cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of composites in aircraft primary structure

Abstract This paper reviews the current applications of composites to airframes on a variety of aircraft with emphasis on the structures and materials developments that have led to production hardware. Special emphasis is placed on the issues and barriers that impede much greater use of composites in wings and fuselages of large commercial transports. Acquisition and life-cycle cost issues that dominate the decision process for further commitment of composites to primary structure in large aircraft production applications are reviewed.
Five-Year Outcome Following Carotid Artery Reconstruction after ECMO |[dagger]| 1238

Objective: We evaluated long-term arterial patency and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants whose right common carotid artery (RCCA) was reconstructed following ECMO.
A Comparison of Errors in objectively Analyzed Fields for Uniform and Nonuniform Station Distributions

Abstract An error analysis of the Purdue Regional Objective Analysis of the Mesoscale (PROAM) scheme is described. PROAM is an interactive, multiple iteration objective analysis package for surface meteorological data. It utilizes a Gaussian weighting function similar to that of Barnes. A problem with applying interpolation routines to surface data is that the surface station network has a highly nonuniform spatial distribution. Smith and Leslie have shown that this nonuniformity can impact the accuracy of the analysis. The objective of this investigation is to determine quantitatively the contribution that this nonuniformity of station locations has on the analysis of data for two different distributions of stations. Experiments were done by varying the values of important analysis parameters in order to generate error curves for each parameter. Analytic functional representations for pressure and temperature were used to generate input data free of observational error, as well as to produce exact analys...
Effect of Electronarcosis on Level of “Adrenalin-like” Compounds in Blood:

Discussion and SummaryThere is reason to believe that when asphyxiation is prevented electronarcosis causes only small increases of the level of adrenalin-like compounds in blood. It had been found previously11 when one of two rabbits connected by a double carotid-jugular anastomosis was given an asphyxia-free electronarcosis, that the blood pressure in the other showed a slight increase. This was believed to be dlue to a release of adrenalin. which in the present experiments may cause the slight rise in the level of “adrenalin-like” compounds during asphyxia-free electro-narcosis. It seems likely that the much larger increase of these compounds which is always present in animals subjected to electro-narcosis without further precautions, is caused by asphyxiation.Kobro12 did not observe any effect of respiratory impairment (letting the animal breathe through a tightly woven cloth) on the adrenalin level. The impairment employed in the present experiments, though of shorter duration, was more severe (clamp...
Note on the effect of imitation in social behavior

The discussion given by N. Rashevsky (1949) on the effect of imitation in the mathematical biology of social behavior is generalized by assuming the distributions involved to be normal rather than Laplace distributions, and also by showing how most of the results can be derived without assuming any specific form for the distributions. In particular, it is demonstrated that it is possible, in a sufficiently large population, to have a stable behavior pattern which is quite independent of the desires of the population or of their inherent pattern of response.
Bayesian robust experimental designs for the one-way analysis of variance

In this paper, a simple, easily implemented procedure for the derivation of a robust Bayesian experimental design and estimator is proposed. The model is a one-way analysis of variance where the data vector is normally distributed. The prior distribution of the treatment means belongs to a particular class of normal distributions with a fixed prior mean and a set of possible covariance matrices.
Should There Be Mentoring Efforts to Help Retain and Recruit More Males Into Baccalaureate and Master's Social Work Programs?

Social work programs need to actively set mechanisms in place to attract more men into a predominately female academic major through mentoring, recruitment, and retention efforts. This article conducts a review of the literature to examine whether mentoring efforts should be directed at male social work students. It is inconsistent for the social work profession to embrace the concept of providing culturally competent practices to clients but fail to address and combat a significant gender gap in the delivery of services to male clients.
The identification of androstenedione and androstenedione 3-enol glucuronide in the blood of a woman with an interstitial cell ovarian tumor after 4-14C-testosterone ☆ ☆☆

After the administration of 4-14C-testosterone to a woman bearing an interstitial cell ovarian tumor, the presence of two metabolites were identified in the blood. 14C-androstenedione comprised 3% of the radioactivity in the free fraction and androstenedione 3-enol glueuronide comprised 0.5% of the radioactivity in the glucuronide fraction.
Advanced optical fuzing technology

We are developing a robust and compact photonic proximity sensor for munition applications. Successful implementation of this sensor will provide a new capability for direct fire applications. The photonic component development exploits pioneering work and unique expertise at ARDEC, ARL, and Sandia National Laboratories by combining key optoelectronic technologies to design and demonstrate components for this fuzing application. The technologies employed in the optical fuze design are vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), the p-i-n or metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors, and miniature lenses optics. This work will culminate in a robust, fully integrated, g-hardened component design suitable for proximity fuzing applications. This compact sensor will replace costly assemblies that are based on discrete lasers, photodetectors, and bulk optics. It will be mass manufacturable and impart huge savings for such applications. The specific application under investigation is for gun-fired munitions. Nevertheless, numerous civilian uses exist for this proximity sensor in automotive, robotics and aerospace applications. This technology is also applicable to robotic ladar and short-range 3-D imaging.
Mortality prediction of head abbreviated injury score and Glasgow Coma Scale: analysis of 7,764 head injuries

mortality. RESULTS: The overall mortality in the group of head injury patients with no other major extracranial injuries and no hypotension on admission was 9.3%. Logistic regression analysis identified head AIS, GCS, age, and mechanism of injury as significant independent risk factors of death. The prognostic value of GCS and head AIS was significantly affected by the mechanism of injury and the age of the patient. Patients with similar GCS or head AIS but different mechanisms of injury or ages had significantly different outcomes. The adjusted odds ratio of death in penetrating trauma was 5.2 (3.9, 7.0), p 0.0001, and in the age group 55 years the adjusted odds ratio was 3.4 (2.6, 4.6), p 0.0001. There was no correlation between head AIS and GCS (correlation coefficient 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Mechanism of injury and age have a major effect in the predictive value of GCS and head AIS. There is no good correlation between GCS and head AIS. ( J Am Coll Surg 2004;199:216–222. © 2004 by the American College of Surgeons)
Isolation and continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma theileri in media containing tissue culture fluids.

Abstract Tissue culture fluids, supplemented with newborn calf serum and bovine blood or with broth, newborn calf serum and blood or blood products were, respectively, suitable for the isolation and continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma theileri at 37 °C. Culture of the parasite at 37 °C in large volumes was accomplished in a tissue culture fluid-broth-blood coagulum medium. The organism was unaffected by high concentrations of penicillin or dihydrostreptomycin but was susceptible to nystatin. Culture forms of T. theileri remained viable for at least 50 days at −70 °C. An infection rate of 88% was observed in 17 cattle examined.
Bioenergetic and landscape considerations for scaling expectations of nekton production from intertidal marshes

The connection between fishery production and vegetated intertidal habitats is often a key consideration in the rationale for protecting and restoring estuarine salt marshes. Evaluating the contribution of marsh habitats to estuarine nekton production requires an understanding of the mechanisms and constraints controlling production flows to nekton populations; this is especially important for setting and judging success criteria associated with restoration projects. This contribu- tion considers both bioenergetic and landscape constraints on direct flows of marsh-derived produc- tion to populations of resident and migrant nekton. Nekton access to marsh resources is defined in terms of trophic (bioenergetic) and physical (landscape) constraints that determine the amount of nekton production that can be expected. Production to biomass (P:B) ratios applied to measurements of nekton standing stock from multiple marsh sites around Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA provided an example of the spatial variation in nekton production that can be expected from natural marshes. When P:B ratios of 2, 5, and 3 were applied to standing stocks of fishes, caridean shrimps and penaeid shrimps, respectively, annual net production of nekton from 12 intertidal marsh sites ranged from 0.12 to 2.88 g dry weight (dw) m -2 and averaged ca. 1.50 g dw m -2 ; other scenarios using different sets of P:B ratios yielded production ranges of 0.11 to 2.25 and 0.17 to 4.57 g dw m -2 . There was a strong sigmoid relationship between nekton production and the amount of intertidal marsh/creek edge within a 200 m radius of a site for both resident and migrant species. Production was lowest at sites with relatively little marsh/creek edge, and increased rapidly with increasing drainage density until reaching an asymptote, after which even large changes in the amount of marsh/creek edge had no effect on nekton production. The findings suggest that bioenergetic constraints determine the ulti- mate capacity of intertidal marsh systems to produce nekton, but nekton production may be enhanced by relatively small additions of marsh/creek edge up to a threshold level above which no additional enhancement should be expected. Site-specific bioenergetic and landscape constraints should be considered when developing realistic expectations and success criteria for marsh restora- tion efforts aimed at enhancing estuarine nekton production.
Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of a two-temperature Ising ring with conserved dynamics

The one-dimensional Ising lattice gas on a ring is studied far from equilibrium by holding a subsystem in one region at a different temperature than the rest of the system. Numerical simulations show several remarkable features of the system, including the counterintuitive observation that the subsystem can become more ordered when its temperature is raised.
X-ray emission from clusters and groups of galaxies

Recent major advances in x-ray imaging and spectroscopy of clusters have allowed the determination of their mass and mass profile out to approximately 1/2 the virial radius. In rich clusters, most of the baryonic mass is in the gas phase, and the ratio of mass in gas/stars varies by a factor of 2-4. The baryonic fractions vary by a factor of approximately 3 from cluster to cluster and almost always exceed 0.09 h50-[3/2] and thus are in fundamental conflict with the assumption of Omega = 1 and the results of big bang nucleosynthesis. The derived Fe abundances are 0.2-0.45 solar, and the abundances of O and Si for low redshift systems are 0.6-1.0 solar. This distribution is consistent with an origin in pure type II supernova. The amount of light and energy produced by these supernovae is very large, indicating their importance in influencing the formation of clusters and galaxies. The lack of evolution of Fe to a redshift of z approximately 0.4 argues for very early enrichment of the cluster gas. Groups show a wide range of abundances, 0.1-0.5 solar. The results of an x-ray survey indicate that the contribution of groups to the mass density of the universe is likely to be larger than 0.1 h50-2. Many of the very poor groups have large x-ray halos and are filled with small galaxies whose velocity dispersion is a good match to the x-ray temperatures.
Wave Propagation in an Elastic Beam or Plate on an Elastic Foundation

Presented is an analysis of wave propagation in an infinite elastic plate or beam on an elastic foundation, based on a comparison of frequency spectra (or wave-train solutions) from the exact equations and existing approximate bending theories. A distinct similarity is found between the spectrum representing the more exact theory of bending and the Rayleigh-Lamb spectrum for symmetric waves in a free elastic plate, including the existence of complex branches. Good agreement between the approximate theories and the exact equations is found for soft foundations under the usual restrictions on high-frequency, short waves.
Loop Current and Deep Eddies

Abstract In contrast to the Loop Current and rings, much less is known about deep eddies (deeper than 1000 m) of the Gulf of Mexico. In this paper, results from a high-resolution numerical model of the Gulf are analyzed to explain their origin and how they excite topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) that disperse energy to the northern slopes of the Gulf. It is shown that north of Campeche Bank is a fertile ground for the growth of deep cyclones by baroclinic instability of the Loop Current. The cyclones have horizontal (vertical) scales of about 100 km (1000∼2000 m) and swirl speeds ∼0.3 m s−1. The subsequent development of these cyclones consists of two modes, A and B. Mode-A cyclones evolve into the relatively well-known frontal eddies that propagate around the Loop Current. Mode-A cyclone can amplify off the west Florida slope and cause the Loop Current to develop a “neck” that sometimes leads to shedding of a ring; this process is shown to be the Loop Current’s dominant mode of upper-to-deep variability. ...
The Logic of Instance Ontology

An ontology's theory of ontic predication has implications for the concomitant predicate logic. Remarkable in its analytic power for both ontology and logic is the here developed Particularized Predicate Logic (PPL), the logic inherent in the realist version of the doctrine of unit or individuated predicates. PPL, as axiomatized and proven consistent below, is a three-sorted impredicative intensional logic with identity, having variables ranging over individuals x, intensions R, and instances of intensions Ri. The power of PPL is illustrated by its clarification of the self-referential nature of impredicative definitions and its distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate forms. With a well-motivated refinement on the axiom of comprehension, PPL is, in effect, a higher-order logic without a forced stratification of predicates into types or the use of other ad hoc restrictions. The Russell–Priest characterization of the classic self-referential paradoxes is used to show how PPL diagnosis and solves these antimonies. A direct application of PPL is made to Grelling's Paradox. Also shown is how PPL can distinguish between identity and indiscernibility.
Normal emission photoelectron diffraction studies at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory

A series of experiments designed to characterize the surface structural sensitivity of photoelectron diffraction (PhD) is described. The technique's relation to low energy electron diffraction and to surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS) is explored, and useful comparisons with the latter are pointed out. The application of normal emission photoelectron diffraction to disordered overlayers is shown to be reasonably straightforward. Data on both 2-D and 3-D (multiple-site) disordered overlayers are presented. The localized atom-specific nature of PhD is shown to lend the technique real potential in the study of molecular adsorbate systems.
Assessing Functional Status: Correlation Between Performance on Tasks Conducted in a Clinic Setting and Performance on the Same Task Conducted at Home

Many studies of functional status in elderly people use performance-based measures. There is an underlying assumption that these measures reflect, at least for some tasks, functional abilities in everyday tasks carried out at home. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between tasks carried out in the clinic and at home, and the role of visual impairment in performance at either setting.
Flow visualization of inflexional instabilities on a rotating disk

Experiments were conducted on a rotating disk in water using dye to observe the formation of small vortices in the boundary layer due to the inflexional nature of the boundary layer profiles in the radial and near radial directions. Such vortices have also been detected near the leading edge of swept wings and on the windward side of fuselages at angles of attack using sublimation techniques. In the present investigation, color motion pictures at 300 frames per second were taken and the vortex spacing, angles of inclination of the vortex axes and critical Reynolds numbers were determined from these films. Secondary instabilities were also observed and analyzed.
Impact craters in the northern hemisphere of Mars: Layered ejecta and central pit characteristics

Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Odyssey data are being used to revise the Catalog of Large Martian Impact Craters. Analysis of data in the revised catalog provides new details on the distribution and morphologic details of 6795 impact craters in the northern hemisphere of Mars. This report focuses on the ejecta morphologies and central pit characteristics of these craters. The results indicate that single-layer ejecta (SLE) morphology is most consistent with impact into an ice-rich target. Double-layer ejecta (DLE) and multiple-layer ejecta (MLE) craters also likely form in volatile-rich materials, but the interaction of the ejecta curtain and target-produced vapor with the thin Martian atmosphere may be responsible for the large runout distances of these ejecta. Pancake craters appear to be a modified form of double-layer craters where the thin outer layer has been destroyed or is unobservable at present resolutions. Pedestal craters are proposed to form in an ice-rich mantle deposited during high obliquity periods from which the ice has subsequently sublimated. Central pits likely form by the release of vapor produced by impact into ice-soil mixed targets. Therefore, results from the present study are consistent with target volatiles playing a dominant role in the formation of crater morphologies found in the Martian northern hemisphere.
Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between real-time traffic surveillance data and rear-end crashes on freeways

Rear-end collisions are the single most frequent type of crash on freeways. Their impact on freeway operation is also most noticeable because almost all of them occur during periods of medium to heavy demand. Preliminary explorations of average traffic speeds before a crash measured at loop detector stations surrounding the crash location showed that rear-end crashes can be placed into two mutually exclusive groups: first, those that occur under extended congestion and, second, those that occur with relatively free-flow conditions prevailing 5 to 10 min before the crash. With loop detector data preceding these two groups of rear-end crashes contrasted with randomly selected noncrash data, it was found that the first group can be attributed to parameters such as the coefficient of variation in speed and average occupancy measurable through loop detectors at stations in the close vicinity of the crash location. For the second group, traffic parameters such as average speed and occupancy at stations downstream of the crash location were significant as were off-line factors such as the time of day and presence of an on-ramp in the downstream direction. It was also observed that traffic conditions belonging to the first segment occurred rarely on the freeway but still made up about half the rear-end crashes. This observation, along with neural network–based classifiers, has been used to propose a strategy for real-time identification of conditions prone to the rear-end crashes. The strategy can potentially identify almost 75% of rear-end crashes, with reasonable false alarms.
Lives of The Great Economists

Is it worthwhile to read biographies of economists? Does the person’s life affect the formulation of his or her theory? How much influence can a person have on the sweep of history? These, of course, are some of the oldest questions scholars grapple with, whether in the guise of the New Criticism in literature, the role of individual contributions to the progress of science, or the balance between volition and determinism in history itself.
Lipid Raft Microdomains A Gateway for Compartmentalized Trafficking of Ebola and Marburg Viruses

Spatiotemporal aspects of filovirus entry and release are poorly understood. Lipid rafts act as functional platforms for multiple cellular signaling and trafficking processes. Here, we report the compartmentalization of Ebola and Marburg viral proteins within lipid rafts during viral assembly and budding. Filoviruses released from infected cells incorporated raft-associated molecules, suggesting that viral exit occurs at the rafts. Ectopic expression of Ebola matrix protein and glycoprotein supported raft-dependent release of filamentous, virus-like particles (VLPs), strikingly similar to live virus as revealed by electron microscopy. Our findings also revealed that the entry of filoviruses requires functional rafts, identifying rafts as the site of virus attack. The identification of rafts as the gateway for the entry and exit of filoviruses and raft-dependent generation of VLPs have important implications for development of therapeutics and vaccination strategies against infections with Ebola and Marburg viruses.
Social Construction and Policy Implementation: Inmate Health as a Public Health Issue*

Objectives. This article develops and tests a concise multi-stage approach for assessing the impact of social construction on the implementation of public programs designed to benefit negatively constructed groups. The framework suggests that negative constructions lead to policy choices that create problems in the implementation process. These problems prevent the accomplishment of key subobjectives necessary for ultimate program success. Methods. We test the utility of the framework in an analysis of a key public health issue—the spread of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in prisons. Despite great strides in the treatment and prevention of these diseases outside prison walls, the incidence and severity of both in the incarcerated population has increased dramatically over the last five years. We hypothesize that the problem of inadequate funding, arising from the negative social construction of this unique target population, is to blame. Results. In an analysis of 50 state correctional systems, we find that states with the most negative constructions of criminals and potential criminals spend dramatically less on inmate health, relative to other states. Conclusions. Our analysis suggests that inadequate funding levels in states with negative constructions of criminals and potential criminals jeopardizes the implementation of prison programs targeted at the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
Biological Basis of Depression in Adults with Diabetes

Diabetes and depression are common comorbid conditions. Although certain health behaviors and risk factors partially explain the association of depression and diabetes, other potential mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Certain neuroendocrine alterations such as activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may contribute to the association. Additionally, presence of a proinflammatory state shown in recent literature in both diabetes and depression may contribute to this as well. The objectives of this review are to summarize and review the recent evidence showing alterations of these three biological systems—HPA axis, SNS, and inflammatory cascade—in depression, diabetes, and diabetes-related risk factors.
Association between estrogen receptors and weight in women with breast cancer.

Body weight as a parameter to be considered in the treatment of women with breast cancer was studied to determine any association between it and estrogen receptor protein (ERP) content. ERP was determined in 83 women with primary or metastatic breast tumors. A strong association between ERP and body weight was noted among the 62 postmenopausal women with primary and metastatic tumors. 80% of those with weight equal to or less than 150 pounds had positive ERs as opposed to only 43% of those of higher weight (P < .01). A similar assocation was found among the 56 postmenopausal women with primary breast tumors. The corresponding percentages were 81 and 47 (P < .01). There were 21 determinations of ERP among premenopausal women: 13 of 21 (61%) had positive ER as opposed to 42 of 62 (68%) in the postmenopausal group. In all 83 women combined 11 of 24 overweight women had positive ERP determinations compared with 44 of 59 (75%) with lower weight (P < .025).
Thinc: a virtual and remote display architecture for desktop computing and mobile devices

THINC is a new virtual and remote display architecture for desktop computing. It has been designed to address the limitations and performance shortcomings of existing remote display technology, and to provide a building block around which novel desktop architectures can be built. THINC is architected around the notion of a virtual display device driver, a software-only component that behaves like a traditional device driver, but instead of managing specific hardware, enables desktop input and output to be intercepted, manipulated, and redirected at will. On top of this architecture, THINC introduces a simple, low-level, device-independent representation of display changes, and a number of novel optimizations and techniques to perform efficient interception and redirection of display output. This dissertation presents the design and implementation of THINC. It also introduces a number of novel systems which build upon THINC's architecture to provide new and improved desktop computing services. The contributions of this dissertation are as follows: (1) A high performance remote display system for LAN and WAN environments. This system differs from existing remote display technologies in that it focuses on the architecture of the system as a mechanism to improve performance, and not just on the remote display protocol and compression techniques. (2) A novel mechanism to natively support multimedia content in a remote display system in a way that is both transparent to applications and format independent. (3) pTHINC, a system to deliver improved remote display support for mobile devices, both in terms of performance and usability, and provide a competitive, and in some cases superior, alternative to native mobile applications. (4) MobiDesk, a desktop utility computing infrastructure that enables service providers to host desktop sessions in fully virtualized environments. Hosted sessions can be remotely accessed using THINC, they can be migrated across computers to provide high-availability, and can be effectively and efficiently protected from denial of service attacks. (5) Moving beyond remote display, we show how THINC's architecture can be used to provide continuous, low overhead recording of a desktop. Alongside, we introduce a novel way to leverage desktop accessibility services to allow users to search their recording based on captured text content. We have implemented prototypes for these systems, and evaluated their performance in a number of scenarios, and compared it to representative alternatives whenever possible. Our results demonstrate that THINC can provide superior remote display performance, and can be successfully used as a fundamental building block for new and improved desktop applications and services.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in Asthma: Effect of Clarithromycin

Study objectives To determine the effect of clarithromycin therapy in patients with asthma. Design Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting A tertiary referral center. Patients or participants Fifty-five subjects with chronic, stable asthma recruited from the general Denver, CO, community. Interventions Patients underwent airway evaluation for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture, followed by treatment with clarithromycin, 500 bid, or placebo for 6 weeks. Measurements and results Outcome variables were lung function, sinusitis as measured by CT, and the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-12 messenger RNA (mRNA) measured via in situ hybridization, in airway biopsies, and BAL. Mycoplasma or chlamydia were detected by PCR in 31 of 55 asthmatics. Treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the FEV 1 , but only in the PCR-positive subjects (2.50 ± 0.16 to 2.69 ± 0.19 L, mean ± SEM; p = 0.05). This was not appreciated in the PCR-negative subjects (2.59 ± 0.24 to 2.54 ± 0.18 L, p = 0.85) or the PCR-positive or PCR-negative subjects who received placebo. Sinus CTs revealed no change in sinusitis with clarithromycin treatment. In situ hybridization revealed no significant difference in baseline airway tissue or BAL-mediator expression between the PCR-positive and PCR-negative subjects. However, the PCR-positive subjects who received clarithromycin demonstrated a reduction in TNF-α (p = 0.006), IL-5 (p = 0.007), and IL-12 (p = 0.004) mRNA in BAL and TNF-α mRNA in airway tissue (p = 0.0009). The PCR-negative subjects who received clarithromycin only demonstrated a reduction in TNF-α (p = 0.01) and IL-12 (p = 0.002) mRNA in BAL and TNF-α mRNA in airway tissue (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in cytokine expression in those subjects who received placebo. Conclusions These observations support the hypothesis that clarithromycin therapy improves lung function, but only in those subjects with positive PCR findings for M pneumoniae or C pneumoniae .
The symbolic dimensions of the intercultural

While communicative competence is characterized by the negotiation of intended meanings in authentic contexts of language use, intercultural competence has to do with far less negotiable discourse worlds, the ‘circulation of values and identities across cultures, the inversions, even inventions of meaning, often hidden behind a common illusion of effective communication’ (Kramsch, Levy & Zarate 2008: 15). The self that is engaged in intercultural communication is a symbolic self that is constituted by symbolic systems like language as well as by systems of thought and their symbolic power. This symbolic self is the most sacred part of our personal and social identity; it demands for its well-being careful positioning, delicate facework, and the ability to frame and re-frame events. The symbolic dimension of intercultural competence calls for an approach to research and teaching that is discourse-based, historically grounded, aesthetically sensitive, and that takes into account the actual, the imagined and the virtual worlds in which we live. With the help of concrete examples from the real world and foreign language classrooms, the paper attempts to redefine the notion of third place (Kramsch 1993) as symbolic competence.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Anticoagulation Strategies in Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background:Contemporary studies document the outcomes of unfractionated heparin (UFH), enoxaparin, fondaparinux, and bivalirudin in patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). It remains unclear which anticoagulant regimen is the most cost-effective.Objective:To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing 4 anticoagulant regimens in NSTE-ACS.Methods:A decision analysis was conducted from a healthcare provider perspective. Data sources included the SYNERGY, OASIS-5, and ACUITY trials, including 2 subgroup analyses. A decision tree model was created incorporating the outcomes associated with 4 antithrombotic approaches: UFH with eptifibatide, enoxaparin with eptifibatide, bivalirudin alone, and fondaparinux with eptifibatide. The percentage of eptifibatide use in each arm was consistent with clinical trials. Probabilities of complications (eg, myocardial infarction, revascularization, major/minor bleeding at 30 days) were calculated. Costs were assigned to each outcome, incorporat...
Thermodynamic properties of monolayers of linear polymers

A new theoretical treatment of the dependence of surface pressure on the concentration of linear polymer molecules in a monolayer is presented. The development follows closely that given in the author's recent revised theory of the thermodynamic properties of threedimensional polymer solutions, relating the observed properties to pertinent molecular and intermolecular properties. The new equations are compared with older ones in the literature. Applications to some experimental data in the literature are given. Es wird eine neuartige theoretische Untersuchung vorgelegt uber die Abhangigkeit des Oberflachendruckes von der Konzentration an linearen Makromolekulen in einer monomolekularen Schicht. Die Uberlegungen schliesen sich eng an die vom Autor kurzlich vorgelegte Theorie der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von dreidimensionalen polymeren Losungen an, die beobachteten Grosen in unmittelbare Beziehung zu entsprechenden molekularen und zwischenmolekularen Eigenschaften setzt. Die neu erhaltenen Gleichungen werden mit den bereits bekannten verglichen. Sie werden ferner zur Darstellung einiger, in der Literatur angegebener, experimenteller Ergebnisse benutzt.
Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of the [6.7]2Σ+–X2Σ+System of HfN☆

Abstract The electronic emission spectrum of HfN has been observed in the near infrared using a Fourier transform spectrometer. HfN molecules were excited in a hafnium hollow cathode lamp operated with neon gas and a trace of nitrogen. The bands located near 5746, 5802, 6668, and 6715 cm−1have been assigned as the 0–1, 1–2, 0–0, and 1–1 bands of the [6.7]2Σ+–X2Σ+transition. The rotational analysis of these bands has been performed and the equilibrium molecular constants for the lower electronic state of180HfN are ωe= 932.7164(15) cm−1, ωexe= 4.41299(65) cm−1,Be= 0.436217(18) cm−1, αe= 0.002659(11) cm−1, andre= 1.724678(36) A. We believe that the lower state of this transition is the ground electronic state but more experimental and theoretical work is necessary to prove this. Our work represents the first experimental observation of an electronic transition of HfN.
Threshold priority policy for channel assignment in cellular networks

This paper presents a new policy called the threshold priority policy (TPP) for assigning channels in cellular networks. The performance of TPP is compared with the performance of the well-known cutoff priority policy (CPP) and the nonprioritized complete sharing policy (CSP). Several numerical experiments are done for various values of offered load and portable mobility. The results are compared using three unified performance metrics which take into account the trade-off between new call blocking probability and the forced termination probability.
Revisiting Hypoglycemia in Diabetes

Hypoglycemia is a common and serious complication of diabetes management. There is no uniformly accepted clinical definition of hypoglycemia. The American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes consider treating hypoglycemia when the self-monitored blood glucose level is≤70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). Hypoglycemia significantly affects mortality and quality of life. Normally, in people without diabetes, hypoglycemia is prevented by redundant protective counterregulatory mechanisms. These counterregulatory pathways become defective in people with type 1 diabetes and those with long-standing type 2 diabetes. Most hypoglycemic episodes in diabetes are related to the use of insulin and insulin secretagogues. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System study in older adults found that nearly 25% of all medication-induced hospitalizations were due to insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. The treatment of hypoglycemia depends on the severity of the event and symptoms. When the person is conscious and able to respond, a fast-acting carbohydrate is the treatment of choice. The “rule of 15” is often recommended. Severe hypoglycemia that is associated with inability to help oneself should be treated by using injectable glucagon. This paper reviews the typical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia in diabetes and its pathophysiology, classification, prevention, and treatment.
Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory

Episodic memory consists of representations of specific episodes that happened in the past. Modeling episodic memory in animals requires careful examination of alternative explanations of performance. Putative evidence of episodic-like memory may be based on encoding failure or expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. In Experiment 1, rats were tested in a radial maze with study and test phases separated by a retention interval. The replenishment of chocolate (at its study-phase location) depended on two factors: time of day (morning vs. afternoon) and the presence or absence of chocolate pellets at the start of the test phase. Because replenishment could not be decoded until the test phase, rats were required to encode the study episode. Success in this task rules out encoding failure. In Experiment 2, two identical mazes in different rooms were used. Chocolate replenishment was trained in one room, and then they were asked to report about a recent event in a different room, where they had no expectation that the memory assessment would occur. Rats successfully answered the unexpected question, ruling out use of expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. Our behavioral methods for modeling episodic memory may have broad application for assessments of genetic, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of both episodic memory and memory disorders such as those that occur in Alzheimer’s disease.
Quantifying nitrogen cycling beneath a meander of a low gradient, N-impacted, agricultural stream using tracers and numerical modelling

In watersheds impacted by nitrate from agricultural fertilizers, nitrification and denitrification may be decoupled as denitrification in the hyporheic zone is not limited to naturally produced nitrate. While most hyporheic research focuses on the 1–2 m of sediment beneath the stream bed, there are a limited number of studies that quantify nitrogen (N) cycling at larger hyporheic scales (10s of metres to kms). We conducted an investigation to quantify N cycling through a single meander of a low gradient, meandering stream, draining an agricultural watershed. Chemistry (major ions and N species) and hydrologic data were collected from the stream and groundwater beneath the meander. Evidence indicates that nearly all the shallow groundwater flowing beneath the meander originates as stream water on the upgradient side of the meander, and returns to the stream on the downgradient side. We quantified the flux of water beneath the meander using a numerical model. The flux of N into and out of the meander was quantified by multiplying the concentration of the important N species (nitrate, ammonium, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)) by the modelled water fluxes. The flux of N into the meander is dominated by nitrate, and the flux of N out of the meander is dominated by ammonium and DON. While stream nitrate varied seasonally, ammonium and DON beneath the meander were relatively constant throughout the year. When stream nitrate concentrations are high (>2 mg litre−1), flow beneath the meander is a net sink for N as more N from nitrate in stream water is consumed than is produced as ammonium and DON. When stream nitrate concentrations are low (<2 mg litre−1), the flux of N entering is less than exiting the meander. On an annual basis, the meander hyporheic flow serves as a net sink for N. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint transceiver design for MIMO communications using geometric mean decomposition

In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the joint optimal transceiver design for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication systems. In this paper, we propose a joint transceiver design that combines the geometric mean decomposition (GMD) with either the conventional zero-forcing VBLAST decoder or the more recent zero-forcing dirty paper precoder (ZFDP). Our scheme decomposes a MIMO channel into multiple identical parallel subchannels, which can make it rather convenient to design modulation/demodulation and coding/decoding schemes. Moreover, we prove that our scheme is asymptotically optimal for (moderately) high SNR in terms of both channel throughput and bit error rate (BER) performance. This desirable property is not shared by any other conventional schemes. We also consider the subchannel selection issues when some of the subchannels are too poor to be useful. Our scheme can also be combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for intersymbol interference (ISI) suppression. The effectiveness of our approaches has been validated by both theoretical analyses and numerical simulations.
The stochastic nature of growth of laser-induced damage

Laser fluence and operational tempo of ICF systems operating in the UV are typically limited by the growth of laser- induced damage on their final optics (primarily silica optics). In the early 2000 time frame, studies of laser damage growth with relevant large area beams revealed that for some laser conditions damage sites located on the exit surface of a fused silica optic grew following an exponential growth rule: D(n) = D0 exp (n α(φ)), where D is final site diameter, D0 is the initial diameter of the site, φ is the laser fluence, α(φ) is the growth coefficient, and n is the number of exposures. In general α is a linear function of φ, with a threshold of φTH. In recent years, it has been found that that growth behavior is actually considerably more complex. For example, it was found that α is not a constant for a given fluence but follows a probability distribution with a mean equal to α(φ). This is complicated by observations that these distributions are actually functions of the pulse shape, damage site size, and initial morphology of damage initiation. In addition, there is not a fixed fluence threshold for damage sites growth, which is better described by a probability of growth which depends on site size, morphology and laser fluence. Here will review these findings and discuss implications for the operation of large laser systems.
Re‐Assessing the “Power of Power Politics” Thesis: Is Realism Still Dominant?1

Disagreements frequently arise over the dominant role played by realism in the study of international relations. Even though some scholars characterize the discipline by its rich theoretical diversity, others see realist concerns overshadowing all alternative theories. John Vasquez's The Power of Power Politics (1983) demonstrated how the realist paradigm had informed more than 90 percent of the data-based articles published from the end of World War II to 1970. In this Forum, we reevaluate the centrality of realism in international relations scholarship. Reviewing 515 data-based articles published from 1970 to 2000, we find that the proportion of articles informed by realism has been declining over the past three decades. From 1995 to 2000, liberalism surpassed realism as the leading guide to inquiry. This new theoretical pluralism calls into question the power of power politics thesis as a fitting description of contemporary research in international relations.
Active-passive co-synthesis of multi-GigaHertz radio frequency circuits with broadband parametric macromodels of on-chip passives

Synthesis of multi-GigaHertz radio frequency circuits brings together difficult challenges related to simulation, extraction and multidimensional space search. The standard approach of mapping all electromagnetic parasitics into parametric RLC models prior to synthesis is extremely restrictive especially when broadband and full-wave models with high accuracy are needed. In the presented approach, a two-stage macromodel that creates broadband, accurate parametric representations of passives, in particular spiral inductors, is developed. The broadband nature is captured through the Vector Fitting algorithm. The macromodels are implemented via efficient nonlinear, multidimensional regression using Relevance Vector Machine, and are coupled into circuit simulators through admittance parameters. Subsequently, optimization on both active and passive parameters are carried out simultaneously, thereby bypassing the ad hoc nature of two stage (actives and passives) approximate optimization. Two standard low-noise amplifier topologies are synthesized with tight performance constraints at center frequencies 5, 10 and 12 GigaHertz in order to demonstrate the frequency scalability of the methodology.
Nano-ZnO cold cathodes for controlling plasma switches

Electron beam generated by a cold cathode coated with ZnO nanoneedles and other forms of nanomaterials was used to turn on a pseudospark plasma switch for pulsed power applications. A pseudospark switch filled with gases between 10 and 60 mtorr is designed and tested. Electron field emission current generated by the ZnO oxide coated cold cathode was sufficient to turn on a high voltage plasma switch.
Microbend gratings fabricated in glass substrates via direct writing with near-infrared femtosecond pulses

Microbend gratings were fabricated inside bulk glass via direct writing with femtosecond pulses from a multi-pass-cavity Ti:S laser. Critical periods, with maximum transmission loss, existed and shifted with waveguide refractive index, like fiber microbend gratings.
Philanthropy and The Black Economic Condition

James A. Joseph is a Vice President of Cummins Engine Company, where he is head of the Public and Corporate Responsibility Division, and President of the Cummins Engine Foundation. For the past five years, he has been Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Association of Black Foundation Executives. He now serves as President of the National Black United Fund. Dr. Joseph holds degrees from Southern University and Yale. in 1974, non-profit organizations received t enty-five billion dollars from private giving, twenty-three billion from government and thirty-two billion from user charges (such as tuition and endowment). If one adds to this the twenty-five billion dollars the Filer Commission estimated as the value of voluntary time, the resources of the third sector exceed one hundred billion dollars.
22: Evaluating whether human papilloma virus is associated with preterm birth

CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in peripartum women increased from 2000 to 2010. Women with severe morbidity were more likely to have a diagnosis of C. difficile. Appropriate antimicrobial stewardship with avoidance of unnecessary, broad-spectrum antibiotics may decrease the risk for C. difficile in women with preterm labor, chorioamnionitis, and endometritis. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To identify women at risk for C. difficile during delivery or postpartum To evaluate patterns of antibiotic use leading to C. difficile infections. < 37 weeks
Facilitation of L-type Calcium Current in Thalamic Neurons

Kammermeier, Paul J. and Stephen W. Jones. Facilitation of L-type calcium current in thalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 410–417, 1998. We have studied facilitation of the L-type calcium current...