cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A large-scale study of test coverage evolution

Statement coverage is commonly used as a measure of test suite quality. Coverage is often used as a part of a code review process: if a patch decreases overall coverage, or is itself not covered, then the patch is scrutinized more closely. Traditional studies of how coverage changes with code evolution have examined the overall coverage of the entire program, and more recent work directly examines the coverage of patches (changed statements). We present an evaluation much larger than prior studies and moreover consider a new, important kind of change --- coverage changes of unchanged statements. We present a large-scale evaluation of code coverage evolution over 7,816 builds of 47 projects written in popular languages including Java, Python, and Scala. We find that in large, mature projects, simply measuring the change to statement coverage does not capture the nuances of code evolution. Going beyond considering statement coverage as a simple ratio, we examine how the set of statements covered evolves between project revisions. We present and study new ways to assess the impact of a patch on a project's test suite quality that both separates coverage of the patch from coverage of the non-patch, and separates changes in coverage from changes in the set of statements covered.
Implementing Dual Marching Square Using Visualization Tool Kit (VTK)

In the past few decades, volume rendering is perhaps one of the most visited research topics in the field of scientific visualization. Since volume datasets are large and require considerable computing power to process, the issue of supporting real time interaction has received much attention. Extracting a polygonal mesh from an existing scalar field identified in the volume data has been the focus since 1980s. Many algorithms, like Marching Cube, and Marching Square, a 2D interpretation, have been developed to extract the polygonal mesh from the scalar interpretation of the volume data. Only a few of these techniques claim to solve all known existing problems due to concave nature of the surfaces embedded inside the volume data. Some extract meshes with too many polygons. Many such polygons, with same orientation, could be combined. Sharp features or small detail in the underlying surface could be lost due to polygonal approximation. Other techniques suffer from topological inconsistencies, self-intersections, inter-cell dependencies, and other similar issues. Dual Marching Cubes and its interpretation in 2D, Dual Marching Squares (DMS) produce smother results in comparison to the Marching Square algorithm. In this paper, we implement DMS using the VTK pipeline. Renderings of MS and DMS are provided.
Identification of Social Sustainability Criteria in Building Energy Retrofit Projects

AbstractBuilding energy retrofits aim to reduce the energy consumption of existing facilities. The most significant impact of any energy retrofit project is during the operation phase of a building...
Spinning convincing stories for both true and false association signals.

When interpreting genome-wide association peaks, it is common to annotate each peak by searching for genes with plausible relationships to the trait. However, "all that glitters is not gold"-one might interpret apparent patterns in the data as plausible even when the peak is a false positive. Accordingly, we sought to see how human annotators interpreted association results containing a mixture of peaks from both the original trait and a genetically uncorrelated "synthetic" trait. Two of us prepared a mix of original and synthetic peaks of three significance categories from five different scans along with relevant literature search results and then we all annotated these regions. Three annotators also scored the strength of evidence connecting each peak to the scanned trait and the likelihood of further studying that region. While annotators found original peaks to have stronger evidence (p Bonferroni = 0.017) and higher likelihood of further study ( p Bonferroni = 0.006) than synthetic peaks, annotators often made convincing connections between the synthetic peaks and the original trait, finding these connections 55% of the time. These results show that it is not difficult for annotators to make convincing connections between synthetic association signals and genes found in those regions.
Correlation between peripheral blood and follicular fluid autoantibodies and impact on in vitro fertilization

Total immunoglobulins, C3 and C4 complement, and autoantibodies to phospholipid antigens, histones, histone subfractions, and nucleotides were measured in serum and follicular fluids of 26 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Immunoglobulins and complement fractions appeared in statistically lower concentrations in follicular fluid than in serum. This gradient was clearly larger for immunoglobulin M (IgM) than for IgG, IgA, C3, or C4. Ten patients who were autoantibody positive to one or more of the evaluated antigens demonstrated statistically higher total IgG and IgM levels and lower C3 and C4 than 16 autoantibody negative patients. With regard to follicular fluid, positive patients had significantly elevated IgM levels in comparison with negative control patients, and significantly decreased C3 and C4 concentrations. Patients who were autoantibody positive in serum also exhibited uniformly abnormal follicular fluid autoantibodies. Positive patients had significantly higher IgG antiphospholipid antibodies in follicular fluid than controls, and demonstrated a similar trend for IgM and IgA antiphospholipid antibodies. Positive patients demonstrated no significant differences from negative patients in number of in vitro fertilization attempts, number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, cleavage rate, and number of abnormal (granular) oocytes. However, positive patients experienced a lower pregnancy rate (5.4%) than negative patients (26.1%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .07). This observation strongly suggests that the presence of abnormal autoantibodies in the female may reduce the chance of pregnancy for in vitro fertilization patients. A similar effect of abnormal autoantibodies can then also be expected in attempts at spontaneous conception.
Mitral Valve Surgery for Papillary Muscle Rupture: Outcomes in 1342 Patients From The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database.

Abstract Background Prior reports of mitral valve surgery (MVS) for ischemic papillary muscle rupture (PMR) have been limited in patient numbers. This study evaluated national outcomes of MVS for PMR using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database. Methods The study cohort was comprised of patients undergoing MVS for ischemic PMR between 2011 to 2018 in the STS registry. Concomitant procedures were included. The primary outcome was operative mortality. Secondary outcomes included STS major morbidities. Multivariable logistic regression was used for risk-adjustment using clinically important variables as well as those predictive in univariate analysis. Results 1,342 patients underwent MVS for PMR during the study period. The majority of these were mitral valve replacements (79.8%; n=1,071) and were performed emergently (52.0%; n=698). Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed in 59.3% (n=796). Mechanical circulatory assistance prior to MVS included intra-aortic balloon pump (56.9%; n=764), Impella (4.1%; n=55), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (3.1%; n=41). STS predicted risk of mortality was 16.9% ± 15.4%. Operative mortality was 20.0%. Blood products were transfused in 70.7% (n=949). Major morbidity rates included prolonged ventilation (61.8%; n=829), acute renal failure (15.4%; n=206), reoperation (10.2%; n=137), and stroke (5.2%; n=70). Multivariable predictors of operative mortality included mitral valve replacement, older age, lower albumin, cardiogenic shock, ejection fraction Conclusions These data provide a national overview of outcomes following MVS for PMR. Rates of mortality and morbidity are high but the majority of patients survive operative intervention in this high-risk and otherwise lethal condition.
Continual adaptation in deep reinforcement learning-based control applied to non-stationary building environments

This paper develops a continual deep reinforcement relearning (RL) controller for large buildings that exhibit non-stationary behaviors. The non-stationarity in building operations caused by unexpected changes in weather patterns, occupancy, and faults, makes it imperative to develop control algorithms that adapt to the changing conditions. Given the slow time constants in building operations, we assume that the non-stationarity can be modeled as discrete transitions between stationary models of system behavior. We address the challenge of detecting transitions between stationary processes using trend analysis, and relearn control policies that accommodate the tradeoff between energy savings and comfort after such transitions occur. We demonstrate our approach on a "smart building test-bed" for developing data-driven HVAC controllers that are deployed in large buildings on our university campus.
Sensemaking and Coping After Pregnancy Loss: The Seeking and Disruption of Emotional Validation Online

Emotional validation describes when one believes that their activities, emotions, beliefs, or other reactions are relevant and meaningful given the circumstance. When people experience distressing, stigmatizing life events, their state of emotional validation and thus their perceived sense of normalcy is often disrupted. Online spaces offer opportunities for coping, managing, and making sense of distress and stigma. In this paper, we focus on pregnancy loss as the context of inquiry and as an important example of a disruptive experience that is also associated with stigma. We examine how online spaces help facilitate or disrupt the process of achieving emotional validation among pregnancy loss survivors. We conducted in-depth interviews with women in the United States who had recently experienced a pregnancy loss. We found that individuals seeking a sense of perceived normalcy after pregnancy loss engage in two forms of validation processes that result in emotional validation - informational and experiential. We identified encounters that disrupt the process of seeking, achieving, and maintaining emotional validation related to: information, designs, algorithms, and interpersonal interactions. We introduce the concept of algorithmic symbolic annihilation to describe the representational and emotional harm participants experienced when they felt they were targets of algorithms assuming that all desired pregnancies proceed as expected. Algorithmic symbolic annihilation refers to how algorithms perpetuate normative and stereotypical narratives about phenomena, where what they account for has power and authority, and what they do not account for does not. To aid in seeking, achieving and sustaining emotional validation among pregnancy loss survivors, we suggest designing for 1) representational belonging to combat symbolic annihilation and 2) information avoidance.
Development of a Low-Cost System for Simultaneous Longitudinal Biological Imaging

Simultaneous longitudinal imaging across multiple conditions and replicates has been crucial for scientific studies aiming to understand biological processes and disease. Yet, imaging systems capable of accomplishing these tasks are economically unattainable for most academic and teaching laboratories around the world. Here we propose the Picroscope, which is the first low cost system for simultaneous longitudinal biological imaging made primarily using off-the-shelf and 3D-printed materials. The Picroscope is compatible with standard 24-well cell culture plates and captures 3D z-stack image data. The Picroscope can be controlled remotely, allowing for automatic imaging with minimal intervention from the investigator. Here we use this system in a range of applications. We gathered longitudinal whole organism image data for frogs, zebrafish and planaria worms.We also gathered image data inside an incubator to observe 2D monolayers and 3D mammalian tissue culture models. Using this tool, we can measure the behavior of entire organisms or individual cells over long time periods.
Teaching social skills to students with autism spectrum disorder through augmented, virtual and mixed reality

This systematic literature review was conducted to explore the social validity of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR) as a means of providing social skill instruction to students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Forty-one articles met the inclusion criteria, including five studies utilizing AR and the remaining 36 utilizing VR for social skill interventions. No studies implemented MR. The targeted skills of the studies included emotion recognition, relationship skills, social awareness, cooperation, and executive functioning. The intervention was considered effective in 63% of studies, not effective in 10% of studies, and mixed results in 27% of studies. The social validity indicators reported by researchers ranged from two to 14 of 17 determined categories. Findings indicate the primary socially valid reasons for utilizing AR/VR for social skill instruction were high student motivation toward the intervention and a positive attitude toward the technology. Findings indicate that increasing the role of parents, educators, and students as both social skill selectors and treatment agents and adding valid and reliable skill measures may improve the effects of an intervention. Sustainability may increase by providing training to both treatment agents and participants. AR has the potential to improve generalization and VR provides a practice environment for performance deficits. Combining these technologies may provide a more effective social skill intervention.
Debate: Collaborative Environmental Law: Pro and Con

In this thoughtful and intricate cross-disciplinary debate, Professors Eric W. Orts, of Penn's Wharton School, and Cary Coglianese, of Penn's Law School, discuss the benefits and disadvantages of collaborative public policy decision making in the environmental context. It is no exaggeration to say that each year the world grows ever more aware of the nature of the environmental problems we face, and yet critical policy solutions continue to remain beyond the grasp of even the most interested parties. Professor Orts argues that it is time to embrace a different policymaking approach - that of collaborative environmental lawmaking. He argues that the view that centralized governments acting alone will arrive at 'correct' solutions . . . begs the question of incommensurable values and the various people who hold them. Professor Orts's skepticism of the independence of political and other governmental actors in a world in which lobbyists and campaign financiers . . . play large and often decisive roles in th[e public policymaking] process leads him to conclude that in many situations, it makes better sense to trust less in the traditional centralized process of environmental lawmaking and to consider more frequently the alternative of engaging in collaborative environmental law. Professor Coglianese responds that collaborative environmental law is "not at all feasible for making real-world decisions about major environmental problems," and that this policymaking approach "introduces new types of predictable and serious problems." He cautions that "[t]he issue is not whether policymakers should reach out to affected interests and members of the public. Rather, the issue lies with the purpose of public engagement." Professor Coglianese contends that, by making agreement the primary aim of policymaking, collaborative environmental law actually conveys a willingness to give in to interested parties in pursuit of the "holy grail" of consensus. Instead, Professor Coglianese urges that public "engagement should be used with another goal in mind . . . mak[ing] the best possible decision [to] . . . best advance[] the overall public interest."
Urban community in China: Service, participation and development

With the rapid urbanisation and population growth in the cities, the People's Republic of China has recognised the importance of community development based on an ever-increasing demand for social services. In 1994, the Chinese government adopted community service as an alternative way of providing the supplemental safety net in urban areas. Along with this top-down approach, resident-initiated activities, participation and grassroots organisations at the community level are growing at an incredible pace. Using a case study, this study explores the context and aspects of community services, participation and community development in a Chinese urban community. Results indicate that China's reformed market economy and welfare system presses ordinary urban people to reconnect to the local community to ensure welfare security and quality of life. Community participation in China has rediscovered the path of community development and re-interpreted the top-down and bottom-up approaches in the context of community services.
Clinical evaluation of hypertensive patients

Abstract Four cases of hypertension secondary to lesions of the renal arteries are presented with comments on the history, results of physical and laboratory examinations and surgical findings. Points emphasized are as follows: 1. 1. Hypertension of renal or renal arterial origin should be suspected in the presence of: (A) acute hypertension in young patients with angiospastic ocular changes; (B) rapidly progressive symptomatic hypertension of recent onset; (C) abrupt acceleration of chronic essential hypertension; (D) a history suggestive of a recent renal vascular accident; (E) a continuous bruit over the superolateral area of the abdomen and (F) a disparity in the size and function of the kidneys on excretory urography. 2. 2. In our experience the isotope renogram has served as an excellent screening procedure for the evaluation of renal function in hypertensive patients. 3. 3. Renal arteriography is a highly desirable procedure which aids in the more complete evaluation of hypertensive patients in whom abnormalities suggestive of renal arterial disease are found on physical or urographic examination or in the isotope renograms. This is especially true when surgical intervention is planned. The vagaries of translumbar aorticorenal arteriography are legion. Retrograde aortographic technics for renal arteriography are technically more satisfactory in our experience. 4. 4. Evaluation of function of each kidney alone may on occasions prove not only of diagnostic help, but more importantly, it may provide evidence of the adequacy of function of the individual kidneys, and thus may prove decisive regarding the feasibility of surgical intervention.
40-Gb/s RZ 120-km transmission using a nonlinearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating (NL-FBG) for tunable dispersion compensation

We demonstrate tunable dispersion compensation for a 40-Gb/s signal over 120 km LEAF fiber using a single mechanically-stretched nonlinearly-chirped FBG. It is believed that the dispersion slope of nonlinearly-chirped FBGs is a serious problem at 40-Gb/s. However, we show that the third-order dispersion of the FBG induces a negligible penalty and the FBG still can have a wide tuning range.
Lung CD8+ T Cell Impairment Occurs during Human Metapneumovirus Infection despite Virus-Like Particle Induction of Functional CD8+ T Cells.

ABSTRACT Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. There is currently no licensed HMPV vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate because they are noninfectious and elicit a neutralizing antibody response. However, studies show that serum neutralizing antibodies are insufficient for complete protection against reinfection and that adaptive T cell immunity is important for viral clearance. HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8 + T cell (T CD8 ) impairment, mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, we generated HMPV VLPs by expressing the fusion and matrix proteins in mammalian cells and tested whether VLP immunization induces functional HMPV-specific T CD8 responses in mice. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated twice with VLPs and subsequently challenged with HMPV were protected from lung viral replication for at least 20 weeks postimmunization. A single VLP dose elicited F- and M-specific lung T CD8 s with higher function and lower expression of PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors than T CD8 s from HMPV-infected mice. However, after HMPV challenge, lung T CD8 s from VLP-vaccinated mice exhibited inhibitory receptor expression and functional impairment similar to those of mice experiencing secondary infection. HMPV challenge of VLP-immunized μMT mice also elicited a large percentage of impaired lung T CD8 s, similar to mice experiencing secondary infection. Together, these results indicate that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung T CD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory disease for which there is no licensed vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate and induce antibodies, but T cell responses are less defined. Moreover, HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8 + T cell (T CD8 ) impairment mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, HMPV VLPs containing viral fusion and matrix proteins elicited epitope-specific T CD8 s that were functional with low PD-1 expression. Two VLP doses conferred sterilizing immunity in C57BL/6 mice and facilitated HMPV clearance in antibody-deficient μMT mice without enhancing lung pathology. However, regardless of whether responding lung T CD8 s had previously encountered HMPV antigens in the context of VLPs or virus, similar proportions were impaired and expressed comparable levels of PD-1 upon viral challenge. These results suggest that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung T CD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge.
Leadership, Service Learning, and Executive Management in Engineering: The Rowan University Hurricane Katrina Recovery Team

Rowan University Hurricane Katrina Recovery Team Project is a service learning endeavor undertaken by students and faculty in various disciplines at Rowan University. The objectives of this service learning endeavor are threefold. The main objective is to help distressed communities in the Gulf Coast Region. Second, this project seeks to not only address broader social issues but to also leave a tangible contribution or impact in the area while asking the following questions: what do we as professional engineers have as a responsibility to the communities we serve, and what do we leave in the community to make it a better, more equitable place to live? The last objective is the management team’s successful assessment of the experience, including several logistical challenges. To this end, this article seeks to help other student-led projects by relaying our service learning experience in a coherent, user-friendly manner that serves as a model experience. By offering peer-to-peer advice in service learning, we wish to break down apprehension about service-learning opportunities and serve as a catalyst for other such endeavors. First, this paper will cover the importance of such endeavors as well as the methods and organizational skills used to design a project. Next, it will illustrate the type of work that was completed in an effort to help rebuild the New Orleans area. Finally, it will offer advice and recommendations for other students organizing similar projects by evaluating a multi-team project approach.
Communication Theory and Training Approaches for Multiculturally Diverse Organizations: Have Academics and Practitioners Missed the Connection?.

While a number of articles have looked at the importance of multicultural training in the workplace over the past 30 years, there is little concrete agreement that documents the common fundamental ...
Direct Inhibition by Ergocornine of Pituitary Prolactin Release

The effects of ergocornine, estradiol benzoate (EB) or both on anterior pituitary (AP) and serum prolactin concentrations were studied in ovariectomized or hypophysectomized rats with a pituitary transplant, and directly on the AP in vitro. Injections of 5 or 10 μg EB into ovariectomized rats for 5 days produced 3-to 4-fold increase in AP prolactin concentration, a 6-to 8-fold rise in serum prolactin and increases in pituitary weight and mammary growth. Doses of 0.1 or 0.3 mg ergocornine methanesulfonate (ERG) partially or completely inhibited the stimulatory effects of EB on each of these parameters. Transplantation of one AP into the kidney capsule of hypophysectomizedovariectomized rats resulted in relatively high blood prolactin levels. ERG reduced prolactin release from the AP graft and mammary growth, whereas EB increased both AP and serum prolactin concentrations and mammary growth. When given together, ERG partially counteracted EB stimulation of pituitary and serum prolactin levels and mammary gr...
Surface electromagnetic geophysical exploration of the ground-water resources of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, a Caribbean carbonate Island

Two electromagnetic surface geophysical techniques were used to explore the ground-water resources of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico—a 55-square-kilometer island located between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, Isla de Mona is a tectonically uplifted carbonate plateau of Neogene age that has an average elevation of about 50 meters above mean sea level. This plateau is bounded by vertical cliffs except on the southwest where there is a narrow, 3-square-kilometer coastal plain. The coastal plain is composed of Quaternary carbonate deposits, and has a maximum elevation of less than 10 meters above mean sea level. No large-scale surface-water features are found on the plateau or on the coastal plain. To better understand the aquifer characteristics of the island, terrain conductivity and transient electromagnetic data were collected on the coastal plain and on the plateau. Computer programs were used to analyze quantitatively the electromagnetic data. Geoelectric models were produced to approximate the depth below land surface of the saline-freshwater interface underlying both the coastal plain and the plateau. Because the geophysical methods could not discern the water-table, it was assumed that it was near sea level. The thickness of the freshwater lens was estimated by subtracting the elevation of the land surface above mean sea level from the depth to the saline-freshwater interface as determined from the geophysical data. Results from the geophysical methods and water-level observations indicate that a freshwater lens with a maximum thickness of about 10 meters exists under the coastal plain. This lens thins towards the ocean, and it also thins away from the ocean toward the plateau. The model produced from the transient electromagnetic data indicates that the freshwater lens under the plateau has a maximum thickness of about 14 meters, which is a much thinner lens than previously estimated. A freshwater lens thickness of 14 meters is similar to direct measurements by divers in Cueva de Agua at Punta los Ingleses (located on the southeast coast), and observations by divers of freshwater seeps into the ocean at depths of 8 to 10 meters along the north coast cliffs after a major rainstorm.
Synthetic Studies toward the Partial Ergot Alkaloid LY228729, a Potent 5HT1A Receptor Agonist

Synthetic studies on LY228729 (3) afforded two innovative approaches for the construction of this class of partial ergoline 5HT1a receptor agonists. The first synthesis is based upon a diastereoselective epoxidation of racemic olefin 5, followed by ring opening and covalent resolution to furnish the key amino alcohol 8. Aziridination of amino alcohol 8, with subsequent tandem hydrogenolysis of the benzylic aziridine and auxiliary bonds, provided access to the optically active primary amine 13. A novel catalytic carboxamidation reaction installed the requisite side chain. Alternatively, the chiral pool was drawn upon for the single stereogenic center by virtue of l-tryptophan, albeit by a more circuitous route than expected. l-Tryptophan was differentially protected and reduced to the indoline diastereomers 26a,b which were separated by fractional crystallization. The two indoline diastereoisomers were independently cyclized by a Friedel−Crafts protocol, which under thermodynamic control afforded enantiome...
Discrepancies in military middle-school adolescents' and parents' perceptions of family functioning, social support, anger frequency, and concerns

Abstract Previous literature suggests that adolescents' and parents' perceptions of family functioning are typically quite disparate and that perceptual discrepancies increase when a family is under stress. During the years of deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan adolescents in military families have faced uniquely stressful circumstances which may exacerbate difficulties commonly experienced during adolescence. For this study 91 middle-school adolescent–parent dyads from U.S. Army families were surveyed about their perceptions of family functioning, social support, the adolescent's frequency of anger, and the adolescent's concerns. Findings indicated significant differences in parents' and adolescents' matched ratings for all variables except adolescent concerns. Adolescent–parent perceptual discrepancies were greatest for families who had never experienced deployment and during or following the first deployment. The results of this study may be useful to those supporting military families as they develop strategies to help family members understand the others' perceptions and learn to communicate and solve problems despite the differences.
Developmental regulation of an instability element from the Drosophila fushi tarazu mRNA.

Summary: The Drosophila fushi tarazu (ftz) mRNA is one of the shortest-lived metazoan mRNAs, and its instability is crucial for proper development of the embryo. Previously, we identified two cis-acting elements that are required for ftz mRNA degradation, one within the 5′ one-third and another in the 3′UTR of the message. Here we focus on the 3′UTR element termed FIE3 (ftz instability element in the 3′UTR). To investigate the developmental regulation of the FIE3-dependent degrading activity we measured the abundance of an FIE3-containing mRNA in ovaries, unfertilized eggs, and different larval and adult tissues. We found that FIE3-degrading activity is present at all developmental stages and tissues examined, except in the ovary. Activation of the FIE3-dependent mRNA decay is independent of fertilization because it could be triggered by egg activation. Finally, we provide evidence that mutation of conserved elements within FIE3 had no effect on mRNA instability. genesis 30:59–64, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Semiotics in Technology, Learning, and Culture:

Lev Vygotsky's research presented individual men tal processes as being determined by one's historically developed activity, both on a physical level (through labor) and on a mental level (through the use of psychological tools). In this study, the author reviews the translated research of Vygotsky and compares his use of the term psychological tools with research in the areas of metaphors and semiotics. Could these semiotic psychological tools be included in media sound bites and computer software to facilitate and enhance learning? Because the author's research interests are in the area of instructional technology, the intention is to explore psychological theories, such as those of Vygotsky, to see how instructional technologists might use these theories. The ideal would be to incorporate theories into their design and create innovative technology programs that affect learning positively both in the United States and in other countries and cultures.
Taking up the mop: identifying future wikipedia administrators

As Wikipedia grows, so do the messy byproducts of collaboration. Backlogs of administrative work are increasing, suggesting the need for more users with privileged admin status. This paper presents a model of editors who have successfully passed the peer review process to become admins. The lightweight model is based on behavioral metadata and comments, and does not require any page text. It demonstrates that the Wikipedia community has shifted in the last two years to prioritizing policymaking and organization experience over simple article-level coordination, and mere edit count does not lead to adminship. The model can be applied as an "AdminFinderBot" to automatically search all editors' histories and pick out likely future admins, as a self-evaluation tool, or as a dashboard of relevant statistics for voters evaluating admin candidates.
Electrosorption of uncharged molecules on solid electrodes

Abstract The theory of electrosorption of uncharged organic molecules on solid electrodes is reviewed. The fundamental differences between electrosorption and adsorption from the gas phase are pointed out. Experimental techniques for the study of electrosorption on solid electrodes are described and the limitation of the electrochemical methods are emphasized. Some results on the adsorption of n -decylamine and naphthalene on several metals at room. temperature and on the adsorption of ethylene on Pt over a range of temperatures are presented.
Synthetic peptides of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus E2 glycoprotein. I. Immunogenic analysis and identification of a protective peptide.

Abstract Fourteen peptides representing 67% of the extramembranal domain of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelititis (VEE) virus E2 glycoprotein were synthesized and analyzed to determine their antigenic, immunogenic, and protective capacities. Thirteen of 14 peptides elicited antibody for the homologous peptide. Thirteen peptides elicited antiviral antibody that recognized either the Trinidad (TRD) strain of VEE virus or the TC-83 vaccine derivative, or both. Two peptides, VE2pep01(TC-83) and VE2pep01(TRD), protected significant numbers of mice from TRD virus challenge. The majority of the peptides were reactive with antisera from mice immunized with the various subtypes of VEE virus. A competition assay using antipeptide antibodies to block virus binding of anti-VEE virus monoclonal antibodies corroborated previous studies on the spatial relationship of E2 epitopes and provided evidence for a spatial overlap of the E2 amino terminus with a domain composed of residues 180–210.
Computer Vision on Mars

Increasing the level of spacecraft autonomy is essential for broadening the reach of solar system exploration. Computer vision has and will continue to play an important role in increasing autonomy of both spacecraft and Earth-based robotic vehicles. This article addresses progress on computer vision for planetary rovers and landers and has four main parts. First, we review major milestones in the development of computer vision for robotic vehicles over the last four decades. Since research on applications for Earth and space has often been closely intertwined, the review includes elements of both. Second, we summarize the design and performance of computer vision algorithms used on Mars in the NASA/JPL Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission, which was a major step forward in the use of computer vision in space. These algorithms did stereo vision and visual odometry for rover navigation and feature tracking for horizontal velocity estimation for the landers. Third, we summarize ongoing research to improve vision systems for planetary rovers, which includes various aspects of noise reduction, FPGA implementation, and vision-based slip perception. Finally, we briefly survey other opportunities for computer vision to impact rovers, landers, and orbiters in future solar system exploration missions.
Phase stability of SrFeCo0.5Oy under synthesis and annealing conditions

Dense ceramic tubes of the multi phase mixed ionic/electronic conductor SrFeCo0.5Oy (SFC2) have been .synthesized by solidstate reaction. Stability of the component phases of SFC2 was studied by insitu neutron diffraction in the temperature range of 900– 1200 � C in air and Ar environments. In air between 900 and 1050 � C, the material is stable, with Sr2(Fe,Co)3Oy (236) being the major phase. Above 1050 � C, 236 undergoes decomposition into perovskite and rocksalt phases, and at 1200 � C, only a small fraction of the 236 phase is stable. In Ar, the 236 phase is completely stable at 900 � C but is completely decomposed by 1100 � C, whereupon only the perovskite and rocksalt phases remain. Rietveld analysis indicates that the 236 and perovskite phases become more Fe-rich as decomposition occurs, while the perovskite phase lattice parameter and oxygen content vary readily as temperature and gas environment are changed. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Impacts of Interval Computing on Stock Market Variability Forecasting

This study uses the interval computing approach to forecast the annual and quarterly variability of the stock market. We find that the forecasting accuracy is significantly higher than the OLS lower and upper bound forecasting. The strength of the interval computing comes from its data processing. It uses lower and upper bound information simultaneously, no variability information is lost in parameter estimation. The quarterly interval (variability) forecasts suggest that the interval computing method outperforms the OLS lower and upper bound forecasting in both stable and volatile periods.
Ultrastructural changes in the cerebrovascular endothelium induced by a diet high in linoleic acid and deficient in vitamin E.

Abstract Studies were made on the blood vessels of the brain of chicks which were fed a diet high in linoleic acid and deficient in vitamin E. Electron microscopic observations revealed that ceroidlike dense bodies began to accumulate in some endothelial cells after 1 wk on the diet. By 2 wk, these dense bodies were found to occupy large segments of the endothelial cytoplasm in many blood vessels. The endothelia of capillaries and venules of the cerebellum in addition, were swollen and underwent fragmentation and denudation with focal breakdown of the vascular wall. The pathogenesis of the vascular injury was discussed in the light of lipid peroxidation as a result of excess uptake of unsaturated fatty acid with the absence of vitamin E.
A new instrument for the performance of the thiersch procedure for rectal procidentia

A new instrument for the performance of the Thiersch procedure is presented. It offers advantages over the traditional method of doing this operation in that it can be done through only one incision, reducing both the risk of infection and the trauma to perianal tissues.
The role of mesoscale eddies in the poleward transport of heat by the oceans: a review

Abstract The poleward transport of heat by the ocean circulation plays a major role in the global heat balance, but many details of this process remain unclear. In particular it is difficult to determine from observations what role energetic mesoscale eddies play in poleward heat transport. In place of missing long-term buoy measurements over extensive areas, eddy resolving numerical ocean circulation simulations offer some means to gain insight. For ocean models with specified meridional density distributions at the upper boundary it is possible to compare the poleward heat transport in eddy resolving and non-eddyresolving simulations. While a change of vertical diffusion in models is known to be very important for poleward heat transport, the reduction of horizontal viscosity and diffusion, which allows mesoscale eddies to appear in the simulation, seems to have little effect. A possible explanation appears to be that the models for normal parameter ranges are very weakly driven thermal systems. The time dependent mesoscale eddies appear to set up nearly adiabatic flows in which eddy transport of heat is compensated by induced mean flows which transport heat in the opposite direction. For extremely strong forcing of the density field in the upper ocean this is no longer true.
Posttraumatic torsional injury as an indirect cause of fibular intraneural ganglion cysts: case illustrations and potential mechanisms.

Trauma has been loosely associated with the development of fibular intraneural ganglion cysts. Sporadic reports of direct trauma to the proximal lateral leg in the region of the superior tibiofibular joint (STFJ) capsule support the development of a capsular rent and the subsequent egress of joint fluid from the articular joint. This report provides evidence to suggest that indirect trauma from torsion can link concomitant ankle injury and fibular nerve palsy (foot drop) and fibular intraneural ganglion cysts. We present two cases to illustrate different potential mechanisms. One patient sustained an ankle ligamentous injury which was translated through the interosseous membrane (IOM) to the proximal leg region, affecting the STFJ and the fibular nerve (ascending pathway). The second patient had blunt injury to the popliteal fossa in combination with a twisting injury to the leg. In this latter case we offer two plausible explanations: (1) combined knee and ankle injury resulting in an ascending pathway mechanism; and (2) a knee injury which disrupted the STFJ, resulting in a translational force down the leg (descending pathway). We believe that fibular intraneural cysts from the STFJ result from direct and indirect trauma. Additional reports of similar cases and sophisticated biomechanical testing will allow us to delineate the exact mechanisms for these injury patterns. Clin. Anat. 25:641–646, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipide phosphorus and cholesterol changes in the hen's egg during incubation.

Abstract Lecithin phosphorus, cephalin phosphorus, total lipide choline, and free cholesterol gradually decrease in the residual yolk with incubation, whereas these substances simultaneously show a gradual increase in the embryo. There is also a progressive increase in esterified cholesterol in both yolk and embryo. The hen's egg contains practically no sphingomyelin, but some sphingomyelin appears to be formed by the embryo during development. Phospholipide and cholesterol metabolism reach their peak between the 18th and 21st days of incubation. The percentage tissue concentration of lipide phosphorus and free cholesterol remains relatively constant in the residual yolk, but decreases in the embryo during incubation.
The substructure of the cellulose microfibrils from the cell walls of the algae Valonia ventricosa.

The fine structure of the cellulose microfibrils from the cell wall of the marine algae Valonia ventricosa has been investigated by observation of deformed and undeformed specimens in the electron microscope. On treatment with ultrasonic vibrations, the purified cell wall broke down into microfibrils 210 A in width. Sections of microfibrils which had been disrupted by the ultrasonic treatment consisted of elementary fibrillar fragments with a regular width of 35 A. Deformation by stretching on Mylar film separated the microfibril into similar fibrils with a width of 35 A or multiples thereof. Striations on the intact microfibrils are interpreted in terms of a substructure consisting of these elementary fibrils.
Impacts of Incorporating Prairie Vegetation within Row Crop Production on Soil Hydraulic Properties

Runoff from agricultural land is a concern for downstream water quality. Soil hydraulic properties influence infiltration which influences surface runoff and, as a result, downstream water quality. Implementation of vegetative filter strips (VFS) has the potential to reduce downstream pollutant loading by slowing runoff velocities, which allows particulates to settle out, as well as allowing for infiltration. Since soil hydraulic properties influence infiltration there is a need to evaluate the impacts VFS have on physical properties of the soil, which will allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which VFS provide benefits. The objective of this study was to determine if differences in soil hydraulic properties exist under different land uses. Variations in surface infiltration between VFS, restored prairie, and agriculture row crop areas were determined utilizing tension infiltrometers for in-situ measurement of infiltration rate at the upslope and foot slope positions under various land cover in three small watersheds at the Neal Smith Wildlife National Refuge (NSNWR) near Prairie City, IA. Results did not show statistically significant differences in treatment at any of the tensions tested. There were significant differences in conductivity between the two landscape positions at tensions -6 & -12 cm. Although there were no significant differences collectively results did show higher conductivity within the VFS compared to the row crop and restored native prairie in two of three watersheds. Higher conductivity in the VFS of the two watersheds shows that over time VFS may influence soil hydraulic properties within a watershed. However the low conductivity in the restored native prairie does not seem to support the idea of long term effectiveness of VFS which warrant further investigation.
Molecular cloning, cDNA sequence analysis, and chromosomal localization of mouse Pkd2.

Abstract The gene responsible for the second form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, PKD2, has recently been identified. We now describe the cloning, genomic localization, cDNA sequence, and expression analysis of its murine homologue, Pkd2. The cloned cDNA sequence is 5134 bp long and is predicted to encode a 966-amino-acid integral membrane protein with six membrane-spanning domains and intracellular NH 2 and COOH termini. Pkd2 is highly conserved with 91% identity and 98% similarity to polycystin-2 at the amino acid level. Pkd2 mRNA is widely expressed in mouse tissues. Pkd2 maps to mouse Chromosome 5 and is excluded as a candidate gene for previously mapped mouse mutations resulting in a polycystic kidney phenotype.
Optimal control for scheduling final harvest in even-aged forest stands

Abstract Continuous optimal control theory (OCT) is one of several approaches that may be applied for scheduling harvests in even-aged forest stands. Although some theoretical mathematical development is available for the continuous approach, little is available on numerical solution. This paper develops the problem, shows derivation of the necessary conditions for identifying an optimum, and then applies these necessary conditions via numerical analysis techniques to derive solutions using personal computer spreadsheets.
Midline forehead flap for reconstruction of cutaneous nasal defects.

The forehead flap is a workhorse for reconstruction of large cutaneous nasal defects, including from ala to ala. It is characterized by its dependability, consistent anatomy, robust perfusion pressure at the pedicle base, and excellent texture match. Themidline forehead flap design has the advantage of a donor site scar in the midline of the forehead rather than paramedian, which is often less conspicuous. The curved pedicle also gives a slightly longer reach.1
No Need to Talk about Teaching: Examining the Effects That an Instruction and Assessment System Has on Collaborating Teachers' Discourse.

Raven Elementary teachers collaboratively adhered to a systematic reading program, administered frequent assessments, and their students’ test scores improved over time. Our findings indicate that, though effective for improving certain outcomes, such a tightly designed and narrowly focused system created a limiting learning environment for collaborating teachers, preventing them from engaging in reflection or developing more complex instruction. In the absence of policy and resources that require and support teachers to collaboratively reflect on instruction, their rich organizational conditions could only serve as elements of a technical problem-solving system and not as resources for teachers to collectively develop their practice.