cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing step-stress accelerated life testing data using generalized linear models

In this article the parameter estimation method of Step-Stress Accelerated Life Testing (SSALT) model is discussed by utilizing techniques of Generalized Linear Model (GLM). A multiple progressive SSALT with exponential failure data and right censoring is analyzed. The likelihood function of the SSALT is treated as being a censoring variate with Poisson distribution and the life-stress relationship is defined by a log link function of a GLM. Both the maximum likelihood estimation and the Bayesian estimation of GLM parameters are discussed. The iteratively weighted least squares method is implemented to obtain the maximum likelihood estimation solution. The Bayesian estimation is derived by applying Jeffreys' non-informative prior and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Finally, a real industrial example is presented to demonstrate these estimation methods.
The pharmacological evaluation of pergolide mesylate as a potential anti-Parkinson agent

Abstract The effects of the putative dopamine agonist, pergolide mesylate, a substituted propylergoline, were investigated in several animal models of dopamine-related behavior in an attempt to evaluate its possible role in the treatment of Parkinsonism. Pergolide induced intense stereotypic behavior in both rats and guinea-pigs. The stereotypy was immediate in onset, of prolonged duration, and was blocked by non-sedating doses of haloperidol but not by clozapine. In rats, pergolide reversed reserpine-induced effects even in animals pretreated with the dopamine depletor, α-methyl-para-tyrosine. Pergolide induced vomiting in dogs which could be inhibited by pretreatment with haloperidol. In animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra, pergolide produced contralateral rotation. Behavioral subsensitivity to apomorphine developed after 4 weeks of chronic administration of a low (subthreshold) dose of pergolide that did not induce steroetyped behavior, while supersensitivity to apomorphine was observed when animals were chronically treated with a suprathreshold dose of pergolide. These data indicate that pergolide can cause stimulation of central dopaminergic receptors and possesses direct agonist properties. However pergolide does have effects which are different from those of other available dopaminergic drugs and may be advantageous in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Central release of tracer after noxious stimulation of the skin suggests non-synaptic signaling by unmyelinated fibers

Abstract Injury to a peripheral nerve causes central changes of various nature and complexity reflecting activation of multiple signaling mechanisms. In a previous study we reported that nerve lesion triggers central release of a tracer, wheatgerm-agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, by unmyelinated fibers in the spinal cord. The released tracer occupies the space between nerve terminals and dendrites without extending into the synaptic cleft. We interpreted this to suggest release of unidentified endogenous factor(s) at non-synaptic sites, which may contribute to the signaling of peripheral injury to the central nervous system. For such signaling to occur, a message must first be communicated along the axon. This message may depend on axonal transport and/or altered electrical activity. In pilot experiments we observed that application of tetrodotoxin (to block impulse conduction) to the intact nerve did not result in tracer release. We hypothesized that the message might be the sustained discharge of C fibers that occurs after injury. We show here that selective activation of C fibers (by applying mustard oil to the hindlimb of anesthetized rats) causes central release of tracer previously transported from the sciatic nerve to superficial laminae of the dorsal horn.
Equity offerings following the IPO theory and evidence

Abstract This paper presents an IPO signaling model in which some issuers signal their higher quality not only by underpricing their IPO more, but also by waiting more patiently before they sell the remainder of the firm in a seasoned equity offering (SEO). In contrast to earlier models, this model offers empirical predictions (including functional forms) on easily observable variables: the IPO underpricing, after-market returns (reflecting the issuer's actions), and the timing of the SEO. The paper can thus calibrate and better test the theory. The evidence is that [a] signaling high-quality issuers are worth 2–3 times more than non-signaling low-quality firms; [b] the market recognizes the true quality of a firm with probability 30% per year; and [c] patience (i.e. waiting for extra funding) costs issuers about 15% of their value each year.
In situ diagnostics for a small-bore hypervelocity impact facility

New in situ diagnostic capabilities and improvements made to the previously reported 1.8 mm bore, two-stage light-gas gun facility located at the California Institute of Technology are described. The Small Particle Hypervelocity Impact Range (SPHIR) facility is capable of routinely producing launch speeds of 5–7 km/s for launch package masses < 6 mg, with maximum speeds exceeding 10 km/s. The facility features a comprehensive ensemble of in situ diagnostics that are available for simultaneous implementation in every impact experiment. A fast (150,000 fps) camera is used routinely to provide impactor velocimetry. A gated, intensified ultra-high-speed camera is used in conjunction with an optical technique to create shadowgraph images of hypervelocity impact phenomena with very short exposure times (25 ns) and inter-frame times (<1 μs). This technique uses a constant 532 nm wavelength laser to deliver a collimated, coherent illumination beam orthogonal to the projectile flight direction that provides a 100 mm diameter maximum field of view. The ultra-high-speed camera produces 8 images with exposure and inter-frame times sufficiently short to enable sharp visualization of impact features with little motion blur at the test speeds of 5–7 km/s. Additionally, a debris capture system is located behind the target configuration during every experiment. This system is composed of layers of closed-cell foam and plastic film and provides depth of penetration and trajectory measurement for debris particles thrown behind the target. Lastly, the SPHIR facility utilizes two additional high-speed cameras coupled with two spectrographs to characterize the light emitted by the impact event. One spectrograph and its high-speed camera records UV–visible emission spectra in the wavelength range between 300 nm and 850 nm. The other spectrograph uses a high-speed, infrared camera to capture a single full-field image of the near-IR emission in the wavelength range of 0.9 μm–1.7 μm. These two spectrograph camera systems provide both visual and spectral data of the hypervelocity impact emission; yielding information regarding the molecular composition of both the impact ejecta and debris. The extensive diagnostic capabilities and techniques described can be used with a wide variety of impactors, target materials and target configurations to address a wide variety of engineering and scientific problems.
Leiomyosarcoma of soft tissue: A clinicopathologic study

The case records and histologic material of 28 patients with leiomyosarcoma of soft tissue treated at M. D. Anderson Hospital between 1948 and 1975 were reviewed. These included patients in whom the tumors arose in the retroperitoneum (16), major blood vessels (3), and other soft-tissue sites, collectively designated peripheral soft tissue (9). Follow-up was complete in all cases. A striking preponderance of female patients was observed in the group with retroperitoneal tumors, in contrast to the male preponderance in the vascular and peripheral soft tissue tumor groups. Tumor size and location were the major prognostic factors; large size (greater than 5 cm) and retroperitoneal origin were associated with a much poorer clinical outcome than smaller size (less than 5 cm) and origin elsewhere than the retroperitoneum. These factors were related, since all retroperitoneal tumors were large. Microscopic appearance did not correlate significantly with clinical course. The clinical approach to these tumors is discussed in light of the findings of this study.
A liquid film model of tetrakaidecahedral packing to account for the establishment of epidermal cell columns.

The possibility that the organization of cells into columns in the mammalian epidermis may be a result of the close packing of these cells has been investigated in a model system involving the association of randomly produced soap bubbles into a stable truth. Upon floating to the surface of a liquid, soap bubbles have been found to spontaneously assemble into precise columns of interdigitating bubbles. The tetrakaidecahedral shape and the spatial configuration of these bubbles closely resemble those of stacked epidermal cells, although the columns of a froth were oriented at a 60° angle to their substratum rather than at right angles as occurs in the epidermal cell columns. These observations lend support to the theory that the organization of the cells in the epidermis into columns is due to the assumption of the keratocytes of a minimum surface-close packing array. Such an organizing mechanism would be independent of both positional control of the underlying mitoses and active guidance of the cells as they become superficially displaced within the epidermis. The observation that a high rate of cell turnover is incompatible with the epidermal column structure may be related to the finding that rapidly produced soap bubbles do not, at least initially, assemble into a columnar array.
Physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.

Physiognomic perception, a tendency to suffuse percepts with an emotional or expressive quality, has been suggested as an additional cognitive control principle. In a study of an entire graduating class of 77 engineering students, Physiognomic Cue Test (PCT) performance loaded on a factor independent of factors representing field articulation, scanning, abstract reasoning, and academic achievement. PCT scores have been found to be related to career choice and to correlate significantly with measures of art aptitude and style, course grades, and personality test scores including the CPI. The relationships of physiognomic perception to intelligence, creativity and work style are considered. These data support the hypothesis that psysiognomic perception represents a significant cognitive control principle. Additional multivariate studies of more heterogeneous groups are indicated.
Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine.

Background:The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) recommends atropine as adjunctive therapy to prevent reflex bradycardia prior to laryngoscopy/tracheal intubation (L/TI) in pediatric patients.Objective:To describe the incidence of reflex bradycardia and its relationship to the administ
On measures of disorder in globally coupled oscillators

Abstract The transition from ordered to disordered behavior in an array of globally coupled phase oscillators is studied here using methods previously applied to the study of fluid turbulence. We apply a biorthogonal decomposition of the “space”-time data signal resulting from a finite sized array of oscillators under increasing disorder. Application of these methods requires identifying and measuring a useful signal that captures the dynamics of interest. We find that our method is very sensitive to changes in the system as a function of the disorder and identifies when an oscillator loses entrainment with the population. We study finite sized systems and simultaneously compare our results to more traditional order parameters, the latter based on infinite sized systems.
Unresolved Issues in Measurement Validity: An Autobiographical Overview.

The author reviews known but neglected validity issues in measurement from the perspective of his 50-year history of research. He identifies important but too-often overlooked validity issues in applying assessment to social issues. From this base, he suggests needed next directions in the fields of assessment and measurement.
SPONTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF A C-TYPE RNA VIRUS IN RAT TISSUE-CULTURE LINES

Recently we demonstrated the induction of a C-type RNA virus (XCIV) in tissue culture line XC derived from Wistar random-bred rats. In this article two other rat C-type virus isolates (NRKAV and RPLAV) are described. They were associated with, and isolated from, NRK and RPL lines originating in Osborne-Mendel and Lewis rat strains, respectively. The main biological characteristics shared by the three viruses were buoyant densities in sucrose gradients in the range of 1.14 to 1.15 g/ml, endogenous DNA polymerase activity, high molecular weight (60 to 70S) RNA, rat major speciesspecific (gs-1) antigen and gs-3 interspecies antigen. Two of the isolates (NRKAV and RPLAV) were able to rescue mouse sarcoma virus (MSV) genome from a rat MSV-transformed non-productive line. The NRK line was assayed for virus release at various in vitro passage levels. In lower passages (43–73) spontaneous virus release was absent or minimal but the virus could be induced by treatment of cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine. At higher passage levels the cells produced a large amount of virus spontaneously, but in these treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine decreased virus production. The results of karyological analysis suggested that clonal selection was taking place in the NRK line during consecutive in vitro passages and simultaneously with the process of increasing spontaneous virus release.
Surface treatment of indirect resin composite surfaces before cementation.

Abstract Statement of problem. Controversy surrounds the use of hydrofluoric acid to prepare precementation surfaces of indirect composites. Purpose. This study was conducted to compare effects of combining hydrofluoric or orthophosphoric acid with microetching as precementation treatments. Material and methods. Nine specimens of three composite materials were prepared to simulate heat-cured indirect restorations. The specimen surfaces were prepared with one of three treatments. Adhesive Bond II and Twinlook cements were used to bond a phosphoric acid-etched disk of P50 to the treated surface. Analysis of variance and Scheffe tests were used to assess the bond strength data. Scanning electron microscopy and microscopic analysis of the fractured and treated surfaces were also performed. Results. Bond strengths for all surface treatments did not significantly differ. Hybrids had a higher bond strength with etching than microfills, and mechanical roughening produced the greatest bond strengths with microfills. Microetching with orthophosphoric acid produced higher bond strengths than microetching with hydrofluoric acid on hybrids. Conclusions. Acid etching alone is not sufficient to produce effective bond strengths, and hydrofluoric acid treatments are detrimental to the resin composite. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:568-72.)
Recombinant human growth hormone enhances the metabolic efficacy of parenteral nutrition: a double-blind, randomized controlled study.

This multicenter, randomized, double-blind study was performed to investigate whether recombinant GH improves the efficacy of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Fifteen stable patients requiring parenteral feeding due to gastrointestinal/pancreatic disease were studied. Constant maintenance TPN providing approximately 30 kcal/kg day and approximately 1.6 g protein/kg.day was administered during an initial 7-day baseline period. After randomization, daily sc injections of saline (control, n = 9) or GH (10 mg/day, n = 6) were administered a 14-day treatment period as nutrient intake remained constant. Elemental balances for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and sodium (Na) were determined daily and serial blood indices, vital signs, and other clinical parameters were monitored. Nutrient balances approached equilibrium during the baseline week in both groups. With GH administration, a significant increase in N, K, and P balance occurred; in contrast, nutrient balances did not change significantly from baseline values in control patients. The cumulative change (delta) in nutrient balances from the baseline week was also significantly greater in the GH-treated patients (delta N: control+2 +/- 7 g vs. GH+36 +/- 6. g, P less than 0.005; delta K:+57 +/- 45 mmol vs.+199 +/- 19 mmol, P less than 0.03; delta P: -27 +/- 30 mmol vs. +91 +/- 69 mmol, P less than 0.02). Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations rose 5-fold and serum cholesterol rose slightly with GH; no other significant change in group mean blood values occurred. One patient receiving GH and chronic prednisone therapy developed moderate hyperglycemia and mild peripheral edema; no other deleterious effects attributable to GH were observed. GH was well tolerated and significantly enhanced nutrient retention compared to standard parenteral feeding alone. GH improves the efficacy of parenteral nutrient utilization in patients requiring TPN.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy. Application to polymer and thin metal oxide films

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the feedback mode, where the steady-state faradaic current at a microdisk electrode tip is measured as the tip is scanned close to a surface, was used to investigate several different polymer films on electrode surfaces: poly(vinylferrocene), N,N{prime}-bis(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-4,4{prime}-bipyridinium dibromide, and Naflon containing Os(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+}. The tip response (i.e., positive or negative feedback) depends upon the nature of the polymer, the substrate electrode potential, the identity of the solution redox species, and the tip potential. Studies carried out with polymer films on interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes with different redox species in the cell solution demonstrate that the SECM images can be used to distinguish chemically different sites on a substrate surface. It was also possible with similar methods to distinguish Au and oxide-covered Cr electrodes in an IDA.
The Manchurian Crisis

The bombardment of Mukden by Japanese forces on September 18, 1931, followed by the occupation of a large part of the three eastern provinces of China, i.e., Manchuria, by the Japanese, followed by the expulsion of the Chinese authorities, has brought to a head the long-standing disagreement between China and Japan in regard to their respective rights and policies in that territory, and has presented the League of Nations, the signatories of the Nine-Power Washington Treaty, and the signatories of the Kellogg Peace Pact with an opportunity to illustrate the meaning of these instruments.
Investigations of the March 2006 African dust storm using ground-based column-integrated high spectral resolution infrared (8–13 μm) and visible aerosol optical thickness measurements: 2. Mineral aerosol mixture analyses

[1] The mineral aerosol mixture composition for the March 2006 Saharan dust storm is assessed in this paper on the basis of the analysis of visible to near-infrared (VIS-NIR) and infrared (IR) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) spectra obtained during the Portable Infrared Aerosol Transmission Experiment (PIRATE). The AOT spectra from 8 to 13 μm were determined using column-integrated solar transmission measurements using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. To determine the mineralogy and mixture composition of the dust, we determined the expected mineralogy of dust from the Algerian source region in a dust storm environment. Then we computed the modeled VIS-IR AOT spectra using Mie theory for external and internal mixtures. We compared the modeled VIS-NIR AOT spectra and derived index of refraction and single-scattering albedo with the measured values from AERONET and compared the modeled IR AOT spectra with the values from our IR measurements. The fit between the measured and modeled values was best when we used an extinction resonance correction to the Mie theory results to better account for the exact wavelengths and shapes of some of the AOT peaks for mineral particles. The mineralogy and mixture composition of the best dust model includes external mixtures, internal mixtures, and mineralogy dominated by quartz, illite, and calcite. The modeled mean radius was determined, and several modes were computed in agreement with AERONET results.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats; analysis of 14 animal and vegetable fats

The glyceride compositions of seven animals and seven vegetable fats have been determined by GLC analysis of the oxidized esterified glycerides as described in an earlier paper in this series. The compositions determined are compared with those calculated from lipase hydrolysis data according to the method of VanderWal. Good agreement was found between the calculated and determined compositions for the majority of the 14 fats. The exceptions were human fat and the more satu-rated vegetable fats, palm oil and cocoa butter, where some discrepancies occurred.
Gel filtration heterogeneity of Escherichia coli soluble RNA.

Gel filtration heterogeneity (Sephadex G100) is observed for sRNA preparations obtained from various strains of Escherichia coli by phenol extraction and elution from DEAE-cellulose using M -sodium chloride. These preparations contain, in addition to the transfer RNA which accounts for 75% of the soluble RNA, ribosomal and messenger-like RNA, both of which are soluble in cold (4°C) M -sodium chloride, plus an RNA containing 122 ± 10% nucleotides per chain having a major nucleotide composition similar to transfer RNA, but unable to accept amino acids under the usual in vitro conditions. Moreover, it is devoid of methylated nucleotides, pseudouridylic acid, reduced pyrimidine nucleotides, and is terminated at each end by a uridylic acid residue, with the 5′ and 3′ termini being phosphorylated and unesterified, respectively.
Apolipophorin III is dramatically up-regulated during the programmed death of insect skeletal muscle and neurons

The intersegmental muscles (ISMs) of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta, participate in the emergence behavior of the adult moth and then die during the subsequent 30 hours. In addition, several populations of interneurons and uniquely identified motor neurons also die after adult emergence. The trigger for all of these deaths is a decline in the circulating titer of the insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. The ability of the muscles and neurons to die requires de novo gene expression. A differential hybridization screen of a "condemned" ISM cDNA library permitted the isolation of clones encoding four new up-regulated mRNAs. On sequencing, one of these recombinants was found to encode apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), a component of lipophorin, the major hemolymph lipoprotein of insects, previously shown to be synthesized in fat body. Although apoLp-III mRNA and protein were expressed at all stages of ISM development, levels of both molecules were dramatically elevated with the commitment of the cells to die. When ISM cell death was delayed by injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone, expression of apoLp-III at both the RNA and protein levels was markedly reduced at the normal time of cell death. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that apoLp-III protein was abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm of dying muscles, interneurons, and identified motor neurons at the time of cell death. Apolipoproteins I and II, required components of lipophorin, were not expressed at detectable levels in the muscles or neurons. Furthermore, Western blots of native gels suggest that apoLp-III was not associated with any other proteins. These data suggest that apoLp-III has activities independent of lipid transport that may play a role in programmed cell death. ApoLp-III joins apolipoproteins E and J (clusterin, sulfated glycoprotein-2) as a group of proteins that function in both lipid transfer and cell death.
Detection of Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin in V. vulnificus-infected mice

Abstract L. D. Gray and A. S. Kreger . Detection of Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin in V. vulnificus -infected mice. Toxicon 27, 459–464, 1989.—Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for V. vulnificus cytolysin detected the toxin in an extract of skin lesions and in serum from mice showing local and systemic V. vulnificus disease after subcutaneous injection of the bacterium. The cytolysin also was detected in skin lesions by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Our findings provide direct evidence that the cytolysin is produced in vivo during the development of the disease process, and this observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the toxin is involved in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus disease.
A setting for mass culture: Life and leisure in the Nidda Valley

Of the many popular movements that impelled reform in Germany after the Revolution of 1918, two of the most powerful were the Sports Movement, a vast network of politically affiliated clubs, and the Gardening Movement, represented by various factions promoting self‐sufficiency and a back‐to‐the‐land philosophy. Following World War I, the city of Frankfurt absorbed the momentum of both of these movements within its public leisure programme. This newly created public arena reiterated many of the movements’ heroic themes at the same time that it depoliticized them. It was a modernist landscape composed of two realms: the playing fields and stadia for collective games and the spectacle, and the private allotment garden. Encircled by the ring of modernist housing settlements, the Nidda Valley green belt was the embodiment of this new pastoral ideal: a leisure realm that fulfilled the promise of the Neues Leben, the new life.
Preprocedural Risk Stratification: Identifying an Appropriate Population for Carotid Stenting

Purpose Given the uncertainties associated with carotid angioplasty and stenting, the initial assessment of the procedure may be best undertaken in a subgroup of patients at increased risk for complications with standard carotid surgery. In an effort to characterize such a subgroup, we reviewed the results of carotid endarterectomy in patients with and without significant medical comorbidity. Methods During a 10-year period 3061 carotid endarterectomies were performed at a single institution and entered prospectively into a registry. A high-risk patient subgroup was identified, defined by the presence of severe coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, or renal insufficiency. The outcome of carotid endarterectomy was assessed with respect to perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction, or death, as well as the combined end point of one or more of the end points. Results The rate of the composite end point stroke/myocardial infarction/death was 3.8% in the total group of 3061 patients who underwent endarterectomy. As individual end points, the rate of stroke was 2.1%, myocardial infarction 1.2%, and death 1.1%. Among the high-risk subset, the composite end point stroke/myocardial infarction/death occurred in 7.4%. This rate was significantly greater than the corresponding rate of 2.9% in the low-risk subset (P Conclusions Although carotid endarterectomy is an extremely safe procedure in most patients, results are not as favorable in a high-risk subset with severe coronary, pulmonary, or renal disease. The initial clinical evaluation of carotid stenting might best be undertaken in such a high-risk population, one that comprises patients for whom standard therapy is associated with a high rate of complications.
Case Report: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome in an adolescent presenting with Chronic Daily Headache.

BACKGROUND Classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by skin hyperextensibility, skin fragility as well as joint hypermobility. EDS has been associated with psychiatric disorders, fatigue, dizziness, musculoskeletal pain, and stomach pain that are common complaints associated with adolescent chronic daily headache (CDH). This case report discusses an adolescent who presents with CDH and is subsequently diagnosed with EDS based upon the presenting symptoms for headache including syncope and chronic musculoskeletal pain as well as a history of hypermobility. CASE DESCRIPTION A 15-year-old female presented to an outpatient headache clinic with a 10-year history of headache, which had become daily over the past 3 months and awakened her in the middle of the night. Past history also revealed chronic musculoskeletal pain, syncope, fatigue, and hypermobility of joints. Subsequent referral to a geneticist confirmed mild classic EDS. CONCLUSION Along with the major manifestation of EDS, other signs and symptoms that characterize this disorder include musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, dizziness/vertigo, depression, and anxiety, which are often associated with CDH in adolescents. Clinicians treating CDH need to be aware of the major clinical manifestations of EDS as well as the other signs and symptoms that characterize both of these chronic pain disorders. An understanding of this syndrome will lead not only to a diagnosis of EDS but also initiation of a treatment plan specific for an adolescent with CDH and EDS.
Social Work and the Social Determinants of Health Perspective: A Good Fit

The social determinants of health perspective--rooted in the work of Leonard Syme, Geoffrey Rose, Michael Marmot, Richard Wilkinson, and others (Marmot, 2005; Wilkinson & Marmot, 2003)--provides evidence that our social environment plays a key role in determining health status. Certain groups, due largely to their socioeconomic status, are at greater risk for poor health outcomes; even more disturbing, researchers have found that social inequality within a population, regardless of a nation's level of material wealth or quality of health care, leads to poor health outcomes (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2006). Examining a broad range of social factors-material conditions, psychosocial variables, social cohesion, childhood development (Smith & Egger, 1996)--enables us to understand the impact of such factors on health, factors that seem as or even more important than traditional medical factors such as access, quality of care, and technological advancements in medicine. This perspective fits well with social work's biopsychosocial approach to understanding and ameliorating complex social problems and its commitment to social justice. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH PERSPECTIVE The literature on the social determinants of health shows that health is essentially a biopsychosocial phenomenon. As researchers, primarily from England and Canada, looked more closely at the health of populations, they discovered that countries with the greatest wealth, as measured by per capita gross national product and median income, do not necessarily have the healthiest populations (Wilkinson, 1996). Although the United States is the wealthiest nation in the world and spends more per capita on health care than any other country, it has "poorer health than 20 developed countries, including all European Union (EU) nations" (Wilkinson, 2001, p. 30; Pickett W 2) Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources-the structural drivers of those conditions of daily life--globally, nationally, and locally; and 3) Measure the problem, evaluate action, expand the knowledge base, develop a workforce that is trained in the social determinants of health, and raise public awareness about the social determinants of health." (WHO, 2008, p. 6) EFFORTS TO INCORPORATE THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH PERSPECTIVE INTO SOCIAL POLICY Scholars from the United Kingdom and Canada have played a leading role in efforts to achieve health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Michael Marmot, at the request of the British Secretary of State for Health and the Commission on Social Determinants, prepared a set of recommendations to help England reduce health inequalities post-2010 and include a social determinants of health perspective in its policies and interventions. …
Nets of threshold elements

Herein we obtain several theoretical results concerning properties of the transition function given by a finite net of threshold elements. In particular, we are able to give an exact characterization of these transition functions solely in terms of the Boolean Ring. Specializing this result we find necessary and sufficient conditions that a Boolean function is realizable by a single threshold element. Also we furnish axioms for the transition functions of McCulloch-Pitts Nets, etc.
Spurious oscillations in computing microstructures

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some numerical difficulties in a two-dimensional mathematical model for displacive phase transformations. The usual approach to discretizing this model uses finite elements. Some previous work has computed certain microstructures by using a uniform square mesh discretization together with a form of derivative averaging. The overall scheme is equivalent to using bilinear elements with a one point quadrature approximation to discretize the energy functional E below. The resulting functional will be denoted by Eh. Although the square mesh respects a key symmetry property of the energy functional, when using this technique we have found a computational 'skewing' problem. This problem has a deleterious effect on the numerical solutions since it generates a grid scale spurious oscillation. In this paper, we will study this skewing phenomenon and attempt to show its effect on the computed microstructure.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EF-hands embrace.

The fifth EF-hand, in linear amino acid sequence, of the small subunit of calpain reveals a new trick in the EF-repertoire — dimerization by EF-embrace.
Release of noradrenaline from the cat spleen by sodium deprivation

Abstract 1. The endogenous noradrenaline content of cat spleen slices was markedly reduced when the slices were incubated at 37° C in a medium in which sodium was replaced by sucrose, lithium, choline or potassium. Depletion of tissue noradrenaline was accounted for by its release into the incubating medium. At an external sodium concentration of 20 mM, about 50% depletion was obtained in 2 hours. 2. The enhanced release induced by sodium deprivation occurred in the absence of calcium, with or without ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether) N,N′ tetraacetic acid. Manganese potentiated release, while magnesium was without effect. 3. Ouabain caused a dose-dependent release of noradrenaline which was partially calcium-dependent. Removal of potassium from the incubation medium caused some release, which was potentiated in 25 mM sodium Krebs solution or by ouabain. 4. At 4° C, the release did not occur in sodium-free medium. 5. Dinitrophenol did not affect the loss of noradrenaline caused by sodium withdrawal. Iodoacetic acid and N-ethylmaleimide caused a time-dependent depletion of noradrenaline. Tetracaine caused release and partly opposed the release caused by sodium deprivation. Tetrodotoxin had no effect. Guanethidine, but not phenoxybenzamine, released noradrenaline and potentiated the release induced by sodium withdrawal. 6. The rate of release of 3H-noradrenaline from reserpine-treated spleen slices was not altered by sodium withdrawal. 7. Uptake-retention of 3H-noradrenaline in slices depleted of their endogenous noradrenaline content by sodium deprivation was about 60% of the control slices. This was effectively blocked by cocaine. Release of 3H-noradrenaline evoked by high potassium from both control and treated slices was calcium-dependent. 8. It is suggested that sodium-potassium-activated ATPase maintains the integrity of the axonal membrane, and any procedure which depresses the activity of the enzyme or the sodium-potassium pump would cause transmitter release by causing temporary disturbance in the membrane. Evidence is presented to suggest that vesicles depleted of their endogenous noradrenaline content by sodium deprivation are re-used for the storage and release of transmitter.
Neuropsychiatry for Neuropsychologists: Everything You Need to Know About Old Age Psychiatry. Robert Howard (Ed.). 1999. Philadelphia: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing, Ltd. 292 pp., $85.00. Neuropsychological Effects of the Psychiatric Disorders, by Simon F. Crowe. 1998. Amersterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. 177 pp., $24.00.

Howard's edited volume does not reach the full challenge of its title in containing “everything you need to know about old age psychiatry,” but the information it does contain is well presented and among the important things for geriatric mental health professionals (including neuropsychologists) to know. The book consists of 19 chapters divided into three sections.
Modeling enteric bacterial die-off: A review

To protect surface and groundwater resources from enteric bacterial pollution, management practices must be devised based on a sound knowledge of the fate of these organisms in the environment. Areas covered in this article include the effects of physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, mathematical modeling approaches of bacterial die-off and a summary of past investigations of bacterial die-off in storage systems, soil and fresh/sea water environments. The greatest need for future research efforts was shown to be in determination of the relationships of environmental and physical parameters to bacterial survival so that the literature data could be unified.
POTASSIUM MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO NERVE ACTIVITY

The depolarization of crab nerve during repetitive stimulation is unaffected by the presence of glucose or by an increase in the calcium content of the medium. It is increased in both amplitude and rate by veratrine; in the presence of this alkaloid mixture the rate but not the magnitude of the depolarization is increased by an elevation in the calcium concentration. Repolarization following stimulation is unaltered by glucose and accelerated by a greater calcium concentration. Veratrine increases both the amplitude and the time constant of repolarization; its effect on the time constant is counteracted by an elevation of the calcium in the medium. Potassium released during stimulation and its reabsorption following activity have been observed by analyses of small volumes of sea water in contact with crab nerve. Under the conditions employed 3 x 10(-8) microM potassium is liberated per impulse per gm. wet weight of nerve. This loss is increased by low concentrations of veratrine, which also increase the amount reabsorbed during recovery. The depletion of potassium from the medium is appreciably less if the potassium previously released during activity has not been removed. Inexcitability resulting from anoxia can be washed away with oxygen-free solution-rapidly and completely in the case of the squid axon, slowly and incompletely in crab nerve. The potassium shifts are in the proper direction and of the correct order of magnitude to account for the negative and positive after-potentials in terms of potassium accumulation or depletion in the extracellular space.
The adsorbed film controversy

Abstract Adsorption force fields that (i) decay with distance and (ii) act preferentially on liquid water relative to ice should cause “ordinary” water and ice to behave in a manner often perceived as incompatible with expected behavior, especially when viewed from outside the force field. This illusion, its relationship to freezing temperature and to the mechanism of frost heave, is demonstrated using a simple example in which earth and its gravitational field interact with water and ice.
THEORY OF NUCLEAR MATTER

The methods of quantum statistics previously developed 0ry the author are applied to the determination of properties of the ground state of nuclear matter. An expansion in powers of the pair-function of quantum statistics is made and expressions are derlved for the momentum distribution, pair-correlation function, binding energy, and effective single-particle energies. The leading terms of these expressions can be interpreted in terms of an effective twobody interaction, and a model of nuclear matter which consists of interacting quasi- particles whose energies are the effective single-particle energies is thereby suggested. The theory is compared with Brueckner's theory and also with Landau's phenomenological theory of the Fermi liquid. (auth)
SU‐GG‐T‐302: Reduced Energy Dependence Artifact in CR Plate Dosimetry Using Pencil Beam Response Correction and Thoraeus Filters

Purpose: To improve the accuracy of the Kodak 2000RT ComputerRadiography(CR) Beam Dosimetry System by reducing the effect of the energy dependent response of the CR plates. Method and Materials: The energy dependent response of the CR plates is due to the presence of elements with atomic numbers higher than water. This results in larger photoelectric cross section, which leads to dose over‐response for photon energies lower than few hundred keV. The use of lead foils on both sides of the CR plate in the Kodak CR solid water dosimetry cassette strongly suppresses this dependence by reducing the number of low energy photons reaching the plate. To determine the accuracy of these plates when used in a most time efficient way, we scanned them 2 min after exposure. For a very large IMRT field (mean dose 23 cGy) we observe gamma <1 compliance (3 mm distance‐to‐agreement and 3 cGy dose difference) for 73% of the points. To correct for the observed under‐ and over‐determination of the dose in the high and low dose regions, we used Monte Carlo to simulate the response kernel of the CR plates to a pencil beam and then used this kernel in convolution dose calculations. To further reduce the flux of characteristic x‐rays reaching the plates we added more foils forming Thoraeus filters on both sides of the plates. Results: The use of CR response kernel increased the gamma index compliance to 83% for this large IMRT field. The addition of the Thoraeus filters further increased the compliance to 90%, with largest errors seen close to the plate edges. For smaller 15×15 cm IMRT fields, compliance of 96% was observed. Conclusion: With appropriate response correction and low energy photon filtering Kodak's CR plates can be used as an efficient and potentially accurate 2D dosimeter.
Applications of gas chromatography in studying the aromatic qualities of wines

The possible uses of different types of the gas chromatography in the study of the aromatic qualities of wines are considered. It is concluded that the vapor sampling chromatograph with its extreme sensitivity will be of value in following changes with age in bottled wines. The techniques of isolating and concentrating aroma materials from wines are discussed. The various types of columns to be employed and the attendant chemical separations used are considered with particular respect to the analyses of free volatile acids, free alcohols, esters and carbonyl compounds in aroma extract fractions. The uses of the gas chromatograph in analysis of fusel oils from wines, in the analysis of the high boiling esters from a muscat raisin fusel oil and in the analysis of the aroma material from flor sherry are discussed.
Comment on "37Ar as a calibration source for solar neutrino detectors"

A recent proposal to use $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ electron capture decay as a neutrino calibration source for solar neutrino detectors neglected the internal bremsstrahlung radiation accompanying $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ decay. Safety considerations require that MCi-type $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ sources include sufficient shielding to reduce the flux of bremsstrahlung photons.
Transition to spatiotemporal chaos in the damped Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

The transition from a lamellar or periodic state to spatiotemporal chaos was examined numerically in the damped Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. The behavior of several quantities was examined near the transition as the system size was doubled five times and no systematic changes were observed. Thus there was no evidence to support a divergence at the transition in the infinite system size limit. This provides strong evidence of a discontinuous transition. @S1063-651X~97!11908-0#
Uses of Public Participation Geographic Information Systems Applications in E‐Government

Despite significant growth in public participation GIS (PPGIS) literature since the 1990s, little engagement by e-government scholars is evident in the extensive scholarly PPGIS debates. To fill this void, recent trends in PPGIS adoption by local governments are analyzed. Three waves of GIS are identified: desktop GIS, web GIS, and the Geospatial Web 2.0 platform. Such technological advancements have progressively eased GIS accessibility from expert users to ordinary citizens, accompanied by considerable growth in adopting PPGIS for traffic and transit, volunteered geographic information, and customer relationship management. However, limited use of PPGIS for higher levels of participation such as decision making is found. Barriers to PPGIS adoption for decision making seem less technological and more institutional.
Spatial-Resolved High-Speed THz Analog-to-Digital Convertor Comprising Phase Modulated Beam Steering Architecture

We studied and characterized the beam steering effect for THz radiation based on the doubly-corrugated spoofed surface plasmon polariton (DC-SSPP) architecture and analyzed the design of a high-speed THz analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Metal-covered GaAs are used to form both arms of an interferometer, while voltage-controlled, localized carrier concentration provides modulation to the signal propagating phase. Relative phase differences between THz beams in separate arms of the interferometer can give rise to deflected radiation in the far field, which is further converted to a digitized output by a spatially arranged detector array. Applying the beam deflector with a full differential implementation of the input voltage signal and a combination of nonlinear detector arrays with carefully designed gain and saturation power, a 3-bit ADC with > 60 GS/s operation speed and direct digitized readout is demonstrated.
Molecular weight spectra of ultrafilter rejection. II: Measurements on highly rejecting filters

Abstract A mixture of maltodextrins (10,000-80,000 daltons) has been used to follow the response of rejection by membranes to molecular weight. Two ultrafilters and a reverse osmosis membrane having rejection values greater than 0.999 for the high molecular weight fractions were tested. The procedure described permits determination of sieving values (1- R ) as low as 1 x 10 −5 . The results indicate that only the reverse osmosis membrane was sufficiently retentive to assure the absence of significant levels of endotoxins in the product streams.
Ferromagnetically Coupled Bis(semiquinone) Ligand Enforces High-Spin Ground States in Bis-metal Complexes

The π-connectivity of a bis(semiquinone) ligand enforces ferromagnetic coupling between the two semiquinone halves of the molecule. Using the ligand in connection with paramagnetic metal ions leads to complexes with S = 3 (M = NiII), S = 2 (M = CuII), and S = 2 (M = CrIII) ground states.