cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy: A Potential Link to Neurodegeneration

NCOA4 (Nuclear receptor coactivator 4) mediates the selective autophagic degradation of ferritin, the cellular cytosolic iron storage complex, thereby playing a critical role in intracellular and systemic iron homeostasis. Disruptions in iron homeostasis and autophagy are observed in several neurodegenerative disorders raising the possibility that NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy links these two observations and may underlie, in part, the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. Here, we review the available evidence detailing the molecular mechanisms of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and recent studies examining its role in systemic iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis. We propose additional studies to examine the potential role of NCOA4 in the brain in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
Caged Cyclopropenes with Improved Tetrazine Ligation Kinetics

Activatable cyclopropenes are unreactive toward their inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction partner (e.g., s-tetrazines) until they are activated. The activation strategy is highly modular due to the cyclopropene’s ability to be caged by various light- and enzyme-activatable groups. This work describes the next generation of activatable cyclopropenes with a new core scaffold that maintains the activation modularity of the first generation but improves upon the ligation kinetics with s-tetrazines by ≤270-fold.
Strategies to Identify Women at High Risk of Advanced Breast Cancer During Routine Screening for Discussion of Supplemental Imaging.

Importance Federal legislation proposes requiring that screening mammography reports to practitioners and women incorporate breast density information and that women with dense breasts discuss supplemental imaging with their practitioner given their increased risk of interval breast cancer. Instead of discussing supplemental imaging with all women with dense breasts, it may be more efficient to identify women at high risk of advanced breast cancer who may benefit most from supplemental imaging. Objective To identify women at high risk of advanced breast cancer to target woman-practitioner discussions about the need for supplemental imaging. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study assessed 638 856 women aged 40 to 74 years who had 1 693 163 screening digital mammograms taken at Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) imaging facilities from January 3, 2005, to December 31, 2014. Data analysis was performed from October 10, 2018, to March 20, 2019. Exposures Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) breast density and BCSC 5-year breast cancer risk. Main Outcomes and Measures Advanced breast cancer (stage IIB or higher) within 12 months of screening mammography; high advanced cancer rates (≥0.61 cases per 1000 mammograms) defined as the top 25th percentile of advanced cancer rates, and discussions per potential advanced cancer prevented. Results A total of 638 856 women (mean [SD] age, 56.5 [8.9] years) were included in the study. Women with dense breasts (heterogeneously or extremely dense) accounted for 47.0% of screened women and 60.0% of advanced cancers. Low advanced cancer rates ( Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that breast density notification should be combined with breast cancer risk so women at highest risk for advanced cancer are targeted for supplemental imaging discussions and women at low risk are not. BI-RADS breast density combined with BCSC 5-year risk may offer a more efficient strategy for supplemental imaging discussions than targeting all women with dense breasts.
Possible Role of Low and Medium Spontaneous Rate Cochlear Nerve Fibers in the Encoding of Waveform Periodicity

The spontaneous discharge rate of single mammalian cochlear nerve fibers varies over an enormous range (0 to 100 spikes per second). The majority of these fibers (60% to 65%) have background discharge rates exceeding 18 spikes per second. The remainder, often divided into two classes, the “low” and “medium” spontaneous groups (Liberman, 1978) show much less spontaneous activity.
Chapter IV Product Engineering

Papers grouped in this chapter all present various solutions and systems of product design and engineering. The first paper describes the work in automating the design process with an artificial intelligence technique called Case-Based Reasoning, as applied to process planning, product redesign, and design testing. The system of computer-aided design of mechanical clutches is presented in the second paper, whereas the third paper presents an expert system (using the VP-Expert shell) for design of precise ball and roller bearings. The fourth paper discusses a two-stage design framework for design of spur gears. The two stages proposed are preliminary design and design optimization, and the paper focuses especially on the optimization stage. Then, the fifth paper presents an approach to computer-aided design of underground structures.
Pseudorepresentations of weight one are unramified

We prove that the determinant (pseudorepresentation) associated to the Hecke algebra of Katz modular forms of weight one and level prime to p is unramified at p.
Factors important for the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum in the yeast cell phase on peptone media I. Blood and Blood derivatives.

Factors ofimportance inthecultivation ofHistoplasma capsulatum Darling initsyeast cell phase havebeenthesubject ofinvestigation fromthetimeit wasfirst shown, byDemonbreun (1934), that this fungus isthecausative agent of thesystemic mycotic infection, histoplasmosis. Inaclassical presentation of themorphology, life cycle, andpathogenicity ofH.capsulatum, Demonbreun showed thatinvitro cultures ofthis organism always growinmycelial format roomtemperature, butcanbemadetogrowinayeast cell phase(the invivo, tissue form) at37Cunder suitable conditions. Hereported thatalthough the mycelial formflourishes onmanyofthecommonly usednutrient media, "good growth oftheyeastlike formofthefungus ...[is] ...obtained onlyonblood agarorother mediarich inproteins." Additional emphasis onthedesirability ofusing blood-containing mediaforyeastcell growth istobefoundinthe publications ofConant(1941) andCampbell (1947). Heavygrowth ofwellencapsulated yeast cells inbothliquid andsolid tryptose mediumfortified with 5percentplasma wasreported byMcVickar (1947). Inthefirst ofaseries of interesting articles, Salvin (1947) described excellent yeast cell development in asemisolid medium, devoid ofblood, blood derivatives, orother proteins. In his1949publication, Salvin gavetheformula ofamedium, completely synthetic saveforthepresence ofagar; thepresence ofbiotin, andeither asulfide or sulfhydryl groupinthis medium, wasregarded bySalvin asessential forthe multiplication ofH.capsulatum initsyeastcell phase. A recent brief note (Salvin, 1950) discusses growth inliquid mediacontaining noprotein. In1946aninvestigation wasbeguninthese laboratories onthefactors important inbringing aboutgrowth ofthis fungus intheyeast cell phase. Attention wasfirst directed toattempting todefine thenature oftherole oftheenhancing action ofblood andblood derivatives. Theelucidation ofthis aspect oftheproblem,briefly presented earlier (McVickar, 1948), isdescribed indetail inthis paper. EXPERIMENTALMETHODS AND RESULTS
Subchronic exposure to cellulose nanofibrils induces nutritional risk by non-specifically reducing the intestinal absorption.

Abstract Previous studies of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in decreasing fat absorption and glucose release suggested their potential application as food additives or supplements in diets containing high contents of fat and sugars. However, the long-term effects of CNF uptake remained unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of subchronic oral CNF consumption on various health aspects of Western diets (WD)-fed mice. The results demonstrated that CNF decreased fat absorption in the jejunum and attenuated WD-induced fatty liver, but slightly decreased lean body mass and affected glucose homeostasis. Additional in vivo studies showed that CNF decreased the intestinal absorption. The in vitro studies suggested that CNF did not decrease the viability of any cells used; however, they prevented epithelial and T cells, but not macrophages, from accessing the viability dye. Taken together, CNF decreased the intestinal absorption non-specifically, which might lead to nutritional risks after long-term exposure.
Silica-Supported Organolanthanum Catalysts for C-O Bond Cleavage in Epoxides.

Single-site organolanthanum complexes supported on mesoporous silica nanoparticles, La{C(SiHMe2)3}n@MSNs, catalyze the ring-opening hydroboration reaction of aliphatic and styrenic epoxides with pinacolborane (HBpin). The surface-bound complexes, synthesized by reaction of the homoleptic tris(alkyl)lanthanum La{C(SiHMe2)3}3 and SBA-type MSN treated at 700 °C (MSN700), are mostly monopodal ≡SiO-La{C(SiHMe2)3}2 and contain an average of one bridging La↼H-Si per alkyl ligand. This structure was established through a combination of solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, including J-resolved SiH coupling and quantitative 29Si measurements, diffuse reflectance IR, and elemental analysis. These rigorous analyses also established that grafting reactions in pentane provide a preponderance of ≡SiO-La{C(SiHMe2)3}2 sites and are superior to those in benzene and THF, and that grafting onto MSN treated at 550 °C (MSN550) results in a mixture of surface species. The single-site supported catalysts are more selective and in most cases more active than the homogeneous analogue, allow easy purification of products from the catalyst, are strongly resistant to leaching into solution phase, and may be recycled for reuse at least five times. After reaction of La{C(SiHMe2)3}n@MSN and HBpin, species including ≡SiO-La{C(SiHMe2)3}(H2Bpin) and ≡SiO-La{C(SiHMe2)3}{κ2-pinB-O(CMe2)2OBH3} are identified by detailed 1D and 2D 11B SSNMR experiments.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia among young adults who are actively drinking: a randomized pilot trial.

Study objectives More than half of young adults at risk for alcohol-related harm report symptoms of insomnia. Insomnia symptoms, in turn, have been associated with alcohol-related problems. Yet one of the first-line treatments for insomnia (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia or CBT-I) has not been tested among individuals who are actively drinking. This study tested (1) the feasibility and short-term efficacy of CBT-I among binge-drinking young adults with insomnia and (2) improvement in insomnia as a predictor of improvement in alcohol use outcomes. Methods Young adults (ages 18-30 years, 75% female, 73% college students) who met criteria for Insomnia Disorder and reported 1+ binge drinking episode (4/5+ drinks for women/men) in the past month were randomly assigned to 5 weekly sessions of CBT-I (n = 28) or single-session sleep hygiene (SH, n = 28). All participants wore wrist actigraphy and completed daily sleep surveys for 7+ days at baseline, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. Results Of those randomized, 43 (77%) completed posttreatment (19 CBT-I, 24 SH) and 48 (86%) completed 1-month follow-up (23 CBT-I, 25 SH). CBT-I participants reported greater posttreatment decreases in insomnia severity than those in SH (56% vs. 32% reduction in symptoms). CBT-I did not have a direct effect on alcohol use outcomes; however, mediation models indicated that CBT-I influenced change in alcohol-related consequences indirectly through its influence on posttreatment insomnia severity. Conclusions CBT-I is a viable intervention among individuals who are actively drinking. Research examining improvement in insomnia as a mechanism for improvement in alcohol-related consequences is warranted. Trial registration U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03627832, registration #NCT03627832.
Effects of marine organic aerosols as sources of immersion-mode ice-nucleating particles on high-latitude mixed-phase clouds

Abstract. Mixed-phase clouds are frequently observed in high-latitude regions and have important impacts on the surface energy budget and regional climate. Marine organic aerosol (MOA), a natural source of aerosol emitted over ∼ 70 % of Earth's surface, may significantly modify the properties and radiative forcing of mixed-phase clouds. However, the relative importance of MOA as a source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in comparison to mineral dust, and MOA's effects as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and INPs on mixed-phase clouds are still open questions. In this study, we implement MOA as a new aerosol species into the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6), the atmosphere component of the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2), and allow the treatment of aerosol–cloud interactions of MOA via droplet activation and ice nucleation. CAM6 reproduces observed seasonal cycles of marine organic matter at Mace Head and Amsterdam Island when the MOA fraction of sea spray aerosol in the model is assumed to depend on sea spray biology but fails when this fraction is assumed to be constant. Model results indicate that marine INPs dominate primary ice nucleation below 400 hPa over the Southern Ocean and Arctic boundary layer, while dust INPs are more abundant elsewhere. By acting as CCN, MOA exerts a shortwave cloud forcing change of − 2.78 W m −2 over the Southern Ocean in the austral summer. By acting as INPs, MOA enhances the longwave cloud forcing by 0.35 W m −2 over the Southern Ocean in the austral winter. The annual global mean net cloud forcing changes due to CCN and INPs of MOA are − 0.35 and 0.016 W m −2 , respectively. These findings highlight the vital importance for Earth system models to consider MOA as an important aerosol species for the interactions of biogeochemistry, hydrological cycle, and climate change.
Stark Shift Laser Spectroscopy at Submillimeter Wavelengths for Chemical Analysis

Very high sensitivity and spectrometric resolution have been obtained for gaseous paramagnetic molecules by using fixed-tuned submillimeter lasers and tunable magnetic fields [1-4]. This technique, commonly called laser magnetic resonance spectrometry (LMRS), has an electric analogy, Stark shift laser spectrometry [5,6], which, in addition to providing ultra high resolution for molecular spectroscopy also holds considerable promise as an analytical tool for gases. The same technique at longer wavelengths has been successfully applied to chemical analyses [7,8] but with less sensitivity than that expected with sub-millimeter lasers. Work is currently underway at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to develop Stark shift spectrometry at submillimeter wavelengths with emphasis toward characterizing its analytical capabilities.
Characterizing Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) concentration and change over time in Holstein dairy cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize circulating Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) concentrations in a population of Holstein heifers and examine the impact that life events and stage of life have on those concentrations. Virgin, Holstein heifers (n = 105) 13 ± 0.8 months old were heat detected using tail-chalk, bred via artificial insemination and pregnancy checked 32+ days later. Serum samples for AMH were collected upon enrollment (heifer), at 5–20 days in milk (fresh) and at 45–60 days in milk (pre-breeding). Transrectal ultrasonography was performed upon enrollment (heifer) and at 45–60 days in milk (pre-breeding) to determine antral follicle count (AFC), cyclicity status, and uterine health. Heifers were blocked into thirds by AMH concentration: HIGH (>354 pg/mL; n = 34), MID (183–354 pg/mL; n = 35) and LOW ( 0.05). Reason for leaving the herd, health incidences and calving difficulty were not impacted by AMH (P > 0.05). AFC and cyclicity had a positive impact on heifer AMH (P 0.05). From the heifer to the fresh sample, average AMH dropped from 313.15 pg/mL to 160.01 pg/mL (P 0.05). AFC and AMH at the heifer sample had a positive impact on AMH at the fresh sample (P
Rapid Selection of HIV Envelopes that Bind to Neutralizing Antibody B Cell Lineage Members with Functional Improbable Mutations

Elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by an HIV vaccine will involve priming the immune system to activate antibody precursors, followed by boosting immunizations to select for antibodies with functional features required for neutralization breadth. The higher the number of acquired mutations necessary for function, the more convoluted are the antibody developmental pathways. HIV bnAbs acquire a large number of somatic mutations, but not all mutations are functionally important. Here we identified a minimal subset of mutations sufficient for the function of the naturally occurring V3-glycan bnAb DH270.6. Using antibody library screening, candidate envelope immunogens that interacted with DH270.6-like antibodies containing this set of key mutations were identified and selected in vitro. Our results demonstrate that less complex B cell evolutionary pathways than those naturally observed exist for the induction of HIV bnAbs by vaccination, and establish rational approaches to identify boosting sequential envelope candidate immunogens.
A Nationwide Analysis of Cleft Palate Repair: Impact of Local Anesthesia on Operative Outcomes and Hospital Cost.

BACKGROUND This study investigates the associations between local anesthesia practice and perioperative complication, length of stay, and hospital cost for palatoplasty in the United States. METHODS Patients undergoing cleft palate repair between 2004 and 2015 were abstracted from the Pediatric Health Information System database. Perioperative complication, length of stay, and hospital cost were compared by local anesthesia status. Multiple logistic regressions controlled for patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS Of 17,888 patients from 49 institutions who met selection criteria, 8631 (48 percent), 4447 (25 percent), and 2149 (12 percent) received epinephrine-containing lidocaine, epinephrine-containing bupivacaine, and bupivacaine or ropivacaine alone, respectively. The use of epinephrine-containing bupivacaine or bupivacaine or ropivacaine alone was associated with decreased perioperative complication [adjusted OR, 0.75 (95 percent CI, 0.61 to 0.91) and 0.63 (95 percent CI, 0.47 to 0.83); p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively]. Only bupivacaine- or ropivacaine-alone recipients experienced a significantly reduced risk of prolonged length of stay on adjusted analysis [adjusted OR, 0.71 (95 percent CI, 0.55 to 0.90); p = 0.005]. Risk of increased cost was reduced in users of any local anesthetic (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS Epinephrine-containing bupivacaine or bupivacaine or ropivacaine alone was associated with reduced perioperative complication following palatoplasty, while only the latter predicted a decreased postoperative length of stay. Uses of epinephrine-containing lidocaine, epinephrine-containing bupivacaine, and bupivacaine or ropivacaine alone were all associated with decreased hospital costs. Future prospective studies are warranted to further delineate the role of local anesthesia in palatal surgery. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
The Transition to High School

Abstract This study investigates teacher reports of their communication and relationships with parents over the transition to high school in a large, urban, and predominantly minority school district. Hierarchical linear modeling techniques were used to estimate elementary (n = 10,237) and high school (n = 3,140) teachers' outreach to and trust of parents, controlling for their background and school compositional characteristics. Teachers with more negative attitudes about student learning capacities and non-White teachers reported less communication and less positive relationships with parents. Teachers in high schools with predominantly Latino student bodies reported less communication and less positive relationships with parents, while this was not true for teachers in elementary schools. Implications for school practice and policy are discussed.
Expression cloning to identify monomeric GTP-binding proteins by GTP overlay.

Publisher Summary More than 70 small Ras-related GTP-binding proteins have been identified and additional members of the family continue to be discovered. The majority of these proteins have been isolated by screening genomic or cDNA libraries at low stringency with oligonucleotide mixes corresponding to the conserved guanine nucleotide-binding regions or to short peptide sequences conserved within individual Ras-related subfamilies. Although these strategies have proved successful, their use in the identification of novel mammalian small GTP-binding proteins, or of Ras-related proteins in plants and lower organisms, may not be as effective, particularly if this novel GTPase is distant in sequence from previously identified Ras family members. This chapter describes an expression cloning strategy that allows the rapid isolation of full-length cDNA encoding small GTP-binding proteins that may escape detection by conventional cloning methods. Identification of novel GTP-binding proteins as well as a complete cataloging of all Ras-related GTPase provide new insight into the diverse cellular pathways regulated by these proteins and are critical in understanding the regulation and complicated biological interactions among members of the Ras protein family. The approach relies on the proved ability of Ras-related proteins to bind GTP after denaturation and transfer to nitrocellulose membrane.
Critical factors for school lunch acceptance in Washington, D.C.† ‡

Lunch plate waste occurs at substantially different levels in public elementary schools using identical food delivery systems. Observation has indicated that environmental factors play a role in determining the quantity of plate waste. The amounts of waste were measured, and the results analyzed, with a view to establishing conclusions about how the efficiency of the program could be increased, and plate waste decreased. One factor is how much priority school principals consider the lunch time period deserves, and accordingly what share of the available resources they allocate to it, such as teacher time, personal attention of the school principal, space, etc. Our research suggests that even unpopular foods might be more acceptable when the available resources are developed to the best advantage for the children and the eating environment improved.
Argon laser-welded arteriovenous anastomoses

Abstract This study compared the healing of laser-welded and sutured canine femoral arteriovenous anastomoses. Arteriovenous fistulas 2 cm in length were created bilaterally in the femoral vessels of 10 dogs and were studied at 1 (n = 2), 2 (n = 2), 4 (n = 3), and 8 (n = 3) weeks. In each animal, one anastomosis (control) was closed with running 6-0 polypropylene sutures, and the contralateral anastomosis (experimental) was sealed with an argon laser (0.5 watt, 4 minutes of exposure, 1830 J/cm2/1 cm length of anastomosis). At removal all experimental anastomoses were patent without hematomas, aneurysms, or luminal narrowing. Histologic examination at 4 weeks revealed that laser-welded anastomoses had less inflammatory response and almost normal collagen and elastin reorientation. At 8 weeks sutured anastomoses had significant intimal hyperplasia whereas laser repairs had normal luminal architecture. Tensile strength and collagen production, measured by the synthesis of hydroxyproline and the steady-state levels of type I and type III procollagen messenger ribonucleic acids, at the anastomoses and in adjacent vein and artery specimens were similar in sutured and laser-welded repairs at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. We conclude that argon laser welding of anastomoses is an acceptable alternative to suture techniques, with the advantage of improved healing without foreign body response and possible diminished intimal hyperplasia at the anastomotic line. (J V ASC S URG 1987;6:447-53.)
Microstructural pathway of fracture in poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement.

Abstract Mechanical failure of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is linked to failure of cemented total joint prostheses. An essential step to minimize, if not eliminate, cement fracture is to understand the material characteristics controlling fracture resistance. At least four phases of bone cement can be identified that may affect the damage zone formation: pre-polymerized beads, interbead matrix polymer, BaSO 4 , and porosity. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to determine the molecular weight (MW) distributions of the two polymer phases. Mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were used to analyse fracture mechanisms. Fatigue crack propagation of bone cement was distinctly different from rapid crack propagation. Microcracks defined the damage zone for fatigue fracture. The microcracks developed in the interbead matrix and not through the pre-polymerized beads. Light microscopy revealed evidence of craze formation on surfaces of fractured beads during rapid fracture, but not on fatigue surfaces. GPC analysis indicated an increase in MW from the bead phase alone to the fully cured bone cement, indicating a greater MW in the interbead matrix polymer. Increases of 36 and 176% were measured for two different bone cements, but the bulk of the polymer has an MW of less than 1 × 10 6 . Three factors were suggested to explain why the microcracks seem to prefer to grow in the interbead matrix: the presence of BaSO 4 , shrinkage during the curing process, and the different polymerization processes of the bead and the interbead polymers. Pores had an affect on the microcrack formation as well, and did not need to be directly in front of the crack tip to interact with the damage zone. The pores seemed to act as nucleation sites for microcracks. The porosity-microcrack nucleation interaction may explain and reconcile the apparently disparate results concerning the effect of porosity on fracture toughness and fatigue life. Porosity may, however, also provide positive contributions to the fracture properties of bone cement by dispersing the energy at the crack tip, forming a larger damage zone, and effectively blunting the crack. The crack propagation mechanisms revealed by this research indicated the importance of microstructure in the fatigue failure of PMMA.
Interspecies Vocal Communication Between a Baboon and a Macaque

An adult female olive baboon was paired with an adult male rhesus monkey in order to study interspecies social behavior. On the eleventh day of the pairing the subjects began reciprocal vocal communication which occurred in the context of appeasement. The sounds appear to contribute to a general reduction of tension between the two subjects.
Genetic transformation of the commercial barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar Conlon by particle bombardment of callus

Commercial barley cultivars are difficult to transform because of the lack of an efficient regeneration system. By modifying certain components in the standard culture medium, we have developed a reproducible and more efficient regeneration system. Herbicide-resistant transgenic plants from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Conlon) were obtained using this medium. Embryo-derived callus was bombarded with pAHC25, which contains the screenable marker gus (β-glucuronidase) and the selectable marker bar (bialaphos resistance gene), both driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter (Ubi1) and followed by the nos terminator. Following bombardment, callus was transferred to callus-induction medium supplemented with 5 mg/l bialaphos for selection. Resistant calli were subsequently transferred to maintenance medium containing 5 mg/l bialaphos for further selection and finally transferred to regeneration medium with 5 mg/l bialaphos. Green shoots that developed on the regeneration medium were transferred to rooting medium containing 3 mg/l bialaphos. Eighty-five transgenic plants were obtained from 13 independent transformation events. Progeny tests showed Mendelian inheritance for the transgenes. This is the first report of the production of large numbers of transgenic plants from a commercial cultivar adapted to Midwestern US barley production.
Can Document Delivery Compensate for Reduced Serials Holdings? A Life Sciences Library Perspective

Access versus ownership is the new dilemma facing most librarians in view of the rising costs of serials and not equally increasing budgets. But, is giving access to articles through document delivery really a viable alternative to journal ownership? The Life Sciences Library at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, decided to test the viability of using commercial document delivery as compensation for discontinued ownership, as a complement to ownership, and as a supplement to ownership by providing access to cancelled, owned-but-unavailable, or never-owned journals through a commercial document delivery service. This article documents the evolution of that procedure and the results of the project.
Sensory Phenomena in Tourette Syndrome: Their Role in Symptom Formation and Treatment

The primary symptoms of Tourette Syndrome (TS) are motor and vocal tics, but increasingly, researchers have examined the role of sensory phenomena in biobehavioral models of the disorder. These sensory phenomena involve tic-related premonitory urge sensations as well as potential abnormalities in the perceptual and behavioral experiences associated with external sensory input. As such, dysfunctional sensorimotor integration might represent a key facet of TS pathology. The current paper reviews the literature on sensory phenomena in tic disorders and highlights possible connections to TS symptoms and directions for future research.
Formation of gold cluster cations by direct laser vaporization

Abstract Gold cluster cations, Au + n , with n = 1 to 6 have been produced by direct laser vaporization of gold metal in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Wavelength studies at λ = 532, 355, and 266 nm show similar results. However, the intensities and intensity ratios of the cluster ions strongly depended on laser power at the two longer wavelengths. Ionization energies of Au + , Au + 2 , and Au + 3 have also been estimated.
The cost of production breaks

Presentation d'un modele mathematique illustrant comment la compression du temps due a la rupture de la production, associee a des taux de rendement decroissants, peut conduire a des augmentations des couts a l'unite souvent observees apres des ruptures de la production
Design and Analysis of 20m track mounted and 30m telescopes

This paper presents designs of compact 21 and 30 m aperture telescopes with primary focal of f/0.7 and f/0.56. The 20 20 telescope moves on three axes; the elevation axis (which is below the primary vertex), the azimuth axis, and a tracking axis at the center of 100 m diameter tracks. The 30 m telescope has an elevation and azimuth axis. All of the axes move on hydrostatic bearings. A primary requirement for such large telescopes is stiffness against deformation by wind gusts. The mass and stiffness needed for the structure is substantially independent of the primary mirror mass, which can therefore be set by thermal and diffraction issues. For the 21 m design, whose primary has seven 8.4 m glass segments weighing 128 tons, the total moving mass is 905 tons, and the lowest resonant frequency 6.5 Hz. For the 30 m design, whose primary has, 13 whole and 6 half, glass segments 8.7 m, across the points, weighing 256 tons, the total moving mass is 3,460 tons, and the lowest resonant frequency 5.3 Hz. These practical designs offer two versatile telescopes with high performance.
Mutational changes of conserved residues in the Q-loop region of transcription factor Rho greatly reduce secondary site RNA-binding.

Abstract Transcription factor Rho of Eschericia coli is a ring-shaped homohexameric protein that terminates transcripts by its action on nascent RNAs. To test the functional importance of the phylogenetically highly conserved residues of the Q-loop region, four mutant Rho proteins, S281A, K283A, T286A and D290A, were isolated and analyzed for their biochemical properties. All four proteins were very defective in terminating transcripts in vitro at the bacteriophage λ tR1 terminator and had corresponding defects in ATP hydrolysis activated by λ cro RNA. Although the four proteins were normal or near normal in their sensitivity to cleavage with H 2 O 2 in the presence of Fe-EDTA and in their ability to bind to λ cro RNA and ATP, they were defective in RNA-specific, secondary site interactions. This was indicated by the lack of protection from cleavage at their Q-loops by oligo(C) in the presence of poly(dC), and their defects in ATP hydrolysis activated by oligo(C) in the presence of poly(dC). This evidence, together with the observations that cleavage of the Q-loop residues is protected specifically by RNA, suggests that the Q-loop makes interactions with RNA that are essential for activation of ATP hydrolysis and the termination of transcription.
Toxicity of glycolic acid in male and female rats.

Abstract Glycolic acid when fed to the male albino rat at a 1% and 2% level of the diet, resulted in ( a ) decreased growth rate, ( b ) abnormal increase of kidney oxalate, and ( c ) nephrotoxic effects; when fed under the same conditions to the female, these abnormal changes did not appear.
Abstract SY01-04: Tackling breast cancer: from genetic screens to new therapeutic strategies

Breast cancer is a collection of diseases with distinct clinical behaviors and underlying genetic causes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a common subtype of breast cancer that confers a particularly poor prognosis and is refractory to current targeted therapies. Unfortunately, the molecular determinants driving this aggressive malignancy are poorly understood. Using an unbiased genetic screen, we have identified a novel tumor suppressor network that governs proliferation and transformation of TNBCs in vitro and in vivo. We define PTPN12 as a core component in this network and a commonly inactivated tumor suppressor in TNBC. PTPN12 is a potent suppressor of human mammary epithelial cell proliferation and transformation. PTPN12 function is frequently compromised in human TNBCs by inactivating mutations, deletion, or loss of protein expression. Mechanistically, PTPN12 is a tyrosine phosphatase that suppresses cellular transformation by interacting with and inhibiting several oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases including HER2, EGFR, and PDGFR. Notably, the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of PTPN12-deficient TNBCs is severely impaired by restoring PTPN12 function or by inhibiting kinase targets of PTPN12, suggesting that TNBCs are dependent on the proto-oncogenic tyrosine kinases constrained by PTPN12. Collectively, these data identify PTPN12 as a commonly inactivated tumor suppressor and provide a rationale for combinatorially targeting tyrosine kinases in TNBC and other cancers based on their profile of tyrosine phosphatase activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY01-04. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY01-04
Laser scribing of polycrystalline thin films

Abstract We have investigated the use of several different types of lasers for scribing of the polycrystalline materials used for thin-film solar cells: CdTe, CuInGaSe2 (CIGS), ZnO, SnO2, Mo, Al, and Au. The lasers included four different neodymium–yttrium–aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) (both 1064 and 532 nm wavelengths), a Cu vapor (511/578 nm), an XeCl excimer (308 nm), and a KrF excimer (248 nm). Pulse durations ranged from ∼0.1 to ∼250 ns. We found that the fundamental and frequency-doubled wavelengths of the Nd:YAG systems work well for almost all of the above materials except for the transparent conductor ZnO. The diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG was particularly convenient to use. For ZnO the uv wavelengths of the two excimer lasers produced good results. Pulse duration was found generally not to be critical except for the case of CIGS on Mo where longer pulse durations (≥250 ns) are advantageous. The frequently observed problem of ridge formation along the edges of scribe lines in the semiconductor films can be eliminated by control of intensity gradients at the film through adjustment of the focus conditions.
MRI of the Hip: Important Injuries of the Adult Athlete

Hip pain is a common problem in adult athletes and may be caused by a wide range of acute and chronic injuries, many of which lead to prolonged time away from sport. This article highlights the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of important hip injuries in adult athletes, including select osseous, impingement, intra-articular, and musculotendinous injuries. The most commonly affected athletes, clinical presentation, and MRI findings of each injury are reviewed with corresponding clinical pearls from the orthopedist’s perspective.
Database facilities for engineering design

As the complexity of engineering design projects increases and the objectives for their performance become more demanding, there is growing interest in integrated databases that support a broad range of applications and various forms of automated entry. This paper is a tutorial on the design and implementation of integrated design databases. It addresses a variety of functional issues, including subsystem integration, maintaining consistency among concurrent users and various system architectures.
LRP1 controls intracellular cholesterol storage and fatty acid synthesis through modulation of Wnt signaling.

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP1 is a cell surface receptor with functions in diverse physiological pathways, including lipid metabolism. Here we show that LRP1-deficient fibroblasts accumulate high levels of intracellular cholesterol and cholesteryl-ester when stimulated for adipocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that LRP1 stimulates a canonical Wnt5a signaling pathway that prevents cholesterol accumulation. Moreover, we show that LRP1 is required for lipolysis and stimulates fatty acid synthesis independently of the noradrenergic pathway, through inhibition of GSK3β and its previously unknown target acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). As a result of ACC inhibition, mature LRP1-deficient adipocytes of adult mice are hypotrophic, and lower uptake of fatty acids into adipose tissue leads to their redistribution to the liver. These results establish LRP1 as a novel integrator of adipogenic differentiation and fat storage signals.
Numerical Simulation of the Transport of Intense Beams of Heavy Ions in an Electrostatic Quadrupole System

A computer program which models the behavior of an intense beam of charged particles in a periodic focusing system is described. The program solves for electrostatic fields in two dimensions, i.e., the x-y coordinates of a typical electrostatic quadrupole lens, including space-charge fields due to the presence of an array of macroparticles. Adjacent drift sections and quadrupoles are defined by "hard edges", i.e., no fringing fields. However, longitudinal changes in electrostatic potential are used to calculate applied axial fields. Particles are tracked through short segments for which Poisson's equation is solved to update the self-fields. Examples shown include the transport of an intense (space charge limited) beam in a periodic structure and the optics of a matching system between ion source and transport system. The program is equally applicable to magnetic or electrostatic focusing. In either case it accounts for space-charge image field effects which are frequently ignored in other treatments of this problem.
An empirical bayes method for comparing air pollution data to air quality standards

Abstract Air pollution concentrations are often characterized by skewed distributions. For example, 24-h suspended particulate mass concentrations have historically been characterized by a 2-parameter lognormal distribution (Larsen, 1969, J. Air. Pollut. Control. Ass. 19 , 24–30). The error in making measurements of these concentrations also conforms to a distribution that is more symmetric and can usually be approximated by the normal distribution, often with the added feature that the error variation is a function of concentration level. Air pollution measurements are often used to determine status with respect to legal standards such as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (Fed. Reg. 36 , 8186, 1971; 44 , 8202, 1979). In general, these standards do not explicitly account for measurement error. Using Bayesian mathematics, a model is developed which deals with the probability of the “true” concentration exceeding the NAAQS given a measurement above the NAAQS. Several hypothetical examples are used to demonstrate that Bayesian techniques can combine both pollution history and instrument precision into a probablistic model for comparing air pollution data to NAAQS.
Insulin-receptor antibodies mimic a late insulin effect.

AUTOANTIBODIES against the insulin receptor are found in patients with a rare form of extreme insulin resistance associated with acanthosis nigricans1. These antibodies are primarily polyclonal IgGs, compete with insulin for binding to its receptor2,3, immunoprecipitate solubilised insulin receptors4, and have been used as probes of insulin action. The acute action of the antibodies is to mimic many of insulin's biological effects, particularly those which occur rapidly after hormone binding to its cell-surface receptors5–9. In addition, insulin exerts biological effects which appear more slowly. For example, insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 fatty fibroblasts increases the activity of lipo-protein lipase maximally after 2–4 d but is without effect during the first 4 h (refs 10, 11). Some investigators have suggested that these slower effects may be mediated by different mechanisms from those involved in the production of the acute effects12,13. We now report that autoantibodies against the insulin receptor mimic this long-term insulin effect on lipoprotein lipase.
Promotoras as facilitators of change: Latinas' perspectives after participating in a lifestyle behaviour intervention program

Aim To describe immigrant Latinas' perspectives of a lifestyle behaviour intervention, focusing on their interactions with and perceptions of the promotoras who delivered the program in the USA. Background Immigrant Latinas in the USA have high obesity rates, which contribute to increased risk for cardiovascular disease and other long-term diseases. Interventions using the promotora model appear to be effective in reducing cardiovascular disease risk by improving dietary habits, physical activity and selected clinical variables among Latinas. However, there has been very limited enquiry into what it is about these interventions and promotoras that facilitates behaviour change, from the perspective of participants. Design Grounded theory methodology guided the data collection and analysis. Methods This qualitative study was completed in 2012 in California, after the end of a lifestyle behaviour intervention. Four focus groups and seven one-on-one interviews were conducted with a total of 18 immigrant Latina intervention participants. Results Women described promotoras as helping them change by motivating them through three interconnected elements: tools, support and knowledge. Latinas viewed their ability to make lifestyle changes as connected with their emotional and psychological health and saw promotoras as counsellors who gave emotional and social support. In this respect, the intervention was emotionally therapeutic for this sample of Latinas, although this was not the original intention of the program. Conclusion Promotoras gave the backbone of the intervention and were crucial in motivating Latinas to implement lifestyle changes. Future lifestyle behaviour interventions should include a strong component of mental and emotional well-being.
Interspecific competition, predation and species diversity.

Abstract A review was made of some mathematical population models and their applications to problems of interspecific competition and predator-prey relationships. These were considered in relation to some observations and experiments suggesting local increases in species diversity under predation in competitive situations. A mathematical model of a three-species trophic subweb was developed and examined critically. Model results indicated that the equilibrium assumptions postulated in previous models may be unrealistic, and that local species diversity may indeed increase with predation under some competitive conditions.
The impact of drinking on psychological well-being: Evidence from minimum drinking age laws in the United States

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and psychological well-being among young adults in the United States. We do so by exploiting the discontinuity in alcohol consumption at age 21 and using a regression discontinuity design. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997 Cohort), we document that young adults tend to increase their alcohol consumption and drink on average 1.5 days per month more once they are granted legal access to alcohol at age 21. However, we also show that in general, this discrete jump in alcohol consumption at age 21 has no statistically significant impact on several indicators of psychological well-being among young adults. This result suggests that although stricter alcohol control targeted toward young adults may result in meaningful reductions in alcohol consumption, the immediate spillover effects of such policies on psychological well-being are relatively limited.
SUBCLINICAL CT ABNORMALITIES IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE OF OLDER LARGE-BREED DOGS

Computed tomography (CT) of the L5-S3 vertebral levels was performed in six, large-breed dogs presented for problems unrelated to the lumbosacral spine. All dogs were asymptomatic for lumbosacral stenosis on neurologic examination. Breeds included German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Boxermix and Belgian Malinois. Ages ranged from 5-12 years. Five out of six dogs exhibited CT abnormalities. Among the 18 disc levels examined, the most common findings were idiopathic stenosis, loss of vertebral canal epidural fat, and nerve tissue displacement. Less common abnormalities were vertebral canal or foraminal bone proliferation, loss of intervertebral foramen fat, vertebral canal disc bulging, degenerative articular process joint disease, transitional vertebra, dural ossification, foraminal disc bulging, Schmorl's nodes, calcified extruded disc fragment, and sacroiliac joint osteophytes. Vertebral subluxation was absent in all dogs. Findings indicate that some lumbosacral CT abnormalities may be clinically insignificant, especially in older dogs.
Prospects for super-resolution with particle image velocimetry

High image density PIV is used to improve spatial resolution by ensuring that each interrogation spot gives a vector measurement. In this case the resolution is determined by the size of the interrogation volume. It is argued that the ultimate resolution of PIV is determined by the smaller of the mean spacing between particles and the displacement of the particles between light pulses, and that in the high image density limit, these distances are smaller than the interrogation spot size. Thus, it should be possible to improve spatial resolution to values less than the interrogation spot diameter. We refer to this as super-resolution. A method of achieving super-resolution by using a combination of correlation analysis of the group of particles in a spot and sub-interrogation spot particle tracking is described and evaluated.