cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Sawfly Subfamily Tenthredininæ, with Descriptions of New Forms. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidræ.

This paper contains descriptions of new species and varieties, and notes on some other species, of the subfamily Tenthredininae of MacGillivray (1916), or tribe Tenthredinini of Rohwer (1911). A great deal of the material examined was collected by Dr. C. H. Kennedy of Ohio State University and by Dr. E. H. Strickland of the University of Alberta, to whom the author wishes to express his sincere thanks for their generous assistance. The types erected in this paper are deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey unless otherwise stated.
Numerical Investigation of the HIFiRE-2 Scramjet Flowpath

Three dimensional turbulent simulations with combustion modeling are employed to understand fundamental phenomena encountered in the HIFiRE-2 scramjet flowpath. Experimental data from the ground test campaign as well as a grid resolution study is used to validate the results of the simulations. These confirmed results are then leveraged to explain the physics of dual and scramjet-mode operation in a steady sense, including detailed examinations of shock structure, boundary layer separation, and combustion chemistry. Initial results of unsteady simulations are used to investigate the process of mode-transition, and a simplified heat release model is developed and tested. Simulations of the flight test are presented and contrasted with the ground test results to characterize the effects of the inlet on the boundary layer development and internal shock structures. Overall, agreement with ground test results is excellent, and the simulations show highly complex three dimensional structures to be present in the flow. Boundary layer separation induced shock / boundary layer interactions dominate dual-mode operation, while at higher Mach numbers a flameholding effect of the barrel shock from fuel injection is striking. The effects of the inlet are found to be of great importance to accurately model flight tests, however, the same macro-scale effects as observed in the ground test simulations are dominant.
MULTISCALE MOLECULAR MODELING AND RATIONAL DESIGN OF POLYMER BASED GENE DELIVERY VECTORS

We used multiscale modeling technique and investigated several issues in non-viral based gene delivery using polyethyelenimine (PEI). Atomistic molecular dynamic simulations captured the spontaneous complex formation between a short PEI chain and a poly-(L) lysine (PLL) chain with DNA helices. Atomic structures obtained for DNA/PEI and DNA/PLL complex compared very well with X-ray diffraction data. A computational Monte Carlo titration model was developed and was used to investigate the protonation state of PEI. The PEI was found to have about 55% of amine groups protonated at physiological condition, thereby supporting the potential hypothesis of “proton sponge effect” of PEI. Coarse-grained modelings were used to find optimum design of block copolymer, polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-b-PEI that would condense DNA and form core-corona structures to provide better biocompatibility.
Gender (Non)conformity in Middle Childhood: A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Gender-Typed Behavior, Friendship, and Peer Preference

The present study investigated the associations among gender, gender-typed behavior, and peer preference in 54 Year 5 (9–10 year-old) children in the United Kingdom. Children completed self-reports about their gendered behavior, nominated friends, and participated in a one-on-one interview regarding their preference and non-preference for hypothetical classmates. Results indicated that children were similar to their friends in terms of gender and engagement in gender-typed activities. Regarding potential classmates, the gender nonconforming boy was the most at risk for peer rejection. Students preferred the gender conforming boy and gender nonconforming girl—most often citing masculine activities as reasons why they liked the potential classmate, and feminine activities as reasons why they did not like the potential classmate. Results suggest that feminine activities are devalued in current society, even for girls. Children’s own engagement in gendered activities was also associated with their choice of potential classmate. These results are interpreted in line with social constructionist, social dominance, and hegemonic masculinity theories of gender development and socialization. Knowledge about these patterns of preference and non-preference will help teachers identify students at risk for rejection, enabling them to work proactively to create a positive social environment.
Molybdenum diselenide formation using electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD)

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of Au in MoO3 and SeO2 solutions was studied under both basic and acidic conditions, as a precursor to development of E-ALD cycle chemistry for the electrodeposition of MoSe2. Those results indicated that acidic H M o O 4 - and SeO2 precursor solutions would be a better choice for the formation of MoSe2 using E-ALD. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) photovoltage measurements revealed an optical band gap of 1.1 eV for the as-deposited MoSe2 films. Some unreacted MoO2 was detected by the PEC measurements, as well, but were removed by thermal annealing. Some excess elemental Se was also removed during the anneal, and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the films' crystallinity was improved. Deposit quality was followed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Se appeared to suppress Mo oxidation and induce MoSe2 film growth in the E-ALD cycle.
nanoNS3: A network simulator for bacterial nanonetworks based on molecular communication

Abstract We present nanoNS3 , a network simulator for modeling Bacterial Molecular Communication (BMC) networks. nanoNS3 is built atop the Network Simulator 3 (ns-3). nanoNS3 is designed to achieve the following goals: 1) accurately and realistically model the real world BMC, 2) maintain high computational efficiency, 3) allow newly designed protocols to be implemented easily. nanoNS3 incorporates the channel, physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers of the network stack. The simulator has models that accurately represent receiver response, microfluidic channel loss, transfer rate and error analysis, modulation, and amplitude addressing designed specifically for BMC networks. We outline the design and architecture of nanoNS3 , and then validate the aforementioned features through simulation and experimental results.
Safely enhanced low visibility taxi

This paper describes operational concepts, certification considerations, and initial user evaluations for using an avionics system for low visibility taxi operations. The ability to taxi to/from the runway safely and efficiently in low visibility conditions is becoming increasingly important as airplanes and aircrews become equipped and approved for low visibility landing and takeoff. Typically in the United States, any surface operations below 1200 ft. Runway Visual Range (RVR) generally encourage the airport authority to have an approved Low Visibility Operations / Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (LVO/SMGCS) plan which specifies certain markings, signs, lighting, and controls in the airport movement area. Operations below 600 ft. RVR, or 500 ft. RVR under U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Order 8000.94 enablement, require additional infrastructure in movement and non-movement areas and may also require Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE or ASDE-X) or a suitable substitute1 to allow the ground controllers to adequately monitor surface traffic. Surface operations below 300 ft. RVR are generally precluded (or need extra controls such as the use of a “follow-me” truck). The operational concepts described in this paper show how using on-board systems based on synthetic and enhanced vision systems may substitute for or augment an airport’s existing infrastructure. These on-board systems along with proper additional mitigations under the LVO/SMGCS concept of Protected Low Visibility Taxi Routes (PLOVTR) would enable an appropriately equipped aircraft and qualified crew to safely taxi in low visibility conditions.
Logic and Closed Loops for a Computer Junket to Mars

At present, three of us, Jose da Fonseca, Roberto Moreno Diaz and I, are assisting Louis Sutro of the Instrumentation Laboratory of M.I.T.; in his planning of a device to land on Mars to look for signs of life, say moving things or those bigger on top than on the bottom, like a tree or man. Because it must retrorocket in a thin atmosphere, it must crawl or roll out of the region it has blasted. Our primary work is with its vision, but it must have several other types of input for safe locomotion. It will have pressure and touch receptors on a hand to poke, and strain gauges on its wheels or springs and, of course, accelerometers to know which way is up and how it is moving. Without these it could not form, in its computer, a model of its surroundings to guide its motions. There is no possibility for it to send back to earth a full series of pictures detailed and fast enough for us to guide it. The channel back to earth is noisy and, with the little power promised, the rate of transmission is about what an amateur Radio Operator sends by hand. Worse yet! The time required for a single signal back to earth is of the order of 10 min. Hence we must build into it enough sense to observe a moving bug or worm and tell us what it saw or to study the landscape and describe it to us in a few well-chosen words.
Time to ask and tell: Voices of older gay and bisexual male veterans regarding community services

This participatory action study involved lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) veterans in determining community-based service needs for health and wellness, illuminating perspecti...
Rodent Neural Progenitor Cells Support Functional Recovery After Cervical Spinal Cord Contusion

Abstract Previously, we and others have shown that rodent neural progenitor cells (NPCs) can support functional recovery after cervical and thoracic transection injuries. To extend these observatio...
Associations between cartilage proteoglycan density and patient outcomes 12 months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Abstract Background Lower proteoglycan density (PGD) of the articular cartilage may be an early marker of osteoarthritis following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACL-R). The purpose this study was to determine associations between the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) and PGD of the articular cartilage in the femur and tibia 12-months following ACL-R. Methods We evaluated KOOS pain, symptoms, function in activities of daily living (ADL), function in sport and recreation (Sport), and quality of life (QOL), as well as PGD using T1rho magnetic resonance imaging in 18 individuals 12.50 ± 0.70 months (these are all mean ± standard deviation) following unilateral ACL-R (10 females, eight males; 22.39 ± 4.19 years; Marx Score = 10.93 ± 3.33). Medial and lateral load-bearing portions of the femoral and tibial condyles were sectioned into three (anterior, central and posterior) regions of interest (ROIs). T1rho relaxation times in the ACL-R knee were normalized to the same regions of interest in the non-surgical knees. Alpha levels were set at P ≤ 0.05. Results Worse KOOS outcomes were significantly associated with greater T1rho relaxation time ratios in the posterior-lateral femoral condyle [pain (r = − 0.54), ADL (r = − 0.56), Sport (r = − 0.62) and QOL (r = − 0.59)] central-lateral femoral condyle [Sport (r = − 0.48) and QOL (r = − 0.42)], and the anterior-medial femoral condyle [Sport (r = − 0.46) and QOL (r = − 0.40)]. There were no significant associations between the KOOS and T1rho outcomes for tibial ROI. Conclusions Lower PGD of the femoral cartilage in the ACL-R knees was associated with worse patient-reported outcomes.
Reduction of catheter kinks and knots via radial approach

Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention using the radial approach are becoming more frequent. Pronounced guide catheter manipulation in cases with tortuous access routes may lead to severe catheter kinking or knotting. The purpose of this review article is to present several techniques to resolve radial access catheter knots and kinks. First, simple maneuvers such as gentle traction, rotation, and guidewire advancement can often resolve minor kinking; however, complex loops and kinks are often not reversible with these simple maneuvers. Second, fixing the distal catheter tip using external compression, encasing the knot with a larger sheath, or untwisting the knot with hydraulic pressure can be useful. Finally, internal fixation by grasping the kinked catheter with a snare introduced via the femoral artery allows both ends of the catheter to be rotated in opposite directions to untwist the catheter for safe removal.
Urate Crystal-Induced Superoxide Radical Production by Human Neutrophils

It has been established that during acute attack of gout crystals of monosodium urate, to which serum proteins (particularly IgG) are avidly adsorbed, are engulfed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes1. Within leukocytes, after the fusion of the crystal-containing phagosome with lysosomes, the crystals are stripped enzymatically of protective proteins and become capable of membrane lysis2. Recent papers have stressed the potential pathological role of oxygen radicals, produced by exposure of granulocytes to suitable particulate or soluble stimuli, in mediating damage of tissues and of phagocytic cells themselves3,4. The oxygen radical-generating system is an integral part of the plasma membrane, activated by membrane perturbance and incorporated in the phagosomal membrane by invagination of the plasmalemma4. In the present paper, superoxide production by human neutrophils in the presence of urate crystals of different dimensions, coated and not coated with serum proteins has been studied.
Relations Between Information and Estimation in the Presence of Feedback

We discuss some of the recent literature on relations between information- and estimation-theoretic quantities. We begin by exploring the connections between mutual information and causal/non-causal, matched/mismatched estimation for the setting of a continuous-time source corrupted by white Gaussian noise. Relations involving causal estimation, in both matched and mismatched cases, and mutual information persist in the presence of feedback. We present a new unified framework, based on Girsanov theory and Ito’s Calculus, to derive these relations. We conclude by deriving some new results using this framework.
Delay in operation for Hirschsprung Disease is associated with decreased length of stay: a 5-Year NSQIP-Peds analysis.

The optimal timing of a pull-through procedure for Hirschsprung Disease is unknown. We, therefore, compared outcomes of pull-throughs performed in the first 30 days of age to 31–120 days. Retrospective review of 282 patients in the NSQIP-Peds database from 2012–2016 of infants ≤120-days old and >36-weeks gestational age with Hirschsprung Disease who underwent primary pull-through. Primary outcome was postoperative and total length of stay (LOS). Operative morbidity and readmissions were also compared. Postoperative LOS in <31-day group was 8.3 days (SD- 8.3) vs. 4.3 days (SD- 5.5) in 31–120-day group (p < 0.001). This finding was maintained on multivariate linear regression. Complication and readmission rates did not differ between groups (readmission: 15.6 vs 13% p = 0.51; complication: 5.5 vs 10% p = 0.16). For appropriately selected patients with Hirschsprung Disease, delaying pull-through until the second month of life is associated with lower total and postoperative stays without increased readmissions or complications.
PRM-RL: Long-range Robotic Navigation Tasks by Combining Reinforcement Learning and Sampling-Based Planning

We present PRM-RL, a hierarchical method for long-range navigation task completion that combines sampling-based path planning with reinforcement learning (RL). The RL agents learn short-range, point-to-point navigation policies that capture robot dynamics and task constraints without knowledge of the large-scale topology. Next, the sampling-based planners provide roadmaps which connect robot configurations that can be successfully navigated by the RL agent. The same RL agents are used to control the robot under the direction of the planning, enabling long-range navigation. We use the Probabilistic Roadmaps (PRMs) for the sampling-based planner. The RL agents are constructed using feature-based and deep neural net policies in continuous state and action spaces. We evaluate PRM-RL, both in simulation and on-robot, on two navigation tasks with non-trivial robot dynamics: end-to-end differential drive indoor navigation in office environments, and aerial cargo delivery in urban environments with load displacement constraints. Our results show improvement in task completion over both RL agents on their own and traditional sampling-based planners. In the indoor navigation task, PRM-RL successfully completes up to 215 m long trajectories under noisy sensor conditions, and the aerial cargo delivery completes flights over 1000 m without violating the task constraints in an environment 63 million times larger than used in training.
Torsade de Pointes with severe vitamin D deficiency, an unusual presentation of a common problem.

Abstract Torsade de Pointes (TdP) is a rare cardiac arrhythmia that is associated with prolonged QTc interval. Hypocalcemia is a common cause of prolonged QTc. Although vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a common disorder in elderly patients with an incidence rate of >40% and can cause hypocalcemia, it has never been linked to TdP. We report a patient with severe VDD that resulted in TdP and cardiac arrest. Post-resuscitation work up illustrated prolonged QTc interval of 620 ms, significant hypocalcemia, and severe VDD of 4 (normal 30–80) ng/mL. After high dose vitamin D/calcium supplements, repeat electrocardiogram revealed normal QTc interval of 423 ms. During hospitalization, the patient suffered no additional arrhythmias and QTc continued to be normal.
Bayesian Quickest Detection of Changes in Statistically Periodic Processes

Bayesian optimality theory is developed for quickest change detection in a class of stochastic processes called independent and periodically identically distributed (i.p.i.d.) processes. This class of processes can be used to model periodically varying statistical behavior. An algorithm called the periodic-Shiryaev algorithm is proposed and is shown to asymptotically minimize the average detection delay subject to a constraint on the probability of false alarm. It is also shown that the statistic for this algorithm can be computed recursively and using a finite amount of memory. This problem has applications in anomaly detection problems in cyber-physical systems and biology, where periodic statistical behavior has been observed.
The Recovery of Traumatic Memories: The Etiological Source of Psychopathology

The diversity and range of the unusual and puzzling behavior emitted by persons who are labeled as neurotic or psychotic have created conceptual chaos in the mental health field. Over 400 different psychotherapy approaches exist representing divergent theoretical orientations and treatment techniques (Karosu, 1986). This disarray has been fostered largely by the field’s failure to reach a consensus on issues of etiology, symptom maintenance and treatment. Problematic to obtaining a solution to the above issues, is the inherent difficulty in isolating the antecedent conditions responsible for psychopathology development. This paper outlines an imagery technique that provides a “window” to the past, reactivating, in incredible detail, stored memories of past traumatic learning experiences. The affective component embedded in the avoided traumatic memory is believed to be the primary motivational source for maintaining psychopathology. Clinical observations obtained from using this procedure, with a wide range of clinical nosologies, has resulted in a number of the discoveries that challenge many currently held beliefs (Levis, 1988, 1990). These findings ocurred following the incorporation of minor changes in the author’s use of the technique of Implosive Therapy. A brief overview of this approach will be provided first, followed by a discussion of the alterations made and resulting observations.
Adaptive Dynamic Probabilistic Elitist Ant Colony Optimization in Traveling Salesman Problem

The ant colony optimization (ACO) is a population-based metaheuristic algorithm for the optimization problem, inspired by the foraging behavior of ants in the ant colony. One of its variants, the elitist ACO, further reinforces itself with the additional pheromone deposit to find the best path. Even though this usually leads to converging on the solution faster, it also has the drawback of getting stuck in local minima. In this paper, we describe a variation on elitist ACO where the pheromone contribution of the best path is further predicated by a probability factor. This probabilistic elitist ACO often produces a better solution for TSP, at the cost of a higher number of iterations. Some experimental results of this probabilistic elitist ACO are presented.
Degradation of Leadfree Solder Materials Subjected to Isothermal Aging with Use of the CABGA208 Package

Electronic products are continuing to improve and evolve with new and innovative packaging technology. With these advancements and the legislation banning SnPb, the reliability of lead-free solder materials has become a high priority. When considering the effects of isothermal aging on the relative reliability of various electronic packages, the data indicates packages will show various decreased levels of reliability as aging is increased. The most commonly used lead-free solder, SAC305, has shown increased levels of reliability compared to SnPb, but as the solder material is aged, the reliability begins to degrade at an exceedingly high rate when compared with other materials. Multiple lead-free solder materials with various combinations of metals have been examined to provide a solution for this high degradation rate. This paper examines the degradation rate as aging time is increased in multiple lead-free solder materials combined with the CABGA208 package when subjected to multiple test conditions. The CABGA208 package is an excellent example of this trend based on the level of failure throughout the various test and the rate of degradation. For each test performed, the CABGA208 package exhibited high failure rates with most test groups having 100% failure. The testing method includes thermal cycling between −40°C to 125°C. A comparison between 0-month (no aging) and 24-month aging was performed to measure the reliability of the solder joints using degradation plots through use of Weibull analysis. Results show a systemic adverse effect of aging time on package level reliability in multiple harsh environments.
Understanding support for regulatory approaches to wildfire management and performance of property mitigations on private lands

Formal regulation of private property and exploration of “risk transmission” across ownerships are two popular means for addressing wildfire management at landscape scales. However, existing studies also indicate that a number of barriers exist for implementing formal regulations surrounding wildfire risk, and that few efforts gauge influences on the resident support that serves as an important antecedent to implementation. Likewise, few studies of risk transmission incorporate social science literature to explore whether perceptions of wildfire sources influences support for regulatory approaches or performance of individual mitigations. The research presented here employed mixed-method, residential surveys of private property owners in Pend Oreille County, Washington, to explore potential influences on residents’ support for regulatory approaches for wildfire management on private properties, including perceptions of risk sources across the landscape and whether wildfire is a healthy component of the landscape. We also explore how the above factors, and other correlates such as part-time residency or proximity to neighboring properties, might influence the performance of private property mitigations across a range of rural properties in a larger landscape. Results suggest a low level of support for private property regulation for wildfire risk management and reduced wildfire response on properties where fewer personal mitigations are taking place. Consideration of wildfire risk sources and participation in collaborative actions or programs all had mixed effects, with perceptions of human ignitions on private lands correlating with support for property regulation and perceptions of human ignitions on public lands interacting with collaborative actions to correlate with higher levels of mitigation performance on individual properties. Results indicate that participation in wildfire actions and existing outreach programs were both relatively low in the landscape, and that engagement with such efforts do not significantly correlate with support for regulatory efforts. We conclude by comparing our findings to existing wildfire social science and suggesting future efforts or interpretations designed to advance a more nuanced view of the tradeoffs that private residents engage in when considering how their actions support landscape level wildfire management.
Using satellite-derived estimates of plant phenological rhythms to predict sage-grouse nesting chronology.

The "green wave" hypothesis posits that during spring consumers track spatial gradients in emergent vegetation and associated foraging opportunities. This idea has largely been invoked to explain animal migration patterns, yet the general phenomenon underlies trends in vertebrate reproductive chronology as well. We evaluated the utility of this hypothesis for predicting spatial variation in nest initiation of greater sage-grouse (Centrocerus urophasianus), a species of conservation concern in western North America. We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to map the green wave across elevation and then compiled dates and locations of >450 sage-grouse nests from 20 study sites (2000-2014) to model nest initiation as a function of the start of the growing season (SOS), defined here as the maximum daily rate of increase in NDVI. Individual sites were drawn from three ecoregions, distributed over 4.5° latitude, and spanning 2,300 m in elevation, which captured the climatic, edaphic, and floristic diversity of sagebrush ecosystems in the southern half of current sage-grouse range. As predicted, SOS displayed a significant, positive relationship with elevation, occurring 1.3 days later for each 100 m increase in elevation. In turn, sage-grouse nest initiation followed SOS by 22 ± 10 days (r2 = .57), with hatch dates falling on or just prior to the peak of the growing season. By timing nesting to the green wave, sage-grouse chicks hatched when the abundance of protein-rich invertebrate biomass is hypothesized to be nearing a seasonal high. This adaptation likely represents a strategy for maximizing reproductive success in the arid, variable environments that define sagebrush ecosystems. Given projected changes in climate and land use, these results can be used to predict periods of relative sensitivity to habitat disturbance for sage-grouse. Moreover, the near real-time availability of satellite imagery offers a heretofore underutilized means of mapping the green wave, planning habitat restoration, and monitoring range conditions.
On the Nonlinear Mode-Coupling in Ultra Precision Manufacturing Machines: Experimental and Analytical Analyses

Abstract Recent studies in passively-isolated systems have shown that mode coupling is desirable for best vibration suppression, thus refuting the long-standing rule of mode decoupling. However, these studies have ignored the non-linearities in the isolators. In this work, we consider stiffness nonlinearity from pneumatic isolators and study the nonlinear free undamped vibrations of a passively-isolated ultra-precision manufacturing (UPM) machine. Experimental analysis is conducted to guide the mathematical formulation. The system comprises linearly and nonlinearly coupled in-plane horizontal and rotational motion of the UPM machine with quadratic nonlinear stiffness from the isolators. We present closed-form expressions using the method of multiple scales for two cases viz. the non-resonant case and the bounded internal resonance case. We validate our theoretical findings through direct numerical simulations. For the non-resonant case, we show that the system behaves similar to a linear system. However, for the nearly internal resonance case, we demonstrate strong energy exchange between the modes stemming from nonlinear mode coupling. We further study the effect of nonlinear mode coupling on the vibration isolation performance and demonstrate that mode coupling is not always desirable.
A Catastrophic Charge Density Wave in BaFe2Al9

Charge density waves (CDWs) are modulations of the electron density and the atomic lattice that develop in some crystalline materials at low temperatures. We report an unusual example of a CDW in B...
Invasive fungal pharyngitis in a pediatric bone marrow transplant patient.

Invasive fungal disease of the head and neck is a potentially fatal infection most commonly seen in immunocompromised patients. Even in the setting of combined surgical and medical treatment, prognosis is generally poor. We report the first pediatric case of invasive fungal pharyngitis and summarize a review of the literature. A 10-year-old female patientwith aplastic anemia status post-bone marrow transplant and accompanying immunosuppression initially presented with a diagnosis of a peritonsillar abscess. Incision and drainage did not show purulence, but culture grew out Rhizopus species. Immediately after diagnosis, the patient was treated successfully with aggressive staged surgical debridement and antifungal medications and had an excellent functional outcome 2 years after initial presentation. Invasive fungal disease is most common in the sinonasal region, but alternative sites of disease must be considered in immunocompromised patients who present with atypical symptoms.
El Salvador Makes History

A short piece contextualizing and explaining the causes and consequences of El Salvador's law to prohibit metal mining.
Cholecystokinin Receptor Antagonist Improves Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Murine Models of Pancreatic Cancer by Altering the Tumor Microenvironment.

Pancreatic cancer is resistant to chemotherapy in part due to the dense desmoplastic fibrosis surrounding the tumor, the immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the early rate of metastases. In this study, we examined the effects of a CCK receptor antagonist, proglumide, alone and in combination with gemcitabine in murine models of pancreatic cancer. Tumor growth rate, metastases, and survival were assessed in mice bearing syngeneic murine or human pancreatic tumors treated with PBS (control), gemcitabine, proglumide, or the combination of gemcitabine and proglumide. Excised tumors were evaluated histologically for fibrosis, immune cells, molecular markers, and uptake of chemotherapy by mass spectroscopy. Peripheral blood was analyzed with a microRNAs biomarker panel associated with fibrosis and oncogenesis. Differentially expressed genes between tumors of mice treated with gemcitabine monotherapy and combination therapy were compared by RNAseq. When given in combination the two compounds exhibited inhibitory effects by decreasing tumor growth rate by 70%, metastases, and prolonging survival. Proglumide monotherapy altered the TME by decreasing fibrosis, increasing intratumoral CD8+ T-cells, and decreasing arginase-positive cells, thus rendering the tumor sensitive to chemotherapy. Proglumide altered the expression of genes involved in fibrosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and invasion. CCK-receptor antagonism with proglumide renders pancreatic cancer susceptible to chemotherapy.
CT characteristics and proposed scoring scheme are predictive of pathologic fracture in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an established limb-sparing treatment for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) and pathologic fractures are a common sequela. The objectives of this retrospective, observational, and descriptive study were to develop and evaluate objective CT criteria for predicting pathologic fractures and assess impacts on survival time. Included dogs had confirmed or suspected appendicular OSA, available CT scans, available outcome data, and were treated with SBRT. For each study, the number of quartiles affected by lysis on the most severely affected transverse slice, longest measurable length of contiguous full cortical lysis, presence of subchondral bone lysis, and ratio of the length of the affected bone to normal bone were recorded. A scoring system was developed for assigning grades (summed score 1-4 = grade 1, 5-7 = grade 2, and 8 or greater = grade 3.) A total of 127 CT datasets were sampled (123 patients). The median summed score was 7. The grade was correlated with pathologic fracture development (23% of grade 1, 35% of grade 2, and 57% of grade 3 resulting in fracture, P = 0.028). Subchondral bone lysis was correlated with fracture (odds ratio, 2.2, P = 0.02). Percent affected bone ≥40% was associated with decreased survival (P = 0.002). Dogs with <40% of affected bone had a median survival of 256 days versus 178 days for dogs with ≥40% affected bone. Findings from the current study can be used to assist in determining prognosis and planning radiation therapy for future dogs affected by appendicular OSA.
Group Cohomology and Algebraic Cycles

Group cohomology reveals a deep relationship between algebra and topology, and its recent applications have provided important insights into the Hodge conjecture and algebraic geometry more broadly. This book presents a coherent suite of computational tools for the study of group cohomology and algebraic cycles. Early chapters synthesize background material from topology, algebraic geometry, and commutative algebra so readers do not have to form connections between the literatures on their own. Later chapters demonstrate Peter Symonds's influential proof of David Benson's regularity conjecture, offering several new variants and improvements. Complete with concrete examples and computations throughout, and a list of open problems for further study, this book will be valuable to graduate students and researchers in algebraic geometry and related fields.
Smoothing and Derivatives in Spectroscopy

A review of classic methods for smoothing and derivatives is given in parallel with a presentation of new maximum likelihood, maximum entropy, and Bayesian smoothing and derivative methods. The fundamental equations for maximum likelihood and maximum entropy smoothing and equations for Bayesian derivatives are provided. Classic smoothing methods are compared to linearized maximum entropy smoothing by examining the equivalent Fourier filters. Tables show details of the peak widening effects of classic smoothing against the resolution preservation of maximum entropy smoothing. Likewise, figures illustrate the contrast between the loss of resolution and noisy character of Savitzky–Golay derivatives versus the resolution-preserving and superior noise performance of Bayesian derivatives. The authors provide some philosophy on when to smooth, when to fold, and what to ask of a smoothing method. Keywords: smoothing; derivatives; Fourier; Savitzky–Golay; polynomial; maximum entropy; Bayesian; linear MEM
CHAPTER 3 – Analog Signal Conditioning

Almost all transducer signals must be conditioned by analog circuitry before they can be digitized and used by a computer. This conditioning often includes amplification and filtering. The most common analog circuit semiconductor component is the operational amplifier, called the op amp. The op amp is used in both linear and nonlinear applications involving amplification and signal conditioning. Another special analog circuit, which is useful in data acquisition applications, is the sample-and-hold amplifier. Sample-and-hold amplifier is used as the front end of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Apart from these amplifiers, there are many important nonlinear amplifier circuits, such as the log amplifier and the antilog amplifier. Log amplifier is commonly used to compress a signal's large-amplitude dynamic range into something more manageable by other circuits. This chapter discusses the standard filter functions. The standard types of filter responses are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject. The low-pass filter attenuates signals above its cut-off frequency, whereas the high-pass filter attenuates signals below its cut-off frequency. The band-pass filter attenuates frequencies outside of its pass-band range and the band-reject filter attenuates those frequencies within its pass-band range.
Solid state synthesis and properties of monoclinic celsian

Monoclinic celsian of Ba0.75Sr0.25Al2Si2O8 (BSAS-1) and Ba0.85Sr0.15Al2Si2O8 (BSAS-2) compositions have been synthesized from metal carbonates and oxides by solid state reaction. A mixture of BaCO3, SrCO3, Al2O3, and SiO2 powders was precalcined at ∼900–940 °C to decompose the carbonates followed by hot pressing at ∼1300 °C. The hot pressed BSAS-1 material was almost fully dense and contained the monoclinic celsian phase, with complete absence of the undesirable hexacelsian as indicated by X-ray diffraction. In contrast, a small fraction of hexacelsian was still present in hot pressed BSAS-2. However, on further heat treatment at 1200 °C for 24 h, the hexacelsian phase was completely eliminated. The average linear thermal expansion coefficients of BSAS-1 and BSAS-2 compositions, having the monoclinic celsian phase, were measured to be 5.28 × 10−6 °C−1 and 5.15 × 10−6 °C−1, respectively, from room temperature to 1200°C. The hot-pressed BSAS-1 celsian showed room temperature flexural strength of 131 MPa, elastic modulus of 96 GPa and was stable in air up to temperatures as high as ∼1500 °C.
Monocytes/macrophages are recruited from post-capillary venules during microvascular arteriogenesis (670.7)

It has previously been shown that circulating monocytes are essential to arteriogenesis in collateral arteries/arterioles following elevated shear stress induced by occlusion. Once recruited to the...
Applying a Social Psychological Model across Health Promotion Interventions

In writing for a previous volume on applied social psychology (Evans, 1980), we used a social influence-focused model related to the prevention of smoking among adolescents as an illustration of a new challenge to social psychologists. In this chapter, we will discuss how social psychologists who are attacking problems in health promotion and disease prevention, employing a social influence orientation, may consider the cross-application of models from well-studied health problems (i.e., cigarette smoking) to emerging health problems (e.g., smokeless tobacco). An exploration of the utility of such crossover conceptualization and strategies is reflected in ongoing programs of research of our Social Psychology/Behavioral Medicine Research Group, which address the use of both of these substances. Although this volume addresses the application of social influence strategies to preventing social problems, we will also be examining the related behavioral and cognitive processes involved in the initiation and prevention, among adolescents, of the use of tobacco.
Myosin-Powered Membrane Compartment Drives Cytoplasmic Streaming, Cell Expansion and Plant Development

Using genetic approaches, particle image velocimetry and an inert tracer of cytoplasmic streaming, we have made a mechanistic connection between the motor proteins (myosins XI), cargo transported by these motors (distinct endomembrane compartment defined by membrane-anchored MyoB receptors) and the process of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. It is shown that the MyoB compartment in Nicotiana benthamiana is highly dynamic moving with the mean velocity of ~3 μm/sec. In contrast, Golgi, mitochondria, peroxisomes, carrier vesicles and a cytosol flow tracer share distinct velocity profile with mean velocities of 0.6–1.5 μm/sec. Dominant negative inhibition of the myosins XI or MyoB receptors using overexpression of the N. benthamiana myosin cargo-binding domain or MyoB myosin-binding domain, respectively, resulted in velocity reduction for not only the MyoB compartment, but also each of the tested organelles, vesicles and cytoplasmic streaming. Furthermore, the extents of this reduction were similar for each of these compartments suggesting that MyoB compartment plays primary role in cytosol dynamics. Using gene knockout analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana, it is demonstrated that inactivation of MyoB1-4 results in reduced velocity of mitochondria implying slower cytoplasmic streaming. It is also shown that myosins XI and MyoB receptors genetically interact to contribute to cell expansion, plant growth, morphogenesis and proper onset of flowering. These results support a model according to which myosin-dependent, MyoB receptor-mediated transport of a specialized membrane compartment that is conserved in all land plants drives cytoplasmic streaming that carries organelles and vesicles and facilitates cell growth and plant development.
Theory and Policy in International Development: Human Development and Capability Approach and the Millennium Development Goals

Theory has influenced policy in international development but the interaction has been a two-way process. While theories legitimated new policy, appraisal of policy and experience have given rise to theoretical insights. But of the many competing ideas and theories, which ones influence policy? This article analyzes the influence of Sen's capability and human development approach on the recent evolution of policy agendas in international development, notably the consensus on MDGs and on poverty as the priority concern. It argues that the capability approach played an important role in the contestations over structural adjustment and Washington Consensus policies that led to the new consensus over the MDGs, and help legitimate them, the neoliberal policy approaches of the Washington Consensus remain intact. This illustrates an important distinction between normative and causative ideas. The new consensus has adopted the normative ideas of the capability approach but not the causative ideas. These normative ideas were used to provide a new narrative for international development, not a new policy framework.
A new method for stereospecific cis hydroxylation of olefins

Abstract A new synthetic method is described for the cis -hydroxylation of olefins from either the less or more hindered π-face.
Characteristics of Fish Sauce Made from Pacific Whiting and Surimi By-products During Fermentation Stage

ABSTRACT: The fermentation condition for producing Pacific whiting fish sauce was static atmospheric fermentation with 25% salt at 50 °C. The effective enzymes in fermentation were heat stable and salt tolerant. Fermentation at 50 °C gave higher yields than at 35 °C. Total nitrogen content of whole fish fermented at 50 °C reached the equivalent level of commercial fish sauce before 15 d, supporting the strong degradation effects of Pacific whiting enzymes at earlier stages. Soluble solid and relative gravity also reached commercial level at 60 d. However, color value of unripened fish sauce was far from commercial fish sauce, indicating that ripening may be necessary to develop proper color. Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Micrococcus were found as predominant microorganisms during fermentation.
Effects of Management, Strain and Truck Shipment on Albumen Quality of Eggs

Abstract VERY little has been reported on changes in quality of eggs during shipment. Gwin (1952) reported a study involving more than a billion eggs purchased by the Armed Forces of the United States. U. S. Grades were determined by candling and inspection by trained inspectors from the Army Veterinary Corps and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Quality loss was shown to be related to time in transit, distance or miles in transit and seasonal influences. No data were reported as to the relation of varying physical conditions during transit or position effects within the rail cars. Adams and Milam (1960) studied the effects of international shipping of eggs from Lincoln, Nebraska to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using the Haugh unit score as a measure of internal quality. In this study eggs were transported from Lincoln, Nebraska to New Orleans by auto truck and thence to Rio de Janeiro by…
Translators: Market makers in merging markets

Abstract In a model with agglomeration returns to participation, there exists gains from merging two regions that conduct business in two incompatible languages. Bilingual individuals, translators, integrate these two regions. The speed of integration, creation of the initial translators, depends positively on: the maximum human capital in the two regions, the magnitude of the agglomeration returns, and the population of the larger region. Because the combined regions economize on the number of bilingual individuals, an economy with multiple languages is less productive than an economy with a single language, however, both economies grow at the same rate in the long run.
CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF LOW-ENERGY TRAPPED PROTONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE APRIL 17, 1965 MAGNETIC STORM.

The absolute intensity of geomagnetically trapped protons in the energy ranges from 0.52 to 4.0 MeV and from 0.90 to 1.8 MeV has been measured with the solid-state proton detector on the satellite Injun 4 for the period from Mar. 1 to May 31, 1965. A study of the temporal variations of these fluxes associated with the Apr. 17, 1965, magnetic storm shows a general redistribution of these protons for L greater than 2.5. The effect of the sudden commencement was a general depression in the intensities and a hardening of the energy spectra, although the intensities recovered to their prestorm level during the initial phase. The major redistribution was apparently initiated by the polar substorm. During the recovery phase, a secondary peak developed in the intensity profile at L of about 3.5 for 0.52-MeV protons that had no counterpart at this energy at the equator. No such peak was observed for 0.9-MeV protons.