cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complete kinetic mechanism of homoisocitrate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Homoisocitrate dehydrogenase (3-carboxy-2-hydroxyadipate dehydrogenase; EC 1.1.1.87) (HIcDH)1 catalyzes the fourth reaction of the α–aminoadipate pathway (AAA) for lysine synthesis, the NAD-dependent conversion of homoisocitrate to α–ketoadipate (α-Ka) (Scheme 1) (1). Among the 20 common proteinogenic amino acids, lysine is the only one known to have two diverse pathways for its synthesis (2). In bacteria, plants and lower fungi such as phycomycetes or algal fungi, lysine is synthesized via the diaminopimelate pathway, beginning with the phosphorylation of aspartate by aspartokinase. However, it is synthesized via the α–aminoadipate pathway in euglenoids and higher fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformas, and Aspergillus fumigatus and plant pathogens like Magnaporthe grisea use this pathway (2,3,4). The uniqueness of the α–aminoadipate pathway makes it a potential target for new antifungal drugs (5). Scheme 1 The reaction catalyzed by HIcDH. HIcDH is a member of the family of pyridine nucleotide-dependent β–hydroxyacid oxidative decarboxylases which includes, among others, ICDH, IPMDH, malic enzyme, TDH, and 6-PGDH. The reactions catalyzed by these enzymes are essentially equivalent (6). With the exception of 6-PGDH which is metal-ion independent, all of the enzymes require a divalent metal ion activator. The NAD-specific ICDH selectively binds the Mn-isocitrate chelate complex where Mn2+ is coordinated to the α–hydroxyl and α–carboxylate of threo-Ds isocitrate (7). NAD-Malic enzyme and IPMDH bind the uncomplexed forms of the metal ion and substrate (8,9). In general, the overall kinetic mechanism of the enzymes that have been studied in detail are random; enzymes include the NAD-malic enzyme from Ascaris suum (9,10), the NADP malic enzyme from chicken liver (11), the NADP-dependent ICDH from pig heart (12,13) and Escherichia coli (14), 6-PGDH from Candida utilis (15) and sheep liver (16), IPMDH from Thermus thermophilus (8), and TDH from Pseudomonas putida (17). With the exception of 6-PGDH, which has a rapid equilibrium random kinetic mechanism, all have a steady-state random kinetic mechanism. In the case of HIcDH, the reported Km values for homoisocitrate and NAD are 10 μM and 0.33 mM, and the enzyme has a pH optimum of about 8.5 in the direction of oxidative decarboxylation of homoisocitrate, and about 7.0 in the direction of reductive carboxylation of α-Ka (2). Nothing is known of the mechanism of this enzyme. In this paper, we use initial velocity studies in the absence and presence of product and dead-end inhibitors to elucidate the overall kinetic mechanism of HIcDH from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Data are also used to estimate the equilibrium constant using the Haldane relationship, which is compared to the value obtained directly. The kinetic mechanism for the slow substrate, isocitrate, has also been studied, and compared with that using homoisocitrate (HIc).
An antigen-specific component of lectin-mediated cytotoxicity.

Con A-generated blast cells derived from mouse lymph node cells were found to be more efficient cytotoxic effector cells, in the presence of Con A, than untransformed lymphocytes. The enhanced cytotoxicity of blast cells was only slightly inhibited by methyl- α - d -mannopyranoside at a level which completely blocks cytotoxicity mediated by untransformed lymphocytes, even in the continued presence of Con A. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in blast cell-mediated cytotoxicity if the blast cells were first incubated on fibroblast monolayers syngeneic to the target cell in the cytotoxicity assay. These results strongly suggest an antigen-specific component of Con A-mediated cytolysis, probably through a polyclonal activation of cytotoxic function. Moreover, lymphocytes incubated on such monolayers prior to transformation also showed a reduced cytotoxicity toward target cells. Thus, while transformed cells are always more cytotoxic than normal lymphocytes, and have a definite component of antigen-specific killing, the difference cannot be explained solely on the basis of enhanced recognition/binding function in blasts. This may be in contrast to killer T cells generated by prolonged exposure to antigen.
Secondary Heating of Chicken Eggs Exposed to Light During Incubation

Abstract An increased rate of development of chick embryos caused by light could be explained by uncontrolled heating. Single eggs were fitted with thermistor probes for monitoring temperature in the air cell and at the location of the germinal disc (upon the yolk). Incandescent and, to a lesser extent, fluorescent lighting heated both regions of the egg more than the air temperature of the incubator. With incandescent lighting preferential heating of the superficial yolk occurred dependent upon the orientation of the egg to the light. Methods for controlling egg heating are evaluated.
The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War

In The Balkan Wars 1912-1913, Richard Hall examines the origins, the enactment and the resolution of the Balkan Wars, during which the Ottoman Empire fought a Balkan coalition of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia. The Balkan Wars of 1912 - 1913 opened an era of conflict in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, which lasted until 1918, and which established a basis for problems which tormented Europe until the end of the century. Based on archival as well as published diplomatic and military sources, this book provides the first comprehensive perspective on the diplomatic and military aspects of the Balkan Wars. It demonstrates that, because of the diplomatic problems raised and the military strategies and tactics pursued to resolve those problems, The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 were the first phase of the greater and wider conflict of the First World War.
Flow reversals during upwelling conditions on the New Jersey inner shelf

[1] The temporal evolution of a flow reversal during upwelling conditions along New Jersey's inner shelf is characterized with shipboard, moored, and remote observations. The flow reversal occurs nearshore in the form of a subsurface jet with maximum velocities exceeding 30 cm/s. The jet is most intense in the thermocline, commences during maximum alongshore wind stress, and has a spin-up time approximately equal to the local inertial period. The jet also has a surface signature apparent in ocean current radar data that shows the jet veering offshore and feeding an upwelling center that drifts southward at 5 cm/s. Moored instrumentation within the upwelling center indicates that cross-shelf transport in the warm surface layer is consistent with the predicted Ekman transport prior to the spin-up of the jet, but exceeds Ekman transport thereafter. However, onshore transport in the lower layer never compensates for offshore flow in the surface layer, suggestive that the mass balance requires a three-dimensional closure. Finally, we suggest that the flow reversal provides a significant fraction of cool water to the evolving upwelling center, and that the offshore veering is due to enhanced friction over a shoaling and rougher topography.
Can lifestyle modification improve neurocognition? Rationale and design of the ENLIGHTEN clinical trial

Background Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) not only increase the risk for clinical CVD events, but also are associated with a cascade of neurophysiologic and neuroanatomic changes that increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Although epidemiological studies have shown that exercise and diet are associated with lower CVD risk and reduced incidence of dementia, no randomized controlled trial (RCT) has examined the independent effects of exercise and diet on neurocognitive function among individuals at risk for dementia. The ENLIGHTEN trial is a RCT of patients with CVD risk factors who also are characterized by subjective cognitive complaints and objective evidence of neurocognitive impairment without dementia (CIND)
A product‐regulated fructose 2,6‐bisphosphatase occurs in green leaves

Abstract An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolytic conversion of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) to fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P) and Pi has been identified and purified from plants, specifically the cytosolic fraction of spinach leaf parenchyma cells. Partially purified preparations of the enzyme, designated fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (Fru-2,6-P2ase), were inhibited by products of the reaction (i.e., Pi and Fru-6-P) but showed no response to a protein phosphorylation system known to inhibit the corresponding enzyme in mammalian cells. Fru-2,6-P2ase co-purified with fructose 6-phosphate,2-kinase, the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of Fru-2,6-P2. The observed pattern of regulation of the enzymes functional in the synthesis and breakdown of Fru-2,6-P2 reinforces the conclusion that chloroplasts play a role in controlling cytosolic carbon processing in leaves.
Vesicle biogenesis: The coat connection

Arrate Mallabiabarrena and Vivek Malhotra Biology Department University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0347 Membranes of the exocytic and endocytic transport path- ways are endowed with the ability to generate 50-150 nm diameter vesicles that carry cargo between different cellu- lar compartments. Vesicle formation requires the associa- tion of cytosolic coat proteins with the membrane, and the first discernible morphological change in the membrane is the appearance of small coated buds. These buds even- tually pinch off, allowing the newly formed vesicles to be targeted to their final destinations. Vesicles involved in endocytosis and those that mediate transport from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosomes have clathrin coats. The structure and biochemistry of clathrin coats have been illuminated by many years of investigation (Pearse and Robinson, 1990). In 1986, Orci and Rothman identified a second type of coat on vesicles that bud from the rims of Golgi cisternae. Unlike clathrin coats, this new coat did not have a clearly visible lattice-like structure- it looked “fuzzy” in electron micrographs (Orci et al., 1986). The components of this novel coat were later identified as an oligomeric complex that was designated coatomer, and the subunits were termed COPS (for coatomer pro- teins). A similar fuzzy coat, but with a totally different pro- tein composition, was recently shown by Schekman and colleagues to be present on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- derived vesicles (Barlowe et al., 1994). To avoid confusion, the Golgi-associated COP complex is now called COPI and the ER-associated coat complex is called COPII. The biochemical characterization of COPS has yielded major insights into the molecular mechanisms of vesicular trans- port (Rothman, 1994). However, many fundamental ques- tions remain. For example, focusing only on the vesicle formation stage of the transport process, we can ask the following questions. Does the assembly of cytoplasmic coats provide the driving force for membrane deformation during vesicle budding? To what extent do these coats help select cargo during the budding process? Is there a specific signal that triggers vesicle production? If so, what step of vesicle formation is subject to regulation? What prevenis the membranes of secretory organelles from ve- siculating completely? As anyone who follows the protein transport field can attest, the list of questions goes on and on. Several recent papers provide important clues about the biochemistry and cell biology of vesicle formation. Mellman and colleagues document in this issue of Ce// that COP-l forms vesicles not only from Golgi membranes, but also from endosomes (Whitney et al., 1995). Interest- ingly, of the seven COPI subunits a, 6, 6: y, 6, E, and 6, y and 6 do not bind to endosomes, demonstrating that COPI subunits can be present in different functional com- plexes (Whitney et al., 1995). In other recent papers, Roth-
Temporal dissociations within the core recollection network

We investigated whether time courses of fMRI BOLD activity in recollection-sensitive brain regions varied according to the time over which recollected information was maintained. Human subjects studied word-picture pairs and were subsequently tested with studied and unstudied pictures during a scanned test phase. The test requirement was to judge whether each picture was old or new and, if old, to retrieve its study associate and hold it in mind until a response cue appeared. The interval between the test item and cue varied between two and eight seconds. Separate responses were required when items were deemed new or the associate was not retrieved. Whereas recollection-related activity in the posterior cingulate, medial temporal, and medial prefrontal cortices was transient and unrelated to the maintenance interval, activity in the left anterior angular gyrus (aLAG) tracked the interval. Thus, as in a prior study, recollection-sensitive regions could be temporally dissociated.
Maintenance of autoimmunity

Abstract Borrowing from the carcinogenesis field, the natural history of Sjogrens syndrome (SS) is analyzed from an evolutionary and multistage point of view. SS is divided into three stages called initiation, promotion and progression. The first stage may be asymptomatic and characterized only by serum autoantibodies (e.g. anti-Ro). The second stage is clinical autoimmune exocrinopathy with potential for lymphocyte aggressive behavior, extraglandular tissue infiltration and pseudolymphoma. The final stage is malignant lymphoma. This sequence is compared with the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection which also progresses from an asymptomatic state through AIDS-related complex to AIDS. Indeed, some HIV-infected patients have developed a clinical picture resembling SS due to salivary gland lymphoid infiltrates. This relatively new finding suggests a possible viral etiology for SS. The Epstein Barr virus must be considered in this context in view of (1) the history of infectious mononucleosis in many SS patients, (2) the production of an autocrine B-cell growth factor by B-cell lines established from SS patients, and (3) the development of EBV-related lymphomas in AIDS patients. If not itself the initiating agent, EBV may yet play an important role in maintaining the state of B-cell proliferation which progresses through autoimmunity into lymphoma in SS.
Reinvestigation of the experimental N2O+N2O cluster binding energy

Abstract The gas-phase ion-molecule equilibrium reaction N2O++N2O + M⇄N2O+N2O + M was studied as a function of temperature. The enthalpy and entropy of reaction, detemined from the van't Hoff plot, are: ΔH0=−18.5±0.8 kcal/mol and ΔS0=−25±1.6 cal/mol K. The enthalpy of reaction reported here implies a much higher bond energy than those reported previously from both ion-molecule equilibrium and photoionization studies. The result reported here, however, is in excellent agreement with a recent ab initio calculation.
Mutual information in natural position order of electroencephalogram is significantly increased at seizure onset

Epilepsy affects an estimated 60 million people worldwide. As many as 50% of people with epilepsy will continue to have seizures despite therapeutic dosages of appropriately selected antiepileptic drugs. Among proposed treatment modalities for persons with medication refractory epilepsy are implantable devices that rapidly detect and abort seizures. Computational resources in these devices are limited and much effort is directed to improving the efficiency of seizure detection. The goal of this study is to determine if electroencephalogram (EEG) may be reduced by the method of natural position order in a way that increases computation speed and reduces system memory requirements while preserving features relevant to detecting seizure onset. In this study we show increased mutual information (MI) at seizure onset in simultaneous channels of EEG reduced by natural position order with a 40-fold reduction in computation time and a fivefold reduction in system memory requirements. The trade-offs to EEG reduction by natural position order include decreased bandwidth and increased noise sensitivity.
Hybrid subgroup decomposition method for solving fine-group eigenvalue transport problems

Abstract In this paper, a new hybrid method for solving fine-group eigenvalue transport problems is developed. This method extends the subgroup decomposition method to efficiently couple a new coarse-group quasi transport theory with a set of fixed-source transport decomposition sweeps to obtain the fine-group transport solution. The advantages of the quasi transport theory are its high accuracy, straight-forward implementation and numerical stability. The hybrid method is analyzed for a 1D benchmark problem characteristic of b oiling w ater r eactors (BWR). It is shown that the method reproduces the fine-group transport solution with high accuracy while increasing the computational efficiency up to 12 times compared to direct fine-group transport calculations.
Two‐dimensional standoff Raman measurements of distant samples

A scanning standoff Raman spectroscopy system has been developed to measure the molecular species of distant samples in two dimensions. Computer software is used to control the scanner pan and tilt angles, and Raman measurementsare collected ofthedistantsampleareainanx–ygridpattern.TheRamanspectraateachgridpointaremeasuredandprocessedtoobtainan image of the distant surface composition. The ability to provide interpolated images of distant molecular species is illustrated. Copyright c � 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited proteolysis of some egg surface components is an early event following fertilization of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Abstract The surface proteins of eggs from Stronglocentrotus purpuratus were labeled with 125I by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. The eggs were examined after solubilization and disaggregation in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide slab-gels. Seventy-five percent of the label was found in material with a molecular weight greater than 130,000. About 5% of the radioactivity was excluded from the gels. Upon fertilization, embryos show a redistribution of the radioactively labeled species. There is a decrease in the amount of very high molecular weight material but an increase (35–40%) in material excluded from the gel. In addition, new radioactive bands of lower molecular weight are found. This change of distribution in the radioactive bands is blocked by inclusion of soybean trypsin inhibitor either before or immediately after fertilization, which completely inhibits the cortical granule protease. The disappearance of high molecular weight components is prevented by treatment of the eggs with procaine during fertilization, although the appearance of low molecular weight bands (approximately 20,000 and 30,000) is not completely blocked by procaine treatment. Parthenogenic activation of eggs by butyric acid or partial metabolic activation by ammonia each leads to changes in the egg surface proteins which are similar but not identical to those seen after fertilization. The data suggest that the labeling occurs on the vitelline membrane, plasma membrane and jelly layer. The possible significance of limited proteolysis in fertilization is discussed.
The Academic Study of Religion in Nigeria

This article examines the ways in which the academic study of religion has developed in the Nigerian context, notably at the hands of its own scholars. The distinctive identity of the subject in Nigeria and its contribution to the field in general are highlighted, as well as some of the problems and advantages of teaching Religious Studies in a developing country.
#29 Effect of history of overweight/obesity on health outcomes observed in those in the recommended range of body weight (19–25 kg/m2)

PURPOSE: Studies relating adiposity to health outcome often show that the increased disease risk for overweight/obesity (>25 kg/m2) relative to the recommended range (19–25 kg/m2) tends to attenuate with age. To evaluate whether this may be at least partly attributable to the effect of disease-related weight loss, we examined 1) the prevalence of previous overweight/obesity among those in the recommended range of body mass index (BMI), and 2) the impact of previous overweight/obesity on health outcomes in those in the recommended range of BMI. METHODS: We identified 8,410 adults who were cohort members of the Adventist Mortality Study (1960–1985) and Adventist Health Study (1976–1988), and who provided anthropometric data in 1960 and 1976 on the questionnaires for these cohort studies. Among those in the recommended range of BMI(19–25 kg/m2) in 1976, we then computed the prevalence of “previous overweight/ obesity” in 1960, and, additionally related this weight history to incident and fatal events. RESULTS: We found that among the 4,201 adults who were in the recommended range (19–25 kg/m2) of BMI in 1976, the prevalence of overweight (25–30 kg/m2) or obese (>30 kg/m2) in 1960 was 20.4% (27.2% men; 16.4% women). In age-stratified analyses, we found that this prevalence of previous overweight or obesity among those in the recommended range of BMI substantially increased with age (12.6% for < 65 y; 27.7% for 65–84 years; 36.7% for ⩾85 years). Among those in the recommended range of BMI at baseline, those with previous overweight or obesity were more likely to have diagnosed diabetes (OR = 2.84 95% CI = [2.11, 3.81]), coronary heart disease (OR = 1.90 95% CI = [1.47,2.47]), and high blood pressure (OR = 1.51 95% CI = [1.26, 1.82]). The weight loss that subsequently classified these subjects in the recommended range was associated with a 41% increase (95% CI = 24% to 60%) in mortality risk. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that among adults in the recommended range of BMI, the prevalence of previous overweight or obesity increased with age, and that this weight history increased mortality risk. These findings raise the possibility that, due to confounding by disease-related weight loss, the health benefit of being lean may be underestimated, particularly in the elderly and the oldest old.
The action of ammonia on astrocyte glycogen and glycogenolysis

Most of the brain glycogen, a major energy reserve that can be mobilized in response to increased neuronal activity, resides in the astrocyte, the site of the neuropathological abnormality found in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Ammonia, a neurotoxin implicated in the pathogenesis of HE, has been reported to cause a depletion of glycogen in primary astrocyte cultures. To further investigate the action of ammonia on glycogen levels, cultured astrocytes were exposed to ammonium chloride (1–5 mM) for various times up to 7 d. Treatment with ammonia for 24 h did not alter deoxyglucose uptake, but significantly lowered peak glycogen values (found at 1.5 h following feeding with medium containing 5.5 mM glucose) in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was not observed after longer exposure times to ammonia. Three day treatment of cells did, however, significantly reduce norepinephrine-stimulated glycogenolysis, an effect not seen after 1 d of ammonia treatment. Part of the neurotoxic action of long term ammonia exposure in humans and experimental animals may be to inhibit the breakdown of glycogen. The effect of ammonia on astrocyte glycogen synthesis and/or breakdown may disrupt glial neuronal signaling and thus play a role in the pathogenesis of HE.
The Temperature in AN Accumulating Snowfield

Summary An expression is derived for the temperature distribution T(x, t) in a semi-infinite solid, accreting with constant velocity v, on whose rising surface there is impressed the temperature T(o, t)= A+B cos (wt-θ), where x is depth, t is time, and A, B, ω and θ are constants. This solution is applied to the problem of an accumulating snowfield. The annual temperature wave, if accompanied by the rapid accumulation of snow, is shown to produce considerably lower temperatures in the firn than if accumulation is lacking. The effect of a diffusivity which varies with depth is also discussed; it is found that this may be treated approximately as equivalent to a theoretical fictitious velocity of accumulation.
Moderate-temperature zeolitic alteration in a cooling pyroclastic deposit

Abstract The locally zeolitized Topopah Spring Member of the Paintbrush Tuff (13 Myr.), Yucca Mountain, Nevada, U.S.A., is part of a thick sequence of zeolitized pyroclastic units. Most of the zeolitized units are nonwelded tuffs that were altered during low-temperature diagenesis, but the distribution and textural setting of zeolite (heulandite-clinoptilolite) and smectite in the densely welded Topopah Spring tuff suggest that these hydrous minerals formed while the tuff was still cooling after pyroclastic emplacement and welding. The hydrous minerals are concentrated within a transition zone between devitrified tuff in the central part of the unit and underlying vitrophyre. Movement of liquid and convected heat along fractures from the devitrified tuff to the ritrophyre caused local devitrification and hydrous mineral crystallization. Oxygen isotope geothermometry of cogenetic quartz confirms the nondiagenetic moderate temperature origin of the hydrous minerals at temperatures of ∼ 40−100°C, assuming a meteoric water source. The Topopah Spring tuff is under consideration for emplacement of a high-level nuclear waste repository. The natural rock alteration of the cooling pyroclastic deposit may be a good natural analog for repository-induced hydrothermal alteration. As a result of repository thermal loading, temperatures in the Topopah Spring vitrophyre may rise sufficiently to duplicate the inferred temperatures of natural zeolitic alteration. Heated water moving downward from the repository into the vitrophyre may contribute to new zeolitic alteration.
Influence of static head position on the horizontal nystagmus evoked by caloric, rotational and optokinetic stimulation in the squirrel monkey.

We studied the influence of static head position on the horizontal nystagmus produced by caloric, rotational and optokinetic stimulation in alert squirrel monkeys. Caloric nystagmus is stronger for nose up (NU) than for nose down (ND) pitches; so, for example, slow-phase eye velocity is four times larger in supine than in prone positions. A similarly directed asymmetry occurs in the horizontal vestibulo-ocular (HVOR) responses to longduration, constant angular-head accelerations, but not to midband (0.1 Hz) sinusoidal head rotations. Consistent with a first-order model of the HVOR, the low-frequency or acceleration gain of the reflex (GA) is equal to the product of the midband velocity gain (GV) and a time constant (TVOR). GV is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the horizontal-canal plane and the plane of rotation, from which it is concluded that signals from the horizontal, but not from the vertical canals contribute to the HVOR. TVOR can be as much as twice as large in NU than in ND positions. GA is proportional to TVOR and it, too, shows a NU-ND asymmetry. The time constant of optokinetic afternystagmus (TOKAN) was also studied. Since TVOR and TOKAN are modified in similar ways by static tilts, it is concluded that head position affects the time constants by way of velocity-storage mechanisms. Evidence is presented that the position-dependent modification of velocity storage is otolith-mediated. The results are used to analyze the mechanisms of caloric nystagmus. The caloric response consists of a convective component (CC), as originally envisioned by Barany (1906), and a nonconvective component (NC). CC accounts for 75% of the caloric response in the conventional supine testing position. Both components can be affected by the position-dependent modification of TVOR or, equivalently, of GA. It has been suggested that two mechanisms might contribute to NC: 1) a direct thermal effect on hair cells or afferents; or 2) a thermal expansion of labyrinthine fluids that results in a cupular displacement. Both theoretical and experimental evidence indicates that only the first of these mechanisms could result in the steady-state caloric response that is observed in the absence of convection (e.g., in spaceflight and after canal plugging) and that contributes to the prone-supine asymmetry seen in caloric testing.
Rheometer characterization of MR fluids in squeeze mode

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of MR mounts in squeeze mode which is the least commonly-analyzed aspect of MR fluids. The results of the study are based on a novel rheometer that is designed and fabricated for the purpose of better understanding the characteristics of MR fluids in squeeze mode. The paper describes the details of the rheometer design. It further provides the test results for MR fluids tested in squeeze mode. The tests indicate a clumping effect of the fluid when tested in repeated cycles that does not appear to have been documented previously. The paper describes, in detail, the clumping effect and provides possible reasons for this phenomenon.
Risk factors for owner-reported occurrence of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the US equine population.

Background: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a serious and often fatal neurologic disease of horses, but few studies have investigated risk factors. Objectives: To evaluate operation- and individual-level factors associated with likelihood of the occurrence of EPM. Animals: Data were collected as part of a study of the US equine industry from 1,178 operations representing 83.9% of horses and 51.6% of operations with ≥3 horses in 28 states. Methods: Probability-based sampling was used to enroll representative operations in a cross-sectional study. Interviews were conducted to collect information regarding health and management of horses. A nested case-control study was used to investigate risk factors among individual horses. Interview data were combined with climate data, human population density, and opossum regional ecology categories. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to identify risk factors for the occurrence of EPM. Results: Owners reported that 95% of EPM cases included in this study were diagnosed by veterinarians. Variables associated with EPM occurrence on premises included opossum regional ecology, reported exposure to small wildlife, climate, terrain, housing, choice of bedding material, method of storing feeds, equine stocking density, and primary use of horses. Among individual horses, age was most strongly associated with disease risk. Associations also were identified with sex, breed, primary use, and participation in competitions. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Because the risk of EPM occurrence on operations is closely tied to factors that impact exposure to opossums, their feces, and their environment, controlling these exposures may be important in preventing the occurrence of EPM.
Yellowstone to Yukon: Transborder conservation across a vast international landscape

Abstract During the mid-1990s, conservationists in the Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada encountered the assonant composite of two nationally iconic words: “Yellowstone to Yukon.” Y2Y attracted a significant audience within the conservation world, not least—but not only—because each word connoted touchstone beliefs about wildness, wilderness, and wildlife. Today Y2Y is widely recognized as one of the earliest transboundary “large landscape” conservation initiatives, and the Y2Y label applies to a landscape vision, a geographic region, a conservation mission, a network, and an organization. More indefinite is the degree to which Y2Y has served as a form of mountain governance. Y2Y has helped to establish an interconnected community of conservation practitioners and conservation supporters, has channeled sizeable scientific attention toward the needs of far-ranging wildlife and, via norm entrepreneurialism and discursive shift, has brought about significant coherence within the conservation community on the need for landscape connectivity. Yet while some decision makers have formally recognized Y2Y, the influence on higher-level governance has been mostly indirect. And although Y2Y has been held up as a model for mountain biodiversity conservation, that model is more reflective of conservation biology than of governance theory. Nonetheless, in its multiple forms, Y2Y does influence and enhance conservation activities in the region. Most recently, the Y2Y Conservation Initiative, a non-profit organization registered in both Canada and the US, has focused on key “priority areas” within the larger region. Looking forward, even as Y2Y has achieved tangible success on a number of fronts, it faces myriad challenges that will require an increasingly responsive, open-minded, and adaptive approach to conservation.
Conversion of the allenyl complexes (PPh3)2Pt(μ-η1:η2α,β-C(R)CCH2)Ru(CO)Cp to the hydrido-alkylidene complexes (PPh3)2Pt(μ-H)(μ-η1:η1-C(R)C(O)CH3)Ru(CO)Cp (R=H, Ph) by reaction with water under heterogeneous conditions

Abstract Treatment of (PPh 3 ) 2 Pt((μ-η 1 :η 2 α,β -C(R)CCH 2 )Ru(CO)Cp (R=H ( 1 ), Ph ( 2 )) in CH 2 Cl 2 or CHCl 3 solution with deactivated alumina, silica or Florisil affords the corresponding hydridoalkylidene complexes (PPh 3 ) 2 Pt(μ-H)(μ-η 1 :η 1 -C(R)C(O)CH 3 )Ru(CO)Cp (R=H ( 3 ), Ph ( 4 )) in less than or approximately 50% yield. The conversion of 1 to 3 is promoted by use of acidic alumina. There is no reaction in the oxygenated solvents THF or diethyl ether, or in CHCl 3 –H 2 O without the added solid support. Activated alumina suppresses this ‘hydration’ reaction, as does added free radical inhibitor nitrosobenzene or benzoquinone, all in CH 2 Cl 2 or CHCl 3 . Complexes 3 and 4 were characterized by IR and 1 H, 13 C{ 1 H} and 31 P{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and the structure of 3 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Differential Growth Response of Male and Female Chicks to Antibiotic Supplementation

Abstract During a series of feeding trials to determine the comparative value of several commercially available antibiotic feed supplements, it was observed that in most instances male chicks exhibited a higher percentage growth response than did female chicks. A survey of the literature failed to disclose specific observations on this phenomenon, although Swenson (1951) concluded that female chicks may be superior to male chicks in the assay of vitamin B12 and possibly other nutrients because of their smaller standard error of body weight means. Our observations are presented with the suggestion that for biological assays of antibiotic feed supplements, at least, male chicks respond in a more satisfactory manner than do female chicks. Day-old New Hampshire chicks were randomized in groups of 20, housed in Oakes battery brooders and fed the rations shown in Tables 1 and 2 to 42 days of age. As shown, the two basal rations differed principally . . .
Deconstructing the precipitation susceptibility construct: Improving methodology for aerosol-cloud precipitation studies

[1] It is generally thought that an increase in aerosol particles suppresses precipitation in warm clouds. The nature and magnitude of this effect are highly uncertain owing to numerous microphysical and macrophysical processes that influence clouds over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This work addresses the need to improve the evidence for and quantification of aerosol effects on precipitation by using observational data. Previous work introduced the concept of precipitation susceptibility as a metric for changes in precipitation that result from aerosol perturbations. Motivated by the difficulty in obtaining statistically significant aerosol measurements in the vicinity of clouds, this study explores breaking up the precipitation susceptibility construct into separate components: an aerosol‐cloud interaction component and a cloud‐precipitation component. These are used to quantify precipitation susceptibility, while also accounting for meteorological factors that could obfuscate the response of clouds to aerosol perturbations. The utility of this technique is demonstrated using a diverse set of tools, including data from NASA’ sA ‐Train constellation of satellites, aircraft measurements, and models of various complexities. Employing this method results in increased confidence in causal relationships between aerosol perturbations and precipitation.
A pseudorandom noise generator for use in auditory research

A noise generator that is capable of delivering long-duration samples of reproducible noise is described. The noise is generated as a pseudorandom telegraph waveform but may be filtered so that its amplitude distribution is approximately Gaussian. The design and construction of the generator are detailed and a few possible applications are given.
Comparison of Different Classification Algorithms for Landmine Detection using GPR

The Edge Histogram Detector (EHD) is a landmine detection algorithm that has been developed for ground penetrating radar (GPR) sensor data. It has been tested extensively and has demonstrated excellent performance. The EHD consists of two main components. The first one maps the raw data to a lower dimension using edge histogram based feature descriptors. The second component uses a possibilistic K-Nearest Neighbors (pK-NN) classifier to assign a confidence value. In this paper we show that performance of the baseline EHD could be improved by replacing the pK-NN classifier with model based classifiers. In particular, we investigate two such classifiers: Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Relevance Vector Machines (RVM). We investigate the adaptation of these classifiers to the landmine detection problem with GPR, and we compare their performance to the baseline EHD with a pK-NN classifier. As in the baseline EHD, we treat the problem as a two class classification problem: mine vs. clutter. Model parameters for the SVR and the RVM classifiers are estimated from training data using logarithmic grid search. For testing, soft labels are assigned to the test alarms. A confidence of zero indicates the maximum probability of being a false alarm. Similarly, a confidence of one represents the maximum probability of being a mine. Results on large and diverse GPR data collections show that the proposed modification to the classifier component can improve the overall performance of the EHD significantly.
Disseminated Mycobacterium simiae infection in patients with AIDS.

Objectives: To report our experience with disseminated Mycobacterium simiae disease in patients with AIDS, and review other cases reported in the literature. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of M. simiae that were isolated from sterile body sites over a 9-year period at the University Health System Hospital at San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A. Data included patient demographics, clinical features, other accompanying opportunistic infections, in vitro susceptibility, therapy and outcome. Results: Ten cases of M. simiae disseminated disease were identified. All of them were inpatients with AIDS. Another nine cases of disseminated infection in AIDS patients were reported in the literature. Advanced AIDS with absolute CD4 counts of less than 50 and an associated AIDS-defining illness characterized all cases. Persistent fever and debilitation without localizing signs were the most common clinical features. Our patients responded poorly to antimycobacterial drugs and died within 6 months of diagnosis. The only reported successful therapy was in patients who responded well to highly active antiretroviral therapy and antimycobacterial regimens containing clarithromycin, ethambutol and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Clinical presentation of M. simiae infection mimics Mycobacterium avium complex, with fever and progressive debilitation, but is less responsive to therapy. Immuno-reconstitution with potent antiretroviral therapy may be the best therapy for such resistant disease.
Influence of Xenon on Protein Hydration as measured by a Microwave Absorption Technique

INVESTIGATIONS into the transport mechanisms of xenon during xenon anaesthesia1,2 showed that this noble gas associates reversibly with the blood proteins3. Standard (PVT) uptake measurements showed that for human haemoglobin in aqueous solution (at 20° C; 1 atm. xenon pressure pH 7) 1.8 moles of xenon associate per mole of haemoglobin4.
PV ramping in a distributed generation environment: A study using solar measurements

Variability in Photovoltaic (PV) generation resulting from variability in the solar radiation over the PV arrays is a topic of continuing concern for those involved with integrating renewables onto existing electrical grids. The island of Lanai, Hawaii is an extreme example of the challenges that integrators will face due to the fact that it is a small standalone grid. One way to study this problem is to take high-resolution solar measurements in multiple locations and model simultaneous PV production for various sizes at those locations. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) collected high-resolution solar data at four locations on the island where proposed PV plants will be deployed in the near future (Fig. 1). This data set provides unique insight into how the solar radiation may vary between points that are proximal in distance, but diverse in weather, due to the formation of orographic clouds in the center of the island. Using information about each proposed PV plant size, power output was created at high resolution. The team analyzed this output to understand power production ramps at individual locations and the effects of aggregating the production from all four locations. Hawaii is a unique environment, with extremely variable events occurring on a daily basis. This study provided an excellent opportunity for understanding potential worst-case scenarios for PV ramping. This paper provides an introduction to the datasets that NREL collected over a year and a comprehensive analysis of PV variability in a distributed generation scenario.
Deploying PGP whole disk encryption in Mac OS X

The University Of Washington Department of Surgery IT Services Group supports faculty, researchers, and staff within a clinical hospital environment and at multiple sites. Because of the need to secure protected health information (PHI) due to regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the department had previously implemented a PGP Universal and PGP Desktop solution for the whole disk encryption of faculty and staff laptops. At the time this solution was selected and implemented, PGP did not have a whole disk encryption product for Macintosh systems. However, in August 2008, PGP released their WDE product for Macintosh.The Department of Surgery IT Services Group (ITSG) began evaluating the Macintosh version of PGP Desktop and whole disk encryption in Winter 2009. Several issues were identified during testing that were related to limitations in the Macintosh version of the software compared to the Windows version. However, once PGP Technical Support clarified these limitations and provided a solution that enabled multiple users on a laptop to enroll with the PGP Universal Server, testing was completed. An installation procedure was developed and refined. Finally, issues were identified that required ITSG to change technical support procedures on PGP encrypted Macintoshes.
Blunt carotid artery injuries.

Abstract Background: Blunt carotid artery trauma remains a rare but potentially devastating injury. Early detection and treatment remain the goals of management. Our objective was to identify patients sustaining blunt carotid injuries at a regional trauma center and report on the incidence, demographics, diagnostic workup, management, and outcome. Study Design: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients sustaining blunt carotid artery injury between 1990 and 1996. Results: Twenty patients were identified during the 7-year period. All patients suffered blunt trauma, with motor vehicle accidents being the most common mechanism, and the internal carotid the most frequently injured vessel. Associated injuries were present in all patients, with head (65%) or chest (65%) injuries being the most common. The combination of head and chest trauma (45%) was found to be associated with a 14-fold increase in the likelihood of carotid injury. Cerebral angiography was diagnostic in all patients and the majority were treated nonoperatively with anticoagulation. Twenty percent of patients were discharged with a normal neurologic exam, while 45% left with a significant neurologic deficit. Overall mortality was 5%. Conclusions: Blunt carotid injuries are rare but are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The combination of craniofacial and chest wounds should raise the index of suspicion for blunt carotid injury. Anticoagulation was associated with the least morbidity.
The Rich Feast of Theology: Can Pentecostals Bring the Main Course or Only the Relish?

Theology becomes unspiritual when it lets itself be enticed or evicted from the freshly flowing air of the Spirit of the Lord, in which it alone can prosper. The Spirit departs when theology enters rooms whose stag nant air automatically prevents it from being and doing what it can, may, and must be and do.1
Ribosomal protein RPL41 induces rapid degradation of ATF4, a transcription factor critical for tumour cell survival in stress

By activating protective pathways, tumour cells are not only capable of survival in stress, but often associated with increased aggressiveness and metastasis. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a major coordinator of tumour cell survival in stress and is commonly overexpressed in tumours. Numerous studies suggested that the ATF4 is a potential therapeutic target for cancer. In this report, we describe that a small ribosomal peptide, RPL41, induced rapid ATF4 degradation. By immunofluorescence staining, RPL41 induced ATF4 relocation from nuclei to cytoplasm, where ATF4 co-stained with a proteasome marker; the RPL41-induced ATF4 relocation and degradation were blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. An in vivo phosphorylation study showed that RPL41 induced ATF4 phosphorylation and serine 219 of ATF4 was essential for RPL41-induced ATF4 degradation. Cells with RPL41 knockdown had significantly increased ATF4, suggesting that RPL41 could play a physiological role in regulating the cellular ATF4 level. RPL41 was capable of inducing tumour cell death and cell cycle arrest; at low dose, RPL41 sensitized tumour cells A549 to the DNA damage agent cisplatin. These studies suggest that RPL41, a small peptide that is chemically synthesizable and capable of self-cell penetration, may have potential as an anti-ATF4 agent for cancer therapy.
Critical role of toll-like receptors and the common TLR adaptor, MyD88, in induction of granulomas and liver injury.

Background/Aims Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize pathogens and regulate innate immune activation. Here, we investigated the roles of TLR9 and the common TLR adaptor, MyD88, in liver injury. Methods C57BL6, TLR9 −/− , IFNγ −/− or MyD88 −/− mice were primed with Propionibacterium acnes , TLR9 (CpG) or TLR2 (lipoteichoic acid) ligands followed by LPS challenge. ALT, cytokines and liver histology were assessed. Results Selective priming through TLR9 but not TLR2 induced granulomas, elevated serum ALT, and sensitized C57BL6 mice to increased LPS-induced serum IL-6, IL-12 and IFNγ levels. Further, TLR2 and TLR9 ligands synergized in induction of granulomas and sensitization to LPS-induced inflammation. IFNγ induction by P. acnes , TLR2 and TLR9 ligands required MyD88. In MyD88 −/− mice P. acnes failed to induce granulomas and both MyD88 and TLR9 deficiency prevented P. acnes -induced sensitization to LPS. Increased mRNA expression of genes of the TLR4 signaling complex (TLR4, CD14, MD-2, and MyD88) and the NADPH complexes (p47phox, p67phox, gp91phox, and p22phox) was induced by priming with P. acnes or TLR9 plus TLR2 suggesting mechanisms for LPS sensitization and liver injury. Conclusions TLR9±TLR2 activation via MyD88-dependent pathways plays a pivotal role in liver sensitization and granuloma formation.