cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON ADDITIVE METHODS TO SHARE JOINT COSTS

The Shapley value theory is extended to cost functions with multiple outputs (or to production functions with multiple inputs) where each output is demanded by a different agent and the level of demand varies. Beyond the Additivity and Dummy axioms (Shapley's original axioms) we insist that the cost-share of an agent should not decrease when she increases her demand (Demand Monotonicity). This property rules out the Aumann-Shapley pricing formula, as well as any method charging average cost for homogeneous goods. We characterize the class of cost sharing methods satisfying Additivity, Dummy, Demand Monotonicity and Cross Monotonicity. The last says that when outputs i and j are cost complements (resp-cost substitutes) the cost share of i is non decreasing (resp-non increasing) in the demand of j. Two prominent methods in the class are the Shapley-Shubik method (i.e. the Shapley value of the Stand Alone cost game) and serial cost sharing (which extends to multiple goods a formula due to Moulin and Shenker). They are characterized respectively by a lower bound and by an upper bound on individual cost shares.
Molecular gas dynamics observations of Chapman-Enskog behavior and departures therefrom in nonequilibrium gases.

Bird's direct simulation Monte Carlo method is used to compute the molecular velocity distribution of a gas with heat flow. At continuum nonequilibrium conditions (small heat flux), Chapman-Enskog behavior is obtained for inverse-power-law molecules (hard-sphere through Maxwell): the Sonine-polynomial coefficients away from walls (i.e., the normal solution) agree with theory. At noncontinuum nonequilibrium conditions (large heat flux), these coefficients differ systematically from their continuum values as the local Knudsen number (nondimensional heat flux) is increased.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Developing Brain: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species Originating in Mitochondria

Mitochondrial dysfunction is the most fundamental mechanism of cell damage in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia and reperfusion. Mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) is increasingly recognized as a source for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the postischemic tissue. Potentially, ROS originating in MRC can contribute to the reperfusion-driven oxidative stress, promoting mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. The loss of mitochondrial membranes integrity during reperfusion is considered as the major mechanism of secondary energy failure. This paper focuses on current data that support a pathogenic role of ROS originating from mitochondrial respiratory chain in the promotion of secondary energy failure and proposes potential therapeutic strategy against reperfusion-driven oxidative stress following hypoxia-ischemia-reperfusion injury of the developing brain.
Lower-Dimensional Manifold (Algebraic) Representation of Reynolds Stress Closure Equations

For complex turbulent flows, Reynolds stress closure modeling (RSCM) is the lowest level at which models can be developed with some fidelity to the governing Navier–Stokes equations. Citing computational burden, researchers have long sought to reduce the seven-equation RSCM to the so-called algebraic Reynolds stress model which involves solving only two evolution equations for turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation. In the past, reduction has been accomplished successfully in the weak-equilibrium limit of turbulence. In non-equilibrium turbulence, attempts at reduction have lacked mathematical rigor and have been based on ad hoc hypotheses resulting in less than adequate models.¶In this work we undertake a formal (numerical) examination of the dynamical system of equations that constitute the Reynolds stress closure model to investigate the following questions. (i) When does the RSCM equation system formally permit reduced representation? (ii) What is the dimensionality (number of independent variables) of the permitted reduced system? (iii) How can one derive the reduced system (algebraic Reynolds stress model) from the full RSCM equations? Our analysis reveals that a lower-dimensional representation of the RSCM equations is possible not only in the equilibrium limit, but also in the slow-manifold stage of non-equilibrium turbulence. The degree of reduction depends on the type of mean-flow deformation and state of turbulence. We further develop two novel methods for deriving algebraic Reynolds stress models from RSCM equations in non-equilibrium turbulence. The present work is expected to play an important role in bringing much of the sophistication of the RSCM into the realm of two-equation algebraic Reynolds stress models. Another objective of this work is to place the other algebraic stress modeling efforts in the lower-dimensional modeling context.
Germanium standard wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet

The Ge I lines proposed by Meissner, VanVeld, and Andrew as standards in the vacuum ultraviolet have been investigated with respect to their usefulness as standards. After elimination of nine lines not fit for the purpose there remain 75 lines which can serve as auxiliary standards. These standards were employed for obtaining improved wavelengths in the spectra of Ge I, Ge II, and Ne II. For Ge II improved level values were derived from this measurement which also revealed that the term 8f2F05/2,7/2 is inverted.
Combining free text and structured electronic medical record entries to detect acute respiratory infections.

The 5th author's last name was misspelled. The correct spelling of the author's name is: Adi Gundlapalli. The correct citation is: DeLisle S, South B, Anthony JA, Kalp E, Gundlapalli A, et al. (2010) Combining Free Text and Structured Electronic Medical Record Entries to Detect Acute Respiratory Infections. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13377. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013377.
Invited Review: Malabsorption Associated With Surgical Procedures and Its Treatment

Signs and symptoms of malabsorption after surgical procedures can be subtle and recognized late. This article reviews some of the more common surgical procedures potentially associated with malabsorption and suggests techniques of nutrition intervention. Early recognition, and preferably preventative care, should result in improved patient outcome.
Microstructure-Dependent Heat Transfer Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Thermal Interface Applications

A growing interest has developed in the use of carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays as thermal interface materials (TIMs). However, theoretical modeling of CNT TIMs has largely been limited to semi-empirical methods without detailed consideration of array microstructure, primarily due to the inherent randomness of the microstructure and the computational complexity involved in full atomistic modeling of CNTs. In this work, we report combined thermo-mechanical simulation of CNT arrays with a coarse-grain approach for the mechanics modeling and a thermal network approach for the heat transfer modeling. Parametric studies on the effects of CNT height on the Young’s modulus and buckling load of CNT arrays are reported. The thermal network model is used to estimate the pressure dependence of diffusive and tip contact resistances of CNT arrays; the predictions are compared with thermal resistance measurements using the photoacoustic method. The resulting simulation framework enables a particularly rich and broad thermo-mechanical data set. Selected parametric variations are computed to assess the stress-strain behavior, effective conductivity within the CNT array, and aspects of the contact topologies of the CNT-substrate interface.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Does Cystocele Repair Improve Overactive Bladder Symptoms

It is well known that overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms are common in women who present for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and urinary incontinence (UI). Despite many studies showing that OAB is common in women who suffer from POP, there is no clear data to explain the causal relationship between OAB and POP. Although it has been theorized that repair of anterior compartment prolapse may improve OAB symptoms, the data is limited by the lack of clinical studies focusing on isolated anterior compartment repairs. There is data to suggest, however, that OAB symptoms can improve after prolapse repair, but as of yet, there have been no clear predictive factors that have been elucidated. Thus, it is reasonable to counsel women with OAB symptoms undergoing anterior compartment repair, or any isolated prolapse repair, that their OAB symptoms may or may not improve after prolapse repair.
Nonexistence of Multiple-Instanton Solution of the Massless 4D φ4 Theory

The massless ϕ4 theory in four Euclidean dimensions is shown not to have a multiple-instanton solution — even though it does have a single-instanton solution. Our criterion for a multiple-instanton solution of this nontopological theory is that the energy-momentum tensor of the solution be identically zero. Arguments are given that a similar result holds in any number of dimensions for a one-component scale-invariant scalar theory.
Poly(allylamine)–Mesoporous Silica Composite Materials for CO2 Capture from Simulated Flue Gas or Ambient Air

Low-molecular-weight poly(allylamine) is prepared via free-radical polymerization, and the resulting polymer is impregnated into mesocellular silica foams at different amine loadings. The resulting poly(allylamine)–silica composites are demonstrated as effective adsorbents for the extraction of carbon dioxide from dilute (simulated flue gas) and ultradilute (simulated ambient air) gas streams. The composite adsorbents are shown to have comparable adsorption capacities to more-conventional poly(ethyleneimine)–silica adsorbents. Potential advantages of poly(allylamine)-derived adsorbents are discussed.
Compliant heterogeneous assemblies of micro-VCSELs as a new materials platform for integrated optoelectronics

Despite many unique advantages, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been available mostly on rigid, planar wafers over restricted areas, thereby limiting their usage for applications that can benefit from large-scale, programmable assemblies, hybrid integration with dissimilar materials and devices, or mechanically flexible constructions. Here, materials design and fabrication strategies that address these limitations of conventional VCSELs are presented. Specialized design of epitaxial materials and etching processes, together with printing-based deterministic assemblies and substrate thermal engineering, enabled defect-free release of microscale VCSELs and their device- and circuit-level implementation on non-native, flexible substrates with performance comparable to devices on the growth substrate.
U^Th/He age of phenocrystic garnet from the 79 AD eruption of Mt. Vesuvius

Abstract The U–Th/He system can potentially be used for dating volcanic rocks with ages as young as a few thousand years and as old as several million years, thus providing a valuable supplement to radiocarbon and K–Ar dating. Garnet phenocrysts from the 79 AD eruption of Mt. Vesuvius were dated to evaluate the accuracy with which the necessary measurements and corrections can be made. The determined age, corrected for diffusive loss of He, alpha ejection, and initial U-series disequilibrium, is 1885±188 yr which compares well with the known age of 1923 yr. U and Th concentrations were measured by isotope dilution on different aliquots than were used for He concentration measurements. Step-wise degassing yielded an Arrhenius relationship for He diffusion in garnet with an activation energy of 91.31±5.76 kJ/mol and ln D0/a2=−2.00±0.56. The uniformity of U and Th concentrations in garnet was checked by ion microprobe analysis. The 234U/238U and 230Th/238U activity ratios were measured by MC-ICPMS. The results suggest that with proper analysis and corrections, the U–Th/He method can be used to date young volcanic minerals with useful precision and accuracy, and may therefore be valuable for dating volcanic rocks that have low K or are otherwise difficult to date accurately with Ar–Ar or radiocarbon.
A white light speckle method applied to the determination of stress intensity factor and displacement field around a crack tip

Abstract A new method is developed for the measurement of displacement field around cracks by using the so-called white light speckles. By spraying the specimen surface with a layer of white paint and then a layer of black paint, a fine pattern of random speckles are developed under the observation of a microscope. These speckles are photographed by double exposure before and after the application of load. The resulting specklegram is then optical—Fourier transformed to yield displacement information in terms of Young's fringes, or isothetics. A double cantilever beam is used as an example to demonstrate the technique. Displacement field and stress intensity factor around the crack tip are obtained and compared with known data.
GROWTH RESPONSES TO SALINITY VARIATION IN FOUR ARCTIC ICE DIATOMS1,2

SUMMARY During spring, extensive blooms of microalgae grow on the underside of arctic sea ice. The brownish, algal layer penetrates ca. 2 cm into the bottom surface of the ice and the algae are potentially exposed to very high salinities. Four diatom species, Melosira juergensii Ag., Porosira glacialis (Grun.) Jorg., Navicula transitans var. derasa (Grun.) Cleve, and Coscinodiscus lacustris Grun., isolated from, sea ice samples taken from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas near Barrow, Alaska, were grown at 11 salinities ranging from 5 to 70‰ at 5 C under constant illumination. All of the species grew at 5‰ except N. transitans whose lower growth limit was 15‰. Growth was high over a broad range of salinities, but none of the species grew at salinities above 60‰. These diatom species appear to be well suited to tolerate the salinities in the brine pockets near the bottom of annual arctic sea ice where they are found. High brine-cell salinity, however, may limit the upward, penetration of ice algae into the bottom of sea ice.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of NKT, a Gene Product Related to the Organic Cation Transporter Family That Is Almost Exclusively Expressed in the Kidney

We have identified a gene product (NKT) encoding an apparently novel transcript that appears to be related to the organic ion transporter family and is expressed almost exclusively in the kidney. Analysis of the deduced 546-amino acid protein sequence indicates that NKT is a unique gene product which shares a similar transmembrane domain hydropathy profile as well as transporter-specific amino acid motifs with a variety of bacterial and mammalian nutrient transporters. Nevertheless, the overall homology of NKT to two recently cloned organic ion transport proteins (NLT and OCT-1) is significantly greater; together these three gene products may represent a new subgroup of transporters. The NKT was characterized further with respect to its tissue distribution and its expression during kidney development. A 2.5-kilobase transcript was found in kidney and at much lower levels in brain, but not in a number of other tissues. Studies on the embryonic kidney indicate that the NKT transcript is developmentally regulated with significant expression beginning at mouse gestational day 18 and rising just before birth, consistent with a role in differentiated kidney function. Moreover, in situ hybridization detected specific signals in mouse renal proximal tubules. NKT was mapped by linkage disequilibrium to mouse chromosome 19, the same site to which several mouse mutations localize, including that for osteochondrodystrophy (ocd). Although initial experiments in a Xenopus oocyte expression system failed to demonstrate transport of known substrates for OCT-1, the homology to OCT-1 and other transporters, along with the proximal tubule localization, raise the possibility that this gene may play a role in organic solute transport or drug elimination by the kidney.
Catenated Gallium Compounds Supported by a Tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborato Ligand

[ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]M (M = K, Tl) reacts with “GaI” to give a series of compounds that feature Ga–Ga bonds, namely [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]Ga→GaI3, [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]GaGaI2GaI2( $$ {\text{Hpz}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ) and [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]Ga(GaI2)2Ga[ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ], in addition to the cationic, mononuclear Ga(III) complex {[ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]2Ga}+. Likewise, [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]M (M = K, Tl) reacts with (HGaCl2) 2 and Ga[GaCl4] to give [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]Ga→GaCl3, {[ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]2Ga}[GaCl4], and {[ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]GaGa[ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]}[GaCl4]2. The adduct [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]Ga→B(C6F5)3 may be obtained via treatment of [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]K with “GaI” followed by addition of B(C6F5)3. Comparison of the deviation from planarity of the GaY3 ligands in [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]Ga→GaY3 (Y = Cl, I) and [ $$ {\text{Tm}}^{{{\text{Bu}}^{\text{t}} }} $$ ]Ga→GaY3, as evaluated by the sum of the Y–Ga–Y bond angles, Σ(Y–Ga–Y), indicates that the [ $$ {\text{Tm}}^{{{\text{Bu}}^{\text{t}} }} $$ ]Ga moiety is a marginally better donor than [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]Ga. In contrast, the displacement from planarity for the B(C6F5)3 ligand of [ $$ {\text{Tp}}^{{{\text{Me}}_{2} }} $$ ]Ga→B(C6F5)3 is greater than that of [ $$ {\text{Tm}}^{{{\text{Bu}}^{\text{t}} }} $$ ]Ga→B(C6F5)3, an observation that is interpreted in terms of interligand steric interactions in the former complex compressing the C–B–C bond angles.
Service-Learning: Critical Traditions and Geographic Pedagogy

Abstract The rise of service-learning in higher education has been critiqued as little more than community service that encourages students to “do good,” but fails to generate original scholarship or social change. In this article, we argue that service-learning gives geographers the opportunity to challenge these critiques, by demonstrating the practical and political implications of collaborative research methodologies, while conveying powerful conceptual understandings of inequality. We begin by interrogating the philosophical overlap between experiential and service-based learning in the educational philosophy of John Dewey. Using this foundational approach, several theoretical and methodological debates in geography are examined, celebrating and drawing lessons from classic and current service-learning programs. We conclude with a discussion and reflection on experiences with implementing similar pedagogical projects.
Freedom and Slavery: The Dutch Republic, the VOC World, and the Debate over the ‘World's Oldest Trade’

Church members who buy and sell slaves and trade in such miserable people commit a sin. For these are people of the same nature as them rather than mere animals. Even though such slave trade is conducted by not only Jews, Turks, and Pagans, but so-called Christians, indeed Dutchmen as well, Reformed members should not taint themselves with such uncompassionate trade. Rather, they should act fully in fear of the Lord, in order that the money they make will be a blessing rather than a curse.
Mathematics Reform Curricula and Special Education: Identifying Intersections and Implications for Practice

In many general education classrooms today, teachers are using “reform” mathematics curricula. These curricula emphasize the application of mathematics in real-life contexts and include such practi...
Evaluation of antibacterial and remineralizing nanocomposite and adhesive in rat tooth cavity model

Antibacterial and remineralizing dental composites and adhesives were recently developed to inhibit biofilm acids and combat secondary caries. It is not clear what effect these materials will have on dental pulps in vivo. The objectives of this study were to investigate the antibacterial and remineralizing restorations in a rat tooth cavity model, and determine pulpal inflammatory response and tertiary dentin formation. Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and antibacterial dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) were synthesized and incorporated into a composite and an adhesive. Occlusal cavities were prepared in the first molars of rats and restored with four types of restoration: control composite and adhesive; control plus DMADDM; control plus NACP; and control plus both DMADDM and NACP. At 8 or 30days, rat molars were harvested for histological analysis. For inflammatory cell response, regardless of time periods, the NACP group and the DMADDM+NACP group showed lower scores (better biocompatibility) than the control group (p=0.014 for 8days, p=0.018 for 30days). For tissue disorganization, NACP and DMADDM+NACP had better scores than the control (p=0.027) at 30days. At 8days, restorations containing NACP had a tertiary dentin thickness (TDT) that was five- to six-fold that of the control. At 30days, restorations containing NACP had a TDT that was four- to six-fold that of the control. In conclusion, novel antibacterial and remineralizing restorations were tested in rat teeth in vivo for the first time. Composite and adhesive containing NACP and DMADDM exhibited milder pulpal inflammation and much greater tertiary dentin formation than the control adhesive and composite. Therefore, the novel composite and adhesive containing NACP and DMADDM are promising as a new therapeutic restorative system to not only combat oral pathogens and biofilm acids as shown previously, but also facilitate the healing of the dentin-pulp complex.
Extending the art: Portable cardiopulmonary bypass

A battery powered, portable cardiopulmonary bypass was used in 27 patients whose condition precluded movement to the operating room. Seventeen patients with massive pulmonary emboli and nine patients with extensive cardiopulmonary trauma, as well as one patient with massive drug overdose, were successfully placed on a cardiopulmonary bypass at their bedsides, within 15 minutes of cardiac arrest, using femoral artery and femoral vein cannulation. Twelve of the patients with massive pulmonary emboli were saved. In six of the eight patients who required portable cardiopulmonary bypass for massive, traumatic thoracic injuries, hemorrhage was controlled and repair done to allow discontinuance of bypass.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Multiple Injection Ports in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Fluidic Thrust Vectoring

A computational and experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of multiple injection ports in a two-dimensional, convergent-divergent nozzle, for fluidic thrust vectoring. The concept of multiple injection ports was conceived to enhance the thrust vectoring capability of a convergent-divergent nozzle over that of a single injection port without increasing the secondary mass flow rate requirements. The experimental study was conducted at static conditions in the Jet Exit Test Facility of the 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel Complex at NASA Langley Research Center. Internal nozzle performance was obtained at nozzle pressure ratios up to 10 with secondary nozzle pressure ratios up to 1 for five configurations. The computational study was conducted using the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code PAB3D with two-equation turbulence closure and linear Reynolds stress modeling. Internal nozzle performance was predicted for nozzle pressure ratios up to 10 with a secondary nozzle pressure ratio of 0.7 for two configurations. Results from the experimental study indicate a benefit to multiple injection ports in a convergent-divergent nozzle. In general, increasing the number of injection ports from one to two increased the pitch thrust vectoring capability without any thrust performance penalties at nozzle pressure ratios less than 4 with high secondary pressure ratios. Results from the computational study are in excellent agreement with experimental results and validates PAB3D as a tool for predicting internal nozzle performance of a two dimensional, convergent-divergent nozzle with multiple injection ports.
Rangeland resource assessment, monitoring, and management using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-based remote sensing

Civilian applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have rapidly been expanding recently. Thanks to military development many civil UAVs come via the defense sector. Although numerous UAVs can perform civilian tasks, the regulations imposed by FAA in the national airspace system and military equivalent agencies in restricted airspace need to be closely considered and followed in order to make progress in civilian applications. Personnel at the Jornada Experimental Range have developed approaches to abide by FAA and military regulations. Because of this, the enormous potential of UAVs for rangeland assessment, monitoring, and management is starting to be realized.
THE SIZE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS

The sedimentation behavior of influenza virus in dilute solutions of electrolyte was found to be quite variable. At times the virus activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of particles about 80 to 120 mmicro in diameter, at other times at a rate comparable with that of particles about 10 mmicro in diameter, and at still other times the bulk of the activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of the larger particles and the residual activity at a rate comparable with that of the smaller particles. However, in the presence of a sucrose density gradient, the virus activity was always found to sediment with a rate comparable to that of particles about 80 to 120 mmicro in diameter; hence it appeared that the variable sedimentation behavior in dilute electrolyte solution was due to convection or mechanical disturbances during centrifugation. About 30 per cent of the high molecular weight protein present in the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the F 12 strain of influenza virus was found to consist of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 30 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 10 mmicro. The residual protein of high molecular weight was present in the form of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mmicro. The proportion of the 30 S component in allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus was found to be considerably less. The 600 S and 30 S components of F 12 allantoic fluid were purified and separated by differential centrifugation. The purified preparations of the 600 S component were found to possess a specific virus activity from 100 to over 10,000 times that of the purified preparations of the 30 S component, the difference in activity apparently depending only on the degree of fractionation of the two components. The purified 30 S component was found to sediment normally in the presence of 12 per cent sucrose, whereas the small residual virus activity of such preparations was found to sediment in the presence of a sucrose density gradient with a rate comparable to that of much heavier particles. It is concluded that influenza virus activity is not associated with material having a particle diameter of about 10 mmicro, but is associated solely with material having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mmicro.
Effects of tilt on high-resolution ADF-STEM imaging

Abstract A study of the effects of small-angle specimen tilt on high-resolution annular dark field images was carried out for scanning transmission electron microscopes with uncorrected and aberration-corrected probes using multislice simulations. The results indicate that even in the cases of specimen tilts of the order of 1 ∘ a factor of 2 reduction in the contrast of the high-resolution image should be expected. The effect holds for different orientations of the crystal. Calculations also indicate that as the tilted specimen gets thicker the contrast reduction increases. Images simulated with a low-angle annular dark field detector show that tilt effects are more pronounced in this case and suggest that these low-angle detectors can be used to correct specimen tilt during scanning transmission electron microscopes operation.
Synthesis and oxidative fragmentation of catharanthine analogs. Comparison to the fragmentation — Coupling of catharanthine and vindoline

Abstract Two new analogs of catharanthine have been synthesized in racemic form. They differ from catharanthine in the fusion of the indole ring to the non-aromatic portion of the iboga skeleton, with the [2,3] fusion present in catharanthine being replaced by [2,1] and [3,2] fusions. The corresponding deethyl analogs were also prepared and methodological improvements were applied to an existing synthesis of deethylcatharanthine and a formal synthesis of racemic catharanthine. The reactivity of the catharanthine analogs toward coupling with vindoline was examined. Coupling was attempted by both the amine oxide fragmentation (Potier) and Fe3+ methods. Under Potier conditions the [2,1] fused analogs give low yields of coupling products in which vindoline is attached to the 3-position of the indole ring. The [3,2] isomers undergo fragmentation of the C16–C21 bond, as observed for catharanthine, but no coupling to vindoline occurs. The reactivity, oxidation potentials and conformation of the analogs are compared with catharanthine, deethylcatharanthine and N-methylcatharanthine.
Stable integration and expression in mouse cells of yeast artificial chromosomes harboring human genes.

Abstract We have developed a way to fit yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) with markers that permit the selection of stably transformed mammalian cells, and have determined the fate and expression of such YACs containing the genes for human ribosomal RNA (rDNA) or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The YACs in the yeast cell are "retrofitted" with selectable markers by homologous recombination with the URA3 gene of one vector arm. The DNA fragment introduced contains a LYS2 marker selective in yeast and a thymidine kinase (TK) marker selective in TK-deficient cells, bracketed by portions of the URA3 sequence that disrupt the endogenous gene during the recombination event. Analyses of transformed L-M TK- mouse cells showed that YACs containing rDNA or G6PD were incorporated in essentially intact form into the mammalian cell DNA. For G6PD, a single copy of the transfected YAC was found in each of two transformants analyzed and was fully expressed, producing the expected human isozyme as well as the heterodimer composed of the human gene product and the endogenous mouse gene product.
Imagining neoliberal feminisms? Thinking critically about the US diplomacy campaign, ‘Empowering Women and Girls Through Sports’

This paper builds upon the sport for development scholarship that critically explores how Western ideals of gender and sport are mobilized within sport development campaigns. This growing body of d...
The effect of tryptophan analogs on the induced synthesis of maltase and protein synthesis in yeast

Previous studies (l-3) on the induced synthesis of cr-glucosidase in nondividing suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have indicated that the process involves the de nova formation of protein from the free amino acid pool. The data led to the conclusion that the first stable intermediate between the free amino acids and the fully formed enzyme molecule was of such complexity that its synthesis demanded the simultaneous availability of virtually all the various free amino acid pool components. Much of the information obtained in the course of these studies stems principally from the use of halogenated derivatives of phenylalanine. In view of the importance of the conclusions drawn, it was of interest to subject them to further tests with effective analogs of other amino acids. In looking for utilizable antagonists, two principles were kept in mind. The compounds should be analogs of free amino acid pool components which are present in relatively low concentrations. Further, it should be possible to demonstrate the existence of a competitive interaction with the corresponding homologs. The results reported in the present paper
Enumeration of finite automata

Harary ( 1960, 1964), in a survey of 27 unsolved problems in graphical enumeration, asked for the number of different finite automata. Recently, Harrison (1965) solved this problem, but without considering automata with initial and final states. With the aid of the Power Group Enumeration Theorem (Harary and Palmer, 1965, 1966) the entire problem can be handled routinely. The method involves a confrontation of several different operations on permutation groups. To set the stage, we enumerate ordered pairs of functions with respect to the product of two power groups. Finite automata are then concisely defined as certain ordered pah's of functions. We review the enumeration of automata in the natural setting of the power group, and then extend this result to enumerate automata with initial and terminal states.
Tricuspid Valve Annulus Tension

Functional tricuspid regurgitation is a direct outcome of right ventricular dilatation and tricuspid annulus dilatation. The mechanism underlying functional tricuspid regurgitation is believed to be multifactorial and related to abnormalities in right ventricular volume, function and shape. Changes in the right ventricle geometry may lead to alterations in the positions of the papillary muscles (PM) of the tricuspid valve (TV). PM displacement happens in right ventricular dilatation but its correlation with tricuspid annulus dilatation is still unknown. The unique structure and orientation of tricuspid PM has role to play in TV annulus mechanics and right ventricular mechanics (Fig.1). It has been already shown that annulus tension (AT) is a parameter to evaluate left ventricular function that, previously, was evaluated via the left ventricular geometry and pressure [1–3].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of banana ingestion on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole compounds in normal adults.

Summary1. Banana ingestion (12 g/kg/24 hr) by normal adults produced an average 2-fold increase in urinary excretion of 5-OH indoles. This was not of such magnitude as to suggest an erroneous diagn...
Bringing up baby: a change at the helm and the vision for future governance for a maturing spine journal

The Spine Journal, our official journal for the North American Spine Society, has made great strides over the past 4 years. As I hand over the controls, I want to acknowledge the many contributors to the remarkable achievement of Index Medicus/MEDLINE in just the second volume. The quality of the publications, the expertise of the Editorial Boards, the improvements in Outstanding Paper Award entries and the efficiency of the Deputy-led review process, all led to this accomplishment. An independent review commissioned by the NASS Board in early 2004 concluded that The Spine Journal was “...7–10 years ahead of [the largest and oldest spine journal] at a comparable stage of its development.” The Special Features supervised by David Fardon, Contemporary Concepts Reviews edited by Alex Vacarro, the Outstanding Paper Awards determined by a Selection Committee and the Editor-in-Chief, and topical Editorials are identified as the distinguishing hallmarks of TSJ. The first independently-edited TSJ supplement on disc arthroplasty, headed by Todd Albert and John Kostuik, is another “first” for a journal enthusiastically growing from juvenile to adolescent. While a scientific journal publishes manuscripts from diverse sources, it inevitably takes on unique characteristics of its leadership. This observation is especially true during the earliest creative years of journal development, which often has a “flying by the seat of the pants” feel that is absent in more established journals. As Henry LaRocca, who created and guided Spine for more than a decade, pointed out, “...the early development of a scientific journal is as personal as parenting a firstborn child.” After four years as Editorin-Chief, I have come to share his perception. It is also worth noting that Spine was NASS’ first “official journal,” and to acknowledge the spectacular job Jim Weinstein has done as Editor-in-Chief since his accession.
Synthetic cryIIIA gene from Bacillus thuringiensis improved for high expression in plants.

A 1974 bp synthetic gene was constructed from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides in order to improve transgenic protein expression of thecryIIIA gene fromBacillus thuringiensis var.tenebrionis in transgenic tobacco.
Adaptive Potential, Stress, and Natural Killer Cell Activity in Older Adults

The authors examined the relationship among psychosocial vulnerability (stress) and resilience (adaptive potential) factors and three outcome measures, self-reported physical symptoms, positive and negative affect, and natural killer cell activity in 39 male and female older adults residing in a retirement community (mean age = 73.5). Although life events were directly related to physical health symptoms, both perceived stress and adaptive potential were significantly associated with positive and negative affect. There was a tendency for adaptive potential to buffer the effect of perceived stress on negative affect. However, natural killer cell activity was not significantly related to any psychosocial vulnerability and resilience factors in this small sample. Implications for studying the effects of stress on health in older adults are discussed.
Microcellular Injection Molding

Abstract This paper reviews some of the recent developments of microcellular injection molding, which is capable of producing parts with excellent dimensional stability using lower injection pressure, shorter cycle time, and less material. Process conditions as well as nano/micro-fillers such as nanoclay and core–shell rubber have a strong influence on cell density and cell size, hence, the final material properties of the molded parts. The addition of nano/micro-fillers at optimum loading levels can generally facilitate the formation of microcellular plastics with higher cell density and smaller cell size leading to superior mechanical properties. The novel integration of a solid plastic surface with a microcellular plastic core via the co-injection molding technique has been investigated to achieve Class “A” surfaces and improved material performance. An improved mathematical model has been developed to simulate the cell growth behavior in the microcellular injection molding process.
Nucleation and evolution of strain-induced martensitic (b.c.c.) embryos and substructure in stainless steel: A transmission electron microscope study

Abstract The deformation of type 304 stainless steel produces a preponderance of strain-induced α′ (b.c.c.) martensite, which nucleates as stable embryos at micro-shear band or twin-fault intersections as proposed by Olson and Cohen. The two intersecting micro-shear bands must have a specific defect (fault-displacement) structure, and for stable martensite embryos to form requires a minimal micro-shear band thickness ranging from 50–70 A. The critical nature of nucleation is influenced by the local temperature and strain. The structure, geometry, and morphology of strain-induced martensite embryos is essentially invariant regardless of the strain rate, strain state or temperature. Larger volume fractions of martensite evolve at large strains (⩾20%) as a result of embryo coalescence to produce a blocky-type morphology. Martensite embryos and coalesced volume elements of α′ are frequently characterized by an irregular, non-homogeneous distribution of smaller b.c.c. regimes which result from the irregular satisfaction of the necessary and specific fault-displacement requirements within a larger intersection volume.
The gene encoding chicken chromosomal protein HMG-14a is transcribed into multiple mRNAs

Abstract The sequence and structure of the chicken HMG14a gene encoding HMG-14a non-histone chromosomal protein suggest that it may be a unique member of the HMG (high mobility group) gene family with properties intermediate to those of the typical HMG-14 and HMG-17 genes. Genomic clones were isolated which together contain the complete chicken HMG-14a gene. The gene covers about 10kb while coding for an mRNA of about 1000 nt in size. Primer extension, S1 mapping and further cDNA clone analysis suggest that HMG-14a codes for multiple mRNAs arising from two or more transcription start points with alternative splicing and utilization of two or more polyadenylation sites. However, no variation in the coding portion of the mRNA has been observed. The sequence of the promoter region of HMG-14a is similar to that of chicken HMG-14b and human HMG-14 in that it is very G + C rich, contains several putative Spl-binding sequences and has an unusually high density of CpG dinucleotides. Expression studies confirm earlier results suggesting that the gene is expressed at low levels in most tissue types.
Involvement of phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid in the depolarization-evoked accumulation of Ca2+ in hippocampal mossy fiber nerve endings

Depolarization-evoked increases in intraterminal free Ca2+ are required for the induction of neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals. Although the mechanisms that regulate the voltage-induced accumulation of presynaptic Ca2+ remain obscure, there is evidence that the phospholipase-dependent accumulation of arachidonic acid, or its metabolites, may be involved. Therefore, fura-2 loaded hippocampal mossy fiber nerve endings were used to investigate the relationships between membrane depolarization, lipid metabolism and presynaptic Ca2+ availability. It was observed that depolarization of the nerve terminals with KCl induced an increase in intraterminal free calcium that was inhibited more than 90% by a combination of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel blockers. In addition, the K+-dependent effects on Ca2+ concentrations were attenuated in the presence of phospholipase A2 inhibitors, but were mimicked by the phospholipase A2 activator melittin and exogenous arachidonic acid. Both the melittin- and arachidonic acid-induced increases in presynaptic Ca2+ were reduced by voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel blockers. The stimulatory effects of arachidonic acid appeared to be independent of its further metabolism to prostaglandins. In fact, inhibition of either cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways resulted in a potentiation of the depolarization-evoked increase in intraterminal free Ca2+. From these results, we propose that some portion of the depolarization-evoked increase in intraterminal free calcium depends on the activation of phospholipase A2 and the subsequent accumulation of unesterified arachidonic acid.
In Vitro Digestion Rate of Forage Cell Wall Components

Abstract Linearity of the semilog plots of remaining digestible fiber on time and their correlations (r = .98 approximately) indicated first order digestion kinetics for each of the six forages even though composition and observed rates of fiber digestion were markedly different. Immature rye cell walls digested fastest (27.03±.81%/hour, r 2 = .999) and mature timothy cell walls digested slowest (5.65±.31%/hour, r 2 = .985). Similarity of lignin to cellulose ratios in theoretically indigestible residues from rye (.77), alfalfa (.79), orehardgrass (.79), and timothy (.63) suggest a digestion-extent-limiting role of lignin. Rates of cell wall digestion were positively (r = .77, P
The effects of tact training on the emergence of categorization and listener behavior in children with autism

We evaluated the effects of tact training on the emergence of categorization and listener behavior using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across 2 children with autism. Participants learned to tact the category name of 9 pictures that belonged to 3 different categories. We assessed whether participants accurately matched pictures by category and selected the correct comparisons when hearing their category names. After training, participants categorized and emitted listener behavior. One participant did not categorize until asked to tact the samples. These results suggest that tact training may be an efficient way to produce listener and categorization in children diagnosed with autism.
Dosimetric effects of an air cavity for the SAVI partial breast irradiation applicator.

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric effect of the air inside the SAVI partial breast irradiation device. Methods: The authors have investigated how the air inside the SAVI partial breast irradiation device changes the delivered dose from the homogeneously calculated dose. Measurements were made with the device filled with air and water to allow comparison to a homogenous dose calculation done by the treatment planning system. Measurements were made with an ion chamber, TLDs, and film. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the experiment were done using the EGSnrc suite. The MC model was validated by comparing the water-filled calculations to those from a commercial treatment planning system. Results: The magnitude of the dosimetric effect depends on the size of the cavity, the arrangement of sources, and the relative dwell times. For a simple case using only the central catheter of the largest device, MC results indicate that the dose at the prescription point 1 cm away from the air-water boundary is about 9% higher than the homogeneous calculation. Independent measurements in a water phantom with a similar air cavity gave comparable results. MC simulation of a realistic multidwell position plan showed discrepancies of about 5% on average at the prescription pointmore » for the largest device. Conclusions: The dosimetric effect of the air cavity is in the range of 3%-9%. Unless a heterogeneous dose calculation algorithm is used, users should be aware of the possibility of small treatment planning dose errors for this device and make modifications to the treatment delivery, if necessary.« less
Emergency case admissions at a large animal tertiary university referral hospital during a 12-month period

Objective: To collate and describe emergency admissions to a large animal tertiary university referral hospital during a 12-month period. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Large animal tertiary university referral hospital. Animals: Large animal emergency patient admissions. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Information obtained from the medical record included the presenting complaint, clinical problem, admission time, duration of clinical signs before presentation, diagnostic procedures performed, therapies administered, and therapeutic procedures performed during the first 24 hours following admission, and survival to discharge. The most common category listed for the presenting complaint and clinical problem categories was gastrointestinal. Most emergency cases were admitted during the evening and in late spring, summer, and early fall. Most cases had a duration of clinical signs before presentation of >2 hours and ≤8 hours (27%) or >8 hours and ≤24 hours (29%). The most common diagnostic procedures performed during the first 24 hours were palpation per rectum, ultrasonographic examination, radiographs, and abdominocentesis. Antimicrobials, fluids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most common therapies administered. Approximately 25% of cases required surgery. An exploratory celiotomy was performed in approximately 15% of cases. Enterotomy, intestinal resection and anastomosis, cesarean section, or joint or sheath lavage was each performed in <5% of cases. Overall survival to discharge was 74%. Conclusions: Large animal emergency clinicians are required to have knowledge on a wide range of diseases and should be proficient at performing numerous procedures on an emergency basis. Gastrointestinal disease is the most common type of emergency and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed during the first 24 hours following admission are a reflection of this type of case. Only 25% of cases required surgery. Additional research in the form of a multicenter study and surveying both private and university practitioners needs to be performed to further define the necessary skills for an ‘ideal’ large animal emergency clinician.