cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gertrude Stein and the Making of an American Celebrity

1. Introduction 2. The 1910s: Shocking the American Public with Experimental Art 3. The 1920s: Publicizing Modernism in the Mainstream Press 4. The 1930s: Bestselling Modernism 5. Conclusion
Utilizing flywheels to provide regulation services for systems with renewable resources

With the increasing penetration of renewable resources in power systems, more operational flexibility is required to deal with the uncertainty of intermittent generation. In particular, fast acting regulation reserves are needed to maintain the load-generation balance. This paper focuses on evaluating the benefits of energy storage in providing regulation services for real-time operation. Among the various storage technologies, flywheels have fast ramping capabilities and are, thus, very attractive for providing regulation services. In this study, a two-step framework is proposed for scheduling regulation reserve and dispatching it in real-time operations. The proposed method is tested on the RTS96 one-zone model to demonstrate the benefits of utilizing energy storage for providing regulation services.
Indiana Library Directors' Perceptions of e-Book Patron-Driven Acquistions

A recent survey of collection librarians at large academic libraries with patron-driven e-book acquisition programs (e-book PDA) has shown that a majority of these librarians support the programs and believe that patrons choose good quality e-books that have higher circulation rates than e-books selected by librarians. E-book PDA is becoming an increasingly common method of building digital collections in large academic libraries. In smaller academic libraries, however, there are still relatively few e-book PDA programs. To get some idea of how many e-book PDA programs there are in smaller academic libraries, to learn about the directors’ attitudes toward such programs, and to see whether attitudes vary according to the size of the institutions, the authors conducted a survey of directors of libraries in Academic Libraries of Indiana (ALI), an association of mostly small academic libraries. With responses from 28 out of 73 ALI directors, the survey revealed that 82% (n=23) of the libraries do not have e-book PDA programs, even though 82% (n=23) of the directors, regardless of the size of their institution, have positive attitudes toward the propositions that patrons would choose good quality e-books that these e-books would likely circulate. Reasons given for the directors’ reluctance to pursue e-book PDA include the lack of time and of staff, concerns with the wide variety of ways e-books are accessed, and the resistance of some patrons to e-books. The authors address these concerns and encourage smaller institutions to consider e-book PDA.
Japanese Culture in Comparative Perspective

Japanese Culture in Comparative Perspective. Chikio Hayashi and Yasumasa Kuroda. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 216 pp.
A phonetic approach to consonant repetition in early words

Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate movement-based principles for understanding early speech output patterns. Consonant repetition patterns within children's actual productions of word forms were analyzed using spontaneous speech data from 10 typically developing American-English learning children between 12 and 36 months of age. Place of articulation, word level patterns, and developmental trends in CVC and CVCV repeated word forms were evaluated. Labial and coronal place repetitions dominated. Regressive repetition (e.g., [gag] for “dog”) occurred frequently in CVC but not in CVCV word forms. Consonant repetition decreased over time. However, the children produced sound types available reported as being within young children's production system capabilities in consonant repetitions in all time periods. Findings suggest that a movement-based approach can provide a framework for comprehensively characterizing consonant place repetition patterns in early speech development.
OBSERVATIONS ON PLASTID FINE-STRUCTURE IN THE HOLOPARASITIC ANGIOSPERM EPIFAGUS VIRGINIANA'

The ultrastructure of plastids in cortex and phlo9m parenchyma cells of Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. is described. Based upon morphology and content, several distinct plastid types appear to exist. "Tubular" complexes, lipid globules and electron dense inclusions in different arrangements appear to account for the degree of plastid variability. When results obtained with Epifagus are compared with those obtained by others for a closely related genus, a striking parallel is shown to exist.
Tissue oxygen monitoring leads to lower rates of blood transfusions

Evidence exists that blood transfusions may be more harmful for patients than once suspected [1]. Optimal goals for transfusion therapy remain elusive. Lower rates of blood transfusion seem to lead to better patient outcomes. Tissue oxygenation monitoring may offer a novel insight into blood transfusion requirements as it represents an indication of oxygen content further down the oxygen cascade than the blood oxygen content defined by pulse oximetry and hematocrit. Our hypothesis is that the use of this monitor may define a safer, lower threshold for blood transfusion that may lead to decreased transfusion rates.
Transactivation of ERα by Rosiglitazone induces proliferation in breast cancer cells

In the present study, we demonstrate that Rosiglitazone (Rosi), a thiazolidinedione and PPARgamma agonist, induces ERE (Estrogen Receptor Response Element) reporter activity, pS2 (an endogenous ER gene target) expression, and proliferation of ER positive breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. By performing a dose-response assay, we determined that high concentrations of Rosi inhibit proliferation, while low concentrations of Rosi induce proliferation. Using the anti-estrogen ICI, ER negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells, and a prostate cancer cell line (22Rv1) deficient in both ERalpha and PPARgamma, we determined that Rosiglitazone-induced ERE reporter activation and proliferation is through an ERalpha dependent mechanism. Rosiglitazone-induced ERE activation is also dependent on activation of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (ERK-MAPK) pathway, since it is inhibited by co-treatment with U0126, a specific inhibitor of this pathway. We also demonstrate that when ERalpha and PPARgamma are both present, they compete for Rosi, inhibiting each others transactivation. To begin to unravel the pharmacological mechanism of Rosi-induced ER activation, sub-maximally effective concentrations of E(2) were used in combination with increasing concentrations of Rosi in luciferase reporter assays. From these assays it appears that E(2) and Rosi both activate ERalpha via similar pharmacological mechanisms. Furthermore sub-maximally effective concentrations of E(2) and Rosi additively increase both ERE reporter activity and MCF-7 cell proliferation. The results of this study may have clinical relevancy for Rosi's use both as an anti-diabetic in post-menopausal women and as an anti-cancer drug in women with ER positive breast cancer.
Detection of bridging faults in programmable logic arrays

A test set and a testable design for MOS PLAs are proposed. The new design, which modifies a PLA by adding one extra line in the AND plane and one extra line in the OR plane, can detect bridging faults. Furthermore, the design modification requires very low area overhead and is independent of the personality of the PLA under test.
Toxicity and antitumor activity of cis-bis-carboxylato(trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum(II) complexes entrapped in liposomes.

A new series of highly lipid-soluble cis-bis-carboxylato(trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by their elemental analysis and by various spectroscopic techniques [infrared (IR), 195pt nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)]. cis-bis-Neopentanoato(trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) (NPDP), cis-bis-neodecanoato(trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)-platinum(II) (NDDP), and cis-bis-n-decanoato(trans-R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) (DEDP) complexes were entrapped in multilamellar vesicles composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) at a 7:3 molar ratio and tested for toxicity and antitumor activity. The entrapment efficiency of the liposomal platinum (L-Pt) complexes (L-NPDP, L-NDDP, L-DEDP) was >95%, and the stability in 0.9% NaCl solution at 4°C was >95% at day 14 in each case. The LD50 values of L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP when injected i.v. were 30, 54, and 150 mg/kg, respectively. L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP had no significant nephrotoxicity [as evidenced by a lack of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels]. The percentages of T/C obtained after a single i.p. injection of the optimal dose of L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP tested against L1210 leukemia were 175%, 187%, and 212%, respectively [160% for cisplatin (CDDP)]. When a multiple i.p. injection schedule was used (on days 1, 5, and 9), L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP were more active than CDDP (percentage of T/C: 312%, 312%, 277%, and 220%, respectively). When injected i.v., only L-NDDP showed significant activity against L1210 leukemia i.v. (percentage of T/C: 186%). L-NDDP and L-DEDP were markedly active against L1210 leukemia resistant to CDDP (percentage of T/C: 200% and 145% vs 112% for CDDP). L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP also had good activity against i.p. B16 melanoma when they were injected i.p. on days 1, 5, and 9 (percentage of T/C: 206%, 225%, and 306%, respectively). L-NDDP and L-DEDP were more effective than CDDP in inhibiting the growth of liver metastases of murine M5076 reticulosarcoma, whereas L-NPDP was not active. The results obtained to date suggest that L-NDDP is the best L-Pt-complex candidate for further developmental studies.
Synthesis of cascade refrigeration systems integrated with chemical processes

Abstract A nonlinear programming model is presented for the synthesis of cascade refrigeration systems with alternate working fluids, optimized over a continuous range of operating temperatures. A technique for the lumping of temperature intervals is developed, which often increases the efficiency of optimization without adversely affecting the solution. The model allows for the efficient integration of heat pumps with temperature intervals having negative cold deficits, often leading to less costly designs. Results are presented for an ethylene separation train.
Adsorption and Rheological Properties of Myelin Basic Protein and Effects On the Interaction Forces Between Myelin Bilayers

Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) plays an important role in myelin structure, strongly holding the cytoplasmic membrane sides together mainly by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions [1]. MBP is also known to affect lipid domains, increasing their size by lowering the line tension [2]. In this work, the rheological properties of MBPs between model myelin lipid bilayers and the effect of MBP on interaction forces are studied using the Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) technique. Results show that above a certain critical bulk concentration, Ccrit, MBP adsorbs abruptly on lipid membranes, forming a 3 nm - thick layer in which the viscosity is 2 to 3 times higher than the bulk MBP solution. Also, above this Ccrit, normal myelin membranes show higher adhesion and less repulsion compared to EAE (a model for multiple sclerosis) myelin lipid bilayers while below Ccrit, there was no evidence of MBP adsorption and no significant difference between the force profiles of normal (healthy) and EAE (diseased) myelin bilayers. These results suggest that MBP adsorbs “cooperatively” in clusters/domains to myelin bilayers, and provide new insights in to how lipid-protein domains affect inter-membrane interactions.References:[1] Min, Y., et al., Interaction forces and adhesion of supported myelin lipid bilayers modulated by myelin basic protein. PNAS, 2009. 106(9): p. 3154–3159.[2] Y. Min, et al., Critical and Off-Critical Mixing-Demixing Transitions in Model Extracellular and Cytoplasmic Myelin Lipid Monolayers. Biophys. J. (2011) 100 1490–1498.
Differential Effects of bFGF and IGF-I on Matrix Metabolism in Calf and Adult Bovine Cartilage Explants

Abstract The effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on cell and matrix metabolism in calf and adult bovine cartilage explants were examined. In calf cartilage, bFGF elicited dose-dependent and bi-directional effects on mitotic activity and anabolic processes. Addition of bFGF at 3 ng/ml stimulated cell mitotic activity (total DNA) and synthesis of proteoglycan ([ 35 S]sulfate incorporation), protein [ 3 H]proline incorporation), and collagen (formation of [ 3 H]hydroxyproline), and resulted in a slight increase in proteoglycan deposition compared to basal medium. However, 30-300 ng/ml of bFGF inhibited mitotic activity and synthetic processes, accelerated [ 35 S]proteoglycan release compared to basal medium, and resulted in an inhibition of proteoglycan deposition during the culture period. In contrast, treatment of adult cartilage with 3-300 ng/ml of bFGF did not affect the DNA content but did stimulate synthetic processes in a dose-dependent manner. Basic FGF also had bidirectional effects on matrix catabolism in adult cartilage, with 3 ng/ml accelerating [ 35 S]proteoglycan release, but 30-300 ng/ml of bFGF resulting in release rates comparable to that in basal medium. Nonetheless, even with maximal bFGF stimulation, adult bovine cartilage suffered a net loss of proteoglycan during culture. Addition of 3-300 ng/ml of IGF-I to either calf or adult bovine cartilage stimulated synthetic processes and shifted the metabolic balance toward a net deposition of proteoglycan. Neither bFGF nor IGF-I altered the low basal rate of [ 3 H]hydroxyproline release from either calf or adult bovine cartilage. Thus, (i) the regulatory effects of bFGF and IGF-I on bovine articular cartilage appear age-dependent, and (ii) bFGF is capable of promoting either anabolic or catabolic processes, and may therefore serve a dual role in the regulation of cartilage metabolism.
Evaluation of major active components in St. John's Wort dietary supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray mass spectrometric confirmation.

A RP-HPLC method with photodiode array detection and LC–electrospray ionization (ESI) MS confirmation was established for the determination of major active components in St. John’s Wort dietary supplement capsules. The samples alternatively were extracted with ethanol–acetone (2:3) using a 55°C water-bath shaker or an ambient temperature ultrasonic bath. Extracts were separated by RP-C18 chromatography using a 95-min water–methanol–acetonitrile–trifluoroacetic acid gradient. The major components were identified by photodiode array detection and then confirmed by LC–ESI-MS. The quantification of components was performed using an internal standard (luteolin). This method may serve as a valuable tool for the quality evaluation of St. John’s Wort dietary supplement products.
Cervicoplasty: nonexcisional anterior approach.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a technique of cervicoplasty by means of a submental incision exclusively, without removal of skin. This technique is indicated in patients with good-quality skin that has adequate capacity for contraction and redraping. The neck is approached by means of
Motion-Detection Threshold and Measures of Balance in Older Adults: The SEE Project

balance (measured by a reduction in the anterior-posterior sway) was strongly associated with the ability to detect small movements (motion-detection thresholds). Balance-associated vision variables were also identified in a population-based study of 782 older adults. West and colleagues 17 identified the vision variables that were associated with the ability to maintain a full tandem stance (one foot behind the other) for at least 10 seconds. Binocularity, visual field integrity, and adaptation were associated with success on the tandem stance test. When analyzed within a multivariate model, visual field integrity was the only vision variable significantly associated with the tandem stance. In the West et al. study, 17 balance was assessed solely on the basis of whether or not a tandem stance could be maintained for 10 seconds. The association between vision and balance in less-difficult stances heretofore had not been examined in large-scale studies with older adults. Moreover, motion detection, which was strongly associated with balance in the smallsample studies and which declines with age 18 and many ophthalmological diseases, 16,19‐21 was not tested in the West et al. study. The aim of this study was to identify the visual function predictors of balance across a range of test difficulty and to determine the strength of association in a population-based study of older adults. Predictors of balance may be different, depending on whether or not the stand is difficult. Evidence for this hypothesis comes from a study by Lord et al. 13 that found that vision variables were only associated with postural sway on a compliant surface whereas they were not associated with sway on a firm surface. Therefore, we hypothesized that as the difficulty of the balance test increased, so would the strength of association between vision and balance.
External-to-cavity lateral-mode harnessing devices for high-brightness broad-area laser diodes. Concept, realizations and perspectives

An external linear optical system (with no feedback to the laser) converts the laser's multimode emission into a multilongitudinal but spatially single-mode (diffraction-limited) spot. Recent progress in laser diode mode analysis demonstrating the high stability of the mode pattern of broad-area laser diodes and the development of the low-loss highspectral- resolution phase modulator are the key enablers of such a technique. These advancements led to the demonstration of 60% conversion efficiency of multimode 980 nm diode-laser emissions into a single-mode fiber.
Effective information flow over mobile adaptive networks

Collective motion is a remarkable phenomenon in biological systems. There have been several models in the literature to regenerate this type of motion, such as averaging consensus strategies where nodes continuously average the velocity vectors of their neighbors. While many models are able to generate forms of collective motion, they nevertheless neglect the important fact that the most informed nodes in a network tend to modulate their information into their speeds. In this work, we show how the speed information can be exploited and incorporated into the design of the combination rules for mobile networks. The analysis leads to a sigmoidal function construction, and the results show that the proposed combination rule leads to more effective information flow over networks of mobile agents.
Totem and Taboo in Sociology: The Politics of Affirmative Action Research*

The thesis is advanced that sociology's strong links with welfare-state liberalism have also led to the widespread acquiescence to “liberal taboos” regarding some topics of social research such as affirmative action. The relationship between sociology and liberalism is examined. Radical and neoconservative influences are also noted. Adverse encounters with affirmative action taboos by intellectuals and social scientists are discussed as is the “fashionable” consensus on affirmative action in sociology. That this consensus may sometimes be shallow and relatively uninformed is suggested by reactions by the author's Southern California colleagues regarding his proposed studies of (1) the extent of widespread public discussion of affirmative action in the 1970s. and (2) the social psychological impact of such policies upon white males. The paper concludes with a discussion of related taboos in sociology and other fields and the dangers involved in ideological allegiances. I'm not saying that cities are doomed places, but I will say that the hard core of the welfare society is doomed. There are no prospects for these people. Nobody ever took the trouble to teach them anything. They live in a kind of perpetual chaos, in a great noise. And, you know, they really are startled souls. They cannot be reasoned with or talked to about anything. Isn't it time for us to admit this? For a long time, the subject lay under a taboo. Nobody was going to talk about it. Now people are beginning to do so. Though I consider myself a kind of liberal, I have to admit that the taboos were partly of liberal origin. It was supposed to be wrong to speak with candor. But lying in a good cause only aggravates disorder. –Saul Bellow (1982) We had best remember that sociology and ideology are competitors …–Alvin Gouldner (1976)
A new measure of psychological misconceptions: Relations with academic background, critical thinking, and acceptance of paranormal and pseudoscientific claims

Abstract Many studies of psychological misconceptions have used tests with methodological and psychometric shortcomings, creating problems for interpreting individual differences related to misconceptions. To address these problems, we developed the Test of Psychological Knowledge and Misconceptions (TOPKAM), administering it to two samples of psychology students. Results from the first study (N = 162) supported the TOPKAM's internal consistency and showed that the number correct on the TOPKAM was significantly predicted by measures of paranormal belief, faith in intuition, the ability to distinguish scientific fields and practices from pseudoscientific ones, and SAT scores. Also, scores on a measure of critical thinking dispositions in psychology predicted TOPKAM scores. A second study (N = 178) supported the TOPKAM's test–retest reliability at four weeks and showed that TOPKAM scores were significantly predicted by the same critical thinking dispositions measure and also by scores on a test of critical thinking, argument analysis skill.
Toward a probabilistic automata model of some aspects of code-switching

As Kolers (1972) has pointed out, the study of bilingualism offers a distinctive way to study some of the mental activities underlying the way that people use language. Code-switching (the introduction into the context of one language stretches of speech which exhibit primarily the other language's phonological and morphological features) offers a unique opportunity for studying some of the more complicated aspects of bilingual speech, particularly regarding the momentary choice of language. Researchers whose work has influenced this paper include Haugen, Weinreich, Mackey, Fishman, Rayfield, Clyne, Hasselmo, Gumperz, Diebold, Lance, Valdes-Fallis, Pfaff, and Timm. Among the list of poorly understood phenomena in code-switching are (i) seemingly unpredictable switching, and (2) the possibility of formal, complex rules underlying different codeswitching patterns. It is these open questions which modelling might illuminate. During the past decade, probabilistic automata have been used to model many aspects of nondeterministic, intelligent behavior as developed pedagogically in Paz (I97I) and surveyed in Narendra & Thathachar (I974). Thus it is natural to try to model code-switching with probabilistic automata in an attempt to improve our understanding of code-switching and its relation to language use and intelligence. The attempt at modelling code-switching will provide guidance for quantification, and allow the resulting theory to be compared with actual code-switching patterns. As is usual in modelling, inconsistencies are expected to provide guidance for further refinement of the theory and development of the model. The purpose of the model is to select either Spanish or English as the language to be used, the selection to be made from input strings of pure English and pure Spanish, in a fashion acceptable to bilinguals. Goals of the model at this stage of development are (i) to model code-switching for lexical need, (2) to model apparently random code-switching, (3) to model the dependency of codeswitching upon sociolinguistic context as in Vald's-Fallis (1976), (4) to model code-switching within syntactic constraints as observed by Timm (I975 and Pfaff) (I975), and (5) to provide a vehicle for further refinement in the theoretical development of this complex process. Assumptions used in the present version of the model are (i) that context-invariant 'chunks' of information delineate import-
Optimal Shape Design of Blazed Diffraction Gratings

The problem of designing a periodic interface between two materials in such a way that time-harmonic waves diffracted from the interface have a specified far-field pattern is studied. A minimization problem for the interface is formulated, and it is shown that solutions of constrained bounded variation exist. The differentiability of the cost functional is then studied, with no restrictions on the smoothness of the interface. Some computational issues are discussed, and finally the results of some numerical experiments are presented.
A structural approach to quasi-static schedulability analysis of communicating concurrent programs

We describe a system as a set of communicating concurrent programs. Quasi-static scheduling compiles the concurrent programs into a sequential one. It uses a Petri net as an intermediate model of the system. However, Petri nets generated from many interesting applications are not schedulable. In this paper, we show the underlying mechanism which causes unschedulability in terms of the structure of a Petri net. We introduce a Petri net structural property and prove unschedulability if the property holds. We propose a linear programming based algorithm to check the property, and prove the algorithm is valid. Our approach prove unschedulability typically within a second for Petri nets generated from industrial JPEG and MPEG codecs, while the scheduler fails to terminate within 24 hours.
Fast potential theory. II: Layer potentials and discrete sums

We present three new families of fast algorithms for classical potential theory, based on Ewald summation and fast transforms of Gaussians and Fourier series. Ewald summation separates the Green function for a cube into a high-frequency localized part and a rapidly-converging Fourier series. Each part can then be evaluated efficiently with appropriate fast transform algorithms. Our algorithms are naturally suited to the use of Green functions with boundary conditions imposed on the boundary of a cube, rather than free-space Green functions. Our first algorithm evaluates classical layer potentials on the boundary of a d-dimensional domain, with d equal to two or three. The quadrature error is O(hm) +e, where h is the mesh size on the boundary and m is the order of quadrature used. The algorithm evaluates the discretized potential using N elements at O(N) points in O(N log N) arithmetic operations. The constant in O(N log N) depends logarithmically on the desired error tolerance. Our second scheme evaluates a layer potential on the domain itself, with the same accuracy. It produces Md values using N boundary elements in O((N + Md) log M) arithmetic operations. Our third method evaluates a discrete sum of values of the Green function, of the type which occur in particle methods. It attains error ϵ at a cost O(Na log N), where a = 2(1 + Dd) and D is the Hausdorff dimension of the set where the sources concentrate in the limit N √ ∞. Thus it is O(N log N) when the sources do not cluster too much and close to O(N log N) in the important practical case when the points are uniformly distributed over a hypersurface. We also sketch an O(N log N) algorithm based on special functions. Two-dimensional numerical results are presented for all three algorithms. Layer potentials are evaluated to second-order accuracy, in times which exhibit considerable speedups even over a reasonably sophisticated direct calculation. Discrete sum calculations are speeded up astronomically; our algorithm reduces the CPU time required for a calculation with 40,000 points from six months to one hour.
Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast

A thorough survey of all the information necessary for choosing plants for landscaping purposes in the eastern half of North America. Details what plant species and varieties are available, what their characteristics are, and how they suit particular climates. Includes line drawings of all species, diagrams of their environmental requirements and periods of bloom, plus many photos.
On the Power-Variance Family of Probability Distributions

We derive new properties for the power-variance family of probability distributions, which are also referred to as Tweedie laws. They emerge in the theory of generalized linear models and have a wide range of applications. We present decomposition criteria for Tweedie distributions which generalize Cochran's and Raikov's theorems. These criteria are interpreted in terms of the additivity of a shape parameter. The intersection of the power-variance family with the class of distributions which have no indecomposable components is determined. We reveal continuity of this family and obtain convenient common formulas for the cumulants.
Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk

The major source of trans unsaturated fatty acid bearing fats (trans fats) is the partially hydrogenated fats present in margarines, salad and cooking oils. When ingested, trans fats are deposited in tissues but disappear when the nutritional stimulus is removed. They have no adverse effects on growth or reproduction in rats. Trans fats are hypercholesterolemic for rabbits and monkeys but no more atherogenic than their cis counterparts. In man, trans fats elevate cholesterol but the extent of elevation may depend on the level of dietary linoleic acid. In some, but not all, studies they elevate Lp(a); the difference may reflect the presence of specific trans isomers--an area that merits further studies. Tissue of subjects with coronary disease contain no more trans fatty acids than those of controls. Reviews of the literature by expert committees in the US and UK conclude that at current levels of intake dietary trans fats pose no health problems. However, more research is needed especially with regard to pregnancy, lactation, and neonatal health. Current concerns should not deflect our attention from the larger aspects of fat and health.
Thermoelectric power of magnetic and nonmagnetic amorphous metals

The thermoelectric power of a number of magnetic and nonmagnetic amorphous metallic alloys has been measured as a function of temperature between 15 and 580 K. The temperature dependence of the thermopower for the magnetic alloys is qualitatively different from that for the nonmagnetic alloys. The data for the nonmagnetic alloys are consistent with the extended Ziman theory for transport in liquid and amorphous metals. It is argued that the data for the magnetic alloys are consistent with a model, based on the Kondo scattering of conduction electrons by spins situated in low internal fields, which was recently proposed to explain the resistivity minima observed in these materials.
STUDIES OF THE IMMUNE MECHANISM IN THYMECTOMIZED PUPS.

Summary A technique for thymectomizing pups was developed. Following thymectomy at varying ages these pups were studied for the competency of their immune systems. Their normal response in comparison to nonoperated control dogs when challenged with a foreign antigen and homografted skin implies that after birth the thymus does not play an essential role in the destiny of the dog's immune system.
Hierarchical Monte Carlo modeling with S-distributions: Concepts and illustrative analysis of mercury contamination in king mackerel

The quantitative assessment of environmental contaminants is a complex process. It involves nonlinear models and the characterization of variables, factors, and parameters that are distributed and dependent on each other. Assessments based on point estimates are easy to perform, but since they are unreliable, Monte Carlo simulations have become a standard procedure. Simulations pose two challenges: They require the numerical characterization of parameter distributions and they do not account for dependencies between parameters. This paper offers strategies for dealing with both challenges. The first part discusses the characterization of data with the S-distribution. This distribution offers several advantages, which include simplicity of numerical analysis, flexibility in shape, and easy computation of quantiles. The second part outlines how the S-distribution can be used for hierarchical Monte Carlo simulations. In these simulations the selection of parameter values occurs sequentially, and each choice depends on the parameter values selected before. The method is illustrated with preliminary simulation analyses that are concerned with mercury contamination in king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla). It is demonstrated that the results of such hierarchical simulations are generally different from those of traditional Monte Carlo simulations.
The intracellular calcium stores in the rabbit trachealis

Abstract We investigated the role of the intracellular Ca2+ stores in the regulation of the rabbit tracheal smooth muscle contraction. Carbachol (10 μM)- and 80K-induced contractions were reduced by preincubating tissues in Ca2+-free (EGTA-PSS) solution. Contractile amplitude plotted as a function of the duration of EGTA-PSS preexposure was described by a biexponential for carbachol and a monoexponential for 80K. In EGTA-PSS, a prior caffeine (50 mM)-induced contraction prevented any subsequent phasic carbachol response; the converse was also true. In contrast, prior exposure to 80K increased the amplitude of a subsequent carbachol or caffeine contraction measured in EGTA-PSS. Repletion of Ca2+ plus either 80K or a low concentration of carbachol (0.3 μM) resulted in delayed tension development. Preincubation in forskolin (10−5 M) in PSS also delayed tension development. We propose that the internal stores, most likely the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the airway muscle function both to supply and remove Ca2+ from the cytoplasm.
Some Experimental Results Concerning Mesotrons

In the first part of the article cross sections for anomalous, non-Coulombian single scattering of mesotrons are determined by a comparison of the scattering observed in two different lead thicknesses, a method partly described in a previous paper. For mesotrons with energies above \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ ev it is found that the scattering through angles ranging from less than 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} up to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is predominantly anomalous. the second section concerns itself with showers of mesotrons. The phenomenon of saturation for the production of mesotron showers in lead as reported by J\'anossy and Sinha is not confirmed. Some special photographs of mesotron and electron showers are reproduced and discussed. In the last section an analysis of the number of slow, heavily ionizing mesotrons and protons gives only slight and not conclusive evidence that mesotrons of very low energies (20 Mev) disappear by a process other than any known so far.
SPECIES SPECIFIC PATTERN OF CILIOGENESIS IN DEVELOPING SEA URCHIN EMBRYOS

The events of cell division and ciliogenesis in individual blastomeres of developing embryos of the sea urchins Temnopleurus toreumaticus and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were followed with a Nomarski differential interference microscope. The number of cell divisions before initiation of ciliogenesis was determined with respect to species. In T. toreumaticus, ciliogenesis began about 4 hr after fertilization at 25°C. The sequence of ciliogenesis was as follows: cilia appeared first on smaller micromeres, followed in order by blastomeres derived from larger micromeres, those from mesomeres and finally those derived from macromeres. Blastomeres originating from mesomeres, macromeres, larger micromeres and smaller micromeres had completed the 8th, 9th, 7th and 5th divisions respectively, before they generated cilia. In H. pulcherrimus, embryos started to form cilia about 9 hr after fertilization at 18°C. Cilia appeared first on blastomeres of mesomere origin and, then on those of macromere origin. Before initiation of ciliogenesis, descendants of mesomeres and macromeres completed 9 and 10 rounds of cell division. Descendants of larger micromeres and the majority of cells derived from smaller micromeres did not acquired cilia even when the embryo began to rotate within the fertilization membrane. At this stage, the former had completed the 6th division and the latter the 8th division. Cell counts of blastomeres per embryo at the blastula stage also supported this observation.
Hemodynamic Effects of Diuresis at Rest and During Intense Upright Exercise in Patients with Impaired Cardiac Function

Although diuretic therapy appears to improve the exercise capacity of patients with moderately impaired cardiac function, the hemodynamic basis for this improvement is not clear. It is also unknown to what extent the moderate diuresis that often occurs during the first few days of hospitalization contributes to the normal or nearly normal hemodynamic measurements obtained in certain patients with cardiac impairment who are thought clinically to have signs and symptoms of pulmonary congestion. Accordingly, the circulatory response to moderate diuresis resulting in a loss of weight averaging 3.4 kg was investigated in 15 patients with heart disease. At rest in the supine position mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure fell after diuresis from an average of 24 to 13 mm Hg. Reductions also occurred in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (42 to 26 mm Hg), mean right atrial pressure (9 to 4 mm Hg), and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (11 to 6 mm Hg). Cardiac output decreased by an average of 20%, mean systemic arterial pressure by 12%, right ventricular stroke work by 44%, and left ventricular stroke work by 25%. Diuresis also caused similar reductions in these values in the sitting position at rest and during mild and intense levels of treadmill exercise. Despite the reductions in cardiac output, all but one of the patients studied achieved substantial clinical improvement from the diuresis. Such improvement probably resulted from the fact that the beneficial effects of lower pulmonary vascular pressures outweighed the deleterious effect of a reduction in cardiac output. Thus, moderate changes in body weight brought about by either fluid retention or fluid loss may result in substantial alterations in circulatory dynamics. These changes, if unrecognized, can lead to considerable confusion when attempts are made to correlate the hemodynamic findings with the degree of cardiac decompensation as judged clinically.
Multicultural Curriculum and MSW Students' Attitudes about Race and Diversity.

Methods of incorporating culturally competent practice and social justice curricula often are addressed in a required course or across courses using an infusion model. This research explored multicultural curricula and MSW students' attitudes about race and diversity. Data were collected from 297 MSW students enrolled at two universities. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences between students in programs with required multicultural coursework and those utilizing an infusion model, with respect to attitudes toward African Americans but not on measures of diversity or social equality and justice. The results indicate the differential outcomes based on curriculum models and support the need for further research in this area.
Improving diagnostic capabilities of medical students via application of cognitive sciences-derived learning principles

PURPOSE There is limited experimental evidence concerning how best to train students to perform differential diagnosis. We compared 2 different methods for training 2nd-year medical students to perform differential diagnosis (DDX) of heart failure: a traditional classroom-based lecture (control group) versus a cognitive sciences-based approach to DDX instruction implemented through a computer-based tutor (treatment group). METHODS Following random assignment to either group, students were trained for 75 minutes, and then given a 40-item examination comprised of cases that varied along a typicality gradient from prototypical (easy) to less typical (hard). RESULTS The treatment group diagnosed correctly significantly more test cases than the control group (74% versus 60%, respectively). The treatment group also diagnosed correctly significantly more cases at the extremes of the typicality gradient: 81% versus 65%, respectively, for the prototypical cases; 65% versus 48%, respectively, for the most difficult cases. CONCLUSION The ability to perform differential diagnosis is enhanced by training based upon principles of cognitive sciences.
Bioavailability of Micronized Griseofulvin from Corn Oil‐in‐Water Emulsion, Aqueous Suspension, and Commercial Tablet Dosage Forms in Humans

Abstract The purposes of this investigation were to determine and to compare the oral absorption characteristics of micronized griseofulvin (500 mg) after its administration to humana in the form of a corn oil‐in‐water emulsion containing dispersed drug, an aqueous suspension, and two different commercial tablets (A and B). The four dosage forms were administered in a random crossover fashion to five fasting subjects, and drug absorption was assessed from urinary excretion data for the major metabolite of the antibiotic (6‐desmethylgriseofulvin). The drug was most rapidly, uniformly, and completely absorbed from the corn oil‐in‐water emulsion. As compared to either the aqueous suspension, Tablet A, or Tablet B, three‐ to fourfold increases in the maximum body levels and a twofold enhancement in the bioavailability of the antibiotic were observed after administration of the emulsion dosage form. A mechanism based on the ability of the linoleic and oleic acids liberated during the digestion of corn oil to inhibit GI motility and stimulate gallbladder evacuation may explain the marked enhancing effect of emulsified corn oil on griseofulvin absorption in humans. This new lipid‐in‐water emulsion dosage form of micronized griseofulvin appears to offer several clinical advantages in the treatment of fungal infections.
Formation of MgO‐B4C Composite via aThermite‐Based Combustion Reaction

The combustion synthesis of MgO-B{sub 4}C composites was investigated by coupling a highly exothermic Mg-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} thermite reaction with a weakly exothermic B{sub 4}C formation reaction. Unlike the case of using Al as the reducing agent, the interaction between Mg and B{sub 2}O{sub 3} depends on the surrounding inert gas pressure due to the high vapor pressure of Mg. The interaction changes from one involving predominantly gaseous Mg and liquid B{sub 2}O{sub 3} to one involving liquid Mg and liquid B{sub 2}O{sub 3} as the pressure increases. At low inert gas pressure, the initiation temperature is found to be just below the melting point of Mg (650 C). As the inert gas pressure increases, the vaporization loss of reactants is reduced, and this in turn increases the combustion temperature, which promotes greater grain growth of the product phases, MgO and B{sub 4}C. The particle size of B{sub 4}C increased from about 0.2 to 5 {mu}m as the pressure changed from 1 to 30 atm.
Capital Rationing: The General Case and a Better Criterion for Ranking

The definition of net present value implies that the reinvestment rate of return on the intermediate cash flows is equal to the risk-adjusted discount rate of the project. However, in many situations, the two rates are different. Therefore, in capital rationing, the ranking of projects based on net present value is incorrect in those situations. Another problem is that financial managers would prefer to use internal rate of return for ranking, although ranking by net present value is theoretically superior. This paper solves both problems by developing a new ranking criterion.
Resource management and fertility in Mexico’s Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve: Campos , cash, and contraception in the lobster-fishing village of Punta Allen

This case study examines the link between marine resource management, and the universal contraceptive use among married couples in the lobster-fishing village of Punta Allen, located in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Several reasons appear to contribute to small desired and actual family sizes. Some of these include a medical clinic staff effective in promoting family planning, cooperative and private resource ownership, changing cultural attitudes, geographical limitations to population and economic growth, and a desire to conserve the environment for aesthetic and economic motives. Lastly, families desired to preserve a sustained balance between benefiting from lobster harvests today and safeguarding this marine resource for their children in the future.
Measurement-based underwater acoustic physical layer simulation

Simulation is important in the study of underwater networking because of the difficulty and expense of performing experiments. Underwater acoustic propagation is influenced by a wide variety of environmental factors, rendering analytic models complex, inaccurate, or both. Therefore, simulations based on models are of uncertain utility. In contrast, this simulator uses measured impulse response, CTD, noise, and transmission loss data in an effort to more realistically simulate the channel. The application layer generates data packets whose modulated waveforms are “mixed” with the channel's properties and sent to a receiver implemented fully in software, where the simulated bit error rate (BER) is measured. For a shallow time-invariant test channel, this process results in a simulated BER that is, on average, within 3.34% of the true BER.
Lowered pH Alters Decay but Not Speed of Tectorial Membrane Waves

Tectorial membrane (TM) traveling waves and mechanical shear impedances were measured in artificial endolymph baths at neutral and acidic pHs. Lowering pH from 7 to 4 significantly decreases the spatial extent of TM waves but has a relatively minor effect on wave speed. At pH 4, the imaginary component of TM shear impedance, which relates to the shear modulus, drops significantly; whereas, the real component, which relates to viscosity, is reduced less. These results suggest that shear modulus, and not viscosity, controls the extent of TM waves at lower pH.
Shear Driven Liquid Film in a Duct: Comparison With Measured Results

Two-dimensional flow simulations of shear driven liquid film by turbulent air flow in a duct is performed using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes and continuity equations along with the k-e turbulence model and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model that are part of the FLUENT-CFD code. The purpose of this effort is to determine the suitability of using this model for predicting the measured results of Wittig et al. [1, 2]. In these studies, optical means are used to measure shear driven liquid film velocities along with the liquid film thickness, and measurements are reported for different air velocities and liquid film flow rates. The simulated results will be compared with measured values, and the suitability of the VOF model for simulating such flow will be assessed in this study.© 2006 ASME
Effects of pollen donors on seed formation in Espeletia schultzii (Compositae) populations at different altitudes.

The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors ( 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.