cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical fiber induced noise in RF-photonic links

Analog radio frequency (RF) over fiber link systems have shown promise in aviation applications for RF Radar signal distribution within aircraft. These RF-photonic links usually requires relatively high optical power (0.1 to 1W) for the laser carrier in order to increase the spur-free-dynamic-range (SFDR) and reduce the noise figure of the link system. However, these high power levels lead to nonlinear scattering in optical fiber that induces additional noise on the optical signal traveling through the fiber. This additional optical noise is converted into RF noise after photodetection. In this work, we present experimental data demonstrating optical-scattering-induced noise in high-power RF-photonic links.
Responding to crisis representations on film: W.R. Grace goes beyond A Civil Action

Abstract Films represent modern day muckraking, telling stories of true corporate misdeeds. This study compares the reactive image reparation efforts of W.R. Grace in addressing alleged well water contamination at the time of the allegations and the proactive efforts after the release of A Civil Action detailing the civil case. The public relations efforts of W.R. Grace as the movie premiered are analyzed and the lessons organizations can learn from their efforts are presented.
Assessing the County-Level Structural Covariates of Police Homicides

Largely paralleling research on general homicides, research on the structural covariates of murders of police has been carried out at various levels of areal aggregation. However, although the general homicide research has been extended to counties in the United States, research on murders of police has yet to follow suit. To begin to fill this gap, this study extends research on the structural covariates of police homicides to the county level. Controlling for the number of law enforcement officers at risk, we find that police were more likely to be murdered in economically depressed counties and in counties with larger percentages of African Americans, persons aged 25 to 34, and nonsheriff agencies. Police homicide risk was significantly lower in urbanized counties and in counties located in the Northeast, whereas the South was no riskier than the West or Midwest. Murders of police were unrelated to population mobility, divorce, and levels of violent crime.
Can Safety Labeling Be Harmonized

The harmonization of worldwide pharmaceutical labeling is an objective of significant medical, social, and commercial importance. The perception and impact of the presentation of the safety profile of a product is influenced by several factors, including language, local culture, medical practice, availability of alternative therapies, variation in regulatory approval policies, and so forth. These and other problems must be addressed and resolved before safety labeling can be truly harmonized.
Four Hills of Life: Northern Arapaho Knowledge and Life Movement.

Four Hills of Life: Northern Arapaho Knowledge and Life Movement. Jeffrey D. Anderson. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 343 pp.
A fully mobile, GPS enabled, vehicle-to-vehicle measurement platform for characterization of the 5.9 GHz DSRC channel

To understand the characteristics of vehicle-to-vehicle channels, in this paper, we describe a mobile channel measurement platform operating at the 5.9 GHz designated dedicated short range communications (DSRC) frequency band. Our system uses programmable instrumentation for both the transmitter and receiver, enabling the use of a wide range of waveforms. Our system permits the generation and analysis of arbitrary waveforms with instantaneous bandwidth up to 40 MHz. Our system also has several key features which distinguish it from other similar systems. First, our RF measurement system is operating in the 5.9 GHz frequency band designated for DSRC. Second, we have taken the additional step of incorporating location-based information via GPS receivers. The GPS receiver provides far richer statistics to characterize the channel, which allows us to better understand the relationship between this highly mobile V2V channel and location information.
Fame, rights, and videotape

Abstract [Geiderman JM. Fame, rights, and videotape. Ann Emerg Med. February 2001;37:217-219.]
PRODUCTION OF A SALT GLAZE BY THE APPLICATION OF A SLIP TO THE WARE1

Glazed surfaces can be produced on the face of ware mode from practically any clay or shale having maturing temperature of cone 1 or more by coating the face of the ware with a slip containing sodium chloride. Various concentrations of salt in the slip have been used. Lower concentrations do not produce glazes but develop interesting surface and color effects. Metallic oxides may be used to produce variation in color of the glaze. This method shows promise as a means of securing salt glazes in kilns which have heretofore been considered impractical for salt-glazing purposes, although it has been developed only in the lahoratory stage at the present time. Sodium carbonate has also been used successfully.
Effects of the scheduling of meal-feeding at different phases of the circadian system in rats.

This study was designed to determine whether or not a number of diverse rhythmic variables in the rat could be synchronized to meal timing. This was tested by restricting the availability of food; once during each 24-hour period an unrestricted quantity of food was made available for a 4-hour period to four different groups at different phases of the light-dark cycle, and the rhythms of the variables studied in the different groups were compared. Liver glycogen and serum glucose did synchronize to or were strongly influenced by feeding schedules; corti costerone and the several enzymes measured seemed to reflect an inter action of both the restricted feeding schedule and the light-dark cycle. The mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in all groups remained re markably synchronized to the light-dark cycle and was altered only minimally by restricted meal timing. All groups on restricted feeding schedules gained less weight than the group fed ad libitum and main tained on a light-dark cycle. These studies caution against assuming that all body functions react in the same manner to different synchronizers; and they emphasize that one must not generalize about the synchronizing effect of meal-timing or even the light-dark cycle. J. Nutr. 107: 176- 193,1977.
Toward automatic task design: a progress report

A central challenge in human computation is in understanding how to design task environments that effectively attract participants and coordinate the problem solving process. In this paper, we consider a common problem that requesters face on Amazon Mechanical Turk: how should a task be designed so as to induce good output from workers? In posting a task, a requester decides how to break down the task into unit tasks, how much to pay for each unit task, and how many workers to assign to a unit task. These design decisions affect the rate at which workers complete unit tasks, as well as the quality of the work that results. Using image labeling as an example task, we consider the problem of designing the task to maximize the number of quality tags received within given time and budget constraints. We consider two different measures of work quality, and construct models for predicting the rate and quality of work based on observations of output to various designs. Preliminary results show that simple models can accurately predict the quality of output per unit task, but are less accurate in predicting the rate at which unit tasks complete. At a fixed rate of pay, our models generate different designs depending on the quality metric, and optimized designs obtain significantly more quality tags than baseline comparisons.
ISIS 301012 Gene Therapy for Hypercholesterolemia: Sense, Antisense, or Nonsense?

Objective:To present an overview of antisense technology and to review and assess available literature on the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, preclinical and clinical studies, dosing, and adverse events of ISIS 301012 in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.Data Sources:PubMed database searches were conducted from 1966 to May 2007 using the search terms ISIS 301012. antisense, oligonucleotide, hypercholesterolemia. hyperlipidemia, and apolipoprotein B. Bibliographies of relevant review articles and information from the manufacturer were reviewed for additional references.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Available English-language literature, including abstracts, preclinical, and clinical trials, review articles, and scientific presentations were examined.Data Synthesis:Apolipoprotein B is an important structural protein on the surface of atherogenic lipoproteins such as remnant very-low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein and facilitates the clearance of these parti...
Strategies for direct volume rendering of diffusion tensor fields

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a relatively new modality capable of elucidating the fibrous structure of certain types of tissue, such as the white matter within the brain. One tool for interpreting this data is volume rendering because it permits the visualization of three dimensional structure without a prior segmentation process. In order to use volume rendering, however, we must develop methods for assigning opacity and color to the data, and create a method to shade the data to improve the legibility of the rendering. Previous work introduced three such methods: barycentric opacity maps, hue-balls (for color), and lit-tensors (for shading). The paper expands on and generalizes these methods, describing and demonstrating further means of generating opacity, color, and shading from the tensor information. We also propose anisotropic reaction-diffusion volume textures as an additional tool for visualizing the structure of diffusion data. The patterns generated by this process can be visualized on their own or they can be used to supplement the volume rendering strategies described in the rest of the paper. Finally, because interpolation between data points is a fundamental issue in volume rendering, we conclude with a discussion and evaluation of three distinct interpolation methods suitable for diffusion tensor MRI data.
Simultaneous electro-thermal test method for pyroelectric microsensors

Pyroelectric film materials, including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers (e.g., P(VDF/TrFe)), are attractive candidates for low-cost infrared detection and imaging applications due to their compatibility with CMOS processing and inexpensive packaging requirements compared to semiconductor-based detectors. The pyroelectric coefficient (p) describes the material's electric response to a change in sensor temperature and is the main contributor to the sensitivity and detectivity of the system. However, this value can vary greatly with film fabrication and poling processes, and its measurement is often highly coupled to the material's thermal diffusivity. This paper describes a new approach to film characterization that combines the popular "3-omega" technique for thermal characterization with a modified version of the laser intensity modulation method (LIMM) for determining the film's pyroelectric coefficient. The new method is capable of simultaneously measuring film conductivity, diffusivity, and pyroelectric coefficient. It could increase the accuracy of the pyroelectric measurements by providing in-situ thermal data to the electrical model instead of relying on published values or thermal measurements of a different sample. We also present a fabrication process that can be used to pole and measure a variety of pyroelectric materials and a mathematical framework to study the thermal phenomena of the setup. The thermal model is used to highlight the methodology's sensitivity to uncertainties in the geometric and material property values of the layers surrounding the pyroelectric film
Marked Expansion of Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas With Incretin Therapy in Humans With Increased Exocrine Pancreas Dysplasia and the Potential for Glucagon-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumors

Controversy exists regarding the potential regenerative influences of incretin therapy on pancreatic β-cells versus possible adverse pancreatic proliferative effects. Examination of pancreata from age-matched organ donors with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) treated by incretin therapy (n = 8) or other therapy (n = 12) and nondiabetic control subjects (n = 14) reveals an ∼40% increased pancreatic mass in DM treated with incretin therapy, with both increased exocrine cell proliferation (P < 0.0001) and dysplasia (increased pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, P < 0.01). Pancreata in DM treated with incretin therapy were notable for α-cell hyperplasia and glucagon-expressing microadenomas (3 of 8) and a neuroendocrine tumor. β-Cell mass was reduced by ∼60% in those with DM, yet a sixfold increase was observed in incretin-treated subjects, although DM persisted. Endocrine cells costaining for insulin and glucagon were increased in DM compared with non-DM control subjects (P < 0.05) and markedly further increased by incretin therapy (P < 0.05). In conclusion, incretin therapy in humans resulted in a marked expansion of the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic compartments, the former being accompanied by increased proliferation and dysplasia and the latter by α-cell hyperplasia with the potential for evolution into neuroendocrine tumors.
Ultra-wideband low-cost phased-array radars

Emerging radar applications require phased arrays that can operate over wide bandwidths to support multiband/multifunction operation. In response to that need, this paper presents a cost-effective implementation for extremely wide-band phased-array radars. Two designs are demonstrated, one operating from 3 to 12 GHz and the other operating from 8 to 20 GHz. These designs incorporate ultra-wideband antipodal tapered slot antennas, a novel cross-polarization suppressed array architecture, piezoelectric true-time-delay phase shifters, and broad-band high-power monolithic amplifiers. The resulting systems provide target detection and beam steering over the complete operating bandwidths. These results exceed the state-of-the-art for phased-array radars in terms of bandwidth and cost and should have direct applications in the development of ultra-wideband and multifunction radar systems.
Recent experiences on developing multimedia educational modules

This paper describes recent experiences on developing multimedia educational modules for electronics packaging at Michigan State University (MSU). For the last two years, Michigan State University has been involved in teaching the graduate level packaging course. The course is designed to cover multi-disciplinary subjects in electronics packaging. During the course development, some multimedia modules were developed using Synch-O-Matic software tool. These lecture modules can be downloaded from the MSU Web site for individual learning and review. We have received some start-up funding from the IEEE CPMT Society and the National Science Foundation to develop more modules that are critical in electronics packaging education. These modules will be shared with other Universities and industry via the Internet Web. Some of the specific modules that we plan to develop are in the areas of Interconnect Modeling, Embedded Passives, Package Electrical Testing, and Package Layout. We plan to have a class where students can participate and learn packaging education using the Internet. The Web based lectures will contain sound, video and synchronized lecture notes on a PC. The lectures will consist of Real-Video Player with synchronized PowerPoint presentations. These lectures will be viewable over a 28.8 K modem or faster connection.
A role for topoisomerase III in Escherichia coli chromosome segregation

Summary The cellular function of Escherichia coli topoisomerase III remains elusive. We show that rescue of temperature-sensitive mutants in parE and parC (encoding the subunits of the chromosomal decatenase topoisomerase IV) at restrictive temperatures by high-copy suppressors is strictly dependent on topB (encoding topoisomerase III). Double mutants of parEΔtopB and parCΔtopB were barely viable, grew slowly, and were defective in chromosome segregation at permissive temperatures. The topB mutant phenotype did not result from accumulation of toxic recombination intermediates, because it was not relieved by mutations in either recQ or recA. In addition, in an otherwise wild-type genetic background, ΔtopB cells treated with the type II topoisomerase inhibitor novobiocin displayed aberrant chromosome segregation. This novobiocin sensitivity was attributable to an increased demand for topoisomerase IV and is unlikely to define a new role for topoisomerase III; therefore, these results suggest that topoisomerase III participates in orderly and efficient chromosome segregation in E. coli.
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND COMPETITIVENESS

Costs of environmental regulations, although rela tively small, can be critical in the competitiveness of a product since the cost advantages of producers in one country are often very slim. Additional costs derived from new regulations are a factor in the continued importance of exports and of the maintaining or increasing a nation's share of the international market. Governments try to assist their industries in overcoming the disadvantages caused by such added cost through subsidies, tax breaks, technical assistance or in other ways. In agriculture these are increasingly taking the form of green payments, which are currently exempt from the limits imposed on domestic subsidies. In addition to these mechanisms for addressing the environment, there also has been a selective but subversive process of e recting non-tariff barriers based on environmental protection issues. It is often difficult to determine if suc h measures are really for protecting the environment or for protecting domestic producers. They are, none-the -less, generally effective approaches for achieving environmental objectives and can also be effective measures to alter competitiveness. Competitiveness can be either enhanced or diminished by the environmental r egimes of competing nations. The existence of nega tive externalities means that prices are lower than would prevail if all costs where included in the prices of the products.
Economic Effects of Including Services in the Sales Tax Base: an Applied General Equilibrium Analysis

An applied general equilibrium model is employed to determine the effects of including additional services in the sales tax base. This approach allows the incidence of the base-broadening policy to be determined when all prices and quantities are variable. The base-broadening policy is a potential Pareto-improvemen, its differential incidence is progressive, and the policy reduces (increases) the quantity of labor supplied by the lower (higher) income households. The latter result, upward-sloping labor supply curves with respect to both the cost of living and the wage, is surpriseng. The source of this result is that the income effect on labor-leisure choice of a change in the cost of living is larger than the income effect of a change in the wage.
An Analysis of the Effects of Intra- and Interorganizational Arrangements on Hospital Supply Chain Efficiency

Efficiency in supply chain operations is increasingly a key strategic goal as organizations focus on containing cost. This is especially the case for hospitals where supply chain costs account for a substantial portion of operating budgets. In this study, we examine the impact of incentive mechanisms for internal stakeholders and negotiating leverage with external partners on supply chain efficiency in the hospital industry. We premise the study on agency, stewardship, and power theories. We use data from over 200 California hospitals in a five-year period (pooled data) to estimate regression models using generalized estimating equation. We find that physician employment and contract management enhance supply chain efficiency. Surprisingly, we did not find that better supply chain efficiency was associated with either hospital affiliation with systems or high-volume purchases through large national group purchasing organizations. The results have important theoretical and managerial implications for supply chain management.
Role of Na+-H+ antiport in rat proximal tubule NaCl absorption.

The purpose of this study is to confirm previous evidence for reactive oxygen species (ROS) as critical mediators of postischemic renal injury by documenting lipid peroxidation after ischemic-hypox...
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

Abstract Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are the fundamental processes by which new blood vessels are formed. Vasculogenesis is defined as the differentiation of endothelial precursor cells, or angioblasts, into endothelial cells and the de novo formation of a primitive vascular network. Angiogenesis refers to the growth of new capillaries (new blood vessels that lack a fully developed tunica media) from preexisting blood vessels either via sprouting or intussusception. This chapter will provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis including the role of various pro- and antiangiogenic factors, extracellular matrix components, cell–cell adhesion molecules, and apoptosis factors. Finally, we will summarize data from clinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis for ischemic heart disease and identify some of the current challenges in this field.
The Introductory Psychology Text and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Beyond Ekman, Whorf, and Biased I.Q. Tests

This article is a reprint of the following paper: Lonner, W. J. (1989). The introductory psychology text and cross-cultural psychology: Beyond Ekman, Whorf, and biased I.Q. tests. In D. Keats, D. Munro, & L. Mann (Eds.), Heterogeneity in cross-cultural psychology. (pp. 4-22). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger. Some small changes and format modifications were applied. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol11/iss1/4
Contributions of Animal Studies of Response Prevention (Flooding) to Human Exposure Therapy

The behavioral technique of response prevention (flooding, exposure therapy, implosive therapy) is reviewed. Contributions of animal studies of avoidance-extinction to therapy of human phobic disorders are discussed. These include the delineation of the importance of treatment duration and the facilitative effects of distraction during treatment. Animal studies showing certain pharmaceutical and hormonal agents increase treatment efficiency are reviewed, suggesting improvements in human therapy.
Divalent ion excretion in chronic kidney disease: relation to degree of renal insufficiency.

1. The excretory patterns of sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were evaluated in seventy-eight patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, and in twelve normal subjects. 2. In mild renal failure the fractional excretion of filtered sodium, magnesium and phosphorus are significantly higher while that of calcium is significantly lower than values seen in normals. In advanced renal failure the fractional excretions of the filtered loads of all these ions increase steeply. These patterns are not influenced by the type of renal disease. 3. The fractional excretions of filtered sodium and calcium, calcium and magnesium, and sodium and magnesium were plotted against each other. The analysis of the plots showed that the fractional excretions of their filtered loads correlate poorly in patients with mild and moderate renal insufficiency, but closely in patients with severe renal failure. 4. These results indicate that the relation between the renal handling of divalent ions is not uniform at all levels of renal insufficiency. The dissociation between the excretory patterns observed in patients with early renal failure is consistent with the concept that different mechanisms may influence each individual ion separately. This is in contrast to the close association which exists between the excretory patterns of these ions in patients with advanced renal disease, and in which a single common mechanism may underlie the renal handling of these ions.
Compositionally Tunable Cu2ZnSn(S1–xSex)4 Nanocrystals: Probing the Effect of Se-Inclusion in Mixed Chalcogenide Thin Films

Nanocrystals of multicomponent chalcogenides, such as Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), are potential building blocks for low-cost thin-film photovoltaics (PVs). CZTS PV devices with modest efficiencies have been realized through postdeposition annealing at high temperatures in Se vapor. However, little is known about the precise role of Se in the CZTS system. We report the direct solution-phase synthesis and characterization of Cu2ZnSn(S1–xSex)4 nanocrystals (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with the aim of probing the role of Se incorporation into CZTS. Our results indicate that increasing the amount of Se increases the lattice parameters, slightly decreases the band gap, and most importantly increases the electrical conductivity of the nanocrystals without a need for annealing.
Anthropology's Contributions to Marketing:

Of the social sciences which deal with man and society, only economics, psychology, and sociology have been widely used in marketing. Economics is at the core of much of the content of marketing; p...
Research and Application of Water Soluble Wax Inhibition Agent

The water soluble wax inhibition agent was composed of surfactant 1#,2#(mass ratio is 12.5 %,respectively)+1 % thinner +10 % auxiliary solvents.When the mass ratio of wax inhibition agent is 100 mg·L-1,wax inhibiting rate,viscosity reducing rate and the flowing inhibiting rate are greater than 60 %,30 % and 70 %,respectively.The oilfield experiment was shown that it can decrease the times of washing wells and improve the productivity of oil wells.
Focus on "Hypoxic constriction of porcine distal pulmonary arteries: endothelium and endothelin dependence".

probably many of us involved in pulmonary vascular research have, at some time, begun a grant application or a manuscript with a variation on the phrase “despite considerable research, the mechanism(s) responsible for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is still unknown.” However, even as we
Are Cars the New Cows? Changing Wealth Goods and Moral Economies in South Africa

In much of sub-Saharan Africa, cattle have played a central role in maintaining social cohesion by binding people of various means into mutual obligations. Today, among South African Zulu communities, as in much of the world, the social obligations attached to wealth are fiercely contested. To trace conflicts in emerging moral economies, I compare in this article the social roles of cows versus those of another wealth good: cars. Unlike cattle, cars are not given to in-laws, are not shepherded in communal pasturelands, and do not multiply communal wealth through reproduction. Both cattle and cars measure status, but cars measure an individualized status that protectively hedges itself from others’ demands. As a minimally fungible investment, a vehicle for independent movement, and a tool for financial independence that is increasingly accessed by both women and men, cars offer a vantage point onto the ways that people navigate between diverging old and new moral economies. [morality, inequality, Africa, cattle, wealth goods]
Keynote lecture: Twenty-five years of intelligent computer communication - a personal perspective

During the last 25 years, the field of intelligent computer communication has advanced in leaps and bounds. During this talk, I will review the main drivers of change, while grounding my review in lessons learned while advancing the state of the art and bringing to market several AI technologies. I will also highlight some of the most prominent current trends.
Abstract P149: Standardization of Emergency Responses in the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit

Background: An unexpected medical crisis may impair normal decision-making processes and clinical practices. If handled inappropriately, the management of emergency situations can present risks to patient safety and potentially worsen patient outcomes. Aim: In order to improve patient safety and quality of care, our Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU) developed and implemented standardized emergency response (SER) protocols for medical and surgical emergencies. Methods: We completed a literature review and, through surveys of CVICU staff, an assessment of our current practice and identified gaps in our process. Identified gaps included: (1) excessive staff at the bedside; (2) lack of noise discipline; (3) lack of a clearly defined role for each healthcare provider involved; (4) lack of a clearly identified code leader; and (5) ineffective communication throughout the response. We used these identified gaps to help create specific objectives for this initiative. With key CVICU stakeholders, we created a SER model and staff education plan. In order to measure the efficacy of our standardization initiative, we also created a debriefing tool to be used after each response. All CVICU staff successfully completed the SER education and training. This training included a video, a slide presentation, a skills check-off, and an assessment quiz. The SER protocol was implemented after all staff members completed their training Results: Since the implementation of the SER protocol, we have reviewed nine emergency response events with the debriefing tool. In 5 of the 9 events (56%), CVICU staff noted improvements in all of the following: (1) timely physician response; (2) clear leader identification; (3) team communication; and (4) performance of appropriate roles by team members. Avoidance of non-essential staff was improved in 7 of 9 (78%) events, and noise control was improved in 6 of 9 (67%) events. Conclusions: Assessment of performance gaps in emergency response facilitated the development of an effective SER protocol. Implementation of an SER resulted in improvement of most identified gaps in our facility, as measured by a debriefing tool. An SER protocol with systematic debriefing may positively impact crisis management in the CVICU.
Allergic disease associations with regional and localized estimates of air pollution

Abstract Background Exposure to multiple types of air pollution may contribute to and exacerbate allergic diseases including asthma and wheezing. However, few studies have examined chronic air pollution exposure and allergic disease outcomes among an adult population. Associations between potential estimates of annual average fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), traffic related air pollution, and industrial source air emissions and three allergic disease outcomes (asthma, allergies and wheezing) were examined in a state-wide general population of adults. Methods The study includes a representative sample of 3381 adult Wisconsin residents who participated in the 2008–2013 Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW) program. Participant data were geographically linked to The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Baysian space-time downscaler air pollution model for PM 2.5 , the United States Census roadway, and USEPA's Toxic Release Inventory data. Self-report and lung function (FEV1) estimates were used to define prevalence of asthma, allergies and wheezing symptoms. Results Annual mean exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) was between 6.59 and 15.14 μg/m 3 . An increase of 5 μg/m 3 in the annual mean PM 2.5 resulted in a 3.58 (2.36, 5.43) increase in the adjusted odds (95% CI) of having asthma. Exposure to vehicle traffic increased the odds of both current allergies [OR (95% CI)=1.35 (1.07, 1.35)] and current asthma [OR (95% CI)=1.51 (1.14, 2.00)]. Living within 300 m of an Interstate roadway was associated with a 3-fold increase in the odds of asthma. Those living within 800 m of an industrial site were 47% more likely to have asthma. No significant associations were seen with wheezing. Conclusions Within this population exposed to overall annual average levels of estimated low level chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) at or near 12 μg/m 3 , the USEPA standard for air quality, significant association between both modeled PM2.5 exposure and proximity to roadways with asthma and allergies but not wheezing were found. Industrial source emissions were not associated with any allergic disease outcomes.
Chemotherapy and Medication Safety

Pediatric hematology oncology patients are at risk for medication and chemotherapy administration errors, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Proper measurement and identification of medication errors are imperative to improvement, and chemotherapy error rates can be reduced through standardization of processes and continuous process improvement. To ensure sustainability, organizations should adopt a culture of safety and transparency.
Results of the Fourth NAEP Assessment of Mathematics: Number, Operations, and Word Problems.

This article is the first of two articles to appear in the Arithmetic Teacher reporting the third-grade and seventh-grade results of the fourth mathematics assessment of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The secondary school data appear in companion articles in the Mathematics Teacher (Brown et al. 1988a, 1988b). This article summarizes the major results of the performance on number, operations, and word-problem items. Some examples of the data are given to support conclusions about what students in general are and are not learning. The specific items reported are altered items that are parallel to the actual items and are illustrative of the results. The actual items are not included because they may be used in future assessments. Interpretations were made from analysis of the actual items. Not all items in the assessment were given to both third-grade and seventh-grade
The neglected Indo-Gangetic Plains Low-Level Jet and its importance for moisture transport and precipitation during the peak summer monsoon

Accurately simulating the Indo-Asian monsoon (IAM) using atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) is challenging but crucial. This study uses reanalysis products ERAI, JRA55, and HAR to highlight an easterly, low-level barrier jet along the Indo-Gangetic Plain (referred from here as IG LLJ), which we identify as the primary moisture transport mechanism for the northeastern branch of the IAM. We show that the NCAR family of AGCMs (CAM) does not capture this circulation until 1/2 degree or greater spatial horizontal resolution is used. The IG LLJ develops due to a persistent low-pressure system centered over the Ganges basin and is enhanced by the Himalayas. Using diabatic heating rates and the moist Froude number as diagnostics, we find that in CAM, this branch of the IAM displays two different dynamical regimes as a function of resolution. At low-resolution, the atmosphere near the Himalayas is statically unstable, diabatic heating is strong, and the moisture flow is southwesterly from the Arabian Sea and moves over the terrain (unblocked). At high-resolution, the moist static stability near the HM is stable, diabatic heating is weak, and the flow primarily enters easterly from the Bay of Bengal and moves parallel to the terrain (blocked). During the summer season, the low-resolution CAM is locked into the unblocked mode, which has serious implications for interpreting topography-monsoon interactions. For a broader context, we demonstrate that more than half of the CMIP5 models do not capture the IG LLJ, which further highlights model-data mismatch across the IAM region.
Mastery and Expertise in Counseling

As one of the great inventions of the last half of the 20th century, counseling offers great hope and promise. Yet for counseling practitioners, within this hope and promise, there is confusion about how to help and what constitutes mastery and expertise. It is like being in a fog and searching for mastery. And it matters because the counselor's contribution to counseling outcome is significant. Factors in counselor mastery and expertise are explored.
Extension Of Image Quality: Computer Modeling A Complete Electro-Optical System

The concept of optical image quality is extended to include the total electro-optical system performance. A complex software package called the End-to-End simulation has been developed with the total system performance as its merit function. The example discussed has as its merit function time delay errors. Subsystems modeled include the object, the "real" optical system, the detector and its associated circuitry, and the electronics used in signal processing. Validation of the modules comprising the total package is discussed.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Behavior management in cognitive early education

Even though behavior management is a very high priority of teachers of young children, systems of behavior management receive less attention than do methods of teaching academic content. Even when there are well developed sytems of behavior management, they do not necessarily reflect the same philosophy and methods of teaching that are used to teach content.
Medical Treatment of Perianal Crohn Disease Fistulae

The treatment of perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease has evolved substantially in the last 15 years, primarily due to improvements in medical therapy. The efficacy of immunomodulators and anti-TNF-α agents has transformed the treatment of Crohn’s fistulae from almost exclusively surgical to placing a much larger emphasis on medical therapy, either as initial therapy alone (with surgery reserved for refractory cases) or in combination with surgery from the onset. Proper fistula management also relies heavily on accurate diagnosis, especially defining fistula anatomy and determining whether abscesses and rectal inflammation are present. This review will discuss the diagnosis, classification, and medical management of perianal Crohn’s fistulae.
Patterns of Primary Care Physician Visits for US Adolescents in 2014: Implications for Vaccination.

Abstract Objective Because most adolescent vaccinations are delivered in primary care, opportunities to vaccinate depend on the presence of visits and types of visits. We evaluated: 1) national visit patterns (having an annual preventive visit with a physician, provider type seen, visit types) for adolescents across the United States, and 2) the type of physician visits at which vaccines are administered for this age group. Methods We performed a secondary data set analysis of the 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Data are collected through interviews of caregivers of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized US population. We used descriptive analyses to examine use of health care according to age and gender, and visit types at which vaccines were given according to age. Results During a 12-month period, almost half of participants had no primary care physician (PCP) visits, and one-third had a preventive visit to a PCP. An additional 19% had only nonpreventive care visits to a PCP. Uninsured participants had the highest rate of no care, and the lowest rate of preventive care. Most preventive care visits by adolescents 11 to 17 years of age were to pediatricians, and most visits among those 18 to 21 years of age were to family/general practitioners. Overall, 67% of non–check-up PCP visits were for acute care, 10% were for follow-up, and 7% for immunization only. Nationally, 61%, 26%, and 12% of vaccines were given at preventive, immunization-only, and acute/follow-up visits, respectively. Conclusions Fewer than half of adolescents receive preventive care, and many have no PCP visits. This reinforces the need to offer outreach to adolescents to improve rates of preventive visits, and to take advantage of all primary care visits for vaccinations. Because pediatricians and family practice/general practice physicians vaccinate most adolescents, these providers should remain the target audience for vaccine education and quality improvement activities.
Academically Supporting STEM Students From a Distance Through Videoconferencing: Lessons Learned

Student demand for distance learning, changing student demographics, and low retention compel institutions of higher education to develop alternative forms of academic support that can effectively ...
Role of Surface Enthalpy Fluxes in Idealized Simulations of Tropical Depression Spinup

AbstractAn idealized, three-dimensional, cloud-system-resolving model is used to investigate the influence of surface enthalpy flux variations on tropical depression (TD) spinup, an early stage of tropical cyclogenesis in which the role of surface fluxes remains incompletely understood. A range of simulations supports the hypothesis that a negative radial gradient of surface enthalpy flux outside the storm center is necessary for TD spinup but can arise from multiple mechanisms. The negative radial gradient is typically created by the wind speed dependence of surface enthalpy fluxes, consistent with some previous theories for tropical cyclone intensification. However, when surface enthalpy fluxes are prescribed to be independent of wind speed, spinup still occurs, albeit more slowly, with the negative radial gradient of surface enthalpy flux maintained by an enhanced air–sea thermodynamic disequilibrium beneath the cold core of the incipient vortex. Surface enthalpy flux variations seem more important for...
First D+D neutron image at the National Ignition Facility

First time-integrated neutron images of a deuterium gas filled capsule were obtained using arrival time gating with the Neutron Imaging System at the National Ignition Facility. Images exist from DT (deuterium and tritium mixture) filled capsules in several energy bands but only at the Omega laser had DD (pure deuterium) filled capsules been imaged. A composite image was derived from an assembly of multiple penumbral neutron images using an iterative Maximum Likelihood reconstruction technique. This was compared with a simulated image from a radiation-hydrodynamic calculation. The observed image size, and shape agree, as do the primary DD, secondary DT neutron yields, and the burn duration. However, the observed cross-sectional profiles, although smaller in half width, extend outside the calculated, suggesting that deuterium has mixed outward into the carbon ablator. The observed X-ray image size (61 μm) is larger than the observed neutron image (51 μm). The calculations also reflect this. X-ray brightness includes carbon as well as deuterium emission. A bright spot, “meteor,” in the X-ray image is seen to move in time-gated images, but is not evident in the neutron image. It does not appear to degrade the neutron yield.First time-integrated neutron images of a deuterium gas filled capsule were obtained using arrival time gating with the Neutron Imaging System at the National Ignition Facility. Images exist from DT (deuterium and tritium mixture) filled capsules in several energy bands but only at the Omega laser had DD (pure deuterium) filled capsules been imaged. A composite image was derived from an assembly of multiple penumbral neutron images using an iterative Maximum Likelihood reconstruction technique. This was compared with a simulated image from a radiation-hydrodynamic calculation. The observed image size, and shape agree, as do the primary DD, secondary DT neutron yields, and the burn duration. However, the observed cross-sectional profiles, although smaller in half width, extend outside the calculated, suggesting that deuterium has mixed outward into the carbon ablator. The observed X-ray image size (61 μm) is larger than the observed neutron image (51 μm). The calculations also reflect this. X-ray brightnes...
Proof of concept development and motion verification of a swimming anguilliform robot (NEELBOT-1.0)

This article illustrates the development and motion verification of a swimming, anguilliform robot whose goal is to imitate the motion described by the wakeless swimming theory derived in Vorus and Taravella (2011) and to provide a proof of concept and knowledge for the next robotic design revision which will be used for experimental validation (or invalidation) of the theory. The concept design was initially open-ended with the only constraints being the length, cross section, and the theoretical shape function to be attained. Various component options were researched and decided upon for each aspect of the robot's design such as the waterproofing skin, flexible joint assembly, motion actuators, motion control, power source, wiring, and material properties of the robot's supporting structure. In parallel, a tethered testing apparatus was designed around the robot for it to be attached to a marine testing facility's tow tank carriage. While tethered to the testing mechanism, the NEELBOT-1.0's underwater swimming motion was measured with image processing software. This image processing analysis has been very successful in comparing the robot's motion to that proposed by the theory, and the mathematical method of the image processing program is explained within. The results of the analysis have quantitatively described the slight errors in the motion and what is needed to improve the results. This initial robotic design and motion measuring method have been proven to be very successful up to this stage in the project, and the current measuring method will be continued. Future design improvements for the robot for hydrodynamic testing of the wakeless swimming theory will also be discussed.
Regulation of Endotoxin-Induced Keratitis by PECAM-1, MIP-2, and Toll-like Receptor 4

PURPOSE. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a potent stimulator of inflammatory responses and is likely to contribute to microbial keratitis and to the pathogenesis of sterile corneal ulcers. The purpose of the present study was to identify specific mediators of endotoxin-induced keratitis. METHODS. The corneal epithelium of BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and C3H/HeN mice was abraded, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin (10 gi n 1L) was added. Stromal thickness and haze were measured by in vivo scanning confocal microscopy, and neutrophil recruitment determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS. Pseudomonas endotoxin induced a significant increase in stromal thickness and haze compared with untreated control corneas at each time point examined, and the severity coincided with neutrophil infiltration into the corneal stroma. Furthermore, systemic depletion of neutrophils completely abrogated endotoxin-induced increases in stromal thickness and haze, indicating an essential role for these cells. Expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 on vascular endothelium and production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in the corneal stroma were also significantly elevated after exposure to endotoxin, and antibody blockade inhibited neutrophil recruitment to the cornea and abrogated endotoxin-induced increases in stromal thickness and haze. In LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice, PECAM-1 and MIP-2 were not upregulated after exposure to endotoxin, and endotoxin-induced keratitis did not develop in these mice. CONCLUSIONS. These findings demonstrate that endotoxin-induced keratitis is regulated by toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)‐ dependent expression of PECAM-1 and MIP-2, which are essential for recruitment of neutrophils to this site and for development of endotoxin-induced stromal disease. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:2278 ‐2284)
Canning of Juices, Fruit Drinks and Water

Many juicc products are covered by US Standards for Grades 7 CFR 52, FDA Standards of Identity 21 CFR 146 and Fill of Container 21 CFR 130, as wcU as by individual country standards. The Eumpean Economu Communig (EEC) also has a set of standards.