cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nifedipine Molecular Dispersion in Microparticles of Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer and Ethylcellulose Binary Blends for Controlled Drug Delivery: Effect of Matrix Composition

The objective of this study is to explore matrix-type microparticles, comprising a solid dispersion of drug with an ammonio methacrylate copolymer and ethylcellulose binary blend, for use in the controlled release of a poorly water-soluble drug, nifedipine. Microparticles consisting of an ethylcellulose N7 (N7) and Eudragit RL (RL) binary blend at different ratios were prepared using phase-separation methodology. The effects of matrix composition on microparticle properties were evaluated by polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy, stability, and drug release studies. Study results indicate that the particle size distribution, particle morphology, and drug release rate from the microparticles were influenced by the ratio of RL to N7. Discrete spherical microparticles with a narrow size distribution and a controlled release profile were obtained when the ratio of RL to N7 was in the range from 1:1 to 2:1 w/w. Solid-state characterization and release kinetic studies on these microparticles confirmed that the nifedipine release from the microparticles followed the Baker and Lonsdale's matrix diffusion model (1974) for microspheres containing dissolved drug, and the nifedipine diffusion in the microparticle matrix was the rate-limiting step. As the ratio of RL to N7 was changed from 0:1 to 4:1 w/w, the effective drug diffusion coefficient in the micro-matrix increased from 5.8 x 10-10 to 8.6 x 10-9 (cm2/h). In addition, probably due to formation of a stable molecular dispersion promoted by hydrogen bonding between nifedipine and the polymers, no significant changes in the nifedipine physical form or release kinetics were observed after 1-year storage at ambient room temperature followed by 3-month accelerated stability at 40 degrees C/75% RH in a closed container.
Temporal microstructure of cortical networks (TMCN) underlying task-related differences

Neuro-electromagnetic recording techniques (EEG, MEG, iEEG) provide high temporal resolution data to study the dynamics of neurocognitive networks: large scale neural assemblies involved in task-specific information processing. How does a neurocognitive network reorganize spatiotemporally on the order of a few milliseconds to process specific aspects of the task? At what times do networks segregate for task processing, and at what time scales does integration of information occur via changes in functional connectivity? Here, we propose a data analysis framework-Temporal microstructure of cortical networks (TMCN)-that answers these questions for EEG/MEG recordings in the signal space. Method validation is established on simulated MEG data from a delayed-match to-sample (DMS) task. We then provide an example application on MEG recordings during a paired associate task (modified from the simpler DMS paradigm) designed to study modality specific long term memory recall. Our analysis identified the times at which network segregation occurs for processing the memory recall of an auditory object paired to a visual stimulus (visual-auditory) in comparison to an analogous visual-visual pair. Across all subjects, onset times for first network divergence appeared within a range of 0.08-0.47 s after initial visual stimulus onset. This indicates that visual-visual and visual auditory memory recollection involves equivalent network components without any additional recruitment during an initial period of the sensory processing stage which is then followed by recruitment of additional network components for modality specific memory recollection. Therefore, we propose TMCN as a viable computational tool for extracting network timing in various cognitive tasks.
MATERNAL AND INFANT FACTORS EFFECTING BODY MASS AND FATNESS AT AGE FIVE IN A LOW BIRTH WEIGHT POPULATION. † 1668

MATERNAL AND INFANT FACTORS EFFECTING BODY MASS AND FATNESS AT AGE FIVE IN A LOW BIRTH WEIGHT POPULATION. † 1668
Comparison of Two Bioassessment Protocols in Five Georgia Streams

ABSTRACT We compared two stream water quality biomonitoring methods used by the environmental agencies of the state of Georgia. One uses fish communities; the other uses benthic macroinvertebrate populations. Five wadeable streams of varying water quality, size, and impacts in the greater Atlanta area were selected as study sites at which both bioassessment protocols were carried out, along with a physical habitat assessment. To compare the protocols, we examined correlations between specified indices of stream health based on each protocol as well as correlations among their individual components. Although general classification of the five streams by the indices from the protocols was consistent, the indices for stream assessment themselves were not correlated. Furthermore, many component metrics were not correlated with their index, especially for the fish indices. As a result, these indices may need to be considered and modified to reflect properly stream impact and degradation.
Detection of tissue devitalisation by square-wave analysis.

A rationale for the use of square-wave analysis for the detection of tissue devitalisation is presented. The method consists of applying constant-current high-frequency square waves to muscle, and monitoring alterations in the waveform due to tissue elements. The maximum amplitude of the altered wave, and the time required for the altered wave to achieve 90% of its maximum height, appear to correlate well with tissue damage.
Quantitative contrast ultrasound analysis of renal perfusion in normal dogs.

Eight normal dogs with no evidence of renal disease, weighing between 8 and 25 kg were imaged using contrast harmonic ultrasound after injection of a microbubble contrast medium. All dogs received three separate bolus injections of 0.05 ml of commercial contrast medium (Definity®). Time/mean pixel value (MPV) curves were generated for selected regions in the cortex and medulla of the left kidney in each dog. Upslope, downslope, baseline, peak intensity, and time to peak were calculated for each zone. For a bolus injection, within the renal cortex (averaging all subjects) the upslope was 7.4±1.5 MPV/s, downslope was −0.4±.2 MPV/s, baseline was 66.8±9.3 MPV, peak was 103.6±8.2 MPV, time to peak (from injection) was 12.8±5.3 s and from time of contrast medium reaching the kidney was 5.1±2.0 s. Within the renal medulla (averaging all subjects), upslope was 2.8±1.7 MPV/s, downslope was −0.3±.2 MPV/s, baseline was 39.3±6.0 MPV, peak was 65.2±14.3 MPV, time to peak from injection was 20.9±6.4 s and from time of contrast reaching the kidney was 11.6±4.1 s. These baseline data may prove useful in the evaluation of dogs with diffuse disease or vascular compromise.
Social change and adolescent rites of passage: A cross cultural perspective

This paper examines the role social change and modernity plays in adolescent rites of passage in developing and developed countries. The ‘Dipo’ rite of the Krobo in Ghana is compared and contrasted with the ‘Russ’ in Norway with specific reference to social change and modernity. A salient distinction in both rites of passage is the observance of a set of processes, procedures and stages adolescent undergo including, inter alia, participation in a procession characterized by a special symbolic outfit to annunciate the celebration of the rite. Adolescents in both cultures believe they are parting the adolescent stage of life and preparing to assume young adult roles. Whiles adults participate or supervise the Dipo, the Russ has nothing to do with adult supervision or participation. If an adolescent fails to participate in the Dipo she is not recognised by her family and not fit for marriage but adolescents are not subjected to this treatment should they decide not to participate in the Russ. In general both rites have undergone several positive and/or negative transformations and modifications due to social changes and modernity. This paper, thus, argues that as a result of social change and modernity adolescents have developed rites of passage in which explicit individualism is projected as a value.
Travelling wave microstrip dipole antennas

While it is a common antenna, the unloaded conducting microstrip dipole suffers from a very limited bandwidth, because it is a resonant structure supporting a standing wave of current. The authors present the characteristics of a microstrip dipole modified to behave like a travelling wave structure.
Fibrin polymerization and release of fibrinopeptide B by thrombin

Abstract Although it is well known that thrombin releases fibrinopeptide A (FPA) more rapidly than fibrinopeptide (FPB) from fibrinogen different opinions have been expressed as to whether fibrin I (FPA release) and II (FPB release) are sequential or simultaneous. Evidence has been presented that FPB release depends on the polymerization of fibrin and the finding that the tetrapeptide gly-pro-arg-pro inhibits fibrin formation provides a new tool to investigate the effect of polymerization. The radioimmunoassay technique which permits the initial rates of the release reactions to be accurately measured at low concentrations of reactants was used to investigate FPB release. In the absence of gly-pro-arg-pro the FPB release pattern showed three phases - an initial slow and a second more rapid phase both of which were at a constant rate and a final phase with decreasing rate as the substrate concentration fell. Gly-pro-arg-pro at appropriate concentrations inhibited fibrin polymerization as indicated by optical density and light scattering techniques as well as by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. FPA release and the initial rate of FPB release were unaffected. The second phase of rapid FPB release was abolished indicating that this increased rate is entirely dependent on the polymerization of fibrin I. Under one set of specified conditions the initial release rates of FPB by thrombin from different substrates were 15.8 pmol/min (fibrinogen), 14.0 pmol/min (fibrinogen plus gly-pro-arg-pro), 27.4 pmol/min (fibrin I monomer) and 164.4 pmol/min (fibrin I polymer). The data indicate that fibrin I and II formation are not sequential but simultaneous and that it is the more rapid formation of fibrin I which results in the appearance of a sequential reaction. It is suggested that a number of other reactions in the hemostatic system including fibrinolysis which appear to be sequential are also simultaneous.
Effects of Lidocaine, Propranolol, and Sotalol on Ouabain-lnduced Changes in Transmembrane Potential of Canine Purkinje Fibers

Isolated canine papillary muscle-false tendon preparations stimulated at 95/min were perfused with Tyrode's solution containing ouabain, 2.1 x 10-7M. Action potentials of Purkinje fibers were recorded. Initially ouabain increased the slope of phase-4 depolarization. Subsequently it decreased the maximum diastolic potential and the rising velocity of phase 0, the amplitude, and the duration of the action potential. The slope of phase-4 depolarization increased progressively, and eventually the configuration of the action potential changed to resemble that of sinoatrial node fibers. Onset of enhanced phase-4 depolarization was delayed significantly by treatment before exposure to ouabain with lidocaine, 3.7 x 10-5M, or propranolol, 2.1 x 10-5M, but not with sotalol, 3.2 x 10-4M. Enhanced phase-4 depolarization produced by exposure to ouabain was reduced in slope by subsequent treatment with lidocaine or propranolol but not sotalol. Application of lidocaine or propranolol to fibers with action potentials in the configuration characteristic of sinoatrial node fibers returned the contour of the action potentials toward normal; sotalol was not effective in this regard. These results, coupled with the relative effectiveness of these drugs in intact animals with digitalis arrhythmias, support the hypothesis that enhanced phase-4 depolarization of Purkinje fibers is a factor in the production of digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias.
Women and world change

Abstract The new context for human beings is a dramatic break with the past, involving problems for women which different societies will react to and absorb in different ways. Changes include: the break in transmission of norms and mores from one generation to another ; the decline in role stereotyping; the lessening importance of the family; changing concepts of work; and the move away from socioeconomic arrangements based on scarcity. Any description of women's future has to be set against a background of such considerations together with an examination of the sort of world trends with which women are most closely concerned : population, food, education, and development.
Striation Formation and Melt Removal in the Laser Cutting Process

Abstract The mechanisms of melt ejection and striation formation in continuous wave laser cutting of mild steel are discussed. Melt ejection from the cutting front is shown to be a cyclic phenomenon. Striation formation is strongly affected by the oscillatory characteristic of the thin liquid film on the cutting front during melt ejection, together with the oxidation and heat transfer process. Cutting speed determines whether the liquid film will rupture or generate waves on the cutting front. Theoretical explanations are given according to the instability theory of a thin liquid film in a high-velocity gas jet and the diffusion-controlled oxidation theory. Striation frequency and depth are predicted according to the above theories. Experimental investigations were carried out and the results are consistent with the calculations. The better understanding has shed light on further investigations and optimal process development.
Norepinephrine-induced depolarization of skeletal muscle cells.

Abstract I.v. administration of norepinephrine to anesthetized hamsters was followed by a significant depolarization of the cell membranes of skeletal muscle (gracilis anticus and sartorius). The occurrence of this depolarization is consistent with the suggestion that changes in ionic distribution across the cell membrane are associated with activation of non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle cells as has been proposed for brown adipocytes.
Investigations of the transitions of some tetraalkylammonium halides by DSC, NMR, and X-ray diffraction

Abstract The transitions of several symmetric tetraalkylammonium halides were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. The reversibility of the transitions of Bu 4 NI is investigated by cycling of the samples in the DSC. A plastic-crystalline phase is found and characterized. A glass transition is observed for Bu 4 NCl at 230 K. Solid-state CP-MAS 13 C NMR is performed on Hex 4 NI in order to reveal the large-amplitude molecular motion. The DSC transitions are confirmed by changes in the chemical shifts, but additional, more continuous changes are seen. Condis-crystalline phases are probable for the latter two salts. Room-temperature X-ray diffraction on various iodides shows that the appropriate d -spacings increase linearly with size of the alkyl groups.
The Men and Women of non-no: Gender, Race, and Hybridity in Two Japanese Magazines

This article compares the hybrid constructions of race, gender, and culture offered by two Japanese magazines very similar in nature, although one is targeted at men, the other at women. Locating non-no and Men's non-no within a larger transcultural discourse of commodified cultural representation, this comparison reveals significant differences in the magazines’ constructions. While the magazines’ hybridities may offer opportunities for subversive gestures, their representations of race and gender are ultimately likely to legitimize longstanding power relations, both globally and locally.
Investigation of avoided crossings in the adiabatic hyperspherical potential curves of the helium atom.

Obtention d'une representation de l'equation de Schrodinger pour l'atome d'helium et ses ions isoelectroniques pour de grandes valeurs de l'hyperrayon, en utilisant un developpement asymptotique et l'approximation adiabatique hyperspherique. La diagonalisation de la matrice de potentiel donne des courbes de potentiel qui montrent des croisements evites essentiels pour l'interpretation de la dynamique atomique
Characterization of cellulose film prepared from zinc-cellulose complexes

Abstract Clear cellulose film was prepared from low degree of polymerization (DP) cellulose by first dissolving cellulose in an aqueous zinc chloride solution, and subsequently spreading this solution as a thin film on glass plates using a thin layer chromatography applicator. The films were coagulated in an ethanol bath, and then removed from the glass plates, dried, stretched, washed and dried again. One type of cellulose film thus produced was characterized. The tensile strength of the film was directionally dependent. The tensile strength measured in the direction parallel to the direction of film casting was 17,240 + 7870 psi, and the tensile strength in the direction perpendicular to the direction of film casting was 13.960 + 4800 psi. The density of the film was 1.045 + 0.122 g/cm 1 . The transmittance at 600 μm was 86.8% per ml. Cellulose is a major component in waste cellulosic biomass and renewable resource. The ability to use low DP cellulose to produce conventional cellophane makes the utilization of waste biomass practical.
Regulation of Polycomb group genes Psc and Su(z)2 in Drosophila melanogaster.

Certain Polycomb group (PcG) genes are themselves targets of PcG complexes. Two of these constitute the Drosophila Psc-Su(z)2 locus, a region whose chromatin is enriched for H3K27me3 and contains s ...
Communication Privacy Management within the Family Planning Trajectories of Voluntarily Child-Free Couples

Although the phenomenon of voluntary childlessness has garnered increased attention from researchers in a number of disciplines over the past 20 years (Connidis & McMullin, 1996; Letherby, 1998; Morrell, 1993; Park, 2002), little is known about the interaction processes that comprise the family planning of couples who choose to remain child-free. In the present study, the researchers used Communication Privacy Management (Petronio, 2002) as the theoretical framework to describe the intradyadic communication processes that comprised the family planning and decision making of voluntarily child-free couples. An interpretive analysis was performed on the transcripts of interviews with members of child-free couples. The researchers developed and described four different family planning trajectories that illustrate the unique communicative pathways voluntarily child-free couples enacted as they engaged in family planning and arrived at a child-free decision.
The value of Wilms tumor susceptibility gene 1 in cytologic preparations as a marker for malignant mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND It has been shown that detection of the Wilms tumor susceptibility gene 1 protein (WT1) has diagnostic utility in the distinction of mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma in tissue sections of pleural tumors. This immunohistochemical study evaluates the effectiveness of WT1 as a marker for malignant mesothelioma in paraffin sections of cell block preparations derived from effusion specimens. METHODS The authors evaluated 111 cell blocks for WT1 immunoreactivity, including 14 mesotheliomas and 97 metastatic adenocarcinomas from various sites. RESULTS Nuclear reactivity for WT1 was observed in all samples of mesothelioma. However, only 22 of 97 samples (23%) of metastatic adenocarcinoma, nearly all of which were of ovarian origin (91%), exhibited nuclear reactivity for WT1. In 14 other samples (most of pulmonary derivation), WT1 staining restricted to the cytoplasm was observed for some tumor cells and was regarded as nonspecific. CONCLUSIONS Based on this staining profile, WT1 represents an effective marker for mesotheliomas in cell block preparations and can aid in its distinction from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. In assessment of effusion specimens with metastatic carcinoma, nuclear reactivity for WT1 is highly suggestive of an ovary primary tumor. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002;96:000–000. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Assessing working memory capacity in a non-native language

Abstract The present studies directly test the usefulness of two English-language working memory capacity (WMC) assessments with two samples of students whose native language was not English. Participants completed two widely used complex span tasks, Reading Span (RSpan) and Operation Span (OSpan), in English. To determine whether the well-established relationship between WMC and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) would be observed when span tasks were not given in the native language of the participant, span scores were regressed against performance on the RAPM. Results indicated that while OSpan was a reliable and valid predictor of RAPM in non-native-English speakers, RSpan administered in English was not.
The prognostic significance of recall antigen testing in melanoma patients.

ABSTRACT A quantitative assessment of the long-term prognostic value and clinical usefulness of recall antigen reactions in patients with malignant melanoma is not available. The authors evaluated longitudinal observations of survival made in 846 patients over a 12-year period. Each patient was initially studied with Mantoux-type recall antigen skin tests. The patients were categorized with respect to the following: high (> 5 mm) or low (≤ 5 mm) averaged skin test reaction diameters at 48 hr; Clark level; tumor stage (I=localized tumor, 11=local extension and/or region lymph node metastasis, III=systemic metastasis); ulceration; site of primary; histologic type; age; and sex. The percentage of high reactors in Stages I, II, and III were 44.3%, 37.4%, and 25%, respectively. Survival was evaluated with the Cox- Mantell hazard function model and the Cox regression model. The significant (chi-squared; probability) risk factors detected were tumor stage (94.58; ≤ 0.0001), Clark level (19.37; ≤ 0.0001), sex (16.97; ≤ 0.0001), and skin test reactivity (7.48; ≤ 0.0062). A significant relationship also was detected between skin test reactor status and the tumor stage (p≤0.0330). When evaluated within each stage of disease, skin test reactivity predicted survival only in Stage II patients (p ≤ 0.0080). Five-year survival estimates among Stage II patients were 58% among high reactors and 38% among low reactors. Despite this interesting difference, the amount of independent information about survival provided by recall skin tests was small in comparison to the other clinically available risk factors. This suggests that recall antigen skin tests are not likely to be helpful in the evaluation of the individual patient.
A diffusion chamber radon dosimeter for use in mine environment

Abstract A diffusion chamber dosimeter for measurement of radon gas exposure in a mine environment was developed and tested. This dosimeter is a small rugged device of simple design. It can be conveniently and economically utilized by miners. Cellulose nitrate plastic track detectors are used to measure the 4He-particle emissions resulting from 222Rn decay. Calibrations were made for a series of exposure times in a laboratory chamber containing measured concentrations of radon gas. The time-averaged response was found to rise for short exposure times due to the slow dissipation of radon from the sensitive volume of the diffusion chamber. For longer exposure times the response is flat. The measured response varied from a high of 0.0654±0.0033 tracks/cm2 per pCi-h/l for shortest exposure time of 0.5 h, to 0.0431±0.0005 for longest exposure time of 8 h. The decrease after exposure times of 2 h is about 14%.
The role of attitude importance in social evaluation: a study of policy preferences, presidential candidate evaluations, and voting behavior.

According to a number of social psychological theories, attitudes toward government policies that people consider important should have substantial impact on presidential candidate preferences, and unimportant attitudes should have relatively little impact. Surprisingly, the accumulated evidence evaluating this hypothesis offers little support for it. This article reexamines the hypothesis, applying more appropriate analysis methods to data collected during the 1968, 1980, and 1984 American presidential election campaigns. The impact of policy attitudes on candidate preferences was indeed found to depend on the importance of those attitudes, just as theory suggests. The analysis also documented two mechanisms of this increased impact: People for whom a policy attitude is important perceive larger differences between competing candidates' attitudes, and important attitudes appear to be more accessible in memory than unimportant ones. According to political theorists, democratic governments maintain stability and legitimacy because citizens elect representafives who implement government policies that they favor (e.g., Dahl, 1956; Pennock, 1979). This is presumed to occur because voters' candidate preferences are determined in part by the match between their attitudes toward government policies (called policy attitudes) and their perceptions of candidates' attitudes toward those policies. This notion, referred to as policy voting, is consistent with the many social psychological theories that assert that social attraction is based in part on attitudinal similarity (Byrne, 1971; Festinger, 1954; Heider, 1958). It is also consistent with the results of many studies of voting behavior in recent American presidential elections. In addition to affiliations with political parties, assessments of candidates' personality traits, the emotions candidates evoke in voters, and evaluations of incumbent presidents' performance in office, candidate preferences are shaped by voters' policy attitudes and their perceptions of candidates' policy attitudes (see Kinder & Sears,
Organ sales: compromising ethics.

To the Editor: What proponents of the selling of organs for transplant call a 'choice,' I call the right to be cruelly exploited. Democratic societies have always limited our ability to harm ourselves, hence, workplace safety, child labor, or minimum wage laws that forbid a 5-year-old to 'choose' to take a dangerous, low-paying job. (Even when someone faces dire poverty, we do not permit him to sell himself into slavery.) Similarly, the laws barring organ sales are intended to protect those who, out of economic desperation, would be harmed by those with more money.
Adsorption and diffusion sites of a Si atom on a reconstructed Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface☆

Abstract We use Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations to determine the adsorption sites, the barriers preventing site to site migration, and the dynamics of adsorption for a Si atom on a Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface. We find that the barriers to diffusion are highly anisotropic and strongly favor migration along the dimer rows. The site population at early times is controlled by the shape of the potential energy surface and it differs from the equilibrium population which is controlled by the binding energy.
A novel PLL lock and out-of-lock detect scheme based on a feedback sampling of PLL

The existing state of the art lock/out-of-lock detection schemes used in PLL (Phase lock loop) suffers from process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations and has limited accuracy especially in fractional PLL mode of operation. Moreover, the schemes are not suitable to detect both lock and out-of-lock condition accurately. This paper describes a novel mixed signal scheme which incorporates detection of both lock and out-of-lock conditions of a PLL. The scheme covers integer and fractional PLL modes of operations and programmable to generate lock condition to a very high accuracy. Furthermore, this digital detection scheme is not prone to process, voltage and temperature variations.
Simulations of noise rejection and mantissa-only recording: An experiment in high-amplitude noise reduction with COCORP data

Vertical stacking of Vibroseis sweeps for the purposes of reflection data enhancement and data compression often smears sporadic noise bursts into summed traces with degrading effects. One noisy record can easily nullify the signal enhancement benefits of stacking the remaining good sweeps (e.g., Gimlin and Smith, 1980). This paper compares different methods of noise editing before vertical stacking, as applied to deep seismic data collected by COCORP (Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling) in conditions of heavy traffic noise. Noise editing is of particular concern in crustal seismic work where weak reflections from great depths are often critical to interpretations. In our test, individual sweeps rather than the field sum of these sweeps were recorded separately on tape. This procedure, single-sweep recording, allowed four computer simulations: (A) recording with no noise editing; (B) recording with a field noise-rejection (NRJ) system; (C) using a more optimal NRJ system which was computed using the characteristics of the recorded sweeps and applied after recording; and (D) recording using mantissa-only (MO) format. In this initial, limited experiment, we found significantly greater noise reduction with both tailored, postrecording NRJ systems and MO format than with the simple field NRJ currently employed by COCORP. Normally, these alternative recording methods are not used, either because they entail excessive tape handling and preprocessing, as in the case of single-sweep recording and application of postrecording NRJ, or because they entail loss of dynamic range, as with MO format recording. However, this study suggests that in the presence of severe traffic noise the benefits of these alternative techniques may outweigh their drawbacks.
Morphogenesis in and the effect of light on Blastocladiella britannica sp.nov.

The developmental history in pure culture of a single-spore isolate of a Blastocladiella , originally sent to us from Great Britain by L. G. Willoughby, has been investigated in some detail. Its wide range of morphological variability led to the isolation of several distinct substrains, one of which was incapable of producing resistant sporangia and another produced them in abundance. Formation of resistant sporangia was affected by several environmental factors, but most strikingly by white light. As a consequence of these and other observations, the fungus has been designated B. britannica sp.nov.
Acrylic resin veneered crowns: The effect of tooth preparation on crown fabrication and future periodontal health

Abstract Acrylic resin veneered crowns are used for esthetic purposes only. Like any restoration they must also be acceptable to the periodontium. To achieve maximum esthetics and acceptance by the periodontium, veneered crowns must closely resemble original tooth shape and size. Veneered crowns closely resembling original tooth shape and size cannot be used on every tooth since some teeth cannot be successfully prepared, and since a change from original tooth shape and size is indicated for some veneered crowns. However, many oversized, overcontoured, veneered crowns, which neither look like teeth nor are in harmony with the periodontium, could have been avoided if the critical areas of the preparation had been altered.
Serotonin transporter gene moderates associations between mood, memory and hippocampal volume

Background The short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is associated with reduced serotonin turnover compared to the long (L) allele in Caucasians. Few studies have examined its impact on memory and brain structure in healthy young adults.
Whither Primatology? The Place of Primates in Contemporary Anthropology

▪ Abstract Primatology in anthropology began with morphological comparisons of primates to reconstruct the evolution of humans. Naturalistic studies started in the mid-twentieth century and contributed to understanding the functions of morphological variations. Today, research in primatology employs the new paradigm of behavioral ecology and sociobiology for analysis and interpretation of variation in behavior and ecology. Grouping and group sizes of primates are explained with reference to effects of predation, defense of resources, and female defense against male infanticide. Primates avoid close consanguineous mating, usually by dispersal of males from the birthplace, though in bonobos and chimpanzees males are philopatric. In many primates, nepotistic relations among females are explained by kin selection operating on the philopatric sex. In chimpanzees, nepotism is clearest among the philopatric males. Sexual dimorphism, dominance hierarchies, intrasexual competition, and particularly infanticide by ...
Survival of mouse pancreatic islet allografts in recipients treated with allogeneic small lymphocytes and antibody to CD40 ligand

Combined treatment with allogeneic small lymphocytes or T-depleted small lymphocytes plus a blocking antibody to CD40 ligand (CD40L) permitted indefinite pancreatic islet allograft survival in 37 of 40 recipients that differed from islet donors at major and minor histocompatibility loci. The effect of the allogeneic small lymphocytes was donor antigen-specific. Neither treatment alone was as effective as combined treatment, although anti-CD40L by itself allowed indefinite islet allograft survival in 40% of recipients. Our interpretation is that small lymphocytes expressing donor antigens in the absence of appropriate costimulatory signals are tolerogenic for alloreactive host cells. Anti-CD40L antibody may prevent host T cells from inducing costimulatory signals in donor lymphocytes or islet grafts.
The role of engineering approaches in analysing cancer invasion and metastasis

In the past decade, novel materials, probes and tools have enabled fundamental and applied cancer researchers to take a fresh look at the complex problem of tumour invasion and metastasis. These new tools, which include imaging modalities, controlled but complex in vitro culture conditions, and the ability to model and predict complex processes in vivo, represent an integration of traditional with novel engineering approaches; and their potential effect on quantitatively understanding tumour progression and invasion looks promising.
Altering Reinforcer Variety or Intensity Changes the Within-Session Decrease in Responding

Abstract Operant responding often changes systematically within experimental sessions. McSweeney, Hinson, and Cannon (1996) argued that sensitization and habituation produce within-session changes in responding. The present study tested two predictions of the sensitization–habituation explanation. In two experiments, rats pressed a lever for reinforcers delivered by a multiple variable interval 15-s variable interval 15-s schedule. In Experiment 1, the variety of reinforcers delivered during the session was manipulated by varying the percentage of programmed reinforcers replaced with qualitatively different reinforcers from 0 to 75%, in five different conditions. In Experiment 2, the intensity of the reinforcer was manipulated by varying the concentration of sucrose in the sucrose and water solution used as the reinforcer from 0 to 30%, in five different conditions. Increasing the variety or the intensity of the reinforcers slowed the within-session decrease in responding. The results are consistent with the predictions of a sensitization–habituation explanation of within-session changes in responding.
A note on quadratic designs for nonlinear regression models

SUMMARY Hamilton & Watts (1985) state that their quadratic design criterion results in designs with only p points of support. In this note we demonstrate how their design criterion may be used to obtain designs with p + 1 design points, thus allowing for a check of the adequacy of the assumed model.
The plankton of Shelikof Strait, Alaska: standing stock, production, mesoscale variability and their relevance to larval fish survival

Physically-mediated variations in production, standing stock and distribution of plankton have a significant impact on the growth and survival of larval fishes in Shelikof Strait. We integrate descriptions of mechanisms that control the distribution and regional production of planktonic organisms with mechanisms that influence survival of early life history stages of marine fish, especially the locally abundant walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. The timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom is more variable than the regular appearance of pollock larvae, and is affected by variability in the winter to spring storm season transition, stratification in the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC), and cloudiness. The spring bloom occurs first in the ACC, fuelling local production of copepod nauplii, the main prey item of early larval pollock. Shelikof Strait zooplankton standing stock is higher in the ACC than the surrounding Coastal Water (CW) throughout the spring. This is the result of local production as well as regional production which occurs upstream of the strait. Mesoscale features associated with the ACC (fronts, meanders, and eddies) determine the distribution of plankton through physical convergence, and reduced dispersion and transport. Evidence for enhancement of planktonic production in these features is lacking. Thus the ACC plays a strong role in determining plankton production, standing stock, and distribution in the Shelikof region. The strength of the relationship among plankton, planktonic production, larval pollock growth and survival, and fisheries recruitment is variable. The plankton is only one of several key variables that affect eventual recruitment to the pollock fishery.
Zileuton Reduces Respiratory Illness and Lung Inflammation, during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, in Mice

To determine the role of leukotrienes in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we correlated the quantity of leukotrienes in lung lavage fluids of infected mice with respiratory rates and measures of outflow obstruction and then determined the effects of the leukotriene inhibitor zileuton on clinical features and lung function. Concentrations of leukotrienes were correlated with both increasing respiratory rates and the degree of prolongation of expiratory time. Administration of zileuton 1 day before infection and through day 5 after infection markedly reversed airway constriction, reduced numbers of inflammatory cells in the lung, and prevented the weight loss associated with infection. Leukotrienes appear to contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of RSV-related disease.
Rb regulates C/EBPβ-DNA-binding activity during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis

Two pathways are initiated upon 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation: the reentry of cells into the cell cycle and the initiation of a cascade of transcriptional events that “prime” the cell for dif...
Technology Complexity in Projects: Does Classical Project Management Work?

After World War II, project management emerged as a management discipline to manage large high technology projects, like nuclear missiles and space program. But recent evidence suggests that technology projects either fail to reach their goals or fail completely. Project management style is the management paradigm that guides the managers of an organization in perceiving and dealing with the management problems. Like other human intellectual processes, project management styles are influenced by the scientific paradigms. Classical project management is based on the scientific management theories which are based on the mechanistic Newtonian paradigm, where universe is assumed to be deterministic. But during the last decades of the 20th century the complexity paradigm based on the chaos and complex adaptive system theories emerged as a contender paradigm. This paper aims to develop measures for assessing project technology complexity and project management styles by employing a survey of project management professionals. The results of confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses provide strong evidence that the final measures for project technology complexity and project management styles have adequate validity and reliability. Finally, both theoretical and practical contributions of this research are discussed.
A 70-period high-precision microwiggler for free electron lasers

We have designed, constructed, and operated a 70-period microwiggler for free electrons lasers (FEL's). The device is a pulsed ferromagnetic-core electromagnet with a period of 8.8 mm, which generates an on-axis peak magnetic field of 4.2 kG. The pulses, of 0.5 ms duration, are generated at a rate of 0.5 Hz. Each field peak is independently tunable. We employed a novel tuning regimen to reduce the RMS spread in the peak amplitudes to 0.12%, the lowest value thus far attained in a sub-cm-period periodic magnetic field. >
High resolution, high sensitivity inorganic resists

New inorganic electron-beam resists have been developed on the basis of the aqueous chemistries of Zr and Hf. With a 30-keV electron-beam, resist sensitivities as low as [email protected]/cm^2 have been realized. At higher exposure doses, 15-nm lines and 36-nm dense features have been written with line-width roughness near 2nm. In reactive-plasma etching, the resists exhibit etch resistance >7x that of thermal SiO"2.
Serial Agile Production Systems with Automation

To gain insights into the design and control of manufacturing cells with automation, we study simple models of serial production systems where one flexible worker attends a set of automated stations. We (a) characterize the operational benefits of automation, (b) determine the most desirable placement of automation within a line, and (c) investigate how best to allocate labor dynamically in a line with manual and automatic equipment. We do this by first considering two-station Markov decision process models and then studying three-station simulations. Our results show that the capacity of production lines with automatic machines can be significantly lower than the rate of the bottleneck. We also show that automating a manual machine can have a dramatic effect on the average work-in-process (WIP) level, provided that labor is the system bottleneck. Once a machine becomes the bottleneck, the benefits from further automation are dramatically reduced. In general, we find that automation is more effective when placed toward the end of the line rather than toward the front. Finally, we show that automation level increases the priority workers should give to a station when selecting a work location.
Psychosocial and Behavioral Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Their Families

In the absence of definitive treatments for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, researchers in a variety of disciplines are developing psychosocial and behavioral intervention strategies to help patients and caregivers better manage and cope with the troublesome symptoms common in these conditions. These strategies include cognitive interventions, functional performance interventions, environmental interventions, integration of self interventions, and pleasure-inducing interventions. Although more research is needed to further develop these strategies and establish their best use, psychosocial and behavioral interventions hold great promise for improving the quality of life and well-being of dementia patients and their family caregivers.
Systemic therapy for primary hyperhidrosis: a retrospective study of 59 patients treated with glycopyrrolate or clonidine.

Background Data regarding systemic medications in the management of hyperhidrosis (HH) are limited. Objective The goal of this study was to provide evidence for the safety and efficacy of systemic medications for primary HH. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients seen at an academic dermatology department prescribed systemic medications for primary HH. Results A total of 71 patients were prescribed systemic agents. Twelve patients (17%) were lost to follow-up and were excluded from further analysis. A total of 59 patients with at least 2 months of follow-up data (mean age 28.9 ± 12.0 years; 37 women, 22 men; mean follow-up 19.5 months) were included in the analysis. Palmoplantar and/or axillary HH was most common (42/59; 71%); followed by generalized (9/59; 15%) and craniofacial (8/59; 14%) HH. Glycopyrrolate (generally 1-2 mg once or twice daily) was prescribed to 45 patients, with response rate of 67% (30/45). Fifteen treatment failures included 6 nonresponders and 9 with adverse effects, including xerostomia and gastrointestinal disturbance. Clonidine (0.1 mg twice daily) was prescribed to 13 patients, with a response rate of 46% (6/13). Seven treatment failures included 3 nonresponders and 4 with adverse effects, all relating to decreased blood pressure. One patient responded to oxybutynin at 5 mg twice daily. There were no significant differences in efficacy ( P = .21; odds ratios 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.12-1.5) or adverse effects ( P = .46; odds ratios 1.78, 95% confidence interval 0.44-7.1) in comparing glycopyrrolate versus clonidine. Limitations This was a retrospective study from a single, university-based population. Conclusion Systemic therapy with glycopyrrolate or clonidine can be effective for HH. Nearly two-thirds responded to therapy, and less than a quarter had treatment-limiting adverse effects, all of which were self-limited and nonserious.
The expression of bipolar affective disorders in brain injured patients.

Objective:A prospective study was designed to investigate the varied presentations of major affective disorders in patients with organic brain disease.Method:Patients admitted to our neuropsychiatry service, with affective and behavioral disturbances, and known neurological disorders, were classified, on phenomenological grounds, into the following groups: 1) elated mania; 2) irritable mania; 3) affective lability with periods of irritability, but without other symptoms pathognomonic for mania; and 4) intermittent psychosis with absent or ambiguous mood changes.Results:A majority of patients in all four groups responded to pharmacotherapy with anti-cycling agents.Conclusions:It is proposed that these groups represent different expressions of mania in brain injured persons, and that these expressions range through a spectrum of phenomenology, included elated mania, irritable mania, episodic psychosis and explosive organic personality disorder. The DSM-III-R classification of these disorders, and approaches...
The simultaneous spatial frequency shift: a dissociation between the detection and perception of gratings.

Previous studies have shown that adaptation to asinusoidal grating raises the contrast threshold for detecting gratings of similar spatial frequency and causes a shift in the apparent frequency of gratings of neighboring spatial frequency. In the present study thethreshold rise andfrequency shift were studied under two conditions: after adapting to a grating (successive condition) and while the test grating was surrounded by an inducing grating (simultaneous condition). The frequency shift was quantitatively similar under both conditions. Furthermore, the simultaneous shift was found to have the same dependence on the inducing contrast and orientation as did the successive shift. A rise in the threshold of the test grating, however, was found only in the successive condition. This indicates that the threshold rise and frequency shift are dissociated. A one-stage neural model was examined to see whether the frequency shift could be quantitatively predicted from the threshold rise. The predictions were poor. A two-stage model was thus proposed to account for the results.
1,3,7‐Trideacetylkhivorin

The title d-seco limonoid, named 1,3,7-trideacetyl­khivorin (systematic name: 14,15β:21,23-diepoxy-1α,3α,7α-trihydroxy-4,4,8-trimethyl-d-homo-24-nor-17-oxochola-20,22-diene-16-one), C26H36O7, was isolated from the stem bark of African mahogany Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae). The four fused six-membered rings adopt chair, chair, boat and half-chair conformations. The five-membered furan ring is disordered by a 180° rotation about the bond linking it to the pyran ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by strong classical O—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions to form a network.