cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression—Neuroanatomical substrates

Depressive disorders are treated by a variety of methods, psychological and physical. These treatments are considered to work by changing something fundamental in the brain (physical) or through psychological changes. Since the physical substrate of the psychosocial factors is accepted as the brain, the notion that all these treatments work through the brain is widely accepted among biologically oriented mental health professionals. However, knowledge regarding the specific parts of the brain involved in depression is limited. In this article, a model that provides a preliminary basis for understanding the neuroanatomical substrates of depression is presented. The model discusses and integrates the neuroanatomical basis of each of the different facets of depression including the cognitive, behavioral, and vegetative symptoms. The role of different structures such as the amygdala, cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, and monoamine systems in the pathophysiology of depression is explicated.
A Comparison of Oral Structure and Oral-Motor Function in Young Males With Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome

This study compared the oral structure and oral-motor skills of 59 boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), 34 boys with Down syndrome (DS), and 36 developmentally similar typically developing (TD) boys. An adaptation of the J. Robbins and T. Klee (1987) Oral Speech Motor Protocol was administered to participants and their scores on measures of oral structure and accuracy on speech motor and oral-motor tasks were analyzed. Boys with FXS scored lower than TD boys on oral structure, most oral function tasks, and all speech function tasks. Boys with DS scored lower than boys with FXS and TD boys on oral structure, and lower than TD boys on 1 oral function task and all speech function tasks. Boys with FXS and TD boys scored higher on speech function than oral function tasks, while boys with DS scored higher on oral function than speech function tasks. Boys with FXS and boys with DS repeated single syllable words with greater accuracy than multiple syllable words, while the TD boys produced both types of words with...
Trafficking thrombin receptors Biodiversity on the receptor superhighway.

In the past several years, the identification of the human thrombin receptor has permitted considerable progress to be made in the understanding of the ways in which thrombin activates cells. To date, only a single receptor for thrombin has been identified: a member of the G protein-coupled family of receptors that has proved to be a proteolytic substrate for thrombin. Cleavage of the receptor enables it to activate, but also leaves it in a state in which it is unable to respond to thrombin a second time. This review examines the variety of cellular response mechanisms to thrombin, and the growing evidence for diversity among cells in the processes that remove and replace cleaved thrombin receptors, issues that are central to the development of therapeutically useful thrombin receptor antagonists.
Fontan Circulation The Search for Targeted Therapy

The Fontan operation has been the final palliation for children born with congenital heart defects with a functional single ventricle for >4 decades.1,2 In the early days of the Fontan operation, focus was rightly on technical modifications and alterations in strategy in an attempt to decrease morbidity and mortality related to the operation itself.3 In recent years, that focus has shifted toward the long-term implications of a total cavopulmonary connection.4 It is clear that although the Fontan operation can create a stable circulation through early adulthood, there are inherent limitations to this physiology that affect other organ systems, leading to diminished functional capacity over time.5 This has led to an intensified search for therapies that specifically and effectively target the deficiencies in the Fontan physiology. Article see p 2021 In this issue of Circulation , Hebert and colleagues present results of the Treatment with Endothelin receptor antagonist in Fontan patients, a randoMized, Placebo-controlled, double-blind study measuring peak Oxygen consumption (TEMPO) trial. In this study, the authors evaluate the effect of bosentan, an endothelin-1 receptor antagonist, on exercise performance in adolescents and young adults with Fontan physiology.6 The authors demonstrate a small but statistically significant improvement in oxygen consumption during peak exercise after 14 weeks of treatment compared with placebo. The TEMPO trial is well designed and well executed and adds significantly to the growing literature evaluating the potential role of modulators of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in those who have undergone the Fontan operation. Although this study is small relative to many adult heart failure studies, it is the largest placebo-controlled study to date of a pulmonary vasodilator in the Fontan population. The findings from the TEMPO study are encouraging and highlight the need for continued clinical research in larger cohorts of patients …
Neutrophil-specific chemokines are produced by astrocytic cells but not by neuronal cells.

Abstract Background: Neutrophils have a central role in the inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). ELR chemokines direct neutrophil migration, but the source of chemokines in the CNS is unclear. We quantified chemokine production using cell-line models of astrocytic and neuronal cells, specifically NT2.N cells, a human line with characteristics of immature neurons, and NT2.A cells, a line with characteristics of astrocytes. Objective: In NT2.N and NT2.A cells, and their parent cell line NT2, we sought to: (1) quantify ELR chemokines, (2) determine receptor (CXCR-1 and CXCR-2) expression, and (3) measure the function of the chemokines generated from these cells. Design/Methods: NT2 cells were differentiated into NT2.N cells and NT2.A cells with all trans retinoic acid and mitosis inhibitors. Chemokine concentrations in culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. Immunofluorescence was used to detect CXCR-1 and CXCR-2. RT-PCR was used to determine chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNA. Chemotaxis assays were used to assess function. Results: ELR chemokines were not detected in supernatants of NT2 or NT2.N cells, although mRNA for GRO-γ/CXCL3 was found in both. In contrast, in NT2.A cells, mRNA and protein were present for GCP-2/CXCL6, GRO-α/CXCL1, GRO-γ/CXCL3, and IL-8/CXCL8. CXCR-1 and CXCR-2 were expressed on NT2, NT2.N, and NT2.A cells detected by immunofluorescent staining and RT-PCR. Supernatants of NT2.A cells resulted in neutrophil chemotactic function of 30.5 ± 3.9%, greater than NT2 cells (12.3 ± 1.6%, mean ± SEM, P Conclusions: We speculate that astrocytes are a source of ELR chemokines in the human CNS and that neurons and astrocytes can respond to those chemokines.
Seasonal and Among-Site Variation in the Occurrence and Abundance of Fleas on California Ground Squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi)

An improved understanding of the ecology of fleas on California ground squirrels, Otospermophilus beecheyi, is warranted given the role of fleas in the transmission, and perhaps persistence, of the plague-causing bacterium Yersinia pestis. We sampled O. beecheyi on a seasonal basis from three study sites, each representing a different land use type (preserve, pasture, and agriculture) in the San Joaquin Valley, CA. Overall, the abundance of fleas on squirrels was greatest in spring at the preserve site, in summer at the agriculture and pasture sites, and in winter at the pasture site. Hoplopsyllus anomalus, the species most frequently found on squirrels, was most abundant in spring at the preserve site and in summer at the agriculture and pasture sites. Oropsylla montana was most abundant in winter at the pasture site and on adult squirrels. Echidnophaga gallinacea was most abundant in fall on juvenile squirrels at the preserve site. All three flea species we encountered are known to be potential vectors of Y. pestis. Future efforts to predict flea species occurrence and abundance (and plague risk) at sites of concern should consider seasonal microclimatic conditions and the potential influence of human land use practices.
Image Sequence Processing: Relationships Between Temporal And Spatial Dimensions

Abstract. We discuss several interesting relationships between the tem-poral and the spatial dimensions which we encounter in image sequence processing: (i) equivalence of temporal filtering and spatial filtering; (ii) estimation of motion by relating time differences to spatial differences; and (iii) equivalence of time sequences and stereo (spatial) sequences.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bar to normal UGA translation by the selenocysteine tRNA.

Abstract The selC gene product, tRNASec, inserts selenocysteine at UGA (opal) codons in a specialized mRNA context. We have investigated the action of the tRNA at ordinary UGA codons, normally not translated, by changing the unusual structural features of tRNASec. Sequences in the D arm, CCA arm and variable arm of the tRNA all contribute to the prohibition against translation of ordinary UGA codons. One multiple mutant is a moderately efficient serine-inserting UGA suppressor tRNA.
Flow through a submerged nozzle

Measurements of mean and fluctuating velocity components are obtained with refractive-index-matching laser velocimetry in a submerged nozzle representative of thrust-vectoring nozzles in solid rocket motors. The approaching flow has a structure similar to that approaching a sudden contraction, but is affected by the large annular recirculation bubble that fills the outer annular cavity around the nozzle and reattaches on the nozzle lip. Turbulence production is increased, with large fluctuations in the shear layer bounding the recirculation bubble and core flow. Immediately upstream of the nozzle; this production is balanced by relaminarization processes associated with acceleration of core flow into the nozzle. The development of the wall flow inside the nozzle is significantly different from that in a simple nozzle, and the present measurements provide benchmark data that give insight into turbulence modeling assumptions used in procedures to design solid rocket motors. Nomenclature D = diameter of the upstream duct, mm d = diameter of the nozzle at the throat, mm n = refractive index R = local radius from the centerline to the wall, mm Re = Reynolds number r = radial position (origin on the centerline), mm T = temperature, K U, V = mean components of axial and radial velocity, m/s u,v = fluctuating components of axial and radial velocity, m/s x = axial position (origin in the plane of the nozzle tip), mm v = dynamic viscosity, m2/s p = density, kg/m3
Problems of fair division and the Egalitarian solution

Abstract The problem of fair division is considered in situations where the number of agents among whom the division is to take place may vary. The approach is axiomatic. Along with four familiar axioms, Weak Pareto-optimality, Symmetry, Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives , and Continuity , a new axiom, named Monotonicity with Respect to Changes in the Number of Agents , is imposed, expressing a certain form of solidarity among the agents as their number varies but the resources at their disposal remain fixed. The only solution to satisfy these axioms is the Egalitarian solution , which selects the only feasible alternative that yields equal utilities to all agents and is undominated by any other feasible alternative.
Measuring Shape-Dependent Looping Probability of DNA

Recently, several studies have shown that short doubled-stranded DNA (dsDNA) loops more readily than the wormlike chain model predicts. In most of these experiments, the intrinsic bendedness of dsDNA, which in theory can dramatically influence looping dynamics, was either avoided or unaccounted for. To investigate the effect of the shape of dsDNA on looping dynamics, we characterized the shapes of several synthetic dsDNA molecules of equal length but different sequences using gel electrophoresis. We then measured their looping rates using a FRET (Forster resonance energy transfer)-based assay and extracted the looping probability density known as the J factor (jM). We also used, for comparison, several dinucleotide angular parameter sets derived from the observed electrophoretic mobility to compute the jM predicted by the wormlike chain model. Although we found a strong correlation between curvature and jM, the measured jM was higher than most dinucleotide model predictions. This result suggests that it is difficult to reconcile the looping probability with the observed gel mobility within the wormlike chain model and underscores the importance of determining the intrinsic shape of dsDNA for proper theoretical analysis.
Small-x physics with CMS at LHC

Abstract We present the capabilities of the CMS experiment at the LHC to study small-x physics. The LHC is designed to provide p + p, p + A and A + A collisions at maximal s NN = 14 , 8.8 and 5.5 TeV respectively with peak luminosities of 1034, 1029 and 5 ⋅ 10 26 cm − 2 s − 1 . Such large energies and luminosities will allow detailed QCD studies at previously unexplored low-x values using different probes including jets, quarkonia, and heavy quarks. In this document, we concentrate on five observables which are sensitive to parton saturation effects and are measurable in CMS in both p + p (forward jets, Mueller–Navelet dijets, energy flow) and Pb + Pb (charged hadron rapidity density, ultra-peripheral photoproduction of ϒ) collisions. Also, the first experimental results from 0.9, 2.36 and 7 TeV p + p collisions at LHC are presented.
Hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture on insulin resistance.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) on blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Both wild-type (WT) and adipose ecto...
CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

This paper discusses the device physics of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). After reviewing the status of device technology, we use results of our numerical simulations to discuss the physics of CNTFETs emphasizing the similarities and differences with traditional FETs. The discussion shows that our understanding of CNTFET device physics has matured to the point where experiments can be explained and device designs optimized. The paper concludes with some thoughts on challenges and opportunities for CNTFET electronics.
The impact of state policies and actions on local implementation efforts: A study of whole school reform in New Jersey

This article integrates the technical model of policy implementation with a coconstructed perspective of implementation to understand the impact of the New Jersey Department of Education’s (NJDOE) actions and policies on implementation of a set of court-ordered mandates in 30 of the state’s poorest school districts (referred to as the Abbott or special needs districts). The analysis reveals that the organizational responses of the NJDOE subverted the goals of the reforms. At the same time, local districts have interpreted and responded to the reforms in ways that are consonant with their own experiences and understandings. The article concludes with the observation that the ambient political environment in which the NJDOE operates places it in a conflictual relationship with not only the local districts but with the state’s Supreme Court, which is the progenitor of the reforms.
Regional perfusion, oxygen metabolism, blood volume and immunoglobulin G accumulation at focal sites of infection in rabbits.

Infection causes remarkable changes in extracellular fluid volume, blood flow and oxygen consumption in the region of the lesion. To determine the sequence and magnitude of these changes, we performed serial scintigraphic measurements in 10 rabbits with experimental Escherichia coli abscesses. Positron emission tomography with C15O2, 15O2 and 11CO was used to measure regional blood flow, oxygen extraction (OEF) and blood volume; extracellular fluid volume was evaluated by single photon scintigraphy with indium-111 immunoglobulin G (IgG). Images were recorded following tracer administration at 1 and 7–10 days after infection. At the first imaging time, blood flow to infected muscle had increased by 40% compared with control sites (7.4±0.6 to 10.8 ± 3.8 ml/min · 100 g), OEF had decreased from 55%±34% to 45%±14%, and the infected-tocontralateral (I/C) ratio of IgG had increased to 3.34±1.85. At the later imaging time, flow had increased by almost threefold compared with day 1 (29.4±9.8 ml/min · 100 g), OEF had decreased to 29%±14%, and the I/C ratio for IgG had remained constant. Although OEF fell,oxygendelivery (OEF × flow) increased from 4.07 ml/min (control value) to 4.86 ml/min on day 1 and 8.64 ml/min on days 7–9. The infected-to-contralateral (IC) ratio of 1502/C15O2 was 0.74±0.15 on day 1 and 0.77±0.10 at 7–9 days. These studies indicate that expansion of the extracellular fluid volume increases early in the evolution of the infection and exceeds changes in regional perfusion and oxygen delivery.
A scalable BSIM3v3 RF model for multi-finger NMOSFETs with ring substrate contact

We propose a scalable RF subcircuit FET model using BSIM3v3 by adding one of BSIM4's Intrinsic Input Resistance (IIR) models (rgateMod=3) for S/sub 11/ scalability as well as a simple RC substrate network with well defined intrinsic FET's parasitic estimation including partitioned junction diodes for S/sub 22/ scalability. Using this simple model, we could achieve a reasonable scalability with variations of L, W, V/sub GS/, and V/sub DS/ for S/sub 11/ up to 25 GHz. We also suggest new S-parameter test structure for FETs with Ring Substrate Contact (RSC). This new layout scheme allows for improved S/sub 22/ scalability up to about 10 GHz; as well as reduces the punch through effect in DC I-V characteristic of large width NFETs. In addition, comparing to NFETs without RSC, we also report substantial R/sub sub/ lowering, FT and NF/sub min/ worsening, and C/sub sub/ influence on S/sub 22/ contours for NFETs with RSC in detail.
The doubly‐charged ion mass spectra of hydrocarbons

The doubly-charged ion mass spectra of some hydrocarbons, including a variety of structural types, have been obtained by a new technique in which doubly-charged ions are charge exchanged with neutral molecules and so separated from singly-charged ions. The spectra show strong similarities, independent of hydrocarbon structure; characteristic ions include [CmH2]++ (m = 2 to 5), [CnH6]++(n > 6), [C10H8]++, [C12H8]++, [C11H10]++, [C7H7]++·, [C9H7]++· and [C13H11]++·. The fragmentation pattern of 2-phenylnaphthalene has been reconstructed, based on observed reactions of metastable doubly-charged ions to give fragment doubly-charged ions. In addition, we examined metastable ion fragmentations leading to two singly-charged ions for some of the characteristic ions, using several compounds. The value of doubly-charged ion mass spectra of hydrocarbons appears to lie in the information they provide on ion structures; this information was sufficient to permit the proposal of structures for the major ions encountered in this study.
Critical Discourse Analysis: Definition, Approaches, Relation to Pragmatics, Critique, and Trends

This chapter introduces the transdisciplinary research movement of critical discourse analysis (CDA) beginning with its definition and recent examples of CDA work. In addition, approaches to CDA such as the dialectical relational (Fairclough), socio-cognitive (van Dijk), discourse historical (Wodak), social actors (van Leeuwen), and Foucauldian dispositive analysis (Jӓger and Maier) are outlined, as well as the complex relation of CDA to pragmatics. Next, the chapter provides a brief mention of the extensive critique of CDA, the creation of critical discourse studies (CDS), and new trends in CDA, including positive discourse analysis (PDA), CDA with multimodality, CDA and cognitive linguistics, critical applied linguistics, and other areas (rhetoric, education, anthropology/ethnography, sociolinguistics, culture, feminism/gender, and corpus studies). It ends with new directions aiming towards social action for social justice.
2 Arqueología Patria: Mexican Archaeology and the Nation‐Building Process during the Nineteenth Century

It is currently accepted that state-sponsored archaeological practice in Mexico falls under the rubric of nationalist archaeology. The Mexican state supports archaeological research and displays its results, which include archaeological remains, in order to strengthen a sense of national pride and unity. Traditional narratives have held that this practice began after the Revolution (1910). Nevertheless, the institutionalization and professionalization of archaeology dates back to the period known as the Porfiriato (1879–1911). This chapter describes the process through which archaeology was institutionalized during the Porfiriato and how this nationalist archaeology contributed to constructing a Mexican national identity.
Risk and Consequences of Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia in Patients With Metastatic Solid Tumors

Among patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy for metastatic cancer in US clinical practice, febrile neutropenia is a frequent complication associated with morbidity, mortality, and economic costs.
Cross-Inhibition of Chikungunya Virus Fusion and Infection by Alphavirus E1 Domain III Proteins

Alphaviruses are small enveloped RNA viruses that include important emerging human pathogens, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV). These viruses infect cells via a low-pH-triggered membrane fusion reaction, making this step a potential target for antiviral therapies. The E1 fusion protein inserts into the target membrane, trimerizes, and refolds to a hairpin-like conformation in which the combination of E1 domain III (DIII) and the stem region (DIII-stem) pack against a core trimer composed of E1 domains I and II (DI/II). Addition of exogenous DIII proteins from Semliki Forest virus (SFV) has been shown to inhibit E1 hairpin formation and SFV fusion and infection. Here we produced and characterized DIII and DI/II proteins from CHIKV and SFV. Unlike SFV DIII, both core trimer binding and fusion inhibition by CHIKV DIII required the stem region. CHIKV DIII-stem and SFV DIII-stem showed efficient cross-inhibition of SFV, Sindbis virus, and CHIKV infections. We developed a fluorescence anisotropy-based assay for the binding of SFV DIII-stem to the core trimer and used it to demonstrate the relatively high affinity of this interaction (Kd [dissociation constant], ∼85 nM) and the importance of the stem region. Together, our results support the conserved nature of the key contacts of DIII-stem in the alphavirus E1 homotrimer and describe a sensitive and quantitative in vitro assay for this step in fusion protein refolding.
Primacy Effects of The Daily Show and National TV News Viewing: Young Viewers, Political Gratifications, and Internal Political Self-Efficacy

This study examines program ordering effects derived from viewing CNN television news relative to The Daily Show on the political gratifications associated with both types of information sources. Internal political self-efficacy is assessed as an individual-difference moderator. Main primacy effects are found on the gratifications associated with both national television news viewing and The Daily Show viewing. However, The Daily Show primacy effect on the political gratifications associated with national television news viewing was isolated among those participants who retain low internal political self-efficacy. Ramifications for these findings are outlined and future lines of research are summarized.
The temperature-size rule in ectotherms: Simple evolutionary explanations may not be general

Abstract: In many organisms, individuals in colder environments grow more slowly but are larger as adults. This widespread pattern is embodied by two well‐established rules: Bergmann’s rule, which describes the association between temperature and body size in natural environments, and the temperature‐size rule, which describes reaction norms relating temperature to body size in laboratory experiments. Theory predicts that organisms should grow to be larger in colder environments when growth efficiency decreases with increasing environmental temperature. Using data from 97 laboratory experiments, including 58 species of ectotherms, we found little evidence that growth efficiency is negatively related to environmental temperature within the thermal range that is relevant to the temperature‐size rule. Instead, growth efficiency was either positively related or insensitive to environmental temperature in the majority of cases (73 of 89 cases for gross growth efficiency and 18 of 24 cases for net growth effici...
Uniqueness of bilevel image degradations

ABSTRACT Two major degradations, edge displacement and corner erosion, change the appearance of bilevel images. The displace-ment of an edge determines stroke width, and the erosion of a corner affects crispness. These degradations are functions ofthe system parameters: the point spread function (PSF) width and functional form, and the binarization threshold.Changing each of these parameters will affect an image differently. A given amount of edge displacement or amount oferosion of black or white corners can be caused by several combinations of the PSF width and the binarization threshold.Any pair of these degradations are unique to a single PSF width and binarization threshold for a given PSF function.Knowledge of all three degradation amounts provides information that will enable us to determine the PSF functionalform from the bilevel image. The effect of each degradation on characters will be shown. Also, the uniqueness of thedegradation triple {d w , d b , δ c } and the effect of selecting an incorrect PSF functional form will be shown, ﬁrst with rela-tion to PSF width and binarization threshold estimate, then for how this is visible in sample characters.
Amino acids in meteorites

Carbonaceous chondrites carry a record of chemical evolution that is unparalleled among presently accessible natural materials. Within the complex suite of organic compounds that characterize these meteorites, amino acids occur at a total concentration that may reach 0.6 micromole g-1 meteorite (approximately 60 ppm). Both free amino acids and acid-labile amino acid derivatives have been found in hot-water extracts of a CI1 and seven CM2 chondrites. Although the amino acid composition of all CM2 chondrites is not the same, differences may be largely explicable on the basis of spontaneous and biologically-caused decomposition occurring during their terrestrial residence. The amino acids of the Murchison meteorite (CM2) have been extensively analyzed and 52 amino acids have been positively identified. Thirty three of these amino acids are unknown in natural materials other than carbonaceous chondrites. Thus the Murchison meteorite has recently been the major source of new naturally-occurring amino acids. The Murchison amino acids comprise a mixture of C2 through C8 cyclic and acyclic monoamino alkanoic and alkandioic acids of nearly complete structural diversity. Within the acyclic monoamino alkanoic acid series, primary alpha-amino alpha-branched amino acids are predominant. The concentrations of individual amino acids decline exponentially with increasing carbon number within homologous series. Amino acid enantiomers are found in approximately equal amounts. Eight of the terrestrial protein amino acids have been found.
MOTIVATION TO LEARN AND COURSE OUTCOMES: THE IMPACT OF DELIVERY MODE, LEARNING GOAL ORIENTATION, AND PERCEIVED BARRIERS AND ENABLERS

This naturally occurring quasi-experiment examined how learning goal orientation (LGO), delivery mode (classroom vs. blended learning), and the perception of barriers and enablers related to motivation to learn and course outcomes. Study participants were 600 students enrolled in either classroom or blended learning courses. As hypothesized, learners in the blended learning condition, high in LGO, and who perceived environmental features as enablers rather than barriers had significantly higher motivation to learn. Motivation to learn, in turn, was significantly related to course outcomes (satisfaction, metacognition, and grades). The mediation hypotheses received partial support. Finally, exploratory analyses revealed 3 significant interactions between delivery mode, LGO, and perceived barriers and enablers on motivation to learn and course satisfaction.
Active Learning of Parameterized Skills

We introduce a method for actively learning parameterized skills. Parameterized skills are flexible behaviors that can solve any task drawn from a distribution of parameterized reinforcement learning problems. Approaches to learning such skills have been proposed, but limited attention has been given to identifying which training tasks allow for rapid skill acquisition. We construct a non-parametric Bayesian model of skill performance and derive analytical expressions for a novel acquisition criterion capable of identifying tasks that maximize expected improvement in skill performance. We also introduce a spatiotemporal kernel tailored for non-stationary skill performance models. The proposed method is agnostic to policy and skill representation and scales independently of task dimensionality. We evaluate it on a non-linear simulated catapult control problem over arbitrarily mountainous terrains.
How big is our Sun

Putting large numbers into human perspective by using ratios of a known quantity to an unknown quantity is an important scientific skill. An astronomy activity that encourages the use of estimation and helps students get a handle on large numbers is the making of a scale model of Earth and Sun that is relative in both size and distance.
Radiation coloration of silica minerals

Radiation-produced color centers in both natural and synthetic silicas are associated with impurity atoms, although these impurities per se are not sufficient to cause coloration since impure silicas do not always form color centers upon irradiation. For trivalent impurities the extent and type of coloration seems to depend more on the manner of incorporation rather than the identity of the impurity atom, although the identity will naturally affect the type of center formed. The degree of general disorder may be important, but specific defects, especially hydroxyl ions associated with positive hole traps, should also be considered. The difference in behavior of some natural specimens and specimens prepared or treated in the laboratory makes it doubtful that some of these natural quarts specimens were originally colored by ionizing radiation. (auth)
Religiousness, Spirituality, and Addiction: An Evidence-Based Review

This chapter offers a critical review and discussion of spirituality, religiousness, and addiction as it has been investigated in the empirical literature. The reason to better understand the role and influence of religiousness/spirituality in the treatment of addiction is simple, both the dominant therapeutic model in the United States and the faith-based movement embrace religiousness/spirituality as a primary mechanism producing increased abstinence. Is this a reasonable assumption? Empirical findings suggest that the influence of religious/spiritual beliefs and practices in recovery are complex and poorly understood. Specific religious/spiritual behaviors, beliefs, and practices are discussed in relation to how they change through the course of recovery and how they may, or may not, contribute to sustained recovery.
Template-Stripped Asymmetric Metallic Pyramids for Tunable Plasmonic Nanofocusing

We demonstrate a novel scheme for plasmonic nanofocusing with internally illuminated asymmetric metallic pyramidal tips using linearly polarized light. A wafer-scale array of sharp metallic pyramids is fabricated via template stripping with films of different thicknesses on opposing pyramid facets. This structural asymmetry is achieved through a one-step angled metal deposition that does not require any additional lithography processing and when internally illuminated enables the generation of plasmons using a Kretschmann-like coupling method on only one side of the pyramids. Plasmons traveling toward the tip on one side will converge at the apex, forming a nanoscale “hotspot.” The asymmetry is necessary for these focusing effects since symmetric pyramids display destructive plasmon interference at the tip. Computer simulations confirm that internal illumination with linearly polarized light at normal incidence on these asymmetric pyramids will focus optical energy into nanoscale volumes. Far-field optica...
Some Social Values Associated with Objectively and Subjectively Defined Social Class Memberships

(1) The construction of a community meeting house by a community improvement association. (2) The direction of a community diabetes survey by a home demonstration club. (3) The conduct of a campaign by a Grange to secure telephone service in the community. (4) The provision of clothing, food, etc., for indigent families at Christmas by a young adults Sunday School class. (5) The joint sponsoring of a community fair by a Future Farmers Club and a Future Homemakers Club. (6) The provision of uniforms for the local high school band by the Lions Club. Although it would be desirable to illustrate the framework described above by showing the manner in which it was applied to the analysis of these actions, space limitations preclude such illustrations in this paper. However, its utility in this study suggests that it provides a useful tool for any sociologist interested in analyzing the action of organized groups, for wherever he is he lives in a community whose various organizations are acting. No large research budget is required for him to analyze the actions of these organizations. On the other hand, the rewards of such analysis are great, for by concentrating on a common unit of analysis, an action, and by using a common frame of reference his work can be additive to that of others.
Comparison of early hemodynamic phenomena in three forms of shock in dogs.

SummaryResponse patterns of arterial pressure, cardiac output, venous return, and total peripheral resistance were determined in 3 lethal shock states. Hemorrhagic shock decreased pressure and flow...
Functional oncogene signatures guide rationally designed combination therapies to synergistically induce breast cancer cell death

// Stephen T. Guest 1 , Zachary R. Kratche 1 , Jonathan C. Irish 1 , Robert C. Wilson 1 , Ramsi Haddad 1 , Joe W. Gray 3, 4 , Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer 2 , Stephen P. Ethier 1 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 Department of Public Health Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA 4 Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA Correspondence to: Stephen T. Guest, email: guests@musc.edu Keywords: breast cancer, functional genomics, BCL2L1, FGFR, AKT Received: January 28, 2016 Accepted: April 10, 2016 Published: May 02, 2016 ABSTRACT A critical first step in the personalized approach to cancer treatment is the identification of activated oncogenes that drive each tumor. The Identification of driver oncogenes on a patient-by-patient basis is complicated by the complexity of the cancer genome and the fact that a particular genetic alteration may serve as a driver event only in a subset of tumors that harbor it. In this study, we set out to identify the complete set of functional oncogenes in a small panel of breast cancer cell lines. The cell lines in this panel were chosen because they each contain a known receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) oncogene. To identify additional drivers, we integrated functional genetic screens with copy number and mutation analysis, and cancer genome knowledge databases. The resulting functional oncogene signatures were able to predict responsiveness of cell lines to targeted inhibitors. However, as single agents, these drugs had little effect on clonogenic potential. By contrast, treatment with drug combinations that targeted multiple oncogenes in the signatures, even at very low doses, resulted in the induction of apoptosis and striking synergistic effects on clonogenicity. In particular, targeting a driver oncogene that mediates AKT phosphorylation in combination with targeting the anti-apoptotic BCL2L1 protein had profound effects on cell viability. Importantly, because the synergistic induction of cell death was achieved using low levels of each individual drug, it suggests that a therapeutic strategy based on this approach could avoid the toxicities that have been associated with the combined use of multiple-targeted agents.
Note: Design and implementation of a home-built imaging system with low jitter for cold atom experiments.

A novel home-built system for imaging cold atom samples is presented using a readily available astronomy camera which has the requisite sensitivity but no timing-control. We integrate the camera with LabVIEW achieving fast, low-jitter imaging with a convenient user-defined interface. We show that our system takes precisely timed millisecond exposures and offers significant improvements in terms of system jitter and readout time over previously reported home-built systems. Our system rivals current commercial “black box” systems in performance and user-friendliness.
Omission of Hemostatic Agents During Robotic Partial Nephrectomy Does Not Increase Postoperative Bleeding Risk

Abstract Introduction: The use of hemostatic agents (HA) during robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) is largely empiric. We sought to assess the impact of HA on postoperative bleeding after RPN in a contemporary cohort. Patients and Methods: Using our institutional RPN database, we identified consecutive patients treated between 2010 and 2015. HA were routinely placed in the nephrectomy bed at the time of renorrhaphy until 2014 when their use was phased out to reduce cost. We compared postoperative bleeding outcomes (blood transfusion and hemoglobin decline) between patients who did and did not receive HA, after excluding patients with preoperative anemia (hemoglobin <11 g/dL) or high estimated blood loss (≥175 mL). The total inflation-adjusted costs (for 2015) of HA were calculated. Results: Of 544 cases, HA were used in 240 (44.1%). The mean number of agents per case was 1.4 ± 0.73, including 77 (14.2%), 52 (9.6%), and 39 (7.2%) cases in which cellulose, fibrin, or gelatin-based agents were used alone, res...
Label-free high-throughput detection and quantification of circulating melanoma tumor cell clusters by linear-array-based photoacoustic tomography

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters, arising from multicellular groupings in a primary tumor, greatly elevate the metastatic potential of cancer compared with single CTCs. High-throughput detection and quantification of CTC clusters are important for understanding the tumor metastatic process and improving cancer therapy. Here, we applied a linear-array-based photoacoustic tomography (LA-PAT) system and improved the image reconstruction for label-free high-throughput CTC cluster detection and quantification in vivo. The feasibility was first demonstrated by imaging CTC cluster ex vivo. The relationship between the contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) and the number of cells in melanoma tumor cell clusters was investigated and verified. Melanoma CTC clusters with a minimum of four cells could be detected, and the number of cells could be computed from the CNR. Finally, we demonstrated imaging of injected melanoma CTC clusters in rats in vivo. Similarly, the number of cells in the melanoma CTC clusters could be quantified. The data showed that larger CTC clusters had faster clearance rates in the bloodstream, which agreed with the literature. The results demonstrated the capability of LA-PAT to detect and quantify melanoma CTC clusters in vivo and showed its potential for tumor metastasis study and cancer therapy.
Data Science for Food, Energy and Water: A Workshop Report

At the 22nd ACM SIGKDD conference on Knowledge and Data Discovery (KDD), a workshop on Data Science for Food, Energy andWater (DSFEW) was held to foster an interdisciplinary community intersecting data science and societally important domains of food, energy and water. The workshop included keynotes, panel discussion, presentations and posters, and introduced the emerging area of DSFEW to ACM SIGKDD audience, and triggered interdisciplinary idea-sharing in DSFEW research. The workshop website is sites.google.com/site/2016dsfew.
Quantification of the ossification of the lateral cuneiform in the feet of young children with unilateral congenital talipes equinovarus

AimsAfter the initial correction of congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) using the Ponseti method, a subsequent dynamic deformity is often managed by transfer of the tendon of tibialis anterior (TATT) to the lateral cuneiform. Many surgeons believe the lateral cuneiform should be ossified before surgery is undertaken. This study quantifies the ossification process of the lateral cuneiform in children with CTEV between one and three years of age. Patients and MethodsThe length, width and height of the lateral cuneiform were measured in 43 consecutive patients with unilateral CTEV who had been treated using the Ponseti method. Measurements were taken by two independent observers on standardised anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of both feet taken at one, two and three years of age.ResultsAll dimensions of the lateral cuneiform on the affected side increased annually but remained smaller than the corresponding dimensions of the unaffected foot (p < 0.01). The lateral cuneiform resembled a 9 mm cube at...
Demography and metapopulation dynamics of an urban Cooper's Hawk subpopulation

ABSTRACT Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) have been extending their breeding range into urban areas, prompting questions about the relative importance of cities to the demography and conservation of these raptors. A key unanswered question is how urban subpopulations interact with their precedent exurban subpopulations. Two general models have been proposed to describe relationships among subpopulations in a metapopulation: (1) source–sink, where immigrants from sources sustain sinks; and (2) balanced dispersal, where dispersal is proportionally equal among subpopulations. I evaluated whether either of these models predict metapopulation dynamics of urban and exurban Cooper's Hawks in central New Mexico using demographic data in a Bayesian integrated population model. All urban female Cooper's Hawks began breeding in their first year; 69% settled at nests in the urban subpopulation and 31% emigrated and settled in an exurban subpopulation. The high rate of female emigration was likely because of a shor...
Robust Holographic Autofocusing Based on Edge Sparsity

A robust holographic autofocusing criterion based on the edge sparsity of refocused images is presented. Its performance is experimentally validated by imaging various samples with different complex-valued optical transmission functions.
The etch-bleach-seal technique for managing stained enamel defects in young permanent incisors.

Hypomineralized enamel defects frequently are manifest as a mottled-white appearance and can be associated with variable degrees of discrete yellow-brown intrinsic staining. Numerous treatment approaches have been proposed, ranging from bleaching to enamel reduction to restorative techniques. Bleaching of hypomineralized enamel lesions, using 1 to 2 applications (10 to 15 minutes each) of 5% sodium hypochlorite, has been applied clinically. Treatment using this approach has proven successful in removing yellow-brown discolorations from lesions in young permanent teeth. Young permanent incisors with yellow-brown intrinsic discolorations can often be treated by a simple and conservative bleaching protocol using sodium hypochlorite.(Pediatr Dent 24:249-252, 2002)
Near-infrared light via light-emitting diode treatment is therapeutic against rotenone- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity.

Abstract Parkinson's disease is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Thus, therapeutic approaches that improve mitochondrial function may prove to be beneficial. Previously, we have documented that near-infrared light via light-emitting diode (LED) treatment was therapeutic to neurons functionally inactivated by tetrodotoxin, potassium cyanide (KCN), or methanol intoxication, and LED pretreatment rescued neurons from KCN-induced apoptotic cell death. The current study tested our hypothesis that LED treatment can protect neurons from both rotenone- and MPP + -induced neurotoxicity. Primary cultures of postnatal rat striatal and cortical neurons served as models, and the optimal frequency of LED treatment per day was also determined. Results indicated that LED treatments twice a day significantly increased cellular adenosine triphosphate content, decreased the number of neurons undergoing cell death, and significantly reduced the expressions of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in rotenone- or MPP + -exposed neurons as compared with untreated ones. These results strongly suggest that LED treatment may be therapeutic to neurons damaged by neurotoxins linked to Parkinson's disease by energizing the cells and increasing their viability.
Interest Group Influence and the Two Faces of Power

This study revives the “two faces of power” conceptualization to consider whether common interest group measures are valid proxies for interest group strength. The “two faces of power” model propos...
PATH-06. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MGMT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND ITS PROGNOSTIC VALUE IN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM) PATIENTS TREATED WITH ALKYLATING CHEMOTHERAPY- PRELIMINARY REPORT

Author(s): Bajwa, Samarjeet; Flanagan, Lisa; Hernandez, Stephania; Beverly Fu, Dan; Bota, Daniela; Kong, Xiao-Tang
First limit on neutrinoless quadruple β decay of Nd 150 to the 0 1 + state of Gd 150

Background: Observation of lepton number violation via detection of neutrinoless double $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay requires that the neutrino be a Majorana particle. If the neutrino is a Dirac particle, a potential lepton-number violating process is neutrinoless quadruple $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. Only a few nuclei can undergo neutrinoless quadruple $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay; one of these nuclei is $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$.Purpose: This study yields the first half-life limit of the neutrinoless quadruple $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay to the excited ${0}_{1}^{+}$ state of $^{150}\mathrm{Gd}$.Methods: We searched for neutrinoless quadruple $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay events to excited final states of $^{150}\mathrm{Gd}$ by detecting the deexcitation $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of the daughter nucleus in coincidence. These $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays have energies of 569.031 and 638.050 keV, and are emitted in coincidence through a ${0}_{1}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2}_{1}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}_{gs}^{+}$ transition.Results: The enriched ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ sample consisted of $40.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ g $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$ and was observed for 642.8 days at the Kimballton Underground Research Facility. A half-life limit for the decay to the ${0}_{1}^{+}$ state of $^{150}\mathrm{Gd}$ was found to be ${T}_{1/2}g1.76\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}$ years (90% CL).Conclusions: We report the first search for this decay to excited final states. Though the predicted half-life of this decay is many orders of magnitudes larger, constraining this value experimentally is vital to check for potential enhancements to the decay rate.