cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case report of the one-armed anesthesiology resident

A severe limb injury challenges an anesthesiologist's ability to provide care. We describe the difficulties encountered by an anesthesiology resident with a severely injured left arm and present solutions to overcoming an inability to perform traditional direct laryngoscopy. Airway management adjuncts explored include modified left-handed direct laryngoscopy, lighted stylet intubation, fiberoptic intubation, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Combitube, retrograde wire technique, and the eventual conversion to direct laryngoscopy with the right hand with the reversed Macintosh and the Cranwall modification of the Miller blade. The practical and social problems of a disability during residency are also discussed.
Soft Modes in Current-Carrying Superconducting Filaments.

The dynamical stability of the current in a superconducting filament against small fluctuations of the complex order parameter and the electric potential is studied using equations based on time-dependent self-consistent mean-field theory. In the low-frequency, long-wavelength limit near the transition temperature, simple calculations are performed which predict slowing modes associated with the tendency toward resistive behavior.
Development of an electric capillary discharge source

We report on the development of an electric capillary discharge source that radiates with comparable efficiency at both 13.5 nm and 11.4 nm, two wavelengths of interest for EUV lithography. The discharge source is comprised of a low- pressure, xenon-filled, small diameter capillary tube with electrodes attached to both ends. A high-voltage electric pulse applied across the capillary tube generates an intense plasma that radiates in the EUV. This source is capable of producing 7 mJ/steradian per pulse in a 0.3 nm bandwidth centered at 13.4 nm. In this paper we will address three significant issues related to the successful development of this source: minimization of debris generation, thermal management, and imaging quality.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nanophotonics for Information Systems Integration

We describe nanophotonic components and devices utilizing form birefringence, photonic crystals, surface plasmons and quantum dots. These devices can be integrated for realization of information systems for various applications.
Dispersion of sediment DDTs in the coastal ocean off southern California

Abstract The masses of DDT compounds (DDTs) in surface sediments of the Palos Verdes Shelf (PVS) and Santa Monica Bay (SMB) have declined over the last two decades, following the ban on DDT production in 1970. This mass reduction could result from a number of biological and physical processes, including biodegradation and/or dispersal away from the sites. We integrated existing data with our new data of DDTs from different compartments in the coastal zones off southern California to assess the importance of the dispersal mechanism. The synthesis of the data indicated that: (1) historically deposited DDTs have been remobilized upward in the sediment column; (2) DDTs have been resuspended into the water column; and (3) sewage-derived DDTs have been redeposited into distant areas. Resuspension of DDTs from contaminated sediments was evident from the close correlation between the DDT concentrations in the water column and surface sediment at three locations with different DDT levels. The current distribution patterns for linear alkylbenzenes and DDTs in surface sediments at SMB were also suggestive of dispersal of DDTs. The distribution of DDTs in the surface sediments exhibiting a gradient from the outfalls to offshore and the general spatial distribution pattern in the basins precluded the possibility of either aerial fallout or surface runoff as being an important source of DDTs. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that resuspended DDTs in the discharge zones are being dispersed to distant areas. The percent of DDEs in total DDTs was uniformly high (∼90%) in the PVS and SMB sediments, but varied widely in sediments of the Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins. The percent DDEs were particularly low (as low as 10%) in certain subsurface sections of the sediments near two dumpsites containing DDT wastes (from prior to 1970) comprising of low proportions of DDE. However, the top-layers of the basin sediments contained DDT residues with high %DDEs similar to that of sediments on the PVS, suggesting a common source from the historic DDTs in the wastewater discharges. The available data is insufficient to confirm the possibility of anaerobic degradation of DDEs in the sediment cores investigated which could also result in the mass reduction of DDTs in the post-1970 sediments.
The power balance at the core–mantle boundary

The power () required by the mantle from the core, previously thought to be about 2.3 TW, is shown to be about 8 TW. Mantle heat transfer mechanisms near the core–mantle boundary (CMB) called sinks control power input into the mantle. The sinks are mechanisms for: heating the slab at the base of the mantle sufficiently to equilibrate its temperature; sustaining plumes whose surface signatures are hotspots and continental flood basalts (CFBs); conducting heat along the mantle’s adiabat evaluated at the CMB; sustaining plumes whose surface signatures are seamounts; and sustaining hot, weak plumes that never reach the lithosphere (with no surface signature) but are found in numerical simulations of mantle convection. The total power of the sinks is supplied by core heat sources. The major source is conductive power. The conductive power equation for the core is re-evaluated with new mineral physics data on the Gruneisen parameter and thermal conductivity. The new value is TW. Convection and radiogenic sources supply the additional power required.
Laser-Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty: Postoperative Complications†

Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) has become a widely used procedure for the treatment of snoring and mild sleep apnea in the United States. Between July 1993 and December 1994, the authors of this study prospectively evaluated 541 consecutive patients referred to their hospital for possible LAUP to treat loud disruptive snoring. Of the 541 patients, 275 patients had a total of 754 LAUP procedures. There were 26 complications (3.45%). These complications included postoperative hemorrhage in 16 patients (2.12%), local infection in 4 patients (0.53%), temporary palatal incompetence in 4 patients (0.53% , and temporary loss of taste in 2 patients (0.27%). None of the 16 patients with postoperative hemorrhage required a blood transfusion. Only 10 patients (1.3%) had hemorrhage that required medical attention; in the other patients, the bleeding stopped spontaneously. There were no cases of hypernasal speech, permanent palatal incompetence, nasopharyngeal stenosis, airway compromise, or death.
Diastematomyelia presenting as progressive weakness in an adult after spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Abstract Background context Diastematomyelia is uncommon and rarely presents in adulthood. This report draws attention to the fact that patients who underwent spinal fusion for deformity before the widespread use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may have unrecognized spinal cord abnormalities. This should be considered if revision surgery is contemplated. Purpose This case report focuses on the late presentation of lower-extremity weakness in a 44-year-old woman with a split cord malformation (diplomyelia), diastematomyelia and tethered cord syndrome. Study design/setting The patient underwent instrumented posterior spinal fusion with a Harrington rod as a child for progressive thoracolumbar scoliosis. As an adult, she developed paraparesis after a traumatic event. Methods The patient underwent decompressive laminectomy, subtotal resection of the old fusion mass and resection of the osseous septum. Postoperatively, an anterior spinal fluid leak in the lower thoracic region required repeated fascial grafting, resection of a pseudomeningocele and reverse left latissimus dorsi flap transfer. The leak was controlled, and the patient had near complete resolution of her paraparesis 1 year after her surgery. Results The case described herein is unusual in that patients with diplomyelia and diastematomyelia rarely are symptomatic in adulthood. However, trauma may precipitate the onset of neurologic symptoms. This patient underwent spinal surgeries to address deformity, pain and progressive lower-extremity weakness. Preoperative CT and MRI studies showed a split cord malformation and diastematomyelia at L1–L2 with spinal stenosis and tethering of both hemicords. Conclusions Progressive weakness without any previous neurologic deficit or neurocutaneous stigmas of an underlying spinal cord abnormality may develop in the adult with unrecognized diastemotomyelia. This case demonstrates that a thorough preoperative workup of patients with complex spinal deformities is imperative.
Co-targeting BRAF and cyclin dependent kinases 4/6 for BRAF mutant cancers

Selective BRAF inhibitors have demonstrated significant clinical benefit in melanoma patients harboring oncogenic BRAF mutations. However, the majority of such patients either exhibit de novo resistance from the beginning of the treatment or acquire resistance and eventually relapse. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance, overcoming resistance to BRAF inhibitors remains an unmet medical need. Constitutive activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 as a result of genetic aberrations including CDKN2A inactivation and CCND1 amplification is common across many cancer types and frequently co-occurs with oncogenic BRAF mutations. Also, cyclin D1 overexpression is a common feature of resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Here we review CDK4/6 as a therapeutic target in BRAF mutant cancers and discuss emerging evidence supporting a critical role of cyclin D1/CDK4/6 axis in de novo and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Co-targeting CDK4/6 and BRAF could be a more effective therapy to augment clinical response of BRAF inhibitors and overcome resistance in BRAF mutant cancers.
High-dose methylprednisolone may cause myopathy in acute spinal cord injury patients

Prospective cohort study. Although Bracken et al have demonstrated a significant neuroprotective effect of high-dose intravenous (i.v.) methylprednisolone (MP) within 8 h post spinal cord injury (SCI), this practice has recently been challenged. We hypothesized it is possible that acute corticosteroid myopathy (ACM) may occur secondary to the MP. This pilot study was performed to test this hypothesis. University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami VA Medical Center, FL, USA. Subjects included five nonpenetrating traumatic SCI patients, who received 24 h MP according to National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (NASCIS) protocol, and three traumatic patients who suffered SCI and did not receive MP. Muscle biopsies and electromyography (EMG) were performed to determine if myopathic changes existed in these patients. Muscle biopsies from the SCI patients who received 24 h of MP showed muscle damage consistent with ACM in four out of five cases. EMG studies demonstrated myopathic changes in the MP-treated patients. In the three patients who had SCI but did not receive MP, muscle biopsies were normal and EMGs did not reveal evidence of myopathy. Our data suggest that MP in the dose recommended by the NASCIS may cause ACM. If this is true, part of the improvement of neurological recovery showed in NASCIS may be only a recording of the natural recovery of ACM, instead of any protection that MP offers to the injured spinal cord. American Academy of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Education & Research Fund, and the VA Rehabilitation Research & Development, Center of Excellence in Functional Recovery and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.
Effect of growth conditions on the composition and structure of Si1?xGex nanowires grown by vapor?liquid?solid growth

The effect of growth conditions on the composition and structure of Si1−xGex nanowires grown by the vapor–liquid–solid method using gaseous precursors (SiH4 and GeH4) was investigated. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the structural properties and elemental composition of the nanowires. At higher growth temperatures (>425 °C), Ge thin film deposition on the nanowire surface resulted in Au loss during growth and the formation of tapered structures. By simultaneously reducing the growth temperature from 425 to 325 °C to suppress the rate of Ge film deposition and increasing the GeH4/(GeH4 + SiH4) gas ratio, Si1−xGex nanowires were produced with Ge fractions spanning the entire composition range. The Ge fraction follows that predicted from the elemental nanowire growth rates in the Ge-rich (x > 0.5) regime, but deviates to higher Ge fractions in Si-rich (x < 0.5) nanowires. A mechanism was proposed whereby surface diffusion provides an additional pathway to Ge incorporation in Si-rich Si1−xGex nanowires.
Psychological and cultural factors in the process of occupational achievement

Abstract An eight-equation model embodies the hypothesis that cultural differences among ethnic-religious groups give rise to differences in psychological dispositions, which, though not directly observable, influence occupational achievement, directly or via educational attainment, while being subject to feedback from one or the other of these endogenous variables. Dispositions are reflected in three fallible indicators, constructed from items in a survey interview of native white men in the Detroit area; the survey also secured socioeconomic measures and an estimate of intelligence. The model is block recursive and over-identified. Parameter estimates are secured by a sequence of ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares procedures, after solving out the structural equations to eliminate the unobservable variables. Numerical results do not strongly support the “Protestant Ethic” theory of achievement, but do suggest that the influence of education on occupation is mediated by motivational as well as cognitive and institutional factors.
The Boskin Commission Report After a Decade

The author highlights the extremely salutatory effect the Boskin Commission has had on international price statistics, promoting open discussion of price measurement issues, engendering dialogue between statistical agencies and users, and encouraging research. Less positive in the author'sview has been the Boskin Commission’s popularization of “guestimates,” through its widely cited 1.1 percentage points CPI bias figure. The author also argues that the Commission ignored the possibility that quality improvements could actually produce a net downward bias to CPI components because the implicit quality adjustments inherent in the BLS procedures may over-adjust. He points out that the motivation for the appointment of the Boskin Commision was highly political, namely a desire to reduce Social Security expenditures by indexing benefits to a lower rate of increase than the CPI. He argues that it would have been preferable to separately address the distinct issues of CPI measurement and principles for allocation of resources to the dependent population.
Alternative Stellhebel des Automobilmarkenmanagements

In der Automobilwirtschaft haben sich im letzten Jahrzehnt die Rahmenbedingungen fur die Erringung von nachhaltigen Wettbewerbsvorsprungen stark verandert. Waren die spaten 80er noch von ausgepragten Kostensenkungsprogrammen gepragt, initiierten insbesondere die deutschen Automobilhersteller ab Mitte der 90er Jahre eine breit angelegte Innovationsoffensive.
The Greening of the Globe? Cross-national Levels of Environmental Group Membership

Is the environmental movement still growing in members? What explains cross-national levels of environmental mobilisation? This article addresses these questions using data from the new 1999–2002 wave of the World Values Survey. We describe the membership levels in environmental groups across nations, and then examine rival explanations for why membership is concentrated in certain nations although environmental concerns exist globally. We first find that environmental groups represent one of the most common forms of political group membership on a global scale, and membership levels are increasing. We also demonstrate that the combination of social and political conditions in advanced industrial democracies is a strong predictor of environmental group membership levels.
A Poly-Si Gate Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor for High Frequency Applications

We are reporting a novel carbon nanotube field effect transistor with a poly-Si bottom gate structure. The device has a gate length of 3µm and achieves a unity gain frequency f T of 2.5GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency f max of >5GHz. The high frequency performance of the device is attributed to the ballistic transport of electrons inside the nanotube and is expected to improve by reducing the gate length.
Evidence that "embryonic estrogen" is a factor which controls the development of the mouse preimplantation embryo.

Abstract 4- to 8-cell mouse PIE's (preimplantation embryos)were cultured in vitro for 48 hr in media containing various concentrations of the antiestrogen CI-628. Graded effects of the various concentrations were observed with the highest concentration (1.5 μg/ml) being 100% effective in blocking development to the blastocyst stage. The deleterious effects of the drug were prevented to some extent by including estradiol-17β in the medium. Our interpretation is that the effect of CI-628 was due to its anti-estrogenic properties. If this interpretation is correct, then the results support our hypothesis that the development of mouse PIE's depends upon estrogen which originates in the PIE.
Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate Modulates Nox5 Localization via an N-Terminal Polybasic Region

Nox5, an EF-hand-containing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating NADPH oxidase, contains two conserved polybasic regions: one N-terminal (PBR-N), located between the fourth EF-hand and the first transmembrane region, and one C-terminal (PBR-C), between the first and second NADPH-binding subregions. Here, we show that phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)], a major phosphoinositide in plasma membrane, binds to human Nox5 causing Nox5 to localize from internal membranes to the plasma membrane. Enzymatic modulation of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) levels in intact cells altered cell surface localization of Nox5 in parallel with extracellular ROS generation. Mutations in PBR-N prevented PtdIns(4,5)P(2)-dependent localization of Nox5 to the plasma membrane and decreased extracellular ROS production. A synthetic peptide corresponding to PBR-N bound to PtdIns(4,5)P(2), but not to PtdIns, whereas mutations in the PBR-N peptide abrogated the binding to PtdIns(4,5)P(2). Arginine-197 in PBR-N was a key residue to regulate subcellular localization of Nox5 and its interaction with PtdIns(4,5)P(2). In contrast, mutation in PBR-C did not affect localization. Thus, extracellular ROS production by Nox5 is modulated by PtdIns(4,5)P(2) by localizing Nox5 to the plasma membrane.
Econophysics: can physicists contribute to the science of economics?

How can computational physicists contribute to the search for solutions to the puzzles posed by modern economics that economists themselves cannot solve? An approach-not very commonly used in economics-is to begin empirically, with real data that you can analyze in some detail, but without prior models. In economics, a great deal of real data is available. If you, moreover, have at your disposal the tools of computational physics and the computing power to carry out any number of approaches, this abundance of data is a great advantage. A careful analysis of any system involves studying the propagation of correlations from one unit of the system to the next. We learned that these correlations propagate both directly and indirectly. At one time, it was imagined that scale-free phenomena are relevant to only a fairly narrow slice of physical phenomena. However, the range of systems that apparently display power-law and hence scale-invariant correlations has increased dramatically in recent years. Such systems range from base-pair correlations in noncoding DNA, lung inflation, and interbeat intervals of the human heart, to complex systems involving large numbers of interacting subunits that display free will. In particular, economic time series, e.g., stock market indices or currency exchange rates, depend on the evolution of a large number of strongly interacting systems far from equilibrium, and belong to the class of complex evolving systems. Thus, the statistical properties of economic time series have attracted the interests of many physicists.
Welfare Implications of Secondary Electronic Markets

We develop a game-theoretical framework to investigate the competitive implications of Consumer-to-Consumer electronic marketplaces, which promote concurrent selling of new and used goods. In many e-marketplaces, where suppliers cannot directly use second-hand goods for practicing inter-temporal price discrimination, the threat of cannibalization of new goods by used goods become significant. We examine conditions under when it is optimal for suppliers to operate in such markets, explaining why used goods markets may not be detrimental for them. While a monopolist supplier is worse off in the presence of a secondary market, competition can in fact make it better off. The presence of used good markets provides an active outlet for some consumers to sell their second-hand goods. This leads to two countervailing effects and the net result for suppliers is contingent upon different parameters. Overall, for a wide range of parameters, there is an increase in social welfare from establishing such secondary markets.
Biological effects of polychromatic light

Predicting the effects of polychromatic light on biological systems is a central goal of environmental photobiology. If the dose-response function for a process is a linear function of the light incident on a system at each wavelength within the spectrum, the effect of a polychromatic spectrum is obtained by integrating the product of the cross section for the reaction at each wavelength and the spectral irradiance at that wavelength over both wavelength and time. This procedure cannot be used, however, if the dose-response functions for an effect are not linear functions of photon dose. Although many photochemical reactions are linear within the biologically relevant range of doses, many biological end points are not. I describe procedures for calculating the effects of polychromatic irradiations on systems that exhibit certain classes of dose-response functions, including power law responses typical of mutation induction and exponential dose-responses typical of cell survival. I also present an approach to predict the effects of polychromatic spectra on systems in which the ultraviolet components form pyrimidine dimers, and the longer-wavelength ultraviolet and visible components remove them by photoreactivation, thus generating complex dose-response functions for these coupled light-driven reactions.
A study of semi-tied covariance modeling for online handwritten Chinese character recognition

This paper presents a new approach to large-vocabulary online handwritten Chinese character recognition based on semi-tied covariance (STC) modeling. Detailed procedures are described for estimating the STC model parameters under both maximum likelihood (ML) and minimum classification error (MCE) criteria. Compared with the state-of-the-art modified quadratic discriminant function (MQDF) based classifiers, STC-based classifiers can achieve a better memory-accuracy trade-off, thus provide more flexibility in designing compact online handwritten Chinese character recognizers. Its usefulness has been confirmed and demonstrated by comparative experiments on popular Nakayosi and Kuchibue Japanese character databases.
Invertebrate insights into autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, impaired language development, and stereotyped repetitive behaviors. The broader category of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) includes individuals with subsets of these symptoms ([Geschwind and
Quality of lymphadenectomy is equivalent with robotic and open cystectomy using an extended template.

Purpose: Extended lymph node dissection for bladder cancer provides better staging, cancerous node removal and potentially survival. Minimally invasive techniques have been criticized about the ability to adequately perform extended lymph node dissection. We compared the extended lymph node dissection quality of robotic and open cystectomy by assessing node yield and positivity.Materials and Methods: We compared extended lymph node dissection in 120 open and 35 robotic cystectomy cases. Extended lymph node dissection included skeletonization of structures in each nodal group below the aortic bifurcation (common iliac, external iliac, obturator, hypogastric and presacral nodes). Nodes were processed identically but submitted as 1 or 2 packets for robotic cases and as 10 or more packets for open surgery cases.Results: The mean ± SD node count in the open group was 36.9 ± 14.8 (range 11 to 87) and in the robotic group the mean yield was 37.5 ± 13.2 (range 18 to 64). Only 12 of 120 open (10%) and 2 of 35 robo...
Experiment Design for Structured Nonlinear System Identification

When identifying nonlinear functions in interconnected systems, it is often desired that the exciting signal be sufficiently dense both spatially and temporally. However, density requirements are only realizable in infinite-length experiments. In this paper, we consider metrics for determining the quality of finite-length signals for the purpose of identification. Although the resulting experiment design problem is non-convex, we provide some insight that warrants further exploration of possible relaxations for the problem.
Benthopelagic biomass distribution and oxygen consumption in a deep-sea benthic boundary layer dominated by gelatinous organisms

A quantitative plankton net sampler with a multicompartment cod-end for use with deep submersible vehicles was developed. This cod-end protects samples from surface temperatures so that deep-sea animals can be recovered alive. The DSV Alvin used it to sample the benthopelagic faunas of two southern California basins, East Cartes and San Clemente, in August 1979 and February 1982. Samples filtering an average of 336 m3 were taken at altitudes of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 m as well as 1,000-m depth over bottom depths of 1,800-1,900 m. These samples were divided into three categories for weighing and compositional analysis. The pelagic holothuroid Scotoanassa sp. dominated the 20 m immediately above the bottom, averaging 533 mg wet wt m-3 at l-m altitude in 1982. “Other gelatinous” organisms became dominant at 50 and 100 m, averaging 267 mg wet wt m-3 at 50 m. “Nongelatinous” forms, a group dominated by copepods and larger crustaceans, were more uniformly distributed and ranged from 2.1 to 7.9 mg wet wt m-3. Abundances of Scotoanassa sp., but not the other categories, varied greatly between years and between basins. Scotoanassa sp. had a low oxygen consumption rate of 0.0009 ~1 O2 (mg wet wt)-’ h-l; the near-bottom crustaceans had rates similar to those of bathypelagic crustaceans. Total metabolism of the sampled groups was dominated by Scotoanassa sp. and nongelatinous plankton near the bottom with other gelatinous plankton becoming dominant higher. Scotoanassa sp. may be a rapid growing, opportunistic species that can respond reproductively to short-term environmental changes.
Implications of the Recent Trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation

Most projections of greenhouse gas‐induced climate change indicate a weakening of the thermohaline circulation (THC) in the North Atlantic in response to increased freshening and warming in the subpolar region. These changes reduce high-latitude upper-ocean density and therefore weaken the THC. Using ensembles of numerical experiments with a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model, it is found that this weakening could be delayed by several decades in response to a sustained upward trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic oscillation during winter, such as has been observed over the last 30 years. The stronger winds over the North Atlantic associated with this trend extract more heat from the ocean, thereby cooling and increasing the density of the upper ocean and thus opposing the previously described weakening of the THC. This result is of particular importance if the positive trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic oscillation is a response to increasing greenhouse gases, as has been recently suggested.
Problems That Couples Bring To Therapy: A View Across the Family Life Cycle*

This study examined reports of marital problems from couples at different stages of the life course. Data were collected from 160 couples during intake at a family therapy clinic. Couples were asked to indicate their presenting problem, as well as their level of severity in 14 problem areas, such as communication and financial issues. Results indicated that presenting problems were generally the same, regardless of whether the couple was newly married, in the child-bearing years, or married over a decade. Moreover, wives reported more problems in their relationships than did husbands, especially among wives married longer than 10 years.
The Biology and Treatment of Pathological Gambling

Most adults gamble recreationally. However, a subset suffers from pathological gambling. Although pathological gambling is classified as an impulse control disorder, it shares many features with substance dependence and is sometimes referred to as a “behavioral” addiction. Pathological gamblers may demonstrate cognitive distortions such as probability errors and superstitious beliefs, and they often chase gambling losses. Studies examining the neurobiology of pathological gambling suggest influences of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, opioids, and other systems in pathological gambling. Neuropsychological studies also suggest executive functioning impairments that are independent of intellectual differences as assessed by intelligence quotient testing. These findings are consistent with neuroimaging studies demonstrating differences in brain areas implicated in mood regulation and risk/reward decision-making. Emerging behavioral and pharmacological treatments have demonstrated some benefit. However, treatment efficacy represents a significant challenge in part due to the relatively low number of individuals seeking treatment and the high frequency of co-occurring psychiatric disorders.
Lessons learned from imaging mouse ovarian tumors: the route of probe injection makes a difference

Patients with ovarian cancer often develop small metastatic lesions in their peritoneal cavities. Fluorescent-imaging probes that can highlight these small lesions have significant value for guiding procedures and treatment decisions. In this animal study, we demonstrated that intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of a protease-sensitive fluorescent probe resulted in the labeling of all tumors regardless of their sizes with low background signals in organs. Conversely, intravenous (IV) injections of the probe resulted in high signals in most organs and large tumors (>5 mm) but not in any of the small lesions (<2 mm).
A multimodal human computer interface combining head movement, speech and tongue motion for people with severe disabilities

Assistive technologies (ATs) play a crucial role in the lives of individuals with severe disabilities by enabling them to have greater autonomy in performing daily tasks. The Tongue Drive System (TDS) developed at the Georgia Tech Bionics Lab is such an AT, empowering people with severe Spinal Cord Injuries (SCIs) to be more independent. Earlier versions of the TDS have offered tongue motion and speech as means of driving mouse activity and keyboard input. In this paper, we introduce a new multi-modal Tongue Drive System (mTDS), which incorporates head tracking to deliver proportional control of a mouse cursor. The mTDS integrates this new capability while preserving tongue motion and speech from previous versions and offers a richer means of driving computing interfaces, than previously available to individuals with severe disabilities. In experimental trials, 3 able bodied subjects attempted to initiate, dictate and send an email using the mTDS. The mean task completion times of expert, intermediate and novice users with mTDS were 1.48, 4.46 and 6.02 times compared to them using a keyboard and mouse interface. We also observed improved user efficacy with repeated use of the mTDS.
Management of the Immune-Compromised Older Adult in a Disaster

Senior patients represent a special population who has diminished response to environmental factors. In the event of a disaster, senior populations are more prone to suffer deleterious consequences. Inadequacy of disaster-training or disaster-planning strategies among health care providers, administrators, and general staff of assisted living facilities, nursing homes, and general hospital settings complicates this situation even further.
Robust Subspace Approaches for Analyzing Incomplete Synchrophasor Measurements

Abstract Synchrophasor measurements can significantly enhance the monitorability of the power grid by revealing the dynamics of grid operation. However, due to high-rate samples collected in large volume, big data challenges emerge to efficiently process the data. The present work advocates robust subspace approaches including robust principal component analysis and subspace clustering, to identify low-dimensional structures in the synchrophasor data, even when portions of measurements are missing due to sensor or network issues, and outliers are present in the data. The outliers can model abnormal dynamics or cyber-attacks in the grid. Numerical tests using simulated synchrophasor data illustrate the utility of the approaches.
A Gaussian-like immersed-boundary kernel with three continuous derivatives and improved translational invariance

The immersed boundary (IB) method is a general mathematical framework for studying problems involving fluid-structure interactions in which an elastic structure is immersed in a viscous incompressible fluid. In the IB formulation, the fluid described by Eulerian variables is coupled with the immersed structure described by Lagrangian variables via the use of the Dirac delta function. From a numerical standpoint, the Lagrangian force spreading and the Eulerian velocity interpolation are carried out by a regularized, compactly supported discrete delta function, which is assumed to be a tensor product of a single-variable immersed-boundary kernel. IB kernels are derived from a set of postulates designed to achieve approximate grid translational invariance, interpolation accuracy and computational efficiency. In this note, we present a new 6-point immersed-boundary kernel that is C 3 and yields a substantially improved translational invariance compared to other common IB kernels.
Über die Beziehungen zwischen der Lösung des Chorions und der Entwicklungserregung des Eies

Wir haben schon bei der Besprechung der Wirkung der Saure auf das Seeigelei darauf hingewiesen, das das dem Seeigelei aufgelagerte Chorion (d. h. die aus dem Eierstock stammende membranartige Ablagerung auf der Oberflache des Eies, s. Fig. 34) durch Saure zur Quellung und Losung gebracht wird; und wir haben ebenfalls auf die Moglichkeit hingewiesen, das die Saure in ahnlicher Weise einen Stoff des Zytoplasmas modifiziert und auf diese Weise die Membranbildung veranlast. Ich will nun hier kurz zeigen, das anscheinend alle die Stoffe, welche kunstliche Parthenogenese bei einer Form bedingen, auch bei den Eiern dieser Form das Chorion aufzulosen imstande sind.
Agricultural and Industrial Interrelationships in West Pakistan

N recent years, the literature on economic development has been enhanced greatly by a number of essays on the role of agriculture in economic development. These papers, in large part, have dealt with either (a) general listings of the way in which agriculture contributes to growth during the structural transformation of an economy [13, 14, 17, 24] or (b) theoretical models involving agriculture within a two-sector framework [2, 15, 23]. However, aside from the notable work on Japan and Taiwan [10, 2, 25], there have been surprisingly few country case studies on the interaction between the industrial and agricultural sectors. The purpose of this essay, therefore, is to examine the structural changes in West Pakistan within the context of the general literature cited above.' The first section, through the use of several input-output tables, provides some quantitative estimates of the present interactions. Attention in this section is devoted to the magnitude of the flows and the appropriateness of various levels of disaggregation in pinpointing the important interrelationships. The second section asks the historical question, How did the present set of interactions evolve from the purely agrarian economy that characterized Pakistan immediately after partition in 1947? Emphasis there is concentrated on the effects-both competitive and complementary-of various sectoral developments. The final section offers a few conjectures as to how West Pakistan's agricultural and industrial interrelationships may change in the years ahead.
Extra body fat and breast cancer risk

Obesity has been epidemic in the US for over two decades. Obesity has been linked to the risk of development of various cancers, including breast cancer both in pre and postmenopausal women. Previously, we have reported that obesity is risk factor for breast cancer development using DMBA-induced mammary tumor model. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an over-the-counter dietary supplement used as an anti-cancer agent and anti-obesity supplement. The objectives of this study were to investigate the long-term effects of obesity using obese zucker rat as model and DHEA treatment on body weight gain, breast cancer development and also serum DHEA, DHEA-S, IGF-1and IGFBP-3 using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)induced mammary tumor model. We used 43 six-week-old obese female Zucker rats and we randomly assigned them ad libitum to a diet either chow as a control diet or chow with the addition of DHEA at a concentration of 6 g/kg of chow as a DHEA diet. We induced mammary tumors by orally gavaging all of the rats at age 50 days with 65 mg DMBA/kg body weight and were sacrificed 155 days post-DMBA treatment. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the control diet group developed mammary tumors, while no tumors were detected in the DHEA diet group (P<0.001). Obese rats fed the DHEA diet gained significantly less weight (P<0.001) and had an increased (P<0.001) serum DHEA and DHEA-S compared to control rats. Also, obese DHEA-Fed rats had significantly (P<0.001) lower serum IGF-1 and IGF-BP3. Our results suggest that DHEA treatment can reduce body weight gain by lowering serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 which might protects against breast cancer development caused by obesity. Also, these results suggest that extra body fat can be a risk factor for breast cancer development and by losing the extra body fat, the risk of breast cancer development can be eliminated. Supported by ABI to RH.
Abstract 4433: Nanoconjugate mediated inhibition of EGFR expression of triple negative breast cancer

Objective: We synthesized novel nanoconjugate based on a polymalic acid (PMLA) nanoplatform for triple negative breast cancer treatment. Aberrant expression of EGFR correlates with poor prognosis of breast cancer and anti-EGFR therapy has been recognized to play an important role for triple negative breast cancer patients. However, conventional small molecule drugs lack tumor specificity and cause adverse effect on normal cells. To improve anti-cancer and tumor specific targeting effects, we synthesized a new nanoconjugate carrying the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2C5. This antibody has binding specificity for tumor cells, while PMLA harbors a mouse anti-transferrin receptor antibody (TfR) and a antisense oligonucleotide to EGFR (AON) allowed us to inhibit breast cancer growth. Materials and Methods: The nanoconjugates are: (1) PMLA-AON with 2C5 and TfR for tumor endothelial and cancer cell targeting, (2) PMLA-AON with 2C5, and (3) only 2C5 without AON. (4) PBS and (5) PMLA were used as a control. Anti-mouse TfR antibody mediated polymer transcytosis through tumor vascular endothelial cells, and 2C5 targeted tumor cell specifically. EGFR overexpressing (MDA-MB-468, SKBR-3) breast cancer cells were used to evaluate drug effect after treatments in vitro. MDA-MB-468 triple negative breast cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously in nude mice. Drugs were injected intravenously and tumor sizes were measured. Intravenous injections with a nanoconjugate labeled with Alexa Fluor 680 were done for imaging analysis. Drug accumulation was analyzed by Xenogen IVIS 200 and subsequent confocal microscopy. EGFR, phosphorylated Akt and total Akt expressions were detected by Western blotting using in vivo tumor samples undergoing different drug treatments as described above. Results: In vitro Western blot showed that PMLA-AON with targeting antibody inhibited EGFR synthesis more than naked AON. In vivo imaging and confocal microscopy revealed increased drug accumulation with targeting mAbs. Nanoconjugates carrying both mAb and AON significantly inhibited breast tumor growth in vivo as compared to controls (P Summary: The newly designed nanoconjugate with covalently attached monoclonal antibody (2C5 and TfR) delivered EGFR inhibitors specifically into the cancer cells by passing host endothelial system and tumor cell membrane. Systemic treatment of triple negative human breast tumor-bearing nude mice with a nanoconjugate showed significant anti-tumor effects in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4433. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4433
Participation of Carbonyl Oxygen in Carbon–Carboxylate Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination from Palladium

This paper describes density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the mechanism of carbon-acetate bond-forming reductive elimination from Pd centers. This C–O coupling reaction has been studied ...
Intellectual Property Rights and Development: A Contingent Political Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and development. I argue that any answer to the question of whether the strengthening of these rights stimulates economic development is primarily political. I do so firstly by exploring the political and contested nature of IPRs and secondly the manner in which development and IPRs have been contested historically, especially since the emergence of the ‘developing’ world as a category and, more recently, with the rise of the knowledge economy.
A fibrous-bed bioreactor for continuous production of monoclonal antibody by hybridoma.

A fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) has been developed to culture hybridoma cells for long-term continuous production of monoclonal antibody (MAb). A non-woven polyester fibrous matrix was used to immobilize the cells to reach a high viable cell density of 3×108 cells cm–3 packed bed, which gave a high volumetric MAb productivity of 1 g L–1 day–1 under continuous feed conditions with the medium containing 10% serum. Reducing the medium serum content to 1% increased MAb production to 6.5 g L–1 day–1 in a repeated batch FBB culture. MAb production was higher at higher dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the range between 10% and 70% of air saturation, although DO did not significantly affect glucose metabolism and lactate production. The medium LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) level increased dramatically when the DO level was decreased from 30% to 10%, suggesting that a critical DO level of ∼30% is necessary for maintaining the FBB culture for long-term operation. Compared with suspension cultures in T-flasks and spinner flasks, the FBB culture had a lower lactate yield from glucose (0.80 vs. 0.91 g g–1), produced MAb at a higher concentration (up to 442 mg L–1 vs. 83.5 mg L–1), and was stable for continuous long-term operation (more than 1 month). The superior FBB performance was attributed to the highly porous fibrous matrix that enabled the efficient mass transfer, cell immobilization, and continued growth and regeneration that are critical to maintaining a high density of viable and productive cell populations. The cells immobilized in the fibrous matrix had high viability (>85%) even though many of them were in growth arrest (G1/G0 phase) as indicated by their smaller cell size (<10 mm). Scanning electron microscopic studies of the cell-matrix showed that the high density of cells formed large clumps within the interstitial spaces of the fibrous matrix. Their close contact and interaction with each other might have contributed to their ability to survive well under adverse conditions such as low DO and low serum content in the medium. It was also found that the cells present inside the fibrous matrix had a higher viability and lower apoptosis than those present in the liquid suspension, indicating that the fibrous matrix had selectively retained healthy, non-apoptotic cells and dislodged apoptotic and dead cells; this also might have contributed to the stability of the long-term culture. This work demonstrated that the FBB originally developed for microbial fermentation also gave excellent results in achieving high cell density, productivity, and product concentrations, and should have a good potential for industrial animal cell culture applications.
Invasive fungal sinusitis in the pediatric population: Systematic review with quantitative synthesis of the literature

Abstract Background Invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS) represents an often fatal condition within the pediatric population. In an effort to characterize demographics, treatment modalities, and prognostic factors, we performed a systematic review. Methods We systematically reviewed EMBASE, Medline, TRIPdatabase, SCOPUS and the Cochrane database for invasive fungal nasal and sinus infections limited to individuals Results Twelve studies met inclusion criteria (103 patients). There was male preponderance of 48.5% with median age of 11 years old. Majority of patients had underlying leukemia (44.6%). Aspergillus was the predominant organism (47%). Isolated nasal findings occurred in 14% of patients and nasal findings occurred in 49% overall. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of immunocompromised patients was below 600 in most patients (99%). Average and median length of neutropenia was 2 weeks. All patients were prescribed amphoterocin with 50% as single medicinal therapy. Surgery occurred in 82.8% of cases. The mortality rate was 46%. Univariate analysis identified presenting with facial pain as a negative predictor of overall mortality (OR 0.296, 95% CI: 0.104–0.843, p Conclusion Mortality remains high in pediatric patients with IFS. An ANC of