cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
R-One Swarm Robot: Developing the Accelerometer and Gyroscope

Mobile robots are becoming more relevant and an essential part of our everyday lives. They are increasingly taking their place in service oriented applications including domestic and entertainment roles. They are beginning to open up many potential opportunities, but they still come with challenges in terms of their limited sensing capability and accuracy. In this project, we addressed these fundamental problems with mobile robotics and demonstrate our approach to each of the problems with a mobile robot equipped with low cost and low end devices. The r one swarm robot is a low cost multi robot systems platform that is advanced enough for multi robot research, robust enough for undergraduate and graduate education and cheap enough for K 12 outreach. As robots become more and more useful, multiple robots working together on a single task will become commonplace. Many of the most useful applications of robots are particularly well suited to this “swarm” approach. Groups of robots can perform these tasks more efficiently, and can perform them in fundamentally different ways than robots working individually. However, swarms of robots are difficult to program and coordinate.
Molecular Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation in Photosynthetic Prokaryotes

Nitrogen fixation in photosynthetic bacteria and in cyanobacteria is characterized by several features of nif gene organization and regulation not encountered in the well-studied diazotrophs Klebsiella pneumoniae and Azotobacter species. The filamentous cyanobacteria, in addition, differentiate specialized cells for nitrogen fixation, the heterocysts, and this cellular process requires the coordinated expression of many genes, up to one-fifth of the 7-Mb genome of Anabaena species. Significant progress has been made, in recent years, in the elucidation of these novel features in two model organisms, the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus and the cyanobacterium Anabaena. In order to appreciate these novelties, it will be useful to recall the essential elements of nif gene organization and regulation in Klebsiella and Azotobacter. The key regulatory genes are ntrB, ntrC, nifA and nifL. All of the genes encoding nitrogenase components, FeMoCo synthesis factors, assembly factors and electron transfer proteins are transcribed from promoters recognized by σ54-RNA polymerase, a form of holoenzyme that requires activation by the enhancer-binding proteins NtrC or NifA. In the case of most nif genes, the enhancer binds NifA. The exception is nifA itself, whose enhancer binds NtrC. In these bacteria, oxygen represses nif gene expression (indirectly) by oxidizing the redox protein NifL which, in oxidized form, prevents the binding of NifA to its enhancer sequences. Ammonia represses at two levels: by converting NifL to a NifA-binding form and by preventing transcription of the nifA genethrough the action of NtrB and NtrC. Details of the role of NifL are described in the article by R. A. Dixon elsewhere in this volume. NtrB and NtrC are an environment-sensing pair, in which NtrB is the sensor. When the level of fixed nitrogen falls, it phosphorylates NtrC. The phosphorylated form of NtrC binds to its enhancer sequences and its ATPase activates σ54-RNA polymerase.
Investigations of Goldfish Color Vision

There is abundant evidence to suggest that fish have color vision. Early behavioral experiments (von Frisch, 1912, 1913; Wolff, 1925) provided a foundation for subsequent work on the color vision of fish. In 1959, McCleary and Bernstein used classical conditioning of heart rate to demonstrate that goldfish could discriminate colored paper panels of red, green, and blue, independently of brightness. More recently, instrumental “go”—“no-go” and forced-choice discrimination procedures have been employed. These investigations have provided a wavelength discrimination function (Yarczower and Bitterman, 1965), photopic spectral sensitivity functions for different conditions of adaptation (Yager, 1967; 1969), a scotopic spectral sensitivity function (Yager, 1968), and a spectral saturation discrimination function (Yager, 1967). In some of these experiments, brightness has not been properly controlled—a hazard to guard against in assessing the color vision of any species—but recent data demonstrate color vision in goldfish unequivocally.
Applicability of the White-Noise Method and the Use of Quasiwhite Test Signals

The white-noise method of system identification, i.e., the Wiener formulation of the nonlinear system identification problem in connection with the crosscorrelation technique, appears to be a general, straightforward, and powerful approach to a subject where great mathematical complexity is usually encountered. However, the generality and the elegance of the method is bound to be moderated in actual applications by limitations imposed by reality.
Isopentenyl Diphosphate to Squalene — Enzymology and Inhibition

The conversion of isopentenyl diphosphate to squalene requires five distinct steps mediated by three enzymes — isopentenyl diphosphate: isomerase, farnesyl diphosphate synthetase, and squalene synthetase. These transformations constitute a fundamental building phase in the sterol pathway, during which carbons for the basic steroidal skeleton are assembled from isopentenyl diphosphate.
Tragedy and the constancy of norms: towards an Anscombian conception of ‘ought’

This paper presents an Anscombian alternative to the traditional deontic conception of ought. According to the Anscombian conception of ought developed here, ought is general as opposed to ‘peculiarly moral’, norm-referring instead of law- or obligation-referring, and ‘heroic’ in the sense that it does not presuppose that individuals can do or be as they ought. Its connection to matters of fact can, moreover, be clearly stated. In the first part of the paper, I describe some significant logical characteristics of this conception, and argue that it provides a more suitable account of the oughts of ethics as compared to the deontic conception. One particular strength of the Anscombian conception of ought is that it does justice to the possibility of tragedy in human life, where tragedy is understood as the possibility that a thoroughly well-intentioned individual might sometimes ensure her own moral imperfection, precisely by doing what is morally right or best at every step along the way. To motivate this feature of the view, I sketch a corresponding picture of responsibility for actions in terms of ownership of one’s deeds. This conception of responsibility allows that what one ought to do is not always constrained by what one can do, while saving the intuitions about fairness and the practical scope of moral norms that principally motivate ‘ought implies can’. To illustrate and motivate the overall account I discuss a number of cases, including the character Winston from George Orwell’s 1984.
Behavioral Inhibition as a Precursor to Psychopathology

Understanding the association between temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) and psychopathology has implications for elucidating etiological factors, identifying early indicators of risk, and informing prevention. We begin by discussing the relations between behavioral inhibition and other widely used temperament/personality constructs and go on to outline a number of conceptual models of the temperament-psychopathology relationship. We then review data from cross-sectional, follow-up, and family studies that are relevant to these models. The data indicate that behavioral inhibition is associated with the anxiety disorders, particularly social anxiety disorder, and possibly with depressive disorders as well. Of the various conceptual models of temperament and psychopathology, the literature provides the greatest support for behavioral inhibition as being at least partially distinct from anxiety, but predisposing to the development of anxiety disorders in the presence of neurocognitive and environmental moderators. Moreover, behavioral inhibition appears to influence and be influenced by other factors, suggesting that levels of temperamental vulnerability may change over time, consistent with a dynamic vulnerability model. In contrast, behavioral inhibition does not simply appear to be a milder form of, or precursor to, anxiety disorders. We conclude by considering the heterogeneity of behavioral inhibition and its role within broader frameworks for psychopathology.
Nonconventional Therapeutics against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens that is responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to endocarditis and sepsis. In recent decades, the treatment of staphylococcal infections has become increasingly difficult as the prevalence of multi-drug resistant strains continues to rise. With increasing mortality rates and medical costs associated with drug resistant strains, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic options. Many innovative strategies for alternative drug development are being pursued, including disruption of biofilms, inhibition of virulence factor production, bacteriophage-derived antimicrobials, anti-staphylococcal vaccines, and light-based therapies. While many compounds and methods still need further study to determine their feasibility, some are quickly approaching clinical application and may be available in the near future.
A High-Performance Communication Platform for Ultrasonic Applications

Ultrasonic signals are used for communications in an environment when propagation of electromagnetic waves is not feasible. For example, ultrasonic signals are often used as the carrier information for underwater communication since such environments cause very high attenuation for electromagnetic waves. This paper presents two experimental system configurations for examining and characterizing the physical layer of ultrasonic communications. A modular system configuration and a Software Defined Ultrasonic Communication (SDUC) platform are separately researched and developed in order to demonstrate the capability and performance of these configurations. The modular system design is based on typical laboratory test equipment to study the behavior of ultrasonic propagation in the solid communication channels. The SDUC platform is developed based on the ZYNQ SoC to make the system more portable, energy efficient and reconfigurable. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the ultrasonic communication in solid channels with different modulation methods.
What Is Needed to Make Collaboration Work

Collaborations between basic scientists and clinicians are critical to answering complex healthcare problems. Successful collaborations offer the opportunity to advance scientific knowledge by performing high-quality, high-impact, translational research. However, collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians is not an easy task and requires commitment and resources. When beginning a collaboration, it is important to find the “right” collaborator who you envision having a long-lasting relationship with. In addition, it is important for both parties to understand the clinician’s commitment to research. Successful collaborations have a shared vision of the research interests and goals. Through effective leadership, trust, communication, and institutional support, collaborations between basic scientists and clinicians can thrive.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis for systems consolidation of memory

The hippocampus (HPC) is required for the initial process of permanent memory formation. After memory acquisition, HPC-dependency of memory recall gradually decreases with time, whereas cortical-dependency of memory recall increases. This phenomenon is often referred to as systems consolidation of memory. In the HPC, adult neurogenesis has been described in many mammalian species and is involved in the process of learning and memory. In this review, we first examine the neural circuit mechanisms that underlie the systems consolidation of episodic memories, focusing on adult neurogenesis within the HPC. Recently, several studies have examined the characterization of memory engram cells, their biochemical and physiological changes, and the circuits for systems consolidation of memory. Therefore, we discuss the possible role of adult neurogenesis on functional states of memory engram cells, and speculate the implications of this transition of memory type for psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries

Along with the state-of-the-art lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries approaching their limitation in specific energy density, “beyond Li-ion” battery technologies have become alternative energy storage solutions due to their higher specific energy density. Among them, rechargeable lithium metal battery (LMB) has been considered as one of the most promising battery technologies that promises a great increase in energy density. Among the known anode materials, the Li metal has some unique and attractive features, such as an ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3,860 mAh g−1), a lowest negative electrochemical potential (−3.04 vs SHE), and a low gravimetric density (0.534 g cm−1). Therefore, Li metal has rendered as a potential ultimate anode material in rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, a combination of Li metal with oxygen (O2) or sulfur (S) cathodes brings more viable options for the next-generation high-energy rechargeable batteries (3,505 Wh kg−1 for Li-O2, 2,600 Wh kg−1 for Li-S batteries) with a great reduction in battery cost due to the high abundance and broad distribution of O2 and S sources. However, the use of Li metal anode in LMBs still causes some critical issues, including the well-known Li dendritic growth, uncontrolled interfacial reactions with electrolytes, and large volumetric change during Li plating/stripping process. The “short circuit” of the battery by dendrite formation and the continuous depletion of electrolytes/active bulk lithium have been significantly challenging the practical application of rechargeable LMBs. In this chapter, we will discuss the fundamental challenges for both Li anode and cathodes and the proposed strategies for rechargeable LMBs. A perspective on the future research direction is also presented to initiate more helpful thoughts and promote to solve the critical issues in this research field.
AcademiNext: Mentoring the Next Generation of Chemistry Faculty.

Graduate students focus the majority of their time honing their research skills and knowledge in a very narrow area of expertise. They are sent off to postdoctoral positions where they continue to ...
Testing in a Pandemic - Improving Access, Coordination, and Prioritization.

Testing in a Pandemic The enormous U.S. toll of Covid-19 is attributable in part to the lack of an effective testing regimen. But by building distributed capacity and prioritizing resources appropr...
Does Sorry Work? The Impact of

Apologies made by physicians for adverse medical events have been identified as a mitigating factor in whether patients decide to litigate. However, doctors are socialized to avoid apologies because apologies admit guilt and invite lawsuits. An "Apology Law," which specifies that a physician's apology is inadmissible in court, is written to encourage patient-physician communication. Building on a simple model, we examine whether apology laws at the state-level have an impact on malpractice lawsuits and settlements. Using a difference-in-differences estimation, we find that state-level apology laws could expedite the settlement process and increase the number of settlements by 15% within 3 to 5 years of adopting the laws. Using individual level data, we also find that apology laws have the greatest reduction in average payment size and the settlement time on cases with more severe patient outcomes. Ben Ho's research links economic methods with insights from sociology and psychology to analyze social institutions. His research today is focused on how behavioral economics can inform the policy debate on climate change, and how social factors like identity and social networks influence our consumption decisions. His has also worked on an analysis of how apologies maintain relationships, and the role apologies play in medical malpractice lawsuits. He is a faculty fellow with the Cornell Institute for Social Sciences Project on Judgment and Decision Making, and an affiliate with Cornell’s Center for a Sustainable Future. Ho was the lead economist for energy and transportation at the White House Council of Economic Advisers. He received his PhD in economics from Stanford Graduate School of Business, and holds master's degrees in education and political science from Stanford and electrical engineering/computer science from MIT, as well as bachelor's degrees from MIT.
Symbolic capital and the basket of 8: What changed after the creation of the basket?

Abstract The creation of the AIS College of Senior Scholars' basket of journals (SSB) was an attempt to address the perception that, compared with other fields, only a few Information Systems (IS) journals were widely considered elite-level journals in tenure and promotion cases. We propose that the creation of the SSB provided a signal to the IS field that conveyed an additional stock of symbolic capital to the journals in the SSB. We theorize that the symbolic capital signal provided by the SSB changed the individual publication behaviors of IS researchers, specifically regarding collaboration and submission concentration. We observe that this behavioral change reduced journal participation inequality and influenced journal quality metrics for journals included and excluded from the SSB. We report a study using 5830 articles from ten journals over sixteen years (2000–2015). Our results suggest that IS scholars responded to the symbolic capital signal of the SSB in a bifurcated manner. Regarding IS research production, the level of collaboration increased at most journals, and a broader group of IS researchers published in those journals. This shift in behavior led to a reduction of inequality regarding institutional and geographic representation in publishing. However, we also report unexpected variation in the journal quality metrics of SSB journals vis-a-vis non-SSB journals that suggest that IS researchers largely ignored the SSB signal from a research consumption standpoint. Finally, we provide several recommendations for the continued evaluation of the SSB by the Senior Scholars and tenure and promotion committees.
Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Few neoplasms are unique to the sinonasal tract, but sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma are malignant tumors which require unique management. Due to the rarity of these tumors, practicing pathologists are not always aware of their distinctive clinical, radiographic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. These cases are frequently submitted for consultation, further suggesting the diagnostic difficulties inherent to these tumors. Specifically, olfactory neuroblastoma is a neoplasm that can histologically mimic many tumors within the sinonasal tract, making recognition of this tumor important, as the management frequently requires a bicranial-facial surgical approach, a trephination procedure which can be quite technically difficult and challenging to achieve a good result. The management is therefore quite unique in comparison to other sinonasal tract malignancies, setting it apart diagnostically and managerially from other lesions.
Static Characteristics of InAs/InP Buried Heterostructure Quantum Dash Mode-locked Lasers

This paper presents an InAs/InP buried heterostructure quantum dash (QDash) mode-locked lasers operating between $\boldsymbol{S}-$ and C-bands. By using this laser, we systematically investigate the static characteristics. This provides insight toward the application of buried heterostructure QDash mode-locked laser to the field of optical transmission for all-optical networks.
The Spouse's Nonbarrable Share: A Solution in Search of a Problem

When a husband or wife wishes to leave his or her property to someone other than the surviving spouse, the state may feel compelled to intervene by requiring that the surviving spouse be permitted to share in the deceased's estate. The decision to accord the surviving spouse a share in the estate of the other regardless of the wishes of the decedent is attributable to a network of policy concerns which surround the protection of the family unit-the obligation of support, the presumed contribution of the survivor's family, and the state's interest in protection from the burden of indigents-as well as to policies favoring economy in transmission of property, equality of sexes, and fairness among beneficiaries. Giving effect to these concerns, however, frustrates such other policies as freedom of testamentary disposition, protection of creditors, and alienability of land, all of which militate against nonbarrable shares for the surviving spouse.' Faced with this conflict, the eight-community property states2 and the civil law state of Louisiana protect the surviving spouse primarily by providing for a form of shared inter vivos ownership of marital property. Of the remaining forty-one states, only two leave the testator unfettered;3 thirty-nine states permit the surviving spouse to claim a share in the estate of the deceased spouse.4 The purpose of this study is
How Much Is Too Much to Pay for Internet Access? A Behavioral Economic Analysis of Internet Use.

Abstract The popularity of online recreational activities, such as social networking, has dramatically increased the amount of time spent on the Internet. Excessive or inappropriate use of the Internet can result in serious adverse consequences. The current study used a behavioral economic task to determine if the amount of time spent online by problematic and nonproblematic users can be modified by price. The Internet Purchase Task was used to determine how much time undergraduate students (N=233) would spend online at 13 different prices. Despite high demand for Internet access when access was free, time spent online by both problematic and nonproblematic users decreased dramatically, even at low prices. These results suggest that the amount of time spent online may be modified by having a tangible cost associated with use, whereas having free access to the Internet may encourage excessive, problematic use.
Direct simulation of pore level Fickian dispersion scale for transport through dense cubic packed spheres with vortices

The transition from non-Fickian to Fickian macroscale transport is explicitly demonstrated for an increasing array of three-dimensional pores with vortices in between a lattice of cubic packed spheres by microscale finite element Navier-Stokes flow and transport simulations. Solute residence time distribution begins with a power law for one pore but gradually and eventually transforms to an exponential distribution typical of classic dispersive transport after about ten pores. Parameter fitting of an analytical solution to the 1-D advection-dispersion equation using the simulated breakthrough curves leads to fitted pore velocities within 1% of actual values and an asymptotic fitted dispersion coefficient after a few pores. Therefore, after dozens of pores, bulk transport can be described by the advection-dispersion equation. Persistent vortices in similarly structured porous media subjected to similar grain-scale Reynolds and Peclet numbers may have minimal contribution to anomalous transport observed at larger scales.
Calcium Channels in Presynaptic Terminals

In vertebrates and invertebrates, neuronal communication is mediated by chemical synaptic transmission via release of transmitters that bind to receptors and result in a postsynaptic response. The release of the transmitter is mostly triggered by a transient release of intracellular calcium, brought about by activation of voltage-gated calcium channels. Keywords: presynaptic; ion channels; neurotransmitter; receptor; synaptic potential
Time space tradeoffs for attacks against one-way functions and PRGs

We study time space tradeoffs in the complexity of attacks against one-way functions and pseudorandom generators. Fiat and Naor [7] show that for every function f: [N] → [N], there is an algorithm that inverts f everywhere using (ignoring lower order factors) time, space and advice at most N3/4. We show that an algorithm using time, space and advice at most max{e 5/4 N 3/4, √eN} exists that inverts f on at least an e fraction of inputs. A lower bound of Ω(√eN) also holds, making our result tight in the "low end" of e ≤ 3√1/N. Both the results of Fiat and Naor and ours are formulated as more general trade-offs between the time and the space and advice length of the algorithm. The results quoted above correspond to the interesting special case in which time equals space and advice length.) We also show that for every length-increasing generator G: [N] → [2N] there is a algorithm that achieves distinguishing probability e between the output of G and the uniform distribution and that can be implemented in polynomial (in log N) time and with advice and space O(e2 ċ N log N). We prove a lower bound of S ċ T ≥ Ω(e2N) where T is the time used by the algorithm and S is the amount of advice. This lower bound applies even when the distinguisher has oracle access to G. We prove stronger lower bounds in the common random string model, for families of one-way permutations and of pseudorandom generators.
Urothelial differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells by urothelium specific conditioned medium

Human amniotic fluid stem cells (HAFSCs) have a high proliferative capacity and a good differentiation potential, and may thus be suitable for regenerative medicine. To date, urothelial differentiation mechanisms of HAFSCs are poorly understood. We have investigated the urothelial differentiation potential of HAFSCs so that they can be therapeutically applied to cure defective diseases of bladder. To induce the stem cell differentiation, HAFSCs were cultured in a bladder cancer-derived conditioned medium. After 2 weeks of culture, HAFSCs began to express the urothelial lineage-specific markers (UPII, CK8 and FGF10). Meanwhile, pluripotency markers (Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog) were downregulated at both RNA and protein levels in the differentiated HAFSCs. Immunocytochemistry data revealed that differentiated HAFSCs expressed urothelial markers of UPII and CK8. We have screened the receptor tyrosine kinase arrays with the differentiated HAFSCs. The screening showed that MuSK, Tie-1 and EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinases were upregulated, whereas EphA7 and FGF R1 kinases were downregulated in HAFSCs. The data suggest that HAFSCs can be an important urothelium cell source, which can be used for urinary tract engineering.
Forest edge effects on Quercus reproduction within naturally regenerated mixed broadleaf stands

This paper explores the influence of forest edge on the development of tree reproduction and the use of edge as a silvicultural tool for manipulating regeneration outcomes. Oak (Quercus spp.) reproduction was sampled 9 years following edge establishment along transects extending from 8 m into clearcut openings to 40 m into the adjacent intact forest. Trends showed that oak reproduction height in the intact forest was inversely related to distance from edge up to 20 m into the intact forest. Observed oak reproduction densities were greater within 20 m of edge than in distance intervals further into the intact forest. Tree-ring analysis of 106 seedlings was used to evaluate temporal responses associated with edge development. Cross-sectional analysis indicated a mean age of 13 years, 3 years prior to edge establishment. Increased growth was associated with edge establishment, and 10-year radial growth following edge creation showed a similar spatial pattern as height with oak seedlings within 20 m of the ed...
Sry delivery to the adrenal medulla increases blood pressure and adrenal medullary tyrosine hydroxylase of normotensive WKY rats.

Our laboratory has shown that a locus on the SHR Y chromosome increases blood pressure (BP) in the SHR rat and in WKY rats that had the SHR Y chromosome locus crossed into their genome (SHR/y rat). A potential candidate for this Y chromosome hypertension locus is Sry, a gene that encodes a transcription factor that is responsible for testes development and the Sry protein may affect other target genes. The following study examined if exogenous Sry would elevate adrenal Th, adrenal catecholamines, plasma catecholamines and blood pressure. We delivered 10 μg of either the expression construct, Sry1/pcDNA 3.1, or control vector into the adrenal medulla of WKY rats by electroporation. Blood pressure was measured by the tail cuff technique and Th and catecholamines by HPLC with electrochemical detection. In the animals receiving Sry there were significant increases after 3 weeks in resting plasma NE (57%) and adrenal Th content (49%) compared to vector controls. BP was 30 mmHg higher in Sry injected animals (160 mmHg, p < .05) compared to vector controls (130 mmHg) after 2–3 weeks. Histological analysis showed that the electroporation procedure did not produce morphological damage. These results provide continued support that Sry is a candidate gene for hypertension. Also, these results are consistent with a role for Sry in increasing BP by directly or indirectly activating sympathetic nervous system activity.
Lack of Correlation of Growth Attenuation of Murine Lymphoma Caused by In Vitro Passage With Loss of Lactate Dehydrogenase Virus

Previous studies demonstrated that 6C3HED, a transplantable murine lymphosarcoma, could be modulated by long-term in vitro culture to yield cell lines with attenuated growth characteristics in vivo. The present studies examine the role of lactate dehydrogenase virus (LDV) infection in this phenomenon. LDV, a potentially immunosuppressive virus, was present in the parent tumor maintained by serial transfer in vivo. Explantation and serial propagation in vitro eliminated the virus. Two LDV-free in vitro lines (6C3HED/A and 6C3HED/B) were examined by being grafted into LDV-negative mice. Line 6C3HED/A behaved virulently, growing in a similar fashion as the parent tumor. In contrast, line 6C3HED/B demonstrated the same initial growth rate as the parent tumor, but it was rapidly and regularly rejected by grafted mice. Prior infection of mice with LDV did not affect the growth characteristics of these lines. Thus the growth characteristics of the parent, 6C3HED/A, or 6C3HED/B tumor were not correlated with infection with LDV.
A philosophical discussion of the physical limits of radar

Any radar setup is limited by the physical properties of the electromagnetic radiation used to gather information about a target. Some of the limits on accuracy are due to the quantum nature of the photons, others due to the limitations of the electronic equipment used to perform the modulations. The techniques used to record the characteristics of the radiation are as important as the method by which that information is analyzed and interpreted. In each stage of the travels of the radiation, from creation and propagation to recording and analysis, the physical properties of the photons involved play a key role in the behavior of the radiation. The techniques by which these properties are modulated, monitored and recorded are also important. In this paper, these topics are discussed and weighed in detail. From this understanding of the flow of information a theoretical apparatus will be constructed that will be capable of recovering a maximum of that information for later use.
Introduction to Vibrational Spectroscopy

A brief introduction to the theory of vibrational spectroscopy is given in this chapter. Molecular vibrations are first described in terms of the harmonic oscillator. The Morse potential energy diagram and the concept of anharmonicity are then introduced. The way in which Raman spectra are generated is described in the third section of the article. The factors governing band intensities in infrared and Raman spectra are discussed. In the next section, vibration–rotation spectra of gases are introduced. Then the factors governing the shapes and widths of lines in vapor–phase and condensed-phase spectra are discussed. In the section on quantitative considerations, Beer's law is described and parameters such as absorptivity, linear absorption coefficient and the optical constants, refractive index, and index of absorption are defined. Finally, a brief introduction to the polarization of radiation is given. Keywords: vibrational spectroscopy; vibrational quantum number; infrared spectroscopy; Fourier transform spectroscopy; FT-IR spectrometers; Raman spectroscopy; near-infrared spectroscopy; Fourier transform Raman; CCD Raman; bandwidths; anharmonicity; anharmonicity constant; vibration–rotation spectra; rotational quantum number; centrifugal distortion; band shapes; Doppler broadening; collision broadening; absorptivity; linear absorption coefficient; refractive index; index of absorption; polarization
Outcomes and Findings of Program Evaluation for the Intensive Mental Health Program

We describe changes in adaptive functioning for children enrolled in the Intensive Mental Health Program (IMHP), an innovative model for serving children with the most severe forms of SED. Most children show marked improvements in multiple indicators of role performance and symptomatology. Although a high risk, high need group, most children attended school regularly and lived with a stable caregiver at discharge.
Benign Gynecologic Conditions

Benign gynecologic conditions constitute the majority of the general gynecologist's practice. Along with health maintenance examinations, contraceptive management, family planning issues, and concerns about incontinence, the gynecologic conditions for which patients commonly present include adnexal masses, leiomyomata, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. This article addresses each of these last four entities and incorporates a discussion of their etiologies, clinical presentations, keys to diagnosis, and the various treatment options available.
Experimental investigation of panel divergence at subsonic speeds

2 Stuiver, W., "Graphical Method for Analysis of Matched Pulses," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4, April 1968, pp. 762-764. 3 Stuiver, W., "On the Concept of Matched Pulses for TwoLayer Laminates," AIAA/ASME 8th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, New York, 1967. 4 Samuelsen, G. S., Stuiver, W., and Abrahamson, G. R., "Critical Load Curves for Rebound Cracking," Final Rept., Contract AF 29(601 )-6828, March 1967, Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif. 5 von Neumann, J. and Richtmyer, R. D., "A Method for the Numerical Calculations of Hydrodynamic Shocks," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 21, March 1950, pp. 232-237. 6 White, M. P. and Griffis, L., "The Propagation of Plasticity in Uniaxial Compression," Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 70, 1948, pp. 256-260. 7 Woods, D. S., "On Longitudinal Plane Waves of ElasticPlastic Strain in Solids," Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 19, Dec. 1952, pp. 521-525. 8 Morland, L. W., "The Propagation of Plane Irrotational Waves Through an Elastoplastic Medium," Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society (London), Vol. 251, June 1959, pp 341-383. 9 Erkman, J. O., "Artificial Viscosity Code for One-Dimensional Shock Waves," in Duvall, G. E. and Alverson, R. C., "Fundamental Research in Support of Vela-Uniform," Semiannual Technical Summary Rept. 4, Contract AF 49(638)-1086, July 1963, Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., pp. 1-7. 10 Wilkins, M. L., "Calculations of Elastic-Plastic Flow," Methods in Computational Physics, Vol. 3, Fundamental Methods in Hydrodynamics, Academic Press, New York, 1964, pp. 211-262.
EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY ON THE CUTANEOUS SYSTEM IN THE SHEEP AND GOAT

1. Thyroidectomy in the sheep has a marked effect on the cutaneous system, causing, in certain cases, a falling out of the wool, and in all a diminution in the weight of the fleece when shorn. 2. In one case it is uncertain whether the extensive shedding of the wool was due to thyroidectomy or to an excessive dose of thyroxin. 3. There is reason to believe that a condition comparable with myxœdema in man may be induced in the sheep by removal of the thyroid glands. 4. Both in sheep and goats the rate of horn growth is markedly retarded by thyroidectomy ; and 5. This is not due secondarily to an effect on the gonads, but rather directly to loss of the thyroid glands. The cost of this investigation has been defrayed by grants from the Sage Research Fund and the Heckscher Research Foundation of Cornell University.
Migration of special 〈110〉 tilt boundaries in aluminum bicrystals☆

Abstract Migration kinetics of 10, 40, 70.5, 109.5 and 129.5° 〈110〉 tilt boundaries in 99.998 at% aluminum bicrystals have been investigated by the reversed-capillary technique at temperatures and driving forces ranging from 91 to 641°C and from about 104 to 106 dyn/cm2, respectively, and subsequently analyzed in terms of energy and structure of special grain boundaries. Results indicate the 10° (low-angle) boundary is only mobile at temperatures near the melting point and the remaining (coincidence) boundaries, corresponding to ∑ = 3, 9 and 11, where ∑ denotes reciprocal volumetric density of coincidence sites, are orders of magnitude less mobile than more extensively investigated 〈100〉 coincidence boundaries in aluminum of comparable purity. These low migration rates, as well as occurrence of complex, displacement-varying boundary configurations and numerous facets, are interpreted in terms of highly anisotropic coincidence boundary structure.
Replication of Measures in Information Systems Research: The Case of IS SERVQUAL*

The Information Systems (IS) discipline should recognize potential pitfalls in replication of research studies. This response to a note appearing in this issue by Van Dyke, Prybutok, and Kappelman (1999) aims to serve two purposes. First, this note will address the problems we have with the Van Dyke et al. (1999) attempted replication of our own previous work. Second, we hope it serves to establish more generally an awareness in the IS field for the potential to create and accept the “illusion of replicability” when this has not really been established.
Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism A4917G Is Independently Associated With Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The objective of this study was to determine if MTND2*LHON4917G (4917G), a specific non-synonymous polymorphism in the mitochondrial genome previously associated with neurodegenerative phenotypes, is associated with increased risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A preliminary study of 393 individuals (293 cases and 100 controls) ascertained at Vanderbilt revealed an increased occurrence of 4917G in cases compared to controls (15.4% vs.9.0%, p = 0.11). Since there was a significant age difference between cases and controls in this initial analysis, we extended the study by selecting Caucasian pairs matched at the exact age at examination. From the 1547 individuals in the Vanderbilt/Duke AMD population association study (including 157 in the preliminary study), we were able to match 560 (280 cases and 280 unaffected) on exact age at examination. This study population was genotyped for 4917G plus specific AMD-associated nuclear genome polymorphisms in CFH, LOC387715 and ApoE. Following adjustment for the listed nuclear genome polymorphisms, 4917G independently predicts the presence of AMD (OR = 2.16, 95%CI 1.20–3.91, p = 0.01). In conclusion, a specific mitochondrial polymorphism previously implicated in other neurodegenerative phenotypes (4917G) appears to convey risk for AMD independent of recently discovered nuclear DNA polymorphisms.
An Overview of the Prediction of Protein DNA-Binding Sites

Interactions between proteins and DNA play an important role in many essential biological processes such as DNA replication, transcription, splicing, and repair. The identification of amino acid residues involved in DNA-binding sites is critical for understanding the mechanism of these biological activities. In the last decade, numerous computational approaches have been developed to predict protein DNA-binding sites based on protein sequence and/or structural information, which play an important role in complementing experimental strategies. At this time, approaches can be divided into three categories: sequence-based DNA-binding site prediction, structure-based DNA-binding site prediction, and homology modeling and threading. In this article, we review existing research on computational methods to predict protein DNA-binding sites, which includes data sets, various residue sequence/structural features, machine learning methods for comparison and selection, evaluation methods, performance comparison of different tools, and future directions in protein DNA-binding site prediction. In particular, we detail the meta-analysis of protein DNA-binding sites. We also propose specific implications that are likely to result in novel prediction methods, increased performance, or practical applications.
Environmentally benign manufacturing: Current practice and future trends

The consideration of environmental issues in manufacturing has taken on increased importance in terms of global competitiveness. Life-cycle assessment tools enable analysis of the environmental efficiency of industrial processes. Often these focus on the product, with standardized or customized data provided on current processing practice. Environmental management of the total materials cycle must provide tools to evaluate the effect of changes in processing or material substitutions on a global basis, where materials use, reuse, component remanufacture, and materials recycling can be considered and the overall costs and impacts assessed. In this article, two examples of net-shape processing are discussed from this total materials cycle perspective.
A search for SO2, H2S and SO above Tharsis and Syrtis volcanic districts on Mars using ground-based high-resolution submillimeter spectroscopy

Abstract We surveyed the Tharsis and Syrtis volcanic regions on Mars during 23 November 2011 to 13 May 2012 which corresponded to its mid Northern Spring and early Northern Summer seasons (Ls = 34–110°). Strong submillimeter rotational transitions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur monoxide (SO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were targeted. No active release was detected, and we infer 2 σ upper limits across the disk of the planet of 1.1 ppb, 0.7 ppb and 1.3 ppb for SO2, SO and H2S, respectively. Our derived upper limit for SO2 is comparable to previously reported limits, whereas for H2S we set a more stringent upper limit than previously measured, and we establish a limit for SO. Among the targeted molecules, SO2 is the strongest indicator for volcanic outgassing. Assuming a photochemical lifetime of 2 years for SO2, our upper limit of 1.1 ppb implies an outgassing rate less than 55 metric tons/day. This rate limits the daily amount of degassing magma to less than 12,000 m 3 . Our sensitivity is sufficient to detect a volcanic release on Mars that is 4 % the SO2 released continuously from Kilauea volcano in Hawaii or 5 % that of the Masaya volcano in Nicaragua. The non-detection of the sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of Mars indicates the absence of major volcanic outgassing.
Pancreatic cancer: understanding and overcoming chemoresistance

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy, which is partly attributable to drug resistance. This Review summarizes the current knowledge of the biological significance of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells and microRNAs in the context of drug resistance in patients with pancreatic cancer and describes how this knowledge could be applied to overcoming chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.
A plausible mechanism for the motion of untwisted scroll rings in excitable media

Abstract Periodically rotating spiral waves have been much studied in two-dimensional excitable media. In three dimensions the corresponding ‘scroll rings’ have a richer geometry and an additional dynamical aspect. Owing to the curvature of such a ring, its speed of rotation and the normal velocity of wavefronts are only quasi-periodic. These effects lead to horizontal and vertical polarizations of the wavefront's motion, which in turn lead to horizontal and vertical drift. We derive the dependence of these motions on the curvature of the ring: it agrees qualitatively with numerical experiments. The wavefront is also deformed near the center of rotation (the ring) in ways revealed by this analysis.
19F spectroscopy and relaxation behavior of trifluorovinyldichloroborane

The 19F NMR spectra and spin-lattice relaxation rate, R1, of trifluorovinyldichloroborane as shown in were studied as a function of temperature, T, and magnetic field, B. All logR1 vs 1/T plots show a minimum at 299K indicating the presence if dipolar relaxation at lower T and spin-rotation relaxation at higher T. The R1 values increase with increasing B due to chemical shift anisotropy relaxation. Estimates of the fluorine chemical shift values for F3 (cf. Fig. 1) suggest that there is pi character in the F-C bond. The other two C-F bonds are largely single bonded. No evidence was found for intermolecular exchange of the trifluorovinyl group. Two of the three fluorine atoms show large increases in their NMR linewidth with increasing temperature while the third shows only a small increase but the activation energy for the process is the same for all. The increase in linewidths is due to scalar coupling to the boron atoms. The boron linewidths were measured between 253 and 363K and decreased with increasing temperature. A plot of logR2, where R2 is the linewidth of the boron as a function of 1/T shows some curvature indicating a second relaxation mechanism. This is ascribed to spin-rotation but not enough data are available to be conclusive. In all cases there is a second small set of fluorine peaks that are due to 10B interactions separated from the 11B peaks by amounts varying from 1 to 4 ppm depending on the field and fluorine atom.
Observation of Orientational Ordering of Incommensurate Argon Monolayers on Graphite

The relative orientation between solid argon monolayers and the basal plane of graphite single-crystal substrates has been measured as a function of mean overlayer interatomic spacing $d$ by low-energy electron diffraction for $32 \mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\lesssim}52 \mathrm{K}$. For $3.82 \AA{}\ensuremath{\lesssim}d\ensuremath{\lesssim}3.95 \AA{}$, the measured orientation varies with $d$ as quantitatively predicted by Novaco and McTague because of periodic static distortions of the argon monolayers by lateral argon-graphite forces. The relevance of these results to Villain's calculations is discussed.
The myth of viewer‐listener disagreement in the first Kennedy‐Nixon debate

The ubiquitous claim that viewers and listeners disagreed on the winner of the first Kennedy‐Nixon debate has survived analysis for a quarter of a century, and it has been cited as foundation evidence for a variety of speculation about the impact of television on political communication. This essay examines the historical evidence on audience response to the debate in 1960 and concludes that the alleged viewer‐listener disagreement is unsupported.
Topical NSAIDs provide effective relief of acute musculoskeletal pain compared to placebo, with no increase in risk of adverse effects.

Commentary on: T Massey, S Derry, RA Moore, et al.. Topical NSAIDs for acute pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2010;6:CD007402.