cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A large scale Monte Carlo simulator for cellular microphysiology

Summary form only given. Biological structures are extremely complex at the cellular level. The MCell project has been highly successful in simulating the microphysiology of systems of modest size, but many larger problems require too much storage and computation time to be simulated on a single workstation. MCell-K, a new parallel variant of MCell, has been implemented using the KeLP framework and is running on NPACl's Blue Horizon. MCell-K not only produces validated results consistent with the serial version of MCell but does so with unprecedented scalability. We have thus found a level of description and a way to simulate cellular systems that can approach the complexity of nature on its own terms. At the heart of MCell is a 3D random walk that models diffusion using a Monte Carlo method. We discuss two challenging issues that arose in parallelizing the diffusion process - detecting time-step termination efficiently and performing parallel diffusion of particles in a biophysically accurate way. We explore the scalability limits of the present parallel algorithm and discuss ways to improve upon these limits.
On the Management of Ground Water in Coastal Aquifers

Management of ground water in coastal aquifers is composed of major elements which should be properly evaluated. Emphasis should be made on evaluating these elements by means of basic research; otherwise, the management approaches and research would have no sound foundation. The major elements needed for a proper management are critically discussed and some current misconceptions are pointed out. Special attention is given to leakage and salt-water encroachment problems. The current means of alleviating salt-water effects are discussed and a new approach is presented.
Nephrology Ethics: “No Dialysis” As a Treatment Option

Background: Renal failure in elderly patients often generates an ethical question “should dialysis be initiated?” The nephrologists are faced with the dilemma of conveying the prognosis of renal failure in elderly patients and also explain the pros and cons of offering a renal replacement therapy (RRT). Methods: We report a retrospective study conducted between 6/2001 and 6/2003 to evaluate the clinical situations where initiating RRT was considered inappropriate. All patients who opted for not initiating/withdrawal of RRT were included in the study. Results: Twenty-four patients were included in the study. All patients were males with average age 70.7 years. 17/24 were in the intensive care unit. Complex medical illnesses with poor quality of life were the major reasons for opting out of RRT. 20/24 patients opted for not initiating RRT and 3/24 patients opted for withdrawal. 1/24 opted for a trial of RRT before taking long-term decisions. 3/20 who opted against initiating RRT had advanced directives. 18/20 who opted for not initiating RRT died within 3 days of the need for RRT, 2/20 are alive without RRT after 6 and 4 months with estimated GFR of 14 and 12 mL/min, respectively. Patient who opted for a trial of RRT died eventually, 4 months after a prolonged bedridden stay in a nursing home. 3/3 ESRD patients died within a week after withdrawing dialysis. Conclusion: The decision to initiate RRT should be made considering the overall prognosis. A decision to not initiate or withdraw RRT is possible in critically ill patients and if taken judiciously can reduce physical and mental stress of both patient and their family members.
Identifying lichenometrically datable, glacierized terrains: a case study in the cascade range of western North America

Climatic interpretations of recent glacier fluctuations rely on ice-extent chronologies developed from lichenometric ages of Holocene landforms. However, lichenometry requires time- and resource-consuming field surveys, which limit our understanding of glacier chronologies, especially in remote locations. This study presents a rapid, coarse, a priori approach to predicting new field sites where lichenometry can be applied. Geologic, geographic, climatic, and landcover data were used in spatial and supervised classification analyses to identify areas in the Cascade Range of Washington and northern Oregon with similar environmental conditions to those where lichenometric dating techniques had previously been applied. These results focus the attention of researchers to only 1100 km2, or 3%, of the broader Cascade Range study area. Though this study concentrates on the utility of lichenometry for dating recent glacier activity in the Cascade Range, the screening method presented is easily translatable to a va...
Prevalence of Parents’ Perceptions of Sensory Processing Disorders Among Kindergarten Children

This study is the first to systematically examine estimated rates of sensory processing disorders using survey data. Parents of incoming kindergartners from one suburban U.S. public school district were surveyed using the Short Sensory Profile, a parent-report screening tool that evaluates parents' perceptions of functional correlates of sensory processing disorders (McIntosh, Miller, Shyu, & Dunn, 1999a). A total of 703 completed surveys were returned, which represents 39% of the kindergarten enrollment (n = 1,796) in the district for the 1999-2000 school year. Of the 703 children represented by the surveys, 96 children (13.7% of 703) met criteria for sensory processing disorders based upon parental perceptions. A more conservative prevalence estimate of children having sensory processing disorders based on parental perceptions was calculated by assuming that all non-respondents failed to meet screening criteria. This cautious estimate suggests that based on parents' perceptions, 5.3% (96 of 1796) of the kindergarten enrollment met screening criteria for sensory processing disorders. These percentages are consistent with hypothesized estimates published in the literature. Findings suggest a need for rigorous epidemiological studies of sensory processing disorders.
Leisure-Time Spent Sitting and Site-Specific Cancer Incidence in a Large U.S. Cohort

Background: Time spent sitting is distinctly different from accumulating too little physical activity and may have independent deleterious effects. Few studies have examined the association between sitting time and site-specific cancer incidence. Methods: Among 69,260 men and 77,462 women who were cancer-free and enrolled in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, 18,555 men and 12,236 women were diagnosed with cancer between 1992 and 2009. Extended Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of leisure-time spent sitting with total and site-specific cancer incidence. Results: Longer leisure-time spent sitting, after adjustment for physical activity, BMI, and other factors, was associated with risk of total cancer in women (RR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04–1.17 for ≥6 hours vs. <3 hours per day), but not men (RR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.96–1.05). In women, sitting time was associated with risk of multiple myeloma (RR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.07–2.54), invasive breast cancer (RR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00–1.21), and ovarian cancer (RR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.10–1.87). There were no associations between sitting time and site-specific cancers in men. Conclusion: Longer leisure-time spent sitting was associated with a higher risk of total cancer risk in women, and specifically with multiple myeloma, breast, and ovarian cancers, but sitting time was not associated with cancer risk in men. Further research is warranted to better understand the differences in associations between men and women. Impact: For women, these findings support American Cancer Society guidelines for cancer prevention to reduce sitting time when possible. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(9); 1–10. ©2015 AACR.
Synthetic image generation of factory stack and cooling tower plumes

A new model for generating synthetic images of plumes has been developed using a radiometrically based ray-tracing algorithm. Existing plume models that describe the characteristics of the plume (constituents, concentration, particulate sizing, and temperature) are used to generate AutoCAD models for input into the code. The effects of scattered light using Mie theory and radiative transfer, as well as thermal self-emission/absorption from within the plume, are modeled for different regions of the plume. The ray-tracing accounts for direct sunlight, scattered skylight, reflected sunlight from the background, and thermal self-emission from both the atmosphere and background. Synthetic generated images of a cooling tower plume, composed of water droplets, and a factor stack plume, composed of methyl chloride, are produced for visible, MWIR, and LWIR bands. Images of the plume from different view angles are also produced. Observations are made on the interaction between the plume and its background and possible effects for remote sensing. Images are made of the methyl chloride plume in which the concentration and temperature are varied to determine the sensitivity of the radiance reaching the sensor.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Implementation of two-dimensional L-COSY at 7 Tesla: an investigation of reproducibility in human brain.

Author(s): Verma, Gaurav; Hariharan, Hari; Nagarajan, Rajakumar; Nanga, Ravi PR; Delikatny, Edward J; Albert Thomas, M; Poptani, Harish | Abstract: PurposeTo evaluate the utility of two-dimensional (2D) Localized Correlated Spectroscopy (L-COSY) in metabolic profiling of the human brain at 7 Tesla (T).Materials and methodsThe 2D L-COSY sequence was implemented at 7 T and its reliability was assessed by test-retest studies of a metabolite phantom and a healthy volunteer. L-COSY data were acquired from the occipital lobe of healthy subjects (n = 6; all male; age, 30-72 years) to assess intersubject variability. Additionally, two subjects underwent scans from the parieto-occipital region, basal ganglia, frontal lobe or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to test the versatility of L-COSY in studying differing anatomy. Integral/volume measurements of L-COSY spectra were used to estimate normalized metabolite-to-creatine concentrations.ResultsPhantom test-retest studies revealed coefficients of variation (CVs) of 3-20% for most metabolites. Human 2D L-COSY spectra permitted detection of several metabolite resonances from multiple locations and inter-subject variation studies demonstrated CVs of 4-26%. Cross-peaks from gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isoleucine (Ile), lysine (Lys) and Ethanolamine (Eth) were quantified, which are not readily resolvable with conventional one-dimensional (1D) MR spectroscopy.Conclusion2D L-COSY at 7 T demonstrated improved sensitivity in detecting additional metabolites with reliability comparable to established techniques at lower fields, which may aid in the metabolic assessment of diseased states.
Early stages in the yeast secretory pathway are required for transport of carboxypeptidase Y to the vacuole

Temperature-sensitive secretory mutants (sec) of S. cerevisiae have been used to evaluate the organelles and cellular functions involved in transport of the vacuolar glycoprotein, carboxypeptidase Y (CPY). Others have shown that CPY (61 kd) is synthesized as an inactive proenzyme (69 kd) that is matured by cleavage of an 8 kd amino-terminal propeptide. sec mutants that are blocked in either of two early stages in the secretory process and accumulate endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi bodies also accumulate precursor forms of CPY when cells are incubated at the nonpermissive temperature (37 degrees C). These forms are converted to a proper size when cells are returned to a permissive temperature (25 degrees C). Vacuoles isolated from sec mutant cells do not contain the proCPY produced at 37 degrees C. These results suggest that vacuolar and secretory glycoproteins require the same cellular functions for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and from the Golgi body. The Golgi body represents a branch point in the pathway: from this organelle, vacuolar proenzymes are transported to the vacuole for proteolytic processing and secretory proteins are packaged into vesicles.
Haruko's World: A Japanese Farm Woman and Her Community

Introduction Part I. Scholar and Subject: 1. Arrival 2. Haruko takes charge 3. Entering the community Part II. Farm Family: 4. Haruko and Sho-ichi 5. Men, money, and machinery 6. Haruko's work 7. Conflict 8. Home and school Part III. Farm Community: 9. Fumiko, the genteel farm woman 10. Social life and social organizations 11. Sex and drinking 12. Yesterday, today and tomorrow 13. Departure Bessho revisited Epilogue.
Phrasal Cohesion and Statistical Machine Translation

There has been much interest in using phrasal movement to improve statistical machine translation. We explore how well phrases cohere across two languages, specifically English and French, and examine the particular conditions under which they do not. We demonstrate that while there are cases where coherence is poor, there are many regularities which can be exploited by a statistical machine translation system. We also compare three variant syntactic representations to determine which one has the best properties with respect to cohesion.
Smoking Behavior and Attitudes on a College Campus1

(1965). Smoking Behavior and Attitudes on a College Campus. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 147-156.
A Parametric Manipulation of Factors Affecting Task-induced Deactivation in Functional Neuroimaging

Task-induced deactivation (TID) refers to a regional decrease in blood flow during an active task relative to a "resting" or "passive" baseline. We tested the hypothesis that TID results from a reallocation of processing resources by parametrically manipulating task difficulty within three factors: target discriminability, stimulus presentation rate, and short-term memory load. Subjects performed an auditory target detection task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), responding to a single target tone or, in the short-term memory load conditions, to target sequences. Seven task conditions (a common version and two additional levels for each of the three factors) were each alternated with "rest" in a block design. Analysis of covariance identified brain regions in which TID occurred. Analyses of variance identified seven regions (left anterior cingulate/superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right anterior cingulate gyrus, left and right posterior cingulate gyrus, left posterior parieto-occipital cortex, and right precuneus) in which TID magnitude varied across task levels within a factor. Follow-up tests indicated that for each of the three factors, TID magnitude increased with task difficulty. These results suggest that TID represents reallocation of processing resources from areas in which TID occurs to areas involved in task performance. Short-term memory load and stimulus rate also predict suppression of spontaneous thought, and many of the brain areas showing TID have been linked with semantic processing, supporting claims that TID may be due in part to suspension of spontaneous semantic processes that occur during "rest" (Binder et al., 1999). The concept that the typical "resting state" is actually a condition characterized by rich cognitive activity has important implications for the design and analysis of neuroimaging studies.
The Logic of Mysticism

I am both happy and honoured to have been asked to give this lecture on mysticism in memory of Leo Robertson, of whom I have many very pleasant memories. It was a delight to be wafted off to the Saville Club after a lecture here, and to discuss mysticism and philosophy on one of its many sofas. I am very sorry that this particular pleasure will not recur. Leo Robertson belonged to an old-fashioned climate of thought in which an interest in mysticism was respectable, and a long stay in the East had confirmed him in these leanings. I myself have always been constitutionally mystical, feeling that certain kinds of rapture, concerned with work, beauty, love and a few other things, are the only things absolutely worth having. I dropped my mysticism for a long period, partly on account of certain disillusioning experiences in my ’twenties, and partly out of deference to the dry methods and doctrine that prevailed in British philosophy. Latterly, however, increasing age has restored many of my illusions and made me generally more tender-minded; also, seeing the completely nugatory accomplishments of purely unmystical analysis, I have found myself reverting increasingly to my original mysticism. It was very refreshing to talk to a philosopher like Leo Robertson who took mysticism with the complete seriousness I think it deserves—as one of the truly fundamental human attitudes—but who also thought of it as supplementing and completing, rather than as undermining and nullifying, what other less rarefied thinkers do. It was also refreshing to hear all his talk about an earlier Cambridge, where he knew Wittgenstein in the full brilliance of his personal beauty as well as of his intelligence, and also knew Moore in the golden period of his dialectic, before he became so very preoccupied with the minutiae of the English language. Leo Robertson was a complete and rounded philosopher rather than a hamstrung one, and knowing him has been a factor in strengthening my resolve to be a complete and rounded thinker too.
Consequences of Fit between Novelty and Peripheral Knowledge in Systems Development Projects

This study addresses the theoretically-neglected question of when and why specialized IT and line functions should possess expertise in each others' domains. Such "peripheral knowledge" contradicts the premise of departmental specialization yet is widely observed. We develop the idea that IT and client departments' peripheral knowledge enhances project performance when it possesses "fit" with project novelty, and it does so by accelerating design convergence. Tests using data from 159 projects in 159 organizations support these ideas. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.
Stealth Radicalism: Teaching Refugee Rights as Human Rights

In this essay, I describe a Human Rights course in which I focused on refugee rights through a service-learning project with a refugee resettlement agency. I will summarize my own approach to “radical teaching,” my objectives for the course, the course itself, and the impact of the course on the students. Ideally, I would describe the impact on the refugees with whom the students interacted, but I was not able to collect narratives in that regard.
Social Media and Scientific Meetings: Education Exhibit "Likes" at the Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting.

Rationale and Objectives Viewers of electronic education exhibits at the 2013 and 2014 Radiological Society of North America meetings had the opportunity to “like” exhibits, as one might “like” a Facebook or an Instagram post. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate for a relationship between exhibit popularity and receiving an award or RadioGraphics invitation, (2) to evaluate for a relationship between exhibit recognition and subsequent popularity, and (3) to quantify and compare the electronic education exhibit likes at the 2013 and the 2014 meetings. Materials and Methods Exhibit likes were recorded at the midpoints and ends of both meetings. Data analyses were performed by means of one-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests. Results There were similar numbers of electronic education exhibits at the 2013 (1856) and 2014 (1793) meetings with no significant difference between meeting years in the number of exhibits chosen for awards (423 vs. 404, P = 0.88) or for RadioGraphics solicitation (190 vs. 169, P = 0.46). In both meeting years, there were statistically significant associations between initial and overall exhibit popularity and exhibit recognition, as well as between exhibit recognition and subsequent popularity. A 152% increase in total likes recorded was observed at the 2014 meeting as compared to the 2013 meeting (11074 vs. 4391, P Conclusions Popular exhibits were significantly more likely to receive awards and RadioGraphics invitations. Receiving an award or RadioGraphics invitation was associated with subsequent increased exhibit popularity. Significantly more likes were recorded at the 2014 Radiological Society of North America meeting than at the 2013 meeting.
AB1110 Are We Really Choosing Wisely? Use of Antinuclear Antibody Testing: A Single Center Based Experience

Background In order to promote high-value-cost-conscious care, American College of Physician (ACP) & American College of Rheumatology (ACR) via the Choosing Wisely campaign furnished guidelines for use of ANA test and ANA subserologies (ANAS). 1 First, ANA should not be used as a screening test in patients presenting with fatigue, myalgia or nonspecific symptoms. Second, in a patient with an existing diagnosis of immunologic disease (ID), repeat testing of ANA is not indicated. Third, ANAS should not be ordered along with ANA testing, as ANAS are almost always negative if the ANA test is negative. Objectives The study is aimed at determining the appropriateness of ANA testing in clinical setting. The objective is to identify patient or provider characteristics associated with ANA test results, to identify occasions where ANA testing does not reflect high-value, cost-conscious care, to identify economic burden associated with such testing and to identify how often a positive ANA results in to change in management. Methods The study was conducted as a retrospective chart review. All patients who had ANA testing done at SPUH lab during 1/1/2012 to 12/31/2012 were selected. Inferential analysis by chi square test and multivariate logistic regression were done by SAS 9.0. Results Total 475 patient encounters were found with mean age of 47.6 years and M:F ratio of 1:3. In 52 encounters (10.9%), ANA testing was done despite a known history of SLE. In 122 encounters (25.7%), ANA subserologies (ANAS) were ordered along with initial ANA testing. Out of 122 ANAS ordered, only 16 were positive (13.1% positivity rate); all of which had positive ANA test results. No patients with negative ANA testing had positive ANAS. Patients with female gender (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.61-5.83), African American race (p 0.007) and those with known history of ID (OR 6.76, 95% CI 3.88-11.80) were more likely to have a positive ANA test result. Patients with male gender (OR 3.14, 95% CI 0.10-0.99), with known history of ID (p Conclusions A significant amount of ANA and ANAS testing done in clinical setting does not reflect high-value-cost-conscious care, and is associated with significant economic burden (>200,000 USD/year). References Yazdany J, Schmajuk G, Robbins M, et al. Choosing wisely: the American College of Rheumatology9s Top 5 list of things physicians and patients should question. Arthritis care & research 2013;65:329-39. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.6027
Density Studies of Mule Deer Body Fat

This paper reports on density measurements at temperatures ranging from 10–35°C of internal, subcutaneous and bone-marrow fat sampled from north-central Colorado mule deer. Density measurements were made on the ether extracts using the method of pycnometry. Regression equations for fat density as a function of temperature were estimated as 1/ D = (1.4813 × 10−3) T + 1.0385 for internal fat, 1/ D = (1.4075 × 10−3) T + 1.0461 for subcutaneous fat and 1/ D = (1.4878 × 10−3) T + 1.0371 for bone-marrow fat. Application of the density measurements to the quantitative estimation of body fat for mule deer is discussed.
E-024 Intra-arterial Vasodilator Therapy for Severe Vasospasm in Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Introduction and Purpose Cerebrovascular complications of acute bacterial meningitis may include vasculitis, vasospasm, venous and arterial thrombosis, intracranial aneurysm formation and others. These complications have been shown to be important predictors of prognosis. The role of invasive endovascular therapies has not been well studied for meningitis-related vasospasm. We present a patient with acute bacterial meningitis who received intra-arterial (IA) vasodilator therapy to arrest worsening intracranial vasculopathy. Materials and Methods Case report and review of literature. Results A 38 year old male with history of recurrent ear infections presented to the hospital with depressed mental status and fever requiring intubation. He was diagnosed with diffuse cerebral oedema, hydrocephalus, left mastoiditis, and severe Streptococcus Pneumoniae meningitis and ventriculitis. He was administered antibiotics, steroids and seizure prophylaxis. An extraventricular drain was placed. The patient underwent mastoidectomy. MRI brain on day 5 showed acute infarcts in bilateral inferior cerebellar hemispheres. Noninvasive MRA study on day 7 was suggestive of only mild vasocontrictive segments in anterior and posterior circulations. He was started on nimodipine and triple-H therapy. On day 9, patient developed bradycardia, worsened mental status and motor deficits. A CTA brain demonstrated significant narrowing of the vertebrobasilar system with associated new scattered infarcts on MRI. An angiogram confirmed severe vasospasm in the distal vertebral arteries, basilar artery, and moderate vasospasm in bilateral supraclinoid internal carotid arteries. IA verapamil was infused in these vasospastic regions with improved vessel calibre and distal flow. The patient’s neurological exam also improved after the intervention. A followup angiogram on day 14 revealed further improvement in the intracranial vasospasm. Conclusion Vasospasm causing delayed ischaemic neurologic deficit is a rare, but severe cerebrovascular complication of acute bacterial meningitis. It can be a significant predictor of prognosis, and the disease may progress despite maximal medical therapy. Interventional therapy may be an important adjunctive treatment along with conservative medical modalities. Disclosures A. Taqui: None. R. Burgess: None. F. Hui: None. G. Toth: None.
In vitro lymphocyte response to autologous cultured lymphoid cells.

SummaryCirculating lymphocytes from five normal individuals and from five patients with neoplastic disease were unequivocally stimulated by irradiated cultured lymphoid cells of lines established from the same donors. This reaction suggests that there is an antigenic disparity between these two types of cells. It is possible that the surface antigens of lymphoid cells may change during multiplication in an in vitro environment.
Investigation on a case of perianal abscess complicated with acute flaccid paralysis

[Objective]To investigate the relationship between a case of perianal abscess complicated with acute flaccid paralysis and use of live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine.[Methods]A diagnosis expert group for adverse events following immunization was set up,which was in charge of case investigation,data collection and analysis,and issued the report. [Results]The case had a clear vaccination history of live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine,and the main symptoms were fever,vomiting,left lower extremity weakness and so on. The patient had been treated in Heze Municiple Hospital and provincial hospital successively,with the main diagnosis of perianal abscess and acute flaccid paralysis. I,II and III type polio virus,as well as other enteroviruses were not detected in the stool specimen. The diagnosis opinion from municipal expert group for adverse events following immunization was acute flaccid paralysis,which did not support the diagnosis of the vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis. [Conclusion]The available data do not support the relevance between the acute flaccid paralysis and the use of live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine in this case.
Detection Method of Voltage Sags Characterizations Using RMS Algorithm

According to the basic concepts,characteristics and causes of voltage sags,a root-mean-square(RMS) algorithm method to obtain the characteristics of voltage sags was introduced and a complete software process flow was provided.Through the Matlab simulation,the full-cycle RMS algorithm and the half-cycle RMS al-gorithm were proved and the delay error curve of the start time and end time of voltage sags was obtained.On the occasion for higher precision demand of start-stop time measurement,a more accurate voltage sags duration could be obtained after the error correction by the curve.
Surgical Aspects of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis in Infants, Children and Adolescents

Abstract The importance of surgical contributions to successful pediatric continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is demonstrated in this review of our experience with 9 pediatric patients maintained on such dialysis for 2 to 21 months (mean 11.3 months). Specific surgical procedures for pediatric peritoneal catheter placement have been developed that ensure proper catheter position, establish a watertight seal at the peritoneum and provide for intraoperative demonstration of good catheter function. Peritoneography at the time of catheter placement has predicted accurately later clinical hernia development and may be used to repair prophylactically subclinical inguinal and umbilical defects that are only demonstrable by intraoperative peritoneography. Partial omentectomy also has been helpful in certain instances. Since institution of the techniques described in this report, our 9 young patients have accumulated 101 patient-months on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis without a single catheter failure. The benefits of this as yet unrestricted extension of peritoneal catheter functional life span may be attributed to the catheter-protective features of the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis method itself and the involvement of interested surgeons as active members of the pediatric continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis program.
Coping Flexibility, GI Symptoms, and Functional GI Disorders: How Translational Behavioral Medicine Research Can Inform GI Practice.

Coping Flexibility, GI Symptoms, and Functional GI Disorders: How Translational Behavioral Medicine Research Can Inform GI Practice
Microbial Destruction in Thermal Processing of Foods

This chapter focuses on microbial survival data in thermal processing, where heat is applied to foods to kill microorganisms. The number of surviving microorganisms, after a selected heating duration, is determined to obtain the decimal reduction time, commonly called the “ D -value.” The chapter then goes on to calculate the effect of temperature on the rate of microbial destruction, expressed by the thermal resistance factor called the “ z -value,” which is unique for each microorganism. Experiments involving thermal resistance of bacteria are discussed. This involves determining the data on surviving microbes at different temperatures, which are analyzed to obtain the D -values. While conducting sampling for the presence or absence of microbial contamination, it is often desirable to know how many samples should be tested. Statistical analysis using binomial distribution allows the determination of the number of samples needed for such purpose. Problem statements, discussions, and worksheet comments are presented to determine the process lethality for conduction of heating food and to calculate the thermal process time for food with a microorganism. Also, center and mass-averaging sterilizing values are discussed.
Progesterone and Mammary Carcinogenesis

Historical: The background for laboratory findings of a relationship between ovarian hormones and mammary cancer may be found in publications dating back to the turn of this century. The role of the functional corpus luteum in suppression of ovulation was suggested by Beard, in 1898, and was demonstrated as a physiologic phenomenon by Loeb in 1911 [1, 2]. Later studies showed that the principal hormone of the corpus luteum is progesterone: in adequate amounts and in the presence of estrogen, it can prolong the luteal phase of the estrus cycle and suppress ovulation in the intact female. The physiologic effects of progesterone, synergized by estrogen in the intact animal, provide the basis for the current form of oral contraception, in which daily ingestion of a synthetic progestin plus a trace amount of estrogen is relied upon to suppress ovulation in the human.
Probability distributions of solutions to some stochastic partial differential equations

We consider a stochastic p.d.e. whose solution p(t) evolves in L2(ℝn). At each t, the probability distribution of p(t) is a measure on L2(ℝn). We define a Lie algebra naturally associated to the dynamics of p(t) from the operators of the stochastic p.d.e. and show that if this algebra, applied to the initial condition, ‘spans’ L2(ℝn), then the distribution of p(t) restricted to any cylinder set, is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure on that cylinder set. Our motivation stems partly from issues in nonlinear filtering theory.
In Utero Exposure of Hyperlipidemic Mice to Diesel Exhaust: Lack of Effects on Atherosclerosis in Adult Offspring Fed a Regular Chow Diet

Uterine stress is associated with an increased risk of later life metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of diesel exhaust (DE) exposure in utero on adult susceptibility to atherosclerosis in genetically hyperlipidemic mice. Pregnant apolipoprotein E-deficient mice received either DE exposure (~250–300 μg/m3 PM2.5 for 6 h/day, 5 days/week) or filtered air (FA) throughout gestation. Treatment effects on litter size and gender distribution were recorded. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were measured at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age. Urinary 8-isoprostane and liver 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels were measured at killing at 16 weeks of age. Expression of the antioxidant genes heme oxygenase-1 and the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier and catalytic subunits were measured in the lung, liver and aorta. The average area and frequency of atherosclerotic lesions were measured in the aortic sinus and innominate arteries. There were significantly smaller litters and higher postnatal mortality in the DE-exposed mice. There were no significant differences in plasma lipids or lipoprotein profiles, expression of antioxidant genes or markers of oxidative stress between treatment groups. There were also no significant differences in average atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic sinus or innominate arteries of the DE and FA groups although there was a higher frequency of lesions in the DE-exposed group. Our study indicates that in utero DE exposure does not influence later life lipoprotein metabolism, redox homeostasis or the risk of developing larger atherosclerotic lesions.
Parenting cognitions → parenting practices → child adjustment? The standard model

In a large-scale (N = 317) prospective 8-year longitudinal multiage, multidomain, multivariate, multisource study, we tested a conservative three-term model linking parenting cognitions in toddlerhood to parenting practices in preschool to classroom externalizing behavior in middle childhood, controlling for earlier parenting practices and child externalizing behavior. Mothers who were more knowledgeable, satisfied, and attributed successes in their parenting to themselves when their toddlers were 20 months of age engaged in increased supportive parenting during joint activity tasks 2 years later when their children were 4 years of age, and 6 years after that their 10-year-olds were rated by teachers as having fewer classroom externalizing behavior problems. This developmental cascade of a "standard model" of parenting applied equally to families with girls and boys, and the cascade from parenting attributions to supportive parenting to child externalizing behavior obtained independent of 12 child, parent, and family covariates. Conceptualizing socialization in terms of cascades helps to identify points of effective intervention.
Thermal and mechanical analysis of electromagnetic loading on stainless steel structures

A high power capable, pulsed power load is numerically analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics to determine its capabilities and limitations for use with a given current pulse. The computational model uses quarter symmetry to enhance numerical efficiency. A normalized root mean square error is computed in lieu of validation and verification of the model. Thermal and pressure profiles of the load are discussed. The analyzed load is inappropriate for repeated pulsing with the examined excitation. Modifications to the load to extend its usefulness are proposed and evaluated.
Guest Starring Hamlet: The Proliferation of the Shakespeare Meme on American Television

The language of the meme—whether understood through Richard Dawkins’s early theories of cultural memetics or through the more recent phenomenon of Internet memes—can enable a discussion of how texts by Shakespeare circulate in culture. Through a process of uptake and reworking, these Shakespearean memes can appear in unlikely places. Here, I consider what I call the ghost meme from Hamlet, studying the appearance of a father-haunting-son story arc in several contemporary television series: Lost, Six Feet Under, Sons of Anarchy, Gossip Girl, and Arrested Development. Through a process of unacknowledged doubling, repetition, and revision, these series give new forms to Shakespeare’s texts, thereby extending the life span of the meme and ensuring its cultural “stickiness.”
Statistical models are able to predict ionic liquid viscosity across a wide range of chemical functionalities and experimental conditions

Herein we present a method of developing predictive models of viscosity for ionic liquids (ILs) using publicly available data in the ILThermo database and the open-source software toolkits PyChem, RDKit, and SciKit-Learn. The process consists of downloading ∼700 datapoints from ILThermo, generating ∼1200 physiochemical features with PyChem and RDKit, selecting 11 features with the least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) method, and using the selected features to train a multi-layer perceptron regressor—a class of feedforward artificial neural network (ANN). The interpretability of the LASSO model allows a physical interpretation of the model development framework while the flexibility and non-linearity of the hidden layer of the ANN optimizes performance. The method is tested on a range of temperatures, pressures, and viscosities to evaluate its efficacy in a general-purpose setting. The model was trained on 578 datapoints including a temperature range of 273.15–373.15 K, pressure range of 60–160 kPa, viscosity range of 0.0035–0.993 Pa s, and ILs of imidazolium, phosphonium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium classes to give 33 different salts altogether. The model had a validation set mean squared error of 4.7 × 10−4 ± 2.4 × 10−5 Pa s or relative absolute average deviation of 7.1 ± 1.3%.
Genetics of pubertal timing.

Purpose of review To summarize advances in the genetics underlying variation in normal pubertal timing, precocious puberty, and delayed puberty, and to discuss mechanisms by which genes may regulate pubertal timing. Recent findings Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci that affect pubertal timing in the general population in both sexes and across ethnic groups. Single genes have been implicated in both precocious and delayed puberty. Potential mechanisms for how these genetic loci influence pubertal timing may include effects on the development and function of the GnRH neuronal network and the responsiveness of end-organs. Summary There has been significant progress in identifying genetic loci that affect normal pubertal timing, and the first single-gene causes of precocious and delayed puberty are being described. How these genes influence pubertal timing remains to be determined.
Pulsed Doppler echocardiography

Cardiac ultrasound has greatly enhanced our ability to define structural disorders in the heart and great vessels. While certain cardiac diseases lend themselves to firm diagnosis by M-mode echocardiography, many valvular and congenital disorders result in normal or nonspecific echocardiographic findings. In these disorders structural abnormalities clearly exist which cannot be evaluated with present echocardiographic techniques. A range-gated pulsed Doppler device has been developed which can identify blood flow patterns at well-defined intracardiac locations 1), 4). By demonstrating whether intracardiac flow is normal or pathologic, direct inference can be made as to what structural abnormality exists.
Sonography of Hydronephrosis

In the last few years there has been a transformation in the way in which renal failure is radiologically investigated. The prime goal remains the differentiation of hydronephrosis from a small or large kidney affected by a medical cause of renal failure. Obstructive causes of renal failure are treatable by either percutaneous or surgical drainage techniques and are associated with progressive destruction of glomeruli and nephrons if left untreated. Possible renal obstruction represents a radiological emergency. Sonography has proved to be reliable in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis [3, 6, 7, 11, 12], relegating the retrograde pyelogram to a limited role, i.e., showing the precise level of the obstruction and the nature of the obstructing lesion once the diagnosis of hydronephrosis has been established by other imaging modalities.
Regulation of Gene Expression in Astrocytes

The astrocytes are the most functionally diversified and phenotypically plastic cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike neurons they are not terminally differentiated nor are they as functionally specialized as the oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes ensheathe neuronal dendrites, somas and synaptic surfaces. They also extend processes to the nodes of Ranvier, the pia mater forming the glial limitans, and to all brain capillaries. Thus the astrocytes “fence in” the brain parenchyma. These extensive and close anatomic associations of astrocytes with neurons and capillaries position these cells as the gate keepers to the brain parenchyma, suggesting that they are target cells for stimuli from peripheral as well as central origin. During the last 15 years, cultured astrocyte preparations have provided an excellent system to study responses to a large number of mitogenic and differentiation signals. These studies have begun to reveal the nature of neuron-astrocyte and astrocyte-endothelial cells/periphery coupling. For instance, radioligand receptor studies and electrophysiological investigations of receptor and ion channels have revealed the existence of receptors on astrocytes for nearly all the types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in neuronal communication (Kimelberg and Norenberg, 1988; Kimelberg, 1988). A wide range of mitogenic factors have been shown to cause proliferation of cultured astrocytes (for review see Arenander and de Vellis, 1989; Arenander et al. 1989b). Agents that increase intracellular cyclic AMP or stimulate protein kinase C activity induce stellation of astrocytes in culture. Their morphological and biochemical phenotype is also regulated by classical hormones (for review, de Vellis et al., 1986), growth factors (Morrison et al., 1985), neurotransmitters (McCarthy et al., 1988b) and retinoic acid (Wuarin et al, 1990). The most widely studied gene regulation in astrocytes is the hydrocortisone induction of glutamine synthetase. Its expression is also regulated in a complex way by many agents, including neuronal surface antigens (Wu et al., 1985; for review see Kumar and de Vellis, 1987; de Vellis et al. 1986). Surprisingly, neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), which were thought to act only on certain types of neurons, have recently been reported to affect astrocyte physiology and upregulate the expression oflow and high affinity NGF receptors (Kumar et al. 1990; 1992).
Metabolic barriers to immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma.

11560Background: Cancer cells can inhibit effector T cells through both immunomodulatory receptors and alteration of the tumor microenvironment as a result of cancer metabolism. A majority of patie...
Opportunistic View Materialization with Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Carefully selected materialized views can greatly improve the performance of OLAP workloads. We study using deep reinforcement learning to learn adaptive view materialization and eviction policies. Our insight is that such selection policies can be effectively trained with an asynchronous RL algorithm, that runs paired counter-factual experiments during system idle times to evaluate the incremental value of persisting certain views. Such a strategy obviates the need for accurate cardinality estimation or hand-designed scoring heuristics. We focus on inner-join views and modeling effects in a main-memory, OLAP system. Our research prototype system, called DQM, is implemented in SparkSQL and we experiment on several workloads including the Join Order Benchmark and the TPC-DS workload. Results suggest that: (1) DQM can outperform heuristic when their assumptions are not satisfied by the workload or there are temporal effects like period maintenance, (2) even with the cost of learning, DQM is more adaptive to changes in the workload, and (3) DQM is broadly applicable to different workloads and skews.
Studies of protistan mineralization. I. Kinetics of coccolith secretion in Hymenomonas carterae.

The calcified body scale (coccolith) of the unicellular marine algaHymenomonas carterae is composed of two morphologically distinct calcite elements which alternate about the perimeter of a complex, elliptical organic base. The coccoliths ofHymenomonas are formed intracellularly in a precise and orderly sequence of events within the single Golgi apparatus of the alga and then secreted to the anterior cell surface. This study demonstrates that the kinetics of this calcification-secretion process can be reproducibly determined by morphological means. Under standardized conditions, coccoliths are secreted at a rate of about ten per hour. In the absence of light this rate is significantly reduced. The procedure described for determining the kinetics of coccolith secretion inHymenomonas provides a simple, precise method for evaluating the results of experimental manipulation of this calcification-secretion system.
Characterization of Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) in Frozen State and after Freeze-Drying.

To study the effect of mannitol or trehalose on the crystallization behavior of solutes in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) when the solutions were frozen and freeze-dried. PBS (pH 7.5 at RT) either alone, or with trehalose (5% w/v) or mannitol (1% w/v), were frozen and characterized using low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and pH measurement. Freeze dried lyophiles were characterized by XRD. In the absence of cosolutes, upon freezing PBS, a pH shift of ~ 4 units was observed due to crystallization of Na2HPO4•12H2O. XRD indicated sequential crystallization of Na2HPO4•12H2O, NaCl•2H2O and KCl during cooling. When the frozen solutions were heated, two eutectics were observed – the first at ~ −24°C (ternary, NaCl•2H2O-KCl-ice) and the second at ~ −22°C (binary, NaCl•2H2O-ice). Trehalose completely inhibited buffer salt crystallization, whereas mannitol suppressed it partially thereby attenuating the magnitude of pH shift. The two eutectic meltings were also suppressed by the cosolutes. XRD of final lyophiles from PBS alone revealed peaks of anhydrous Na2HPO4, NaCl, and KCl. Trehalose rendered the lyophiles completely XRD amorphous, whereas in presence of mannitol, all the solutes except KH2PO4 crystallized. Freezing of PBS solution caused a pronounced pH shift due to selective crystallization of Na2HPO4•12H2O. The addition of trehalose or mannitol suppressed the buffer salt crystallization and attenuated the magnitude of pH shift. The potential instability of biologics due to pH shift in PBS, can be potentially mitigated with the cosolutes.