of deaths were significantly higher in those patients with severe disease. Multivariable models adjusting for patients' risk factors showed a significant influence of atherosclerosis on total ICU time but not on other outcomes. The strongest predictor of poor outcome was a history of previous stroke (cerebral vascular accident). Other significant factors predicting poor outcome included previous coronary artery bypass surgery, a history of congestive heart failure, a history of dialysis, advanced age, and female sex. Conclusions: The degree of atherosclerosis in the descending aorta is not an independent predictor of poor in-hospital outcome after surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass.
Theory of electric dipole spin resonance in a parabolic quantum well

A theory of electric dipole spin resonance (EDSR), that is caused by various mechanisms of spin-orbit coupling, is developed as applied to free electrons in a parabolic quantum well. Choosing a parabolic shape of the well has allowed us to find explicit expressions for the EDSR intensity and its dependence on the magnetic field direction in terms of the basic parameters of the Hamiltonian. By using these expressions, we have investigated and compared the effect of specific mechanisms of spin orbit (SO) coupling and different polarizations of ac electric field on the intensity of EDSR. It is our basic assumption that the SO coupling energy is small compared with all different competing energies (the confinement energy, and the cyclotron and Zeeman energies) that allowed us to describe all SO coupling mechanisms in the framework of the same general approach. For this purpose, we have developed an operator formalism for calculating matrix elements of the transitions between different quantum levels. To make these calculations efficient enough and to derive explicit and concise expressions for the EDSR intensity, we have established a set of remarkable identities relating the eigenfrequencies and the angles defining the spatial orientation of the quantizing magnetic field $\mathbf{B}(\ensuremath{\theta},\ensuremath{\phi})$. Applicability of these identities is not restricted by EDSR and we expect them to be useful for the general theory of parabolic quantum wells. The angular dependences of the EDSR intensity, found for various SO coupling mechanisms, show a fine structure consisting of alternating up and down cusps originating from repopulating different quantum levels and their spin sublevels. Angular dependences of the EDSR intensity are indicative of the relative contributions of the competing mechanisms of SO coupling. Our results show that electrical manipulating electron spins in quantum wells is generally highly efficient, especially by an in-plane ac electric field.
Electric field effect on cholesterol- phospholipid complexes

Monolayer mixtures of dihydrocholesterol and phospholipids at the air–water interface are used to model membranes containing cholesterol and phospholipids. Specific, stoichiometric interactions between cholesterol and some but not all phospholipids have been proposed to lead to the formation of condensed complexes. It is reported here that an externally applied electric field of the appropriate sign can destabilize these complexes, resulting in their dissociation. This is demonstrated through the application of an electric field gradient that leads to phase separations in otherwise homogeneous monolayers. This is observed only when the monolayer composition is close to the stoichiometry of the complex. The electric field effect is analyzed with the same mean field thermodynamic model as that used previously to account for pairs of upper miscibility critical points in these mixtures. The concentrations of dihydrocholesterol, phospholipid, and complex vary strongly and sometimes discontinuously in the monolayer membrane in the field gradient. The model is an approximation to a two-dimensional liquid in which molecules freely exchange between free and complexed form so that the chemical potentials are constant throughout the membrane. The calculations are illustrated for a complex of about 15 molecules, composed of 5 cholesterol molecules and 10 phospholipid molecules.
Respiratory-triggered electron beam CT with integrated spirometry for evaluation of dynamic airflow

The purpose is to integrate time-attenuation curves from Electron-Beam CT with flow-time curves from spirometry in the analysis of airflow obstruction. A pressure-sensitive switch was connected between a spirometer mouthpiece and a modified EBCT scanner keyboard. The onset of expiratory flow causes pressure changes which simultaneously trigger EBCT and spirometric acquisitions. Subjects performed a forced expiratory maneuver, during which EBCT images of the lung were obtained every 500 ms using 130 kVp, 630 mA, 100 ms scan time and 3 mm collimation. From EBCT images, time-attenuation curves were generated for each of three zones (non-dependent, middle and dependent lung) using small ROIs (12 mm2) placed over approximately the same anatomic regions of lung. The resulting time- attenuation curves and flow-time curves were then superimposed. Two normal subjects, two subjects with emphysema and three lung transplant subjects have been studied to date. In normal subjects, lung attenuation increases steadily during the first 4 - 6 seconds of expiration, whereas in patients with emphysema, lung attenuation was relatively constant over the course of expiration. Lung transplant subjects show both of these characteristics--normal characteristics for the transplant lung and emphysematous characteristics for the native lung. Lung transplant subjects may also demonstrate some dynamics between transplant and diseased lung. Respiratory-triggered EBCT can be used to simultaneously acquire time-attenuation and flow-time data. This has been used to characterize dynamic airflow patterns in patients with respiratory disease.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
986 THE PATHOGENESIS OF COMBINED MURINE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI Kl INFECTION IN MICE

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections have been associated with increased susceptibility to serious bacterial infections in transplant patients and in young infants. To explore further the mechanisms by which CMV infection alters susceptibility to bacterial infections 3-week-old Swiss-Webster mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with murine CMV (MCMV) and then were challenged intranasally with E. coli Kl. In MCMV-infected animals, challenge with E. coli resulted in enhanced mortality (70-90% vs 0-20% in controls). Mortality was greatest when animals were infected with E. coli on days 1 or 3 after MCMV inoculation. Clearance of E. coli from blood and organs was impaired on day 3 of the MCMV infection. Forty-eight hours after E. coli inoculation, MCMV-infected animals had greater bacterial counts than control animals in blood (104·5 E. coli/ml in MCMV-infected vs 101 controls), in lung (107 E. coli/g vs 103·5), in spleen (104·5vs 101) and in liver (104·5 vs 101). In addition, MCMV-infected animals exhibited a diminished inflammatory response to a subcutaneously implanted sponge containing 108 E. coli (mean of 740 WBC/mm3 in MCMV-infected vs 5783 WBC/mm3 in controls). These results indicate that infection with MCMV enhances susceptibility to intranasal E. coli infection and suggest that acute CMV infection alters host inflammatory response to a bacterial stimulus.
The Determination of Sodium Silicate Composition Using ATR FT-IR

A procedure that measures both the silica concentration and the ratio of silica to alkali content of the commercially important sodium silicate solutions using an ATR FT-IR spectrophotomer has been developed. The accuracy and precision have been found to be equal to or better than the commonly used measures via titrimetry and density determination.
Aflatoxin formation, lipid synthesis, and glucose metabolism by Aspergillus parasiticus during incubation with and without agitation

Abstract Glucose utilization, growth of mold, and synthesis of aflatoxin and total lipid by Aspergillus parasiticus were studied with cultures that were incubated statically and with agitation. With both cultural conditions, maximal toxin formation occurred at 5 days which coincided with the end of rapid mold growth and rapid uptake of glucose. The toxin concentration decreased as incubation continued. The pattern for formation and depletion of total lipid was similar to that for aflatoxin. Maximal yields of toxin and of total lipid did not coincide with maximal production of mold mycelium. Incubation with agitation enhanced mold growth, consumption of glucose, and production of aflatoxin and total lipid during the first 3 days. Generally, more growht occured in agitated cultures, but maximal yields of aflatoxin and total lipid were lower than in quiescent cultures. The need for limited, but not excessive, O2 for synthesis of aflatoxin and lipid also was demonstrated by varying the volume of medium in flasks that were incubated quiescently. Incorporation of [1-14C] glucose into aflatoxin indicated that limiting the O2 supply and thereby favoring glucose catabolism via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway enhanced toxin formation. Aflatoxin formation also was greater when oxidative respiration of the mold was restricted by a metabolic inhibitor. Results suggest that the degree of aeration of the culture is important in controlling biosynthesis of aflatoxin.
Pathogenesis of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias in the pre-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction is considered in the framework of four arbitrary divisions of the conduction system: the sinus node, the internodal and interatrial pathways, the atrioventricular (A-V) nodes and the His bundle with its proximal branches. Under each heading the elements of pathogenesis are discussed relative to local anatomy, vascular supply, neural control and blood-borne factors. These divisions are made purely for the sake of discussion; an accurate assessment of their varying presence and interplay in the individual patient is the challenging responsibility of the physician who deals with the problem of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.
Conflict coaching: Advancing the conflict resolution field by developing an individual disputant process

The article provides a basic definition of conflict coaching and overviews the use of the “conflict” and “coaching” concepts within both the conflict resolution and executive coaching communities. The author proposes a comprehensive conflict coaching model and concludes with advantages of conflict coaching for the conflict resolution field.
Stable Difluoromethylene Olefination Solutions

Abstract The reaction of terminal difluoromethylene olefins with fluoride ion provides a facile method for the generation of fluorinated carbanions.2 Since the initial report of the preparation of terminal 1,1-difluoromethylene olefins via the reaction of aldehydes with difluoromethylene ylids,3 considerable interest has been focused on this type of reaction as a general route to these interesting carbanion precursors. An improved method of ylid generation from triphenylphosphine and dibromodifluoromethane circumvented several of the problems encountered in the sodium chloro-difluoroacetate method - namely, isomerization of the initially formed terminal olefin and hydrogen fluoride addition.4 Two major unsolved problems in this improved method,4 as well as the acetate salt method,5 prevented this type of olefination reaction from attaining generality. First, non-activated ketones did not react, thereby limiting the reaction to aldehydes and ketones activated by a perhaloalkyl group. Secondly, the olefinat...
Does ‘the China Option’ influence subsidiary technology sourcing strategy?

Abstract We draw on transaction cost economics and the technology innovation management literature to advance a contextual model of the link between the perceived influence of China on technology strategy and MNC subsidiary sourcing strategy. In particular, we hypothesize that the relationship between a perceived influence of China on technology strategy and MNC subsidiary process technology sourcing strategy is moderated by the innovation context. Here, we consider the innovation context to be externally represented by the appropriability regime and dominant design, while internally it is measured by the subsidiary's level of complementary assets. We test our predictions on a multi-industry sample of 111 MNC subsidiaries from the Association of Equipment Manufacturers. We find support for the moderating influence of the innovation contexts of appropriability regime and complementary assets.
Differential effectiveness of depression disease management for rural and urban primary care patients

: Context: Federally qualified health centers across the country are adopting depression disease management programs following federally mandated training; however, little is known about the relative effectiveness of depression disease management in rural versus urban patient populations. Purpose: To explore whether a depression disease management program has a comparable impact on clinical outcomes over 2 years in patients treated in rural and urban primary care practices and whether the impact is mediated by receiving evidence-based care (antidepressant medication and specialty care counseling). Methods: A preplanned secondary analysis was conducted in a consecutively sampled cohort of 479 depressed primary care patients recruited from 12 practices in 10 states across the country participating in the Quality Enhancement for Strategic Teaming study. Findings: Depression disease management improved the mental health status of urban patients over 18 months but not rural patients. Effects were not mediated by antidepressant medication or specialty care counseling in urban or rural patients. Conclusions: Depression disease management appears to improve clinical outcomes in urban but not rural patients. Because these programs compete for scarce resources, health care organizations interested in delivering depression disease management to rural populations need to advocate for programs whose clinical effectiveness has been demonstrated for rural residents.
Fundamental Modeling and Thermal Performance Issues for Metallic Thermal Protection System Concept

A study was performed to develop an understanding of the key factors that govern the performance of metallic thermal protection systems for reusable launch vehicles. A current advanced metallic thermal protection system concept was systematically analyzed to discover the most important factors governing its thermal performance. A large number of relevant factors that influence the thermal analysis and thermal performance system were identified and quantified. Detailed finite element models were developed for predicting the thermal performance of design variations of the metallic thermal protection system concept mounted on a simple, unstiffened structure. The computational models were also used, in an automated iterative procedure, for sizing the metallic thermal protection system to maintain the structure below a specified temperature limit. A statistical sensitivity analysis method, based on orthogonal matrix techniques used in robust design, was used to quantify and rank the relative importance of the various modeling and design factors considered in this study. Thermal performance was shown to be sensitive to several analytical assumptions that should be chosen carefully. Of the design factors studied, the heat capacity of the underlying structure was found to have the greatest effect on thermal performance. Therefore the structure and thermal protection system should be designed concurrently.
Opportunistic conservation at former military sites in the United States

Recent military base closures and realignments in the United States have opened dozens of former training and testing sites to new uses and priorities. One common transition is to designate these lands as national wildlife refuges. This presents conservation opportunities on hundreds of thousands of hectares previously under military control, but the ecological restoration and subsequent reuse of these lands is complex and fraught with challenges. Unexploded ordnance, soil and water contamination, reinforced structures, and other military remainders exist on many of these sites, and wildlife refuge managers typically receive little funding or training to contend with such relicts. This paper acknowledges some of the real conservation opportunities provided by military-to-wildlife (M2W) refuges, but emphasizes that restoration and conservation measures at these sites remain bounded by physical and sociopolitical constraints. One outcome of these constraints is ‘opportunistic conservation’, where habitat an...
A note on the almost sure limit theorem for U-statistic

Summary In this note we prove an almost sure limit theorem for the products of U-statistics.
EFFECT OF MESCALINE, LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE AND PSILOCYBIN ON COLOR PERCEPTION.

Twenty subjects were given three psychotomimetic drugs (mescaline, LSD-25 and psilocybin) in fixed doses, 18 receiving all three. Color experience was tested by applying stimuli involving color perception, stimuli eliciting subjective colors, and stimuli usually devoid of visual experience.
ARROW-WTCP: A Fast Transport Protocol Based on Explicit Congestion Notification over Wired/Wireless Networks

The inefficiency of legacy transmission control protocol (TCP) over wired/wireless networks inspired numerous research results in recent decade. To design a congestion control protocol that can achieve strong stability, fairness, fast convergence and high-utilization in hybrid networks, we propose AcceleRate tRansmission towards Optimal Window size TCP for Wireless networks (ARROW-WTCP) by providing a joint design of source and router algorithms, which enables feasible deployment of ARROW-TCP from wired to wireless networks. In our experimental study, we compare ARROW-WTCP with eXplicit Control Protocol Blind (XCP-B), the wireless version of XCP. Simulation results show that ARROW-WTCP outperforms XCP-B in terms of stability, fairness, convergence and utilization under highly dynamic wireless networks.
A relational model for the representation of mathematical programming models

A first order predicate calculus for the representation of mathematical optimization models is developed. It is shown that the relational scheme of a database can be inferred from the algebraic representation of the optimization models. More importantly, it is shown that the indices for an iterated operator can be inferred. This inference results in the reduction of syntactical burden on users of systems which will be based on this model. Assuming a relational representation of data, a relational model for the expression of constraints and objective functions of the optimization models is introduced. >
Test results from recent 1.8-M SSC model dipoles

The authors report results for four 1.8-m-long dipoles built as part of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) research and development program. Except for length, these models have the features of the SSC design, which is based on a two-layer cosine theta coil with a 4-cm aperture. Compared to the 17-m design-length SSC dipoles, the 1.8-m magnets are faster and more economical way of testing changes in field shape design, conductor support in the coil straight section and ends, etc. The four magnets reported all reach fields in excess of 7.5 T with little training and have excellent field shape. >
Race and Region Are Associated with Nutrient Intakes among Black and White Men in the United States

Stroke mortality rates and prevalence of several chronic diseases are higher in Southern populations and blacks in the US. This study examined the relationships of race (black, white) and region (Stroke Belt, Stroke Buckle, other) with selected nutrient intakes among black and white American men (n = 9229). The Block 98 FFQ assessed dietary intakes and multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine whether race and region were associated with intakes of fiber, saturated fat, trans fat, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and cholesterol. Race and region were significant predictors of most nutrient intakes. Black men consumed 1.00% lower energy from saturated fat compared with white men [multivariable-adjusted β: 1.00% (95% CI = -0.88, -1.13)]. A significant interaction between race and region was detected for trans fat (P < 0.0001), where intake was significantly lower among black men compared with white men only in the Stroke Belt [multivariable-adjusted β: -0.21 (95% CI = -0.11, -0.31)]. Among black men, intakes of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium were lower, whereas cholesterol was higher, compared with white men (P < 0.05 for all). Comparing regions, men in the Stroke Buckle had the lowest intakes of fiber, potassium, magnesium, and calcium compared with those in the Stroke Belt and other regions; men in both the Stroke Buckle and Stroke Belt had higher intakes of cholesterol compared with those in other regions (P < 0.005 for all). Given these observed differences in dietary intakes, more research is needed to understand if and how they play a role in the health disparities and chronic disease risks observed among racial groups and regions in the US.
Modeling magnetoelasticity and magnetoplasticity with disconnections and disclinations

The magneto-mechanical properties of magnetic shape-memory alloy single crystals depend strongly on the twin microstructure which is established during the martensitic transformation, and through thermo-magneto-mechanical training. For self-accommodated martensite, twin thickness and magnetic-field-induced strain are very small. For effectively trained crystals, a single twin may comprise the entire sample and magnetic-field-induced strain reaches the theoretical limit. Furthermore, the deformation of self-accommodated martensite is pseudo-elastic (magnetoelasticity) while the deformation of effectively trained crystals is plastic (magnetoplasticity). Twin microstructures of self-accommodated martensite were modeled using disclinations which are line defects such as dislocations, however with a rotational displacement field. The defect structure was approximated in a quadrupole solution where two quadrupoles represent an elementary twin double layer unit. The twin boundary was inclined to the twinning plane which required the introduction of twinning disconnections. The shear stress-shear strain properties of self-accommodated martensite were analyzed numerically for different initial configurations of the twin boundary (i.e. for different initial positions of the disconnections). The shear stress-shear strain curve is sensitive to the initial configuration indicating that disconnection nucleation is controlling the magneto-mechanical properties of self-accommodated martensite.
Psychotropic Medication Use in Pediatric Patients With Cancer

Background Use of psychotropic medication in medically ill adults, in particular, patients with cancer, is common. While increased use of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents in the general population has been reported, little is known about the prescribing practices for these medications in medically ill children. Objective To examine the frequency and types of psychotropic medications used in a population of children and adolescents with cancer. Design Retrospective review of the National Institutes of Health Medical Information System. Setting Pediatric Oncology Branch of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Participants Three hundred forty-seven patients aged 1 to 21 years who were enrolled in clinical research trials at the Pediatric Oncology Branch between January 2000 and December 2003. Main Outcome Measures Psychotropic medication use was analyzed according to cancer diagnosis and patient age. Results Fourteen percent of identified patients had been prescribed at least 1 psychotropic medication at the time of National Cancer Institute clinical trial enrollment. The most commonly used medications were anticonvulsant agents (8%) and antidepressant medications (7%), in particular, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Anxiolytic medications could not be accurately assessed because of their frequent use as antiemetic agents in many chemotherapy regimens. Psychostimulant use was rare. Conclusions This study suggests that psychotropic medications are commonly prescribed to children and adolescents with cancer. Clinical safety and efficacy trials are needed in medically ill children at high risk for mood and anxiety symptoms.
A technique for the transplantation of 2 adult cadaver kidney grafts into 1 recipient

Recent interest has been generated in the placement of both cadaveric adult donor kidneys into 1 recipient when the nephron mass of 1 kidney is insufficient for renal transplantation.l.2 Standard techniques of transplantation of 2 adult kidneys into 1 recipient include the vertical midline transperitoneal and the bilateral Gibson incision approaches, which involve more tissue dissection and incision length than a single kidney transplant.’ We report our experience with double adult renal allografts using a technique to decrease incision size and the amount of dissection.
MFM/geneticist view on prenatal management of twins†

Twin pregnancies are associated with an increase in both fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Health care supervision is complex, increasingly requiring care from maternal-fetal medicine specialists. This review discusses optimal twin prenatal management, which includes recognizing increased twin pregnancy risks specific to twin-types; counseling families regarding fetal complications, ranging from prematurity to cerebral palsy; screening for aneuploidy and open neural tube defects; specific twin guidelines for diagnostic testing, including chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis; and monitoring for maternal complications. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Cost-Based Methodology for Stochastic Line Balancing with Intermittent Line Stoppages

This paper examines the effect of stochastic task times on the total operating costs of a continuously paced assembly line under the assumption that the line is stopped whenever at least one work station requires more time than allotted. A comprehensive stochastic cost function is integrated into an efficient balancing algorithm to enable an approximately minimum cost balance to be obtained. An experiment was conducted to determine the cost savings resulting from using the stochastic method as compared to two deterministic methods. The stochastic method of this paper produced lower cost balances in most cases studied.
M(λ)-computation for singular differential systems

Etude de la variation de la fonction M(λ) utilisee pour engendrer les solutions L 2 des systemes differentiels lineaires homogenes. Mise en evidence d'une transformation bilineaire matricielle entre M(λ) et differentes valeurs initiales. Application au calcul d'une fonction M(λ) specifique pour un probleme du second ordre scalaire
Multi-robot exploration controlled by a market economy

Presents an approach to efficient multirobot mapping and exploration which exploits a market architecture in order to maximize information gain while minimizing incurred costs. This system is reliable and robust in that it can accommodate dynamic introduction and loss of team members in addition to being able to withstand communication interruptions and failures. Results showing the capabilities of our system on a team of exploring autonomous robots are given.
LEARNING FROM STUDENTS ABOUT OVERCOMING MOTIVATION PROBLEMS IN LITERACY LEARNING: A CROSS-STUDY ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Presented here are five themes constructed through a cross-case analysis and synthesis of research and theory based on six articles collected for this mini-themed issue on learning from students about overcoming motivation problems in literacy learning.
Model-Free Learning and Control in a Mobile Robot

A model-free, biologically-motivated learning and control algorithm called S-learning is described as implemented in an Surveyor SRV-1 mobile robot. S-learning demonstrated learning of robotic and environmental structure sufficient to allow it to achieve its goals (finding high- or low-contrast views in its environment). No modeling information about the task or calibration information about the robot’s actuators and sensors were used in S-learning’s planning. The ability of S-learning to make movement plans was completely dependent on experience it gained as it explored. Initially it had no experience and was forced to wander randomly. With increasing exposure to the task, S-learning achieved its goals with more nearly optimal paths. The fact that this approach is model-free implies that it may be applied to many other systems, perhaps even to systems of much greater complexity.
Body sway measurement for fall risk assessment using inexpensive webcams

In this paper, we present a method for extracting body sway parameters from a three-dimensional voxel reconstruction, which is built using silhouettes captured from two calibrated web camera views. The results were validated with a Vicon motion capture system. Experiments were conducted in which subjects stand and sway in the anterior-posterior direction and then in the lateral directions with two different frequencies. In addition, experiments were also conducted where subjects walked in a straight path at different speeds. Through the experiment, the Vicon cameras recorded the motion of reflective markers attached to subjects, and our two calibrated cameras captured the images. Good agreement was found with our system compared to the Vicon results, given the limitation of voxel space resolution and frame rate. The development of this technology provides potential capability of measuring body sway in daily living environment for elderly people, and can be used as part of a balance, stability and fall risk assessment tool.
Indices for estimating fractional snow cover in the western Tibetan Plateau

Snow cover in the Tibetan Plateau is highly variable in space and time and plays a key role in ecological processes of this cold-desert ecosystem. Resolution of passive microwave data is too low for regional-scale estimates of snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau, requiring an alternate data source. Optically derived snow indices allow for more accurate quantification of snow cover using higher-resolution datasets subject to the constraint of cloud cover. This paper introduces a new optical snow index and assesses four optically derived MODIS snow indices using Landsat-based validation scenes: MODIS Snow-Covered Area and Grain Size (MODSCAG), Relative Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (RMESMA), Relative Spectral Mixture Analysis (RSMA) and the normalized-difference snow index (NDSI). Pearson correlation coefficients were positively correlated with the validation datasets for all four optical snow indices, suggesting each provides a good measure of total snow extent. At the 95% confidence level, linear least-squares regression showed that MODSCAG and RMESMA had accuracy comparable to validation scenes. Fusion of optical snow indices with passive microwave products, which provide snow depth and snow water equivalent, has the potential to contribute to hydrologic and energy-balance modeling in the Tibetan Plateau.