cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of nutritional rehabilitation on gastric motility and somatization in adolescents with anorexia.

Objective To examine gastric function, as well as the presence of somatic complaints, anxiety symptoms, and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) before and after nutritional rehabilitation. Study design Sixteen females with AN and 22 healthy controls with similar demographic profiles were included. Gastric emptying (measured as residual gastric volume) and gastric accommodation (measured as postprandial antral diameter) were assessed with abdominal ultrasonography. Participants completed the Children's Somatization Inventory (CSI), the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders, and the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms–Rome III version . All testing was repeated 3-4 months later. Results Body mass index in the AN group improved over time ( P = .012). Fasting gastric parameters were similar in the 2 groups. Maximum postprandial antral diameter was significantly greater in controls compared with the AN group ( P = .008). Only adolescents with AN demonstrated a significant increase in maximum postprandial diameter at repeat testing ( P = .009). There was no difference in residual gastric volume between the 2 groups. Initial CSI scores were higher in adolescents with AN ( P P = .035). Initial scores on the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders were significantly higher in adolescents with AN ( P = .0005), but did not change over time. Adolescents with AN met significantly more criteria for FGIDs ( P = .003). Conclusion Adolescents with AN have impaired gastric accommodation that improves after nutritional rehabilitation, have significantly more somatic complaints, and meet more criteria for anxiety disorders and FGIDs. After nutritional rehabilitation, somatization improves and FGIDs become less common, but symptoms of anxiety persist.
Bond dissocation and conformational energetics of tetrasulfur: a quantum Monte Carlo study.

Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) calculations are performed for S4. The effect of single- and multireference trial functions, as well as choice of orbitals, is investigated for its effect on the quality of the Monte Carlo estimates. Estimates of symmetric (two S2 molecules) and asymmetric (S atom and S3 molecule) bond dissociation are reported. The conformational change of S4 from C2v to D2h defines a double-well potential and is also estimated. Multireference DMC with natural orbitals (DMC/NO) estimates the energy of the conformational change as 1.20(20) kcal/mol; the dissociation of the long S−S single bond is estimated at 21.1(1.3) kcal/mol, and the asymmetric bond energy is estimated as 53.2(2.4) kcal/mol. An estimate of the total atomization energy using multireference DMC/NO gives a value of 219.5(2.2) kcal/mol. The relative quality of result and implications for simplified trial function design are discussed.
Effects of Sediment Deposition on Fine Root Dynamics in Riparian Forests

One of the most important functions of riparian zones is their ability to improve water quality by trapping sediment leaving agricultural fields and other disturbed areas. However, few data exist quantifying the impacts of sediment deposition from anthropogenic disturbance on belowground processes within these ecosystems. This study was conducted at Ft. Benning, GA, where disturbance caused by military training has generated a range of sedimentation levels in riparian forests near ephemeral streams. Nine ephemeral streams, exhibiting different levels of sediment deposition, were selected for study. Two paired treatment plots (upper and lower) were established along each catchment to represent potentially disturbed and control conditions, respectively. On highly and moderately disturbed catchments, upper plots had received varying rates of sediment from erosion along unpaved roads. Biomass, turnover, productivity, and nutrient contents of fine roots were compared within and across catchments. Temporal fluctuations in biomass of live and dead fine roots were observed for both treatments in the three disturbance categories, except for upper plots of highly disturbed catchments, where biomass remained fairly low and constant throughout the study. Fine root productivity declined sharply with sediment rates as low as 03 cm yr -1 . Nutrient contents of live and dead fine roots followed a similar trend to that of root biomass. These data suggest that fine root dynamics may be affected by sediment deposition rates commonly occurring in some wetland forests, and the water filtration function performed by these ecosystems may be at risk.
Are college students alcoholics

(2002). Are College Students Alcoholics? Journal of American College Health: Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 253-255.
Nucleic acids of malignant and benign splenic hyperplasias in mice.

CERECEDO et al.1–3 and Hilf et al.4, studying the effect of sarcoma 180, melanoma S91 and stressing agents on the nucleic acid content of different organs of the mouse, found that the RNA/DNA ratio usually dropped with the growth of the tumours.
Peripartum cardiomyopathies: a review

Peripartum cardiomyopathy is defined as a syndrome of cardiac failure occurring in the latter part of pregnancy or in the puerperium, without obvious cause and without prior evidence of heart disease. This entity is described as being idiopathic, nonischemic, and nonobstructive. It is infrequent, not well known, and not clearly defined. The lack of strict and rigid diagnostic criteria has made some authors question its validity. In an attempt to establish whether such an entity exists as a definite syndrome or if it is simply part of a larger, nonspecific pathologic condition associated with pregnancy, the available literature on peripartum cardiomyopathy, with particular attention to reported cases, has been reviewed. This review allows us to define this condition as a definite syndrome and to predict the most frequent mode of presentation, the course of the disease, and the pathologic findings that are often reported with this entity. Follow-up information on many cases is described, and possible mechanisms of pathophysiology are summarized. It is important to recognize the association of cardiac failure and pregnancy as a separate syndrome so that, once identified, peripartum cardiomyopathy can be treated promptly and aggressively. In addition, patients with this condition require careful counseling.
Broad Diversity and Newly Cultured Bacterial Isolates from Enrichment of Pig Feces on Complex Polysaccharides

One of the fascinating functions of mammalian intestinal microbiota is fermentation of plant cell wall components. Eight-week continuous culture enrichments of pig feces with cellulose and xylan/pectin were used to isolate bacteria from this community. A total of 575 bacterial isolates were classified phylogenetically using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Six phyla were represented in the bacterial isolates: Firmicutes (242), Bacteroidetes (185), Proteobacteria (65), Fusobacteria (55), Actinobacteria (23), and Synergistetes (5). The majority of the bacterial isolates had ≥97 % similarity to cultured bacteria with sequences in the RDP, but 179 isolates represent new species and/or genera. Within the Firmicutes isolates, most were classified in the families of Lachnospiraceae, Enterococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Clostridiaceae I. The majority of the Bacteroidetes were most closely related to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and B. xylanisolvens. Many of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes isolates were identified as species that possess enzymes that ferment plant cell wall components, and the rest likely support these bacteria. The microbial communities that arose in these enrichment cultures had broad bacterial diversity. With over 30 % of the isolates not represented in culture, there are new opportunities to study genomic and metabolic capacities of these members of the complex intestinal microbiota.
Iterative decoding and demodulation for single-antenna vector OFDM systems

Vector orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for single-antenna systems generalizes OFDM in that it converts an intersymbol interference (ISI) channel into multiple "ISI-free" vector channels and involves vector channel matrices instead of channel coefficients in its one-tap equalization (demodulation). Over frequency-selective fading channels, vector OFDM with increasing vector length implicitly offers more signal space diversity advantages over OFDM. However, the complexity of the brute force demodulator increases exponentially in terms of the vector size. In this paper, iterative demodulation and decoding for convolutionally coded vector OFDM systems are studied, and in particular, low-complexity demodulation schemes that employ linear cancellation and feature linear complexity in terms of the vector length are proposed and compared. Following the introduction of demodulators with ideal linear cancellation as benchmark, demodulators with hard and soft interference cancellation and their initialization options are studied. The demodulator with soft interference cancellation dynamically updates the symbol estimates and their instantaneous reliability measure based on the code bit probabilistic information passed from preceding iterations. It alleviates error propagation that is detrimental to the demodulator with hard interference cancellation and shows performance close to that of the brute force demodulator, with great overall complexity reduction. Extensive simulation results demonstrate how the choice among the presented schemes and the vector length affect the convergence rate and the achievable performance of the iterative receivers
THE PREPARATION AND VARIABLE TEMPERATURE 1H NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF 1-(TRI-N-BUTYLSTANNYL)INDENE, 1-(BU3SN)C9H7

Abstract The synthesis of 1-(tri-n-butylstannyl)indene, 1, was carried out by the reacting lithium indenide with tributylstannyl chloride. The pale yellow product was collected by distillation in 65% yield, and the procedure is scalable to large quantities. Examination of the room-temperature 1H NMR spectrum of 1 revealed a fluxional process in which the tributylstannyl group was rapidly interchanging between the 1 and 3 positions on indene. A variable-temperature 1H NMR study was performed on 1 from −60°C to +40°C and the free energy of activation for the 1,3-interchange was calculated as 15.4 kcal mol−1 at 60°C, using the Eyring equation. This result is compared to previous studies of the 1,3 migrations of trimethylsilyl and trimethylstannyl groups on indene.
Mesozoic Paleo-Oceanography of Atlantic and Western Interior Seaway: ABSTRACT

Mesozoic oceans were filled with warm, salty water formed in marginal seas in the arid zones, rather than by cold water from polar sources as is the modern ocean. The early Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico were sites of significant salt extraction, serving as evaporative basins refluxing dense brine to the world ocean. As connection with the world ocean became better established, salt deposition in these basins ceased but sea level rose in response to growth of the mid-ocean ridge system, resulting in extensive flooding of the continents. Marginal seas and that part of the seaway through the Western Interior of North America lying in the arid zone then became sites of formation of plumes of dense, warm, salty, oxygen-poor water. These dominated the structure of the adjacent oc ans. Periodic filling of individual basins by especially dense warm salty bottom water caused partial overturning and high productivity, followed by temporary stagnation and oxygen depletion, with the result that organic carbon-rich sediments were preserved. Because such "anoxic events" were dependent on local climatologic factors they were not necessarily synchronous in different basins. End_of_Article - Last_Page 579------------
Surgical Treatment of Patients with Symptomatic Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency

We report our experience with surgical management of symptomatic vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI). Forty revascularizations were carried out in 39 patients over 90 months. Dizziness (52%) and syncope/presyncope (32%) were the most common symptoms. Arteriography was performed in all patients, with subclavian steal seen in 55% of patients. Procedures performed included 22 cases of carotid-subclavian bypass or transposition (55%), seven direct vertebral reconstructions (17.5%), four great vessel reconstructions (10%), four isolated carotid endar-terectomies (10%), and three axilloaxillary bypasses (7.5%). One patient died, and the combined morbidity and mortality rate was 15%. Outpatient follow-up was available on 37 of the 38 patients discharged alive. At a mean follow-up of 16.4 months, 34 patients had no VBI complaints. Three of four patients treated with CEA alone had persistent VBI complaints. We conclude that a variety of anatomic lesions can result in VBI symptoms, with subclavian steal being the most common. Procedures which directly correct the anatomic abnormality result in sustained symptom resolution with acceptable complication rates.
Flow injection fluorescence microscopy applied to a rapid cell surface immunoassay

A perfusion system for fluorescence microscopy that utilized a flow injection system was developed and used to study cell surface antibody binding on viable cells grown in monolayer cultures on coverslips. A polyclonal cell‐specific antiserum used to probe the cell surface was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence. The flow injection system was completely automatic and allowed controlled perfusion of cell surfaces with the desired sequence of antibodies. The individual steps of the indirect assay were studied to determine the binding behavior of the primary cell surface antibody, the labeled second antibody, and control of nonspecific binding. Under stopped flow conditions, the second antibody was maximally bound within 10 min, while constant mixing of the second antibody solution over the cells resulted in maximal binding within as little as 6 min. A primary antibody contact time of 2 min followed by a wash and then exposure to the second antibody for 2 min showed that this fast automated procedure could distinguish specific from nonspecific binding of cell surface antibodies to the same set of cells for several repeated exposures. The flow injection fluorescence microscopy system can be automated to allow screening for cell surface antibodies and to study their interaction with specific cell surface antigens. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. (Less)
Retrograde transport of the glucocorticoid receptor in neurites requires dynamic assembly of complexes with the protein chaperone hsp90 and is linked to the CHIP component of the machinery for proteasomal degradation

Here, we have used a chimera of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to study retrograde movement of a model soluble (i.e., non-vesicle-associated) protein in axons and dendrites of cultured NT2-N neurons. It is known that in non-neuronal cells, the GFP-GR moves from cytoplasm to the nucleus in a steroid-dependent manner by a rapid, hsp90-dependent mechanism. When rapid movement is inhibited by geldanamycin (GA), a specific inhibitor of the protein chaperone hsp90, the GFP-GR translocates slowly to the nucleus by diffusion. Here we show that GFP-GR expressed in hormone-free neurons is localized in both cytoplasm and neurites, and upon treatment with dexamethasone (DEX), it moves to the nucleus. In neurites, movement by diffusion is not possible, and we show that movement of the GFP-GR from neurites is blocked by geldanamycin, suggesting that the hsp90-dependent movement machinery is required for retrograde movement. In cells treated with both dexamethasone and geldanamycin, the GFP-GR becomes concentrated in fluorescent globules located periodically along the neurites. Carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP), the E3 ubiquitin ligase for the GR, also concentrates in the same loci in a steroid-dependent and geldanamycin-dependent manner. If geldanamycin is removed, the GFP-GR exits the globules and continues its retrograde movement. However, in the continued presence of geldanamycin, the GFP-GR in the globules undergoes proteasomal degradation, suggesting that the globules function as degradasomes. This is the first evidence for a linkage between receptor trafficking along neurites and receptor degradation by the proteasome.
The effects of oxygen on the yields of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during the pyrolysis and fuel-rich oxidation of catechol

Abstract To better understand the effects of oxygen on the formation and destruction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during the burning of complex solid fuels, we have performed pyrolysis and fuel-rich oxidation experiments in an isothermal laminar-flow reactor, using the model fuel catechol ( ortho -dihydroxybenzene), a phenol-type compound representative of structural entities in coal, wood, and biomass. The catechol pyrolysis experiments are conducted at a fixed residence time of 0.3 s, at nine temperatures spanning the range of 500–1000 °C, and under varying oxygen ratios ranging from 0 (pure pyrolysis) to 0.92 (near stoichiometric oxidation). The PAH products, ranging in size from two to nine fused aromatic rings, have been analyzed by gas chromatography with flame-ionization and mass spectrometric detection, and by high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet-visible absorbance detection. The quantified PAH products fall into six structural classes: benzenoid PAH, indene benzologues, fluoranthene benzologues, cyclopenta-fused PAH, ethynyl-substituted PAH, and methyl-substituted PAH. A comparison of product yields from pyrolysis and fuel-rich oxidation of catechol reveals that at temperatures 800 °C, increases in oxygen concentration bring about dramatic decreases in the yields of all PAH products, due to oxidative destruction reactions. The smaller-ring-number PAH are produced in higher abundance under all conditions studied, and the oxygen-induced decreases in the yields of PAH are increasingly more pronounced as the PAH ring number is increased. These observations regarding PAH ring number, from the fuel-rich oxidation experiments with catechol, fully support our finding from catechol pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen: that PAH formation and growth occur by successive ring-buildup reactions involving the C 1 –C 5 and single-ring aromatic products of catechol’s thermal decomposition. The yield/temperature data reported here represent one of the most extensive quantifications of the effects of oxygen on PAH produced during the pyrolysis of any fuel.
Association of chronic sublethal hypoxia with ventriculomegaly in the developing rat brain

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains a major cause of neurodevelopmental handicap in preterm infants. Because bronchopulmonary dysplasia may be associated with prolonged hypoxemia without obvious changes in systemic blood pressure, we developed an animal model of chronic sublethal hypoxia to test the hypothesis that this insult results in significant alterations in corticogenesis in the developing brain. Three groups of newborn rats were placed in a chamber with FIO2 9.5% on postnatal day 3 (P3). One group was sacrificed at P13; a second group was sacrificed at P33, and the third group was removed at P33 and reared in normoxia until sacrifice at P63. Control rats were those raised in room air for the corresponding periods of time. Rats were transcardially perfused and the brains were embedded in celloidin and prepared for morphometric analysis using standard stereology methods. Although experimental rat pups in the third group demonstrated 'catch-up' of body weight following return to normoxia, these studies demonstrated both failure of brain growth (p<0.01) and progressive cerebral ventriculomegaly (p<0.01). Decreased subcortical white matter (p<0. 05) and corpus callosum size (p<0.01) were noted at P63 in pups reared under conditions of chronic hypoxia. Decreases in cortical volume (p<0.05) were noted at all three experimental time points for hypoxic-reared pups when compared to control animals. These data suggest that chronic sublethal hypoxia may lead to severe impairments in corticogenesis in an animal model of developing brain.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Is Deficient in Alveolar Macrophages from Patients with Alveolar Proteinosis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a ligand-activated, nuclear transcription factor that regulates genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and other pathways. The hematopoietic growth factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is essential for lung homeostasis and is thought to regulate surfactant clearance, but mechanisms involved are unknown. GM-CSF is reported to stimulate PPAR-γ, but the activation status of PPAR-γ in human alveolar macrophages has not been defined. In pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), a rare interstitial lung disease, surfactant accumulates in alveolar airspaces, resident macrophages become engorged with lipoproteinaceous material, and GM-CSF deficiency is strongly implicated in pathogenesis. Here we show that PPAR-γ mRNA and protein are highly expressed in alveolar macrophages of healthy control subjects but severely deficient in PAP in a cell-specific manner. Further, we show that the PPAR-γ–regulated lipid sca...
Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock outcome model in rats

During uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) in acute animals models, attempts to achieve normotension with i.v. fluid resuscitation (FR) caused further bleeding and higher acute mortality. In the absence of a published clinically realistic long-term animal outcome study of UHS, we developed such a model in rats. In the preliminary study, phase I of the model involved 60 min of simulated 'pre-hospital' UHS by tail amputation and different FR regimens. Phase II involved 120 min of simulated 'hospital' treatment with hemostasis and all-out FR, including blood infusion. Phase III involved observing recovery and survival to 72 h (3 days). Rats were maintained under very light N2O-O2-halothane anesthesia and spontaneous breathing via mask during phases I and II and were awake during phase III. Tail amputation-induced UHS alone, studied in 4 groups of 10 rats each, resulted in unpredictable spontaneous hemostasis and great variability in shed blood volume, severity of shock, and mortality. The final model, which achieved consistent blood loss and outcome, included an initial volume-controlled hemorrhage of 3 ml/100 g over 15 min and untreated HS for another 15 min, followed by tail amputation for UHS over another 60 min. This phase I of 90 min was followed by phase II of 60 min. In group 1, without FR in phases I and II, all 10 rats died by 12 h. In group 2, without FR in phase I and hemostasis plus all-out FR with lactated Ringer's solution and blood to hematocrit (Hct) 30% in phase II, 5 of 10 rats died at the end of phase I and 9 of 10 died at the end of phase III. This final volume-initiated UHS model may be suitable for comparing different pre-hospital treatment modalities in terms of outcome.
An Indirect Cue of Predation Risk Counteracts Female Preference for Conspecifics in a Naturally Hybridizing Fish Xiphophorus birchmanni

Mate choice is context dependent, but the importance of current context to interspecific mating and hybridization is largely unexplored. An important influence on mate choice is predation risk. We investigated how variation in an indirect cue of predation risk, distance to shelter, influences mate choice in the swordtail Xiphophorus birchmanni, a species which sometimes hybridizes with X. malinche in the wild. We conducted mate choice experiments to determine whether females attend to the distance to shelter and whether this cue of predation risk can counteract female preference for conspecifics. Females were sensitive to shelter distance independent of male presence. When conspecific and heterospecific X. malinche males were in equally risky habitats (i.e., equally distant from shelter), females associated primarily with conspecifics, suggesting an innate preference for conspecifics. However, when heterospecific males were in less risky habitat (i.e., closer to shelter) than conspecific males, females no longer exhibited a preference, suggesting that females calibrate their mate choices in response to predation risk. Our findings illustrate the potential for hybridization to arise, not necessarily through reproductive “mistakes”, but as one of many potential outcomes of a context-dependent mate choice strategy.
Quantum-displacement detection: SQUIDs at the limit

Superconducting quantum interference devices, or SQUIDs, are usually used as high-sensitivity magnetic-field detectors. Embedding bar resonators into them could enable this sensitivity to be exploited for displacement measurements at the quantum limit.
Numerical Simulations of Dynamic Behavior of Polyurea Toughened Steel Plates under Impact Loading

The objective of the work discussed herein is to develop a nonlinear 3D finite element model to simulate dynamic behavior of polyurea toughened steel plates under impact loading. Experimental and numerical work related to model development are presented. Material properties are incorporated into numerical models to account for strain-rate effects on the dynamic behavior of polyurea and steel. One bare steel plate and four polyurea toughened steel plates were tested under impact loading using a pendulum impact device. Displacement time-history data from experimental work was used to validate the numerical models. Details on material model construction, finite element model development, and model validation are presented and discussed. Results indicate that the developed numerical models can reasonably predict dynamic response of polyurea toughened steel plates under impact loading.
The Importance of Attending to Underlying Statistical Assumptions

Statistical tools are delicate instruments. When used properly, they help quantitative researchers illuminate relationships important to both practitioners and theorists; when used carelessly, they can bring about unjustified, distorted, and/or misleading claims. Almost every statistical tool has underlying assumptions (ie, prerequisite conditions) that supposedly govern its use. In this article, four questions concerning such assumptions are raised: What is an underlying statistical assumption? What are the consequences, if any, of violating them? Do applied researchers (and particularly those who publish articles in Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews) pay attention to the assumptions that underlie the statistical procedures they use? What new insights into statistical assumptions have come about during the last 10 to 15 years?
Engineering foundations for the determination of security costs

Power system security is characterized by using distances to system operational limits (including voltage collapse limits, stability limits, line and transformer overloads, and generator limits). It uses the point of collapse method based on the singularity of the power flow Jacobian to define an operational limit boundary in load demand space. Distances to this boundary are then translated into probabilistic measures of likelihood of system failure: probability of normal status, expected demand not served, expected unserved energy, and, ultimately, expected outage cost. Sensitivities of these measures to load and generation changes (important for operational decisions and real-time pricing) are also described. A numerical example is presented. Computational issues are discussed. >
Scattering from cavity-backed apertures: The generalized dual series solution of the concentrically loaded E -pol slit cylinder problem

The generalized dual series solution to the scattering of an E -polarized ( E -pol) plane wave from an infinite circular cylinder having an infinite axial slot and enclosing an infinite concentric impedance cylinder is presented. This solution explicitly exhibits the correct edge behavior, and it can handle cylinders that are either electrically small or large without special considerations. The angle of incidence is arbitrary. A variety of current, field, and cross-section results are presented. These are compared with the corresponding H -pol problem results to establish the polarization dependencies of the aperture coupling. It is also shown that effects corresponding to the presence of the interior cavity dominate all of the scattering data. In particular, the bistatic cross sections in either case and the current induced along an interior wire in the E -pol case exhibit new resonance features that are due to the cavity-backed nature of the aperture.
Competing for the Future: Breakthrough Strategies for Seizing Control of Your Industry and Creating the Markets of Tomorrow

The article presents a review of the book “Competing for the Future: Breakthrough Strategies for Seizing Control of Your Industry and Creating the Markets of Tomorrow,” by Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad.
CSII in Europe: where are we, where are we going? An analysis of articles published in Infusystems International

Abstract The use of CSII is progressively growing throughout the world, however a number of factors interfere with its diffusion and produce wide disparity between different countries. In USA around 20–25% of the population of Type 1 diabetics is treated with CSII, while in Europe the application ranges from nearly 0% in countries like UK and Denmark and 10% in Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany. The reasons for such differences are mostly economic and are likely to be even more accentuated in the next future due to the expected introduction in the market of more sophisticated and expensive instruments. A strong educational action seems to be necessary in order to convince the relevant payers to reimburse CSII as it has already proven its efficacy and effectiveness in improving the metabolic control and the quality of life of a well defined fraction of people with Type 1 diabetes.
Continuous and Extended Infusions of β-Lactam Antibiotics in the Pediatric Population

OBJECTIVE:To conduct a systematic review of available data on the use of extended or continuous infusion of β-lactam and monobactam therapy in the pediatric population (aged 0–18 years).DATA SOURCES:A literature search was performed using PubMed (1975-May 2012), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2012), and Web of Science (1977-May 2012) to identify studies for inclusion. In addition, reference citations from identified publications were reviewed. The following search terms were used: pediatric, children, neonate, infant, adolescent, β-lactam, cephalosporin, carbapenem, penicillin, monobactam, continuous infusion, extended infusion, and/or prolonged infusion. Individual names of drugs in each class of antibiotics were also included in the search.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Randomized controlled clinical trials, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, observational studies, and case reports involving pediatric patients who received extended or continuous infusion of β-lactam or monob...
Dewey's contribution to the foundations of CSCL research

In this paper, I review two studies (Roschelle, 1996; Baker, Hansen, Joiner, & Traum, 1999) which I believe to represent paradigmatic examples of CSCL research. I offer a critique of these studies based on the theory of inquiry developed by the American pragmatist philosopher John Dewey. Inquiry, for Dewey, represented an exceedingly broad category of activity of which joint problem solving is a special case. I conclude by proposing a description of what I think research in CSCL is, or at least should be, about. This description can be used to distinguish what is done in this field from traditional research in education on learning outcomes, research based on classical information processing theory, and conventional research on social interaction.
Time and flow-dependent changes in the p27(kip1) gene network drive maladaptive vascular remodeling.

Objective Although clinical studies have identified that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the p27 kip1 gene is associated with success or failure after vein bypass grafting, the underlying mechanisms for this difference are not well defined. Using a high-throughput approach in a flow-dependent vein graft model, we explored the differences in p27 kip1 -related genes that drive the enhanced hyperplastic response under low-flow conditions. Methods Bilateral rabbit carotid artery interposition grafts with jugular vein were placed with a unilateral distal outflow branch ligation to create differential flow states. Grafts were harvested at 2 hours and at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after implantation, measured for neointimal area, and assayed for cell proliferation. Whole-vessel messenger RNA was isolated and analyzed using an Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif) gene array platform. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Ingenuity, Redwood City, Calif) was used to identify the gene networks surrounding p27 kip1 . This gene set was then analyzed for temporal expression changes after graft placement and for differential expression in the alternate flow conditions. Results Outflow branch ligation resulted in an eightfold difference in mean flow rates throughout the 28-day perfusion period ( P 2 vs 0.014 ± 0.006 mm 2 ; P 2 vs 0.39 ± 0.06 mm 2 ; P 2 vs 11.5 ± 1.9 cells/mm 2 ; P = .04). Sixty-five unique genes within the microarray were identified as components of the p27 kip1 network. At a false discovery rate of 0.05, 26 genes demonstrated significant temporal changes, and two dominant patterns of expression were identified. Class comparison analysis identified differential expression of 11 genes at 2 hours and seven genes and 14 days between the high-flow and low-flow grafts ( P Conclusions Alterations in flow and shear stress result in divergent patterns of vein graft remodeling. Associated with the dramatic increase in neointimal expansion observed in low-flow vs high-flow grafts is a subset of differentially expressed p27 kip1 -associated genes that correlate with critical stages in the adaptive response. These represent potential biologic targets whose activity may be altered to augment maladaptive vascular remodeling.
Long Range Coulomb Effects on Hydrogen Debonding from Boron Acceptors in Silicon

Previous work has demonstrated that B{center dot}H pairs in silicon thermally dissociate obeying simple first order kinetics if they are located in a region depleted of majority carriers. B{center dot}H debonding in equilibrium, however, is a slower, more complex process. We have investigated the dissociation of B{center dot} pairs under a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions and have demonstrated that the dissociation process is strongly influenced by the local concentration of majority and minority carriers. In particular, we show that injection of minority carriers can markedly accelerate the dissociation process. A model is proposed which suggests that hydrogen released from an acceptor, while initially positive, must always be neutralized before escape is possible. This picture correctly describes the time dependence of debonding in equilibrium, and it predicts the enhanced debonding in forward biassed diodes provided the characteristic time for H charge conversion is long. 25 refs., 3 figs.
Grandmother–Grandchild Relationship Quality Predicts Psychological Adjustment Among Youth From Divorced Families

This study investigates maternal grandmother—grandchild relationship quality as a predictor of psychological adjustment among youth from divorced families. Three hundred twenty-four adolescents aged between 17 and 20 report on the quality of their relationships with their maternal grandmothers and their relational competence, self-efficacy, and psychological symptoms. Structural equation modeling analyses support a model in which participants' relationships with grandmothers predict their psychological adjustment. Family background (divorced vs. intact families) moderates the relationship between relationship quality and adjustment; youth from divorced families indicate that their relationships with their maternal grandmothers are more salient to their adjustment than do youth from intact families. These findings suggest that the bonds young people develop with their maternal grandmothers following their parents' divorce may positively affect their psychological functioning.
Testing the monetary model of exchange rate determination: new evidence from a century of data

Abstract We test the long-run monetary model of exchange rate determination for a collection of 14 industrialized countries using data spanning the late nineteenth or early twentieth century to the late twentieth century. Interestingly, we find support for a simple form of the long-run monetary model in over half of the countries we consider. For these countries, we estimate vector error-correction models to investigate the adjustment process to the long-run monetary equilibrium. In the spirit of Meese and Rogoff [Journal of International Economics 14 (1983) 3\24], we also compare nominal exchange rate forecasts based on monetary fundamentals to those based on a naive random walk model.
Reply to "Letter to the editor: Characterizing preclinical model of ischemic heart failure: difference between LAD and LCx infarctions"

reply: We thank Dr. Katz and colleagues ([7][1]) for their interest and comments on our recent study ([3][2]). The study was conducted to develop and characterize a large animal model of chronic heart failure (HF) associated with large myocardial infarction (MI). In the six-lead electrocardiography
The Position of the Midlatitude Storm Track and Eddy-Driven Westerlies in Aquaplanet AGCMs

Abstract The sensitivity of the midlatitude storm track and eddy-driven wind to the sea surface temperature (SST) boundary forcing is studied over a wide range of perturbations using both simple and comprehensive general circulation models over aquaplanet lower boundary conditions. Under the single-jet circulation regime similar to the conditions of the present climate in the Northern Hemisphere winter or the Southern Hemisphere summer, the eddy-driven jet shifts monotonically poleward with both the global mean and the equator-to-pole gradient of the SST. The eddy-driven jet can have a reverse relationship to the gradient if it is well separated from the subtropical jet and Hadley cell boundary in a double-jet circulation regime. A simple scaling is put forward to interpret the simulated sensitivity of the storm-track/eddy-driven westerly wind position within the single-jet regime in both models. The rationale for the scaling is based on the notion that the wave activity flux can propagate horizontally aw...
A Model for Nematic Phases in a Reversibly Assembling System of Hard Rods and Plates

: Liquid crystalline behavior is exhibited by many amphiphilic solutions as a result of the reversible formation of anisotropic aggregates. We model such a system by combining a phenomenological description of aggregation with a lattice statistics calculation of the configurational entropy of a polydisperse collection of hard rods and plates. In this model, nematic liquid crystalline phases of axial, planar and biaxial symmetry are possible. We present a calculated phase diagram, and corresponding particle size distributions, for the case when rod and plate growth are equally favored. Regions of stability are found for axial and planar phases, but not for biaxial phases.
Characterization and modeling of solubility and diffusivity after JEDEC prescribed baked conditioning vs. vacuum desiccation for mold compounds

JEDEC identifies in J-STD-020C, that all devices should be baked for 24 hours minimum at 125/spl deg/C +5/spl deg/C/ -0/spl deg/C to remove moisture from the package so that it will be "dry". This bake is required prior to other reliability stresses , again to "dry" the plastic encapsulated devices. When this preparation technique was first established, most of the mold compounds used were comprised of OCN / ECN novolac resins with glass transition temperatures (Tg) significantly greater than this 125/spl deg/C bake. The mold compounds that are used today have a variety of chemistries and often have Tg regions near or below the 125/spl deg/C bake temperature. This change in mold compound chemistry has resulted in two unpredicted responses to the 125/spl deg/C bake. Some mold compounds will undergo additional cross linking during this conditioning (drying) bake and will result in a more fully cured matrix. Additional mold compounds that have their Tg regions at or near this 125/spl deg/C bake temperature will undergo a change in their inherent equilibrium state, known as physical aging. This will result in a polymer network with a reduced free volume space between polymer chains that would ultimately result in performance behavioral changes when the material is exposed to the moisture soak conditioning, and reflow preconditioning required prior to reliability testing. This paper will describe the analytical methods for characterizing this change in equilibrium state, and explore the effect of this change in free volume space on the behavior of three mold compound systems. An alternative drying procedure utilizing vacuum desiccation will be used for comparative purposes during subsequent characterization experiments. ANSYS modeling will be used to demonstrate the moisture diffusion rate through the mold compound of the package.
Nonlinear Modal Analysis of Structural Systems Using Multi-Mode Invariant Manifolds

In this paper, an invariant manifold approach is introduced for the generation of reduced-order models for nonlinear vibrations of multi-degrees-of-freedom systems. In particular, the invariant manifold approach for defining and constructing nonlinear normal modes of vibration is extended to the case of multi-mode manifolds. The dynamic models obtained from this technique capture the essential coupling between modes of interest, while avoiding coupling from other modes. Such an approach is useful for modeling complex system responses, and is essential when internal resonances exist between modes. The basic theory and a general, constructive methodology for the method are presented. It is then applied to two example problems, one analytical and the other finite- element based. Numerical simulation results are obtained for the full model and various types of reduced-order models, including the usual projection onto a set of linear modes, and the invariant manifold approach developed herein. The results show that the method is capable of accurately representing the nonlinear system dynamics with relatively few degrees of freedom over a range of vibration amplitudes.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Extended-Spectrum and AmpC β-Lactamase—Producing Organisms

Objective:To review the laboratory diagnosis of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase–producing bacteria and evaluate potential treatment options.Data Sources:A PubMed search, restricted to English-language articles, was conducted (1966–May 2007) using the search terms ESBL, AmpC, diagnosis, detection, carbapenem, ertapenem, fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin, cefepime, tigecycline, and colistin. Additional references were identified through review of bibliographies of identified articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All studies that evaluated laboratory methods for the detection of ESBLs and AmpC β-lactamases and/or the treatment of these organisms were reviewed. All articles that were deemed to be clinically pertinent were included and critically evaluated.Data Synthesis:Numerous laboratory techniques are available for the detection of ESBLs. In contrast, laboratory techniques for detection of AmpC β-lactamases are limited, particularly for plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases. Rout...
Computerized scheme for the detection of pulmonary nodules

A computerized scheme to detect locations of lung nodules in digital chest images is discussed. The method is based on a difference-image approach and various feature-extraction techniques, including a growth test, a slope test and a profile test. The aim of the detection scheme is to direct the radiologist's attention to locations in an image that may contain a pulmonary nodule. Final decisions are made by the radiologist. Results of a preliminary observer study suggest that such a computer aid can improve the detection performance of radiologists. >
Radiation damage in scintillating crystals

Crystal Calorimetry in future high-energy physics experiments faces a new challenge to maintain its precision in a hostile radiation environment. This paper discusses the e⁄ects of radiation damage in scintillating crystals, and concludes that the predominant radiation damage e⁄ect in crystal scintillators is the radiation-induced absorption, or color center formation, not the loss of scintillation light yield. The importance of maintaining crystal’s light response uniformity and the feasibility to build a precision crystal calorimeter under radiation are elaborated. The mechanism of radiation damage in scintillating crystals is also discussed. While the damage in alkali halides is found to be caused by the oxygen/hydroxyl contamination, it is the structure defects, such as oxygen vacancies, cause damage in oxides. Material analysis methods used to reach these conclusions are presented in details. ( 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Important Shifts in Curriculum of Educational Leadership Preparation.

This article looks at shifts in pedagogy used to prepare school leaders. Leaders for America’s Schools is the focus around which the authors build their case, beginning with a recap of the early phases of administrator training. Next, the authors examine A Nation at Risk and the impact the educational reform movement had on administration preparation. This section examines Leaders for America’s Schools, the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium standards, and the impacts of neoliberalism, globalization, and social justice on preparation. The authors conclude by describing current pedagogy used in an exemplary leadership preparation program.
60-GHz Integrated Transmitter Development in 90-nm CMOS

In this study, two 60-GHz single-chip CMOS transmitters have been fully integrated in a standard 90-nm CMOS process, focusing on low-power and high-performance applications, respectively. The low-power transmitter lineup consists of a push-push voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a single-gate up-conversion mixer, and a low-power three-stage power amplifier. The high-performance transmitter lineup consists of a cross-coupled VCO, a double-balanced Gilbert-cell up-conversion mixer with an on-chip Marchand balun, and a high linearity three-stage power amplifier. Measured performances of both the VCOs exhibit a wide tuning range of more than 2 GHz. The low-power single-gate up-converter provides a conversion loss of 8.4 dB, as compared to 4-dB conversion loss for the double-balanced Gilbert-cell up-converter, with 28-mW lower power consumption. The high-performance transmitter provides a total gain of more than 12 dB, with the power amplifier achieving 17-dB small-signal gain, and delivers +8.6-dBm saturated output power at 63 GHz for total power consumption of 112 mW. The low-power transmitter lineup provides a gain of 8.4 dB with a 5.7-dBm saturated output power for a 30% lower power consumption, and hence, presents an excellent tradeoff in terms of overall gain, output power, and total power consumption. After evaluating performances of these two lineups, an optimum lineup has been chosen where a double-balanced Gilbert-cell up-converter and Marchand balun of high-performance lineup are replaced by a dual-gate up-converter. This optimum transmitter front-end lineup delivers same performance as high-performance transmitter lineup, but with 10% reduced size and reduced total power consumption of 94 mW. All the designs have been optimized for robustness against process variation and temperature, and verified by measurement results. Transmitters achieve a 3-dB RF bandwidth exceeding 8 GHz (57-65 GHz).