cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetic status and bioelectrical impedance modeling of Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus in interior Alaska Rivers

The energetic status of fishes represents energy stored as protein and lipids and reflects the ability of an individual to reproduce, migrate, and transition through life stages, ultimately influencing survival. However, traditional measurement methods, while highly accurate, are time consuming, expensive, and lethal, and nonlethal methods such as condition factor may not adequately characterize energetic status. We collected 161 Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) from four interior Alaska river basins with varying hydrologic regimes during early summer and autumn seasons, and used multiple regression and model selection to evaluate the efficacy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), a nonlethal condition assessment method, to predict percent dry mass and percent lipid content estimated from proximate analysis. We found that Arctic grayling energetic status varied across seasons, by sex, and fish from sites with spawning runs of Pacific salmon had higher energy content than those from sites without salmon, potentially due to the influence of salmon-derived food subsidies. Electrical measurements explained 82% and 80% of the variability in percent dry mass and percent total lipids, respectively, and top models showed high predictive performance (observed vs. predicted root mean squared error ≤2.2%). Overall, we found the BIA approach to provide rapid, precise, and non-lethal estimates of Arctic grayling body condition. Such an approach may be useful for future work to characterize Arctic grayling bioenergetics and monitor fish condition under a rapidly changing Arctic environment.
Framework for studying online production scheduling under endogenous uncertainty

Abstract We propose a framework for studying online production scheduling in the presence of endogenous uncertainties. We address uncertainties in (i) processing times; (ii) batch yields; and (iii) unit operating status. First, we illustrate how uncertainty can result in infeasibilities in the incumbent schedule and propose a model for systematic schedule adjustment to restore feasibility in the absence of new scheduling inputs. In this model, we define variables to track and penalize changes between the new and old schedule. Second, we discuss the different probability distributions for the three uncertainties that we consider in this work and how the parameters for these distributions change with sampling frequency. Third, we present a formal procedure for carrying out closed-loop simulations and evaluating closed-loop performance in the presence of these uncertainties. Finally, using this framework we draw useful insights for the design of online scheduling algorithms in the presence of the above three uncertainties.
Adultification of Immigrant Children

Children occupy a “liminal childhood,” in the immigration legal system, as they are provided neither child-appropriate protections, nor necessarily the meager rights afforded to adults. At times, they are viewed through a protectionist lens, infantilized and robbed of agency. More commonly, however, immigrant children—largely teens of color—are subjected to adultification. Adultification refers to the phenomenon whereby children of color suffer a wide variety of negative outcomes across a diverse range of public systems, including education, juvenile justice, and child welfare, because they are perceived as more adult-like than their white peers. This article casts new light on the mistreatment of children across the spectrum of immigration legal proceedings. To remedy the injustice of the current situation, I reimagine an immigration legal system founded in the principle of proportionality, which would recognize the vulnerabilities of and bias impacting migrant children. In particular, I argue that a reconceptualization of migrant children should incorporate lessons learned from failures within the juvenile justice system, which has been reckoning with problems of adultification and infantilization of children for more than a century.
Balancing Current and Future Reproductive Investment: Variation in Resource Selection During Stages of Reproduction in a Long-Lived Herbivore

Large herbivores exhibit relatively slow-paced life histories, and allocate resources toward maintaining high rates of adult survival, while juvenile survival has greater variability. Maternal females make decisions throughout life stages of reproduction to meet their nutritional demands while simultaneously ensuring survival and recruitment of young to maximize fitness. We investigated tradeoffs associated with resource selection by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) surrounding stages of reproduction in Mojave National Preserve, CA, USA. To understand potential tradeoffs associated with offspring survival and maternal nutritional condition, we measured differences in patterns of resource selection among pre-parturient females, females provisioning young, and females following the loss of young. The third trimester of gestation and lactation are considered the most nutritionally demanding stages of reproduction. We hypothesized that energetic costs would change rapidly throughout those stages of reproduction, especially after the loss of an offspring. Further, we hypothesized that lactating females would balance the acquisition of nutritional sources with safety of young. We used radio-collar and randomly generated locations to model resource selection in a hierarchical approach utilizing machine learning algorithms and traditional resource selection functions (RSFs). We also monitored recruitment of young born to GPS-collared females using VHF radio-collars equipped with mortality indicators. During all 3 stages of reproduction, adult females selected greater NDVI, less rugged terrain, areas close to water (especially while provisioning offspring), and higher elevations. Selection for greater levels of NDVI was stronger pre-parturition and following the loss of offspring compared to when females were provisioning offspring. We also observed high variation towards the selection of NDVI among individual females while provisioning young that was less pronounced during the other reproductive stages. Offspring survival during our study was positively associated with females that selected greater levels of NDVI. Further, we were not able to detect a tradeoff between safety of young (ruggedness) and nutrient acquisition (NDVI). Perhaps predation risk and nutritional resources are not mutually exclusive in this ecosystem; and, females may be able to balance reproductive investment with the ability to select for water and nutrition while simultaneously ensuring lower risk of predation for themselves and their offspring.
Empowering users to respond to misinformation about covid-19

The World Health Organization has declared that misinformation shared on social media about Covid-19 is an “infodemic” that must be fought alongside the pandemic itself. We reflect on how news literacy and science literacy can provide a foundation to combat misinformation about Covid-19 by giving social media users the tools to identify, consume, and share high-quality information. These skills can be put into practice to combat the infodemic by amplifying quality information and actively correcting misinformation seen on social media. We conclude by considering the extent to which what we know about these literacies and related behaviors can be extended to less-researched areas like the Global South.
Does revision shoulder arthroplasty increase your risk of opioid use and dependence

Introduction As the number of shoulder arthroplasties (SA) increased exponentially over the past two decades, so have associated complications and revision surgery rates. Pain control after revision surgery can be difficult to manage given patients are not typically opioid naive, however, to date opioid usage after revision SA has not been studied. The purpose of our study was to compare opioid use and dependence after revision SA to a primary SA cohort. Methods A retrospective review was performed of revision and primary SA patients at a single institution from 2014 to 2016. The cohort was divided into two groups: primary (n=82) and revision (n=80) shoulder arthroplasty patients. Demographics including age, sex, BMI, ASA class and smoking status were collected. Opioid consumption within 90 days of SA was collected for the preoperative and postoperative period using a state drug monitoring registry and converted to Total morphine equivalence (TME) for analyses. Opioid dependence was defined as ≥2 opioid prescriptions within 3 months. ANOVA was used to compare TME between groups and Chi square test was used for categorical variables. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine impact of various risk factors on postoperative opioid dependence. Results Demographics were similar between the two groups for BMI (p=0.73), sex (p=0.51), smoking status (p=0.49) and ASA class (p=0.96). There was a significant difference with the revision group having an average younger age (66.0 revision, 70.1 primary; p=0.005). The mean preoperative TME was significantly higher for revision SA cohort (115.2) compared to the primary SA cohort (31.5) and postoperatively 188.7 for the revision SA cohort compared to an average of 117 for the primary cohort (p Discussion Revision shoulder arthroplasty patients have higher rates of preoperative and postoperative opioid usage and dependence when compared to primary SA. Preoperatively dependent revision patients are more likely to remain dependent in the postoperative period than primary SA patients. Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware that revision SA patients have higher opioid dependence rates and require more opioids which may indicate the need for additional consideration for risk assessments, education, and interventions when performing revision SA surgery. Level of Evidence III
The Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Response of Pseudo Displacive Ferroelectrics by Dispersive Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

The anharmonic interactions of the ferroelectric mode in both the pseudo displacive and hydrogen bonded ferroelectrics are generally considered to be very strong, and an understanding of the anharmonic self-energies associated with these modes should lead to a better understanding of the nature of the ferroelectric transition. If it is assumed that in these materials the frequency dependent lattice contribution to the complex dielectric constant is determined primarily by the summation term associated with the ferroelectric mode, and contributions from other q ≈ 0 modes are ignored, then an estimate can be made of the frequency dependence of the anharmonic self-energy over a limited frequency range from experimental measurements of the dielectric response together with a measurement of the thermal strain self-energy shift of the mode arising from the thermal expansion of the crystal.
Common Knowledge, Common Attitudes and Social Reasoning

For as long as there have been theories about common knowledge, they have been exposed to a certain amount of skepticism. Recent more sophisticated arguments question whether agents can acquire common attitudes and whether they are needed in social reasoning. I argue that this skepticism arises from assumptions about practical reasoning that, considered in themselves, are at worst implausible and at best controversial. A proper approach to the acquisition of attitudes and their deployment in decision making leaves room for common attitudes. Postulating them is no worse off than similar idealizations that are usefully made in logic and economics.
A Brief Historical and Theoretical Perspective on Patient Autonomy & Medical Decision Making - Part II: The Autonomy Model

Beginning with the Hippocratic Tradition and lasting for the next 2,400 years, the physician-patient relationship remained relatively unchanged under the beneficence model, a paternalistic framework characterized by the authoritative physician afforded maximum discretion by the trusting, obedient patient. Over the last 100 years or so, in response to certain changes taking place in both research and clinical practice, the bioethics movement ushered in the autonomy model, and with it, a profoundly different way of approaching decision making in medicine. The shift from the beneficence model to the autonomy model is governed legally by informed consent doctrine, which emphasizes disclosure to patients of information sufficient to permit them to make an intelligent choice regarding treatment alternatives. As this legal doctrine became established, philosophers identified an inherent value in respecting patients as autonomous agents, even where patient choice seems to conflict with the physician’s duty to act in the patient’s best interests. Whereas the beneficence model presumed that the physician knew what was in the patient’s best interests, the autonomy model starts from the premise that the patient knows what treatment decision is in line with his or her true sense of well being, even where that decision is the refusal of treatment and the result is the patient’s death.
Cell proliferation in prostatic adenocarcinoma: in vitro measurement by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression.

Abstract We assessed cancer cell proliferation, a marker of the biologic activity of tumor cells, by evaluating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Prostatic carcinoma specimens (N = 48) were incubated in the presence of BrdUrd to label cells undergoing DNA synthesis, and immunocytochemical staining was performed with monoclonal antibodies to BrdUrd and PCNA and a standard indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The proportion of cells staining positively (labeling index or LI) for BrdUrd and PCNA was determined in 2 ways: by counting only high-power fields with the greatest concentration of stained cells (selected LI); or by counting cells in random fields (random LI). For BrdUrd the mean selected and random Lis were 3.08% and 1.62%, respectively; for PCNA they were 6.02% and 3.47%. Random and selected BrdUrd correlated well (r 2 = 0.83), as did random and selected PCNA Lis (r 2 = 0.86). However, a weaker correlation was noted when Lis of both techniques were compared, with the PCNA LI usually higher. The Lis of either technique correlated rather poorly with tumor grade and concentration of prostate-specific antigen, but correlated well with clinical stage as assessed by examination and imaging. In addition, either technique discriminated among tumors known to be pathologically confined (stages A and B) and those with extension to seminal vesicles (stage C) or metastatic to regional lymph nodes or bone (p
The Mode of Action of Dibutyryl Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate on Bone Tissue in Vitro

Abstract Fetal rat calvaria were incubated in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate medium, containing glucose (2 mg per ml) and bovine serum albumin (1 mg per ml). Incubation in a medium with 0.3 or 0.6 mm dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (DBcAMP) for 15 min caused a 2- to 3-fold increase in the tissue concentration of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (3',5'-AMP). This rise could not be explained by degradation of dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate during the incubation period or the isolation procedure since labeled DBcAMP was not altered in the tissue or medium in incubations carried out for either 15 or 60 min. The intracellular concentration of dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate was 0.12 mm after 15 min of incubation and increased to about 0.26 mm at 2 hours. Dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate was not a substrate for bone cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Bone phosphodiesterase activity was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate which was a more potent inhibitor than theophylline. The intracellular dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate concentration in the calvaria appears to be high enough to inhibit intracellular phosphodiesterase activity. When 3',5'-[3H]AMP was added to the media, the radioactivity of the calvaria increased continuously for up to 2 hours. After 15 and 60 min of incubation nearly all of the radioactivity was present in the tissue in the form of [3H]adenosine, suggesting either rapid breakdown of 3',5'-[3H]AMP entering the cell or uptake of [3H]adenosine formed extracellularly by breakdown of 3',5'-[3H]AMP. Adenosine could be detected in the media after 60 min of incubation but not after 15 min. These findings indicate that the biological effects of dibutyryl 3',5'-AMP can be accounted for by an increase in the intracellular concentration of endogenous 3',5'-AMP secondary to inhibition of intracellular phosphodiesterase activity.
The Politics of Obstruction: Republican Holds in the U.S. Senate

A defining feature of the modern US Senate is obstruction. Almost all pieces of legislation considered in the Senate are affected either directly or indirectly by obstruction. Obstruction takes many forms in the modern Senate, but one of the most prevalent, yet least studied, is the hold. Using a newly created dataset on Republican Senate holds, we cast light on this important practice. Our results suggest that a variety of factors including timing, party status, and a senator's voting record are related to both the prevalence of holds and the success of legislation subject to holds in the Senate.
Tomographic Observation and Bedmapping of Glaciers in Western Greenland with IceBridge Sounding Radar

We produced the high resolution bedmaps of several glaciers in western Greenland from IceBridge Mission sounding radar data using tomographic sounding technique. The bedmaps cover 3 regions: Russell glaciers, Umanaq glaciers and Jakobshavn glaciers of western Greenland. The covered areas is about 20x40 km(sup 2) for Russell glaciers and 300x100 sq km, and 100x80 sq km for Jakobshavn glaciers. The ground resolution is 50 meters and the average ice thickness accuracy is 10 to 20 meters. There are some void areas within the swath of the tracks in the bedmaps where the ice thickness is not known. Tomographic observations of these void areas indicate that the surface and shallow sub-surface pockets, likely filled with water, are highly reflective and greatly weaken the radar signal and reduce the energy reaching and reflected from the ice sheet bottom.
Discursive Formation, Life Stories, and the Emergence of Co-Dependency: “Power/Knowledge” and the Search for Identity

Following Foucault, this article argues that current research on life stories can be enriched by treating them as “discursive formations.” The analysis undertakes a streamlined “archaeology” and “g...
N,N‐Diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropylamine

[309-88-6] C7H11F6N (MW 223.16) InChI = 1S/C7H11F6N/c1-3-14(4-2)7(12,13)5(8)6(9,10)11/h5H,3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = BNTFCVMJHBNJAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (conversion of the hydroxy group of alcohols to the fluoro group; preparation of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate esters and other fluorine-containing carbonyl compounds) Alternate Names: PPDA; Ishikawa reagent. Physical Data: bp 56–57 °C/58 mmHg, 51 °C/40 mmHg. Solubility: sol diethyl ether. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 19F NMR (see Takaoka et al.).2 Preparative Methods: diethyl(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)amine, commonly called the perfluoropropene–diethylamine adduct (PPDA) or the Ishikawa reagent, is readily prepared in yields of 72–89% by reaction of hexafluoropropene (F-propene) with diethylamine in diethyl ether solution (eq 1).2, 3 The reaction is conducted in a glass pressure vessel cooled to −70 °C and liquefied F-propene is added to the amine–ether solution. The mixture is brought to rt overnight and worked up. The resulting product is a 3∶1 molar mixture of the fluoroalkylamine and the (E)-fluoroenamine (established by 19F NMR), bp 56–57 °C/58 mmHg. When prepared by bubbling F-propene into Et2NH–Et2O at 0–5 °C, the reagent with molar ratio 1∶1, bp 51 °C/40 mmHg, is obtained.3 The reagent may be used directly, without distillation. (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: after distillation, the oil may be stored in a tightly stoppered vessel at or below rt. Only a slight discoloration is observed after six months. The reagent should be handled in a fume hood.
Intestinal sterols. II. Determination of coprostanol and certain related sterols.

1. 1. A method has been developed for the determination of coprosterol and of five other sterols in rat feces. 2. 2. Evidence is presented for the existence of a new fecal sterol that is fast-acting in the Liebermann-Burchard test. 3. 3. The average daily sterol excretion of adult male rats on a fat-free diet was cholesterol 356 μg., Δ7-cholestenol 538 μg., 7-dehydrocholesterol 8.8 μg., cholestanol 164 μg., “sterol D” 358 μg., and coprostanol 3210 μg.
Connection and autonomy in the lives of elderly male celibates: Degrees of disengagement

Abstract Theories of aging emphasize connection and autonomy to varying degrees. Disengagement Theory (Cummings and Henry 1961) emphasizes an elder's natural movement toward greater isolation. The Psychosocial Withdrawal Models postulate that society marginalizes its elders, reducing the scope of relationships and activities. Gero-transcendence (Tornstam 1994) views the elderly as selectively investing in some relationships over others, rather than as a comprehensive withdrawal. The three perspectives on aging predict patterns of connection and autonomy in the transition to old age. Analysis of life narratives offers one method to test the empirical grounding of each set of predictions. Do elders view themselves as withdrawing from relations, as marginalized, or as growing selective in activities and relationships? The current study examines the narratives of elderly, celibate men living in a religious community. The religious order to which the subjects belong espouses a philosophy of self-reflection, providing a population particularly well suited to the gathering of life histories. While a highly selective subpopulation, a group of men having lived in community from four to seven decades will have encountered the challenges of connection and autonomy. The way in which they have struggled with these dialectics may further aid the understanding of dyadic and group patterns found in the elderly. The study seeks to understand how the subjects experience the balance between connection-autonomy over the life span. Of the three predicted patterns of connection and autonomy, which receives empirical support from the subjects' life narratives? The study makes use of a qualitative methodology to address dialectics found in life histories.
Time-resolved ellipsometry for studies of heat transfer at liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces

We describe a sensitive method for measuring time-dependent changes in refractive index within approximately 5 microm of an interface using off-null time-resolved ellipsometry and a dual-cavity femtosecond laser. The sensitivity to changes in refractive index is two orders of magnitude higher than conventional picosecond interferometry. A thin metal film on a sapphire substrate is heated by approximately 10 K using an ultrafast optical pump pulse; the subsequent changes of the phase difference deltaDelta between p and s polarized reflectivity are tracked using off-null ellipsometry using a time-delayed probe pulse. We demonstrate a sensitivity of deltaDelta approximately = 3x10(-7) deg/square root(Hz) using interfaces between Au and water, and Au and various gases including R134a, a common refrigerant. Our data for the damping rate of approximately 200 MHz frequency acoustic waves in O(2), N(2), and Ar at atmospheric pressure agree well with prior results obtained at much lower pressures and frequencies.
Opposing Effects of KLF5 on the Transcription of MYC in Epithelial Proliferation in the Context of Transforming Growth Factor β

The proto-oncogene MYC plays a critical role in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and its down-regulation by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling is necessary for TGFβ to inhibit cell proliferation. KLF5, on the other hand, is a pro-proliferative basic transcription factor that reverses function to become an anti-proliferative TGFβ cofactor upon TGFβ stimulation in epithelial homeostasis. In this study we investigated whether KLF5 directly regulates MYC transcription in epithelial cells in the context of TGFβ. Knockdown of KLF5 significantly reduced MYC expression in the HaCaT epidermal epithelial cells. When TGFβ was applied, however, whereas MYC expression was significantly inhibited, knockdown of KLF5 increased MYC expression. Furthermore, re-expression of KLF5 restored the inhibitory effect of TGFβ on MYC expression in two cancer cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and oligo pulldown experiments demonstrated that whereas binding of KLF5 to both KLF5 binding element (KBE) and TGFβ inhibitory element (TIE) DNA elements was necessary for MYC transcription, binding to KBE was decreased by TGFβ, and binding to TIE was increased by TGFβ. These results suggest that KLF5 is not only essential for MYC transcription in proliferating epithelial cells but also mediates the inhibitory effect of TGFβ on MYC transcription. Furthermore, different binding sites mediate different effects of KLF5 in the context of TGFβ.
Akustik und Schwingungstechnik bei Lenk- und Bremssystemen

Die Entwicklung von Brems- und Lenksystemen ist keine reine Funktionsfrage mehr. Sowohl die Innen- als auch die Ausengerauschcharakteristik eines Fahrzeugs wahrend des Brems- oder Parkiervorgangs konnen die Komfortfrage in den Vordergrund stellen und damit die Kauferakzeptanz entscheidend beeinflussen. Bei modernen Brems- und Lenksystemen mussen neue Wege gegangen werden. Der TRW-Automotive-Beitrag beschreibt, wie man konzernweit erfolgreiche Produkteinfuhrungen, wie etwa bei den elektro-hydraulischen Lenksystemen, durch starken Ausbau und Entwicklung der Disziplin Akustik und Schwingungstechnik, Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH) und durch konsequenten Fokus auf NVH von der Konzeptphase bis zur Fertigung garantieren kann.
The orientation dependence of deformation mode and structure in stoichiometric NiAl single crystals deformed by high temperature steady-state creep

Single crystals of stoichiometric NiAl having predetermined orientations have been deformed by steady-state creep in the temperature range 750° to 1055°C, the stresses being varied from 1.76 to 7.02 kg mm-2. In crystals oriented 7.5 deg from [101], only (100) slip was observed; the primary slip plane was 100 although secondary slip occurred on 110. As predicted by elastic anisotropy considerations, dislocations on 100 with b = α(100) have a zig-zag shape with the segments aligned along (110). On 110 they tend to lie along (111) and (112). Cross-slip of short segments having screw orientations can occur between l00 and 110, giving rise to dipoles and prismatic loops. Crystals with tensile axes 14 deg from [1ll] slip in all three (100) directions on both cube and dodecahedral planes. Characteristic structures are dislocation entanglements, dipoles, loops, and networks containing nodes. Often two (100) type dislocations react and form a segment of (110) dislocation. Crystals approximately 19 deg from the cube orientation slip in both the (100) and (110) directions, and the contribution of (110) slip to the total glide strain increases at higher temperatures. The (110) dislocations are mostly pure screw as predicted by elastic anisotropy. Two sets of α(100) dislocations with mutually perpendicular Burgers vectors can form a network of twist or mixed character. If the contact plane is not one of the cube planes, the network is lozenge shaped, and small (110) segments form at the node points. Slip in the (111) direction was not observed with certainty; (100) slip occurred in all specimens, and (110) slip only in crystals reasonably close to the cube orientation.
Repair of DNA lesions associated with triplex-forming oligonucleotides

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) are gene targeting tools that can bind in the major groove of duplex DNA in a sequence-specific manner. When bound to DNA, TFOs can inhibit gene expression, can position DNA-reactive agents to specific locations in the genome, or can induce targeted mutagenesis and recombination. There is evidence that third strand binding, alone or with an associated cross-link, is recognized and metabolized by DNA repair factors, particularly the nucleotide excision repair pathway. This review examines the evidence for DNA repair of triplex-associated lesions.
Latino Women and AIDS Risk

This study describes risk behaviors among Puerto Rican women and identifies variables related to high-risk behavior, including sociodemographic status, knowledge about HIV and AIDS, religiosity, acculturation, and attitudes toward contraceptive use and homosexuality. Puerto Rican women (N = 121) were recruited through a community-based organization in Philadelphia. Respondents were an average of 30 years old; 21% were married and not separated, 79% were either single (50.9%), separated (14.3%), divorced (11.6%), or widowed (1.8%); 69% had 1-3 children. Most women (74%) were at moderate to high risk for AIDS. Results from logistic regression with a single independent variable yielded no statistical significance for the following variables: income, number of children, religiosity, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, AIDS knowledge, homophobia, Symptom Checklist-90-R, and Population Policy Questionnaire items. When the three acculturation variables consisting of a language score, an activity score, and a preference score were examined, however, the language score was highly statistically significant, with a p value of 0.0001. Its positive logistic regression coefficient indicates that AIDS risk increases as preference for English increases. Further research is needed of Latino women that studies other Latino subgroups, given that HIV prevalence varies across subgroups.
Saying Farewell with Shoes: The Gift Cycle and Unresolved Class Tensions in The Shoemaker's Holiday

A close look at Ralph Damport’s farewell gift to his wife Jane--a pair of shoes--reveals that Dekker uses their relationship to undermine his seemingly convivial ending. He manipulates the shoes to reveal Jane’s ability to assume a new class status by simply donning expensive clothes. The final scenes of the play confirm that the class-based conflicts ensure that the future of Ralph and Jane’s reunion remains suspended, and, contrary to the arguments made by critics such as David Bevington and David Kastan, so does the idyllic ending.
Evidence of spawning by green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the upper Sacramento River, California

This study reports the only direct evidence of spawning of green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the upper Sacramento River, CA. Two green sturgeon eggs were collected with substrate mats immediately below Red Bluff Diversion Dam. One green sturgeon larva was collected with a larval net at Bend Bridge. We concluded that green sturgeon spawn in the upper Sacramento River, both above and below RBDD. Temperature ranges in the study area (10–15°C) are similar to conditions used in successful artificial rearing of green sturgeon and do not appear to be a limiting factor to successful spawning of green sturgeon; however, suitable habitat upstream of RBDD is inaccessible when dam gates are lowered.
A new parsing method for Non-LR(1) grammars

One of the difficult problems that faces a compiler writer is to devise a grammar that is suitable for both efficient parsing and semantic attribution. This paper describes a system that resolves conflicts in LR(1) parsing by taking advantage of information in the parse tree. The system, which functions as part of a compiler generator, rewrites the user's grammar to remove parsing conflicts. It then places code into the generated compiler that rewrites the parse tree during parsing so as to produce the tree of the original grammar. The compiler writer can then write the semantic attribution to fit his or her original grammar without any knowledge of the changes made. The method is expected to be efficient in most cases, even in parsing systems that do not explicitly build the entire parse tree. The method complements previous work in its capabilities and advantages. The system has been implemented and integrated into a compiler generator system.
Changes in relative potency among positive GABA A receptor modulators upon discontinuation of chronic benzodiazepine treatment in rhesus monkeys

Benzodiazepine treatment can result in dependence as evidenced by signs of withdrawal upon discontinuation of use. Positive GABAA receptor modulators were examined for their capacity to attenuate flumazenil-like discriminative stimulus effects (i.e., withdrawal) that emerge upon discontinuation of chronic benzodiazepine treatment. Rhesus monkeys receiving chronic diazepam (5.6 mg−1 kg−1 24 h−1 p.o.) discriminated flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) from vehicle. Upon discontinuation of diazepam treatment, responding switched from the vehicle to the flumazenil lever, although at different times among monkeys. The shorter-acting benzodiazepine lorazepam (3.2 mg−1 kg−1 8 h−1) was substituted for diazepam and, 11 h after lorazepam, monkeys consistently responded on the flumazenil lever. Flumazenil-lever responding after acute lorazepam deprivation was attenuated not only by benzodiazepines (lorazepam and midazolam) but also by positive GABAA receptor modulators acting at neuroactive steroid (pregnanolone and alfaxalone) and barbiturate sites (pentobarbital). Deprivation-induced responding on the flumazenil lever was not attenuated by low efficacy positive GABAA modulators (bretazenil and L-838,417) or non-GABAA receptor ligands (ketamine and cocaine). Neuroactive steroids were relatively more potent than other positive GABAA receptor modulators in attenuating deprivation-induced flumazenil-lever responding, as compared to their relative potency in monkeys discriminating midazolam and otherwise not receiving benzodiazepine treatment. These results suggest that positive GABAA receptor modulators acting at different sites attenuate withdrawal induced by discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment, consistent with previous studies suggesting that the same compounds attenuate flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal. Differences in the relative potency of positive modulators as a function of acute versus chronic benzodiazepine treatment suggest that neuroactive steroids, in particular, are especially potent in benzodiazepine-dependent animals.
Surgical treatment of muscular torticollis for patients above 6 years of age

Eighteen patients with congenital muscular torticollis, aged 6–22 (average 11) years, underwent surgical releases of the contractive bands. There were 8 boys and 10 girls. Preoperative open mouth radiograph of the odontoid process in 16 patients showed asymmetry of articular facets of the axis and tilt of the odontoid process to the side of the torticollis. Sixteen patients received bipolar releases, the others received distal releases. After the operation, a neck collar was applied and an exercise program was started. At an average follow-up of 5 years and 7 months, there were excellent or good results in 10 patients. All of the patients except 2 showed improvement of the facial asymmetry and all except 1 had a satisfactory range of motion of the neck. One patient underwent a second operation due to recurrence. The follow-up radiographs showed improvement of the tilt of the odontoid process, but the asymmetry of the articular facets of the axis persisted. We suggest that bipolar release is the treatment of choice for congenital muscular torticollis in patients of more than 6 years of age. To determine the influence of a bipolar release on the functions of the cervical spine, longer follow-up intervals are needed.
The conjunction fallacy

Tversky and Kahneman (1983) showed that when subjects are asked to rate the likelihood of several alternatives, including single and joint events, they often make a "conjunction fallacy." That is, they rate the conjunction of two events as being more likely than one of the constituent events. This, they claim, is a fallacy, since the conjunction of two events can never be more probable than either of the component events. In addition, they found that prior training in probability theory does not decrease the likelihood of making this fallacy. We argue that in some contexts, an alternative that contains the conjunction of two events can be more probable than an alternative that contains only one of the conjunction's constituent events. We carried out four experiments in which we manipulated this context. The frequency of making a conjunction fallacy was affected by the manipulation of context. Furthermore, when the context was clearly specified, prior training in statistics influenced the ratings.
Do schools moderate the genetic determinants of smoking

This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the extent to which school-level social and institutional factors moderate genetic tendencies to smoke cigarettes. Our analysis relies on a sub-sample of 1,198 sibling and twin pairs nested within 84 schools. We develop a multilevel modeling extension of regression-based quantitative genetic techniques to calculate school-specific heritability estimates. We show that smoking onset (h2 = .51) and daily smoking (h2 = .58) are both genetically influenced. Whereas the genetic influence on smoking onset is consistent across schools, we show that schools moderate the heritability of daily smoking. The heritability of daily smoking is the highest within schools in which the most popular students are also smokers and reduced within schools in which the majority of the students are non-Hispanic and white. These findings make important contributions to the literature on gene-environment interactions.
COUPLED-CHANNEL CALCULATION OF INELASTIC SCATTERING BASED ON A MICROSCOPIC NUCLEAR DESCRIPTION

Abstract The detailed shell model wave functions for 60 Ni are tested by comparing the predicted cross sections for 17.8 MeV protons exciting a number of levels, with experiment. It is concluded that the collective 2 + state is moderately well represented but not-coherent levels, which present a much greater challenge to the structure theory.
Mixed Tumors Of The Skin Of The Salivary Gland Type: A Light And Electron Microscopic Study

The light and electron microscopic features of two mixed tumors of the skin of the salivary gland type demonstrate eccrine differentiation of the epithelial component. The tumors were made up of tuboalveolar spaces lined by an eccrine duct type of epithelium with luminal cells showing numerous microvilli. The mesenchymal elements were fibroblasts and chondrocytes embedded in a mucous and chondroid matrix. Groups of undifferentiated cells without eccrine differentiation but with ultrastructural features suggestive of epithelial origin were seen among the mesenchymal and epithelial elements of the tumor.
Evidence against acetylcholine receptor having a main immunogenic region as target for autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis.

We investigated specificities of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies in 100 seropositive patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Antibodies in 74 of these sera were inhibited by more than 50% from binding to human muscle AChR by a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) of “main immunogenic region” (MIR) specificity. The mAb inhibition was not explainable by epitope competition because (1) the mAb was reactive with both Torpedo and human AChR, but antibodies in 85 of the MG sera did not bind to Torpedo AChR, and (2) the mAb blocked binding of rat anti-peptide antibodies to an a subunit region of the human AChR unrelated antigenically to the designated MIR region. Individual patients9 sera had evidence of extensive antibody heterogeneity and revealed interspecies polymorphisms in AChR antigenicity, near and remote from the neurotransmitter-binding region. The data challenge the concept that a MIR of the AChR is the principal stimulus for antibody production in MG, and emphasize a potential pitfall in assuming seronegativity in MG on the basis of a single assay system.
Criteria for Selection of a Subset Regression: Which One Should Be Used?

The problem of selecting the best subset of predictor variables in a linear regression model has led to the development of a number of criteria for choosing between contending subsets. Unfortunately, the properties of these criteria are generally not understood and the relative merits of contending criteria are not clear. In this note, a number of criteria are reviewed and a cooperative effort to resolve the problem is recommended.
The Escherichia coli PII signal transduction protein regulates the activities of the two-component system transmitter protein NRII by direct interaction with the kinase domain of the transmitter module.

The PII signal transduction protein regulates the transcription of nitrogen-regulated genes by controlling the kinase and phosphatase activities of NRII. We used a cross-linking approach to study t...
The menace of endocrine disruptors on thyroid hormone physiology and their impact on intrauterine development

The delivery of the appropriate thyroid hormones quantity to target tissues in euthyroidism is the result of unopposed synthesis, transport, metabolism, and excretion of these hormones. Thyroid hormones homeostasis depends on the maintenance of the circulating ‘free’ thyroid hormone reserves and on the development of a dynamic balance between the ‘free’ hormones reserves and those of the ‘bound’ hormones with the transport proteins. Disturbance of this hormone system, which is in constant interaction with other hormone systems, leads to an adaptational counter-response targeting to re-establish a new homeostatic equilibrium. An excessive disturbance is likely to result, however, in hypo- or hyper- thyroid clinical states. Endocrine disruptors are chemical substances forming part of ‘natural’ contaminating agents found in most ecosystems. There is abundant evidence that several key components of the thyroid hormones homeostasis are susceptible to the action of endocrine disruptors. These chemicals include some chlorinated organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, herbicides, and pharmaceutical agents. Intrauterine exposure to endocrine disruptors that either mimic or antagonize thyroid hormones can produce permanent developmental disorders in the structure and functioning of the brain, leading to behavioral changes. Steroid receptors are important determinants of the consequences of endocrine disruptors. Their interaction with thyroid hormones complicates the effect of endocrine disruptors. The aim of this review is to present the effect of endocrine disruptors on thyroid hormones physiology and their potential impact on intrauterine development.
Be Kind, Rewind: Checkpoint a Restore Capability for Improving Reliability of Large-Scale Semiconductor Design

Intel's chip design run in a large-scale globally distributed environment with 600,000 cores. In the current semiconductor market scenario, a combination of factors such as time to market pressure, explosive growth in the mobile market segment and upcoming new markets has led to a significant increase in the demand for and reliability of computing resources. Checkpointing is a capability that can make a significant improvement in improving reliability, however, there is no mature solution that allows periodic snapshots of running compute jobs for replay them at a later time in a consistent manner in a large scale environment. Intel IT has partnered with the Northeastern University (NEU) Distributed Multi-Threaded Checkpointing (DMTCP) team to improve their checkpoint a restore solution for the design computing environment. This paper elaborates on the innovative technological breakthroughs, industry-academy partnership as well as the open-source contribution.
Mental Illness in the Elderly Mentally Retarded

The life expectancy of mentally retarded citizens has increased significantly in recent decades. At the same time, we have learned that this special population is nearly twice as likely as the general population to develop severe mental illness. These facts, coupled with the psychological and physiological changes that accompany aging in general, are increasingly challenging the mental health professionals of today. We provide an overview of mental retardation in the elderly, as well as the types, treatments, and attendant challenges of associated mental illness.
Scarring in the heart--a reversible phenomenon?

A recent study shows that fibroblasts that promote cardiac fibrosis are derived from the endothelium. Transforming growth factor β1 drives their derivation, whereas bone morphogenic protein 7 repre...
Two Types of Tet-On Transgenic Lines for Doxycycline-Inducible Gene Expression in Zebrafish Rod Photoreceptors and a Gateway-Based Tet-On Toolkit

The ability to control transgene expression within specific tissues is an important tool for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of development, physiology, and disease. We developed a Tet-On system for spatial and temporal control of transgene expression in zebrafish rod photoreceptors. We generated two transgenic lines using the Xenopus rhodopsin promoter to drive the reverse tetracycline-controlled transcriptional transactivator (rtTA), one with self-reporting GFP activity and one with an epitope tagged rtTA. The self-reporting line includes a tetracycline response element (TRE)-driven GFP and, in the presence of doxycycline, expresses GFP in larval and adult rods. A time-course of doxycycline treatment demonstrates that maximal induction of GFP expression, as determined by the number of GFP-positive rods, is reached within approximately 24 hours of drug treatment. The epitope-tagged transgenic line eliminates the need for the self-reporting GFP activity by expressing a FLAG-tagged rtTA protein. Both lines demonstrate strong induction of TRE-driven transgenes from plasmids microinjected into one-cell embryos. These results show that spatial and temporal control of transgene expression can be achieved in rod photoreceptors. Additionally, system components are constructed in Gateway compatible vectors for the rapid cloning of doxycycline-inducible transgenes and use in other areas of zebrafish research.
Synthesis of 25-hydroxy[23,24-3H]vitamin D3

A synthesis of 25-hydroxy[23,24-3H]vitamin D3 leading to a radiochemically pure product with a specific acitivity of 78 Ci/mmol is described. The structure of the product was confirmed by comparison with unlabeled material and its biological activity was established by in vitro conversion to 1α,25-dihydroxy[23,24-3H]vitamin D3 using the chick kidney 1α-hydroxylase system.
Legionnaires' disease in a prepaid medical-care group in Seattle 1963-75.

Abstract The community incidence of legionnaires' disease (L.D.) was estimated by a retrospective study of stored paired sera from 500 patients treated for pneumonia in Seattle in 1963-75. The patients were all members of a prepaid medical-care group; 84% were treated as outpatients. Only 5 (1%) had a fourfold rise in antibody titre to the L.D. antigen. Seroconversion to influenza A virus also occurred in 3 of the 5 cases. The course of illness in 4 of the 5 patients with confirmed infection was milder than that previously reported with legionnaires' disease. In addition, 1 child had a fourfold fall in titre, and 23 patients had titres of ≽256 without significant change in titre. Only 8 of the 23 had their first serum collected later than 2 weeks after onset of illness, which suggests that the majority had acquired their antibodies before their attack of pneumonia. Prevalence of antibody in the 500 patients was not affected by age, sex, or year in which illness occurred. The incidence of legionnaires' disease based on 5 patients with rises in titre was estimated to be 0·4—2·8/10 000 persons/year.