cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diverse adapted populations for improving northern maize inbreds

Inbred recycling has narrowed the diversity of U.S. Corn Belt germplasm. Exotic populations, landraces, open-pollinated populations, and synthetic populations are possible sources of new germplasm. The objectives of this study were to (i) identify the best maize (Zea mays L.) populations among a diverse group of 17 early populations for improving an elite single cross, LH 227 × LH 295, and (ii) determine the genetic diversity among the populations and Minnesota inbreds from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) and non-BSSS heterotic groups. The LH 227 × LH 295 single cross, the two parental inbreds, and the testcrosses of the 17 populations to LH 227 and to LH 295 were evaluated at three Minnesota locations in 2002. The genetic diversity among the populations and Minnesota inbreds A632 and A679 (BSSS) and A619 and A682 (non-BSSS) was assessed with 55 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Yield data were used in a quantitative genetic model to estimate, in each population, the relative frequency of favorable dominant alleles (lp i μ) not found in LH 227 × LH 295. Cateto, AS5, ASA(FNI)C5, and ASA(FI)C5 had the highest lp i μ values for yield. Cluster analysis of SSR data grouped these four populations in one cluster and the Minnesota inbreds in a different cluster. We concluded that Cateto, a synthetic from South America adapted to the northern Corn Belt, is a suitable population for improving LH 227 x LH 295.
Evidence for carrier-mediated transport of adenine by isolated rat liver nuclei☆

Abstract The preloading of isolated nuclei of rat liver with nonradioactive adenine increases the uptake of adenine-C14 upon a subsequent incubation at 37 °C. The uptake of adenine into isolated nuclei is stimulated by guanine and 2,6-diaminopurine. If guanine is added simultaneously with the adenine, a lag period occurs in the stimulation; the lag period is abolished if the nuclei are preloaded with guanine prior to incubation with adenine. The structural requirements for stimulatory activity exhibit considerable specificity: an intact purine ring, without a substituent ribose, and an amino group attached to the 2-position of the purine ring. 8-Azaadenine, adenosine, guanosine, 8-azaguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, hypoxanthine, purine, inosine, cytosine, and isocytosine do not stimulate or inhibit significantly the adenine uptake into isolated nuclei.
Theory and Experiment of Three-probe Error Separation Technique

The mathematical model of the error separation technique (EST) of the rotary workpiece based on the three-probes cylindrical method is established, and the method to solve the model is given. The computer simulation on the three-probe EST is also carried out. Several contrastive experiments of the on-line measurement are carried out on a semi-automatic grinding machine (MB1332A). The workpieces used in the experiments are measured by TALYROND 262 geometrical error measurement instrument. The results of these experiments successfully verify that the theory and mathematical models are correct. The contrast of the measuring results in these experiments proves that the three-probe method can realize the complete separation of all kinds of errors basically and this method is applicable to on-line measurement of workpieces and high online measurement accuracy can be obtained.
Depressive symptoms in late life: associations with apathy, resilience and disability vary between young-old and old-old

Objective Prior research has found that disability and apathy are associated with late-life depression. However, the effect of age on these associations in “late-life,” an ambiguous term encompassing all individuals typically older than 60 years, has not been examined. We investigated the association of depression with disability, apathy and resilience across the age range of late-life. Methods One hundred and five community-dwelling elderly with moderate levels of disability were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hardy-Gill Resilience Scale, Starkstein Apathy Scale and IADL/ADL questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess relationships between depression, disability, apathy and resilience, stratified by age ( 80). Results In the 80 year old subject group, apathy (partial type III R2 = 18.7%) had the greatest contribution to GDS score. Conclusions In elderly persons under age 80, resilience, apathy and disability all have relatively equal contributions to depression scores, whereas in those over age 80, depression is most highly correlated with apathy. These data suggest that depressive symptoms in elderly persons have different clinical features along the age spectrum from young-old to old-old. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Thinning Encapsulant Layer on Junction and Phosphor Temperature of White Light-Emitting Diodes

Thinning of an encapsulant layer for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is a current major technological trend. The influence of encapsulant thickness on the junction temperature as well as the maximum phosphor temperature for blue and white LEDs is studied systematically for the first time. Using the finite-element method and forward voltage method, it is demonstrated that, in contrast to common belief, a thinned encapsulant layer for relatively low-power LED emitters with an input electrical power of 0.5 W will lead to an increase in the junction temperature for the white LEDs fabricated using different methods, including the phosphor volume distributed in-cup method and chip-coating method, as well as for monochromatic blue LEDs. It is also demonstrated that, different from the effect of encapsulant thickness on the junction temperature, a reduction in the encapsulant thickness results in a decrease in the maximum phosphor temperature for the in-cup white LEDs and an increase in the phosphor temperature for the chip phosphor-coating white LEDs. For example, the largest phosphor temperature drop of the in-cup white LED can be as high as 5 °C. The effect of thermal conductivity of leadframe and phosphor concentration under different encapsulant thicknesses is also indicated.
Melanoma Information on the Internet: Often Incomplete—A Public Health Opportunity?

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy and completeness of information regarding melanoma on the Internet, retrieved by use of search engines. METHODS: The first 30 uniform/universal resource locators (URLs) from each of eight search engines using the search term “melanoma” were retrieved for evaluation of accuracy and completeness using a 35-point checklist rating system instrument. Four reviewers independently rated each of 35 sites, and one reviewer rated all 74 assessable sites. Kappa statistics were used to evaluate interrater variability. RESULTS: A total of 74 assessable Web sites were evaluated. The remainder were inaccessible, link pages only, or duplicates. Thirty-five Web sites were each independently rated by four reviewers. The remaining 39 Web sites were each rated by one reviewer. The mean kappa statistic for all variables and all rater pairs for which a kappa could be calculated was 0.824, indicating excellent overall inter-rater reliability. The majority of Web sites failed to include complete i...
Physics Based Fault Models for Testing High-Voltage LDMOS

This paper presents a fault model based test technique for high-voltage laterally-diffused metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (HV-LDMOS) to test for structural defects such as gate-FOX breakdown, gate-stress due to thermal overload and drain leakage due to high voltage stress. We have developed highly accurate equivalent circuit models for HV-LDMOS which is represented as a hybrid model and has been validated for different device geometries including both large and small gate-channels. The hybrid model is incorporated to develop fault models for testing and diagnosis of HV-LDMOS. We have developed fault models for structural defects by inducing their physical effect in the HV-LDMOS hybrid model. HV-LDMOS testing is performed by connecting the device in common-emitter configuration and computing its gain by using a chopped test stimulus and capturing the device response using a digitizer. The test measurements are further processed using a lock-in amplifier (noise-reduction scheme) in MATLAB-Simulink software platform. The proposed test technique is low-cost and highly accurate.
EFFECTS OF P LOADING AND INCREASED ENDOGENOUS PARA THYROID (PTH) DURING “EXCHANGE” TRANSFUSIONS ON URINARY P AND CYCLIC AMP (CAMP)

Citrate complexing of Ca during neonatal “exchange” blood transfusions is associated with stimulation of PTH; theoretically P loading occurs from partially hemolyzed or P buffered blood. During exchange transfusions in 31 neonates (gestation 27-41 wks, postnatal ages 0.1-8d), serum ionized Ca and Mg decreased (paired t, p 2d (n=11) did not differ in ΔUP (17.26±6.37 vs 20.65±5.9); ΔUCAMP was lower in older infants (116.3±31.3 vs 26.1±14.6 pmol/ml). Thus, newborn infants, regardless of gestational age or postnatal age, appear to respond to P loading and increased endogenous PTH by increasing UP and UCAMP while serum CAMP remains unchanged.
Progesterone Inhibits the Ability of Estradiol to Increase Basal and Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone- Induced Luteinizing Hormone Release from Bovine Pituitary Cells in Culture: Neither Progesterone nor Estradiol Affects Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Release*

The objective of this study was to determine whether progesterone affects: 1) basal and LHRH-induced LH release and 2) the ability of estradiol to increase basal and LHRH-induced LH release. Samples were also assayed for FSH in an effort to provide preliminary data regarding mechanisms controlling secretion of that gonadotropin in cattle. Bovine pituitary cells were grown in Dulbecco's medium and treated on day 5 of culture. Treatments were for a 4 × 3 × 2 factorial design, with concentrations of estradiol (0, 0.5, 5, and 50 ng/ml), progesterone (0, 3.1 and 31 ng/ml), and LHRH (0 and 100 ng/ml) as main effects. Cells were e×posed to these steroids throughout a 12-h incubation period on day 5, and LHRH was present during the last 6 h of this period. In the absence of progesterone, both basal and LHRH-induced LH release increased linearly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) with increasing concentrations of estradiol, but progesterone completely inhibited this effet of estradiol (P< 0.01). In the absence of estradiol, ...
Application of photochemical technologies for treatment of landfill leachate.

Abstract Because of widely varying practices in solid waste management, an all-inclusive solution to long-term management of landfill leachate is currently not available. There is a major technological need for sustainable, economical options for safe discharge of leachate to the environment. Two potential on-site pretreatment technologies, photochemical iron-mediated aeration (PIMA) and TiO 2 photocatalysis were compared for treatment of landfill leachate at laboratory scale. Results of bench scale testing of real landfill leachate with PIMA and TiO 2 photocatalysis showed up to 86% conversion of refractory COD to complete mineralization, up to 91% removal of lead, up to 71% removal of ammonia without pH adjustment, and up to 90% effective color removal with detention times between 4 and 6 h, in field samples. The estimated contact times for 90% removal of COD, ammonia, lead, and color were found to be on the order of 10–200 h for PIMA and 3–37 h for TiO 2 photocatalysis. Testing with actual leachate samples showed 85% TiO 2 photocatalyst recovery efficiency with no loss in performance after multiple ( n > 4 uses). Pre-filtration was not found to be necessary for effective treatment using either process.
Study of the Reaction Rate, in the Critical Regime, of a Solute Embedded in a Lennard‐Jones Crystal

In a recent study, we showed that the Grote-Hynes theory for the chemical reaction rate exhibits critical phenomena near a critical coupling strength and large solvent response times. Therefore it is possible to write (he rate in a scaling form with a universal scaling function that depends only on the short-time behavior of the memory friction kernel. This study involved a friction kernel involving only one relaxation time. In this paper, we apply the same techniques to a crystal friction involving multiple timescales. We show that the rate shows critical behavior and obtain the universal scaling function. We find the asymptotic behavior of the rate in different regimes of interest. In this way, we uncover the rich mathematical structure of the reaction rate associated with the crystal friction with multiple timescales.
Activated Rac1 GTPase translocates protein phosphatase 5 to the cell membrane and stimulates phosphatase activity in vitro

Physiological studies of ion channel regulation have implicated the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) as an effector of Rac1 GTPase signaling, but direct biochemical evidence for PP5 regulation by Rac1 is lacking. In this study we used immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding, cellular fractionation, and immunofluorescence techniques to show that the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of PP5 interacts specifically and directly with active Rac1. Consequently, activation of Rac1 promoted PP5 translocation to the plasma membrane in intact cells and stimulated PP5 phosphatase activity in vitro. In contrast, neither constitutively active RhoA-V14 nor dominant negative Rac1N17, which preferentially binds GDP and retains an inactive conformation, bound PP5 or stimulated its activity. In addition, Rac1N17 and Rac1(PBRM), a mutant lacking the C-terminal polybasic region required for Rac1 association with the membrane, both failed to cause membrane translocation of PP5. Mutation of predicted contact residues in the PP5 tetratricopeptide repeat domain or within Rac1 also disrupted co-immunoprecipitation of Rac1-PP5 complexes and membrane translocation of PP5. Specific binding of PP5 to activated Rac1 provides a direct mechanism by which PP5 can be stimulated and recruited to participate in Rac1-mediated signaling pathways.
Properties of the Heteroepitaxial AIN/SiC Interface

This study presents the results of surface investigation of the heteroepitaxial AIN/SiC interface. The analytical tools employed included UPS, XPS, Auger spectroscopy, and LEED. The surface electronic states were characterized by uv photoemission obtained at surface normal. Conclusions drawn from this study are that the AIN/SiC structure results in a negative electron affinity surface which is extremely sensitive to defect density. The surface Fermi level is found to be near the middle of the AlN gap, and a possible band alignment between the AlN and SiC is presented.
Differentiation therapy of leukemia: 3 decades of development

A characteristic feature of leukemia cells is a blockade of differentiation at a distinct stage in cellular maturation. In the 1970s and 1980s, studies demonstrating the capabilities of certain chemicals to induce differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines fostered the concept of treating leukemia by forcing malignant cells to undergo terminal differentiation instead of killing them through cytotoxicity. The first promising reports on this notion prompted a review article on this subject by us 25 years ago. In this review, we revisit this interesting field of study and report the progress achieved in the course of nearly 3 decades. The best proof of principle for differentiation therapy has been the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid. Attempts to emulate this success with other nuclear hormone ligands such as vitamin D compounds and PPARγ agonists or different classes of substances such as hematopoietic cytokines or compounds affecting the epigenetic landscape have not been successful on a broad scale. However, a multitude of studies demonstrating partial progress and improvements and, finally, the new powerful possibilities of forward and reverse engineering of differentiation pathways by manipulation of transcription factors support the continued enthusiasm for differentiation therapy of leukemia in the future.
Two kinds of reconstruction

This essay addresses various issues concerning noun phrase interpretation in German. It is argued that the concept of Semantic Reconstruction (Cresti 1995, Rullmann 1995) can be fruitfully employed in the derivation of quantifier scope ambiguities in German. Semantic Reconstruction will be demonstrated to be an independently needed strategy of grammar, that is not parasitic on syntactic reconstruction as expressed by Copy Theory (Chomsky 1992). The basic difference between Semantic Reconstruction and syntactic reconstruction will be traced back to their asymmetric availability in scrambling chains: scrambling can be undone only by Semantic Reconstruction.
A meta-analysis of sleep changes associated with placebo in hypnotic clinical trials.

Abstract Objectives : The effects associated with placebo (EAP) have been incompletely described in clinical trials of insomnia treatment. We conducted a meta-analysis of insomnia medication trials for the purpose of estimating the magnitude of sleep EAP. Method : We reviewed Medline for 1966 through 2000 for the meta-analysis. The subject heading of insomnia restricted to the subheading of drug therapy was crossed against the results of a search on the subjects heading placebo and text word placebo . We selected only papers that examined primary insomnia, incorporating both placebo and active medication therapies in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design. We required that results be reported for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks of treatment, and that outcomes be reported in hours/minutes. Results : Five papers satisfied our requirements for eligibility, comprising 213 patients receiving placebo for a 2-week interval. Subjective sleep latency demonstrated a significant reduction (mean±S.E.) of 13.1±2.0 min (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.2, 17.0) for the placebo group after combining the data across studies. Subjective total sleep time demonstrated a significant increase of 13.5±5.4 min (95% CI 2.9, 24.0). Polysomnographic (PSG) sleep latency demonstrated a non-significant reduction of 2.5±4.3 min (95% CI −5.9, 10.9). Conclusions : The confirmation of EAP in insomnia clinical trials argues for the retention of a placebo control in future insomnia clinical trials.
A dual-balloon technique for nonoperative removal of retained biliary stones

Retained intrahepatic biliary stones were dislodged with and crushed between two occlusion balloon catheters. Standard angiographic catheters and guide wires with exchange for occlusion balloon catheters can be used in situations where a stone basket cannot, and have certain advantages over Fogarty biliary balloon catheters.
Assumption Hierarchy for a CHA Call Graph Construction Algorithm

Method call graphs are integral components of many interprocedural static analyses which are widely used to aid in the development and maintenance of software. Unfortunately, the existences of certain dynamic features in modern programming languages, such as Java or C++, can lead to either unsoundness or imprecision in statically constructed call graphs. We investigate a hierarchy of assumptions that a Class Hierarchy Analysis (CHA) call graph construction algorithm can make about dynamic features in Java. Each successive level of the assumption hierarchy introduces new relaxations of suppositions. These relaxations allow the call graph algorithm to treat some uses of dynamic features more precisely and still remain sound. The hierarchy includes a novel assumption that dynamic features will respect encapsulation. We present an empirical study in which a unique call graph algorithm is implemented for each level of the assumption hierarchy. This study shows that assuming that dynamic features will respect encapsulation can lead to a call graph with 44% fewer edges than the fully conservative graph. By incorporating assumptions about casting operations and string values, it is possible to remain conservative and reduce the number of graph edges by 54% and graph nodes by 10% through the use of various resolution techniques. This work demonstrates that even a slight relaxation of assumptions can greatly improve the precision of a call graph. It further articulates the exact assumptions that a CHA call graph construction algorithm must make in order to use advanced resolution techniques.
Infrared method for the determination of ethanol and acetone in thimerosal tincture N.F.

The distillation method for determining ethanol in thimerosal tincture N.F. is time consuming and involves special handling to prevent interference of the acetone in the preparation. A shorter method is described based on the extraction of the ethanol into carbon tetrachloride and the measurement of the infrared absorption at 11.37 μ. The relative freedom from the interference by other alcohols and acetone assures greater specificity than the distillation method. The acetone present in tincture thimerosal N.F. can also be determined using the same extracted solution by reading the absorption of the carbonyl band at 5.86 μ.
Continental Shelf Waves and Alongshore Variations in Bottom Topography and Coastline

Abstract The effects of alongshore variations in bottom topography and coastline on the wind-stress-forced barotropic motion over a continental shelf and slope are studied. Perturbation methods are used to obtain solutions for forced and free continental shelf waves on an idealized continental shelf and slope with small-amplitude alongshore variations in topography. The relevant alongshore scales, set by the wind stress and by the bottom and coastline topography, are assumed to be greater than the shelf-slope width. This enables the resulting motion to be treated in the long-wave nondispersive limit. As a result, the alongshore and time-dependent behavior of the perturbation flow is governed by a forced, first order wave equation, with terms from the interaction of the basic, lowest order flow with the bottom and coastline topography acting as the forcing function. To clarify the effects of topography alone, problems are considered where a uniform wind stress forces a basic unperturbed flow which is indep...
Effect of water vapor on the molecular structures of supported vanadium oxide catalysts at elevated temperatures

Abstract The effect of water vapor on the molecular structures of V2O5-supported catalysts (SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and CeO2) was investigated by in situ Raman spectroscopy as a function of temperature (from 500°;C to 120°;C). Under dry conditions, only isolated surface VO4 species are present on the dehydrated SiO2 surface, and multiple surface vanadium oxide species (isolated VO4 species and polymeric vanadate species) are present on the dehydrated Al2O3, TiO2, and CeO2 surfaces. The Raman features of the surface vanadium oxide species on the SiO2 support are not affected by the introduction of water vapor due to the hydrophobic nature of the SiO2 support employed in this investigation. However, the presence of water has a pronounced effect on the molecular structures of the surface vanadium oxide species on the Al2O3, TiO2, and CeO2 supports. The Raman band of the terminal V = O bond of the surface vanadia species on these oxide supports shifts to lower wavenumbers by 5–30 cm−1 and becomes broad upon exposure to moisture. Above 230°C, the small Raman shift of the surface vanadium oxide species in the presence of water suggests that the dehydrated surface VOx species form a hydrogen bond with some of the adsorbed moisture. Upon further decreasing the temperature below 230°C, the hydrogen-bonded surface VOx species are extensively solvated by water molecules and form a hydrated surface vanadate structure (e.g. decavanadate). The broad Raman band at ≈ 900 cm−1, which is characteristic of the polymeric VOV functionality, appears to be minimally influenced by the presence of water vapor and is a consequence of the broadness of this band. Oxygen-18 isotopic labeling studies revealed that both the terminal V=O and bridging VOV bonds readily undergo oxygen exchange with water vapor. The current observations account for the inhibiting effect of moisture upon oxidation reactions over supported metal oxide catalysts and are critical for interpreting in situ Raman data during hydrocarbon oxidation reactions where H2O is a reaction product.
The effect of exogenous RNA on the retention of discriminative learning in the rat.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that administration of RNA affects behavior by providing a supply of precursors for de novo synthesis of RNA, the effect of whole RNA was compared to that of an alkaline hydrolysate. Twenty-eight male rats were trained on a discrimination task and divided into four groups of equal mean performance on the task. Each group received one of the following treatments: whole RNA injection, hydrolysate RNA injection, saline injection, no injection. No significant difference was observed in the mean performance of the four groups after the injections. It was concluded that RNA did not affect learning or retention of a discrimination task. Since the procedure of some experiments demonstrating the positive effect of RNA on learned behavior was to repeatedly inject animals with RNA over long periods of time while the procedure in the present study was to inject the animals once, the difference in results may have been due to experimental differences in the injection schedule.
Risk of stillbirth after 37 weeks in pregnancies complicated by small-for-gestational-age fetuses

Objective The evidence for delivering small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses at 37 weeks remains conflicting. We examined the risk of stillbirth per week of gestation beyond 37 weeks for pregnancies complicated by SGA. Study Design Singleton pregnancies undergoing routine second trimester ultrasound from 1990-2009 were examined retrospectively. The risk of stillbirth per 10,000 ongoing SGA pregnancies with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated for each week of gestation ≥37 weeks. Using a life-table analysis with correction for censoring, conditional risks of stillbirth, cumulative risks of stillbirth per 10,000 ongoing SGA pregnancies and relative risks (RRs) were calculated with 95% CIs for each week of gestation. Results Among 57,195 pregnancies meeting inclusion criteria the background risk of stillbirth was 56/10,000 (95% CI, 42.3−72.7) with stillbirth risk for SGA pregnancies of 251/10,000 (95% CI, 221.2−284.5). The risk of stillbirth after the 37th week was greater compared with pregnancies delivered in the 37th week (47/10,000, 95% CI, 34.6−62.5 vs 21/10,000, 95% CI, 13.0−32.1; RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3−3.7). The cumulative risk of stillbirth rose from 28/10,000 ongoing SGA pregnancies at 37 weeks to 77/10,000 at 39 weeks (RR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.79−4.2). Among pregnancies complicated by SGA Conclusion There is a significantly increased risk of stillbirth in pregnancies complicated by SGA delivered after the 37th week. Given these findings, we advocate a policy of delivery of SGA pregnancies 37-38 weeks.
Behavioral covariation in the treatment of chronic pain

The successful use of operant procedures to alter behaviors associated with various medical conditions suggests that such behaviors may be learned and that the principles of learning may be applied not only to treatment but also to the study of the pathogenesis of illness behavior. The present study, conducted within an ongoing neuromuscular research project, assessed the covariation of behaviors associated with chronic pain within and across behavioral and drug approaches to treatment. Problems of screaming and five other behaviors (including self-reports of pain) were measured across conditions of varying behavioral contingencies (noncontingent reinforcement vs the removal of reinforcement contingent upon screaming) and varying administration (time since medication and dosage) of Parsidol during attempts to treat the muscle pain of a 24-year-old male with a severe, chronic neuromuscular disorder diagnosed as dystonia musculorum deformans (DMD). Results indicated that: (a) pain behaviors covaried during behavioral and drug conditions even though the behavioral intervention only targeted screaming; (b) effects were greater on nontargeted behaviors during periods that followed rather than preceded drug administration; (c) in contrast to behavioral observation data, physiological measures of neuromuscular activity (EMG) did not differ across conditions. These results suggest that functional response-response relationships exist in patients as the result of their illness experience.
ON THE CAUSES OF INSTRUMENTALLY OBSERVED SECULAR TEMPERATURE TRENDS

Abstract A general survey is made of the feasibility of using trends in long-period temperature records as representations of climatic change. A breakdown of all probable significant sources of influence on such records, together with quantitative estimates of instrumental, observational, and local environmental factors, points up the generally critical influence of non-climatic factors, which for the most part induce apparent secular temperature rises. Three independent studies of city influence are presented. In the first, recent overlapping observations between the New Haven city and airport stations are used to estimate the local city influence which in turn is used to revise the secular station trend. In the second, evidence of negligible city influence but of real climatic change at Blue Hill Observatory since 1890 is discussed. In the third, a statistical study involving 77 stations in the United States, whose temperature records were observationally homogeneous between 1900 and 1940, bears out the...
Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. District Courts Can Offenders’ Educational Attainment Guard Against Prevalent Criminal Stereotypes?

Numerous studies have examined the influence of offender characteristics on sentencing outcomes, yet little attention has been afforded to offenders’ educational attainment. The focal concerns theory provides reason to suspect that greater educational attainment may insulate offenders from the effects of criminal stereotypes linked to extralegal factors, including race/ethnicity, age, and sex. The current analysis employs a sample of 115,674 federal offenders to test this assumption on the in/out and sentence length decisions. Results of the in/out models demonstrate a general pattern where the effects of several extralegal factors (i.e., race, ethnicity, age, sex, and detention) are reduced, and in some cases fully moderated, by offenders’ educational attainment. This pattern, however, is not apparent during the sentence length decision.
In vitro models of lung toxicity

Abstract In vitro assays that emphasize cellular components critical to the host defense system have been developed to evaluate pulmonary toxicity and define deleterious changes in parenchymal cell populations. Assays that employ pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) have demonstrated good correlation between macrophage toxicity and pulmonary fibrogenicity for many inorganic compounds. The PAM assays provide simple and inexpensive screens of potential respiratory tract toxicity. Many investigators screen chemicals for their ability to alter the mucosal epithelium of the conducting airways by performing tracheal organ cultures. The tracheal assays have also provided useful screens for Vitamin A analogues required for epithelial cell differentiation. Most recently, in vitro respiratory tract models have been extended to include whole-lung explants, an approach that allows for development of fibrosis and epithelial cell toxicity after in vitro exposure to inorganic and organic fibrogens. The whole-lung explant system appears to duplicate the in vivo response to a variety of lung toxins, including bleomycin, silica, and crocidolite asbestos. Together, these assays provide a description of potential toxicity to key components of the lung, emphasizing the pulmonary macrophage, conducting airways, and alveolar septae. It is expected that continued research in these models will enhance their predictive abilities and utility in risk assessment.
Preparing for the Plunge: Preservice Teachers’ Assessment Literacy

Using a framework of assessment literacy that included principles, tools, and purposes, this study explored the assessment literacy of 11 secondary preservice teachers. Participants’ journals, teaching philosophies, and inquiry-based science units served as data sources. We examined how the preservice teachers understood assessment tools as well as their reasons for using assessment. Additionally, we investigated how the preservice teachers incorporated assessments into inquiry-based science units. Analysis of these documents indicated that preservice teachers recognize the need to align assessments with learning goals and instructional strategies and are using a variety of assessments. They understood several ways to use assessment for learning. However, the inclusion of assessments contained within the science units did not fully align with the views of assessment the preservice teachers presented in their teaching philosophies or journals. Instead of using a variety of assessments that reflect science reforms, the preservice teachers reverted to traditional forms of assessment in their science units. Teacher education programs need to place more emphasis on developing preservice teachers’ assessment literacy so that they are better able to select and implement a variety of appropriate assessments to foster student learning.
Sialoangiography: x-ray visualization of major salivary glands.

Sialoangiography is demonstrated to be useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of inflammatory processes, and tumors of the major salivary glands and their areas. Parenchymal changes as well as space occupying lesions within the glands, and tumors exerting pressure from outside the gland are shown to manifest their specific changes by their effect upon the ducts, with pathognomonic alterations and distortion of the ducts or normal architecture of the ductal system. Intrinsic duct changes are all due to ductal obstruction and a wide variety of causes is shown. The normal findings, including minor anatomical variations is contrasted with abnormal sialoangiographic findings. These abnormalities are evidenced by changes in the duct morphology and the course of the ducts altered by the presence of intrinsic, extrinsic, or deep lobed tumors. The technique of sialoangiography is discussed. The author's method is outlined, including specific views and special methodology.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (Lsd-25): Xvi. the Effect on Intellectual Functioning as Measured By the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

(1955). Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (Lsd-25): Xvi. the Effect on Intellectual Functioning as Measured By the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 385-395.
Design and Evaluation of a High-Lift, Thick Airfoil for UAV Applications

6, with expected lift coefficients of about two! A secondary objective of this study was to experiment with the airfoil-design optimization procedure, which later could be automated. Supporting wind tunnel experiments verified the high lift capability and demonstrated that lift coefficients beyond two are achievable with such a thick airfoil. Because of the small-span, however, induced drag effects in the wind tunnel weren’t completely eliminated. Accounting for this effect by using numerical corrections indicated that reasonable drag characteristics are possible.
Experience with in situ saphenous vein bypasses during 1981 to 1989: determinant factors of long-term patency.

Abstract From 1981 to 1989, 361 consecutive in situ saphenous vein bypasses were performed. Indications for revascularization were critical limb ischema ( n = 335, 93%), popliteal aneurysm ( n = 15, 4%), and claudication ( n = 11, 3%). Outflow tract was the popliteal artery in 116 (32%) and tibial artery in 245 (68%) of bypasses. At 6 years primary patency was 63% and secondary patency was 81%. During the performance of the in situ bypass procedure, 86 (24%) venous conduits were modified because of a technical failure ( n = 49, 13%) or an inadequate vein segment ( n = 37, 10%). Secondary patency at 4 years for bypasses requiring modification was 72% compared to 84% for bypasses not modified ( p p p p p n = 142, 97%) compared to the first half ( n = 124, 83%) of the series. Long-term patency with the in situ saphenous vein bypass is dependent on surgical experience, quality of the venous conduit, and atherosclerotic disease of the inflow artery that necessitates reconstruction. Meticulous surgical technique and compulsive bypass surveillance results in superior long-term patency. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:137-49.)
Caputo through the Cloud: Answering Questions Raised by John Caputo through a Recovery of The Cloud of Unknowing

AbstractIn concert with his work within the thought of Jacques Derrida, John Caputo has developed important questions, framed in terms of love, regarding the nature of God. What do we love when we love God? How do we love when we love God? Who are we who love God? These questions derive from an apophatic anthropology and lead to a postmodern apophatic take on God. Caputo's answers to his questions take into consideration his concerns about ensconcing oppressive human ideas into a concept of God. These concerns drive his rejection and deconstruction of much of traditional theism, resulting in his weak theology of the event. The Cloud of Unknowing provides a way to connect to Caputo's questions through its concern with loving God, and it does so in a way that addresses his concerns without giving up on the God of traditional theism. On analysis using the Cloud, Caputo's concern about injustice being passed on through the imago Dei are unfounded. The imago Dei, instead of being an oppressive tool, frees huma...
The kinematics of stretching and alignment of material elements in general flow fields

A rigorous, kinematic description of the stretching and alignment of infinitesimal material elements in general flow fields is presented. An evolution equation is derived, in the Lagrangian frame, for the alignment angles between a material element and the principal axes of strain. The equation identifies the precise roles played by the local angular velocity and the rotation of the strain axes in the alignment process and provides the framework in which to investigate the extent to which the straining field is ‘persistent ’. This general kinematical picture is specialized to study line and vortex stretching in fluid flows and analytically predicts the numerically observed alignment of the vorticity vector with the intermediate strain axis. The alignment equations are solved exactly for a number of special flow fields and investigated numerically for the ABC and STF flows. The kinematic formalism and numerical phenomenology suggests the use of new criteria to analyse the material element stretching properties of large-scale numerical simulations.
Serotonin transporters in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]McN 5652

Abstract Background Serotonergic abnormalities have been hypothesized to contribute to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). This study examined whether brain serotonin transporter (SERT) availability is altered in OCD using positron emission tomography (PET) and the SERT PET radiotracer [ 11 C]McN 5652. Methods Eleven OCD subjects, free of psychiatric medications and comorbid depression, and 11 matched healthy control subjects underwent PET scans following injection of [ 11 C]McN 5652 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Total distribution volumes (V T ) were derived by kinetic analysis (one tissue compartment model) using the arterial input function. Two measures of SERT availability were computed: binding potential (BP) and specific to nonspecific partition coefficient (V 3 ″). Groups were compared using region of interest (ROI) analysis and voxelwise analysis of spatially normalized parametric maps; ROIs were selected based on their relatively high SERT density and included subcortical (dorsal caudate, dorsal putamen, ventral striatum, midbrain, thalamus) and limbic (hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex) regions. Results No significant group differences were observed in [ 11 C]McN 5652 BP or V 3 ″ in the ROIs. No significant group differences were detected in the voxelwise analysis of BP or V 3 ″ maps. Conclusions OCD without comorbid depression, may not be associated with major changes in SERT availability in subcortical and limbic regions.
Abstract 3007: Down-regulation of HOXC6 in serous ovarian cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Objective: The Homeobox (HOX) family of genes consists of 39 genes encoding transcription factors important to morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Usually inactive in normal differentiated tissues, dysregulation of HOX genes has been reported in several malignancies. HOX genes have been linked to genes important in malignant transformation including vascular endothelial growth factor, Ras, interleukin-8, and fibroblast growth factor. We have previously reported up-regulation of HOXA2, HOXA7 and HOXB7 in ovarian cancer. Little is known about HOXC6 gene expression in ovarian cancer. In this study we evaluated HOXC6 expression in normal and malignant human ovarian tissue to characterize expression of HOXC6 in serous ovarian cancer. Methods: Microarray analysis of mRNA from LCM captured cells from human ovarian tissues was performed on 11 samples of normal, and malignant ovarian tissues. These samples were analyzed using the Affymetrix Human EXON 1.0 ST microarray to distinguish the differential pattern of mRNA expression between malignant and normal samples. Real-time reverse transcription PCR was utilized to confirm down-regulation of HOXC6 genes as determined by microarray analysis. HOXC6 protein in tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Microarray analysis demonstrated significant down-regulation of the HOXC6 gene in malignant serous ovarian tumor samples compared to normal ovarian epithelial cells of control samples. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed HOXC6 down-regulation in malignant samples. A 115-fold difference in malignant and normal primary tissue samples and cell lines was seen in the RT-PCR analysis. By immunohistochemistry nuclear staining of HOXC6 protein was seen in the nuclei of normal ovarian surface epithelial tissues but significantly reduced or absent in malignant ovarian samples. Conclusion: HOXC6 is significantly differentially expressed comparing normal ovarian tissue and serous malignant ovarian tissue based on both tissue mRNA and protein analysis. This finding of HOXC6 down-regulation in ovarian cancer is unique and opposite of the up-regulation of other HOX genes previously reported. Down-regulation of HOXC6 in serous ovarian cancer may be an important finding relative to oncogenic pathways and biomarker development. This suggests dysregulation of HOXC6 genes may be an early event in malignant transformation and additional studies to validate the role of the HOXC6 gene in ovarian cancer are warranted. Citation Format: David L. Tait, Zahra Bahrani-Mostafavi, Carol Vestal, Christine Richardson, M. Taghi Mostafavi. Down-regulation of HOXC6 in serous ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3007. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3007
Using limited information to enhance group stability

The performance of individual agents in a group depends critically on the quality of information available to them about local and global goals and resources. In general, it is assumed that the more accurate and comprehensive the available information, the better is the expected performance of the individual and the group. This conclusion can be challenged in a number of scenarios. We investigate the use of limited information by agents in choosing betwen one of several different options, and conclude that if agents are kept ignorant about, or they deliberately ignore, any number of options, the group can converge faster to a stable and optimal configuration. We present a probabilistic analysis that sheds light on the observed phenomenon of quicker system convergence with less global information. This analysis suggests a desirable adaptive behavior on the part of individual agents. Experiments with agents following these adaptive behavior exhibits faster convergence. We also demonstrate how a couple of coalition formation schemes can improve the rate of convergence. A variable coalition formation mechanism is found to be more effective than a static one.
Synthesis and characterization of quaternary ammonium ionomers

The cationic monomers, MPDMAC 16 and MPDMAC 18 , were obtained by quaternization of methacryl-amidopropyl-N,N'-dimethylamine with n-alkyl iodides (1-iodohexadecane and 1-iodooctadecane) in ethyl acetate. Hydrophobic ionomers of MPDMAC 16 and MPDMAC 18 with N-substituted acrylamides were prepared at 60 ± 0.1°C in DMF using AIBN initiator. The cationic monomers and ionomers were characterized by 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. The copolymer composition was evaluated from elemental analysis data using carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. The molecular weight distributions of ionomers were obtained from GPC analysis. Both the dilute solution and concentrated solution properties of ionomers were studied by viscometry at 30°C.
Performance of CsI photocathodes in liquid Xe, Kr, and Ar

Abstract The successful detection of the UV scintillation light in liquid Xe, Kr and Ar by a reflective CsI photocathode with liquid-phase electron extraction is reported. High quantum efficiencies of 31% in liquid Xe, 17% in liquid Kr, and 10% in liquid Ar have been achieved. Excellent intrinsic energy resolutions of 2.8% FWHM for liquid Xe, 5.2% FWHM for liquid Kr, and 8.4% FWHM for liquid Ar have been measured for 5.5 MMeV alpha particles. The enhancement of the quantum efficiency due to the applied electric field and the favorable effect of the negative electron affinity of liquid rare gases on electron extraction from the photocathode are discussed.
Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: Meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials.

article i nfo Percutaneous coronary intervention Coronary artery bypass grafting Drug eluting stents Randomized control trials Objective: To compare outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug eluting stent (DES) and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) in patients with multivessel Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) using data from randomized controlled trials (RCT). Background: PCI and CABG are established strategies for coronary revascularization in the setting of ischemic heart disease. Multiple RCTs have compared outcomes of the two modalities in patients with multivessel CAD. Methods: We did a meta-analysis from six RCTs in the contemporary era comparing the effectiveness of PCI with DES to at 1 year, 2 years and 5 years respectively. Results: Compared to CABG, at one year PCI was associated with a significantly higher incidence of TVR (RR = 2.31; 95% CI: (1.80-2.96); P = b0.0001), lower incidence of stroke (RR = 0.35; 95% CI: (0.19-0.62); P = 0.0003), and no difference in death (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: (0.77-1.36); P = 0.88) or MI (RR = 1.16; 95% CI: (0.72-1.88); P = 0.53). At 5 years, PCI was associated with a higher incidence of death (RR = 1.3; 95% CI: (1.10-1.54); P = 0.0026) and MI (RR = 2.21; 95% CI: (1.75-2.79); P = b0.0001). While the higher incidence of MI with PCI was noticed in both diabetic and non-diabetics, death was increased mainly in diabetic patients. Conclusion:Inpatientswithmulti-vesselCAD,PCIwithDESisassociatedwithnosignificantdifferenceindeathor MI at 1 or 2 years. However at 5 years, PCI is associated with higher incidence of death and MI.