cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Stability of Bovine Milk Immunoglobulins and Their Ability to Bind Lactococci as Determined by an ELISA

Immunoglobulins obtained from bovine colostrum were heat treated at 70, 75, 80 and 85°C for 0-90 min. An ELISA was developed to determine the susceptibility of lactococci to bind heat treated IgG, IgM and IgA. IgA was the most heat sensitive of the immunoglobulins. Treatment at 80°C for 25 min completely inactivated IgA as evidenced by the inability of lactococci to bind IgA. IgM was completely inactivated upon heating to 85°C for 20 min whereas IgG was completely inactivated at 85°C after 30 min. Laser Scanning Microscopy verified results with ELISA. Severe thermal treatment is needed to reduce immunogenicity of bovine milk to prevent lactococcal agglutination.
Laboratory produced visible spectral emission features correlate with those of the Red Rectangle

Warren-Smith et al.1 and Schmidt et al.2 have obtained peculiar optical spectra of the Red Rectangle, which is a nebula centred on the star HD44179 that possesses the geometry of a hollow biconical shape with the star at the apex. This is also the source of IR emission features at 3.3, 6.2 and 7.7 µm (refs 3, 4). Warren-Smith et al.1 report the presence of R-type band-like features, characterized by a profile of sharp rise from shorter wavelengths and a gradual degradation to the red, occurring at λ5,779, 5,855, 5,880 and 6,615, with the first two and the last being the most intense. They attribute the origin of these emissions to unsaturated carbon molecules or carbynes. I report here that matrix isolation experiments directed towards understanding the origin of the diffuse interstellar bands also show spectral emission features having characteristics similar to those found in the visible spectrum of the Red Rectangle nebulosity. These experiments suggest that the observed Red Rectangle emissions have their origins in fluorescence phenomena of species that are matrix-isolated in grain mantles.
EMTALA: a clearer road in the future?

Abstract The concept of indigent emergency care has been with us since the 1940s. Congress felt that hospitals were avoiding their responsibilities to provide this care, putting patient’s lives at risk. In response, the Emergency Medical Treatment and [Active] Labor Act (EMTALA), a stricter anti-dumping law, was passed in 1986. Subsequent revisions of these rules have extended the reach of the emergency department’s responsibility far beyond its traditional role and have had unintended consequences. Recent modifications of EMTALA may bring the rules more in line with their original intent.
Multiple scattering and the BGK Boltzmann equation

A multiple scattering formalism is developed for the BGK Boltzmann equation. The formalism is equivalent to constructing the Neumann series for the corresponding integral equation. By using Laplace and Fourier transform methods, the distribution of unscattered particles f0, and the distribution of particles that have undergone n-scatters, fn (n≥1), are determined for the initial value problem in a uniform background medium. The relationship between the Green function solutions obtained by Fedorov and Shakhov (Fedorov Yu I and Shakhov B A 1993 Proc. 23rd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Calgary) vol 3 p 215), Kota (Kota J 1994 Astrophys. J. 427 1035) and Fedorov et al (Fedorov Yu I et al Astron. Astrophys. 302 623-34), in studies of coherent and diffusive transport of energetic charged particles in the interplanetary medium and the multiple scattering series is elucidated. The multiple scattering approach yields results on the number of particles that have done n-scatters (n≥1). This information is not accessible in the Green function solutions given by Fedorov and Shakhov and Fedorov et al in references given above.
SOME REMARKS ON THE ALGEBRA OF EDDINGTON'S E NUMBERS

This paper reviews the algebra of Eddington'sE numbers and identifies those points where Eddington anticipated results of current interest. He discovered the Majorana spinors, and was responsible for the standard γ 5 notation as well as the notion of chirality. Furthermore, Eddington defined Clifford algebras in eight and nine dimensions which are now appearing in grand unified gauge and supersymmetric theories. A point which Eddington cleared up, yet is still misunderstood, is that the Dirac algebra corresponds to afive-dimensional base space.
Ethnography of language policy

While theoretical conceptualizations of language policy have grown increasingly rich, empirical data that test these models are less common. Further, there is little methodological guidance for those who wish to do research on language policy interpretation and appropriation. The ethnography of language policy is proposed as a method which makes macro–micro connections by comparing critical discourse analyses of language policy with ethnographic data collection in some local context. A methodological heuristic is offered to guide data collection and sample data are presented from the School District of Philadelphia. It is argued that critical conceptualizations of educational language policy should be combined with empirical data collection of policy appropriation in educational settings.
A Comparison of Methods to Deteet Adulteration in Natural Products Under a Restricted Alternative

Multivariate statistical tests used to assess purity of natural food products, such as fruit juices, do not assume prior knowledge about the most likely causes of adulteration. We describe a likelihood ratio test that has a directional alternate hypothesis so that prior knowlege about the most likely method of adulteration can be utilized. Critical regions for this statistic are based on a nonparametric tolerance interval, which makes it insensitive to an assumption of multivariate normality. This new test is compared to two tests currently used for identifying adulterated samples. It is shown that the new test will have increased power relative to the other tests in the direction of the predicted adulteration.
Hypertension in elderly patients.

Abstract Purpose:To synthesize and analyze new information on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of hypertension in the elderly to guide physicians making treatment decisions. Data I...
Immunosuppression associated with visceral leishmaniasis of hamsters.

Summary Immunosuppression was demonstrated during the course of Leishmania donovani infection of outbred and inbred hamsters. Proliferative responses of splenic lymphocytes to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) and to promastigote antigens were used as indicators of immune responsiveness. Although splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses to parasite antigens were demonstrable 3 weeks after challenge, antigen specific lymphocyte responses diminished as the infection progressed. Two types of immunosuppression were demonstrable. The first was a non-specific anergy of splenic lymphocytes to Con A stimulation. Thus, spleen cells from infected animals did not actively suppress the Con A responses of normal lymphocytes in mixed cultures. A second immunosuppression mechanism, specific for leishmania antigens was mediated by a nylon wool non-adherent cell population. The suppressor, tentatively identified as a T cell population, inhibited the proliferation of parasite antigen sensitized responder lymphocytes in mixed culture. Elimination of the parasite burden by glucantime therapy restored responsiveness of lymphocytes to parasite antigens. Con A responses, however, remained suppressed 1 week after drug cure.
Characterization of the Initial Steps in the Reductive Dehalogenation Catalyzed by Tetrachlorohydroquinone Dehalogenase

Tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase catalyzes the reductive dehalogenation of tetrachlorohydroquinone and trichlorohydroquinone during the degradation of pentachlorophenol by Sphingbium chlorophenolicum. Remarkably, the same active site catalyzes the glutathione-dependent isomerization of a double bond in maleylacetone (an analogue of maleylacetoacetate and maleylpyruvate) [Anandarajah, K. et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 5303−5311]. The mechanism of the initial steps in the reaction has been probed using the C13S mutant enzyme, which catalyzes the reaction only to the point at which Cys13 is required. The reaction proceeds by a rapid equilibrium random sequential kinetic mechanism. Substrate analogues that lack a second hydroxyl group cannot be turned over to products, although they can bind to the active site. The rate of the reaction is strongly influenced by the number of electron-withdrawing substituents on the substrate. These findings are consistent with a mechanism that begins with ketonization of ...
MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF VAPOR-SPACE CONDENSATION OF REFRIGERANTS ON TRAPEZOIDAL-FINNED AND TURBO-C GEOMETRIES

This paper reports vapor-space condensation heat transfer measurements for R123, R134a, and R245fa for the integral trapezoidal fin, and the Turbo-CII geometries on vertical plates. The data consisted of heat flux and wall temperature difference measurements. Condensation heat transfer measurements on a smooth plate agreed well with both measurements and predictions from the literature. Overall, the heat transfer performance of the three refrigerants on the trapezoidal fin was within approximately 8 kW/m of one another. Similarly, the condensation heat flux for R134a and R245fa on the Turbo-CII was within approximately 18 kW/m of each other, while the heat flux of R123 on the Turbo-CII was between 10 and 80 kW/m less than that of R245fa. An existing finned tube condensation model was modified to be expressed in terms of the gradient of the condensate curvature with respect to the length of the liquid–vapor interface. Curvature gradients for the two surfaces were developed that, when substituted into the modified model, predicted the present measured driving temperature differences for the trapezoidal fin and the Turbo-CII to within 0.4 and 1.2 K, respectively, for all measurements except for R123 on the Turbo-CII surface. With the aid of the curvature gradients, simple models were developed to predict the performance of the trapezoidal, low-finned tube, and the Turbo-C tube. The heat flux to the low-finned tube and the Turbo-C tube were predicted to within 10% and 15%, respectively, of the measured values from the literature for four different fluids.
Determination of ion-exchange equilibrium parameters of amino acid and protein systems by an impulse response technique

Abstract The application of an impulse technique to determine the Langmuir isotherm parameters of amino acids and proteins in ion-exchange chromatography is described. The ion-exchange column is approximated as many stages in series. Within each stage. the mass transfer rate of a given solute between mobile and stationary phases is finite. Responses to pulse and step changes are calculated using a fast and stable algorithm. The equilibrium parameters are estimated by comparing the responses with the experimental data. The sensitivity of the response with respect to equilibrium and mass transfer parameters was studied. The accuracy of estimation of the equilibrium parameters depends strongly on the pulse volume and pulse concentration. A methodology for selecting the proper pulse parameters was developed and successfully used to determine the equilibrium parameters of phenylalanine and bovine serum albumin. The stage model represents pulse data as closely as a more detailed rate equation model while requiring two orders of magnitude less computation time. This technique offers a fast alternative to the conventional batch equilibrium and frontal analysis methods for determining equilibrium isotherms. The impulse technique requires fewer laboratory manipulations than the batch method and, as a result, the data are less scattered. More important, it requires only 1% as much substrate as batch methods and is of value in estimating the equilibrium parameters of costly biochemicals.
Attractiveness, attentiveness, and perceived male shortage: Their influence on perceptions of other females

Abstract In two related studies we examined women's perceptions of each other. In the first study we hypothesized that subjects' perceptions of two women would be a function of their relative physical attractiveness, and the extent to which a male was interacting with them. Female subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups; each group saw one photograph, and subjects were asked to describe what was occuring in it, and then completed a questionnaire. The "other woman" in the photos was alone, was either provocatively made-up or not, and was either conversing or not conversing with a man in the presence of his female companion. When the "other woman" was dressed provocatively, she was more disliked than when she was dressed casually, especially if she was depicted talking to another woman's companion. In the second study women and men were asked about their responses to the film "Fatal Attraction," in which a single woman sought to take a married man away from his wife. Single women who were concerned about a "male shortage" were more likely to have seen the film. Both women and men disliked the "other woman" and identified with the wife, and women frequently disliked the husband.
Relationship between excision repair and the cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of the 'anti' 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene in human cells.

Abstract The cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of (±)-7 β ,8 α -dihydroxy-9 α ,10 α -epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[ a ]pyrene (anti BPDE) in normally excision diploid human cells treated just prior to onset of S was compared with that of cells allowed ∼ 16 h for excision repair before onset of S and with that observed in excision-deficient serodema pigmentosum (SP12BE) cells. The cells were synchronized by release from density inhibition of cell replication. DNA synthesis began ∼ 22 h after the cells were plated at lower density (i.e., 1.4 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 ). The frequency of thioguanine-resistant mutants induced in normal cells treated just prior to onset of S was ∼ 12- to 16-fold higher than that observed in cells treated in early G 1 or treated in G 0 (confluence) and then plated at lower density. The frequency approximated that expected for XP12BE cells from extrapolation of data obtained at lower doses. The frequency of mutants measured in normal cells treated in exponential growth was also much higher than that in the cells treated in early G 1 or in G 0 , No such difference could be seen in XP12BE cells treated in exponential growth or in G 0 . In contrast to the mutagenicity data in the normal cells, there was no significant difference in the slope of the survival curve of normal cells treated at various times prior to S phase at low densities. However, normal cells treated even at the onset of S exhibited survival equal to XP12BE cells give a 4- to 5-fold lower dose. The data support the hypothesis that DNA synthesis is the cellular event which converts unexcised DNA lesions into mutations. However, they indicate that S is not the event primarily responsible for translating DNA damage into cell death. Accompanying studies on the rate of excision of anti BPDE adducts from the normal cells during the period priot to S support the conclusions.
Parallel play in medical anthropology and medical sociology

In recent years, the disciplinary emphasis in the social sciences has been challenged, but barriers remain to multidisciplinary discourse. Scholars may examine similar problems or even use the same concepts, and neglect or overlook the work in sister disciplines. Developmental psychologists have identified a stage in child development called parallel play, characterized by children playing side-by-side but not interacting with one another. This article employs parallel play as a metaphor to describe the relationship between medical anthropology and medical sociology. Using recent Medical Anthropology Quarterly articles on “medicalization” and “the experience of illness” as illustrations, this article analyzes the causes and consequences of this disciplinary parallelism and suggests a rationale and mechanism of moving beyond this stage.
Characterization of anodic oxide coatings on aluminum by tribostimulated exoemission

Abstract It has been well established that during the tensile elongation of metals coated with anodic oxide films, negatively charged particles are emitted from the oxide, an effect referred to as tribostimulated exoemission. We have measured this emission from a variety of oxide layers on aluminum clad A1 2024 and established emperical relations between the characteristic exoemission curve (CEC) and the oxide properties. Changes in the oxide due to variation of key parameters during anodization, oxide age (time between anodization and testing), and sealing time (time immersed in boiling water following anodization) all resulted in noticeable changes in the CEC. Our data indicate that the CEC of an oxide-substrate system could serve as a sensitive indicator of deviations from a desired oxide layer.
Changes in Heart Period, Heart Period Variability, and a Spectral Analysis Estimate of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmias During Aortic Nerve Stimulation in Rabbits

Changes in heart period, heart period variance (HPV), and the respiratory component of HPV were examined during enhanced negative chronotropic influences on the heart produced by aortic depressor nerve (ADN) stimulation in urethane anesthetized rabbits. Spectral analysis was used to quantify the respiratory component of HPV, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). The statistic derived from spectral analysis which describes RSA, V, has been proposed to be sensitive to vagal influences on the heart. Stimulation of the ADN significantly increased V, heart period, and HPV. However, unlike V and heart period, HPV values remained elevated following the end of stimulation. Propranolol administration did not alter the magnitude of the evoked increase in V, heart period, or HPV. In contrast, administration of atropine abolished the increases due to stimulation in all three measures. Heart period exhibited a monotonic relationship with stimulation current intensity. This relationship disappeared after propranolol administration suggesting sympathetic mediation. The results suggest that V is sensitive to manipulations of vagal influences on the heart. In addition, V often responds in a different manner from heart period and HPV.
Neural mechanisms of common significance in clinical medicine and prosthodontia

Abstract 1. The neural mechanisms of common interest in clinical medicine and prosthodontia involve, chiefly the functions of mastication, deglutition, and phonation. 2. The sensory components of the reflex arc are somatic exteroceptors and proprioceptors that course mainly in the trigeminal nerve but may also course in the somatic branches of the seventh, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves—the so-called “vestigeal lateral line” nerves. All somatic exteroceptors terminate in the trigeminospinal nucleus. The proprioceptors of the masticator muscles terminate in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. 3. Visceral sensory impulses for taste and general sensation course within the seventh, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves and terminate in the nucleus solitarius. 4. A clinically important pain pathway follows the perivascular nerve plexuses of the arteries and the sympathetic trunk. It connects with the spinal cord by way of the white rami communicantes of the upper four thoracic nerves. 5. Reflex stations between the sensory and motor limbs of the reflex arc are located at the lower spinal cord or brain stem levels, at the thalamus, and at the cortex. 6. Efferent pathways pass from the brain stem through the special visceral motor fibers of the primordial gill arch nerves, trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves and by the hypoglossal and upper cervical spinal nerves. The effectors are motor end plates that are distributed through the gill arch and functionally related somatic musculature. The muscles of mastication, the facial musculature, and the musculature of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx are all gill arch muscles. Closely related somatic musculature is that which moves the tongue and fixes the hyoid bone. 7. The biologic basis for the phonation-deglutition technique of determining the rest position prior to registration has been considered from the phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and clinical anatomic viewpoint. 8. The functional pathology of motor and vasomotor imbalance within the organs of mastication, deglutition and phonation was considered from the viewpoint of compensatory mechanisms and with special reference to the general adaptation syndrome.
Role of Organic Cation Transporter 1, OCT1 in the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of cis-Diammine(pyridine)chloroplatinum(II) and Oxaliplatin in Mice

Purpose The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that by controlling intracellular uptake, organic cation transporter 1, Oct1 is a key determinant of the disposition and toxicity of cis-diammine(pyridine)chloroplatinum(II)(CDPCP) and oxaliplatin.
A new nonlinear finite fault inversion with three-dimensional Green's functions: Application to the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake

[1] We present a new procedure to invert for kinematic source parameters on a finite fault. On the basis of the reciprocity relation of the Green's functions, we use a newly developed fourth-order viscoelastic finite-difference algorithm to calculate three-dimensional (3-D) Green's functions (actually the tractions) on the fault. We invert the data for the unknown source parameters at the nodes (or corners) of the subfaults. The source parameters within a subfault area are allowed to vary; this variation is calculated through bilinear interpolation of the four nodal quantities. We have developed a global nonlinear inversion algorithm that is based on simulated annealing methods to solve efficiently for the nodal parameters. We apply this method to the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, M 6.9 earthquake for both a 1-D and 3-D velocity structure. We show (1) the bilinear interpolation technique reduces the dependence of inversion results on the subfault size by naturally including the effects of nearby subfaults. (2) While the number of synthetic seismograms that must be computed is greatly increased by the bilinear interpolation, the structure of the inversion method minimizes the actual numbers of computations. (3) As expected, complexity in the velocity structure is mapped into the source parameters that describe the rupture process; there are significant differences between faulting models derived from 1-D and 3-D structural models.
Academic Advising and First-Generation College Students: A Quantitative Study on Student Retention

For this quantitative study, we used a multiple logistic regression technique to investigate the relationship between the number of meetings with an academic advisor and retention of first-generati...
Effects of Medicaid drug utilization review intervention letters

Abstract The state of Texas Drug Utilization Review (DUR) Board, composed of six physicians and six pharmacists, meets quarterly to determine criteria for implementing retrospective DUR. The board agreed to send intervention letters to physicians concurrently prescribing: (1) two histamine 2 (H 2 )-antagonists (H 2 As) or (2) either any H 2 A or omeprazole with sucralfate. To measure the effect of these intervention letters, approximately half of these physicians were randomly chosen to receive a letter while the others served as a control group and did not receive letters. This project focused on the H 2 A or omeprazole with sucralfate intervention letters in a two-step process. Data on concurrent therapy involving two H 2 As were analyzed separately and these results are not included in this report. Objective one was to examine feedback from the physicians who received the letters, and objective two was to review and compare patient profiles 6 months after the letters were sent. Analysis of Medicaid prescription claims indicated that 190 physicians had concurrently prescribed either an H 2 A or omeprazole with sucralfate for 222 patients. Ninety-seven physicians (from 117 identified patient profiles) were selected to receive an intervention letter with their patient's profile or profiles, a response form, and a stamped envelope addressed to the Texas Department of Human Services. A 67.5% response rate was obtained. Of these responses, 49.4% agreed with the letter and 29.1% disagreed with the letter. The remaining indicated responses such as "not my patient," they were no longer seeing the patient, or that they did not prescribe the medication in question. Results of objective two indicated that 57.9% of the experimental group and 75.3% of the control were still receiving H 2 A or omeprazole with sucralfate concurrent therapy after the 6-month postintervention observation period. This statistically significant reduction ( P = 0.011) in the percentage of patients receiving concurrent therapy for the experimental group, when compared with the control group, along with the high physician response rate and moderately high agreement rate, indicate that intervention letters are an appropriate way to inform physicians of potentially inappropriate prescribing.
Flow through coated and non-coated coronary stented arteries: an overview

This paper reviews the recent literature (2005–2013) on stent applications and their advancement since recent controversies. The objective of this paper is to compare flow characteristics under various arterial conditions. It also includes a comparison of stent geometries to determine hemodynamically favourable stents. In spite of many advantages, Bare Metal Stents (BMS) are found to be unfavourable due to revascularisation and studies on stents, based on flow and design, recommend coatings of stent. In comparison with BMS, coated stents proved to be more effective resulting in a low hyperemic transstent gradient of about 1.2–8.1 mmHg. Most of the metal coatings have less fluoroscopic visibility and low tensile strengths which led to the study of drugeluting stents. The drug-eluting stents control restenosis and target vessel revascularisation by 83–91%, but are limited by co-morbidities. Biodegradable stents, on the other hand, inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and a decrease in neointimal proliferation. At present, research on polymer, carbon and biodegradable stents are actively pursued in improving stent therapy through better design.
Long-term outcomes of pediatric ocular myasthenia gravis.

Purpose To review the presenting signs, therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes of purely ocular myasthenia gravis in a preadolescent population treated primarily with pyridostigmine bromide. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Twenty-one consecutive patients younger than 12 years with purely ocular myasthenia gravis at initial presentation. Methods The clinical charts were reviewed retrospectively. Main Outcome Measures Time to generalization, stabilization, or resolution; prism cover test results; and visual acuity. Results Median age at onset was 26 months. The mean duration of follow-up was 6.5 years (range, 2–15). Presenting signs included ptosis (95%), strabismus (76%), limitation of ductions (17%), and Cogan's lid twitch (76%). The most common form of strabismus was exotropia. Pyridostigmine monotherapy was the initial treatment for all patients. Corticosteroids were added to the therapy for 6 patients. Generalization to systemic disease occurred in 3 patients. Two of those required intravenous immunoglobulin and thymectomy. Complete resolution off of medical therapy occurred in 4 patients. All patients had stabilization of the ocular motor deficits regardless of treatment. Eleven patients were treated for amblyopia; 2 had residual amblyopia. Conclusions Ocular myasthenia in preadolescent children generally presents before age 5 and is clinically distinguished from the disease as it affects adults. Although the presenting signs of strabismus, ptosis, and Cogan's lid twitch are common in children or adults, the response to treatment and eventual outcomes differ. Most children can be safely treated with pyridostigmine alone. Generalization to systemic disease occurs at a much lower rate than in adults. Ocular manifestations stabilize in all children and completely resolve in some.
An index of acceptability to green peach aphids for Solanum germplasm and for a suspected non-host plant

An electronic system that recorded feeding activity was used in replicated trials conducted to evaluate 25Solarium cultivars and 1Pelargonium (geranium) cultivar for acceptability to the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The number of probes and the time spent in probing were found to be indicators of relative acceptability; the number of feedings and the time spent in feeding were not. Although tests as brief as 15 min were useful in screeningSolarium germplasm for resistance to the green peach aphid, 30 min tests were deemed more reliable. An index of acceptability was prepared by using the potato variety Katahdin as a standard for comparison.
Prostatic luminal cell differentiation and prostatic steroid-binding protein (PBP) gene expression are differentially affected by neonatal castration

BACKGROUND Although normal prostatic development is androgen-dependent, the prostate continues to grow in the neonate despite castration. However, the manner in which neonatal growth of the prostate occurs, in the absence of the testis, remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells after neonatal castration. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the expression of differentiation products: basal-cell cytokeratin (CK 5), luminal-cell cytokeratin (CK 18), and prostatic steroid-binding protein (PBP), a ventral prostate-specific marker indicative of secretory function in luminal cells. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect transcription products of the three polypeptide subunits of PBP, designated C1, C2, and C3. Rats were castrated on day 5 after birth, and ventral prostates were collected on day 14. Dihydrotestosterone was injected (100 μg/animal every 2 days) in castrated animals to determine if PBP expression could be initiated by androgen. RESULTS Although no major effects of castration were detected on the differentiation of stromal or basal cells (which differentiate prior to day 5), castration had a pronounced effect on luminal-cell differentiation. Castration inhibited PBP protein expression, but did not affect the expression of luminal-cell cytokeratin (CK 18) protein. Furthermore, castration reduced C1, C2, and C3 transcription. Androgen replacement to castrated animals allowed for the initiation of PBP expression, although its onset was delayed. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that the testis is not necessary for prostatic luminal-cell differentiation, but is necessary for full expression of luminal-cell secretory phenotype. Furthermore, our study suggests that factors of testicular origin, in addition to androgen, are needed for proper timing of PBP expression. This investigation establishes that the cytological and the physiological differentiation of the rat prostate are differentially regulated. Prostate 43:195–204, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analyzing a Conformational Sampling of LeuT from Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Monoamine transporters are a key feature in controlling interneuron communication by facilitating the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. These reuptake transporters have been computationally studied primarily through the use of homology modeling to the structurally related bacterial LeuT structure or by direct simulations of LeuT. It is thought that finding the different conformations of LeuT will aid in elucidating the mechanism of transport. To this end, a conformational sampling of LeuT was done by performing accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations on a biological membrane and an embedded LeuT transporter with different combinations of the leucine substrate and bound sodium ions. Conformational clusters were found by applying principal component analysis resulting in seven distinct structures. Both the seven structures and the entire trajectories were studied by looking at specific residues, transmembrane helical domain positions and interactions, and solvent accessibility.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past Decades

From a comparison of C 14 /C 12 and C 13 /C 12 ratios in wood and in marine material and from a slight decrease of the C 14 concentration in terrestrial plants over the past 50 years it can be concluded that the average lifetime of a CO 2 molecule in the atmosphere before it is dissolved into the sea is of the order of 10 years. This means that most of the CO 2 released by artificial fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrial revolution must have been absorbed by the oceans. The increase of atmospheric CO 2 from this cause is at present small but may become significant during future decades if industrial fuel combustion continues to rise exponentially. Present data on the total amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere, on the rates and mechanisms of exchange, and on possible fluctuations in terrestrial and marine organic carbon, are inadequate for accurate measurement of future changes in atmospheric CO 2 . An opportunity exists during the International Geophysical Year to obtain much of the necessary information. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01849.x
Detoxication of some naturally occuring phenolics by prairie voles: a rapid assay of glucuronidation metabolism

Abstract Mammals detoxicate many phenolic compounds by conjugation with glucuronic acid, and this increases urinary excretion of components of the glucuronic acid pathway. We evaluated a measure of total uronic acid excretion by prairie voles as an index of detoxication of phenolic compounds. Various levels of quercetin and tannic acid were fed at two levels of protein to weanling prairie voles. Uronic acid excretion increased greatly with increased concentrations of dietary phenolics, but was not a simple linear function of phenolic concentration. Voles fed low protein diets excreted more uronic acids than voles fed high protein diets, apparently because of more phenolic-protein complexing in the latter case. Measurement of uronic acid output appears to provide a simple, non-invasive index of detoxication loads in these mammalian herbivores.
Prediction of three-phase saturation profiles from two-phase capillary pressure curves as a function of wettability

Gravity drainage of oil with gas is an efficient recovery method in strongly water-wet reservoirs and yields very low residual oil saturations. However, many of the oil-producing reservoirs are not strongly water-wet. Thus, predicting the profiles and ultimate recovery for mixed and oil-wet media is essential to design and optimisation of improved recovery methods based on three-phase gravity drainage. In this study, we perform two- and three-phase gravity drainage experiments in sand-packed columns with varying wettability. We propose a simple method for predicting the three-phase equilibrium saturation profiles as a function of wettability. In each case, the three-phase results were compared to the predictions from two-phase results of the same wettability. We find that the gas/oil and oil/water transition levels can be predicted from pressure continuity arguments and the two-phase data. The predictions of three-phase saturations work well for the water-wet media, but become progressively worse with increasing oil-wet fraction.
Critical limb ischemia and intermediate-term survival.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects 7 to 8 million persons living in the United States and over 200 million persons worldwide [(1,2)][1]. In approximately 2% to 3% of patients with PAD, arterial perfusion is inadequate to sustain basal metabolic requirements, resulting in critical limb ischemia
Isomeric yield ratios of 44Sc produced by the 14N bombardment of 32S and 31P

Abstract Thick targets of red phosphorus and zinc sulphide were bombarded with 27·5 MeV 14 N ions accelerated in the Oak Ridge 63 in. Cyclotron. Cross sections, as a function of the bombarding energy, were measured for the production of 43 Sc, 44 m Sc, and 44 g Sc from 31 P and 32 S. The irradiated materials were γ-counted, and the radioactive products were identified by their characteristic γ-rays and half-lives. From the cross sections, the isomeric yield ratios of 44m Sc 44g Sc were found. For 31 P the isomer ratio varied from 0·68 at 23·5 MeV to 1·68 at 27·0 MeV, while for 32 S it varied from 0·12 at 20·5 MeV to 1·15 at 27·0 MeV. This increase in the ratio for both reactions is consistent with a compound nucleus formation mechanism for 44 Sc at all energies considered. Accordingly, the higher ratio in the phosphorus reaction than in the sulphur reaction may be attributed to the smaller amount of angular momentum taken off by the single proton emitted from the 31 P reaction than by the two protons emitted in the 32 S case.
Evolution of the high-temperature plasma in the 15 June 1973 flare

The evolution of the high-temperature plasma in the solar flare of June 15, 1973, is analyzed using XUV spectroheliograms obtained from Skylab. Preflare enhancement of loops in the active region is discussed, and the temperature and density of the hot plasma are determined as a function of time. The turbulent velocity in the high-temperature plasma is deduced from a comparison of line widths of the Fe XXIV doublet at 192 and 255 A. The results indicate that: (1) the flare occurred in a low-lying loop or loops; (2) the large-scale magnetic-field configuration of the active region did not change significantly; (3) the hot plasma observed in Fe XXIII-XXIV showed considerable dynamic activity, including an initial upward motion of the whole plasma with a velocity of about 80 km/s; (4) large turbulent mass motions took place in the Fe XXIII-XXIV plasma with random velocities of 100 to 160 km/s; (5) the temperature of the hot plasma was 14 million K at peak X-ray intensity, decreased slightly, and then remained at 12.6 million K before dropping to below 10 million K; and (6) there was a temperature gradient along the length of the loop, with the 14 million-K plasma near the top and progressively lower-temperature plasmas on either side.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ensembles of Decision Trees

This paper presents an evaluation of an ensemble-based system that participated in the English and Spanish lexical sample tasks of SENSEVAL-2. The system combines decision trees of unigrams, bigrams, and co---occurrences into a single classifier. The analysis is extended to include the SENSEVAL-1 data.
Abstract 2094: Comparing exome with whole-genome next-generation sequencing in detecting somatic mutations

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Exome sequencing has been used as an efficient and cost-effective method of identifying somatic mutations in tumors. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the current exome sequencing technology, we have conducted a comparative study to evaluate exome and whole genome sequencing (WGS) in two pairs of hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) tumor and match normal controls. The exome sequences were captured via Agilent SureSelect Target Enrichment System (38 MB). Both exome and WGS sequencing data were generated by the Illumina Hiseq2000 platform. The NGS results showed identical profiles of chromosomal abnormalities, including ploidy changes and loss of heterozygosity, when compared to Affymetrix SNP 6.0 microarray genotyping. The total number of variants detected in transcribed region (CCDS) in each of the four samples was comparable between exome and WGS data sets, and the genotypes concordance rate was high. The somatic mutations detected in each tumor/normal pairs different slightly between the exome and WGS platforms. We manually inspected each of the discordant mutations, and found that the most of the somatic mutations missed by exome sequencing are predictable based on gaps in SureSelect coverage. On the other hand, we have also identified somatic mutations in exome that were not detected with the WGS approach. Follow up analysis indicated that those cases were caused by no or low coverage in either tumor of normal in each pair. These cases will likely be resolved by increasing depth of coverage (beyond 30X), and as costs per read decline, it is likely WGS will become the method of choice. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2094. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2094
Relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour among in-school adolescents in Delta State, Nigeria

Objective : To determine if there is any correlation between the knowledge of HIV/AIDS among in-school adolescents in Delta state of Nigeria and their sexual behaviour. Method : A questionnaire based descriptive study of randomly selected secondary school students in Asaba, Delta state. Results : A total of 437 students were recruited for the study. About 47% of respondents had good knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The electronic media were their main sources of information. Fifty-eight percent had been sexually initiated but only 10% were currently sexually active. About 73% of the males and 58% of the females reported condom use in their last sexual act. Seventy-three percent of the students that had poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS had ever had sex compared with 69.5% of students with good knowledge. Similarly 45.6% of students with poor knowledge used condom compared with 58.8% who had good knowledge. However these observed differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion : Knowledge of HIV/AIDS by in-school adolescents in Asaba has not significantly influenced their sexual behavior. Program planners should explore and integrate other factors that could impact positively on adolescent sexual behavior. Keywords : in-school adolescents, knowledge of HIV, sexual behavior, Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 9(1) 2006: 37-39
HEMOLYSIS OF CHICKEN BLOOD

1. The time-dilution curves are given for the hemolytic action of saponin, sodium taurocholate, and sodium oleate on nucleated chicken erythrocytes. 2. Saponin and sodium taurocholate cause hemolysis but leave the nuclei and ghosts in suspension, thereby making the end-point of hemolysis more arbitrary than the clear end-point for non-nucleated cell hemolysis. 3. The curves of hemolysis by saponin and taurocholate are shown to be of the same nature as are found in the hemolysis of non-nucleated cells. 4. Sodium oleate causes first hemolysis and then, in the stronger solutions, causes karyolysis. Two pairs of values for κ and c = ∞ are thus obtainable for the same reaction, one pair for the destruction of corpuscular membrane, the other pair for the destruction of the nucleus. 5. Viscosity changes are found in the lysin-cell system with strong concentrations of sodium taurocholate and sodium oleate. Time-viscosity curves are given for these changes. 6. Microscopically, the action of these lysins on the nucleated chicken red cell appears to be similar to their action on the non-nucleated erythrocytes.
Structural Evolution of TiO2 Precipitates in Ti-DopedSapphire (α-Al2O3)

A time-dependent phase stability diagram has been developed describing the structural evolution of TiO2 precipitates in Ti-doped sapphire (α-Al2O3). A high-pressure TiO2 phase with the α-PbO2 structure (α-TiO2) forms as a coherent precipitate in Ti-doped sapphire annealed at 1200°–1300°C; extended annealing times at these temperatures result in twinned particles, the twinning minimizing the precipitate–matrix misfit strain energy. Twinned α-TiO2 eventually transforms to the rutile structure, coincident with the loss of coherency with the sapphire matrix. Rutile nucleates directly in sapphire annealed at temperatures at 1350°C and above. Rutile is present mainly as semicoherent and twinned precipitates, the twinning occurring relatively early in the precipitation sequence.
Sex, Costs, and Helping Behavior

Summary A field experiment in an American university library setting examined the effects of perceived costs on helping behavior. Males and females (N = 192) requested either 10 cents or 30 cents from male or female subjects. Overall, subjects helped more often in response to a request for 10 cents than to a request for 30 cents and gave assistance more frequently to female requestors than to male requestors. As predicted on the basis of research indicating that increasing costs decrease the relative salience of potential rewards, cross-sex helping was mediated by the level of costs for helping. The cross-sex helping interaction occurred in the 10-cents requests conditions, but not in the 30-cents request conditions.
Hardware implementation of micropolygon rasterization with motion and defocus blur

Current GPUs rasterize micropolygons (polygons approximately one pixel in size) inefficiently. Additionally, they do not natively support triangle rasterization with jittered sampling, defocus, or motion blur. We perform a microarchitectural study of fixed-function micropolygon rasterization using custom circuits. We present three rasterization designs: the first optimized for triangle micropolygons that are not blurred, a second for stochastic rasterization of micropolygons with motion and defocus blur, and third that is a hybrid combination of the two. Our designs achieve high area and power efficiency by using low-precision operations and rasterizing pairs of adjacent triangles in parallel. We demonstrate optimized designs synthesized in a 45 nm process showing that a micropolygon rasterization unit with a throughput of 3 billion micropolygons per second would consume 2.9 W and occupy 4.1 mm2 which is 0.77% of the die area of a GeForce GTX 480 GPU.
The role of ABSEL in the development of marketing simulations in collegiate education

This article traces the development of marketing games from the early hand-scored games through the three major computer platform evolutions: mainframes, microcomputers, and Windows-based PCs. It c...