cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of excitatory amino acid transport in the human U373 astrocytoma cell line

Abstract In this study, we describe the presence of Na+-dependent high-affinity l -glutamate transport activity in the human U373 astrocytoma cell line. U373 cells exhibited a robust accumulation of l -glutamate which was predominantly (85%) extracellular Na+-dependent. Kinetic analysis of this transport activity revealed that the uptake followed first-order Michaelis–Menten kinetics and was high-affinity in nature. The kinetic parameters estimated by Eadie–Hofstee transformation of the saturable uptake were 37.3±5.1 μM for Km and 0.13±0.02 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein for Vmax. A total of 14 known inhibitors of high-affinity l -glutamate transport were examined for their abilities to inhibit l -glutamate uptake by U373 cells. Three compounds, kainate (KA), dihydrokainate (DHK) and α-aminoadipic acid produced less than 30% inhibition at 1 mM. The lack of effect of both KA and DHK indicates that the predominant astroglial l -glutamate transporter EAAT2 (excitatory amino acid transporter 2) does not contribute to the uptake activity present in these cells. The rank order of inhibitory potency for the remaining 11 compounds tested was l -cysteine sulphinate= l -CCG-III= l -cysteate= l -aspartate=threo-β-hydroxyaspartate>trans-PDC> d -aspartate=MPDC>β-glutamate> l -CCG-IV= l -aspartate-β-hydroxamate. Pre-treatment of U373 cells with phorbol ester for 30 min resulted in a 56% decrease in l -glutamate uptake and this effect was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. Expression of l -glutamate transporters by U373 cells was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western analysis. Transcripts for both the EAAT1 and EAAT3 transporter subtypes were detected but not for EAATs 2, 4, and 5. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of EAAT3 protein, however, we were unable to detect EAAT1 protein. In conclusion, the Na+-dependent high-affinity l -glutamate transport into human U373 astrocytoma cells appears to be mediated predominantly by the EAAT3 subtype.
Natural history of large local reactions from stinging insects

Abstract In ongoing studies of the natural history of stinging-insect allergy, 133 patients with large local reactions have been evaluated over 8 yr; 79 patients returned for reevaluation. Based on RAST analysis with honeybee and vespid venoms, patients were divided into RAST-positive and RAST-negative groups. Sixty-six patients were RAST-negative with positive venom skin tests in 58%. Seventy-five restings in this group led to no systemic reactions and 74 large local reactions. At follow-up RASTs remained negative, and the incidence of positive skin tests was unchanged. Sixty-seven patients had detectable serum venom-specific IgE covering a wide range in antibody titers, indistinguishable from patients with systemic reactions. Twenty-four of 67 patients received venom immunotherapy (VIT). RAST titers decreased similarly in the VIT and untreated groups. There were 55 restings resulting in 40 recurrent large local reactions occurring in equal incidence in treated and untreated patients. One systemic reaction occurred in an untreated patient. In reviewing 118 patients with sting anaphylaxis, a previous large local reaction occurred in five. These results suggest that after repeat stings, patients with large local reactions tend to have subsequent large local reactions, regardless of the presence of venom-specific IgE or immunotherapy. There is small risk of anaphylaxis. Determination of serum venom-specific IgE by RAST or skin tests does not aid in treatment or in predicting prognosis. Thus skin tests are not necessary in patients who have had large local reactions, and venom immunotherapy is not indicated.
Capillary Pressure Hysteresis Behavior of Three Sandstones Measured with a Multistep Outflow–Inflow Apparatus

Many phenomena of practical importance, such as water movement in soils and the recovery of oil and gas from subterranean reservoirs, involve capillary pressure hysteresis in natural porous materials. Experimental capillary pressure–saturation relationships provide important information on pore systems and multiphase displacements. Data, at various levels of detail, are available for strongly wetted soils and sphere packs, but very few detailed hysteresis data have been reported for consolidated porous media, such as rocks, at equivalent wetting conditions. A new porous plate apparatus and procedure have been used to give extensive capillary pressure hysteresis relationships within a few days, a significant improvement on previous methods. Air–brine data are presented for three types of consolidated sandstones. Rate of outflow and inflow were recorded for each data point. Imbibition scanning curves have been obtained starting from the primary and secondary drainage curves. Drainage scanning curves that branch from imbibition curves starting at different levels of initial water saturation have also been measured. The data met a stringent test of quality in that all hysteresis loops exhibited closure as predicted by theory and as usually reported for unconsolidated media. The overall form of the hysteresis curves is related to fluid distributions, percolation effects, and trapping. Initial wetting phase (WP) saturation versus residual nonwetting phase (NWP) relationships provide detailed information on the extent of trapping for imbibition starting at different initial saturations, a parameter of particular interest in carbon dioxide sequestration. Features of the dynamic outflow–inflow data provided indication of the differences in flow rates for drainage and imbibition.
A model system for assessing physicochemical factors affecting calcium absorbability from the intestinal tract

An in vitro model system was utilized to critically examine physicochemical factors that could play a role in determining the amount of potentially absorbable ionic calcium as well as soluble complexes in the proximal jejunum following ingestion of tricalcium dicitrate, calcium carbonate, or tricalcium diphosphate. The solubility of calcium salts (500 mg calcium each) was tested in 300 ml water containing varying amounts of hydrochloric acid (0, 0.72, 2.4, 7.26, and 24.2 mEq) intended to mimic achlorhydric to peak acid secretory states. Whereas 20% of calcium citrate dissolved in the absence of hydrochloric acid, a negligible amount of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate underwent dissolution. In solutions containing 0.72-7.26 mEq hydrochloric acid, calcium citrate was more than twofold soluble than calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate had intermediate solubility. At simulated peak acid secretion, all three salts were completely soluble, or nearly so. To simulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, the filtrates obtained from solubility studies were titrated to pH 5, 6, and 7 with sodium hydroxide. Reprecipitation of calcium citrate and calcium carbonate did not occur. However, substantial calcium phosphate reprecipitation took place especially at high pH and in filtrates derived from high hydrochloric acid content. In filtrates derived from reprecipitation experiments (at pH 6 and 7), anionic complexation of calcium was calculated in order to estimate the amount of ionic and complexed calcium. Considerable amount of calcium from dissolved calcium citrate was complexed (60-65%), principally as soluble CaCit-, whereas calcium complexation was negligible in the calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate systems.
A stable 3-methylene-1,4-cyclohexadiene: a non-aromatic tautomer of a simple benzene

Abstract 2,4-Dichloro-3-(dimethylaminomethylene)-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,5-dicarboxaldehyde, a stable derivative of the reactive p -isotoluene, has been isolated by treating cyclohexane-1,3-dione with a Vilsmeier reagent.
The Lubbock Tornadoes: A Study of Suction Spots

(1970). The Lubbock Tornadoes: A Study of Suction Spots. Weatherwise: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 161-173.
Effect of PG600 and adjusted mating times on reproductive performance in weaned sows

Abstract The administration of PG600 to sows at weaning induces >90% of sows to return to estrus within a week, but farrowing rate and litter size are often not improved. This study evaluated the effects of adjusted artificial insemination (AI) times based on weaning to estrus interval (WEI) and estrus to ovulation interval (EOI) following PG600. All sows were given PG600 at weaning and allotted to adjusted (ADJ, n = 47) or non-adjusted (NA, n = 46) mating times after the onset of estrus. Adjusted mating involved: (1) 2–3 days WEI, AI at 36 h and 48 h; (2) 4 days WEI, AI at 24 h and 36 h; (3) 5 days WEI, AI at 12 h and 24 h; and (4) 6–7 days WEI, AI at 0 h and 12 h. Mating for NA occurred at 0 h and 24 h after onset of estrus. There was no effect of treatment on return to estrus (92.9% versus 92.5%) or ovulation (92.7% versus 92.5% for ADJ and NA, respectively). The proportion of first AI occurring within 24 h prior to ovulation was increased (83.8% versus 50.0%) and closer to ovulation for ADJ compared to NA treatment (19.4 h versus 27.3 h, P 0.10) the proportion of second AI occurring within 24 h of ovulation (72.8% versus 56.6%) but did influence (P
Hip Abductor and Knee Extensor Muscle Strength of Children with and without Down Syndrome.

Purpose The purposes of this study were to 1) determine test-retest reliability of hand-held dynamometer measurements of right hip abductor and knee extensor muscle strength in children with Down syndrome (DS), 2) identify differences in isometric muscle strength between children with DS and peers who are developing typically, and 3) determine the relationship between various anthropometric and demographic variables and isometric muscle strength. Methods Seventeen children with DS between the ages of seven and 15 years and a comparison group of 17 age- and gender-matched peers who were developing typically participated in the study. A hand-held dynamometer was used to measure peak force during maximal isometric right hip abduction and knee extension at two test sessions approximately one week apart. Peak torque values were calculated by multiplying peak force measurements by the appropriate segment lengths. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and a questionnaire was used to measure habitual physical activity levels. Results Test-retest reliability was high, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.89 to 0.95. Children with DS had significantly lower mean peak torque values for hip abduction and knee extension than children in the comparison group. Regression analyses indicated that weight, body mass index, height, activity level, and gender were significant predictors of peak torque production for the sample as a whole. Conclusions Hand-held dynamometry can be used to obtain reliable measurements of isometric muscle strength in children with DS. Anthropometric characteristics and activity levels may play a role in peak torque production in children with and without DS.
An active measurement system for shared environments

Testbeds composed of end hosts deployed across the Internet enable researchers to simultaneously conduct a wide variety of experiments. Active measurement studies of Internet path properties that require precisely crafted probe streams can be problematic in these environments. The reason is that load on the host systems from concurrently executing experiments (as is typical in PlanetLab) can significantly alter probe stream timings. In this paper we measure and characterize how packet streams from our local PlanetLab nodes are affected by experimental concurrency. We find that the effects can be extreme. We then set up a simple PlanetLab deployment in a laboratory testbed to evaluate these effects in a controlled fashion. We find that even relatively low load levels can cause serious problems in probe streams. Based on these results, we develop a novel system called MAD that can operate as a Linux kernel module or as a stand-alone daemon to support real-time scheduling of probe streams. MAD coordinates probe packet emission for all active measurement experiments on a node. We demonstrate the capabilities of MAD, showing that it performs effectively even under very high levels of multiplexing and host system load.
Prediction of mutant expression patterns using gene circuits

Networks of interacting transcription factors, or gene circuits, form an essential part of the metabolic pathways controlling macromolecular synthesis. This paper conveys two new results about gene circuits. We first show how a gene circuit for mutant phenotypes can be constructed from the wild type gene circuit for the same organism. We then present results of computational studies that show that mutant expression patterns can be correctly predicted using gene circuits whose parameters have been determined from wild type data only. Further computational studies demonstrate that this property is insensitive to errors as large as a factor of two in the input data. Together, these results show that gene circuits can be used to identify the regulatory mechanisms governing an entire family of genotypes from a knowledge of the wild type genotype alone. It is argued that this fact forms the basis for a new paradigm in genetics.
Steven Millhauser, Miniaturist

(1996). Steven Millhauser, Miniaturist. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 139-148.
FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS (FSGS) FACTOR REDUCES EXPRESSION OF INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (iNOS) AND PRODUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE (NO) IN RAT MESANGIAL CELLS (RMC) † 1696

Nearly 25% of patients with FSGS develop recurrent disease following renal transplantation. A plasma factor has been isolated from these patients which increases glomerular permeability to protein in vitro. NO modulates renal hemodynamics and extracellular matrix production. Therefore, we studied whether the FSGS plasma factor alters NO synthesis by RMC.
Global Attractivity in Nonlinear Delay Differential Equations

Abstract We obtain sufficient conditions under which every solution of the nonlinear delay differential equation[formula]tends to its equilibrium. Our results have applications to delay differential equations in mathematical biology.
Prediction of cumulative fatigue damage

The life of a component subjected to a constant stress can be determined using the S-N diagram. Prediction of cumulative fatigue damage or fatigue life of a component subjected to a given stress sequence of varying amplitude is difficult, if not impossible. Miner's rule and Kramer's equation can predict cumulative fatigue damage with a reasonable degree of accuracy for limited cases. The development of Kramer's equation was studied and a modification suggested. Cumulative fatigue data generated using aluminium alloys 2011-T3 and 2024-T4, were analysed using Miner's, Kramer's and the modified equations. While Miner's rules and Kramer's equation predict cumulative fatigue damage with tolerable error for a few cases, the modified equation has shown close agreement between the experimental and theoretical values of fatigue life or cumulative fatigue damage for the materials studied in this investigation.
Development of a case-based expert system: Application to a service coordination problem

Abstract Researchers have recently begun utilizing the case-based reasoning (CBR) technique in the construction of expert systems. Instead of developing a knowledge base that contains explicit rules, CBR involves developing a case with prior cases or example. Retrieving prior cases relevant to the current problem and deciding on a solution on the basis of the outcome of previous cases constitute the use of such an expert system. A major advantage of CBR is that in domains that already have much of the required knowledge in the form of cases a case-based expert system can be easily developed. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the CBR technique as applied to the problem of emulating the decision process of service coordinators. This article describes the architecture of a case-based expert system and the detailed methodology of applying the CBR technique. The benefits and pitfalls of applying the technique in the development of an expert system are also discussed.
Deflection of β particles in a magnetic field and data-logging

There is an increasing awareness amongst teachers, and students alike, of the potential benefits of using microcomputers in the school science laboratory. Ever since the advent of microcomputers with datalogging facilities, conventional experiments are being done in exciting and novel ways. The case for using micros effectively in the class has been well argued by Laurence Rogers.1 In this article, the methodology adopted by an A-level student tackling an experiment on the deflection of β particles is analysed to ascertain the likely advantages of automating this experiment.
A correspondence principle for laminated plates

Abstract The problem of determining the stress distribution within a plate laminated of any number of isotropic plies is considered. The general method of approach is via the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The laminated plate is regarded as a material continuum characterized by material property functions which possess finite jumps across material interfaces. The stress field is supposed to be induced by boundary tractions applied to the edges and to one lateral face, and by temperature, the plate being stress-free in the reference state. The continuity conditions across material interfaces are automatically satisfied by a method of formulation previously reported in [1]. It is shown that the problem involves the determination of four continuous stress functions which may have discontinuous normal derivatives at material interfaces. In the case in which the number of laminations increases without limit, a Correspondence Principle is derived which relates the stress field in the laminated plate to the stress field in a ‘corresponding’ homogeneous, anisotropic plate subjected to the same loading. Numerical results are exhibited which show that the maximum strain error obtained by applying the Correspondence Principle to a plate with as few as three plies is less than 1 per cent.
Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy in spinal cord: Age and cervical spondylosis–related changes

Purpose To present the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) change with age in the normal spinal cord and in cervical spondylosis. Materials and Methods A total of 11 normal volunteers and 79 cervical spondylosis patients entered this study. Line scan diffusion tensor images were obtained in a 1.5-Tesla whole-body scanner using a phased-array spine coil. The ADC and FA values were measured on a sagittal section. Spearman correlation of ADC/FA vs. age for normal spinal cord was calculated. Results The mean ADC of the normal spinal cord was 0.81 ± 0.03 μm2/msec at the relatively wide C2–C3 level and 0.75 ± 0.06 μm2/msec at the more narrow C4–C7 level. The FA at the corresponding level was 0.70 ± 0.05 and 0.66 ± 0.03, respectively. With age, ADC showed positive correlation (Spearman, r = 0.242) and FA exhibited negative correlation (Spearman, r = −0.244). A total of 54% of all spondylosis cases showed elevated ADC (P < 0.001) and decreased FA (P < 0.001) at the stenotic spinal canal level compared with the normal spinal cord. The average ADC and FA of high-signal lesions on T2-weighted images (seven patients) were 1.28 ± 0.33 μm2/msec and 0.46 ± 0.12, respectively. Conclusion ADC increases and FA decreases with age in the normal spinal cord. Elevated ADC and reduced FA were measured in the spinal cord of spondylosis cases with clinical symptoms of myelopathy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:38–43. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Natural killer activity against retrovirus infected cells: dichotomy in NK sensitivity of infected T and B cells.

Abstract Analysis of the natural killer cell activity against persistently FeLV-infected human T- and B-cell lines HSB-2, RPMI-8402, Raji, and RPMI-8392, and their uninfected counterparts, suggests that feline leukemia virus(FeLV) infection modifies NK sensitivity of T and B cells in different ways. In contrast to infected B cells, which demonstrated a dramatic increase in susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis relative to uninfected cells, infected T (HSB-2 and 8402) cells demonstrated a significant decrease. This pattern of lysis was independent of the NK assay duration. The resistance to NK-mediated cytotoxicity is not due to serum, nor to variation in virus replication in the host cells. This dichotomous response to retrovirus infection suggests different mechanisms of viral interaction leading to the development of specific malignancies through an immune surveillance escape mechanism.
Establishment and characterization of two cell lines from bluefin trevally Caranx melampygus.

Bluefin trevally Caranx melampygus Cuvier is a popular game fish and highly valued sea food with potential importance for aquaculture. To help establish this marine animal as an important aquacultural species in Hawaii and the Pacific and develop in vitro cell culture systems for long-term management and control of potential viral diseases 2 cell lines were established from body muscle (bluefin trevally muscles, BTMS) and fins (bluefin trevally fins, BTF). Primary culture of these cells was conducted at 25°C using L-15 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum and various anti- biotics. These cells have been serially subcultured 37 to 41 times since their initiation in June 2002. Growth of the bluefin trevally cells was serum-dependent at the time of the experiments and their plat- ing efficiencies ranged from 11 to 28.2%. Comparative analysis showed that these bluefin trevally cells grew equally well in the media L-15 (Leibovitz medium), RPMI 1640, M199 and MEM (minimum essential medium), which are commonly used for cell cultures derived from aquatic animals and mam- malian species. Examination of the early passage cells stored at -196°C revealed a large percent (nearly 98%) of cell viability following a 6 mo storage in liquid nitrogen. Karyotyping analysis indi- cated that these bluefin trevally derived cell lines remained diploid with a chromosome count of 48 at passage 7 and 12. These 2 cell lines shared a same pattern of viral susceptibility and they were sensi- tive to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) but refractory to channel catfish virus (CCV) infection. These newly established cell lines are currently being used to facilitate the diagnosis of viral disease affecting marine fish aquaculture in Hawaii, and will be available for future isolation and study of bluefin trevally fish viruses.
Defining the infratip lobule in rhinoplasty: anatomy, pathogenesis of abnormalities, and correction using an algorithmic approach.

Background Excess infratip lobule projection is often the result of deformities of the middle crus and lower lateral cartilage. The causes and correction of excess projection have not been well described. The classification of the deformities causing excess infratip lobule projection is defined and a surgical algorithm for addressing the infratip lobule is presented. Methods A retrospective review of primary rhinoplasties was combined with the use of a cadaver model to identify the causes of excess infratip lobule projection and develop an algorithm for its correction. Specific cases are presented to demonstrate the consistency and predictability of these techniques. Results The classification of excess infratip lobule projection is divided into intrinsic (i.e., long middle crus, wide middle crus, lower lateral malposition, and combination) and extrinsic causes (i.e., prominent septum). After correcting extrinsic causes, the algorithm progresses from medial to lateral, working from the medial crus to the lateral crus. Final refinement using transdomal sutures establishes the endpoint for infratip lobule projection and alar rim position when the cephalic and caudal edges (rotational orientation) of the lower lateral cartilage lie in the same plane. Conclusions A simple classification and logical algorithm are established to help rhinoplasty surgeons achieve aesthetic and consistent infratip lobule projection in cosmetic rhinoplasty. Establishing appropriate infratip lobule projection is essential for an aesthetic result in the lower third of the nose. The appearance of this complex area with the tip, columella, ala, and lobule has great importance in the final outcome in rhinoplasty. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, V.
Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in bacteria a comparison of citrate synthases from different bacteria

Abstract Citrate synthase (citrate oxalacetate-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC 4.1.3.7) from Azotobacter vinelandii, Salmonella typhimurium, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Corynebacterium lilium were examined in partially purified extracts. The enzymes differed in several respects including K m for substrates, stability, and response to modulators of activity (cations, ATP, AMP, NADH, and α-ketoglutarate). Citrate synthase from A. vinelandii was found to be activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP and NADH. The enzyme from R. rubrum was inhibited by ATP and that from S. typhimurium was inhibited by ATP and NADH. NADH inhibition was relieved by AMP. The activity of the enzyme from C. lilium , a glutamate excretor, was weakly inhibited by ATP and NADH. A comparison of the modulation of the activities of citrate synthase and from eight microorganisms representing different physiological groups is presented. It is indicated that the control of citrate synthase differs in organisms that are physiologically diverse. The regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, on the other hand, is similar in unrelated bacteria.
Cefazaflur, a New Parenteral Cephalosporin: In Vitro Studies

Cefazaflur was tested in vitro against 262 strains of bacteria. Inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined with two inoculum sizes of bacterial cells in Mueller-Hinton broth and nutrient broth. Agar dilution studies also were performed. When tested in agar, 5.0 μg or less of cefazaflur per ml inhibited almost all strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella , and Proteus mirabilis . The drug was less active against Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus , and 7.5 μg of antibiotic per ml inhibited approximately two-thirds to one-fourth of the strains. A concentration of 50 μg of cefazaflur per ml was required for inhibition of the enterococci. There was negligible activity against Pseudomonas . The drug demonstrated less activity in broth than in agar, and a major inoculum effect was seen with some strains. For example, with a lower inoculum, 2.5 μg of cefazaflur per ml killed all strains of E. coli , whereas with the higher inoculum, 7.5 μg of cefazaflur per ml, inhibited 64% and killed only 8% of strains. The activity of the drug for some strains was greater in Mueller-Hinton broth; for others, it was greater in nutrient broth. There were considerable differences in the results of the broth and agar studies for some species when the same medium was employed. Because of differences in activity found with different media, inocula, and method of testing, an evaluation of the eventual usefulness of cefazaflur must await the results of in vivo studies.
A Multiscale Method for Epitaxial Growth

In this paper we investigate a heterogeneous multiscale method (HMM) for interface tracking and apply the technique to the simulation of epitaxial growth. HMM relies on an efficient coupling between macroscale and microscale models. When the macroscale model is not fully known explicitly or not accurate enough, HMM provides a procedure for supplementing the missing data from a microscale model. Here we design a multiscale method that couples kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) simulations on the microscale with the island dynamics model based on the level set method and a diffusion equation. We perform the numerical simulations for submonolayer island growth and step edge evolutions on the macroscale domain while keeping the KMC modeling of the internal boundary conditions. Our goal is to get comparably accurate solutions at potentially lower computational cost than for the full KMC simulations, especially for the step flow problem without nucleation.
Comparison of CdS/CdTe superstrate and substrate devices fabricated with a ZnTe:Cu contact interface

Superstrate and substrate CdS/CdTe devices have been fabricated with a ZnTe:Cu contact. The main variable probed is the effect of Cu diffusion from the ZnTe:Cu contact interface layer. A combination of electrical and composition analysis indicates that, for the substrate devices produced for this study, the amount of Cu in the CdTe layer is too high for optimum device operation. Admittance spectroscopy analysis suggests that superstrate devices with excessive Cu have similar defect functionality as the substrate devices with a ZnTe:Cu contact interface. Temperature-dependant, current-voltage analysis further suggests that it may be possible to ascribe subtle differences in I–V rollover to either a back-contact barrier or an artifact of Cu in the CdS.
Burden among White and Black Caregivers to Elderly Adults

Racial differences in caregiver burden were evaluated among 1,062 White and 159 Black caregivers from the 1982 National Long-term Care Survey and its supplement, the National Survey of Informal Caregivers. Black caregivers performed more caregiving activities and cared for persons with greater functional and cognitive impairment. However, White caregivers reported significantly more burden in linear regression analyses, controlling for covariates. Results of separate, race-specific regression models showed that caregiver demographics (being female, spouse of the care recipient, and poorer self-rated health), caregiving activities (helps with ADLs, extra time spent caregiving, unable to leave care recipient alone), and care recipient needs (IADL limitations, cognitive impairment or proxy interview, recent hospitalization) were significantly associated with burden among White caregivers. When this model was replicated in Black caregivers, the only statistically significant variables were poorer self-rated health, caregiving activities (helps with ADLs, extra time caregiving, unable to leave care recipient alone), and cognitive impairment of the care recipient. These results underscore the importance of caregiving activities in assessments of burden among White and Black caregivers.
String Tensions for Lattice Gauge Theories in 2+1 Dimensions

Abstract Compact U(1) and SU(2) lattice gauge theories in 3 euclidean dimensions are studied by standard Monte Carlo techniques. The question of extracting reliable string tensions from these theories is examined in detail, including a comparison of the Monte Carlo Wilson loop data with weak coupling predictions and a careful error analysis: our conclusions are rather different from those of previous investigations of these theories. In the case of U(1) theory, we find that only a tiny range of β values can possibly be relevant for extracting a string tension and we are unable to convincingly demonstrate the expected exponential dependence of the string tension on β. For the SU(2) theory we are able to determine, albeit with rather large errors, a string tension from a study of Wilson loops.
SN 72129 and avermectin B1, two new pesticides for control of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola (Homoptera: Psyllidae)

SN 72129 (2-chloro- b -oxo- a -(4-phenyl-2(3 H )-thiazolylidene)benzenepropanenitrile) and avermectin B1 were tested in pear orchards as dormant-season and summer sprays for control of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster. SN 72129 in late dormant sprays provided control of overwintered adults equal to that produced by fenvalerate, the pesticide currently used against this stage. Both compounds provided adult and nymph control comparable to that of amitraz in summer sprays.
Adipocyte-derived exosomal miRNAs: a novel mechanism for obesity-related disease

Obesity is frequently complicated by comorbid conditions, yet how excess adipose contributes is poorly understood. Although adipocytes in obese individuals induce systemic inflammation via secreted cytokines, another potential mediator has recently been identified (i.e., adipocyte-derived exosomes). We hypothesized that adipocyte-derived exosomes contain mediators capable of activating end-organ inflammatory and fibrotic signaling pathways. We developed techniques to quantify and characterize exosomes shed by adipocytes from seven obese (age: 12–17.5 y, BMI: 33–50 kg/m2) and five lean (age: 11–19 y, BMI: 22–25 kg/m2) subjects. Abundant exosomal miRNAs, but no mRNAs, were detected. Comparison of obese vs. lean visceral adipose donors detected 55 differentially expressed miRNAs (P < 0.05; fold change ≥|1.2|). qRT-PCR confirmed downregulation of miR-148b (ratio = 0.2 (95% confidence interval = 0.1, 0.6)) and miR-4269 (0.3 (0.1, 0.8)), and upregulation of miR-23b (6.2 (2.2, 17.8)) and miR-4429 (3.8 (1.1−13.4)). Pathways analysis identified TGF-β signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling among the top canonical pathways expected to be altered with visceral adiposity based on projected mRNA targets for the 55 differentially expressed miRNAs. A select mRNA target was validated in vitro. These data show that visceral adipocytes shed exosomal-mediators predicted to regulate key end-organ inflammatory and fibrotic signaling pathways.
The solubility of CaCO3 in seawater at 2°C based upon in-situ sampled pore water composition☆

Abstract Analyses of the concentration product (Ca2+) × (CO32−) in the pore waters of marine sediments have been used to estimate the apparent solubility products of sedimentary calcite (K′SPc) and aragonite (K′SPa) in seawater. Regression of the data gives the relation In K′ P SP c = 1.94 × 10 −3 δP − 14.59 The 2°C, 1 atm value of K′SPc is, then, 4.61 × 10−7 mol2 l−2. The pressure coefficient yields a Δ V r at 2°C of −43.8 cm3 atm−1. A single station where aragonite is present in the sediments gives a value of K′SPa = 9.2 × 10−7 (4°C, 81 atm). The calcite data are very similar to those determined experimentally by Ingle et al. (1973) for K′SPc at 2°C and 1 atm. The calculated Δ V r is also indistinguishable from the experimental results of Ingle (1975) if Δ V r is assumed to be independent of pressure.
Synchronous allelic expression at the glucosephosphate isomerase A and B loci in interspecific sunfish hybrids

Allelic isozymes of glucosephosphate isomerase at the Gpi-A and -B loci were separated by starch gel electrophoresis in the warmouth (Lepomis gulosus) and green sunfish (L. cyanellus). The specific tissue distributions and developmental expressions of the GPI-A2, -AB, and -B2 isozymes were not different between these two species. The synchrony of allelic expression in normal intraspecific sunfish crosses was demonstrated by means of an electrophoretic variant at the Gpi-B locus. In embryos formed from warmouth x green sunfish hybrid crosses, the paternal GPI-A2 isozymes were first expressed at the same time in both reciprocal hybrids, at 21-25 hr after fertilization. The maternal and paternal GPI-B subunits were synchronously expressed in reciprocal hybrids just for prior to hatching. The parental allelic isozymes at both loci shoed codominant expression in all tissues of the mature F1 hybrids. These results are consistent with the absence of allelic asynchrony and inhibition in interspecific hybrids formed from more evolutionarily related species.
Modeling of cyclic ratchetting plasticity, part i: Development of constitutive relations

The existing plasticity models recognize that ratchetting direction strongly depends on the loading path, the stress amplitude, and the mean stresses, but their predictions deviate from experiments for a number of materials. We propose an Armstrong-Frederick type hardening rule utilizing the concept of a limiting surface for the backstresses. The model predicts long-term ratchetting rate decay as well as constant ratchetting rate for both proportional and nonproportional loadings. To represent the transient behavior, the model encompasses a memory surface in the deviatoric stress space which recalls the maximum stress level of the prior loading history. The coefficients in the hardening rule, varying as a function of the accumulated plastic strain, serve to represent the cyclic hardening or softening. The stress level effect on ratchetting and non-Masing behavior are realized with the size of the introduced memory surface. Simulations with the model checked favorably with nonproportional multiaxial experiments which are outlined in Part 2 of this paper.
Quantifying particulate matter deposition in Niwot Ridge, Colorado: Collection of dry deposition using marble inserts and particle imaging using the FlowCAM

Abstract Atmospheric wet and dry deposition are important sources of carbon for remote alpine lakes and soils. The carbon inputs from dry deposition in alpine National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) collectors, including aeolian dust and biological material, are not well constrained due to difficulties in retaining particulate matter in the collectors. Here, we developed and tested a marble insert for dry deposition collection at the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research Station (NWT LTER) Soddie site (3345 m) between 24 May and 8 November 2011. We conducted laboratory tests of the insert's effect on particulate matter (PM) mass and non-purgeable organic carbon (DOC) and found that the insert did not significantly change either measurement. Thus, the insert may enable dry deposition collection of PM and DOC at NADP sites. We then developed a method for enumerating the collected wet and dry deposition with the Flow Cytometer and Microscope (FlowCAM), a dynamic-image particle analysis tool. The FlowCAM has the potential to establish morphology, which affects particle settling and retention, through particle diameter and aspect ratio. Particle images were used to track the abundance of pollen grains over time. Qualitative image examination revealed that most particles were biological in nature, such as intact algal cells and pollen. Dry deposition loading to the Soddie site as determined by FlowCAM measurements was highly variable, ranging from 100 to >230 g ha−1 d−1 in June–August 2011 and peaking in late June. No significant difference in diameter or aspect ratio was found between wet and dry deposition, suggesting fundamental similarities between those deposition types. Although FlowCAM statistics and identification of particle types proved insightful, our total-particle enumeration method had a high variance and underestimated the total number of particles when compared to imaging of relatively large volumes (60–125 mL) from a single sample. We recommend use of the FlowCAM, especially for subclasses of particles, but in light of uncertainty in particle counts, believe that it should be paired with traditional methods such as microscopy in this stage of the technique's development. Analysis of well-mixed samples produced lower variability than settling methods used for algae samples. Use of the marble inserts in the dry deposition collector in the NADP context is recommended, and the implications of various particle counting and identification methods are explored.
Studies of the intensities of phosphoryl absorption bands

Abstract Integrated intensities A , for the phosphoryl absorption bands of 16 compounds are reported; substituent groups contribute in an additive manner to √ A . Correlations of √ A with substituent group electronic parameters indicate a predominant field effect of the substituents, but resonance effects are not negligible.
Effects of exogenous polyamine and trypanocides on the DNA polymerase activities from Trypanosoma brucei brucei, mouse thymus and murine leukemia virus.

Abstract The effects of exogenously added spermine on activated (gapped) DNA-directed and poly(dC) - (dG) 12–18 -directed DNA synthesis were tested on the chromatographically separated DNA polymerase activities of Trypanosoma brucei brucei . Activated DNA-directed DNA synthesis by the Peak I (eluting from DNA-agarose at 0.15 M KCl) and Peak II (eluting at 0.3 M KCl) polymerase was consistently inhibited or stimulated, respectively, by exogenous spermine. Kinetic analysis revealed that inhibition of the Peak I enzyme with respect to template DNA occurred by a mixed mechanism, while a major factor in the stimulation of the Peak II enzyme by spermine appeared to be the polyamine-mediated reversal of ‘substrate inhibition’ by DNA at concentrations above 10 μg/ml. The apparent K m values of Peak I and Peak II DNA polymerases for activated DNA were determined to be 5 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. In contrast to the results observed with activated DNA, activation of Peak II-enzyme-catalyzed poly(dC)-directed DNA synthesis was similar at all template-primer concentrations. Peak I enzyme-catalyzed poly(dG) synthesis was either inhibited or slightly stimulated by spermine, depending upon the presence or absence of heteropolymeric DNA, respectively. Dose-dependent inhibition of DNA-directed DNA synthesis catalyzed by T. b. brucei DNA polymerases, murine thymus DNA polymerase α, and Rauscher murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase by trypanocides was examined to determine a possible mechanism of selective toxicity by such agents. The drugs Antrycide (quinapyramine), pentamidine, imidocarb, Berenil (diminazene aceturate), WR-199-385 [2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furan-2HCl] and isometamidium inhibited DNA polymerases of the eucaryotic cells at approximately the same degree, and at similar concentrations. The presence of spermine in reaction mixtures did not spare any drug inhibition. Stimulation of reverse transcriptase activity was observed in the presence of Antrycide and imidocarb, however, this could be negated by stimulatory amounts of spermine present in the reaction mixture. The results, obtained using an activated DNA-directed assay system, suggest that trypanosomal DNA polymerases are not the selective target of trypanocidal drugs currently available.
Cigarette smoking in the 1970's: the impact of the antismoking campaign on consumption

Per capita cigarette consumption has declined annually since 1973. This downturn represents a new nonsmoking ethos, which is also reflected in the legislative successes of the nonsmokers' rights movement. Time series regression analysis of cigarette demand suggests that, in the absence of the antismoking campaign, consumption would have exceeded its 1978 level by more than a third.
The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. I. Nuclear volume, cell number, density, orientation, and regional subdivisions.

The midbrain periaqueductal gray is a functionally heterogeneous region which plays an important role in pain modulation. Despite the heterogeneity considerable controversy exists regarding the presence or absence of morphological subdivisions within the region. The present study was designed to evaluate the possibility of morphological subdivisions within the rat periaqueductal gray by using a statistical cluster analysis system. In addition both qualitative and quantitative data concerning neuronal size, shape, and density were obtained. On the basis of measurements of over 12,000 neurons in two planes of section, the mean neuronal length of cell bodies in this region was 14.82 microns and the mean neuronal area was 95.59 microns squared . The mean neuronal density was found to be 16,284 cells per mm3. Neuronal density decreased from rostral to caudal in the periaqueductal gray. The data obtained from cluster maps suggest the presence of four subdivisions within this midbrain region. The medial subdivision contains the smallest neurons and exhibits the lowest cell density. The dorsolateral and ventrolateral divisions contain the largest neurons while the dorsal division displays the highest packing density. These results are discussed in light of recent receptor binding and immunohistochemical studies of this region.
Efficiently loading and processing XML streams

XML stream applications bring the novel challenge of efficiently processing queries on sequentially accessible token-based input streams. Our Raindrop project is the first to accommodate token-based stream processing using an algebraic framework where both tokens and tuples are modeled in a uniform manner. In this paper, we illustrate how the stream loading model of our system on the fly conducts XML navigation over the input stream via concurrently constructing a minimized light-weight XML tree representation, which is called navigation-free data instance. These captured XML fragments are minimized in terms of buffer consumption. Based on the compact representation of the navigation-free data instances, we propose techniques for subsequent algebraic query evaluation, in particular, effective strategies for supporting multi-mode query operators and alternative data output semantics. The proposed stream loading model requires a much smaller buffer footprint, compared to alternative solutions in the literature such as Y-Filter. And the proposed algebra-based evaluation techniques offer effective ways to handle data recursion over XML streams, i.e., avoiding overhead from the structural join operators. Our stream loading and query evaluation techniques have been implemented as part of the Raindrop system. Experimental results based on the Raindrop system are also reported in this paper.
Low Pressure Turbine Relaminarization Bubble Characterization using Massively-Parallel Large Eddy Simulations

The separation and reattachment of suction surface boundary layer in a low pressure turbine is characterized using large-eddy simulation at Ress = 69000 based on inlet velocity and suction surface length. Favorable comparisons are drawn with experiments using a high pass filtered Smagorinsky model for sub-grid scales. The onset of time mean separation is at s/so = 0.61 and reattachment at s/so = 0.81, extending over 20% of the suction surface. The boundary layer is convectively unstable with a maximum reverse flow velocity of about 13% of freestream. The breakdown to turbulence occurs over a very short distance of suction surface and is followed by reattachment. Turbulence near the bubble is further characterized using anisotropy invariant mapping and time orthogonal decomposition diagnostics. Particularly the vortex shedding and shear layer flapping phenomena are addressed. On the suction side, dominant hairpin structures near the transitional and turbulent flow regime are observed. The hairpin vortices are carried by the freestream even downstream of the trailing edge of the blade with a possibility of reaching the next stage. Longitudinal streaks that evolve from the breakdown of hairpin vortices formed near the leading edge are observed on the pressure surface.
Region-specific regulation of voltage-gated intrinsic currents in the developing optic tectum of the Xenopus tadpole.

Across the rostrocaudal (RC) axis of the Xenopus tadpole optic tectum exists a developmental gradient. This gradient has served as a useful model to study many aspects of synapse and dendrite matur...
Diagnostic tests for poliovirus infection: a comparison of neutralization and immunofluorescence for the identification and typing of stool isolates

Neutralization and indirect immunofluorescence were compared for the identification and serotyping of poliovirus. Indirect immunofluorescence was highly concordant with neutralization and offers a more rapid procedure for identification and characterization of poliovirus strains.
Why the atmosphere became oxygenated: A proposal

The increase in the oxidation state of the atmosphere during Earth history is well documented, but not the reasons for this process. The course of atmospheric evolution has been dominated by the effects of photosynthesis and by the composition of volcanic gases. The H2/H2O ratio of volcanic gases has remained essentially constant during most of Earth history. It is here proposed that their CO2/H2O and SO2/H2O ratios have increased with time. A simple model for the degassing and the recycling of CO2, SO2, and H2O can account for many of the major steps in the oxygenation of the atmosphere.