cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex event pattern evolution based on real-time execution statistics

In this demo we present an approach for the evolution of complex event patterns based on real-time pattern execution statistics. Complex event patterns encode the knowledge about a situation of interest which must be detected and reported. Therefore complex event patterns are considered as one of the most valuable assets in Complex Event Processing.The quality, meaning the accuracy of modelling with regard to the situation of interest, of the detection increases and decreases with the quality of the defined complex event patterns. In order to guarantee the quality of a complex event pattern we describe the importance of the transparent detection process, its necessity for the complex event pattern evolution and present an approach in order to support the evolution of complex event patterns.
Realizations of fuzzy languages by probabilistic, max-product, and maximin automata☆

Abstract In this paper, the classes of fuzzy languages realized by probabilistic, max-product and maximin automata are examined. Simple characterizations of these classes are given which reduce to Nerode's Theorem in the deterministic case. Using these characterizations, various properties of these classes of fuzzy languages are derived, including closure properties under various types of operations.
Sensor Information Collection, Analysis and Network Systems for Home Security

An overview is given of the Home of the 21st Century Laboratory. The laboratory is operated as a joint program with America On-Line and George Washington University. The program is described with illustrations and discussion of the systems that are part of the laboratory. A Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) was developed as an integrating data management framework for activities and data management functions within the home. A variety of household information is collected and stored in multiple layers of information within the GIS system for easy access by members of the home. Technology options currently available for application in the home are described and assessed.
Hellinger distance as a penalized log likelihood

The present paper studies the minimum Hellinger distance estimator by recasting it as the maximum likelihood estimator in a data driven modification of the model density. In the process, the Hellinger distance itself is expressed as a penalized log likelihood function. The penalty is the sum of the model probabilities over the non-observed values of the sample space. A comparison of the modified model density with the original data provides insights into the robustness of the minimum Hellinger distance estimator. Adjustments of the amount of penalty leads to a class of minimum penalized Hellinger distance estimators, some members of which perform substantially better than the minimum Hellinger distance estimator at the model for small samples, without compromising the robustness properties of the latter.
Getting our priorities in order: are our service values in line with the communities we serve?

Purpose – LibQUAL+® allows users to rate their minimum, perceived, and desired levels of service for 22 items in three dimensions: information control, library as place, and service affect. Using the results from the 2005 survey at the University of Texas at Austin, this paper aims to examine how well the service priorities of library staff are aligned with the priorities of undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty.Design/methodology/approach – The paper has re‐scaled the “desired” score for each item to reflect the degree to which the item is above or below the average desired level for that individual. The rescaled scores (termed “priority” scores) for the 22 items were then compared between the four groups using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).Findings – Preliminary results indicate that service priorities for library staff align more closely with those of undergraduates than with those of graduate students and faculty.Practical implications – This analysis is a first step in identif...
Current driven domain wall velocities exceeding the spin angular momentum transfer rate in permalloy nanowires.

The velocity of domain walls driven by current in zero magnetic field is measured in permalloy nanowires using real-time resistance measurements. The domain wall velocity increases with increasing current density, reaching a maximum velocity of $\ensuremath{\sim}110\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ when the current density in the nanowire reaches $\ensuremath{\sim}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Such high current driven domain wall velocities exceed the estimated rate at which spin angular momentum is transferred to the domain wall from the flow of spin polarized conduction electrons, suggesting that other driving mechanisms, such as linear momentum transfer, need to be taken into account.
Depression of nonlinearity in decaying isotropic turbulence

Simulations of decaying isotropic Navier–Stokes turbulence exhibit depression of the normalized mean‐square nonlinear term to 57% of the value for a Gaussianly distributed velocity field with the same instantaneous velocity spectrum. Similar depression is found for dynamical models with random coupling coefficients (modified Betchov models). This suggests that the depression is dynamically generic rather than specifically driven by alignment of velocity and vorticity.
Differences and changes in human papillomavirus type 16 variant status in human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults are not uncommon

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) genotype variants have been the subject of several investigations, but study participants have rarely been sampled more than once. In this study, among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, HPV-16 variants were investigated in samples collected concurrently from the anus and cervix, as well as in serial samples collected from the same anatomical site at 12-month intervals. HPV-16 variants in stored extracts of cervical and anal samples were determined from subjects with multiple visits and at least one sample positive for HPV-16. Seven polymorphic nucleotide positions within the E6 region were analysed by pyrosequencing to determine genotype variants. Of 364 samples examined, 176 anal and 39 cervical swabs from 84 different subjects yielded unequivocal sequences of eight major HPV-16 variants. Eight samples contained probable novel HPV-16 variants and in one sample two variants were detected. In eight out of 29 (27.6%) anal-cervical sample pairs positive for HPV-16, discordant variants were found. From 57 anal and nine cervical sample series of HPV-16-positive samples, a change in HPV-16 variant status over time was seen in nine (13.6%) instances (seven anal and two cervical) from eight different participants. Changes in HPV-16 variants in HIV-infected adults were seen most frequently when different anatomical sites were sampled, but were also observed over time.
A systematic approach to shape sensitivity analysis

Abstract A fully detailed development of the domain parameterization method is presented for shape sensitivity analysis. It is shown that equivalent results are obtained from the material derivative method. In fact, the material derivative method may be viewed as a special case of the domain parameterization method which occurs when the reference configuration coincides with the body configuration. The method is illustrated for the Laplace problem in which explicit shape sensitivities are derived by the adjoint and direct differentiation methods. Both finite element and boundary element applications are discussed. The similarities between this approach and the isoparametric finite/boundary element method are transparent. In the finite element approach, it is shown that the sensitivity integrals may be transformed to the boundary (as is commonly done in the material derivative method) for the adjoint method, however, this does not seem possible for the direct differentiation method. Finally, in the boundary element approach, the sensitivities do not require the differentiation of the fundamental solutions.
Photoaffinity Labeling of the Ah Receptor: Phylogenetic Survey of Diverse Vertebrate and Invertebrate Species

The mammalian aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor is a soluble protein involved in the regulation of gene expression by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Little is known, however, about the presence and properties of this receptor in nonmammalian species. In these studies, we sought evidence for an Ah receptor in the liver or liver-equivalent of diverse species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Velocity sedimentation analysis of hepatic cytosol labeled with [3H]TCDD gave equivocal results with three species of marine fish. In subsequent studies, photoaffinity labeling with 2-azido-3-[125I]iodo-7,8-dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin was used to identify the Ah receptor. Specific labeling (labeling that could be displaced by an excess of unlabeled ligand) was observed in seven species of teleost and elasmobranch fish, including winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus), killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), scup (Stenotomus chrysops), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and dogfish (Mustelus canis and Squalus acanthias). Specific labeling was also found in cytosolic fractions prepared from PLHC-1 fish hepatoma cells and livers of a turtle (Chrysemys picta) and a cetacean, the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas. The fish Ah receptor was sensitive to conditions of tissue preparation; inclusion of proteinase inhibitors in the homogenization buffer stabilized the receptor in some species. There was heterogeneity in the apparent molecular mass of the largest specifically labeled band in each species; these ranged from 105 to 146 kDa, slightly larger on average than mammalian Ah receptors (95-130 kDa). In contrast to the results obtained with teleost and elasmobranch fish, no specifically labeled polypeptides were detectable in cytosol from two agnathan fish species (hagfish Myxine glutinosa and sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus), the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, or any of nine other invertebrate species representing eight classes in four phyla. Overall these results suggest that the Ah receptor evolved at least 450 million years ago, prior to the divergence of bony and cartilaginous fishes. Although the exact relationship between receptor presence and dioxin responsiveness in these species is uncertain, our data predict that the invertebrate species examined in this study, which appear to lack an Ah receptor protein like that seen in mammals and fish, may be less sensitive than vertebrates to the effects of environmental contaminants that act through this transcriptional regulator.
Polypeptide grafted hyaluronan: A self-assembling comb-branched polymer constructed from biological components

Rheological evidence is provided demonstrating that covalent grafting of monodisperse isotactic poly(L-leucine) branches onto linear hyaluronan (HA) polysaccharide chains yields comb-branched HA chains that self-assemble into long-lived physical networks in aqueous solutions driven by hydrophobic interactions between poly(L-leucine) chains. This is in stark contrast to native (unmodified) HA solutions which exhibit no tendency to form long-lived physical networks.
Covalent cross-linking of glutathione and carnosine to proteins by 4-oxo-2-nonenal.

The lipid oxidation product 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) derived from peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a highly reactive protein cross-linking reagent. The major family of cross-links reflec...
Role of protein disulfide isomerase and other thiol-reactive proteins in HIV-1 envelope protein-mediated fusion.

Abstract Cell-surface protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has been proposed to promote disulfide bond rearrangements in HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) that accompany Env-mediated fusion. We evaluated the role of PDI in ways that have not been previously tested by downregulating PDI with siRNA and by overexpressing wild-type or variant forms of PDI in transiently and stably transfected cells. These manipulations, as well as treatment with anti-PDI antibodies, had only small effects on infection or cell fusion mediated by NL4-3 or AD8 strains of HIV-1. However, the cell-surface thiol-reactive reagent 5, 5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) had a much stronger inhibitory effect in our system, suggesting that cell-surface thiol-containing molecules other than PDI, acting alone or in concert, have a greater effect than PDI on HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion. We evaluated one such candidate, thioredoxin, a PDI family member reported to reduce a labile disulfide bond in CD4. We found that the ability of thioredoxin to reduce the disulfide bond in CD4 is enhanced in the presence of HIV-1 Env gp120 and that thioredoxin also reduces disulfide bonds in gp120 directly in the absence of CD4. We discuss the implications of these observations for identification of molecules involved in disulfide rearrangements in Env during fusion.
Reaction network of indole hydrodenitrogenation over NiMoS/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract The reaction network of indole hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) was investigated over γ-Al2O3 supported NiMo sulfide catalysts in an effort to acquire a fundamental understanding of the different reaction pathways in the mechanism. Experiments were performed primarily at 1000 psig, using a wide range of temperatures and feed concentrations. The effect of H2S on different reaction steps of the network was also investigated. Two major pathways were proposed to account for the formation of ethylcyclohexane (ECH) and ethylbenzene (EB) which are the two main HDN products from indole. One route occurs from the hydrogenolysis of indoline to o-ethylaniline (OEA) and the other from the hydrogenation of indoline to octahydro-indole. Also included in the proposed mechanism is a secondary route from o-ethylcyclohexylamine (OECHA) to ethylcyclohexene (ECHE), that occurs through a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The product distribution was a strong function of temperature and H2S concentration. H2S enhanced the hydrogenolysis reactions but inhibited the hydrogenation reactions.
In vitro culture of growing mouse oocytes

A method is described for in vitro culture of naked growing mouse oocytes for at least four days. Tests for metabolic function indicate that the oocytes increase in volume, accumulate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and maintain a steady level of 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine incorporation.
Finite-size scaling at the jamming transition.

We present an analysis of finite-size effects in jammed packings of $N$ soft, frictionless spheres at zero temperature. There is a $\frac{1}{N}$ correction to the discrete jump in the contact number at the transition so that jammed packings exist only above isostaticity. As a result, the canonical power-law scalings of the contact number and elastic moduli break down at low pressure. These quantities exhibit scaling collapse with a nontrivial scaling function, demonstrating that the jamming transition can be considered a phase transition. Scaling is achieved as a function of $N$ in both two and three dimensions, indicating an upper critical dimension of 2.
An investigation of enterococcal bacteremia

Abstract Records of all 34 patients with positive blood cultures for enterococcus at Mount Sinai Medical Center of Greater Miami in 1981 were reviewed. Twenty-four true bacteremias were identified from sources including the pelvis/abdomen (9), urinary tract (6), wounds (2), IV catheter (2), contaminated needle (1), endocarditis (1), and primary bacteremia (3). Sixteen of the 24 true bacteremias were hospital acquired, and these infectious accounted for 7 of 9 (78%) fatal outcomes. Fourteen of 16 patients with hospital-acquired infection received prior antibiotic therapy. Eight (24%) of the original 34 patients had positive blood cultures for enterococcus as a result of cross-contamination from an automated blood culture analyzer. The rate of cross-contamination per positive blood culture for enterococcus in 1981 was 22%. Two remaining patients in the original series could not be placed in a category of true infection of cross-contamination. Although there was a real increase in the number of enterococcal bacteremias in 1981, a much larger apparent increase was explained by several episodes of pseudobacteremia.
c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 2 (JNK2) Enhances Cell Migration through Epidermal Growth Factor Substrate 8 (EPS8)

Membrane-bound receptors induce biochemical signals to remodel the actin cytoskeleton and mediate cell motility. In association with receptor tyrosine kinases, several downstream mitogen-induced kinases facilitate cell migration. Here, we show a role for c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) in promoting mammary cancer cell migration through inhibition of epidermal growth factor substrate 8 (EPS8) expression, a key regulator of EGF receptor (R) signaling and trafficking. Using jnk2−/− mice, we found that EPS8 expression is higher in polyoma middle T antigen (PyVMT)jnk2−/− mammary tumors and jnk2−/− mammary glands compared with the respective jnk2+/+ controls. The inverse relationship between the jnk2 and eps8 expression was also associated with cancer progression in that patients with basal-type breast tumors expressing high jnk2 and low eps8 experienced poor disease-free survival. In mammary tumor cell lines, the absence of jnk2 greatly reduces cell migration that is rescued by EPS8 knockdown. Subsequent studies show that JNK2 enhances formation of the EPS8-Abi-1-Sos-1 complex to augment EGFR activation of Akt and ERK, whereas the absence of JNK2 promotes ESP8/RN-Tre association to inhibit endocytotic trafficking of the EGFR. Together, these studies unveil a critical role for JNK2 and EPS8 in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and trafficking to convey distinctly different effects on cell migration.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Copolymer Adsorption at Planar Chemically Patterned Surfaces: Effect of Interfacial Interaction

Monte Carlo simulation utilizing the bond fluctuation model in conjunction with single and configurational biased Monte Carlo moves is used to study the adsorption of diblock (A-block-B) and alternating (A-alt-B) copolymers at flat, chemically heterogeneous surfaces comprising C and D domains. The main objective of this work is to address the effect of the strength of attraction between the adsorbing surface domains, D, and the copolymer adsorbing segments, B, on the copolymer's ability to recognize the chemical pattern on the surface. The results of our simulations reveal that both block and alternating copolymers have the ability to recognize the surface motif and transcribe it into the bulk material. The extent to which diblock copolymers transfer the chemical pattern from the surface to the bulk is relatively unaffected when the attractive B-D potential is increased beyond a certain critical value. This behavior stems from the brush-like conformation adopted by the diblock copolymer at the substrate. In contrast to the diblock copolymer, the adsorption of the alternating copolymer is influenced by the strength of the attraction between the copolymer's adsorbing segments and the adsorbing domains on the surface. Since the B segments are distributed evenly along the backbone, the alternating copolymers are more likely to adopt conformations in which the whole chain is zipped to the surface. The resultant entropic frustration is then alleviated through an increased formation of loops with little change to their length. Such conformational changes endow the alternating copolymer with the ability to invert the substrate pattern as the distance away from the surface is increased.
Hopf-Hopf and steady-Hopf mode interactions in Taylor-Couette flow of an upper convected Maxwell liquid

In the viscoelastic Taylor-Couette flow, it is known that at certain parameter values, the onset condition can involve more than one mode becoming unstable. We focus on the upper convected Maxwell liquid, and on the situation where two Hopf modes, or a Hopf mode and a steady mode, are simultaneously at criticality. The interaction of such modes is investigated at critical situations. Weakly non-linear amplitude equations are derived for the interaction of these modes, based on a center manifold reduction scheme. The two modes generate a two-parameter bifurcation. The coefficients involved in the equations are determined numerically, based on the physical parameters of the system at criticality. For the cases investigated, it is found that all the bifurcated branches of solutions are unstable. Moreover, direct numerical simulation of the amplitude equations does not lead to bounded solutions.
Steroid hydroxylation in human fetal adrenals.

Homogenates of human fetal adrenals were incubated in vitro with a TPNH generating system and progesterone or 17α-hydroxyprogesterone as substrate. At all ages tested the adrenals possessed the ability to convert progesterone to Porter-Silber chromogens having the chromatographic properties of cortisol. In addition, incubations with adrenal slices revealed the presenceof an active hexosemonophosphate shunt, which could provide TPNH for the steroid hydroxylations. There was no difference with age in hydroxylation per mg. adrenal tissue; however, as adrenal glandsize increased the amount of cortisol formed per adrenal increased.
Specific Targeted Therapy of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia with Imatinib

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the Philadelphia translocation that fuses BCR sequences from chromosome 22 upstream of the ABL gene on chromosome 9. The chimerical Bcr-Abl protein expressed by CML cells has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, which is essential for the pathogenesis of the disease. Imatinib, an ATP-competitive selective inhibitor of Bcr-Abl, has unprecedented efficacy for the treatment of CML. Most patients with early stage disease achieve durable complete hematological and complete cytogenetic remissions, with minimal toxicity. In contrast, responses are less stable in patients with advanced CML. This review highlights the pathogenesis of CML, its clinical features, and the development of imatinib as a specific molecularly targeted therapy. Aspects of disease monitoring and side effects are covered as well as resistance to imatinib and strategies to overcome resistance, such as alternative signal transduction inhibitors and drug combinations. Perspectives for further development are also discussed.
A Perfect Storm Type A Aortic Dissection and Previous Cardiac Surgery

Acute type A aortic dissection (AAD) is a lethal disease. The overall mortality rate—even when diagnosed and treated in a timely fashion with emergent surgical intervention—exceeds 20%.1 This fact alone serves as a constant reminder that this disease represents a formidable challenge to all cardiovascular professionals who encounter AAD. Cardiovascular surgeons maintain great respect for operations to deal with AAD, because achieving a successful outcome is based on executing a perfect technical operation and solving a myriad of management decisions during the procedure. Article see p 1602 In this issue of Circulation , Stanger and colleagues2 report on the infrequent, but extraordinarily complex situation of AAD occurring after nonaortic surgery. The incidence of AAD during or following nonaortic surgery in the present report is 0.15%, which is consistent with other reports, although the true incidence …
Convergence and performance comparison of three different structures of bootstrap blind adaptive algorithm for multisignal co-channel separation

The authors extend the previously reported three structures of bootstrap blind adaptive separators to the multisignal channel case. They suggest a recursive weight updating algorithm for the three structures: power-power, correlator-correlator, and power-correlator. The optimum weights for these separators were found analytically in the absence of noise. The signal separation process was shown via simulation by the output learning curve. It was shown that the different bootstrap separators converge to their steady states almost with the same speed for a two or three signal channel. The steady-state interference residues of the three separators are different, lowest for power-power and highest for correlator-correlator. The use of equalization (automatic gain control) at the output of these structures improves the depth of interference cancellation dramatically. >
A Geophysical Site Investigation for a Bridge Foundation in a Narrow Canyon

The planned renovation of an existing bridge north of Boise, Idaho presented a number of difficulties to engineering geologists. Conventional investigation of the site by geotechnical boreholes was hindered by the limited space available in the narrow canyon. At issue was the soil profile under the bridge and the options for designing a suitable foundation (H-piles or spread footings). Although geotechnical boreholes could have been drilled through the bridge deck itself, this would have significantly disrupted traffic and been too costly for the scale of the project. A geophysical refraction survey was conducted to provide soil profile information. The steep basaltic canyon walls limited the geophysical options. The problem was solved by combining a conventional refraction profile along the axis of the river with broadside acquisition under the bridge. The data were jointly inverted to produce a geologic cross section parallel to the bridge and roadway center-line. Since conventional blow count data would not be acquired, the geophysics provided the primary soil profile information on which the costs of the foundation alternatives could be compared. Nonuniqueness of the geophysical problem was addressed in a way that permitted evaluating the trade off between the boring costs (if any) for piles and the costs of a retaining wall for the spread footing option.
Mixed-mode fracture toughness of ceramic materials

An experimental technique whereby pure mode I, mode II, and combined mode I-mode II fracture toughness values of ceramic materials can be determined using four-point bend specimens containing sharp, through-thickness precracks is discussed. In this method, notched and fatigue-precracked specimens of brittle solids are subjected to combined mode I-mode II and pure mode II fracture under asymmetric four-point bend loading and to pure mode I under symmetric bend loading. A detailed finite element analysis of the test specimen is performed to obtain stress intensity factor calibrations for a wide range of loading states. The effectiveness of this method to provide reproducible combined mode I-mode II fracture toughness values is demonstrated with experimental results obtained for a polycrystalline Al2O3. Multiaxial fracture mechanics of the Al2O3 ceramic in combined modes I, II, and III are also described in conjunction with the recent experimental study of Suresh and Tschegg (1987). While the mode II fracture toughness of the alumina ceramic is comparable to the mode I fracture toughness KIc, the mode III fracture initiation toughness is 2.3 times higher than KIc. The predictions of fracture toughness and crack path based on various mixed-mode fracture theories are critically examined in the context of experimental observations, and possible effects of fracture abrasion on the apparent mixed-mode fracture resistance are highlighted. The significance and implications of the experimental methods used in this study are evaluated in the light of available techniques for multiaxial fracture testing of brittle solids.
Hydraulic conductivity profiling with direct push methods

Spatial variations in hydraulic conductivity (K) are a primary control on contaminant movement in groundwater, but characterization of these variations has proven difficult. Over the last two decades, significant progress has been made in utilizing Direct Push (DP) technology to characterize K variations in unconsolidated settings. Profiling methods have been developed based on empirical correlations between K and more readily evaluated formation properties and on the formation response to water injection or extraction. The latter (hydraulic) methods appear to have the most potential. Initial work on these methods involved adaptation of conventional well tests, but recent efforts have better exploited DP capabilities. The High-Resolution K and continuous Direct Push Injection Logger (DPIL) methods are the most promising approaches. Both provide high-resolution (0.015 m) K profiles, although the DPIL profile is only qualitative in nature. Currently, the K range of both is approximately 0.001 to 60 m/d, but that range should increase in the near future.
Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru

Machu Picchu, Peru, is recognized as a top international travel destination. Pressure from the approximately 900,000 tourists who annually visit the ancient Inca city threatens the ecological integrity, physical substance and cultural authenticity of the World Heritage Site and surrounding area, including the Inca Trail. Multiple organizations and agencies currently involved in the management of Machu Picchu have distinct agendas for the conservation and development of the city, and conflicts regarding public access, economic growth and cultural preservation are rampant. Attempts to establish carrying capacities have failed, with proposed daily visitor levels ranging from 800 to 4000. This paper explores the complex issues surrounding tourism at Machu Picchu and presents a potential solution: an adaptive management approach based on the UN World Tourism Organization's (UNWTO) sustainable tourism framework. This integrative strategy accounts for multiple perspectives and synthesizes disparate goals embrace...
Void growth by dislocation emission

Laser shock experiments conducted at an energy density of 61 MJ/m 2 revealed void initiation and growth at stress application times of approximately 10 ns. It is shown that void growth cannot be accomplished by vacancy diffusion under these conditions, even taking into account shock heating. An alternative, dislocation-emission-based mechanism, is proposed for void growth. The shear stresses are highest at 45 to the void surface and decay with increasing distance from the surface. Two mechanisms accounting for the generation of geometrically necessary dislocations required for void growth are proposed: prismatic and shear loops. A criterion for the emission of a dislocation from the surface of a void under remote tension is formulated, analogous to Rice and Thomsons criterion for crack blunting by dislocation emission from the crack tip. The critical stress is calculated for the emission of a single dislocation and a dislocation pair for any size of initial void. It is shown that the critical stress for dislocation emission decreases with increasing void size. Dislocations with a wider core are more easily emitted than dislocations with a narrow core.
Micromeasurement of plasma salicylate in arthritic children

A micromethod has been developed for determination of plasma salicylate. Frequent determinations of plasma salicylate levels in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis may be expected to provide greater therapeutic efficacy with reduced incidence of aspirin toxicity and consequently less need for use of secondary, more toxic, agents.
FOSSIL THEREVIDAE (INSECTA: DIPTERA) FROM FLORISSANT, COLORADO (UPPER EOCENE)

Synopsis The previously reported fossil dipteran insects assigned to the family Therevidae from Florissant, Colorado, are re‐examined and re‐described and photographs of all holotypesare included, together with detailed interpretive illustrations. Nebritus willistoni Melander, 1949 is moved to the Order Trichoptera as incertae sedis; Psilocephala hypogaea Cockerell, 1909, is moved to the genus Taracticus in the family Asilidae (Diptera); while Ruppellia vagabunda Cockerell, 1927, is moved to the genus Apsilocephala in the family Apsilocephalidae. The new genus Palaeopherocera gen. nov. is erected for Psilocephala scudderi Cockerell, 1909, the only true therevid known from Florissant shale.
Current understanding of Pneumocystis immunology

Pneumocystis jirovecii is the opportunistic fungal organism that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans. Similar to other opportunistic pathogens, Pneumocystis causes disease in individuals who are immunocompromised, particularly those infected with HIV. PCP remains the most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. Incidence has decreased greatly with the advent of HAART. However, an increase in the non-HIV immunocompromised population, noncompliance with current treatments, emergence of drug-resistant strains and rise in HIV(+) cases in developing countries makes Pneumocystis a pathogen of continued interest and a public health threat. A great deal of research interest has addressed therapeutic interventions to boost waning immunity in the host to prevent or treat PCP. This article focuses on research conducted during the previous 5 years regarding the host immune response to Pneumocystis, including innate, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and associated immunotherapies tested against PCP.
Improving the landing precision of an MSL-class vehicle

Prior to Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Mars landers flew ballistic entry trajectories. Improvements in landing accuracy (from ∼150 km from the target for Mars Pathfinder to ∼30–40 km for Mars Exploration Rover and Phoenix) were solely due to improved approach navigation. MSL will fly the first guided-entry trajectory to Mars, further improving accuracy to ∼10–12 km from the target by modifying the trajectory in the atmosphere using a lift created by slightly offsetting the vehicle center-of-mass. EDL systems of future Mars lander missions are likely to substantially resemble MSL to maximize heritage and minimize cost. Further improvements in landing accuracy are desired for these missions, motivating an investigation into improvements in landing accuracy with minimal impact to the MSL EDL system architecture.
Apocrine Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Involving a Sclerosing Lesion With Adenosis: Report of a Case

Apocrine metaplasia is a ubiquitous component of the mammary fibrocystic change spectrum. Although mostly associated with cysts, apocrine metaplasia can also present as a proliferative lesion, rarely with cytologic atypism. Apocrine atypia is characterized by 3-fold nuclear enlargement, multiple nucleoli, and hyperchromatism and generally arises in florid adenosis or radial sclerosing lesions. Dramatic apocrine atypia may be very difficult to distinguish from apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ. The latter is distinguished from apocrine atypia by greater extent of the lesion (>0.4 cm) and the presence of greater nuclear pleomorphism with nuclear membrane irregularity. The clinical significance of apocrine atypia is poorly understood and reflects the lack of published outcome studies. Herein, I report a case in which apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ presented as "atypical apocrine adenosis" in a needle core breast biopsy. It illustrates the problem of assessing apocrine atypia and apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ in small samples.
ASLCScan: A scan design technique for asynchronous sequential logic circuits

Asynchronous sequential logic circuits (ASLCs) are synthesized with either the Huffman model, referred to as HMASLCs, or with the signal transition graph (STG), referred to as STGASLCs. Based on a single stuck-at fault model, this paper describes fault effects for both HMASLCs and STGASLCs and addresses the similarities and differences between them. The fault effects include redundant faults and state oscillations. Input/output redundancy is a special feature of STGASLCs which relaxes the fundamental mode in HMASLCs. Results of this study show that the faults due to the input/output concurrency cannot be tested without a scan structure. This paper presents a scan design technique. ASLCScan. With this structure, the test generation problem is reduced to one of just testing the combinational logic. >
Determination of microbial genome sizes by two-dimensional denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Abstract In two-dimensional denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DNA is digested with a restriction endonuclease and the resulting DNA fragments are separated as a function of size by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. Following this first dimension electrophoresis, the fragment distribution is placed at the top of a denaturing gradient slab gel and electrophoresis is carried out parallel to the gradient direction. This second dimension separation is a complex function of the base sequence of each fragment. Analysis of the DNA fragment distribution as a function of fragment size allows the DNA size to be calculated. This method has been applied to calculate three microbial genome sizes: Mycoplasma capricolum, 724 kb; Acholeplasma laidlawii, 1646 kb; and Hemophilus influenzae, 1833 kb.
Isotope effects in the Lyman and Werner systems of molecular hydrogen

Isotope effects in Lyman and Werner systems of molecular hydrogen, HD and molecular deuterium, calculating band strengths, oscillator strengths and Franck-Condon factors
Short-term experience of porcine small intestinal submucosa patches in paediatric cardiovascular surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Surgical reconstructions or palliations of congenital heart defects often require the utilization of patches, of which the ideal material has yet to be discovered. Recently, porcine small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) has been advocated as an alternative to conventional synthetic or biological patch material. Here, we present our initial experience with SIS-ECM in paediatric cardiovascular reconstructions. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients <18 years of age who had SIS-ECM implanted during surgery from July 2009 to September 2011 was performed. Chart review consisted of assessment of heart defect, operative procedures, implant location, echocardiograms, reinterventions and pathology studies related to any explanted SIS-ECM. RESULTS: During the study period, 37 paediatric patients had SIS-ECM implanted during a cardiovascular reconstruction. Mean length of follow-up was 411 days (range 6–757 days). SIS-ECM was implanted in 48 cardiac locations as patches for septal defects (n= 13), vascular augmentation (n= 26), outflow tract augmentation (n= 7) and valve reconstruction (n= 3). Eight of the patients required SIS-ECM patches in multiple locations. There was progressive stenosis in one RVOT patch requiring reoperation. Progressive stenosis in a nearcircumferential pulmonary artery patch was present in 1 patient, requiring stent placement. All other patched structures remained patent. CONCLUSIONS: SIS-ECM is suitable for the closure of septal defects. Use of SIS-ECM for the reconstructions of outflow tracts and great vessels carries a small risk of stenosis, especially in patches that form the majority of the vessel circumference. The long-term follow-up is needed to determine the risk of late stenosis.
Femtojoule-Scale All-Optical Latching and Modulation via Cavity Nonlinear Optics

We experimentally characterize Hopf bifurcation phenomena at femtojoule energy scales in a multiatom cavity quantum electrodynamical (cavity QED) system and demonstrate how such behaviors can be exploited in the design of all-optical memory and modulation devices. The data are analyzed by using a semiclassical model that explicitly treats heterogeneous coupling of atoms to the cavity mode. Our results highlight the interest of cavity QED systems for ultralow power photonic signal processing as well as for fundamental studies of mesoscopic nonlinear dynamics.
Beetle Fauna of the United States and Canada

Abstract Data on the size of the beetle fauna of North America north of Mexico are summarized from the newly published volumes of American Beetles. As currently recorded, this fauna contains 25,160 species in 3,526 genera and 129 families. Five families together contain over 50% of the species, 13 families together more than 75%, and 29 together over 90%. Sixteen families that have been fully revised or reviewed showed an average increase in species diversity of 21% since 1963 (range −20% to +116%). The total number of species reported from North America is expected to continue to increase to nearly 28,000 species, as reports of known undescribed species currently number in the several hundreds.
BET Bromodomain Inhibition as a Therapeutic Approach in Hematological Malignancies

Pharmacological inhibition of BET proteins has emerged as an efficacious therapeutic strategy in a number of animal models of disease, including cancer, inflammation, fibrosis, and heart failure. The intense investigation of BET proteins as drug targets in recent years can be directly attributed to the widespread availability of potent and selective chemical probes with suitable pharmacokinetics for in vivo application. At the present time (late 2013), Phase I clinical trials have opened that will evaluate BET inhibitors developed by several independent groups. Several of these trials will be carried out in patients with hematopoietic cancers. Here, I will review the preclinical studies that have linked BET proteins to the pathogenesis of hematopoietic malignancy and the confluence of evidence suggesting that suppression of MYC expression underlies, at least in part, these therapeutic effects.
Religious Institutionalism — Why Now?

The recent rise of religious institutionalism in Supreme Court doctrine presents a puzzle. After all, the Court has been emphasizing groups at exactly the same moment when social scientists have been showing that Americans are disaffiliating from religious organizations at a rapid rate. What explains this apparent tension? We argue that multiple factors contribute in complex ways to the rise of group rights of religious freedom. But we also tentatively suggest an overarching theme. Once it is appreciated that religious disaffiliation is happening chiefly among those on the left of the political spectrum, it becomes possible to hypothesize that lawyers’ focus on groups and institutions reflects a countervailing impulse among religious traditionalists. If that is correct, then the rise of group rights of religion is happening alongside, not despite, religious disaffiliation. The two developments are aspects of a general phenomenon of polarization on questions of religious freedom.
The Use of Anthropometric Surveys for Studies on the Genetics of Growth

I will not attempt to review the entire area of human developmental genetics as Susanne (1980) has ably done this. Instead, I will try to review the most recent studies on the genetics of growth. In doing so, I will refer to studies on the quantitive genetics of adult stature, for example, as well as data which focus on size of preadults.
Darwin at Orchis Bank: Selection after the Origin

Darwin's first publication after the Origin of Species was a volume on orchids that expanded on the theory of adaptation through natural selection introduced in his opus. Here I argue that On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862) is not merely an empirical confirmation of his theory. In response to immediate criticisms of his metaphor of natural selection, Darwin uses Orchids to present adaptation as the result of innumerable natural laws, rather than discrete acts analogous to conscious choices. The means of selection among polliniferous plants cannot be neatly classed under the Origin's categories of artificial, natural, or sexual selection. Along with Darwin's exploration of sexual selection in his later works, Orchids serves to undo the restrictive metaphor so firmly established by the Origin and to win over those of Darwin's contemporaries who were committed advocates of natural law but suspicious of evolution by natural selection.
Governing Networks and Cyberspace Rule-Making

The global information infrastructure poses a fundamental challenge to the conventional foundations of governance. This article argues that global networks structurally alter regulatory decisionmaking. National borders and sectoral boundaries lose an important degree of relevance while network borders and network communities gain prominence. The article shows that basic regulatory policymaking whether under the anti-statist American approach or the comprehensive European approach are ill-suited to the GII. Instead, Reidenberg argues for a new "network governance paradigm" that recognizes the complexity of regulatory power centers, utilizes new policy instruments such as technical standardization to achieve regulatory objectives, accord status to networks as semi-sovereign entities with "network federalism" to establish separation of power rules between physical and cyber jurisdiction, and shift the role of the state toward the creation of an incentive structure for network based rule-making.
Isolation of Multiple Anonymous Attackers in Mobile Networks

Many mobile wireless networks unintentionally provide opportunity for attackers to launch anonymous attacks or spoof other users, often without fear of being caught. It’s often ideal for network carriers to block all traffic from an attacker, not just the attack traffic, for example to stop any concurrent attacks which cannot be detected by the carrier. We present an approach to detect common attacks at the access point, and leverage this with packet clustering to block all traffic originating from attackers during an attack. To achieve packet clustering, we utilize received signal strength at the access point to properly cluster attack packets according to each unique attacker, and further classify all other packets according to these clusters. Our approach is designed with attacker and legitimate user mobility in mind, low memory overhead, and is scalable to many simultaneous attackers. Our experimental results show very high classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.
Helping Struggling Students in Introductory Biology: A Peer-Tutoring Approach That Improves Performance, Perception, and Retention

The high attrition rate among science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors has long been an area of concern for institutions and educational researchers. The transition from introductory to advanced courses has been identified as a particularly “leaky” point along the STEM pipeline, and students who struggle early in an introductory STEM course are predominantly at risk. Peer-tutoring programs offered to all students in a course have been widely found to help STEM students during this critical transition, but hiring a sufficient number of tutors may not be an option for some institutions. As an alternative, this study examines the viability of an optional peer-tutoring program offered to students who are struggling in a large-enrollment, introductory biology course. Struggling students who regularly attended peer tutoring increased exam performance, expert-like perceptions of biology, and course persistence relative to their struggling peers who were not attending the peer-tutoring sessions. The results of this study provide information to instructors who want to design targeted academic assistance for students who are struggling in introductory courses.
Detecting team behavior using focus of attention

An autonomous mobile robot, working with human teammates, should be equipped to intelligently react to changes in team behavior without relying on directives from human team members. To respond appropriately to changes in team behavior, the robot should detect when these situations occur, and correctly classify the new team behavior. We demonstrate a method for detecting and classifying behavior changes in a simulated team, using the team's focus of attention. The method draws from Kim et al. (2010), who developed an algorithm for propagating the motion of soccer players through a vector field in order to predict locations of future action in a soccer game. Using this propagation method, our implementation extends this work by extracting statistical features from the motion information, and, looking back over a window of prior feature values, detects changes in the team behavior and classifies group activity according to a set of possible behaviors.