cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programmed Film Reader/Recorder

During the past decade the ability to acquire, process and utilize technical and scientific information has undergone an explosive growth. This expansion is primarily due to the development of the large scale electronic digital computer. It is ironic to note however that the principal input to these magnificent processing systems is still manual. Classical methods of computer entry have originated in punched paper tape, and tabulator cards, both primarily prepared by manual methods. Only recently. have direct electrical and optical inputs become practical. Equipments such as the Program. Controlled Film Reader/Recorder described here offer the opening of a vast new source of scientific data to automated processing.© (1969) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Large deflections and vibration of a tapered cantilever pulled at its tip by a cable

The behavior of a slender, tapered, cantilever beam loaded through a cable attached to its free end is described. Large static deflections are computed (based on an elastica description) together with natural frequencies and mode shapes for small-amplitude vibrations about equilibrium. Experimental results exhibit good agreement with the theoretical results.
Observation of bromomethyl ethers during the bromomethylation of aromatic compounds

A literature method claiming to avoid the generation of highly toxic intermediates during bromomethylation of aromatic compounds was investigated. Gas chromatography revealed that such toxic intermediates may be present in the reaction mass in significant concentration. Indeed, these intermediates can be the major components under certain reaction scenarios. It is thus inaccurate to consider this chemistry free of hazardous intermediates. These potential hazards should be considered in any laboratory or scale-up implementation of this chemistry.
Economies of scale versus intellectual curiosity

Many researchers, especially during the early stage of their career, focus on a narrow topic so as to achieve economies of scale in their research activities. The research path that I have followed during the last ten years or so is, to a significant extent, guided by intellectual curiosity and has led to several distinct streams of research. My own experience shows that this alternative research path can be more intellectually stimulating. It is a worthwhile long-term investment that researchers may like to consider.
Selective losses of large immune complexes during density gradient ultracentrifugation and an approach for prevention of these losses

Abstract Substantial amounts (12.3–40.0%) of model immune complexes became nonspecifically adsorbed to centrifuge tubes during sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and the adsorbed complexes were therefore unavailable for subsequent detection by the C1q solid-phase assay. The adsorption was greater for heavier immune complexes; thus detection of large-latticed complexes was impaired more than detection of small-latticed complexes. Loss of complexes could be prevented by incorporation of 0.05% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) into sucrose density gradient solutions and precoating tubes with gelatin. Tween 20 did not alter the immune complex lattice and did not prevent detection of immune complexes by the C1q solid-phase assay. Similar selective losses of immune complexes occurred when serum specimens from 2 patientss with circulating immune complexes were analyzed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation; the nonspecific adsorption of serum immune complexes which occured during ultracentrifugation could be prevented by precoating centrifuge tubes with gelatin and incorporating 0.05% Tween 20 into sucrose gradients.
Misreading Weber: The Concept of `Macht':

Max Weber's definition of power (Macht), as presented in English by several texts, is examined in the light of the German original. Differences and similarities are discussed and an attempt is made...
Determinants of the relation between systolic pressure and duration of isovolumic relaxation in the right ventricle.

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that right ventricular systolic pressure can be predicted from noninvasive estimates of the interval between pulmonary valve closure and tricuspid valve opening. To determine the basis for this relation, phonocardiograms and high fidelity right atrial and ventricular pressures were recorded in 29 patients with a right ventricular systolic pressure ranging from 20 to 149 mm Hg. In 22 patients with normal right atrial pressure (⩽ 8 mm Hg), both the time interval and the magnitude of pressure decrease from pulmonary valve closure to tricuspid valve opening were linearly related to systolic pressure (r = 0.89 and 0.96, respectively). Early pulmonary valve closure (decreased “hang-out” time) contributed to the greater magnitude of isovolumic pressure decrease at high systolic pressures, but correction for hang-out time did not eliminate the relation between systolic pressure and the pulmonary valve closure-tricuspid valve opening interval (n = 10). When patients with documented right coronary artery disease were excluded, the time constant for isovolumic pressure decrease also increased as a function of systolic pressure (r = 0.67, p These findings indicate that 1) the magnitude of isovolumic pressure fall is the major determinant of the pulmonary valve closure-tricuspid valve opening interval, 2) pulmonary hypertension prolongs the interval by increasing both the magnitude and the time constant for pressure fall, and 3) the determinants of this interval can be altered by factors other than systolic pressure.
The Dynamics of Oceanic Fronts. Part I: The Gulf Stream

The establishment and maintenance of the mean hydrographic properties of large scale density fronts in the upper ocean is considered. The dynamics is studied by posing an initial value problem starting with a near surface discharge of buoyant water with a prescribed density deficit into an ambient stationary fluid of uniform density. The full time dependent diffusion and Navier-Stokes equations for a constant Coriolis parameter are used in this study. Scaling analysis reveals three independent length scales of the problem, namely a radius of deformation or inertial length scale, Lo, a buoyance length scale, ho, and a diffusive length scale, hv. Two basic dimensionless parameters are then formed from these length scales, the thermal (or more precisely, the densimetric) Rossby number, Ro = Lo/ho and the Ekman number, E = hv/ho. The governing equations are then suitably scaled and the resulting normalized equations are shown to depend on E alone for problems of oceanic interest. Under this scaling, the solutions are similar for all Ro. It is also shown that 1/Ro is a measure of the frontal slope. The governing equations are solved numerically and the scaling analysis is confirmed. The solution indicates that an equilibrium state is established. The front can then be rendered stationary by a barotropic current from a larger scale along-front pressure gradient. In that quasisteady state, and for small values of E, the main thermocline and the inclined isopycnics forming the front have evolved, together with the along-front jet. Conservation of potential vorticity is also obtained in the light water pool. The surface jet exhibits anticyclonic shear in the light water pool and cyclonic shear across the front.
On the minimization of strain energy in the martensitic transformation of titanium

Abstract On the basis of Eshelby theory, we have devised a method of predicting various features of martensitic transformation that lead to the minimization of total strain energy. In addition to elastic strain energy considered in previous works, plastic relaxation strain (PRS) concept is introduced in order to relieve the high internal stress due to martensitic transformation. It is postulated that the minimization of the elastic strain energy and the plastic work from the operation of a PRS system dictates the morphology and orientation of a transformation product and the amount and type of the PRS. The theory was applied to the case of martensitic transformation in Ti. In order to reduce the elastic strain energy resulting from transformation, a total of 84 glide and twin systems were evaluated as PRS. For oblate spheroids with aspect ratio less than 0.01, {1011} 〈1012〉 twin, {1011} 〈1123〉 glide and {1122} 〈1123〉 glide or twin systems produced strain energy minima at shear strain of about 2%, although crystal plasticity data of Paton and Backofen rules out the latter twin system. Theoretical prediction on habit plane, shape shear, orientation relationship, the amount and type of PRS, etc. are in excellent agreement with experimental observations.
Architecture-by-yourself: an experiment with computer graphics for house design

Architecture-by-Yourself is an experiment in computer aided design that applies the medium of computer graphics, used by a general populace. The research program confronts the delicate balance between insightfulness and paternalism toward a user who ultimately bares the risk. The paper reports on a case study, on the underlying philosophy's of the French architect Yona Friedman, and on a computer implementation called YONA. As part of a larger research effort, Machine Recognition and Inference Making in Computer Aids to Design, we postulate further developments that will exercise input and visualization techniques in a relentless setting, relentless in the sense that the user is demanding, the problem is hard, and the product is a personal, one-of-a-kind design.
Cancer in adolescents and young adults psychosocial aspects : long-term survivors

Survivors of cancer diagnosed during adolescence and young adulthood have had to muster the resources to cope with cancer treatment while accomplishing the tasks unique to this developmental period, tasks such as the accomplishment of economic and emotional independence, capacity for intimacy, solidification of career goals, and formation of a comfortable identity. Studies of survivors of childhood cancer have not found major psychiatric disorders but have pointed out some adjustment difficulties, such as increased health concerns, worries about the development of second neoplasms, increased somatic complaints, and academic problems. Marriage may be delayed, and women, unlike men, worry about their fertility and the health of their future offspring. Survivors of both genders do not appear to be troubled by obvious-to-the-observer physical sequelae. Future studies should examine the quality of life issues pertinent to the successful accomplishment of adult tasks and should include assessment of the facilitators and impediments to carrying out these tasks, particularly during the transition from adolescence into young adulthood. The ultimate goal of the above assessments is to permit not only survival but quality survival.
Studies on the relationship between changes in radiographic bone height and probing attachment

The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship between loss of radiographic crestal bone height and probing attachment loss. As part of this aim, we are introducing a new method for determination of a threshold for significant probing attachment loss which takes into account the error contributed by alteration in tissue tone. 57 adults with established periodontitis were selected. Radiographs were taken using the Rinn alignment system. Crestal change was determined from bone height measurements on digitized images of pairs of radiographs using the "side-by-side" technique of analysis developed recently by us. Probing attachment loss was measured using the Florida electronic probe system. Radiographic and probing measurements were made at baseline and after 1 year. No treatment was given during this period. A direct and significant relationship was observed between radiographic bone loss and probing attachment loss on a site basis (p = 0.0001, r2 = 0.018) and between subject means (p = 0.0014, r2 = 0.16). Radiographic and probing attachment change at all categories of sites, dichotomously classified as to not changing or loosing indicated 13% of sites were loosing by measurement of radiographic change and 9.6% were loosing by measurement of attachment change. Concordance in radiographic and attachment level change was found in 82% of sites examined. The relative diagnostic import of change in probing attachment or change in radiographic bone height requires treatment outcome studies based on use of diagnostic information of the 2 measuring techniques used singly and in combination.
Human pharmacology and abuse potential of nalmefene

Nalmefene hydrochloride was administered to six male volunteers with histories of opiate abuse using a double-blind, randomized, Latin square design to determine if it produced typical morphine-like effects. A comparison of physiologic and subject- and observer-reported effects was made between morphine, 15 and 30 mg given intramuscularly; nalmefene, 25, 50, and 100 mg given orally; and placebo. Drowsiness or sleepiness was the most common drug effect reported after the administration of each treatment. Only morphine produced miosis and increased subject-reported euphoria and "drug liking." Neither drug increased Addiction Research Inventory subscale scores measuring dysphoria or sedation or produced changes on the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Adverse effects reported only after the administration of nalmefene included agitation/irritability and muscle tension; these did not appear to be dose related. The data indicated that nalmefene did not produce typical morphine-like effects and has no apparent abuse potential.
Surface phonon modes of the RbBr(001) crystal surface by inelastic He-atom scattering.

Inelastic He-atom scattering (${k}_{i}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}7 A${\r{}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) was used to measure the dynamics of the RbBr(001) crystal surface (${T}_{s}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}115 K). Time-of-flight spectra taken in two high-symmetry directions, 〈100〉 and 〈110〉, were analyzed to give the surface dispersion curves for the entire surface Brillouin zones \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} X\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} M\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}. The Rayleigh mode and its geometric ``folded,'' optical surface resonance (expected from the quasimonatomic behavior due to the nearly equal masses of the ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Br}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions) were observed; the data also suggest the existence of another optical surface feature in the optical band. Although calculations had suggested that this crystal should have important surface relaxation effects, the main one being a surface-localized optical branch lying above the optical band, no evidence of this was seen. Moreover, the calculated surface dispersion curves for the unrelaxed surface appear to fit the measurements slightly better than those for the relaxed surface, although neither predicts the optical resonance mentioned above. Finally, these observed differences provide guidance on the use of the shell model for describing the physics of ionic insulator crystals.
Effect of Combining Mechanically Harvested Green and Ripe Puree and Sliced Fruit, Processing Methodology and Frozen Storage on Quality of Strawberries

Small green and ripe mechanically harvested strawberries were processed into puree and combined with 60 and 80% sliced ripe fruit to determine the effects of holding after harvest, percent green fruit in puree, processing procedure and storage on quality of frozen sliced strawberries. Green and ripe fruit puree added to the sliced strawberries resulted in higher viscosity and lower ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins and red color as compared to packs with 100% sliced ripe fruit. The mixtures of sliced ripe fruit and up to 40% puree were rated acceptable by a sensory panel. Heating the puree may be beneficial to color during long-term storage. Holding of fresh strawberries for 24 hr at 24°C after cleaning decreased the ascorbic acid, viscosity of syrup and color of the frozen pack. Storage of the frozen product decreased ascorbic acid and color.
Room-temperature deposition of a-SiC:H thin films by ion-assisted plasma-enhanced CVD

Abstract Tetramethylsilane (TMS) diluted highly with hydrogen is used for depositing a-SiC:H thin films at room temperature under varying degrees of ion bombardment in a 13.56 MHz r.f.-powered, asymmetrical plasma reactor. An impedance analysis is used to estimate apparent ion energy and other plasma parameters such as electron density and the degree of ionization. The a-SiC:H films obtained under high ion bombardment show densities comparable to those deposited at high temperatures; are transparent in most of the visible and IR regions; are resistant to etching in buffered HF solution; and exhibit excellent adhesion to various substrates including silicon wafer, quartz, aluminum, and polymers such as polycarbonate and polyimide. FTIR studies of the films show varying bond structures depending on the level of ion bombardment. When the apparent ion energy flux is increased, the hydrogen content in the film decreases and the level of crosslinking appears to increase.
ON THE INTERACTION OF MOBILITY DIMENSIONS IN THEORY ON MIGRATION DECISIONS

Les decisions qui sont prises au sujet de la mobilite geographique sont souvent liees aux exigences de la mobilite sur d'autres plans en raison de la tendance de ceux qui decident aelaborer un systeme de strategies visant a atteindre certains buts. Des forces d'ordre macroscopique influencent fortement le systeme de strategies. L'analyse traditionnelle de la migration individuelle, qui consistait a faire valoir l'efficacite explicative des attributs tels qu'ils se manifestent a un moment donne peut ne pas etre appropriee. Il faudrait mettre l'accent davantage sur les changements, recents ou a venir, dans les dimensions interreliees du statut social. Geographic mobility decisions are often tied up with mobility among other dimensions because of the tendency of decision-makers to develop a system of strategies for goal attainment. Macro-level forces are important determinants of the system of strategies. The traditional emphasis of individual-level migration analysis upon the explanatory efficacy of attributes possessed at a point in time may be misplaced. Greater emphasis ought to be given to recent or prospective changes in related status dimensions.
Effects of ethylene on volatile emission and fragrance in cut roses: The relationship between fragrance and vase life

The relationship between fragrance and vase life and the role of ethylene on volatile emission in cut rose flowers was investigated. No relationship was observed between the amounts of volatile compounds emitted and vase life when fragrant and non-fragrant rose cultivars were compared. Neither ethylene production nor respiration rate of flowers was directly related with vase life. Volatile production during vase life was differential and independent among volatiles originating from different biosynthetic groups. Ethylene did not play a role in the regulation of volatile emission in rose flowers. Endogenous ethylene production was very low in most of the cultivars and did not show autocatalytic production trends. Volatile emission patterns during vase life did not parallel endogenous ethylene production. Exogenous ethylene exposure had differential effects among all cultivars, regardless of the fragrance of the flower. Fragrant cultivar ‘Osiana’ was highly sensitive to exogenous ethylene, with petals abscising within 24 h of ethylene (1 LL −1) exposure while other fragrant cultivars ‘Erin’ and ‘Lovely Dream’ had low ethylene sensitivity. Volatile production was unaffected by exogenous ethylene. The results of this study indicate that volatile emission in cut roses is not regulated by endogenous or exogenous ethylene and occurs independently of petal senescence and/or abscission. These results provide a better understanding of the complexity of volatile emission in rose flowers. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A unified approach to discrete frictional contact problems

We present a unified treatment of discrete, single-step, time-discretized contact problems with Coulomb friction that include quasistatic and dynamic problems involving rigid or elastic bodies undergoing small or large displacements. A general existence theory for these finite-dimensional problems is established under broad assumptions that are easily satisfied by many special models. The proof is based on a homotopy argument. This result extends many existence results known to date for discrete contact problems.
Computer-based instruction in clinical medical education: a pulmonary medicine self-assessment.

This computer assisted teaching program was designed to provide a comprehensive review of pulmonary medicine in the form of a self-assessment. The program consisted of 30 questions including multiple choice, true or false and matching questions. The questions were based on the respiratory chapter from a standard textbook of medicine. Forty students taking their manditory medicine rotation at a major university teaching hospital used the program. Their scores ranged from 46.7% to 93,3% with a mean of 68.1%. The format enabled the student, to answer the questions, to quickly determine which ones he got right and wrong and then he was provided with the correct answer and a reference in the respiratory chapter of the standard textbook of medicine on which the assessment was based. A score was given to each individual so that each student could be his own judge as to how well he did. After reading the references for the questions missed, the learner would decide for himself what area of pulmonary medicine deserved further study.
Characterization of a sol-gel-entrapped artificial receptor

We report on the development, characterization, and photophysics of a new fiber-optic-based sensor which uses a sol-gel entrapped recognition element. The recognition element is modified (beta) -cyclodextrin to which we have added a short tether (glycine) and a fluorophore (dansyl). This recognition element forms an intramolecular complex, and the dansyl group can include within the cyclodextrin cavity. Non-fluorescent analytes, that bind to the cyclodextrin cavity, can effectively displace the included dansyl group and result in a measurable change in signal. We report on the detection limits, dynamic range, and photophysics (i.e., transduction mechanism) of this new sensor.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Order-disorder transitions of conjugated polymers in solution

Abstract A novel, statistical mechanical theory of the order-disorder transitions of conjugated polymers in dilute solution is proposed. Energetic stabilization of the rod-like conformation occurs via the interaction of the delocalized polymer electronic structure with the polarizable solvent. Model calculations reveal that system specific, discontinuous transition behavior can result.
Mid-frequency response of structures with integral compliant mechanisms: Verification and validation

Abstract Sandwich structures with designed cellular solid or truss cores are well known to possess desirable mechanical properties, including large stiffness-to-weight ratios and vibration/acoustic isolation. Practical applications include the design of lightweight vehicle structures and multi-functional structural–acoustic linings. In this paper, a novel use of compliant mechanisms as the core topology is presented to attenuate mid-frequency structural response of sandwich structures. The effectiveness of integral compliant mechanisms for dynamic response attenuation is demonstrated through computational analysis and experimental investigation of both a designed integral compliant mechanism structure and a more conventional square core structure. It is verified that one-dimensional spectral finite element analyses are appropriate for the initial design of a prototype structure, but validation requires conventional finite element analyses to properly model the as-built geometric complexity.
Fermi surface studies using angle-resolved photoemission

Abstract The Fermi surface plays an important role in determining many low energy properties of metallic systems (transport, magnetism, energy transfer, and cohesion and crystal structure, for example). The Fermi surfaces of many elemental metals were determined with exquisite several decades ago using a variety of techniques, notably de Haas-van Alphen and related measurements. Despite the importance of these successes and their major impact on the development of metal physics, the techniques have serious limitations (the requirement of bulk samples of very high crystalline perfection and the necessity of using of low temperature) that render them inapplicable to many interesting systems. In this paper, the application of angle-resolved photoemission to remedy some of these limitations will be reviewed. This technique cannot achieve the precision of traditional techniques, but it is applicable equally to bulk, surface, and thin film systems of only moderate perfection and over a relatively large range of temperatures. Discussion is focused on the Fermi surfaces (more accurately Fermi contours) of two-dimensional states localized at metal surfaces.
Growing carbon fibers with a linearly increasing temperature sweep: Experiments and modeling

Abstract Carbon fibers may be grown from iron catalyst particles with good yield in methane-hydrogen mixtures by ramping the temperature at a constant rate through a well-defined range. The regimen which yields the highest mass of fibers uses a methane concentration of 16%, gas residence time of 4 minutes, and a temperature increase of 7.1°/min, starting at 950°C and ending at the thickening temperature of 1120°C. Despite a lengthening duration of only 24 minutes, which produces rather short fibers, this regimen yields a greater mass of fibers than one in which the temperature is increased more slowly. High yield is achieved by causing more fibers to grow per unit area. Methane concentrations below the optimum grow longer, sparser fibers; methane concentrations above the optimum give shorter, densely growing fibers. The experimental fiber lengths may be modelled by assuming that the fiberlengthening rate is proportional to the square of the methane concentrations, and that the catalytic particles are poisoned by hydrocarbon burial. The number of fibers grown per unit area may be modelled with an expression that describes surface sintering of the catalyst particles.
Predicting the Future Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction

It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future. —Yogi Berra Risk stratification for any disease is, in many ways, medicine's attempt to predict the future. The challenges in risk stratification for sudden death, however, may be unparalleled in medicine. Although the many types of sudden death all present with similar phenotypes, risk stratification efforts generally center on the prediction of death resulting from either ischemic or arrhythmic events. The focus of this article is on current and future approaches to risk stratification for sudden death caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (referred to here as sudden cardiac death [SCD]). Recent advances that limit the myocardial injury and remodeling that leads to left ventricular dysfunction continue to favorably affect SCD rates. However, the prevalence of SCD and the low survival rate once it occurs remain major public health concerns and underscore the importance of risk stratification and preemptive intervention. For many other disease processes for which risk factors are established or sought, investigators have successfully relied on objective criteria to define the end point of interest such as myocardial infarction (MI). For SCD, we have often depended on clinical trials that assessed arrhythmic death or surrogate markers such as appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy or total mortality. Many of these end points, however, may not accurately assess the occurrence of fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias that are otherwise amenable to defibrillation. Our ability to correctly distinguish cause of death on clinical grounds is marginal at best, with data suggesting that at least in patients with ischemic heart disease, we may be wrong nearly half the time. For example, in a substudy of the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction (VALIANT) trial, autopsies were performed on post-MI patients whose deaths were considered sudden on clinical grounds. Of these, 49% were …
The APL Concurrent Engineering Laboratory: A tool for efficient conceptual design

In the earliest phases of space mission conceptual design it is important for engineers to work collaboratively and arrive at multiple decisions concurrently as a team due to the interdependent nature of every mission aspect. JHU/APL has implemented the APL Concurrent Engineering (ACE) Lab to support collaborative design. With its wide array of analysis techniques and tools and an extensive library of previous mission and concept documentation, the ACE Lab offers an environment of high productivity, efficiency, and consistency that facilitates rapid conceptual design capability. An ACE study is populated by staff of varying experience levels taken from ongoing projects to lend their talents for a short time. By relying on engineers with project experience rather than a dedicated ACE staff, solutions incorporate flight mission experience and better address previous lessons learned. Concept exploration at APL begins with a small team to identify the mission objectives, top level requirements, and basic mission design. This is followed by a concurrent engineering phase where the team arrives at a technical solution in approximately a one week period. Lastly, programmatic concerns (e.g., cost and schedule) are addressed in the following weeks. When combined with a thoughtful process, the ACE Lab can be a powerful tool for efficient, consistent, and technically feasible mission concept development.
Emergent design and learning environments: building on indigenous konwledge

The empirical basis of this paper is a two-year project to bring new learning environments and methodologies to rural Thailand. Pilot projects were mounted outside of the education system, with the specific purpose of breaking "educational mind-sets" that have been identified as blocks to educational reform. A salient example of such a mind-set is the assumption that the population and teachers of rural areas lack the cognitive foundations for modern technological education. The work required a flexible approach to the design of digitally based educational interventions. Analysis of design issues led to a theoretical framework, Emergent Design, for investigating how choice of design methodology contributes to the success or failure of education reforms. A practice of "applied epistemological anthropology," which consists of probing for skills and knowledge resident in a community and using these as bridges to new content, was developed. Analysis of learning behaviors led to the identification of an "engine culture" in rural Thailand as an unrecognized source of "latent learning potential." This discovery has begun to spawn a theoretical inquiry with significant promise for assessment of the learning potential of developing countries.
Neurobehavioral specializations for respiratory movements and rapid escape from predators in posterior segments of the tubificid Branchiura sowerbyi

The posterior end of the aquatic oligochaete, Branchiura sowerbyi (Tubificidae) protrudes above the sediments and is specialized to carry out several rhythmic respiratory movements. These include 1) waves of flexion by paired gill filaments on each posterior segment, 2) body undulations, and 3) rectal water pumping. Since execution of these behaviors renders the worm’s posterior end vulnerable to predation, appropriate neurobehavioral mechanisms have evolved that permit extremely rapid escape of tail segments into the sediments. Some of these mechanisms include 1) highly sensitive sensory apparatus for detecting substrate vibrations, water displacements, or touch, 2) large diameter and rapidly conducting lateral giant nerve fibers, and 3) adequacy of a single lateral giant fiber impulse for evoking an all-or-none longitudinal muscle contraction. The significance of these posterior respiratory and escape reflex specializations are discussed in relation to possible predator foraging strategies.
Measuring the value of pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics offer the potential of developing DNA-based tests to help maximize drug efficacy and enhance drug safety. Major scientific advances in this field have brought us to the point where such tests are poised to enter more widespread clinical use. However, many questions have been raised about whether such tests will be of significant value, and how to assess this. Here, we review the application of economics-based resource-allocation frameworks to assess the value of pharmacogenomics, and the findings so far. We then develop a resource-allocation framework for assessing the potential value of pharmacogenomic testing from a population perspective, and apply this framework to the example of testing for variant alleles of CYP2D6, an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. This review provides a framework for analysing the value of pharmacogenomic interventions, and suggests where further research and development could be most beneficial.
Maintenance of Adrenalectomized Dogs with Low Plasma Volumes and Normal Electrolyte Patterns.

SummaryAdrenalectomized dogs upon recovery from the severe convulsions following Metrazol injection can be maintained active and vigorous 8–12 days with low plasma volumes but with normal electrolyte patterns. This is accomplished by daily i.v. injections of desoxycorticosterone or aldosterone, a low Na diet and allowing access to water. The plasma volume falls immediately after Metrazol averaging 35.2% below preinjection levels and persists at low values. The mean arterial pressure slowly declines eventually necessitating administration of glucocorticoids. The plasma volume fall occurs so rapidly that fluid loss to the exterior must be ruled out as a cause for the low volumes. Shift of water into cells evidently does not take place since the plasma electrolytes, after an initial marked rise, rapidly decline to preinjection levels. The convulsant drug apparently induces intense vasoconstriction, evidently closing large areas of the microcirculation, trapping and pooling substantial quantities of blood at ...
Preferential remineralization of dissolved organic phosphorus and non‐Redfield DOM dynamics in the global ocean: Impacts on marine productivity, nitrogen fixation, and carbon export

Selective removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool has been reported in several regional studies. Because DOM is an important advective/mixing pathway of carbon (C) export from the ocean surface layer and its non-Redfieldian stoichiometry would affect estimates of marine export production per unit N and P, we investigated the stoichiometry of marine DOM and its remineralization globally using a compiled DOM data set. Marine DOM is enriched in C and N compared to Redfield stoichiometry, averaging 317:39:1 and 810:48:1 for C:N:P within the degradable and total bulk pools, respectively. Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is found to be preferentially remineralized about twice as rapidly with respect to the enriched C:N stoichiometry of marine DOM. Biogeochemical simulations with the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling model using Redfield and variable DOM stoichiometry corroborate the need for non-Redfield dynamics to match the observed DOM stoichiometry. From our model simulations, preferential DOP remineralization is found to increase the strength of the biological pump by ~9% versus the case of Redfield DOM cycling. Global net primary productivity increases ~10% including an increase in marine nitrogen fixation of ~26% when preferential DOP remineralization and direct utilization of DOP by phytoplankton are included. The largest increases in marine nitrogen fixation, net primary productivity, and carbon export are observed within the western subtropical gyres, suggesting the lateral transfer of P in the form of DOP from the productive eastern and poleward gyre margins may be important for sustaining these processes downstream in the subtropical gyres.
Changes in microbial populations on fresh cut spinach

The microbial populations found on fresh-cut spinach leaves that were stored in gas permeable bags at 10 degrees C for 12 days were examined and identified. The microorganisms consisted of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Populations of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae increased sharply during the storage period. The initial populations were 10(7), 10(6), 10(6) and 10(4) CFU.g-1 respectively. Populations reached 10(10) for the mesophiles, psychrotrophs and Pseudomonadaceae and 10(7) CFU.g-1 for Enterobacteriaceae after 12 days of storage. Micrococcaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts remained constant (10(3)-10(4) CFU.g-1. The majority of the bacterial isolates were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas caviae and Staphylococcus xylosus. The yeasts, which were most frequently isolated, were classified in the genus Cryptococcus. No pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were detected. Observations with low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) indicated that the microorganisms were not present on the surface of healthy unbroken leaves. Alternatively, they were found in areas where the cuticle was broken and could be seen infecting the internal palisade parenchyma.
Mechanism by which hydralazine increases propranolol bioavailability.

Five healthy subjects were given oral /sup 14/C-propranolol (10 microCi, 40 mg) alone and in combination with hydralazine, 25 and 50 mg. Hydralazine increased propranolol peak concentrations from 25 +/- 7 ng/ml to 61 +/- 10 and 85 +/- 11 ng/ml, reduced time to peak concentrations from 2.2 +/- 0.2 hr to 0.7 +/- 0.1 and 0.8 +/- 0.1 hr, and increased area under the propranolol concentration: time curves from 153 +/- 38 ng X ml-1 X hr to 246 +/- 64 and 324 ng X ml-1 X hr (in all cases P less than 0.05). Hydralazine did not change the fraction of the /sup 14/C-propranolol dose recovered in the urine as basic, acidic, and polar metabolites: 0.28 +/- 0.2, 0.27 +/- 0.03, and 0.44 +/- 0.03. The urinary excretion rate of radioactive metabolites of propranolol in acid, basic, and residue fractions increased in the 0 . to . 2-hr time interval after hydralazine but there was no change in the relative proportion of each metabolite fraction at any time. Similar results were obtained by HPLC. Studies with radioactive propranolol indicate that a major acid and basic metabolite remains to be defined in addition to unextracted polar metabolites. Our datamore » indicate that hydralazine increases propranolol bioavailability by its hemodynamic actions rather than by inhibition of its metabolism.« less
Neuroadapted yellow fever virus 17D: genetic and biological characterization of a highly mouse-neurovirulent virus and its infectious molecular clone.

A neuroadapted strain of yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D derived from a multiply mouse brain-passaged virus (Porterfield YF17D) was additionally passaged in SCID and normal mice. The virulence properties of this virus (SPYF) could be distinguished from nonneuroadapted virus (YF5.2iv, 17D infectious clone) by decreased average survival time in SCID mice after peripheral inoculation, decreased average survival time in normal adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, and occurrence of neuroinvasiveness in normal mice. SPYF exhibited more efficient growth in peripheral tissues of SCID mice than YF5.2iv, resulting in a more rapid accumulation of virus burden, but with low-titer viremia, at the time of fatal encephalitis. In cell culture, SPYF was less efficient in replication than YF5.2iv in all cell lines tested. The complete nucleotide sequence of SPYF revealed 29 nucleotide substitutions relative to YF5.2iv, and these were distributed throughout the genome. There were a total of 13 predicted amino acid substitutions, some of which correspond to known differences among the Asibi, French viscerotropic virus, French neurotropic vaccine, and YF17D vaccine strains. The envelope (E) protein contained five substitutions, within all three functional domains. Substitutions were also present in regions encoding the NS1, NS2A, NS4A, and NS5 proteins and in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Construction of YFV harboring all of the identified coding nucleotide substitutions and those in the 3′ UTR yielded a virus whose cell culture and pathogenic properties, particularly neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness for SCID mice, generally resembled those of the original SPYF isolate. These findings implicate the E protein and possibly other regions of the genome as virulence determinants during pathogenesis of neuroadapted YF17D virus in mice. The determinants affect replication efficiency in both neural and extraneural tissues of the mouse and confer some limited host-range differences in cultured cells of nonmurine origin.
Action-construal levels and perceived conflict among ongoing goals: Implications for positive affect

The present work tested whether increases in level of action construal would relate to perceiving greater concordance among one’s ongoing goals, thereby facilitating positive affect. In two studies, construing action abstractly was found to relate to experiencing positive affect, independent of self-esteem, perceiving meaning in life, and focusing on desirable goal outcomes. Increased across-goal concordance helped explain the relationship between levels of action construal and of positive affect. The findings thus appear consistent with the proposal that construing action abstractly promotes perceiving individual, specific goals and standards as related to a broader, coherent construal of one’s self-regulatory efforts, thereby promoting positive affect and sustaining motivational intensity. Further implications for achievement, affect, and social judgment are considered.
Reoperative multivalve surgery in adult congenital heart disease.

Background Repeat operations are common in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) and valve-related procedures are the most frequent indication for intervention. The purpose of this study is to review a single institution's experience with a large number of patients with ACHD undergoing reoperation requiring multivalve intervention. Methods Data from the most recent repeat median sternotomy of 254 consecutive ACHD patients with simultaneous intervention on 2 or more valves were analyzed. Mean age of 136 (54%) female and 118 (46%) male patients was 37.9 years (range, 18 to 83). Diagnoses were conotruncal anomaly 132 (52%), Ebstein-tricuspid valve 41(16%), pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction 37 (14%), atrioventricular septal defect 22 (9%), and other 22 (9%). It was the second sternotomy in 130 (51%) patients, third in 80 (31%), fourth in 34 (13%), and fifth in 10 (4%). Results Intervention was on 2 valves in 219 patients (86.2%), 3 in 34 patients (13.4%), and 4 in 1 patient (0.4%). The most common valve combination was tricuspid and pulmonary (117, 43%). Early mortality overall was 4.7% (12 of 254) and 2.9% (7 of 239) after elective operation. Potentially modifiable risk factors identified for early mortality were preoperative hematocrit less than 35 ( p = 0.01), cross-clamp time ( p p p = 0.002), coronary artery disease ( p = 0.005), and cardiac injury ( p = 0.018). Conclusions The need for simultaneous intervention on multiple valves is relatively common in ACHD, particularly with conotruncal anomalies. Prolonged bypass and cross-clamp times, lower hematocrit, and acquired coronary artery disease are significant predictors of adverse outcome. The number or position of valves requiring intervention did not affect early or late survival.
Generalized Elastic Scheduling for Real-Time Tasks

The elastic task model is a powerful model for adapting periodic real-time systems in the presence of uncertainty. This work generalizes the existing elastic scheduling approach in several directions. First, it presents a general framework, which formulates a trade-off between task schedulability and a specific performance metric as an optimization problem. Such a framework allows real-time systems under overloads to graciously adapt by adjusting their performance level. Second, it is shown in this work that the well-known task compression algorithm in fact solves a quadratic programming problem that seeks to minimize the sum of the squared deviation of a task's utilization from initial desired utilization. This finding indicates that the task compression algorithm may be applied to efficiently solve other similar types of problems that often arise in real-time applications. In particular, an iterative approach is proposed to solve the period selection problem for real-time tasks with deadlines less than respective periods. Further, the framework is adapted to solve the deadline selection problem, which is useful in some control systems with fixed periods.
On the relationship between the growth and expansion phases of substorms and magnetospheric convection

The definition of the growth and expansion phases of substorms is considered in terms of temporal sequences of magnetospheric convection. It is suggested that the definition of these phases should rest on magnetospheric convection theories and data because of the ambiguities in the interpretation of ground magnetometer records from which these concepts arose originally. Reviewed data are shown to offer strong evidence for the validity and usefulness of the concepts of substorm growth and expansion phases.
Playful Talk: Negotiating Opportunities to Learn in Collaborative Groups.

This case study examines the role of playful talk in negotiating the “how” of collaborative group work in a 6th-grade science classroom. Here we develop and test a Vygotsky-derived hypothesis that postulates playful talk as a mechanism for identity exploration and group status negotiation. Our findings indicate that students utilized the playful talk genre as a means to (a) position themselves and others as more or less competent within the group in order to create or foreclose opportunities to learn, (b) maintain and strengthen bonds that were developing within the group toward the goal of achieving higher levels of coordination and opportunities to learn, and (c) pivot toward a self-selected identity aimed sometimes at affecting one’s status within the group. Taken together, these 3 playful talk functions allowed the group to manage tensions that arose as a result of periods of low coordination and to open opportunities to learn for lower status group members. This study contributes to researchers’ unde...