cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AT ALTITUDE

Five patients (4-9 yrs.) presented in five years with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Each was initially evaluated for seizures or syncope. Two sisters (#1s2) were Hispanic and resided at 5,200′. Two brothers (#3&4) were black and resided at 5,200′. An only child (#5) resided at 9,000′. Cardiac catheterization with hyperoxia was performed in all and one received additional prostaglandin 12 (PGI2). Structural heart disease was ruled out in all. Resistance ratios (R.R.) were calculated in room air and 100% O2. Three of the five patients died 9.2 months after diagnosis. Two of the deaths (#1&2) occurred after steady clinical deterioration at 5,200′. The third child (#5) dramatically improved after moving to sea level but died five days after returning to altitude. One of the black males has significantly improved since moving to sea level (#4) and his brother with milder disease has spontaneously improved while remaining at altitude (#3). PPH is a rare and rapidly fatal disease in childhood. In patients presenting at altitude, the clinical course may be altered or reversed by moving to sea level.
The lexicon in acquisition

1. The lexicon: words old and new Part I. Lexical Acquisition: 2. Early lexical development 3. The mapping problem 4. Conventionality and contrast 5. Pragmatic principles and acquisition 6. Transparency and simplicity 7. Productivity Part II. Case Studies of Lexical Innovation: 8. Words for things 9. More words for things 10. Words for agents and instruments 11. Words for actions 12. Words for undoing actions Part III. Conclusion: 13. Issues for acquisition Bibliography Index of names Index of subjects.
The expression of apoB mRNA editing factors is not the sole determinant for the induction of editing in differentiating Caco-2 cells.

Abstract Apolipoprotein B mRNA is edited at cytidine 6666 in the enterocytes lining the small intestine of all mammals; converting a CAA codon to a UAA stop codon. The conversion is ∼80% efficient in this tissue and leads to the expression of the truncated protein, ApoB48, essential for secretion of dietary lipid as chylomicrons. Caco-2 cell raft cultures have been used as an in vitro model for the induction of editing activity during human small intestinal cell differentiation. This induction of apoB mRNA editing has been ascribed to the expression of APOBEC-1. In agreement our data demonstrated differentiation-dependent induction of expression of the editing enzyme APOBEC-1 and in addition we show alternative splicing of the essential auxiliary factor ACF. However, transfection of these editing factors in undifferentiated proliferating Caco-2 cells was not sufficient to induce robust apoB mRNA editing activity. Only differentiation of Caco-2 cells could induce more physiological like levels of apoB mRNA editing. The data suggested that additional regulatory mechanism(s) were induced by differentiation that controlled the functional activity of editing factors.
Economic impact of an annual tourism industry exposition

Abstract This study was undertaken to estimate the economic impact on a specific region resulting from a nine-day tourism industry exposition. Over 80,000 people paid to attend the 1980 Greater Michigan Boat and Fishing Show which displayed equipment by 165 exhibitors. Detailed direct expenditure information was obtained from patrons and exhibitors. Multiplier analysis was employed to estimate total economic impact. Patrons were estimated to have a total economic impact on metropolitan Detroit of over $2 million. Economic sectors heavily impacted by patron expenditures were food services, entertainment, and auto related. Expenditures by show exhibitors were estimated to contribute an additional $1.8 million to the local economy. Economic sectors heavily impacted by exhibitors were households, advertising, and insurance.
The Geobucket Data Structure for Polynomials

Thegeobucketdata structure is a suitable intermediate representation of polynomials for performing large numbers of polynomial additions in the face of interspersed lead-term extractions. A sum involvingNterms has worst-case running timeO(NlogN), matching or surpassing the performance of lists and binomial heaps. This makes the geobucket a good choice for performing reductions in Grobner basis computations.
Rate Constants for Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions from Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) Chloride-Complexed Water and Methanol to an Alkyl Radical

Rate constants for hydrogen atom transfer reactions of the water, deuterium oxide, and methanol complexes of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride with the secondary alkyl radical 1-cyclobutyldodecyl (2) were determined using indirect kinetic methods. The rate constant for reaction of Cp2TiIIICl−H2O in THF at ambient temperature was 1.0 × 105 M−1 s−1, and the kinetic isotope effect was kH/kD = 4.4. In benzene containing 0.95 M methanol, the rate constant for reaction of the Cp2TiIIICl−MeOH at ambient temperature was 7.5 × 104 M−1 s−1. An Arrhenius function for reaction of the Cp2TiIIICl−H2O complex in THF was log k = 9.1 − 5.5/2.3RT (kcal/mol). The entropic term for reaction of Cp2TiIIICl−H2O was normal, whereas the entropic term previously found for reaction of the Et3B−H2O complex with radical 2 was unusually small (Jin, J.; Newcomb, M. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 5098).
NAFLD: The role of exercise in treating NAFLD.

The prevalence of NAFLD continues to increase in conjunction with sedentary lifestyles and nutrient-poor, calorie-rich diets. Given the recognized risks associated with NAFLD, effective interventions for prevention and treatment of this disease are needed. Increased exercise duration and intensity has been evaluated as an important therapeutic intervention.
Salvage autologous or allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma refractory to or relapsing after a first-line autograft?

Salvage autologous or allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma refractory to or relapsing after a first-line autograft?
Enhanced Amine and Amino Acid Analysis Using Pacific Blue and the Mars Organic Analyzer Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis System

The fluorescent amine reactive probe Pacific Blue succinimidyl ester (PB) is used for the detection of trace amounts of amines and amino acids by microchip capillary electrophoresis on the Mars Organic Analyzer (MOA). The spectral and chemical properties of PB provide a 200-fold increase in sensitivity and improved resolution compared to fluorescamine derivatization. With the use of cross injection and PB labeling, the MOA detected amino acids at concentrations as low as 75 pM (sub-parts-per-trillion). Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) which separates PB-labeled amino acids by their hydrophobicity is also demonstrated. The optimized MEKC conditions (45 mM CHAPSO, pH 6 at 5 °C) effectively separated amines and 25 amino acids with enantiomeric resolution of alanine, serine, and citrulline. Samples from the Yungay Hills region in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and from the Murchison meteorite are successfully analyzed using both techniques, and amino acids are found in the parts-per-billion range. Ab...
The novel chemokine engineered stromal cell derived factor-1alpha recruits endothelial progenitor cells to the infarct borderzone; results from an egfp+ bone marrow chimera model

METHODS: 103 patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) underwent single-suture repair of the mitral valve through a 3-cm right chest incision from May 2007 through December 2012. The prolapsed segment of the mitral valve was imbricated with a double running CV 5 Gore-Tex suture, resulting in a smooth plane of coaptation. Preoperative and perioperative echocardiograms as well as patient outcomes were analyzed and compared to patients undergoing minimally invasive isolated mitral valve repair using quadrangular resection at the same institution during the same time period.
The role of overt motor rehearsal in kinesthetic recall

Abstract Short-term kinesthetic retention was measured with a lever response under immediate recall, rest, and motor rehearsal conditions. Motor rehearsal consisted of having S overtly replicate a target location during the retention interval. Both delayed retention interval conditions were significantly different from immediate recall. The 20 sec rest interval condition exhibited substantial negative error. Rehearsal activity substantially shifted the recall errors in a positive direction and caused increases in variable error. The results were interpreted as supporting the position that the memory trace fades along the dimension of movement extent and that the trace can be shifted in a positive direction by interpolated overt rehearsal.
Modifications of the comprehensive method for total glycoalkaloid determination

Continuing investigations and queries from workers in the field of potato research have led to minor modifications of the method for the determination of total potato glycoalkaloids (TGA) by Fitzpatrick and Osman (1). These small changes shorten the time for analysis and can possibly give improved recovery of TGA.
Survey Response Comparisons between Student and Teacher Participants in a Mobile Instructional Technology Program in a High School Setting

Questionnaire responses were compared between high school students and teachers, all of whom participate in their school's 24/7 access tablet PC (TPC) program. Primary areas of interest were students' and teachers' experiences with and attitudes about the TPCs, physical discomfort associated with TPC use, and patterns of TPC use. Results showed students' and teachers' attitudes were generally quite positive towards the TPCs, including both groups appreciating the TPC as an organizational aid. However, neither group tended to think TPCs had improved student grades. It is important to explore the similarities and differences between people who share a classroom and much more as they proceed through a school year together. This type of assessment provides a useful complement to more common assessments of impact of digital technology on academic performance.
Maximizing supply chain profits with effective order management: integration of activity-based costing and theory of constraints with mixed-integer modelling

The development of a profitable-to-promise order management model in a make-to-order manufacturing environment is presented. The primary objective is to maximize profitability while ensuring that the firm has adequate resources to satisfy demand. The effectiveness of Activity-Based Costing and Theory of Constraints-based approaches is compared to assess order profitability. This order management model uses a mixed-integer program to consider simultaneously capacity, the relevant costs of supply chain resources and profitability. The results suggest that a close examination of cost structures is necessary for choosing an effective framework for a profitable-to-promise application. In manufacturing environments where direct manufacturing costs constitute a relatively small percentage of the total manufacturing cost, it would be beneficial to consider an Activity-Based Costing approach. On the other hand, in environments where direct costs are large, a Theory of Constraints-based approach would suffice.
Behavior of heavy metals in forest microcosms: II. Effects on nutrient cycling processes

Effects of heavy metals on forest nutrient cycling processes were investigated using intact forest microcosms. Baghouse dust from a primary Pb smelter in southeastern Missouri was applied on the microcosms to approximate one annual deposition of metals at 0.4 km from the smelter. Contaminated litter from a forest adjacent to the smelter was also placed on the microcosms. Total dosage of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu was 11.0, 0.128, 0.748, and 0.161 mg cm−2, respectively.
The Koppitz developmental scoring system for the Bender-Gestalt: Is it developmental?

The Bender-Gestalt was administered individually to 652 children, aged 5 to 11 years. The protocols were subsequently scored using the Koppitz Developmental System. A sample of scores were fitted to various developmental curves using a computer program called DATAFIT. The data approximated a curvilinear regression line more than a linear regression line. The R2 for the total sample and for various combinations of age groups was relatively low. Implications regarding the limitations of various interpretive procedures were discussed.
CFD Assisted Design of a Wearable Artificial Pump Lung Device

A wearable artificial pump lung (APL) device is being developed to provide ambulatory respiratory support for patients with acute or chronic lung diseases. The design objective of the APL is to create an assembly free, ultracompact, all-in-one system with an optimized blood flow path and minimized device-induced blood damage. This device will combine a magnetically levitated pump/rotor with a uniquely configured hollow fiber membrane (HFM). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based multidisciplinary modeling of the device functional performance and biocompatibility was utilized to acquire the precise knowledge of flow field, gas transfer and blood damage characteristics through the whole device. With this knowledge available, the device can be evaluated and optimized to obtain best performance, i.e., maximizing the gas exchange efficiency and minimizing blood damage. The HFM bundle was modeled as porous media with a constant porosity. Flow field was obtained by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and oxygen transfer process was modeled as a scalar transport. The hemolysis was evaluated based on the shear stress and exposure time distributions which were obtained by post-processing the flow solution. According to the preliminary CFD results, among several designs, the satisfactory one was found regarding flow dynamics, overall biocompatibility and oxygen transfer performances. The average shear stress value was less than 10 Pa, and the outlet oxygen saturation was higher than 95% at standard operating condition. The impeller blade and diffuser angles were compatible to each other resulting in a smooth blood flow in the corresponding region.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The power group enumeration theorem

Abstract The number of orbits of a permutation group was determined in a fundamental result of Burnside. This was extended in a classical paper by Polya to a solution of the problem of enumerating the equivalence classes of functions with a given weight from a set X into a set Y, subject to the action of the permutation group A acting on X. A generalization by de Bruijn solved the counting problem when two permutation groups are involved, A acting on X and B on Y. Thus the Polya formula is the special case of the de Bruijn result in which B is the identity group. The Power Group Enumeration Theorem achieves the same result using only one permutation group: the power group, BA, acting on the set YX of functions. de Bruijn's method was used to count self-complementary graphs by R. C. Read and finite automata by M. Harrison. These results as well as the number of self-converse directed graphs and others are easily obtained by the proper use of the Power Group Enumeration Theorem.
WE-E-ValA-01: Effect of Action Level and Uncertainties in Daily Imaging and Re-Positioning On the Distribution of Inter-Fraction Setup Uncertainty

Purpose: To predict the post‐correction probability distribution functions (PDFs) for inter‐fraction setup uncertainty of individual patients who will undergo daily localization with an action level for setup correction. Method and Materials: An analytical method was developed to derive the PDF at a given action level assuming 1) a Gaussian distribution for the pre‐correction setup uncertainty, and including, 2) uncertainty in online localization, and also 3) the uncertainty with which patients can be repositioned. An interactive spreadsheet was developed to evaluate and graph the PDF, as well as its mean and variance. Plots of the mean and variance of the PDFs predicted at different action thresholds for user specified (or patient‐derived) levels of the three input uncertainties above were used to develop practical action level rules. Results: When the variance of the localization uncertainty is the smallest of the three sources of uncertainty, there is an optimal action level that minimizes post‐correction setup uncertainty. There is quantitative (and graphically demonstrated) improvement when σ g 2 , the sum of the variances of the localization uncertainty and re‐positioning uncertainty, is less than σ s 2 , the variance of the pre‐correction setup uncertainty. A practical rule is to set the action level to σg(σs/σg)0.3 in these situations. The overlap of a resulting PDF with a Gaussian distribution with the same mean and variance is typically well over 90% when the action level is set according to this rule. Conclusion: The analytical method developed here is a useful tool to estimate the post‐correction setup uncertainty at different action levels, and to set rules for clinical specification of the action level in cases where the precisions of localization and setup correction allow an improvement. It also permits evaluation of potential improvements in post‐correction setup uncertainty associated with improved precision in daily localization and/or patient repositioning.
Restaurant Espionage When Recipes Are Not Trade Secrets

Abstract A restaurant's trade dress is protected by trademark laws. But are its recipes and cooking methods similarly protected? Not necessarily…
Like Night and Day: Rods and Cones Have Different Pigment Regeneration Pathways

Sustained vision requires continuous regeneration of visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptors by the 11-cis-retinal chromophore. In this issue of Neuron, Mata et al. report a novel enzymatic pathway uniquely designed to keep up with the high demand for cone pigment regeneration in bright light and to preclude rods from utilizing chromophore produced in daylight, when rods are not very useful for vision.
Symbols, signs, and signals

In this address, no attempt to deal with any problem of symbolic technique will be made, for even if a problem of this kind should be found that was suitable to the present occasion, I should probably lack sufficient competence in the handling of symbols to deal with it satisfactorily. It occurred to me, however, that it might be interesting to consider the nature of symbols in general, to point out certain characteristics peculiar to the symbols used by logicians and mathematicians, and to say something concerning the relations of these symbols to the knowledge of Nature. Although developments in the science of logic are not dependent on such an inquiry, it yet provides us with a perspective on the nature and importance of that science which we cannot gain so long as we attend only to the problems arising inside its field.The symbolic relation. Our attempt to gain this perspective may well begin with the trite remark that nothing is intrinsically a symbol, but that anything is a symbol if and only if it symbolizes. Moreover, the relation called symbolizing is not a dyadic but rather a tetradic relation. That is, in order for something A to be a symbol of something B, there must be in addition C, a mind trained in a special way, and D, a certain manner in which that mind is occupied at the time. For although we do say, for instance, that a mark consisting of a little cross is the symbol of addition, the fact is of course that at times when that mark is not present to a mind, it does not symbolize addition or anything else. Moreover, even when it is present to a mind, it does not symbolize addition unless that mind has been trained in a certain manner; for obviously such a mark does not symbolize addition to the mind of a Hottentot or other wholly illiterate person.
Gap Junction Mediated Intercellular Metabolite Transfer in the Cochlea Is Compromised in Connexin30 Null Mice

Connexin26 (Cx26) and connexin30 (Cx30) are two major protein subunits that co-assemble to form gap junctions (GJs) in the cochlea. Mutations in either one of them are the major cause of non-syndromic prelingual deafness in humans. Because the mechanisms of cochlear pathogenesis caused by Cx mutations are unclear, we investigated effects of Cx30 null mutation on GJ-mediated ionic and metabolic coupling in the cochlea of mice. A novel flattened cochlear preparation was used to directly assess intercellular coupling in the sensory epithelium of the cochlea. Double-electrode patch clamp recordings revealed that the absence of Cx30 did not significantly change GJ conductance among the cochlear supporting cells. The preserved electrical coupling is consistent with immunolabeling data showing extensive Cx26 GJs in the cochlea of the mutant mice. In contrast, dye diffusion assays showed that the rate and extent of intercellular transfer of multiple fluorescent dyes (including a non-metabolizable D-glucose analogue, 2-NBDG) among cochlear supporting cells were severely reduced in Cx30 null mice. Since the sensory epithelium in the cochlea is an avascular organ, GJ-facilitated intercellular transfer of nutrient and signaling molecules may play essential roles in cellular homeostasis. To test this possibility, NBDG was used as a tracer to study the contribution of GJs in transporting glucose into the cochlear sensory epithelium when delivered systemically. NBDG uptake in cochlear supporting cells was significantly reduced in Cx30 null mice. The decrease was also observed with GJ blockers or glucose competition, supporting the specificity of our tests. These data indicate that GJs facilitate efficient uptake of glucose in the supporting cells. This study provides the first direct experimental evidence showing that the transfer of metabolically-important molecules in cochlear supporting cells is dependent on the normal function of GJs, thereby suggesting a novel pathogenesis process in the cochlea for Cx-mutation-linked deafness.
Alcohol Consumption Alters Cytokine Release During Murine AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a clinical disorder caused by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), representing the end point in a progressive sequence of immunosuppressive changes. HIV, the key causative agent of AIDS, induces immunosuppression that render the body highly susceptible to opportunistic infections and neoplasm. However, the onset of clinical symptoms of AIDS (e.g., low CD4+ T cells count, opportunistic infections, and tumors) is quite variable among HIV+ individuals with a mean incubation times 3-10 years following seroconversion. Because of the deleterious effects of chronic alcohol (EtOH) consumption on cytokine release, immune response, host defense, nutritional status, and oxidative stress, it has been believed to be a possible cofactor that could enhance the host's susceptibility to HIV infection, and subsequently accelerate the development of AIDS. The purpose of this review is to present evidence of EtOH-induced cytokine dysregulation during murine AIDS. Our results done in murine AIDS indicate the EtOH consumption may accelerate the development of AIDS by disrupting cytokine production. These EtOH-induced abnormalities in cytokine release may promote a more rapid development of AIDS as a cofactor, which exacerbates the immune dysfunctions initiated by retrovirus infection.
PHOTOPRODUCTS OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN MUTANTS : A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY

Molecular dynamics simulations of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and of its D85N, D85T, D212N, and Y57F mutants have been carried out to investigate possible differences in the photoproducts of these proteins. For each mutant, a series of 50 molecular dynamics simulations of the photoisomerization and subsequent relaxation process were completed. The photoproducts can be classified into four distinct classes: 1) 13-cis retinal, with the retinal N-H+ bond oriented toward Asp-96; 2) 13-cis retinal, with the N-H+ oriented toward Asp-85 and hydrogen-bonded to a water molecule; 3) 13,14-di-cis retinal; 4) all-trans retinal. Simulations of wild-type bR and of its Y57F mutant resulted mainly in class 1 and class 2 products; simulations of D85N, D85T, and D212N mutants resulted almost entirely in class 1 products. The results support the suggestion that only class 2 products initiate a functional pump cycle. The formation of class 1 products for the D85N, D85T, and D212N mutants can explain the reversal of proton pumping under illumination by blue and yellow light.
A simple model for the virtually crosslinked block copolymers

A simple model is presented for the virtual crosslink effect in triblocks of the type A–B–A, where A is a segment having a relatively high Tg value and B is a segment having a relatively low Tg value. It is assumed that phase relationships can be estimated by using thermodynamics of polymer mixtures, but certain constraints are imposed on the morphology of phases by the fact that different segments are chemically attached to each other. According to the model, at least two requirements are necessary for a block copolymer to behave as a chemically vulcanized elastomer: (a) the A and B segments must be mutually insoluble, and (b) the A segment must have a higher Tg value than the maximum temperature for which the material will be expected to function. The size of the glassy domains is discussed along with the notion that the glassy domains function both as crosslinks and as filler particles.
Cultural influences on the diffusion of new products.

Abstract In this study we examine cultural influences on the diffusion of new products. In particular we relate the coefficient of innovation and imitation with the Hofstede cultural dimensions for several consumer products using data from 19 countries. The results indicate that the coefficient of innovation is high in countries that are high on individualism, low on uncertainty avoidance, and low on power distance; and that the coefficient of imitation is high in countries that are low on individualism (collectivist) and high on uncertainty avoidance. The results also indicate that the coefficient of innovation is high in high context cultures, and that the coefficient of imitation is high in low context cultures.
Transplants of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells reduce forelimb and hindlimb allodynia in a rodent model of chronic central pain after spinal cord hemisection injury.

In the majority of patients, spinal cord injury (SCI) results in abnormal pain syndromes in which non-noxious stimuli become noxious (allodynia). To reduce allodynia, it would be desirable to implant a permanent biological pump such as adrenal medullary chromaffin cells (AM), which secrete catecholamines and opioid peptides, both antinociceptive substances, near the spinal cord. We tested this approach using a recently developed a mammalian SCI model of chronic central pain, which results in development of mechanical and thermal allodynia. Thirty day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were spinally hemisected at T13 and allowed 4 weeks for recovery of locomotor function and development of allodynia. Nonimmunosuppressed injured animals received either control-striated muscle (n = 7) or AM (n = 10) transplants. Nociceptive behavior was tested for 4 weeks posttransplant as measured by paw withdrawals to von Frey filaments, radiant heat, and pin prick stimuli. Hemisected animals receiving AM demonstrated statistically significant reductions in both fore- and hindlimb mechanical and thermal allodynia, but not analgesia, when compared to hemisected animals receiving striated muscle transplants (P < 0.05). Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity indicated prolonged transplant survival and production of catecholamines. HPLC analysis of cerebrospinal fluid samples from animals receiving AM transplants demonstrated statistically significant increases in levels of dopamine (sevenfold), norepinephrine (twofold), and epinephrine (threefold), compared to control values several weeks following transplant (P < 0.05). By 28 days posttransplant, however, antinociceptive effects were diminished. These results support the therapeutic potential of transplanted AM in reducing chronic central pain following spinal cord injury.
Crystal and molecular structure of reductiomycin

Conflicting results concerning the structure of the antitumor agent reductiomycin have been resolved. When the imino group and the heterocyclic oxygen atom of a previous x-ray study are interchanged, and this structure refined, it is found that: (i) a structure with satisfactory hydrogen bonding results, (ii) there are no unacceptably small nonbonded intermolecular distances, and (iii) agreement with two recent structure formulations based on various kinds of chemical and spectral evidence is achieved.
Effect of ascorbic acid on heme metabolism in hepatic microsomes

Abstract Hepatic microsonal cytochrome P-450 levels are significantly decreased (46–68%) in ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs. Studies attempting to elucidate the mechanism responsible for decreased cytochrome P-450 demonstrated that ascorbic acid status did not influence the turnover ( t 1 2 ) or the degradation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 heme. Urinary excretion of Δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and coproporphyrin was significantly decreased (30 and 69% respectively) in ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs. Injections (ip) of ALA into ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs were not effective in returning cytochrome P-450 levels to values found in ascorbic acid-supplemented guinea pigs. In addition, plasma and hepatic iron and blood heme were related directly, while hepatic copper and plasma copper or ceruloplasmin were related inversely, to the ascorbic-acid status of the guinea pig. These data, along with past investigations on heme synthesis in the ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pig, are consistent with mechanisms proposing that ascorbic acid may influence: 1) apocytochrome P-450 synthesis, 2) binding of heme and apo-cytochrome P-450 to form active cytochrome P-450, and/or 3) incorporation of Fe++ into the heme moiety of cytochrome P-450, perhaps via changes in copper metabolism.
Measurements of an optimized beam for x-ray computed mammotomography

Simulation results from previous studies indicate that a quasi-monochromatic x-ray beam can be produced using a newly developed beam filtration technique. This technique utilizes heavy filtration with novel high Z filter materials having k-edges just above those of CsI, producing a near monochromatic beam with mean energy optimized for detection. The value of a near monochromatic x-ray source for a fully 3D tomography application is the expected improved ability to separate tissues with very small differences in attenuation coefficients for a range of uncompressed breast sizes while maintaining dose levels at or below existing dual view mammography. In this study, we experimentally investigate a set of filter materials (Al, Cu, Ag, Ce, W, and Pb), filter thicknesses (10th, 100th, and 200th VL), and tube potentials (40-80 kVp) using a newly constructed test apparatus. Initial experimental results corroborate simulations and indicate that this approach can improve image quality (SNR) at constant dose. Al, Cu, W, and Pb provide optimal exposure efficiency results at 60 kVp and above. Decreasing relative improvements are observed above 100th VL filter thickness at 78 cm SID. Results are obtained without significant tube heating (except at 40 kVp). In addition, simulations indicate significant reductions in beam hardening. This optimized beam will be incorporated into a novel cone-beam x-ray computed mammotomography sub-system together with an emission tomograph in a dual modality CT/SPECT application specific emission and transmission tomography system for fully 3D uncompressed breast imaging.
Dietary vitamin B12, sulfur amino acids, and odd-chain fatty acids affect the responses of rats to nickel deprivation.

An experiment was performed to ascertain whether changing the dietary intake of two substances, cystine and margaric acid (heptadecanoic acid), that affect the flux through pathways involving the two vitamin B12-depednent enzymes, methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, would affect the interaction between nickel and vitamin B12. Rats were assigned to treatment groups of six in a fully crossed, four-factorial arrangement. The independent variables, or factors, were: per kg of fresh diet, nickel analyzed at 25 and 850 μg; vitamin B12 supplements of 0 and 50 μg; margaric acid supplements of 0 and 5 g; andl-cystine supplements of 0 and 12 g. The diet without cystine was marginally deficient in sulfur amino acids. Nickel affected growth, liver wt/body wt ratio (LB/BW), and a number of variables associated with iron, calcium, zinc, copper, and magnesium metabolism. Most of the effects of nickel were modified by the vitamin B12 status of the rat. In numerous cases, the interaction between nickel and vitamin B12 was dependent on, or altered by, the cystine or margaric acid content of the diet. Thus, the findings showed that the extent and the direction of changes in numerous variables in response to nickel deprivation varied greatly with changes in diet composition. These variables include those previously reported to be affected by nickel deprivation, including growth and the distribution or functioning of iron, calcium, zinc, copper, and magnesium. The findings also support the hypothesis that nickel has a biological function in a metabolic pathway in which vitamin B12 is important.
The clinical laboratory and electroencephalographic effects of lithium.

Abstract Eleven patients (six manic, five non-manic) were studied during administration of lithium carbonate. All patients manifested neutrophilia during administration and there was a tendency for elevation in the fasting blood sugar. Serial EEG examinations and lithium determinations were done throughout the study in nine patients. The records of all nine patients showed profound changes in the form of diffuse slowing, widening of the frequency spectrum, potentiation and disorganization of background rhythm. Sensitivity to hyperventilation and paroxysmal bilaterally synchronous delta activity were also noted. Potentiation of an epileptic focus was observed in the EEG of one patient. These findings indicate that the CNS effect of lithium is both cortical and subcortical.
Time-dependent Kohn–Sham approach to multiple ionization

Abstract Multiphoton processes induced by strong laser pulses acting on atoms or molecules can lead to the production of highly ionized states. We present a formalism based on time-dependent density functional theory that allows one to calculate in a simple manner approximations for the probabilities to find an N -electron system in one of its N +1 possible charge states. The method is derived starting from an exact definition of multiple ionization probabilities based on the full many-body wave function. Then, some clear-cut approximation steps are performed leading to explicit formulas for the ion probabilities in terms of time-dependent Kohn–Sham single-particle orbitals. The formalism is shown to become rigorous in certain limiting cases, and we also discuss how a numerical implementation is realized in practice. Recent applications to helium atoms in strong laser fields are reviewed. As an illustration of the method, we perform numerical simulations of multiple ionization of a Na 9 + cluster irradiated with strong, 25-femtosecond laser pulses.
Cyber security recommendations for wide area monitoring, protection, and control systems

Synchrophasor systems are being added to modern power systems to facilitate improved wide area monitoring and wide area protection schemes. As synchrophasor systems are installed utilities must decide if new cyber devices, phasor measurement units and phasor data concentrators, will be declared as The US National Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) cyber critical assets. This paper explores the potential impact of reconnaissance attacks, packet injection attacks, and denial of service attacks on wide area monitoring systems and wide area protection systems. This paper was written to accompany a panel presentation and discussion and was not intended to provide new research results.
David R. Blumenthal. The Banality of Good and Evil: Moral Lessons from the Shoah and Jewish Tradition . Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1999. vii, 326 pp.

The Banality of Good and Evil , by David R. Blumenthal, a scholar/rabbi of Judaic Studies at Emory University, is a welcome addition to the understanding of good and evil. What makes this work unique is that Professor Blumenthal has been able to combine the research from social and experimental psychology, philosophy, education, literature on the Holocaust and rescuers during the Nazi era, and religious teachings from the Jewish tradition.
'Superstitio' in the Codex Theodosianus and the Persecution of Pagans1

The term superstitio is of fundamental importance for scholars of Roman religion and history, for it addresses a question of vital importance to the Roman state: how does the state deal with religious beliefs and practices-either Roman or alien-which are not part of the state religion and are not easily susceptible to state control? Given its importance, the term superstitio has deservedly been the subject of several scholarly studies. These studies have, by and large, examined this term in the texts from antiquity; but the wide range of its meaning and its changing associations in the eight centuries of its usage necessitate that we discuss this term as closely as possible within its historical and literary context. This is especially true for the subject of this paper, the meaning and usage of superstitio in the Codex Theodosianus, for this special context has thus far been either overlooked or misunderstood in general studies of superstitio. In the course of the fourth century, as Christianity gradually replaced paganism as the religion of the Roman state, a series of laws were passed against paganism, many of which survive in the Codex Theodosianus. In these laws, the term superstitio recurs in contexts which have created certain problems of interpretation for scholars of late Roman religion and history. By focussing on the term superstitio in the Codex, I hope to show that superstitio was a basically ambiguous term in these fourth century legal codes (reflecting earlier ambiguities in legal and general usage) which could have different interpretations in different circumstances; it could imply divination (outside the framework of Roman religion), magic, excessive religious fear, paganism or Christianity. Hence it could be particularly viable as a legal term in areas where christians were not yet strong enough to stamp out their pagan opponents.
How many psychiatrists do we need

Projections of manpower needs based on population growth and possibly improving access are unconvincing because of rapid changes in psychiatric practice and because complex social and political forces are influencing the psychiatrist’s role in the mental health system. Given this basic uncertainty, attempts at filling residency positions at all costs are less than responsible. To serve our field well, efforts should be focused on recruiting “the best and the brightest” of our medical students and on providing quality training that stays in tune with the developments of the field and the evolution of the role of the psychiatrist.
Charge resolution of plastic track detectors used to identify relativistic nuclei

Abstract We present measurements of charge resolution in the plastic track detectors CR39(DOP) and Tuffak polycarbonate over the region 10≤ Z β ≤105 , determined from plastic stacks exposed to projectile fragments of 1.29 GeV u 139La, 1.45 GeV u 84Kr, and 1.70 GeV u 56Fe produced by nuclear interactions within the stacks, and to 0.96 GeV u 238U and 1.0 GeV u 197Au ions. The charge resolution obtained is shown to be comparable to the irreducible limit set by fluctuations in energy loss and is consistent with that expected of a track-formation model based on the effects of both K-shell ionization and restricted energy loss.
Wind-tunnel sonic-boom testing techniques.

Wind tunnel tests of sonic boom phenomena, noting weak pressure field measurement, construction of extremely small models, boundary layer effects, etc
Investigations into the route of uptake and pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneally-administered monoclonal antibodies: I. Transdiaphragmatic blockade of the terminal lymphatics in the rat.

Recent studies on the intraperitoneal administration of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies indicate that the diaphragm and, in particular, the lymphatics associated with the diaphragm are more involved in the transport of such high-molecular-mass moieties than was earlier suspected. The current study examines the role of the diaphragm in the i.p. transport of an IgG2a murine monoclonal antibody, 5G6.4, by observing the effect on the absorption of the antibody produced when the diaphragm has been scarred. Normal, sham-operated, and diaphragmatically scarred (abrasions made with 600-grade sandpaper) female Sprague Dawley rats (150–250 g) were administered intraperitoneal injections of125labeled 5G6.4 in a volume of 2.0 cm3. Approximately 5 µg antibody protein was administered in the individual 19-µCi injections per rat. Scarring was effective in partially blocking the amount of labeled antibody that crossed the diaphragm. Mean diaphragm levels (% injected dose/g) of125I-labeled 5G6.4 from the scarred group were 16.8% lower than values from the sham-operated rats and 37.2% lower than those from the control rats. The blockade was effective in slowing the appearance of the labeled antibody in the systemic circulation. The half-time to absorption was significantly prolonged in the scarred group; meant1/2 absorption values of 2.5 h for the control group, 5.3 h for the shamoperated group, and 9.6 h for the diaphragmatically blocked group were recorded. Scarring the diaphragm reduced the mean maximum blood concentration by 27.6% over the control group and 23.9% over the sham-operated group. The mean time to maximum blood concentration was lengthened by 93.0% over the control group and 35.3% over the sham-operated group due as a result of scarification. Presumably this impedence to absorption would increase the time that the radiolabeled antibody bathed the peritoneal space. The scarred group also had the largest “system mean residence time” (162.5 h) compared to the sham-operated (147.9 h) and control (118.7 h) groups. These values further verify the effect of surgery on the kinetics of the i.p. administered radiolabeled monoclonals. This work demonstrates that scarifying the diaphragm does alter the kinetics of the i.p. administered monoclonal antibodies and supports the concept that transdiaphragmatic lymphatic absorption is an important route of antibody clearance from the peritoneal cavity.
The synthesis of a technetium(V) phenylimido complex from pertechnetate. The single crystal X-ray structure of [TcCl3(NPh)(PPh3)2]·CH2Cl2

Abstract The reaction of (NH4)[TcO4] with triphenylphosphine and the organohydrazine N-acetyl, N′-phenylhydrazine (PhNHNHCOCH3) in methanol with a minimal amount of HCl(aq) gives the neutral Tc(V) complex [Tc(NPh)Cl3(PPh3)2] in very good yields. The IR spectrum of this complex displays a strong band in the 1090 cm−1 region which has tentatively been assigned to v(TcN). The (+)FAB mass spectrum does not show the peak associated with the neutral parent species [TcCl3(NPh)(PPh3)2]. However, a prominent feature of 784 m/z is associated with the fragment generated from the loss of a chloride ligand, giving the cationic species [TcCl2(NPh)(PPh3)2]+. Other peaks present in the mass spectrum correspond to the fragments [TcCl2(NPh)(PPh3)]+ of 522 m/z and [TcCl(NPh)(PPh3)]·H+ of 488 m/z. The diamagnetic Tc(V) complex displays a 1H NMR spectrum with the proton signals from the imido-phenyl group resolved from those of the phosphine-phenyl groups. The complex displays distorted octahedral molecular coordination geometry, with mutually trans triphenylphosphine ligands and equatorial phenylimido and chloride ligands. The technetium-nitrogen bond length is 1.704(4) A with a technetium-nitrogen-carbon bond angle of 171.8(4)°, which reflects the sp hybridization of the phenylimido nitrogen atom. Bond lengths and angles involving the chloride and phosphine ligands are unexceptional for technetium in the +5 oxidation state. Crystal data for C43H37NP2Cl5Tc: triclinic space group P 1 , a=10.8651(9), b=12.2236(9), c=16.867(2) A, a=71.998(7)°, β=74.078(7)°, γ=80.336(7)°, V=2040.2 A3, with Dcalc=1.455 g cm−3 to give Z=2. Structure solution based on 9334 reflections converged at R=0.054, Rw=0.053, GOF=1.35. In an analogous reaction, [TcO4]− reacts with benzoylhydrazine (PhCONHNH2) and triphenylphosphine in methanol with HCl to give the Tc(V) nitrido complex [TcNCl2(PPh3)2] in excellent yields.
Changes in Shell Conductance, Pores, and Physical Dimensions of Egg and Shell During the First Breeding Cycle of Turkey Hens

Abstract Measurements of changes in eggs, shells, and the functionality of the shell in conducting vital gases to the chorioallantois in embryos were made three times during the first laying cycle of the same turkey breeder hens. Normal increases in egg size were accompanied by concomitant increases in all physical dimensions of eggs and shells measured. Conductance of the egg shells, however, would allow smaller fractional water losses in late cycle eggs than in early cycle eggs, indicating different environmental incubation conditions may be needed with turkey eggs produced by hens in different stages of the reproductive cycle.
IgE Receptor-Mediated Mast-Cell Renin Release

Renin is a newly discovered constituent of mast cells. Given that mast cells play a major role in IgE-mediated allergic hypersensitivity, we investigated whether activation of the high-affinity IgE receptor FceRI elicits release of mast-cell renin. Cross-linking of FceRI on the surface of mature bone marrow–derived mast cells elicited release of enzymatically active renin protein. The angiotensin I–forming activity of the renin protein was completely blocked by the selective renin inhibitor BILA 2157, which excludes formation of angiotensin I by proteases other than renin. FceRI-mediated mast-cell renin release was inhibited by dexamethasone and potentiated by the proinflammatory mediator PGE2. Furthermore, cross-linking of mast-cell FceRI in ex vivo murine hearts passively sensitized with monoclonal anti-DNP IgE also resulted in mast-cell degranulation and overflow of renin. Our findings indicate that IgE-mediated allergic hypersensitivity provokes release of renin from both cultured and resident cardiac mast cells, a process likely to be exacerbated in a chronic inflammatory background. Given the widespread distribution of mast cells, and the presence of angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme in many tissues, renin release in immediate hypersensitivity reactions could result in local angiotensin II generation and multiorgan dysfunctions.
Use of Daily Growth Increments on Otoliths to Assess Stockings of Hatchery‐Reared Kokanees

Abstract Hatchery-reared kokanees Oncorhynchus nerka may form discernible “stress” checks on their otoliths when they are stocked into lakes and rivers. We established the reliability of this mark for distinguishing age-0 hatchery fish from wild fish in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho. Hatchery fish marked with dietary oxytetracycline (OTC) were recaptured 1–3 months after they had been stocked in the lake. All specimens with OTC marks on their bony structures also had a stress check. We also validated daily otolith increments for age-0 kokanees by comparing increment counts external to the stress check with known days between release and recapture of hatchery fish. Then, counts of daily increments allowed us to correctly identify fish from several co-occurring release groups that had been stocked at different times in the same season. Such discrimination will enhance evaluations of alternative stocking strategies. Because some otolith growth increment counts varied slightly from days at large, and because fish ...