cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Today's codes mirror credo of Benjamin Harris

Major codes adopted by newspapers in recent years show marked similarities to the statements of purpose found in the first (and only) issue of Benjamin Harris’ Public Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, published in Boston in 1690. This essay compares the front page statement by Harris with seven other statements about the role or responsibility of the press: The Associated Press Managing Editors Association “Code of Ethics for Newspapers and their Staffs''; the 1947 report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press; the American Society of Newspaper Editors 1923 Canons of Journalism and 1975 Statement of Principles; the Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi Code of Ethics; a memorandum to the staff of The New York Times by A.M. Rosenthal when he became managing editor in 1969; and an article by former Knight‐Ridder executive Don Carter. Recurring themes include an emphasis on gathering and reporting news with accuracy, objectivity, truthfulness, and completeness. In addition, Harris le...
The spectrum of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Research criteria for the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) were proposed by an Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) in 1991, and since then these criteria have been widely used in clinical studies. We have been impressed by the frequent finding of electrophysiological changes of a demyelinating neuropathy in patients whose clinical presentation does not conform to the usually accepted clinical phenotype of CIDP. To determine the clinical spectrum of CIDP, we conducted a retrospective review of patients of the peripheral electrophysiology laboratory of the University of Miami-Jackson Memorial Medical Center. Diagnostic criteria for acquired demyelination of an individual nerve were adapted from the AAN research criteria for the diagnosis of CIDP (1991). Patients were accepted for inclusion when such evidence was demonstrated in at least one motor nerve or at least two sensory nerves. We then reviewed the clinical phenotype and the underlying etiology of the neuropathy in these cases. Eighty-seven patients, 63 male and 24 female, age of onset 4-84 (mean 49.3) years, met these inclusion criteria. Forty-seven patients (54%) had distinct features outside the usual clinical presentation of CIDP. Of these, 15 (17%) had predominantly distal features, 13 (15%) had exclusively sensory polyneuropathy; seven (8%) had markedly asymmetric disease, seven (8%) had associated CNS demyelination, four (5%) had predominant cranial nerve involvement, and one (1%) had only the restless legs syndrome. An associated medical condition that may have been responsible for the acquired demyelinating neuropathy was present in 60% of the patients. We conclude that spectrum of CIDP is broader than would be indicated by the strict application of the AAN research criteria, and that many of the cases meeting more liberal criteria frequently respond to immunosuppressive therapy.
Multimodality imaging showing complete cardiovascular involvement by Erdheim–Chester disease

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a multisystem non-Langerhans form of cell histiocytosis. Histiocytic infiltration leads to xanthogranulomatous infiltrates of multiple organ systems. Erdheim-Chester disease was first reported in 1930, only 320 cases reported in the literature. Cardiac involvement in ECD carries worst prognosis beside the central nervous system. We report the first case with pan-cardiac involvement diagnosed with multimodality imaging.
Powerful words: skillful and sensitive empowerment of urban undergraduate pre‐service teachers through improvement of Standard English usage

With the goal of assisting predominantly low‐socio‐economic status and minority undergraduate education majors to achieve necessary competence in the use of oral and written Standard English, an innovative action research initiative was incorporated into an introductory education class at a comprehensive urban university in the northeastern part of the United States. The project integrated written and oral Standard English exercises into the course’s curriculum as a means of bolstering students’ skills while still helping them master the course content. Preliminary results demonstrate students’ improved competence in both written and oral Standard English, and an increased awareness of how and when to use various forms of English.
The natural environment and optimal population growth

Abstract This paper investigates the optimal growth of a population when resources conserved for recreation (or the natural environment) enter the social welfare function. If the CES welfare function and the Cobb-Douglass production function are assumed, the growth rate of a population should be determined as a weighted average of the growth rates of per capita income and of conserved resources per capita. In the long run, there should be a limit to the growth of a population. Examples of numerical solutions for optimal time paths of a population are also presented.
Effect of acute myocardial infarction on the utility of fractional flow reserve for the physiologic assessment of the severity of coronary artery narrowing.

Abstract Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has been shown to be a useful physiologic index of coronary lesion severity in myocardial beds of patients without prior infarction and in those with remote infarction. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) causes myocardial necrosis and microvascular stunning, embolization, and damage. Whether FFR remains a useful index of epicardial flow in the setting of recent myocardial infarction is not established. Cardiac risk factors, serum troponin I, angiographic minimal lumen diameter (MLD), percent diameter stenosis (DS), lesion length, vessel reference diameter, hyperemic central aortic pressure, hyperemic pressure distal to stenosis, and FFR were compared in 43 vessels subtending recent AMI beds to 25 control vessels, matched by lesion length and MLD, in patients without AMI. There were no differences in DS, MLD, lesion length, or reference diameter between AMI and non-AMI groups. Patients with AMI had mean troponin I levels of 91.8 ± 162 ng/ml. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower in patients with than without AMI (55 ± 9% vs 62 ± 8%, p
The specialized structure of human language cortex: Pyramidal cell size asymmetries within auditory and language-associated regions of the temporal lobes.

Functional lateralization of language within the cerebral cortex has long driven the search for structural asymmetries that might underlie language asymmetries. Most examinations of structural asymmetry have focused upon the gross size and shape of cortical regions in and around language areas. In the last 20 years several labs have begun to document microanatomical asymmetries in the structure of language-associated cortical regions. Such microanatomic results provide useful constraints and clues to our understanding of the biological bases of language specialization in the cortex. In a previous study we documented asymmetries in the size of a specific class of pyramidal cells in the superficial cortical layers. The present work uses a nonspecific stain for cell bodies to demonstrate the presence of an asymmetry in layer III pyramidal cell sizes within auditory, secondary auditory and language-associated regions of the temporal lobes. Specifically, the left hemisphere contains a greater number of the largest pyramidal cells, those that are thought to be the origin of long-range cortico-cortical connections. These results are discussed in the context of cortical columns and how such an asymmetry might alter cortical processing. These findings, in conjunction with other asymmetries in cortical organization that have been documented within several labs, clearly demonstrate that the columnar and connective structure of auditory and language cortex in the left hemisphere is distinct from homotopic regions in the contralateral hemisphere.
Experiments on the Flow and Heat Transfer in Fine Pitch Parallel Plate Heat Sinks With Top Inlet Side Exit Flow

Detailed temperature and pressure measurements in high aspect ratio parallel plate fin heat sinks were made in a Top Inlet Side Exit (TISE) experiment configuration without top bypass flow. Air flow was supplied to the top of the heat sink using a rectangular jet nozzle with three different jet nozzle widths, Wj. The study covered five jet velocities and three different jet nozzle width to heat sink length ratios. Static pressure measurements were made along the spanwise centerline inside the heat sink and on the mounting plate outside the heat sink. The measurements were used to study the influence of the jet impinging on the top of the heat sink on the loss coefficient of the heat sink. It was found that the overall loss coefficient was dependent on Re, Wj, the fin spacing, b, and the jet nozzle width relative to the heat sink length, Wj/L. Temperature measurements were made to study the total thermal resistance with no base heat spreading. An ad hoc model was used to predict the total thermal resistance of the heat sink in this complicated flow. The model modifies the total cooled area of the fin as a function of jet width and heat sink geometry. Good agreement was found with the experimental data for the cases of Wj/L = 1.0 and 0.5. The model does not work well in the case of Wj/L = 0.25.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Phosphate Pretreatment on Smoke Adsorption of Cold Smoked Mullet (Mugil cephalus)

Abstract Fresh mullet (Mugil cephalus) fillets dipped in brine for 30 min were cold smoked at 30°C, relative humidity 60-80%. Fillets treated with 5 and 10% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or 5% NaCl had 1.20, 1.45, and 2.45% more moisture, respectively, than control. Treatment with 5 or 10% STPP both with 5% NaCl absorbed 1.25 and 0.95% more water, respectively; water loss occurred with fillets treated with 15% NaCl, 5 and 10% STPP plus 15% NaCl. Color (Hunter L value), reflecting smoke adsorption, was lightest for the control fillets, followed by the 5% salt treatment, and darkest (not significant at p > 0.05) for 5 and 10% STPP both with 5% salt. NaCl treated fillets had similar sensory saltiness as those treated with salt plus phosphate.
Inguinal hernia of the pelvic viscera in female infants.

Summary The pathologic and clinical features and treatment of inguinal hernia of the pelvic viscera in female infants, based upon a study of twenty-nine cases, are reviewed. A case of strangulation of the ovary and fallopian tube due to torsion is presented. The details of operative technic are described.
On the reynolds stress and lateral eddy viscosity due to transient oceanic Rossby waves

From numerical solutions of a wind-driven homogeneous ocean model, anegative lateral eddy viscosity of the order 104 cm2 sec−1 is inferred from the large-scale time-dependent currents in the interior of an enclosed shallow basin. The transient Rossby waves in this region produce a systematic convergence of eddy momentum at the latitude of the maximum average eastward current, and thus effect a transfer of zonal momentum from the large-scale eddies to the mean flow. In this sense they are analogous to the Rossby waves in the atmospheric general circulation, and it is speculated that such waves may help to maintain the mean zonal ocean currents. Although this negative viscosity induced by the large-scale transients is relatively small compared with the prescribed lateral viscosity of 108 cm2 sec−1 and should be given a quite different physical interpretation, it is evidently an important viscous effect for the mean flow in the interior of the basin. The prescribed viscosity, on the other hand, is effective in controlling the model's simulated sub-grid scale dissipation, which occurs almost entirely in the nearby steady boundary currents.
The ArsR Repressor Mediates Arsenite-Dependent Regulation of Arsenate Respiration and Detoxification Operons of Shewanella sp. Strain ANA-3

Microbial arsenate reduction affects the fate and transport of arsenic in the environment. Arsenate respiratory (arr) and detoxifying (ars) reduction pathways in Shewanella sp. strain ANA-3 are induced by arsenite and under anaerobic conditions. Here it is shown that an ArsR family protein, called ArsR2, regulates the arsenate respiratory reduction pathway in response to elevated arsenite under anaerobic conditions. Strains lacking arsR2 grew faster in the presence of high levels of arsenite (3 mM). Moreover, expression of arrA and arsC (arsenate reductase-encoding genes) in the ΔarsR2 mutant of ANA-3 were increased in cells grown under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of arsenic. Mutations in putative arsenic binding amino acid residues in ArsR2 (substitutions of Cys-30 and Cys-32 with Ser) resulted in ANA-3 strains that exhibited anaerobic growth deficiencies with high levels of arsenite and arsenate. DNA binding studies with purified ArsR2 showed that ArsR2 binding to the arr promoter region was impaired by trivalent arsenicals such as arsenite and phenylarsine oxide. However, ArsR2 binding occurred in the presence of arsenate. A second known regulator of the arr operon, cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein (CRP), could bind simultaneously with ArsR2 within the arr promoter region. It is concluded that ArsR2 is most likely the major arsenite-dependent regulator of arr and ars operons in Shewanella sp. strain ANA-3. However, anaerobic growth on arsenate will require coregulation with global regulators such as cAMP-CRP.
3,3′‐PolyBINOL

(C38H40O4)n (MW [560.72]n) (used as an easily recyclable ligand for asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis) Solubility: soluble in chloroform, methylene chloride, THF, and toluene. Insoluble in alcohols, H2O, and hexane. Form Supplied in: yellow solid. Preparative Methods: 1, 2 prepared from the Suzuki coupling of the phenylenediboronic acid1 with the optically pure binaphthyl monomer (R)- or (S)-2, made from optically pure 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL), followed by acid hydrolysis. By using either Pd(OAc)2 or Pd(PPh3)4 as the catalyst, 3,3′-polyBINOL was obtained with a molecular weight in the range of MW = 6700 to 24 300 (polydispersity index = 1.5–2.5) as determined by gel permeation chromatography relative to polystyrene standard. It was purified by repeated precipitation with methanol from a methylene chloride solution. (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: for long-term storage, keep in closed bottle in the absence of light.
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as a signalling molecule in plants.

Ethylene influences many aspects of plant growth and development including germination, leaf and floral senescence and abscission, fruit ripening, and the response to abiotic and biotic stress. The pathways involved in the biosynthesis of and response to ethylene have been elucidated. The first committed and generally rate-limit- ing step in ethylene biosynthesis is the conversion of S-adenosyl-methionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by ACC synthase (ACS). This enzyme is encoded by a gene family in most plants and is subject to both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control in response to numerous endogenous and environmental cues. In addition to its well-described function as the immediate precursor of ethylene, recent studies suggest an alternative, non-canonical role for ACC. These studies found that in some contexts, chemical inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis caused effects on root cell expansion that were not observed when ethylene perception or signalling was disrupted, suggesting that ACC, but not ethylene, played a role in these specific processes. Furthermore, muta- tion of all eight ACS genes in Arabidopsis was found to result in embryo lethality, in contrast to the relatively modest developmental effects of null mutants in the ethylene signalling components. This divergence suggests that ACC may play a role as a signalling molecule in plants. Here, we first review the ethylene biosynthesis pathway and then discuss these studies suggesting an independent role of ACC as a signalling molecule.
Approaches to asynchronous decentralized decision making

Motivated by the ideas of asynchronous relaxation algorithms this paper investigates optimal decision-making problems that exhibit decentralized characteristics. Such problems consist of a collection of interacting sub-systems, each one described by local properties and dynamics, joined together by the need to accomplish a common task which achieves overall optimal performance. Special properties of such systems that make them ideally suited for the framework of asynchronous computing are (a) the lack of a single overall objective describing the collective performance, and (b) the asynchronism in implementing topologically optimal decisions based on information which is local in space and time. A methodology for decentralized decision making is developed based on the solution of a series of sub-problems in which each minimizes a local objective while maximizing a common Lagrangian function, by generating independent approximations of an ascent direction in the space of the dual variables. The concepts are illustrated by means of motivating examples.
Feature-based attentional set as a cause of traffic accidents

Voluntary and relatively involuntary subsystems of attention often compete. On one hand, people can intentionally “tune” attention for features that then receive visual priority; on the other hand, more reflexive attentional shifts can “short-circuit” top-down control in the face of urgent, behaviourally relevant stimuli. Thus, it is questionable whether voluntary attentional tuning (i.e., attentional set) can affect one's ability to respond to unexpected, urgent information in the real world. We show that the consequences of such tuning extend to a realistic, safety-relevant scenario. Participants drove in a first-person driving simulation where they searched at every intersection for either a yellow or blue arrow indicating which way to turn. At a critical intersection, a yellow or blue motorcycle—either matching or not matching drivers’ attentional set—suddenly veered into drivers’ paths and stopped in their way. Collision rates with the motorcycle were substantially greater when the motorcycle did not...
Narrow-Diameter versus Standard-Diameter Implants and Their Effect on the Need for Guided Bone Regeneration: A Virtual Three-Dimensional Study.

Purpose Narrow-diameter implants (NDIs) are proven treatment options for completely edentulous patients with severely resorbed alveolar ridges. The aim of this study was to evaluate virtually whether or not the implant diameter affects the need for ridge augmentation in edentulous patients, using a 3D planning software program. Materials and Methods Existing cone beam CT scans of 200 outpatients (100 maxillae, 100 mandibles) were selected, and treatment was planned in a virtual 3D planning software program with either 3.3 mm–diameter implants (test group) or 4.1 mm–diameter implants (control group). Statistical analysis was performed. Results A total of 1,760 implants were virtually planned (880 implants each for test and control groups). Overall, significantly associated with the absence or need for ridge augmentation as compared with need for ridge augmentation (p < .0001). Use of the 3.3 mm–diameter implants increased the odds ratio for ridge augmentation being unnecessary by 2.2 (95% confidence interval) relative to the 4.1 mm–diameter implants. Conclusions Use of NDIs was able to provide a statistically significant reduction in need for bone grafting among completely edentulous patients. More clinical longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the long-term success of their use.
PGRP-SC2 Promotes Gut Immune Homeostasis to Limit Commensal Dysbiosis and Extend Lifespan

Interactions between commensals and the host impact the metabolic and immune status of metazoans. Their deregulation is associated with age-related pathologies like chronic inflammation and cancer, especially in barrier epithelia. Maintaining a healthy commensal population by preserving innate immune homeostasis in such epithelia thus promises to promote health and longevity. Here, we show that, in the aging intestine of Drosophila, chronic activation of the transcription factor Foxo reduces expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein SC2 (PGRP-SC2), a negative regulator of IMD/Relish innate immune signaling, and homolog of the anti-inflammatory molecules PGLYRP1-4. This repression causes deregulation of Rel/NFkB activity, resulting in commensal dysbiosis, stem cell hyperproliferation, and epithelial dysplasia. Restoring PGRP-SC2 expression in enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium, in turn, prevents dysbiosis, promotes tissue homeostasis, and extends lifespan. Our results highlight the importance of commensal control for lifespan of metazoans and identify SC-class PGRPs as longevity-promoting factors.
The stability of astrophysical jets

Jets are produced by young stellar objects (YSOs), by black hole binary star system “microquasars” (μQSOs), by active galactic nuclei (AGN), are associated with neutron stars and pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), and are thought responsible for the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). An understanding of these outflows must include how they are launched and collimated into jets, and how they propagate to large distances. Jets be they Poynting flux and/or kinetic flux dominated are current driven (CD) and/or Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) velocity shear driven unstable. Here I present some of the work that is leading to a better understanding of the properties required for the observed relative stability of astrophysical jets.
Variability in outcome for children with an ASD diagnosis at age 2.

Background: Few studies have examined the variability in outcomes of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at age 2. Research is needed to understand the children whose symptoms – or diagnoses – change over time. The objectives of this study were to examine the behavioral and diagnostic outcomes of a carefully defined sample of 2-year-old children with ASD, and to identify child and environmental factors that contribute to variability in outcomes at age 4. Methods: Forty-eight children diagnosed with autism or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) at age 2 were followed to age 4. Diagnostic measures included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Generic (ADOS-G) and clinical diagnosis at ages 2 and 4, and the ADI-R at age 4. Results: Diagnostic stability for an ASD diagnosis (autism or PDDNOS) was 63%, and for an autism diagnosis was 68%. Children who failed to meet diagnostic criteria for ASD at follow-up were more likely to: 1) be 30 months or younger at initial evaluation; 2) have milder symptoms of autism, particularly in the social domain; and 3) have higher cognitive scores at age 2. No differences between children with stable and unstable diagnoses were found for amount of intervention services received. Among the children with unstable diagnoses, all but one continued to have developmental disorders, most commonly in the area of language. Conclusions: The stability of ASD was lower in the present study than has been reported previously, a finding largely attributable to children who were diagnosed at 30 months or younger. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
EBV Gene Expression, EBNA Antibody Responses and EBV+ Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with the development of several B cell malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), and AIDS-related lymphomas. The latter two diseases result from EBV-driven B cell proliferation in the absence of normal immunosurveillance and as such, represent a heterogenous family of lymphoproliferative disorders. This article reviews studies on EBV gene expression and antibody development in PTLD and introduces recent information on the levels of EBV+ peripheral blood lymphocytes to discuss possible mechanisms of pathogenesis under varying conditions of immunosuppression.
Isolated cardiac metastasis from plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

A 57-year-old male with a history of hypertension presented with shortness of breath, intermittent substernal chest pain, subjective fevers, and a 30-pound weight loss. He was found to have a bladder mass four months prior to presentation, for which he underwent cystoscopy and surgical removal. Pathology demonstrated high-grade superficial plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma extending into the submucosa but not the muscularis propria. Given the superficial nature of his bladder cancer, a cystectomy was deferred. He was subsequently lost to follow-up care. On arrival, physical exam was notable for tachycardia, tachypnea, and distant heart sounds. An ECG showed an incomplete right bundle branch block and sinus tachycardia. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography revealed a three-cm pericardial effusion. Transthoracic echocardiography confirmed this finding and revealed a mass in the right ventricle (RV) extending into the outflow tract and infiltrating the free wall. The RV was dilated with an estimated RV systolic pressure of 37 mmHg. Pericardiocentesis yielded nearly one liter of serosanguinous fluid with non-diagnostic cytology. Partial median sternotomy with biopsy showed pathologic findings consistent with metastatic urothelial carcinoma, plasmacytoid variant. A PET scan showed increased uptake exclusively in the heart. The oncology team discussed options with the patient including chemotherapy and palliative care. The patient decided to withhold further therapy and went home with hospice care. He died two months later. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men in the United States. Most patients (69%) with metastatic bladder cancer have multiple organs involved; conversely, our patient had a PET scan indicating his disease was localized to the heart. Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma is a rare subtype of bladder cancer, and is estimated to make up less than three percent of all invasive bladder carcinomas. At the time of this publication we are aware of only three other reported instances of isolated cardiac metastasis with urothelial bladder origin; none of which were the plasmacytoid variant. This case highlights a previously unreported presentation of plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma. Clinicians must remember that even superficial cancers can have significant metastatic potential.
Wind-induced bottom sediment resuspension in a microtidal coastal environment

Bottom sediment resuspension frequency, duration, and extent (i.e. areal percent of bottom sediments a!ected) were characterized for the 15 month period from September 1995 to January 1997 for select water bodies within the Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA. An empirical model of sediment resuspension as a function of water depth, wind speed, direction, and fetch was derived from surface gravity wave theory. The model was validated with water-column turbidity imagery obtained from visible and near-IR AVHRR data. Based on model predictions, wind-induced resuspension occurred during all seasons of this study. Model predictions of the critical wind speed required to induce resuspension indicate that winds of 4 m s~1 (averaged over all wind directions) resuspend approximately 50% of bottom sediments in the water bodies examined. Winds of this magnitude (4 m s~1) occurred for 80% of the time during the late fall, winter, and early spring and for approximately 30% of the time during the summer. More than 50% of the bottom sediments, on an areal basis, are resuspended throughout the year, indicating the importance of resuspension as a process a!ecting sediment and biogeochemical #uxes in the Barataria Basin. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The pattern of the thoracic splanchnic nerves as they pass through the diaphragm

The formation and structure of the greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves is highly variable in their intrathoracic as well as their subdiaphragmatic portion. Splanchnicectomies for pain control of otherwise intractable upper abdominal pain and other surgical procedures are dependent on the detailed knowledge of the anatomy of these nerves and their variations. Many commonly used anatomical illustrations depict the passage of the thoracic splanchnic nerves through the diaphragm uniformly as three nerves penetrating the crura in three separate locations along a rough superoinferior line. As this pattern does not correspond with our own sporadic observations, we performed a series of dissections to study the exact anatomy of this area. Dissections of 24 donors revealed that the most common pattern of diaphragmatic passage of these three nerves is through a single location in each crus. From this crural passageway, the three nerves then diverge to reach their targets, with the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve bending anteriorly at nearly 90 degrees to enter the posterolateral edge of the celiac ganglion. Modern anatomical illustrations should depict these most common patterns of the subdiaphragmatic portion of the thoracic splanchnic nerves and mention the great variability of their formation and structure.
The Investigation of a Cylinder Immersed in a Supersonic Boundary Layer

A numerical investigation of a cylinder immersed in a supersonic boundary layer has been conducted. This numerical study is intended to simulate an experimental study being conducted in the supersonic blowdown wind tunnel at the University of Florida Research and Engineering Education Facility (REEF). The computational study suggests that for a second order Roe scheme at least 200 points around the cylinder and 100 points in the boundary layer with a time step of 1e-07 s are required to resolve the Von-Karmen type cylinder shedding. Furthermore, the maximum grid spacing in the streamwise direction for a 0.76 mm diameter rod should not exceed 0.25 mm to avoid destruction of the vortex due to spatial dissipation. The analysis presented in this paper indicates the cylinder placement at approximately 40% of the boundary layer height resulted in the maximum lifting of the velocity fleld downstream of the cylinder along with a semi-periodic VonKarman like shedding. The larger diameter rod indicates more lifting potential and the same perturbation levels as the small rod.
Magnetic resonance imaging of sellar and juxtasellar abnormalities in the paediatric population: an imaging review

The sellar and juxtasellar regions in the paediatric population are complex both anatomically and pathologically, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being the “gold standard” imaging modality due to the high contrast of detail. Assessment requires a detailed understanding of the anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology and normal signal characteristics of the pituitary gland and surrounding structures in order to appropriately characterise abnormalities. This article aims to provide an overview of the imaging characteristics of developmental/congenital and acquired disease processes which affect the sellar and juxtasellar region in the paediatric population. Main Messages • The sellar region is anatomically complex and covers a wide pathology spectrum. • MRI is the key imaging modality to assess sellar and juxtasellar pathology. • Numerous developmental anomalies may not be discovered until adulthood. • Knowledge of pathology alerts and guides the clinician towards appropriate management.
Testing Coercive Explanations for Order: The Determinants of Law Enforcement Strength over Time

This research uses time-series regressions to explain yearly changes in the per capita number of law enforcement personnel in the U.S. Using a measure of economic inequality that are sensitive to the presence of the rich, the results show that shifts in economic inequality and movements in the crime rates lead to changes in police strength. However, quadratic specifications suggest that diminishing returns are present. Unemployment, nonwhite-white income ratios, and inequality indicators less sensitive to the presence of the rich are insignificant, but shifts in the strength of the Republican party and the tax base also help explain changes in police strength. The results support cross-sectional research that finds a relationship between this form of economic inequality and law enforcement strength, but this relationship is historically contingent
The virtual classroom: at the cutting edge of higher education

At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), we are using networked computers to implement innovative teaching and learning environments. This new approach to education has been termed "Asynchronous Learning Networks" (ALN). With support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the UIUC campus administration, we established the Sloan Center for Asynchronous Learning Environments (SCALE) in March 1995. During the 1995-96 academic year, SCALE faculty taught more than seventy five courses that were restructured to use networked computers to provide access to learning materials and to subject-matter experts; in the Spring 1996 semester, more than 4000 students were enrolled in SCALE courses at UIUC. The ALN environment can be used to implement a "virtual" classroom, which has many of the same features of a physical classroom: access to lecture materials and discussions and the ability to ask and answer questions, to turn-in homework, and to take quizzes. In the implementation of ALN at UIUC, the virtual classroom is a supplement to the physical classroom; while it may change the interactions in the actual classroom, it does not replace the physical classroom.
Learning to Teach with Technology through an Apprenticeship Model

This paper reports the results of a doctoral research pilot study that paired a researcher with an experienced classroom teacher for a 12-week time span with the goal of effectively integrating the use of Geometer’s Sketchpad (GSP) into the classroom teacher’s practice. Using a teacher development experiment, the researcher created an apprenticeship model to foster the transmission of the knowledge to the classroom teacher required to successfully teach with Geometer’s Sketchpad. Specific results indicate a positive change in the facilitation of mathematical communication and inquiry-based instruction in the classroom teacher’s practice as well as sustained use of GSP beyond the time span of the pilot study. General results include the development of the constructs of technological knowledge (TK), technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) and technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK).
Nucleotide-driven packaging of a singlet oxygen generating porphyrin in an icosahedral virus

Results are reported from investigations of the interactions between MS2 bacteriophages and a cationic porphyrin with potential use in photodynamic therapy. Based on the naturally strong binding between porphyrins and nucleic acids, it is suggested that this non-enveloped capsid could act as a self-loading, nanoscale carrier of porphyrins. By applying size exclusion chromatography in conjunction with UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that approximately 250 porphyrin molecules could associate and co-elute with a single capsid. Additionally, there is an observed red shift in the Soret peak of the porphyrin, indicating that the majority of the cationic porphyrin is capable of interacting with RNA on the interior of the capsid. It is also observed that removal of RNA from the interior of the MS2 capsid significantly reduces loading capacity of the porphyrin. Furthermore, MS2 bacteriophages loaded with porphyrins were shown to photogenerate singlet oxygen. These findings suggest that icosahedral viruses, such as MS2 bacteriophages, are able to function as self-packaging "nanoscale containers" and efficiently load cationic porphyrins, with potential benefits in areas such as targeted photodynamic therapy.
The Influence Of Commitment To Project Objectives In Information Technology (IT) Projects

Managing successful Information Technology (IT) projects remains a challenging and perplexing ambition in today’s complex IT environment where project deliverables continue to be brought in behind schedule, over budget, and with less functionality than originally planned. This study delves into goal commitment theory to investigate the potential role of commitment to project objectives in improving the performance of IT projects. The following two questions are considered in this research: (1) How does commitment influence perceptions of project performance, and (2) What key factors predict commitment? Survey responses were collected from professionals currently involved in IT projects and data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that commitment to project objectives has a positive influence on perceptions of project performance both directly and indirectly through individuals’ propensity to report project status information. Time pressure in the project was found to have a negative influence on commitment to project objectives, while perceptions of personal investment had a positive effect on commitment to project objectives. Time pressure also had a positive influence on perceptions of personal investment and a negative influence on perceptions of project performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Calculation of the LHC-kicker beam impedance

Longitudinal and transverse beam impedances are calculated for the injection kickers designed for use in the CERN Large Hadron Collider. These combine the contributions of a ceramic beam tube with conducting stripes and a traveling-wave kicker magnet. The results show peak impedances of 1300 ohm longitudinal and 8 M/spl Omega//m transverse for four units per ring.
Simplified design of thin-film polarizing beam splitter using embedded symmetric trilayer stack

An analytically tractable design procedure is presented for a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) that uses frustrated total internal reflection and optical tunneling by a symmetric LHL trilayer thin-film stack embedded in a high-index prism. Considerable simplification arises when the refractive index of the high-index center layer H matches the refractive index of the prism and its thickness is quarter-wave. This leads to a cube design in which zero reflection for the p polarization is achieved at a 45° angle of incidence independent of the thicknesses of the identical symmetric low-index tunnel layers L and L. Arbitrarily high reflectance for the s polarization is obtained at subwavelength thicknesses of the tunnel layers. This is illustrated by an IR Si-cube PBS that uses an embedded ZnS–Si–ZnS trilayer stack.
Mutation-biased adaptation in Andean house wrens

Genes, proteins, and genomes are pervasively shaped by biases in mutation that exert their influence by biasing rates of evolutionary change. Indeed, methods of phylogeny inference routinely assume that evolutionary rates will reflect transition–transversion bias and other common mutational biases. This influence is typically attributed to neutral evolution, presuming that mutation is a weak force easily overcome by selection, so that any noticeable effect of mutation must signal a lack of selection. However, in PNAS Galen et al. (1) propose a case of mutation-biased adaptation, in which the course of evolution reflects both a bias in mutation and a fitness benefit. How important are mutational biases in shaping adaptation? Are internal sources of orientation or direction in evolution—once dismissed as improbable (2)—more important than previously imagined?
Accessibility of Insulin Pump Displays to People With Low Vision

This letter serves as an update to the work performed in 2009 by Burton et al1 in determining the accessibility of available insulin pumps with a specific emphasis placed on the performance of the displays for individuals with low vision.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF IATROGENIC INJURIES OF THE EQUINE ACCESSORY (CARPAL CHECK) LIGAMENT AND SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON

Iatrogenic lesions to the accessory ligament (carpal check or inferior check) and to the superficial digital flexor tendon of five ponies were monitored utilizing diagnostic ultrasound for a period of 6–24 weeks post-injury. The opposite limb was used as a non-surgical control. Sonographic differences from control limbs were recorded and correlated with the gross and microscopic post-mortem lesions. Early post-surgical sonographic findings included thickening with discrete hypoechoic areas within the injured tissues which corresponded to regions of hemorrhage, edema, and tissue disruption at necropsy. The linear hyperechoic pattern seen in normal tendons was disorganized in the injured portion of the tendons or ligaments. Disruption of the margins of the incised tissues was observed. The initial hypoechoic areas disappeared or decreased in size and became more echoic as healing progressed. The increasing echoic pattern in these areas corresponded to regions of fibrous tissues invasion and collagen deposition. As post-injury time increased, the size of the tendon or ligament decreased, the margins became more distinct, and the internal structure again became more organized (linear). It was concluded that diagnostic ultrasound can be useful in evaluating injury and healing of the accessory ligament and the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses.
Japanese Americans: Current Health Issues and Directions for Future Research

Japanese Americans are a heterogeneous group consisting of several subpopulations. One group is made up of a large number of acculturated second, third, and fourth generation individuals, a smaller group of recent immigrants, and a rapidly growing group of individuals who are biracial and multiracial. The prevalence of health issues among Japanese Americans reflect the impact of diet and lifestyle changes associated with acculturation and the associated health risks . This chapter will present a background of the history of Japanese immigrants in the United States, a review of epidemiological research and discussion of emerging health issues, and directions for future research.
Financial Laws Operating Regulatively In All Nations

One of the most under estimated issues (which if given greater focus and attention, would to a great extent resolve many global financial problems), is the need to address financial crises on an increasingly global dimension. From Bear Stearns to Lehman Brothers, the rapid spread of systemic and other forms of risks, (of which one of the most notable comprises counterparty credit risks), and the increased impact of globalization as well as the rise of conglomerates, has highlighted the fact that basic rationales governing financial regulation are common to, and affect every nation on a global level. This paper, furthermore, identifies and highlights basic forms of financial regulation which are applicable on a global basis. These include capital adequacy, as well as liquidity rules - with particular reference to rules aimed at ensuring the safety, soundness and solvency of financial institutions.
The Secret Life of Online Moms: Anonymity and Disinhibition on YouBeMom.com

Moms are one of the fastest growing demographics online. While much is known about where they spend their time, little is known about how they spend it. Using a dataset of over 51 million posts and comments from the website YouBeMom.com, this paper explores what kinds of topics moms talk about when they are not constrained by norms and expectations of face-to-face culture. Results show that almost 5% of posts are about dh, or “dear husband,” but these posts tend to express more negative emotion than other posts. The average post is only 124 characters long and family and daily life are common categories of posting. This suggests that YouBeMom is used as a fast-paced social outlet that may not be available to moms in other parts of their lives. This work concludes with a discussion of anonymity and disinhibition and puts forth a new provocation that moms, too, spend time online “for the lulz.”
Radiographic Appearance of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Performed With and Without Recombinant Human Morphogenetic Protein–2

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to determine whether recombinant human morphogenetic protein–2 (rhBMP-2) alters the findings on routine radiographs performed after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review of 256 TLIF procedures in 200 patients was performed over a 4-year period. The rhBMP-2 group included 204 TLIFs in 160 patients, and the control group included 52 TLIFs in 40 patients. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed the postoperative radiographs for endplate resorption, resorption resolution, new bone formation, bridging bone, and allograft migration. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression. RESULTS. The median age was 53 years in the rhBMP-2 group and 54 years in the control group (p = 0.182). The groups were similar with regard to sex (p = 0.517), single or multilevel TLIF (p = 0.921), specific TLIF levels (p = 0.53), and median radiographic follow-up (373 vs 366 days; p = 0.34). Findings that were more common i...
Building accurate sequence-to-affinity models from high-throughput in vitro protein-DNA binding data using FeatureREDUCE

Transcription factors are crucial regulators of gene expression. Accurate quantitative definition of their intrinsic DNA binding preferences is critical to understanding their biological function. High-throughput in vitro technology has recently been used to deeply probe the DNA binding specificity of hundreds of eukaryotic transcription factors, yet algorithms for analyzing such data have not yet fully matured. Here, we present a general framework (FeatureREDUCE) for building sequence-to-affinity models based on a biophysically interpretable and extensible model of protein-DNA interaction that can account for dependencies between nucleotides within the binding interface or multiple modes of binding. When training on protein binding microarray (PBM) data, we use robust regression and modeling of technology-specific biases to infer specificity models of unprecedented accuracy and precision. We provide quantitative validation of our results by comparing to gold-standard data when available.
LAPSER1: a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene from 10q24.3.

Numerous LOH and mutation analysis studies in different tumor tissues, including prostate, indicate that there are multiple tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) present within the human chromosome 8p21–22 and 10q23–24 regions. Recently, we showed that LZTS1 (or FEZ1), a putative TSG located on 8p22, has the potential to function as a cell growth modulator. We report here the cloning, gene organization, cDNA sequence characterization and expression analysis of LAPSER1, an LZTS1-related gene. This gene maps within a subregion of human chromosome 10q24.3 that has been reported to be deleted in various cancers, including prostate tumors, as frequently as the neighboring PTEN locus. The complete LAPSER1 cDNA sequence encodes a predicted protein containing various domains resembling those typically found in transcription factors (P-Box, Q-rich and multiple leucine zippers). LAPSER1 is expressed at the highest levels in normal prostate and testis, where multiple isoforms are seen, some of which are either undetectable or differentially expressed in some prostate tumor tissues and cell lines. Over-expression of LAPSER1 cDNA strongly inhibited cell growth and colony-forming efficiencies of most cancer cells assessed. Together these data suggest that LAPSER1 is another gene involved in the regulation of cell growth whose loss of function may contribute to the development of cancer.
A High Performance Submicrometer CMOS/SOI Technology Using Ultrathin Silicon Films on Simox

The use of ultrathin SIMOX wafers for fabricating submicrometer CMOS integrated circuits is described. It is demonstrated from ring oscillator speeds that properly designed devices can exhibit very high transconductance and performance superior to circuits using bulk Si.