cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empiric Therapy of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Guidelines for the Perplexed?

This article discusses the key clinical aspects of empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Antibiotic selection, severity of CAP, single vs multiple pathogens, pharmacokinetic considerations, antibiotic resistance, IV vs oral antibiotic therapy for CAP, oral therapy for non-ICU hospitalized patients with CAP, β-lactams, macrolides, ketolides, doxycycline, respiratory quinolones, and pharmacoeconomic implications are discussed.
Invariant inference for static checking

Static checking can verify the absence of errors in a program, but often requires written annotations or specifications. As a result, static checking can be difficult to use effectively: it can be difficult to determine a specification and tedious to annotate programs. Automated tools that aid the annotation process can decrease the cost of static checking and enable it to be more widely used.This paper describes an evaluation of the effectiveness of two techniques, one static and one dynamic, to assist the annotation process. We quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate 41 programmers using ESC/Java in a program verification task over three small programs, using Houdini for static inference and Daikon for dynamic inference. We also investigate the effect of unsoundness in the dynamic analysis.Statistically significant results show that both inference tools improve task completion; Daikon enables users to express more correct invariants; unsoundness of the dynamic analysis is little hindrance to users; and users imperfectly exploit Houdini. Interviews indicate that beginning users found Daikon to be helpful; Houdini to be neutral; static checking to be of potential practical use; and both assistance tools to have unique benefits.Our observations not only provide a critical evaluation of these two techniques, but also highlight important considerations for creating future assistance tools.
Ab initio phasing of high-symmetry macromolecular complexes: successful phasing of authentic poliovirus data to 3.0 A resolution.

Abstract A genetic algorithm-based computational method for the ab initio phasing of diffraction data from crystals of symmetric macromolecular structures, such as icosahedral viruses, has been implemented and applied to authentic data from the P1/Mahoney strain of poliovirus. Using only single-wavelength native diffraction data, the method is shown to be able to generate correct phases, and thus electron density, to 3.0 A resolution. Beginning with no advance knowledge of the shape of the virus and only approximate knowledge of its size, the method uses a genetic algorithm to determine coarse, low-resolution (here, 20.5 A) models of the virus that obey the known non-crystallographic symmetry (NCS) constraints. The best scoring of these models are subjected to refinement and NCS-averaging, with subsequent phase extension to high resolution (3.0 A). Initial difficulties in phase extension were overcome by measuring and including all low-resolution terms in the transform. With the low-resolution data included, the method was successful in generating essentially correct phases and electron density to 6.0 A in every one of ten trials from different models identified by the genetic algorithm. Retrospective analysis revealed that these correct high-resolution solutions converged from a range of significantly different low-resolution phase sets (average differences of 59.7° below 24 A). This method represents an efficient way to determine phases for icosahedral viruses, and has the advantage of producing phases free from model bias. It is expected that the method can be extended to other protein systems with high NCS.
THE DESCRIPTION AND BIONOMICS OF TROPIDEUCOILA BLEPHARONEURAE BUFFINGTON AND CONDON, NEW SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: FIGITIDAE: ZAEUCOILINI), PARASITOID OF BLEPHARONEURA LOEW FRUIT FLIES (TEPHRITIDAE)

Abstract. Tropideucoila blepharoneurae, a new species of Zaeucoilini, is described from Peru. Specimens were reared from numerous species of the tephritid genus Blepharoneura feeding on species of Gurania (Cucurbitaceae). Prior to the discovery of this species, it was hypothesized that species of Tropideucoila were restricted to Agromyzidae hosts; this new species is remarkable for its host association with Tephritidae. To support the inclusion of this new species in Tropideucoila, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic reconstruction of the Zaeucoilini; this new species was recovered (with strong branch support) within Tropideucoila.
Space physics and the teaching of undergraduate electromagnetism

Abstract Space physics is not a subject typically found in the undergraduate curriculum, and it is rare even at the graduate level. On the other hand, the basis of space physics is electromagnetism and the motion of charged particles, which are common topics in both the introductory and advanced undergraduate physics curriculum, and examples from space physics can be used to enliven instruction. In this paper, I will discuss various topics commonly found in both introductory and upper-division electricity and magnetism classes where examples from space physics may facilitate student understanding or provide interesting, real-life examples of electromagnetism in action.
Does psychological stress contribute to the development of hypertension and coronary heart disease

The role of mental stress in the development of hypertension and coronary heart disease remains uncertain. Its effects are likely to depend on an interaction of at least three factors: the nature of the stressor, its perception by the individual, and the individual’s physiological susceptibility. This type of interaction is supported by animal studies. Most experimental studies in man have measured the cardiovascular response to acute laboratory stressors, on the assumption that subjects showing greater reactivity are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Experimental support for this “reactivity hypothesis” is limited, and the technique suffers from a number of limitations, such as an emphasis on acute rather than chronic effects, and a doubtful relevance to real-life stressors. It is possible, however, that transient surges of autonomic activity occurring in response to behavioral stimuli could trigger acute cardiac events. The role of environmental stressors can be studied by ambulatory monitoring techniques. Using the Karasek Job Content Survey (a known predictor of coronary heart disease), we have found that men in high strain jobs (defined by a combination of high demands and low control) are more likely to be hypertensive, and to show left ventricular hypertrophy than men in less stressful jobs.
Contraction uncoupling with butanedione monoxime versus low calcium or high potassium solutions on flow and contractile function of isolated hearts after prolonged hypothermic perfusion.

BACKGROUND Normal ionic perfusate containing butanedione monoxime (BDM), a reversible myofilament inhibitor, could be better than either a high potassium (KCl) or a low calcium (CaCl2) perfusate for long-term cardiac preservation. This hypothesis was tested in 70 isolated guinea pig hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups--time control (8 hours, 37 degrees C), cold control (22 hours, 3.8 degrees C), and cold+BDM (22 hours)--were perfused with typical Krebs-Ringer solution (2.5 mmol/L CaCl2 and 4.5 mmol/L KCl). Two other groups were cold perfused for 22 hours either with 2.5 mmol/L CaCl2 + 20 mmol/L KCl (high) or with 0.5 mmol/L CaCl2 (low) + 4.5 mmol/L KCl. These changes were maintained from 20 minutes before cold perfusion until 30 minutes after rewarming to 37 degrees C. Coronary vasodilator reserve was tested before cold perfusion and 2 hours after warm reperfusion with adenosine (Ade), acetylcholine (Ach, endothelium dependent), and nitroprusside (NP, endothelium independent). Each treatment decreased left ventricular pressure (LVP) by more than 80% before cold perfusion. During warm reperfusion, LVP was lower in cold control (-72 +/- 5%), high KCl (-76 +/- 4%), and low CaCl2 (-80 +/- 4%) groups than in BDM (-38 +/- 3%) or time control (-18 +/- 4%) groups; coronary flow (CF) was lower in high KCl (-67 +/- 4%) and low CaCl2 (-54 +/- 7%) groups than in cold control (-37 +/- 6%), BDM (-30 +/- 5%), or time control (+2 +/- 3%) groups; and percent oxygen extraction (controls, 62 +/- 4%) was higher in the high KCl group (83 +/- 6%) than in cold control (72 +/- 3%), BDM (73 +/- 3%), low CaCl2 (72 +/- 5%), or time control (63 +/- 3%) groups. CF responses to Ade, Ach, and NP (+103 +/- 7%, +24 +/- 5%, and +34 +/- 5% before cold) were attenuated (+76 +/- 6%, +18 +/- 5%, and +23 +/- 4%) in the time control group (5 hours later), were reduced but present in the BDM group (+10 +/- 5%, -5 +/- 5%, and -5 +/- 5%), and were absent in both low CaCl2 and high KCl groups after 2 hours of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Normal ionic BDM solution better preserves cardiac function and basal CF after prolonged cold perfusion than do cold control, high KCl, and low CaCl2 solutions. Vasodilatory capacity is markedly diminished after perfusion with either the high KCl or the low CaCl2 solution.
Regularity for minima of functionals with p-growth

On demontre que les premieres derivees des minima scalaires des fonctionnelles du type I(u)=∫f(x,u,⊇u)dx sont continues de Holder
Comparison of Barriers Self-Efficacy and Perceived Behavioral Control for Explaining Physical Activity Across 1 Year Among Adolescent Girls.

The absence of longitudinal data about correlates of physical activity during adolescence has hindered the identification of key mediator variables that can be targeted by interventions. Building on the authors' previous report of a cross-sectional analysis, this study compared barriers self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control as predictors of change in 2 levels of physical activity across a 1-year period among a sample of Black and White adolescent girls (N = 1,038). Self-efficacy did not predict change in either moderate or vigorous physical activity. In contrast, perceived behavioral control exhibited a longitudinal, independent relationship with change in vigorous physical activity. The authors concluded that perceived behavioral control is an independent predictor of change in vigorous physical activity levels across a 1-year period among a sample of Black and White adolescent girls and warrants study as a potential mediator variable in interventions designed to increase or maintain physical activity.
Management of cancer of the parathyroid.

(2002). Management of Cancer of the Parathyroid. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 122, No. 4, pp. 448-452.
Polyamines are needed for the differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipose cells.

Abstract When non-proliferating 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were stimulated to differentiate into adipose cells, there was a dramatic increase in the intracellular level of the polyamine, spermidine. Addition of α-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, depleted the cellular polyamines and prevented triglyceride accumulation and differentiation. The inhibitory effect of α-difluoromethylorinithine was completely abolished by provision of spermidine or putrescine. This suggests that polyamines are needed in the processes of differentiation as well as their established requirement for cell growth.
Zeolite Crystallization Process Modeling and Comparison with Microgravity Flight Results

The study of the transport phenomena during zeolite crystallization has indicated that at Ig, gravity-induced secondary nucleation is the only possible detrimental effect due to gravitational sedimentation. In this paper experimental results on zeolite growth from the STS-40 and STS-50 mission experiments are compared with our theory for determining the conditions where microgravity is beneficial. The theory is consistent with those experiments. Additionally, zeolites were synthesized in our laboratory using compositions similar to those of the STS-40 and STS-50 experiments to 1) examine the effect of a nucleation suppresses triethenolamine, on gravityinduced secondary nucleation, and 2) develop a process to synthesize larger zeolites in both Ig and microgravity. At Ig limitations on the second goal are found. Furthermore, growth-in-gel zeolite crystallization in microgravity is modeled. The overall porosity of the gel portion is defined as an important space-experiment parameter, which is a counterpart of the gel-portion shrinkage at Ig. This parameter can be used for zeolite crystallization in microgravity to determine the time when nutrients should be added to grow much larger zeolites in space.
RANDOM ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (AMH) IS A PREDICTOR OF OVARIAN RESPONSE IN WOMEN WITH ELEVATED BASELINE EARLY FOLLICULAR FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE LEVELS

Objective To investigate the utility of random anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in assessing ovarian response among women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) diagnosed by elevated early follicular-phase FSH levels. Design Retrospective study. Setting Academic and academically affiliated assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs. Patient(s) Seventy-three women undergoing ART with elevated early follicular FSH levels. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Number of oocytes retrieved during ART cycle, number of day 3 embryos, and cycle cancellation and clinical pregnancy rates. Result(s) Random AMH levels were strongly correlated with the number of oocytes retrieved during an ART cycle among women with elevated FSH (r = 0.55). Women with elevated FSH who had a random serum AMH level of 0.6 ng/mL or higher had twice the number of oocytes retrieved (11 ± 1.3 vs. 5.6 ± 0.6), a greater number of day 3 embryos (5.7 ± 0.9 vs. 3 ± 0.5), and approximately a third of the cycle cancellation rate (14% vs. 41%) compared with women with a random serum AMH below 0.6 ng/mL. The clinical pregnancy rate was also higher among women with a random serum AMH ≥0.6 ng/mL (28% vs. 14%), however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion(s) A random serum AMH level is useful in setting expectations for ART prognosis in women with elevated early follicular-phase serum FSH levels.
Properties of cerebroside galactosidase

SUMMARY Rat brain cerebrosidase was shown by centrifugal fractionation to be a lysosomal enzyme. The pH optimum was found to be 4.5. Taurocholate greatly stimulated its action. The addition of palmitic acid had little effect on the enzyme activity, but ceramide, sphingosine, and ceramide lactoside inhibited. Galactose, galactonolactone, and galactitol inhibited the enzyme, but the corresponding compounds with the glucose configuration did not. From this it may be concluded that the enzyme is active only toward galactosides, rather than glucosides. However, the enzyme preparation was able to hydrolyze ceramide glucoside, evidently because a second enzyme was present. The preparation was also active toward ceramide and ceramide lactoside, but rather inert toward galactosylgalactosylglucosyl ceramide. The molecular weight, determined by gel chromatography, was about 50000. The cerebrosidase occurring in the supernatant fluid of brain homogenates was shown by Sephadex chromatography to be associated with material of high molecular weight. The enzyme could be partially dissociated by addition of cholate $1~ Triton X-100. The crude cerebrosidase that was extractable from brain particles also showed associated and dissociated forms.
INNOVATION: A PRACTICE IN SEARCH OF A THEORY, OR SO WHAT DOES ALL THIS RESEARCH MEAN, ANYWAY?

Understanding the process of innovation adoption is of obvious importance to both researchers and practitioners in a lime when city governments are under increasing fiscal pressure. Unfortunately, previous research results in this area have been seen to be highly unstable, and several research design faults have been identified as contributing to the lack of uniform findings. This article incorporates several suggested design improvements and examines the adoption of two budgetary innovations in 45 American cities. The results again display a lack of uniformity, and a suggestion is made that the search for a general theory of innovation may prove to be a fruitless enterprise.
Migraine is comorbid with multiple sclerosis and associated with a more symptomatic MS course.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess relative frequency of migraine in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using the validated self-administered diagnostic questionnaire, and to compare the migraine rates in MS outpatients to age- and gender-matched historical population controls; (2) to compare clinical and radiographic characteristics in MS patients with migraine and headache-free MS patients. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the demographic profiles, headache features and clinical characteristics of MS patients attending a MS clinic using a questionnaire based on the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. We compared the relative frequency of migraine in MS clinic patients and AMPP cohort. We also compared clinical and radiographic features in MS patients with migraine to an MS control group without headache. Among 204 MS patients, the relative frequency of migraine was threefold higher than in population controls both for women [55.7 vs. 17.1%; prevalence ratio (PR) = 3.26, p < 0.001] and men (18.4 vs. 5.6%; PR = 3.29, p < 0.001). In a series of logistic regression models that controlled for age, gender, disease duration, β-interferon use, and depression, migraine in MS patients was significantly associated (p < 0.01) with trigeminal and occipital neuralgia, facial pain, Lhermitte’s sign, temporomandibular joint pain, non-headache pain and a past history of depression. Migraine status was not significantly associated with disability on patient-derived disability steps scale or T2 lesion burden on brain MRI. Migraine is three-times more common in MS clinic patients than in general population. MS–migraine group was more symptomatic than the MS–no headache group.
Critical assessment of gene amplification approaches on the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

The resurgence of tuberculosis prompted the development of a number of new options for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacteriun tuberculosis (MTB). One of the most promising and exciting methodologies has been the introduction of assays employing amplification technology to detect MTB directly in clinical specimens. Although amplification assays hold significant promise to improve the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis, the decision to perform or not perform these assays is complicated. The performance of in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and two commercially-prepared assays, GenProbe's AMTD test and Roche's AMPLICOR PCR assay are reviewed. Regardless of the amplification format, all assays have decreased sensitivity with specimens that are acidfast bacilli (AFB) stain-negative. Data from these studies and others indicate possible potential pitfalls of amplification assays, those being sampling errors, the presence of substances in clinical specimens that inhibit the amplification a...
The interdental gingivae

Material from 20 young rhesus monkeys was prepared for study of the interdental gingival epithelium. An additional four young monkeys were injected with tritiated thymidine and radioautographs prepared for analysis of cell turnover. It was found that the interdental gingiva between recently erupted teeth in proximal contact has a col form. The appearance of the col can be simulated by vertical sections close to the roots of single teeth. Analysis of sections through the actual col showed that it is always lined by squamous epithelium, five or more cell-layers thick, without any recognizable ameloblasts. The radioautographs showed consistent evidence of thymidine uptake, indicating cell-division, in all epithelia lining the col. It was concluded that the histological features and turnover-rate of epithelium in the interdental region are closely analogous to those of epithelium on other aspects of the teeth. Clinical studies of the presence and amount of plaque and gingivitis in 1,075 intact interdental areas in 48 young adults showed a high degree of correlation between the presence and amount of plaque and the presence and severity of gingivitis, and lend support to the hypothesis that gingivitis starts interdentally because plaque accumulates there.
An Object-Oriented Verification of Three NWP Model Formulations via Cluster Analysis: An Objective and a Subjective Analysis

Abstract Recently, an object-oriented verification scheme was developed for assessing errors in forecasts of spatial fields. The main goal of the scheme was to allow the automatic and objective evaluation of a large number of forecasts. However, processing speed was an obstacle. Here, it is shown that the methodology can be revised to increase efficiency, allowing for the evaluation of 32 days of reflectivity forecasts from three different mesoscale numerical weather prediction model formulations. It is demonstrated that the methodology can address not only spatial errors, but also intensity and timing errors. The results of the verification are compared with those performed by a human expert. For the case when the analysis involves only spatial information (and not intensity), although there exist variations from day to day, it is found that the three model formulations perform comparably, over the 32 days examined and across a wide range of spatial scales. However, the higher-resolution model formulatio...
Computer controllers: Adapting the Sinclair ZX·80 for laboratory use

Differences between the MicroAce and Sinclair ZX-80 are described. Adaptation of the Sinclair ZX-80 for a previously described laboratory control function is discussed.
Novae Gesneriaceae Neotropicarum XVII: New Combinations and Typifications

Abstract. Fieldwork and current research projects in Central and South America on the Gesneriaceae have shown that nomenclatural and taxonomic changes are needed. The Ecuadorian endemic species Columnea albovinosa (M. Freiberg) J. L. Clark & L. E. Skog is transferred from Dalbergaria Tussac. The name Pentadenia lutea M. Freiberg is synonymized with C. angustata (Wiehler) L. E. Skog. Amalophyllon ecuadoranum (Wiehler) J. L. Clark, comb. nov., is recognized as a species distinct from A. divaricatum (Poepp.) Boggan, L. E. Skog & Roalson. The application of the name C. serrata (Klotzsch ex Oerst.) Hanst. is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The new name Drymonia ovatifolia J. L. Clark is made for the species Nautilocalyx dressleri Wiehler. Resia bracteata, a name originally published without a Latin diagnosis, is here validly published as R. bracteata J. L. Clark & L. E. Skog.
Spatially Dependent Dynamic MAPK Modulation by the Nde1-Lis1-Brap Complex Patterns Mammalian CNS

Regulating cell proliferation and differentiation in CNS development requires both extraordinary complexity and precision. Neural progenitors receive graded overlapping signals from midline signaling centers, yet each makes a unique cell fate decision in a spatiotemporally restricted pattern. The Nde1-Lis1 complex regulates individualized cell fate decisions based on the geographical location with respect to the midline. While cells distant from the midline fail to self-renew in the Nde1-Lis1 double-mutant CNS, cells embedded in the signaling centers showed marked overproliferation. A direct interaction between Lis1 and Brap, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling threshold modulator, mediates this differential response to mitogenic signal gradients. Nde1-Lis1 deficiency resulted in a spatially dependent alteration of MAPK scaffold Ksr and hyperactivation of MAPK. Epistasis analyses supported synergistic Brap and Lis1 functions. These results suggest that a molecular complex composed of Nde1, Lis1, and Brap regulates the dynamic MAPK signaling threshold in a spatially dependent fashion.
Whole-farm mating disruption to manage Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in diversified New Jersey orchards.

ABSTRACT Fruit orchards in New Jersey are usually isolated from neighboring farms and diversified, often containing separate plantings of peach (Prunus spp.) and apple (Malus spp.). These crops can suffer significant damage from oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). This study evaluated the effect of managing G. molesta by using sex pheromone—based mating disruption applied to both peaches and apples (whole-farm mating disruption) rather than treating either crop alone. In year 1 of the experiment, G. molesta mating disruption applied to the adjacent peach and apple blocks provided better control than treating peaches or apples alone. During year 2, treating these adjacent blocks or only treating apples controlled G. molesta equally well. G. molesta populations were so low at the end of year 2 that mating disruption was not applied against this pest during year 3. This allowed us to determine whether applying mating disruption for two consecutive years controlled G. m...
LONG-TERM FATE OF DISPERSED AND UNDISPERSED CRUDE OIL IN TWO NEARSHORE TEST SPILLS

ABSTRACT The fate and effects of two nearshore discharges of Murban crude oil at Long Cove, Searsport, Maine in August 1981 were studied following a one-year, pre-spill baseline study of the test areas. An upper and a lower intertidal sampling area within a 60 × 100 meter test plot were exposed to dispersed oil in water resulting from the discharge of 250 gallons of oil pre-mixed with 25 gallons of Corexit 9527 dispersant. Release of treated oil was around high-water slack tide on the surface of the water, with added mixing energy provided by mixing gates deployed by small boats. The maximum water depth over the test areas was 3.5 meters. Untreated crude oil (250 gallons) was released on an ebbing tide within a separate, boomed-off 60 × 100 meter test plot. A third test plot served as an oil-free reference plot. Water samples taken near the surface and near the bottom during and after discharge showed that chemically dispersed oil loses lower boiling hydrocarbons in both the aliphatic and aromatic fractio...
Tables as graphs: the Ramanujan principle

Andrew Gelman says that there is more visual information in a table than you might realise, so it is worth presenting them well.
Analytical evaluation of three-center one-electron integrals of rNYML (θ,ϕ) with slater-type atomic orbitals

Theoretical prediction of molecular properties, such as quadrupole coupling tensor, electron-proton hyperfine interaction, chemical shift, and spin-orbit coupling, requires computation of matrix elements of rNYML, where YML is a spherical harmonic. Formulas for two- and three-center one-electron integrals of rNYML with Slater-type atomic orbitals are derived. Use is made of Fourier-transforms, generalized-function theory, and complex variable theory. The final formulas involve spherical harmonics and functions related to exp (x) and to the exponential integral, but nothing more complicated. Two alternative sets of formulas are given, but only one is valid when N–L is an even, negative integer.
Managers' evaluation of research design and its impact on the use of research: An experimental approach

Abstract Sixty practicing marketing managers were asked to evaluate various factors affecting the quality of marketing research in a behavioral simulation experiment. The experiment also investigated how the managers' evaluation of research quality affected their use of research results. Contrary to past psychological studies, factors affecting the quality of the survey sample (such as sample size and sampling process) were found to have a significant effect on experienced marketing managers' evaluation of the research quality. When the research design was evaluated to be more trustworthy, it was found to have a greater influence on managers' use of the results.
Some asymptotic properties of kriging when the covariance function is misspecified

The impact of using an incorrect covariance function on kriging predictors is investigated. Results of Stein (1988) show that the impact on the kriging predictor from not using the correct covariance function is asymptotically negligible as the number of observations increases if the covariance function used is “compatible” with the actual covariance function on the region of interestR. The definition and some properties of compatibility of covariance functions are given. The compatibility of generalized covariances also is defined. Compatibility supports the intuitively sensible concept that usually only the behavior near the origin of the covariance function is critical for purposes of kriging. However, the commonly used spherical covariance function is an exception: observations at a distance near the range of a spherical covariance function can have a nonnegligible effect on kriging predictors for three-dimensional processes. Finally, a comparison is made with the perturbation approach of Diamond and Armstrong (1984) and some observations of Warnes (1986) are clarified.
BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT OF EXERCISE: CONTRACTING FOR AEROBIC POINTS

Behavioral contracting was used to encourage physical exercise among college students in a multiple-baseline design. Subjects deposited items of personal value with the experimenters, which they could earn back on fulfillment of two types of contract contingencies. Subjects selected weekly aerobic point criteria, which they could fulfill by exercising in the presence of other subjects. In addition, subjects contracted to observe and record the exercise of other subjects and to perform an independent reliability observation once each week, with both of these activities monitored by the experimenters. Results indicated that the contract contingencies produced increases in the number of aerobic points earned per week for seven of eight subjects, that the aerobic point system possesses several advantages as a dependent variable for behavioral research on exercise, and that inexperienced observers could be quickly trained to observe exercise behavior and to translate those observations into their aerobic point equivalents. Finally, in a followup questionnaire completed 12 months after the end of the study, seven of the eight subjects reported that they were earning more aerobic points per week than had been the case during the baseline condition of this experiment.
Microfluidic Liquid Chromatography System for Proteomic Applications and Biomarker Screening

A microfluidic liquid chromatography (LC) system for proteomic investigations that integrates all the necessary components for stand-alone operation, i.e., pump, valve, separation column, and electrospray interface, is described in this paper. The overall size of the LC device is small enough to enable the integration of two fully functional separation systems on a 3 in. × 1 in. glass microchip. A multichannel architecture that uses electroosmotic pumping principles provides the necessary functionality for eluent propulsion and sample valving. The flow rates generated within these chips are fully consistent with the requirements of nano-LC platforms that are routinely used in proteomic applications. The microfluidic device was evaluated for the analysis of a protein digest obtained from the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. The cytosolic protein extract was processed according to a shotgun protocol, and after tryptic digestion and prefractionation using strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX), selected sa...
Lithic Wackes of Early-Middle Eocene Lookingglass Formation, Southwest Oregon: ABSTRACT

The early to middle Eocene Lookingglass Formation is exposed over a wide area in southwestern Oregon. The formation contains a thick sequence of turbidite deposits consisting dominantly of very coarse to fine-grained lithic wackes, with minor amounts of pebbly sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, or shale. Sediments, mainly from the Klamath region on the south, and partly from a volcanic arc on the east, were deposited in a north-trending fore-arc basin approximately 125 by 155 mi (200 by 250 km) in size. Within the lower part of the sequence, the lithic wackes are mainly thick-bedded, normally graded, pebbly sandstones and very coarse to coarse sandstones that contain a shallow-water marine fauna. Channel-fill conglomerate lenses occur within some of the thick beds of sandstone. This part of the sequence is interpreted as a proximal submarine-fan deposit. The lithic wackes of the upper part of the sequence, however, generally form sheets of thinner bedded, medium to fine-grained sandstone with more matrix. They contain deeper water marine fauna and are devoid of channel-fill conglomerate lenses. This part of the sequence is interpreted as a distal submarine-fan deposit. Sedimentation took place at a high rate and was accompanied by rapid subsidence of the basin. The lithic wackes have undergone fairly intense diagenetic alteration, which includes cementation by calcite, silica, chlorite, and clay minerals; the replacement of feldspar grains, lithic fragments, and matrix materials by calcite and chert; and the recrystallization of chlorite. Cementation and compaction have considerably reduced the porosity of these sandstones. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1683------------
Pedophilia: an update on theory and practice

The number of sexual attacks on children is staggering, yet it is extremely difficult to understand what effective treatments are available for the pedophile by reviewing the literature. Therefore, the authors present an update of the changing conceptualizations regarding the offenders and their victims. An overview of the currently used modalities to treat the pedophile is presented with emphasis on the promising cognitive-behavioral approach. A brief description of this approach is given with two case illustrations.
Gender Differences in Range of Motion in Older Adults

This study had three purposes: to compare active neck and upper extremity range of motion (ROM) in women and men in context of expected values, to examine ROM decrease with age in women and men, and to predict age-related ROM in older women and men. Sixty-one women and 25 men who lived independently in the community were measured. ROM was less for older women and older men when compared to expected values. ROM declined with age for both women and men; however, women maintained greater range. The estimated regression coefficients can be used to predict ROM in older women and men. Clinical implications in evaluation are discussed.
Properties of LHRH release from a hypothalamic synaptosomal fraction of estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats

The release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) from mitochondrial-synaptosomal fractions (P2) of basomedial hypothalamus was examined under various conditions. Less than 3% of the LHRH in P2 suspensions was released under control conditions while the addition of 60 mM KCl or NaCl effected an 8-fold increase in LHRH as measured by radioimmunoassay. Equiosmolar sucrose effected only a 1.8-fold increase in LHRH release. The stimulatory effects of both Na+ and K+ were significantly inhibited by Mn2+ or La3+. Two forms of released LHRH were observed, one soluble and the other particulate. Soluble LHRH release was effected by hypertonic sucrose or 60 mM KCl and was not inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists. The release of particulate LHRH was unaffected by hypertonic sucrose, was stimulated 10-fold by 60 mM KCl, and was abolished with Ca2+ antagonists. These results suggest that the released soluble LHRH results from nonspecific leakage while the release of particulate LHRH reflects a Ca2+-dependent secretory process.
Estimation of parvalbumin Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding constants by global least-squares analysis of isothermal titration calorimetry data ☆

The use of competitive isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to measure high-affinity binding constants has been largely restricted to systems with a single binding site or multiple identical sites. This study demonstrates the extension of this approach to proteins with two nonequivalent EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding sites--rat beta parvalbumin and the S55D/E59D variant of rat alpha parvalbumin. The method involves simultaneous (global) least-squares analysis of titrations with Ca(2+), with Mg(2+), with Ca(2+) in the presence of Mg(2+), and with Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) in the presence of a competitive chelator (EDTA or EGTA). The Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) binding constants obtained for rat beta agree well with estimates obtained by flow dialysis. Although the Ca(2+) affinity of alpha S55D/E59D is too high to measure by flow dialysis, it was amenable to analysis using the ITC-based approach. The combined S55D and E59D mutations increase the Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) affinities of the mutated binding site by factors of 14 and 26, respectively. This behavior is consistent with that seen previously for the rat beta S55D variant.
On the interaction of a sound pulse with the shear layer of an axisymmetric jet. II - Heated jets

The fluctuating field of a heated jet excited by a sound pulse is simulated numerically. The fluctuations in both the flow field and the far field are studied. The flow field results depend crucially on the stability properties of the heated jet. The altered stability properties due to the heating cause a reduction in the overall fluctuations and a shift of the instability waves into lower frequencies. These changes cause a similar downward shift in the far field spectrum and a reduction in the total far field noise. The results provide a partial explanation in terms of stability theory of experimentally observed properties of the noise of heated jets.
Mobile food vending and the after-school food environment.

Background Low-income and minority children have higher rates of obesity and overweight. Greater understanding of their food access is important. Because of higher rates of walking to school in these populations, these children likely have greater exposure to the food environment immediately around their schools. Mobile food vendors are an understudied aspect of the food environment in U.S. urban areas. Purpose This study aims to observe the after-school food environment in an urban area where mobile vending is known to occur in order to study the range of vendors encountered near schools and the items sold in the after-school period. Methods In the spring of 2008, the presence of mobile food vendors after school within ¼ mile of nine public schools was assessed in a predominantly Latino district of Oakland CA. At six schools with regular presence of vendors, observations were made at mobile vendors documenting characteristics of transactions, consumers, and items. Results During 37 observation-hours across 23 days, there were 1355 items sold to 1195 individuals. Fifty-six percent of the transactions involved children with no adults present. There was a wide range in foods sold, and although there were vendors selling low-nutrient, energy-dense foods, there were also vendors selling whole and processed (precut and bagged) fresh fruits and vegetables. Roughly 40% of these whole fruits and processed fruits and vegetables were consumed by children. On average, children each consumed $1.54 of foods per transaction. Conclusions Mobile food vendors in urban areas contribute to after-school snacking among children, and should be considered as a component of the school food environment.
SU‐FF‐T‐142: Comparison of Ion Chamber and EPID Portal Dosimetry for Dynamic IMRT QA

Purpose: The feasibility of replacing film and ion chamber measurements for dynamic IMRT QA with EPID is investigated. Analytical corrections are explored to account for energy variation and beam hardening not accounted for in the EPIDdosimetry software. Method & Materials: The IMRT QA process involves a qualitative check of the fluences with film and a quantitative check of the full plan with an ion chamber (a PTV and OAR point are checked). The difference must be below 5% to pass QA. The predicted and acquired dose fluences to the EPID were qualitatively compared to the predicted and acquired film fluence. Quantitative comparison of the EPID point dose to the ion chamber point dose was done by finding the percent difference between the acquired and predicted EPID point dose, and comparing it to the percent difference of the acquired and predicted ion chamber point dose at the same 3D point. Based on the difference between the predicted and acquired fluence of a test field, an analytical 2D energy response matrix was created to account for the radial energy variation of the beam. A correction based on open and closed fields that accounts for beam hardening due to leaf transmission was developed. Fourteen points were analyzed. Results:EPID and film measurements were equivalent. The ion chamber measurements have a 1‐sigma uncertainty of 2.0%. Point dose comparisons with the standard EPIDcalibration gives an average difference from the ion chamber measurement of −6.09% with a standard deviation of (stdev) 3.15%. 2D energy correction gives −5.26%, stdev 3.18%. Beam hardening correction gives −1.67%, stdev 3.15%. Both corrections together give −1.46% with 2.78% stdev. Conclusions: The EPID system can replace film; ion chamber replacement is promising but more failure points must be tested. Conflict of Interest: Partial funding provided by Varian Medical Systems.
Current‐voltage relationship in the downward auroral current region

In the auroral zone of the earth currents flow along magnetic field lines. In the downward current region currents are mainly carried by upflowing electrons from the ionosphere. Because of the low plasma density along auroral field lines, substantial currents in the range of microamps per square meter require substantial potential drops parallel to the magnetic field in the range of a few hundred to a few thousand volts. The current-voltage relation along such magnetic field lines can be determined for simple profiles of the background ion density by invoking the condition of charge neutrality. For typical parameters, the current density is found to be a few times larger in the downward current region compared to currents in the upward current region for similar potential drops. Thus potential drops up to a few thousand volts and the consequent acceleration of ionospheric electrons up to keV energies, such as has been observed by the FAST satellite, are a necessary consequence of the observed current densities in the downward auroral current region.
A revision of enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) skull morphology

Enantiornithines are the most speciose avian clade in the Mesozoic, with a fossil record that nearly spans the Cretaceous; however, with less than half of known taxa preserving skull material, our understanding of their cranial morphology remains incomplete. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of enantiornithine skull anatomy and discuss the range of morphologies known for each of the main cranial elements. The typical enantiornithine skull retains numerous ancestral features such as the absence of fusion among bones, the presence of a postorbital bone, a primitive quadrate with a single headed otic process, an unforked dentary, and teeth. The postorbital in at least one taxon is unreduced, suggesting the existence of a complete infratemporal fenestra and thus an unmodified diapsid skull as in confuciusornithids. The rostrum is well known and shows considerable variation, typical of theropods; however, in terms of rostral proportions, enantiornithines are extremely limited wi...
Genomic insights into Mn(II) oxidation by the marine alphaproteobacterium Aurantimonas sp. strain SI85-9A1.

Microbial Mn(II) oxidation has important biogeochemical consequences in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments, but many aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of this process remain obscure. Here, we report genomic insights into Mn(II) oxidation by the marine alphaproteobacterium Aurantimonas sp. strain SI85-9A1, isolated from the oxic/anoxic interface of a stratified fjord. The SI85-9A1 genome harbors the genetic potential for metabolic versatility, with genes for organoheterotrophy, methylotrophy, oxidation of sulfur and carbon monoxide, the ability to grow over a wide range of O2 concentrations (including microaerobic conditions), and the complete Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Although no growth could be detected under autotrophic conditions with Mn(II) as the sole electron donor, cultures of SI85-9A1 grown on glycerol are dramatically stimulated by addition of Mn(II), suggesting an energetic benefit from Mn(II) oxidation. A putative Mn(II) oxidase is encoded by duplicated multicopper oxidase genes that have a complex evolutionary history including multiple gene duplication, loss, and ancient horizontal transfer events. The Mn(II) oxidase was most abundant in the extracellular fraction, where it cooccurs with a putative hemolysin-type Ca 2 binding peroxidase. Regulatory elements governing the cellular response to Fe and Mn concentration were identified, and 39 targets of these regulators were detected. The putative Mn(II) oxidase genes were not among the predicted targets, indicating that regulation of Mn(II) oxidation is controlled by other factors yet to be identified. Overall, our results provide novel insights into the physiology and biochemistry of Mn(II) oxidation and reveal a genome specialized for life at the oxic/anoxic interface.
Periodic floods from glacial Lake Missoula into the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia, northeastern Washington

At least 15 floods ascended the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia during a single glaciation. Varves between 14 of the flood beds indicate one backflooding every 35 to 55 yr. This regularity suggests that the floods came from an ice-dammed lake that was self-dumping. Probably the self-dumping lake was glacial Lake Missoula, Montana, because the floods accord with inferred emptyings of that lake in frequency and number, apparently entered Lake Columbia from the east, and produced beds resembling backflood deposits of Lake Missoula floods in southern Washington.
US-Soviet Global Rivalry: Norms of Competition

This paper examines alternative approaches for developing norms of competition that might help to avoid war-threatening confrontations between the superpowers. Analysis of the abortive Nixon-Brezh nev experiment with 'general principles' and of subsequent efforts to devise general 'codes of conduct' to regulate the US-Soviet global competition suggests that such approaches are not workable. The paper argues that more attention should be given by the superpowers to a 'case-by-case' approach that focuses on the relative interests of the two sides in each specific area. The paper outlines a typology of competi tive 'games' that takes into account differences in the relative balance of interests between the US and the Soviet Union in various parts of the globe and points out the implications of these differences for norms of competition. Norms based upon relative interests, however, cannot be expected to work relia bly in all instances because the superpowers often experience difficulty in determining their i...
Changing the Child Abuse Potential of Substance Abusing Pregnant and Parenting Women

This study was designed to determine if treatment for substance abuse has an impact on child abuse potential. Sixty-three pregnant and parenting substance abusing women were tested using the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP) at approximately 3-month intervals from intake into treatment through post-discharge follow-up. Growth curve analysis revealed an improvement in CAP scores from Time 1 to Time 2, but the improvement was not sustained. When participants were in the initial phases of substance abuse treatment and receiving considerable support, their CAP scores dropped from the elevated range into the normal range. However, as they progressed through and left the program, their CAP scores gradually rose. The results of the study argue for continuing substance abuse treatment until child abuse potential stabilizes to within the normal range