cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Third harmonic generation microscopy of a mouse retina

Advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT) [1-3] and adaptive optics [4-6] within the last few decades have revolutionized the way we image the retina. Despite impressive developments in these label-free linear imaging technologies, a wide array of pathological changes cannot be visualized in patients or animals with retinal diseases. This lack of functional imaging arises from deficiencies in two main areas: an absence of subcellular resolution and a lack of molecular-specific contrast. Here, we show a non-invasive, label-free retinal imaging technique based on third harmonic generation (THG) [7,8], a multiphoton microscopic technique in which the contrast arises from optical inhomogeneities that are comparable in size to the beam focus. In biologic tissues, for example, THG microscopy produces three-dimensional images in which the contrast originates from the interface between an aqueous and cellular membrane [9], lipid droplets and lipidic organelles [10-12], or highly absorptive molecules. For example, Aptel et al. have shown THG images of the cornea epithelium that originate from the cell and nuclear boundaries [13]. In this paper, we successfully used simultaneous twophoton autofluorescence (TPAF) [14] and THG to image cross sections of full-thickness mouse retinas with subcellular resolution. The third harmonic contrast arises from the lipid-rich cell membranes surrounding the cytoplasm and the cell nuclei as well as pigments in the RPE cells. We used a laser scanning technique to acquire images across the entire retina and identified all cellular layers including the RPE, outer and inner nuclear layers, and ganglion cells. The images collected with TPAF/THG are on par with those imaged with light microscopy from adjacent histological sections. We believe THG microscopy can lead to a tool for functional imaging of the retina and be used to generate virtual cross sections of intact eyes without the need for standard tissue processing techniques.
Challenges of Key Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

Rechargeable batteries are a most energy- and cost-effective device for electrical energy storage in a wide range of energy levels from portable electronics through transportation vehicles to load-leveling stationary storage. This chapter outlines the current status and challenges that remain for the key materials of rechargeable batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, including the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. In addition, the prospectus and challenges of battery systems beyond Li-ion, such as sodium–ion, magnesium, lithium–air, and lithium–sulfur batteries, are also discussed for the future research and development of rechargeable batteries.
Special Issue Editorial: Emergent Collective Behavior: From Fish Schools to Bacterial Colonies

Active systems, that is, systems driven internally by self-propelled individual units, are ubiquitous in nature. They span awide range of length and time scales, from schools of fish and flocks of birds to suspensions of motile bacteria and assemblages of subcellular extracts, and exhibit rich emergent dynamics, typically at a scale much larger than the scale of the individual unit. Their emergent behavior is the topic of extensive research, spread across several scientific disciplines, and using diverse theoretical, computational and experimental tools. The goal of this special issue is to offer select samples of research articles that demonstrate the diversity and versatility of this exciting field. These articles are not intended to provide a comprehensive review of this exciting area of research or to focus on a specific approach and model system. The model systems considered here range from fish swimming to propulsion of microscopic organisms. The coordinated motion in fish schools is addressed in two papers. The paper of Mwaffo, Anderson and Porfiri studies computationally the effects of random changes in the individuals’ orientation on the overall coordination of fish schools in the context of two rule-based models. The first is based on the classical Vicsek model, where each individual averages the orientation of its geographically proximal neighbors, and the second is a metric-free vectorial network model, where neighbors are selected randomly, independent of the group’s geometric configuration. They find that, in both
Granularity in multi-method planning

Multi-method planning is an approach to using a set of different planning methods to simultaneously achieve planner completeness, planning time efficiency, and plan length reduction. Although it has been shown that coordinating a set of methods in a coarse-grained, problem-by-problem manner has the potential for approaching this ideal, such an approach can waste a significant amount of time in trying methods that ultimately prove inadequate. This paper investigates an approach to reducing this wasted effort by refining the granularity at which methods are switched. The experimental results show that the fine-grained approach can improve the planning time significantly compared with coarse-grained and single-method approaches.
How Much to Copy? The Contingent Value of Imitation Capabilities

It is a common (and frequently implicit) assumption in the literature on knowledge exchange and organizational learning that imitating practices from high-performing firms has a positive impact on the imitating firm. While a large body of research has pointed out obstacles to successful imitation, very little is known about what degree of imitation is most effective. In this paper, we use a simulation model to explore the role that interdependence among practices, firm-similarity, and time horizon play in influencing the value of different degrees of imitation, and show how they interact in non-trivial ways. For instance, we find that in the presence of interactions, the most effective imitation strategy between similar firms with long time horizons is the worst strategy for short time horizons. One implication of our results is that even if a firm has the capability to copy all practices from a high-performing firm, this will only occasionally be the most appropriate imitation strategy. We also show that imitation can serve two different functions - mimicking high performers and dislodging a firm from its current set of practices - each one requiring very different organizational routines for its successful implementation. Lastly, we use the model to shed light on three previous disputes in the literature: the controversy between slow and fast learning, whether imitation is effective only at the start of operations or on a continuing basis, and whether firm similarity increases or decreases learning opportunities.
Modeling and analysis of affective influences on human experience, prediction, decision making, and behavior

Subjective and affective elements are well-known to influence human decision making. This dissertation presents a theoretical and empirical framework on how human decision makers' subjective experience and affective prediction influence their choice behavior under uncertainty, frames and emotions. The framework extends and integrates existing theories of prospect theory (PT) and reinforcement learning (RL), drawing on a growing literature offering the role of affect in decision making and the neural underpinnings of human decision behavior. The proposed Affective-Cognitive (AC) model extends Prospect Theory (PT)-based subjective value functions to model human experienced-utility and predicted-utility functions. The AC model assumes that the shapes (or parameters) of these subjective value functions dynamically vary with the decision makers affective states in sequential decision making. Human decision-making experiments were conducted to empirically infer how people adjust the parameters (i.e., shape and reference point) of their experienced-utility and predicted-utility functions in sequential decision-making situations involving incidental affective states (e.g., anger, fear, economic fear) and task-related confidence. I constructed a new model combining measures to evaluate risk preferences: behavioral choices, self-reported experience self-reported experience, self-reported predicted utility, self-reported confidence. The analysis results show how domain uncertainty, framing, and emotion state of decision makers influence their subjective experience and discriminability, affective prediction, optimal decisions and exploratory regulation. I found empirically that there were significant interaction effects of framing and emotion on risk preferences: negative emotions made people more risk-averse in face of gains. When it comes to losses, anger made people more risk-averse and fear more risk seeking. I also characterized how gender and emotion influence confidence and exploratory choice behavior. The theoretical analysis nicely supports empirical findings from human experiments. The new model provides a theory that better explain and simulate human behavior under uncertainty, frames and emotions. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
A scalable aural-visual environment for security event monitoring, analysis, and response

Intrusion detection systems gather large quantities of host and network information in an attempt to detect and respond to attacks against an organization. The widely varying nature of attacks makes humans essential for analysis, but the sheer volume of data can quickly overwhelm even experienced analysts. Existing approaches utilize visualization to provide rapidly comprehensible representations of the data, but fail to scale to real-world environments due to unrealistic data handling and lack of response facilities. This paper introduces a new tool for security event monitoring, analysis, and response called Savors. Savors provides suitable scalability by utilizing three additional areas of computing. High-end computing brings large amounts of on-demand processing to bear on the problem. Auralization allows both monitoring and analysis to be performed in parallel. Finally, grid computing provides the basis for remote data access and response capabilities with seamless and secure access to organization resources.
Structure and Equilibrium of Coronal Magnetic Fields

In 'closed' magnetic structures (i.e., coronal loops) the random shuffling of magnetic footpoints in the photosphere causes twisting and braiding of field lines in the corona. If the motions are sufficiently slow, the coronal field evolves through a sequence of force-free equilibrium states. Numerical simulations are presented for a simplified model in which the overall curvature of the coronal loop is neglected. It is shown that magnetic fine structures develop on spatial scales significantly smaller than those of the imposed 'photospheric' velocity field.
Pattern generation and estimation for power supply noise analysis

This paper presents an automatic pattern generation methodology to stimulate the maximum power supply noise in deep submicron CMOS circuits. Our ATPG-based approach first generates the required patterns to cover 0 /spl rarr/ 1 and 1 /spl rarr/ 0 transitions on each node of internal circuitry. Then, we apply a greedy heuristic to find the worst-case (maximum) instantaneous current and stimulate maximum switching activity inside the circuit. The quality of these patterns was verified by SPICE simulation. Experimental results show that the pattern pair generated by this approach produces a tight lower bound on the maximum power supply noise.
HIV parotid gland lymphoepithelial cysts. Review and case reports.

Abstract Lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland are frequently associated with cervical lymphadenopathy. These unique cysts have recently been recognized as another manifestation of HIV disease. Proliferation of lymphocytes and salivary gland tissue contained within intraparotid lymph nodes is observed. The lymphoepithelial cyst is the end product. Ultrasound imaging serves as an excellent technique to demonstrate the existence of these cysts.
Effect of Fasting on Circadian Rhythmicity in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis of Several Murine Tissues

These studies were done with CD2F1 adult mice that had been standardized to 12 hours of light alternating with 12 hours of darkness to determine what effect a 24-hour fast had on circadian rhythms in DNA synthesis of 10 different regions of the gut, as well as in the pancreas, liver, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lung and testis. The mitotic index of the corneal epithelium also was studied. The overall responses varied rather dramatically. For example, in the different regions of the gut the response ranged from no statistically significant change in the colon to a strong statistically significant decrease in DNA synthesis in the cecum. In short, one cannot generalize about the effect of short-term fasting on the entire gut, but when there was any statistically significant effect, it always was a decrease. The spleen was the only tissue that showed no statistically significant response in DNA synthesis. In the bone marrow, however, a statistically significant increase in DNA synthesis was recorded at 8 and 24 hours after fasting began. In the lung there was a rather dramatic increase in DNA synthesis at 8 hours, but this was followed by decreases of 37 and 55% at 16 and 24 hours, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase of 83% in the mitotic index 24 hours after the fasting began. The data clearly demonstrate the necessity of considering circadian variation when evaluating the effects of fasting on cell proliferation.
The past, present and future of stem cell clinical trials for ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. This leads to paralysis, respiratory insufficiency and death within an average of 3 to 5 years from disease onset. While the genetics of ALS are becoming more understood in familial cases, the mechanisms underlying disease pathology remain unclear and there are no effective treatment options. Without understanding what causes ALS it is difficult to design treatments. However, in recent years stem cell transplantation has emerged as a potential new therapy for ALS patients. While motor neuron replacement remains a focus of some studies trying to treat ALS with stem cells, there is more rationale for using stem cells as support cells for dying motor neurons as they are already connected to the muscle. This could be through reducing inflammation, releasing growth factors, and other potential less understood mechanisms. Prior to moving into patients, stringent pre-clinical studies are required that have at least some rationale and efficacy in animal models and good safety profiles. However, given our poor understanding of what causes ALS and whether stem cells may ameliorate symptoms, there should be a push to determine cell safety in pre-clinical models and then a quick translation to the clinic where patient trials will show if there is any efficacy. Here, we provide a critical review of current clinical trials using either mesenchymal or neural stem cells to treat ALS patients. Pre-clinical data leading to these trials, as well as those in development are also evaluated in terms of mechanisms of action, validity of conclusions and rationale for advancing stem cell treatment strategies for this devastating disorder.
Numerical study of the deformation and fracture behavior of porous Ti6Al4V alloy under static and dynamic loading

Abstract In a previous work, the dynamic compression behavior of Ti6Al4V with 0, 10 and 20% porosities, at the strain rate of 1 × 10−3, 1 × 103, 4 × 103 and 8 × 103/s, was experimentally characterized. The objective of this study is to use numerical simulations to gain insights on the observed material behavior and a general understanding of the dynamic responses of porous metals. The study indicates that the pore in general could serve as both a failure initiator and an inhibitor. The pore would lead to lower strength due to higher stress concentration as a result of the reduction of load bearing area and geometric discontinuity. On the other hand, the pore could also result in lower matrix stress at the onset of failure due to the reduced overall load bearing capacity. This lower stress and associated lower potential energy could lead to slower failure propagation and higher apparent ductility. The study also shows that the pore distribution and pore shape play significant role on the deformation and fracture behavior of porous material. For a fixed porosity, the more densely populated small pores could lead to faster failure propagation due to the enhancement of the failure propagation through void coalescence. However, the distribution does not seem to affect much the stress-stain response prior to the onset of failure. The effects of pore shape are similar to that porosity. Different pore shapes lead to different degrees of stress concentration and the apparent strengths. However, the higher stress concentration could also result in slower failure propagation due to the lower matrix stress and the associated potential energy at the onset of catastrophic failure. Besides pore density and morphology, matrix properties also played important roles on the response of porous metals. Although higher strength enhanced material's resistance to deformation, it could also lead to faster failure propagation once it was initiated due to the higher matrix stress. On the other hand, higher hardening rate could provide increasing resistance to failure propagation.
Identification of the Newly Introduced Phlaeothripid Haplothrips ?Clarisetis Priesner (Thysanoptera)

The thrips tentatively identified as this African and Near-Eastern species may be either a useful pest of noxious plants or a detrimental crop pest, or both, in North America. It is distinguished from other thrips in its newly invaded territory principally by the relatively wide, medially constricted wings without accessory fringe hairs, and by the colorless, distally expanded major setae of head and pronotum.
An Algorithm for Direct Computation in Consecutive-k-out-of-n:F Systems

A simple, easily programmed algorithm is given for calculating a table of the coefficients for the failure probability polynomials associated with a consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system with i.i.d. components.
A study of a generalization of a card problem

In this paper, we study a card problem, and its generalization, related to a computer based Cribbage player, namely, how many ways are there to select 12 Poker cards out of a deck of 52 such that their total face value exceeds 31? As an immediate application, the answer to the above question provides useful information for designing and enhancing computer based game playing software for Cribbage and other similar card games. Moreover, the analysis of the general problem also leads to a solution to a problem of ''sampling without replacement''. Besides presenting a combinatorial solution to the general problem, and discussing its ''expressive complexity'' via its relationship with the well-known integer partition problem, we also provide a computer solution, implemented in Prolog, based on a non-trivial recurrence relation. Relying on the latter result, we then carry out preliminary analysis of the computational aspects of some of the rules governing the Cribbage game.
American Indian Acculturation: Tribal Lands to Predominately White Postsecondary Settings

AIs, who find themselves trying to balance the acquisition of predominately White cultural values and behaviors with those of tribal culture.
Photochemical oxidation of vindoline and 16-O-acetylvindoline.

— Photooxidation of 16-O-acetylvindoline in methanol using chlorpromazine-HCl as a photosensitizing agent produces nearly quantitative yields of an iminium derivative. The 16-O-acetylvindol-ine-iminium product was characterized spectrally by proton NMR and mass spectrometry; and by chemical reduction with sodium borodeuteride. Proton NMR and mass spectral analyses of the reduced product revealed that deuterium was stereospecifically incorporated into the 3-a-position. The iminium product formed by photochemical oxidation is identical to that produced by copper oxidases and peroxidase. Photochemical oxidation provides direct evidence for the involvement of free radicals in Aspidosperma alkaloid transformations.
ACCIDENTAL DROP OF A CARBON STEEL/LEAD SHIPPING CASK AT LOW TEMPERATURES

A shielded cask is used to transport radioactive materials between facilities. The cask was fabricated with an outer and inner shell of hot rolled low carbon steel. Lead was poured in the annular space between the shells to provide radiation shielding. Carbon steel is known to be susceptible to lowtemperature brittle fracture under impact loading. This paper will present the analysis results representing postulated transportation accidents during on-site transfers of the cask. The accident scenarios were based on a series of cask drops onto a rigid surface from a height of 6 ft assuming brittle failure of the cask shell at subzero temperatures. Finite element models of the cask and its contents were solved and post processed using ABAQUS software. Each model was examined for failure to contain radioactive materials and/or significant loss of radiation shielding. Results of these analyses show that the body of the cask exhibits considerable ruggedness and will remain largely intact after the impact. There will be deformation of the main cask body with localized brittle failure of the cask outer shell and components and but no complete penetration of the cask shielding. The cask payload outer waste can will experience some permanent plastic deformation in each drop, but will not be deformed to the point where it will rupture, thus maintaining confinement of the can contents.
A National Study to Assess Affective and Cognitive Learning Domains Among Students Majoring in Dietetics

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine factors which influence affective and cognitive learning domains and document learning processes among students in food and/or human nutrition courses. Seventy percent (N = 35) of randomly selected didactic programs in dietetics returned completed inventories (the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire to measure affective and cognitive learning domains) from volunteer students majoring in dietetics (n = 554) and enrolled in basic food and/or nutrition courses, January through May, 1996. Using SAS and an alpha of 0.05, significant differences were found for task value (t = 2.27), use of rehearsal learning strategies (t = 2.37), metacognition (t = 1.93) and effort (t = 2.58) when respondents were grouped by gender. Analysis of variance showed that students with ⩾10 years of work experience reported higher scores for self-efficacy (F=4.13), use of elaboration (F = 2.79), organization (F = 6.07), critical thinking (F = 8.0), metacognition (F = 3.41), time management (F = 5.41) and effort (F = 3.68) than students with
Single-column ion chromatography of passive monitors for atmospheric pollution

Abstract Nitrite, nitrate and sulfate anions deposited on passive monitors were determined by using single-column ion chromatography. These monitors were exposed outdoors for various periods of time in an atmosphere with a very low degree of pollution, and they were used to evaluate the rate of deposition of some corrosive species on metallic materials. Two types of passive monitors were studied, namely sulfation and nitration plates. Comparison of the results obtained by using the classical turbidimetric method and single-column ion chromatography shows that turbidimetry is inappropriate for low sulfate concentrations (
Formation of proteinoid microspheres under simulated prebiotic atmospheres and individual gases

The formation of microspheres from acidic and basic proteinoids was attempted under simulated prebiotic atmospheres and constituent gases thereof. Both types of proteinoid yielded microspheres under carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (tested separately) and also under nitrogen-carbon dioxide atmospheres; higher proportions of carbon dioxide resulted in fewer spheres from basic proteinoid. Neither type of proteinoid formed spheres on 10-minute exposure to ammonia or methane-hydrogen-ammonia atmospheres. (Brief exposure resulted in spheres from basic proteinoid.) The effects, both qualitative and quantitative, were indicated by control experiments to be due to pH, rather than to the specific gas (or ion). The results suggest that the proteinoid microsphere model for protocells is applicable under a variety of possible prebiotic atmospheres, with some restrictions imposed by pH.
Examining ligand-protein interactions with binding-energy landscapes

Binding-energy landscapes are used to investigate the thermodynamics of molecular recognition for the pteridine ring, a recognition anchor in binding with dihydrofolate reductase, and two molecules with the same shape but different heteroatom substitutions. The relative importance of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions in this system is analyzed by comparing these three different decorations of the pteridine scaffold.
An empirical bayes estimator for the scale parameter of the two‐parameter weibull distribution

An empirical Bayes estimator is given for the scale parameter in the two-parameter Weibull distribution. The scale parameter is assumed to vary randomly throughout a sequence of experiments according to a common, but unknown, prior distribution. The shape parameter is assumed to be known, however, it may be different in each experiment. The estimator is obtained by means of a continuous approximation to the unknown prior density function. Results from Monte Carlo simulation are reported which show that the estimator has smaller mean-squared errors than the usual maximum-likelihood estimator.
Mycoplasma hominis Septic Arthritis in a Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Septic arthritis (SA) typically occurs in young children, often from Staphylococcus. With chronic immunosuppression, however, pathogens may be atypical. A 15-year-old African-American female developed Mycoplasma hominis SA in her right hip 2 months following cadaveric renal transplant (Tx). Her presentation was subtle and indolent, without fever or leukocytosis. Although reported in adult Tx recipients, M. hominis infections have not been described in pediatric recipients. Early immunosuppression (basiliximab, prednisone, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and Thymoglobulin) may have increased her susceptibility to M. hominis. Optimal therapy for M. hominis SA is not well established and relapses occur. This patient underwent joint incision and drainage, treatment for 8 weeks with doxycycline and levofloxacin guided by in vitro sensitivities, and a reduction in immunosuppression. She has been free of ongoing infection for 3 years with stable graft function (Cr 1.1 mg/dL) on moderate immunosuppression with prednisone, tacrolimus and MMF.
Emerging Causes of Traveler's Diarrhea: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora, and Microsporidia.

Travel is a risk factor for acquiring infection with a sporeforming protozoa: Cryptosopridium, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, and Isospora. Certain travel destinations have a high disease burden and intense exposure. Patients present with persistent diarrhea and a history of recent travel to a developing country in the tropics. Very mild infections may be underdiagnosed and may cause typical traveler’s diarrhea. In a patient with a history of travel and persistent diarrhea unresponsive to the usual antibiotic and antidiarrhea treatment, stool studies for all four of these protozoa infections should be performed. If immune status is normal and the disease is mild, symptomatic therapy may suffice. Effective treatment is available for Cyclospora, Microsporidia, and Isospora.
New results on the fractal and multifractal structure of the large Schmidt number passive scalars in fully turbulent flows

Abstract By measuring concentration fluctuations of a dye with very fine spatial and temporal resolution in typical unconfined turbulent water flows, we obtain the fractal dimension characteristic of the scalar interface in the range between Kolmogorov and Batchelor scales. We use one-dimensional intersection methods and invoke Taylor's hypothesis, but both of them are amply justified. We obtain a theoretical estimate for the fractal dimension by modifying our earlier arguments for finite (though large) Schmidt number effects. Finally, the multifractal characteristics of the scalar dissipation rate in the same scale range are also presented.
Structural characterization and excited-state properties of luminescent Tris -(μ -3-methyl-5- trifluoromethylpyrazolato)trigold(I)

Tris-(μ-(3-methyl-5-trifluoromethylpyrazolato)-κN:κN′)triangulo-trigold(I), (3,5-tfmpz)3 Au3, has been synthesized and exhibits a planar nine-member ring containing a central gold triangle with an average intramolecular Au–Au distance of 3.3455(8) A. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc with a = 12.998(2) A, b = 22.910 (3) A, c = 7.217(1) A, and β = 104.781(1)∘. The solid-state structure consists of sheets of (3,5-tfmpz)3Au3 units stacked in an “offset” fashion along the c axis such that one gold atom in each Au3 unit (Au1) lies approximately over the midpoint of the Au1–Au3 edge of the triangle in the layer below it. The intermolecular Au–Au distances are between 3.880(1) and 4.023(1) A, which are too long for there to be significant intertrimer bonding interaction suggesting that any supramolecular organization may be due to hydrogen-fluorine and fluorine-fluorine interactions between the molecules. The complex exhibits excitation-dependent emission at room temperature in the solid state. The structured higher energy emission (λem = 468, 517, and 556(sh) nm) is believed to be a ligand-centered π → π* transition with a lower energy unstructured emission (λem = 658 nm) assigned to the classical Au–Au excited state transition.
Cis-encoded non-coding antisense RNAs in streptococci and other low GC Gram (+) bacterial pathogens

Due to recent advances of bioinformatics and high throughput sequencing technology, discovery of regulatory noncoding RNAs in bacteria has been increased to a great extent. Based on this bandwagon, many studies searching for trans-acting small noncoding RNAs in streptococci have been performed intensively, especially in the important human pathogen, group A and B streptococci. However, studies for cis-encoded noncoding antisense RNAs in streptococci have been scarce. A recent study shows antisense RNAs are involved in virulence gene regulation in group B streptococcus, S. agalactiae. This suggests antisense RNAs could have important roles in the pathogenesis of streptococcal pathogens. In this review, we describe recent discoveries of chromosomal cis-encoded antisense RNAs in streptococcal pathogens and other low GC Gram (+) bacteria to provide a guide for future studies.
BIGLAN'S DIMENSIONS: Are the Perceptions Empirically Based?

The clusters of disciplines originally developed by Biglan have been useful guides in classifying or categorizing academic departments. Questions remain, however, as to the validity of the Biglan clusters among a wide range of colleges and universities. This study provides evidence which supports the validity of the Biglan categories by showing how faculty salaries and instructional staffing patterns differ among departments along the dimensions described by Biglan.
Angular Size and Emission Timescales of Relativistic Fireballs

The detection of delayed X-ray, optical, and radio emission, "afterglow," associated with γ-ray bursts (GRBs) is consistent with models in which the bursts are produced by relativistic expanding blast waves, driven by expanding fireballs at cosmological distances. In particular, the timescales over which radiation is observed at different wavebands agree with model predictions. It had recently been claimed that the commonly used relation between observation time t and blast wave radius r, t=r/2γ2(r)c , where γ is the fluid Lorentz factor, should be replaced with t=r/16γ2(r)c because of blast wave deceleration. Applying the suggested deceleration modification would make it difficult to reconcile observed timescales with model predictions. It would also imply an apparent source size too large to allow attributing observed radio variability to diffractive scintillation. We present a detailed analysis of the implications of the relativistic hydrodynamics of expanding blast waves to the observed afterglow. We find that modifications due to shock deceleration are small, therefore allowing for both the observed afterglow timescales and for diffractive scintillation. We show that at time t the fireball appears on the sky as a narrow ring of radius h=r/γ(r) and width Δh/h~0.1, where r and t are related by t=r/2γ2(r)c.
A Clinical Ladder for Occupational Health Nurses

Occupational health nurses must have a growing, expanding knowledge base to remain current in practice. The American Board for Occupational Health Nurses, Inc. encourages advancement with the availability of certification examinations. Health care centers support clinical advancement programs for bedside nurses. Nurses who continue their education either through a degree program or via continuing education or certification advance up the clinical ladder, receiving a higher salary, recognition from their peers, and perhaps even financial assistance to continue climbing, yet occupational health nurses do not have their own clinical advancement ladder. This article examines the steps necessary to develop a clinical ladder and presents a clinical ladder specific to occupational health nursing developed by the author.
In defense of broad mythic criticism—A reply to Rowland

Rowland offers a helpful synthesis of the defining characteristics of myth in rhetorical discourse. But his insistence on too rigid an approach to mythic criticism risks diminishing the importance of the critical method and impoverishing the perception of rhetorical artifacts. Root metaphors in Rowland's thinking distort the nature of rhetoric and the work of the critic.
A phenomenology of the 'placebo effect': taking meaning from the mind to the body.

Most mainstream attempts to understand the "placebo effect" invoke expectancy theory, arguing that expecting certain outcomes from a treatment or intervention can manifest those outcomes. Expectancy theory is incompatible with the phenomena of placebo responses, more appropriately named "meaning responses." The expectancy account utilizes reflexive consciousness to connect a world of conceptual representations to mechanical physiology. An alternative account based upon Merleau-Ponty's motor intention-ality argues that the body understands and is capable of responding to meanings without the need for any conceptual or linguistic content. A motor intentional framework of meaning poses dramatic implications for the interpretation of clinical trials and in the clinical practice of medicine. Most strongly, it argues that the empathic physician can facilitate the physiologic effects of treatments through skillful participation and manipulation of the meaning response.
Conformational behavior of the linear hexapeptide senktide: a receptor specific tachykinin analog.

Abstract A receptor selective linear hexapeptide tachykinin analog, senktide, is shown to be highly ordered in solution. The conformational restriction is attributed to steric and electrostatic interactions produced by N-methylation of the third amino acid residue in the sequence and the negatively charged N-terminus. The structure of senktide is described as a dynamic mixture of similar conformations where the predominant one is a distorted antiparallel hydrogen bonded β-pleated sheet. The observed senktide-receptor specificity is suggested to result from a selection of this or a closely related conformation.
A Novel Mouse Model of Schistosoma haematobium Egg-Induced Immunopathology

Schistosoma haematobium is the etiologic agent for urogenital schistosomiasis, a major source of morbidity and mortality for more than 112 million people worldwide. Infection with S. haematobium results in a variety of immunopathologic sequelae caused by parasite oviposition within the urinary tract, which drives inflammation, hematuria, fibrosis, bladder dysfunction, and increased susceptibility to urothelial carcinoma. While humans readily develop urogenital schistosomiasis, the lack of an experimentally-tractable model has greatly impaired our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this important disease. We have developed an improved mouse model of S. haematobium urinary tract infection that recapitulates several aspects of human urogenital schistosomiasis. Following microinjection of purified S. haematobium eggs into the bladder wall, mice consistently develop macrophage-rich granulomata that persist for at least 3 months and pass eggs in their urine. Importantly, egg-injected mice also develop urinary tract fibrosis, bladder dysfunction, and various urothelial changes morphologically reminiscent of human urogenital schistosomiasis. As expected, S. haematobium egg-induced immune responses in the immediate microenvironment, draining lymph nodes, and systemic circulation are associated with a Type 2-dominant inflammatory response, characterized by high levels of interleukin-4, eosinophils, and IgE. Taken together, our novel mouse model may help facilitate a better understanding of the unique pathophysiological mechanisms of epithelial dysfunction, tissue fibrosis, and oncogenesis associated with urogenital schistosomiasis.
Second-order correction to the Bigeleisen–Mayer equation due to the nuclear field shift

The nuclear field shift affects the electronic, rotational, and vibrational energies of polyatomic molecules. The theory of the shifts in molecular spectra has been studied by Schlembach and Tiemann [Schlembach, J. & Tiemann, E. (1982) Chem. Phys. 68, 21]; measurements of the electronic and rotational shifts of the diatomic halides of Pb and Tl have been made by Tiemann et al. [Tiemann, E., Knockel, H. & Schlembach, J. (1982) Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 86, 821]. These authors have estimated the relative shifts in the harmonic frequencies of these compounds due to the nuclear field shift to be of the order of 10−6. I have used this estimate of the relative shift in vibrational frequency to calculate the correction to the harmonic oscillator approximation to the isotopic reduced partition-function ratio 208Pb32S/207Pb32S. The correction is 0.3% of the harmonic oscillator value at 300 K. In the absence of compelling evidence to the contrary, it suffices to calculate the nuclear field effect on the total isotopic partition-function ratio from its shift of the electronic zero point energy and the unperturbed molecular vibration.
Analysis of Thisbe and Pyramus functional domains reveals evidence for cleavage of Drosophila FGFs

As important regulators of developmental and adult processes in metazoans, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) proteins are potent signaling molecules whose activities must be tightly regulated. FGFs are known to play diverse roles in many processes, including mesoderm induction, branching morphogenesis, organ formation, wound healing and malignant transformation; yet much more remains to be learned about the mechanisms of regulation used to control FGF activity. In this work, we conducted an analysis of the functional domains of two Drosophila proteins, Thisbe (Ths) and Pyramus (Pyr), which share homology with the FGF8 subfamily of ligands in vertebrates. Ths and Pyr proteins are secreted from Drosophila Schneider cells (S2) as smaller N-terminal fragments presumably as a result of intracellular proteolytic cleavage. Cleaved forms of Ths and Pyr can be detected in embryonic extracts as well. The FGF-domain is contained within the secreted ligand portion, and this domain alone is capable of functioning in the embryo when ectopically expressed. Through targeted ectopic expression experiments in which we assay the ability of full-length, truncated, and chimeric proteins to support cell differentiation, we find evidence that (1) the C-terminal domain of Pyr is retained inside the cell and does not seem to be required for receptor activation and (2) the C-terminal domain of Ths is secreted and, while also not required for receptor activation, this domain does plays a role in limiting the activity of Ths when present. We propose that differential protein processing may account for the previously observed inequalities in signaling capabilities between Ths and Pyr. While the regulatory mechanisms are likely complex, studies such as ours conducted in a tractable model system may be able to provide insights into how ligand processing regulates growth factor activity.
STUDIES ON A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN HUMAN PLASMA III. SOME FACTORS CONTROLLING THE RATE OF FIBRINOLYSIS

Methods are described for the assay of chloroform-activated and fibrinolysin-activated plasma proteolytic enzyme, and for the determination of the inhibitory activity of plasma or other substances against chloroform-activated enzyme. The inhibitory activities of plasma, serum, and crude plasma albumin against chloroform-activated plasma proteolytic enzyme were proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the inhibitory substance tested. This suggests that enzyme and inhibitor react in accordance with the law of mass action. The rate of fibrinolysis of recalcified plasma clots could not be related to the total proteolytic activity available in the plasma, nor to the inhibitory activity of fresh plasma or serum against plasma proteolytic enzyme. During the incubation of a recalcified plasma clot at 37 degrees C., the inhibitory activity of its serum against plasma proteolytic enzyme decreased until a minimal stationary level was reached. The clot lysis time could be correlated directly with the time which elapsed until this minimal level was reached.
Synthesis And Water Sorption Properties Of Aluminophosphate (AlPO4) And Silicoaluminophosphate (Sapo) Molecular Sieves

Aluminophosphate (AlPO4-5, AlPO4-11, AlPO4-17, AlPO4-20) and silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-5, SAPO- 11, SAPO-17, SAPO-20) molecular sieves of varying pore sizes (3-8 OA) were synthesized and their water adsorption and desorption properties were studied. Water sorption isotherms of AlPO4 molecular sieves were characterized by unusual isotherm shapes, that is, little or no initial adsorption followed by extreme adsorption leading to volume filling by hydrogen bonding and cooperative interaction in micropores, apparently due to the nonpolar nature of pore surfaces coupled with weak (reversible upon evacuation) chemisorption of water, and hysteresis loops extending to very low pressures. Although micropore filling in AlPO2's and isostructural SAPO's was completed almost at the same relative pressure (p/po), SAPO's exhibited less extreme adsorption isotherms as a result of their slightly more polar nature of pore surfaces compared to AlPO4's. Neither AlPO4's nor SAPO's exhibited Brunauer Type I isotherms with water, contrary to a general expectation of the hydrophilic microporous solids.
Possible origin of the lunar walled plain ptolemaeus

Origin of the lunar walled plain ptolemaeus deduced from tectonic relations between diverse features in ptolemaeus and the grid systems in its vicinity
German Literature in Translation Published by Poet Lore, 1891–1939

The article recommends: (1) that foreign language teachers familiarize themselves with translations from their respective languages, (2) that teachers call the students' attention to translations in collections and in periodicals, (3) that the libraries list such translations under the authors' names in the general catalogue, (4) that a catalogue of the available translations be made by or for the teachers.
Theologies and Liberation in Peru: The Role of Ideas in Social Movements

An investigation of how social protest has become a significant aspect of religious ideology throughout Latin America, particularly with the emergence of liberation theology in Peru. This text shows the significance of ideas in social movement mobilisation, either for change or for stability.
Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigens in Patients with Toxic-Shock Syndrome

SIR We analyzed histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes of patients with toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) in an effort to assess the role of immunogenetic factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Fortyseven patients (46 female and one male) whose illnesses conformed to the case definition of TSS currently proposed by the Centers for Disease Control [1] had HLA typing performed. We similarly tested two motherdaughter pairs in which both family members had been identified to the Centers for Disease Control as having had TSS. Control frequencies for HLA-A and -B were obtained from haplotype determination studies of 3,710 white individuals residing in Utah and neighboring states; those for HLA-C and -DR were obtained from published data regarding HLA type frequency among white North Americans [2]. Table 1 depicts the HLA genotypes found in the mother-daughter pairs; HLA-A2 was the only antigen found in all four individuals. The HLA-A2 gene frequency among the 47 other TSS patients was 25.5 to, not significantly different from the 27.4% incidence found among the control subjects. Similarly, differences in the rates of gene frequency of 47 additional HLAs including those noted in the individuals comprising the mother-daughter pairs-were not statistically significant between patients and control subjects. The possibility that immunogenetic factors may be important in the development of TSS is suggested by (1) the demonstration of serosusceptibility among the patients to a toxin produced by the causative organism, Staphylococcus aureus [3], (2) racial differences in TSS incidence [1], and (3) occurrence of the disease among multiple family members. Our data suggest that any immunosusceptibility of individuals to TSS does not correlate with the presence or absence of specific HLAs. ROBERT H. LATHAM
A multiple-baseline approach to behavioral intervention in anorexia nervosa

Seven subjects with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were treated with behavioral contracts in a hospital setting. Behavioral contracts were initiated at different points during hospitalization for each of the subjects. Treatment was defined as 13 days on a behavioral contract. Outcome was evaluated using the Rn statistic for this multiple-baseline approach. The behavioral intervention was found to have a significant effect on weight gain. Improvements made with treatment tended to be maintained in follow-up. A multiple-baseline approach using the Rn statistic permitted a controlled study using a small sample without a control group. This research methodology may be applicable to a wide variety of clinical areas.
Regulation of synthesis of nitrite reductase in pea leaves: in-vivo and in-vitro studies.

Crude protein extracts from leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) labeled with an L-14C-amino-acid mixture or [35S]methionine, were treated with antibodies prepared against nitrite reductase (NiR; EC 1.6.6.4). When the immunoprecipitates were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) a polypeptide with the same mobility as that of the native NiR was detected. By using darkened or illuminated leaves in the absence or presence of nitrate, it has been confirmed that nitrate is required in the in-vivo synthesis of NiR and that this synthesis is stimulated by light. Cell-free translation with a wheat-germ extract primed with polysomes from illuminated leaves treated with nitrate yielded polypeptides of a wide range of molecular weights (Mrs). Two polypeptides were immunoprecipitated from the translational products by anti-NiR serum. The mobility of one of them on SDS-PAGE corresponded to that of NiR while the other had a slightly higher Mr. It is concluded that NiR is synthesized as a heavy-molecular-weight precursor. Nitrate appears to regulate NiR synthesis by triggering transcription whereas the light may control the level of transcription or translation.