cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of clinical trials in changing therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ.

Some aspects of the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are well established, but consideration of other variables may be critical to optimize treatment. Mastectomy was once standard surgery, to reduce the probability of invasive breast carcinoma recurrence (to <1%). However, the ability to control DCIS to a comparable extent but without resorting to mastectomy has been major goal. There are indications from clinical studies that excision plus radiation therapy is as effective as mastectomy in reducing recurrence in patients with low-risk DCIS. Furthermore, following surgery and irradiation with long-term endocrine therapy appears to further reduce the risk of local DCIS progression. Variables that should be considered in making a treatment decision are extent of disease within the breast, nuclear grade of the lesion, age of the patient, and margin of surgical excision. Several randomized trials are currently evaluating the clinical value of these variables in optimizing treatment for patients with low-risk DCIS. Future improvements in treatment may depend on more sophisticated cellular and molecular markers of disease extent and prognosis at diagnosis.
Injection into Thermonuclear Machines Using Beams of Neutral Deuterium Atoms in the Range from 100 kev to 1 Mev

BS>The injection scheme described is of the type in which trapping is accomplished within a steady confining magnetic field configuration by means of an increase in the e/m of the particles. A beam of neutral deuterium atoms is sent into the mirror machine normal to the field line and in the symmetry plane. A fraction of the atoms are trapped in thee field as a result of being ionized by collisions with either cold neutral atoms or trapped hot ion. (M.H.R.)
Exoskeletons for human power augmentation

The first load-bearing and energetically autonomous exoskeleton, called the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX) walks at the average speed of two miles per hour while carrying 75 pounds of load. The project, funded in 2000 by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) tackled four fundamental technologies: the exoskeleton architectural design, a control algorithm, a body LAN to host the control algorithm, and an on-board power unit to power the actuators, sensors and the computers. This article gives an overview of the BLEEX project.
Distal tibia fractures and medial plating: factors influencing re-operation

Purpose We compared types of complications leading to re-operations in open and closed distal tibia fractures treated by locking or nonlocking medial plates.
MonAC: detecting missing tags for improved accuracy in computational RFID based assisted environments

Recently, WISP tags, one latest extension of RFID tags, have been used to identify indoor activity recognition, vital signs, sleep quality, and in other health status monitoring systems. It has also been used in many assisted environments or elderly care systems. However, these systems challenge current state-of-the-art techniques for accuracy, reliability, and security. This paper studies the problem of monitoring a large set of WISP tags and identifying the missing ones. The missing WISP tag data may introduce errors in the health status monitoring system and may result in reduced system security and accuracy. Therefore, in order to maintain system accuracy, a monitoring protocol needs to be executed frequently and it should be made efficient in terms of execution time. In this paper, based on probabilistic methods, we propose two tag monitoring protocols, Monitor and Collect (MonAC), for WISP based environments. The goal of these protocols is to improve the accuracy of health status monitoring environments or assisted care environments by detecting missing tags and reporting back only the sensor data of the existing tags.
Chronic cocaine administration sensitizes behavioral but not neuroendocrine responses.

Abstract Many behavioral responses to cocaine become progressively exaggerated with chronic treatment. Most studies have focused on cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation and changes in the dopamine projection systems which mediate these actions. However, it is not clear if a uniform ‘sensitization’ develops in all dopamine systems during chronic stimulant administration. To test this possibility the neuroendocrine actions of cocaine which are mediate, in part, by hypothalamic dopamine neurons were evaluated after chronic cocaine administration. Treatment of rats with cocaine (15 mg/kg, 2×/day) markedly enhanced the locomotor response to cocaine after 3 and 7 days of chronic administration. In contrast, neither the stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/corticosterone (CS) secretion nor the slight inhibition of prolactin caused by acute cocaine administration changed, although a small elevation of basal corticosterone secretion was observed after 7 days. These findings suggest that the marked sensitization observed in other dopamine systems does not occur in the hypothalamic dopamine neurons thought to mediate the neuroendocrine responses to cocaine during chronic administration, despite recently described commonalities in uptake and autoreceptor functions in these dopamine cell populations. This contrast suggests a role for long loop feedback systems unique to telencephalic dopamine systems or region-specific neurochemical adaptations in cocaine sensitization.
Conformational NMR study of N-substituted-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepines

The variable temperature (298–179 K) 1H NMR spectra of N-substituted 2-benzazepines (compounds 2–7) correspond to two puckered mirror-image (enantiomorphic) conformations, with a single chair-to-chair interconversion barrier for the benzazepine ring of ca. 11 kcal mol−1 in CD2Cl2 solution. A similar interconversion was detected for 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-N-methylbenzazepine (compound 1), of lower symmetry. The conformations of compounds 1–7 were assigned on the basis of the magnitude of 1H-1H vicinal coupling constants. The 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments were determined by 1H–1H COSY, 1H–13C COSY, and NOESY experiments.
Categorical perception for voicing contrasts in normal and lead-treated rhesus monkeys: Electrophysiological indices☆

Categorical perception of voicing contrasts was evaluated in rhesus monkeys. The monkeys had been chronically exposed to subclinical levels of lead either from conception to birth, or for approximately 6 months postnatally beginning at birth, or were never exposed to lead. Auditory evoked responses were recorded at 1 year of age from scalp electrodes placed over the left and right hemispheres during stimulus presentation. A late component of the brain responses recorded from the right temporal region of all monkeys discriminated between stimuli in a categorical manner. This pattern of responses was noted to be similar to that previously reported for humans. Categorical discriminations were also noted earlier in the waveforms for control monkeys and for monkeys exposed to lead prenatally, although this discrimination pattern shifted to the left hemisphere of the latter group. No such effects were noted for monkeys exposed to lead postnatally. These results suggest that the neurocortical mechanisms associated with categorical perception for voicing information may be similar across human and nonhuman primates. However, early exposure to lead appears to alter these processes.
Building Career and Educational Pathways through Partnerships and Education

The Texas Industry-Specific English as a Second Language (TIESL) Curricula Project was developed by the El Paso Community College under an initiative with Texas LEARNS (the management group for the Texas education agency's adult education programs across the state). It created a unique career-specific exploration curricula and opened new pathways to postsecondary education and training for Texas' English as a second language (ESL) learners.
Spatial Noise and Correctability of Type-II InAs/GaSb Focal Plane Arrays

A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference of the array was measured as low as 23 mK $({\rm f}\#={2})$ , for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The spatial noise of the array was dominated by the nonuniformity of the illumination through the circular aperture. A standard two-point nonuniformity correction improved the inhomogeneity equivalent temperature difference to 16 mK. The correctability just after calibration was 0.6. The long-term stability time was superior to 25 hours.
Great Island and Bauline: two new Kemerovo group orbiviruses from Ixodes uriae in eastern Canada.

Seven virus isolations from Ixodes Uriae collected during July 1971 from a puffin ( Fratercula arctica ) colony on Great Island, Newfoundland, Canada were identified by complement-fixation tests as belonging to the Kemerovo-Tribec complex of the Kemerovo serogroup of orbiviruses. Neutralization tests indicated that 2 new members of the complex were represented in the 7 isolates. These agents are designated Great Island virus (prototype strain CanAr 41) and Bauline virus (prototype strain CanAr 14). Both agents were inactivated by exposure to pH 3.0. CanAr 41 was resistant to sodium deoxycholate, ether, and chloroform, while CanAr 14 was susceptible to these solvents. No hemagglutinin was demonstrated for either virus using goose erythrocytes. Great Island virus kills suckling mice by intracerebral (ic) and intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation and weanling mice by ic but not ip routes; Bauline virus is fatal to suckling, but not weanling, mice inoculated ic and ip. Both viruses kill day-old chicks by ic and subcutaneous routes.
2D spatially resovled spectroscopy of hed plasmas using a single convex crystal

Summary form only given. 2D resolved spectroscopy is an advanced plasma diagnostics tool, providing a method to determine the spatial dependence of plasma parameters (Te, ne). Convex crystal spectrometers are used to record X-ray spectra over wide energy (or wavelength) ranges. Strong source broadening is typical of such spectrometers, which can be dominant over other broadening mechanisms. The physical size of the source can reduce the resolving power (E/ΔE) of such spectrometer down to around 200. Spectra can be spatially resolved in a single dimension by using a slit to create an image of the source. In case of such spectra recorded by convex crystal spectrometers, it is often noted that the shape of the lines themselves, as recorded on a medium, resemble the shape of the plasma source. This provides some crude resolution perpendicular to the spectral line, allowing 2D spatially resolved spectroscopy of the X-ray source. This concept was applied to analyze the time-integrated spectra of Al-Mg wire array Z-pinch implosions on the Zebra generator. The K-shell emission as a function of plasma parameters (density, temperature and plasma thickness) was modeled by the PrismSPECT code. Treating intensity ratios as line ratios, 2D distribution of ne and Te in the pinch was determined.
Ethical Dilemmas in Molecular Genetics

The fieldof molecular genetics presents a number of ethical questions similar to most new biomedical technologies. About 5% of children born in the United States have genetic disorders. These abnormalities may result in a range of disabilities from mild cosmetic deformities to mental retardation to death. Molecular genetics and recombinant DNA technology may ameliorate these abnormalities, or even put an end to them. As a result, victims, the relatives of victims, and physicians have great interest in the science of genetic engineering. Should there be limits on the information that can be investigated? What committee or confederation should be given the overall responsibility to investigate the information or to decide what information should be investigated? Once new data are generated, what portion of the information should be made available and to whom should it be made available? What are the ramifications of the newly generated data and what groups
Therapeutic trials in childhood ALL: what's their future?

Since the first randomised controlled medical research trial in the United Kingdom on the use of streptomycin in tuberculosis (1947–1948),1 such trials have progressively become the gold standard by which the choice of treatment for patients with any particular disease, and the evidence to support such choice, can be judged.2 In the 1940s there were worries that doctors would be “unwilling to relinquish the doctrine of anecdotal experience” and accept the idea of any individual patient being randomised between a new treatment and a placebo, nothing at all, or what was perceived as standard treatment up until that time.3 Ultimately the physician always must decide for his or her patient what should be recommended, based on an assessment of the patient's overall health status, and of course the doctor's own experience and awareness, modified by external evidence. There is no doubt that the physician either hearing a presentation of a similar case or cases or reading of other peoples' experiences will be influenced by such evidence. It is therefore essential that such evidence must be as objective, balanced, and unbiased as possible. The perfectly conducted randomised controlled trial should be the optimal way to produce such evidence. The impetus to collate all information for either the treatment or the prevention of disease has been increased by greater public awareness and education on health matters, coupled with easier access to information, which regrettably is not always reliable in the media or over the internet. In the Western world certainly, the public increasingly see through dogma and the “trust me I'm a doctor” approach. Development of the methodology to combine results from randomised controlled trials into systematic overviews is enhancing the ability of researchers to reach conclusions, or confirm evidence from individual trials. Such overview analysis has been particularly …
Affinity purification of anti-pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase immunoglobulin and comparative immunoreactivity of the catalytic reactions.

Abstract Rabbit anti-pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase antibody was prepared by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-fatty acid synthetase to near monospecificity (98% or more) as shown by immunodiffusion plates and rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Immunotitrations of the highly purified monospecific antibody against the overall activity and partial activities of fatty acid synthetase were then carried out. Only 6 mol of antibody/mol of enzyme was required to inactivate overall fatty acid synthetase activity and the condensation reaction, while 12 to 18 mol were required to partially inactivate the β-ketoacyl reductase and the malonyl- and acetyl-CoA transferases. Palmitoyl-CoA thioesterase (deacylase) activity was not inhibited by the antibody. The degree of inactivation of the partial reactions by antibody was not affected by dissociation of the fatty acid synthetase. Immunoprecipitation of the enzyme indicated that there are approximately 35 immunoreactive sites on the fatty acid synthetase molecule. The possible implications of these results to an understanding of the structural organization of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase and its antigenic determinants are discussed.
Experimental means for distinguishing models of large p⊥ inclusive scattering☆

Abstract The scaling behavior, and to some extent the magnitude, of the ratio γ π of large p⊥ direct photon and pion inclusive production cross sections are shown to provide an excellent means of determining the fundamental mechanism of large p⊥ scattering.
Coercivity properties and well-posedness in vector optimization

This paper studies the issue of well-posedness for vector optimization. It is shown that coercivity implies well-posedness without any convexity assumptions on problem data. For convex vector optimization problems, solution sets of such problems are non-convex in general, but they are highly structured. By exploring such structures carefully via convex analysis, we are able to obtain a number of positive results, including a criterion for well-posedness in terms of that of associated scalar problems. In particular we show that a well-known relative interiority condition can be used as a sufficient condition for well-posedness in convex vector optimization.
Protein Stability Prediction : A Poisson-Boltzmann Approach

Most proteins are only marginally stable at physiological temperatures. Thus a common defect due to mutation is the loss of protein stability, resulting in loss of their well-defined structures and functions at their functioning temperatures. Quantification of protein stability change upon mutation has attracted a large number of experimental and theoretical studies. In this work, we have extended the Poisson-Boltzmann theory that is originally used for predicting stability changes of charged mutations to predicting stability changes of all mutations. To achieve this, we have proposed a free energy model covering both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. A Go-like model for the denatured state that incorporates both nativeness and randomness of the denatured state has been used to calculate the hydrophobic contribution to protein stability. The new model is computationally simple and fast, and performs well for charged and hydrophobic mutations for all four tested proteins. Future directions for extending the method into pH-dependent effect and more accurate prediction for polar mutations are discussed.
A 1-change-in-4 delay-insensitive interchip link

We present a 1-change-in-4 (1c4) link for interchip communication that extends level-encoded dual-rail (LEDR). LEDR transmits a bit on every transition by using all four 2bit codewords, with the bit encoded by the current codeword (level-encoding) rather than the difference between it and the previous codeword (transition signaling). 1c4 transmits two bits on every transition by using all sixteen 4-bit codewords, preserving LEDR's level-encoding property. Delay-insensitive I/O pad implementations for 1c4 encoding and decoding are described. Measurements of this chip-to-chip link, fabricated in a 0.18µm CMOS process, yielded a peak data-rate of 315 Mb/s at 1.8V and an energy efficiency of 89.8pJ/bit.
Spin Polarization of Low-Energy Positron Beams

It is discovered that the 1-eV positrons formed on an MgO-coated moderator with use of positrons from a $^{58}\mathrm{Co}$ source are polarized with degree of polarization $P={0.22}_{\ensuremath{-}0.02}^{+0.04}$. Improved design could increase $P$ to 0.40 with a flux of ${10}^{5}$-${10}^{6}$/sec. Applications of this discovery are discussed.
Drivers of Unsustainable Land Use in the Semi‐Arid Khabur River Basin, Syria

The semi-arid zone of Southwest Asia, known as the Fertile Crescent, is under unprecedented stress because of agricultural development. Where rain-fed agriculture and transhumant herding had prevailed over ten millennia, today intensive cultivation with irrigation threatens future sustainability. A number of interconnected, but uncoordinated drivers of change combine to shape the landscape and its future, and their changes make it hard to anticipate future requirements and opportunities, as well as to implement policies, whether by local stakeholders or at the national level. Among the factors that comprise the socio-natural systems are (1) climate, (2) water and soil resources, (3) history of land use, (4) social, economic and political factors, (5) infrastructural developments (6) interstate impacts, and (7) legacies of the past. The example of the Khabur River drainage in northeastern Syria shows the dynamic interplay among these factors over the past 70 years, with implications for the way future policies and practices are developed.
Bias Stress Effects in Organic Thin Film Transistors

Device instability and limited lifetime have been the hurdles to commercialization of organic electronics. Through electrical characterizations and microscopy techniques, much progress has been made in understanding gate bias stress that limits the stability of organic field-effect transistors. The kinetics and mechanisms of charge trapping in organic semiconductors are examined to explain the bias-stress behaviors. The external processing factors, such as dielectric treatments and environmental conditions that affect the severity of bias stress, are also investigated to enable controllable and reproducible device fabrication
African Cinema and its Criticism

T:HE THREE BOOKS UNDER REVIEW ARE ABOUT AS DIFFERENT AS THEY CAN BE: a study of a single filmmaker based on an Irish doctoral dissertation, a collection of papers from a large-scale conference, and a broad, unified study by a French journalist. One thing they have in common is that it has taken all three books a long time to be published: the research in Dakar for the thesis took place in 1995, which is also the year of the conference, and the third book was first published in French in 1996. In those years the heavily politicized paradigm of 'Third World Cinema' was losing its hegemony over African film criticism, and the search was on for other ways to conceive of African cinema.
Insulin‐glyburide combination therapy for non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus: A long‐term double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial

Sixty-four patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were treated with a combination of insulin and oral sulfonylurea therapy in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial during a 12-month period. Combination therapy lowered fasting glucose levels significantly only at the third and fourth months of treatment. Glycohemoglobin levels were significantly lower than control at 3 and 6 months whereas C-peptide levels were significantly increased at 3 and 9 months. Responders exhibited as much as a 50% reduction in total insulin dose compared with nonresponders or control subjects. These results suggest that combination therapy affords transient metabolic improvement in certain patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Improvement in fasting glucose levels appears to be mediated by enhanced insulin secretion. Combination therapy may increase the cost of treatment by nearly 50% and appears warranted only in selected patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 594–603; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.199
Effect of dietary protein on serum insulin and glucagon levels in hyper- and normocholesterolemic men

This study was designed to test the effect of dietary protein on blood levels of insulin and glucagon. Twelve normocholesterolemic ( 240 mg/dl) healthy male subjects, 31–62 years of age, were randomly given 3 liquid test meals 1 week apart. Meals were identical except for the protein source (soybean, casein, or protein free). Blood was drawn at fasting, and 0.5 and 2 h postprandially. Insulin and glucagon levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hypercholesterolemic subjects had a higher (P < 0.05) insulin/glucagon ratio (1.5) than normocholesterolemic subjects (0.7) 2 h post-prandially when fed the casein test meal. There was no significant difference following the soybean test meal. This implies that the post-prandial insulin/glucagon ratio was affected by the amino acid composition of the diet. There was a consistently higher insulin response to all test meals among hyper-versus normocholesterolemic subjects. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that the hypocholesterolemic effects of soybean protein and the hypercholesterolemic effects of casein were mediated by altered levels of insulin and glucagon.
Images in clinical medicine. The "thumb sign" in Marfan's syndrome.

Figure 1. The thumbs protrude from the clenched fists of a 24-year-old man who presented with congestive heart failure due to severe chronic aortic regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction. Arachnodactyly (“spider finger”) and loose joints account for the ability to position the fingers in this way. The patient also had other skeletal features of Marfan's syndrome, including pectus excavatum and a high-arched palate.
A new age diagnostic applied to the globular clusters NGC 288 and NGC 362

A new age diagnostic for globular clusters is described which uses the difference between the turnoff and the base of the giant branch as the age indicator. As a first application, it is shown that there is a difference in age of 3.1 + or - 0.9 Gyr between the classic 'second parameter' pair NGC 288 and NGC 362. The existence of this age difference is independent of metal abundance differences between the two clusters of up to 0.5 dex. This age difference is corrected for various combinations of relative oxygen enhancement, and it is concluded that the difference in age remains significant for all plausible scenarios.
Stenosis and obstruction of the pulmonary veins associated with pulmonary artery hypertension

Abstract A case of stenosis and obstruction of the pulmonary veins associated with pulmonary artery hypertension and microcytic anemia, is presented. The child was completely normal until the age of 5 years. A severe attack of pertussis followed by repeated pneumonias and the appearance of increasing shortness of breath with congestive failure led to death at age 12. This clinical course suggests that the stenosis may have been acquired rather than congenital. Support for this hypothesis may be found in the anatomy of the pulmonary veins.
BRYOZOAN DIVERSITY IN THE MIOCENE OF THE KUTAI BASIN, EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Miocene bryozoans from the Indonesian Archipelago have seldom been investigated in the past. Several factors combine to explain their poor fossil record, including rare exposures in a lushly vegetated terrane, dominance of inconspicuous encrusting species, and the adverse effects of diagenesis on fossil preservation. A large collection of samples from the Kutai Basin (East Kalimantan) has allowed new insights into the diversity of Miocene bryozoans in this region. The bryozoan assemblage as a whole consists of 123 species; a remarkable increase in known diversity. Substrate availability appears to be the main factor controlling bryozoan distribution. The majority of encrusting species are associated with plate-like scleractinian corals. Collecting curves allow sampled sites to be divided into three groups characterized by high, medium, and low species richness. The site of highest diversity is a mesophotic reef slope, an environment influenced by high input of terrigenous sediment. Ordination plots show no clear patterns of distribution among sites, with putatively endemic species accounting for most of the discrimination. A similar level of endemism and habitat heterogeneity characterizes modern, tropical bryozoan faunas. However, many more intermediate sites need to be sampled to achieve a fuller understanding of the true pattern of bryozoan species distribution in the Miocene of the Kutai Basin.
A Valence Bond Study of Three-Center Four-Electron π Bonding: Electronegativity vs Electroneutrality†

Three-center four-electron (3c4e) π bonding systems analogous to that of the ozone molecule have been studied using modern valence bond theory. Molecules studied herein consist of combinations of first row atoms C, N, and O with the addition of H atoms where appropriate in order to preserve the 3c4e π system. Breathing orbital valence bond (BOVB) calculations were preformed at the B3LYP/6-31G**-optimized geometries in order to determine structural weights, π charge distributions, resonance energies, and π bond energies. It is found that the most weighted VB structure depends on atomic electronegativity and charge distribution, with electronegativity as the dominant factor. By nature, these systems are delocalized, and therefore, resonance energy is the main contributor to π bond energies. Molecules with a single dominant VB structure have low resonance energies and therefore low π bond energies.
Ion-exchange separations of the lanthanides and actinides by elution with ammonium alpha-hydroxy-isobutyrate

Abstract Lanthanide and actinide separations by means of elution with ammonium α-hydroxy-isobutyrate solutions at room temperature from Dowex 50-X4 resin columns were investigated. Separations comparable to those reported1, 2 for elution from Dowex 50-X12 resin columns with hot ammonium α-hydroxy-isobutyrate were obtained. The simplicity and convenience of the method recommend it for use on the tracer scale.
Metabolic and electrolyte changes produced by lithium ions in the isolated rat diaphragm

Abstract The effects of lithium ions on glucose metabolism and the tissue content of monovalent cations were studied in rat hemidiaphragms incubated in vitro . The entrance of lithium ions into the cell was associated with an increase in the rate of glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis. As lithium was taken up by the tissue, there was a concomitant loss of potassium. The loss of potassium could not account for the stimulation of glucose metabolism produced by lithium and it was concluded that lithium ions per se increased glucose uptake and particularly glycogen synthesis. Preincubation of hemidiaphragms in media containing different concentrations of lithium ions resulted in an increase in the rate of glycogen synthesis during a subsequent incubation in the absence of lithium. The stimulation of glycogen formation was directly related to the tissue content of lithium. Lithium ions did not significantly alter the cyclic AMP content of the tissues under conditions at which the rate of glucose metabolism was markedly enhanced.
Comparison of Attitudes of Regular and Adapted Physical Educators toward Disabled Individuals

The Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale (Form B) and a ranking survey of 10 disabling conditions were administered to 38 physical education teachers and 47 adapted physical education teachers. Both groups of teachers' attitudes toward the disabled were below the scale median. Both groups of teachers were more accepting of individuals with physical disabilities such as, amputee, harelip, and epilepsy, than individuals who were mentally retarded, cerebral palsied, and emotionally disturbed.
Novel intramolecular diels-alder reactions with alkynylthio derivatives of 1,2,4-triazines. New routes to thieno[2,3-b]pyridines and thieno[2,3-c]pyridines.

Abstract S-Alkylation of 1,2,4-triazine-6-thiones with 4-iodobutyne, followed by oxidation to the sulfoxide and intramolecular cycloaddition (at room temperature),gives 2,3-dihydrothieno[2,3- c ]pyridines, which are readily dehydrated with acetic anhydride to thieno[2,3- c ]pyridines. The same series of reactions carried out on 1,2,4-triazine-3-thiones leads to thieno[2,3- b ]pyridines.
Movement patterns, social dynamics, and the evolution of cooperation.

The structure of social interactions influences many aspects of social life, including the spread of information and behavior, and the evolution of social phenotypes. After dispersal, organisms move around throughout their lives, and the patterns of their movement influence their social encounters over the course of their lifespan. Though both space and mobility are known to influence social evolution, there is little analysis of the influence of specific movement patterns on evolutionary dynamics. We explored the effects of random movement strategies on the evolution of cooperation using an agent-based prisoner’s dilemma model with mobile agents. This is the first systematic analysis of a model in which cooperators and defectors can use different random movement strategies, which we chose to fall on a spectrum between highly exploratory and highly restricted in their search tendencies. Because limited dispersal and restrictions to local neighborhood size are known to influence the ability of cooperators to effectively assort, we also assessed the robustness of our findings with respect to dispersal and local capacity constraints. We show that differences in patterns of movement can dramatically influence the likelihood of cooperator success, and that the effects of different movement patterns are sensitive to environmental assumptions about offspring dispersal and local space constraints. Since local interactions implicitly generate dynamic social interaction networks, we also measured the average number of unique and total interactions over a lifetime and considered how these emergent network dynamics helped explain the results. This work extends what is known about mobility and the evolution of cooperation, and also has general implications for social models with randomly moving agents.
Insulin and fatty acids regulate the expression of the fat droplet-associated protein adipophilin in primary human trophoblasts.

Objective This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that insulin and fatty acids regulate adipophilin expression in cultured human trophoblasts. Study design Cytotrophoblasts isolated from term human placentas were cultured in the absence or presence of insulin (10 nmol/L), and a mix of oleic and linoleic acid in serum-free medium. The expression of adipophilin as well as the fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) 2, 3, 4 and 6 was examined. Fat accumulation was quantified by BODIPY staining and fat uptake determined using [ 3 H]-oleic acid. Results A combination of insulin and fatty acids enhanced the expression of adipophilin (2.3-fold, P P Conclusion Insulin and fatty acids enhance the expression of adipophilin and the formation of fatty acid droplets in term human trophoblasts.
Pedunculopontine stimulation induces prolonged activation of pontine reticular neurons

Extracellular and intracellular recordings were carried out from neurons in the region of the pontine reticular formation at the transition between the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis, and in the pontis caudalis. Responses were studied after stimulation of the mesopontine cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus in precollicular-postmammillary transected, paralyzed preparations. Recordings of neurographic activity in hindlimb flexor and extensor nerves served to detect changes in fictive locomotion and muscle tone induced by pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation or occurring spontaneously. Short duration trains of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation induced long lasting responses, on average over 12s in duration, in one-third of pontine reticular neurons. These prolonged responses were stimulation frequency-dependent such that the longest durations were induced by stimulation at 20-60Hz. In some cells, stimulation at lower (10Hz) or higher (100Hz) frequencies induced responses of shorter duration or were absent, while in others, higher frequencies prolonged the excitatory effects of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation. We conclude that these stimulation frequency-dependent effects may be related to the modulation of postural muscle tone and locomotion by the pedunculopontine nucleus.
Effect of slot width variation on performance of wideband, probe-fed U-slot patch antennas

This paper presents parametric simulation results for a single layer U-slot patch antenna for /spl epsiv//sub r/ = 4.5 with unequal slot widths in the three arms of the U-slot. The paper emphasizes the significant change observed in the impedance loci of the U-slot due to variation of the horizontal arm of the U-slot as opposed to the variation in the two vertical arms.
Discipline and IDEA 1997: Instituting a New Balance.

The 1997 amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 contain new regulations concerning short-term and long-term suspension. The new amendments strike a balance between the rights of students with disabilities and the need of all students for safe and well-disciplined schools. Changes include new protections for students with disabilities and new tools for administrators to help ensure the safety of all students. The new policies and procedures for addressing behaviors and placement of students with disabilities in interim alternative educational settings under the new IDEA are discussed.
Synergistic Infection with Murine Cytomegalovirus and Candida albicans in Mice

A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated that mice infected intraperitoneally with a 20% lethal inoculation of murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibited markedly enhanced mortality rates (80%-100%) after an intravenous injection of a 0-20% lethal inoculum of Candida albicans. The current study revealed that mice infected with murine CMV alone had high titers of virus in spleen, liver, lung, and kidney from days 3 through 20, whereas those inoculated with C. albicans alone had a self-limited fungal infection involving only the kidney. In the combined murine CMV-C. albicans infection, the titers of murine CMV in tissues were changed very little. In contrast, C. albicans was recovered from multiple organs, and a progressive renal infection developed. This altered pathogenesis of the candida infection in murine CMV-infected mice resembled that produced by a 100% lethal inoculum of C. albicans alone. These results indicate that the murine CMV infection enhanced the susceptibility of mice to infection with C. albicans and suggest that death was due to progressive fungal infection of the kidney.
Preplay negotiations and the prisoner's dilemma

Abstract In order to improve outcomes of one shot noncooperative games a formal procedure for conducting preplay negotiations is proposed. For the prisoners' dilemma game it is shown that all the perfect equilibrium in the induced game (the game with the preplays) yield the cooperative pay-off. For another game it is shown that all perfect equilibrium payoffs converge to be Pareto optimal as the number of preplays increases.
The Role of Context in Social Semantic Search and Decision Making

This paper is based on my Keynote Address at the Tools with AI conference on November 4, 2013. The talk focussed on some factors used to determine a user's context — those attributes, both tacit and explicit, which help to ascertain a user's intensions for a search request in order to make a decision. I also explored how social semantic search can assist in guiding the decision process, especially when the decision is of a personal nature, for example, in decisions involving health care, where there may be a number of avenues to pursue. I focussed on our patented-technology exemplified by the Knowledge Sifter system, and an application called Personal Health Explorer (PHE), a semantic recommender system that allows an individual to perform semantic search and discovery related to conditions and diseases contained in his personal health record (PHR). The PHE system consults authoritative ontologies and reputable information sources to provide semantically enhanced authoritative recommendations that can be stored in the individual's (PHR) for further research and consultation. The PHE is implemented using the Knowledge Sifter agent-based framework and Microsoft's HealthVault.
Effects of dilevalol on rest and supine exercise hemodynamics in mild to moderate systemic hypertension.

Abstract Eight mildly to moderately hypertensive subjects free of any antihypertensive medications and on a normal salt diet performed maximal supine arm exercise. Before starting the exercise, a right-sided cardiac catheterization was performed to measure hemodynamic parameters before and during exercise. All patients had normal increases in cardiac output for the level of exercise performed and the peripheral vascular resistance diminished appropriately. An increase in the right atrial and pulmonary artery wedge pressures during exercise could be explained by increased venous return. After the baseline testing, rest and exercise hemodynamics were repeated 2 hours after the administration of 400 mg of dilevalol, a new β blocker. For the next 2 weeks the patients received 400 mg of the study drug twice a day, with repeat studies obtained thereafter. As with other β blockers, dilevalol decreases the heart rate and cardiac output on exercise, but, in addition, it induces a decrease in the resting systemic vascular resistance. This action is similar to its isomer, labetalol.
Novel targets for immunotherapy in glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is a common cause of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal failure. Current therapy relies on variably effective, nonspecific and toxic immunosuppression. Recent insights into underlying biology and disease pathogenesis in human glomerulonephritis combined with advances in the fields of inflammation and autoimmunity promise a cadre of novel targeted interventions. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of two antigens, alpha3 (IV)NC1 collagen and podocyte neutral endopeptidase, and two cell signaling and effector molecules, IgG Fc receptors and complement, judged to be particularly amenable to therapeutic manipulation in man. It is anticipated that continued dissection of pathogenesis in the diverse disorders that comprise the glomerulonephritides will provide the basis for individualized disease-specific therapy.
Issues and Concerns with the Archiving of Electronic Journals

The advent of electronic scholarship brings new opportunities to authorship, publishing and librarianship. However, like all new paradigms, it brings concomitant challenges, including how to mainta...
How to Culture, Record and Stimulate Neuronal Networks on Micro-electrode Arrays (MEAs)

For the last century, many neuroscientists around the world have dedicated their lives to understanding how neuronal networks work and why they stop working in various diseases. Studies have included neuropathological observation, fluorescent microscopy with genetic labeling, and intracellular recording in both dissociated neurons and slice preparations. This protocol discusses another technology, which involves growing dissociated neuronal cultures on micro-electrode arrays (also called multi-electrode arrays, MEAs). There are multiple advantages to using this system over other technologies. Dissociated neuronal cultures on MEAs provide a simplified model in which network activity can be manipulated with electrical stimulation sequences through the array's multiple electrodes. Because the network is small, the impact of stimulation is limited to observable areas, which is not the case in intact preparations. The cells grow in a monolayer making changes in morphology easy to monitor with various imaging techniques. Finally, cultures on MEAs can survive for over a year in vitro which removes any clear time limitations inherent with other culturing techniques.1 Our lab and others around the globe are utilizing this technology to ask important questions about neuronal networks. The purpose of this protocol is to provide the necessary information for setting up, caring for, recording from and electrically stimulating cultures on MEAs. In vitro networks provide a means for asking physiologically relevant questions at the network and cellular levels leading to a better understanding of brain function and dysfunction.
Modulation of Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity With Real-Time Neurofeedback

The advent of real-time neurofeedback techniques has allowed us to begin to map the controllability of sensory and cognitive and, more recently, affective centers in the brain. The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) is thought to be involved in generation of affective states and has been implicated in psychopathology. In this study, we examined whether individuals could use realtime fMRI neurofeedback to modulate sACC activity. Following a localizer task used to identify an sACC region of interest, an experimental group of eight women participated in four scans: (1) a pretraining scan in which they were asked to decrease activity in the sACC without neurofeedback; (2) two training scans in which sACC neurofeedback was presented along with instructions to decrease sACC activity; and (3) a neurofeedback-free post-training scan. An additional nine women in a yoked feedback control group saw sACC activity from the participants in the experimental group. Activity in the sACC was significantly reduced during neurofeedback training in the experimental group, but not in the control group. This training effect in the experimental group, however, did not generalize to the neurofeedback-free post-training scan. A psychophysiological interaction analysis showed decreased correlation in the experimental group relative to the sham control group between activity in the sACC and the posterior cingulate cortex during neurofeedback training relative to neurofeedback-free scans. The finding that individuals can down-modulate the sACC shows that a primary emotion center in which functional abnormality has been strongly implicated in affective disorders can be controlled with the aid of neurofeedback.
Noninvasive Face-Mask Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

Mechanically assisted intermittent positive-pressure ventilation effectively provides ventilatory support in patients with respiratory failure but it requires placing an artificial airway. We have previously reported our successful experience delivering mechanical ventilation via a face mask (FMMV) rather than with an endotracheal tube in a pilot study of patients with acute respiratory failure. The present investigation evaluated an additional 18 patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure to determine the efficacy of FMMV in a more homogeneous group and to determine factors predicting its success. FMMV was successful in avoiding intubation in 13 of the 18 patients. A significant initial improvement in Pco 2 (>16 percent decrease) and in pH (from 7.30) predicted success. The five patients who failed on FMMV required endotracheal intubation because of inability to improve gas exchange (three patients), apnea due to sedatives (one patient), and management of secretions (one patient). FMMV was generally well accepted with only two patients withdrawn because of intolerance of the mask. The mean duration of FMMV was 25 h. Complications were seen in only two patients (11 percent): aspiration (one patient) and mild skin necrosis (one patient). Seven patients entered the study by meeting entrance criteria after an unsuccessful extubation attempt and therefore received both forms of mechanical ventilation. All but one patient avoided reintubation, and the face mask proved to be as effective as the endotracheal tube as a conduit for delivering the mechanical tidal volume and improving gas exchange. Our findings indicate that FMMV is a viable option for short-term (one to four days) ventilatory support of patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure and insufficiency. (Chest 1991; 100:445-54)
Interactional Diversity in Border Colleges: Perceptions of Undergraduate Students

Research about the benefits of interactional diversity in college has been conducted at various U.S. institutions, but little research has focused on border colleges. This study explores the extent to which students at U.S.-Mexico border institutions reported having cross-racial and cross-ethnic interactions that researchers suggest promote academic and social development. To that end, the authors investigated how students identify by race and ethnicity, how frequently and where they interact with peers from other races and ethnicities, and how they view those interactions.
Multiple-Instance Regression with Structured Data

We present a multiple-instance regression algorithm that models internal bag structure to identify the items most relevant to the bag labels. Multiple-instance regression (MIR) operates on a set of bags with real-valued labels, each containing a set of unlabeled items, in which the relevance of each item to its bag label is unknown. The goal is to predict the labels of new bags from their contents. Unlike previous MIR methods, MI-ClusterRegress can operate on bags that are structured in that they contain items drawn from a number of distinct (but unknown) distributions. MI-ClusterRegress simultaneously learns a model of the bagpsilas internal structure, the relevance of each item, and a regression model that accurately predicts labels for new bags. We evaluated this approach on the challenging MIR problem of crop yield prediction from remote sensing data. MI-ClusterRegress provided predictions that were more accurate than those obtained with non-multiple-instance approaches or MIR methods that do not model the bag structure.