cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Classification using Modified N-Gram and Skip-Gram Models: Extended Abstract

Machine Learning (ML)-based classification of protein characteristics from primary sequences is an important tool for exploring candidate proteins in targeted drug discovery, mutational analysis, and functional identification. However, ML feature selection requires extensive manual curation and knowledge of protein chemistry, interactions, and micro-environment of the proteins of interest. Current approaches include amino acid composition strategies, specific motif analysis or Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)-based feature generation methods. In contrast, we propose an automated generalized feature generation method based on Natural Language Processing (NLP), using a modified combination of N-Gram and Skip-Gram models (m-NGSG). Optimal parameters are selected using an adapted grid search algorithm, enabling a high-throughput global application of our approach. A meta-comparison of logistic regression mediated classification approaches exploiting m-NGSG with other published models illustrates enhanced functional and structural binary and multi-class classification accuracy in every instance. The lack of dependence on detailed physicochemical knowledge makes the m-NGSG approach ideal for the exploration of protein characteristics recalcitrant to previous approaches without any loss in predictive accuracy. A further test on prediction quality of m-NGSG on cationic channel blockers with 70% sequence identity from Arthropods demonstrated 94.10% and 92.30% accuracy on the training and test set, respectively. The latter study demonstrates the applicability of m-NGSG model on a functional classification of proteins employing a novel dataset.Thus, without the requirement of expert intervention for optimal feature selection, it is hoped that this automated feature generation approach will reduce the time needed to employ ML classification strategies for prediction of protein characteristics.
Paleobiology’s Uneasy Relationship with the Darwinian Tradition: Stasis as Data

During the late twentieth century and up to the present, paleobiologists’ thinking about evolution has had an uneasy relationship with the Darwinian tradition. In this chapter, I use the concept of stasis as a guiding thread for exploring these tensions. Beginning in the 1970s, paleobiologists put stasis on the agenda of evolutionary biology, and in doing so, they challenged Darwinian tradition in at least three ways: (1) famously, the theory of punctuated equilibria implied that stasis, rather than gradual, selection-driven change, is the hallmark of evolutionary history; (2) subsequent attempts to explain evolutionary stasis have shown the limits of neo-Darwinian explanations that emphasize the power of stabilizing selection, pointing to the need for a more hierarchical approach; and (3) the issue whether stasis vs. change should be the default expectation for evolutionary systems remains unsettled.
Domain mapping of the retinal cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase gamma-subunit. Function of the domains encoded by the three exons of the gamma-subunit gene.

Abstract Retinal rod-outer-segment phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a heterotetramer consisting of two similar, but not identical, catalytic subunits (alpha and beta) and two identical inhibitory subunits (gamma 2). Previously, we have reported that the site of PDE alpha/beta interaction with PDE gamma is located within residues 54-87 [Cunnick, Hurt, Oppert, Sakamoto & Takemoto (1990) Biochem. J. 271, 721-727]. The site for PDE gamma interaction with transducin alpha (T alpha) was found to encompass residues 24-45 of PDE gamma [Morrison, Cunnick, Oppert & Takemoto (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11671-11681]. In order to identify binding sites and other functional domains of PDE gamma, the three peptides which are encoded by the three exons of the PDE gamma gene were synthesized chemically. These exons encode for residues 1-49, 50-62 and 63-87 of bovine PDE gamma [Piriev, Purishko, Khramtsov & Lipkin (1990) Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 315, 229-230]. The peptide encompassing residues 63-87 was inhibitory in a PDE assay, whereas peptides 1-49 and 50-62 had no effect. However, both peptides 1-49 and 63-87 bound to PDE alpha/beta in a solid-phase binding assay. Only peptide 1-49 bound to T alpha.GTP[S] (GTP[S] is guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate). These data confirm that the inhibitory region of PDE gamma is encoded by exon 3 (residues 63-87), whereas a separate binding site for PDE alpha/beta and for T alpha.GTP[S] is encoded by exon 1 (residues 1-49). To study further the structure-function relationship of PDE gamma, this entire protein and two mutants were chemically synthesized. One mutant (-CT) lacked residues 78-87, whereas another replaced tyrosine-84 with glycine (TYR-84). Whereas the synthetic PDE gamma inhibited PDE alpha/beta catalytic activity, the -CT and TVR-84 mutants did not. All three synthetic proteins bound to both PDE alpha/beta and and T alpha.GTP[S]. These data confirm the presence of an alternative binding site on PDE gamma and demonstrate the importance of tyrosine-84 in PDE gamma inhibitory activity.
Field Research on the Effects of Crowding in Prisons and on Offshore Drilling Platforms

Much of the contemporary interest in the possible psychological effects of crowding1 stems from the combined influence of Calhoun’s (1962) classic studies on crowding effects in animals and the concern about potential psychological consequences of human population growth. Calhoun’s work raised the possibility that humans might display behavior pathology similar to that observed in severely crowded rats. Increasing population growth offers the possibility that the degree of crowding that yielded behavior pathology in Calhoun’s studies may be approached or achieved by large segments of the world’s human population. Even now it is commonly assumed that existing degrees of crowding in urban areas contribute substantially to behavior pathology (Zlutnick & Airman, 1972).
A Middle-of-Nowhere Somewhere

The chapter begins with a story detailing the ethnographer’s initial encounter with a community of bohemians on which the ethnography centers. It then reveals the problem underpinning the entire book: Teresina, Brazil’s location in the poorest state in the nation’s poorest region, renders it marginal at best within the national imaginary. When Teresina’s population growth is met with economic prosperity, status performances among the city’s large and expanding middle class seem to only exacerbate residents’ desires to establish a sense of place and belonging. The chapter introduces the book’s concept of be-longing in the world at home—being both local and cosmopolitan in a city like Teresina. The chapter concludes with explanations about fieldwork, questions of representation, and the structure of the book.
Conclusions on Support for Police Militarization by Police Officers, Police Executives, and Members of the U. S. Congress

The study highlighted in this book was conducted to examine the support for PM by the key stakeholders of the practice, to include members of the 114th Congress U.S. House of Representatives, police executives, and police officers in the United States. This chapter includes a review of the findings from the study, key takeaways, practical and theoretical implications of these findings, study limitations, and directions for future research.
ARID1A alterations function as a biomarker for longer progression-free survival after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Background Several cancer types harbor alterations in the gene encoding AT-Rich Interactive Domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), but there are no approved therapies to address these alterations. Recent studies have shown that ARID1A deficiency compromises mismatch repair proteins. Herein, we analyzed 3403 patients who had tumor tissue next-generation sequencing. Findings Among nine cancer subtypes with >5% prevalence of ARID1A alterations, microsatellite instability-high as well as high tumor mutational burden was significantly more frequent in ARID1A-altered versus ARID1A wild-type tumors (20% vs 0.9%, p Conclusions Our findings suggest that ARID1A alterations merit further exploration as a novel biomarker correlating with better outcomes after checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.
Lessons Learned From Coaching Postsecondary Students With Traumatic Brain Injury

Purpose The purpose of this clinical focus article is to provide speech-language pathologists with a brief update of the evidence that provides possible explanations for our experiences while coach...
Use of Google Trends to investigate loss-of-smell-related searches during the COVID-19 outbreak.

BACKGROUND: Initial reports describing coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) were dominated by the presence of cough, breathlessness, and fever; anecdotal reports suggested anosmia may also be a manifestation. We used Google Trends (GT) to investigate whether there was a surge in individuals searching for information related to smell loss during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, France, Iran, and The Netherlands. METHODS: GT was used to explore internet activity related to loss of smell in the 8 aforementioned countries. Spearman rank analysis was performed to correlate loss-of-smell-relative search volumes (RSVs), with the increases of daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths attributed to disease. As a control event, we also performed analysis of smell-related searches during the last UK influenza epidemic of 2009. RESULTS: In all 8 countries, we observed strong correlations between daily RSVs related to loss of smell, increases of daily COVID-19+ cases and deaths ranging from 0.633 to 0.952. All correlations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a strong correlation between the frequency of searches for smell-related information and the onset of COVID-19 infection in Italy, Spain, UK, USA, Germany, France, Iran, and The Netherlands. We hypothesize this may relate to a previously underrecognized symptom.
Progress of children with autism treatment of ketogenic diet

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that imitates ketone bodies from hunger produce, is a kind of treatment for children with refractory epilepsy.Autism is a subtype of pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, language barriers and stereotyped behavior.Some children may be associated with epilepsy.Early rehabilitation education and training are the main method of treatment.This review summarized ketogenic diet clinical applications for the treatment of children with autism and potential mechanisms. Key words: Ketogenic diet; Autism; Neurotransmitter
Perceived importance of affective forecasting in cancer treatment decision making.

To examine whether adults with cancer view affective forecasting as important for treatment decisions, and to examine these perceptions among key subgroups. Adults with cancer (N = 376) completed a...
Rhode Island's Opioid Overdose Hospital Standards and Emergency Department Naloxone Distribution, Behavioral Counseling, and Referral to Treatment.

Study objective We sought to determine the influence of the Levels of Care for Rhode Island Emergency Departments and Hospitals for Treating Overdose and Opioid Use Disorder (Levels of Care) on emergency department (ED) provision of take-home naloxone, behavioral counseling, and referral to treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis of Rhode Island ED visits for opioid overdose from 2017 to 2018 was performed using data from a statewide opioid overdose surveillance system. Changes in provision of take-home naloxone, behavioral counseling, and referral to treatment before and after Levels of Care implementation were assessed using interrupted time series analysis. We compared outcomes by hospital type using multivariable modified Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equation estimation to account for hospital-level variation. Results We analyzed 245 overdose visits prior to Levels of Care implementation (January to March 2017) and 1340 overdose visits after implementation (hospital certification to December 2018). After implementation, the proportion of patients offered naloxone increased on average by 13% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6% to 20.4%). Prior to implementation, the proportion of patients receiving behavioral counseling and treatment referral was declining. After implementation, this decline slowed and stabilized, and on average 18.6% more patients received behavioral counseling (95% CI 1.3% to 35.9%) and 23.1% more patients received referral to treatment (95% CI 2.7% to 43.5%). Multivariable analysis showed that after implementation, there was a significant increase in the likelihood of being offered naloxone at Level 1 (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.31 [95% CI 1.06 to 1.61]) and Level 3 (aRR 3.13 [95% CI 1.08 to 9.06]) hospitals and an increase in referrals for medication for opioid use disorder (from 2.5% to 17.8%) at Level 1 hospitals (RR 7.73 [95% CI 3.22 to 18.55]). Despite these increases, less than half of the patients treated for an opioid overdose received behavioral counseling or referral to treatment Conclusion The establishment of ED policies for treatment and services after opioid overdose improved naloxone distribution, behavioral counseling, and referral to treatment at hospitals without previously established opioid overdose services. Future investigations are needed to better characterize implementation barriers and evaluate policy influence on patient outcomes.
Algorithms and Complexity of Signed, Minus, and Majority Domination

A signed dominating function on a graph G = (V, E) is a function f : V →{−1, 1} satisfying the condition that for every vertex v ∈ V , the sum of the values assigned to v and all neighbors of v is at least 1, denoted f(N[v]) ≥ 1.
Associations between body mass index and body composition measures in a birth cohort.

BACKGROUND Associations among body composition measures have been limited to cross-sectional analyses of different subjects. We identified cross-sectional relationships between body mass index (BMI) and other body composition measures and predicted body composition measures from BMI throughout childhood and adolescence. METHODS BMI was calculated and % body fat (%BF), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at ages 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 years in a birth cohort (n = 629). Sex-specific body composition measures were calculated for BMI-for-age percentiles; associations between BMI and body composition measures were characterized; and body composition measures were predicted from BMI. RESULTS %BF, FMI, and FFMI generally increased with BMI-for-age percentiles at each age. Correlations between BMI and %BF or FMI were generally higher at BMI-for-age percentiles ≥95% than for lower BMI-for-age percentiles. Correlations between BMI and FFMI were generally higher for participants at very low and very high BMI-for-age percentiles than at moderate BMI-for-age percentiles. Age- and sex-specific predictions from BMI are provided for %BF, FM, and FFMI. CONCLUSIONS Sex-specific body composition measures throughout childhood and adolescence are presented. BMI is a better indicator of adiposity at higher than at lower BMI values. IMPACT Sex-specific body composition measures throughout childhood and adolescence are described. % BF, FMI, and FFMI generally increased with BMI-for-age percentiles for both sexes throughout childhood and adolescence. BMI is a better indicator of adiposity at higher BMI levels than at lower BMI values throughout childhood and adolescence.
Optimization Study of the Hemodynamics of Saline Flushing in Endoscopic Imaging of Chronic Total Occlusions (CTOs)

In this study, in vitro experiments and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are used to expand the understand of the physics of saline flushing of a blocked artery to enable optical imaging. This process involves saline injection, mixing with blood, and advection of the mixture away from the region of interest to provide a clear optical path for imaging. CFD simulations are used as a rapid turn-around tool for the evolutionary design process of an endovascular catheter that combines imaging forward-viewing element with saline flushing lumens. A novel design and control technique is developed that provides the method to regulate the pressure in a blocked artery during saline flushing, so only small deviations from physiological pressure values are exerted on the damaged artery wall at any time, minimizing risk of rupture. In vitro experiments demonstrate the optical clearing process in phantoms simulating chronic total occlusions (CTOs) in coronary arteries with an opaque blood surrogate being removed by saline flushing. With the CFD compared by the experiments, parametric analyses of artery diameter and curvature, and flushing lumen diameter size were conducted to understand their impact on flushing times and pressures. Different plaque morphologies were studied to explore the feasibility of saline flushing in different CTO conditions. A new catheter design is demonstrated to safely and effectively produce saline flushing, leading to a clear optical imaging field, and an improved technique is outlined that overcomes some practical challenges and limitations commonly encountered in angioscopy.
The IAU and Contemporary Global Challenges: A Latin American Point of View

In today’s world, in which the problems that affect us all are interconnected, global problems and global issues require global solutions. Pandemics, climate change, the growing waves of intolerance, inequality and migration are but some examples of the challenges that require a joint response. In a context where global, multiple stakeholders are needed to formulate efficient solutions to these global problems, universities must play a more active role. To this end, the IAU, the only truly global association of universities, offers a unique and important platform to foster that role.
The Basic Calculus of Unimodular Rows

The first part of this chapter presents two elementary proofs of Serre’s Conjecture, due to Suslin and Vaserstein respectively, that were found shortly after the first solutions of the Conjecture were given by Quillen and Suslin in 1976. These “elementary” proofs are both formulated in the language of unimodular rows, so their main focus is on stably free modules rather than general projective modules. Both proofs are highly ingenious and delightful, and should be of interest to anyone seeking a thorough understanding of Serre’s Conjecture and the variety of its many possible solutions. The presentation of these two elementary proofs occupies §1 and §2, which are followed by a section (§3) on the existence of monic polynomials (“Suslin’s Monic Polynomial Theorem”) in certain polynomial ideals.
An alternative approach to the solution of a class of Wiener-Hopf and related problems.

Radiation and diffraction problems formulated with Wiener-Hopf techniques solved by extension of function theoretic technique
Thermodynamics of QCD at high temperature

A hierarchy of effective field theories is used to separate the contributions from different momentum scales and to calculate the free energy of QCD at high temperature in powers of the coupling constant up to order $g^5$. The behavior of the perturbative series will also be discussed.
Markets, information, and uncertainty: Equilibrium market formation causes missing markets

I present a general equilibrium theory of market formation. The structure of markets is not taken as a primitive, but rather as an outcome of the theory. A new class of decision-making agents is introduced, the marketmakers. The theory is then based on the information structure and the incentives of these marketmakers. First, a partial equilibrium information structure is assumed. Next, two polar cases of incentive structures for marketmakers are presented: monopoly and perfect competition. I then use the theory to give an explanation of missing markets. Examples are given where missing markets arise out of complementarities among marketmakers. These agents are rationally forecasting their projected demands and supplies. Too many markets may be formed when there are setup costs to setting up markets. This can happen despite rational profit calculations by the marketmakers.
Linking Virtue and Justice: Aristotle on the Melian Dialogue

I examine the Melian Dialogue to explore how the idea of justice as a characteristic of international group behavior is often identified as international law, and how it is determined not only by the social structure of the individual members of the group (states), but also by the characters of the personalities involved. I examine the overlap of politics, foreign relations and international law.
Associative and Formal Concepts

In several fields there is a divide between formal and associative models of concepts and reasoning. For example, in AI associative models such as neural networks and evolutionary computation are distinguished from symbolic, logic-based approaches. In psychology, fuzzy or category-based approaches compete with the "classical" theory of classification. In information science, systems based on dynamic, emergent structures can be distinguished from formal, manually designed structures. This paper argues that both modes of representation, formal and associative ones, need to be considered simultaneously for knowledge representation systems. This paper investigates the relationship between formal and associative structures and provides suggestions for bridging the gap between the two modes of representation.
The Social Costs of Treatment Programs

The medicalization of deviance refers to the identification as diseases or illnesses of patterns of behavior that were previously considered in moral terms. Herbert Spencer viewed society as analogous to a living organism. A problem or “disease” in one part of the organism affects the entire organism. Early sociologists built on this idea and arrived at the conclusion that deviant behavior could be thought of as “social disease” and “social pathology.” The early social pathologists were concerned with crime, mental illness, drug abuse, and suicide. There is a tendency to treat such “ailments” in a hospital or clinical setting. The medicalization of deviance removes responsibility from the individual as well as from the society which continues to produce the problem. Treatment programs give the false impression that something worthwhile is being done about society's “behavioral problems” and turn the individuals “treated” back into the same social milieu in which the problem was incubated in the first place. The medicalization of deviance creates a vested-interest industry dependent upon the treatment of individuals. It has constructed a system of individualized microlevel treatment programs that can be beneficial on a limited basis for a few individuals and their families, but it tends to treat only the symptoms but not change the society of which they are but emanations.
The Value of Measuring Customer Satisfaction

Firms in multiple industries collect customer satisfaction data to measure service performance. Increasingly, however, many firms are now able to collect objective service performance data as well. This raises the question of whether measuring customer satisfaction is valuable to firms when objective service performance data are available. The authors answer this question via the use of unique data consisting of individual-level cross-sectional and time-series measures of objective service performance, customer satisfaction and repurchase behavior. The data come from two different - quick service restaurant and auto rental - service industries. The authors find that satisfaction ratings reflect objective service performance. Interestingly, despite its weak direct effect, the authors find a strong indirect effect of objective service performance on interpurchase time, operating through customer satisfaction. Unlike past research, these results are obtained after controlling for within-customer selection (of service encounters). Overall, the results suggest that customer satisfaction ratings are valuable.
Increased pyruvate flux capacities account for diet-induced increases in gluconeogenesis in vitro

High-fat (HF) and high-sucrose (SU) diets increase gluconeogenesis. The present study was designed to determine the contributions of pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvat...
Development of a health-related quality of life measure for peripheral neuropathy.

Statement of Problem:To develop and evaluate a self-administered health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measure for peripheral neuropathy.Methods:A field test measure of 162 items was developed that included the RAND-36 Health Survey as a generic core and a neuropathy-targeted supplement whose content was driven by results from three focus groups with 22 adults having peripheral neuropathy. It was administered at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups to 80 adult clinical trial enrollees with diabetic neuropathy. Item reduction and placement into scales, reliability, construct validity, responsiveness, and HRQOL comparisons to a general U.S. population were conducted.Results:The final 97-item instrument includes 16 multi-item scales and 6 single items. Internal consistency reliabilities ranged from 0.67 to 0.93 (median = 0.88); intraclass correlation coefficients for those reporting no change in health between baseline and 3 months ranged from 0.42 to 0.84 (median = 0.77). Factor analysis of scales rev...
All-quantum simulations: H3O+ and H5O2+

Abstract Electronic structure calculations using the local density functional method with non-local norm-conserving pseudopotentials, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and a novel method of all-quantum simulations, combining a quantum path-integral description of the nuclear degrees of freedom with concurrent electronic structure calculations of the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface, were employed in investigations of the structure and dynamics of protonated water clusters. Using electronic structure, structural optimization and all-quantum simulations, structures and energetics of H3O+, (H2O)2H+, as well as NH4+, (NH3)2H+, and the mixed (NH3)(H2O)H+ cluster, are described and analyzed. The quantum nature of the hydrogens in the protonated water clusters, as well as a measure of the tunneling enhancement of the inversion isomerization in H3O+ at 150 K, are demonstrated and discussed.
Love and Work: The Legacy of Early University Entrance

This is the second follow-up study of the Early Entrance Program at the University of Washington. Ninety-five individuals (45%) participated. Respondents overwhelmingly chose early university entrance because they were excited to learn; many also praised the peer group, intellectual stimulation, and faculty and staff support. Some reported feeling too young to make important academic, career, and social decisions, with more males regretting the lack of dating partners because of age differences. As the program has matured, so have students' positive experiences in it. Significant differences were found among three groups of students who entered at different points, reflecting this maturation. A wealth of open-ended comments indicated that the program continues to exert a profound and positive influence on graduates' lives.
On a general class of conditional tests for family-based association studies in genetics: the asymptotic distribution, the conditional power, and optimality considerations.

Family-based association tests (FBATs) provide simple and powerful tests to detect association between a genetic marker and a disease-susceptibility locus, manifest in subjects by a phenotype or disease trait. Here we propose a new class of conditional tests for family-based association studies that includes most of the established tests and their generalizations. The class of tests is very general; it can be applied to longitudinal and multivariate traits or phenotypes, multiple genetic markers, and many other situations not yet discussed in the literature. For any test in this class, we derive the asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis, the conditional power under any alternative hypothesis, and the optimal offset for single degree of freedom tests. The proposed methodology is illustrated with a genetic study of asthma.
Human dimensions of wildlife management: Knowledge for agency survival in the 21st century

The need to understand the human dimensions of fish and wildlife management has increased in recent years as societal values have changed pertaining to wildlife and its use. For management agencies...
Human Milk Antibody Titers to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Antigens Among 118 Lactating Egyptian Women

Human Milk Antibody Titers to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Antigens Among 118 Lactating Egyptian Women
On the Similarity Solution for Condensation Heat Transfer

Analytical solutions for laminar film condensation on a vertical plate are integral to many heat transfer applications, and have therefore been presented in numerous refereed articles and in most heat transfer textbooks. Commonly made assumptions achieve the well known similarity solution for the Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, and film thickness. Yet in all of these studies, several critical assumptions are made without justifying their use. Consequently, for a given problem one cannot determine whether these restrictive assumptions are actually satisfied, and thus, how these conditions can be checked for validity of the results. This study provides a detailed solution that clarifies these points.
Influence of an eccentric epidermal cap on limb regeneration in Amblystoma larvae.

Abstract 1. 1. The epidermal cap of the regenerating forelimb of larval Amblystoma was induced to become eccentrically located at the posterior border of the amputation surface by means of a skin excision ( 1 2 mm long by 1 3 mm wide) at the posterior edge of the amputation surface. Healing of the skin excision wound by epidermal migration, particularly from the epidermis covering the amputation surface, carried the epidermal cap to the postaxial border of the limb tip. 2. 2. Blastermal cells aggregated beneath the eccentric epidermal cap to form a correspondingly eccentric blastema which developed into an asymmetrical regenerate. 3. 3. Eccentric epidermal caps were induced in regressed limbs after all limb tissues had completely dedifferentiated. Blastemal cells aggregated beneath the eccentric epidermal caps to produce eccentric blastemata and regenerates. Thus the eccentric epidermal cap induced a corresponding eccentricity of regenerative outgrowth not by a differential histolysis of limb tissues, but by controlling the aggregation of blastemal cells.
Over-AVID subgroup analysis.

Given the extensive time, effort and expense involved in performing large-scale clinical trials, there is a natural tendency to perform subgroup analyses on the accumulated data subsequent to termination of the trial. Assmann et al. [(1)][1]recently stated: “Subgroup analyses are particularly
The role of myeloperoxidase and superoxide anion in the luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence of human neutrophils

Abstract The amount of chemiluminescence (CL) or light that is emitted from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during phagocytosis or activation by soluble stimuli is dependent on the emission of photons from the oxidation of particulate or bystander molecules. Because the compounds luminol and lucigenin yield photons with high quantum efficiency these agents have been introduced to sensitively assess PMN-CL. Since there is limited information about the pathways involved in the chemiluminescence of these compounds, we investigated the role of both myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide anion (· O2−) in luminol-and lucigenin-PMN-CL. We compared the CL between normal and MPO- deficient PMN using zymosan for phagocytosis and N-formylmethionyleucylphenylalanine (FMLP) as a soluble stimulus. Our data demonstrated that luminol-CL was dependent on the presence of MPO and independent of · O2− generation during phagocytosis but independent of MPO during FMLP activation. In contrast lucigenin-CL was independent of MPO during both phagocytosis and FMLP activation and appeared to reflect · O2− production. Consequently, dependent on the type of activation, it appears that luminol- and lucigenin-CL are generated via different oxidative pathways and may serve as potentially useful tools to differentiate the redox activity of phagocytic cells.
Plasma 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and aldosterone concentrations in infants and children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia—the role of salt-losing hormones in salt wasting

I N F A N X S with congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by a 21-hydroxylation defect in steroidogenesis often present with salt-losing crisis and hyponatremia. A severe defect in aldosterone synthesis has been demonstrated in some patients. 1 However, in some subjects with salt-losing CAH, normal aldosterone secretion rates have been demonstrated. 2 The observation that plasma 17a-hydroxyprogesterone is elevated in patients with untreated CAH, 3 together with the finding that 17-OHP and other ACTH-dependent steroids which are elevated in CAH can antagonize endogenous mineralocorticoids, ~ suggest that mineralocorticoid antagonists may play a significant role in the salt-wasting in these infants. In an attempt to clarify this relationship, we have studied plasma 17-OHP levels in 20 infants and children of different ages with salt-losing and simpie virilizing CAH. Plasma aldosterone levels also were measured on selected subjects.
Long-term intracoronary stent placement: arteriographic and histologic results after 7 years in a dog model.

Prosthetic intracoronary stenting has become an important adjunct to balloon angioplasty in the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease. However, there are few reports of the long-term histologic consequences of stenting in the world literature. We report the arteriographic, histologic, and ultrastructural examination of a flexible tantalum wire coil stent implanted in the coronary artery of a dog for 7 years. The vessel was arteriographically patent without evidence of either stenosis or ectasia. The stent had been incorporated into the arterial wall, and was covered with a neointima of approximately 100 μm maximum thickness. There was necrosis of the tunica media adjacent to the stent but the inflammatory response was restricted to occasional macrophages in the neointima of the immediate vicinity of the stent wire. The endothelial cell layer was normal in its morphologic appearance. In summary, the flexible tantalum wire coil stent was well tolerated by the host blood vessel and demonstrated acceptable biocompatibility for the 7-year duration of its implantation in the normal dog coronary artery. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Growth factor regulation of enterocyte nutrient transport during intestinal adaptation

Abstract Background: Intestinal adaptation occurs in response to injury or alteration in nutrient availability. It is both morphologic and physiologic in nature and can be mediated by growth factors and nutrients. Pathologic conditions such as short-bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease lead to derangements in nutrient absorption that may exceed the body’s regenerative and adaptive capacity. Failure to fully adapt often results in long-term dependence on parenteral nutrition, leading to decreased quality of life and excessive medical expenses. The therapeutic use of appropriate growth factors may increase the adaptive capabilities of the gut. Data Source: Medline and current literature review. Conclusions: The major known nutrient transporters present in the gut and the mechanisms by which growth factors alter transport activity during intestinal adaptation are summarized. Growth factors have the potential to improve nutrient absorption in some bowel diseases.
Design of an Experimental Apparatus to Measure the Thermal Accommodation Coefficient Between Stainless Steel Surfaces and Rarefied Helium

The objective of this work is to design an experimental apparatus that can acquire data to benchmark rarefied gas heat transfer simulations, and determine the thermal accommodation coefficient at the interface between the solid surfaces and the gas. The design consists of an aluminum cylinder with an electric heater at its centerline, and within a stainless-steel sheath, centered inside a cylindrical pressure vessel whose temperature is controlled using an external water jacket. There is 0.47-cm-wide helium-filled gap between the inner cylinder and vessel wall. For a given heat generation rate, the temperature difference across this gap will increase as the gas pressure decreases due to ratification. Thermocouples will be bonded to the vessel’s outer surface, and the inner surface of the sheath that surrounds the heated aluminum cylinder. Two, two-dimensional computational meshes of the apparatus (one cross sectional and the other cross sectional is offset) and one three-dimensional computational mesh are constructed. These models include heat generation within the electric heater, conduction within the solid and gas-filled regions, and radiation heat transfer across the gas, and rarefied gas thermal resistances at the solid/gas interfaces. These simulations show that the difference between the thermocouple temperatures and the surfaces of the helium filled gap are small compared to the temperature across the gap. This will allow this apparatus design to be used to effectively benchmark the ANSYS/Fluent simulations, and determine the thermal accommodation coefficient.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
IMPACT OF RIGIONAL FACTORS ON PRODUCTIVITY IN CHINA

. The regional production environment in China is decomposed into five regional factors: education endowment, foreign direct investment, agglomeration, producer's market accessibility, and consumer's market accessibility. The impacts of these regional factors on the Chinese machinery building industry and food manufacture industry are estimated across 30 regions. The estimates are highly significant and show that these regional factors substantially affect regional productivity. Across regions and over time, the capital return rate is positively related to the ratio of the total regional factor impact to the wage rate.
Amperometric Biosensor for Total Histamine, Putrescine and Cadaverine using Diamine Oxidase

Diamine oxidase was purified from porcine kidney to homogeneity and immobilized onto a porous preactivated nylon membrane. The enzymic membrane was attached to an amperometric electrode for determination of the total concentrations of histamine, cadaverine and putrescine accumulated in fish fillets during storage. For detecting hydrogen peroxide released, the working platinum electrode was poised at +400 mV vs Ag/AgCl to prevent electrode fouling as well as minimize electroactive interferences. The biosensor was linear up to 6 mM with a lower detection limit of 25 μM for the three substrates and steady state response was achieved within 1.5 min. The enzyme membranes were stable at 5°C for 2 mo and usable for at least 60 assays.
In Situ Vanadium K-Edge and Tungsten LIII-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure of Vanadium-Substituted Heteropolytungstates Immobilized in a High-Area Carbon Electrode in Acid Aqueous Electrolytes

Electronic and structural aspects of vanadium-substituted heteropolytungstates immobilized in a high-area carbon (XC-72) as a function of oxidation state have been examined by in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) in an acidic electrolyte. The results obtained for K4PVW11O40 revealed a sizable shift in the V K-edge XANES region, which is characterized by a prominent pre-edge peak, following a one-electron reduction. Such behavior has been attributed to the transfer of an electron to an orbital localized mainly on vanadium. Injection of a second electron gives rise to the near disappearance of the pre-edge peak without major shifts in the position of edge jump, a phenomenon ascribed to an increase in the symmetry of the vanadium site upon reduction to yield a nearly octahedral environment. Similar behavior is observed for Cs6PV3W9O40 when the electrode is polarized in the potential regions where the vanadium ions are reduced to VIV and VIII, respectively. No changes in the in situ W LIII-edg...
Accuracy of Teacher-Collected Descriptive Analysis Data: A Comparison of Narrative and Structured Recording Formats

Recording the antecedents and consequences of problem behavior for the purposes of conducting descriptive analyses (called “A-B-C recording”) can be particularly challenging, given the multiple variables that are commonly present in the natural environment. Nonetheless, psychologists and behavioral consultants often must rely on parents and teachers to collect descriptive data in community settings. Few studies have examined the accuracy of data collected by caregivers or the best way to train people to collect these data. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of teacher-collected data with two commonly used recording formats after the teachers received the type of training typically provided to public school teachers. Thirteen of the sixteen participants reported that they had previously collected A-B-C data in their classrooms as part of the functional assessment process. Participants used narrative and structured A-B-C data forms to collect data while watching videotapes of scripted exchanges between actors. They collected data more accurately when using the structured format compared to the narrative format and indicated a preference for this method of assessment. These findings have important implications for training educators to collect descriptive data.
Effects of boron doping on the surface morphology and structural imperfections of diamond films

This paper reports the surface morphology and structural imperfection of boron-doped diamond films prepared by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. It was found that boron dopants improved the structural quality of diamond films. The surface morphology consisted mainly of the {111} facets. A significant enhancement of nucleation density and consequent decrease of grain size was observed with the addition of diborane in the gas phase. Raman spectroscopy indicated that, with the introduction of boron dopants, the integrated intensity of the diamond peak at 1332 cm−1 increased relative to the intensity of the non-diamond peak at about 1500 cm−1, and the full-width at half maximum of the 1332 cm−1 peak decreased. In addition, the 1.681 eV (738 nm) photoluminescence peak related to point defects was effectively reduced, or even eliminated by the boron dopants. Finally, transmission electron microscopy studies found that the densities of planar defects (mainly stacking faults and microtwins) also decreased with the boron addition.
Effects of High-Power Ion Bernstein Waves on a Tokamak Plasma

Ion Bernstein wave heating (IBWH) has been investigated on PLT with up to 650 kW of rf power coupled to the plasma, exceeding the ohmic power of 550 kW. Plasma antenna loading of 2 ..cap omega.. has been observed, resulting in 80 to 90% of the rf power being coupled to the plasma. An ion heating efficiency of ..delta..T/sub i/(0)n/sub e//P/sub rf/ = 6 x 10/sup 13/ eV cm/sup -3//kW, without high energy tail ions, has been observed up to the maximum rf power. The deuterium particle confinement during high power IBWH increases significantly (as much as 300%). Associated with it, a longer injected impurity confinement time, reduced drift wave turbulence activity, frequency shifts of drfit wave turbulence, and development of a large negative edge potential were observed. The energy confinement time, however, shows some degradation from the ohmic value, which can be attributed to the enhanced radiation loss observed during IBWH. The ion heating and energy confinement time are relatively independent of plasma current.
Randomized maximum entropy language models

We address the memory problem of maximum entropy language models(MELM) with very large feature sets. Randomized techniques are employed to remove all large, exact data structures in MELM implementations. To avoid the dictionary structure that maps each feature to its corresponding weight, the feature hashing trick [1] [2] can be used. We also replace the explicit storage of features with a Bloom filter. We show with extensive experiments that false positive errors of Bloom filters and random hash collisions do not degrade model performance. Both perplexity and WER improvements are demonstrated by building MELM that would otherwise be prohibitively large to estimate or store.
Tubuloreticular structures and cylindrical confronting cisternae: a review.

Abstract Tubuloreticular structures (TRS) and cylindrical confronting cisternae (CCC) are unique subcellular structures that arise from the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of a variety of cell types. In vivo, they occur most frequently in endothelial cells and lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune diseases and viral infections; they are seen in these cells in almost all acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The inducer(s) of TRS and CCC in vivo is (are) not firmly established. However, clinical and experimental studies indicate that the occurrence of these structures in these diseases is directly related to the endogenous elevation of α- and β-interferon but not to γ-interferon. Although CCC have been seen and reported to occur in human and primate cells since the late 1970s, their presence did not arouse much clinical and scientific interest until 1983 when they were observed in lymph node tissues of AIDS patients. The nature and pathogenesis of TRS and CCC are obscure. Through the years, many hypotheses have been proposed. They range from suggestions of these structures being incomplete viral particles to being nothing more than accumulated proteins; and from reference to these structures as specific markers for diseases to a generalized cell reaction to certain biological stimuli. In vitro investigations with lymphoblastoid cell lines have contributed a great deal in illuminating the potential clinical significance and the in vivo inducer(s) of TRS and CCC. Both the TRS and CCC are now known to be induced in vitro by α- and β-interferon in some lymphoblastoid cell lines. However, only TRS and not CCC are induced in healthy donor lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Isolation of TRS and CCC using the lymphoblastoid cell system will help clarify the nature, the pathogenesis, and the importance of TRS and CCC in human diseases.
EPR polarization studies on Mn catalase from Lactobacillus plantarum.

The binuclear manganese active site of Mn catalase catalyzes redox disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, forming dioxygen and water. We report here multifrequency EPR and microwave polarization studies of the catalytically active homovalent Mn2+ complex of Lactobacillus plantarum Mn catalase, resolving spectra from each of the thermally accessible multiplet states of the coupled complex by multivariate methods. The experimental spectra have been simulated using computational approaches for the binuclear cluster to predict both intensity and polarization for arbitrary values of the ground state parameters. These two spectroscopic properties define the nature of the ground state wavefunctions and so serve as a sensitive and quantitative measure of the inter-ion interactions in the reduced complex. Interpretation of the spectra in terms of a pair Hamiltonian that includes Heisenberg exchange, dipolar, single site zero field splitting, and Zeeman perturbations leads to the most complete ground state descri...