cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of permethrin resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica L.

The genetic control of mechanisms conferring resistance to permethrin was investigated inMusca domestica L. Factors conferring resistance were found on autosomes 1, 2 and 3, with their relative dominant effects being 3>1>2. Three combinations of chromosomes (i.e. 2+5, 3+5 and 1+3+5) were found to interact, but in a less than additive manner. Data obtained with synergists suggest that the mixed function oxidase system is responsible for part of the resistance. Pyrethroid resistance on chromosome 1 has not been previously reported.
An optimal response adaptive biased coin design with k heteroscedastic treatments

Abstract For comparing treatments in clinical trials, Atkinson (1982) introduced optimal biased coins for balancing patients across treatment assignments by using D-optimality under the assumption of homoscedastic responses of different treatments. However, this assumption can be violated in many real applications. In this paper, we relax the homoscedasticity assumption in the k treatments setting with k > 2 . A general family of optimal response adaptive biased coin designs are proposed following Atkinson's procedure. Asymptotic properties of the proposed designs are obtained. Some advantages of the proposed design are discussed.
THE CHOLINE ESTERASE CONTENT OF THE MUSCLE OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND OF THE SERUM OF FOUR OTHER GROUPS OF CLINICAL CONDITIONS

1. In one case of myasthenia gravis, the choline esterase content of affected muscle was found essentially the same as that of two specimens normal human muscle. Our findings are opposed to the hypothesis that myasthenia gravis is due to an excess of choline esterase in the muscle. 2. The mean choline esterase content of the serum of 76 miscellaneous psychotic states was found to be slightly lower than the normal value. 3. In 37 advanced phthisical patients the mean esterase value was markedly lower than normal. 4. In 9 cases of advanced carcinoma there was also a marked lowering of the choline esterase of the serum.
Exploring phase space localization of chaotic eigenstates via parametric variation

In a previous paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4158 (1996)], a new correlation measure was introduced that sensitively probes phase space localization properties of eigenstates. It is based on a system's response to varying an external parameter. The measure correlates level velocities with overlap intensities between the eigenstates and some localized state of interest. Random matrix theory predicts the absence of such correlations in chaotic systems whereas in the stadium billiard, a paradigm of chaos, strong correlations were observed. Here, we develop further the theoretical basis of that work, extend the stadium results to the full phase space, study the Planck's over 2pi dependence, and demonstrate the agreement between this measure and a semiclassical theory based on homoclinic orbits.
Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan

Characterizing the variation in bioaerosol concentrations is important for the estimation of health effects associated with bioaerosols and planning exposure assessment strategies. This investigation was conducted in order to develop a better understanding of exposure to fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan, by determining the variations of their concentrations between and within homes. In the study, 24-h air sampling was performed on five consecutive days in four Cincinnati area homes. The samples (a total of 160) were taken simultaneously in four different rooms inside each home and at four different outside locations near the home using Button Personal Inhalable Aerosol Samplers. The relative sizes of the between- and within-home variability to the total variability were calculated for each outcome. The relative sizes of the between- and within-home variability in indoor air ranged from 0.10 to 0.52 and 0.09 to 0.10, respectively. For outdoor air, the between- and within-home variability ranged from 0.27 to 0.50 and 0.09 to 0.10, respectively. Thus, the ranges of within-home variability, both indoors and outdoors, were much less than the variability between different homes. The results suggest that, if long-term sampling methods are employed to characterize the bioaerosol exposure for a population, the sampling should be repeated in a larger number of homes as an alternative to replicate sampling in a fewer number of homes. When characterizing exposure within one home, the sampling should be repeated in different rooms, rather than repeating it on different days.
Toward Chemical Implementation of Encoded Combinatorial Libraries

Abstract The recent application of "combinatorial libraries" to supplement existing drug screening processes might simplify and accelerate the search for new lead compounds or drugs. Recently, a scheme for encoded combinatorial chemistry was put forward to surmount a number of the limitations possessed by existing methodologies. Here we detail the synthesis of several matrices and the necessary chemistry to implement the conceptual scheme. In addition, we disclose how this novel technology permits a controlled ′dendritic" display of the chemical libraries.
Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy for the management of venous thoracic outlet syndrome.

Purpose:To describe the successful use of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy as an adjunct to thrombolysis for acute subclavian vein thrombosis due to venous thoracic outlet syndromeCase Report:A 40-year-old man presented with arm swelling due to acute subclavian vein thrombosis and venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy with the AngioJet device and thrombolysis were used to restore venous patency. Immediately following operative thoracic outlet decompression, the patient experienced rethrombosis, which was successfully treated using percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy. After 6 months, the patient remains symptom-free, with a patent subclavian vein by duplex ultrasonography.Conclusions:Thrombus debulking or removal with percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy devices may reduce the amount or duration of thrombolytic therapy required, making treatment of venous thoracic outlet syndrome safer. Moreover, patients with recurrent thrombosis after thoracic outlet decompression may...
Criterion for selecting phonons and local vibrations involved in the nonradiative relaxation of photoexcited Cr4+ ions in forsterite

The energy of Cr4+ local modes and the energy and dynamics of Mg2SiO4 phonon modes involved in the nonradiative relaxation of photoexcited impurity Cr4+ ions in forsterite crystal were measured. The experimental results suggest that resonance in energy between local vibrations of the impurity ion and lattice (phonon) modes of the host crystal plays a crucial role in selecting the phonons which participate in the nonradiative relaxation of the photoexcited ions in crystals.
Acid phosphatases of Escherichia coli

Abstract Two types of acid phosphatase activity have been observed in extracts of Escherichia coli . One type of activity was apparently a nucleoside-2′- or -3′-phosphatase and it was purified nearly 1500-fold. The other type of activity was a hexosephosphatase and it was separated into three fractions by a series of chromatographic treatments. Although each of these fractions hydrolyzed hexose phosphates, each could be distinguished by its relative activity against these substrates and by its pH optimum for activity. Two of these fractions appeared to be identical mixtures of three hexosephosphatases, and, in all, four different hexosephosphatase activities have been recognized. It is suggested that these hexosephosphatases represent complexes of enzymes or multiple forms of enzymes.
Factors influencing career choices among graduating ophthalmology residents

Objective To identify factors influencing graduating ophthalmology residents to pursue subspecialty training or a career in comprehensive ophthalmology. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Residents graduating from U.S. ophthalmology residency programs who participated in the ophthalmology match program. Methods An anonymous survey was sent to each graduating ophthalmology resident in the United States between February 1, 2003, and February 28, 2003. Demographic data and information relating to medical school and residency training, career goals, and factors influencing career choices were collected from the surveys. Main Outcome Measure The decision to pursue or not to pursue fellowship training. Results The individual response rate was 50.8% (222/437), and 74.1% (86/116) of residency training programs responded to the survey. After completion of residency training, 64% (142/222) were pursuing subspecialty training and 36% (80/222) planned to practice comprehensive ophthalmology. In a multivariate analysis, factors that predicted subspecialty training included a desire to acquire special skills (odds ratio [OR], 13.81) and a perceived more favorable job market (OR, 3.23) and prestige (OR, 3.20). Anticipated work hours (OR, 0.37) and preferred geographic location (OR, 0.47) were predictors of a career in comprehensive ophthalmology. Residents choosing comprehensive ophthalmology careers were more likely to plan to practice in a group private practice, and those seeking subspecialty training were more likely to intend to practice in a university setting or were undecided in their future practice type (OR, 2.04). Conclusions Several factors influenced career choices among graduating ophthalmology residents. A desire to acquire special skills and perceived prestige and job market were major factors influencing ophthalmology residents to seek subspecialty training. Lifestyle considerations were more important to residents choosing a comprehensive ophthalmology career. There were significant differences in practice preferences among residents pursuing or not pursuing subspecialty training.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIS (ST. LOUIS TYPE) IN MICE WITH HIGH INBORN RESISTANCE : A CHRONIC SUBCLINICAL INFECTION

1. St. Louis encephalitis virus injected intracerebrally or intraperitoneally in maximum doses in resistant mice is distributed and is effective in a manner generally similar to that in susceptible mice. The minimum infecting dose is at least 1,000 times greater in resistant than susceptible mice and virus injected in the brain tends to remain at a relatively low titre, persist for a few days, and then disappear. 2. Virus dropped in the nares is demonstrable and progresses in the brains of resistant mice as in susceptible mice, but does not increase in titre beyond the 5th day, does not bring about fatal encephalitis, and persists for at least 4 weeks. 3. Lesions in the brains of resistant mice following nasal instillation of virus do not appear until the 8th day, reach a maximum at 40 days, and are still present, though resolving, at 3 months. The changes resemble those seen in the human disease and in other unnamed forms of encephalitis. 4. The quantity of virus drops 1,000-fold when recovered from resistant mice and becomes non-infective by the nasal route. Passage in susceptible mice promptly restores its full titre.
Reactions of the anthocyanidin-3,5-diglucosides: Formation of 3,5-di-(O-β-d-glucosyl)-7-hydroxy coumarin

Abstract Anthocyanidin-3,5-diglucosides form 3,5-di-(O-β- d -glucosyl)-7-hydroxy coumarin at pH 3–7 in aqueous solutions. The coumarin derivative was characterized by its chromatographic and spectral properties and its aglucone was shown to be identical with 3,5,7-trihydroxy coumarin.
Analyzing Close Friend Interactions in Social Media

Social media has increasingly become an outlet for expression in society. Users of online social networks often associate with many other users who are all treated as "friends, " even if they do not have a strong connection, or what would be described as a friendship in real life. In this paper, we present an approach for predicting a user's closest friends on Facebook using machine learning techniques. We identify Facebook interactions that are most useful for predicting relationship strength and are able to predict a user's closest friends with up to 85% accuracy.
The essential oil of Bursera microphylla.

The essential oil of leaves and twigs of Bursera micropbylla consists of 80 per cent terpenes, 9 per cent sesuiterpenes and oxygenated compounds, an 8 per cent gums and resins. The terpene fractions consist largely of d, α- and β-phellandrene, tetrahydrocuminic acid (phellandric acid), and sesquiterpenes.
Minimum‐sized Infinite Partitions of Boolean Algebras

For any Boolean Algebra A, let cmm(A) be the smallest size of an infinite partition of unity in A. The relationship of this function to the 21 common functions described in Monk [4] is described, for the class of all Boolean algebras, and also for its most important subclasses. This description involves three main results: the existence of a rigid tree algebra in which cmm exceeds any preassigned number, a rigid interval algebra with that property, and the construction of an interval algebra in which every well-ordered chain has size less than cmm. Mathematics Subject Classification: 06E05, 03E05.
Secretory processes in follicular cells of the bat thyroid. I. Ultrastructural changes during the preearly and mid‐hibernation periods with some comments on the origin of autophagic vacuoles

Ultrastructural changes which occur in bat thyroid follicular cells between late August and early January are discussed. During the first half of this period the principle changes are proliferation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in size of the Golgi apparatus and an increase in the number of apical vesicles. These changes are followed by a gradual reduction in the amount of endoplasmic reticulum and in the size of the Golgi complex. During the expansion phase of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, large numbers of dense granules, and “light” and “dark” multivesicular bodies are present throughout the cytoplasm of the follicular cells. An unusual finding is that in the bat, the thyroid follicular cells also contain many autophagic vacuoles at this time. The role of the dense granules in the formation of autophagic vacuoles is discussed and evidence for the transformation of multivesicular bodies into dense granules is presented. Autophagic vacuoles were not found during the phase when the granular endoplasmic reticulum underwent a marked regression. At this time, follicular cells contained prominent complex dense bodies which resemble the “phagolysosomes” of other mammalian follicular cells. These observations are discussed in relation to the changes which occur in thyroid function of hibernators during the period studied.
A lever-arm rotation drives motility of the minus-end-directed kinesin Ncd

Kinesins are microtubule-based motor proteins that power intracellular transport. Most kinesin motors, exemplified by Kinesin-1, move towards the microtubule plus end, and the structural changes that govern this directional preference have been described. By contrast, the nature and timing of the structural changes underlying the minus-end-directed motility of Kinesin-14 motors (such as Drosophila Ncd) are less well understood. Using cryo-electron microscopy, here we demonstrate that a coiled-coil mechanical element of microtubule-bound Ncd rotates approximately 70 degrees towards the minus end upon ATP binding. Extending or shortening this coiled coil increases or decreases velocity, respectively, without affecting ATPase activity. An unusual Ncd mutant that lacks directional preference shows unstable nucleotide-dependent conformations of its coiled coil, underscoring the role of this mechanical element in motility. These results show that the force-producing conformational change in Ncd occurs on ATP binding, as in other kinesins, but involves the swing of a lever-arm mechanical element similar to that described for myosins.
A Dual-Channel Calibration System for AC Currents and Small AC Voltages

A new current-comparator-based dual-channel calibration system for AC currents and AC voltages in the millivolt range has been developed. The range of generated currents is 1 mA–5 A, and the range of generated voltages is 1–500 mV. The calibration system in-phase and quadrature expanded measurement uncertainties ( $k=2$ ) are within $25\cdot 10^{\mathrm {\mathbf {-6}}}$ . Although the system has been developed primarily for operation at power frequencies, it is also capable of operating at frequencies up to 1000 Hz with slightly increased uncertainties. The traceability to SI units is established through the calibration of AC voltage by means of AC/DC transfer and DC voltage reference, standard resistor, capacitor, and current comparator ratios.
Periodontal Disease: The sixth complication of diabetes mellitus

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by destruction of the periodontal tissues and resulting in loss of connective tissue attachment, loss of alveolar bone, and the formation of pathological pockets around the diseased teeth. Some level of periodontal disease has been found in most populations studied and is responsible for a substantial portion of the tooth loss in adulthood.
Does CT wand guidance improve shunt placement in patients with hydrocephalus

Abstract Object To evaluate the effectiveness of stereotactic navigation in enhancing the accuracy of ventricular shunt placement in patients with hydrocephalus. Methods A retrospective cohort study at a single institution by a single surgeon was performed. Consecutive patients who underwent implantation of a ventricular shunt for the management of hydrocephalus between July 2001 and December 2011 were included in the study, totaling 535 patients. Patients were classified as either having optimal or sub-optimal placement of the shunt into the ventricle. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used. Results Overall, 93.8% of patients were found to have optimal shunt placement. On multivariate analysis, navigation use was not significantly associated with improved accuracy of shunt placement (odds ratio [OR] = 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.19–1.54; p = 0.25). Pseudotumor cerebri diagnosis was significantly associated with increased odds of sub-optimal shunt placement (OR = 6.41; 95% CI = 1.90–21.59; p = 0.003). Conclusions CT guided navigation did not significantly improve the accuracy of ventricular shunt placement in adults with hydrocephalus for an experienced surgeon. Further studies are required to assess the utility of CT guided navigation for less experienced surgeons and patients with small or dysmorphic ventricles.
Electroconvulsive Therapy, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Possible Neurorestorative Benefit of the Clinical Application of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a growing problem in psychiatry. A recent meta-analysis has estimated TRD to be as high as 40%. Just over a decade ago, TRD was estimated to be as low as 10% to 15%. The causes of TRD are not fully understood. Finding ways to bring patients to remission faster may be part of the solution, but increasing our understanding of how depression works and how the brain responds to treatment may shed some light on this growing problem. Patients with TRD have been shown to have decreased volumes in gray matter structures, particularly in the hippocampus. Hippocampal volumes are correlated with decreased expression of neurotrophic factors (most notably, brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]), and decreased expression of BDNF correlates with the presence of depression. Increased expression of BDNF has a strong association with increased volumes in the hippocampus. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a safe and effective treatment of severe depression, has been shown to be effective in TRD. Patients who undergo ECT have also had measurable increases in BDNF, indicating that ECT may be modulating intracellular processes in the patients with depression. Taken together, ECT may have a positive effect on restoring gray matter volume in patients with depression and especially TRD.
Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about end-of-life care among inner-city African Americans and Latinos.

Objective: This project explored end-of-life care preferences and barriers among low-income, urban African Americans and Latino/Hispanic Americans (Latinos) to uncover factors that may influence hospice utilization. Methods: Focus groups were conducted separately for African Americans (4 groups, n = 26) and Latinos (4 groups, n = 27). Transcripts were coded and analyzed using consensus and triangulation to identify primary themes. Results: Four preference themes and four barriers were identified. Results were largely similar across the two groups. Both preferred having families provide care for loved ones but expressed desire to reduce caretaker burden. Groups emphasized spirituality as the primary means of coping and valued the holistic well-being of the patient and family. Barriers reported were closely tied to access to care. Participants reported low hospice utilization because of lack of awareness of hospice and the prohibitive cost of health care. Latinos were more likely to report language barriers...
PDS: a virtual execution environment for software deployment

The Progressive Deployment System (PDS) is a virtual execution environment and infrastructure designed specifically for deploying software, or "assets", on demand while enabling management from a central location. PDS intercepts a select subset of system calls on the target machine to provide a partial virtualization at the operating system level. This enables an asset's install-time environment to be reproduced virtually while otherwise not isolating the asset from peer applications on the target machine. Asset components, or "shards", are fetched as they are needed (or they may be pre-fetched), enabling the asset to be progressively deployed by overlapping deployment with execution. Cryptographic digests are used to eliminate redundant shards within and among assets, which enables more efficient deployment. A framework is provided for intercepting interfaces above the operating system (e.g., Java class loading), enabling optimizations requiring semantic awareness not present at the OS level. The paper presents the design of PDS, motivates its "porous isolation model" with respect to the challenges of software deployment, and presents measurements of PDS's execution characteristics.
Gamma-gamma angular correlations following Coulomb excitation

Abstract The triple correlation between two cascade gamma rays and a beam effecting Coulomb excitation has been measured for transitions in 107, 109 Ag, 110 Pd, 117 Sn and 190, 192 Os. These correlations were taken with the special geometry where one gamma-ray detector was placed at 0° relative to the incident beam. The results of this investigation coupled with previous information deduced from the angular distributions of the gamma rays following Coulomb excitation were used to establish E2/M1 admixtures and in the case of 117 Sn, spins of 5 2 for the states at 1020 and 1448 keV.
What Maps Try to Teach Us

(2008). What Maps Try to Teach Us. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 447-452.
Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein to Ψ-RNA-SL3

Abstract The interaction of the nucleocapsid protein NCp7, from the pNL4-3 isolate of HIV-1, with Ψ-RNA-SL3, with the sequence 5′-GGACUAGCGGAGGCUAGUCC, was studied using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Two kinds of experiments were performed, using buffered solutions of radiolabeled RNA and unlabeled protein. In the ‘dilution’ experiments, the total RNA concentration, R T , was varied for a series of solutions, but kept equal to the total protein concentration, P T . In the ‘titration’ experiments, solutions having R T constant but with varying P T were analyzed. The solutions were electrophoresed and the autoradiographic spot intensities, proportional to the amounts of the different species present, were measured. The intensities were fit to a number of equilibrium models, differing in species stoichiometries, by finding the best values of the binding constants. It was shown that NCp7 protein and SL3 RNA combine to form at least two complexes. When P T is below approximately 10 μM, a complex that contains two RNAs and one protein forms. Increasing P T to approximately 100 μM causes the 2:1 complex to oligomerize, forming a species having eight RNAs and four proteins. For the dilution experiments, run at 5°C at an ionic strength of 31 mM, we found K 1 for the 2:1 complex is ∼10 11 M −2 and K 2 for the 8:4 complex is ∼10 16 M −3 . The titration experiments returned K 1 ∼10 7 M −2 (poorly determined) and K 2 ∼10 19 M −3 . The analysis was complicated by the loss of RNA at higher protein concentrations, due to formation of an insoluble species containing both RNA and protein, which does not enter the gel. Correcting for this changes the calculated values of equilibrium constants, but not the molecularities determined by our analysis. The observation that a small complex can oligomerize to form a larger species is consistent with the fact that NCp7 organizes and condenses the genome in the virus particle.
Prevention of preterm birth: new initiatives based on microbial-host interactions.

Preterm delivery remains a preeminent problem in reproductive and pediatric care worldwide. Recent data suggest that cervicovaginal microflora and/or the inflammatory response they engender produce factors which can cause or predispose to preterm labor and rupture of membranes. Microorganisms mediating such processes may not be "recognized pathogens" and are often considered normal flora. These microorganisms may act singly, additively, or synergistically with host factors released during an induced inflammatory response. Quantitative, as well as qualitative aspects of cervicovaginal microflora may be important. Multiple cervicovaginal microorganisms produce IgA protease, neuraminidase, and mucinase which may facilitate passage of these and other agents past cervical barriers and into the lower uterine segment. Multiple microflora also produce phospholipases A2 and C, each of which can locally augment production of eicosanoids within the uterus which are important in cervical ripening and labor. Similar microflora produce various proteases, including collagenase, which can focally weaken the amniochorion and predispose to premature rupture of membranes and cervical ripening. Intrauterine microorganisms induce inflammatory reaction and may engender local release of similar proteases, phospholipases, as well as platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lymphokines which can also initiate or further potentiate labor-inducing mechanisms. Recognition of microbe-induced pathogenesis of some cases of preterm birth offers the hope of specific treatment and prophylaxis. In recent studies, administration of erythromycin and tocolytic agents was associated with an improved outcome in selected women with preterm labor. Further microbiological and clinical studies are ongoing. "Just why so many gravidas go into labor prematurely and hence give birth to infants who often are unable to cope with extrauterine conditions is one of the great unsolved problems of obstetrics."
Sensitivity of multi-angle photo-polarimetry to vertical layering and mixing of absorbing aerosols: Quantifying measurement uncertainties

Abstract The impact of tropospheric aerosols on climate can vary greatly based upon relatively small variations in aerosol properties, such as composition, shape and size distributions, as well as vertical layering. Polarimetric measurements have been advocated in recent years as an additional tool to better understand and retrieve the aerosol properties needed for improved predictions of aerosol radiative forcing on climate. The goal of this study is to introduce a formal approach to assessing the sensitivity of both intensity and polarization signals to absorbing aerosol layering, explicitly accounting for instrument measurement uncertainties. If ignored, sensitivity to aerosol height can introduce biases in aerosol property retrievals at short (ultraviolet or blue) wavelengths; if properly exploited, it may enable the extraction of some basic information on aerosol profiles. Employing a vector successive-orders-of-scattering (SOS) radiative transfer code, we conducted modeling experiments to determine how the measured Stokes vector elements are affected at 446 nm (blue band) by the vertical distribution, mixing and layering of smoke and dust aerosols under the assumption of a simple Lambertian surface and predefined aerosol microphysical properties. We find that smoke and dust vertical layering, if ignored, can introduce biases in radiometric and polarimetric aerosol property retrievals for aerosol optical depth ( AOD ) above 0.3 (polarimetric) and AOD above 0.5 (radiometric), and should, therefore, be accounted for in retrievals at high aerosol loadings.
Scattering by an elliptic cylinder and the single-slit approximation

The scattering of electromagnetic waves by a perfectly conducting elliptic cylinder is studied for cases where the ratio of the major diameter to the wavelength, 2a/λ, ranges from approximately 6 to 80, and for aspect ratios, the ratio of the minor to major diameter b/a , from 0.50 to 0.90. Convergence of the Mathieu function series solution for the scattering requires up to 175 terms for each of the four parts, and calculating floating-point numbers to 350 digits precision for the largest values of 2a/λ and b/a . The position of the first minimum relative to the central axis in the diffraction pattern is used in the single-slit approximation formula to determine a dimension that is compared with the ellipse dimension perpendicular to the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic wave. The aspect ratio obtained by this process differs from that of the ellipse by no more than 15% at b/a = 0.50, less than 4% at b/a = 0.75, and less than 1% at b/a = 0.90 , all at 2a/λ = 20/π ≈ 6.4. The single-slit analysis yields a cross-section with a dimension that differs from that of an ellipse by a maximum value of about 28% at 2a/λ = 20/π, and b/a = 0.50 , when the angle of incidence is π/4 , and decreases to a maximum value of less than 1% at b/a = 0.90 . In all of the cases studied the difference between the actual ellipse parameters and those obtained via the single-slit approximation decreases as 2a/λ and b/a are increased.
Treating Hypochondriasis with Interpersonal Psychotherapy

The treatment of hypochondriacal patients can be conceptualized as taking one of three approaches. These typically address one of the following questions: 1) “Should the patient be preoccupied?” 2) “Why is the patient preoccupied?” 3) “What are the interpersonal consequences of being preoccupied?” Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is specifically designed to address the last of these questions. IPT focuses on understanding the patient’s real distress, exploring the patient’s maladaptive communications, and modifying those communications so that others are more able to meet the patient’s attachment needs. With a focus on communication in a time-limited frame, fostered by a strong collaborative relationship, IPT appears to be an effective method of reducing hypochondriacal behavior.
The kinetics of crystal growth and dissolution of strontium oxalate monohydrate.

Abstract The crystal growth and dissolution of strontium oxalate monohydrate have been studied at 25°C by following the changes in electrical conductivity of supersaturated and subsaturated aqueous solutions seeded with aged crystals of the monohydrate salt. Both processes follow a kinetic equation in which the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentration of the lattice ions. The critical supersaturation or threshold level for homogeneous nucleation and growth of strontium oxalate is considerably lower than that for many other sparingly soluble salts. Sodium pyrophosphate shows a strong inhibiting effect on the rate of crystal growth whereas its influence on the dissolution process is negligible. The thermodynamic association constant for the formation of strontium monooxalate complexes in solution has been determined conductimetrically; the value is 510 l mole −1 .
Cell-mediated immunity in ferrets. Delayed dermal hypersensitivity, lymphocyte transformation, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor production.

Abstract Cell-mediated immune reactions — delayed dermal hypersensitivity, lymphocyte transformation, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor production — were investigated in the ferret. Ferrets immunized with streptokinase in complete Freund's adjuvant had skin test responses characterized by induration with little erythema; skin test biopsies showed mononuclear cell infiltration. In vitro transformation of peripheral blood or splenic lymphocytes was elicited by phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and streptokinase; macrophage migration inhibitory factor was produced by spleen cells from immunized ferrets. These studies confirm the usefulness of certain tests of cell-mediated immunity in ferrets.
Chemical Stability and Its Improvement of Palladium-Based Metallic Membranes

The chemical instability of palladium-based metal membranes is the major hurdle for their commercial applications in gas separation and membrane reactor processes. When the metal membranes are exposed to a gas stream consisting of sulfur- or carbon-containing gases or even just steam, a drop in permeability or selectivity may occur depending on the composition of the metal membrane, and the extent of the decrease depends on the temperature and partial pressure. This paper provides a comprehensive review and in-depth analysis of the poisoning effects and mechanisms of sulfur- or carbon-containing compounds and H2O on Pd-based metal membranes. The paper also summarizes several methods reported in the literature for improving the chemical stability of Pd-based metal membranes with an analysis on the underlining principles for chemical stability improvement. These methods include alloying Pd with other metals (such as Cu, Ni, Fe, Pt, and Ag) preferably in the body-centered-cubic crystal structure, preparing n...
Corner stitching for L-shaped tiles

The corner-stitching technique proposed by J.K. Ousterhout (1984) is extended for rectangular objects in interactive VLSI layout editors to L-shaped objects, thus providing added flexibility in the design of VLSI circuits. It is shown theoretically that the authors' method for handling L-shaped objects is more space-efficient than an alternative method based on a direct application of the original corner-stitching method. >
On the connectivity of maximal planar graphs

Let d1 ⩾ d2 ⩾ … ⩾ dp be the vertex degrees of a maximal planar graph G. Etourneau has shown that if d1 ⩽ 6 and dp = 5, then G is 5-connected. We generalize Etourneau's result by giving sufficient conditions in terms of the vertex degrees for G to be dp -connected.
The Background of Fabian Theory

If We are to have a discussion of fabian England, it may be well at the outset to specify what we nean by fabian, even though we take England for granted. Under present circumstances in the world, die German methodology, which dictates beginning with definitions, should perhaps be employed in its Russian variant, which requires that serious discussion of any scholarly subject shall be prefaced widi an indication of what Lenin had to say on the topic. Lenin was interested i n the Fabians, interested enough to translate Industrial Democracy into Russian. It is therefore with special authority that he was able to say, “The most perfect expression of opportunism and of liberal labour politics is undoubtedly the Fabian Society.” His opinion took on added weight because he was echoing “Engels, who treats Messrs. Sidney Webb and Co. as a band of bourgeois humbugs whose aim it is to demoralize die workers, to influence them in a counter-revolutionary direction.” Lenin did recognize that “the Fabians are more sincere and honest than Kautsky and Co. because they have not promised to stand for a revolution; politically, however, diey are the same.” As we all know, in 1915, in the heat of the effort to “convert the imperialist war into civil war,” nothing more damning could be said than diat the Fabians were the same as the “pseudo-Marxist renegade” Kautsky.
Analysis of failures in the Tandem NonStop-UX Operating System

The paper presents results from an investigation of failures in several releases of Tandem's NonStop-UX Operating System, which is based on Unix System V. The analysis covers software failures from the field and failures reported by Tandem's test center. Fault classification is based on the status of the reported failures, the detection point of the errors in the operating system code, the panic message generated by the systems, the module that was found to be faulty, and the type of programming mistake. This classification reveals which modules in the operating system generate the most faults and the modules in which most errors are detected. We also present distributions of the failure and repair times including inter arrival time of unique failures and time between duplicate failures. These distributions, unlike generic time distributions, such as time between failures, help characterize the software quality. Distribution of the repair times emphasizes the repair process and the factors influencing repair. Distribution of up time of the systems before the panic reveals the factors triggering the panic.
McAllen And El Paso Revisited: Medicare Variations Not Always Reflected In The Under-Sixty-Five Population

Medicare spending for the elderly is much higher in McAllen, Texas, than in El Paso, Texas, as reported in a 2009 New Yorker article by Atul Gawande. To investigate whether this disparity was present in the non-Medicare populations of those two cities, we obtained medical use and expense data for patients privately insured by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas. In contrast to the Medicare population, the use of and spending per capita for medical services by privately insured populations in McAllen and El Paso was much less divergent, with some exceptions. For example, although spending per Medicare member per year was 86 percent higher in McAllen than in El Paso, total spending per member per year in McAllen was 7 percent lower than in El Paso for the population insured by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas. We consider possible explanations but conclude that health care providers respond quite differently to incentives in Medicare compared to those in private insurance programs.
Features, Objects, and Other Things: Ontological Distinctions in the Geographic Domain

Two hundred and sixty-three subjects each gave examples for one of five geographic categories: geographic features, geographic objects, geographic concepts, something geographic, and something that could be portrayed on a map. The frequencies of various responses were significantly different, indicating that the basic ontological terms feature, object, etc., are not interchangeable but carry different meanings when combined with adjectives indicating geographic or mappable. For all of the test phrases involving geographic, responses were predominantly natural features such as mountain, river, lake, ocean, hill. Artificial geographic features such as town and city were listed hardly at all for geographic categories, an outcome that contrasts sharply with the disciplinary self-understanding of academic geography. However, geographic artifacts and fiat objects, such as roads, cities, boundaries, countries, and states, were frequently listed by the subjects responding to the phrase something that could be portrayed on a map. In this paper, we present the results of these experiments in visual form, and provide interpretations and implications for further research.
Association of Meniscal Status, Lower Extremity Alignment, and Body Mass Index With Chondrosis at Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Knees undergoing revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (rACLR) have a high prevalence of articular cartilage lesions.Hypothesis:The prevalence of chondrosis at the time of rACLR is associated with meniscal status and lower extremity alignment.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Data from the prospective Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) cohort were reviewed to identify patients with preoperative lower extremity alignment films. Lower extremity alignment was defined by the weightbearing line (WBL) as a percentage of the tibial plateau width, while the chondral and meniscal status of each weightbearing compartment was recorded at the time of surgery. Multivariable proportional odds models were constructed and adjusted for relevant factors to examine which risk factors were independently associated with the degree of medial and lateral compartment chondrosis.Results:The cohort included 246 patients with lower extremity alignment films at the time of rA...
First it's rickets, then it's not the sodium-phosphate transporter 2a knockout mystery.

Impaired mineralization associated with disordered growth plate maturation during skeletal development and maturation leads to rickets, soft bones that bend, twist, and break easily. Impaired mineralization in skeletally mature animals leads to defective mineralization of osteoidandincreasedboneresorption,aconditionknown as osteomalacia, which is evidenced on x-rays by decreased number and coarsened bone trabeculae, pseudofracture lines (Looser’s zones) and is associated with increased fracture incidence. Both rickets and osteomalacia canbetheresultofvitaminDdeficiencyand/ordisordered phosphatemetabolism.Rickets,causedbysevereandprolonged phosphate deficiency or renal wasting syndromes, is usually “resistant” to correction by vitamin D; hence, the characterization as “vitamin D-resistant rickets.” It takes long-term vitamin D deficiency to induce rickets in growing animals. By contrast, phosphate deficiency-induced rickets
Vibrations of Twisted Rotating Blades

The literature dealing with vibrations of turbomachinery blades is voluminous, but the vast majority of it treats the blades as beams. In a previous paper a two-dimensional analytical procedure was developed and demonstrated on simple models of blades having camber. The procedure utilizes shallow shell theory along with the classical Ritz method for solving the vibration problem. Displacement functions are taken as algebraic polynomials. In the present paper the method is demonstrated on blade models having camber. Comparisons are first made with results in the literature for nonrotating twisted plates and various disagreements between results are pointed out. A method for depicting mode shape information is demonstrated, permitting one to examine all three components of displacement. Finally, the analytical procedure is demonstrated on rotating twisted blade modes, both without and with camber.
Ceramide-induced cell death in primary neuronal cultures: upregulation of ceramide levels during neuronal apoptosis.

Ceramide is a sphingolipid that has been implicated both in apoptosis and protection from cell death. We show that in both rat cerebellar granule cells and cortical neuronal cultures application of C(2)-ceramide causes cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Similar effects were observed with the exogenous application of bacterial sphingomyelinase, which hydrolyzes sphingomyelin located on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and leads to endogenous ceramide accumulation. Furthermore, endogenous ceramide levels were increased during apoptosis induced by nutrient deprivation or etoposide treatment. These findings suggest that upregulation of ceramide levels, which may be generated through activation of sphingomyelinase, contributes to neuronal apoptosis.
A multiple model adaptive dual control algorithm for stochastic systems with unknown parameters

An adaptive dual control algorithm is presented for linear stochastic systems with constant but unknown parameters. The system parameters are assumed to belong to a finite set on which a prior probability distribution is available. The tool used to derive the algorithm is preposterior analysis: a probabilistic characterization of the future adaptation process allows the controller to take advantage of the dual effect. The resulting actively adaptive control called Model Adaptive Dual (MAD) control is compared to two passively adaptive control algorithms - the Heuristic Certainty Equivalence (HCE) and the Deshpande-Upadhyay-Lainiotis (DUL) model-weighted controllers. An analysis technique developed for the comparison of different controllers is used to show statistically significant improvement in the performance of the MAD algorithm over those of the HCE and DUL.
DC-SIGN-Mediated Internalization of HIV Is Required for Trans-Enhancement of T Cell Infection

Fusion of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to the plasma membrane of target cells is mediated by interaction of its envelope glycoprotein, gp120, with CD4 and appropriate chemokine receptors. gp120 additionally binds to DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin expressed on immature dendritic cells. This interaction does not result in viral fusion, but instead contributes to enhanced infection in trans of target cells that express CD4 and chemokine receptors. Here we show that DC-SIGN mediates rapid internalization of intact HIV into a low pH nonlysosomal compartment. Internalized virus retains competence to infect target cells. Removal of the DC-SIGN cytoplasmic tail reduced viral uptake and abrogated the trans-enhancement of T cell infection. We propose that HIV binds to DC-SIGN to gain access to an intracellular compartment that contributes to augmentation or retention of viral infectivity.
Supplier-induced demand for psychiatric admissions in Northern New England

Background The development of hospital service areas (HSAs) using small area analysis has been useful in examining variation in medical and surgical care; however, the techniques of small area analysis are underdeveloped in understanding psychiatric admission rates. We sought to develop these techniques in order to understand the relationship between psychiatric bed supply and admission rates in Northern New England. Our primary hypotheses were that there would be substantial variation in psychiatric admission across geographic settings and that bed availability would be positively correlated with admission rates, reflecting a supplier-induced demand phenomenon. Our secondary hypothesis was that the construction of psychiatric HSAs (PHSAs) would yield more meaningful results than the use of existing general medical hospital service areas.
A Molecular Tuning Fork in Single‐Molecule Mechanochemical Sensing

The separate arrangement of target recognition and signal transduction in conventional biosensors often compromises the real-time response and can introduce additional noise. To address these issues, we combined analyte recognition and signal reporting by mechanochemical coupling in a single-molecule DNA template. We incorporated a DNA hairpin as a mechanophore in the template, which, under a specific force, undergoes stochastic transitions between folded and unfolded hairpin structures (mechanoescence). Reminiscent of a tuning fork that vibrates at a fixed frequency, the device was classified as a molecular tuning fork (MTF). By monitoring the lifetime of the folded and unfolded hairpins with equal populations, we were able to differentiate between the mono- and bivalent binding modes during individual antibody-antigen binding events. We anticipate these mechanospectroscopic concepts and methods will be instrumental for the development of novel bioanalyses.