cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charged current quasi-elastic cross-section measurements in MiniBooNE

The neutrino-induced charged-current quasi-elastic (CCQE, νl + n → l- + p or $\bar\nu_l+p\to l^++n$) interaction is the most abundant interaction around 1 GeV, and it is the most fundamental channel to study neutrino oscillations. Recently, MiniBooNE published both muon neutrino1 and muon anti-neutrino2 double differential cross-sections on carbon. In this review, we describe the details of these analyses and include some historical remarks.
Collider signatures of the N = 3 Lee-Wick standard model

Inspired by the Lee-Wick higher-derivative approach to quantum eld theory, Grinstein, O'Connell, and Wise have illustrated the utility of introducing into the Stan- dard Model negative-norm states that cancel quadratic divergences in loop diagrams, thus posing a potential resolution of the hierarchy problem. Subsequent work has shown that consistency with electroweak precision parameters requires many of the partner states to be too massive to be detected at the LHC. We consider the phenomenology of a yet-higher derivative theory that exhibits three poles in its bare propagators (hence N = 3), whose states alternate in norm. We examine the interference eects of W boson partners on
Multifaceted interception of 2-chloro-2-oxoacetic anhydrides: a catalytic asymmetric synthesis of β-lactams

Aziridine-2-carboxylic acids will react with oxalyl chloride to give morpholin-2,3,5-trionones, cyclic N-carboxyanhydrides or β-lactams depending on the nature of the substituent at the 3-position. All substrates can be diverted to β-lactams upon treatment with a Vilsmeier reagent. The three to four membered ring expansion is stereospecific and proceeds with high yields and diastereoselection. This method provides for an asymmetric synthesis of β-lactams from simple aldehydes via a multi-component catalytic asymmetric aziridination reaction.
Reduction and reoxidation of equine gonadotropin alpha-subunits.

Ovine (o) and equine (e) LH alpha-subunits were reduced and reoxidized using conditions known to be effective for bovine and human alpha-subunits. The major product of oLH alpha refolding was alpha-subunit monomer. In contrast, eLH alpha formed a 121,000 mol wt aggregate. Monomeric eLH alpha was recovered, but in greatly reduced yield. To test the effects of carbohydrate variation on the aggregation of equine alpha-subunits, all of the equine gonadotropin alpha-subunits (eFSH alpha, eCG alpha, eLH alpha, and free alpha-subunit) were reduced and reoxidized. In each case, the major product was the 121,000 mol wt aggregate accompanied by monomeric equine alpha. Removal of carbohydrate by trifluoromethane sulfonic acid hydrolysis accentuated the tendency to aggregation during reoxidation. Most reduced-reoxidized deglycosylated eLH alpha did not enter a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. The highest LH receptor-binding activities were found in the alpha-subunit preparations, eLH alpha itself and pi...
Time-varying learning and content analytics via sparse factor analysis

We propose SPARFA-Trace, a new machine learning-based framework for time-varying learning and content analytics for educational applications. We develop a novel message passing-based, blind, approximate Kalman filter for sparse factor analysis (SPARFA) that jointly traces learner concept knowledge over time, analyzes learner concept knowledge state transitions (induced by interacting with learning resources, such as textbook sections, lecture videos, etc., or the forgetting effect), and estimates the content organization and difficulty of the questions in assessments. These quantities are estimated solely from binary-valued (correct/incorrect) graded learner response data and the specific actions each learner performs (e.g., answering a question or studying a learning resource) at each time instant. Experimental results on two online course datasets demonstrate that SPARFA-Trace is capable of tracing each learner's concept knowledge evolution over time, analyzing the quality and content organization of learning resources, and estimating the question--concept associations and the question difficulties. Moreover, we show that SPARFA-Trace achieves comparable or better performance in predicting unobserved learner responses compared to existing collaborative filtering and knowledge tracing methods.
Fertilizer Use, Risk, and Off-Farm Labor Markets in the Semi-Arid Tropics of India

A two-period model is developed in which a risk-averse farmer uses off-farm labor to smooth consumption, leading to greater use of fertilizer. Fertilizer demand is shown to increase with the depth of the off-farm labor market. Controlling for exogenous weather risk, farmers use more fertilizer the lower the unemployment rate and the higher the share of nonagricultural work in total off-farm labor. The results suggest that off-farm labor markets and own-farm production may be complementary in risky production environments, so that policies which promote the depth of the off-farm labor market in low-income areas may also bolster farm productivity. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Unconventional Methods for Fabricating and Patterning Nanostructures.

4.1. Nanomachining with Scanning Probes 1831 4.2. Soft Lithography 1832 4.3. Embossing with Rigid Masters 1835 4.4. Near-Field Phase-Shifting Photolithography 1835 4.5. Topographically Directed Photolithography 1837 4.6. Topographically Directed Etching 1837 4.7. Lithography with Neutral Metastable Atoms 1838 4.8. Approaches to Size Reduction 1839 5. Techniques for Making Regular or Simple Patterns 1839
Radiotherapy Protocol Deviations and Clinical Outcomes: A Meta-analysis of Cooperative Group Clinical Trials

Background Noncompliance with radiotherapy (RT) protocol guidelines has been linked to inferior clinical outcomes. We performed a meta-analysis of cooperative group trials to examine the association between RT quality assurance (QA) deviations and disease control and overall survival (OS).
Specification testing in panel data with instrumental variables

I show that specification tests for correlated fixed effects developed by Hausman and Taylor extend in an analogous way to panel data sets with endogenous regressors. Given panel data, different sets of instrumental variables can be used to construct the test. For a simple class of models, the test in many cases is asymptotically more efficient if an incomplete set of instruments is used. However, in small samples one may do better using the complete set of instruments. Monte Carlo results demonstrate the likely gains for different assumptions about the degree of between and within variance in the data.
Intermolecular aglycon transfer of ethyl thioglycosides can be prevented by judicious choice of protecting groups

Unexpected intermolecular aglycon transfer occurred in chemoseletive glycosylations using glycosyl fluorides or trichloroacetimidates as glycosyl donors and partially protected thioglycosides as glycosyl acceptors. It is shown that this problem can be addressed by fine-tuning of the reactivity of the anomeric thioalkyl moiety and hydroxyl of the acceptor.
POVERTY COMPARISONS WITH ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINES ESTIMATED FROM SURVEY DATA

The objective of measuring poverty is usually to make comparisons over time or between two or more groups. Common statistical inference methods are used to determine whether an apparent difference in measured poverty is statistically significant. Studies of relative poverty have long recognized that when the poverty line is calculated from sample survey data, both the variance of the poverty line and the variance of the welfare metric contribute to the variance of the poverty estimate. In contrast, studies using absolute poverty lines have ignored the poverty line variance, even when the poverty lines are estimated from sample survey data. Including the poverty line variance could either reduce or increase the precision of poverty estimates, depending on the specific characteristics of the data. This paper presents a general procedure for estimating the standard error of poverty measures when the poverty line is estimated from survey data. Based on bootstrap methods, the approach can be used for a wide range of poverty measures and methods for estimating poverty lines. The method is applied to recent household survey data from Mozambique. When the sampling variance of the poverty line is taken into account, the estimated standard errors of Foster–Greer–Thorbecke and Watts poverty measures increase by 15–30 percent at the national level, with considerable variability at lower levels of aggregation.
A Historical Review of Circuit Simulation

Within the Circuits and Systems (CAS) Society, developments in computer-aided circuit analysis and circuit design commenced in the early 1950's using the earliest digital computers. Initially, computer-aided circuit analysis of linear circuits was used in design optimization, design centering, and in determining the effects of parasitics on circuit performance. Although this use of computer-aided circuit analysis has continued, computer-aided design (CAD) and circuit design automation within the CAS Society are now principally concerned with problems associated with the overall design and evaluation of very large circuits and systems.
New Techniques for Context Modeling

We introduce three new techniques for statistical language models: extension modeling, nonmonotonic contexts, and the divergence heuristic. Together these techniques result in language models that have few states, even fewer parameters, and low message entropies.
Searches for Planets Around Neutron Stars

We review the methodology of searches for planet-mass bodies around neutron stars observable as radio pulsars and discuss the current status of these searches. PSR B1257+12, the 6.2-millisecond pulsar, remains the only neutron star accompanied by confirmed planets. It is possible that there is a fourth distant planet in the 1257+12 system. The best of the other candidates for pulsar planets under consideration is a distant, possibly Jovian-mass companion to PSR B1620–26, a 11-millisecond pulsar in the globular cluster M4.
Vortex-induced vibration of a rising and falling cylinder

In this study, we investigate the dynamics of a freely rising and falling cylinder. This is, in essence, a vortex-induced vibration (VIV) system comprising both transverse (Y) and streamwise (X) degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.), but with zero spring stiffness and zero damping. This problem represents a limiting case among studies in VIV, and is an extension of recent research of elastically mounted bodies having very low spring stiffness, as well as bodies with very low mass and damping. We find that if the mass ratio (where m* = cylinder mass/displaced fluid mass) is greater than a critical value, m*crit = 0.545, the body falls or rises with a rectilinear trajectory. As the mass ratio is reduced below m*crit = 0.545, the cylinder suddenly begins to vibrate vigorously and periodically, with a 2P mode of vortex formation, as reported in the preliminary study of Horowitz & Williamson (J. Fluids Struct. vol. 22, 2006, pp. 837–843). The similarity in critical mass between freely rising and elastically mounted bodies is unexpected, as it is known that the addition of streamwise vibration can markedly affect the response and vortex formation in elastically mounted systems, which would be expected to modify the critical mass. However, we show in this paper that the similarity in vortex formation mode (2P) between the freely rising body and the elastically mounted counterpart is consistent with a comparable phase of vortex dynamics, strength of vortices, amplitudes and frequencies of motion and effective added mass (CEA). All of these similarities result in comparable values of critical mass. The principal fact that the 2P mode is observed for the freely rising body is an interesting and consistent result; based on the previous VIV measurements, this is the only mode out of the known set {2S, 2P, 2T} to yield negative effective added mass (CEA < 0), which is a condition for vibration of a freely rising body. In this paper, we deduce that there exists only one possible two degree-of-freedom elastically mounted cylinder system, which can be used to predict the dynamics of freely rising bodies. Because of the symmetry of the vortex wake, this system is one for which the natural frequencies are fNX = 2fNY. Although this seems clear in retrospect, previous attempts to predict critical mass did not take this into account. Implementing such an elastic system, we are able to predict vibration amplitudes and critical mass (m*crit = 0.57) for a freely rising cylinder in reasonable agreement with direct measurements for such a rising body, and even to predict the Lissajous figures representing the streamwise–transverse vibrations for a rising body with very small mass ratios (down to m* = 0.06), unobtainable from our direct measurements.
National high magnetic field laboratory fel injector design consideration

A numerical study of beam dynamics was performed for two injector systems for the proposed National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at the Florida State University (FSU) Free Electron Laser (FEL) facility. The first considered a system consisting of a thermionic DC gun, two buncher cavities operated at 260 MHz and 1.3 GHz and two TESLA type cavities, and is very similar to the injector of the ELBE Radiation Source. The second system we studied uses a DC photogun (a copy of JLab FEL electron gun), one buncher cavity operated at 1.3 GHz and two TESLA type cavities. The study is based on PARMELA simulations and takes into account operational experience of both the JLab FEL and the Radiation Source ELBE. The simulations predict the second system will have a much smaller longitudinal emittance. For this reason the DC photo gun based injector is preferred for the proposed FSU FEL facility.
The Financial Costs of Sadness

We hypothesized a phenomenon that we term myopic misery. According to our hypothesis, sadness increases impatience and creates a myopic focus on obtaining money immediately instead of later. This focus, in turn, increases intertemporal discount rates and thereby produces substantial financial costs. In three experiments, we randomly assigned participants to sad- and neutral-state conditions, and then offered intertemporal choices. Disgust served as a comparison condition in Experiments 1 and 2. Sadness significantly increased impatience: Relative to median neutral-state participants, median sad-state participants accepted 13% to 34% less money immediately to avoid waiting 3 months for payment. In Experiment 2, impatient thoughts mediated the effects. Experiment 3 revealed that sadness made people more present biased (i.e., wanting something immediately), but not globally more impatient. Disgusted participants were not more impatient than neutral participants, and that lack of difference implies that the same financial effects do not arise from all negative emotions. These results show that myopic misery is a robust and potentially harmful phenomenon.
Magnification Effects on Source Counts and Fluxes

We consider the effect of lensing magnification on high redshift sources in the case that magnification varies on the sky, as expected in wide fields of view or within observed galaxy clusters. We give expressions for number counts, flux and flux variance as integrals over the probability distribution of the magnification. We obtain these through a simple mapping between averages over the observed sky and over the magnification probability distribution in the source plane. Our results clarify conflicting expressions in the literature and can be used to calculate a variety of magnification effects. We highlight two applications: 1. Lensing of high-z galaxies by galaxy clusters can provide the dominant source of scatter in SZ observations at frequencies larger than the SZ null. 2. The number counts of high-z galaxies with a Schechter-like luminosity function will be changed at high luminosities to a power law, with significant enhancement of the observed counts at L >
Vicinal Diamino Functionalities as Privileged Structural Elements in Biologically Active Compounds and Exploitation of their Synthetic Chemistry

The chemistry, synthetic routes and medicinal properties of vicinal diamines and imidazolines are discussed. Synthetic routes towards chemically and pharmaceutically important molecules containing vicinal diamine functionality are discussed in detail. This mini review article covers the new developments of diamine chemistry between 2000 and 2005.
Relationship Lending and the Transmission of Monetary Policy

Abstract Repeated interactions allow lenders to uncover private information about their clients, decreasing the informational asymmetry between a borrower and his lender but introducing one between the lender and competing financiers. This paper constructs a credit-based model of production to analyze how learning through lending relationships affects monetary transmission. I examine how monetary policy changes the incentives of borrowers and lenders to engage in relationship lending and how these changes then shape the response of aggregate output. The results demonstrate that relationship lending prevails in equilibrium, smoothes the steady state output profile, and induces less volatile responses to certain monetary shocks.
Laser Diode Polarization Beam Combiners In Optical Communication Systems

Free-space optical communication systems using laser diode transmitters exhibit data rate limitations imposed by the diode's relatively low average output power. Incoherent power combiners represent a viable method for circumventing this limitation. A polarization beam combiner is described, and overall performance is analyzed in terms of signal extinction ratio and total transmitted power. It is shown that in such a combiner it is possible to increase the total transmitted on-axis far-field intensity, but the signal extinction ratio remains constant. The combiner system's true performance is calculated using polarization and power data for different types of laser diodes.
Probing the elastic limit of DNA bending

Sharp bending of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) plays an essential role in genome structure and function. However, the elastic limit of dsDNA bending remains controversial. Here, we measured the opening rates of small dsDNA loops with contour lengths ranging between 40 and 200 bp using single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. The relationship of loop lifetime to loop size revealed a critical transition in bending stress. Above the critical loop size, the loop lifetime changed with loop size in a manner consistent with elastic bending stress, but below it, became less sensitive to loop size, indicative of softened dsDNA. The critical loop size increased from ∼ 60 bp to ∼ 100 bp with the addition of 5 mM magnesium. We show that our result is in quantitative agreement with the kinkable worm-like chain model, and furthermore, can reproduce previously reported looping probabilities of dsDNA over the range between 50 and 200 bp. Our findings shed new light on the energetics of sharply bent dsDNA.
Orally bioavailable small molecule ketoamide-based inhibitors of cathepsin K

Abstract An orally available series of ketoamide-based inhibitors of cathepsin K has been identified. Starting from a potent inhibitor with poor oral bioavailability, modifications to P1 and P1′ elements led to enhancements in solubility and permeability. These improvements resulted in orally available cathepsin K inhibitors.
Intramolecular ortho-arylation of phenols utilized in the synthesis of the aporphine alkaloids (′)-lirinidine and (′)-nuciferine

Abstract A palladium-mediated intramolecular phenol ortho -arylation reaction applied to the construction of aporphine alkaloids is reported. Most significantly, the efficiency of this transformation was enhanced by the utilization of trialkylphosphine (i.e. tricyclohexylphosphine) or trialkylphosphonium salts (i.e. di- tert -butylmethyl-phosphonium tetrafluoroborate) as co-catalysts in the presence of cesium carbonate. This methodology was employed in the syntheses of the aporphine alkaloids (±)-lirinidine and (±)-nuciferine.
Public Corruption in the United States: Implications for Local Firms

We study the relation between state-level public corruption in the United States and firm-value and firms' disclosure policies. Consistent with our hypotheses, firms have significantly lower value (Tobin’s q) and informational transparency in more corrupt areas. Local corruption has a less negative effect on industries that sell primarily to the government, suggesting a quid pro quo between these firms and public officials. Several tests address endogeneity concerns: for example, firms located in different states but close to state borders are affected by differences in state-level corruption, indicating legal jurisdiction matters despite similar local conditions.
Minimum dilation stars

The dilation of a Euclidean graph is defined as the ratio of distance in the graph divided by distance in R^d. In this paper we consider the problem of positioning the root of a star such that the dilation of the resulting star is minimal. We present a deterministic O(nlogn)-time algorithm for evaluating the dilation of a given star; a randomized O(nlogn) expected-time algorithm for finding an optimal center in R^d; and for the case d=2, a randomized O(n2^@a^(^n^)log^2n) expected-time algorithm for finding an optimal center among the input points.
The price ain’t right? Hospital prices and health spending on the privately insured

We use insurance claims data for 27.6 percent of individuals with private employer-sponsored insurance in the US between 2007 and 2011 to examine the variation in health spending and in hospitals’ transaction prices. We document the variation in hospital prices within and across geographic areas, examine how hospital prices influence the variation in health spending on the privately insured, and analyze the factors associated with hospital price variation. Four key findings emerge. First, health care spending per privately insured beneficiary varies by a factor of three across the 306 Hospital Referral Regions (HRRs) in the US. Moreover, the correlation between total spending per privately insured beneficiary and total spending per Medicare beneficiary across HRRs is only 0.14. Second, variation in providers’ transaction prices across HRRs is the primary driver of spending variation for the privately insured, whereas variation in the quantity of care provided across HRRs is the primary driver of Medicare spending variation. Consequently, extrapolating lessons on health spending from Medicare to the privately insured must be done with caution. Third, we document large dispersion in overall inpatient hospital prices and in prices for seven relatively homogenous procedures. For example, hospital prices for lower-limb MRIs vary by a factor of twelve across the nation and, on average, two-fold within HRRs. Finally, hospital prices are positively associated with indicators of hospital market power. Even after conditioning on many demand and cost factors, hospital prices in monopoly markets are 15.3 percent higher than those in markets with four or more hospitals.
Avoiding the Global Sort: A Faster Contour Tree Algorithm

We revisit the classical problem of computing the contour tree of a scalar field $$f:\mathbb {M}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$f:MźR, where $$\mathbb {M}$$M is a triangulation of a ball in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$Rd. The contour tree is a fundamental topological structure that tracks the evolution of level sets of f and has numerous applications in data analysis and visualization. All existing algorithms begin with a global sort of at least all critical values of f, which can require (roughly) $$\Omega (n\log n)$$Ω(nlogn) time, where n is the number of vertices of the mesh. Existing lower bounds show that there are pathological instances where this sort is required. We present the first algorithm whose time complexity depends on the contour tree structure, and avoids the global sort for non-pathological inputs. (We assume that the Morse degree of the function f at any point is at most 3.) If C denotes the set of critical points in $$\mathbb {M}$$M, the running time is roughly $$O(N+\sum _{v \in C} \log \ell _v)$$O(N+źvźCloglv), where $$\ell _v$$lv is the depth of v in the contour tree and N is the total complexity of $$\mathbb {M}$$M. This matches all existing upper bounds, but is a significant asymptotic improvement when the contour tree is short and fat. Specifically, our approach ensures that any comparison made is between nodes that are either adjacent in $$\mathbb {M}$$M or in the same descending path in the contour tree, allowing us to argue strong optimality properties of our algorithm. Our algorithm requires several novel ideas: partitioning $$\mathbb {M}$$M in well-behaved portions, a local growing procedure to iteratively build contour trees, and the use of heavy path decompositions for the time complexity analysis.
Adjoint Fokker-Planck equation and runaway electron dynamics

The adjoint Fokker-Planck equation method is applied to study the runaway probability function and the expected slowing-down time for highly relativistic runaway electrons, including the loss of energy due to synchrotron radiation. In direct correspondence to Monte Carlo simulation methods, the runaway probability function has a smooth transition across the runaway separatrix, which can be attributed to effect of the pitch angle scattering term in the kinetic equation. However, for the same numerical accuracy, the adjoint method is more efficient than the Monte Carlo method. The expected slowing-down time gives a novel method to estimate the runaway current decay time in experiments. A new result from this work is that the decay rate of high energy electrons is very slow when E is close to the critical electric field. This effect contributes further to a hysteresis previously found in the runaway electron population.
Prevalence of “Compressed” and Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles in Healthy Full-Term Neonates: Sonographic Study

The premature infant brain has been thoroughly studied by sonography, and normal standards for ventricular size have been established. Whether these apply to normal full-term infants is uncertain. Fifty-three healthy full-term infants were electively examined by real-time sonography through the anterior fontanelle on the first to sixth days of life. Nine had asymmetric lateral ventricles; two of these had unexpected evidence of intracranial hemorrhage, while a third had a ventricular cyst. Forty-four infants had symmetric ventricles, but in 36 the ventricles had little or no cerebrospinal fluid. Vaginal delivery had a statistically significant association with these ‘compressed’ lateral ventricles. This study indicates that seemingly healthy infants may have unsuspected intracranial hemorrhage, that asymmetric ventricular size may be normal, and that shortly after birth most healthy infants have “compressed” lateral ventricles that should not be interpreted as cerebral edema.
Sorting and Decentralized Price Competition

We investigate the role of search frictions in markets with price competition and how it leads to sorting of heterogeneous agents. There are two aspects of value creation: the match value when two agents actually trade and the probability of trading governed by the search technology. We show that positive assortative matching obtains when complementarities in the former outweigh complementarities in the latter. This happens if and only if the match-value function is root-supermodular, that is, its nth root is supermodular, where n reflects the elasticity of substitution of the search technology. This condition is weaker than the condition required for positive assortative matching in markets with random search.
A TRANSGLUTEAL THA: BACK TO THE FUTURE

The transgluteal approach (TG) offers a user-friendly alternative to the heavily promoted anterior approach (DA) to total hip arthroplasty (THA). Our purpose is to illustrate the advantages and details of the technique, illustrate the surgical anatomy that differentiates TG from the “traditional posterior” technique, and point out the surprising similarities to the DA. Unlike the traditional posterior THA, the TG preserves ITB, quadratus, and obturator externus. The conjoined tendon is released, providing direct access to the femur via the piriformis fossa. Direct acetabular access is facilitated either by using a portal through which reaming and cup impaction are performed or offset instrumentation. Intra-operative digital radiography was used in all cases. We present the clinical and radiographic outcome of 850 consecutive primary THA using the TG. At 2–6 years follow-up, dislocation rate was 0.3%, cup abduction 35–50 degrees in 97%, 92% used a cane within 5 days, 61% reported driving within the first post-operative week. No intra-operative trochanteric fractures, nerve injuries, or wound problems were observed. Three calcar fractures were wired. Hospital stay averaged 1.5 days, no patient received a blood transfusion if their pre-operative hematocrit was normal, and 88% of patients were discharged on acetaminophen only. The TG is a reliable and highly successful alternative to commonly used soft tissue sparing approaches in THA. It permits accelerated recovery while assuring optimal component orientation. The surgeon familiar with the traditional posterior approach can embark on a gradual learning curve that can minimise the complication rate as the surgeon learns the technique.
Cell-probe lower bounds for dynamic problems via a new communication model

In this paper, we develop a new communication model to prove a data structure lower bound for the dynamic interval union problem. The problem is to maintain a multiset of intervals I over [0, n] with integer coordinates, supporting the following operations: 1) insert(a, b), add an interval [a, b] to I, provided that a and b are integers in [0, n]; 2) delete(a, b), delete an (existing) interval [a, b] from I; 3) query(), return the total length of the union of all intervals in I. It is related to the two-dimensional case of Klee’s measure problem. We prove that there is a distribution over sequences of operations with O(n) insertions and deletions, and O(n0.01) queries, for which any data structure with any constant error probability requires Ω(nlogn) time in expectation. Interestingly, we use the sparse set disjointness protocol of Hastad and Wigderson to speed up a reduction from a new kind of nondeterministic communication games, for which we prove lower bounds. For applications, we prove lower bounds for several dynamic graph problems by reducing them from dynamic interval union.
Illiquidity in Sovereign Debt Markets

We study debt policy of emerging economies accounting for credit and liquidity risk. To account for credit risk we study an incomplete markets model with limited commitment and exogenous costs of default following the quantitative literature of sovereign debt. To account for liquidity risk, we introduce search frictions in the market for sovereign bonds. In our model, default and liquidity will be jointly determined. This permits us to structurally decompose spreads into a credit and liquidity component. To evaluate the quantitative performance of the model we perform a calibration exercise using data for Argentina. We find that introducing liquidity risk does not harm the overall performance of the model in matching key moments of the data (mean debt to GDP, mean sovereign spread and volatility of sovereign spread). At the same time, the model endogenously generates bid ask spreads, that can match those for Argentinean bonds in the period of analysis. Regarding the structural decomposition, we find that the liquidity component can explain up to 50 percent of the sovereign spread during bad times; when the sovereign is not close to default, the liquidity component is negligible. Finally, regarding business cycle properties, the model matches key moments in the data.
Intersectoral Linkages, Diverse Information, and Aggregate Dynamics in a Neoclassical Model

What do firms learn from their interactions in markets, and what are the implications for aggregate dynamics? We address this question in a multi-sector real-business cycle model with a sparse input-output structure. In each sector, firms observe their own productivity, along with the prices of their inputs and the price of their output. We show that general equilibrium market-clearing conditions constrain average expectations and characterize a set of cases where average expectations, and therefore average dynamics, are exactly those of the full-information model. This "aggregate irrelevance" of information can occur even when sectoral expectations and dynamics are quite different under partial information, and despite the fact that each sector represents a non-negligible portion of the overall economy. Using sectoral data from the United States, we show that the conditions for aggregate irrelevance of information are far from being met in practice, yet the aggregate dynamics of the model calibrated to match US data remain nearly identical to the model under full-information.
Catalytic Alkene Carboaminations Enabled by Oxidative Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer

Here we describe a dual catalyst system comprised of an iridium photocatalyst and weak phosphate base that is capable of both selectively homolyzing the N-H bonds of N-arylamides (bond dissociation free energies ∼ 100 kcal/mol) via concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and mediating efficient carboamination reactions of the resulting amidyl radicals. This manner of PCET activation, which finds its basis in numerous biological redox processes, enables the formal homolysis of a stronger amide N-H bond in the presence of weaker allylic C-H bonds, a selectivity that is uncommon in conventional molecular H atom acceptors. Moreover, this transformation affords access to a broad range of structurally complex heterocycles from simple amide starting materials. The design, synthetic scope, and mechanistic evaluation of the PCET process are described.
Computing dynamical degrees of rational maps on moduli space

Abstract. The dynamical degrees of a rational map f : X 99K X are fundamental invariants describing the rate of growth of the action of iterates of f on the cohomology of X. When f has nonempty indeterminacy set, these quantities can be very di cult to determine. We study rational maps f : XN 99K XN , where XN is isomorphic to the Deligne-Mumford compactification M0,N+3. We exploit the stratified structure of XN to provide new examples of rational maps, in arbitrary dimension, for which the action on cohomology behaves functorially under iteration. From this, all dynamical degrees can be readily computed (given enough book-keeping and computing time). In this article, we explicitly compute all of the dynamical degrees for all such maps f : XN 99K XN , where dim(XN ) 6 3 and the first dynamical degrees for the mappings where dim(XN ) 6 5. These examples naturally arise in the setting of Thurston’s topological characterization of rational maps.
A Unified Approach to the Four Azaindoline Families by Inter-/Intramolecular Annulative Diamination of Vinylpyridines

An operationally straightforward and metal-free inter-/intramolecular oxidative diamination of vinyl aminopyridines is a common gateway to access all four azaindoline heterocycle families. 3-Amino azaindolines are formed by the reaction of ortho-vinyl N-tosyl anilines with electron-rich amines using phenyliododiaceate (PIDA) and an iodide additive.
Tetramethyleneethane Equivalents: Recursive Reagents for Serialized Cycloadditions

New reactions and reagents that allow for multiple bond-forming events per synthetic operation are required to achieve structural complexity and thus value with step-, time-, cost-, and waste-economy. Here we report a new class of reagents that function like tetramethyleneethane (TME), allowing for back-to-back [4 + 2] cycloadditions, thereby amplifying the complexity-increasing benefits of Diels–Alder and metal-catalyzed cycloadditions. The parent recursive reagent, 2,3-dimethylene-4-trimethylsilylbutan-1-ol (DMTB), is readily available from the metathesis of ethylene and THP-protected 4-trimethylsilylbutyn-1-ol. DMTB and related reagents engage diverse dienophiles in an initial Diels–Alder or metal-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition, triggering a subsequent vinylogous Peterson elimination that recursively generates a new diene for a second cycloaddition. Overall, this multicomponent catalytic cascade produces in one operation carbo- and heterobicyclic building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of natur...
INSTABILITY: CAUSALITIES & CURES

Introduction Recurrent dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a complex, multifactorial problem that has been shown to be the most common indication for revision THA. The purpose of this study was to classify causes of instability and evaluate outcomes based on an algorithmic approach to treatment. Methods Two surgeons performed 77 consecutive revisions for instability. Patients had a mean of 2 (range, 0 to 6) prior operative attempts to resolve their instability. Subjects were divided into 6 types based on the etiology of instability: I) malposition of the acetabular component, II) malposition of the femoral component, III) abductor deficiency, IV) impingement, V) late wear, or VI) unclear etiology. Types I /II were treated with revision of the malpositioned component, Type III/VI with a constrained liner, Type IV by removing sources of impingement and Type V with a liner change. Large (>36 mm) femoral heads were used routinely. Results The causes of instability were Type I: 25 (33%); Type II: 8 (10%); Type III: 28 (37%); Type IV: 7 (9%); Type V: 5 (7%); Type VI: 3 (4%). At a mean of 32.5 months (Range, 24 to 79) 12 patients re-dislocated (15.6%). Among these 12 failures 8 (75%) were in patients with abductor insufficiency (Type III) treated with a constrained liner. Conclusions The most common causes of instability were cup malposition and abductor insufficiency. Our treatment protocol had an 84.4% success rate. The highest risk of failure was in patients with abductor insufficiency with a revision for other etiologies having a success rate of 92%.
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF THE EXTENSOR MECHANISM

General Principles: All repairs should be repaired in full extension. Repairs should be immobilised in full extension for 6–12 weeks. Gradual resumption of motion in a hinged brace over an additional 6–8 weeks almost always yields flexion to at least 90 degrees. Marlex Mesh has been shown to be an excellent replacement as well as an augment for deficient soft tissue. Acute tibial tuberosity avulsion: Open repair is best accomplished with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture, secured distally around a screw and washer followed by 6–8 weeks of immobilization. Augmentation with a semitendinosus graft or Marlex can provide additional support. Acute Patella Tendon Rupture: End-to-end repair is standard, but re-rupture is not uncommon, so supplemental semitendinosus reconstruction is recommended. The tendon is harvested proximally, left attached distally and passed through a transverse hole in the inferior patella. The gracilis tendon can be harvested and sutured to semitendinosus for additional length if needed. Acute Quadriceps Tendon Rupture: These can be repaired end-to-end with a non-absorbable heavy Krackow suture. A superficial quadriceps fascial turndown or mesh may be a useful adjunct. Patella Fracture: Treatment depends on the status of the patellar component and the loss of active extension. If the component remains well fixed and the patient has less than a 20 degree lag. A loose component and/or > 20 degree extensor lag requires ORIF +/− component revision. Chronic Disruptions: While standard repair techniques are possible, tissue retraction usually prevents a “tension-free” repair. In most chronic disruptions allograft extensor mechanism reconstruction is preferable. If the patella remains viable and has not retracted proximally an Achilles tendon graft is appropriate while in any patellar tendon defect, mesh repair has been shown to be effective.
The neuristor

The NEURlSTOR, derived from neuron, is a term assigned to a class of structures that exhibits attenuationless signal propagation, as in the attenuationless propagation of the chemical burning zone along a simple fuse, or the attenuationless propagation of the ionic discharge along the axon of a nerve fiber. Totally distributed, one-dimensional electronic lines, exhibiting such a propagation mode, can also be realized. Attenuationless propagation represents no violation of energy conservation since, as the signal propagates, energy flows transversely into the line. A line consists essentially of a distributed, triggerable active element arranged so that when any portion of line is triggered, some or all of the locally available energy is converted into a form suitable for triggering the neighboring section of line. Thus, in a chemical fuse, if the temperature at any point passes threshold the resulting combustion generates a local temperature rise sufficient to activate the adjacent section of line. Although a fuse is a one-time device, the axon heals after each discharge and can be used an indefinite number of times. In conformity with the terminology of neurophysiologists, the period of healing, or recovery, is referred to as the refractory period.
Projection-Specific Visual Feature Encoding by Layer 5 Cortical Subnetworks

Primary neocortical sensory areas act as central hubs, distributing afferent information to numerous cortical and subcortical structures. However, it remains unclear whether each downstream target receives a distinct version of sensory information. We used in vivo calcium imaging combined with retrograde tracing to monitor visual response properties of three distinct subpopulations of projection neurons in primary visual cortex. Although there is overlap across the groups, on average, corticotectal (CT) cells exhibit lower contrast thresholds and broader tuning for orientation and spatial frequency in comparison to corticostriatal (CS) cells, whereas corticocortical (CC) cells have intermediate properties. Noise correlational analyses support the hypothesis that CT cells integrate information across diverse layer 5 populations, whereas CS and CC cells form more selectively interconnected groups. Overall, our findings demonstrate the existence of functional subnetworks within layer 5 that may differentially route visual information to behaviorally relevant downstream targets.
A PANEL ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD CAR OWNERSHIP AND MOBILITY

Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Infrastructure Planning and Management, No. 383/IV-7 An analytical framework is developed in this study for panel analysis of travel behavior. The model system involves two endogenous variables; one is discrete and the other continuous. It is assumed that the errors associated with each of the endogenous variables are serially correlated, and that the errors for the two endogenous variables are also correlated. The model components are singly estimated in a sequential manner using correction terms which account for the correlations among the errors. The approach is an extension of the method used to correct for sample selectivity and applied previously in the transportation field to examine attrition bias in panel data, vehicle acquisition and utilization, and activity engagement and time allocation.
"Gradient marker" – a universal wave pattern in an inhomogeneous continuum

Wave transport in a media with slow spatial gradient of its characteristics is found to exhibit a universal wave pattern ("gradient marker") in a vicinity of the maxima/minima of the gradient. In contrast to e. g. Anderson localization [1] and quantum carpets [2] it may exist in the absence of confining structures or quantum potential as well as of multi-mode interference. The pattern is common for optics, quantum mechanics and any other propagation governed by the same wave equation. Derived analytically, it has an elegantly simple yet nontrivial single-cycle profile [3], which is found to be in perfect agreement with numerical simulations for specific examples.
Lithologic control on the form of soil-mantled hillslopes

Slopes in steady-state soil-mantled landscapes tend to increase downslope in a way that balances local transport capacity with the sediment supplied from progressively larger source areas. Most formulations of sediment transport due to hillslope processes scale transport rate with local slope, which produces convex-up forms that are independent of the properties of the underlying lithologies. In this study, we document soil-mantled hillslopes that show variations in slope that mimic the underlying stratigraphy. We present stratigraphic and soil-thickness measurements, topographic analyses, and numerical models to demonstrate that variations in rock type can impact the forms of these soil-mantled hillslopes if hillslope transport rates scale with local slope and soil thickness. This demonstrates that hillslope forms in soil-mantled landscapes can be influenced by the underlying lithology through a coupling between the processes that produce soil from rock and those that transport this soil downslope.
Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) Thermal Vacuum Testing: Aspects of Spectral Characterization

Thermal vacuum testing of GIFTS was performed at the Space Dynamics Laboratory and completed in September 2006. With a focus on spectral characterization of the sensor, analyses of selected thermal vacuum tests will be presented.
Gamma-Ray Vulcanization of Rubber

Abstract An experimental study was made of the vulcanization of rubber by the cross-linking action of intense gamma radiation from a Co 60 source. Vulcanization by heat and chemicals is an important, highly developed industrial process, the essential feature of which is the chemical cross linking of the rubber molecules by sulphur atoms. With gamma-ray vulcanization, the cross-linking occurs by the elimination of hydrogen and the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, which are more stable than sulphur bonds. The usual vulcanizing agents and sulphur werefound to have only slight influence on gamma-ray vulcanization, but fillers enhanced the effects of the radiation, probably through scattering or other interaction with the photons. The tensile strengths developed with a series of fillers were found to increase with the specific volumes of the fillers. Tensile strengths obtained with gamma-ray vulcanization were not as high as can be secured by conventional vulcanization. The radiation dose required for vulcanization was relatively large, 1 to 5 × 10 7 rep. If there were no heat losses, such a dose would raise the temperature of the rubber to ordinary vulcanizing temperatures. Typical potential advantages of gamma-ray vulcanization include uniform vulcanization of thick articles, more stable, better ageing vulcanizates, cold vulcanization of extruded shapes or preforms, and faster preliminary processing of the rubber stock. The development of industrial applications of gamma-ray vulcanization may be contingent on the economical utilization of fission-waste products or spent reactor-fuel elements and developments in the technology of working with intense radiations.
Intercusp geodesics and the invariant trace field of hyperbolic 3-manifolds

Given a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold with finite volume, we define two types of complex parameters which capture geometric information about the preimages of geodesic arcs traveling between cusp cross-sections. We prove that these parameters are elements of the invariant trace field of the manifold, providing a connection between the intrinsic geometry of a 3-manifold and its number-theoretic invariants. Further, we explore the question of choosing a minimal collection of arcs and associated parameters to generate the field. We prove that for a tunnel number $k$ manifold it is enough to choose $3k$ specific parameters. For many hyperbolic link complements, this approach allows one to compute the field from a link diagram. We also give examples of infinite families of links where a single parameter can be chosen to generate the field, and the polynomial for it can be constructed from the link diagram as well.