cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides modulate in vitro immune reactions of mouse lymphoid cells

Abstract The effects of six gastrointestinal regulatory peptides (β-endorphin, substance P, metenkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin, and somatostatin) on mouse lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin, or alloantigens were evaluated. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro and the influences of exogenously adding varying concentrations of neuropeptides (10 −6 –10 11 M ) on the incorporation of [ methyl - 3 H-]thymidine were determined. The roles of cell density and antigen concentration on neuropeptide induced immunomodulation were also assessed. We observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) would significantly inhibit the response of B10 lymphocytes to concanavalin A (54%) and phytohemagglutinin (56%) but not to lipopolysaccharide (16%). The VIP-induced inhibition was progressively diminished as the neuropeptide concentration was reduced to 10 11 M . By 24 hr after stimulation the lymph node cells were refractory to the inhibitory effects of VIP. In addition, VIP would not inhibit B10 lymph node cells from responding to B10.K spleen cells in mixed, one-way lymphocyte cultures. The other five peptides did not influence the in vitro responses. The potential role of neuropeptides in the pathphysiology of immunologic-based disorders is discussed.
Pathogenesis beyond the cancer clone(s) in multiple myeloma

Over the past 4 decades, basic research has provided crucial information regarding the cellular and molecular biology of cancer. In particular, the relevance of cancer microenvironment (including both cellular and noncellular elements) and the concept of clonal evolution and heterogeneity have emerged as important in cancer pathogenesis, immunologic escape, and resistance to therapy. Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of terminally differentiated plasma cells, is emblematic of the impact of cancer microenvironment and the role of clonal evolution. Although genetic and epigenetic aberrations occur in MM and evolve over time under the pressure of exogenous stimuli, they are also largely present in premalignant plasma cell dyscrasia such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), suggesting that genetic mutations alone are necessary, but not sufficient, for myeloma transformation. The role of bone marrow microenvironment in mediating survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapy in myeloma is well established; and although an appealing speculation, its role in fostering the evolution of MGUS or SMM into MM is yet to be proven. In this review, we discuss MM pathogenesis with a particular emphasis on the role of bone marrow microenvironment.
Neotectonic Movement and Subsidence Caused by Piezometric Decline

Various forms of land subsidence can be divided into two major genetic groups according to origin: ENDOGENIC SUBSIDENCE being related to processes that originate essentially within the planet (tectonic movement and volcanism) and EXOGENIC SUBSIDENCE being related to processes that originate near the earth9s surface, including processes related to human activity (mining, etc.). Exogenic subsidence is basically a surface expression of compaction of deposits at depth and is caused by an increase in actual or effective loading. A classic example is subsidence due to an overdraft of confined ground water. The genetic classification is, however, only “a first approximation” because of the close interrelationship of natural processes. For example, piezometric head resulting from tectonic movement in a confined aquifer system can more or less compensate for the weight of subsequently deposited overlying sediments, limiting compaction of the aquifer. Reduction of piezometric head in such a system due to an overdraft will cause an increase in effective loading on the aquifer system and will result in subsidence. No subsidence will take place, however, due to decline in piezometric head which developed after deposition of overburden. Development of such “postdepositional” piezometric head is usually caused by neotectonic crustal movement. Recent studies of subsidence in the west-central San Joaquin Valley, California, indicate that the amount of “safe” piezometric decline which caused no subsidence (i.e., the magnitude of Holocene uplift) increased toward the Coast Range foothills and ranged from about 30 to 100 m. Future studies of “safe” piezometric decline may help to differentiate and date neotectonic movement in the Valley.
Hydrogenated amorphous‐silicon thin films produced by ion plating

Ion plating techniques have been used to produce amorphous‐silicon thin films which contain up to 25 atomic percent hydrogen. The Si–H bond stretching mode observed for hydrogenated amorphous‐silicon thin films produced by glow‐discharge decomposition methods is also observed for these ion‐plated films. Optical absorptivity measurements for ion‐plated films give band‐gap values between 1.58 and 1.90 eV.
Metabolic Clearance and Production Rates of 3′,5′-Diiodothyronine and 3,3′-Diiodothyronine in Man*

Abstract MCRs and production rates (PRs) of 3′,5′-diiodothyronine (3′,5′-T2), 3,3′-diiodothyronine (3,3′-T2), and rT3 were determined in seven, five, and four normal subjects, respectively. The constant infusion technique was used to measure the MCR; the PR was calculated as the product of MCR and the concentration of iodothyronine as measured by RIA. The results of measurements of MCR and PR were adjusted to 70 kg BW. In the case of 3′,5′-T2, the serum concentration (mean ± SE) was 6.5 ± 0.4 ng/100 ml, the MCR was 159 ± 21 liters/day, and the PR was 10.9 ± 1.5 μg/day. The serum concentration of 3,3′-T2 was 4.0 ± 0.6 ng/100 ml, while its MCR was 560 ± 59 liters/day and the PR was 23 ± 4.5 μg/day. The serum concentration of rT3 was 39 ± 8.7 ng/100 ml, MCR was 131 ± 27 liters/day, and the PR was 44.8 ± 6.5 μg/day. Additionally, serum concentrations of 3′,5′-T2 and 3,3′-T2 were measured before and after oral administration of 300 μg L-rT3 to normal subjects. Serum 3′,5′-T2 levels increased maximally at 1 h t...
Chronic allograft nephropathy.

Purpose of review Chronic allograft nephropathy is the major cause of late renal allograft loss. This disease is heterogeneous and the diagnosis is nonspecific, with both immune and nonimmune causes. Increasingly, we are able to recognize specific contributors to the disease. Recent findings Further understanding of chronic allograft nephropathy comes from a large study detailing the natural history of the disease, from protocol biopsies revealing subclinical cellular rejection, and from studies using C4d staining to distinguish antibody-mediated chronic rejection from nonspecific causes. Also made more clear are nonimmune mechanisms of chronic allograft nephropathy, such as the effect of decreased dosing of calcineurin inhibitors, and the concept of senescence as a mechanism of the disease. Summary Chronic allograft nephropathy is a heterogeneous disease with immune and nonimmune causes. Some features recognizable by histology and detected by other laboratory tests can help to categorize specific causes of the disease in particular cases. In addition, recent studies have contributed to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease. In order to advance our understanding, we must be able to distinguish the various recognizable causes of chronic allograft dysfunction. Further research is warranted on the subset of the disease with indeterminate cause.
Revision of the Taft-Hartley Act

I. Introduction, 149. — II. Protection of the right of employees to organize, 150. — III. Protection of employers against unfair labor practices by unions, 158. — IV. Safeguarding the relations of individual workmen with unions, 160. — V. Protection of the rights of neutrals in industrial disputes, 164. — VI. Effect of the Act on the influence of Communists in unions, 167. — VII. Provisions designed to protect the country against disputes that imperil national health or safety, 168. — VIII. Miscellaneous provisions of the Act, 170. — IX. Effects of the Act on the growth of union membership, the spread of union security, and the number of damage suits brought against unions, 172. — X. Principal changes needed in the Taft-Hartley Act, 174. — XI. Some concluding observations, 179.
Biogenetic-type total synthesis of (±)-farnesiferol A and (±)-farnesiferol C

Abstract Biogenetic-type cyclization of trans,trans -umbelliprenin oxide 4 generates the natural occurring farnesiferol C ( dl ) ( 3 ), in addition to various other unnatural transformation products. Similar cyclization of the cis,trans counterpart ( 34 ) of 4 affords inter alia farnesiferol A ( dl ) ( 1 ). Bioorganic and physical organic aspects of these changes are discussed.
Relational Authority and Legitimacy in International Relations

This article develops a theory of relational authority in the most unpromising setting of international relations. Relational authority locates legitimacy in a social contract between a ruler, who provides a social order of value to the ruled, and the ruled, who comply with the ruler’s commands necessary to the production of that order. International politics are nearly universally assumed to be an anarchy devoid of authority. Through the lens of relational authority, however, one sees that relations between states are better described as a rich variety of hierarchies in which dominant states legitimately rule over greater or lesser domains of policy in subordinate states. After contrasting alternative approaches to authority, the article identifies international hierarchies and summarizes a suite of measures that capture variations between the United States and other states. The article then deduces a set of international behaviors that follows from relational authority and demonstrates that (a) the United States is more likely to join international disputes in which its subordinates are involved and (b) subordinates acknowledge the authority of the dominant state by engaging in actions of symbolic obeisance, of which the most costly and salient form is following the United States into war.
A low-power, LED-based, high-brightness anomaloscope☆

Color matches made with a Nagel anomaloscope are used in the differentiation of color vision deficiencies. When these color matches are made over a wide range of retinal illuminances, the changes in the color match provide information about the regeneration kinetics and the absorption spectra of the middle- and long-wavelength cone photopigments. These steady-state color matches vary with a variety of conditions, and may have value in screening for eye disease. Recently, high-brightness LEDs have become available that allowed us to construct a LED-based, high-brightness anomaloscope. We used inexpensive, low-energy components to replicate an earlier instrument, getting a maximum retinal illuminance over 5.6 log Trolands.
Stereoselectivity in the diels-alder reactions of tropylium ion

Abstract New Diels-Alder reactions of tropylium ion are studied, and the observed stereo-selectivities suggest that solvent effects determine the steric course of these reactions.
Can molecular cell biology explain chromosome motions

Background Mitotic chromosome motions have recently been correlated with electrostatic forces, but a lingering "molecular cell biology" paradigm persists, proposing binding and release proteins or molecular geometries for force generation.
Aspects of the reproductive biology and feeding ecology ofChaetodon miliaris, a Hawaiian endemic butterflyfish

Aspects of the reproduction and diet of the butterflyfish,Chaetodon miliaris, were studied by examining 345 individuals collected around Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The sex ratio of this species was uniform and annual spawning activity was periodic yet seasonally protracted, extending through the winter and spring months (January–May). No lunar influence on spawning was detected. Fecundity was quadratically related to fish weight, implying an abrupt shift in the use of energy resources at the time of maturity from growth to reproduction.
Morphology of stomatopod chemosensory sensilla facilitates fluid sampling

. Stomatopods, like many marine crustaceans, rely on their sense of smell to detect prey and to find mates (Ache 1982; Zimmer-Faust 1989; Atema & Voigt 1995). In lobsters, crabs, crayfishes, prawns, leptostracans, anaspidans, mysids, amphipods, tanaids, isopods, ostracodes, phyllopods, and cumaceans (Heimann 1984; Hallberg et al. 1992), this detection of odors from distant sources involves specialized chemosensory setae called aesthetascs located on the antennules. The external structure of stomatopod sensilla appears to follow the typical crustacean aesthetasc pattern, but their internal structure has not been previously examined. In this study, we use serial reconstruction from transmission electron microscopy to show that the stomatopod sensilla are aesthetascs. For chemoreception to occur, chemical-containing fluid must be very close to the surface of the aesthetascs, such that odor molecules can diffuse to chemoreceptors on the olfactory receptor neurons inside the aesthetasc. Flicking of stomatopod antennules maximizes fluid penetration near the parts of the sensilla where the cuticle is thinnest, and where the outer dendritic segments are most fully branched with the greatest surface area. Thus, the external and the internal structure of the stomatopod aesthetasc are “matched” to maximize the efficiency of odor arrival at the surface of the olfactory receptor neurons.
Advancing methodologies for cross- cultural studies of collaborative systems

Understanding how collaborative systems are used across countries and cultures is increasingly important to the success of these systems and to the CSCW research community. Studies aiming to examine cross-cultural phenomena, however, must overcome a number of methodological issues that are unique to research in this context. The goal of this workshop is to bring together researchers with an active interest in cross-cultural studies in CSCW, discuss methodological challenges, and arrive at a common understanding of methodological approaches that can be the basis of best practice in our research community. Through presentations on specific methodological problems, such as access to diverse populations, study design, and data analysis, we expect in depth discussions around each of these challenges and, ultimately, to improve the quality of and support the growth of cross-cultural research in the CSCW community.
Resveratrol based oral nutritional supplement produces long-term beneficial effects on structure and visual function in human patients.

Background: Longevinex® (L/RV) is a low dose hormetic over-the-counter (OTC) oral resveratrol (RV) based matrix of red wine solids, vitamin D3 and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) with established bioavailability, safety, and short-term efficacy against the earliest signs of human atherosclerosis, murine cardiac reperfusion injury, clinical retinal neovascularization, and stem cell survival. We previously reported our short-term findings for dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. Today we report long term (two to three year) clinical efficacy. Methods: We treated three patients including a patient with an AMD treatment resistant variant (polypoidal retinal vasculature disease). We evaluated two clinical measures of ocular structure (fundus autofluorescent imaging and spectral domain optical coherence extended depth choroidal imaging) and qualitatively appraised changes in macular pigment volume. We further evaluated three clinical measures of visual function (Snellen visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and glare recovery to a cone photo-stress stimulus). Results: We observed broad bilateral improvements in ocular structure and function over a long time period, opposite to what might be expected due to aging and the natural progression of the patient’s pathophysiology. No side effects were observed. Conclusions: These three cases demonstrate that application of epigenetics has long-term efficacy against AMD retinal disease, when the retinal specialist has exhausted other therapeutic modalities.
Antiracist Pedagogy and Empowerment in a Bilingual Classroom in the U.S., circa 2006

How can teachers and administrators improve the educational environment for Latino/as and other racially stigmatized youth? What does antiracist pedagogy for Latino/a immigrant youth look like? This article describes the thought, action, and reflection employed by a bilingual 9th grade teacher in the Southwest. Antiracist pedagogical strategies include creating an empowering classroom physical space, articulating an antiracist discourse, and encouraging students to resist oppression through civic participation and activism. The author argues that antiracist pedagogy that is anchored in empowering Latino/a immigrant youth is a key part of creating welcoming school spaces that nurture the resilience of Latino/a youth and their families.
Pain Prevalence and Severity before, during, and after Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Anticipation and experience of root canal associated pain is a major source of fear for patients and a very important concern of dentists. Pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment pain is anticipated, experienced, remembered, and shared by patients. The purpose was to determine the influence of root canal treatment on pain prevalence and severity and estimate the prevalence and severity of pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment pain in patients receiving root canal treatment. Methods Defined searching of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and PsycINFO databases identified 5,517 articles. Systematic review, including title scanning, abstract scanning, full-text review, and quality rating, provided 72 studies for meta-analysis. L’Abbe plots were used to evaluate the influence of root canal treatment on pain prevalence and severity. Pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment pain prevalence and severity data were analyzed. Results L’Abbe plots revealed that pain prevalence and severity decreased substantially after treatment. Mean pretreatment, 24-hour posttreatment, and 1-week posttreatment pain prevalences with associated standard deviations were 81 (28%), 40 (24%), and 11 (14%), respectively. Pretreatment, 24-hour posttreatment, and 1-week posttreatment pain severities, on a 100-point scale, were 54 (24%), 24 (12%), and 5 (5%), respectively. Supplemental injections were frequently required (60 [24%]). Conclusions Pretreatment root canal–associated pain prevalence was high but dropped moderately within 1 day and substantially to minimal levels in 7 days. Pretreatment root canal–associated pain severity was moderate, dropped substantially within 1 day of treatment, and continued to drop to minimal levels in 7 days. Supplemental anesthesia was often required.
Use of isogenic mutants to study bacterial virulence factors

Abstract The development of molecular techniques in genetic analysis of bacteria has enabled detailed dissection of complex problems in microbiology. Among these is bacterial pathogenesis. However, use of the new tools must still be coupled with adherence to rules of genetic analysis so that appropriate conclusions may be derived from experimentation. Just as Koch's postulates are used in defining bacterial etiology of infectious disease, a molecular version of Koch's postulates is applied to determining if particular attributes or functions of bacteria contribute to virulence. The molecular version of Koch's postulates states than an epidemiological association exists between presence of a trait and virulence, that a specific mutation be constructed to inhibit the function resulting in decrease in virulence, and finally that the mutation be complemented in trans with only the wild-type allele of the mutated gene provided on a recombinant plasmid. The molecular genetic analysis of the virulence plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium over the past decade serves as an example of the application of these rules to a complex problem in bacterial pathogenesis. This discussion of molecular Koch's postulates and analysis of the S. typhimurium virulence plasmid are aimed at aiding in the design of a complete and thorough genetic approach to the study of bacterial virulence.
Differences in the coordinating ability of water, perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate toward copper(I). The x-ray crystal structures of [Cu(1,4-thioxane)3OClO3], [Cu(1,4-thioxane)3OH2]BF4 and [Cu(1,4-thioxane)4BF4

Crystal structure determinations of the non-isomorphous salts, Cu(1,4-thioxane)3(ClO4) and Cu(1,4-thioxane)4(BF4) were carried out. The former compound was shown to contain strongly coordinated perchlorate while the later contains ionic tetrafluoroborate. For the coordinated perchlorate group, Cu-O is 2.278(8) A. A third compound, Cu(1,4-thioxane)3(H2O)(BF4), was also characterized by x-ray crystallography, and contains a coordinated water molecule (with Cu-O 2.234(7) A) that is hydrogen bonded to ionic tetrafluoroborate. All three complexes have approximately tetrahedral geometry. The copper(I) atom is coordinated to the sulfur atoms of the 1,4-thioxane rings. In each of the complexes, one of the 1,4-thioxane six-membered rings is coordinatedvia an equatorial ring position and the remaining two or three rings are coordinatedvia an axial position. The compound, Cu(1,4-thioxane)4(ClO4), was also prepared and found to be isomorphous with Cu(1,4-thioxane)4 (BF4), enabling a comparison to be made between the i.r. spectra of ionic and coordinated perchlorate in similar complexes.
Will USDA Farm Programs Remain Highly Resistant to Change

Some recent comments by agricultural economists and policy makers can be interpreted as a comprehensive indictment of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) farm programs. Brandow, for example, has concluded that USDA commodity programs retard or alter interregional shifts in cotton and milk production, with significant efficiency losses. Lesher has argued that high price supports have caused substantial losses of export markets for U.S. rice, cotton, and tobacco. Schuh has concluded that USDA "commodity programs as we have conventionally understood them have probably outlived their usefulness" (p. 73). While noting the contribution of farm program costs to federal budget deficits, David Stockman, Director of the Office of Management and Budget of the Reagan Administration, has asked rhetorically: Why any farm price support program at all? One could go on, but these comments convey the message. Most of the criticisms of USDA farm programs mentioned above are not new. Thus, one is led to ask: If USDA farm programs exhibit numerous shortcomings, why have they survived essentially intact since the 1930s? Have the forces which to date have caused farm programs to resist change gained strength, lost strength, or exhibited no major change in recent years? Answers to these questions--particularly the latter-might throw light on the important issue of whether USDA farm programs (defined for purposes of this inquiry as commodity price support programs and federal marketing orders) will survive largely unchanged for many additional years. This paper addresses these questions with the obj ctive of identifying developments that could force major changes in or a phase-out of USDA farm programs.
Improving Management Development Through Small Problem‐Solving Groups

The senior seminar is a seminar that places emphasis on small problem‐solving groups as an effective approach to executive development. It concentrates on combining management knowledge and skill development in an intense two‐week experience. Small groups have been a part of management development programmes for some time but they are not always used effectively or appropriately. Using the change process of unfreezing, changing and refreezing as a frame of reference, it is demonstrated how small groups play an important role in climate building for peer learning, integration of content and process, and providing for practice in using new skills. Guidelines are offered for applying and adapting the senior seminar approach.
Effect of levofloxacin coadministration on the international normalized ratios during warfarin therapy.

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of levofloxacin coadministration on the international normalized ratio (INR) in patients receiving warfarin therapy. Design. Prospective analysis. Setting. Outpatient clinic at a Veterans Affairs medical center. Patients. Eighteen adult patients receiving warfarin. Intervention. On the basis of clinical diagnosis and judgment, levofloxacin was prescribed to the 18 patients for treatment of various types of infection. The INR was measured before and at 2–8-day intervals after the coadministration of levofloxacin therapy, and once after completing therapy. Warfarin dosages were adjusted when necessary. Measurements and Main Results. Warfarin dosages were changed in seven patients as a result of the first nontherapeutic INR values obtained after start of levofloxacin therapy. Owing to a concern regarding noncompliance and the adverse effect of bleeding, warfarin dosage was adjusted in one patient even though his first INR value was in the high end of the therapeutic range (2.98, therapeutic range 2–3). One patient withdrew from the study after the first INR measurement after levofloxacin coadministration. Because of a concern about the possible bleeding complication, warfarin dosage was also adjusted in this patient after obtaining his first INR value. Therefore, only the INR values obtained before and the first INR values obtained after levofloxacin administration were compared to evaluate the effect of levofloxacin on INR determination of warfarin therapy. The INR values obtained before levofloxacin administration did not differ significantly from the first INR values obtained after levofloxacin coadministration (mean ± SD 2.61 ± 0.44 vs 2.74 ± 0.83, 95% confidence interval −0.449–0.196, p=0.419). Conclusion. The INR values measured before and after concomitant levofloxacin therapy were not significantly different. However, the ability to detect a significant difference may be affected by the small number of patients studied. Further studies with a larger sample are required to better determine the effect of levofloxacin coadministration on INR monitoring during warfarin therapy.
Improved methods for solvent suppression and baseline correction in two-dimensional transferred NOE experiments

Cross-relaxation spectra, such as those from two-dimensional NOE experiments, are of prime importance for the elucidation of the structural and dynamical properties of macromolecules of biological interest. In practice, the interpretation of NOESY data is often complicated by the presence of large solvent resonance and baseplane distortions, especially for samples with a very low concentration of the material under study. These problems become particularly severe in the observation of transferred nuclear Overhauser effects for systems involving the interaction of peptide ligands with large protein molecules (Fig. 1). Previous attempts have been made to optimize the acquisition and processing of transferred NOE spectra in deuterated ( D20) solvents ( 1). In this work, we report methods that were developed to improve the quality of transferred NOESY spectra acquired in HZ0 solutions. In transferred NOE experiments, one usually attempts to observe the ligand resonances selectively in the presence of a much less than stoichiometric amount of the large protein. For the study of small ligands, selectivity for ligand resonances can be achieved by one-dimensional NOE difference techniques (2-4). Two-dimensional phase-sensitive NOESY techniques must be employed to resolve overlapping resonances from larger binding ligands such as polypeptides with up to 20 residues (5). In addition to intraligand transferred NOES, a NOESY spectrum of the peptide plus the binding protein also contains unwanted magnetization transfers from coincidentally perturbed protein resonances that often result in severe spectral baseplane distortions ( 1, 5). These artifacts are in addition to instrumental distortions commonly associated with phase-sensitive NOESY experiments (6-8). The presence of strong residual resonance from the aqueous ( H20) solvent often further amplifies experimental artifacts (Fig. 1). The presence oft, ridges in phase-sensitive NOESY spectra has been shown to be a result of the incorrect treatment of the first data point during discrete cosine transformation along the t, dimension (6). It was proposed that the NOESY FID matrix should be recorded using time-proportional phase incrementation (TPPI) with sine modulation along t, so as to minimize t, ridges. For a sine-modulated signal, the
A genetic modifier screen identifies multiple genes that interact with Drosophila Rap/Fzr and suggests novel cellular roles.

In the developing Drosophila eye, Rap/Fzr plays a critical role in neural patterning by regulating the timely exit of precursor cells. Rap/Fzr (Retina aberrant in pattern/Fizzy related) is an activator of the E3 Ubiquitin ligase, the APC (Anaphase Promoting Complex-cyclosome) that facilitates the stage specific proteolytic destruction of mitotic regulators, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. To identify novel functional roles of Rap/Fzr, we conducted an F1 genetic modifier screen to identify genes which interact with the partial-loss-function mutations in rap/fzr. We screened 2741 single P-element, lethal insertion lines and piggyBac lines on the second and third chromosome for dominant enhancers and suppressors of the rough eye phenotype of rap/fzr. From this screen, we have identified 40 genes that exhibit dosage-sensitive interactions with rap/fzr; of these, 31 have previously characterized cellular functions. Seven of the modifiers identified in this study are regulators of cell cycle progr...
Complex Impedance Studies Of Proton-Conducting Membranes

Abstract Complex impedance studies have been carried out on Dow 800, Dow 1000 and Nafion 117 membranes at various water contents and a variety of temperatures and hydrostatic pressures. At room temperature and pressure the usual gradual decrease in electrical conductivity with decreasing water content is observed. For very low water content materials the variation of the conductivity with pressure from 0 to 0.2 GPa (2 kbar) is large and gives rise to apparent activation volumes, Δ V , as large as 54 cm 3 /mol. In addition, for low water content materials, there is a tendency for smaller equivalent weights (same side chains) or larger side chains to have larger activation volumes. At high water content, Δ V is relatively independent of the host polymer and negative values are observed at the highest water contents. These results provide support for the model where proton transport in high water content sulfonated fluorocarbons is similar to that for liquid water. All results are explained qualitatively via free volume. Ambient-pressure, variable-temperature 2 H T 1 and linewidth measurements imply a heterogeneous environment of the water molecules. Proton pulsed field gradient NMR studies in saturated Dow membranes verify the expectation that ionic conductivity is determined primarily by diffusion of water molecules.
Simultaneous analysis of furosemide and bumetanide in horse plasma using high performance liquid chromatography.

A high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of furosemide and bumetanide in horse plasma. The C8 (3 μm) reversed phase column (4.8 × 150 mm) provided clear separation of furosemide and bumetanide with other components present in the horse plasma. The detection limit for both the drugs was 10 ng/mL. Both drugs were stable in plasma (at natural or acidic pH) for up to 24 h. The method is sufficiently sensitive to detect furosemide levels in plasma obtained from horses receiving a therapeutic dose of furosemide.
Water and solute permeability of rat lung caveolae: high permeabilities explained by acyl chain unsaturation.

Caveolae are invaginated membrane structures with high levels of cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and caveolin protein that are predicted to exist as liquid-ordered domains with low water permeability. ...
Macromolecular gradients in corneal stroma

Recent studies have demonstrated an increased concentration of several macromolecules in the anterior corneal stroma as compared to the posterior stroma. Possible mechanisms generating these gradients include volume exclusion, preferential binding and/or convection. One of these potential causes, convective flow driven by a combination of evaporation from the tear film and intraocular pressure, is examined numerically. A one-dimensional, corneal transport model is used to estimate the average posterior-to-anterior (PA) flow rate. This fluid velocity is then applied to a simpler advection-diffusion model to estimate the magnitude of an albumin gradient in the PA direction. It was found that the influence of convection on the distribution of soluble albumin may contribute significantly to observed gradients in the corneal stroma. These results suggest that alteration of either the supply of a given protein to the cornea (e.g. granular corneal dystrophy (GCD)) or the convective flow rate (e.g. contact lens wear) may enhance the normal gradient of soluble macromolecules in the corneal tissue. The possibility that gradients in the local chemical composition of the stroma are driven ultimately by tear film evaporation has important clinical implications. It is concluded that a full understanding of the mechanisms behind some poorly understood corneal disorders (GCD) or responses to contact lens wear may require the consideration of the physiological phenomena that combine to establish the local stromal chemical milieu.
Making a difference on the ground: the challenge of demonstrating the effectiveness of decision support.

Decision support has become a popular concept, especially in the context of climate change. Government agencies and researchers increasingly recognize that they should provide it, and resource managers and policy-makers increasingly need and demand it. This demand will only grow as climate change progresses. Those who will attempt to meet this growing demand will need to demonstrate “effectiveness”. This editorial raises a number of critical questions that need to be answered in the course of evaluating whether decision support is effective. The answers, if carefully considered early on, may help to design processes that may in fact produce more useable products, facilitate their use, and ultimately create intended and desirable outcomes.
Automatic Alignment of Myocardial Perfusion Images With Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Computed Tomography

Explicit fusion of perfusion data from Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with coronary artery anatomy from Computed Tomographic Coronary Angiography (CTA) has been shown to improve the diagnostic yield for coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to either modality alone. However, most clinically available methods were developed for multimodal scanners or require interactive alignment prior to display and analysis. A new approach was developed to register the two distributions obtained either from a single multimodal imager or from separate scanners, and a preliminary validation was undertaken to compare the automatic alignment to interactive alignment by two experts.
The Power of Protective Coercion

Mr. Frederek used three types of power to teach science and prevent suspension in his classroom—normative power, interactively established contracts, and coercive power. He did not use charm.
Breadwinners: working women and economic independence, 1865–1920

Lara Vapnek, Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 2009, xii +216 pp., $25.00 (paper), ISBN 0252076613 Historians have produced numerous studies on working women's roles in labor moveme...
Multiresolution neural networks for omnifont character recognition

A multiresolution optical character recognition (OCR) using neural networks is proposed for omnifont character recognition. It is motivated by the human reading process in which a low resolution is used to effectively process the majority of clean and unambiguous text, while a more complicated recognition scheme is invoked only when a high resolution is needed. Compared with the method that utilizes single resolution, the multiresolution system not only speeds up recognition by up to 20 times, but also improves accuracy of isolated character recognition from 99.8% to 99.9%. The multiresolution approach captures the essence of better reading, and provides the building blocks for the next-generation OCR systems. >
Dynamic QoS and routing support for real-time multimedia applications in the next generation Internet

The proliferation of demand for deploying real-time multimedia applications on the Internet fuels the next generation Internet development. The Integrated Services architecture has been designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to extend the best-effort service delivery model currently in place on the Internet by introducing guaranteed delivery services to provide QoS performance guarantees to real-time and near-real-time multimedia applications with media playback and edge error control. This paper proposes a novel ubiquitous guaranteed service to extend QoS performance guarantees to highly-interactive real-time multimedia applications which have to exclude media playback and edge error control due to their sensitivity to offset delay. Without media playback to synchronize received data and edge error control to recover lost data during traffic flow rerouting, the proposed service maintains performance guarantees at all times and under all network conditions via the support of an explicit seamless flow rerouting signaling service, which provides a robust fast reservation protocol and a packet sequence synchronization protocol during flow rerouting.
Nodular Hyperplasia of the Liver in the Beagle Dog

Gross and light microscopic features of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver were investigated in beagle dogs used for the study of the long-term effects of low-dose, whole-body, 60Co gamma radiation. The nodules were morphologically similar in the irradiated and unirradiated dogs. Microscopically, and normal lobular architecture, although retained, often was distorted. Hepatocytes in the nodules often were vacuolated and the distribution of vacuolated cells varied from focal to diffuse. There were more hepatocytes per unit area within nodules than in the adjacent parenchyma. Nodule hepatocytes were more variable in size. A lower proportion were binucleate and a higher proportion were in mitosis. The cells in the nodules contained less hemosiderin. The incidence of hyperplastic nodules was directly related to age but not to sex, was higher in irradiated dogs than in controls. Nodular hyperplasia occurred in association with primary hepatocellular neoplasms in only two dogs.
Pathogenesis of H5N1 Influenza Virus Infections in Mice and Ferret Models Differs According to Respiratory Tract or Digestive System Exposure

Background. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data suggest that H5N1 influenza viruses are transmitted through and predominantly affect the respiratory system of mammals. Some data suggest digestive system involvement. However, direct evidence of alimentary transmission and infection in mammals is lacking. Methods. Infection with and pathogenesis of 4 H5N1 viruses were assessed in mice and ferrets inoculated intranasally or intragastrically with virus in liquid. In addition, ferrets were fed infected raw chicken meat or minced meat administered into the stomach by gavage with a tube. Results. Only one virus, A/Whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05, was able to infect mice after intragastric inoculation in liquid, whereas no evidence of infection was observed in ferrets after intragastric inoculation. Consumption of infected meat by ferrets resulted in respiratory system infection only (due to A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/209/05 and A/Whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 viruses) or in both severe respiratory and systemic infection with predominant involvement of the liver, pancreas, and large and small intestine (due to A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus). Direct intragastric exposure to infected meat (A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus) resulted in lethal systemic disease mainly affecting the intestine, liver, and pancreas but not involving the lungs. Conclusions. Our results demonstrated that exposure of the digestive system to H5N1 influenza viruses could initiate infection either through the tonsil, with spread to respiratory tissues, or through intestinal infection, with spread to the liver and pancreas.
Event order abstraction for parametric real-time system verification

We present a new abstraction technique, event order abstraction} (EOA), for parametric safety verification of real-time systems in which "correct orderings of events" needed for system correctness are maintained by timing constraints on the systems' behavior. By using EOA, one can separate the task of verifying a real-time system into two parts: 1. Safety property verification of the system given that only correct event orderings occur; and 2. Derivation of timing parameter constraints for correct orderings of events in the system.The user first identifies a candidate set of bad event orders. Then, by using ordinary untimed model-checking, the user examines whether a discretized system model in which all timing constraints are abstracted away satisfies a desirable safety property under the assumption that the identified bad event orders occur in no system execution. The user uses counterexamples obtained from the model-checker to identify additional bad event orders, and repeats the process until the model-checking succeeds. In this step, the user obtains a sufficient set of bad event orders that must be excluded by timing synthesis for system correctness.Next, the algorithm presented in the paper automatically derives a set of timing parameter constraints under which the system does not exhibit the identified bad event orderings. From this step combined with the untimed model-checking step, the user obtains a sufficient set of timing parameter constraints under which the system executes correctly with respect to a given safety property.We illustrate the use of EOA with a train-gate example inspired by the general railroad crossing problem [13]. We also summarize three other case studies, a biphase mark protocol, the IEEE 1394 root contention protocol, and the Fischer mutual exclusion algorithm.
Detection of lung nodules in digital chest radiographs using artificial neural networks: a pilot study.

Radiologists can fail to detect up to 30% of pulmonary nodules in chest radiographs. A back-propagation neural network was used to detect lung nodules in digital chest radiographs to assist radiologists in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Regions of interest (ROIs) that cantained nodules and normal tissues in the lung were selected from digitized chest radiographs by a previously developed computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme. Different preprocessing techniques were used to produce input data to the neural network. The performance of the neural network was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. We found that subsampling of original 64- × 64-pixel ROIs to smaller 8- × 8-pixel ROIs provides the optimal preprocessing for the neural network to distinguish ROIs containing nodules from false-positive ROIs containing normal regions. The neural network was able to detect obvious nodules very well with an Az value (area under ROC curve) of 0.93, but was unable to detect subtle nodules. However, with a training method that uses different orientations of the original ROIs, we were able to improve the performance of the neural network to detect subtle nodules. Artificial neural networks have the potential to serve as a useful classifier to help to eliminate the false-positive detections of the CAD scheme.
Growth of monoclinic WO3nanowire array for highly sensitive NO2 detection

A monoclinic tungsten trioxide nanowire array has been grown on silicon substrates using tungsten powders as source materials by thermal evaporation under specific synthesis conditions (1000 °C, 13–15 Torr, 200 sccm air flow). The morphology, chemical composition and crystal structure of the as-prepared tungsten trioxide nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The nanowires were identified as monoclinic in structure, with diameters ranging from 40 to 100 nm and lengths up to 5 µm. It was found that sufficient oxygen and air flow are the major factors to influence the nanowire array growth. The nanowire array was employed directly for gas sensor fabrication using photolithography. The gas sensing experiments revealed that the nanowire array sensors are highly sensitive to NO2 (50 ppb), making the tungsten trioxide nanowire array a competitive candidate for highly sensitive gas sensor fabrication.
Symptoms and Development of Anxiety in Children With or Without Intellectual Disability

The purpose of this study was to examine group differences in presentation and trajectory of anxiety symptoms and disorders in children with moderate to borderline intellectual disability (ID) and children with typical cognitive development (TD). Examined anxiety disorders and symptoms in children with ID (n=74) or TD (n=116) annually from ages 5 through 9 using a parent structured interview and questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine odds of meeting anxiety criteria and hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine anxiety trajectory. Children with ID had significantly higher rates of clinical levels of anxiety on the Child Behavior Checklist at ages 8 and 9 and higher rates of separation anxiety disorder at age 5 compared to those with TD. Children with ID were also more likely to have externalizing problems co-occurring with anxiety. The rate of increase of anxiety symptoms over time was positive and similar in the two groups, and neither group showed sex differences in anxiety rates. Results suggest that children with ID have both higher rates of anxiety across time and are delayed in showing typical decreases in separation anxiety in early childhood. Implications for intervention are discussed in terms of the importance of screening for and treating anxiety in children with ID.