cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policing corporate crime: A typology of enforcement styles

In the past few years, journalists, politicians, and business spokes-persons have all leveled criticisms against regulatory enforcement agencies—some charging that agencies are too lenient to be effective, others that strict enforcement has created useless hardships for industry. Most scholarly research on regulatory enforcement has sought to find the reasons why an agency (or inspectors) adopt either a conciliatory or a stringent approach to enforcement. A different facet of this issue is to ask how an enforcement strategy is implemented through the organizational structure and culture of the agency. This paper develops a typology that focuses on the organizational processes through which an enforcement strategy is implemented.
One-Carbon Metabolism–Genome Interactions in Folate-Associated Pathologies

Impairments in folate-mediated 1-carbon metabolism are associated with several common diseases and developmental anomalies including intestinal cancers, vascular disease, cognitive decline, and neural tube defects. The etiology of folate-associated pathologies involves interactions among multiple genetic risk alleles and environmental factors, although the causal mechanisms that define the role of folate and other B-vitamins in these complex disorders remain to be established. Folate and other B-vitamins fundamentally differ from other nutrients that interact with the genome in determining health and disease outcomes in that their interaction is reciprocal. Common gene variants influence the activity of folate-dependent enzymes and anabolic pathways; folate-mediated 1-carbon metabolism is essential for the high-fidelity synthesis of DNA and activated methyl groups that are required for DNA methylation and regulation of chromatin structure. This review focuses on the regulation of folate-mediated 1-carbon metabolism and its role in maintaining genome integrity and on strategies for establishing the metabolic pathways and mechanisms that underlie folate-associated pathologies.
AMIA policy activities

The last few years have clearly been the most exciting ever for health information technology (HIT) policy. The nation has made a huge investment in HIT through the Recovery Act of 2009 and its HITECH provisions, on the premise that electronic health records and widespread information exchange can improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of our healthcare system and transform the care delivery experience for providers, patients, and families—all while helping to improve population health and health data systems. But implementation of such an ambitious program brings many challenges. We think that the next few years will be even more important for AMIA and other HIT stakeholders as we realistically face uncertainty about returns on the national investment. Our goals in writing this column are to describe the role of the AMIA and its Public Policy Committee (PPC), to highlight some accomplishments of past years, and to discuss some of the new activities going forward. Through many educational and advocacy efforts, AMIA and its members play a significant role in helping shape HIT policy, and AMIA serves as an independent voice around issues relating to HIT and informatics more broadly. AMIA's influence is enhanced by the diversity of its members' expertise, which includes clinical, public health, and consumer informatics, research, education, health administration, and computer sciences, among many others. Members in academic, government, corporate, and community settings …
Immunization coverage among juvenile justice detainees

This study sought to (1) quantify the baseline immunization coverage of adolescents entering the juvenile justice system and (2) assess the effect of detention-based care on immunization coverage in youth. A cross-sectional retrospective chart review was performed of 279 adolescents detained at a large juvenile detention facility. Only 3% of adolescents had received all study immunizations prior to detention. Before detention, immunization coverage was significantly lower than that for the general adolescent population for all vaccines except the first doses of hepatitis A and varicella-zoster virus vaccines. Subsequent to detention, most individual immunization coverage levels increased and were significantly higher than in the general adolescent population. The routine administration of immunizations in the juvenile justice setting can help detained youth achieve levels of immunization coverage similar to their nondetained peers.
Moving Forward

Having reached the end of my second term as editor in chief, the time has come for Micro to move forward to the next phase of its evolution. I am delighted to announce that Dr. Erik Altman from IBM Research is the new Micro EIC. He has already begun making his mark on Micro, and my transition to "former EIC" has been a breeze given Erik's experience, enthusiasm, and ideas for moving Micro forward. The six articles in this issue certainly end my tenure as EIC on a high note.
Gaslight and Magic Lamp in Sister Carrie

Dreiser drew heavily upon his youthful experience of the theater in creating his first novel. His characters are as foolishly enamored of the false glamor and factitious realities of the stage as he himself had once been. By the time he wrote Sister Carrie, however, he had achieved a mature perspective and control which allowed him to use the theater for his own artistic purposes. He characterizes his heroine's fantasy life by showing how she constantly associates the stage (gaslight) with Aladdin's treasure cave (magic lamp). At the same time he emphasizes the inadequacy of these fantasies by creating a network of ironic parallels between the plays his characters attend or act in, and their actual situations in his story. The most elaborate of these ironies involves Augustin Daly's Under the Gaslight, the play-within-the-play which gives Carrie her first taste of acting. The reactions of Dreiser's three principal characters to Daly's play offer a suggestive paradigm of their general psychology throughout the novel—a sadly immature, almost infantile, psychology.
Heightening Modern Sense of Finance and Tightening up Financial Management in Enterprises

The change of man's idea will surely result in improvement of management With the deepening of reform of economic system, the traditional sense of finance can hardly meet the needs of economic developmentEnterprises need to change their mind and heighten modern sense of finance, that is, sense of legislation, sense of risk, sense of market and competition, sense of money, time and value, sense of allmemberfinance and sense of benefit to adapt oneself to market changes and increase the profit of enterprises
Accurate Calculation of Three-dimensional Power Frequency Electromagnetic Field for Space Crossed Transmission Line

In order to investigate the power frequency electromagnetic field distribution of transmission line crossed in space,a three-dimensional electromagnetic field calculation model of three-phase cross-wire was established according to the catenary equation and considering conductor sag and tower.Based on the charge simulation method,the power frequency electrical field below the cross-wire was calculated,utilizing linear finite slant line charges to simulate the axial charge distribution in wire.Based on the Biot-Savart theorem,the power frequency magnetic field below the cross-wire was calculated by finite thin current-carrying wire model.Meanwhile,the influence law of crossing angle and line-phase on field distribution was discussed.The calculation results show that the electromagnetic field below the cross-wire decreases with the crossing angle getting larger,and the field distribution changes with line-phase altered;the maximum electrical field occurs near the projection of the same phase cross-wire intersection,and the maximum magnetic field occurs near the projection of the intersection of middle phase of the top wire and side phase of the lower wire.Besides,the wire at the bottom plays a shield wire role in electrical field,however,for magnetic field,the role is related with crossing angle.In the end,the electromagnetic field is surveyed on the spots for two typical crossed wires in YinChuan area,and the availability of the algorithm is validated.
“A Gulf Between the Mountains”: Slavers, Whalers, and Fishers in False Bay, Cape Colony

False Bay, described by Bartolomeu Dias as a “gulf between the mountains,” is well known for manifestations of British and Dutch naval heritage. This study focuses on Simon’s town, a small seaport in the Bay that represents the continued presence of the South African Navy for the past 200 years. Cultural connections to other parts of Africa and the Far East are an equally important, but a more ephemeral part of the historical narrative and naval identity of the False Bay. Kroomen from West Africa who served on British naval vessels often retired in the town and surrounds. Slaves, fishers, whalers, and port workers, who supported the naval community, were deserters from American ships or originated from the Indonesian and the Swahili coastline. Drawing upon an array of data sets including interviews with Kroomen descendants and traditional fishermen, naval gravestone markers, and architectural heritage, this chapter examines the maritime cultural landscape and legacy of this maritime landscape.
Content-based publish subscribe systems: scalability and security

Publish subscribe provides a simple communication abstraction which enables development of large-scale distributed applications. Information consumers (subscribers) indicate their interest in some information via subscriptions. Information producers (publishers) publish their data as events, which in turn are matched to subscriptions and delivered to interested subscribers. An emerging paradigm of pub-sub are content-based systems. Content-based systems support a flexible and expressive subscription language which allows subscribers to specify “exactly” what information they are interested in. Research in content-based systems has touched on many issues such as event filtering/matching, as well as delivery semantics, event composition, and reliability. In this thesis, we are interested only in efficient event delivery, secure event delivery, and access control in content-based systems. Scalability of content-based systems was in question until the introduction of multiple event routing algorithms through networks of event brokers. We explore this issue further and examine the possibility of taking advantage of multicast techniques for event delivery. We explore and evaluate a number of algorithms for content-based event delivery using multicast. Security and access control have been largely ignored in content-based systems. In existing systems, the focus is on subscribers being able to control what information they receive by specifying subscription predicates. In contrast, our primary focus is on publishers (owners) being able to control who receives their data and under what terms. We present access control and security models for content-based systems. Our model supports a flexible policy language (based on the KeyNote assertion language) which allows users to write fine-grained access control rules. We also present efficient solutions to the problem of secure distribution of events where each event can potentially go to a different subset of subscribers. We validate our ideas through a prototype content-based system. Our prototype supports most of the features of our security and access control models. We implement a location tracking application on top of our content-based system and show that our security infrastructure can be used to implement many types of privacy and access control policies and thus potentially provide a foundation for enhancing privacy of users in sensor-based pervasive environments.
A Molecular Mechanism for Differential Recognition of Membrane Phosphatidylserine by the Immune Regulatory Receptor Tim4

Recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids exposed on cell surfaces is implicated in both apoptotic cell removal and immune regulation. The PS receptor Tim4 is believed to regulate T cell immunity via phagocystosis of both apoptotic (high PS exposure) and non-apoptotic, activated T cells (intermediate PS exposure). The latter population must be removed at lower efficiency to sensitively control immune tolerance and memory cell population size. Utilizing a combination of interfacial x-ray scattering, membrane binding assays, and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate how Tim4 recognizes PS in the context of the lipid bilayer. Our data reveals that, in addition to the known calcium ion-coordinated, single-PS binding pocket, Tim4 has four weaker sites of potential ionic interactions with PS lipids. This organization makes Tim4 sensitive to PS surface concentration in a manner capable of supporting differential membrane recognition on the basis of PS exposure level. Tim1 is distinctly less sensitive, likely reflecting the differences in immunological function of Tim1.
Spondylosis with Generalized Degenerative Disk, Uncovertebral, and Facet Pain

Cervical spondylosis (CS) is a broad term referring to a common aging phenomenon due to degenerative osteoarthritis of the cervical spine. The majority of patients with CS are asymptomatic even with advanced changes seen on radiographs. Aging and trauma are the main risk factors for developing spondylosis, and no associations have been established with other conditions such as lifestyle, height, obesity, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use. Pain derived from CS is usually responsive to activity modification including isometric exercises, cervical stabilization, and conservative management with medications. More severe neurologic symptoms are not typical and are seen more commonly in patients with congenital cervical spinal stenosis. Pain due to CS typically arises from cervical facet and uncovertebral joint hypertrophy, as well as disk space collapse. Patients typically complain of neck, occiput, or posterior shoulder pain. Lateral radiography is the initial diagnostic imaging of choice, and MRI can be useful for defining intra-articular effusions and defining abnormalities in the nerve roots and spinal cord. Physical therapy, oral analgesics, and facet injections are first-line treatments. Surgery is reserved for the rare patient with associated neurologic deficits.
Pathophysiology of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disorder characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia, microvascular endothelial injury and thrombosis, as well as end-organ damage particularly of the central nervous system, kidneys, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of the disorder is secondary to deficiencies in ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13), which is responsible for cleaving large multimers of von Willebrand factor (VWF). VWF normally functions to initiate formation of the platelet plug in primary hemostasis. In TTP, absence or deficiency of ADAMTS13 leads to persistence of ultra-large VWF (ULVWF) multimers with subsequent ULVWF-platelet adhesion and development of systemic microvascular thrombosis. Thrombocytopenia is secondary to platelet consumption in the formation of systemic microthrombi; MAHA and schistocytosis develop as a result of mechanical fragmentation as the red blood cells cross these platelet thrombi. Microvascular endothelial injury in TTP is well described, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms for this injury are not well characterized. Proposed mechanisms include direct injury by platelet-VWF thrombi, anti-endothelial cell antibodies, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and neutrophil activation, as well as activation of the Fas pathway leading to endothelial cell apoptosis. Endothelial injury and thrombosis of the small vessels lead to impaired organ perfusion, further resulting in multi-organ failure, accounting for the significant morbidity and mortality observed in TTP. Severe ADAMTS13 deficiency is caused by congenital ADAMTS13 gene mutations or by acquired production of polyclonal autoantibodies directed against the metalloprotease. Autoantibody development in TTP can be triggered by infections or, more often, occur in the setting of other autoimmune phenomena. Other etiologies of acquired TTP include sepsis, liver disease, pancreatitis, pregnancy, HIV, cancer, organ transplant, and drugs. More recently, both in vitro and in vivo evidence have pointed toward over-activation of the alternative complement pathway, part of the innate immune system, in TTP, suggesting an additional immune mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disorder.
Counting Bipartite Matchings

In this lecture we prove that computing the number of perfect matchings in a bipartite graph is #P complete, making it at least as difficult as computing the number of satisfying truth assignments for a Boolean expression.
Narrow and not Far-reaching Footpaths

The art of our time, we often hear, is undergoing a period of crisis of a magnitude greater than ever before. For over half a century many artists simultaneously have felt that art has to break with its past and remake itself anew, and yet have been at a loss regarding the direction in which to take it. Or, when artists have chosen a direction and announced that art is at last on the right track, this judgment has proven to be premature. The problem is epitomized by the plight of the later Bauhaus movement. On the one hand, its followers felt the continuing need for a direction, for an ideology; on the other hand, they also felt that the Utopian idealism that had so inspired its founders is not what art is all about. Artists themselves have been uncertain about what art is, and this has given a unique face to the history of art in our time; our century has witnessed the rapid turnover of movements, the rise of the importance of manifestos, the periodic ransacking of the past in search of themes and styles, and the feeling that art is a frontier that has to be continually pushed forward. Rosenberg speaks of this as the age of the ‘de-definition of art,’ and of the modern art work as an ‘anxious object,’ for it does not know whether it is a work of art or not.1 Greenberg writes of the ‘crisis of the easel painting,’2 others of crises in music and architecture.
Do aftercare services reduce inpatient psychiatric readmissions

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine whether aftercare services reduce the likelihood that children and adolescents will be readmitted to inpatient psychiatric facilities. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Analyses of data from the Fort Bragg Demonstration. Data were based on 204 sample individuals (children and adolescents), all of whom were discharged from inpatient facilities during the study period. STUDY DESIGN: These analyses use hazard modeling to examine the impact of aftercare services on the likelihood of readmission. Comparisons of individuals for whom the timing of aftercare services differ are adjusted for a wide range of individual characteristics, including client demographics, diagnosis, symptomatology, and psychosocial functioning. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Detailed data on psychopathology, symptomatology, and psychosocial functioning were collected on individuals included in these analyses. This information was taken from structured diagnostic interviews and behavior checklists, including the Child Behavior Checklist and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, completed by the child and his or her caretaker. Information on the use of mental health services was taken from insurance claims and a management information system, and was used to identify the period from discharge to readmission and to describe the client's use of outpatient therapy, case management, intermediate (or stepdown) services, and residential treatment centers during this period. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS: Using Cox models that allow for censoring and that include the use of aftercare services as time-varying covariates, we find that aftercare services generally do not influence the likelihood of inpatient readmission. For the lower middle class families included in this study, the estimated effect of aftercare is not statistically significant and has limited practical significance. When we look at specific forms of aftercare, we find that outpatient therapy has the largest effect and that stepdown services in intermediate settings have the smallest. We also identify family and individual characteristics that influence the likelihood of readmission.
Three Mile Island

Die zwei alten Freunde Fred Mosteller und John Tukey schwelgten nach vielen Jahren der Zusammenarbeit 1967 in Erinnerungen uber die „Schlacht um Bayes, die mehr als zwei Jahrhunderte getobt hatte, manchmal heftig, dann wieder mit mehr Gelassenheit, … in einer Kombination aus Zweifel und Tatkraft.“ Thomas Bayes hatte seiner eigenen Schopfung den Rucken zugekehrt. Ein Vierteljahrhundert spater verherrlichte Laplace das Bayes-Theorem. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurde es einmal angewandt und einmal zuruckgedrangt. Im fruhen 20. Jahrhundert wurde es verspottet, dann wurde es unter groster Geheimhaltung im Zweiten Weltkrieg und im Kalten Krieg mit erstaunlichem Nachdruck, aber auch mit herablassender Haltung eingesetzt. In den 1970er-Jahren geriet das Bayes-Theorem erneut in eine tiefe Krise.
Persistent “Sag” in Prefrontal Cortex Function following Adolescent Binge Drinking

Binge drinking, intermittent periods with high levels of alcohol consumption, is common among human adolescents. Alcohol exposure during adolescence can exert persistent effects on brain maturation and increase the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) later in life. One key brain region
Visceral adipose ratio as a novel predictor for acute bowel toxicity in patients receiving pelvic radiation: Preliminary dosimetric analysis and clinical validation.

INTRODUCTION During radiation treatment planning, the small bowel (SB) is often contoured as a 'bowel bag' encompassing the entire peritoneal space that may be occupied by SB. This method incorporates large volumes of visceral adipose, potentially resulting in misleading estimates of radiation dose to the SB. We evaluated the relative volume of adipose within the peritoneal space and applied this as a correction factor to standard bowel bag dosimetric measures, hypothesizing that corrected SB measures would better correlate with acute toxicity. METHODS Eighteen consecutive patients receiving pelvic radiation for gynaecologic cancers over a 1-year period at an academic medical centre were included. Bowel function was assessed with the Expanded Prostate Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaire. Bowel bags were contoured on simulation computed tomography (CT) scans. Adipose was auto-contoured using previously published Hounsfield Unit criteria and used to create an adipose correction factor (ACF). The ACF was applied to V45 cc and V40% volumes to create adipose corrected measures (AC-V45 cc and AC-V40%). Correlations between EPIC scores and dosimetric measures were assessed using Spearman coefficients. RESULTS V45 cc and V40% did not correlate with overall EPIC bowel domain score; however, AC-V40% did show a significant correlation (P = 0.02). Correlations of V45 cc and V40% with the bowel bother subdomain of EPIC were both significantly improved by applying the ACF (P = 0.02 for AC-V45 cc; P < 0.01 for AC-V40%). CONCLUSIONS Adipose corrected bowel bag dosimetric constraints correlate better with acute bowel toxicity than current standard practice. Longer follow-up is needed to determine if similar findings are seen with late toxicity.
The production of labial occlusives in young hearing-impaired children.

The production of the bilabial consonants /p/, /m/, and /b/ was examined auditorily and spectrographically in the speech production of 24 children (aged 3 to 6) who had severe to profound hearing impairment. The children were recorded imitating the teacher's production of nonsense words containing the bilabial consonants and the vowels /i—a—o/. For all subjects, /b/ was produced correctly in 91% of all tokens, /m/, 77%, and /p/ ( [ph] ), only 51%. This pattern appears to mirror the development of these sounds in normal-hearing children. The data are described with reference to the auditory-visual perception of the hearing-impaired child and with reference to the order of acquisition of the sounds in normal-hearing children.
Polyribosome profiles from heat synchronized Tetrahymena.

Abstract Polyribosome profiles were obtained from cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis synchronized by cyclical temperature changes. After release from heat shock, heavy polyribosomes were prominent in the profile, suggesting that heavy polyribosomes are more resistant to disruption at elevated temperatures. Prior to cell division, light polyribosomes were prominent in the profile. The light polyribosomes may be associated with the specific proteins required for the process of cell division. Very heavy polyribosomes were not found although the cilia contain an ATPase which resembles muscle myosin.
A Probabilistic Economic Load Dispatch Approach for Power Systems with Wind, Photovoltaic and Heat and Power Units

This paper develops and solves a new probabilistic economic load dispatch approach (PELD) for a power system, which includes combined heat and power (CHP) generation, heat-only, thermal, wind and photovoltaic units. Given the crucial role of load demand in power system operation, load uncertainties are taken into consideration and modeled using the two point estimation method (2PEM). The proposed PELD problem is solved using a hybrid imperialist competitive algorithm based on Nelder Mead approach (HICA- NM). Its performance was assessed using a modified 40-units power system incorporating several wind, photovoltaic and CHP units and subject to load and operational demand. The obtained results confirmed approach’s ability to yield optimal solutions in uncertain environments, thus enabling better management of modern power systems.
Survey of Adult Influenza Vaccination Practices and Perspectives Among US Primary Care Providers (2016-2017 Influenza Season).

Seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for all adults; however, little is known about how primary care physicians can communicate effectively with patients about influenza vaccination. To assess among general internal medicine (GIM) and family physicians (FP) regarding adult influenza vaccination: (1) recommendation and administration practices, (2) barriers to discussing and perceived reasons for patient refusal, and (3) factors associated with physician self-efficacy in convincing patients to be vaccinated. Email and mail survey conducted in February–March 2017 Nationally representative sample of GIM and FP Factor analysis was used to group similar items for multivariable analysis of barriers and strategies associated with high physician self-efficacy about convincing patients to be vaccinated (defined as disagreeing that they could do nothing to change resistant patients’ minds). Response rate was 67% (620/930). Ninety-eight percent always/almost always recommended influenza vaccine to adults ≥ 65 years, 90% for adults 50–64 years, and 75% for adults 19–49 years. Standing orders (76%) and electronic alerts (64%) were the most commonly used practice-based immunization strategies. Frequently reported barriers to discussing vaccination were other health issues taking precedence (41%), time (29%), and feeling they were unlikely to change patients’ minds (24%). Fifty-eight percent of physicians reported high self-efficacy about convincing patients to be vaccinated; these providers reported fewer patient belief barriers contributing to vaccine refusal (RR = 0.93 per item; 95% CI (0.89–0.98); Cronbach’s α = 0.70), were more likely to report using both fact- (1.08/item; (1.03–1.14); 0.66) and personal experience–based (1.07/item; (1.003–1.15); 0.65) communication strategies, and were more likely to work in practices using patient reminders for influenza vaccine (1.32; (1.16–1.50)). Physicians identified barriers to successfully communicating about adult influenza vaccination but few effective strategies to counter them. Interventions to promote self-efficacy in communication and under-utilized practice-based immunization strategies are needed.
Surveillance in Patients With Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

With improvement in the cure rates for diffuse large B cell lymphoma, the question of surveillance imaging in patients who achieve complete remission after the initial therapy has become relevant. Some of the clinical practice guidelines recommend surveillance scanning. However, several studies have reported no benefit in overall survival with scans. Moreover, studies have highlighted an increased risk for developing secondary malignancies because of exposure to ionizing radiation from the scans. Different international societies have contrasting guidelines for the role of surveillance computerized tomography scans in patients who achieve complete remission after first-line therapy. Any benefit of surveillance imaging must be balanced by the costs, risk of radiation exposure, and lack of survival benefit. The PubMed platform was searched using relevant keywords for English-language articles with no date restrictions. Search terms were cross-referenced with review articles, and additional articles were identified by manually searching reference lists. Results were reviewed by the authors and selected for inclusion based on relevance. We present a review of this current data available for surveillance imaging in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Equivalence: A Crucial Financial Concept for Extension, Consumer, and Investor Education

Equivalence is a fundamental concept that is the basis of personal financial planning. Any Extension consumer financial education program would need the concept to explain financial products that involve a series of payments over some length of time (pensions, fixed annuities, and mortgages). A table of annuity factors is presented that can be used in financial planning situations to explain the impact of interest rate and time length on the cash received from these financial products. A set of examples is included to illustrate use of the table.
International Law as Behavior: An Agenda

Over the past few decades, scholars in a variety of fields – economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and international relations, among others – have made enormous strides studying the behavioral roots of international law by exploring individual motivations, describing organizational cultures, and mapping communities of practice. Taken together, the work of these scholars presents a complex, nuanced understanding of how international law works. However, these projects are rarely considered together: often separated by academic enclosures and focused on different subfields within international law, communication among scholars using different methodologies is restricted. The goal of this book is to break down some of these barriers and provide a glimpse of what an international law more focused on behavior and more engaged with these other fields might look like. This introductory chapter aims to provide a roadmap in this effort by describing international law's long interest in behavior and the past attempts to explore that relationship, exploring the book's approach and laying out the contributions in each chapter, and beginning the process of bringing these insights together and outlining a series of takeaways for future study of international law as behavior.
Teaching Doppler Ultrasound in an Introductory Laboratory for Pre-health Students

We present a novel activity to demonstrate the Doppler shift of a sound wave, incident at an angle, upon a moving reflector. This activity is intended for use in an introductory physics laboratory focused on preparing students for the health and medical fields. The activity is designed to simulate Doppler velocity measurements from ultrasound imaging. While there have been previous qualitative discussions of blood flow measurements in the physics education literature, they were without associated laboratory activities. The lab can be part of a life science physics curriculum that has been identified in need of reforms to meet the needs of students and the medical and biology community.
Reinforcement Learning Based QoS-Provisioning over Energy-Harvesting 5G Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

To support the delay-bounded multimedia services for 5G mobile wireless networks, the statistical quality-of-service (QoS) technique has been developed to jointly guarantee statistically delay-bounded video transmissions over different timevarying wireless channels, simultaneously. On the other hand, as one of the 5G promising candidate techniques, energy harvesting (EH) is designed to solve the energy supply problem while bringing new challenges due to the stochastic nature of the harvested energy in supporting the heterogeneous statistical delay-bounded QoS provisionings. However, due to the unknown dynamics of the distributions for energy and data arrival processes, it is challenging to design the optimal EH and resource allocation policies under the heterogeneous statistical delay-bounded QoS constraints. Towards this end, the reinforcement learning algorithms have been designed to find the optimal EH and resource allocation policies by allowing the mobile users to learn from the different network states and historical behaviors until the optimal response set is reached. To overcome the aforementioned problems, in this paper we propose the learning based algorithm for designing the optimal EH and resource allocation policies while satisfying the heterogeneous statistical delay-bounded QoS constraints over EH based 5G mobile wireless networks. In particular, we establish the EH based system model. Under the heterogeneous statistical delay-bounded QoS requirements, we formulate the effective-capacity optimization problem over EH based 5G mobile wireless networks. Then, we apply the learning based EH algorithm for deriving the optimal resource allocation policy. Also conducted is a set of simulations which validate and evaluate the system performances and show that our proposed learning based EH scheme outperforms the other existing schemes under the heterogeneous statistical delay-bounded QoS constraints over 5G mobile wireless networks.
Local Macular Thickness Relationships between 2 OCT Devices.

Purpose To compare local ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness measurements between 2 OCT devices and to explore factors that may influence the difference in measurements. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Sixty-nine glaucoma eyes (63 patients) with evidence of central damage or mean deviation (MD) of –6.0 dB or worse on a 24-2 visual field (VF). Methods Cirrus and Spectralis OCT macular volume scans were exported, data from the central 20° of both OCT devices were centered and aligned, and 50 × 50 arrays of 0.4° × 0.4° superpixels were created. We estimated nonparametric (Spearman’s) correlations and used Bland-Altman plots to compare GCIPL thickness measurements between the two OCTs at the superpixel level. Factors that may have influenced the differences between thickness measurements between the two devices were explored with linear mixed models. Main Outcome Measures Pooled and individual-eye Spearman’s correlation and agreement between thickness measurements from the two devices. Results The median 24-2 VF MD was –6.8 dB (interquartile range [IQR], –4.9 to –12.3 dB). The overall pooled Spearman’s correlation between the two devices for all superpixels and eyes was 0.97 (P Conclusions Local macular thickness measurements from the Spectralis and Cirrus devices are highly correlated, but not interchangeable. Differences in thickness measurements between the two devices are influenced by the location of superpixels and their thickness.
Gas-source molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of InN x P 1-x on InP

We report a study of N incorporation into InP using a radio frequency (rf) N plasma source. Very streaky reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns are observed for InNxP1−x (x <1%) grown on InP, indicating layer-by-layer growth of the film. The sharp x-ray diffraction peak and the clear Pendelloesung fringes in the high-resolution x-ray rocking curves reveal the high crystalline quality and uniformity of the film. They also suggest the smoothness of the interface between InP and InNxP1−xand of the surface of the InNxP1−x layer. This is further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy on these samples, where featureless surface is obtained. The formation of an InNP alloy is confirmed by x-ray θ-2θ diffraction measurement where no phase separation is observed. Different ways to increase the N composition in InNP were explored. At a fixed N2 flow-rate fraction, lowering the growth temperature increases the N composition in InNP. Raising the rf power or using a larger beam exit aperture will also increase the N incorporation as a result of the availability of more active N species.
Near-infrared nerve-specific probes to guide surgery

This Conference Plenary, “Near-infrared nerve-specific probes to guide surgery,” was recorded for the Photonics West 2021 Digital Forum
Robert Hooke’s Fire Monument: Architecture as a Scientific Instrument

After the Great London Fire of 1666, Robert Hooke was appointed along with Christopher Wren to lead the massive effort to rebuild the City of London. Hooke was involved extensively in all aspects of the rebuilding of London, both the mundane (widening streets and establishing property boundaries) and the creative (designing churches and civic buildings). Although very little of Hooke’s architectural work has survived the passage of time, the Monument to the Great Fire is a shining example of his creativity. As a monument, it is fairly conventional—a column resting on a prism, but as a scientific instrument it is ingenious. At the time of the monument’s design, Hooke was conducting experiments on both the motion of the earth and the measurement of gravity. To further this research, the monument was constructed to contain a zenith telescope as well as a gravitational “lab.” This paper will discuss how the scientific uses of the Monument were integrated into its design.
Rapid Modeling, Assembly and Simulation in Design Optimization

A new capability for design is reviewed. This capability provides for rapid assembly of detail finite element models early in the design process where costs are most effectively impacted. This creates an engineering environment which enables comprehensive analysis and design optimization early in the design process. Graphical interactive computing makes it possible for the engineer to interact with the design while performing comprehensive design studies. This rapid assembly capability is enabled by the use of Interface Technology, to couple independently created models which can be archived and made accessible to the designer. Results are presented to demonstrate the capability.
Patients With Fibromyalgia Have Significant Autonomic Symptoms But Modest Autonomic Dysfunction

Abstract Background Research suggests that disordered autonomic function may be one contributor to deconditioning reported in fibromyalgia; however, no study to date has assessed these variables simultaneously with comprehensive measures. Objective To characterize physical fitness and autonomic function with the use of clinically validated measures and subjective questionnaires between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Design Cross-sectional, observational, controlled study. Setting Community sample of patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Participants Thirty patients with fibromyalgia and 30 pain and fatigue-free controls. Methods Participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires and physiological measures, including clinically validated measures of physical fitness and autonomic function. Main Outcome Measurements Six-Minute Walk Test total distance, maximal oxygen consumption as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, total steps using activity monitor, Composite Autonomic Scoring Scale as assessed by Autonomic Reflex Screen, total metabolic equivalents per week using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and self-reported autonomic symptoms via the 31-item Composite Autonomic Symptom Score questionnaire. Results Autonomic function, as assessed by self-report, was significantly different between patients and controls ( P P = .022), and these abnormalities were mild. Self-reported physical activity was not significantly different between patients and controls ( P = .99), but levels of moderate and vigorous physical activity as measured by actigraphy were significantly lower in patients ( P = .012 and P = .047, respectively). Exercise capacity (6-Minute Walk) was poorer in patients ( P = .0006), but there was no significant difference in maximal volume of oxygen consumption ( P = .07). Conclusions Patients with fibromyalgia report more severe symptoms across all domains, including physical activity and autonomic symptoms, compared with controls, but the objective assessments only showed modest differences. Our results suggest that patients with widespread subjective impairment of function have only modest objective measures of autonomic dysfunction. We recommend that the primary treatment goal should be focused on restoration of function, which may also ameliorate symptoms.
Outcomes of the management of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection-associated anejaculation

Study Type – Outcomes (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Modern surgical techniques have allowed preservation of fertility in most patients after post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND), but some patients still have infertility after surgery. We reviewed our experience treating infertility in 26 men after PC-RPLND. Using a structured clinical pathway we obtained sperm in 81% of men for use in assisted reproduction. OBJECTIVE • To evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical pathway on sperm retrieval outcomes in patients presenting with infertility after post-chemotherapy (PC) retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). PATIENTS AND METHODS • We carried out a retrospective review of patients with advanced testicular cancer, presenting with infertility after PC-RPLND in a large reproductive urology practice. • We implemented a clinical pathway where pseudoephedrine was first administered. If this medication failed, electroejaculation (EEJ) and/or testicular sperm extraction (TESE) was carried out. • The primary outcome was retrieval of sperm for use in assisted reproduction. RESULTS • Four men had retrograde ejaculation, of whom two converted to antegrade ejaculation with medical therapy. • In all, 22 patients had failure of emission (FOE) and, of these, no patient converted to antegrade ejaculation with medication. • In patients with FOE, sperm was found in 15/20 of those experiencing a successful EEJ. • Seven patients underwent TESE for azoospermia on EEJ or no ejaculate on EEJ, three of whom had sperm found on TESE. • Sperm was found for assisted reproduction in 81% (21/26) patients. CONCLUSIONS • There appears to be no role for the use of pseudoephedrine therapy in patients with FOE after PC-RPLND. • The use of a structured clinical pathway may optimize patient care.
'Divergent' Equilibrium in a Labour-Managed Economy: A Rejoinder

Reply to professor Vanek to the comment on the original paper on 'divergent equilibrium' in a labor-managed economy.
Frequencies, costs, and complications of catheter ablation for tachyarrhythmias in children: 2000-2009.

Background Over the past two decades, catheter ablation (CA) has revolutionized the treatment of tachyarrhythmias in children by providing a relatively safe and effective alternative to open heart surgery or lifelong pharmacotherapy. This study (1) described national trends in pediatric CAs and their associated costs and complications and (2) predicted the likelihood of major complications based on patient and hospital characteristics. Methods Inpatient data were obtained from the Kids’ Inpatient Database for the years 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. Outpatient data were obtained from the California, Maryland, and New Jersey State Ambulatory Surgery Databases for the years 2006 and 2009. Logistic regression was used to predict the odds of major complications from CA. Results There was a 20% increase (4,134–4,967) in the number of pediatric CAs performed from 2006 to 2009 that was concomitant with a decrease in the percentage of those procedures being performed as inpatient procedures (2,254–1,846). In 2009, a complication rate of 4.81% was estimated. For inpatient CAs, higher risk patients (with congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, or heart transplant), ablations for ventricular tachycardias, and low-CA-volume hospitals were associated with increased risk of complications. In 2009, the mean cost of a hospitalization involving CA, but no cardiac surgery, was $17,204 (standard error = $1,015). Conclusions CA has increasingly been used over the past decade for pediatric patients with a multitude of tachycardia mechanisms. There continues to be a small risk of major complications, especially for higher risk children and in hospitals with more limited experience with the procedure.
Permanent magnet machines torque considerations

An analytical model has been developed to predict accurately cogging and commutating torques of permanent-magnet brushless DC machines with buried and surface-mounted magnets. Computer programs have been written to evaluate the analytical models, and the results are compared with finite-element analysis and test results. A parametric study has been performed showing the effects of some of the most important machine variables. For both machine constructions the cogging torque is reduced to zero by skewing either the rotor or the stator by one slot pitch without a considerable loss of average torque. Slot opening has a marked effect over the magnitude of the cogging torque. The number of slots of the machine also produces a large effect over cogging torque. For a fractional number of slots per pole pitch the resulting cogging torque is considerably smaller than for an integral number of slots. >
Ultrasonic Attenuation in Superconducting Indium and Indium—Tin Alloys

Ultrasonic attenuation in superconductors is used to study the temperature-dependent superconducting energy gap parameter Δ(T) in metal single crystals for different orientations of q with respect to the crystal axes. The electronic attenuation coefficients α s and α n for the superconducting and normal states at T are related to Δ(T) by the BCS equation $${{\alpha }_{s}}/{{\alpha }_{n}}=2{{\left[ \exp \left( \Delta \left( T \right)/kT \right)+1 \right]}^{-1}}$$ (1) The gap parameter at 0°K, Δ0, is obtained by extrapolation. Table I summarizes the most recent determinations of Δ0 for In. The ultrasonic values are significantly lower than the values determined by other methods. Anisotropy in Δ0 for the different orientations is probably not larger than the imprecision of the ultrasonic method (see also Table II). Since the In lattice, fct, departs so little from fcc, the superconducting energy gap would be expected to be nearly isotropic.