cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual model for transferring information between small watersheds

Stream and watershed management and restoration can be greatly facilitated through use of physiographic landform classification to organize and communicate natural resource, hazard, and environmental information at a broad scale (1:250,000) as illustrated by the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Provinces in Maryland, or at a small scale (1:24,000) as illustrated using divisions and zones combined with a conceptual model. The conceptual model brings together geology, surficial processes, landforms and land use change information at the small watershed scale and facilitates transfer of information from one small watershed to another with similar geology and landforms. Stream flow, sediment erosion, and water quality illustrate the use of the model.
Management of Complications Associated with Partially Covered Biliary Metal Stents

Background Partially covered metal stents (PCMS) have been increasingly used for both malignant and benign biliary indications. This study reports their complications and subsequent management. Methods Over 5 years, all patients receiving biliary PCMS were followed prospectively until stent-related dysfunction or death. Data were analyzed for the following variables: primary disease, time until revision, and type and reason for revision. Results PCMS were placed in 396 patients (247 with malignant biliary strictures and 149 with benign biliary disease). Complications were observed in 70 patients (18%), occurring a mean time following placement of 159 days. Duodenal migration occurred in 27 cases (6.8%), while proximal migration occurred in 9 cases (2.3%). Cholecystitis was documented in 13 cases (3.3%). There were six cases of stent occlusion due to debris or sludge (1.6%), four cases of pancreatitis (1%), four cases of tumor overgrowth (1%), three cases of benign stenosis in the uncovered portion of the PCMS (0.8%), two cases of abdominal pain (0.5%), one case of an infected biloma (0.3%), and one case of a liver abscess (0.3%). Conclusions Major complications associated with PCMS placement include migration and cholecystitis. Their management includes endoscopic revision, cholecystectomy, and gallbladder drainage. Further improvements in the structure and composition of PCMS may prevent these complications.
Nannobacteria and the formation of framboidal pyrite: Textural evidence

Study of sedimentary pyrite in the form of framboids, euhedral crystals or metasomatic masses has revealed that their surfaces are commonly covered with spheroids of about 50 nm. This applies to all the examples studied, from modern to Proterozoic. These spheroids are interpreted as the pyritized corpses of nannobacterial cells; if correct, this indicates that precipitation of iron sulfide was performed by these dwarf forms of bacteria, often associated with decaying organic matter.
“Dew points of wet gas mixtures: new data and a new correlation using interaction third virial coefficients”

Abstract Simultaneous and thermodynamically consistent measurements of gas densities and dew points for wet natural gas systems, both sweet and sour, are presented from 348.15 - 483.15 K. For each temperature, the dew-point pressure and the second and third virial coefficients are measured independently . Comprehensive, similar measurements for the CO2/H2O binary at five different compositions plus pure steam densities will appear in future publications. In conjunction with these data, a new wet gas dew-point estimation method is developed using (1) a third virial Leiden EOS (equation of state) to represent the gas mixture and (2) Henry's constants or inifinte dilution activity coefficients to represent the first drop of liquid, which is mainly water. Our estimation routine accepts experimental Bij, Cijk and Hij/γ∞i when available but otherwise estimates these coefficients from other, well-known correlations.
Revisiting Dietary Cholesterol Recommendations: Does the Evidence Support a Limit of 300 mg/d?

The perceived association between dietary cholesterol (DC) and risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) has resulted in recommendations of no more than 300 mg/d for healthy persons in the United States. These dietary recommendations proposed in the 1960s had little scientific evidence other than the known association between saturated fat and cholesterol and animal studies where cholesterol was fed in amounts far exceeding normal intakes. In contrast, European countries, Asian countries, and Canada do not have an upper limit for DC. Further, current epidemiologic data have clearly demonstrated that increasing concentrations of DC are not correlated with increased risk for CHD. Clinical studies have shown that even if DC may increase plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in certain individuals (hyper-responders), this is always accompanied by increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, so the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio is maintained. More importantly, DC reduces circulating levels of small, dense LDL particles, a well-defined risk factor for CHD. This article presents recent evidence from human studies documenting the lack of effect of DC on CHD risk, suggesting that guidelines for DC should be revisited.
Pet Food Panic: Procter and Gamble’s Use of Crisis Response Advertising (CRA) in Recall Crisis

This research explores the use of advertising as a rising form of organizational crisis management. More specifically, the study analyzes Procter and Gamble’s (P&G’s) use of image repair strategies in the advertisements that were placed in response to the Menu Foods’ pet food recalls of 2007. As with recent attempts by other companies to manage various publics’ reactions to crises, the data suggest that crisis response advertising enabled P&G to better manage the crisis and to repair its image. The evidence also suggests that advertising might serve as a channel for an organization’s crisis management.
Sacral Nerve Stimulator Revision Due to Somatic Growth

Purpose: Sacral nerve modulation is a Food and Drug Administration approved treatment for refractory urgency, frequency, urge incontinence and nonobstructive urinary retention in adults. The sparse literature on sacral nerve modulation in children focuses on its initial efficacy in patients with neurogenic bladder and dysfunctional elimination. We describe our initial experience with sacral nerve modulation and the phenomenon of growth spurts associated with lead malfunction that necessitates revision.Materials and Methods: After receiving institutional review board approval we retrospectively reviewed the charts of pediatric patients who underwent sacral nerve modulation surgery at our institution. Charts were examined for patient demographics, subjective success, the need for further surgery and success after revision.Results: Four patients underwent sacral nerve modulation at an average age of 12.1 years. All patients reported initial success, defined as greater than 50% symptom improvement. Subsequent...
Relative efficiencies of model robust estimators in two-dimensional situations

Abstract An approximately linear model is defined as an ordinary linear regression model plus a deterministic remainder term which satisfies a Lipschitz-like condition at the point at which the regression function is to be estimated. The risks of model robust estimators are compared in the context of approximately linear models in three two-dimensional situations: where the regression functions are additive, where they satisfy a two-dimensional Lipschitz-like bound, and where the bound is a hybrid of the first two. Comparisons show that an undetectable amount of nonadditivity can cause an additive estimator to perform poorly.
The crystal and molecular structure of the perchlorate and chloride of [(NH3)5(CN)CoIII]2+

Abstract The structures of the perchlorate and chloride of [(NH 3 ) 5 (CN)Co III ] 2+ have been determined by three-dimensional single-crystal x-ray analysis. Final conventional and weighted R factors are 0.082 and 0.119 respectively for the perchlorate and 0.080 and 0.105 respectively for the chloride. These structure determinations indicate the cyanide bonding mode is CoCN. Both structures are orthorhombic belonging to space group Cmcm. Reduced cell parameters for the perchlorate compound are a = 8.164(1), b = 20.737(4), c = 7.724(1) A, and those for the chloride are a = 10.190(1), b = 8.740(1), c = 10.335(2) A.
Product states and C∗-dynamical system of product type

Abstract A study is made of a special type of C ∗ -dynamical system, consisting of a class n ∞ , uniformly hyperfinite C ∗ -algebra, a compact Lie group, and a natural product action of G on by ∗ -automorphisms. In particular, a simple class of representations of the fixed point algebra G is examined, those induced by restrictions of pure product states of . Sufficient conditions are obtained for (1) irreducibility and (2) unitary equivalence of such (irreducible) representations, in the case of an arbitrary compact Lie group G with continuous unitary representation in C n . These are used to produce necessary and sufficient conditions when G = U (1) or G = SU (2) acts by a product-type conjugation on the class 2 ∞ algebra.
Thiophene decomposition on Pd(111) forms S and C4 species: a laser-induced thermal desorption/Fourier transform mass spectrometry study

Abstract The data presented here show that Pd(111) can directly activate thiophene decomposition resulting in the deposition of sulfur and the formation of C 4 species, most likely C 4 H 4 or possibly C 4 H 5 , on the surface. Temperature programmed reaction (TPR) studies of a 0.2 L exposure of thiophene show some reversible, but primarily irreversible adsorption. No C- or S-containing reaction products desorb during TPR. However, laser induced thermal desorption (LITD) with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) can be used to monitor the surface composition prior to conventional desorption. LITD/FTMS shows that thiophene is stable to approximately 280 K. Above 300 K, 1,3-butadiene is observed. The yield of 1,3-butadiene on the surface, as observed by LITD/FTMS, is estimated to be 30% of the initial thiophene signal.
STOCHASTIC ECOLOGY MODELS FOR TWO INTERACTING POPULATIONS

The interaction of two species can be considered to be either mutually competitive, the “co‐predator” case, or dominated by one species, the “predator‐prey” model. The study of stochastic versions of these models has been impeded by the occurrence of nonlinear expressions in the characterization of the resulting probability structure. Generating function methods are used to study the bivariate and conditional probability distributions and their moments. The results are illustrated using a Laplace transform technique for obtaining numerical values. These methods can be used in the development of ecological prediction techniques and can be extended easily to the bivariate logistic model.
Natural rhythm: evidence for occult 40 Hz gamma oscillation in resting motor cortex.

Abstract Fast gamma oscillations, often at 40 Hz, have been demonstrated throughout the brain including the thalamus, auditory, visual and motor cortices. The function of gamma rhythms is elusive, but several authors have hypothesized that they contribute to the “binding” of diverse information into a single coherent percept, and to the synchronization of movement. In skeletal muscle a “Piper rhythm” around 40 Hz is commonly observed during maximal voluntary contraction, and has been shown to correlate with activity of similar frequency in a limited area of contralateral motor cortex. Gamma rhythms are detected primarily during complex cortical activity, and are seldom recorded at rest or coherently over wide areas. Here we use bihemispheric transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study time-dependent correlations between evoked motor potentials from non-homologous muscles in opposite limbs of normal volunteers. The results suggest the presence of an occult, synchronous 40 Hz rhythm across broad areas of resting motor cortex in both hemispheres.
Providing multi-perspective event coverage in wireless multimedia sensor networks

The increasing availability of low-cost battery-operated wireless cameras has motivated the deployment of large-scale Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) which can be leveraged for gathering disparate views of events from multiple perspectives. Such multi-perspective coverage not only provides better visual knowledge about the events but also helps reduce occlusions in many critical applications. Different than traditional k-coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), multi-perspective coverage computation considers the orientation of cameras in addition to their locations. In this paper, we first introduce a new metric which can measure multi-perspective coverage for a particular region from a given number of perspectives. Using this metric, we then propose camera placement techniques based on binary integer programming and heuristics to achieve full multi-perspective coverage with the least camera count. Finally, to be used as a baseline, we come up with a formula which can analytically compute the multi-perspective coverage for a given network of randomly placed cameras in a certain region. We evaluated the performance of these camera placement approaches (e.g., integer programming, heuristic and random) in terms of coverage and number of cameras needed under different number of perspectives.
Electric field effects on surface dynamics: Si ad-dimer diffusion and rotation on Si(001)

Abstract Density functional calculations show that the electric field effect on Si ad-dimer diffusion on Si(0 0 1) is largely a reflection of the position dependence of the ad-dimer’s dipole moment. Surface diffusion barriers’ dependence on perpendicular electric fields can be used to discriminate between diffusion mechanisms. Since the previously accepted mechanism for ad-dimer diffusion on Si(0 0 1) has the opposite field dependence to what is observed, it cannot be the one that dominates mass-transport. We identify an alternate process, with a similar barrier at zero electric field and field dependence in agreement with measurements. For rotation, calculations to date show linear field dependence, in contrast to experiments.
Bayesian clinical trials

Bayesian statistical methods are being used increasingly in clinical research because the Bayesian approach is ideally suited to adapting to information that accrues during a trial, potentially allowing for smaller more informative trials and for patients to receive better treatment. Accumulating results can be assessed at any time, including continually, with the possibility of modifying the design of the trial, for example, by slowing (or stopping) or expanding accrual, imbalancing randomization to favour better-performing therapies, dropping or adding treatment arms, and changing the trial population to focus on patient subsets that are responding better to the experimental therapies. Bayesian analyses use available patient-outcome information, including biomarkers that accumulating data indicate might be related to clinical outcome. They also allow for the use of historical information and for synthesizing results of relevant trials. Here, I explain the rationale underlying Bayesian clinical trials, and discuss the potential of such trials to improve the effectiveness of drug development.
Using collective information in semi-supervised learning for speech recognition

Training accurate acoustic models typically requires a large amount of transcribed data, which can be expensive to obtain. In this paper, we describe a novel semi-supervised learning algorithm for automatic speech recognition. The algorithm determines whether a hypothesized transcription should be used in the training by taking into consideration collective information from all utterances available instead of solely based on the confidence from that utterance itself. It estimates the expected entropy reduction each utterance and transcription pair may cause to the whole unlabeled dataset and choose the ones with the positive gains. We compare our algorithm with existing confidence-based semi-supervised learning algorithm and show that the former can consistently outperform the latter when the same amount of utterances is selected into the training set. We also indicate that our algorithm may determine the cutoff-point in a principled way by demonstrating that the point it finds is very close to the achievable peak point.
Mutations affecting the initiation of plasmodial development in Physarum polycephalum

In the heterothallic myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, uninucleate amoebae normally differentiate into syncytial plasmodia following heterotypic mating. In order to study the genetic control of this developmental process, mutations affecting the amoebal-plasmodial transition have been sought. Numerous mutants characterized by self-fertility have been isolated. The use of alkylating mutagens increases the mutant frequency over the spontaneous level but does not alter the mutant spectrum. Three spontaneous and 14 induced mutants have been analyzed genetically. In each, the mutation appears to be linked to the mating type locus. In three randomly selected mutants, the nuclear DNA content is the same in amoebae and plasmodia, indicating that amoebal syngamy does not precede plasmodium development in these strains. These results indicate that a highly specific type of mutational event, occurring close to or within the mating type locus, can abolish the requirement for syngamy normally associated with plasmodial differentiation. These mutations help define a genomic region regulating the switch from amoebal to plasmodial growth.
Dynamic Tomographic Imaging of the Solar Corona

Three-dimensional (3-D) maps of the electron density and temperature in the solar atmosphere can be tomographically reconstructed from two-dimensional images that are measured by a variety of ground-based and space-based instruments. The electron density and temperature of the solar corona are fundamental parameters for understanding the physical mechanisms that contribute to space weather, or physical phenomena that can, in extreme cases, have adverse effects on Earth and the near-Earth space environment. New signal processing methods are required to take full advantage of the rich and complex suite of observations that are available from the current generation of Sun-observing spacecraft. In particular, this paper provides signal models and corresponding optimal state estimation methods for reconstructing the dynamic 3-D electron density and temperature structures in the solar corona with focus on the many challenges associated with solar tomography.
Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting on the Gingiva

Background: Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. PSCC can occur as either an in situ or invasive tumor. The sites of occurrence in order of the most to least prevalent are the larynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx. We present an unusual case of PSCC occurring on the gingiva. Methods: A 72-year-old white female presented with a chief complaint of tooth mobility in the right posterior mandible. Clinical examination revealed a Miller's Class 2 mobility of tooth #28 along with an erythematous, papillary appearance of the lingual gingiva on teeth #27, #28, and #29. Her dental history revealed treatment of tooth #28 with locally delivered antibiotics. Her medical history revealed a diagnosis of breast cancer 8 years prior to examination that was treated with partial mastectomy and radiation therapy. An initial differential clinical diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma was made. Results: Surgical therapy included extraction of tooth #28 and an e...
Determination of River Maintenance Need at Individual Sites and Reaches on the Middle Rio Grande, NM

The channel of the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) has been confined to a narrow corridor by riverside infrastructure and geology. It is actively evolving in most locations in response to reduced sediment loads and managed flow regimes due to reservoirs and diversions. In support of Reclamation’s responsibility for MRG Project river maintenance, river work identification and planning follows a systematic process involving: 1) monitoring and analysis; 2) need assessment; 3) work classification; 4) documentation of results; and 5) programmatic project and work planning. This paper describes the methodology for step 2; determine the relative Need for river maintenance. The Need for river maintenance relies on both the Value of the maintenance and the Likelihood of the necessity for maintenance. In the described methodology, Value and Likelihood are rated by water resources professionals using technical factors associated with river conditions, public interests, and water delivery. Each factor has individual criteria which are updated as state of the practice river hydraulic, geomorphic and ecological monitoring and assessment improve. The final relative Need for river maintenance is the product of the Value and Likelihood ratings at each location. In a pilot application test of the rating criteria, the Need for river maintenance was calculated for 10 sites and 2 reaches for the value-based technical factors of Public Health & Safety and Water Delivery. Resulting ratings from the pilot testing were consistent with professional and experiential judgment and objectively reflected the significance of the sites and reaches for the technical factors. Next steps for Need for river maintenance are the development of ecologic and cultural resource ratings.
Acoustic Detection of Arthropod Infestation of Grape Roots: Scouting for Grape Root Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

ABSTRACT The grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis Harris, is the principal pest of grapes (Vitis spp. L.) in Florida where chlorpyrifos is 1 of the few chemicals registered for its control. However, chlorpyrifos is not an ideal treatment because it is highly toxic to birds, fish, aquatic invertebrates, and honeybees. Also, the recommended timing of application conflicts with harvest dates. There is an effective cultural control method, known as mounding, but this method is currently cost prohibitive for commercial production and is not widely used. If mounding could be applied only to infested plants, the cost of this method would be reduced considerably. This study evaluated the potential of acoustics for detecting the larvae in-situ. Human listeners assessed likelihood of arthropod infestation for each site based on live acoustic samples as they were being recorded. Computer software later constructed acoustic indicators from these recordings that were used for computer assessment of infestation like...
Analysis of single rock blocks for general failure modes under conservative and non-conservative forces

After describing the kinematics of a generic rigid block subjected to large rotations and displacements, the Udwadia's General Principle of Mechanics is applied to the dynamics of a rigid block with frictional constraints to show that the reaction forces and moments are indeterminate. Thus, the paper presents an incremental-iterative algorithm for analysing general failure modes of rock blocks subject to generic forces, including non-conservative forces such as water forces. Consistent stiffness matrices have been developed that fully exploit the quadratic convergence of the adopted Newton–Raphson iterative scheme. The algorithm takes into account large block displacements and rotations, which together with non-conservative forces make the stiffness matrix non-symmetric. Also included in the algorithm are in situ stress and fracture dilatancy, which introduces non-symmetric rank-one modifications to the stiffness matrix. Progressive failure is captured by the algorithm, which has proven capable of detecting numerically challenging failure modes, such as rotations about only one point. Failure modes may originate from a limit point or from dynamic instability (divergence or flutter); equilibrium paths emanating from bifurcation points are followed by the algorithm. The algorithm identifies both static and dynamic failure modes. The calculation of the factor of safety comes with no overhead. Examples show the equilibrium path of a rock block that undergoes slumping failure must first pass through a bifurcation point, unless the block is laterally constrained. Rock blocks subjected to water forces (or other non-conservative forces) may undergo flutter failure before reaching a limit point. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Static intelligent backtracking restricted and-parallelism execution model

A complete static intelligent backtracking restricted and-parallel (RAP) execution model with five new instructions and a modified backtracking algorithm is described. A RAP supporting static intelligent backtracking abstract machine simulator is discussed. The simulator generates run-time statistics such as total run-time steps and total number of failures, etc., and runs a program in a round-robin fashion as it simulates an instruction on each of the multiple processors. Simulation results show that the total number of execution steps is decreased. Some failures which send a remote message and interrupt their parents in the RAP execution model are more expensive than in the sequential model because of the cost of the interprocessor communication. The total number of failures is decreased, thereby minimizing interprocessor communication cost. The simulation results show that the performance of a RAP abstract machine is improved by static intelligent backtracking. >
Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada

Structural analysis and geochronologic data indicate a nearly orthogonal, late Eocene–Oligocene flow pattern in migmatitic infrastructure immediately beneath the kilometer-thick, extensional, mylonitic shear zone of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex, Nevada. New U-Pb radiometric dating indicates that the development of a northward-trending lineation in the infrastructure is partly coeval with the development of a pervasive, west-northwest–trending lineation in the mylonitic shear zone. U-Pb monazite data from the leucogranite orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek indicate a crystallization age of ca. 36–39 Ma. Zircon fractions from a biotite monzogranite dike yield an age of ca. 29 Ma. The three dated samples from these units exhibit a penetrative, approximately north-south–trending elongation lineation. This lineation is commonly defined by oriented bundles of sillimanite and/or elongated aggregates of quartz and feldspar, indicating a synmetamorphic and syndeformational origin. The elongation lineation can be interpreted as a slip line in the flow plane of the migmatitic, nonmylonitic infrastructural core of the northern Ruby Mountains. A portion of this midcrustal flow is coeval with the well-documented, west-northwest sense of slip in the structurally overlying kilometer-thick, mid-Tertiary mylonitic shear zone. Lineations in the mylonitic zone are orthogonal to those in the deeper infrastructure, suggesting fundamental plastic decoupling between structural levels in this core complex. Furthermore, the infrastructure is characterized by overlapping, oppositely verging fold nappes, which are rooted to the east and west. One of the nappes may be synkinematic with the intrusion of the late Eocene orthogneiss of Thorpe Creek. In addition, the penetrative, elongation lineation in the infrastructure is subparallel to hinge lines of parasitic folds developed synchronous with the fold nappes, suggesting a kinematically related evolution. The area is evaluated in terms of a whole-crust extension model. Magmatic underplating in the lower crust stimulated the production of late Eocene–early Oligocene granitic magmas, which invaded metasedimentary and Mesozoic granitic rocks of the middle crust. The midcrustal rocks, weakened by the magmatic heat influx, acted as a low-viscosity compensating material, decoupled from an extending upper crust. The fold nappes and lineation trends suggest large-scale flow of the weakened crust into the study area. The inflow pattern in the migmatitic infrastructure can be interpreted as a manifestation of midcrustal migration into an area beneath a domain of highly extended upper crustal rocks. At present the inferred Eocene–early Oligocene phase of upper-crust extension remains unknown, but available data on relative and geochronologic timing are not inconsistent with our model of return flow into an area already undergoing large-scale upper-crustal extension.
Increased pedestrian mortality among the elderly.

Elderly pedestrians struck by motor vehicles have the highest mortality rate of all pedestrian injury victims. One thousand eighty-two motor vehicle-pedestrian accidents occurring in a metropolitan area over a 5-year period were studied. Age-specific injury rates and fatality rates were evaluated with respect to the injury severity scores (ISS) for all fatally injured autopsied pedestrians. Of the 1,082 injuries, 131 fatalities occurred. Mean ISSs were found to be significantly higher for pedestrians dying at the scene of the accident (mean ISS, 54.83) and higher for those dying in the emergency department (mean ISS, 45.18), than for pedestrians who died in the hospital (mean ISS, 30.57) (P < .0001). The mortality rate for pedestrians aged ≥60 years was substantially higher than for those adults aged <60 years of age (P < .001). Elderly patients involved in accidents were much more likely to die than younger pedestrians (44.6% v 10.4%; P < .0001). Elderly pedestrians were significantly overrepresented in the group of pedestrians dying in the hospital compared with younger injury victims (52.5% v 21.5%; P < .008). This study shows that elderly pedestrians struck by motor vehicles die at a higher rate because they succumb to injuries in the hospital more frequently than younger pedestrians. This may reflect the greater susceptibility of the elderly to metabolic, surgical, and infectious complications after admission to the hospital. A decrease in mortality rates of elderly patients suffering pedestrian injuries will probably follow improved in-hospital intensive care services for the elderly.
Book Reviews: Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy

(2000). Book Reviews: Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Environmental Practice: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 264-266.
GENETIC VARIATION IN BABOON CRANIOFACIAL SEXUAL DIMORPHISM

Sexual dimorphism is a widespread phenomenon and contributes greatly to intraspecies variation. Despite a long history of active research, the genetic basis of dimorphism for complex traits remains unknown. Understanding the sex-specific differences in genetic architecture for cranial traits in a highly dimorphic species could identify possible mechanisms through which selection acts to produce dimorphism. Using distances calculated from three-dimensional landmark data from CT scans of 402 baboon skulls from a known genealogy, we estimated genetic variance parameters in both sexes to determine the presence of gene-by-sex (G × S) interactions and X-linked heritability. We hypothesize that traits exhibiting the greatest degree of sexual dimorphism (facial traits in baboons) will demonstrate either stronger G × S interactions or X-linked effects. We found G × S interactions and X-linked effects for a few measures that span the areas connecting the face to the neurocranium but for no traits restricted to the face. This finding suggests that facial traits will have a limited response to selection for further evolution of dimorphism in this population. We discuss the implications of our results with respect to the origins of cranial sexual dimorphism in this baboon sample, and how the genetic architecture of these traits affects their potential for future evolution.
Diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis and Its Imitators

The diagnosis of MS requires central nervous system symptoms that are disseminated in time and space, and that have no better explanation. Dissemination in time and space may be demonstrated clinically or by MRI imaging. The differential diagnosis is broad, and requires the exclusion of several diseases that are described in the text. Following the new guidelines for the diagnosis of MS allows an early and accurate diagnosis of the disease.
The effect of DHEA given chronically to Zucker rats.

AbstractDehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been reported to exert antiglucocorticoid activity. When administered to obese, hypercorticosteronemic Zucker rats, it causes a diminution of food intake and a reduction in their rate of weight gain. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether this biologic effect could be ascribed to chronic adrenal insufficiency. Obese and lean Zucker rats were treated with DHEA as a food supplement for 28 days. Upon sacrifice, organ weights and serum chemistries were measured, along with neurotransmitter levels in regions of the hypothalamus. Results showed that although the obese animals gained weight more slowly, had lower insulin levels, and ate less, their serum glucose, corticosterone, and ACTH levels were not different from control. Hypothalamic neurotransmitters in the obese rat were unaffected by chronic DHEA treatment. We concluded that, although DHEA clearly affects Zucker weight gain, it does not induce chronic adrenal insufficiency.
ARCS-Motif

Motivation: The goal of motif discovery is to detect novel, unknown, and important signals from biology sequences. In most models, the importance of a motif is equal to the sum of the similarity of every single position. In 2006, Song et al. introduced Aggregated Related Column Score (ARCS) measure which includes correlation information to the evaluation of motif importance. The paper showed that the ARCS measure is superior to other measures. Due to the complicated nature of the ARCS motif model, we cannot directly apply existing sequential motif discovery methods to find motifs with high ARCS values. Results: This article presents a novel mining algorithm, ARCSMotif, to discover related sequential motifs in biological sequences. ARCS-Motif is applied to 400 PROSITE datasets and compared with five alternative methods (CONSENSUS, Gibbs sampler, MEME, SPLASH and DIALIGN-TX). ARCS-Motif outperforms all the methods in accuracy, and most of the methods in efficiency. Although SPLASH has better efficiency than ARCS-Motif, ARCS-Motif has much better accuracy than SPLASH. On average, ARCS-Motif is able to produce the motifs which are at least 10% better than the best of the alternative methods. Among the 400 PROSITE datasets, ARCS-Motif produces the best motifs for more than 200 families. Other than SPLASH, the execution time of ARCS-Motif is less than a third of that of the fastest alternative method and its execution time grows at the slowest rate with respect to the number of sequences and the average sequence among all methods. Availability: Software: http://beijing.case.edu/ARCS_Motif/ARCS_Motif; Results: http://beijing.case.edu/ARCS_Motif Contact: jiong.yang@case.edu
Adaptations for Cryopelagic Life in the Antarctic Notothenioid Fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki

The cryopelagic circumantarctic notothenioid fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki lives near the undersurface of the sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. When compared to closely related benthic species (especially Trematomus bernacchii), Pagothenia exhibited substantial morphological differences in a variety of organ systems. The values of the fineness ratio and the indices of trunk shape and flatness suggested streamlining and drag reduction, adaptations to life in the water column. Pagothenia also lacked substrate contact adaptations in the pelvic and anal fins. Silvery reflective layers (strata argentea) beneath the skin and in the iris and choroid of the eye provided camouflage when Pagothenia were viewed against a background of platelet ice. The retina had many cones indicating the eye was adapted to both diurnal and nocturnal vision. During the austral spring Pagothenia fed exclusively on nektonic organisms near the ice-water interface. Dietary diversity was low; copepods and amphipods were the most frequently occurring and amphipods were the most frequently occurring taxa. In conclusion, Pagothenia appear specialized for life in the water column.
A fundamental conflict between performance and passivity in haptic rendering

This paper identifies a fundamental limitation on haptic rendering performance induced by passivity requirements. This limitation arises when the target closed-loop response requires feedback compensation of hardware dynamics. The intrinsic human-in-the-loop nature of haptic rendering further requires passivity of the closed-loop response. The conflict between performance and passivity that we discuss is a consequence of feedback bandwidth constraints, not sampling or quantization. Key to our analysis is an interpretation of a Bode gain-phase integral relationship that relates magnitude at low frequencies to phase at high frequencies.
Evaluation of Insecticide Chemistries Against the Leek Moth (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), a New Pest in North America

Abstract The leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller), is a newly introduced micro-lepidopteran pest in North America that attacks Allium crops, including onion, leek, and garlic. Eggs are laid on leaves and emerging larvae may cause extensive damage by mining leaves, feeding on leaf surfaces and feeding directly on bulbs. Little is known about existing natural enemies for this pest in North America, but classical biological control introductions are underway in Canada. However, other management options are needed because the threat to the onion production industry in New York State and the Great Lakes Region is imminent. Laboratory studies showed that lambda cyhalothrin (Warrior® II), spinetoram (Radiant® SC), methomyl (Lannate® LV), chlorantraniliprole (Coragen®), and spinosad (Entrust®) significantly increased larval mortality, compared to the control, at 2, 4, and 8 days after treatment, while Bacillus thuringiensis and azadirachtin insecticides did not. These results are explained in part by the ...
Implications of Tumor Clonal Heterogeneity in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing

Recent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies have demonstrated that tumors typically comprise a founding clone and multiple subclones (i.e., clonal heterogeneity is common). The possible combination of mutations in each tumor clone is enormous, making each tumor genetically unique. Clonal heterogeneity likely has a role in cancer progression, relapse, metastasis, and chemoresistance due to functional differences in genetically unique subclones. In current clinical practice, gene mutations are only classified as being present or absent, ignoring the clonal complexity of cancers. In this review, we address how tumor clonality is measured using next-generation sequencing (NGS) data, highlight that clonal heterogeneity is common across multiple tumor types, and discuss the potential clinical implications of tumor clonal heterogeneity.
Flow Diverter Therapy With the Pipeline Embolization Device Is Associated With an Elevated Rate of Delayed Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Lesions.

Background and Purpose—Flow diversion using the Pipeline Embolization Device is reported as a safe treatment of aneurysms. Complete aneurysm occlusion, however, occurs in a delayed fashion with initial persistent filling of the aneurysm dome. We hypothesized that this transflow across metallic struts may be associated with thromboembolic events. Methods—Forty-one consecutive patients undergoing aneurysm treatment with the Pipeline Embolization Device and a comparison group of 78 Neuroform stent-mediated embolizations were studied. Patients’ charts, procedure notes, platelet function, and anticoagulation state were analyzed. Serial magnetic resonance images were assessed for the presence of newly occurring diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) lesions at multiple postprocedure time ranges (average days post procedure [Pipeline Embolization Device/Neuroform]: T1=1, T2=73/107, T3=174, T4=277/335, and T5=409). In addition, diffusion-weighted imaging or FLAIR burden was est...
Adult Development and the Practice of Psychotherapy

This chapter explores the implications of the field of adult development for the practice of psychotherapy. The study of adult development has transformed developmental psychology from the study of child development into a lifespan developmental psychology, now capable of offering a viable alternative frame of reference for psychotherapy practice to traditional conceptual frameworks rooted in the fields of psychiatry and clinical psychology. This chapter asks: In what ways does using lifespan developmental psychology as one’s primary conceptual frame of reference lead to differences in approaches to psychotherapy practice with adult clients, and/or to the training and supervision of adult psychotherapy practitioners?
Changes in the Regulatory Base of Russia's Budgetary Process in February 2015

In February 2015, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation approved a judicial act specifying the obligations of the federal budget in the sphere of guarantees of social protection of law-enforcement officers.
Gel spinning of UHMWPE fibers with polybutene as a new spin solvent

Gel spinning of UHMWPE fibers using low molecular weight polybutene (PB) as a new spin solvent was investigated. A 98/2 wt% PB/UHMWPE gel exhibits a melting temperature around 115°C and shows large-scale phase separation upon cooling the solution to room temperature. The resulting precursor fiber from this gel was hot-drawn to a ratio of 120, yielding a fiber with tensile strength of 4 GPa and Young's modulus of over 150 GPa. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction indicates good molecular orientation along the fiber axis. The results also demonstrate the potential to further improve the mechanical properties. With respect to the gel spinning industry, this new solvent has a number of advantages over paraffin oil and decahydronaphthalene, and holds a promise of greatly improving the process efficiency. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Noninvasive measurement of tumor hemoglobin dynamics using near-infrared spectroscopy

Dynamic changes in blood oxygenation of tumor vasculature grown on rats are measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Significant temporal changes in tumor oxygenation accompanying respiratory challenge are modeled by exponential expressions with fast and slow time constants.
Metallic Glass Formation Diagrams

The ability to predict ready glass formation (RGF) in binary alloy systems upon rapid cooling of the melt is of value both theoretically and practically. Two-dimensional maps show promise as a means of associating RGF with two system parameters which must have a combination of favorable values. In this paper, two types of glass formation diagrams are reviewed. One of these, the ΔH-r/R plot, is based on fundamental parameters which can, in principle, be derived from elemental quantities for each binary alloy system. The second type of diagram, the temperature-composition map, uses two equilibrium phase diagram features, namely reduced liquidus temperatures and reduced eutectic compositions to predict RGF. Both approaches are compared for binary alloys of Zr. The temperature-composition plot approach can be extended to predict qualitatively the RGF composition range of a given alloy system.
Development of Low Pt Loading Cathode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

The objective of this work is to develop low Pt loading oxygen reduction catalysts with high activity and good stability, which are essential for DOE's mission for next generation fuel cells. Two strategies are pursued: (1) The first approach involves the creation of hybrid cathode catalysts (HCC) that are a combination of N- containing carbon composite catalysts (CCC) developed at USC with platinum for oxygen reduction. Besides its own contribution to the overall catalyst activity (an advantage over conventional carbon black supports), the CCC can enhance the activity of the Pt through synergistic effects. (2) The second strategy involves the use of corrosion-resistant TiO 2 as a catalyst support for Pt to eliminate high degradation rate of the standard carbon support. The TiO 2 with high surface area is developed at USC, which is superior to carbon support in terms of stability at high potentials. Our preliminary experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategies are very promising in scientific and engineering aspects for developing low Pt loading cathode catalysts.
Using Image-space Singular Mode Vectors to Assess the Spatial Resolution of Fluorescence Tomography Instruments

Detailed singular mode analysis is used to define the spatial resolution of whole-body fluorescence tomography instruments. This proposed methodology provides image-space information that is complementary to singular values.
Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Switchgrass

Samples Alamo, Kanlow, GA993, and GA992 switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., were partitioned into two morphological portions, leaves and internodes, and analyzed for chemical compositions in the previous study. These samples underwent a hydrothermal pretreatment, followed by cellulase and cellobiase treatment. Hydrothermal pretreatment was found to provide comparable gravimetric yields ranging from 48.1 to 51.4%. However, cellulose digestibility of the pretreated leaf portion of the switchgrass exhibited 32.5% greater glucose yield (77.4%) than that of the internode portion (44.9%). The carbohydrate profiles, cellulose crystal structure, and degree of polymerization (DP) of the cellulose were analyzed for native and pretreated leaves and internodes. The results demonstrated that pretreated leaves and internodes had similar chemical constituent profiles and chemical structure for cellulose and lignin but significant differences for the DP of α-cellulose. The lower DP of cellulose for the pretreated leaf port...
Impact of the Rakoff Ruling

This essay published in the "Wall Street Lawyer" addresses the decision by District Judge Jed Rakoff's to reject the proposed settlement between Bank of America and the Securities Exchange Commission.
Reproductive Choice and Motherhood in the Context of Physical Disability

If some women with physical disabilities were raised without having their sexuality and womanhood acknowledged, many more received messages that reproduction and motherhood is off limits. According to a recent article on the subject, “the training against motherhood begins when a woman is diagnosed as disabled and continues throughout her childbearing years” (O’Toole, 2002, p. 82). Ten years ago, the journal Sexuality and Disability published a special issue on parenting with a disability. In the preface to this issue the editor stated that “the beliefs that people with a disability are unable to conceive and raise children are as pervasive today as they were twenty years ago” (Ducharme, 1993, p. 185). On the other hand, according to a 1996 article in a major Canadian newspaper, “…in doctors’ offices and on the street, the politics surrounding disabled parenthood is changing…there’s an awareness on the part of disabled women that it’s possible to become a parent, and an awareness on the part of health professionals not to discourage them” (Philip, 1996, p. A12).
Integration of new alternative reference strain genome sequences into the Saccharomyces genome database

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD; http://www.yeastgenome.org/) is the authoritative community resource for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference genome sequence and its annotation. To provide a wider scope of genetic and phenotypic variation in yeast, the genome sequences and their corresponding annotations from 11 alternative S. cerevisiae reference strains have been integrated into SGD. Genomic and protein sequence information for genes from these strains are now available on the Sequence and Protein tab of the corresponding Locus Summary pages. We illustrate how these genome sequences can be utilized to aid our understanding of strain-specific functional and phenotypic differences. Database URL: www.yeastgenome.org