cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crowdsourcing Privacy Policy Interpretation

Contract disputes frequently call on courts to resolve conflicts arising out of interpretative differences. In these disputes, the party at the bad end of a deal typically contends that the parties meant their contract to have a meaning other than the one that led to the unfavorable result. To this end, the complaining party argues that particular terms are ambiguous, and that the ambiguity should be resolved in a way that yields a more favorable outcome. Whether a contract’s terms are ambiguous is a determination for the court to make. But a battle wages over the appropriate method for making this determination. While some courts confine their analysis to the contract’s four corners (that is, a term will be deemed ambiguous if its meaning cannot be gleaned from the document itself), others consider evidence extrinsic to the document to determine whether terms are reasonably susceptible to more than one meaning. Under either approach, if the court determines that terms are ambiguous, it will resolve ambiguity according to an objective reasonable person standard. But subjective elements influence decision makers in even the most earnest endeavors to decide objectively.In this Note, I propose the novel concept that crowdsourcing can aid courts both in determining whether contract ambiguity exists and in resolving ambiguities objectively. Courts that accept extrinsic evidence as part of their ambiguity analysis could look to how the crowd interprets the agreement: if crowd workers cannot agree on a particular term’s meaning, the court may accept this as evidence that the term is ambiguous. Similarly, crowd agreement on a particular term’s meaning can supply the court with a reasonably objective interpretation of that term. In the Note, I explore this concept through the lens of empirical data from a recent study, Disagreeable Privacy Policies: Mismatches between Meaning and Users’ Understanding. That study asked crowd workers to interpret certain website privacy policies and compared the crowd’s interpretations to privacy policy experts’ interpretations of the same policies. This paper relies on data from that study to exemplify how the concept might apply. To reach this analysis, I first survey the general online contracting landscape. Because the note relies on data derived from analysis of website privacy policies, I specifically examine the extent to which privacy policies can be enforced as legally binding contracts. A finding that privacy policies are rarely enforced as such highlights a flaw in the notice and choice privacy regime that calls its legitimacy into question. I note that even if the crowdsourcing concept would not be adopted by courts, either the concept itself or theoretical questions is raises might prove useful for other adjudicators.
Chapter 4 Growing Old at Home

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe residential preferences among 776 adults who were 55 years and older living in the Northwest. They were also asked to identify barriers to achieving their preferred futures as well as plans they were making to ensure that they could grow old where they prefer. Results suggested that these adults preferred aging in place but most were not making plans to do so. Implications for practice include the need for services related to planning for the future, home-care, health promotion, and home modification in order to assist adults realize their preferred futures.
Development of a Regional Coastal and Open Ocean Forecast System

Abstract : The long term goal is to construct, verify and demonstrate an efficient system for the realistic, accurate and efficient estimation of oceanic fields which can be deployed rapidly in any region of the world ocean: the coastal and shelf ocean, across the shelfbreak and the open ocean.
Term Limits and Legislative-Executive Conflict in the American States

State governments have experienced considerable institutional change in the last several decades. None appeared at first glance to be as far-reaching as the legislative term limits that were adopted by over 20 states in the 1990s. The evidence to date suggests that term limits have indeed changed the character of many of the states' legislatures, if not always as predicted by their advocates. We report data on veto dynamics over the period 1989–2008 to determine how term limits have impacted legislative-executive relations. Our data both challenge and support what has become the conventional wisdom, i.e., that term limits will weaken legislatures relative to their governors. States with more stringent term limits experienced fewer gubernatorial vetoes but proved more likely to override those vetoes when they were issued. Taken together the evidence suggests that the relationship between governors and legislatures in the wake of term limits is more complex and variable than scholars and others had previously thought.
Merkel cell carcinoma: Long term survival in a patient with proven brain metastasis and presumed choroid metastasis

Merkel cell carcinoma (Trabecular carcinoma) is a rare malignant tumor of the skin. Because these tumors tend to spread locally via the lymphatic system, very few papers have dealt with the treatment of distant metastasis. Systemic disease is uncommon and usually fatal. In this paper, we report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma with proven brain metastasis and a solid choroidal tumor. The patient responded well to radiation and chemotherapy and is alive and neurologically intact three years after diagnosis. All previous patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma to the brain died within two months of the diagnosis. We use this case to discuss possible routes of metastatic dissemination and to review the treatment options in patients with distant metastatic disease. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of presumed choroidal metastasis of Merkel cell carcinoma and the longest documented survival in a patient with brain involvement.
Passenger Car Fuel Economy… Trends Through 1984

This, the twelfth in a series of Papers on trends in EPA fuel economy, concentrates as usual on the current Model Year (1984). Final Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) production volumes and MPG figures have been used to update the data bases through the 1982 Model Year. This paper is different from earlier papers in four ways: (1) manufacturer-supplied production forecasts have been adjusted for both model years 1983 and 1984. (2) sales weighted MPG values at the nameplate level of aggregation are presented. (3) much of the analysis is stratified at the Domestic/European/Japanese manufacturer level and (4) fuel economy analysis for Light Duty Trucks is not included. Conclusions are presented on the trends in fuel economy of the fleet as a whole and for various classes of vehicles.
Real-time size/mass spectrometry in solution using whispering gallery micro-global positioning

The goal of real-time nano-particle size/mass spectrometry by a microcavity in solution has been illusive for lack of binding position metrology. We demonstrate through Reactive Sensing theory and experiment that this limitation has been overcome.
Persistent-Current Magnetization of Strands: Influence of Applied Field Angle and Transport Current

For many accelerator magnets field quality at the bore is a critical requirement for which reason it is necessary to fully characterize the persistent-current magnetization of strands of the kind under consideration for these magnets. The magnetization of a strand is generally measured in a magnetometer. However, certain effects can differentiate such measurements from the true magnetizations of strands in magnets. This report focuses on persistent-current magnetization: 1) measured by vibrating-sample magnetometer on segments of strand extracted from a section of heat treated Nb 3 Sn cable as functions of angle of the applied field, and 2) calculated as function of applied transport current. It is found that the magnetization of a strand in a cable increases by ~10% as the field applied to the cable is shifted from edge-on to face-on, and that the difference between the current-on and current-off magnetizations is not significant until close to the operational field of a magnet.
Can stem cells cross lineage boundaries

Stem cells have traditionally been characterized as either embryonic (pluripotent) or organ-specific. Recent work suggests that the latter can "transdifferentiate" into other cell types, carrying significant implications for possible clinical use of these cells. Here the authors critically examine the existing data, and suggest standards for the evaluation of these and future studies.
Enabling a self-organized traffic system in existing legacy hardware

This work presents a hardware design that allows us to retrofit legacy controllers and facilitate implementation of distributed traffic signal optimization algorithms. This work is specifically focused on supporting the deployment of self-organized traffic algorithms of traffic control which can leverage the data from connected vehicles to reduce traffic delays. The paper describes the legacy hardware, its limitations, needs for implementation of distributed algorithms, as well as the design of a supplementary controller based on small plug-in computers that allows distributed decision making. The supplementary controller uses a plug-in computer and establishes a cost effective means of deploying efficient distributed algorithms on existing controllers.
Parallel dictionaries on AVL trees

AVL trees are efficient data structures for implementing dictionaries. We present a parallel dictionary, using AVL trees, on the EREW-PRAM by proposing optimal algorithms to perform k operations with p (1/spl les/p/spl les/k) processors. An explicit processor scheduling is devised to avoid simultaneous reads in our parallel algorithm to perform k searches, which avoids the need for any additional memory in the parallelization. To perform multiple insertions and deletions, we identify rotations (in addition to AVL tree rotations) required to restore balance and present parallel algorithm to perform p insertions/deletions in O(log n+log p) time with p processors. >
Characterization of the Self-Condensation Equilibrium of [Fe(4)S(4)(SH)(4)](2-): Spectroscopic Identification of a Unique Sulfido-Bridged Acyclic Tricubane Cluster.

Our interest in higher nuclearity sulfido-bridged Fe-S clusters, because of their occurrence in several proteins including nitrogenase, prompted us to investigate the solution chemistry of the functionalized cluster [Fe(4)S(4)(SH)(4)](2)(-) (1). (n-Pr(4)N)(2)[1] crystallizes in space group P2(1)/n of the monoclinic system with a = 26.201(1) A, b = 11.4999(5) A, c = 28.090(1) A, and beta = 110.735(1) degrees. The X-ray structure reveals the conventional cubane-type geometry with an [Fe(4)S(4)](2+) core symmetry more closely approaching T(d)() than the tetragonally distorted D(2)(d)() symmetry reported for the (PPh(4))(2)[1] (Muller, A.; Schladerbeck, N. H.; Bogge, H. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987, 35). In solution, 1 exists in dynamic equilibrium with self-condensation products formed through elimination of H(2)S and formation of sulfido-bridged cluster oligomers, one of which (4) is prevalent. The self-condensation equilibrium is shifted toward cluster 1. When acetonitrile solutions of 1 were treated with thiols more acidic than H(2)S, it was possible to detect hydrosulfido terminal ligand substitution products of 1 as well as those of the major self-condensation product 4. Detailed analysis of the products in acetonitrile solutions of 1, as well as those generated in solutions of 1 treated with acidic thiol, by electrospray mass spectrometry, and both (19)F and (1)H NMR spectroscopy indicates the presence of a sulfido-bridged acyclic trimer of [Fe(4)S(4)](2+) clusters, i.e. {[Fe(4)S(4)(SH)(3)](2)[Fe(4)S(4)(SH)(2)](m-S)(2)}(6)(-) (4), a hitherto unprecedented Fe-S structural pattern, as the principal Fe-S cluster self-condensation product.
The Equifinality of War Termination Multiple Paths to Ending War

The authors’ theory contributes an alternative domestic politics pathway to traditional bargaining models of war termination. In bargaining models, the rational updating process that produces an overlapping bargaining space can develop a significant lag, which extends the war beyond a logical ending point. The authors posit that a change in the domestic governing coalition is often necessary to kick-start this updating process once it has become bogged down through preference, information, and entrapment obstacles. The authors demonstrate that domestic coalition shifts are a critical path to peace, using survival analysis techniques on Bennett and Stam’s (1996) war-level data set of wars (1862-1990) and a new belligerent-level data set of wars (1945-2006). These tests show that because war policies can become institutionalized over time, there is a very strong link between coalition shifts and war termination.
Facile generation of heat-stable antiviral and antitoxin single domain antibodies from a semisynthetic llama library.

Llamas possess a class of unconventional immunoglobulins that have only heavy chains; unpaired heavy variable domains are responsible for antigen binding. These domains have previously been cloned and expressed as single domain antibodies (sdAbs); they comprise the smallest known antigen binding fragments. SdAbs have been shown to bind antigens at >90 °C and to refold after being denatured. To take advantage of the remarkable properties of sdAbs, we constructed a large, semisynthetic llama sdAb library. This library facilitated the rapid selection of binders to an array of biothreat targets. We selected sdAb specific for live vaccinia virus (a smallpox virus surrogate), hen egg lysozyme, cholera toxin, ricin, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. The selected sdAb possessed high specificity as well as enhanced thermal stability in comparison to conventional IgG and scFv antibodies. We also determined equilibrium dissociation constants as well as demonstrated the use of several antitoxin sdAbs as effective cap...
EM visualization of nucleocytoplasmic transport processes

The nuclear envelope is strategically located between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, and, as such, can play a major role in controlling cellular activity by regulating the exchange of macromolecules between these two compartments. The nuclear pore complexes, which are located within circular areas formed by fusion of the inner and outer membranes of the envelope, represent the primary, if not the exclusive, exchange sites. Individual pores are able to function in both protein import and RNA efflux from the nucleus. Translocation of macromolecules occurs by either passive diffusion or facilitated transport through central channels within the pores. The functional size of the diffusion channel is approximately 9 to over 12 nm in diameter depending on the cell type. The width of the transport channel varies as a function of the number and effectiveness of the specific nuclear targeting signals contained within the permeant molecule. The maximum diameter of the channel can be over 26 nm. Nucleocytoplasmic exchanges can be regulated either by (1) differences in the properties of the transported molecule (molecular size and signal content) or (2) changes in the properties of the pore complexes, which can effect both diffusion and transport.
Expression of enzymatically active reverse transcriptase of simian immunodeficiency virus in bacteria: Sensitivity to nucleotide analogue inhibitors

Abstract A fragment of the SIV mac251 pol gene was expressed in Escherichia coli as a trpE fusion protein. Analysis of extracts from bacteria containing this expression plasmid revealed the presence of a reverse transcriptase activity dependent on Mgt 2+ as divalent cation and active on both poly(rA) · oligo(dT) and poly(rC · oligo(dG) templates. In comparative studies, the SIV and HIV-1 reverse transcriptases expressed in bacteria displayed very similar high sensitivities to the chain terminator inhibitors AZTTP and ddTTP. The reverse transcriptase of Moloney murine leukemia virus and the DNA polymerase of E. coli were both more resistant to ddTTP, and the E. coli enzyme was significantly more resistant to AZTTP.
Economic plant species associated with prehistoric agriculture in the Maya lowlands

The issue of plant species used by the ancient Maya of the Yucatan region previous to A.D. 900–1,000 has involved a number of types of arguments, 5 of which are identified: ecological speculation, ethnobotany, plant relicts, linguistics/ iconography, and plant remains/fossils. Recent emphasis on uncovering and analyzing plant remains from Maya occupational and agricultural relics demonstrates that direct evidence from archaeological contexts can be obtained. This evidence, including fossil pollen, seeds, and stem and wood fragments, is used to evaluate various issues involving those species proposed to have been used by the Maya. The results support views dealing with the dominance of maize as a staple and the use of squash, agave, cotton, and tree species. Propositions concerning significance of ramon, cacao, root crops, and amaranth are not yet supported by direct evidence.
On Vehicle Automatic Longitudinal Control

The achievement of safe and efficient longitudinal control is probably the most significant technical problem associated with individual-vehicle, automated transport systems. One aspect of such control the design, implementation, and onroad testing of an individual vehicle controller---is of concern here. The realized controller is characterized by small, online position errors <1 ft position demotion in both small-and large-signal input situations, passenger ride comfort |J| < 1.6 ft/sec3 in online operations, and an insensitivity to both external disturbances and variations in key vehicle parameters. In essence, the designed controller is an attractive candidate for implementation and, at the very least, indicates the type of longitudinal performance one can expect from a realistically designed controller over the speed range 0--93 ft/sec.
A simple application of compressed sensing to further accelerate partially parallel imaging

Compressed sensing (CS) and partially parallel imaging (PPI) enable fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging by reducing the amount of k-space data required for reconstruction. Past attempts to combine these two have been limited by the incoherent sampling requirement of CS since PPI routines typically sample on a regular (coherent) grid. Here, we developed a new method, "CS+GRAPPA," to overcome this limitation. We decomposed sets of equidistant samples into multiple random subsets. Then, we reconstructed each subset using CS and averaged the results to get a final CS k-space reconstruction. We used both a standard CS and an edge- and joint-sparsity-guided CS reconstruction. We tested these intermediate results on both synthetic and real MR phantom data and performed a human observer experiment to determine the effectiveness of decomposition and to optimize the number of subsets. We then used these CS reconstructions to calibrate the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) complex coil weights. In vivo parallel MR brain and heart data sets were used. An objective image quality evaluation metric, Case-PDM, was used to quantify image quality. Coherent aliasing and noise artifacts were significantly reduced using two decompositions. More decompositions further reduced coherent aliasing and noise artifacts but introduced blurring. However, the blurring was effectively minimized using our new edge- and joint-sparsity-guided CS using two decompositions. Numerical results on parallel data demonstrated that the combined method greatly improved image quality as compared to standard GRAPPA, on average halving Case-PDM scores across a range of sampling rates. The proposed technique allowed the same Case-PDM scores as standard GRAPPA using about half the number of samples. We conclude that the new method augments GRAPPA by combining it with CS, allowing CS to work even when the k-space sampling pattern is equidistant.
Scalable data analytics platform for enterprise backup management

Data protection using backup is one of the most critical IT management operations to ensure business continuity, which is also constantly evolving due to the emerging challenges in the “Big Data Era.” In this paper, we introduce our ongoing research effort in designing intelligent enterprise backup management solutions by obtaining actionable insights from voluminous backup job metadata across data centers. Our proof-of-concept scalable data analytics framework integrated with enterprise backup architecture is introduced, and use case studies of leveraging big data analytics on enterprise backup framework are discussed.
Pangaea and the out-of-Africa model of varicella-zoster virus evolution and phylogeography

The goal of this minireview is to provide an overview of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) phylogenetics and phylogeography when placed in the broad context of geologic time. Planet Earth was formed over 4 billion years ago, and the supercontinent Pangaea coalesced around 400 million years ago (mya). Based on detailed tree-building models, the base of the phylogenetic tree of the Herpesviridae family has been estimated at 400 mya. Subsequently, Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland; in turn, Africa rifted from Gondwanaland. Based on available data, the hypothesis of this minireview is that the ancestral alphaherpesvirus VZV coevolved in simians, apes, and hominins in Africa. When anatomically modern humans first crossed over the Red Sea 60,000 years ago, VZV was carried along in their dorsal root ganglia. Currently, there are five VZV clades, distinguishable by single nucleotide polymorphisms. These clades likely represent continued VZV coevolution, as humans with latent VZV infection left Arabia and dispersed into Asia (clades 2 and 5) and Europe (clades 1, 3, and 4). The prototype VZV sequence contains nearly 125,000 bp, divided into 70 open reading frames. Generally, isolates within a clade display >99.9% identity to one another, while members of one clade compared to a second clade show 99.8% identity to one another. Recently, four different VZV genotypes that do not segregate into the previously defined five clades have been identified, a result indicating a wider than anticipated diversity among newly collected VZV strains around the world.
The time and space of race: reflections on David Theo Goldberg's interrelational and comparative methodology

ABSTRACT Maldonado-Torres identifies and analyses key elements in the methodology of David Theo Goldberg's The Threat of Race, highlighting its relevance for ethnic studies, area studies and postcolonial studies generally, and for the study of race and ethnicity specifically. He focuses on Goldberg's conceptualization of the history or the time of race, as well as on the geopolitical and economic dimensions of race and racism. Goldberg's account of race as a ‘foundational code’ of modernity undergirds his perspective and the way in which these themes relate to each other, making his work relevant for the theorizing of race and racism at large, and not only for the theorization of race and neoliberalism today. To that extent, Maldonado-Torres interrogates Goldberg's view of the relation between racial naturalism and racial historicism, and his resistance to the concept of racialization. He also calls for a more detailed discussion of how racial historicism relates to ethnicity vis-a-vis race. As for the sp...
Current medical therapy for esophageal motility disorders.

Treatment of patients with an esophageal source of chest pain remains a challenging problem. Although a variety of measures—including nitrates, anticholinergics, sedatives, calcium channel antagonists, esophageal dilation, and psychological reassurance—are available for the management of esophageal chest pain, none has emerged as the treatment of choice. Studies of nitrate preparations for the treatment of painful motility disorders are limited by a small number of patients and the lack of randomized, placebo-controlled investigations. The efficacy of anticholinergic drugs in hypercontractile esophageal motility disorders has not been reported. In the only prospective placebo-controlled trial using an antidepressant , trazodone was superior to placebo in relieving symptoms in patients with a variety of esophageal motility disorders. Conflicting results have been described in placebocontrolled trials of the calcium channel antagonists nifedipine and diltiazem in patients with "nutcracker esophagus" or diffuse spasm. Information about the efficacy of verapamil and hydralazine is limited. Esophageal dilation has been useful in selected patients. For many patients, esophageal chest pain may be associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Treatment of these patients with nitrates, calcium channel antagonists, or anticholinergics may aggravate their reflux. The mechanisms of esophageal chest pain remain unknown. Recent studies have suggested that abnormal motility may not be the only factor associated with chest pain. An important number of patients have behavioral abnormalities, increased nociception, impaired coronary vasodilatory reserve, or a diffuse abnormality of smooth muscle. Research into rational therapy for chest pain patients should take into account the contribution of these other factors.
The correspondence between migration intentions and migration behavior: data from the 1970 cohort of Filipino graduate students in the United States

Data from a longitudinal study of Filipinos who were in graduate school in the U.S. in 1970 were analyzed to investigate why some students who as graduate students intended to return to the Philippines did return, while others failed to do so. There were no differences between the groups in terms of their migration-related attitudes and motivations as students, or in terms of their perceptions as students of relative economic and career opportunities in the Philippines and the U.S. Instead it was found that members of the two groups underwent different social experiences in the U.S. that caused the noncorresponders to change their original plans regarding return home. Youth, openness to American culture, and freedom to remain in the U.S. following the period of study were the primary antecedents of the change sequence.
Stability of orthognathic surgery: a review of rigid fixation

The use of rigid fixation with orthognathic surgery was greeted by both excitement and healthy concern when it began to find its way into the literature approximately 10 years ago. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and make comments based on the experience of the senior author on whether one of the early premises was true. Has rigid fixation improved stability with orthognathic surgery? The authors chose to examine mandibular advancements treated with a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and maxillary osteotomies treated with a Le Fort I osteotomy. When compared to wire osteosynthesis, rigid fixation has improved stability; however, the individual move associated with the osteotomy must be considered. In some cases, auxiliary techniques should be used to ensure stability. Condylar resorption with mandibular advancement continues to be an area of concern.
Intravascular catheters impregnated with antimicrobial agents: a milestone in the prevention of bloodstream infections

Vascular catheters impregnated with antimicrobial agents have been shown to decrease the risk of catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. Various antimicrobials and antiseptics have been used. In a recent meta-analysis of 12 studies, catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine (CH/SS) were shown to be significantly less likely to be associated with catheter-related bloodstream infections than uncoated catheters. However, these catheters were coated only on the external surface and they are associated with short antimicrobial durability (3–7 days). In addition, anaphylactic reactions to them were reported in Japan. Vascular catheters impregnated with minocycline and rifampin (M/R) were found to be highly efficacious in preventing catheter-related infections. In a recent prospective, randomized trial, the likelihood of catheter-related bloodstream infections associated with the use of M/R catheters was one-twelfth of that observed with catheters coated with CH/SS. The M/R catheters are coated on the external and internal surfaces and have an antimicrobial durability of 4 weeks. Although no resistance to either minocycline or rifampin has been seen in two trials, further studies are required to determine whether the risk of resistance outweighs the benefits derived from their use. In conclusion, antimicrobial catheters have been shown to be highly cost effective in decreasing the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection.
Short-term youth mission practice and the visualization of global christianity

ABSTRACTThis article examines the visual mediation of evangelical short-term mission and the theologically inflected global imaginary that these forms engender. Recent decades have seen the resurgence of long-term mission and the emergence of short-term mission among US Christians. The latter, combining evangelization, service, and tourism, is a staple within evangelical youth culture. I argue that it is used by Christians to constitute themselves as global formations, while also offering theological frames for global Christianity. Central to this global theological imaginary are visual representations of mission encounters with ethnic, sectarian, and racial Others, which illustrate the global scope of mission and missionaries’ understandings of their own efforts to engage and overcome those differences. Through an analysis of the visual content of four short-term mission agencies’ websites, I examine the mediation of global Christianity in contemporary mission and its recruitment of global Christian subj...
Orientation-contingent tactual size aftereffects

A new contingent aftereffect of apparent size can be produced in the following way. A rectangular inspection block is oriented with its long dimension horizontal (or vertical). During an inspection (induction) period of 2 min, the subject alternately grasps the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the inspection block between the thumb and forefinger of a single hand, changing from one dimension to the other every 2 sec. After the inspection period, the hori zontal dimension of a square test block feels shorter (or longer) than the vertical dimension. Inspection blocks having larger ratios of width to height produce larger aftereffects. The aftereffect persists over delays of as much as 16 min between inspection and test.
Recursive Well-Orderings

Cantor's second ordinal number class is perhaps the simplest example of a set of mathematical objects which cannot all be named in one language. In this paper we shall investigate a system of names for a segment of the first and second number classes in relation to decision problems. The system, except for one minor difference, is the one studied by Markwald in [12]. In our system ordinals are named by natural numbers from a set W via recursive well-orderings of subsets of the natural numbers.The decision problems will be related to the hyperarithmetical hierarchy of Davis [2], [3] and Kleene [8]. This hierarchy is indexed by ordinal notations from Kleene's system S3 [4], [6], [9], in which ordinals are named by natural numbers from a set O, partially well-ordered ([12] p. 138) by a relation a≤Ob; O and ≤O are defined inductively by applications of the successor and limit operations. As results of this investigation, we shall (i) answer negatively Markwald's question [12] Theorem 12 whether his set “W” is arithmetical by showing that it is not even hyperarithmetical, (ii) obtain a new proof of the main result of Kleene [10] that every predicate expressible in both the one-function-quantifier forms of [8] is recursive in Hα for some aeO, (iii) answer affirmatively the question raised by Davis [2], [3] whether all the Church-Kleene constructive ordinals are uniqueness ordinals, and (iv) solve the function-quantifier analog of Post's problem [15]. Strong use will be made of the well-orderings that can be constructed from one-function-quantifier predicates as in [9].
Adenosine potentiation of neuromuscular blocking agents in guinea-pigs.

We have investigated the effects of adenosine i.v. on neuromuscular block induced by rocuronium, vecuronium and pipecuronium in an in vivo guinea-pig sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior preparation. The ED50 of each neuromuscular blocker was determined from cumulative log dose-response regression lines (n = 14). In separate experiments, adenosine 0.1 mg kg-1 min-1 or the same volume of 0.9% NaCl was given i.v. via a constant infusion and the ED50 of each neuromuscular blocking agent was then administered (n = 24). Adenosine 0.1 mg kg-1 min-1 increased significantly maximal block induced by the ED50 of these neuromuscular blockers (55-72%, 49-73% and 60-96%, respectively, for rocuronium, vecuronium and pipecuronium; P
Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR imaging findings

Conversion of bone marrow in the extremities from red to yellow is a normal maturation process. Marrow reconversion is present when expected yellow marrow is replaced with active red marrow, and it tends to occur at times of physiologic stress. The significance of this finding on MR imaging is not always clear. Accordingly, we studied the prevalence of bone marrow reconversion in adults undergoing MR imaging of the knee for reasons other than marrow disorders. Possible relationships between marrow reconversion and age, sex, weight, and smoking were sought.Fifty-nine outpatients over 24 years of age who had no evidence of hematopoietic disorders and for whom MR images of the knee were available for review were selected for study. Patients younger than 25 years old were eliminated to ensure that all patients in the study were old enough to have achieved normal adult marrow conversion. The 59 subjects were classified according to their smoking histories. Twenty-eight were nonsmokers, 10 were intermediate smo...
Clopidogrel and PPI, warfarin management, and rural pharmacists' competence

Clopidogrel and PPI Stockl et al.1 concluded that “patients who received clopidogrel plus a PPI had a significantly higher risk of rehospitalization for MI or coronary stent placement than did patients receiving clopidogrel alone.” Patients taking clopidogrel and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (n = 1,033) were compared with a matched group of patients taking clopidogrel alone. Propensity score matching corrected potential selection bias by balancing covariates between the two groups of patients. Patients included in the clopidogrel plus PPI group were dispensed a PPI with one or more days’ supply overlapping the index date and at least one refill within 90 days. The clopidogrel-alone group patients were not dispensed a PPI 90 days before or after the index date. Patients who received clopidogrel plus a PPI had a 93% higher risk of rehospitalization for myocardial infarction (MI) (adjusted hazard ratio 1.93 [95% CI 1.05–3.54]; P = 0.03) and a 64% higher risk of rehospitalization for MI or coronary stent placement (1.64 [1.16– 2.32]; P = 0.005) than patients receiving clopidogrel alone. Implications. Patients taking clopidogrel and a PPI were at higher risk of rehospitalization. Reduced action of clopidogrel may result from competitive metabolic effects of the PPIs on cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C19. Also, CYP2C19 variant allele carriers have lower capacity to metabolize clopidogrel into its active metabolite and inhibit platelet activation.2 Does the higher risk of rehospitalization associated with taking a PPI potentially have a genetic component? Further study is needed of therapy based on genetic testing among patients at high risk of acute gastrointestinal bleeding where a PPI is indicated.
COBOL: a sample problem

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) is an English Language programming system which is capable of being implemented on a wide variety of electronic digital computers for use in the solution of business data processing problems.The idea was conceived in May, 1959 at a meeting called in the Pentagon by Mr. Charles Phillips of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Comptroller. The purpose of this meeting was to consider the desirability and the feasibility of establishing a common language for the programming of electronic computers for data processing. Representatives from computer user installations, both government and industrial, computer manufacturers, universities, and others concerned with computers were present. There was almost unanimous agreement that the project was both desirable and feasible. The COnference on DAta SYstems Languages (CODASYL) was established, and three committees were defined and staffed. These committees were the Short Range Committee, the Intermediate Range Committee, and the Long Range Committee. Each committee had its own goal and its own time scale. The coordination of the work to be performed was to be accomplished by an Executive Committee.
History of Toxic Metal Discharge to Surface Waters of the Aberjona Watershed

A history of waterborne export of toxic metals from the industrial/residential Aberjona Watershed, north of Boston, MA, has been reconstructed from an analysis of sediment cores from the Upper Mystic Lake, together with historical records of industrial activity on the watershed. The lake sediments exhibit complex profiles of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc. These profiles are interpretable in terms of historical industrial activities on the watershed and transport via the Aberjona River to the Upper Mystic Lake. High concentrations (in excess of 1000 mg/kg arsenic and chromium) occur in two zones, at depths between 25 and 35 cm and between 50 and 70 cm in the sediments of this lake. The deeper zone corresponds to the early 1900s, a period of intense industrial activity during which chemical and leather industries are known to have made direct discharges of metals to surface waters. Sharp decreases in metals concentrations subsequently occurred as industry declined, and concurrently, muc...
Vaught's conjecture for o-minimal theories

The notion of o-minimality was formulated by Pillay and Steinhorn [PS] building on work of van den Dries [D]. Roughly speaking, a theory T is o-minimal if whenever M is a model of T then M is linearly ordered and every definable subset of the universe of M consists of finitely many intervals and points. The theory of real closed fields is an example of an o-minimal theory.We examine the structure of the countable models for T, T an arbitrary o-minimal theory (in a countable language). We completely characterize these models, provided that T does not have 2ω countable models. This proviso (viz. that T has fewer than 2ω countable models) is in the tradition of classification theory: given a cardinal α, if T has the maximum possible number of models of size α, i.e. 2α, then no structure theorem is expected (cf. [Sh1]).O-minimality is introduced in §1. §1 also contains conventions and definitions, including the definitions of cut and noncut. Cuts and noncuts constitute the nonisolated types over a set.In §2 we study a notion of independence for sets of nonisolated types and the corresponding notion of dimension.In §3 we define what it means for a nonisolated type to be simple. Such types generalize the so-called “components” in Pillay and Steinhorn's analysis of ω-categorical o-minimal theories [PS]. We show that if there is a nonisolated type which is not simple then T has 2ω countable models.
Curves Whose Curvature Depends on Distance From the Origin

(1999). Curves Whose Curvature Depends on Distance From the Origin. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 9, pp. 835-841.
Influence of exciton-exciton correlations on the polarization characteristics of polariton amplification in semiconductor microcavities

Based on a microscopic many-particle theory we investigate the influence of excitonic correlations on the vectorial polarization state characteristics of the parametric amplification of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. We study a microcavity with perfect in-plane isotropy. A linear stability analysis of the cavity polariton dynamics shows that in the co-linear (TE-TE or TM-TM) pump-probe polarization state configuration, excitonic correlations diminish the parametric scattering process whereas it is enhanced by excitonic correlations in the cross-linear (TE-TM or TM-TE) configuration. Without any free parameters, our microscopic theory gives a quantitative understanding how many-particle effects can lead to a rotation or change of the outgoing (amplified) probe signal's vectorial polarization state relative to the incoming one's.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF AFFINITY-PURIFIED POLYHISTIDINE-TAGGED DNAA PROTEIN

DnaA protein initiates DNA replication at the Escherichia coli chromosomal origin. We describe a system for efficient production and purification of replicatively active DnaA protein. The dnaA gene was cloned in-frame with a sequence encoding a polyhistidine tag and expressed from a T7 promoter regulated by the lac operator. DnaA with the amino terminal polyhistidine tag was isolated using immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography. Immunoblot analysis indicated that the tagged protein was intact and migrated with the expected molecular weight. The yield of purified protein was greater than 10 mg per liter of cell culture. The polyhistidine-tagged DnaA protein was comparable to nontagged DnaA protein for initiating in vitro DNA replication, binding to oriC DNA, binding of allosteric effector adenine nucleotides, and interaction with membrane acidic phospholipids. This system for rapid and high-yield generation of replication-active DnaA protein should facilitate structure-function studies and mutagenic analyses of this initiator protein.
Modification of paraheliotropic leaf movement in Phaseolus vulgaris by photon flux density

Abstract. The effects of modification of photon flux density (PFD, 400-700 nm) on paraheliotropic leaf movement were examined in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under controlled environmental conditions. The cosine of the angle of incidence to directional PFD (cos(i)), a measure of leaf movement, was linearly and negatively related to PFD. That is, leaflets progressively oriented away from a direct light beam in response to increasing PFD. The minimum PFD causing paraheliotropic movement was approximately 25 μmol m−2 s−1. When PFD was varied, tissue temperature changed due to an altered energy balance. Since a change in pulvinus temperature can affect leaf movement, experiments were conducted to distinguish the effects of PFD signal and pulvinis temperature. Leaflets oriented to reduce incident PFD levels in response to increasing PFD (either white light or blue light) when pulvinis temperature was kept constant. From these results, we conclude that changes in PFD signals alone can control paraheliotropic leaf movements. Phaseolus vulgaris grown outdoors oriented their leaflets to face towards the sun in the morning and again in late afternoon, but avoided the sun's direct rays at midday. This diurnal pattern of paraheliotropic leaf movements can be explained on the basis of known paraheliotropic movements in response to PFD and air temperature.
The Use of Standardized Assessments in Occupational Therapy in the United States

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of standardized assessments in occupational therapy practice. Five-thousand surveys were mailed to recipients of ADVANCE for OT who indicated their primary role to be a "clinician." With a response rate of 16%, 794 responses were analyzed. Results include occupational therapists in a pediatric practice setting reporting using standardized assessments more frequently to determine eligibility of services than do adult setting practitioners. Respondents also perceived they have the highest knowledge or skill level in their ability to communicate the results of standardized assessments to their clients and other health professionals, but lacked knowledge or skill level in knowing the difference between criterion and norm-referenced measures. Implications for practice, research, as well as academic and continuing professional education are discussed.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Aqueous Antibiotic Solutions

Infrared spectra of aqueous antibiotic solutions were obtained using a new Liquid Analyzer accessory in a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. Based on a cylindrical internal reflectance element, the Liquid Analyzer accessory provides a sufficiently short (~0.015 mm) effective pathlength for infrared spectroscopy of aqueous solutions from 3200 to 800 cm−1. Spectra of aqueous solutions of penicillin VK, sodium oxacillin and sodium methicillin are shown. By measuring the absorbance of the beta-lactam carbonyl band, FT-IR spectroscopy with the accessory exhibits analytical sensitivity to less than 0.1% concentration by weight of antibiotic both in aqueous solution and in an actual fermentation broth.
Relationship between preschool teachers’ reports of children’s behavior and their behavior toward those children.

The relationships between preschool children and their teachers are an important component of the quality of the preschool experience. This study used attribution theory as a framework to better understand these relationships, examining the connection between teachers’ perceptions of children's behavior and teachers’ behavior toward those children. One hundred seven preschool children and 24 preschool teachers participated in this study. Two teachers reported on each child's behavior using the Teacher Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist. Commands and praise directed toward children by the teachers in the study were coded from classroom videotapes. Teachers gave more commands to children they perceived as having greater general behavior problems, even after controlling for the shared variance in the other classroom teacher's report of the child's behavior. Implications for school psychologists, teachers, and researchers are discussed.
Long term regeneration by somatic embryogenesis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tissue cultures derived from apical meristem explants

Callus cultures were initiated from apical meristem explants of one to four-week-old aseptically-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Atlas 57) plants. Embryogenic callus and plants were produced in three separate experiments; the cultures have retained regenerative capacity for three years after initiation. Our results demonstrate that explants other than immature embryos are embryogenically competent in barley and that regeneration occurs by both somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis.
Evaluation of the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of sertraline in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys ( N = 4) were allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.03 mg/kg/injection) under a fixed-ratio 10 (FR 10) schedule during daily 2-h experimental sessions. When responding was stable, a variety of doses of sertraline, a serotonin reuptake blocker under development as an antidepressant, were made available for self-administration. Baseline conditions were reinstated between doses of sertraline. Cocaine 0.03 mg/kg/injection maintained high rates of injection, while total saline injections decreased to low levels within four to seven sessions. Sertraline (0.05–0.4 mg/kg/injection) did not maintain self- administration above saline levels in three of the four monkeys. In the fourth, responding was marginally above saline levels at two doses but was not systematically related to dose. In a second experiment, rhesus monkeys ( N = 6) were trained to discriminate either d -amphetamine (0.56–1.0 mg/kg, IG) or pentobarbital (10 mg/kg, IG) from saline in a discrete-trials shock avoidance/escape paradigm. Sertraline (4.0–32 mg/kg) failed to substitute for either d -amphetamine or pentobarbital as a discriminative stimulus. These results suggest that sertraline is unlikely to have abuse potential in humans and is unlikely to have either d -amphetamine-like or pentobarbital-like subjective effects.