cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cyclic stress-strain response of copper at low strains—i. Constant amplitude testing

Abstract A controversy has arisen over whether or not the cyclic stress-strain (CSS) curve for polycrystalline copper can be correlated with that for monocrystals, particularly in showing a plateau and a fatigue limit at an equivalent stress and strain (equivalence being expressed via Taylor's factor). Bhat and Laird suggested this correlation but Mughrabi opposed it on the grounds that interpretetion of the mechanical data was equivocal and he did not believe persistent slip band (PSB's) would exist in the bulk of polycrystals. To help settle this controversy, low strain tests under both constant strain-control and constant stress-control (Part I) have been carried out in polycrystals as well as extensive observations of the dislocation structures by TEM. It is concluded that the strain-control curve does not show a true plateau, in agreement with the views of Mughrabi. However, a definite change of slope occurs at a stress and strain corresponding to the fatigue limit and initial formation of PSB's in monocrystals, in agreement with the views of Bhat and Laird. Furthermore, the stress-control CSS curve tends strongly to a plateau, differing from the strain-control CSS curve at low strains; also dipolar wall structures analogous to those of monocrystalline PSB's but not so regularly ladder-like, are found in the bulk of polycrystalline copper. The dislocation structures corresponding to the different CSS curves in load and strain control are documented, and reasons for history dependence in CSS response are provided. Thus a close correlation between the CSS curves and cyclic response of polycrystals and monocrystals is demonstrated. In a companion paper (Part II), similar correlation is demonstrated for tests conducted under variable amplitudes.
Four types of ignorance: Discussion

This is a comment on Hansen and Sargent (2015). Using a generalized one-period setup, I provide some intuition and perspective.
Observations on the Perioperative Management of Patients Undergoing the Maze Procedure

In addition to the usual measures that constitute optimal perioperative care after cardiac surgery, the Maze procedure demands several other measures because of certain complications that are unique to this particular operation. These complications include preoperative conditions such as amiodarone therapy, thromboembolism, diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle, and associated valvular heart disease, as well as intraoperative differences that include multiple atriotomies and excision of both atrial appendages. The most common postoperative complications are atrial arrhythmias, excessive fluid retention, and pulmonary complications. In this article, we outline our own approach to the perioperative care of patients undergoing the Maze procedure.
Effects of Donors and Acceptors on the Energetics and Mechanism of Proton, Hydrogen, and Hydride Release from Imidazole

The mechanism and energetics of H-unit (proton, hydrogen, hydride) release from the N−H site of imidazole (IM) is explored on the basis of B3LYP/6-311++G** calculations. Of the three H-unit release modes of IM, H-atom release is strongly favored in the gas phase. Protonation of the bare N-site, positive charge injection over the whole IM ring, and water coupled to the N−H site can each significantly decrease the proton dissociation energy but separately do not change the relative release priority of the proton and H-atom. Their cooperative effect not only significantly decreases the proton dissociation energy but also makes proton release more favorable than H-atom release. A point charge of variable-magnitude placed at the bare N-site leads to a crossover between proton and H-atom dissociation to favor proton release around 1.8 charge units. When a hydrogen-bonded water is added to the N−H site, the crossover that favors proton release falls to a much smaller value (∼0.4 charge units). Thus, proton relea...
Nicotine Alone and in Combination with l-DOPA Methyl Ester or the D2 Agonist N-0923 in MPTP-Induced Chronic Hemiparkinsonian Monkeys

Nicotine, the soluble methyl ester of L-DOPA, and the D(2) agonist N-0923 were given alone and in combination im to five hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Daily nicotine in doses of 32-320 micrograms/kg for 6 days each, surprisingly, had slight effects on motor activity. When combined with N-0923, nicotine did not further enhance its effects. However, L-DOPA methyl ester plus nicotine produced greater contraversive circling than L-DOPA methyl ester plus 0.9% NaCl. Similar effects were obtained on significant motor movements of both the affected (contralateral) and normal (ipsilateral) arm and hand. The results indicate that nicotine is synergistic with l-DOPA methyl ester, but not with the postsynaptic D(2) agonist N-0923.
Relative humidity hysteresis in solid‐state chemical reactivity: A pharmaceutical case study

The chemical reaction rate for solid-state product formation in a pharmaceutical case study was monitored by equilibration with either a 75%, 21.5%, 75% relative humidity (RH) cycle ("high-low-high", HLH) or a 21.5%, 75%, 21.5% RH cycle ("low-high-low", LHL). For the HLH cycle, it was found that the degradant formation rate was reversible; that is, the rate at the final 75% RH step was equivalent to the rate at the initial 75% RH step. For samples equilibrated with the LHL cycle, a significantly higher rate of product formation was seen when the low RH condition was re-established than for the initial sample that had never been exposed to high RH. The observed hysteresis in degradant formation rate as a function of RH is not explained by hysteresis in the bulk moisture sorption isotherm, which is minimal in the case studied. It is suggested that high RH exposure impacts the solid-solid interface by either changing the amount of solid-solution present, by altering the mechanical properties of the material such that there is a greater mobility even when moisture is removed, or by altering the interfacial material to have a greater amount of moisture present even when dried.
A unimolecular reaction ABC→A+B+C involving three product molecules and a single transition state. Photodissociation of glyoxal: HCOHCO→H2+CO+CO

Following an earlier proposal [Y. Osamura and H. F. Schaefer, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 4576 (1981)], the unimolecular reaction HCOHCO→H2+CO+CO has been examined via nonempirical molecular electronic structure theory. Specifically, the constrained symmetric (point group C2v) transition state for this ABC→A+B+C reaction has been located at several levels of self‐consistent‐field (SCF) theory. Four different basis sets of contracted Gaussian functions were used: an STO‐3G minimum basis, the small split valence 3‐21G basis, the standard C(9s 5p/4s 2p) double zeta (DZ) set, and a double zeta plus polarization (DZ+P) basis. Vibrational analyses of the four stationary point structures (all of which are geometrically similar) yield a remarkable variety of results. The STO‐3G stationary point has three imaginary vibrational frequencies, 3‐21G has one imaginary frequency (and thus is a genuine transition state), while the DZ and DZ+P structures yield two imaginary vibrational frequencies. For the latter two cases, one of the two imaginary vibrations is a very small bending frequency, while the larger frequency clearly connects glyoxal with the three products H2+CO+CO. This suggests the existence of a slightly nonplanar true transition state. To our knowledge such a unimolecular transition state is without precedent. Configuration interaction (CI) suggests that the barrier for this ABC→A+B+C reaction is competitive with that for HCOHCO→H2CO+CO.
International Bargaining and Domestic Politics: U.S.-China Relations since 1972

The concepts of triangular structure and pattern of relations are useful in understanding conflict in U.S.-China relations, particularly over Taiwan, and in explaining the context in which Chinese domestic politics influences the P.R.C.'s policy toward the United States. Through their influence on relative bargaining strengths, shifting patterns of relations have determined Beijing's readiness either to push for change in U.S.-Taiwan relations or to accept the status quo until China's bargaining position improves. The pace of policy change within a particular pattern of relations has been influenced by the P.R.C.'s domestic politics, which has also compelled the leaders to protect their domestic position by issuing statements aimed at the domestic audience.
A series of large, Late Wisconsinan meltwater floods through the Champlain and Hudson Valleys, New York State, USA

Abstract The Champlain Valley in northeastern New York lies at the junction of two important Late Wisconsinan proglacial outflow routes, the Hudson Valley to the south and the St. Lawrence Valley to the northeast. Freshwater outflow from proglacial lakes in the Hudson/Champlain valleys (glacial lake Albany/Vermont) and the combined Ontario and St. Lawrence valleys (glacial Lake Iroquois) may have affected ocean circulation and thereby altered climate during the last deglaciation. We have estimated steady-state and three flood pulse discharges from these large meltwater reservoirs into the North Atlantic using channel geometry and a high resolution digital elevation model of the Late Wisconsinan paleogeography of the region. We estimate the steady-state meltwater discharge into the North Atlantic to be 0.3–0.6 Sv. The first flood event was a combined Iroquois/Vermont outflow at around 10,900 14 C yr BP that released 700 km 3 of meltwater into the North Atlantic through the Hudson Valley with an estimated discharge of 1.1 Sv. A second outflow event released 2500 km 3 through the Hudson Valley shortly after the first event. Finally, approximately 1500 km 3 was released to the North Atlantic through the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the incursion of the Champlain Sea about 150–300 years later.
Conservation implications of density-dependent predation by ghost crabs on hatchling sea turtles running the gauntlet to the sea

Protecting eggs from predators is common practice in sea turtle conservation, but routine protection of hatchlings is not. Of 42 loggerhead hatchlings observed emerging from 10 nests on undeveloped Onslow Beach, North Carolina, 24 % were preyed on by ghost crabs. In experimental trials, ghost crabs similarly threatened and captured neonate freshwater sliders, supporting their substitution as proxy for threatened and endangered sea turtle hatchlings in field experiments testing density dependence. Exploiting natural long-shore variation in ghost crab density, we show that a 2.6-fold higher ghost crab density resulted in 5 times more nocturnal threat encounters with sliders and 3.4 times more slider captures. Sliders released in simulated group emergences experienced lower per capita capture risk by ghost crabs than solitary sliders, implying predator dilution. Non-independence of egg and hatchling depredation motivates consideration of merging sea turtle egg and hatchling stages when modeling and managing food web interactions.
Fluorescence emission from adsorbed bovine serum albumin and albumin-bound 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate studied by TIRF

Abstract Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy was used to analyse the conformational changes of bovine serum albumin (BSA) upon adsorption to silica surfaces. The intrinsic fluorescence emitted by BSA tryptophans and the fluorescence of BSA-bound ligand 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) were analysed prior to and after the removal of nonadsorbed protein. It was found that the irreversibly adsorbed BSA emits a blue-shifted intrinsic fluorescence (11 nm) and that the surface-adsorbed BSA-bound ANS fluorescence emission is red-shifted (12 nm). It was concluded that the conformational change in adsorbed BSA involves the whole BSA molecule: tryptophans become exposed to a less polar environment while the binding site polarity is increased. The conformation of irreversibly adsorbed BSA is not similar to the unfolded conformation of heat-denatured BSA. The red-edge excitation of adsorbed BSA-bound ANS indicates a slower spectral relaxation in the adsorbed protein as compared with the protein in solution. The fluorescence intensity contributions from irreversibly adsorbed species (BSA with and without bound ANS) suggest some changes in either ANS-BSA binding affinity and/or ANS fluorescence enhancement.
Lobster trap limits : A solution to a communal action problem

Most major fisheries of the world are becoming depleted, largely by human over-exploitation. The basic problem is that fishers cannot or will not generate rules to conserve the resources upon which their livelihood depends. They are unable to solve this communal action dilemma although all would gain. Some fisher groups have been able to establish conservation-oriented guidelines either by lobbying the state (a centralized solution) or by generating self-imposed rules (a decentralized solution). We analyze the factors that allow lobster fishers on four Maine islands to benefit from self-imposed trap limits while most other lobster fishers must await decisions of the state legislature. It is argued that Knight's bargaining theory of norm development explains the trap limit. At root, trap limit rules are the result of a distributional fight over the resource. However, a number of other factors are necessary for fishers to constrain themselves informally. This case modifies and extends the use of rational choice theory in understanding the generation of rules for conserving resources.
Longitudinal Investigation of Reciprocal Relationship Between Stress Reactions and Hardiness

Although many studies have examined hardiness as a protective factor against stress reactions, to the authors' knowledge no studies have yet examined the impact of stress reactions on hardiness. However, there is theoretical support for this notion. In this longitudinal study of 1,571 Marine recruits who participated in a highly stressful training program, the authors applied regression-based cross-lagged analyses to examine associations between stress reactions and hardiness over time for both men and women, and they investigated social support as a moderator of these relationships. Men who were hardier at Time 1 (T1) reported lower stress reactions at Time 2 (T2), and men who experienced more stress reactions at T1 were less hardy at T2. Although the negative impact of stress reactions on hardiness was strongest when social support was low for both genders, stress reactions predicted enhanced hardiness when social support was high for women only.
PCR diagnostic methods for Ascosphaera infections in bees

Fungi in the genus Ascosphaera are the causative agents of chalkbrood, a major disease affecting bee larval viability. Identification of individual Ascosphaera species based on morphological features has been difficult due to a lack of distinguishing characteristics. Most identifications are based on the size and shape of the ascomata, spore balls and conidia. Unfortunately, much overlap occurs in the size of these structures, and some Ascosphaera species will not produce sexual structures in vitro. We report a quick and reliable diagnostic method for identifying Ascosphaera infections in Megachile bees (leafcutting bees) using PCR markers that employ genus-specific primers for Ascosphaera, and species-specific primers for species known to be associated with Megachile spp. Using these methods, species identifications can be performed directly on bees, including asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, the PCR markers can detect co-infections of multiple Ascosphaera species in a single host. We also identified a marker for Ascosphaera apis, the predominant cause of chalkbrood in Apis mellifera, the honey bee. Our diagnostic methods eliminate the need for culturing samples, and could be used to process a large number of field collected bee larvae.
Song Maocheng’s Matrixes of Mourning and Regret

Through the many poems of loss and commemorative essays in the collected works of Song Maocheng (1569-1620), we can discern three matrixes of association among the author and his deceased loved ones: (1) a patrilineal matrix in which the salient theme is the rupture or felt-failure of paternal and avuncular care and guidance of male children in the patriline; (2) a female-domestic matrix in which losses engendered feelings of guilt, either for partial responsibility in the deaths or for inability to properly recompense female care and self-sacrifice within the household; and (3) a female-sensual matrix in which the loss of feminine sympathy, comfort, and beauty—whether to death or to parting—dominate the aesthetic. These three matrixes overlap in the wife’s roles as maternal perpetuator of the patriline, preserver of household harmony and resources, and loving, devoted spouse. The centrality of the wife’s role is reflected most strikingly in the long, moving “Elegy, with Preface” that Song wrote for his first wife, nee Yang, who died in Song’s absence shortly after giving birth to his first son in the third year of their marriage. Despite remarriage and the acquisition of multiple concubines, Song also wrote several sets of poems in memory of his first wife, who entered his dreams for many years after her death.
Effect of (Neo)adjuvant zoledronic acid on disease-free and overall survival in clinical stage II/III breast cancer

Effect of (Neo)adjuvant zoledronic acid on disease-free and overall survival in clinical stage II/III breast cancer
Modeling Blood/Plasma Concentrations in Dosed Feed and Dosed Drinking Water Toxicology Studies

A computer model for predicting blood/plasma concentrations of test chemicals in dosed feed and dosed drinking water toxicology studies was developed. The model was constructed based on linear theory. The animal′s feeding and drinking habits and the linear disposition kinetics of the test chemical obtained after a bolus gavage dose were built into the model. Blood! plasma concentrations of oxazepam and pentachlorophenol in dosed feed and dosed drinking water studies were predicted and compared with the experimentally determined data. The model proved highly reliable in predicting the blood/plasma concentrations of test chemical in dosed feed and dosed drinking water studies. The results suggest that if the kinetics of test chemicals fit a one-compartment model then bioaccumulation of the test chemical will occur in dosed feed or in dosed drinking water studies when absorption half-lives are less than 1.38 hr and elimination half-lives are longer than 5 hr. The extent of accumulation is mainly dependent on the elimination half-lives. For chemicals with absorption half-lives less than 1.38 hr and elimination half-lives less than 2 hr. the extent of bioaccumulation will be minimal. Blood/plasma concentrations of test chemicals in rats and mice will fluctuate daily and a quasi-steady state will be achieved after ad libitum exposure to dosed feed or dosed drinking water for approximately 4 days. If a daily 12-hr light cycle is used with the light cycle starting at 7:00 AM, the expected peak and trough blood concentrations in dosed feed studies will occur approximately in the early morning (5:00 AM) and in the late afternoon (4:00 PM), respectively. Similar results were obtained for dosed drinking water studies. The model should be applicable to dosed feed and dosed drinking water studies using other species.
An Animated Instructional Module for Teaching Production Economics With 3-D Graphics

An animated instructional module is described for illustrating key production economics concepts. The module uses three-dimensional production surfaces and two-dimensional contour maps. Two graphics programs are used together to construct diagrams that neither program could produce alone. Module sequences are based on the "classical" two-factor, one-output model, using a production function consistent with textbook diagrams. Although primarily for upper-division undergraduate or beginning graduate production economics courses, the instructional module provides a useful instructional supplement for advanced students. A free disk copy of the module for use on a personal computer is available from the author.
Green youth of Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine: after-school naturalist programs in post-Soviet space

This paper compares the status of young naturalist after-school programs in three post-Soviet republics: Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. In the past, the region's environmental teachers, leaders and activists have emerged from such youth programs. Thus, the health of these programs is a leading indicator for the long-term viability of broader environmental efforts across the former Soviet Union. However, it is unclear whether the existing international, national or local structures of the post-Soviet republics are adequate for nurturing a new generation of politically active and environmentally aware youth. Although all three countries have many thriving programs with talented staff and good curriculum, one of our main findings is that there is not enough support from existing state structures or from private sector efforts to ensure the long-term sustainability of such programs. In addition, we find that many of these programs would benefit from better communication and coordination with one another. How...
Analysis of Operational Interactions Between Freeway Managed Lanes and Parallel, General Purpose Lanes

Roadway agencies face growing challenges to expand freeway capacity. Under the constraints of rising construction costs, right-of-way limitations, and environmental regulations, transportation agencies are seeking solutions for efficiently managing the demand on existing freeway facilities and for providing options for travelers. The concept of managed lanes (MLs) is an increasingly popular countermeasure that aims to make the most efficient use of freeway facilities by restricting access to one or more lanes to certain vehicle classes on a facility that is parallel to existing general purpose (GP) lanes. With different strategies for separating ML and GP lanes, this study examines the interaction between GP lanes and ML operations. It scrutinizes this interaction as a function of different separation types, the number of MLs, and operational ML strategies, including high-occupancy toll (HOT) and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. Four freeway sites were selected to explore the effect of this interaction...
Exotic Higgs interactions and Z-factories

Abstract We discuss some consequences of tree-level H ± W ∓ Z interactions in a model with triplet Higgs bosons whose vacuum expectation values can potentially contribute to the W and Z masses. It is shown that such interactions can make the model confront crucial tests in Z-factories and constrain its parameter space from the current data.
Fluorous enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylinositides.

A fluorous tagging strategy coupled with enzymatic synthesis is introduced to efficiently synthesize multiple phosphatidylinositides, which are then directly immobilized on a fluorous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane to probe protein–lipid interactions.
Repeated scopolamine injections sensitize rats to pilocarpine-induced vacuous jaw movements and enhance striatal muscarinic receptor binding

This experiment was conducted to determine if repeated administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine could increase pilocarpine-induced vacuous jaw movements and also enhance muscarinic receptor binding. Rats received daily injections of either scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg IP) or saline for 14 days. On day 15 rats received no injections of scopolamine, but did receive injections of pilocarpine (1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg IP) or saline. After administration of pilocarpine or saline, all rats were observed for vacuous jaw movements and rearing behavior. The day after pilocarpine injections, rats were sacrificed and samples of tissue from the lateral neostriatum were removed to assess muscarinic receptor binding using 3H-QNB as the ligand. Analyses of the vacuous jaw movement data indicated that there was a significant dose-related increase in vacuous jaw movements induced by pilocarpine, and also that there was a significant enhancement of pilocarpine-induced vacuous jaw movements in rats pretreated with repeated scopolamine injections. There was not a significant scopolamine × pilocarpine interaction, suggesting that pretreatment with scopolamine produced an apparent parallel shift in the pilocarpine dose-response curve. Pilocarpine significantly suppressed rearing behavior, and scopolamine pretreatment significantly enhanced the suppression of rearing produced by pilocarpine. Analysis of the receptor binding data indicated that there was a significant increase in the number of muscarinic receptor sites (Bmax) in rats that received repeated scopolamine injections as compared to saline-treated rats. These results demonstrate that repeated administration of scopolamine sensitizes rats to the induction of vacuous jaw movements produced by pilocarpine, and also indicate that vacuous jaw movements may be a useful behavioral procedure for assessing striatal muscarinic supersensitivity.
Apolipoprotein E Peptide Stimulation of Rat Ovarian Theca Cell Androgen Synthesis Is Mediated by Members of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Superfamily

Ovarian androgen production is rate limiting for follicular maturation and can induce follicular atresia. Thus, it is important to define the actions of the intraovarian agents, such as apolipoprotein (apo) E, that modulate theca cell androgen production. Theca cell androgen production is stimulated at low concentrations and inhibited at higher concentrations of native apo E. The apo E peptide, acetyl-Y(LRKLRKRLLRDADDL)(2)C or acetyl-Y(141-155)(2)C, has low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and LDL receptor-related protein-binding activity, and it mimics the activity of native apo E in the theca-interstitial cell system. To define the role of members of the LDL receptor superfamily in the apo E peptide-mediated responses, we found that receptor-associated protein prevented the stimulation without altering the inhibition of androstenedione production. The apo E peptide (129-162), which has no LDL receptor-binding activity, did not stimulate androstenedione production. The apo E peptide acetyl-Y(141-155)(2)C did not stimulate androstenedione production when cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans were degraded with heparinase. The apo E peptide acetyl-Y(141-155)(2)C bound to heparin, a property of LDL receptor ligands, and in this complex the peptide had no effect on androstenedione production. These observations support the conclusion that apo E-mediated stimulation, but not inhibition, of ovarian theca cell androstenedione production was mediated by members of the LDL receptor superfamily.
Limits on the production of neutral penetrating states in a beam dump

Abstract We present limits on the production of neutral penetrating states produced in 28 GeV proton nucleus collisions. We obtain limits for light, heavy and unstable neutral states. For light stable states our limit σ I σ P −69 cm 4 /nucleon 2 is more than a factor of 5.5 better than previous limits. Time of flight techniques are used to study heavy states. We have poor sensitivity to short-lived states.
A statistical analysis of sampling time and load variations for residential load aggregations

The electrical load in residential systems highly depends on various types of uncertainty due to the lifestyle of the residential customers. Enhancing the knowledge on the aggregated behavior of these customers is particularly important for the distribution system operator, also with the aim of determining the potential flexibility of the residential demand and setting up the economic terms of the electricity provision to the customers. This paper addresses the impact of the sampling time interval with which the customer data are gathered on the characteristics of the aggregated electricity demand. A dedicated statistical analysis has been carried out to highlight the load variations occurring for different numbers of aggregated extra-urban residential customers. The results are represented in the form of normalized percentage load variations, using the number of samples and the maximum demand variation to construct the normalizing factor. The results indicate how the sampling time interval affects the load variations for different levels of customer aggregation.
Effects of waterlogging and salinity interaction on Nyssa aquatica seedlings

Abstract Tupelo-gum ( Nyssa aquatica L.) seedlings were subjected to soil waterlogging and salt stresses to evaluated the response of this swamp tree species to saltwater intrusion which occurs in some forest along the Lousiana Gulf Coast due to rapid subsidence and brine discharge associated with oil-recovery operations. Hight growth was reduced shortly after treatments began and persisted throughout the entire study, with some recovery noted around the third week. Under both flooding and drained conditions, addition of salt caused further decline in height growth. Carbon assimilation rates declined under flooding or salinity treatments and the response to interaction between the two stresses was significant. Results presented indicate that regeneration and survival of tupelo-gum seedlings will be be adversely affected in areas where saltwater intrusion
Avoiding tachycardia alteration or termination during attempted entrainment mapping of atrial tachycardia related to atrial fibrillation ablation

Background Entrainment can be useful for mapping atrial tachycardias (ATs) after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation but may result in AT alteration or termination. Objective We aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors for AT alteration or termination. Methods In 30 consecutive patients, 62 ATs (mean cycle length [CL] 268 ± 53 ms) in which overdrive pacing for entrainment mapping was performed were retrospectively analyzed. AT was classified as altered if the CL or activation pattern remained altered 10 seconds after pacing. The variability in the PP intervals was determined over 10 beats from 2 measures: (1) the difference between the shortest and the longest CL expressed as a percentage of the CL and (2) the mean difference between sequential PP intervals expressed as a percentage of the AT CL (CLD mean ). Results Of 386 total pacing attempts (tachycardia CL [TCL] – pacing CL [PCL] difference 15 ± 6 ms), 5 (1.3%) altered or terminated AT and 381 did not change AT (98.7%). When the TCL − PCL difference was ≤20 ms, only 2 of 353 (0.5%) attempts altered or terminated AT. When the TCL − PCL difference was >20 ms, 3 of 33 (9%) attempts altered or terminated AT. The difference between the shortest and the longest CL expressed as a percentage of the CL was significantly greater in ATs that were altered or terminated by pacing than in those unchanged (11.0% ± 9.6% vs 4.5% ± 4.5%; P = .007), but the mean difference between sequential PP intervals expressed as a percentage of the AT CL was not significantly different (3.8% ± 2.6% vs 1.9% ± 2.1%; P = .06). Conclusion Overdrive pacing for entrainment mapping rarely alters or terminates after atrial fibrillation AT, provided that AT is stable before pacing and that the PCL is ≤20 ms shorter than the AT CL.
A low-phase-noise wide-tuning-range quadrature oscillator in 65nm CMOS

In this paper, we present a low-phase-noise wide-tuning-range quadrature oscillator using an LC-ring resonator. It achieves low phase noise by employing passive coupling between multiple stages and at the same time it covers a wide tuning range by switching between two resonant modes. Furthermore, the problem of oscillation frequency uncertainty which is a common issue in oscillators with multiple oscillation modes is addressed by the novel mode switching method. The proposed design is verified by a four-stage LC-ring prototype in a 65nm CMOS process, which covers 2.78GHz–5.00GHz with phase noise FoM of 186dB at 3.66GHz and >180dB across the entire tuning range. This demonstrates the best performance among wide-tuning-range quadrature VCO's at this frequency range.
Feasibility of obtaining biomarker profiles from endoscopic biopsy specimens in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Preliminary results

Abstract Objective To prospectively evaluate the feasibility of obtaining a reliable histochemical assessment of cell cycle biomarkers from endoscopic biopsy specimens of patients with upper tract urothelial cancer. Methods Overall, 17 patients were identified who had an available biopsy as well as those who underwent subsequent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) or segmental ureterectomy (SU) for clinically localized high-grade upper tract urothelial cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter. Of those 17 patients, 15 (88%) had sufficient tissue to undergo immunohistochemical staining. Biopsies were obtained using various endoscopic techniques. Tumor characteristics were recorded and prospectively evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of 5 biomarkers: p21, p27, p53, cyclin E, and Ki67/pRb. Unfavorable prognostic score (PS) was defined as>2 altered markers. Results The median age of the patients was 68 years (range: 53–82 y) with 87% being males. Of the 15 specimens, 9 (60%) tumors were organ confined (T≤2 and N0), and all were high grade. Of the 15 patients, 4 (27%), 7 (46.6%), 3 (20%), and 1 (6.7%) individuals had 1, 2, 3, and 5 markers altered on biopsy marker profiling, respectively, with Ki67 being the most frequent alteration (13/15; 87.7%). An overall concordance rate of 60% (9/15) was seen between biopsy and RNU/SU PS. Those patients with favorable biopsy biomarker PS were less likely to display adverse pathological features, with organ-confined disease in 7/11 (63.6%) patients and 9/11 (81.8%) being free of carcinoma in situ in the final specimen. Additionally, 10/11 (91%) had no evidence of necrosis and 7/11 (64%) had no evidence of lymphovascular invasion on final pathologic evaluation. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that obtaining interpretable biomarker profile of ureteroscopic biopsy specimens is feasible. Tumor heterogeneity and limited biopsy material may account for the discordance between biopsy and RNU/SU specimens. Meaningful biopsy biomarker profiling could serve as a powerful tool for individualizing treatment regimens and augmenting current predictive variables. Further studies are needed to evaluate clinical applicability.
Effect of Sub-Freezing Temperature on a PEM Fuel Cell

The cold-start behavior and the effect of subzero temperatures on fuel cell performance were studied using a 25-cm2 PEMFC. The fuel cell system was housed in an environmental chamber that allowed the system to be subjected to temperatures ranging from sub-freezing to those encountered during normal operation. Fuel cell cold-start was investigated under a wide range of operating conditions. The cold-start measurements showed that the cell was capable of starting operation at −5 °C without irreversible performance loss when the cell was initially dry. The fuel cell was also able to operate at low environmental temperatures, down to −15 °C. However, irreversible performance losses were found if the cell cathode temperature fell below −5 °C during operation. Freezing of the water generated by fuel cell operation damaged fuel cell internal components. Several low temperature failure cases were investigated in PEM fuel cells that underwent sub-zero start and operation from −20 °C. Cell components were removed from the fuel cells and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Significant damage to the MEA and backing layer was observed in these components after operation below −5 °C. Catalyst layer delamination from both the membrane and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) was observed, as were cracks in the membrane, leading to hydrogen crossover. The membrane surface became rough and cracked and pinhole formation was observed in the membrane after operation at subzero temperatures. Some minor damage was observed to the backing layer coating Teflon and binder structure due to ice formation during operation.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Preparation of optically pure esomeprazole and its related salt

The magnesium salt of (S)-isomer of omeprazole, with a trade name of Nexium, is the first proton-pump inhibitor developed as a single isomer for the treatment of acid-related diseases. A process for the preparation of the optically pure (S)-isomer of omeprazole through transition metal complex is described.
The Archaeological Study of Spanish Colonialism in the Americas

Spanish colonial archaeology has undergone a fundamental shift since the Columbian Quincentenary due to the adoption of a bottom-up understanding of colonialism that emphasizes the analysis of local phenomena in a global context and the active ways in which people negotiated the processes set in motion by the conquest. This review examines five key research foci: culture change and identity, missionization, bioarchaeology, economics, and investigations of the colonial core. It ends with a consideration of ongoing challenges posed by the archaeology of colonialism, particularly the relationship of the individual to broader social processes and the emerging role of comparison.
Sur un nouveau cas particulier du probleme des trois corps

Resume On suppose que le plan des trois corps M0, M1, M2 enveloppe un cone de revolution C dont le sommet est M0 et dont l'axe a une direction fixe dans l'espace. M1 et M2 etant rapportes a M0 a l'aide d'un systeme inertique de trois axes de coordonnees cartesiennes rectangulaires de directions fixes dont l'un des axes est l'axe de C , on montre que les mouvements de M1 et M2 se ramenent a l'integration d'une equation differentielle D du quatrieme ordre par rapport a une variable angulaire ϕ. Si C se reduit a son axe (cas I), D se ramene a une equation differentielle du troisieme ordre qu'on peut effectivement ecrire et les deux seuls cas possibles sont alors le cas de Lagrange et le cas ou deux des trois corps M0, M1, M2 se choquent. Si l'un des deux corps M1, M2 a une masse nulle (cas 2), D se ramene a une equation differentielle du second ordre qu'on peut effectivement ecrire et le mouvement elliptique du corps de masse non nulle permet d'integrer D . Le mouvement du corps de masse nulle se ramene a l'integration d'une equation differentielle du second ordre par rapport, a une variable auxiliaire v et qu'on ecrit effectivement. Les coordonnees cartesiennes de M1 et M2 sont des fonctions algebriques des masses de M1 et M2, de l'angle au sommet de C et de sin ϕ, cos ϕ, dϕ dt , d 2 ϕ dt 2 , d 3 ϕ dt 3 . Dans le cas 1 on peut effectivement les ecrire. Dans le cas 2, les coordonnees cartesiennes du corps de masse non nulle sont des fonctions algebriques de sa masse et de sin ϕ, cos ϕ dϕ dϕ qu'on ecrit effectivement.
Cytologic and genetic evidence of somatic segregation in mammals, birds, and fishes

The phenomenon of somatic segregation is defined herein as the formation of two new diploid cell types within the body of an ordinary monozygotic individual. In these new cell types, either two paternallyderived chromosomes or two maternallyderived ones constitute a homologous pair. By this mechanism, two kinds of cells homozygous for either one or the other allele emerge within the body of an individual heterozygous for a given genetic locus.
NF-κB (REL) homologues in scup (Stenotomus chrysops) and possible activation of NF-κB by AH receptor agonists

Abstract Rel family proteins, p50, p52, RelA, RelB, and cRel, constitute dimeric nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors NF-κB rapidly activates genes encoding cytokines, cell surface receptors, cell adhesion molecules and acute phase proteins NF-κB is activated by stimuli including reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examined Rel proteins and NF-κB activation by xenobiotics in the fish scup, partly because of findings that PCBs stimulate ROS release from scup CYP1A DNA-protein cross-linking revealed specific binding of an NF-κB consensus sequence by liver, kidney and heart nuclear proteins from untreated fish Two of the three proteins identified corresponded to mouse p50 and RelA Antibodies to p50 immunoprecipitated the 50 kD protein RT-PCR cloning of a Rel homology domain from scup liver confirmed the presence of a Rel sequence Gel shift assays showed that NF-κB activation occurred in vehicle-treated fish, but that this decreased over time 3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (0.01–1 mg/kg) stimulated 6–8-fold increases in activation 16–18 days after treatment, but a second experiment showed no significant activation 14 days after treatment The data establish that Rel family proteins, including a p50 homologue, occur in fish, and that activation by Ah receptor agonists may occur but is variable. [EPA R823890-01, NIH ES-17381 and a WHOI-Mellon Award.]
Mixing and remineralization in waters detrained from the surface into Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water in the southeastern Pacific

A hydrographic data set collected in the region and season of Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water (SAMW and AAIW) formation in the southeastern Pacific allows us to estimate the preformed properties of surface water detrained into these water masses from deep mixed layers north of the Subantarctic Front and Antarctic Surface Water south of the front. Using 10 measured seawater properties, we estimate: the fractions of SAMW/AAIW that originate as surface source waters, as well as fractions that mix into these water masses from subtropical thermocline water above and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water below the subducted SAMW/AAIW; ages associated with the detrained surface water; and remineralization and dissolution rates and ratios. The mixing patterns imply that cabbeling can account for ∼0.005–0.03 kg m−3 of additional density in AAIW, and ∼0–0.02 kg m−3 in SAMW. We estimate a shallow depth (∼300–700 m, above the aragonite saturation horizon) calcium carbonate dissolution rate of 0.4 ± 0.2 µmol CaCO3 kg−1 yr−1, a phosphate remineralization rate of 0.031 ± 0.009 µmol P kg−1 yr−1, and remineralization ratios of P:N:–O2:Corg of 1:(15.5 ± 0.6):(143 ± 10):(104 ± 22) for SAMW/AAIW. Our shallow depth calcium carbonate dissolution rate is comparable to previous estimates for our region. Our –O2:P ratio is smaller than many global averages. Our model suggests neglecting diapycnal mixing of preformed phosphate has likely biased previous estimates of –O2:P and Corg:P high, but that the Corg:P ratio bias may have been counteracted by a second bias in previous studies from neglecting anthropogenic carbon gradients.
Probabilistic sensitivity analysis in life-prediction of an α + β titanium alloy

Probabilistic sensitivities using the score function method are developed for a lifing analysis of an α + β titanium alloy in a round bar under axial fatigue load. Sensitivities with respect to the statistical inputs of the crack initiation size (a), and Paris crack growth intercept (C) and exponent (m) are developed with consideration of the correlation between C and m. The sensitivities are obtained using a single Monte Carlo sampling analysis and do not involve finite difference approximations. The sensitivities indicate the importance of the random variable input parameters on the mean life and standard deviation of life and can be used as a basis for determining constructive data collection efforts. For this example, the crack growth intercept (C) is the dominant variable that affects mean-life and standard deviation of life, indicating that improved confidence in the results can be obtained most efficiently by improving the statistical characterization of C.
Regulation of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) expression in mouse brain by repeated antidepressant treatment: Comparison with rolipram

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is a component of signaling pathways involved in the mediation of antidepressant activity. Of the four PDE4 subtypes, PDE4D appears to be of particular importance, given the finding that PDE4D-deficient mice exhibit an antidepressant-like behavioral phenotype. In mouse hippocampus and cerebral cortex, the effects of repeated treatment with the antidepressants desipramine and fluoxetine or the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram on the expression of PDE4D was compared to that of PDE4A and PDE4B, the other two subtypes expressed in the brain. Expression of PDE4D was increased by all drugs tested, with the exception of desipramine in hippocampus. By contrast, these treatments affected PDE4A and PDE4B expression differentially. In hippocampus, antidepressants increased PDE4A and decreased PDE4B, whereas ROL decreased PDE4A and did not change PDE4B. In cerebral cortex, antidepressants increased PDE4A and did not change PDE4B, whereas ROL did not change PDE4A and increased PDE4B. 3H-Rolipram binding was increased in cytosolic, but not in membrane, fractions of cerebral cortex by all drugs tested; there were no changes observed in hippocampus. Overall, the present results suggest some species-dependence of the regulation of PDE4 subtypes, based on data obtained previously using rats. They also suggest that the PDE4D subtype may be of particular importance as an antidepressant target in that it is regulated by repeated treatment with both norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors as well as by the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram, drugs that produce antidepressant effects via different neuropharmacological mechanisms.
Plasma polymerization of some organic compounds and properties of the polymers

Plasma polymerizations (under 13.5-MHz radiofrequency inductively coupled glow discharge) of some organic compounds are investigated by their properties (elemental analysis, surface energy, and infrared spectra) and their relations to the concentrations of free radicals in the polymers as detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Monomers that have been investigated are hexamethyldisiloxane, tetrafluoroethylene, acetylene, acetylene/N2, acetylene/H2O, acetylene/N2/H2O, allene, allene/N2, allene/H2O, allene/N2/H2O, ethylene, ethylene/N2, ethylene oxide, propylamine, allylamine, propionitrile, and acrylonitrile. Plasma-polymerized polymers generally contain oxygen, even if the starting monomers do not contain oxygen. This oxygen incorporation is related to the free-radical concentration in the polymer. Molecular nitrogen copolymerizes with other organic monomers such as acetylene, allene, and ethylene, and their properties are very similar to those of plasma-polymerized polymers from nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines and nitriles. The addition of water to the monomer mixture reduces in a dramatic manner the concentration of free radicals in the polymer and consequently the oxygen-incorporation after the polymer is exposed to air. The concentrations of free radicals (by ESR) are directly correlated to the change of the properties of plasma-polymerized polymers with time of exposure to the atmosphere. These changes are primarily the introduction of carbonyl (and possibly hydroxyl) groups. The addition of water to the plasma introduces these groups during the polymerization.
Cystinotic Fibroblasts Are Depleted of Free-Cystine by Acid pH Medium

Summary: The free (nonprotein) cystine content of human cystinotic fibroblasts was found to vary with the pH of their culture medium. Intracellular cystine content was highest at alkaline medium pH's and lowest at acidic medium pH's. When maintained in medium of pH 6.3, cystinotic fibroblasts lost 50% of their free-cystuie content in 6 hr and over 95% in 30 hr. Cystine was the only amino acid to show significant variation with changes in the pH of the culture medium.