cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN THE RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE GONYAULAX TAMARENSIS1

The marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour is best known for its propensity to form blooms known as red tides in coastal waters worldwide. This paper examines the sexual cycle of this organism using light and electron microscopy. Sexual reproduction begins with contact between thecate gametes which subsequently shed their thecae to fuse along their pellicular layers. Nuclear fusion occurs well after cytoplasmic fusion and is characterized by several distinctive features: a highly vesiculate nucleoplasm without microtubules; nucleoli and V-shaped chromosomes abut the nuclear envelope distal to the region of nuclear contact; and each chromosome possesses a longitudinal line, the central chromosomal axis. Fusion results in a planozygote with numerous cytoplasmic storage products and a slightly thickened layer beneath the pellicle. Subsequent loss of thecal plates and a thickening of the sub-pellicular layer results in a non-motile hypnozygote. A newly-formed hypnozygote possesses numerous minute papillae along its outer surface, formed by the up-folding of the accumulating wall layer. Maturation of the hypnozygote wall results in a smooth three-layered wall, the outermost layer of which is the pellicular layer. Hypnozygote germination produces a large quadriflagellate plan-omeiocyte with a single nucleus and thecal plates identical to vegetative cells. Two subsequent divisions, presumably meiotic, result in Jour cells morphologically identical to vegetative cells.
Femtosecond Laser-Induced Silicon Surface Morphology in Water

This article investigates the use of femtosecond laser induced surface morphology on silicon wafer surface in water confinement. Unlike irradiation of silicon surfaces in the air, there are no laser induced periodic structures, but irregular roughness is formed when the silicon wafer is ablated under water. The unique discovery of a smoothly processed silicon surface in water confinement under certain laser parameter combinations may help improve laser direct micromachining surface quality in industrial applications.© 2008 ASME
Acute pacing-induced dyssynchronous activation of the left ventricle creates systolic dyssynchrony with preserved diastolic synchrony

Introduction: Patients with heart block have conventionally received a pacemaker that stimulates the right ventricular apex (RVA) to restore heart rate control. While RVA pacing has been shown to create systolic dyssynchrony acutely, dyssynchrony can also occur in diastole. The effects of acute RVA pacing on diastolic synchrony have not been investigated. RVA pacing acutely impairs diastolic function by increasing the time constant of relaxation, decreasing the peak lengthening rate and decreasing peak negative dP/dt. We therefore hypothesized that acute RVA pacing would cause diastolic dyssynchrony in addition to creating systolic dyssynchrony. Methods and Results: Fourteen patients (13 ± 4 years old) with non-preexcited supraventricular tachycardia underwent ablation therapy with subsequent testing to confirm elimination of the tachycardia substrate. Normal cardiac structure and function were then documented on two-dimensional echocardiography and 12-lead electrocardiography prior to enrollment. Tissue Doppler images were collected during normal sinus rhythm (NSR), right atrial appendage pacing (AAI), and VVI-RVA pacing during the postablation waiting interval. Systolic and diastolic dyssynchrony were quantified using cross-correlation analysis of tissue Doppler velocity curves. Systolic dyssynchrony increased 81% during RVA pacing relative to AAI and NSR (P < 0.01). Diastolic synchrony was not affected by the different pacing modes (P = 0.375). Conclusion: Acute dyssynchronous activation of the LV created by RVA pacing resulted in systolic dyssynchrony with preserved diastolic synchrony in pediatric patients following catheter ablation for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Our results suggest that systolic and diastolic dyssynchrony are not tightly coupled and may develop through separate mechanisms.
The preparation of reovirus top component and its effect on host DNA and protein synthesis.

Abstract 1. 1. A technique based on the ability of ethidium bromide to inhibit the formation of progeny double-stranded RNA is described for the preparation of empty reovirus (top component) particles virtually free of virions. 2. 2. Infection with reovirions leads to the inhibition of host cell DNA and protein synthesis; infection with top component has no effect on either.
Molecular Basis for Class V β-Tubulin Effects on Microtubule Assembly and Paclitaxel Resistance

Vertebrates produce at least seven distinct β-tubulin isotypes that coassemble into all cellular microtubules. The functional differences among these tubulin isoforms are largely unknown, but recent studies indicate that tubulin composition can affect microtubule properties and cellular microtubule-dependent behavior. One of the isotypes whose incorporation causes the largest change in microtubule assembly is β5-tubulin. Overexpression of this isotype can almost completely destroy the microtubule network, yet it appears to be required in smaller amounts for normal mitotic progression. Moderate levels of overexpression can also confer paclitaxel resistance. Experiments using chimeric constructs and site-directed mutagenesis now indicate that the hypervariable C-terminal region of β5 plays no role in these phenotypes. Instead, we demonstrate that two residues found in β5 (Ser-239 and Ser-365) are each sufficient to inhibit microtubule assembly and confer paclitaxel resistance when introduced into β1-tubulin; yet the single mutation of residue Ser-239 in β5 eliminates its ability to confer these phenotypes. Despite the high degree of conservation among β-tubulin isotypes, mutations affecting residue 365 demonstrate that amino acid substitutions can be context sensitive; i.e. an amino acid change in one isotype will not necessarily produce the same phenotype when introduced into a different isotype. Modeling studies indicate that residue Cys-239 of β1-tubulin is close to a highly conserved Cys-354 residue suggesting the possibility that disulfide formation could play a significant role in the stability of microtubules formed with β1- but not with β5-tubulin.
Pharmacologic restoration of αδF508 CFTR-mediated chloride current

Pharmacologic restoration of αδF508 CFTR-mediated chloride current. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal inherited disorder caused by over 800 different mutations in the CFTR gene. The most common mutation, αδF508, causes a trafficking arrest in the endoplasmic reticulum and the CFTR protein is degraded. Restoration of CFTR trafficking in vitro restores cAMP-mediated chloride transport at the cell surface. The hypothesis of this discussion is that the short chain fatty acids, butyrate and 4-phenylbutyrate, up-regulate mature CFTR at the plasma membrane. Evidence that these compounds regulate CFTR production and maturation in part through effects on molecular chaperones in CF cells in culture is discussed. The oral drug, 4-phenylbutyrate, was tested in a Phase I clinical trial in CF subjects and further trials are underway. Other new therapeutic approaches directed at different classes of mutations in CFTR are also discussed. Chemical and pharmacologic agents that regulate endogenous gene expression at different steps in the biosynthetic processing pathway of a membrane glycoprotein will be needed to comprehensively treat a complex inherited disorder like cystic fibrosis.
In Search of Butterfly Origins

Abstract To determine the sister taxon to butterflies, the relationships among the macrolepidopteran superfamilies were investigated using sequence data from the ND1 gene of mitochondrial DNA. Both sequence data and translated amino acids were used. We examined how different models of amino acid evolution (nonadditive) affected the inference of tree topology. We then added previously published sequence data from the 18S and 28S subunits of ribosomal RNA. In most analyses, regardless of data type and treatment, the Hedyloidea is either the sister taxon to butterflies or derived within the butterfly clade. These molecular results are compared to a reanalysis of morphological characteristics. The reanalysis of morphology agrees with Minet′s 1991 hypothesis of hedyloid relationships. Analysis of combined molecular and morphology data supports the hypothesis that hedylids are the sister group to butterflies. Scott′s hypothesis that hawk moths (Sphingidae) are the sister taxon to butterflies is discounted.
Coseismic Strain and the Transition to Surface Afterslip Recorded by Creepmeters near the 2004 Parkfield Epicenter

The Mw 6 Parkfield earthquake at 11:15 local time, 28 September 2004 has dealt a possibly fatal blow to the notion that significant surface slip precedes earthquakes. In 1966, anecdotal reports of surface fissures along the fault zone had been reported in the preceding week, and a water pipe fractured 11.6 hours before the mainshock. This offered hope that substantial surface slip may have occurred had displacement sensors been in place to measure it. In the days, hours, and minutes prior to the 2004 Parkfield mainshock, displacement sensors were in place, and nothing happened. According to data from eight creepmeters crossing the fault, the fault remained effectively locked at the detection level of each sensor (6-20 μm) (Langbein et al. , 2005, this issue). This absence of surface slip was accompanied by an absence of significant strain on the borehole dilatometer and shear-strainmeter array in the region, and by the absence of any unusual displacements on the GPS array embracing the 2004 epicenter. Although preseismic strain signals seen on some borehole strainmeters suggest that epicentral strain was not completely indifferent to the pending earthquake, the signals are close to instrumental noise levels and pose new challenges for their reliable future detection. In contrast to the absence of preseismic fault displacement, the creepmeters all recorded an abrupt coseismic dextral offset at the time of the mainshock. The step corresponds to dextral shear of the fault zone, but in the absence of surface rupture, the creepmeters during early afterslip acted as extensometers, measuring strain rather than fault creep. The serendipitous location of creepmeters at Work Ranch both across and eccentric to the fault zone has provided insight into the development of surface faulting. The u.s. Geological Survey (USGS) has maintained a creepmeter array in Parkfield since the 1966 earthquake, increasing …
The role of the lizard thyroid gland in tail regeneration.

Hypothyroidism in Anolis carolinensis caused almost a two week delay in blastema formation and tail elongation was completely inhibited. Hormonal replacement therapy (L-thyroxine) in hypothyroid lizards allowed for normal blastema formation as well as subsequent tail elongation. Hyperthyroidism in Anolis initiated the early development and subsequently the early completion of blastema formation but had no significant effect on tail elongation. Histological observations in the hypothyroid regenerates when compared with those receiving thyroxine replacement revealed that: (a) the inhibition of tail elongation was due to an inhibition of the outgrowth of the ependyma into the developing blastema; (b) although tail elongation was inhibited in hypothyroid lizards, many tissues within the blastema did differentiate along the same time course as those found in hormonal replacement regenerates and controls; thus, thyroxine apparently had little to do with tissue differentiation in these animals. Hypophysectomy was found to delay blastema formation by one and one-half weeks and to inhibit tail elongation in the same manner as was found in hypothyroid lizards. A dose response relationship was found to exist between certain levels of thyroxine (0.04 to 0.2 μg) and tail regeneration in hypophysectomized lizards. The intermediate dose of thyroxine (0.2 μg) produced a maximum response with respect to lizard tail elongation. A greater dose of thyroxine (1.0 μg) did not further augment the regeneration process and any greater dose would likely produce an inhibitory effect.
Treatment of Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction With Calcium Chloride in Patients Receiving Verapamil

This report describes two patients who received verapamil because of supraventricular arrhythmias. The patients both developed severe hypotension and signs of left ventricular compromise. The hypotension and left ventricular compromise were promptly reversed by administration of intravenous calcium chloride. The dramatic improvement was documented clinically and in one case by two-dimensional echocardiography.
Prevention of Contraction of Patched Intestinal Defects

• Neomucosal growth on a serosal patch might increase intestinal surface area in the short-bowel syndrome but is limited by contraction of the patched defect. Our aim was to reduce contraction by mechanical or pharmacologic means. Ileal defects (2×5 cm) were patched with colon serosa in 14 rabbits. Group 1 (n=5) had a plastic splint sutured to the defect edge. Group 2 (n=4) received hydrocortisone acetate and vitamin A. Group 3 (n=5) was the control group. Four weeks after patching there was significantly less contraction in groups 1 and 2 compared with group 3 (72.3%±5.6% and 50.0%±5.8% vs 31.9%±1.8% initial defect size). Epithelial coverage of the defect was greater in groups 1 and 3 than in group 2. Disaccharidase activity of neomucosa and surrounding mucosa was significantly decreased in the steroid-treated rabbits. Contraction of a serosal patch can be reduced by mechanical and pharmacologic measures that may enhance the clinical applicability of this technique. ( Arch Surg 1988;123:428-430)
Novel Compact Femtosecond Lasers Based on Multi-Pass Cavities

We describe the design and mode-locked operation of compact (30cm x 45 cm) femtosecond multi-pass-cavity Ti3+:Al2O3 lasers which operate at 31 MHz and can generate 19-fs, 3.65 nJ pulses with only 1.5 W of pump.
The promise of medical anthropology at the end of the twentieth century

Hahn, Robert A. Sickness and Healing: An Anthropological Perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. 293 pp. including references and index. $20.00 paper. Laderman, Carol and Marina Roseman. The Performance of Healing. New York: Routledge, 1996. 322 pp. including references and index. $23.00 paper. Rush, John A. Clinical Anthropology: An Application of Anthropological Concepts Within Clinical Settings. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996. 258 pp. including bibliography and index. $26.00 paper.
Use of a nasogastric tube to evacuate stone debris after ureteroscopic holmium lithotripsy

We report a case of bilateral struvite and matrix staghorn calculi in a quadriplegic man with severe upper and lower extremity contractures that prevented percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Bilateral ureteroscopic lithotripsy was performed but the "snowstorm" of particles and viscous matrix material prevented complete stone clearance with the ureteroscope alone. Irrigation and aspiration through a fluoroscopically positioned nasogastric tube allowed evacuation of stone debris, mucinous matrix, and completion of the procedure.
Utilization of intrauterine contraceptive devices by patients of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

Since 1988 IUD use by patients at Planned Parenthood of America clinics has remained constant at 0.7% of the approximately 1.8 million patients receiving contraception each year. In the past 7 years only 18 perforations 60 infections and 27 difficult removals have been reported from these clinics. Moreover there has been no evidence that the IUD poses health risks to acceptors or a major expense to the providers malpractice insurance company. In large part Planned Parenthoods excellent safety record associated with IUD use reflects implementation of a uniform set of IUD guidelines. These guidelines permit Planned Parenthood clinicians to provide prophylactic antibiotics in cases where an acceptor considered at low current risk of sexually transmitted diseases has a past history of pelvic inflammatory disease gonorrhea chlamydia infection or mucopurulent cervicitis. Implementation of these guidelines is augmented by careful physical examination and explanation of the risks and benefits of IUD use. Planned Parenthood also distributes forms outlining the risk associated with pregnancy with an IUD in place. Finally Planned Parenthood unlike most other clinics makes IUDs available to nulliparous women who clearly understand the risks.
Pulmonary rehabilitation and self-care after ambulatory surgery

Over 30 million Americans are living with chronic lung disease in the United States. The long-term ongoing care required by these individuals is a major contributor to American health care costs. Clinicians caring for persons with chronic respiratory disease are faced with minimal time in which to prepare patients for adequate self-care abilities. Oftentimes, the clinician may assume that all of the "bases have been covered." In reality, it is because this assumption is made that persons with chronic respiratory disease are often not receiving the full breadth of information that they need to increase their self-care abilities and optimize their quality of life. This article prepares the perianesthesia clinician to ensure that the important tenets of self-care information are addressed for the person with overt and/or underlying chronic respiratory disease.
Coral Reefs: Building a Better Crystal Ball

Reef corals are ancient taxa, yet they are highly sensitive to environmental change. Recent research indicates that unless global CO2 emissions are dramatically reduced, we are just decades away from the collapse of coral reef ecosystems.
Microcosmic histories : Island perspectives on global change

The Pacific Islands, particularly the Polynesian islands, provide excellent model systems for understanding the human dimensions of global change. This is due to their uniquely microcosmic aspect. Little worlds unto themselves, islands are natural history's best shot at something approaching the controlled experiment. The human choices that have led to particular outcomes on these islands teach us that nothing is inevitable or predetermined. The more we understand how our predecessors fashioned the earth we have inherited, the better we may be able to achieve a "sustainable" relationship with our planet, our own little microcosm within the cosmos.
Respiratory Symptoms and Functional Impairment from Acute (Cross-Shift) Exposure to Welding Gases and Fumes

One hundred forty-five male welders from a West Coast shipyard were studied cross-sectionally and across a Monday work shift by pulmonary function tests and a questionnaire. Ten years of welding was associated with chronic bronchitis in 23.3% of nonsmokers compared to 3.3% in male controls, shortness of breath in 31.5% of nonsmokers compared to 1.5% in controls, and chest pain or heaviness in 38.4% compared to 4.4% in controls. Men who welded aluminum but had never smoked had more frequent wheezing, chest tightness, phlegm, feverishness and fatigue than those welding mild (black) or stainless steel. There were no significant cross-shift effects from welding exposure on measurements of pulmonary function. Although baseline expiratory flows were reduced slightly when compared to Caucasian-predicted values, ethnic specific comparisons for the largest subgroup showed only that FEF25-75 was reduced to 92.9 percentage of predicted values. Diffusing capacities for carbon monoxide were significantly reduced as compared to referents. The pulmonary function values of 25 current smokers were indistinguishable from the 41 who had never smoked, which probably reflects their low consumption of cigarettes.
Recent Developments in Dairy Journalism

Abstract This study examines changes in commercial dairy periodicals during the past 25 yr in numbers of periodicals, circulation levels and methods, editorial emphases, appearance, and income bases. It also summarizes contributions of the dairy press to the dairy industry and explores possible developments during the next decade. Analyses of aggregate data suggest that numbers of commercial dairy periodicals remained fairly constant during the quarter-century while combined and average circulation declined. Major changes were in financial bases and distribution systems of dairy periodicals. A nationwide survey among dairy journalists identifies new printing methods and increased use of color as important sources of changes in appearance. Seven kinds of services to the industry are identified. Respondents expect their publications to remain major channels for technical, management, and marketing information within the dairy industry during the next decade. They express concern that their financial resources may not increase as rapidly as the needs that their publications try to serve.
Effect of release rate and ratio of (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol from synthetic pheromone blends on trap capture ofHeliothis subflexa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Response of maleHeliothis subflexa to pheromone-baited traps containing blends of tetradecanal, (Z)-9-tetradecanal, hexadecanal, (Z)-7-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecan-1-ol acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol was evaluated. Analysis of trap capture data indicated that (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol was a critical component of the pheromone blend. It was determined from emission rate data and measurements of the ratio of pheromone components emitted from rubber septa tested that a significant increase in trap capture of maleH. subflexa occurred when the blends investigated released the alcohol in a narrow range relative to the total amount of pheromone emitted. The optimum range of release ratio of the alcohol for the capture of males in sticky traps was determined to be 0.9–3.5% of the pheromone blend. This release ratio range was reduced to 0.9–1.6% when bucket traps were used.
Stimulation of RNA Polymerase II Elongation by Chromosomal Protein HMG-14

The high-mobility group protein 14 (HMG-14) is a non-histone chromosomal protein that is preferentially associated with transcriptionally active chromatin. To assess the effect of HMG-14 on transcription by RNA polymerase II, in vivo-assembled chromatin with elevated amounts of HMG-14 was obtained. Here it is shown that HMG-14 enhanced transcription on chromatin templates but not on DNA templates. This protein stimulated the rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II but not the level of initiation of transcription. These findings suggest that the association of HMG-14 with nucleosomes is part of the cellular process involved in the generation of transcriptionally active chromatin.
Physical Aging of Linear and Network Epoxy Resins.

Network and linear epoxy resins principally based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and its oligomers are prepared and studied using diamine and anhydride crosslinking agents. Rubber modified epoxies and a carbon fiber reinforced composite are also investigated. All materials display time-dependent changes when stored at temperatures below the glass transition temperature after quenching (sub-T/g/ annealing). Solvent sorption experiments initiated after different sub-T(g) annealing times demonstrate that the rate of solvent uptake can be indirectly related to the free volume of the epoxy resins. Residual thermal stresses and water are found to have little effect on the physical aging process, which affects the sub-T(g) properties of uniaxial carbon fiber reinforced epoxy material. Finally, the importance of the recovery phenomenon which affects the durability of epoxy glasses is considered.
Design ornamentation & fabrication by multi agent system

From a historical perspective, we were extremely intrigued by the organizational complexity and integrity of traditional ornamentation styles in architecture & furniture design. One of the remarkable styles of interest is Rococo or "Late Baroque", which evolved in France & Italy for architectural structures and furniture decor. This research project is conceived from the notion of how design computation could be a valid medium to generate ornamentation in design, comparable to the one found in traditional architectural & furniture decor style. The research work predominantly studies the extent of ornamentation in Rococo Style at the scale of both Architectural Design and Product Design. Rococo was chosen to understand complexity & structural construction of ornamentation & motif formation. The rich grandeur and florid beauty of the motifs and the sculptural tectonics in Rococo is highly appreciated and thus, intent of the project was to develop a self-organized computational framework, which is calibrated to have the potential to form complex designed artifacts & art forms having unique ornate quality. Adding to that, the project strictly adheres to the objective to create a computational methodology or script which can provide series of such designed artifacts, based on designers input parameters and initial conditions.
Compressive shear faults within arctic sea ice: Fracture on scales large and small

[1] We examined fracture features within arctic sea ice as revealed by Landsat-7 and RADARSAT imagery, by an aerial survey, and through observations in the laboratory of specimens loaded to brittle failure under biaxial compression. Regardless of scale, which spans the range from kilometers to millimeters, the features look alike. They consist mainly of narrow lineaments that traverse the field of view, plus wing-like and comb-like secondary cracks. The lineaments occasionally intersect and generally exhibit either right-lateral or left-lateral relative movement, like strike-slip faults within Earth's crust. We term them brittle compressive shear faults. They form through the linking of en echelon arrays of deformation-induced secondary cracks. From an application of wing-crack and comb-crack mechanics, we estimated the maximum compressive stress near the onset of faulting and found that our estimates compare favorably with in situ measurements by earlier investigators of ice sheet failure stresses. To account for the brittle behavior of the sea ice cover, we applied a recent model of the ductile-to-brittle transition in which the key idea is the competition between stress buildup and stress relaxation at stress concentrators. In identifying the nature of sea ice fracture features, we advance the view that failure occurs on many scales through highly localized as opposed to uniformly distributed deformation, via the operation of scale-independent mechanisms.
Log‐Linear Models for Linked Loci: Variances of Estimated Parameters

In a recent work (Haber, 1984) the author described a system of two genetic loci in terms of loglinear models. The present note provides a method for estimating the variances of the estimated parameters in these models.
Iron and titanium solution properties in peraluminous and peralkaline rhyolitic liquids

The saturation surface of pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) was determined for melts in the system SiO2-Al2O3-K2O-FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2 at 1400° C and 1 atm. The variation in concentrations of Fe2O3, TiO2 and Fe2TiO5 in liquids can be used to infer relative changes in activity coefficients of these components with changing K2O/(K2O+Al2O3) of the melts. Saturation concentrations of these components are low and relatively constant in the peraluminous melts and increase with increasing K2O/(K2O+Al2O3) in peralkaline liquids. The activity coefficients of Fe2O3 and TiO2 and Fe2TiO5, therefore, are higher in peraluminous liquids than in peralkaline liquids in this system. In addition, the iron redox ratio was measured as a function of K2O/(K2O+Al2O3) for liquids just below the saturation surface; \(f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) was fixed so all variations in redox ratio are entirely due to changes in melt composition. The redox ratio from unsaturated liquids was applied to saturated liquids where redox analysis of the glass is impossible. The homogeneous equilibrium experiments indicate that the activity coefficient of Fe2O3 relative to that of FeO is significantly greater in peraluminous melts than peralkaline melts. Both the heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibria suggest that in peralkaline liquids K+in excess of that required to charge balance tetrahedral Al+3 is used to stabilize both Fe+3 and Ti+4. Calculations show that ferric iron and titanium compete equally effectively for charge-balancing potassium but neither can outcompete aluminum. The observed changes in solution properties of Fe2O3 and TiO2 in the synthetic melts are used to explain variations in Fe-Ti oxide stabilities in natural peraluminous and peralkaline rhyolites and granites. Since the activity coefficients of both ferric iron and titanium are significantly higher in peraluminous liquids than in peralkaline liquids, Fe-Ti oxides should occur earlier in the crystallization sequence in peraluminous rhyolites than in peralkaline rhyolites. In addition, iron will be reduced in peraluminous granites and rhyolites relative to peralkaline ones under comparable P, T, and \(f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\). Finally, observed crystallization patterns for minerals containing highly charged cations other than ferric iron and titanium are evaluated in the context of this and other experimental studies.
Differential Gene Expression in the Developing Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Medial Geniculate Nucleus Reveals Novel Roles for Zic4 and Foxp2 in Visual and Auditory Pathway Development

Primary sensory nuclei of the thalamus process and relay parallel channels of sensory input into the cortex. The developmental processes by which these nuclei acquire distinct functional roles are not well understood. To identify novel groups of genes with a potential role in differentiating two adjacent sensory nuclei, we performed a microarray screen comparing perinatal gene expression in the principal auditory relay nucleus, the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), and principal visual relay nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). We discovered and confirmed groups of highly ranked, differentially expressed genes with qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. A functional role for Zic4, a transcription factor highly enriched in the LGN, was investigated using Zic4-null mice, which were found to have changes in topographic patterning of retinogeniculate projections. Foxp2, a transcriptional repressor expressed strongly in the MGN, was found to be positively regulated by activity in the MGN. These findings identify roles for two differentially expressed genes, Zic4 and Foxp2, in visual and auditory pathway development. Finally, to test whether modality-specific patterns of gene expression are influenced by extrinsic patterns of input, we performed an additional microarray screen comparing the normal MGN to "rewired" MGN, in which normal auditory afferents are ablated and novel retinal inputs innervate the MGN. Data from this screen indicate that rewired MGN acquires some patterns of gene expression that are present in the developing LGN, including an upregulation of Zic4 expression, as well as novel patterns of expression which may represent unique processes of cross-modal plasticity.
Unidirectional mating type changes in individual cells from selfing cultures of Paramecium aurelia.

Individual cells participating in mating reactions in selfing cultures of syngen 7, P. aurelia, were isolated and tested to ascertain the mating type they were expressing at the time of isolation and the mating type they were expressing several hours later. In this way a number of cases were discovered in which cells initially expressing mating type XIII had changed to type XIV A transient, hermaphrotypic stage may be involved in this change. The possible significance of these observations is discussed with regard to the process of mating type expression.
Density-dependent variations in the lipid content and metabolism of cultured human keratinocytes.

Cultured human foreskin keratinocytes have been utilized extensively to study modulations in protein content during epidermal differentiation. In this study we examined their usefulness as a model system for differentiation-linked changes in lipid content and metabolism. First-to-third passage keratinocytes were grown in 10% fetal calf serum on a mitomycin-treated 3T3 feeder layer and harvested at intervals before, during, and after reaching confluence for determination of lipid, protein, and DNA content. Lipid synthesis, determined as acetate incorporation into lipid, was most active in pre-confluent cultures and at all times closely paralleled the growth activity of the cultures. Post-confluent cultures were characterized by an increase in total lipid content and by increased triglyceride content and synthesis. Pulse-chase studies demonstrated that labeling of the triglyceride pol was labile and suggested that even in post-confluent cultures, triglyceride provide a fatty acid reservoir for phospholipid biosynthesis. A novel band, which co-migrated with monoalkyldiacylglycerol in tow solvents systems was in pre-confluent cultures. Sphingolipids constituted less than 10% of total lipid at all stages of growth, and cholesterol sulfate was present only in small quantities. These studies illustrate the relationship of lipid synthesis to growth and demonstrate that human foreskin keratinocytes, cultured under standard conditions, reproduce incompletely the lipid composition of epidermis in vivo.
Imperial Inspections: Archaeology, War and Violence

The political-ethical complexities of archaeological work have led to this publication of a theme issue that attempts to critically consider our privileged positions as scholars, but also the limitations of our work in the context of violent conflicts. At the same time these papers show how practical remedial initiatives sought for distressing situations in which archaeologists may find themselves can often only intensify the problems.
The vibrational spectrum of hydroxyl groups in hydroxyapatites

Abstract The infrared spectra of four samples of hydroxyapatites were measured using thin wafers. One sample had nearly the stoichiometric composition and one had a deficiency of Ca2+; the other samples contained small amounts of substitutional F− and Cu2+, respectively. Spectra were taken following different pretreatment procedures and at several temperatures. Particular attention was given to absorptions attributable to hydroxyl groups. A weak band at 3660 cm−1 in all samples was characterized as a surface OH group by its exchange behavior with D2O and back exchange with NH3. Internal POH groups in the non-stoichiometric sample ( Ca P = 1.58) gave rise to a band at 880 cm−1, which was unchanged following deuterium exchange, but which disappeared when heated above 400° due to condensation reactions leading to the formation of P4O74- groups which absorbed at 715 cm−1. The spectral characteristics of the stretching vibrations of lattice OH groups (and their OD analogues) were determined at temperatures from 25 to 600°C. At room temperature the absorptions at 3572 cm−1 (and 2634 cm−1) were symmetrical, approximately Lorentzian in shape and narrower in the non-stoichiometric than the stoichiometric ( Ca P = 1.67) material. At 600°C these frequencies were decreased to 3565 cm−1 (and 2628 cm−1) and new absorptions, not apparent in room temperature spectra, were observed at 3537 cm−1 for the OH form (and 2610 cm−1 for the OD form). In both instances the new absorptions comprised 30 % of the respective total band areas. The changes, brought about by temperature increase, were fully and instantaneously reversible on cooling, the new bands being of intermediate intensity at intermediate temperature. It is suggested that they result from an orders-disorder transition (of enthalpy 2.7 kcal mol−1) in the hydroxyl (and deuteroxyl) columns of the lattice.
Theophylline Levels and Clinical Response in Asthmatic Adults Receiving Long-Term Uniphyl

Abstract Serum theophylline levels were measured in response to a single daily dose of Uniphyl in asthmatic adults who had previously received sustained-release theophylline preparations (usually TheoDur). Nine men and 20 women between the ages of 20 and 75 with a one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ) of 30 to 75 percent of predicted and with at least 15 percent improvement in FEV 1 following an inhaled beta-adrenergic agonist were enrolled. Patients with coexisting major organ system dysfunction were excluded. Maintenance prednisone in a dosage of 20 mg or less each morning and inhaled corticosteroids were allowed. The five-week study included a baseline week when the usual sustained-release theophylline was continued; theophylline blood levels were determined at six to 10 hours on the fifth day. Patients then switched to an equivalent dose of Uniphyl with single morning dosing. FEV 1 and serum theophylline levels were observed weekly as during the baseline period. Side effects were carefully monitored throughout the study. Concurrent therapy included inhaled beta agonist in 28, oral prednisone in 11, and beclomethasone in one. Serum theophylline levels were remarkably stable during the four Uniphyl weeks and averaged 15 μg/ml. During this time, a small improvement in FEV 1 occurred in weeks 2 and 4 (p 1 at the time of the normal serum peak of theophylline. This study suggests that Uniphyl can replace twice-daily theophylline dosing, which may result in improved patient compliance.
The Use of Complementary Slots in Aircraft Antenna Impedance Measurements

This paper describes a method for eliminating the feed-cable effect in the measurement of aircraft wing-cap and tail-cap antenna impedances with the aid of models. The procedure employed allows greater accuracy in measurement than that obtainable with conventional techniques, but its application is restricted to use use on simplified models. The advantages and limitations of the method are discussed, and typical experimental results are presented.
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: receptor binding and anxiolytic behavioral studies.

Abstract Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (PZP) have been reported to be specific anxiolytic agents which do not potentiate ethanol or barbiturates. To further investigate these compounds, three of the most promising analogs were synthesized and a tritium-labeled analog of one of them prepared by a new synthetic procedure. These analogs did not compete with [ 3 H]flunitrazepam or [ 3 H]β-carboline ethyl ester binding nor did they potentiate the [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding. Receptor binding studies with the [ 3 H]PZP revealed a low affinity receptor site, distinct from that of the benzodiazepines, but with only a small fraction (20%) of specific binding. Behavioral tests using three different animal models for anxiety: muricide, approach/avoidance conflict and two-chamber exploration tests gave conflicting results, positive in the first and negative in the latter two. Furthermore, these compounds were found not to be antagonists of diazepam's anticonvulsant activity. Taken together, these results, while provocative, do not support evidence that these analogs are promising specific anxiolytic agents.
Study of phase formation of high fluence oxygen ion-implanted titanium and molybdenum by means of in-situ electrical resistance measurements

Abstract Oxygen and argon ion implantations into molybdenum and titanium thin films on sapphire have been performed at room temperature and higher temperatures (
In vitro and in vivo Phlebovirus inhibition by ribavirin.

Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) was markedly inhibitory in vitro to Adames and Balliet strains of Punta Toro virus (PTV), a Phlebovirus related to Rift Valley fever and sandfly fever viruses. By using inhibition of viral cytopathic effect in LLC-MK2 cells with both virus strains, the 50% effective dose was 4 to 10 micrograms/ml and the virus rating was 1.3. The Adames strain of PTV infection in mice was established for evaluation of the in vivo antiviral efficacy of ribavirin. The drug was administered subcutaneously (s.c.) twice daily for 5 to 7 days beginning 4 h pre-virus inoculation, 24 h post-virus inoculation, or 36 h post-virus inoculation, with increased survivors, reduced hepatic icterus, reduction of serum glutamic oxalic acid transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase, and inhibition of infectious virus from sera and livers of infected mice. The minimum effective dose was 4.7 mg/kg per day, with a maximum tolerated dose of 75 mg/kg per day. When the same treatment schedule beginning 4 h pre-virus inoculation, 4 h post-virus inoculation, or 24 h post-virus inoculation was used, orally administered ribavirin was effective at doses as low as 6.3 mg/kg per day. Single s.c. ribavirin treatments at doses of 175 to 700 mg/kg administered from 4 to 48 h post-virus inoculation were also effective. No effect was seen when ribavirin was administered s.c. to mice infected intracerebrally with the PTV strain Balliet, even though treatment was begun 36 h before virus exposure.
Treating octogenarian and nonagenarian acute myeloid leukemia patients—Predictive prognostic models†

BACKGROUND: Treating the octogenarian and nonagenarian patients who have acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with intensive chemotherapy is controversial. Several models to predict outcome were proposed, including the use of a comorbidity index. However, it is unclear whether the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) or the hematopoietic cell transplant comorbidity index (HCTCI) is more sensitive. METHODS: The authors analyzed their experience with 92 patients aged ≥80 years who had AML. Patients' pretreatment characteristics and their treatment outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: All patients were offered intensive treatment; 59 patients (64%) were treated intensively with a variety of regimens, whereas 33 patients (36%) elected to receive supportive care. The CCI and the HCTCI had similar predictive ability for outcome in both groups. A multivariate analyses of prognostic factors identified near-normal albumin (48% of patients; 1-year survival rate, >27%) as a favorable factor for the whole cohort, age 25%) and nonmonocytic morphology (75% of patients; 1-year survival rate, >26%) as favorable factors for the intensively treated cohort, and bone marrow blasts 19%) as a favorable factor for patients who received supportive care. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis was developed to assist in treatment decisions for octogenarian and nonagenarian patients with AML. The findings will need validation in a prospective study. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Contact resistance between carbon nanotubes

Fascinating properties of nanotubes arise when they form intermolecular junctions. In this rapid communication, we demonstrate that such nanotube junctions have atomic scale characteristics and the contact resistance between the tubes depends strongly on atomic structure in the contact region. Our calculations show that the optimal electronic transport between nanotubes occurs when the tubes are in atomic scale registry. The contact resistance can vary several orders of magnitude with atomic scale movements. Phenomena such as the negative differential resistance and nonlinear variation of resistance are found. These properties may lead to new device applications.
Differential Summer Suvival of White Clover Stolons: Germplasm and Fungicide Effects

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) stands in the southeastern USA survive during summer drought predominantly through persistence of stolons. The decay and death of stolons during the hot, humid summer may be partially due to fungal diseases. This study determined the effect of summer fungicide applications on stolon survival of 'Regal' and 'Louisiana S-1' white clover compared with drought-tolerant Brown Loam Syn. No. 2 germplasm (BLSyn). The three white clover entries were grown in the field on a Catalpa silty clay (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Fluvaquentic Hapludoll) at Mississippi State, MS, in three separate 1-yr studies. During summer stolon dormancy, plots of each entry were either untreated or sprayed biweekly with benomyl [methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate]. In 2 of 3 yr, BLSyn had 23 to 63% greater ground cover, 33 to 55% greater stolon density, and 30 to 47% greater relative live stolon length following the summer drought than Louisiana S-1. In all 3 yr, BLSyn had greater relative live stolon length (7-18%) following the summer drought than Regal. Plots treated with benomyl had 14 to 52% greater stolon density (in 2 of 3 yr), 14 to 40% greater stolon growing point density, and 9 to 27% greater relative live stolon length than untreated plots. Benomyl treatment gave less of an increase in relative live stolon length of BLSyn than in the two cultivars. These results suggest that fungal pathogenesis may reduce white clover stolon survival during summer dormancy, and that greater fungal disease resistance could be part of the mechanism of improved summer survival in BLSyn white clover.
Effect of field direction on electrowetting in a nanopore

We manifest a significant influence of field direction and polarity on surface wetting, when the latter is tuned by application of an external electric field. Thermodynamics of field-induced filling of hydrocarbon-like nanopores with water is studied by open ensemble molecular simulation. Increased field strength consistently results in water-filling and electrostriction in hydrophobic nanopores. A threshold field commensurate with surface charge density of about one elementary charge per 10 nm2 suffices to render prototypical paraffin surfaces hydrophilic. When a field is applied in the direction perpendicular to the confining walls, the competition between orientational polarization and angle preferences of interfacial water molecules relative to the walls results in an asymmetric wettability of opposing surfaces (Janus interface). Reduction of surface free energy observed upon alignment of confinement walls with field direction suggests a novel mechanism whereby the applied electric field can operate s...
Fault tolerance in onboard processors - Protecting efficient FDM demultiplexers

The application of convolutional codes to protect demultiplexer filter banks is demonstrated analytically for efficient implementations. An overview is given of the parameters for the efficient implementations of filter banks, and real convolutional codes are discussed in terms of DSP operations. Methods for composite filtering and parity generation are outlined, and attention is given to the protection of polyphase filter demultiplexing systems. Real convolutional codes can be applied to protect demultiplexer filter banks by employing two forms of low-rate parity calculation to each filter bank. The parity values are computed either by the output with an FIR parity filter or in parallel with the normal processing by a composite filter. Hardware similarities between the filter bank and the main demultiplexer bank permit efficient redeployment of the processing resources to the main processing function in any configuration.
Microstructure and fracture morphology of carbon nano-fiber modified asphalt and hot mix asphalt mixtures

This paper focuses on the microstructure and fracture surface morphology of neat and carbon nanofibers (CNF) modified asphalts and hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Asphalt binder was modified with 1.5 % of CNF by weight of binder. The modified asphalt was used to construct HMA mixtures at various CNF dosages, mixed with aggregate, using the Superpave Gyratory compactor. Small rectangular specimens extracted from the center of large HMA samples were tested under direct tension and the fracture surface was examined under SEM. The SEM analysis developed a fundamental understanding of the role that the CNF modification plays in the performance enhancement of asphalt and HMA mixtures. It was found that CNF not only possess good adhesion characteristics but also exhibits high connectivity and were evenly distribution throughout the binder. The fracture surface morphology also revealed that CNF exhibited crack bridging at micro/nano scale which may enhance the resistance to cracking due to repeated traffic loads.