cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific red cell adherence testing and radiotherapy

The presence or absence of measurable blood group antigens on the surface of a bladder carcinoma has aided in the prediction of the biologic potential of that patient's transitional cell carcinoma. Confusing data has arisen as to the reliability of the determination of specific red cell adherence testing following radiotherapy. The authors of this report have examined the presence of red cell antigens on the bladder tumor and adjacent uninvolved epithelium in patients before and after radiotherapy. Two groups of patients were studied: those receiving 2000 rad of radiation prior to radical cystectomy and those receiving 6000 rad as definitive therapy. In neither group did radiation therapy alone affect the measurement of blood-group antigens on the bladder carcinoma. In some cases the uninvolved mucosa does show alteration in the measurement of the blood-group antigens before and after radiotherapy, and thiotepa instilled intravesically after radiotherapy may affect the measurement of the uninvolved mucosa as well as the bladder tumor itself.
The Veneziano amplitude from interacting string field theory

The Veneziano amplitude is derived from a gauge invariant interacting string field theory recently proposed to describe the open bosonic string. This is accomplished by conformally mapping the four-string world-sheet to the upper half-plane.
Principal component analysis of vector-valued functions of four dimensions

Quaternions are used to formulate the principal component problem for vector-valued functions of four dimensions, offering advantages analogous to using complex numbers for vector-valued functions of two dimensions. Two examples of four-dimensional vectors which are candidates for this type of analysis are: (i) a weighted potential temperature perturbation and three velocity components, whose variance is proportional to the total energy (available potential energy plus kinetic energy); and (ii) a two-dimensional velocity field and its Hilbert transform, where principal components can describe propagating disturbances.
Attachment and pairbonding

Relative to other primates, Homo sapiens are born immature. To survive, they require intensive provisioning and nurturance across many years. One evolved mechanism for fostering such caregiving is for parents to pairbond — to develop and sustain a deep emotional connection to each other — which bolsters fathers’ contributions to childrearing. Such paternal investment increases the likelihood that offspring survive long enough to reproduce. On average, once a pairbond has formed, partners typically provide each other with emotional and motivational support and, ultimately, promote each other's psychological and physical health. Furthermore, they tend to exert themselves to sustain the pairbonded relationship over time, including by engaging in biased cognitive processing to derogate alternative romantic partners.
Instructor touch enhanced college students’ evaluations

Touch between people is associated with several outcomes, including reduced stress, more positive mood, enhanced feelings of closeness, and positive behavioral change. However, the potential utility of touch rarely has been examined in a college sample, with teachers touching their students. In the present study, we used instrumental touch operationalized as teaching students to take their pulse on the wrist; a control group was not touched. We assessed motivation, attitudes toward the instructor and the lecture, and quiz grades based on the lecture. Results indicated that touch increased motivation and attitudes toward the teacher and lecture. We suggest that instructors can use touch as a way to develop rapport, increase student motivation, and improve attitudes toward the instructor and course. Future research should evaluate appropriate forms of touch, possible moderation by student or instructor gender, and potential long-term benefits of using touch in the classroom.
Differential Gene Regulation by PPARγ Agonist and Constitutively Active PPARγ2

The PPARγ is a key adipogenic determination factor. Ligands for PPARγ such as antidiabetic thiazolidinedione (TZD) compounds are adipogenic, and many adipocyte genes that are activated by TZDs contain binding sites for PPARγ. Like ligands for other nuclear receptors, TZDs can regulate genes positively or negatively. Here, we sought to understand the importance of positive regulation of gene expression by PPARγ in adipogenesis. Fusion of the potent viral transcriptional activator VP16 to PPARγ2 (VP16-PPARγ) created a transcription factor that constitutively and dramatically activated transcription of PPARγ-responsive genes in the absence of ligand. Forced expression of VP16-PPARγ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using retroviral vectors led to adipogenesis in the absence of standard differentiating medium or any exogenous PPARγ ligand. Gene microarray analysis revealed that VP16-PPARγ induced many of the genes associated with adipogenesis and adipocyte function. Thus, direct up-regulation of gene expression by PPAR...
A comparison of membrane cascades, some one-compressor recycle permeators, and distillation

Abstract For more than a decade the continuous membrane column (CMC) has been touted as being a revolutionary separation device since it is capable of producing a highly enriched product without cascading. Most studies have ignored membrane cascades in favor of the one-compressor permeator (OCP) designs, implying that a CMC or one of the other OCPs is always more efficient than multi-compressor cascades. Moreover, it has been claimed that a CMC is completely analogous to a packed distillation column, and the design and performance of CMCs have been analyzed in terms of concepts developed for equilibrium processes. This paper shows how basic separation science and cascade theory applies both to membrane permeation and distillation, and shows that a CMC cannot be analogous to distillation because the recycle flow pattern in distillation is characteristic of that in a countercurrent recycle cascade (CRC), while it is not in a CMC. On the other hand, a number of membrane permeators can be connected in series to form the recycle flow pattern of a CRC. A theoretical comparison of the performance of ideal CMCs with membrane CRCs provides an insight as to why some of the one-compressor permeator designs require much larger membrane areas and compressor duties than that required by CRCs to obtain the same separation. Although the enrichment that occurs in a CMC is increased with increasing recycle rate similar to that in a CRC, the mechanism is entirely different in the two designs. It is suggested that a CMC and some of the other OCPs are single permeation stages with enrichment that depends both on recycle rate and cut. The consequences of some of the thermodynamic distinctions between the rate-governed permeation and equilibrium processes such as distillation are briefly explored.
Against Civic Education in Public Schools

Abstract Both liberals and conservatives agree that civic education must go beyond civic knowledge and civic skills to include proper civic motives and dispositions; that is, they all properly agree that civic education must aim at civic virtue, even if they disagree about which precise virtues ought to be learned. Unfortunately, both liberals and conservatives also agree that such an education in civic virtue is the responsibility of public schools. But just because civic virtues must be learned does not mean that they can be taught—let alone that they can be taught in school. By assessing the best empirical studies of the effectiveness of civic education in schools, I show that civic schooling aimed at civic virtue is at best ineffective and is, indeed, often counterproductive. Moreover, advocates of civic schooling argue that schools need a compelling moral purpose and that civic education is the most appropriate moral purpose in a diverse democratic society. These normative arguments fail to grasp tha...
Comparative Analysis of Prediction Accuracy from Daylighting Simulation Tools

ABSTRACTIn this article, a validation analysis of predictions from selected daylighting simulation capabilities is presented. The daylighting simulation tools considered in the study include EnergyPlus Detailed, EnergyPlus DELight, DAYSIM, and SPOT (Sensor Placement and Orientation Tool). The National Research Council of Canada provided detailed site and sensor data for an experiment recording daylight exposure throughout a side-lit private office space using various daylighting strategies. The site information provided included geometry of the space and daylighting test cases through detailed SketchUp models. Reflectivity and transmittance properties of experiment surfaces and windows were well documented to enable accurate replication in daylighting models. On-site weather data were also collected to allow the test environment to be repeated. Illuminance measurements at 5-min intervals at 12 sensor locations within the space allowed computer simulations to be thoroughly tested. The three daylighting tes...
Efficient face recognition using shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator

A new shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation technique is proposed in this paper for invariant face recognition while accommodating expression and illumination variations. The enhanced local binary pattern operator is utilized in the preprocessing stage for facial feature extraction. A phase-shifted and phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (FJTC) is implemented in order to remove any overlapping patterns among the input scene objects and to better utilize the space bandwidth product, which are major drawbacks of classical JTC. Test results obtained using the Yale Face Database and the extended Yale Face Database B is presented to verify the efficiency of the proposed technique. Test results are then compared with alternate JTC techniques such as shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation.
ACHIEVEMENT AS A MOMENTARY EVENT, AS A CONTINUING STATE, LOCUS OF CONTROL: A CLARIFICATION

Summary.-The rclar~onship between locus of control and achievement is clarified by disaggrcgat~ng achievement into a momentary event (standardized test results) and cont~nuing state (grade-point average) utilizing a path diagram approach. Although there are no subscantial correlations among socioeconomic status, sex, and locus of control in this study, the three variables predict school achievement as a continuing state (R = 33) considerably better than they do as a momentary event (R = .56) of 174 students in Grade 8. Many researchers have investigated the relationships which sex, intelligence, race, and socioeconomic status have with cognitive achievement. Some researchers have also focused on determining the influence certain personality variables such as self-esteem and locus of control might have upon achievement behaviors (Nowicki, Duke, & Crouch, 1978). Locus of conrrol is essentially Rotter's (1966) concept of internal and external control of reinforcement, a generalized expectancy regarding the causal relationship between behavior and its consequences. Rotter has hypothesized a social learning theory model in which persons who hold an expectancy of internal control perceive events or consequences as contingent upon their own behavior, whereas persons with an external perception fail to see the connection between their efforts and their consequences. If lm~s of control is a generalized expectancy, then externality should result in a child's failure to perceive the relationship between his intellectual striving and achievement. Without a reason to engage in academic activities the "externally oriented child" should not exhibit the type of behavior necessary for school success. Conversely, the internal child, perceiving a relationship berween his efforts and achievement, should direct efforts towards academic pursuits resulting in school achievement. The available research investigating the relationship between locus of control and achievement has yielded conflicting results. Lefcourt (1976, p. 71), after reviewing several studies which attempt to relate various locus of control measures to achievement, states ". . . the relationships between various measures of locus of control and achievement behaviors are often riddled with inconsistent and, as 'Authorship is shared jointly. We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Connie Cox in collecting data and the su~~ort of the Dean of the Graduate School and Research of Miami Universitv. '~'equest reprints from the authors, School of Education and Allied ~rofessions, 201 McGuffey Hall, Miami University. Oxford, Ohio 45056.
High-risk Ewing's sarcoma: end-intensification using autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Abstract Because of a retrospective analysis showing survival to be related to primary tumor size, in February 1982 a study to test this hypothesis prospectively was begun at the University of Florida. Patients with primary tumors 8 cm or less in maximum diameter and no metastases received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and dactinomycin plus radiotherapy or surgery (standard-risk protocol). All others received a similar regimen followed by end-intensification with high-dose melphalan and autologous bone marrow transplantation (Protocol HR-2). Because of poor results of HR-2, another high-risk protocol (HR-3) was initiated in January 1985. Patients on HR-3 received 2 cycles of chemotherapy containing vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin followed by local radiation therapy and maintenance chemotherapy. At the end of this therapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) was performed, using a preparatory regimen of total body irradiation and intensive chemotherapy. The 2-year disease-free survival rate was 70% for the standard-risk protocol, 20% for HR-2, and 80% for HR-3. The follow-up on HR-3 is still short, but the results are promising enough to warrant further clinical trials.
Recent developments in drug delivery to prolong allograft survival in lung transplant patients

Since the discovery of cyclosporine in 1971, calcineurin inhibitors have played a critical role in the therapeutic suppression of the immune response. Patients receiving solid organ transplants rely heavily on these medications to prevent the acute and chronic rejection of allografted tissue. These therapies can prove difficult because of potential toxicity, heightened risk of invasive infection, and erratic oral bioavailability, requiring frequent blood samples for monitoring of systemic levels. Added challenges are presented in immunosuppression of lung transplant patients owing to the increased susceptibility to invasive infection and extensive immune mechanisms inherent in lung tissue. With the introduction of tacrolimus, a more potent calcineurin inhibitor, clinical outcomes of transplants have continued to improve; however, little improvement has been noted in lung transplantation. While very effective upon arrival at the site of action, tacrolimus and cyclosporine present a variety of formulation challenges such as poor solubility, potential systemic toxicity, and extensive first pass metabolism. Initial attempts to improve solubility in both oral and intravenous formulations have resulted in variable drug absorption and increased systemic toxicity, respectfully, creating a need for formulation improvement. Through alternative routes of delivery and novel formulation techniques, researchers have addressed these issues and, in some cases, demonstrated improved clinical outcomes. Through enhanced solubilization, reduction in absorption variability, and more effective drug targeting with reduced systemic levels, improvements in outcomes and overall patient survival in lung and other solid organ transplantation can be expected.
A note on more operator versions of the Schwarz inequality

It is shown that for any (n + 1)-positive (possibly non-linear) map Φ and any bounded linear operators A i ,i = 1,¨,n we have [Φ(A i *A j )]i,j = 1*≥[Φ(A i )*Φ(A j )]i,j = 1*, and that the statement is false if "(n + 1)-positive" is replaced by "n-positive". This resolves an issue raised by Bhatia and Davis in relation to a Schwartz inequality which can be regarded as a non-commutative variance-covariance inequality [2]
The role of the GABAergic and dopaminergic systems in the brain response to an intragastric load of alcohol in conscious rats

Abstract The brain's response to ethanol intake has been extensively investigated using electrophysiological recordings, brain lesion techniques, and c-Fos immunoreactivity. However, few studies have investigated this phenomenon using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the present study, we used fMRI to investigate the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal response to an intragastric (IG) load of ethanol in conscious, ethanol-naive rats. An intragastrically infused 10% ethanol solution induced a significant decrease in the intensity of the BOLD signal in several regions of the brain, including the bilateral amygdala (AMG), nucleus accumbens (NAc), hippocampus, ventral pallidum, insular cortex, and cingulate cortex, and an increase in the BOLD signal in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and hypothalamic regions. Treatment with bicuculline, which is an antagonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptor, increased the BOLD signal intensity in the regions that had shown decreases in the BOLD signal after the IG infusion of 10% ethanol solution, but it did not affect the BOLD signal increase in the hypothalamus. Treatment with SCH39166, which is an antagonist of D1-like receptors, eliminated the increase in the BOLD signal intensity in the hypothalamic areas but did not affect the BOLD signal decrease following the 10% ethanol infusion. These results indicate that an IG load of ethanol caused both a GABA A receptor–mediated BOLD decrease in the limbic system and the cortex and a D1-like receptor-mediated BOLD increase in the hypothalamic regions in ethanol-naive rats.
Shielding of infrared edge and synchrotron radiation

Long-wavelength edge and synchrotron radiation from an electron storage ring may be suppressed by nearby vacuum chamber walls. The suppression, known as shielding, occurs at wavelengths where the walls upstream of an observer reflect a large portion of the radiation within the near-field region. For a beamline whose vertical entrance aperture equals the vacuum chamber height, shielding is not expected at wavelengths where the radiation opening angle is smaller than that subtended by the entrance aperture.
PKC alpha-dependent regulation of the IGF1 receptor in adult and embryonic rat cardiomyocytes.

In both, the adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and the embryonic rat heart cell line, H9c2, acute exposure to IGF1 resulted in activation of the IGF1 receptor’s internal tyrosine kinase, and this was completely blocked by the PKC alpha inhibitor, Go6976. In addition, RNA interference using siRNA mediated gene silencing of PKC alpha–inhibited IGF1 receptor activity and blocked PKC alpha expression in H9c2 cells. Biochemical experiments demonstrate that PKC alpha is associated with the IGF1R (beta subunit) only after acute IGF1 exposure, and this may suggest that there is a direct interaction and possibly a PKC alpha phosphorylation site within the internal IGF1 receptor domain. The downstream effects of blocking PKC alpha activity by exposure to Go6976 include inhibition of IGF1-stimuated PI3 kinase activity and reduced IGF1-stimulated c-fos expression in the adult cardiomyocytes. Previously, the laboratory has reported that IGF1 activates PKC alpha in adult rat cardiomyocytes, and that PKC alpha activity is required for IGF1-dependent Erk/Erk2 activity and protein synthesis. Here, it is shown that IGF1-dependent protein synthesis is completely blocked by PD98059, indicating that the Raf-Mek-Erk cascade is required for IGF1’s anabolic activity. Pretreatment with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3 kinase, blocked IGF1-stimulated Erk1/Erk2 activity; therefore, PI3 kinase may also be required for IGF1-dependent protein synthesis. In H9c2 cells, coincubation with PMA lead to an increase in the rate of the IGF1 receptor activation, and this may further implicate a role for PKC in regulating the IGF1R. In conclusion, PKC alpha plays an essential role in the IGF1-signaling cascade, including the regulation of key signaling proteins involved in cell signaling and gene expression, and this may primarily be due to PKC alpha directly regulating the IGF1R.
Cyclotron production of carrier-free cobalt-55, a new positron-emitting label for bleomycin

A method for producing carrier-free 55Co (18.5 h) by proton bombardment of natural iron targets is presented. 55Co is formed primarily by means of the 56Fe (p, 2n)55Co reaction. Thin-target and thick-target yields as well as cross-section calculations are given in the 15-MeV to 40-MeV proton-energy range. Half-life measurements indicate a value of 18.5 h for 55Co. Chemical purification of the 55Co from the iron target is described. 56Co, 52Mn, and 54Mn were found as radionuclidic impurities in the final preparation. The 55Co solution contains less than 0.5 μg/ml of iron contamination. Synthesis of 55Co-bleomycin results in better than 99% labeling yield.
Outpatient Tonsillectomy in Children: Demographic and Geographic Variation in the United States, 2006

Objectives To examine geographic and demographic variation for outpatient tonsillectomy in children nationally. Study design The 2006 National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery was analyzed to describe outpatient tonsillectomy in children. Rates by age, sex, region, urban/rural residence, and payment source were calculated with 2006 population estimates from the Census Bureau and the National Health Interview Survey as denominators. Rates were compared with Z tests. Results In 2006, approximately 583 000 (95% CI, 370 000-796 000) outpatient tonsillectomy procedures were performed in children in the United States. Rates per 10 000 children were lower in children 13 to 17 years old (33.8 per 10 000) than in both children 7 to 12 years old (91.3; P P P P P P Conclusions Use of tonsillectomy in the ambulatory setting varies across age groups, geographic regions, levels of urbanization, and indication. Further research is warranted to examine these differences.
THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF CLASSICAL CHARGES

The problem of the physical solutions of the Dirac equation for classical charges is not the usual initial value problem of Newtonian dynamics where the motion is determied by initial position and velocity. Asymptotic conditions must simultaneously be fulfilled. This undesirable feature is eliminated if one uses a set of integro-differential equations of second order as the basic equations of motion. These are equivalent to the Dirac equation together with the asymptotic conditions, and pose a Newtonian initial value problem with no further conditions. The''principle of undetectability of small charges'' which states that in the limit e yields 0 the motion of a charged particle must approach the motion of a neutral particle of the same mass can be shown to be valid on the basis of these equations, a fact, which is not generally valid for the solutions of the Dirac equations. A successive approximation procedure is developed valid for a large class of external forces. The ''noninstant'' character of the new equations is discussed and is shown to be observable in principle. But causality is not violated within the domain of validity of classical electrodynamics. One obtains a consistent theory which can have physical solutions in agreement withmore » experiments for all nonquantam mechanical problems. (auth)« less
Bronchoscopy for Atelectasis in the ICU:A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy has become a commonplace procedure in ICUs. Despite the fact that one of the most common indications for bronchoscopy is the presence of retained secretions and atelectasis, there is little research dedicated to its safety and utility in this clinical situation. This article presents a case of an intubated trauma victim who had undergone numerous bronchoscopic procedures, with varying degrees of success, for retained secretions and atelectasis. This review then seeks to answer the following three main questions regarding bronchoscopy in critically ill patients: (1) Is bronchoscopy effective in resolving atelectasis? (2) Is bronchoscopy superior to other means of resolving atelectasis? (3) Is bronchoscopy safe in critically ill patients? The patient was a 28-year-old man with no significant medical history who presented to the emergency department after his car was hit by a dump truck. He was found to have multiple leg fractures and a splenic rupture, and he was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy, splenectomy, and reduction of his fractures. He was then brought to the surgical ICU intubated, sedated, and receiving mechanical ventilation. Over the next 6 h, he developed progressive hypoxemia and diffuse, bilateral alveolar infiltrates on a chest radiograph (CXR). Four days postoperatively, a routine CXR revealed total atelectasis of his right upper lobe (RUL). Emergent bronchoscopy was performed, and a large mucus plug obscuring the RUL bronchus was removed. Follow-up CXR demonstrated resolution of the atelectasis. The next day, RUL atelectasis was again seen on his CXR. A repeat bronchoscopic examination and BAL failed to reveal any plug. A follow-up CXR showed continued atelectasis. Over the next week, the patient underwent daily bronchoscopy for atelectasis with variable degrees of improvement. Over the next 3 weeks, his pulmonary status improved until he was eventually extubated, and 1 month after hospital admission he was discharged to rehabilitation.
Triclabendazole protects yeast and mammalian cells from oxidative stress: Identification of a potential neuroprotective compound

The Prestwick and NIH chemical libraries were screened for drugs that protect baker’s yeast from sugar-induced cell death (SICD). SICD is triggered when stationary-phase yeast cells are transferred from spent rich medium into water with 2% glucose and no other nutrients. The rapid, apoptotic cell death occurs because reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate. We found that triclabendazole, which is used to treat liver flukes in cattle and man, partially protects against SICD. Characterization of triclabendazole revealed that it also protects yeast cells from death induced by the Parkinson’s disease-related protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn), which is known to induce the accumulation of ROS.
Minimal residual disease testing of acute leukemia by flow cytometry immunophenotyping: A retrospective comparison of detection rates with flow cytometry DNA ploidy or FISH-based methods

The detection and quantification of minimal residual leukemia (MRD) has importance for monitoring continued disease response and detection of early relapse. We retrospectively compared MRD detection rates and percentages of residual leukemia by flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCIP) with results obtained by either flow cytometry DNA (FCDNA) ploidy (n = 14) and/or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) (n = 33) testing for cases with 1.5% or less residual leukemia. A total of 42 paired results were obtained from 20 pediatric patients, including 16 with B lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia and 4 patients with acute myeloid leukemia during the course of induction and/or relapse. Eighty-one percent of the results were concordant (20 negative and 14 positive). There was reasonable correlation coefficients for quantity of residual disease by FCIP and FCDNA ploidy, and poor correlation coefficients for levels of residual disease between FCIP- and FISH-based results. FCIP MRD sensitivity and specificity was 78% and 83%, respectively. Factors contributing to the 19% discordant rate include low sensitivity of the DNA-based methods as applied and antigenic modulation of immunophenotype during the course of treatment. There is a reasonable agreement between the FCIP and FCDNA or FISH methods for detecting and quantifying MRD. However, the methods are viewed as complementary with their own inherent limitations.
The precordial accelerogram in ischemic heart disease. A study of middle-aged and old-patients with angina pectoris; recent and old myocardial infarction.

Abstract Of 281 patients with ischemic heart disease, 93.3 per cent had abnormal precordial acceleration tracings. Of 117 patients with old and (definite or possible) recent myocardial infarction, 94.5 per cent had diastolic pulsatory abnormalities. Of this last group, 96.5 per cent had two or more distorted phases in one cardiac cycle. In patients with a definite anginal syndrome and a normal electrocardiogram, 66.6 per cent of the tracings were abnormal and the incidence of diastolic pulsatory abnormalities was 53 per cent. A correlation of “statistically abnormal” tracings with individual clinical data was possible by graded classification. In doubtful or borderline cases, precordial accelerography supplemented conventional methods.
Effects of epinephrine upon progressive irritability of hibernating Citellus lateralis.

Abstract 1. 1. Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine to hibernating Citellus lateralis show that progressively smaller dosages are required to evoke arousal as the hibernating period progresses. Fifty μg cause arousal at the beginning of the hibernating period whereas 2·5 μg do not evoke arousal until approximately 30 per cent of the hibernating period has elapsed. The dose-response relationship is linear. 2. 2. Dosages which do not evoke complete arousal result in partial arousal. 3. 3. Dosages up to 20 μg of norepinephrine cause neither calorigenesis nor premature arousal.
Transanal rectovaginal fistula repair

In this update, 15 additional successful transanal repairs followed for one to six years postoperatively for low rectovaginal fistulas without colostomies are added to the uniformly successful 20 patients presented in a 1978 report. Changes in perioperative routines have greatly enhanced cost efficiency and these modifications are enumerated. The repair still encompasses total excision of the epithelialized fistula, and reapproximation of the attenuated septal fibers and anal sphincter mechanism, as well as the caudad rectal mucosal advancement that covers and protects the repair from the fecal stream and the high intraluminal pressures of defecation. Once again, we have excluded inflammatory, neoplastic, and irradiation-caused fistulas from this discussion, although we, as well as others, have applied this technique in selected cases.
"Typical of Her Race": Cultural Pluralism and the Editorial Records of Survey Graphic

This article reconstructs the editorial politics of early cultural pluralism by examining the records of the progressive magazine The Survey and its illustrated monthly edition Survey Graphic. By following several behind-the-scenes discussions among editors, contributors, and readers of the magazine's special Race Series (which included the famous 1925 "Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro" edition), it sheds light on both the racial unconscious of early cultural pluralism, as evident in editorial discussions, and the complex and often tortured representational politics of the pluralist project at the magazine. The article turns specifically to editorial correspondence concerning special editions of the magazine that were dedicated to the European gypsy, the so-called New Negro, and the New Immigrants.
An objective method for measuring dyskinetic movements in tardive dyskinesia

Abstract A simple technique for producing an objective electrophysiological record of abnormal mouth and finger movements in patients suffering from tardive dyskinesia is described. The method is non-invasive, simple, and acceptable for use in psychiatric patients.
Perdues dans les détails: les Lettres de Mistriss Henley de Charrière et I‘écriture de la désintégration

Le court roman epistolaire et monophonique d'Isabelle de Charriere datant de 1784, les Lettres de Mistriss Henley, traite d'une facon particulierement originale le debat sur le mariage et la famille etabli dans le sillage de Rousseau. Charriere met en question les valeurs de la raison, du devoir et de l'utilite qui president a l'elaboration de ce debat, dans un texte ou le detail occupe paradoxalement une place de premier plan: paradoxalement, parce que le detail est une partie secondaire, accessoire, inessentielle d'un ensemble, et connote l'insignifiant, le frivole ou le superflu. La valorisation de ce que l'heroine nomme les «petits riens» est une strategie d'opposition a l'egard de la totalite contraignante que forme le mariage. Je traite le detail sur le plan narratif (comme objet romanesque, procede de caracterisation) et sur le plan stylistique (dans l'effet de negativite et de desintegration que produit son emploi), pour simultanement incorporer ces analyses a une etude du statut ideologique du detail dans ses dimensions psychologiques, morales, esthetiques et en derniere instance politiques.
Optimal Frame Selection for H.264/AVC FMO Coding

In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency of flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) coding in H.264/AVC by optimal frame selection. More specifically, through a distortion-rate analysis, the algorithm selects the best frames to be coded with FMO, with the constraint of a reduced total bit rate. With the algorithm, the error resilience capability provided by the original FMO is maximally retained despite the bit rate reduction. This effectively results in a bit rate saving which can be used for other purposes. The algorithm can be combined with other error resilience techniques. From the experimental results, up to 70% reduction of the extra bit rate has been observed.
Perceived Racism and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African American College Students

Experiences with racial discrimination may contribute to stress-induced blood pressure (BP) elevations among African Americans. It was reported that perceived racism was associated with ambulatory BP (ABP) during waking hours. This study examined perceived racism and ABP among 40 African American college students, who completed an ABP assessment from which daytime and nighttime averages were computed. Perceived frequency of experiences with racism and racial discrimination was measured using the Perceived Racism Scale. Controlling for gender and body mass index, perceived racism in academic settings was associated with higher diastolic BP (DBP) during waking hours and nighttime sleep. Systolic BP (SBP) was unrelated to perceived racism, and perceived racism in the public realm and in statements from Whites was unrelated to ABP. Perceived racism in academic settings predicted ambulatory DBP among college students. Previous laboratory research has found stronger effects of perceived racism for DBP than SBP....
Initiation of osteoporosis assessment in the fracture clinic results in improved osteoporosis management: a randomised controlled trial

Summary Osteoporosis management post fragility fracture has traditionally been deficient with up to 60–90 % of patients remaining untreated for osteoporosis in some studies. Efforts have been made to address this deficiency with some successes reported.
The Evolutionary Process during Pyrolytic Transformation of Poly(N-methylsilazane) from a Preceramic Polymer into an Amorphous Silicon Nitride/Carbon Composite

The pyrolytic evolution of poly(N-methylsilazane), –[H2SiN-Me]x–, from preceramic polymer to ceramic product is followed by heating samples of the partially cross-linked polymer, in 200°C increments, from ambient temperature to 1400°C. The intermediate products are characterized by chemical analysis, diffuse reflectance Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Raman spectroscopy, and 29Si and 13C magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR. Spectro-scopic characterization indicates that the 1400°C pyrolysis products are amorphous silicon nitride mixed with amorphous and graphitic carbon (as determined by Raman spectroscopy), rather than silicon carbide nitride, as expected based on the presence of up to 20 mol% retained carbon. Efforts to crystallize the silicon nitride through heat treatments up to 1400°C do not lead to any crystalline phases, as established by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-area electron diffraction (SAD). It appears that the presence of free carbon, along with the absence of oxygen, strongly inhibits crystallization of amorphous silicon nitride. These results contrast with the isostructural poly-(Si-methylsilazane), –[MeHSiNH]x–, which is reported to form silicon carbide nitride on pyrolysis.
Retinal blood flow response to posture change in glaucoma patients compared with healthy subjects.

Purpose To characterize the retinal vascular autoregulatory response to ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) changes in patients with glaucoma and in healthy control subjects. Design Observational cohort study. Participants Eighteen patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and 8 control subjects, all females ages 40 to 60 years, were studied. Only subjects with known maximum intraocular pressure less than 22 mmHg in both eyes were included. Methods Arterial diameter and blood speed in the inferior temporal retinal artery of the left eye were measured simultaneously at baseline while sitting, while reclining for approximately 30 minutes, and once again sitting using a retinal laser Doppler instrument. Blood flow rate was computed automatically. Brachial artery blood pressure and heart rate also were measured. Main Outcome Measure Change in blood flow rate while reclining for approximately 30 minutes compared with baseline blood flow rate measured while seated. Results In control subjects, arterial diameter decreased by 7.5±3.4% ( P = 0.0003) and blood speed increased by 24.6±10.8% ( P = 0.004) while reclining compared with baseline. The concomitant change in the blood flow rate (6.5±12.0%; P = 0.15) compared with baseline was not statistically significant. In contrast, OAG patients showed a much broader range of blood flow changes in response to posture change (14.9±37.7%; P = 0.086) compared with baseline. Although there were no significant differences in the flow changes compared with baseline in either group, there was a significant difference in the variance of the blood flow changes in the OAG patients compared with the controls ( P = 0.0025). Division of the OAG patients into subgroups revealed a significant ( P = 0.031) association between baseline OPP and the retinal blood flow response to posture change. Conclusions The authors describe the hemodynamic details of retinal vascular autoregulation in response to posture-induced changes in OPP in healthy subjects and document the lack of such autoregulation in a selected group of patients with OAG.
Intraperitoneal delivery of monoclonal antibodies: enhanced regional delivery advantage using intravenous unlabeled anti-mouse antibody.

Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (MAb) delivered intraperitoneally expose cells in contact with peritoneal fluid to considerably higher levels of MAb than if the MAb dose were given intravenously. This regional delivery advantage for intact MAb is present mainly due to the relatively slow exit of MAb from the peritoneal fluid to the blood. Eventually, following i.p. injection, blood levels of MAb rise resulting in exposure of the animal to high systemic MAb levels and potential toxicity. In this series of experiments, systemic exposure was minimized by the administration of unlabeled goat polyclonal anti-mouse antibody intravenously from 1 1/2 to 6 h following i.p. MAb injection. This maneuver results in the formation of immune complexes with their subsequent clearance and dehalogenation by the reticuloendothelial system, thus minimizing systemic MAb exposure. This approach, of increasing systemic clearance of MAb, did not alter intraperitoneal MAb levels and thus significantly increased the regional delivery advantage to the peritoneal cavity by 70-100%. This approach provides an immunologic rationale for the further enhancement of MAb delivery to i.p. foci of malignant disease and may have diagnostic and therapeutic utility.
The Impact of Gown-Use Requirement on Hand Hygiene Compliance

Background. Hand hygiene compliance remains low, despite its effectiveness in preventing infections. Gowns are routinely used to reduce dissemination of organisms within hospitals. Use of gowns is time consuming and costly, and their effectiveness, compared with that of hand hygiene alone, is debated. Among the arguments supporting a gown-use requirement is the potential to boost awareness of infection control, leading to improved hand hygiene compliance. Methods. Hand hygiene compliance was recorded in a 14-month crossover trial comparing compliance at 2 intensive care units during periods with and without a gown-use requirement. Results. During 170 h of observation, 1619 hand hygiene opportunities were recorded. Compliance was 10% before care was given and 36% after care was given. Compliance with glove and gown use was 62% and 63%, respectively. After-care hand hygiene compliance for nurses, physicians, and therapists was 40%, 38%, and 22%, respectively. Compliance after patient contact, body fluid contact, and other in-room activity was 42%, 48%, and 22%, respectively. For periods with and without a gown-use requirement, overall after-care compliance (37% vs. 34%) and rates by personnel and activity type were similar. In the subgroup of patients on contact precautions, hand hygiene compliance during the period with a gown-use requirement versus the period without a gown-use requirement was 11% versus 10% (P = .85) before care was given and 45% versus 39% (P = .09) after care was given. In this subgroup, after adjustment for type of in-room activity, medical personnel, intensive care unit, and observer, the predicted after-care hand hygiene compliance during periods with and without a gown-use requirement was 48% versus 41% (P = .02). Conclusions. The hypothesis that a gown-use requirement might improve hand hygiene compliance in the intensive care unit could not be confirmed. In the subgroup of patients on contact precautions, improvement in hand hygiene compliance associated with the gown-use requirement was small and did not affect precare rates.
Neuropeptide Y Inhibits Chromaffin Cell Nicotinic Receptor- Stimulated Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity through a Receptor- Linked G Protein-Mediated Process

Acetylcholine stimulation of bovine chromaffin cells results in increased norepinephrine and epinephrine secretion accompanied by a corresponding increase in synthesis. The addition of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to the culture medium prevents the increase in catecholamine synthesis but not secretion. Treatment of chromaffin cells with nicotine produces a concentration-dependent increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity (IC50 = 1.2 microM) that is reduced if NPY is present during stimulation. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity decreases in a concentration-dependent fashion if increasing amounts of NPY are included in the culture medium, IC50 = 0.2 nM. Treatment with pertussis toxin completely prevents the effect of NPY. The rank order of potency for inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity is NPY > or = [Leu31,Pro34]NPY > or = peptide YY > NPY2-36 > NPY13-36 > NPY18-36 > or = NPY26-36 >> NPY1-30, suggesting a NPY-Y1 receptor subtype. Examination of the effect of NPY on nicotine stimulation of chromaffin cell protein phosphorylation showed that NPY produces a concentration-dependent decrease in a 60-kDa protein, IC50 = 6.4 nM. The effect of NPY is pertussis toxin-sensitive. The rank order of potency is [Leu31,Pro34]NPY > or = NPY >> NPY18-36. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the identity of the 60-kDa protein as tyrosine hydroxylase.
TEACHING ESL COMPOSITION: PURPOSE, PROCESS, AND PRACTICE (2nd ed.)

TEACHING ESL COMPOSITION: PURPOSE, PROCESS, AND PRACTICE (2nd ed.). Dana R. Ferris and John S. Hedgcock. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xiv + 431. $45.00 paper.This book presents theoretical and practical issues relevant to the teaching of composition to learners of English as a second language (ESL). As the subtitle implies, the book firmly grounds the purpose of teaching ESL composition in past and current research, puts emphasis on the writing process of ESL writers, and pursues pedagogical equilibrium with equal focus on theory and practice. The book approaches broad and general themes in the first few chapters and moves on to more specific pedagogical concerns in the later chapters.
Resourcing Culture: Is a Prosaic ‘Third Space’ Possible in Rural China?

Recalling Tony Bennett's plea for a more ‘prosaic’ cultural studies, this paper proposes a redefinition of the concept ‘third space’ as a prosaic space of policy and governmentality. Based on field research in rural China, where cultural heritage has become a central resource in economic development, the paper argues that cultural development cannot be relied upon to produce spaces of resistance, empowerment, or ‘sustainability’. This is, in part, because cultural development tends to conceive of cultural spaces as ‘rooted’ rather than as spaces of translocality. While third space offers an attractive alternative to such a conceptualization, it remains vulnerable to the same alienating spatial abstractions as found in the practices of cultural development. The paper seeks to maintain the critical focus of third space while redefining it in more prosaic terms to better reflect the everyday governmentalized spaces of culture within which people live.
Sums of homogeneous functions and the range of the divergent beam x-ray transform

In this paper we analyze the divergent beam x-ray transform (and generalizations) with finite source set in as an operator between Lρspaces. The main results give conditions for this operator to have closed range when n = 2, 3 and give a characterization of the range. The dual result asserts closure in Lρ of sums of spaces of functions homogeneous of given degree from the several sources.
Survivable WDM mesh networks

In a wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical network, the failure of network elements (e.g., fiber links and cross connects) may cause the failure of several optical channels, thereby leading to large data losses. This study examines different approaches to protect a mesh-based WDM optical network from such failures. These approaches are based on two survivability paradigms: 1) path protection/restoration and 2) link protection/restoration. The study examines the wavelength capacity requirements, and routing and wavelength assignment of primary and backup paths for path and link protection and proposes distributed protocols for path and link restoration. The study also examines the protection-switching time and the restoration time for each of these schemes, and the susceptibility of these schemes to multiple link failures. The numerical results obtained for a representative network topology with random traffic demands demonstrate that there is a tradeoff between the capacity utilization and the susceptibility to multiple link failures. We find that, on one hand, path protection provides significant capacity savings over link protection, and shared protection provides significant savings over dedicated protection; while on the other hand, path protection is more susceptible to multiple link failures than link protection, and shared protection is more susceptible to multiple link failures than dedicated protection. We formulate a model of protection-switching times for the different protection schemes based on a fully distributed control network. We propose distributed control protocols for path and link restoration. Numerical results obtained by simulating these protocols indicate that, for a representative network topology, path restoration has a better restoration efficiency than link restoration, and link restoration has a faster restoration time compared with path restoration.