cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital design of a one megabit magneto-resistive memory incorporating efficient hardware fault tolerance

The research documented in this thesis was undertaken to improve and advance magneto-resistive (MR) memory design. This new memory technology shows great promise in many areas of modern computer systems. Our research team completed a design and partial layout of the first MR memory to operate in the voltage mode. This thesis focuses on the related areas of architecture and hardware fault tolerance. In the area of architecture, an overall chip organization was developed. Compact and space efficient layouts of MR cells and supporting circuitry also were designed. In the area of hardware fault tolerance, various techniques for improving chip yield and reliability in the presence of hardware failures, by means of, spares and errorcorrecting and detecting logic, were investigated and reported. Chapter 1 introduces computer memory systems and emphasizes the key advantages of MR memories over existing memory technologies. Chapter 2 provides information about the historical and theoretical background of MR memories. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the 1-megabit chip, in a top-down format, and provides a foundation on which the remaining more detailed chapters will be built. Chapter 4 contains details of the sense line design, and Chapter 5 discusses the details of support logic. Chapter 6 discusses yieldenhancing techniques, and Chapter 7 contains concluding remarks.
A Deep Learning Approach for Detection of Electricity Theft Cyber Attacks in Smart Grids

Future smart grids rely on advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks for monitoring and billing purposes. However, several research works have revealed that such AMI networks are vulnerable to different kinds of cyber attacks. In this research work, we consider one type of such cyber attacks that targets electricity theft and we propose a novel detection mechanism based on a deep machine learning approach. While existing research papers focus on shallow machine learning architectures to detect these cyber attacks, we propose a deep feedforward neural network (D-FF-NN) detector that can thwart such cyber attacks efficiently. To optimize the D-FF-NN hyper-parameters, we apply a sequential grid search technique that significantly improves the detector»s performance while reducing the associated complexity in the learning process. We carry out extensive studies to test the proposed detector based on a publicly available real load profile data of 5000 customers. The detector»s performance is investigated against a mixture of different attacks including partial reduction attacks, selective by-pass attacks, and price-based load control attacks. Our study reveals that the proposed D-FF-NN detector presents a superior performance compared with state-of-the-art detector»s that are based on shallow machine learning architectures
The Effect of Bubble Bottle Humidifiers on Absolute Humidity When Using Low Flows in Neonates in Critical Care Settings: A Bench Study

Background: Humidification to the neonate is a critical part of quality care. However, there is a lack of research on the effectiveness of non-heated nasal cannula humidifiers at flows Methods: A Salter Labs 1601-7 infant cannula was connected to a Hudson RCI AquaPak 340 mL humidifier; an inline CEM DT-321 hygrometer assessed the humidity at the distal end of the cannula. The following flows were selected: 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 L/min. Each flow ran continuously for 24 h with a humidifier inline. Before each test was run, the temperature and relative humidity were measured with the hygrometer and recorded, at the following locations: 1) ambient, 2) at the end of the cannula prior to humidifier being connected, and 3) at the end of the cannula after the humidifier was connected. After each test was completed, the ambient relative humidity and temperature were recorded at each location; the absolute humidity was calculated from the results. The humidifiers were each weighed before and after each test with an AND EJ-610 scale and results recorded in order to determine the total amount of water displaced from the bottle over 24 h. Each trial was repeated twice, at each flow. Results: As the flow decreased the weight loss from the humidifier decreased. The absolute humidity prior to the connection of the humidifier and after the connection to the humidifier changed very little, regardless of the flow, averaging between -1 mg/L and 1 mg/L. Conclusions: Insensible water loss can vary widely in infants and neonates, but is estimated to average between 15 mL/kg/day and 170 mL/kg/day. Based on the results of this study, there is minimal increase in absolute humidity delivered to the neonate at the low flows relative to expected insensible water loss. The cost and infection risk associated with running a humidifier is likely unnecessary, due to the lack of absolute humidity delivered to the neonate. Disclosures: None. Sponsored Research: None.
Abstract # 2056 Inhibition of the integrated stress response reverses cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of long-term neurological disability, yet the mechanisms underlying the chronic cognitive deficits associated with TBI remain unknown. Consequently, there are no effective treatments for patients suffering from the long-lasting symptoms of TBI. Here, we show that TBI persistently activates the integrated stress response (ISR), a universal intracellular signaling pathway that responds to a variety of cellular conditions and regulates protein translation via phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2-alpha. Treatment with ISRIB, a potent drug-like small-molecule inhibitor of the ISR, reversed the hippocampal dependent cognitive deficits induced by TBI in two different injury mouse models—focal contusion and diffuse concussive injury. Surprisingly, ISRIB corrected TBI-induced memory deficits when administered weeks after the initial injury and maintained cognitive improvement after treatment was terminated. At the physiological level, TBI suppressed long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, which was fully restored with ISRIB treatment. Our results indicate that ISR inhibition at time points late after injury can reverse memory deficits associated with TBI. As such, pharmacological inhibition of the ISR emerges as a promising avenue to combat head trauma induced chronic cognitive deficits.
Hematuria as a Complication of Lumbar Paravertebral Sympathetic Block

Hematuria is described as a previously unreported and perhaps unrecognized complication of a lumbar paravertebral sympathetic block. Trauma to the ureter with a blocking needle is proposed as the source of the hematuria. The proximity of the ureter to the sympathetic chain at the second, third, and fourth lumbar levels is noteworthy and demonstrated with a computed axial tomographic cross section. The kidney is another potential, albeit less likely, source of hematuria during this block.
Teacher Perceptions of Basic Mathematics Skill Needs in Secondary Vocational Education.

MATHEMATICS teachers, as well as specialists in other subject-matter areas, are confronted by the need to assist stu dents in understanding the importance of their subject to different areas of appli cation. It is necessary, therefore, to artic ulate learning within the objectives of a particular course sequence to other courses, educational experiences, or voca tional tasks to which the learning is a requisite. This helps the learning of spe cific content become something more than an isolated academic exercise in "getting the correct answers."
The hungry monk: Bernard of Clairvaux in a trans-corporeal landscape

Among medieval accounts of miracle-working paintings and sculpture, the story of Bernard of Clairvaux suckling from the breast of a statue of the Virgin Mary stands out for the startling intimacy of the encounter it describes and for the outsized identitary impact of that encounter. This essay proposes that Bernard’s lactation miracle offers a model of trans-corporeality on medieval terms. Through an intertextual reading of the miracle account with Bernard’s biography and a fifteenth-century print illustrating the miracle, it examines the material basis for Bernard’s deep imbrication with the Virgin Mary. The dynamics of maternal nourishment, in utero and post-partum, both beget and express Bernard’s identity as a pious monk, persuasive speaker, and expectant viewer. The implications of reading the miracle through a trans-corporeal lens extend beyond Bernard’s biography, ultimately recasting the relationship medieval viewers had with works of art in their midst.
Post-Laminectomy Kyphosis in Achondroplasia Patients: To Concurrently Fuse or Not.

The purpose of this review is to look at the incidence of post-laminectomy kyphosis in achondroplasia patients and to determine whether skeletal maturity and the number and location of laminectomies predict kyphosis in this patient population. Our review of the literature included all articles from MEDLINE/PubMed and Ovid from inception to 2019. After removing duplicates and checking for relevancy, the final number of articles yielded was eight. The results of this review summarize the incidence of post-laminectomy kyphosis in achondroplasia patients. In conclusion, we suggest fusion be considered in conjunction with multilevel laminectomies due to a high incidence of kyphosis with a need for stabilization in the pediatric achondroplastic patient population.
Refraction and Attenuation in Troposphere

Where two dissimilar media form a common boundary, the different refractive indices of the media will cause the signal direction to diverge from its path if the incident direction is not normal to the boundary. This is called refraction. The average refractive index of a medium is called the bulk refractive index, and it affects the average direction of the electromagnetic energy. In addition to changing the direction of travel of an electromagnetic signal and/or causing scintillations, a medium can both extract energy from a signal passing through it and alter the orientation sense of the electric vector (the polarization) of the signal as it passes through. The loss of energy is called attenuation, and the change in polarization sense is generally referred to as depolarization. Keywords: attenuation; depolarization; refraction; refractive index; tropospheric scintillation
Observation of T = 3 / 2 isobaric analog states in Be 9 using p + Li 8 resonance scattering

Background: Resonance scattering has been extensively used to study the structure of exotic, neutron-deficient nuclei. Extension of the resonance scattering technique to neutron-rich nuclei was suggested more than 20 years ago. This development is based on the isospin conservation law. In spite of broad field of the application, it has never gained a wide-spread acceptance.Purpose: To benchmark the experimental approach to study the structure of exotic neutron-rich nuclei through resonance scattering on a proton target.Method: The excitation function for $p+^{8}\mathrm{Li}$ resonance scattering is measured using a thick target by recording coincidence between light and heavy recoils, populating $T=3/2$ isobaric analog states (IAS) in $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$.Results: A good fit of the $^{8}\mathrm{Li}(p,p)^{8}\mathrm{Li}$ resonance elastic scattering excitation function was obtained using previously tentatively known $5/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}T=3/2$ state at 18.65 MeV in $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ and a new broad $T=3/2\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}s$-wave state---the $5/{2}^{+}$ at 18.5 MeV. These results fit the expected isomirror properties for the $T=3/2\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}A=9$ isoquartet.Conclusions: Our analysis confirmed isospin as a good quantum number for the investigated highly excited $T=3/2$ states and demonstrated that studying the structure of neutron-rich exotic nuclei through IAS is a promising approach.
Embodied Neuromorphic Vision with Continuous Random Backpropagation

The brain outperforms computer architectures in aspects of energy efficiency, robustness and adaptivity. Brain computations are modeled in silico with spiking neural networks and neuromorphic hardware. Recently, three-factor synaptic plasticity rules approximating backpropagation have been derived. Suited to neuromorphic hardware, these rules can learn online with asynchronous updates. In this paper, we present Continuous Random Backpropagation (cRBP), a continuous version of Event-Driven Random Backpropagation. This learning rule performs comparably to state-of-the-art rules on the DvsGesture dataset. We additionally show that the accuracy can be significantly increased with a simple attention mechanism. This mechanism provides translation invariance at low computational cost compared to convolutions by exploiting event stream sparsity. Subsequently, we integrate cRBP in a real robotic setup, where a gripper grasps objects according to the detected visual affordances. In this setup, visual information is actively sensed by a Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS) mounted on a robotic head performing microsaccadic eye movements. Our results suggest that advances in neuromorphic technology and plasticity rules enable the development of learning robots operating at high speed and low power.
Gorenstein dimensions over some rings of the form R ⊕ C

Given a semidualizing module C over a commutative Noetherian ring, Holm and Jorgensen [Semi-dualizing modules and related Gorenstein homological dimensions, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 205(2) (2006) 423–445] investigate some connections between C-Gorenstein dimensions of an R-complex and Gorenstein dimensions of the same complex viewed as a complex over the “trivial extension” R ⋉ C. We generalize some of their results to a certain type of retract diagram. We also investigate some examples of such retract diagrams, namely D’Anna and Fontana’s amalgamated duplication [An amalgamated duplication of a ring along an ideal: The basic properties, J. Algebra Appl. 6(3) (2007) 443–459] and Enescu’s pseudocanonical cover [A finiteness condition on local cohomology in positive characteristic, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 216(1) (2012) 115–118].
América Latina en el Movimiento de Países No Alineados: Un asunto de autonomía y soberanía, 1961-1990

The article studies the participation of Latin American nations in the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War. It inquire about the reasons that led a significant number of countries in the continent to join the Movement, most of them between 1973 and 1983. Through the analysis of primary and secondary sources, seven cases are examined: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. It is established that, mainly, the Latin American nations sought, through their participation in the Movement, to increase their autonomy and deepen or complete their sovereignty. Finally, it is argued that the Non Alignment in Latin America was related more to the long history of decolonization than to the conjunctural Cold War.
Reappraising Elements of the Aseptic Technique in Dermatology: A Review

Dermatologic procedures are performed under varying degrees of antisepsis, and no clear guidelines exist regarding the role of the aseptic technique in dermatology. This review aims to clarify the terminology surrounding surgical asepsis and examines the importance of various components of the aseptic technique in cutaneous surgery. Included are studies examining optimal glove type, surgical instruments, skin antisepsis, and cost-reducing protocols. Our review highlights that most dermatology procedures are not performed under completely sterile conditions due to the lack of environmental and foot traffic controls in dermatology offices. In addition, for some outpatient procedures, such as for minor excisions and Mohs surgery before reconstruction, elements of the clean technique can be used without increasing infection rates. However, data on the feasibility of a clean protocol for Mohs reconstruction is conflicting. Future prospective, randomized trials analyzing various components of the aseptic technique in dermatology are greatly needed so that guidelines can be established for practicing dermatologists.
Transcranial laser stimulation: Mitochondrial and cerebrovascular effects in younger and older healthy adults.

Abstract Background Transcranial laser stimulation is a novel method of noninvasive brain stimulation found safe and effective for improving prefrontal cortex neurocognitive functions in healthy young adults. This method is different from electric and magnetic stimulation because it causes the photonic oxidation of cytochrome-c-oxidase, the rate-limiting enzyme for oxygen consumption and the major intracellular acceptor of photons from near-infrared light. This photobiomodulation effect promotes mitochondrial respiration, cerebrovascular oxygenation and neurocognitive function. Pilot studies suggest that transcranial photobiomodulation may also induce beneficial effects in aging individuals. Objectives Randomized, sham-controlled study to test photobiomodulation effects caused by laser stimulation on cytochrome-c-oxidase oxidation and hemoglobin oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex of 68 healthy younger and older adults, ages 18–85. Methods Broadband near-infrared spectroscopy was used for the noninvasive quantification of bilateral cortical changes in oxidized cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation before, during and after 1064-nm wavelength laser (IR-A laser, area: 13.6 cm2, power density: 250 mW/cm2) or sham stimulation of the right anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 10). Results As compared to sham control, there was a significant laser-induced increase in oxidized cytochrome-c-oxidase during laser stimulation, followed by a significant post-stimulation increase in oxygenated hemoglobin and a decrease in deoxygenated hemoglobin. Furthermore, there was a greater laser-induced effect on cytochrome-c-oxidase with increasing age, while laser-induced effects on cerebral hemodynamics decreased with increasing age. No adverse laser effects were found. Conclusion The findings support the use of transcranial photobiomodulation for cerebral oxygenation and alleviation of age-related decline in mitochondrial respiration. They justify further research on its therapeutic potential in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
The role of crowdsourced data, participatory decision-making and mapping of flood related events

Abstract This study examines the effectiveness of a crowdsourced participatory Geoweb data reporting application, known as SeeClickFix, related to flood events in the context of socioeconomic and biophysical vulnerabilities. Empirical data analysis to determine the socio-spatial characteristics of flood-related reporting trends between 2013 and 2017 from four diverse neighborhoods highlights two important capabilities of crowdsourced data i) identify unique problems experienced by diverse communities and thus address marginalization in managing flood related problems and ii) identify the patterns in types of problems experienced by neighborhoods characterized by divergent socioeconomic and biophysical vulnerabilities. Further, analysis of adoption rates of SeeClickFix in the context of neighborhood characteristics provides valuable insights into the scope of voluntary geographic information (VGI) and its potential role in participatory decision-making. Results indicate that problems of standing water/mosquito complaints are the majority of flood related reports in a high socioeconomic status and biophysically vulnerable neighborhoods, while stormwater infrastructure dominates repeated reports in socioeconomically vulnerable area, suggesting inadequate maintenance of critical infrastructures. Finally, the early adoption of the app and steady increase of reports in poorer neighborhoods during the study period indicates that crowdsourcing of data through a participatory Geoweb has the potential to give voice to marginalized communities and foster transparency.
“Now We Are Seeing the Tides Wash In”: Trauma and the Opioid Epidemic in Rural Appalachian Ohio

Background: Ohio’s opioid epidemic continues to progress, severely affecting its rural Appalachian counties—areas marked by high mortality rates, widespread economic challenges, and a history of ex...
The Gifting Logos: expertise in the digital commons

In March 2020, the Internet Archive (IA) announced its “National Emergency Library,” designed to give free online access to at least 1.4 million books during the COVID-19 pandemic. The IA explained...
Comparison of Outlier Detection Methods in NEAT Design

In equating practice, the existence of outliers in the anchor items can deteriorate the equating accuracy and threaten the validity of test scores. This study used simulation to compare the performance of three outlier detection methods when conducting equating: the t-test method, the logit difference method, and the robust z statistic. The investigated factors include sample size, proportion of outliers, item difficulty drift direction, and group difference. Overall, across all simulated conditions, the t-test method outperformed the other methods in terms of sensitivity of flagging true outliers, specificity of flagging true non-outliers, bias of translation constant, and the root mean square error of the estimated examinee ability.
Causes and treatment of protein-energy wasting in kidney disease

Abstract Protein-energy wasting (PEW), defined as “loss of body protein mass and fuel reserves,” is one of the most serious complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is frequently encountered not only in nondialyzed patients with advanced CKD but also in those individuals with end-stage renal disease who are receiving maintenance hemodialysis or chronic peritoneal dialysis therapy. There are many causes of PEW in CKD, and these include a wide array of disorders or factors that may or may not be related directly to the underlying renal failure: anorexia, decreased nutrient intake, endocrine disorders, inflammatory cytokines, metabolic acidosis, oxidative and carbonyl stress, volume overload, comorbid conditions, nutrient loss during the dialysis procedure, and other dialysis treatment–related factors. Multifaceted and individualized approaches are required for the prevention and treatment of PEW, including optimizing dietary nutrient intake and physical exercise, prescribing optimized dialytic regimens, and appropriate treatment of metabolic disturbances such as hormonal deficiencies, metabolic acidosis, and systemic inflammation. A number of interrelated mechanisms and mediators involved in the pathophysiology of PEW in CKD, as well as its therapeutic maneuvers, are discussed.
What Makes Online Communities 'Better'? Measuring Values, Consensus, and Conflict across Thousands of Subreddits

Making online social communities 'better' is a challenging undertaking, as online communities are extraordinarily varied in their size, topical focus, and governance. As such, what is valued by one community may not be valued by another. In this work, we measure community values through a survey of 2,769 reddit users in 2,151 unique subreddits, the largest survey of community values to date. Through a combination of survey responses and a quantitative analysis of publicly available reddit data, we characterize how these values vary within and across communities. We find that there is 47.4% more disagreement over how safe communities are than disagreement over other aspects of communities' current state, that longstanding communities place 30.1% more emphasis on trustworthiness than newer communities, and that recently joined redditors perceive their communities more positively than more senior redditors. We find that community moderators want their communities to be 56.7% less democratic than non-moderator community members. Accurate and scalable modeling of community values enables research and governance which is tuned to each community's different values. To this end, we demonstrate that a small number of automatically quantifiable features captures a substantial amount of the variation in values between communities with a ROC AUC of 0.667 on a binary classification task. However, significant variation remains, and modeling community values remains an important topic for future work. We make our models and data public to inform community design and governance.
Symmetry and Condensed Matter Physics: Symmetry and group theory

Groups and their realizations Abstract group theory defines relationships among a set of abstract elements in terms of binary operations among the elements of the group. The operations are known as group multiplication . Formally, a group consists of a set of elements with the following properties: (i) The product of any two elements in the set is a member of the set. Thus the set is closed under all group multiplication operations. (ii) If A, B , and C are elements of the group, then A ( BC ) = ( AB ) C . The associative law of multiplication holds; the commutative law of multiplication need not hold. (iii) There is a unit element, an identity element, E such that EA = AE = A . (iv) Each element A has a unique inverse A −1 such that AA −1 = A −1 A = E . A typical abstract group multiplication table is given in Table 2.1, for the group we denote by G 6 , which consists of six elements. The convention for such tables is that the ij th element in the table is the product of the i th element labeling the rows and the j th element labeling the columns. From the table we see that AB = D , which means that the operation B followed by the operation A is equivalent to the single operation D . Note that AB = D , but BA = F ; thus AB ≠ BA in this case. Abelian groups If XY = YX for all elements of the group, the group is called Abelian . It is clear from the asymmetry about the diagonal of Table 2.1 that the group G 6 is not Abelian.
Reinventing the Double Helix: A Novel and Nonobvious Reconceptualization of the Biotechnology Patent

The ownership of preexisting genes and other biochemicals raises important questions about the scope and purpose of patent law - what it is designed to accomplish and how biotechnology fits within that design. More fundamentally, whether patent law is properly applied to products not independently created by a patent applicant implicates questions about the limits of intellectual property ownership, policy decisions about whether natural substances and processes should reside in the public or private sphere, choices about the value placed upon publicly available knowledge, and the microeconomic effects of limiting patents to some kinds of biotechnological innovations while excluding patents on others. Are patents on naturally occurring phenomena, such as discovered DNA sequences, proteins, plasmids, and other biological chemicals, truly as uncontroversial and "simply necessary" as a matter of public policy as many legal commentators, the biotechnology industry, and the Patent and Trademark Office Director himself have argued? Are patents on naturally occurring substances of any kind authorized by the relevant legislation and case law? The answers are far from obvious, and their importance merits a more careful and detailed examination of the legal and policy underpinnings of the patenting of genes and other biotechnological innovations than has so far been undertaken. This Article provides the first comprehensive examination of this issue. The authors argue that the strong recent trend in the case law and literature toward viewing gene patents as uniformly desirable and legally proper rests upon a prevalent misinterpretation of a triad of key patent law concepts.
A missing link? LTP and learning

Even since the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP) was described in 1973, it has been a prime candidate for the underlying cellular basis of memory. But as described by Johnston in his Perspective, the evidence for this connection has been flimsy. Now, in a venerable invertebrate model of learning, the siphon withdrawal reflex of the sea slug Aplysia, Murphy and Glanzman have finally provided a firm demonstration of LTP in a synapse known to control an important behavior.
Regulation of human immune and inflammatory responses by dietary fatty acids.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulation of human immune and inflammatory responses by dietary fatty acids. An introduction to the immune system and fatty acid (FA) nomenclature is provided. The effects of dietary FAs on the number and activity of the cells of the immune system is focused. The results of human studies and animal studies are discussed as a means to understand some of the proposed mechanisms by which FAs alter immune functions. Allergy or hypersensitivity is an immunologically mediated reaction to a foreign antigen (allergen), causing tissue inflammation and organ dysfunction. It represents the undesirable aspects of an immune reaction, whereas immunity implies the desirable effects. The total fat intake and the ratios among FAs of different classes influence the activity of immune cells. Future studies need to be designed that elucidate a series of molecular events, which will define how FAs function in alteration of immunity.
The Genetics of the Corneal Dystrophies

Several comprehensive reviews have been written recently that summarize what is currently known about the molecular genetic basis of the corneal dystrophies. The one that is the current definitive reference on the subject is the IC3D classification of the corneal dystrophies, written by an international group of experts on the corneal dystrophies. In this work, each gene in which a pathogenic mutation has been identified in a patient with a corneal dystrophy is listed and an appendix is provided with a complete list of the genes and the mutations listed at the nucleotide and amino acid levels (with references). As the IC3D classification of the corneal dystrophies is readily available to the reader both in print and online, this chapter will not focus on reviewing the genes and mutations that have been associated with the corneal dystrophies. Instead, it will provide an overview of the genetics of the corneal dystrophies, discussing first the clinical and genetic spectrum of the corneal dystrophies and then the limitations of a genetically based classification system for the corneal dystrophies. The last section of this chapter will discuss how the discovery of mutations that cause the corneal dystrophies is not the end of the process of scientific discovery, but only the beginning, as vision scientists attempt to determine how the identified mutations lead to the formation of corneal deposits or loss of endothelial function, and develop strategies to modulate gene expression.
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE MENTALLY ILL: The Effects of Label and Beliefs

Labeling theory posits that people labeled mentally ill experience negative societal reactions. Past research on this question is contradictory, due primarily to methodological problems. This study overcomes some of these problems by having respondents indicate their willingness to interact with a person with a specific mental disorder, or with an identically behaving person with a specific physical disorder. As expected, respondents reject the mentally ill significantly more than identically behaving physically ill persons, as supports labeling theory. Respondents also consider the mentally ill less predictable and to have less positive outcomes than those with physical illness. These beliefs highly correlate with rejection and account for some, but not all, of the effects of label on rejection.
Development of a low cost data acquisition system for the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster program

Boeing North American (BNA) have been conducting remote data acquisition trials on military and civil transportation platforms. BNA performed an analysis of available data acquisition systems. The SoMat Model 2100 Field Computer was selected after passing preliminary outgassing and functional testing. The formal program to develop an Enhanced Data Acquisition System (EDAS) was initiated in February 1997. MSFC undertook further system analyses: determining the location of the data acquisition unit in the SRB; identifying EDAS/SRB integration requirements; and identifying requirements for the EDAS enclosure, connectors, cables, and cable routing.
Quasivibrational bands at high spins in 158Yb.

High-spin states in the transitional nucleus $^{158}\mathrm{Yb}$ were populated via several (HI, $4n$) reactions. Two yrast bands were established up to ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=({40}^{+}) \mathrm{and} ({31}^{\ensuremath{-}})$. In contrast to the negative-parity band up to $I=31$ and the positive-parity states up to $I=24$ which show collective rotational patterns, states with ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={26}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{36}^{+}$ exhibit a nearly vibrational excitation mode. Such a quasivibrational pattern suggests a gradual transition toward oblate shapes and is the first evidence for a "band termination" in a heavy nucleus.
Minimally Invasive Approach to Achilles Tendon Pathology

Many surgical procedures have been described for Achilles tendon pathology; however, no overwhelming consensus has been reached for surgical treatment. Open repair using a central or paramedian incision allows excellent visualization for end-to-end anastomosis in the case of a complete rupture and detachment and reattachment for insertional pathologies. Postoperative wound dehiscence and infection in the Achilles tendon have considerable deleterious effects on overall functional recovery and outcome and sometimes require plastic surgery techniques to achieve coverage. With the aim of avoiding such complications, foot and ankle surgeons have studied less invasive techniques for repair. We describe a percutaneous approach to Achilles tendinopathy using a modification of the Bunnell suture weave technique combined with the use of interference screws. No direct end-to-end repair of the tendon is performed, rather, the proximal stump is brought in direct proximity of the distal stump, preventing overlengthening and proximal stump retraction. This technique also reduces the suture creep often seen with end-to-end tendon repair by providing a direct, rigid suture to bone interface. We have used the new technique to minimize dissection and exposure while restoring function and accelerating recovery postoperatively.
The Pharmacology and Function of Central GabaB Receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the pharmacological properties of GABAB receptors, the intracellular signaling systems to which these receptors are coupled, and their role in regulating synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. GABAB receptors enable GABA to modulate neuronal function in a manner not possible through GABAB receptors alone. These receptors are present at both pre- and postsynaptic sites and can exert both inhibitory and disinhibitory effects. In particular, GABAB receptors are important in regulating NMDA receptor-mediated responses, including the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). They also can regulate the filtering properties of neural networks, allowing peak transmission in the frequency range of theta rhythm. GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled to a variety of intracellular effector systems, and thereby, have the potential to produce long-term changes in the state of neuronal activity, through actions such as protein phosphorylation. Although the majority of the effects of GABAB receptors have been reported in vitro, recent studies demonstrate that GABAB receptors exert electrophysiological actions in vivo. For example, GABAB receptor antagonists reduce the late inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in vivo and consequently, can decrease inhibition of spontaneous neuronal firing following a stimulus. In addition, blockade of GABAB receptors can increase spontaneous activity of central neurons, suggesting the presence of GABAB receptor-mediated tonic inhibition.
The Spliceosome as an Indicted Conspirator in Myeloid Malignancies

Reports of whole-exome sequencing in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients by Yoshida et al. and Papaemmanuil et al. suggest spliceosome mutations have clinical relevance. Identifying the impact of these mutations on MDS pathogenesis holds promise for therapeutic modulation of mRNA splicing.
Telescoping Languages

As machines and programs have become more complex, the process of programming applications that can exploit the power of high-performance systems has become more difficult and correspondingly more labor-intensive. This has substantially widened the software gap?the discrepancy between the need for new software and the aggregate capacity of the workforce to produce it. This problem has been compounded by the slow growth of programming productivity, especially for high-performance programs, over the past two decades. One way to bridge this gap is to make it possible for end users to develop programs in high-level domain-specific programming systems. In the past, a major impediment to the acceptance of such systems has been the poor performance of the resulting applications. To address this problem, we are developing a new compiler-based infrastructure, called TeleGen, that will make it practical to construct efficient domain-specific high-level languages from annotated component libraries. We call these languages telescoping languages, because they can be nested within one another. For programs written in telescoping languages, high performance and reasonable compilation times can be achieved by exhaustively analyzing the component libraries in advance to produce a language processor that recognizes and optimizes library operations as primitives in the language. The key to making this strategy practical is to keep compile times low by generating a custom compiler with extensive built-in knowledge of the underlying libraries. The goal is to achieve compile times that are linearly proportional to the size of the program presented by the user, rather than to the aggregate size of that program plus the base libraries.
Corrosion Performance Of Ceramic Materials In Slagging Environments

Conceptual designs of advanced combustion systems that use coal as feedstock require high-temperature furnaces and heat transfer surfaces that can operate at temperatures much higher than in current coal-fired power plants. Combination of elevated temperatures and hostile combustion environments requires advanced ceramics. Objectives of this program are to evaluate the (a) chemistry of gaseous and condensed products arising during coal combustion, (b) corrosion behavior of candidate materials in air, slag, and salt environments, and (c)residual mechanical properties of the materials after corrosion. Temperatures in the range of 1000-1400 C for ceramics and 600-1000 C for metallic alloys are emphasized. Coal/ash chemistries developed on the basis of thermodynamic/kinetic calculations, together with slags from actual combustors, are used. Materials being evaluated include monolithic Si carbides from several sources: Si nitride, Si carbide in alumina composites, Si carbide fibers in a Si carbide-matrix composite, and some advanced Ni-base alloys. This paper presents results from an ongoing program on corrosion performance of candidate ceramic materials exposed to air, salt, and slag environments and their effect on flexural strength and energy absorbed during fracture of these materials. 10 figs, 4 tabs, 8 refs.
Effective Collision Strengths for Electron Impact Excitation of Inelastic Transitions in S III

We have calculated electron collisional excitation strengths for all electric dipole forbidden, semi-forbidden, and allowed transitions among the lowest 17 LS states 3s(exp 2)3p(exp 2) P-3, D-1, S-1, 3s3p(exp 3)S-5(exp 0), D-3(exp 0), P-3(exp 0), P-1(exp 0), S-3(exp 0), D-1(exp 0), 3S(exp 2)3p3d D-1(exp 0), F-3(exp 0), P-3(exp 0), D-3(exp 0), F-3(exp 0), P-1(exp 0), and 3S(exp 2)3p4S P-3(exp 0), P-l(exp 0) of S III using the R-matrix method. These S m states are represented by fairly extensive configuration-interaction wave functions that yield excited state energies in close agreement with recent laboratory measurements. Rydberg series of resonances converging to the excited state thresholds are explicitly included in the scattering calculation. The effective collision strengths are determined assuming Maxwellian distribution of electron energies. These are listed over a wide temperature range ([0.5-10] x 10(exp 4) K) and compared, where possible, with other available calculations. Subject headings: atomic data - atomic processes
Kinetic interaction between fluoxetine and imipramine as a function of elevated serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein levels.

The effect of elevated serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels on the pharmacokinetic interaction between imipramine and fluoxetine has been examined by utilizing a novel strain of transgenic mice which express serum AAG levels several times greater than normal. Before fluoxetine treatment, serum imipramine levels were approximately three times greater in transgenic mice than in control mice. Despite higher serum imipramine levels in transgenic mice, brain drug levels were lower than those found in control mice. Fluoxetine pre-treatment (20 mg kg -1 for 5 days) resulted in an increase in serum imipramine levels in both groups of mice and the extent of the increase was greater in transgenic mice than in control mice (4.5-fold increase compared with 3.1-fold). Similarly, fluoxetine pre-treatment resulted in an increase in brain levels of imipramine in both groups of mice and the extent of the increase was greater in transgenic mice than in control mice (3.0-fold increase compared with 2.0-fold). Similar trends were observed for levels of desipramine in the serum and brain. Serum imipramine and desipramine levels did not correlate with their respective brain levels in the presence of elevated serum AAG levels before and after pre-treatment. These findings indicate that the extent of increases in imipramine and desipramine serum and brain levels are greater during elevated serum AAG states than during normal AAG states when imipramine is co-administered with fluoxetine.
Facebook's Privacy Trainwreck Exposure, Invasion, and Social Convergence

Not all Facebook users appreciated the September 2006 launch of the `News Feeds' feature. Concerned about privacy implications, thousands of users vocalized their discontent through the site itself, forcing the company to implement privacy tools. This essay examines the privacy concerns voiced following these events. Because the data made easily visible were already accessible with effort, what disturbed people was primarily the sense of exposure and invasion. In essence, the `privacy trainwreck' that people experienced was the cost of social convergence.
Deltaichthys albuloides, a new and unusually preserved albulid (Teleostei) probably from the Cretaceous of Texas

ABSTRACT The new albulid fish, Deltaichthys albuloides, is based on an almost complete specimen, which probably came from the Eagle Ford Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Texas. The fossil is preserved in almost original shape, permitting description of much of the head skeleton. Possible reasons for the unusual preservation and the relationships of Deltaichthys to other albulids are discussed.
Response of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Subjected to Blast Loads

The vast majority of past research on blast-resistant structural design focuses on buildings, with limited attention directed specifically towards bridges. Although many of the same principles apply, bridges pose unique challenges that are not often encountered when designing buildings for blast resistance. Specifically, establishing standoff with bridges is difficult because they are intended to provide open access to the traveling public, and structural components are directly loaded rather than having loads transferred to them through a facade system. Thus, relative to buildings, bridge components may be exposed to large blast threats that can be in close proximity to the potential target. To address these unique challenges, experimental and computational research was carried out, through support from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), to understand the behavior of blast-loaded concrete bridge members. Although spalling of concrete cover off the back of reinforced concrete walls...
Longitudinal Imaging of Heart Development With Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has great potential for deciphering the role of mechanics in normal and abnormal heart development. OCT images tissue microstructure and blood flow deep into the tissue (1-2 mm) at high spatiotemporal resolutions allowing unprecedented images of the developing heart. Here, we review the advancement of OCT technology to image heart development and report some of our recent findings utilizing OCT imaging under environmental control for longitudinal imaging. Precise control of the environment is absolutely required in longitudinal studies that follow the growth of the embryo or studies comparing normal versus perturbed heart development to obtain meaningful in vivo results. These types of studies are essential to tease out the influence of cardiac dynamics on molecular expression and their role in the progression of congenital heart defects.
Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein 4: Functions Beyond the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Physiology and Disease

Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4; also known as p63, CLIMP-63, or ERGIC-63) is a 63 kDa, reversibly palmitoylated and phosphorylated, type II transmembrane (TM) protein, originally identified as a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). When localized to the ER, a major function of CKAP4 is to anchor rough ER to microtubules, organizing the overall structure of ER with respect to the microtubule network. There is also steadily accumulating evidence for diverse roles for CKAP4 localized outside the ER, including data demonstrating functionality of cell surface forms of CKAP4 in various cell types and of CKAP4 in the nucleus. We will review the recent studies that provide evidence for the existence of CKAP4 in multiple cellular compartments (i.e., ER, plasma membrane, and the nucleus) and discuss CKAP4’s role in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes, such as interstitial cystitis, drug-induced cytotoxicity, pericullar proteolytic activity, and lung lipid homeostasis.
A waste minimization study of a chelated copper complex in wastewater -- Treatability and process analysis

Abstract This study demonstrated an integrated waste minimization approach for the printed circuit board manufacturing shop of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL). It included process waste assessment, process optimization and treatability analysis of the treatment system, and source reduction assessment. The results of a process waste assessment indicated that over 99.5% of the waste stream was rinsewater and less than 0.5% was characterized as hazardous waste. This finding led to a thorough source reduction assessment. From the process and treatability analysis, it was found that an organic chelating ligand in the wastewater was causing a copper precipitation problem. The results of a series of bench and process experiments indicated that optimization of pH, chemical dosage, and addition of ferrous sulfate were needed to destabilize the complexed copper. The destabilization mechanism of Cu-EDTA with ferrous sulfate at pH 6–9 was discussed. Different separation/recycling technologies were also evaluated through the source reduction assessment. A closed-loop process was simulated and designed. Through the source reduction and treatment process optimization efforts, at least 90% reduction of total acid wastes and wastewater and more than 99% metal removal were achieved. A material lifecycle analysis was also performed. The results indicated that a total quality control strategy is crucial to minimize wastes and reduce product rejection rate.