cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract C98: Selective estrogen mimics (SEMs) for the treatment of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer

Tamoxifen, an antagonist at estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in breast tissue, and the prototypical selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is the standard of care for many patients with ER-positive breast cancer. However, continued tamoxifen treatment increases the risk of endometrial cancer and half of ER-positive breast cancer patients do not respond or relapse on treatment with tamoxifen. Tamoxifen-resistant tumors are often ER-positive and endocrine-independent and therefore resistant to aromatase inhibitors. Recent clinical trials have shown the efficacy of estrogen in patients who have undergone exhaustive tamoxifen therapy. Therefore, we propose the development of small molecules that mimic the actions of estradiol in ER-positive breast cancer without the uterotrophic actions of estradiol and tamoxifen: Selective Estrogen Mimics (SEMs). Evidence suggest that a significant subset of ER-positive breast cancer, over-expressing PKCα, and tamoxifen-resistant cancers will respond to SEMs. In order to design and optimize SEMs, tamoxifen-resistant cell lines, MCF-7:5C, T47D: PKCα and T47D: Tam1 were studied. The activation of classical ERα signaling by the estrogen mimics was profiled in MCF-7 cells and cell viability in 2D culture was examined. In an effort to increase throughput and mimic the in vivoenvironment more closely, we assessed the SEMs in a new 3D spheroid model. It was found that in MCF-7:5C cells in 2D and T47D spheroids that SEM induced cell death was mediated by activation of ERα. SEMs caused decreased spheroid viability and growth in all three models of tamoxifen resistance. Extranuclear localization of ER after SEM treatment previously reported in matrigel assays and in vivo xenografts was also observed in spheroids. This emphasizes the capability of the 3D spheroids to replicate in vivo environments, making them a high-throughput translational assay of choice for drug discovery. Three promising SEMs were evaluated in xenograft models of TAM-resistant, PKCα overexpressing breast cancer. While E2 caused regression of these tumors, a significant increase in uterine weight as predicted was observed. More importantly, SEM treated mice had negligible increase in uterine weight underlining the enhanced safety of these molecules. These data suggest that development of SEMs that retain the beneficial properties of estrogen while limiting the side effects is a feasible strategy for the treatment of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer. Citation Format: Hitisha Patel, Rui Xiong, Lauren Gutgesell, Jiong Zhao, Mary Ellen Molloy, Debra Tonetti, Gregory R.J Thatcher. Selective estrogen mimics (SEMs) for the treatment of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C98.
Management of the pregnant woman who sustains severe brain damage.

Developing a clinical management plan for a pregnant woman who has suffered a significant central nervous system injury is a difficult process. Risks and benefits to both the maternal and fetal patient must be weighed in assessing any proposed therapy for either patient. Often, questions arise concerning withdrawal of maternal support in the presence of pregnancy, or conversely of continuing vigorous maternal support for fetal benefit when maternal prognosis is dismal. A case that illustrates many of these difficulties is presented. The relevant ethical principles and their application to such situations are then discussed in an effort to clarify the issues and provide guidelines for physicians caring for these patients.
Would an FFR by Any Technique Perform as Sweet

Two thousand sixteen marks the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death, and his legacy of famous quotations has gained relevance in almost all aspects of our lives. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” from Romeo and Juliet [(1)][1], has long been used to imply that names
Endocrine Disorders Induced by Antiepileptic Drugs

Endocrine disturbances in adolescent women with epilepsy, and the effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and hormonal contraception are discussed by a pediatric neurologist and epileptologist at the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
Who Will Win the Race for Profits in Space

Space business is big business. Space commercialization revenues are expected to exceed $52 billion annually by the year 2000. These revenues are expected from the production and marketing of such products and services as satellites, computer hardware and software for space R&D, and transportation into space. The USA, USSR, European Space Agency (ESA), Japan, and PR China are involved. This research provides an overview of the commercialization of outer space, competitors, and obstacles. Marketing implications are given, and a prediction on who will win the race for profits in space.
Abstract 4590: Mechanism of PI3K activation by the HER3/ErbB3 receptor

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3, also known as ErbB3) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that lacks catalytic activity but is essential for cellular homeostasis due to its ability to allosterically activate its heterodimeric partners, EGFR and HER2 (also known as HER1/ErbB1 and ErbB2, respectively). HER3 is an important therapeutic cancer target because the signaling emanating from HER3 heterodimers is critical for the progression and maintenance of several human epithelial malignancies. This is primarily due to the potent ability of HER3 to recruit and activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). This ability has been attributed to the presence of multiple direct binding sites for PI3K located in the intracellular tail of HER3. The advantage of having multiple recruitment sites is unclear and our recent data show that they provide little advantage to the ability of HER3 to activate PI3K. In addition, we have identified an alternative mode by which HER3 can activate PI3K, demonstrating a complex mechanism by which HER3 phosphorylation is coupled to activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Our results have important implications for therapeutic targeting of a number of human cancers in which HER3/PI3K signaling axis is abnormally activated and contributes to disease progression. Citation Format: Nicole Michael, Michael Hopkins, Natalia Jura. Mechanism of PI3K activation by the HER3/ErbB3 receptor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4590.
Stress, coping, and social support in health and behavior.

In this chapter we review the vast areas of stress, coping, and social support and include a discussion of the theoretical foundations and developmental history of these concepts. We also provide a discussion of the individual factors associated with the experience of stress as well as use of coping strategies or social support resources. Finally, we discuss the association between stress, coping, social support, and health outcomes.
Structural and functional diversity among amyloid proteins: Agents of disease, building blocks of biology, and implications for molecular engineering.

Amyloids have long been associated with protein dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases, but recent research has demonstrated that some organisms utilize the unique properties of the amyloid fold to create functional structures with important roles in biological processes. Additionally, new engineering approaches have taken advantage of amyloid structures for implementation in a wide variety of materials and devices. In this review, the role of amyloid in human disease is discussed and compared to the functional amyloids, which serve a largely structural purpose. We then consider the use of amyloid constructs in engineering applications, including their utility as building blocks for synthetic biology and molecular engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;9999: 1–14. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neer Award 2016: Outpatient total shoulder arthroplasty in an ambulatory surgery center is a safe alternative to inpatient total shoulder arthroplasty in a hospital: a matched cohort study.

Background Recent emphasis on safe and efficient delivery of high-quality health care has increased interest in outpatient total joint arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of outpatient total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) by comparing episode-of-care complications in matched cohorts of patients with anatomic TSA as an outpatient or inpatient procedure. Methods Thirty patients with outpatient TSA at a freestanding ambulatory surgery center (ASC) were compared with an age- and comorbidities-matched cohort of 30 patients with traditional inpatient TSA to evaluate 90-day episode-of-care complications, including hospital admissions or readmissions and reoperations. Two-tailed t -tests were used to evaluate differences, and differences of P Results No significant differences were found between the ASC and hospital cohorts regarding average age, preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists score, operative indications, or body mass index. No patient required reoperation. There were no hospital admissions from the ASC cohort and no readmissions from the hospital cohort. Minor complications in the ASC cohort were arthrofibrosis in 2 patients and mild asymptomatic anterior subluxation in 1 patient; the only major complication was in an outpatient who fell 11 weeks after surgery and disrupted his subscapularis repair. Three minor complications in the hospital cohort were mild asymptomatic anterior subluxation, blood transfusion, and superficial venous thrombosis. The complication rates (13% vs. 10%) were not significantly different. Conclusions Outpatient TSA is a safe alternative to hospital admission in appropriately selected patients. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the longer term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of outpatient TSA.
Mensch und Umwelt

In den vorangegangenen Kapiteln haben wir unter anderem gesehen, wie fundierte Kenntnisse des Systems Erde dazu beitragen konnen, die Lebensbedingungen der Menschen zu verbessern, da sie die Grundlagen schaffen, um naturliche Ressourcen aufzufinden, die Umwelt zu erhalten und die Risiken von Naturkatastrophen zu verringern. Dieser Fortschritt der menschlichen Zivilisation kann jedoch nicht als selbstverstandlich betrachtet werden. Die Menschheit vermehrt sich mit unglaublicher Geschwindigkeit und die naturlichen Ressourcen sind zwangslaufig begrenzt. Die Umweltbedingungen und der allgemeine Wohlstand verbessern sich nicht in allen Teilen der Welt und Anzeichen fur nachteilige Veranderungen der globalen Umwelt zeichnen sich inzwischen mit groser Deutlichkeit ab. Den Vorteil, den wir aus der Nutzung der naturlichen Ressourcen ziehen und gegen die Kosten dieser Nutzung abzuwagen, stellt nicht nur die Geowissenschaften, sondern unsere ganze Gesellschaft vor neue Herausforderungen.
Thermodynamic remodeling of the Al–Pt system towards an assessment of the Al–Ni–Pt system

Abstract The thermodynamic CALPHAD description of the Al–Pt system is remodeled. The four sub-lattice (4SL) model for the ordered/disordered fcc and bcc phases is adopted resulting in improved agreement with experiment and first-principles information compared to previous descriptions. First-principles calculations are performed and the results are used in addition to available experimental data as input for the modeling. Modeling results agree well with most experimental phase equilibria and thermochemical data compiled. Special attention is also paid to the metastable phase diagrams to ensure that the parameters obtained in the modeling do not present unphysical results in the metastable regime. The obtained fcc and bcc descriptions are converted to two sublattice (2SL) models to enable combination with available multi-component Ni-base superalloy descriptions. The converted Al–Pt system is extended into the Al–Ni–Pt ternary system to study its extrapolation characteristics using available thermodynamic and thermochemical data. It is found that the 2SL model is not adequate in capturing the thermodynamic behavior of the fcc-based phases found in the ternary Al–Ni–Pt system. Possible approaches for future work is discussed.
Autoxidation of Reduced Horse Heart Cytochrome c Catalyzed by Cardiolipin-Containing Membranes.

Visible circular dichroism, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to probe the binding of horse heart ferrocytochrome c to anionic cardiolipin (CL) head groups on the surface of 1,1′,2,2′-tetraoleoyl cardiolipin (TOCL)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) (20%:80%) liposomes in an aerobic environment. We found that ferrocytochrome c undergoes a conformational transition upon binding that leads to complete oxidation of the protein at intermediate and high CL concentrations. At low lipid concentrations, the protein maintains a structure that is only slightly different from its native one, whereas an ensemble of misligated predominantly hexacoordinated low-spin states become increasingly populated at high lipid concentrations. A minor fraction of conformations with either high- or quantum-mixed-spin states were detected at a CL to protein ratio of 200 (the largest one investigated). The population of the non-native state is less pronounced than that found for cytochrome c–CL interact...
Rake face temperature when machining with coated cutting tools

Procedia Manufacturing is an open access journal focusing entirely on publishing high quality conference proceedings. Procedia Manufacturing enables fast dissemination of its content so that conference delegates can publish their papers in a dedicated online issue on Sciverse ScienceDirect under the Creative Commons license BY-NC-ND (for further details see our open access license policy.)
Double absorber Mössbauer spectroscopy in 183W

Abstract We have completed a Mossbauer effect (ME) experiment using two absorbers, one stationary and one Doppler shifted, as a means of enhancing the off-resonant signal, in order to confirm earlier measurements in 183W done using single absorbers. A parameter of particular importance is the interference parameter, β, which is relevant to understanding certain time reversal invariance experiments, and which our previous measurements indicated was larger in magnitude than that predicted by theory. The value for 100β reported here is −0.318 (5), which is in excellent agreement with our earlier value and is larger in magnitude than that predicted by theory.
Investigation of magnetic field attacks on commercial Magneto-Resistive Random Access Memory

In this work, we use a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based memory testing setup to study the susceptibility of Magneto-Resistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) to interference by externally applied magnetic fields. We use a rare earth magnet field source to compare the transient and residual bit error response due to increasing magnetic field strengths and orientation during memory read, write and retention. Results indicate that the transient and residual error response in MRAM is proportional to applied field strength. Furthermore, MRAM displays resistance to disturbance during read interference and is more susceptible to destructive error during write-cycle magnetic interference.
Extracting interface recombination velocities from double-heterojunction solar cell reverse-recovery characteristics

Silicon double heterojunction (DH) solar cells represent a possible future path for high-efficiency, low-cost solar power. These cells forgo doped p-n and n+-n (or p+-p) homojunctions diffused at ∼900 °C in favor of < 200 °C-deposited selective heterojunction contacts, which block one type of carrier while allowing the other to pass freely[1]. One heterojunction injects minority carriers (blocking majority carriers), and the other blocks minority carriers to reduce dark current (Fig 1). The efficiency of these cells is highly dependent on the interface quality of their heterojunctions. To date there is no method that uses reverse recovery (RR) transients to extract the actual interface characteristics from finished devices — methods like pulsed photoconductivity used on test samples cannot be extended to final devices with 2 metallized interfaces. Here, we give a procedure for the independent extraction of interface parameters at both heterojunctions.
speed‐ne: Software to simulate and estimate genetic effective population size (Ne) from linkage disequilibrium observed in single samples

The genetic effective population size, Ne , can be estimated from the average gametic disequilibrium (r2^) between pairs of loci, but such estimates require evaluation of assumptions and currently have few methods to estimate confidence intervals. speed-ne is a suite of matlab computer code functions to estimate Ne^ from r2^ with a graphical user interface and a rich set of outputs that aid in understanding data patterns and comparing multiple estimators. speed-ne includes functions to either generate or input simulated genotype data to facilitate comparative studies of Ne^ estimators under various population genetic scenarios. speed-ne was validated with data simulated under both time-forward and time-backward coalescent models of genetic drift. Three classes of estimators were compared with simulated data to examine several general questions: what are the impacts of microsatellite null alleles on Ne^, how should missing data be treated, and does disequilibrium contributed by reduced recombination among some loci in a sample impact Ne^. Estimators differed greatly in precision in the scenarios examined, and a widely employed Ne^ estimator exhibited the largest variances among replicate data sets. speed-ne implements several jackknife approaches to estimate confidence intervals, and simulated data showed that jackknifing over loci and jackknifing over individuals provided ~95% confidence interval coverage for some estimators and should be useful for empirical studies. speed-ne provides an open-source extensible tool for estimation of Ne^ from empirical genotype data and to conduct simulations of both microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data types to develop expectations and to compare Ne^ estimators.
Two Buildings and Two Towns: Comparison of Abandoned and Repurposed Plants

At the height of apparel manufacturing in the United States in the 1970s, approximately 24,500 establishments were operating within the country (U.S. Bureau of Census, 1987). With massive closings since the 70s, current counts enumerate slightly more than 7,000 U.S. plants in operation. A noticeable number of closings also ensued in textile mills and textile product plants (Borneman, 2011). Two decades later, a similar pattern occurred in U.S. furniture manufacturing (Furniture, 2007). As these establishments tended to be clustered in the U.S. southeast in the 20th century, the burden of abandoned plant buildings looms large in many southeastern states.
Imaginative Play as the Precursor of Adult Imagery and Fantasy

When clinicians refer to adult imagery or fantasies they are generally somewhat imprecise in terminology. Probably for scientific purposes it is best to view imagery as a function closely allied to perceptual processes, a basic capacity to reduplicate information gathered through specific sensory modalities. Thus, we can have auditory images or tactile images which roughly repeat information originally presented through the appropriate senses. Naturallyoccurring fantasies and daydreams and many of the “imagery” procedures employed clinically or in self-development programs are more complex. They include sequences of images in various modalities as well as self-instructions and related forms of interior monologue. Perhaps what these functions have in common is an overriding attitudinal set of pretending or, as the neurologist Kurt Goldstein used to say, “taking an attitude toward the possible”.
New Insights into Epithelial Cell Function in Mucosal Immunity: Neutralization of Intracellular Pathogens and Excretion of antigens by IgA

Publisher Summary Immune exclusion or barrier function of secretory IgA has been appreciated for some time and forms much of the rationale behind the expanding efforts to develop vaccines that are geared to stimulating secretory rather than serum antibodies. Preexisting IgA antibodies in the mucosal secretions can prevent infection. If, however, there is insufficient secretory IgA antibody to prevent infection, does this imply that IgA has little further to offer in the way of host defense? In this regard, the recent studies suggest to the contrary that as mucosal IgA antibodies begin to be formed during the course of an infection, they may be able to contribute to recovery in two ways. This chapter starts by considering the possibility that IgA antibodies can neutralize intracellular pathogens inside epithelial cells. Further, it discusses an excretory function for IgA. These possibilities arise from the natural route by which newly synthesized mucosal IgA reaches the secretions. IgA is the main isotype of antibody in the external secretions for two reasons: the overwhelming majority of the abundant plasma cells in the lamina propria of mucous membranes make IgA and the epithelial cells lining mucous membranes express on their basolateral surface a receptor, the polymeric Ig receptor, that is specific for oligomeric IgA, and also IgM, a pentameric Ig. Secretory IgA consists of a molecule of oligomeric IgA coupled to the extracellular domain of its receptor.
Imperialism: Political Aspects

Imperialism is a form of international hierarchy in which one political unit, or polity, effectively governs or controls another polity. It is one of the oldest known political institutions. First used as an invective against the expansionist policies of Napoleon I, the term has been employed most frequently to refer to the colonial practices of the European states in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, attempts to revise the international territorial status quo, and the economic domination of one country by another. The major explanations for imperialism can be grouped into three general categories. Metrocentric theories focus on the dispositions or internal characteristics of imperial states. Pericentric theories emphasize conditions within the colonial polities, thereby drawing attention to the forces that pull colonies into hierarchical relationships. Systemic theories of imperialism, typically part of larger realist theories of international relations, highlight competition between the great powers.
Behavioural Assumptions in Decentralised Stabilisation Policies

Macroeconomic policy in the United States is very much the product of a decentralised control process, as is best exemplifed by the separation of monetary and fiscal policy. In the past two or three decades monetary and fiscal policy have not always been coordinated or based on the same objectives. There have been periods in which the objectives differed, and also periods in which the objectives were the same but the world views on which policies are based differed. It has been argued that decentralisation has limited our ability to control the economy effectively.
Weak Convergence Methods for General Algorithms

The main results for the weak convergence of stochastic approximation algorithms are given in this chapter, using the ideas of Sections 7.3 and 7.4. The relative simplicity of the proofs and weakness of the required conditions in comparison with the probability one method will be seen. Section 1 lists the main conditions used for both the martingale difference noise case and the correlated “exogenous” noise case, when the step size does not change with time. For a single process with fixed step size e n = e, there can only be convergence in distribution as n → ∞. With an arbitrarily high probability, for small enough e the limit process is concentrated in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of some limit set of the limit mean ODE. This is a special case of the limit results in the theorem.
Multi-frequency dielectrophoretic characterization of single cells.

We explore the use of dielectrophoresis to discern the electrical properties of single cells by observing them at multiple frequencies. We first simulate experimental conditions to show that as we increase the number of measured frequencies, we are able to better discriminate among different cells. Furthermore, we use the simulation to find the optimal number and value of frequencies to use to best discriminate among different cells in general. We then fabricate a microfluidic device, calibrate it with polystyrene beads, and characterize it with BA/F3 cells. With this device, we test three different activation levels of HL60 cells treated with cytochalasin D using the optimal frequency sequence obtained in simulation to determine the differences in discrimination abilities depending on the number of frequencies used. We quantify the discrimination abilities of the optimal one, two, and three frequencies by minimizing 0-1 loss. Dielectrophoresis enables the electrical properties of single cells to be determined by application of multiple electrical frequencies. Label-free approaches for studying single cells are desirable because there is little risk of the cell being affected; dielectrophoresis is attractive for label-free characterization of the electrical properties of single cells, but depth of analysis has been limited to 1-2 frequencies, reducing ability to discriminate between different cells. Now, Alex Jaffe and Joel Voldman from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US report a multi-frequency analysis approach for single cells. Following simulations to understand the most effective frequencies for cell discrimination, they experimentally demonstrate that multi-frequency analysis can identify HL60 cells treated with differing concentrations of cytochalasin D.
Cluster Enrollment: A Screening Tool for Stroke Risk Factors in Minority Women Caregivers.

Abstract Background and purpose Women minorities have an overall increased lifetime incidence of cerebrovascular disease. The provision of risk factor modification in this group can prove difficult. In a population-based study, we used cluster enrollment to identify vascular risk factors in the female caregivers of stroke survivor study participants. Methods Obese women caregivers were identified as part of Swipe out Stroke, a Phase I PROBE study assessing the use of SmartPhone based intervention for dietary modification in minority stroke survivors. After written informed consent was obtained, both patients and caregivers were screened for vascular risk factors at study enrollment. Descriptive statistics were used to depict the study population. Continuous baseline variables were compared using 2 sample t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test by caregivers and patients. Categorical baseline variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. Results Thirty-six stroke patients (63.9% African-American, 36.1% Hispanic) and thirteen female caregivers (69.2% African-American, 30.8% Hispanic) were enrolled. Mean age, patients - 54.1 (SD 9.4), caregivers - 51.3 (SD 15.6) years, education, employment status and family history of stroke or obesity did not differ significantly. Compared to stroke patients, female caregivers were significantly less likely to self-report hypertension (69.2 versus 97.2%; P = 0.01) and hyperlipidemia (16.7 versus 60%; P = 0.02). Female caregivers were more likely to have elevated systolic blood pressure (147.6 vs 127.7 mmHg; P = 0.05), total cholesterol (207.5 versus 167 mg/dL; P = 0.01) and low density lipoprotein values (119.5 versus 88 mg/dL; P = 0.03) compared to stroke patients. Conclusions Using cluster enrollment, we discovered minority female caregivers were more likely to have unknown or poorly controlled vascular risk factors compared to stroke patients. Innovative health screening tools may benefit the extended family of minority patients participating in clinical trials.
Developing Consequence Thresholds for Storm Models Through Participatory Processes: Case Study of Westerly Rhode Island

Emergency managers face challenges in understanding and communicating potential hurricane hazards. Preparedness typically emphasizes the last event encountered, the potential implications of future hazards may thus be underestimated. Risk assessment models (e.g., basic HAZUS) that emphasize accumulated damages in economic terms do not provide actionable data regarding specific local concerns, such as access by emergency vehicles and potential communications disruptions. Qualitative methods conventionally used to identify these concerns, however, lack the specificity necessary to incorporate the managers’ knowledge into hazard models (e.g., highly exact geographic location of the vulnerability or cascading consequences). This research develops a method to collect rich, actionable, qualitative data from critical facility managers that can be utilized in combination with hydrodynamic, wind, and precipitation models to assess potential hazard consequences. A pilot study was conducted with critical facility managers in Westerly, Rhode Island USA, using semi-structured interviews and participatory mapping. Interview methods were based on existing practices for vulnerability assessments, and further augmented to obtain data based on hurricane modeling requirements. This research identifies challenges and recommendations when collecting critical facility manager's knowledge for incorporation into storm simulations. The method described and enables local experts to contribute actionable knowledge to natural hazard models and augment more traditional engineering-based approaches to risk assessment.
Minimax Confidence Intervals for the Sliced Wasserstein Distance

Motivated by the growing popularity of variants of the Wasserstein distance in statistics and machine learning, we study statistical inference for the Sliced Wasserstein distance--an easily computable variant of the Wasserstein distance. Specifically, we construct confidence intervals for the Sliced Wasserstein distance which have finite-sample validity under no assumptions or under mild moment assumptions. These intervals are adaptive in length to the regularity of the underlying distributions. We also bound the minimax risk of estimating the Sliced Wasserstein distance, and as a consequence establish that the lengths of our proposed confidence intervals are minimax optimal over appropriate distribution classes. To motivate the choice of these classes, we also study minimax rates of estimating a distribution under the Sliced Wasserstein distance. These theoretical findings are complemented with a simulation study demonstrating the deficiencies of the classical bootstrap, and the advantages of our proposed methods. We also show strong correspondences between our theoretical predictions and the adaptivity of our confidence interval lengths in simulations. We conclude by demonstrating the use of our confidence intervals in the setting of simulator-based likelihood-free inference. In this setting, contrasting popular approximate Bayesian computation methods, we develop uncertainty quantification methods with rigorous frequentist coverage guarantees.
The Impact of Relationship Stressors on Trust and Prorelationship Behavior Within Adolescent Romantic Relationships: A Systems Approach.

Abstract Purpose Trust is an essential component of romantic relationships. It is not understood how youth respond to a relationship stressor, which may impact trust, such as perceiving to be at risk for a sexually transmitted infection or their partner has other sex partners. We used a system science approach to examine feedback between trust and prorelationship behaviors within adolescent relationships. Methods A prospective cohort of clinic-recruited young women (N = 122), aged 16–19 years, completed daily questionnaires on partner-specific feelings and risk perceptions for 18 months. Relationship stressor defined as either perceiving the risk of sexually transmitted infection from a partner or partner had other sex partners. Prorelationship behaviors were more time spent with partner, sex with partner, and/or gift from partner. Time-lagged generalized estimating equation models were used to examine whether a relationship stressor is associated with a decrease in trust and whether prorelationship behaviors changed following the stressor. Results Experiencing a stressor was associated with threefold increased odds of having a decrease in trust in the same week (odds ratio [OR] = 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.30–4.72). Trust increased significantly the week following the stressor (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.54–2.85). An increase in trust relative to the week of the stressor was associated with a 65% increase in prorelationship behavior in the week following the stressor (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.20–2.26). Conclusions Data uniquely show that trust is impacted following a relationship stressor and that youth increase prorelationship behaviors following a drop in trust. The findings suggest that adolescents prioritize maintaining trust, which may impact engagement in protective health behaviors.
Not a Tumor-Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation

Objective This study was aimed to illustrate the features and complexities of nonspecific orbital inflammation via discussion of two representative cases. Design Present study is a retrospective case review. Setting The study was conducted at a tertiary care medical center. Participants Two patients with nonspecific orbital inflammation were participants of this retrospective study. Main Outcome Measures Outcome of the study was disease-free patients and off all medications. Results At follow-up, both patients are disease free and off all medications. Conclusion Surgery plays a diagnostic and therapeutic role. While the clinical subtype is important for differential diagnosis and symptomatic treatment, the histologic subtype is similarly important. For inflammatory dacryoadenitis, surgery can be therapeutic. For extensive granulomatosis with polyangiitis, debulking surgery may allow better penetration of medications, especially rituximab.
Computational simulation of pacifier deformation and interaction with the palate

Objectives The objective of this study is to demonstrate that computational finite element models can be used to reliably simulate dynamic interaction between a pacifier, the palate, and the tongue during nonnutritive sucking (NNS). The interactions can be quantified by the results of finite element analyses which include deformation, strain, stress, contact force, and contact area. Materials and methods A finite element model was created based upon CAD solid models of an infant pacifier and palate. The silicone pacifier bulb is represented by a hyperelastic constitutive law. Contact surfaces are defined between the pacifier and palate. A time and spatially varying pressure load is applied to the bulb representing peristaltic interaction with the tongue. A second time-varying, periodic pressure representing NNS is applied to the model simultaneously. A large displacement, nonlinear transient dynamic analysis is run over two NNS cycles. Results Results from the finite element analysis show the deformed shape of the bulb with maximum principal elastic strain of 0.23 and a range of maximum principal stress on the palate from 0.60 MPa (tensile) to -0.27 MPa (compressive) over the NNS cycles. The areas of contact between the pacifier and the palate are shown in surface contour plots. Conclusions A nonlinear transient dynamic finite element model can simulate the mechanical behavior of a pacifier and its interaction with the tongue and contact with the palate subject to NNS. Quantitative results predicting deformation, strain, stress, contact force, and contact area can be used in comparative studies to provide insight on how pacifiers cause changes in dental, orthognathic, and facial development.
Informed Options Trading Before Fda Drug Advisory Committee Meetings

The Food and Drug Administration uses committees of experts to evaluate potential new drugs. Weeks before they meet, the experts receive nonpublic reports from drug firms and FDA staff. We find significant abnormal options trading before meeting dates and report creation dates, particularly for small firms. Abnormal volume significantly predicts post-meeting stock returns. Informed traders prefer out-of-the-money options, and choose maturities to cover the dates when reports are publicly released. They prefer to sell options close to the meeting date, perhaps to capture returns from both expected stock price changes and the sharp drop in implied volatility following the meetings.
Ruminative Inertia, Emotion Regulation, and Depression: A Daily-Diary Study.

Abstract Emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal are emotion regulation strategies that have been linked to the severity of depression. Recent research has shown that greater ruminative inertia (i.e., rumination that is more resistant to change across time) is also associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms in clinical samples. However, it is unknown how tendencies to use suppression or reappraisal might be related to the inertia of rumination from day to day. After completing a baseline assessment of depressive symptoms and trait emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal use, undergraduates (n = 94) completed daily-diary questionnaires assessing rumination for two weeks. Both higher depressive symptoms and greater tendencies to use suppression predicted stronger ruminative inertia, while tendencies to use reappraisal were unrelated to ruminative inertia. These results suggest that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies may contribute to a pattern of rumination that is more resistant to change over time. They also provide the first evidence that ruminative inertia is positively associated with depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample.
A 60-Year-Old Man With Dyspnea, Proximal Muscle Weakness, and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Case Presentation A 60-year-old man with no significant medical history presented to the pulmonology clinic with 2 years of progressive weakness and shortness of breath. Showering and other activities of daily living caused him significant fatigue and dyspnea. He had a 20-pack-year smoking history, but no significant history of alcohol or illicit drug use. He did not take any prescribed or over-the-counter medications for chronic medical conditions and had never been on statin therapy. Vital signs were significant for an oxygen saturation of 91% on 4-L nasal cannula. He required up to 6 L of oxygen during a walk test. Physical examination showed mild inspiratory crackles in the lung bases, loud splitting of the second pulmonic valve (P2) with a right parasternal heave, and 2+ pitting edema in the lower extremities. There was muscle weakness, pain, and wasting of the proximal upper and lower extremities, particularly in his legs. He denied any joint pain, and there was no evidence of rash or dysphagia.
Cardiorespiratory anomalies and increased brainstem microglia in a rat model of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome

Infants born with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) can display abnormal cardiorespiratory patterns including tachypnea, tachycardia, and impaired ventilatory responses to hypoxia (HVR) and hypercapnia (HCVR). Chronic morphine exposure is associated with increased midbrain microglial expression. Using a rat model of pre- and post-natal morphine exposure, we assessed cardiorespiratory features of NOWS (resting tachycardia and tachypnea) including the attenuated HVR and HCVR and whether they are associated with increased brainstem microglia expression. Pregnant rats (dams) received twice-daily subcutaneous injections of morphine (5 mg/kg) during the third (last) week of pregnancy to simulate 3rd trimester in utero opioid exposure. Offspring then received once-daily subcutaneous injections of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) until postnatal (P) day P10 days of age to simulate postnatal morphine therapy. Cardiorespiratory responses were assessed 24 h later (P11 days) following spontaneous withdrawal. Compared to saline-treated pups, morphine-exposed offspring exhibited tachycardia and tachypnea as well as an attenuated HVR and HCVR. Microglial cell counts were increased in the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) and nucleus ambiguous (NAamb), but not the retrapezoid nucleus (RTN) or the non-cardiorespriatory region, the cuneate nucleus (CN). These data suggest that the cardiorespiratory features and autonomic dysregulation in NOWS infants may be associated with altered microglial function in specific brainstem cardiorespiratory control regions.
High Heat Flux Removal Using a Hypervapotron–I: High Heat Flux–Side Controlling Parameters

A hypervapotron is an excellent candidate for single-side high heat flux removal (HHFR). Hypervapotron HHFR is accomplished by subcooled two-phase flow boiling and conjugate heat transfer involving...
The Markedness Differential Hypothesis: Implications for Vietnamese Speakers of English

Eckman (1977:315) proposes a revision of the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (Lado 1957) which incorporates the notion of typological markedness. His proposed revision, the Markedness Differential Hypothesis (MDH), is stated below.
Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Metal and Semiconductor Nanoclusters

The synthesis of metal or semiconductor nanoclusters in the microheterogeneous environment of oil-continuous inverse micelle systems is discussed. We focus on the synthesis and catalytic properties of palladium, iron, and iron sulfide nanoclusters. Cluster size control is achieved by changing the micelle size. The size of various micelles used for synthesis was determined by small angle neutron scattering(SANS) and was chosen to produce cluster in the size range of 1–20 nm. Cluster sizes were determined by either transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Cluster structure was determined by either x-ray or electron diffraction. In the case of Fe nanoclusters the crystal structure depended on the chemical nature of the surfactant micelle used in the synthesis, illustrating the important role of the surfactant during the growth process. Results of in-situ pyrene hydrogenation using size-selected Pd clusters show a significant increase in activity/total surface area as the size decreases. These clusters also proved to be effective as unsupported catalysts for direct coal hydropyrolysis, even at very low metal concentrations. The synthesis and optical features of a new semiconductor cluster material, FeS2 is discussed with regard to its use in photocatalysis. The application of FeS2 in coal hydrogenolysis reactions has improved yields of short chain hydrocarbons significantly compared to conventional FeS2 powders.
Rat Modeling for GABA Defects in Schizophrenia

Publisher Summary Postmortem studies of schizophrenia conducted over the past 15 years have demonstrated alterations in various markers for the GABA system that are consistent with a reduction of inhibitory modulation in the limbic lobe. These changes show a preferential distribution in layer II of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACCx) and sectors CA3 and CA2 of the hippocampus. Both of these sites receive a rich projection from the basolateral amygdala (BLa), and suggest that this latter region might play a pivotal role in the induction of abnormalities in the limbic lobe of schizophrenics. To explore this possibility, a “partial” rodent model for neural circuitry abnormalities in schizophrenia has been applied to the study of limbic lobe circuitry in this disorder. When the GABA A receptor antagonist, picrotoxin (PICRO), is stereotaxically infused into the BLa of awake, freely moving rats, reductions in the number of GABA cells are induced in sectors CA3/2 but not CA1, pattern that is remarkably similar to that seen in schizophrenia.
Sensor Synthesis for Manufacturing Processes

Abstract This paper considers a control approach where measurements of process variables are performed by several sensing devices which in turn feed their signals into process models. Each of these models contains mathematical expressions based on the physics of the process which relate the sensor signals to process state variables. The information provided by the process models should be synthesized in order to determine the best estimates for the state variables. In this paper two basic approaches to the synthesis of multiple sensor information are considered and compared. The first approach is to synthesize the state variable estimates determined by the different sensors and corresponding process models through a neural network. The second approach utilizes statistical criteria to estimate the best synthesized state variable estimate from the state variable estimates provided by the process models. As a “test bed” for studying the effectiveness of the above sensor synthesis approaches turning has been considered. The approaches are evaluated and compared for providing estimates of the state variable tool wear based on multiple sensor information. The robustness of each scheme with respect to noisy and inaccurate sensor information is investigated.
The effects of hydrocortisone on the development of the amine systems in the fetal brain

Human and animal studies suggest impaired central nervous system (CNS) development due to corticoid use in the perinatal period. In this study, hydrocortisone was given to pregnant rats and the development of the fetal dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) systems in the CNS was investigated. In the fetal rat brain DA and NE systems develop between days 12 and 17 of gestation. Hydrocortisone (HC), 57 mg/kg/day, or saline (SAL) was given intraperitoneally at day 12 or 15 of gestation. The offspring were studied at days 20 to 21 of gestation and days 12 to 13 in the neonatal period. Brain amine systems were visualized using a modified cryostat glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method, and DA and NE levels were determined in whole brains by means of a radioenzymatic assay. The visualized amine systems were evaluated semiquantitatively for distribution and fluorescence intensity without previous knowledge of the administered drug. The amine systems of the HC and SAL groups showed an equal maturation. In both groups cell bodies were demonstrable in areas A1 to A13 and axon terminals in all examined final regions. The distribution and the fluorescence intensity did not show consistent differences for the HC and SAL brains. The concentrations of DA and NE were similar in the offspring of the SAL- and HC-treated animals. The results indicate that HC given during pregnancy does not influence the proliferation of amine cell bodies or the arrival of axon terminals in the regions where the synapses form.