cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
13C shielding tensors in p-alkoxybenzenes

Abstract All 13 C shielding tensors in p -dimethoxybenzene and p -diethoxybenzene were determined from powder patterns by means of proton enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy. In contrast to alkyl-substituted benzenes the tensor sets differ considerably at the various aromatic sites and all tensor elements at the two nonequivalent ortho positions are influenced by the asymmetric substituent. In the solid state p -diethoxybenzene was found to have a planar or nearly planar conformation, like p -dimethoxybenzene.
On the melting temperatures of low-temperature phases of polymorphic metals

An improved analytical formula for determining the melting temperatures of the low-temperature phases of polymorphic metals is proposed which uses the specific heat differences at the equilibrium transition temperatures. The formula is solved by an iterative method, with no more than one iteration necessary to converge. The results obtained using the formula proposed here are generally in good agreement with the analytical solution.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a 7‐year‐old girl with congenital erythropoietic porphyria: a treatment dilemma

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP, Gunther's disease) has a very variable phenotype. In the more severely affected, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is potentially curative, but is not without risks. We describe a 7-year-old girl with CEP characterized by severe photosensitivity but only mild anaemia, in whom the difficult decision to proceed with allogeneic BMT was made after discussion in a multidisciplinary team. She has shown successful engraftment, accompanied by biochemical and clinical resolution of her metabolic disease. She remains well 3 years later, the oldest patient with CEP receiving BMT to survive beyond 12 months. However, she has experienced significant morbidity including florid cutaneous graft-versus-host disease with postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Her case is important in highlighting the delay in diagnosis not uncommon in this condition and the complex decision-making process involved in proceeding with BMT.
Scattering of light by light; Prospects for high order interactions with relatively low thresholds

Abstract Spontaneous pair production processes by the action of classical, slowly varying electromagnetic fields associated with intense, focused laser beams are considered. The threshold for pair production and light-light scattering under identical experimental conditions are then compared. In view of the relatively low thresholds predicted for these interactions, attention is drawn to the interesting possibility of producing monopole pairs in such focused laser beams taking into account the final state interactions.
Inflation Smoothing and the Modest Effect of VAT in Germany

Increases in German core inflation following the 2007 VAT hike were smaller than expected, leading to speculation about delayed inflationary effects. This paper argues to the contrary that price increases in advance of the VAT hike explain the small increase upon implementation. We find that core inflation rose by 0.36 percentage point in the run up and by a further 0.40 percentage point at the time of the VAT hike. Cumulatively, the tax hike contributed to two thirds of the increase in core inflation in 2006-07 at an estimated pass-through of 73 percent. Most of the increase in 2006 was of general nature, while about one sixth can be attributed to durable goods and items with low degree of competition.
Trends in coded causes of death following definite myocardial infarction and therole of competing risks: The minnesota heart survey (MHS)

We investigated possible differences over time in underlying causes of death among validated definite myocardial infarction cases who were discharged following an index hospitalization in 1970, 1980, and 1985 in the Twin Cities, MN. No changes were observed in underlying causes of death assigned to patients who died prior to discharge in the 3 years. Among in-hospital survivors of definite MI, however, age-adjusted rates of death from non-cardiovascular causes more than doubled between 1970 and 1985 (P < 0.01). More specifically, mortality rates for diabetes mellitus increased significantly from 1970 to 1985 (P < 0.05), while those for neoplasms and diseases of the respiratory system increased non-significantly. Whether these data are the result of artifactual changes in cause of death assignment or real changes in disease severity and comorbidity, these trends in long-term death following acute MI may have had a modest impact on reported community-wide coronary heart disease mortality rates.
The location of the fluorescent matter in Microsporon infected hair

Biopsies taken from cases of microsporosis caused byMicrosporon audouinii orM. canis were sectioned. Ultraviolet microscopy revealed that the fluorescent matter is located only in the cortex and medulla of the hair. Neither intrapilary hyphae nor the sheath of arthrospores surrounding the infected hair fluoresce.
The regional nature of global challenges: a need and strategy for integrated regional modeling

In this paper, we explore the regional nature of global environmental challenges. We take a broad approach by examining the scientific foundation that is needed to support policy and decision making and identifying some of the most important barriers to progress that are truly scale-dependent. In so doing, we hope to show that understanding global environmental changes requires understanding a number of intrinsically regional phenomena, and that successful decision making likewise requires an integrated approach that accounts for a variety of regional Earth system processes—which we define to include both human activities and environmental systems that operate or interact primarily at sub-continental scales. Understanding regional processes and phenomena, including regional decision-making processes and information needs, should thus be an integral part of the global change research agenda. To address some of the key issues and challenges, we propose an integrated regional modeling approach that accounts for the dynamic interactions among physical, ecological, biogeochemical, and human processes and provides relevant information to regional decision makers and stakeholders.
Gas bladder inflation in walleye fry cultured in turbid water with and without a surface spray.

Abstract It has been demonstrated that a surface spray is needed to obtain a high percentage of gas bladder inflation (GBI) in intensively cultured larval walleyes Sander vitreus fed dry diets and that turbid-water culture substantially enhances larval survival and growth. It was not previously known whether a surface spray is needed to obtain GBI when larvae are cultured in turbid water, which is produced by intermittently adding clay slurry to the culture tank. The present study was undertaken to test whether turbid water alone would enhance GBI without need for a surface spray. Larval walleyes were cultured with formulated feed from 2 to 28 d posthatch (dph) in tanks containing turbid water (∼55 nephelometric turbidity units) with surface spray (WS tanks) or without surface spray (WOS tanks). Larvae were stocked at a density of 20 fish/L and were given formulated feed every 5 min for 22 h/d. All husbandry and water quality conditions were similar between experimental treatments. Gas bladder inflation w...
A Review of CO2 Applications in the Processing of Polymers

The use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a processing solvent for the physical processing of polymeric materials is reviewed. Fundamental properties of CO2/polymer systems are discussed with an emphasis on available data and measurement techniques, the development of theory or models for a particular property, and an evaluation of the current state of understanding for that property. Applications such as impregnation, particle formation, foaming, blending, and injection molding are described in detail including practical operating information for selected topics. The review concludes with some forward-looking discussion on the future of CO2 in polymer processing.
Modernism as Degeneracy: Schoenberg's Moses und Aron

Richard Begam's essay considers Arnold Schoenberg's “Moses und Aron” (1932) as an extended response to the National Socialist discourse on ‘entartete Musik’ or ‘degenerate music.’ For Begam, Schoenberg asserts that moral degeneracy results not from the rejection of mimesis but precisely from its opposite: the fetishistic and idolatrous worship of the image.
Viscosity of Associated Liquids

AN equation representing the temperature variation of the viscosity (I·) of water and lime soda glass has just been published by Douglas1, namely, where A', B' C' and D' are constants, and T the absolute temperature.
Operator Semigroups, Flows, and Their Invariant Sets

Abstract Let B(H) be the bounded operators on a Hubert space H. An operator semi-group Σ is an absolutely convex, unital subsemigroup of the ball of B(H). Such a Σ induces a flow on H1, the unit ball of H, namely (s, x) → sx. Let l(Σ) be the lattice of closed invariant sets of this flow. Both the weak and norm topologies on H1 induce Hausdorff metrics on the hyperspace of closed convex subsets of H1. We show that various subsets of I(Σ) are closed subspaces of these hyperspaces. There exist nontrivial operator semigroups which have the same invariant sets as the ball of B(H); i.e., the "transitive semigroup problem" has a negative solution. However, we can characterize the ball of B(H) in terms of certain transitivity properties. We obtain an analogue of Lomonosov′s Theorem for operator semigroups which are transitive on the unit sphere of H. Let A be a weakly closed unital subalgebra of B(H), and let A1 be its unit ball. We show that the existence of "minimal invariant sets" for A yields hyperinvariant subspaces. We characterize various operator algebras for which A1 is strongly precompact including von Neumann algebras, triangular algebras, CSL algebras, and the standard function algebras acting by multiplication on a L2 space. This yields structural results for certain algebras generated by a subnormal operator.
Cultured mesangial cells from autoimmune MRL-lpr mice have decreased secreted and surface M-CSF

Cultured mesangial cells from autoimmune MRL- lpr mice have decreased secreted and surface M-CSF. M-CSF has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis in MRL- lpr mice. We recently reported persistently high levels of serum M-CSF in MRL- lpr mice as early as one week of age, not present in normal mice including C3H mice. In addition, M-CSF transcripts in MRL- lpr renal cortex increased with an increase in the severity of nephritis. Because glomerular mesangial cells (MC) secrete M-CSF, we investigated whether cultured MRL- lpr MC secrete more M-CSF than C3H MC. Paradoxically, unstimulated MRL- lpr MC secreted substantially less M-CSF than C3H MC [26 ± 11 vs. 109 ± 7 colony forming units (CFU)]. We then explored whether MC could express membrane bound M-CSF. We detected a 31kDa form of membrane M-CSF on both MRL- lpr and C3H MC. Fewer MRL- lpr MC than C3H MC (24 ± 5% vs. 78 ± 5%) expressed membrane M-CSF. Furthermore, the increase in the mean channel log fluorescence intensity on MRL- lpr MC was considerably less than in C3H MC, indicating a lower density of M-CSF on MRL- lpr MC. Because our prior studies established that MRL- lpr kidneys have enhanced expression of TNFα, we stimulated cultured MC with TNFα. TNFα increased M-CSF secretion by stimulated MRL- lpr by twofold over unstimulated MRL- lpr MC, but did not increase M-CSF in C3H MC. In addition, M-CSF secretion was modestly greater in stimulated MRL- lpr MC compared to stimulated C3H MC. In conclusion, this is the first report of membrane M-CSF detectable on cultured MC. These studies note that despite higher circulating M-CSF and renal M-CSF transcripts in MRL- lpr mice, cultured MRL- lpr MC have lower basal secreted and membrane bound M-CSF than cultured C3H MC. TNFα increases secretion of M-CSF by MRL- lpr MC, but does not enhance membrance M-CSF. Since these studies are restricted to a comparison of MC from autoimmune and normal mice in vitro, we are engaged in further studies to evaluate in vivo production of M-CSF by MC and the importance of this growth factor in renal injury.
Durable complete remission after single agent decitabine in AML relapsing in extramedullary sites after allo-SCT

Durable complete remission after single agent decitabine in AML relapsing in extramedullary sites after allo-SCT
Coronal rotation during solar cycle 20

Using K-coronameter observations made by the High Altitude Observatory at Haleakala and Mauna Loa, Hawaii during 1964–1976, we determine the apparent recurrence period of white-light solar coronal features as a function of latitude, height, and time. A technique based on maximum entropy spectral analysis is used to produce rotational period estimates from daily K-coronal brightness observations at 1.125RS and 1.5RS from disk center and at angular intervals of 5° around the Sun's limb. Our analysis reaffirms the existence of differential rotation in the corona and describes both its average behavior and its large year-to-year variations. On the average, there is less differential rotation at the greater height. After 1966–1967 we observe a general increase in coronal rotation rate which may relate to similar behavior reported for the equatorial photospheric Doppler rate. However, the coronal rate increase is significantly greater than the photospheric. If K-coronal features reflect the rotation at depth in the Sun, the long-term rate increase and the variable differential rotation may be evidence for dynamically important exchanges of energy and momentum in the upper convection zone.
Characterization of high performance integrated optically addressed spatial light modulators

An improved design for optically addressed multiple-quantum-well spatial light modulators is reported. These integrated AlGaAs modulators are of high optical quality and are simple to fabricate. They exhibit excellent performance characteristics such as 10:1 reflection contrast ratio, 1.5% diffraction efficiency, 7-μm spatial resolution, and illumination sensitivity less than 1 μJ/cm2. Additionally, a new mode of operation is reported that dramatically improves the optical response of these devices at low frequencies. A new physical model is proposed that accurately describes the modulation process.
Production vs. Comprehension: Differences in Underlying Competences

In this paper empirical data are presented that demonstrate significant differences in the manner in which two commonly used experimental tasks evaluate developing linguistic competence in adult second language (L2) learners. Results indicate that production tests principally evaluate a learner's developing structural competence in the L2. On the other hand, comprehension tests provide a less direct measure of structural competence and are significantly influenced by pragmatic context.Fifty-one adult Spanish speakers at three levels of ESL ability were tested in both their elicited imitation (production) and act-out (comprehension) of complex sentences that were structurally identical. The stimuli varied in terms of the pre- and post-posing of a subordinate adverbial when clause and in terms of the direction of pronoun anaphora (forward and backward). Results from the production test indicate a significant effect of directionality, i.e., a preference for forward pronouns in post-posed clauses at the intermediate level. Results from the comprehension test did not show a significant directionality constraint at any level. They did, however, demonstrate a significant effect due to the use of a biasing pragmatic lead. Such findings are comparable to those found in early first language acquisition (Lust, Loveland, & Kornet, 1980). Implications of these findings for experimental methodology are discussed.
Unusual core level spectra of copper on polystyrene

X-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to examine the surfaces of atactic polystyrene before and after vapor deposition of copper. At copper coverages of less than 0.01 monolayer the copper 2p32 core electron binding energy was measured at 931.5 eV, 1.5 eV less than the value for bulk copper. At larger copper coverages, the core lineshape split into a doublet, with a new peak at 934.1 eV. This new peak is indicative of isolated small clusters of copper atoms whose binding energy approaches the bulk value of 933.0 eV as the copper coverage approaches a monolayer. However the first peak at 931.5 eV indicates that an unusual site for copper exists on the surface. The measured binding energy is indicative of a copper atom in a region of high electron density where the electronic relaxation energy is greater than in bulk copper or of a copper atom that has undergone significant charge rearrangement.
Procedural risks versus theology: Chorionic villus sampling for Orthodox Jews at less than 8 weeks' gestation

Abstract Objective: According to Orthodox Jewish law, abortion is only permitted before 40 days post conception. This evaluation was performed to determine the feasibility and safety of performing chorionic villus sampling (CVS) at 7 to 8 weeks' gestation so that genetic results would be useful for these patients. Study Design: We evaluated a sequential series of 82 Orthodox Jewish patients who chose CVS at Results: CVS was successful in all cases. Ninety-one percent were performed transcervically, with 30% requiring 2 or more insertions. Abnormal results were found in 16 (20%). Of 61 cases with normal genetic and ultrasound results, spontaneous losses at less than 28 weeks occurred in 3 (5%). These rates are higher than the 2.3% loss rate and the 1.2% multiple insertion rate seen at our center when sampling is performed at the usual gestational ages of 10 to 12 weeks. One baby had a severe limb reduction defect (1.6%). Conclusion: In very experienced hands, CVS can be safely and reliably performed at very early gestational ages. The ability to obtain an early diagnosis may be associated with increased but acceptable complication rates, including a 1% to 2% risk of limb reduction defects. There are patients for whom the usual paradigms do not suffice, and obtaining an early disgnosis provides them the opportunity to trade increased risks for reproductive choice. The ethical issues are complex, but such decisions can be supported by extensive and detailed informed consent. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1133-6)
Rate region for a class of delay mitigating codes and P2P networks

This paper identifies the relevance of a distributed source coding problem first formulated by Yeung and Zhang in 1999 to two applications in network design: i) the design of delay mitigating codes, and ii) the design of network coded P2P networks. When transmitting time-sensitive frames from a source to a destination over a multipath network using a collection of coded packets, the decoding requirements determine which subsets of packets will be sufficient for decoding which frames. The rate region of packet sizes consistent with these requirements is shown to be an instance of the aforementioned distributed source coding problem. When encoding file chunks into packets in a peer to peer system, the peers wish to receive their chunks as soon as possible while uploading data at as low a rate as possible. It is shown that the region of encoded packet sizes consistent with the decoding constraints is another instance of the aforementioned distributed source coding problem. These rate regions are placed in the larger context of rate-delay tradeoffs in designing delay mitigating codes and efficient P2P systems.
Experimental Study Applying a Migration Technique in Structural Health Monitoring

This article presents the experimental results of adopting a geophysical migration technique to interpret the ultrasonic flexural wave signals for the purpose of realizing quantitative damage identification in structures. In this study, a homogeneous isotropic plate is examined with a surfacemounted linear array of piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) disk. The piezoelectric disks function as actuators to excite flexural waves and also as sensors to receive the waves scattered from the structural damage in the plate. A prestack reverse-time migration technique, which is an advanced technique in geophysics to reverse the reflection wavefield and to image the Earth’s interior, is then used to back-propagate the scattering waves and to image damage in the plate. The configuration of the experimental setup is presented and its capability of accurately generating and receiving flexural waves is validated by comparing the collected signals with an analytical solution of transient response of a narrowband signal in a piezoelectric sensor/actuator integrated plate using Mindlin plate theory. Finally, the migration results from the scattering waves of an artificial damage are presented. It is shown that the existence of the damage is correctly revealed through migration process in the experiment as it has been shown using synthetic data.
Multiple recurrent pancreatic cysts with associated pancreatic inflammation and atrophy in a cat

Previous reports of true pancreatic cysts in cats have suggested that pancreatic cysts in cats are benign incidental findings. This case report describes the progressive clinical course and diagnostic findings in a cat with multiple recurrent pancreatic cysts. The presenting clinical signs included diarrhea, intermittent vomiting, polyphagia, and marked weight loss. Pancreatic cysts were identified via abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). An exploratory celiotomy and lesion histopathology confirmed multiple true pancreatic cysts of unknown etiology. One month after surgery the cat presented for lethargy and decreased appetite. Clinical re-evaluation was diagnostic for diabetes mellitus and an abdominal ultrasound confirmed recurrence of the pancreatic cysts. The recurrent nature of the pancreatic cysts and the concurrent development of diabetes mellitus were suggestive of progressive loss of pancreatic function or insulin resistance. This is the first described case of multiple recurring pancreatic cysts in a cat associated with pancreatic inflammation, atrophy and endocrine dysfunction.
Structure and Expression of a Smooth Muscle Cell-specific Gene, SM22α

SM22α is expressed exclusively in smooth muscle-containing tissues of adult animals and is one of the earliest markers of differentiated smooth muscle cells (SMCs). To examine the molecular mechanisms that regulate SMC-specific gene expression, we have isolated and structurally characterized the murine SM22α gene. SM22α is a 6.2-kilobase single copy gene composed of five exons. SM22α mRNA is expressed at high levels in the aorta, uterus, lung, and intestine, and in primary cultures of rat aortic SMCs, and the SMC line, A7r5. In contrast to genes encoding SMC contractile proteins, SM22α gene expression is not decreased in proliferating SMCs. Transient transfection experiments demonstrated that 441 base pairs of SM22α 5′-flanking sequence was necessary and sufficient to program high level transcription of a luciferase reporter gene in both primary rat aortic SMCs and A7r5 cells. DNA sequence analyses revealed that the 441-base pair promoter contains two CArG/SRF boxes, a CACC box, and one potential MEF-2 binding site, cis-acting elements which are each important regulators of striated muscle transcription. Taken together, these studies have identified the murine SM22α promoter as an excellent model system for studies of developmentally regulated, lineage-specific gene expression in SMCs.
Architecture exploration, development and teaching platform for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems

The objective of the presented work is to have a complete system level Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing development platform where students both undergraduate and graduate can use it to explore and identify the different processing blocks available on modern communications systems. The platform will allow monitoring the inputs and outputs of every block to observe the signals as well as to be able to substitute each block by their own implementation. This could be done using a high level language such as Matlab/Simulink and C/C++, or the block can be substituted by a Hardware Description Language (HDL) such as: automatic Simulink to HDL, automatic C/C++ to HDL or directly by a HDL implementation. In addition, the concept of Hardware in the loop is introduced where the block is actually run on field programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware. The platform allows the use of the FPGA as a hardware accelerator or coprocessor. Different tradeoffs in algorithm hardware implementations can be explored such as: signal throughput, floating to fixed point conversion, hardware resources, silicon area estimates, power consumption, maximum operating frequency, and signal to quantization noise ratio.
Age-dependent patterns and rates of neurite outgrowth from CNS neurons on Schwann cell-derived basal lamina and laminin substrata.

Abstract In the present study, we have examined the growth characteristics of CNS neurons on type I collagen, detergent-treated collagen (dColl), Schwann cell-derived basal lamina (SC-BL), and purified laminin substrata. Neurons from the cerebral cortex, septal basal forebrain, and lumbosacral spinal cord were obtained from embryonic age (E) 15 and E18 rats and grown in vitro as explants on the test substrata. Neurons from either embryonic age displayed radial neurite outgrowth on collagen and dColl substrata. However, pretreatment of collagen with detergents slightly diminished its ability to support neurite outgrowth, as evidenced by the 20–40% decrease in the rate of neurite growth on dColl versus the rate calculated for neurons on collagen. In contrast to the similar growth characteristics of E15 and E18 neurons on collagen and dColl, the pattern of neurite outgrowth for CNS neurons on SC-BL and laminin substrata was age dependent. Most E15 neurons grown on SC-BL extended neurites that grew identically to those observed on dColl; these ‘non-orienting’ neurites maintained a radial orientation to their outgrowth despite encountering interposing channels of SC-BL and grew at rates equal to that calculated for neurons on dColl. E15 neurons placed on laminin substrata showed similar growth patterns and rates to neurons on collagen. In contrast, neurons from E18 rats exhibited neurites that preferentially grew in intimate association with SC-BL channels once contact with the channels was established. These ‘orienting’ neurites faithfully elongated within the SC-BL and demonstrated a 1.4- to 2.0-fold increase in growth rate compared with the sister cultures of neurons grown on dColl. Furthermore, E18 neurons exhibited a 1.4-fold increase in growth on laminin compared with E18 neurons grown on collagen. A minor population of neurites exhibiting similar characteristics to orienting neurites was also observed in E15 cultures. It is hypothesized that orienting and non-orienting neurites reflect the outgrowth of ‘regenerating’ and ‘developing’ neurons, respectively, and may indicate an inherent difference in the ability of regenerating and developing neurons to recognize and respond to the same guidance signals.
Time-optimal feedback control

For the time-optimal problem of reaching the origin within linear, autonomous, finite-dimensional, bounded-control systems inn-space, it is shown that, in a generic case and for small time, each reachable set consists of a finite number of disjoint analytick-manifolds (at least two for eachk≥1, and precisely 2m n−1 fork=n, wherem is the control dimension). Parametric descriptions of these make it possible to construct an optimal feedback control.
Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue, environmental temperature and prazosin injection on the rat☆

Abstract Effects of an α 1 antagonist, prazosin, injection on the rat ( Rattus rattus ) exposed to warm vs normal environments and fed endophyte-infected (E+) or -free (E−) tall fescue seed were studied. Rats were injected IP daily with placebo or prazosin (1 mg/kg BW). Daily skin and rectal temperatures and food intake measurements were recorded. Selected brain tissues were dissected to determine treatment effects on monoamine receptor density. Rats fed E+ and injected with placebo had reduced ( P P P α 1 , α 2 , and D 2 ) densities were similar ( P > 0.10) among treatments. Prazosin injection reduced E+ induced body temperature increases chronically and increased food intake acutely to E− levels. Monoamine receptor densities were unchanged; therefore, E+ effects via monoamine receptors may be due to acute modulation of receptor-associated activity.
Performance Evaluation of Unstitched, Stitched and Z-Pinned Textile Composites Under Static Loading

Advances in conventional tape laminates and textile composites provide aircraft manufacturers important technology, but the industry lacks the confidence to use these composites to manufacture wing and fuselage structures due to high cost and low damage tolerance. In order to overcome the high cost and to improve the damage tolerance of composites, researchers have developed new through-the-thickness reinforcement techniques, such as stitching through the thickness. This reinforcement technique can be used to join the skin, stiffeners, ribs and spars to form an integral structure. The structures are typically more damage tolerant, contain fewer fasteners and are less expensive to manufacture than conventional composite or metallic structures. Furthermore, stitching reduces the manufacturing time and labor compared to drilling holes for fasteners, and may eliminate the problems of fatigue and/or corrosion from galvanic reactions with metal fasteners. Woven composites with through the thickness reinforcements such as stitching have good properties not only in mutually orthogonal directions but also in the transverse direction and more balanced properties than traditional tape laminates. They are also expected to have better fatigue and impact resistance due to the interlacing. Another benefit is reduced manufacturing cost by reducing part count. Because of these potential benefits, these composites are being considered for various applications including primary/secondary components for aerospace structures. The objective of this effort is to develop experimental tools for comparing the performance of these composites reinforced by stitching to unstitched composites. Identification of damage mechanisms and forces available to grow damage is essential for identifying the primary parameters that determine performance. Accurate determination of the driving forces will require extensive manufacturing and experimentation. However, once the reinforcement techniques are well understood, it is anticipated that simplified experiments can be developed that could be used routinely by designers to evaluate the effects of the reinforcements on damage tolerance. This paper specifically addresses the performance evaluation of stitched low cost manufactured composites subjected to static loading. Static tension and compression testing was conducted to determine the Ultimate Tensile and Compressive Strengths, Young’s Moduli and Poisson’s Ratio. Two different stitch patterns or stitch densities were used for comparison. The first density was five rows of stitching per inch of width, with eight stitches per inch over the entire length. The second density was three rows of stitching per inch of width, with four stitches per inch over the entire length.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Simulating Natural Conditions in the Laboratory: A Re-Examination of Sexual Isolation between Sympatric and Allopatric Populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis

Simulating natural conditions in the laboratory poses one of the most significant challenges to behavioral studies. Some authors have argued that laboratory "choice" experiments reflect mate choice in nature more accurately than "no-choice" experiments. A recent choice experiment study questioned the conclusions of several earlier studies by failing to detect a published difference in sexual isolation between populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura, and suggested their result was more robust because of the more realistic design. Here, we re-examine the methods and analyses of this recent study, and we find there was indeed a difference in sexual isolation between populations of D. pseudoobscura. We also conduct a more rigorously controlled choice experiment and, in agreement with previous studies, note that D. pseudoobscura females from populations sympatric to their sibling species, D. persimilis, exhibit greater sexual isolation than those from allopatric populations. Our results confirm the existence of a geographic pattern in sexual isolation in D. pseudoobscura, and we discuss differences in experimental designs in light of the biology of this species.
Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation of Cardiac Troponin I and Troponin T Inhibits Ca2+-Stimulated MgATPase Activity in Reconstituted Actomyosin and Isolated Myofibrils, and Decreases Actin-Myosin Interactions

The inhibitory effects of the phosphorylation of bovine cardiac troponin I (TnI) and troponin T (TnT) by protein kinase C (PKC) on the activity of Ca(2+)-stimulated MgATPase of reconstituted actomyosin complex, as a function of the concentration of myosin or myosin subfragment 1 (S-1), were investigated. Phosphorylation of TnI and/or TnT invariably decreased the Ca(2+)-stimulated enzyme activity of reconstituted actomyosin or actomyosin S-1, regardless of the concentration of whole myosin or S-1. The inhibition due to phosphorylated TnI was partially overcome as the concentration of myosin or S-1 increased, suggesting simple competition of phosphorylated TnI with myosin or S-1 for actin binding sites. Inhibition due to phosphorylated TnT, however, remained constant at all concentrations of myosin or S-1, suggesting that phosphorylated TnT may inhibit full Ca(2+)-activation of the thin filament. Both phosphorylated TnI and TnT inhibited the Ca(2+)-stimulated binding of S-1.ADP to regulated actin, consistent with the notion that the effects of phosphorylation of TnI and TnT affected interactions of the thin filament with the thick filament. Effects of PKC phosphorylation of the contractile components in adult rat cardiac myofibrils were also investigated. PKC phosphorylation of TnI and TnT, as well as other proteins in the contractile complex, resulted in the inhibition of Ca(2+)-stimulated MgATPase activity with little change in the Ca(2+)-sensitivity. Thus, the negative inotropic effects attributable to activation of PKC by phorbol esters, as reported by others, could be explained in part through PKC mediated phosphorylation of components of the contractile apparatus.
Role Variation as a Determinant of Attributed Masculinity and Femininity.

Summary One-hundred twenty-seven men and women college students attributed items from a sex-role stereotype questionnaire to one of six hypothetical stimulus persons who varied as a function of gender and role designation (adult, undergraduate, graduate student). Results hypothesized from previous studies of sex-role stereotypes and theoretical conceptions of the attribution process and social learning influences on personality were obtained: the adult stimuli yielded predictable sex-role stereotypy; the undergraduate stimuli produced no differential attributions; and the graduate student stimuli generated greater masculine attributions for the female. The results were interpreted in terms of the significance of situationally specific stimuli as determinants of attributions about men and women.
Sediment Toxicity in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary: Distribution and Correlations With Chemical Contamination

The Hudson-Raritan Estuary is one of several United States coastal areas where chemical data have suggested a potential for contaminant-related biological effects, and multiyear intensive bioeffects surveys have been conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The severity and spatial patterns in sediment toxicity were determined in an estuary-wide survey during spring 1991 using amphipods, bivalve larvae, and luminescent bacteria as test organisms. Spatial patterns in toxicity corresponded to the distributions of a number of toxic chemicals in the sediments. Areas that exhibited the greatest sediment toxicity included the upper East River, Arthur Kill, Newark Bay, and Sandy Hook Bay. The lower Hudson River adjacent to Manhattan Island, upper New York Harbor, lower New York Harbor off Staten Island, and parts of western Raritan Bay generally showed lower toxicity. Supporting chemical analyses of the sediments, including acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously-extracted metals, suggested that metals were generally not the cause of the observed toxicity, with the possible exception of mercury. Among all contaminants analyzed, toxicity was most strongly associated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, which were substantially more concentrated in toxic samples than in nontoxic samples, and which frequently exceeded sediment quality criteria.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic terpenoids from tropical green algae of the family Udoteaceae

Over the past decade, chemical investigations of benthic marine algae have illustrated that these organisms producea wide variety of structurally unique and biologically active secondary metabolites. Reviews of many aspects of these studies can be found in the various volumes of the treatise entitled ‘Marine Natural Products’ edited by Scheuer (1978–81). In general, it has been discovered that many of the red algae (Rhodophyta) produce halogenated terpenoids and acetogenins (compounds produced by acetate polymerization), and that the main halogen involved in this synthesis is bromine (Fenical 1975, 1982). Many of the halogenated metabolites have shown antimicrobial activities, cytotoxicities, and other pharmacological effects, and by virtue of their halogen substituents, these compounds have also been considered as leads for the development of new agrichemicals.
Reduction of thioredoxin significantly decreases its partial specific volume and adiabatic compressibility

The partial specific volume and adiabatic compressibility were determined at several temperatures for oxidized and reduced Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Oxidized thioredoxin had a partial specific volume of 0.785-0.809 mL/g at the observed upper limit for all proteins whereas the partial specific volume of reduced thioredoxin was 0.745-0.755 mL/g, a value in the range found for a majority of proteins. The adiabatic compressibility of oxidized thioredoxin was also much larger (9.8-18 x 10(-12) cm2 dyne-1) than that of the reduced protein (3.8-7.3 x 10(-12)). Apart from the region immediately around the small disulfide loop, the structures of the oxidized (X-ray, crystal) and reduced protein (nuclear magnetic resonance, solution) are reported to be very similar. It would appear that alterations in the solvent layer in contact with the protein surface must play a major role in producing these large changes in the apparent specific volumes and compressibilities in this system. Some activities of thioredoxin require the reduced structure but are not electron transfer reactions. The large changes in physical parameters reported here suggest the possibility of a reversible metabolic control function for the SS bond.
Tungsten complex induced dehydration of 2,3-dihydroxy-carboxylic acids to α-keto acids

Abstract In the absence of added base, WOCl 4 induces rapid dehydration of the title compounds to give α-keto acids. A mechanism is suggested based on a neighboring group effect.
Vamos al Barrio: Presenting Spanish in its Primary Context through Field Trips

Part of building for tomorrow is recognizing the importance of communicating in languages other than our own. But learning a foreign language is not just mastering the traditional four skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking; it is also glimpsing the new language in its primary context—living it, and seeing how others live it as well. Foreign travel and speech must occur not only between nations; indeed, strangers within the same nation, even within the same city, must also learn to communicate. In the city of Chicago alone literally hundreds of languages and dialects are being spoken by hundreds of nationalities. The city is the home for nearly a million Hispanics. This article addresses the need and a method for providing students the opportunity to meet this most important minority outside the textbook and to learn to communicate with them.
New Source Review and coal plant efficiency gains: How new and forthcoming air regulations affect outcomes

Abstract Forthcoming carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) regulations for existing power plants in the United States have heightened interest in thermal efficiency gains for coal-fired power plants. Plant modifications to improve thermal efficiency can trigger New Source Review (NSR), a Clean Air Act requirement to adopt of state-of-the-art pollution controls. This article explores whether existing coal plants would likely face additional pollution control requirements if they undertake modifications that trigger NSR. Despite emissions controls that are or will be installed under the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) and Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) or its replacement, 80% of coal units (76% of capacity) that are expected to remain in operation are not projected to meet the minimum NSR requirements for at least one pollutant: nitrogen oxides or sulfur dioxide. This is an important consideration for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state policymakers as they determine the extent to which CO 2 regulation will rely on unit-by-unit thermal efficiency gains versus potential flexible compliance strategies such as averaging, trading, energy efficiency, and renewable energy. NSR would likely delay and add cost to thermal efficiency projects at a majority of coal units, including projects undertaken to comply with forthcoming CO 2 regulation.
PHOTONEUTRON SPECTROMETRY BY TIME OF FLIGHT

Abstract A general account is given of the methods of photoneutron spectrometry using nanosecond time of flight techniques and a pulsed electron source. Included are some details of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology electron linac facility with emphasis on the experimental geometry, the electron gun, the neutrons detectors and timing and logic circuitry. Problems associated with the gamma flash, the specific bremsstrahlung associated contributions to timing accuracy and resolution, optimum pulse width and neutron detection efficiency are discussed. By means of a specific example, C 13 ( γ ,n)C 12 , the reduction of data to differential cross section is elaborated. The sources and magnitudes of backgrounds are reviewed in this example.
Further Examination of the Injection-Locked Dual Optoelectronic Oscillator

Optoelectronic oscillators (OEO), utilizing the low loss nature of optical links, can generate oscillations with very high Q values. The long delay line used in the oscillator can, however, support many modes of oscillation. Mode spacing is inversely proportional to the delay length of the optical link. The oscillator Q can be improved by increasing the delay length at the expense of tighter mode spacing. The undesirable modes become more difficult to filter in the RF domain as the spacing becomes closer. There are many different techniques for minimizing the impact of the competing modes on the desired one. The injection-locked dual OEO was presented last year. It consists of a high-Q multimode OEO (master) and a low-Q single-mode OEO (slave), each injection-locked to each other. The slave OEO, which generates the output signal, is injection-locked to the master OEO. This transfers some of the high-Q stability to the output, without transferring all of the spurious competing modes of the master. The master is also injection-locked to the slave OEO, causing its multimode oscillation to collapse to a mostly single mode, further reducing the transfer of spurious modes to the slave. In this paper we analyze the injection lock parameter's behavior on the performance of the total system.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Newspaper Sports Sections

This study is a content analysis of sports news in three major newspapers, one in Iceland, England, and the United States. The cross-cultural comparisons focused on aspects of quantification in sport, coverage of female sports, amateur, semi-professional, and professional sports, and the problematic aspects of sports. The research shows differentiations in the structure of sport in Iceland when compared to England and the United States. The findings confirm the ideological and commercial interrelationship between sport and the media.
Toward a theory of the striate cortex

We explore the hypothesis that linear cortical neurons are concerned with building a particular type of representation of the visual world---one that not only preserves the information and the efficiency achieved by the retina, but in addition preserves spatial relationships in the input---both in the plane of vision and in the depth dimension. Focusing on the linear cortical cells, we classify all transforms having these properties. They are given by representations of the scaling and translation group and turn out to be labeled by rational numbers '(p + q)/p' (p, q integers). Any given (p, q) predicts a set of receptive fields that comes at different spatial locations and scales (sizes) with a bandwidth of log2 [(p + q)/p] octaves and, most interestingly, with a diversity of 'q' cell varieties. The bandwidth affects the trade-off between preservation of planar and depth relations and, we think, should be selected to match structures in natural scenes. For bandwidths between 1 and 2 octaves, which are the ones we feel provide the best matching, we find for each scale a minimum of two distinct cell types that reside next to each other and in phase quadrature, that is, differ by 90° in the phases of their receptive fields, as are found in the cortex, they resemble the "even-symmetric" and "odd-symmetric" simple cells in special cases. An interesting consequence of the representations presented here is that the pattern of activation in the cells in response to a translation or scaling of an object remains the same but merely shifts its locus from one group of cells to another. This work also provides a new understanding of color coding changes from the retina to the cortex.
Stochastic image segmentation using spatial-temporal context

A stochastic syntactic method for the analysis of time-varying images is presented. The time-varying phenomenon is analyzed using a language translation schema. Stochastic tree grammars are used to describe the patterns, and the stochastic translation is used to characterize the evolution process of the time-varying image sequence. It is shown that the necessary conditions for the existence of a matched filter are preserved under the stochastic translation. Therefore, a spatial filter can be designed for the patterns at each stage of the image sequence, and a temporal filter can be designed for the trajectories formed by the pattern primitives. These filters can iteratively extract the contextual information in a pattern. Emphasis is on the relationships between the filters. >
Does development reduce fatalities from natural disasters? New evidence for floods

We analyze the impact of development on flood fatalities using a new data set of 2,171 large floods in 92 countries between 1985 and 2008. Our results challenge the conventional wisdom that development results in fewer fatalities during natural disasters. Results indicating that higher income and better governance reduce fatalities during flood events do not hold up when unobserved country heterogeneity and within-country correlation of standard errors are taken into account. We find that income does have a significant, indirect effect on flood fatalities by affecting flood frequency and flood magnitude, but this effect is nonmonotonic, with net reductions in fatalities occurring only in lower income countries. We find little evidence that improved governance affects flood fatalities either directly or indirectly.