cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Customer initiated supported employment

One of the recurring problems reported by supported employment participants has been an overall lack of involvement in the process. People with disabilities have reported feeling powerless within programs which offer no opportunity for choice and control. This creates a need to provide opportunities within supported employment to maximize consumer participation. The Consumer Initiated Approach to Supported Employment demonstrates how to promote full consumer inclusion. The authors provide an overview of this approach. Key model components include: customer lead assessment, customer driven job selection, individualized vocational supports and customized job retention services. The outcome data from this federally funded demonstration project are also provided.
Traumatic lumbar punctures.

To the Editor. — Mazor et al1 have attempted to clarify an age-old dilemma concerning traumatic lumbar punctures. The use of the white blood cells (WBC)/red blood cells ratio and the observed/predicted ratio seem to be helpful in determining who doesn’t have a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture. Unfortunately, the authors fail to point out an underlying confound in the literature and in their data. Patients with a positive culture from blood CSF may not necessarily have meningitis but rather may have bacteremia. I see no easy way to determine in those cases where the WBC count is not clearly markedly different from the peripheral WBC count (and the glucose and protein aren’t equally different) that the positive CSF culture doesn’t reflect bacteria introduced from the peripheral blood. It would be reassuring to know whether the peripheral blood culture was negative (assuming an adequate sample was drawn) before determining whether a positive CSF culture represented meningitis, but even this is not foolproof. The final word is not in yet! 1. ↵Mazor SS, McNulty JE, Roosevelt GE. Interpretation of traumatic lumbar punctures: Who can go home? Pediatrics. 2003;111 :525– 528 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] # {#article-title-2} In Reply. — In their informative article about traumatic lumbar punctures, Mazor et al1 report results from 57 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.stitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.aulast%253DMazor%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BS.%26rft.volume%253D111%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D525%26rft.epage%253D528%26rft.atitle%253DInterpretation%2Bof%2BTraumatic%2BLumbar%2BPunctures%253A%2BWho%2BCan%2BGo%2BHome%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12612231%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=111/3/525&atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F113%2F1%2F172.atom
Passages in Caring: Turning Chaos into Confidence, by Gail Sheehy

Well-known author of Passages and Hillary's Choice, Gail Sheehy has prepared another book, Passages in Caregiving: Turning Chaos into Confidence, to prepare and support family caregivers on their d...
Sturgeon poaching and black market caviar: A case study

This paper documents a recent United States Federal prosecution of members of a poaching ring that sold caviar derived from illegally taken Columbia River white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Experts estimated that over 2000 adult sturgeon were killed in the process of illegally harvesting the more than 1500 kg of caviar involved in the case. Case studies of illegal activities related to exploitation of natural resources are rare. These crimes are difficult to discover and prosecute, for secrecy is essential, and by the time the facts are publicly available, irreparable environmental damage may have already been done. Sturgeons and paddle-fishes have long life spans but take many years to reach reproductive maturity; they reproduce infrequently and rely upon large, often urban rivers for their spawning migrations. These basic biological characteristics render these fishes especially susceptible to illegal exploitation, particularly when stocks have already been damaged by overfishing, dam construction or pollution (as has the Columbia River population of white sturgeon). Given the often exorbitant prices for sturgeon and paddlefish caviar, and the relative ease of capturing these fishes during their spawning migrations, persons may be tempted to circumvent state and federal regulations designed to protect acipenseriforms. Additionally, those involved in the distribution and sale of caviar can be motivated to fraudulently mislabel the product; for instance, in this case, white sturgeon caviar was marked as beluga caviar and sold at approximately five times the normal price of white sturgeon caviar. Despite the clear evidence of an environmental crime, the scale of the abuse, and the convictions, sentencing was light, a discouraging sign for those who hope to limit such destructive crimes in the future.
Cerebroside Antibody Inhibits Sulfatide Synthesis and Myelination and Demyelinates in Cord Tissue Cultures

Antiserum to cerebroside was prepared in rabbits by injection of cerebroside together with bovine serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. When applied to cultures of embryo mouse spinal cord at explantation, this antiserum inhibited sulfatide synthesis and myelination; when applied to myelinated cultures it inhibited sulfatide synthesis and produced demyelination. Complement fixation assays also show antibody to cerebroside in serums from rabbits with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by injection of whole white matter. Absorption of such serum with cerebroside abolishes the inhibiting and demyelinating activities.
A resolution monitor for neutron time-of-flight spectrometers☆

Abstract The compression or bunching system in a pulsed Van de Graaff accelerator requires constant supervision if premium time resolution (fwhm ≈ 200 ps) is required. The present paper describes a monitoring system which makes this supervision possible.
The Partial Diffusion of Power

It is commonplace that some national traits diffuse rapidly to other countries. At the extreme, some have even suggested that no country needs another and each can replicate in place what all others possess—technology, resources, labor, and capital. I will claim not only that this is false, but that the differentiation of function and power which remains is conducive to cooperation. Too great a spread of homogeneous traits and too even a distribution of power would reduce specialization and the need for trade and political association. I point below to cases where a continuing differentiation of both traits led to greater cooperation.
The role of atomic actions in a distributed system

Abstract Atomic actions play an important role in a distributed enviroment. They may be used as mechanisms to provide process structuring, process synchonization, and fault tolerance, among other functions. This paper discusses the development and definition of an atomic action. Also, identified and described are the properties possessed by atomic actions: indivisibility and recoverability. A theorteical implementation of atomic procedure. Several functions of atomic actions are discussed and implemented.
Superstring-inspired E6 phenomenology

We examine several patterns of breaking for supersymmetric and nonsupersymmetric Eg theories that lead to an extra U(l) symmetry which at low energies (< 1 TeV) can reveal itself by the existence of an extra Z boson. We examine the phenomenological implications of such theories including the predictions for the proton lifetime, the electroweak mixing angle, and the couplings of all the fermions to the new Z boson. In addition we examine the constraints on the mass and width of the second Z from the present neutral current and CERN Collider data. This analysis is especially relevant in light of recent results from superstring theories.
RelA is required for IL-1β stimulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 expression in chondrocytes

Summary Objective Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulates collagenase-1 (Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)) expression in articular chondrocytes, leading to cleavage of type II collagen and irreversible cartilage degradation. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is potently activated in IL-1β-stimulated cells and has been implicated as an intermediate in MMP-1 gene expression. However, the roles of individual NF-κB family members during IL-1β-induced MMP-1 gene expression have not been defined. Results To address the relationship between the NF-κB pathway and MMP-1 gene activation in chondrocytes, primary cultured human articular chondrocyte cultures (HAC) and SW-1353 cells were stimulated with IL-1β over a 24-h time course and MMP-1, NF-κB1, NF-κB2 and RelA gene expression was assayed. IL-1β-induced MMP-1 expression was comparable in HAC and SW-1353 cells both temporally and quantitatively. MMP-1 gene expression was mirrored by increases in NF-κB gene expression, and inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation with dominant-negative IκBα reduced IL-1β-dependent MMP-1 gene expression. IL-1β activated the NF-κB pathway in chondrocytes, both through phosphorylation and transient degradation of IκBα, as well as through sustained phosphorylation of RelA. Small inhibitory RNAs (siRNA) specific for RelA resulted in significant reduction of MMP-1 mRNA, whereas siRNA for NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 augmented IL-1β-induced MMP-1 expression. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that IL-1β activation of the NF-κB pathway is required for IL-1β induction of MMP-1 in chondrocytes and that RelA can work independently of NF-κB1 or NF-κB2 to activate this gene expression program.
Genome-wide approach to finding determinants of susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents

Background Our aim was to identify candidate genes and genetic variants involved in cellular susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents without a priori assumptions about the genes. To date, research has focused on known candidate genes involved in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways for specific chemotherapy. Methods Three-generation CEPH pedigrees were used to evaluate the genetic contribution to cellular growth inhibition by exposing the cells to increasing concentrations of cisplatin for 48 hours or carboplatin for 72 hours. Results The heritability of cisplatin- and carboplatin-induced cytotoxicity was found to be between 0.38–0.47 (p<0.0001) and 0.36–1.0 (p<0.02), respectively. The most significant findings from linkage analysis for cisplatin were on chromosome 1 at 44 cM in variance components analysis and chromosome 12 at 147 cM in nonparametric linkage analysis. Candidate genes within a 1-lod confidence interval surrounding the peaks on chromosome 1 (188 genes) and 12 (106 genes) included CASP9, SFN, STMN1, UBC, POLE and ZNF84. Using expression array, we compared gene expression differences at baseline and changes over time following treatment with cisplatin. Genes common to linkage analysis and expression array included ZNF84, RERE, NPPB, and SFRS8. Conclusions These data show the power of using large, extensively genotyped pedigrees with microarray analysis for evaluating the genetic contribution to sensitivity of cell growth inhibition by anticancer agents. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P4–P4; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.018
The Impact of Perceived Leader Integrity on Subordinates in a Work Team Environment

Over the last decade, the increased use of work teams within organizations has been one of the most influential and far-reaching trends to shape the business world. At the same time, corporations have continued to struggle with increased unethical employee behavior. Very little research has been conducted that specifically examines the developmental aspects of employee ethical decision-making in a team environment. This study examines the impact of a team leader’s perceived integrity on his or her subordinates’ behavior. The results, which came from a survey of 245 MBA students functioning for 2 years in a work team environment, indicate an interaction between leader integrity and team member ethical intentions.
Equation-Oriented Optimization of Cryogenic Systems for Coal Oxycombustion Power Plants

Abstract In this paper we apply an equation-oriented (EO) optimization framework to design ASU and CPU systems for coal oxycombustion power plants. Emphasis is placed formulating the sythesis problems as large-scale nonlinear programs (NLPs) and utilizing state-of-the-art optimization algorithms. Different modules in the framework are highlighted, including thermodynamics, distillation, heat integration and pressure-changing device models. Emphasis is placed on using complementarity constraints to model non-smooth switches without integer variables, including phase disappearance and utility temperature constraints in the heat integration subproblem. Optimization results for two case studies are presented, along with future directions.
Kinetic Theory of Plasma in a Magnetic Field

The Krylov‐Bogoliubov transformation is used to simplify the guiding center equations for a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields. The resulting transformation of variables is then applied to the Vlasov distribution function, yielding a magnetic Vlasov equation which describes the low‐frequency behavior of a system with no statistical effects. The equation is generalized to include effects of high‐ and low‐frequency fluctuations by a procedure developed by Klimontovich and Dupree. A consistent treatment of the conservation laws and Maxwell's equations is given to complete the kinetic description.
Ground‐based remote sensing of precipitation in the Arctic

[1] In this paper, a simple technique is described for application of radar to retrievals of vertical profiles of precipitation in the Arctic. The method is applied specifically to data from the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska– Adjacent Arctic Ocean (NSA-AAO) site near Barrow, Alaska. Profiles of precipitation characteristic size are obtained by developing a relationship between particle size and particle fall speed derived from 35 GHz Doppler radar. The relationship depends on an assumed size- and temperature-dependent particle morphology tailored to the Arctic. Error analysis indicates that typical uncertainties in the precipitation retrieval rate are, to 95% confidence, about 40% for ice and 15% for liquid, although they can be as high as a factor of 2. Monthly averaged precipitation retrievals show strong seasonal variation and compare to within respective uncertainties with local ground-based National Weather Service and ARM NSA-AAO surface measurements. Measurements of precipitation profiles show substantial evaporation of precipitation to the atmosphere below cloud base. Associated atmospheric cooling can be several K d � 1 , suggesting it may be a substantial component of the boundary layer energy budget in the Arctic.
Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 21. On Archilejeunea herminieri (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta)

In a revision of Archilejeunea (Spruce 1884: 88) Stephani (1888: 113) in tropical America, Gradstein & Buskes (1985) suggested that Archilejeunea herminieri might be conspecific with Amblyolejeunea fulfordiae Jovet-Ast (1949: 25) (≡ Lejeunea fulfordiae (Ast) Zhu & Cheng (2008: 617)). The identity of the material could not be ascertained with certainty because perianths, which are characteristically inflated and without keels in Lejeunea fulfordiae , were lacking and the hyaline papilla at the lobule apex was not observed. Now, 25 years later, my re-examination of the type specimen has revealed that the material is identical to Oryzolejeunea saccatiloba (= Oryzolejeunea antillana ). When sterile, Oryzolejeunea saccatiloba is confusingly similar to Lejeunea fulfordiae . Both species have undivided, rounded underleaves, stems with ventral merophytes 2 cells wide, somewhat falcate leaf-lobes with rounded apex, crenulate leaf margins with large, thin-walled cells, and large leaf-lobules with a truncate apex and a short, obtuse apical tooth. However, Oryzolejeunea saccatiloba has a distal hyaline papilla (which now has been observed in the type material of Archilejeunea herminieri , admittedly with some difficulty), the distal free margin of the lobules bordered by cells that are similar in size to the inner lobule cells, and lobe cells with an asperulate cuticle (but occasionally smooth; see Bernecker-Lucking 1999). In Lejeunea fulfordiae , however, the hyaline papilla is proximal, the distal free margin is bordered by enlarged cells (Zhu & Cheng 2008, Fig. 1: I), and the cuticle of the lobe cells is always smooth. The lack of a border of enlarged cells on the distal free margin, the distinctly asperulate lobe cells and the distal hyaline papilla in Archilejeunea herminieri leave no doubt about the identity of the species.
Microdetermination of nucleotides in hydrolyzates of RNA.

Abstract Lithium hydroxide, rather than the usual potassium hydroxide, was used to hydrolyze microgram amounts of RNA. After neutralization, lithium perchlorate was removed by extraction with isopropanol-ether; this eliminated the need for desalting of the mixture of nucleotides obtained, which were separated by thin-layer chromatography and measured with a precision of ±5%.
Nuclear-magnetic-relaxation studies of the interaction of inhibitor with the threonine-sensitive aspartokinase of Escherichia coli.

The nature of the feedback inhibition of the bifunctional enzyme, aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I of Escherichia coli was studied using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Since aspartokinase is activated by Mn(II), the interaction of the inhibitor l-threonine (specifically enriched to 9O%13C in the carboxyl carbon) with the metal-enzyme complex was studied. Spinlattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times were determined by the partially relaxed Fourier transform method and line-width measurements respectively at 20 MHz. The pronounced broadening of the dl-threonine carboxyl peak in the presence of the Mn(II)-enzyme complex indicates that an l-threonine binding site is close to the metal binding site of the kinase active site. The nonidentity of (T1) * and (T2)*m indicates that conditions of fast exchange prevail. The (T1)* (T2)*m ratio was used to estimate a correlation time of 2.0 ns for the dipolar interaction at 25 °C. An estimate for the distance between Mn(II) and the threonine carboxyl carbon of 4.4 A (0.44 nm) was obtained. This 13C NMR study has thus located one of the two classes of threonine regulatory sites which exist per subunit; the threonine site identified here is at the aspartokinase active site, adjacent to the catalytic metal site.
Extracardiac Ablation of the Canine Atrioventricular Junction by Use of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Background—High-intensity focused ultrasound has been applied to internal organs from outside the body to ablate tissue. No published study has assessed the feasibility of ablating cardiac tissue within the beating heart by use of this type of therapeutic ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-intensity focused ultrasound can be used to ablate the atrioventricular (AV) junction within the beating heart. Methods and Results—Ten dogs were anesthetized and underwent a thoracotomy. The heart was covered with a polyvinyl chloride membrane. The thorax above the membrane was perfused with degassed water, which functioned as a coupling medium for the ultrasound. A 7.0-MHz diagnostic ultrasound probe was affixed to a spherically focused 1.4-MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound transducer with a 1.1×8.3-mm focal zone 63.5 mm from the ablation transducer. The diagnostic ultrasound probe was calibrated such that the location of the focal zone of the ablation transducer was identifiable o...
Estimation of linear combinations and co-kriging

Utilizing the matrix formulation of co-kriging developed previously by the author, the relationship between direct kriging of linear combinations and linear combinations of co-kriged variables is developed. Conditions for equality of the estimators and the kriging variances are examined. By presenting the problem in the context of Hilbert spaces the general relationship is clarified.
Theory of quantum optical control of a single spin in a quantum dot

We present a theory of quantum optical control of an electron spin in a single semiconductor quantum dot via spin-flip Raman transitions. We show how an arbitrary spin rotation may be achieved by virtual excitation of discrete or continuum trion states. The basic physics issues of the appropriate adiabatic optical pulses in a static magnetic field to perform the single-qubit operation are addressed.
Evidence for a tetraglucoside substituent on the lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus faecium ATCC9790

Abstract Hydrogen fluoride treatment of [ 14 C-glycerol]lipoteichoic acid synthesized by growing Streptococcus faecium ATCC9790 in the presence of 1,3[ 14 C]glycerol produced five radioactive, water-soluble products which were identified by chromatographic and analytical techniques to be tetraglucosyl glycerol, triglucosyl glycerol, diglucosyl glycerol, monoglucosyl glycerol and unsubstituted glycerol. The percent composition of each varied modestly from culture to culture and ranged between 7 and 8% for the tetra-, 20.5 and 31.2% for the tri-, 11.3 to 23.5% for the di-, 20.9 to 26.8% for the mono-, and 23.1 to 34.8% for the unsubstituted glycerol. The same glucosylated glycerol compounds could be obtained in an in vitro reaction in which a 30 000 × g particulate enzyme catalyzed the incorporation of [ 3 H]glucose from UDP [ 3 H]glucose into lipoteichoic acid..
Detection of adrenal melanoma with computed tomography.

Primary adrenal melanoma is a rare tumor. We present a case in which the diagnosis was established by computed-tomographic-guided fineneedle aspiration biopsy and subsequent autopsy.
Improving damping of power networks: Power scheduling and impedance adaptation

This paper studies the effect of power scheduling and line impedances on the damping of a power network. We relate the damping of a network with the algebraic connectivity of a state dependent Laplacian. Via implicit function theorem, we further characterize its dependence on network parameters. This allows us to derive several updating directions that can locally improve the damping. The analysis also provides some interesting insight. For example, improving connectivity, by adding lines for instance, may not be beneficial in terms of damping.
Impact of weight-cycling history on bone density in obese women.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of weight cycling (as defined by the frequency and magnitude of intentional weight loss) on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in obese sedentary women. Research Methods and Procedures: Bone mineral content and density measured by DXA, submaximal physical fitness assessment, nutrient intake, oral contraceptive use, and weight-cycling history were assessed in 195 healthy, overweight sedentary women (age, 21 to 45 years; body mass index, 27 to 40 kg/m2) before beginning a behavioral weight-loss intervention. Results: After controlling for body weight, multivitamin use, oral contraceptive/estrogen use, and calcium and magnesium intake, women who had a history of weight cycling did not have significantly lower total-body bone mineral content or density or total femur bone mineral density. In addition, 99% of subjects were above or within one SD of age and gender normative data for total femur bone mineral density. Discussion: It does not seem that a history of weight cycling has an adverse affect on total femur and total-body bone mineral density in overweight sedentary premenopausal women.
Cost optimization in supply management policies for assembly systems with random component yield times

This paper addresses the problem of cost minimization in multi-product assembly systems where component yield times are subjected to random uncertainties. At the start of each cycle time, two interrelated decisions have to be made: 1) how many products to assemble for each product type; and 2) how many components to order. The total cost associated with these decisions is the sum of the inventory-holding cost and the product-backloging cost. A fast and efficient gradient-descent algorithm is applied to minimize the total cost over a given time horizon. The algorithm is based on the infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) gradient estimation technique, and on continuous-parameter modeling formulation of the system's dynamics. Numerical experiments corroborate the conceptual developments.
Introduction to decision-aiding software for public administration

The essence of decision-aiding software is that it consists of various forms of microcomputer programming designed to enable users to process a set of (1) goals to be achieved, (2) alternatives available for achieving them, and (3) relations between goals and alternatives in order to choose the best alternative, combination, allocation, or predictive decision-rule.
THE ANGLO-IRISH DIALECT: MEDIATING LINGUISTIC CONFLICT

The linguistic atmosphere of Ireland has become definitely English enough, for the first time, to allow work to be done in English that is perfectly Irish in essence.—J. M. Synge
Calcium-binding protein and calcium absorption after vitamin D administration.

Abstract Intestinal absorption of calcium and the formation of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) as functions of time after vitamin D administration were studied in chicks and rats. Both calcium absorption and CaBP appear after vitamin D but the time courses of their appearance are different. The lag phase of calcium absorption after an oral 500-IU dose of vitamin D in chicks is about 10–16 hr depending on the calcium concentration of the diet. However, the lag phase of CaBP formation is 19–20 hr. The slopes of the two parameters between 20 and 100 hr after vitamin D are also different. Lowering the calcium concentration of the diet reduces the lag phase of calcium absorption from 16 to 10 hr after vitamin D but has no effect on the lag phase of CaBP formation. The data provide evidence that calcium absorption and CaBP formation as functions of vitamin D action are not directly related. Although CaBP is present when calcium absorption is initiated by vitamin D, some other factors seem to be involved in calcium transport. It has also been shown in this paper that the duodenum is the main site of calcium absorption in chick.
Diagnosis of appendicitis by bedside ultrasound in the ED

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) has largely become standard of care for diagnosing appendicitis at the expense of increased patient radiation exposure, cost, and time to surgical intervention. To date, there are very limited data on the accuracy of bedside ultrasound (BUS) for the diagnosis of appendicitis in adults. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate test characteristics of BUS for diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the emergency department. Methods Data were prospectively collected on 97 cases of suspected appendicitis, which had BUS performed by trained residents with attending supervision between August 2011 and November 2013. All BUS interpretation and additional diagnostic imaging were left to the discretion of the physician or surgical consultants. A blinded ultrasound fellowship-trained physician reviewed all images after clinical treatment. Bedside ultrasound findings and patient outcomes were reported. Results A total of 97 adult cases underwent diagnostic ultrasound scans for suspected appendicitis. Of 97 cases, 34 had acute appendicitis by surgery/pathology report. Twenty-four BUS were positive for acute appendicitis and 11 were nondiagnostic. Of 24 positive ultrasounds, 23 had appendicitis on pathology report. There was 1 false-positive result, yielding a sensitivity of 67.65% (95% confidence limits, 49.5%-82.6%) and a specificity of 98.41% (95% confidence limits, 91.4%-99.7%). Of 23 positive BUS, 12 cases went to the Operating Room without an abdominal CT yielding a 12% reduction in CT utilization. If all positive BUS went to the OR without a CT scan, this would yield a 24% reduction in CT utilization. Conclusions Bedside ultrasound may be an appropriate initial test to evaluate patients with suspected acute appendicitis in the emergency department.
Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat

Higher growing season temperatures can have dramatic impacts on agricultural productivity, farm incomes, and food security. We used observational data and output from 23 global climate models to show a high probability (>90%) that growing season temperatures in the tropics and subtropics by the end of the 21st century will exceed the most extreme seasonal temperatures recorded from 1900 to 2006. In temperate regions, the hottest seasons on record will represent the future norm in many locations. We used historical examples to illustrate the magnitude of damage to food systems caused by extreme seasonal heat and show that these short-run events could become long-term trends without sufficient investments in adaptation.
How do tumours adapt to nutrient stress

Reduced blood flow contributes to tumour hypoxia and nutrient deprivation forcing cancer cells to adapt to ensure survival. In this issue of The EMBO Journal , Ye et al show that a stress response pathway including the eIF2 kinase GCN2 and its downstream target, the transcriptional activator ATF4, is critical for proliferation and survival of tumour cells after starvation for amino acids or glucose and is essential for growth in vivo in a xenograft model. This study provides new mechanistic insight into how tumour cells sense and adapt to nutrient restriction and suggests new approaches for cancer chemotherapy.
Critical fluctuations in the weakly anharmonic crystal model of a structural phase transition

The criteria for the existence of a central peak in the spectral density of the soft optical mode, in a weakly anharmonic crystal model of a piezoelectric-ferroelectric are examined. We investigate the effects of the critical fluctuations of the optic mode on the internal relaxation process believed responsible for the appearance of a central peak, the relaxation to local equilibrium of the acoustic phonons. The critical fluctuations induce a diffusion in momentum space of the acoustic phonons, leading to an increase in the effective relaxation frequency of the acoustic-phonon distribution function, and a critical increase in the acoustic-phonon linewidth. The increase in relaxation frequency is not sufficient to eliminate the distinct central peak, however, and we conclude that the model will always exhibit a central peak if the anharmonic coupling coefficients are sufficiently small.
Alternative splicing caused by RNA secondary structure

mRNA precursors with stable hairpins were constructed by inserting inverted repeats into an adenovirus transcriptional template that encoded the three late leader exons. When the loop of the hairpin contained the second exon and the flanking splice sites, most of the RNA spliced in vitro had the first exon joined directly to the third exon. The remainder was spliced normally. The same types of alternatively spliced RNAs were formed when a similar template was introduced into HeLa cells by transfection. Thus both in extracts and in cells, an exon became optional when sequestered in a hairpin loop. Perhaps a related mechanism creates the alternative splicing patterns of complex transcription units.
Race-Ing the Bootstrap Climb: Black and Latino Bureaucrats in Post-Reform Welfare Offices

The substantial incorporation of people of color into government and quasi-government employment raises previously unexplored questions about the significance of race, class, and gender in street-level bureaucracies. Relying on interview data collected from black and Latino supervisors and caseworkers implementing welfare reform, I look at whether and how race and other social group memberships are deployed as tools in the delivery of casework services to black and Latino clients. Contrary to our assumptions about the level of impersonality entrenched in public bureaucracies, I find that most caseworkers and supervisors of color conceptualize and operationalize welfare reform in ways that link their goals and experiences as agency employees, members of racial communities, and implementers of social policy. They identify with the circumstances of their clients, but interpret the politics of welfare through not only racialized but also classed and gendered lenses. Consequently, they support and challenge clients of color in a variety of ways. In order to trace the origins of these strategies, I explore how the combination of institutional politics, environmental phenomenon, and black and Latino bureaucrats' personal histories contribute to their understanding of how they should do their jobs. This article suggests that not only inter-racial but also intra-racial politics inform institutional processes within street-level bureaucracies.
Fear management: How child protection workers engage with non-citizen immigrant families

Abstract Drawing on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a sample of 24 child protection workers in the northeastern United States, we analyze how workers engage with non-citizen immigrant families. Confirming findings from previous scholarship on immigrants' fears when interacting with Child Protection Services (CPS), workers reported encountering different fear factors—the organizations, events, or people that instill fear in immigrant families. These included fear of deportation, fear of CPS workers as the people who remove children, and fear of CPS as a potentially repressive government agency. We also found that workers seek to minimize or leverage these fears in the engagement process—we refer to this process as fear management. Most of the workers interviewed seek to minimize immigrant families' fears, and we show that they employ four strategies to do so: providing knowledge, brokering services, doing dignity and status work, and learning culture.
Theory of drag on neutral or charged spherical aerosol particles

Abstract An expression for the pressure dependence of the drag exerted on a spherical aerosol particle by a flowing gas is derived by dividing the problem into two parts, one which is concerned with viscous effects, and another which is concerned with diffusion effects. The latter part is treated in terms of classical kinetic theory by assuming the aerosol to be mathematically equivalent to a binary gas mixture. The resulting expression yields results which are in good agreement with the data of Millikan and the accurate numerical results obtained by Cercignani and co-workers through the use of the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model.
Enterogenous cyst of the duodenum simulating pyloric stenosis

Summary An enterogenous cyst of the duodenum in a four-week-old baby was treated successfully by gastrojejunostomy. The only other successfully treated case reported in the literature was that of a gril operated on at the age of fifteen years. Altogether eight cases have been described, five of these occurring in females and one in a male. In two cases the sex was not recorded. The clinical manifestations are usually those of pyloric obstruction.
Electrophoretic deposition and characterization of nanocomposites and nanoparticles on magnesium substrates

This study introduces a triphasic design of biodegradable materials composed of nanophase hydroxyapatite (nHA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and magnesium (Mg) substrates for musculoskeletal implant applications. Specifically, nHA_PLGA composites and nHA nanoparticles were synthesized, deposited on three-dimensional Mg substrates using electrophoretic deposition (EPD), and characterized. The three components involved, that is, nHA, PLGA, and Mg are all biodegradable in the human body, thus promising for biodegradable implant and device applications. Mg and its alloys are attractive for musculoskeletal implant applications due to their comparable modulus and strength to cortical bone. Controlling the interface of Mg with the biological environment, however, is the key challenge that currently limits this biodegradable metal for broad applications in medical implants. This article particularly focuses on creating nanostructured interface between the biodegradable Mg and surrounding tissue for the dual purposes of (1) mediating the degradation of the Mg-based substrates and (2) potentially enhancing osteointegration. Nanophase hydroxyapatite (nHA) is an excellent candidate as a coating material due to its osteoconductivity, while the polymer phase promotes interfacial adhesion between the nHA and Mg. Moreover, the degradation products of PLGA and Mg neutralize each other. Surface characterization showed successful deposition of nHA_PLGA composite microspheres and nHA nanoparticles on Mg substrates using EPD. Mg substrates coated with nHA_PLGA composites showed greater adhesion strength when compared with nHA coating, and slower corrosion rate than nHA coated Mg and non-coated Mg. The triphasic composites of nHA, PLGA and Mg are promising as the next-generation biodegradable materials for medical applications.
Adding machines, kneading maps, and endpoints

Abstract Given a unimodal map f , let I = [ c 2 , c 1 ] denote the core and set E = { ( x 0 , x 1 , … ) ∈ ( I , f ) | x i ∈ ω ( c , f ) for all i ∈ N } . It is known that there exist strange adding machines embedded in symmetric tent maps f such that the collection of endpoints of ( I , f ) is a proper subset of E and such that lim k → ∞ Q ( k ) ≠ ∞ , where Q ( k ) is the kneading map. We use the partition structure of an adding machine to provide a sufficient condition for x to be an endpoint of ( I , f ) in the case of an embedded adding machine. We then show there exist strange adding machines embedded in symmetric tent maps for which the collection of endpoints of ( I , f ) is precisely E . Examples of this behavior are provided where lim k → ∞ Q ( k ) does and does not equal infinity, and in the case where lim k → ∞ Q ( k ) = ∞ , the collection of endpoints of ( I , f ) is always E .
In‐plane solvent diffusion in a photosensitive polyimide

The diffusion of an organic solvent, N-methylpyrollidinone (NMP), in a fully imidized photosensitive polyimide, 4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA–tMDA), was investigated. The polyimide (PI) films were prepared by spin-coating, soft-bake, deep UV exposure, and final-baked to a peak temperature ranging from 230 to 375°C. The thickness of the final films is approximately 5.0 μm. Patterned metal was then electronbeam-evaporated through a molybdenum shadow mask over the PI surface. The rate of lateral (in-plane) diffusion of NMP in the PI covered with metal follows Fick's relationship over a temperature range of 40–85°C. The rate of diffusion was shown to increase with increasing NMP temperatures, typical of a thermal-activated process. The diffusion coefficients, as measured by the solvent penetration distance as a function of the square root of time, were found to obey the Arrhenius equation: D = D0 × exp(−Q/RT) cm2/s, where the frequency factor, D0, ranges from 0.0015 to 0.0045 cm2/s, and the activation energy, Q, ranges from 5.52–6.34 kcal/mol. Both D0 and Q decrease with increasing PI baking temperatures. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Should primary tuberculosis in childrencontinue to be neglected

Summary Primary tuberculosis is the fountainhead of tuberculous diseases. When acquired during childhood, it may develop into serious tuberculous diseases within a short period of time, or it may remain latent during childhood only to become reactivated in adult life, giving rise to such condition as chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Until recently, little could be done to control the natural consequences of primary tuberculosis. As a result, large numbers of infected children and adults continue to fall ill with tuberculosis. The discovery of isoniazid had opened a new hope. Animal experiments have brought forth convincing evidences that isoniazid is effective in controlling primary tuberculosis, even in its progressive form. Clinical experiences strongly indicate that serious tuberculous diseases can be prevented in infected children by the early institution of isoniazid therapy. Since its use three years ago, there has been a sharp decline in the incidence of tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in children. Now that primary tuberculosis canbe treated, it is more than ever a regret that a child be allowed to develop serious tuberculous diseases. Pediatricians and public health officers must assume their new responsibility of recognizing primary tuberculosis and make available to infected children the benefit of modern drug therapy. There is no other means which can detect primary tuberculosis as early and as accurately as a simple tuberculin test. For this reason, tuberculin testing must be made a routine pediatric procedure in well-baby clinics, nurseries, and schools, as well as in children's clinics and in private practice. One of the greatest pediatric triumphs in the United States is the conquer of congenital syphilis in the current generation. This was accomplished by public education, universal serologic tests and vigorous drug therapy of the syphilitic pregnant mothers. Today the principle of tuberculosis control should be universal tuberculin testing and vigorous drug therapy of tuberculosis in children and adults. There is yet much to be learned about primary tuberculosis and isoniazid therapy. Most likely, newer and better drugs will be discovered. From now on a large share of the responsibility of tuberculosis control will fall on the shoulders of pediatricians. Primary tuberculosis can no longer be neglected.
Differential parental influences on vocational interest development in adolescent males

Abstract Two studies of parental and family correlates of the vocational interests of male students were largely unsuccessful in replicating results of earlier studies. A relationship between a measure of identification with father and father-son similarity of interests on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) was replicated. In addition, there was a significantly greater number of maternal correlates of son's interests in the younger high school sample than in the college sample where paternal correlates predominated. The mother's need for approval score accounted for a large proportion of the significant correlations in the high school sample.
Evidence from mitochondrial DNA that African honey bees spread as continuous maternal lineages.

AFRICAN honey bees have populated much of South and Central America and will soon enter the United States. The mechanism by which they have spread is controversial. Africanization may be largely the result of paternal gene flow into extant European populations or, alternatively, of maternal migration of feral swarms that have maintained an African genetic integrity. We have been using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms to follow the population dynamics between European and African bees. In earlier reports, we suggested that if African honey bees had distinctive mitochondrial (mt) DNA, then it could potentially distinguish the relative contributions of swarming and mating to the Africanization process1,2. Because mtDNA is maternally inherited, it would not be transmitted by mating drones and only transported by queens accompanying swarms. Furthermore, the presence of African mtDNA would reflect unbroken maternal lineages from the original bees introduced from Africa. The value of mtDNA for population studies in general has been reviewed recently3,4. Here we report that 19 feral swarms, randomly caught in Mexico, all carried African mtDNA. Thus, the migrating force of the African honey bee in the American tropics consists of continuous African maternal lineages spreading as swarms. The mating of African drones to European queens seems to contribute little to African bee migration.
Abnormal human serum globulins. I. The nonidentity of macroglobulins

Abstract In order to investigate molecular relationships among the macroglobulins (high-molecular-weight globulins of pathological sera), a systematic comparison has been made of the ultracentrifugal behavior and electrophoretic properties of eight purified specimens. These proteins all exhibited multiple high molecular weight components, yet appeared electrophoretically homogeneous except in one case. Several macroglobulins studied over a wide pH range had different mobility curves and isoelectric points; some were insoluble in the cold and others differed in N-terminal amino acids. Disaggregation of the macroglobulins to form subunits of the size of normal γ-globulin but antigenically different could be accomplished with mercaptoethanol but not by change in temperature of pH, or by ultrasonic vibration or the addition of urea. The molecular interactions of macroglobulins and the physiological significance of the phenomenon are considered. It is concluded that the macroglobulins comprise a class of pathological serum proteins linked together by their ultracentrifugal behavior and certain antigenic determinants, but differing widely in other characteristics. Despite their manifold relationships to normal γ-globulin, macroglobulins appear to be abnormal proteins resulting from individually specific aberrations in serum protein synthesis.
RENORMALIZABILITY IN LSZ PERTURBATION THEORY

Abstract In an earlier paper we derived a divergenceless perturbation expansion for the retarded functions in the LSZ formulation of quantum field theory. Here we study the ambiguities inherent in this expansion. It is shown that the number of ambiguities is intimately connected with the asymptotic behavior of the retarded functions in p -space, when all variables p i tend to infinity simultaneously. Upper bounds for this asymptotic behavior are derived for the case fo a scalar field A ( x ) in interaction with itself. The number of ambiguities remains finite for all orders of perturbation theory for the two theories corresponding to A 3 - and A 4 -coupling respectively, i.e., the renormalizable theories of the Lagrangian formalism.
Inferring hydraulic properties using surface-based electrical resistivity during infiltration

Hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity are rock properties of primary importance for subsurface hydrologic analysis. Standard methods to determine these properties, such as ring infiltrometers, are based on adding water under constant pressure and monitoring the water flux into the ground. Ring infiltrometers are tens of centimeters in diameter. However, the concept of inferring hydraulic properties by monitoring infiltration beneath ponded water could be applied to hydrologic studies at larger scales. Two such cases, for which it may be useful to infer hydraulic properties, are artificial recharge facilities and ephemeral streams (Figure 1).