cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic evidence from site-directed mutants of Synechocystis PCC6803 in favor of a close interaction between histidine 189 and redox-active tyrosine 160, both of polypeptide D2 of the photosystem II reaction center

The reaction center of photosystem II of oxygenic photosynthesis contains two redox-active tyrosines called Z and D, each of which can act as an electron donor to the oxidized primary electron donor, P680+. These tyrosines are located in homologous positions on the third transmembrane alpha-helix of each of the two homologous polypeptides, D1 and D2, that comprise the reaction center. Tyrosine D of polypeptide D2 has been proposed, upon oxidation, to give up its phenolic proton to a nearby basic amino acid residue, forming a neutral radical. Modeling studies have pointed to His190 (spinach numbering) as a likely candidate for this basic residue. As a test of this hypothesis, we have constructed three site-directed mutations in the D2 polypeptide of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. His189 (the Synechocystis homologue of His190 of spinach) has been replaced by glutamine, aspartate, or leucine. Instead of the normal D. EPR signal (g = 2.0046; line width 16-19 G), PSII core complexes isolated from these three mutants show an altered dark-stable EPR signal with a narrowed line width (11-13 G), and g values of 2.0046, 2.0043, and 2.0042 for the His189Gln, His189Asp, and His189Leu mutants, respectively. Despite the reduced line width, these EPR signals show g values and microwave-power saturation properties similar to the normal D. signal. Furthermore, specific deuteration in one of those mutants at the 3 and 5 positions of the phenol ring of the photosystem II reaction center tyrosines results in a loss of hyperfine structure of the EPR signal, proving that the signal indeed arises from tyrosine.2+ This observation provides support for a model in which an imidazole nitrogen of His189 accepts the phenolic proton of Tyr160 upon oxidation of D, forming a back hydrogen bond to the phenolic oxygen of the neutral tyrosyl radical.
Double resonance laser-induced fluorescence of Cadmium and Zinc in the inductively coupled plasma and electrothermal atomizer

Abstract Double resonance laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrometry studies of Zn and Cd have been performed in the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and electrothermal atomizer (ETA). Stepwise excitation of Zn is accomplished at 213.856 nm and 636.235 nm with fluorescence emissions observed near 334.5 nm. Excitation of Cd is accomplished at 228.802 nm and 643.847 nm with fluorescence emissions observed near 361.1 nm and 347.6 nm. Calibration studies demonstrate that the double resonance LIF approaches provide high sensitivity and linearity over several orders of magnitude in both atomizers. Limits of detection for Zn and Cd in the ICP are 1.7 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively. Excellent sensitivity is observed in the ETA resulting in limits of detection of 70 pg/ml (700 fg absolute mass) and 4 pg/ml (40 fg absolute mass) for Zn and Cd, respectively. The Zn content of a bovine serum standard reference material (NIST SRM #1598) has been determined by ETA-LIF and found to be 940±60 ng/g, which is in very good agreement with the certified value of 890±60 ng/g. Low-level ETA-LIF measurements of Zn in these studies are strongly limited by the high background level observed for this element.
Comparison of a recursive T-matrix method and the FDTD method for scattering problems in lossy dispersive soil

A comparison between two forward solving methods, recursive T- matrix and FDTD, is presented. The strengths and weaknesses of both methods are discussed. The recursive T-matrix method is a fast solver that is well suited to solutions in homogeneous media where the scatterers are bodies of rotation. The FDTD method is best suited to complicated and realistic problems involving inhomogeneities, rough surface interfaces and irregular shaped scatterers. Numeric results from both methods are presented.
Foundations for Multilingualism in Education: From Principles to Practice, by Esther J. de Jong

In Foundations for Multilingualism in Education: From Principles to Practice, Dr. Esther J. de Jong seeks to provide educators and administrators with vocabulary, background knowledge, and principl...
Quantitative prediction of twinning stress in fcc alloys: Application to Cu-Al

Twinning is one of most prevalent deformation mechanisms in materials. Having established a quantitative theory to predict onset twinning stress ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\text{crit}}$ in fcc elemental metals from their generalized planar-fault-energy (GPFE) surface, we exemplify its use in alloys where the Suzuki effect (i.e., solute energetically favors residing at and near planar faults) is operative; specifically, we apply it in $\text{Cu-}x\text{Al}$ ($x$ is 0, 5, and $8.3\text{ }\text{at}\text{.}\text{ }%$) in comparison with experimental data. We compute the GPFE via density-functional theory, and we predict the solute dependence of the GPFE and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\text{crit}}$, in agreement with measured values. We show that ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\text{crit}}$ correlates monotonically with the unstable twin fault energies (the barriers to twin nucleation) rather than the stable intrinsic stacking-fault energies typically suggested. We correlate the twinning behavior and electronic structure with changes in solute content and proximity to the fault planes through charge-density redistribution at the fault and changes to the layer- and site-resolved density of states, where increased bonding charge correlates with decrease in fault energies and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\text{crit}}$.
Sustainability: A practitioner's reflection

Abstract This article presents a practitioner's reflections on sustainability. What is most striking about sustainability and sustainable development is the speed with which these concepts have been seized upon and have changed the intellectual environment. The explanation for this lies in the history of the environmental movement between the time it came of age in 1970 and when sustainability emerged, in the late eighties and early nineties. This was a period of clash between environmental and economic interests that ended in a stalemate, with the environmentalists establishing that the environmental crisis was real, but environmental opponents blocking action that would have addressed it at the cost of sacrificing economic growth and the elimination of poverty. Sustainability offered a way around that stalemate and opened up a new era of innovative discussion by providing a formula that legitimized for each side the other's fundamental interest, conceding the need to both meet human needs while not sacrificing the environmental resources future generations will need. This transformation of the environmental dialogue is a positive and important event that will hopefully produce a new period of environmental productivity much like the seventies even though, if the logic of sustainability is applied to problems like the loss of biodiversity, the use of petroleum resources and global warming, sustainability seems to be an impossible goal. In truth, sustainability is likely to be much more immediately productive in areas of pollution management and resource consumption than in areas like biodiversity where species and resources are irrevocably lost. But until the potential of the concept is exhausted, it offers the best path forward for both environmental and economic interests.
The Application of Transistors to Computers

In recent years, the transistor has replaced the vacuum tube for most switching applications. This change has been brought about by the near-ideal switching characteristics of transistors, their low power requirements and long life. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with the basic principles of several circuit philosophies presently in use. Some advantages and disadvantages of these philosophies are given.
MORPHOGENESIS IN CELL COLONIES GROWN FROM CONVOLVULUS CELL SUSPENSIONS PLATED ON SYNTHETIC MEDIA

A B S T R A C T Filtered cell suspensions of cultured callus tissue derived from the roots of Convolvulus arvensis L. were plated out on synthetic agar nutrient media in petri plates. Cell colonies which formed from the single cells or small cell groups in the suspension showed a considerable range of developmental patterns depending upon the physical and chemical environment to which they were exposed. Variation of the auxin and kinin concentrations and the nature and concentration of the source of reduced N compounds had the most profound effects on colony development. High auxin favored cell enlargement, high kinin favored the development of compact colonies composed of many small cells. Both auxin and kinin were required for cell colony formation. Cell differentiation responses which were observed but not subject to experimental control included formation of starch- and crystal-storing cells, differentiation of tracheary elements, formation of cellular filaments, and development of chlorophyllous tissue. Organ initiation was studied in cell colonies developed directly from plated cell suspensions and in cell colonies subcultured on various nutrient media. Bud initiation was produced repeatedly on media containing NAA at 10-8 to 10-6 M combined with kinetin at 10-6 M. Root initiation was induced infrequently and unpredictably. Once roots had been formed from cell colonies derived from cell suspensions, the roots could be subcultured and induced to form buds; these in turn grew into whole plants. Subculture of young cell colonies to media containing different combinations of growth substances made possible a study of the effects of auxin and kinin on organization of primordia by the cell colonies. By following marked single cells plated on synthetic media, it was possible to produce single-cell clones which under proper nutrient conditions were induced to form buds. The value of the combined techniques of cell suspension culture and cell plating for the study of the physical and chemical factors influencing cell differentiation and organized development are pointed out.
Writing science and objectification: Selecting, organizing, and decontextualing knowledge

Abstract This analysis focuses on two writing activities required by a middle school science curriculum unit to demonstrate how particular forms of writing guide students to frame their knowledge in important ways. Following the completion of charts and ‘Think and Write’ questions related to a single scientific phenomenon, I trace how students identify the phenomenon first as a little red, then call it rust, and later adopt the scientific term iron oxide and formula, Fe2O3, in writing. While these written forms appear to be objective, this analysis takes a situated approach to interaction and shows how students are socialized to these more sophisticated written forms through practices such as selecting, organizing, renaming, and repackaging experiences from laboratory activities and discussion. This interactive perspective illustrates the very social nature of writing, as well as the importance of social interaction in helping students come to identify and appropriate valued forms of scientific language.
A simple and specific radioenzymatic assay for measurement of urinary normetanephrine.

Abstract A new, simple and, specific assay for measurement of urinary normetanephrine (NMN) has been developed. The assay is based on the conversion of NMN to its N-methylated, tritiated derivative, metanephrine ([3H]MN), utilizing phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase and 3H-labeled S-adenosylmethionine. The [3H]MN formed is selectively isolated by the thin-layer chromatographic step and measured by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. Ten microliters of a random urine from a normal subject gives at least three times the counts per minute of the blank. The assay is rapid and results can be obtained in less than 3 hr. Many drugs, including the antihypertensives, did not interfere with the assay.
Some comparison results of system availability

System availability is a measure which is used to evaluate the performance of a system which can be in one of the two states: operational or nonoperational. It indicates the proportion of the time the system is available to perform its function. This paper discusses the concepts of stable point availability, stable interval availability, and long-run availability for the case of complete/minimal repair. Comparisons of these measures are made based on stochastic orderings and classifications of lifetime distributions. These comparisons are useful in determining policies for improving or maximizing the proportion of time the system is operational. The effect of using a burn-in procedure for maximizing these measures is also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 45: 205–218, 1998
Use of Time and Satisfaction with the Psychotherapeutic Relationship

Abstract The purpose of this inquiry is to determine how social position affects the quantity and quality of psychotherapeutic care received in outpatient mental health centers. It is posited that use of time in the therapeutic dyad is, in part, a manifestation of the therapist's desire to work with the patient and also a cause of the degree of satisfaction expressed by the patient with the psychotherapeutic relationship. Using data from a random sample of adult community mental health care recipients (N = 179), use of time is assessed by the client's report of waiting time and session length. The results indicate the importance of temporal factors for predicting satisfaction in the psychotherapeutic relationship. Although the sex and race of the respondent did not affect use of time or satisfaction with the psychotherapeutic relationship, socioeconomic status and age effects were observed. The broader implications of this study are that lower class clients express more positive attitudes toward medicine ...
Management of diabetes during acute stroke and inpatient stroke rehabilitation.

Abstract Golden SH, Hill-Briggs F, Williams K, Stolka K, Mayer RS. Management of diabetes during acute stroke and inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Objectives To summarize evidence on the impact of hyperglycemia on stroke outcomes and to present therapy algorithms for inpatient management in diabetic stroke patients. Data Sources Guidelines for inpatient management of diabetes were reviewed and extracted from a technical review and recommendations from 2 national diabetes and endocrine organizations. MEDLINE database searches were conducted using key words: stroke , diabetes , hyperglycemia , hypoglycemia , inpatient , hospitalized , treatment , outcomes , disability , self-management , and education . Study Selection Studies were selected that specifically addressed the impact of the following in stroke patients: hyperglycemia and diabetes on rehabilitation outcomes, management strategies for hyperglycemia and diabetes, and strategies for facilitating diabetes self-management. Data Extraction Two authors independently extracted data and management practices from selected articles and published practice guidelines. Data Synthesis Diabetes is prevalent in stroke patients and results in poorer inpatient hospital and rehabilitation outcomes. Management of diabetes in stroke patients is further complicated by impairments in mobility and vision, necessitating accommodation strategies and tools for self-management. Optimal management of hyperglycemia using insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents results in reduced morbidity and mortality among diabetic inpatients. Conclusions To achieve inpatient glycemic management targets, use of clinical management algorithms, self-management tools, and systems approaches such as diabetes management teams are useful.
IDA's a fine fossil, but she's not the missing link

The fact that the fossil retains features found in all early primates does not make it a close relative of monkeys, apes and us
Microstructural brain development after perinatal cerebral white matter injury assessed by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Brain injury in premature infants is characterized predominantly by perinatally acquired lesions in the cerebral white matter (WM). The impact of such injury on the subsequent development of cerebral WM is not clear. This study uses diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the effects of cerebral WM injury on subsequent microstructural brain development in different WM areas of the brain.
A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning

Acknowledgements Preface Introduction 1. Comprehension and production strategies in language learning 2. The role of memory and lexical learning 3. Psycholinguistic processes in language use and language learning 4. Models of language learning 5. A rationale for task-based instruction 6. Implementing task-based instruction 7. Processing perspectives on testing 8. Research into language aptitude 9. Issues in aptitude theory: exceptional learners and modularity 10. Learning style 11. Learners, learning, and pedagogy 12. Conclusions Bibliography Index
Restricted Morphological and Behavioral Abnormalities following Ablation of β-Actin in the Brain

The local translation of β-actin is one mechanism proposed to regulate spatially-restricted actin polymerization crucial for nearly all aspects of neuronal development and function. However, the physiological significance of localized β-actin translation in neurons has not yet been demonstrated in vivo. To investigate the role of β-actin in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), we characterized brain structure and function in a CNS-specific β-actin knock-out mouse (CNS-ActbKO). β-actin was rapidly ablated in the embryonic mouse brain, but total actin levels were maintained through upregulation of other actin isoforms during development. CNS-ActbKO mice exhibited partial perinatal lethality while survivors presented with surprisingly restricted histological abnormalities localized to the hippocampus and cerebellum. These tissue morphology defects correlated with profound hyperactivity as well as cognitive and maternal behavior impairments. Finally, we also identified localized defects in axonal crossing of the corpus callosum in CNS-ActbKO mice. These restricted defects occurred despite the fact that primary neurons lacking β-actin in culture were morphologically normal. Altogether, we identified novel roles for β-actin in promoting complex CNS tissue architecture while also demonstrating that distinct functions for the ubiquitously expressed β-actin are surprisingly restricted in vivo.
Surgical Volume and Center Effects on Early Mortality After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: 25-Year North American Experience From a Multi-institutional Registry

Mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery varies among centers. Previous research suggests that surgical volume is an important predictor of this variation. This report characterizes the relative contribution of patient factors, center surgical volume, and a volume-independent center effect on early postoperative mortality in a retrospective cohort study of North American centers in the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (up to 500 cases/center/year). From 1982 to 2007, 49 centers reported 109,475 operations, 85,023 of which were analyzed using hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analysis. Patient characteristics varied significantly among the centers. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for mortality decreased more than 10-fold during the study period (1982 vs. 2007: OR, 12.27, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 8.52–17.66; p < 0.0001). Surgical volume was associated inversely with odds of death (additional 100 cases/year: OR, 0.84; 95 % CI, 0.78–0.90; p < 0.0001). In the analysis of interactions, this effect was fairly consistent across age groups, risk categories (except the lowest), and time periods. However, a volume-independent center effect contributed substantially more to the risk model than did the volume. The Risk Adjusted Classification for Congenital Heart Surgery, version 1 (RACHS-1) risk category remains the strongest predictor of postoperative mortality through the 25-year study period. In conclusion, center-specific variation exists but is only partially explained by operative volume. Low-risk operations are safely performed at centers in all volume categories, whereas regionalization or other quality improvement strategies appear to be warranted for moderate- and high-risk operations. Potentially preventable mortality occurs at centers in all volume categories studied, so referral or regionalization strategies must target centers by observed outcomes rather than assume that volume predicts quality.
Are Hand-Grip and Knee Extension Strength Reflective of a Common Construct?:

Grip and knee extension strength have each been used to characterize muscle strength. Whether grip and knee extension strength reflect a common construct was investigated. Bilateral isometric grip and knee extension strength measures obtained by dynamometry were retrieved from the records of 34 adults who were at least 60 years of age (M = 80.2 yr., SD = 8.1) and had diverse non-focal diagnoses or problems. Relations between measurements were examined using Pearson correlations, Cronbach's alpha, and factor analysis. Pearson correlations (r = .55 to .89), Cronbach's alpha (.88), and factor analysis (loadings .85 to .91) all suggest that grip and knee extension strength reflect a common construct. Either grip or knee extension strength, therefore, may be adequate to characterize limb muscle strength in older adults who are receiving physical therapy for diverse non-focal diagnoses or problems. Nevertheless, the measurement of grip strength may be preferred because it is easier.
Dynamics of antimonate-precipitated calcium and degeneration in unpollinated pearl millet synergids after maturity.

Pearl millet synergids from unpollinated pistils at 1.5–2 and 2.5–3 days postmaturity (dpm) were examined using transmission electron microscopy following antimonate fixation to precipitate loosely-bound calcium (Ca). With increasing age of synergids, the gap above filiform apparatus (FA) and the coalesced vacuoles in midchalazal core extended and merged. The FAs became compressed and precipitates along their common wall were dispersed. The matrix material in numerous small chalazal vacuoles changed from dense to flocculent. Precipitates in vacuoles appeared mainly as clumps without or with a halo in the dense matrix and mostly finely distributed in the flocculent matrix. Eventually, vacuoles became free of both matrix and precipitates. Precipitates bound to nucleus, nucleolus, and micropylar cytoplasm increased initially, but then seemed to decrease, while the nucleus became disorganized and the nucleolus disappeared. Precipitates in the embryo sac wall and nucellar cells also increased initially, but then decreased. At very late stages, egg apparatus and ES lost structural integrity and lacked precipitates. Differences in degeneration and Ca levels of sister synergids were smaller at 1.5–2 dpm than at 2.5–3 dpm. A logical and correlative scheme of degenerative events and Ca distributional changes occurring in pearl millet synergids from maturity to 2.5–3 dpm is presented. The significance of results in pollen tube/sperm cell interactions with synergids and Ca is addressed.
Micro and Nanofluidic Transport Using Advanced Photonic Devices

A number of emerging "optofluidic[1]" technologies exploit the exploitation of the high optical intensities and field gradients present in nanophotonic and optoelectronic devices to accomplish tunable particle trapping and ultrafine propulsion. While well developed theory for exists for freespace optical transport techniques (e.g. optical tweezing), there exists a considerable lack of fundamental understanding of the coupling of the electromagnetic fields and fluid/transport dynamics within these nano-environment. In this work we will present our recent theoretical, experimental and numerical work geared towards developing a better understanding and exploitation of these systems.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Numerical simulation of quench propagation at early phase by high-order methods

Abstract In this paper a high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) spectral element method (SEM) is introduced to deal with thermo-hydraulic quench simulation in superconducting magnets, specifically in the case of cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC). We will focus on 1D quench propagation at early phase which is important to understand the mechanism of quench propagation and protect the superconducting magnets. A second-order polynomial interpolation to the helium heat capacity is introduced in this study, and boundary conditions are imposed along the characteristics to overcome the typical difficulties encountered in numerical studies. Explicit fourth order Runge–Kutta time integration is used to match the high accuracy in space. Numerical results demonstrate the advantages in accuracy of this method when used to simulate early quench development.
Zebrafish hox paralogue group 2 genes function redundantly as selector genes to pattern the second pharyngeal arch.

Abstract The pharyngeal arches are one of the defining features of the vertebrates, with the first arch forming the mandibles of the jaw and the second forming jaw support structures. The cartilaginous elements of each arch are formed from separate migratory neural crest cell streams, which derive from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. The second and more posterior crest streams are characterized by specific Hox gene expression. The zebrafish has a larger overall number of Hox genes than the tetrapod vertebrates, as the result of a duplication event in its lineage. However, in both zebrafish and mouse, there are just two members of Hox paralogue group 2 (PG2): Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 . Here, we show that morpholino-mediated “knock-down” of both zebrafish Hox PG2 genes results in major defects in second pharyngeal arch cartilages, involving replacement of ventral elements with a mirror-image duplication of first arch structures, and accompanying changes to pharyngeal musculature. In the mouse, null mutants of Hoxa2 have revealed that this single Hox gene is required for normal second arch patterning. By contrast, loss-of-function of either zebrafish Hox PG2 gene individually has no phenotypic consequence, showing that these two genes function redundantly to confer proper pattern to the second pharyngeal arch. We have also used hoxb1a mis-expression to induce localized ectopic expression of zebrafish Hox PG2 genes in the first arch; using this strategy, we find that ectopic expression of either Hox PG2 gene can confer second arch identity onto first arch structures, suggesting that the zebrafish Hox PG2 genes act as “selector genes.”
565: Predictors of carrier screening for Fragile X syndrome

individual diagnoses, the following test characteristics were considered: cases where MRI confirmed a correct diagnosis obtained by US, cases where MRI improved diagnostic accuracy by diagnosing anomalies that US did not, cases where MRI failed to confirm a diagnosis that was accurately obtained by US, and cases where MRI offered no benefit because neither MRI nor US accurately diagnosed the anomaly. RESULTS: 799 MRIs were performed, of which 406 subjects possessed documented neonatal or pathologic outcomes. MRI agreed with ultrasound in 68% of cases. Overall, MRI confirmed the neonatal diagnosis in 56.4% of cases, improved the diagnosis in 12.8% of cases, detracted from the diagnosis in 5.9% of cases, and had no benefit in 24.9% of cases. Among individual anomalies, there were no cases of diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, vein of Galen malformation, or Dandy Walker complex where MRI correctly changed the ultrasound diagnosis. Findings varied for all other diagnoses (Table). CONCLUSION: Fetal MRI generally agrees with US performed at a tertiary care center, which may limit its adjunct diagnostic benefit. For most diagnoses, MRI gains must be weighed against potential drawbacks prior to clinical use. Notably, this study does consider potential cost, prognostic, or surgical-planning benefits of fetal MRI.
Global Wars, Public Debts, and the Long Cycle

The explanation of the rise and fall of the world system's leading powers in terms of uneven economic development tends to overlook the role of the creation and management of public credit and national debts. Prior to 1815, the Netherlands and Great Britain owed a significant proportion of their respective victories over the larger and wealthier states of Spain and France to the development of competitive financial capabilities. Winning, however, leads to higher absolute debt burdens which, prior to 1945, encouraged postwar reductions in governmental expenditures. In this fashion, world leaders have contributed to the erosion of their preponderant capability positions before the emergence of international rivals. These ideas are elaborated within the context of George Modelski's long cycle of world leadership theory and through a brief review of war-related financial problems between 1500 and 1815 and the consequent development of national debts. The longitudinal analysis of British and American public debt data provides collaborating empirical support.
Detection of Radio Frequency Interference with the Aquarius Radiometer

A radio-frequency interference (RFI) detection algorithm has been developed for the Aquarius microwave radiometer. The algorithm compares individual brightness temperature samples with a local mean obtained from neighboring samples. If the sample under test significantly deviates from the local mean, then it is assumed to be corrupted by RFI. The algorithm has several adjustable parameters to optimize RFI detection. The performance of the algorithm has been characterized as a function of these parameters using a new form of RFI ldquoground truthrdquo that is based on the kurtosis of the amplitude distribution of the predetected voltages of a radiometer. Ground-based radiometric data obtained from the JPL-PALS campaign were used to assess the performance of the algorithm. False-alarm rates and the dependence of false alarms on worst case naturally occurring brightness temperature variations on orbit are determined as functions of the adjustable parameters of the algorithm.
Are saving and investment cointegrated?: Another look at the data

Abstract In his paper ‘Are saving and investment co-integrated’ (Economics Letters 27, pp. 31–34), Miller finds that U.S. saving and investment rates were cointegrated during the post-WWII fixed exchange-rate regime and not cointegrated during the flexible exchange-rate regime. Miller did not take into account the fact that both of these rates have non-zero means. Once this is taken into account, I find that his results no longer hold. I also find that the levels of saving and investment are not cointegrated during either the fixed or flexible exchange-rate regimes. These findings cast doubt on whether or not this technique can shed light on international capital mobility.
Professorial Stress as a Variable in Structuring Faculty Roles.

Using data from empirical studies which are available on the various dimensions of faculty stress, this article suggests implications for organiza- tional design in academe. Based upon his experiences in university ad- ministration, including consultant to the Vice-President for Administration, University of Wisconsin, the author interprets academic behavior in terms of two criteria, organizational effectiveness and academic freedom.
Mathematical theories of classical particle channeling in perfect crystals

Abstract We present an overview of our work on rigorous mathematical theories of channeling for highly energetic positive particles moving in classical perfect crystal potentials. Developed over the last two decades, these theories include: (i) a comprehensive, highly mathematical theory based on Nekhoroshev’s theorem which embraces both axial and planar channeling as well as certain non-channeling particle motions, (ii) a theory of axial channeling for relativistic particles based on a single-phase averaging method for ordinary differential equations and (iii) a theory of planar channeling for relativistic particles based on a two-phase averaging method for ordinary differential equations. Here we touch briefly on (i) and (ii), then focus on (iii). Together these theories place Lindhard’s continuum model approximations on a firm mathematical foundation, and should serve as the starting point for more refined mathematical treatments of channeling.
On Second Moment Properties of Median Filtered Sequences of Independent Data

In this paper we present the derivation of the bivariate distribution function for median filtered sequences of independent, arbitrary, second-order random variables. This result is then used to qualitatively analyze second moment properties of median filtered data. The results hint towards a low-pass characteristic of the median filters and a low dependency of the output spectrum on input alphabet size and distribution.
Micromachined cochlear-like acoustic sensor

The mammalian cochlea achieves remarkable acoustic transduction characteristics in a compact and robust design. For this reason, its mechanics have been extensively studied, both mathematically and experimentally. Recently, a number of researchers have attempted to mimic the cochlear function of the basilar membrane in micromachined mechanical devices. This paper presents a design for a silicon cochlea which extends previous work by utilizing a micromachined liquid-filled two duct structure similar to the duct structure of the biological cochlea. Design issues related to both mechanical structure and electrical transduction will be discussed, particularly with regard to optimization of transducer performance. A parallel beam array structure is proposed as a model for an orthotropic membrane. Fabrication procedures and results are also presented. Challenging Fabrication issues related to through-wafer etching, adhesive wafer bonding, device release, and fluid injection are emphasized.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
No Time to Waste: Restricting Life‐Span Temporal Horizons Decreases the Sunk‐Cost Fallacy

In three studies, we examined the influence of restricted and expansive temporal horizons on the sunk-cost fallacy. The sunk-cost fallacy occurs when prior investments instead of future returns influence decisions about future investments. When making decisions about future investments, rational decision makers base decisions on future consequences, not already-invested costs that are �sunk� and cannot be recovered. In Study 1, we restricted young adult college students' temporal horizons by instructing them to imagine that they did not have much longer to live; this manipulation decreased the sunk-cost fallacy. In Study 2, we replicated Study 1 and also found that the consequences of manipulating temporal horizons were most pronounced for prior investments of time and that prior investments of time and money had different implications for the sunk-cost fallacy, depending on the social or nonsocial decision domain. In Study 3, we manipulated temporal horizons by instructing students to imagine their time as a college student was coming to an end. Results were mostly similar to Study 2 but also suggested that focusing on one's mortality may have unique consequences. Implications of the three studies for understanding age differences in sunk-cost decisions, interventions to improve sunk-cost decisions, and the situations in which interventions might be most needed are discussed.
If We Get You, How Can We Keep You? Problems with Recruiting and Retaining Rural Administrators.

The focus on instructional leadership has reached a crescendo with the waivers for No Child Left Behind (2002). The leadership of the principal is known to be a key factor in supporting student achievement; however, recruitment and retention of administrators in rural areas of the Midwest is very difficult. This survey research study explored the recruitment and retention strategies, as well as factors influencing the loss or retention of quality administrators reported by Midwest superintendents. The themes that emerged as successful recruitment strategies included ‘growing your own’ as the number one method of recruiting and retaining rural school administrators, salaries/benefits depending on location, emphasizing positive working conditions and climate/culture, and providing quality professional development. Retention strategies that worked well for rural schools were an emphasis on a positive school culture and climate, investment in professional development, and use of technology for mentoring along with increased benefits.
Modulation of aromatase activity in human endometrial stromal cells by steroids, tamoxifen and RU 486.

The regulation of aromatase activity (AA) in human endometrial stromal cells by various steroids was studied in primay cell culture. Various progestins, but not androgens or glucocorticoids, stimulated AA. Medroxyprogesterone acetate MPA) was the most potent progestin. Estrogen (E) alone did not change the activity but it potentiated the stimulation of AA by progestin. Biphasic regulation of AA by progestin was noted in both time- and dose-dependent manners. Endometrial AA was stimulated by MPA and reached the maximum rate between 2-5 days of incubation with subsequent decline of AA in prolonged culture. When stromal cells were treated with MPA (0.03 to 30 M) for 3 days, AA was increased over the control at all the concentrations tested. The maximum was found at doses between 0.1-1 μM. The activities reduced steadily from the maximum stimulation to less than 50% when the concentration of MPA increased from 1-30 nM. In addition, initial treatment of stroma cells with MPA (1-3 days) resulted in further incr...
Operative Doctrines of Representation

The main point of this article is to identify some traditions of American thought that figure in analysis of the distinctively democratic aspects of government. The discussion is centered on doctrines of “representation.” While that term has a generally understood meaning, its application in specific contexts depends upon values and expectations closely related to other largely procedural aspects of politics; and together these perspectives figure in appraisals and decisions of policy.The “distinctively democratic aspects of government” have broadly to do, I think, with relations between public officials and the population. These can be conceptualized and described in terms of institutions, influence, identification, or exchange, and are so treated in various positive or empirical approaches. At the points where normative critique and empirical description join, the literature of American political science seems to have converged on several broad concerns that tend to organize and orient discussion—e.g., representation, responsibility, rationality, and lately, the “public interest,” of which “representation” surely has the clearest empirical reference. These are overlapping or intersecting concerns. They emphasize different aspects of government and different blends of calculation and control (or intellectual versus institutional elements); but they do not refer to distinct phenomena, and they relate to common normative traditions. Such terms are often, I think, of dubious utility because they tend to obscure the more detailed values at stake in action or discussion and perhaps thereby to discourage more pointed empirical inquiry relevant to those values. However that may be, the interrelatedness of these concerns and the broad relevance of “representation” can be briefly indicated.
Vernalization-mediated chromatin changes

Proper flowering time is vital for reproductive fitness in flowering plants. In Arabidopsis, vernalization is mediated primarily through the repression of a MADS box transcription factor, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). The induction of a plant homeodomain-containing protein, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), by vernalizing cold is required for proper repression of FLC. One of a myriad of changes that occurs after VIN3 is induced is the establishment of FLC chromatin at a mitotically repressed state due to the enrichment of repressive histone modifications. VIN3 induction by cold is the earliest known event during the vernalization response and includes changes in histone modifications at its chromatin. Here, the current understanding of the vernalization-mediated chromatin changes in Arabidopsis is discussed, with a focus on the roles of shared chromatin-modifying machineries in regulating VIN3 and FLC gene family expression during the course of vernalization.
The machine requirements problem

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the machine requirements problem. The problem is described and a classification scheme is presented to categorize alternative approaches which might be used to formulate and analyse the problem. In addition, this article discusses the basic analytical approaches to the problem which have been reported in the literature, and relates these approaches to the problem's classification scheme. Conclusions are drawn us to strengths and weaknesses of the approaches, as well as to potential research directions
A global health perspective on the future of tobacco control.

In this age of globalization, the outcome of tobacco control in one country is connected to events on the global stage. Tobacco control has become an increasingly consolidated global movement, catalyzed by the global tobacco control treaty, the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) as well as the Bloomberg Initiative. This global collective effort is necessary in the face of an increasingly aggressive tobacco industry that has consolidated into a small number of very large multinational corporations, operating globally to expand their markets. Looming issues for tobacco control include the success with which the FCTC is implemented within individual nations, finding the proper role of harm reduction approaches, and using “lessons learned” from experience in the United States with tobacco product regulation.
Local rail service assistance: Objectives and initial trends

Abstract A rail freight subsidy program initiated two and one half years ago in the United States is examined here. Initial goals and objectives of the program are presented along with an analysis of freight traffic levels and trends. The analysis reveals that: traffic is significantly below the unviable level that existed in 1973 and the dominant trend in traffic has been negative for the first 29 months of service; the program is not being used as a transitional pre-abandonment program; and, the states have been unable to build traffic to viable levels on lines in the program.
JC Virus Enters Human Glial Cells by Clathrin-Dependent Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

The human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the etiologic agent of a fatal central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML occurs predominantly in immunosuppressed patients and has increased dramatically as a result of the AIDS pandemic. The major target cell of JCV infection and lytic replication in the CNS is the oligodendrocyte. The mechanisms by which JCV initiates and establishes infection of these glial cells are not understood. The initial interaction between JCV and glial cells involves virus binding to N-linked glycoproteins containing terminal α(2-6)-linked sialic acids. The subsequent steps of entry and targeting of the viral genome to the nucleus have not been described. In this report, we compare the kinetics and mechanisms of infectious entry of JCV into human glial cells with that of the related polyomavirus, simian virus 40 (SV40). We demonstrate that JCV, unlike SV40, enters glial cells by receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis.
Engaging youth in communities: a framework for promoting adolescent and community health

Health researchers and practitioners increasingly recognise the important role communities play in shaping individual health. Health researchers recognise the role of community factors as causes or determinants of health problems; use community-based methods for understanding complex health issues; and design community-level health solutions. In this commentary, we propose a fourth way to think about the role of communities in individual health by arguing that the community engagement process itself has implications for individual health and strong communities. This topic is especially important during adolescence, a developmental window of opportunity during which individuals need meaningful opportunities to contribute to the world around them.
Hyperadrenergic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) or hyperadrenergic orthostatic intolerance, which designates orthostatic intolerance patients. Patients with orthostatic intolerance have symptoms on standing that resemble those elicited by inadequate cerebral blood flow. They have heart rate increases on standing of at least 30 beats/min with dizziness, palpitations, poor exercise tolerance, and presyncopal symptoms, although syncope itself is infrequent. There appear to be dozens, perhaps hundreds, of underlying pathophysiologies because orthostatic intolerance (POTS) is a symptom complex rather than a disease entity itself. There are two major problems in evaluating patients having this syndrome. First, physical deconditioning can be difficult to distinguish from true pathology; most commonly patients encountered have both an altered pathophysiology and an overlay of deconditioning. Second, many relatively common diseases have orthostatic intolerance as a rare presentation, and the clinician must exercise special caution that in diagnosing POTS, the continued importance of ongoing evaluation for the true cause of the illness is not neglected because there may be important therapeutic implications as well. Many of these patients have orthostatic intolerance because of a peripheral cause. However, others have a pathophysiology that likely originates in the brain.
LNG Safety Assessment Evaluation Methods

Sandia National Laboratories evaluated published safety assessment methods across a variety of industries including Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), hydrogen, land and marine transportation, as well as the US Department of Defense (DOD). All the methods were evaluated for their potential applicability for use in the LNG railroad application. After reviewing the documents included in this report, as well as others not included because of repetition, the Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Safety Plan Checklist is most suitable to be adapted to the LNG railroad application. This report was developed to survey industries related to rail transportation for methodologies and tools that can be used by the FRA to review and evaluate safety assessments submitted by the railroad industry as a part of their implementation plans for liquefied or compressed natural gas storage ( on-board or tender) and engine fueling delivery systems. The main sections of this report provide an overview of various methods found during this survey. In most cases, the reference document is quoted directly. The final section provides discussion and a recommendation for the most appropriate methodology that will allow efficient and consistent evaluations to be made. The DOE Hydrogen Safety Plan Checklist was then revised to adaptmore » it as a methodology for the Federal Railroad Administration’s use in evaluating safety plans submitted by the railroad industry.« less