cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Riskiest Job in Medicine: Transplant Surgeons and Organ Procurement Travel

Transplant surgeons are exposed to workplace risk due to the urgent nature of travel related to organ procurement. A retrospective cohort study was completed using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and the National Transportation Safety Board. A web-based survey was administered to members of the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. The survey response rate was 38% (281/747). Involvement in > or =1 procurement-related travel accident was reported by 15% of respondents; surgeons reported 61 accidents and 11 fatalities. Air travel was used in 26% of procurements and was involved in 56% of accidents. The risk of fatality while traveling on an organ procurement flight was estimated to be 1000 times higher than scheduled commercial flight. Involvement in a 'near miss accident' was reported by 80.8%. Only 16% of respondents reported feeling 'very safe' while traveling. Procurement of organs by the geographically closest transplant center would have reduced the need for air travel (>100 nautical miles) for lung, heart, liver and pancreas procurement by 35%, 43%, 31% and 49%, respectively (p < 0.0001). These reductions were observed in each Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network region. Though these data have important limitations, they suggest that organ procurement travel is associated with significant risk. Improvements in organ procurement travel are needed.
Advances in subsurface modeling using the TOUGH suite of simulators

The TOUGH suite of nonisothermal multiphase flow and transport simulators is continually updated to improve the analysis of complex subsurface processes through numerical modeling. Driven by research questions in the Earth sciences and by application needs in industry and government organizations, the codes are extended to include the coupling of relevant processes and subsystems, to improve computational performance, to support model development and analysis tasks, and to provide more convenient pre- and post-processing capabilities. This review paper briefly describes the history of the simulator, discusses recent advances, and comments on potential future developments and applications.
Surface modification of ultrafiltration membranes by low temperature plasma II. Graft polymerization onto polyacrylonitrile and polysulfone

Low temperature plasma-induced surface modifications of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were studied. Treatment with water plasma and with He plasma drastically and almost permanently increased the surface hydrophilicity of PSf UF membranes. However, in contrast to the behavior of PAN UF membranes [23], the PSf surface pore structure was also changed as indicated by altered water permeabilities and reduced protein retentions. The lower permeability PSf membranes (nominal Mw cut-off 10 kD) showed slower but more extended conversion due to plasma excitation and stronger indications of pore etching effects in comparison with 30 kD cut-off membranes. Polymer peroxides on PAN and PSf membranes created by plasma excitation were monitored by the 2,2-diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Graft polymerization of hydrophilic monomers such as 2-hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic or methacrylic acid onto PAN and PSf UF membrane surfaces was initiated via thermal decomposition of peroxides. The degree of modification could be adjusted by polymerization conditions. Graft polymer modified surfaces were characterized with the help of Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) spectra. The hydrophilic character of the modified surfaces was increased as compared to that of the parent membranes. With about 1–1.4 mmol/cm2 grafted HEMA, the contact angles (captive bubble technique; Θoctane/water) for PAN and PSf were reduced from 48 to 34° and from 92 to 43°, respectively. A clear dependency of PAN UF membrane water permeability on the amount of grafted monomer was observed. The monomer type influenced the water permeation flux per mole of grafted acrylate via specific swelling of the graft polymer layer in water. Hydrophilic PAN membranes, modified either by plasma treatment [23] or HEMA graft polymerization, showed significantly reduced fouling due to static protein adsorption, and improved protein UF performance. In particular, for water plasma treated PAN membranes with high initial retention, higher fluxes (up to 150%) with the same or even improved retentions were obtained. Hydrophilized PSf-g-HEMA membranes can provide improved performance in protein ultrafiltration over unmodified PSf UF membranes because pore etching effects are compensated for by the grafted layer yielding both improved filtrate flux (>30%) and protein retention of bovine serum albumin. Hence, plasma induced graft polymer modification of UF membranes can be used to adjust membrane performance by simultaneously controlling the surface hydrophilicity and permeability.
Basic science advances in head and neck oncology: The past decade

Research advances over the past decade have led to a changing perception of the natural history of head and neck cancer. For instance, we now have the capacity to quantify and characterize various environmental carcinogens bound to mucosal DNA. These DNA adducts provide a quantitative measure of a disease process which exists long before clinically defined cancer is recognized. Similarly, histopathologically normal mucosa within head and neck cancer patients is currently known to express multiple genetic abnormalities including increased cellular DNA content, mutations in cell regulatory genes, as well as alterations in growth factors and their associated receptors. These subclinical events may, likewise, be associated with aberrant cellular proliferation and differentiation which provide a target for subsequent therapy. Disease invasion and metastases is now seen as a heterogenous process involving a complex of factors intrinsic to both the host as well as the cancer. Most significantly, advanced disease is not simply defined by its size and location. Rather, the progression of head and neck cancer is a dynamic process characterized by increasing genetic instability leading to an accumulation of critical mutational events. A biologic basis for resistance to treatment is thus being defined. Treatment strategies based on these laboratory advances are emerging and involve monoclonal antibody targeting, cytokines produced through recombinant molecular technology, and gene therapy.
Estimating Uncertainties in Bio-Optical Products Derived from Satellite Ocean Color Imagery Using an Ensemble Approach

We propose a methodology to quantify errors and produce uncertainty maps for satellite-derived ocean color bio-optical products using ensemble simulations. Ensemble techniques have been used by the environmental numerical modeling community to propagate initialization, forcing, and algorithm error sources through-out the full simulation process, but similar approaches have not yet been applied to satellite optical properties. Uncertainties in retrievals of bio-optical properties from satellite ocean color imagery are related to a variety of factors, including sensor calibration, atmospheric correction, and the bio-optical inversion algorithms. Errors propagate, amplify, and intertwine along the processing path, so it is important to understand how the errors cascade through each step of the analysis, to assess their impact and identify the main factors contributing to the uncertainties in the final products. Also, we are interested in producing short-term forecasts of the bio-optical property distributions, by coupling the satellite imagery with physical circulation models. So, in addition to the uncertainties in the satellite-derived bio-optical properties due to the above-mentioned factors, the uncertainties in the model currents used to advect the bio-optical properties add another layer of complexity to the problem. We outline these processes and present preliminary results for this approach.
HPLC Post-Column Ion-Pair Extraction of Acidic Drugs Using a Substituted α-Phenylcinnamonitrile Quaternary Ammonium Salt as a New Fluorescent Ion-Pair Reagent

Abstract A reversed-phase HPLC post-column ion-pair extraction system was developed for the analysis of carboxylic acid drugs and their salts using α-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4′ -trimethylammonium-methylcinnamonitrile methosulfate (DTM) as a new fluorescent ion-pair reagent. The on-line post-column extraction system was optimized with respect to the reagent concentration, extraction coil length and internal diameter, ionic strength of mobile phase, extraction solvent, and the membrane phase separator. Sodium salicylate, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, probenecid, and valproic acid were used as model compounds to evaluate the ion-pair extraction system. The method was applied to pharmaceutical dosage forms containing ketoprofen and valproic acid. Other acidic compounds evaluated using the ion-pair reagent showed that lipophilic acids produced more extractable ion-pairs and higher sensitivities than hydrophilic acids.
A cytoarchitectonic analysis of the spinal cord of the pigeon (Columba livia).

The spinal gray of the pigeon is described cytoarchitectonically to establish a foundation for anatomical and physiological studies of the pigeon spinal cord. The material includes segments from the high cervical cord through the lumbosacral enlargement, and nine cellular layers are described. In addition to this laminar organization, various distinct cell groups such as the dorsal magnocellular column, column of Terni, marginal cells and lobes of Lachi are described. Layers I–IV occupy the head of the dorsal horn, are apparent at all spinal levels examined, and represent the clearest case of laminar organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon. Layer V occupies the full extent of the neck of the dorsal horn at all segmental levels investigated. Also, the dorsal magnocellular column is situated in the central region of this layer from the rostral pole of the cervical enlargement through the lumbosacral enlargement, and arguments are advanced that this cell column is homologous to the column of Clarke. In the intermediate zone a Layer VI is defined, but it is apparent only at the enlargements. Layers VII–IX constitute the ventral horn, Layer IX being the motoneuronal cell groups. With the exception of the motoneuronal groups, the boundaries of the ventral horn layers are considerably less distinct than those of the dorsal horn, and no attempt is made to distinguish Layers VII and VIII at lumbosacral levels. At the enlargements there is a prominent lateral motoneuronal cell group consisting of large cells. It is generally concluded that the cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon bears a rather close resemblance to that described for various mammalian species, particularly with respect to the dorsal horn.
Lack of cell loss following recurrent neonatal seizures

In the neonatal rat recurrent seizures have been associated with long-term changes in cerebral excitability and cognition. Whether recurrent seizures in the neonatal rat lead to cell loss in the cerebral cortex is not known. We counted cells in the parietal cortex, piriform cortex, and CA3 and CA1 hippocampal subfields in young adult rats that had undergone a series of 55 seizures during the first 12 days of life. There were no differences in cell counts between the controls and rats subjected to neonatal seizures. Like the hippocampus, the neonatal pririform and parietal cortex is resistant to seizure-induced cell loss.
Regulation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The PGS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PG-P) synthase. PG-P synthase activity is regulated by factors affecting mitochondrial development and through cross-pathway control by inositol. The molecular mechanism of this regulation was examined by using a reporter gene under control of the PGS1 gene promoter (PPGS1 -lacZ). Gene expression subject to carbon source regulation was monitored both at steady-state level and during the switch between different carbon sources. Cells grown in a non-fermentable carbon source had β-galactosidase levels 3-fold higher than those grown in glucose. A shift from glucose to lactate rapidly raised the level of gene expression, whereas a shift back to glucose had the opposite effect. In either a pgs1 null mutant or a rho mutant grown in glucose, PPGS1 -lacZ expression was 30–50% of the level in wild type cells. Addition of inositol to the growth medium resulted in a 2–3-fold reduction in gene expression in wild type cells. Inino2 and ino4 mutants, gene expression was greatly reduced and was not subject to inositol regulation consistent with inositol repression being dependent on the INO2 andINO4 regulatory genes. PPGS1 -lacZexpression was elevated in a cds1 null mutant in the presence or absence of inositol, indicating that the capacity to synthesize CDP-diacylglycerol affects gene expression. Lack of cardiolipin synthesis (cls1 null mutant) had no effect on reporter gene expression.
Screening adolescent gynecology in the pediatrician's office: have a listen, take a look.

1. Robert M. Cavanaugh Jr, MD* 1. *Professor of Pediatrics; Director of Adolescent Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain the importance of screening gynecology in adolescent girls. 2. Delineate the essential components of screening gynecology in adolescent girls. 3. Describe when and how to perform sexually transmitted disease testing on adolescent girls. 4. Discuss how to counsel adolescent girls on sexuality-related issues. Pediatricians are in an ideal position to screen for common gynecologic problems in adolescents without ever performing a pelvic examination. Much information can be gathered by reviewing the menstrual history, addressing any sexuality concerns as they arise, and investigating specific gynecologic symptoms as they occur. A routine breast examination and simple external inspection of the genitalia should be considered essential components of the regular health supervision visit for adolescent girls. A more complete pelvic examination is not necessary unless a specific indication exists, as outlined in Table 1. The purpose of this article is to discuss important asymptomatic gynecologic conditions that can be detected readily in the pediatrician's office and for which a speculum or bimanual examination usually is not required. | Menstrual Disorders | || | Abnormal vaginal discharge | | Suspected pelvic inflammatory disease | | Unexplained abdominal pain | | Pregnancy-related care | | Suspected sexual abuse | | Unexplained frequency, urgency, or pain with urination | | Routine cervical cancer screening | | Others as specifically indicated | * ↵* Once screening is initiated, adolescents should be screened annually. Special considerations may apply, as noted in the Laboratory Investigation section of the text. Table 1. Indications for a Complete Pelvic Examination in Adolescents The gynecologic history-taking for adolescents should include questions regarding common menstrual problems, sexuality-related concerns, and specific genitourinary complaints. These and other sensitive issues should be addressed privately with the examiner, unless the patient specifically requests otherwise. Use of a self-administered questionnaire or checklist may expedite the process. Questions about current medications must be direct and very specific because many adolescents do not consider oral contraceptives, hormonal injections, …
A microeconomic analysis of decentralized small scale biomass based CHP plants—The case of Germany

Alternative energy sources, such as biomass CHP plants, have recently gained significantly in importance and action is due both on the large scale corporate level and on the small scale. Hence, making the scope and economic outline of such projects easily intelligible without losing relevant details seems a key factor to further promote the necessary developments. The model setup presented in this paper may therefore serve as a starting point for generating numerical results based on real life cases or scenarios. Its focus lies on the economic analysis of decentralized biomass CHP plants. It presents a new approach to analyzing the economic aspects of biomass CHP plants implementing a formal microeconomic approach. As Germany claims a leading role in the market for renewable energy production, the paper also takes a closer look on the effects of German energy policy with respect to biomass CHP plants.
Preparation and thin-layer chromatography of oligogalacturonic acids

Abstract The preparation of oligogalacturonic acids on a relatively large scale has been achieved by chromatography on a DEASE-Sephadex A-50 column (80 x 10 cm). The yield of oligogalacturonic acids (degree of polymerization = 1–9)recovered from the hydrolysate of polygalacturonic acid (PGA) was 54.8%. Trigalacturonic acid was obtained in highest yield when 11 of 1% PGA solution was hydrolysed by 200 mg of pectinase at 35° for 15 min. An improved thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method was used for the detection and identification of the oligogalacturonic acids. The effects of thin-layer plates, solvent systems and spray reagents on the TLC behavior of the oligogalacturonic acids have been studied. The solvent ethyl acetate-acetic acid—water (4:2:3, v/v/v) gave the best separation on an Eastman E-13255 cellulose plate when developed twice in an ascending direction at 25°. A double spraying technique, spraying first with alkaline solution then with the chromogenic reagent, was developed with successful results. The quantitative determination of the oligogalacturonic acids by TLC is also reported.
Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn Concentrations in Forest Vegetation and Soils in Maine

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in plant tissues can present a health risk to wildlife, and potentially to humans. The Passamaquoddy tribe in Maine was concerned about health risks of cadmium (Cd) because of a health advisory for moose liver and kidney consumption due to high Cd levels. This study found relatively low to moderate concentrations of Cd, nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in four common terrestrial moose browse species, associated forest soils, and two species of aquatic vegetation on Passamaquoddy tribal land in eastern Maine. Terrestrial plant tissue concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1.97, 0.65 to 7.08, 0.29 to 2.0, and 42 to 431 mg kg−1 for Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. Deciduous species, particularly aspen and birch, may be a more significant source of Cd and Zn to wildlife compared to coniferous or aquatic species. Aquatic plant tissue concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.14, 0.46 to 1.01, 0.8 to 0.9, and 22 to 41 mg kg−1 for Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. Total O horizon concentration means for coniferous and deciduous were 0.50 and 1.00, 4.27 and 4.11, 55 and 21, and 55 and 167 mg kg−1 for Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study provides baseline vegetation and soil trace metal concentrations for a remote region in Maine impacted by non-point sources.
An expressive, scalable type theory for certified code

We present the type theory LTT, intended to form a basis for typed target languages, providing an internal notion of logical proposition and proof. The inclusion of explicit proofs allows the type system to guarantee properties that would otherwise be incompatible with decidable type checking. LTT also provides linear facilities for tracking ephemeral properties that hold only for certain program states.Our type theory allows for re-use of typechecking software by casting a variety of type systems within a single language. We illustrate our methodology of representation by means of two examples, one functional and one stateful, and describe the associated operational semantics and proofs of type safety.
Phase I clinical trials of WR-2721 with alkylating agent chemotherapy

Abstract WR-2721 is an organic thiophosphate which in the animal model provides selective protection of normal tissues against the toxicity of radiation and alkylating agent chemotherapy. Phase I trials of WR-2721 in man have been initiated to establish the dose modification factors for this agent when used in combination with escalating doses of alkylating agents beyond the level currently tolerated, and to determine whether protection of normal tissues and tumors occurs. Three Phase I trials are in progress. Initially, we used a fixed 450 mg/M2 dose of WR-2721 prior to escalating doses of either cyclophosphamide (CYC) or cis-platinum (PL) as single agents. More recently, the current maximum tolerated dose of WR-2721(740 mg/M2) was administered prior to PL and to nitrogen mustard (HN2). Ten patients received 19 courses of CYC after 450 mg/M2 of WR-2721. At the 1800 mg/M2 LV. dose level of CYC, moderate leukopenia was noted with a median WBC nadir of 1800/mm3 on day 10. Twenty-two courses of PL were administered to 13, patients after 450–740 mg/M2 of WR-2721. Hydration was used, but no mannitol diuresis was employed. Transient nephrotoxicity was noted in five courses at PL doses between 80–120 mg/M2. Mild to moderate leukopenia has been noted with HN2 at 10–16 mg/M2 following WR-2721 (450–750 mg/M2). Objective anti-tumor responses have been observed. These preliminary results suggest that WR-2721 may provide normal tissue protection when administered prior to cyclophosphamide or nitrogen mustard, although the level of protection is not yet of clinical benefit. However, using a 450–740 mg/M2 dose of WR-2721 did not provide protection against platinum-induced nephrotoxicity. WR-2721 does not appear to protect against the anti-tumor activity of alkylating agents (objective tumor responses were noted), nor does there appear to be increased acute toxicity when it is combined with alkylating agent chemotherapy.
Determination of interfacial adhesion strength between oxide scale and substrate for metallic SOFC interconnects

The interfacial adhesion strength between the oxide scale and the substrate is crucial to the reliability and durability of metallic interconnects in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating environments. It is necessary, therefore, to establish a methodology to quantify the interfacial adhesion strength between the oxide scale and the metallic interconnect substrate, and furthermore to design and optimize the interconnect material as well as the coating materials to meet the design life of an SOFC system. In this paper, we present an integrated experimental/analytical methodology for quantifying the interfacial adhesion strength between the oxide scale and a ferritic stainless steel interconnect. Stair-stepping indentation tests are used in conjunction with subsequent finite element analyses to predict the interfacial strength between the oxide scale and Crofer 22 APU substrate.
The pattern of palatal rugae in submucous cleft palates and isolated cleft palates

The early diagnosis of submucous cleft palate is important. In children too young to tolerate nasendoscopy and videofluoroscopy the diagnosis depends on the clinical history and intraoral examination. We have studied the pattern of the hard palate rugae to investigate their possible diagnostic significance. Maxillary dental casts were obtained from 16 patients with submucous cleft palate, 17 patients with isolated clefts of the secondary palate, and 10 non-cleft controls. The hard palate mucosa had a unique feature in 14 (87.5%) of the submucous cleft palates: one or more of the palate rugae curved towards the region of the bony notch in the posterior border of the hard palate. The 2 cases without this rugae pattern did not have a detectable bony notch. In 100% of the isolated cleft palate cases, one or more of the rugae curved towards the anterior end of the cleft. This feature was not seen in any of the non-cleft controls. We consider this rugae pattern to be an additional diagnostic feature of submucous cleft palate.
(BESSEL-)weighted asymmetries

Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering experiments allow us to probe the motion of quarks inside the proton in terms of so-called transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMD PDFs), but the information is convoluted with fragmentation functions (TMD FFs) and soft factors. It has long been known that weighting the measured event counts with powers of the hadron momentum before forming angular asymmetries de-convolutes TMD PDFs and TMD FFs in an elegant way, but this also entails an undesirable sensitivity to high momentum contributions. Using Bessel functions as weights, we find a natural generalization of weighted asymmetries that preserves the de-convolution property and features soft-factor cancellation, yet allows us to be less sensitive to high transverse momenta. The formalism also relates to TMD quantities studied in lattice QCD. We briefly show preliminary lattice results from an exploratory calculation of the Boer-Mulders shift using lattices generated by the MILC and LHP collaborations at a pion mass of 500 MeV.
DISTRIBUTION OF AUDITORY BRAINSTEM POTENTIALS OVER THE SCALP AND NASOPHARYNX IN HUMANS

Auditory brainstem potentials were recorded from various scalp and nasopharyngeal sites referenced both to a noncephalic site and to certain scalp locations in normal humans. The distribution of amplitudes and latencies of the components were defined. There were significant amplitude, polarity, and latency asymmetries over the scalp in both referential and differential recordings. The data indicated that several of the ABR components have generator sources that are lateralized and move through the brainstem in particular orientations.
Model credibility and independent evaluation—Three case studies

Abstract There has been a rapidly expanding use of complex models as aids to policy making. However, it has become increasingly clear that there is little understanding of the capabilities of these models, and thus their credibility and their usefulness have been greatly diminished. To help correct this situation efforts have been conducted to improve some models' usefulness through intensive independent evaluations. The state-of-the-art of the conduct of such evaluations is presented in this article by way of a review of some of the existing literature. In addition, first presented here are three case studies of in-depth model evaluations, particularly concentrating on the lessons learned with regard to the uncovering of assessment issues. A final section contains the lessons that have been learned with regard to predicting the usefulness of specific model assessments, so that the value of future assessments can be maximized through the intelligent selection of candidate models and assessment strategies.
Alcohol-aggression expectancies and dispositional rumination moderate the effect of alcohol consumption on alcohol-related aggression and hostility.

::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: Alcohol consumption increases aggression, but only in some drinkers. This study extends previous work to show how expectancies for alcohol-induced aggression and dispositional rumination moderate the link between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and hostility in a sample of 285 men and women. Alcohol-aggression expectancies and quantity of alcohol interacted to predict alcohol-related hostility and aggression. Trait rumination moderated the effect of alcohol consumption on aggressive acts. Finally, women who ruminated were more likely to report alcohol-related aggression than were men who ruminated. These results suggest that alcohol expectancies for aggression and rumination constitute two important cognitive facilitators of alcohol-related aggression and hostility, and that gender plays an important role in these relations. Aggr. Behav. 33:327–338, 2007. r 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Meeting entrepreneurs' support needs: are assistance programs effective?

Purpose – This study sets out to examine the effectiveness of US start‐up assistance programs in meeting support needs of nascent entrepreneurs. It also aims to address whether (in)effectiveness influences entrepreneurs' perceptions of the value of the support provided by assistance programs.Design/methodology/approach – Using data from the US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, the research answers three questions: What are the nascent entrepreneurs' support needs? What assistance do entrepreneurs receive from assistance programs? How do entrepreneurs value the assistance? These are used to determine: effectiveness of assistance programs, defined as the extent to which assistance provided addresses entrepreneurs' support needs; and the impact of effectiveness on perceived value of the assistance.Findings – Assistance programs were effective in addressing the entrepreneur's support needs 26 percent of the time. However, entrepreneurs continued to perceive the support as being valuable, regardless of ...
A multiple case study of design pattern decay, grime, and rot in evolving software systems

Software designs decay as systems, uses, and operational environments evolve. Decay can involve the design patterns used to structure a system. Classes that participate in design pattern realizations accumulate grime--non-pattern-related code. Design pattern realizations can also rot, when changes break the structural or functional integrity of a design pattern. Design pattern rot can prevent a pattern realization from fulfilling its responsibilities, and thus represents a fault. Grime buildup does not break the structural integrity of a pattern but can reduce system testability and adaptability. This research examined the extent to which software designs actually decay, rot, and accumulate grime by studying the aging of design patterns in three successful object-oriented systems. We generated UML models from the three implementations and employed a multiple case study methodology to analyze the evolution of the designs. We found no evidence of design pattern rot in these systems. However, we found considerable evidence of pattern decay due to grime. Dependencies between design pattern components increased without regard for pattern intent, reducing pattern modularity, and decreasing testability and adaptability. The study of decay and grime showed that the grime that builds up around design patterns is mostly due to increases in coupling.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the acromioclavicular joint

Abstract The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is a diarthrodial joint. It is only one of the five joints that make up the complexarrangement of the shoulder. Together with the sternoclavicular joint, the AC joint provides the upper extremity with a connection to the axial skeleton. Injuries to the acromioclavicular joint are very common in athletes and are a source of significant morbidity. AC pathology particularly affects athletes whose sport demands overhead upper limb activity. These problems are most frequently encountered in contact sports, are far more common in males, and may be responsible not only for aesthetically unpleasant deformities of the clavicle, but also for pain, fatigue, and muscular weakness. The treatment of injuries to the AC joint has been controversial since the time o£ Hippocrates 1 (460 to 377 B.C.). The classification by Rockwood has been accepted and there are six types. 2 Many treatment options have been proposed in the literature, targeted toward the different types of injuries, but it is difficult to compare the different series. The understanding of the anatomy, as well as accurate clinical diagnosis, is critical for the development of a successful treatment plan for both injuries and degenerative changes that may occur in the AC joint. AC joint pain may masquerade as other conditions in the shoulder, therefore, the pathology must be thoughtfully sought out. Careful clinical examination and basic radiographic imaging helps direct a clinically and cost effective approach to these problems.
GnRH-induced cytosolic calcium oscillations in pituitary gonadotrophs: phase resetting by membrane depolarization

Cultured rat pituitary gonadotrophs under whole-cell voltage clamp conditions respond to the hypothalamic hormone GnRH with synchronized oscillatory changes in both cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and [Ca2+]i-activated, apamin-sensitive K+ current (IK(Ca)). We found, and report here for the first time, that in GnRH-stimulated cells a brief depolarizing pulse can elicit a transient [Ca2+]i rise similar to the endogenous cycle. Furthermore, Ca2+ entry during a single depolarizing pulse was found to shift the phase of subsequent endogenous [Ca2+]i oscillations, which thereafter continue to occur at their previous frequency before the pulse. Application of two consecutive depolarizing pulses showed that the size of the [Ca2+]i rise evoked by the second pulse depended on the time lapsed between two consecutive pulses, indicating that each endogenous or evoked [Ca2+]i rise cycle leaves the Ca2+ release mechanism of the gonadotroph in a refractory state. Recovery from this condition can be described by an exponential function of the time lapsed between the pulses (time constant of ca. 1 s). We propose that the underlying mechanism in both refractoriness after endogenous cycles and phase resetting by a brief pulse of Ca2+ entry involves the InsP3 receptor-channel molecule presumed to be located on the cytosolic aspect of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
On the dynamization of data structures

In this paper we present a simple dynamization method that preserves the query and storage costs of a static data structure and ensures reasonable update costs. In this method, the majority of data elements are maintained in a single data structure, and the updates are handled using “smaller” auxiliary data structures. We analyze the query, storage, and amortized update costs for the dynamic version of a static data structure in terms of a functionf, such thatf(n)<n, that bounds the sizes of the auxiliary data structures (wheren is the number of elements in the data structure). The conditions onf for minimal (with respect to asymptotic upper bounds) amortized update costs are then obtained. The proposed method is shown to be particularly suited for the cases where the merging of two data structures is more efficient than building the resultant data structure from scratch. Its effectiveness is illustrated by applying it to a class of data structures that have linear merging cost; this class consists of data structures such as Voronoi diagrams, K-d trees, quadtrees, multiple attribute trees, etc.
HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the viral matrix protein is a key regulator

Abstract The HIV-1 matrix (MA) protei n contains two subcellular localization signals with opposing effects. A myristoylated N-terminus governs particle assembly at the plasma membrane, and a nucleophilic motif facilitates import of the viral preintegration complex into the nucleus of nondividing cells. Here, we show that myristoylation acts as the MA dominant targeting signal in HIV-1 producer cells. During virus assembly, a subset of MA is phosphorylated on the C-terminal tyrosine by a virion-associated cellular protein kinase. Tyrosine-phosphorylated MA is then preferentially transported to the nucleus of target cells. An MA tyrosine mutant virus grows normally in dividing cells, but is blocked for nuclear import in terminally differentiated macrophages. MA tyrosine phosphorylation thus reveals the karyophilic properties of this protein within the HIV-1 preintegration complex, thereby playing a critical role for infection of nondividing cells.
WISC AND WISC-R PROFILES OF LEARNING DISABLED CHILDREN: A REVIEW

It has been widely assumed that learning disabled children exhibit a characteristic WISC or WISC-R profile. This paper reviews 24 studies investigating the performance of disabled learners on these instruments. Three questions were addressed in the review of these studies: 1) Is high Performance IQ-low Verbal IQ characteristic of learning disabled children? 2) Do learning disabled subjects ex- hibit more WISC (or WISC-R) subtest scatter than normal learners? and 3) Do learning disabled subjects exhibit a characteristic WISC(-R) profile? The evidence regarding the first two questions was inconclusive although Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies and subtest variability may not be uncommon in normal children. The evidence does suggest that LD children, as a group, exhibit a characteristic WISC(-R) profile whereas few individual LD children actually conform to this pat- tern. It was concluded that WISC(-R) profiles may not be useful for differential diagnosis of learning disabled students.
Using an EPID for patient-specific VMAT quality assurance.

Purpose: A patient-specific quality assurance (QA) method was developed to verify gantry-specific individual multileaf collimator(MLC) apertures (control points) in volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans using an electronic portal imaging device(EPID). Methods: VMAT treatment plans were generated in an Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS). DICOM images from a Varian EPID (aS1000) acquired in continuous acquisition mode were used for pretreatment QA. Each cine image file contains the grayscale image of the MLC aperture related to its specific control point and the corresponding gantry angle information. The TPS MLC file of this RapidArc plan contains the leaf positions for all 177 control points (gantry angles). In-house software was developed that interpolates the measured images based on the gantry angle and overlays them with the MLC pattern for all control points. The 38% isointensity line was used to define the edge of the MLC leaves on the portal images. The software generates graphs and tables that provide analysis for the number of mismatched leaf positions for a chosen distance to agreement at each control point and the frequency in which each particular leaf mismatches for the entire arc. Results: Seven patients plans were analyzed using this method. The leaves with the highest mismatched rate were found to be treatment plan dependent. Conclusions: This in-house software can be used to automatically verify the MLC leaf positions for all control points of VMAT plans using cine images acquired by an EPID.
Changing Times: Consumers Choice of Ethnic Foods When Eating at Restaurants

ABSTRACT This study explores consumers' reasons for choosing ethnic food when eating at restaurants based on ten ethnic food types. Frequency for eating out was highest among those very likely or somewhat likely to eat Mexican, Italian, American or “other” ethnic food. Demographic characteristics most significant in relation to likelihood to eat ethnic food were race, education, and place of residency. A consumer profile for each of the ten ethnic foods based on demographic characteristics is presented. Of the six reasons for choosing ethnic food, “food different from what I have at home” was stated most often, followed by “like food of a different ethnicity/culture than me” and “food with a variety of different tastes.” These findings have implications in the development of marketing strategies and restaurant menus using ethnic foods.
Distribution of Seasonal Inventory of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company

This paper describes a program developed for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company, Ltd., to reduce inventory costs incurred in the distribution of canned pineapple products. The Dole plantations harvest about 75 per cent of their total annual crop during the five summer months, thus creating large canned goods inventories. These inventories are stored in the Company's Honolulu warehouse and at commercial warehouses on the U.S. mainland. The mainland warehouses store a portion of the seasonal inventories and also provide forward supply points for the Company's buyers, but at considerable expense. An inventory-control model was developed to determine the required inventory at each warehouse for specified protection against an out-of-stock condition. A procedure was developed for allocating inventories in excess of those needed for immediate sales requirements among the available storage points to minimize the total annual warehousing cost. The procedure takes into account the different storage, handling, and tax costs at the various locations and all relevant operating requirements. The principles involved are explained by a graphical approach, which is easy to understand and which facilitates changing the allocation rules in response to changes in operating conditions. The program has been adopted by the Company's management and steps are in progress to incorporate the recommendations in the Company's inventory distribution operations.
Survey of omega-3 fatty acid intakes and omega-3 food selections in cardiac patients living in a section of the midwestern United States

Abstract The objectives of this research were to survey the omega-3 fatty acid intakes and omega-3 food selections of 36 cardiac patients living in the midwestern United States. An omega-3 food frequency was developed that included 149 food items. Cardiac patients from a local heart clinic participated ( n = 36). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10.0. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intakes ranged from 0.18 – 10.15 g/day. Fish and seafood were the primary food sources of omega-3 fatty acids and were consumed twice a week. Major plant food sources of omega-3 fatty acids that were consumed include walnuts, flaxseed, canola oil, and soybeans. This study reports omega-3 food selection and food preferences in cardiac patients living in a section of the midwestern United States.
A kin-based measure of r and an evaluation of its effectiveness.

A relation is shown between r and the ratio (S) of those living who are youngest in their sibsets to those who are oldest. This extends Goldman’s work on the relation between r and the ratio (Z) of younger to older ever born sisters. Solved for r, these relations provide kin-based measures of r. Tested against micro simulated population data, the S-based measure, though working from fewer observations per population, performs as well or better than any Z-based measure. Since the data needed to compute S make considerably fewer demands on respondents’ knowledge, the S-based measure appears preferable in actual application.
Computer program analysis

Abstract The computer, of all recent technological developments, with its vast storage capacity, tremendous speed, ease of storage and retrieval and its flexibility of programming has perhaps made the most significant impact on the educational process and manifests itself as having the greatest potential in enhancing and enriching the teaching/learning system. Its evolution as a computing device from the Mark I computer to the advent of the ‘miracle chip’ has made it possible, and in many instances mandatory, to utilize computer technology in all levels of instruction. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the principle that an elementary understanding of computer programming and the development and illustration of the structure of computer program analysis will be valuable assets in the understanding and teaching of mathematics and may be used as modelling devices to simulate the stages of learning.
Investigation of MAC for a Hierarchical and Heterogeneous Multichannel Ad Hoc Network

We propose a hierarchical and heterogeneous multichannel ad hoc network. The channels employed by this network are nonoverlapping, and each channel differs significantly in its characteristics, such as achievable data rate, communication range, and traffic load. Each terminal is equipped with a frequency-agile radio that has the ability to change its carrier frequency and transmission rate over a wide range of possibilities. These radios communicate using contention-based access and are permitted to utilize multiple channels. A subset of the terminals form a backbone network, and are equipped with a second radio tuned to a traffic channel employing schedule-based access. We consider various hierarchical and heterogeneous multichannel ad hoc network topologies and investigate the backbone networks that increase network-layer performance over scenarios in which too few or too many terminals are selected to form the backbone network.
Velocity and turbulence measurements in combustion systems

A laser-Doppler velocimeter is used in the measurement of high-temperature gas flows. A two-stage fluidization particle generator provides magnesium oxide particles to serve as optical scattering centers. The one-dimensional dual-beam system is frequency shifted to permit measurements of velocities up to 300 meters per second and turbulence intensities greater than 100 percent. Exiting flows from can-type gas turbine combustors and burners with pre-mixed oxy-acetylene flames are described in terms of the velocity, turbulence intensity, and temperature profiles. The results indicate the influence of the combustion process on turbulence.
Torsional spectra of molecules with two C3v rotors—XXV. Rotational and vibrational spectra, r0 structure, barriers to internal rotation and ab initio calculations for 2,2-difluoropropane

Abstract The microwave spectra of two isotopic species of 2,2-difluoropropane, (CH 3 ) 2 13 CF 2 and (CD 3 ) 2 12 CF 2 , have been recorded from 26.5 to 40.0 GHz and the b -type R -branch transitions have been observed and assigned for the ground state. Utilizing the rotational transitions for these two isotopomers along with those for the normal species the following r o structural parameters have been determined: r (C-H) = 1.091±0.002A, r (C-C) = 1.510 + 0.005 A, r (C-F) = 1.378±0.005 A, ∢CCH = 109.26±0.05°, ∢CCC = 116.44±0.54° and ∢FCF = 105.15±0.50°. The carbon-hydrogen distances have also been obtained from the frequency of the isolated carbon-hydrogen frequency in the IR spectrum. The far-IR spectra of 2,2-difluoropropane- d 0 and - d 6 in the gas were recorded at a resolution of 0.10 cm −1 and the torsional fundamentals, along with several hot band transitions, have been assigned. From these data the barrier to internal rotation of the coupled rotors is 1103±48cm −1 (3.15±0.14kcalmol −1 ). The IR spectra (3600–50cm −1 ) of gaseous and solid and the Raman spectra (3600–10 cm −1 ) of gaseous, liquid and solid (CD 3 ) 2 CF 2 have been recorded. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both the normal and d 6 molecules based on depolarization values, relative intensities, isotopic shifts and normal coordinate calculations. The structural parameters, barriers to internal rotation and fundamental vibrational frequencies which have been determined experimentally are compared with those obtained from ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations utilizing both the 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets along with electron correlation at the MP2 level, and to the corresponding quantities obtained for some similar molecules.
Surveillance of suicidal behavior in Kitsap County, Washington: a retrospective study

Suicide is a major source of preventable morbidity and mortality in Kitsap County, Washington State. This article describes a study of suicidal behavior to identify risk groups in order to design intervention strategies. A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the charts of individuals exhibiting suicidal behavior who had presented to the county's only civilian hospital emergency department over a 7 month period. Frequencies were calculated to identify at-risk populations and determine risk factors. One hundred forty-five charts were reviewed. Subjects were mostly female (69%), and ages ranged from 10 to 80 years with 73% between 15 and 44 years. Two-thirds of the subjects were not working. More than half had previously exhibited suicidal behavior and more than 75% had previous mental health encounter(s). Most admissions (67.6%) occurred between 4:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. The core public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance provided the framework for this community to explore the finding that suicide was a major source of preventable morbidity and mortality. Community-based intervention strategies have been developed in an effort to reach the Healthy People 2000 objective of reducing suicide deaths to no more than 10.5 per 100,000 residents.