cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-Conflict Development in East Asia

Contents: Part I Measuring Post-Conflict Development Success: Theory and Practice: Introduction, Brendan M. Howe Security, post-conflict development, and good governance in East Asia, Brendan M. Howe The responsibility to protect and Northeast Asia: the case of North Korea, Boris Kondoch. Part II East Asian 'Success' Stories and Caveats: Aid to build governance in a fragile state: foreign assistance to a post-conflict South Korea, Jae-Jung Suh and Jinkyung Kim Human security and post-conflict development in Taiwan, Christian Schaeffer Post-conflict developments in the Vietnamese context - reform, conflict resolution and regional integration, Ramses Amer. Part III East Asian Obstacle Case Studies and Opportunities: Human security in post-Cold War Cambodia, Sorpong Peou Oligarchic rule, ethnocratic tendencies and armed conflict in the Philippines, Nathan Gilbert Quimpo From authoritarian to democratic models of post-conflict development: the Indonesian experience, Edward Aspinall. Part IV East Asian Initiatives in the Field of Human Security: Working for human security: JICA's experience, Keiichi Tsunekawa and Ryutaro Murotani Korea's development assistance in fragile states: what is at stake?, Woojin Jung Human security in building the ASEAN community, Carolina G. Hernandez Index.
Low-Impurity High-Performance Solution-Processed Metal Oxide Semiconductors via a Facile Redox Reaction

Metal oxide semiconductors realized using solution processes have received a great deal of attention because of their low cost and simple fabrication. One major problem associated with the solution approach is the presence of undesired impurity species introduced by precursor solutions. Here, we investigated the effects of impurities on the electrical properties and device performance of metal oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors. It was found that chlorine residues inhibit the formation of the oxide framework and impede electron transport in a chloride precursor-derived metal oxide. To minimize the impurity concentration and produce high-quality oxide semiconductors, we used perchloric acid to remove excess chlorine species in a facile redox reaction. After the removal of chlorine species, the oxygen lattice concentration increased from 53 to 62%, and the field-effect mobility of indium oxide thin-film transistors was improved by >20-fold. Furthermore, devices treated with perchloric acid showed sup...
Management of childhood diarrhea by healthcare professionals in low income countries: An integrative review

Abstract Background The significant drop in child mortality due to diarrhea has been primarily attributed to the use of oral rehydration solutions, continuous feeding and zinc supplementation. Nevertheless uptake of these interventions have been slow in developing countries and many children suffering from diarrhea are not receiving adequate care according to the World Health Organization recommended guidelines for the clinical management of childhood diarrhea. Objectives The aim of this integrative review is to appraise healthcare professionals' management of childhood diarrhea in low-income countries. Design Whittemore and Knafl integrative review method was used, in conjunction with the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for reporting observational cohort, case control and cross sectional studies. Method A comprehensive search performed from December 2014 to April 2015 used five databases and focused on observational studies of healthcare professional's management of childhood diarrhea in low-income countries. Results A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Eight studies used a survey design while three used some type of simulated client survey referring to a fictitious case of a child with diarrhea. Retrospective chart reviews were used in one study. Only one study used direct observation of the healthcare professionals during practice and the remaining eight used a combination of research designs. Studies were completed in South East Asia (n=13), Sub-Saharan Africa (n=6) and South America (n=2). Conclusion Studies report that healthcare providers have adequate knowledge of the etiology of diarrhea and the severe signs of dehydration associated with diarrhea. More importantly, regardless of geographical settings and year of study publication, inconsistencies were noted in healthcare professionals' physical examination, prescription of oral rehydration solutions, antibiotics and other medications as well as education provided to the primary caregivers. Factors other than knowledge about diarrhea were shown to significantly influence prescriptive behaviors of healthcare professionals. This review demonstrates that " knowledge is not enough" to ensure the appropriate use of oral rehydration solutions, zinc and antibiotics by healthcare professionals in the management of childhood diarrhea.
Becoming Cybercriminals: Incentives in Networks with Interdependent Security

We study users' incentives to become cybercriminals when network security is interdependent. We present a game-theoretic model in which each player i.e., network user decides his type, honest or malicious. Honest users represent law-abiding network users, while malicious users represent cybercriminals. After deciding on their types, the users make their security choices. We will followi¾?[29], where breach probabilities for large-scale networks are obtained from a standard interdependent security IDS setup. In large-scale IDS networks, the breach probability of each player becomes a function of two variables: the player's own security action and network security, which is an aggregate characteristic of the network; network security is computed from the security actions of the individual nodes that comprise the network. This allows us to quantify user security choices in networks with IDS even when users have only very limited, aggregate information about security choices of other users of the network.
A Hyperactive Transcriptional State Marks Genome Reactivation during Mitotic Exit

The tremendous proliferative capacity of erythroid precursor cells underlies the production of over a million red blood cells per second in adult humans. During every mitosis the mammalian nucleus is disassembled and transcriptionally silent. Genome reactivation after mitosis is a key step in the propagation of transcriptional programs through cell generations, yet how this occurs remains largely unexplored. We carried out the first genome wide survey of transcription in cells emerging from mitosis using RNA polymerase II ChIP seq in purified populations at various post-mitotic time points. Using unsupervised approaches, we discover and classify genome reactivation patterns among genes. A surprisingly large fraction of genes (~25%) displays a post-mitotic spike in transcription. This spike represents the first complete round of transcription and accounts for the greatest gene-to-gene variance in temporal patterns of transcription in G1 phase. Another notable and contrasting pattern is gene activation late in the G1 phase. Single-molecule RNA FISH imaging demonstrates that the post-mitotic transcriptional spike represents the highest activity throughout the cell cycle and results in an increase in mature mRNAs, indicating that the phenomenon has the capacity to alter gene expression. Surprisingly, the post-mitotic transcriptional spike occurs independent of enhancer action and can be recapitulated with promoter sequences ectopically integrated into the genome. In contrast, late-G1 gene reactivation is distinct and requires enhancer function. Our findings uncover novel modes of transcriptional control during exit from mitosis with implications for our understanding of transitions in gene expression states in dividing cells. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Functional Annotation of KCNQ1 Variants of Unknown Significance using Automated Electrophysiology

Channelopathies result from ion channel dysfunction caused by mutation in either pore-forming subunits or regulatory proteins. The widespread use of genetic and genomic testing has led to an explosive growth in the number of newly discovered ion channel variants associated with human diseases and in reference populations. For example, in congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), hundreds of variants have been discovered in KCNQ1 and KCNE1, which encode the pore-forming subunit and accessory protein required to generate the slow delayed cardiac rectifier current (IKs).
The Degree of Normal Menstrual Irregularity**Contribution No. 245. Acknowledgment is due several persons who have supplied information to further the completion of this report. Drs. E. Allen, C. F. Fluhmann, J. L. King, L. J. Latz, J. P. Pratt, and M. C. Shelesnyak have cooperated by sending miscellaneous, supplementary data to clarify and extend their published accounts of group studies.

Data from 12 different studies have been assembled covering actually recorded cycles for 1500 women. 8462 cycles (585 women) were 28 days long. Average length of all cycles is 33.9 days for girls and 2 8.4 days for women. The commonest length of 17652 cycles (the grand mode of the individual modes of 1265 women) is between 30 and 31 days for pubertal girls and 27 days for adult women. Mean length (based on individual averages) is 33.6 days for girls and 29.5 days for women. These means and modes however have little significance in pubertal girls because of wide variability encountered. Maximun departure from individual mean varies from 1 to 69 days in women and 6 to 211 days in pubertal girls. The smooth frequenecy distribution obtained in group studies is the result of overlapping individual irregularities and not of closely spaced regular individual cycles. Cycles of 3 5 6 and 7 weeks do not appear to exist in sharp contrast to conclusions based upon oral testimony. Cycle length is extremely variable in pubertal girls; in middle adolescence (Cycles 25-39) regularity improved so that 2/3 were within a 10-day range; at the end of adolescence 2/3 were within plus or minus -4.4 days; and after age 21 about 2/3 were within plus or minus -2.5 days. However among adults cycles ranging from 2 to 3 weeks to 7 or more weeks appear in all groups for which data were collected. In records of more than 500 women 27% never showed their own means during the observation period which averaged 11 cycles in length. These studies reported in detail came from 11 different investigators and represented all ages many nationalities and various grades of society. Irregularity not perfect regularity is the common situation.
Abstract TMP108: Absence of Cortical Microvessel Spasm During Large Vessel Spasm Following Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction: A significant portion of the morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is due to delayed ischemic neurological deficits (DIND). Although large vessel vasospasm has been implicated as a cause of DIND, the presence of such spasm is not always correlated with DIND. In the present experiment we examined the cortical microvasculature in awake mice after SAH in an experimental model typically associated with large vessel vasospasm. Methods: Twenty adult mice underwent cisterna magna (CM) injection of 60ul syngenic donor blood or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). The mice were perfused at 72 hours, and Circle of Willis (COW) vessel diameters were measured. In a separate experiment, polished and reinforced thinned skull cranial windows were created in 10 mice that then underwent CM blood or aCSF injection. Cortical microvessels were measured in living, awake mice in the postoperative vasospasm period using two photon laser scanning microscopy. Results: A pairwise comparison of COW vessels revealed a statistically significant difference in vessel diameter between the experimental and control groups at each of the sites measured (ACA, P=0.0012; MCA, P=0.0259; Pcom, P=0.0053). In the second experiment, there were no significant differences in cortical microvessel diameter between the experimental and control groups. Conclusions: This study represents the first report of in vivo imaging of cortical microvessels during large vessel spasm following SAH. In a CM injection SAH model, we observed significant large vessel spasm but no cortical microvessel spasm. These results may have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of DIND.
Sodium Peroxide Dihydrate or Sodium Superoxide: The Importance of the Cell Configuration for Sodium–Oxygen Batteries

In sodium–oxygen (Na–O2) batteries, multiple discharge products have been observed by different research groups. Given the fact that different materials, gas supplies, and cell configurations are used by different groups, it is a great challenge to draw a clear conclusion on the formation of the different products. Here, two different cell setups are used to investigate the cell chemistries of Na–O2 batteries. With the same materials and gas supplies, a peroxide-based product is observed in a glass chamber cell and a superoxide-based product is observed in a stainless-steel cell. Ex situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and Raman spectroscopy are performed to investigate the structure and composition of the product. In addition, in situ XRD is used to investigate the structure evolution of the peroxide-based product. The findings highlight the importance of the cell design and emphasize the critical environment of the formation of the discharge products of Na–O2 batteries.
IASCC susceptibility of 304L stainless steel irradiated in a BWR and subjected to post irradiation annealing

Post-irradiation annealing (PIA) was conducted to investigate the cause of irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC). The effects of PIA on irradiation hardening, dislocation channel formation, and IASCC susceptibility were examined for a 304L stainless steel irradiated to 5.9 dpa in the Barseback-1 reactor (Sweden). The annealing treatments were performed at temperatures in the range 450–600 °C and times ranging from 1–20 h. Longer annealing times and higher temperatures, as represented by iron diffusion distance, resulted in a significant reduction in irradiation hardening. IASCC susceptibility was measured for the as-irradiated and two PIA conditions (500 °C: 1 h and 550 °C: 20 h) via interrupted CERT tests under simulated BWR-NWC conditions. The annealing treatments progressively reduced IASCC susceptibility (as measured by the final intergranular fracture fraction) and dislocation channel density.
Dyspepsia in Children: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Causes

Chronic abdominal pain is the most common gastrointestinal symptom in children. According to the definition of Apley and Nash, recurrent abdominal pain occurs in more than three episodes over more than 3 months and is severe enough to affect daily activities of a child [1]. As in majority of children with chronic abdominal pain no clear structural or biochemical pathology can be found, the term “pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders” has replaced the old term “chronic abdominal pain” [2, 3]. After the original definition, subgroups of the disorder have been described and according to the “Rome III” criteria a clinician can differentiate between functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine, and functional abdominal pain (syndrome) (Table 15.1) [2]. Visceral sensation, hormonal changes, inflammation, motility disturbances, and psychological factors have all been suggested as contributory factors [3]. Despite the fact that disorders are by definition functional, symptoms may persist for years and the reported quality of life of children may be similar to children with inflammatory bowel disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [4].
Perimetry at the Bedside and Clinic

While all of the visual field diagrams in this volume were obtained with a perimetric device, many of the defects they illustrate were detected on clinical examination. There are several reasons why it is worth developing the skill and confidence to probe for field defects with little more than the contents of one’ s pocket: 1 One does not always have immediate access to perimetric instruments. This is particularly the case in the emergency room and in most neurology clinics at present. In the urgent setting, one often has to make decisions about neuroimaging and other investigations before formal perimetry can be obtained. 2 Perimetry is reserved for selected patients. For patients not suspected of having a visual field defect, confrontation testing will be the only test of the visual field they will have. A good screening examination of the visual fields must be part of every routine neurologic or ophthalmologic examination. Because people are less attuned to their peripheral than central vision, such screening will occasionally uncover an asymptomatic peripheral field defect. 3 The choice of perimetric device and perimetric strategy should be guided by the suspicions aroused by the clinical examination and history. It is pointless to order automated perimetry of the central 24° of vision if one suspects a defect beyond 30°. A small defect within the central 10° of vision is better assessed by automated than Goldmann perimetry. Suspicion of a problem at the optic chiasm can guide the Goldmann perimetrist to concentrate testing around the vertical meridian.
Developing the Family Involvement Questionnaire-Long-Term Care: A Measure of Familial Involvement in the Lives of Residents at Long-Term Care Facilities.

INTRODUCTION Existing measures designed to assess family involvement in the lives of older adults residing in long-term care facilities are basic, using visitation frequency as the prominent gauge of involvement in a situation specific fashion. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a measure of family involvement that could be used to gauge more aspects of family involvement than visitation alone and be useful in a variety of settings for both researchers and long-term care facility administrators. METHODS Long-term facility staff were asked to assist in creating a 40-item questionnaire that used 4-point Likert scales to measure various aspects of family involvement. The finalized Family Involvement Questionnaire-Long-Term Care (FIQ-LTC) was distributed to the family members of older adults residing in long-term care facilities around the country. RESULTS A total of 410 participants responded. Researchers found that the FIQ-LTC was highly reliable (α = .965). Results also indicated that a significant correlation between distance and overall involvement (r = -.121, p = .015) was no longer significant (r = .17, p = .740) when the effect of a question asking the frequency of visitation was controlled for. DISCUSSION These results indicate that existing measures that use visitation frequency as the sole measure of involvement are insufficient. The newly developed FIQ-LTC can serve as a more complete measure of family involvement.
Determinants of Priority Conflict on City School Boards

In this article, the authors use original survey data to test the determinants of priority conflict on urban school boards in the United States. The results indicate that school district demographi...
River Advocacy: Valuing Complex Systems as the Groundwork for River Relationships

Environmental educators commonly make use of stream studies to develop their students’ understanding of the interrelationships of the natural world and provide them with an authentic context for investigating problems associated with our resources. By engaging in local stream monitoring, students become familiar with riparian systems and water-quality standards that scientists and regulators use to assess the health of a water body. Although water-quality standards provide the legal backing to address impairments, an educator’s aim of collecting and analyzing numerical water-quality data reduces the complexity of a river to the degree that it limits how students relate to and understand biological systems. If educators desire to guide students to share in responsibility for what occurs in our society, teachers should reconsider how to effectively foster a conscientiousness of nature and build connections with biological systems as part of their instruction. In this chapter, I suggest educators ought to move toward curricula reforms that delve into the complexity of living systems and focus on the underpinning question of a river’s rights to accomplish their environmental education goals.
A Large-Scale, Hybrid Approach for Recommending Pages Based on Previous User Click Pattern and Content

In a large-scale recommendation setting, item-based collaborative filtering is preferable due to the availability of huge number of users’ preference information and relative stability in item-item similarity. Item-based collaborative filtering only uses users’ items preference information to predict recommendation for targeted users. This process may not always be effective, if the amount of preference information available is very small. For this kind of problem, item-content based similarity plays important role in addition to item co-occurrence-based similarity. In this paper we propose and evaluate a Map-Reduce based, large-scale, hybrid collaborative algorithm to incorporate both the content similarity and co-occurrence similarity. To generate recommendation for users having more or less preference information the relative weights of the item-item content-based and co-occurrence-based similarities are user-dependently tuned. Our experimental results on Yahoo! Front Page “Today Module User Click Log” dataset shows that we are able to get significant average precision improvement using the proposed method for user-dependent parametric incorporation of the two similarity metrics compared to other recent cited work.
Diencephalic Surgery for the Relief of Pain

Diencephalic surgery for the purpose of relieving pain has a long history and has not been an unqualified success over this time.1,2 There are several reasons for this. Stereotactic surgery, before CT and MRI, depended upon anatomical localization first by intraventricular air study and later by positive contrast. Large ventricles could be confounding, particularly if the third ventricle was wide. The anatomy defined by this technique, while satisfactory in a practical sense, was often obscured by many things (lack of ventricular filling, poor definition of commissures, thalamic assymetry). As a result, much of the localization and many of the results reported are difficult to interpret now because it is very hard to know exactly where electrodes were and where the lesions were. Lesions tended to be large; they were frequently placed somewhat arbitrarily without very good anatomical delineation. Furthermore, the pain pathway was not well understood, so thalamic lesion making did not have much chance of success. Most of the literature on diencephalic surgery and pain dating from the 1950s and 1960s is, therefore, very difficult to interpret. The lesions were made in a wide variety of places, the most common targets being the centrum medianum, the para-fascicular nucleus surrounding it, and specific thalamic sensory nuclei. The relevant papers are difficult to review. Most do not prove the localization of the lesion because the patients survived and histological specimens were not available. The size of the lesion is hard to determine given the rather crude lesion-making techniques of the time, and the criteria for the success of pain relief were indefinite at best. In fact, records show that the average follow-up duration for stereotactic pain surgery at that time was 3 months, so it was impossible to determine whether there was any long-term effect upon pain. Only a small amount of destructive thalamic surgery has persisted into this era. What we now know about the pain pathway might make a rebirth more fruitful, but most have stayed with stimulation rather than attempting to go back to destructive lesions. Some of the ideas presented in this volume may cause surgeons to rethink that position.
Complications of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Complications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy are uncommon. Approximately one complication occurs with every 1000 procedures. The mortality rate is estimated to be between 0.5 and 3 per 10,000 cases. Cardiopulmonary events comprise 50% of all major complications, and most of these events result from the medications used for conscious sedation. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of common complications are discussed; rare complications are mentioned.
Assessing the Impact of Corneal Refraction and Iris Tissue Non-Planarity on Iris Recognition

Assumptions regarding eye morphology are implicit in iris recognition algorithms. The cornea is assumed to have little to no effect on the view of the iris texture when the eye gaze is non-frontal, the iris is assumed flat, and the eye is assumed to be imaged via an orthographic projection. If these assumptions hold, affine transformations may be used to rectify non-frontally posed images to a frontal view and the rubber sheet model may be accurately used to normalize the iris annulus to a rectangular image. This paper examines how iris recognition performance degrades when the first two assumptions are violated. Using a computer renderable eye model, a data set is created varying the presence of the cornea and a parameterized non-planarity of the iris shape across a large range of eye gaze angles. Matching scores are created using a commercial matcher. When comparing the relative impact of each assumption violation, it is observed that iris non-planarity presents a more significant problem than corneal refractive distortion with regard to iris recognition accuracy in non-frontal images.
Forecasting peak electricity demand for Los Angeles considering higher air temperatures due to climate change

Abstract Los Angeles County (LAC) is a large urbanized region with 9.7 million residents (as of 2010) and aging infrastructure. Population forecasts indicate that LAC will become home to an additional 1.2–3.1 million residents through 2060. Additionally, climate forecasts based upon representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 indicate that average air temperatures will increase by 1–4 °C (2–7 °F) in the region. Both of these factors are expected to result in higher summertime peak electricity demand due to growth in the number of buildings, the percentage of installed air conditioners (ACs), and the additional cooling load on those air conditioners. In order to understand potential power reliability issues, and support infrastructure planning efforts, a long-term peak demand forecast was developed using hourly residential and commercial (RC this could offset some of the projected increases in peak demand. Additionally, development of shared wall, multi-family dwelling units could enable population growth of up to 3 million people without increasing peak demand.
Cost Effectiveness of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Multiply Relapsed or Refractory Adult Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

PURPOSETwo anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies are approved for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) and tisagenlecleucel; each costs $373,000. ...
Characterizing Organizational Micro-climates in Structural Groups.

We use text to characterize micro-climates in a specific organizational context. We use Louvain clustering to create trees, and identify communities and smaller groups, which we call leaves. In comparing these structural groups, we see that most structural groups within this organization share locations and organizational functions. Our analyses show that location, gender, and minority status dominance tend to increase the strength of the textual distinction of the found structural groups.
Meeting the Psychological Health & Growth Needs of Black College Students: Culture, Resonance and Resilience

ABSTRACTUnder-utilization of mental health resources by Black students stands in sharp contrast to exploding demand for clinical services on campus. Review of existing literature indicates that Afr...
Vitamin D Supplementation and Cognition in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Control Trial.

Aim. Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cognitive decline which adversely impacts self-management of the disease. Evidence also supports a relationship between low serum 25(OH)D levels and poor cognition. The purpose of this trial was to assess vitamin D supplementation on cognitive executive functioning in persons living with type 2 diabetes. Methods. This was a double-blinded RCT where participants were randomized to receive either weekly vitamin D3 supplementation (50,000 IUs) or a matching comparator (5,000 IUs) for three months. The primary outcome was a battery of neuropsychological tests. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Repeated assessments of cognitive measures were collected over 12 weeks using alternative testing forms to minimize practice effects. Results. Thirty participants were randomized to either the low-dose allocation ( ) or the high-dose allocation ( ). Most participants were female (83%) and identified as Black (57%). For all cognition measures, there was no statistically significant finding between participants who received high-dose vitamin D supplementation and those who received low-dose supplementation. However, when assessing cognitive function in both groups over time, minimal improvement on the Symbol-Digits, the Stroop Interference Test, and the Trail Making Test Part B was observed. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized control trial to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function in people with type 2 diabetes. However, no significant differences in cognitive outcomes between participants who received high-dose therapy and those who received low dose were found.
Magnetotrichography: Measuring the dc magnetic field produced by hair follicles

We here describe the dc magnetic field over the human head produced by healthy hair follicles when the scalp is lightly pressed. This phenomenon was briefly reported decades earlier, where a double-planar SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices) gradiometer at a single location was used. We here perform a larger study, using the dcMEG containing 102 double-planar gradiometers covering the whole scalp. The field is displayed as an on-line arrow map over the head, showing the approximate flow of direct current (dc) in the scalp. Standard sets of five arrow maps per subject were measured, where the subject successively pressed parts of their head against the inside of the helmet. These maps were made for 15 normal subjects (5 females), and 2 with alopecia (non-functioning follicles). The directions of "pressed" generating arrows always followed the natural tilt of the follicles, verifying the follicles as generators, with a time constant of about one second. The maximum generator dipole strength was about 24 µA-cm. Scalp electric potentials corresponding to the magnetic signals were masked by much larger electrodermal potentials. Therefore, this magnetic method, called magnetotrichography, is unique in measuring this follicular electrical activity, with possible applications in studying baldness and hair diseases.
Where are We in the Mixed Valence Story

When I chose the title for this talk I had expected to say general things about the overall mixed valence problem and its rather fascinating history, and to leave the question of its present and future to the rest of you. In the course of discussions with quite a number of people, however, I came to the realization that a number of us were trying to describe the identical general physical picture in very different words, and that if in fact we could focus more on our points of agreement than on our differences, perhaps we would find ourselves much closer to the solution of the problem than we might realize. Therefore, rather than trying to put things in historical perspective, I will try to keynote this conference by plunging into the midst of the controversial present with a number of provocative, if basically conciliatory, propositions, aimed at bringing us into a realization of how much we know, not how much we need to find out.
Mechanical Obstruction: Large Bowel Obstruction (LBO)

Large bowel obstruction constitutes 20% of all mechanical obstruction. Patients usually present with abdominal pain and distention as well as failure to pass stool or flatus. Its etiology is age-dependent with colonic cancer being the most common cause in adults. Large bowel obstruction is an indication for emergent surgery as it can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Initial diagnosis is usually reached with an abdominal radiograph.
Pre-Formed Donor-Specific Antibodies Impact Long Term Survival of Heart Transplants

Purpose We previously reported that heart transplant (HTx) recipients with pre-formed, anti-HLA antibodies at low titer had one-year survival that was comparable to patients without any anti-HLA antibodies. As a result, we defined unacceptable HLA antigens by MFI>1000 in serum at 1:16 dilution. The current study evaluates how pre-formed, low-titer, donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and positive crossmatch affect long term survival of HTx recipients. Methods Total 495 adult recipients transplanted at our center between Jan. 2007 and Dec. 2016 were studied. Prior to HTx, recipients had HLA antibody screening (FlowPRA) and specificity testing (LABScreen). Unacceptable HLA antigens were defined by MFI>1000 in serum at 1:16 dilution. Acceptable donors were selected by virtual crossmatch using the criteria above, and flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) was performed peri- or post-HTx. Recipients transplanted across low titer DSA, positive in undiluted serum but negative at 1:16 dilution, received peri-operative plasmapheresis. We used log-rank testing to evaluate survival in the following groups compared to their controls: (1) presence of any pre-formed HLA antibodies; (2) presence of pre-formed DSA; and (3) positive FCXM. Results Of 495 HTx recipients, 179 (36%) had pre-existing HLA antibodies, and their overall survival was not different from patients without HLA antibodies (p=0.883). However, median survival time was reduced in patients with pre-formed DSA (n=62), compared to DSA-negative recipients (n=117): 9.1 years (95% CI 3.52 to 14.65) vs. 10.9 years (95% CI 6.13 to 15.70); p=0.02. The survival rates for 1-, 3-, 5-year of DSA-negative recipients were 91.5%, 85.4% and 79.5%, and the DSA-positive recipients were 83.9%, 66.1% and 61.7%, respectively. Total 62 recipients had pre-HTx DSA. Among them, 26 had a positive FCXM (46%). The survival rates of FCXM-positive cases were lower than FCXM-negative cases (n=36) at 1, 3, and 5 years: 80.8%, 57.9%, 52.1% vs. 86.1%, 71.4%, 67.6%. Conclusion Our findings suggest that pre-formed DSA, even at low titer, negatively impacted HTx survival. Cases with positive FXCM had the worst outcomes. Avoiding all pre-formed DSA may improve survival for HTx patients, but may increase waitlist mortality. To improve the HTx survival, close post-transplant monitoring and proactive immunological management may be required when pre-formed DSA are present.
Encouraging or Obstructing? Assessing Factors That Impact Faculty Engagement in Undergraduate Research Mentoring

At colleges and universities around the world, faculty serve a critical role in supporting the well-documented practice of undergraduate research, scholarly and creative activity. Using unique data from an online survey of faculty members (n = 223) at three colleges and universities in the United States, we investigate the individual and institutional factors that facilitate or inhibit faculty members’ willingness to provide undergraduate students with research opportunities. We focus our quantitative analysis on individual and institutional variables associated with faculty participation. Our work confirms prior qualitative research, indicating the significance of institutional support for faculty engagement in undergraduate research mentoring.
Detecting Physiological Changes in Response to Sudden Events in Driving: A Nonlinear Dynamics Approach

In this study, we propose a novel analytic framework to detect emergency braking intentions in driving tasks by capturing the delay in human responses using multimodal biosensor data, e.g., electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG). To quantity the response delay, we consider EEG and EMG signals as a coupled dynamic system and employ a recurrence plot (RP) based approach to characterize the nonlinear dynamics. We then apply the maximally stable extremal regions (MSER) method in computer vision for detecting transition states associated with sudden events (e.g., braking intentions in driving). Our proposed framework is tested on a publicly available dataset of driving experiments. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach for assessing the response delay to reflect the motor control command, which shows that the average response delays to the braking intentions are 300 milliseconds in EEG and 194 milliseconds in EMG prior to the actual emergency braking. The proposed quantification can be employed in driving assistant system for reducing or diminishing potential accidents.
THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER

The principle purpose of this paper has been to extend the observations of Bankart on recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint and to present a triad of pathological findings which the authors consider essential to the etiology of this condition. This triad consists of: 1 . Detachment of the labrum glenoidale and the anterior capsule of the shoulder joint. 2. A defect in the posterolateral portion of the head of the humerus. 3. Erosion or fracture of the glenoid rim. The findings indicate that recurrent dislocation of the shoulder is likely to be associated with far more extensive damage to the joint than has been heretofore disclosed. The complexities of the findings necessitate not only a more complete study, but also special examinations of the individual case before an accurate prognosis can be arrived at and rational therapy instituted. The surgical procedure adopted in the treatment of these cases must be governed by a full appreciation of the extent of the underlying pathology, if a successful outcome is to be anticipated.
Predicting Interest Rates Using Shrinkage Methods, Real-Time Diffusion Indexes, and Model Combinations

In the context of predicting the term structure of interest rates, we explore the marginal predictive content of real-time diffusion indexes extracted from a “data rich” real-time dataset, when used in dynamic Nelson-Siegel (NS) models of the variety discussed in Diebold and Li (DNS: 2007) and Svensson (NSS: 1994). We find that the indexes have significant predictive content for sample periods ranging from 2001 through 2010. Additionally, DNS and NSS type models that include these indexes are the mean square forecast error (MSFE) “best” performers, when compared with various other econometric specifications, for the same period. In our top ranked models, diffusion indexes are sometimes optimally constructed used un-targeted principal component analysis (PCA), and sometimes using targeted PCA in conjunction with elastic net and least absolute shrinkage operators. The news is not all good for models utilizing indexes constructed from real-time datasets, however. In particular, after 2010 relatively few “data-rich” prediction models “beat” a random walk benchmark. Also, forecast combinations that utilize models that exclude real-time diffusion indexes yield the lowest overall MSFEs, dominating all other combination and individual models, across all sample periods, forecast horizons and bond maturities. Two key conclusions from our analysis are the following. First, fully revised data may have an important confounding effect upon results obtained when instead carrying out real-time prediction experiments. Second, real-time diffusion indexes matter when comparing the predictive performance of individual models, indicating the presence of unspanned macroeconomic risks in the term structure of interest rates. However, there appear to be two different ways to “capture” these unspanned risks. One is to use data rich real-time diffusion indexes, and another is to simply combine predictions from many non-data rich models.
Judging Intentionality in Ambiguous Driving Scenarios: Did they do that to Me or just a Mistake?:

Aggressive driving is a significant traffic safety issue. Some groups of drivers have been identified as the perpetrators and victims of aggressive driving: males, younger individuals, and individu...
Intranasal Vaccine Delivery Technology for Respiratory Tract Disease Application with a Special Emphasis on Pneumococcal Disease

This mini-review will cover recent trends in intranasal (IN) vaccine delivery as it relates to applications for respiratory tract diseases. The logic and rationale for IN vaccine delivery will be compared to methods and applications accompanying this particular administration route. In addition, we will focus extended discussion on the potential role of IN vaccination in the context of respiratory tract diseases, with a special emphasis on pneumococcal disease. Here, elements of this disease, including its prevalence and impact upon the elderly population, will be viewed from the standpoint of improving health outcomes through vaccine design and delivery technology and how IN administration can play a role in such efforts.
A persistent invasive phenotype in post-hypoxic tumor cells is revealed by fate mapping and computational modeling.

Summary Hypoxia is a critical factor in solid tumors that has been associated with cancer progression and aggressiveness. We recently developed a hypoxia fate mapping system to trace post-hypoxic cells within a tumor for the first time. This approach uses an oxygen-dependent fluorescent switch and allowed us to measure key biological features such as oxygen distribution, cell proliferation, and migration. We developed a computational model to investigate the motility and phenotypic persistence of hypoxic and post-hypoxic cells during tumor progression. The cellular behavior was defined by phenotypic persistence time, cell movement bias, and the fraction of cells that respond to an enhanced migratory stimulus. This work combined advanced cell tracking and imaging techniques with mathematical modeling, to reveal that a persistent invasive migratory phenotype that develops under hypoxia is required for cellular escape into the surrounding tissue, promoting the formation of invasive structures (“plumes”) that expand toward the oxygenated tumor regions.
Voluntary oral dosing for precise experimental compound delivery in adult rats.

Preclinical drug studies routinely administer experimental compounds to animal models with the goal of minimizing potential adverse events from the procedure. In this study, we assessed the ability...
Mental Health Stigma in Department of Defense Policies: Analysis, Recommendations, and Outcomes.

Introduction Mental health stigma is one of the most frequently reported barriers to mental health help-seeking in the military. Previous research has identified that stigma-increasing language in the United States military policies was a potential deterrent to treatment-seeking. In response to a 2016 Government Accountability Office report recommendation, the current study conducted a comprehensive review of Department of Defense and military service-specific policies to identify stigmatizing language provisions and recommend appropriate language changes. Methods This review of policies comprised three sequential phases. First, a key-term search strategy was conducted on mental health (Phase 1) and substance misuse policies (Phase 2) to identify language that may contribute to stigma. Recommended language changes were identified, and the results of each phase were briefed to service-level Directors of Psychological Health. Approximately three years after initial identification, all mental health policies from Phase 1 for which language change recommendations had been made were examined to determine whether or not recommended changes had been incorporated (Phase 3). Results Out of 285 mental health and substance misuse policies, 191 (67%) contained potentially stigmatizing language. Subsequent review of implementation showed that partial or full recommended language changes had been made in 58.9% of 129 mental health-related policies that had been re-issued. Conclusions This collaborative effort to identify and modify potentially stigmatizing language contributed to a substantial reduction in problematic policies across the military services. Future efforts should focus on reviewing new and re-issued policies to ensure that stigma-increasing language is not present as part of routine issuance. These efforts are part of ongoing work to address the association that language and terminology have on stigma and barriers to care.
Selected Psychological Considerations in Sport

Abstract A series of psychological concepts are developed in this paper for use by coaches, trainers, physical educators, and physicians in the field of sports medicine. The concepts which are advanced deal with (1) the psychological characteristics of selected athletic sport groups, (2) the psychological characterization of successful and less-successful athletes, (3) tension states and the necessity to handle athletes on a personalized basis, (4) the role of mental health in sport, and (5) the importance of looking beyond conscious verbalizations in attempting to understand the athlete's behavior. These concepts have been specified and elaborated upon, implications delineated, and conclusions presented.
Review of Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology, 2nd ed.

The Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology, 2nd edition, significantly expands on the bestselling first edition and continues its legacy as the most comprehensive reference tool available for mushroom ...
Exploiting cancer cell cycling for selective protection of normal cells.

Chemotherapy of cancer is limited by its toxicity to normal cells. On the basis of discoveries in signal transduction and cell cycle regulation, novel mechanism-based therapeutics are being developed. Although these cell cycle modulators were designed to target cancer cells, some of them can also be applied for a different purpose, i.e., to protect normal cells against the lethality of chemotherapy. Loss of sensitivity of cancer cells to cell cycle inhibitors can be exploited for selective protection of normal cells that retain this response. Indeed, inhibition of redundant or overactivated pathways (e.g., growth factor-activated pathways) or stimulation of absent pathways in cancer cells (e.g., p53, Rb, and p16) may not arrest cycling of cancer cells. But growth arrest of normal cells will then permit selective killing of cancer cells by cycle-dependent chemotherapy.
Coordinate Independence and a Physical Metric in Compact Form

A physical metric is constructed as one that gives a coordinate independent result for the time delay in infinite order in the perturbation expansion in the gravitational constant. A compact form for the metric is obtained. One result is that the metric functions are positive definite. Another is an exact expression for the gravitational red shift. The metric can be used to calculate general relativity predictions in higher order for any process. A relationship between the spacetimes of the physical metric and the Schwarzschild metric is discussed.
Foster and Keynes

The twentieth centuiy was for many, if not most, economists “The Age of Keynes.” Clearly no professional economist had a greater impact on the way the economies of the West were perceived and explained than did John Maynard Keynes. His The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), published during the Great Depression, addressed the then most crucial problematic conditions that Western economies were confronting. He critiqued and displaced many of the foundational tenets and policies of orthodoxy, especially those relating to the determinants of employment, national income, investment, and growth.