cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An alternative and convenient strategy for generation of substantial quantities of singly 5′-32p-end-labeled double-stranded DNA for binding studies: Development of a protocol for examination of functional features of (+)-CC-1065 and the duocarmycins that contribute to their sequence-selective DNA alkylation properties

Abstract Development of an alternative strategy for securing substantial quantities of singly 5′- 32 P-end-labeled double-stranded DNA suitable for binding studies is described based on M133 cloning techniques and offers advantages of production of replenishable quantities of singly 5′- 32 P-end-labeled double-stranded DNA of homogeneous length without need for DNA isolation (restriction fragment), dephosphorylation, and lengthy preparative gel electrophoresis procedures. The 32 P label is introduced onto the free 5′-hydroxyl group of a chemically synthesized universal primer [5′- 32 P-d(GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT)-3′] which is used to initiate DNA synthesis on M13-derived single-stranded DNA templates. Following DNA synthesis, a restriction enzyme cleavage reaction produces a uniform length duplex suitable for agent binding studies. The strategy further permits the use of the Sanger dideoxynucleotide sequencing technique for direct and unambiguous identification of cleavage sites introduced by an agent on the end-labeled DNA. The use of the procedure in the examination of the DNA alkylation properties of (+)-CC-1065 ( 1 ) and a series of synthetic analogs is reviewed. From these studies a refined definition of the alkylation selectivity of (+)-CC-1065 is detailed. Employing agents possessing the parent 1,2,7,7a-tetrahydrocycloprop[1,2- c ]indol-4-one (CI) alkylation subunit constituting the minimum pharmacophore of the CC-1065 alkylation subunit (CPI), comparative DNA alkylation studies illustrate that the activated cyclopropane is not obligatory for observation of the CI/CPI characteristic alkylation, highlight the relative nonselectivity of the alkylation event in the absence of noncovalent binding selectivity, illustrate a prominent role for agent binding selectivity for agents that possess such capabilities, and demonstrate that a sequence dependent autocatalyric phosphate activation of the alkylation event may not be uniquely responsible for the nonselective or selective alkylations. The ease with which the procedure may be extended to the rapid and convenient examination of additional agents is illustrated with the demonstration of the strikingly similar DNA alkylation properties of the duocarmycins ( 3–8 ) and (+)-CC-1065 ( 1 ) which suggest that the agents may be acting by a common mechanism.
Interrelationships among Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), 17β-Estradiol, Progesterone, and Estriol in Maternal Serum: Evidence for an Inhibitory Effect of the Fetal Adrenal on Secretion of hCG*

In normal pregnancy, maternal serum hCG reaches a maximum concentration about 8–10 weeks after the last menstrual period and then decreases. To investigate the possibility that this decrease in hCG is produced by an inhibitory effect of steroids originating in the feto-placental unit, hCG, progesterone, 17β-estradiol, and estriol were determined by specific RIAs in 341 serum specimens obtained from 229 different pregnancies. Expressions for predicted hCG as a function of estimated trophoblastic mass and percent predicted hCG were determined to correct for the increase in hCG with increasing trophoblastic mass. The relationships between hCG and progesterone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, or estimated trophoblastic mass were not linear. Expression of the hCG data as percent predicted hCG produced linear relationships between hCG and each of the above steroids. Both hCG itself and percent predicted hCG were shown to have a negative regression on estriol (P < 0.001) and a positive regression on progesterone (P < 0....
Characterization of "Norwalk-like viruses" and astroviruses by liquid hybridization assay.

Abstract ‘Norwalk-like viruses’ (NLVs) and human astroviruses are causative agents of gastroenteritis in all age-groups. The typing of these agents is generally done by nucleotide sequencing, blot hybridization, or enzyme immunoassay. These techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and sometimes require scarce reagents, which limits the typing of NLVs and astroviruses to a few reference laboratories. This report describes a liquid hybridization assay that uses broadly reactive probes whose sequences are based on data from specimens in collections available at CDC and GenBank. Two astrovirus genogroup-specific probes were designed and tested successfully on 26 wild strains from all serotypes. Fourteen GII and 16 GI representative NLV strains were typed without cross-hybridization by using P1B- and P2A-specific probes, described previously, and new P2B- and P1A-specific probes. Analysis of the specificity of the probes, the effect of the mismatches during hybridization, and the sensitivity of hybridization assay demonstrates this method to be a rapid and simple technique for molecular typing of NLVs and preliminary characterization of astroviruses.
Intra-column injection system for liquid chromatography

Abstract An intra-column injection system is described whereby the contents of a sampling valve are discharged into the packing of a column and carried through the column by an ancillary curtain flow of solvent. The device has two advantages. Firstly, it permits columns, deteriorated by the formation of a void between the top of the packing and the frit to provide a satisfactory performance and in some cases, to recover their original efficiency. Secondly, it reduces column deterioration resulting from pressure pulse effects and packing shrinkage. The advantages of the device have been demostrated by its use with poorly packed columns and columns that have seriously deteriorated over a period of time.
Biorecognition of HPMA copolymer-lectin conjugates as an indicator of differentiation of cell-surface glycoproteins in development, maturation, and diseases of human and rodent gastrointestinal tissues.

Lectins are proteins that bind glycoproteins; binding patterns are altered with changes in glycoprotein expression accompanying maturation or disease. Binding of two lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA), in human and rodent colon were previously examined. Normal tissue showed intense WGA binding; PNA binding was minimal. Diseased tissues showed increased PNA binding. We hypothesized that N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-lectin-drug conjugates could deliver therapeutic agents to diseased tissues by targeting colonic glycoproteins. We examined biorecognition of free and HPMA copolymer-conjugated WGA and PNA and anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen antibody binding in normal neonatal, adult, and diseased rodent tissues, human specimens of inflammation, and Barrett's esophagus. Neonatal WGA binding was comparable to the adult, with additional luminal columnar cell binding. PNA binding was more prevalent; luminal columnar cell binding existed during the first 2.5 weeks of life. WGA binding was strong in both normal and diseased adult tissues; a slight decrease was noted in disease. PNA binding was minimal in normal tissues; increases were seen in disease. Anti-TF antigen antibody studies showed that PNA did not bind to the antigen. The results suggest that HPMA copolymer-lectin-drug conjugates may provide site-specific treatment of conditions such as colitis and Barrett's esophagus.
Three Dimensional Imaging with Multiple Wavelength Speckle Interferometry

We present the design, modeling, construction, and results of a three-dimensional imager based upon multiplewavelength speckle interferometry. Speckle imaging used in non-destructive evaluation is well-known but requires a precisely acquired reference image and can measure excursions only within the 2π ambiguity range determined by the illumination wavelength. Our approach is based upon earlier efforts pioneered by Takeda, but with updated illumination, imaging, and processing tools, in which a surface under test is illuminated with tunable laser light in a Michelson interferometer configuration. A speckled image is acquired at each laser frequency step creating a data hypercube. Interference between the reference wavefront and light from the object causes the amplitude of the speckles to cycle with laser tuning. Fourier transforming the hypercube in the laser frequency dimension reveals periods that map heights of surface features. Height resolution is determined by the maximum tuning range of the laser, which for our 16-nm tuning range provides approximately 18 micron resolution without any efforts at interpolation. The largest height without wraparound depends on the smallest tuning steps, which for our laser is 15 cm for 0.002 nm (1 GHz) tuning steps. In this way, objects with large discontinuous steps or holes can be imaged without confusion. Also, due to the illumination beam being normal to the surface under test, shadowing is eliminated. To inform our design and better understand our system’s limitations, we have developed extensive numerical models based upon Monte Carlo ray tracing in which speckle patterns are produced after scattering from model surfaces by coherent summing of rays at the detector plane. Data acquired by the system as well as modeling results will be shown.
Time-dependent effects of PCPA on social aggression in chicks

We investigated the effects of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a serotonin (5-HT) antagonist, on social aggression and brain neurochemistry in young domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus). In Experiment 1, the effects of four different doses of PCPA (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) were examined for 3 days after injection. Immediately after PCPA injection, aggressive pecking was low and then increased over the 3-day test period. PCPA significantly decreased 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-HT turnover. In addition, the frequency of aggression was negatively correlated with levels of 5-HIAA. In Experiment 2, the time-dependent effects of a single 400-mg/kg dose of PCPA were examined for 5 and 7 days after drug exposure. PCPA-treated chicks observed for 5 days after injection had significantly greater frequencies of aggression 4 days following drug exposure and significantly reduced 5-HT levels when measured on the next day. Similarly, chicks observed for 7 days exhibited significantly elevated aggression 5 days after injection, after which their pecking decreased to control levels on days 6 and 7. Coinciding with this behavioral pattern, 5-HT levels from these PCPA-treated chicks when assessed 7 days after drug exposure were the same as those for control birds. We concluded that PCPA increased social aggression in birds, an effect that diminished as brain 5-HT levels recovered over a 1-week period.
Embedded capacitors in the next generation processor

Embedded passives technology has been of interest to electronic package designers for performance improvement and package size reduction. With the explosion of mobile phones, tablets and other hand held devices, the need for smaller form factor products with equivalent or better electrical performance makes a very compelling case for embedding passives. The benefits of embedded passives are not limited to small form factor devices. Larger die and server products requiring high performance power delivery solutions can also benefit substantially from embedded capacitors. Intel in collaboration with its suppliers has developed and commercialized a disruptive embedded capacitor technology that provides significant power delivery benefits for high performance computer applications. This is the first commercialized embedded capacitor technology used by Intel.
Dimensional scaling for Regge trajectories

Using dimensional scaling, we were able to obtain a systematic expansion for Regge trajectories in 1/ k , where k=(D-)/2 and D is the number of spatial dimensions. Bound states for the power-law potential were obtained from Regge trajectories by requiring the angular momentum quantum number to take on positive integer values. For scattering states, we calculated the positions of Regge poles for the Lennard-Jones (6,4) and (12,6) potentials. The results to first order in 1/k were in good agreement with both semiclassical and quantum calculations. The same expansion was used to obtain the positions of Regge poles for complex optical potentials
Analysis of regenerative enthalpy exchangers

Abstract A computationally simple model of a solid desiccant air-to-air enthalpy exchanger is developed. The theory of equilibrium exchange systems is used to establish the operating conditions under which enthalpy exchange between the two flow streams can be accomplished. To achieve maximum enthalpy exchange between the two air streams, the regenerator must be operated at conditions such that neither of the two transfer waves reaches the outlet of the enthalpy exchanger. Comparison with the numerical solution of the coupled equations for finite transfer coefficients shows that the product of two non-dimensional parameters, \ gg, l Λ, must be greater than 1.5 in order to operate the enthalpy exchanger at a point where the enthalpy exchange effectiveness is determined only by the number of transfer units. The case of infinite rotation speed is used as a basis for developing a computationally simple measure of performance. The outlet states are computed using the ϵ- NTU correlations for counterfiow direct transfer heat exchangers. It is found that these correlations are accurate at operating conditions where enthalpy exchange occurs. The predicted outlet states lie, in the case of unity Lewis number, on a straight line connecting the outlet states.
Longitudinal data analysis for generalized linear models with follow‐up dependent on outcome‐related variables

In longitudinal studies, observation times are often irregular and subject-specific. Frequently they are related to the outcome measure or other variables that are associated with the outcome measure but undesirable to condition upon in the model for outcome. Regression analyses that are unadjusted for outcome-dependent follow-up then yield biased estimates. The authors propose a class of inverse-intensity rate-ratio weighted estimators in generalized linear models that adjust for outcome-dependent follow-up. The estimators, based on estimating equations, are very simple and easily computed; they can be used under mixtures of continuous and discrete observation times. The predictors of observation times can be past observed outcomes, cumulative values of outcome-model covariates and other factors associated with the outcome. The authors validate their approach through simulations and they illustrate it using data from a supported housing program from the US federal government. Analyse de donnees longitudinales a l'aide de modeles lineaires generalises quand le suivi est fonction de covariables Dans les etudes longitudinales, les temps d'observation sont souvent irreguliers et varient d'un individu a l'autre. Ils sont frequemment lies a la variable d'interět ou a certaines covariables qu'on peut ne pas vouloir incorporer au modele. Les analyses de regression qui font fi de l'influence des covariables sur le suivi produisent alors des estimations biaisees. Les auteurs proposent une classe d'estimateurs ponderes par l'inverse d'un rapport d'intensite pour des modeles lineaires generalises adaptes a ces circonstances. Les estimateurs, deduits d'equations d'estimation, sont tres simples et faciles a calculer; ils sont valides meme en presence d'un melange de temps d'observations discrets et continus. La prevision des temps d'observation peut s'appuyer sur des evenements observes, des cumuls de covariables ou d'autres facteurs lies a la variable d'interět. Les auteurs valident leur approche par voie de simulations et ils l'illustrent au moyen de donnees portant sur un programme d'aide au logement du Gouvemement federal americain.
Control of Jovian radio emission by Callisto

Galileo has been in orbit around Jupiter since December 1995 and a large database has been collected. We present the results of a survey of the plasma wave data for the frequency range 2.0 MHz to 5.6 MHz, the low frequency decametric (DAM) emissions. While the control of a portion of the radio emission by the moon lo is well known, and Ganymede control has been more recently indicated, we report that a small but significant portion of DAM emission is seen to be correlated with the orbital phase of Callisto. While the occurrence rate of emission controlled by Ganymede and Callisto is considerably less than for lo, the power levels can be nearly the same. We estimate the power of the Callisto-dependent emission to be approx. 70% of the Io-dependent radio emission and about the same as the Ganymede-dependent radio emission. This result indicates an Alfven current system associated with Callisto, and thus a significant interaction of the magnetosphere of Callisto with that of Jupiter as is believed to exist for both lo and Ganymede.
“COI-like” Sequences Are Becoming Problematic in Molecular Systematic and DNA Barcoding Studies

Abstract The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene plays a pivotal role in a global effort to document biodiversity and continues to be a gene of choice in phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. Due to increased attention on this gene as a species' barcode, quality control and sequence homology issues are re-emerging. Taylor and Knouft (2006) attempted to examine gonopod morphology in light of the subgeneric classification scheme within the freshwater crayfish genus Orconectes using COI sequences. However, their erroneous analyses were not only based on supposed mitochondrial sequences but also incorporated many questionable sequences due to the possible presence of numts and manual editing or sequencing errors. In fact, 22 of the 86 sequences were flagged as “COI-like” by GenBank due to the presence of stop codons and indels in what should be the open reading frame of a conservative protein-coding gene. A subsequent search of “COI-like” accessions in GenBank turned up a multitude of taxa across Cr...
Survival of Patients With Unsuspected N2 (Stage IIIA) Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer

Background The objective of this study was to determine the survival of patients who have completely resected, nonsmall-cell, stage IIIA, lung cancer from unsuspected (nonimaged) N2 disease who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study using a prospective database. All patients underwent positron emission tomography scan and computed tomography scan with contrast, R0 resection with complete thoracic lymphadenectomy, and had unsuspected, pathologic N2 NSCLC. Results Between June 1998 and December 2007, there were 148 patients (89 men). The most common pulmonary resection was right upper lobectomy in 67 patients (48%), and the most common lymph node station for unsuspected N2 diseased was 4R. One hundred and thirty-seven patients (93%) received adjuvant chemotherapy and 13% received postoperative radiation as well. The overall 2- and 5-year survivals were 58% and 35%, respectively. The 5-year survival for the 98 patients with single lymph node disease compared with patients with multiple nodal involvement was 40% versus 25%, respectively (p = 0.028). The number of lymph nodes involved (p = 0.032) was an independent predictors of survival on multivariate analysis. Median follow-up was 54 months. Conclusions The 5-year survival of patients with unsuspected N2 disease who undergo complete resection, followed by adjuvant therapy, is 35%. Patients with single station N2 disease fare better. The role for mediastinoscopy, endoscopic esophageal ultrasound with fine-needle aspirate, or endobronchial ultrasound in patients who are negative by positron emission tomography and computed tomography is unknown, since the benefit of neoadjuvant therapy in these patients is also unproven. A randomized study is needed.
Detection of soil surface contaminants by infrared reflection spectroscopy

A benchtop Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and specular reflection accessory have been used to record reflection spectra of several chemical compounds coating a loamy, psamment soil. Unpolarized reflection spectra were recorded between 4600 and 500 cm -1 with a resolution of 4 cm -1 for the compounds dimethyl methylphosphonate, trimethyl phosphate, methylphosphonic acid, 2,2'-thiodiethanol, diazinon, diesel fuel, and ammonium nitrate mixed separately into soil samples with concentrations of 10, 5, and 1 mg of analyte per gram of soil. The soil reflection spectra are compared to liquid or solid transmission spectra of the pure compound and frequency shifts and relative intensity changes for the absorption features are noted. As an example of detection sensitivity, we have estimated that we can detect 300 nanograms of dimethyl methylphosphonate on the surface layer of soil in the focal spot (15 mm 2 ) of the reflection accessory using one of DMMP's C - H stretch modes. The signal-to-noise (peak-to-peak) of this spectral feature under these circumstances would be 3/1. We also estimate that the flux of infrared photons reaching the soil is 1014 photons/sec/cm -1 . We have recorded polarization-resolved reflection spectra of the uncoated soil and coarse and fine grained quartz sands as a function of angle of incidence and reflection and have determined the degree of polarization for light reflected off of these materials at frequencies associated with volume scattering and surface scattering features. As might be expected, the volume scattering features show a significant depolarization of the light - degree of polarization after reflection is 75%. We have also recorded polarization resolved spectra of tributyl phosphate on the soil and found significant differences between the s- and p-polarized spectra. This fact could be used to employ polarization modulation detection to improve detection sensitivity.
Labyrinthine fistula: an unreported complication of the Grote prosthesis.

Objectives: To alert the otological surgeon that labyrinthine fistula is a rare and avoidable complication of the Grote hydroxyapatite ceramic external auditory canal (EAC) prosthesis. The reasons for its causation and strategies to prevent its formation are discussed. Study Design: Case study and retrospective review of the literature. Methods: Labyrinthine fistula that occurred after the use of the Grote hydroxyapatite ceramic EAC prosthesis is presented. The literature is reviewed retrospectively for various methods of reconstruction of the EAC following canal wall down mastoidectomy. Strategies and principles are outlined to avoid complications associated with reconstruction of the mastoid and EAC. Results: The Grote hydroxyapatite (HA) prosthesis is a reliable prosthesis for reconstruction of the external auditory canal (EAC) in the absence of a draining mastoid cavity or cholesteatoma and with adequate soft tissue cover. Contact of the medial end of the prosthesis with the lateral semicircular canal must be avoided. Immobilization or rigid fixation and avoidance of infection are essential for optimal prosthesis stability and osseointegration. Covering the prosthesis with vascularized soft tissue appears to be important for the achievement of a successful reconstruction. Conclusion: The Grote prosthesis is safe and effective provided it does not contact the lateral semicircular canal, is stabilized, and covered by vesicular tissue, in the absence of infection.
Molecular Basis of Neuronal Signaling

A single-channel kinetic model was constructed for both sodium and potassium channels based on the kinetic rate of conformational rearrangement in the channels’ voltage-sensor domains (VSD). The model reproduces observed conducting states of the channels and, more importantly, neural firing as described through the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) equations. The modeling results indicate that neural signaling cast successfully in the form of HH equations can arise from a single sodium / potassium channel pair. The potassium channel gives rise to the (slow) n4 activation in the HH equations; the sodium channel VSDs I-III correspond to the (fast) activation variable m3 in the HH equations, while the sodium channel's VSD IV triggers inactivation with a similar rate as typically associated with the (slow) variable h in the HH equations. The sodium channel structure was constructed by homology modeling. Based on this structure, on sequence alignment and on mutation studies, key residues responsible for the kinetic difference between VSDs I-III and VSD IV can be identified. The results not only provide a linkage between molecular structure and neural firing behavior as seen in solutions of the HH equations, but also connect single ion channel conformational rearrangement with neuron signaling.
The Sodium Hypochlorite Accident: Experience of Diplomates of the American Board of Endodontics

To better understand the etiology associated with sodium hypochlorite accidents, we surveyed diplomates of the American Board of Endodontics. Of the 314 diplomates who responded, 132 reported experiencing a sodium hypochlorite accident. Questions were asked about the age and sex of the patient as well as the tooth being treated, preoperative signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and radiographic appearance. Data were analyzed by chi-square tests. Significantly more women experienced sodium hypochlorite accidents compared with men (p < 0.0001). More maxillary teeth than mandibular teeth (p < 0.0001) and more posterior than anterior teeth (p < 0.0001) were involved. A diagnosis of pulp necrosis with radiographic findings of periradicular radiolucency were positively associated with such accidents (p < 0.0001). Most respondents reported that patient signs and symptoms completely resolved within a month. The occurrence of an accident, by itself, did not adversely affect the endodontic prognosis of the involved tooth. Anatomic variations may contribute significantly to the occurrence of a sodium hypochlorite accident.
Protein adsorption on thermoplastic elastomeric surfaces: A quantitative mass spectrometry study

Abstract Protein interaction with an implant material is the key event for subsequent cell and tissue growth and ultimately determines the biocompatibility of the material. In this study, a dendritic poly(isobutylene- b -styrene) (D_IBS) block copolymer developed for soft tissue engineering was processed with electrospinning and compression molding to create a fibrous mat and a flat surface, respectively. Proteins (insulin, ubiquitin and lysozyme) were incubated with these surfaces at various pH levels, and the protein adsorption capability of the surfaces was quantified using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). A reference material, polystyrene (PS), was processed like the D_IBS polymer to elucidate the influence of surface morphology and polymer chemistry on protein adsorption. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements demonstrated the efficacy of electrospinning to produce fibers with superior surface hydrophobicity and surface area-to-volume ratio, as compared to the flat surfaces obtained by compression molding, which in turn led to a significantly higher protein adsorption performance across all pH levels; the three-dimensionality of the fiber surface also played a role in the increased protein adsorption. Compared to the PS fiber mat, the D_IBS fiber mat surface adsorbed far more proteins, in spite of a lower hydrophobicity (based on WCA data), due to the segregation of a thin polyisobutylene (PIB) layer to the fiber surface. Protein adsorption was also found to depend on the protein's isoelectric point (pI). Binding affinity peaked at a pH close to the pI, at which the protein carries no net charge and, thus, can maximize hydrophobic interactions with the surface; at a lower or higher pH, proteins become charged, shielding off their hydrophobic sites and limiting hydrophobic interactions with a surface. The size and hydrophobicity of a protein also affected the binding to a surface; insulin, the smallest molecule with the highest proportion of hydrophobic amino acids, was adsorbed in larger quantities than the bigger and more hydrophilic lysozyme.
Dietary agents in cancer prevention: an immunological perspective

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in the United States. Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiations is believed to be the primary cause for skin cancer. Excessive UV radiation can lead to genetic mutations and damage in the skin's cellular DNA that in turn can lead to skin cancer. Lately, chemoprevention by administering naturally occurring non-toxic dietary compounds has proven to be a potential strategy to prevent the occurrence of tumors. Attention has been drawn toward several natural dietary agents such as resveratrol, one of the major components found in grapes, red wines, berries and peanuts, proanthocyanidins from grape seeds, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea, etc. However, the effect these dietary agents have on the immune system and the immunological mechanisms involved therein are still being explored. In this review, we shall focus on the role of key chemopreventive agents on various immune cells and discuss their potential as antitumor agents with an immunological perspective.
Parameter sensitivity study of the saline circulation

Saline circulation forced by fresh water alone is studied for a broad region of parameter space by varying the amplitude and profile of evaporation minus precipitation, the vertical and horizontal mixing of salt, vertical and horizontal dissipation of momentum, and the horizontal resolution. The model is a modified Bryan-Cox model with a freshwater flux as the natural boundary condition for the salinity balance. For a model forced by a linear freshwater flux profile, as the amplitude of freshwater flux is increased from 0.01 m year −1 to 1 m year−1 with other parameters fixed, the system evolves from a steady state of no oscillation to a state of periodic oscillation whose frequency increases almost linearly with the amplitude of freshwater flux. When the freshwater flux is fixed and the vertical mixing coefficient is increased from 0.5 to 2.5 cm2s−1, the system evolves from a steady state to a state of single-period oscillation, chaotic, a single period, and finally to a chaotic state when the vertical mixing coefficient is larger than 2 cm2 s−1. One set of numerical experiments forced by a cosine shape of freshwater flux clearly reveals the transition from a state of single period oscillation to period doubling, period quadrupling, and a state of chaotic oscillation. Simple scaling analysis and numerical experiments indicate that the strength of the meridional overturning increases with the square-root of the vertical mixing and the 1/4 power of the freshwater flux. The mean sea surface salinity (deviation from 35 psu) increases with the 3/4 power of the freshwater flux and decreases with the 1/2 power of the vertical salt mixing.
Soil Structure and Fluid Interaction Assessment of New Modular Reactor: Part 2 — Numerical Study of Soil Reactor Structure Interaction

To meet the growing demand of affordable power, several designs of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which will be installed below-grade, have been proposed by the nuclear industry. The containment vessels of these reactors will be under water. During a seismic event, these reactors will experience a complex soil (ground)-structure (SMR)-fluid (water) interaction that can affect the integrity of the system. Each of these reactors uses a seismic damping or isolation system to protect its important to safety structures, systems, and components from a design-basis earthquake. Designers of these damping/isolation systems need to have a thorough understanding of the complex soil-structure-fluid interactions to ensure the adequacy of the isolation system. In addition, regulators need to understand these interactions to evaluate the safety of such installations and systems.This study was initiated to understand the complexities in modeling facility responses that may accompany a design-basis earthquake. The ability to model these complexities is important to designers and regulators. It was recognized that a three-way coupled approach that can satisfactorily model the unique dynamic characteristics of soil surrounding the reactor, the reactor structure, and fluid contained within the reactor is not available. As a first step in understanding the complex interaction phenomena, a sequential coupling approach was adopted in this study. It was assumed that the feedback loop (such as structural deformation affecting ground motion and sloshing) has limited influence because of the high inertia of the massive structure. The general-purpose geological continuum package FLAC was used to simulate the propagation of earthquake-generated ground motion. The fluid analysis was conducted using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package ANSYS-FLUENT. This paper briefly discusses the modeling techniques used in soil-structure and structure-fluid interaction analyses. Using a strong motion earthquake record, the ground acceleration at the base of the SMR was calculated and used as input to the CFD analysis of fluid motion inside the structure.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ideological Interpretations of Presidential Elections

This article presents a new way to define and measure the ideological sentiments of the mass electorate. Citizens are classified in terms of their evaluations and perceptions of liberals and conservatives. The measure is then used to assess the impact of ideology on the 1972 and 1976 presidential elections, to explore citizens' applications of ideological labels to parties, issues, and presidential candidates, and to describe the relationship between ideology and the potential for party realignment as well as meanings of issue voting.Although many Americans use ideological labels in ways that suggest only a partial understanding of the terms and their implications, those labels have political significance for their political attitudes and election-day decisions.
Neurotransmitter Release from Semi-intact Synaptosomes

Abstract We have developed a secretion assay composed of semi-intact synaptosomes from which transmitter release is optimally evoked by micromolar Ca 2+ in the presence of cytosol. Transmitter release from this preparation reconstitutes known characteristics of regulated exocytosis and is accompanied by a marked decrease in synaptic vesicles. The assay is useful in characterizing the components known to be involved in transmitter release, and should also facilitate the identification of additional factors that are important for this process.
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 185

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A=185 are presented together with the relevant level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reaction studies. A recent observation (92Sc01) of pure E0 transitions in 185Pt (which are rare in odd-A nuclei) constitutes new evidence for the coexistence of prolate and near spherical shapes in this nucleus. All new, as well as, revised data have been incorporated into the ENSDF file; please note, however, that data sets which are not published here may, nevertheless, have been revised in the current ENSDF file. This publication for A=185 may be used jointly with the previous (full) publication (E. Browne, Nuclear Data Sheets58, 441 (1989) (89Br28), cutoff date September 1988).
Scintiangiographic demonstration of bleeding into a wrist ganglion

Scintiangiography with delayed static scintiphotos may be used to demonstrate bleeding. Bleeding into a traumatic ganglion of the wrist was demonstrated by this technique following failure of conventional contrast arteriography. Scintiangiography with delayed scintiphotography is now performed in any case in which bleeding is suspected.
Limits on Support Recovery of Sparse Signals via Multiple-Access Communication Techniques

In this paper, we consider the problem of exact support recovery of sparse signals via noisy linear measurements. The main focus is finding the sufficient and necessary condition on the number of measurements for support recovery to be reliable. By drawing an analogy between the problem of support recovery and the problem of channel coding over the Gaussian multiple-access channel (MAC), and exploiting mathematical tools developed for the latter problem, we obtain an information-theoretic framework for analyzing the performance limits of support recovery. Specifically, when the number of nonzero entries of the sparse signal is held fixed, the exact asymptotics on the number of measurements sufficient and necessary for support recovery is characterized. In addition, we show that the proposed methodology can deal with a variety of models of sparse signal recovery, hence demonstrating its potential as an effective analytical tool.
NMR investigation of the behavior of an organothiophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos, sorbed on soil components.

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) was used to follow the decomposition of chlorpyrifos (an organothiophosphate pesticide) adsorbed on soil, humic acid, partially hydrated kaolin clay, and partially hydrated montmorillonite clay at high concentration (typically 2−10 wt %). Solid-state 31P NMR (using magic-angle spinning and cross polarization or direct polarization) and liquid-solution 31P NMR of DMSO and acetone extracts indicate that chlorpyrifos is initially physisorbed, appearing by solid-state 31P NMR to exhibit significant motion on the molecular level, which results in almost liquidlike solid-state spectra. Over periods ranging from hours to years, the signals due to unreacted chlorpyrifos sorbed on the clays diminish and are replaced by new 31P NMR peaks resulting from hydrolysis, isomerization, mineralization, and oxidation reactions. The 31P NMR signal characteristics indicate that these decomposition products are much more tightly bound to the clay than is chlorpyrifos. Solid-st...
Protective effect of the pteroylpolyglutamates and phosphate on the proteolytic inactivation of thymidylate synthetase.

Abstract Thymidylate synthetase is readily inactivated by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase A when incubated in 10–20 m m potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The loss is activity produced by trypsin and chymotrypsin is accomplished by extensive protein degradation, while inactivation by carboxypeptidase A is accompanied by release of the carboxyl-terminal valine only (Aull et al. , 1974, J. Biol. Chem. , 249 , 1167–1172). In contrast, when the incubations are conducted in 100–200 m m potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), the synthetase is not inactivated by any of the three enzymes and the results of amino acid analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis demonstrate that proteolysis is prevented. The resistance of thymidylate synthetase to inactivation was shown not to be due to the inhibition of the proteolytic enzymes by the buffer. The inactivation is not prevented either by pteroyl mono glutamates or by 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-phosphate (dUMP) alone, but the presence of both is partially protective. The pteroyl poly glutamates, however, offer limited protection against carboxypeptidase A and chymotrypsin; in combination with dUMP, proteolytic inactivation of the snythetase by all three enzymes is prevented. Characterization of the properties of carboxypeptidase A-inactivated thymidylate synthetase reveals the following, (i) The binding of deoxynucleotides is unaltered, but the binding of a variety of pteroylpolyglutamate derivatives is reduced or abolished, (ii) Pteroylpolyglutamates are bound provided dUMP or an analog such as 5-fluorodUMP is present, (iii) Ternary complex formation between carboxypeptidase A-inactivated enzyme and (+)5,10-methylenetetrahydropteroyltetraglutamate plus 5-fluorodUMP occurs in the same molar binding ratio (1:2:2) at saturation as with the native enzyme, but differs from the native enzyme ternary complex in that the dissociation constant for 5-fluorodUMP is increased by approximately 10 5 . In addition, there is no evidence for the formation of covalent linkages between the ligands and enzyme, (iv) The treated enzyme cannot catalyze tritium release from [ 3 H 5 ]dUMP in the presence of either (+)5,10-methylenepteroylmonoglutamate or (+)5,10-methylenetetrahydropteroyltetraglutamate.
Investigation of the sequence distribution of bulk and emulsion styrene–acrylic acid copolymers by 1H- and 13C-NMR

The sequence distribution of homogeneous styrene (S)–acrylic acid (A) copolymers, obtained by low conversion (<10%) bulk copolymerization, has been studied by 1H- and 13C-NMR. The reactivity ratios ra and rs were determined by the Kelen–Tudos method. The sequence distributions at the triad level were assigned and verified by Alfrey–Mayo kinetics. The sequence distributions of emulsion copolymers formed at different reaction conversions were investigated and compared with the results obtained from bulk copolymers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cocaine, Loin Pain, and Renal Vein Thrombosis

We report an unusual renal complication of cocaine abuse in a young man who developed loin pain, renal vein thrombosis, and acute renal failure. Cocaine abuse should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis in young adults.
Sensitivity of a peptide-activated neuron in Aplysia to serotonin and cyclic AMP-relevant agents

Abstract 1. Serotonin depolarized Aplysia buccal motoneuron B16. The response could be obtained in high-magnesium/low-calcium medium, indicating a direct effect on B16 and supporting a putative monosynaptic input to B16 from the serotonergic metacerebral neurons. 2. Similar depolarizing effects in high-magnesium/low-calcium medium were obtained in response to 8-bromo cyclic AMP. isobutylmethylxanthine, theophylline and forskolin. 3. Tolbutamide, a putative inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, blocked or reversed responses of B16 to egg-laying hormone containing extracts and to serotonin. 4. Serotonin and forskolin significantly increased the cyclic AMP content of buccal ganglia, whereas egg-laying hormone-containing extracts did not.
TOR Regulation: Sorting out the Answers

Components involved in vesicle trafficking processes such as secretion, endocytosis, and autophagy are gaining recognition as important regulators and effectors of target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. A recent report by now implicates Pmr1, a secretory pathway Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) ATPase located in the Golgi apparatus, as a novel regulator of TOR and its downstream targets in yeast.
Tobacco and Cancer: Approaches Using Carcinogen Biomarkers and Chemoprevention

Tobacco products are the leading cause of avoidable cancer death in the U.S., accounting for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths. While avoidance of tobacco and smoking cessation are clearly the best way to decrease tobacco-related cancer, these approaches have not been uniformly successful. Approximately 25% of the U.S. population over 18 years of age smokes cigarettes, while 6% use smokeless tobacco products; these figures have not changed markedly in recent years. Our approach toward the tobacco and cancer problem is based on an understanding of the carcinogens in tobacco smoke. These carcinogens form the link between nicotine addiction and cancer. In this paper, two strategies for cancer prevention--the development of carcinogen-derived biomarkers and chemopreventive agents--are discussed. Carcinogen-derived biomarkers can provide specific information on individual metabolic activation and detoxification of tobacco carcinogens. This information can be used to assess individual risk for cancer development upon exposure to tobacco products. Chemopreventive agents can be targeted against the important carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Isothiocyanates, strong inhibitors of lung cancer development by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, are discussed as an example of this approach.
A systematized interdisciplinary nutritional care plan results in improved clinical outcomes

Abstract Objective This study investigated identification and treatment of patients at-risk for malnutrition and extended inpatient length of stay. Design Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records for a period of 6 months. The records were reviewed for (1) adherence to RD recommendation, (2) decreasing serum albumin during hospital stay, (3) length of hospital stay, (4) readmission within 30 days, (5) age, (6) gender, (7) past medical history, (8) primary and secondary diagnoses, (9) the presence or absence of a diet order and (10) medications. Subjects and participants Medical records were reviewed for diagnoses associated with nutrition-related complications. Patient's records were excluded for length of stay less than 4 days, or in-hospital death. Results The mean LOS was 10 days shorter when the advice was followed ( p = 0.0074). Conclusions Patients at high nutritional risk have a shorter LOS and have fewer complications when the RD advice is followed.
Does a warning signal accelerate the processing of sensory information? Evidence from recognition potential responses to high and low frequency words

Abstract Electrophysiological and behavioral data were obtained in 12 subjects who detected valid words in a background stream of random letter strings. Behavioral reaction time (RT) showed significant effects of warning signal presentation and the frequency of word usage in printed literature. Cross-correlation functions were used to estimate delays of electrophysiological responses. The critical response was the recognition potential (RP). The RP is a response of the brain that occurs when a person views recognizable images, such as words, pictures, or faces. Its latency is usually less than 300 ms. Both the RP and longer latency activity occurring at approximately 400–600 ms were delayed more for low than for high frequency words. The longer latency responses showed shorter delay if a warning signal was presented, but the RP did not. The results supported the idea that a non-informative warning signal decreases RT by altering response-related processes without facilitating sensory processes.
MECHANISM OF MILL‐ADDED OPACITY IN PORCELAIN ENAMELS*

The microscopic appearance of sheet-iron, white cover enamels indicates that mill-added opacifiers function principally as layers between the frit particles and do not diffuse well into the enamel. This explains the reasons why (1) mill-added opacifiers do not continue to increase reflectance when added in large quantities, (2) increased fineness of milling aids reflectance, (3) extreme fineness of opacifiers is necessary, and (4) transparent glassy frits appear mottled with mill-added opacifiers. From these observations it is evident that increased reflectance of enamels originates in the frit or is brought about either by finer milling or by better diffusion of mill-added opacifiers.
Pubertal Development and Peer Influence on Risky Decision Making.

Adolescents engage in more risky behavior when they are with peers and show, on average, heightened susceptibility to peer influence relative to children and adults. However, individual differences in susceptibility to peer influence are not well understood. The current study examined whether the effect of peers on adolescents’ risky decision making was moderated by pubertal status. Participants (58 youth, ages 11-16, 50% male, 63.9% African American) completed a computerized measure of risky decision making, once alone and once in the presence of two peers. Pubertal status was assessed using self-report. Adolescents made riskier decisions in the presence of peers, and more advanced pubertal development predicted greater risky decision making, controlling for chronological age. The effect of peer presence on risky decision making was attenuated for adolescents with more advanced pubertal development. These findings suggest that the presence of peers may override biologically based individual differences i...