cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aurora B Phosphorylates Centromeric MCAK and Regulates Its Localization and Microtubule Depolymerization Activity

Abstract Background: Sister kinetochores must bind microtubules in a bipolar fashion to equally segregate chromosomes during mitosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Aurora B likely promotes chromosome biorientation by regulating kinetochore-microtubule attachments. MCAK ( m itotic c entromere- a ssociated k inesin) is a Kin I kinesin that can depolymerize microtubules. These two proteins both localize to mitotic centromeres and have overlapping mitotic functions, including regulation of microtubule dynamics, proper chromosome congression, and correction of improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Results: We show that Aurora B phosphorylates and regulates MCAK both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we mapped six Aurora B phosphorylation sites on MCAK in both the centromere-targeting domain and the neck region. Aurora B activity was required to localize MCAK to centromeres, but not to spindle poles. Aurora B phosphorylation of serine 196 in the neck region of MCAK inhibited its microtubule depolymerization activity. We found that this key site was phosphorylated at centromeres and anaphase spindle midzones in vivo. However, within the inner centromere there were pockets of both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated MCAK protein, suggesting that phosphate turnover is crucial in the regulation of MCAK activity. Addition of α-p-S196 antibodies to Xenopus egg extracts or injection of α-p-S196 antibodies into cells caused defects in chromosome positioning and/or segregation. Conclusions: We have established a direct link between the microtubule depolymerase MCAK and Aurora B kinase. Our data suggest that Aurora B both positively and negatively regulates MCAK during mitosis. We propose that Aurora B biorients chromosomes by directing MCAK to depolymerize incorrectly oriented kinetochore microtubules.
Integrating Social Justice Into Counseling Theories Pedagogy: A Case Example

As they explore counseling theories, students are encouraged to examine their own values, attitudes, and beliefs to find congruence with these theories. This traditional approach inadequately addresses the social injustices that may be perpetuated by selecting theories that further oppress clients and other marginalized communities. Prilleltensky (1997) introduced a social justice paradigm, emancipatory communitarianism, to address the limitations of existing theories on the basis of their underlying values. The authors discuss how incorporating emancipatory communitarianism and values discussions into counseling theories pedagogy can enhance critical thinking and self-exploration among developing students. Implications for counseling pedagogy, practices, and research are discussed.
Measurement of nitrogen dioxide and nitrous acid using gas-permeable liquid core waveguides

Abstract Nitrogen dioxide is an important atmospheric contaminant, classified as a criteria pollutant in the United States. It can be sensitively determined by the simple colorimetric Griess–Saltzmann method. This can constitute the basis of an inexpensive sensitive instrument based on gas-permeable liquid core waveguide tubes that allow long path absorbance measurement. Nitrous (HONO) acid is often present in the atmosphere along with NO2. Nitrous acid concentration can be significant relative to NO2, especially at night-time when photodecomposition of HONO is no longer operative. Griess–Saltzman chemistry cannot differentiate between HONO and NO2. In the present paper, we have explored the possibility of simultaneously determining both analytes by using more than one collector with dimensional differences. Presented results show that differences in either length or wall thickness can permit such differentiation.
Effects of resolution, peak ratio and sampling frequency in diode-array fluorescence detection in liquid chromatography

Abstract In this work, different methods of quantification that use both fluorescence spectral and retention time data were evaluated for accuracy and precision in diode-array fluorence detection in liquid chromatography. The methods evaluated include the peak height and peak area methods of quantification, an adaptive Kalman filter and the generalized rank annihilation method. All of these methods were used to estimate the concentration of a model led component in the presence of other partially resolved unmodelled components. The peak area and peak height methods of quantification gave the largest errors as the chromatographic resolution was decreased. The generalized rank annihilation method gave the most reliable results when the chromatographic resolution was greater than 0.3. However, this method was affected by retention time shifts between the calibration and unknown samples and the rate at which spectra were acquired.
Review—Numerical Models for Dilute Gas-Particle Flows

The significant nondimensional parameters relating to dilute gas-particle flows are defined, and a review of the essential features of gas-particle flows from the point of view of model development is presented. Also, the various models that have appeared for one-dimensional and two-dimensional flows are examined, and the advantages and disadvantages of the trajectory and two-fluid models are considered. It is concluded that the most difficult aspect of model development for gas-particle flows is the adequate description of particle dispersion due to turbulence, and that more experimental and complementary numerical work are needed in this area.
Distribution of α-tocopherol in beef heart mitochondria

Abstract 1. α-Tocopherol was identified and determined in purified bovine heart mitochondria by several independent procedures including thin-layer chromatography, silicic acid column chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and spectral examination. 2. The concentration of tocopherol in purified mitochondrial preparations ranged from 0.05 to 0.44 μmole of tocopherol per g of protein, and appeared to be independent of the specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in the same samples. 3. α-Tocopherol was found to be present in all the enzymatically active lipoprotein complexes of the electron transport system of mitochondria, but apparently did not have a direct quantitative relationship with the enzymatic activities observed. The highest concentration of tocopherol per g of protein occurred in a supernatant fraction free of any electron transport chain activity. 4. The subcellular fractions of beef heart muscle were examined for vitamin E content, and the crude nuclear fraction showed a considerable amount of tocopherol per g of protein. The supernatant fraction obtained after sedimentation of the mitochondria had very little vitamin E. 5. Separation of the mitochondrial membranes by digitonin treatment showed that only the inner membranes contained tocopherol.
Intimal hyperplasia thickness at follow-up is independent of stent size: A serial intravascular ultrasound study

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the thickness of the intimal hyperplasia (IH) layer that accumulates within Palmaz-Schatz stents is dependent on stent size. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and quantitative angiographic (QCA) studies were performed after stent implantation and at follow-up (5.4 ± 3.8 months) in 161 patients with 177 lesions treated with 221 Palmaz-Schatz stents. Stent and lumen cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured. IH CSA and thickness at follow-up were calculated and compared with stent CSA and circumference. Maximum IH CSA and thickness were measured at the smallest follow-up lumen CSA; mean IH CSA and thickness was averaged over the length of the stent. Maximum IH CSA measured 4.8 ± 2.4 mm2, and mean IH CSA measured 2.8 ± 2.2 mm2. Maximum IH thickness (at the smallest follow-up lumen CSA) measured 0.60 ± 0.36 mm, and mean IH thickness (over the length of the stent) measured 0.30 ±0.19 mm. There was a weak, but significant correlation between mean and maximum IH CSA versus stent CSA (r = 0.215, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.355, p < 0.0001, respectively). However, there was no correlation between mean or maximum IH thickness versus stent CSA (r = 0.018, p = 0.643 and r = 0.056, p = 0.463, respectively) or stent circumference (r = 0.002, p = 0.956 and r = 0.069, p = 0.361, respectively). IH thickness was found to be independent of the stent size. This explains the known higher frequency of restenosis in smaller stents compared with larger stents.
Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial learning are impaired in a rat model of sleep fragmentation

Sleep fragmentation, a symptom in many clinical disorders, leads to cognitive impairments. To investigate the mechanisms by which sleep fragmentation results in memory impairments, rats were awakened once every 2 min via 30 s of slow movement on an automated treadmill. Within 1 h of this sleep interruption (SI) schedule, rats began to sleep in the 90-s periods without treadmill movement. Total non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) sleep time did not change over the 24 h of SI, although there was a significant decline in rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep and a corresponding increase in time spent awake. In the SI group, the mean duration of sleep episodes decreased and delta activity during periods of wake increased. Control rats either lived in the treadmill without movement (cage controls, CC), or had 10-min periods of movement followed by 30 min of non-movement allowing deep/continuous sleep (exercise controls, EC). EC did not differ from baseline in the total time spent in each vigilance state. Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting change in synaptic efficacy thought to underlie declarative memory formation, was absent in rats exposed to 24 and 72 h SI. In contrast, LTP was normal in EC rats. However, long-term depression and paired-pulse facilitation were unaltered by 24 h SI. Twenty-four hour SI also impaired acquisition of spatial learning in the hippocampus-dependent water maze test. Twenty-four hour SI elevated plasma corticosterone (CORT) to levels previously shown to enhance LTP (125 ng/mL). The results suggest that sleep fragmentation negatively impacts spatial learning. Loss of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region may be one mechanism involved in this deficit.
The crime of rape temp. Richard I and John

(1988). The crime of rape temp. Richard I and John. The Journal of Legal History: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 324-334.
When is diabetes mellitus a relative or absolute contraindication to liver transplantation

1. Diabetes mellitus is common in patients with cirrhosis; patients with DM undergoing liver transplantation often have many other co-morbid illnesses including obesity, coronary artery disease (CAD), autonomic neuropathy, gastroparesis, and nephropathy. 2. Long-term survival of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is significantly lower and morbidity higher when compared to non-diabetics mainly because of cardiovascular complications, infections, and renal failure. 3. Obesity, CAD, and renal failure are confounding factors that result in poor patient survival. 4. Patients with DM should undergo careful cardiovascular diagnostic work up, including routine coronary arteriogram, and necessary interventions before liver transplantation. This is especially important in those over 50 years old, and in those with retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. 5. Patients with coronary artery disease that is not amenable to surgery or stents, and those with impaired left ventricular function, should not be considered for liver transplantation. Other relative or absolute contraindications are those with proteinura and renal failure who are not candidates for combined liver/kidney transplantation, those with severe gastroparesis, especially when it is associated with diabetic autonomic neuropathy, and those with two or more risk factors such as CAD, morbid obesity, and renal failure. 6. Future studies should focus on risk stratification of patients with DM undergoing liver transplantation and better interventions to reduce the risk of diabetic complications before and after liver transplantation.
Intense Antiproton Source for a 20-TeV Collider

The feasibility of producing, collecting and cooling p?'s at a rate > 3.108 s-l is demonstrated. This implies a filling time of ~ 12 hours to reach a luminosity of ? 1032cm-2s-1 in the collider.
Neural Networks for Postprocessing Model Output: ARPS

Abstract The temperature forecasts of the Advanced Regional Prediction System are postprocessed by a neural network. Specifically, 31 stations are considered, and for each a neural network is developed. The nine input variables to the neural network are forecast hour, model forecast temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed, mean sea level pressure, cloud cover, and precipitation rate and amount. The single dependent variable is observed temperature at a given station. It is shown that the model temperature forecasts are improved in terms of a variety of performance measures. An average of 40% reduction in mean-squared error across all stations is accompanied by an average reduction in bias and variance of 70% and 20%, respectively.
Mutagenesis at the cinnabar locus in Drosophila melanogaster.

A study was undertaken to isolate mutations affecting the temporal appearance of kynurenine hydroxylase in Drosophila melanogaster. Such mutations, lacking or having reduced enzyme activity at the larval or pupal stage only, could represent changes in regulatory functions. Mutagenesis was carried out using EMS. Potential mutations were isolated from mass F1 cultures. The screening of large numbers of individuals was made possible by the use of the mutant red, which allowed visual classification for the presence or absence of the enzyme at both stages. From a series of six mutagenesis experiments 111,561 chromosomes were tested, and 122 phenotypically mutant F1 individuals were found. From these, 38 inheritable mutations were isolated which, by phenotypic observation, lacked or had reduced enzyme activity at the larval and pupal stages. Assay of enzyme activity levels in several of the mutants confirmed the phenotypic data. All of the 27 mutations that could be tested further are recessive and behave as cinnabar alleles. Complementation tests were performed between these 27 mutant stocks, and no complementation in the production of eye color has been seen between the mutants examined. When extended collection periods were used, a significantly higher percentage of inheritable mutations was isolated from the first 3 days of the screen. Over 80% of the F1 phenotypic mutants could be classified as mosaics, which indicates that cinnabar can be autonomous under certain conditions. The failure to isolate mutations in possible regulatory function is discussed.
INTERACTION OF PURINES WITH THE PYRIMIDINE TRANSPORT PROCESS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE.

Abstract Numerous purine and purine-like compounds inhibit the active transport of uracil across the intestinal wall in vitro . The degree of inhibition depends mainly on structural features of the pyrimidine portion of the molecules. For example hypoxanthine, xanthine, 6-mercaptopurine, 4-oxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine, and 7-oxypyrazolo(4,3-d) pyrimidine are strong inhibitors; uric acid and guanine are weaker; and adenine, 3-methylxanthine, theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine have no detectable inhibitory activity. Hypoxanthine or its intestinal metabolites, or both, are readily absorbed from the small intestine of the rat in vitro by a saturable transport process. Absorption is blocked by uracil and thymine, suggesting that the purines and pyrimidines compete for a common transport process.
Site-directed mutagenesis of histidine-90 in Escherichia coli L-threonine dehydrogenase alters its substrate specificity.

Escherichia colil-threonine dehydrogenase is a member of the Zn2+-containing alcohol/polyol dehydrogenase family. Methylation of His-90 ofl-threonine dehydrogenase was recently found to cause total inactivation (J. P. Marcus and E. E. Dekker, 1995Arch. Biochem. Biophys.316, 413–420). Since His-90 is not conserved among the related dehydrogenases, this residue was changed to arginine, asparagine, and alanine by site-directed mutagenesis in order to probe its role. All three purified, homogeneous mutants, like wild-type enzyme, contained one Zn2+atom/subunit and exhibited a sequential catalytic mechanism; thekcatvalue for each, however, was reduced ∼10-fold. TheKmvalue for threonine was elevated from 3 mM for wild-type enzyme to 31, 328, and 417 mM, respectively, for mutants H90R, H90N, and H90A. The activation energy of catalysis for mutant H90A was increased by 6.6 kcal/mol, suggesting that in the wild-type enzyme His-90 forms at least one crucial hydrogen bond in the transition state. Whereas wild-type enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of threonine amide (0.75 M) about twice as fast as this same concentration of threonine or 0.375 Ml-2-amino-3-hydroxypentanoate, the reaction rate of mutant H90A with 0.75 M threonine amide or threonine methyl ester was 33- to 35-fold higher than with this level of threonine. Similarly, mutant H90N used 0.75 M threonine methyl ester or threonine amide as substrate 9- to 13-fold better than it used this concentration of threonine. Mutants H90A and H90N were more reactive with 0.225 Ml-threonine hydroxamate than with 0.75 M threonine, but mutant H90A did not oxidizel-2-amino-3-hydroxypentanoate (0.375 M) and mutant H90N used this substrate poorly. The best substrates for mutant H90R were threonine methyl ester, threonine, and threonine amide (all tested at 0.75 M); 0.375 Ml-2-amino-3-hydroxypentanoate was a poor substrate. The isolation and characterization of these first His-90 mutants ofE. colil-threonine dehydrogenase confirm the importance of this residue in catalysis and suggest that His-90 is an active-site residue which modulates the substrate specificity ofl-threonine dehydrogenase.
Olfactory system involvement in the recovery of feeding and drinking after lateral hypothalamic damage in the rat.

Abstract In rats, large lesions of the far lateral hypothalamus produce a familiar syndrome of behavioral deficits which include the absence of feeding and drinking. If tube fed and offered palatable food LH lesioned rats gradually recover and eventually become able to maintain a stable body weight on dry food and water. In this series of experiments we show that although bilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs does not affect a rat's ability to feed and drink to maintain a normal body weight (Experiment 1), bulbectomy performed about one month prior to lateral hypothalamic lesioning can seriously jeopardize the recovery of feeding and drinking after lateral hypothalamic damage (Experiment 2). Additionally (Experiment 3), in some recovered lateral hypothalamically lesioned rats bulbectomy is followed by a period of persistent adipsia and anorexia from which recovery nevertheless occurs. Thus, although the olfactory bulbs may make a contribution to the maintenance of drinking and feeding in the recovered LH rat, this contribution is apparently not an indispensible one.
Walt Whitman in Finland

Surveys Whitman's influence on Finnish poets, critics, and readers from the turn of the century to the present, focussing especially on the work of such poets as Elmer Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, Edith Sodergran, Viljo Kajava, and Arvo Turtiainen.
Characteristic properties of order statistics based on random sample size from an exponential distribution

Suppose X1, X2, Xm is a random sample of size m from a population with probability density function f(x), x > 0), and let X1, m< × 2, m <… < Xm, m be the corresponding order statistics. We assume m is an integer-valued random variable with P(m=k) =p (1-p)k-1, k= 1,2,… and 0 < p < 1. Two characterizations of the exponential distribution are given based on the distributional properties of Xl, m.
Parametric Investigations on the Effect of Electrospinning Process Variables on the Macroscopic Properties of Hybrid Composites

Electrospinning is regarded as an efficient process to form sub-micron and nano level fibers consistently in a simple laboratory scale setup. The process has excellent potential for scalability and for the structural applications of integrated electrospun fibers in polymer hybrid composites. In our on going work, the mechanical characterization of these hybrid composites with integrated electrospun fibers revealed significant variations based on the sintering temperature and the morphology of the formed electrospun fibers. The morphology (in particular, the fiber diameter) depends on the process parameters of the electrospinning process. This paper investigates the influence of two electrospinning parameters namely: Distance between spinneret and collector plate and voltage. Four voltage levels were selected varying from 15KV to 18 KV in the increments of 1KV. The spinneret to the collector plate distance was varied from 70 mm to 100 mm in 10 mm increments. Thus, a total 16 combinations of these parameters were studied keeping other parameters constant. The objective is to find the optimal voltage and distance combinations that produce smallest electrospun nano fiber diameters consistently. From each voltage-distance combination, the diameter of the deposited fibers was sampled at 50 different points using the morphological image data obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The analysis of experimental data indicated four favorable voltage-distance combinations that give smallest diameter size of electrospun nano fibers consistently. These four set of parameters were, 15KV and 70 mm; 15KV and 100 mm; 18 KV and 70 mm; and 18KV and 100 mm. The least diameter of fiber was observed and measured for a voltage distance combination of 18KV and 70 mm. The least diameter observed for these parameters can be attributed to the higher applied voltage resulting into higher bending instability causing the reduction in diameter of fibers. Another reason for reduction in fiber diameter is, when the distance between spinneret and collector is increased there is more space for elongation of fibers. With more increase in length of fiber, there is higher reduction in diameter of electrospun fibers. To correlate these process variations of electrospinning to the morphological properties of electrospun fibers, design of experiments study was carried out. It has been attempted here to investigate if there is any correlationship between the morphological property of electrospun fibers and properties of two phase composite. These investigations will provide an insight on the relationship between the process parameters — morphology — and the associated characterized macroscopic properties of the formed composites. Results from the stochastic modeling for variations in the fiber diameter due to the variations in the voltage and the distance correlate well to the ARMA (6,5) stochastic model. Greens functions for the model were derived and showed the stability of the electrospinning process.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
FRACTAL RELAXATION SYSTEMS. Part I: Singularity Structure Analysis

The magnitude spectral density of many physical phenomena such as electrical noise, the relaxation of polarized dielectrics, viscous and magnetic materials, and the interface between two dissimilar conducting materials attenuate following a fractional power function dependence on frequency. Such systems are recognized as fractal systems distinguished by the 1/f-type attenuation in the magnitude spectrum and characterized by global parameters such as fractal dimension and global corners. Fractal systems which relax to steady state by a distribution of purely real exponentials are recognized as fractal relaxation systems. This is the first part of a series of planned articles, each focusing on a particular aspect of fractal relaxation systems. In this part, the singularity structure model is proposed to represent the steady state frequency response of fractal relaxation systems in the linear range. The singularity structure model of fractal relaxation systems can be mathematically represented by a rational ...
Association of hydrophobic organic contaminants with soluble organic matter: evaluation of the database of K doc values

Abstract Natural dissolved organic matter is ubiquitous in the environment and comprises a soluble compartment of any environmental system containing water. The association of contaminants with this compartment and the facilitation or hindrance of migration effected by this association can be important in the overall fate-migration process, thus quantitative evaluations of the coefficients describing association of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) with natural dissolved organic matter, from various sources, have been completed using several distinct methodologies: gas–aqueous partitioning; reverse-phase separation; dialysis; liquid–solid partitioning; fluorescence quenching and apparent solubility enhancement. Each of these methodologies and an evaluation of the quality of its results are described herein. Apparent solubility enhancement methods appear to be the most universally applicable, being subject to the least number of potential experimental artifacts. The accuracy of values obtained using the gas–aqueous partitioning and reverse-phase separation methods is suspect. Fluorescence quenching methods are limited to HOCs that fluoresce and are subject to interferences that potentially lead to positive bias. Dialysis methods are subject to anomalies that lead to a potentially negative bias of the results. Liquid–solid partitioning methods are subject to a number of potential random errors and biases. The hydrophobicity and molecular structure of the HOC, the composition and character of the natural organic matter and the background solution conditions all potentially affect the magnitude of the association coefficient. These factors are summarized and discussed. A database of coefficients and methodologies for obtaining accurate estimates of the distribution coefficient describing the association of HOCs with natural organic solids currently exists. This paper presents a first attempt at assembling a similar database and set of methodologies for accurate estimation of the coefficients quantitatively describing the association of HOCs with natural dissolved organic matter. This assembled data base is found to be lacking in terms of its predictive utility.
Traumatic hip dislocation: early MRI findings.

Objective of this study was to present the spectrum of early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings following traumatic dislocation of the femoral head, and to identify any associated injuries that may have therapeutic or prognostic significance and be better delineated by MRI than by conventional radiography. Prospective MRI of both hips was performed on 18 patients (14 male, 4 female; age range 14–54 years; average age 30.5 years) within 5 weeks of a traumatic femoral head dislocation. The interval between the time of injury and the imaging studies ranged from 2 to 35 days (average 13.2 days). Posterior dislocation was present in 14 patients and anterior dislocation in 4 patients. In the majority of cases, we performed axial T1, coronal T1, and coronal T2* (MPGR) sequences. Images were retrospectively evaluated by consensus of three radiologists for possible abnormalities of the bone and cartilage, joint space, and soft tissues. Because all patients were treated with closed reduction, surgical correlation was not obtained. All patients had a joint effusion or hemarthrosis. Of the 14 patients with posterior dislocation, isolated femoral head contusions (trabecular microfractures) were identified in 6 patients. Four patients had small femoral head fractures, and one had an osteochondral defect. Acetabular lip fractures were seen in six patients, and one patient had a labral tear. Four patients had intra-articular loose bodies and one had ligamentum teres entrapment. Twelve patients had iliofemoral ligament injury. All patients had muscle injury involving the gluteal region and medial fascial compartment, and 13 patients had anterior fascial compartment muscle injury. Seven patients with posterior dislocation had posterior fascial compartment injury. Of the four patients with anterior dislocation, two had bony contusion, two had cortical infraction, one had a labral tear, and all four had an iliofemoral ligament injury. All four patients in this group had muscle injury of the gluteal region and of the anterior and medial fascial compartments. MRI can effectively identify and quantify the muscle injury and joint effusion that invariably accompany traumatic hip dislocations. It is also useful for demonstrating trabecular bone contusion (trabecular injury) and iliofemoral ligament injury, which occur commonly with acute hip dislocation.
The sub-monolayer quantum dot infrared photodetector revisited

Abstract The sub-monolayer quantum dot infrared photodetector (SML-QDIP) was proposed as an alternative to the standard QDIP based on Stranski–Krastanow (SK) quantum dots. Theoretical modeling indicates that the normal-incidence photo-response observed in the initial SML-QDIP devices, originally attributed to 3D quantum confinement effect, is most likely the result of optical cavity scattering. Modeling results also suggest candidate SML-QDIP structures with improved intrinsic normal incidence absorption.
Neuronal types in the deep dorsal cochlear nucleus of the cat: I. Giant neurons

Large or "giant" neurons (average somatic diameter greater than 22 micron) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) have been carefully described in this light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopic study of normal Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated cat brain stems. These neurons can be roughly classed by somatic shape (width:length ratio = r) as elongate (r less than 0.65), ovoid (0.65 less than or equal to r less than 0.75), or spherical (0.75 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 1.0) in Nissl-stained sections. However, orientation and location of somata, size, number, and distribution of basal dendrites and other cytological features seen in Nissl material provided five, easily recognized classes of large neurons: elongate bipolar, elongate multipolar, globular, radiate, and oriented multipolar giant cells. Further cytological details of the dendritic tree and axonal morphology of these neurons, observed in rapid Golgi impregnations of cat and kitten brain stems, extended these descriptive categories of giant neurons. These same deep DCN giant cells were identified in thick plastic sections and in subsequent thin sections. Thin sections showed further neuronal distinctions by relative density of somatic and dendritic synaptic inputs. All giant cells have dense synaptic inputs to basal and primary dendrites but only elongate multipolar and radiate giant cell somata have nearly continuous synaptic coverage of somata. Many axodendritic terminals and some axosomatic endings resemble cochlear endings as identified on fusiform cells of the DCN. Nauta preparations after ipsilateral cochlear ablations have confirmed (1) cochlear input to all giant cell types and (2) different patterns of input to each type. Hence, each giant cell type must process incoming auditory signals, but each cell must receive slightly different primary information. Since some giant cells of each type had observable axons heading into the dorsal acoustic stria, they must all carry encoded primary information to higher auditory centers.
Prediction and estimation for the compound Poisson distribution.

Abstract An empirical Bayes method is proposed for predicting the future performance of certain subgroups of a compound Poisson population.
Apolar distal pocket mutants of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase: Hydrogen peroxide reactivity and cyanide binding of the TriAla, TriVal, and TriLeu variants

Three yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) variants with apolar distal heme pockets have been constructed. The CcP variants have Arg48, Trp51, and His52 mutated to either all alanines, CcP(triAla), all valines, CcP(triVal), or all leucines, CcP(triLeu). The triple mutants have detectable enzymatic activity at pH 6 but the activity is less than 0.02% that of wild-type CcP. The activity loss is primarily due to the decreased rate of reaction between the triple mutants and H2O2 compared to wild-type CcP. Spectroscopic properties and cyanide binding characteristics of the triple mutants have been investigated over the pH stability region of CcP, pH 4 to 8. The absorption spectra indicate that the CcP triple mutants have hemes that are predominantly five-coordinate, high-spin at pH 5 and six-coordinate, low-spin at pH 8. Cyanide binding to the triple mutants is biphasic indicating that the triple mutants have two slowly-exchanging conformational states with different cyanide affinities. The binding affinity for cyanide is reduced at least two orders of magnitude in the triple mutants compared to wild-type CcP and the rate of cyanide binding is reduced by four to five orders of magnitude. Correlation of the reaction rates of CcP and 12 distal pocket mutants with H2O2 and HCN suggests that both reactions require ionization of the reactants within the distal heme pocket allowing the anion to bind the heme iron. Distal pocket features that promote substrate ionization (basic residues involved in base-catalyzed substrate ionization or polar residues that can stabilize substrate anions) increase the overall rate of reaction with H2O2 and HCN while features that inhibit substrate ionization slow the reactions.
Some Limits on Encoding Visible Speech and Gestures Using a Dichotic Shadowing Task

Visible speech and gestures are two forms of available language information that can be used by listeners to help them understand the speaker's meaning. Previous research has shown that older adults are particularly dependent on visible speech, yet seem to profit less than younger adults from the speaker's gestures. To understand how visible speech and gestures are used when listening becomes difficult, the authors conducted an experiment with a dichotic shadowing task. The experiment examined how accurately participants could shadow the right- or left-ear input when instructed to attend selectively to a particular ear and whether performance benefited from visual input. The results indicate that older adults' shadowing performance was unaffected by visible speech and gestures. Younger adults did benefit by both visible speech and gestures. Thus, under extremely attention-demanding listening conditions, older adults are unable to use a compensatory mechanism for encoding visual language.
How to Manage Perioperative Endocrine Insufficiency

Patients with endocrinopathies frequently present to the operating room. Although many of these disorders are managed on a chronic basis, patients may have acute changes in the perioperative period that, if left unrecognized, can have a negative effect on perioperative morbidity and mortality. It is imperative that anesthesiologists understand the implications of the surgical stress response on hormonal flux. This article focuses on the 4 most commonly encountered endocrinopathies: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency. Specific challenges pertaining to patients with pheochromocytoma are also discussed.
WebInSight: making web images accessible

Images without alternative text are a barrier to equal web access for blind users. To illustrate the problem, we conducted a series of studies that conclusively show that a large fraction of significant images have no alternative text. To ameliorate this problem, we introduce WebInSight, a system that automatically creates and inserts alternative text into web pages on-the-fly. To formulate alternative text for images, we present three labeling modules based on web context analysis, enhanced optical character recognition (OCR) and human labeling. The system caches alternative text in a local database and can add new labels seamlessly after a web page is downloaded, resulting in minimal impact to the browsing experience.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY WITH SUICIDAL OLDER ADULTS

This article provides a cognitive-behavioral model for psychotherapeutic interventions with suicidal elders. The approach is based on a general model of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with older adults described in Laidlaw, Thompson, Dick-Siskin and Gallagher-Thompson (2003), with specific application to suicidal older adults (Coon & Gallagher-Thompson, 2001). The appeal of CBT in working with older clients is its practical nature and psychoeducational orientation aimed at empowering elderly clients to utilize the techniques outside the psychotherapeutic relationship, with the goal of helping elders develop skills that lead toward better daily self-management and increased life satisfaction. In addition, CBT can be effective in either an individual or group format (DeVries & Coon, 2002). This article begins with a brief review of the characteristics associated with suicide in this population, then describes a CBT model appropriate for use with elders struggling with affective disorders, suicidal ideation, or suicidal behaviors, and ends with a case example illustrating the model's use with suicidal older adults.
Occurrence of Tylosin-Resistant Enterococci in Swine Manure and Tile Drainage Systems under No-Till Management

The sub-therapeutic use of tylosin in commercial swine operations can produce selective pressure for the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. When swine manure from such operations is applied on drained agricultural fields, it can lead to transport and dissemination of resistant microorganisms through soils, into tile drainage lines, and ultimately into surface waters. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and transport of tylosin-resistant enterococci from two different tile-drained agricultural fields receiving biennial swine-waste applications during different seasons. Resistance to tylosin in manure, soil, and tile water was investigated by a phenotype-based method and polymerase chain reaction. All enterococci in manure samples obtained from the spring application were resistant to tylosin, whereas 68 % of the total enterococci from the fall application were resistant to tylosin. Average concentrations of total and tylosin-resistant enterococci in soil samples over the two sampling periods were 9.8 × 103 and 7.5 × 103 cfu/g of soil, respectively. Total and tylosin-resistant enterococci concentrations in tile water collected from the two plots were significantly different (P < 0.05) during the spring and fall experiments. In drainage water, the total enterococci peaked at 2.6 × 103 and 5.0 × 103 cfu/100 mL for the fall and spring experiments, respectively, while tylosin-resistant enterococci peaked at 1.4 × 103 and 1.2 × 103 cfu/100 mL for the fall and spring experiments, respectively. Total suspended solid concentrations in tile water were correlated with enterococci concentrations when base flow was present. Seven out of eight macrolide-resistance genes tested were detected (ermA, ermB, ermC, ermF, ermT, ermX, and msrA, but not mefA). Five of these genes (ermB, ermC, ermF, ermT, and msrA) were detected in at least 9 % of the samples. On average, most of the phenotypically resistant isolates (97 %) harbored msrA, while only 10 % contained ermT and 9 % contained ermC. Genes containing ermF and ermB were detected in 78 % and 69 % of resistant isolates, respectively. Only 2 % of the total isolates (n = 4) harbored all five genes. Of the isolates collected from manure, soil, and water samples, 12 % were confirmed as Enterococcus faecalis with 96 % of the confirmed E. faecalis isolates containing multiple resistance genes. The findings from this study are useful to provide baseline information on the export of total and tylosin-resistant enterococci during rainfall events from manured, tile-drained agricultural fields of the Upper Midwestern USA.
An Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test for the Detection of Antibody to Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine Sera

An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was developed and standardized to detect and quantitate antibody for swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus in swine sera. Test results were evaluated using sera of pigs infected both experimentally and naturally with SIRS virus. The IFA test used swine alveolar macrophage (SAM) monolayers prepared in 96-well microplates and infected with SIRS virus. The monolayers were incubated with test sera, washed, and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit anti-swine IgG. After another wash step, the monolayers were examined under a fluorescent microscope. A noninfected SAM control well was included for each sample. The antibody titers for each serum sample were recorded as the highest serum dilutions with specific cytoplasmic fluorescence but no fluorescence in the control wells. To evaluate the test, sera of 4 6-week-old pigs that had been infected with SIRS virus, 2 contact pigs, and 13 experimentally infected sows were used. In the experimentally infected pigs, antibody was first detected at 7 days postexposure (PE) and peaked (1:256-1,024) between 11 and 21 days PE. All 13 sow sera were negative at time of infection but were positive (1:64- greater than or equal to 1:1,024) at 14-26 days PE. Seven hundred twenty sera collected from 25 different swine farms with or without a history of SIRS were also tested. Of 344 sera from 15 swine farms with a clinical history of SIRS, 257 (74.7%) sera had IFA titers greater than or equal to 1:4, whereas 371 (98.7%) of 376 sera from herds with no history of SIRS were negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simultaneous multithreading: maximizing on-chip parallelism

This paper examines simultaneous multithreading, a technique permitting several independent threads to issue instructions to a superscalar's multiple functional units in a single cycle. We present several models of simultaneous multithreading and compare them with alternative organizations: a wide superscalar, a fine-grain multithreaded processor, and single-chip, multiple-issue multiprocessing architectures. Our results show that both (single-threaded) superscalar and fine-grain multithreaded architectures are limited their ability to utilize the resources of a wide-issue processor. Simultaneous multithreading has the potential to achieve 4 times the throughput of a superscalar, and double that of fine-grain multithreading. We evaluate several cache configurations made possible by this type of organization and evaluate tradeoffs between them. We also show that simultaneous multithreading is an attractive alternative to single-chip multiprocessors; simultaneous multithreaded processors with a variety of organizations outperform corresponding conventional multiprocessors with similar execution resources.While simultaneous multithreading has excellent potential to increase processor utilization, it can add substantial complexity to the design. We examine many of these complexities and evaluate alternative organizations in the design space.
Defining the Critical Phase

Quality does not mean compliance with a checklist of standards but rather “fitness for use.” Compliance with a checklist of standards will only assure quality if the standards specifically address ...
Efficient Methodology for Generating Synthetic Populations with Multiple Control Levels

This paper details a new methodology for controlling attributes on multiple analysis levels in a population synthesis program. The methodology determines how household- and person-level characteristics can jointly be used as controls when populations are synthesized as well as how other multiple-level synthetic populations, such as firm and employee or household and vehicle, can be estimated. The use of multilevel controls is implemented through a new technique involving the estimation of household selection probabilities on the basis of the probability of observing each household, given the required person-level characteristics in each analysis zone. The new procedure is a quick and efficient method for generating synthetic populations that can accurately replicate desired person-level characteristics.
Temperament and Personality: From Galen to DSM 5

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANUniversity of California—Los Angeles, School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USAThere is an extensive literature on the topic of classifying the ...
NEUTRINO TRIBIMAXIMAL MIXING FROM A4 ALONE

Neutrino tribimaximal mixing is obtained from the breaking of A4 to Z3 in the charged-lepton sector and to Z2 in the neutrino sector. To enforce this conflicting pattern, extra particles and symmetries are usually invoked, often accompanied by nonrenormalizable interactions and even extra dimensions. It is shown here in a specific renormalizable model how A4 alone will accomplish this, with only the help of lepton number.
Regulation of Cytokine Expression in Mice Immunized with Cryptococcal Polysaccharide, a Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), Associated with Peritoneal Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC): Requirements for GXM, APC Activation, and Interleukin-12

Mice immunized with peritoneal exudate cells (PEC; used as antigen-presenting cells [APC]) that are pulsed ex vivo with cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide, a glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), exhibit increased survival times and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions when they are infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. These responses are GXM specific. The present study revealed that GXM-APC immunization enhanced development of anticryptococcal type-1 cytokine responses (interleukin-2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon) in mice infected with C. neoformans. The enhancement was not GXM specific, because immunization with GXM-APC and immunization with APC alone had similar effects. GXM-APC (or APC) immunization caused small increases in the expression of type-2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5), but the increases were not always statistically significant. IL-10 levels were not regulated by immunization with GXM-APC or APC. GXM-APC prepared with PEC harvested from mice injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) enhanced type-1 cytokine responses, while GXM-APC prepared with PEC induced with incomplete Freund's adjuvant were ineffective. The CFA-induced PEC had an activated phenotype characterized by increased numbers of F4/80+ cells that expressed CD40, B7-1, and B7-2 on their membranes. The immunomodulatory activity of the CFA-induced APC population was not attributed to their production of IL-12 because GXM-APC prepared with peritoneal cells harvested from IL-12 knockout mice or their wild-type counterparts were equally effective in augmenting the type-1 response. Blocking of IL-12 in the recipients of GXM-APC early after APC infusion revealed that early induction of IL-12 secretion was not responsible for the immunomodulatory response elicited by GXM-APC. These data, considered together with previously reported data, reveal that the protective activity of GXM-APC immunization involves both antigen-specific and nonspecific activities of GXM-APC.
Pulsed-beam propagation in dispersive media via pulsed plane wave spectral decomposition

This paper is concerned with the behavior of transient wavefields due to a pulsed-beam (PB) wavepacket launched obliquely from a hypothetical aperture plane in a medium with generic dispersion k(/spl omega/) where k and /spl omega/ are wavenumber and frequency, respectively. This generalizes our previous investigation of a PB launched normally from the hypothetical aperture plane. The problem is solved through spectral decomposition into plane waves in the frequency (/spl omega/) and spatial wavenumber (E) domains, followed by asymptotics on the spectral inversion integrals, with /spl omega/ synthesis performed before /spl xi/ synthesis. Special attention in the transient spectral domain is given to paraxial PB approximations and to criteria for their range of validity, which are expressed in terms of critical nondimensional estimators that contain the beam parameters as well as the dispersion parameters of the medium. The resulting PBs can be used to synthesize transient wavefields excited by arbitrary space-time source distributions of finite support on a specified aperture plane in the medium.