cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators have opposing effects at different stages of osteoblast differentiation

Abstract The related transcriptional co-factors YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) have been proposed to either promote or inhibit osteoblast differentiation. Here we investigated the skeletal consequences of deleting YAP and TAZ at different stages of the osteoblast lineage using Prx1-Cre, Osx1-Cre, and Dmp1-Cre transgenic mice. Prx1-Cre-mediated deletion resulted in embryonic lethality. Mice lacking both copies of TAZ and one copy of YAP in cells targeted by Prx1-Cre were viable and displayed elevated bone mass associated increased bone formation. Deletion of YAP and TAZ using Osx1-Cre mice led to perinatal lethality. Suppression of Osx1-Cre activity until 21 days of age permitted postnatal deletion of YAP and TAZ, which resulted in increased osteoblast number at 12 weeks of age but no change in bone mass. Mechanistic studies revealed that YAP and TAZ suppress canonical Wnt signaling and Runx2 activity in osteoblast progenitors. Consistent with this, deletion of YAP and TAZ from osteoprogenitor cells increased osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Deletion of YAP and TAZ from mature osteoblasts and osteocytes using Dmp1-Cre mice led to reduced osteoblast number and bone formation, as well as increased osteoclast number, but no changes in known regulators of bone turnover such as RANKL, OPG, and Sost. Together these results suggest that YAP and TAZ in osteoblast progenitors oppose differentiation towards the osteoblast lineage but in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes, they promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption.
Using optical communications links for deep-space navigation

Optical communications systems that are being developed for deep-space missions could also be used to perform deep-space navigation. A two-way optical communications system could be modified to support ranging, and the laser signal emitted by a spacecraft could be tracked against background stars to perform plane-of-sky observables. We have been analyzing a number of deep-space navigation scenarios to understand the advantages and disadvantages of using optical communication systems for navigation. Our objectives were to evaluate the performance achievable with optical systems, and to study under what circumstances these systems could be sufficient to navigate the mission, reducing the requirements for radio systems to perhaps just to be a backup for emergency communications.
A “Social” Clinical Theory of Therapy

Why yet another theory of therapy? With at least 250 such theories, we certainly do not need another one. Yet another theory appears to have emerged, needed or not. From a speciality within philosophy, psychology has grown into at least three subdisciplines. One, modeling itself after the natural sciences, includes behaviorism and behavior therapies. A second, social psychology, attempts to understand people and their relationships and uses the tools of social science. The third, situating itself with the humanities, draws upon the wisdom of poets and the arts of charismatic leaders and healers. Psychoanalysis and several other therapies are in this third subdiscipline. A “social” clinical psychology tries to integrate these three psychologies.
The Aftermath of BE&K v. NLRB: When May an Employer Challenge the Legality of Union Practices

Picture it. You are the owner of a non-union construction company who was recently awarded a contract to modernize a manufacturing plant. However, as you begin performing the contract, local unions begin to wage war against your company. They begin picketing and encouraging strikes without telling people the reasons for their animosity. They begin lobbying for higher emissions standards, even though there is no reason to believe the project would harm the environment. They seek to delay and raise the costs of the project by filing questionable lawsuits against you. Finally, they launch wholly unsupported grievance proceedings against your company based on inapplicable collective bargaining agreements. As the owner of the company, what are you to do? You can either sit back and take the abuse, or you can file a lawsuit against the unions seeking to prevent these draconian practices. However, before June 24, 2002, if your company did not prevail in its lawsuit, it would be subject to charges of unfair labor practices simply because your company lost while trying to vindicate its rights. This article discusses the legal parameters surrounding such a situation and advises employers (and their attorneys) on ways to handle these matters.
Acceleration waves in a mixture of chemically reacting materials with memory

In this paper we consider a mixture of chemically reacting materials with memory. After stating the constitutive assumptions we adopt the usual postulate of fading memory and determine the restrictions which the Second Law of Thermodynamics places on the response functions. Subsequently, we examine the behavior of acceleration waves propagating in such a mixture which is initially in a state of thermochemical equilibrium. We also distinguish between the cases when the equilibrium state is weak or strong, and determine their effects on the wave behavior.
Political Consequences of Survival Strategies among the Urban Poor

Combining ethnographic and statistical methods, this study identifies interlocking mechanisms that help explain how disadvantaged neighborhoods influence their residents’ political capacity. Suppor...
Accuracy of a Peer Process Assessment Performed by Elementary Physical Education Students

The practice of peer assessment has been widely recommended for use in physical education (PE) classes. However, it is unknown how accurately students in lower elementary grades can assess peers’ performance. Therefore, this study examined the accuracy at which students in lower elementary PE perform peer assessments of a throwing skill. Students in first, second, and third grades conducted assessments of peers’ overhand throw performance once per week for 4 weeks. Sessions were video recorded; a researcher viewed the videos and examined participants’ assessments for accuracy. Results indicate that students in lower elementary grades can assess peers’ performance with a relatively high degree of accuracy, with third graders performing significantly better than their younger counterparts. Results also show that students can accurately perform a peer process assessment immediately after a reasonably short assessment training session. It can be concluded that physical education teachers can implement peer process assessments with young students with the confidence that they will be conducted accurately. Subscribe to TPE
Response properties of single neurons in higher level auditory cortex of adult songbirds.

The response properties of neurons in higher level regions of auditory cortex in songbirds are of fundamental interest because processing in such regions is essential for vocal learning and plastic...
‘We’re Getting so Far Away from the Land’: Disrupting the Traditional Rural Literacy Myth through Ohio Farm Stories

The Ohio Farm Stories (OFS) project began with a grant from the Ohio Humanities Council with a goal of collecting and showcasing narratives that focus on family farm life and the ways in which agriculture has and continues to shape lives and local Ohio communities. Integral to these narratives are ideas of how farming practices and values have evolved to meet societal demands in the 21st century. This article situates OFS research within Royster and Kirsch’s (2012) three-step inquiry framework, layered with a discussion of what is often understood as traditional rural literacy within the context of public memory. Two OFS video montages are included within the article, so that readers might listen ‘deeply, reflexively, and multisensibly’ (20) to the words and images of the project. These words and images evoke questions regarding myth, education, agriculture, and societal change. The article closes with a discussion of how the rhetoric of farming disrupts the rural literacy myth and positions farmers as powerful advocates in shaping the future as well as future understandings of where and how our nation’s food sources are grown and harvested.
“Skinny Scarecrows”: Forced Labor in Kenya Before the Forced Labour Convention

Prior to the 1920s, the East Africa Protectorate (Kenya Colony) was notorious for its harsh labor system and periodic forced labor scandals. However, by the mid-1920s the administration had completely disavowed forced labor for private interests and had begun to scale back government forced labor even before the passage of the Forced Labour Convention. This chapter delves into the early history of forced labor in Kenya Colony to explore the factors that led to the amelioration of certain aspects of the colony’s labor regime.
Derivations and spectral triples on quantum domains II: Quantum annulus

Continuing our study of spectral triples on quantum domains, we look at unbounded invariant and covariant derivations in the quantum annulus. In particular, we investigate whether such derivations can be implemented by operators with compact parametrices, a necessary condition in the definition of a spectral triple.
The infrared spectra of chelate compounds—II: A study of some bivalent metal chelate compounds of 8-hydroxyquinoline in the region 625 to 250 cm−1

Abstract An investigation of the infrared spectra in the region 625–250 cm−1 of the complexes of copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium and calcium with 8-hydroxyquinoline has been carried out. The spectra are simple, but, despite their simplicity, they differ from one another, both in the number of peaks and the relative positions of corresponding peaks. Possible analytical applications of the spectra in this region are discussed.
Longitudinal investigation of primary inservice teachers’ modelling the hydrological phenomena

ABSTRACTTo develop students’ capacity for science and to engage them productively in science and engineering practices, science education reform efforts have focused on supporting teachers’ develop...
2.06 – Vibrating Gyroscopes

Silicon micromachined gyroscopes have gained immense popularity in the automotive and consumer electronics industry owing to their miniature size, low power consumption, and compatibility with regular Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Integrated Circuit fabrication technology. Vibrating micromachined gyroscopes rely on the Coriolis-induced transfer of energy between two vibration modes of a microstructure. A comprehensive analysis of performance parameters, system blocks, and operation is presented in this chapter, which is illustrated succinctly with a mode-matched silicon tuning fork gyroscope as a case study.
Solvent-driven isomerization of cis , cis -muconic acid for the production of specialty and performance-advantaged cyclic biobased monomers

The quest for green plastics calls for new routes to aromatic monomers using biomass as a feedstock. Suitable feedstock molecules and conversion pathways have already been identified for several commodity aromatics through retrosynthetic analysis. However, this approach suffers from some limitations as it targets a single molecule at a time. A more impactful approach would be to target bioprivileged molecules that are intermediates to an array of commodity and specialty chemicals along with novel compounds. Muconic acid (MA) has recently been identified as a bioprivileged intermediate as it gives access to valuable aliphatic and cyclic diacid monomers including terephthalic acid (TPA), 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CHDA), and novel monounsaturated 1,4-cyclohexenedicarboxylic acids (CH1DA, CH2DA). However, accessing these cyclic monomers from MA requires to first isomerize biologically-produced cis,cis-MA to Diels–Alder active trans,trans-MA. A major impediment in this isomerization is the irreversible ring closing of MA to produce lactones. Herein, we demonstrate a green solvent-mediated isomerization using dimethyl sulfoxide and water. The mechanistic understanding achieved here elucidates the role of low concentrations of water in reducing the acidity of the system, thereby preventing the formation of lactones and improving the selectivity to trans,trans-MA from less than 5% to over 85%. Finally, a Diels–Alder reaction with trans,trans-MA is demonstrated with ethylene. The monounsaturated cyclic diacid obtained through this reaction (CH1DA) can be converted in a single step into TPA and CHDA, or can be directly copolymerized with adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine to tailor the thermal and mechanical properties of conventional Nylon 6,6.
The role of empathy in organizational communication during times of crisis

The defining characteristic of 2020 is life interrupted. Countries around the globe are impacted by wholescale stay-at-home orders, looming economic collapse, heightened public attention to systemi...
Tracking rates of postfire conifer regeneration vs. deciduous vegetation recovery across the western United States.

Postfire shifts in vegetation composition will have broad ecological impacts. However, information characterizing postfire recovery patterns and their drivers are lacking over large spatial extents. In this analysis, we used Landsat imagery collected when snow cover (SCS) was present, in combination with growing season (GS) imagery, to distinguish evergreen vegetation from deciduous vegetation. We sought to (1) characterize patterns in the rate of postfire, dual-season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) across the region, (2) relate remotely sensed patterns to field-measured patterns of re-vegetation, and (3) identify seasonally specific drivers of postfire rates of NDVI recovery. Rates of postfire NDVI recovery were calculated for both the GS and SCS for more than 12,500 burned points across the western United States. Points were partitioned into faster and slower rates of NDVI recovery using thresholds derived from field plot data (n = 230) and their associated rates of NDVI recovery. We found plots with conifer saplings had significantly higher SCS NDVI recovery rates relative to plots without conifer saplings, while plots with ≥50% grass/forbs/shrubs cover had significantly higher GS NDVI recovery rates relative to plots with <50%. GS rates of NDVI recovery were best predicted by burn severity and anomalies in postfire maximum temperature. SCS NDVI recovery rates were best explained by aridity and growing degree days. This study is the most extensive effort, to date, to track postfire forest recovery across the western United States. Isolating patterns and drivers of evergreen recovery from deciduous recovery will enable improved characterization of forest ecological condition across large spatial scales.
Abstract GMM-054: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ATYPICAL PKC-ζ INHIBITOR ζ-STAT ON CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA OVARIAN CANCER PROLIFERATION AND INVASION

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer diagnosis. There is no efficient screening process for ovarian cancers and the average stage of diagnosis is stage III. The most common ovarian cancer diagnosis is epithelial ovarian carcinomas, which constitute for 85-90% of prognosis; of this percent, clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC) represents 5% of incidence. CCOC presents unique pathological features and has a high reoccurrence rate after treatment. An overexpression of atypical PKCs (PKC-ζ and PKC-ι/λ) has been observed in various malignant cells lines and are linked to pathways for cellular proliferation and invasion. In this investigation, ovarian cell lines (TOV21G and ES-2) were treated with the atypical PKC-ζ inhibitor ζ-Stat and assayed to determine the effects on proliferation and cellular invasion. These assays included protein quantification, cell proliferation, and wound healing. Mouse xenograph experiments were also performed to determine the effects of ζ-Stat on TOV21G tumor growth in vivo. Our data shows that ζ-Stat decreases the proliferation of clear cell carcinoma ovarian cancer cells and decreases wound healing. Our results also show that tumor growth in athymic female mice is decreased when treated with ζ-Stat and that mouse body weight is maintained. This suggests that PKC-ζ is a novel target in carcinogenesis and inhibition of this protein decreases the rate of proliferation. Citation Format: Tracess Smalley, Rekha Patel, Mildred Acevedo-Duncan. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ATYPICAL PKC-ζ INHIBITOR ζ-STAT ON CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA OVARIAN CANCER PROLIFERATION AND INVASION [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 13-15, 2018; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(22 Suppl):Abstract nr GMM-054.
Leveraging single-cell ATAC-seq to identify disease-critical fetal and adult brain cell types

Abstract Prioritizing disease-critical cell types by integrating genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with functional data is a fundamental goal. Single-cell chromatin accessibility (scATAC-seq) and gene expression (scRNA-seq) have characterized cell types at high resolution, and early work on integrating GWAS with scRNA-seq has shown promise, but work on integrating GWAS with scATAC-seq has been limited. Here, we identify disease-critical fetal and adult brain cell types by integrating GWAS summary statistics from 28 brain-related diseases and traits (average N =298K) with 3.2 million scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq profiles from 83 cell types. We identified disease-critical fetal (resp. adult) brain cell types for 22 (resp. 23) of 28 traits using scATAC-seq data, and for 8 (resp. 17) of 28 traits using scRNA-seq data. Notable findings using scATAC-seq data included highly significant enrichments of fetal photoreceptor cells for major depressive disorder, fetal ganglion cells for BMI, fetal astrocytes for ADHD, and adult VGLUT2 excitatory neurons for schizophrenia. Our findings improve our understanding of brain-related diseases and traits, and inform future analyses of other diseases/traits.
Latent territorial threat and democratic regime reversals

Why do some democracies revert to non-democratic forms of governance? We develop an explanation of democratic reversals that emphasizes the influence of states’ external border relations on domesti...
Prevalence and significance of pulmonary disease on lung ultrasonography in outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background The majority of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are diagnosed and managed as outpatients; however, little is known about the burden of pulmonary disease in this setting. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a convenient tool for detection of COVID-19 pneumonia. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 infected outpatients with pulmonary disease may be important for early risk stratification. Objectives To investigate the prevalence, natural history and clinical significance of pulmonary disease in outpatients with SARS-CoV-2. Methods SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive outpatients (CV(+)) were assessed with LUS to identify the presence of interstitial pneumonia. Studies were considered positive based on the presence of B-lines, pleural irregularity and consolidations. A subset of patients underwent longitudinal examinations. Correlations between LUS findings and patient symptoms, demographics, comorbidities and clinical outcomes over 8 weeks were evaluated. Results 102 CV(+) patients underwent LUS with 42 (41%) demonstrating pulmonary involvement. Baseline LUS severity scores correlated with shortness of breath on multivariate analysis. Of the CV(+) patients followed longitudinally, a majority showed improvement or resolution in LUS findings after 1–2 weeks. Only one patient in the CV(+) cohort was briefly hospitalised, and no patient died or required mechanical ventilation. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of LUS findings in outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the pervasiveness of pulmonary disease across a broad spectrum of LUS severity scores and lack of adverse outcomes, our findings suggest that LUS may not be a useful as a risk stratification tool in SARS-CoV-2 in the general outpatient population.
Linear retention index system for polycyclic aromatic compounds

Abstract A linear retention index system for temperature-programmed capillary gas chromatography of polycyclic aromatic compounds using naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene, and picene as internal standards has been used in this laboratory for routine analysis since 1979. Conclusions from a data set of 29 routine capillary gas chromatographic analyses of a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds are used to evaluate, describe, and justify the polycyclic aromatic compound retention index system. The number, width, and linearity of the interpolation intervals are described. The effects on the retention indices of variations in programming rate, column internal diameter, and initial temperature are discussed. The polycyclic aromatic compound retention index system is shown to be a consistent, useful tool for preliminary identification of polycyclic aromatic compounds in complex mixtures. Tables listing standard retention indices for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles, and nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds are included.
A Review of “The Hollywood Historical Film”

Robert Burgoyne's most recent book, Hollywood Historical Film, is the third installment of the scholarly series New Approaches to Film Genre. In a concise but authoritative narrative, Burgoyne atte...
Simulating acidification and recovery processes in experimental catchments with the ILWAS model

The Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) model was used to simulate soil discharge chemistry at two neighboring experimental catchments. One catchment underwent deacidification because of the artificial application of deacidified precipitation whereas the other catchment received unaltered acidic precipitation. Simulated results reproduce the observed seasonal dynamics in the concentrations of base cations, NO 3 − , Al, and H4SiO 4 0 in soil discharges for both catchments. Simulated results also indicate that the export flux of base cations was decreased by 30% at the deacidification catchment in response to the decrease in acid deposition. However, simulated SO 4 2− concentrations show decreases that are about 40% more rapid than were observed. Simulated organic acid concentrations were also substantially lower than those observed at the deacidification catchment, indicating that organic matter decomposition processes were not correctly simulated. Acid-base budgets for both 5 and 50-yr simulations indicate that acid displacement by base cations through ion exchange is the principal process delaying recovery of runoff alkalinity, whereas SO 4 2− desorption has a minor role. Silicate weathering is the dominant acid-consuming process at both catchments. Criteria proposed here for assessing forecast reliability include reproducing seasonal dynamics in discharge chemistry, providing numerically accurate chemical concentrations when compared to monitoring data, and correctly predicting deacidification rate and extent. The ILWAS model generally meets these criteria, indicating that the model can produce a reliable forecast of the effects of acid deposition on the acid-base chemistry of surface waters given sufficient temporal data for confident optimization of the calibrated variables in the model.
The electrochemical behaviour of silver sulphide in sulphuric acid solutions

The electrochemical behaviour of synthetic silver sulphide (acanthite) electrodes in sulphuric acid solutions has been investigated using several techniques including cyclic voltammetry, anodic polarization and constant potential experiments. Under anodic polarization the dissolution has been attributed to the reaction Ag2S=2Ag++S+2e which occurs in two sequential, single electron transfer steps. A kinetic model for this stepwise anodic dissolution process at lower overpotential, where the current is a function of potential, is provided. At high dissolution rates (i.e. high currents) the slightly soluble silver sulphate salt is formed on the surface due to the saturation of the electrolyte near the Ag2S interface. This observation is supported by the influence of electrolyte composition on the cyclic voltammetry and the polarization curve. A paralinear film growth model has been found to describe the formation and growth of the silver sulphate product layer indicating an initial region of parabolic kinetics which gradually changes to linear kinetics as the rate of film dissolution approaches that of film formation.
Supply and Demand Factors for Organic Produce

Although the organic produce industry is growing dramatically, little is known about market structure. We estimate a system of reduced-form equations to evaluate supply and demand factors that influence equilibrium farm price and quantity in wholesale markets for organic broccoli, carrots, and lettuce. In the long run, demand factors dominate supply factors. Reduced wholesaling costs, increased margins by which organic wholesale price exceeds nonorganic price, and higher consumer income stimulate both farm price and output. Increasing the nonorganic farm price decreases equilibrium quantity of organics. Market expansion strategies should target consumers and wholesalers.
Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy of red blood cell suspensions.

The 13C nmr spectra of whole blood samples treated with 13CO, 13CO2, and 13CN− ion suggest that 13C nmr will be a powerful tool for the study of the structure and dynamics of intra-cellular constituents and the binding of extra-cellular substrates in cell suspensions.
Quantum Mechanics on Finite Groups

Although a few new results are presented, this is mainly a review article on the relationship between finite-dimensional quantum mechanics and finite groups. The main motivation for this discussion is the hidden subgroup problem of quantum computation theory. A unifying role is played by a mathematical structure that we call a Hilbert *-algebra. After reviewing material on unitary representations of finite groups we discuss a generalized quantum Fourier transform. We close with a presentation concerning position-momentum measurements in this framework.
Our Lady reconsidered: John Knox and the Virgin Mary

The cult of the Virgin Mary had a complicated history in Scotland during the sixteenth century, with historical, devotional and literary evidence indicating both widespread acceptance of the church's traditional practices and growing dissatisfaction with them, particularly in elite culture. Anti-Marian polemics entered Scottish Christianity through various sources, including the Lollards around Kyle, the prominent witness of Patrick Hamilton, the preaching of Thomas Guillaume and George Wishart, the theological climate at St Leonard's college in St Andrews, as well as a number of popular works.John Knox (1514–72) incorporated many of his contemporaries’ concerns in his own treatment of the question, being trained at St Andrews University and heavily influenced by Guillaume and Wishart. Knox considered the cult of Mary using the same tool that he used to analyse the cult of the saints in general, the mass, and liturgical ritual, contending that they could not be reconciled with his stringent doctrine of sola scriptura, in particular as read through the lens of Deuteronomy 12:32.Yet for all that Mary and her place in Christian life and devotion formed a major aspect of sixteenth-century Scottish religious praxis, Knox gave little attention to her, preferring to indicate her proper place in Christian theology by presenting a vision of Christianity which omitted her almost entirely. Knox does indirectly indicate what he considers to be the proper Christian attitude towards the Virgin, however, through his explication of sola scriptura and its implications for genuine religious practice as opposed to idolatry, and his understanding of 1 Timothy 2:5 and the unique mediation of Christ. Where Knox does directly address the Marian question, he expresses his rejection of her cult in far more restrained terms than readers of his polemics against the mass may expect; while he is firm and unequivocal in denying Mary's intercessory role and in uprooting Marian devotional practice, his rhetorical restraint points to the irreducible dignity of Mary in the scriptural texts.This article analyses the theology of Mary which Knox reveals in occasional comments scattered through his writings and attempts to place his ideas in their historical and theological context. By explicating the precise nature of Knox's objection to the cult of Mary, the article attempts to open the door for future Reformed–Catholic dialogue on the person of Mary and her place in the church of Christ.
On the analysis of oxygen diffusion and reaction in biological systems

Abstract An analysis of oxygen diffusion and reaction in multiregion biological systems is presented. This analysis considers a time-dependent flux boundary condition and oxygen consumption governed by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The mathematical problem is developed in a uniform fashion, so as to include both the single cell and anisotropic systems with distinct regions which are characteristic of either a multicell spheroid or a tumor mass. Both transient and steady-state solutions are obtained, based on orthogonal collocation. Literature results on single-cell analysis are corroborated, and detailed transient solutions are presented for the oxygenation of a multicell spheroid, and for systemic oxygenation of both small and large tumors.
Jet fuel chemical composition, weathering, and identification as a contaminant at a remediation site, determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

We have characterized a jet fuel (JP-8) contaminated site and compared its chemical constituents to a set of unweathered JP-4, JP-5 and JP-8 weathered standards by use of an all-glass heated inlet system (AGHIS) coupled to a home-built 6.0 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. From as little as a 1 μL septum injection of JP-8, JP-5, or JP-4 into the AGHIS, we obtained high-resolution mass spectra containing ∼400 peaks, 50 ≤ m/z ≤ 280, with as many as 4 peaks at the same nominal mass. A molecular formula (elemental composition) could be assigned to each peak, solely on the basis of accurate mass measurement to ± 0.8 ppm. With increased “weathering” (i.e., evaporation), JP-8 exhibited a significantly increased number and relative abundance of higher-mass (200 ≤ m/z ≤ 250) species, in accord with a previously observed increase in gas retention times with increased weathering. By extraction and subsequent FT-ICR mass analysis of JP-8 contaminated soil, we were able to identif...
Structural equation-based latent growth curve modeling of watershed attribute-regulated stream sensitivity to reduced acidic deposition

Abstract Little information is available about the effects of watershed attributes on long-term stream chemical responses to reduced acidic deposition. Long-term chemical data (1980–2006) for 21 stream sites from the Appalachian Mountain region and data of 8 watershed attributes of the corresponding watersheds were analyzed to study such effects. Latent growth curve modeling (LGM), a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, was conducted to quantify stream sensitivity to reduced acidic deposition in the region, and to model the initial chemical conditions (intercepts) and changing rates (slopes) in three time periods: 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. The modeled chemical trends were generally consistent with those trends which were detected by trend analyses in a previous study. Watershed attributes including area, mean elevation, percentage of developed land, percentage of grassland, percentages of shale and sandstone, percentage of barren land, and percentage of soil type Gilpin-Upshur-Vandalia (GUV) were found to affect stream sensitivity to the reduced acidic deposition with their importance in the respective order. The stream sensitivity in turn regulated streams’ chemical initial conditions and their changing rates in the studied watersheds. This innovative application of LGM for modeling long-term chemical trends advanced our understanding of the role of watershed attributes in regulating streams’ responses to reduced acidic deposition. This approach can be applied for evaluating streams’ responses to acidic deposition in other regions and, more broadly, for studying causal effects on long-term behaviors in other ecological and environmental science subjects.
Stress reactivity in maltreated and comparison male and female young adolescents.

The purpose of the present report was to examine the association of recent maltreatment experiences with cortisol reactivity in young adolescents. The ethnically diverse sample consisted of boys an...
Spatial cognition through the lens of spatial language.

Much recent research in spatial cognition has focused on the modeling and representation of geometrically tractable aspects of inter-object relations (e.g., Freksa 1992; Hois and Kutz 2008; Kurata 2008), providing elegant and precise characterizations of a variety of possible spatial relations. While this information is surely part of human spatial cognition, however, it is insufficient by itself to account for human conceptual representations of space (Klippel et al. 2008). Language has been called a ‘‘window into the mind’’; yet, what can we learn about spatial cognition from spatial language? Research into the meanings of locative spatial terms indicates that they are semantically quite complex (e.g., Coventry and Garrod 2004; Feist 2000, 2008; Levinson et al. 2003), suggesting that similar complexity may underlie spatial cognition more generally. Levinson (1996, p. 374) has argued that ‘‘[e]very linguistic distinction must be supported by the relevant conceptual distinctions, perceptual acuities and mental algorithms.’’ As such, those aspects of the spatial world that must be attended in order to fluently speak must similarly form a part of human spatial cognition. If this were not the case, as Levinson argues, it would be impossible to use the linguistic system. In this paper, I will explore a view of spatial cognition through the language used to describe static spatial scenes. Based on cross-linguistic evidence about the factors important to related terms in 24 languages and on experimental evidence about the use of both topological (e.g., in and on) and projective (e.g., left, right, front, and back) prepositions in English, I will argue that spatial cognition may, like spatial language, be influenced by three types of information about a spatial scene and the objects in it: geometric, functional, and qualitative physical information.
Management of asthma exacerbations

The 1997 Expert Panel Report 2 from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program details principles and goals for managing asthma exacerbations, based on scientific literature and the opinion of the panel. The panel's recommendations are summarized here, along with approaches to the evaluation and management of patients with asthma exacerbations. Methods to assess and classify the severity of asthma exacerbations are discussed, and treatment objectives for mild, moderate, and severe exacerbations are presented, along with a discussion of postinfectious acute airway hyperresponsiveness. A review of pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of asthma exacerbations is also included. Key points in the management of asthma exacerbations include the notion that early treatment is the best strategy for management. Important elements of early treatment include recognition of early signs of worsening asthma, a written action plan to guide patient self-management, appropriate intensification of therapy, and prompt communication between patient and provider about deterioration in asthma control. Other key points include the use of inhaled β2-adrenergic agonists to provide prompt relief of airflow obstruction, the early use of systemic corticosteroids for patients with moderate to severe exacerbations or for patients who fail to respond promptly and completely to an inhaled f2-adrenergic agonist, and monitoring response to therapy with serial measurements of lung function.
Comparison of conformations of Mojave toxin subunits and reconstituted toxin

Abstract 1. 1. Mojave toxin is a presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of Mojave rattlesnake. It is composed of two subunits, an acidic protein called subunit A and a basic protein, subunit B. The two subunits can combine to form the reconstituted Mojave toxin which possesses full biological activities. 2. 2. Peptide backbone conformations of these subunits and the reconstituted toxin were investigated by Raman spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy and compared to the native toxin conformation. It was found to consist mainly of an α-helix structure. 3. 3. Quantitative estimation of conformation calculated by the method of Lippert from the Raman spectroscopy gave 71% α-helix, 18% β-sheet and 11% random coil structures for the acidic subunit. 4. 4. Values of 67% α-helix, 16% β-structure and 17% random structure were obtained from data derived from the basic subunit. 5. 5. The values generated from the recombinant toxin were 70% α-helix, 16% β-sheet and 14% random structure. It was found that the conformation of the reconstituted toxin is essentially identical to the native Mojave toxin. 6. 6. Conformation of disulfide bonds and the microenvironment of tyrosine aromatic side chains were also studied by Raman spectroscopy. 7. 7. These studies indicate that when the two subunits combine to form the reconstituted toxin, peptide backbone, disulfide conformations and the microenvironment of tyrosine side chains were largely retained without significant alteration.
A NEW INDEX TO VALUE IN-KIND BENEFITS

In this paper we present a new approach to valuing in-kind benefits and a new index for that valuation. This approach is both individual (or family) specific and assigns a value to benefits for all those eligible for them, whether or not the benefits are actually used. The value is based on observed characteristics of the individual (and family) and location-specific factors likely to influence the value. The index is created for individuals and can be aggregated to obtain a family-specific value. An example of health insurance is used to demonstrate the approach. It is found that the value that single women with children place on health insurance depends on their own health status, the health status of their children, and their poverty status, among other factors.
Analysis of DRAM EMI dependence on data pattern and power delivery design using a near-field EMI scanner

This paper presents the analysis of DRAM-related EMI dependence on DQ/GIO data patterns and power delivery design. The EMI levels of two types of DDR2 667 memories are tested and the near- and far-field emission levels are measured at 1 GHz frequency (the 3rd harmonic of the clock). Five types of DQ patterns, which have different magnitudes of EMI-related frequency, are forced to transmit repeatedly and the effect on radiated emission are measured. As well, two DRAM chips, which have different power delivery design, are tested to see the effect of power delivery design with the data pattern dependency.
NATURE OF THE CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION METHOD IN AB INITIO CALCULATIONS. I. Ne GROUND STATE.

A detailed study of the correlation energy of Ne has been made in order to analyze the nature of the configuration-interaction (CI) method in ab initio calculations. Both the Bethe-Goldstone method of Nesbet and the total-pair-excitation-block method (TPEB) were examined. A series of calculations was made using both "atom-centered" and "shell-centered" basis sets. The most detailed calculations gave - 0.333 a.u. (88%) for the correlation energy by the TPEB method, and - 0.396 a.u. (104%) by the sum-of-the-pairs technique. The difference between these two values is mainly the so-called pair-pair interactions, which have been considered too small to be important to other investigators. A series of perturbation calculations on the triple and quadruple excitations gives \ensuremath{\sim} 1.5% of the total correlation energy. A complete CI calculation with a very limited basis set was done on the $p$ block of Ne. The results of this calculation are in agreement with our total-atom calculation, except that now the TPEB calculation gave about 98.5%, and the sum of the pairs about 115% of the complete CI result. The effect on the pair correlation energy of a unitary transformation of the outer-shell occupied self-consistent-field orbitals was also studied. Only a small difference in the results was obtained.
Modelling coal char gasification in a fluidized bed

Predictions obtained by using the accepted reaction model together with three different reactor models — plug-flow, complete-mixing and bubble-assemblage — are compared. In general, the three reactor models gave significantly different results. The bubble-assemblage model, therefore, represents a valid alternative when modelling fluidized-bed gasifiers. For small inverse space velocities, meaning high steam feed rates and shallow beds, the bubble-assemblage model predicts the lowest (among the three) steam conversions. For deep beds and low steam feed rates, the conversion predicted by the bubble-assemblage model becomes greater than that predicted by the completely mixed model and approaches the values for the plug-flow model. However, this occurs only at very large height/diameter ratios which are not generally used in operating fluidized beds. Increase in the reaction rate constant associated with the partial pressure of water, k1, caused a marked increase in conversion. The effect of k2,-associated with the partial pressure of hydrogen, was not so great, conversion decreasing as k2 was increased. Inclusion of the water-gas shift reaction when calculating the gas composition in the kinetic rate expression may be of significance in predicting steam conversion by reactor model 3. However, varying the value of Keq did not have a significant effect.
Characterization of the diphtheria toxin-resistance system in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Variations in two general classes of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants which may be selected from Chinese hamster ovary (CH0-K1) cells and the conditions for their selection are described. The resistance of class I mutants can be overcome with increasing concentrations of toxin. Their entire complement of EF-2 is susceptible to ADP-ribosylation by toxin. Class I includes those strains in which resistance resides at the level of the plasma membrane. The resistance of class II, translational, mutants cannot be overcome by high concentrations of toxin, as all, or a portion, of their EF-2 is insensitive to the action of diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Adjustment of the concentration of toxin used to select resistant mutants can be used to regulate the class of mutant recovered. Metabolic cooperation between cells does not affect recovery of either class I or class II mutants. Resistance is stable in class I strains, but class IIb strains, which possess 50 % resistant and 50 % sensitive EF-2, display a transient high level of resistance which is retained for varying lengths of time following exposure to toxin. Class IIa strains, which possess 100% resistant EF-2, grow normally in saturating concentrations of toxin, but class IIb strains grow at a reduced rate. Evidence is presented which suggests that the gene for EF-2 is functionally diploid in CH0-K1 cells.
Development of diagnostic and treatment strategies for glaucoma through understanding and modification of scleral and lamina cribrosa connective tissue

Considerable evidence indicates that the state of ocular connective tissues and their response in glaucomatous disease affect the degree of glaucoma damage. Both experimental and clinical data suggest that improved diagnostic and prognostic information can be derived from the assessment of the mechanical responsiveness of the sclera and lamina cribrosa to intraocular pressure (IOP). Controlled mutagenesis of the sclera has produced a mouse strain that is relatively resistant to increased IOP. Alteration of the baseline scleral state can be accomplished through either increased cross-linking of fibrillar components or their reduction. The sclera is a dynamic structure, altering its structure and behavior in response to IOP change. The biochemical pathways that control these responses are fertile areas for new glaucoma treatments.
Orbit Determination for the 2007 Mars Phoenix Lander

The Phoenix mission is designed to study the arctic region of Mars. To achieve this goal, the spacecraft must be delivered to a narrow corridor at the top of the Martian atmosphere, which is approximately 20 km wide. This paper will discuss the details of the Phoenix orbit determination process and the effort to reduce errors below the level necessary to achieve successful atmospheric entry at Mars. Emphasis will be placed on properly modeling forces that perturb the spacecraft trajectory and the errors and uncertainties associated with those forces. Orbit determination covariance analysis strongly influenced mission operations scenarios, which were chosen to minimize errors and associated uncertainties.
Selection of Social Partners as a Function of Peer Contact during Rearing

In the report "Selection of social partners as a function of peer contact during rearing" by C. L. Pratt and G. P. Sackett (3 Mar., p. 1133), the third sentence of the first paragraph should read as follows: "Monkeys reared in isolation tend to withdraw from other animals and huddle by themselves in social situations. If such animals prefer each other over more normal monkeys, they may not be effectively exposed to the stimuli which lead to some degree of social adjustment."
A Nonlinear, Transient, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Simulation for Predictions of Instantaneous Engine Speed and Torque

A non-linear, transient, single-cylinder diesel engine simulation has been developed for predictions of instantaneous engine speed and torque. The foundation of our model is a physically based, thermodynamic, steady-state diesel engine simulation (Assanis, D. N., and Heywood, J. B., 1986, Development and Use of a Computer Simulation of the Turbocompounded Diesel System for Engine Performance and Component Heat Transfer Studies, SAE Paper 860329), which has been comprehensively validated for various engine designs. The transient extension of the parent model represents the diesel engine as a non-linear, dynamic system. The instantaneous crank-shaft speed is determined from the solution of the engine-external load dynamics equation, where the engine torque is tracked on a crank-angle basis. Validation of the transient model during rapid engine acceleration shows that both the cyclic fluctuations in the instantaneous crank-shaft speed line and the overall engine response are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Predictions of single-cylinder engine starting reveals the importance of selecting the proper value of the engine moment of inertia in order to control the amplitude of angular velocity fluctuations and ensure stable engine operation. It is further shown that the variation in the inertial forces on the reciprocating components with speed has a dramatic impact on the instantaneous torque profile, and consequently on angular velocity fluctuations.