cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurons are replenished in cultures of embryonic chick optic tectum after immunomagnetic depletion

The effect of intercellular interactions on the determination and differentiation of early embryonic brain cells was tested by immunomagnetic cell separation techniques. Using the A2B5 monoclonal antibody, which in chick brain reacts with a neuron-specific surface ganglioside, we produced initially pure populations of optic tectum cells devoid of the antigen. A coincident depletion of neurofilament(+) cells (95%) and nonneuronal growth characteristics of the separated A2B5(-) cells indicated that the vast majority of neurons had been removed initially. Surprisingly, A2B5(+) cells rapidly appeared in separated A2B5(-) cell cultures. After 1 day, the percentage of A2B5(+) cells in separated cell cultures equalled those in unseparated cultures (approximately 50%). By a week in culture, A2B5(+) cells developed neuronal morphology and contained neurofilaments. A2B5(-) to (+) conversion was a regulated phenomenon in that removal of different proportions of the (+) cells resulted in different numbers of (-) to (+) conversions. New DNA synthesis was not required for the acquisition of cell surface A2B5 antigen or for differentiation of cells into definitive A2B5(+) neurons. Our results demonstrate that postmitotic embryonic brain contains cells which are capable of replacing depleted neurons in vitro.
In vivo optical bioluminescence imaging of collagen-supported cardiac cell grafts.

Background Histology-based survival assessment of cell grafts does not allow for in vivo follow-up. In this study we introduce two new experimental models for longitudinal in vivo survival studies of cardiac cell grafts using optical bioluminescence imaging. Methods H9c2 cardiomyoblasts expressing both firefly luciferase (fluc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes were implanted into Lewis rats. In Model 1, H9c2-fluc-IRES-GFP cells (0.5 × 10 6 ) were implanted into a cryoinjured abdominal wall muscle. Cells were injected using either liquid collagen (Matrigel [MG]) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) suspension. Cell survival was evaluated in vivo using bioluminescence imaging on days 1, 5 and 10 post-operatively. In model 2, rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. The donor hearts were harvested, and the infarcted region was restored ex situ using 1 × 10 6 H9c2-fluc-IRES-GFP cells seeded in collagen matrix (Gelfoam [GF]) or suspended in PBS ( n = 8/group). Hearts were then transplanted into the abdomen of syngeneic recipients. Optical bioluminescence imaging was performed on Days 1, 5, 8 and 14 post-operatively. After 4 weeks, immunohistologic studies were performed. Results For model 1, at day 5, bioluminescence signals were markedly higher for the H9c2/MG group (449 ± 129 photons/second × 10 3 ) compared with the H9c2/PBS group (137 ± 82 photons/second×10 3 ) ( p p Conclusions Optical bioluminescence is a powerful method for assessment of cardiac cell graft survival in vivo. Collagen matrices support early survival of cardiomyoblasts after transplantation into injured musculature.
Use of the Navy Satellite System in Geodetic Surveying

The question of how multiple-pass data from the Navy Satellite System can be processed to yield an optimal estimate of the latitude, longitude, and elevation of a point on the Earth's surface is considered. It is demonstrated that the problem can be treated by use of modern estimation techniques. Two methods are considered: Kalman estimation and weighted least-squares estimation. The variance of the estimation errors is compared for a simulated sequence of 50 satellite passes.
Experimental transition state for the Corey–Bakshi–Shibata reduction

Abstract Asymmetric reductions of prochiral ketones are important transformations in the syntheses of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals. The Corey–Bakshi–Shibata reduction is unique among hydride transfer reductions in its tremendous substrate range and catalytic nature. Here, a coordinated computational and experimental approach is taken toward understanding the origins of the high selectivity and broad substrate range, which are hallmarks of this reduction.
Understanding Coordination Challenges in Urban Firefighting: A Study of Critical Incident Reports

This paper explores the central role played by coordination during fire incident response. Following preliminary investigations based on other methods, the authors analyzed a corpus of 29 critical incident reports produced by one fire department's safety services. Urban firefighting is a complex domain in which members' activities need to be highly synchronized in order to reach common operational and safety goals. As the work environment challenges the capacity of firefighters to coordinate efficiently, coordination breakdowns might occur, creating safety threats as role interdependencies become difficult to manage.
Responding to Public Issues: An Exercise in Managerial Communication

Communicating about issues or crises has become one of the most important tasks for managers who must address various stakeholders that have become more influential in the decisions, values, polici...
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS.Thomas Scovel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xiii + 135. $11.25 paper.

The series to which this volume belongs was designed to provide, “. . . a large scale view . . . of language study” (p. ix), with the goal of the present volume being to introduce the reader to the “comprehensive discipline” of psycholinguistics. The volume begins with a survey of the topic in four chapters: introduction, language acquisition, language competence (comprehension and production), and language dissolution. Section 2 contains abstracts of selected readings followed by study questions, and section 3 lists annotated references. Both of these sections are organized by topic area in order to guide further study. The fourth section is a succinct glossary. The author has accomplished the goal for this volume, producing a text that is comprehensive, scholarly, and easily readable.
Recombinant human erythropoietin: effect on the functional performance of anemic orthopedic patients.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether rapid correction of anemia improves the functional and cognitive performance of postoperative orthopedic patients. Design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting: A rehabilitation institute. Patients: Persons having orthopedic surgery at least 2 weeks previously, and a hemoglobin concentration Interventions: Recombinant human erythropoietin (rH-EPO) or the EPO vehicle for up to 8 weeks. All patients received ferrous sulfate. Measurements: Blood counts were performed at weekly intervals, and functional and cognitive tests at baseline and weeks 4 and 8. Results: In patients receiving vehicle only, hemoglobin levels increased from a mean of 9.0 at baseline to 11.0 at 4 weeks and 11.7 at 8 weeks; corresponding values for rH-EPO were 8.8 ( p = NS ), 12.6 ( p = .02), and 13.5 ( p = .01). However, functional improvement in dressing, toileting, and mobility was similar between groups, and the results of neuropsychological tests showed no trends favoring rH-EPO. Conclusions: ) Although hemoglobin increases more rapidly in anemic orthopedic patients treated with rH-EPO, equally rapid functional improvement occurs in those who receive only iron therapy.
Quality assurances: Decreasing clinically irrelevant testing from clinical microbiology laboratories, part II

Forget the “garbage in, garbage out” adage! In an effort to be proactive and make the driving force of the diagnostic clinical microbiologist be “quality in, quality out,” this article addresses ways to improve the pre-analytical and post-analytical components of samples sent to the microbiology laboratory for testing. It focuses on producing clinically relevant information and defines opportunities to avoid reporting of clinically irrelevant information. Part I of this article addresses blood cultures, respiratory specimens, genital cultures, wound and CSF specimens.
Electronic and structural properties of TiO2 in the rutile structure

Abstract We present self-consistent calculations for the clectronic, cohesive, and structural properties of titanium dioxide in the rutile structure. The calculations were performed within the local density approximation using ab inito pseudopotentials and a plane-wave basis. We determined the lattice parameters, cohesive energy, and bulk modulus by minimizing the total energy of the solid with respect to the lattice parameters a, c , and u . We find good agreement for the structural properties, within 2% of experimentally observed values. Our cohesive energy is larger than experiment by ∼ 12% and is consistent with other local density calculations for transition metals and their compounds. The calculated electronic band structure is in good agreement with photoemission experiments.
Complexity of parallel matrix computations

Abstract We estimate parallel complexity of several matrix computations under both Boolean and arithmetic machine models using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Those computations include the evaluation of the inverse, the determinant, and the characteristic polynomial of a matrix. Recently, processor efficiency of the previous parallel algorithms for numerical matrix inversion has been substantially improved in (Pan and Reif, 1987), reaching optimum estimates up to within a logarithmic factor; that work, however, applies neither to the evaluation of the determinant and the characteristic polynomial nor to exact matrix inversion nor to the numerical inversion of ill-conditioned matrices. We present four new approaches to the solution of those latter problems (having several applications to combinatorial computations) in order to extend the suboptimum time and processor bounds of (Pan and Reif, 1987) to the case of computing the inverse, determinant, and characteristic polynomial of an arbitrary integer input matrix. In addition, processor efficient algorithms using polylogarithmic parallel time are devised for some other matrix computations, such as triangular and QR -factorizations of a matrix and its reduction to Hessenberg form.
Organization and part—whole transfer

Predictions derived from an organizational interpretation of transfer in a part—whole free-recall paradigm were tested via a procedure which allowed manipulation of part- and whole-list organizational compatibility and extent of part-list organization. The manipulation of extent of part-list organization held opportunity for accumulation of individual item strength and formation of list membership tags constant thus allowing a comparison of organizational and list discrimination explanations of part—whole transfer. All results were consistent with the organizational hypothesis. Alternative hypotheses and previous data which appear to be at odds with the organizational interpretation are discussed.
The fragmentation of chalcogen containing fatty acids and their methyl esters

Electron impact mass spectral fragmentation patterns of a series of fatty acids and the corresponding methyl esters substituted in the alkyl chain with sulfur, selenium and tellurium heteroatoms (chalcogens) have been studied. Fragmentation pathways have been investigated via metastable analysis and high resolution measurements have been performed to confirm the elemental composition of various fragment ions. Several trends in the fragmentation attributable to the specific chalcogen in the molecule are discussed.
Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release from the Human Mediobasal Hypothalamus in vitro: Opiate Receptor-Mediated Suppression

An in vitro perifusion system was used to investigate pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the fetal (20–23 weeks of gestation) and adult human mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). F
New antibacterial administration treatment strategies.

ABSTRACT Background: Antibiotic resistance of bacteria is associated with greater mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs. Optimization of antibiotic administration is ...
Elevators in autogyro propeller wake enable low‐speed pitch control

Purpose – High autogyro accident rates prompted experimental investigation of this type of aircraft's low‐speed pitch characteristics. Pitch control is typically derived from main rotor tip‐path‐plane adjustment. Thus, autogyro designers often omit horizontal tails and pitch control surfaces. The purpose of this paper is to enable autogyro low‐speed pitch control by intentionally placing elevators in the propeller wake.Design/methodology/approach – Wind tunnel tests were conducted on a 1:10 scale teetering rotor autogyro model. The model included a horizontal tail with elevators placed in the propeller wake. Straight‐and‐level flight conditions were estimated via a scaling scheme based on the main rotor diameter. At minimum flight speed, the pitching moment induced by 30° elevator deflection was measured. This process was repeated for a range of elevator positions behind the centre of the pitching rotation.Findings – When placed in an autogyro propeller wake, deflected elevators induce significant pitchin...
Spin and valence states of manganese ions in manganese-doped yttrium orthoaluminate

Abstract Two paramagnetic charge states of manganese with total electron spin of S=5/2 (Mn2+) and S=3/2 (Mn4+) were identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method in Mn doped YAlO3. In addition to the allowed ΔMS=1 spin transitions, low field forbidden ΔMS=2 transitions were observed for both Mn4+ and Mn2+ and ΔMS=3 transitions for Mn2+. Relative intensities of forbidden transitions increase with a decrease of temperature and decrease with an increase of Mn concentration. The effect is due to the increase of spin–lattice and/or spin–spin relaxation times at low temperature and the decrease of spin–spin relaxation time at higher dopant concentration. Optically induced disproportionation reaction 2Mn4+→Mn3++Mn5+ in YAlO3 was studied by EPR.
A FURTHER STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL PAROTITIS.

A new series of inoculations into cats of the filtered sterile salivary secretions derived from cases of parotitis has been described. They confirm the observations made in 1915–1916 and extend them to include the epidemic parotitis occurring in our military forces. Incidentally confirmatory evidence of the filterable nature of the causative agent of mumps has been obtained. It has been determined that the saliva of man and of inoculated cats, and the inoculated glands of the latter animals, contain the filterable, infective agent. The lesions present in the inoculated organs conform to those described in our first publication. In addition, the lymph glands adjacent to the salivary glands on the uninoculated side were sometimes found to be swollen and to exhibit microscopic lesions. Probably the involvement resulted from salivary and lymphatic infection. The "virus" of parotitis was detected most readily in the saliva during the first 3 days of the disease, less easily on the 6th day, and not at all on the 9th day. It was detected also in the blood of patients showing marked constitutional symptoms, and in the saliva of a case of recurrent mumps at the periods of enlargement of the parotid glands, but not 2 weeks after the swelling had subsided. It was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
The Searchers: The Making of an American Legend Glenn Frankel. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013.

The Searchers: The Making of an American Legend Glenn Frankel. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013.The collaborations of John Ford and John Wayne, beginning with 1939's Stagecoach, have come to define the Western genre for many. This relationship would culminate in the 1956 masterpiece, The Searchers. Often cited as the emergence of the revisionist Western, The Searchers continues to receive critical attention and accolades: it has been ranked the seventh-greatest film of all time by the 2012 Sight and Sound poll and the best Western and twelfth-best film of all time by the American Film Institute. In Glenn Frankel's most recent book, he traces the origin of the acclaimed film to the myths surrounding the 1836 abduction of Cynthia Ann Parker by a band of Comanche.The Searchers: The Making of an American Legend is organized around the four key elements of the myth's development-Cynthia Ann Parker, her mixed-blood son Quanah Parker who would become the last great Comanche chief, the novelist Alan LeMay who penned The Searchers in 1954, and John Ford's production of the film in 1956. While the legend exists in various manifestations, the primary tenets are Parker's abduction in 1836, James Parker's obsessive search, Cynthia Ann Parker's marriage to a Comanche chief, her eventual rescue at the Pease River Massacre in 1860, and her unwillingness to reintegrate herself or her daughter, Prairie Flower, back into white society. In the absence of a personal narrative written by either Cynthia Ann or Quanah Parker, Frankel draws upon primary sources ranging from military reports and family histories to Comanche oral tradition in creating a working history of the Cynthia Ann Parker legend. Throughout the sections devoted to Cynthia Ann and Quanah, Frankel achieves a lyric narration that continues to instill the mythic and legendary into his construction of their tale.Shifting focus to Parker's oldest child, Frankel explicates the means through which Quanah attained cultural prominence as the heir to and essential element of his mother's legend. Frankel further explains Quanah Parker's rise to the position of chief and his often controversial tribal politics that emphasized integration and coexistence with white America.The sections devoted to LeMay's novel and Ford's film draw on biographic information and first hand accounts of each artist's process. Discussing LeMay's craft, Frankel emphasizes the breadth and depth of his research into captivity narratives, which evinces the connection between The Searchers and Cynthia Ann Parker. …
The relative effects of hypoxia and hypercarbia on adrenal medullary secretion in anesthetized dogs.

Summary In the anesthetized dog profound hypoxia produced by the sustained spontaneous inhalation of 10% oxygen in 90% nitrogen results in an increase in the adrenal medullary secretion rate of adrenaline and noradrenaline. There is no associated increase in the arterial plasma concentrations of these amines. On the other hand, hypercarbia produced by spontaneously breathing 30% CO2 will, in otherwise identical circumstances, elicit a massive secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla. This results in marked elevations of the arterial plasma levels of these amines. This effect of hypercarbia can be totally overcome by mechanical ventilation or by maintaining a constantly normal arterial pH with the use of an efficient buffer.
TRAF6 is Autoinhibited by an Intramolecular Interaction Which is Counteracted by Trans-ubiquitination

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) class of intracellular signal transducers is responsible for mediating many of the activation events initiated by TNF receptor (TNFR) and Toll-like/Interleukin-1, -17, and -18 receptor (TIR) families. Investigation of the mechanism by which TRAF6 is activated has demonstrated that two critical domains of the molecule required for activation and downstream signaling are involved in an interaction which renders the molecule inactive and structurally closed, as well as incapable of auto-ubiquitination. Contrary to its assumed role as a direct mediator of protein-protein interaction, TRAF auto-ubiquitination is a means of sustaining an open conformation active in downstream signaling. Furthermore, the inferred cis-function of TRAF auto-ubiquitination is now demonstrated to act in trans and requires both the RING-Zinc (RZ) fingers region and coiled-coil domain. We also observed that both the RZ fingers region and the MATH domain are targets for ubiquitination. Although TRAF6 ubiquitination has emerged as a hallmark of activation, trans-ubiquitination induced by two TRAF6 muteins is insufficient for NF-kappaB activation.
Preliminary evidence for deficits in multisensory integration in autism spectrum disorders: The mirror neuron hypothesis

Autism is a complex disorder, characterized by social, cognitive, communicative, and motor symptoms. One suggestion, proposed in the current study, to explain the spectrum of symptoms is an underlying impairment in multisensory integration (MSI) systems such as a mirror neuron-like system. The mirror neuron system, thought to play a critical role in skills such as imitation, empathy, and language can be thought of as a multisensory system, converting sensory stimuli into motor representations. Consistent with this, we report preliminary evidence for deficits in a task thought to tap into MSI--"the bouba-kiki task" in children with ASD. The bouba-kiki effect is produced when subjects are asked to pair nonsense shapes with nonsense "words". We found that neurotypical children chose the nonsense "word" whose phonemic structure corresponded with the visual shape of the stimuli 88% of the time. This is presumably because of mirror neuron-like multisensory systems that integrate the visual shape with the corresponding motor gestures used to pronounce the nonsense word. Surprisingly, individuals with ASD only chose the corresponding name 56% of the time. The poor performance by the ASD group on this task suggests a deficit in MSI, perhaps related to impaired MSI brain systems. Though this is a behavioral study, it provides a testable hypothesis for the communication impairments in children with ASD that implicates a specific neural system and fits well with the current findings suggesting an impairment in the mirror systems in individuals with ASD.
Diel activity and thermoregulatory behavior of a fully aquatic frog: Xenopus laevis

Ten adult Xenopus laevis were tested individually for 48-hr periods, following an initial 24-hr introductory period, in electronic shuttleboxes which allowed them to control water temperatures without operant conditioning. Locomotor activity was recorded via photocell-monitored light beams. The frogs were nocturnal, being nearly twice as active at night as during the day. The mean preferred temperature was 22.4°C, with no significant difference between night (22.5°C) and day (22.3°C), although the modal preferendum shifted from 24°C by day to 22°C at night, with a corresponding change in skewness. The range of voluntarily occupied temperatures was 14–32°C by day and 14–29°C at night. The median thermal preferendum was 22°C both day and night.
Agonistic postures and latency to the first interaction during initial pair encounters in the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus

Agonistic postures of red jungle fowl hens were studied during initial pair encounters using time and motion analysis of motion picture films. Postures of each hen were quantitatively determined by measuring the angles of the trunk, neck and tail to the horizontal. The neck angle showed highly significant differences (P<0·01) for the initial postures of the winners and losers within the same contest. Very highly significant (P<0·005) differences for all measurements in the final postures were obtained. Since contests between each pair of hens were repeated on three successive days, it was possible to examine the latency to the first interaction for each hen over the three sets of contests. There was a significant (P<0·05) decrease in latency from the first set of interactions to the second, followed by an increase in the third set.
Polyethenoid fatty acid metabolism. VII. Effect of oxidized linoleate preparations

Abstract 1. 1. In two trials, fat-deficient rats were given daily supplements of ethyl linoleate, ethyl linoleate plus benzoyl peroxide, partly oxidized ethyl linoleate, ethyl linoleate peroxide, decomposed linoleate peroxide, reduced linoleate peroxide, and conjugated ethyl linoleate over periods of 4 and 6 weeks. Weight gain, dermal symptoms, and water consumption of the animals was recorded. At the end of the periods of supplementation the rats were killed, and the total fatty acids and arachidonic acid measured in each. 2. 2. All supplements containing ethyl linoleate, with or without peroxide, cured the deficiency symptoms, reduced water consumption and stimulated arachidonic acid synthesis. 3. 3. Linoleate peroxide, reduced linoleate peroxide, decomposed linoleate peroxide, and conjugated linoleate were unable to stimulate arachidonate synthesis, dermal symptoms were worsened, growth was decreased, and water consumption remained high. These substances, which have conjugated double-bond systems in common, might thus be said to exhibit a toxic effect upon fat-deficient rats. 4. 4. The enzymatic preparation of ethyl linoleate peroxide is described.
Women in traditional Sharīʾa: a list of differences between men and women in Islamic tradition

This article surveys early Islamic legal opinions concerning differences between women and men related to law, politics, and personal conduct. Contained in a 2nd/8th century tract, a list distinguishing features of the sexes reflects notions held by the very young Muslim community–both Shī܂ī and Sunnī–on gender. It represents one of the earliest examples of what remains a common stance of Muslim modernists who espouse the idea of “equality but not uniformity” in discussing the status of women and women's rights in Muslim contexts.
Operations with Degraded Security

Modern systems aren't designed to support some ongoing operations after their security is compromised. Using the ResiliNets model, the authors discuss five strategies for operating in a degraded security environment.
Assessment of Reaction-Rate Predictions of a Collision-Energy Approach for Chemical Reactions in Atmospheric Flows.

A recently proposed approach for the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to calculate chemical-reaction rates is assessed for high-temperature atmospheric species. The new DSMC model reproduces measured equilibrium reaction rates without using any macroscopic reaction-rate information. Since it uses only molecular properties, the new model is inherently able to predict reaction rates for arbitrary non-equilibrium conditions. DSMC non-equilibrium reaction rates are compared to Park’s phenomenological nonequilibrium reaction-rate model, the predominant model for hypersonic-flow-field calculations. For near-equilibrium conditions, Park’s model is in good agreement with the DSMC-calculated reaction rates. For far-from-equilibrium conditions, corresponding to a typical shock layer, significant differences can be found. The DSMC predictions are also found to be in very good agreement with measured and calculated non-equilibrium reaction rates, offering strong evidence that this is a viable and reliable technique to predict chemical reaction rates.
The ϱ parameter in an Sp(2N)×U(1) model

Abstract We present a model based upon the gauge group Sp(2N)×U(1) which contains the SU(2)×U(1) electroweak model as an exact subsector. The ϱ parameter in this symplectic model is calculated to leading order in 1/N. We illustrate the general dependence of ϱ upon the Higgs coupling constant λ with particular interest in th e large λ limit. Finally, the 1/N result is compared with conventional one-and two-loop expressions for ϱ in the standard model.
Novel methodologies for the synthesis of functionalized lipophilic carboranes

Novel synthetic protocols for the synthesis of lipophilic carboranes were developed utilizing two CC bond forming reactions, namely Baylis–Hillman and enynedioate cycloaddition reactions. Some of these carboranes were converted into further functionalized carboranes via nucleophilic allylic isomerization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reverse engineering circuits using behavioral pattern mining

Systems are increasingly being constructed from off-the-shelf components acquired through a globally distributed, untrusted supply chain. The lack of trust in these components necessitates additional validation of the components before use. Additionally, hardware trojans are becoming a pressing concern. In this paper, we present a novel formalism and method to systematically derive the highlevel function of an unknown circuit component given its gate-level netlist. We define the highlevel description of a circuit as an interconnection of instantiations of abstract library components characterized using logical specifications. The proposed approach is based on mining interesting behavioral patterns from the simulation traces of a gate-level netlist, and representing them as a pattern graph. A similar pattern graph is also generated for library components. Our method first computes input-output signal correspondences via subgraph isomorphism on the pattern graphs. The general function of the unknown circuit is then determined by finding the closest match in the component library, by model checking the unknown circuit against each logical specification. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on publicly-available circuits.
Implementation of optical interconnections for VLSI

This paper reports on the progress in implementing optical interconnections for VLSI. Four areas are covered: 1) the holographic optical element (HOE), 2) the laser sources, 3) the detectors and associated circuits forming an optically addressed gate, and 4) interconnection experiments in which five gates are actuated from one source. A laser scanner system with a resolution of 12 µm × 20 µm has been utilized to generate the HOE's. Diffraction efficiency of the HOE and diffracted spot size have been measured. Stock lasers have been modified with a high-frequency package for interconnect experiments, and buried heterostructure fabrication techniques have been pursued. Measurements have been made on the fabricated photodetectors to determine dark current, responsivity and response time. The optical gates and the overall chip have been driven successfully with an input light beam, as well as with the optical signal interconnected through the one to five hologram.
Perioperative nurses' ability to think critically.

Aims The purpose of this quantitative descriptive correlational study was to assess for presence and degree of critical thinking skills among perioperative (OR) nurses. Background Critical thinking has become a multidisciplinary "buzz phrase"; however, critical thinking, reflective thinking, or mental discipline was discussed among educators, as early as 1912. As nurses' roles change in response to the dynamics of managed care and an increase in use of biotechnology in health care, more is expected of nurses in terms of both psychomotor and cognitive skills. Thus, critical thinking may be central to nurses' ability to meet the care expectations of patients and the skill expectations of managers, peers, and themselves. Setting Data collected from 1 university-affiliated medical center, 1 non-university-affiliated medical center, and 3 ambulatory surgicenters. Data were collected over a 12-month period from 2008 to 2009. Sample Convenience sample of 92 OR nurses. The sample comprised nurses with various educational levels for entry into practice: diploma, associate, and bachelor of science in nursing degrees. Subjects' clinical experience ranged from 1 month to 40 years. Instruments Administered California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory; Assessment of Critical Thinking Skills of Perioperative Nurses, an investigator-developed tool; and a demographic survey. Analyses Descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and step-wise regression were performed; power of 80% with a medium effect size was calculated. Results Aggregate (N = 92) for the dependent variable (level of critical thinking)and predictor variables (dispositions) were not significant. The group (medical center 1) indicated that as the level of critical thinking increased, the level of truth increased. Also, as the level of critical thinking increased, the level of open-mindedness decreased. In groups 2, 4, and 5 (surgicenters) coefficient indicated that none of the predictors were significant. A stepwise regression was calculated for group 3 (medical center 2) to find the best predictor model. As the level of critical thinking decreased, open-mindedness increased. Conclusions Critical thinking skill may be related to organizational culture, geography, and/or specialization. Specialization competencies may act as barriers to the development of critical thinking skills. This could be highly detrimental to the anticipation of significant negative patient outcomes within an OR setting.
The impact of forms of strategic and non‐strategic voir dire questions on jury verdicts

This paper examined the effects of strategic voir dire questions on juror evaluations of trial participants. The influence of three types of voir dire questions was assessed on ratings of defendant guilt, defendant credibility, and defense attorney credibility. Using both a control group composed of non‐strategic questions and a control group with no voir dire questions, results indicated that the use of strategic voir dire questions influenced decisions and ratings of trial participants. In particular, questions asking jurors to disregard the defendant's unsavory past produced a main effect on perceptions of guilt. Among other effects additionally, the absence of any voir dire questions seemed to affect negatively perceptions of trial participants on the competence dimension. On both the ratings of defendant character and competence, an interaction emerged between the use of questions encouraging jurors to hold the prosecution to its burden of proof and questions urging jurors to overlook the defendant's...
Abundance and production rates of floating diatom mats (Rhizosolenia castracanei and R. imbricata var. shrubsolei) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Abundance and production rates were measured on freefloating mats composed of the diatoms Rhizosolenia castracanei and R. imbricata var. shrubsolei in the California Current and boundary waters of the central North Pacific during October, 1980. Mats ranged from 3.0 to 10.6 cm in maximum length and had a mean volume of 6.4 ml. Production rates of the diatom mats averaged 4.0 μg C colony-1 h-1, more than 103 times higher than that of an equal volume of surrounding water. However, because of their low density at these sites, about 1 mat m-3, diatom mats contributed only about 1% of the total primary production. The two large Rhizosolenia species comprised almost all of the phytoplankton biomass within the mats. Rhizosolenia species rarely occurred in seawater between mats, where the phytoplankton community was dominated by a diverse array of nannoplankton. The Rhizosolenia species in the mats appeared to be in healthy condition and contained intracellular bacteria. The very high production rates of the colonies indicate high nutrient demand and, since these particular diatoms lack the symbiotic cyanobacterium Richelia intracellularis, which is implicated in N-fixation in other species of Rhizosolenia, our results indicate that other nutrient sources must be present. We discuss the potential role of the intracellular bacteria in nitrogen fixation.
Synthesis of the hydrophilic phosphine complex Cu(DHMPE)2+ from Cu(I) chloride (DHMPE = 1,2-bis[(dihydroxymethyl)phosphino]ethane, a water-soluble bidentate phosphine)

Abstract The biomedically useful Cu(DHMPE)2+ complex (DHMPE = 1,2-bis[(dihydroxymethyl)phosphino]ethane, a water-soluble bidentate phosphine) is normally synthesized from expensive Cu(I) sources because the use of cheaper CuCl can lead to a variety of unwanted coordination complex by-products. A method is reported for the synthesis of Cu(DHMPE)2+ from CuCl. Reaction of CuCl with DHMPE in methanol gave [Cu(DHMPE)2]Cl, which is soluble in water and moderately soluble in methanol. The complex crystallized as a phosphine-bridged dimer, [Cu2(DHMPE)4]Cl2, but 1H NMR DOSY experiments indicated the complex is mononuclear in solution. Reaction of CuCl with DHMPE in THF did not yield Cu(DHMPE)2+, except when a halide abstractor such as NaPF6 was added.
A closed flow chamber for long-term multichannel recording and optical monitoring

An autoclavable chamber and associated medium circulation system has been constructed to provide a stable environment for mammalian cultures for long periods of time. The chamber was specifically designed for (a) multichannel electrophysiological recording from monolayer networks with photoetched multielectrode matrices, (b) for microscope observations of networks in the living state and (c) for the manipulation of such networks with laser cell surgery. The chamber components can be assembled under sterile conditions in less than 30 s to minimize pH and osmolarity stress to the monolayer cultures. An open chamber version provides a constant medium bath for pharmacological studies. The closed chamber version, attached to a 10-ml medium reservoir and a peristaltic pump, has so far provided constant conditions for continual recording over an 8-day period. Flow characteristics within the closed chamber, optical properties, pH maintenance, and schemes for drug addition are described.
Performance of ejector heat pumps

An ejector-compression heat pump can use low-grade thermal energy in the neighbourhood of 93.3°C (200°F) to provide space cooling and heating. This paper applies the existing ejector theory to estimate the performance of an ejector heat pump system at various operating conditions. The study includes parametric, sensitivity and off-design analyses of the heat pump performance. The performance enhancement options and desired ejector geometry are also examined. Refrigerants 11, 113 and 114 are three of the halocarbons most suitable for the ejector heat pump system. The estimated coefficients of performance for a simple ejector heat pump are 0.3 for the cooling mode and 1.3 for the heating mode at a sample operating condition in which the refrigerant (R-11) boiling temperature is 93.3°C (200°F), condensing temperature 43.3°C (110°F) and evaporating temperature 10°C (50°F). A 24 per cent performance improvement is predicted for a heat pump with two-stage ejectors and regenerative heat exchangers. The off-design performance is relatively insensitive to the evaporator temperature variations.
EVIDENCE OF SHIFTS IN PORTFOLIO ASSET COMPOSITION AS A MARKET TIMING TOOL

Previous research has investigated portfolio timing success by analyzing possible shifts in the beta of professionally managed portfolios. The methodology used by these studies usually involves calculating the betas of portfolios under varing market conditions using ex post holding period yields. Since a portfolio's beta can shift for reasons other than timing efforts, the results and interpretation of this type of analysis are limited. This paper takes a more direct approach to the analysis of timing by analyzing shifts in the asset composition of professionally managed portfolios. The asset composition is first analyzed to determine if portfolio managers are attempting to adjust risk exposure. Any shifts that are identified are compared to the market conditions that existed subsequent to the shift to determine if the shift was appropriate in terms of correct timing.
A high-resolution flexible tactile imager system based on floating comb electrodes

Flexible high-resolution contact force imagers are needed in many applications for robotic grippers and gait analysis, but its intrinsic intimate contact requirement often causes breaking of top metallization layers and failure in a short time. The use of floating electrodes has significantly improved the reliability of traditional quad-cell capacitive tactile sensing devices. In this paper we present a new type of high-resolution (676-sensors) flexible pressure/shear imager array based on floating combs. Each sensing cell consists of two sets of orthogonal comb electrodes connected in a differential capacitance configuration. The shear sense direction (+x, −x, +y, −y) is determined by the amount of asymmetric comb overlap. Pressure readouts are obtained from the net capacitance of the cell. The new comb configuration multiplies the shear capacitive signal by the number of combs per cell. The imager is read using a high-speed switched-capacitor circuit with a 12-bit resolution at full frame rates of 100 Hz (∼ 0.8Mb/s).
Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Moisture Content of Heavy Saltd Cod, Gadus morhua

Abstract Moisture contents of various grades of salted cod were determined directly by the standard oven method and Compu-Trac™ procedures. A predictive approach was also tested using data collected with a Hygrodynamics water activity meter. The coefficient of variation (cv) for moisture determination of 47 samples ranged from 0.2 to 2.3% and averaged 0.96% for the oven method and ranged from 0.1 to 1.2% moisture and averaged 0.63% for the CompuTrac™ method. The coefficient of determination (r2/for linear regression analysis of moisture determination by the two methods was 0.99 for the equation: ( % H 2 O , oven method ) = .96 ( % H 2 O, Compu-Trac method ) + 3.3 % The desorption isotherm at 5°C for a single lot of intact heavy salt fish, 50.7% H2O which was stepwise dehydrated to 11.7% H2O, exhibited a typical hyperbolic plot: (% H2O)=77.24×100Aw)/(1.82+100Aw) with a coefficient of determination of 0.99. However, the relationship between Aw and % H2O for 26 commercials samples, ranging in water content from 27.2 to 52.0%, was ambiguous. The salt content of 26 commercial samples of heavy salt fish ranged from 37 to 49% of the total solids. The variable salt content of commercial fish was largely responsible for the lack of correlation between Aw and moisture content.
JIGSAW: a gamma ray data acquisition, display and analysis program

The authors report on work performed to date on JIGSAW, a self-contained data acquisition, display, and analysis system designed to collect data from multiple gamma-ray detectors. The data acquisition system utilizes commercially available VMEbus and NIM hardware modules, and the VME exec real-time operating system. A Unix-based software package, written in ANSI standard C and with the X11 graphics routines, allows the user to view the acquired spectra. Analysis of the histograms can be performed in background during the run with the ROBFIT (R.L. Coldwell and G.J. Bamford, 1991) suite of curve fitting routines. >
Improving compliance with tuberculin skin test interpretation in children

Objective To evaluate the effect of a quality improvement initiative which utilized educational interventions combined with a phone follow-up program on the rate of return for tuberculin skin test (TST) interpretation. Design Before and after trial with analysis of practice records for all TSTs placed. Setting/Sample The study was conducted in a resident and attending primary care practice in an urban children's hospital. All children (n = 1315) who had TSTs placed during August and October of 1995 and August and October of 1996 were included in the study. Intervention Medical staff were re-educated regarding TST screening. Patients families were given written information about tuberculosis. Physicians and nursing staff discussed TST screening with the patients' families prior to TST placement. All patients received a series of three reminder telephone calls on three consecutive days to remind them to return for TST interpretation followed by a letter if necessary. The following data were collected: date of birth, age, zip code, type of provider, transit time from the hospital, type of health insurance, number of telephone calls made, and return status for TST interpretation. Return rates were compared pre- and post-intervention. Results A total of 1315 TSTs were placed during the pre- (n = 611) and post-(n = 704) intervention periods. Return rates increased from 6.2 to 61.5%. Attendings' patients and those with private insurance were more likely to return. There was no relationship to season, age or distance from the practice. Conclusions Targeted screening programs utilizing more effective methods for TST interpretation should be considered.
Unsteady aerodynamic simulation of static and moving bodies using scalable computers

Methods to accurately .solve the Navier-Stokes equations for geometrically complex problems that may involve relative motion between configuration components are discussed. General curvilinear structured grids are used to discretize the volume of space in the near vicinity to configuration surfaces. Off-body domain volumes are discretized with uniform Cartesian structured grids of varying levels of refinement. Off-body grid refinement is automatically adapted in response to body movement and estimates of solution error. Near-body and off-body grid components are organized into groups of equal size. Method scalability is discussed. A set of three-dimensional applications are given to demonstrate method attributes on scalable computers and advantages for solving this class of problems.
Transverse susceptibility as a probe of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy-driven phase transition in Pr 0 . 5 Sr 0 . 5 CoO 3

Half-doped ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ ($x=0.5$) displays anomalous magnetism, most notably manifest in the field-cooled magnetization versus temperature curves under different applied cooling fields. Recently, an explanation was advanced that a magnetocrystalline anisotropy transition driven by a structural transition at 120 K is the origin of this behavior. In this paper, we further elucidate the nature of the magnetic anisotropy across the low-temperature phase transition in this material by means of transverse susceptibility (TS) measurements performed using a self-resonant tunnel diode oscillator. TS probes magnetic materials by means of a small radio frequency oriented transverse to a dc field that sweeps from positive to negative saturation. TS scans as a function of field clearly reveal peaks associated with the anisotropy (${H}_{K}$) and switching fields (${H}_{S}$). When peak position is examined as a function of temperature, \ensuremath{\sim}120 K the signature of a ferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition is evident as a sharp feature in ${H}_{K}$ and a corresponding cusp in ${H}_{S}$. A third TS peak (not previously observed in other classes of magnetic oxides such as manganites and spinel ferrites) is found to be correlated with the crossover field (${H}_{\mathrm{cr}}$) in the unconventional magnetization versus temperature [$M(T)$] behavior. We observe a strong temperature dependence of ${H}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ at \ensuremath{\sim}120 K using this technique, which suggests the magnetic-field-influenced magnetocrystalline anisotropy transition. We show the switching between the high-field magnetization state and the low-field magnetization state associated with the magnetocrystalline anisotropy transition is irreversible when the magnetic field is recycled. Finally, we demonstrate that the TS peak magnitude indicates easy axis switching associated with this phase transition, even in these polycrystalline samples. Our results further confirm that TS provides new insights into the magnetic behavior of complex oxides.
Low energy photodesorption from Si(100) exposed to CO, CO2, O2, NO AND SO2

Abstract A Si(100) surface exposed to different doses of CO, CO2, O2, NO and SO2 with and without accompanying electron beam irradiation was found to exhibit photodesorption when irradiated with photons of wavelength 200–500 nm. CO and CO2 were found to be the only desorbing species when CO or CO2 were adsorbed on clean silicon. NO was found to desorb from the clean surface exposed to NO, and SO was found to desorb from the clean surface exposed to SO2. The threshold energies for photodesorption for the different species were measured to be between 2.50 and 2.62 eV. The photodesorption signal was found to be linearly dependent on the incident photon flux with the yield varying from approximately 10−6 molecules photon at λ = 450 nm to approximately 10−5 molecules photon at λ = 300 nm for all the species studied. A desorption mechanism incorporating the formation of photo-holes in the surface state bands as well as in the bulk valence bands is proposed for the system.