cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eventual partition of conserved quantities for Maxwell's equations

In [4], Dassios uses a method introduced by Duffin in [5] to show that if a classical solution to Maxwell's equations has compact spatial support at some time, its energy is partitioned after a finite time into exactly equal electric and magnetic parts. Here we apply the same method to conserved quantities other than the energy. These quantities are shown to be eventually partitioned into a number of linear or quadratic functions of the time with constant coefficients.
Neural network transformation of arbitrary Boolean functions

Boolean logic is considered to be a good source for classification problems, an area dominated by neural networks. Although quite a few algorithms exist for training and implementing neural networks, no technique exists that can guarantee the transformation of any arbitrary Boolean function to neural networks. This paper describes a method that accomplishes exactly that. The algorithm is tested on the classic character recognition problem using translated, rotated, deformed, and noisy patterns. The initial simulation results are presented. Comparison of the proposed network to several popular existing networks has been performed and its advantages outlined. The future direction of research has also been explained.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adult postoperative enteroenteric intussusception in Crohn's disease.

Postoperative jejunojejunal intussusception occurred in normal bowel of 3 patients operated on for small bowel obstruction due to Crohn's disease. Various radiologic patterns and a number of etiologic factors are described. It is concluded that this complication is prone to occur in patients having chronically dilated small bowel preoperatively and should be managed by as conservative a surgical procedure as possible.
Ca2+-Activated Cl– Channels: A Newly Emerging Anion Transport Family

A new family of chloride transport proteins has recently emerged. These proteins have extensive homology to a protein previously isolated from bovine tracheal epithelium that acts as a Ca2+-sensitive Cl– channel (CaCC) when heterologously expressed or when reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers. Several new members of this family have been identified in human, murine, and bovine epithelia, in addition to some other tissues, and are associated with Ca2+-sensitive conductive chloride transport when heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes or HEK 293 cells. The expressed current is also sensitive to inhibitors such as DIDS and niflumic acid. In addition, at least one family member acts as an endothelial cell adhesion molecule. This emerging family may underlie the Ca2+-mediated Cl– conductance responsible for rescue of the cystic fibrosis (CF) knockout mouse from significant airway disease.
Pliocene-Pleistocene growth of the Rio Ebro margin, northeast Spain: A prograding-slope model

Pliocene-Pleistocene marine deposits overlying Messinian evaporites off northeast Spain are composed of five distinct seismic facies. These facies are interpreted to represent deposition in five adjacent settings: distal (isolated) basin, basin plain, base of slope,slope, and shelf. Contrary to previous studies, a submarine-fan style of deposition is not evident. Distal-basin deposits are characterized by thin, wavy, parallel beds draping the sea floor. Basin-plain deposits are similar but also have flat-lying beds and some low-relief channels. Base-of-slope deposits are dominated by stacked, overlapping, elongate channel/levee deposits that have concave-upward bases and convex-upward tops. Slope sequences are thick accumulations of overbank deposits laterally interrupted by large upward-climbing canyon fill. The shelf component is composed of overlapping and stacked delta lobes. The composite sediment body is a prograded, upward-shallowing, offlap sequence initiated and controlled by the influx of terrigenous sediment from the Rio Ebro during the Pleistocene. This style of deposition is common in the rock record, and our model may be more appropriate as a modern analogue for some rocks than are conventional shelf-canyon-fan models of margin sedimentation.
Determining the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Nutrition Education and Cooking Program for Preschoolers and Their Families Delivered Over the Dinner Hour in a Low-Income Day Care Setting:

Objective. To test the feasibility and acceptability of a nutrition education/cooking program aimed at teaching positive eating behaviors to parents and their preschool children. Methods. A monthly program was delivered over the dinner hour at a child care facility. Questionnaires were completed at baseline, midway, and study end (10 month). Outcomes were program feasibility (retention, attendance) and acceptability (satisfaction); child food preparation skills, dietary intake, and body mass index percentile; parent self-efficacy regarding healthy eating practices; and family meal frequency. Results. Eleven families were recruited, and 10 families completed (91% retention). On average, 74% attended the program. All reported high satisfaction. Certain child diet outcomes improved (increased fruits and vegetables; decreased sugar-sweetened beverages) (P < .05). No gain in child body mass index percentile was observed. Parent self-efficacy regarding healthy eating practices improved (planning and encouraging...
Bank dividend policy as a signal of bank quality

Abstract This article examines whether the dividend policy of bank holding companies is used as a signal of their quality. The study found evidence to support the dividend signaling argument—that is, that there is a positive relationship between bank dividends per share and bank quality rating. Additionally, an inverse relationship between the dividend payout ratio and bank quality was found. Therefore, both aspects of a bank holding company's dividend policy yields information about the quality of a financial institution.
Conceptual and methodological sources of variation in the measurement of nursing facility quality: an evaluation of 24 models and an empirical study.

Whereas many researchers have developed sophisticated instruments to assess quality of care in nursing facilities (NFs), the concept of quality, its measurement, and its relationship to organizational characteristics remain important issues that are characterized by inconsistent findings across studies. The conceptualization and methodologies used in twenty-four NF quality studies are compared. The review identifies four main sources of variation hypothesized to be important bases of inconsistency in the NF quality literature: (1) differences in conceptualization and operationalization, (2) differences in the unit of analysis (resident vs.facility), (3) differences in sampling method and sample constitution, and (4) differences in the main method of analysis. As an empirical test of three of these sources of variation, the authors investigated relationships between primary organizational characteristics and various measures of quality using a sample of 104 Wisconsin NFs. From both the comparative and Wisc...
A longitudinal study of the supply and demand for physics and chemistry teachers in Kansas

The continuing crisis in the supply and demand for high school physics and chemistry teachers has been documented by a series of national surveys. There is a need, however, to augment these surveys with accurate longitudinal data which identifies the age-specific variables of science teacher survival rates, incoming number of new teachers, and the rate at which science teachers change age cohorts. These three variables were used in a five year longitudinal study of all the physics and chemistry teachers in Kansas to project the need for teachers in 1985 and in 1990. The study indicated that the teachers 40 years and older comprised 33.5% of the physics/ chemistry teacher population in 1979–1980 and the percentage will steadily increase to 60.8 by 1990. The high turnover rate of science teachers 29 years old and younger is also contributing to the shortage of qualified physics and chemistry teachers. The cohort component population projection method outlined in this study is recommended for use in other states to document the age specific characteristics of the science teacher population.
Parent–child bargaining, parental transfers, and the post-secondary education decision

Schooling decisions are often modelled within a unitary preference framework. In this article, an alternative to the unitary preference model is proposed in which parents and child have conflicting preferences over parental transfers and the level of post-secondary schooling and participate in cooperative bargaining as a means of resolving this conflict. Comparisons of the implications of the bargaining and unitary preference models motivate tests of parental altruism and income pooling. To test these hypotheses, reduced form transfer and schooling equations are estimated using data from the High School and Beyond Surveys. The evidence suggests that the unitary preference model be rejected.
Aberrant ORM (yeast)–like protein isoform 3 (ORMDL3) expression dysregulates ceramide homeostasis in cells and ceramide exacerbates allergic asthma in mice

Background Asthma, a chronic inflammatory condition defined by episodic shortness of breath with expiratory wheezing and cough, is a serious health concern affecting more than 250 million persons. Genome-wide association studies have identified ORM (yeast)–like protein isoform 3 (ORMDL3) as a gene associated with susceptibility to asthma. Although its yeast ortholog is a negative regulator of de novo ceramide biosynthesis, how ORMDL3 contributes to asthma pathogenesis is not known. Objectives We sought to decipher the molecular mechanism for the pathologic functions of ORMDL3 in asthma and the relationship to its evolutionarily conserved role in regulation of ceramide homeostasis. Methods We determined the relationship between expression of ORMDL3 and ceramide in epithelial and inflammatory cells and in asthma pathogenesis in mice. Results Although small increases in ORMDL3 expression decrease ceramide levels, remarkably, higher expression in lung epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro and in vivo increased ceramide production, which promoted chronic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucus production during house dust mite–induced allergic asthma. Moreover, nasal administration of the immunosuppressant drug FTY720/fingolimod reduced ORMDL3 expression and ceramide levels and mitigated airway inflammation and hyperreactivity and mucus hypersecretion in house dust mite–challenged mice. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that overexpression of ORMDL3 regulates ceramide homeostasis in cells in a complex manner and suggest that local FTY720 administration might be a useful therapeutic intervention for the control of allergic asthma.
Mobile MIMO capacity in network interference: Informed and Uninformed Transmitters

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) receivers maximize link throughput by finding the best balance between enhancing signal power and suppressing interference. This makes MIMO a good candidate for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) with network interference. It has been shown previously that MIMO achieves higher throughput in network interference if transmitters reduce the number of transmit antennas or modes (data streams) used. That result is confirmed here using a more realistic model than that previously employed, including Rice fading, log-normal shadowing, and range-loss exponents and shadowing standard deviations that grow with range. Ordinarily, limiting the number of transmit modes requires some sort of enforcement policy. Informed Transmitter (IT-) MIMO links with Channel State Information (CSI) feedback optimize single-link performance in severe interference by reducing the number of transmit modes and concentrating available power in the strongest. It is shown here that this reduction in IT-MIMO signal complexity results in network performance close to that of network-optimized Uninformed Transmitter (UT-) MIMO, without the need for network coordination.
Interplay Between the Gamma Isoform of PKC and Calcineurin in Regulation of Vulnerability to Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mediated by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, respectively, represent essential steps in a variety of vital neuronal processes that could affect susceptibility to ischemic stroke. In this study, the role of the neuron-specific γ isoform of protein kinase C (γPKC) in reversible focal ischemia was examined using mutant mice in which the gene for γPKC was knockedout (γPKC-KO). A period of 150 minutes of unilateral middle cerebral artery and common carotid artery (MCA/CCA) occlusion followed by 21.5 hours of reperfusion resulted in significantly larger (P < 0.005) infarct volumes (n = 10; 31.1 ± 4.2 mm3) in γPKC-KO than in wild-type (WT) animals (n = 12; 22.6 ± 7.4 mm3). To control for possible differences related to genetic background, the authors analyzed Balb/cJ, C57BL/6J, and 129SVJ WT in the MCA/CCA model of focal ischemia. No significant differences in stroke volume were detected between these WT strains. Impaired substrate phosphorylation as a conse...
Hypnosis and lateralized brain functions.

Abstract Bilateral EEG measures were obtained on 16 high hypnotizable Ss (scores of >8 on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, Shor & E. Orne, 1962), while performing hemispherespecific tasks during hypnosis and a no-hypnosis control condition. Conditions and tasks were presented in counterbalanced order, and Ss served as their own controls. The data call into question the right hemisphere activation interpretation of lateralized brain function during hypnosis; rather, the data suggest a lack of task appropriate activity during hypnosis. The failure to attend to baseline activity measurements and the use of ratios to evaluate interhemispheric lateralization may contribute to potential misinterpretations of data. It is critical that activity changes of the separate hemispheres be taken into account in the interpretative process.
Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of the Initial Interactions Between Fibrinogen and Surfaces

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to analyze the interactions between fibrinogen and model surfaces having different levels of water wettability. In contrast to most AFM studies, proteins were coupled to the substrate while model surface colloids were attached to the end of the AFM probe, thereby ensuring that proteins undergo only a single compression/decompression cycle. Similar values of adhesion force were observed between fibrinogen and all of the highly wettable surfaces; in the same manner, fibrinogen showed similar adhesion forces against all poorly wettable surfaces, with a step-like transition observed between the two groups. Relationships between the adhesion forces and loading rates were used to analyze the energy profiles involved in protein/surface interactions. Multiple energy barriers were found in the interaction of proteins with poorly wettable surfaces; whereas a single energy barrier was found for protein interactions with highly wettable surfaces. Contact time-dependent adhesion data were fit to an exponential model and showed that the rate constants of the protein unfolding process on highly wettable surface were smaller at low loading rates, but increased rapidly to yield values similar to those on poorly wettable surfaces at high loading rates. The activation energies of protein unfolding derived from the data offer insight into the role of surface wettability in affecting adhesion, conformational changes, and ultimately, the activity of proteins at biomaterial surfaces.
Plasma transport in stochastic magnetic fields. II. Principles and problems of test electron transport

A model stochastic differential equation is considered which describes guiding center electron motion in a statistically specified spectrum of turbulent magnetic fluctuations. The fluctuation intensity is assumed to satisfy the Chirikov criterion (resonance overlap) for onset of stochasticity. In this limit typical lines diffuse and are adequately described by a quasilinear diffusion coefficient D/sub m/. However, quasilinear theory does not describe an important mechanism for loss of particle correlations: particles collisionally diffuse from one line to an adjacent one which diverges rapidly from the first, carrying the particles away. The scale length L/sub K/ for line divergence is related to the inverse of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy. An attempt is made to determine L/sub K/ from a simplified Eulerian vertex renormalization. The exponentiation length which emerges is L/sub K/ approximately L/sub s/(anti k/sup 2//sub theta/D''/sub m/L/sub s/)/sup -1/3/, where L/sub s/ is the shear length, k bar/sub theta/ is a typical azimuthal wavenumber, and D''/sub m/ is of order D/sub m/. In a particular limit of weak shear, the particle diffusion coefficient can then be estimated as D approximately DELTA r/sup 2//tau/sub c/, where ..delta..r/sup 2/ approximately D/sub m/z(tau/sub c/), z(tau) is the distance traveled along the lines in time tau,more » and for static fluctuations tau/sub c/ approximately tau(L/sub delta/), where L/sub delta/ is L/sub K/ multiplied by a logarithmic factor involving the perpendicular collisional diffusion coefficient.« less
Property enhancement in Type 316L stainless steel by spray forming

Abstract Type 316L stainless steel was processed by rapid solidification, liquid dynamic compaction (LDC) and subjected to a series of simple thermomechanical treatments (TMT) to produce a fine austenitic grain structure. The as-deposited, fine grained structure was rollable in excess of 80% at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) without annealing or edge cracking. High tensile and yield values resulted from the cold worked austenitic structure at 298 K and from martensite formation on rolling at 77 K. Ductility values were on the low side but at useful levels for these high strengths.
Determination of g tensors from experimental g-value differences

Abstract A method for improving the precision of g-tensor parameters obtained from limited data has been developed. The difference between the maximum and minimum g values (Δg), and the angle φmax corresponding to gmax, in each of three orthogonal planes of rotation are employed. The method is in a convenient form for computer programming and a program has been written.
The effect of pH on staining by eosins.

The effect of pH on staining by 7 dyes of the eosin group was studied by means of specimens fixed 12-18 hr in Gilson's, in Petrunkewitsch's, or in Zenker's fluids, respectively. Sections were soaked in water or alcohol, depending upon the stain solvent, adjusted in 31 equal steps from pH 4.0 to 10.0 before being stained in similarly adjusted dye solutions. The stained sections were rinsed at H-ion concentrations identical to that at which staining took place, until no further color came away, and mounted. Variations in pH elicited different degrees of stain retention; different fixation altered staining affinity even though staining was effected at identical pH values.
Student perception about working in rural United States/Canada after graduation: a study in an offshore Caribbean medical school.

Introduction: Rural residents of the United States (US) and Canada face problems in accessing healthcare. International medical graduates (IMGs) play an important role in delivering rural healthcare. IMGs from Caribbean medical schools have the highest proportion of physicians in primary care. Xavier University School of Medicines admits students from the US, Canada and other countries to the undergraduate medical (MD) course and also offers a premedical program. The present study was conducted to obtain student perception about working in rural US/Canada after graduation. Methods: The study was conducted among premedical and preclinical undergraduate medical (MD) students during October 2014. The questionnaire used was modified from a previous study. Semester of study, gender, nationality, place of residence and occupation of parents were noted. Information about whether students plan to work in rural US/Canada after graduation, possible reasons why doctors are reluctant to work in rural areas, how the government can encourage rural practice, possible problems respondents anticipate while working in rural areas were among the topics studied. Results: Ninety nine of the 108 students (91.7%) participated. Forty respondents were in favor of working in rural US/Canada after graduation. Respondents mentioned good housing, regular electricity, water supply, telecommunication facilities, and schools for education of children as important conditions to be fulfilled. The government should provide higher salaries to rural doctors, help with loan repayment, and provide opportunities for professional growth. Potential problems mentioned were difficulty in being accepted by the rural community, problems in convincing patients to follow medical advice, lack of exposure to rural life among the respondents, and cultural issues. Conclusions: About 40% of respondents would consider working in rural US/Canada. Conditions required to be fulfilled have been mentioned above. Graduates from Caribbean medical schools have a role in addressing rural physician shortage. Similar studies in other offshore Caribbean medical schools are required as Caribbean IMGs make an important contribution to the rural US and Canadian health workforce.
Allosteric modification of α-bungarotoxin binding by the ‘calcium channel antagonist’ verapamil

Abstract The putative calcium channel antagonist verapamil has been shown to affect a variety of other ion channels as well as neurotransmitter receptors. We report that verapamil reversibly inhibits binding of the nicotinic receptor probe 125 I-α-bungarotoxin to membranes from rat brain, Torpedo californica , the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and the human medulloblastoma cell line TE671, with K i values of 24.0, 90.5, 165.4 and 869.6 μM, respectively. These effects are calcium independent and insensitive to a variety of organic and inorganic calcium channel antagonists. While Hill coefficients suggest mechanistic differences for verapamil action in the tissues examined, derivative graphical analysis demonstrates a common mechanism of heterotypic, allosteric inhibition. Verapamil may be useful as a probe to elucidate aspects of receptor-effector coupling.
Twenty-six-year response of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir plantations to woody competitor density in treated stands of madrone and whiteleaf manzanita

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) grown in mixture with whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida Parry) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) grown in mixture with Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh) in southwestern Oregon showed an increase in growth with removal of competing woody cover. Both conifer species had roughly one-third the volume at plantation ages 26-27 when grown with uncontrolled competition compared to where woody competition was completely controlled at age 2. Intermediate levels of competitors usually led to intermediate levels of growth, but this was more evident with Douglas-fir than pine. When competition was reduced or removed, height/age relationships for Douglas-fir at plantation ages 23 and 27 reflected medium site quality rather than low quality as estimated from adjacent stands, indicating that these sites are potentially more productive than perceived with uncontrolled dense woody cover. These studies support the concept that competition management may allow some poor sites of ponderosa pine or Douglas-fir to be managed on the basis of a higher site potential.
Employee Performance Evaluation in Social Welfare Offices

This study examines the status and operation of performance evaluation systems in three welfare offices across the country. Welfare offices provide an interesting and auspicious arena for such an e...
Comparison of the Piso, Simpler, and Simplec Algorithms for the Treatment of the Pressure-Velocity Coupling in Steady Flow Problems

The performance of the PISO, SIMPLER, and SIMPLEC algorithms for the treatment of the pressure-velocity coupling in steady flow problems is examined by comparing the computational effort required to obtain the same level of convergence in four test problems. For problems in which the momentum equation is not coupled to a scalar variable the PISO algorithm is superior, but when the scalar variable is strongly coupled to the momentum equation SIMPLER and SIMPLEC exhibit better behavior and reasonable solutions with the PISO algorithm are obtained only for small time steps. Clear superiority of SIMPLER over SIMPLEC or vice versa is not observed, although the iterative formulations of these two algorithms exhibit more robust behavior than the corresponding time-marching formulations.
EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Corn

ABSTRACT EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation by corn (Zea mays L.) of soil supplemented with 500 mg L−1 lead (Pb) was examined. The chelate EDTA was used in order to increase Pb bioavailability at four levels: 0 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (medium), and 2.5 mmol kg−1 (high). Plants were grown under controlled conditions in a growth-chamber with supplementary light. An EDTA concentration of 5.0 mmol kg−1 was lethal to plants. At high and medium EDTA levels plants grew significantly less than control ones. Lead concentrations in corn leaves increased with increased EDTA levels. Plants subjected to medium EDTA level had the greatest root to shoot Pb translocation. Plants subjected to high EDTA level showed high phosphorus (P) uptake and translocation within plants. Therefore, possibly it was not only Pb that caused toxic effect on plants, but also the high internal concentration of P that in turn could have complexed active Fe.
Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor complementary DNA from rat brain.

We have isolated a cDNA clone from rat brain using a human platelet α2-adrenergic receptor genomic clone as a probe. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence (450 residues) corresponding to the rat brain cDNA with that of the human platelet and human kidney α2-adrenergic receptors showed 84% and 44% sequence similarity, respectively. The major sequence difference between the rat brain and human platelet proteins, was a stretch of 48 amino acids within the third cytosolic loop in which the similarity was only 42%. Analysis of the 48 amino acid-region indicated that the two receptors significantly differ in terms of their primary amino acid sequence and the predicted secondary and tertiary structural features. There was no sequence similarity between the human platelet and rat brain clone over the 177 bases of 3′-noncoding sequence and a less than 50% similarity over a stretch of 210 nucleotides in the 5′-untranslated region. Southern-blot analysis with a human platelet α2-adrenergic receptor probe revealed the existence of a single 5.2 kb restriction fragment (KpnI/SacI) in both human and rat genomic DNA; the rat brain α2-receptor probe, however, hybridized to a single 1.9 kb band in rat DNA. Northern-blot analysis of rat brain poly(A+) RNA with the rat brain cDNA probe under stringent hybridization conditions revealed a single 4.5 kb mRNA; none was detected by the human platelet receptor probe. The rat brain 4.5 kb mRNA was not detected in any (other than brain) tested rat tissues utilizing either rat brain or human platelet DNA probes. The rat brain cDNA was expressed in a mammalian cell line (COS-2A) and found to bind the α2-adrenergic antagonist [3H]yohimbine; based on the binding-affinity for prazosin, the presently cloned receptor was pharmacologically closer to the α2A subclass. We conclude that the rat brain cDNA encodes a new α2-adrenergic receptor subtype that may be brain-specific.
Black Liberation and the Internet: A Strategic Analysis

Without question, the latest source of social power is the Internet-a globally interconnected system of computer networks. It allows information to be obtained, exchanged, and archived faster, over a longer distance, and more accurately than ever before (Andersen, Bikson, Law, & Mitchell, 1995). By the year 2000, statistical estimates suggests that the number of Internet hosts will reach 187 million (Rutkowsi & the Internet Society, 1996). Although Vice President Al Gore (1995), Bill Gates, and others champion the democratizing potential of the Internet, more critical assessments have examined aspects of cyberspace that allow it to become another factor in the continued oppression of historically marginalized peoples (Anderson et al., 1995; Beckles, 1996, 1997; Brook & Boale, 1995; Corn, 1996; Defife, 1995; Dennis, 1996; Gandy, 1995; Miller, 1995). Indeed, in relation to Internet access, content, and usage, the Internet has not lived up to its democratic potential for people of African descent. A daunting revelation was that, as opposed to the Internet serving as a vehicle for a redistribution of power, what we are in fact witnessing in cyberspace is a reconcentration of power along class and race lines (Andersen et al., 1995; Beckles, 1997). As of 1996, African Americans comprised only 5% of Internet users. A 1997 study performed by the Graphic Visualization Survey (GVS) suggested that nationally, African Americans accounted for less than
Timing is everything

A new polymer for delivering DNA in synchrony with the life cycle of white blood cells stimulates a cell-killing immune response and makes DNA vaccines much more potent.
Surface Activity as Related to Physiological Activity of Plant Growth-Regulators.

Among theories proposed to explain the action of plant growth-regulators is one which focuses attention on the altered permeability of cell membranes caused by the adsorption of growth-controlling compound to this phase boundary. This theory, proposed by Veldstra (11), is based in part on a polarographic investigation in which the effects of the compounds on the oxygen maximum were used as a measure of the adsorbability of the compounds and therefore of their physiological activity. Subsequently (12), the concept was modified to allow for a chemical reaction between growth regulator and cellular constituents ; and the results achieved at the surface of the mercury drop according to this hypothesis must then be considered as indicative of chemical reactivity as well as adsorption. The possibility that an examination of substances with respect to their effect on the oxygen maximum might indicate a relative measure of their adsorbability or surface activity was first propounded by Heyrovsky and detailed by Rasch (5). According to this theory, the oxygen maximum is the result of the adsorption of oxygen to the surface of the mercury drop, and any reduction in this maximum (at the same potential) is due to the preferential adsorption of some other substance which replaces oxygen at the mercury surface. Another explanation of the maximum involves the electrokinetic stirring in the mercury drop and the electrolyte solution (7) which brings reducible ions to the mercury surface more rapidly than diffusion alone would. At the maximum potential the density of indifferent cations in the electrical double layer restricts the movement of reducible ions to that of diffusion, whereupon the current drops to the diffusion current. Surface active substances depress the maximum, according to this theory, by lowering the surface tension of the mercury and the subsequent cessation of the stirring effect. According to Kolthoff and Lingane (2) neither one of the theories adequately accounts for all characteristics of the maximum but the complete explanation probably will include aspects of both. The number of compounds reported on by Veldstra was few, and the growth tests with which the results were compared were the rooting of cuttings and the curvature of split stems of peas. It was thought that a more comprehensive investigation of the effects on the oxygen maximum of compounds effecting cell elongation together with several compounds known to
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LEUCOCYTES DURING COINCIDENT REGENERATION AND THYROID-INDUCED METAMORPHOSIS IN THE FROG LARVA, WITH A CONSIDERATION OF GROWTH FACTORS.

1. Coincident progressive and regressive changes are induced in the tail of the frog larva by simultaneous thyroid administration and removal of a portion of the tail. The rate of growth of the regenerating tail is greatest in animals not treated with thyroid, next greatest in animals treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, somewhat less in animals treated with thyroid simultaneously with tail removal, and least in those treated with thyroid 2 days before removal of the tail. 2. The leucocytes chiefly concerned are neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, hemoblasts, and lymphoid phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages). The neutrophils further tissue lysis, the lymphoid phagocytes remove tissue debris. The lymphocytes are apparently not numerous enough to exert any important growth-promoting influence. The hemoblasts represent merely a part of the general reaction to thyroid treatment. Eosinophils are absent except for a few that appear in the late stages. Basophils of mesenchymal origin are present in the later stages of thyroid-treated animals. These appear to differentiate further into eosinophils. 3. The rate and amount of growth are correlated directly with the degree of crowding of cells, and inversely with the degree of vascularity. The greatest crowding and least vascularity occur in animals not treated with thyroid, somewhat less crowding and greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, still less crowding and somewhat greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid at the time of tail removal, and finally, least crowding and greatest vascularity occur in animals treated with thyroid 2 days before tail removal. These results support the views of Burrows (4) upon the mechanism of growth stimulation of cells.
Meniscus root repair.

Root tears are a subset of meniscal injuries that result in significant knee joint pathology. Occurring on either the medial or lateral side, root tears are defined as radial tears or avulsions of the posterior horn attachment to bone. After a root tear, there is a significant increase in tibio-femo
Analysis of Solar Organic Rankine Cycle for a Building in Hot and Humid Climate

The objective of this paper is to model and analyze the solar Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) engine for a geothermal air-conditioned net zero-energy building (NZEB) in a hot and humid climate. In the authors’ previous work, 11 fluids have been suggested to be employed in solar ORCs that use low or medium temperature solar collectors. In this paper, the system requirements needed to maintain the electricity demand of a commercial building have been compared for the 11 suggested fluids. The solar collector loop, building, and geothermal air conditioning system are modeled using TRNSYS with the required input for the ORC system derived from the previous study. The commercial building is located in Pensacola of Florida and is served by grid power. The building has been equipped with two geothermal heat pump units and a vertical closed loop system. The performance of the geothermal system has been monitored for 3 weeks. Monitoring data and available electricity bills of the building have been employed to calibrate the building and geothermal air conditioning system simulation. Simulation has been repeated for Miami and Houston in order to evaluate the effect of the different solar radiations on the system requirements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Measured Effectiveness of Client-Sponsored Consulting Projects in the Marketing Research Course

This article assesses the effectiveness of the applied marketing research project from the perspectives of students and clients. The impacts of the procedure, both cognitive and behavioral, are discussed. The conclusion is that the approach has a profound effect upon student learning and, barring some potential pitfalls, has much to-offer.
The effects of marital transitions on changes in physical activity: Results from a 10-year community study

The potential effects of making a marital transition on subsequent physical activity were evaluated across a ten-year period in a population-based sample of 302 women and 256 men ages 25 to 75 years. Subjects completed a structured interview at five timepoints throughout the ten-year period during which they reported on their physical activity level as well as marital status. The transition from a married to a single state did not affect physical activity relative to remaining married when analyses of either slopes or mean values were used. In contrast, the transition from a single to a married state resulted in significant positive changes in physical activity relative to remaining single throughout the study period when physical activity slopes, though not means, were compared. The results suggest that marriage may potentially set the stage for natural changes in physical activity that could be capitalized on through appropriate intervention, but additional research is needed to verify this in light of the inconsistent pattern of findings.
The Promise of After-School Programs for Low-Income Children.

Abstract This article draws on the findings from the evaluation of a three-city after-school imitative, as well as the general literature, to examine the field of after-school programs, focusing on those programs serving low-income children. A brief history of these programs is presented exploring the rationales for them in the circumstances of low-income children; a current profile of this field of services is provided; the major tensions in and challenges facing the field are discussed; and recommendations for facing those challenges are offered. The article argues for the expectations of after-school programs for low-income children to be kept modest, commensurate with both their modest means (i.e., limited resources and largely nonprofessional workforce) and distinct role in children’s lives.
Non-coplanar PCBs induce calcium mobilization in bottlenose dolphin and beluga whale, but not in mouse leukocytes.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been demonstrated to modulate marine mammal immune functions; however, the underlying mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) is an important second messenger involved in numerous leukocyte functions. The direct effects of in vitro exposure to PCBs on Ca2+ mobilization were evaluated in leukocytes isolated from bottlenose dolphins, beluga whales, and B6C3F1 mice. Concentration- and time-response experiments with three non-coplanar PCBs (138, 153, 180), one coplanar PCB (169), and TCDD were tested. Exposure to the three non-coplanar PCBs significantly increased cytosolic Ca2+ in dolphin neutrophils, while PCB 180 significantly increased cytosolic Ca2+ in beluga neutrophils. Two non-coplanar PCBs (138 and 153) significantly increased Ca2+ in beluga monocytes, yet the response was delayed compared to that in neutrophils. Neither PCBs nor TCDD increased cytosolic Ca2+ in mouse neutrophils or monocytes. In experiments with Ca2+-free medium, only...
America's Emergency-Powers Consensus: ‘We the People’ and Their Written Guarantee of Safety

Students of the exercise of emergency powers in the American governmental system have taken note in recent years of an obviously widening gap between what presidents assert they can do in emergencies and what congressional and court critics of presidents, and many serious scholars, say are the constitutional and statutory limits on executive emergency powers. The perceived widening gap is something new, though Americans seem to have accustomed themselves to it quickly enough. In the shadow of what has come to be called the era of the imperial Presidency, some say that one extreme tendency demands a compensating counterbalancing tendency toward the opposite extreme. Indeed, it is now widely believed that what had been an accelerating quantitative increase in presidential power has largely resulted in a qualitative transformation that threatens the continuance of “free government,” requiring intensified criticism of presidential practice as well as, perhaps, a temporary exercise of emergency powers by other branches of our government to restore the traditional balance of separated powers.
Effect of breathing route on ventilation and ventilatory drive

Nasal obstruction is associated with abnormal breathing during sleep. To investigate this we measured ventilation and isocapnic hypoxic and rebreathing hypercapnic ventilatory responses in 9 awake normal men, with and without artificial nasal occlusion. Resting breathing frequency was lower (P less than 0.05) with mouth (12.5 +/- 1.0 [SEM]) than with nose (15.1 +/- 1.3 b/min) breathing, due to prolongation (P less than 0.05) of expiratory time with mouth breathing (mouth 3.25 +/- 0.35, nasal breathing 2.41 +/- 0.37 sec). Resting tidal volume was similar for both routes, thus minute ventilation was lower (P less than 0.01) mouth breathing (8.43 +/- 0.44) compared with nose breathing (9.37 +/- 0.47 L/min). Ventilatory responses were greater with mouth than nose breathing both for hypercapnia (mouth 2.29 +/- 0.21, nose 1.58 +/- 0.18 L/min/mm Hg CO2; P less than 0.01) and for hypoxia (mouth 1.08 +/-0.16, nose 0.91 +/- 0.21 L/min/% SaO2; P = 0.10). In 6 subjects measurements were repeated before and after upper airway lignocaine anaesthesia, which abolished the differences in respiratory timing and drive between the breathing routes. It is suggested that there may be upper airway flow receptors which influence respiratory timing.
A comparison of the disturbingness of behaviors related to learning disability and emotional disturbance

Behaviors thought to be characteristic of emotional disturbance or learning disabilities were investigated through ratings of teachers with regard to the relative disturbingness of the behaviors. Obtained differences suggested that behaviors characteristic of emotional disturbance were rated as more disturbing than those of learning disabilities; differences within sets of characteristic behaviors were also indicated. Results are discussed with regard to implications for teacher expectancies and labeling research.
Job Descriptions for Interlibrary Loan Supervisors: Core Functions and Best Practices

The author compares interlibrary loan supervisors’ job descriptions for various types of libraries. The include a large university library, a small university library, a large public library, a small public library, and 12 academic law libraries. Job description topics discussed include purposes, qualifications, typical duties and responsibilities, variations by different types of libraries, collection of interlibrary loan statistics, the best ways to include technology in a job description, relationships among librarians, responsibility for copyright compliance, and ethics. The appendix includes a model job description for an interlibrary loan supervisor.
IMPACT OF A BYCATCH REDUCTION DEVICE ON DIAMONDBACK TERRAPIN AND BLUE CRAB CAPTURE IN CRAB POTS

Bycatch in fisheries is receiving attention because of its impact on ecological diversity and resource sustainability. Male and juvenile female diamondback terrapins, Malaclernys terrapin, frequently drown as bycatch in crab pots, removing individuals with high reproductive value from the population and possibly skewing sex ratios. We tested a wire bycatch reduction device (BRD) to determine its ability to reduce terrapin entrapment and to examine any effects the BRD has on the size and number of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, caught in crab pots. We tested three sizes of BRDs, a 4 X 10 cm BRD in 1996, and 4.5 x 12 cm and 5 x 10 cm BRDs in 1997. We equipped both standard crab pots and modified (tall) crab pots with BRDs, the latter were used to prevent terrapin mortality in areas of high terrapin density. Traps were checked and baited daily. In 1996, we caught no terrapins in 14 crab pots equipped with the 4 x 10 cm BRDs and 21 terrapins in 14 crab pots without BRDs. In 1997, the 4.5 x 12 cm BRD reduced terrapin bycatch by 82%, whereas the 5 x 10 cm BRD reduced terrapin bycatch by 47%. The 4 x 10 cm BRDs, however, reduced the size and number of large "Number One" and mature female crabs. Catch rate for standard crab pots with 4 x 10 cm BRDs was 2 crabs.pot- ' day- ' lower than standard crab pots fished without BRDs in 1996. Neither the 5 X 10 cm BRD nor the 4.5 x 12 cm BRD affected crab size or the number of crabs caught in crab pots. Standard crab pots with a 4.5 x 12 cm BRDs had the highest catch per unit effort (2.69 crabs.pot-'.day-'), followed by standard crab pots without BRDs (2.55 crabs-pot-'.day-') and standard crab pots with 5 x 10 cm BRDs (2.39 crabs.pot-'.day-'). The largest crab caught in 1997 was in a crab pot with a 4.5 X 12 cm BRD. We stress the importance of using the 4.5 x 12 cm BRD on crab pots fished commercially and recreationally to reduce terrapin mortality and the need to integrate the use of BRDs on crab pots with other conservation practices such as protection of critical terrapin habitat, particularly nesting beaches.
Design graphs for optimizing the energy-storage inductor for DC-to-DC power converters

Three sets of design graphs and equations are developed to facilitate design of the energystorage inductors for DC-to-DC converters. Using the design graphs, a quick estimate of the inductor minimum weight, the transistor peak current, and the inductor power loss can be obtained. Trade-off study can be conveniently conducted using these graphs. Effects of duty cycle controllers, constant frequency and constant tON, on the optimal selection of the energy-storage inductors are assessed.
Polar UVI images to study steady magnetospheric convection events: Initial results

[1] During periods of steady enhanced magnetospheric driving, it may be possible for the reconnection rate on the nightside to adjust to match the reconnection rate on the dayside. When this occurs, it is referred to as a steady magnetospheric convection event or SMC. This balance of reconnection rates is reflected by unchanging open flux in the lobes, which can be inferred using the open-closed boundaries on auroral images. We use Polar UVI data to determine this boundary and calculate the area inside the polar cap. The temporal changes in this area are used to determine the degree of balance between the dayside and nightside reconnection rates. Thus far, we have identified 22 SMC events. We relate these events to past SMC studies. The preliminary results presented here support many past conclusions while also contradicting others.
The Exit of the Tunnel: Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase from the Acceptor's Point of View

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a popular model used to study quantum mechanical phenomena in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Studies of α-secondary kinetic isotope effects (2° KIEs) have shown that the oxidation of benzyl alcohol by NAD+ occurs by quantum tunneling with coupled motion of the primary and secondary hydrogens. In order to learn more about the nature of that coupling, we have measured α-secondary KIEs in the reverse reaction, i.e., for the yeast ADH (yADH) catalyzed reduction of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. Preliminary results show that whether 1H or 2H is being transferred, the reaction maintains normal 2° KIEs (kH/kT > 1). This is most significant given that the equilibrium isotope effect for this process is inverse (EIE = 0.75). Semi-classical theory predicts an inverse 2° KIE (kH/kT < 1) for this reaction, thus the findings support a role for quantum mechanical H-tunneling in the reduction of aldehydes by yADH. Furthermore, these 2° KIEs violate the rule of the geometric mean: the semi-classical formulation of KIEs that predicts no difference in 2° KIEs upon isotopic substitution at the primary position. In this reaction, however, the magnitude of the 2° KIE decreases significantly when the transferred isotope is 2H. Together, these results provide strong support for the model of tunneling and 1°-2° coupled motion used to describe enzymatic H-transfers.