cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TGF-β1 Inhibits BRCA1 Expression through a Pathway That Requires pRb☆☆☆

Abstract TGF-β1 inhibits BRCA1 expression, which contradicts the model that TGF-β1 prevents carcinogenesis by activating tumor suppressor genes. To resolve this apparent contradiction, we examined BRCA1 expression in Mv1Lu cells, a well-established model system for studying the TGF-β1 tumor suppressor pathway. We found that inactivation of pRb by the papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein increased BRCA1 expression and abolished the ability of TGF-β1 to inhibit BRCA1 expression. We conclude that TGF-β1 inhibits BRCA1 expression through a pathway that requires pRb. We propose a model to explain the inhibition of BRCA1 as a target in the TGF-β1 tumor suppressor signaling pathway. Our results suggest that the tumor suppressor functions of BRCA1 are initiated by the inactivation of pRb, and therefore that the activation of pRb by TGF-β1 might alleviate the requirement for BRCA1 function.
Influence of the polar group on interactions between phospholipids and sterols in monolayers. Rapid decomposition of phosphatidylethanolamines and cholesterol in monolayers at pH 11.9

Pressure-area curves were obtained for monolayers of pure lipids or mixtures of lipids in order to investigate the effect of different polar groups upon interactions between molecules of various structures. Cholest-4-ene-3-one and cholestan-3-one were measured alone and in mixtures with di 16∶0-lecithin, and 16∶0–18∶1-lecithin, 16∶0–18∶3-lecithin, and 16∶0–20∶4-lecithin. All lecithin films were somewhat condensed by the ketones, but much less so than by cholesterol. Cholesterol was measured alone and with either di 16∶0 phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or rat liver phosphatidylethanolamine at pH 2.0, 5.4 and 11.9. Cholesterol condensed the natural PE at pH 2.0 and 5.4, but not the di 16∶0 PE. At pH 11.9, both cholesterol and PE were chemically unstable in monolayers. The strong interaction of cholesterol with mixed phosphatidylethanolamines in monolayers suggests that cholesterol may also interact strongly with PE in membranes, of which PE are important components.
Predicting bacteremia and bacteremic mortality in liver transplant recipients.

Predictors of bacteremia and mortality in bacteremic liver transplant recipients were prospectively assessed. One hundred eleven consecutive episodes of fever or infections were documented in 59 patients over a 4-year period. Forty-nine percent (29 of 59 patients) of the patients had bacteremia, 39% (23 of 59 patients) had nonbacteremic infections, and 12% (7 of 59 patients) had fever of noninfectious cause. Primary (catheter-related) bacteremia (31%; 9 of 29 patients), pneumonia (24%; 7 of 29 patients), abdominal and/or biliary infections (14%; 4 of 29 patients), and wound infections (10%; 3 of 29 patients) were the predominant sources of bacteremia. Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 6.9; P = .03) and serum albumin level less than 3.0 mg/dL (odds ratio, 0.14; P = .02) were independently significant predictors of bacteremia compared with nonbacteremic infections. Mortality at 14 days was 28% (8 of 29 patients) in those with bacteremia compared with 4% (1 of 23 patients) in those with nonbacteremic infections and 0% (0 of 7) in patients with fever of noninfectious cause (P = .03). Intensive care unit stay at the time of bacteremia (100% v 47%; P = .005), absence of chills (0% v 53%; P = .005), lower temperature at the onset of bacteremia (99.2°F v 101.5°F; P = .009), lower maximum temperature during the course of bacteremia (99.3°F v 102°F, P = .008), greater serum bilirubin level (7.6 v 1.5 mg/dL; P = .024), presence of abnormal blood pressure (80% v 16%; P = .0013), and greater prothrombin time (15.6 v 13.3 seconds; P = .013) were significantly predictive of greater mortality in the bacteremic patients. These data have implications for discerning the likelihood of bacteremia and initiation of empiric antibiotics pending cultures. Lack of febrile response in bacteremic liver transplant recipients portended a poorer outcome. (C) 2000 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Helicopter rotary and fixed system dynamics during hover and high speed flights

This paper uses linear power spectral analysis to quantify servo-flap helicopter vibratory data measured from multiple locations of the rotor blade system and the fuselage. Vibration is the most important performance index in helicopter design and this paper compares helicopter vibrations during hover and high-speed cruising flights. In particular, we compared vibratory data measured from three locations of the rotating system: servo-flap mid-span bending, rotor blade chord-wise rod axial load, rotor blade flatwise bending and from the fixed system instrument panel and the central gravity of the fuselage in lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions. Vibratory energy were computed and recorded from the 1st to the 6th harmonics of fundamental rotation frequency. The results provided a quantitative delineation of the vibratory behavior of the rotor blade and the fuselage under different flight conditions and, more importantly, allowed us to verify system performance conformed to servo-flap helicopter design specifications during blade tuning process and fault detection testing.
Biomechanics of cantilever "plow" during anterior thoracic scoliosis correction.

Abstract Background context Anterior instrumentation is often used for correction of thoracic scoliosis. Loss of spinal correction may occur after failure at the bone–implant interface, and forces on the bone–implant interface during scoliosis correction remain unclear. Purpose Evaluate two different mechanisms of loading associated with anterior scoliosis correction. Study setting In vitro biomechanics lab. Methods Polyurethane foam and human cadaveric thoracic vertebral bodies were instrumented with transvertebral body screws. Bone–implant interface failure loads were measured during constrained, fixed-angle screw translation, as well as unconstrained translation allowing coronal plane screw rotation. Vertebral body staples were randomly assigned to both conditions. Results Data were consistent across foam and cadaveric specimens. Failures occurred at significantly lower loads during unconstrained translation (with rotation) compared with constrained translation. Staple usage significantly increased the load to failure in both testing modes. In cadaveric bone, the constrained plowing load to failure was 562N+110N versus 188N+20N in the unconstrained testing. With a staple, these values increased to 694N+53N and 530N+100N, respectively. Conclusions The 280% increase in cadaveric failure loads when a staple was added in the unconstrained testing method exceeds previous reports. The unconstrained method of plow simulated anterior scoliosis instrumentation when a rod was cantilevered and compressed into position. Supplemental vertebral body staples may be clinically indicated, particularly at the ends of the construct where residual deforming forces remain the greatest.
Bc1-2 protects mice against fatal alphavirus encephalitis.

Abstract Virus-induced apoptosis has been well characterized in vitro, but the role of apoptosis in viral pathogenesis is not well understood. The suicide of a cell in response to viral infection is postulated to be an important host defense for the organism, leading to a reduction in its total viral burden. However, virus-induced death of nonregenerating cells in the central nervous system may be detrimental to the host. Therefore, to investigate the role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of fatal encephalitis, we constructed a recombinant alphavirus chimera that expresses the antiapoptotic gene, bcl-2, in virally infected neural cells. Infection of neonatal mice with the alphavirus chimera expressing human bcl-2 [Sindbis virus (SIN)/bcl-2] resulted in a significantly lower mortality rate (7.5%) as compared with infection with control chimeric viruses containing a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene (SIN/CAT) (78.1%) or bcl-2 containing a premature stop codon (SIN/bcl-2stop) (72.1%) (P < 0.001). Viral titers were reduced 5-fold 1 day after infection and 10-fold 6 days after infection in the brains of SIN/bcl-2-infected mice as compared to SIN/CAT or SIN/bcl-2stop-infected mice. In situ end labeling to detect apoptotic nuclei demonstrated a reduction in the number of foci of apoptotic cells in the brains of mice infected with SIN/bcl-2 as compared with SIN/bcl-2stop. The reduction in apoptosis was associated with a reduction in the number of foci of cells expressing alphavirus RNA. Thus, the antiapoptotic gene, bcl-2, suppresses viral replication and protects against a lethal viral disease, suggesting an interaction between cellular genetic control of viral replication and cell death.
Detection and identification of vaccine-related polioviruses by the polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to obtain sensitive detection and identification of poliovirus RNA genomes. Primer pairs were designed to permit identification of each Sabin poliovaccine strain by the electrophoretic mobilities of the amplified DNA products (Sabin 1: 97 bp; Sabin 2: 71 bp; Sabin 3: 44 bp). The compositions of samples containing mixtures of vaccine strains could be readily determined by PCR. When the amplified products were visualized by ethidium bromide fluorescence, as few as 250 genomic copies in the original sample could be detected. When PCR was used in combination with strain-specific 32 P-labeled oligonucleotide probes, the limit of detection was ≤ 2.5 poliovirus genomes, exceeding the sensitivity of poliovirus isolation in cell culture by at least 100-fold. PCR amplifications may be performed on virion RNAs extracted directly from clinical specimens, potentially eliminating the requirement for virus isolation in routine identifications while yielding reliable results within 8 h.
Multiple factors govern intraretinal axon guidance: a time-lapse study.

Abstract In this study, the multiple factors that govern the unidirectional path of intraretinal axons, as well as the cellular movements prior to and during early axonogenesis, were investigated using time-lapse videomicroscopy. For several hours prior to overt axon elongation, young retinal ganglion cells send out transient minor processes in all directions at the pial surface. Time-lapse analysis of the chondroitin sulfate (CS)-containing matrix that has been suggested to play an important role in regulating this early differentiative event revealed the dynamic, wavelike properties of this extracellular matrix component. As the CS matrix dissipates across the immature ganglion cells, only one minor process, away from the highest concentration of CS peripherally and in the direction of the optic fissure centrally, is retained and becomes the mature axon. Focal concentrations of L1 appear at points of neurite contact with previously established axons, suggesting that this growth-promoting molecule is also involved with establishing the precise, unidirectional outgrowth pattern of retinal ganglion cell axons. NCAM was diffusely distributed on neural elements and on the neuroepithelial endfeet in the central and peripheral retina and, thus, may not be an essential unidirectional axon growth cue. Growth cones mechanically deflected 180° from the optic fissure after the CS wave had receded from the central retina had morphologies and rates of elongation similar to those oriented in the proper direction. Growth cones deflected obliquely toward the ventral retinal periphery entered a territory of increasing CS-containing proteoglycan matrix and neurons with minor processes. As these deflected axons entered more deeply into this region they slowed down and sent out long transient branchlike processes. These observations illustrate the complex organization of the changing cell surface and matrix components within the retina during axonogenesis and axon outgrowth. The results also elucidate the potential importance of a cell state where immature neurons probe their environment via minor processes. These specialized neurites may provide the neuron with a way to sample a full 360° of terrain around them. This method of exploring the environment could afford the cell a mechanism with which to sample, summate, and respond to physical structures as well as simultaneously occurring negative and positive molecular influences that are distributed unequally on either side of the cell body.
On the use of naming and binding in early courses

In most computer science curricula, the concepts of naming and binding are explicitly treated only in a small number of the later courses, such as operating systems and programming language foundations. However, these concepts are fundamental and underlie the whole of computer science. In this paper, a proposal is made to explicitly introduce these concepts in the second or third course so that they may be used in the analysis of ideas encountered throughout a student's program of study. The benefit of this earlier introduction is demonstrated by detailing how a computer organization course can explicitly incorporate these concepts. These concepts can also be used to advantage in other early courses, such as data structures.
Bacterial cellulose I. Two-stage fermentation process for cellulose production by Acetobacter aceti

Abstract Production of cellulose by Acetobacter aceti AJ12368 was optimized in a two-stage fermentation process. A cell growth stage in an air-lift fermenter (agitated culture) was followed by a cellulose formation stage in production incubators (static culture). The optimal moment of process change was at day 3 of agitated culture when the cell density and intracellular Adenosin triphosphate content peaked; at this time culture broth in the air-lift fermenter could be subdivided to feed four production incubators equipped with nine trays. Surface aeration was effective in producing food-use gelatinous cellulose which is homogeneous and low in syneresis. This process was more economical than the conventional fermentation procedure in the Nata industry.
Host factors and consequence of chemotherapy in pediatric cancer patients

The 5-year survival rates for childhood ALL are approaching 80%, but therapy-related toxicities are common. One of the challenges in this population is determining the most efficacious therapeutic regimens for these individuals. Factors such as drug metabolism, genetics, and concomitant disease affect drug efficacy and may be important in determining therapeutic outcomes in these patients. This review will focus on these factors in the treatment of childhood ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:320–326. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Topographic effect on tilt, strain, and displacement measurements

Deformation and stress fields are locally modified by the presense of topography. An approximate analytical method is used to give simple expressions for the effect of arbitrarily shaped topography on vertical, horizontal, and surface tilt measurements. This provides a means of making corrections to observations without the use of finite element techniques. Corrections to tilt fields are found to be directly proportional to the local slope of the topography. Comparison is made between expressions for tilt and those for strain and displacement. Although the topographic effects on secular tilt, strain, and vertical displacement are not yet measurable, we emphasize that the topographic effect on precision tidal tilt and strain measurements can be significant.
Expression and regulation of CD5 on in vitro activated human B cells

The T cell-associated antigen CD5 has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of T cell activation. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD5 upregulate helper function, and induce interleukin 2 (IL2) production by mature T cells as well as thymocytes. CD5 is also expressed on subsets of B cells associated with autoantibody production, and CD5+ B cells are present in increased numbers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis. More recently CD5 has been found to be present on human B lymphocytes following in vitro activation with phorbol myristate acetate. To date a similar functional role for CD5 has not to date been demonstrated for B cells. In this study we have shown that structurally similar CD5 molecules are present on activated B cells and T cells. In addition, CD5 on both stimulated B cells and T cells is phosphorylated, which may be important in the function of CD5 following activation. CD5 protein or mRNA was not detected on unstimulated splenic B cells depleted of any CD5+ cells. To investigate the control of CD5 expression, we examined a series of cytokines either alone or in combination for their effect on the induction of CD5. CD5 expression was specifically inhibited by IL4 but not by the other cytokines tested. This inhibition was very specific as IL4 did not inhibit the expression of other B cell activation antigens including CD25, B5, T9 and CD23 as well as the pan-B cell antigen CD20. The addition of other cytokines did not increase or reverse the inhibition of CD5 expression by IL4. This inhibition was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis. Immunoprecipitation studies of 125I-labeled activated B cells demonstrated that there was a decrease in cell surface CD5 protein, and not simply inhibition of expression of a particular epitope. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of CD5 mRNA was markedly inhibited in the presence of IL4, whereas the induction of the protooncogene c-myb was unaffected. This suggests that IL4 inhibits CD5 protein expression on activated B cells by reducing the amount of CD5 mRNA transcription or increasing the degradation of CD5 mRNA. The role of the T cell-derived lymphokine IL4 in regulating CD5 expression may be important in the disease states characterized by increased numbers of CD5+ B cells.
Contrasting textures in metamorphic and anatectic migmatites: an example from the Scottish Caledonides

. A method for the quantitative analysis of the spatial relations of minerals is described. Dispersed distributions are formed by annealing and destroyed in post-tectonic migmatization. Aggregate distributions characterize solid-state differentiation, whereas leucosomes formed in systems of high fluid:rock ratio (in the examples studied, anatectic melts) show random distributions. Quantitative textural analysis can be used to indicate whether migmatization was post-tectonic or earlier, though caution is necessary if post-migmatite cooling is slow or if there is some minor deformation. More importantly, it can be used to discriminate melt-present from melt-absent leucosomes; this is exemplified by a suite of metamorphic and anatectic migmatites from the Scottish Caledonides. The textural evolution of anatexites with increasing melt percentage is traced. Initial feldspar porphyroblastesis occurs by Ostwald ripening via grain boundary melts; subsequently ophthalmites develop with fabrics and chemistry inherited from the palaeosome. At greater than 30% melt these inherited fabrics are wholly destroyed. Deformation prompts segregation into melanosome and leucosome; resultant leucosomes contain no inherited crystals. The scale of anatectic systems is fixed at the point at which segregation begins; ophthalmites provide evidence for melt and crystal transfer beyond original palaeosome boundaries. In contrast, metamorphic migmatites are necessarily small-scale systems because of diffusive constraints, and melanosomes are invariably produced.
Interaction among atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), vasopressin, and renal nerves in terms of renal responses in rats

Abstract The relationship between the renal nerves and vasopressin in terms of the natriuretic and diuretic responses to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF - 0.25 ug/kg/min for 15 min), was investigated in unilaterally denervated anesthetized rats before and after the administration of a vasopressin V 2 specific antagonist (AVPX) - (40 ug/kg bolus followed by 0.4 ug/kg/min infusion). Administration of the AVPX or ANF did not alter the arterial pressure. Acute renal denervation or AVPX administration independently produced significant increases in sodium and water excretion. ANF infusion by itself produced a greater increase in urine flow and sodium excretion from the denervated kidney compared to the intact kidney before the administration of AVPX. However, after the administration of AVPX renal responses to ANF from the intact kidneys were enhanced such that they were not significantly different from the denervated kidneys. These results suggest that the full physiological response to ANF may be masked by tonic renal nerve activity or antidiuretic actions of vasopressin. Furthermore, since combined renal denervation and AVPX administration does not produce any greater potentiation of the renal responses to ANF than either of these manipulations alone, it is suggested that they may act via a common mechanism, possibly altering activity in the renal nerves.
Anthropometric measurements and Darwinian fitness.

The relationship between anthropometrics and 3 measures of Darwinian fitness--number of surviving children number of living siblings and marital status--was sought in a population practicing no contraception. The pattern suggestive of stabilizing selection was evident for 1 dimension destabilizing selection for another dimension and directional selection for yet another. The dimensions studied were those least intercorrelated one with another. Stabilizing selection for human physical characteristics may not be a universal phenomenon. (Authors)
The fractionation of a skin sensitizing serum by means of neutralization and dilution

Abstract 1. 1. The skin sensitizing antibody of Prausnitz-Kustner antibody is not divided by bubbling CO2 gas through it. 2. 2. The precipitate obtained by bubbling CO2 gas through a skin sensitizing serum is devoid of skin sensitizing properties. 3. 3. The supernatant fluid contains the skin sensitizing antibodies equal to those found in the original serum. This is contrary to the findings of Smyth and Bain, who found both fractions inactive, but it confirms the work of Stull, Sherman, and Cooke. 4. 4. A method to free serum of an inert protein fraction without injuring its skin sensitizing properties is suggested.
Effects of hypophysectomy on age-related changes in the rat kidney glomerulus: Observations by scanning and transmission electron microscopy

Abstract The kidney glomeruli of 9-month-old intact, 23-month-old intact, and 23-month-old hypophysectomized female rats were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. With increasing age, the glomeruli increased in diameter and more podocyte microvilli were found. Hypophysectomy (4 months before sacrifice) reduced these values to levels approaching values seen in the 9-month intact controls. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that increased numbers of podocytes and endothelial cells had cytoplasmic dense bodies with advancing age. Granular cytoplasmic material, seen in podocytes, did not alter in frequency with age. Hypophysectomy reduced the number of cells containing the dense bodies as well as the number of podocytes containing granular material. Basal laminar thickness, while increasing with age, was unaffected by hypophysectomy. The results show that hypophysectomy can return some structural age-related changes to values seen in younger subjects. The effects are similar in some respects to the effects of dietary restriction.
Firm‐strategic behavior with industry‐demand externalities

This paper investigates the effects of industry-demand externalities on the firm's strategic decision making, with an industry-demand externality being defined as a change in industry demand resulting from the efforts of a particular firm to develop, advertise or price a particular product. Profit-maximization models of the firm's strategic behavior that incorporate industry-demand externalities created by a particular firm and the competitive responses of its rivals reveal that the presence of such an externality serves as an incentive for the firm to engage in the form of strategic behavior that generates the externality.
High-Efficiency Spectrophotovoltaic System for Orbital Power Generation

An analysis was performed to determine the economic feasibility of a concentrating Spectrophotovoltaic orbital electrical power generation system, capable of output power levels on the order of 100 kW. In this system dichroic beamsplitting mirrors are used to divide the solar spectrum into several wavebands. These mirrors consist of transparent substrates coated on the frontside with multilayer stacks of transparent dielectric materials. With this technique very high reflectivities can be achieved over a well-defined spectral region. Wideband antireflection coatings are applied to the back to insure good transmission of the nonreflected part of the spectrum. Absorption of the reflected and transmitted wavebands by solar cells with matched energy bandgaps increases the cell efficiency while decreasing the amount of heat which must be rejected. The optical concentration is performed in two stages. The first concentration stage employs a Cassegrain-type telescope, resulting in a short system length. The output from this stage, after being spectrally selected by dichroic beamsplitters, is directed to compound parabolic concentrators which comprise the second stage of concentration. In order to determine the optimum energy bands, "ideal" efficiencies for one-, two-, three-, and four-cell systems were calculated under 1000 sun, AMO conditions. The efficiencies ranged from 32.2% for a one-cell system to 52.8% for a four-cell system. Various combinations of Ge, Si, GaAs, and GaP were chosen to calculate more reasonable efficiencies. Account was taken of losses due to grid shadowing, cell reflection, dichroic mirrors and nonunity spectral response. Oneand four-cell systems were found to be less efficient than most of the twoand three-cell systems which had efficiencies on the order of 2697o-33%. A cost tradeoff analysis was performed to determine an optimum system configuration. The primary mirror was found to be responsible for 70%-85% of the system cost. Neglecting solar cell development cost, the twoand three-cell systems were found to be the most cost effective. The optimum system consisted of an jj/3.5 optical system, a beamsplitter to divide the spectrum at 0.9 /im, and two solar cell arrays, GaAs and Si. For a 100-kW power level, with solar cells maintained at a temperature of 300 K, the primary mirror diameter was calculated to be 20.43 m and the projected cost per peak watt of this system is $2.52/Wp.
Prenasal and preoral auscultation.

Summary It is recommended that as a routine in examination of infants and smallchildren, the technique of prenasal and preoral auscultation be used before the patient is touched or before his clothing is removed for traditional routines of examination.
The End of Farm Labor Abundance

An analysis of nationally representative panel data from rural Mexico, with observations in years 2002, 2007, and 2010, suggests that the same shift out of farm work that characterized U.S. labor history is well underway in Mexico. Meanwhile, the demand for agricultural labor in Mexico is rising. In the future, U.S. agriculture will compete with Mexican farms for a dwindling supply of farm labor. Since U.S. domestic workers are unwilling to do farm work and the United States can feasibly import farm workers from only a few countries in close geographic proximity, the agricultural industry will eventually need to adjust production to use less labor. The decline in foreign labor supply to farms in the United States ultimately will need to be accompanied by farm labor conservation, switching to less labor intensive crops and technologies, and labor management practices that match fewer workers with more farm jobs. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: Comparison to necropsy findings

Abstract To determine the accuracy of echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) dimension and mass measurements for detection and quantification of LV hypertrophy, results of blindly read antemortem echocardiograms were compared with LV mass measurements made at necropsy in 55 patients. LV mass was calculated using M-mode LV measurements by Penn and American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) conventions and cube function and volume correction formulas in 52 patients. Penn-cube LV mass correlated closely with necropsy LV mass (r = 0.92, p
A review of the ethical and legal aspects of terminating medical care

Abstract It is now a little more than a decade since the Quinlan decision [1]. The issue of terminating medical treatments to patients, especially incompetent patients, is, in many ways, more pressing today than it was in 1976; it confronts more physicians more often, and involves more types of medical interventions. The ever increasing number of legal decisions and changes in prevailing guidelines may confuse physicians about which practices are acceptable and which are not. This review attempts to clarify some of the current ethical and legal standards for withholding and withdrawing medical care from patients.
Gender and the Politics of Knowledge

Contentious public debates about women's rational and moral capacity circulated during the European Enlightenment at the same time that science was emerging as a dominant mode of inquiry. As historian Karen Offen argues in European Feminisms, these debates preoccupied both men and women intellectuals of the middling and upper classes and represented a pivotal moment in the three-century campaign to rearticulate a politics of knowledge proclaiming women as deserving as men of formal schooling at all levels. Disputes about women's capabilities emerged in the context of efforts to redefine the rights and privileges of men, of male intellectuals to reassert male dominance over and control of females' access to intellectual participation as well as the craft guilds associated with women's work, and of men and women to consider the meaning and structure of social institutions and social systems. The German poet Philippine Engelhard captured women's frustrations with the limits imposed upon them in comparison to men in the context of the formation of the liberal state, the development of the middle class, and the growth of humanistic and scientific inquiry:
Field-widened pinhole camera.

Wood demonstrated a method in 1906 that allowed 180-deg FOV but required that the film be immersed in a tank of water. This paper presents a technique that yields the same 180-deg FOV without the necessity of wetting the film. Rays from a 180-deg FOV cone are reduced to 84-deg cone due to refraction at the glass surface. If the cone were then incident on another glass/air plane surface, it would be expanded back to 180 deg.
Composite laminates with spatially varying fiber orientations - 'Variable stiffness panel concept'

A solution has been obtained to the plane elasticity problem for a symmetrically laminated composite panel with spatially varying fiber orientations. Since variation of the fiber angles along the length of a composite laminate results in stiffness properties that change as a function of location, the laminates are called variable stiffness panels. An analysis of the stiffness variation and its effect on the elastic response of the panel is presented here. A numerical solution has been obtained using an iterative collocation technique. Corresponding closed-form solutions are given for three different sets of boundary conditions. Two of the cases considered have exact solutions and thus serve to validate the numerical model.
Aromatization of n-hexane by platinum-containing molecular sieves II. n-Hexane reactivity

Abstract Pt/KL, Pt/BaKL, Pt/KBaKL, Pt/NaY, Pt/CsNaY, Pt/NaFAU(C), Pt/hex, Pt/SSZ-24, Pt/silica, and Pt/carbon were tested as catalysts for the aromatization of n-hexane at 460–510°C and atmospheric total pressure in order to study the influence of Pt cluster size and support acidity/basicity, microstructure, and chemical composition on activity and selectivity. Analysis of the catalytic and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption results from Pt/KL, Pt/BaKL, and Pt/KBaKL reveals that the presence of any acidity increases hydrogenolysis at the expense of benzene production. In addition, no increase in aromatization selectivity is observed by the addition of base sites to a Pt/zeolite catalyst, confirming that aromatization of n-hexane over Pt clusters on nonacidic carriers is monofunctional. High selectivity to benzene over most of the zeolite samples demonstrates that support microstructure does not contribute directly to the aromatization selectivity over Pt catalysts. High selectivity to benzene is observed for a Pt/carbon catalyst suggesting that a zeolitic support is not necessary for good performance. In fact, similar reactivity is obtained from microporous (Pt/SSZ-24) and nonmicroporous (Pt/silica) silica supported platinum catalysts with similar H/Pt values. A clear trend of increasing benzene selectivity with decreasing Pt cluster size is found. These observations suggest that the exceptional reactivity of Pt/KL for the aromatization of n-hexane results from the lack of any acidity in the support and the ability of zeolite L to stabilize the formation of extremely small Pt clusters.
On the occurrence of Prototaxites in the Cleveland Black Shale of Ohio, USA

A permineralized specimen of Prototaxites Dawson collected from the Upper Devonian Cleveland Shale in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, is grayish black, resembling decorticated, petrified wood. Cellulose acetate peels and ground sections show only the medullary region, consisting of wide and narrow, densely crowded tubes, almost all running parallel, and some oblique, to the long axis of the specimen. The tubes are thick-walled, two-layered, with longitudinal furrowa on the inner surface, septate, showing successive branching, some branches anastomosing. Thin-walled septate branched filaments are present in the intertubal spaces and also cover the tubes; small areas of disintegrated tubes are present all over. Structural details of the tube wall observed with SEM, coupled with other characters, when compared with the structurally known species of Prototaxites, warrant a new name for the Cleveland specimen: P. clevelandensis sp. nov.
Physics-Based Covariance Models For Gaussian Processes With Multiple Outputs

Gaussian process analysis of processes with multiple outputs is limited by the fact that far fewer good classes of covariance functions exist compared with the scalar (single-output) case. To address this difficulty, we turn to covariance function models that take a form consistent in some sense with physical laws that govern the underlying simulated process. Models that incorporate such information are suitable when performing uncertainty quantification or inferences on multidimensional processes with partially known relationships among different variables, also known as co-kriging. One example is in atmospheric dynamics where pressure and wind speed are driven by geostrophic assumptions (wind ∝ ∂/∂x pressure). In this study we develop both analytical and numerical auto-covariance and cross-covariance models that are consistent with physical constraints or can incorporate automatically sensible assumptions about the process that generated the data. We also determine high-order closures, which are required for nonlinear dependencies among the observables. We use these models to study Gaussian process regression for processes with multiple outputs and latent processes (i.e., processes that are not directly observed and predicted but interrelate the output quantities). Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on both synthetic and real data sets.
Imipenem/cilastatin: general experience in a community hospital

Imipenem/cilastatin is a new carbapenem antibiotic with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Forty two patients with infections of various types, including skin and soft tissue, respiratory tract, bone and joint, and urinary tract, were treated with this antibiotic in an open noncomparative study. Clinical responses to therapy were excellent and failures were only encountered with infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains that developed resistance during therapy. Superinfection rates were minimal as were toxicities. Imipenem/cilastatin appears to be a relatively safe and highly effective broad spectrum antibiotic.
Insights gained from gene therapy in animal models of retGC1 deficiency

Vertebrate species possess two retinal guanylate cyclases (retGC1 and retGC2) and at least two guanylate cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs), GCAP1 and GCAP2. GCAPs function as Ca2+ sensors that regulate the activity of guanylate cyclases. Together, these proteins regulate cGMP and Ca2+ levels within the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors. Mutations in GUCY2D, the gene that encodes retGC1, are a leading cause of the most severe form of early onset retinal dystrophy, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA1). These mutations, which reduce or abolish the ability of retGC1 to replenish cGMP in photoreceptors, are thought to lead to the biochemical equivalent of chronic light exposure in these cells. In spite of this, the majority of LCA1 patients retain normal photoreceptor laminar architecture aside from foveal cone outer segment abnormalities, suggesting they may be good candidates for gene replacement therapy. Work began in the 1980s to characterize multiple animal models of retGC1 deficiency. Thirty four years later, all models have been used in proof of concept gene replacement studies towards the goal of developing a therapy to treat GUCY2D-LCA1. Here we use the results of these studies as well as those of recent clinical studies to address specific questions relating to clinical application of a gene therapy for treatment of LCA1.
Ovulatory suppressants, estrogens, and carbohydrate metabolism

Changes in glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels in response to glucose were studied in 2 groups of women taking oral contraceptives. In the 1st group there were 23 women who had been taking 5 mg norethynodrel and .075 mg mestranol in cyclic fashion for over 12 months. The glucose tolerance test (GTT) and the cortisone glucose tolerance test (CGTT) (in 13 of the women) were performed. Plasma insulin levels were measured immunologically by a double antibody technique in 16 of the women. In a 2nd group of 20 subjects GTT and CGTT were done before treatment and the tests repeated during treatment. 3 contraceptives were used: 5 mg norethynodrel and .075 mg mestranol; 1 mg ethyndiol diacetate and .1 mg mestranol; and sequential therapy with .080 mg mestranol for 15 days and .080 mg mestranol and 2 mg chlormadinone acetate for 5 days. Of the 23 women in the 1st group 13 (57%) had elevated 2-hour levels for GTT. In the CGTT test 11 (85%) had elevated 1- and 2-hour levels. 8 women had significant glycosuria during this test. Significant differences between those with or without a family history of diabetes were absent. The impariment in glucose utilization was related to the duration of treatment increasing as treatment continued. Norethynodrel with mestranol caused abnormalities in the GTT between 2-4 months. In 5 of 9 women receiving sequential therapy GTT became abnormal in the first 2 months. CGTT followed in 2 women became abnormal in 1 and 5 months respectively. Those patients taking ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol showed abnormalities in the first 3 months. Mestranol given alone in9 women and 3 men showed abnormalities in GTT in the 1st month in 9 subjects. CGTT became abnormal with treatment. &Plasma insulin levels were unrelated to treatment both with short- and long-term use. Glucose tolerance generally returns to normal within 1 month.
Pade approximants, NN scattering, and hard core repulsions

Pade approximants to the scattering function F=k cot(delta/sub 0/) are studied in terms of the variable x=k/sup 2/, using four examples of potential models which possess features of the np /sup 1/S/sub 0/ state. Strategies are thereby developed for analytically continuing F when only approximate partial knowledge of F is available. Results are characterized by high accuracy of interpolation. It is suggested that a physically realistic inverse scattering problem begins with such an analytically continued F. When it exists, the solution of this problem in terms of the Marchenko equation is a local potential of the Bargmann type. Some strategies for carrying out this program lead to a stably defined potential, while others do not. With hard core repulsions present, low-order Pade approximants accurately describe F for E/sub c.m./< or =300 MeV. However, since the condition ..delta..(infinity)-delta(0)=0 is not satisfied in any of our examples containing hard core repulsions, the Marchenko method does not have a solution for them. A possible physical consequence of this result is discussed. Another inverse scattering method is proposed for application to hard core problems.
Comment to “Primates in the Eocene” by Gingerich (2012)

In his recent article BPrimates in the Eocene^, Gingerich (2012) presented a broad review of Eocene primate radiations and their place in the primate evolutionary tree, with a particular focus on Adapoidea. While synthetic reviews of early primate evolution are always welcome additions to the literature, within his larger analysis Gingerich (2012) specifically discussed two issues that deserve special comment, the first relating to the evolution of grooming claws within Adapoidea and the second relating to his phylogenetic interpretation of Darwinius and Adapoidea within the order Primates, which was supposedly based on a modification of our own final matrix inMaiolino et al. (2012). Unfortunately, as we will demonstrate below, in both cases the interpretations of Gingerich (2012) are unlikely to be correct. First, Gingerich (2012) characterises the morphology of Notharctus pedal distal phalanges as Bambiguous^. In fact, there is very little ambiguity involved. The analyses provided in Maiolino et al. (2012) demonstrate quite conclusively, both metrically and visually, that pedal distal phalanges bearing grooming claws are readily separated from other unguis forms (ungulae=nails, falculae=non-primate claws, and tegulae= claw-like ungues of callitrichins and aye-ayes) on the basis of facet-shaft angle (FSA), volar feature length (VFL), and other distinctive measures. Univariate and multivariate analyses including FSA and VFL clearly indicate that Notharctus tenebrosus possessed a grooming claw on pedal digit II (Maiolino et al. 2012). To illustrate this point further, a simple bivariate plot of FSA and VFL divided by total phalanx length (TPL) from 512 primate pedal distal phalanges shows the stark distinction between grooming claw and ungula-bearing distal phalanges (Fig. 1). Strepsirrhine and tarsier phalanges that bear grooming claws are well-separated from ungulaand tegula-bearing forms (Fig. 1, dotted line within convex hull surrounding all grooming claws). On the basis of FSA and VFL/TPL, Fig. 1 indicates that Notharctus venticolis (UM 102287), Cantius nuniensis (UM 102193), and Notharctus tenebrosus (AMNH 143612_3 and AMNH 129382) bore grooming claws, confirming the results of Maiolino et al. (2012) for Notharctus tenebrosus and extending them to notharctid pedal morphology, more generally. We note that Gingerich (2012) provides no compelling evidence to the contrary, and the discriminant analyses mentioned by Gingerich (2012) (see also von Koenigswald et al. (2012)) exclude FSA, VFL, VFL/TPL, and other distinctive measures. Until our results are contradicted by a proper study including diagnostic features such as FSA, VFL, and VFL/TPL, the analyses in Maiolino et al. (2012) remain the most comprehensive performed thus far and strongly Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12549-015-0184-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Touch preparations for the intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy have high false-negative rates in patients with breast cancer.

Context.— The use of a touch preparation for intraoperative sentinel lymph node diagnosis has become a preferred method of many pathologists because of its reported high sensitivity and rapid turnaround time. However, after neoadjuvant chemotherapy many lymph nodes have significant treatment-related changes that may affect the diagnostic accuracy of the intraoperative evaluation. Objective.— To determine the accuracy of touch preparation for the intraoperative diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma in the neoadjuvant setting. Design.— We reviewed retrospectively the results of intraoperative evaluations for 148 different sentinel lymph nodes from 63 patients who had undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer at our institution. The intraoperative touch preparation results were compared with the final pathology reports in conjunction with relevant clinical data. Results.— Use of touch preparation for the evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes intraoperatively after neoadjuvant therapy was ...
Amelioration of Insulin Requirement in Patients Undergoing Duodenal Bypass for Reasons Other than Obesity Implicates Foregut Factors in the Pathophysiology of Type II Diabetes

Background Foregut diversion and weight loss have been proposed as potential mechanisms for resolution of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) observed in patients undergoing gastric bypass for obesity. To support or refute the role of the foregut, we analyzed glycemic control in T2DM patients before and after foregut bypass for reasons other than morbid obesity. Study Design Using ICD9/CPT codes, we identified patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy (RY) or Billroth II (BII) reconstruction over 10 years. Fasting blood glucose, insulin or oral diabetic agent requirement, and body mass index (BMI) before and after surgery were tabulated and compared using the Student's t -test. Linear regression was applied to determine specific factors predictive of resolution or improvement in glycemic control including age, duration of diabetes, antidiabetic regimen, type of operation, and surgical indication. Results Between 1996 and 2006, we identified 24 patients with T2DM out of a cohort of 209 who underwent either RY (12 of 24) or BII reconstruction (12 of 24) for cancer or peptic ulcer disease and survived more than 30 days after operation. Of this group, 75% were overweight (18 of 24 with BMI 2 ) and 25% were class I morbidly obese (6 of 24 with BMI 30 to 35 kg/m 2 ). Seventeen patients (71%) had either complete resolution (7 of 24 or 29%) or significant reduction (10 of 24 or 42%) in medication requirements; 7 patients (29%) did not have any improvement. Logistic regression failed to identify specific factors predicting improved glycemic control. Conclusions Complete resolution of T2DM in patients undergoing duodenal diverting surgery occurs in about one-third of nonobese patients. Improved glycemic control occurs in more than two-thirds and cannot be explained by surgically related weight loss alone. Surgical cure of T2DM may be possible in carefully selected nonobese patients.