cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Several features of a viscoplastic study of plate-impact spallation with multidimensional strain

Abstract A viscoplastic constitutive theory that contains a scalar variable description of damage is applied to a two-dimensional axisymmetric analysis of plate-impact spallation. The model uses the Perzyna viscoplastic constitutive formulation with inclusion of a nonlinear isotropic hardening law that saturates with increasing strain. For ductile metals the damage variable is taken to be the void volume fraction of the polycrystalline solid. The evolution equation for damage is based on the nucleation, growth, and eventual coalesence of the microvoids. A spallation criterion based on critical void volume fraction is utilized. The theory is applied to normal impact of circular plates where the diameter of the flyer is smaller than the diameter of the target. Multidimensional axisymmetric strains are developed where, because of the edge effect of the smaller flyer plate, nonplanar as well as planar waves are generated. The equations for balance of mass and momentum are solved using a Lagrangian finite-element computer program with explicit time integration. Four-noded uniform strain quadrilateral elements are used for the spatial discretization. Numerical simulations of impact are performed over a wide range of initial velocities. Contours of the void volume fraction illustrate the damage threshold and the effect of increasing impact stress on damage evolution. Material damage and spall fracture are also illustrated by plots of the deformed geometry, in which the material softening associated with increase in the void volume fraction results in extensive local deformations that, in effect, simulate the openings that are observed in spalled plates. Additional simulations are performed to study the effect of varying parameters that appear in the microvoid evolution equations.
A human factor that recognizes DNA substituted with 2‐chloroadenine, an antileukemic purine analog

2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (cladribine), an analog of deoxyadenosine, is an important new drug for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia and other forms of adult and pediatric leukemia. By a gel-shift binding assay, we identified an activity in HeLa nuclear extracts that recognizes and binds to oligonucleotides substituted with 2-chloroadenine (ClAde). The activity was specific for ClAde residues because control oligomers did not readily compete out the complex. The binding factor was a monomeric protein that was resistant to inactivation by heating at 45°C but sensitive to heating at 65°C, proteinase K treatment, and 5 mM ZnCl2. This protein, designated ClAde recognition protein (CARP), appeared to be related to a protein that recognized other forms of DNA damage. Gel-shift binding reactions with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated oligomers revealed a UV-specific protein/DNA complex that had an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the CARP/DNA complex, and CARP binding to ClAde-containing oligomers was readily competed out by UV-irradiated DNA. Moreover, CARP activity was present in extracts prepared from UV-sensitive xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells but not in a subset of cells from group E, suggesting that CARP was similar to a previously described repair associated factor, xeroderma pigmentosum-E binding factor. Our findings support a possible repair process for ClAde residues incorporated into cellular DNA. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discontinuous density gradient analysis of the developing human thymus.

Abstract A series of human fetal and adult thymuses was fractionated on discontinuous gradients of bovine serum albumin. Fetal thymocytes were 10 times as mitotically active as equivalent adult cells. The predominating cell in the youngest fetus (11.0 cm CR length) was found in the less dense layers of the gradient while the predominating adult cell type was in the more dense layers. As the fetus and infant mature, there is a gradual shift from the fetal to the adult gradient profile.
Sensor saturation for hysteresis reduction in GMR magnetometers

Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors offer several advantages over other technologies for the development of general-purpose magnetometers. They are applicable for both AC and DC fields, are relatively sensitive, can be fabricated to measure over a large range of field strengths, have a high-speed response and are low cost. One significant disadvantage of the GMR sensor is that the output is a function of the history of the magnetic fields that have been on the device, i.e., hysteresis. In this work, we demonstrate that hysteresis effects can be virtually eliminated by saturating the GMR sensor prior to making a field measurement. This forces the sensor to follow the same path of output voltage versus applied field for each measurement. Within the limits of our equipment, we cannot determine any hysteresis effects when using this saturation technique and therefore measurement repeatability is dramatically improved.
Robust controller design using frequency domain constraints

This paper describes a method for designing a controller with improved robustness with respect to truncated flexible modes. The approach involves minimization of a quadratic performance index subject to constraints in the frequency domain. The frequency domain criteria are chosen so as to sufficiently attenuate the high frequency response of the full dynamic system while attempting to maintain the overall performance of the closedloop system. The resulting constraint relationships are cast into a functional minimization framework and parameter optimization techniques are used to determine the solution.
Optimal Trajectories and Guidance Schemes for Ship Collision Avoidance

The best strategy for collision avoidance under emergency conditions is to maximize wrt the controls the timewise minimum distance between the host ship and the intruder ship. In a restricted waterway area, two main constraints must be satisfied: the lateral deviation of the host ship from the original course is to be contained within certain limits; the longitudinal distance covered by the host ship is to be subject to a prescribed bound. At the maximin point of the encounter, the time derivative of the relative distance vanishes; this yields an inner boundary condition (orthogonality between the relative position vector and the relative velocity vector) separating the main phases of the maneuver: the avoidance and recovery phases. In this way, the optimal trajectory problem (a Chebyshev problem) can be converted into a Bolza problem with an inner boundary condition. Numerical solutions are obtained via the multiple-subarc sequential gradient-restoration algorithm (SGRA). Because the optimal trajectory is not suitable for real-time implementation, a guidance scheme approximating the optimal trajectory in real time is to be developed. For ship collision avoidance, the optimal trajectory results show that the rudder angle time history has a bang-bang form characterized by the alternation of saturated control subarcs of opposite signs joined by rapid transitions. Just as the optimal trajectory can be partitioned into three phases (avoidance phase, recovery phase, steady phase), a guidance trajectory can be constructed in the same way. For the avoidance and recovery phases, use of decomposition techniques leads to an algorithm computing the time lengths of these phases in real time. For the steady phase, a feedback control scheme is used to maneuver the ship steadily. Numerical results are presented.
Image capture: synthesis of sensor responses from multispectral images

This paper describes the performance of an image capture simulator. The general model underlying the simulator assumes that (a) the image capture device contains multiple classes of sensors with different spectral sensitivities and (b) that each sensor responds linearly to light intensity over most of its operating range.We place no restrictions on the number of sensor classes,their spectral sensitivities, or their spatial arrangement. The input to the simulator is a set of narrow-band images of the scene taken with a custom-designed hyperspectral camera system. The parameters for the simulator are the number of sensor classes, the sensor spectral sensitivities, the noise statistics and number of quantization levels for each sensor class, the spatial arrangement of the sensors, and the exposure direction. The output of the simulator is the ray image data that would have ben acquired by the simulated image capture device. To test the simulator, we acquired images of the same scene both with our hyperspectral camera and with a calibrated Kodak DCS-200 digital color camera. We used the simulator to predict the DCS-200 output from the hyperspectral data. The agreement between simulated and acquired images validated the image capture response model, the spectral calibrations, and our simulator implementation. We believe the simulator will provide a useful tool for understanding the effect of varying the design parameters of an image capture device.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Possible solutions for difficult accelerator material and/or target requirements

Abstract Frequently, two of the major obstacles encountered in conducting research that requires enriched isotopes to be fabricated into a particular configuration are, first, finding a reliable source from which the material can be obtained and, second, determining where (or if) the specific sample can be fabricated. In general, the supply of enriched stable and radioisotopic materials, other than those which have medical applications, continues to decrease. These materials are normally very expensive, and the quantity available for sample fabrication necessitates that something other than standard techniques be used to prepare the material in the proper configuration. The concerns detailed above are representative of the problems faced routinely by the international research community. In an effort to alleviate such problems, this paper describes sample fabrication methods that require minimal amounts of starting material and discusses possible sources of materials and/or target fabrication services.
Mate choice for genetic quality: a test of the heterozygosity and compatibility hypotheses in a lek-breeding bird

Understanding female mate choice in nonresource-based mating systems, where females appear to express strong preferences despite receiving no direct benefits from mate choice, remain a challenge to behavioral ecology. Brown (Brown JL. 1997. A theory of mate choice based on heterozygosity. Behav Ecol. 8:60--65) proposed the "good-genes-as-heterozygosity" hypothesis, which sought to establish the genetic nature of male quality. Despite recent attention, few studies have examined how multiple components of genetic quality influence mate choice in a highly promiscuous mating system such as that of the lekking wire-tailed manakin (Pipra filicauda, Aves: Pipridae). Based on a 4-year study in the Amazon basin of Ecuador we ask whether female wire-tailed manakins use heterozygosity and/or dissimilarity (relatedness) as mate-choice criteria, and if heterozygosity influences the ontogeny of male social status. Our data show that females select more heterozygous males as their partners. Females do not, however, appear to select mates based on their genetic dissimilarity as mated pairs were more related than expected under random mating. Heterozygosity of territorial males was correlated with 2 male morphological traits (wing and tarsus length), which suggests that females may assess male genetic quality via phenotypic correlates. In addition, our data show that heterozygosity was related to male social rise (territory acquisition) and suggests that heterozygosity may act as a filter of male reproductive potential. Lastly, we find no support for indirect benefits (i.e., increased offspring genetic quality) obtained via female choice for heterozygous males. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
Testing a model of IR radiative losses

Thermopile pyranometers exhibit IR radiative losses that affect global and diffuse shortwave measurements made with first class thermopile based instruments. Pyrgeometers can be used to measure the sky temperature and are used to calculate the pyranometer?s IR radiative losses.
The Results of Deaeration on the Oxygen, Vitamin C, and the Oxidized Flavors of Milk

Abstract 1.The oxygen of milk may vary from 0, or near that point in the udder, to about 11 milligrams per liter in the bottle in undeaerated milk. 2.An intermittent deaerator was used in a series of experiments that extended through 3 periods in 3 years, or a total of 57 weeks. The vitamin C, in the milk in these series of analyses, dropped from 17.9 milligrams per liter in the fresh milk to 16.42 milligrams per liter in the deaerated milk at the end of 7 days, and to 7.68 milligrams per liter in the undeaerated milk during the same period. 3.The flavor of the milk that was deaerated in the intermittent unit was "excellent" when fresh. At the end of 7 days the deaerated milk was "good," whereas the undeaerated milk was "poor" due to the oxidized flavors. 4.A continuous deaerator has been in daily operation by largely unskilled operators for 45 months. Data obtained during the first thirty month's operation are reported. Forty-nine samples out of 362 analyses on as many days, contained no oxygen, and many others were near that point. 5.During the 30 months of the operation of the continuous deaerator the average of 250 analyses of fresh milk was 17.19 milligrams of vitamin C per liter. The "in-bottom filled," the "commercially filled," and the "air reincorporated" samples of 7 days' old milk averaged 15.26, 13.03, and 6.08 milligrams of vitamin C per liter, respectively. 6.The 250 comparisons made during the 30 months of daily operation of the continuous deaerator show that the flavor of the fresh milk, in general, was "excellent," and at the age of 7 days the "in-bottom filled," the "commercially filled," and the "air reincorporated" milks were good, fair, and poor, respectively. 7.The deaerators used in this study were constructed to take the oxygen out of milk in order to prevent the development of the oxidized flavors. The opinions of several reputable judges of milk show that they accomplished the purpose for which they were made. An added advantage of importance is the preservation of substantial amounts of vitamin C.
Characterizing the need for graduate ethics education

We report on some initial findings of an investigation into current practices in, and the need for, information/computer ethics curricula at the graduate level. We give some results and analysis from a survey of faculty and graduate students at four diverse U.S. institutions. Faculty and students agree that students will face professional ethical challenges after graduation, but assessment of students' preparedness for these challenges differs widely across the surveyed institutions. A clear majority of faculty and students expressed support for an elective graduate-level ethics course, and roughly half supported a required graduate-level ethics course.
The soft-collinear bootstrap: \mathcal{N} = {4} Yang-Mills amplitudes at six- and seven-loops

Infrared divergences in scattering amplitudes arise when a loop momentum l becomes collinear with a massless external momentum p. In gauge theories, it is known that the L-loop logarithm of a planar amplitude has much softer infrared singularities than the L-loop amplitude itself. We argue that planar amplitudes in $ \mathcal{N} = {4} $ super-Yang-Mills theory enjoy softer than expected behavior as l ∥ p already at the level of the integrand. Moreover, we conjecture that the four-point integrand can be uniquely determined, to any loop-order, by imposing the correct soft-behavior of the logarithm together with dual conformal invariance and dihedral symmetry. We use these simple criteria to determine explicit formulae for the four-point integrand through seven-loops, finding perfect agreement with previously known results through five-loops. As an input to this calculation, we enumerate all four-point dual conformally invariant (DCI) integrands through seven-loops, an analysis which is aided by several graph-theoretic theorems we prove about general DCI integrands at arbitrary loop-order. The six- and seven-loop amplitudes receive non-zero contributions from 229 and 1873 individual DCI diagrams respectively. PDF and Mathematica files with all of our results are provided at http://goo.gl/qIKe8 .
Families with disabled children: Stress and social networks in three samples

Mothers and fathers of 125 handicapped/chronically ill children were compared with parents of 127 matched nondisabled children from three separate samples with respect to personal stress, marital satisfaction, and social network size and density. Only mothers of disabled children experienced higher levels of stress than comparison parents. No differences were found in marital satisfaction. Few group differences were found for social network variables, although mothers of handicapped children had higher-density networks than comparison mothers. A series of ANOVAs examined differences among the three types of families of handicapped children. Significant differences among the groups were found for social network but not family stress variables. The results are discussed in terms of general differences between families with and without a disabled child, and point to the need to identify patterns within different types of family systems in conducting future research in this area.
What Did the Romans Know? An Inquiry into Science and Worldmaking

What Did the Romans Know? is the most original and provocative contribution to the understanding of ancient science in many years. It challenges common assumptions about the nature of science in th...
Subharmonic generation in Tonks-Dattner resonances

Abstract An experiment is described where subharmonics of an external signal are generated in a plasma column. Necessary conditions with respect to Tonks-Dattner resonances are also experimentally noted and qualitatively explained.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Small Carbohydrate Fuels at Pt−Sn Modified Electrodes

The electrocatalytic oxidations of water-soluble alcohols and diols and some other small organic molecules (MeOH, EtOH, 2-fluoroethanol, 2,2-difluoroethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, CH2(OH)2, ethylene glycol, n-PrOH, i-PrOH, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, t-BuOH, neopentyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, 2-Me-1-PrOH, formic acid, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, propionaldehyde, propionic acid, acetone, glycolaldehyde, glyoxal, glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, oxalic acid) have been compared in aqueous 0.5 M H2SO4 at C and Au electrodes modified with an electrodeposited Pt−Sn catalyst at low (−0.1 to 0.5 V vs SCE) potentials. The Pt−Sn catalyst is electrochemically deposited and forms as a smooth deposit on Au electrodes. At a catalyst loading of ∼0.5 mg/cm2 the electrodeposition of the Pt−Sn catalyst results in formation of adherent ∼0.8 μm size particles on C electrodes. In general, for organic molecules containing only C, H, and O with two or more carbon atoms, the presence of H atoms on both the α...
Pacing induced maximal stress in the normal canine circulation

Lactate production by the myocardium does not occur during pacing induced tachycardia in a normal circulation unless coronary perfusion pressure drops to unphysiological levels concomitant with maximum oxygen extraction.
The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson

by Matthew Chapman, London, Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing, 2010, 189 pp, £14.99 (hardback), ISBN 978‐0‐8549‐0049‐7 Every first year law student across the common law world learns about (and hop...
Circadian clock control of endocrine factors

Organisms experience dramatic fluctuations in demands and stresses over the course of the day. In order to maintain biological processes within physiological boundaries, mechanisms have evolved for anticipation of, and adaptation to, these daily fluctuations. Endocrine factors have an integral role in homeostasis. Not only do circulating levels of various endocrine factors oscillate over the 24 h period, but so too does responsiveness of target tissues to these signals or stimuli. Emerging evidence suggests that these daily endocrine oscillations do not occur solely in response to behavioural fluctuations associated with sleep-wake and feeding-fasting cycles, but are orchestrated by an intrinsic timekeeping mechanism known as the circadian clock. Disruption of circadian clocks by genetic and/or environmental factors seems to precipitate numerous common disorders, including the metabolic syndrome and cancer. Collectively, these observations suggest that strategies designed to realign normal circadian rhythmicities hold potential for the treatment of various endocrine-related disorders.
Characterization of monomers produced from thermal high‐pressure conversion of meadowfoam and oleic acids into estolides

The monomers produced from thermal high-pressure conversion of meadowfoam or oleic acids into estolides were characterized as a complex mixture of fatty acids. Mild reaction conditions produced little change in the starting acids. However, vigorous reaction conditions,e.g. ≥3 h at 250°C with stirring, significantly altered the starting fatty acids.Cis/trans isomerization occurred readily, with the proportion oftrans isomers reaching 57%. In addition, the double bonds migrated throughout all positions of the hydrocarbon chain with concentrations diminishing outward from the starting double bond position. Branching was also observed to a small extent under these conditions and was even more pronounced in the absence of water. Lactones were also identified in the reaction mixture, with contents near 16% in the meadowfoam series. All products can be explainedvia carbocation rearrangement mechanisms that result from protonation of the starting olefins.
Corrosion protection of aluminum alloys and metal matrix composites by polymer coatings

Abstract An epoxy coating and a combination of chemical passivation in rare earth metal chlorides with the polymer coating provide excellent corrosion resistance for Al 6061, Al/SiC, Al/graphite and Al-Li 2091-T6. An accelerated corrosion test for polymer coatings based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a model for the impedance of polymer coated samples with an artificial defect have been developed to evaluate the quality of coatings and to predict the lifetime of coated metals in a short time.
Detection of Very Complex Taste Mixturesa

: Mixtures can often be tasted when all components are too weak to be tasted separately. Such mixtures are said to be integrative. Integration was demonstrated by mixing compounds in concentrations proportional to their separate detection thresholds and then measuring the detection threshold of the mixture as a whole by forced choice with plain water. Mixtures of 3, 6, 12 and 24 compounds were thus evaluated. With earlier data on 2-, 3- and 4-component mixtures, the results show that the concentration of any constituent compound goes down in approximate proportion to the number of compounds with which it is in mixture. This nearly complete integration describes mixtures of like-quality compounds, of unlike-quality compounds, and of both like- and unlike-quality compounds together. Integrative mixtures provide a model for the detection of the ultracomplex stimuli of everyday life, such as foods and drinking waters. Although the degree of integration may trail off slightly with mixtures of high complexity, the results proffer no limit on the number of compounds that can be at least partially integrated. In principle, integration permits detection of natural substances whose myriad components could all be far below threshold. The mechanism of taste integration is speculative, but the facts are congenial to the hypothesis of multiple parallel channels for the processing of intensity and quality.
Prophylactic angioplasty of failing hemodialysis shunts.

Prophylactic angioplasty of dysfunctional hemodialysis shunts is a common and relatively straightforward procedure. If left untreated, many stenotic lesions progress to ultimately incite thrombosis and access failure. Angioplasty improves access patency and helps avert thrombosis that can reduce overall access life.
Phenotypic structure and bifurcation behavior of population models.

Abstract Discrete time models for density-regulated populations have been shown to exhibit periodic and chaotic motion in the absence of any external signal. We show how the genetic structure of a population can initiate bifurcations to periodic and chaotic trajectories. We investigate by simulation the dependence of this phenomenon on the strength of assortative mating, the level of heterozygosity, and the intensity of selection. The implications of internally generated chaos for population modeling are discussed.
Information Technology and Fair Use

Intellectual pursuit and the recognition of ideas is a central concept. Copyrights protect the rights of intellectual creators while balancing those rights with the needs for access. As technologies have expanded, and production has become more sophisticated, the legal regulations surrounding their use have become more complex. With the advent of the interactive web 2.0 and increased resource sharing, as well as growth in distance learning opportunities, complying with the legal use of information technology can be daunting. In any case, leaders and other educators should be aware of the more important aspects of technology-related copyright laws and regulations. This article provides an overview of copyright law and fair use for educational research purposes. It explains different options for intellectual production and sharing, and notes administrative actions to support copyright compliance.
Clinical and laboratory phenotype of patients experiencing statin intolerance attributable to myalgia.

Background Muscle pain without elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) (myalgia) is the most common medication-related adverse effect of statin therapy; it occurs in up to 10% of patients who are prescribed statin therapy. Although much is known regarding risk factors for overt myositis, very few studies have provided information on this common form of statin intolerance. Methods We defined a detailed clinical and laboratory phenotype of a cohort of patients referred to the lipid clinic of a governmental health maintenance organization for statin intolerance attributable to muscle pain without CPK elevation (myalgia) and characterized their response to alternative lipid-lowering therapy. Baseline and follow-up data were analyzed for 104 patients with statin intolerance attributable to myalgia and 211 statin-tolerant control patients identified from the referral population. Results Among patients with myalgia, more were white and had hypertension. The prevalence of known risk factors for overt myositis, including renal disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, and electrolyte abnormalities, did not differ between statin intolerant and statin tolerant patients. Although individual cases were identified in which the addition of interacting medications was temporally associated with development of statin intolerance, overall use of interacting medications was not more frequent among statin-intolerant patients. The majority of patients were intolerant of two or more statins; however, in more than one-half the cases, successful rechallenge with an alternative statin was accomplished. Despite this and extensive use of nonstatin lipid medications after lipid clinic referral, control of plasma lipoproteins remained significantly worse in statin-intolerant patients. Conclusions Statin intolerance attributable to myalgia is a significant barrier to effective treatment of hyperlipidemia. Conventional clinical risk factors for myositis do not appear to predictive of statin-associated myalgia. These findings underscore the need to better define the pathophysiology of statin-induced myalgia and develop methodologies to guide treatment of statin-intolerant patients.
An efficient architecture for high speed turbo decoders

Turbo codes not only achieve near Shannon-capacity performance, but also have decoders with modest complexity, which is crucial for implementation. So far efficient architectures for decoding of turbo codes have been proposed that are suitable for sequential processing. In this paper a novel parallel processing architecture for a very high-speed turbo decoder is presented. The performance of this decoder and the tradeoff between speed and efficiency are discussed. It is shown that some decoders can run faster by some orders of magnitude while maintaining almost the same processing load. A systolic implementation of this decoder is presented at the end.
Nonrepetitive colorings of graphs of bounded tree-width

A sequence of the form s"1s"2...s"ms"1s"2...s"m is called a repetition. A vertex-coloring of a graph is called nonrepetitive if none of its paths is repetitively colored. We answer a question of Grytczuk [Thue type problems for graphs, points and numbers, manuscript] by proving that every outerplanar graph has a nonrepetitive 12-coloring. We also show that graphs of tree-width t have nonrepetitive 4^t-colorings.
PENDRIN PROTEIN PRESENT IN EURYHALINE ELASMOBRANCH

![Figure][1] Pendrin is a recently discovered protein in mammals that has the ability to transport chloride ions in exchange for a variety of different molecules including bicarbonate. Chloride/bicarbonate exchange is important in euryhaline organisms and it insures chloride uptake when the
Rokhlin's School in ergodic theory

Ergodic theory is one of several fields of mathematics where the name Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin (spelled also ‘Rochlin’ and ‘Rohlin’) is well known to the specialists. That name is attached to some very often used theorems, but the goal of this paper is not just to remind the reader of these theorems. I put them in the context of the general development of ergodic theory during the thirty years 1940–70. Most of all, I want to emphasize that Rokhlin was not only a researcher producing powerful results but also a founder of schools at the two best Universities in the USSR. For at least 10 years (1958–68) these schools dominated ergodic theory. This paper is not biographical. Rokhlin's life certainly deserves a better biographer. However, I mention certain circumstances of a non-mathematical nature where it seems to be appropriate.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Nitric Oxide Synthase Anomalies in Dahl/Rapp Salt-Sensitive Rats

Salt-sensitive hypertension in the Dahl/Rapp rat (S strain) is prevented by L-arginine. Based on the observations that dexamethasone prevented the antihypertensive effect of L-arginine in these animals and the suggestion that a locus in or near an inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene on chromosome 10 cosegregated with hypertension in some F2 crosses that utilized the S rat, the present study explored the hypothesis that the vascular smooth muscle isoform of inducible NOS (NOS2) was abnormal in S rats. Primary cultures of aortic smooth muscle cells from S rats demonstrated impaired inducible NO production, which improved with increased L-arginine in the medium. Sequence analysis identified a single T-->C transversion that produced an amino acid substitution (S714P) between the FAD and FMN binding sites and a restriction fragment length polymorphism. This restriction fragment length polymorphism was present only in S rats. The mutation of NOS2 and the role of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension in the Dahl/Rapp rat require further investigation.
PARENTING IN BLACK AND WHITE FAMILIES The Interaction of Gender with Race and Class

It is widely believed that gendered expectations are communicated to children in the process of socialization. However, there is reason to ask whether and how gender is constructed in Black families. An early perspective that still continues to inform some contemporary research is assimilationism, which assumes that Black people embrace and pass on to their children the gender norms of the dominant white society. The Afrocentric perspective challenges this view, maintaining that the unique historical experiences of Blacks have militated against an emphasis on rigid gender distinctions, and that relative gender neutrality exists in Black families' child-rearing practices. The development of multicultural feminist theory, which argues that the impact of race on gender varies by social class, implies that both assimilationism and Afrocentrism may be overgeneralizations. Yet, little systematic research has been done on whether race makes a difference in how parents view gender. The authors use data from surve...
Bevacizumab and ovarian cancer

Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and is indicated in the treatment of various tumors (colon, lung, renal, and glioblastoma). It has been recently approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer in various countries. This review summarizes the activity and toxicity of bevacizumab in the treatment of ovarian cancer, both as single-agent drug and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. As a single-agent drug, it has shown response rates of 16-21% in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer. Two phase III randomized trials have been published evaluating the addition of bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy as front-line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. In addition, trials evaluating the combination with chemotherapy in recurrent ovarian cancer (platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant disease) have also been reported. All these trials showed a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival although no improvement in overall survival has been reported. The main adverse event is hypertension. Other serious, but uncommon adverse events include gastrointestinal perforation as well as renal and central nervous system toxicity.
Translating Italian connectives into Italian Sign Language

This thesis is concerned with the problem of translating Italian connectives into LIS, the Italian Sign Language. We explain the interest and the unique challenges of this problem, and we introduce the ATLAS project for automatic translation from Italian to LIS, which forms the backdrop of our work. We then detail the analysis we performed on the small bilingual corpus of Italian and LIS sentences that was provided by the ATLAS project. We propose an alignment method between the Italian and LIS syntax trees that helps identify the effect that an Italian connective has on the LIS translation of the sentence. This results in four possible ways that a connective can be translated: with a corresponding sign, by affecting the location or shape of other signs, by affecting the LIS syntax tree, or by being omitted altogether. A clustering process applied to these result groups produces a categorization of connectives that is linguistically meaningful. By training a decision tree based classifier, we are able to extract rules to determine how to translate a given connective, with the aim of integrating these rules into the ATLAS translation pipeline. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our approach in comparison with the ATLAS pipeline.
Upregulation of type I collagen by TGF-β in mesangial cells is blocked by PPARγ activation

We found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) mRNA was reduced by 77% in glomeruli of diabetic mice. Because mesangial cells play an important role in diabetic nephropathy, we ...
Well-to-wheels energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol from corn, sugarcane and cellulosic biomass for US use

Globally, bioethanol is the largest volume biofuel used in the transportation sector, with corn-based ethanol production occurring mostly in the US and sugarcane-based ethanol production occurring mostly in Brazil. Advances in technology and the resulting improved productivity in corn and sugarcane farming and ethanol conversion, together with biofuel policies, have contributed to the significant expansion of ethanol production in the past 20 years. These improvements have increased the energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of using bioethanol as opposed to using petroleum gasoline. This article presents results from our most recently updated simulations of energy use and GHG emissions that result from using bioethanol made from several feedstocks. The results were generated with the GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation) model. In particular, based on a consistent and systematic model platform, we estimate life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions from using ethanol produced from five feedstocks: corn, sugarcane, corn stover, switchgrass and miscanthus. We quantitatively address the impacts of a few critical factors that affect life-cycle GHG emissions from bioethanol. Even when the highly debated land use change GHG emissions are included, changing from corn to sugarcane and then to cellulosic biomass helps to significantly increase the reductions in energy use and GHG emissions from using bioethanol. Relative to petroleum gasoline, ethanol from corn, sugarcane, corn stover, switchgrass and miscanthus can reduce life-cycle GHG emissions by 19‐48%, 40‐62%, 90‐103%, 77‐97% and 101‐115%, respectively. Similar trends have been found with regard to fossil energy benefits for the five bioethanol pathways.
Image compression using the W-transform

The authors present the W-transform for a multiresolution signal decomposition. One of the differences between the wavelet transform and W-transform is that the W-transform leads to a nonorthogonal signal decomposition. Another difference between the two is the manner in which the W-transform handles the endpoints (boundaries) of the signal. This approach does not restrict the length of the signal to be a power of two. Furthermore, it does not call for the extension of the signal thus, the W-transform is a convenient tool for image compression. They present the basic theory behind the W-transform and include experimental simulations to demonstrate its capabilities.
Fabrication of Supramolecular Semiconductor Block Copolymers by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization

ω-Telechelic poly(p-phenylene vinylene) species (PPVs) are prepared by living ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a [2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-diene in the presence of Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd generation initiator, with terminating agents based on N(1) ,N(3) -bis(6-butyramidopyridin-2-yl)-5-hydroxyisophthalamide (Hamilton wedge), cyanuric acid, Pd(II) -SCS-pincer, or pyridine moieties installing the supramolecular motifs. The resultant telechelic polymers are self-assembled into supramolecular block copolymers (BCPs) via metal coordination or hydrogen bonding and analyzed by (1) H NMR spectroscopy. The optical properties are examined, whereby individual PPVs exhibit similar properties regardless of the nature of the end group. Upon self-assembly, different behaviors emerge: the hydrogen-bonding BCP behaves similarly to the parent PPVs whereas the metallosupramolecular BCP demonstrates a hypsochromic shift and a more intense emission owing to the suppression of aggregation. These results demonstrate that directional self-assembly can be a facile method to construct BCPs with semiconducting networks, while combating solubility and aggregation.
Differential regulation of parvalbumin and calretinin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence.

Determining the normal developmental trajectory of individual GABAergic components in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the adolescent transition period is critical because local GABAergic interneurons are thought to play an important role in the functional maturation of cognitive control that occurs in this developmental window. Based on the expression of calcium-binding proteins, three distinctive subtypes of interneurons have been identified in the PFC: parvalbumin (PV)-, calretinin (CR)-, and calbindin (CB)-positive cells. Using biochemical and histochemical measures, we found that the protein level of PV is lowest in juveniles [postnatal days (PD) 25–35] and increases during adolescence (PD 45–55) to levels similar to those observed in adulthood (PD 65–75). In contrast, the protein expression of CR is reduced in adults compared to juvenile and adolescent animals, whereas CB levels remain mostly unchanged across the developmental window studied here. Semi-quantitative immunostaining analyses revealed that the periadolescent upregulation of PV and the loss of the CR signal appear to be attributable to changes in PV- and CR-positive innervation, which are dissociable from the trajectory of PV- and CR-positive cell number. At the synaptic level, our electrophysiological data revealed that a developmental facilitation of spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic inputs onto PV-positive/fast-spiking interneurons parallels the increase in prefrontal PV signal during the periadolescent transition. In contrast, no age-dependent changes in glutamatergic transmission were observed in PV-negative/non fast-spiking interneurons. Together, these findings emphasize that GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in the PFC undergo a dynamic, cell type-specific remodeling during adolescence and provide a developmental framework for understanding alterations in GABAergic circuits that occur in psychiatric disorders.
An integrated data structure with multiple access paths for database and its performance

An integrated data structure is presented in this paper which offers multiple access paths for processing different types of queries efficiently. Our approach is to fuse those data structures which offer efficient access path of a particular type. To show the feasibility of our scheme we fused the B/sup +/-tree, the grid file and extendible hashing, using a proper interface. We implemented and measured its performance through simulation modeling. Our results show that the integrated data structure does improve concurrency and offers a higher throughput for a variety of transaction processing workloads. We argue that our scheme is different than creating secondary indexes for improving concurrency. >
Multiple Nuclear Gene Analysis of the Divergence between Populations of the Tallapoosa Darter, Etheostoma tallapoosae

Abstract Populations of Etheostoma tallapoosae (Tallapoosa Darter) have previously been shown to be genetically divergent for mitochondrial DNA. In this study, PCR primers were developed to amplify portions of six nuclear genes, and sequences of these genes were assessed in three of the most divergent Tallapoosa Darter populations. This analysis shows that these populations are also highly divergent for nuclear gene sequences and thus any adaptive or potentially adaptive variation is likely to be partitioned among the populations. Sequences of the six nuclear genes have also been determined in the closely related species E. coosae and E. brevirostrum, and the utility of these nuclear gene sequences to the elucidation of darter phylogeny is discussed.
Drag coefficient and relative velocity in bubbly, droplet or particulate flows

Drag coefficient and relative motion correlations for dispersed two-phase flows of bubbles, drops, and particles were developed from simple similarity criteria and a mixture viscosity model. The results are compared with a number of experimental data, and satisfactory agreements are obtained at wide ranges of the particle concentration and Reynolds number. Characteristics differences between fluid particle systems and solid particle systems at higher Reynolds numbers or at higher concentration regimes were successfully predicted by the model. Results showed that the drag law in various dispersed two-phase flows could be put on a general and unified base by the present method.
Biological effects of low frequency electric and magnetic fields: An overview

Physical laws are reviewed which must be considered in explaining biological effects of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields. Laboratory experiments showing effects of low-intensity fields are summarized, as are epidemiological studies which seem to indicate a possible association between field exposure and adverse health effects. >
The ABELS brokering system

Simulations often need access to physically distributed data resources such as datasets, sensors, or even other simulations. The Agent-Based Environment for Linking Simulations (ABELS) is a framework that allows distributed simulations and data resources to dynamically communicate with each other in real time to produce useful and accurate results. Specifically, it allows independently designed simulations to communicate with no a priori knowledge of the details of other simulations and data resources. The ABELS framework consists of user entities such as simulations and data resources, generic local agents that provide an interface to the system, and a brokering system that facilitates the dynamic linking of heterogeneous simulations and data sources. This paper presents the design and implementation of the ABELS brokering system and described its interactions with the generic local agents. The brokering system consists of a registration module, a lookup module, a communication facilitator, a resource manager, and a matchmaking module. Sun Microsystems' Jini technology is used to implement certain modules of the brokering system.
Repositioning American Studies in the New Millennium: Wishful Thinking by a European Practitioner

L'A. propose une reflexion sur l'etat actuel des Etudes americaines du point de vue d'un americaniste/sociologue neerlandais base en Europe. Il examine l'ecart entre les aspirations et les realites en ce qui concerne l'interdisciplinarite. Il centre ensuite son analyse sur la question de sa perennite en tant que discipline distincte. Finalement, il fait quelques suggestions pour le repositionnement des Etudes americaines vis a vis des sciences sociales, de l'internationalisme critique, et de la recherche comparative et des etudes regionales. En prealable, il explore d'abord les aspirations originelles des pionniers des Etudes americaines et examine comment elles se sont developpees aux Etats-Unis et en Europe, l'autre site majeur des Etudes americaines avec des connections americanistes ailleurs.
A Survivable Network of Ground Relays for Tactical Data Communications

The rationale and a preliminary design concept are presented for a new mobile ground-to-ground communications system to support tactical command and control. Survivability is attained through high connectivity, antenna directivity, and spread-spectrum signals. Each node of the proposed network is equipped with a circular cylindrical array antenna capable of steering a narrow beam in the direction of one of its several neighbors. A single transceiver operates half-duplex m a flexible time-division format among the multiple links at a node. Each link uses a unique pseudonoise code, and the network as a whole employs code-division multiple access. Mobility and survivability are enhanced because a single equipment supports multiple links while providing the benefits of high antenna gain and directivity. Network entry and synchronization schemes are considered. System parameters are defined and link power budgets for signal-to-jammer and signal-to-noise ratios are calculated. Implementation prospects are addressed drawing on technology developments in antenna arrays, surface-acoustic wave signal processing, and adaptive routing in packet networks.
Serial Binary Division by Ten

A technique is presented for dividing a positive binary integer by ten, in which the bits of the input are presented serially, low-order bit first. A complete division by ten is performed in two word times (comparable to the time needed for two serial additions). The technique can be useful in serial conversions from binary to decimal, or in scaling binary numbers by powers of 10.