cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotary Liquid Droplet Microbearing

A rotational stage with a 10-mm-diameter single-crystal silicon rotor supported by liquid droplet ball bearings is described. The 100-300-μm-thickness droplet bearings are retained on the rotor surface with a micropatterned amorphous-flouropolymer-based superhydrophobic (SHP) surface coating that yields a 156° contact angle. The droplets slide on a SHP bearing raceway that is formed from laser-roughened poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the surface of the stator, achieving a 10°-contact-angle hysteresis that results in very low sliding friction. The stage is driven by a rotating external magnetic held that provides up to 3 μN · m torque through a permanent magnet mounted on the rotor. The liquid bearing provides a passive wear-free interface between rotor and stator with a measured drag coefficient of 0.94 · 10-3 μN · m/r/min, rotating up to a speed of 2400 r/min, and a mean minimum operating torque of 0.3 μN · m. The bearing design is stable in position and tip/tilt, with a tip mode stiffness of 5.4 μN · m/deg and measured nonrespectable rotor wobble of 0.3 mrad. The experimentally measured bearing stiffness, drag coefficient, and startup torque are shown to compare well with values predicted from analytical models based on surface tension forces on the droplet bearings.
The Liar Game Over an Arbitrary Channel

We introduce and analyze a liar game in which t-ary questions are asked and the responder may lie at most k times. As an additional constraint, there is an arbitrary but prescribed list (the channel) of permissible types of lies. For any fixed t, k, and channel, we determine the exact asymptotics of the solution when the number of queries goes to infinity.
Restitution and Dissent in the Late Medieval Renewal Movements: the Waldensians, the Hussites and the Bohemian Brethren

HE history of the Christian Church and its impact upon Western civilization has often been interpreted as an alternation between periods of recession and resurgence. The motif of renewal thus serves as the organizing principle of the chronological unfolding of the story of the Church.' When expressed in theological terms, it can become a rallying point for advocates of reform, whether in the history of Protestantism, or in the current Catholic aggiornamento: "Insofar as the Church is deformed, she has to be reformed: ecclesia [reformata atque semper] reformanda."2 However, the real dynamic of Christian renewal, whether individual, ecclesiastical or societal, cannot be generated by a mere awareness of the sequence of decay and revival. Rather, it consists in the ever-present tension between those who seek to attain an ideal and those who are willing to compromise. Upon completion of his monumental survey of The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches, Ernst Troeltsch summed up his analysis with the tripartite typology of church, sect and mysticism, and in keeping with his theological orientation, stated:
ShadowWalker: peer-to-peer anonymous communication using redundant structured topologies

Peer-to-peer approaches to anonymous communication promise to eliminate the scalability concerns and central vulnerability points of current networks such as Tor. However, the P2P setting introduces many new opportunities for attack, and previous designs do not provide an adequate level of anonymity. We propose ShadowWalker: a new low-latency P2P anonymous communication system, based on a random walk over a redundant structured topology. We base our design on shadows that redundantly check and certify neighbor information; these certifications enable nodes to perform random walks over the structured topology while avoiding route capture and other attacks.We analytically calculate the anonymity provided by ShadowWalker and show that it performs well for moderate levels of attackers, and is much better than the state of the art. We also design an extension that improves forwarding performance at a slight anonymity cost, while at the same time protecting against selective DoS attacks. We show that our system has manageable overhead and can handle moderate churn, making it an attractive new design for P2P anonymous communication.
Estimation of multiple 2D uniform motions by sensor array processing techniques

A technique is proposed for estimating the parameters of 2D uniform motion of multiple moving objects in a scene, based on long-sequence image processing and the application of a recently developed multi-line fitting algorithm. Plots of the vertical and horizontal projections versus frame number give new images in which uniformly moving objects are represented by skewed band regions, with the angles of the skew from the vertical being a measure of the velocities of the moving objects. For example, vertical bands will correspond to objects with zero velocity. A recently developed algorithm called SLIDE (subspace-based line detection) can be used to efficiently determine the skew angles. SLIDE exploits the temporal coherence between the contributions of each of the moving patterns in the frame projections to enhance and distinguish a signal subspace that is defined by the desired motion parameters. A similar procedure can be used to determine the vertical velocities. Some further steps must then be taken to properly associate the horizontal and vertical velocities.
Equations for CT dose calculations on axial lines based on the principle of symmetry

Purpose: Radiation dose from CT examination depends on the position relative to the irradiated region in the longitudinal direction. The objective of this work is to present a mechanism for calculating dose at any point on a line parallel to the axis of rotation. Methods: In a medium that is uniform in the z direction, the cumulative dose at the midpointD L (0) of the irradiated length (L) increases with Luntil the equilibrium dose (D eq) is reached. Using the approach to equilibrium function, H(L) = D L (0)/D eq, the authors formulated equations for calculating dose at an arbitrary point on an axial line. Results: Dose calculation examples are presented for multidetector CT (MDCT) and micro-CT. Conclusions: The new equations are suited for any functional form ofH(L), and can be used for dose evaluations in MDCT, micro-CT, cone-beam CT, and other cases with media that are approximately uniform along the z direction.
Automated Modeling of Nonlinear Mechanisms for Virtual Prototyping

This paper addresses the problem of obtaining models of nonlinear mechanisms for use in virtual prototyping systems. The objective of the described modeling procedure is to more accurately represent the feel of complex mechanisms in force feedback applications. The model structure selected for this study is a 2nd -order impedance model, with mass, damping, stiffness, and coulomb friction that vary with position. An automated testbed system is described, as well as a segmented least-squares algorithm for estimating position-varying model parameters. Baseline results are obtained for a system comprised of a mass, dashpot, and nonlinear (hardening) spring.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Suicidal Ideation in Anxiety-Disordered Youth: Identifying Predictors of Risk

Evidence is mixed regarding an independent association between anxiety and suicidality. Beyond associations with demographic factors and depression, do anxiety disorders increase risk for suicidality in youth? Given that not all anxiety-disordered youth experience suicidal ideation, potential predictors of risk also require investigation. The present study examined (a) the independent relationship between anxiety and suicidal ideation and (b) emotion dysregulation and distress intolerance as predictors of risk for suicidal ideation in a sample of anxiety-disordered youth aged 7 to 17 (N = 86, M = 11.5). Youth and their parents reported on suicidality, emotion dysregulation, and distress intolerance. Distress tolerance was also measured by a computerized behavioral task. Results support an independent relationship between anxiety symptomatology and youth-reported suicidal ideation, controlling for depressive symptoms. Youth self-report of emotion dysregulation and distress intolerance predicted higher levels of suicidal ideation in univariate analyses. In a multivariate analysis including all significant predictors, only anxiety symptomatology uniquely predicted suicidal ideation. Results provide recommendations for the assessment and treatment of suicidality in anxiety-disordered youth. Suggestions for future research investigating the relationship between anxiety and suicidal ideation are offered.
Positron annihilation study of boron-doped Ni3Al☆

Abstract Positron-lifetime and Doppler-broadening measurements were performed at room temperature on well-annealed polycrystalline Ni 75− x Al 25+ x alloys ( x = −1, 0, and + 1) containing 0, 100, and 500 wt. ppm boron. The large grain size ( ≈ 300–500μm) in these alloys rendered the grain-boundary contribution negligible in the positron annihilation process. Systematic dependences of the positron lifetimes and the Doppler-broadening lineshape parameter were observed as a function of both the aluminum and boron contents of the alloys. Positron trapping by defects was found in both the x = 0 and x = + 1 alloys, but was most pronounced in the nominally-stoichiometric alloys containing boron. No positron trapping was evident in the x = −1 alloys with or without boron. A model is suggested for the relationship between these results and the problem of ductilizing poly-crystalline Ni 3 Al by boron doping.
Review essay: Just Lyotard

THE LYOTARD READER. By Jean‐Francois Lyotard. Edited by Andrew Benjamin. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1989; pp. 370. $49.94; paper $21.95. TOWARD THE POSTMODERN. By Jean‐Francois Lyotard. Edited by Robert Harvey and Mark S. Roberts. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1993; pp. xvii + 256. $45.00; paper $17.50. JUST GAMING. By Jean‐Francois Lyotard and Jean‐Loup Thebaud. Translated by Wlad Godzich. Afterword by Samuel Weber. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985; pp. 120. Paper $12.95. THE POSTMODERN CONDITION. By Jean‐Francois Lyotard. Translated by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi. Foreword by Fredric Jameson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984; pp. xxi + 110. Paper $12.95. THE DIFFEREND: PHRASES IN DISPUTE. Trans. Georges Van Deen Abbeele. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988; pp. xvi + 208. $39.95; paper $ 14.95.
A distributed routing protocol for predictable rates in wireless mesh networksy

Wireless mesh networks hold the promise of rapid and flexible deployments of communication facilities. This potential notwithstanding, the often erratic behavior of multihop wireless transmissions is limiting the range of applications that such networks can target. In this paper we investigate the feasibility and benefits of a routing protocol explicitly aimed at making wireless mesh networks more predictable while preserving their efficiency and flexibility. The protocol's basic premise is the classical idea that a multipath solution can offer resiliency to unexpected link variations. The paper's contributions are in demonstrating how this can be effectively realized in a wireless context, and in offering initial evidences of its efficacy. In particular, the paper illustrates how routing decisions that account for link variability can be computed in a distributed fashion, and the benefits they afford in improving the stability of end-to-end transmission rates even in the presence of random network fluctuations.
Tensor CSAMT survey over the Sulphur Springs thermal area, Valles Caldera, New Mexico, U.S.A., Part II: Implications for CSAMT methodology

The resistivity model for the Sulphur Springs area in the companion paper (Part I) plus the availability of overlapping controlled‐source audiomagnetotelluric (CSAMT) and magnetotelluric (MT) data has allowed study of far‐field to near‐field transitions, source field geometries over the survey area, and scalar‐tensor impedance discrepancies. The regional setting of conductive Paleozoic sediments over resistive basement seriously reduced depth of exploration within the plane‐wave regime to about 1/20th of the transmitter‐receiver separation, rather than the traditional 1/3rd to 1/5th based on half‐space models. As frequency falls to where skin depth in the sedimentary layer exceeds its thickness, transmitter electromagnetic (EM) fields enter the resistive basement and may diffuse to the receiver with relatively little attenuation, promoting near‐field behavior. Comparisons are made of observed electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields inside and outside the caldera with EM fields computed from layered resistivi...
Comparison of engineered nanocoatings on the combustion of aluminum and copper oxide nanothermites

Abstract Water-repellent nano-coatings for submerged combustion of nano-energetic composite materials were developed. These coatings may have applications for oceanic power generation, underwater ordnance, propulsion, metal cutting, and torch technologies. Nano-coatings were deposited on thermite pellets by a vapor-phase technique. Two types of deposition techniques studied were chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). A total of six types of nano-coatings were applied on the thermite pellets. Various process parameters to produce the coatings were explored. Characterization of the nano-coatings was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and contact angle goniometry. Submerged combustion tests of the nano-coated thermite pellets were performed as a function of submerged time. The pellets were submerged in de-ionized water for 3, 5, and 10 days. The energy released by the thermite reaction was analyzed and compared to other types of nano-coated pellets. Initial results of a fluorocarbon self-assembled monolayer (FSAM) coating were compared with an ALD coating composed of Al 2 O 3 . Results show that with increasing submerged time, there was a decrease in the ratio of bubble energy to total energy of combustion (K c = K bubble /K combustion ) for all coatings tested. The initial bubble energy of the pellets coated with FSAM and ALD with Al 2 O 3 was 133.3 and 142.2 (KJ/Kg), respectively. After submersion for 10 days, the bubble energy reduced to 10.4 and 15.6 (KJ/Kg), respectively. The value of K c for the FSAM coating decreased by a factor of 12.8 whereas the ALD with Al 2 O 3 coating decreased by a factor of 9.1. The hydrophobic coating is critical for energy generation because without it, the pellets do not ignite, resulting in 100% loss of energy.
Recovery of the transient heat transfer coefficient in the nonlinear boundary value problem for the heat equation

The problem of numerical identification of the transient heat boundary coefficient for the one-dimensional heat equation in a finite slab under nonlinear boundary conditions is examined on the basis of additional information regarding the solution. After measuring the temperature and the heat flux at the non-active boundary, the inverse heat conduction problem is solved using a fully explicit and stable space marching scheme based on a finite difference implementation of the Mollification Method, and the transient heat boundary coefficient is then approximately determined. Stability bounds are derived an several numerical examples to validate the technique provided.
The level structure of 191Pt from the decay of 3.2 h 191Au

Abstract Levels of 191Pt populated in the decay of 3.2 h 191Au have been investigated by γ-ray singles and comprehensive γ-γ coincidence measurements. A detailed 191Au decay scheme, which differs radically from earlier versions, has been established. The 191Au decay results are discussed with reference to those obtained in complementary (α, 3nγ) studies of odd-A Pt nuclei and with particular emphasis on the locations and properties of low-spin members of the ν i 13 2 level family in 191Pt.
Contributions of the Science of Chaos to Evolution of Law

In this issue, there are an assortment of articles for our readership—a book review, two forum articles, and two scholarly papers. Hazel Beh reviews one of the classic books of our time— Legal aspects of law in architecture, engineering, and construction by Justin Sweet and Marc Schneier, now in its 7th edition. Hazel brings out that this book is not only a “national book” and textbook as the authors humbly mention but a permanent, longterm reference book “that will become a trusted, well-worn and dog-eared companion in the library of lawyers, architects, engineers and contractors long after graduation.” The text is found to be impressive in its thoroughness and comprehensiveness. In my opinion, this book is a historical contribution to construction law. We then have a forum article by none other than Justin Sweet himself, who gives advice on how engineers should approach and manage matters of law. Sweet asserts that postcompletion claims are a common feature of the contracting landscape these days, and the engineer in a design team who does not take time to familiarize himself with legal matters may find himself swept off his feet. Given that the legal training of engineers is extremely limited, if not deficient, engineers have a lot to learn about the proper applications of law. Sweet’s article is followed by Evan Caplicki’s, who shows how design/builders may not make unilateral changes to contract agreements. While we generally appreciate that owners carry responsibility for changing designs after construction has started, so it is with contractors and design/builders, as well. The law applies equally in a fair and equitable contract to both parties. Unilateral changes to contracts create disorder and disturbance. Again, it is evident that our engineers and builders fail to recognize apparently simple tenets and principles of law. In some way, Evan’s article brings order and discipline to the issue and helps to spread the understanding of common contracting law. This brings me to an important issue facing judges, lawyers, and engineers—that of order versus disorder. Inasmuch as scientists seek to fathom chaos and disorder in the universe, lawyers and judges seek to bring order to a society, in contrast to letting it seep into uncontrolled disorder. A civilization needs some semblance of order to survive. There is no doubt, as we look around ourselves, that the implementation of law has been widespread and precise over the decades. To think that women did not have franchise in the United States till the 20th century, and women in Kuwait earned their franchise only this year and it was only through the application of law and brave sheriffs that the wild West was tamed in the 19th century. These are examples in a mountain of evidence that legal applications in this world seek more and more to be fair to people in a nondiscriminatory way. Having said that, we also realize that law is not perfect by any means, which is strikingly similar to the fact that no known natu-
Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Physiology

Tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) allows identification of proteins in a complex mixture without need for protein purification (“shotgun” proteomics). Recent progress in LC-MS/MS-based quantification, phosphoproteomic analysis, and targeted LC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) has made LC-MS/MS a powerful tool for the study of cell physiology.
Future of Academic General Pediatrics—Areas of Opportunity

From the MGH Center for Child and Adolescent Health Policy, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston Mass (Dr Perrin) and the Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Dewitt) The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence to James M. Perrin, MD, 50 Staniford St #901, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 (e-mail: jperrin@partners.org). Received for publication March 29, 2011; acceptedMarch 29, 2011.
Oxide Matrix Composite by Directional Oxidation of a Commercial Aluminum‐Magnesium Alloy

Oxidation rates of a commercial Al-Mg alloy, Al-5083, were investigated to understand the synthesis of an oxide-based composite. In some experiments, the oxide layer was grown with several platinum wires embedded in the matrix to facilitate transport of electrons. The oxidation rate was not controlled by the rate of transport of the electrons and positive holes through the ceramic oxide layer. In the initial phase of the composite growth, an incubation period was observed due to formation of MgO on the alloy surface. At 1273 K or higher, the incubation period was followed by a period of sustained oxidation after MgO was converted to a spinel layer. It is demonstrated that, after the initial incubation period, the rate of oxidation is influenced by the rate of transport of ions through the oxidematrix composite.
Human Milk Contains Novel Glycans That Are Potential Decoy Receptors for Neonatal Rotaviruses

Human milk contains a rich set of soluble, reducing glycans whose functions and bioactivities are not well understood. Because human milk glycans (HMGs) have been implicated as receptors for various pathogens, we explored the functional glycome of human milk using shotgun glycomics. The free glycans from pooled milk samples of donors with mixed Lewis and Secretor phenotypes were labeled with a fluorescent tag and separated via multidimensional HPLC to generate a tagged glycan library containing 247 HMG targets that were printed to generate the HMG shotgun glycan microarray (SGM). To investigate the potential role of HMGs as decoy receptors for rotavirus (RV), a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children, we interrogated the HMG SGM with recombinant forms of VP8* domains of the RV outer capsid spike protein VP4 from human neonatal strains N155(G10P[11]) and RV3(G3P[6]) and a bovine strain, B223(G10P[11]). Glycans that were bound by RV attachment proteins were selected for detailed structural analyses using metadata-assisted glycan sequencing, which compiles data on each glycan based on its binding by antibodies and lectins before and after exo- and endo-glycosidase digestion of the SGM, coupled with independent MSn analyses. These complementary structural approaches resulted in the identification of 32 glycans based on RV VP8* binding, many of which are novel HMGs, whose detailed structural assignments by MSn are described in a companion report. Although sialic acid has been thought to be important as a surface receptor for RVs, our studies indicated that sialic acid is not required for binding of glycans to individual VP8* domains. Remarkably, each VP8* recognized specific glycan determinants within a unique subset of related glycan structures where specificity differences arise from subtle differences in glycan structures.
Civilian Nuclear Accidents

Since the discovery of plutonium and its use for nuclear weapons and nuclear energy radionuclides have been dispersed into the environment and contribute significantly to the global presence of anthropogenic radionuclides. Today, nuclear power plants are controlled by the national radiation protection authorities but are continuously emitting the small amounts of radioactivity permitted by the national health authorities. Other releases originate from the use of radionuclides in medical diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. Although these releases are minor compared to natural radioactivity and anthropogenic radionuclides, they contribute to the current radiation background. The anthropogenic actinides in the northern hemisphere mainly originated during nuclear weapons testing, fallout from the reactor accident at Chernobyl, atmospheric burnup of nuclear satellites, and intentional discharges of liquid waste streams from industrial-scale nuclear reprocessing facilities. Despite the increasingly sophisticated engineered reactor and processing systems, accidents since the 1950s have resulted in the release of radioactivity to the environment. The most prominent accidents that led to a significant dispersion of radionuclides are the Three Miles Island accident, the Windscale Fire, and the Chernobyl accident. In this article, we discuss these events and other nonweapons related uncontrolled releases of radioactivity into the environment. Keywords: nuclear accident; Chernobyl; Three Mile Island; Windscale; processing; environment
Characterization of Nb 3 Sn diffusion layer (A-15) material

Microstructural characterization of Nb 3 Sn diffusion layers grown by Sn-vapor reaction with single crystal Nb substrates has been carried out using Auger and X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray and reflection electron diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The layers exhibit preferred crystallographic orientation traceable to the underlying Nb-substrate orientation. The \langle 111 rangle -Nb-substrate layers differ substantially from all other-Nb-direction layers. In particular, they exhibit surface-like composition profiles over several hundred angstroms into the bulk, a very rough micro-structure including numerous microcracks, and a surface superconducting transition temperature of \langle 111 rangle -Nb-substrate layers with 1 μm columnar grain structure and surface T c 's ∼ 18 K appear to have breaking stresses far in excess of bulk polycrystalline Nb 3 Sn.
Disseminated elastosis perforans serpiginosa in four mongoloids. Recognition of residual changes.

SUMMARY.— Disseminated elastosis perforans is described in 4 mongoloids. The natural evolution of the disorder in 3 of these patients has produced linear and retiform scars. Recognition of this quela will facilitate diagnosis when dtypical grouped or annular hyperkeratotic papules are no longer present.
Phosphorus forms and extractability from three sources in a recently exposed calcareous subsoil

Irrigation-induced erosion and land leveling have decreased crop yields on - 800 000 ha of south-central Idaho silt loam soils because of topsoil removal. Phosphorus availability is a known production problem after topsoil removal. This study evaluated the effect of three P sources on soil P solubility by three standard methods for calcareous soils. A long-term study was initiated on a Portneuf silt loam (Coarsesilty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic X eric Haplocalcid) by removing the surface 0.3 m of topsoil from strips between undisturbed topsoil strips. Phosphorus treatments applied across all strips were conventional fertilizer (applied according to soil test), dairy manure, and cheese whey. All treatments increased the freshly exposed subsoil bicarbonate extractable ortho-P concentrations up to or greater than the topsoil concentrations, which were more than adequate for economical crop production. The high-whey and manure treatments increased the subsoil saturation paste and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable ortho-P concentrations up to or greater than the untreated topsoil ortho-P concentrations. The initial topsoil ortho-P solubility was along the II-tricalcium phosphate (j)-TCP) isotherm and the initial subsoil was well below the 13-TCP isotherm. The ortho-P solubility of the subsoil monocalcium phosphate (MCP) treatment remained just below the I3-TCP isotherm. The cottage cheese whey treatment increased subsoil P solubility up to the 0-TCP isotherm and the manure treated subsoil ortho-P solubilities were between the 13-TCP and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) isotherms. Most subsoil ortho-P concentrations by all three extraction methods decreased from spring to fall and then increased over winter in the subsequent spring samples. Soil solution ortho-P concentrations decreased with time in the subsoil treatments except immediately following treatment applications. The topsoil ortho-P extract concentrations by all three methods varied among samplings but remained about the same during the study period.
Leader-follower dynamics for unicycles

This paper analyzes the leader-follower dynamics for nonholonomic vehicle (unicycle). Local stability of the system is studied in global and local coordinates. The bifurcation structure of the system is studied and we demonstrate the existence of Hopf and Fold-Hopf bifurcations in the system depending on the choice of control gain.
Davy comes to America: Woodhouse, Barton, and the nitrous oxide crossing

In the final decade of the eighteenth century, a new method of medical treatment appeared in England when physician Thomas Beddoes developed a systematic application of Joseph Priestley's "factitious airs", or gases, to treat consumptive patients. Supported by peers such as Erasmus Darwin and using applications designed for him by James Watt and other inventors, Beddoes combined technological innovation and gas inhalation in an attempt to cure his patients. Late in the decade Beddoes hired young Humphry Davy as his assistant; Davy quickly added nitrous oxide to the armamentarium. The prominent group Davy assembled to help him test nitrous oxide and record their experiences has seldom been equaled in medical history as a research population. Davy left the Pneumatic Institution in March 1801 and joined the staff of the infant Royal Institution in London, but news of the nitrous oxide soon reached American. Physician James Woodhouse, a professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania since July 1795, left in early 1802 for England, where he met Davy. A few years later one of his chemistry students preserved an account of the extensive nitrous oxide trials that took place in Woodhouse's classroom throughout 1807. In that work William Barton discussed and replicates Davy's research and agrees with his conclusions. Such intermittent experimentation continued in the United States and Europe until Horace Well's public demonstration of ether inhalation in January 1845. This paper describes how nitrous oxide inhalation survived in America through the work of Woodhouse and Wells. Traveling showmen like Samuel Colt and Gardner Quincy Colton demonstrated the gas' effects at popular lectures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Small, fuzzy and interpretable gene expression based classifiers

Motivation: Interpretation of classification models derived from gene-expression data is usually not simple, yet it is an important aspect in the analytical process. We investigate the performance of small rule-based classifiers based on fuzzy logic in five datasets that are different in size, laboratory origin and biomedical domain. Results: The classifiers resulted in rules that can be readily examined by biomedical researchers. The fuzzy-logic-based classifiers compare favorably with logistic regression in all datasets. Availability: Prototype available upon request. Contact: staal@dsg.harvard.edu
Computational model of a biologically plausible cognitive map

Summary form only given, as follows. Humans develop spatial cognitive maps using knowledge gathered while repeatedly observing their environment. This knowledge may come from landmarks present in the environment, the relative position(s) of these landmarks, or available paths along which an observer can reach these landmarks. Recent neurophysiological findings in rats suggest that there are special cells in the hippocampal region of the brain which are responsible for recognizing places in a spatial environment. Based on this present neurophysiological evidence on place identification and the map-building process, the authors propose a computational model for constructing a spatial cognitive map using artificial neural network models. Such a map-building process may be used by a mobile robot to learn its environment automatically through exploration. >
Transient Possessions: Circulation, Replication, and Transmission of Gems and Jewels in Quattrocento Italy

This article examines the circulation of gems, jewelry, and antique hardstones, through merchant-banking networks in Italy in the late Quattrocento. The practices of pawning and exchange facilitated the circulation of objects, causing those goods to change hands constantly and to come into contact with a wide range of individuals, a process through which these artifacts accrued histories. Particular gems were sought after, not only for their material or artistic worth, but also for their histories and their previous illustrious owners, and many jewels were invested with names. Aside from their physical circulation, these objects were disseminated in visual form through replication across media, which raises questions around ownership, copies, and collections in the late fifteenth century.
Focus groups: their role in developing calcium-related education materials

Because attitudes concerning a topic can diminish the effectiveness of educational materials, previously identified attitudes concerning calcium intake were explored through focus group interviews during the developmental stages of calcium education materials. Although four focus groups of six to seven participants were planned, each of the four groups consisted of two to six women. All focus groups followed the same format, lasting for 60–90 min; questions progressed from the general to more specific. The focus groups revealed several attitudinal barriers toward dietary behavioural change, including lack of prior interest in the topic and lack of time. Attitudes about dairy calcium included the belief that dairy foods were high in fat and should be avoided, and the belief that dairy foods would cause stomach upsets. Also, neither younger nor older women felt that osteoporosis was a problem their age group needed to address. Readability scales were not necessarily predictive of preference. This study shows that focus group interviews make a valuable contribution to planning and evaluating nutrition education materials.
Progress in the discovery of Factor Xa inhibitors

Factor Xa is a serine protease that has a critical role in the blood coagulation cascade by ultimately regulating the production of thrombin. There is now ample evidence for the role of Factor Xa inhibitors as anticoagulants and they represent potential new therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. During the past five years, research in the field of Factor Xa inhibitors has been marked with enormous efforts to identify highly potent, selective and orally-active agents. This research has led to the discovery of a number of clinical candidates that are currently progressing at different stages of drug development. This review examines the patent and scientific literature during the period 2000 – 2005.
Optimal water‐use efficiency in a California shrub

Abstract. The stomatal behaviour of a California chaparral shrub was compared with that predicted by a model of optimal water-use efficiency (Cowan & Farquhar, 1977). The daily courses of stomatal conductance, evaporation, and assimilation were calculated as was the derivative of evaporation with respect to assimilation (∂E/∂A). The derivative ∂E/∂A was not constant, and the measured courses of conductance were not optimal, but daily courses of evaporation and assimilation were usually very close to what would have been predicted had ∂E/∂A been constant. This discrepancy arises because evaporation and assimilation are sometimes so severely constrained by the microenvironment that stomatal conductance has almost no effect on them.
Cross-weighted Fisher discriminant analysis for visualization of DNA microarray data

Fisher discriminant analysis (DA) has recently shown promise in dimensionality reduction of high dimensional DNA data. However, the 1D projection provided by this method is an optimal Bayesian classifier only when the intraclass data patterns are purely Gaussian distributed. Unfortunately, it has been well recognized that most DNA expression data are much more realistically represented by a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which allows for multiple cluster centroids per class. When a data set from such a GMM is projected onto a 1D subspace, its inherent multi-modal nature may be partially or completely obscured. Consequently, traditional Fisher DA is quite inadequate when higher dimensional visualization (e.g. 2D or 3D) is necessary. The proposed technique addresses this problem and makes use of combined supervised and unsupervised learning techniques for several DNA microarray signal processing functions, including intraclass cluster discovery, optimal projection, and identification/selection of responsible gene groups. In particular, a cross-weighted Fisher DA is proposed and its abilities to reduce dimensionality and to visualize data sets are evaluated.
Literacy and the Writing Voice The Intersection of Culture and Technology in Dictation

This article provides a cultural-historical analysis of dictation as a composing method in Western history. Drawing on Ong’s concept of secondary orality, the analysis shows how dictation’s shifting role as a form of literacy has been influenced by the dual mediation of technological tools and existing cultural practices. At the dawn of modernism, a series of technological, economic, and philosophical factors converged to promote silent forms of individual authorship over collaborative modes of dictation favored in late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Similar changes are taking place today and may help reverse the dominance of silent authorship. If voice-recognition technologies continue to improve in the future, they may help professional communicators bridge the spoken and textual realms and effect changes in our attitudes toward authorship and orality.
Coming of age in African American English: A longitudinal study†

This study examines trajectories of development in the use of African American English (AAE) for 32 speakers through the first 17 years of their lives based on a unique, longitudinal database. Temporal data points in the analysis include 48 months, Grade 1 (about age 6), Grade 4 (about age 9), Grade 6 (about age 11), Grade 8 (about age 13), and Grade 10 (about age 15). Complementary methods of analysis for assessing AAE include a token-based Dialect Density Measure (DDM), a type-based vernacular diversity index, and frequency-based variation analysis. The study reveals different trajectories and peak periods for the use of AAE, including a ‘roller coaster’ and a curvilinear trajectory; at the same time, there is a common dip among speakers in the overall use of vernacular AAE from Grade 1 through Grade 4. Examination of a selective set of demographic and self-regard measures shows no significant differences for gender, school racial density, racial peer contacts, and measures of Afro-centrality, but does show a significant correlation between mothers’ and child use of AAE as well as age/grade.
Remote Vegetation Feedbacks and the Mid-Holocene Green Sahara

AbstractIn the mid-Holocene, the climate of northern Africa was characterized by wetter conditions than present, as evidenced by higher paleolake levels and pollen assemblages of savannah vegetation suggesting a wetter, greener Sahara. Previous modeling studies have struggled to simulate sufficient amounts of precipitation when considering orbital forcing alone, with limited improvement from considering the effects of local grasslands. Here it is proposed that remote forcing from expanded forest cover in Eurasia relative to today is capable of shifting the intertropical convergence zone northward, resulting in an enhancement in precipitation over northern Africa approximately 6000 years ago greater than that resulting from orbital forcing and local vegetation alone. It is demonstrated that the remote and local forcing of atmospheric circulation by vegetation can lead to different dynamical patterns with consequences for precipitation across the globe. These ecoclimate teleconnections represent the linkage...
SUPERSYMMETRY AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

We investigate the properties of Green's functions in a spontaneously broken supersymmetric model at high temperatures. We show that, even at high temperatures, we do not get restoration of supersymmetry, at least in the one-loop approximation.
Baculovirus Inhibitor-of-Apoptosis Op-IAP3 Blocks Apoptosis by Interaction with and Stabilization of a Host Insect Cellular IAP

ABSTRACT Baculovirus-encoded inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins likely evolved from their host cell IAP homologs, which function as critical regulators of cell death. Despite their striking relatedness to cellular IAPs, including the conservation of two baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains and a C-terminal RING, viral IAPs use an unresolved mechanism to suppress apoptosis in insects. To define this mechanism, we investigated Op-IAP3, the prototypical IAP from baculovirus OpMNPV. We found that Op-IAP3 forms a stable complex with SfIAP, the native, short-lived IAP of host insect Spodoptera frugiperda. Long-lived Op-IAP3 prevented virus-induced SfIAP degradation, which normally causes caspase activation and apoptosis. In uninfected cells, Op-IAP3 also increased SfIAP steady-state levels and extended SfIAP9s half-life. Conversely, SfIAP stabilization was lost or reversed in the presence of mutated Op-IAP3 that was engineered for reduced stability. Thus, Op-IAP3 stabilizes SfIAP and preserves its antiapoptotic function. In contrast to SfIAP, Op-IAP3 failed to bind or inhibit native Spodoptera caspases. Furthermore, BIR mutations that abrogate binding of well-conserved IAP antagonists did not affect Op-IAP39s capacity to prevent virus-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, Op-IAP3 also failed to prevent apoptosis when endogenous SfIAP was ablated by RNA silencing. Thus, Op-IAP3 requires SfIAP as a cofactor. Our findings suggest a new model wherein Op-IAP3 interacts directly with SfIAP to maintain its intracellular level, thereby suppressing virus-induced apoptosis indirectly. Consistent with this model, Op-IAP3 has evolved an intrinsic stability that may serve to repress signal-induced turnover and autoubiquitination when bound to its targeted cellular IAP. IMPORTANCE The IAPs were first discovered in baculoviruses because of their potency for preventing apoptosis. However, the antiapoptotic mechanism of viral IAPs in host insects has been elusive. We show here that the prototypical viral IAP, Op-IAP3, blocks apoptosis indirectly by associating with unstable, autoubiquitinating host IAP in such a way that cellular IAP levels and antiapoptotic activities are maintained. This mechanism explains Op-IAP39s requirement for native cellular IAP as a cofactor and the dispensability of caspase inhibition. Viral IAP-mediated preservation of the host IAP homolog capitalizes on normal IAP-IAP interactions and is likely the result of viral IAP evolution in which degron-mediated destabilization and ubiquitination potential have been reduced. This mechanism illustrates another novel means by which DNA viruses incorporate host death regulators that are modified for resistance to host regulatory controls for the purpose of suppressing host cell apoptosis and acquiring replication advantages.
Interprofessional care for patients with osteoporosis in a continuing care retirement community

Abstract Objectives To assess the quality of care provided to patients with osteoporosis in a continuing care retirement community (CCRC) after implementation of an interprofessional osteoporosis clinic (OPC). Specifically, quality measures were evaluated, including dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) screening, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and prescription treatment of osteoporosis and low bone mass in an ambulatory independent living community. Setting Large family medicine teaching practice that provides primary care for residents in one main practice, 5 rural satellite practices, and 2 CCRCs. An interprofessional OPC was developed at the main practice in 2005. Patients at all of the organization's sites could be referred to the main practice for osteoporosis management. A needs assessment conducted at one of the CCRCs in 2011 revealed that rates of screening and treatment were suboptimal for its residents despite availability of an off-site OPC. Practice innovation In 2012, a new interprofessional OPC including a physician, medical assistant, and pharmacist was replicated on-site at the CCRC so that residents had access to this service within their medical home. Evaluation Quality measures were evaluated after implementation of the team-based OPC on-site at a CCRC and included: 1) DXA screening; 2) calcium and vitamin D supplementation; and 3) prescription treatment of osteoporosis and low bone mass. Results Twenty-nine patients were seen in the new OPC from January 2012 to August 2013. Ninety-three percent had appropriate DXA testing after OPC implementation. Patients accepted pharmacist recommendations regarding calcium and vitamin D supplementation 90% and 86% of the time, respectively. All but 4 patients received appropriate treatment for osteoporosis or low bone mass. Conclusion Providing a team-based OPC on site in a CCRC improved quality measures for screening and treatment of osteoporosis and low bone mass.
Una Antorcha de Esperanza: Mexico and the 1955 Pan-American Games

AbstractWhile most equate Mexican Olympism with the 1968 Olympic Games, few know the drama of the event that laid its groundwork. From the creation of the Ministry of Public Education in 1921, cultural and military leaders heavily invested in sports infrastructure to help regenerate its rural masses, but by the 1940s, post-war modernizers sought the hosting of large international athletic events to boost its prestige, foment national pride, and prove to the world it was ready to springboard into modernity. This paper recounts the triumphs, betrayals, corruption, and politics of Pan-American sport and the Olympic movement in Mexico in the 1940s and 1950s that culminated in the improbable success of the 1955 Mexico City Pan-American Games.
A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis Of Leadership Behaviors and Virtual Teams Performance

In this study, we critically review extant virtual team leadership research and identify important future research directions for advancing knowledge in this area. Based on our review, we also deri...
SolidNoise: Making Musical Robots

This late breaking work submission describes the development of tools and techniques aimed to simplify the development and use of musical robots. We describe these tools and techniques as utilized to produce an event known as SolidNoise. The event showcased a series of automated instruments and musical compositions created for the robotic ensemble. Our developments are motivated by historical examples of automated instruments and our vision for musical robots in the future.
Geometrical Effects on Sintering Dynamics of Cu–Ag Core–Shell Nanoparticles

Understanding of the nanoparticle (NP) sintering mechanism at the atomic scale is of significance for improving various NP applications, such as printable nanoinks, catalysts, and electrode materials in energy devices. In this research, sintering dynamics of Cu–Ag core–shell NPs with various geometries are investigated through molecular dynamics simulations under different temperatures. The evolutions of local crystalline structure, characterized by common neighbor analysis, and potential energy during the sintering are studied to identify the sintering mechanisms. Sintering of two equally sized NPs is divided into three stages according to the shrinkage evolution, and depending on the sintering stage and condition, NP undergoes reorientation for achieving epitaxial layering, plastic deformation, surface diffusion, wetting, and crystallization–amorphization–recrystallization. Although the Cu core is coalescent neither in solid phase nor in surface-premelting-induced sintering, it can enhance the mobility ...
Rewriting Composition: Terms of Exchange, Bruce Horner

In reading through Bruce Horner’s Rewriting Composition: Terms of Exchange, it occurred to me that an entire history of our field could be written through our unceasing attempts to explain ourselve...