cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the human intervertebral disc cartilage endplate at the molecular, cell, and tissue levels

Given the importance of the cartilage endplate (CEP) in low back pain (LBP), there is a need to characterize the human CEP at the molecular, cell, and tissue levels to inform treatment strategies that target it. The goal of this study was to characterize the structure, matrix composition, and cell phenotype of the human CEP compared with adjacent tissues within the intervertebral joint: the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF), and articular cartilage (AC). Isolated CEP, NP, AF, and AC tissues and cells were evaluated for cell morphology, matrix composition, collagen structure, glycosaminoglycan content, and gene and protein expression. The CEP contained elongated cells that mainly produce a collagen-rich interterritorial matrix and a proteoglycan-rich territorial matrix. The CEP contained significantly fewer glycosaminoglycans than the NP tissue. Significant differences in matrix and cell marker gene expression were observed between CEP and NP or AF, with the greatest differences between CEP and AC. We were able to distinguish NP from CEP cells using collagen-10 (COLX), highlighting COLX as a potential CEP marker. Our findings suggest that at the cell and tissue levels, the CEP demonstrates both similarities and differences when compared with NP, AF, and hyaline AC. This study highlights a unique structure, matrix composition, and cell phenotype for the human CEP and can help to inform regenerative strategies that target the intervertebral disc joint in chronic LBP.
Comparative study of culture, next-generation sequencing, and immunoassay for identification of pathogen in diabetic foot ulcer.

Treatment of deep musculoskeletal infection (MSKI) begins with accurate identification of the offending pathogen, surgical excision/debridement, and a course of culture-directed antibiotics. Despite this, the incidence of recurrent infection continues to rise. A major contributor to this is inaccurate or negative initial cultures. Accurate identification of the main pathogen is paramount to treatment success. This is especially important in treating diabetic foot infections (DFIs) with limb salvage efforts. This study seeks to utilize standard culture, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and immunoassay for newly synthesized antibodies (NSA) to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae for diagnosis. This is a level II prospective observational study approved by our IRB. Thirty patients > 18 years of age who presented with a DFI and underwent surgical debridement or amputation by a single academic orthopedic surgeon from October 2018 to September 2019 were enrolled. Intraoperative samples were obtained from the base of the wound and sent for culture, NGS, and a peripheral blood sample was obtained at the time of diagnosis. NGS and culture were highly correlated for S. aureus (κ = 0.86) and S. agalactiae (κ = 1.0), NSA immunoassay and culture demonstrated a fair correlation for S. aureus (κ = 0.18) and S. agalactiae (κ = 0.67), and NGS and NSA immunoassay demonstrated fair correlation for S. aureus (κ = 0.1667) and S. agalactiae (κ = 0.67). Our study demonstrates a high concordance between culture and NGS in identifying the dominant pathogen in DFU. NGS may be a useful adjunct in DFI diagnosis.
The Shining Path of Peru: An Organizational Theory for Conflict

Violent political insurgencies display resilient structures that allow their growth and success. They must provide incentives to avoid internal rent-seeking among the members and, at the same time, discourage coalitions from undermining the direction and control of the insurgency. I study how insurgencies’ response to these trade-offs determines their political and military structures. A vertical and centralized hierarchy will prevail to minimize monitoring costs. However, a horizontal hierarchy will emerge within the insurgency to cede part of the insurgency surplus to solve their collective action problems and effectively coordinate violence. The evidence rests on the analysis of the Shining Path, the most radical face of the Communist revolution in the Western Hemisphere and a pioneer organization for the most recent insurgencies. I argue that the variation of this internal hierarchy played a significant role in its dramatic growth from a small group of students to a lethal terrorist organization with international outreach.
Electrical Sources and Fields

The goal of this chapter is to describe, concisely, the fundamental mathematical relationships linking sources and the electric potentials and the current fields they produce. These relationships are presented first in the form used when considering current sources in a conducting medium, the form most often of value in bioelectricity. It is worth keeping in mind that while the basic relationships below occupy only a few paragraphs, their implications are very extensive, and much of the rest of this chapter (and indeed much of the rest of this book) is concerned with their detailed applications.
New Methods for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Organometallic Compounds

Publisher Summary The state of the synthetic art in this area, in 1979, is much more satisfactory. During the past decade, several new synthetic developments have occurred, such that we are closer to the point where the limitations upon synthesis of trifluoromethyl compounds are related more to stability problems in isolated cases, and are not nearly so much due to lack of widely applicable synthetic techniques. We find ourselves, for example, in a position in 1979, where the germanium compound, Ge(CF 3 ) 4 , which in the past decade, was considered by many workers to be of insufficient stability to permit isolation, has been prepared by four independent methods and is known to be stable to over 100°C. Indeed, the literature contains many rationalizations, based on suppositions of instability of compounds, for the failure of certain synthetic methods to afford highly substituted trifluoromethyl compounds that are now known to be stable, in many cases to temperature of over 100°C.
Prediction of Cell Phone versus Landline Use in the General Social Survey

The rise of cell-only households (those in which a cell phone is the household’s only telephone service) has decreased the coverage of the landline telephone and may have introduced bias into landline survey samples. This paper considers ways in which cell-only and cell-mostly households may differ from the landline-only and landline-mostly populations thereby identifying factors which, when added to the list of weighting factors, may increase the accuracy of landline samples and serve as a warning of where coverage bias may be a problem in the future. These factors were analyzed in an ordinal logistic regression, using data from the 2008 General Social Survey, in order to assess their ability to predict landline and cell phone use. In addition to age, other variables were found to predict phone use including income, homeownership, transitivity, and party identification. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol15/iss1/7
Augmented sensing-based state estimation for cooperative Multi-Agent Systems

Distributed estimation and control schemes play an important role in cooperative Multi-Agent Systems (MASs), addressing various challenges of the insufficient capabilities of individual agents, such as limited sensing ranges. In this paper, we propose an augmented estimation algorithm that enables state estimation of agents which are out of sensing range from a local monitoring agent. The algorithm utilizes the probability of out-of-range agents affecting the behavior of in-range agents; this allows the monitoring agent to indirectly obtain information about unobserved agents. Then, based on a Bayesian approach, the proposed estimation algorithm recursively computes the state estimate by tracking the observed behaviors and their interactions with out-of-range agents. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated with numerical simulations of formation flight and cooperative surveillance.
Surgical Energy-Based Device Injuries and Fatalities Reported to the Food and Drug Administration.

Background Energy-based devices are used in virtually every operation. Our purposes were to describe causes of energy-based device complications leading to injury or death, and to determine if common mechanisms leading to injury or death can be identified. Study Design The FDA's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database was searched for surgical energy-based device injuries and deaths reported over 20 years (January 1994 to December 2013). Device-related complications were recorded and analyzed. Results We analyzed 178 deaths and 3,553 injuries. Common patterns of complications were: thermal burns, 63% (n = 2,353); hemorrhage, 17% (n = 642); mechanical failure of device, 12% (n = 442); and fire, 8% (n = 294). Events were identified intraoperatively in 82% (3,056), inpatient postoperatively in 9% (n = 351), and after discharge in 9% (n = 324). Of the deaths, 12% (n = 22) occurred after discharge home. Common mechanisms for thermal burn injuries were: direct application, 30% (n = 694); dispersive electrode burn, 29% (n = 657); and insulation failure, 14% (n = 324). Thermal injury was the most common reason for death (39%, n = 70). The mechanism for these thermal injuries was most frequently direct application (84%, n = 59, p Conclusions Complications due to energy-based devices occur from 4 main causes: thermal burn, hemorrhage, mechanical failure, and fire. Thermal direct application injuries are the most common reason for both injury and death.
BEYOND THE MEAN-FIELD : QUANTUM MONTE CARLO APPROACH FOR FINITE FERMI SYSTEMS

Large-amplitude fluctuations around the mean-field are important in hot finite Fermi systems. In the quantum Monte Carlo approach these fluctuations are taken into account exactly but often lead to a sign problem. A practical solution to the sign problem in the framework of the nuclear shell model allows realistic calculations in model spaces that are much larger than those that can be treated by conventional diagonalization methods. Recent applications of the Monte Carlo methods for microscopic calculations of collectivity and level densities in heavy nuclei are presented.
Analysis of a mutation affecting the specificity domain for prohead binding of the bacteriophage lambda terminase.

Abstract Genetic studies have identified a specificity domain for prohead binding in the C-terminal 32 amino acids of gpA, the large subunit of bacteriophage lambda terminase (S. Frackman, D. A. Siegele, and M. Feiss, J. Mol. Biol. 180:283-300, 1984). In the present work, an amber mutation, Aam42, in the fifth-to-last codon of the A gene was found to be lethal in nonsuppressing hosts. The mutation, expected to generate gpA lacking the last five amino acids, caused the production of a terminase that cut cos efficiently both in vivo and in vitro but was defective in DNA packaging. lambda Aam42 lysates contained unused proheads, consistent with a defect in prohead binding. Aam42 terminase was more strongly dependent than wild-type terminase on gpFI, the catalyst of prohead binding. Like wild-type terminase, Aam42 terminase did not cut cos in vivo when prohead assembly was blocked by a mutation in one of the genes encoding the prohead.
Generated in real-time instant process statistics ("GRIPS"): Immediate, tester-computed test statistics, eliminating the post-processing of datalogs

A system called GRIPS has been developed which uses the tester computer to compute test statistics online and generate an immediate comprehensive statistical report per batch. This overcomes memory and response time disadvantages of commercial test statistical packages. >
Dispersive/Hyperbolic Hydrodynamic Models for Quantum Transport (In Semiconductor Devices)

The smooth quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model is derived from a moment expansion of the Wigner-Boltzmann equation, using a quantum Maxwellian to close the moments. The smooth QHD model reproduces the original O(ħ2) QHD model for small ħ2. Both QHD models have hyperbolic, dispersive, and parabolic modes. Numerical simulations of a resonant tunneling diode are presented, using a steady-state conservative upwind method.
Lipid raft-based membrane order is important for antigen-specific clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells (IRC2P.451)

Lipid rafts contribute to the plasma membrane order and to its spatial asymmetry. Lipid rafts are cholesterol and saturated lipid-rich, nanometer sized membrane domains that are hypothesized to play an important role in spatiotemporal regulation of cell signaling. The raft nanodomains on the surface of CD4+ T lymphocytes coalesce during their interaction with antigen presenting cells (APCs). Sensing of foreign antigen by the antigen receptor on CD4+ T cells occurs during these cell-cell interactions. In response to foreign antigen the CD4+ T cells proliferate, allowing the expansion of few antigen-specific primary CD4+ T cell clones. Proliferating CD4+ T cells undergo differentiation into appropriate effectors tailored to mount an effective immunity to the pathogen. To investigate the role of lipid raft-based membrane order in the clonal expansion phase of primary CD4+ T cells, we have disrupted membrane order by incorporating an oxysterol, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) into the plasma membrane of primary CD4+ T cells expressing a T cell receptor specific to chicken ovalbumin323-339 peptide sequence and tested their antigen-specific response. We report that 7-KC, at appropriate concentrations, significantly diminishes the c-Ovalbumin323-339 peptide-specific clonal expansion of primary CD4+ T cells. Our findings suggest that lipid raft-based membrane order and membrane asymmetry is important for clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells in response to a model antigen.
Effects of oral contraceptives on free fatty acid metabolism in women.

Abstract These studies examined whether women using oral contraceptives have abnormalities in free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism compared with women not using oral contraceptives. Plasma palmitate kinetics ([3H]palmitate) were measured at rest, following glucose ingestion, and during epinephrine infusion in 13 oral contraceptive users and 13 matched women not using oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptive users had significantly greater plasma triglyceride concentrations and glucose responses to oral glucose tolerance testing. No differences in basal (2.1 ± 0.1 v 1.8 ± 0.2 μmol · kg fat-free mass · FFM−1 · min−1), glucose-suppressed (0.6 ± 0.1 v 0.5 ± 0.1 μmol · kg FFM−1 · min−1), or epinephrine-stimulated (3.3 ± 0.1 v 3.6 ± 0.2 μmol · kg FFM−1 · min−1) palmitate flux were detected between women using and not using oral contraceptives. The respiratory quotient (RQ) also was not different between groups. We conclude that the increase in plasma triglycerides and the mild glucose intolerance seen with oral contraceptive use is not associated with significant abnormalities of FFA metabolism.
A causal analysis of the impact of job performance on the voluntary turnover process

A model of job turnover that includes job performance as a predictor was presented and tested longitudinally using path analysis. Out of seven hypothesized paths, six were significant and in the predicted direction. The seventh one was significant but in a direction opposite to that predicted.
First Example of a Tin(II) Oxy-Phosphate with an Open-Framework Structure: Synthesis and Structure of [NH4]+[(Sn3O)2(PO4)3]−

Abstract The synthesis and structure of an open-framework material based on tin(II) oxyphosphate is described: [NH4]+[(Sn3O)2(PO4)3]−; colorless; space group=Pbcn(#60);a=6.7963(2);b=19.6000(4);c=12.5777(4) A;V=1675.44(12) A3; andZ=8. The structure comprises a network of pyramidal SnO3and tetrahedral PO4moieties. There is a single oxygen atom bonding only the Sn atoms in this structure. The charge balancing [NH4]+cations are located at one end of a star-shaped 10-ring channel and the Sn(II) lone-pairs protrude into this channel, preventing any access.
Residents' experiences with tourism development and resettlement in Luoyang, China

Abstract Tourism development induced displacement and resettlement (TDIDR) is an increasingly challenging phenomenon faced by the tourism industry, yet scholarship on the matter remains scarce. Impacts of TDIDR on resettlers are significant and vary in severity based on geopolitical contexts. The ubiquity of TDIDR, particularly within emerging economies such as China, indicates a need for further investigation. This case study, conducted in Louyang, China, contributes to tourism research by examining the various impacts of TDIDR on local (re)settlers. A cross-disciplinary review of extant research on impacts of development-induced resettlement is provided. Implications related to improving resettlers' wellbeing, ensuring equitable welfare distribution, and contributing to community empowerment are discussed.
Sexual conflict in simultaneous hermaphrodites: evidence from serranid fishes

Much of modern mating systems theory is founded on the assumption that a conflict of interests between males and females acts to shape reproductive strategies. If sexual conflict exists it should extend to simultaneous hermaphrodites. Here, the suggestion is made that hermaphrodite mating systems can be used to explore the assumptions associated with sexual conflict and (a) predictions about hermaphrodite mating systems, and (b) a comparative analysis of the mating systems described for a group of species of simultaneously hermaphroditic serranid fishes. Theories based on Bateman's principle predict that there should be a preferred role in hermaphrodites; i.e. the male role ought to offer potential fitness advantages to all serranids and serranid mating systems reflect this. The comparative analysis offers evidence that cheating in the male role is found in all of the species studied and explains the harem polygyny system of two species. This preference for the male role in this group offers the best evidence currently available for the existence of sexual conflict as a factor shaping mating systems.
Predicting Separation and Transitional Flow in Turbine Blades at Low Reynolds Numbers

There is increasing interest in design methods and performance prediction for aircraft engine turbines operating at low Reynolds numbers. In this regime, boundary layer separation may be more likely to occur in the turbine flow passages. For accurate CFD predictions of the flow, correct modeling of laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition is essential to capture the details of the flow. To investigate possible improvements in model fidelity, CFD models were created for the flow over two low pressure turbine blade designs. A new three-equation eddy-viscosity type turbulent transitional flow model originally developed by Walters and Leylek was employed for the current RANS CFD calculations. Previous studies demonstrated the ability of this model to accurately predict separation and boundary layer transition characteristics of low Reynolds number flows. The present research tested the capability of CFD with the Walters and Leylek turbulent transitional flow model to predict the boundary layer behavior and performance of two different turbine cascade configurations. Flows over the Pack-B turbine blade airfoil and the midspan section of a typical low pressure turbine (TLPT) blade were simulated over a Reynolds number range of 15,000–100,000, and predictions were compared to experimental cascade results. The turbulent transitional flow model sensitivity to turbulent flow parameters was investigated and showed a strong dependence on free-stream turbulence intensity with a second order effect of turbulent length scale. Focusing on the calculation of the total pressure loss coefficients to judge performance, the CFD simulation incorporating Walters and Leylek’s turbulent transitional flow model produced adequate prediction of the Reynolds number performance for the TLPT blade cascade geometry. Furthermore, the correct qualitative flow response to separated shear was observed for the Pack-B blade airfoil. Significant improvements in performance predictions were shown over predictions of conventional RANS turbulence models that cannot adequately model boundary layer transition.
Effects of gravitational perturbations on the evolution of scalar fields in the early universe

Abstract We study the evolution of inhomogeneous classical scalar field configurations which are not in thermal equilibrium in a radiation dominated pre-inflationary phase in the early universe. We take into account gravitational perturbations about the Friedmann- Robertson-Walker metric. Making use of gauge invariant variable, we show that provided the initial gravitational perturbations are not too large, they do not prevent the dynamical relaxation of the scalar field configuration to an almost homogeneous configuration which leads to inflation.
Continuous Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction of the Biocatalyzed Reduction of Mn Oxide

Here we report the first continuous time-resolved X-ray diffraction analysis of a biologically mediated mineral reaction. We incubated total membrane (TM) fractions of the facultative anaerobe Shewanella oneidensis in an anoxic environmental reaction cell with formate (as electron donor via formate dehydrogenase) and powdered birnessite, a layered Mn{sup 3+,4+} oxide common to many soils. Using both synchrotron and conventional X-ray sources, we irradiated the reaction mixtures for up to two weeks and observed bioreduction and dissolution of birnessite and the concomitant precipitation of rhodochrosite (Mn{sup +C}O{sub 3}) and hausmannite (Mn{sup 2+}Mn{sub 2}{sup 3+}O{sub 4}). The high time resolution of these experiments documented systematic changes in crystal structure during the breakdown of birnessite and the emergence of nanocarystalline rhodochrosite. In addition, the relative abundances of birnessite and rhodochrosite were quantified over time for different concentrations of TM fraction, allowing for the determination of rate equations that govern this bioreaction. Importantly, constant irradiation for two weeks did not stop the enzymatic reaction, suggesting that enzymes may be more resilient than whole cells when exposed to X-ray radiation.
Cardiovascular disease in patients with dysvascular amputation

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in individuals with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Among patients who have undergone lower extremity amputation as a result of PVD, the prevalence of concomitant cardiovascular disease may be as high as 75%. Comorbid heart disease may complicate the postamputation course of recovery, delay initiation of rehabilitation training, and inhibit the achievement of maximal functional independence. A variety of methods have been used to assess cardiac status and risk in amputation patients undergoing physical training; these have included clinical evaluation, resting electrocardiography, and continuous dynamic electrocardiography during either standard physical therapy exercise or adapted ergometry. Several conditioning training programs have been developed to improve the cardiovascular fitness of patients with dysvascular amputation, the results of which have been favorable. These assessment and intervention strategies have extensive applicability in the clinical management of patients with dysvascular amputation.
Searchers of the dead: authority, marginality, and the interpretation of plague in England, 1574-1665.

Searchers of the dead, women pensioners hired to examine and codify diseased bodies, were significant figures in the management of early modern plague epidemics, but have remained seriously neglected by scholars. This essay reclaims the searchers by investigating archival material such as parish records, legal documents, and bills of mortality. Active members of their parishes, the searchers occupied a paradoxical relationship to authority: subjected to the dangers of plague because of their economic dependence, the searchers also commanded tremendous power to define matters of life and death by literally naming plague on the bodies of their neighbours.
Micro-machined array probe card

A membrane probe card designed for high speed, high pin count testing has been fabricated with conventional IC technology on a silicon wafer and its functionality demonstrated. A novel method of breaking down interfacial oxide, as a replacement for mechanical scrubbing, is proposed and demonstrated. The probe card can consistently provide contact resistance of >
Fertility retention in the patient with genital prolapse

There are several treatments from which to choose for the patient with symptomatic uterine prolapse who wishes to retain fertility. Transabdominal construction of a sacrocervical "ligament" with transplanted fascia lata femoris is a useful solution to this problem. The technique is described.
On the logistic law of growth and its empirical verifications in biology

Es wird untersucht, wie weit den empirischen Bestatigungen der logistischen Differentialgleichung (2) als Ausdruck eines biologischen Wachstumsgesetzes tatsachliche Beweiskraft zukommt. Durch eine Reihe praktischer Ausgleichungen wurde gepruft, welche Gute der Annaherung im Durchschnitt zu erwarten ist, wenn (1) durch eine beliebige andere dreiparametrige ScharS-formiger Kurven ersetzt wird (insbesondre (3) und (4)). Es zeigt sich uberraschenderweise, dass sich die logistische Kurve keineswegs besonders gut dem biologischen Material anpasst, und dass letzteres auch mit ganz anderen Hypothesen vereinbar ware. Ahnliches gilt auch von den Experimenten vonGause (in welchen durch Beobachtung von Bakterienkolonien in einem gestorten, Medium die Gultigkeit von (2) bewiesen werden sollte). - Dies schmalert keineswegs die besondere Eignung von (1) zur Beschreibung von biologischen Wachstumsvorgangen, doch beruht sie z. T. auf den mathematischen Eigenschaften, und noch mehr auf der grossen Plausibilitat, die den zu (2) fuhrenden Grundannahmen von vornherein zukommt. Dem empirischen Material kommt bisher gar keine selbststandige Beweiskraft zu, und es ist in keinem Spezialfall erlaubt, aus einer Ubereinstimmung eines Wachstumsvorgangs mit (1) auf dessen innere Natur und auf die wirkenden Krafte Ruckschlusse zu ziehen.
Geiger-Mueller counter for mixed neutron-gamma beam dosimetry☆

Abstract A Geiger-Mueller (G-M) dosimeter has been constructed and employed to measure the gamma-ray component of absorbed dose in a cyclotron produced fast neutron field. This instrument is waterproof for measurements in a liquid, and read-out is accomplished with any standard scaler.
Horizontal Bands in the Belousov Reaction

The formation and propagation of spatial patterns in the presence of an initial gradient in temperature or the concentration of one or more of the reactants is explained kinematically. Experimental verification of this mechanism is given, showing that diffusion plays a very minor role in the formation of the bands.
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of short umbilical cord in a dichorionic twin with normal fetal anatomy.

Short umbilical cords are associated with fetal anomalies, often including those with decreased or absent fetal movement, fetal akinesia/hypokinesia sequence, and restrictive dermopathies and aneuploidy. In normal fetuses, abnormally short umbilical cords have been associated with an increased risk of umbilical vessel hematomas, thrombosis, rupture, thrombocytopenia, cord compression, variable fetal heart rate decelerations, instrumental and operative deliveries, and fetal demise. We report a 24-year-old gravida 2, para 0 with a concordant dichorionic twin gestation, at 26 weeks' gestation, in whom sonography depicted fetuses with normal-appearing anatomy as well as short umbilical cord of the 1st twin. Increased fetal surveillance was conducted. Following delivery at 36 weeks' gestation, the presence of a short umbilical cord of the 1st twin measuring 19 cm was confirmed. Systematic review of the literature confirms that this is the first report of prenatal diagnosis of a short umbilical cord in an otherwise normal fetus. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2010
A rule-based approach to fault diagnosis using the signed directed graph

Fault diagnosis is the problem of determining the root causes of process upsets. This paper presents a very efficient method of identifying the possible causes of process disturbances using the signed directed graph (digraph) representation of process interactions. The analysis is based on forming logical statements (rules) derived from the process digraph; these are evaluated using on-line data to yield the diagnosis. Evaluation of rule antecedents is more efficient than the previous algorithmic approach of Shiozaki et al. In the rule-based approach, the diagnostic criteria are represented explicitly, not hidden by a complex algorithmic procedure. This allows the diagnostic rules to be tailored to reflect the best available knowledge of plant behavior. The rules generated by this technique can be integrated with other rules on plant operations using an expert systems framework.
Sellars' rejection of foundations

Perhaps the best-known attack on foundations in recent years is Seilars' criticism of 'the myth of the given'. Although there are several senses of the given, I will argue that the foundations theory need not accept the doctrine in Sellars' sense. This might seem quite serious for Sellars' account, but actually I think he could admit the point without serious damage. A more important problem is that his general argument against foundations (of which rejection of the given is a part) is inconclusive and indeed implausible at the crucial point. Hence, so far as I can make out, he has not refuted the foundations theory. On the positive side, I will defend Sellars' answer to the objection that a non-foundationalist theory generates an unacceptable regress.
Metabolism of prostaglandin E1 in dog kidneys

Summary 1 The biotransformation of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was studied in the isolated, perfused dog kidneys. 2 An average 43% of PGE1 was converted into the less polar metabolite I by a single passage through the kidney. As the re-circulation of the perfusate continued, PGE1 was converted not only into metabolite I but also the least polar metabolite II. The velocity of the conversion of PGE1 into metabolite I was significantly greater than that into metabolite II. Usually, six passages elapsed before maximum degradation of PGE1 occurred. 3 Further separation with silicic acid column chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography showed that metabolite II consists of two individual metabolites, metabolite IIa and metabolite IIb. 4 The present study indicates that the kidney biotransforms PGE1 rather rapidly into three metabolites which are less polar than PGE1.
Multimodal Information Integration and Fusion for Histology Image Classification

Biomedical imaging technology has become an important tool for medical research and clinical practice. A large amount of imaging data is generated and collected every day. Managing and analyzing these data sets require the corresponding development of the computer based algorithms for automatic processing. Histology image classification is one of the important tasks in the bio-image informatics field and has broad applications in phenotype description and disease diagnosis. This study proposes a novel framework of histology image classification. The original images are first divided into several blocks and a set of visual features is extracted for each block. An array of C-RSPM Collateral Representative Subspace Projection Modeling models is then built that each model is based on one block from the same location in original images. Finally, the C-Value Enhanced Majority Voting CEWMV algorithm is developed to derive the final classification label for each testing image. To evaluate this framework, the authors compare its performance with several well-known classifiers using the benchmark data available from IICBU data repository. The results demonstrate that this framework achieves promising performance and performs significantly better than other classifiers in the comparison.
S and Fe binding to the Fe(100) surface and in the bulk: Molecular orbital theory for surface segregation of S

Abstract The ASED-MO theory and large cluster models are used to predict and analyze the formation energies for bulk vacancies in iron and S atom adsorption and dissolution energies in bulk substitutional sites. The driving force for surface segregation of S is shown to result from the vacancy formation energy and a strong S 3s-Fe valence band closed shell repulsion for dissolved sulfur.
Forecasting and Inventory Control for Sporadic Demand Under Periodic Review

A sporadic or lumpy demand pattern is characterized by large transactions separated by periods of zero demand. Such demand patterns occur frequently for items in parts and supplies inventory systems. A forecasting procedure is presented, to be used in conjunction with a base-stock (order-up-to) inventory-control policy under periodic review. The procedure determines the size and timing of replenishment orders. Although a base-stock policy calls for a replenishment order after each transaction, it is shown that a delay in placing the order can result in significant holding-cost reductions with little additional risk or cost of stockouts.
Coupled delayed-detached-eddy simulation and structural vibration of a self-oscillating cylinder due to vortex-shedding

Abstract The flow past a rigid-fixed cylinder and a self-oscillating cylinder is simulated at Re=5000. The finite-volume based CFD package OpenFOAM is used for flow computations for a rigid-fixed cylinder. Extensive mesh convergence and time-step studies are conducted for a cylinder span of 2D (twice the diameter). Spanwise-pressure correlations and spectral calculations are conducted using longer cylinder span lengths: 4D, 8D and 16D. As the cylinder span size increases, better spanwise correlations are obtained. For a self-oscillating cylinder, the numerical approach that tightly couples DDES and FEA based on a fixed point iteration is used to predict the amplitude response and drag in a lock-in condition. The results of the rigid-fixed and self-oscillating cylinder computations compare favorably with experimental data.
Ion exchange and thermal studies of sulfated zirconia

Sulfate adsorption on hydrous zirconia occurs rapidly to attain a loading of about 10% SO[sub 4] for an equilibrium solution of about 0.1 N H[sub 2]SO[sub 4]; above this concentration the amount of sulfate adsorbed increases very slowly. The presence of sulfate either retards water loss when the sample is heated from 25 to 490 C or causes sonic dehydration due to sulfate adsorption; the amount of water lost is about 12 wt.% for zirconia and about 8 wt.% for the SO[sup 2[minus]][sub 4] (3 to 13 at.%) containing materials. The weight loss from 490 to 900 C increases linearly with the sulfate loading. Peaks corresponding to sulfate loss appear at about 615--625 C and 800--825 C. The crystallization temperature of zirconia increases linearly with the amount of sulfate adsorbed.
Dynamical decompactification and three large dimensions

We study string gas dynamics in the early universe and seek to realize the Brandenberger-Vafa mechanism - a goal that has eluded earlier works - that singles out three or fewer spatial dimensions as the number that grows large cosmologically. Considering wound string interactions in an impact parameter picture, we show that a strong exponential suppression in the interaction rates for d>3 spatial dimensions reflects the classical argument that string world sheets generically intersect in at most four spacetime dimensions. This description is appropriate in the early universe if wound strings are heavy - wrapping long cycles - and diluted. We consider the dynamics of a string gas coupled to dilaton gravity and find that (a) for any number of dimensions the universe generically stays trapped in the Hagedorn regime and (b) if the universe fluctuates to a radiation regime any residual winding modes are diluted enough so that they freeze-out in d>3 large dimensions while they generically annihilate for d=3. In this sense the Brandenberger-Vafa mechanism is operative.
Preclassic round structures of the Upper Belize River Valley

Round structures are considered a rarity in Maya architecture. Four late Middle Preclassic period (650-300 B.C.) round structures excavated at the Maya site of Cahal Pech demonstrate that this was a common architectural form for the Preclassic Maya of the upper Belize River Valley. These open platforms are described, and compared to similar forms in the Belize Valley and elsewhere. An interpretation of their significance is offered that uses information from artifacts, burials, and ethnohistory as well as analogy with round structures in other parts of the world. We suggest that these small round platforms were used for performance related to their role as burial or ancestor shrines.
A New Diffusion Procedure for Vortex Methods

A new method is proposed for simulating diffusion in vortex methods for two-dimensional incompressible flows. The method resolves length scales up to the spacing of the vortices. The grid-free nature of vortex methods is fully retained and the distribution of the vortices can be irregular. It is shown for the Stokes equations that in principle, the method can have any order of accuracy. It also conserves circulation, linear, and angular momentum. The method is based on exchanging a conserved quantity between arbitrary computational points. This suggests that extensions to more general flows may be possible. For the two-dimensional incompressible flows studied, circulation is exchanged between vortices to simulate diffusion. The amounts of circulation exchanged must satisfy a linear system of equations. Based on stability considerations, the exchanged amounts should further be positive. A procedure to find a solution to this problem is formulated using linear programming techniques. To test the method, the decay processes of a single point vortex and of a counterrotating pair of point vortices are computed. Current limitations of the method are discussed.
Balance and Bias in Network Evening News Coverage of Presidential State of the Union Addresses

While balance and fairness are important journalistic norms worthy of research, many previous studies have only examined them in the electoral context. A content analysis of news coverage of State ...
Osseous and vascular anatomical variations within the C1-C2 complex: a radiographical study using computed tomography angiography.

Background One of the limiting factors of C1–C2 fixation is the location of the vertebral artery (VA). The authors sought to assess the potential variations in atlanto–axial VA anatomy using computed tomography angiography (CTA). Methods Detailed measurements were made on digital images of 106 patients undergoing CTA at our institution (54 males, 52 females; mean age 56, range 20–86). Distances, diameters and angles of osseous and vascular elements of the atlanto–axial complex were measured. Results Optimal C1 and C2 screw trajectories demonstrated wide variations among patients. The size of the VA groove or foramen was not predictive of exact arterial location or size. Conclusions The size, location and path of the VA cannot be precisely predicted by the appearance of osseous structures such as the transverse foramina and/or the VA groove. CTA provides additional information regarding the atlanto–axial complex, and should be considered as a useful adjunct in the preoperative evaluation of select patients. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualization of tornado-like vortex interacting with wide tornado-break wall

A three-dimensional CFD model, based on large eddy simulation, is utilized to numerically simulate a perpendicular interaction between a traveling tornado-like vortex and a wide rigid wall. The tornado-like flow is modeled by the Rankine-Combined Vortex Model. The case, where the wall width is much larger than the tornado vortex core diameter is examined. The main goal of the paper is to improve the understanding of the dynamics of the tornado–wall interaction. The conclusions drawn in this study are supported by various visualizations. During the tornado impact, the structure of the tornado-like vortex is substantially mitigated by the wide wall. The low-level portion of the vortex is disturbed both in front of the wall and behind the wall. When the vortex is approaching the wall, the vortex-induced velocities cause a boundary layer separation from the leading face of the wall. The ejected, from the wall, vorticity patches wrap around the tornado-like vortex causing its weakening. Behind the wall the tornado vortex is subjected to the turbulent flow that further disrupts the tornado vortex structure. The tornado-like vortex mitigation results in a low wind speed region behind the tornado-break wall, where the wind velocities are reduced by more than 50 %.
Metabolic aspects of antioxidants and preservatives

The use of chemical preservatives serves to ensure the nutritional adequacy, palatability and safety of processed foods and beverages. The toxicity of some of the more ubiquitous antimicrobial agents (sorbic acid, p-hydroxybenzoates, sulphur dioxide) and antioxidants (propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT] is reviewed together with the role of metabolic data in assessing the 'safety-in-use' of these and other food-additives.
Conservation of dorsal-ventral patterning in arthropods and chordates

Dorsal—ventral patterning within the ectodermal and mesodermal germ layers of Drosophila and Xenopus embryos is specified by a system of genes that has been conserved over 500 million years of evolution. In both organisms, the activity of the TGF-β family member DPP/BMP4 is antagonized by SOG/CHORDIN. A second Xenopus gene, noggin, has a similar biological activity to chordin. Analysis of the action of these genes indicate that Spemann's organizer promotes dorsal cell fates in Xenopus by antagonizing a ventralizing signal encoded by the Bmp4 gene.
Presentación · Monográfico Sociedad y Territorio

Ningun volumen especifico consagrado a un tema es capaz de dar cuenta del conjunto de las investigaciones desarrolladas sobre el. En ningun momento ha sido su intencion ni esto ha de verse como salvaguarda ante lo que pudiera echar en falta el lector. Nos basta con haber mostrado algunas de las lineas de trabajo mas interesantes sobre la vinculacion sociedad-territorio e invitar a los jovenes investigadores a proseguir en esta direccion, estimulante y prometedora. Por distintos motivos algunos autores que inicialmente habian expresado su interes en participar en este monografico no pudieron finalnalmente hacerlo. Claro que les echamos en falta pero seguro que habra una nueva ocasion. A los que si lo hicieron deseo expresarles mi sincero agradecimiento por su colaboracion, ellos han hecho posible este volumen con excelentes trabajos y paciencia infinita. Tambien agradezco la labor de los evaluadores que dieron cumplida respuesta al examen de los textos y sin cuyo generoso esfuerzo no podriamos avanzar con rigor. Y por supuesto, a los miembros del Consejo de redaccion, a la direccion y a la secretaria de Empiria que accedieron primero y trabajaron despues para sacar esto adelante. Una vez mas.
Numerical method to separate the photo-current and contact injection current in solar cells

The principle of superposition is a well-known method used in the analysis of current transport under dark and light conditions for several different types of solar cells. However, this principle assumes that the photo-current is voltage independent and the contact injection current is generation independent, which restricts its validity. The superposition principle cannot, however, be applied to most thin film solar cells as the above mentioned assumptions are not generally valid. In order to address this issue, we describe a novel numerical modeling approach that allows independent computation of the photo-current and the contact injection current components of the total current under illumination. Then, using several test cases where the principle of superposition breaks down, the usefulness of this modeling approach is demonstrated.
Collisional quenching of NO(A, v'=0) by various gases

Abstract The rate coefficients for the quenching of NO(A 2Σ, v' =0) by NO, N2O, H2O, O2, SF6 and CO2 were measured to be (in units of 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): 2.67±0.41, 3.79±0.49, 7.8±1.0, 1.46±0.25, 3.82±0.49, and 4.30±0.26, respectively. Upper limits for the quenching rate constants by N3, Ar, Ne, H2, and CF4 were also measured. All experiments were carried out by monitoring the temporal profiles of A 2Σ, v' =O→X2Π, v″=3 fluorescence after 226 nm pulsed laser excitation of NO(X2Π) to NO(A2Σ,v'=0).
Separation Results for Separated Apex NLC and NCE Graph Languages

Relations among various types of node replacement graph languages are known in the literature but there has remained a gap in the hierarchy of these graph languages. The present paper fills this gap by proving a separation result for k-separated apex graph languages and by extending a known result for k-separated graph languages. This yields, together with other known relations, a complete hierarchy of NLC, NCE, eNCE graph languages and their k-separated, linear, and/or apex subclasses.
Heavy ion collider detectors

Abstract The collider detectors for the heavy ion program at RHIC and the LHC are reviewed. Special emphasis is given to those features that are unique to the heavy ion environment.
Non local inelastic lifetime in micro-ohm tunneling junctions

By quenched condensation onto amorphous Sb ultrathin Cu films were prepared in the thickness range of a few atomic layers. They exhibit very short inelastic lifetimes. We investigated, whether their inelastic electronic lifetime is affected by coupling them to thick Cu films with much longer inelastic lifetimes. Our measurements show, that for sufficiently strong electronic coupling the inelastic lifetime of the ultra-thin Cu film is enhanced and finally becomes comparable to the inelastic lifetime of the thick Cu film. We also measured the Coulomb anomaly in the temperature dependence of the resistance. Our films confirm previous results, that the dynamical Coulomb interaction seems not to be long ranged, as expected.
Superprecipitation of horseshoe-crab and rabbit myosin B

Abstract 1. 1. Magnesium activates the superprecipitation of horseshoe-crab actomyosin until approximately 10 μ M Mg 2+ have been added. 2. 2. The transition from the shrunken precipitate to a finer ‘non-contractile’ precipitate by increased Mg 2+ concentrations reflects a decreased interaction amongst the individual particles.
Cathode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cell technology: A critical review

Abstract Over the past half-century, Siemens/Westinghouse systematically developed the cathode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology and demonstrated the world's first highly efficient, longest running 100-kWe class solid oxide fuel cell/combined heat and power (SOFC/CHP) system and the first highest-efficiency, 220-kWe class pressurized SOFC/gas turbine (PSOFC/GT) hybrid system based on this technology. This review provides a broad overview on this technology from the perspectives of materials, manufacturing, cell design, system integration and electrical testing. It starts from the basic facts of a SOFC, where the working principle, advantages, types and applications of SOFCs are discussed. It then focuses on cathode-supported tubular SOFCs, one important type of SOFC design, by providing detailed technical information on engineering innovations, materials advances, manufacturing processes and electrical performance of Siemens/Westinghouse's cylindrical and flattened ribbed tubular cells. The review concludes with a high-level summary of the SOFC systems manufactured and demonstrated by Siemens/Westinghouse in the past few decades.