cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular-scale properties of MoO 3 -doped pentacene

The mechanisms of molecular doping in organic electronic materials are explored through investigation of pentacene $p$-doped with molybdenum trioxide $({\text{MoO}}_{3})$. Doping is confirmed with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Isolated dopants are imaged at the molecular scale using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and effects due to localized holes are observed. The results demonstrate that donated charges are localized by the counterpotential of ionized dopants in ${\text{MoO}}_{3}$-doped pentacene, generalizing similar effects previously observed for pentacene doped with tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane. Such localized hole effects are only observed for low molecular weight ${\text{MoO}}_{3}$ species. It is shown that for larger ${\text{MoO}}_{3}$ polymers and clusters, the ionized dopant potential is sufficiently large as to mask the effect of the localized hole in STM images. Current-voltage measurements recorded using scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveal that electron conductivity decreases in ${\text{MoO}}_{3}$-doped films, as expected for electron capture and $p$-doping.
The Effect of Folic Acid on Egg Production and Hatchability

Abstract SINCE 1936, experiments designed to improve the hatchability obtained with a diet consisting primarily of polished rice and sardine fishmeal (Lepkovsky, Taylor, Jukes and Almquist, 1938) have been in progress. Until the experiments reported in this paper, satisfactory hatchability had never been secured, although through numerous tests, conducted with the cooperation of Dr. S. Lepkovsky and Dr. H. J. Almquist, the original ration had been improved by the addition of various supplements to sustain essentially normal rates of egg production (unpublished data). The all-mash ration 7M formed the basal diet used in the experiments reported herewith, excepting for the presence of 5.0 lbs. of crude soybean oil during the period of December 1 to 7, and of 2.0 lbs. of soybean oil plus 3.0 lbs. of Wesson oil from December 8 to 14 inclusive. The oils no longer being available for this purpose, the basal ration for the remainder of . . .
Classical superstring mechanics

Abstract We describe the classical mechanics of the superstring in both hamiltonian and lagrangian formulations, including massless external fields. The formulation is a modification of that of Green and Schwarz that allows supersymmetric Lorentz covariant quantization.
Effects of Segmented Shield Wires on Signal Attenuation of Power-Line Carrier Channels on Overhead Transmission Lines—Part I: Modeling Method

Shield wire segmentation has been used for quite some time as an effective method for reducing transmission-line power losses, with most segmented shield wire applications on extra high-voltage lines utilizing phase-to-phase power-line carrier (PLC) coupling. As transmission system efficiency becomes more of a priority, some utilities may consider applying segmented shield wires to lower voltage lines, such as 115-kV and 230-kV lines, which most often utilize single-phase-to-ground PLC coupling. Thus, knowledge of the effects of segmented shield wires on PLC signal attenuation for various coupling methods would be useful to relay engineers. The purpose of this paper is to present a generalized method to model transmission lines for signal attenuation calculation at PLC frequencies, with special consideration given to shield wire connections. Terminating impedance and phase wire transposition are considered as well. The modeling method presented is validated with field measurements. In a companion paper, signal attenuation results considering the effects of various parameters are analyzed.
Investigation of the stability of paraffin–exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet composites for latent heat thermal storage systems

Organic materials, such as paraffin wax, are sought as stable and environmentally friendly phase change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage, but they suffer from low thermal conductivity which limits the rate at which thermal energy flows into and out of the material. A common method to improve the PCM thermal behavior is through loading with high thermal conductivity particulate fillers. However, the stability of these composites in the molten state is a concern as settling of the fillers will change the effective thermal conductivity. In this work, we investigate the stability of wax loaded with exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets either of 1 μm (xGnP-1) or 15 μm (xGnP-15) diameter. The effect of dispersants, oxidation of the wax, viscosity of the wax, mixing time, and hydrocarbon chain length on stability is reported. It was found that the addition of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) is an effective dispersant for xGnP in paraffin and microcrystalline wax. In addition, mixing time, viscosity, and oxidation of the wax influence stability in the molten state. Overall, it was found that a mixing time of 24 hours for xGnP-15 along with ODPA mixed in a high viscosity, oxidized microcrystalline wax results in composite PCM systems with the greatest stability determined at 80 °C in the molten state.
Social Entrepreneurship Questioning the Status Quo: Waste as a Resource

There has been an increasing interest in social entrepreneurs' roles in creating social value, fostering economic development, and advancing environmental sustainability. In institutional economics, there is extensive support for entrepreneurship as having a positive impact on economic development and personal wellbeing. This paper challenges the accepted understanding of social entrepreneurs as being "heroic," and their process of starting a new venture as beginning with passion or with the recognition of a social problem. Through examining the case of Clean the World, a social enterprise, we demonstrate that not all social ventures start with the intention of creating social value, but with the question: How can I make a profit? We discuss a recently proposed paradigm called effectual entrepreneurship, and then we illustrate how this paradigm fits the path of Clean the World. Effectual entrepreneurs have questioned the status quo and have focused on the existing or available resources, rather than on identifying opportunities first. We then explore how Clean the World fell into social entrepreneurship by "accident," while considering waste a resource. We conclude by making some suggestions about how to facilitate more of these "accidents" by fostering a culture that questions the status quo.
Metal Ion Binding and Conformational Transitions in Concanavalin A: A Structure-Function Study

The affinity of the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) for saccharides, and its requirement for metal ions such as Mn2+ and Ca2+, have been known for about 50 years. However the relationship between metal ion binding and the saccharide binding activity of Con A has only recently been examined in detail. Brown et al. (Biochemistry 16, 3883 (1977)) showed that Con A exists as a mixture of two conformational states: a "locked" form and an "unlocked" form. The unlocked form of the protein weakly binds metal ions and saccharide, and is the predominate conformation of demetallized Con A (apo-Con A) at equilibrium. The locked form binds two metal ions per monomer with the resulting complex(es) possessing full saccharide binding activity. Brown and coworkers measured the kinetics of the transition of the unlocked form to the fully metallized locked conformation containing Mn2+ and Ca2+. They also demonstrated that Mn2+ alone could form a locked ternary complex with Con A, and that rapid removal of the ions resulted in a metastable form of apo-Con A in the locked conformation which slowly (hours at 25 degrees C) reverted back to (predominantly) the unlocked conformation. The ability to form either conformation in the absence or presence of metal ions has thus allowed us to explore the relationship between metal ion binding and conformational transitions in Con A as determinants of the saccharide binding activity of the lectin. Based on the kinetics of the transition of unlocked apo-Con A to fully metallized locked Con A, and X-ray crystallographic data, it appears that the transition between the two conformations of Con A involves a cis-trans isomerization of an Ala-Asp peptide bond in the backbone of the protein, near one of the two metal ion binding sites. The relatively large activation energy for the transition (approximately 22 kcal M-1) results in relatively slow interconversions between the conformations (from minutes to days), whereas the equilibria with metal ions and saccharide are rapid. Thus, many metastable complexes can be formed and a variety of transition pathways between the two conformations studied. We have identified and characterized binary, ternary, and quaternary complexes of both conformations of Con A containing Mn2+ and saccharide, and have determined both metal ion and saccharide dissociation constants for all of them, as well as equilibrium and kinetic values for the conformational transitions between them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Characterization of the Sea Urchin Major Vault Protein: A Possible Role for Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles in Nucleocytoplasmic Transport

Abstract Vaults are large ribonucleoprotein particles that have been identified in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Although present in thousands of copies per cell, their function remains unknown. In this report, we identify the major vault protein in sea urchins as a 107-kDa polypeptide that copurifies with microtubules and ribosomes. Although initially identified in microtubule preparations, the sea urchin major vault protein is not predominantly microtubule-associatedin vivo.Rather, the sea urchin major vault protein is present throughout the cytoplasm in eggs and embryos and in the nucleus in adult somatic cells. Within the nucleus, the sea urchin major vault protein is concentrated in the region of the nucleolus and to punctate regions of the nuclear envelope. In addition, the vault protein localizes to short linear strings juxtaposed to the exterior of the nucleus and extending outward into the cytoplasm. Based on their copurification and intracellular distribution, vaults may be involved in the nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribosomes and/or mRNA.
Cohesion: a hybrid memory model for accelerators

Two broad classes of memory models are available today: models with hardware cache coherence, used in conventional chip multiprocessors, and models that rely upon software to manage coherence, found in compute accelerators. In some systems, both types of models are supported using disjoint address spaces and/or physical memories. In this paper we present Cohesion, a hybrid memory model that enables fine-grained temporal reassignment of data between hardware-managed and software-managed coherence domains, allowing a system to support both. Cohesion can be used to dynamically adapt to the sharing needs of both applications and runtimes. Cohesion requires neither copy operations nor multiple address spaces. Cohesion offers the benefits of reduced message traffic and on-die directory overhead when software-managed coherence can be used and the advantages of hardware coherence for cases in which software-managed coherence is impractical. We demonstrate our protocol using a hierarchical, cached 1024-core processor with a single address space that supports both software-enforced coherence and a directory-based hardware coherence protocol. Relative to an optimistic, hardware-coherent baseline, a realizable Cohesion design achieves competitive performance with a 2× reduction in message traffic, 2.1× reduction in directory utilization, and greater robustness to on-die directory capacity.
Effect of velocity overshoot on the performance of magnetohydrodynamic subsonic diffusers

The effect of velocity overshoot, a velocity distribution encountered in magnetohydrodynamic channels with peak velocity near the wall instead of at the center, on the performance of two-dimensional subsonic diffusers was investigated. For the simplified conditions analyzed in this paper it was found that the ratio of peak-to-centerline velocity increases along the diffuser for a diffuser half angle greater than some critical value. It was also found that irrespective of the accompanying inlet temperature distribution the wall shear stress and the wall heat flux is substantially larger when the inlet velocity profile has an overshoot than that for a fully developed turbulent inlet velocity profile.
Outlier detection and trimmed means for poisson data

Abstract In some situations a small proportion of data do not arise from a given Poisson distribution but from a Poisson distribution with a different parameter value. The non-Bayesian and Bayesian outlier detection rules are proposed based on the square root transformed data. Different trimmed means are formed according to the above mentioned outlier detection methods. The relative efficiencies of these estimators with respect to the sample mean, and the mean proportions of data classified as outliers are computed by using Monte Carlo methods. Based on the computer simulation we can conclude that the non-Bayesian estimators are good robust estimators.
Spike Protein VP8* of Human Rotavirus Recognizes Histo-Blood Group Antigens in a Type-Specific Manner

Rotaviruses (RVs), an important cause of severe diarrhea in children, have been found to recognize sialic acid as receptors for host cell attachment. While a few animal RVs (of P[1], P[2], P[3], and P[7]) are sialidase sensitive, human RVs and the majority of animal RVs are sialidase insensitive. In this study, we demonstrated that the surface spike protein VP8* of the major P genotypes of human RVs interacts with the secretor histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Strains of the P[4] and P[8] genotypes shared reactivity with the common antigens of Lewis b (Le(b)) and H type 1, while strains of the P[6] genotype bound the H type 1 antigen only. The bindings between recombinant VP8* and human saliva, milk, or synthetic HBGA oligosaccharides were demonstrated, which was confirmed by blockade of the bindings by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to Le(b) and/or H type 1. In addition, specific binding activities were observed when triple-layered particles of a P[8] (Wa) RV were tested. Our results suggest that the spike protein VP8* of RVs is involved in the recognition of human HBGAs that may function as ligands or receptors for RV attachment to host cells.
An Empirical Investigation of Research Standards for Marketing Faculty at AACSB-Accredited Business Schools

The article reports on tests of several hypotheses about scholarly research in marketing, such as the tradeoffs among professional activities, the emphasis on research quality, the importance of journal evaluations in assessing performance, and the criteria used to evaluate journals. These issues differ based on factors like professorial rank and the presence of a doctoral program in marketing.
Congruent and Contradictory Verbal and Nonverbal Communications of Cooperativeness and Competitiveness in Negotiations

Within the communication literature there is an assumption that the congruency of verbal and nonverbal messages is important for accurate and persuasive communication and that nonverbal messages are more powerful than verbal messages in communication. Research by conflict theorists and educational psychologists indicate just the opposite. This study examined the effects of verbal and nonverbal messages indicating cooperativeness or competitiveness on negotiation outcomes. In two of the conditions the verbal and nonverbal messages were congruent, in the other two conditions they were contradictory. The results indicate that congruency of verbal and nonverbal messages was not an important factor in determining negotiation outcomes, although it did affect accuracy of communication. Verbal messages had much more impact than did nonverbal messages. The communication of cooperative intentions promoted a decision by the receiver to engage in cooperative behaviors and to arrive at cooperative negotiation outcomes.
Watermarking of SAT using combinatorial isolation lemmas

Watermarking of hardware and software designs is an effective mechanism for intellectual property protection (IPP). Two important criteria for watermarking schemes are credibility and fairness. In this paper, we present the unique solution-based watermarking technique which provides, in a sense, the ultimate answer to both credibility and fairness requirements. Leveraging on a combinatorial theorem of Valiant and Vazirani, we demonstrate how ultimate credibility and complete fairness can almost always be achieved with high probability during the watermarking of the solution of the satisfiability (SAT) problem. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated on both specially created examples where the number of solutions is known, as well as on common CAD and operation research SAT instances.
Surviving in Chaotic Modern Markets: Strategic Considerations in Turbulent Times

Although the chaos theory has not been well publicized in American business literature, conditions that are creating chaotic shock waves are very real in both global and national markets. Marketing executives have to face these adversities and must learn to manage them. This will call for the creation of a counterchaos culture in the organization and development of a counterchaos marketing strategy that is proactive. Such a strategy goes beyond just survival. It transforms the conditions that are creating chaos into new market opportunities. Because conditions or occurrences that are creating chaotic shock waves in the marketplace are becoming more and more commonplace, it is extremely critical that firms develop a counterchaos strategy for survival and profit. This paper presents the conditions necessary to develop such a strategy. It also provides a research agenda that is needed for all firms.
Examining ECLS-B: Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms When Raising Children With ASD

Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), a nationally representative data set, we examined the extent to which mothers of preschool children with and without the diagnosi...
The physiological costs of being colourful: nutritional control of carotenoid utilization in the American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis

Many sexually selected traits are thought to be costly to produce, which ensures that they communicate information honestly to conspecifics. Carotenoid pigmentation is classically considered as a costly sexual signal in many fish and birds. It is often argued that carotenoid colours are ‘condition dependent’, with an individual’s nutritional or health state directly determining trait expression. However, few studies have investigated precisely how a compromised nutritional state affects an animal’s capacity to develop these sexually attractive colours. Here, we studied the effect of food restriction on the ability of male American goldfinches to physiologically process carotenoids during the period of feather growth. We used highperformance liquid-chromatography to determine the types and amounts of carotenoids circulating in blood during moult as well as in newly grown colourful feathers. We show that nutritional deprivation affects the degree to which male goldfinches transport carotenoids through the bloodstream. Foodrestricted males circulated significantly less blood carotenoids than controls. They also incorporated less carotenoids into feathers and grew less colourful plumage, but the decrease in plumage carotenoids did not significantly exceed the depressed amounts already present in blood. These results suggest that the means by which these yellow-coloured passerines either extract carotenoids from food (e.g. via lipoidal micelles) or transport them through blood (e.g. via lipoproteins) are more sensitive to changes in nutritional/energy state than are the mechanisms for metabolizing dietary pigments or depositing metabolites into feathers.
Traditional acupuncture theories yield null outcomes: a systematic review of clinical trials

Abstract Objective This study sought a fair sample of published acupuncture clinical trials to assess whether they provided scientific rationales for their interventions, clearly differentiated their exposures or observed differences in outcomes. Study Design and Setting A systematic review of all controlled, clinical trials of acupuncture published in English in 2006 and indexed in PubMed. Results Seventy-eight acupuncture clinical trials met the screening criteria; 36 had some rationale. Twenty-two studies compared acupuncture to usual care alone or other non-acupuncture controls; 18 (82% of 22) had statistically significant differences in outcomes, but failed to control for placebo effects. Sixteen studies used placebo controls; 11 (69% of 16) had statistically significant differences in outcomes. Forty studies compared acupuncture interventions mainly differentiated according to traditional acupuncture theories; 19 (48% of 40) had statistically significant differences in outcomes. Conclusion Clinical trials demonstrate that acupuncture can affect outcomes and is distinguishable from a placebo. However, trials that compare acupuncture exposures often observe no statistically significant differences in outcomes. Traditional acupuncture theories, for selecting points, locating them on the body and choosing appropriate stimulation, appear to be unreliable for creating distinct exposures.
Evolution of the GPGP/TÆMS domain-independent coordination framework

Generalized Partial Global Planning (GPGP) and its associated TAEMS hierarchical task network representation were developed as a domain-independent framework for coordinating the real-time activities of small teams of cooperative agents working to achieve a set of high-level goals. GPGP's development was influenced by two factors: one was to generalize and make domain-independent the coordination techniques developed in the Partial Global Planning (PGP) framework (this also involved our understanding that coordination activities could be separated from local agent control if an appropriate bi-directional interface could be established between them); the other was based on viewing agent coordination in terms of coordinating a distributed search of a dynamically evolving goal tree. Underlying these two influences was a desire to construct a model that could be used to explain and motivate the reasons for coordination among agents based on a quantitative view of task/subproblem dependency. Coordination of behaviors among agents requires three things: specification (creating shared goals), planning (subdividing goals into subgoals/tasks, i.e., creating the substructure of the evolving goal tree) and scheduling (assigning tasks to individual agents or groups of agents, creating shared plans and schedules and allocating resources). GPGP is primarily concerned with scheduling activities rather than the dynamic specification and planning of evolving activities (e.g., such as decomposing a high-level goal into a set of subgoals that if successfully achieved will solve the high-level goals).
The cost of moving with the left hand

Precise left-hand movements take longer than right-hand movements (for right-handers). To quantify how left-hand movements are affected by task difficulty and phase of movement control, we manipulated the difficulty of repetitive speeded aiming movements while participants used the left or right hand. We observed left-hand costs in both initial impulse and current control phases of movement. While left-hand cost during the initial impulse phase was small, left-hand cost during the current control phase varied from 10 to 60 ms, in direct proportion to the movement’s difficulty as quantified by Fitts’ law (0.77 < R 2 < 0.99, across three experiments). In particular, in comparison with a difficult task for the right hand (Fitts’ IDR = 6.6), the left hand’s task would have to be made easier by 0.5 bits (IDL = 6.1) to be performed as quickly. The left-hand cost may reflect the time required for callosal transfer of information between the left and right hemispheres during the current control phase of precision left-hand movements or reflect movement control differences in the current control phase of movement that are inherent to the hemispheres. Overall, the present results support multiphase models of movement generation, in which separate specialized processes contribute to the launching and completion of precision hand movements.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in terrestrial habitats of Antarctica

Are we failing to acknowledge the impact of global changes (e.g. UVB, invasive species, climate, land use, atmosphere) on the terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes of Antarctica? Antarctica is considered a pristine environment and has low terrestrial species diversity and trophic complexity, and yet while scientifically possible, we still do not know the number of species, where they are, or how their influence on ecosystem processes (e.g. nutrient cycling, carbon flux, decomposition, feedbacks to climate, hydrology) will be affected by multiple global changes. Increased recognition of human dependence on services provided by biodiversity and ecosystem functioning combined with documented impacts of global change already occurring on Antarctic soil ecosystems, increases the urgency to expand investigations regionally in Antarctica. We cannot measure the effects of global change or sustainably manage Antarctica's future if we underestimate the contribution of soil communities. Evidence indicates habitats of rocky moraines, soils and cyroconite holes of glaciers in the continental interior may host not only microbes, but also a complexity of algae and invertebrates. Scientists of many disciplines, together, need to assess the benefits humans derive from Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes, how these will be affected by global change, and link their findings to the rest of the world.
Relationships between students' meaningful learning orientation and their understanding of genetics topics

This study explored factors predicting the extent to which high school students (N = 140) acquired meaningful understanding of the biological topics of meiosis, the Punnett-square method, and the relationships between these topics. This study (a) examined mental modeling as a technique for measuring students' meaningful understanding of the topics, (b) measured students' predisposed, generalized tendency to learn meaningfully (meaningful learning orientation), (c) determined the extent to which students' meaningful learning orientation predicted meaningful understanding beyond that predicted by aptitude and achievement motivation, (d) experimentally tested two instructional treatments (relationships presented to students, relationships generated by students), (e) explored the relationships of meaningful learning orientation, prior knowledge, instructional treatment, and all interactions of these variables in predicting meaningful understanding. The results of correlations and multiple regressions indicated that meaningful learning orientation contributed to students' attainment of meaningful understanding independent of aptitude and achievement motivation. Meaningful learning orientation and prior knowledge interacted in unique ways for each topic to predict students' attainment of meaningful understanding. Instructional treatment had relatively little relationship to students' acquisition of meaningful understanding, except for learners midrange between meaningful and rote. These findings imply that a meaningful learning approach among students may be important, perhaps as much or more than aptitude and achievement motivation, for their acquisition of interrelated, meaningful understandings of science.
Genetic privacy needs a more nuanced approach

Because confidentiality of health data cannot be guaranteed, people should consider both the risks and advantages of sharing them, argues Misha Angrist.
Relationship between internucleotide linkage geometry and the stability of RNA

The inherent chemical instability of RNA under physiological conditions is primarily due to the spontaneous cleavage of phosphodiester linkages via intramolecular transesterification reactions. Although the protonation state of the nucleophilic 2'-hydroxyl group is a critical determinant of the rate of RNA cleavage, the precise geometry of the chemical groups that comprise each internucleotide linkage also has a significant impact on cleavage activity. Specifically, transesterification is expected to be proportional to the relative in-line character of the linkage. We have examined the rates of spontaneous cleavage of various RNAs for which the secondary and tertiary structures have previously been modeled using either NMR or X-ray crystallographic data. Rate constants determined for the spontaneous cleavage of different RNA linkages vary by almost 10,000-fold, most likely reflecting the contribution that secondary and tertiary structures make towards the overall chemical stability of RNA. Moreover, a correlation is observed between RNA cleavage rate and the relative in-line fitness of each internucleotide linkage. One linkage located within an ATP-binding RNA aptamer is predicted to adopt most closely the ideal conformation for in-line attack. This linkage has a rate constant for transesterification that is approximately 12-fold greater than is observed for an unconstrained linkage and was found to be the most labile among a total of 136 different sites examined. The implications of this relationship for the chemical stability of RNA and for the mechanisms of nucleases and ribozymes are discussed.
Dissociative Symptoms and Academic Functioning in Maltreated Children: A Preliminary Study

Research has identified numerous negative sequelae of child maltreatment that may adversely impact academic functioning (AF). There is limited research, however, on the relationship between specific trauma symptoms, such as dissociation, and poor AF. This cross-sectional study examined the association between dissociative symptoms and multi-informant reports of AF in a sample of maltreated youth with a history of out-of-home care. Participants included 149 youth and their caregivers and teachers. Dissociative symptoms were measured based on youth report, whereas AF was assessed using (a) standardized measures of academic achievement, (b) youth-report measures of school membership and perceived academic competence, (c) caregiver reports of youths' performance in school, and (d) teacher reports of student grades. Results of multiple regression analyses suggested that dissociative symptoms were generally related to poorer AF after IQ, age, gender, and the total number of school and caregiver transitions were controlled. Implications for school personnel are discussed.
Interplay between exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) and microtubule cytoskeleton.

“Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP” (Epac) is a newly discovered cAMP receptor that mediates the intracellular cAMP actions in addition to the classic cAMP-dependent protein kinase system. In this study, we show that Epac interacts directly with tubulin, co-purifies with cellular microtubules, and co-localizes with the mitotic spindle assembly. Association with microtubules suppresses Epac-mediated Rap1 activation, while the binding of Epac promotes microtubule formation. These results demonstrate that Epac plays an important role in connecting the microtubule cytoskeleton network and intracellular cAMP-signalling.
Magnetic field generation from self-consistent collective neutrino-plasma interactions

A new Lagrangian formalism for self-consistent collective neutrino-plasma interactions is presented in which each neutrino species is described as a classical ideal fluid. The neutrino-plasma fluid equations are derived from a covariant relativistic variational principle in which finite-temperature effects are retained. This new formalism is then used to investigate the generation of magnetic fields and the production of magnetic helicity as a result of collective neutrino-plasma interactions.
Special Considerations in the Respiratory Management of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

This is a summary of the presentation on special considerations in the respiratory management of spinal muscular atrophy, presented as part of the program on pulmonary management of patients with pediatric neuromuscular disorders at the 30th annual Carrell-Krusen Neuromuscular Symposium on February 20, 2008.
Evaluation of Dynamic Pressures from Steam Explosions Applied to Advanced Light Water Reactors

The occurrence of a steam explosion for advanced light water reactors (LWRs), whether within or below the reactor pressure vessel in the cavity, is analyzed to determine the possible hazard to stru...
Synthesis of Carbon Microcoils and Nanocoils on Various Substrates

This research investigates the role of the substrate in the synthesis of carbon coils. Coils were produced on tungsten, titanium, and glassy carbon substrates via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of acetylene (C2H2) on electrochemically deposited nickel at 800°C, but the growth varied among the samples. Coils were also produced on pure nickel by the same CVD method. Using tungsten as a substrate, carbon coils intermixed with thin carbon nanotubes were produced in high-yield from nickel particle clusters. On the titanium substrate, carbon coils were synthesized in small, high-yield patches with few co-produced carbon nanotubes. Synthesis from nickel clusters on glassy carbon usually resulted in amorphous carbon, but sparse, low-yield coil growth was observed. Carbon coils were also synthesized when pure nickel wire was used without a separate substrate. These results indicate the nickel catalyst controls the production of carbon coils, but the substrate has some effect on the yield. Carbon coils synthesized were either microcoils, which have diameters of a few microns, or nanocoils, which have diameters of one or two hundred nanometers.
Simultaneous PET/MRI images acquired with an RF-transmissive PET insert

The combination of PET's high sensitivity for visualizing and quantifying molecular signatures and MRI's exquisite anatomical soft tissue contrast holds great promise for improving diagnosis and characterization of disease. However, the prohibitively high cost of integrated clinical PET/MRI systems presents a significant barrier to entry for simultaneous PET/MRI imaging studies. To address this problem, a prototype brain-size PET insert that can be placed in the bore of any existing MRI without modifications to the latter has been designed. It comprises a ring of 16 electrically floating battery-powered detector modules separated by small gaps, thereby allowing RF signals from the MRI to pass through the PET ring with relatively little attenuation. Currently, the MRI body coil is used to both transmit and receive RF signals through the PET insert. The insert transmits PET data out of the MRI bore using electro-optical signal transmission technology, employing optical fibers that aren't susceptible to MRI interference. A 3D printed resolution phantom with cold and hot rods was imaged with 4 out of 16 complete PET detector modules in the bore of a 3T clinical MRI system, during various MRI pulse sequences. Results of the first simultaneous PET/MRI imaging trials with this technology indicate that PET tomographic image data can be successfully acquired during a variety of different MRI pulse sequence types, with some effect on PET image quality. The PET insert's simultaneous imaging capability and compatibility with existing MRI systems could allow much wider accessibility to simultaneous PET/MRI imaging.
Structural and Electrochemical Properties of LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2

The layered oxide LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2 was synthesized by heating the mixed hydroxide precursor. This 442 composition was found to show high capacity. It has the optimum cobalt concentration to both substantially order the lattice, yet leave enough nickel on the lithium sites to minimize conversion to the 1T structure of CoO2 on deep charging. A combined x-ray and neutron diffraction study showed conclusively that only nickel, not manganese or cobalt is found on the lithium sites at room temperature. Magnetic measurements also confirmed the presence of nickel on the lithium sites, and showed the effectiveness of cobalt at minimizing nickel disorder. Heating above 800°C always leads to nickel disorder. The structural and thermal stability of reduced lithium content materials was studied; the structure remains rhombohedral except for x 0.05, and cobalt substitution improves the thermal stability of the layered compound, but not the chemical stability.
DOGMATISM, ANXIETY AND DIRECTIONAL DISORIENTATION

can be considered suggestive of cognitive clarity. This study explored the relation between cognitive differentiarion in structuring beliefs and in structuring experience by examining the association between dogmatism and directional disorientation. The relationship between trait anxiety and directional disorientation was also considered. Sixty extreme scorers on the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (upper and lower third of distribution) and the Trait Anxiety Scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (upper and lower quartiles) were selected from 169 female university students to form four groupings of 15 subjects: high dogmatism/high anxiety; high dogmatism/low anxiety; low dogmatism/high anxiety; and low dogmatism/low anxiety. Each subject was given the Joe Doodlebug Problem (Rokeach, 1960) to solve. This problem asks how an imaginary bug, whose movements are presented in terms of compass-point directions, can reach his food given certain conditions and limitations. While observing the subjects' performance it was noted that five subjects reversed the east-west compass points in attempting to solve the problem. In a comparison of high and low dogmatic subjects, all five subjects who displayed this directional disorientation were high dogmatics (x2 = 3.49, df = 1, p < .lo; Yates' correction applied). There was no difference between subjects high and low in anxiety (x' = .22, df = 1). It is important to note that scores on the Florida Twelfth Grade Exam, a measure of scholastic ability, were available for 50 of the subjects and there was no difference between subjects high and low in dogmatism (F = .Oh, df = 1/48) which suggests that the trend involving dogmatism and directional disorientation was not due simply to differences in ability. While the number of subjects who displayed directional disorientation was quite small and these findings can only be considered suggestive, there appears to be a tendency for directional disorientation to be associated with high dogmatism in the present sample. If directional disorientation be considered an indication of low cognitive clarity, then lack of differentiation in the structure of the belief-disbelief system of high dogmatics might be considered, in part, a function of a lack of differentiation in structuring experience.
Analysis of WEP security and AES solution

The essential causes of the wired equivalent privacy(WEP) vulnerability in the standard 802.11 for the wireless LAN are analyzed.The AES algorithm provides more security performance of the WLAN than RC4 and become the new encryption standard.
Design and Construction for Supervisory Control System Modernization of Shanxi Hydropower Plant

The condition of Shanxi hydropower plant's former supervisory control system(SCS) and the reasons for its upgrading and modernization are analyzed.Then the principle for upgrading and modernization of former SCS are explained.Finally,the current condition of SCS after modernization is introduced.Now,the upgraded and modernized SCS has already been applied in the Shanxi hydropower plant successfully.The modernization fully met the purposes such as improving system reliability,enhancing system functions and optimizing system structure.
Movement Assessment of Children (MAC): validity, reliability, stability and sensitivity to change in typically developing children

Aim The purpose of this study was to establish the validity, reliability, stability and sensitivity to change of the family-centred Movement Assessment of Children (MAC) in typically developing infants/toddlers from 2 months (1 month 16 days) to 2 years (24 months 15 days) of age. Background Assessment of infant/toddler motor development is critical so that infants and toddlers who are at-risk for developmental delay or whose functional motor development is delayed can be monitored and receive therapy to improve their developmental outcomes. Infants/toddlers are thought to be more responsive during the MAC assessment because parents and siblings participate and elicit responses. Methods Two hundred seventy six children and 405 assessments contributed to the establishment of age-related parameters for typically developing infants and toddlers on the MAC. The MAC assesses three core domains of functional movement (head control, upper extremities and hands, pelvis and lower extremities), and generates a core total score. Four explanatory domains serve to alert examiners to factors that may impact atypical development (general observations, special senses, primitive reflexes/reactions, muscle tone). Construct validity of functional motor development was examined using the relationship between incremental increases in scores and increases in participants' ages. Subsamples were used to establish inter-rater reliability, test–retest reliability, stability and sensitivity to change. Results Construct validity was established and inter-rater reliability ICCs for the core items and core total ranged from 0.83 to 0.99. Percent agreement for the explanatory items ranged from 0.72 to 0.96. Stability within age grouping was consistent from baseline to 6 months post-baseline, and sensitivity to change from baseline to 6 months was significant for all core items and the total score. Conclusion The MAC has proven to be a well-constructed assessment of infant and toddler functional motor development. It is a family-centred and efficient tool that can be used to assess and follow-up of infants and toddlers from 2 months to 2 years.
Outcomes of hepatitis C-positive kidney transplant recipients compared with hepatitis C-negative recipients in today’s era of immunosuppression: A UNOS database analysis with long-term follow-up

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to study the clinico-pathologic correlations in BK virus nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of all patients with biopsy-proven polyoma (BK) virus infection. We compared their survival and renal outcomes versus BK virus-negative patients with biopsy-proven graft rejection. Histopathologic characterization by a blinded nephropathologist was performed. RESULTS BK nephropathy was found in 10 patients biopsied for graft dysfunction. All virus-positive patients received antithymocyte globulin induction therapy compared with only 59.3% of the BK-negative group (P = .06). The percentage of patients in the BK-negative group who received acyclovir was significantly higher than that in the BK-positive group (P = .01). After a mean observation period of 6.8 ± 3.2 years, 70% of the BK group had functioning grafts compared with 68% in the BK-negative group (P = .9) with similar 3-year graft survival in the 2 groups (80% and 90%; P = .8). Within the BK group, graft survival was better in the older group (P = .005) and in those with deceased donor kidney grafts (P = .016). Patients in the BK-negative group were heavier (mean weight of 64.3 ± 12.1 vs 46.7 ± 20.6 kg; P = .003). None of the histopathologic features studied had any effect on renal prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The risk factors for developing BK nephropathy were use of antithymocyte globulin, lower weight, and not using acyclovir as early prophylaxis. Within the BK nephropathy group, better graft survival was observed in deceased donor kidney recipients and in older patients. The viral load and polyoma virus nephropathy stage did not affect graft survival in this small sample study.
Cerebral ischemia in diabetics and oxidative stress

Cerebral ischemia is one of the major complications of diabetes. Eighty four percent of diabetics die from either heart disease or stroke (both cause cerebral ischemia). Diabetes-induced oxidative stress is one of the factors responsible for the secondary complications of diabetes. Oxidative stress also plays a key role in cerebral ischemic damage. In this chapter we provide a literature review of how cerebral ischemia-induced oxidative stress is exacerbated in diabetics. We also provide correlates of how this increased oxidative stress may be responsible for increased cerebral ischemia damage in diabetics.
Modes of Silence and Resistance: Chilean Documentary and Gendered Torture

Since the collapse of the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973–1989), documentary film has become an important vehicle for the denouncement of the regime’s destruction of Chile’s democratic institutions, its sweeping reversal of reforms initiated by the Popular Unity (1970–1973), and its systematic persecution of opposing voices. Among the visual memory archives that bear witness to the horrors of detention, a small number shed light on the gendered dimensions of subjugation of female prisoners. The common thread that unites women’s testimonies is a criticism of the regime’s practices of repression, but whereas some narrations voice detailed recollections of sexualised assault, others focus instead on memories of solidarity in the context of confinement. For some critics, silence on sexualised torture reveals the survivor’s need to erase the traces of trauma, and for others such voids bespeak the humiliation surrounding rape. I agree that these omissions are related to the survivor’s limited or unwanted access to recall, but I also believe that the act of withholding can be read as a form of resistance. By comparing Patricio Guzman’s El caso Pinochet (2001) with Carmen Castillo’s La flaca Alejandra (1994) and Calle Santa Fe (2008), I contend that the non-fiction genre effectively stages the dilemma that women survivors face as they attempt to structure a public testimony of sexualised torture to address the question of redress on one hand, and to rebuild a collective political identity based on a narrative of resistance on the other. Rape testimony could potentially coexist with an account of political activism, however these documentaries show the challenges of combining them given the stigmatisation of rape that debases victims. Circumventing stories of feminised violence and emphasising instead memories of empowerment therefore becomes an act of agency and narrative control, even if this move fails to deconstruct rape as a source of shame.
A machine learning framework for performance coverage analysis of proxy applications

Proxy applications are written to represent subsets of performance behaviors of larger, and more complex applications that often have distribution restrictions. They enable easy evaluation of these behaviors across systems, e.g., for procurement or co-design purposes. However, the intended correlation between the performance behaviors of proxy applications and their parent codes is often based solely on the developer's intuition. In this paper, we present novel machine learning techniques to methodically quantify the coverage of performance behaviors of parent codes by their proxy applications. We have developed a framework, Veritas, to answer these questions in the context of on-node performance: a) which hardware resources are covered by a proxy application and how well, and b) which resources are important, but not covered. We present our techniques in the context of two benchmarks, STREAM and DGEMM, and two production applications, OpenMC and CMTnek, and their respective proxy applications.
Quantum nonlinear Schrödinger equation. I. Intertwining operators

Abstract We consider the quantum nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) as a model of the quantum (nonrelativistic) field theory in 1 + 1 dimensions. In this paper we develop a calculus of intertwining operators for the NLS. This calculus will be used in subsequent publications to solve explicitly an initial value problem for the NLS.