cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of redox signaling and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activation in vascular smooth muscle cell growth inhibition by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite.

Purpose The vascular mediator, nitric oxide regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and can react with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, a highly reactive free radical. The intracellular mechanisms by which nitric oxide and peroxynitrite inhibit smooth muscle cell growth remain undefined, as is the potential role of peroxynitrite formation in the antiproliferative effects of nitric oxide. We sought to define the intracellular effects and signaling mechanisms of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in smooth muscle cells. Methods Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with exogenous nitric oxide or peroxynitrite and inhibitors of nitric oxide and redox signaling pathways. Cell growth, DNA synthesis, apoptosis, cyclic guanosine 3′-5′ monophosphate (cGMP) levels, poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity, and cytotoxicity were assayed. Peroxynitrite formation was determined by nitrotyrosine immunoblotting. Vasoreactivity was assessed in isolated rat aortic rings after treatment with nitric oxide/peroxynitrite and redox agents. Results Both exogenous nitric oxide and peroxynitrite decreased cell growth and DNA synthesis of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells, but peroxynitrite-induced growth arrest was irreversible and associated with apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Inhibition of guanylate cyclase, PARP activity, mitogen-activated protein kinase, or bypass of ornithine decarboxylase did not reverse growth arrest by nitric oxide. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, ascorbate, and glutathione selectively reversed growth inhibition by nitric oxide but not by peroxynitrite. Antioxidants did not impair nitric oxide–induced cGMP generation in smooth muscle cells or nitric oxide–induced vasodilatation of isolated aortic rings. Nitric oxide treatment did not result in peroxynitrite formation and augmentation of superoxide levels did not induce peroxynitrite-like effects. Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis were not reversed by antioxidants or PARP inhibition, because peroxynitrite activated PARP in J774 macrophages but failed to activate PARP in smooth muscle cells. Conclusions Exogenous nitric oxide induces reversible cytostasis in smooth muscle cells by a redox-sensitive mechanism independent of peroxynitrite formation and distinct from the nitric oxide vasodilating mechanism. Peroxynitrite does not activate PARP selectively in smooth muscle cells and induces redox-independent smooth muscle cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Thus, the antiproliferative effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on smooth muscle cells use divergent intracellular pathways with distinct redox sensitivities. These findings are relevant to the pathogenesis of vascular disease and the potential application of nitric oxide–based therapy for vascular disease.
Food deprivation affects extinction and reinstatement of responding in rats.

Food deprivation has been shown to increase the self-administration of a wide variety of drugs in a number of different species. However, the effects of food deprivation on other phases of drug taking have not been established. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of food deprivation on reinstatement of responding for cocaine. Rats trained to self-administer 0.2, 0.4, or 1.0 mg/kg cocaine intravenously (IV) under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for the first 2 h during daily 7-h sessions were fed either before or after the experimental session. During hours 3–7, rats self-administered saline. Saline replaced cocaine in the infusion pumps at the beginning of hour 3 and a priming injection of either saline or cocaine (0.32, 1.0, or 3.2 mg/kg IV) was administered at the beginning of hour 4. The number of infusions that was self-administered was measured throughout the 7-h session. During hours 1 and 2 when cocaine was available, the number of infusions was inversely related to cocaine dose. During hour 3, rats typically self-administered several infusions of saline, which gradually decreased to near-zero levels by hours 4–7 (extinction responding). A priming injection of cocaine administered at the beginning of hour 4 reinstated responding in a dose-related manner. The magnitude of extinction responding during hour 3 and reinstatement of responding during hour 4 were similar regardless of cocaine maintenance dose. However, responding during hour 4 did increase in all cocaine maintenance dose groups when rats were fed before versus after the session. The effects of food deprivation level (8–12 g, 20 g, unlimited food) and time of feeding (before versus after the session) were also assessed in rats maintained at 0.4 mg/kg cocaine. While the magnitude of reinstatement of responding during hour 4 did not vary as a function of food level, extinction responding during hour 3 was significantly increased in rats maintained at the lowest food level (8–12 g) when feeding occurred after the session. These results suggest that food deprivation level and time of feeding, but not cocaine maintenance dose, are important variables in altering extinction and reinstatement of responding.
Generation of baroclinic topographic waves by a tropical cyclone impacting a low-latitude continental shelf

Abstract Numerical model experiments have been performed to analyze the low-latitude baroclinic continental shelf response to a tropical cyclone. The theory of coastally trapped waves suggests that, provided appropriate slope, latitude, stratification and wind stress, bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves can be generated by the storm. Based on a scale analysis, the Nicaragua Shelf is chosen to study propagating topographic waves excited by a storm, and a model domain is configured with simplified but similar geometry. The model is forced with wind stress representative of a hurricane translating slowly over the region at 6 km h−1. Scale analysis leads to the assumption that baroclinic Kelvin wave modes have minimal effect on the low-frequency wave motions along the slope, and coastal-trapped waves are restricted to topographic Rossby waves. Analysis of the simulated motions suggests that the shallow part of the continental slope is under the influence of barotropic topographic wave motions and at the deeper part of the slope baroclinic topographic Rossby waves dominate the low-frequency motions. Numerical solutions are in a good agreement with theoretical scale analysis. Characteristics of the simulated baroclinic waves are calculated based on linear theory of bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves. Simulated waves have periods ranging from 153 to 203 h. The length scale of the waves is from 59 to 87 km. Analysis of energy fluxes for a fixed volume on the slope reveals predominantly along-isobath energy propagation in the direction of the group velocity of a topographic Rossby wave. Another model experiment forced with a faster translating hurricane demonstrates that fast moving tropical cyclones do not excite energetic baroclinic topographic Rossby waves. Instead, robust inertial oscillations are identified over the slope.
Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of complex biological mixtures

Abstract Proteomics is suddenly one of the hottest research areas of science, inspired by the completion of the sequencing of the human genome and of genomes of a number of other key species. The genome’s DNA sequence predicts those of its expressed proteins, and mass spectrometry (MS) is already playing a dominant role in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these complex protein mixtures. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for targeted compound analysis, pioneered by Cooks, is now a key technique for such problems, and this paper tries to show how it will be even more important in the future. The most used current MS approach to proteome analysis is applied after enzymatic degradation produces a complex mixture of peptides that provide MS or MS/MS sequence information. In the top down MS approach, ionization of protein mixtures yields mixtures of molecular ions that can be separated by MS for MS/MS sequence characterization of the selected “purified” protein. All posttranslational modifications and errors will be represented if MS/MS yields a complementary set of fragment ions, something not usually achieved with the smaller pieces of the bottom up approach. Here the new technique of electron capture dissociation (ECD) shows great promise, providing for more backbone cleavages than conventional methods and designating N- and C-terminal fragment ions. ECD specifically dissociates backbone bonds without appreciable loss of glycosylation, phosphorylation, or other posttranslational modifications, in contrast to energetic dissociation methods. This appears especially applicable for a proteome problem that involves quantitative determination of the extent of phosphorylation at two of 16 phosphorylation sites in the 50 kDa Lyn kinase.
Retinoid acid-related orphan receptor γ, RORγ, participates in diurnal transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolic genes

The hepatic circadian clock plays a pivotal role in regulating major aspects of energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. In this study, we show that RORγ robustly regulates the rhythmic expression of several lipid metabolic genes, including the insulin-induced gene 2a, Insig2a, elongation of very long chain fatty acids-like 3, Elovl3 and sterol 12α-hydroxylase, Cyp8b1, by enhancing their expression at ZT20-4. The time-dependent increase in their expression correlates with the rhythmic expression pattern of RORγ. The enhanced recruitment of RORγ to ROREs in their promoter region, increased histone acetylation, and reporter and mutation analysis support the concept that RORγ regulates the transcription of several lipid metabolic genes directly by binding ROREs in their promoter regulatory region. Consistent with the disrupted expression of a number of lipid metabolic genes, loss of RORγ reduced the level of several lipids in liver and blood in a ZT-preferred manner. Particularly the whole-body bile acid pool size was considerably reduced in RORγ−/− mice in part through its regulation of several Cyp genes. Similar observations were made in liver-specific RORγ-deficient mice. Altogether, our study indicates that RORγ functions as an important link between the circadian clock and the transcriptional regulation of several metabolic genes.
Radiation sensitivity of yeast cells grown in aerobic and anaerobic environments.

Abstract 1. 1. When haploid yeast cells are exposed to x-rays under anaerobic conditions, their survival curve remains exponential as it is when the cells are irradiated in air. 2. 2. At room temperature there is a dose-reduction factor of approximately two for yeast cells irradiated anaerobically as compared to cells irradiated in air. 3. 3. Protection is obtained if the cells are kept anaerobic a few minutes prior and during exposure to x-rays. Anaerobic growth for several days before or after exposure does not further modify radiation sensitivity or the shape of the survival curve.
Polychiral semiconducting carbon nanotube-fullerene solar cells.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have highly desirable attributes for solution-processable thin-film photovoltaics (TFPVs), such as broadband absorption, high carrier mobility, and environmental stability. However, previous TFPVs incorporating photoactive SWCNTs have utilized architectures that have limited current, voltage, and ultimately power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we report a solar cell geometry that maximizes photocurrent using polychiral SWCNTs while retaining high photovoltage, leading to record-high efficiency SWCNT–fullerene solar cells with average NREL certified and champion PCEs of 2.5% and 3.1%, respectively. Moreover, these cells show significant absorption in the near-infrared portion of the solar spectrum that is currently inaccessible by many leading TFPV technologies.
American psychology, and the needs for transcendence and community

In this its centennial year the American Psychological Association has reason to take satisfaction from its past accomplishments. However, as psychologists we know that our view of our history has some self-serving aspects. There have been some errors of commission and omission. In this paper one of those errors of omission is discussed: the significance of religion, especially of the fundamentalist variety, for understanding the modern psyche. This omission is viewed from a historical perspective in which the relationship between the needs for transcendence and community underwent a fracturing that has had troublesome consequences both for religious and nonreligious people. The nature of those needs are illustrated in the ideas and writings of two people separated by 2500 years: Socrates and B. F. Skinner.
Roughness elements of the sea surface-their spectral composition

The wind stress is considered to consist of momentum flux to aqueous flows and direct transfer to long waves. At various wind velocities, compositions of the wind stress and spectral contributions of wave components to each portion are presented. The role of the Charnock expression is further clarified, and all previous proposals relating roughness elements to waves are critically reviewed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00464.x
Forced second order nonlinear oscillation

where XF > 0, has been much studied in recent years. See, for example, a number of results and an extensive bibliography given in Wong’s paper [6]. Also, Coles [2] has studied necessary and sufficient conditions for the oscillation of solutions of (1). Bobisud [l] has discussed the oscillation of solutions of (1) having nonlinear damping. There has recently been some study of the oscillation theory of delay equations like (1); for instance, by Waltman [5], and this author [3]. However, there seems to have been nothing general published about the oscillation of solutions of the mathematically and physically interesting class of equations
Serum glucose changes after administration of 50% dextrose solution: Pre- and in-hospital calculations

A prospective clinical trial was conducted to estimate the rise in serum glucose level after an intravenous bolus of 50 ml of 50% dextrose solution (D-50) in the emergency department setting. Fifty one subjects with altered levels of consciousness were studied. Of these, 23 patients were known diabetics, and 28 were not diabetic. The change in glucose level for the total study group ranged from a low of 37 mg/dl to a high of 370 mg/dl, with a mean of 166 ± 77 mg/dl. The mean for the diabetic and non-diabetic groups were 177 ± 80 mg/dl and 154 ± 75 mg/dl. These results suggest that serum glucose levels cannot be quantitatively predicted after a single intravenous bolus of D-50.
Parallelization of the Worldline Quantum Monte Carlo Method

The worldline quantum Monte Carlo method is a computational technique for studying the properties of many-electron and quantum-spin systems. In this paper, we describe our efforts in developing an efficient implementation of this method for the massively-parallel Connection Machine CM-2. We discuss why one must look beyond the obvious parallelism in the method in order to reduce interprocessor communication and increase processor utilization, and how these goals may be achieved using a plaquette-based data representation. We also present performance statistics for our implementation and sample calculations for the spinless fermion model.
Areas for Improvement in Medical Library Advocacy: In Our Own Words

Closures of medical libraries continue despite availability of a copious amount of literature on the subject of library advocacy and advocacy in general. Yet this trend might be arrested if the medical library profession can make inroads into critically examining its own role in less-than-successful advocacy efforts. This article attempts to present an overview of some of the components to successful advocacy, and it explores librarians' perceptions of what has and hasn't worked when they have been involved in advocacy efforts in the field.
Imaging Dynamic Molecular Signaling by the Cdc42 GTPase within the Developing CNS

Protein interactions underlie the complexity of neuronal function. Potential interactions between specific proteins in the brain are predicted from assays based on genetic interaction and/or biochemistry. Genetic interaction reveals endogenous, but not necessarily direct, interactions between the proteins. Biochemistry-based assays, on the other hand, demonstrate direct interactions between proteins, but often outside their native environment or without a subcellular context. We aimed to achieve the best of both approaches by visualizing protein interaction directly within the brain of a live animal. Here, we show a proof-of-principle experiment in which the Cdc42 GTPase associates with its alleged partner WASp within neurons during the time and space that coincide with the newly developing CNS.
Influence of genotype and sowing date on camelina growth and yield in the north central U.S.

Abstract Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) has gained considerable attention in North America as a potential oilseed feedstock for advanced biofuels and bioproducts. Progress has been made towards characterizing camelina's production potential for the western U.S. and Canada. However, little has been done to evaluate its potential for the north central region of the U.S. The objectives of the following study were to evaluate plant stand establishment, growth, and yield of 10 camelina cultivars and target the optimum sowing time for spring seeding in the northern Corn Belt. The study was conducted over three growing seasons between 2008 and 2010 in west central Minnesota, on a Barnes loam soil. Eight cultivars were evaluated in 2008, 10 cultivars in 2009, and four cultivars in 2010. Sowing dates ranged from 16 April to 15 June over the three-year study. Plant population density, time to 50% flowering, seed yield, and oil content were affected by sowing date, tending to decline with delayed sowing. Seed yield was significantly affected by cultivar only in 2009, whereas oil content was consistently affected by cultivar all three years. Across cultivars, seed yields were as high as 2300 kg ha−1 to as low as 743 kg ha−1 and were generally greatest for sowings between mid-April to mid-May. Across sowing dates and cultivars, oil content ranged from about 36 to 43% (wt wt−1) and declined with delayed sowing. Generally, seed yield and oil content differences tended to be small between most genotypes in the study. Results indicate that the best time to sow spring camelina in west central Minnesota is from about mid-April to mid-May. Further research is needed to optimize other agricultural inputs for camelina production in the northern Corn Belt.
An APL function for computing measures of association for nominal-by-ordinal and ordinal-by-ordinal cross classifications

It is often necessary to measure the degree of association between a nominal-level (i.e., categorical) variable and an ordinal-level (i.e., ranked) variable; an example is the degree of association between sex and rank order of liking for men and women varying in self-esteem (Abloff & Hewett, 1985). Foremost among measures of association developed for this purpose is Freeman's 0, which measures the relationship between a categorical independent variable and a ranked dependent variable (Freeman, 1965). Freeman's 0 is a nonmetric analogue of the correlation ratio, measuring the proportional reduction in error in predicting order in the ranked dependent variable, achieved by knowledge of both the categorical and ranked distributions, over the error achieved by tossing a fair coin (Freeman, 1976). Procedure. Suppose n objects are cross-classified by two variables, X and Y, with X indicating a categorical row variable, Yindicating a ranked column variable, and n,1 indicating the observed frequency of objects in row i and column}, 1 ::;; i ::;; /, and 1 ::;; j ::;; J. The marginal frequencies of the IX] cross classification are given by
The pharyngeal jaw apparatus of the Cichlidae and Pomacentridae: function in feeding and sound production

Labroid fishes (PerciformesLabroidei) possess a highly developed pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA). A tremendous body of literature describes the anatomy and function in feeding in these fishes. For fishes of the families Pomacentridae and Cichlidae (damselfishes and cichlids), there are also numerous descriptions of the sounds these male fishes produce in reproductive or agonistic behavioral contexts. A growing amount of acoustic, behavioral, and physiological circumstantial evidence draws support for the PJA also being the sound producing mechanism. The present review discusses the evolutionary and ecological aspects of the PJA, the anatomy and function, as well as the acoustical biology of pomacentrids and cichlids. Using existing evidence, we propose and examine the possibility that the PJA (either muscles and/or bone) is used in this behavior. Should the PJA be involved in sound production, the duality in function for both feeding and sound production creates an interrelationship between trophic biology and sexual selection. Thus, particularly in cichlids, the expansion into available trophic niches, mediated by the food processing ability of the versatile PJA may influence female mate choices and serve as a substrate for sympatric speciation.
A comparison study of emotional speech articulations using the principal component analysis method

In this study, we will investigate differences in the tongue movements across emotions by utilizing the principal component analysis (PCA), which enables to detect major and minor variations in the entire tongue surface movements under different speaking conditions. For the purpose of the study, we analyze an acted emotional speech production corpus collected from one actor and two actresses using an electromagnetic articulography (EMA). Discrete emotion types considered in this study are anger, sadness, and happiness as well as neutral one as reference. Specifically, we will investigate the number of principal components that are needed to capture emotional variations, and the differences in tongue shaping across different emotion types. Outcome of the study would provide supplementary information to the previous PCA-based production studies which have mainly focused on normal, or neutral, speech articulation. Major principal components that are found in the study also can be utilized as a basis by which effective but compact articulatory correlates (i.e., component scores) can be derived for a further investigation of emotional speech production such as an interaction between articulatory kinematics and prosodic modulations of pitch and loudness patterns, which is another important motivation of the study.
Formation of N-nitrosamines in microwaved versus skillet-fried bacon containing nitrite☆

Differences in volatile N-nitrosamines (NNAs) found in nitrite-cured bacon cooked in an electric skillet and a microwave oven were determined. Samples of bacon were fried in an electric skillet at 171 and 206 degrees C and in a standard microwave oven (rated at 700 W full power) for 45 and 75 sec/slice. The level of NNAs were determined in the cooked bacon and fried-out fat by using gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis. Both N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were detected in the fried-out bacon fat at levels up to 20.8 and 23.3 ng/g, respectively. The total NNAs (NDMA and NPYR) in the skillet-fried bacon was c. 11 ng/g for both the 171 and 206 degrees C fried samples. No NNAs were detected in the bacon or fried-out fat after cooking in a microwave oven for 45 sec/slice. However, excessive cooking of the bacon in a microwave oven (75 sec/slice) does produce levels of NPYR up to 5 ng/g. The minimum detectable level of NPYR was 2.08 ng/g and that of NDMA was 0.76 ng/g. These results indicated that the method of cooking meats containing nitrite could affect the level of NNAs in the cooked product, thereby affecting the level of human exposure to NNAs.
Unified displacement boundary constraint formulation for discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA)

Displacement boundary constraints in discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) are applied using stiff penalty springs. A co-ordinate-free formulation for displacement boundary constraints is presented here for DDA, which unifies previous derivations for points of fixity, and for points constrained to induce or prohibit block motion in specified directions as a function of location or time. Examples for each type of constraint are used to illustrate the behaviour of the algorithm and provide a link with previous formulations for each case. The new, unified formulation has five benefits: (1) simple to express algorithmically; (2) easy to program and verify; (3) penalty values in different directions may be chosen to allow fixed points, lines, curves or planes; (4) formulation works for 2D and 3D; (5) displacement constraint may be a function of time or location or both. Feedback in the algorithm may induce internal resonance in homogeneously deformable discrete elements used in DDA, and resonance in block-to-block contact interactions. Consequently, high mass problems with insufficient damping may suffer from excessive ‘vibrational hammering’, inducing physically implausible behaviour such as elastic rebound. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic pursuit without coordinates: Convergence to regular polygon formations

We study a multi-agent cyclic pursuit model where each of the identical agents moves like a Dubins car and maintains a fixed heading angle with respect to the next agent. We establish that stationary shapes for this system are regular polygons. We derive a sufficient condition for local convergence to such regular polygon formations, which takes the form of an inequality connecting the angles of the regular polygon with the heading angle of the agents. A block-circulant structure of the system's linearization matrix in suitable coordinates facilitates and elucidates our analysis. Our results are complementary to the conditions for rendezvous obtained in earlier work [Yu et al., IEEE Trans. Autom. Contr., Feb. 2012].
Oil chemistry and its impact on heavy oil solution gas drive

Abstract A series of laboratory depletion experiments are conducted at reservoir temperatures with three different live crude oils, as well as mineral oils. These tests examine the role of oil composition on the heavy-oil solution gas drive process. The morphology of gas bubbles, pore pressure, critical gas saturation and oil recovery is compared. Core-level depletion indicates that oil composition plays a role in determining metastability of dispersed gas bubbles in foamy oil. Generally, systems that exhibit effluent gas bubbles on the order of the size of pores tend to recover more oil, all other factors being equal. The concentration of organic acid and base groups as well as asphaltene content of crude oil is measured to characterize each crude-oil sample and develop an understanding of the influence of oil chemistry. Results suggest that significant asphaltene content as well as substantial acid number (the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acid groups in one gram of crude oil) and base number (the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams needed to neutralize the acid titrant for one gram of crude oil) are indicators of whether oil is foamy. The partitioning of acid and base groups between the asphaltene fraction and deasphalted oil is also studied. Organic acid and base groups are clearly present in the asphaltene fraction. The role of such functional groups on oil foam stability is investigated by measuring the lifetime of single foam films formed from crude oil and asphaltene solutions. Transparent micromodels etched with a sandstone pore network and containing gas dispersed within the oil are also used to investigate the correlation of acid number, base number, and asphaltene content on gas-bubble coalescence. The results show that a high concentration of asphaltene that exhibits acid and base functional groups tends to increase foamability and film lifetime of gas/crude-oil dispersions. The deasphalted fraction is not foamy despite possessing significant acid and base number. We conclude that acid and base groups within asphaltene, and their interaction at the gas–oil interface, are a source of interfacial stability.
Superconductivity in the multiband Hubbard model with long-range Coulomb repulsion.

A multiband CuO Hubbard model is studied which incorporates long-range (LR) repulsive Coulomb interactions. In the atomic limit, it is shown that a charge transfer from copper to oxygen ions occurs as the strength of the LR interaction is increased. The regime of phase separation is replaced by a uniform state with doubly occupied oxygens. As the holes become mobile a superfluid condensate is formed, as suggested by a numerical analysis of pairing correlations and flux quantization on one-dimensional chains. The competition between charge-density wave and superconductivity is also analyzed. It is argued that the results are also applicable to two dimensions.
A Physiologic Consideration of the Sphincter of the Ductus Choledochus.

The presence of a sphincteric mechanism at the duodenal end of the common bile duct, in relation to the functioning of the biliary tract, has never been conclusively proved. More recently, in the light of newer studies upon the physiology of the gall bladder, it has been questioned. The muscle tone of the duodenum, together with the peristaltic waves of the gastro-intestinal tract have again been ascribed as essential factors in the flow of bile.To determine whether or not there was a localized mechanism at the duodenal end of the common duct capable, upon stimulation, of stopping the flow of bile, the following series of experiments were performed. Under ether anesthesia, the biliary tract of a dog was exposed and a cannula inserted into the common duct with the point directed towards the duodenum; and the lower intra-mural portion of the duct was carefully dissected away as closely as possible from the wall of the duodenum. All tissue as nearly as could be determined with the naked eye, not of the duct ...
Facial dysmorphology and odontogenic tumor development associated with inborn errors of metabolism: a case report.

Purpose Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are genetic disorders that alter normal physiologic functioning. Deficiency of 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase is one such IEM that can lead to major episodes of metabolic dysfunction. Certain IEMs are associated with characteristic congenital dysmorphic facial features. This can be problematic, because these dysmorphisms can mask underlying tumor growth. Literature is lacking on a causal relation between IEM and odontogenic tumor development. Materials and Methods This case was explained in detail and a review of the literature was undertaken. PubMed was used to search for articles involving surgical management of odontogenic myxoma (OM) and associations between odontogenic tumors and IEM. Results It was determined that the development of odontogenic tumors, specifically OM, is associated with IEMs. These tumors can easily be overlooked as a common dysmorphic feature of an IEM. Conclusion IEMs lead to major metabolic disturbances and, thus, can alter the cellular microenvironment. Hypothetically, these alterations can lead to the development of odontogenic tumors. With the diagnosis of IEM becoming more common owing to improved newborn screening, careful attention should be given to these patients because of the possibility that dysmorphologic facial features could be masking underlying tumor growth.
Analysis of room-temperature luminescence spectra of VPE-grown nitrogen-doped gallium phosphide

The effect of nitrogen doping on the 300°K quantum efficiency and luminescence spectra of VPE-grown gallium phosphide has been investigated. The range of nitrogen concentrations studied was 2 × 1018 –1.5 × 1019 cm{−3 on the corrected Lightowlers scale. Over this range, the external quantum efficiency of contactless dice at 40 amp/cm2 in air varied from 0.04% to 0.13%, increasing monotonically with increasing nitrogen concentration. The photoluminescence spectra from as-grown epi layers and the electroluminescence spectra of contacted dice in reflecting cups were compared, and were characterized by the parameters lumens/watt, radiometric center of gravity, and photometric center of gravity. The relationship of these parameters to each other and their variation with nitrogen concentration in GaP has been determined. The problem of filtering the spectra to obtain greener devices with acceptable brightness has been investi-gated using the transmission spectra of two specific filters.
Radiolabeling of proteins with radioisotopes of copper using p‐carboxyalkylphenylglyoxal bis‐(4N‐methylthiosemicarbazone) (TSC) bifunctional chelates

A series of p-carboxyalkylphenylglyoxal and p-carboxyalkyl-1,2-diketo-bis-(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) bifunctional ligands (TSC) have been prepared and evaluated for use in binding radioisotopes of copper to antibodies. We have developed an improved synthesis of the requisite α-ketoaldehyde and 1,2-diketone substrates used for derivatization to the bis-TSC bifunctional chelates. This approach utilizes a modified Kornblum method and provides a simple alternative to the usual method for fabrication of the 1,2-bis-TSC ligands, which avoids the use of highly toxic selenium dioxide for oxidation of substituted acetophenones to 1,2 dicarbonyl compounds. The overall yields of the bis-TSC chelates using this procedure were 8-60%. The effects of the alkyl chain length and substitution on the C-2 position on p-carboxyalkylphenyl-1,2-diketo bis-TSC bifunctional chelate for attaching radioisotopes of copper to proteins were studied. Following complexing copper-64 or copper-67 to the bis-TSC chelate, the acid moiety of the TSC chelate was activated as the tetrafluorophenyl ester. The copper-labeled activated TSC chelate was attached to bovine serum albumin under mild conditions in 3% to 40% yield. These studies have demonstrated that the shorter chain analogues of the TSC chelates from the 1,2-diketones give the highest radiolabeling yields.
Discontinuous Distribution in Plants

IN NATURE of July 9, p. 58, I gave an account of a genus of bees (Hesperapis) which was found to exist in dry regions of the south-west United States, and again in the dry parts of South Africa. I have just received from the Missouri Botanical Garden a very thorough revision of the genus Menodora, by Julian A. Steyermark. This is a genus of oleaceous plants, found in dry or semi-desert regions, in south-west North America, a large area in Central and southern South America, and a few forms in the Transvaal and adjacent parts of South Africa. Thus except for the South American area, the distribution nearly corresponds with that of Hesperapis.
Distributions of polyhalogenated compounds in Hudson River (New York, USA) fish in relation to human uses along the river

Abstract PCBs (as Aroclor concentrations) have been extensively examined in fish along the Hudson River, but other xenobiotic chemicals in fish have had limited assessment. This study determined concentrations and congener distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated and polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in smallmouth bass and striped bass taken from a 385 km reach of the Hudson River. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in smallmouth bass, and PCBs in striped bass, were positively related to human uses of the compounds in the basin. Generally low levels of PCDD/Fs were found. One striped bass, however, contained elevated 2,3,7,8-TCDD, indicating exposure to a known source in the adjacent Newark Bay-Passaic River basin. PBDDs were generally below detection. PBDFs were present in four of 18 smallmouth bass, but were not detected in striped bass. Dioxin-like PCBs contribute most to 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents in 29 of 30 samples.
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and mania.

Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is currently of intense interest to scientists in many fields of biology and medicine. Cyclic AMP plays a central role in the mediation of hormonal actions and the regulation of metabolic processes. 1 There is considerable experimental evidence for an important role of cyclic AMP in brain function. 2 Intracellular cyclic AMP levels may be increased or decreased by a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters, probably through stimulation or inhibition of the activity of adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which synthesizes cyclic AMP. 1,2 The mode of action of theophylline and aminophylline in the treatment of heart failure and bronchial asthma has been attributed to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase (the enzyme which catabolizes cyclic AMP), producing increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels in the myocardium and bronchial muscle, which results in more vigorous myocardial contraction and in bronchial dilatation. 3 Studies of hormonal and neutrotransmitter excesses, deficiencies, and
MK2206 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cellular proliferation via induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage and has limited effective treatment options. The aberrant regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway in HCC makes it an attractive therapeutic target. The effect of MK2206, a novel, allosteric Akt inhibitor, on HCC cells is not yet fully understood. We hypothesized that inhibition of Akt by MK2206 would impact cellular viability. Materials and methods Human Huh7, Hep3B, and HepG2 cell lines were treated with 0–2 μM of MK2206 for 96 h. Cell viability was determined by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression level of various protein markers to assess the mechanism of drug action and proliferation inhibition. Results 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed a reduction in cellular viability by ≥55% for all cell lines (control versus 2 μM MK2206; P Conclusions This study demonstrates the anti-tumor activity of MK2206 in HCC cells. The observed reduction in survivin and pro-caspase 9 suggests that MK2206 induces apoptosis. However, HCC proliferation is also halted via induction of cell cycle arrest as indicated by the increase in p21 and p27 expression and decrease in cyclinD1. Importantly, the concentration needed to achieve growth inhibition in HCC is lower than that needed for other cancer types.
The obliquity of Mars and “climate friction”

A mathematical theory is presented which explains the increase of the mean obliquity of Mars over geologic time due to the so called 'climate friction' (i.e., the climatic changes associated with obliquity oscillations of Mars). The theory is compared with a 10 m.y. numerical integration of the equations performed for a hypothetically large amount of climate friction for two cases of the obliquity oscillations: (1) a single sinusoid and (2) a sum of three sinusoids. The theory and numerics agree for both cases within about 12 percent on the size of the secular increase in obliquity. One possible mechanism of climate friction investigated is 'postglacial rebound' on Mars. According to this theory, giant polar caps form when the obliquity is low, and slowly squeeze out an equatorial bulge. When the obliquity is high, the caps disappear, but the bulge takes some time to collapse, due to mantle viscosity, causing it to oscillate out of phase with the obliquity oscillations. This causes a secular increase in the average obliquity.
Neurologic complications and neurodevelopmental outcome with extracorporeal life support

Extracorporeal life support is used to support patients of all ages with refractory cardiac and/or respiratory failure. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to rescue patients whose predicted mortality would have otherwise been high. It is associated with acute central nervous system (CNS) complications and with long- term neurologic morbidity. Many patients treated with ECMO have acute neurologic complications, including seizures, hemorrhage, infarction, and brain death. Various pre-ECMO and ECMO factors have been found to be associated with neurologic injury, including acidosis, renal failure, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and modality of ECMO used. The risk of neurologic complication appears to vary by age of the patient, with neonates appearing to have the highest risk of acute central nervous system complications. Acute CNS injuries are associated with increased risk of death in a patient who has received ECMO support. ECMO is increasingly used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation when return of spontaneous circulation is not achieved rapidly and outcomes may be good in select populations. Economic analyses have shown that neonatal and adult respiratory ECMO are cost effective. There have been several intriguing reports of active physical rehabilitation of patients during ECMO support that is well tolerated and may improve recovery. Although there is evidence that some patients supported with ECMO appear to have very good outcomes, there is limited understanding of the long-term impact of ECMO on quality of life and long-term cognitive and physical functioning for many groups, especially the cardiac and pediatric populations. This deserves further study.
Scaling Theory of Localization: Absence of Quantum Diffusion in Two Dimensions

Arguments are presented that the $T=0$ conductance $G$ of a disordered electronic system depends on its length scale $L$ in a universal manner. Asymptotic forms are obtained for the scaling function $\ensuremath{\beta}(G)=\frac{d\mathrm{ln}G}{d\mathrm{ln}L}$, valid for both $G\ensuremath{\ll}{G}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}$ and $G\ensuremath{\gg}{G}_{c}$. In three dimensions, ${G}_{c}$ is an unstable fixed point. In two dimensions, there is no true metallic behavior; the conductance crosses over smoothly from logarithmic or slower to exponential decrease with $L$.
TH‐D‐210A‐04: Monte Carlo Calculations of Microscopic Dose Enhancement Factor for Gold Nanoparticle‐Aided Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To quantify the energy deposition due to photoelectrons from goldnanoparticles on a micrometer scale and to calculate the corresponding microscopic dose enhancement factor during GoldNanoparticle‐AidedRadiation Therapy (GNRT). Method and Materials: The Monte Carlo code EGSnrc was modified to obtain the spectra of secondary electrons from atoms of gold and molecules of water under photon irradiation of a tumor infused with 0.7 wt. % gold. Six different photon sources were used: 125I, 103Pd, 169Yb, 192Ir, 50kVp, and 6MV x‐rays. Treating the scored electron spectra as point sources within an infinite medium of water, the event‐by‐event Monte Carlo code NOREC was used to quantify the radial dose distribution, giving rise to gold and water electron dose point kernels. These kernels were applied to a scanning electron microscope(SEM)image of a goldnanoparticle distribution in tissue. Treating each pixel in the image as a point source of gold or water emitting secondary electrons, the dose at each point was calculated, enabling the determination of the microscopic dose enhancement at each point. Results: For the lower energy sources 125I, 103Pd, 169Yb, and 50 kVp, the secondary electron fluence was increased by as much as two orders of magnitude, leading to a one‐to‐two order of magnitude increase in the electron dose point kernel over radial distances up to 50 μm. The dose was enhanced by 100% within 5 μm of the nanoparticles, and by 5% as far away as 30 μm. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a remarkable microscopic dose enhancement due to goldnanoparticles and low energy photon sources. Given that the dose enhancement exceeds 100% within very short (5 μm) distances from the nanoparticles, the maximum radiobiological benefit may be derived from active targeting strategies that concentrate nanoparticles in close proximity to the cancer cell and/or its nucleus.
Pulmonary Resection in the Treatment of Tuberculosis

Pulmonary resection has evolved as the treatment of choice in certain clinicopathologic entities of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the precise roles of resective and non-resective therapy will ultimately be determined through analysis of the results obtained by these forms of treatment. Therefore, it seems important to report current experiences in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The present study is a critical analysis of 268 consecutive pulmonary resections for proved pulmonary tuberculosis.
Supersonic inlet study using the Navier-Stokes equations

The three-dimensional, unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations were numerically solved for the flowfield about three external-compression inlet configurations. Configuration 1 was a generic Mach 2.2 variable-geometry, two-ramp inlet with a bleed slot. Configuration 2 was an F-16/79 inlet at Mach 2.0 with porous-ramp and slot bleed. For these configurations, two different approaches were used to model the bleed. Configurations 1 and 2 were modeled by using three lateral planes in the three-dimensional code with symmetry around the center plane, which provides an equivalent two-dimensional solution. Configuration 3 was an axisymmetric spike inlet at Mach 2.2 at 0 deg angle of attack. A full three-dimensional solution was obtained for this configuration. For configurations 2 and 3, the computed surface pressures are in good agreement with the experimental data for cases with and without bleed. The computed pressure recovery at the throat for the threedimensional spike inlet at AQ/Af = 0.84 was 2% higher than the compressor-face data. In all the configurations, a computational flow plug was used for the duct outflow boundary. This flow plug eliminates the need to specify a back pressure, particularly at angles of incidence, where the back pressure varies circumferentially. Due to limited computer resources, the analysis was limited to the shock system plus 25-45% of the subsonic diffuser length. Numerical results are given in terms of Mach number and static pressure plots and are compared with experimental data.
Alternative Spliceosome Assembly Pathways Revealed by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

Removal of introns from nascent transcripts (pre-mRNAs) by the spliceosome is an essential step in eukaryotic gene expression. Previous studies have suggested that the earliest steps in spliceosome assembly in yeast are highly ordered and the stable recruitment of U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) to the 5' splice site necessarily precedes recruitment of U2 snRNP to the branch site to form the "prespliceosome." Here, using colocalization single-molecule spectroscopy to follow initial spliceosome assembly on eight different S. cerevisiae pre-mRNAs, we demonstrate that active yeast spliceosomes can form by both U1-first and U2-first pathways. Both assembly pathways yield prespliceosomes functionally equivalent for subsequent U5·U4/U6 tri-snRNP recruitment and for intron excision. Although fractional flux through the two pathways varies on different introns, both are operational on all introns studied. Thus, multiple pathways exist for assembling functional spliceosomes. These observations provide insight into the mechanisms of cross-intron coordination of initial spliceosome assembly.