cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BGK-Burnett Equations for Flows in the Continuum-Transition Regime

To extend the range of applicability of continuum formulations into the continuum-transition regime, an extended set of fluid dynamic equations has been derived. These equations, termed as the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK)-Burnett equations, have been derived by taking moments of the Boltzmann equation by using the BGK model for the collision integral, The second-order distribution function that forms the basis of this derivation is formulated by considering the first three terms of the Chapman-Enskog expansion. It is shown that the BGK-Burnett equations have been used to compute the hypersonic shock structure and the hypersonic flow past a blunt body. The results of these computations are compared with the augmented Burnett and Navier-Stokes solutions. The second-order distribution function does not violate Boltzmann's H-theorem; as a consequence the BGK-Burnett equations are entropy consistent for the range of Knudsen numbers for which computations have been performed
Psychiatric aspects of asthma.

1. The literature on the emotional aspects of asthma has been reviewed. 2. The histories of five bronchial asthma patients hospitalized for mental illness have been presented. 3. The genesis of asthma is from allergy alone, from allergy and emotional factors, and in some cases is purely emotional. 4. Greater progress has been made in the understanding of asthmatic patients and their personalities than in relieving the invalidism of the asthma.
Perspective: prospects for development of vaccines against human helminth infections.

The global prevalence of infection with parasitic worms or helminths likely exceeds that of any other infection. One-third of the world's population is estimated to harbor infection with intestinal helminths (Trichuris trichuria, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, or hookworm) [1]; between 200 and 300 million people are believed to be infected with one of the three species of schistosomes (Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma japonicum) [2], and> 150 million are infected with one of the pathogenic :filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa) [3, 4]. The burden of helminth infection rests largely on the population of the developing world, where many persons carry infection with more than one of these parasites [5]. While nematode infection uncommonly leads to severe acute illness or death, a growing body of evidence indicates that chronic infection leads to patterns of morbidity and economic hardship not generally appreciated. For example, while heavy and chronic hookworm infection is a well-rccogmced cause of anemia, recent intervention studies have revealed that one course of anthelmintic treatment of schoolchildren leads to a sustained improvement in growth [6] and in academic performance [7]. Blinding eye disease is responsible for only part of the adverse impact of onchocerciasis, with chronic skin disease leading to major reduction in quality of life and economic productivity [4]. Helminth infection differs in a number of important ways from most other infectious diseases differences that have a major impact on possible strategies for disease control. First, with few exceptions, helminths do not multiply within the human host but require passage through the environment and an arthropod vector or other invertebrate host (such as a snail) to reproduce and complete the life cycle. This offers the possibility of vector control or other environmental measures as means of disease control. Second, helminth infection may persist for years, an important consideration when control by chemotherapy or vector control is contemplated. For example, it is necessary to maintain onchocerciasis control programs using ivermectin (which is inactive against the adult worm) and vector control for 10-15 years (the life span of the adult worm). Third, the clinical effects of infection are not directly related
Using I, Robot in the Technical Writing Classroom: Developing a Critical Technological Awareness

Abstract This article calls for technical writing courses to be more engaged in discussions on critical technological awareness. Being critically aware of technology means looking beyond a socially constructed artifact's assumed practical benefit and critiquing its effects and development. All discourse surrounding technology should be the purview of the field of technical writing. Because much technical writing pedagogy ignores cultural issues related to technology, this article promotes student engagement in discussions about social constructions of technology to foster critical thinking. This article concludes with a discussion of student responses to an essay assignment based on Isaac Asimov's novel I, Robot . Asimov envisions a high-tech world where technologies of the 1940s are amplified and new ones imagined to create stories where humans must interact with not-so-perfect robots. The novel offers a chance for students to reflect on how contemporary technologies, such as computers, are enmeshed into the social fabric of twenty-first-century life. Additionally, I, Robot generates classroom discussions that bolster student engagement and highlight the impact of contemporary (and future) technologies on workplace practices and the culture at large. Some topics that I, Robot addresses are issues of gender in technological fields, military beginnings for consumer technologies, and labor issues.
Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with eating disorders

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID and SCID II) was administered to 105 eating disorder in-patients in order to examine rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders and the chronological sequence in which these disorders developed. Eighty-six patients, 81.9% of the sample, had Axis I diagnoses in addition to their eating disorder. Depression, anxiety and substance dependence were the most common comorbid diagnoses. Anorexic restrictors were significantly more likely than bulimics (all subtypes) to develop their eating disorder before other Axis I comorbid conditions. Personality disorders were common among the subjects; 69% met criteria for at least one personality disorder diagnosis. Of the 72 patients with personality disorders, 93% also had Axis I comorbidity. Patients with at least one personality disorder were significantly more likely to have an affective disorder or substance dependence than those with no personality disorder.
Reducing Clinically Significant Gastrointestinal Toxicity Associated with Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of treatment strategies to reduce clinically significant gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1966–November 2003) was performed to identify relevant articles. Key search terms included proton-pump inhibitors, histamine H2 antagonists, misoprostol, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, stomach ulcer, prevention, and economics. Additional references were obtained from cross-referencing the bibliographies of selected articles.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All information obtained from the MEDLINE search was reviewed. To provide the most clinically relevant information, only randomized controlled trials are included in this review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Clinically significant upper gastrointestinal adverse events, such as ulcers and ulcer complications, associated with NSAIDs are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in the US. Interes...
Role of investment interaction layer on strength and toughness of ceramic laminates

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the interaction of a core ceramic with investment material can significantly reduce the flexural strength and the fracture toughness of core/veneer ceramic laminates. Methods: Ceramic composites were prepared from experimental core and experimental veneer and Empress 2 core and Empress 2 veneer ceramics. Four divesting techniques were used for each bilayer ceramic group. Core surfaces were etched with 1% HF solution for 15 or 30 min and grit blasted with 100 μm Al2O3 particles for 15 or 30 s. The effect of treatment on strength was analyzed statistically by means of two-way ANOVA. A linear regression graph was made for each group to analyze the relationship between flexural strength and the dimensions of critical cracks. Results: The four surface divesting treatments produced no significant differences (p>0.05) between the mean flexural strengths and the mean fracture toughnesses. However, groups with different core/veneer combinations showed statistically significant differences (p≤0.05) between the mean flexural strengths and between the mean fracture toughnesses. The Empress 2 core/experimental veneer combination exhibited the greatest fracture toughness values. The Empress 2 core/Empress 2 veneer combination exhibited the lowest mean fracture toughness and lowest mean flexural strength. Significance: The investment interaction layer does not have a significant effect on the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the bilayer ceramic laminates for interfaces that are coherent and well bonded. However, the core/veneer combination of materials does affect the strength of bilayer ceramic laminates. The existence of global residual stress is the most likely reason for the observed strength increases.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Road to Diabetes and Heart Disease

Obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction closely coexist throughout the natural history of type 2 diabetes. They all can be identified not only in people with type 2 diabetes, but also in various groups at risk for the disease, such as individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, family history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prior gestational diabetes, or polycystic ovary syndrome. Whereas their evident association cannot fully establish a cause-effect relationship, fascinating mechanisms that bring them closer together than ever before are rapidly emerging. Central or abdominal obesity leads to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction through fat-derived metabolic products, hormones, and cytokines. Insulin resistance leads to endothelial dysfunction through the frequent association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and through some more direct novel mechanisms. Some specific and shared insulin signaling abnormalities in muscle, fat, and endothelial cells, as well as some new genetic and nontraditional factors, may contribute to this interesting association. Some recent clinical studies demonstrate that nonpharmacological and pharmacological strategies targeting obesity and/or insulin resistance ameliorate endothelial function and low-grade inflammation. All these findings have added a new dimension to the association of obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction that may become a key target in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Mathematical model of blunt injury to the vascular wall via formation of rouleaux and changes in local hemodynamic and rheological factors. Implications for the mechanism of traumatic myocardial infarction

Background Blood viscosity is fundamentally important in clinical practice yet the apparent viscosity at very low shear rates is not well understood. Various conditions such as blunt trauma may lead to the appearance of zones inside the vessel where shear stress equals zero. The aim of this research was to determine the blood viscosity and quantitative aspects of rouleau formation from erythrocytes at yield velocity (and therefore shear stress) equal to zero. Various fundamental differential equations and aspects of multiphase medium theory have been used. The equations were solved by a method of approximation. Experiments were conducted in an aerodynamic tube.
Design and fabrication of polymer waveguide resonator with distributed bragg reflectors

We present the design and fabrication of a polymer waveguide resonator made up of ID distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) with air and polymer alternating layers. Simulation is done by 3D FDTD and BPM simulations. The optimization of the polymer ridge waveguide, the reflectance of DBR mirrors and the characteristics of the cavity are shown. A microcavity with quality factor Q-2000 and length Khun can be achieved at resonant wavelength 1.55 um. Initial fabrication results using direct electron-beam lithography are demonstrated.
Longitudinal Effects of Teacher and Student Perceptions of Teacher-Student Relationship Qualities on Academic Adjustment

AbstractThe shared and unique effects of teacher and student reports of teacher-student relationship quality (TSRQ) in second and third grade on academic self-views, behavioral engagement, and achievement the following year were investigated in a sample of 714 academically at-risk students. Teacher and student reports of teacher-student support and conflict showed low correspondence. As a block, teacher and student reports of TSRQ predicted all outcomes, above prior performance on that outcome and background variables. Student reports uniquely predicted school belonging, perceived academic competence, and math achievement. Teacher reports uniquely predicted behavioral engagement and child-perceived academic competence. Teacher and student reports of the teacher-student relationship assess largely different constructs that predict different outcomes. Implications of findings for practice and research are discussed.
Adaptive parameter selection for asynchronous intrafascicular multi-electrode stimulation

This paper describes an adaptive algorithm for selecting per-electrode stimulus intensities and inter-electrode stimulation phasing to achieve desired isometric plantar-flexion forces via asynchronous, intrafascicular multi-electrode stimulation. The algorithm employed a linear model of force production and a gradient descent approach for updating the parameters of the model. The adaptively selected model stimulation parameters were validated in experiments in which stimulation was delivered via a Utah Slanted Electrode Array that was acutely implanted in the sciatic nerve of an anesthetized feline. In simulations and experiments, desired steps in force were evoked, and exhibited short time-to-peak (&#60; 0.5 s), low overshoot (&#60; 10%), low steady-state error (&#60; 4%), and low steady-state ripple (&#60; 12%), with rapid convergence of stimulation parameters. For periodic desired forces, the algorithm was able to quickly converge and experimental trials showed low amplitude error (mean error &#60; 10% of maximum force), and short time delay (&#60; 250 ms).
Practical Applications of Fish Oil (-3 Fatty Acids) in Primary Care

Background: Fish oil (-3 fatty acids) has been studied for more than 30 years. However, recent concerns of mercury and environmental toxins have clouded fish oil’s potential clinical benefits. This article aims to review practical, evidence-based applications of fish oil for the primary care physician. Methods: PubMed search using key words ‘fish oil,’ ‘docosahexaenoic,’ and ‘eicosapentaenoic’ in title/abstract. Limited to human clinical trials. Articles were further scanned for relevant sources. Results: For secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease ,1go f fi sh oil hasshown to reduce overall and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Higher doses may be used for its potent triglyceride-lowering effects and for patients with rheumatoid arthritis to reduce nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use. -3 fatty acid supplementation of infant formula has shown benefit in infant neural growth and development. With the potential health benefits of fish, women of childbearing age should be encouraged to eat 1 to 2 low-mercury fish meals per week. Conclusions: Fish oil has numerous practical applications for the primary care physician. Understanding the diverse clinical research of -3 fatty acids and fish oil is important in determining its role in primary care practices. (J Am Board Fam Pract 2005;18:28‐36.)
An Exploration of State Income Tax Nexus: Does Economic Nexus Really Benefit States?

ABSTRACT: While considerable attention in the state taxation literature has been devoted to understanding how much of a corporation's income is subject to tax in a state, much less has been placed on understanding the more critical question of whether a corporation is subject to tax in a given state in the first place (Wildasin 2010). This study investigates the antecedents of state income tax nexus and the influence of economic nexus adoption on state corporate tax revenue collections with a two-stage least squares model using an instrumental variable approach and panel data from 2000–2009. The results of this model indicate that adoptions of economic nexus standards are more common in states with a weaker domiciled business group presence, consistent with interest group theory; adoptions are also more common among states with no required combined reporting, no NOL carryback provisions, the imposition of an alternative minimum tax (AMT), and a higher gross state product. Interestingly, after the first ye...
A motivic approach to phase transitions in Potts models

We describe an approach to the study of phase transitions in Potts models based on an estimate of the complexity of the locus of real zeros of the partition function, computed in terms of the classes in the Grothendieck ring of the affine algebraic varieties defined by the vanishing of the multivariate Tutte polynomial. We give completely explicit calculations for the examples of the chains of linked polygons and of the graphs obtained by replacing the polygons with their dual graphs. These are based on a deletion–contraction formula for the Grothendieck classes and on generating functions for splitting and doubling edges.
The yin and yang of blood transfusions in cardiac surgery.

JAMA Variation and Use of Blood Transfusion in Coronary Bypass Graft Surgery Elliott Bennett-Guerrero, MD; Yue Zhao, PhD; Sean M. O’Brien, PhD; T. B. Ferguson Jr, MD; Eric D. Peterson, MD, MPH; James S. Gammie, MD; Howard K. Song, MD, PhD Context: Perioperative blood transfusions are costly and have safety concerns. As a result, there have been multiple initiatives to reduce transfusion use. However, the degree to which perioperative transfusion rates vary among hospitals is unknown. Objective: To assess hospital-level variation in use of allogeneic red blood cell (RBC), fresh-frozen plasma, and platelet transfusions in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Design, Setting, and Patients: An observational cohort of 102 470 patients undergoing primary isolated CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass during calendar year 2008 at 798 sites in the United States, contributing data to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database. Main Outcome Measures: Perioperative (intraoperative and postoperative) transfusion of RBCs, fresh-frozen plasma, and platelets. Results: At hospitals performing at least 100 on-pump CABG operations (82 446 cases at 408 sites), the rates of blood transfusion ranged from 7.8% to 92.8% for RBCs, 0% to 97.5% for fresh-frozen plasma, and 0.4% to 90.4% for platelets. Multivariable analysis including data from all 798 sites (102 470 cases) revealed that after adjustment for patient-level risk factors, hospital transfusion rates varied by geographic location (P = .007), academic status (P = .03), and hospital volume (P Conclusion: Wide variability occurred in the rates of transfusion of RBCs and other blood products, independent of case mix, among patients undergoing CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in US hospitals in an adult cardiac surgical database.
Mapping the fluid flow and shear near the core surface using the radial and horizontal components of the magnetic field

The problem of calculating the temporal evolution of both the radial and horizontal poloidal components of a field, given an initial field and the flow and shear, is first considered. Attention is then given to the inverse problem of determining the flow and shear, given an initial field and its temporal evolution. The nonuniqueness inherent in such inversions is discussed, and it is shown that part of the nonuniqueness in the shear is closely related to that in the flow derived from just the radial induction equation.
Fear, Loathing, and the First Amendment: Optimistic Skepticism and the Theory of Free Expression

Communitarian free speech theories give out a siren call. They naturally appeal to most Americans because they reflect the assumptions of moral unity on a national level normally associated with theories of communitarianism. In reality, however, such theories are both invidious and dangerous, for two reasons. First, they ignore the well-established reality of interest group politics and self-promotion that has long marked our nation’s form of democracy. Second, in so doing these theories, either intentionally or unknowingly, provide an attractive cover for an attempt to impose a particular ideological perspective on a very diverse society. To understand the proper role of free speech theory in American democracy, once initially needs to grasp — indeed, embrace — the politics of conflict and the clash of self-interests that inherently mark a pluralistic democracy. A constitutionally imposed principle of free expression flows not from some notion of a morally homogeneous society or a universal collaborative commitment to the pursuit of some mythical “common good,” but rather from recognition of the foundational role of liberal individualism in America’s adversary form of democracy. Of course, this does not imply that we live as individuals in a vacuum, rather than as part of a broader society. But that is exactly the point: We guarantee free expression for every member of society, regardless of our agreement with either the substance or motive for their speech, because we recognize from the outset that we all must work together, paradoxically, to make sure that we will still be able to continue competing with each other. The First Amendment, then, does for political battles what the Marquess of Queensberry Rules were intended to do for the sport of boxing: it imposes rules of behavior that temper and control the invidious impulses of the participants in the adversary conflicts. In this way, the First Amendment helps preserve the values of individual worth inherent in a commitment to liberal democratic thought while simultaneously protecting against the dangers of tyranny.
Gulf Stream position and winter NAO as drivers of long-term variations in the bloom phenology of the diatom Skeletonema costatum “species-complex” in Narragansett Bay, RI, USA

Bloom behavior of the Skeletonema costatum "species-complex", a keystone diatom cluster, in Narragansett Bay (NBay), USA, during a 39 - year (1959-1997) time series was statistically related to variations in the path and latitudinal position of the north wall of the Gulf Stream (GSNW). Winter-spring abundance of the Skeletonema complex was ca. 10-fold greater in years when the GSNW was displaced to the south; summer abundance was 3-fold higher in years of southerly displaced GSNW flow. The relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the influence of temperature on growth and grazing of Skeletonema and the advective connectivity of NBay with contiguous regional waters potentially impacted by GSNW dynamics are evaluated. The two major, regionally coupled ocean-atmosphere systems, the NAO and the GSNW, differ in their seasonal and interannual impacts and do not directly explain the specific causes of the associated variations in bloom behavior of the Skeletonema complex. Summer bloom behavior was correctly forecast in 14 of 17 years based on advanced predictions of GSNW position at its extreme northern (GSNWI > + 0.5) and southern (GSNW < - 0.5) latitudinal limits.
Launch-on-Shift-Capture Transition Tests

The two most popular transition tests are launch-on-shift (LOS) test and launch-on-capture (LOC) test. The LOS and LOC tests differ in their launch mechanisms, creating their own pros and cons. In this paper, new hybrids of LOS and LOC tests that launch transitions using both launch mechanisms are introduced. The new transition tests improved fault coverage without significant test length penalty. This paper presents the concepts and pattern generation methods of these new transition tests as well as experimental results that demonstrate the benefits of these tests.
Re: The Use of Medical Scribes in Health Care Settings: A Systematic Review and Future Directions.

In the May/June issue of Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine , Shultz and Holmstrom[1][1] performed a systematic review of the literature investigating the effects of medical scribes on health care productivity, clinical quality, revenue, time efficiency, and patient–clinician
Production of melanin precursors by a mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila.

SYNOPSIS. A mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila. “pig,” excretes melanin precursors into the culture medium where spontaneous polymerization to melanin occurs. the precursors, probably oxidation products of catecholamines. are produced in large amounts by the mutant by decarboxylation of tyrosine and hydroxylation of the resulting tyramine. Overproduction and excretion of precursors by the mutant appears to result from elevated specific activity of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase) (E.C. 4.1.1.26).
The Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Placental Lactogen on Lymphocyte Transformation In Vitro

Crude preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic cell (MLC) lymphocyte stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, whereas purified hCG was not inhibitory except at very high concentrations. Sephadex G-100 chromatography of crude hCG showed that the inhibitory effect on PHA lymphocyte stimulation eluted in those fractions after hormonally active hCG. In addition, purified human placental lactogen (hPL) did not inhibit lymphocyte transformation except at very high concentrations. These data suggest that the immunosuppressive activities found in crude preparations are not due to the hormones but to contaminating material.
Activity patterns of urban American black bears in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California

Abstract Both the American black bear (Ursus americanus) population in the San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, California, USA, and the human population at the base of these mountains have grown, and human–bear interactions are common. Little is known about the habits of urban bears in southern California. From July 1998 to December 1999, I studied the activity patterns of urban black bears in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and described their use of adjacent cities. I trapped and radiocollared 2 female and 4 male bears and monitored their movements in forest and city habitats using ground-based and aerial radiotracking. The female bears used city habitat all seasons (spring, summer, fall, winter) of this study, with the exception of the second fall season by one female. Male bears used city habitat during summer, with little exception. Female bears used city habitat equally during 4 6-hr periods daily in summer 1998 and used the city heaviest from 1600–0359 hr in spring 1999 and from...
Conformal Field Theory on a Riemann Surface

One of the motivations for studying conformal field theory on a Riemann surface is to have a better understanding of the structure of quantum string theory. Recent research has revealed that there are deep connections between conformal field theory and number theory, which may have profound implications to string theory. The equivalence of bosons and fermions in two dimensions is such an example; there an addition theorem of theta-function plays an important role.
The Necessity of Historicism

American students of society and politics for the most part view “historicism”—the ascription to history of an overall direction and goal—with attitudes ranging from skepticism to overt hostility. In the general view, no valid propositions can be framed concerning matters so shrouded in darkness as the course and the end of history. Indeed it may well be asked, when we use such terms, whether we are referring to realities or merely to inventions of the imagination. Historicist theories are also said to tend to undermine concern for the individual; the needs of the present, living person are likely to shrink into apparent insignificance before the imagined events of a future age. On the part of those who in recent years have seen the bloody trails left by pretended ministers of historical missions, such misgivings are understandable. Are social scientists and political thinkers at liberty, however, dogmatically to reject historicism? It is the purpose of this article to argue that they are not. For if history is without meaning, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that social and political affairs, which make up a large part of what we treat as history, are also without meaning. Why then should one study, or take part in, these affairs? What is at stake, in the last analysis, is our right—or duty—to regard the world we inhabit, not merely as alien material to be used or ignored as we please, but as a realm of being with which we are fundamentally united and in which, consequently, we are properly participants.
Psychological and behavioral effects of genetic risk testing for obesity: a systematic review

Background: Interest is growing in the use of genetic risk testing for lifestyle-related chronic diseases, including obesity, to promote health behavior change. Objective: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to determine the effects that genetic risk feedback for obesity may have on psychological and behavioral factors influencing weight. Methods: The MEDLINE/PubMed online database was searched using predefined search terms. Results: The studies revealed that risk feedback may increase motivation to improve health behaviors, especially among individuals at higher genetic risk. Overweight and obese individuals seemed to experience additional psychological benefits when provided an external explanation for their weight status. Conclusion: While the psychological benefits are promising, the clinical utility of genetic risk testing for obesity remains uncertain.
ACRL: the learning community for excellence in academic libraries: the presidential theme for the coming year

My purpose in writing this column is to share why I chose the presidential theme of "ACRL: The Learning Community for Excellence in Academic Libraries" and to explain why I think the learning community concept is such a powerful one. I also hope to set the stage for the coming year's columns, which will share this common theme.
Autopilot Design Using the Inverse Nyquist Array Method for an Air-to-Air Missile

It used the Inverse Nyquist Array(INA) technique to design the autopilot of a highly maneuverable air-to-air missile.First,control system model of the air-to-air missile is established.A precompensation-controller,dynamic-controller and a feedback gain matrix are then designed.The simulation result demonstrates that,for the compensated system,the cross-coupling is obviously decreased.Excellent performance of tracking is obtained.
Axiomatic Analysis of Resource Allocation Problems

Fair division is as old as mathematics. According to the Roman historian Proclus, the litigious division of land after the yearly flood of the Nile triggered the invention of geometry by the Egyptians, and the necessities of trade and commerce that of arithmetic by the Phoenicians (see Guilbaud, 1952). The modern literature on fair allocation is however very new. Its origin can be traced back to three seminal papers: on the one hand, Nash’s (1950) paper on the bargaining problem and Shapley’s (1953) paper on coalitional form games; on the other hand, Foley’s (1967) essay introducing the no-envy test for the distribution of unproduced resources.
Managerial response to constitutional constraints on shareholder power

Research summary: We examine whether top managers engage in misconduct, such as illegal insider trading, illegal stock option backdating, bribery, and financial manipulation, in response to the presence, or absence, of governance provisions that impose constitutional constraints on shareholder power. Within the agency framework, shareholders typically oppose governance provisions that limit their power because those provisions could undermine shareholder influence and increase agency costs. However, when shareholders support provisions that constrain their power, managers could respond positively by refraining from self-interested behavior in the form of managerial misconduct. We find this to be especially true in industries where these governance provisions are particularly relevant to managers and in scenarios where CEOs do not also serve as board chair. Managerial summary: In recent years, shareholders have become central to organizations and the managers who run them. Shareholders and managers establish a rapport with one another, such that the behavior of one affects the behavior of the other. One of the most consequential decisions shareholders can make pertains to the reach of their influence: They can choose to impose strict governance over firms they own or they can allow for constitutional constraints that limit shareholder power. When they act in the mutual interest of managers by allowing such constraints, we find that managers respond in kind by refraining from bad behavior, such as illegal stock options backdating, insider trading, and financial manipulation. This is especially true in industries and scenarios in which shareholder pressure is most relevant to managers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistent Energetic Electrons in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Films

In conventional semiconductor solar cells, carriers are extracted at the band edges and the excess electronic energy (E*) is lost as heat. If E* is harvested, power conversion efficiency can be as high as twice the Shockley–Queisser limit. To date, materials suitable for hot carrier solar cells have not been found due to efficient electron/optical-phonon scattering in most semiconductors, but our recent experiments revealed long-lived hot carriers in single-crystal hybrid lead bromide perovskites. Here we turn to polycrystalline methylammonium lead iodide perovskite, which has emerged as the material for highly efficient solar cells. We observe energetic electrons with excess energy ⟨E*⟩ ≈ 0.25 eV above the conduction band minimum and with lifetime as long as ∼100 ps, which is 2–3 orders of magnitude longer than those in conventional semiconductors. The energetic carriers also give rise to hot fluorescence emission with pseudo-electronic temperatures as high as 1900 K. These findings point to a suppressio...
Developing a model for embedded palliative care in a cancer clinic

Objectives Describe the development and key features of a model for embedded palliative care (PC) for patients with advanced kidney cancer or melanoma seen in a cancer clinic. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients following an initial phase and then a prospective review following the implementation of a model for embedded PC. Results In the initial phase, 18 patients were seen for a total of 53 visits; 78% were seen more than once, with a mean of three visits per patient. In the model phase, 46 patients were seen for a total of 163 visits; 74% were seen more than once, with a mean of 3.5 visits. Demographics were similar between the two groups. Content of the first PC visit in the initial and model phases was symptom management (61% and 57%), psychosocial support/relationship building (28% and 35%) and advance care planning/decision-making support (11% and 8%), respectively. Conclusions The initial phase demonstrated acceptability and feasibility of a model for embedded PC for patients and the oncology team. Establishment of specific eligibility criteria and screening to identify eligible patients in the model phase led to an increased uptake of PC for patients with advanced kidney cancer and melanoma in a cancer clinic.
Supplemental Security Income's 'Dedicated Account': A Debunked Urban Legend and Twenty Years of Waste

This article explains the “dedicated account” provision of the Supplemental Security Income program (SSI) for children with disabilities. The children’s SSI program has always been highly contentious, and is a regular target of media criticism, most of it claiming that the program’s beneficiaries aren’t actually disabled. Responding to an onslaught of such claims in the mid-1990’s, Congress created the dedicated account as part of PRWORA, the statute that “ended welfare as we know it.” The dedicated account rule requires any payment of past-due benefits that covers a period of six months or more to be deposited in a restricted bank account. Funds in this account cannot be used for food, shelter, clothing, transportation or most of the things a poor family with a disabled child might need. In an effort to shield the child from what the media portrays as scheming parents, Congress placed so many restrictions on the account that for many parents it is unusable. The article, which is based on the stories of a number of clients of Greater Boston Legal Services Children’s Disability Project, calculates that the Social Security Administration spends over $7 million each year administering dedicated accounts. Three successive Social Security Commissioners have asked Congress to abolish the account. This article attempts to show why they are right.
Prosocial Behavior and Depression: a Case for Developmental Gender Differences.

Purpose of Review Prosocial behavior and depression are related constructs that both increase during adolescence and display gender-specific effects. The current review surveys literature examining the association between depressive symptoms and prosociality, measured with behavioral economic paradigms, across development and proposes a theoretical model explaining a mechanism through which adolescent girls have higher risk for depression than boys.
The Third Precedent

The traditional approach to legal authorities divides the world into two types of precedent: binding and non-binding. This Article makes the claim that this binary distinction is overly simplistic and lacking in nuance. This Article identifies a situation that necessitates recognizing a third type of precedent. Many uniform acts contain a provision that explicitly states that courts should apply and construe the statute “to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this Act among states enacting it.” In other words, when a state legislature enacts this language, the statute itself requires state courts to interpret the law in accordance with how it has been interpreted in other states. This situation presents a puzzle: does the case law of other enacting states qualify as binding precedent, non-binding precedent, or something else? Of course, out-of-state case law is usually non-binding. However, in this situation, the statute’s express purpose is to make the law uniform among the enacting states and the legislature has decreed that the law must be interpreted to achieve this purpose. This situation creates a conundrum of precedent that does not fit comfortably into the binary concepts of binding or non-binding. This Article proposes that out-of-state case law in this situation should be treated as a distinct, third category of precedent, and labels this category “interstitial authority.” The Article repurposes the Chevron deference test from administrative law and offers a modified version of the test for courts to follow when weighing interstitial authority in the interpretation of a uniform act that contains a mandatory uniformity provision. First, the court should determine whether the statutory language is clear. If it is clear, then the court should apply the statute’s clear meaning. If the statute is ambiguous, then the court should construe the statute consistently with a previous interpretation by another jurisdiction’s court of last resort as long as the previous interpretation is a permissible construction of the statute. If the prior interpretation is not a permissible one, however, a later court should not be required to adopt it. This approach comports with the statutory requirement that the law be interpreted to further the purpose of uniformity, but it provides enough leeway to ensure that a manifestly incorrect interpretation will not be automatically perpetuated around the country.
Maternal iodine status during lactation and infant weight and length in Henan Province, China

Infants are very sensitive to iodine deficiency. Breastfed infants are dependent on maternal iodine intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between maternal iodine status during lactation and infant weight and length. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate maternal iodine status and infant anthropometric measures in Henan Province, China. Only exclusive breastfeeding mothers and their infants < 6 months of age (n = 747) were included in our final analysis. Urine samples were collected from all the mothers and infants. Infant weight and length were measured and converted into weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) and height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) using the World Health Organization (WHO) AnthroPlus software. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in lactating women was significant lower than that in their infants (177.4 vs 261.1 μg/L, P < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between maternal and infant urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.203, P < 0.01). The mean HAZ and WAZ values were lowest in the infants whose mothers had UIC below 50 μg/L (n = 41). Infant WAZ with maternal UIC below 50 μg/L was significantly lower than those with maternal UIC of 50 μg/L or above (P = 0.043). After adjusting for confounding factors, there were significant differences in infant WAZ between maternal UIC groups. The present study suggests that maternal iodine status during lactation may be related to their infant anthropometric index. Appropriate iodine intake of lactating women is beneficial for their infants.
Introduction: Contextual and Theoretical Framework

While African American boys face many challenges in education, employment, and incarceration, many do well even when living under stressful and challenging conditions. This chapter provides an introduction to the book and an overview of the demographics of African American boys including where African Americans live, family structure, and socioeconomic conditions. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory and Spencer’s Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory are reviewed as these theories provide the theoretical frameworks for understanding developmental outcomes discussed in this chapter and throughout the book. These theories support how culture and context shape the behaviors and life outcomes of African American boys and adolescents.
A molecular model for morphogenesis: the primary septum of yeast.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a molecular model for morphogenesis. The simplest explanation of the asymmetry that results from cell separation is that the mother cell retains both the primary and secondary septa that go to form the bud scar; the daughter cell retains only a secondary septum, the birth scar. If indeed chitin constitutes the primary septum, it should be synthesized during a specific period of the cell cycle, that is, prior to cell division. To determine whether this was the case, a synchronous culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was allowed to grow in a medium containing tritiated glucose, and the incorporation into chitin was monitored. Both the polysaccharide label and the number of cells increased in stepwise fashion whereas the total radioactivity in the cells increased exponentially. Polyoxins are a group of peptidyl-pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics from Streptomyces cacaoi that are active against a variety of fungi. It was considered that their site of action was related to the biosynthesis of cell wall chitin.
(Re)making quality in China’s dairy industry

Quality in the food industry is viewed at once as both a standard of excellence to be reached and as an attribute, characteristic, or property to be imbued in products and people. In contemporary C...
Cancer Stem Cells, Apoptosis Pathways and Mechanisms of Death Resistance

Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of self-renewing malignant and oncogenic cells that drive tumor initiation and progression. CSCs play pivotal roles in tumor initiation, progression, cell death resistance, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence following treatment and remission. Exposure to chemo- or radiotherapy may also promote “stemness” in nonstem cancer cells. There has been considerable progress towards understanding the mechanisms responsible for CSC self-renewal, maintenance, and expansion. However, the molecular characteristics of CSCs require in-depth investigation. Many mechanisms including the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are dysregulated in CSCs and increase the cytoprotective and therapy resistance mechanisms operating in these cells. Delineating the roles of these mechanisms in maintaining the stemness and self-renewal of CSCs will help to understand how CSCs initiate malignancies and develop cancers and may also lead to the development of potential therapeutic interventions to render CSCs more sensitive to cell death triggered by cancer therapies.
The Control of Surface Friction on the Scales of Baroclinic Eddies in a Homogeneous Quasigeostrophic Two-Layer Model

AbstractIn idealized models of the extratropical troposphere, both β and surface friction can control the equilibrated scales of baroclinic eddies by stopping the inverse cascade. A scaling theory ...
The Application of Rawlsian Principles of Justice on Cognition-Enhancement Drugs: A Policy Proposal

Stimulant medication, which has been dubbed “smart drugs”, offers the potential for enhancement of cognition, which by itself is seen as a “promise” or a “threat” due to the drastic changes of the lives of all citizens in society. The current lack of adequate regulation could potentially lead to widespread violation of rights and justice, especially since direct and indirect coercion may be brought to bear on many individuals, as a result from utility calculations of employers and other corporate actors. The pressure to enhance is likely to become very high in the military and education contexts, but the most far-reaching influence would come from the sphere of business.