cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International adoption: a four-year-old child with unusual behaviors adopted at six months of age.

CASE. Jenny, a 4-year-old child adopted from an orphanage in St. Petersburg, Russia, at 6 months of age, is seen for an initial office visit by a new pediatrician. According to the parents, she received poor nutrition and limited stimulation in the orphanage setting. During her first several months after arrival in her new home, Jenny avoided the gaze of her parents and looked away when they attempted to engage her in play or participation in feeding. She did not demonstrate any preference for her parents for several months. She appeared to be quite aloof and solemn. She was easily frightened by certain visual and auditory stimuli, such as ceiling fans. By 1 year of age she spoke several words, followed simple directions, and walked. Jenny had difficulty tolerating many textures of foods. She often mouthed inedible objects during her second year of life and performed repetitive behaviors including dumping and filling containers. She was clumsy for her age. Her parents felt that she was on the fringe of the family. Jenny received occupational and speech and language therapy at a functional feeding program that addressed her food intolerance and oral sensitivity. During her third year, defiance, noncompliance, and anger occurred frequently. She often placed herself in dangerous situations. She burned her hand and lower lip on a light bulb after being told to stay away from it. She frequently ate out of the garbage. Jenny was described as highly verbal and superficially charming. Jenny followed women other than her mother in public spaces and wanted to hold their hands and sit on their laps. She began play therapy at age 3 years, while her mother received individual counseling with another therapist because she was having difficulty bonding with Jenny and felt rejected. At age 4 years, Jenny is described as aloof and often angry. She is extremely jealous of attention directed toward her 6- and 3-year-old brothers. Her mother feels she is stuck like glue to her. She will often talk nonstop and ask repetitive questions. Jenny has difficulty drawing a circle. She seems to be obsessed with the color purple, certain toys, and anything to do with The Lion King. She has been asked to leave every preschool and camp she has attended because of nonstop talking, severe noncompliance, and unacceptable behaviors such as constantly asking her peers, Do you poop in your pants? Recently, Jenny has performed more dangerous behaviors such as running into streets and climbing onto the roof from a window. She said to her mother, The cars will not kill me. She frequently imitates behaviors of the family cat and eats from the floor. Challenged by Jenny's background and current behaviors, her pediatrician attempts to understand Jenny's developmental course and develop a plan for effective interventions. J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:63-69. 2003.
Evaluation of the MD Anderson Prognostic Index for Local-Regional Recurrence After Breast Conserving Therapy in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

We previously developed a prognostic index for assessing local-regional recurrence (LRR) risk in patients undergoing breast conservation therapy (BCT) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The prognostic index assigns a point for each of the following variables: clinical N2/N3 disease, lymphovascular invasion, residual pathologic tumor size >2 cm, and multifocal residual disease on pathology. The current study was undertaken to evaluate this prognostic index in an independent cohort. We identified 551 patients treated from 2001 to 2005 with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy or BCT, and radiation. These patients were not used in the original development of the prognostic index. Outcomes were stratified by prognostic index. The 5-year LRR-free survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences were compared using the log-rank test. For patients undergoing BCT, the 5-year LRR-free survival rates were 92, 92, 84, and 69% when the prognostic index was 0 (n = 91), 1 (n = 82), 2 (n = 38), or 3–4 (n = 13) (P = 0.01). The 5-year LRR-free survival rates were similar between patients undergoing mastectomy or BCT when the prognostic index score was 0, 1, or 2. When the prognostic index score was 3–4, the 5-year LRR-free survival was significantly lower for patients treated with BCT compared with mastectomy (69 vs. 93%, P = 0.007). The previously developed prognostic index was successful in stratifying patients with respect to LRR in an independent cohort undergoing BCT after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The prognostic index can be used to identify patients at high risk for LRR who may be considered for more extensive surgery or enrollment into clinical trials evaluating novel strategies for local-regional control.
Redundancy allocation to maximize a lower percentile of the system time-to-failure distribution

An algorithm is presented which solves the redundancy-allocation problem when the objective is to maximize a lower percentile of the system time-to-failure distribution. The algorithm uses a genetic algorithm to search the prospective solution-space and a bisection search as a function evaluator. Previously, the problem has most often been formulated to maximize system reliability. For many engineering-design problems, this new formulation is more appropriate because there is often no clearly defined mission time on which to base component and system reliability. Additionally, most system designers and users are risk-averse, and maximization of a lower percentile of the system time-to-failure distribution is a more conservative (less risky) strategy compared to maximization of the mean or median time-to-failure. Results from over 60 examples clearly indicate that the preferred system design is sensitive to the user's perceived risk. We infer from these results that engineering-design decisions need to consider risk explicitly, and use of mean time-to-failure as a singular measure of product integrity is insufficient. Similarly, the use of system reliability as the principal performance measure is unwise unless mission time is clearly defined.
Study of the dipole-dipole interaction between metallic nanowires trapped using optoelectronic tweezers (OET)

We present a study of dipole-dipole interaction between silver nanowires trapped using optoelectronic tweezers. Measurement of the maximum repulsion force between nanowires and self-assembly of nanowires to achieve the lowest potential energy configuration are demonstrated.
A low viscosity wedge in subduction zones

Geochemical, petrologic and seismological observations indicate that there may be high concentrations of water in the region above a subducting slab (the mantle wedge), which could decrease the viscosity of the mantle locally by several orders of magnitude. Using numerical models we demonstrate that a low viscosity wedge has a dramatic influence on the force balance in a subduction zone and leads to an observable signal in the topography, gravity and geoid. A regional dynamic model of the Tonga–Kermadec subduction zone shows that the viscosity of the wedge is at least a factor of 10 smaller than surrounding mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere, consistent with estimates from seismic dissipation and deformation experiments.
Actinomycin D binding to unstructured, single-stranded DNA.

Actinomycin D is an anticancer antibiotic best know for inhibiting transcription by binding double-stranded DNA. Tight, sequence selective binding of actinomycin to single-stranded DNA is also known, however, and is implicated in biological activities including inhibition of (−) strand transfer by HIV reverse transcriptase. Oligonucleotide d(GTTAACCATAG) is one of the rare single-stranded DNAs that lack GC steps yet have high affinity for actinomycin. Oligonucleotide sequence and length requirements for drug binding were investigated by monitoring association of the fluorescent surrogate, 7-aminoactinomycin D, to d(GTTAACCATAG) and 31 related oligomers. The TAG-3′ terminal sequence was essential for high-affinity binding, but was not sufficient. Five oligomers with TAG sequences on or near the 3′-end had high affinity [Kd ≤ 200 nM (oligomer)]. A sixth oligomer, d(GTAACCATATG), had moderately lower affinity (Kd = 370 nM), and other homologous oligomers had much lower affinity. The minimum length sequence for tight binding of 7-aminoactinomycin D was identified as only eight nucleotides, corresponding to d(AACCATAG). This octanucleotide is unstructured in the absence of actinomycin, and has the highest drug affinity of all oligomers examined (Kd = 125 nM). These studies show that high-affinity binding of 7-aminoactinomycin, and actinomycin D by extension, to single-stranded DNA does not require pre-existing secondary structure or any apparent propensity for secondary structure. It is proposed that actinomycin D binds to certain single-stranded DNA sequences by an induced-fit mechanism favored by participation of at least eight nucleotides, or the equivalent of four base pairs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abbreviations used: AMD actinomycin D 7AAMD 7-aminoactinomycin D dsDNA double-stranded DNA ssDNA single-stranded DNA.
The Uninsured, The Working Uninsured, And The Public

ABSTRACT: Recent opinion surveys show a high level of public support for the current employer-based health insurance system. Many Americans are not aware that this system is endangered or that the ...
Computational prediction of transcription-factor binding site locations

Identifying genomic locations of transcription-factor binding sites, particularly in higher eukaryotic genomes, has been an enormous challenge. Various experimental and computational approaches have been used to detect these sites; methods involving computational comparisons of related genomes have been particularly successful.
Integrating resource-based and person-based approaches to understanding wealth effects on school achievement

Abstract Wealth and assets have a reliable positive relationship with the achievement outcomes of students. Various approaches to understanding student achievement may inform the understanding of how wealth seems to influence children's educational experiences. This paper describes several perspectives from the student achievement literature within the fields of economics and psychology that are categorized as either resource-based or person-based. Resource-based approaches prioritize the importance of investments that are made in youth to enrich contexts, expand opportunities, and improve outcomes. Person-based approaches, on the other hand, focus on how beliefs, values, and perceptions shape achievement. To better understand wealth effects, an integrative framework presents identity as a unifying construct that is contextually-constructed through a combination of resource- and person-based influences to drive student motivation and achievement.
Development and application of a classification system for comparing future air traffic management operational concepts

As the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) moves forward with plans to evolve operations of the National Airspace System (NAS), as well as to achieve the various operational improvements described by the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Implementation Plan [1], there is an increasing need to assess a broad range of solutions in a systematic manner to determine which will prove most desirable for implementation. Discriminating between these concepts can be a difficult task because of the variability in the level of detail that exists and the different Air Traffic Management (ATM) aspects that are described. Understanding these differences is important because of their far-reaching impact to the NAS evolution path.
Statistical acceleration of interstellar pick-up ions in co-rotating interaction regions

Observations from the SWICS instrument on Ulysses reveal that there is little evidence for the acceleration of interstellar pick-up ions at the forward and reverse shocks which surround Co-rotating Interactions Regions (CIR's) in the solar wind. Rather, the pick-up ions exhibit strong acceleration in regions within the CIR where there are increased variations in the magnitude of the magnetic field. A simple model is presented in which the pick-up ions are statistically accelerated by transit-time damping the magnitude variations. The model yields the observed distribution functions for the accelerated pick-up ions.
International Organizations and Social Insurance in Mexico

AB STRACT How do international organizations (IOs) influence domestic social policy? This article answers this question using a comparison of IO participation in the social insurance policy making process in Mexico in the 1940s and 1990s. There are similarities and differences between the periods. During both periods, IOs contributed technical expertise to the policy design process. The principal IO participating in policy discussions and the means of influence differed in the 1990s from the 1940s. The comparison suggests that IOs use both hard and soft power resources to influence domestic social policy.
Loop of the rings: amplification of the phases of counter-propagating waves by a ring resonator in a Sagnac loop

A novel phase amplification technique using a ring resonator in a Sagnac interferometer is proposed. It can be used to increase birefringence and PMD measurements sensitivity and sensitivity of fiberoptic gyroscopes. Preliminary experiments are reported.
Adolescent Recovery From Substance Use in Alternative Peer Groups A Revelatory Case Study

The researchers conducted a revelatory case study of the alternative peer group model through an exploration of experiences of former clients of a recovery support group for youth. A phenomenologic...
Maternal Stress Combined with Terbutaline Leads to Comorbid Autistic-Like Behavior and Epilepsy in a Rat Model

Human autism is comorbid with epilepsy, yet, little is known about the causes or risk factors leading to this combined neurological syndrome. Although genetic predisposition can play a substantial role, our objective was to investigate whether maternal environmental factors alone could be sufficient. We examined the independent and combined effects of maternal stress and terbutaline (used to arrest preterm labor), autism risk factors in humans, on measures of both autistic-like behavior and epilepsy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pregnant dams were exposed to mild stress (foot shocks at 1 week intervals) throughout pregnancy. Pups were injected with terbutaline on postnatal days 2-5. Either maternal stress or terbutaline resulted in autistic-like behaviors in offspring (stereotyped/repetitive behaviors and deficits in social interaction or communication), but neither resulted in epilepsy. However, their combination resulted in severe behavioral symptoms, as well as spontaneous recurrent convulsive seizures in 45% and epileptiform spikes in 100%, of the rats. Hippocampal gliosis (GFAP reactivity) was correlated with both abnormal behavior and spontaneous seizures. We conclude that prenatal insults alone can cause comorbid autism and epilepsy but it requires a combination of teratogens to achieve this; testing single teratogens independently and not examining combinatorial effects may fail to reveal key risk factors in humans. Moreover, astrogliosis may be common to both teratogens. This new animal model of combined autism and epilepsy permits the experimental investigation of both the cellular mechanisms and potential intervention strategies for this debilitating comorbid syndrome.
Small Amounts of Copper in Dyes and Rubber Chemicals. Colorimetric Determination with Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate

Abstract This work was undertaken to provide a more specific method for the routine determination of small amounts of copper in rubber chemicals, dyes, and dyed fabrics. A dithiocarbamate type of reagent—a 0.01 per cent solution of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate in carbon tetrachloride—will selectively extract copper from acid solutions containing relatively large amounts of most other metals. The method is accurate and reproducible to about 0.5 microgram in the range of 0.5 to 40 micrograms of copper. No precipitations or filtrations are required. The reagent is commercially available, the reagent solution and the color of the extracted copper dibenzyldithiocarbamate are stable, and the acid solution remaining after extraction may be used to determine other metals. Because copper dibenzyldithiocarbamate is selectively extracted from solutions containing relatively large amounts of many other metallic ions, the reagent may be used to determine small amounts of copper in metals and their salts.
Purification of proteins fused to glutathione S-transferase

This chapter describes the use of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene fusion proteins as a method for inducible, high-level protein expression and purification from bacterial cell lysates. The protein is expressed in a pGEX vector, with the GST moiety located at the N terminus followed by the target protein. The use of GST as a fusion tag is desirable because it can act as a chaperone to facilitate protein folding, and frequently the fusion protein can be expressed as a soluble protein rather than in inclusion bodies. Additionally, the GST fusion protein can be affinity purified facilely without denaturation or use of mild detergents. The fusion protein is captured by immobilized glutathione and impurities are washed away. The fusion protein then is eluted under mild, non-denaturing conditions using reduced glutathione. If desired, the removal of the GST affinity tag is accomplished by using a site-specific protease recognition sequence located between the GST moiety and the target protein. Purified proteins have been used successfully in immunological studies, structure determinations, vaccine production, protein-protein, and protein-DNA interaction studies and other biochemical analyses.
A Multidimensional Network Approach for Modeling Customer-Product Relations in Engineering Design

Analytical modeling of customer preferences in product design is inherently difficult as it faces challenges in modeling heterogeneous human behavior and product offerings. In this paper, the customer-product interactions are viewed as a complex socio-technical system and analyzed using social network theory and techniques. We propose a Multidimensional Customer-Product Network (MCPN) framework, where separate networks of “customers” and “products” are simultaneously modeled, and multiple types of relations, such as consideration and purchase, product associations, and customer social networks are considered. We start with the simplest unimodal network configuration where customer cross-shopping behaviors and product similarities are analyzed to inform designers about the implied product competition, market segmentation, and product positions in the market. We then progressively extend the network to a multidimensional structure that integrates customer preference decisions with product feature similarities to enable the modeling of preference heterogeneity, product association and decision dependency. Finally, social influences on new product adoption are analyzed in the same framework by introducing customer-customer relations together with other product-product and customer-product relations. Beyond the traditional network descriptive analysis, we employ the Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) as a unified statistical inference framework for analyzing multiple relations in MCPN to support engineering design decisions. Our approach broadens the traditional utility-based logit approaches by considering the dependency among product choices and the “irrationality” of customer behavior induced by social influence. While this paper is focused on presenting the conceptual framework of the proposed methodology, examples on customer vehicle preferences are presented to illustrate the progressive development of the MCPN framework from a simple unimodal configuration to a complex multidimensional structure.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Orientable Case 0

Since this is a regular case we shall construct an orientable triangular embedding of K12s using a current graph of index 1. But this time the currents will come from a non-abelian group of order 12 s, and it is to be expected that some of the construction principles for a current graph have to be a little modified.
Operando identification of the point of [Mn2]O4 spinel formation during γ-MnO2 discharge within batteries

Abstract The rechargeability of γ-MnO2 cathodes in alkaline batteries is limited by the formation of the [Mn2]O4 spinels ZnMn2O4 (hetaerolite) and Mn3O4 (hausmannite). However, the time and formation mechanisms of these spinels are not well understood. Here we directly observe γ-MnO2 discharge at a range of reaction extents distributed across a thick porous electrode. Coupled with a battery model, this reveals that spinel formation occurs at a precise and predictable point in the reaction, regardless of reaction rate. Observation is accomplished by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) using photons of high energy and high flux, which penetrate the cell and provide diffraction data as a function of location and time. After insertion of 0.79 protons per γ-MnO2 the α-MnOOH phase forms rapidly. α-MnOOH is the precursor to spinel, which closely follows. ZnMn2O4 and Mn3O4 form at the same discharge depth, by the same mechanism. The results show the final discharge product, Mn3O4 or Mn(OH)2, is not an intrinsic property of γ-MnO2. While several studies have identified Mn(OH)2 as the final γ-MnO2 discharge product, we observe direct conversion to Mn3O4 with no Mn(OH)2.
Effect of Babugao on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Its Inhibitor in Asthmatic Model of Guinea Pig

Objective To study the effect of Babugao (BBG,a new anti-asthmatic adhesive plaster) on asthma by measuring the change of levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in lung tissue of guinea pig asthmatic model.Methods Fifty guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups,the nor- mal control group (A),the model group (B),the becotide treated group (C) and the BBG treated group (D).Except those in Group A were treated with normal saline,all the animals were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with ovalbu- rain to establish asthmatic model,then Group C was treated with becotide (0.25 mg/kg per day) and Group D was treat- ed with BBG sticking to bilateral points of Feishu and Pishu once a day for 6 hrs.The treatment lasted for 14 days.The number of eosinophil and mast cell in bronchus were counted,MMP-9,TIMP-1 positive cell (A/P) and average optical density (AOD) were measured and the positive index (PLI=AOD×A/P) was calculated.Results Count of eosinophil and mast cell in Group C and D were higher than those in the Group A but lower than those in Group B (all P0.05). So were the A/P,AOD and PLI,but no significant difference was shown in/he overall level of these indexes among the 4 groups (P0.05).Comparison between groups showed A/P was higher in Group B than in Group A,PLI higher than that in Group A and D (all P0.05).Significant difference in MMP-9/TIMP-1 existed among groups(P0.01),a- mong which A/P,AOD and PLI all higher in Group D and C than those in Group A,but lower than those in Group B (all P0.05).No significant difference was found between Group C and D.Conclusion BBG could inhibit the overexpres- sion of MMP-9 and TIMP-1,so as to treat asthma.
Clustering Characteristics of SARS in Hospital in 2003 Tianjin

Objective: To investigate the reason and precaution measure for the clustering feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the hospital. Methods: The clinical data were collected from the hospital workers suffered SARS and ones uninfected as control. The main possible influence factors of SARS were analyzed. Results: The relative influence factors (OR 1 and P 0.05) were: contacted with SARS patients, contacted with the serious patients, and contacted with the secretion of the patients. The factors (OR 1 and P 0.05) were: canonically using standard protective equipment, second class protection method, good mentality condition and smoking. Conclusion: Using standard protective equipment can effectively prevent infection. Serious patient is the main infective source of SARS. Contacting with the patient's secretion can increase the infection chance. Bad mentality condition and big pressure of work can promote the risk of infection.
Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Fluid-solid Coupled Heat Transfer on the Aluminum Reverberatory Holding Furnace

To predict three-dimensional temperature distribution of molten aluminum in premixed combustion inside the industrial aluminum holding reverb furnace, fluid-solid coupled method was present. Variable flow field heat transferring was adopted. Two influencing factors for temperature distribution of furnace were calculated and analyzed: temperature of combustion air and excess air ratio. The results show that the calculated results are agreement with the experimental data under the standard condition; increasing the temperature of combustion air and excess air ratio are the feasible and effective to improve the average temperature of molten aluminum, since the average temperature of the molten aluminum increases 0.3℃ when the temperature of combustion air increases 1℃, and the optimal excess air ratio is about 1.25. Adopting high temperature of combustion air and relative large excess air ratio is an appropriate combustion mode for the furnace.
AUF1 regulation of coding and noncoding RNA

AUF1 is a family of four RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) generated by alternative pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing, with canonical roles in controlling the stability and/or translation of mRNA targets based on recognition of AU-rich sequences within mRNA 3' untranslated regions. However, recent studies identifying AUF1 target sites across the transcriptome have revealed that these canonical functions are but a subset of its roles in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In this review, we describe recent developments in our understanding of the RNA-binding properties of AUF1 together with their biochemical implications and roles in directing mRNA decay and translation. This is then followed by a survey of newly discovered activities for AUF1 proteins in control of miRNA synthesis and function, including miRNA assembly into microRNA (miRNA)-loaded RNA-induced silencing complexes (miRISCs), miRISC targeting to mRNA substrates, interplay with an expanding network of other cellular RBPs, and reciprocal regulatory relationships between miRNA and AUF1 synthesis. Finally, we discuss recently reported relationships between AUF1 and long noncoding RNAs and regulatory roles on viral RNA substrates. Cumulatively, these findings have significantly expanded our appreciation of the scope and diversity of AUF1 functions in the cell, and are prompting an exciting array of new questions moving forward. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1393. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1393 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Tight Binding of Carboxylate, Phosphonate, and Carbamate Anions to Stoichiometric CdSe Nanocrystals.

To completely displace the carboxylate surface ligands from cadmium selenide nanocrystals, oleic acid impurities are first removed using dimethylcadmium or diethylzinc. In addition to metal carboxylate and methane coproducts, reactions with CdMe2 produce surface bound methyl groups (δ = 0.4 ppm, 0.04–0.22 nm–2) that photolytically dissociate to methyl radicals and n-doped nanocrystals. Without oleic acid impurities, cadmium carboxylate can be completely displaced from the surface using n-alkylamines (NH2R′, R′ = n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl) (≤0.01 carboxylates nm–2). Colloidal dispersions of amine bound nanocrystals (CdSe–NH2R′) are indefinitely stable at amine concentrations of 0.1 M or higher and slowly aggregate at lower concentrations. Dissociation and evaporation of the amine ligands in 4-ethylpyridine, tri-n-butylphosphine, or molten tri-n-octylphosphine oxide solution results in nanocrystal aggregation. CdSe–NH2R′ reacts with oleic acid, n-octadecylphosphonic acid, or carbon dioxide to form surface b...
‘Brujos’, mitos y modernidad en la historia oral k’iche’

This paper examines the relationship between oral traditions and K’iche’ representations of history and current social and cultural dilemmas in the Guatemalan highlands. I show that oral tradition includes a great variety of genres with different discourse structures and illocutionary force. I discuss apparent inconsistencies among narratives and show that they embody dissent and anxieties in K’iche’ communities in regard to changes provoked by Guatemala’s violent modernity. In particular, I examine stories of patron saints and “witches” and the different stances vis-a-vis religious conversion that they dramatize after the expansion of Catholic Action and Pentecostal denominations in the 1950s and 1960s. Oral traditions are also prescriptive models for the emerging K’iche’ narrative prose.
Increasing Economic Burden of Inpatient Clostridium difficile Infection in the United States: National Trends in Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Cost of Care from 2000 to 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited data addressing the epidemiology, costs, and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection (CD) in hospitalized patients in the United States (U.S.). This study aims to estimate the characteristics, outcomes, and economic burden of patients hospitalized for CD in the US.MethodsThe Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was used to obtain data from 2000–2014. The NIS contains data from over 7 million hospitalizations in the US per year, generalizable to the American population. The NIS was queried for ICD-9 codes for either a primary or secondary diagnosis of CD (008.45). Information for demographic data, length of stay (LOS), mortality, and hospital charges was evaluated.ResultsThere were 1,256,783 total discharges from 2000–2014 with CD as the primary diagnosis and 4,204,338 total discharges during the same period with CD listed as any diagnosis. The number of hospitalizations with CD as primary diagnosis increased from 31,782 in 2000 to 107,760 in 2014. The number of hospitalizations with CD listed as any diagnosis increased from 134,518 to 361,945. Mean LOS decreased from 6.8 to 5.8 days and mean charges per hospitalization increased from $15,810 to $35,898 during the same time period. Aggregate charges increased from $0.51 billion to $3.87 billion annually. Inpatient mortality of CD hospitalizations decreased from a 4.03% in 2005 to 1.67% in 2014. Approximately 42% of those admitted for CD were male and 58% were female.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the number of hospitalizations for CD has increased by 339% from 2000 to 2014. Inpatient mortality of CD has decreased, likely from earlier recognition and treatment of CD. The direct cost of admissions with CD as primary diagnosis is nearly $4 billion per year. Our findings affirm that CD infection is an epidemic that remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality with substantial hospitalization and cost burden. This data can be used to support a return on investment for intervention strategies to prevent CD transmission and for new therapies.Table 1. Epidemiological and Economic Data for CD, NIS, Q3 years 2014 2011 2008 2005 2002 2000 Sample size, n35,358,81836,962,41538,210,88937,843,03936,523,83135,300,425CD, primary or secondary diagnosis361,945360,245325,786286,338186,493134,518Total charges (billion $)3.874.193.621.960.930.51Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Urban Evolutionary Ecology and the Potential Benefits of Implementing Genomics

Urban habitats are quickly becoming exceptional models to address adaptation under rapid environmental change, given the expansive temporal and spatial scales with which anthropogenic landscape conversion occurs. Urban ecologists in the last 10-15 years have done an extraordinary job of highlighting phenotypic patterns that correspond with urban living, as well as delineating urban population structure using traditional genetic markers. The underpinning genetic mechanisms that govern those phenotypic patterns, however, are less well established. Moreover, the power of traditional molecular studies is constrained by the number of markers being evaluated, which limits the potential to assess fine-scale population structure potentially common in urban areas. With the recent proliferation of low-cost, high-throughput sequencing methods, we can begin to address an emerging question in urban ecology: are species adapted to local optima within cities or are they expressing latent phenotypic plasticity? Here, I provide a comprehensive review of previous urban ecological studies, with special focus on the molecular ecology and phenotypic adjustments documented in urban terrestrial and amphibious fauna. I subsequently pinpoint areas in the literature that could benefit from a genomic investigation and briefly discuss the suitability of specific techniques in addressing eco-evolutionary questions within urban ecology. Though many challenges exist with implementing genomics into urban ecology, such studies provide an exceptional opportunity to advance our understanding of eco-evolutionary processes in metropolitan areas.
Marketing Channels for Local Food

Abstract Local food can be purchased through intermediated marketing channels, such as grocery stores, or through direct-to-consumer marketing channels, for instance, farmers markets. While the number of farms that utilize direct-to-consumer outlets keeps growing, the value of direct-to-consumer sales has reached a plateau. At the same time, intermediated sales continue to rise. If consumers prefer to purchase local food through intermediated channels, then policies designed to support direct channels may be misguided. Using an online choice experiment, this paper investigates consumers' willingness to pay for local food differentiated by marketing channel. We find that, on average, consumers are willing to pay a premium for local food. However, they are not willing to pay premiums for local food that is sold at farmers markets, and discount it when it is purchased directly from an urban farm. Our findings can be used by farmers, marketers and policy makers to develop a better understanding of consumers' motivation for buying local through various channels.
Activation of TRPV1 channels leads to stimulation of NKCC1 cotransport in the lens

Lens ion homeostasis is crucial in maintaining water content and, in turn, refractive index and transparency of the multicellular syncytium-like structure. New information is emerging on the regula...
Embarazo molar parcial llevado a término: reporte de un caso

El embarazo molar constituye el espectro benigno de la enfermedad trofoblastica gestacional (ETG), la cual se manifiesta mediante dos entidades principales: la mola hidatiforme parcial (MHP) y la mola hidatiforme completa. El diagnostico inicial de ETG se basa en una combinacion de historia clinica, titulos de β-hCG y la ecografia pelvica. Los sintomas clinicos mas frecuentes son el sangrado vaginal y la hiperemesis gravidica. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 24 anos de edad con diagnostico de embarazo molar en la variedad de mola hidatiforme parcial que fue llevado a termino, mediante cesarea se obtuvo producto femenino de 2,875 g y Apgar de 8-9. En la placenta se observaron estructuras vesiculares que fueron compatibles con el diagnostico histopatologico de mola hidatiforme parcial. La madre y su recien nacida fueron dadas de alta por mejoria. Se revisa en este articulo aspectos acerca de su etiologia, su frecuencia, diagnostico y tratamiento.
The acute respiratory distress syndrome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes.

Abstract Objective To define the incidence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and characterize its impact on outcome. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at two urban, tertiary, academic hospitals from 2007 to 2014. We included adults with non-traumatic OHCA and survived for ≥48 h. Patients who received mechanical ventilation for ≥24 h, had 2 consecutive arterial blood gases with a ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen ≤300, and bilateral radiographic opacities within 48 h of hospital admission were defined as having ARDS. We examined the associations between ARDS and outcome using multivariable analyses and performed sensitivity analyses excluding patients with evidence of cardiac dysfunction. Results Of 978 OHCA patients transported to the study hospitals, 600 were mechanically ventilated and survived ≥48 h. A total of 287 (48%, 95% CI 44–52%) met criteria for ARDS within 48 h of admission. There were no differences in demographics, OHCA etiology, or cardiac rhythm according to ARDS status. Patients with ARDS had higher hospital mortality, longer ICU stays, more ventilator days, and were less likely to survive with full neurologic recovery. Upon excluding patients with cardiac dysfunction, the incidence of ARDS was unchanged. Conclusion Nearly half of initial OHCA survivors develop ARDS within 48 h of hospital admission. ARDS was associated with poor outcome and increased resource utilization. OHCA should be considered among the traditional ARDS risk factors.
A matched cohort examination of publication rates among clinical subspecialty fellows enrolled in a translational science training program.

Purpose This study examined the effectiveness of a formal postdoctoral education program designed to teach skills in clinical and translational science, using scholar publication rates as a measure of research productivity. Method Participants included 70 clinical fellows who were admitted to a master's or certificate training program in clinical and translational science from 1999 to 2015 and 70 matched control peers. The primary outcomes were the number of publications 5 years post-fellowship matriculation and time to publishing 15 peer-reviewed manuscripts post-matriculation. Results Clinical and translational science program graduates published significantly more peer-reviewed manuscripts at 5 years post-matriculation (median 8 vs 5, p=0.041) and had a faster time to publication of 15 peer-reviewed manuscripts (matched hazard ratio = 2.91, p=0.002). Additionally, program graduates' publications yielded a significantly higher average H-index (11 vs. 7, p=0.013). Conclusion These findings support the effectiveness of formal training programs in clinical and translational science by increasing academic productivity.
Detection of weak near-infrared optical imaging signals under ambient light by optical parametric amplification.

We present a detection method based on optical parametric amplification to amplify and detect near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging signals. A periodically poled lithium niobate crystal is employed as an optical parametric amplifier (OPA), which provides excellent quasi-phase-matching conditions for the optical parametric amplification process. A weak reflectance imaging signal at 1465 nm is amplified by the OPA with a high gain of up to 92 dB, and the amplified optical signal is detected with a low-cost photodetector under ambient light conditions. Such a high gain leads to a detection limit of 23 pW under a 5 MHz detection bandwidth, which is remarkably lower than the theoretical value of a NIR photomultiplier tube (PMT). By exploiting the advantages of the OPA, the incident power needed for microscopy or imaging is reduced by 40–60 dB. The high imaging gain of the OPA also significantly enhances the imaging penetration depth by selectively detecting the weak signal reflected from deep tissue structures. The successful implementation of the OPA enables a robust and sensitive detection method that offers the potential to replace PMTs in imaging applications within the NIR spectral range.
Effect of disorder on the magnetic properties of SmCo 5

Mechanical milling of initially ordered ferromagnetic SmCo{sub 5} produces dramatic increases in coercivity after short (15 min to 1 h) milling times, accompanied by remanence ratios on the order of 0.7 and shifted hysteresis loops. X-ray diffraction shows that milling induces both chemical and structural disorder. The hysteresis-loop shift is continuous and nonlinear with temperature over the range 5{endash}300 K. The high coercivities are attributed to the formation of a nanostructure consisting of crystalline SmCo{sub 5} regions separated by a disordered interphase. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines Implementation in Primary Care: A Call to Action.

A man aged 60 years presented to his primary care physician because of a 5-kg unintentional weight loss over 3 months, hemoptysis, and exertional shortness of breath, but no fever. He had smoked 20 to 30 cigarettes a day since his 20s before quitting a year prior because of health concerns. A chest
What are the emotions underlying feeling fat and fear of weight gain

Abstract Background Eating disorders (EDs) are most always accompanied by cognitive-affective comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression. In addition to these common comorbidities, EDs are unique in that they are characterized by affective symptoms centered on body image and weight. Two of these primary, yet understudied, affective symptoms are feelings of fatness and fears of weight gain, which are theorized to be maintaining symptoms of EDs and are highly common in those with EDs. Despite the importance of these symptoms, there is no research characterizing which cognitive-affective symptoms contribute to feelings of fatness and fears of weight gain. Methods The current study (N=168 individuals with an ED) tested cross-sectional and prospective models of cognitive-affect variables (negative affect, guilt, shame, fear of negative evaluation, anxiety sensitivity, and depression) to identify which thoughts and emotions were uniquely associated and prospectively predicted feelings of fatness and fear of weight gain. Results Depression both cross-sectionally and prospectively predicted feeling fat over and above all other forms of affect. Fears of negative evaluation and depression were uniquely associated with fears of weight gain, and shame prospectively predicted fear of weight gain. Limitations Variables were self-reported, and the sample primarily consisted of women. Fear of weight gain and feelings of fatness were assessed using single items. Conclusions This research suggests that depression may be an important intervention target when individuals with an ED report feeling fat. Additionally, treatment targeting fear of negative evaluation, depression, and shame may decrease fears of weight gain.
Deep Variational Autoencoder Classifier for Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Adaptive to Unseen Fault Categories

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years, fault diagnostics for industrial applications have leaped toward partially or fully automatic provided by the capability of analyzing massive condition monitoring data from sensors and actuators. Generally, AI-based fault diagnostics can achieve high accuracy when failure types appear in training dataset and testing dataset are the same. These diagnostic methods could be invalidated for applications dealing with unprecedented faults because the pretrained classifier for diagnostics tends to misclassify the novel instances into existing known classes. In order to address these limitations of conventional diagnostic approaches, we propose a unified diagnostics framework that can achieve novel fault detection and known fault classification tasks together. Through jointly training a variational autoencoder and a deep neural networks classifier, we convert the original entangled raw data into latent variables with Gaussian probabilistic distributions in the latent space and utilize the probabilistic latent variables to detect novel samples against known fault classes or classify them into one of the existing fault classes if they are not novel. The effectiveness of our proposed joint-training framework is validated through experimental studies on two different bearing datasets. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods in the literature, our unified framework is able to not only accurately detect the novel fault classes but also achieve high classification accuracy of known fault classes.
Standardized Vaccine-Hesitant Patients in the Assessment of the Effectiveness of Vaccine Communication Training.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if training residents in a structured communication method elicits specific behaviors in a laboratory model of interaction with vaccine-hesitant parents. STUDY DESIGN: Standardized patients portraying vaccine-hesitant parents were used to assess the effectiveness of training in The AIMS (Announce, Inquire, Mirror, Secure) Method for Healthy Conversations. Blinded pediatric residents were pseudo-randomized to receive AIMS or control training and underwent pre- and post-training encounters with blinded standardized patients. Encounters were assessed by blinded raters using a novel tool. Subject confidence and standardized patient evaluations of the subjects' general communication skills were assessed. RESULTS: Ratings were available for 27 AIMS and 26 control subjects. Statistically significant increases in post-training scores (maximum=30) were detected in AIMS, but not in control, subjects (median 21.3 [IQR 19.8-24.8] vs 18.8 [16.9-20.9]; p < 0.001). Elements (maximum score=6) with significant increases were Inquire (0.67 [0, 1.76] vs -0.33 [-0.67, 0.33]; p <0.001); Mirror (1.33 [0, 2] vs -0.33 [-0.92, 0]; P < .001); and Secure (0.33 [0, 1.67] vs -0.17 [-0.67, 0.33]; p=0.017). Self-confidence increased equally in both groups. Standardized patients did not detect a difference in communication skills after training and between groups. Internal consistency and inter-rater reliability of the assessment tool were modest. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized patients proved useful in studying the effectiveness of structured communication training, but may have been limited in their ability to perceive a difference between groups due to the pre-determined encounter outcome of vaccine refusal. AIMS training should be studied in real-world scenarios to determine if it impacts vaccine acceptance.
Evidence-based Interventions for Social Work in Health Care

Social work practice in health care requires that practitioners be prepared to meet the interdisciplinary and managed care demands for best practices in efficacious, time-limited, and culturally competent interventions, with populations across the lifespan. This text is designed to meet that demand for evidence-based practice. The result of extensive systematic reviews, Evidence-based Interventions for Social Work in Health Care provides substantive in-depth knowledge of empirically based interventions specifically for major and emerging medical diseases and health conditions particularly affecting diverse, at-risk and marginalized populations. It outlines best practices for the psychosocial problems associated with the emerging chronic and major health conditions of the twenty-first century, such as paediatric asthma, Type I and Type II diabetes, obesity, paediatric cancer, and adult hypertension. The interventions discussed are detailed in terms of for whom, by whom, when, under what circumstances, for what duration, and for what level client system the intervention has proven most effective. This invaluable text is suitable for students and will be a useful reference for practitioners specialising in social work in health settings.