cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mammalian Cell Morphology and Endocytic Membrane Homeostasis Require Enzymatically Active Phosphoinositide 5-Kinase PIKfyve

The dual specificity mammalian enzyme PIKfyve phosphorylates in vitro position d-5 in phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and PtdIns 3-P, itself or exogenous protein substrates. Here we have addressed the crucial questions for the identity of the lipid products and the role of PIKfyve enzymatic activity in mammalian cells. CHO, HEK293, and COS cells expressing PIKfyve(WT) at high levels and >90% efficiencies increased selectively the intracellular PtdIns 3,5-P(2) production by 30--55%. In these cell types PtdIns 5-P was undetectable. A kinase-deficient point mutant, PIKfyve(K1831E), transiently transfected into these or other cells elicited a dramatic dominant phenotype. Subsequent to a dilation of the PIKfyve-containing vesicles, PIKfyve(K1831E)-expressing cells progressively accumulated multiple swollen lucent vacuoles of endosomal origin, first in the perinuclear cytoplasm and then toward the cell periphery. Despite their drastically altered morphology, the PIKfyve(K1831E)-expressing cells were viable and functionally active, evidenced by several criteria. This phenotype was completely reversed by introducing PIKfyve(WT) into the PIKfyve(K1831E)-transfected cells. Disruptions of the localization signal in the PIKfyve kinase-deficient mutant yielded a PIKfyve(K1831E Delta fyve) protein, incompetent to vacuolate cells, implying that an active PIKfyve enzyme at distinct late endocytic membranes is crucial for normal cell morphology. This was further substantiated by examining the vacuolation-induced potency of several pharmacological stimuli in cells expressing high PIKfyve(WT) levels. Together, the results indicate that PIKfyve enzymatic activity, possibly through the generation of PtdIns 3,5-P(2), and/or yet to be identified endogenous phosphoproteins, is critical for cell morphology and endomembrane homeostasis.
Toward regulation of gonadal function by a synthetic hybrid molecule composed of gonadotropin and Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G.

: A conjugate of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G was prepared by covalent cross-linking using the heterobifunctional reagent, N-succini-midyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate. Mouse Leydig tumor cells expressing receptors for luteinizing hormone were specifically lysed in vitro as a consequence of complement fixation via the Fc component of the hybrid molecule. Furthermore, administration of HCG-Fc to rams caused an acute depression in circulatory testosterone. This novel concept of targeted inhibition of gonadal function could prove to have future applications in control of reproductive processes.
Thermal analysis of the grinding process

A two-dimensional mathematical model for the thermal aspects of a grinding process is presented. The model includes heat conduction in the grinding wheel, workpiece, and coolant. The heat generation through friction, heat loss to the environment as well as debris, and the interaction among the three components are described in detail. A finite-element algorithm is implemented to solve the nonlinear problem. Numerical results, such as temperatures in the grinding wheel and workpiece, are presented.
Profit-maximizing R&D in response to a random carbon tax

Abstract This paper determines a firm’s profit-maximizing RD RD otherwise firms will generally decrease R&D investment in uncertainty.
A decision fusion algorithm for tool wear condition monitoring in drilling

Tool wear monitoring of cutting tools is important for the automation of modern manufacturing systems. In this paper, several innovative monitoring methods for on-line tool wear condition monitoring in drilling operations are presented. Drilling is one of the most widely used manufacturing operations and monitoring techniques using measurements of force signals (thrust and torque) and power signals (spindle and servo) are developed in this paper. Two methods using Hidden Markov models, as well as several other methods that directly use force and power data are used to establish the health of a drilling tool in order to avoid catastrophic failure of the drill. In order to increase the reliability of these methods, a decision fusion center algorithm (DFCA) is proposed which combines the outputs of the individual methods to make a global decision about the wear status of the drill. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed monitoring methods and the DFCA.
Simulating the deformation and recrystallization of aluminum bicrystals

To understand the formation of the deformation substructure and its evolution during annealing to produce unique microstructures and textures in aluminum alloys, the development and coupling of physically based models spanning different length scales is necessary. Under hot deformation conditions, the deformation substructure is a collection of cells/subgrains of different sizes and orientations. Recrystallization following hot deformation occurs by the heterogeneous evolution of the subgrain structure, the kinetics of which is controlled by variations in driving forces and boundary properties at the microstructural length scale. This article describes a mesoscale approach for modeling the microstructure and texture evolution during recrystallization following hot deformation. A Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to evolve the substructure and texture during recrystallization. The simulations are applied to the deformation and recrystallization of aluminum bicrystals with specific combinations of crystallographic orientations. The simulation results are compared with experimental results.
A cytogenetic study of children with psychiatric disorders.

Abstract The development of techniques permitting the visualization of chromosomal cross-bands has greatly enhanced the field of human cytogenetics. It has led to the exact identification of chromosomes and the detection of subtle chromosomal changes characterizing new clinical syndromes.1–4 The G (Giemsa) and Q (Quinacrine mustard) banding techniques are the most widely used. As a relatively simple and replicable procedure, G banding is the method of choice for clinical application. It is attained by staining the chromosome preparation with Giemsa-like stains. The resulting thick dark staining cross-bands that alternate with lighter ones confer distinctive features to each chromosomal pair. By using elongated chromosomes from late prophase or early metaphase instead of the customary late metaphases, the visual resolution is greatly increased, making it feasible to detect chromosomal changes on different groups of patients. The major psychiatric illnesses are important to study with the new techniques because (1) they have a strong genetic component and (2) an association between chromosomal changes and psychiatric disorders has been proposed. A population of children affected with psychiatric disorders was chosen for the present study since extraneous factors such as drugs, chronic physical illness, and institutionalization are less likely to play a role in the nature-nurture interaction.
Dose-response analysis for radiotherapy delivered to patients with intermediate-grade and large-cell immunoblastic lymphomas that have completely responded to CHOP-based induction chemotherapy☆

Abstract Purpose: To test the hypothesis that prechemotherapy tumor size affects the dose of radiation that should be delivered to intermediate-grade and large-cell immunoblastic lymphomas that have completely responded to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP)-based induction chemotherapy. Methods and Materials: From September 1988 through December 1996, 294 patients with newly diagnosed, Stage I–IV, intermediate-grade or large-cell immunoblastic lymphomas were enrolled on 2 prospective protocols at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Treatment consisted of CHOP-based chemotherapy with or without involved field radiotherapy. One hundred seventy-two patients, with 178 nodal sites and 87 nonbony, extranodal sites of disease achieved a complete response to 2–6 cycles of chemotherapy and underwent involved field radiotherapy. Total radiation doses ranged from 30.0 to 50.4 Gy (mean ± standard deviation: 39.7 ± 2.5 Gy) over 22–49 days using a daily fraction size of 1.3–2.3 Gy. Because various fraction sizes were delivered, the linear-quadratic model was used to convert total radiation doses to biologically equivalent doses given at 1.8 Gy per fraction (D1.8). An α/β ratio of 10 Gy was used for the lymphomas, resulting in D1.8 ranging from 29.1 to 50.8 Gy. Regression tree analysis was performed on nodal sites of disease to determine which of the following factors were predictive of local control: age, tumor size, D1.8, total radiation dose, and duration of radiotherapy. Based on the results of the regression tree analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine the probability of local control per site as a function of tumor size and D1.8. Regression tree analysis was also performed on patients with nonbony disease who received D1.8 = 29.1–39.1 Gy to determine if small lymphomas could be locally controlled with relatively low doses of radiation. The log-rank test was used to compare local control curves. Results: The median length of follow-up among survivors was 63 months. Regression tree analysis of nodal sites identified 3 distinct groups: (a) lymphomas ≤ 10 cm and D1.8 = 29.1–39.1 Gy; (b) lymphomas ≤ 10 cm and D1.8 = 39.2–50.8 Gy; and (c) lymphomas > 10 cm. For nonbony lymphomas that measured p = 0.610). For 3.5–10.0 cm lymphomas, higher doses of radiation resulted in better local control (5-year rates: 40% versus 98% for D1.8 = 29.1–39.1 Gy versus D1.8 = 39.2–50.8 Gy, p 10 cm that completely responded to 6 cycles of chemotherapy, resulting in a 5-year local control rate of only 70%. There was no difference in local control for nodal versus nonbony, extranodal sites of disease. Conclusion: D1.8 ranging from 29.1 to 39.1 Gy yielded excellent local control for nonbony lymphomas measuring 10 cm that completely responded to 6 cycles of chemotherapy, D1.8 ranging from 39.2 to 40.7 Gy yielded suboptimal local control, suggesting that higher doses of radiation are indicated.
Semantic similarity between search engine queries using temporal correlation

We investigate the idea of finding semantically related search engine queries based on their temporal correlation; in other words, we infer that two queries are related if their popularities behave similarly over time. To this end, we first define a new measure of the temporal correlation of two queries based on the correlation coefficient of their frequency functions. We then conduct extensive experiments using our measure on two massive query streams from the MSN search engine, revealing that this technique can discover a wide range of semantically similar queries. Finally, we develop a method of efficiently finding the highest correlated queries for a given input query using far less space and time than the naive approach, making real-time implementation possible.
Collagenous Gastritis: A Case Report, Morphologic Evaluation, and Review

Collagenous gastritis is rare; there are only four previous case reports. Histologic features seem to overlap with the other "collagenous enterocolitides"; however, pathologic criteria are not yet established for the diagnosis of collagenous gastritis. We describe an additional case of ostensible collagenous gastritis in a patient who initially presented with celiac sprue and subsequently developed colonic manifestations of mucosal ulcerative colitis. Endoscopic biopsies of the stomach revealed deposition of patchy, very thick bandlike subepithelial collagen in gastric antral mucosa, focal superficial epithelial degeneration, numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes, and a dense lamina propria lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Image analysis evaluation of gastric antral biopsies demonstrated a mean thickness of subepithelial collagen of 27.07 micron. Morphologic comparison was made with age-matched control groups of 10 patients who had normal gastric mucosal biopsies and 10 patients who had "chronic" gastritis, which revealed mean subepithelial collagen measures of 1.37 micron and 1.19 micron, respectively. We compared these morphologic findings with those of all previous case reports of collagenous gastritis and propose a pathologic definition based on the limited combined data. It seems that subepithelial collagen is dramatically thickened in reported cases of collagenous gastritis, with a cumulative mean measure of 36.9 micron. It is also apparent from this and previous reports that the thickened subepithelial collagen is accompanied by a chronic or chronic active gastritis and sometimes intraepithelial lymphocytes and surface epithelial damage. Recently described associations of lymphocytic gastritis, sprue, and lymphocytic colitis as well as collagenous and lymphocytic colitis suggest a common pathogenesis that empirically may include collagenous gastritis in the same disease spectrum. We propose that collagenous gastritis can be confidently identified by using analogous defined features of collagenous colitis: subepithelial collagen more than 10 micron in a patchy distribution, lamina propria lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates, intraepithelial lymphocytes, and surface epithelial damage. Collagenous gastritis also seems to have the same spectrum of associated clinical findings as collagenous colitis, including frequent coexistence of celiac sprue, watery diarrhea syndrome, and female predominance.
Stokes II — A new polarimeter for solar observations

A Stokes polarimeter has been built at the High Altitude Observatory to obtain line profiles in both linear and circular polarization in solar spectral lines. These measurements are interpreted using the theory of radiative transfer in the presence of a magnetic field to obtain vector magnetic fields on the solar disk and using the theory of resonance scattering and the Hanle effect to obtain vector magnetic fields in prominences. The polarimeter operates on the Sacramento Peak Observatory 40 cm coronagraph. It is an extensively modified and improved version of an earlier instrument.
Resolution and signal-to-noise measurement of U.S. Army night-vision goggles

The ability to quantitatively characterize the performance of night vision goggles (NVG) is being investigated because the present method of resolution evaluation relies on an imprecise, subjective pass/fail judgement by a trained observer viewing a test pattern. Variation in an observer's training, experience, psychological state, decision bias and visual acuity strongly affect his or her decision when required to decide if a marginal pair of goggles passes or fails. The controversy concerning the increase in commercial and military helicopter accidents involving NVG indicates a need to determine if 1) the use of defective or marginal NVG is a contributing factor to the increase in accidents or 2) the apparent correlation between NVG and accidents is simply due to the increased use of NVG in an expanded and inherently more dangerous flight envelope. The U.S. Army TMDE Support Group (USATSG) has developed instrumentation to augment the AN/3895 TS test set that presents high and low light level resolution targets to AN/PVS-5, AN/AVS-6 and AN/PVS-7 NVG. The NVG Resolution Augmentation to the AN/3895 TS presented here can also quantitatively measure image quality of other image producing systems which are normally viewed, adjusted or inspected by a human observer. The NVG Resolution Augmentation features a custom electronic circuit which provides a user-friendly interface between a commercially available CCD camera, monitor and oscilloscope. USATSG's Army Primary Standards Laboratory at the Redstone Arsenal is presently studying the possibility of a new measurement service by investigating various CCD camera/lens combinations in order to characterize a machine vision standard observer. A characterized image analysis system would enable absolute as well as relative measurements of image quality.
Semiparametric regression during 2003–2007

Semiparametric regression is a fusion between parametric regression and nonparametric regression that integrates low-rank penalized splines, mixed model and hierarchical Bayesian methodology – thus allowing more streamlined handling of longitudinal and spatial correlation. We review progress in the field over the five-year period between 2003 and 2007. We find semiparametric regression to be a vibrant field with substantial involvement and activity, continual enhancement and widespread application.
Therapeutic Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies.

During the last two decades, the rapid growth of biotechnology-derived techniques has led to a myriad of therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibodies with significant clinical benefits. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies can be obtained from a number of natural sources such as animal cell cultures using recombinant DNA engineering. In contrast to most low molecular weight drugs, which are chemically synthesized and their structures are well understood, recombinant monoclonal antibodies are large (e.g., 150 kDa) complex mixtures possessing post-translational modifications. Therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibodies represent the state-of-the-art of biomedical research and provide effective strategies to treat a number of diseases for which there are no available treatments. The hallmark of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody is to bind to its target antigen (e.g., a cancer cell) with high affinity and specificity and render its destruction. A brief overview of recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibodies including their structures, productions, and clinical applications is presented. This article is a general tutorial for upper-level pharmacy and premed undergraduate students and graduate students with an introductory biochemistry background.
Measurements of the hydrogenic recombination coefficient for the TFTR vacuum vessel

Abstract Characteristic values of the recombination rate coefficient for hydrogen and deuterium in stainless steel have been measured for the inner wall of the TFTR vacuum vessel for vessel temperatures of 25–100°C. In situ measurements of kr, are important for predicting the hydrogen isotope retention in the wall as a function of time, temperature, and discharge exposure, particularly because existing laboratory measurements of kr for stainless steel span a range of four orders of magnitude. The measurement technique involved the observation of the decrease in hydrogen pressure during a glow discharge in the TFTR vacuum vessel with an initial static gas fill. The resulting values of kr, at 25°C are in the range of (0.4−4)×10−27 cm4 s−1 assuming a value of the hydrogenic diffusivity of 2 × 10−12 cm2 s−1 at room temperature. No significant isotopic dependence was observed and the temperature dependence of kr is consistent with the literature value (0.5 eV) of the activation energy. The implications of this range of values of kr, for the estimation of the in-vessel tritium inventory following DT operation in TFTR are discussed.
One more time with feeling: A rejoinder to wood's and clair's commentaries

In this rejoinder, we respond to the following claims regarding our integrated theory of domestic labor found in the commentaries by Julia T. Wood and Robin Patric Clair (2011, this issue): that we are establishing a ruler for the division of domestic; that our theory is biased toward the over-performer's rule or standard; that disagreements over domestic labor are primarily narrative constructions; and that our theory suggests a less than sanguine view of the potential for change in how men and women are socialized regarding the performance of domestic labor. In so doing, we argue that what Julia T. Wood describes as a “ruler” is not ours to create but rather is specific to each dyad and typically established by the partner with the lowest threshold level, be it a woman or a man. We also maintain that while a narrative approach provides a way to understand couples' interpretations of their experience, we believe a distinct value of our integrative theory is in helping to explain behavior and offer redres...
Hybrid Transmission Line for ECRH in the Helically Symmetric Experiment

The HSX oversized, mode-converting ECRH transmission line has been upgraded to a hybrid system to increase launched microwave power and reduce electrical arcing. Filtering of high-order, spurious modes ensures efficient coupling to a Gaussian beam for optimal electron heating. A Vlasov mode converter and two phase-correcting ellipsoidal mirrors convert the TE02 gyrotron output mode to a symmetric, linearly polarized, microwave beam. A swappable twist reflector plate rotates beam polarization for 2nd-harmonic X-mode or fundamental O-mode ECRH. Long distances are traversed by coupling the beam to a dual-mode (TE11 + TM11), smooth, circular cross-section waveguide. This system has been successfully tested without arcing for 50 ms pulses and over 100 kW of launched power. Analysis of the microwave beam for 50 kW, 2 ms microwave pulses reveals agreement with predicted beam shapes at two beam locations. The new system has also demonstrated increased plasma stored energy for ECRH plasmas with equal launched power.
Lung manganese superoxide dismutase protein expression increases in the baboon model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and is regulated at a posttranscriptional level.

The expression of lung manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA and protein were examined in a premature baboon model of hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and BPD superimposed with bacterial infection. When 140-d gestation baboons were delivered by hysterotomy and treated for 16 d with appropriate ventilatory and oxygen support (pro re nada controls), there was an increase in both MnSOD mRNA and protein compared with 140-d or 156-d gestation, nonventilated controls. The concentration of MnSOD protein was also elevated when the prematurely delivered baboons were ventilated with a high fraction of inspired O2 to produce a primate homolog of BPD, but there was a significant decrease in the concentration of MnSOD mRNA in BPD animals compared with pro re nada controls. In the lungs of premature baboons in whichEscherichia coli infection was superimposed on hyperoxia-induced BPD, MnSOD mRNA was diminished to approximately the same extent as in BPD alone, but MnSOD protein was significantly increased compared with all other groups. Taken together these data indicate that the premature baboon is capable of mounting an antioxidant response and that increased MnSOD protein expression in BPD and BPD-infected premature baboons is regulated, at least in part, at a posttranscriptional level.
Cdc6 ATPase ACTIVITY REGULATES ORC-Cdc6 STABILITY AND THE SELECTION OF SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCES AS ORIGINS OF DNA REPLICATION

DNA replication, as with all macromolecular synthesis steps, is controlled in part at the level of initiation. Although the origin recognition complex (ORC) binds to origins of DNA replication, it does not solely determine their location. To initiate DNA replication ORC requires Cdc6 to target initiation to specific DNA sequences in chromosomes and with Cdt1 loads the ring-shaped mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) 2–7 DNA helicase component onto DNA. ORC and Cdc6 combine to form a ring-shaped complex that contains six AAA+ subunits. ORC and Cdc6 ATPase mutants are defective in MCM loading, and ORC ATPase mutants have reduced activity in ORC·Cdc6·DNA complex formation. Here we analyzed the role of the Cdc6 ATPase on ORC·Cdc6 complex stability in the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences. Cdc6 ATPase is activated by ORC, regulates ORC·Cdc6 complex stability, and is suppressed by origin DNA. Mutations in the conserved origin A element, and to a lesser extent mutations in the B1 and B2 elements, induce Cdc6 ATPase activity and prevent stable ORC·Cdc6 formation. By analyzing ORC·Cdc6 complex stability on various DNAs, we demonstrated that specific DNA sequences control the rate of Cdc6 ATPase, which in turn controls the rate of Cdc6 dissociation from the ORC·Cdc6·DNA complex. We propose a mechanism explaining how Cdc6 ATPase activity promotes origin DNA sequence specificity; on DNA that lacks origin activity, Cdc6 ATPase promotes dissociation of Cdc6, whereas origin DNA down-regulates Cdc6 ATPase resulting in a stable ORC·Cdc6·DNA complex, which can then promote MCM loading. This model has relevance for origin specificity in higher eukaryotes.
Applicability of the Risk-Need-Responsivity Model to Persons With Mental Illness Involved in the Criminal Justice System

Objective:National efforts to improve responses to persons with mental illness involved with the criminal justice system have traditionally focused on providing mental health services under court supervision. However, a new policy emphasis has emerged that focuses on providing correctional treatment services consistent with the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model to reduce recidivism. The objective of this review was to evaluate empirical support for following the RNR model (developed with general offenders) with this group and to pose major questions that the field needs to address.Methods:A comprehensive search using PubMed and PsycINFO yielded 18 studies that addressed the applicability of the RNR model to the target population. The results of these studies were synthesized.Results:There is strong support for using general risk assessment tools to assess this group’s risk of recidivism. Preliminary evidence indicates that cognitive-behavioral programs targeting general risk factors are more effective th...
Revolutionary Eschatology: Islam & the End of Time in al-Ṭāhir Waṭṭār’s al-Zilzāl

[Abstract This paper analyzes the use of Qurʾanic rhetoric and imagery in al-Ṭāhir Waṭṭār’s 1974 novel al-Zilzāl (The Earthquake). More specifically, it emphasizes Waṭṭār’s employment of Qurʾanic eschatology to blur the boundary between ‘religious’ and ‘secular’ forms of discourse in the construction of Algerian nationalist discourse. The paper investigates al-Zilzāl’s critical engagement with the rhetoric of Arabism and Islamism in post-revolutionary state politics, highlighting the novel’s hybrid genre, its conscious manipulation of narrative time and space, as well as its incorporation of various registers of the Arabic language. Through the mobilization of eschatological notions of struggle, death and sacrifice, al-Zilzāl unsettles a number of authorized narratives on Algerian national identity, language and literature., AbstractThis paper analyzes the use of Quranic rhetoric and imagery in al-āhir Waār’s 1974 novel al-Zilzāl (The Earthquake). More specifically, it emphasizes Waār’s employment of Quranic eschatology to blur the boundary between ‘religious’ and ‘secular’ forms of discourse in the construction of Algerian nationalist discourse. The paper investigates al-Zilzāl’s critical engagement with the rhetoric of Arabism and Islamism in post-revolutionary state politics, highlighting the novel’s hybrid genre, its conscious manipulation of narrative time and space, as well as its incorporation of various registers of the Arabic language. Through the mobilization of eschatological notions of struggle, death and sacrifice, al-Zilzāl unsettles a number of authorized narratives on Algerian national identity, language and literature.]
Optical wireless applications: a solution to ease the wireless airwaves spectrum crunch

Demands by the communications industry for greater and greater bandwidth push the capability of conventional wireless technology. Part of the Radio Spectrum that is suitable for mobility is very limited. Higher frequency waves above 30 GHz tend to travel only a few miles or less and generally do not penetrate solid materials very well. This offers a sustainable solution for the current Spectrum Crunch in the lower microwave bands. One mission of this paper is to demonstrate practical and usable networks that can select a self-limiting link distance, allowing spectrum reuse. The motivation for operators of such bands to actually choose to self-limit is that by doing so, they improve the signal-tonoise against competing users at a lower cost than trying to overcome interference. These characteristics of wave propagation are not necessarily disadvantageous as they enable more densely packed communications links. Thus, high frequencies can provide very efficient spectrum utilization through “selective spectrum reuse”, and naturally increase the security of transmissions. Optical systems and networks offer a far greater bandwidth. This means new devices and systems have to be developed. Semiconductor Light Emitting Diode (LED) is considered to be the future primary lighting source for buildings, automobiles and aircrafts. LED provides higher energy efficiency compared to incandescent and fluorescent light sources and it will play a major role in the global reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, as a consequence of the significant energy savings. Lasers are also under investigation for similar applications. These core devices have the potential to revolutionize how we use light, including not only for illumination, but as well; for communications, sensing, navigation, positioning, surveillance, and imaging.
Nuclear magnetic resonace spectra of substituted oxazoles and oxazolidinones

During the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles and 4-oxazolidinones, NMR spectroscopy was utilized to obtain information on the structure, bonding and geometric isomerism in the various compounds. Long range couplings between substituents attached at C2 and C5 in both ring systems was of particular utility in this respect. The aromaticity of the oxazole ring is substantiated by the ability of the π system to transmit long range coupling through the ring and by the chemical shifts of the ring protons. Geometric isomers of the 4-oxazolidinones are identified by observing long-range cis and trans couplings of the order of 1·8 to 2·4 Hz.
Phonetic modification of vowel space in storybook speech to infants up to 2 years of age.

Purpose A large body of literature has indicated vowel space area expansion in infant-directed (ID) speech compared with adult-directed (AD) speech, which may promote language acquisition. The curr...
Doing and Being: Mindfulness, Health, and Quiet Ego Characteristics Among Buddhist Practitioners

We examined the relationship between meditation experience, psychological mindfulness, quiet ego characteristics, and self-reported physical health in a diverse sample of adults with a range of Buddhist experience (N = 117) gathered from a web-based survey administered to Buddhist practitioners around the world between August 1, 2007 and January 31, 2008. Practicing meditation on a regular basis and greater experience with Buddhism was related to higher psychological mindfulness scores. Psychological mindfulness was correlated with a latent variable called “quiet ego characteristics” that reflected measures based on Bauer and Wayment’s (Transcending self-interest: psychological explorations of the quiet ego. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 7–19, 2008) conceptual and multidimensional definition of a “quiet ego”: wisdom, altruism, sense of interdependence with all living things, need for structure (reversed), anger/verbal aggression (reversed), and negative affectivity (reversed). In turn, quiet ego characteristics were positively related to self-reported health. Our findings provide continuing support for the key role psychological mindfulness may play in psychological and physical well-being.
The Use of PPBS in a Public System of Higher Education: Is It "Cost Effective?".

This paper presents a qualitative discussion of the potential “costs” and “benefits” associated with the use of PPBS in a public system of higher education. The “costs,” both monetary and nonmoneta...
Design of the insulation system in space lasers against surface tracking

The authors deal with the design of a space laser insulation system using surface tracking as the constraint. Various parameters that determine the surface tracking distance between the high-potential electrode and the ground pins were identified and studied. Computer simulations were used to simulate the electric field distribution with various electrical, environmental, and material parameters. A design guideline is devised based on a detailed 3-D simulation of the electric field, and a sample calculation is presented for an actual space laser. It was found that an insulating material with higher permittivity and better chemical stability, such as alumina, will result in a smaller tracking distance. >
Data Watch: The World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study Household Surveys

Since 1985, the World Bank has been collecting household survey data in developing countries that provide a rich source of information for assessing household welfare, understanding household behavior, and evaluating the impact of government policies. This article describes these household surveys, known as Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys, and explains how to obtain their data. LSMS surveys have been implemented in over twenty developing countries and have been used to analyze poverty, labor markets, health and education pricing policies, determinants of school performance, savings and consumption smoothing, health and nutrition policies, and gender and fertility issues.
Single and double projections of generator-coordinate wave functions

Abstract By re-examining single- and double-projection methods for translation and rotation we find that both the Peierls-Yoccoz single projection and the Peierls-Thouless double projection of angular momentum may contain similar errors due to the inclusion of the spurious c.m. degrees of freedom. These errors are estimated by using a simple product of deformed Gaussian single-particle wave functions. Large errors appear even in heavy nuclei when the c.m. kinetic energy is included in the Hamiltonian. Other spurious effects studied have a rough A −1 behavior. The conjugate generator coordinate in the Peierls-Thouless method is found to have no effect on angular-momentum projections. It serves a configuration-mixing role. The configurations so mixed appear to be determined partly by the choice of basis for the single-particle wave functions and partly by the nature of the first projection.
PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE 1 (PHOR1)-like Genes Regulate Shoot/root Growth, Starch Accumulation, and Wood Formation in Populus

This study describes functional characterization of two putative poplar PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE 1 (PHOR1) orthologues. The expression and sequence analyses indicate that the two poplar genes diverged, at least partially, in function. PtPHOR1_1 is most highly expressed in roots and induced by short days, while PtPHOR1_2 is more uniformly expressed throughout plant tissues and is not responsive to short days. The two PHOR1 genes also had distinct effects on shoot and root growth when their expression was up- and downregulated transgenically. PtPHOR1_1 effects were restricted to roots while PtPHOR1_2 had similar effects on aerial and below-ground development. Nevertheless, both genes seemed to be upregulated in transgenic poplars that are gibberellin-deficient and gibberellin-insensitive, suggesting interplay with gibberellin signalling. PHOR1 suppression led to increased starch accumulation in both roots and stems. The effect of PHOR1 suppression on starch accumulation was coupled with growth-inhibiting effects in both roots and shoots, suggesting that PHOR1 is part of a mechanism that regulates the allocation of carbohydrate to growth or storage in poplar. PHOR1 downregulation led to significant reduction of xylem formation caused by smaller fibres and vessels suggesting that PHOR1 likely plays a role in the growth of xylem cells.
Load balancing on PC clusters with the super-programming model

Recent work in high-performance computing has shifted attention to PC cluster. For PC-clusters, member nodes are independent computers connected by general-purpose networks. The latency of data communications is long and load balancing among the nodes becomes a critical issue. We introduce a new model for program development on PC clusters, namely the super-programming model (SPM) to address this issue. In SPM, PC clusters are modeled as a single virtual machine with PC as their processing units. The workload is modeled as a collection of super-instructions (SI). Each SI can achieve a limited workload. Application programs are coded using SI. SI is dynamically assigned to available PC at run time. For limited workload, no SI overloads any PC. Therefore, dynamic load balancing becomes an easier task. We apply SPM to mining association rules. Our experiments show that under normal conditions the workload is balanced very well. A performance model is also developed to describe the scalable behavior of SPM.
Regge behavior of spontaneously broken non-Abelian gauge theory

The high-energy, fixed-momentum-transfer behavior of spontaneously broken non-Abelain gauge theory, with SU(2) gauge group, has previously been calculated through tenth order in perturbation theory in the leading-logarithm approximation. We interpret the complicated results as due to the exchange of the gauge-meson Regge trajectory plus associated cuts generated by Reggeon field theory. There are only two Reggeon couplings consistent with the leading-logarithm perturbation theory calculation. The coupling strengths are highly overdetermined by the perturbation calculation, demonstrating the consistency of the assumption of the applicability of Reggeon field theory. For large values of the momentum transfer our results are in agreement with the calculations of Carruthers, Fishbane, and Zachariasen and Cornwall and Tiktopoulos to all orders in perturbation theory. When all of the contributions of the moving cuts are summed in the weak-coupling approximation, the leading $J$-plane singularity in the $I=0$ channel is a fixed cut. We show that this singularity remains fixed, at least in the weak-coupling approximation, even when asymptotic freedom is taken into account.
Is the Glass Ceiling a Unique Form of Inequality?: Evidence From a Random-Effects Model of Managerial Attainment

A recent paper by Cotter, Hermsen, Ovadia, and Vanneman explicates four criteria for distinguishing the glass ceiling as a unique form of inequality. First, a glass ceiling exists when artificial b...
Milk composition in a hibernating rodent, the Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus)

Milk is essential to a mammalian mother’s reproductive strategy and is necessary for offspring growth and development. In hibernators with a short duration between weaning and winter immergence, milk synthesis is likely constrained by time and trade-offs between maternal and offspring condition, thus influencing milk composition. We characterized the proximate and mineral composition of milk produced by a hibernating rodent, the Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus). The concentration of all milk components varied across lactation; the concentration of most constituents peaked between days 14 and 19 postpartum. Columbian ground squirrel milk was relatively low in lipids but high in protein and calcium. At peak lactation, milk was composed of 10.71% 6 0.46% SE protein, 9.15% 6 0.47% lipids, 3.39% 6 0.13% sugar, and 0.47% 6 0.02% calcium (wet mass basis). High protein, energy from protein, and calcium in milk corroborate earlier reports of the importance of fast growth rates of juveniles to overwinter survival, whereas the low lipid content of milk may reflect fat conservation for adults. Production of high-calcium milk also may be a preventive mechanism enabling offspring to cope with bone mineral loss during hibernation.
Space, Politics, and the Survival Strategies of the Homeless

This article sheds conceptual and empirical light on the ways in which urban physical space and homelessness intersect by considering three focal questions: (a) What are the key spatial concepts necessary for understanding the relationship between urban space and homeless survival strategies and routines, (b) what are the central strategies used within communities to control the homeless spatially or ecologically, and (c) how do the homeless respond to these constraints and impositions? These questions are explored conceptually and empirically with data on spatial contestations drawn from the local newspapers of a southwestern city between 1992 and 1997. The findings illuminate the sociospatial dynamics of homelessness and underscore how a thoroughgoing understanding of the everyday routines and adaptive strategies of the homeless requires consideration of how different types of urban space affect the homeless and of the ways in which the homeless negotiate and respond to the spatial constraints with whic...
"Spinon gas" description of the S=1/2 Heisenberg chain with inverse-square exchange: Exact spectrum and thermodynamics.

The exact spectrum and thermodynamics of the S=1/2 Heisenberg chain with inverse-square exchange are explicitly obtained in closed form, and a description in terms of semionic spin-1/2 ``spinon'' excitations is developed. The unexpected degeneracies of the spectrum lead to a new representation of the k=1 SU(2) Wess-Zumino-Witten conformal field theory that exposes an infinite set of SU(2) symmetries of that model.
A Note on Absorption Probabilities in One-dimensional Random Walk via Complex-valued Martingales

Let {Xn,n⩾1} be a sequence of i.i.d. random variables taking values in a finite set of integers, and let Sn=Sn-1+Xn for n⩾1 and S0=0 be a random walk on Z, the set of integers. By using the zeros, together with their multiplicities, of the rational function f(x)=E(xX)-1,x∈C, we characterize the space U of all complex-valued martingales of the form {g(Sn),n⩾0} for some function g:Z→C. As an application we calculate the absorption probabilities of the random walk {Sn,n⩾0} by applying the optional stopping theorem simultaneously to a basis of the martingale space U. The advantage of our method over the classical approach via the Markov chain techniques (cf. Kemeny and Snell [1960. Finite Markov Chains. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.]) is in the size of the matrix that is needed to be inverted. It is much smaller by our method. Some examples are presented.
Requirement for CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Host Resistance against Cryptococcus neoformans in the Central Nervous System of Immunized Mice

The importance of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and CD4+ T lymphocytes in host resistance against Cryptococcus neoformans is well documented and is exemplified by the high susceptibility to progressive infection with this pathogen of AIDS patients with reduced CD4+ T-cell numbers. Although much has been learned about the role of CMI in the clearance of C. neoformans from the lungs and other internal organs, less is known about the protective mechanisms in the brain, the organ most frequently involved with a fatal outcome of cryptococcosis. We hypothesized that host resistance mechanisms against C. neoformans in the central nervous system (CNS) were similar to those outside the CNS (i.e., gamma interferon [IFN-γ], CD4+ T cells, and others). To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model of cryptococcal meningitis whereby cryptococci are introduced directly into the CNS. In experiments where mice were immunized to mount an anticryptococcal CMI response, our results indicate that immunization induced protective mechanisms that could be detected in the CNS by inhibition of the growth of viable yeast cells. Flow cytometric analyses of leukocytes in brain and spinal cord homogenates revealed that T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils accumulated in C. neoformans-infected brains of immune mice. In vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, resulted in significantly reduced leukocyte accumulation in the brains of immune mice. Furthermore, depletion of CD4+ T cells or neutralization of IFN-γ exacerbated CNS infection in immune mice, suggesting a critical role for CMI mechanisms in acquired protection in the CNS.
Compression Behavior of Nonslender Cylindrical Steel Members with Small and Large-Scale Geometric Imperfections

The compression behavior of cylindrical steel members is affected by geometric imperfections resulting from manufacturing, handling, and damage during installation and service. This paper summarizes the full-scale laboratory tests and the finite element simulations to quantify the effects of both small-scale global and large-scale local geometric imperfections on the compression behavior of nonslender cylindrical steel members. Systematic measurements of the small- and large-scale imperfections on 300-mm internal diameter pipe specimens with 6.17-mm wall thickness were used to characterize the imperfections for nonlinear finite element simulations of axial compression. Excellent agreement is shown between the analytical results and the detailed force, deformation, and strain measurements on the test specimens loaded well beyond their peak loads. The analytical and experimental results are summarized for the load reduction effects of the global imperfections as a function of the amplitude, expressed as a percentage of the wall thickness, and the various patterns of the local surface imperfections. Recommendations are made with respect to the imperfection effects on the compression load capacity, methods of modeling the imperfections, and the implications with respect to the design, inspection, and the serviceability decisions in the field.
Experimenting With the Balancing Hypothesis

The reasons why divided government is on the rise in the United States remain unclear. Of the explanations offered, Fiorina's (1992) balancing hypothesis—the idea that voters intentionally cast their ballots in a way that would increase the prospects of split party control—has drawn the most attention. This study gathered empirical evidence to test the hypothesis; its focus was not on whether citizens want divided government, but rather on whether they collectively act in a way consistent with balancing. In September 1900, during the national election campaign, a sample of undergraduates responded to one of five versions of a newspaper article (similar to actual articles about the campaign) that varied with respect to reported polling data on the competitiveness of the congressional and presidential races. The results cast doubt on the merits of the balancing hypothesis.
AC Diffusion: Transport in Porous Networks Subjected to Zero-Time-Average Advective Flow

Diffusion is a slow transport mechanism and advective transport tends to dominate in large-size systems. An alternative transport mechanism is explored herein, whereby zero time-average cyclic fluid flow is compounded with pore-scale mixing to render effective transport. Two one-dimensional cyclic flow cases are analyzed: a rigid porous network with two open boundaries subjected to cyclic flow through, and a compressible porous network with only one open boundary subjected to cyclic compression. The corresponding analytical models predict diffusion-like macroscale response and provide explicit expressions for the effective diffusion coefficients in terms of the microstructure of the porous medium and flow conditions. A parallel experimental study is conducted to corroborate analytical predictions. Results confirm the relevance of pore-scale mixing in cyclic flow as a transport mechanism in porous networks.