cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Splitting of an Antiferromagnetic Resonance via Quartic Exchange Interactions in Multiferroic Hexagonal HoMnO 3

The symmetric splitting of two spin-wave branches in an antiferromagnetic resonance (AFR) experiment has been an essential measurement of antiferromagnets for over half a century. In this work, circularly polarized time-domain THz spectroscopy experiments performed on the low symmetry multiferroic hexagonal HoMnO_{3} reveal an AFR of the Mn sublattice to split asymmetrically in an applied magnetic field, with an ≈50% difference in g factors between the high and low energy branches of this excitation. The temperature dependence of the g factors, including a drastic renormalization at the Ho spin ordering temperature, reveals this asymmetry to unambiguously stem from Ho-Mn interactions. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the AFR asymmetry is not explained by conventional Ho-Mn exchange mechanisms alone and is only reproduced if quartic spin interactions are also included in the spin Hamiltonian. Our results provide a paradigm for the optical study of such novel interactions in hexagonal manganites and low symmetry antiferromagnets in general.
Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, structured communities of cells attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. albicans biofilms can form on host tissues, such as mucosal layers, and on medical devices, such as catheters, pacemakers, dentures, and joint prostheses. Biofilms pose significant clinical challenges because they are highly resistant to physical and chemical perturbations, and can act as reservoirs to seed disseminated infections. Various in vitro assays have been utilized to study C. albicans biofilm formation, such as microtiter plate assays, dry weight measurements, cell viability assays, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. All of these assays are single end-point assays, where biofilm formation is assessed at a specific time point. Here, we describe a protocol to study biofilm formation in real-time using an automated microfluidic device under laminar flow conditions. This method allows for the observation of biofilm formation as the biofilm develops over time, using customizable conditions that mimic those of the host, such as those encountered in vascular catheters. This protocol can be used to assess the biofilm defects of genetic mutants as well as the inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents on biofilm development in real-time.
Experimental study of DVB multipath behavior

Indoor positioning of first responders after disaster is of vital importance. Multipath mitigation is one of the main tasks for a wireless network based indoor positioning system. This paper presents an experimental study on behavior of Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) signal multipath in both outdoor and indoor environments. We find out that when test nodes are close enough, they share similar multipath and background. Relative range estimation among the nodes can greatly suppress large multipath errors. Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) method may be used with Received Signal Strength (RSS) for improved for positioning estimation accuracy.
Freud's metapsychology revisited.

This article summarizes today's critical thinking on such major psychoanalytical concepts as the sexual and aggressive drives, the Oedipus complex, the psychic apparatus, and the unconscious. It di...
INFORMATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE : TOWARD A DISTRIBUTED COGNITION PERSPECTIVE

Organizations make substantial investments in their information system architect ures, yet extant theory on information system architecture often regards the architect as having a great deal of design freedom. This pape r argue s that information system architecting can be profitably viewed as distributed cognition in which multiple deci sion -makers influence the evolution of an information system’s architecture. A set of guidelines are constructed from the literature that can be used to characterize the degree to which a set of activities constitutes distributed cognition. Interview data is then used from three sites engaged in information system architecting to illustrate why architecting is difficult and how a distributed cognition perspective helps us understand it. The paper concludes by arguing that although the architecting process c an be described as distributed cognition , the practice of architecting is constrained by the absence of representations that facilitate cross -group d iscussions of the architecture.
The Role of Coronary Catheterization Laboratory in Post-Resuscitation Care of Patients Without ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background Out of hospital cardiac arrest management of patients with non-ST myocardial infarction per current American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council guidelines leave the decision in regard to early angiography up to the physician operators. Guidelines are clear on the positive impact of early intervention on survival and improvement on left ventricular function in patients presenting with cardiac arrest and ST elevation myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram. This review aims to analyze the data that current guidelines are based upon in regards to out of hospital cardiac arrest with electrocardiogram findings of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction as well as review of other clinical trials that support early angiography and reperfusion strategies. Conclusion Analysis of current literature shows that early coronary evaluation in patients with no finding of ST elevation on ECG can help improve survival in patients suffering out of hospital cardiac arrest.
Ultrasound Evaluation of Prenatal and Neonatal Spina Bifida

Ultrasound is a highly sensitive tool used in the prenatal detection of spina bifida. Both direct and indirect sonographic signs can be used. Recent studies suggest that prenatal sonography may also play a role in predicting prognosis. Postnatally, sonography offers an inexpensive and portable means of imaging the dysraphic spine without sedation. Since the advent of MR imaging, sonography’s most valuable contribution is probably found in screening for closed dysraphisms.
Authoritarian parenting style predicts poorer glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes

Objective To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among parenting styles (ie, authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive) and youth glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in a cohort of families of children with new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods One-hundred two parents completed a baseline measure of parenting style, and we collected child HbA1c values at baseline and at three- and six-month follow-ups. We examined correlations among use of different parenting strategies and child HbA1cs. We conducted multiple regressions to assess the impact of these strategies on child HbA1c at three-month and six-month follow-ups, while controlling for baseline HbA1c, family income, and T1D duration. Results Correlational analyses showed negative associations between authoritative strategies and child HbA1c at baseline, three-month, and six-month assessments and positive associations between authoritarian strategies and child HbA1c at three-month and six-month assessments. Regression analyses found use of authoritarian-like strategies were the only parenting strategies associated with child HbA1c at three-month and six-month follow-ups, while controlling for baseline HbA1c, family income, and T1D duration. Conclusion Parents' use of authoritarian-like strategies may negatively impact glycemic control over the course of six-month in children with new-onset T1D.
A Review of School-Based Interventions to Reduce Challenging Behavior for Adolescents with ASD

A systematic review was conducted to assess the types of school-based interventions commonly used for adolescents (10 to 21 years) to reduce challenging behavior. A total of 40 articles were identified through the database search and ancillary searches. Participant, implementer, and intervention characteristics were recorded during descriptive coding. This review found that antecedent-based interventions were most commonly used within the school setting. School personnel reported antecedent-based interventions to be acceptable and feasible within the school setting. Results of the descriptive coding found that around 70% of participants were ages 10 to 13 years old, with limited research being conducted with students older than 13; therefore, additional research is needed with this age group. Based on What Works Clearinghouse standards, 25 articles Met Standards or Met Standards with Reservations and 22 articles provided moderate to strong evidence for the efficacy of these interventions within the school setting.
X-ray Crystallographic Structure of a Teixobactin Derivative Reveals Amyloid-like Assembly.

This paper describes the X-ray crystallographic structure of a derivative of the antibiotic teixobactin and shows that its supramolecular assembly through the formation of antiparallel β-sheets creates binding sites for oxyanions. An active derivative of teixobactin containing lysine in place of allo-enduracididine assembles to form amyloid-like fibrils, which are observed through a thioflavin T fluorescence assay and by transmission electron microscopy. A homologue, bearing an N-methyl substituent, to attenuate fibril formation, and an iodine atom, to facilitate X-ray crystallographic phase determination, crystallizes as double helices of β-sheets that bind sulfate anions. β-Sheet dimers are key subunits of these assemblies, with the N-terminal methylammonium group of one monomer and the C-terminal macrocycle of the other monomer binding each anion. These observations suggest a working model for the mechanism of action of teixobactin, in which the antibiotic assembles and the assemblies bind lipid II and...
Influenza Activity — United States, September 30–December 1, 2018

Influenza activity in the United States was low during October 2018, and, although it increased slowly during November, activity remains low across most of the country.* During the week ending December 1, 2018, the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness† (ILI) was equal to the national baseline§ (Figure) and was at or slightly above the region-specific baseline in four of the 10 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regions¶ (Regions 4 and 7–9). The majority of jurisdictions experienced minimal or low ILI activity since September 30; however, two experienced moderate ILI activity, and two experienced high ILI activity** during the week ending December 1. The percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza remains below the epidemic threshold,†† and the rate of influenza-associated hospitalizations remains low. Five laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring since September 30 have been reported to CDC. During the week ending December 1, the majority of jurisdictions (40 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands) reported sporadic or local geographic spread of influenza activity, nine states reported regional activity, and one state reported widespread activity.§§ Open in a separate window FIGURE Percentage of visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) — U.S. Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet), weekly national summary, 2018–2019* and selected previous seasons * As of December 7, 2018.
The Disproportionate Rate of Acute Clinical Illness Associated with Cannabis Edible Use

Background: Cannabis-associated emergency department (ED) visits have risen due to increased availability of the drug in Colorado. Edible cannabis products have been associated with pediatric ED visits and emergency providers report a high incidence of edible related visits in adults. We sought to determine if edible cannabis products result in more ED visits than inhaled products when standardized for product availability. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review study at a large academic hospital. Cases were identified by cannabis ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. All ED visits with a cannabis ICD-9/10 code between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016 were reviewed. Rates of inhaled cannabis-attributed visits and edible-attributed visits were standardized by inhaled and edible product sales provided by the Colorado Department of Revenue over the study period. Findings: There were 9,973 visits with an ICD-9 or ICD-10 code for cannabis use. 2,567 (25·7%) visits were deemed to be at least partially cannabis-attributable; 238 of those (9·3%) were related to edibles ingestion. When standardized for product sales, edibles had a cannabis-attributable ED visit rate 269 times the rate of inhaled cannabis. Inhaled cannabis-attributed visits were more likely to be for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (p<0·0001) and patients with edible-attributed visits were more likely to be due to acute psychiatric symptoms (p<0·0001). Interpretation: Inhaled cannabis-attributable visits are more frequent than edible cannabis-attributable visits though when standardized for sales data, edible cannabis products are associated with a higher rate of emergency department visits than inhaled products. Funding Statement: NIH K23 GM110516, NIH CTSI UL1 TR001082, and CDPHE 17 FHHA 96950. Declaration of Interests: Andrew A. Monte received support from NIH K23 GM110516, NIH CTSI UL1 TR001082, and CDPHE 17 FHHA 96950. The contents of this work are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represents the views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). Ethics Approval Statement: This study protocol was approved by the Colorado Multiple Institution Review Board.
Majority logic

We extend graded modal logic (GML) to a logic that captures the concept of majority. We provide an axiomatization for majority logic, MJL, and sketch soundness and completeness proofs. Along the way, we must answer the question what is a majority of an infinite set? Majority spaces are introduced as a solution to this question.
The Outflow–Rainband Relationship Induced by Environmental Flow around Tropical Cyclones

AbstractThis study investigates the role of the asymmetric interaction between the tropical cyclone (TC) and the environmental flow in governing the TC inner-core asymmetric structure. Motivated by...
Important Differences in Rheumatic Diseases

Mobility disability as manifested as arthritis and other rheumatic disorders are the leading causes of physical disability in the United States. The proportion impacted increases as poverty increases with African Americans disproportionately comprising this group. There are important considerations when treating African Americans patients with rheumatic diseases in particular, and some can make a significant impact in terms of early diagnosis and morbidity aversion. This chapter includes discussions of specific disorders that disproportionately impact African Americans including systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, gout, and others.
Enhanced performance on a sentence comprehension task in congenitally blind adults.

People born blind habitually experience linguistic utterances in the absence of visual cues. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that congenitally blind individuals also activate “visual” cortices durin...
Systemic Expression of a Viral RdRP Protects against Retrovirus Infection and Disease.

The innate immune system is normally programmed for immediate but transient upregulation in response to invading pathogens, and interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) activation is a central feature. In contrast, chronic innate immune system activation is typically associated with autoimmunity and a broad array of autoinflammatory diseases that include the interferonopathies. Here, we studied retroviral susceptibility in a transgenic mouse model with lifelong innate immune system hyperactivation. The mice transgenically express low levels of a picornaviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), which synthesizes double-stranded RNAs that are sensed by melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) to trigger constitutive upregulation of many ISGs. However, in striking counterpoint to the paradigm established by numerous human and murine examples of ISG hyperactivation, including constitutive MDA5 activation, they lack autoinflammatory sequelae. RdRP-transgenic mice (RdRP mice) resist infection and disease caused by several pathogenic RNA and DNA viruses. However, retroviruses are sensed through other mechanisms, persist in the host, and have distinctive replication and immunity-evading properties. We infected RdRP mice and wild-type (WT) mice with various doses of a pathogenic retrovirus (Friend virus) and assessed immune parameters and disease at 1, 4, and 8 weeks. Compared to WT mice, RdRP mice had significantly reduced splenomegaly, viral loads, and infection of multiple target cell types in the spleen and the bone marrow. During chronic infection, RdRP mice had 2.35 ± 0.66 log10 lower circulating viral RNA than WT. Protection required ongoing type I IFN signaling. The results show that the reconfigured RdRP mouse innate immune system substantially reduced retroviral replication, set point, and pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Immune control of retroviruses is notoriously difficult, a fundamental problem that has been most clinically consequential with the HIV-1 pandemic. As humans expand further into previously uninhabited areas, the likelihood of new zoonotic retroviral exposures increases. The role of the innate immune system, including ISGs, in controlling retroviral infections is currently an area of intensive study. This work provides evidence that a primed innate immune system is an effective defense against retroviral pathogenesis, resulting in reduced viral replication and burden of disease outcomes. RdRP mice also had considerably lower Friend retrovirus (FV) viremia. The results could have implications for harnessing ISG responses to reduce transmission or control pathogenesis of human retroviral pathogens.
Abstract WP255: Can Normal Electrocardiogram Rule Out Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Introduction: Electrocardiogram (ECG) findings of premature atrial contraction and prolonged PR interval are associated with risk of onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in cryptogenic stroke. We sought ...
Trade, non-homothetic preferences, and the impact of country size on wages

Abstract We show that the larger country does not always get the higher wage in a trade model with non-homothetic preferences. The cases of one representative consumer and many identical consumers yield different results.
Solid-papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity (SPCRP) harboring a novel IDH1 R132C mutation: A case confirming the expected IDH1/IDH2 dichotomy

Abstract Solid-papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity (SPCRP) is a rare subtype of breast cancer characterized by the distinct histological finding of solid-papillary architecture with a perivascular pseudorosette-like pattern of so-called “reverse” nuclear polarity, a predominantly triple-negative biomarker profile and recurrent hotspot mutations in IDH2 R172. It is well-known that many tumor types harboring mutations in IDH2 can have alternative mutations in IDH1, including central cartilaginous tumors, diffuse gliomas, cholangiocarcinomas and several hematologic malignancies, among others. However, to the best of our knowledge, IDH1 mutations have not been reported in SPCRP. Here, for the first time, we report a case of SPCRP with a pathogenic IDH1 R132C mutation diagnosed in a 73-year-old female, expanding the mutational spectrum for this tumor type and confirming the expected IDH1/IDH2 dichotomy seen across numerous other tumor types. Case details, differential diagnostic considerations and clinical implications are discussed.
The joint effect of ambient air pollution and agricultural pesticide exposures on lung function among children with asthma.

Abstract Background Ambient environmental pollutants have been shown to adversely affect respiratory health in susceptible populations. However, the role of simultaneous exposure to multiple diverse environmental pollutants is poorly understood. Objective We applied a multidomain, multipollutant approach to assess the association between pediatric lung function measures and selected ambient air pollutants and pesticides. Methods Using data from the US EPA and California Pesticide Use Registry, we reconstructed three months prior exposure to ambient air pollutants ((ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter Results In BKMR analysis, the overall effect of mixtures (pollutants and pesticides) was associated with reduced FEV1 and FVC, particularly when all the environmental exposures were above their 60th percentile. For example, the effect of the overall mixture at the 70th percentile (compared to the median) was a −0.12SD (−50 mL, 95% CI: −180 mL, 90 mL) change in the FEV1 and a −0.18SD (−90 mL, 95% CI: −240 mL, 60 mL) change in the FVC. However, 95% credible intervals around all of the joint effect estimates contained the null value. Conclusion At this agricultural-urban interface, we observed results from multipollutant analyses, suggestive of adverse effects on some pediatric lung function measures following a cumulative increase in ambient air pollutants and agricultural pesticides. Given the uncertainty in effect estimates, this approach should be explored in larger studies.
Encapsulation of bifidobacterium in alginate microgels improves viability and targeted gut release

Abstract Biopolymer microgels were designed to encapsulate and protect probiotics during storage and passage through the upper human gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but then release them in the colon. An anaerobic probiotic strain (Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G7; BPG7) was encapsulated within calcium alginate microgels. In some cases, either colloidal antacid (CaCO3) or colloidal antacid and nanoemulsion (nE) lipid droplets were co-encapsulated with the probiotics. These additives were used to control the porosity and/or internal pH of the microgels. Initially, the viability of free and encapsulated probiotics was evaluated when they were stored at 4 °C for 28 days. The free probiotics rapidly degraded during storage. Encapsulation greatly improved the stability of the probiotics, with the effectiveness depending on the formulation: antacid-microgels > control microgels > antacid-nE-microgels. These effects were mainly attributed to the ability of the colloidal CaCO3 particles to inhibit molecular diffusion processes. The ability of the microgels to protect the probiotics under simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions was then assessed. The free probiotics were completely inactivated when exposed to gastric and small intestine conditions. In contrast, the antacid- and antacid-nE-microgels were highly effective at improving the viability of the probiotics during passage through the upper GIT. Moreover, these microgels were fermented under simulated colonic conditions, thereby releasing the probiotics. These results suggest that antacid-loaded calcium alginate microgels can be used for the encapsulation, protection, and colonic delivery of probiotics. Nevertheless, further studies are required using in vivo models.
Border Splurge to Deter Border Surge: An Auto-ethnographic Examination of Border Security Operations on the South Texas–Mexico Border

In the summer of 2014, the South Texas–Mexico border became the epicenter of a humanitarian crisis as thousands of unaccompanied minors and mothers from Central America seeking asylum traveled to t...
Muskrats as a bellwether of a drying delta.

Wetlands worldwide are under threat from anthropogenic impacts. In large protected North American areas such as Yellowstone and Wood Buffalo National Parks, aquatic habitats are disappearing and wetland-dependent fauna are in decline1–3. Here we investigate population dynamics of an indicator species in Canada’s Peace-Athabasca Delta (“the delta”), a World Heritage Site. Based on population surveys, habitat mapping and genetic data from 288 muskrats, we use agent-based modeling and genetic analyses to explain population expansion and decline of the semi-aquatic muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). Simulations quantify a large population (~500,000 individuals) following flood-induced habitat gains, with decreased size (~10,000 individuals) during drying. Genetic analyses show extremely low long-term effective population size (Ne: 60–127), supporting a legacy of population bottlenecks. Our simulations indicate that the muskrat population in the delta is a metapopulation with individuals migrating preferentially along riparian pathways. Related individuals found over 40 km apart imply dispersal distances far greater than their typical home range (130 m). Rapid metapopulation recovery is achieved via riparian corridor migration and passive flood-transport of individuals. Source-sink dynamics show wetland loss impacts on the muskrat metapopulation’s spatial extent. Dramatic landscape change is underway, devastating local fauna, including this generalist species even in a protected ecosystem. Ward et al. investigate population dynamics of a wetland indicator species, the semi-aquatic muskrat, within the large and protected area of the Peace-Athabasca Delta in Canada. The authors found indications of rapid population increases associated with flood events, genetic signatures of population bottlenecks, long range dispersal dynamics, and declines in the spatial extent of the muskrat population indicative of the impacts of wetland loss even within a protected ecosystem.
A Brief Overview and Update on Major Molecular Genomic Alterations in Solid, Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, and Hematopoietic As Well As Lymphoid Malignancies.

Context.— Recent advances in comprehensive genomic profiling by next-generation sequencing have uncovered the genomic alterations at the molecular level for many types of tumors; as such, numerous small specific molecules that target these alterations have been developed and widely used in the management of these cancers. Objective.— To provide a concise molecular genomic update in solid, bone and soft tissue tumors, hematopoietic as well as lymphoid malignancies; discuss its clinical applications; and familiarize practicing pathologists with the emerging cancer biomarkers and their diagnostic utilities. Data sources.— This review is based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines and peer-reviewed English literature. Conclusions.— Tumor-specific biomarkers and molecular/genomic alterations, including pan-cancer markers, have been significantly expanded in the past decade thanks to large-scale high-throughput technologies and will continue to emerge in the future. These biomarkers can be of great value in diagnosis, prognosis, and/or targeted therapy/treatment. Familiarization with these emerging and ever-changing tumor biomarkers will undoubtedly aid pathologists in making accurate and state-of-the-art diagnoses and enable them to be more actively involved in the care of cancer patients.
Who needs a laptop? Adopting a mobile laptop cart to address space and equity issues in information literacy instruction

This article details how librarians at California State University, Chico implemented a laptop cart as a solution to the increasing needs for information literacy instruction. We address how the la...
Fugitivity and Abolition in Educational Research and Practice: An Offering

Ooh childThings are gonna get easierOoh childThings’ll get brighterSome day, yeahWe’ll put it together and we’ll get it undoneSome dayWhen your head is much lighterSome day, yeahWe’ll walk in the r...
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Rhinosinusitis

In 1997 the Rhinosinusitis Task Force published the first definitions and guidelines for the diagnosis of rhinosinusitis in the otolaryngological literature. In general, rhinosinusitis was defined as a manifestation of an inflammatory response involving the mucous membranes of the sinonasal cavities with or without involvement of the underlying bone. As such, it manifests with symptoms and physical findings over a particular timeframe. To establish a consistent definition among all health care professionals treating patients, major and minor criteria incorporating these symptoms and physical findings were established (see Chapter 1, Table 1.1). A time factor was thought necessary to distinguish various forms of rhinosinusitis including acute, subacute, and chronic. Therefore, acute rhinosinusitis was defined by a sudden onset with symptoms lasting no more than 4 weeks, while subacute rhinosinusitis encompassed symptoms lasting for 4 to 12 weeks (thought to reflect acute rhinosinusitis that had not completely resolved itself). Finally, chronic rhinosinusitis was defined by symptoms lasting more than 12 weeks with either two or more major factors or one major and two minor factors [1]. Notable in these criteria is that fever and/or facial pressure/pain without other nasal factors do not by themselves constitute a diagnosis of rhinosinusitis. Additionally, in contrast to acute rhinosinusitis, fever is not a major factor in subacute rhinosinusitis as the symptoms overall are less severe in nature. Since the original attempt to clinically define rhinosinusitis in 1997, the guidelines have been enhanced to make them more useful. In the 2007 clinical practice guidelines, acute rhinosinusitis was further subdivided—based on symptom pattern—into acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) and viral rhinosinusitis (VRS), which are further discussed under “Presenting Symptoms and Signs [2]. ” In the 2005 position paper by the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, the definition of acute rhinosinusitis is symptom based. Acute rhinosinusitis is defined as the sudden onset of two or more of the following symptoms for less than 12 weeks: blockage/congestion, rhinorrhea/postnasal drip, facial pressure/pain, and reduction/loss of sense of smell. Symptom-free intervals must also exist if the problem is intermittent in nature. Acute viral rhinosinusitis is further defined as symptoms lasting less than 10 days, whereas a worsening of symptoms after 5 days or with persistence of symptoms after 10 days (but less than 12 weeks) constitutes acute nonviral rhinosinusitis [3].
Numeraire Portfolio Tests of the Size and Source of Gains from International Diversification

We measure the size and sources of gains from international diversification using metrics that are independent of currency choices. When we apply these measures to industry sector portfolios for six large equity markets, we find that, offered costless access to a foreign market, investors would construct portfolios with substantial leverage to obtain large certainty-equivalent wealth gains from that market access. At the same time, modest proportional transaction costs would eliminate all of these gains by inducing investors to voluntarily forego positions in foreign assets. Using the same measures, we find that emerging market equity indices offer fewer gains from diversification than assets from developed markets.
Supersingular elliptic curves, theta series and weight two modular forms

This paper deals with two subjects and their interaction. The first is the problem of spanning spaces of modular forms by theta series. The second is the commutative algebraic properties of Hecke modules arising in the arithmetic theory of modular forms. Let p be a prime, and let B denote the quaternion algebra over Q that is ramified at p and ∞ and at no other places. If L is a left ideal in a maximal order of B then L is a rank four Z-module equipped in a natural way with a positive definite quadratic form [6, §1]. (We shall say that L is a rank four quadratic space, and remark that the isomorphism class of L as a quadratic space depends only on the left ideal class of L in its maximal order.) Eichler [5] proved that the theta series of L is a weight two modular form on Γ0(p), and that as L ranges over a collection of left ideal class representatives of all left ideals in all maximal orders of B these theta series span the vector space of weight two modular forms on Γ0(p) over Q. In this paper we strengthen this result as follows: if L is as above, then the q-expansion of its theta series Θ(L) has constant term equal to one and all other coefficients equal to even integers. Suppose that f is a modular form whose qexpansion coefficients are even integers, except perhaps for its constant term, which we require merely to be an integer. It follows from Eichler’s theorem that f may be written as a linear combination of Θ(L) (with L ranging over a collection of left ideals of maximal orders of B) with rational coefficients. We show that in fact these coefficients can be taken to be integers. Let T denote the Z-algebra of Hecke operators acting on the space of weight two modular forms on Γ0(p). The proof that we give of our result hinges on analyzing the structure of a certain T-module X . We can say what X is: it is the free Zmodule of divisors supported on the set of singular points of the (reducible, nodal) curve X0(p) in characteristic p. The key properties of X , which imply the above result on theta series, are that the natural map T −→ EndT(X ) is an isomorphism, and that furthermore X is locally free of rank one in a Zariski neighbourhood of the Eisenstein ideal of T. We remark that it is comparatively easy to prove the analogous statements after tensoring with Q, for they then follow from the fact that X is a faithful T-module. Indeed, combining this with the semi-simplicity of the Q-algebra T⊗Z Q, one deduces that X ⊗Z Q is a free T⊗Z Q-module of rank one, and in particular that the map T⊗Z Q −→ EndT⊗ZQ(X ⊗Z Q) is an isomorphism.
Downhill slopes look shallower from the edge.

A dramatic failure of orientation constancy is documented in the perception of downhill slopes. Contrary to naive expectation, steep downhill slopes look shallower from the edge than they do from back from the edge. Three experiments document and quantify this failure of constancy for real and virtual surfaces using a variety of dependent measures. Two additional studies document overestimation of both non-visually perceived head pitch and perceived gaze declination. A model of orientation constancy failure is fit to the data that combine exaggerations in perceived gaze declination with exaggerated scaling of perceived optical slant. These findings support a functional scale-expansion model of error in slope perception.
Real-Time Optimal Path Planning Using a Distributed Computing Paradigm

Path planning may be viewed as an optimal control problem which can be addressed using dynamic programming. The optimal control (i.e. path) is obtained after solving Bellman's dynamic programming equation for an "optimal return fuction". This paper proposes solving the Bellman equation using distributed computing paradigms which are, effectively, hardware implementations of the Bellman equation's variational solution. The approach promises to be globally optimal, fast, and easily implemented on existing parallel computing machines.
Studies of the function of the membrane-bound iron-sulfur centers of the photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum

Abstract Chromatophores from the photosynthetic bacterium, Chromatium vinosum , have been prepared which photoreduce NAD + with either succinate or reduced dichlorophenolindophenol as electron donors. NAD + reduction is inhibited by uncouplers as well as inhibitors of cyclic photophosphorylation. These chromatophores contain several bound iron-sulfur centers which have been detected by low-temperature EPR spectroscopy. One center, having a g 2.01 EPR signal in the oxidized state, has E m7.5 = +50 mV and is partially reduced by succinate in the dark. Three iron-sulfur centers having g 1.93 EPR signals have been resolved by redox titration, and the E m7.5 values of these centers are −50, −175 and −250 mV, respectively. Studies of the involvement of these centers in electron transfer from donors to NAD + have indicated that the center with E m = −50 mV is succinate reducible in the dark and appears to be analogous to center S-1 of succinic dehydrogenase in other systems. An additional g 1.93 iron-sulfur center can be photoreduced in the presence of electron donors and this reduction is inhibited by uncouplers. The possible role of the two low-potential iron-sulfur centers in relation to the dehydrogenases functioning in NAD + reduction is considered.
Effects of glucose on insulin secretion, glucokinase activity, and transgene expression in transgenic mouse islets containing an upstream glucokinase promoter-human growth hormone fusion gene.

We have analyzed in organ culture the effects of glucose on glucose-induced insulin secretion, glucokinase (GK) activity, and human growth hormone (hGH) expression in pancreatic islets from transgenic mice containing an upstream GK promoter-hGH fusion gene. Freshly isolated islets from these mice had a normal insulin secretory response to glucose but showed subtle defects after culture in low or high glucose for 4 days that may have been due to the accumulation of hGH in the culture media. Islets cultured from both normal and transgenic mice had approximately a fourfold induction of GK activity in response to an increased concentration of glucose in the culture media, whereas no such change in total islet hGH production was observed. Immunocytochemical localization of hGH in islets cultured in 3 mM glucose showed a pattern similar to that in freshly isolated islets. However, after culture in 30 mM glucose, hGH immunostaining became strikingly more heterogeneous. We conclude 1 ) that GK-hGH transgene expression does not appear to adversely affect glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo or in freshly isolated islets, 2 ) that glucose does not induce transgene expression, thus providing additional evidence against an effect of glucose on GK gene transcription in the islet, and 3 ) that glucose stimulates the co-release of hGH with insulin, thereby enhancing the heterogeneous staining pattern seen among pancreatic β-cells.
Exclusion of a Case-Control Study From Meta-analysis–Reply–I

We appreciate the thoughtful response from Hoogeveen and Stehouwer. Originally, we rated their study as “poor” because the control group was chosen from survivors. We thought that approach would result in a sample biased toward healthy participants. However, on further review, we think that the Cox proportional hazards model the authors used for the subanalysis of cardiovascular death was probably not biased, and thus their article warrants a grade of “fair.” We have recalculated the summary relative risk with their study included: the relative risk changed from 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.26) to 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.28). The conclusions remain the same.
On the damping of the bending waves in Saturn’s ring

We study numerically the motion of a single particle in the bending wave of finite thickness in Saturn’s ring. We include the forcing due to the planet, a moon, the coriolis force and the self gravity of the ring. In particular, we compute the variation of the velocity arising due to the variation of the amplitude and the phase of the epicyclic motion across the local vertical height of the ring. We suggest that the dissipation of energy due to the collision of ring particles in this shear layer damps out the bending wave of Saturn’s ring at the 5:3 vertical resonance of Mimas within a distance of 150 km from the site of its launching as is observed in Voyager data.
Objectivism, Relativism and the Importance of Rhetoric for Marxist Economics

The revolution in social thought which has taken place in anthropology, sociology, history, literature and even law has been squelched in economics by both neoclassicals and Marxists. It is the purpose of this essay to show that aspects of contemporary poststructuralist and feminist theory are considerably more compatible with Marxian and neo-Marxian theory than with neoclassical thought. More important, we argue that these poststructuralist and feminist approaches, and especially their implicit theory of the relation between the individual and society, can significantly enhance Marxian economic analysis of the production process and consumer behavior by creating a richer theory of individual behavior and by expanding the Marxian conception of institutions and thus of accumulation and reproduction.
The effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the renin-aldosterone system

Abstract This study prospectively evaluates the determinants and time course of diuretic-induced secondary hyperaldosteronism. Initial metabolic balance studies (days 5–7) and subsequent out-patient studies (days 8–28) were undertaken in 6 healthy subjects receiving hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg/day. Upon initiation of therapy, a discordance was observed between the natriuresis (maximal on day 1), the plasma renin activity (PRA) (maximal on day 3), and aldosterone secretion (maximal on day 7). The PRA increment correlated best with the urinary sodium deficit and the aldosterone increment correlated best with both PRA and urinary sodium deficit together. The secondary hyperaldosteronism persisted throughout the study, as determined by the aldosterone secretion rate, but the tetrahydroaldosterone excretion and the plasma aldosterone became normal within 3 wk of diuretic therapy. Hypokalemia also persisted throughout the study and was probably related to the secondary hyperaldosteronism since the urinary potassium deficit correlated with the aldosterone secretion but not the sodium excretion. In conclusion, (1) the urinary sodium deficit is the major determinant of diuretic-induced secondary hyperaldosteronism, (2) secondary hyperaldosteronism is the most important factor maintaining diuretic-induced hypokalemia, and (3) secondary hyperaldosteronism may be overlooked if only tetrahydroaldosterone excretion or plasma aldosterone levels are measured during diuretic therapy.
Neurotransmitter synthesis in the nervous system of the mollusc Hermissenda.

1. Biochemical and histochemical analysis of the circumesophageal ganglia of the nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis revealed four putative neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine. 2. Acetylcholine was synthesized and accumulated within the neuropile where all known synaptic interactions occur. 3. Histochemical staining demonstrated that acetylcholinesterase is almost entirely localized in the neuropile region. 4. Degradation of ACh was increased by perfusing the preparation with seawater containing high K+. 5. Study of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of the above-mentioned neurotransmitters revealed that choline-acetyltransferase had much higher specific activity than either tyrosine or tryptophan hydroxylases. 6. The temperature optimum found for the CAT was 20°C, while tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylase showed an increase in their activity up to 30 and 35°C respectively. 7. AChE was found to have high activity throughout the temperature range tested (0–35°C).
On the Discrepancy of Point Distributions on Spheres and Hyperbolic Spaces

Optimal lower bounds are given for the discrepancy of point distributions w.r.t. geodesic balls on spheres and hyperbolic spaces. The mean discrepancy is estimated below by using a non-commutative version of the Fourier transform method developed by Beck for Euclidean spaces.
Results from a trial of an unsupported internet intervention for depressive symptoms

Internet interventions provide an option for those who either cannot or choose not to engage with traditional treatments. Most research on internet interventions involves guided or supported interventions. However, unsupported interventions offer considerably more scalability and cost-effectiveness, which makes them attractive for large-scale implementation. In this study, 309 participants recruited via Google AdWords entered an unsupported cognitive-behavioral internet intervention for depressive symptoms. To maximize the ecological validity of the study, participants received no incentives or live contact with study personnel. Furthermore, the study was open to individuals at any level of depressive symptoms, and all participants received the active intervention. The main outcome measures were depressive symptom level and self-efficacy in managing depressive symptoms. At follow-up, depression scores were significantly lower than baseline scores at each follow-up point (1, 2, 4, and 7 months), with pre-post effect sizes ranging from medium to large. Follow-up depression self-efficacy scores were significantly higher than baseline scores at each follow-up point, with pre-post effect sizes in the medium range. The results remained significant when analyzing only participants with depression scores indicative of a presence of a major depressive episode; results likewise remained significant when employing the conservative last observation carried forward convention, even in the presence of high attrition observed in this study. The results illustrate the potential of unsupported internet intervention to address the health needs of the global community.
Perspectives on scapegoating in primary groups

Theory and research related to the scapegoat role and scapegoating processes in primary groups are reviewed. This review and evaluation of the literature leads to the conclusion that scapegoating phenomena, though often highly stressful, can contribute significantly to individual and group development. Treatment issues and approaches are discussed.
A dynamic collimation system for penumbra reduction in spot-scanning proton therapy: proof of concept.

Purpose: In the absence of a collimation system the lateral penumbra of spot scanning (SS) dose distributions delivered by low energy proton beams is highly dependent on the spot size. For current commercial equipment, spot size increases with decreasing proton energy thereby reducing the benefit of the SS technique. This paper presents a dynamic collimation system (DCS) for sharpening the lateral penumbra of proton therapy dose distributions delivered by SS. Methods: The collimation system presented here exploits the property that a proton pencil beam used for SS requires collimation only when it is near the target edge, enabling the use of trimmers that are in motion at times when the pencil beam is away from the target edge. The device consists of two pairs of parallel nickel trimmer blades of 2 cm thickness and dimensions of 2 cm × 18 cm in the beam's eye view. The two pairs of trimmer blades are rotated 90° relative to each other to form a rectangular shape. Each trimmer blade is capable of rapid motion in the direction perpendicular to the central beam axis by means of a linear motor, with maximum velocity and acceleration of 2.5 m/s and 19.6 m/s2, respectively. The blades travel on curved tracks to match the divergence of the proton source. An algorithm for selecting blade positions is developed to minimize the dose delivered outside of the target, and treatment plans are created both with and without the DCS. Results: The snout of the DCS has outer dimensions of 22.6 × 22.6 cm2 and is capable of delivering a minimum treatment field size of 15 × 15 cm2. Using currently available components, the constructed system would weigh less than 20 kg. For irregularly shaped fields, the use of the DCS reduces the mean dose outside of a 2D target of 46.6 cm2 by approximately 40% as compared to an identical plan without collimation. The use of the DCS increased treatment time by 1–3 s per energy layer. Conclusions: The spread of the lateral penumbra of low-energy SS proton treatments may be greatly reduced with the use of this system at the cost of only a small penalty in delivery time.