cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Method studies on HPLC determination of R-isomers of penehyclidine hydrochloride in urine excretion in mice

AIM: To study a method of HPLC determination of R-isomers of penehyclidine hydrochloride (R-PHC) in mouse urine excretion. METHODS: Urine samples were collected and prepared after i.m. a single dose 30 μg of R-PHC in mice. The HPLC system consisted of Spherisorb SiO_2 column, methanol-dichloromethane-ammonia liquor (82 0.1 ) as mobile phase with 254 nm, flow rate: 0.8 ml·min -1 , and injection volume of 20 μl. RESULTS: The linear range was 0.5 -100 mg·L -1 (r= 0.9994 and 0.9997 , respectively), and the average recovery was more than 85%. The RSD of intra-day and inter-day assays of two isomers were all less than 13%. The limit of detection proved to be 0.1 μg·ml -1 . The ratio of R-1/R-2 in urine changed within the time after dosing. The cumulative excretion of the two optical isomers had distinguished differences (P 0.05 )in urine. CONCLUSION: This HPLC method is simple and convenient, and able to investigate the stereo-selective excretion of R-PHC isomers in urine.
Comparison of Dynamic Balance Test Methods of Hydropower Generator Unit

Four hydropower generator unit dynamic balance test methods including 3 times weight test method,time- frequency analysis method,influence index method,and modified influence index method are introduced. By comparing and analyzing advantages and disadvantages of all test methods,and combining with actual application situations of all test methods,it is pointed out that time- frequency analysis method and influence index method are currently mainly used dynamic balance test methods. Time- frequency analysis method is convenient and fast for the low speed hydropower generator unit,and influence index method is recommended for the high speed hydropower generator unit and the double weight balance test.
Attachment State of Mind and the Treatment Relationship

Attachment state of mind refers to the way adults process attachment-related thoughts, memories, and feelings (Main & Goldwyn, in press). We argue in this chapter that the states of mind of clients as well as clinicians are central to the work of psychotherapy and other forms of mental health services for several reasons. First, the treatment relationship is often an attachment relationship: The client finds in the therapist someone who seems stronger and wiser than him-or herself. Thus, the client may interact with the clinician in ways that reflect expectations from other relationships. In clinical parlance, this is referred to as “transference.” Second, although therapy does not ordinarily represent an attachment relationship for the clinician, the relationship is inherently interpersonal and involves caregiving. Therefore, the clinician’s own state of mind affects his or her interactions with the client. Third, treatment is often directed at modifying the client’s processing of attachment-related information as well as the client’s expectations of, and interactions with, others. Thus, an objective of treatment is often modifying the client’s state of mind, either directly or indirectly.
Treatment of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Patients (pts) Age 80 and Older: Analysis of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) National Database

Abstract 968 Introduction: The incidence of DLBCL increases with age and the population ≥80 is the fastest growing segment of the elderly population. Optimal treatment of these very elderly DLBCL pts remains unclear. While chemo-immunotherapy can be curative, benefits of treatment must be balanced against toxicities in older, frail pts. Previous studies have suggested that doxorubicin treatment is associated with better survival in the very elderly population, though only on univariate analyses. To better understand the relationship between treatment and survival in pts ≥80, we performed a retrospective analysis of veterans to examine the relationship between treatment and overall survival (OS). Methods: We identified 523 DLBCL pts ≥80 diagnosed between 1998 and 2008 in the VHA Central Cancer Registry. We excluded pts with primary cutaneous or central nervous system DLBCL and pts treated with unknown agents outside the VHA. Data on stage, LDH, co-morbidities, date of death, treatment and supportive care medications were obtained for each pt. Treatment related mortality (TRM) was defined as death in the 30 days following any cycle of therapy. OS was defined as time from diagnosis to death. ECOG Performance Status (PS) at diagnosis was either obtained from pt charts or assessed from physician, nursing, and physical therapy notes available for each patient. Results: Of the 476 pts that met inclusion criteria, 193 received at least one dose of doxorubicin therapy (DT), 92 were treated without doxorubicin (non-DT) and 191 received no system therapy (NST). Median OS times were 30.2 months, 12.3 months, and 1.9 months in the DT, non-DT, and NST groups, respectively (Log-rank p Conclusions: While we acknowledge the limitations of analyses of observational data, the observed 18% rate of TRM (compared to historical TRM rates of 4–6% seen in trials of R-CHOP) suggests that standard treatment paradigms are too toxic for many patients in this age group. The lack of association between doxorubicin and OS calls into question the importance of this drug in this patient population. In the absence of better risk stratification, treatment with less toxic regimens- either through attenuated doses or different drugs- may be appropriate in this population. Disclosures: Carson:Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Nabhan:Genentech: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.
Progressive Political Theory, Contemporary Politics, and the REINS Act

This draft chapter was prepared for a conference (hosted at St. Vincent’s College, Pennsylvania) and for a book, both directed toward an educated lay audience, on critiques by leading Progressive theorists and statesmen of American constitutionalism. The chapter explains why the main themes of the book continue to resonate in contemporary politics. Early Progressive arguments in favor of centralized administrative governance contributed to the structure of national regulatory and welfare state programs later associated with the New Deal and Great Society. Separately, although centralized administrative governance is politically quite attractive, it is also coming under criticism by prominent political opponents as a “Progressive” institution. Finally, these criticisms are part of a broader conflict between citizens who identify with the Tea Party movement and those who identify with government by apolitical administration. As viewed in the terms of classical political theory, this opposition is a conflict between two different groups of elites for pre-eminence in the American political regime. The writings of early Progressive theorists make extremely clear the claims of the elites who seek pre-eminence in a system of centralized administrative governance. Throughout, the chapter illustrates with contemporary examples, including the REINS Act, the Schoolhouse Rock episode “I’m Just a Bill,” and references to that episode in recent judicial opinions and popular entertainment addressing administrative policy-making.
Nutrition Matters in IBD

There is recent interest in how the Western diet and dietary patterns affect IBD and how diet manipulation could alter the microbiome in IBD. Timely nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention can minimize the risk of malnutrition. Early detection of nutrient deficiencies, malabsorption, and prompt correction of abnormalities may improve nutritional status and quality of life in IBD. Enteral nutrition is a cost-effective approach to maintain or restore nutritional status if an oral diet is inadequate. Currently, there is much interest in complementary and alternative nutrition in IBD, though these are not ready for prime time, and further studies are needed. Diet is a useful tool to manage symptoms and provide adequate nutrition in IBD. Despite recent studies in IBD, a healthy and balanced diet remains recommended to alleviate symptoms and promote nutrition.
Decolonizing energy: Black Lives Matter and technoscientific expertise amid solar transitions

Abstract With the advent of renewables, white-collar energy experts have embraced a holistic, intersectional politics at odds with the corporate technocratic outlook characteristic of the energy sector. Concomitantly, anti-racist activists have enfolded technocratic energy issues into their intersectional agenda, situating themselves in the technical spaces that produce electricity. In this paper I argue that renewable energy technologies and the intersectional ethos of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement have operated as a material-discursive node, enabling these coterminous shifts. These shifts are also challenging dominant understandings of what energy fundamentally is amid burgeoning efforts to “democratize” energy. I contend that BLM presents a framework through which we can more radically decolonize energy. Highlighting the historical imbrications of slavery and industrialized energy generation, I argue that colonialism transformed energy – the ability to change matter – into a commoditized form that made certain lives not matter. This framework suggests that pervasive understandings of energy reify colonial hierarchies. As such, I call for intersectional work that reconceptualizes energy in terms of vital relationality. By unleashing energy from its colonial context, we can begin to disentangle the systems through which we change matter from the systems through which certain lives are made to not matter.
Abstract P187: Nitric Oxide Function in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome During High and Low Sodium Diets

Background: Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized by an increase in sympathetic activity, with an exaggerated rise in heart rate upon standing and symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion. Endothelial/Nitric Oxide (NO) dysfunction might be involved in POTS pathophysiology. As part of the non-pharmacologic treatment of POTS, a high sodium diet is often recommended to increase plasma volume. We assessed endothelial/NO function in conduit vessels (using flow-mediated dilation, FMD) and resistance vessels (using finger pulse arterial tonometry, PAT) in POTS patients during high and low salt diets. Methods: In 14 female POTS patients (34±9 years, BMI 23±3 kg/m 2 ) and 13 matched healthy control subjects (29±4 years, BMI 24±3 kg/m 2 ), we evaluated the time course responses to FMD and PAT. Subjects were randomly assigned to either high salt diet (300mEq/day) or low salt diet (10mEq/day) for 6 days and crossed over to the other arm after 1 month. The areas under the curve for brachial artery diameter by FMD and finger artery dilation by PAT were compared between interventions and groups. Results: No differences in NO function in a conduit artery were seen. In contrast, in resistance vessels, high salt diet increased vasodilation in both POTS and healthy subjects (figure). In addition, POTS patients have greater vasodilation than healthy subjects during both low and high salt diets (p=0.036 and 0.033 for high and salt diets respectively). Conclusions: POTS patients may have an exaggerated NO response to reactive hyperemia in resistance vessels, but not in conductance vessels. This excessive vasodilation could contribute to POTS symptoms on standing.
Nonsensing residues in S3–S4 linker’s C terminus affect the voltage sensor set point in K+ channels

Voltage sensitivity in ion channels is a function of highly conserved arginine residues in their voltage-sensing domains (VSDs), but this conservation does not explain the diversity in voltage dependence among different K+ channels. Here we study the non-voltage-sensing residues 353 to 361 in Shaker K+ channels and find that residues 358 and 361 strongly modulate the voltage dependence of the channel. We mutate these two residues into all possible remaining amino acids (AAs) and obtain Q-V and G-V curves. We introduced the nonconducting W434F mutation to record sensing currents in all mutants except L361R, which requires K+ depletion because it is affected by W434F. By fitting Q-Vs with a sequential three-state model for two voltage dependence-related parameters (V0, the voltage-dependent transition from the resting to intermediate state and V1, from the latter to the active state) and G-Vs with a two-state model for the voltage dependence of the pore domain parameter (V1/2), Spearman's coefficients denoting variable relationships with hydrophobicity, available area, length, width, and volume of the AAs in 358 and 361 positions could be calculated. We find that mutations in residue 358 shift Q-Vs and G-Vs along the voltage axis by affecting V0, V1, and V1/2 according to the hydrophobicity of the AA. Mutations in residue 361 also shift both curves, but V0 is affected by the hydrophobicity of the AA in position 361, whereas V1 and V1/2 are affected by size-related AA indices. Small-to-tiny AAs have opposite effects on V1 and V1/2 in position 358 compared with 361. We hypothesize possible coordination points in the protein that residues 358 and 361 would temporarily and differently interact with in an intermediate state of VSD activation. Our data contribute to the accumulating knowledge of voltage-dependent ion channel activation by adding functional information about the effects of so-called non-voltage-sensing residues on VSD dynamics.
Recent Progress in Photoinduced NO Delivery With Designed Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complexes

Abstract This chapter focuses on our recent work in the area of designed ruthenium nitrosyl complexes and their potential as NO donors to biological targets. Special attention has been given to the design strategies that afford nitrosyls capable of releasing NO upon exposure to visible light of various wavelengths. Results of theoretical studies have been utilized to gain insight into their photophysical properties and mechanism(s) of NO photodissociation. Techniques of sensitizing the otherwise UV-sensitive ruthenium nitrosyls to visible light by attachment of light-harvesting dye molecules have also been discussed.
Deletion of SLC4A4 in Pancreatic ß Cells Protects from High-Fat Diet–Induced Glucose Intolerance and ß-Cell Dysfunction

Islet failure in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterised by loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) attributed in part to β-cell dedifferentiation (e.g., mis-expression of alpha cell-specific genes). Recent single cell transcriptomics studies identified SLC4A4 (a gene encoding an electrogenic Na + -nHCO 3 - cotransporter, NBCe1) as one of the mis-expressed genes in β-cells of patients with T2DM. Thus, we set out to test the hypothesis that mis-expression of SLC4A4 in β-cells contributes to loss of GSIS and impaired glucose homeostasis in T2DM. To address this hypothesis, we first confirmed induction of robust SLC4A4 protein expression in β-cells of patients with T2DM utilizing immunofluorescence staining of autopsy-derived human pancreas specimens. We next generated β-cell-specific slc4a4 knockout (β-slc4a4 -/- ) and corresponding control (β-slc4a4 +/+ ) mice through crossing of slc4a4 loxP/loxP and Ins2-Cre mouse models. Adult (3 month old) β-slc4a4 -/- mice displayed normal body weight, glycaemia, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity under standard chow fed conditions (p>0.vs. β-slc4a4 +/+ ). In contrast, β-slc4a4 -/- mice exhibited enhanced glucose tolerance and in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin response under conditions of metabolic stress induced by ad libitum intake of 60% high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks (p +/+ HFD). Interestingly, improved glucose tolerance in β-slc4a4 -/- mice was also associated with a tendency for expansion of β-cells mass (82%, p=0.09 vs. β-slc4a4 +/+ HFD) and increased β-cells proliferation (26%, p=0.11 vs. β-slc4a4 +/+ HFD). These results suggest that β-cell mis-expression of the Na + -nHCO 3 - cotransporter encoded by SLC4A4 contributes to induction of β-cell failure under conditions of metabolic stress and T2DM. Disclosure M. Brown: None. H.L. Holmes: None. K. Rakshit: None. M.F. Romero: None. A. Matveyenko: None.
Life between the stars

As we have seen in the previous chapters, there are many roads to the stars and a wide variety of planetary environments await the first pioneers from Earth. But unless some form of breakthrough propulsion proves possible and practical, the duration of even the shortest interstellar journies will be decades or centuries, and the planets awaiting the first pioneers may require centuries of terraforming, since exact duplicates of the Earth may not be common.
National Courts and the Self-Executing Nature of ILO Convention Provisions

The close link between the right of individuals to invoke the provisions of treaties and the problem of the self-executing nature of treaties has been referred to previously. Individuals may claim rights under treaties before national courts in countries of automatic incorporation if such treaties are considered self-executing and if the individuals have standing to invoke the treatv.1
DOM Sources, Sinks, Reactivity, and Budgets

Abstract At 662 Pg C, marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents the largest pool of reduced carbon and associated elements in the ocean. The flux of carbon and associated elements through the DOM pool operates on time scales that are both ecologically and biogeochemically relevant. As a byproduct of biological productivity a portion of autochthonous DOM production turns over rapidly, serving as a substrate that fuels heterotrophic microbial activity and the fast biogeochemical cycling of elements. Although > 50% of the carbon fixed by photo and chemoautotrophy is routed through DOM and processed by heterotrophic microbes, there are numerous biotic and abiotic processes that also alter DOM reactivity, decoupling its production from consumption, resulting in its accumulation. The controls on the redistribution of DOM can play an important role in carbon export and it potential sequestration. This chapter reviews the many production and consumption processes that control the fluxes, accumulation, and inventory of DOM in the ocean. We review (1) the biotic mechanisms of DOM production, (2) the biotic and abiotic processes controlling DOM removal, (3) the numerous factors and processes leading to DOM accumulation, we then (4) examine DOM fractions in terms of biological lability and ecological and biogeochemical significance, and (5) describe our current understanding of the global ocean DOC budget.
Beyond Data Collection: Ethical Issues in Minority Research

This article examines ethical concerns surrounding research on minority issues. Specifically, it addresses whether researchers have an obligation to consider (a) the impact that minority research c...
Temperature constrains locomotion and muscle function in two temperate labrids.

Abstract Winter quiescence in fishes is not uncommon, however understanding the mechanisms that cause dormancy are poorly understood. This study highlights the physiological stress temperature places on locomotor musculature and its consequences on whole organism locomotion. Cunner and tautog experience temperatures ranging from 0 to 25 °C and enter dormancy at ~10 °C. We aimed to address the question: how do winter temperatures affect steady swimming and muscle contraction kinetics in cunner? Fishes were collected and housed at 5, 10, 15, or 20 °C. Gait transition speed and fin beat frequency were measured at each acclimation temperature. Twitch and tetanus kinetics were recorded from the aerobic locomotor muscle, which is responsible for the power stroke during swimming. Fish acclimated to colder temperatures (5, 10 °C) demonstrated lower gait transition speeds than the warm temperature treatments. Similarly, twitch kinetics were slower in muscle acclimated at ≤10 °C. Locomotor muscle from tautog was significantly slower to contract and relax than cunner when tested at 5 and 10 °C. These results suggest that muscle acclimation differs in these closely related labrids from the same habitat. Additionally, these results suggest that cunner locomotor musculature can maintain greater performance at a wider range of temperatures. Cunner occupy more northern latitudes which likely allows for greater performance shifts in response to temperature. However, when temperatures get cold enough muscle function is reduced, perhaps contributing to their overwintering ecology.
RESPONSE: With Gratitude, and a Look to the Future.

When you get to my stage in your career, you recognize that we are only as successful as the people around us. I had a vision for this section of the Journal when I became the Editor-in-Chief in 2014, in order to highlight and promote cardiovascular clinicians and researchers at the earliest stage
“Something that feels like a community”: the role of personal stories in building community-based participatory archives

Our research aims to explore the personal contexts of community-based participatory archive contributors by unveiling the stories behind the objects the contributors donate to the archives. These stories are historical and valuable in intent because they provide rich evidence about and insights into the past from the perspective of the community members. Using the Mass. Memories Road Show as a case study, we analyzed interviews with individuals who contributed photographs that provide a snapshot of their community to the community-based participatory archives. We employed a grounded theory approach to categorize the photographs contributed and identify themes from the memories and sentiments evoked from the stories behind the photographs. The results of this study demonstrate how people perceive and appraise their past life memories and how their surrounding community influences the formation of community-based participatory archives. This study sheds light on how individuals make connections to their communities through their personal objects and stories.
Reclaiming Your Time: Tools From Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP) for Making General Interventions Local

AbstractIn the last 20 years, teachers have been placed in an impossible bind: we know that classrooms are situated in geographic and sociohistorical contexts, but we are required to implement one-...
Coulomb expectation values in D = 3 and D = 3 − 2 ε dimensions

We explore the quantum Coulomb problem for two-body bound states, in $D=3$ and $D=3\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions, in detail, and give an extensive list of expectation values that arise in the evaluation of QED corrections to bound-state energies. We describe the techniques used to obtain these expectation values and give general formulas for the evaluation of integrals involving associated Laguerre polynomials. In addition, we give formulas for the evaluation of integrals involving subtracted associated Laguerre polynomials, those with low powers of the variable subtracted off, that arise when evaluating divergent expectation values. We present perturbative results (in the parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$) that show how bound-state energies and wave functions in $D=3\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions differ from their $D=3$ dimensional counterparts and use these formulas to find regularized expressions for divergent expectation values such as $\ensuremath{\langle}{\overline{V}}^{3}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}{({\overline{V}}^{\ensuremath{'}})}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ where $\overline{V}$ is the $D$-dimensional Coulomb potential. We evaluate a number of finite $D$-dimensional expectation values such as $\ensuremath{\langle}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}2+4\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{r}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}{r}^{4\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{p}^{4}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ that have $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limits that differ from their three-dimensional counterparts $\ensuremath{\langle}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{r}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}{p}^{4}\ensuremath{\rangle}$. We explore the use of recursion relations, the Feynman-Hellmann theorem, and momentum-space brackets combined with $D$-dimensional Fourier transformation for the evaluation of $D$-dimensional expectation values. The results of this paper are useful when using dimensional regularization in the calculation of properties of Coulomb bound systems.
The Good, The Bad, and The Unexpected: Roles of DUX4 in Health and Disease

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Chew et al. (2019) show that the pioneer factor DUX4 is misexpressed in tumors, where it suppresses anti-tumor immune activity. Their findings provide a new mechanism for immune evasion in cancer and highlight the pathogenic effects of re-expressing an embryonic program in adult cells.
Extracellular adenosine as a master regulator of immune cell migration into the central nervous system via induction of CX3CL1 (60.9)

Having the ability to modulate lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system (CNS) would benefit patients with neuroinflammatory diseases. We have previously shown that extracellular adenosine regulates CNS entry of lymphocytes during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for the CNS inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis. For instance, while extracellular adenosine levels are vastly increased following inflammatory cellular damage (from the hydrolysis of released cytoplasimic ATP by CD39 and CD73), mice lacking CD73 or given adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists have significantly reduced CNS lymphocyte entry during EAE. We now show through detailed genetic studies that AR signaling regulates lymphocyte migration into the CNS though induction of CX3CL1, a specialized chemokine that acts as both an adhesion molecule and chemoattractant for lymphocytes, monocytes, and NK cells. We show that AR signaling is necessary and sufficient to induce CNS expression of CX3CL1 (as compared to over 40 other chemokines and adhesion molecules). AR regulation of CX3CL1 is critical for EAE progression, as daily anti-CX3CL1 treatments prevent CNS lymphocyte infiltration during EAE. Importantly, AR signaling induces CX3CL1 expression on the choroid plexus, a known CNS entry point for lymphocytes. As AR signaling can promote lymphocyte transmigration across a choroid plexus transwell barrier, we conclude that adenosine is a master regulator of CNS lymphocyte entry.
Epilogue: The Language Opportunities for the 21st Century

This epilogue to the Special Issue on Language Challenges in the 21st Century offers commentary on the current state of social scientific inquiry in the field of language and social psychology. Ins...
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF PERCUTANEOUS MITRAL VALVE-IN-VALVE AND MITRAL VALVE-IN-RING PROCEDURES: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND POOLED ANALYSIS OF 30 DAY AND ONE YEAR OUTCOMES

The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and pooled analysis of the literature to evaluate 30 day and one year outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve (VIV) and valve-in-ring (VIR) procedures. Transcatheter treatment of failed mitral valves and rings after cardiac surgery
Microscale Observation via High-Speed X-ray Diffraction of Alloy 718 During In Situ Laser Melting

The laser melting process is accompanied by rapid evolution in temperature, phase, structure, and strain because of its high heating and cooling rates. In this study, the evolution of grains within a thin solid plate of Ni alloy 718 during laser processing was probed with in situ high-energy x-ray diffraction experiments. The high temporal and spatial resolution available in the measurement allowed us to study the rapid evolution of the melted region beneath the surface of the sample. The characterization of the evolution of secondary phases, i.e., Laves and carbide, was captured despite the weak diffracted peaks caused by small volume fractions. Thermal history was estimated based on changes in the lattice spacing from the thermal contraction upon cooling. The temporal variation in 2θ with azimuthal direction revealed the evolution in anisotropy of lattice spacing and thus of the mechanical state during laser processing.
CD8 T-Cell-Predominant Lymphocytic Esophagitis is One of the Major Patterns of Lymphocytic Inflammation in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Context.— Published reports have suggested an association of lymphocytic esophagitis (LyE) with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and primary motility disorders and have also shown that GERD and motility disorders frequently overlap. These findings make it difficult to determine the true relationship between LyE and GERD, which may be confounded by the presence of motility disorders with LyE. Objective.— To characterize patterns of lymphocytic inflammation in patients with GERD that have no motility abnormalities. Design.— We identified 161 patients seen at our institution from 1998 to 2014, who were diagnosed with GERD, had normal esophageal motility, and available esophageal biopsies. LyE was defined as peripapillary lymphocytosis with rare or absent granulocytes. CD4 and CD8 immunophenotype of lymphocytes was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results.— We found increased intraepithelial lymphocytes in 13.7% of patients with GERD. Two major patterns and 1 minor pattern of lymphocytic inflammation were observed as follows: (1) LyE (in 6.8% [11 of 161] of patients and typically focal), (2) dispersed lymphocytes in an area of reflux esophagitis (in 5.6% [9 of 161] and typically diffuse), and (3) peripapillary lymphocytes in an area of reflux esophagitis (in 1.2% [2 of 161]). CD8 T cells significantly outnumbered CD4 T cells in 91% of patients with lymphocytic esophagitis and 100% of patients with dispersed lymphocytes (9 of 9) or peripapillary lymphocytes (2 of 2) in the area of reflux esophagitis. Conclusions.— These findings suggest that LyE is one of the major patterns of lymphocytic inflammation in GERD. CD8 T-cell-predominant immunophenotype may be useful as a marker of GERD in the differential diagnosis of LyE.
Comparative Review and Assessment of Various Flood Retrofit Methods for Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Coastal Areas

AbstractRecent hurricanes indicated that retrofitted residential buildings are still susceptible to wind- and flood-induced damage in coastal areas. This poor performance indicates that flood retro...
A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control

BACKGROUND The most appropriate targets for systolic blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among persons without diabetes remain uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 9361 persons with a systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or higher and an increased cardiovascular risk, but without diabetes, to a systolic blood-pressure target of less than 120 mm Hg (intensive treatment) or a target of less than 140 mm Hg (standard treatment). The primary composite outcome was myocardial infarction, other acute coronary syndromes, stroke, heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS At 1 year, the mean systolic blood pressure was 121.4 mm Hg in the intensive-treatment group and 136.2 mm Hg in the standard-treatment group. The intervention was stopped early after a median follow-up of 3.26 years owing to a significantly lower rate of the primary composite outcome in the intensive-treatment group than in the standard-treatment group (1.65% per year vs. 2.19% per year; hazard ratio with intensive treatment, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.89; P<0.001). All-cause mortality was also significantly lower in the intensive-treatment group (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.90; P=0.003). Rates of serious adverse events of hypotension, syncope, electrolyte abnormalities, and acute kidney injury or failure, but not of injurious falls, were higher in the intensive-treatment group than in the standard-treatment group. CONCLUSIONS Among patients at high risk for cardiovascular events but without diabetes, targeting a systolic blood pressure of less than 120 mm Hg, as compared with less than 140 mm Hg, resulted in lower rates of fatal and nonfatal major cardiovascular events and death from any cause, although significantly higher rates of some adverse events were observed in the intensive-treatment group. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01206062.).
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Influenza and RSV: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: Recent studies in Europe and Asia have reported high incidences of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with severe viral respiratory infections, even among immunocompetent individuals. Few large-scale studies have been done in the United States to understand the incidence of IPA in this population. Methods: Data was collected retrospectively on all patients with influenza or RSV infection admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a single academic center in Chicago, IL between May 2008 and May 2018. IPA cases were defined using AspICU criteria. Baseline characteristics, demographics, disease severity, and outcomes were compared by Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney U tests for categorical and continuous variables. Findings: A total of 224 ICU patients with influenza and 153 with RSV met inclusion criteria over nine years. Among those, 7 (3·1%) patients with severe influenza and 8 (5·2%) with severe RSV were diagnosed with IPA based on the modified AspICU criteria. Among patients with severe influenza, history of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was significantly associated with IPA, while history of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, hematologic malignancy, and neutropenia were significantly associated with IPA in patients with severe RSV infection. Interpretation: The incidence of IPA complicating severe viral respiratory infection was significantly lower in our study compared to some European and Asian studies. Additionally, the majority of patients in our study had significant immunocompromising risk factors. Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health T32 Training grant [5T32AI095207] and data collection was supported by NCATS grant (UL1TR001422). Declaration of Interest: HHN and CV have no potential conflicts of interest to declare. MGI received research support, paid to Northwestern University, from AiCuris, Astellas, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen and Shire; he is a paid consultant for Adagio, AlloVir, Celltrion, Cidara, Genentech, Roche, Janssen, Shionogi, Viracor Eurofins; he is also a paid member of DSMBs from CSL Behring, Janssen, Merck, SAB Biotherapeutics, Sequiris and Takeda; he receives royalty from UpToDate. Ethical Approval: This study was approved by the Northwestern Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board office.
Parental Caregivers and Household Power Dynamics

Do parental caregivers bear the entire cost of caregiving? Standard cooperative models of the household suggest the welfare burden of care would be distributed across household members (for example...
Colloquium 3 Self-Knowledge in Plato’s Theaetetus and Alcibiades I

In this work, I argue that in Theaetetus and Alcibiades I Socrates helps the eponymous characters to acquire self-knowledge by practicing dialectic as a divinely assisted art. In both dialogues, self-knowledge is cashed out as mental seeing and involves inspecting the contents of one’s soul and assessing their viability. The article uses the eye/soul analogy of Alcibiades I as a springboard for an examination of a dialectically induced self-knowledge in the dialogue and for a study of the manifestations of this practice in Theaetetus via Socratic midwifery.
On the Vulnerability of Low Entropy Masking Schemes

Low Entropy Masking Schemes (LEMS) have been proposed to offer a reasonable tradeoff between the good protection against side-channel attacks offered by masking countermeasures and the high overhead that results from their implementation. Besides the limited analysis done in the original proposals of LEMS, their specific leakage characteristics have not yet been analyzed. This work explores the leakage behavior of these countermeasures and shows two different methods how the leakage can be exploited, even by generic univariate attacks. In particular, an attack that exploits specific properties of RSM for AES as well as a more generic attack making very little assumptions about the underlying LEMS are introduced. All attacks are practically verified by applying them to publicly available leakage samples of the RSM countermeasure.
Parameter estimation of a phenomenological cardiac model based on a biophysically detailed model of human atria: A method for model complexity reduction using extended Kalman filter

Atrial fibrillation (Afib), the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, arises from abnormal electrical activity of atrial membrane. Electrophysiological dynamics of human atrial tissue is represented by biophysically detailed models. Such models are really complex and hard to use for analysis purposes such as parameter estimation based on patient data. Hence, there is a need for simpler yet biophysically accurate and mathematically tractable models to be used for personalized simulation of electrical activity in human atria. Kalman filter, using the principle of recursive least square estimation, is a powerful tool for optimal estimation of states under different noise definitions. Model parameters can be augmented as state variables and can be estimated by Kalman filter. Kalman filter is also applicable for nonlinear systems with some modifications. One such widely use variant is extended Kalman filter (EKF). In this study, we propose a method for parameter estimation of a phenomenological cardiac model to match a targeted behavior first generated from a complex model, by using extended Kalman filter. Its performance is then compared to that of particle swarm optimization (PSO), a method that has been widely used for parameter optimization.
The United Brotherhood of Railway Employees in Western Canada, 1898-1905

THIS ESSAY EXAMINES the rise and fall in the Canadian West of the United Brotherhood of Railway Employees (UBRE), an industrial union similar to the American Railway Union of the early 1890s. The UBRE entered Canada in 1902, but was unable to disrupt the complex network of craft union organizations which had sprung up in Canada in the preceding decade. It was, as a consequence, largely restricted to organizing previously unorganized clerks, freight handlers, and labourers. It fought a marginally successful strike on the Canadian Northern Railway in 1902, but was defeated by the CPR in 1903. This latter defeat, which had been engineered by the company with the aid and approval of the craft unions and the Canadian government, contributed directly to the rapid decline and ultimate demise of the UBRE. This ended the last major attempt to organize North American railway workers on industrial rather than craft lines. L'ARTICLE PORTE SUR la montee et le declin dans l'Ouest canadien de la United Brotherhood of Railway Employees (UBRE), un syndicat industriel comparable a l'American Railway Union des annees 1890. La UBRE qui s'est etablie au Canada en 1902 fut incapable de briser le reseau complexe des syndicats de metier qui sont apparus au siecle precedent. C'est pourquoi, elle n'a pu syndiquer que les travailleurs non encore organises, soit les commis, les manutentionnaires et les journaliers. Une greve marginale fut remportee contre la Canadian Northern Railway en 1902, mais une autre perdue contre le CPR en 1903. Cette derniere greve qu'avait planifie la compagnie avec l'aide et l'approbation des autres syndicats de metier et du gouvernement canadien a contribue directement au declin rapide et a la fin de la UBRE. Cet episode represente la derniere tentative majeure pour syndiquer en Amerique du Nord les cheminots selon la methode industrielle plutot que par metier.
Study of the Decays KL -> pi+ pi- gamma and KL -> pi+ pi- e+ e- at KTeV

We present new results on the related rare KL decay modes KL -> pi+ pi- gamma and KL -> pi+ pi- e+ e-. KTeV has performed the first direct measurement of the form factor for the "direct emission" component of KL -> pi+ pi- gamma decays, a quantity with ramifications for particular chiral models. In addition, the form factor and direct emission/inner bremsstrahlung branching ratio - also presented here - are important input parameters for the understanding of the planar-angle distribution of KL -> pi+ pi- e+ e- decays. Preliminary results indicating the presence of a T-violating asymmetry in the KL -> pi+ pi- e+ e- angular distribution are presented.
Neural Regulation of the Heart in Health and Disease

Neural influences on heart rhythm are not only potent but also diverse. The complexity derives from integration at multiple levels in the brain, a network of intrinsic cardiac nerves, and autonomic reflexes, all of which interact with a cardiac substrate altered by advancing age and disease. In patients with ischemic heart disease, which is the major factor underlying risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD),1 neural influences can predispose to arrhythmias both directly through effects on excitable properties of the heart and its specialized conducting system and more indirectly by impairing myocardial perfusion through effects on coronary vascular function and platelet aggre- gability (Figure 4-1). Neural influences may also be arrhythmogenic in patients with channelopathies, including the long QT and Brugada syndromes, as discussed in detail in other chapters.
William Wilberforce: A Biography – By Stephen Tomkins

The most effective advocates of reform are often confident and persistent pillars of the established order. This observation comes especially alive in this author's accessible, if somewhat derivati...
IL-13 Stimulates Proliferation and Expression of Mucin and Immunomodulatory Genes in Cultured Conjunctival Goblet Cells.

The conjunctiva covers two-thirds of the ocular surface and functions as a support tissue for cornea.1 The conjunctiva is covered by a stratified columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells, specialized secretory cells that produce mucins, large glycoproteins that contain multiple tandem repeats with O-linked oligosaccharides. These mucins lubricate the ocular surface, stabilize the tear film and provide a medium for holding growth and antimicrobial factors produced by the lacrimal glands on the ocular surface.2,3 Conjunctival goblet cells are surrounded by lymphocytes and dendritic cells and their density has been found to change in certain ocular surface immune/inflammatory conditions.4 Goblet cell density has been reported to decrease in aqueous tear deficiency, a condition where T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells infiltrate the conjunctiva, and increase in atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, predominantly Th2-mediated diseases.5–8 The mucus stimulating activity of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 has been reported to have a defensive role in the intestines by eliminating helminthic parasites and in the airways by protecting from particles or allergens.9,10 However, excessive IL-13 expression is associated with goblet cell hyperplasia and mucous hypersecretion, both in the gut and in the airways where it can result in airway obstruction.9,11,12 Interleukin-13 has two receptors, IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. Interleukin-13Rα1 combined with IL-4Rα forms the heterodimeric signaling receptor for IL-13.13,14 Interleukin-13Rα2 has higher affinity for IL-13 than IL-13Rα1, but no signaling function has been found for this receptor and its biological role is still under investigation. A soluble form of IL-13Rα2 has been found in vivo, suggesting that it may function as a decoy receptor that binds IL-13 and makes it inaccessible to the IL13Rα1, thus limiting its activity.15,16 Goblet cell density and MUC5AC production have been reported to decrease in aqueous tear deficiency and the balance between Th2 and Th1 cytokines in the tears of human dry eye patients and in the conjunctiva in experimental murine dry eye has been reported to shift toward Th1, reflected by a decrease in the Th2/Th1 cytokine ratio.17,18 Interleukin-13 has been found to have a homeostatic role in maintenance of filled goblet cells in the mouse conjunctiva and it is possible that loss of goblet cell produced factors that are modulated by IL-13 disrupts ocular surface homeostasis in dry eye.18 The effects IL-13 on conjunctival goblet cells have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the Th2 cytokine IL-13 can modulate proliferation, differentiation, and expression of mucin and immunomodulatory genes in cultured conjunctival epithelial cells as has been found in airway and intestinal epithelium.
Expanding Therapy With Long-Acting Antipsychotic Medication in Patients With Schizophrenia.

Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic medications are significantly underused. In light of their documented efficacy for treatment of psychotic symptoms and robust effect on relapse prevention, their relative lack of use is unfortunate. There are several reasons for this therapeutic neglect, including clinical settings where injections are not part of the usual routine; a belief that LAI medications are reserved for acute intervention or for aggressive or nonadherent patients; and the perception of stigmatization associated with their use. Moreover, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing oral antipsychotic medications with LAI medications have often failed to document the expected advantage of assuring adherence with LAI medications because study participant selection often excludes those who are unable to adhere to the study protocol. Finally, physicians routinely overestimate patients’ adherence to oral medication regimens. In this context, 2 articles 1,2 in JAMA Psychiatry regarding the use of LAI medications may stimulate reconceptualization of this aspect of pharmacotherapy for treating schizophrenia. Subotnik and colleagues 1 describe a 12-month RCT that compared oral risperidone with LAI risperidone in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. The study was conducted in a clinic with intensive clinical care. Outcomes with LAI risperidone were superior on measures of relapse and symptom control, and the between-group difference was partially, but importantly, related to adherence. The conduct of the study in people who are in the early course of their illness and have not established a pattern of medication adherence helps control for the selection bias observed with multiepisode schizophrenia and may account, in part, for the observed robust difference in efficacy between LAI and oral risperidone. Berwaerts and colleagues 2 used a multiple-stage design in
The use of demand correlation in the modeling of air carrier departure delays as first-order autoregressive random processes

This article presents a method for modeling air carrier departure delays at commercial-service airports using autoregressive random processes. This method employs the correlation of a priori demand data to significantly reduce prediction error in the optimal least-squares (OLS) estimator for additive white noise. The author determines the reduction factor of the prediction error to be on the order of 102 over that of the unbiased estimator. The author describes how the model is used for delay and demand data (from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, or BTS) reflecting air carrier operations at five major commercial-service airports during 1 month of 2006. The author concludes that using this T estimator can provide air traffic managers another tool with which to combat the increasing problem of congestion within the system.
Sedentary behavior and physical function: objective evidence from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Objective Investigate the relationship between sedentary behavior and physical function in adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA), controlling for moderate-vigorous physical activity () levels.