cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar wind-magnetosphere drivers of space weather

Abstract Space weather is a term which refers to the dynamic, highly variable conditions in the geospace environment. This includes conditions on the sun, in the interplanetary medium, and in the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system. Adverse changes in the near-Earth space environment can diminish the performance and reliability of both spacecraft and ground-based systems. This, in turn, can spell major losses due to communication, navigation, power system, and reconnaissance satellite operational problems. This paper discusses some of the principal adverse space environmental effects presently known including trapped magnetospheric radiation, solar energetic particles, geomagnetic storms, and magnetospheric substorms. Methods for predicting changes in space weather are also considered. It is concluded that practical and effective methods of predicting and mitigating space weather effects are close at hand.
Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) in Automotive Powertrain Machining

This paper summarizes the advancements and challenges of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technology in automotive powertrain machining from both industrial and academic perspectives. MQL refers to applying a small amount of cutting fluid in the form of mist to the cutting zone rather than flooding the workpiece. Elimination of coolant systems creates significant saving from energy and equipment, the flexibility to relocate the machines, reduction of waste stream and floor space, and a cleaner and healthier work environment. Ford Motor Company has demonstrated these advantages, and currently has a total of over 400 MQL CNC machining centers in numerous global transmission and engine plants running MQL operations, with further implementation planned for new programs globally. Technical challenges to realize 100% implementation includes tool design, delivery system, chip management, and thermal related problems, particularly in high-energy density processes and difficult-to-machine metals, such as deep-hole drilling and compacted graphite iron (CGI). This paper provides a review of current status and limitations of MQL machining and highlights opportunities for research and development of the next-generation MQL technology in automotive powertrain machining.
Re-Using Workflow Fragments across Multiple Data Domains

In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to reuse workflow fragments in different data domains: from text analytics to image analysis to video activity recognition. We highlight how the re-use of workflows allows scientists to link across disciplines and avail themselves of the benefits of interdisciplinary research beyond their normal area of expertise. In addition, we present an in-depth study of a Social Media Analysis (SMA) task, wherein we show how the re-use of workflow fragments can extend a pre-existing, rudimentary analysis; we also examine how workflow fragments save time and effort in SMA while bringing together multiple areas of machine learning and computer vision.
Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose metabolism in rats with liver cirrhosis

It is well established that impaired glucose metabolism is a frequent complication in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. We previously showed that leucine, one of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA...
Filling a void in Gray Platelets.

The Gray Platelet Syndrome (GPS) is the paradigm of clinical α-granule deficiency. Yet, its description had been limited to case reports. Gunay-Aygun et al now provide the first comprehensive study of GPS and assign the causative gene to a locus on chromosome 3.[1][1] In 1971, Raccuglia described
The role of BK-products of relations in soft computing

Relational computing structures make it possible to perform knowledge representation as well as all the computations in intelligent systems in a unified way. When crisp computations are replaced by fuzzy relational computations, it is possible to improve significantly handling of indeterminacy and incompleteness of information. Fuzzy computational structures in which cuts commute with closures over relational properties, provide in addition the means for significant data compression, resulting in significant speedup of computations. BK-relational products provide axiomatics necessary for constructive computational procedures that rigorously satisfy the above formulated requirements. Furthermore, relational specifications of soft computing architectures have great unifying power.
Maximizing Multicast Throughput in a Single-Hop Multi-channel Wireless Network

This paper studies multicast traffic in a wireless network in which all nodes are within communication range of each other and share multiple independent channels. A node in this network cannot simultaneously transmit and receive, and can only transmit on one channel at a time, but when not transmitting it can simultaneously receive all channels. It is shown that increased throughput may be achieved by using erasure coding, which eliminates the requirement that all recipients listen at the same time. For any given set of multicast sessions, throughput may be optimized subject to a fairness constraint by solving a certain linear programming problem.
Germ Cell Apoptosis in the Testes of Sprague Dawley Rats Following Testosterone Withdrawal by Ethane 1,2-Dimethanesulfonate Administration: Relationship to Fas?

Germ cell apoptosis, which occurs normally during spermatogenesis, increases after testosterone withdrawal from the testis. The molecular mechanism by which this occurs remains uncertain. The Fas system has been implicated as a possible key regulator of apoptosis in various cells: binding of Fas ligand (FasL), a type II transmembrane protein, to Fas, a type I transmembrane receptor protein, triggers apoptosis in cells expressing Fas. Recently, Fas has been localized to germ cells, and FasL to Sertoli cells, within the rat testis. We hypothesized that Fas protein content would rise in response to reduced levels of testosterone as part of a suicide pathway that would result in germ cell apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, ethane 1,2-dimethanesulfonate (EDS), a Leydig cell toxicant, was used to kill Leydig cells and thus reduce intratesticular testosterone levels in Sprague Dawley rats. Apoptosis was examined in situ and biochemically, and Fas protein content in the testis was monitored by Western blot analysis. We show that EDS injection results in the following sequence of events: apoptotic death of Leydig cells by a mechanism that does not involve Fas; reduced testosterone; increased testicular Fas content; and germ cell apoptosis. These results suggest that Fas may play a role in the apoptotic death of germ cells that results from reduced intratesticular testosterone levels, and that testosterone may play a role in germ cell survival via its suppression of Fas.
Graft versus Host Disease in Rats Made Tolerant for Organ Allografts

Abstract Tolerance for organ allografts would eliminate acute and chronic rejection as well as the need for nonspecific immunosuppression. A potential hazard of tolerance is the susceptibility to graft vs host disease (GVHD) due to unresponsiveness to alloantigen. This study sought to determine if our model of tolerance induction results in susceptibility to GVHD. Chimeras were created by transplantation of T-cell depleted ACI and Lewis bone marrow into lethally irradiated Lewis rats. Chimerism was determined post-BMTx by flow cytometric analysis of recipient spleens for the presence of ACI cells. ACI/Lew chimeras (ALC), animals that reconstituted only with syngeneic (Lewis) marrow (so-called failed chimeras), and ACI/Lew F1 (LACF1) hybrid rats were all given 200 × 106ACI splenocytes i.v. Animals were examined for evidence of GVHD. GVHD was quantified using the popliteal lymph node enlargement assay. All LACF1(n= 6) rats developed severe lethal GVHD following ACI splenocyte injection. Similarly, ALC (n= 6) developed fatal GVHD. Animals that reconstituted only with syngeneic Lewis marrow (failed chimeras) showed no signs of illness. GVHD was confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically. Failed chimeras receiving ACI splenocyte challenge showed no evidence of GVHD histologically. Popliteal lymph node enlargement indices reflected the presence of GVHD in the chimeras and hybrids but not in the failed chimeras. We conclude that tolerance induction by mixed chimerism results in susceptibility to GVHD if enough donor lymphoid tissue is given to the host at the time of organ transplant. Animals that are not mixed chimeras (failed bone marrow transplant) rejected the allogeneic splenocytes as evidenced by their lack of disease. Tolerance may therefore make the host defenseless against fatal GVHD.
Backward context adaptive interframe coding

This paper presents a backward context adaptive coder for motion-compensated difference frames based on a mixture density model. In this model, each pixel is assumed to be generated from a random source with probability distribution conditioned on the interframe context which consists of the local intensity context and the local displacement vector context. To estimate this conditional probability distribution, a backward adaptive nonparametric approach is chosen in our work due to its fast adaptivity to the input data characteristics. Once this probability distribution is found, each pixel can then be coded by using the corresponding entropy coder. As an application, we modified Telenor's TMN5 H.263 algorithm based on this context adaptive coding idea and implemented a hybrid interframe coder. Our simulation results show that the coding performance at 8kbps is comparable to that of H.263 without obvious blocking effects and our coder can also be implemented with lower complexity.
Recurrent episodes of Gram-negative bacteremia or endotoxemia change reactivity of pre- and post-capillary pulmonary segments to Angiotensin or free radicals*

Objective: Recurrent episodes of Gram-negative bacteremia (from intraperitoneal abscesses) or endotoxemia cause lung microvascular injury in the rat. Change in vascular reactivity was assessed in response to challenge.Design: In the isolated lung preparation, resistance was partitioned between pre-(PVRa) and post-capillary (PRVv) segments: vasoreactivity was assessed by challenge with Angiotensin II (AII) or reactive oxygen metabolites. Animals received 4 weekly intra-abdominal implants of liveE. coli andB. fragilis in a carrier of sterile cecal content and barium sulfate (SEPSIS) or carrier alone (SHAM SEPSIS): or 4 weekly intravenous infusion ofE. coli endotoxin (ENDO) or of saline (SHAM ENDO). A fifth group were untreated controls (CONTROL).Measurements and results:In the SEPSIS and ENDO lungs, PVRa and PVRv before challenge were normal. In the SEPSIS lung, AII increased PVRa more than in the control lung, PVRv to a similar degree in both. In the ENDO lung it increased PVRa compared with its effect on the SHAM ENDO lung: In both it also increased PVRv, to a similar degree and well above the baseline. Always tachyphylaxis developed with increases in dosage (to 25 μm and 50 μm, respectively). Oxygen free radical challenge in the SEPSIS and ENDO lung caused significant vasoconstriction, particularly PVRv, whereas no response was observed in the CONTROL or SHAM-treated lung from either group.Conclusion: Abnormal lung vascular reativity after SEPSIS or ENDOTOXIN is evident on challenge, the two agents used here detecting site specific changes.
Biometric analyses of normal skeletal muscle.

This study represents an effort to tabulate the normal mean cross-sectional diameters of human striated muscle fibers in post-mortem material ranging in age from five months gestation through senescence. Age, sex, height and weight of the subjects were taken into account. Cases with neuromuscular illnesses or inanition were specifically excluded. All measurements represent mean narrow fiber diameter of celloidin embedded material sampled at the maximum diameter of the muscle belly. Noteworthy findings include a rapid increase in mean narrow diameter of all muscles except gastrocnemius from gestation to the immediate neonatal period. This was followed by a slower gradual increase in fiber diameter until the age of puberty when again a rapid increase was noted in all muscles except the superior rectus. Following puberty, the superior rectus diameter remained relatively constant throughout life. The sternomastoid, deltoid, biceps, sartorius, quadriceps and gastrocnemius continued a gradual steady increase in fiber size until the late third to early fourth decade, thereafter slowly diminishing in size by the ninth decade. Data are presented to show that the fusiform shape of the biceps muscle cannot be entirely attributed to the fusiform shape of the individual fibers. Particular care must be taken in selecting the level of measurement as fiber diameters appear to be significantly larger near the maximum breadth of the muscle bely. Factors are presented for conversion of measurements between various methods of histologic processing. A useful rule is that the ratio of the sizes of fresh-frozen, fixed-frozen, celloidin and paraffin embedded fibers is roughly 10:9:8:7.
Learning sensor models for wireless sensor networks

ABSTRACT Sensor data generation is a key component of high delity design and testing of applications at scale. Inaddition to its utility in validation of applications and network services, it provides a theoretical basis for thedesign of algorithms for ecient sampling, compression and exltration of the sensor readings. Modeling ofthe environmental processes that gives rise to sensor readings is the core problem in physical sciences. Sensormodeling for wireless sensor networks combine the physics of signal generation and propagation with models oftransducer saturation and fault models for hardware. In this paper we introduce a novel modeling techniquefor constructing probabilistic models for censored sensor readings. The model is an extension of the Gaussianprocess regression and applies to continuous valued readings subject to censoring. We illustrate the performanceof the proposed technique in modeling wireless propagation between nodes of a wireless sensor network. Themodel can capture the non-is otropic nature of the propagation character istics and utilizes the information fromthe packet reception failures. We use measured data set from the Kansei sensor network testbed using 802.15.4radios.Keywords: Machine Learning, Gaussian Processes, Wireless Sensor Networks, Sensor Modeling
On the susceptibility of local elastic buckling to chaos

The paper draws attention to an interesting connection between the randomness of localized buckling forms of elastic structures, solitons and deterministic chaos of dynamic systems. Die Arbeit will die Aufmerksamkeit auf eine interessante Verbindung zwischen der Zufalligkeit lokalisierter Beulformen elastischer Strukturen, Solitonen und deterministischem Chaos dynamischer Systeme lenken.
Latino High School Students' Perceptions of Gangs and Crews

Controversies around definitions and perceptions of gangs are heightened by the scarcity of research on crews. In an open-ended interview, 77 Latino 10th graders from a random longitudinal sample provided information about gangs and crews. Although less than 10% reported having been in gangs or crews, 84% reported having personal contact with them. Sixty three percent reported that gangs were more negative than crews. Crews tag and claim territory but do not have initiation rituals or engage in extreme violence. Although there were no significant gender differences, very low achievers had closer interactions and were more often asked to join gangs and crews. This study informs educators, juvenile justice personnel, and intervention programs how to distinguish and better serve these peer groups.
Ensuring That Education, Certification, and Practice Are Evidence Based

The occupational therapy profession has put forth a vision for evidence-based practice. Although many practitioners express a commitment to the provision of services informed by evidence, the reality that tradition still determines much of our education, certification, and practice cannot be ignored. In this article, we highlight the disconnect between the profession's aspirations and actual practices using neurophysiological models as an example. We describe actions to actualize the shift from traditional interventions to evidence-based approaches. We challenge readers to become agents of change and facilitate a culture shift to a profession informed by evidence. It is our hope that this article will provoke critical discourse among educators, practitioners, authors, and editors about why a reluctance to let go of unsubstantiated traditions and a hesitancy to embrace scientific evidence exist. A shift to providing evidence-based occupational therapy will enable us to meet the objectives of the Centennial Vision.
Analysis of SOX2-Expressing Cell Populations Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

SOX2 is involved in several cell and developmental processes, including maintenance of embryonic stem cells, differentiation of neural progenitor cells, and patterning of gut endoderm. To study its role in a human system, we generated a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line harboring a reporter gene encoding GFP in the SOX2 locus. This SOX2 reporter line faithfully recapitulates expression of the SOX2 gene in undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and anterior foregut endoderm (AFE). In undifferentiated hESCs, GFP expression corresponds to those cells with highest levels of expression of genes associated with the pluripotent state. In NPCs, expression of GFP can be employed to isolate cells expressing markers associated with NPC multipotency. In AFE, we used transcriptome-wide expression analysis to identify cell surface markers with elevated expression in this population, thereby facilitating isolation and purification of this hPSC-derived cell population.
Electronic charge density and bonding in V 3 Si

A self-consistent pseudopotential approach using a mixed-basis set (plane waves plus localized orbitals) is used to obtain the valence charge density and electronic structure of ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si. The calculated charge density is compared with the results determined from x-ray measurements. Both the experimental and calculated charge densities show a piling up of charge between V atoms along the V-V chain. To determine the bonding of this compound arising from the various interactions, V-V, Si-Si, and V-Si, we have also calculated the charge density for ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}^{*}$ (chain only) and Si (bcc). Taking the difference between the charge density of ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si and that of the ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}^{*}$ and Si combined, we examined the charge transfer coming from the V-Si interaction. The resulting bonding is covalent between V atoms along the chains and metallic between V and Si. The $E$ vs $k$ dispersion from $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ to $X$ was examined and found to compare well with the recent angle-resolved photoemission data of Aono, Himpsel, and Eastman.
Blood manganese as an exposure biomarker: state of the evidence.

Despite evidence of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to manganese (Mn), biomarkers of exposure are poorly understood. To enhance understanding, mean blood Mn (MnB) and mean air Mn (MnA) were extracted from 63 exposure groups in 24 published papers, and the relationship was modeled using segmented regression. On a log/log scale, a positive association between MnA and MnB was observed among studies reporting MnA concentrations above about 10 μg/m3, although interpretation is limited by largely cross-sectional data, study design variability, and differences in exposure monitoring methods. Based on the results of the segmented regression, we hypothesize that below the concentration of about 10 μg/m3, Mn in the body is dominated by dietary Mn, and additional inhaled Mn only causes negligible changes in Mn levels unless the inhaled amount is substantial. However, stronger study designs are required to account for temporal characteristics of the MnA to MnB relationships that reflect the underlying ...
AUTOMATED PACEMAKER FUNCTION

Automatic–self-acting under conditions fixed for it; having the power of action within it For decades, pacemakers have possessed automatic features, many of which are now taken for granted. Without automation, the pacemaker would be restricted to fixed rate asynchronous output. The earliest automated pacemaker function was the introduction of the inhibited output mode in the early 1960s. 28 These early implementations of automation are now considered fundamental pacemaker functions, but in the late 1960s even the need for a noncompetitive pacing mode was hotly debated. Over the next two decades, further automation of pacemaker function gradually progressed to include features such as physiologic DDD pacing, pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT) intervention, rate adaptive pacing and mode switching. These early automated functions were largely confined to adjustments in the timing cycle of the devices. A brief chronology of the evolution of automated pacemaker operation is shown in Figure 1. Within the past decade, virtually all aspects of pacemaker operation have been subjected to automated control. 30,48 These functions now include automatic capture and sensing control, self-adjusting rate response settings, sinus rhythm and atrioventricular (AV) conduction preference, and automated implant algorithms. A list of currently automated pacemaker functions is shown in Box 1. Box 1Automated Pacemaker Functions Capture verification/threshold tracking Sensing adjustment Rate responsive pacing Rate response optimization Mode switching Rate drop therapy Sinus preference AV delay hysteresis Rate responsive AV delay Lead impedance monitoring/polarity reprogramming PMT interventions Sleep lower rate limits Advanced diagnostics/electrogram storage Patient alerts The automation of pacemaker function is a rapidly growing trend in the pacing industry. Advanced automation has many potential benefits and has great appeal to clinicians. Critical evaluation of many new functions is lacking, however, and in most cases the actual clinical benefits of these advanced technologies have not been demonstrated. This article reviews the operation of newer automated pacemaker functions and describes their potential benefits and disadvantages.
Randomly Walking Through Wall Street

Abstract The daily closing values of the S&P 500 Index from January 1, 1926 through June 11, 1993, a total of 17,610 values, were entered into Mathematica , and the day-to-day percent changes were calculated. Using the Standard Mathematica Package Statistics ‵ContinuousDistributions‵ and the built-in function NonLinearFit , procedures were developed to find the probability distribution that best models these daily changes. Although the log-normal distribution has been used traditionally, we found that a logistic distribution provides the best model, having a coefficient of determination 0.998. Using this model and Mathematica to simulate stock market performance we have found that, although the short-term changes in the stock market can often be explained by world events, longer-term behavior of the market can be modeled with accuracy. Simulations for time periods between 6 months and 10 years show that, although dollar-cost average investing has less volatility, the long-term investor can expect a higher return from a lump-sum investment.
Privacy-aware display strategy in friend search

A large body of work has addressed preserving users' relationship privacy in sharing online social network (OSN) data with third-parties. However, the disclosure of relationship privacy in using the friend search engines on OSNs has not been given sufficient attention. In this paper, we consider that users indicate different comfort levels to share their friendships in OSNs by limiting the number of their friends returned in response to queries through the friend search engine. We propose a new attack model where an attacker attempts to infer more friendship information based on the friendships detected in the query results. Additionally, we define the model of (β, k)-inference privacy preservation which ensures to safely display k friends of individual users in response to queries. We also propose a display strategy which balances the tradeoff between preserving users' friendship privacy and maintaining the sociality of OSNs. From the experimental results, we can see the effectiveness of our strategy in handling such a tradeoff.
Synthesis of novel zinc oxide microphone-like microstructures

Abstract Novel microphone-like ZnO microstructures were grown at a very high density via a simple thermal evaporation process using commercially available ZnO powder in ambient air at ∼ 1050 ± 20 °C in 1 h. The unique as-grown microstructures were characterized in detail in terms of their structural and optical properties. The structural properties of the synthesized products confirmed that they were wurtzite hexagonal phase for the as-grown products. Raman-scattering spectra exhibited a strong and dominated Raman-active E 2 (high) mode at 441 cm − 1 , confirming the wurtzite hexagonal phase for the as-grown microphone-like ZnO morphologies. The cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum shows a suppressed near band edge emission at ∼ 380 nm and strong green emission at ∼ 500 nm.
Testing models of agenda building

Abstract One of the problems of the policy process literature is that it is descriptive nature. Recent literature on agenda building suggests that there is a new phase of empirical testing of policy process concepts. This article seeks to further that literature by testing two alternative conceptions of agenda building, models developed by Cobb and Elder, and by Kingdon. The article reviews the recent empirical literature and outlines the two models. It then employs frequency distributions of articles in The New York Times and congressional hearings to test the models using three case studies. The case studies are acid deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate warming. The analysis concludes that the Kindgon model better explains agenda building in these three cases. The article suggest further research is needed to expand the analysis.
Abstract LB-60: Targeting stem cells in triple negative breast cancer through combined MEK and AKT inhibition

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to be involved in tumor metastasis, dormancy, and eventual recurrence. Among the molecular subtypes of breast cancer, triple negative (i.e. lacking HER2 amplification and estrogen and progesterone receptors) cancers have the highest frequency of CSCs with cytotoxic chemotherapy being the only established treatment option. Breast CSCs are relatively resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation treatment indicating new treatment modalities are needed. Breast CSCs can be identified using flow cytometry with the cell surface marker profile CD44+CD24-EpCAM+ or by intracellular expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH+). Previously, we identified a role for AKT signaling in the survival of breast CSCs. Here, we have tested if inhibition of MEK and AKT signaling with two small molecules, GSK1120212 and GSK690693, respectively, were able to reduce the frequency and overall number of CD44+CD24-EpCAM+ and/or ALDH+ CSCs in multiple triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that either the CD44+CD24-EpCAM+ or ALDH+ fraction are sensitive to three days of combined inhibitor treatment. Within the MDA-MB-468 cell line, there is more phospho AKT (S473) and phospho MEK1/2 (S218/S222) signaling in both ALDH+ and CD44+CD24-EpCAM+ cells compared to non-stem cells. Furthermore, there is more phospho MEK1/2 in ALDH+ cells compared to CD44+CD24-EpCAM+ and more phospho AKT in CD44+CD24-EpCAM+ cells compared to ALDH+ CSCs. Together, these results highlight the possibility of using a combination of these agents in clinical trials to target triple-negative breast CSCs. Citation Format: Kevin Zhang, Sean P. McDermott, Max S. Wicha. Targeting stem cells in triple negative breast cancer through combined MEK and AKT inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-60. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-60
Effects of radiation and annealing of n-channel IGFETs with implications for space applications

Abstract Studies of isochronal vacuum anneal characteristics of damage in n-channel enhancement mode IGFETs due to irradiation by Al-Kα, X-rays as a function of dose and temperature, for fixed time steps, are reported. It was found that within the temperature range of vacuum anneal, 50-250°C, the lowest dose irradiated devices showed complete anneal (L= 1 -75 μm and 5 μm) while the other two higher doses showed partial annealing. During the initial annealing cycle at 50°C and 70°C there is a distinct reverse annealing for all channel lengths and radiation doses.
Effect of the environment on seed yield in bulk populations of lima beans

Two bulk populations of lima beans were developed from biparental crosses of cultivars. Each bulk population was grown in two different sites in the same commercial growing area in California for 9 generations. They were yield-tested in one of the two environments, designated test location. The populations grown in the test location had higher yields than the population grown in the non-test location and showed significant divergence in yield from the F9 to F11 generations. Yields of the bulk populations were intermediate to parental yields.
Self-Differentiated Assistance in Older Widows' Support Systems.

It was proposed that today's older women, who are a low-fertility cohort, have deficiences in their informal support systems due to small families, and consequently, the absence of either sons or daughters in those families. Respondents (N=225) were recent widows, ages 60–89, who resided in a large metropolitan area in the Midwest. Each widow was personally interviewed regarding 10 areas of support that are provided by adult children, other kin, or friends/neighbors. Findings indicated significant differences in the receipt of traditionally male types of support for widows with sons, as compared to those without sons (p<.01), but no differences in the receipt of traditionally female types of support for widows without daughters. In addition, the extent to which persons other than children perform sex-differentiated types of support was explored. Directions for future research are suggested.
Beyond preliminary analysis of the WANK and OILZ worms: a case study of malicious code

In October 1989 a DECnet worm attacked the NASA Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) and the DOE's High-Energy Physics (HEP) and Energy Science (ES) networks. Approximately two weeks later a second worm, a modification of the first, attacked other systems. These worms (written in DCL) used several methods of propagation, including guessing accounts with an identical username and password and entering through system accounts and unpassworded accounts. The original version of the worm, WANK (Worms Against Nuclear Killers), contained bugs preventing, among other things, penetration into unpassworded accounts. In the second version, OILZ, some of the problems of the first worm were corrected. OILZ intruded into user accounts probed from remote systems already breached by this worm. OILZ masqueraded its presence, and its method of discovering user accounts and privileged access helped circumvent standard VMS alarm settings. The style of each worm code indicated that the worm evolved over time and was not written by a single individual. The paper focuses on selected procedures from both variations of the worm and analyzes the authorship and history of the development of this worm. This information may be useful not only in determining the origin of this malicious code, but also in studying the evolution of malicious code. This paper also presents some lessons learned from studying this attack and applies these lessons to recommendations for network policy. More than anything else, the WANK and OILZ worms demonstrate the need for effective password management and proper system and network configuration. Determining the source and style of malicious code can assist in developing policy and procedures for effectively detecting and preventing attacks of this type.
A metastatic colon cancer model using nonoperative transanal rectal injection.

This study aimed to develop a noninvasive orthotopic model for metastasis of colon and rectal cancer using a transanal approach. Currently, the most accurate orthotopic representation of metastatic human colon cancer is via a cecal injection. The transanal model allows for further examination of systemic immune responses, tumor take, and onset of metastasis without prior surgical intervention. For this study, 60 Balb/c mice were anesthetized and subjected to gentle anal dilation using blunt-tipped forceps at the anal opening. Murine colon cancer parental CT26 or luciferase-labeled CT26 (CT26-luc) cells were injected submucosally into the distal posterior rectum (30 CT26 and 30 CT26 injections) at concentrations of 2.5 × 104, 1 × 105, and 1 × 106 in a volume of 50 μl. Tumor growth and metastatic development was monitored at 5-day intervals for 50 days. All the remaining mice were killed on postinjection day 50. The optimal concentration for metastasis and survival of the mice was 2.5 × 104 cells. Higher concentrations of cells yielded higher mortality but did not result in metastasis. The overall success of tumor growth in both experiments using the transanal rectal injection was 65%. Histology showed that all tumors were poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. Two mice (3.3%) from the 2.5 × 104 CT26-luc group showed metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma to the liver on postinjection day 50. Transanal rectal injection of colon cancer cells offers a nonoperative orthotopic murine model for colon cancer that may lead to the development of metastasis. By using an orthotopic model, more aspects of metastatic colon cancer can be evaluated without the influence of a previous abdominal incision. These results warrant more investigation.
Examining Japanese tourists' US-bound travel constraints.

Most studies on travel/leisure constraints to date were conducted in Western countries under a Western-centric research paradigm. It is not clear whether people from non-Western countries, such as Japan, face different outbound travel constraints. It is also not clear whether constraints research in a non-Western context will generate results that are consistent with what has been documented in the literature. This study focused on Japanese travellers' US-related travel constraints. The data were drawn from an online panel survey on 1200 recent and potential Japanese outbound travellers. Four categories of constraints emerged in this study: personal preferences, psychological concerns, cost concerns, and accessibility issues. In addition, this study revealed that Japanese tourists with different socio-demographic characteristics faced diverse US-bound travel constraints.
Repeated Cycles of Binge‐Like Ethanol (EtOH)‐Drinking in Male C57BL/6J Mice Augments Subsequent Voluntary EtOH Intake But Not Other Dependence‐Like Phenotypes

Background Recently, procedures have been developed to model specific facets of human alcohol abuse disorders, including those that model excessive binge-like drinking (i.e., “drinking-in-the-dark,” or DID procedures) and excessive dependence-like drinking (i.e., intermittent ethanol [EtOH] vapor exposure). Similar neuropeptide systems modulate excessive EtOH drinking stemming from both procedures, raising the possibility that both paradigms are actually modeling the same phenotypes and triggering the same central neuroplasticity. Therefore, the goal of this present project was to study the effects of a history of binge-like EtOH drinking, using DID procedures, on phenotypes that have previously been described with procedures to model dependence-like drinking. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice first experienced 0 to 10 four-day binge-like drinking episodes (3 days of rest between episodes). Beginning 24 hours after the final binge-like drinking session, mice were tested for anxiety-like behaviors (with elevated plus maze [EPM] and open-field locomotor activity tests), ataxia with the rotarod test, and sensitivity to handling-induced convulsions (HICs). One week later, mice began a 40-day 2-bottle (water vs. EtOH) voluntary consumption test with concentration ranging from 10 to 20% (v/v) EtOH. Results A prior history of binge-like EtOH drinking significantly increased subsequent voluntary EtOH consumption and preference, effects most robust in groups that initially experienced 6 or 10 binge-like drinking episodes and completely absent in mice that experienced 1 binge-like drinking episode. Conversely, a history of binge-like EtOH drinking did not influence anxiety-like behaviors, ataxia, or HICs. Conclusions Excessive EtOH drinking stemming from DID procedures does not initially induce phenotypes consistent with a dependence-like state. However, the subsequent increases in voluntary EtOH consumption and preference that become more robust following repeated episodes of binge-like EtOH drinking may reflect the early stages of EtOH dependence, suggesting that DID procedures may be ideal for studying the transition to EtOH dependence.
The Primosomal Protein DnaD Inhibits Cooperative DNA Binding by the Replication Initiator DnaA in Bacillus subtilis

DnaA is an AAA+ ATPase and the conserved replication initiator in bacteria. Bacteria control the timing of replication initiation by regulating the activity of DnaA. DnaA binds to multiple sites in the origin of replication (oriC) and is required for recruitment of proteins needed to load the replicative helicase. DnaA also binds to other chromosomal regions and functions as a transcription factor at some of these sites. Bacillus subtilis DnaD is needed during replication initiation for assembly of the replicative helicase at oriC and during replication restart at stalled replication forks. DnaD associates with DnaA at oriC and at other chromosomal regions bound by DnaA. Using purified proteins, we found that DnaD inhibited the ability of DnaA to bind cooperatively to DNA and caused a decrease in the apparent dissociation constant. These effects of DnaD were independent of the ability of DnaA to bind or hydrolyze ATP. Other proteins known to regulate B. subtilis DnaA also affect DNA binding, whereas much of the regulation of Escherichia coli DnaA affects nucleotide hydrolysis or exchange. We found that the rate of nucleotide exchange for B. subtilis DnaA was high and not affected by DnaD. The rapid exchange is similar to that of Staphylococcus aureus DnaA and in contrast to the low exchange rate of Escherichia coli DnaA. We suggest that organisms in which DnaA has a high rate of nucleotide exchange predominantly regulate the DNA binding activity of DnaA and that those with low rates of exchange regulate hydrolysis and exchange.
Binding of positrons to atoms

Necessary conditions for the existence of bound states for positron-atom systems are derived in terms of an adiabatic-type approximation by assuming that (i) their mutual potential energy has the form of a Morse potential and (ii) the first ionization energy of the atom exceeds the binding energy of an electron to a unit charge of infinite mass. Use is then made of the potential energies of the appropriate proton-atom systems, which have been determined by ab initio calculations or fitted to spectral or scattering data, to investigate the seven positron-atom systems to which the present theory is applicable. It is concluded that helium, nitrogen, and neon, in their ground states, should be incapable of binding positrons. Binding of positrons to hydrogen, oxygen, argon, and krypton, in their ground states, is not precluded by the theory, but the binding to krypton seems most likely.
Tevatron Run-1 Z Boson Data and Collins-Soper-Sterman Resummation Formalism

We examine the effect of the Z-boson transverse momentum distribution measured at the Run-1 of the Tevatron on the nonperturbative function of the Collins-Soper-Sterman (CSS) formalism, which resums large logarithmic terms from multiple soft gluon emission in hadron collisions. The inclusion of the Tevatron Run-1 Z-boson data strongly favors a Gaussian form of the CSS nonperturbative function, when combined with the other low energy Drell-Yan data in a global fit.
Toxicology of carbaryl and aldicarb on brain and limb cultures of chick embryos.

A variety of carbamates have been developed since the 1960s for use as broad-spectrum insecticides. An easy and inexpensive in vitro assay using chick-embryo derived cells was examined for its capability to screen and test the toxicity of these compounds. Chick embryo brain and limb bud cultures were treated with different concentrations of either carbaryl or aldicarb with or without activation (± S-9) for 5 days. Viability and cytotoxicity using the neutral red assay, and carbamate effects on cell migration and colony spread were measured. S-9 decreased the effects of carbaryl and aldicarb on brain cell cytotoxicity at exposures of 15–60 ppm and 40–200 ppm, respectively, as indicated by increased concentrations of neutral red. Viability of brain cell cultures was not altered by aldicarb, but was decreased by carbaryl plus S-9 in concentrations of > 40 ppm. In limb cultures, carbaryl without S-9 was significantly toxic at 8–25 ppm, but only concentrations of > 25 ppm of carbaryl plus S-9 significantly affected cytotoxicity. In contrast, aldicarb without S-9 caused no effect on limb cell cytotoxicity at concentrations of 40–200 ppm, but aldicarb plus S-9 significantly reduced cellular cytotoxicity at concentrations of > 160 ppm. Carbaryl ± S-9 decreased the spread of both brain and limb colonies; aldicarb ± S-9 caused a significant increase in the spread of the brain but not limb colonies. These results suggest that toxicities of carbaryl and aldicarb can be detected in vitro, but that these two carbamates have a selective toxicity, with carbaryl toxic to both brain and limb buds and aldicarb more toxic to brain than limb cells. S-9 was more likely to decrease the toxicity of carbaryl than the toxicity of aldicarb.
Evolution of food-foraging strategies for the Caribbean anolis lizard using genetic programming

This article describes the recently developed genetic programming paradigm that genetically breeds a population of computer programs to solve problems. The article then demonstrates, step by step, how to apply genetic programming to a problem of behavioral ecology in biology—specifically, two versions of the problem of finding an optimal food-foraging strategy for the Caribbean Anolis lizard. A simulation of the adaptive behavior of the lizard is required to evaluate each possible adaptive control strategy considered for the lizard. The foraging strategy produced by genetic programming is close to the mathematical solution for the one version for which the solution is known and appears to be a reasonable approximation of the solution for the second version of the problem.
The Mating System of Foragers in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample

Among foragers, men’s foods are often shared widely outside the household, undercutting variation in the benefit their wives and children receive. This means polygyny may not be due to variation in household provisioning. Some have even suggested that bonds in general, whether polygynous or monogamous, may have less to do with male provisioning than male-male contest competition. However, an analysis of foragers in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample reveals that male provisioning does affect the mating system. Societies with higher male contribution to subsistence are more monogamous. The author argues that women value male provisioning less where males bring in less food, which results in greater polygyny. Where it is difficult for women to acquire food, they value male provisioning more, forcing males to compete via food acquisition. Food sharing prevents the polygyny threshold from being reached but does not completely erase the benefit of pair bonding with a good forager.
Constrictive Pericarditis in Childhood Due to Mediastinal Irradiation

Between 1955 and 1972, eight children receiving mediastinal irradiation for intrathoracic malignancy developed constrictive pericarditis. Six of these followed irradiation for Hodgkin9s disease and represent 7% of 86 children receiving irradiation for that disease. In patients with Hodgkin9s disease, the development of constrictive pericarditis was related to the dose of radiation and the use of orthovoltage technique. Constrictive pericarditis has not yet developed among the 44 children radiated by supravoltage technique. Symptoms of constrictive pericarditis occurred an average of 15 months (4/12 to 3 2/12 years) after irradiation and were preceded in five of the eight patients by acute pericarditis. Prominent clinical findings included dyspnea, Kussmaul sign, pulsus paradoxicus, hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly and electrocardiographic evidence of low QRS voltages with ST-T wave changes. Pericardiectomy was performed in six patients and resulted in immediate but only transient symptomatic relief. There was no operative mortality. Death occurred in six of the eight patients (1 5/12 to 6 6/12 years following irradiation) due to cardiac disease in three, progression of the malignancy in two and infection in one. In addition to constrictive pericarditis, extensive myocardial fibrosis and involvement of the antero-lateral papillary muscle and chordae tendineae of the mitral valve were demonstrated at postmortem examination. These factors may explain the progression of cardiac disease despite an initial symptomatic improvement following pericardiectomy.
POWER MATERIALIZED: THE DART-THROWER AS A PAN-MESOAMERICAN STATUS MARKER

Throughout the deep history of Mesoamerica, the dart-thrower (a.k.a. atlatl) played a vital utilitarian and symbolic role. Although it was a highly effective tool exploited for practical purposes such as hunting and warfare, ample evidence exists which reveals its association with themes of authority, power, and prestige. The survival of ornamented dart-throwers, as well as the context in which the implement appears in Mesoamerican material culture and forms of graphic communication, reveal its role in the production and assertion of high social status. This argument will be supported by archaeological and ethnographic evidence which demonstrates that the dart-thrower served as a pan-Mesoamerican symbol of power beginning no later than the Middle to Late Formative period and continuing through the Conquest.
Experimental Testing of the Gigabit IPSec-Compliant Implementations of Rijndael and Triple DES Using SLAAC-1V FPGA Accelerator Board

In this paper, we present the results of the first phase of a project aimed at implementing a full suite of IPSec cryptographic transformations in reconfigurable hardware. Full implementations of the new Advanced Encryption Standard, Rijndael, and the older American federal standard, Triple DES, were developed and experimentally tested using the SLAAC-1V FPGA accelerator board, based on Xilinx Virtex 1000 devices. The experimental clock frequencies were equal to 91 MHz for Triple DES, and 52 MHz for Rijndael. This translates to the throughputs of 116 Mbit/s for Triple DES, and 577, 488, and 423 Mbit/s for Rijndael with 128-, 192-, and 256-bit keys respectively. We also demonstrate a capability to enhance our circuit to handle the encryption and decryption throughputs of over 1 Gbit/s regardless of the chosen algorithm. Our estimates show that this gigabit-rate, double-algorithm, encryption/ decryption circuit will fit in one Virtex 1000 FPGA taking approximately 80% of the area.