cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological Characteristics of Childhood Accidents

Research on children injured inadvertently has generally led to the notion of accident proneness. This does not lead to the creation of preventive strategies. Longitudinal research is proposed for studying the behaviors of children in conjunction with their injury history. Developmental psychological characteristics are important considerations in the injury equation. Language: en
The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man

SUMMARY We have begun a measured genotype approach to the genetic analysis of lipid and lipoprotein variability. This approach enables one to simultaneously estimate the frequencies and effects of alleles at specific loci along with the residual polygenetic variance component. In this study we consider the contribution of three common alleles at the locus coding for apolipoprotein E to interindividual variation of total cholesterol, betalipoprotein, and triglyceride levels. A sample of 102 nuclear families consisting of 434 individuals was studied. The frequencies of the €2, €3, and €4 alleles in this sample are 0*137,0.740, and 0123, respectively. In separate analyses of cholesterol and betalipoprotein levels, a complete model that includes the effects of the six apo E genotypes, unmeasured polygenes, and individual specific environmental effects fits these data significantly better than a reduced model that does not include the effects of the apo E polymorphism or a reduced model that does not include the effects of polygenes. On the average the €2 allele lowers total cholesterol and betalipoprotein levels by 0425 mmol/l and 0.81 1 units, respectively. The €4 allele is associated with an average increase of these phenotypes by 0.255 mmol/l and 0.628 units, respectively. Simultaneous estimates of the interindividual variability of total cholesterol levels attributable to the apo E polymorphism and to residual polygenic effects are 8 % and 56 % , respectively. For betalipoprotein levels, we simultaneously estimate these values to be 7 yo and 42 Yo, respectively. A reduced model including the effects of polygenes but not the effects of the apo E polymorphism fitted the triglyceride data as well as the complete model. The estimate of the fraction of interindividual variability associated with polygenetic effects was 26.5 %. We review our present understanding of the genetic architecture underlying variability of cholesterol levels in the population at large and infer that the majority of the genetic variability may be accounted for by polymorphic gene loci with moderate effects on cholesterol levels.
From Mass Preferences to Policy

This article reviews recent research on how mass opinion affects policy making in the context of US national institutions. Three themes materialize. First, research provides compelling evidence for “responsiveness,” in which change in mass opinion is associated with subsequent policy changes, but not for a high level of “congruence” between the policies that are favored by a majority of the public and those that are enacted. Second, although scholarship suggests that both congruence and responsiveness have declined since the 1970s, they are not low by historic standards; rather, mass opinion was particularly influential in that decade. Third, the literature rebuts conventional explanations for the post-1970s decline and suggests that standard proposals for how to reverse it would not significantly alter the impact of mass preferences on policy. The article concludes by considering the possibility that fundraising developments over the past three decades have changed politicians' electoral incentives.
Reliability of candidate photovoltaic module-integrated-inverter topologies

This paper examines the reliability of candidate topologies for a PV module-integrated inverter (MII). A new approach to calculate the mean time between failure (MTBF) using the MIL-HDBK-217 stress factor method is proposed. The new approach takes in consideration the usage model of the inverter, the statistical distribution of expected operating temperature and power processed, rather than a single (typically worst-case) operating point. The technique is applied to the systematic reliability comparative study for six different inverter topologies. This study shows the impact of each component on the inverter's reliability, in particular, the power decoupling capacitors.
Efficient place recognition with canonical views

We study the problem of place recognition. Given a photo, we estimate its location by scene matching to a large database of internet photos of known locations. Traditional strategies, which involve a linear scan of the database to find matching scenes, fail to scale. On the other hand, internet photos contain a massive amount of noise and redundancy, which is of little help for place recognition. By exploiting the scene distribution of photos, we summarize the database by a set of canonical views. The set of canonical views eliminates the noise and redundancy in internet photos, and provides a compact representation for the database. By restricting scene matching to the set of canonical views, we observe a good tradeoff between efficiency and recall: the average processing time for a query photo is reduced by 97%, while the recall rate for place recognition remains at 75%.
Two channel (speech and egg) analysis for formant and glottal inverse filtering

The electroglottographic (EGG) signal, as a second synchronized channel of information is used to segment the voiced speech waveform into individual pitch periods. Each period is further divided into the closed and open glottal segments. This allows the implementation of automatic pitch-synchronous analysis. Experimental comparisons of the formant tracking properties of three pitch-synchronous Linear Prediction (LP) methods are presented. The results indicate that the closed phase covariance method performs best. The closed phase method is also used to implement automatic pitch-synchronous glottal inverse filtering to obtain the glottal volume velocity.
Lessons Learned From Using An Ill-Conceived Nonmonetary, Prepaid Incentive In A Self-Administered Survey Of College Students

An experiment was conducted to determine how effective a prepaid, nonmonetary incentive would be at inducing college students to participate in a self-administered survey. The experiment was conducted on two college campuses in Los Angeles County. As students exited their campus library, an interviewer approached them for an interview. Half of those approached were offered a prepaid, nonmonetary incentive; the other half were not. Contrary to expectations, the prepaid, nonmonetary incentive dampened the response rate to the survey. Explanations are offered as to why the incentive was counterproductive.
Degradation and Isotope Source Tracking of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], an active ingredient of the herbicide Roundup, and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), have been frequently reported to be present in soils and other environments and thus have heightened public concerns on their potential adverse effects. Understanding the fate of these compounds and differentiating them from other naturally occurring compounds require a toolbox of methods that can go beyond conventional methods. Here, we applied individual isotope labeling technique whereby each compound or mineral involved in the glyphosate and AMPA degradation reaction was either synthesized or chosen to have distinct 18O/16O ratios so that the source of incorporated oxygen in the orthophosphate generated and corresponding isotope effect during C–P bond cleavage could be identified. Furthermore, we measured original isotope signatures of a few commercial glyphosate sources to identify their source-specific isotope signatures. Our degradation kinetics result...
Two new trichomycete species from Zapada spp. (stonefly) nymphs with an unusual distribution

Genistelloides Peterson, Lichtwardt and Horn (1981), a monotypic fungal genus, was discovered in the hindgut of the winter-emerging stonefly Allocapnia vivipara Claasen (Capniidae). Trichospores of G. hibernus Peterson, Lichtwardt & Horn resemble those of Legeriomyces Pouzar from mayfly nymphs. However, zygospores of Genistelloides are Type I, whereas those of Legeriomyces (with two species from mayfly nymphs) are Type II (Peterson et al., 1981). We were unable to find zygospores in this new species of Genistelloides, which would confirm the generic placement, even though we dissected 104 immature nymphs, of which 75 were infested. Nevertheless, the type of trichospore production and the discrete trichospore appendages closely resemble those of Genistelloides. This, together with its stonefly association, suggest our new species belongs in Genistelloides. Orphella Leger & Gauthier also is a monotypic genus of fungi which are found in the hindgut of nymphs of Plecoptera (Nemouridae). Sporophores have fertile branch tips described as cymelike, with the presence of curved trichospores located toward the distal end of the thallus. This trichomycete is unique in arrangement of fertile branches and the presence of a sterile terminal cell above the single generative cell of each fertile branch, and can be identified even though zygospores are not known. The only other known genus with curved (horseshoe shaped) trichospores attached eccentrically (baso-laterally) to their generative cells is Gauthieromyces Lichtwardt, but the reproductive branches are distinctively different from those of Orphella. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sports and Recreation Brain Injuries in a Pediatric Specialty Traumatic Brain Injury Clinic (P01.185)

Objective: To determine the differences between sports/recreation traumatic brain injuries (SRTBI) and non-sports/recreation TBI cases in a pediatric neurology subspecialty clinic. Background Sports and recreation traumatic brain injuries (SRTBI) make up a substantial portion of all pediatric TBIs. Design/Methods: This prospective study compared SRTBI and non-sports/recreation TBI among children presenting to a TBI specialty clinic. 211 patients (140 males, 71 females) were enrolled, 68 were sports/recreation TBI. Among all patients, older children were more likely to sustain an SRTBI (p Results: Only patients with a first clinic visit within 6 months of the initial injury were included in this analysis. Of the 154 patients who met this criterion, 54 were SRTBI. There were 28 contact-sports injuries, 20 wheeled-sports injuries, and 6 other sports/recreation injuries. Wheeled-sports TBI were associated with increased severity (Fisher, p Conclusions: These data suggest that SRTBI patients have specific neurological needs that may be addressed in a pediatric TBI specialty clinic. Further research can assess the benefits of this type of clinic for the families and the rates of recovery of those affected. Supported by: UCLA BIRC, NS05720, NS027544, Child Neurology Foundation, TTCF, Thrasher Research Fund, UCLA FGP. Disclosure: Dr. Valino has nothing to disclose. Dr. McArthur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yudovin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Giza has nothing to disclose.
Rates for Velocity Changing Collisions in Optically Pumped Rubidium Laser

The Diode Pumped Alkali Laser (DPAL) is an optically-pumped three-level laser system with significant promise for scaling to high power. The rates for velocity changing collisions in the rubidium laser have been measured using sub-Doppler laser saturation spectroscopy. Spectra of the F”=2 to F’=1,2,3 hyperfine components of the Rb S1/2 – P3/2 D2 transition were observed for argon pressures of 0-110 mTorr and modulation frequencies of 700 3200 Hz. Sub-Doppler features with linewidths of about 23 MHz, or about four times the natural linewidth, were observed for the hyperfine transitions and cross-over resonances. A Doppler pedestal is also observed which increases with pressures and decreases with modulation frequency. The size of the Doppler pedestal relative to the homogeneous features yields a rate for reversing the direction of all velocity groups of 3.2 x 10 cm s.
Use of a simple internal fiducial as an adjunct to enhance intraoperative ultrasound-assisted guidance: technical note.

BACKGROUND Image-based navigational techniques have been used increasingly in neurosurgery to improve intraoperative precision. These techniques, however, have the disadvantage of inherent inaccuracies, which are significant especially when targeting small, subcortical lesions in eloquent areas. Intraoperative ultrasound serves as a useful, real-time adjunct to these techniques, but at times, precise correlation of the true anatomical location to the ultrasound image can be challenging. OBJECTIVE : To improve the accuracy and precision of intraoperative ultrasound by using a simple internal fiducial marker made from materials already present on the sterile field. METHODS We present 3 cases (2 cranial, 1 spinal) of small lesions with deep and eloquent locations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based frameless stereotaxy or spinal fluoroscopy was used to modify the incision and to approximate the surgical trajectory, which was marked intradurally with a small piece of Gelfoam soaked in autologous blood. Ultrasound was used to visualize the echogenic lesion, and the precise trajectory was then refined using the echogenic blood-soaked Gelfoam on the cortical or spinal cord surface. RESULTS In all 2 patients, the combined use of MRI-based frameless stereotaxy (cranial cases only) and ultrasound guidance minimized dissection through normal tissue. All cases resulted in a gross total resection and no added long-term surgical morbidity. CONCLUSION We describe a neuronavigational tool to aid in the precise localization of a subcortical or spinal lesion, particularly one that is small and in close proximity to eloquent areas.
Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the 21st century: Updated updated numbers and updated facts

 Abstract — According to updated statistics, cardiovascular disease is the first cause of death both in United States (source: American Heart Association, 2013) and worldwide (data of the World Health Organization, 2013). In this special short report the current epidemiological data concerning cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke are presented. Cardiovascular disorders represent the foremost cause of preventable death globally. Indeed, efforts to improve lifestyles, controlling lifestyle-related major cardiovascular risk factors, will definitely contribute to cardiovascular disease prevention. Cite this article as: Santulli, G. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the 21 st century: updated numbers and updated facts. JCvD 2013;1(1):1-2
Studies on the Growth of a Murine Renal Cell Carcinoma and its Metastatic Patterns

Metastatic lung tumor cells from a murine renal cell adenocarcinoma were implanted in Blab/C mice for 12 transfer generations. Survival time of the implanted mice was observed to decrease from 48 days to 28 days. The incidence of lung metastases increased from 40% to 90%. These studies suggest a selection process under the terms of the experiment that has resulted in a change in the metastatic potential of the primary tumor and its serial passage of metastases. The results are compatible with current concepts regarding cell selection in this cancer state but do not, at the present time, precisely define how this is achieved. Appropriate and selective studies are ongoing to address this important issue.
The Creation of a Pediatric Hospital Medicine Dashboard: Performance Assessment for Improvement.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Leaders of pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) recommended a clinical dashboard to monitor clinical practice and make improvements. To date, however, no programs report implementing a dashboard including the proposed broad range of metrics across multiple sites. We sought to (1) develop and populate a clinical dashboard to demonstrate productivity, quality, group sustainability, and value added for an academic division of PHM across 4 inpatient sites; (2) share dashboard data with division members and administrations to improve performance and guide program development; and (3) revise the dashboard to optimize its utility. METHODS: Division members proposed a dashboard based on PHM recommendations. We assessed feasibility of data collection and defined and modified metrics to enable collection of comparable data across sites. We gathered data and shared the results with division members and administrations. RESULTS: We collected quarterly and annual data from October 2011 to September 2013. We found comparable metrics across all sites for descriptive, productivity, group sustainability, and value-added domains; only 72% of all quality metrics were tracked in a comparable fashion. After sharing the data, we saw increased timeliness of nursery discharges and an increase in hospital committee participation and grant funding. CONCLUSIONS: PHM dashboards have the potential to guide program development, mobilize faculty to improve care, and demonstrate program value to stakeholders. Dashboard implementation at other institutions and data sharing across sites may help to better define and strengthen the field of PHM by creating benchmarks and help improve the quality of pediatric hospital care.
Probing the thermal Hall effect using miniature capacitive strontium titanate thermometry

The thermal Hall effect is the thermal analog of the electrical Hall effect. Rarely observed in normal metals, thermal Hall signals have been argued to be a key property for a number of strongly correlated materials, such as high temperature superconductors, correlated topological insulators, and quantum magnets. The observation of the thermal Hall effect requires precise measurement of temperature in intense magnetic fields. Particularly at low temperature, resistive thermometers have a strong dependence on field, which makes them unsuitable for this purpose. We have created capacitive thermometers which instead measure the dielectric constant of strontium titanate (SrTiO3). SrTiO3 approaches a ferroelectric transition, causing its dielectric constant to increase by a few orders of magnitude at low temperature. As a result, these thermometers are very sensitive at low temperature while having very little dependence on the applied magnetic field, making them ideal for thermal Hall measurements. We demonstrate this method by making measurements of the thermal Hall effect in Bismuth in magnetic fields of up to 10 T.
Transition strengths and lifetimes measured by optical nutation

A transform-limited light pulse from a tunable laser can be used to measure atomic lifetimes much shorter or much longer than the light puke duration by measuring linewidths in the case of short lifetimes or decay rates in the case of long lifetimes. However, when the atomic lifetime is comparable to the duration of the exciting pulse, these methods are difficult to apply. We demonstrate that, for the latter case, an optical nutation measurement yields both lifetimes and transition strengths with high accuracy. We prepare oxygen atoms in a single angular momentum state (J, mj) in a collision-free and Doppler-free environment.
Rethinking the Relationship between Social Experience and False-Belief Understanding: A Mentalistic Account.

It was long assumed that the capacity to represent false beliefs did not emerge until at least age four, as evidenced by children’s performance on elicited-response tasks. However, recent evidence that infants appear to demonstrate false-belief understanding when tested with alternative, non-elicited-response measures has led some researchers to conclude that the capacity to represent beliefs emerges in the first year of life. This mentalistic view has been criticized for failing to offer an explanation for the well-established positive associations between social factors and preschoolers’ performance on elicited-response false-belief tasks. In this paper, we address this criticism by offering an account that reconciles these associations with the mentalistic claim that false-belief understanding emerges in infancy. We propose that rather than facilitating the emergence of the capacity to represent beliefs, social factors facilitate the use of this ability via effects on attention, inference, retrieval, and response production. Our account predicts that the relationship between social factors and false-belief understanding should not be specific to preschoolers’ performance in elicited-response tasks: this relationship should be apparent across the lifespan in a variety of paradigms. We review an accumulating body of evidence that supports this prediction.
REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM LIQUID EGG WHITE BY CENTRIFUGATION

Continuous bacterial centrifugation, or bactofugation, of clarified, liquid egg white reduced total bacterial count 50 to 99.7%, depending on processing temperatures. Coliforms and enteric bacteria were found in liquid egg white in small numbers and their reduction by bactofugation was generally less than obtained for total bacteria. Effectiveness of removal of bacteria from liquid egg white by bactofugation was related to temperature, initial bacterial numbers, and prior mechanical clarification. The application of bactofugation to liquid egg white as a supplement to pasteurization or hydrogen peroxide-catalase treatment requires more, intensive study for proper assessment of value.
‘Then you are making riskless money’: a critical discourse analysis of credit default swap coverage in the financial trade press

Recently, scholars begun to urge an approach to the study of finance that interrogates the accepted wisdom of financial models and practices by examining the forces of power behind their developmen...
Pediatric Tonsil Cancer: A National and Institutional Perspective

Objective To evaluate childhood and adolescent tonsil cancer incidence and to identify the clinical characteristics indicative of those patients who would benefit from urgent operative intervention. Study design The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 18 database, inclusive of national cancer statistics from 1973 to 2013, provided quantitative tonsil cancer incidence data. An institutional retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with tonsil malignancy from January 2013 to January 2017 identified supplementary qualitative clinical presentation information. Results The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 18 database included 138 pediatric patients with tonsil cancer with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 0.021/100 000 patients per year. The majority of cases were unilateral (79.7%), and there was both a male and Caucasian predominance. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (84.1%) was the most common malignancy, of which Burkitt lymphoma (31.1%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (26.8%), and follicular lymphoma (10.1%) were the most common subtypes. Five tonsillar malignancy patients were identified upon institutional chart review. The majority likewise had non-Hodgkin lymphoma and all shared a history of rapid tonsillar enlargement over ≤12 weeks. Significant tonsillar asymmetry was present in 4 patients. Four patients additionally exhibited prominent cervical lymphadenopathy. Conclusions Pediatric tonsil cancer is rare, with non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounting for the majority of pediatric tonsillar malignancies. A high index of suspicion is appropriate in children who present with relatively rapid tonsil enlargement, tonsillar asymmetry characterized by a difference in tonsillar size of ≥2 degrees on the Brodsky scale, or concurrent prominent cervical lymphadenopathy.
Raman spectrum of CrI 3 : An ab initio study

We study the Raman spectrum of ${\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$, a material that exhibits magnetism in a single layer. We employ first-principles calculations within density functional theory to determine the effects of polarization, strain, and incident angle on the phonon spectra of the three-dimensional bulk and the single-layer two-dimensional structure, for both the high- and low-temperature crystal structures. Our results are in good agreement with existing experimental measurements and serve as a guide for additional investigations to elucidate the physics of this interesting material.
A Novel Energy Harvesting Aware IEEE 802.11 Power Saving Mechanism

The spread of wirelessly connected computing sensors and devices and hybrid networks are leading to the emergence of an Internet of Things (IoT), where a myriad of multi-scale sensors and devices are seamlessly blended for ubiquitous computing and communication. However, the communication operations of wireless devices are often limited by the size and lifetime of the batteries because of the portability and mobility. To reduce energy consumption during wireless communication, the IEEE 802.11 standard specifies a power management scheme, called Power Saving Mechanism (PSM), for IEEE 802.11 devices. However, the PSM of IEEE 802.11 was originally designed for battery-supported devices in single-hop Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), and it does not consider devices that equip with rechargeable batteries and energy harvesting capability. In this paper, we extend the original PSM by incorporating with intermittent energy harvesting in the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) layer specification, and propose a novel energy harvesting aware power saving mechanism, called EH-PSM. The basic idea of EH-PSM is that a longer contention window is assigned to a device in energy harvesting mode than that of a device in normal mode to make the latter access the wireless medium earlier and quicker. In addition, the device in energy harvesting mode stays active as far as it harvests energy and updates the access point of its harvesting mode to enable itself to be ready for receiving and sending packets, or overhearing any on-going communication. We evaluate the proposed scheme through extensive simulation experiments using OMNeT++ and compare its performance with the original PSM. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can not only improve the packet delivery ratio and throughput but also reduce the packet delivery latency.
Fractal Analysis of Binding and Dissociation of Autoimmune Disease Markers on Biosensor Surfaces

This chapter presents a fractal analysis to analyze the binding and dissociation kinetics of various concentrations of scFv2 and scFv6 (single chain Fv) to F(ab') 2 antibody immobilized on a sensor chip surface, and the binding and dissociation of CCR5 in solution to gp120:CD4 immobilized on a sensor chip surface. The interactions involved in both these cases are involved in autoimmune reactions that lead to intractable diseases, where the first one is involved in arthritis, and the second one is involved in HIV-1. In both these cases either a single- or a dual-fractal analysis is used. The dual-fractal analysis is used only when the single-fractal analysis could not provide an adequate fit and it was done by the regression analysis provided by Corel Quattro Pro 8.0. In accordance with the prefactor analysis for fractal aggregates, quantitative (predictive) expressions are developed for the binding rate coefficient k , as a function of the analyte concentration in solution or the fractal dimension or the degree of heterogeneity in the binding phase D f that exists on the sensor chip surface; the dissociation rate coefficient k d as a function of the analyte concentration in solution or the fractal dimension in the dissociation phase D fd ; the fractal dimension in the binding phase as a function of the analyte concentration in solution; and the affinity K as a function of the analyte concentration in solution and as a function of the ratio of fractal dimensions present in the binding and dissociation phases. The expressions obtained a high sensitivity of binding and the dissociation rate coefficients (or affinities) on their respective fractal dimensions on the sensor chip surface.
Urinary Biomarkers in the Evaluation of Primary Hematuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction Urinary biomarkers are entering the clinical landscape as a non-invasive method to evaluate patients for bladder cancer, however it is currently predominantly used in the surveillance setting. The use of biomarkers in the setting of primary hematuria is not widespread despite initial promising results. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on the diagnostic performance of FDA-approved biomarkers in the evaluation of primary hematuria. Methods According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Libraries, HTA database, Google Scholar and Web of Science were searched up to June 2017 for studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of FDA-approved urinary biomarkers amongst patients presenting with primary hematuria. The quality of included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results Fourteen studies met the pre-specified eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. The biomarkers assessed in these studies were AssureMDx, Bladder tumor antigen, CxBladder, NMP22, UroVysion and uCyt+. Across these four biomarkers, the sensitivity ranged from 0.67 to 0.95, and specificity from 0.68 to 0.93, respectively. There was significant heterogeneity between the included studies. Limited head-to-head comparison with urine cytology demonstrated that in general, the biomarkers have superior sensitivity but inferior specificity. Overall, the quality of evidence was graded as moderate primarily because of inadequate blinding. Conclusion The current diagnostic performance of biomarkers are inadequate to replace cystoscopy in the primary hematuria setting. However, AssureMDx in particular may have a role as a triage test for cystoscopy but further prospective data is required to validate these findings. Given the current evidence, the use of these markers as an adjunct to cystoscopy for the evaluation of hematuria should be considered investigational.
Synthesized Silicon Nanostructures for Optical Switches and THz Electronics

Silicon nanowires have been widely pursued as a technology for electronic, photonic, and renewable energy devices. We developed a bottom-up method—termed ENGRAVE (Encoded Nanowire GRowth and Appearance using VLS and Etching)—to modulate nanowire shape and composition along the growth axis with sub-10 nanometer spatial resolution. Under precisely controlled synthetic conditions, the rapid modulation of phosphorus or boron incorporation during vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth can be used to encode a complex pattern of dopants in the wires. Subsequent solution processing can then be used to selectively etch the wires, creating high-resolution structures such as bow-ties, gratings, sawtooths, fractals, nanorods, sinusoids, and nanogaps. Several examples of the complex morphology in degenerately-doped p-type and n-type silicon are shown in Figure 1A and 1B, respectively.
Cell Therapy: Past, Present, and Future

Cellular therapy started in the early twentieth century with the development of blood transfusion and later bone marrow transplantation. This review describes the historical origins and major milestones in the field of cellular therapy. We discuss ethical concerns associated with certain cell sources and how they influenced therapy strategies. A focus of this article is on the use of stem cells to understand regenerative repair after kidney injury. In addition, we give an overview over past and current kidney-related cellular therapy trials. The number of kidney-related cellular therapy trials has been growing exponentially over the last 20 years. Main applications of kidney-related cellular therapy are in renal cancer and kidney transplant tolerance. The USA and China are the countries with the highest number of cellular therapy trials. Cellular therapy, in combination with the recent advances in iPS cell generation and CRISPR-Cas 9, has a bright future. It has the potential to enable highly personalized therapy strategies to overcome problems associated with cancer therapy, transplant rejection, and organ regeneration.
Bilateral subtrochanteric femur insufficiency fractures after bariatric surgery: a case report

There have been case reports of proximal femur insufficiency fractures in patients who have previously undergone bariatric surgery. We present a follow-up case of a patient who developed bilateral complete proximal femur insufficiency fractures several years after bariatric surgery. Our patient underwent bilateral intramedullary fixation with a satisfactory postoperative outcome. We review and discuss the definition and pathogenesis of atypical femur fractures (AFFs), which may represent a larger category of insufficiency fractures not exclusive to bisphosphonate use, which includes patients with fractures after bariatric surgery.
Being Systematic When You Have But One Subject: Ideographic Method, N=1, and All That

This article discusses the differences between nomothetic and ideographic approaches to assessment, suggests that neither model is complete in itself, and presents some principles for making single...
Dipeptide repeat (DPR) pathology in the skeletal muscle of ALS patients with C9ORF72 repeat expansion.

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02050-8 ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collaboration: Does It Require Pragmatic Thought?:

The authors of this column consider the subject of collaboration in terms of healthcare practice, research, and education. To that end, the concept of pragmatism is discussed as a precursor to collaboration followed by consideration of specific instances of collaboration in practice, research, and education. Additionally, the consequences of collaboration are discussed.
Development of a Humanoid Dual Arm System for a Single Spherical Wheeled Balancing Mobile Robot

This paper presents a new 14-DoF dual manipulation system for the CMU ballbot. The result is a new type of robot that combines smooth omnidirectional motion with the capability to interact with objects and the environment through manipulation. The system includes a pair of 7-DoF arms. Each arm weighs 12.9 kg, with a reach of 0.815 m, and a maximum payload of 10 kg at full extension. The ballbot's arms have a larger payload-to-weight ratio than commercial cobot arms with similar or greater payload. Design features include highly integrated sensor-actuator-control units in each joint, lightweight exoskeleton structure, and anthropomorphic kinematics. The integration of the arms with the CMU ballbot is demonstrated through heavy payload carrying and balancing experiments.
Identified themes of interactive visualizations overlayed onto EHR data: an example of improving birth center operating room efficiency.

Objective While electronic health record (EHR) systems store copious amounts of patient data, aggregating those data across patients can be challenging. Visual analytic tools that integrate with EHR systems allow clinicians to gain better insight and understanding into clinical care and management. We report on our experience building Tableau-based visualizations and integrating them into our EHR system. Materials and methods Visual analytic tools were created as part of 12 clinician-initiated quality improvement projects. We built the visual analytic tools in Tableau and linked it within our EPIC environment. We identified 5 visual themes that spanned the various projects. To illustrate these themes, we choose 1 exemplary project which aimed to improve obstetric operating room efficiency. Results Across our 12 projects, we identified 5 visual themes that are integral to project success: scheduling & optimization (in 11/12 projects); provider assessment (10/12); executive assessment (8/12); patient outcomes (7/12); and control and goal charts (2/12). Discussion Many visualizations share common themes. Identification of these themes has allowed our internal team to be more efficient and directed in developing visualizations for future projects. Conclusion Organizing visual analytics into themes can allow informatics teams to more efficiently provide visual products to clinical collaborators.
Quantifying the drivers and predictability of seasonal changes in African fire

Africa contains some of the most vulnerable ecosystems to fires. Successful seasonal prediction of fire activity over these fire-prone regions remains a challenge and relies heavily on in-depth understanding of various driving mechanisms underlying fire evolution. Here, we assess the seasonal environmental drivers and predictability of African fire using the analytical framework of Stepwise Generalized Equilibrium Feedback Assessment (SGEFA) and machine learning techniques (MLTs). The impacts of sea-surface temperature, soil moisture, and leaf area index are quantified and found to dominate the fire seasonal variability by regulating regional burning condition and fuel supply. Compared with previously-identified atmospheric and socioeconomic predictors, these slowly evolving oceanic and terrestrial predictors are further identified to determine the seasonal predictability of fire activity in Africa. Our combined SGEFA-MLT approach achieves skillful prediction of African fire one month in advance and can be generalized to provide seasonal estimates of regional and global fire risk. Fire is an important component of many African ecosystems, but prediction of fire activity is challenging. Here, the authors use a statistical framework to assess the seasonal environmental drivers of African fire, which allow for a better prediction of fire activity.
How does increasing impervious surfaces affect urban flooding in response to climate variability

Abstract Total impervious area (TIA) is one of the most common measures for predicting runoff yield in hydrologic studies and regulating urbanization in land use policy. Directly connected impervious area (DCIA), a subset of TIA, represents the hydraulic connection between development and underground sewer systems. Which indicator to use in runoff prediction has been subject to debate. The effectiveness of TIA and DCIA in the face of climate variability also remains unclear. The present study empirically assessed the impacts of TIA and DCIA on urban runoff in three metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. state of Texas. The total monthly runoff depths of 92 watersheds and peak flows of 43 watersheds were computed using streamflow monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey from 2010 to 2017. A series of ordinal logit regression models were developed to determine which imperviousness indicator better predicted probable runoff yield. Additionally, an average marginal effect analysis was performed to investigate how TIA and DCIA responded to changing precipitation depths. The results demonstrate that DCIA outperformed TIA in runoff depth prediction, whereas TIA predicted peak flow better than DCIA. However, for far-above-average runoff, the contribution of DCIA to runoff depth was far greater than that of TIA, but no difference was found for peak flow. The effectiveness of TIA and DCIA also varied by total and 24-hour peak depths of monthly precipitation. After reaching their maximum capacity, both TIA and DCIA became less effective in predicting runoff and did not correlate with rainfall depth in extremely wet months. Meanwhile, the control of TIA and DCIA for runoff volume reduction was most effective for monthly rainfall of a 5% to 10% probability of exceedance in all MSAs, whereas that of peak flow reduction was most effective if the 24-hour peak storm in a month had a 2% to 5% probability of exceedance. The findings of this study demonstrate the hydrologic significance of regulating DCIA over TIA for high-risk runoff under certain rainfall depths and return periods. The study expands the current knowledge of urban hydrology for effective stormwater management and mitigation of future flooding risk.
Calcitonin (CT) is a potent inducer of prostate cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression

3939 Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer has been associated with tumor progression, androgen independence and poor prognosis. Neuropeptides such as bomesin and calcitonin (CT) increase growth, invasiveness and chemoresistance of prostate cancer cell lines. Expression of CT and CTR mRNAs in primary prostate tumors is selectively epithelial, is restricted to the basal compartment of normal prostate epithelium, but is observed in whole epithelium of malignant prostates. Moreover, cells of low-grade tumors or indolent cell lines such as LNCaP or PC-3 express either CT or CTR. In contrast, cells of high-grade tumors and metastatic PC-3M cells co-express CT and CTR mRNAs. The present studies examined the effect of CT/CTR co-expression on cell proliferation, colony-formation and tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cell lines. Three prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 (which expresses CT but not CTR), LNCaP (expresses CTR but not CT) and PC-3M (co-expresses CT and CTR) were used in the study. The expression of CTR in PC-3 cells was initiated by stably expressing mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 containing CTR cDNA. Similarly, LNCaP cells were stably transfected with pcDNA3.1-CT vector. The expression of CT in PC-3M cells was either increased or knocked-down appropriately using either pcDNA3.1-CT vector or anti-sense CT ribozyme. The derived cell lines were then characterized for the expression of respective proteins by the abundance of the respective gene as well as for protein expression by either radioimmuno- or radioreceptor assays. The cell lines were then tested for cell proliferation by MTT assay, for colony-forming ability on soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice. PC-3-CTR cell lines displayed greater than two-fold increase in cell proliferation as compared to PC-3 cells transfected with carrier plasmid. The PC-3-CTR cells also formed several-fold larger and more numerous colonies in soft agar as compared to control cells. Similarly, LNCaP-CT cells also markedly increased their adhesion to plastic, and cell proliferation. PC-3M-CT cell lines also showed dramatically different phenotypes as indicated by marked decrease in their adhesion properties, increased cell proliferation, colony formation, and moderately greater ability of forming tumors in nude mice as compared to PC-3M cells transfected with a carrier plasmid. However, most dramatic results were obtained with PC-3M-CTnull cells, which were obtained by stable transfection of anti-sense CT hammerhead ribozymes. These cells displayed markedly lower proliferation rate, and an extremely small tumor (over 100-fold smaller than those formed in controls) was formed in only one of six mice injected with these cells. These results suggest that CT serves as a potent promoter of prostate cancer progression, and co-expression of CT with CTR significantly enhances the ability of CT to accelerate this process.
The Ethics of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Revisiting the Principles of Clinical Bioethics.

Background Extracorporeal life support has become accepted as a rescue therapy for cardiopulmonary shock, and there have been over 100,000 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cases since 1987. Rapid growth has presented ethical challenges and concerns. Here, we discuss core principles of bioethics in an attempt to more thoroughly appreciate the ethical concerns and considerations raised by use of this technology. Methods An extensive literature review was performed on current papers on ECMO and ethics. In this paper, we utilized 3 case studies to highlight 4 major tenets of bioethics as they relate to use of ECMO: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Results Case studies presented involved unique perspectives on utilization of ECMO and a careful balance of benefits and harms as they relate to autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. We present nuanced interpretations of autonomy (eg, physician autonomy) and justice (eg, various providers interpret and offer ECMO differently). An additional challenge includes contending with potentially prolonged clinical courses and/or complications that either result directly from cannulation for ECMO or indirectly from being subject to ensuing extreme conditions and prolongation of life that medical science has yet to fully understand. Conclusions ECMO programs continue to grow in number and capacity. A deep appreciation of the bioethical dimensions of this technology and its application must be pursued, understood and applied to individual patient scenarios.
Voices of African American Older Adults on the Implications of Social and Healthcare-Related Policies for Osteoarthritis Pain Care.

Abstract Background Chronic pain is a distressing symptom that older adults with osteoarthritis (OA) seek to minimize through management. Research consistently points out the disparities that older African Americans face when managing chronic pain conditions, but a major gap in the literature is how pain care policy at the federal, state, and local level protects or exposes older African Americans to disadvantaged care. Aims The purpose of this original research is to examine policy issues and care enhancement opportunities that emerge from the narratives and personal stories of older African Americans living with chronic OA pain. Design A secondary qualitative data analysis. Methods African Americans (≥50 years) with OA pain living in Louisiana were interviewed to gather global perspectives and specific information about how they manage OA pain. Narrative analytic techniques were applied to 18 individual, semistructured interviews. Results Three policy-related pain management issues and implications surfaced from the older African Americans’ rich narratives: (1) “Access to and navigation of the healthcare system,” (2) “Affordability of natural supplements, medications, and treatments,” and (3) “Expansion of pain palliative care and community programs.” Conclusions African American older adults face numerous challenges in managing pain well. Navigating the healthcare system is an abiding issue, and perceived injustice in care was a common thread throughout the narratives. On the positive side, older African Americans also proposed practice- and policy-related solutions to counter the pain treatment challenges. Nurses are natural advocates for patients, and should work to change healthcare policies that unfairly marginalize ethnic/racial older adults’ long-term ability to manage chronic pain.
Role of the U(1) ghost beyond leading order in a large-Nc expansion

The 1/Nc expansion is one of the very few methods we have for generating a systematic expansion of QCD at the energy scale relevant to hadron structure. The present formulation of this theory relies on the double-line notation for calculating the leading order of a diagram in the 1/Nc expansion, where the local SU(Nc) gauge symmetry is substituted by a U(Nc) symmetry and the associated U(1) ghost field is ignored. In the current work we demonstrate the insufficiency of this formulation for describing certain non-planar diagrams of interest in current attempts to model QCD. We derive a more complete set of Feynman rules that include the U(1) ghost field and provide a useful tool for calculating both color factors and 1/Nc orders of all color-singlet diagrams.
Oxygen Reduction Activity on Perovskite Oxide Surfaces: A Comparative First-Principles Study of LaMnO3, LaFeO3, and LaCrO3

The understanding of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity on perovskite oxide surfaces is essential for promising future fuel cell applications. We report a comparative study of the ORR mechani...
Gifted Classroom Environments and the Creative Process: A Systematic Review.

As the expectations for including creativity in K–12 education continually grow, creative process skills equip students with thinking strategies to generate and evaluate ideas. This systematic revi...
Factor Analysis of the Attitude Toward Parent Involvement Survey With Preservice Teachers

This study involved validating the structure of the Attitude Toward Parent Involvement Survey (ATPIS). The survey was administered 1,729 times to preservice teachers along with Knowledge assessment...