cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heparin sequencing brings structure to the function of complex oligosaccharides

Heparin is a highly sulfated linear polysaccharide that was discovered in 1916 as an anticoagulant and has been used clinically since 1935 (see ref. 1 for review). The anticoagulant activity of heparin results from its binding to the serine protease inhibitor, antithrombin III (ATIII) (2, 3). Heparin binding causes a conformational change in ATIII that results in enhanced inhibition of thrombin and other serine proteases involved in the blood clotting cascade (Fig. 1 A and B ). Whereas the clinical reagent heparin is found nearly exclusively in mast cells, it represents a specialized member of the widely distributed class of compounds known as heparan sulfate. Heparan sulfate is found throughout all tissues in virtually every animal species examined, most prominently on cell surfaces and within extracellular matrices. Heparin and heparan sulfate are characterized by repeating units of disaccharides containing a uronic acid (glucuronic or iduronic acid) and glucosamine, which is either N- sulfated or N- acetylated. The sugar residues may be further O- sulfated at the C-6 and C-3 positions of the glucosamine and the C-2 position of the uronic acid. Thus, there are at least 32 potential unique disaccharide units that together make this class of compounds one of the most information dense in biology. The high degree of structural complexity likely underlies the ability of heparan sulfate to play critical roles in a large and diverse number of biological processes (1). However, the excitement generated by the growing list of functions attributed to heparan sulfate is often met by the sobering reality that the methodology for carbohydrate structural analysis has lagged well behind that for proteins and nucleic acids. Figure 1 Hypothetical mechanisms for heparin/heparan sulfate regulation of protein–protein interactions. ( A ) The interaction of ATIII with the serine protease factor Xa (Xa) is catalyzed by a conformational change in ATIII …
From common property to co-management: lessons from Brazil's first maritime extractive reserve

Abstract Marine extractive reserves (MER) are being established in coastal areas of Brazil to protect ‘traditional’ coastal populations and the marine resources upon which their livelihoods depend. This paper examines the challenges Brazil's first open-water MER is facing in trying to achieve these goals. Results from a pilot project in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro suggest that significant social barriers to collective action exist and that local resource governing institutions are not robust. Consequently, fishers are not becoming decisive players in the decision-making process. The implications of these conclusions for future maritime conservation policy in Brazil are explored.
Carbon segregation and dissolution induced by tellurium adsorption on Ni(111)

Abstract Carbon has been observed to segregate to the surface during deposition of Te to form the 2(√3×√3)R30° structure on a Ni(111) surface. The carbon redissolves into the bulk when the Te coverage is increased to form a (√3×√3)R30° + 2(√3×√3)R30° mixed phase.
Certifying authenticity via fiber-infused paper

A certificate of authenticity (COA) is an inexpensive physical object that has a random unique structure with high cost of near-exact reproduction. An additional requirement is that the uniqueness of COA's random structure can be verified using an inexpensive device. Bauder was the first to propose COAs created as a randomized augmentation of a set of fibers into a transparent gluing material that randomly fixes once for all the position of the fibers within. In this paper, we propose a novel system for automated verification of fiber-based COAs and outline the key challenges in enabling high cost-efficiency of such a system. The key features of the new COA scanner are simplicity, reliability, lack of any moving components, and the ability to accurately identify exact positions of individual fibers infused in COA's containing paper. The latter feature significantly increases the forging cost compared to trivial implementations of a COA scanner.
Temporal coherence of sound transmissions in deep water revisited.

This paper examines the signal coherence loss due to internal waves in deep water in terms of the signal coherence time and compare to data reported in the literature over the past 35years. The coherence time of the early raylike arrivals was previously modeled by Munk and Zachariasen [“Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean: Theory and observation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 818–838 (1976)] using the supereikonal approximation and by Dashen et al. [“Path-integral treatment of acoustic mutual coherence functions for arrays in a sound channel,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 1716–1722 (1985)] using the path integral approach; a −12 power frequency dependence and a −32 power range dependence were predicted. Recent data in shallow water in downward refractive environments with internal waves suggested that the signal coherence time of the mode arrivals follows a −32 power frequency dependence and a −12 power range dependence. Since the temporal coherence of the acoustic signal is related to the temp...
An improved micronuclear assay in lymphocytes

Abstract We have found that by increasing the bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) concentration to 4 × 10−4 M in cultures and using the conventional harlequin staining procedure we can distinguish the proliferating lymphocytes by their blue color from the non-proliferating cells which have red nuclei. The micronuclei (MN) are also blue and are associated with the proliferating cells. The high BUdR concentration does not appear to affect the yield of MN. By scoring the MN only in the (blue) proliferating cells the MN assay is made less sensitive to perturbations in the lymphocyte cultures caused by radiation or by variations in the culture time on PHA concentration. Moreover, the frequency of cells with MN approximately doubles and thus comes into better agreement with the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations. A better agreement yet can be achieved by correcting the assay for the effect of cell division.
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: associations of clinical and laboratory findings with laparoscopic findings

Objective To assess the relation of clinical variables and laboratory data to pelvic laparoscopic observations of tubal occlusion, adnexal adhesions, and peritoneal exudate in women with acute salpingitis. Methods Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed systematically before laparoscopy in 155 women with suspected acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 82% of whom proved to have acute salpingitis confirmed with laparoscopy. Laparoscopic findings were scored in three categories (tubal patency, adhesions, and exudate.) Results Two general categories of laparoscopic findings were present: 1) tubal occlusion and moderate to severe adhesions in 30 women, and 2) pelvic-abdominal exudate in 27 women. In the remaining 16 women, these laparoscopic findings occurred alone or in other combinations. Among women with acute salpingitis, tubal occlusion was associated positively with older age, palpable adnexal mass, and moderate to severe pelvic adhesions; negative associations were found with abdominal rebound tenderness, mean abdominal-pelvic tenderness score, pelvic-abdominal exudate, and isolation of either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. Moderate or severe pelvic adhesions were associated positively with increased duration of abdominal pain (5 versus 3 days) compared with limited or no pelvic adhesions, but they were associated negatively with mean abdominal-pelvic tenderness score and with pelvic-abdominal exudate (47% versus 73%). Free exudate in the pelvis or abdomen as compared with limited or no exudate was associated positively with abdominal rebound tenderness (86% versus 65%), abdominal-pelvic tenderness score, elevated white blood cell count (83% versus 52%), and recovery of N gonorrhoeae (79% versus 57%). Free exudate was associated negatively with the median duration of pain (3 versus 6 days), oral contraceptive use (4% versus 26%), and palpable adnexal mass (7% versus 25%). Analyses limited to women without a history of PID gave similar results. Conclusions Although clinical and laboratory criteria traditionally used to judge the clinical severity of acute PID partially predict the degree of tubal or other pelvic abnormalities among women with acute salpingitis and tend to distinguish those with tubal occlusion or moderate to severe adhesions from those with peritonitis, these criteria have low predictive value and are not reliable in the individual patient.
Sex differences in drug-induced rotation in two strains of rats

Abstract Female Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats rotate significantly more in response to d -amphetamine sulfate (1 mg/kg, i.p.) than their male littermates. Although Sprague-Dawley males rotate more than females when injected with apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, i.p.), Fischer males and females respond similarly to this drug. The sexually dimorphic behavioral response to amphetamine appears to be due to differences in brain sensitivity to this drug, and may relate to reports of sex-related differences in nigrostriatal dopaminergic activity.
Improved coupled-mode analysis of nonlinear distributed feedback structures

Coupled-mode theory is employed to describe the nonlinear behaviour of a distributed feedback grating, including intensity-dependent terms resulting from the periodic variations in the nonlinearity. The improved coupled-mode analysis leads to modified values for the on and off-switching intensities, as demonstrated numerically.
Accommodating Students' Learning Styles in Physical Education.

(1996). Accommodating Students' Learning Styles in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 67, No. 9, pp. 66-68.
Lipoproteomics: using mass spectrometry-based proteomics to explore the assembly, structure, and function of lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are centrally important in lipid transport, fuel metabolism, and cardiovascular disease. The prototypic lipoprotein has an outer shell of amphipathic lipids and proteins that solubilizes a hydrophobic lipid core. Lipoprotein-associated proteins have classically been viewed as structural elements and factors important in lipid metabolism. Recent mass spectrometric analyses reveal that the protein cargo of lipoproteins is much more diverse than previously appreciated, raising the possibility that lipoproteins play previously unsuspected roles in host defense mechanisms and inflammation. They further suggest that lipoprotein-associated proteins can identify humans at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Here, we summarize recent developments in lipoproteomics, the proteomic analysis of lipoproteins. We also discuss the promises and challenges this powerful analytical strategy offers for expanding our understanding of the biology and structures of lipoproteins.
Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon

Abstract The Colorado River is one of the most highly regulated and extensively utilized rivers in the world. Total reservoir storage is approximately four times the mean annual runoff of −17 × 109 m3 year−1. Reservoir storage and regulation have decreased annual peak discharges and hydroelectric power generation has increased daily flow variability. In recent years, the incidental impacts of this development have become apparent especially along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park downstream from Glen Canyon Dam and caused widespread concern. Since the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, the number and size of sand bars, which are used by recreational river runners and form the habitat for native fishes, have decreased substantially. Following an extensive hydrological and geomorphic investigation, an experimental flood release from the Glen Canyon Dam was proposed to determine whether sand bars would be rebuilt by a relatively brief period of flow substantially greater than the normal opera...
Thermochemistry and molecular structure of a remarkable agostic interaction in a heterobifunctional ruthenium-boron complex.

A boron-pendant ruthenium species forms a unique agostic methyl bridge between the boron and ruthenium atoms in the presence of a ligating solvent, acetonitrile. NMR inversion−recovery experiments enabled the activation and equilibrium thermochemistry for formation of the agostic bridge to be measured. The mechanism for bridge formation involves displacement of an acetonitrile ligand; thus, this is a rare example of a case where an agostic C−H ligand competitively displaces another tightly binding ligand from a coordinatively saturated complex. Characterization of this complex gives unique insights into the development of C−H activation catalysis based on this ligand−metal bifunctional motif.
The Construct Validity of the Internal Restlessness Scale

The present study investigated the construct validity of the Internal Restlessness Scale (IRS), a self-report instrument developed to measure feelings of restlessness in young adults with ADHD, and the relationship between the IRS and a neuropsychological, behavioral task (i.e., continuous performance test). Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that the IRS correlated significantly with the self-report rating scales (both those specifically measuring ADHD symptoms and those measuring overall psychological symptoms and intelligence), but not with behavioral measures purported to measure the constructs of attention and impulsivity. Furthermore, the correlations between the IRS and other ADHD rating scales were significantly higher than the correlations between the IRS and non-ADHD rating scales. Overall, results support the construct validity of the IRS.
Growth regulators in chestnut shoot galls infected with oriental chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).

The potentially devastating impact of the oriental chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Yasumatsu), on nut productivity of Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima (Bl.), prompted an assessment of the role of endogenous phytohormone-like growth regulators in gall development. Enzyme immunoassays for several growth regulators associated with developing galls indicated the probable presence of t-zeatin (Z), t-zeatin riboside (ZR), dihydrozeatin (DHZ), dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) in gall tissues. Levels of these regulators were similar in amount and seasonal abundance to that in nongalled shoots; however, ABA- and DHZR-like substances were much higher in developing stem galls. All of these regulators (except ABA-like substances) were detected in developing gall wasps within the stem gall; however, levels within the insect were much lower than in stem-gall tissue. This indicates that these particular regulators may not be the growth controlling factor(s) that initiate gall development. Gall wasp pupae contained high levels of IAA- and DHZR-like substances, whereas larvae contained only high levels of a DHZR-like factor, indicating these substances may exhibit a role in insect morphogenesis.
Natural convection in horizontal space bounded by two concentric cylinders with different end temperatures

Abstract The gravity-induced flow in a long horizontal space of annular cross-section insulated laterally and with the two ends maintained at different temperatures was studied analytically. The velocity and temperature distribution in the central portion of the space was derived based on a perturbation analysis in the Rayleigh number. The Nusselt number for axial heat transfer was shown to depend on the Rayleigh number, the two geometric aspect ratios r i r o and L r o (inner radius/outer radius and length/outer radius) plus the conducting properties of the two cylindrical walls. The analysis was performed for the case where the horizontal space is filled with incompressible fluid and the case where the space is filled with a porous material saturated with an incompressible fluid. The limit ri → ro was used finally to derive expressions for the flow and temperature fields between two vertical planes subjected to a net temperature difference in the horizontal direction parallel to the planes.
Mixed H/H8 Method Suitable for Gain Scheduled Aircraft Control

The formulations of mixed H2/H1 gain scheduling control of aircraft in longitudinal motion aredeveloped. The coefe cients of a linear model of aircraft are estimated from the aircraft geometry. Based on e ight Mach number, gain scheduling is applied with the mixed H2/H1 . It is shown that the state equation of aircraft can be mathematically simplie ed to the standard mixed H2/H1 problem. The advantage of decoupling the aircraft system based on phugoid (slow) and short period (fast) modes is to allow the slow model with its disturbance to be controlled by the H2 method, whereas the fast system with the fast disturbance is to be stabilized by the H1 technique. A comparison of this method with the standard H1 control is made using aircraft coefe cients derived for a large commercial airplane. It is shown that the current method will provide better performance for the given aircraft while the condition on the disturbance attenuation is also satise ed. The actual model controlled by the estimated controller and by the real controller is also discussed. It is shown that the estimated controller performs as well as the controller derived from the actual model.
COMPUTING SINGULAR VALUES OF DIAGONALLY DOMINANT MATRICES TO HIGH RELATIVE ACCURACY

For a (row) diagonally dominant matrix, if all of its off-diagonal entries and its diagonally dominant parts (which are defined for each row as the absolute value of the diagonal entry subtracted by the sum of the absolute values of off-diagonal entries in that row) are accurately known, we develop an algorithm that computes all the singular values, including zero ones if any, with relative errors in the order of the machine precision. When the matrix is also symmetric with positive diagonals (i.e. a symmetric positive semi-definite diagonally dominant matrix), our algorithm computes all eigenvalues to high relative accuracy. Rounding error analysis will be given and numerical examples will be presented to demonstrate the high relative accuracy of the algorithm.
An automated technique for the study of cyclic fluctuations in sexual motivation in an avian species

Diurnal fluctuations in sexual behavior occur in freely interacting pairs of male and female birds. These fluctuations are difficult to interpret because they may reflect fluctuations in the motivation of the male, the motivation of the female, or both. A method was developed to study the sexual motiva­ tion of male Japanese quail in response to a standard stimulus. Sexual behavior was elicited by a taxi­ dermic model of a female quail in a squatting posture. Sensors beneath and in the back of the model served to detect when the male mounted and made cloacal contact with the model. The technique al­ lowed continuous recording of male sexual behavior under standard conditions. When males were maintained on a photoperiod with lights on at 0600 h and off at 2200 h, sexual behavior peaked in the early afternoon, with a secondary peakjust before lights-out. Studies of chronobiology have revealed cyclic fluctu­ ations in a variety of aspects ofphysiology and behavior including phototaxis in algae (Euglena gracilis), oxygen uptake in Microtus arvalis, fur renewal in Lynx canaden­ sis, nest building in rats, and locomotor activity in the fiddler crab (Uca pugnax) (Saunders, 1977). The peri­
Leaders and Heroes: Modern Day Archetypes

This paper explores the salience of archetypes through modern day idealization of leaders as heroes. The body of research in evolutionary psychology and ethology provide support for archetypal theory and the influence of archetypes (Hart & Brady, 2005; Maloney, 1999). Our idealized self is reflected in archetypes and it is possible that we draw on archetypal themes to compensate for a reduction in meaning in our modern day work life. Archetypal priming can touch a person’s true self and result in increased meaning in life. According to Faber and Mayer (2009), drawing from Jung (1968), an archetype is an, “internal mental model of a typical, generic story character to which an observer might resonate emotionally” (p. 307). Most contemporary researchers maintain that archetypal models are transmitted through culture rather than biology, as Jung originally argued (Faber & Mayer, 2009). Archetypes as mental models can be likened to image schemas, foundational mind/brain structures that are developed during human pre-verbal experience (Merchant, 2009). Such schemas are recurring within cognitive processes and establish patterns of understanding and reasoning. Archetypes can provide an operative paradigm or schema in which an individual can experience the world, be compelled to action, and provide a model for behavior. Maloney (1999) cites the growing body of research from several fields that support the premise that the mind is innately structured. Early knowledge persistently and consequentially shapes both subjective experience and behavior. With mental models, an individual has a framework with which to operate, understand, and explore. Archetypes are expressed in a number of ways, especially through myths, cultural stories, and tribal lore (Jung, 1968). Archetypes are generic story characters, but often represent key roles in narratives, that possess familiar and consistent traits and converge around central life themes (Faber & Mayer, 2009; Jung, 1968). A study by Faber and Mayer (2009, p. 314) demonstrates that people can reliably indentify individual archetypes in rich media sources. In addition, Maloney (1999) found that an individual considering a hypothetical long-term relationship with an archetypal image, including anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic images, can evoke affective responses, as was theorized by Jung. Such studies support the premise that an “archetype itself is never directly expressed in a symbol or image, but rather, it guides mental use of images and symbols to conform to certain themes or motifs that are found everywhere” (Hart & Brady, 2005). Archetypal themes such as quests, attachments, and conflict are robustly relevant in adult cognition. There is a saliency to archetypal images that can elicit certain responses. The 1 Shadraconis: Leaders and Heroes: Modern Day Archetypes
Spatial sampling uncertainty in SMEX04 soil moisture fields : A data-based resampling experiment

Abstract A data-based resampling experiment is performed to estimate sampling errors of area-averaged soil moisture estimates due to spatial sampling by ground-based sensors. The data consists of high-resolution soil moisture images derived from the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR/CX) sensor flown on an aircraft as part of the summer field experiment (SMEX04 — Soil Moisture Experiment 2004) in the monsoon region of Sonora, Mexico. The sampling characteristics are investigated by accounting for random networks and evenly spaced networks. For random network designs, we develop a simple model that can be used to estimate the sampling uncertainty (expressed as standard deviation of sampling error as a percentage of the areal mean soil moisture) as a function of the number of sensors, mean soil moisture content and averaging area. This model is valid for five or more sensors. The model should prove useful to those wishing to assess the area-averaged performance of a soil moisture network. Furthermore, the method of analysis is applicable to other study regions (Oklahoma, Iowa, Alabama, Georgia, and Arizona) where soil moisture fields have been mapped at high resolution using airborne passive microwave remote sensors.
Dextromethorphan-induced delirium and possible methadone interaction

Abstract Introduction: Dextromethorphan is a commonly used antitussive agent that can be purchased over the counter. It is metabolized primarily by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 isozyme. Methadone has been found to inhibit CYP2 D6, indicating a potential for interaction with dextromethorphan. Case summary: An 83-year-old woman was evaluated for delirium, hypersomnia, confusion, lethargy, impaired concentration, and poor food intake. Symptoms resolved soon after discontinuing dextrometh orphan. Discussion: Vulnerability to delirium was potentially caused by coadministration of methadone, which can inhibit the CYP2D6 isozyme. Conclusion: Evaluation of delirium should include close investigation of the patient's medications for potential interactions with dextromethorphan.
Automated interpretation of electron density maps of proteins: A note on α-helical regions

Procedures previously used to automate the interpretation of electron density maps of proteins were unable to represent α-helical regions properly. A simple modification is described which greatly improves the interpretation of α-helices.
Gamma camera-based PET inverse treatment planning for head and neck cancer using hybrid imaging instrumentation and IMRT

Abstract Purpose : To demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating gamma camera-based positron emission tomography (GC-PET) nuclear medicine molecular imaging into inverse conformal radiotherapy treatment planning using commercially available hardware and software. Materials and methods : Anatomical X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and GC-PET imaging of the base of the tongue region were performed on a hybrid nuclear medicine—X-ray CT scanner (General Electric Millennium VG Hawkeye, Milwaukee, WI). Patient positioning included a carbon composite flat-table insert and Aquaplast™ U-frame head immobilization mask. Both anatomical and molecular images were acquired and then transferred to the treatment planning and dose calculation workstations via a Local Area Network (LAN). GC-PET molecular information was registered with the anatomy using a four-point external registration technique. A five-field conformal inverse treatment plan, which targets radiation dose to the GC-PET-defined lesion, was then developed using the Varian SomaVision™, CadPlan™ and Helios™ treatment planning modules. Results : The radiation dose distribution was made to conform to the tumor region, as indicated by the area of increased flouro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the GC-PET image, using the inverse treatment planning technique. Conclusions : Information from molecular imaging techniques such as GC-PET may be incorporated into the inverse treatment planning process using the combined molecular and anatomical imaging methods, and commercially available hardware and software.
Radiative Association Kinetics and Binding Energies of Chromium Ions with Benzene and Benzene Derivatives

The radiative association reactions of gas-phase Cr+ with benzene and three of its methyl derivatives (toluene, p-xylene, and mesitylene) were studied in the Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance ion trap. Sequential formation of the monomer complexes and the sandwich dimer complexes was observed, and the kinetics were analyzed by a recently developed canonical transition-state theory approach to give estimates of the binding energies. The bond strength of Cr+−(C6H6) was assigned as 1.70 ± 0.15 eV, and the bond strengths increased slightly with increasing methyl substitution, reaching 2.0 eV for mesitylene. The bond strength for Cr+(C6H6)−(C6H6) was assigned as 2.2 ± 0.4 eV, with similar values (within large uncertainties) for the other sandwich complexes. The Cr+−(C6H6) value was in good agreement with the value from collision-induced dissociation, and a best value of 1.73 ± 0.10 eV for this bond strength is recommended.
Surface Structure Investigation of Epitaxial Nickel Silicides on Si(001)

Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) techniques have been used to examine epitaxial NiS2 films grown on the (001) surface of Si. The experimental results support a model of a NiSi2(001) surface that is a bulk-like but relaxed (001) Si plane with a 25%-30% concentration of vacancies. The 1/3-, 1/4-, and 1/5-order LEED spots observed for these surfaces may be the result of ordering of the vacancies, such that there are domains in which every 3rd, 4th, or 5th [110]-type atomic rows are missing in the Si terminated (001) plane.
Oral and systemic changes in acute adult scurvy.

Abstract Adult scurvy is a specific dietary deficiency disease which is rarely seen nowadays. The very striking oral changes, though not specific, should suggest vitamin C deficiency.
Temporal evolution of self-phase modulation dynamics in a semiconductor optical amplifier under multiwavelength pulse amplification

The temporal evolution of self-phase modulation dynamics in a semiconductor optical amplifier is studied for the amplification of multiwavelength pulses using pump-probe techniques. Two photon absorption and four wave mixing effects are observed as well.
Social perspectives on technology transfer

The author discusses two books that relate technology transfer to professional communication. Stephen Doheny-Farina (Rhetoric, Innovation Technology: Case Studies in Technology Transfers, MIT Press, 1992) builds an argument for a rhetorical perspective on technology transfer; Frederick Williams and David V. Gibson (Technology Transfer. A Communication Perspective, Sage, 1990) describe the current technology transfer process from a communication perspective. In both books, the reinterpretation of technology transfer suggests enhanced roles for professional communicators. >
Immigration, Globalization, and Unemployment Benefits in Developed EU States

At a time of mounting concern about how traditional welfare states will react to globalization, there has been increasing interest in specifying how global economic forces affect welfare policies in industrialized states. Building on theories from the political economy and comparative institutional literatures, we analyze the influence of an important aspect of globalization—the flow of immigration. Focusing on states in the European Union, we present a theoretical model that illustrates the interactive relationships between immigration, EU labor market integration, and domestic institutions. Our findings highlight how immigration in conjunction with domestic political institutions affects unemployment provisions, while labor market integrative forces remain in the background. The story of immigration and unemployment compensation in the EU is less about the opening of borders and the market forces of integration and more about the domestic political pressures.
Enabling collocated coexistence in IEEE 802.16 networks via perceived concurrency

Multiple wireless interfaces (GSM, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM, and GPS receiver, etc.) are being integrated into mobile devices. WiMAX, an IEEE802.16-based wireless access technology recently included in the IMT-2000 set of standards by ITU-R, will soon be added. Obstacles remain to operating these collocated radios concurrently, including interference and hardware conflicts due to congested spectrum allocation and component sharing with radio integration. In this article we provide a tutorial overview of today's solutions to enable concurrent operation of multiple collocated radios in IEEE 802.16- based wireless networks with a focus on perceived concurrency: a MAC coordination approach. We then present three general design principles - predictability, compressibility, and flexible scheduling - with examples of standard features. It is anticipated that the next-generation IEEE 802.16 standards will be enhanced with new features such as explicit service setup, asynchronous operation, and collocated coexistence-aware scheduling.
Assessing Citizen Contributions to Butterfly Monitoring in Two Large Cities

Citizen science may be especially effective in urban landscapes due to the large pool of potential volunteers. However, there have been few evaluations of the contributions of citizen scientists to knowledge of biological communities in and around cities. To assess the effectiveness of citizen scientists' monitoring of species in urban areas, we compared butterfly data collected over 10 years in Chicago, Illinois (U.S.A.), and New York City, New York (U.S.A.). The dates, locations, and methods of data collection in Chicago were standardized, whereas data from New York were collected at any location at any time. For each city, we evaluated whether the number of observers, observation days (days on which observations were reported), and sampling locations were associated with the reported proportion of the estimated regional pool of butterfly species. We also compared the number of volunteers, duration of volunteer involvement, and consistency of sampling efforts at individual locations within each city over time. From 2001 to 2010, there were 73 volunteers in Chicago and 89 in New York. During this period, volunteers observed 86% and 89% of the estimated number of butterfly species present in Chicago and New York, respectively. Volunteers in New York reported a greater proportion of the estimated pool of butterfly species per year. In addition, more species were observed per volunteer and observation day in New York, largely due to the unrestricted sampling season in New York. Chicago volunteers were active for more years and monitored individual locations more consistently over time than volunteers in New York. Differences in monitoring protocol—especially length of sampling season and selection protocol for monitoring locations—influenced the relationship between species accrual and sampling effort, which suggests these factors are important in volunteer-based species-monitoring programs.
Influence of method of phosphorus application on smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) interference in lettuce

Abstract Field trials were conducted to investigate the influence of P application method on the critical period of smooth pigweed and common purslane interference in lettuce. Studies were carried out in low-P histosols, where supplemental P fertilization is needed for lettuce production. Phosphorus was either broadcast or banded 5 cm beneath the lettuce rows at rates of 250 or 125 kg ha−1, respectively. Seedlings of either smooth pigweed or common purslane were transplanted at a density of 16 plants per 5.4 m2 (6-m row by 0.9 m wide). Weed interference duration was achieved by manual removal 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk after lettuce emergence and subsequently keeping the plot weed free until harvest. A weed-free control within each P regimen was also established. Marketable head number, head fresh yield, and head diameter were measured at harvest. Weed-free lettuce fresh yield was 20% higher with banded P than broadcast applications. In the weed–lettuce mixtures, the P regimen by weed removal interaction affected l...
Quality of life and depression assessment in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

Background Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is a rare genetic disease which causes a variety of dermatological lesions, especially basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), often on the face, neck, and head. Methods Persons attending a national NBCCS support group meeting were asked to participate in survey-based assessments of quality of life and depressive symptoms. Inclusion criteria required a self-reported NBCCS diagnosis, voluntary agreement to participate, and age over 18 years. Exclusion criteria included cognitive impairment. Skin-related quality of life was assessed with Skindex-29, completed by 32 participants. Depressive symptomatology was determined with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), completed by 18 participants. Sociodemographic, medical, and social variables were also analyzed. Results Median Skindex-29 scores for the emotions, symptoms, and functioning scales were 42.50, 32.14, and 28.13, respectively (means: 41.17, 37.05, and 29.30, respectively). These scores were slightly higher than those observed in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1, a similar genetic disease with skin symptoms. The CES-D scores (median = 15.50, mean = 17.50) suggested that 50% of participants had significant depressive symptomatology. Variables showing moderate associations with the scores included diet, number of affected family members, and treatment type. Interestingly, the number of BCCs had no effect. Conclusions Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome impacts the quality of life of its subjects in a similar manner to other genodermatoses. Depressive symptoms are particularly prevalent. Several demographic, medical, and social characteristics affect these outcomes. Thus, the psychological impact of this disorder should be evaluated in the course of considering the care of persons with NBCCS.
An exact algorithm for solving MDPs under risk-sensitive planning objectives with one-switch utility functions

One-switch utility functions are an important class of nonlinear utility functions that can model human beings whose decisions change with their wealth level. We study how to maximize the expected utility for Markov decision problems with given one-switch utility functions. We first utilize the fact that one-switch utility functions are weighted sums of linear and exponential utility functions to prove that there exists an optimal policy that is both stationary and deterministic as the wealth level approaches negative infinity. We then develop a solution method, the backward-induction method, that starts with this policy and augments it for higher and higher wealth levels. Our backward-induction method determines maximal expected utilities in finite time, different from the previous functional value iteration method, that typically determines only approximately maximal expected utilities.
Prediction of Music Achievement in the Elementary School

This study examined several predictors of music achievement for general music students in the upper elementary grades: attitude toward music, self-concept in music, music background, academic achievement, and gender. Subjects were 144 fifth- and sixth-grade students in two Midwestern towns who received regularly-scheduled instruction from a music specialist. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the best single predictor of music achievement was the academic achievement test. The addition of the music attitude or self-concept measure produced a moderate increase in predictive power; the remaining variables were not effective predictors. The results of the study suggest that a teacher may be able to heighten music achievement by stressing music attitude or self-concept during music classes.
Evaluation of acute congestive heart failure in dogs and cats: 145 cases (2007–2008)

Objective – To characterize the clinical presentation, management, and in-hospital outcomes of dogs and cats diagnosed with acute congestive heart failure (CHF). Design – Retrospective study of animals seen between January 2007 and May 2008. Setting – Emergency service at a university teaching hospital. Animals – Ninety dogs and 55 cats with CHF. Measurements and Main Results – Patient characteristics, including age, clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, diagnostic testing, and outcome were recorded. Forty-eight of the animals already were receiving cardiac medications at the time of presentation. The most common diseases represented were chronic valvular disease and cardiomyopathies. Cats had significantly lower median body temperature at admission compared with dogs (P<0.001). The most common abnormalities were elevated lactate (64%), elevated BUN (52%), hypochloremia (31%), hyperglycemia (27%), and elevated liver enzymes (26%). Many of these became even more prevalent during hospitalization. One hundred and sixteen animals were discharged from the hospital, for a survival rate of 80%. There was no survival difference between dogs and cats (P=0.39). Dogs that developed hypokalemia during hospital stay (P=0.04) were more likely to survive compared with those without hypokalemia and initial body temperature was lower for those cats that did not survive (P=0.02). Of those that did not survive, the majority were euthanized (n=25), while 4 dogs died. Conclusions – Dogs and cats presented to the emergency service with CHF had a high survival rate. In cats, initial body temperature was lower for those cats that did not survive. Although clinicopathologic abnormalities were common in both species, only dogs with hypokalemia had improved survival to hospital discharge.
Which Numbers Are Real

Introduction Part I. The Reals: 1. Axioms for the reals 2. Construction of the reals Part II. Multidimensional Numbers: 3. The complex numbers 4. The quaternions Part III. Alternative Lines: 5. The constructive reals 6. The hyperreals 7. The surreals Bibliography Index.
Update propagation in distributed memory hierarchy

A distributed memory hierarchy (DMH) is a memory system consisting of storage modules distributed over a high-bandwidth local area network. It provides for transaction applications an abstraction of single virtual memory space to which shared data are mapped. As in a conventional memory hierarchy (MH) in a single-machine system, a DMH is responsible for locating, migrating, and caching data pages; however, unlike a conventional MH, a DMH must do so across the storage modules in a network. In addition, a DMH must handle the problem of propagation of transaction updates preserving serializability of transactions. The performance of a DMH system is strongly influenced by concurrency control and update propagation. It is also crucial that performance analysis accounts for memory resources and network requirements. A DMH system is presented, the tradeoffs between conservative and aggressive update propagation strategies are defined, and promising new strategies are identified. >
Dark spatial soliton propagation in bulk ZnSe

The propagation of dark spatial solitons was experimentally demonstrated in bulk ZnSe at lambda =532 nm using a picosecond laser system. Several propagation and collision parameters were measured and compared with analytic and numerical predictions. It is shown that the propagation parameters behave in a manner consistent with two-dimensional analytic and three-dimensional numerical predictions. The important result is that it is possible to create pronounced dark spatial solitons on a bright optical pulse which do not disappear due to the self-defocusing and diffraction processes operating in the media of interest. >
Issues Affecting New State Extension Specialists: Strategies for the 1990's

This article addresses: (1) the level of graduate school preparation currently received for extension positions; (2) current issues confronting new extension specialists; and (3) strategic recommendations for developing successful extension programs for assistant professors during the volatile 1990's. The results of a national survey of department chairpersons, tenured state extension specialists, and non-tenured state extension specialists in agricultural economics departments are presented. Survey respondents generally agreed that current Ph.D. programs are deficient in preparing graduates for extension responsibilities and that an evolving extension environment presents new obstacles and opportunities for the new specialist, but that strategies exist for new specialists to serve the interests of their clientele as well as their own interests. Differences across regions and appointments are noted.
Comorbidities and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Outcomes

Conventional allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative treatment option for various hematological diseases due, in part to high-dose conditioning and, in part, to graft-versus-tumor effects. Reduced-intensity or non-myeloablative conditioning regimens have relied mostly on graft-versus-tumor effects for disease control, and their advent has allowed relatively older and medically infirm patients to be offered allo-HCT. However, both HCT modalities have been associated with organ toxicities and graft-versus-host disease, resulting in substantial non-relapse mortality. It has become increasingly important to optimize pre-transplant risk assessment in order to improve HCT decision making and clinical trial assignments. Single-organ comorbidity involving liver, lung, heart, or kidney before HCT has been traditionally found to cause organ toxicity after HCT. Recent efforts have resulted in the advent of a weighted scoring system that could sensitively capture multiple-organ comorbidities prior to HCT. The HCT-comorbidity index (HCT-CI) has provided better prediction of HCT-related morbidity and mortality than other non-HCT-specific indices. Subsequent studies, with the exception of a few studies with modest numbers of patients, have confirmed the prognostic importance of the HCT-CI. Further, the HCT-CI has been consolidated with various disease-specific and patient-specific risk factors to refine assignments of patients to the appropriate HCT setting. Ongoing studies are addressing prospective validation of the HCT-CI, furthering our understanding of biological aging, and enhancing the applicability of the HCT-CI comorbidity coding. Future knowledge of the impacts of multiple comorbidities on post-HCT toxicities might guide new prophylactic and therapeutic interventions to lessen the procedure's mortality.
RCS calculation for penetrable bodies of revolution using FDTD

An attempt was made to determine if the FDTD (finite-difference-time-domain) could be successfully applied using cubical cells to compute RCSs (radar cross sections) for smooth bodies of revolution composed of lossy dielectric materials. The bodies considered were a sphere, an oblate spheroid, and a spherecone-oblate spheroid. These shapes were modeled in three dimensions using cubical cells, and RCS calculations were made by Fourier transform of the far-zone time-domain scattered fields computed by FDTD. The results indicate that for penetrable targets the far-zone RCS calculated using cubical FDTD cells can in many cases be sufficient for estimation of the scattering amplitudes. >
Distributed evaluation of commutative and associative functions

Abstract A symmetric distributed algorithm for evaluation of associative and commutative functions is presented. This class of functions underlies many decentralized consensus protocols, such as decentralized extrema finding and distributed transaction commit. Let N be the number of participating processes and c > 0 be a design parameter. The algorithm uses a total of 2cN(N 1 c − 1) messages and executes in time M + c ( M + C + 2 D ), where M and C are time intervals needed for certain internal computations within a process and D denotes the transmission delay of the communication network. The algorithm permits a trade-off between execution time and communication, and allows designers to choose an optimal value for the design parameter c .
Bridging Shannon and Hamming: List Error-Correction with Optimal Rate

Error-correcting codes tackle the fundamental problem of recovering from errors during data communication and storage. A basic issue in coding theory concerns the modeling of the channel noise. Shannon’s theory models the channel as a stochastic process with a known probability law. Hamming suggested a combinatorial approach where the channel causes worst-case errors subject only to a limit on the number of errors. These two approaches share a lot of common tools, however in terms of quantitative results, the classical results for worst-case errors were much weaker. We survey recent progress on list decoding, highlighting its power and generality as an avenue to construct codes resilient to worst-case errors with information rates similar to what is possible against probabilistic errors. In particular, we discuss recent explicit constructions of list-decodable codes with information-theoretically optimal redundancy that is arbitrarily close to the fraction of symbols that can be corrupted by worst-case errors.