cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11 Economics of water resources: a survey

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the application of economic concepts to study the consumption, supply, and allocation of water resources. Water management poses a wide array of issues for economists because few commodities are so pervasively involved in human economic activities. To an important degree, the location and intensity of economic activities depend on the availability of water for drinking, for agricultural and industrial production, for sanitation and waste assimilation, for transportation, and for aesthetic and recreational benefits. Water is said to be the only substance that exists in all three physical states—solid, liquid, and gas—within the normal temperature range found on the earth's surface. Through the process known as the hydrologic cycle, the earth's water inventory is continually being transformed among the three states. No form of life on the earth can exist without water. Water is a universal solvent. The chapter reviews those characteristics of water resource systems that serve to set them apart from other resources, with particular reference to the attributes that serve as the basis for public intervention. It also describes the nature of interventions that have been made and emphasizes the need for evaluating them in terms of their objectives.
Ion Permeation in Cell Membranes

Selective membrane permeability to small ions underlies such important cell activities as the generation of electrical impulses in nerve and muscle cells, the release of neurotransmitters and hormones, sensory transduction, and epithelial transport. Because the energy change involved in moving an ion such as potassium or sodium from the aqueous medium to the nonpolar interior of a bare lipid bilayer is enormous, on the order of 60 kcal/mole,(251,252) cells have developed specialized structures which lower the energy for movement of ions through the cell membrane. One class of these structures, termed ion channels, decreases this energy by providing a polar, aqueous pathway through the lipid. Ion channels act as enzymes in that they lower the transition energy for ion movement from one side of the membrane to the other. Ion channels are proteins and show several other properties characteristic of enzymes: the transport through channels saturates with increasing substrate (ion) concentration, channels are specific for the passage of particular ions, and channels can be competitively inhibited (blocked). Ion channels also show the interesting feature that both catalytic functions (permeation) and regulatory functions (gating) are influenced by interactions with the membrane electric field.
New Congruences for the Partition Function

Let p(n) denote the number of unrestricted partitions of a non-negative integer n. In 1919, Ramanujan proved that for every non-negative n\(\begin{gathered} p(5 + 4) \equiv 0(\bmod 5), \hfill \\ p(7n + 5) \equiv 0(\bmod 7), \hfill \\ p(11n + 6) \equiv 0(\bmod 11). \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \)
Tensor-entanglement renormalization group approach as a unified method for symmetry breaking and topological phase transitions

Traditional mean-field theory is a generic variational approach for analyzing symmetry breaking phases. However, this simple approach only applies to symmetry breaking states with short-range entanglement. In this paper, we describe a generic approach for studying two-dimensional (2D) quantum phases with long-range entanglement (such as topological phases). The method is based on (a) a general class of trial wave functions known as tensor-product states and (b) a 2D real-space renormalization group algorithm for efficiently calculating expectation values for these states. We demonstrate our method by studying several simple 2D quantum spin models exhibiting both symmetry breaking phase transitions and topological phase transitions. Our approach can be viewed as a unified mean-field theory for both symmetry breaking phases and topological phases.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS PRIOR TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS IN A COMMUNITY OF OLDER ADULTS

Cardiovascular disease risk factors were measured 10-15 years (mean, 11.9 years) prior to the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Rancho Bernardo, California. There were 1,847 men and women aged 40-79 years who had no known diabetes or fasting hyperglycemia at baseline (1972-1974). At the follow-up examination (1984-1987), 1,115 men and women (60.4%) had normal glucose tolerance, 513 (27.8%) had impaired glucose tolerance, and 219 (11.9%) had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as defined by World Health Organization criteria. Rates of impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus increased with age, and impaired glucose tolerance was approximately twice as common as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Those with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were older and more overweight and had higher levels of blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and triglyceride at baseline than those whose glucose tolerance remained normal; those with impaired glucose tolerance generally had intermediate levels of the same risk factors. When it was examined in a prospective fashion, in general, the age-adjusted risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus increased with increasing quartile of each risk factor, and the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a given quartile was greater than that for impaired glucose tolerance. Logistic regression analyses showed these factors to be positively associated with a subsequent diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance as well as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women, and to a lesser degree in men, independent of baseline age and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2). These data illustrate that a less favorable cardiovascular risk factor profile precedes the diagnosis of both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance.
Comparison of visual perceptual organization in schizophrenia and body dysmorphic disorder

Abstract People with schizophrenia are impaired at organizing potentially ambiguous visual information into well-formed shape and object representations. This perceptual organization (PO) impairment has not been found in other psychiatric disorders. However, recent data on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), suggest that BDD may also be characterized by reduced PO. Similarities between these groups could have implications for understanding the RDoC dimension of visual perception in psychopathology, and for modeling symptom formation across these two conditions. We compared patients with SCZ ( n =24) to those with BDD ( n =20), as well as control groups of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients ( n =20) and healthy controls ( n =20), on two measures of PO that have been reliably associated with schizophrenia-related performance impairment. On both the contour integration and Ebbinghaus illusion tests, only the SCZ group demonstrated abnormal performance relative to controls; the BDD group performed similarly to the OCD and CON groups. In addition, on both tasks, the SCZ group performed more abnormally than the BDD group. Overall, these data suggest that PO reductions observed in SCZ are not present in BDD. Visual processing impairments in BDD may arise instead from other perceptual disturbances or attentional biases related to emotional factors.
Finite Element Analysis of Rolling Contact for Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening Bearing Steel

A Mroz image point, two surface, nonlinear-kinematic-hardening-plastic (MNKP) representation of bearing steel is inserted into a finite element model of 2-dimensional, line contact for pure rolling. The calculations are compared with previous results for the same contact pressure derived for elastic-linear-kinematic-hardening-plastic (ELKP) behavior. The residual stress, deformation, and the connection between continuing cyclic deformation, etching bands, and cracks are analyzed. Unlike the ELKP constitutive properties, the MNKP behavior displays a distinct transient region which results in higher residual stresses.
Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart?

This study evaluated the effects of two versions of a six-week group forgiveness intervention for college women who had been wronged in a romantic relationship. Participants (N = 58) were randomly assigned to a secular, religiously integrated, or no-intervention comparison condition. Participants completed a variety of forgiveness and mental health measures at one-week pretest, one-week posttest, and six-week follow-up. Participants in both intervention conditions improved significantly more than did those in the comparison condition on two measures of forgiveness and a measure of existential well-being. Program effects were maintained at six-week follow-up. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no differential treatment effects when comparing participants in the secular and the religiously integrated conditions. Participants generally rated the programs favorably. Forgiveness strategies utilized by participants also were examined.
Understanding depth variation of deep seismicity from in situ measurements of mineral strengths at high pressures

Strengths of major minerals of Earth's mantle have been measured using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction at high pressures. Analysis of the diffraction peak widths is used to derive the yield strengths. Systematic analysis of the experimental result for olivine, wadsleyite, ringwoodite and perovskite indicates that minerals in the upper mantle, the transition zone and the lower mantle have very distinct strength character. Increasing temperature weakens the upper mantle mineral, olivine, significantly. At high temperature and high pressure, the transition zone minerals, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, have higher strengths than the upper mantle mineral. Among all the minerals studied, the lower mantle mineral, perovskite, has the highest strength. While both the upper mantle and the transition zone minerals show a notable strength drop, the strength of the lower mantle mineral shows just an increase of relaxation rate (no strength drop) when the temperature is increased stepwise by 200 K. The strength characteristics of these major mantle minerals at high pressures and temperatures indicate that yield strength may play a crucial role in defining the profile of deep earthquake occurrence with depth.
Resistance and Risk: Examining the Effects of Message Cues in Encouraging End-of-Life Planning:

Abstract Several organizations have made efforts in their marketing communications to encourage consumers to make decisions about death care and other end-of-life alternatives before these services are needed. The purpose of this research is to compare persuasive communication strategies derived from the approach–avoidance conflict model to encourage end-of-life planning behavior. This research addresses the psychological resistance consumers may have toward planning, including factors that may impede message processing. Results provide evidence that planning may be influenced by the use of specific messages that reduce resistance and perceptions of invulnerability. The authors conclude with implications for social marketing programs that encourage end-of-life planning.
Frequency of nude figure drawings.

Summary Of 91 male undergraduates enrolled in a weight-lifting course who were requested to draw a male figure, 48% drew a complete nude with genitalia and an additional 16% drew a full nude figure with the exception of genitalia. Analysis of the possible bases of this rare result suggests the importance of considering and reporting in detail a variety of features of the research context, such as instructions, other assessment procedures, clinicians' and subjects' hypotheses, and grouping of subjects.
Wallace’s ‘Normative Approach’ to Moral Responsibility

R. Jay Wallace's Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments is an interesting and provocative book. In the brief space available to me I will not discuss the points on which I agree with Wallace, nor will I consider the point libertarians are most likely to disagree with-namely, his claim that moral responsibility for some act does not require the specific ability to do something else. Instead, I want to consider Wallace's arguments for his 'normative approach' to questions of moral responsibility. Most writers on this topic begin by asking when someone is in fact morally responsible for what she does, and assume that the answer to this question determines when it is appropriate to hold her morally responsible. Wallace thinks that this gets things backwards. On his view, we should ask first when it is appropriate to hold someone morally responsible, and the answer to this question determines whether she is in fact morally responsible. Moreover, on his view, the question when it is appropriate to hold someone morally responsible turns on the question when it is fair to do so. Thus, the question when someone is in fact morally responsible must be answered by appeal not to metaphysics but to normative ethics. Wallace argues for this approach on pp. 86-95. As I understand it, his argument is this: One might suppose that there are facts about whether or not someone is morally responsible for her conduct, and that these facts are prior to, and conceptually independent of, our practice of holding persons responsible. But Wallace cannot see how to make sense of this idea, and so he rejects it. Since he also wants to reject both the idea that there is no fact of the matter about whether persons are morally responsible and the idea that someone is responsible for her conduct just in case we are disposed to hold her responsible, he considers instead the view that someone is responsible just in case it is appropriate for her to be held responsible. Recognizing, however, that the term 'appropriate' needs specification, he asks how we should construe it in this context. He then claims that we can interpret it in terms of either of two sorts of norms: "theoretical norms, which subserve our interests
Death threat before and after attempted suicide: A clinical investigation

Abstract While participating in a study of death attitudes, “Cary” (a pseudonym) completed two death orientation measures before and after his attempt to kill himself: Changes in his view of himself and death are examined as they reflect on a hypothesis regarding the impending collapse of a suicidal person's construct system and as they portray the meaning of Cary's self-destructive act. Implications are drawn with respect to a personal construct assessment of suicidal individuals and with respect to future research on suicidal behavior.
The Fully Polynomial Approximation Algorithm for the 0-1 Knapsack Problem

A modified fast approximation algorithm for the 0-1 knapsack problem with improved complexity is presented, based on the schemes of Ibarra, Kim and Babat. By using a new partition of items, the algorithm solves the n -item 0-1 knapsack problem to any relative error tolerance e > 0 in the scaled profit space P*/K = O ( 1/ e 1+δ ) with time O(n log(1/e )+1/ e^{2+2δ}) and space O(n +1/ ɛ^{2+δ}), where P^{*} and b are the maximal profit and the weight capacity of the knapsack problem, respectively, K is a problem-dependent scaling factor, δ={α}/(1+α) and α=O( log b ). This algorithm reduces the exponent of the complexity bound in [5].
The structure and interrelationship of fungal populations in native and cultivated soils

Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes have been characterized for 120 isolates of the asexual fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Sixty of these isolates were obtained from soil in a native grassland in the San Joaquin Valley of California, including 20 isolates from each of six different sampling locations. The same sampling strategy was used to obtain 60 additional isolates from an agricultural field of the same soil type directly adjacent to the native soil. Twenty-three different mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were identified among the 120 isolates, including 11 haplotypes represented by two or more isolates and 12 that were unique. The five most common mitochondrial DNA haplotypes accounted for 93 (78%) of the 120 isolates. Isolates representing each of these five mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were found both in the cultivated and in the native soil. Seventy-two per cent of the isolates found in the cultivated soil were associated with the same mitochondrial DNA haplotype as one or more isolates in the native soil. The remaining isolates in the cultivated soil were associated with comparatively rare mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, most of which showed a close relationship to one of the haplotypes found in the native soil. Hierarchial gene diversity analysis indicated that a significant proportion of the mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity was attributable to differences between sampling sites in the native soil but not in the cultivated soil. This may reflect significant spatial structuring of genetic diversity in populations of F. oxysporum in a native soil. The proportion of mtDNA haplotype diversity attributable to differences between populations in the native and cultivated soils was not significant. This suggests that our entire collection, encompassing strains from both native and cultivated soils, is representative of a single population of F. oxysporum.
Anomalous thermal contraction of the first coordination shell in metallic alloy liquids

Except for a few anomalous solids and liquids, materials expand upon heating. For liquids, this should be reflected as a shift in the peak positions in the pair correlation function, g(r), to higher r. Here, we present the results of a detailed study of the volume thermal expansion coefficients and the temperature dependences of g(r) for a large number of binary, ternary, and quaternary liquids in the equilibrium and supercooled (metastable liquid below the liquidus temperature) states. The data were obtained from x-ray scattering and volume measurements on levitated liquids using the electrostatic levitation technique. Although the volumes of all liquids expand with increasing temperature, the peak positions in g(r) for the first coordination shells contract for the majority of alloy liquids studied. The second and third peaks in g(r) expand, but at rates different from those expected from the volume expansion. This behavior is explained qualitatively in terms of changes in the coordination numbers and bond-lengths as clusters in liquids break up with increasing temperature.
Intrarenal oxygenation by blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI in contrast nephropathy model: Effect of the viscosity and dose

Purpose: To compare the effects of osmolality versus viscosity of radio-contrast media on intra-renal oxygenation as determined by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) MRI in a model of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (10 mg/kg), cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 mg/kg), or saline, and radio-contrast iodixanol (high viscosity, 784 or 1600 mg I/kg) or iothalamate (high osmolality, 1600 mg I/kg) were administered. BOLD MRI images were acquired on Siemens 3 Tesla (T) scanner using a multiple gradient recalled echo sequence at baseline, following L-NAME (or saline), indomethacin (or saline), and radio-contrast agents. R2* (=1/T2*) was used as the BOLD MRI parameter in renal medulla and cortex. Mixed-effects models with first order auto-regressive variance-covariance models were used to analyze the data. Results: The magnitude of change in medullary R2* (MR2*) with same dose of iodine was larger with iodixanol compared with iothalalmate both in pretreated groups (303% versus 225.6%, < 0.01) and the control group (191.6% versus −1.8%, P < 0.01). The MR2* change in high dose iodixanol was approximately twice compared with the low dose (303% versus 133%, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The viscosity of radio-contrast seems to play a more significant role than osmolality in terms of renal oxygenation changes as evaluated by BOLD MRI. Additionally, iodixanol induced a dose-dependent increase in renal medullary hypoxia. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:1162–1167. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perturbational aspects of the linear transport equation

Abstract The aim of this paper is to stimulate further work in the application of perturbation theorems to linear transport theory. The collision operator is a bounded perturbation to the collisionless transport operator, this fact is used to study the semigroup generated by the transport operator and the perturbation of its spectrum.
Comment on High-Energy Wide-Angle Proton Compton Scattering

A bootstrap theory of the hadrons satisfying crossing symmetry and asymptotic unitarity which was recently proposed by the author is shown to lead to an interesting and testable prediction for high-energy wide-angle proton Compton scattering.
Membrane lipids of a psychrophilic and barophilic deep-sea bacterium

In a psychrophilic and barophilic marine bacterial isolate of the genusAlteromonas, the ratio of total unsaturated versus saturated fatty acids in the membrane lipids increased when the organism was grown at increasing hydrostatic pressures and decreasing temperatures. This regulatory capacity, as well as the presence of relatively large amounts of 20:5 polyunsaturated fatty acid, appear to be functional in maintaining membrane fluidity within a range of pressures distinctly below and above the specific optimum and at typical deep sea temperatures.
Effects of H1 Histone Variant Overexpression on Chromatin Structure

The importance of histone H1 heterogeneity and total H1 stoichiometry in chromatin has been enigmatic. Here we report a detailed characterization of the chromatin structure of cells overexpressing either H10 or H1c. Nucleosome spacing was found to change during cell cycle progression, and overexpression of either variant in exponentially growing cells results in a 15-base pair increase in nucleosome repeat length. H1 histones can also assemble on chromatin and influence nucleosome spacing in the absence of DNA replication. Overexpression of H10 and, to a lesser extent, H1c results in a decreased rate of digestion of chromatin by micrococcal nuclease. Using green fluorescent protein-tagged H1 variants, we show that micrococcal nuclease-resistant chromatin is specifically enriched in the H10 variant. Overexpression of H10 results in the appearance of a unique mononucleosome species of higher mobility on nucleoprotein gels. Domain switch mutagenesis revealed that either the N-terminal tail or the central globular domain of the H10 protein could independently give rise to this unique mononucleosome species. These results in part explain the differential effects of H10 and H1c in regulating chromatin structure and function.
Faith-based motivation and leader development: International service experiences as catalyst for moral development and cultural intelligence

Global leaders must be able to embrace complexity with creativity and integrity to meet the adaptive challenges of work and relationships in the contemporary world. Successful response to challenges involves a transformational process. This research addresses the scarcity of quantitative longitudinal research on conditions that may initiate or enhance developmental movement by examining the impact of international service experiences on adult development in the domains of moral reasoning (MR) and cultural intelligence (CQ). Data on MR level were collected using the Defining Issues Tests prior to and following short-term international voluntary service projects. CQ data were collected using the CQ Questionnaire. Research findings are reported and implications for future research, as well as implications for refining design and assessment of international service experiences as venues for developing leadership competencies are discussed.
Consideration of user needs and spatial accuracy in drought mapping.

Abstract: The increasing availability of web mapping tools creates new opportunities to bridge decision-makers’ climate information needs with technical capabilities. These new tools, however, raise familiar, unresolved issues related to cartographic representation. Using an on-line drought mapping tool, this study seeks to understand which spatial unit best meets the desire drought managers have for “local” information, their comprehension of uncertainties introduced in mapping information at local scales, and their willingness to trade off accuracy for information at a desired unit. We found that the most useful local map information includes regional context and boundaries which present their local area of interest. Even among this experienced, well-educated, professional group, those who had not taken a GIS or cartography class did not fully recognize the role of interpolation in creating and introducing uncertainty to some drought maps. Those who did recognize the uncertainty introduced by interpolation still strongly favored maps that provided estimated values for all areas vs. station point accuracy. Mapping poses a unique set of challenges to communicating risk and uncertainty. As more decision-support efforts incorporate web mapping, greater attention is needed to assure that users understand the tradeoffs between accuracy and precision in creating local information, the imprecision of boundaries, as well as the limits of forecasts. Clearly conveying spatial accuracy and uncertainty is a challenge that merits greater attention in using maps to communicate drought and other environmental risk information.
DSC: A rapid method for isothermal nucleation rate measurement

Abstract The use of differential scanning calorimetry with a rapid cool to isothermal hold temperature program provides a convenient, rapid, and accurate method for monitoring emulsion droplet nucleation. This type of isothermal nucleation rate measurement corresponds to the classical isothermal dilatometric method. Differential scanning calorimetry can also be used to monitor constant cooling heat release from emulsion droplet crystallization to provide in a single experiment a method for calculating the temperature dependence of the nucleation rate. This second use of DSC corresponds to the constant cooling microscopic methods for measuring the temperature dependence of the nucleation rate. The nucleation kinetics for the liquid to solid transformation have been monitored by both differential scanning calorimetric methods for an emulsion of droplets of an alloy (90% tin-10% bismuth). The results are consistent with a homogeneous nucleation mechanism for generating the nuclei.
Eosinophilic granuloma of the hand: Case report

Eosinophilic granuloma is a destructive lesion of bone representing localized manifestations of histiocytosis X. The cause and pathogenesis remain unknown. A case is reported in which an 11-month-old patient had a destructive lesion of the proximal phalanx of her long finger. Solitary lesions of eosinophilic granuloma of the hand have not been previously described, and the age of this patient is particularly unusual.
Experimental studies of in-situ microbial enhanced oil recovery

Experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of using microorganisms in EOR, particularly for the correction of permeability variation. The use of microorganisms requires the ability to transport viable cells as well as the nutrients required for cellular growth through reservoir formations. Nutrients such as glucose, peptone-protein, and phosphate and ammonium ions were transported through brine-saturated Berea sandstone cores in amounts sufficient to support microbial growth. Viable bacterial cells were transported through sandstone cores of 170-md permeability. Less than 1% of the influent cell concentration was recovered in the effluent, indicating a high degree of cell retention inside the core. The addition of nutrients to these cores and subsequent incubation to allow for microbial growth resulted in permeability reductions of 60 to 80%. These data show that the growth of microorganisms significantly reduces the permeability of porous rock.
Recent advances in chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer

Recently, several important studies have validated prostatespecific antigen (PSA) as a reliable measure of response to chemotherapeutic treatment in advanced hormonerefractory prostate cancer. Furthermore, although chemotherapy in this setting has always been considered palliative, several analyses of recent clinical trials have demonstrated a significant association between declines in PSA values of 50% or more and prolonged survival. Mitoxantrone, in combination with prednisone, has been shown to provide significant palliation and improved quality of life. The use of combinations of chemotheraputic agents also seems to provide significantly superior objective and subjective responses compared with single-agent regimens. In particular, estramustine has been shown to synergize many of the agents used in prostate cancer treatment and has been demonstrated to provide significant palliation and decline in PSA levels in combination with vinblastine, vinorelbine, etoposide, paclitaxel, and docetaxel. The results of several important trials of the taxanes both as single agents and in combination with estramustine have been completed in the past year and have demonstrated that these agents are very effective in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Silica aerogel captures cosmic dust intact

Abstract The mesostructure of silica aerogel resembles strings of pearls, ranging in size from 10 to 100 A. This fine mesostructure transmits nearly 90% of incident light in the visible, while providing sufficiently gentle dissipation of the kinetic energy of hypervelocity cosmic dust particles to permit their intact capture. In 1987, silica aerogel was introduced as a capture medium to take advantage of its low density, fine mesostructure and, most importantly, its transparency, allowing optical location of captured micron sized particles. Without this feature, locating such captured particles in an opaque medium, e.g., polymer foams, is nearly impossible. The capture of hypervelocity particles has been extensively simulated in the laboratory. At the time of this symposium, more than 2.4 m2 of 20 mg/ml silica aerogel will have been flown on Space Shuttle (STS-47, STS-57, STS-60, STS-64 and STS-68). Demonstration of capturing hypervelocity particles ushers in a new, simple avenue to science in capturing intact cosmic dust from space. Since our introduction of aerogel for intact capture of cosmic dust, many useful features unique to aerogel have been identified.
Tissue-specific developmental regulation of the messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the growth hormone receptor and the growth hormone binding protein in rat fetal and postnatal tissues.

ABSTRACT: Tissue responsiveness to growth hormone is likely to be regulated by local concentrations and availability of the membrane-bound growth hormone receptor (GHR) and perhaps by the actions of the soluble growth hormone binding protein (GHBP). To determine whether the developmental regulation of the GHR and GHBP might vary among tissues, we have measured the relative abundance of the 4.3-kb GFR and 1.3-kb GHBP mRNA in rat fetal and postnatal liver, kidney, lung, and ileum by Northern hybridization of polyadenylated RNA with a 32P-labeled antisense riboprobe prepared from a rat GHR cDNA. The GHR and GHBP mRNA were both present in the four tissues studied at fetal age 19 d (E19). In postnatal liver, both transcripts increased in abundance 3− to 4-fold after 14 d to mature levels at 42 d (p = 0.0001). Similar changes were seen in postnatal kidney for GHR mRNA abundance; however, GHBP mRNA abundance increased only 2− to 3-fold to mature levels by 28 d (kidney GHR versus GHBP mRNA profile, p = 0.0001). In lung, a 2-fold linear increase in GHR mRNA abundance was observed (p = 0.0019), but the GHBP mRNA did not change (GHR versus GHBP mRNA profile, p = 0.0006). Both transcripts decreased in abundance by 2− to 3-fold from E19 to 42 d in ileum (p < 0.05). The abundance of both transcripts was three to 10 times greater in 60-d liver than in the other three tissues at 60 d. The variation in abundance and in the developmental profiles of the GHR and GHBP mRNA observed in these fetal and postnatal tissues suggests that the GHR and GHBP could mediate differences within and between tissues in the responsiveness to growth hormone. The differential regulation of the two transcripts evident in kidney and lung supports the emerging evidence that the GHBP may have a funciton distinct from that of the GHR.
Art-based occupation group reduces parent anxiety in the neonatal intensive care unit: a mixed-methods study

OBJECTIVE. We examined whether an art-based occupation group using scrapbooking in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) would reduce parent stress, operationalized as anxiety. We also wanted to understand the parents’ lived experience of the group. METHOD. Forty parents from a Level 3 NICU in a large metropolitan hospital participated. We administered the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory preactivity and postactivity along with a brief interview. RESULTS. The decline in parents’ mean state anxiety (12.7 points, SD = 11.8; p < .0001) was clinically significant. The decline in mean trait anxiety (2.6 points, SD = 5.2; p = .0036) was statistically significant but not clinically meaningful. Parents said that participation offered distraction and engagement, pleasure, relaxation, a sense of hope, and an opportunity to share. CONCLUSION. An art-based occupation group using scrapbooking was an effective brief intervention to reduce parent anxiety in the neonatal intensive care unit; parent interviews suggested that participation has broad clinical implications for parent well-being.
Linguistic landscape and heritage language literacy education: A case study of linguistic rescaling in Philadelphia Chinatown

This paper investigates the ways languages are used in Philadelphia Chinatown through qualitative content analysis of 330 photos. Examining the linguistic landscape of public spaces exposes issues of linguistic tensions, language vitality, and language shift in multilingual settings. While Chinese in the form of Mandarin is highly publicized, thereby placing disproportionate emphasis upon one language over others, Philadelphia Chinatown shows diversity, coexistence, and creative uses of multiple Chinese languages alongside English. The signage suggests linguistic rescaling connecting real and imagined audiences, conforming to broader ‘Chinese’ linguistic norms while localized to connect to a range of Chineses. We show how linguistic and cultural pluralism of ‘Chinese’ have always existed – and continue to exist – and the importance of developing socially sensitive literacy pedagogy, especially when there is a mismatch between the informal, community-level signage and what is formally taught in ‘Chinese’ language classrooms in the U.S. Keywords: linguistic landscape; Chinatown; Chinese languages; literacy education; heritage language; education
Point defects and phase stability of transition metal compounds

Abstract Non-stoichiometry of transition metal compounds and the width of their homogeneity ranges are discussed on the basis of imperfection chemistry with the use of the Gibbs free energy of the crystal. After a survey of the possible causes of asymmetry in compounds in general, it is shown that special factors are active in transition metal compounds. These result from the fact that farther ionization of a transition element in its lowest valency state involves less energy than the ionization of a non-transition element of the same valency, whereas, on the other hand, adding an electron to a transition element in its highest valency involves a smaller energy than adding an electron to a corresponding non-transition element. As a result, transition metal compounds with the metal in its lowest valence state have a preference for a non-metal excess, whereas compounds with the metal in its highest valence state have a preference for metal excess (Lorenz's Rule).
The effects of bank capital constraints on post-acquisition performance

Researchers have shown that capital constrained firms make better acquisition decisions. However, the literature on bank mergers and acquisitions is silent on this issue. We investigate whether banks constrained by capital requirements make better acquisition decisions than non-constrained banks. We also examine the characteristics of acquisitions to identify the determinants of positive post-acquisition performance. While there are few capital constrained banks that make acquisitions, those that do demonstrate better post-acquisition performance than their non-constrained counterparts. On average, capital constrained banks pay a lower premium for their target and favor cash over equity financing. We also find that capital constrained banks improve their capital ratios in the years after the acquisition. We employ two-way clustered error regressions using alternative definitions of capital constraint. We also provide a matched pair analysis to confirm that our results are robust.
A Fluid Larval Medium for Rearing the Melon Fly

Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett was reared on a fluid larval medium developed for possible use in large-scale production facilities. The medium was composed of constituents of known quality, was easy to mix and dispense, and could be dispersed by water for ease of larval recovery and diet disposal. In preliminary mass rearing on the new larval medium, the return of pupae from neonate larvae was 72%; adult emergence was 96%. and pupal weight was correlated directly to number of pupae per liter of diet. A seeding rate of 12,500 neonate larvae per liter returned 9,000 normal-sized (avg 12.5 mg) pupae per liter of fluid medium.
Nonlinear modeling and robust control of synchronous reluctance motors

Abstract High speed synchronous reluctance machines can be used in electric drives and power generation systems. This paper develops nonlinear mathematical models for synchronous reluctance motors using the machine ( abc ) variables as well as the quadrature, direct and zero ( qd 0) variables. Kirchhoff’s and Newton’s laws are used to derive the differential equations that describe the circuitry and torsional–mechanical dynamics. The Park transformation is applied in the model developments to derive the nonlinear differential equations in the rotor reference frame. As complete, highly coupled, nonlinear mathematical models are found, synchronous reluctance motors should be controlled to attain the desired performances in the full torque-speed operating envelope. Hence, controllers must be designed. A robust controller with nonlinear error and state feedback mappings is designed to guarantee robust tracking and to ensure stability, as well as to attain disturbance rejection. The reported straightforward and computationally efficient synthesis procedure is based on the well understood nonlinear feedback mappings and Lyapunov stability theory. Innovative results in modeling, simulation analysis and design are applied to control electric drives driven by three phase synchronous reluctance motors.
The Stream of Consciousness: XXIV. James Contra the Intellectualists (Second Part)

James presented a number of compelling arguments against those theorists whom he called the “Intellectualists”: a) for holding that mental states of the mundane Jamesian qualitative kind cannot provide us with our awareness of relations; and b) for introducing purely conceptualizing mental acts to do the job from on high. In his classic account of mental life, James found no use for purely conceptualizing mental states, whether in relation to our awareness of objective relations or in relation to our awareness of anything else. All of the mental states that constitute the stream of consciousness—and therefore, in James's view, all mental states that occur in us—are of the qualitative/cognitive kind, whether they are minimal conceivings of the sensation kind or they have the most abstract objects. I continue in the present article to discuss James's responses to the Intellectualists. I discuss in particular how James addressed their claim that an account of the apprehension of universals requires the theor...
“Sweet Malefactor”: The Social Costs of Slavery and Sugar in Jamaica and Cuba, 1807–54

T tHE purpose of this article is to examine the conceptual and methodological problems that apply to the cost of commodities produced by a slaveplantation economy which has a net annual decrease in its labour force. Two slave-plantation economies-Jamaica and Cuba-will be compared to show the cost advantage accruing to Cuban sugar-planters whose access to African slaves was denied to theirJamaican counterparts. Comparative cost data from the British Board of Trade report of I 830 will be presented and evaluated. Moreover, the social costs of slavery and sugar will be investigated in the context of the debates on the sugar duties, and of the closing of the slave trade. Recent work on the economics of slavery in the Southern states of America has shattered old myths and gone far to restore old realities. By adopting modern capital theory whereby the lifetime net earnings of a slave are discounted and compared with his or her market value, it has been possible to compute the rate of return on capital invested in a slave and compare this rate with that earned on other investments. To the surprise of an older generation of historians, it has been shown that slaves were profitable investments. Indeed, Profs. Fogel and Engerman assert that "the large slave plantation had achieved, on average, a degree of efficiency that was unmatched by any other major subsector of American agriculture, North or South, during the antebellum era. "2 But the favourable rate of return that accrued to Southern slave-holders was a function of a demographic situation that has seldom obtained in other slave societies. Slave-holders realized capital gains because the slave population increased annually by natural means, and they realised other benefits which stemmed from stable family units and long working life expectancy. Even without capital gains the rate of return was high. By contrast, the slave population of the Caribbean sugar colonies experienced a net annual decrease which was offset by the import of blacks from Africa. Caribbean slave-holders generally found it cheaper to buy new slaves in a ratio of about two males to every female and replace them by frequent purchases, than to balance the sexes and encourage family life and reproduction. Poor demographic performance did not necessarily
Maize Spm transposable element has an enhancer-insensitive promoter.

Abstract We have used a transient assay system to investigate the promoter region of the maize Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposable element. All of the sequence required for constitutive promoter activity is confined to the 0.2-kb sequence upstream from the transcription start site of the element at nt 209 and designated the upstream control region. The element's promoter is weak, lacks a conventional TATA box, and depends on the presence of multiple, short repetitive sequence elements. The Spm promoter is quite insensitive to the enhancer sequence of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Enhancer sensitivity can be restored by providing a -30 TATA sequence and removing the G + C-rich sequence encoding the untranslated leader of the element, designated the downstream control region. Although the downstream control region is without effect on Spm promoter activity, it completely inhibits the 35S core promoter and markedly inhibits activity of the complete 35S promoter. The properties of the Spm element's promoter buffer it from both mutational and position-dependent changes in activity. We suggest that the inherent characteristics of the promoter are part of the genetic mechanism that controls the element's transposition frequency, ensuring it remains low and insertion-site independent.
Design of tunable acoustic metamaterials through periodic arrays of resonant shunted piezos

Periodic shunted piezoelectric patches are employed for the design of a tunable, one-dimensional metamaterial. The configuration considered encompasses a beam undergoing longitudinal and transverse motion, and a periodic array of piezoelectric patches with electrodes connected to a resonant electric circuit. The resulting acousto-electrical system is characterized by an internal resonant behavior that occurs at the tuning frequency of the shunting circuits, and is analogous in its operation to other internally resonating systems previously proposed, with the addition of its simple tunability. The performance of the beam is characterized through the application of the transfer matrix approach, which evaluates the occurrence of bandgaps at the tuning frequencies and estimates wave attenuation within such bands. Moreover, a homogenization study is conducted to illustrate the internal resonant characteristics of the system within an analytical framework. Experiments performed on the considered beam structure validate the theoretical predictions and illustrate its internal resonant characteristics and the formation of the related bandgaps.
Slow Infrared Laser Dissociation of Molecules in the Rapid Energy Exchange Limit

An improved model for the slow infrared laser photodissociation of large biomolecules is proposed. As has been previously shown by master equation and Monte Carlo calculations, large, laser-heated ...
Town meeting on America's coastal future: using the Internet to promote coastal stewardship

Abstract Ten national organizations developed a comprehensive vision for America's coastal future and then conducted a national dialogue about coastal futures over the Internet. Using the Internet town meeting, more than 7000 participants shared their views and perspectives about alternative coastal futures over a six-month period.This paper describes the development and implementation of the Internet town meeting and draws lessons for using the Internet to communicate at the grassroots level. It reports the results of the Internet town meeting and considers their implications for National Ocean and coastal management efforts.
Biomimetic and Aggregation-Driven Crystallization Route for Room-Temperature Material Synthesis: Growth of β-Ga2O3 Nanoparticles on Peptide Assemblies as Nanoreactors

The room-temperature synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanocrystal was examined by coupling two biomimetic crystallization techniques, enzymatic peptide nanoassembly templating and aggregation-driven crystallization. The catalytic template of peptide assembly nucleated and mineralized primary β-Ga2O3 crystals and then fused them to grow single-crystalline and monodisperse nanoparticles in the cavity of the peptide assembly at room temperature. In this work, the peptide assembly was exploited as a nanoreactor with an enzymatic functionality catalyzing the hydrolysis of gallium precursors. In addition, the characteristic ring structure of peptide assembly is expected to provide an efficient dehydration pathway and crystallization control over the surface tension, which are advantageous for β-Ga2O3 crystal growth. This multifunctional peptide assembly could be applied for syntheses of a variety of nanomaterials that are kinetically difficult to grow at room temperature.
Calculated n-beam crystal structure images of oxides based on fluorite and ReO3 and the interpretation of observed images

Abstract Dynamical n -beam calculations are used to explore the potential of crystal structure imaging for investigating superstructures in fluorite-related systems. Crystal structure images of M 7 O 12 phases are investigated under various conditions of crystal thickness and defect of focus, and it is shown that under some conditions crystal structure images show direct structural correlation. In others where the structural correlation is missing the calculated and observed images still agree. Two programs, FCOEFF and DEFECT, which allow calculation of images of structures with any symmetry and in any projection, are tendered. The n -beam calculations on a number of ReO 3 -based structures are also presented to demonstrate the versatility of the programs.