cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Movies to the Rescue: Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty-First-Century Students

What are the challenges of teaching Cold War politics to the twenty-first-century student? How might the millennial generation be educated about the political science theories and concepts associated with this period in history? A college student today, who grew up in the post-Cold War era with the Internet, Facebook, Twitter, smart phones, laptops, and tablets, demonstrates a learning style that responds better to interaction and the use of multimedia in the classroom. What is an innovative teaching technique to accommodate this active-learning style? How might college professors teach undergraduates about a significant historical event such as the Cold War, when most were born after it ended? We argue that for the millennial generation Hollywood blockbusters, when used in an engaging manner beyond merely showing clips, are effective pedagogical tools that make abstract Cold War theories and concepts more understandable, identifiable, and still relevant. Our findings reveal that engaging the Millennials ...
The Zavanelli maneuver: A potentially revolutionary method for the resolution of shoulder dystocia

Shoulder dystocia is a perilous complication for the fetus. Suffocation and death are imminent. For the obstetrician, there is insufficient time for consultation. Either he or she is ready with an array of manipulative remedies for sequential application or a disorganized chaos will ensue and chance will determine the outcome. Worthy accoucheurs will have planned for this event and will have selected from the numerous procedures touted for its correction that group he or she intuitively feels will be most effective or, at a minimum, most easily remembered. The Zavanelli maneuver deserves to be on every obstetrician's list. It must occupy a bottom priority, however, until its virtue and applicability, demonstrated to date in but a single case, can be confirmed. All current maneuvers for the treatment of shoulder dystocia are directed to completion of vaginal delivery. The Zavanelli maneuver is predicated on cephalic replacement with subsequent delivery by cesarean section.
Hydrotropic properties of some short-chain alkylbenzene- and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates

Alkylbenzene sulfonates based on toluene, xylene and cumene, and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. One measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; some hydrotropes are more effective than others, depending on the surfactant formulation. Another measure is the modification of the viscosity of surfactant formulations; the change in the viscosity depends on the amount and type of hydrotrope used and on the specific formulation involved. Additionally, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate hydrotropes change the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water, and both types of hydrotrope raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactant solutions; however, the naphthalene-based hydrotropes are more efficient. Ross-Miles foam test data are used to compare the foam characteristics of different alkylnaphthalene sulfonates. A critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined for the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, but although alkylbenzene sulfonates do show some surface activity, a CMC could not be found for these materials.
Pancreatic somatostatin secretion is suppressed by splanchnic nerve stimulation.

The pancreases of fasted mongrel puppies (n = 4) were isolated and perfused in a non-recirculating system with an oxygenated Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer. The gland remained in situ and innervated. Bilateral stimulation of the splanchnic trunks (20 V, 5 Hz, 1 msec) resulted in a significant decrease in somatostatin (57 ± 10%, p < 0.01) and insulin (71 ± 3%, p < 0.01), secretion rates, together with a significant increase in pancreatic perfusion pressure (53 ± 6%, p < 0.05). Perfusate glucose concentration remained constant during stimulation. No difference was found between three, three minute stimulations in any one dog, but significant differences were found among the dogs in the prestimulation somatostatin secretion rate in spite of the similarities in the buffer glucose concentration.
MO‐EE‐A2‐02: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) on Xoft®

Purpose: To perform failure mode and effects analysis on Xoft®, the alternative Brachytherapy source. The purpose of FMEA analysis is to identify the weak links in the process and develop quality management (QM) measures to reduce the likelihood of such failures. Methods and Materials: FMEA is a strategic activity employed in various industries to recognize and evaluate potential failures of a process/product, estimate the effects caused due to any failures/events and take corrective measures to reduce or eliminate the probability of occurrence of such failures. The entire process is quantified using an RPN (Risk Priority Number) score calculated as RPN = S × O × D, where S is the severity of the event when it occurs, O is the frequency of occurrence of such an event and D is the probability of detection when an event occurs. All the factors are on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high). The higher the RPN score, the higher the risk due to the event. The RPN scores were estimated initially assuming that there were no QM measures in place, and then reassessed after implementation of QA/QC procedures, to evaluate the effectiveness of he QA program. Results: Four processes were analyzed and 14 failure modes identified; 4 modes with significant RPN scores above 230. A wrong dose delivery due to a calibration error had the highest RPN score of 400 when there was no QA process which reduced to 192 when QA procedures were established. The event with the next highest RPN score of 300 was source positioning error caused due to transit error which reduced to 120. Conclusion: The QA/QC procedures established for the Xoft® system were found to be effective in educing RPN scores and establishment of a systematic QM program.
Theoretical energy distributions around threshold from coherent pion production.

Detailed energy distributions have been calculated for exclusive [pi][sup 0] production in C+C collisions below and above threshold. The quantum-coherent, microscopic, many-body formalism used previously has been extended to include the [rho]-exchange as well as the [pi]-exchange interaction modified to produce nucleon isobars in the intermediate nuclear states. Analytic solutions to the [Delta]-hole and particle-hole coefficients using the degenerate, schematic-model approximation are used where collective-coherent, spin-isospin giant resonances are assumed for the nuclear excited states. The nuclear form factors that depend on these coefficients are solved analytically and become sums of degenerate [Delta]-hole and particle-hole states for given multipole angular momentum values of the excited nuclei. Also, in this approach, the overall amplitudes and differential cross sections for [pi][sup 0] production in either nucleus have been formally solved and the first numerical results of the pion, kinetic-energy distributions are presented.
Rasch measurement and differences between women and men in self-esteem☆

Abstract Most researchers who investigate sociological influences on emotional well-being or distress employ correlational methods as justification for the scales used as measures of distress (factor analysis) and to describe the effects of various factors on distress (regression). This paper suggests that log-linear and related models offer certain advantages over the linear model which have largely been ignored. An analysis of the cross-classification of items included in a widely used measure of self-esteem suggests that one of the items must be eliminated to approximately achieve measurement as defined by Rasch. The resultant latent variable shows no difference in self-esteem between women and men. An analysis of the additive index which includes all of the items, however, reveals that women have lower self-esteem than do men. This apparent difference results solely from a difference on the discrepant item: women are less likely than men to report that they often, rather than sometimes or rarely, can do things as well as most other people.
The Moral Judgment of Minority Journalists: Evidence From Asian American, Black, and Hispanic Professional Journalists

This study used three controlled experiments to investigate the effects of a story subject's race on the moral judgment of Asian American, Hispanic, and Black professional journalists by changing only the race of the news subjects in photographs. Contrary to what in-group and identification theories would predict, minority journalists did not show preference to story subjects of their own race, nor did they show bias toward story subjects of other races; instead they treated all races as equals. Empathy was also found to be positively and significantly related to moral judgment in two of the three samples; as compassion, caring, and putting oneself in the role of the other increased, so did moral judgment scores. Expansions to theory and improvements to journalistic practice are discussed.
Shadow matting and compositing

In this paper, we describe a method for extracting shadows from one natural scene and inserting them into another. We develop physically-based shadow matting and compositing equations and use these to pull a shadow matte from a source scene in which the shadow is cast onto an arbitrary planar background. We then acquire the photometric and geometric properties of the target scene by sweeping oriented linear shadows (cast by a straight object) across it. From these shadow scans, we can construct a shadow displacement map without requiring camera or light source calibration. This map can then be used to deform the original shadow matte. We demonstrate our approach for both indoor scenes with controlled lighting and for outdoor scenes using natural lighting.
New meaning in the message: noncoding RNAs and their role in retinal development.

Recent studies have indicated that non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) may play prominent and diverse roles in the development of the nervous system. These ncRNAs are now known to perform a broad range of cellular functions, and in particular appear to be prominent players in the regulation of transcription and translation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of ncRNAs in vertebrate retinal development. Noncoding RNAs that are known or suspected to play a functional role in the specification and maturation of retinal cell subtypes include miRNAs, long noncoding opposite-strand transcripts (OSTs), and other long ncRNAs such as Tug1 and RNCR2. Though the mechanism of action of most of these ncRNAs is still largely unclear, it is likely that these molecules represent a major, and thus far largely unappreciated, component of the molecular machinery involved in retinal cell fate specification. Developmental Dynamics 238:2103–2114, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microbeam X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy study of the oxidation of Fe and Nb in zirconium alloy oxide layers

Abstract Alloy optimization of zirconium based alloys used for nuclear fuel cladding is key to increasing corrosion resistance and reducing hydrogen pickup. The mechanism by which alloying elements influence these processes is investigated by focusing on the chemical state evolution of two alloying elements, Fe and Nb, when incorporated into the growing oxide layers of various production zirconium alloys – Zircaloy-4, ZIRLO® and Zr–2.5Nb – as well as a model alloy – Zr–0.4Fe–0.2Cr. X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) measurements to determine the evolution of their oxidation states is performed using micro-beam synchrotron radiation on cross sectional oxide samples. A thin (∼12 μm) cross-sectional sample of Zircaloy-4 oxide was also designed and fabricated to differentiate the signal coming from the Fe in solid solution from the signal coming from the Fe in precipitates. The XANES spectra were fitted using a combination of standards, to determine the evolution of the oxidized fractions of Fe and Nb in the oxide as function of distance from the oxide/metal interface. The results show that the oxidation of Fe and Nb in the oxide layer is delayed relative to that of Zr. Both the second phase precipitates and solid solution Fe atoms were initially incorporated in metallic form into the oxide layer, although it appears that Fe in solid solution oxidizes first. It is shown that after a given distance from the metal/oxide interface (which is alloy dependent), the alloying elements start to oxidize. Qualitative TEM examinations of precipitates embedded in zirconium oxide layers correlate well with the quantitative XANES results. These results allow a discussion of a qualitative oxidation model of Fe and Nb in Zr alloys.
Neuropeptide Y and epilepsy: recent progress, prospects and controversies

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino-acid member of the pancreatic polypeptide family, has received considerable attention in recent years as an endogenous modulator of epileptic activity. Prominently expressed in brain regions involved in seizure generation and propagation, NPY can exert powerful effects on synaptic transmission. Here, we discuss the anti-epileptic actions of NPY and receptor subtypes responsible.
Overestimating outcome rates: Statistical estimation when reliability is suboptimal

Measurement error is an inescapable part of scientific inquiry. The conventional wisdom is that random measurement error in an outcome (i.e., the dependent variable) does not affect your point estimates but only the standard errors and thus, while a nuisance, will only bias your results toward the null. (Carmines and Zeller 1979; Information Bias 2005) While true when estimating the overall population mean, an increasing body of literature illustrates substantial biases can occur due to overestimating the amount of “true” variation across groups of observations like physicians, hospitals or geographic areas (see Glossary; Diehr and Grembowski 1990; Diehr et al. 1990; Gatsonis et al. 1993, 1995; Hayward et al. 1994; Hofer and Hayward 1996; Hofer et al. 1999; Oppenheimer and Kher 1999; Krein et al. 2002). There has been considerably less discussion, however, of how measurement error can also result in inaccurate prevalence and incidence estimates when classifying cases into categories (especially dichotomies), such as when we set a specific test value (e.g., low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol ≥130 mg/dl) as the treatment threshold for a medical intervention (Hofer and Weissfeld 1994), designate a threshold for labeling a provider as an outlier (e.g., physician “report cards”) (Hofer et al. 1999), or classify adverse events (AEs) as either “preventable” or “not preventable”(Hayward and Hofer 2001). Under such circumstances, even moderate measurement error in the dependent variable can result in substantial inaccuracies in estimating outcome rates. In this paper, we examine this phenomenon through a case study of the widely quoted statistics that up to 100,000 Americans die each year in U.S. hospitals due to medical errors (Institute of Medicine 1999). While these estimates have been controversial, most criticisms of these numbers have focused on the method used to measure preventability: physician implicit review (trained physicians review medical records and estimate the likelihood that the death was due to medical error). Many criticisms of these implicit reviews have focused on whether the medical record provides adequate access to the information necessary to make comprehensive judgments about medical errors, a shortcoming that might produce estimates that are too low as well as too high (Brennan 2000; Hofer, Kerr, and Hayward 2000; Leape 2000; McDonald et al. 2000; Sox and Woloshin 2000; Hayward and Hofer 2001; Hofer and Hayward 2002; Hofer, Asch, and Hayward, 2004). We wish to set aside the debate on the merits of physician implicit review in order to focus on an overlooked statistical issue. We use this case example to: (1) demonstrate how and why ignoring measurement error can result in large bias in estimating the prevalence of an outcome; and (2) outline some ways to recognize and avoid such bias in future work.
Ubiquitin-dependent and Ubiquitin-independent Control of Subunit Stoichiometry in the SWI/SNF Complex

The mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a key player in multiple chromatin transactions. Core subunits of this complex, including the ATPase, Brg-1, and various Brg-1-associated factors (BAFs), work in concert to maintain a functional remodeling complex. This intra-complex regulation is supervised by protein-protein interactions, as stoichiometric levels of BAF proteins are maintained by proteasomal degradation. We show that the mechanism of BAF155-mediated stabilization of BAF57 involves blocking its ubiquitination by preventing interaction with TRIP12, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Consequently, as opposed to complexed BAF57, whose principal lysines are unavailable for ubiquitination, uncomplexed BAF57 can be freely ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. Additionally, a BAF57 mutant, which contains no lysine residues, was found to retain its ability to be stabilized by interaction with BAF155, suggesting that in addition to the ubiquitin-dependent mechanism of BAF57 degradation, there exists a ubiquitin-independent mechanism that may involve the direct interaction of BAF57 with the proteasome. We propose that this regulatory mechanism exists to ensure functional fidelity of the complex and prevent the accumulation of uncomplexed proteins, which may disrupt the normal activity of the complex.
Transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal conduit

A 73-year-old man with a history of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder developed synchronous recurrent transitional cell carcinoma at the ureteroileal anastomosis and the right renal pelvis. Hematuria was the presenting sign in six of the seven previously reported patients with ileal conduit cancer. The pathologic findings, diagnostic procedures and treatment are briefly reviewed.
Optical micromechanical amplification and damping in a waveguide microcavity

We demonstrate resonant amplification and damping in an integrated micromechanical resonator coupled to a waveguide Fabry-Perot microcavity. By varying the laser power and wavelength, the effective mechanical Q-factor (Q 0 =2.5×104) is varied from 9.8×103 to 4.9×105.
Multi-spectral thermal image analysis of natural backgrounds and targets

This paper describes the visual, spatial and thermal characteristics, and analysis of dynamic landscape conditions critical to mine detection sensors. The characterization data will be used to develop a geospatial, all-season high fidelity data set to support the modeling of synthetic battlefield environments. Surface and subsurface targets of various materials and sizes were added to natural backgrounds to measure the spectral and thermal changes due to different environmental conditions. The imagery was collected with a four-camera system, each representing the visible near infrared (VNIR), 0.4-1.0 micron spectrum, the near infrared (NIR), 0.9 to 1.7 micron spectrum, the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), 3 to 5 micron spectrum, and the long-wave (LWIR), 8 to 14 micron spectrum. The four imaging systems are mounted on a rotating boom that is raised to approximately 12- meters above ground level to match the nadir aspect airborne imaging systems. Multiple areas within the rotational footprint are selected and measured every 10-minutes through a diurnal cycle. Concurrent meteorological measurements are recorded to identify wind speed and direction, air temperature, surface conditions and relative humidity profiles. The background and target analysis procedure is a process of several steps. First, the regions of interest (ROI's) are selected that identify the target or area to be characterized. Second, the area and statistical values will be calculated for each region of interest. Third, the ROI values are compared to the onsite meteorological station.
Could adult hippocampal neurogenesis be relevant for human behavior

Although the function of adult neurogenesis is still unclear, tools for directly studying the behavioral role of new hippocampal neurons now exist in rodents. Since similar studies are impossible to do in humans, it is important to assess whether the role of new neurons in rodents is likely to be similar to that in humans. One feature of adult neurogenesis that varies tremendously across species is the number of neurons that are generated, so a key question is whether there are enough neurons generated in humans to impact function. In this review we examine neuroanatomy and circuit function in the hippocampus to ask how many granule neurons are needed to impact hippocampal function and then discuss what is known about numbers of new neurons produced in adult rats and humans. We conclude that relatively small numbers of neurons could affect hippocampal circuits and that the magnitude of adult neurogenesis in adult rats and humans is probably larger than generally believed.
THE EFFECTS OF TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE AND METABOLITES ON RAT SERTOLI CELL FUNCTION IN PRIMARY CULTURE

A neurotoxic organophosphate, tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) is also a testicular toxicant. Histopathologic damage in the testis is first seen in Sertoli cells. TOCP and its activated metabolite saligenin cyclic-o-tolyl phosphate (SCOTP) were evaluated for effects on rat Sertoli cells in primary culture. SCOTP, but not TOCP, caused minor morphologic effects on the cells and increased levels of lactate in the spent medium with no change in pyruvate levels, synthesis of cellular or secreted proteins, or the cyclic AMP response to FSH stimulation. SCOTP was the metabolite of TOCP that produced the largest decrease in nonspecific esterase activity in Sertoli cells (up to 80%), when tested in the concentration range found in vivo. This decrease is consistent with previous in vivo evidence. These in vitro experiments replicate previously observed in vivo biochemical effects and suggest that SCOTP is the metabolite responsible for at least some of the biochemical effects seen in the testis after TOCP exposure.
Effects of Pre- and Post-Acquisition Maze Training in Mice

Two experiments were designed to study the effects of pre- and post-acquisition maze training on a learned sensori-motor escape response in mice. In one experiment, habit-reversal training interpolated between acquisition and testing trials led to interference in the performance of the acquired response as revealed by an increase in errors made when Ss were tested for the initially acquired response. In the second experiment, previous training did not lead to interference with subsequent learning, as reflected in the response latencies and error scores. There was no appreciable change in response latency upon testing, indicating the possibility of motor learning during the interpolated training. The experiments suggest the utility provided by the design used with the maze described for the study of independent variables concerned with drugs, physiological, or behavioral factors.
Neural worlds and real worlds.

States of the brain represent states of the world. But at least some of the mind–brain's internal representations, such as a sensation of heat or a sensation of red, do not resemble the external realities that they represent: mean kinetic energy (temperature) or electromagnetic reflectance (colour). The historical response has been to distinguish between objectively real properties, such as shape and motion, and subjective properties, such as heat and colour. However, this approach leads to trouble. A challenge for cognitive neurobiology is to characterize, in general terms, the relationship between brain models and the world. We propose that brains develop high-dimensional maps, the internal distance relationships of which correspond to the similarity relationships that constitute the categorical structure of the world.
The Dual-Color Photon Counting Histogram with Non-Ideal Photodetectors

Dual-color photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis utilizes the photon counts in two detection channels to distinguish species by differences in brightness and color. Here we modify the existing dual-color PCH theory, which assumes ideal detectors, to include the non-ideal nature of the detector. Specifically, we address the effects of deadtime and afterpulsing. Both effects modify the shape of the dual-color PCH and thus potentially lead to incorrect values for the brightness and number of molecules if an ideal model is assumed. We use the modified theory to predict the effects of detector non-idealities on dual-color PCH as a function of concentration and brightness. In addition, we introduce a method based on moment analysis to determine the error in brightness due to non-ideal detector effects. We verify our theory experimentally by measuring a dye solution as a function of concentration and brightness. We determine the deadtime and afterpulse probability of our detectors and show that both effects play an important role in the analysis of dual-color PCH experiments. We demonstrate that resolving a mixture of CFP and YFP requires taking non-ideal detector effects into account. These corrections are also crucial for cellular measurements, as shown for GFP and RFP in mammalian cells.
On the theory of a shock wave driven by a corrugated piston in a non-ideal fluid

In the context of an Eulerian fluid description, we investigate the dynamics of a shock wave that is driven by the steady impulsively initiated motion of a two-dimensional planar piston with small corrugations superimposed on its surface. This problem was originally solved by Freeman (Proc. Royal Soc. A, vol. 228, 1955, pp. 341–362), who showed that piston-driven shocks are unconditionally stable when the fluid medium through which they propagate is an ideal gas. Here, we generalize Freeman’s mathematical framework to account for a fluid characterized by an arbitrary equation of state. We find that a sufficient condition for shock stability is , where is the D’yakov parameter and is a critical value less than unity. For values of within this range, linear perturbations imparted to the front by the piston at time attenuate asymptotically as . Outside of this range, the temporal behaviour of perturbations is more difficult to determine and further analysis is required to assess the stability of a shock front under such circumstances. As a benchmark of the main conclusions of this paper, we compare our generalized expression for the linearized shock-ripple amplitude with an independent Bessel-series solution derived by Zaidel’ (J. Appl. Math. Mech., vol. 24, 1960, pp. 316–327) and find excellent agreement.
Role of taste and calories in the selection of ethanol by C57BL/6NHsd and Hsd:ICR mice.

The C57BL/6 mouse (C57) is used as a model for the human consumption of ethanol. Previous studies on the taste preferences of the C57 mouse indicate that ethanol drinking by this animal is for calories and not for a pharmacological effect. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to further determine the role of calories and taste in the selection of ethanol by the C57 mouse. C57 and outbred Hsd:ICR (ICR or CD-1) mice were housed two per cage with three drinking tubes. A standard 10-day preference test of 3-30% ethanol (v/v) vs. water was performed: the mean maximally preferred concentrations of ethanol were 17.9% for C57 and 6.8% for ICR mice. Once drinking of the preferred concentration for each cage had stabilized at 13.2 and 0.9 g/kg/day, respectively, the third tube was filled with water, 0.5% aspartame, isocaloric dextrose, or diluted chocolate Ultra Slim-Fast plus dextrose. Five days of dextrose or chocolate drink reduced the amount of ethanol consumed by 41% and 44% by C57 mice, but aspartame did not affect their drinking. Additional groups of C57 and ICR mice were habituated to a 2-h limited access to water. When offered a 0.5 mM quinine solution as the only fluid, both strains consumed the same volumes as water. Presentation of a saccharin solution was followed by an i.p. injection of either 0.5 M LiCl or NaCl. When given the saccharin solution 48 h later, the LiCl-treated mice of both strains drank less saccharin. The C57 mouse did not exhibit a LiCl-induced taste aversion when ethanol was the novel solution. As a test of response to novelty, a cork stopper was placed in each cage. The ICR mice gnawed much more of the cork than did the C57 mice. Thus, both C57 and ICR mice learned a taste aversion, but the C57 mouse altered its large consumption of ethanol based on more palatable sources of calories. These data support the earlier concept that the consumption of ethanol represents a preferred source of calories for the C57 mouse. Extrapolation of genetic or biochemical differences between these mice to differences between the human alcoholic and the nonalcoholic should thus be made with caution.
Trace metal analysis of solvents used as fuel in a cement kiln

The kilns used to manufacture Portland cement provide an excellent environment for the safe disposal of certain combustible, hazardous wastes. Moreover, the fuel value of these ‘wastes’ may yield significant savings in fuel costs. In order to evaluate part of the air pollution potential associated with these fuels, spent solvents were analyzed for trace metals using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Lead, zinc, chromium, nickel, selenium, cadmium, beryllium and arsenic levels were examined in 55 samples of solvents that had been obtained by a single distillation of unblended spent solvents, 185 samples of undistilled solvents, and 10 samples of coal. All samples of distilled solvents showed metal concentrations near the limit of detection. The mixed, undistilled solvents showed metals concentrations that were relatively higher than the distilled product, and very scattered except for cadmium, beryllium and arsenic, which were always below the limit of detection. The average values (mg/l) for lead, zinc, chromium, nickel and selenium were 42, 58, 30, 14 and 4, respectively. In order to determine the potentialnet increase or decrease of trace metals in the stack gases, ten coal samples were tested. These coal samples were obtained from a nearby cement kiln. The average concentrations for coal were 20 mg/l lead, 38 mg/l zinc, 43 mg/l chromium (corrected), 60 mg/l nickel 2 mg/l beryllium, and <0.62 mg/l cadmium. No determinations were made for selenium and arsenic. Most of the metal content of the spent solvents was contained on or in the participate matter in the solvents. It follows that the supernatant liquid from a settling tank should be a relatively safe fuel for use at cement kilns.
Defective acidification of intracellular organelles in cystic fibrosis

The phenotype of cystic fibrosis (CF) includes abnormalities in transepithelial transport of Cl- (refs 1-5), decreased sialylation and increased sulphation and fucosylation of glycoproteins, and lung colonization with Pseudomonas. It is not apparent how these abnormalities are interrelated, nor how they result from loss of function of the CF gene-encoded transmembrane regulator (CFTR). We have previously shown that that the pH of a secretory granule is regulated by the vesicular conductance for Cl- (ref. 11). Here we find defective acidification in CF cells of the trans-Golgi/trans-Golgi network, of prelysosomes and of endosomes as a result of diminished Cl- conductance. Sialytation of proteins and lipids is reduced and ligand traffic altered. These abnormalities can result from defective acidification because vacuolar pH regulates glycoprotein processing and ligand transport. The CF phenotype is similar to that of alkalinized cells and acidification-defective mutatants.
Effects of artificial seawater on the ultrastructure and morphometry of taro (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae) cells In vitro

Abstract Cultured tissues of taro, Colocasia esculenta var antiquorum, were grown on modified Linsmaier-Skoog medium with and without the addition of 50–350 mOs (5–35%) artificial seawater (ASW). Cell wall thickness and cross-sectional area were variable, but not significantly different over the range of ASW concentrations from 0 to 300 mOs. However, cells at 350 mOs ASW did have significantly thinner walls and smaller cross-sectional areas. Of the organelles observed, plastids appeared to be the most sensitive to increasing ASW concentrations. There were more plastids per unit area at 350 mOs ASW than at any other concentration, but their size was reduced. The ratio of amyloplasts to chloroplasts increased with increasing ASW levels. Mitochondrial and nuclear membranes did not seem to be affected by the ASW concentrations used. At high ASW levels, nucleoli showed a loss of electron density in their central regions.
A 56-year-old man with acute promyelocytic leukemia and pulmonary infiltrates.

Abstract A 56-year-old man presented to the ED of an outside hospital with 2 days of bleeding gums and easy bruising. He denied episodes of melena, hematemesis, or hematuria and had no epistaxis. Routine blood work showed pancytopenia and evidence of diffuse intravascular coagulation. A bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia. He was transferred to our hospital for treatment.
Potential of RAPD Markers for Use in the Identification of Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars

The production of RAPD markers is rapid and provides a reliable mechanism for generating an almost infinite number of polymorphisms useful in cultivar identification. The potential use of RAPD markers to identify bulk seed samples of 13 synthetic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolanifera L. var. stolonifera) cultivars was examined. Two seed lots were evaluated for five of the 13 cultivars. Eight of the 50 oligonucleotide primers screened produced unique polymorphic amplification fragments that identified 11 of the 13 cultivars. Two cultivars could not be identified because the amplification fragments that distinguished one seed lot were not present in the second seed lot of the same cultivar. These observed differences among seed lots were repeatable. The results demonstrate that RAPD markers have the potential to be a valuable tool for the identification of synthetic turfgrass cultivars as long as precautions are taken to account for the possibility of seed lot effect.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 49

Abstract Detailed level schemes based on available experimental data are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 49. Experimental data, adopted values, comparisons with theory and arguments for Jπ-assignments are given. A summary of bases for Jπ-assignments can be found at the beginning of this issue. The fragmentation of the isobaric analog resonances in 49Sc and 49V and the unusual γ-decay properties of the various components are among the distinguishing features of this mass chain. Papers published during just the last three years account for 60% of the 130 papers cited and the lion's share of the numerical data. This compilation is based on data received before April 1970. Data received during May 1970 have been added in proof.
Regulation of factors controlling angiogenesis in liver development: a role for PEDF in the formation and maintenance of normal vasculature

PEDF and VEGF are important inhibitors and promoters of angiogenesis, and the ratio between the two is an important indicator in many neovascular diseases. In mouse liver PEDF and VEGF(165) were co-expressed at very early stages of liver development and their expression increased as liver embryogenesis progressed, suggesting that PEDF and VEGF are both crucial to vasculogenesis as well. VEGF(189) only appears at the P0 stage in liver organogenesis and is maintained at high levels thereafter. PEDF and the two VEGF isoforms are synthesized by fresh and cultured hepatocytes. Expression of VEGF(121) and overexpression of VEGF(165) were only seen in HepG2, a well-characterized hepatocellular carcinoma line. The results suggest that hepatic vascular architecture is under the control of both PEDF and VEGF, and that VEGF(165) and VEGF(189) have distinct functions in normal vascular development of the liver. The VEGF isoforms 121 and 189 may be key regulators of increased vascularity and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, one of the most common malignant tumors, and may be of prognostic significance for this tumor.
Eight Month Motor Outcome in Cocaine/Opiate Exposed Infants 50

As an ancillary study to the NICHD multisite Maternal Lifestyles (MLS) study, we administered the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants(PFMAI) to eight month old infants at the Providence site. The 32 item PFMAI measures quality of overall fine and gross motor skill acquisition in summary scores: the quality of reaching and grasping of different objects, and mobility/stability in prone/supine, sitting, quadruped and standing. It was validated in a normative mid-western sample of preterm and term infants. The purpose of this study was to define the impact of prenatal cocaine/opiate exposure on gross and fine motor development. The sample included 29 infants exposed to cocaine/opiates in utero (EXP) and 38 comparison infants not exposed to cocaine/opiates in utero (COMP). The two groups were similar in birth weight and gender. Background exposure to alcohol, marijuana or tobacco occurred in both groups. T-test results showed no significant differences between EXP and COMP on fine motor or gross motor overall or subscale scores. The fine motor (FM) and gross motor (GM) summary scores were similar between the MLS EXP and COMP groups and the Ohio sample as shown below.
Fredholm properties of Riemannian exponential maps on diffeomorphism groups

We prove that exponential maps of right-invariant Sobolev Hr metrics on a variety of diffeomorphism groups of compact manifolds are nonlinear Fredholm maps of index zero as long as r is sufficiently large. This generalizes the result of Ebin et al. (Geom. Funct. Anal. 16, 2006) for the L2 metric on the group of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms important in hydrodynamics. In particular, our results apply to many other equations of interest in mathematical physics. We also prove an infinite-dimensional Morse Index Theorem, settling a question raised by Arnold and Khesin (Topological methods in hydrodynamics. Springer, New York, 1998) on stable perturbations of flows in hydrodynamics. Finally, we include some applications to the global geometry of diffeomorphism groups.
Performance measurements of the SP3000/UW time-of-flight positron emission tomograph

The basic performance of the University of Washington modified Scanditronix SP3000 time-of-flight positron-emission tomograph (PET) has been characterized. Parameters measured include spatial resolution (in-plane and axial), count rate, sensitivity, scatter fraction, and recovery coefficient. Image examples include the Hoffman phantom and F-18 fluoride studies. >
Trends in Forage Yield and Nutritive Value of Hay-Type Sorghum spp.

Sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], other Sorghum spp., and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids are used extensively for hay on U.S. cropland because of their production potential. Performance evaluations have emphasized yield and other agronomic characteristics but seldom emphasized forage quality. Available hay-type sorghum cultivars released over a period of four decades were grown in five trials over a 21-yr period to evaluate trends in forage yield and nutritive value. First-cut (boot stage to head emergence) forage was harvested for yield and subsampled for one or more quality components. The first trial in 1977 tested forage crude protein (CP), and subsequent trials included more quality traits. In 1993 and 1998, the traits measured included leaf/stem ratio and leaf and stem concentrations of CP, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), and acid-detergent fiber (ADF). Pearson correlation coefficients by year and correlations pooled across trials by two methods indicated similar relationships between forage characteristics and year of cultivar release. Year of release was positively associated with forage yield in two of the five trials and for the pooled correlations. Forage CP and CP of leaf and stem fractions were negatively correlated with year of cultivar release for the pooled trials and in most individual trials. Leaf NDF and ADF were positively correlated with year of cultivar release in the pooled trials. Yield gains of about 0.5% per year were found, but concomitant relative reductions of 0.1% or more per year in forage CP and leaf NDF run counter to the perceived need for improved hay quality. These findings emphasize the need to locate and incorporate cost-effective sources of germplasm to enhance nutritive value of forage in hay-type Sorghum spp.
Angiotensin-(1−7)and nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system

Abstract The organization of angiotensin (Ang)-(l-7) immunoreactivity with respect to neurons containing the nitric oxide synthase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial (HNS) system was examined. The majority of neurons in this system were single labeled with Ang-(1–7) or NADPH-d and were found localized in two separate populations of neurons within the HNS. A small number of double-labeled neurons were observed in the supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) nuclei. Double-labeled accessory neurosecretory neurons were also found distributed between the SO and PV. Although a well-defined function for nitric oxide in the magnocellular hypothalamic system has not been determined, the codistribution and limited coexistence of Ang-(1–7), a heptapeptide involved in antidiuresis, and NADPH-d in the HNS suggests a potential role for these substances in mechanisms modulating fluid homeostasis.
CNS Involvement in Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma

PURPOSE: The risk of CNS involvement by non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) has been associated with bone marrow and/or testicular involvement; however, it was recently reported that the number of extranodal sites is a more reliable predictor of CNS disease. Because primary mediastinal thymic large B-cell lymphoma (PMLCL) has a high propensity for involving extranodal sites, we investigated the frequency and pattern of CNS involvement in PMLCL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 219 patients with aggressive NHL, consecutively entered onto protocols at the National Cancer Institute between 1987 and 1998, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (11%) had clinical and pathologic features of PMLCL. These patients were young (median age, 29 years), female (61%), and presented with massive mediastinal adenopathy (70%). Extranodal disease occurred at presentation in 70% and at relapse in 93% of patients and involved contiguous intrathoracic structures and/or distant sites, including the ...
Mauriac Syndrome in a Child with a Positive Antinuclear Antibody Screen

A 17-year-old male with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) presented to clinic with elevated transaminases and a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) screen. Due to concern for autoimmune hepatitis, a liver biopsy was performed which revealed Mauriac syndrome. This case report is the second known description of a child with Mauriac syndrome presenting with positive autoimmune markers.
Learning pitch patterns in lexical identification by native English-speaking adults

The current study investigates the learning of nonnative suprasegmental patterns for word identification. Native English-speaking adults learned to use suprasegmentals (pitch patterns) to identify a vocabulary of six English pseudosyllables superimposed with three pitch patterns (18 words). Successful learning of the vocabulary necessarily entailed learning to use pitch patterns in words. Two major facets of sound-to-word learning were investigated: could native speakers of a nontone language learn the use of pitch patterns for lexical identification, and what effect did more basic auditory ability have on learning success. We found that all subjects improved to a certain degree, although large individual differences were observed. Learning success was found to be associated with the learners' ability to perceive pitch patterns in a nonlexical context and their previous musical experience. These results suggest the importance of a phonetic–phonological–lexical continuity in adult nonnative word learning, including phonological awareness and general auditory ability.
New Opportunities and New Values: The Emergence of the Multicultural Church

As Christians across denominations face increasing ethnic diversity in their cities and neighborhoods, they are forced to reconsider the purpose of church and what kind of church they wish to be a part of. Homogeneous churches are by far the norm, but there is notable interest in ending ethno-racial divisions among Christians, and a growing number of churches are finding some success in this endeavor. This article examines the multicultural church as a new social institution developing in response to the growing ethnic diversity in the United States and new attitudes toward diversity. Multicultural churches challenge their members to engage with the ethnically “other” and develop civic skills for living in a diverse society.
Balanced Multiple Description Coding for 3D DCT Video

We propose a balanced multiple description coding framework using rate-distortion splitting for three dimensional DCT (3D DCT) coded video data. The proposed algorithm produces correlated and balanced descriptions, with balancing in terms of bit rate and receiver distortion. Our description splitting and balancing algorithm takes advantage of the structural properties of the 3D DCT video volume and the method of shifted compliment hyperboloid used in scanning and quantization of 3D DCT coefficients. Given the available bit rate and redundancy our simulations show high PSNR values for the reconstructed video. The proposed video codec requires a simple implementation, has a low complexity, and produces a high reconstruction quality. Comparative results with other schemes are included.
Changing Beliefs and Practices in Women With Breast Cancer in China

The trends of surgical therapy for breast cancer in China between 1999 and 2008 show persistent use of modified radical mastectomy and slow uptake of sentinel node mapping for women with early-stage breast cancer. Additional health care programs must be developed and implemented in China to promote awareness and a multidisciplinary approach to treating breast cancer, including adoption of screening mammography, breast-conserving surgery, and sentinel node mapping and biopsy.
The “Enlightened” View of Aging: Victorian Morality in a New Key

Ojver the last decade, America has witnessed a formidable effort to eliminate negative stereotypes of and prejudice toward older people. Academic gerontologists, humanists, health professionals, social workers, organized elders, and others have attempted to debunk "myths" of old age and to substitute positive images of aging for negative ones. This movement, which attempts both to redress the social conditions of old age and to reform cultural sensibilities toward aging, has relied heavily on the loose notion of "ageism"conceived as the systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against older people, analogous to racism and sexism. In some academic, professional, and government circles, the attack on ageism has so quickly achieved the status of an enlightened prejudice that its limitations have gone unnoticed. Not the least of these limitations is that we know