cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P‐130: An Advanced Cumulative Drive Scheme for Fast Refreshed Cholesteric LCD

Fast refresh rate is desirable for inherently slow updated passive matrix (PM) cholesteric liquid crystal display (Ch-LCD). This paper proposes a flexible cumulative drive scheme for fast and optimally refreshed PM Ch-LCD. The proposed drive scheme was experimentally verified on a 5′ 100ppi PM Ch-LCD and satisfactory results were obtained.
POTENTIAL OF FREEZE DRYING FOR REMOVAL OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES FROM EGGS

SUMMARY– The potential of freeze drying for residue removal from whole eggs and egg yolks was evaluated. Significant pesticide reductions of 79% for lindane, 37% for dieldrin, 57% for p,p′-DDT and 31% for o,p′-DDT-DDD occurred in freeze-dried whole eggs. Half the lindane was removed by freeze drying egg yolk, but only minimal removal occurred for the other pesticides. Approximately a 20% increase in p,p′-DDE occurred in both the freeze-dried whole eggs and yolks. The success of freeze drying for pesticide removal from eggs appeared related to both the vapor pressure of the pesticide and the amount of contamination in the whole egg.
A hierarchical representation for random fields

The conventional tree-structured hierarchical architectures, e.g. quadtrees, are defined for one frame of an image. Such a frame, however, is frequently a single realization from a family of images belonging to a random field. By allowing parent-children nodes to exhibit a continuum of strengths, as opposed to the on/off case for the conventional representation, a hierarchical description for random fields is proposed.
Superfluidity and Bose-Einstein condensation in optical lattices and porous media: A path integral Monte Carlo study

We evaluate the Bose-Einstein condensate density and the superfluid fraction of bosons in a periodic external potential using path-integral Monte Carlo methods. The periodic lattice consists of a cubic cell containing a potential well that is replicated along one dimension using periodic boundary conditions. The aim is to describe bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice or helium confined in a periodic porous medium. The one-body density matrix is evaluated and diagonalized numerically to obtain the single boson natural orbitals and the occupation of these orbitals. The condensate fraction is obtained as the fraction of bosons in the orbital that has the highest occupation. The superfluid density is obtained from the winding number. From the condensate orbital and superfluid fraction, we investigate (1) the impact of the periodic external potential on the spatial distribution of the condensate, and (2) the correlation of localizing the condensate into separated parts and the loss of superflow along the lattice. For high-density systems, as the well depth increases, the condensate becomes depleted in the wells and confined to the plateaus between successive wells, as in pores between necks in a porous medium. For low-density systems, as the well depth increases the BEC is localized at the center of the wells (tight binding) and depleted between the wells. In both cases, the localization of the condensate suppresses superflow leading to a superfluid-insulator crossover. The impact of the external potential on the temperature dependence of the superfluidity is also investigated. The external potential suppresses the superfluid fraction at all temperatures, with a superfluid fraction significantly less than one at low temperature. The addition of an external potential does not, however, significantly reduce the transition temperature.
The Professional Lives of Women Psychologists at Small Colleges

One hundred nine women faculty in psychology departments at small colleges through the United States responded to a survey about the benefits and challenges of establishing a career at a primarily undergraduate institution with an enrollment of 3,000 or fewer students. Participants reported high teaching and service loads, which made it difficult for them to spend time on their research and writing. Descriptions of campus climate were variable—from supportive to very unsupportive of feminist teaching and scholarship. Despite the challenges, the majority of the participants had no regrets about their career paths. Advice to new women psychology faculty at small colleges is presented.
The relationship of facial anatomic landmarks with midlines of the face and mouth.

Statement of problem The importance of the midline is well known to dentists. Currently, there are no verifiable guidelines that direct the choice of specific anatomic landmarks to determine the midline of the face or midline of the mouth. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the hierarchy of facial anatomic landmarks closest to the midline of the face as well as midline of the mouth. Material and methods Three commonly used anatomic landmarks, nasion, tip of the nose, and tip of the philtrum, were marked clinically on 249 subjects (age range: 21-45 years). Frontal full-face digital images of the subjects in smile were then made under standardized conditions. A total of 107 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Upon applying exclusion criteria, images of 87 subjects were used for midline analysis using a novel concept called the Esthetic Frame. Deviations from the midlines of the face and mouth were measured for the 3 clinical landmarks; the existing dental midline was considered as the fourth landmark. The entire process of midline analysis was done by a single observer and repeated twice. Reliability analysis and 1-sample t tests were conducted at alpha values of .001 and .05, respectively. Results The results indicated that each of the 4 landmarks deviated uniquely and significantly ( P Conclusions Within the limitations of the study, the hierarchy of anatomic landmarks closest to the midline of the face in smile was as follows: the midline of the oral commissures, natural dental midline, tip of philtrum, nasion, and tip of the nose. The hierarchy of anatomic landmarks closest to the midline of the oral commissures was: natural dental midline, tip of philtrum, tip of the nose, and nasion. These relationships were the same for both genders and all ethnicities classified.
Biological consequences of dosage dependent gene regulatory systems.

Abstract Chromatin and gene regulatory molecules tend to operate in multisubunit complexes in the process of controlling gene expression. Accumulating evidence suggests that varying the amount of any one member of such complexes will affect the function of the whole via the kinetics of assembly and other actions. In effect, they exhibit a “balance” among themselves in terms of the activity of the whole. When this fact is coupled with genetic and biological observations stretching back a century, a synthesis emerges that helps explain at least some aspects of a variety of phenomena including aneuploid syndromes, dosage compensation, quantitative trait genetics, regulatory gene evolution following polyploidization, the emergence of complexity in multicellular organisms, the genetic basis of evolutionary gradualism and potential implications for heterosis and co-evolving genes complexes involved with speciation. In this article we will summarize the evidence for this potential synthesis.
The vibration characteristics of thick rectangular multilayered plates

We develop the analysis and numerical calculations for the exact free vibration characteristics of simply-supported, rectangular, thick, multilayered composite plates. We assume that each layer of the composite plate is of arbitrary thickness, is perfectly bonded to adjacent layers, possesses up to orthotropic material symmetry and that its material crystallographic axes are oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the plate's boundaries. Exact formal solutions are obtained for the individual layers which are, in turn, used to relate the field variables at the upper and lower layer surfaces. The solution is carried through by the successive application of appropriate interfacial continuity conditions between adjacent lamina. We facilitate our analysis and its numerical implementation by making use of the matrix transfer technique, thereby rendering the order of the resulting eigenproblem independent of the number of lamina. Numerical results are given in the form of scaled natural frequency versus nondimensionalized mode numbers. The effect of the plate's microstructure on its vibrational characteristics is investigated by examining changes in natural frequency and modal response for selected laminate lay-ups and material combinations.
Instantons and the spin of the nucleon

Motivated by measurements of the flavor singlet axial coupling constant of the nucleon in polarized deep inelastic scattering we study the contribution of instantons to Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule (OZI) violation in the axial-vector channel. We consider, in particular, the ${f}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{a}_{1}$ meson splitting, the flavor singlet and triplet axial coupling of a constituent quark, and the axial coupling constant of the nucleon. We show that instantons provide a short distance contribution to OZI violating correlation functions which is repulsive in the ${f}_{1}$ meson channel and adds to the flavor singlet three-point function of a constituent quark. We also show that the sign of this contribution is determined by positivity arguments. We compute long distance contributions using numerical simulations of the instanton liquid. We find that the isovector axial coupling constant of a constituent quark is ${(g}_{A}^{3}{)}_{Q}=0.9$ and that of a nucleon is ${g}_{A}^{3}=1.28,$ in good agreement with experiment. The flavor singlet coupling of a quark is close to one, while that of a nucleon is suppressed, ${g}_{A}^{0}=0.77.$ However, this number is larger than the experimental value ${g}_{A}^{0}=(0.28\ensuremath{-}0.41).$
The difficulty with ethics education in public administration

This article suggests that ethics education has not become a regular part of the public administration curriculum for two reasons: (1) the issue has been misperceived as a pedagogical problem, and, more importantly, (2) the field has developed three competing paradigms for moral conduct-do what is right, do good, and do no harm. The origins of each paradigm and the implications for the teaching of ethics in public administration are discussed.
Development of stripped-cladding optical fiber sensors for continuous monitoring II: Referencing method for spectral sensing of environmental corrosion

Corrosion affects a variety of metallic structures. Methodologies for sensing corrosion have involved indirect measurements of environment corrosiveness in which the degradation of test probes or components is evaluated. Optical fiber corrosion transducers consisting of metal coated glass waveguide have been proposed in the past. Here, we propose a multi-wavelength optical fiber corrosion sensor. As the metal (nickel) corrodes and separates from the fiber, the light transmission of the waveguide changes due to a large difference in the refractive indices of nickel and air. In order to create a sensor capable of long-term measurements, a self-referencing method was developed that is based on observations of spectral signals ratios. The proposed approach differs from other procedures in that the optical signal shows a frequency dependence as the waveguide coating corrodes. The sensor requires only relatively inexpensive light sources and spectral detectors. A first-principles algorithm was used to model laboratory measurements. Good qualitative agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental results, suggests that theoretical models can be used to quantitatively interpret spectral signals in terms of cumulative corrosion. The sensor design is well suited for autonomous operation.
Velocity and Eddy Kinetic Energy of the Gulf Stream System from 700-m SOFAR Floats Subsampled to Simulate Pop-up Floats

Abstract Velocity and eddy kinetic energy were calculated from SOFAR (sound fixing and ranging) float trajectories using original daily values and values subsampled at intervals of 15, 30, and 60 days to simulate pop-up floats that surface for position fixing at these time intervals. The mean velocity is well reproduced by the 15-day subsampled data. With the 30-day data, the peak velocity in the Gulf Stream is reduced, and its width is increased substantially. With the 60-day data, the Gulf Stream is highly modified, and its southern flanking countercurrent is no longer resolved. Calculated eddy kinetic energy is strongly diminished by subsampling; peak energy in the Gulf Stream of 710 cm2 s−1 using daily values is reduced to 64 cm2 S−2 using 60-day data. Calculated energy in the Sargasso Sea near 25°N, 60°W is reduced from 20 to 8 cm2 s−2. The larger percent decrease of calculated energy in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream, 30°–40°N, is due to energetic higher-frequency eddy motion in this area.
A concentration inequality for maximum matching size in random graphs

Consider a function f defined on the set of graphs on a fixed set of n vertices. Assume that f satisfies the following “continuity” condition: (*) |f(G) - f(G′)| ≦ 1 whenever G and G′ differ by at most one edge. (An example of such a function f is the maximum matching of the graph G) Then we prove that in either of the classical models and G n,p of random graphsf is very concentrated around its expectation. (The concentration bounds we obtain are of optimal order.).
Are the new EU members ready for the EURO?: A comparison of costs and benefits

Abstract This paper examines the main macroeconomic determinants of costs and benefits of adopting the euro for the new EU member countries, and compares them to those of the older members. We show that these cost and benefit factors exhibit substantial variability across the countries considered. Our findings suggest that, in terms of price stability, the position of the new members is overall better than some EMU countries, such as Portugal and Greece. At the same time, we identify countries (such as Slovenia, Cyprus, and Hungary) whose business cycle is already well synchronized with EMU's, but also countries (such as Latvia and Estonia) with lower synchronization, and countries (such as Romania, Turkey, and Croatia) with systematically negative correlations.
The theory of planned behavior

Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these relations is still uncertain. Expectancy— value formulations are found to be only partly successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability. © 1991 Academic Press. Inc.
Looking at the Sunny Side of Life: Age-Related Change in an Event-Related Potential Measure of the Negativity Bias

Studies of the negativity bias have demonstrated that negative information has a stronger influence than positive information in a wide range of cognitive domains. At odds with this literature is extensive work now documenting emotional and motivational shifts that result in a positivity effect in older adults. It remains unclear, however, whether this age-related positivity effect results from increases in processing of positive information or from decreases in processing of negative information. Also unknown is the specific time course of development from a negative bias to an apparently positive one. The present study was designed to investigate the negativity bias across the life span using an event-related potential measure of responding to emotionally valenced images. The results suggest that neural reactivity to negative images declines linearly with age, but responding to positive images is surprisingly age invariant across most of the adult life span.
The Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Political Effects of Housing in Comparative Perspective.

Few sociologists treat housing as a key independent variable, despite the emergence of disparate bodies of research analyzing how housing affects outcomes that traditionally interest sociologists. Scholars across the social sciences have proposed and tested mechanisms whereby housing could shape subjective well-being, socioeconomic status, demography, and politics. We review the evidence for causal effects across these domains. Next, we make recommendations for research designs to advance this literature. Most studies only test effects of homeownership, and most are focused on the United States and Western Europe. The evidence for causation is often weak, although studies increasingly employ complex techniques for identifying effects. Throughout, we emphasize studies beyond the United States, and we conclude by discussing distinctive insights yielded by comparative research. We advocate for a comparative perspective and more expansive conceptualization of housing status as a means to build theory and evid...
So-called primary venous obstruction in the upper extremity: Paget-Schroetter syndrome.

A case is reported of primary venous obstruction in the upper extremity, the Paget-Schroetter syndrome. The literature of this unusual condition is reviewed and the mechanism of its development and its treatment is discussed.
Journalists and Public Health Professionals: Challenges of a Symbiotic Relationship

Journalists and health professionals share a symbiotic relationship during a disease outbreak as both professions play an important role in informing the public's perceptions and the decisions of policy makers. Although critics in the United States have focused on US reporters and media outlets whose coverage has been sensationalist and alarmist, the discussion in this article is based on the ideal--gold standard--for US journalists. Journalists perform three primary functions during times of health crises: disseminating accurate information to the public, medical professionals, and policy makers; acting as the go-between for the public and decision makers and health and science experts; and monitoring the performance of institutions responsible for the public health response. A journalist's goal is to responsibly inform the public in order to optimize the public health goals of prevention while minimizing panic. The struggle to strike a balance between humanizing a story and protecting the dignity of patients while also capturing the severity of an epidemic is harder in the era of the 24-7 news cycle. Journalists grapple with dueling pressures: confirming that their information is correct while meeting the demand for rapid updates. Just as health care professionals triage patients, journalists triage information. The challenge going forward will be how to get ahead of the story from the onset, racing against the pace of digital dissemination of misinformation by continuing to refine the media-science relationship.
Governance value analysis and marketing strategy

The authors extend transaction cost analysis into a governance value analysis (GVA) framework to address marketing strategy decisions, especially with regard to strategies grounded in cooperative r...
HiPER1, a phosphatase of the endoplasmic reticulum with a role in chondrocyte maturation

We have previously identified and partially cloned Band 17, a gene expressed in growth plate chondrocytes transiting from proliferation to hypertrophy. We now rename this gene HiPER1, Histidine Phosphatase of the Endoplasmic Reticulum-1, based on the results reported here. HiPER1 encodes two proteins of 318 (HiPER1(318)) and 449 (HiPER1(449)) amino acids, which are 20–21% identical to a group of yeast acid phosphatases that are in the histidine phosphatase family. HiPER1(449) is significantly more abundant than HiPER1(318), correlating with the abundance of the alternatively spliced messages encoding HiPER449 and HiPER318. Anti-HiPER1 antibodies detect two proteins of 53 and 55 kDa in growth plate chondrocytes that are absent in articular chondrocytes. We confirm that the 53 and 55 kDa proteins are HiPER1(449) by heterologous expression of the HiPER1(449) coding sequence in chick embryo fibroblasts. The 53 and 55 kDa proteins are glycosylated forms of HiPER1(449), as N-glycosidase F digestion reduces these proteins to 48 kDa, the predicted size of HiPER1(449) without the N-terminal signal sequence. Immunocytochemistry demonstrates that HiPER1(449) is found in chondrocytes maturing from proliferation to hypertrophy, but is not detectable in resting zone, deep hypertrophic zone or articular chondrocytes, a distribution that is consistent with the message distribution. HiPER1(449) was predicted to localize to the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum by an N-terminal signal sequence and by the C-terminal sequence Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu, which closely matches the consensus signal for ER retention, Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu. We confirm this prediction by demonstrating colocalization of HiPER1(449) with the ER protein HSP47 using dual-label immunofluorescence. PTHrP, a peptide that prevents hypertrophy in chondrocytes, suppressed HiPER1 and HiPER1(449) expression in vitro, an observation that further supports a role for HiPER1 in chondrocyte maturation. The yeast phosphatase homology, localization to the endoplasmic reticulum and pattern of expression suggest that HiPER1 represents a previously unrecognized intracellular pathway, involved in differentiation of chondrocytes.
Simple Linear-Time Algorithms for Minimal Fixed Points (Extended Abstract)

We present global and local algorithms for evaluating minimal fixed points of dependency graphs, a general problem in fixed-point computation and model checking. Our algorithms run in linear-time, matching the complexity of the best existing algorithms for similar problems, and are simple to understand. The main novelty of our global algorithm is that it does not use the counter and “reverse list” data structures commonly found in existing linear-time global algorithms. This distinction plays an essential role in allowing us to easily derive our local algorithm from our global one. Our local algorithm is distinguished from existing linear-time local algorithms by a combination of its simplicity and suitability for direct implementation.
Longitudinal and Transverse Moduli and Strengths of Low Angle 3-D Braided Composites:

This paper presents the results of an experimental study conducted on a class of three-dimensional braided graphite-epoxy composites as well as the results of a modeling study to relate the microst...
Optimized analysis of imaging time-of-flight SIMS data

We present progress toward the quantitative extraction of chemical concentration profiles, component spectra, sample topography, and other information from imaging mass spectrometry data. Our approach is based on maximum a posteriori image reconstruction as used in astronomy, computer vision, hyperspectral imaging, and other fields. We propose a simple but extensible nonlinear model for the sample, consisting of concentration profiles for each component, topography, component mass spectra, and “interaction spectra” that describe the interactions between components. This model is fit against sample data using stochastic optimization techniques. This approach can naturally incorporate regularization, chemical structure identification, and matching against standard reference data. In this article, we present preliminary analyses of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS) images of a well-characterized reference sample and discuss further extensions of this approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of the inflammatory protein serine protease inhibitor Kazal in preventing cytolytic granule granzyme A‐mediated apoptosis

Serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK) is an inflammatory protein whose levels are elevated in numerous cancers. However, the role of this protein in cancer development is unknown. We have recently found that SPIK suppresses serine protease-dependent cell apoptosis. Here, we report that anti-SPIK antibodies can co-immmunoprecipitate serine protease granzyme A (GzmA), a cytolytic granule secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells during immune surveillance, and that SPIK suppresses GzmA-induced cell apoptosis. Deletion studies show that the C3-C4 region of SPIK is critical for this suppression. These studies suggest that over-expression of SPIK may prevent GzmA-mediated immune-killing, thereby establishing the tolerance of cancer cells to the body's immune surveillance system. Suppression of over-expressed SPIK can restore the susceptibility of these cells to apoptotic death triggered by GzmA. This finding implies that it is possible to overcome tolerance of cancer cells to the body's immune surveillance system and restore the GzmA-mediated immune-killing by suppressing the over-expression of SPIK.
Amino acids in nectar enhance longevity of female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes.

Culex mosquitoes feed on a wide range of nectars consisting of mostly carbohydrates and amino acids, however, little is known about the utilization and effects of these different carbohydrates and their accompanying amino acids on longevity. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were reared on low- and highquantity food diets to produce adults that were nutritionally representative of wild-caught and laboratory-reared mosquitoes. Emerging adults reared on low- or high-quantity food diets as larvae were then provided Lantana camara nectar mimics containing mixtures of carbohydrates and amino acids to evaluate effects of nectar amino acids on longevity. Carbohydrates (with or without amino acids) were a critical component of the adult diet, and in their absence, adult mosquitoes died within 3–5 days. The nectar mimic that contained both carbohydrates and amino acids did not increase adult longevity of males originating from either poorly or well-fed larvae. However, females receiving adult diets containing both carbohydrates and amino acids lived 5% longer than females fed adult diets with only sugar.
The Molecular Perspective: Caspases

accidental injury, they undergo a traumatic death, swelling and bursting and flooding their surroundings with their internal components. The area then becomes inflamed as the body cleans up this necrotic mess. But cells may also undergo a controlled, antiseptic death termed “apoptosis” or “programmed cell death.” When given the signal, a cell will shut down its major regulatory and homeostatic systems, it will disassemble its internal infrastructure, and it will fragment itself into neat, bite-size pieces ready to be consumed by neighboring cells. All cells are primed with this “cyanide pill,” ready to commit suicide at a moment’s notice. Apoptosis is used throughout development of higher animals, as cells are patterned within the embryo. In adults, obsolete cells are given the signal to die, and rogue cells damaged by radiation or viral infection are destroyed cleanly by apoptosis. Caspases (Fig. 1) are the executioners of apoptosis. Caspases are cysteine proteases, using the sulfur atom in cysteine to cleave polypeptide chains. Caspases are not indiscriminant proteases, however. They search for a specific sequence in their target proteins, typically cleaving solely next to aspartate amino acids (thus the name “caspase”: “c” for cysteine protease and “asp” for the strong aspartate preference). The targets of caspases are carefully planned, like charges planted during a building demolition, to allow the ordered destruction of the cell. Regulatory proteins such as Rb (retinoblastoma protein) are cleaved, halting cell-cycle progression, and nucleic acid synthesis is halted by destruction of polymerases. Major homeostatic and repair mechanisms are disabled by cleavage of key enzymes. Structural proteins, such as cytoplasmic actin and nuclear lamins (Fig. 2), are specifically disassembled. DFF (DNA fragmentation factor) is activated, leading to fragmentation and condensation of the cell’s genetic material. And finally, to facilitate rapid recycling, adhesion proteins are cleaved, releasing the cell from the surrounding tissue, and the lipids in the cell membrane are subtly changed, signaling to neighboring cells that the apoptotic cell is fair game. Tumor growth is the result of a deadly combination: a mutation in cyclin or another gene controlling the cell cycle, which removes the normal restraints on growth, combined with a mutation in apoptosis, which disables the system that normally catches these abnormally growing cells. As well as removing the means to destroy rapidly growing tumor cells, faulty apoptosis also confers resistance against many major medical treatments. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy kill cancer cells not by producing necrotic The Molecular Perspective: Caspases
Microbial activity under alpine snowpacks, Niwot Ridge, Colorado.

Experiments were conducted during 1993 at Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Front Range to determine if the insulating effect of winter snow cover allows soil microbial activity to significantly affect nitrogen inputs and outputs in alpine systems. Soil surface temperatures under seasonal snowpacks warmed from - 14 OC in January to 0 OC by May 4th. Snowmelt began in mid-May and the sites were snow free by mid June. Heterotrophic microbial activity in snow-covered soils, measured as C02 production, was first identified on March 4, 1993. Net CO* flux increased from 55 mg COz-C m-' day-' in early March to greater than 824mg C02-C m-' day-' by the middle of May. Carbon dioxide production decreased in late May as soils became saturated during snowmelt. Soil inorganic N concentrations increased before snowmelt, peaking between 101 and 276 mg kg-' soil in May, and then decreasing as soils became saturated with melt water. Net N mineralization for the period of March 3 to May 4 ranged from 2.23 to 6.63 g N m-', and were a proximately two orders of magnitude greater P than snowmelt inputs of 50.4 mg N m-2 for NH, and 97.2 mg N m-' for NO,. Both NO, and NH: concentrations remained at or below detection limits in surface water during snowmelt, indicating the only export of inorganic N from the system was through gaseous losses. Nitrous oxide production under snow was first observed in early April. Production increased as soils warmed, peaking at 75 pg N20-N m-2 day-' in soils saturated with melt water one week before the sites were snow free. These data suggest that microbial activity in snow-covered soils may play a key role in alpine N cycling before plants become active.
Reversing motor vehicle injuries: a preventable tragedy.

In this letter to the editor, the authors review the problem of driveway motor vehicle injuries. They report their experience of treating two children within a short period of six months, both of whom had experienced major head trauma by an automobile being backed up in a home driveway. The authors briefly report the injuries sustained, including the first child's injuries that resulted in his death. They offer suggestions for preventive strategies, including fencing driveways off, adding sensor systems for when the automobile is in reverse, and using rear observing cameras. The authors propose that all new vehicles, not just those in the luxury class, be equipped with these reversing sensor systems, alarms, or cameras. The letter includes computed tomography (CT) brain scans of the two injured children.
Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus

Roger Smith has assembled from fragmentary evidence a portrait of the small vessels invented and refined in the shipyards of Spain and Portugal half a millennium ago. The work focuses on the advances in maritime technology that made the European conquest of the New World possible. In addition to covering these developments, Smith shows readers how ships were built, outfitted and manned, illustrating what life at sea was like in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. In focusing on the advances in maritime technology that made European expansion possible, Vanguard of Empire sheds light in 1992 on a neglected aspect of the European conquest of the New World.
Responsiveness in psychotherapy.

Human interaction, including psychotherapy, is systematically responsive; therapists' and clients' behavior is influenced by emerging context, including perceptions of each other's characteristics and behavior. Feedback and mutual influence occur on a wide range of time scales, including treatment assignment, strategy, and tactics, -and even within the delivery of interventions. Consequently, research that assumes linear relations among psychotherapeutic variables may not be trustworthy. The concept of responsiveness helps show how client characteristics, therapist characteristics, and process components may be important in psychotherapy despite a lack of linear relations to outcomes. Research strategies that incorporate responsiveness include the use of evaluative measures, systems approaches, and qualitative and narrative approaches.
Reversal of severe tricyclic antidepressant-induced cardiotoxicity with intravenous hypertonic saline solution.

Abstract A 29-year-old woman ingested 8 g of nortriptyline and presented to the emergency department with coma, hypotension, and widened QRS interval. After intubation, gastric lavage, hyperventilation, and therapy with intravenous normal saline solution, sodium bicarbonate boluses (rapid intravenous push), and high doses of norepinephrine and dopamine, she transiently improved, only to deteriorate on arrival to the ICU. Because her arterial pH was alkalemic at 7.5 at this point, she was given additional sodium in the form of 200 mL of 7.5% NaCl by means of rapid intravenous infusion (intravenous push) to treat hypotension and widening QRS interval with ventricular ectopy. A continuous 12-lead ECG documented narrowing of her QRS interval with concomitant improvement of hypotension within 3 minutes of hypertonic saline solution infusion. Hypertonic saline solution should be considered for wide complex QRS and hypotension caused by tricyclic antidepressant-induced cardiotoxicity that is unresponsive to standard therapies. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:20-24.]
Minimal buffer insertion in clock trees with skew and slew rate constraints

In this paper, we investigate the problem of computing a lower bound on the number of buffers required when given a maximum clock slew rate (or rise time) constraint and a predefined clock tree. Using generalized properties of published CMOS timing models, we formulate a novel nonlinear buffer insertion problem. Next, we derive an algorithm that bounds the capacitance for each buffer stage without sacrificing the generality of the timing models. With this capacitance bound we formulate a second linear buffer insertion problem, which we solve optimally in O(n) time. The basic formulation and algorithm are extended to include a skew upper bound constraint. Using these algorithms we propose further algorithmic extensions that allow area and phase delay tradeoffs. Our results are verified using SPICE3e2 simulations with MCNC MOSIS 2.0 /spl mu/ models and parameters. Experiments with these test cases show that the buffer insertion algorithms proposed herein can be used effectively for designs with high clock speeds and small skews.
Using biological knowledge to discover higher order interactions in genetic association studies

The recent successes of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed that many of the replicated findings have explained only a small fraction of the heritability of common diseases. One hypothesis that investigators have suggested is that higher order interactions between SNPs or SNPs and environmental risk factors may account for some of this missing heritability. Searching for these interactions poses great statistical and computational challenges. In this article, we propose a novel method that addresses these challenges by incorporating external biological knowledge into a fully Bayesian analysis. The method is designed to be scalable for high-dimensional search spaces (where it supports interactions of any order) because priors that use such knowledge focus the search in regions that are more biologically plausible and avoid having to enumerate all possible interactions. We provide several examples based on simulated data demonstrating how external information can enhance power, specificity, and effect estimates in comparison to conventional approaches based on maximum likelihood estimates. We also apply the method to data from a GWAS for breast cancer, revealing a set of interactions enriched for the Gene Ontology terms growth, metabolic process, and biological regulation.
A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. IV. Bond Breaking and Bond Forming along the Dissociative Reaction Path of Dioxetane

The quantitative analysis of molecular density matrices in terms of oriented quasi-atomic orbitals (QUAOs) is shown to yield detailed conceptual insight into the dissociation of dioxetane on the basis of ab initio wave functions. The QUAOs persist and can be followed throughout the reaction path. The kinetic bond orders and the orbital populations of the QUAOs quantitatively reveal the changes of the bonding interactions along the reaction path. At the transition state the OO bond is broken, and the molecule becomes a biradical. After the transition state the reaction path bifurcates. The minimum energy path gently descends from the transition state via a valley-ridge inflection point to a second saddle point, from which two new minimum energy paths lead to two equivalent formaldehyde dimers. The CC bond breaks, and the π-bonds of the formaldehyde fragments form in close vicinity of the second saddle point. The changes of the interactions in this region are elucidated by the analysis of the rearrangements of the QUAOs.
Revision of The Deep-channel Electric Fish Genus Sternarchogiton (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)

Abstract The Neotropical ghost knifefish genus Sternarchogiton is revised on the basis of morphology and pigmentation. A new diagnosis for the genus is provided. Two new deep-channel taxa from the lowland portions of the Amazon basin are described: S. labiatus and S. preto. Sternarchogiton labiatus is diagnosed by the possession of a hard, prominent, three-lobed structure on the lower lips, two rows of teeth on the dentary, a second hypobranchial with a medial bridge, an ossified first basibranchial, and cartilaginous posterior basibranchials. Sternarchogiton preto is diagnosed by black or very dark brown body coloration, five long and conical teeth on the premaxilla, a dentary with one row of conical teeth pointing toward inside of mouth, the fusion of the supracleithrum and posttemporal, and anterior portion of coracoid not reaching anterior edge of cleithrum. A dichotomous key to species of the genus is provided.
Proceedings of the 2010 workshop on Eye gaze in intelligent human machine interaction

Researchers have long been interested in the role of eye gaze in human machine interaction. It has been used as a pointing mechanism in direct manipulation interfaces, for example, to assist users with "locked-in syndrome". It has also been used to reflect information needs in web search and tailor information presentation. Based on joint attention indicated by eye gaze, it has been used as a facilitator in computer supported human-human communication. In conversational interfaces, eye gaze has been used to improve language understanding and intention recognition. It has also been incorporated in multimodal behavior of embodied conversational agents. Recent work on human robot interaction has further explored eye gaze in incremental language processing, visual scene processing, and conversation engagement and grounding. Given the recent advances in eye tracking technology and the availability of non-intrusive and high performance eye tracking devices, there has never been a better time to explore new opportunities to incorporate eye gaze in intelligent and natural human machine communication. This workshop brought researchers from academia and industry together to share recent advances and discuss research directions and opportunities for next generation of human machine interaction that incorporate eye gaze. The workshop program consists of nineteen papers addressing a range of interesting topics from applications of tracking user eye gaze in human machine conversation to automatic control of gaze behaviors in artificial agents.
Improving the Government's Environmental Science

Since the beginning of the modern environmental legal framework in the early 1970s, the credibility of government science has been the focus of constant scrutiny and controversy. This article examines the role of science in environmental regulatory decisions and identifies some persistent problems and recent controversies over the role of science in regulatory decisions. It then proposes two new alternative institutional innovations for improving the science on which the government's environmental decisions rest: a Scientific and Engineering Investigation Board, which would be appointed by EPA and work with key stakeholders to frame and promote progress on scientific issues at the early stages of the regulatory process, and an Institute for Scientific Assessments, which would be an independent agency that would review and resolve key issues of science for use in regulatory decisions. Both proposals seek to minimize the influence of politics on science.
Dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations and exports upstream and downstream of the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolis, Texas, USA

Concentrations and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) from terrestrial landscapes to near-coastal zones vary with land use. Information on (DOC) and (DON) concentrations and exports from urban ecosystems is sparse; thus, their source from within urbanised watersheds such as soil or vegetation or from permitted sewage discharge is unknown. We examined DOC and DON concentrations and exports in four gauged subwatersheds in the humid subtropical, upper Trinity River basin, upstream and downstream of the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolis in Texas, USA. Annual average DOC concentrations ranged from 5.7±0.4 to 6.4±0.8mgL–1 and DON concentrations ranged from 0.31±0.05 to 0.33±0.14mgL–1. Dissolved organic carbon exports, which included permitted sewage discharge, ranged from 522kgkm–2 year–1 above Dallas–Fort Worth to 3637kgkm–2 year–1 below Dallas–Fort Worth. Permitted effluent discharge contributed between 1 and 35% of DOC loading above and below the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolis. DON exports ranged from 27 to 179kgkm–2 year–1 above and below Dallas–Fort Worth respectively. There was difficulty apportioning permitted effluent-discharge contribution to DON because of the transformations among nitrogen-species. A moderate but significant relationship was found between DOC and sodium concentrations (R2=0.45; P 0.05; n=4), suggesting that land-management practices and permitted point-source discharges have a significant effect on aquatic DOC and DON concentrations and exports derived from urban watersheds.
Making Mass Spectrometry See the Light: The Promises and Challenges of Cryogenic Infrared Ion Spectroscopy as a Bioanalytical Technique

The detailed chemical information contained in the vibrational spectrum of a cryogenically cooled analyte ion would, in principle, make infrared (IR) ion spectroscopy a gold standard technique for molecular identification in mass spectrometry. Despite this immense potential, there are considerable challenges in both instrumentation and methodology to overcome before the technique is analytically useful. Here, we discuss the promise of IR ion spectroscopy for small molecule analysis in the context of metabolite identification. Experimental strategies to address sensitivity constraints, poor overall duty cycle, and speed of the experiment are intimately tied to the development of a mass-selective cryogenic trap. Therefore, the most likely avenues for success, in the authors' opinion, are presented here, alongside alternative approaches and some thoughts on data interpretation.
Composites Based on Molybdenum Disilicide: Progress and Prospects

As the temperature demands increase in advanced aerospace systems, engineering materials that can withstand 1200° to 1600°C exposure in air must be developed. MoSi2 is an intermetallic compound that has many, though not all, of the necessary physical and mechanical properties for use in this temperature regime. At ambient and moderate temperatures MoSi2 is brittle, but once the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) is exceeded, it rapidly loses strength. Recent progress in, and current status of, the research efforts in MoSi2 matrix composites will be reviewed, with an emphasis on the critical issues that currently impede progress to application.
Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin Sulfate in Bronchial Secretions

Dogs were used as a model for the study of the rate of appearance, peak concentrations, and rate of clearance of gentamicin sulfate in bronchial secretions. Gentamicin (dose, 1.7 mg/kg) was given by rapid intravenous infusion, by intramuscular injection, or as two divided intramuscular injections with a 4-hr interval. Intravenous infusion resulted in the highest bronchial concentrations of gentamicin, but the drug was cleared from the respiratory secretions in approximately 3 hr. In contrast, intramuscular injections gave low but more sustained bronchial levels of the drug. The time during which bronchial gentamicin concentrations exceeded a particular minimal inhibitory concentration for a susceptible bacterium such as Pseudomonas was related to the method of drug administration. Thus, to achieve the maximal antibiotic effectiveness, the minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin for the microorganism should be considered when the dose or frequency of parenteral gentamicin is prescribed.
Preparation, stability, and structural characterization of plutonium(VII) in alkaline aqueous solution.

A freshly prepared solution of Pu(VI) in 2 M NaOH was oxidized to Pu(VII), via ozonolysis, while simultaneously collecting X-ray absorption spectra. Analyses of the XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) and EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) data, acquired throughout the in situ experiments, show a dioxo coordination environment for Pu(VI), PuO22+, typical for it and the hexavalent actinyl species of U and Np, and its evolution into a tetraoxo-coordination environment for Pu(VII), PuO4–, like that known for Np(VII). The EXAFS data provide average Pu–O distances of 1.79(1) and 1.88(1) A, respectively. The second coordination shells, also fit as O atoms, provide Pu–O distances of 2.29–2.32 A that are independent of the Pu oxidation state. The coordination numbers for the distant O atoms in sums with those for the nearest O atoms are consistent with 6-O environments for both Pu(VI) and Pu(VII) ions in accordance with their previously proposed speciation as [PuVIO2(OH)4]2– and [PuVIIO4(OH...