cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remains of the 19th century: deep storage of contaminated hydraulic mining sediment along the Lower Yuba River, California

Since the onset of hydraulic gold mining in California’s Sierra Nevada foothills in 1852, the environmental damage caused by displacement and storage of hydraulic mining sediment (HMS) has been a significant ecological problem downstream. Large volumes of mercury-laden HMS from the Yuba River watershed were deposited within the river corridor, creating the anthropogenic Yuba Fan. However, there are outstanding uncertainties about how much HMS is still contained within this fan. To quantify the deep storage of HMS in the Yuba Fan, we analyzed mercury concentrations of sediment samples collected from borings and outcrops at multiple depths. The mercury concentrations served as chemostratigraphic markers to identify the contacts between the HMS and underlying pre-mining deposits. The HMS had mercury concentrations at least ten-fold higher than pre-mining deposits. Analysis of the lower Yuba Fan’s volume suggests that approximately 8.1 . 107 m3 of HMS was deposited within the study area between 1852 and 1999, representing ~32% of the original Yuba Fan delivered by 19th Century hydraulic gold mining. Our estimate of the mercury mass contained within this region is 6.7 . 103 kg, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than what was estimated to have been lost to the mining process. We suggest that this discrepancy is likely due to a combination of missing (yet to be found) mercury masses stored upstream, overestimated losses during mining, and high delivery of mercury to the lowland Sacramento Valley and to the San Francisco Bay-Delta system, where it poses a great risk to sensitive ecosystems.
Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Oxidative Stability of Pt Supported on Nb-Doped TiO2

Commercial fuel cell electrocatalyst degradation results from carbon electrocatalyst support oxidation at high operating potential transients. Guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, Nb-doped TiO2 (NTO) was synthesized, which exhibits a unique combination of high surface area, high electrical conductivity, and high porosity. This catalyst retained 78 % of its initial electrochemically active surface area compared with 57.6 % retained by Pt/C following the DOE/FCCJ protocol for accelerated stability test. Strong metal-support interactions, which were predicted by DFT calculations and confirmed experimentally by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and kinetics measurements, resulted in 21 % higher oxygen reduction reaction mass activity (at 0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) on Pt/NTO compared with commercial Pt/C. The ex situ activity and durability of Pt/NTO translated to a fuel cell. The rise in electrode ohmic resistance and non-electrode concentration overpotential indicate that improving the conductivity of NTO and optimizing the catalyst ink formulation are critical next steps in the development of Pt/NTO-catalyzed proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
“The Man with a Micro-calculator”: Digital Modernity and Late Soviet Computing Practices

Technology played a defining role in the socialist version of modernity across the entire life span of the Soviet state. During the 1980s, the Soviet popularizers of computing technology mobilized the expressive power of Vertov’s 1929 masterpiece, The Man with a Movie Camera. When the nation’s most prominent popular scientific magazine, Nauka i Zhizn' [Science and Life], started a column devoted to both playful and serious applications of programmable calculators, it was titled “The Man with a Micro-calculator.” In this chapter, I argue that this reference reflected a consistent late Soviet preoccupation with introducing the population to a “digital” version of the socialist technological modernity, where a modest digital device, the programmable calculator, played a key role. I trace the massive scale of diffusion of computing practices around programmable calculators during the last decade of the Soviet Union’s existence to exploit the nonlinear temporality encompassed in the notion of “early digital.” Breaking with the established chronology of hardware development culminating with the so-called ‘‘Personal Computer Revolution,’’ the “early digital” helps to reveal how the “man with a micro-calculator” was imagined as the man of the future.
A History of Food Security and Agriculture in International Trade Law, 1945–2017

One common assumption about international trade law is that its main function as a regulatory system is to reduce the occurrence of trade distortions. Another related assumption is that the development of the contemporary regime of international trade, historically, has been driven by one single overarching doctrine, the principle of trade liberalisation. This article seeks to dispute these assumptions by showing that the contemporary regime of international trade is, in fact, the product of interaction involving three closely related but analytically distinct doctrines: the principle of market stabilization, the doctrine of freer trade, and the principle of food security. Proceeding from this starting point, this article aims to map out an alternative way of approaching the history of international trade law, by exploring how the interaction between these three doctrines has influenced the construction of the contemporary international trade regime, how each of them has come to be defined at different moments, and how these definitions have changed and evolved over time. In doing so, it also offers an alternative understanding of the institutional reality of international trade regulation by placing at the centre of the last seven decades of international trade law history the question of agriculture and by including FAO, UNCTAD, and international commodity agreements alongside the GATT and the WTO.
Obesity and Bariatric Surgery

The epidemic of obesity affects millions of individuals around the world. The disease of obesity increases mortality risk due to obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sleep apnea. This chapter focuses specifically on obesity related to women’s health and the role of bariatric surgery.
Troubling Issues of Consent in Dawn

Given that questions of consent are central to Butler’s Dawn, the first novel of Butler’s Xenogenesis trilogy, Burnett is surprised that most of the scholarship on the novel or on the trilogy does not directly broach the question of consent. Burnett seeks to address that critical absence by reading Dawn as a text that offers us critical and troubling questions about the nature of consent that were addressed by Antioch College’s Sexual Offense Prevention Policy, known colloquially as the “Antioch rules.” Burnett wants us to examine the complex relationship between consent and desire that Butler weaves in Dawn because the novel can be read as a parable for the need for affirmative consent in sexual encounters, a need championed by the Antioch rules.
Model DFT exchange holes and the exact exchange hole: Similarities and differences

Exchange and correlation holes are unique quantum concepts for understanding the nature of electron interactions based on quantum conditional probabilities. Among those, the exact exchange hole is of special interest since it is derived rigorously from first principles without approximations and is often modeled by approximate exchange expressions of density functional theory. In this work, the algorithm for the computation of the spherically averaged exact exchange hole for a given reference point is developed and implemented for molecular orbitals in Gaussian basis functions. The formulas include a novel recursive relation for the spherical average of the Bessel function of the first kind and the asymptotic expressions when the exponential factor of the Bessel function becomes large. This new capability is used to explore the extent to which current popular model exchange holes resemble or differ from the exact exchange hole. Point-wise accuracy of the exchange holes for isolated atoms is important in local hybrid schemes, real-space models of static correlation, and others. We find in this vein that among the models tested here, only the BR89 exchange hole seems more or less suitable for that purpose, while better approximations are still very much on demand. Analyzing the deviations of model exchange holes from the exact exchange hole in molecules such as H2 and Cr2 upon bond stretching reveals new aspects of the left-right static correlation.
A Novel User-Friendly Automated Framework for FPGA Design Logic Encryption

Hardware security has become an afterthought in the modern IC and FPGA design toolchain. An automated framework for FPGA design logic encryption has been developed that integrates multiple design locking techniques to place IP and user protection at the forethought of chip design.
Abstract 53: Results Of The Nashville Barber-pharmacist Hypertension Management Pilot Study

Background: The Los Angeles Barbershop Blood Pressure Study (LABBPS) demonstrated that collaboration between barbers and pharmacists delivering hypertension management could significantly improve b...
'IT'S 1776, BABY!': BROADCASTING REVOLUTIONARY PERFORMANCE DURING THE U.S. CAPITOL RIOTS

This presentation focuses on the documentation and mediation of the January 6, 2021 breach of the U.S. Capitol by supporters of then-President Donald Trump in an effort to overturn the certification of Joseph Biden’s electoral victory. We analyzed videos participants recorded and shared through a variety of social networking, live-streaming, and messaging applications. We offer a cross-platform descriptive analysis of footage transmitted from participants during the Capitol Riots from seven different platforms: the social networking sites Facebook, Twitter, and Parler; the live-streaming sites DLive, Twitch, and Periscope; and the messaging application Snapchat. In examining this range of platforms and applications, we argue not just for the importance of attending to the documentation of violent protests, but to also account for the broad spectrum of possibilities at play across the ecology of digital video-sharing platforms in building digitally networked publics. This analysis allows us to provisionally argue that the Capitol Rioters were not only interested in particular political outcomes; they were also interested in mediated outcomes that were consciously drawing from the structured affordances of their smartphones and their online networks to create many different media spectacles that were distributed across an ecology of platforms.
Comparative Tax Law

Part 1: tax legislative process, Richard K. Gordon and Victor Thuronyi legal framework for taxation, Frans Vanistendael drafting tax legislation, Victor Thuronyi law of tax administration and procedure, Richard K. Gordon regulation of tax professionals, Victor Thuronyi and Frans Vansitendael value-added tax, David Williams VAT treatment of immovable property, Sijbren Cnossen excises, Ben J.M. Terra tax on land and buildings, Joan M. Youngman taxation of wealth, Rebecca S. Rudnick and Richard K. Gordan social security taxation, David Williams presumptive taxation, Victor Thuronyi adjusting taxes for inflation, Victor Thuronyi. Part 2: Introduction to the income tax individual income tax, Lee Burns and Richard Krever the pay-as-you-earn tax on wages, Koenraad van der Heeden taxation of income from business and investment, Lee Burns and Richard Krever Depreciation, amortization, and depletion, Richard K. Gordon international aspects of income tax, Richard J. Vann taxation of enterprises and their owners, Graeme S. Cooper and Richard K. Gordon taxation of corporate reorganizations, Frans Vanistendael fiscal transparency, Alexander Easson and Victor Thuronyi taxation of investment funds, Eric M. Zolt income tax incentives for investment, David Holland and Richard J. Vann.
Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems

FUNDAMENTALS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Primary Distribution Configurations Urban Networks Primary Voltage Levels Distribution Substations Subtransmission Systems Differences between European and North American Systems Loads The Past and the Future References OVERHEAD LINES Typical Constructions Conductor Data Line Impedances Simplified Line Impedance Calculations Line Impedance Tables Conductor Sizing Ampacities Secondaries Fault Withstand Capability Other Overhead Issues References UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION Applications Cables Installations and Configurations Impedances Ampacity Fault Withstand Capability Cable Reliability Cable Testing Fault Location References TRANSFORMERS Basics Distribution Transformers Single-Phase Transformers Three-Phase Transformers Loadings Losses Network Transformers Substation Transformers Special Transformers Special Problems References VOLTAGE REGULATION Voltage Standards Voltage Drop Regulation Techniques Regulators Station Regulation Line Loss and Voltage Drop Relationships References CAPACITOR APPLICATION Capacitor Ratings Released Capacity Voltage Support Reducing Line Losses Switched Banks Local Controls Automated Controls Reliability Failure Modes and Case Ruptures Fusing and Protection Grounding References INDEX
The ‘Legion of Science’

THE CONTINUING INCREASE OF THE POWER AND POPULARITY of personal computers has put substantial computational capabilities in the hands of the average American. There are tens of millions of personal computers with the total processing power estimated to be some 2 × 1015 instructions per second. Considering that a typical supercomputer is capable of 2 × 1011 instructions per second, the combined processing power of these machines matches the power of roughly 10,000 supercomputers.
Asymmetric Information in Vendor Managed Inventory Systems

This study investigates the conditions under which Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) systems lead to improved quantity decisions and increased supply chain profits. The study provides analytical models of both a traditional and a VMI system, incorporating both the asymmetric information that is present in such relationships and the quantity choices of both parties. Using survey data, it tests empirical predictions about the characteristics of divisions that use VMI and the products for which they utilize VMI. The results indicate that VMI systems are not unambiguously better than traditional systems. A manufacturer will select VMI when the information that is transmitted between the retailer and manufacturer is reliable and precise and demand is variable. The survey data corroborates the finding that manufacturers use VMI when the information linkages between the parties are sophisticated and retailer demand is variable.
The intraosseous and extraosseous vascular supply of the fifth metatarsal: implications for fifth metatarsal osteotomy.

Background:Osteotomies of the fifth metatarsal may disrupt the nutrient artery and result in nonunion. The location of the nutrient artery foramen relative to the location of common osteotomies has...
Cache behavior in the presence of speculative execution: the benefits of misprediction

Cache performance analysis is becoming increasingly important in microprocessor design. This work examines the effect of mispredicted-path memory references on cache performance and proposes a new algorithm to prefetch instruction cache lines. The first cache study describes the effects of deep speculation on data cache miss rates and memory traffic. The major result was that traffic is only slightly increased by speculation--less than 15% for most SPEC benchmarks even when executing 50 instructions down a mispredicted path. Cache misses are not significantly increased because the mispredicted paths references act as prefetch operations for later correct path references. The latter result led to the development of a new instruction cache prefetching algorithm called wrong-path prefetching. Using trace-driven simulation, wrong-path prefetching was found to offer higher performance than other prefetching algorithms at an equivalent or lower hardware cost. The algorithm reduced CPU cycle time by up to 16% in current-generation cache configurations. While prefetching does increase bus traffic, reallocating hardware resources to increase bus bandwidth in conjunction with the use of a prefetch scheme is shown to reduce the required cache size by up to a factor of 4 with only a minor increase in bus utilization. It is also shown that prefetching algorithms become even more effective (over 20% cycle reduction) on next-generation microprocessors characterized by long memory latencies, high IPC rates, and multiple memory ports. An analytical cache model is extended to predict the miss rates of a prefetched cache. The accuracy of the model verifies the behavior of the prefetch algorithms. The work also includes a survey of instrumentation programs which are used to gather execution traces for trace-driven performance simulation. The different approaches to designing the tools as well as the problems encountered when building them are discussed. Two instrumentation tools, IDtrace and spex, which were built for the Intel Architecture, are described in detail.
X‐Ray Structures of Nucleic Acids

This article first summarizes the procedures used in the X-ray crystallographic determination of nucleic acids. The methods used to analyze the results of these determinations are presented, followed by a survey of the highlights of the more than 500 structures determined by these methods since the 1970s.
Modeling perspectives on echolocation strategies inspired by bats flying in groups

Bats navigating with echolocation - which is a type of active sensing achieved by interpreting echoes resulting from self-generated ultrasonic pulses - exhibit unique behaviors during group flight. While bats may benefit from eavesdropping on their peers׳ echolocation, they also potentially suffer from confusion between their own and peers׳ pulses, caused by an effect called frequency jamming. This hardship of group flight is supported by experimental observations of bats simplifying their sound-scape by shifting their pulse frequencies or suppressing echolocation altogether. Here, we investigate eavesdropping and varying pulse emission rate from a modeling perspective to understand these behaviors׳ potential benefits and detriments. We define an agent-based model of echolocating bats avoiding collisions in a three-dimensional tunnel. Through simulation, we show that bats with reasonably accurate eavesdropping can reduce collisions compared to those neglecting information from peers. In large populations, bats minimize frequency jamming by decreasing pulse emission rate, while collision risk increases; conversely, increasing pulse emission rate minimizes collisions by allowing more sensing information generated per bat. These strategies offer benefits for both biological and engineered systems, since frequency jamming is a concern in systems using active sensing.
Advanced SAR GMTI techniques

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are designed to produce high quality imagery of a stationary target on the ground. These systems are not designed to handle moving targets and perform poorly in the areas of detecting and imaging moving targets. The paper presents advanced techniques developed to handle the detection and refocusing of moving targets for SAR systems.
MULTIPLE PATTERNS IN SPIRAL AND BARRED GALAXIES

Our ability to locate resonances of spiral patterns in galaxies is severely limited if spirals are short-lived and if many patterns co-exist in the same galaxy. Theoreticians are currently divided on the basic question of whether spiral patterns are long-lived, but I argue that multiple, short-lived pattersn are to be expected. Bars, on the other hadn, seem to be truly long-lived features and a plausible case can be made that rings in barred galaxies are located at resonances. Even in barred galaxies, however, spirals appear to have a pattern speed that differs from that of the bar.
Whose Argumentative Burden, which Incompatibilist Arguments?—Getting the Dialectic Right

Kadri Vihvelin has recently argued that between compatibilists and incompatibilists, the incompatibilists have a greater dialectical burden than compatibilists. According to her, both must show that free will is possible, but beyond this the incompatibilists must also show that no deterministic worlds are free will worlds. Thus, according to Vihvelin, so long as it is established that free will is possible, all the compatibilist must do is show that the incompatibilists' arguments are ineffective. I resist Vihvelin's assessment of the dialectical burdens of compatibilists and incompatibilists, as well as her assessment of the best arguments for incompatibilism.
Regulation of Mitochondrial Outer and Inner Membrane Fusion Coupling

Mitochondrial fusion is an essential process for maintaining cell health that entails the sequential mergers of outer membrane (OMM) and inner membrane (IMM). While IMM fusion is not obligatory following fusion of the OMM, it most often follows in a matter of seconds. Little is known about the coordination of this close coupling. Using photactivatable fluorescent proteins and time-lapse confocal microscopy we have been able to visualize and quantify OMM-IMM fusion coupling in vivo under a variety of conditions to discover regulation by two inter-related factors. First, in cells deprived of oxidative substrate, reintroduction of glutamine significantly increased the efficiency of coupling as measured by the distribution of coupling times and OMM-only fusion events. This enhancement correlates with mitochondrial ATP levels measured by a matrix-targeted genetically encoded reporter, and supported by a strong decoupling effect observed following oligomycin treatment. Second, cells treated with carefully calibrated levels of the ionophores valinomycin or nigericin show increased and decreased coupling efficiency, respectively. We hypothesize this effect is due to matrix volume dilation and constriction that affects the physical interaction of the OMM and IMM.
Phase transition and negative thermal expansion in tetragonal NbOPO4

Abstract The structure of tetragonal NbOPO 4 has been studied from room temperature to 500°C by X-ray powder diffraction and to 327°C by neutron powder diffraction. Rietveld refinements were conducted on neutron data collected at 25, 100, 175, 200, 225, 275, and 327°C. A phase transition was found at about 200°C. The space group is P 4/ n below this transition and P 4/ nmm above this transition. The c cell edge shows positive thermal expansion over the entire temperature range. The a and b cell edges show positive thermal expansion below the transition and negative thermal expansion above the transition. The negative thermal expansion is attributed to rocking motions of the corner-shared NbO 6 octahedra and PO 4 tetrahedra.
Thermal wetting of platinum nanocrystals on silica surface

Thermal stability of facetted Pt nanocrystals on amorphous silica support films was investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy in a temperature range between 25 and 800 °C. The particles started to change their shapes at ∼350 °C. Above 500 °C, the particles spread on the support film with increasing temperature, rather than becoming more spherical. Such temperature-induced wetting of Pt nanoparticles on silica surface can be attributed to the interfacial mixing of Pt and SiO2 and the resulting negative interface energy.
Tensile and Shear Fracture of an HSLA Steel

Abstract : The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the mixed mode I - mode III fracture resistance of an HSLA steel, similar to ASTM A710 Grade A, of composition 0.04% C, 0.04% Nb, 1.17% Cu, 0.90% Ni, 0.70% Cr, 0.49% Mn, 0.27% Si, 0.20% Mo, 0.007% N, 0.010% P, 0.009% S, balance Fe. Plates of 12.7 mm thickness were heat treated according to two previously developed schedules to produce a ferritic structure containing either peak aged or overaged Cu precipitates. The compact specimen geometry and test procedures were identical to those used by Miglin et al with two exceptions. First, initial slots were inclined to the loading direction at angles of 90 (pure mode I), 75, 55, 45, and 35 degrees to produce varying ratios of mode III/mode I load components. Side grooves occupying a total of twenty percent of the section were also machined into the faces of the specimen prior to fatigue precracking to maintain crack propagation along the path of desired inclination angle. Without side grooves there are tendencies either for crack plane rotation or for double-shear formation during stable growth. Crack growth was monitored using the electric potential drop method.
Late Gadolinium Enhancement by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Heralds an Adverse Prognosis in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Objectives We examined whether the presence and extent of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) predict adverse outcomes in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) patients. Background Morbidity and mortality is high in NICM patients. However, the clinical course of an individual patient is unpredictable and current risk stratification approaches are limited. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance detects myocardial fibrosis, which appears as LGE after contrast administration and may convey prognostic importance. Methods In a prospective cohort study, 65 NICM patients with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction ≤35% underwent CMR before placement of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. The CMR images were analyzed for the presence and extent of LGE and for LV function, volumes, and mass. Patients were followed for an index composite end point of 3 cardiac events: hospitalization for heart failure, appropriate ICD firing, and cardiac death. Results A total of 42% (n = 27) of patients had CMR LGE, averaging 10 ± 13% of LV mass. During a 17-month median follow-up, 44% (n = 12) of patients with LGE had an index composite outcome event versus only 8% (n = 3) of those without LGE (p Conclusions A CMR LGE in NICM patients strongly predicts adverse cardiac outcomes. The CMR LGE may represent the end-organ consequences of sustained adrenergic activation and adverse LV remodeling, and its identification may significantly improve risk stratification strategies in this high risk population. (Imaging Techniques for Identifying Factors of Sudden Cardiac Death Risk; NCT00181233)
Selective oxygenation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol by leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase

The endogenous cannabinoid system appears to serve vascular, neurological, immunological, and reproductive functions. The identification of 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) as an endogenous ligand for the central (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptors has prompted interest in enzymes capable of modifying or inactivating this endocannabinoid. Porcine leukocyte 12-liopoxygenase (12-LOX) oxygenated 2-AG to the 2-glyceryl ester of 12(S)-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (12-HPETE-G). The k(cat)/K(M) for oxygenation of 2-AG was 40% of the value for arachidonic acid. In contrast to the results with leukocyte 12-LOX, 2-AG oxygenation was not detected with platelet-type 12-LOX. Among a series of structurally related arachidonyl esters, 2-AG served as the preferential substrate for leukocyte 12-LOX. 12(S)-Hydroxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid glyceryl ester (12-HETE-G) was produced following addition of 2-AG to COS-7 cells transiently transfected with leukocyte 12-LOX. These results demonstrate that leukocyte-type 12-LOX efficiently oxidizes 2-AG in vitro and in intact cells, suggesting a role for this oxygenase in the endogenous cannabinoid system.
The regeneration of two »crusher-claws« following the amputation of the normal asymmetrical chelæ of the lobster (homarus americanus)

a) The normally asymmetrical chelipeds of au adult lobster were autotomously removed. The right claw was a »nipper«, and the left a »crusher«. b) After amputation the chelipeds regenerated, but the regenerative processes did not reproduce the original asymmetrical types of chelae. The regenerated left claw was a true »crusher« like the former claw; but the regenerated right claw had the general characters, not of the »nipper«, but of a typical »crusher«. c) A close analysis of the structural features of the regenerated right claw demonstrated that, in all its morphological characters, it corresponded point for point with both the normal and the regenerated »crusher« of the left side, in respect to the general form, size, and proportions, in the shape and arrangement of the teeth, and even in the number and distribution of the tufts of tactile hairs.
Adaptations and history.

The historical definition of adaptations has come into wide use as comparative biologists have applied methods of phylogenetic analysis to a variety of evolutionary problems. Here we point out a number of difficulties in applying historical methods to the study of adaptation, especially in cases where a trait has arisen but once. In particular, the potential complexity of the genetic correlations among phenotypic traits, performance variables and fitness makes inferring past patterns of selection from comparative data difficult. A given pattern of character distribution may support many alternative hypotheses of mechanism. While phylogenetic data are limited in their ability to reveal evolutionary mechanisms, they have always been an important source of adaptive hypotheses and will continue to be so.
Development of oral liquid dosage forms of acetazolamide.

Two oral liquid dosage forms of acetazolamide have been developed. Using the solubility profiles, polyethylene glycol 400 (7%, v/v) was used as the solubilizing agent and propylene glycol (53%, v/v) as the cosolvent to keep acetazolamide in solution. Because of the bitter taste of acetazolamide, sweetening agents (simple syrup, sorbitol solution, and artificial sweeteners) and flavors (raspberry, sweet, and menthol) were added to the final formulations. A buffer (either phosphate or citrate) solution was used to maintain a pH value of 4 (pH of maximum stability as reported earlier) to minimize hydrolysis. The final dosage forms were stable for at least 90 days at 37 °C (loss of potency of 5%). According to FDA guidelines, a tentative expiry date of 2 years at 25 °C is justifiable.
Incidence and Prevalence of Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered in clinical practice. The reported frequency of the disorder is determined by a number of factors, including the definition of hyponatremia, the frequency of testing, the healthcare setting, and the patient population. This review focuses on the incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia. In acute hospital care, particular attention is given to admission versus hospital-acquired hyponatremia. Although less well studied, the epidemiology of hyponatremia in the ambulatory-based setting and the geriatric/nursing home population is also summarized. Finally, the frequency of hyponatremia occurring in special clinical conditions--including congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, pneumonia, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--as well as in marathon runners will be reviewed. Substantial additional work is still required to determine the true occurrence of hyponatremia in the various clinical settings. Beyond the phenomenologic value, advances in the epidemiology of hyponatremia should also provide insights in the prognostic implications as well as the preventive and management strategies of the disorder in various clinical settings.
The costs of today’s jobs: Job characteristics and organizational supports as antecedents of negative spillover ☆

Abstract This study examined job characteristics and organizational supports as antecedents of negative work-to-nonwork spillover for 1178 U.S. employees. Based on hierarchical regression analyses of 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce data and O∗NET data, job demands (requirements to work at home beyond scheduled hours, job complexity, time and strain) had positive relationships, and job resources (autonomy and skill development) and organizational supports (flexible work arrangements and two work-life culture facets) had negative relationships to negative spillover, but not all relationships held when multiple predictors were examined. Organizational supports did not moderate relationships of job characteristics to negative spillover, and relative weights analysis indicated that job characteristics accounted for the majority of explained variance in negative spillover. The findings underscore the importance of job characteristics, and suggest that job characteristics and organizational supports both need to be considered when developing work-life policies intended to reduce employees’ negative work-to-nonwork spillover.
SIRT1 Is Significantly Elevated in Mouse and Human Prostate Cancer

Evidence suggests that the histone deacetylase, SIRT1, is a mediator of life span extension by calorie restriction; however, SIRT1 may paradoxically increase the risk of cancer. To better understand the relationship among SIRT1, energy balance, and cancer, two experiments were done. First, a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate; TRAMP) was used to determine the role of energy balance on SIRT1 expression and the effect of cancer stage on SIRT1 and hypermethylated in cancer-1 (HIC-1). Second, immunohistochemistry was done on human prostate tumors to determine if SIRT1 was differentially expressed in tumor cells versus uninvolved cells. Results show that SIRT1 is not increased in the dorsolateral prostate (DLP) of calorie-restricted mice during carcinogenesis. In contrast, when examined in the DLP as a function of pathologic score, SIRT1 was significantly elevated in mice with poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas compared with those with less-advanced disease. HIC-1, which has been shown to regulate SIRT1 levels, was markedly reduced in the same tumors, suggesting that a reduction in HIC-1 may be in part responsible for the increased expression of SIRT1 in prostatic adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, immunostaining of human prostate tumors showed that cancer cells had greater SIRT1 expression than uninvolved cells. In conclusion, DLP SIRT1 expression from calorie-restricted mice was not altered during carcinogenesis. However, SIRT1 expression was increased in mice with poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and in human prostate cancer cells. Because SIRT1 may function as a tumor promoter, these results suggest that SIRT1 should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
Postoperative pain outcomes after transvaginal mesh revision

Introduction and hypothesis Although the current literature discusses mesh complications including pain, as well as suggesting different techniques for removing mesh, there is little literature regarding pain outcomes after surgical removal or revision. The purpose of this study is to determine if surgical removal or revision of vaginal mesh improves patient’s subjective complaints of pelvic pain associated with original placement of mesh.
Hydrogen segregation and trapping in the Al/Si(111) interface

A quantitative measurement of hydrogen trapping in an undisturbed solid-solid interface is reported. Trapping and segregation of hydrogen was found to occur at the semicoherent interface between Si(111) substrates and 1500-\AA{}-thick epitaxial Al films. Ion-beam-analysis techniques were used to measure the depth profile of the trapped hydrogen. Up to 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ H atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ were found to be trapped in the interface. The hydrogen was introduced by 500-eV ion implantation into the surface of the Al layer to avoid any radiation damage at the interface. The amount of trapped hydrogen was found to increase with implantation dose, without saturating. The thickness of the hydrogen-containing layer was less than 13 nm. In ramp annealing at least 70% of the trapped hydrogen was released from the interface in an abrupt stage near 390 K; a smaller release stage occurred at 150 K. The detrapped hydrogen was found to have left the sample. The annealing in the stage at 390 K obeyed first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 0.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 eV. Analysis of the annealing data was used to derive the binding enthalpy and entropy of H in the interface relative to solution in the Al as 0.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 eV and (-4.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9)k.
Liberal arts colleges and Standards for College Libraries: a quantitative analysis

Standards for College Libraries provide benchmarks for collection size and professional staffing. Formulas from the Standards were used to compare the recommended collection size and number of professional librarians with the actual size of the collections and the number of librarians for a random sample of Baccalaureate I and II colleges.
Market integration in US gasoline markets

This paper analyses the degree of market integration in the retail gasoline markets in the United States after it was completely deregulated in 1981. The monthly average prices of unleaded regular gasoline, excluding taxes, from January 1983 to December of 1998 for five US Petroleum Administration Defense Districts were considered in the analysis. There is evidence of a high degree of market integration in the gasoline markets as evidenced by the Engel and Granger and Johansen cointegration tests, but perfect market integration is rejected in all but a few cases.
Modification of the wind erosion roughness index by rainfall

The cumulative shelter angle distribution (CSAD) is a soil surface roughness index used in the “wind erosion prediction system” to estimate the fraction of the soil surface susceptible to abrasion by saltating particles (FSA). However, little is known of the effect of rainfall amount and intensity on CSAD parameters. This study was conducted to determine how and to what degree simulated rainfall amount and intensity affect CSAD parameters and ridge height in a field with low (92 mm) ridges. Simulated rainfall was applied in cumulative amounts of 0,6, 19, 32, 44, 57, and 83 mm at intensities of 13, 25, 5 1, and 76mmh-’ on duplicate plots of an Acuff sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aridic Paleustoll). The CSAD parameters were estimated from elevations measured by a laser roughness meter in directions parallel and perpendicular to tillage after each cumulative rainfall amount. Laser roughness meter measurements were also used to calculate ridge height for each plot. We found the CSAD parameters varied in response to tillage direction. The mean FSA was 19% greater and the rate of change of FSA over rainfall amount was twice that when evaluated parallel to tillage compared with measurements made perpendicular to tillage. The CSAD was a more sensitive index than ridge height for describing the effects of rainfall and tillage on surface roughness. Analyses of variance of CSAD parameters and FSA revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) owing to rainfall amount and intensity for most parameters. No significant differences in ridge height (P < 0.05) were found to be due to rainfall amount and intensity. The 13 mm h-r rainfall intensity had no effect on the roughness parameters. Regressions of CSAD parameters and FSA over rainfall amount for each rainfall intensity showed that data for the 51 and 76 mmh-’ rainfall intensities could be combined. This study clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of CSAD parameters to rainfall amount and intensity. The response of
Directional Pituitary Blood Flow: A Microcinephotographic Study

Anatomical studies have demonstrated vascular routes that could allow the pituitary gland to secrete directly to the brain. To assess the direction of pituitary blood flow, a bolus of Lissamine Green was injected into the cervical carotid arteries of 26 female pigs. The direction of pituitary blood flow was observed through the operating microscope and was recorded by microcinephotography. Flow patterns were correlated with porcine pituitary angioarchitecture. We observed blood to enter the neurohypophyseal capillary bed caudally (at the neural lobe) just before entering it rostrally at the median eminence. Within the neurohypophysis, blood flowing retrograde from the neural lobe met blood flowing anterograde from the median eminence at a variable boundary zone within the infundibular stem. Blood left the rostral region of the neurohypophysis (the median eminence) via portal routes and passed to the pars distalis. The remainder of the neurohypophysis drained into the cavernous sinus via the neurohypophyse...
Optical access trocar injuries in urological laparoscopic surgery.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Inadvertent injuries during trocar and Veress needle placement are a rare but potentially serious complication of laparoscopic surgery. An access alternative is an optical trocar under direct vision. Limited data are available regarding the safety of this technique. We reviewed complications related to optical access trocars during standard transperitoneal urological laparoscopic procedures performed at a single institution.Materials and Methods: From 1995 to 2001 the optical access trocar was used as the initial trocar in 1,283 urological laparoscopic procedures. The procedures included simple and radical nephrectomy in 309 cases, donor nephrectomy in 386, partial nephrectomy in 79, pyeloplasty in 173 and various other procedures in 336. Intra-abdominal complications caused by optical access trocar were assessed.Results: The optical trocar was inserted at the umbilicus in 88 patients (7.4%), in the right upper quadrant in 445 (34.7%) and in the left upper quadrant in 750 (58.5%). There w...
Cardiopulmonary Dynamics in Patients with Anastomosis of the Superior Vena Cava to the Right Pulmonary Artery

The cardiopulmonary dynamics of the circulation through the right lung were studied in six patients with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease who had undergone surgery with anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery. Pressure gradients across the right lung varied with respiratory changes in a way opposite from normal in that increasing intrathoracic pressure was associated with increased pressure gradients across the right lung. Radiocardiographic and cinefluorographic studies indicated that periods of changing intrathoracic pressure (spontaneous breathing and intermittent positive-pressure respiration) augmented flow, whereas absence of respiratory motion or sustained increased intrathoracic pressure (Valsalva maneuver) impeded flow through the right lung. The diminution of flow through the right lung during periods of sustained increased intrathoracic pressure occurred in the presence of an increased pressure gradient between the right pulmonary artery and left atrium.
Evidence for strongly temperature-dependent A factors in alkane decomposition and high heats of formation for alkyl radicals

The experimental data on alkane decomposition from shock-tube and radical buffer studies and radical combination from very-low-pressure pyrolysis and modulation spectroscopy are shown to be consistent. They lead to experimental A factors which decrease by factors of 10–2000 from 300° to 1100°K. Heats of formation for ethyl, isopropyl, and t-butyl radicals have been found to be 10, 10 and 20 kJ higher than currently accepted numbers from metathesis reactions.
Developing an educational book about back pain: problems encountered — possible solutions

The development of an educational book about back pain is described. It is used as a part of the patient education on the Back School of the Geneva Hospital. The problems encountered and possible solutions are presented.
N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors are found in post-synaptic targets of adrenergic terminals in the thoracic spinal cord.

Abstract Adrenergic (C1) neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) are sympathoexcitatory and project directly to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the thoracic spinal cord. C1 neurons also contain glutamate which may mediate the excitatory effects of RVL stimulation on SPNs through the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-type receptor. Dual-labeling immunocytochemistry, combined with electron microscopy, was used to determine if NMDA receptors are located post-synaptic to adrenergic terminals in the spinal cord. Adrenergic terminals were labeled using an antibody directed against phenylethanolamine- N -methyl transferase (PNMT) and the NMDA receptor was identified using an antibody directed against the R1 subunit of the receptor (NMDAR1). NMDAR1 was found primarily in large and small dendrites and a few perikarya. The presence of NMDAR1 in the dendritic targets of PNMT-containing terminals was quantified in spinal cords sectioned either horizontally or coronally. PNMT-labeled terminals formed asymmetric synapses on dendrites containing immunogold labeling for NMDAR1, but NMDAR1 was more often detected in the targets of PNMT terminals when spinal cords were sectioned horizontally (59%) rather than coronally (28%). This difference in prevalence of NMDAR1 in targets of PNMT terminals is likely due to the preferential orientation of SPN dendrites in the horizontal plane, since longer dendritic shafts were visible in horizontal sections. When NMDAR1 was present in the dendritic targets of many adrenergic terminals, it was usually located at sites distal to the adrenergic input. We conclude that NMDA receptor ligands are likely to modulate the activity of dendritic targets of adrenergic terminals in the spinal cord, but are not closely associated with adrenergic synaptic input.
Patient and physician roles in end-of-life decision making

This study is a cross-sectional descriptive survey of randomly selected primary care patients and physicians regarding patient, physician, and family roles in end-of-life decision making. The subjects included 329 adult outpatients and 272 practicing physicians. Physicians were more likely than patients to believe the patient alone was responsible for making end-of-life decisions. Patients were more likely than physicians to believe the physician should provide a recommendation in addition to facts to help the patient make end-of-life decisions. We conclude that patients prefer a more active role for physicians in both decision making and discussion of end-of-life care than do physicians themselves.
Convergent Domestication of pogo-like Transposases into Centromere-Binding Proteins in Fission Yeast and Mammals

The mammalian centromere-associated protein B (CENP-B) shares significant sequence similarity with 3 proteins in fission yeast (Abp1, Cbh1, and Cbh2) that also bind centromeres and have essential function for chromosome segregation and centromeric heterochromatin formation. Each of these proteins displays extensive sequence similarity with pogo-like transposases, which have been previously identified in the genomes of various insects and vertebrates, in the protozoan Entamoeba and in plants. Based on this distribution, it has been proposed that the mammalian and fission yeast centromeric proteins are derived from "domesticated" pogo-like transposons. Here we took advantage of the vast amount of sequence information that has become recently available for a wide range of fungal and animal species to investigate the origin of the mammalian CENP-B and yeast CENP-B-like genes. A highly conserved ortholog of CENP-B was detected in 31 species of mammals, including opossum and platypus, but was absent from all nonmammalian species represented in the databases. Similarly, no ortholog of the fission yeast centromeric proteins was identified in any of the various fungal genomes currently available. In contrast, we discovered a plethora of novel pogo-like transposons in diverse invertebrates and vertebrates and in several filamentous fungi. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mammalian and fission yeast CENP-B proteins fall into 2 distinct monophyletic clades, each of which includes a different set of pogo-like transposons. These results are most parsimoniously explained by independent domestication events of pogo-like transposases into centromeric proteins in the mammalian and fission yeast lineages, a case of "convergent domestication." These findings highlight the propensity of transposases to give rise to new host proteins and the potential of transposons as sources of genetic innovation.