cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of aerosols containing Zn, Pb, and Cl from an industrial region of Mexico City.

Recent ice core measurements show lead concentrations increasing since 1970, suggesting new nonautomobile-related sources of Pb are becoming important worldwide(1). Developing a full understanding of the major sources of Pb and other metals is critical to controlling these emissions. During the March, 2006 MILAGRO campaign, single particle measurements in Mexico City revealed the frequent appearance of particles internally mixed with Zn, Pb, Cl, and P. Pb concentrations were as high as 1.14 μg/m3 in PM10 and 0.76 μg/m3 in PM2.5. Real time measurements were used to select time periods of interest to perform offline analysis to obtain detailed aerosol speciation. Many Zn-rich particles had needle-like structures and were found to be composed of ZnO and/or Zn(NO3)2·6H2O. The internally mixed Pb−Zn−Cl particles represented as much as 73% of the fine mode particles (by number) in the morning hours between 2−5 am. The Pb−Zn−Cl particles were primarily in the submicrometer size range and typically mixed with ele...
Luring BRCA1 to the Scene of the Crime

To preserve genome stability, BRCA1 must be recruited to sites of DNA damage, where BRCA1 facilitates repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). In this issue of Cancer Cell, Li and Yu report that BRCA1 recruitment involves a novel interaction between its partner protein BARD1 and poly(ADP-ribose) chains at the DSB.
Desulfurization and ortho-metalation reactions of dimanganese decacarbonyl

Abstract Thiobenzophenone, and 4,4′-disubstituted derivatives having moderately electron-donating (methyl, methoxy) or electron-withdrawing (fluoro) groups, react with dimanganese decacarbonyl in refluxing heptane to produce olefins (and a sulfur manganese carbonyl complex) in good yield. 4,4′-Bis(dialkylamino)thiobenzophenones reacted with the metal carbonyl to give sulfur-donor ligand ortho-metalated complexes as the major product and 4,4′-bis(dialkylamino)diphenylmethanes as by-products. A mechanistic scheme is proposed for these reactions.
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO A TELEVISED NUCLEAR HOLOCAUST FILM

A random telephone survey of parents of children between the ages of 3 and 18 was conducted the night after The Day After was aired on television. Based on theories and research indicating a developmental shift from perceptual to conceptual information, it was expected that the level of emotional upset to the movie would increase with age. This prediction was confirmed, despite the fact that the movie was not very upsetting overall. Other findings revealed that children's postviewing behaviors were significantly related to both age and degree of upset. Nonpermissive parents (those who had prevented a child from viewing the movie) were more likely than permissive parents to have been upset by the movie. Parents reported mass media to be more influential than schools, in their decisions regarding whether or not to let a child view the movie; schools, in turn, were more influential than both religious and political organizations. The influence of advice from schools was stronger among nonpermissive than amon...
Photostability of CdSe Quantum Dots Functionalized with Aromatic Dithiocarbamate Ligands

Organic ligands are widely used to enhance the ability of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) to resist photodegradation processes such as photo-oxidation. Because long alkyl chains may adversely affect the performance of QD devices that require fast and efficient charge transfer, shorter aromatic ligands are of increasing interest. In this work, we characterize the formation of phenyl dithiocarbamate (DTC) adducts on CdSe surfaces and the relative effectiveness of different para-substituted phenyl dithiocarbamates to enhance the aqueous photostability of CdSe QDs on TiO2. Optical absorption and photoluminescence measurements show that phenyl DTC ligands can be highly effective at reducing QD photocorrosion in water, and that ligands bearing electron-donating substituents are the most effective. A comparison of the QD photostability resulting from use of ligands bearing DTC versus thiol surface-binding groups shows that the DTC group provides greater QD photostability. Density functional calculations with natural bon...
Effect of Tylosin in the Feed of Broiler Breeder Birds on Their Serological Reaction to Mycoplasma synoviae

Serum plate (SP) reactions and geometric mean Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers were determined on sera from broiler breeder hens fed either 50 g tylosin per ton of feed or 150 g tylosin per ton of feed for 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after MS exposure by aerosol. Then tylosin was increased to 150 g per ton of feed and 300 g per ton of feed, respectively, for 8 weeks. One group of birds, without tylosin in the feed, was exposed to MS by aerosol. One group of birds received no tylosin in the feed and were not exposed to MS. Sera from MS exposed birds with tylosin in the feed up to 300 g per ton of feed did not show any difference in the MS SP reactions or MS HI titers when compared with MS exposed birds without tylosin in the feed. Tylosin in the feed up to 300 g per ton did not mask any MS SP reactions nor did tylosin cause any MS SP positive or HI positive birds to appear serologically negative.
A phase IB clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 and paclitaxel in recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck

Purpose SU5416 is a novel small organic molecule that non-competitively inhibits the phosphorylation of the VEGF tyrosine kinase receptor, Flk-1. This phase IB study was performed to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of the combination of SU5416 and paclitaxel in recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck.
Interface-facilitated deformation twinning in copper within submicron Ag–Cu multilayered composites

Rolling of Ag–Cu layered eutectic composites with bilayer thicknesses in the submicron regime (∼200–400 nm) activated deformation twinning in Cu. Using atomistic simulations and dislocation theory, we propose that the Ag–Cu interface facilitated deformation twinning in Cu by permitting the transmission of twinning partials from Ag to Cu. In this way, twins in Ag can provide an ample supply of twinning partials to Cu to support and sustain twin growth in Cu during deformation. Interface-driven twinning as revealed by this study suggests the exciting possibility of altering the roles of dislocation slip and twinning through the design of heterophase interface structure and properties.
Mechanical properties of Al–Li alloys Part 1 Fracture toughness and microstructure

Abstract Mechanisms influencing the ambient temperature mechanical properties of commercial Al–Li alloys 2090, 8090, 8091, and 2091 are examined as a function of plate orientation, with specific emphasis on the role of microstructure. In Part 1, results on the uniaxial tensile and plane strain fracture toughness properties are presented and the behaviour is discussed in terms of the role of the matrix and grain boundary precipitates, associated precipitate free zones (PFZs), and the occurrence of short-transverse delamination. It is seen that in general peak aged microstructures show an excellent combination of strength and toughness (L–T, T–L), equal to or exceeding that shown by traditional 2000 and 7000 series high strength aluminium alloys. The superior toughness of peak aged compared with naturally aged microstructures seems to be associated with widespread matrix precipitation of platelike precipitates (T1 in Al–Li–Cu alloys and S in Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloys), β′-dispersoids and second phase particles whi...
Design of a neighborhood pathfinder

Everyone understands their city in a slightly different way. This project seeks to leverage these differences by allowing people to share their understandings and compile a visual social history of the city.Most wayfinding systems are designed around a process of discovery, of locating a known destination within the environment. A more subtle proposition is that of exploration, a progressive uncovering of the environment centered around the creation of one's own pathways. This project seeks to allow people to more readily grasp the potential for pathmaking within their environment. It allows them to collaboratively map their neighborhood through a network of geotagged cameraphone images documenting shared landmarks.As people add their own photos to the system, the shared image of the city grows and reflects new connections. Encouraged to explore, even lifelong residents may begin to see their home with a greater sense of depth and understanding.
How Big Is a Chunk?: By combining data from several experiments, a basic human memory unit can be identified and measured

I have explored some of the interactions between research on higher mental processes over the past decade or two and laboratory experiments on simpler cognitive processes. I have shown that, by viewing experimentation in a parameter-estimating paradigm instead of a hypothesis-testing paradigm, one can obtain much more information from experiments-information that, combined with contemporary theoretical models of the cognitive processes, has implications for human performance on tasks quite different from those of the original experiments. The work of identifying and measuring the basic parameters of the human information processing system has just begun, but already important information has been gained. The psychological reality of the chunk has been fairly well demonstrated, and the chunk capacity of short-term memory has been shown to be in the range of five to seven. Fixation of information in longterm memory has been shown to take about 5 or 10 seconds per chunk. Some other "magical numbers" have been estimated-for example, visual scanning speeds and times required for simple grammatical transformations-and no doubt others remain to be discovered. But even the two basic constants discussed in this article-short-term memory capacity and rate of fixation in long-term memory-organize, systematize, and explain a wide range of findings, about both simple tasks and more complex cognitive performances that have been reported in the psychological literature over the past 50 years or more.
The role of ouabain in myocardial insufficiency during anesthesia and surgery.

Abstract The pathogenesis of myocardial insufficiency during anesthesia and surgery is shown to be related to alterations in effective circulating blood volume as well as the directly depressant effects of anesthetic drugs on the myocardium. Stress is laid upon considering myocardial insufficiency in any differential diagnosis of the cause of hypotension in an anesthetized subject. A rational method for treating this state with ouabain, relating the known pharmacology of the drug to known pathologic changes in “shock” states, is presented. The key to these concepts is found in presently available knowledge of the effects of drugs on energy release mechanisms of the myocardium.
Self-organized patterns in cathode boundary layer discharges

Summary form only given. The cathode boundary layer (CBL) discharge is a high-pressure glow discharge between a planar cathode and a ring-shaped anode, separated by a dielectric layer with a thickness of several hundred micrometers. Self-organized patterns of CBL discharges in direct current operation have been studied in a pressure range of 75 to 760 torr in xenon. The plasma patterns, i.e. regularly arranged filaments in the negative glow, are most distinct at lower pressures (50 to 150 torr). The number of filaments decreases with decreasing current down to a single filament for the cathode area with a diameter of 300 mum. Side-on observations of the discharges show a significant decrease of cathode fall thickness in the self-organized mode. This and a simultaneous decrease in sustaining voltage indicate an enhanced secondary emission coefficient possibly due to increased Xe metastable states. The pattern structure is likely due to electrostatic interaction between the positively charged cathode fall region of the filaments in a potential well. This potential well may be due to a positive space charge on the surrounding dielectric layer generated through photoemission of electrons. Spectroscopic studies revealed that the excimer emission at 172 nm is enhanced in this regime. The absolute value of the VUV radiant power is reaching values of 1.5 W/cm2 at an internal efficiency of 4% for a discharge at 250 torr with aluminum as cathode material
Dermatomyositis and Type 1 Interferons

Dermatomyositis is a poorly understood multisystem disease predominantly affecting skin and muscle. This review focuses on the potential role of a group of related cytokines, the type 1 interferons, in the pathogenesis of dermatomyositis. Type 1 interferon–inducible transcripts and proteins are uniquely elevated in dermatomyositis muscle compared with all other muscle diseases studied to date. The endothelial cell tubuloreticular inclusions present in affected dermatomyositis muscle are biomarkers of type 1 interferon exposure. The cell-poor lichenoid reaction in skin with predominant involvement of the basal epidermal cell layer and its topologic equivalent in muscle, perifascicular atrophy, may be lesions that develop directly in response to type 1 interferon signaling.
Impulsive propagation in dissipative and disordered chains with power-law repulsive potentials

Abstract We report particle dynamics based studies of impulse propagation in a chain of elastic beads with dissipative contacts and with randomly distributed masses. The interaction between the beads is characterized by the potential V ( δ )∼ δ n , δ ≥0 being grain overlap, n >2 and at zero external loading, i.e., under conditions of “sonic vacuum” in which sound cannot propagate through the chain [J. Appl. Mech. Technol. Phys. 5 (1983) 733]. In the earlier work, we have confirmed the studies of Nesterenko and coworkers and have reported that impulses propagate as solitary waves in the system of interest in the absence of dissipation and disorder [Physica A 268 (1999) 644]. In the present study, we first discuss the effects of restitution and velocity dependent friction on the propagation of the impulse. We next report that the maximum energy E max of the solitary wave as it propagates from a chain of monodisperse grains of mass m to a chain with masses m (1+ r ( z ) ϵ ), where −1≤ r ( z )≤1 and ϵ =const. that measures the degree of randomness, decays with linear distance traveled z as exp(− α E z ), α E ∼ ϵ 2+ f ( n ) , f ( n ) being some n dependent constant for 2 n monodisperse chains, the velocity of the solitary wave c ∼ E max ( n −2)/2 n . In polydisperse chains, we show that the propagation speed of a non-dispersive solitary wave decays with distance as exp(− α c z ), where α c = α E ( n −2)/2 n .
Flexible Approximation Schemes With Adaptive Grid Refinement

The numerical accuracy of the recently developed flexible local approximation method (FLAME)-a generalized finite-difference technique-is improved by adaptive grid refinement. A natural error indicator in FLAME is the discrepancy between the numerical solution over two overlapping ldquopatchesrdquo (subdomains carrying local analytical approximations of the solution). Electrostatic problems and wave scattering by dielectric particles are used as examples of the substantial accuracy improvement.
Application of an optical clearing agent during noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens.

Development of a noninvasive vasectomy technique may eliminate male fear of complications and result in a more popular procedure. This study explores application of an optical clearing agent (OCA) to scrotal skin to reduce laser power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy and eliminate scrotal skin burns. A mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol was noninvasively delivered into scrotal skin using a pneumatic jet device. Near-infrared laser radiation was delivered in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling to the skin surface in a canine model, ex vivo and in vivo. Burst pressure (BP) measurements were conducted to quantify strength of vas closure. A 30-min application of OCA improved skin transparency by 26±3%, reducing average power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy from 9.2 W without OCA (BP=291±31 mmHg) to 7.0 W with OCA (BP=292±19 mmHg). Control studies without OCA at 7.0 W failed to coagulate the vas with burst pressures (82±28 mmHg) significantly below typical ejaculation pressures (136±29 mmHg). Application of an OCA reduced the laser power necessary for successful noninvasive thermal coagulation of the vas by ~25%. This technique may result in use of a less expensive laser and eliminate the formation of scrotal skin burns during the procedure.
Texture synthesis and classification using fractional lower order moments

Fractional lower order moments (FLOMs) based on the non-Gaussian stable distribution are employed for texture classification and synthesis. The parameters of a 2-D autoregression model are estimated using the fractional lower order moments, and these parameters are used for texture classification. The analysis of FLOMs is useful when the variance of the underlying distribution is not finite and thus when the whole second-order statistics theory fails; hence, parameter estimation using FLOMs gives a more robust model over the existing methods that use autocorrelation function. This stable distribution is used in the synthesis of texture, and the performance of FLOMs and the autocorrelation methods are compared. By extensive simulations it is shown that the FLOM-based feature extraction algorithm outperforms the autocorrelation-based one.
Privatizing Human Resources in the Public Sector Legal Challenges to Outsourcing the Human Resource Function

The inclination to privatize public services has raised a number of challenges for practitioners and researchers alike. Although proponents of market reform continue to champion the promises of eff...
Understanding Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome.

Background We aim to review the clinical features of two renal tubular disorders characterized by sodium and potassium wasting: Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome.
Eye Gaze for Spoken Language Understanding in Multi-modal Conversational Interactions

When humans converse with each other, they naturally amalgamate information from multiple modalities (i.e., speech, gestures, speech prosody, facial expressions, and eye gaze). This paper focuses on eye gaze and its combination with speech. We develop a model that resolves references to visual (screen) elements in a conversational web browsing system. The system detects eye gaze, recognizes speech, and then interprets the user's browsing intent (e.g., click on a specific element) through a combination of spoken language understanding and eye gaze tracking. We experiment with multi-turn interactions collected in a wizard-of-Oz scenario where users are asked to perform several web-browsing tasks. We compare several gaze features and evaluate their effectiveness when combined with speech-based lexical features. The resulting multi-modal system not only increases user intent (turn) accuracy by 17%, but also resolves the referring expression ambiguity commonly observed in dialog systems with a 10% increase in F-measure.
Black hole entropy and the Hamiltonian formulation of diffeomorphism invariant theories.

Path integral methods are used to derive a general expression for the entropy of a black hole in a diffeomorphism invariant theory. The result, which depends on the variational derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the Riemann tensor, agrees with the result obtained from Noether charge methods by Iyer and Wald. The method used here is based on the direct expression of the density of states as a path integral (the microcanonical functional integral). The analysis makes crucial use of the Hamiltonian form of the action. An algorithm for placing the action of a diffeomorphism invariant theory in Hamiltonian form is presented. Other path integral approaches to the derivation of black hole entropy include the Hilbert action surface term method and the conical deficit angle method. The relationships between these path integral methods are presented. \textcopyright{} 1995 The American Physical Society.
Wall effect on fluid–structure interactions of a tethered bluff body

Abstract Wind tunnel experiments have shown an unexplained amplification of the free motion of a tethered bluff body in a small wind tunnel relative to that in a large wind tunnel. The influence of wall proximity on fluid–structure interaction is explored using a compound pendulum motion in the plane orthogonal to a steady freestream with a doublet model for aerodynamic forces. Wall proximity amplifies a purely symmetric single degree of freedom oscillation with the addition of an out-of-phase force. The success of this simple level of simulation enables progress to develop metrics for unsteady wall interference in dynamic testing of tethered bluff bodies.
Vasodepressor Actions of Angiotensin-(1–7) Unmasked During Combined Treatment With Lisinopril and Losartan

Blockade of angiotensin II (Ang II) function during 8 days of oral therapy with lisinopril (20 mg/kg) and losartan (10 mg/kg) normalized the arterial pressure (112+/-3/70+/-3 mm Hg) and raised the plasma concentrations of the vasodilator peptide angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] of 21 male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Treated animals were then given a 15-minute infusion of either mouse immunoglobulin G1 or a specific monoclonal Ang-(1-7) antibody while their blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously in the awake state. The concentrations of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) in arterial blood were determined by radioimmunoassay. Infusion of the Ang-(1-7) antibody caused significant elevations in mean arterial pressure that were sustained for the duration of the infusion and were accompanied by transient bradycardia. Although the hemodynamic effects produced by infusion of the Ang-(1-7) antibody had no effect on plasma levels of Ang II, they caused a twofold rise in the plasma concentrations of Ang-(1-7). A pressor response of similar magnitude and characteristics was obtained in a separate group of SHR treated with the combination of lisinopril and losartan for 8 days during an infusion of [Sar1-Thr8]Ang II. The pressor response induced by the administration of this competitive, non-subtype-selective Ang II receptor blocker was not modified by pretreatment of the rats with an angiotensin type-2 (AT2) receptor blocker (PD123319). Plasma concentrations of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) were not changed by the administration of [Sar1-Thr8]Ang II either in the absence or in the presence of PD123319 pretreatment. These results are the first to indicate an important contribution of Ang-(1-7) in mediating the vasodilator effects caused by combined inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and AT1 receptors. The comparable results obtained by administration of [Sar1-Thr8]Ang II suggest that the vasodepressor effects of Ang-(1-7) during the combined treatment is modulated by a non-AT1/AT2 angiotensin subtype receptor.
On the Deployment of Dynamic Taint Analysis for Application Communities

Although software-attack detection via dynamic taint analysis (DTA) supports high coverage of program execution, it prohibitively degrades the performance of the monitored program. This letter explores the possibility of collaborative dynamic taint analysis among members of an application community (AC): instead of full monitoring for every request at every instance of the AC, each member uses DTA for some fraction of the incoming requests, thereby loosening the burden of heavyweight monitoring. Our experimental results using a test AC based on the Apache web server show that speedy detection of worm outbreaks is feasible with application communities of medium size (i.e., 250-500).
Abusive Head Trauma: Past, Present, and Future

Abusive head trauma has a robust and interesting scientific history. Recently, the American Academy of Pediatrics has endorsed a change in terminology to a term that is more general in describing the vast array of abusive mechanisms that can result in pediatric head injury. Simply defined, abusive head trauma is "child physical abuse that results in injury to the head or brain." Abusive head trauma is a relatively common cause of childhood neurotrauma, with an estimated incidence of 16 to 33 cases per 100,000 children per year in the first 2 years of life. Clinical findings are variable; AHT should be considered in all children with neurologic signs and symptoms, especially if no or only mild trauma is described. Subdural and retinal hemorrhages are the most common findings. The current best evidence-based literature has identified some features--apnea and severe retinal hemorrhages--that reliably discriminate abusive from accidental injury. Longitudinal studies of outcomes in abusive head trauma patients demonstrate that approximately one-third of the children are severely disabled, one third of them are moderately disabled, and one third have no or only mild symptoms. Abusive head trauma cases are complex cases that require a rigorous, multidisciplinary team approach. The clinician can establish this diagnosis with confidence if he/she maintains a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis, has knowledge of the signs, symptoms, and risk factors of abusive head trauma, and reasonably excludes other etiologies on the differential diagnosis.
Multi-institutional experience with the gastrointestinal composite reservoir.

Purpose: We evaluated multi-institutional experience with the gastrointestinal composite reservoir in patients with metabolic acidosis, the short bowel syndrome, severe pelvic radiation and/or renal insufficiency.Materials and Methods: At 4 institutions 33 patients underwent construction of a gastrointestinal composite reservoir, including 19 with the short bowel syndrome, 13 with metabolic acidosis and 7 who also had renal insufficiency. A total of 16 patients underwent conversion of a previous diversion and the remaining 17 received new urinary diversion. Charts were reviewed for the metabolic impact of the gastrointestinal reservoir as well as any long-term sequelae.Results: At a mean followup of 54 months there was a significant (p ≤0.05) improvement in mean preoperative and postoperative serum chloride (106 versus 102 mEq./l.), serum bicarbonate (23.3 versus 25 mEq./l.) and serum pH (7.36 versus 7.4). Mean serum creatinine did not significantly differ during followup in patients with normal renal fun...
Family history of diabetes, parental body mass index predict obesity in Latino children.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the association between family history of diabetes (FHD), body mass index (BMI), and acculturation with children’s BMI status.MethodsBaseline data fro...
Palpebral fissure size in newborn infants.

1N THE SPECTRUM of effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the developing embryo and fetus, short palpebral fissures have been the most consistent physical feature noted. Short palpebral fissures were present in 35 of 38 patients with the fetal alcohol syndrome studied by Hanson et aP and are one of the most common abnormal features noted in offspring of women who drink lesser amounts of alcohol. The only available standards for palpebral fissure length are out-dated, having been tabulated in 1929 by two separate investigators. ~' 3 The standards at birth in both of those studies are inadequate since gestational age was not considered, nor are measurements available for preterm infants. Because of the potential diagnostic implications of this sign, the present study was undertaken to establish normal standards for palpebral fissure length from 32 to 40 weeks' gestation. METHODS Palpebral fissure measurements were obtained on 100 male and 100 female term white newborn infants between
A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: Major findings and directions for future research

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the research development in supply chain resilience. We undertake a literature survey to review the literature on enterprise and supply chain resilience. We aim to provide a platform for researchers and practitioners trying to identify the existing state of the work, gaps in current research, and future directions on the topic. For this purpose, we employed two methods to collect publications in supply chain resilience. First, we selected keywords and searched the relevant databases and journals. Next, we tracked the references of those papers collected in the first method to look for other publications published in conference proceedings and book chapters. As a result, a sample of 100 papers was collected, studied, and analyzed. We summarize our findings in several areas including enterprise and supply chain resilience definitions, supply chain resilience principles, and supply chain resilience strategies. Based on the assessment, we develop a framework for the principles of supply chain resilience that can be used as a basis for understanding supply chain resilience.
'We the People' and Our Enduring Values (Reviewing Akhil Reed Amar, the Constitution and Criminal Procedure: First Principles) (Yale University Press, 1997)

This review critiques the notion that the first principles underlying the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments are the pursuit of truth and the protection of innocence. In identifying these principles, Professor Amar claims to be describing societal values that are both deeply rooted in history and at the core of contemporary concerns. It is crucial to examine these claims, not only to respond to Amar's thesis, but also because the Supreme Court has increasingly espoused - and relied upon - similar views.The first part of the article examines the inadequacies and dangers of truth and innocence as animating principles. The second part discusses the ways in which Amar and others tend to treat the criminal procedure amendments as a world apart from the rest of the Bill of Rights. It argues that, despite Amar's desire to identify overarching constitutional principles, he instead advocates a set of principles for criminal procedure that conflict with the substantive and remedial values he elsewhere holds dear.
Plant Feeding by Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): Effect on Survival, Development, and Preoviposition Period

Plant feeding enhanced survival and shortened developmental times and preoviposition period of the predaceous pentatomid Podisus maculiventris (Say). When potato foliage was provided in addition to prey (Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae) and water, preimaginal survival increased by 27.5%. Also, developmental time from second instar to adult eclosion was reduced by 2.4 days, and the preoviposition period was shortened by 1.4 days. Adults of both sexes were significantly larger and males were significantly heavier when potato foliage composed part of the nymphal diet. Plant feeding has both positive and negative biological features that should be considered in evaluating predaceous hemipterans as biological control agents.
What are the laws of greed

In this department the MONTHY presents easily stated unsolved problems dealing with notions ordinarily encountered in undergraduate mathematics. Each problem should be accompanied by relevant references (if any are known to the author) and by a brief description of known partial results. Manuscripts should be sent to Richard Guy, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
Abstract C72: A mechanistic link between whole‐chromosome aneuploidy and DNA damage

Cancer is associated with aneuploidy— both structural defects in chromosomes and abnormal numbers of intact chromosomes. The contribution of chromosome breaks to tumorigenesis is well accepted because of the possibility of generating cancer‐causing mutations. However, the role of alterations of intact chromosome numbers remains a subject of debate, principally because mechanisms by which whole chromosome aneuploidy would affect cancer pathogenesis are poorly understood. We now have evidence to support one mechanism by which whole chromosome aneuploidy can lead to DNA breaks, via mis‐segregation of chromosomes into micronuclei, structures commonly observed in cancer cells. Micronuclei containing intact chromosomes can form after mitotic errors, when the nuclear envelope reforms around a lagging chromosome. We have developed procedures to monitor the fate of micronuclei. Strikingly, whole chromosome‐containing micronuclei develop evidence of DNA breaks during the first S phase after they are formed. Blocking DNA replication blocks the formation of these breaks. Defective DNA replication may be due to defective nucleocytoplasmic transport because micronuclei display a marked defect in assembling nuclear pore complexes. These findings suggest one mechanism by which mitotic errors result in DNA damage and thus potentially promote tumorigenesis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):C72.
A Poria as the fruiting stage of the fungus causing the sterile conks on birch

The identity of the sterile fungus, so common on living birches in certain localities, and its relation to other fungi have long been disputed. It has usually been considered a sterile form of some Fomes species. Lindroth (5) and Neger (6) described sterile conks on living birches in Europe and called them abortive sporophores of Polyporus nigricans Fries. Weir (9) mentioned the occurrence of the sterile fungus and normal sporophores of Fomes igniarius (L.) Gill. on the same tree and considered the two to be the same. He found the sterile form associated with dead, sunken, canker-like areas on the trunks of living birches and suggested that moisture and freezing and thawing coupled with certain chemical substances within the wound, maintained the mycelium in a vegetative condition, thus preventing the formation of normal sporophores. Katayevskaya (4) studied F. igniarius and the sterile fungus in culture and, although she demonstrated marked differences in the appearance and in microscopic structures of the isolates from the two sources, tentatively identified the latter as a sterile form of F. igniarius. Verrall (8) in an extensive study of variation in F. igniarius concluded from a consideration of the similarity of cultures and the association of the sterile conks and normal F. igniarius sporophores on the same tree that the two were the same. Campbell (3) described the cultural characteristics of a considerable number of species of Fomes, including the sterile fungus from birch and demonstrated that cultures of this
The rise of the LP: the politics of diffusion innovation in the recording industry

AbstractThis article investigates how the standardisation of the 45 RPM single and 33 RPM album in 1951 forced the recording industry to rethink their marketing strategies. The industry’s focus on weak unit strategies and capitalisation on the emergent artistic aesthetic are evaluated. To establish correlations between strategies and the popularity of singles and albums between 1955 and 1979, OLS models were generated using large datasets on chart performance of albums and singles. This study concludes that the industry tended toward sub-optimal, risk-averse strategies, and that the LP likely succeeded despite record companies’ efforts to control their products and messaging.
A web-based, self-controlled mechanism to support students learning SQL

Database systems play a very important role in computer science. Most software and mobile applications store and populate data on a server site. Relational databases dominate the professional market which requires students to be familiar with Structured Query Language (SQL). The client-server is the standard architecture in the database industry. Therefore, students are strongly motivated to have more hands-on SQL assignments and projects using a 3-tier architecture in database courses. For the best learning experience, each student should have his own tables and environment so that his data won't interfere with data from other students. However, it is difficult for teachers to manage individual privileges on every student's tables and SQL programs if the students are accessing a common (shared) database. This paper proposes a mechanism that students can use to create their database account and grant proper privileges by themselves. This minimizes the instructor's workload by eliminating the need to manage students' accounts and tables when teaching databases. Our proposal also provides an interface that allows students to perform exercises and allows the instructor to review and share students' realtime answers in class. Our methods will minimize the workload for grading SQL assignments when teaching databases, while providing students with the opportunity to practice with more lab assignments. Students can also verify whether their SQL statements are working or not using the same review module as the instructor. The results show that for assignments on simple SQL statements, grading efficiency is increased by at least 60%. This allows the instructor to increase the amount of assignments by 133%. As a result of this increased practice, the students' grades improved by 12%.
Together by the baby and third type paratyphoid fever,the salmonella arouses the investigation eating the source nature disease

Objective:As certain Chongqing Wan Zhou District in 2009 infecting nature diarrhoea outburst cause because of a food source sex losing a feast happening,learn from experience,be to prevent from providing a basis under the control.Methods: The case carrying out an epidemiology on repast person and case collects surplus food on inquiry,the tableware,patient and food employee anus wipe away the detecting carrying out a laboratory.The method applying the statistics describing the nature epidemiology and hygiene carries out analysis on field survey data.Results: This food source disease altogether has the infective diarrhea 22 examples,suffering from rate is 7.38%;The incidence is taken bad by 20～49 year-old age young adults primarily;Average incubation period 20 hours;Meanwhile from the scene gathering sample,picks out 4 third paratyphoid salmonella bacilli,3 baby salmonella bacilli.Conclusion: That this food source sex is affected with the nature diarrhoea is that the paratyphoid fever salmonella contaminates by the baby and third type.
Serum levels of interleukin-10 in patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma: Lack of correlation with prognosis

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), also known as cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, has multiple effects on lymphoid development. In addition, it has been previously reported that serum levels of IL-10 correlate with failure-free and overall survival in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this study, we used a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for human IL-10 (lower limit of sensitivity, 5 pg/mL) to measure serum levels in 52 newly diagnosed patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma and at least one adverse prognostic feature who were subsequently treated in a uniform way. Lymphoma patients had significantly higher serum levels of IL-10 (median, 7.98 pg/mL; range, < or = 5 to 27,143 pg/mL) than healthy volunteers (N = 50; median, < or = 5 pg/mL; range, < or = 5 to 19.21 pg/mL) (P = .0000012). Individuals with B symptoms had significantly higher serum levels of IL-10 than those without them (P = .03), but there was no correlation between IL-10 levels and any of the other prognostic variables analyzed, including age, lactic dehydrogenase, beta 2-microglobulin levels, performance status, bulky disease, Ann Arbor stage, or International Index score. More importantly, we found no correlation between IL-10 levels and the achievement of complete remission, nor with failure-free survival or overall survival. We conclude that in a uniform population of untreated patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma, serum levels of IL-10 do not appear to have any prognostic value.
Book review: Intelligent Tutoring Sytems---Lessons Learned by Joseph Psotka, L. Dan Massey, and Sharon Mutter (Lawrence Erlbaum Assocs. Inc.)

Introduction For many years the Sleeman/Brown text on inteligent tutoring systems was the sole offering in the field. During the past year a number of new ITS texts have been released. Although some of them, (e.g. Wenger, 1987) tie theory to application, many of them are redundant in their focus on the early systems and/or their computer science orientation. Furthermore, existing texts rarely mention the decade of relevant research and development in instructional design and computer-based training. This book changes things.
Epitextual and Peritextual Portals to The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao

A constellation of epitexts (paratexts not materially attached to the book) is created by the author, publisher, and the public. At various stages of reading, people encounter interviews, and social media posts by Diaz that interact with and shape understanding of the novel. In the age of Web 2.0, readers themselves also write about the book in broad public venues. Crowd-sourced annotations online explain Diaz’s allusions. Blogs and a wide range of non-authorial commentary, reviews, and discussions about the novel online are new epitexts that overlay Oscar Wao in the digital age. Attached to the book are key allographic peritexts. These peritextual portals such as the front cover, interior graphics, formatting, and alterations in the digital version affect interpretation and are largely outside authorial control.
Defective Transcytosis of APP and Lipoproteins in Human iPSC-Derived Neurons with Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Mutations

We investigated early phenotypes caused by familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) mutations in isogenic human iPSC-derived neurons. Analysis of neurons carrying fAD PS1 or APP mutations introduced using genome editing technology at the endogenous loci revealed that fAD mutant neurons had previously unreported defects in the recycling state of endocytosis and soma-to-axon transcytosis of APP and lipoproteins. The endocytosis reduction could be rescued through treatment with a β-secretase inhibitor. Our data suggest that accumulation of β-CTFs of APP, but not Aβ, slow vesicle formation from an endocytic recycling compartment marked by the transcytotic GTPase Rab11. We confirm previous results that endocytosis is affected in AD and extend these to uncover a neuron-specific defect. Decreased lipoprotein endocytosis and transcytosis to the axon suggest that a neuron-specific impairment in endocytic axonal delivery of lipoproteins and other key materials might compromise synaptic maintenance in fAD.
Appropriate Regulation of the σ E -Dependent Envelope Stress Response Is Necessary To Maintain Cell Envelope Integrity and Stationary-Phase Survival in Escherichia coli.

The alternative sigma factor σE is a key component of the Escherichia coli response to cell envelope stress and is required for viability even in the absence of stress. The activity of σE increases during entry into stationary phase, suggesting an important role for σE when nutrients are limiting. Elevated σE activity has been proposed to activate a pathway leading to the lysis of nonculturable cells that accumulate during early stationary phase. To better understand σE-directed cell lysis and the role of σE in stationary phase, we investigated the effects of elevated σE activity in cultures grown for 10 days. We demonstrate that high σE activity is lethal for all cells in stationary phase, not only those that are nonculturable. Spontaneous mutants with reduced σE activity, due primarily to point mutations in the region of σE that binds the -35 promoter motif, arise and take over cultures within 5 to 6 days after entry into stationary phase. High σE activity leads to large reductions in the levels of outer membrane porins and increased membrane permeability, indicating membrane defects. These defects can be counteracted and stationary-phase lethality delayed significantly by stabilizing membranes with Mg2+ and buffering the growth medium or by deleting the σE-dependent small RNAs (sRNAs) MicA, RybB, and MicL, which inhibit the expression of porins and Lpp. Expression of these sRNAs also reverses the loss of viability following depletion of σE activity. Our results demonstrate that appropriate regulation of σE activity, ensuring that it is neither too high nor too low, is critical for envelope integrity and cell viability.IMPORTANCE The Gram-negative cell envelope and cytoplasm differ significantly, and separate responses have evolved to combat stress in each compartment. An array of cell envelope stress responses exist, each of which is focused on different parts of the envelope. The σE response is conserved in many enterobacteria and is tuned to monitor pathways for the maturation and delivery of outer membrane porins, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane. The activity of σE is tightly regulated to match the production of σE regulon members to the needs of the cell. In E. coli, loss of σE results in lethality. Here we demonstrate that excessive σE activity is also lethal and results in decreased membrane integrity, the very phenotype the system is designed to prevent.
Another dimension in integrated circuit trust

Although 3D integrated circuit technology has typically been used to solve specific design goals, it has great potential for protecting intellectual property from theft or unwanted modification while at a third-party fabrication facility. We present analysis of a technique for splitting a design across multiple die layers for this purpose. From the perspective of a third-party, this technique effectively encrypts the circuit, preventing unauthorized use of, or alteration to, the design. The device is “unencrypted” at a secure final assembly location where it is oriented and bonded according to its secret key. As is true for any cryptographic technique, analysis of the algorithm or implementation may result in attacks with lower combinatorial complexity. We look at some of these potential attacks and discuss a number of possible solutions. Finally, we introduce the inter-die routing layer, which effectively complements the 3D splitting technique, making it much more difficult to develop attacks to bypass a brute force approach.
Missed Initial Medical Visits: Predictors, Timing, and Implications for Retention in HIV Care

HIV disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities and individuals living in the southern United States, and missed clinic visits account for much of this disparity. We sought to evaluate: (1) predictors of missed initial HIV medical visits, (2) time to initial visit, and (3) the association between initial visit attendance and retention in HIV care. Chart reviews were conducted for 200 consecutive HIV-infected patients (100 in Dallas, 100 in San Antonio) completing case management (CM) intake. Of these, 52 (26%) missed their initial visit, with 22 (11%) never presenting for care. Mean age was 40 years, 85% were men, >70% were of minority race/ethnicity, and 28% had a new HIV diagnosis. Unemployment (OR [95% CI] = 2.33 [1.04-5.24], p = 0.04) and lower attendance of CM visits (OR = 3.08 [1.43-6.66], p = 0.004) were associated with missing the initial medical visit. A shorter time to visit completion was associated with CD4 ≤ 200 (HR 1.90 [1.25-2.88], p = 0.003), Dallas study site (HR = 1.48 [1.03-2.14], p = 0.04), and recent hospitalization (HR = 2.18 [1.38-3.43], p < 0.001). Patients who did not complete their initial medical visit within 90 days of intake were unlikely to engage in care. Initial medical visit attendance was associated with higher proportion of visits attended (p = 0.04) and fewer gaps in care (p = 0.01). Missed medical visits were common among HIV patients initiating or reinitiating care in Texas. Employment and CM involvement predicted initial medical visit attendance, which was associated with retention in care. New, early engagement strategies are needed to decrease missed visits and reduce HIV health disparities.