cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GAGES: A stream gage database for evaluating natural and altered flow conditions in the conterminous United States

Stream flow is a controlling element in the ecology of rivers and streams. Knowledge of the natural flow regime facilitates the assessment of whether specific hydrologic attributes have been altered by humans in a particular stream and the establishment of specific goals for stream-flow restoration. Because most streams are ungaged or have been altered by human influences, characterizing the natural flow regime is often only possible by estimating flow characteristics based on nearby stream gages of reference quality, i.e., gaged locations that are least disturbed by human influences. The ability to evaluate natural stream flow, that which is not altered by human activities, would be enhanced by the existence of a nationally consistent and up-to-date database of gages in relatively undisturbed watersheds. As part of a national effort to characterize stream-flow effects on ecological condition, data for 6785 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gages and their upstream watersheds were compiled. The sites comprise all USGS stream gages in the conterminous United States with at least 20 years of complete-year flow record from 1950–2007, and for which watershed boundaries could reliably be delineated (median size = 578 km2). Several hundred watershed and site characteristics were calculated or compiled from national data sources, including environmental features (e.g., climate, geology, soils, topography) and anthropogenic influences (e.g., land use, roads, presence of dams, or canals). In addition, watersheds were assessed for their reference quality within nine broad regions for use in studies intended to characterize stream flows under conditions minimally influenced by human activities. Three primary criteria were used to assess reference quality: (1) a quantitative index of anthropogenic modification within the watershed based on GIS-derived variables, (2) visual inspection of every stream gage and drainage basin from recent high-resolution imagery and topographic maps, and (3) information about man-made influences from USGS Annual Water Data Reports. From the set of 6785 sites, we identified 1512 as reference-quality stream gages. All data derived for these watersheds as well as the reference condition evaluation are provided as an online data set termed GAGES (geospatial attributes of gages for evaluating stream flow). The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Evolution and extinction of transposable elements in Mendelian populations

A model of the evolution of a transposable element family in a Mendelian host population is proposed that incorporates heritable phenotypic mutations in the elements. The temporal behavior of the numbers of mutant and wild-type elements is studied, and the expected extinction time of the transposable element family is examined. Our results indicate that, if the mutant can be transposed equally well in the presence of the wild type, then it can be expected to be found in preponderance, whereas elements, such as retroviruses, where the transposing genome and its phenotypic expression are coupled, may be characterized by a low mutant frequency.
Semi-blind SIMO flat-fading channel estimation in unknown spatially correlated noise using the EM algorithm

We present a maximum likelihood (ML) method for semi-blind estimation of single-input multi-output (SIMO) flat-fading channels in spatially correlated noise having unknown covariance. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is utilized to compute the ML estimates of the channel and spatial noise covariance. We derive the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound (CRB) matrix for the unknown parameters and present a symbol detector that utilizes the EM channel estimates. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Cumulene photochemistry: photoaddition of neutral methanol to phenylallenes

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of tetra-, tri-, or diphenylallene in methanol leads to allylic methyl ethers. A mechanism is proposed with intermediacy of a strongly polarized planar allene excited state, initially protonated at C 2 .
Heart chamber size in zebrafish is regulated redundantly by duplicated tbx2 genes.

The Tbx2 transcription factor is implicated in growth control based on its association with human cancers. In the heart, Tbx2 represses cardiac differentiation to mediate development of the atrioventricular canal (AVC). The zebrafish genome retains two tbx2 genes, and both are required for formation of the AVC. Here, we show that both genes are also expressed earlier in the primitive heart tube, and we describe a previously unrecognized role for Tbx2 in promoting proliferation of presumptive myocardium at the heart tube stage. In contrast to single knockdowns, depletion of both gene products causes chamber defects, resulting in an expanded atrium and a smaller ventricle, associated with decreased proliferation of ventricular cardiomyocytes. The phenotype correlates with changes in the expression for known cardiac growth factors. Therefore, in zebrafish, two tbx2 genes are functionally redundant for regulating chamber development, while each gene is required independently for development of the AVC. Developmental Dynamics 240:1548–1557, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Being “chill” with teachers and “frozen” by peers in science: overcoming social and educational barriers in a learning community

This forum discusses the issue of ‘othering’ and how intersectionality is a useful analytical framework for understanding the students’ immigrant experiences in, and out of, the science classroom. We use a feminist perspective to discuss Minjung’s study because gender is a key aspect of one’s identity other aspects such as race, religion, socio-economic status, and age have assumed a significant status in gender studies. Lastly we examine the supports and barriers that cliques can produce and propose the importance of building a learning community in the science classroom to engage all students.
Study of polarized light in scattering media using speckle intensity correlations

Speckle intensity correlations are used to study polarized coherent light propagating through scattering media. In particular, using measured speckle patterns as a function of frequency, second and third order intensity correlations with frequency are formed and then employed to determine the co-polarized and cross-polarized temporal impulse responses. The polarized impulse response provides information on the scattering medium that could aid in characterization. Determination of the temporal response from intensity only data is especially convenient in the optical domain.
Passive dynamics of the knee joint in healthy children and children affected by spastic paresis.

Abstract Objective. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate how changes in biomechanical parameters affect segment dynamics in children and (2) to determine whether the biomechanical parameters were changed in children with spastic paresis. Design. In vivo measurements were collected of knee viscoelastic properties. Background. It is unknown if the inertial and viscoelastic properties of a human growing limb should be considered in motor performance. Also unclear are whether changes in passive dynamics might be responsible for abnormal control in human spastic paresis. Method. Small oscillation techniques were used to measure moment of inertia of lower leg, stiffness and viscous damping of the knee joint. Eighty seven healthy children and 32 children with spastic paresis participated. Results. Moment of inertia, stiffness and the damping changed with the fifth power of child's height. Dynamic equation of motion parameters were a constant, independent of the child's height. Passive viscoelastic parameters were not changed in spastic patients. Conclusions. Inertial and viscoelastic properties of a growing limb segment should not be considered in motor performance. Passive viscoelastic properties were not changed in patients with spastic paresis and, therefore, cannot be responsible for abnormal control in human spastic paresis. Relevance There is no need to adapt control patterns in children (ages 6–18). Passive viscoelastic parameters cannot be used as a descriptor of spasticity.
Saharan Jewry: history, memory and imagined identity

Scholars of North African Jewries have recently begun to study, rethink and challenge some of the field's terminology and conceptualisations of the Maghribi Jewish experience, including, for example, terms such as ‘Berber Jews’, ‘Arab Jews’ and even the most deeply entrenched ‘Sephardic Jews’. Such categories of analysis remain largely unexamined, despite the fact that they constitute an essential part of larger colonial and post-colonial discourses on the Islamic world and its diverse populations. In this article, I focus on one such category, ‘Saharan Jews’, and attempt to assess its meanings and articulations within the history and imagined identities of the Sahara. Using source materials including the reports of European colonial travellers, the communications of Mardochee Aby Serour to the Societe de Geographie de Paris in 1870, French ethnological sources, local Arabic sources, select post-colonial writings, and blogosphere material, I debate the meaning of ‘Saharan Jews’, moving us from Sijilmasa t...
Cerebral lateralization of visual stimulus recognition in stutterers and fluent speakers

Abstract Cerebral lateralization of stutterers and nonstutterers was assessed in terms of choice reaction times to stimuli presented to either the left or right visual hemifield on letter recognition and figure recognition tasks. Reaction times on both tasks were determined before and after a behavioral speech therapy program. Stutterers demonstrated a significant reduction in mean reaction times in the letter recognition task over the course of the therapy program. This change differed significantly from that obtained from stutterers in the figure recognition task. The stutterers' responses were in contrast to the responses of the nonstutterers, who showed no reduction in mean reaction times for the letter or figure recognition tasks. The results were discussed in terms of alterations in aspects of central nervous system processing as a result of participation in the behavioral speech therapy.
End of the multinational: Emerging markets redraw the picture

Purpose – As global integration between firms and countries continues to march forward, managers and strategy analysts will have to find new ways to deal with globalization. Many of the founding assumptions of multinational corporation (MNC) strategy have undergone radical change. In this paper we examine five trends that MNC managers must consider as they create strategies to compete in the contemporary global marketplace.Design/methodology/approach – Presents a discussion on five key trends that include: the end of the traditional multinational company and the emergence of a new approach to structuring and coordinating cross‐border activities; the declining relevance of geography and emerging interconnectedness across boundaries as industries globalize rapidly; the new wave of MNCs from India and China and their approach to global competition; the increasing relevance of crafting specifically tailored strategies to compete in emerging markets; and the imperative to manage knowledge on a global scale.Fin...
Organizational diagnosis: the role of contagion groups

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for conducting an organizational assessment/diagnosis.Design/methodology/approach – The model provides practitioners with a method to identify the breakdown(s) in the organizational system that is motivating a significant number of individuals to manifest dysfunctional organizational behaviors.Findings – When organizational systems are dysfunction, stress levels increase among employees. Following increased stress, individuals create a contagion group that, if not addressed, can interfere with achieving the organization's mission.Practical implications – The information is readily applied to real‐world settings for those who are facing dysfunction within organizations and has repeated been successful.Originality/value – This paper provides a perspective on consulting with dysfunctional organizations that combines the expertise of psychologist and business consultants. It provides information to those in the working in the field and academics seekin...
General store placement for response time minimization in parallel disks

We investigate the placement of N enterprise data-stores (e.g., database tables, application data) across an array of disks with the aim of minimizing the response time averaged over all served requests, while balancing the load evenly across all the disks in the parallel disk array. Incorporating the non-FCFS serving discipline and non-work-conserving nature of disk drives in formulation of the placement problem is difficult and current placement strategies do not take them into account. We present a novel formulation of the placement problem to incorporate these crucial features and identify the runlength of requests accessing a store as the most important criterion for placing the stores. We use these insights to design a fast (running time of NlogN) placement algorithm that is optimal under the assumption that transfer times are small. Further, we develop polynomial-time extensions of the algorithm that minimize response time even if transfer times are large, while balancing the loads across the disks. Comprehensive experimental studies establish the efficacy of the proposed algorithm under a wide variety of workloads with the proposed algorithm reducing the response time for real storage traces by more than a factor of 2 under heterogeneous workload scenarios.
Luxury primary care, academic medical centers, and the erosion of science and professional ethics

Medical schools and teaching hospitals have been hit particularly hard by the financial crisis affecting health care in the United States. To compete financially, many academic medical centers have recruited wealthy foreign patients and established luxury primary care clinics. At these clinics, patients are offered tests supported by little evidence of their clinical and/or cost effectiveness, which erodes the scientific underpinnings of medical practice. Given widespread disparities in health, wealth, and access to care, as well as growing cynicism and dissatisfaction with medicine among trainees, the promotion by these institutions of an overt, two-tiered system of care, which exacerbates inequities and injustice, erodes professional ethics. Academic medical centers should divert their intellectual and financial resources away from luxury primary care and toward more equitable and just programs designed to promote individual, community, and global health. The public and its legislators should, in turn, provide adequate funds to enable this. Ways for academic medicine to facilitate this largesse are discussed.
Motion Parameter Measurement of Mechanisms Using the Calculator Based Ranger System

There is typically a project in the course of “Mechanism Design” or “Kinematics of Machines”. The purpose of the course project is to apply analysis and synthesis theories to practical mechanisms, strengthen the understanding of theories, improve analysis and synthesis skills of mechanisms, and prepare students to cope with practical engineering problems in industry. The real testing of mechanisms is often missing in the project because of the limited project time and the lacking of a simple and effective testing device. This paper introduces a simple, effective and efficient approach to measure the motion parameters of the analyzed or synthesized mechanisms for the course project. The Calculator Based Ranger (CBR™) System is used to measure motion parameters of mechanisms. The CBR™ system includes a sonic motion detector with a built-in microprocessor, a graphing calculator and some connecting cables. The CBR™ system sends out an ultrasonic pulse and then measures the time it takes for that pulse to return after bouncing off the closest object. When the data is collected, the CBR™ system calculates the distance of the object from the sonic motion detector using a speed-of-sound calculation, and then computes the first and second derivatives of the distance data with respect to time to obtain the velocity and acceleration data. Students first design and analyze the mechanisms. The mechanism performance is analyzed and the output link position, velocity and acceleration plots are generated by Matlab. Pro Engineer or AutoCAD is used for mechanism geometric modeling. The designed mechanisms are then fabricated in the department machine shop by the students. The output motion parameters of the fabricated mechanisms are measured by the CBR™ system. The measured output motion parameters are compared with the analysis results to improve the fabrication precision and measurement accuracy. In this paper, the scotch yoke mechanism is used to show the motion parameter measurement process. Students get hands on experience about the analysis, synthesis, fabrication, and testing of mechanical systems when the CBR™ system is incorporated with the course project.© 2007 ASME
Medical Management With Diazepam for Electrical Status Epilepticus During Slow Wave Sleep in Children

Abstract Objective Oral diazepam, administered in varying doses, is among the few proposed treatment options for electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep in children. We sought to retrospectively evaluate the long-term efficacy of high-dose oral diazepam in reducing electrographic and clinical evidence of electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep in children. Additionally, we surveyed caregivers to assess safety and behavioral outcomes related to ongoing therapy. Methods We collected demographic and clinical data on children treated for electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep between October 2010 and March 2013. We sought to identify the number of patients who achieved at least a 50% reduction in spike wave index on electroencephalograph after receiving high-dose oral diazepam. We also administered a questionnaire to caregivers to assess for behavioral problems and side effects. Results We identified 42 evaluable patients who received high-dose diazepam (range 0.23-2.02 mg/kg per day) to treat electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep. Twenty-six patients had spike reduction data and 18/26 (69.2%) children achieved a greater than 50% reduction in spike wave count from an average of 15.54 to 5.05 ( P = 0.001). We received 28 responses to the questionnaire. Some patients experienced new onset of difficulties with problem-solving and speech and writing development. Sleep disturbances (50%) and irritability (57.1%) were the most frequent side effects reported. There did not appear to be a dose-related effect with electroencephalograph changes, behavioral effects, or side effects. Conclusions High-dose oral diazepam significantly reduces the spike wave count on electroencephalograph in children with electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep. Although this therapy improves electroencephalograph-related findings, it can be associated with concerning neurological and behavioral side effects in some individuals, so further study is warranted.
Single- and dual-fiber fluorescence probes: application to oil-film measurements in an internal combustion engine.

Single- and dual-fiber fluorescence probes have been utilized to study oil-film behavior in a firing Diesel engine. A detailed analysis of the response characteristics of these probes was performed, and universal response curves have been generated through identification of the appropriate nondimensional parameters. For single-fiber probes a single curve was obtained, and for dual-fiber probes families of curves were identified based on three geometric dimensionless parameters. The complementary response characteristics of the single- and dual-fiber probes allows determination of the oil distribution within the piston–liner gap. The dual-fiber probe is not sensitive at small distances. Thus its signal originates solely from the piston surface, whereas the single-fiber probe is most sensitive at small distances and hence to the wall oil film. The engine data from the dual-fiber probe confirmed the presence of an oil film on the piston and provided a means of quantifying the transport of this oil within the engine.
Microchannel heat exchangers: a review

The early work by Tuckerman and Pease on high-performance heat sinks has provoked numerous uses of them as a means of cooling electronic components. This paper is a review of 73 available works by academics and/or researchers who have used the original microchannel heat sink concept or have extended its design or use to turbulent flow, variable channel/fin width ratios, entrance effects, problem generalization, refined optimization, and macrochannel heat exchangers. Various investigators have reported design methodologies, designs, prototypical concepts, comparative and experimental results, and bold innovations on the use of microchannel heat sinks. Several computer codes are identified which perform the calculations needed to describe a particular heat sink: one examines laminar flow devices only, another investigates the effects of a myriad of parameters on the overall thermal resistance of the heat sink and a third offers a design methodology which determines the important dimensions for an optimal heat sink with no restrictions regarding flow type or channel to fin width ratios.
In Situ Synthesis of Iron Oxide within Polyvinylamine Nanoparticle Reactors

Magnetic nanoparticles that display high saturation magnetization and high magnetic susceptibility with a size less than 200 nm are of great interest for medical applications. Traditionally, synthetic and natural polymers have been employed as surface modifiers to stabilize magnetite nanoparticle suspensions and improve their function in vivo. Unfortunately, current surface modification strategies often are not successful in maintaining colloidal stability during synthesis or during transfer of magnetite nanoparticle to an aqueous phase. Here, a unique methodology for synthesizing magnetite within stable polymer nanoparticle dispersions has been developed. Polyvinylamine (PVAm) nanoparticles absorbed iron ions from solution via binding of iron with primary amine groups. Iron-loaded nanoparticles were then used as a reactor to synthesize iron oxide. The resulting PVAm nanoparticles exhibited more than 10% magnetite loading, offered excellent colloidal stability, and contained reactive primary amines for po...
Effects of Food Stamp Participation on Body Weight and Obesity

Overweight and obese individuals have increased risks of health problems including, but not limited to, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, poor reproductive health, and psychological disorders, such as depression and eating disorders (NIH). The Surgeon General noted that the consequences of eating too much of the wrong foods might soon cause as many preventable diseases and deaths as cigarette smoking (USDHHS). Mokdad et al. (2004, 2005) attributed 365,000 annual premature deaths in the United States to overweight and obesity. Flegal et al. recently reported much more conservative estimates of the mortality related to overweight and obesity. The total direct and indirect costs attributable to these dietary problems amounted to $117 billion in the year 2000 (USDHHS). While under-nutrition has long been targeted by government food assistance programs, overweight and obesity, which likely result from over-nutrition, have recently become major public health concerns. The Food Stamp Program (FSP) is designed to provide food assistance via benefit payments to households that meet the eligibility criteria. The FSP served 21.3 million low-income Americans on average every month in FY2003, and its budget for FY2004 was $25.6 billion, comprising nearly 60% of U.S. Department of Agriculture's food assistance budget. With so much of the nation's food assistance resources distributed by the FSP, there is continued interest in evaluating its impact on the diets and nutritional well-being of the targeted populat ons. A recent interesting finding is that FSP participation might be positively related to the incidence of obesity. Whitmore suggested that more than 20% of FSP participants have distorted food consumption choices due to the food item eligibility restriction. Townsend et al. argued that the "food stamp cycle" might have caused binge eating among FSP participants, which is likely to result in weight gain. Gibson (2003) estimated that participation in FSP by low-income women was associated with a 9.1%
Frequency and Imaging Appearance of Hepatic Angiomyolipomas in Pediatric and Adult Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis

OBJECTIVE. This study evaluates the frequency and imaging appearance of hepatic angiomyolipomas in pediatric and adult patients with tuberous sclerosis.CONCLUSION. Multiple hepatic angiomyolipomas are often found in patients with tuberous sclerosis, particularly in those with bilateral diffuse renal angiomyolipomas.
Possible Model for a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source

Recently, the Cambridge radio astronomy group has described observations of a rapidly pulsating radio source1. Their observations can be summarized as follows. (a) The signal observed at 81·5 MHz has a period of 1·337 s, the phase being constant to one part in 107. The amplitude, however, varies irregularly, the signal appearing and disappearing for periods of a few minutes. Each pulse has a length of ~0·3 s. (6) From the absence of proper motion and a consideration of the dispersive effects of transmission through the interstellar plasma the distance to the source is limited to the range 103 au < d < 65 pc. (c) Variations of phase can be accounted for by the Earth’s orbital motion without the need for additional correction for the motion of the source. (d) No visible object brighter than twelfth magnitude is apparent in the radio error rectangle. (e) From the signal width and rate of sweep the source size must be smaller than 4·8 × 108 cm.
Authorware for computer-assisted instruction

Authorware is a sophisticated computer application that is ideal for computer‐assisted instruction. The application is at once powerful yet easy to learn. The Iowa State University Library has used Authorware extensively for its mandatory library skills class. This article focuses on Authorware features and the methods for learning it, and describes a process for creating a tutorial using this application.
The goshgarian transpalatal bar: A clinicaland an experimental investigation

Abstract The Goshgarian transpalatal bar is a fixed appliance that can be used inthe treatment of Class II malocclusions. This study examines the effects of the appliance on the maxillary molars and determines the force-activation characteristics of the appliance with a laboratory model. The pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric films and dental cast records of 11 patients with Class II malocclusions are evaluated. Results show that Class II correction is achieved as a result of distobuccal rotation and distal tipping of the activated molar. A potential negative side effect on the nonactivated molar is a slight mesial movement. Both intermolar and interbicuspid widths were substantially increased with buccal root torquing. Intrusion and extrusion of the molars did not occur. The distal and transverse forces generated by the Goshgarian palatal bar were linear, however, when distal activation exceeded 35°, the appliance became plastic. Transverse forces were twice as great as with a quad helix and distal forces were one fourth to one eighth of those generated with a headgear.
Low entropy data mapping for sparse iterative linear solvers

An efficient parallel data structure implementation is presented to modify the permutation on the residual vector to achieve optimized memory layout of partitioned meshes for solving sparse linear systems. This novel algorithm is proposed to sort the data on each processor with respect to a set of rules. This simplifies implementation of parallel iterative solver algorithms and allows an overlap between non-blocking MPI communication and computations in matrix-vector product operations.
Colonial Reception and Cultural Reproduction: Filipino Elites and United States Tutelary Rule

This essay opens up the problematic of state intention versus local reception through an analysis of United States colonial rule in the Philippines. Specifically, I examine how the Filipino political elite received the project of democratic tutelage, c. 1899-1910s. I argue that the Filipino elite received the Americans' project through a particular tactic, one which is analytically irreducible to ''resistance.'' By this tactic, which I call ''domestication,'' the elite refashioned the Americans' imposed discourses and institutions in accordance with their preexisting political culture. The elites thereby reproduced the very cultural field which the Americans tried to uproot, effectively thwarting the project from the outset.
Blocking in the southern hemisphere

Abstract The focus of this Paper is on the frequency and spatial distributions of blocking and persistent anomalies of geopotential height over the Southern Hemisphere. The analysis is based upon daily height fields at 1000 and 500 mb for both summer and winter. Histogram frequency distributions of height anomalies and maps of the skewness and kurtosis have been computed. Blocking events are objectively defined by requiring a large positive anomaly to exist for 5 days or more. Composite flow and anomaly fields for several cases are presented and examined in detail. The geographical distribution of the frequency of lame amplitude ⩾150 gpm anomalies at 500 mb that persist for only 1–3 days is very similar to that of the high-frequency band (2–8 day period) variances that identity the storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere. The primary location for blocking in the Southern Hemisphere is in the New Zealand sector and blocking occurs through a local enhancement of the climatological split in the mean westerli...
Enumeration, theoretical properties, and other aspects of helical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract New enumeration results for helical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons having only fused hexagonal rings (PAH6s) are reported. A brief comparison of conflicting terminology used by experimental and theoretical chemists is presented. A formula periodic table for hexahelicenic PAH6s is generated by adding C 2 H 4 to all the formulas of the general formula periodic table for benzenoids (Table PAH6, J.R. Dias, Handbook of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Part B. Elsevier, New York, 1987) having N IC ⩾ 6, (where N IC is the number of internal third-degree carbon vertices).
an Exhibit /an Aesthetic: Richard Hamilton and Postwar Exhibition Design

The story, as Richard Hamilton told it years later, begins with something of an insult. Upon viewing Hamilton's 1955 exhibition Man, Machine, and Motion, Victor Pasmore, the Constructivist sculptor and Hamilton's then-colleague at King's College in Newcast le, delivered a snide quasi-compliment, dismissing the iconographical content (and main attraction) of the project only to praise the mere apparatus of exhibiting—the bracket and framing system that Hamilton had invented to exhibit his imposing photographic enlargements of men and their technical prostheses. “It would have been very good,” Pasmore is purport-ed to have said, “if it hadn't been for all those photographs.”2 But clearly the exhibition intrigued Pasmore, who would approach Hamilton later in the hope of collaborating with the younger artist. Hamilton recalls: Remembering his comment on Man, Machine and Motion I proposed that we might make a show which would be its own justification: no theme, no subject, not a display of things or ideas—pure...
Uniform asymptotic expansions of double integrals

Functions I(k; α) defined by two-dimensional integrals of the form I(k; α) = ∫∫D∗exp [ikφ(t; α)] γ(t) dt1 dt2; t = (t1, t2) are considered. Here, α = (α1, α2) represents the position of the only stationary point of φ in a certain domain D∗ which contains D∗. An asymptotic expansion of I(k; α) for k ⪢ 1 is obtained that remains uniformly valid for all values of α that lie in D∗. The case where α is a “center” (a maximum or minimum point) of φ yields a result that differs only slightly from the case where α is a saddle-point of φ. In both cases, it is shown that the uniform asymptotic expansion of I involves a single area integral which is significantly simpler than I itself and an infinite sequence of one-dimensional integrals. Moreover, it is found that the area integral is a two-dimensional generalization of the well-known Fresnel integral, and plays the same role in the present analysis as does the Fresnel integral in the uniform asymptotic expansion of certain one-dimensional integrals. It is further shown that several of the non-uniform expansions obtained by previous authors can be readily recovered from the uniform results.
Attitudes Toward Animal Use

AbstractFour hundred and ninety-five people completed a questionnaire in which they rated 35 specific examples of uses of different species of animals on a 5-point scale of acceptabilityunacceptability. Ratings depended on both the particular example used (medical research, behavioral research, product-testing research, use for educational purposes, use for luxury garments, or animals as pests) and the species involved. Examples using dogs, cats, or monkeys were rated less acceptable than those using rats or mice, nonmammalian vertebrates, or invertebrates. Examples in which animals were used to make luxury garments were rated the most unacceptable and educational uses of animals and behavioral research were the most acceptable. Ratings of examples were very consistent within individuals, leading to the conclusion that a person's attitude toward animals may represent a unitary characteristic. Gender, age, pet ownership, and religious affiliation were all significantly related to attitude toward animals, a...
Enuresis and encopresis: ten years of progress.

ABSTRACT Objective To review the progress made over the past decade with regard to the treatment of enuresis and encopresis, as well as advances in the understanding of etiological mechanisms. Method Separate computerized literature (English language only) searches of Medline and PsycINFO databases were conducted under the parameter of enuresis and children-adolescents, as well as encopresis and children-adolescents. Results There has been a substantial decrease in published research concerning the use of imipramine to treat enuresis compared with the prior two decades, accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of papers concerning desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), which has become the primary pharmacological treatment. Genetic studies of large pedigrees have further confirmed the importance of heritable factors. With regard to encopresis, the research has focused primarily on pathophysiological factors related to the colon and anal sphincter. Conclusions The widespread use of DDAVP has been the primary addition to treatment strategies over the past decade. The bell-and-pad method of conditioning, the only major treatment that has enduring benefit after being withdrawn, is the most cost-effective and appears to be underutilized. Research into etiological mechanisms has focused primarily on the mechanism of action of DDAVP and advances in the understanding of genetic factors. Advances in the treatment and etiological understanding of encopresis have been less impressive.
Evaluating the accuracy of a mobile Kinect-based gait-monitoring system for fall prediction

Accurately and pervasively monitoring the human walking pattern (or gait) is fundamental to predict falls and functional decline, which are among the leading causes of injury and death in older adults. Existing gait-monitoring devices are not routinely used in clinical practice since they lack accuracy, ease-of-use, and unobtrusiveness. We present a novel breakthrough Kinect-based robotic system to accurately monitor the human gait during normal daily-life activities. Our system combines many interesting features: it has unlimited capturing volume, it is low cost, and does not require fiducial markers on the person. We present an extensive study of its accuracy in computing fall-prediction parameters when compared to the Vicon motion-capture system.
Three-dimensional time and Fourier domain endoscopic OCT using 2-axis scanning MEMS mirror

We present a three-dimensional (3-D) endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) system based on a dual axis microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror. The diameter of MEMS mirror was 1.2 mm and both axes were capable of scanning up to 20° (optical) at greater than 1 kHz with excellent linearity. The MEMS mirror was packaged in a machined acrylic endoscopic housing which provided mechanical protection and electrical interconnects as well as optical alignment of the MEMS device to a focusing GRIN lens. The endoscopic MEMS probe was integrated and tested with both a fiber-based time domain (TD) OCT system and Fourier domain (FD) OCT system. Combining the 2-axis lateral scanning of the MEMS device with an axial scan allowed 3-D volume images to be obtained at a rate of 3 frames/s for the TD system and 7 frames/s for the FD system. In the initial investigations, in vivo 3-D OCT images of a human finger as well as images of animal tissue such as healthy rabbit trachea, normal and cancerous regions of hamster cheek pouch tissue were obtained. These images allowed real-time diagnosis of diseased tissue and also clearly delineated important features and tissue structures.
Biochemical Mechanism of DSB End Resection and its Regulation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in cells can undergo nucleolytic degradation to generate long 3′ single-stranded DNA tails. This process is termed DNA end resection, and its occurrence effectively commits to break repair via homologous recombination, which entails the acquisition of genetic information from an intact, homologous donor DNA sequence. Recent advances, prompted by the identification of the nucleases that catalyze resection, have revealed intricate layers of functional redundancy, interconnectedness, and regulation. Here, we review the current state of the field with an emphasis on the major questions that remain to be answered. Topics addressed will include how resection initiates via the introduction of an endonucleolytic incision close to the break end, the molecular mechanism of the conserved MRE11 complex in conjunction with Sae2/CtIP within such a model, the role of BRCA1 and 53BP1 in regulating resection initiation in mammalian cells, the influence of chromatin in the resection process, and potential roles of novel factors.
The effects of rhenium and sulfur on the activity maintenance and selectivity of platinum/alumina hydrocarbon conversion catalysts

Abstract During n-hexane conversion at atmospheric pressure and 500 °C, coimpregnated PtRe Al 2 O 3 , unlike a physical mixture of Pt Al 2 O 3 and Re Al 2 O 3 , displays a remarkably high selectivity for cracking which is characteristic of alloy formation. Presulfidation alters significantly the activities and selectivities of Pt Al 2 O 3 and PtRe Al 2 O 3 . Hydrogenolysis is reduced for both catalysts. The rate of activity decline is also reduced for PtRe Al 2 O 3 . The effects of poisoning by sulfur and deactivation by carbonaceous deposits are in competition such that after some time on stream sulfided PtRe Al 2 O 3 displays a significantly higher activity than unsulfided PtRe Al 2 O 3 . Conversely, sulfided Pt Al 2 O 3 remains less active than unsulfided Pt Al 2 O 3 for the full duration (25 h) of the reaction experiments. Another remarkable effect of presulfiding PtRe Al 2 O 3 is that dehydrocyclization is enhanced for n-heptane conversion but not for n-hexane conversion. We conclude that the combined action of Re and S is responsible for the differences in performance between sulfided Pt Al 2 O 3 and PtRe Al 2 O 3 . Sulfur is preferentially adsorbed on the Re atoms of PtRe alloy particles. Adsorbed sulfur on both Pt Al 2 O 3 and PtRe Al 2 O 3 causes changes in the selectivity patterns which are characteristic of a reduction in the size of Pt ensembles. The superior activity maintenance of PtRe(S) Al 2 O 3 is consistent with a tentative model which assumes that adsorbed sulfur, Sads, fixed on Re impedes the reorganization of hydrocarbonaceous fragments into pseudographitic entities which cause irreversible deactivation of the Pt function by carbonaceous deposits.
Quantum Defect Theory for cold chemistry with product quantum state resolution

We present a formalism for cold and ultracold atom-diatom chemical reactions that combines a quantum close-coupling method at short-range with quantum defect theory at long-range. The method yields full state-to-state rovibrationally resolved cross sections as in standard close-coupling (CC) calculations but at a considerably less computational expense. This hybrid approach exploits the simplicity of MQDT while treating the short-range interaction explicitly using quantum CC calculations. The method, demonstrated for D+H2! HD+H collisions with rovibrational quantum state resolution of the HD product, is shown to be accurate for a wide range of collision energies and initial conditions. The hybrid CC-MQDT formalism may provide an alternative approach to full CC calculations for cold and ultracold reactions.
MEMS 3D scan mirror

A 1500-μm-diameter silicon/silicon nitride 3D scan mirror has been built using MEMS technology. It is capable of static and dynamic beam scanning achieved with a bi-axial gimbal. A gold-coated deformable membrane at the center of the device provides both focus control (z-axis) and spherical aberration correction. This architecture is able to move the focus of a laser beam throughout a three-dimensional space with a single optical surface, and is referred as a 3D scan mirror. This mirror will be incorporated into a miniature confocal laser scanning microscope for biomedical in-situ imaging applications. In this paper we describe the 3D scan mirror design, fabrication and characterization as well as its target application.
Using joint interactions to estimate paleostress ratios

Because they grow perpendicular to a minimum principal stress (σ3), joints are paleostress markers. Younger joints may show a systematic change in orientation as they approach older, throughgoing, joints. This change in orientation reflects a change in the stress field in which the younger joint set is growing. Analytical solutions for the stress field around a single joint subject to a combination of opening (Mode I) and anti-plane shear (Mode III) loadings are given. The sense of rotation and change in magnitude of principal stresses near an existing joint are functions of the orientation and ratio of magnitudes of the far-field stresses and the coefficient of friction across the joint. Assuming that a later, non-parallel joint nucleates distant from, and grows toward, the throughgoing joint, the stress field in which it is growing will be systematically rotated and changed by the presence of the throughgoing joint. The effect of interaction between the older and younger joints is ignored in the analysis. The systematic change in orientation of the later joint reflects the change in principal stresses near the throughgoing joint, and can be used to place approximate limits on the ratio of the far-field horizontal stresses. Zoned joints are individual, subparallel en echelon joints which are confined to a narrow zone, separated from adjacent zones by a characteristic distance, and confined to a single lithologic interval. A joint zone can be modeled as a single, infinitely long joint with a characteristic height. Comparison of analytic stress field solutions with field examples of interacting zoned joints in Arches National Park, Utah, suggest that a curving-parallel geometry of younger joints is indicative of a stress field in which −3 < σ2∞/σ3∞ < −13. A curving-perpendicular geometry of younger zones is compatible with principal stress ratios of −13 < σ2∞/σ3∞ < 1.
Surgical Management of the Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patient with Multiple Joint Involvement

Abstract Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is recognized as a heterogenous group of disorders in which the common factor is persistent arthritis in at least 1 joint occurring before the age of 16 years. Although conservative management with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs can be effective, approximately 10% of JIA patients have end-stage degenerative changes requiring total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). This article discusses the overall epidemiology, coordination of care, and medical and surgical management of JIA patients undergoing THA and TKA.
A comparison of fourier solutions for three sobolev approximations to initial value heat problems

In earlier papers, the author examined transmutation relations between the solutions of three abstract Sobolev problems and a corresponding abstract heat problem. In this note, we examine these relationships in the classical setting by means of Fourier series and integral solution representations. One of the three Sobolev problems has received an extensive treatment in the literature. Of the remaining two, the solution of one involves an approximation of the exponential function exp(−n2π2t) by the function , while the solution of the other exhibits a wave type behavior.
Focus formation of C3H/10T1/2 cells and exposure to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field

Disruption of communication between transformed cells and normal cells is involved in tumor promotion. We have tested the hypothesis that exposures to radiofrequency (RF) fields using a form of digital modulation (TDMA) and a chemical tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), are copromoters that enhance focus formation of transformed cells in coculture with parental C3H/10T1/2 murine fibroblasts. RF field exposures did not influence TPA's dose-dependent promotion of focus formation in coculture. Cell cultures were exposed to an 836.55 MHz TDMA-modulated field in TEM transmission line chambers, with incident energies that simulated field intensities at a user's head. Specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.15, 1.5, and 15 μW/g were used during each digital packet, and the packet frequency was 50/s. The TEM chambers were placed in a commercial incubator at 37 °C and 95% humidity/5% CO2. The RF field exposures were in a repeating cycle, 20 min on, 20 min off, 24 h/day for 28 days. At 1.5 μW/g, TPA-induced focus formation (at 10, 30, and 50 ng/ml) was not significantly different in RF-exposed cultures compared to parallel sham-exposed cultures in ten independent experiments in terms of the number, density, and area of foci. Similarly, at 0.15 and 15.0 μW/g, in two and four experiments, respectively, RF exposure did not alter TPA-induced focus formation. The findings support a conclusion that repeated exposures to this RF field do not influence tumor promotion in vitro, based on the RF field's inability to enhance TPA-induced focus formation. Bioelectromagnetics 18:237–243, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.