cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of representative elementary areas for soil redoximorphic features identified by digital image processing

Abstract Photography has been a welcome tool in documenting and conveying qualitative soil information. When coupled with image analysis software, the usefulness of digital cameras can be increased to advance the field of micropedology. The determination of a representative elementary area (REA) still remains a critical information need for soil scientists so that field measurements are independent of sample size and account for spatial heterogeneity. An objective of this study was to define and determine an REA for Low Chroma and High Chroma soil redoximorphic features (SRFs) present in claypan soils of northeastern Missouri, USA using a digital camera and image classification techniques. An additional objective was to examine REA differences between these two SRF types, soil depths, and landscape positions to highlight sampling considerations when quantifying SRFs in the field. Three metrics were chosen to quantify SRF heterogeneity, including percent occurrence, mean Euclidean distance, and the Interspersion/Juxtaposition Index. The relative change in these metrics was determined for 16 image sizes ranging from 2.5 cm 2 to 40 cm 2 and used to identify an REA. Results showed REAs (mean ± SE) for Low Chroma (17.7 cm 2 ± 0.4) and High Chroma (25.4 cm 2 ± 0.7) were significantly different (α = 0.05). Further review of REAs indicated large sampling diameters (> 8 cm) are necessary to simultaneously capture REAs of Low Chroma and High Chroma SRFs. When SRFs were considered separately, a ≥ 5 cm diameter core is recommended to reach an REA for Low Chroma, allowing accurate quantification for soil classification purposes and hydric soil determinations. Federal and state agencies requiring quantifiable SRF measures for land management decisions may greatly benefit from determining these minimum measurement scales, ensuring appropriate data collection methods in the future.
FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE DOHA ROUND OF WTO NEGOTIATIONS­ IMPLICATIONS FOR THE U.S. DAIRY INDUSTRY

This paper updates findings on the impact to the U.S. dairy industry of international trade talks and free trade agreements with regard to foreign access to U.S. dairy markets and U.S. farm milk prices.
Prepared Remarks to the New York State Senate Committee on Racing Gaming and Wagering

These are prepared remarks on the subject of the decision and the award process which culminated in Governor Spitzer's determination to grant the thoroughbred racing franchise in New York to the New York Racing Association.
A study of self-propelled elastic cylindrical micro-swimmers using modeling and computation

We study propulsion of micro-swimmers in 3D creeping flow. The swimmers are assumed to be made of elastic cylindrical hollow tubes. The swimming is generated by the contractions of the tube's elastic membrane walls producing a traveling wave in the form of a "step-function" traversing the swimmer from right to left, propelling the swimmer from left to right. The problem is motivated by medical applications such as drug delivery. The influence of several non-dimensional design parameters on the velocity of the swimmer is investigated, including the swimmer aspect ratio, and the amplitude of the traveling wave relative to the swimmer radius. An immersed boundary method based on a finite element method approach is successfully combined with an elastic spring network model to simulate the two-way fluid-structure interaction coupling between the elastic cylindrical tube and the flow of a 3D viscous, incompressible fluid. To gain a deeper insight into the influence of various parameters on the swimmer speed, a reduced 1D fluid-structure interaction model was derived and validated. It was found that fast swimmers are those with large tube aspect ratios, and with the amplitude of the traveling wave which is roughly 50% of the reference swimmer radius. It was shown that the speed of our "optimal swimmer" is around 1.5 swimmer lengths per second, which is at the top of the class of all currently manufactured micro-swimmers swimming in low Reynolds number flows ( Re = 10 - 6 ), reported in 11.
Situation Awareness: Context Matters! A Commentary on Endsley

The construct of situation awareness (SA) and Endsley’s 1995 model of SA are considered in the context of the history of the struggle to determine the role of matter (situations) and mind (awareness) for both basic and applied cognitive science. This struggle is framed in terms of two alternative views of the underlying semiotic system. The dyadic view puts the focus on structures of mind. This view leads to a dualistic ontology in which mind and matter tend to be considered as two distinctive systems. The triadic view puts the focus on mind as a means for adapting to the functional demands of situations. This view leads to a monist ontology whereby mind and matter interact as a single system shaping human experience. As a result of Endsley’s model, today the debate is framed in terms of SA.
Downhill esophageal varices: a prevalent complication of superior vena cava obstruction from benign and malignant causes.

Objective Downhill esophageal varices (DEV) usually develop secondary to superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction. Downhill esophageal varices have been less well characterized compared to uphill varices. The aim of the study was to characterize the anatomy and etiology of DEV by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Methods Patients with SVC obstruction were included in the study. Downhill esophageal varices were defined as discrete esophageal submucosal or mucosal vessels. Ten random computed tomographic scans were assessed as controls. Results Downhill esophageal varices were seen in 11 of 36 patients. Three types of varices were observed. Between 1 and 6 varices were seen in each patient with a diameter of 1 to 5 mm. Conclusions Downhill esophageal varices can be seen in 30% of patients with SVC obstruction. They have several patterns and are mostly systemic-to-systemic collaterals. The most common etiology associated with DEV is renal failure. Downhill esophageal varices are of small caliber, this may in part account for less frequent bleeding compared to uphill varices.
Influence of gas phase on the structure formation of silicon-carbide materials

On the basis of the results of thermodynamic analysis, we calculated the equilibrium composition of the gas phase formed during the firing of silicon-carbide materials in a carbon-containing filling at 1273–1873°K. It is shown that the combined bond may be formed during the reaction of the gaseous phase with all the batch components, including the primary silicon carbide. The hydrothermal oxidation of the batch components is one of the prerequisites for the formation of the combined bond. The secondary products may separate both during the reactions of the solid-gas type and also from the gaseous phase alone.
Glomerulonephritis: its link to the collagen diseases(?).

Histopathologic and clinical features of glomerulonephritis and the collagen diseases are reviewed. While they have many facets in common, they are also dissimilar in many respects. The link of glomerulonephritis to the collagen diseases is highly questionable.It is unwise to believe that corticosteroids can be used to suppress immunologic phenomena in a later stage of glomerulonephritis. They may have an anti-inflammatory action early in the acute stage, but their widespread use is not justified at present. In contrast, corticosteroid therapy is of specific benefit in lupus nephritis, to suppress the auto-immune phenomenon.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE-FILLED SQUARE STEEL TUBULAR COLUMN CONNECTIONS

Based on the experiments of concrete-filled square steel tubular column connections with interior or exterior diaphragms under cyclic loading,3-D nonlinear finite element models were used to analyze the mechanical properties of these two types of connections using ANSYS.Based on appropriate material stress-strain relations and failure criteria,finite element analyses were conducted under monotonic loading and cyclic loading.The load-deflection curves and shear force-deformation curves by finite element analyses show good agreement with those of the experiments.Parametric analyses were conducted on the connections with exterior diaphragms to investigate the influences of compression ratio,width to thickness ratio,strength of the concrete in the square steel tube and concrete slab height.It is found that compression ratio and width to thickness ratio are more important to the connections.
Effect of gender differences pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children

Objective It is to explore the influence of gender on pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS).Methods 403 children with OSAS diagnosed by overnight Polysomnography(PSG) were chosen,and sleep efficiency,proportion of every sleep stage,Sa(O2)min,apnea/hypopnea index for total sleep time(AHI),AHIREM,AHINREM and arousal index were recorded and analyzed.The severity of OSAS was determined from the AHITST.Results Male-to-female ratios in pediatric OSAS was 3.2∶1.Between boys and girls,stageⅠ%(12.11±1.72)% versus(14.96±2.11)%,stageⅡ%(43.34±1.62)% versus(40.36±1.12)%,SWS%(23.09±2.12)% versus(22.00±1.52)%,REM%(19.37±1.64)% versus(20.87±1.05)%,sleep efficiency (71.87±1.55)% versus(73.19±2.53)%,Sa(O2)min(72.60±1.26)% versus(73.79±1.65)%,arousal index(6.91±0.48)time/h versus(5.73±0.79) time/h,AHI(13.07±0.90) time/h versus(11.89±1.38) time/h,AHIREM(8.39±1.74) time/h versus(13.25±4.66) time/h,AHINREM(12.20±1.31) time/h versus(12.50±1.83) time/h.There was no significant difference between boys and girls in the indexes above.Conclusions Gender difference has no significant influence on the sleep construction and serious degree of children with OSAS.
Assessment of predictive models for estimating the acute aquatic toxicity of organic chemicals

In silico toxicity models are critical in addressing experimental aquatic toxicity data gaps and prioritizing chemicals for further assessment. Currently, a number of predictive in silico models for aquatic toxicity are available, but most models are challenged to produce accurate predictions across a wide variety of functional chemical classes. Appropriate model selection must be informed by the models’ applicability domain and performance within the chemical space of interest. Herein we assess five predictive models for acute aquatic toxicity to fish (ADMET Predictor™, Computer-Aided Discovery and REdesign for Aquatic Toxicity (CADRE-AT), Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) v1.11, KAshinhou Tool for Ecotoxicity (KATE) on PAS 2011, and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST) v.4). The test data set was carefully constructed to include 83 structurally diverse chemicals distinct from the training data sets of the assessed models. The acute aquatic toxicity models that rely on properties related to chemicals’ bioavailability or reactivity performed better than purely statistical algorithms trained on large sets of chemical properties and structural descriptors. Most models showed a marked decrease in performance when assessing insoluble and ionized chemicals. In addition to comparing tool accuracy and, this analysis provides insights that can guide selection of modeling tools for specific chemical classes and help inform future model development for improved accuracy.
H2S induced coma and cardiogenic shock in the rat: Effects of phenothiazinium chromophores

Context. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) intoxication produces an acute depression in cardiac contractility-induced circulatory failure, which has been shown to be one of the major contributors to the letha...
Time and sequence dependence of hydroxyurea in combination with gemcitabine in human KB cells

Gemcitabine (Gem) is a deoxycytidine analogue whose active metabolite, dFdCTP, blocks DNA elongation and has a cytotoxic effect. Hydroxyurea (HU) is an S-phase specific inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) with a broad spectrum of antitumor effects. We report here that low-dose HU enhanced the activity of Gem in a time- and sequence-dependent manner. Exposure of human oropharyngeal carcinoma KB cells to HU followed by the addition of Gem at various times significantly enhanced cytotoxicity when compared to controls. The greatest enhancement of cytotoxicity occurred when Gem was added 8 hours after HU. By treating KB cells with radiolabeled-Gem following HU treatment, we further confirmed that the incorporation of dFdCTP into DNA increased 6-fold over control reactions under these conditions. The mechanism of the time- and sequence-dependent enhancement is associated with a decrease in hRRM2 RNA, protein, and activity between 4 and 8 hours. The subsequent depletion of dNTP pools allows for increased incorporation of dFdCTP into cells arrested in S-phase, resulting in higher levels of cytotoxicity than either treatment alone.
IL-22 derived from γδ T cells restricts Staphylococcus aureus infection of mechanically injured skin

Background Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that colonizes the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and aggravates their disease. Neutrophils and the cytokines IL-17A and IL-17F, which drive the expression of the neutrophil-attracting chemokines, are important for the clearance of S aureus infection. The cytokine IL-22 is often coproduced by IL-17–secreting cells. The levels of IL-22 are elevated in AD skin lesions. Objective We sought to determine the role of IL-22 in the clearance of S aureus infection of mouse skin subjected to tape stripping, a surrogate for scratching, a cardinal feature of AD. Methods S aureus was applied to the tape-stripped skin of wild-type and Il22 −/− mice. Bacterial burden was evaluated by enumerating colony-forming units. Quantitative PCR and ELISA were performed to quantify Il22 mRNA and IL-22 protein in mouse and human skin. Flow cytometry was used to enumerate neutrophils in the skin. Results Scratching the skin of healthy adults and tape stripping of mouse skin induced local expression of Il22 mRNA and IL-22 protein. Induction of Il22 expression by tape stripping was dependent on IL-23 and γδ T cells. Clearance of S aureus from tape-stripped skin was significantly impaired in Il22 −/− mice. Neutrophil infiltration and upregulation of expression of genes encoding the antimicrobial peptides antigen-6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor related protein-1 and β-DEFENSIN 14 and the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand following tape stripping were significantly impaired in Il22 −/− mice. Conclusions These findings show that IL-22 is important for limiting the growth of S aureus on mechanically injured skin and caution that IL-23 and IL-22 blockade in patients with AD may enhance susceptibility to staphylococcal skin infection.
Utility of an intervention to detect depression in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a 3-part intervention consisting of raising physicians’ awareness of depression, mass depression screening using a 2-item version of the Prime MD Questionnaire, and communicating the results of the screening to the physician, will improve detection and treatment of depression in a primary care setting. METHODS: The study took place in Hilsboro, Oregon between July 1, 2001 and September 30, 2001. We distributed educational materials to the primary care physicians 2 months before screening patients. Over a 3 month period, 3431 consecutive patients who visited Tuality Health Care primary care clinics were screened using a 2-item version of the Prime MD depression-screening questionnaire. The primary care physicians conducted further assessment for certain patients to determine if any screened patient was depressed. We included all adult patients who visited Tuality Health Care primary care clinics between July 1, 2001 and September 30, 2001 in the study. We excluded patients attending the clinic for an emergency and children below 15 years of age. RESULTS: Out of 3431 subjects initially screened, we included 3290 subjects (96%) in the analysis. Of these, 360 subjects (10.9%) were already being treated for depression. The median age of the population was 48.5, 63.6% were females, and 36.4% were males. Physicians were more likely to conduct further assessment for depression when the screening result was positive (odds ratio [OR] = 119.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 81.017-175.17). They were also more likely to make a new diagnosis of depression when the screening result was positive (OR = 117.245, 95% CI: 51.67-266.02). CONCLUSION: The intervention is a useful depression screening effort in primary care. We should also consider implementation in other primary care settings.
The Peer-Review Visit

In the closing step of the self-study part of the process, the accreditation association uses volunteer peer-evaluators to review the self-study report and determine whether the evaluation team visit should be scheduled on-site at the college or uni­versity undergoing accreditation appraisal. This appointed team of qualified aca­demic peers is dispatched to the institution. It evaluates how well the college or university meets the published standard of the accreditation and offers perspectives on the strengths and weaknesses of the institution. After the visit, the visitation team writes a written report to assist the institution in enhancing its academic pro­grams and also outlines the criteria according to which the accreditation association decides to approve of, continue or reaffirm, or deny accreditation authorization (SACS 2002).
Development of an Eddy Current Inspection Technique for Sleeved Engine Disk Bolt Holes

Recent research programs have concentrated mainly on developing techniques to characterize surface breaking cracks and very little has been done towards characterizing subsurface flaws in conducting materials. Presented in this paper are the results of some initial theoretical work aimed at the development of a reliable eddy current technique to detect and characterize defects in engine disk bolt holes under a 0.05″ stainless steel sleeve. The change in impedance of an absolute eddy current coil with and without ferrite core, and the distribution of eddy currents around a second layer crack with and without a thin insulating film between the two conducting layers have been predicted numerically. The overall system development goals and methods to accomplish them are outlined briefly.
The spectrum of contact urticaria. Wheals, erythema, and pruritus.

A large variety of topical substances can provoke wheals of human skin within 30 minutes. The usual term for this phenomenon, “contact urticaria,” is too constricting and can lead to faulty diagnosis. Sometimes, the clinical expression is limited to erythema; less often, its sole manifestation is pruritus. The author proposes that contact urticaria is a spectrum ranging from urticaria through erythema to pruritus alone. This spectrum was demonstrated experimentally with three familiar urticariogens: cinnamic aldehyde and sorbic and benzoic acids. The nature of the immediate reaction depended on the concentration: wheals were induced with the highest tested concentration, erythema with a five-fold dilution, and pruritus alone with a 25-fold dilution.
High-speed ultrafast laser machining with tertiary beam positioning (Conference Presentation)

For an industrial laser application, high process throughput and low average cost of ownership are critical to commercial success. Benefiting from high peak power, nonlinear absorption and small-achievable spot size, ultrafast lasers offer advantages of minimal heat affected zone, great taper and sidewall quality, and small via capability that exceeds the limits of their predecessors in via drilling for electronic packaging. In the past decade, ultrafast lasers have both grown in power and reduced in cost. For example, recently, disk and fiber technology have both shown stable operation in the 50W to 200W range, mostly at high repetition rate (beyond 500 kHz) that helps avoid detrimental nonlinear effects. However, to effectively and efficiently scale the throughput with the fast-growing power capability of the ultrafast lasers while keeping the beneficial laser-material interactions is very challenging, mainly because of the bottleneck imposed by the inertia-related acceleration limit and servo gain bandwidth when only stages and galvanometers are being used. On the other side, inertia-free scanning solutions like acoustic optics and electronic optical deflectors have small scan field, and therefore not suitable for large-panel processing. Our recent system developments combine stages, galvanometers, and AODs into a coordinated tertiary architecture for high bandwidth and meanwhile large field beam positioning. Synchronized three-level movements allow extremely fast local speed and continuous motion over the whole stage travel range. We present the via drilling results from such ultrafast system with up to 3MHz pulse to pulse random access, enabling high quality low cost ultrafast machining with emerging high average power laser sources.
Multimodel Future Projections of Wintertime North Atlantic and North Pacific Tropospheric Jets: A Bayesian Analysis

AbstractThe impact of future greenhouse gas forcing on the North Atlantic and North Pacific tropospheric jets remains uncertain. Opposing changes in the latitudinal temperature gradient – forced by amplified lower-atmosphere Arctic warming vs. upper-atmosphere tropical warming – make robust predictions a challenge. Despite some models simulating more realistic jets than others, it remains the prevailing approach to treat each model as equally probable (i.e. democratic weighting). This study compares democratically-weighted projections to an alternative Bayesian weighting method based on the ability of models to simulate historical winter-time jet climatology. The novel Bayesian technique is developed to be broadly applicable to high-dimensional fields. Results show the Bayesian weighting can reduce systematic bias and suggest the winter-time jet response to greenhouse gas forcing is largely independent of this historical bias (i.e. not state dependent). A future strengthening and narrowing is seen in both...
Electron cryotomography of Mycoplasma pneumoniae mutants correlates terminal organelle architectural features and function.

The Mycoplasma pneumoniae terminal organelle functions in adherence and gliding motility and is comprised of at least eleven substructures. We used electron cryotomography to correlate impaired gliding and adherence function with changes in architecture in diverse terminal organelle mutants. All eleven substructures were accounted for in the prkC, prpC, and P200 mutants, and variably so for the HMW3 mutant. Conversely, no terminal organelle substructures were evident in HMW1 and HMW2 mutants. The P41 mutant exhibits a terminal organelle detachment phenotype and lacked the bowl element normally present at the terminal organelle base. Complementation restored this substructure, establishing P41 as either a component of the bowl element or required for its assembly or stability, and that this bowl element is essential to anchor the terminal organelle but not for leverage in gliding. Mutants II-3, III-4, and topJ exhibited a visibly lower density of protein knobs on the terminal organelle surface. Mutants II-3 and III-4 lack accessory proteins required for a functional adhesin complex, while the topJ mutant lacks a DnaJ-like co-chaperone essential for its assembly. Taken together, these observations expand our understanding of the roles of certain terminal organelle proteins in the architecture and function of this complex structure.
Estimating REY content of eastern Kentucky coal samples based on their associated ash elements

Abstract Coal and coal combustion byproducts can be considered as an alternative source of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY). The study of relationships between REY and other main coal properties could have several advantages such as estimating REY content of coal particles and designing beneficial extraction method. In this investigation, inter-correlations between REY content with coal parameters (proximate and ash elements) for a wide range of eastern Kentucky coal samples (708 records) were explored. Results demonstrate that zircon and monazite are the main source of heavy and light rare earth elements (HREE and LREE), respectively. Zr has the highest correlation with Y and Th has the strength relationship with Ce and La. In general, LREE have higher interaction with coal ash content in comparison with HREE. Results indicated that REY can be estimated quite satisfactorily by using their associated elements in coal ash.
Inverse Kinematic Analysis for a Five Axis Robot Using Monte Carlo Method

In this paper, an inverse kinematic model has been used for the computation of joint coordinates, given the Cartesian coordinates of five-axis manipulators of arbitary architecture. The model leads to a formally overdetermined nonlinear algebraic system of six equations in five unknowns. Their least-squares approximations produce the desired joint coordinates. Monte Carlo method is developed to find the initial guess for these nonlinear equations. This procedure is illustrated on a five axis robot. The algorithm developed is found to be more efficient when compared with that of continuation techniques. The method developed can also be used to analyze high nonlinear equations in kinematics. Then using an optimization algorithm the inverse kinematic solutions have been obtained.
The Chip with the College Education: the HP-28C

(1987). The Chip with the College Education: the HP-28C. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 9, pp. 895-902.
Fields of Extremals and Sufficient Conditions for the Simplest Problem of the Calculus of Variations in n-Variables

In a 1967 note, Leitmann observed that coordinate transformations may be used to deduce extrema (minimizers or maximizers) of integrals in the simplest problem of the calculus of variations. Subsequently, in a series of papers, starting in 2001, he revived this approach and extended it in a variety of ways. Shortly thereafter, Carlson presented an important generalization of this approach and connected it to Caratheodory’s equivalent problem method. This in turn was followed by a number of joint papers addressing applications to dynamic games, multiple integrals, and other related topics.
The demography of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in oropharyngeal cancer patients from 2011-2016: A single Veteran Administration institution.

e17532Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a known biologic (viral) carcinogen and has a predilection for tissue in head and neck sites- HPV types 16/18. Current NCCN guidelines recommend HPV...
156 Safety and efficacy of belimumab for treating systemic lupus erythematosus in the african american population at louisiana state university health sciences center in new orleans

Background The efficacy of belimumab in African American (AA) patients has not been clearly proven. Manufacturer recommends use with caution in AA because efficacy in this population has not been well established. We aim to report clinical outcomes and safety of belimumab therapy in our AA population with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Methods This is a single center, descriptive, retrospective case series report. We used electronic medical records to identify AA patients, 18 years or older, diagnosed with seropositive SLE according to SLICC criteria, who had received belimumab in combination with standard therapies. Demographics, comorbidities, clinical outcomes, laboratory outcomes, medication utilization and adverse events are reported. Results We identified 15 patients who started belimumab from March 2011 to March 2018. Only 5 met our study criteria. All patients were female with a mean age of 41.4 years at belimumab initiation (baseline). The average time since SLE diagnosis at baseline was 13.5 years. The average time on belimumab at the time of analysis was 19.06 months. At baseline, 80% had high dsDNA with 75% showing improvement upon analysis. All patients had low C3 or C4 at baseline and 75% had normalized at time of analysis. The top 3 reasons for starting belimumab were arthritis/arthralgia in 80% of patients, to decrease use of steroids and serositis, both in 40% of the cases. Eighty percent of patients were using prednisone at baseline. Two of them were concomitantly on hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and a third one was on HCQ and MMF on top of prednisone. A fourth patient was just on prednisone and the last patient was taking HCQ, MMF and MTX without steroids. At time of assessment, 1 patient had been weaned off of PDN and another one had reduced the dose by 50%. There was a mean steroid dose reduction of 12.5 mg/day. The other two patients remained at same dose. All patients on HCQ continued on it and the medication was started during the observation period in subject who was not on it. Among patients on MMF, one remained on it at same dose and the other was able to reduce dose by 50%. Arthritis/arthralgia resolved in 3 of 4 patients and serositis resolved in 100% of cases. Conclusions Belimumab is an excellent steroid sparing agent, with a mean dose reduction of 12.5 mg/day. Belimumab normalized or improved most immunological studies and showed great clinical efficacy. More complex SLE cases show a less robust clinical response. Further assessment of belimumab in the AA population will be required. Funding Source(s): None.
Mitochondrial DNA variation modulates alveolar development in newborn mice exposed to hyperoxia.

Hyperoxia-induced oxidant stress contributes to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Mitochondrial functional differences due to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variat...
Fundamental theorem of calculus

In this chapter we study functions of the form $$F\left( x \right) = \int\limits_a^x {f\left( t \right)} {\rm{ d}}t$$ called indefinite integrals of f. If f. is continuous, then F is an antiderivative of f, see Theorem 9.13. Indefinite integrals allow an easy computation of definite integrals as follows, $$\int\limits_a^b {f\left( x \right)} {\rm{ d}}x = F\left( b \right) - F\left( a \right),$$ see Theorem 9.15. These two theorems are known jointly as the fundamental theorem of calculus. An application to physics is given in Sect. 9.2.
Comparative review of outcomes: laparoscopic and robotic enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal (eTEP) access retrorectus repairs.

Building on the principles of eTEP access, described by Dr. Jorge Daes, our group has previously described and standardized a novel minimally invasive approach to restoration of the linea alba and repair of lateral atypical defects of the abdominal wall. The purpose of this report is to present comparative analysis of laparoscopic and robotic eTEP access retrorectus repairs. A retrospective review was conducted in patients who underwent laparoscopic eTEP (lap-eRS) and robotic-assisted eTEP (robo-eRS) Rives-Stoppa repairs between September 2015 and May 2018 at our institution. We analyzed the preoperative demographics and the perioperative outcomes. Our review identified 206 patients (Lap-eRS 120 vs. robo-eRS 86). The groups were comparable (p > 0.05) in gender distribution (47.6% vs. 53% male) and mean age (53.2 vs. 50.8 years), but different (p 0.05). Patients in both groups (lap-eRS vs. robo-eRS) were followed for an average of 5.7 months vs. 5.5 months (p = .735) and showed similar recurrence rates (1.7% vs. 1.2%, p > 0.05). We present the largest series to-date of eTEP access laparoscopic and robotic ventral hernia retrorectus repairs. Morbidly obese patients and those with more complex abdominal wall defects were more likely to undergo a robo-eRS. The significantly longer operative time and higher hospital cost associated with the robo-eRS group may be in part due to these factors. Both robotic and laparoscopic eTEP Rives-Stoppa repairs are associated with favorable perioperative outcomes and low recurrence rates.
Designing a “Solution-Focused” Governance Paradigm for Synthetic Biology: Toward Improved Risk Assessment and Creative Regulatory Design

A small literature exists exploring quantitative risk assessment for synthetic biology (SynBio) applications, alongside some articles about governance arrangements to regulate SynBio—but there have been few if any explorations of how the analysis of the risks and benefits of SynBio can and should lead to specific actions, be they traditional regulatory controls or any of a wide variety of other solutions. This chapter attempts to fill that gap, by offering a way of embedding risk assessment for SynBio in a “solution-focused ” paradigm that explicitly compares a panoply of ways to ban, control, channel, encourage, or subsidize a given SynBio application. Because SynBio applications are attractive precisely because they may be able to reduce existing risks, I argue that the conventional risk management question—“Does this new technology pose ‘unacceptable’ risks?”—is myopic. Instead, we should ask “does it have a relatively more favorable net risk profile (risks reduced net of new risks created) than any of the current ways we are trying to fulfill a particular human need or want?” The core premise of this proposed way of managing SynBio applications is that a society should tolerate more potential downside risk when the solution has greatly improved potential for unprecedented risk reduction; the corollary to this being that we should be less tolerant of new and potentially disruptive risks when the solution merely satisfies a want rather than a risk-reduction need. Although the chapter does not discuss any specific SynBio applications in detail, Table 2 summarizes ten broad categories of SynBio advances and offers general thoughts about the risk profiles of each kind of advance relative to the best conventional solutions currently available.
Enhancing Imbalanced Dataset by Utilizing (K-NN Based SMOTE_3D Algorithm)

Big data is currently a huge industry that has grown significantly every year. Big data is being used by machine learning and deep learning algorithm to study, analyze and parse big data and then drive useful and beneficial results. However, most of the real datasets are collected through different organizations and social media and mainly fall under the category of Big Data applications. One of the biggest and most drawbacks of such datasets is an imbalance representation of samples from different categories. In such case, the classifiers and deep learning techniques are not capable of handling issues like these. A majority of existing works tend to overlook these issues. Typical data balancing methods in the literature resort to data resampling whether it is under sampling a majority class samples or oversampling the minority class of samples. In this work, we focus on the minority sample and ignore the majority ones. Many researchers have done many works as most of the work suffers from over sampling or form the generated noise in the dataset. Additionally, works are either suitable for either big data or small data. Moreover, some other work suffers from a long processing time as complicated algorithms are used with many steps to fix the imbalance problem. Therefore, we introduce a new algorithm that deals with all these issues. We have created a short example to explain briefly how the SMOTE works and why we need to enhance the SMOTE and we have done this by using a very well-known imbalance dataset that we downloaded from the Kaggle website. We collect the results by using Azure machine learning platform. Then, we compare the results to see that the model is functional just good with SMOTE and way better than without it.
Information, Inattention, Perception, and Discounting

We derive a statistical mechanical model of the discount function that extends the information theoretic discount function of Brody and Hughston (Proc R Soc Lond A 457:1343–1363, 2001; Quant Finan 2(1):70–80, 2002) with an adaptation of the quantal response statistical equilibrium model of Scharfenaker and Foley (Entropy 19(444):1–15, 2017) and the Weber-Fechner representation of the distinction between perceived time and objective time proposed by Takahashi (Med Hypotheses 65(4):691–693, 2005). We find that our model, among other things, provides an information-theoretic basis for the β-δ quasi-hyperbolic model often employed in behavioral economics. This, together with the ease of incorporating economic and/or psychological constraints, recommends this approach for general use in economics.
Robotic Ureteral Reconstruction in Patients with Radiation-Induced Ureteral Strictures: Experience from the Collaborative of Reconstructive Robotic Ureteral Surgery.

Objectives: Management of radiation-induced ureteral stricture (RIUS) is complex, requiring chronic drainage or morbid definitive open reconstruction. Herein, we report our multi-institutional comp...
How Far Can Electromicrobial Production Go

Microbial electrosynthesis is increasingly popular, as it couples renewable electricity to microbial metabolism. Currently, electromicrobial production (EMP) to synthesize fuels has yet to surpass laboratory-scale reactions, but continuing improvements in the cost efficiency of these technologies hold promise for their translation to the real world. In this issue of Joule, Barstow and coworkers introduce a computational framework to determine the maximum efficiency of EMP, providing a blueprint for the scaling and broad implementation of these unique, renewable energy systems.
Malignant Melanoma of the Lacrimal Sac

Although malignancies of the lacrimal sac are rare, malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac is an exceedingly rare occurrence. Patients with abnormalities of the nasolacrimal system may come to otolaryngologists for evaluation. Treatment of lacrimal sac malignancies will necessitate consultation of a head and neck surgeon. The triad of symptoms commonly found in these patients includes epiphora, bloody reflux from the lacrimal punctum, and a medial canthal mass. Early local recurrence occurs frequently. Radical surgical treatment, including wide-field en bloc resection of the entire nasolacrimal system, affords the best protection against local recurrence and provides the best opportunity for enhanced patient survival. Adjunctive therapy in this disorder remains controversial.
Switching Current Measurement Based on Power Module Parasitics

This paper introduces a current sensor scheme based on the parasitic inductance between the kelvin source and power source terminals of a power module. The current sensor using the traditional Op-amp integration method and the impact of the parasitic resistance on its performance are thoroughly investigated. Then, a current sensor scheme with feedback compensation is proposed to cope with the large deviation in the output of the current sensor caused by the parasitic resistance. The feedback loop is further modified so that impact of the temperature on the current sensor’s performance is mitigated. Simulation and experiment results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed current sensor scheme, as well as its performance compared to that of a commercial Rogowski probe.
The Child and Adult Care Food Program: Barriers to Participation and Financial Implications of Underuse

Abstract Objective To assess facilitators and barriers to participation in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) and estimate foregone federal funds because of CACFP underuse. Methods An online survey of food service practices and experiences with CACFP among Connecticut-based licensed child care centers (n = 231). Results Serving meals and the center's nonprofit status predicted CACFP participation. The most common challenge among participants was collecting family income eligibility. Streamlining paperwork (mentioned by 44% of respondents) and funding for nonfood, administrative costs (40%) were recommended facilitators to increase CACFP uptake. Nonparticipating centers had limited knowledge about the program and its eligibility. Foregone federal funding due to CACFP underuse among eligible Connecticut centers was estimated at $30.7 million in 2019, suggesting that 20,300 young children from low-income areas missed out on CACFP-subsidized food. Conclusions and Implications Improving knowledge about CACFP and reducing participation burdens through additional funding and technical assistance can help expand the program to support child nutrition.
Probing the Ras-membrane Interaction from a Structural Biology Perspective

The small GTPase Ras is involved in a multitude of cellular signaling pathways that culminate in changes in transcription levels to control cell differentiation, growth, and apoptosis. The three ma...
TRIBuTE/spl trade/ board and platform test methodology

Built-in-self-test (BIST) has been historically silicon-centric in its application. This paper offers an overview of Intel's next generation platform test methodology, TRIBUTE/spl trade/. TRIBUTE/spl trade/ is an Intel coined acronym shorthand for Three-Reuseable-Integrated-Bist-u-TEchnologies. The TRIBuTE/spl trade/ approach targets the replacement of today's standard platform testing process and exploits BIST in a novel way....comprehensive board and platform testing.
Photocurrent gain in graphene-silicon p-i-n junction

We demonstrate single atomic cladding layer of graphene enhance the photocurrent profile of the monolithic silicon p-i-n junction, by spatially- and spectrally- resolved photocurrent measurement.
Making Minorities: Cultural Space, Stigma Transformation Frames, and the Categorical Status Claims of Deaf, Gay, and White Supremacist Activists in Late Twentieth Century America

This article compares the efforts of movement activists in three dissimilar groups to replace a stigmatized status with a valued one by portraying their groups as resembling established minorities (claims of “contiguity” in “cultural space”) and as differing from groups stigmatized as deviant (claims of “distance”). The most common claims assert similarity to African Americans, and frequently incorporate civil rights themes (exemplifying frame diffusion). Tactically, these minority status claims exploit both the resonance of cultural pluralism and state recognition of minorities. Strategically, minority status framing enables stigmatized groups to claim legitimacy without changing — simultaneously asserting both normality and difference.
Saturn: a SAT-based tool for bug detection

Saturn is a boolean satisfiability (SAT) based framework for static bug detection. Saturn targets software written in C and is designed to support a wide range of property checkers.
Effect of Dicarboxylic Acids and Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract on Lactate Uptake by the Ruminal Bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of l-aspartate, fumarate, l-malate, and an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaferm) on growth on lactate as well as lactate uptake by Selenomonas ruminantium HD4. Growth of S. ruminantium in medium that contained 2 g of dl-lactate per liter was stimulated approximately twofold by 10 mM l-aspartate, fumarate, or l-malate after 24 h. Both l-aspartate and fumarate increased lactate uptake over 4-fold, while l-malate stimulated uptake over 10-fold. Amaferm enhanced lactate uptake at all concentrations tested (0.5 to 50 g/liter), and the 10-g/liter level increased uptake over 12-fold. A filter-sterilized Amaferm filtrate increased lactate uptake over sevenfold, and growth on lactate was stimulated over twofold by either 2 or 5% (vol/vol) Amaferm filtrate. The Amaferm filtrate also increased the production of acetate, propionate, total volatile fatty acids, and Ylactate from lactate-grown cells. Since the increase in propionate production was greater relative to acetate, a decrease in the acetate:propionate ratio was observed. The concentration of l-malate in the Amaferm filtrate was 1.45 mM, and it appeared that the l-malate content of Amaferm played a role in the stimulation of growth on lactate as well as lactate uptake by S. ruminantium treated with Amaferm.
Antiferromagnetic resonance in LaMnO3 at low temperature

The antiferromagnetic resonance modes have been studied on a stoichiometric single crystal of ${\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ well below the N\'eel temperature, with a static magnetic field along all three crystallographic directions. A canted antiferromagnet model, with biaxial anisotropy and a Dzyaloshinski-Moriya (DM) interaction, explains the results. The DM interaction, often cited as the dominant cause of the canted magnetism, is found to be weak. Instead, the ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-type octahedron rotation leads to the tilted character of the single-ion anisotropy that plays a dominant role in spin canting.
Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal relations among child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer acceptance and rejection, and psychopathology. Methods: Data were collected on 215 maltreated and 206 nonmaltreated children (ages 6–12 years) from low‐income families. Children were evaluated by camp counselors on emotion regulation and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology and were nominated by peers for peer acceptance and rejection. Results: Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that experiencing neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse, multiple maltreatment subtypes, and earlier onset of maltreatment were related to emotion dysregulation. Lower emotion regulation (Time 1) was associated with higher externalizing symptomatology (Time 1) that contributed to later peer rejection (Time 2), which in turn was related to higher externalizing symptomatology (Time 2). Conversely, higher emotion regulation was predictive of higher peer acceptance over time, which was related to lower internalizing symptomatology controlling for initial levels of symptomatology. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the important role of emotion regulation as a risk or a protective mechanism in the link between earlier child maltreatment and later psychopathology through its influences on peer relations.
Effect of phi X C protein on leading strand DNA synthesis in the phi X174 replication pathway.

Abstract The influence of the bacteriophage phi X174 (phi X) C protein on the replication of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA has been examined. This small viral protein, which is required for the packaging of phi X DNA into proheads, inhibits leading strand DNA synthesis. The inhibitory effect of the phi X C protein requires a DNA template bearing an intact 30-base pair (bp) phi X origin of DNA replication that is the target site recognized by the phi X A protein. Removal of nucleotides from the 3' end of this 30-bp conserved origin sequence prevents the inhibitory effects of the phi X C protein. Leading strand replication of supercoiled DNA substrates containing the wild-type phi X replication origin results in the production of single-stranded circular DNA as well as the formation of small amounts of multimeric and sigma structures. These aberrant products are formed when the termination and reinitiation steps of the replication pathway reactions are skipped as the replication fork moves through the origin sequence. Replication carried out in the presence of the phi X C protein leads to a marked decrease in these aberrant structures. While the exact mechanism of action of the phi X C protein is not clear, the results presented here suggest that the phi X C protein slows the movement of the replication fork through the 30-bp origin sequence, thereby increasing the fidelity of the termination and reinitiation reactions. In keeping with the requirement for the phi X C protein for efficient packaging of progeny phi X DNA into proheads, the phi X C protein-mediated inhibition of leading strand synthesis is reversed by the addition of proteins essential for phi X bacteriophage formation. Incubation of plasmid DNA substrates bearing mutant 30 base pair phi X origin sequences in the complete packaging system results in the in vitro packaging and production of infectious particles in a manner consistent with the replication activity of the origin under study.