cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of rail/road modal split: a Tanzania case study

The paper examines the theoretical underpinnings involved in rail/road inter‐modal split in Tanzania‐type economies. Two inter‐modal split models geared to the search for an optimal transport mode, i.e. the least‐cost mode (Moses, 1958) or a rational combination of least‐cost modes (Moses, 1968 and Daughety/Inaba, 1977) are presented. The empirical illustration of the models shows that the “service—induced costs” are greater determinants of the shipper's market‐mode choice than (direct) transport charges. Furthermore it is shown that although the direct costs weigh heavily against road, indirect costs and service characteristics weigh heavily against rail. Thus the optimal choice might in fact be a rational combination of least‐cost modes.
Hierarchical thinking and learning in rank order contests

We analyze a class of coordination games in which the Kth player to submit an entry wins a contest. These games have an infinite number of symmetric equilibria and the set of equilibria does not change with K. We run experiments with 15 participants and with K=3, 7, and 11. Our experiments show that the value of K affects initial submissions and convergence to equilibrium. When K is small relative to the number of participants, our experiments show that repeated play converges to or near zero. When K is large, an equilibrium is often not reached as a result of repeated play. We seek explanations to these patterns in hierarchical thinking and direction learning.
Constitutional Construction: Divided Powers and Constitutional Meaning

This text argues that the Constitution has a dual nature. The first aspect, on which legal scholars have focused, is the degree to which the Constitution acts as a binding set of rules that can be neutrally interpreted and externally enforced by the courts against government actors. This is the process of constitutional interpretation. But according to Keith Whittington, the Constitution also permeates politics itself, to guide and constrain political actors in the very process of making public policy. In so doing, it is also dependent on political actors, both to formulate authoritative constitutional requirements and to enforce those fundamental settlements in the future. Whittington characterizes this process, by which constitutional meaning is shaped within politics at the same time that politics is shaped by the Constitution, as one of construction as opposed to interpretation. Whittington goes on to argue that ambiguities in the constitutional text and changes in the political situation push political actors to construct their own constitutional understanding. The construction of constitutional meaning is a necessary part of the political process and a regular part of American history, how a democracy lives with a written constitution. The Constitution both binds and empowers government officials.
Bridging the data integration gap: from theory to implementation

The integration of multiple autonomous and heterogeneous data sources (both across the web and via a company intranet) has received much attention throughout the years, particularly due to its many applications in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and medical research data sharing. Data integration systems embody this work and have come very far in the past twenty years. The problem of designing such systems is characterized by a number of issues that are interesting from a theoretical point of view: answering queries using logical views, query containment and completeness, automatic integration of existing data sources via schema mapping tools, etc. In this work we discuss these issues, compare and contrast various proposed solutions (federated database systems and data warehouses), and finally propose a novel extension of the MVC (model, view, controller) web-based framework that allows for the rapid development and implementation of data integration systems solutions suitable for use on the web.
Network effects, market structure and industry performance ✩

Abstract This paper analyzes oligopolistic markets with network externalities. Exploiting a minimal complementarity structure on the model primitives that allows for pure network goods, we prove existence of non-trivial fulfilled-expectations equilibrium. We formalize the concept of industry viability, investigate its determinants, and show that it improves with more firms in the market and/or by technological progress. These results enlighten some well-known conclusions from case studies in the management strategy literature. We also characterize the effects of market structure on industry performance, which depart substantially from ordinary markets. The approach relies on lattice-theoretic methods, supplemented with basic insights from nonsmooth analysis.
X-ray and neutron reflectivity and electronic properties of PCBM-poly(bromo)styrene blends and bilayers with poly(3-hexylthiophene)

We used neutron reflectivity to complement X-ray reflectivity characterization of PCBM-based layers formed on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Single-layer analyses were used to provide reliable scattering length density values for bilayer fitting. Atomic force microscopy analyses showed trends similar to the reflectivity experiments when observing upper surfaces. Styrene polymers added to PCBM in small concentrations (ca. 10%) led to processing advantages while retaining substantial electron mobility, about 0.001 cm2/V s. The further introduction of a relatively heavy bromo substituent on the styrene rings greatly increased the film smoothness, as revealed by increases of the oscillation amplitudes in the reflectivity. In addition, the bromine heavy atom increased the X-ray reflectivity scattering length density of the upper layer. Finally, we present data consistent with PCBM becoming partially mixed with the P3HT as the PCBM is spin coated from a solution with poly(bromostyrene) to form an overlying film, consistent with predictions based on published phase diagrams of the P3HT-PCBM system.
From topology to generalised dimensional reduction

In the usual procedure for toroidal Kaluza-Klein reduction, all the higher-dimensional fields are taken to be independent of the coordinates on the internal space. It has recently been observed that a generalisation of this procedure is possible, which gives rise to lower-dimensional massive supergravities. The generalised reduction involves allowing gauge potentials in the higher dimension to have an additional linear dependence on the toroidal coordinates. In this paper, we show that a much wider class of generalised reductions is possible, in which higher-dimensional potentials have additional terms involving differential forms on the internal manifold whose exterior derivatives yield representatives of certain of its cohomology classes. We consider various examples, including the generalised reduction of M-theory and type II strings on K3, Calabi-Yau and 7-dimensional Joyce manifolds. The resulting massive supergravities support domain-wall solutions that arise by the vertical dimensional reduction of higher-dimensional solitonic p-branes and intersecting p-branes.
Effects of carbon nanotubes on polymer physics

A single carbon nanotube has many similarities with an individual polymer chain including the fact that the end-to-end length of both are often about the same and the diameter of the chain is about the same (for single-walled nanotubes) or only ∼10 to 20 times larger (for multiwalled nanotubes). The combination of the solid surface and the similarity of the two materials means that polymer physics are altered in manners not seen with any other type of commonly used filler. The purpose of this review is to update a chapter that appears in a recent tome by Grady (2011) and describe how polymer physics is altered in composites that contain carbon nanotubes. Subjects that will be discussed include chain configuration, glass transition, polymer diffusion, unit cells and crystalline superstructure (lamellae, spherulites and shish-kebabs), and crystallization kinetics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
A Perturbative construction of lattice chiral fermions

Abstract We perform a renormalization group transformation to construct perturbatively a lattice theory of chiral fermions. The field variables of the continuum theory are averaged over hypercubes to define lattice fields. Integrating out the continuum variables we derive a chirally invariant effective action for the lattice fields. This is consistent with the Nielsen-Ninomiya theorem because the effective action is nonlocal. We also construct the axial current on the lattice and we show that the axial anomaly of the continuum theory is reproduced in the Schwinger model.
The influence of stray magnetic fields on ion beam neutralization

An experimental investigation is described of a comparison between the ion beam neutralization characteristics of a local neutralizer (within approximately 5 cm of the beam edge) and those associated with a distant one (approximately 1 meter away from the thruster). The influence of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the neutralizer cathode orifice which are either parallel or normal to the neutralizer axis is assessed. The plasma property profiles which reflect the influence of the magnetic fields are measured. The results suggest that magnetic fields at the region of a neutralizer cathode orifice influence its ability to couple to the ion beam. They reveal that there is a potential jump from the neutralizer cathode orifice to the plasma which exists close to the orifice. This potential drop is found to increase as the axial component of magnetic flux density increases. A magnetic field perpendicular to the neutralizer axis induces a potential rise a few centimeters downstream from the neutralizer cathode.
The regulatory light chain of nonmuscle myosin is encoded by spaghetti-squash, a gene required for cytokinesis in Drosophila

Abstract Two independent approaches to understanding the molecular mechanism of cytokinesis have converged on the gene spaghetti-squash (sqh) . A genetic screen for mitotic mutants identified sqh 1 , a mutation that disrupts cytokinesis, which was then cloned by transposon tagging. Independently, the gene that encodes the regulatory light chain of the biochemically defined nonmuscle myosin (MRLC-C) was also cloned. We show here that sqh encodes MRLC-C and that in sqh 1 mutants, the level of stable light chain transcript is greatly reduced. Reversion by transposon excision or transformation with a wild-type copy of the sqh transcription unit rescues cytokinesis fallure and other defects in sqh 1 . Vertebrate homologs of MRLC-C are phosphorylatable and regulate myosin activity in vitro. These studies provide genetic proof that MRLC-C is required for cytokinesis, suggest a role for the protein in regulating contractile ring function, and establish a genetic system to evaluate its function.
Photoelectron spectroscopy on actinide containing systems

The present status of photoelectron spectroscopy on actinide systems is reviewed. The particular emphasis is on the achievements obtained in several laboratories since 1981 (for details the reader is referred to the original papers given in the list of references). The following topics are addressed: 1. (i) the manifestation of ‘itinerant’ and “localized” 5f electronic states in photoemission spectra. 2. (ii) the question of whether or not the specific properties of 5f heavy fermion systems can be revealed by photoemission. 3. (iii) the final-state effects of 5f electrons, i.e. satellites in photoemission spectra. 4. (iv) the bulk vs. surface electronic properties of actinide systems. A short introduction into angle-resolved and resonant photoemission is given. Where possible, comparison with the findings of other experimental techniques (e.g. neutron scattering, magnetization, specific heat, etc.) as well as band-structure calculations are provided. The systems specifically mentioned are uranium, plutonium, americium, UO2, UPd3, UIr3, UNi5−xCux, UN, UP, US, UAsxSe1−x, USbxTe1−x, UxTh1−xSb, CeCu2Si2, UBe13, NpBe13, UPt3, UGa2 and UGa3.
UBE3A/E6-AP mutations cause Angelman syndrome

Angelman syndrome (AS), characterized by mental retardation, seizures, frequent smiling and laughter, and abnormal gait, is one of the best examples of human disease in which genetic imprinting plays a role. In about 70% of cases, AS is caused by de novo maternal deletions at 15q11-q13 (ref. 2). Approximately 2% of AS cases are caused by paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 15 (ref. 3) and 2-3% are caused by "imprinting mutations'. In the remaining 25% of AS cases, no deletion, uniparental disomy (UPD), or methylation abnormality is detectable, and these cases, unlike deletions or UPD, can be familial. These cases are likely to result from mutations in a gene that is expressed either exclusively or preferentially from the maternal chromosome 15. We have found that a 15q inversion inherited by an AS child from her normal mother disrupts the 5' end of the UBE3A (E6-AP) gene, the product of which functions in protein ubiquitination. We have looked for novel UBE3A mutations in nondeletion/non-UPD/non-imprinting mutation (NDUI) AS patients and have found one patient who is heterozygous for a 5-bp de novo tandem duplication. We have also found in two brothers a heterozygous mutation, an A to G transition that creates a new 3' splice junction 7 bp upstream from the normal splice junction. Both mutations are predicted to cause a frameshift and premature termination of translation. Our results demonstrate that UBE3A mutations are one cause of AS and indicate a possible abnormality in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation during brain development in this disease.
Synthesis and x-ray structure of a novel chiral trinuclear titanium-tetraol complex

This paper describes the synthesis of the chiral tetraol 1, and its conversion with Ti(IV) 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropoxide to the novel linear trinuclear titanium complex 8 whose structure has been determined by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Reflected Spectra and Albedos of Extrasolar Giant Planets. I. Clear and Cloudy Atmospheres

The reflected spectra of extrasolar giant planets are primarily influenced by Rayleigh scattering, molecular absorption, and atmospheric condensates. We present model geometric albedo and phase-integral spectra and Bond albedos for planets and brown dwarfs with masses between 0.8 and 70 Jupiter masses. Rayleigh scattering predominates in the blue while molecular absorption removes most red and infrared photons. Thus cloud-free atmospheres, found on giant planets with effective temperatures exceeding about 400 K, are quite dark in reflected light beyond 0.6 μm. In cooler atmospheres, first water clouds and then other condensates provide a bright reflecting layer. Only planets with cloudy atmospheres will be detectable in reflected light beyond 1 μm. Thermal emission dominates the near-infrared for warm objects with clear atmospheres. However the presence of other condensates, not considered here, may brighten some planets in reflected near-infrared light and darken them in the blue and UV. Bond albedos, the ratio of the total reflected to incident power, are sensitive to the spectral type of the primary. Most incident photons from early-type stars will be Rayleigh scattered, while most incident photons from late-type stars will be absorbed. The Bond albedo of a given planet thus may range from 0.4 to 0.05, depending on the primary type. Condensation of a water cloud may increase the Bond albedo of a planet by up to a factor of 2. The spectra of cloudy planets are strongly influenced by poorly constrained cloud microphysical properties, particularly particle size and supersaturation. Both Bond and geometric albedos are comparatively less sensitive to variations in planet mass and effective temperature.
On mixing in infinite measure spaces

Two concepts of mixing for null-preserving transformations are introduced, both coinciding with (strong) mixing if there is a finite invariant measure. The authors believe to offer the correct answer to the old problem of defining mixing in infinite measure spaces. A sequence of sets is called semiremotely trivial if every subsequence contains a further subsequence with trivial remote σ-algebra (=tail σ-field). A transformation T is called mixing if (T −n A) is semiremotely trivial for every set A of finite measure; completely mixing if this is true for every measurable A. Thus defined mixing is exactly the condition needed to generalize certain theorems holding in finite measure case. For invertible non-singular transformations complete mixing implies the existence of a finite equivalent invariant mixing measure. If no such measure exists, complete mixing implies that for any two probability measures π1,π2, $$\pi _1 ,\pi _2 ,\pi _1 \circ T^{ - n} - \pi _2 \circ T^{ - n} \to 0$$ in total variation norm.
Automated synthesis of distortion-invariant filters: AutoMinace

This paper presents our automated filter-synthesis algorithm for the minimum noise and correlation energy (MINACE) distortion-invariant filter (DIF). We discuss use of this autoMinace filter in face recognition and automatic target recognition (ATR), in which we consider both true-class object classification and rejection of non-database objects (impostors in face recognition and confusers in ATR). We use at least one Minace filter per object class to be recognized; a separate Minace filter or a set of Minace filters is synthesized for each object class. The Minace parameter c trades-off distortion-tolerance (recognition) versus discrimination (impostor/confuser/clutter rejection) performance. Our automated Minace filter-synthesis algorithm (autoMinace) automatically selects the Minace filter parameter c and selects the training set images to be included in the filter, so that we achieve both good recognition and good impostor/confuser and clutter rejection performance; this is achieved using a training and validation set. No impostor/confuser, clutter or test set data is present in the training or validation sets. Use of the peak-to-correlation energy (PCE) ratio is found to perform better than the correlation peak height metric. The use of circular versus linear correlations is addressed; circular correlations require less storage and fewer online computations and are thus preferable. Representative test results for three different databases - visual face, IR ATR, and SAR ATR - are presented. We also discuss an efficient implementation of Minace filters for detection applications, where the filter template is much smaller than the input target scene.
A hybrid model predictive control strategy for nonlinear plant-wide control

Abstract A plant-wide control strategy based on integrating linear model predictive control (LMPC) and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is proposed. The hybrid method is applicable to plants that can be decomposed into approximately linear subsystems and highly nonlinear subsystems that interact via mass and energy flows. LMPC is applied to the linear subsystems and NMPC is applied to the nonlinear subsystems. A simple controller coordination strategy that counteracts interaction effects is proposed for the case of one linear subsystem and one nonlinear subsystem. A reactor/separator process with recycle is used to compare the hybrid method to conventional LMPC and NMPC techniques.
Health disparities and infertility: impacts of state-level insurance mandates.

Objective To determine whether important racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic status (SES) health disparities exist in infertility, impaired fecundity, or infertility treatment. Design Four waves of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) were pooled. Measures were compared across various race/ethnicity, education, and age groups. Participant(s) Data for 31,047 women 15-44 years old from the NSFG were pooled. Intervention(s) Outcomes were compared by whether the women's states of residence had a mandate in place (at least 1 year before the interview) to compel insurers to cover or offer to cover infertility treatment. Main outcome measure(s) Infertility status, impaired fecundity, ever having sought infertility treatment. Result(s) Infertility is more common for non-Hispanic black women, non-Hispanic other race women, and Hispanic women than for non-Hispanic white women, and both infertility and impaired fecundity are more common for high school dropouts and high school graduates with no college than for 4-year college graduates, and for older women compared with women 29 and younger. Older women, non-Hispanic white women, and women who are more educated (with at least some college) are more likely to have ever received treatment. No evidence has been found that the racial, ethnic, or education disparities are ameliorated by the health insurance mandates. Conclusion(s) Racial, ethnic, and educational disparities exist in infertility status and treatment, and educational disparities in impaired fecundity. More study of the impact of infertility treatment mandates on these disparities is needed.
Catalytic Properties of Unsupported Palladium Nanoparticle Surfaces Capped with Small Organic Ligands.

This Minireview summarizes a variety of intriguing catalytic studies accomplished by employing unsupported, either solubilized or freely mobilized, and small organic ligand-capped palladium nanoparticles as catalysts. Small organic ligands are gaining more attention as nanoparticle stabilizers and alternates to larger organic supports, such as polymers and dendrimers, owing to their tremendous potential for a well-defined system with spatial control in surrounding environments of reactive surfaces. The nanoparticle catalysts are grouped depending on the type of surface stabilizers with reactive head groups, which include thiolate, phosphine, amine, and alkyl azide. Applications for the reactions such as hydrogenation, alkene isomerization, oxidation, and carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions are extensively discussed. The systems defined as “ligandless” Pd nanoparticle catalysts and solvent (e.g. ionic liquid)-stabilized Pd nanoparticle catalysts are not discussed in this review.
Flow rate and total discharge estimations in gas-well blowouts

Abstract Despite multitier safeguards in any drilling operation, blowouts do occur. When such accidents take place, the total discharge of hydrocarbons becomes the focal point for all concerned, including the operator, the service provider, and the regulatory body. Rate estimation becomes a daunting task with scant information about the formation and fluids at the time of the accident. Given that new regulatory guidelines require such estimates for any offshore drilling, systematic investigation is imperative. This study presents an analytical model coupling the flow in a reservoir/wellbore system of a gas well. The model considers flow in the tubing, annulus and riser, and the attendant heat transfer in this formulation/wellbore system. To gauge safety concerns, a commercially available plume dispersion model is used to examine consequences of a blowout under various wind speed scenarios in the absence of any ignition source. In the event of gas ignition, the energy of the explosion of the flammable gas is estimated with an empirical method in terms of trinitrotoluene (TNT) equivalency. The energy released by the jet fire associated with flammable gas is also evaluated. Two published field cases provided insight into the model's applicability in actual situations and some perspective on solution quality. However, given the large number of unknowns in any setting, we adopted the statistical design of experiments to understand the impact of independent variables. These variables include formation permeability, connected reservoir pore-volume, and restrictions in flow path, among others. Overall, the model results are in agreement with the previous findings. Specifically, we observed that reservoir permeability controls the flow rate; hence, the cumulative production for a given flow cross-sectional area in the well. In addition, the reservoir pore-volume connected to the well has a large impact on the rate of production decline; therefore, the total discharge volume.
Influence of Normal Stress on Creep in Tension and Compression of Polyethylene and Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Copolymer

New apparatus suitable for compression creep tests of slender specimens is described. The apparatus is designed to prevent buckling and to introduce a minimum of friction. Results are reported for tension and compression creep of polyethylene and annealed, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride copolymer at 75 deg F and 50 per cent relative humidity. The stress, σ, strain e, time t data from these tests were found to be describable with reasonable accuracy by the equation where em′, m′, σe and σm are material constants. The results for polyethylene show that the creep in tension and compression were virtually the same. Creep in tension was similar but larger than in compression for polyvinyl chloride.
Testing predictor contributions in sufficient dimension reduction

We develop tests of the hypothesis of no effect for selected predictors in regression, without assuming a model for the conditional distribution of the response given the predictors. Predictor effects need not be limited to the mean function and smoothing is not required. The general approach is based on sufficient dimension reduction, the idea being to replace the predictor vector with a lower-dimensional version without loss of information on the regression. Methodology using sliced inverse regression is developed in detail.
Patricia II: Two Level Overlayed Indexes for Large Libraries

PATRICIA is a Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded In Alphanumeric. The index built by PATRICIA is entirely core resident. PATRICIA-II extends PATRICIA by building both a lower index and an upper index. The lower index is core resident and the upper index is divided into upper pages which are stored on disk. At any given time only the lower index and one upper page are in core. Upper pages reference only themselves, not each other. This method allows for the indexing of a much larger library. In addition to these innovations, PATRICIA-II retains all of the features of its predecessor. PATRICIA-II has been implemented as a FORTRAN program on the CDC 6600 and 7600. In conjunction with the development of the extension, theorems are given which are fundamental to both PATRICIA and PATRICIA-II.
Rider preferences and economic values for equestrian trails

Recreational horseback riding is an important, but less studied, component of human interaction with the natural environment and often occurs alongside other outdoor recreational activities. Using choice experiment data collected from a survey conducted in Kentucky, this study assesses rider preferences and economic values associated with various equestrian trail attributes for daylong horseback riding trips in rural trail systems. Results indicate that while individuals have different opinions, trail attributes such as length of trail, scenic views, and travel distance from home all have significant economic implications. In addition, riders prefer trails that are restricted for horse riding only. Willingness to pay estimates of all attributes increase substantially when the travel cost to reach the trail is also considered. Policy implications on maintaining current and creating new trails in a multi-user setting are given, such as the opportunities for separating horseback riders from other users while...
Doubly Fed Induction Generator in an Offshore Wind Power Plant Operated at Rated V/Hz

This paper introduces the concept of constant volt/hertz operation of offshore wind power plants (WPPs). The deployment of offshore WPPs requires power transmission from the plant to the load center inland. Because this power transmission requires submarine cables, there is a need to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, which is economical for distances greater than 50 km. In the concept presented here, the onshore substation was operated at 60 Hz synced with the grid, and the offshore substation was operated at variable frequency and voltage, allowing the WPP to be operated at constant volt/hertz. In this paper, a variable frequency at rated volt/hertz operation was applied to a Type 3 doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine generator. The size of the power converter at the turbine can be significantly reduced from 30 % of the rated power output in a conventional Type 3 turbine to 5 % of the rated power. The DFIG allows each turbine to vary its operating speed with respect to the other turbines. Thus, small wind diversity within the WPP can be accommodated by the DFIG, and the collector system frequency can be controlled by HVDC to follow large variations in average wind speed.
A probable case of superfetation in the cow

hastened in its swift current to auxiliary parts of the body for help in the shape of nourishment and oxygen. Some of these outshoots of chromatin may find developing germ cells and modify to a slight degree the inheritance of the next and succeeding generations. This would be no more wonderful than the changes produced in distant parts of an organism by antibodies, hormones and chalones. It is fortunate for each species of plant and animal that the changes in inheritance come slowly, keeping pace with the changes in the average environment, otherwise the plant or animal might not survive in its struggle for existence. In the geologic history of the earth many forms have failed to keep pace with their environment, or have advanced too rapidly, and in consequence have perished. Thousands of plants and animals that varied in the wrong direction, or too rapidly, or too slowly, were destroyed in the different periods of the earth's history, but other thousands of their relatives varied with their environments and therefore survived to continue earth's faunas and floras. While the hormones (stimulators), chalones (retarders) and antibodies (immunizers) may not be alive, they originate in living cells and act on living cells, and hence owe their efficiency in guiding the development of plants and animals to protoplasm energized through life. It is life that is the variable and produces variations in organisms. Darwin himself fully understood the limitations of his theory of natural and artificial selection. He knew that selection alone could not originate a part of a plant or animal or even modify it. Selection can merely sit in judgment on the work of conscious use or disuse, and reject the individual when it is harmful to the species, or accept the individual when it is helpful. The effects alone of conscious use and disuse of cells, tissues and organs can be inherited. Each tissue and organ had its beginning so long ago in time, and so far down in the plant or animal kingdom, that the cells were at first but slightly modified by life, and millions of years were required to bring the tissue or organ to perfection. Once completed, other millions of years are needed to lose the part, so slowly are species-instincts changed by life through disuse.
Green's Functions from Quantum Cluster Algorithms

Abstract We show that cluster algorithms for quantum models have a meaning independent of the basis chosen to construct them. Using this idea, we propose a new method for measuring with little effort a whole class of Green’s functions, once a cluster algorithm for the partition function has been constructed. To explain the idea, we consider the quantum XY model and compute its two point Green’s function in various ways, showing that all of them are equivalent. We also provide numerical evidence confirming the analytic arguments. Similar techniques are applicable to other models. In particular, in the recently constructed quantum link models, the new technique allows us to construct improved estimators for Wilson loops and may lead to a very precise determination of the glueball spectrum.
Did the Classical Gold Standard Lead to Greater Price Level Convergence? A New Approach

Some previous research has indicated that the classical gold standard led to greater price level co-movement among member countries than would be observed in later Bretton Woods and floating exchange rate regimes. This paper examines the subject of price co-movement under the gold standard with a set of recently developed techniques which examine both differences in the magnitude as well as in the sign of price level movements across countries, and which yield period-by-period estimates of how coherent price levels are across nations. Our results suggest that contrary to previous research, the classical gold standard did not appear to lead to greater price level co-movement. Neither, moreover, did the gold standard appear to move prices apart, as would be expected if two countries joined the gold standard with misaligned inflation rates. These results are similar to those of more recent research on the classical gold standard, in which previous purported effects of the metallic standard (on the cost of capital, the level of trade, and business cycle synchronization) have been found either to not exist or to be much smaller in magnitude than previously believed.
Real-time optical diagnostics for epitaxial growth

Abstract Various optical diagnostics are being developed to meet new challenges in epitaxial growth. Layer thicknesses and compositions, the primary parameters needed for growth control, can be obtained with bulk-oriented probes such as reflectometry and ellipsometry. New derivative algorithms for determining near-surface dielectric properties and compositions from kinetic ellipsometric and complex-reflectometric data have made possible closed-loop feedback control of alloy structures, including compositionally graded structures. New information about the kinetics and chemistry of growth is being obtained by surface-oriented probes such as laser light scattering (LLS), surface photoabsorption (SPA), and reflectance-difference (-anisotropy) spectroscopy (RDS/RAS). Examples are provided, and likely directions of further progress discussed.
Buckling and Failure of Flat Stiffened Panels

Compression panels, regardless of the local buckling of the skin, can be divided into three regions: short panels, having slenderness ratio equal to or less than 10, long panels, which are shown to fail essentially because of the long wave buckling of the skin, and panels of intermediate length in the transition region. In this paper, a comprehensive and self-sufficient analysis is presented for computing the failing stresses of stiffened panels, in particular, Z-section stiffened panels, in all possible regions of interest. The analysis not only includes the review of the methods previously proposed, but also comprises of many new results, such as the author's most recent formulas based on energy methods for the short and long wave buckling of the skin, the development of the formulas for the maximum strength of panels, and the application of the power law for determining the strength of the panels in the transition range. Since numerous types of panels and modes of failure are involved, the methods of analysis naturally are complex. Therefore, for the clarification of the various steps involved in the computations and for the removal of the confusion that may arise in the minds of the readers, adequate examples are included wherever needed. Extensive comparison of the analysis also is made with tests on 75S-T6 and 24S-T aluminum Z-stiffened panels. It is shown that the analysis is in good agreement with tests.
Non-covalent immobilization of C60 on gold surfaces by SAMs of porphyrin derivatives

Abstract Three porphyrin derivatives, one containing thioctic ester groups ( 3 ) and the other two with thioether chains ( 4 and 5 ), were synthesized. The cyclic voltammograms of the porphyrin compounds exhibit two reversible reduction processes and one reversible oxidation. Stable self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the porphyrin compounds were formed on gold surfaces. Non-covalent immobilization of C 60 was accomplished upon incubation of some of the porphyrin SAMs in solutions of C 60 .
Investigations of electret as a contamination control device

Thermoelectrets of polymers with stable surface charge on either side have been found to attract ions and charged particles to their surfaces. To assess their applicability to the control of atmospheric contamination, polytetraethylene (teflon) electrets are exposed to vapors coming from volatile mixtures over periods up to 90 min. Use is made of mass spectrometry for the analysis of teflon electret characteristics. It is found that even small quantities of the liquids in the mixture gives its characteristic mass spectra and that the peak height represents a measure for the quantity of the material collected over the electret surface, with the collected quantity being proportional to the duration of exposure.
Nutrition and athletic performance

Energy, CHO and possibly protein needs are higher for athletes than for typical persons. CHO supplementation during and after exercise is important for endurance athletes. A balanced diet, adequate in calories, can meet the vitamin and mineral needs of virtually all athletes. Athletes must be aware of maintaining an optimum hydration status. Intensive nutrition education efforts are needed to combat to combat quackery and fads that are targeted to athletes.
How noncommutative gauge theories couple to gravity

Abstract We study coupling of noncommutative gauge theories on branes to closed string in the bulk. We derive an expression for the gauge theory operator dual to the bulk graviton, both in bosonic string theory and superstring theory. In either case, we find that the coupling is different from what was expected in the literature when the graviton is polarized in the noncommutative directions. In the case of superstring, the expression for the energy–momentum tensor is consistent with the way the bulk metric appears in the action for the noncommutative gauge theory. We also clarify some aspects of the correspondence between operators in the gauge theory and boundary conditions in the dual gravitational description.
The cholesterolemic effect of skim milk in young men consuming controlled diets

Abstract A 34-day metabolic study was conducted with nine healthy adult men to test the hypocholesterolemic action of skim milk (2 qt/day). Intakes of kilocalories, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, calcium and dietary fiber were controlled, as were the ratios of polysaturated to saturated fat and animal protein to total protein in the diet. The study was comprised of three experimental periods: a high calcium control period (2600 mg/day), a low calcium control period (800 mg/day), and a high calcium skim milk period (2600 mg/day). Consumption of skim milk was associated with increases in plasma cholesterol levels, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and LDL-total lipid levels, and ratio of plasma cholesterol to high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol; and a decrease in HDL-cholesterol. A high dietary calcium intake was associated with a decrease in the plasma cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio and an increase in triglyceride content of very low density lipoproteins. In this study, no hypocholesterolemic effect of fresh skim milk was observed when it was consumed along with a diet representative of a typical American diet pattern.
Facile Methods for the Synthesis of Potassium Tetrathiocyanatopalladate (II) and -Platinate (II)

Abstract Facile and efficient methods of preparation are given for the complex thiocyanates K2[Pd(SCN)4] and K2 [Pt(SCN)4].
Predicting the Sun's Polar Magnetic Fields with a Surface Flux Transport Model

The Sun's polar magnetic fields are directly related to solar cycle variability. The strength of the polar fields at the start (minimum) of a cycle determine the subsequent amplitude of that cycle. In addition, the polar field reversals at cycle maximum alter the propagation of galactic cosmic rays throughout the heliosphere in fundamental ways. We describe a surface magnetic flux transport model that advects the magnetic flux emerging in active regions (sunspots) using detailed observations of the near-surface flows that transport the magnetic elements. These flows include the axisymmetric differential rotation and meridional flow and the non-axisymmetric cellular convective flows (supergranules), all of which vary in time in the model as indicated by direct observations. We use this model with data assimilated from full-disk magnetograms to produce full surface maps of the Sun's magnetic field at 15?minute intervals from 1996 May to 2013 July (all of sunspot cycle 23 and the rise to maximum of cycle 24). We tested the predictability of this model using these maps as initial conditions, but with daily sunspot area data used to give the sources of new magnetic flux. We find that the strength of the polar fields at cycle minimum and the polar field reversals at cycle maximum can be reliably predicted up to 3?yr in advance. We include a prediction for the cycle 24 polar field reversal.
A Near-Linear Algorithm for the Planar 2-Center Problem

We present an $O(n\log^{9}n)$ -time algorithm for computing the 2-center of a set S of n points in the plane (that is, a pair of congruent disks of smallest radius whose union covers S), improving the previous $O(n^2\log n)$ -time algorithm of [10].
Novel electronic configuration in ∂−Pu

Abstract We present evidence for a unique electronic configuration, which we call the mixed-level state, that is consistent with most of the anomalous properties of ∂–Pu. The unique properties of this state result from a subdivision of the 5f manifold into orthogonal sub-sets, one with localized character, contributing atomic-like correlation to the total energy, and the other of itinerant character, contributing 5f-electron bonding to the total energy. The near-degeneracy of α- and δ-phases of Pu and the unusual equilibrium volume, elastic constants, and thermal expansion of δ-phase are consistent with this configuration.
A “chondritic” eucrite parent body: inference from trace elements

Thirty-three elements were analyzed by radiochemical and instrumented neutron activation in four eucrites - Juvinas (brecciated), Ibitira (vesicular, unbrecciated) and Moore County and Serra de Mage (both cumulate, unbrecciated). Nebular and planetary effects are distinguished in the C1-normalized abundance patterns arranged in the order of volatility. Lithophile, chalcophile, and siderophile patterns are discussed; the stepped lithophile pattern reveals the dominance of nebular processes while the siderophile pattern retains little sign of nebular processes and instead reflects planetary metal-silicate partition. Volatiles were apparently accreted as a fractionated C3-like component, and consistent but subtle C1-normalized abundance differences between eucrites result from crystal/liquid differentiation.
Interactive computer graphics applied to the theoretical aircraft/store separation problem

Abstract Recently, a computer program was developed which computes the theoretical trajectory of a store in the complex flow field after release from an aircraft flying at subsonic speeds. However, the engineer still had the exceptionally difficult problem of preparing the source and sink models which are part of the computer program input. Views of the interactive graphics console illustrate how an interactive graphics computer program (SOURCE) is used to prepare source and sink theoretical aerodynamic models for the aircraft fuselage, nacelles, fuel tanks, and store bodies. Use of this interactive graphics computer program reduces the calendar time required to develop a source and sink model from approximately 2 weeks to 1 h. This reduction in required calendar time permits theoretical store separation analyses to be conducted for a store in the early development program when the store shape is frequently being changed.
Quivers with potentials and their representations I: Mutations

We study quivers with relations given by noncommutative analogs of Jacobian ideals in the complete path algebra. This framework allows us to give a representation-theoretic interpretation of quiver mutations at arbitrary vertices. This gives a far-reaching generalization of Bernstein–Gelfand–Ponomarev reflection functors. The motivations for this work come from several sources: superpotentials in physics, Calabi–Yau algebras, cluster algebras.
Atomic Resolution with Atomic Force Microscope

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a promising new method for studying the surface structure of both conductors and insulators. In mapping a graphite surface with an insulating stylus, we have achieved a resolution better than 2.5 A.
1,3 acyclic control in free radical reactions: Threo—selective additions

Summary Oxazolidinone acrylamides undergo addition reactions with alkyl iodides and allyltributylstannane to give 1,3-substituted products with a threo preference in excess of 10:1. This threo preference is highest for reactions carried out in nonpolar solvents, a result consistent with dipolar stabilization of the transition state leading to the threo product.
Maximizing spin correlations in top quark pair production at the Tevatron

Abstract A comparison is made between the off-diagonal and helicity spin bases for top quark pair production at the FNAL Tevatron. In the off-diagonal basis, 92% of the top quark pairs are in the spin configuration up-down plus down-up, whereas in the helicity basis only 70% are left-right plus right-left. The off-diagonal basis maximizes the spin asymmetry and hence the measured angular correlations between the decay products, which are more than twice as big in this basis as compared to the helicity basis. In addition, for the process q q → tt , we give a very simple analytic expression for the matrix element squared which includes all spin correlations between the production and subsequent decay of the top quarks.
2-Amino-4-oxo-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as Nonclassical Antifolate Inhibitors of Thymidylate Synthase.

Six novel 2-amino-4-oxo-5-[(substituted phenyl)sulfanyl]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 7-12 were synthesized as potential inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) and as antitumor and/or antibacterial agents. The analogues contain a 5-thio substituent with a phenyl, 4'-chlorophenyl, 3',4'-dichlorophenyl, 4'-nitrophenyl, 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, and 2'-naphthyl on the sulfur, and were synthesized from the key intermediate 2-(pivaloylamino)-4-oxo-6-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine, 17. Appropriately substituted aryl thiols were appended to the 5-position of 17 via an oxidative addition reaction using iodine, ethanol, and water under conditions which also resulted in the deprotection of the 2-amino group. The compounds were evaluated against human, Lactobacillus casei, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecium, and Pneumocystis carinii (pc) TSs and against human, rat liver (rl), pc, and Toxoplasma gondii (tg) DHFRs. The nonclassical analogues with the 3',4'-dichloro and the 4'-nitro substituents in the side chain (9 and 10) were more potent than N-[4-[N-[(2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-quinazolinyl)methyl]-N-prop- 2-ynylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (PDDF, 1) and N-[5-[N-[(3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-6-quinazolinyl)methyl]-N- methylamino]-2-thenoyl]-L-glutamic acid (ZD1694,2) against human TS. Analogues with the 4'-chloro, 3',4'-dimethoxy, and naphthyl side chains (8, 11 and 12) were more potent than the unsubstituted phenyl analogue (7) but less than 2, 9, and 10 by 1 order of magnitude. They were all poor inhibitors of human, rl, and pc DHFRs (IC50 = 10(-5) M) but moderate inhibitors (IC50 = 10(-6) M) of tg DHFR. The 4-nitro analogue, 10 (EC50 1.5 microM), was comparable to PDDF in its potency as an inhibitor of the growth of the FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma cell line.