cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monomania and the war of all against all

Dans le cadre du debat sur la cause ultime de l'etat de guerre caracteristique de l'etat de nature chez Hobbes, l'A. defend une approche formaliste de la question qui explique la necessite de la guerre par la monomanie des hommes qui poursuivent tous le meme desir: celui de l'autoconservation. Examinant les solutions rationaliste, passionnelle et formaliste developpees par J. Hampton et F. S. McNeilly, ainsi que la critique de ce dernier developpee par D. Gauthier, l'A. montre que la these de la monomanie est compatible avec les ecrits psychologiques de Hobbes, d'une part, et que son interpretation politique de la guerre de tous contre tous est pertinente au regard des societes modernes, d'autre part
Sportsmanship, Gamesmanship, and the Implications for Coach Education

This article analyzes the responses of hundreds of future coaches from an introductory coaching course regarding the appropriateness of player and coach behaviors in various athletic scenarios. The scenarios epitomize ethical and sportsmanship behaviors across various sports and situations. The students read the situations and expressed their level of agreement with the actions. Upon completion, the students' responses were reviewed and classroom discussions were held to investigate the reasoning behind the scenarios that revealed the greatest conflict among students. The objective of the exercise was to have future coaches share their attitudes with their fellow coaching candidates and be prepared to defend them when opposed by different views. Later, large group discussions were orchestrated by the instructor to identify areas of concern related to individual coaching philosophies and contradictions. This practice was meant to build and reinforce positive ethical attitudes for some participants and to p...
An Enhanced Dynamic Delaunay Triangulation-Based Path Planning Algorithm for Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation

An enhanced dynamic Delaunay Triangulation-based (DT) path planning approach is proposed for mobile robots to plan and navigate a path successfully in the context of the Autonomous Challenge of the Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (www.igvc.org). The Autonomous Challenge course requires the application of vision techniques since it involves path-based navigation in the presence of a tightly clustered obstacle field. Course artifacts such as switchbacks, ramps, dashed lane lines, trap etc. are present which could turn the robot around or cause it to exit the lane. The main contribution of this work is a navigation scheme based on dynamic Delaunay Triangulation (DDT) that is heuristically enhanced on the basis of a sense of general lane direction. The latter is computed through a "GPS (Global Positioning System) tail" vector obtained from the immediate path history of the robot. Using processed data from a LADAR, camera, compass and GPS unit, a composite local map containing both obstacles and lane line segments is built up and Delaunay Triangulation is continuously run to plan a path. This path is heuristically corrected, when necessary, by taking into account the "GPS tail" . With the enhancement of the Delaunay Triangulation by using the "GPS tail", goal selection is successfully achieved in a majority of situations. The robot appears to follow a very stable path while navigating through switchbacks and dashed lane line situations. The proposed enhanced path planning and GPS tail technique has been successfully demonstrated in a Player/Stage simulation environment. In addition, tests on an actual course are very promising and reveal the potential for stable forward navigation.
The remaining trouble spots in ALGOL 60

This paper lists the ambiguities remaining in the language ALGOL 60, which have been noticed since the publication of the Revised ALGOL 60 Report in 1963.
Motor neuron degeneration after sciatic nerve avulsion in adult rat evolves with oxidative stress and is apoptosis

The mechanisms for motor neuron degeneration and regeneration in adult spinal cord following axotomy and target deprivation are not fully understood. We used a unilateral sciatic nerve avulsion model in adult rats to test the hypothesis that retrograde degeneration of motor neurons resembles apoptosis. By 21 days postlesion, the number of large motor neurons in lumbar spinal cord was reduced by ∼30%. The death of motor neurons was confirmed using the terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling method for detecting fragmentation of nuclear DNA. Motor neuron degeneration was characterized by aberrant accumulation of perikaryal phosphorylated neurofilaments. Structurally, motor neuron death was apoptosis. Apoptotic motor neurons undergo chromatolysis followed by progressive cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation with chromatin compaction into uniformly large round clumps. Prior to apoptosis, functionally active mitochondria accumulate within chromatolytic motor neurons, as determined by cytochrome c oxidase activity. These dying motor neurons sustain oxidative damage to proteins and nucleic acids within the first 7 days after injury during the progression of apoptosis, as identified by immunodetection of nitrotyrosine and hydroxyl-modified deoxyguanosine and guanosine. We conclude that the retrograde death of motor neurons in the adult spinal cord after sciatic nerve avulsion is apoptosis. Accumulation of active mitochondria within the perikaryon and oxidative damage to nucleic acids and proteins may contribute to the mechanisms for apoptosis of motor neurons in the adult spinal cord. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 40: 185–201, 1999
Metabolomics uncovers dietary omega-3 fatty acid-derived metabolites implicated in anti-nociceptive responses after experimental spinal cord injury

Chronic neuropathic pain is a frequent comorbidity following spinal cord injury (SCI) and often fails to respond to conventional pain management strategies. Preventive administration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or the consumption of a diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3PUFAs) confers potent prophylaxis against SCI and improves functional recovery. The present study examines whether this novel dietary strategy provides significant antinociceptive benefits in rats experiencing SCI-induced pain. Rats were fed control chow or chow enriched with O3PUFAs for 8weeks before being subjected to sham or cord contusion surgeries, continuing the same diets after surgery for another 8 more weeks. The paw sensitivity to noxious heat was quantified for at least 8weeks post-SCI using the Hargreaves test. We found that SCI rats consuming the preventive O3PUFA-enriched diet exhibited a significant reduction in thermal hyperalgesia compared to those consuming the normal diet. Functional neurometabolomic profiling revealed a distinctive deregulation in the metabolism of endocannabinoids (eCB) and related N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) at 8weeks post-SCI. We found that O3PUFAs consumption led to a robust accumulation of novel NAE precursors, including the glycerophospho-containing docosahexaenoyl ethanolamine (DHEA), docosapentaenoyl ethanolamine (DPEA), and eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamine (EPEA). The tissue levels of these metabolites were significantly correlated with the antihyperalgesic phenotype. In addition, rats consuming the O3PUFA-rich diet showed reduced sprouting of nociceptive fibers containing CGRP and dorsal horn neuron p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression, well-established biomarkers of pain. The spinal cord levels of inositols were positively correlated with thermal hyperalgesia, supporting their role as biomarkers of chronic neuropathic pain. Notably, the O3PUFA-rich dietary intervention reduced the levels of these metabolites. Collectively, these results demonstrate the prophylactic value of dietary O3PUFA against SCI-mediated chronic pain.
Potential scanning voltammetric detection for flow injection systems

Abstract A flow cell with a stationary carbon disk electrode coupled with rapid differential pulse voltammetry is used. The voltammograms are recorded at a scan rate of 2 V min −1 during passage of the 200-μl sample plug through the detector. This detection mode allows several electroactive species to be quantified simultaneously at an injection rate of 20 samples per hour. Acetaminophen, dopamine, caffeic acid, chlorpromazine, and copper, lead, and cadmium ions are used as test species.
Translating subjective language in letters of recommendation : The case of the sexist professor

Letters of recommendation typically use subjective language that is open to interpretation. In three studies, participants “translated” letters of recommendation for female and male applicants written by sexist, anti-sexist, or “control” professors. Predictions were based on the shifting standards model [Biernat, Manis, & Nelson, 1991], the attributional principle of augmentation [Kelley, 1971, and models of “correction” for contamination [e.g., Wilson & Brekke, 1994]. Participants translated equivalent letters as indicating lesser ability in female than male applicants, particularly when the letter writer was described as sexist, but own impressions of the candidate diverged from those of the sexist writer. Differential standard use and attributional augmentation did not appear to be responsible for these effects. Instead, writer sexism triggered dislike and corrective processes in impression formation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogenic Sulfur and the Acidity of Rainfall in Remote Areas of Canada

Sulfur released from any given natural or anthropogenic source carries an isotopic signature that can be used to trace its flow through the environment. Measurements of the concentration and isotopic composition of sulfur in weekly bulk precipitation samples collected over a 4-year period at a remote location in northern Ontario were recorded. The long-term isotopic data and the measurement on the production and release of dimethyl sulfide from boreal wetlands show that biogenic sources can account for up to 30 percent of the acidifying sulfur burden in the atmosphere in remote areas of Canada. The data suggest that significant biological reemission of anthropogenic sulfur is occurring. The role of this process in the continuing acidification of the environment for years to come must be a matter of concern.
Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the striatum of non-human primates: dysregulation following chronic cocaine self-administration

A growing body of evidence has demonstrated a role for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the reinforcing effects of cocaine. These receptors are important given their location in limbic-related areas, and their ability to control the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters. They are also potential targets for novel pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction. The present study investigated the impact of chronic cocaine self-administration (9.0mg/kg/session for 100 sessions, 900 mg/kg total intake) on the densities of group II mGluRs, as assessed with in vitro receptor autoradiography, in the striatum of adult male rhesus monkeys. Binding of [(3)H]LY341495 to group II mGluRs in control animals was heterogeneous, with a medial to lateral gradient in binding density. Significant elevations in the density of group II mGluRs following chronic cocaine self-administration were measured in the dorsal, central and ventral portions of the caudate nucleus (P<0.05), compared to controls. No differences in receptor density were observed between the groups in either the putamen or nucleus accumbens. These data demonstrate that group II mGluRs in the dorsal striatum are more sensitive to the effects of chronic cocaine exposure than those in the ventral striatum. Cocaine-induced dysregulation of the glutamate system, and its consequent impact on plasticity and synaptic remodeling, will likely be an important consideration in the development of novel pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
Plasma Chemistry of Meteorites--I. Cleansing and Reduction of the Odessa Iron Meteorite

Three small samples of the Odessa, Texas iron meteorite, two surrounded by sandy soil, were introduced into a hydrogen plasma. The soil was effectively cleansed from the iron surfaces, being substantially destroyed with only a fine dust remaining. The appearance of the iron meteorite samples indicated that the terrestrial oxidation was reversed, probably to magnetite, Fe3O4, and metallic iron.
Depth resolved measurements of hydrogen isotope exchange in carbon

High resolution measurements of the depth profiles of hydrogen and deuterium implanted in carbon were made using SIMS. Nuclear reaction analysis was used to calibrate the concentration scales for the deuterium. The depth profiles of low fluence H and D implants show the D extends to slightly greater depths than the H at 1.5 keV. The retention of deuterium at high fluences was in good agreement with predictions of a saturation model. Depth profiles were also measured on samples implanted with 1018D/cm2 at 1.5 keV followed by hydrogen implants of 2 × 1017H/cm2 and 1018H/cm2 at the same energy. A comparison between these measured profiles and profiles calculated using the local mixing model shows that the model predicts the depth dependence of the H, D exchange reasonably accurately.
Pioneer Venus observations during comet Halley's inferior conjunction

On Feb. 4, 1986, Halley passed through inferior conjunction with Venus but was at high latitudes. Not all data for this time period have been received. However, the data that are available suggest that at most only weak effects associated with Halley were seen at Pioneer Venus. The data during this time, however, are useful for correlating with the behavior of the plasma tail.
Electrocatalysts for the reduction of O2 and H2O2 based on complexes of Cu(II) with the strongly adsorbing 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligand

Abstract The complex of Cu 2+ with one molecule of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline is strongly and irreversibly adsorbed on graphite electrodes where it functions as an electrocatalyst for the reduction of O 2 and H 2 O 2 . The corresponding complex involving two molecules of the ligand is also strongly adsorbed but is not catalytically active. The methyl groups in the 2 and 9 positions of the phenanthroline ring produce a significant positive shift in the potential where the adsorbed catalyst functions compared with the unsubstituted complex. The catalytic mechanism is argued to involve intramolecular electron transfer between the reduced copper center and substrate coordinated to it.
Evolution of Immunologic Functions of the Mammary Gland and the Postnatal Development of Immunity

Physiologic delays in production of immune factors occur in mammals including Homo sapiens. This finding is counter to a basic tenet of biologic evolution, because such delays increase the risk of infections. The disadvantage is, however, offset by defense factors in milk of the species in whom the developmental delay occurs. Reciprocal relationships between the production of immune factors by the lactating mammary gland and the production of those defense agents during early infancy are found in all investigated mammalian species. Thus, the evolution of these processes is closely related. Certain immunologic components of milk are highly conserved, whereas others vary according to the species. The variations most likely evolved by genetic mutations and natural selection. In addition, the immune composition of mammalian milks is associated with developmental delays in the same immunologic agents. Furthermore, most closely related mammals, such as humans and chimpanzees, are most similar in the defense agents in their milks and the corresponding developmental delays in their immune systems. Defense factors in human milk include antimicrobial agents (secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, glycoconjugates, oligosaccharides, and digestive products of milk lipids), antiinflammatory factors (antioxidants, epithelial growth factors, cellular protective agents, and enzymes that degrade mediators of inflammation), immunomodulators (nucleotides, cytokines, and antiidiotypic antibodies), and leukocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes). Because of a lack of geographic/ethnic variation in the immunologic composition of human milk and corresponding immunologic delays in infants, these evolutionary processes seem stable. This is supported by investigations of diverse populations that indicate that this evolutionary outcome is highly beneficial to human infants.
Prenatal protein malnutrition enhances stimulus control by CDP, but not a CDP/THIP combination in rats.

Abstract In the present study, the effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on stimulus control exerted by the benzodiazepine (BZ), chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and the GABA-A receptor agonist 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4- c ]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) were characterized. The adult, male offspring of female Sprague–Dawley rats fed either low (6% casein) or adequate (25% casein) protein diets 5 weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy served as subjects. Subjects were first trained to discriminate CDP (8.0 mg/kg ip) from saline using drug discrimination procedures. Once a criterion level of performance was achieved, generalization tests were performed to lower doses of CDP (4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 mg/kg) and then to several doses of THIP (10.0, 7.5, 5.6 and 3.2 mg/kg). Lastly, the ability of a single dose of THIP (3.0 mg/kg) to enhance discriminative control by several low doses of CDP (4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 mg/kg) was assessed. Although both diet groups acquired the original CDP/saline discrimination at the same rate, malnourished rats exhibited significantly more generalization to low doses of CDP than their well-nourished counterparts. Neither diet group exhibited significant generalization to THIP nor a difference in THIP's ability to enhance the CDP cue. These results suggest that a subject's sensitivity to the stimulus properties of drugs can be selectively modified by prenatal malnutrition.
Effect of parental age and developmental rate on the production of active form of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

Abstract Three similar experiments were conducted to see the effect of parental age and parental developmental speed on the production of “active-form” ( i.e. , capable of flight) offspring in Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). In experiment I, using the adults which emerged on three different days (as fast, intermediate, and slow in development), eggs were collected on three different days (at young, middle, and old age) during the adult life span. The results showed that the older parents produced more active-form offspring irrespective of the parents' own rate of development. In experiment II, the parental rate of development was investigated in more detail by using the adults that emerged over the entire span of their emergence period. In experiment III, the effect of parental age was investigated in more detail by collecting the eggs daily during the female adult's entire life span. Both experiments confirmed the trend observed in experiment I. From these results it can be concluded that the older the parents, the higher the percentage of the active form in their offspring. However, there was no significant systematic trend due to the length of the developmental period of the parents as seen in the parental age. This trend, that more active forms emerge from older parents, seems to be related to the decreased viability of older parents. It is thought that the less viable eggs produced by older parents are more susceptible to stimuli which induce the active form.
Tennessee self-concept scale scores of urban African-American women

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale: Second Edition scores of 33 urban, African-American women were compared in a pretest-posttest design. The treatment was exposure to a 3-mo. literacy and social skills training program. Contrary to expectations, scores on just two subscales--Self-criticism and Physical Self--fell outside the average range. Also, Physical Self was the only scale score to change significantly (-3.83). These results suggest that self-esteem scores of urban African Americans were similar to those of women in the general population.
Physicians' obligations in radiation issues

EVERYONE has inborn fears of the unknown, and, to many, one of these unknowns is ionizing radiation. Thus, radiation issues continue to be a matter of great public concern. In this context we, as physicians, have responsibilities in radiation matters to protect, insofar as possible, the physical and emotional health of our patients by preventing and/or minimizing the illnesses and injury that might be caused by radiation. To accomplish this goal, certain basic concepts need to be understood (Table 1). These concepts serve as the basis of this presentation. They have been considered in detail in various publications 1-13 and can only be highlighted here. Sources of Radiation Exposure Ionizing radiations used in the practice of medicine come from radioactive materials and from x-ray machines. Radiation to which we are exposed also comes from natural sources, such as cosmic radiation and radioactivity in building materials and soil. On the average,
Adherence of Ceramic Coatings on Chromium-Cobalt Structures

A method has been developed for the consistent adherence of flame-sprayed ceramic coatings to Vitallium. The critical step involves etching the metal by the anodic polarization technique. This procedure allows complex geometrics to be corroded evenly, and, by suitable choice of etching solution and conditions, enables any metal to be substituted. The bond is capable of sustaining more severe deflections than are experienced during intraoral function. Despite the number of cracks generated during testing, the ceramic layer remains intact. The ceramic-metal bond is mechanical. The corroded surface provides greater surface area, thus permitting a number of retention sites. Analysis of the ceramic microstructure finds it to be suitable for tissue ingrowth.
Lower Columbia River Sand Supply and Removal: Estimates of Two Sand Budget Components

AbstractLong-term changes in the sand balance of a river-estuary system can strongly affect navigation and ecosystems. Here, we examine two sand budget components in the lower Columbia tidal river, fluvial supply and human removal. Rating curves were used to estimate daily sand input between 1900 and 2010. Publications, interviews, and data analyses were used to evaluate sand removal by dredging and mining. Comparison between sand input and removal indicates that a sand deficit has existed for >50 of the last 85 years. Since 1962, the deficit has averaged 4.62 (±1.74)×106 ts-yr−1. Although historic sand transport to the ocean cannot be estimated, it is now small. Several factors contribute to the sand deficit: dredging, sand mining, flow regulation by dams, and climate change. The sand deficit documented here has likely contributed to the lower water levels in the tidal river observed in recent decades, which decreases habitat availability during high flows and channel depths during low-flow periods.
Loss of α(E)-catenin promotes Fas mediated apoptosis in tubular epithelial cells

The aging kidney undergoes structural and functional alterations which make it more susceptible to drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Previous studies in our lab have shown that the expression of α(E)-catenin is decreased in aged kidney and loss of α(E)-catenin potentiates AKI-induced apoptosis, but not necrosis, in renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E cells). However, the specific apoptotic pathway underlying the increased AKI-induced cell death is not yet understood. In this study, cells were challenged with nephrotoxicant cisplatin to induce AKI. A ~5.5-fold increase in Fas expression in C2 (stable α(E)-catenin knockdown) relative to NT3 (non-targeted control) cells was seen. Increased caspase-8 and -9 activation was induced by cisplatin in C2 as compared to NT3 cells. In addition, decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased BID cleavage and cytochrome C release were detected in C2 cells after cisplatin challenge. Treating the cells with cisplatin, in combination with a Bcl-2 inhibitor, decreased the viability of NT3 cells to the same level as C2 cells after cisplatin. Furthermore, caspase-3/-7 activation is blocked by Fas, caspase-8, caspase-9 and pan-caspase inhibitors. These inhibitors also completely abolished the difference in viability between NT3 and C2 cells in response to cisplatin. These results demonstrate a Fas-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway that is enhanced by the age-dependent loss of α(E)-catenin in renal tubule epithelial cells.
Mutations in the Protease Gene of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Affect Release and Stability of Virus Particles

The expression of the pol gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs by a ribosomal frameshift between the gag and the pol genes. The Gag-Pol polyprotein is produced at levels of 5 to 10% of that of the Gag protein, and is incorporated into virions to provide the viral protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase which are essential for replication. The mechanism(s) by which the Gag-Pol polyprotein are targeted to the HIV virion is unknown, although it is believed to be via an interaction with the Gag protein. To further explore the mechanism by which the Gag-Pol polyprotein is incorporated into virions, we have constructed a mutation which changes an aspartic acid in the protease active site to asparagine (pHXB2pro-); a four-amino-acid insertion into the protease gene (pHXB2Smal); and insertion of translational termination codons in the protease gene following the gag gene (pHXB55). Transfection of these proviral genomes into COS-1 cells resulted in intracellular expression of only Pr55gag, demonstrating the inactivation of the viral protease. The expression of Pr55gag was evident in cells transfected with pHXB2pro- during a short pulse and first 3 hr of chase period, whereas at later times the intracellular levels of Pr55gag were greatly reduced. In contrast, the intracellular Pr55gag expressed from transfection of pHXB2Smal or pHXB55 were evident even after 6- or 12-hr chase times. To ascertain the effects of the mutations on the assembly and release of viruslike particles, the supernatants from the transfected cells were analyzed for the presence of Pr55gag. The release of Pr55gag from cells transfected with pHXB2pro- occurred as early as 1 hr following chase period, and increased for up to 3 hr. In contrast, reduced levels of Pr55gag were detected in the medium from cells transfected with pHXB2Smal or pHXB55. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrated that the Pr55gag expressed from transfection of pHXB2pro- was rapidly targeted to intracellular membranes, while the majority of the Pr55gag expressed from transfection of pHXB2Smal or pHXB55 was distributed evenly between the cytoplasm and membrane fractions. Finally, the released viruslike particles obtained from the transfection of proviral genome pHXB2pro- were stable to mild detergent treatment, whereas particles obtained from transfection of pHXB2Smal and pHXB55 were relatively unstable. These results demonstrate that subtle changes in the Gag-Pol polyprotein of HIV-1 can have significant effects on the assembly and physical stability of the released virus.
A rapid and sensitive assay of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase using luciferase

Abstract A new, rapid and sensitive assay of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase using the luciferaseluciferin system to quantify the reaction product, ATP, is described. The total assay time per sample is about 10 min. The sensitivity ranges from picomoles to nanomoles, and the crude enzyme extract from indicidual seeds of cereals can be assayed.
Fitting Heavy-Tailed Distributions to Health Care Data by Parametric and Bayesian Methods

We consider fitting parametric distributions to health care data that often exhibit heavy tails. The three-parameter generalized gamma distribution and its special cases, the lognormal, Weibull, and gamma, are examined. Continuous gamma mixing of the Weibull distribution leads to the Burr distribution and its special cases, the log-logistic and Pareto distributions. For finite mixtures we consider Coxian-phase type distributions and mixtures of exponentials. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods are presented with prescriptions for fitting these models using recent enhancements to SAS software. Comparisons between competing models are made using probability–probability plots, formal likelihood ratio tests for nested models, and Vuong test for strictly nonnested models. We provide a demonstration of these methods with two empirical data sets, one with completely observed hospital length of stays, and the other with censored follow-up times of patients who received a bone marrow transplant.
Effect of path planning on the laser powder deposition process: thermal and structural evaluation

In this study, ANSYS finite element software is used to simulate the temperature and stress field in the laser powder deposition process. The model is used to determine the effect of the deposition pattern on the final stress distribution. Four deposition patterns are defined to cover the same area: long bead, short bead, spiral in, and spiral out. The results show that the deposition pattern significantly affects the temperature history of the process, and consequently, the stress distribution. Among the four deposition patterns, the spiral-in pattern shows the highest and the short-bead pattern shows the lowest maximum residual stress. The modeling results are verified with experiments.
An Experimental Study of the Coloring Problem on Human Subject Networks

Theoretical work suggests that structural properties of naturally occurring networks are important in shaping behavior and dynamics. However, the relationships between structure and behavior are difficult to establish through empirical studies, because the networks in such studies are typically fixed. We studied networks of human subjects attempting to solve the graph or network coloring problem, which models settings in which it is desirable to distinguish one's behavior from that of one's network neighbors. Networks generated by preferential attachment made solving the coloring problem more difficult than did networks based on cyclical structures, and "small worlds" networks were easier still. We also showed that providing more information can have opposite effects on performance, depending on network structure.
Effects of sodium nitrate aerosol on cardiopulmonary function of dogs, sheep, and man.

Submicronic aerosols of nitrate salts are synthesized in the atmosphere through further oxidation of nitrogen oxides produced during the burning of fossil fuels. This study was conducted to determine whether brief exposure to submicronic aerosol of sodium nitrate in high concentrations adversely affects the cardiopulmonary system. In all studies, submicronic aerosol of sodium chloride was used as a control. Anesthetized dogs breathing up to 10 mg/m/sup 3/ of sodium nitrate (NaNO/sub 3/) aerosol for 7.5 min showed no significant alterations in respiratory resistance, static lung compliance, and functional residual capacity. A 4-h exposure to NaNO/sub 3/ aerosol (5 mg/m/sup 3/) produced neither significant changes in lung mechanics, functional residual capacity, pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures, cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood gases in anesthetized dogs nor a change in tracheal mucous velocity in conscious sheep. Both normal and asthmatic adults who breathed submicronic aerosol of NaNO/sub 3/ (up to 1 mg/m/sup 3/) for 10 min showed no significant changes in lung volumes, distribution of ventilation, ear oximetry, dynamic mechanics of breathing, and oscillation mechanics of the chest-lung system. NaNO/sub 3/ aerosol (1000 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/) for 10 min did not significantly change pulmonary capillary blood flow, diffusing capacity, oxygen consumption,more » and pulmonary tissue volume as measured by a rebreathingtechnique. Thus, brief exposure to high concentrations of submicronic aerosol of sodium nitrate does not produce immediate adverse effects on cardiopulmonary function of anesthetized dogs, conscious sheep, and normal and asthmatic adults.« less
Segmental timing of young children and adults

Young children's speech is compared to (a) adult-to-adult (A-A) normal speech, and (b) adult-to-adult (A-A) slow speech, and (c) adult-to-child (A-C) speech by measuring durations and variability of each segment in consonant-vowel-consonant CVC (CVC consonant-vowel-consonant) words. The results demonstrate that child speech is more similar to A-C speech than A-A slow speech in that it exhibits a large portion of long vowel duration in a word. However, child speech but differs from A-C speech by more noticeable lengthening of consonants. In addition, child speech exhibits an inconsistent timing relationship across segments within a word whereas durational variation in consonants and vowels was correlated in A-A speech and A-C speech. The results suggest that temporal patterns of young children are quite different from those of adults, and provide some evidence for lack of motor control capability and great variance in articulatory coordination.
Application of genetic-based neural network to lateritic soil strength modeling

Abstract This paper explores the application of neuro-genetic method in the modeling of strength characteristics of lateritic soils. Laterite, as a soil group rather than a particular material, is more commonly found in the leached soils of humid tropics. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) has been suggested as a more realistic basis for evaluating the quality and strength of the lateritic soils and gravels for pavement construction compared to only density–moisture relationship. The paper demonstrates how neuro-genetic approach can be used to develop strength characteristics based on CBR.
Precipitation of paraequilibrium cementite: Experiments, and thermodynamic and kinetic modeling

The precipitation of cementite prior to the precipitation of the strengthening M2C phase is investigated using two model ultra-high strength (UHS) steels. The structure, microstructure and chemical composition of cementite are studied by analytical electron microscopy techniques. The structure of cementite precipitated during early stages of tempering at 755 and 783 K was confirmed by convergent beam electron diffraction. In an alloy containing 0.16 mass% C, the cementite particles were primarily plate shaped and interlath type, whereas in an alloy containing 0.247 mass% C both inter- and intralath particles were observed. Consistent with the earlier studies on tempering of Fe-C martensite, lattice imaging of cementite suggests microsyntactic intergrowth of M5C2 (Hagg carbide). Quantification of the substitutional elements in cementite confirms its paraequilibrium state with ferrite at the very early stage of tempering. Computational thermodynamic and kinetic tools, Thermo-Calc and dictra (diffusion controlled transformation) software, respectively, are used to model the precipitaton of paraequilibrium cementite in several multicomponent alloys. A thermodynamic model parameter describing the effect of Si on the stability of cementite is proposed. The model parameter is consistent with the following results: (a) that Si does not partition to cementite in Fe–Si–C and Co–Si–C alloys under orthoequilibrium conditions, and (b) there is a large driving force for the precipitation of paraequilibrum cementite in an Fe–0.41C–3Mn–2Si alloy where it has been experimentally verified. The nucleation driving forces for the precipitation of paraequilibrium cementite, and the two-phase (ferrite and cementite) paraequilibrium boundaries for multicomponent alloys are calculated using the Thero–Calc software systems. The results of growth simulations of cementite under paraequilibrium condition in multicomponent systems using the dictra software are also presented.
Programmable immersive peripheral environmental system (PIPES): a prototype control system for environmental feedback devices

This paper describes an environmental feedback device (EFD) control system aimed at simplifying the VR development cycle. Programmable Immersive Peripheral Environmental System (PIPES) affords VR developers a custom approach to programming and controlling EFD behaviors while relaxing the required knowledge and expertise of electronic systems. PIPES has been implemented for the Unity engine and features EFD control using the Arduino integrated development environment. PIPES was installed and tested on two VR systems, a large format CAVE system and an Oculus Rift HMD system. A photocell based end-to-end latency experiment was conducted to measure latency within the system. This work extends previously unpublished prototypes of a similar design. Development and experiments described in this paper are part of the VR community goal to understand and apply environment effects to VEs that ultimately add to users’ perceived presence.
A mathematical study of space-charge layer capacitance for an abrupt p-n semiconductor junction

Simple approximation equations are presented for the space-charge layer capacitance of an abrupt p-n semiconductor junction. By direct comparison with exact capacitance calculations, this approximation method is shown to yield a maximum error of about 3.5% throughout a wide range of impurity atom density and reverse biasing voltage. In addition, calculations are presented to show the magnitude of error associated with several approximation equations presently available in the technical literature.
On the Size-Effect in Micro-Cutting at Low and High Rake Angles

A partial explanation of the size-effect in the specific cutting energy in micro-cutting is provided in this paper. For a simple orthogonal cutting condition, with constant width of cut, the specific cutting energy is viewed as a ratio of the cutting force and the uncut chip thickness. Size-effect, i.e., an unbounded increase in the specific cutting energy with decrease in uncut chip thickness, will occur under two conditions: one, if a component of the cutting force remains constant with uncut chip thickness and two, if some component of the cutting force increases with the uncut chip thickness. Experiments have been performed at high rake angles in an attempt to isolate and detect the presence of the constant component of the cutting force. The trend confirming the presence of this component is reported and explained.© 2004 ASME
Nucleotide sequence and expression of the human skeletal alpha-actin gene: evolution of functional regulatory domains.

Abstract Regulation of the actin multigene family involves the recognition of regulatory sequences that specify the tissue type and developmental program of expression for each actin isotype. In order to investigate the underlying regulatory mechanisms, the human skeletal α-actin gene and its 5′ regulatory region have been cloned and sequenced. This actin gene has seven exons; there is one large intron in the 5′ untranslated region which is characteristic of the actins and many muscle-specific genes. The 5′ flanking sequences are sufficient to direct tissue-specific and differentiation-regulated expression when transfected into the heterologous rat L8 myogenic cells, indicating a highly conserved regulatory system. The DNA sequence was compared to that of other actin genes, and several regions of sequence similarity were identified, particularly within regions known to be important for gene expression. Most notable among the conserved sequences are the CC( A T rich) 6 GG (CArG box) motifs which have demonstrated interactions with trans -acting transcriptional factors. This same motif has been identified in several other genes and in some also serves as a binding site for transcription regulatory factors.
Zfrp8, the Drosophila ortholog of PDCD2, functions in lymph gland development and controls cell proliferation.

We have identified a new gene, Zfrp8, as being essential for hematopoiesis in Drosophila. Zfrp8 (Zinc finger protein RP-8) is the Drosophila ortholog of the PDCD2 (programmed cell death 2) protein of unknown function, and is highly conserved in all eukaryotes. Zfrp8 mutants present a developmental delay, lethality during larval and pupal stages and hyperplasia of the hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland. This overgrowth results from an increase in proliferation of undifferentiated hemocytes throughout development and is accompanied by abnormal differentiation of hemocytes. Furthermore, the subcellular distribution ofγ -Tubulin and Cyclin B is affected. Consistent with this, the phenotype of the lymph gland of Zfpr8 heterozygous mutants is dominantly enhanced by the l(1)dd4 gene encoding Dgrip91, which is involved in anchoring γ-Tubulin to the centrosome. The overgrowth phenotype is also enhanced by a mutation in Cdc27, which encodes a component of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) that regulates the degradation of cyclins. No evidence for an apoptotic function of Zfrp8 was found. Based on the phenotype, genetic interactions and subcellular localization of Zfrp8, we propose that the protein is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation from embryonic stages onward, through the function of the centrosome, and regulates the level and localization of cell-cycle components. The overproliferation of cells in the lymph gland results in abnormal hemocyte differentiation.
EFFECTS OF COAL SURFACE CHARGE ON THE ADSORPTION AND GASIFICATION ACTIVITIES OF CALCIUM AND POTASSIUM

ABSTRACT The electrokinetic properties of lignite, subbituminous and bituminous coal particles and their demineralized derivatives have been measured as a function of pH. Compared to the raw coals, demineTalization generally increased the net negative surface charge densities on the coals. Calcium or potassium adsorption (by ion-exchange) onto the demineralized coals was strongly dependent on pH and the surface charge properties of the coals. Metals uptake was very low (0,1-0.4% wt.) in strongly acidic media (∼pHl) but increased dramatically as the net negative charge on the coals was increased by increasing the pHs of the coal suspensions to pH 6 or 10. The reactivities of the calcium- ot potassium-loaded chars in carbon dioxide at 800°C were similarly dependent upon the pHs at which the catalysts were ion-exchanged onto the coals. For the calcium-containing chars, the reactivities increased in the order: pH 6 > “pH 10 > pH 1 while the variation of the gasification rates with potassium loading pH was: pH...
Increased uptake of [3H]choline by rat superior cervical ganglion: an effect of dexamethasone.

Abstract The high affinity uptake of [ 3 H]choline by the superior cervical ganglion, isolated from the rat, was found to be increased by dexamethasone. Maximal increase (60–65% above control values) occurred at the steroid concentration of 5 × 10 −5 M. Other glucocorticoids (triamcinolone, corticosterone and hydrocortisone) were without an effect on the [ 3 H]choline uptake. Following administration of dexamethasone (25 mg/kg, i.p.), there was a marked increase in the level of choline in the ganglion. The increase was 3-fold at 1 hr and 10-fold at 6 hr, and by 24 hr the choline levels still remained higher in the steroid-treated animals than in the controls. Levels of acetylcholine in the ganglion were also increased, beginning at thr after the injection of steroid. The increase was 85% by 3 hr and 60% by 6hr. Triamcinolone, a glucocorticoid that was without an effect on [ 3 H]choline uptake in vitro , was also ineffective in altering the levels of choline and acetylcholine in vivo . It seems probable that the increase of choline uptake in the ganglion induced by dexamethasone may, at least in part, occur in the preganglionic cholinergic terminals, leading to increased synthesis of acetylcholine. Such an effect of dexamethasone provides another case of a selective steroid acting directly on nerve terminals by altering a transport mechanism.
Analysis of photographic emulsions for electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystalline specimens

Abstract Images recorded on photographic media are affected by several parameters which are characteristic of the particular emulsion used. The influence of the emulsion on the quality of the image of a two-dimensional crystalline specimen can, in particular, be predicted with a knowledge of the speed, the modulation transfer function, and the exposure dependence of the noise power spectrum of the emulsion. We have measured these parameters for several photographic emulsions used in electron microscopy, and use the results to predict signal-to-noise ratios in the Fourier transforms of images. No single emulsion provides the best results under all conditions. We present our data in a form which accounts for the interplay between the emulsion and the recording conditions, allowing optimization of the recording process.
Michael W. Spicer. In Defense of Politics in Public Administration: A Value Pluralist Perspective

(2011). Michael W. Spicer. In Defense of Politics in Public Administration: A Value Pluralist Perspective. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 143-148.
Using ecological criteria to evaluate wilderness planning options in Idaho

Legally designated wilderness areas are acknowledged to be an important element in strategies to conserve biological diversity in United States. However, because of the restrictions on consumptive uses in wilderness, their establishment is normally contentious. Criteria for establishment have typically been associated with opportunity and aesthetic and experiential values. Biological data have not normally played a major role in guiding wilderness establishment. We present four wilderness allocation options for those public lands considered suitable for wilderness designation in Idaho. These options cover the span of choices presently available to wilderness planners in the state and range from not establishing any new wilderness areas to the inclusion of all suitable lands in wilderness. All options are evaluated using spatial biological data from the National Biological Survey's Gap Analysis Project. A conservation strategy that would protect a minimum of 10% of the area occupied by each of 113 native vegetation types and at a minimum 10% of the distribution of each of 368 vertebrate species was evaluated for each option. Only the inclusion of all suitable lands in wilderness, creating a system of 5.1 million ha came close to achieving these goals, protecting 65% of the vegetation types and 56% of the vertebrate species. We feel this approach, which allows planners to evaluate the ecological merits of proposed widerness units along with other values, can provide a means to resolve the impasse over additional wilderness designation in Idaho.
Optimal sampling-based planning for linear-quadratic kinodynamic systems

We propose a new method for applying RRT* to kinodynamic motion planning problems by using finite-horizon linear quadratic regulation (LQR) to measure cost and to extend the tree. First, we introduce the method in the context of arbitrary affine dynamical systems with quadratic costs. For these systems, the algorithm is shown to converge to optimal solutions almost surely. Second, we extend the algorithm to non-linear systems with non-quadratic costs, and demonstrate its performance experimentally.