cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Intended and Unintended Consequences of International Service-Learning

Previous research on service-learning in international contexts tendsto focus on the benefits and outcomes for students and educationalinstitutions. This essay is intended to provoke further examinationof issues related to university-community engagement in globalcontexts, particularly in terms of the consequences for host communities.In order to explore complex issues surrounding internationalservice-learning, the author offers a composite scenario in a series ofsnapshots gleaned from projects organized by U.S.-based organizationsand universities in partnership with host country organizationsand communities. Revealed are a variety of typical outcomes—intended and unintended, positive and negative—for students,faculty, organizations and their staff, and the communities that hostvisiting service-learning teams. A framework for analysis is offeredalong with recommendations for ways to mitigate potential unintendednegative consequences of international service-learning.
Simplified contact pseudopotential for anisotropic interactions of polarized particles under harmonic confinement

Motivated by the recent progress in cooling and trapping polar molecules, we present a simplified version of the rigorous contact pseudopotential for anisotropically-interacting polarized particles [A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. A 67, 033607 (2003); Phys. Rev. A 72, 039901(E) (2005)]. The simplifications are carried out for a practically important case of harmonically confined particles described by sufficiently smooth wavefunctions. The resulting contact pseudo-potential depends on the K-matrix of the underlying scattering process and is represented as a sum over pairs of partial waves coupled by the collision. The contribution of each pair of the coupled waves (l and l ′ ) involves a tensor product of derivatives of orders l and l ′ . The asymmetry in the derivatives reflects the anisotropy of the original interaction potential: there is a preferential appearance of the derivatives along the polarizing field.
CCL20/CCR6 blockade enhances immunity to RSV by impairing recruitment of DC.

Chemokines are important mediators of the immune response to pathogens, but can also promote chronic inflammatory states. Chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is found on immature DC and effector/memory T cells, and binds a single ligand, CCL20, with high affinity. Here, we investigated the role of CCL20 and CCR6 in a pulmonary viral infection caused by RSV, a ubiquitous virus that can cause severe pulmonary complications. Neutralization of CCL20 during RSV infection significantly reduced lung pathology and favored a Th1 effector response. CCR6-deficient animals recapitulated this phenotype, and additionally showed enhanced viral clearance when compared with WT mice. No differences were observed in migration of T cells to the lungs of CCR6 / animals; however, a significant reduction was observed in numbers of conventional DC (cDC), but not plasmacytoid DC, in CCR6 / mice. A pathogenic phenotype could be reconstituted in CCR6 / mice by supplying cDC into the airway, indicating that mere number of cDC dictates the adverse response. Our data suggest that blockade of the CCL20/CCR6 pathway provides an environment whereby the attenuated recruitment of cDC alters the balance of innate immune cells and mediates the efficient antiviral response to RSV.
Flap Endonuclease Activity of Gene 6 Exonuclease of Bacteriophage T7

Flap endonucleases remove flap structures generated during DNA replication. Gene 6 protein of bacteriophage T7 is a 5′–3′-exonuclease specific for dsDNA. Here we show that gene 6 protein also possesses a structure-specific endonuclease activity similar to known flap endonucleases. The flap endonuclease activity is less active relative to its exonuclease activity. The major cleavage by the endonuclease activity occurs at a position one nucleotide into the duplex region adjacent to a dsDNA-ssDNA junction. The efficiency of cleavage of the flap decreases with increasing length of the 5′-overhang. A 3′-single-stranded tail arising from the same end of the duplex as the 5′-tail inhibits gene 6 protein flap endonuclease activity. The released flap is not degraded further, but the exonuclease activity then proceeds to hydrolyze the 5′-terminal strand of the duplex. T7 gene 2.5 single-stranded DNA-binding protein stimulates the exonuclease and also the endonuclease activity. This stimulation is attributed to a specific interaction between the two proteins because Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding protein does not produce this stimulatory effect. The ability of gene 6 protein to remove 5′-terminal overhangs as well as to remove nucleotides from the 5′-termini enables it to effectively process the 5′-termini of Okazaki fragments before they are ligated.
Lewis morris rutherfurd 1816-1892.

Lewis M. Rutherfurd (1816–1892) was a wealthy amateur practitioner of science, making notable contributions to the optics of astronomy and spectroscopy. He graduated from Williams College at the age of 18 and soon began a career in law. Not long thereafter he was fortunate enough to acquire sufficient wealth through marriage to permit him to pursue scientific activity, for which he had gained interest. He soon became interested in photographing the heavens to obtain quantitative data regarding star motions. A few years later he developed a spectrometer with which he obtained some of the best attainable stellar spectra of the time. Rutherfurd is not widely known because he did not fully report his work; but through correspondence and instrument development he had a profound influence on his contemporaries. He was made a trustee of Columbia College in 1858, and in 1881 he helped to found a department of Geodesy and Practical Astronomy there.
Modeling of airborne dust accumulation on solar cells at the Martian surface

Abstract An adsorption/desorption model of airborne dust on solar cell panels was proposed. This theoretical model successfully explained the time evolution of solar cell performance associated with dust accumulation in the Mars Pathfinder Mission. This model can be used to predict the long-term cell performance evolution simply by fitting two parameters to an initial-stage data. The saturation output power loss was estimated to be 15% for the solar cell used in the Mars Pathfinder, which indicates the potential of solar cells as a long-life power source on Mars.
Impact of incretin therapy on islet dysfunction: an underlying defect in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

Glucose homeostasis is governed by a complex interplay of hormonal signaling and modulation. Insulin, glucagon, amylin, the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and other hormones and enzymes interact to maintain glucose homeostasis and normal cellular metabolism. Derangements in these hormonal interactions, particularly insulin deficits and impaired insulin action, result in the development of type 2 diabetes-but only in individuals who have experienced significant dysfunction or loss of beta-cells, located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Much less is known about the impact of alpha-cell dysregulation on glucose homeostasis, although it has been demonstrated that glucagon-secreting alpha-cells, also located in the pancreatic islets, play an important role in glucose metabolism. Because beta-cell dysfunction occurs early in the course of type 2 diabetes and is progressive, early intervention with therapies that improve beta-cell function is desirable. In addition to reducing HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose, the recently developed diabetes therapies GLP-1 receptor agonists (eg, exenatide, liraglutide) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (eg, sitagliptin, vildagliptin) appear to have beneficial effects on beta-cell dysfunction and, possibly, on alpha-cell dysregulation.
The reaction of (μ-H)2Os3(CO)9(PPh3) with ethylene affords the ethylidene complex (μ-H)2Os3(CO)9(PPh3)(μ-CHCH3)

Abstract The product isolated from the reaction of (μ-H) 2 Os 3 (CO) 9 (PPh 3 ) with ethylene is shown to be the ethylidene complex (μ-H) 2 Os 3 (CO) 9 (PPh 3 )(μ-CHCH 3 ) ( 1 ) rather than the ethylene complex (μ-H)(H)Os 3 (CO) 9 (PPh 3 )(C 2 H 4 ), as previously claimed. The characterization of 1 is based on a combination of 1 H and 13 C NMR results. The 1 H NMR data (δ 6.84 (1 H D ), 2.53 (3 H C ), J (CD) = 7.4 Hz) establish the presence of the ethylidene moiety, whereas detailed analysis of the 1-D and 2-D 13 C NMR spectra of 13 CO-enriched 1 indicates the relative positions of the ethylidene, hydride, and phosphine ligands on the triosmium framework.
Reevaluation of the pathway for the metabolism of 7,10,13, 16-docosatetraenoic acid to 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid in rat liver.

Abstract When rat liver microsomes were incubated with [1- 14 C]22:4(n-6) under standard conditions for measuring acyl-CoA desaturases, it was not possible to detect the synthesis of any 22:5(n-6). When malonyl-CoA and NADPH were included in the incubation, 22:4(n-6) was chain elongated to 24:4(n-6), which was then desaturated to 24:5(n-6). Rat hepatocytes metabolized [1- 14 C]22:4(n-6), [3- 14 C]24:4(n-6), and [3- 14 C]24:5(n-6) to yield esterified radioactive 22:5(n-6). The results show that 22:4(n-6) is the precursor of 22:5(n-6) but the pathway is independent of an acyl-Cob-dependent 4-desaturase and probably requires intracellular communication between the endoplasmic reticulum and a site for β-oxidation. Microsomal reaction rates for (n-6) versus (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis cannot per se be used to explain why in vivo most membrane lipids preferentially accumulate 22:6(n-3) rather than 22:5(n-6). Rates of desaturation of 24:4(n-6) and 24:5(n-3) at position 6 were similar (M. Geiger et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1170, 137-142, 1993). We now show that 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3) are chain elongated at the same rate as are 22:4(n-6) and 22:5(n-3). At present, no single reaction can be defined as being substrate specific or rate limiting to explain why there is an apparent selective synthesis and acylation of 22:6(n-3) rather than 22:5(n-6) into membrane lipids.
Regulation and quaternary structural changes in rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase.

Abstract Subunit assembly plays a significant role in the regulation of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK), although conformational changes and post-translational modifications have also been implicated to regulate the enzyme activity. In the absence of high-resolution structural information, the three-dimensional arrangements of subunits in the rabbit muscle PFK in its active and inactive states are not known. Hence, a systematic study is initiated, and phosphorylation of PFK subunit is employed as a probe for the structure-function correlation of the enzyme. The self-association of the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated PFK was monitored by sedimentation velocity at pH 7.0 and 23°C. Results show that both the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of PFK exhibit the same mechanism of assembly. The secondary structures of both forms of PFK were monitored by circular dichroism (CD) as a function of protein concentration ranging from 20 to 2000 μ/ml. Results show that there is no detectable difference in the structure under all experimental conditions. The accessibility of tryptophan to solvent was monitored by fluorescence quenching within the same range of protein concentration. Results show that the fluorophores are more accessible to the quencher at higher protein concentrations. Hence, post-translational modification and subunit association do not induce significant structural change in PFK subunit, although the accessibility of tryptophan residues is altered with oligomer formation. Furthermore, sedimentation and CD studies show that the activation of PFK by substrate includes no detectable modification in secondary/tertiary structure but a quaternary structural change, and the localenvironnients of some, if not all, of the tryptophan residues are less accessible to solvent. Hence, the change in sedunentation behavior between the active and inactive tetrameric PFK is due to a rearrangement of subunit-subunit interactions. In order to correlate the physical properties of PFK to the regulatory behavior of enzyme activity, the steady-state kinetics were investigated under the same experimental conditions. In conditions where enhancement of self-association is observed, the kinetic behavior reflects activation of the enzyme. Hence, this correlation between subunit assembly and the regulation of enzyme activity in PFK must reflect an intrinsic property of the muscle enzyme.
Spatial-temporal modeling of the association between air pollution exposure and preterm birth: identifying critical windows of exposure.

Summary Exposure to high levels of air pollution during the pregnancy is associated with increased probability of preterm birth (PTB), a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. New statistical methodology is required to specifically determine when a particular pollutant impacts the PTB outcome, to determine the role of different pollutants, and to characterize the spatial variability in these results. We develop a new Bayesian spatial model for PTB which identifies susceptible windows throughout the pregnancy jointly for multiple pollutants (PM2.5, ozone) while allowing these windows to vary continuously across space and time. We geo-code vital record birth data from Texas (2002–2004) and link them with standard pollution monitoring data and a newly introduced EPA product of calibrated air pollution model output. We apply the fully spatial model to a region of 13 counties in eastern Texas consisting of highly urban as well as rural areas. Our results indicate significant signal in the first two trimesters of pregnancy with different pollutants leading to different critical windows. Introducing the spatial aspect uncovers critical windows previously unidentified when space is ignored. A proper inference procedure is introduced to correctly analyze these windows.
Generating synthetic Landsat images based on all available Landsat data: Predicting Landsat surface reflectance at any given time

Abstract A new algorithm for generating synthetic Landsat images is developed based on all available Landsat data. This algorithm is capable of predicting Landsat surface reflectance for any desired date. It first excludes cloud, cloud shadow, and snow observations, and then uses the remaining clear observations to estimate time series models for each Landsat pixel. Three time series models (a simple model, advanced model, and full model) are used for estimating surface reflectance for each pixel, and the selection of a time series model is dependent on the number of clear observations available: the more clear observations, the more complex the model will be that is used. For each time series model there are three components (seasonality, trend, and breaks), that are used for modeling intra-annual and inter-annual differences and abrupt surface change. Abrupt surface changes are detected by differencing predicted and observed Landsat observations, and if the difference is larger than twice the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for six consecutive observations, it will be detected as a “break” in the time series model. The RMSE values are temporally adjusted to provide better threshold range. For each “synthetic” image, a Quality Assessment (QA) Band is provided that contains information on how the time series model was estimated and used for generating the synthetic data. We have applied this approach to six Landsat scenes within the United States. We visually compared the synthetic images with real Landsat images for different kinds of environments and they are similar for all image pairs. We also quantitatively assessed the accuracy of the synthetic data by calculating the RMSE value for all clear Landsat observations. The RMSE values for the three visible bands are the lowest (approximately 0.01), and the Short-wave Infrared (SWIR) bands are slightly higher in magnitude (between 0.01 and 0.02). The Near Infrared (NIR) band has the highest RMSE values (between 0.02 and 0.03). The goal of this paper is to provide Landsat images that are free of cloud, cloud shadow, snow, and Scan Line Corrector (SLC)-off gaps that can be used to derive land cover and bio-physical products.
Glass Fiber Based Friction Materials

Abstract Glass fibers have been considered as a reinforcing agent in friction linings as one component of a potential substitute for asbestos. The mechanical, thermal and frictional properties of six different grades of glass fibers have been evaluated in model phenolic resin based friction materials. The Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion and friction coefficients have been determined. It was found that the fiber sizing, length and diameter play a significant role in affecting the mechanical properties. Fiber sizing, influences the tensile strength but the fiber length does not. The Young's modulus is relatively independent of fiber sizing, length and diameter. The flexural strength is found to increase with an increase in fiber length and a decrease in fiber diameter. The flexural modulus also increased with an increase in the fiber length. The Coefficients of thermal expansion fall within the normal range observed for glass ...
In vitro development of salt resistant plants

CELL SELECTION techniques have been used successfully to develop variant cell lines from somatic cell populations. ~6' 12. 36. 4x) Table 1 is a partial listing of plant species selected for stress resistance using cell culture techniques. The listing compiles a number of stress factors that have agricultural significance. These include resistance to low temperatures, diseases, herbicides and salinity. The following discussion of in vitro selection for salt tolerance will illustrate the techniques involved in using tissue culture both to develop and to study stress resistance in plants. Salinity is a stress factor that has a major impact in semi-arid and arid regions of the U.S. and the world. The sections that follow discuss the extent and effect of salinity, research on selection of salt tolerant alfalfa and rice cells and basic studies on physiological mechanisms associated with salt tolerance.
Stimulatory effect of interleukin-1β on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the rat: influence of age, gender and circulating sex steroids

The bilateral communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems plays an essential role in modulating the adequate response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to the stimulatory influence of interleukins (ILs). It is thus reasonable to assume that inappropriate responses of the HPA axis to ILs might play a role in modulating the onset of pathological conditions such as infections. As part of our programme aimed at investigating the ability of ILs to release pro-opiomelanocortin-like peptides and corticosterone in rats exposed to alcohol, we observed that this stimulatory action appeared to be influenced by the gender of the animals. We therefore examined the ability of IL-1 beta, injected peripherally, to stimulate the HPA axis as a function of stage of sexual maturation and the presence or absence of circulating sex steroids. In immature (21 to 22-day-old) rats, both males and females responded to the i.p. administration of 0.5 or 2.0 micrograms IL-1 beta/kg with statistically comparable increases in plasma ACTH levels. In contrast, females released significantly (P < 0.01) more corticosterone in response to the lower dose of cytokine. Forty-day-old intact animals showed no sexual dimorphism in ACTH secretion, but the females again secreted significantly (P < 0.05-0.01) more corticosterone. Gonadectomy, performed 7-8 days prior to the assay, increased the absolute amount of corticosterone released over a 60-min period. A noticeable dimorphism of the ACTH response to IL-1 beta became apparent in 70-day-old intact rats, with females secreting more ACTH than males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Review of Monocentric Urban Density Analysis

It is important for planners to understand urban population distributions. In this article, the historical roots and present status of monocentric urban density analysis are reviewed, including the...
Mechanical effects of the extended trochanteric osteotomy.

Background: The extended trochanteric osteotomy was introduced as a safe and effective exposure technique for revision hip surgery; however, intraoperative iatrogenic femoral fractures have been reported. This study examined the effects of the extended trochanteric osteotomy on the torsional strengt
Publication of clinical trials supporting successful new drug applications: a literature analysis.

Author(s): Lee, Kirby; Bacchetti, Peter; Sim, Ida | Abstract: BackgroundThe United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves new drugs based on sponsor-submitted clinical trials. The publication status of these trials in the medical literature and factors associated with publication have not been evaluated. We sought to determine the proportion of trials submitted to the FDA in support of newly approved drugs that are published in biomedical journals that a typical clinician, consumer, or policy maker living in the US would reasonably search.Methods and findingsWe conducted a cohort study of trials supporting new drugs approved between 1998 and 2000, as described in FDA medical and statistical review documents and the FDA approved drug label. We determined publication status and time from approval to full publication in the medical literature at 2 and 5 y by searching PubMed and other databases through 01 August 2006. We then evaluated trial characteristics associated with publication. We identified 909 trials supporting 90 approved drugs in the FDA reviews, of which 43% (394/909) were published. Among the subset of trials described in the FDA-approved drug label and classified as "pivotal trials" for our analysis, 76% (257/340) were published. In multivariable logistic regression for all trials 5 y postapproval, likelihood of publication correlated with statistically significant results (odds ratio [OR] 3.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78-5.17); larger sample sizes (OR 1.33 per 2-fold increase in sample size, 95% CI 1.17-1.52); and pivotal status (OR 5.31, 95% CI 3.30-8.55). In multivariable logistic regression for only the pivotal trials 5 y postapproval, likelihood of publication correlated with statistically significant results (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.24-7.06) and larger sample sizes (OR 1.47 per 2-fold increase in sample size, 95% CI 1.15-1.88). Statistically significant results and larger sample sizes were also predictive of publication at 2 y postapproval and in multivariable Cox proportional models for all trials and the subset of pivotal trials.ConclusionsOver half of all supporting trials for FDA-approved drugs remained unpublished g/= 5 y after approval. Pivotal trials and trials with statistically significant results and larger sample sizes are more likely to be published. Selective reporting of trial results exists for commonly marketed drugs. Our data provide a baseline for evaluating publication bias as the new FDA Amendments Act comes into force mandating basic results reporting of clinical trials.
Self, Womanhood and Social Order in Narayan's Fiction.

: Narayan's preference for a stable social order, as it is incorporated into the framework of his novels as both a structural device and reverential representations of community life, has been variously dealt with. This paper considers the effect of such a predilection upon his portrayal of the Indian women who are beginning to enjoy a greater measure of autonomy and social mobility in the context of changing socioeconomic structures than were available to them under the traditional patriarchal culture. Four of Narayan's novels will be used to discuss the nature and extent of this unfortunate complicity with a decidedly patriarchal social order even as he strives to dilute it with a degree of sympathy for the oppressed women.
Anxiety, construct differentiation, and message production

Neuliep and Hazleton have reported a significant negative relationship between a general measure of trait anxiety and interpersonal construct differentiation. The study reported in this paper failed to find a significant relationship between a more specific measure of interpersonal trait anxiety and interpersonal construct differentiation, and also found no significant relationships between state anxiety and construct differentiation, or either interpersonal trait or state anxiety and the production of messages considered more or less competent by constructivist conceptions in an anxiety‐producing interpersonal context. The study did find a significant positive relationship between interpersonal construct differentiation and the production of such messages. These results are discussed with particular emphasis on the lack of conceptual relation between notions of anxiety and construct differentiation.
Food deprivation does not influence body or selection temperature in rats receiving intraventricular bombesin.

Abstract Bombesin (BBS), a tetradecapeptide, has been found to have potent hypothermic effects when centrally administered. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between food-deprivation and BBS-induced hypothermia in a temperature selection paradigm. Food-deprived and satiated male Sprague-Dawley rats were given intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of several doses of BBS and control vehicle. Selection temperature data and changes in core body temperature were measured. BBS produced a significant hypothermia and decrease in selection temperatures in all doses but one. No significant differences in body temperature or selection temperatures were found between food-deprived and satiated animals. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that BBS acts centrally to d to decrease body temperature set point.
Global ‘bootprinting’ reveals the elastic architecture of the yeast TFIIIB–TFIIIC transcription complex in vivo

TFIIIB and TFIIIC are multi-subunit factors required for transcription by RNA polymerase III. We present a genome-wide high-resolution footprint map of TFIIIB–TFIIIC complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, obtained by paired-end sequencing of micrococcal nuclease-resistant DNA. On tRNA genes, TFIIIB and TFIIIC form stable complexes with the same distinctive occupancy pattern but in mirror image, termed ‘bootprints’. Global analysis reveals that the TFIIIB–TFIIIC transcription complex exhibits remarkable structural elasticity: tRNA genes vary significantly in length but remain protected by TFIIIC. Introns, when present, are markedly less protected. The RNA polymerase III transcription terminator is flexibly accommodated within the transcription complex and, unexpectedly, plays a major structural role by delimiting its 3′-boundary. The ETC sites, where TFIIIC binds without TFIIIB, exhibit different bootprints, suggesting that TFIIIC forms complexes involving other factors. We confirm six ETC sites and report a new site (ETC10). Surprisingly, TFIIIC, but not TFIIIB, interacts with some centromeric nucleosomes, suggesting that interactions between TFIIIC and the centromere may be important in the 3D organization of the nucleus.
Malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary

Objective To review the experience at Women & Infants Hospital and Hartford Hospital of patients with malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary, and to review the pertinent literature. Methods Fourteen cases of malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary at the two hospitals over a 5 year period were identified through their tumor registries. Demographic data, pathology, treatment, and survival rates were reviewed. Results The median survival of the patients in our series was 7 months, with 64% dead of disease in 1 year. A review of the pertinent literature indicated median survivals of 6-12 months, with more than 70% of the patients dead of disease at 1 year, despite treatment. Conclusion Further investigation is needed to determine the proper management for malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary. Meanwhile, current treatment strategies should recognize the present therapeutic limitations, so as not to diminish any further the quality of life for women with this malignancy.
Blending theory - in the classroom

In preparing college students for writing and composing for the world of various audiences beyond the class walls, it is important that they become familiar with meaning-making strategies beyond rhetorical patterns, such as ‘claim-reason-evidence,’ which although powerful, may ultimately rely on literalist assumptions of the nature of language. To introduce the power of figurative language and bring literalism front and center for my especially literal-minded (predominantly) engineering students, I designed a portion of my composition course to complement its ‘claim-reason-evidence’ core, in which students discover metaphor. Students are formally introduced to the trope in the middle of the term and then spend several weeks investigating the nature of metaphor in coordination with ongoing projects. Using Lakoff and Johnson's work on metaphor and a further development of it (‘Blending Theory’), the students put their understanding of metaphor to work by developing and explaining their own metaphors. Though this is new territory in my course, it has proven beneficial to the students' composition skills and their abilities to recognize and critique the non-literal aspects of communication and the assumptions of literalism.
Henry Mayhew and the Life of the Streets

Lamb in the 1820s and Dickens in the 1830s had written about some of those who made their living or advertised their services in the streets of London: beggars, chimney sweeps, cab drivers, the vendors of baked potatoes and kidney pies. When, in the late forties, Henry Mayhew began his extensive study of the street-folk, he found reason to cite both these chroniclers. London Labour and the London Poor, however, is an enterprise different in kind from the essays and sketches it occasionally quotes. Somehow, in the middle years of the nineteenth century, the street-folk became a subject worth four volumes and sixteen hundred pages.The decision to devote so much attention to the people of the streets came at a crisis-point in Mayhew's journalistic career. He had undertaken for the Morning Chronicle (1849) a comprehensive study of the metropolitan poor. Defining the poor as “those persons whose incomings are insufficient for the satisfaction of their wants,” Mayhew proposed to discuss them “according as they will work, they can't work, and they won't work.” He had progressed part way through the first of these classifications when he quarrelled with the editors of the Chronicle and ended by severing his ties with them. On his own, Mayhew commenced the publication in parts of London Labour. The “will, can't, won't” division, which persists in these volumes, was supplemented or perhaps superseded by another. Mayhew's ultimate object was still to study all the London poor but he now began with a trade-by-trade survey of the street-folk.
Reduction of halogenated hydrocarbons in aqueous media: I. Involvement of sulfur in iron catalysis

Experiments were carried out to investigate the reduction of tri- and tetra-chloroethene with iron in aqueous solutions. Results indicate (i) dependence of the dehalogenation capacity of the iron on its sulfur content and (ii) that ethyne was the primary dehalogenated hydrocarbon for both compounds. A reaction mechanism based on in situ formation of ferrous sulfide as the catalyst and its reaction with the halocompounds in the presence of hydrogen has been postulated.
Correlates of colorectal cancer screening compliance among urban Hispanics.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer among Latinos; screening can reduce mortality from CRC. The aims of this study are; to assess the current compliance with free colorectal cancer screening among Hispanic women who are participating in a national breast and cervical cancer screening program (NBCCEDP), and to examine the effects of a set of key constructs from the HBM and the TPB on compliance with the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT). We consecutively recruited 950 women from among those attending an initial appointment at an NBCCEDP site in northern Manhattan, and administered a questionnaire. Patients were offered a free Hemoccult® kit, alongside instructions and print materials. The rate of FOBT compliance (in kit return) was 77.3%. Fatalism remained a statistically significant influence on FOBT compliance in the multivariate models, and there was a trend for higher FOBT return among West Indies women (primarily from the Dominican Republic). The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of distributing FOBT kits through an existing national program for cancer screening of women. The results justify replication in a more heterogeneous group of Hispanics, with longer-term followup.
The success of pharmacogenomics in moving genetic association studies from bench to bedside: study design and implementation of precision medicine in the post-GWAS era

Pharmacogenomics is emerging as a popular type of study for human genetics in recent years. This is primarily due to the many success stories and high potential for translation to clinical practice. In this review, the strengths and limitations of pharmacogenomics are discussed as well as the primary epidemiologic, clinical trial, and in vitro study designs implemented. A brief discussion of molecular and analytic approaches will be reviewed. Finally, several examples of bench-to-bedside clinical implementations of pharmacogenetic traits will be described. Pharmacogenomics continues to grow in popularity because of the important genetic associations identified that drive the possibility of precision medicine.
On the correlation matrices of trigonometric product functions

Sets of waveforms called TPF's, which are products of trigonometric functions, may have application in comunications technology, network analysis and signal processing. This communication briefly reviews the characteristics of TPF's and presents methods for calculating their cross-correlation coefficients when 1) all TPF's in a set have harmonic factors with the same set of values, and 2) the harmonic factors have different values.
Proton simulation of displacement effects induced in metals by 14 mev neutrons

Abstract In designing a D-T fusion reactor, one must know the effect of a high flux of 14 MeV neutrons on structural materials. Available laboratory sources of 14 MeV neutrons are not intense enough to expose samples to the expected flux. Bombardment with other particles is one way of simulating the anticipated neutron environment. The energy spectrum of atoms recoiling from collisions with bombarding particles can be calculated from elastic-scattering and nonelastic-reaction data for the incident species. This analysis shows that 16 MeV protons closely simulate the displacement effects caused by 14 MeV neutrons. In niobium the average atom recoiling from a 14 MeV neutron interaction has 65 keV of damage energy. The mean damage energy deposited per cm3 of niobium by a fluence of one 14 MeV neutron per cm2 is 14 keV. The equivalent quantity for 16 MeV protons incident on niobium is 33 keV.
Evaluation of Meat and Bone Meal in Practical Diets Fed to Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis

Juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) were fed one of eight diets to evaluate meat and bone meal as a source of crude protein and essential amino acids. Diets contained either 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45% meat and bone meal substituted for an isonitrogenous amount of soybean meal and fish meal. All diets were fed for 7 wk, followed by a 2-wk digestibility trial. Mean consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by addition of meat and bone meal into diets. Intraperitoneal and liver lipid concentrations were not significantly affected by meat and bone meal. Fillet proximate composition was not significantly different among treatments. Apparent crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acid availabilities were significantly lower in fish fed 45% meat and bone meal compared to fish fed 30% and lower concentrations and generally lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal. Based on these data, it appears meat and bone meal can be used as the primary source of crude protein and essential amino acids in practical growout diets for hybrid striped bass, comprising as much as 45% of the diet. Nutrient availability values were lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal and may restrict usage in some applications.
Animal Feed Production and Contamination by Foodborne Salmonella

Animal feeds can potentially become contaminated with foodborne Salmonella either during harvesting, processing at the feed mill or during storage. Any environment that comes in contact with feed during these stages that also harbors Salmonella can theoretically contaminate the feed. This also holds true for ingredients that are combined with feeds as they are being mixed at the feed mill. Animal feeds are also potential reservoirs for cross contamination from Salmonella containing vectors and environmental sources while being fed to animals. Although several factors may determine the extent of contamination, the potential for infection in animals these have not been well characterized. In addition, certain animal management and feeding programs can lead to animals becoming more susceptible to Salmonella colonization and invasion. Control measures to limit Salmonella contamination of feed include agents that directly reduce or destroy the organism in feed. Antimicrobial compounds and management strategies have also been developed for preventing colonization and eliminating Salmonella colonized in the gastrointestinal tract. The future prospects for minimizing Salmonella contaminated feed will probably involve combining more efficient monitoring and sampling approaches with more rapid and sensitive detection technologies.
Large woody debris and land management in California's hardwood-dominated watersheds.

Although large woody debris (LWD) has been studied extensively in conifer-dominated watersheds, relatively little is known about LWD in hardwood-dominated watersheds. Field surveys of 32 hardwood-dominated stream reaches in northern coastal California revealed that levels of LWD varied with land ownership and that living trees strongly influenced debris jam formation. Almost half of the channel-spanning debris jams, which stored the most wood and were most likely to form a pool, were formed behind a key piece that was still living. These living key pieces might provide greater longevity and stability than would otherwise be expected from hardwood LWD. Compared to streams on private land, streams on public land had significantly greater LWD loading and debris-jam frequency. Land management practices that remove wood from streams might be contributing to the degradation of salmonid habitat in California’s hardwood-dominated watersheds.
Methodology for determining the most economic storage conditions for tomatoes

Abstract Transpiration and respiration losses of fruits and vegetables are drastically reduced as storage temperatures decrease. However, the costs associated with environmental control of a produce store increase as storage temperatures decrease. This study outlines a detailed dynamic procedure for establishing the optimum tomato storage environmental conditions in order to minimize total costs of storage. Examples are provided for tomato stores in South Florida.
Endoscopic aspects in diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease and motility disorders: Bravo, capsule, and functional lumen imaging probe

Catheter-based testing remains the current standard of practice for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal motility abnormalities. Ambulatory pH testing and esophageal manometry have been in use for the past 40 years, but with the development of high-resolution manometry and multichannel intraluminal impedance testing, catheter-based testing has undergone significant recent technological improvement. Nonetheless, these tests continue to have limitations. In the case of ambulatory reflux testing, patient discomfort and limited activity remain significant problems. For esophageal manometry, methodological issues limit its ability to evaluate the function of the esophagogastric junction in normal and diseased states. In recent years, several new diagnostic tools have been developed to address the shortcomings of catheter-based testing. The wireless pH probe has been available for clinical use for more than 10 years, is better tolerated than catheter-based testing, and provides longer monitoring periods. Esophageal capsule endoscopy has undergone clinical evaluation for gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett esophagus with mixed results. Functional lumen imaging probe testing is a new technology that is still undergoing clinical evaluation but holds promise as a complimentary method for evaluating esophageal physiology, in particular esophagogastric junction function.
Noninvasive determination of myocardial blood flow, oxygen consumption and efficiency in normal humans by carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography imaging.

The aims of this study were: (1) to measure noninvasively and near simultaneously myocardial blood flow, oxygen consumption, and contractile function and (2) to analyze myocardial energy expenditure and efficiency at rest and during dobutamine stress in normal humans. Dynamic and gated carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed in 11 normal subjects. The initial uptake of 11C-acetate was measured to estimate myocardial blood flow. Oxygen consumption was derived from the monoexponential slope of the 11C-clearance curve recorded during myocardial washout. ECG-gated systolic and diastolic images were acquired during the peak myocardial 11C activity to measure left ventricular radius, myocardial wall thickness, and long axis length. Myocardial oxygen consumption and parameters of cardiac geometry were used to determine myocardial energetics and cardiac efficiency by tension-area area analysis. Myocardial blood flow averaged 0.8±0.06 ml min–1 g–1 at rest and 1.48±0.15 ml min–1 g–1 during dobutamine stress. Oxygen delivery and consumption were 151±13 and 88±15 µl O2 min–1 g–1 at rest and increased to 291±31 and 216±31 µl O2 min–1 g–1, respectively, during pharmacological stress (P<0.001). Oxygen extraction increased from 59%±8% at rest to 76%±9% during stress (P<0.001). Mechanical efficiency was 29%±6% at rest and 32%±6% during dobutamine stress (P=NS) while external work efficiency was 16%±6% at rest and increased to 21%±4% (P<0.01) during dobutamine stress. Stepwise linear regression analysis identified rate-pressure product and external cardiac work as major correlates of oxygen consumption. In summary, rapid dynamic and gated PET 11C acetate imaging provides the unique capability to study noninvasively determinants of myocardial energy delivery, expenditure, and efficiency.
Remains of Hominidae from Pliocene--Pleistocene formations in the lower Omo Basin, Ethiopia.

Discoveries by the Chicago contingent of the 1967 and 1968 International Research Expedition to the Omo Valley extend the fossil records of australopithecines back to between 3 and 4 million years ago.
Closure to "Burial of short cylinders induced by scour under combined waves and currents" by Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera and Marcelo H. García

The interactions between cylindrically shaped objects and movable beds in a combined wave and current environment are claimed to be considerably important for various engineering and military applications. For a better understanding of these processes, the authors present a small-scale experimental study of the scour and burial of cylinders on a sandy floor under waves and currents. The physical experiments are described in detail and the results are analyzed by using a number of theories from the literature, but in the discusser’s opinion, there are some doubts as to the validity and interpretations of the results given by the authors.
Studies on pharmaceutical powders and the state of subdivision. III. An evaluation of pharmaceutical dispensing techniques employed to increase the specific surface areas of powders

The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption technique was applied to specific surface area determinations on pharmaceutical powders in experiments attempting to evaluate certain comminutative methods used in dispensing practice. Separate samples of zinc oxide, bismuth subnitrate, and sulfanilamide were levigated according to standard techniques with a mortar and pestle, a muller, and a spatula. Their specific surface areas were then determined. Data are presented which indicate the relative efficacy of these comminutative methods in reducing the surface average particle size of these several powders.
Identification of New Races and Deviating Strains of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae.

Abstract Spinach downy mildew disease, caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, is the most economically important spinach (Spinacia oleracea) disease. New races of th...
Mechanisms by which transcription factors gain access to target sequence elements in chromatin

Transcription factors (TF) bind DNA sequence motifs, but the presence of a consensus DNA element is not sufficient to direct TF binding to chromatin. Recent genomic data have revealed that accessibility, as measured by DNase sensitivity and the presence of active histone marks, is necessary for TF binding. DNA sequence provides the initial specification of the accessibility of DNA elements within chromatin that permits TF binding. In yeast, it is known that poly(dA-dT) tracts directly encode low-nucleosome occupancy at promoters. Recent evidence suggests that CpG islands in mammals are inherently refractory to higher-order chromatin structure and remain accessible, despite favoring nucleosome formation in vitro. Taken together, these studies support a model for how accessibility originates and then propagates throughout regulatory cascades and development.
Investigation of phospholipase-lipid interactions by optical detection of triplet state magnetic resonance spectroscopy

We have investigated the binding of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PA2) to n-hexadecylphosphocholine (C16PN) micelles using optical detection of triplet state magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy. The zero field splittings (zfs) of the single Trp3 residue undergo significant changes upon binding of PA2 to C16PN micelles. Zfs titrations of PA2 vs C16PN indicate that the binding stoichiometry is C16PN:PA2 approximately 25. A reduction of the (E) parameter from 1.227 to 1.135 GHz is postulated to result from Stark effects caused by the binding of a polar group (possibly phosphocholine) near Trp3 in the PA2-C16PN micelle complex.