cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of semi-rigid steel frames to sequential earthquakes

Abstract In a seismic event, large number of aftershocks are generally triggered due to the complex interaction within and between tectonic plates. Even though aftershocks are typically smaller in magnitude than mainshocks, their ground-motion intensity, measured by peak ground acceleration, is not always smaller. Moreover, mainshocks can result in permanent damage to structural components. As a result, the vulnerability of structures to extensive damage and complete collapse due to aftershocks could increase. Despite their importance in evaluating the true risk of system failure and collapse, the inclusion of aftershocks in code provisions and guidelines for seismic risk assessment and performance-based engineering is lacking. In this study, three semi-rigid frames, with connection capacities of 50%, 60%, and 70% of the plastic moment of the beam, were designed and their performance under mainshock-aftershock sequences assessed. The objective of this study, pertaining to the seismic performance of the frames, is twofold. First, is to develop fragility functions for the subject frames under sequential mainshock-aftershock events. Second, is to evaluate the extent of spread of inelasticity and period elongation in the investigated frames as a result of the sequential events. A new method for selection and scaling of mainshock-aftershock sequences is proposed and non-linear time history analysis of the frames is conducted. The results show that the inclusion of the aftershocks increases the probability of reaching or exceeding a particular damage limit state in the frames, primarily due to the considerable period elongation resulting from the induced permanent damages.
Southern Accents and Partisan Stereotypes: Evaluating Political Candidates

Objective Recent research suggests that many American voters use candidate accents as an evaluative heuristic. We build on this research by examining whether this effect is conditional on the partisan positions of the candidate and across participant party identification. Methods We designed an experiment using actors to record candidate stump speeches, manipulating the accent of the candidate and the partisan issue position of the candidate. Results Democrats and Republicans in our sample were more likely to believe candidates with southern accents were Republican as opposed Democrat, and were also more likely to negatively evaluate candidates with a southern accent. This was true in both instances regardless of whether the candidate espoused a typical Democratic or Republican issue position. Democrats’ judgments of candidates with southern accents, though, were harsher than those of Republicans and, again, this was the case across the partisan positioning of the candidate. Finally, both Democrats and Republicans in our pool were less likely to say they would vote for the candidate with a southern accent regardless of the partisan position of the candidate. Conclusion Our results confirm that accent is a heuristic and add nuance to our understanding of how partisanship shapes this effect.
Exploring How Personal, Social, and Institutional Characteristics Contribute to Geriatric Medicine Subspecialty Decisions: A Qualitative Study of Trainees' Perceptions.

PURPOSE To explore internal medicine residents' and geriatrics fellows' perceptions of how personal, social, and institutional characteristics contribute to their professional identity and subspecialty decisions related to geriatric medicine. METHOD The authors conducted 23 in-depth, semistructured interviews with internal medicine residents, with and without an interest in geriatrics, and geriatrics fellows across 3 academic medical centers in the United States from October 2018 through June 2019. They then used a qualitative narrative approach to analyze the interview data. RESULTS Trainees related personal experiences, such as exposure to physicians and experiences with grandparents, to their interest in medicine. Trainees with an interest in geriatrics at 2 institutions did not feel supported, or understood, by peers and mentors in their respective institutions but maintained their interest in the field. The following variations between institutions that are supportive and those that are not were noted: the number of geriatricians, the proximity of the institution to geriatrics clinics, and the ways in which institutional leaders portrayed the prestige of geriatric medicine. Institutional characteristics influenced trainees' understanding of what it meant to be a doctor, what meaning they garnered from work as a physician, and their comfort with different types of complexity, such as those presented when providing care to older adults. CONCLUSIONS Institutional characteristics may be particularly important in shaping trainee interest in geriatric medicine. Institutions should encourage leadership training and opportunities for geriatricians so they can serve as role models and as hands-on mentors for trainees beginning in medical school. Increasing the number of geriatricians requires institutions to increase the value they place on geriatrics to generate a positive interest in this field among trainees. Institutions facilitating formation of professional identity and sense of purpose in work may consider engaging geriatricians in leadership and mentoring roles as well as curriculum development.
Prediction of structure and cation ordering in an ordered normal-inverse double spinel

Spinels represent an important class of technologically relevant materials, used in diverse applications ranging from dielectrics, sensors and energy materials. While solid solutions combining two “single spinels” have been explored in a number of past studies, no ordered “double” spinels have been reported. Based on our first principles computations, here we predict the existence of such a double spinel compound MgAlGaO4, formed by an equimolar mixing of MgAl2O4 normal and MgGa2O4 inverse spinels. After studying the details of its atomic and electronic structure, we use a cluster expansion based effective Hamiltonian approach with Monte Carlo simulations to study the thermodynamic behavior and cation distribution as a function of temperature. Our simulations provide strong evidence for short-ranged cation order in the double spinel structure, even at significantly elevated temperatures. Finally, an attempt was made to synthesize the predicted double spinel compound. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry and X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinements were performed to characterize the single-phase chemical composition and local configurational environments, which showed a favorable agreement with the theoretical predictions. These findings suggest that a much larger number of compounds can potentially be realized within this chemical space, opening new avenues for the design of spinel-structured materials with tailored functionality. Materials with a spinel structure are used in various applications, including in the nuclear industry and as dielectrics. Here, first principle calculations and Monte Carlo simulations predict that an ordered double spinel structure is stable, supported by preliminary experimental data.
Smart Operation and Maintenance Platform of Protection Relay Based on Mobile Sensing and Big Data

In order to solve the current network limitations and human-computer interaction limitations of relay protection and automation in power systems, an intelligent operation and maintenance management platform for electrical secondary equipment based on mobile sensing and big data is proposed. First, the existing problems in the standardization operation and data integration in the relay protection work at this stage are explained, and the significance of the construction of this platform is pointed out. Then the application modes of mobile sensing technology and big data technology in power system is analyzed, proposing the system architecture and functional architecture of the system, and the interaction mode between the mobile terminal and the master station in the system is explained. Finally, the specific functions of the system's standardized operation process and intelligent operation inspection are explained, and the effects of the intelligent operation and maintenance control of the secondary equipment under the original mode and the new mode are compared.
Firm's Cash Holdings and the Cross-Section of Equity Returns †

This paper documents a new empirical finding: an investing strategy that is long in stocks of firms with a high cash–to–assets ratio (High Cash portfolio) and short in stocks of firms with a low cash–to–assets ratio (Low Cash portfolio) produces an average excess return of 42 basis points per month. The three Fama–French factors are not able to explain such a difference in average returns, while a cash factor (HCMLC) does. I propose a structural model of the firm’s investing and savings decisions that rationalizes the empirical evidence relating corporate cash holdings to the average excess equity returns. I amend the real option model of the firm of Berk, Green, and Naik [1999], to allow for a non–trivial capital structure decision. In my setup, firms can finance investment by means of equity or retained earnings. Equity issuance involves pecuniary costs such as bankers and lawyers’ fees. Corporate savings allow the firm to avoid costly external financing, but yield a return which is lower than shareholders would be able to obtain. Because of risky cash flows, the model generates an additional precautionary savings motive that is the key ingredient to explain the positive relationship between corporate cash holdings and average equity returns found in the data.
Are Perfectionistic Standards Associated with Burnout? Multidimensional Perfectionism and Compassion Experiences Among Professional MFTs

The current study addressed the role that perfectionism plays among professionals in this field of marriage and family therapy (MFT). Specifically, this study provides information about PS (personal standards) perfectionism and EC (evaluative concerns) and their relationship with both compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. The sample included 247 marriage and family therapists who answered demographic questions along with completing the professional quality of life scale (ProQOL; as reported by Stamm, B. H. (2009). Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Version 5 (ProQOL). Retrieved from http://www.proqol.org/ProQol_Test.html; Stamm in The concise ProQOL manual, ProQOL.org, 2010;) and the multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS; Hewitt and Flett, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:456-470, 1991). Results indicated three significant findings: (1) higher levels of both self-oriented and socially oriented perfectionism are correlated with higher levels of both burnout and secondary traumatic stress; (2) as years of work as an MFT increase, level of burnout decreases; and (3) women demonstrated statistically significantly higher scores in PS perfectionism than men. Limitations, implications, and future directions are discussed.
The Agricultural Resource Management Survey: An information system for production agriculture

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to offer an introduction of the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) for applied research in agricultural finance and farm management.Design/methodology/approach – This article provides a brief overview of the history, design, use, and accessibility of the ARMS in government reporting and applied research.Findings – The ARMS provides a number of unique advantages for addressing critical issues of the agricultural sector.Originality/value – The paper provides an access point for researchers who are unfamiliar with the basic features of ARMS.
Effects of Bivalent Cations and Proteins on Thermotropic Properties of Phospholipid Membranes: Implications for the Molecular Mechanism of Fusion and Endocytosis

Phospholipid membranes undergo thermotropic transitions from the solid to the liquid crystalline state, which represent the melting of the acyl chains. The temperature (Tc) and enthalpy (ΔH) of the transition are influenced by the acyl chain length, double bonds, and head-group, and are characteristic for each phospholipid. The effects of different metal ions and proteins on both Tc and ΔH of several phospholipid membranes have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Calcium and magnesium both induce an increase in Tc of acidic phospholipids by approximately 10°C. In addition, calcium but not magnesium induces the appearance of a new phase transition at much higher temperatures, and an isothermic phase separation from a mixed membrane of neutral and acidic phospholipids. Hydrophobic proteins that tend to penetrate into the lipid bilayer have no effect on the Tc, but produce a decrease in ΔH proportional to their concentration in the membrane. On the contrary, proteins that bind to the interface by ionic bonds and do not penetrate into the bilayer have either no effect or increase the Tc, and also produce a large increase in ΔH. A third category of proteins that binds primarily by ionic bonds, but also expands phospholipid monolayers, produces a substantial decrease of both Tc and ΔH indicating a marked fluidization effect. It is clear from these results that different proteins and metal ions can affect profoundly the properties of lipid bilayers in a highly specific manner related to the type of interaction involved in each case. On the basis of the above results it is proposed that phase separations and density fluctuations induced isothermally by divalent metal ions and proteins are intimately involved in such phenomena as membrane fusion and the initial shape changes observed during endocytosis.
Discomfort Glare From Headlamps: Interactions Among Spectrum, Control of Gaze and Background Light Level

This paper discusses a laboratory study that examines the effects of headlamp spectral power distribution, level of ambient light, and gaze control on discomfort glare. The interaction among these variables is also described. The effects of these factors are important to nighttime driver safety and performance.
Effect of dietary copper and fat on nutrient utilization, digestive enzyme activities, and tissue mineral levels in weanling pigs.

Abstract Two 15-d nutrient balance trials were conducted using a total of 32 weanling barrows (averaging 6.8 kg, 26 d). The effect of the addition of 15 or 250 ppm Cu (as CuSO4.5H2O) to diets containing 0 or 5% added animal fat on nutrient utilization, digestive enzyme activities, and tissue mineral levels in weanling pigs was investigated. In each trial, four groups of four littermate barrows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The addition of 250 ppm Cu improved apparent fat digestibility and apparent nitrogen retention (P .10) for any of the digestibility indices measured. The addition of 250 ppm of Cu stimulated small intestinal lipase (P .10) on pancreatic lipase or phospholipase activities and no effect on trypsin, chymotrypsin, or amylase activities in the small intestine or the pancreas. The addition of 250 ppm Cu to the diet increased Cu (P .10). The results from this study indicate that 250 ppm Cu stimulated intestinal lipase and phospholipase A activities, leading to an improvement of dietary fat digestibility in weanling pigs.
Production, growth and business cycles: II. New directions

Abstract This paper outlines new directions for investigations of real business cycle models: consideration of stochastic growth of exogenous and endogenous forms, analysis of suboptimal outcomes arising due to externalities of distorting taxes, and implications of labor market heterogeneity.
The Thermodynamics of Real Systems

The second law of thermodynamics provides the general criterion for spontaneous processes: the entropy of the universe cannot decrease. This general criterion can be used to derive criteria for spontaneous processes in terms of system properties under specific circumstances. General equations for the differentials of various thermodynamic functions can be written from the first and second laws. Thermodynamic equations for practical applications can be obtained from these general equations. The Gibbs and Helmholtz energies provide information about the maximum amount of work that can be done by a system in a given process. The methods of calculus can provide useful thermodynamic relations, such as the Maxwell relations. The chemical potential is an important variable in describing multicomponent systems. Euler's theorem and the Gibbs-Duhem relation are useful in making calculations. Euler's theorem is a mathematical theorem that applies to homogeneous functions. In a two-component mixture, the Gibbs-Duhem relation specifies how much the chemical potential of one component must decrease if the chemical potential of the other component increases at constant temperature and pressure.
The Effect of Membrane Lipid Composition on the Formation of Lipid Ultrananodomains

Some lipid mixtures form membranes containing submicroscopic (nanodomain) ordered lipid domains (rafts). Some of these nanodomains are so small (radius <5 nm) that they cannot be readily detected with Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-labeled lipid pairs with large Ro. We define such domains as ultrananodomains. We studied the effect of lipid structure/composition on the formation of ultrananodomains in lipid vesicles using a dual-FRET-pair approach in which only one FRET pair had Ro values that were sufficiently small to detect the ultrananodomains. Using this approach, we measured the temperature dependence of domain and ultrananodomain formation for vesicles composed of various mixtures containing a high-Tm lipid (brain sphingomyelin (SM)) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)), low-Tm lipid (dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) or 1-palmitoyl 2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC)), and a lower (28 mol %) or higher (38 mol %) cholesterol concentration. For every lipid combination tested, the thermal stabilities of the ordered domains were similar, in agreement with our prior studies. However, the range of temperatures over which ultrananodomains formed was highly lipid-type dependent. Overall, vesicles that were closest to mammalian plasma membrane in lipid composition (i.e., with brain SM, POPC, and/or higher cholesterol) formed ultrananodomains in preference to larger domains over the widest temperature range. Relative to DPPC, the favorable effect of SM on ultrananodomain formation versus larger domains was especially large. In addition, the favorable effect of a high cholesterol concentration, and of POPC versus DOPC, on the formation of ultrananodomains versus larger domains was greater in vesicles containing SM than in those containing DPPC. We speculate that it is likely that natural mammalian lipids are tuned to maximize the tendency to form ultrananodomains relative to larger domains. The observation that domain size is more sensitive than domain formation to membrane composition has implications for how membrane domain properties may be regulated in vivo.
H/sup /spl infin// sensitivity and mixed-sensitivity optimization for stable multivariable infinite-dimensional systems

This paper considers the problem of designing near-optimal finite-dimensional compensators for stable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) infinite-dimensional plants. Two measures of optimality are used. First, we consider a weighted H/sup /spl infin// mixed-sensitivity measure which penalizes the control. Then we consider a standard weighted sensitivity measure. Controllers are generated by solving a finite-dimensional optimization. A priori computable conditions are given on the approximants such that the resulting finite-dimensional controllers stabilize the infinite-dimensional plant and are near-optimal in the case of the mixed-sensitivity measure. Moreover, it is shown how the optimal performance may be estimated to any desired degree of accuracy by solving a finite-dimensional problem base on a suitable finite-dimensional approximant. For the sensitivity measure, convergence is proved but a priori conditions on the approximants are not presented in this paper.
Hard-limit induced chaos in a single-machine-infinite-bus power system

The paper reports the prevalence of chaos in a simple power system model represented in a single-machine-infinite-bus formulation. The generator dynamics is modelled by a standard fourth order differential equation which includes minimal representations of the angle dynamics (swing equations) and the voltage dynamics (flux decay equation) together with a voltage control device (excitation control). Detailed numerical simulations are used to show that stable limit cycles induced by the excitation hard-limits exist in the system over a wide range of parameter values. Moreover, these hard-limit induced stable limit cycles undergo interesting global bifurcations including period-doubling cascades which lead to sustained chaotic behavior. The dynamics of the fourth order model studied in the paper appears to be extremely rich as evidenced by the presence of strange attractors and chaos over diverse sets of parameter values.
Congenital adenohypophyseal hypoplasia associated with secondary hypothyroidism in a 2-week-old Portuguese water dog

This report describes the histomorphological changes of central hypothyroidism (pituitary dependent) in several target organs of thyroid hormones of a Portuguese water dog, and contrasts those with the reported features of central hypothyroidism in German shepherd dogs, in which central hypothyroidism is a part of a combined pituitary hormonal deficiency.
Purification of murine thymocyte-stimulating factor from supernatants of mixed lymphocyte cultures.

Abstract Thymocyte-stimulating factor (TSF) has been purified 360-fold with a yield of about 18% by the sequential use of gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ultrafiltration, hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl Sepharose and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose. Most of the TSF activity was eluted from Con A-Sepharose columns with α-methyl- d -mannoside, thus suggesting the presence of glucose and/or mannose residues. At the same time, however, the eluted material showed a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the number of these carbohydrate residues. Column electrofocusing of the purest preparations showed two peaks of TSF activity with p I 's of 4.7 and 5.1. Proteins were found to electrofocus at these p I 's, while no detectable amounts of proteins were found at other p I 's.
Correlation of cold pressor and flow-mediated brachial artery diameter responses with the presence of coronary artery disease

Flow-mediated brachial and coronary artery vasoactivity are abnormal in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiac risk factors. Cold pressor coronary artery vasoactivity is abnormal in patients with CAD, but brachial artery responses have not been studied. This study assesses whether cold pressor and flow-mediated brachial artery vasoactivity correlate independently with the presence of CAD. We studied 50 men (27 who were clinically normal, 23 with angiographically proven CAD) aged 23 to 59 years. With use of 7.5 MHz ultrasound, we measured brachial artery diameter and Doppler flow velocity at baseline, during contralateral ice water hand immersion (cold pressor), after 5 minutes of ipsilateral blood pressure cuff occlusion (flow-mediated), and after nitroglycerin administration. During cold pressor stimulation, mean brachial artery diameter increased 0.36 +/- 2.93% in normal subjects but decreased 2.38 +/- 3.32% in the CAD subjects (p = 0.006). Mean flow-mediated diameter increased 9.11 +/- 6.01% and 6.58 +/- 7.50% in normal and CAD subjects, respectively (p = NS). Responses to sublingual nitroglycerin were the same in the 2 groups. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that cold pressor vasoactivity was found to correlate with smoking status (p = 0.0002) and the presence of CAD (p = 0.04). In the 32 nonsmokers undergoing assessment, only the presence of CAD correlated with cold pressor vasoactivity (p = 0.02). The associations of brachial artery vasoactivity with cardiac risk factors and CAD appear to be stimulus-dependent. Cold pressor vasoactivity correlates more closely with the presence of CAD than does flow-mediated vasoactivity.
Keratan sulfate fractions from bovine and human tissues

Abstract Keretan sulfate fractions having various sulfate contents have been obtained from different tissue sources. Highly sulfated fractions of keratin sulfate have been obtained from embryonic and adult bovine intervertebral tissues, as well as from adult human intervertebral tissues. Under-sulfated keratan sulfate fractions were isolated only from bovine corneal stroma and from bovine nasal-septum cartilage. All tissues produced fractions showing relatively wide variations of sulfate content. Increase in keratan sulfate content of bovine intervertebral tissues was noted during embryonic development, although this concentration was one-half or less that of adult bovine tissues. Acid mucopolysaccharide content of embryos in the last trimester corresponded to those found in adult bovine intervertebral tissues.
Units and Levels of Analysis: A Problem Policy Analysis in Federal Systems

Federalism presents perplexing problems for the selection of units and levels of analysis in policy research. The American federal arrangements in particular were conceptualized and designed to create primary regulating mechanisms through interorganizational relations among planes of government, and among branches within and among those planes.' Overlapping jurisdictions and multiple decision centers established concurrent powers among semiautonomous officials for any given policy area. Interorganizational arrangements were designed to regulate the formulation, execution, and alteration of public policies in the context of bounded rivalries, competition, conflict, and cooperation. Let me summarize how these characteristics of federalism affect the selection of units and levels of analysis in policy research. A major objective of policy analysis is to develop recommendations about how rules and institutions can be reformed to
Physicochemical properties and pharmacodynamics of desflurane

Desflurane is a new volatile, inhaled anaesthetic that differs significantly from presently available inhaled agents in being halogenated solely with fluorine. This fluorination produces a lower solubility and increased resistance to biodegradation. The lower solubility provides a more precise control over, and a more rapid awakening from, anaesthesia. The resistance to biodegradation suggests that toxicity from desflurane may be minimal or non-existent. Limitations include a lesser potency and greater pungency at concentrations exceeding 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Other pharmacological properties are similar to those of isoflurane.
Ultrasound Stimulates Ethanol Production during the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Mixed Waste Office Paper

The commercial production of ethanol from cellulose by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is prevented in part by the high cost of fungal cellulase enzymes. Intermittent exposure of SSF processes to ultrasonic energy under selected conditions (5 FPU of cellulase/g of substrate; 15 min of exposure/240 min cycle during the latter half of SSF) was found to increase ethanol production from mixed waste office paper by approximately 20%, producing 36.6 g/L ethanol after 96 h (70% of the maximum theoretical yield). Without ultrasound, 10 FPU of cellulase/g of substrate was required to achieve similar results. Continuous exposure of the organism to ultrasonic energy was bacteriostatic and decreased ethanol production but may be useful for the controlling bacterial growth in other processes.
Instant form dynamics of one particle exchange models.

A general procedure for constructing instant form, one particle exchange models for two particle systems is developed. The procedure entails the construction of a mass operator which when used in conjunction with a free spin operator and a free Newton-Wigner position operator leads to an exactly Poincar\'e invariant model. The method is applied to a simple model for s-wave pion-nucleon scattering. This model is derived from a quantum field theory which describes the interaction between pions, nucleons, and sigma mesons through the virtual processes N?N+\ensuremath{\pi}, \ensuremath{\pi}?\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\sigma}, and N?N+\ensuremath{\sigma}. The instant form version of this exchange model is compared with a front form version that was constructed previously. With the procedures used to ensure Poincar\'e invariance, the instant form two-particle potentials are of the same form as the front form potentials; however, the pion-nucleon propagators that appear in the two-particle Lippmann-Schwinger equations are not the same. The instant form and front form models are fit to the same s-wave pion-nucleon phase shifts, and the resulting parameters are compared.
Client Perceptions of and Preferences for University-Based Career Services

Abstract One hundred thirty-three students who were actively seeking career services reported on their perceptions of the similarity among, and their preferences for, 17 different types of career assistance by way of a paired comparison task. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and multidimensional preference modeling procedures were used to map these data into spatial representations. Ethnicity, international/domestic student status, tendency to foreclose (TTFS; Blustein, Ellis, & Devenis, 1989), and previous experience with an interest inventory each accounted for differences in perceptions. All participants preferred career assistance involving direct interaction with employed individuals, but class level, occupational status, previous participation in a career development class, and previous experience with career counseling accounted for differences in preferences.
X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa. IV. Irreparable mutants of genotype ad-3A and ad-3B result from multilocus deletion and an unexpectedly high frequency of multiple-locus mutations.

Abstract More extensive complementation tests than those performed initially (Webber and de Serres, 1965) on a series of 832 X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the adenine-3 ( ad-3 ) region of a two-component heterokaryon (H-12) of Neurospora crassa (de Serres, 1989a) showed that unexpectedly high frequencies of specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region have additional, but separate , sites of recessive lethal ( RL CL ) damage in the immediately adjacent genetic regions. The frequencies of these X-ray-induced multiple-locus mutants in the ad-3 region are orders of magnitude higher than that expected on the basis of target theory and classical models of chromosome structure during interphase (de Serres, 1989a). Genetic fine structure analyses, by means of homology tests with tester strains carrying genetic markers in the ad-3 and immediately adjacent regions, have been performed to map the presumed multiple-locus mutations. In a previous paper (de Serres, 1989c), X-ray-induced irreparable ad-3 mutants of the following genotypes and numbers ( ad -3 A [29] or ad -3 B [63]) were analyzed, and the high frequency of multiple-locus mutations was confirmed. In the present paper, X-ray-induced irreparable ad-3 mutants of the following genotypes and numbers ( ad -3 A ad -3 B [90], ad -3 A ad -3 B nic -2 [10]) and ad -3 B nic -2 [4]) have also been subjected to the same genetic fine structure analysis. These experiments, in the previous (de Serres, 1989c) and present papers, were designed to determine the extent of the functional inactivation in the ad-3 and immediately adjacent genetic regions in individaul mutants classified as presumptive multilocus deletions or multiple-locus mutations. The data in the present paper have shown that in Neurospora crassa most X-ray-induced irreparable mutants of genotype ad -3 A ad -3 B , ad -3 A ad -3 B nic -2, and ad -3 B nic -2 map as a series of overlapping multilocus deletions. Among the mutants of genotype ad -3 A ad -3 B , there were 34 different subgroups of complementation patterns; among those of genotype ad -3 A ad -3 B nic -2, there were 5 different subgroups; and among those of genotype ad -3 B nic -2, there were 4 different subgroups. In addition, genetic fine structure analysis has shown that some of the mutants classified, initially, as multilocus deletions ( ad -3 IR ), are actually multiple-locus mutations: multilocus deletions with closely linked, and separate , sites of recessive lethal damage with a wide variety of genotypes. Combining data from the present experiments with previously published data (de Serres, 1989a,c), the frequency of multiple-locus mutations among X-ray-induced gene/point mutations and multilocus deletions in the ad-3 region is 6.2% ( 51 828 ).
Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys

It is well established that the timing of childbearing is transmitted from parents to children in the United States. However, little is known about how the intergenerational link has changed over time and under structural and ideological transformations associated with fertility behaviors. This study first considers changes across two birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in the extent to which parents’ age at first birth is transmitted to their children. The first cohort includes individuals born during the late 1950s through the early 1960s (NLSY79), while the second includes individuals born in the early 1980s (NLSY97). Results from discrete-time event history analyses indicate that the intergenerational transmission of age at first birth significantly increased for both daughters and sons. These results were confirmed by analyses of data from three cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth spanning the same time period. Over this period, age at first childbirth became increasingly younger for children born to teenage mothers and increasingly older for those born to mothers who began parenthood after age 25. These patterns have important implications for the reproductive polarization hypothesis.
Bias and the Bar: Evaluating the ABA Ratings of Federal Judicial Nominees

In this paper, we (1) investigate what factors explain the ABA ratings of judicial nominees to the United States Courts of Appeals from 1985-2008 and (2) probe whether prospective Republican and/or conservative judges are systematically disadvantaged. We find both that, all else being equal, Democatic/ liberal nominees are more likely to receive the ABA's highest rating of "Well Qualified" than their Republican counterparts, but also that the ABA relies on more traditional measures of professional qualifications, such as prior experience as a judge or Circuit Court clerk, when rating nominees to the federal appellate courts. Our results lead us to conclude that the ABA should take affirmative steps to ensure liberal candidates are not being unconsciously favored and rated. In particular, our findings suggest that there is some systematic component of the evaluation process, possibly the use of the "judicial temperament" criterion, which lends itself to lower ratings of more conservative nominees. In evaluating judicial temperament, the ABA properly seeks to ensure that potential federal judges will approach each case with an open mind and a sense of fairness toward all parties, but our findings indicate that the Standing Committee should also guard against rating nominees based on their particular positions towards policies and legal doctrines which implicate issues of fairness and equal justice. Therefore, the Standing Committee should strive to ensure that its evaluations reflect a careful balance of both objective and subjective criteria, and that the different types of criterion are given appropriate weight.
Factors Associated With Perceptions of Hookah Addictiveness and Harmfulness Among Young Adults

Hookah smoking is a form of tobacco use that is growing in popularity in the United States (1). College-aged students, who are known to experiment with multiple forms of tobacco, are particularly v...
Th doping effect of the (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2(Ca1−xThx)Cu2Oy (1212) phase

Abstract The series of high Tc superconductors (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2(Ca1−xThx)Cu2Oy (x = 0.0 – 0.3), with highest Tc ∼ 88K for (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2(Ca0.9Th0.1)Cu2Oy, were prepared by two steps solid state reaction. XRD and high-resolution transmission electron microscope imaging study indicated that it crystallized in the TlSr2CaCu2Oy-type tetragonal structure with unit cell lattice parameters a = 3.810(1) r and c = 12.105(5) r . EDS analyses on single grains of x = 0.1 sample showed the incorporation of Th into the sample. Both resistivity and magnetization measurements revealed that the Tc was 10K higher than that of (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CaCu2Oy. This enhanced Tc might be due to the decrease of the hole concentration of the compound.
THE REVERSE SELECTIVE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF ACID FUCHSIN

1. Acid fuchsin possesses a bactericidal power, selective as between Gram-negative and Gram-positive spore-bearing aerobic organisms. The selective feature is the reverse of that of gentian violet. 2. This reverse selective activity is also possessed by simpler sulfonated substances and would appear to be dependent in some way on the presence of SO3 radicals. 3. Selective penetration, if at all concerned in the behavior of gentian violet and acid fuchsin toward bacteria, must play a very minor role. 4. In the case of gentian violet the power to kill organisms and the power to prevent their growth run, so far as the selective feature is concerned, parallel. In the case of acid fuchsin, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal selective features do not run parallel. 5. Bacillus pyocyaneus , an organism resistant to gentian violet, is quite susceptible to acid fuchsin. This organism is the cause of annoying and persistent infections in wounds. The observations on the effect of the sulfonated substances may give a lead as to the control of these infections.
Regulatory Issues of Propensity Score Methodology Application to Drug and Device Safety Studies

While randomized, well-controlled, clinical trials have been viewed as the gold standard in the evaluation of medical products, including drugs, biological products, and medical devices, it is not uncommon for safety assessment to be performed using observational studies, for ethical or practical reasons. In observational studies, various biases could be introduced in every stage and aspect of study, and consequently the resulting statistical inference may carry a lower level of scientific assurance, compared to randomized trials. To ensure the objectivity of study design and interpretability of the results, it is critical to address the challenges of such studies. In this paper, we share regulatory considerations on the prospective design of observational studies to address safety issues using propensity score methodology.
Load balancing and ordered selections in a computer system with multiple contention buses

Abstract In this paper, we study an efficient scheme for disseminating status information in a distributed computer system connected by multiple contention buses. Such a scheme is critical in resource sharing and load balancing applications. The collection of status information in these systems usually incurs a large overhead, which may impede regular message traffic and degrade system performance. Moreover, the status information collected may be outdated due to network delays. We describe our scheme with respect to the load balancing problem, although the scheme developed applies to resource sharing applications in general. We first reduce the decision problem for job migration in a system with multiple contention buses to the ordered-selection problem. A heuristic multiwindow protocol that utilizes the collision-detection capability of these buses is proposed and analyzed. The proposed protocol does not require explicit message transfers and can identify the t smallest variates out of N distributed random variates in an average of approximately (0.8 log 2 t + 0.2 log 2 N + 1.2) contention steps.
System for the measurement of the effects of ultrasound on membrane electrical and mechanical properties of the myocardium

A system has been developed to measure the effects of ultrasound on membrane electrical properties and muscle contractile parameters. A specially designed muscle bath was constructed. Measurement instrumentation for glass microelectrodes and an isometric force transducer were interfaced to a Gould transient recorder and a PDP 11/03 computer. Electrical and contractile measurements on electrically stimulated muscle were made simultaneously with resolution sufficient to observe changes in the rate of rise of the action potential. At present the system is used to study the effects of ultrasound on rat left ventricular papillary muscle.
Prolactin administration stimulates rat hepatic DNA synthesis.

Prolactin is an important growth modulatory hormone in fetal and adult tissues. Its administration stimulates enzymatic markers of the G 1 phase of cell cycle in rat liver and other tissues. To determine the effects of prolactin administration on hepatic DNA synthesis (S phase), rats received prolactin at 12 hour intervals for 48 hours and DNA synthesis was assessed by [ 3 h]-thymidine incorporation. Prolactin administration stimulated DNA synthesis 2-4 fold above controls in the livers of adult and weanling animals. Increased incorporation of radiolabel was associated with the nucleus of hepatoparenchymal cells. These data support the hypothesis that prolactin may be a physiological regulator of hepatic DNA synthesis. Further, since stress stimulates prolactin secretion, we suggest that prolactin may participate in the hepatic compensatory hyperplasia elicited by the stress associated with partial hepatectomy.
Transient modeling for overlap-add sinusoidal model of speech

Speech sinusoidal modeling has been successfully applied to a broad range of speech analysis, synthesis and modification tasks. At most, it reproduces a high quality speech, however for speech transients (e.g. plosives, glottal stops) it suffers from reduced fidelity due to lack of intra-frame modeling of irregularities. Various extensions had been proposed for the stationary sinusoidal model to cope with this problem. One of simple and well-known in the art approaches is incorporating of an intra-frame magnitude envelope into the sinusoidal model. It used to be done by iterative analysis-by-synthesis procedure. In this paper we derive an optimal analytic solution for this problem. We will show that this solution yields significantly better model fit than the known-in-the-art analysis-by-synthesis approach.
Traffic characterization for broadband networks

Traffic characterization is a difficult but critically important aspect in design, control and per formance analysis of broadband integrated networks. Selection of the traffic modeling approach should depend not only on the type and characteristics of sources, but also on the network architec ture (e.g., switching and multiplexing schemes), the level of the model (e.g., call-level, burst-level, or cell-level), quality of service (e.g., call blocking, cell loss, message delay). One must also take into consideration whether the network service to be modeled is loss-based or delay-based. In this presentation we shall review recent advances in modeling and characterization methods for multi-media traffic that is carried by high-speed networks such as ATM B-ISDN and AONs (All Optical Network). We first discuss probabilistic models of bursty traffic source(s): (1) the MMRP (Markov modulated rate process) model, which includes the well studied "on-off " source model; (2) the MMPP (Markov modulated Poisson process) model, which is designed to capture serial dependency in a superposed process of multiple sources; (3) diffusion process approximation models, which allow us to treat general sources without invoking computational complexity problems. We also review (4) the TES model, a novel method developed by Melamed et al. to synthesize traffic with a few parameters that can be used to drive a simulator. Finally we will discuss some outstanding problems in the area of traffic characterization that await further theoretical and empirical investigations.
Altered susceptibility to EAE in congenic NOD mice: Altered processing of the encephalitogenic MOG35-55 peptide by NOR/LtJ mice.

Abstract NOD mice (H-2g7) naturally develop autoimmune diabetes, while the congenic NOR/LtJ mice (H-2g7) are resistant. To determine if defective immune regulation renders NOD susceptible to autoimmune disease, we compared MOG35–55-induced EAE in NOD mice to that of NOR/LtJ. In two of three immunization protocols, the NOR/LtJ mice developed significantly reduced indices and severity of clinical disease, in spite of an exaggerated autoimmune response to MOG35–55. Characterization of the responding T cell repertoires revealed that V beta 8+ Th cells directed toward the MOG42–55 core epitope were dominant in both strains. Interestingly, CD8+ CTL were absent or significantly reduced in MOG35–55 lymphoblasts from NOR/LtJ mice, which poorly processed the MOG39–47 CTL epitope from MOG35–55. Thus, while particular MHC class II alleles may be associated with increased risk, molecules involved in the processing of key epitopes may be influential in the progression of autoimmune disease.
Family support and cardiovascular responses in married couples during conflict and other interactions.

This study examined the relation between perceived support from family and cardiovascular (CV) responses to interaction in 45 married couples, 24 to 50 years old. Gender-specific median splits on Family Support scores from the Brief Social Support Questionnaire defined high versus low support groups. CV responses were obtained from both spouses during baseline and 3 stressors: reading control, conversing about events of the day, and conflict discussion. Men with low support had higher systolic (SBP) and diastolic pressure (DBP) than men with high support or either group of women at baseline and during all task periods (p < .004 and .05). Women with high support did not differ in blood pressure (BP) from women with low support. Men and women with low support had higher vascular resistance indexes (VRI) than those with high support, during all periods (p < .0015), and reported lower dyadic satisfaction and total dyadic adjustment. Because a disproportionate number of non-While participants reported low family support, secondary analyses that included race as a covariate were conducted. Covarying for race did not produce substantial results for any of the measures (SBP,p < .05; DBP,p < .058; VRI, p < .021). Post-hoc analyses were also conducted, in which the marital dyad was considered the unit of analysis. For these analyses, in which both spouses’ perceptions of family support as high or low were considered together, the wife’s perceived support did not influence the husband’s BP, whereas his perceived support did influence his BP (ps < .03). For VRI in both men and women, the spouses’ support level, as well as the participant’s own support level, affected responses (ps < .02). Thus, high family support is associated with both marital and CV benefits for both husbands and wives, although husbands may benefit more.