cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RFI detection and mitigation for Aquarius: Status and ongoing improvements

Aquarius is an L-band active/passive sensor designed to globally map sea surface salinity from space [1,2]. Two instruments, a radar scatterometer and a radiometer, observe the same surface footprint almost simultaneously. The radiometer is the primary instrument for sensing sea surface salinity (SSS), while the scatterometer is included to provide a correction for sea surface roughness, which is a primary source of error in the salinity retrieval. Although the primary objective is the measurement of SSS, the instrument combination operates continuously, acquiring data over land and sea ice as well. An important feature of the data processing includes detection and mitigation of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI), which is done separately for both active and passive instruments. Correcting for RFI is particularly critical over ocean because of the high accuracy required in the brightness temperature measurements for SSS retrieval. It is also necessary for applications of the Aquarius data over land, where man-made interference is widespread, even though less accuracy is required in this case. This paper will provide an overview of the current status of the Aquarius RFI processing and an update on the ongoing work on the improvement of the RFI detection and mitigation performance.
Understanding the limitations of different vehicle models for roll dynamics studies

An accurate and realistic vehicle model is essential for the development of effective vehicle control systems. Many different vehicle models have been developed for use in various vehicle control systems. The complexity of these models and the assumptions made in their development depend on their application. This article looks into the development and validity of vehicle models for prediction of roll behavior and their suitability for application in roll control systems. A 14 DOF vehicle model that includes dynamics of roll center and nonlinear effects due to vehicle geometry changes is developed. The limitations, validity of simplified equations, and various modeling assumptions are discussed by analyzing their effect on the model roll responses in various vehicle maneuvers. A formulation of the popular 8 DOF vehicle model that gives good correlation with the 14 DOF model is presented. The possible limitations of the 14 DOF model compared with an actual vehicle are also discussed.
The Efficiency of Statistical Simulation Procedures

Various methods for improving the efficiency of statisticals imulation of complex systems are described and illustratedf or simple queuing situations. The paper proposes that the efficiency and effectiveness of statistical simulations can be increased throught he adaptation of experimentadl esign principles which exploit any qualitative knowledge surrounding the problem understudy. Some techniques explored are: proportional sampling fixed sequence sampling importance sampling and the use of concomitant information.
Heavy Enzyme Kinetic Isotope Effects on Proton Transfer in Alanine Racemase

The catalytic effects of perdeuterating the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme alanine racemase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus are reported. The mass of the heavy perdeuterated form is ~5.5% greater than that of the protiated form, causing kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of ~1.3 on k(cat) and k(cat)/K(M) for both L- and D-alanine. These values increase when Cα-deuterated alanine is used as the substrate. The heavy-enzyme KIEs of ~3 on k(cat)/K(M) with deuterated substrates are greater than the product of the individual heavy-enzyme and primary substrate KIEs. This breakdown of the rule of the geometric mean is likely due to coupled motion between the protein and the proton-transfer reaction coordinate in the rate-limiting step. These data implicate a direct role for protein vibrational motions in barrier crossing for proton-transfer steps in alanine racemase.
Kinetics of Photosynthetic Response to Ultraviolet and Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Synechococcus WH8102 (CYANOBACTERIA)

The picoplanktonic cyanobacteria, Synechococcus spp., (Nageli) are important contributors to global ocean primary production that can be stressed by solar radiation, both in the photosynthetically active (PAR) and ultraviolet (UV) range. We studied the responses of PSII quantum yield (active fluorescence), carbon fixation ((14)C assimilation) and oxygen evolution (membrane inlet mass spectrometry) in Synechococcus WH8102 under moderate UV and PAR. PSII quantum yield decreased during exposure to moderate UV and UV+PAR, with response to the latter being faster (6.4 versus 2.8 min, respectively). Repair processes were also faster when UV+PAR exposure was followed by moderate PAR (1.68 min response time) than when UV was followed by very low PAR (10.5 min response time). For the UV+PAR treatment, the initial decrease in quantum yield was followed by a 50% increase ("rebound") after 7 min exposure, showing an apparent photoprotection induction. While oxygen uptake increased with PAR, it did not change under UV, suggesting that this oxygen-dependent mechanism of photoprotection, which may be acting as an electron sink, is not an important strategy against UV. We used propyl gallate, an antioxidant, to test for plastid terminal oxidase (ptox) or ptox-like enzymes activity, but it caused nonspecific and toxic effects on Synechococcus WH8102.
PhosphoMARCKS drives motility of mouse melanoma cells.

Abstract Phosphorylation of m yristoylated a lanine-rich C - k inase s ubstrate (MARCKS) by protein kinase Cα (PKCα) is known to trigger its release from the plasma membrane/cytoskeleton into the cytoplasm, thereby promoting actin reorganization during migration. This study shows that once released into the cytoplasm, phosphoMARCKS directly promotes motility of melanoma cells. Aggressively motile B16 F10 mouse melanoma cells express high levels of phosphoMARCKS, whereas in weakly motile B16 F1 cells it is undetectable. Following treatment with okadaic acid (OA) (a protein phosphatase inhibitor), F1 cells exhibited a dramatic increase in phosphoMARCKS that was co-incident with a 5-fold increase in motility. Both MARCKS phosphorylation and motility were substantially decreased when prior to OA addition, MARCKS expression was knocked out by a MARCKS-specific shRNA, thereby implicating MARCKS as a major component of the motility pathway. Decreased motility and phosphoMARCKS levels in OA-treated cells were observed with a PKC inhibitor (calphostin C), thus indicating that PKC actively phosphorylates MARCKS in F1 cells but that this reaction is efficiently reversed by protein phosphatases. The mechanistic significance of phosphoMARCKS to motility was further established with a pseudo-phosphorylated mutant of MARCKS-GFP in which Asp residues replaced Ser residues known to be phosphorylated by PKCα. This mutant localized to the cytoplasm and engendered three-fold higher motility in F1 cells. Expression of an unmyristoylated, phosphorylation-resistant MARCKS mutant that localized to the cytoplasm, blocked motility by 40–50% of both OA-stimulated F1 cells and intrinsically motile F10 cells. These results demonstrate that phosphoMARCKS contributes to the metastatic potential of melanoma cells, and reveal a previously undocumented signaling role for this cytoplasmic phospho-protein.
Cropping system and nitrogen dynamics under a cereal winter cover crop preceding corn

Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been identified as a potential nitrogen (N) management tool when used as a winter cover crop (WCC). However, N deficient corn (Zea mays L.) has often been observed when preceded by a cereal rye WCC, resulting in yield reductions and deterring the integration of WCC into cropping systems of the Corn Belt. The objectives of this study were to assess soil N availability and plant N status throughout the corn growing season under various combinations of cereal rye kill date and N-fertilizer strategy in Illinois. Cereal rye WCC was killed three (KT1), two (KT2), and one (KT3) weeks prior to optimal corn planting, and N-fertilizer strategies included combinations of N splits (early and late) and N strategies (at planting, divided between planting and V6, or at V6). Although initial reductions in soil mineral N were observed in cereal rye WCC plots at planting of corn, soil mineral N among all cereal rye kill date and early N strategy plots was improved by the V6 stage and remained equal throughout the growing season. Corn under the latest cereal rye kill date in combination with its total N-fertilizer (160 kg N ha−1) allotted at V6 had lower N contents by the R1 stage than any other kill date, N strategy combination. Relative corn N deficiencies and grain yield reductions were not observed unless cereal rye kill date was delayed to one week before optimal corn planting in Illinois (KT3) and N-fertilizer applied in full at the V6 stage of corn development (late N split, V6 strategy). Residual soil nitrate (NO3-N) remaining post-harvest of corn varied between cereal rye WCC treatments and the fallow control depending on the N strategy employed throughout the season, indicating that N usage and demands of a winter fallow cropping system and cereal rye WCC systems under different residue loads require different N-fertilizer strategies to achieve more efficient N synchrony.
SECPSIM: A Training Simulator for cyber-power infrastructure security

Trustworthy critical power grid infrastructures require suitable cyber and power security protection efforts. Expert system operators play a crucial role in protecting complex power-grid networks; however, inefficient training of system operators regarding potential cyber attacks and physical security threats can potentially result in malicious compromises and catastrophic consequences. In this paper, we present SECPSIM, a user-friendly framework based on mathematical models of corrective control actions against various intrusions and failure scenarios. Our experimental results show that SECPSIM can help in learning and provide appropriate corrective cyber-physical control actions efficiently, and provide inexperienced individuals with an effective tutorial user interface.
On the timing and causes of illite formation and remagnetization in the Cretaceous Marias River Shale, Disturbed Belt, Montana

Abstract In this study, we test a burial model for diagenetic illite and whether illitization is related to the acquisition of a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). A prefolding, reversed polarity, secondary magnetization is found in carbonate concretions in diagenetically altered Upper Cretaceous rocks in the disturbed belt of Montana. Stratigraphically equivalent unaltered rocks to the east do not contain the magnetization. The magnetization could be a CRM or a thermoviscous remagnetization. The pole position is generally consistent with the Early Tertiary K–Ar ages of diagenetic illite–smectite formed under thrust loading, but it is not constrained well enough for a precise age comparison. If this magnetization is a CRM, it could be related to illitization. Alternatively, if the prefolding CRM had been acquired prior to thrust loading then the magnetization is not related to illitization. Geochemical studies are currently underway to test if the magnetization could be related to fluid alteration.
Facts which Support the Concept of need or Drive

(1937). Facts which Support the Concept of need or Drive. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 27-42.
Identification of herpes simplex virus type 1 proteins encoded within the first 1.5 kb of the latency-associated transcript

Expression of the first 1.5 kb of the latency-associated transcript (LAT) that is encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is sufficient for wild-type (wt) levels of reactivation from latency in small animal models. Peptide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was generated against open reading frames (ORFs) that are located within the first 1.5 kb of LAT coding sequences. Cells stably transfected with LAT or trigeminal ganglionic neurons of mice infected with a LAT expressing virus appeared to express the L2 or L8 ORF. Only L2 ORF expression was readily detected in trigeminal ganglionic neurons of latently infected mice.
Availability of the in situ right gastroepiploic artery for coronary artery bypass

Abstract The right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) has been successfully used as a coronary bypass graft recently. We examined the in situ GEA graft length required from the pyloric portion to the site of coronary anastomosis at the time of operation. Measured GEA length was 17.0 ± 1.7 cm for the posterior descending artery anastomosis in 17 patients, 17.8 ± 1.7 cm for the main right coronary artery anastomosis in 13 patients, 22.0 ± 2.3 cm for the posterolateral branch anastomosis in 7 patients, and 21.0 cm for the left anterior descending artery anastomosis in 1 patient. We examined 228 randomly selected abdominal angiograms and measured the internal diameter of the right GEA at every 2-cm interval from its origin. Probability of availability of the in situ GEA graft for each site of anastomosis was 97% to the right coronary artery and 88% to the anterior descending or the circumflex artery when the internal diameter of GEA was 1.5 mm or greater. From an anatomical standpoint, we concluded that the GEA can be assumed available without preoperative angiography.
Ultrasound of the normal thymus in the infant: a simple method of resolving a clinical dilemma.

The normal thymus has many variable appearances on a chest radiograph. Many of the variations on the theme are seen sufficiently often to be easily recognized by the experienced radiologist. Occasionally, however, the pattern is odd and the presence of a widened mediastinum causes concern, particularly when the child presents with stridor thought to be due to airways obstruction. It is important to exclude an obstructive mass. Two radiographic techniques help: a penetrated view and a lateral view of the chest. The normal thymus is of low radiodensity and it is usually possible to see normal lung markings through it, which are not usually visible with solid neoplastic masses. On the lateral view, a normal thymus is of low radiodensity and it is usually possible to see this, concern may persist.
An electrophoretic investigation of the urinary proteins of ord's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii

Abstract 1. 1. Urinary proteins of Dipodomys ordii were separated by electrophoresis and compared to those of Mus musculus. 2. 2. Liver, kidney and urinary bladder homogenates and plasma were examined in an attempt to determine the origin of the urinary proteins. Liver and kidney appeared to be involved in the production of certain urinary proteins. 3. 3. Kangaroo rats appeared to have as many as five equidistant major urinary protein (MUP) bands of slower anodal mobility than those of the house mouse. 4. 4. D. ordii possessed a single urinary protein migrating in the β-globulin region. 5. 5. Kangaroo rats possessed a urinary protein with the same mobility as plasma albumin esterase.
Two Vacuum Poles and Pion-Nucleon Scattering

A general expression is given for the pion-nucleon non-charge-exchange scattering amplitude for arbitrary energy and small momentum transfer on the assumption that only the vacuum pole $P$ and the second vacuum pole ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ exist in the upper half $J$ plane. We derive sum rules for non-spin-flip and spin-flip amplitudes and use them, combined with the analysis of the high-energy $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ cross sections in terms of Regge poles, to investigate the behavior of $P$ and ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ trajectories near $t\ensuremath{\approx}0$. For this purpose the importance of a precise measurement of the low-energy partial-wave phase shifts is emphasized. A sum rule for the $S$-wave pion-nucleon non-charge-exchange scattering length can be satisfied with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{{P}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.5$.
Neuropeptide Y is analgesic in rats after plantar incision.

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), Y 1 receptor and Y 2 receptor are critical in modulation of pain after nerve injury. We hypothesized that NPY was important for nociception after surgical incision. As a model of postoperative pain, rats underwent a plantar incision in one hindpaw. Western blots were used to quantify changes in protein expression of NPY, Y 1 receptor and Y 2 receptor after incision in skin, muscle, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Pain-related behaviors were tested after incision in rats treated with intrathecal NPY, Y 1 receptor antagonist (BIBO3304 – Chemical Name: N-[(1R)-1-[[[[4-[[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]methyl]phenyl]methyl]amino]carbonyl]-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]butyl]-α-phenyl-benzeneacetamide ditrifluoroacetate), Y 2 receptor antagonist (BIIE0246 – Chemical Name: N-[(1S)-4-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-1-[[[2-(3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolidin-4-yl)ethyl]amino]carbonyl]butyl]-1-[2-[4-(6,11-dihydro-6-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,e]azepin-11-yl)-1-piperazinyl]-2-oxoethyl]-cyclopentaneacetamide), combined NPY+antagonists, morphine, or vehicle. Pain behaviors were tested after incision in rats treated with locally applied intraplantar injections of NPY, Y 1 receptor and Y 2 receptor antagonists or vehicle. NPY protein expression was significantly downregulated in muscle for two days after incision. In contrast, Y 1 receptor and Y 2 receptor protein expression was upregulated in both skin and muscle. A single intrathecal injection of NPY reduced cumulative guarding pain scores, as did morphine. The intrathecal administration of Y 2 receptor antagonist also reduced pain scores; findings that were not observed when drugs were administered locally. Intrathecal Y 2 receptor antagonists and NPY improved mechanical threshold and heat withdrawal latency 2 h after incision. Intrathecal administration of NPY and/or central blockade of Y 2 receptor attenuated pain behaviors early after incision (postoperative day (POD) 1–2). Y 1 receptor antagonist administration blocked the anti-hyperalgesic effect of NPY. Together these data suggest a role for spinal NPY in postoperative pain.
Anti-Semitic Violence ‘From Below’: Attacks and Protestant Church Responses in Germany in 1933

This article is divided into two parts: the first analyzes grass-roots anti-Semitic violence in the winter and spring of 1933; the second the reaction of the German Protestant Church (one of the few remaining institutions still able to protest effectively) to this violence. As shown here, anti-Semitic violence during the first phase of the Nazi Machtergreifung was more brutal and widespread than hitherto assumed, ranging from assault, break-ins and abduction to ‘pillory marches’, manslaughter and murder. Not recorded in police files and thus difficult to quantify, contemporary estimates of over 1000 violent incidents and several hundred murders are likely realistic. For Nazi gangs, anti-Semitic violence served as a test of courage and a means of internal bonding by dint of jointly committed crimes. Protestant church leaders were well aware of the all-pervasive anti-Semitic violence. Repeated applications were made to church leaders to speak out against anti-Semitic attacks and discriminatory measures, and...
Trace elements and major ions in atmospheric wet and dry deposition across central Illinois, USA

Measurements of trace elements and major ions in wet and dry deposition were made at eight sites in central Illinois for a 1-month period during the spring/summer season in 2011. During this study, daily-event wet deposition was collected using a commonly utilized sampling train, while 72-h dry deposition collection employed a newly developed artificial turf surrogate surface sampler designed to be more representative of natural deposition surfaces. Results showed considerable intersite variability in the amounts of wet and dry deposition received at sites. Wet deposition loadings of Hg, Pb, S, and As were higher at more southerly network sites due to higher precipitation depths and proximity to sources in the electricity generating and iron and steel manufacturing sectors. Dry deposition loadings of Hg, Pb, S, Cu, Zn, and As were higher at northerly sites, and one urban site had the highest loadings of Pb, S, Cu, and Zn consistent with its proximity (3 km) to very large sources in the electricity generating and iron and steel manufacturing sectors. Enrichment factor analysis showed moderate to high enrichment in both wet and dry deposition samples, suggesting that anthropogenic sources contributed to deposition of many trace elements measured during this study. Analysis of trace element ratios in wet and dry deposition for anthropogenically derived elements provided insight into sources impacting the study sites. Arsenic-sulfur, selenium-sulfur, and mercury-sulfate interrelationships in wet deposition suggested that regional coal combustion sources were impacting receptor sites, while relationships were less pronounced in dry deposition samples suggesting less influence from regional coal combustion sources. In addition to measurements indicating the importance of near field contributions to dry deposition, this study overall demonstrated successful application of a novel method for the direct measurement of trace elements and major ions in the dry component of atmospheric deposition, which may be considered for future studies in other similar emission source regions.
Effective and efficient data sampling using bitmap indices

With growing computational capabilities of parallel machines, scientific simulations are being performed at finer spatial and temporal scales, leading to a data explosion. The growing sizes are making it extremely hard to store, manage, disseminate, analyze, and visualize these datasets, especially as neither the memory capacity of parallel machines, memory access speeds, nor disk bandwidths are increasing at the same rate as the computing power. Sampling can be an effective technique to address the above challenges, but it is extremely important to ensure that dataset characteristics are preserved, and the loss of accuracy is within acceptable levels. In this paper, we address the data explosion problems by developing a novel sampling approach, and implementing it in a flexible system that supports server-side sampling and data subsetting. We observe that to allow subsetting over scientific datasets, data repositories are likely to use an indexing technique. Among these techniques, we see that bitmap indexing can not only effectively support subsetting over scientific datasets, but can also help create samples that preserve both value and spatial distributions over scientific datasets. We have developed algorithms for using bitmap indices to sample datasets. We have also shown how only a small amount of additional metadata stored with bitvectors can help assess loss of accuracy with a particular subsampling level. Some of the other properties of this novel approach include: (1) sampling can be flexibly applied to a subset of the original dataset, which may be specified using a value-based and/or a dimension-based subsetting predicate, and (2) no data reorganization is needed, once bitmap indices have been generated. We have extensively evaluated our method with different types of datasets and applications, and demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach.
Simulation of enhanced hole ballistic velocity in asymmetrically strained Germanium nanowire trigate p-MOSFETs

The impact of asymmetric strain in Ge nano wire (NW) trigate p-MOSFETs with record measured hole mobility [1] is simulated. Contrary to previous studies of uniaxial and biaxial strain, the impact of very large (2.4%), non-uniform asymmetric strain (achieved by patterning-induced lateral relaxation) is studied through NW simulations. Asymmetric strain significantly warps the valence band (VB), reducing the hole effective mass in the transport direction, and increasing the ballistic velocity (νθ ∝ √m* [2], [3]) compared to biaxial strain. Consistent with previous mobility measurements [1], analysis of the VB strucuture reveals a 1.6× increase in the inverse effective mass for a 49-nm wide asymmetrically-strained Ge NW compared to planar biaxially strained Ge (s-Ge) with 2.4% compressive strain. νθ improves in narrow NWs due to lateral strain relaxation that reduces the transport effective mass. A νθ enhancement of 2.8X relative to unstrained Si (1.6× relative to 1% uniaxially strained Si) is predicted for 10-nm wide s-Ge NWs suggesting a scalable transport enhancement technique for future technology nodes.
From Fiduciary to Vivantary Responsibility

The interface between business ethics and environmental responsibility is environmental ethics. Environmental ethics deals with the nature of moral ity in relationships involving humans and the environment. The normative claim that we have duties and obligations in our relationships with the envi ronment is analogous to the normative claim in the realm of human ethics that we have duties and obligations in our relationships with other humans (Taylor, 1986). In this paper, we will refer to the human duties and obligations to the environment as "vivantary responsibility." Vivantary re sponsibility occurs at the intersection of environmental ethics and manage ment decision-making. The word "vivantary" was coined by Franz (2001) as a new analogical formulation that is modeled on the word "fiduciary." Fiduciary responsibil ity is a well-developed and well-understood concept in both public and private organizations. Fiduciary responsibility comes into play whenever a manager is charged with the duty to manage the financial resources of another in an optimal fashion. The thesis of this paper is that the current concept of fiduciary responsibility is defined so narrowly that many efforts at fulfilling fiduciary responsibility have unintended side effects that lead to sub-optimal or even detrimental management of financial resources. In
Nasal immunization with the mixture of PA63, LF, and a PGA conjugate induced strong antibody responses against all three antigens

A new generation anthrax vaccine is expected to target not only the anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein, but also other virulent factors of Bacillus anthracis. It is also expected to be amenable for rapid mass immunization of a large number of people. This study aimed to address these needs by designing a prototypic triantigen nasal anthrax vaccine candidate that contained a truncated PA (rPA63), the anthrax lethal factor (LF), and the capsular poly-γ-d-glutamic acid (γDPGA) as the antigens and a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyriboinosinic-polyribocytodylic acid (poly(I:C)) as the adjuvant. This study identified the optimal dose of nasal poly(I:C) in mice, demonstrated that nasal immunization of mice with the LF was capable of inducing functional anti-LF antibodies (Abs), and showed that nasal immunization of mice with the prototypic triantigen vaccine candidate induced strong immune responses against all three antigens. The immune responses protected macrophages against an anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vitro and enabled the immunized mice to survive a lethal dose of anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vivo. The anti-PGA Abs were shown to have complement-mediated bacteriolytic activity. After further optimization, this triantigen nasal vaccine candidate is expected to become one of the newer generation anthrax vaccines.
Arsenic Redistribution during Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition of TiSi2 on Si

This paper studies the redistribution behavior of implanted arsenic during selective rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition of titanium disilicide (TiSi 2 ). The arsenic implant doses ranged from 3 × 10 14 cm -2 to 5 × 10 15 cm -2 . The TiSi 2 films were deposited either directly on arsenic-implanted silicon substrates or on epitaxial silicon buffer layers selectively deposited with varying thicknesses before TiSi 2 depositions. SiH 4 and TiCl 4 were used as precursors for TiSi 2 depositions and Si 2 H 6 and Cl 2 for selective silicon epitaxial growth. Experimental data revealed that the majority of the implanted arsenic was lost from the silicon substrate into the deposited TiSi 2 films when epitaxial silicon buffer layers were not employed. With the inclusion of the buffer layer, the arsenic loss could be reduced significantly. The loss of arsenic observed could not be explained by considering substrate consumption alone. In both cases arsenic exhibited strongly enhanced out-diffusion from the silicon substrate into the TiSi 2 film. The injection of vacancies during the TiSi 2 depositions has been proposed as the reason for this enhanced out-diffusion. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to verify the proposed model.
Fractal behavior in space and time in a simplified model of fluvial landform evolution

Two general approaches have been applied to understanding the fractal structure of fluvial topography: (1) deterministic, process-based models, and (2) stochastic partial differential equations (PDE). Deterministic models reproduce the fractal behavior of fluvial topography but have two limitations: they often underestimate the amount of lateral valley and ridge migration that occurs in nature, and the complexity has made it difficult to identify the precise origin of fractal behavior in fluvial landscapes. The simplicity of stochastic PDE models has made them useful for investigating fractal behavior, but they incorrectly suggest that fractal behavior is only possible with stochastic forcing. In this paper I investigate whether simplified, deterministic PDE models of landform evolution also exhibit fractal behavior and other features of complexity (i.e. deterministic chaos). These models are based on the KPZ equation, well known in the physics literature. This equation combines diffusion (i.e. hillslope processes) and nonlinear advection (i.e. bedrock or alluvial channel incision). Two models are considered: (1) a deterministic model with uniform erodibility and random initial topography, and (2) a deterministic model with random erodibility and uniform initial topography. Results illustrate that both of these deterministic models exhibit fractal behavior and deterministic chaos. In this context, chaotic behavior means that valley and ridge migration and nonlinear amplification of small perturbations in these models prevent an ideal steady state landscape from ever developing in the large-system limit. These results suggest that fractal structure and deterministic chaos are intrinsic features of the evolution of fluvial landforms, and that these features result from an inverse cascade of energy from small to large wavelengths in drainage basins. This inverse cascade differs from the direct cascade of three-dimensional turbulence in which energy flows from large to small wavelengths.
Ordering of V2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ Ions in Zoisite, Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH).

The presence of very small amounts of Mn 2+ , V 2+ , and Fe 3+ ions in zoisite can be easily detected by the electron paramagnetic resonance technique at room temperature. The Mn 2+ and Fe 3+ ions are completely ordered and are probably located in the Ca(1)- and Al(II)-sites, respectively, whereas the V 2+ ions probably occupy both Ca(1)- and Ca(2)-sites, with a preference for the Ca(1)-site.
Sclerotherapy of abdominal lymphatic malformations with doxycycline.

Abstract Purpose To assess the safety and efficacy of percutaneous image-guided sclerotherapy with doxycycline as primary treatment of intraabdominal lymphatic malformations (LMs). Materials and Methods Retrospective review was performed of all cases of abdominal, mesenteric, or retroperitoneal LMs referred to a single center that were subsequently treated with image-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy. Results Ten patients were included, of whom six were male. The mean age was 13 years (range, 2–28 y). Preprocedural cross-sectional imaging demonstrated a macrocystic malformation in nine patients and a mixed macrocystic/microcystic malformation in one. The malformation was accessed under sonographic guidance, followed by injection of opacified sclerosant agent under fluoroscopic guidance. A drainage catheter was placed in eight cases, in which sclerotherapy was repeated through the catheter for another 1 day (n = 2) or 2 days (n = 6). Doxycycline was reconstituted at 10 mg/mL, with a mean per-session dose of 608 mg (range, 80–1,000 mg) and a mean total dose of 1,230 mg (range, 80–3,000 mg). Peritoneal spill was identified in one case, but the patient remained asymptomatic. No other complications were encountered. Follow-up imaging was available in eight patients: complete resolution was seen in seven, with partial resolution in one. There was no recurrence of clinical symptoms in the follow-up period. Conclusions Initial results indicate that percutaneous image-guided sclerotherapy of macrocystic intraabdominal LMs with doxycycline is a safe and effective procedure.
The metabolism of P32-labeled Shell SD-4294 in a lactating ewe.

A study was made of the absorption, elimination, and metabolism of orally administered P32labeled Shell SD-4294(Ciodrin®), alpha -methylhenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate, in a lactating ewe. The pack radioactivity in both the blood and urine occurred at 6 hours, which indicated a moderate rate of absorption but rather rapid elimination. Some 61 to 90% of the radioactivity in the urine was dimethyl phosphoric acid; the other metabolites occurred only in small quantities. The ratio of alpha to beta isomer in the blood was similar to that in the original sample of SD-4294, whereas the very small residues in the milk consisted of beta isomer only.
Alterations in brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants hospitalized in different neonatal intensive care unit environments.

Objective To evaluate associations between neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) room type (open ward and private room) and medical outcomes; neurobehavior, electrophysiology, and brain structure at hospital discharge; and developmental outcomes at 2 years of age. Study design In this prospective longitudinal cohort study, we enrolled 136 preterm infants born Results At term equivalent age, infants in private rooms were characterized by a diminution of normal hemispheric asymmetry and a trend toward having lower amplitude integrated electroencephalography cerebral maturation scores ( P = .02; β = −0.52 [CI −0.95, −0.10]). At age 2 years, infants from private rooms had lower language scores ( P = .006; β = −8.3 [CI −14.2, −2.4]) and a trend toward lower motor scores ( P = .02; β = −6.3 [CI −11.7, −0.99]), which persisted after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusion These findings raise concerns that highlight the need for further research into the potential adverse effects of different amounts of sensory exposure in the NICU environment.
Toxic Substances Control Act reform and Information Technology Products

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) reform bills were introduced to the 111th US Congress in 2010. The reform bills did not pass in this session, but discussions will continue and revised bills may be expected in 2011. This paper reviews the 2010 bills with specific attention to two sections, Expedited Action for Chemical Substance with documented Risks and Prohibition of Substances cited in International Agreements. A summary of their potential impact on Information Technology (IT) Products is provided. A brief overview of the method for review of legislation in order to determine impact on a product set and execution is presented.
Diacylglycerol kinase θ: Regulation and stability

Given the well-established roles of diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) in a variety of signaling cascades, it is not surprising that there is an increasing interest in understanding their physiological roles and mechanisms that regulate their cellular levels. One class of enzymes capable of coordinately regulating the levels of these two lipids is the diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). These enzymes catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to the hydroxyl group of DAG, which generates PtdOH while reducing DAG. As these enzymes reciprocally modulate the relative levels of these two signaling lipids, it is essential to understand the regulation and roles of these enzymes in various tissues. One system where these enzymes play important roles is the nervous system. Of the ten mammalian DGKs, eight of them are readily detected in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS): DGK-α, DGK-β, DGK-γ, DGK-η, DGK-ζ, DGK-ι, DGK-e, and DGK-θ. Despite the increasing interest in DGKs, little is known about their regulation. We have focused some attention on understanding the enzymology and regulation of one of these DGK isoforms, DGK-θ. We recently showed that DGK-θ is regulated by an accessory protein containing polybasic regions. We now report that this accessory protein is required for the previously reported broadening of the pH profile observed in cell lysates in response to phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Our data further reveal DGK-θ is regulated by magnesium and zinc, and sensitive to the known DGK inhibitor R599022. These data outline new parameters involved in regulating DGK-θ.
ENERGY-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF INTRINSIC CLOSE-PAIR DEFECTS WITHIN COPPER

The low-temperature substages of high purity copper, which are associated with close-Pair Frenkel defects, were measured followlng 2-Mev electron irradiations. Results are in the region of multiple defect production and show that a correlation exists between prior experimental work performed by lower energy electron and 10-Mev deuteron bombardments. It is evident that each intrinsic substage possosses a definite dependence upon irradiation energy. (auth)
Growth responses of cotton to aldicarb and temperature

Abstract Aldicarb, 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime, is a systemic insecticide used extensively for early season insect control in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). The indirect effect of aldicarb on cotton due to insect control is well documented; however, much less is known regarding its direct effect on cotton growth and development. The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that aldicarb in the absence of insects imposes a direct effect on cotton growth and that aldicarb effectiveness on growth depends on temperature. Cotton plants (cv. Deltapine-50 and DES-119) were grown in outdoor sunlit plant growth chambers under five day/night temperatures (20/12, 25/17, 30/22, 35/27, and 40/32 °C). In one study, aldicarb at 0.56 kg ha −1 was applied to soil at sowing. In a second study, aldicarb was first applied at a rate of 0.84 kg ha −1 to soil at sowing and applied again at a rate of 2.24 kg ha −1 at the stage of flower bud initiation as a side-dressing. Aldicarb increased early season vegetative growth of cotton plants grown at 25/17, 30/22, and 35/27 °C, but not for plants grown at 20/12 and 40/32 °C. Aldicarb also promoted the early formation of cotton flower buds at the five temperature regimes and increased the number of flowers at 30/22 °C. The treated plants had more growing roots, greater root length densities in the 61–80 cm soil depth, and higher root/shoot ratios than control plants at all temperatures. Our results showed that aldicarb promoted cotton earliness by enhancing growth rates and promoting the roots to grow deeper into soil. The responses of cotton to aldicarb depended on temperature, with a greater effect occurring at near optimum temperatures for cotton growth.
An invasive exotic grass reduced sedge meadow species richness by half

A debate over the impacts of invasive plants is fueled by varied terminology, ecosystem types, response metrics, and conflicting evidence across scales. We quantify the effects of invading Phalaris arundinacea (Pa) on species richness and abundance in Wisconsin sedge meadows dominated by Carex stricta (Cs). Among species area curves from four nested plots (0.25, 1, 4, and 16 m2) in seven sites, Pa stands averaged 48 % fewer species than the adjacent Cs. Species richness was reduced by about half regardless of plot size. Total richness for Pa stands was 50 species compared to 83 for Cs, and Pa stands had consistently lower additive percent cover of subordinate species at all scales. However, resident species responded differentially to Pa invasion. Only one species, Calamagrostis canadensis (a tall clonal grass), had similar importance values (using cover and frequency) in Cs and Pa stands at 0.25 and 16-m2 scales. Other species declined with Pa invasion, mostly in frequency. Despite losing half of their resident species, sites did not differ significantly in their native exotic richness relationship (NERR). NERR confounds the effects of invasiveness with species’ origins, and it under-represents impacts of dominant invaders in wetlands. Debates should be fewer if studies specify if the invader is exotic or native, type of invaded ecosystem, the metric used to assess responses, and the spatial scale.
Socio-demographic correlates, HIV/AIDS related cofactors, and measures of same-sex sexual behaviour among Northern Thai male soldiers

We use data from an anonymous self-administered 1991 survey of military personnel in northern Thailand to estimate overall levels of and socio-demographic differentials in same-sex sexual behaviour in this population. Additionally, we examine the relationship between sexual experience with another male and a variety of outcomes relevant to HIV prevention and policy. Overall, 16.3 per cent of the sexually active soldiers report ever having had anal or oral sex with other males. Same-sex sexual behaviour in this sample is positively associated with several indicators of higher socio-economic status. All of the men who report having had sex with other men report having had vaginal intercourse with females as well. Comparison of our estimate of same-sex sexual behaviour with those obtained from two similar samples drawn in 1991 suggests that the lower estimates observed in the other two studies are largely due to differences in data collection methods. Regarding the HIV/AIDS-related outcomes we examined, men who have had sex with other men are significantly more likely than those who have not to have ever injected drugs, to personally know someone with HIV/AIDS, to have had sex with a female prostitute in the last six months, and to have had a sexually transmitted disease in the last six months. In this sample, men who have had sex with other men are also less knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS than are men who have not. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for HIV-prevention policy in Thailand.
Estimated insulin sensitivity predicts regression of albuminuria in Type 1 diabetes.

Aim To test the hypothesis that greater baseline insulin sensitivity would predict regression of albuminuria over 6 years in adults with Type 1 diabetes.
Fluency: A Key Link Between Word Identification and Comprehension

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to respond to A. G. Kamhi's (2007) challenge to consider two points of view on reading—the broad and the narrow. Each point of view includes a component of the reading process; namely, comprehension and word recognition. Taken separately, each point of view is insufficient for our understanding of the development of the reading process. We must account for the development of fluency as a key link between word identification and comprehension. Method: A selective review of descriptive and evidence-based literature related to the complexity of the reading process is provided. In addition, information about the importance of reading fluency and the factors that contribute to fluent reading are reviewed. Clinical Implications: Along with the other contributors to this forum, we suggest that reading is a complex developmental process that is based on the integration of diverse components into a smooth and automatic foundation on which fluent reading and consequently comprehension are grounded. We specifically address issues related to fluency and make suggestions for facilitating its development.
Multiscale landscape and wetland drivers of lake total phosphorus and water color

We quantified relationships between local wetland cover in the riparian lake buffer and lake total phosphorus (TP) and water color (color) using multilevel mixed-effects models that also incorporate landscape features such as hydrogeomorphology and land use at broad regional scales to determine the following: (1) Within regions, are local wetland relationships with TP and color affected by interactions with local land use or hydrogeomorphic variables? (2) Across regions, are local wetland relationships with TP and color different? And if so, (3) Are differences in local wetland relationships with TP and color a result of cross-scale interactions? We answered these questions by analyzing TP, color, and multiscaled landscape data for 1790 north temperate lakes. Local wetland– TP and wetland–color relationships were not affected by local-scale interactions. However, these same relationships were different when compared across regions, and these differences were related to cross-scale interactions with regional landscape characteristics. For example, regional human land use affected local wetland–TP relationships such that in regions with high amounts of agriculture, local wetlands were associated with decreased lake TP. However, in regions with low amounts of agriculture, local wetlands were associated with increased lake TP. In contrast, regional hydrogeomorphic characteristics influenced local wetland–color relationships such that in regions with high groundwater contribution, the strength of local wetland relationships were weak. Regional landscape setting influences local wetland relationships with TP and color through crossscale interactions, and lake TP and color are controlled by both local-scale wetland extent and regional-scale landscape variables. Lake water chemistry is affected by lake morphometry and landscape features in the surrounding catchment. In particular, total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are related to hydrogeomorphic (HGM) variables including lake and catchment morphometry and natural land cover (Rasmussen et al. 1989; D’Arcy and
A case for the VMEbus architecture in embedded systems education

The VMEbus is an IEEE standard architecture upon which many embedded and real-time systems are built. The VMEbus architecture has existed for nearly 25 years and has been used extensively for military, industrial, and aerospace applications. This paper describes the general characteristics of the VMEbus architecture, specifically relating these characteristics to aspects of embedded systems education included as components of the IEEE/ACM CE2004 computer engineering model curriculum. Portions of this model curriculum are currently being implemented at universities across the country as part of an increasing effort to address the need for embedded systems education. This evaluation will identify the strengths and weaknesses of this architecture as a general-purpose embedded systems educational tool. The VMEbus architecture is used in the laboratory component of an undergraduate embedded systems course at the University of Alabama (UA), Tuscaloosa. The assessment results evaluating its effectiveness are presented
Distributive Politics and the Law of 1/n

Distributive politics models often predict that legislators will demand inefficiently large projects, with inefficiency increasing in the number of districts, and that this will translate into larger projects and higher spending. The relationship between efficiency and legislature size is often referred to as the “law of 1/n”(Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnsen 1981). We demonstrate that the “law of 1/n” result with respect to project sizes and total spending is dependent on several factors, including the type of good being provided, the costs of raising revenue, and whether the local government has to share in the project's cost with the central government. In general, the “law of 1/n” need not hold for total government spending, and in fact a “reverse law of 1/n” often holds. In light of our theoretical findings, we reassess the empirical literature on this topic. The results have implications for a wide variety of applications in American and comparative politics.