cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Life and Work of Erwin Straus

Erwin Walter Maximilian Straus was born October 11, 1891 in Frankfurt am Main. His father, Caesar, was born Jewish, but converted to Protestantism. His mother, Toni, had been born in the United States and was an American citizen who had returned to Germany.
Holographic techniques for biomedical microscopy

Digital holography is an emerging technology in biomedical microscopy that yields high-sensitivity high-resolution quantitative images of cellular microscopic structures and processes. An overview of recent research and development of digital holographic microscopy will be presented.
Facilitating PPGIS Through University Libraries

Equitable access to local geospatial data continues to pose challenges to the knowledge production efforts of marginalized citizen groups. While local government agencies have provided greater access to public data sets through their internet Geographic Information System (GIS) sites, data cannot always be downloaded and used directly by citizens. Past research demonstrates that data sharing at the local level can be a challenging task, mired by legal, institutional, and personal issues. Despite the hype about open data in government, its acceptance and implementation is slow at the local scale. The need for a centralized data repository system at the local scale is thus crucial. This research explores the recent groundbreaking effort to establish a state-wide geospatial portal among the 26 University of Wisconsin (UW) library systems. Through a survey and follow up interviews conducted among public land information professionals in Wisconsin, we find that GIS professionals in local and county governments...
Non-intrusive eye gaze tracking under natural head movements

We propose an eye gaze tracking system under natural head movements. The system consists of one CCD camera and two mirrors. Based on geometric and linear algebra calculations, the mirrors rotate to follow head movements in order to keep the eyes within the view of the camera. Our system allows the subjects head to move 30 cm horizontally and 20 cm vertically, with spatial gaze resolutions about 6 degree and 7 degree, respectively and a frame rate about 10 Hz. We also introduce a hierarchical generalized regression neural networks (H-GRNN) scheme to map eye and mirror parameters to gaze, achieving a gaze estimation accuracy of 92% under head movements. The use of H-GRNN also eliminates the need for personal calibration for new subjects since H-GRNN can generalize. Preliminary experiments show our system is accurate and robust in gaze tracking under large head movements.
The end(s) of immanence in the anthropocene: militarized ecologies and the future of Deleuzian thought

Two features bear down fundamentally on our current historical occasion: structures of security, and breakdowns of planetary ecosystems. This essay argues that Deleuze is not only tracing a “geophi...
Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas coexisting with pancreatic abscess.

Of 20 patients treated for pancreatic abscess during the years 1984-1991, two patients were found to have adenocarcinoma of the pancreas associated with their pancreatic abscesses. In one patient an adenocarcinoma of the proximal pancreas caused ductal obstruction, which may have been the primary cause of an abscess distal to the tumor. In the second patient, metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and a concurrent pancreatic abscess were found when the patient’s abdomen was explored for complications related to gallstone pancreatitis. In both patients, the tumor was unresectable at presentation. A detailed review of these cases is presented as well as a review of the related literature.
Materials that can be Electroplated

This chapter reviews the materials that can be electroplated focusing on metallic coating by metals and alloys. High purity metals are rarely used as substrates. Metallic substrates generally used are alloys containing two or more components, which may themselves be metallic or non-metallic, because alloying can create a material with properties superior to those of any pure metal. By using an alloy of two or more metals, or metals and non-metals, best combination of properties can be achieved. Considered at the atomic level, this usually implies the insertion of foreign atoms into the lattice structure of the so-called parent metal. Usually, this is the metal present in the highest amount. Depending on the type of foreign atom and the amount inserted, a range of modified crystal lattices will result. But the presence of interstitial foreign atoms gives rise to elastic distortions in the crystal lattice of the parent metal, and these affect a number of properties of metals. The chapter draws attention to substitutional solid solutions that have unlimited mutual solubility of two components; this compatibility may be incorporated into the lattice on a substitution basis for exchange of alloys. These alloys are polycrystalline materials that incorporate all the defects, dislocations, and vacancy sites.
Classification and Treatment of Hybrid Financial Instruments and Income Derived Therefrom under EU Corporate Tax Derivatives: Part 1

application of EU tax directives to hybrid financial instruments. In Part 1, the applicability of the Parent-Subsidiary Directive and the Interest and Royalties Directive was analysed. In Part 2, unilateral measures of Member States to combat cross-border arbitrage are discussed. Moreover, Part 2 contains an analysis of the fulfilment of the holding requirements under the directives and the application of the Arbitration Convention.
Towards Building Active Knowledge Systems with Conceptual Graphs

This paper outlines a vision for using conceptual graphs to build active knowledge systems that have the capability to solve practical and complex problems. A key ingredient in an active knowledge system is its ability to interact (not just interface) with the real world. Basic features of such systems go beyond logic to include support for data mining, intelligent agents, temporal actors, active sensors, a system for knowledge interchange and finally, support for knowledge-in-the-large.
Disease Resistance-Genes and Defense Responses During Incompatible Interactions

After World War II, the application of pesticides became the method of choice for controlling plant diseases, including diseases caused by nematodes. In the last two decades however, the use of some nematicides has been banned restricting the options available for farmers to combat diseases caused by nematodes. In spite of the need for alternatives to chemicals for controlling nematodes, limited information exists about nematode disease resistance (R)-genes, plant defense signaling networks and defense mechanisms. The lack of genetic and genomic resources in crop systems has hampered progress in this field. Data from transcriptional profiling of genes regulated in the incompatible host crop-sedentary nematode interactions are becoming available. However, no clear resistance signal transduction networks have been identified. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing and gene expression profiling combined with novel gene silencing approaches have the potential to accelerate progress in this discipline and to provide better understanding of defense signaling pathways in incompatible host-nematode interactions.
Clinical research using extracellular vesicles: insights from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Annual Meeting

The abstracts presented at the 2018 International Society for Extracellular Vesicles Annual Meeting offer unique insight into the newest discoveries related to the biology and applied use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). As an extension of a recent "Clinical-Wrap Up" discussion at the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Annual Meeting, a systematic review of each abstract was performed to determine which abstracts could be considered clinical research. Once the clinical research abstracts were identified, systematic data extraction included: the major focus of each clinical research abstract; the countries in which the work was done; and the sample size, if provided in the abstract. Each abstract was reviewed by two independent authors, with a third author resolving discrepancies in cases of disagreement. 174 out of 656 (27%) unique abstracts were determined to be clinical research. Oncology was a principal research focus (51 of the 174 clinical research abstracts, 29%). Many other clinical research abstracts presented at the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Annual Meeting focused on the use of human samples for development of methods for potential application in the clinic. Beyond oncology and methods development, a wide range of topics was represented, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, genetics, and many others. Current research involving EVs highlights the common, but false dichotomy of science into curiosity-driven basic science or application-driven clinical research, when in fact both quest for understanding and intent to apply the findings appeared to drive much of the work at the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles 2018 Annual Meeting. Using Pasteur's Quadrant as a framework, we discuss where the field of EV research is heading and how we may gain insight into the biological function of EVs in tandem with how they may benefit individual health.
Email typosquatting

While website domain typosquatting is highly annoying for legitimate domain operators, research has found that it relatively rarely presents a great risk to individual users. However, any application (e.g., email, ftp,...) relying on the domain name system for name resolution is equally vulnerable to domain typosquatting, and consequences may be more dire than with website typosquatting. This paper presents the first in-depth measurement study of email typosquatting. Working in concert with our IRB, we registered 76 typosquatting domain names to study a wide variety of user mistakes, while minimizing the amount of personal information exposed to us. In the span of over seven months, we received millions of emails at our registered domains. While most of these emails are spam, we infer, from our measurements, that every year, three of our domains should receive approximately 3,585 "legitimate" emails meant for somebody else. Worse, we find, by examining a small sample of all emails, that these emails may contain sensitive information (e.g., visa documents or medical records). We then project from our measurements that 1,211 typosquatting domains registered by unknown entities receive in the vicinity of 800,000 emails a year. Furthermore, we find that millions of registered typosquatting domains have MX records pointing to only a handful of mail servers. However, a second experiment in which we send "honey emails" to typosquatting domains only shows very limited evidence of attempts at credential theft (despite some emails being read), meaning that the threat, for now, appears to remain theoretical.
(335) Pupillary Light Responses Differ in Post-Traumatic Headache and Chronic Migraine Compared to Non-Headache Controls

Persistent post-traumatic headache (PTH) and chronic migraine (CM) often present with clinically overlapping features including prominent light sensitivity. Dynamic pupillometry is a promising new tool for evaluation of autonomically mediated responses to light in headache disorders, as they may differ between headache phenotypes. While our prior work has evaluated autonomic responses in chronic migraine and mild traumatic brain injury (aka concussion), differences in PTH and chronic migraine have not been explored. The present study sought to identify key sympathetic and parasympathetically mediated variations between pupillary light reflex (PLR) parameters in CM, PTH, and non-headache controls (NH). We hypothesized that while, based on our prior work, CM would exhibit mixed parasympathetic and sympathetic hypo-function resulting in pupillary deficits, PTH would demonstrate a more sympathetically-predominant pattern of dysfunction. We tested PLR's in 23 PTH, 16 CM, and 26 NH age-matched subjects using a digital infrared binocular pupillometer (Neuroptics DP-2000) to quantify direct and consensual pupillary diameter changes in response to a brief light stimulus. Data was exported and analyzed using custom MATLAB code to calculate seven standardized and seven novel parameters of the PLR. We also assessed clinical measures using a REDCAP based questionnaire, including: ICHD-III based headache diagnosis, disease burden and associated symptoms. Groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with post-hoc Mann-Whitney test. We found significantly different sympathetically mediated pupillary dilation velocity measures between PTH and NH, and between PTH and CM. In summary, sympathetic pupillometry parameters were significantly different between PTH and CM, as well as between both headache groups and NH, suggesting distinctive pupillary autonomic regulation in PTH and CM and different profiles of dysfunction. Our findings support the hypothesis that PTH and CM are physiologically distinguishable entities, and suggest further investigation into pupillary responses to light as a physiological and clinical biomarker of PTH and CM.
Interannual climate variability helps define the mean state of glaciers

Changes in glacier length and extent are indicators of contemporary and archives of past climate changes, but this common climate proxy presents a challenge for inferring a climate signal. Modeling studies suggest that length fluctuations can occur due to interannual climate variability within an unchanging mean climate and that changes in interannual climate variability can also drive changes in average length. This paper quantifies the impacts of interannual climate variability on average glacier length and mass balance, using a flowline model coupled to a simplified mass-balance model. Results illustrate that changes in the magnitude of interannual temperature variability can non-linearly affect the mean glacier length through a mass-balance asymmetry between warm and cold years. This asymmetry is present in models where melt only initiates after a temperature threshold is crossed. Glaciers susceptible to this asymmetry can be identified based on the shape of their mass-balance profiles. The presence of mass-balance asymmetries in glaciological databases is evaluated, but current records are too short for high statistical resolving power. While the asymmetry in this study can affect the average length and mass-balance, its impacts are small, and paleoclimate interpretations from glacier-length changes are likely not notably influenced by this process.
Finding One’s Way Toward Leadership

I didn’t get into educational technology or higher education leadership because of some burning passion for the field or a desire to lead; my driver was desperation, pure and simple. I was poor, I was tired, and I was also recently remarried with young son, a new baby girl, and another boy on the way. I had reached the end of my rope, and something had to change. That change involved completing a Ph.D. in record time, working my way through tenure and promotion, and helping to found a hugely successful educational enterprise. Along the way, I learned some leadership and life lessons and found both a sense of purpose and of pride.
Pairing Correlations across the Superfluid Phase Transition in the Unitary Fermi Gas.

In the two-component Fermi gas with a contact interaction, a pseudogap regime can exist at temperatures between the superfluid critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ and a temperature ${T}^{*}g{T}_{c}$. This regime is characterized by pairing correlations without superfluidity. However, in the unitary limit of infinite scattering length, the existence of this regime is still debated. To help address this, we have applied finite-temperature auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFMC) methods to study the thermodynamics of the superfluid phase transition and signatures of the pseudogap in the spin-balanced homogeneous unitary Fermi gas. We present results at finite filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.06$ for the condensate fraction, an energy-staggering pairing gap, the spin susceptibility, and the heat capacity, and compare them to experimental data when available. In contrast to previous AFMC simulations, our model space consists of the complete first Brillouin zone of the lattice, and our calculations are performed in the canonical ensemble of fixed particle number. The canonical ensemble AFMC framework enables the calculation of a model-independent gap, providing direct information on pairing correlations without the need for numerical analytic continuation. We use finite-size scaling to estimate ${T}_{c}$ at the corresponding filling factor. We find that the energy-staggering pairing gap vanishes above ${T}_{c}$, showing no pseudogap effects, and that the spin susceptibility shows a substantially reduced signature of a spin gap compared to previously reported AFMC simulations.
Postmortem Analysis in a Clinical Trial of AAV2-NGF Gene Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease Identifies a Need for Improved Vector Delivery.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) gene therapy rescues and stimulates cholinergic neurons, which degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a recent clinical trial for AD, intraparenchymal adeno-associated...
“Every day it’s tuo zaafi ”: considering food preference in a food insecure region of Ghana

This study takes the role of food preference in food insecurity analysis seriously. Guided by feminist political ecology, I do so by underscoring bodily relationships to tuo zaafi a cereal based porridge upheld as a culturally important meal across semi-arid West Africa. Drawing from 12 months of mixed methods fieldwork in Upper West Ghana, I look at perceptions of this salient meal as well as rates of consumption of it to uncover how food preference features in food insecurity. I use the refrain routinely evoked by my interlocutors during the height of the food insecure season—“Every day it’s tuo zaafi” as an anchoring datum point, an affectively effective statement. In this examination, I argue that when effectively acknowledged and assessed, food preference is a facet of food security that helps to not only identify hunger, but also articulate the experience with it. This articulation is important because it provides a necessarily broader perspective on the relationship between culture, food and health that challenge neo-liberal hued solutions to hunger.
Partial splenic artery embolization for idiopathic warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia refractory to medical therapy

Purpose: While Partial Splenic Artery Embolization (PSAE) is a useful procedure that has been performed for a variety of indications including trauma and hypersplenism, it has only been rarely described as a treatment for Idiopathic Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. Previous reports in the literature are limited to case reports in situations that include the patient being a poor surgical candidate, the inability to transfuse blood during surgery because of autoantibodies, and a patient's refusal of blood products on religious grounds. Materials and Methods: A case report describing the case of a 27-year-old male diagnosed with idiopathic warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia treated successfully with partial splenic artery embolization (PSAE) as a bridging therapy to definitive surgical splenectomy. Results: The patient's pre-procedure hemoglobin was 2.1 g/dl. The first hemoglobin post-procedure was 4.5 g/dl. After embolization, the patient remained in the inpatient setting for eight days for close observation. During the inpatient hospitalization the patient's hemoglobin continued to trend upwards until it stabilized around 6 g/dl. Inpatient laboratory workup also showed increasing haptoglobin, and decreasing LDH. After discharge, the patient developed persistent pain two months post-procedure. An elective splenectomy was scheduled three months after the embolization procedure to address the persistent pain. Six months' post embolization procedure and three months postoperatively, the patient is doing well clinically with a hemoglobin of 14 g/dl. Conclusion: In conclusion, this case demonstrates the utility of a Partial Splenic Artery Embolization (PSAE) as an acute life-saving intervention for poor surgical candidates with idiopathic warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) refractory to medical therapy.
Treatment of Depression after Traumatic Brain Injury Reduces Risk of Neuropsychiatric Outcomes

The objectives of this study were to identify characteristics associated with receipt of antidepressants for treatment of incident depression diagnosed following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to assess the impact of receipt of treatment for depression on risk of other neuropsychiatric outcomes associated with TBI. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals with TBI who were subsequently diagnosed with incident depression between 2008 and 2014 using data from the OptumLabs® Data Warehouse. We identified factors associated with receipt of antidepressants and compared risk of new diagnosis of alcohol dependence disorder, anxiety, insomnia, and substance dependence disorder between those who received antidepressants and those who did not over a maximum 2-year follow-up, controlling for duration of use and clinical and demographic characteristics. Of 9581 individuals newly diagnosed with depression following TBI, 4103 (43%) received at least one antidepressant. Moderate-severe TBI (odds ratio [OR] 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39, 1.50), female sex (OR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.24), diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (OR 1.39; 95% CI: 1.35, 1.44), and anxiety (OR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.31, 1.38) were associated with receipt of antidepressants. Longer duration of antidepressant use was associated with decreased risk of newly diagnosed anxiety (hazard ratio [HR] 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.96), insomnia (HR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98), and substance dependence disorder (HR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97). These results provide evidence of a beneficial effect of antidepressant use on incidence of outcomes associated with poorer recovery from TBI.
An evaluation of Deccan Traps eruption rates usinggeochronologic data

Abstract. Recent attempts to establish the eruptive history of the Deccan Traps large igneous province have used both U-Pb (Schoene et al., 2019) and 40Ar/39Ar (Sprain et al., 2019) geochronology. Both of these studies report dates with high precision and unprecedented coverage for a large igneous province, and agree that the main phase of eruptions began near the C30n-C29r magnetic reversal and waned shortly after the C29r-C29n reversal, totaling ~700-800 ka duration. Nevertheless, the eruption rates interpreted by the authors of each publication differ significantly. The U-Pb dataset was interpreted to indicate four major eruptive pulses, while the 40Ar/39Ar dataset was used to argue for an increase in eruption rates coincident with the Chicxulub impact (Renne et al., 2015; Richards et al., 2015). Although the overall agreement in duration is an achievement for geochronology, the disparate eruption models may act to undermine this achievement in the eyes of the broader geologic community. Here, we generate chronostratigraphic models for both datasets using the same statistical techniques and conclude that 1) age modeling of the 40Ar/39Ar dataset results in constant eruption rates with relatively large uncertainties through the duration of the Deccan Traps, and cannot verify or disprove the pulses identified by the U-Pb data, 2) the stratigraphic position of the Chicxulub impact within the 40Ar/39Ar dataset is much more uncertain than was presented in Sprain et al. (2019), and 3) neither dataset supports an increase in eruption rate as a result of the Chicxulub impact. While the production of precise and accurate geochronologic data is of course essential to studies of Earth History, our analysis underscores that the accuracy of a final result also is critically dependent on how such data are interpreted and presented to the broader community of geoscientists.
Redo Aorto-bifemoral Graft

Redo aorto-bifemoral graft was performed in a 65-year-old female following an occluded aorto-bifemoral graft performed 15 years earlier. There was a major venous injury to the left common iliac vein during dissection for the tunnel to bring the right limb of the Dacron graft into the groin. Graft has remained patent for the past 17 years.
Approaching High-Metabolic Risk Youth During a Pandemic: Severe Presentations of New Onset Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Delays in timely medical care due to the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have worsened patient outcomes with different disease conditions. Youth with obesity, insulin resistance, and dysglycemia are increasingly presenting with HHS and/or DKA, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Case Descriptions:Case 1: A 17-year-old Hispanic female with history of obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia reported polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia for 2 months. The day of admission, EMS was called because patient was found unresponsive at home and required advanced CPR. At arrival to the ED, the patient was awake and responsive. She had acanthosis nigricans and abdominal striae. Initial labs showed elevated plasma glucose (1,256 mg/dL), sodium (153 mmol/L), bicarbonate (9 mmol/L), anion gap (35 mmol/L), phosphorus (7.5 mg/dL;N=3-4.8), lactate (4 mmol/L;N=0.5-2), BHB (11.4 mmol/L;N=0-0.3), venous pH (7.09), BUN (24 mg/dL), creatinine (1.63 mg/dL), and HbA1c (14.3%). She was admitted for DKA, hyperosmolarity, AKI, and metabolic encephalopathy. After IVF resuscitation, insulin drip at 0.05 U/kg/h was started. She recovered from DKA, AKI and hyperosmolarity after 5 days. T1D antibody tests were negative. C-peptide was low (0.7 ng/mL;N=0.8-3.5), and TSH was low (0.38 uIU/mL) with normal free T4 (0.88 mg/dL). Case 2: A 13-year-old Hispanic female with history of asthma, morbid obesity, premature adrenarche, and prediabetes started presenting polydipsia and polyuria 2 months before admission. One day before admission, she presented drowsiness, abdominal pain, and polyuria. Initial labs at the ED included glucose (792 mg/dL), bicarbonate (10.4 mmol/L), anion gap (28 mmol/L), venous CO2 (10.4 mmol/L;N=21-31), BHB (g22.5 mmol/L), sodium (153 mmol/L), BUN (29 mg/dL), and creatinine (1.37 mg/dL), consistent with DKA, hyperosmolarity, and AKI. Physical exam showed severe obesity, acanthosis nigricans, and hypertension. IV fluids and insulin drip at 0.075 U/kg/h were started. DKA and AKI resolved after 4 days. Labs showed negative T1D antibodies, normal C-peptide (1.2 ng/mL), HgA1C (g14%), microalbuminuria (16.22 mg/dL;Nl2 mg/dL), elevated total cholesterol (230 mg/dL) and triglycerides (550 mg/dL). Both youth were negative for SARS-CoV2 and had been engaging in unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as sedentarism and excessive sugary drink intake, exacerbated by COVID-19-related lockdowns and school closures. There were delays in seeking medical care associated to fear of COVID-19.
Barriers and Drivers to the Adoption of Sustainable Construction Practices in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Venezuela

Abstract Several efforts have decreased the environmental footprint from the construction field in developed countries. In contrast, sustainability is often overlooked in developing countries due t...
Quantitative evaluation of effects of coupled temperature elevation, thermal damage, and enlarged porosity on nanoparticle migration in tumors during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia

Abstract Using simulation to accurately design a heating protocol in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia relies on not only the initial nanoparticle distribution, but also the dynamic particle migration during heating. A coupled theoretical framework consisting of nanoparticle migration in a porous medium model and temperature elevation in a heat transfer model was developed to evaluate possible nanoparticle redistribution during local heating. Five generated tumor models from microcomputed tomography (microCT) with nanoparticle deposition were used to predict temperature elevations and assess local thermal damage when each tumor was subject to an alternating magnetic field. Local thermal damage further changed the interstitial structure in the tumor, resulting in enhancements in porosity and diffusion coefficient to promote nanoparticle diffusion to low concentration regions. The distribution volumes of nanoparticles in the highest concentration range reduced after heating, while those in the lower concentration ranges increased. After heating, the total nanoparticle distribution volume defined as the tumor volume occupied by nanoparticles was 21% bigger than that before the heating. The theoretical predictions of nanoparticle migration trend agree well with experimental results of microCT scan analyses. It is concluded that thermal damage induced enhancement in nanoparticle diffusion may be one of the mechanisms to explain nanoparticle migration during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. Results from this study may suggest a feasibility of enhancing nanoparticle dispersion from injection sites using deliberate thermal damage.
Clarification of mechanisms of protonic photovoltaic action initiated by photoexcitation of strong photoacids covalently bound to hydrated Nafion cation-exchange membranes wetted by aqueous electrolytes

Junctions that form at interfaces of electronic semiconductors can lead to space–charge regions, which when properly designed result in diode behavior through current rectification. Space–charge regions are not unique to semiconductor interfaces and also form at ion-exchange-membrane interfaces, with properties that can be tuned by varying the concentration of ions in the contacting phases. Using this as a guide, and motivated by traditional dye-sensitized solar cells, we bathed photoacid-dye-sensitized cation-exchange membranes in aqueous solutions of varied electrolyte concentration and analyzed them for their ability to exhibit photovoltaic action. As predicted by Donnan membrane theory and semiconductor diode theory, the thermodynamic properties of each contacting phase determined the magnitude and sign of the net built-in electric potential difference. Measured open-circuit photovoltages were directly related to these electric potential differences, albeit the sign of the photovoltages was opposite (“reverse”) of that expected based on the sign of net electric potential differences across the membrane. Mechanistic details gleaned using transient absorption spectroscopy indicate that our photoacid dyes only photogenerate protons as the mobile charged species. Because our dye-sensitized cation-exchange membranes were infiltrated with protons, this means that minority-carrier hydroxides were not able to elicit photovoltaic action by standard minority-carrier-dominated effects. Instead, measured photovoltages are consistent with charge separation of a proton from its photoacid conjugate base that is driven by intrinsic liquid-junction-forming crossover of acid, which results in bulk membrane polarization and “reverse” photovoltaic action. These observations inform design guidelines for the use of water as a protonic semiconductor in devices for light-to-ionic power conversion.
Entropic Optimal Transport: Geometry and Large Deviations

We study the convergence of entropically regularized optimal transport to optimal transport. The main result is concerned with the convergence of the associated optimizers and takes the form of a large deviations principle quantifying the local exponential convergence rate as the regularization parameter vanishes. The exact rate function is determined in a general setting and linked to the Kantorovich potential of optimal transport. Our arguments are based on the geometry of the optimizers and inspired by the use of $c$-cyclical monotonicity in classical transport theory. The results can also be phrased in terms of Schrodinger bridges.
Slime Mold Lectins

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the slime mold lectins. A lectin is a sugar-binding protein of non-immune origin that agglutinates cells or precipitates glycoconjugates. The assay with which the lectins are identified is the hemagglutination assay. The key to this assay is finding a species of erythrocyte or a particular treatment of the erythrocytes that renders them agglutinable and, hence useful as a sensitive assay reagent. Hapten inhibition with simple saccharides or glycoconjugates is used to define the specificity of the carbohydrate binding activity of the lectins. Lectins are the major components of soluble extracts of aggregation-competent slime mold cells. As components of the cytoskeleton, the slime mold lectins can function to regulate endocytosis, exocytosis, cell movement, cell shape, or the mobilities of cell surface components, any of which could be important for the formation of tight cellular aggregates during development. The lectin hypothesis for cell cohesion in the cellular slime molds has stimulated a search for lectins in other organisms as well as an investigation of their possible roles in mediating recognition phenomena.
Treatment implications of the latent reservoir for HIV-1.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the deﬁnition and mechanism of the latent reservoir, its resistance and treatment implications, and the impact of the latent reservoir on future drug development. A viral reservoir is a cell type or anatomic location in which virus or virally infected cells persist with slower replication kinetics and/or turnover rate than that of the main pool of actively replicating virus. A stable reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is created when activated CD4+ T cells that are converting into memory T cells become infected. Viral DNA becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the cell. This stable integration into the genomes of long‐lived memory cells provides a mechanism for the archiving of all major forms of virus that have circulated in an infected individual, including viral variants that have resistance to antiretroviral drugs. The chapter explores several approaches to counter these challenges, including scheduled treatment interruptions, which ultimately proved to be ineffective, the development of drugs with higher barriers to resistance, and the development of new drug classes with novel mechanisms of action. Efforts to combat the latent reservoir directly through the intensiﬁcation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and activating agents unfortunately show only limited success.
What is the frame problem

Abstract Ever since its introduction by McCarthy and Hayes in 1969, the so-called frame problem has been the object of much fascination and debate. Although it was defined in the narrow context of the situation calculus, a specific temporal formalism. it was clear from the start that it is in fact a manifestation of some fundamental problem in temporal reasoning. Despite its apparent universal nature, however, we know of no attempt to define the problem in its most general form. This is precisely our aim here. We argue that the frame problem arises from the conflicting desires to reason both rigorously and efficiently about the future. This conflict does not depend on the particular underlying temporal formalism. In particular, we identify two formalism-indepedent problems, called the qualification problem and the extended prediction problem, which subsume the frame problem. To illustrate the fact that these problems are indeed inherent to the prediction task and not to a particular formalism, we show that they arise in two distinct frameworks: classical mechanics, and Hayes' histories notation.
Generation of Cosmic Magnetic Fields at Recombination

It is shown that the standard cosmological model predicts {\it ab initio} generation of large-scale but very small-amplitude cosmic magnetic fields at the epoch of recombination of the primeval plasma. Matter velocities dominated by coherent flows on a scale $L\approx 50h^{-1}(1+z)^{-1}$ Mpc lead to a dipole of radiation flux in the frame of the moving matter. Thomson scattering of the radiation differentially accelerates the electrons and ions, creating large-scale coherent electric currents and magnetic fields. This process is analyzed using magnetohydrodynamic equations which include a modification of Ohm's law describing the effect of Thomson drag on the electrons. The field strength is estimated to be $B\simeq 10^{-20}$G.
The leucocytes during pregnancy

Abstract The findings, all evaluated statistically, with respect to the total white, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts during normal pregnancy are in agreement with those published already, i.e., there is a leucocytosis, due mainly to a neutrophilia during pregnancy and labor with labor characterized by a more marked leucocytosis and neutrophilia, and also a lymphocytopenia. However, a significant lymphocytosis, not described previously, is observed during the last three weeks of pregnancy. A significant increase in the number of leucocytes and neutrophils and a significant decrease in the lymphocytes are noted during severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia but not during mild pre-eclampsia. Eosinophil counts during pregnancy average 119 per cubic millimeter with a standard deviation of the mean of plus or minus 74 in 74 patients (one count per patient per pregnancy) throughout pregnancy, 113 plus or minus 103 in 19 patients in their last weeks of pregnancy compared to a value of 124 plus or minus 21 in 21 nonpregnant normal women. In these women the eosinophil count seems to be a function of their cycle. None of these values are significantly different. The monocytes throughout pregnancy average 5.4 per cent with a standard deviation of the mean of plus or minus 2.2 per cent and during late pregnancy, 4.9 plus or minus 2.9 per cent, compared with 6.1 plus or minus 2.2 per cent in normal nonpregnant women. The average value observed during late pregnancy is significantly different from that observed in the nonpregnant control.
The effect of elevated methane pressure on methane hydrate dissociation

Methane hydrate, equilibrated at P , T conditions within the hydrate stability field, was rapidly depressurized to 1.0 or 2.0 MPa and maintained at isobaric conditions outside its stability field, while the extent and rate of hydrate dissociation was measured at fixed, externally maintained temperatures between 250 and 288 K. The dissociation rate decreases with increasing pressure at a given temperature. Dissociation rates at 1.0 MPa parallel the complex, reproducible T -dependence previously observed between 250 and 272 K at 0.1 MPa. The lowest rates were observed near 268 K, such that >50% of the sample can persist for more than two weeks at 0.1 MPa to more than a month at 1 and 2 MPa. Varying the pressure stepwise in a single experiment increased or decreased the dissociation rate in proportion to the rates observed in the isobaric experiments, similar to the rate reversibility previously observed with stepwise changes in temperature at 0.1 MPa. At fixed P , T conditions, the rate of methane hydrate dissociation decreases monotonically with time, never achieving a steady rate. The relationship between time ( t ) and the extent of hydrate dissociation is empirically described by: Evolved gas (%) = A · t B (1) where the pre-exponential term A ranges from 0 to 16% s− B and the exponent B is generally <1. Based on fits of the dissociation results to Equation 1 for the full range of temperatures (204 to 289 K) and pressures (0.1 to 2.0 MPa) investigated, the derived parameters can be used to predict the methane evolution curves for pure, porous methane hydrate to within ±5%. The effects of sample porosity and the presence of quartz sand and seawater on methane hydrate dissociation are also described using Equation 1.
Idiopathic localized eosinophilic synovitis in a cat.

Abstract: A 4-year-old male castrated Seal Point Himalayan cat was presented for evaluation of right thoracic limb lameness of 6 weeks duration. Synovial fluid analysis of the swollen right carpal joint revealed a mixed cell synovitis, with a total nucleated cell count of 13,200/μL and 34% eosinophils. A diagnosis of idiopathic localized eosinophilic arthritis was made. Additional clinical and diagnostic findings included mild lym-phadenopathy with lymphoid hyperplasia and an antinuclear antibody titer of 1:320. Lack of multisystem involvement made systemic lupus erythematosis unlikely. Immunosuppressive therapy with oral prednisone alleviated the lameness. Eosinophilic synovitis has not previously been reported in cats. An immune-mediated mechanism was likely in this case; however, the exact etiology remains unknown.
Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics structural models of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II

The annual production of 260 Gtonnes of oxygen, during the process of photosynthesis, sustains life on earth. Oxygen is produced in the thylakoid membranes of green-plant chloroplasts and the internal membranes of cyanobacteria by photocatalytic water oxidation at the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII). Recent breakthroughs in X-ray crystallography and advances in quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods have enabled the construction of chemically sensible models of the OEC of PSII. The resulting computational structural models suggest the complete ligation of the catalytic center by amino acid residues, water, hydroxide and chloride, as determined from the intrinsic electronic properties of the oxomanganese core and the perturbational influence of the surrounding protein environment. These structures are found to be consistent with available mechanistic data, and are also compatible with X-ray diffraction models and extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. It is therefore conjectured that these OEC models are particularly relevant for the elucidation of the catalytic mechanism of water oxidation.
Effects of the competitive nicotinic antagonist erysodine on behavior occasioned or maintained by nicotine: comparison with mecamylamine.

Rationale: The cellular effects of nicotine underlying its addictive liability are thought to be mediated by neuronal nicotinic receptors (nACHRs) in the central nervous system. It is believed that densely expressed β2-containing nACHRs in the central nervous system are responsible for these actions, but few data are available that can directly assess subtype mediation of nicotine’s acute subjective and reinforcing effects. Objective: The present study compared the effects of the competitive nACHR antagonist erysodine and the noncompetitive antagonist mecamylamine in rats trained to discriminate or self-administer nicotine. Methods: Adult male rats were trained to disciminate 0.4-mg/kg injections of nicotine from vehicle in a two-lever procedure of food-maintained behavior, or to self-administer 0.03-mg/kg injections of nicotine under fixed-ratio 5 or progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Additional rats were trained under a food-maintained procedure of lever pressing. Results: Erysodine (0.3–10 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) blocked nicotine discrimination, although only erysodine produced the rightward shift that would be predicted of a competitive antagonist. Erysodine (0.32–32 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.32–3.2 mg/kg) also selectively reduced nicotine self-administration on a fixed-ratio schedule and lowered break points on a progressive-ratio schedule. Conclusions: Based on the known affinity of erysodine for α4β2 nACHRs and its selectivity relative to α7 and α1β1γδ receptors, the present data support a critical role of β2-containing nACHR constructs in the discriminative and reinforcing actions of nicotine.
The two-stage model of lexical retrieval: Evidence from a case of anomia with selective preservation of grammatical gender.

Abstract The two-stage theory of lexical production distinguishes the retrieval of lemmas from the subsequent retrieval of the forms of words. The information made available by lemma retrieval includes semantic and grammatical details that are specific to a particular word, but not the direct specification of its phonological or orthographic form. This theory makes very strong predictions regarding the dissociability of these information types. In this report we present the case of an Italian anomic patient whose performance bears on these predictions. In various naming tasks this patient's intact ability to identify the grammatical gender of words that he cannot produce stands in stark contrast with his inability to provide any information regarding particular lexical forms. We document the reliability of this performance pattern, and we discuss the significance of this pattern both in terms of the support it provides for the two-stage theory of lexical retrieval and in terms of the evidence it furnishes regarding the mental specification of grammatical information.
Sub-nanometer pitch calibration and data quality evaluation methodology

Average CD of CD SEM and scatterometry CD (OCD) have been adopted for advanced CD control. The advantages and disadvantages of these two CD metrologies have been well discussed. The target of CD uniformity (CDU) for advanced technology has been driven to 1 nm, i.e. about three and half the size of a silicon atom, which is 0.29 nm. In the real production environment, engineers need to face sub-nanometer (< 1 nm) CD variations and do the necessary process corrections to meet the 1-nm CDU requirement. In other words, advanced CD process control has already been in the world of atomic scale. It turns out that methodology to ensure the accuracy of sub-nanometer CD has become essential for advanced CD control. In this paper, we introduced a methodology to produce 0.25, 0.5, and 1 nm programmed pitch offsets through mask design. These offsets are attainable with current process capability. Pitch offsets instead of line/space width offsets were used because the pitch is relatively process insensitive. The pitch has already been widely used as a CD SEM magnification calibration standard, e.g. Hitachi m-scale 240-nm pitch and VLSI 100-nm pitch standards. We produced large and small pitch splits to meet different magnification linearity requirements. We also used optical CD to verify the programmed pitch offset. Using the raw spectrum of OCD, systematic pitch signal changes in 0.25-nm steps can be detected, ensuring that 0.25-nm pitch offset standards are meaningful. Interestingly, 0.25 nm is smaller than the 0.29-nm Si atom. We also used this standard wafer to do the sampling size or data quality evaluation for different CD SEM measurement methodologies, e.g. 150K by 150K or 80K by 35K magnifications that in turn dictates the sample size. Pitch sensitivity is strongly related to the sampling size and line-edge roughness (LER). For example, 0.25-nm pitch sensitivity needs a larger sampling size than those of 0.5-nm and 1- nm pitch sensitivities. By means of this standard wafer, we can easily quantify metrology quality as well as choose the right metrology and sampling size for advanced process control.