cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental neoplasia in rats from oral administration of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine, 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline), and 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline)☆

Abstract The primary purpose of these experiments was to investigate the carcinogenic potential of 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) for the rat. Because two structurally related aromatic amines, 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine and 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline), had already been shown to be carcinogenic for the rat, they were included as positive controls. After these studies were in progress, it was reported that 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) was carcinogenic for rats fed a protein-deficient diet. Consequently, a group of rats on the same deficient diet was added to evaluate the effect of diet. Rats were fed for 2 years diets containing 1000 ppm of each test substance except 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline), which was fed at 200 ppm. 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine at a level of 1000 ppm in a standard diet produced tumors of the mammary gland in rats of both sexes, together with Zymbal gland and hematopoietic tumors in males. The same level of 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) in a standard diet produced tumors of the lung in rats of both sexes. By comparison, in a protein-deficient diet 4,4′-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) caused lung tumors in the experimental animals of both sexes, liver tumors in males, and malignant mammary tumor in females. 4,4′-Methylene-bis(2-methylaniline) at a level of 200 ppm in a standard diet produced tumors in the liver in rats of both sexes together with skin and mammary tumors in males. These chemicals are not known to have caused neoplasia in man to date.
Cumulative Sum Control Charts and the Weibull Distribution

A method for construction of cumulative sum control charts for controlling the mean of a Weibull distribution is described. As a special case, charts appropriate to exponentially distributed variables can be constructed. There is some investigation of the results of using such charts when a non-exponential Weibull distribution would be more appropriate. The paper concludes with a discussion of certain formulas in the related analysis of sequential probability ratio tests for Weibull distributions.
Impulse approximation Dirac theory of inelastic proton nucleus collective excitations

The Dirac impulse approximation formulation of intermediate energy, proton nucleus scattering is extended to include the inelastic excitation of collective degrees of freedom. In this approach, the deformed spin-orbit interaction appears naturally and is found to have a large effect on the inelastic spin observables. The agreement with experimental data for the collective inelastic observables is comparable to that obtained for the corresponding elastic ones.
Retail and wholesale market power in organic apples

The demand for organic fresh fruits and vegetable continues to grow at a rate far higher than the rest of the produce industry. The cost of meeting organic certification standards, however, has meant that supply has been slow to adjust. With limited supply, the authors hypothesize that organic suppliers enjoy more market power in bargaining over their share of the retail-production cost margin for fresh apples. We test this hypothesis using random parameters, generalized extreme value demand model (mixed logit) combined with a structural model of retail and wholesale pricing that allows conduct to vary by product attributes (organic or nonorganic) and time. They apply this model to data on wholesale prices of organic and nonorganic apples from Washington State, and retail data from five major metropolitan markets. They find that organic growers do indeed earn a larger share of the total margin than nonorganic growers, but this vertical market power is eroding over time as market supply adjusts. [EconLit citations: C35; D12; D43; L13; L41; Q13]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conservation Easements and Management by Family Forest Owners: A Propensity Score Matching Approach with Multi-Imputations of Survey Data

Increasingly, private landowners are participating in conservation easement programs, but their effects on land management remain to be addressed. Data from the USDA Forest Service National Woodland Owner Survey for the US Northern Region were used to investigate how conservation easement participation is associated with selected past and future forest management practices. Multiple data imputation was used to correct for missing data bias, and propensity score matching was applied to correct for selection bias. Results show that only the adoption of forest management plans, among 17 forest management practices, was significantly and positively correlated with easement participation. Conservation easements legally bind participants to maintain land forested, but there was no evidence of greater association between easement participation and active forest management practices, including timber harvesting. These findings suggest that adoption of conservation easements is a policy tool that can preserve forestland from changing to other uses but may not necessarily be conducive to wider implementation of land practices necessary for long-term protection of forests.
Detecting disease outbreaks using local spatiotemporal methods.

A real-time surveillance method is developed with emphasis on rapid and accurate detection of emerging outbreaks. We develop a model with relatively weak assumptions regarding the latent processes generating the observed data, ensuring a robust prediction of the spatiotemporal incidence surface. Estimation occurs via a local linear fitting combined with day-of-week effects, where spatial smoothing is handled by a novel distance metric that adjusts for population density. Detection of emerging outbreaks is carried out via residual analysis. Both daily residuals and AR model-based de-trended residuals are used for detecting abnormalities in the data given that either a large daily residual or an increasing temporal trend in the residuals signals a potential outbreak, with the threshold for statistical significance determined using a resampling approach.
Surgical resident perspective on deceased donor organ procurement.

Abstract Background Deceased donor organ procurement provides unparalleled opportunity for surgical residents with extensive surgical exposure. We hypothesize that surgical residents regard organ donation positively and organ procurement enhances their education. Methods We conducted an institutional review board approved anonymous national survey to evaluate organ procurement experiences and attitudes of general surgical residents. Results Three hundred ninety-seven residents representing all postgraduate years responded, with 97% completion rate. Organ procurement increased with training level (92% seniors vs 53% interns). Over 85% agree organ procurement is a good educational and operative experience, and 73% believe that it will benefit their future surgical career. About 68% agree that organ procurement provided knowledge of anatomy and exposures; under 10% felt organ procurement could be duplicated with simulation. Presence of transplant program did not affect attitudes or experience. Eighty-eight percent women versus77% men plan to donate their own organs. Conclusion Results indicate that surgical residents value organ procurement, and it remains an essential encounter that applies to general surgery.
Ambiguous Phenotypes In Acute Leukemia.

Several excellent reviews have been written on the phenomenon of ambiguous leukemic phenotypes, discussing their problematic interpretation and potential clinical significance.1-5 The literature on this subject has introduced, supported or dismissed terms such as biphenotypia, mixed lineage and hybrid leukemias, lineage promiscuity and infidelity, all of which classify leukemic phenotypes outside the norm or not readily classifiable according to established systems. Controversial hypotheses have been formulated regarding the mechanisms leading to the coexpression of antigens from more than one cell lineage by single leukemic blast cells. One concept proposed a relationship between heterogenous leukemic phenotypes and normal, transient, primitive stages of hemopoietic differentiation. An alternative view suggested that acquired changes of a cell's genetic machinery could result in a deviation from its normal differentiation commitment.
Migration energy-aware workload consolidation in enterprise clouds

Consolidation through live VM migrations is a promising approach to improve server utilization. However, prior consolidation works have focused mostly on the performance impact of migration and neglected the associated energy overhead. Our research finds that energy impact of migration can offset over 12 % of the energy saved through energy-conscious workload packing. To address this limitation of the current state of research, in this paper we devise new schemes to pack applications that targets a joint optimization of energy and performance overhead of VM migrations. Additionally, we develop a statistical workload modeling technique for simulating consolidation problem in enterprise cloud contexts. Our experiments with statistically generated synthetic trace and Google's production trace demonstrate that our schemes can improve energy savings up to 23% compared to state of the art power-aware workload consolidation strategy.
Protein Conformational Changes in the Bacteriorhodopsin Photocycle: Comparison of Findings from Electron and X-Ray Crystallographic Analyses

Light-driven conformational changes in the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin have been studied extensively using X-ray and electron crystallography, resulting in the deposition of >30 sets of coordinates describing structural changes at various stages of proton transport. Using projection difference Fourier maps, we show that coordinates reported by different groups for the same photocycle intermediates vary considerably in the extent and nature of conformational changes. The different structures reported for the same intermediate cannot be reconciled in terms of differing extents of change on a single conformational trajectory. New measurements of image phases obtained by cryo-electron microscopy of the D96G/F171C/F219L triple mutant provide independent validation for the description of the large protein conformational change derived at 3.2 A resolution by electron crystallography of 2D crystals, but do not support atomic models for light-driven conformational changes derived using X-ray crystallography of 3D crystals. Our findings suggest that independent determination of phase information from 2D crystals can be an important tool for testing the accuracy of atomic models for membrane protein conformational changes.
Involvement of sulfhydryl groups in light-dependent transhydrogenase of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

Abstract The light-dependent transhydrogenase from Rps. spheroides has been resolved into a depleted chromatophore fraction and a soluble protein fraction. Both fractions are required for light-dependent activity, but soluble transhydrogenase factor can be replaced by the dithiols, dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol, or reduced thioctic acid. ATP-dependent transhydrogenase is partially activated when the above-mentioned dithiols are added to unresolved chromatophores, but soluble transhydrogenase factor is ineffective in this system. Activation of light-dependent transhydrogenase by soluble transhydrogenase factor is inhibited by the thiol-binding agents, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and thus it is concluded that the soluble factor contains essential SH groups. Evidence has been presented for a disulfide photoreduction system in chromatophores of this organism and a reaction mechanism for transhydrogenase is postulated in terms of light energy being required to photoreduce chromatophore-bound disulfides. This may result in an unmasking or activation of membrane-bound transhydrogenase.
Coarse-grained dynamics for proton exchange in RNA

We focus on a coarse-grained description of the coupling between ribose pucker discommensuration and base swinging in a standard A-RNA helix. We view this coupling as an actual entrainment where the sugar conformation is regarded as the enslaving variable in the dynamics. Thus, we provide a semiempirical model for the relatively slow dynamics of helix opening reflecting the intermittent exposure of titratable groups to the solvent and consistent with proton exchange kinetics. Our description of bubble formation in the helix is built upon a Φ4-type model
Signaling in leukemia: which messenger to kill?

Chromosomal translocations can activate oncogenes either by juxtaposing an inappropriate enhancer or promoter with a proto-oncogene or by fusing different genes to create novel combinations of protein-coding domains (1). The former mechanism is typical of lymphoid leukemias; in such cases, the regulatory region involved determines which cell types are at risk of transformation. For example, follicular lymphoma, a class of B-cell tumor, arises in cells containing a t(14;18) chromosomal translocation that places the Bcl2 gene under the control of immunoglobulin regulatory sequences. When novel fusion proteins drive oncogenesis, on the other hand, cell specificity may have other sources: new activities resulting from gain or loss of specific sequences, protein relocalization leading to both gain and loss of substrate access, or modulation of activity by 1 of the fusion partners. Such fusion proteins are typically found in myeloid leukemias. For example, the t(8;21) translocation creates the AML1/ETO fusion gene associated with the M2 subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia, and t(9;22) creates the bcr/abl oncogene which causes chronic myeloid leukemia. In this issue of the JCI, Tomasson et al. report an in vivo mutation analysis of another chimeric oncoprotein of this class, the TEL/PDGFβR fusion protein found in a subset of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (2). These new data indicate that the oncotropicity of TEL/PDGFβR depends critically on interactions between specific phosphotyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic portion of the oncoprotein, and a variety of signaling proteins containing the SH2 domain.
Flow linear dichroism spectra of four filamentous bacteriophages: DNA and coat protein contributions

In this study, we have separated the contributions of DNA and protein to the absorption and linear dichroism (LD) of each of four phages: fd, IKe, Pf1, and Pf3. We have found that the DNA packaged in each of the phages is hypochromic relative to the purified single-stranded DNA, suggesting that bases are stacked in all of the phages. We have oriented the phages by flow and for the first time report the intrinsic LD from 320 to 190 nm for each of these phages. From the intrinsic LD of the phages and the isotropic absorption of the individual components, we have determined the reduced dichroism of the DNA within the phages and, subsequently, the maximum angle of inclination of the DNA bases (from the helix axis) for the packaged DNA. The maximum angles were 63 degrees and 64 degrees for the DNAs of class I phages fd and IKe, respectively. The angles were significantly less, 51 degrees and 49 degrees, for the DNAs of the class II phages Pf1 and Pf3, respectively. Thus, the two classes of phage differ in the structures of their packaged DNA, the DNA bases of the class II phages being more parallel to the long axis of the phage than are the DNA bases of the class I phages.
In Pursuit of Validity: A comprehensive review of science attitude instruments 1935–2005

The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive evaluation of science attitude instruments based on published psychometric evidence. A multitude of instruments have been used through the years and some have been linked to career choice and school performance. Substantiating such associations is of paramount importance if researchers wish to influence educational policy. However, associations are reduced, or hard to discover, if instruments have weak psychometric properties. Several databases were searched for peer‐reviewed articles that discussed the development and use of science attitude instruments. Instruments were grouped into the following categories: attitudes toward science, scientific attitudes, nature of science, scientific career interests, and other. A data abstraction and scoring rubric was used to summarize and evaluate 150 published articles that spanned 66 instruments. Most instruments had single study usage and showed an absence of psychometric evidence. This review demonstrated ...
Translation among English, French, German, Russian, and Japanese

Abstract Translation from one language to another is crucial for scholarship. This study examines translation from and to English, German, French, Russian, and Japanese. Quantitative analysis of UNESCO data and other sources shows that translation patterns vary considerably among languages, especially in their dependency on each other as sources of information. In terms of language populations, speakers of the four major Western languages are more interdependent as a group than they are on other language populations. English language text is the predominant source for translation into all other languages, and German translations from other languages are most numerous. Japanese literature, including that in science and technology, is rarely translated, but translation of major Western texts into Japanese is more extensive than into any other language.
The Essential Sequence Elements Required for RNAP II Carboxyl-terminal Domain Function in Yeast and Their Evolutionary Conservation

The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II is the staging platform for numerous proteins involved in transcription initiation, mRNA processing, and general coordination of nuclear events. Concordant with these central roles in cellular metabolism, the consensus sequence, tandemly repeated structure, and core functions of the CTD are conserved across diverse eukaryotic lineages; however, in other eukaryotes, the CTD has been allowed to degenerate completely. Even in groups where the CTD is strongly conserved, genetic analyses and comparative genomic investigations show that a variety of individual substitutions and insertions are permissible. Therefore, the specific functional constraints reflected by the CTD's conservation across much of eukaryotic evolution have remained somewhat puzzling. Here we propose a hypothesis to explain that strong conservation in budding yeast, based on both comparative and experimental evidence. Through genetic complementation for CTD function, we identify 2 sequence elements contained within pairs of heptapeptides, "Y(1)-Y(8)" and "S(2)-S(5)-S(9)," which are required for all essential CTD functions in yeast. The dual requirements of these motifs can account for strong purifying selection on the canonical CTD heptapeptide. Further, in vitro analysis of GST-CTD fusion proteins as substrates for multiple CTD-directed kinases show reduced phosphorylation efficiencies with increased distance between functional units. This indicates that requirements of the RNAP II phosphorylation cycle are most likely responsible for the strong purifying selection on tandemly repeated CTD structure.
Guidelines for exercise therapy of the elderly after myocardial infarction

We have previously demonstrated that elderly male cardiac patients benefit from participation in early exercise programmes through enhancement of functional capacity and improved psychological responses to exertion. Based on our experience, we present guidelines for early exercise therapy in elderly cardiac patients. It appears that no special considerations need be made to reduce risk beyond those precautions already present in a standard programme for younger patients. In general, it is recommended that exercise therapy in the elderly utilize 70–80% of maximal heart rate, 3 days per week for 40 min per session. Specific modifications include: decreasing intensity of work on certain modalities due to limitations of specific muscle groups, increasng frequency of exercise sessions for persons with particularly low functional capacity, and emphaizing flexibility exercises which should also be included in the regular exercise therapy sessions. Our experience has indicated that elderly cardiac patients have little problem with adherence and safety in the exercise programme and that standard methods of exercise presciption can be utilized with only minor modifications.
Counter-Ion Association Effect in Dilute Giant Polyoxometalate [As III 12 Ce III 16 (H 2 O) 36 W 148 O 524 ] 76− ({W 148 }) and [Mo 132 O 372 (CH 3 COO) 30 (H 2 O) 72 ] 42− ({Mo 132 }) Macroanionic Solutions

This article reports the use of simple conductivity measurements to explore the state of small counter-ions (mostly NH 4 + and Na+) in $$[\hbox{As}^{\rm III}_{12}\hbox{Ce}^{\rm III}_{16}(\hbox{H}_2\hbox{O})_{36}\hbox{W}_{148}\hbox{O}_{524}]^{76-} (\{\hbox{W}_{148}\})$$ and $$[\hbox{Mo}_{132}\hbox{O}_{372}(\hbox{CH}_{3}\hbox{COO})_{30} (\hbox{H}_{2}\hbox{O})_{72}]^{42-} (\{\hbox{Mo}_{132}\})$$ macroanionic solutions. All the solutions are dialyzed to remove the extra electrolytes. Conductivity measurements on {(NH4)70Na6W148} and {(NH4)42Mo132} solutions at different concentrations both before and after dialysis indicate that the state of counter-ions has obvious concentration dependence. The “counter-ion association” phenomenon, that is, some small counter-ions closely associate with macroanions and move together, has been observed in both types of macroionic solutions above certain concentration. The association of counter-ions in hydrophilic macroionic solutions provides support on our previous speculation that the counter-ions might be responsible for the unique self-assembly of such macroanions into single-layer blackberry-type structures.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is required for optimal growth under lipid deficient conditions

Background Otto Warburg’s observation that tumor cells have increased rates of glucose uptake and lactate secretion in comparison to normal cells spawned his notion that tumors have dysfunctional mitochondria. However, in addition to metabolizing glucose to lactate, tumors in vivo exhibit mitochondrial glucose oxidation, indicating activity of pyruvate dehydrognase (PDH), which gates entry of glucose derived carbon into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [1]. Here we establish a model wherein we suppress PDH activity using RNAi, thus abrogating the flux of glucose derived carbon into the TCA cycle and ultimately lipids, and determine the extent to which PDH activity and oxidative metabolism of glucose are required for the growth of cancer cells. Materials and methods Small hairpin RNAs against the transcript encoding the catalytic subunit of PDH were cloned into a retroviral vector which allowed doxycycline-inducible control of expression. Metabolism of cancer cells was studied in vitro using a combination of stable isotope tracing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 2D growth assays were performed in medium containing lipid-replete normal serum as well as serum in which lipids had been extracted using petroleum ether. Results Cancer cells transferred the carbon tracer from glucose to TCA cycle metabolites as well as fatty acids. Suppression of PDH E1a protein levels resulted in a significant reduction of this transfer, indicating that these metabolic fluxes were dependent on PDH activity. Remarkably, abrogation of PDH activity limited growth exclusively under conditions in which cells were grown in media that contained delipidated serum. This growth deficit could be rescued if cells were provided with a mixture of the fatty acids palmitate and oleate. Conclusions Cancer cells exhibit PDH activity that allows transfer of glucose carbon to citrate and the TCA cycle as well as ultimately into fatty acid synthesis. Importantly, suppression of PDH activity limits growth in conditions in which cancer cells do not have access to fatty acids. As availability of fatty acids may be compromised in rapidly proliferating tumors due to factors such as poor perfusion, it is plausible that PDH activity is required for optimal growth in vivo.
Neuronal loss due to prolonged controlled-current stimulation with chronically implanted microelectrodes in the cat cerebral cortex

Activated iridium microelectrodes were implanted for 450-1282 days in the sensorimotor cortex of seven adult domestic cats and then pulsed for 240 h (8 h per day for 30 days) at 50 Hz. Continuous stimulation at 2 nC/phase and with a geometric charge density of 100 microC cm(-2) produced no detectable change in neuronal density in the tissue surrounding the microelectrode tips. However, pulsing with a continuous 100% duty cycle at 4 nC/phase and with a geometric charge density of 200 microC cm(-2) induced loss of cortical neurons over a radius of at least 150 microm from the electrode tips. The same stimulus regimen but with a duty cycle of 50% (1 s of stimulation, and then 1 s without stimulation repeated for 8 h) produced neuronal loss within a smaller radius, approximately 60 microm from the center of the electrode tips. However, there also was significant loss of neurons surrounding the unpulsed electrodes, presumably as a result of mechanical injury due to their insertion into and long-term residence in the tissue, and this was responsible for most of the neuronal loss within 150 microm of the electrodes pulsed with the 50% duty cycle.
Early metabolic changes in response to lung injury: Extrapolation from animals to humans

The pulmonary capillary endothelium provides a nonthrombogenic, semipermeable barrier between pulmonary blood and tissues. In recent years, particular attention has been focused on the ability of these cells to metabolize a variety of circulating biologically active substances either by interiorizing the substance through specific membrane transport processes or by directly altering the substance by way of enzymatic activity at the plasma membrane. Serotonin, norepinephrine, and several prostaglandins are examples of biologically active substances that are removed from the circulation by the pulmonary endothelium by way of specific transmembrane transport processes. Concomitant with the increased interest in metabolic functions of the pulmonary endothelium, there has been a growing awareness of the central role of endothelial cell abnormalities in the pathogenesis of various lung injuries and disease states. During the past several years, considerable evidence has accumulated in support of the hypothesis ...
Structure-dependent Optical Activity of Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Enantiomers

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) samples contain a variety of distinct structural species labeled by (n,m) indices. Nearly all of these are helical structures that can exist as left-handed or right-handed optical isomers. Although SWCNT growth processes give equal (racemic) mixtures of these enantiomers, recently developed separation methods can now provide samples with high optical purity. We report quantitative circular dichroism measurements on both enantiomers of five different semiconducting (n,m) species: (6,4), (7,3), (6,5), (8,3), and (8,4), plus one enantiomer of (7,5). The sorted samples were prepared by nonlinear density gradient ultracentrifugation. Helicities are deduced from the signs of circular dichroism (CD) signals at the E22 transition, with guidance from theoretical modeling. For each species, circular dichroism and absorption spectra are compared at the E22 peak to obtain ellipticities normalized to absorbance. The normalized ellipticities show no apparent correlation with SWCNT ...
Oviposition model for timing insecticide sprays against plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in New York State.

Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), feeding and oviposition on apples during spring was measured for 3 yr in a heavily infested orchard in New York State. A logistic model was formulated to relate cumulative fruit injury to cumulative heat units (degree-days base 10°C [DD10]) following petal fall. Cumulative plum curculio injury was well described by the model in the trees from which data for the model were collected. However, injury progressed faster and ended earlier in smaller trees at the same site and at a different site, probably because of differences in tree architecture. Field trials showed that protection of the fruit via insecticide residue was no longer necessary after the model predicted that 40% of the cumulative plum curculio oviposition and feeding cycle had been completed (171 DD10 after petal fall). Based on historical weather records, use of the model to schedule insecticide treatments would save 1 insecticide application nearly half the time compared with a standard of 3 insecticide applications. A delay between initial plum curculio feeding and oviposition, which coincides with the petal fall, phenophase, and steadily increasing damage, which is influenced by temperatures after petal fall was observed. The effectiveness of delaying insecticide treatments until the rate of plum curculio damage was rapidly increasing was compared with treatments applied at petal fall. Delaying the 1st insecticide application resulted in higher levels of damage compared with making the 1st treatment immediately after petal fall.
Dehn's algorithm and the complexity of word problems

Etude du probleme des mots: complexite, decidabilite, algorithme de Dehn, systeme de reecriture, presentations de groupes, systeme de Thue, systeme de Church-Rosser, monoides, complexite de calcul, temps polynomial
The Civil Rights Society: The Social Construction of Victims

"Bumiller is among several scholars who have questioned the excessive reliance on law, especially constitutional law and the Supreme Court, as a means of solving social problems in the United States. The book will generate much discussion among those scholars interested in critical legal studies, sociology of law, race and gender relations, the social psychology of victimization, and social stratification."--Darnell F. Hawkins, 'Contemporary Sociology.'
Nonacute thrombolytic therapy: an adjunct to coronary angioplasty in patients with large intravascular thrombi.

Abstract The presence of intravascular thrombus can make coronary angioplasty difficult or impossible to perform. To determine if thrombolytic agents could lyse large, nonacute thrombi, we retrospectively analyzed the angiograms of all 14 patients with unstable angina and large intravascular thrombi (>2 cm in length) who were treated with thrombolytic agents at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between October 1987 and April 1989. Twelve patients were treated with intracoronary streptokinase, and two with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Coronary arteriography was repeated immediately after treatment and a mean of 1.6 ± 0.3 days later. The degree of thrombolysis and change in distal vessel perfusion was evaluated. Thrombolysis was graded as considerable if there was >75% resolution of apparent thrombus, and as complete if no stenosis or only a discrete residual stenosis was apparent. Fifty-seven percent of patients ultimately achieved considerable or complete thrombolysis and were able to undergo successful angioplasty. Patients achieving considerable or complete thrombolysis had a 28 ± 7% increase in luminal diameter and demonstrated normalization of initially absent distal porfusion, except for the one patient who had normal distal flow prior to treatment. A maximal thrombolytic effect was evident only at the time of “delayed” angiography in all patients who responded to treatment and underwent both follow-up arteriograms. We conclude that thrombolytic agents can effectively lyse large, nonacute intravascular thrombi, thereby facilitating coronary angioplasty. A full thrombolytic effect does not occur for hours to days after drug administration, and may not become evident unless delayed angiography is performed.
Reflections of the Self: How Self-Esteem Determines Decision Framing and Increases Risk Taking

Historically, research examining the influence of individual personality factors on decision processing has been sparse. In this paper we investigate how one important individual aspect, self-esteem, influences imposition and subsequent processing of ambiguously, negatively or positively framed decision tasks. We hypothesized that low self-esteem individuals would impose a negative frame onto ambiguous decision problems and would be especially sensitive to negatively framed decision tasks. In Study 1 we utilized a self-framing procedure and demonstrated that HSE participants were evenly divided in the hedonic valence they self-imposed whereas LSE participants were more likely to self-impose a negative frame. When these differences were accounted for, HSE and LSE participants were equivalent in risk seeking/avoiding choices. Study 2 used a risky-choice framing task and found that LSE individuals were especially sensitive to the negative frame. Study 3, provided converging evidence and generalization of these findings to a reflection tasks involving money.
A Comment on the Dimensionality and Reliability of the Women As Manager Scale (Wams)

The Women as Managers Scale (WAMS), reported to be a measure of stereotypic attitudes toward women in management, has appeared in recent literature as both an independent and a dependent variable. ...
A gridless Euler/Navier-Stokes solution algorithm for complex-aircraft applications

The development of a gridless computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for the solution of the two- and three-dimensional Euler and Navier-Stokes equations is described. The method uses only clouds of points and does not require that the points be connected to form a grid as is necessary in conventional CFD algorithms. The gridless CFD approach appears to resolve the inefficiencies encountered with structured or unstructured grid methods, and consequently offers great potential for accurately and efficiently solving viscous flows about complex aircraft configurations. The method is described in detail and calculations are presented for standard Euler and Navier-Stokes cases to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the capability.
Kinetics of quality changes in whole blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) during pasteurization

Abstract The effects of pasteurization temperatures (65 to 90 °C) on the kinetics of quality changes (cook loss, area shrinkage and texture) in whole blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) were investigated. The cook loss, area shrinkage and compression force increased with increasing heating time and temperature, and followed the first–order, second– and zero–order reactions, respectively. Most cook loss (30%) and area shrinkage (36%) occurred during the first 5 min of heating. A high positive correlation was found between cook loss, area shrinkage and compression force, indicating that dehydration and protein aggregation were reflected in compression force measurements, especially at higher temperatures (75 to 90 °C). The activation energy ( E a ) for cook loss, area shrinkage and compression force were 55.6, 92.3 and 64.7 kJ/mol, respectively. The E a for compression force, 64.7 kJ/mol, was lower than that reported in the literature, reflecting differences in the type and degree of protein denaturation from differences in how heat treatments were conducted.
High-Fidelity Correction of Mutations at Multiple Chromosomal Positions by Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a single-stranded, linear DNA virus with a 4.7-kb genome consisting of the viral rep and cap genes flanked by inverted terminal repeat (TR) sequences. AAV vectors containing foreign DNA between the viral TRs can be packaged by rep and cap gene products supplied in trans (10). They can transduce many cell types both by random chromosomal integration (13, 20) and transient gene expression from episomal vector genomes (1). In our previous study, we showed that AAV vectors can also transduce cells by introducing either a 4-bp insertion or a 14-bp deletion mutation at homologous chromosomal loci (12). The gene targeting rates obtained by AAV vectors in normal, unselected human cells (>10−3) were 3 to 5 logs higher than those obtained by conventional targeting methods (2, 17, 19), perhaps due to the efficient nuclear delivery or single-stranded nature of the vector genome (12). The scientific and therapeutic potential of AAV-mediated gene targeting has not been established yet and will depend in large part on the types of genetic modifications that can be introduced, the accessibility of different chromosomal sites for targeting, and the fidelity of the reaction. A fundamental remaining issue is the structure of targeted loci, including the ends of homology between the target gene and vector genome, since other targeting methods can lead to alterations at these locations (4, 5, 16), and this was not studied in previous AAV experiments. To address these issues, we developed a retroviral shuttle vector system for the introduction and correction of target genes containing a variety of mutations at multiple chromosomal positions. This system allowed us to compare the average correction rates of different mutations located throughout the human genome and to completely determine the structure of the targeted loci at the DNA sequence level.
Fiber optic smart civil structures

The advances in the area of fiber optic sensors have led to applications in various niche areas. Within the past few years, researchers have seemingly led the way in the application of such fiber optic sensors within the civil engineering arena. Specifically, various large civil structures have had differing types of fiber optic sensors installed within and upon these structures leading to measurements not previously available. A review of this `smart structures' research is presented in this paper.
Metal-Enhanced Galactic Winds. I.

Constraints on supernova-driven galactic winds from elliptical galaxies at the epoch of star formation are investigated. The occurrence of mass loss is found to depend critically on the supernova rate in the case of dwarf galaxies, while the depth of the potential well is the most important constraint for giant ellipticals. The smallest dwarf ellipticals must have evolved from significantly more massive progenitors in order to have sustained a wind that carried away most of their metal production.
Obstruction of Critical Information on Over-the-Counter Medication Packages by External Tags

BACKGROUND:Over-the-counter (OTC) medication packages are important sources of information for consumers during product selection and use. Consumers may not be able to access information from OTC packages if external tags, namely price or anti-theft tags, are improperly placed.OBJECTIVE:To determine the amount and type of information concealed by anti-theft tags and price tags affixed on OTC drug packages.METHODS:A field study was performed by evaluating packages containing acetaminophen and combinations of acetaminophen in stores located in Houston. Five packages for 4 products selected from each store after an initial survey for presence of an external tag were examined. A data collection sheet was prepared that extracted the type and amount of information concealed by these tags. Data were analyzed by performing descriptive analyses to provide an understanding of the information obscured.RESULTS:A total of 24 stores were considered in the study, and 67 products and 285 packages were evaluated. External...
Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome protein Cdc27 is a target for curcumin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

Background Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the yellow pigment in the Asian spice turmeric, is a hydrophobic polyphenol from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. Because of its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential with no discernable side effects, it has become one of the major natural agents being developed for cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that curcumin induces cell death through activation of apoptotic pathways and inhibition of cell growth and proliferation. The mitotic checkpoint, or spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), is the major cell cycle control mechanism to delay the onset of anaphase during mitosis. One of the key regulators of the SAC is the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) which ubiquitinates cyclin B and securin and targets them for proteolysis. Because APC/C not only ensures cell cycle arrest upon spindle disruption but also promotes cell death in response to prolonged mitotic arrest, it has become an attractive drug target in cancer therapy.
Why William James Might be Considered the Founder of the Scientist-Practitioner Model

Willhelm Wundt has come to be known as the founder of experimental psychology. William James is seen as the founder of scientific psychology in America, largely because of the impact that The Principles of Psychology had on psychology in the United States. In seeing James as the central forebear of scientific psychology in this country, many applied psychologists have underestimated the importance of his contributions for their professional ambitions. It is argued that close examination of James's more philosophically oriented works reveals a set of principles (i.e., pragmatism, pluralism, radical empiricism, strenuosity, and freedom of the will) that form the basis of the scientist pracitioner model in psychology.
The School for Science and Math at Vanderbilt: An Innovative Research-Based Program for High School Students.

The School for Science and Math at Vanderbilt (SSMV) is an innovative partnership program between a Research I private university and a large urban public school system. The SSMV was started in 2007 and currently has 101 students enrolled in the program, with a total of 60 students who have completed the 4-yr sequential program. Students attend the SSMV for one full day per week during the school year and 3-6 wk in the summers following their ninth- to 11th-grade years, with each grade of 26 students coming to the Vanderbilt campus on a separate day. The research-based curriculum focuses on guiding students through the process of learning to develop questions and hypotheses, designing projects and performing analyses, and communicating results of these projects. The SSMV program has elevated the learning outcomes of students as evidenced by increased achievement scores relative to a comparison group of students; has provided a rigorous research-based science, technology, engineering, and mathematics elective curriculum that culminates in a Summer research internship; has produced 27 Intel and Siemens semifinalists and regional finalists over the past 4 yr; and has supported the development of writing and communication skills resulting in regional and national oral presentations and publications in scientific journals.
Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neutrophil Activation

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Although increased circulating levels of uPA are present in endotoxemia and sepsis, conditions in which activated neutrophils contribute to the development of acute organ dysfunction, the ability of uPA to participate directly in LPS-induced neutrophil activation has not been examined. In the present experiments, we show that uPA can enhance activation of neutrophils exposed to submaximal stimulatory doses of LPS. In particular, uPA increased LPS-induced activation of intracellular signaling pathways, including Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear translocation of the transcriptional regulatory factor NF-kappa B, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 beta, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and TNF-alpha. There was no effect of uPA on LPS-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in neutrophils. Transgenic mice unable to produce uPA (uPA(-/-)) were protected from endotoxemia-induced lung injury, as determined by development of lung edema, pulmonary neutrophil accumulation, lung IL-1 beta, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and TNF-alpha cytokine levels. These results demonstrate that uPA can potentiate LPS-induced neutrophil responses and also suggest that such effects are sufficiently important in vivo to play a major contributory role in neutrophil-mediated inflammatory responses, such as the development of acute lung injury.
Algorithm-Guided Individualized Reading Instruction

First grade students achieved stronger learning outcomes in reading when teachers fine-tuned instruction to individual students under the guidance of A2i software.
Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945 . By Diana Davids Olien and Roger M. Olien. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 307. $39.95.

One of the most colorful episodes in American business history is the development of the Texas oil industry. From the 1956 movie Giant to the 1978â€“1991 television series Dallas the Texas oil boom has fascinated millions of people. Among economic historians and economists, the industry has been the basis for studies of firm behavior, regulation, collective action, and regional economic development.
Optimal discrete-continuous control for the linear-quadratic regulator problem

In the conventional method of discrete-time control, the control-input is held constant across each sampling interval; i.e., "zero-order hold" type control. In this paper a previously introduced generalization of the conventional discrete-time control method, in which the control is allowed to vary with time (open-loop fashion) across each sampling interval is considered and applied to the optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem. This generalization of discrete-time control, called "discrete-continuous control", leads to significant performance improvements compared to conventional discrete-time control. An important special case of discrete-continuous control where control variations are constrained to be linear-in-time across each sampling-interval, is examined in detail and a new general LQR theory is developed for that special case. These latter results are illustrated by a worked numerical example with simulation plots that clearly demonstrate the LQR performance improvements obtained by (linear-in-time) discrete-continuous control.
A Review of: “Rural Communities: Legacy and Change”

Cornelia Flora, Jan Flora, and Susan Fey discuss urgent issues regarding rural communities and examine them within the context of changing urban, national, and global conditions. The second edition...
Probability of error for noncoherent M-ary orthogonal FSK with postdetection switched combining

The paper extends the notion of postdetection switched combining introduced by the authors to M-ary orthogonal modulation (Alouini and Simon, ibid., p.1591-1602, 2003) and proceeds to analyze and evaluate its average bit-error rate performance for the dual-branch case. The particular variation chosen for the switching strategy uses a different model than that previously used for the binary case and although it results in a slightly poorer performance, it nevertheless outperforms conventional (predetection) switched combining for all values of M. Results are obtained for a variety of popular channel models including Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m fading. Because of its relative simplicity of implementation, the proposed scheme once again offers a very attractive low-complexity solution for mitigating the deleterious effects of multipath fading.