cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Hypertension is Associated with Higher In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background Little is known regarding the characteristics and outcomes of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and concomitant pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). Existing data is limited to small retrospective cohort studies performed at single centers with considerable HCM experience. In this study, we characterize the incidence and impact of PHTN in HCM patients in the United States. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide/National Inpatient Sample between 2005 and 2014. HCM and PHTN were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 codes. Patients under age 18 were excluded. Demographics, primary payer, hospital length of stay, hospital admission category, hospital region, bed size, location/teaching status, charges, and in-hospital death were collected. We performed univariate and multivariable modeling to find factors associated with mortality in hospitalized HCM patients. Results We identified 117,650 patients with hospital admissions for HCM from 2005 to 2014; 14,895 (12.7%) of these patients had concomitant PHTN. The median age of admitted patients with PHTN was higher than those without PHTN (73 years v. 68 years, p Conclusions In the largest contemporary study of hospitalized patients with HCM and PHTN, we found that patients admitted to U.S. hospitals with HCM and PHTN have a 1.5-fold increased odds of in-hospital mortality relative to patients with HCM without PHTN. As the risk of sudden cardiac death in HCM declines related to the success of primary prevention, the complications of advanced heart failure and PHTN-related morbidity and mortality must be recognized.
Unloved, Unwanted, and Unsure: The Counternarratives of Incarcerated Youth:

BackgroundBlack youth are five times more likely, Latinx twice as likely, and Native American youth three times as likely to be incarcerated as their White peers. One of the dire consequences of th...
Racial Disproportionality and Disparities Among African American Children in the Child Welfare System

Black children currently make up 23% of the out-of-home care population, which is disproportionate to the number of Black children in the U.S. population (14%). However, this disparity is not limited to just out-of-home placements, research indicates that disparate outcomes exist for Black children and their families and that the disproportionality can be seen throughout the child welfare system including entries into the system, re-unification, and adoption. There are several explanatory factors that contribute to the overrepresentation of Black children within the child welfare system. Many of these explanatory factors have roots in the historical racism that has plagued Black children and families, including policies that have intentionally and unintentionally oppressed the Black community. This has led to disparate needs among Black families and increased visibility of these families to reactive social service agencies, which has led to a misperception that Black children experience more maltreatment than White children. Increasing equity among Black children and families within the child welfare system is critical and has led to several tools and strategies including early intervention with families at risk, revising mandated reporting laws, using tools/models that minimize subjectivity, and blind decision-making processes. Sustained progress on issues of racial disproportionality and inequity must include a multifaceted, anti-racist approach including addressing these issues at the legislative, organizational and research level.
Severity of sialorrhea and tracheal secretions in infants and toddlers with a tracheostomy with a focus on quality of life.

Abstract Objective Sialorrhea and tracheal secretions can be present in patients with a tracheostomy. The current study seeks to survey the severity of sialorrhea and tracheal secretions in infants and toddlers with a tracheostomy, and to correlate this severity with quality of life. Methods Prospective cross-sectional survey pilot study: 26 patients (ages 0.33 years – 4.09 years) were given the Infant/Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire Short Form 47, the Drooling Impact Scale and assessed for severity of tracheal secretions with a Tracheostomy Secretion Severity Scale. Spearman's correlation and Mann Whitney U tests were used to assess correlation between and contributors to quality of life, drooling severity, and tracheostomy secretion severity, number of outpatient visits, and respiratory related hospitalizations. Results Average health perception quality of life was 46.7 and average parental impact quality of life was 58.85. The average for the Drooling Impact Scale overall was 19.7, for frequency 4.16, for severity 3.12 and for the Tracheostomy Secretion Severity Scale 2.4. There was strong correlation between the Drooling Impact Scale and the Tracheostomy Secretion Severity Scale (R = 0.432 p = 0.03) overall, and moderate correlation between Drooling Impact Scale and Tracheostomy Secretion Severity Scale (R = 0.39956 p = 0.047) frequency. There was no correlation between health perception quality of life or parental impact quality of life and Drooling Impact Scale or Tracheostomy Secretion Severity Scale. Conclusion Drooling severity does not have significant impacts on health perception and parental impact quality of life for infants and toddlers who have a tracheostomy. Overall drooling impact scores and drooling frequency are related to tracheostomy secretion severity.
RespWatch: Robust Measurement of Respiratory Rate on Smartwatches with Photoplethysmography

Respiratory rate (RR) is a physiological signal that is vital for many health and clinical applications. This paper presents RespWatch, a wearable sensing system for robust RR monitoring on smartwatches with Photoplethysmography (PPG). We designed two novel RR estimators based on signal processing and deep learning. The signal processing estimator achieved high accuracy and efficiency in the presence of moderate noise. In comparison, the deep learning estimator, based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), was more robust against noise artifacts at a higher processing cost. To exploit their complementary strengths, we further developed a hybrid estimator that dynamically switches between the signal processing and deep learning estimators based on a new Estimation Quality Index (EQI). We evaluated and compared these approaches on a dataset collected from 30 participants. The hybrid estimator achieved the lowest overall mean absolute error, balancing robustness and efficiency. Furthermore, we implemented RespWatch on commercial Wear OS smartwatches. Empirical evaluation demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of RespWatch for RR monitoring on smartwatch platforms.
Expected Impact of Health Care Reform on the Organization and Service Delivery of Publicly Funded Addiction Health Services

Little is known about how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) will be implemented in publicly funded addiction health services (AHS) organizations. Guided by a conceptual model of implementation of new practices in health care systems, this study relied on qualitative data collected in 2013 from 30 AHS clinical supervisors in Los Angeles County, California. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory approach with ATLAS.ti software. Supervisors expected several potential effects of ACA implementation, including increased use of AHS services, shifts in the duration and intensity of AHS services, and workforce professionalization. However, supervisors were not prepared for actions to align their programs’ strategic change plans with policy expectations. Findings point to the need for health care policy interventions to help treatment providers effectively respond to ACA principles of improving standards of care and reducing disparities.
Mis, Mim, and Msm Structures

The sections in this article are 1 Device Characterization 2 Device Fabrication 3 Polarity Dependence 4 Immunity from Plasma Damage 5 Summary 6 Acknowledgment
Transforming Teachers’ Knowledge: Learning Trajectories for Advancing Teacher Education for Teaching with Technology

Technological pedagogical content knowledge (identified by TPCK and/or TPACK) describes teachers’ knowledge for teaching with technologies. Four components illuminate teachers’ TPACK as the: (1) overarching conceptions of teaching content with technologies; (2) knowledge of students’ understanding, thinking and learning with technologies; (3) knowledge of curriculum and curriculum materials; (4) knowledge of instruction and instructional representations. Five levels of acceptance for teaching with technologies (recognizing, accepting, adapting, exploring, and expanding) describe teachers’ knowledge transformation for teaching with technology. These acceptance levels are examined by the four TPACK components to clarify the development of the knowledge, skills, and dispositions comprising teachers’ knowledge. Analysis of the four TPACK components in multiple research projects advocates learning trajectories for transforming teachers’ knowledge for teaching with technologies. Recommendations for the design of future educational programs highlight the importance of continued experiences for enhancing the habits of mind that support teachers in teaching with technologies.
Teacher Interruptions During Oral Reading Instruction Self-Monitoring as an Impetus for Change in Corrective Feedback

A brief review of the literature addressing teacher interruption and its influence on student oral reading performance, and previously developed systems for teacher self-monitoring form the background of this article. Within this framework, a system for self-monitoring is proposed in which teachers not only quantify, but also provide explanatory contexts for instances of corrective feedback during oral reading instruction. It is suggested that use of this model will heighten teachers' awareness of the interactional and interdependent aspects of reading instruction.
Winding numbers and eigenfunctions of the Laplacian

Suppose that the Laplace operator of a complete Riemannian manifold admits two linearly independent real-valued eigenfunctions, which do not vanish simultaneously. Consider the complex-valued function with these functions as the real and imaginary parts. This last function never vanishes and defines a homotopically non-trivial map into the punctured complex plane.
Electrosorption of Chromium Ions on Carbon Aerogel Electrodes as a Means of Remediating Ground Water

An electrically regenerated separation process has been developed for removing unwanted ions from aqueous waste streams as a minimally polluting, energy-efficient, and potentially cost-effective alternative to ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and evaporation. Ground water containing various anions and cations is passed through a stack of carbon aerogel electrodes, each having a very high specific surface area (400−1100 m2 g-1) and exceptionally low electrical resistivity (≤40 mΩ·cm). After polarization of the stack, impurity ions are removed from the electrolyte by the imposed electric field and adsorbed on the electrode surfaces. Field tests have shown that hexavalent chromium in the form of HCrO4-/CrO42-/Cr2O72- can be selectively removed from contaminated ground water with a 530 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) background. The concentration of Cr(VI) can be lowered from 35 to 2 ppb, well below the acceptable level for the regulatory surface water discharge limit of 11 ppb. The mechanism ...
RESISTANCE OF THE MOUSE'S INTESTINAL TRACT TO EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLA INFECTION II. FACTORS RESPONSIBIE FOR ITS LOSS FOLLOWING STREPTOMYCIN TREATMENT

Determinations of pH, Eh, and concentrations of acetic, butyric and lactic acids were made on the content of cecum and transverse colon of groups of mice killed 1, 3, and 5 days after oral administration of 50 mg streptomycin. Control observations on untreated mice are reported in the preceding communication. Heat-killed supenatants of suspensions of bowel content were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit multiplication of our standard streptomycin-resistant strain of Salmonella enteritidis during aerobic and anaerobic incubation. Also tested in like fashion were series of cultures in broth buffered at various pH levels and containing acetic, butyric, and lactic acids in varying concentrations. In colon content of mice on the 1st day after streptomycin treatment, the pH had risen and the concentrations of the fatty acids fallen, a combination of effects which adequately accounts for its inability to inhibit multiplication of Salmonella in vitro and in vivo. By the 3rd day after streptomycin treatment, pH and fatty acid concentrations had returned to normal levels. The susceptibility of mice to oral challenge on the 3rd day was explained by the finding that lactic acid had accumulated in colon content to levels which, in broth, effectively counteracted the activity of inhibitory concentrations of the fatty acids. Other cocarboxylic acids also antagonized the inhibitory activity of the fatty acids; glucose did not.
The ability of foods to stain two composite resins

In this bench study, coffee and soy sauce stained composite resin restorations to a significantly greater degree than did tea or cola beverage. Generally, the greatest degree of staining with all samples occurred during the first week of the study time. The stain penetration was superficial and was estimated to be 5 mu or less.
Applications of plastics in membrane oxygenators

Current trends in blood oxygenator development favor devices which separate the blood phase from the gas phase by a thin film of plastic material. The additional barrier to diffusion presented by the plastic film is a low price to pay for the advantages of the “membrane oxygenator” over its cruder competitors of the “bubbler” or “filmer” type, namely, the absence of direct exposure of blood to gas (with the ensuing damage to the most fragile blood constituents) and the physical constraint of the extracorporeal blood volume to a fixed-size compartment (obviating the need for complex volume control systems). The first generation of membrane lungs relied on the plastic materials (“Teflon” and silicone rubber) and shapes (flat sheets and tubes) available for industrial uses. A new line of devices will be made possible by the development of new biomaterials and the development of production technologies for the specific purposes of artificial organ research.
Effects of increased inundation and wrack deposition on a high salt marsh plant community

Salt marshes respond to both slowly increasing tidal inundation with sea level rise and abrupt disturbances, such as storm-induced wrack deposition. The effects of inundation pattern and wrack deposition have been studied independently but not in combination. We manipulated inundation of tidal creek water and wrack presence individually and in combination, in two neighboring communities within a Virginia high salt marsh during 1994 and 1995. The effects of these manipulations were assessed by measurements of aboveground plant biomass. Altered inundation by itself produced little response in the various categories of plant biomass measured. Wrack deposition affected all species (i.e., Juncus roemerianus, Spartina patens, and Distichlis spicata) showing a significant reduction in aboveground biomass, as expected. Recovery after wrack deposition was dependent on the species. S. patens and D. spicata recovered from wrack deposition within one growing season, while J. roemerianus did not. Because the effects of wrack deposition greatly exceeded those of experimentally increased inundation, the possible interactions between the two were masked. Increased inundation may have inhibited the colonization of bare areas by some species after the removal of wrack from an area, although statistical significance at α=0.01 was not reached. Our results confirm that wrack deposition can cause the redistribution of species within the high marsh community. Altered inundation may have a greater effect on the re-establishment of the plant community after wrack deposition than it does without wrack deposition.
Culture and Power in Balzac's Rubempré Novels: The View from Bourdieu

In Pierre Bourdieu's Les regles de l'art, Gustave Flaubert and Frederic Moreau emerge as the ancestors of twentieth-century intellectuals, whose relative autonomy rests on a complex interplay of economic and political factors. What happens if one uses Bourdieu's discussion of L'education sentimentale as a model for analyzing an earlier pair of novels that also map out Parisian culture and society from the point of view of a young man who fails? Balzac's Illusions perdues and Splendeurs et miseres des courtisanes offer a panorama of Parisian culture that, at least at first glance, bears a striking resemblance to the world of L'education sentimentale as seen through Bourdieu's lens.
The continuity of derivations of Banach algebras

Abstract This paper investigates conditions on a semisimple Banach algebra U and a Banach U -module M which insure that every derivation from U into M is necessarily a bounded linear operator.
Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement

Abstract Current theories and models of leadership seek to explain the influence of the hierarchical superior upon the satisfaction and performance of subordinates. While disagreeing with one another in important respects, these theories and models share an implicit assumption that while the style of leadership likely to be effective may vary according to the situation, some leadership style will be effective regardless of the situation. It has been found, however, that certain individual, task, and organizational variables act as “substitutes for leadership”, negating the hierarchical superior's ability to exert either positive or negative influence over subordinate attitudes and effectiveness. This paper identifies a number of such substitutes for leadership, presents scales of questionnaire items for their measurement, and reports some preliminary tests.
040. ARE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AFFECTING HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

The concern that human reproductive health may be affected by chemicals in our daily environment has grown in recent years with the recognition that: (1) some countries have seen a recognizable decline in sperm counts and an increase in urogenital tract abnormalities among newborn males, (2) the incidence of some cancers has increased precipitously, and (3) the number of infertile couples has increased markedly in many countries. Our laboratory focuses on the oocyte and the factors that cause the production of chromosomally abnormal eggs. We know that the risk of a chromosomally abnormal pregnancy is strongly influenced by maternal age, but there is growing concern that environmental exposures may influence the ability of both the male and female to produce normal gametes. Our laboratory has focused on the effect of exposures to a ubiquitous chemical to which humans are exposed daily, bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is used in a wide variety of consumer products from plastics and resin coatings to eyeglasses and pressure printed receipts. Our studies in mice demonstrate that BPA exposure during fetal development adversely affects female fertility because BPA influences several significant stages of egg development. In the male mouse, we and others have found that prenatal, perinatal, and adult exposures can affect the function of the testis. In current studies we are attempting to determine if effects seen in the mouse are also a feature of BPA exposed primates. We are using a rhesus monkey model to determine how BPA is metabolized in the pregnant and nonpregnant female and how BPA exposure influences the developing fetus. Lastly, in human studies we are evaluating BPA levels in the developing fetus and assessing their effect on the developing fetal ovary.
Investigation of surface characteristics and tribological behavior of clutch plate materials

Abstract The surface characteristics and tribological behavior of clutch plate materials strongly affect the lifetime of the clutch and influence the dynamic behavior of the entire vehicle. The friction coefficient between the friction plate and the separator plate decreases with the number of engagement cycles. As a result, the transmission torque decreases with time. In this study, the surface characteristics of clutch plate materials have been investigated since it is closely related to friction. WYKO optical surface profiler with TTM module and a GM created special fixture were used to measure the surface characteristics of various clutch plate materials under different contact loads. In addition, the tribological behavior of the clutch plate materials has been studied. A UMT2 micro-tribometer was used to measure the friction characteristics of various clutch plate materials under dry and lubricated conditions. The effect of the loading and the sliding speed on the friction coefficient has been investigated. The correlation between the surface characteristics and the friction behavior of clutch materials was explored. The tested samples were analyzed to quantify the wear volume. The completion of the study provided a better understanding of the relationship between the material structure and the performance of clutch plates and can be used as a reference for clutch material selection and transmission design.
Angular distributions for target residues in reactions of 14N and 12C with 115In

Abstract Mechanisms of the reactions of 12C and 14N with 115In have been investigated by measuring the angular distributions of the target residues. Various possible transfer mechanisms are discussed with the help of kinematic analysis and a semiclassical transfer model. Interesting secondary (or tertiary) peaks are seen near 90 in the angular distributions for most target residues.
Sex roles, personality, and intellectual abilities in adolescents.

The relationship between personality variables associated with sex roles and the cognitive variables of math and verbal ability was examined in three groups of adolescents. Masculinity and femininity of interests, behavioral traits, and values were examined using three inventories: the Femininity Scale from the California Psychological Inventory, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and the Study of Values. Results indicate that there is some evidence for a positive relationship between masculine traits and values and math ability, and feminine traits and values and verbal skills (for both sexes). Certain traits indicative of maturity were found to be positively related to both high math and high verbal scores, while certain highly sex-typed traits and interests were found to be negatively related to both cognitive variables. A different relationship for males and females was found between high intellectual scores and indicators of self-concept and emotional well-being. The differing relationship between each of the three personality variables indicative of sex roles (e.g., interests, values, traits) and cognitive variables emphasizes the need to view masculinity and feminity, as well as "sex-role," as a complex combination of the many different aspects of sex roles as they exist in our society.
A rapid analysis for pesticides in milk and oilseeds.

Mise au point d'une methode de dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse des pesticides avec un protocole simplifie de purification des matieres grasses
Magnetic Buoyancy Instabilities of a Shear-generated Magnetic Layer

We discuss a series of high-resolution fully nonlinear MHD numerical simulations relevant to processes that are expected to operate in the solar tachocline. We study the generation of a strong toroidal magnetic field by the stretching action of velocity shear on a weak background poloidal magnetic field, a process often referred to in solar dynamotheoryasthe-effect.Herewespecificallystudythegenerationof astronglayerof horizontalmagneticfield by the action of vertical shear on weak vertical magnetic field in a subadiabatically stratified atmosphere, and we examinethebuoyancypropertiesof theresultingmagneticconfigurations.Wefindthatmagneticlayerscanindeedbe generated, and that magnetic buoyancy instabilities of this layer can exist and lead to rising magnetic structures that resemble arching tubes. However, the conditions for the instabilities to occur are much more demanding than might be anticipated from previous results where a magnetic layer was initially prescribed, rather than shear-generated. Furthermore, the magnetic flux transport by the buoyancy instabilities in this case is decidedly inefficient. These issues, stemming from the feedback of strong magnetic field on the generating shear, raise serious questions for the efficacy of this process in the current solar dynamo paradigm. Subject headingg hydrodynamics — MHD — Sun: magnetic fields
Feeding: Models of Costs and Benefits in Energy Regulation

Models to predict feeding behavior at the level of consumption and use of energy involve either details of internal (physiological) controls or economic principles of regulation based on optimal (evolutionary) foraging theory. These two approaches will ultimately be related, but the former requires more information for specific predictions. The latter can provide predictions based on selected criteria for regulation. Meal sizes and feeding frequencies of hummingbirds are examined relative to two regulatory, criteria: maximizing rate of net energy gain and maximizing efficiency (intakes/expenditures) through a “crop emptying” model that incorporates energy intake from food and energy expenditures for short-term (meal to meal) maintenance and longer-term (overnight) energy storage. Experimental results suggest that the feeding behavior of hummingbirds is differentially sensitive to short-term and daily uses of energy. Changes in overnight energy storage requirements result primarily in changes in meal size, while changes in meal to meal maintenance requirements result primarily in feeding frequency changes. The economic models predict these responses. The feeding behavior of hummingbirds also appears to be sensitive to food quality, time spent flying to and from a food source, and costs associated with the weight of ingested food.
An EMG-Driven Forward Dynamics Model to Simulate Stance Phase of Gait

Simulations based on forward dynamics have been used to identify the biomechanical mechanisms how human movement is generated. They used either net joint torques [1] or muscle forces [2, 3, 4] as actuators to drive forward simulation. However, very few models used EMG-based patterns to define muscle excitations [4] or were actually driven by EMGs. Muscle activation patterns vary from subject to subject and from movement to movement, and the activations depend on the control task, sometimes quite different even for the same joint angle and joint torque [5]. Using EMG as input can account for subjects’ different muscle activation patterns and help revealing the neuromuscular control strategies.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Terminal labeling and addition of homopolymer tracts to duplex DNA fragments by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, which requires a single-stranded DNA primer under the usual assay conditions, can be made to accept double-stranded DNA as primer for the addition of either rNMP or dNMP, if Mg+2 ion is replaced by Co+2 ion. The priming efficiency in the presence of Co+2 ion with respect to initial rate tested with 2 single-stranded primer, is 5-6 fold higher than that observed with Mg+2 ion. In the presence of Co+2 ion, the primer specificity is altered so that all forms of duplex DNA molecules can be labeled at their unique 3'-ends regardless of whether such ends are staggered or even. Thus, using ribonucleotide incorporation, we have for the first time employed this reaction for sequence analysis of duplex DNA fragments generated by restriction endonuclease cleavages. Furthermore, by using Co+2 ion, it is possible to add a long homopolymer tract of deoxyribonucleotides to the 3'-terminus of double-stranded DNA. Therefore, without prior treatment with lambda exonuclease to expose the 3' terminus as single-stranded primer, this reaction now permits insertion of homopolymer tails at the 3'-ends of all types of DNA molecules for the purpose of in vitro construction of recombinant DNA.
Transformation of Bacillussubtilis using gently lysed L-forms; a new mapping technique

Summary Transformation of competent Bacillus subtilis 168 strains using gently lysed L-forms of the same genospecies resulted in efficiencies between 3–10 percent for single marker transformtion. Transformation of multiple auxotrophs to prototrophy occurred at probabilities above those predicted by congression, indicating linkage between distant markers. L-form DNA was also able to transform for non-selected aberrant colony morphologies at high frequencies which apparently are division mutants.
The great divide: septation and malformation of the cloaca, and its implications for surgeons

The anorectal and urogenital systems arise from a common embryonic structure termed cloaca. Subsequent development leads to the division/septation of the cloaca into the urethra, urinary bladder, vagina, anal canal, and rectum. Defective cloacal development and the resulting anorectal and urogenital malformations are some of the most severe congenital anomalies encountered in children. In the most severe form in females, the rectum, vagina, and urethra fail to develop separately and drain via a single common channel known as a cloaca into the perineum. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of embryonic cloaca development and malformation, and compare them to what has already been described in the literature. We describe the use of mouse models of cloaca malformation to understand which signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms are involved in the process of normal cloaca development. We also discuss the embryological correlation of the epithelial and stromal histology found in step sections of the common channel in 14 human cloaca malformations. Finally, we highlight the significance of these findings, compare them to prior studies, and discuss their implications for the pediatric surgeons. Understanding and identifying the molecular basis for cloaca malformation could provide foundation for tissue engineering efforts that in the future would reflect better surgical reconstruction and improved quality of life for patients.
Intense-field laser ionization rates in atoms and molecules

We discuss experiments on the ionization of atoms and molecules in intense laser fields, designed to facilitate a comparison of theory and experiment especially in the case of complex molecules. We concentrate on ionization in the regime where single ionization dominates. We describe an approach which allows a direct measurement of ionization efficiencies, absolute ionization rates, and well-defined saturation intensities. In addition, intensities where multiple ionization and Coulomb explosion set in are determined. We also analyze how ion yields are sensitive to any dependence of ionization rates on molecular alignment. Application of these procedures to molecular ionization is demonstrated in detail for the organic molecules benzene and cyclohexane.
A survey of the oral health of Navajo Indian children.

Abstract A survey of the oral conditions of 1347 Navajo Indian children between the age of 3 and 20 years was conducted. The data recorded were, the gingival condition about each tooth, deposits, abrasion and dental caries. The prevalence, severity and incidence rate of gingivitis were found to be remarkably similar to that of a group of Alabama school children. The main differences were a high incidence of subgingival calculus at an early age, a high incidence of abrasion, a different intra-oral pattern of gingival disease and a low caries rate. The diet was studied of the Navajo Indians residing in the remote areas which were visited during a family to family survey. The mode of life, general health, climatic conditions are discussed with possible reference to the oral health findings.
Estimating regional net trade flows and income multipliers from secondary data: An application of Keynesian theory: Reply

Personal income multipliers are estimated for a sixteen sector regional economy by means of a net-trade-flow model which uses regional industry earnings as input. Multipliers are based on regionally computed marginal propensities to consume and import. The model is fed by a file of county earnings data providing complete flexibility of region definition along county boundaries. Tests show the model to be sensitive to regional definition and relative industry size. The model provides a description of regional economies and relative impacts of industries on personal income; it is not a perfect substitute, however, for a region specific input-output analysis.
Preoperative chemotherapy versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy for stage III (N2) non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose To compare preoperative chemotherapy (ChT) and preoperative chemoradiotherapy (ChT-RT) in operable Stage III non–small-cell lung cancer. Methods and Materials This retrospective study analyzed all patients with pathologically confirmed Stage III (N2) non–small-cell lung cancer who initiated preoperative ChT or ChT-RT at Duke University between 1995 and 2006. Mediastinal pathologic complete response (pCR) rates were compared using a chi-square test. The actuarial overall survival, disease-free survival, and local control were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log–rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was also performed. Results A total of 101 patients who initiated preoperative therapy with planned resection were identified. The median follow-up was 20 months for all patients and 38 months for survivors. The mediastinal lymph nodes were reassessed after preoperative therapy in 88 patients (87%). Within this group, a mediastinal pCR was achieved in 35% after preoperative ChT vs. 65% after preoperative ChT-RT ( p = 0.01). Resection was performed in 69% after ChT and 84% after ChT-RT ( p = 0.1). For all patients, the overall survival, disease-free survival, and local control rate at 3 years was 40%, 27%, and 66%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in the clinical endpoints between the ChT and ChT-RT subgroups. On multivariate analysis, a mediastinal pCR was associated with improved disease-free survival ( p = 0.03) and local control ( p = 0.03), but not overall survival ( p = 0.86). Conclusion Preoperative ChT-RT was associated with higher mediastinal pCR rates but not improved survival.
Analytical modeling of geogrid reinforced soil foundation

Abstract This paper aims at developing analytical solutions for estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of geogrid reinforced soil foundations (RSF) for both sand and silty clay soils. Failure mechanisms for reinforced soil foundations are proposed based on the literature review and the results of experimental study on model footing tests conducted by the authors. New bearing capacity formulas that incorporate the contribution of reinforcements to the increase in bearing capacity are then developed for both reinforced sand and silty clay soil foundations based on the proposed failure mechanisms. The predicted bearing capacity values are compared with the results of laboratory model tests on reinforced sand and silty clay soil. The proposed analytical solutions were also verified by the results of large-scale model tests conducted by the authors for reinforced silty clay and the data reported in the literature. The predicted bearing capacity values from analytical solutions are in good agreement with the test results.
Effect of pimozide on home cage ethanol drinking in the rat: Dependence on drinking session length

A stimulus-fading procedure was used to initiate ethanol drinking in freefeeding Long Evans rats. During daily half-hour drinking sessions in the home cage, a combination of sucrose and ethanol was first presented to the rats; gradually the sucrose concentration was reduced and the ethanol concentration increased until after 7 weeks the rats were drinking 10% ethanol with no sucrose. After stabilization of intake, either pimozide (PIM, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg) was injected 4 h before drinking sessions or (d)-amphetamine (DEX, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) was injected 15 min before sessions. The 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg PIM doses and the 0.50 DEX dose significantly reduced intake compared to vehicle injections. In the second part of the experiment, the rats were given 24-h access to 10% ethanol and water in a two-bottle choice procedure. In this condition, 0.50 mg/kg PIM failed to reduce intake compared to vehicle. The critical difference between the two procedures seems to be that with the 30-min sessions, PIM injections were timed to have their maximal effect during testing. With 24-h sessions, decreases in intake produced by PIM could have been compensated for by increases after the drug had worn off. The hypothesis that dopamine is necessary for ethanol reinforcement receives support from the PIM effect on the 30-min sessions. The DEX effect extends the generality of our previous finding that DEX reduces ethanol-reinforced lever pressing in free-feeding rats.
The Adults and Immature Stages of Aedes Purpureipes Aitken (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes (Kompia) purpureipes Aitken, 1941, one of the most unusual and interesting mosquitoes of North America, has been reported to date from a very few collections made in the Cape Region of Baja California, the north-western Mexican mainland and southern Arizona (Aitken, 1941: S3; Ross, 1943; 86, Vargas, 1949: 261; 1950: 65; Murphy, 1953: 236; Richards et al. 1956: 14).
Irreducible spherical tensor analysis of quadrupolar nuclei

Irreducible spherical tensor analysis can be used to select both the order and the rank of tensor componenets of the density matrix. This procedure was demonstrated for a collection of dipolar-coupled spin I=12 nuclei. In this work we adapt this approach for quadrupolar nuclei. We demonstrate this technique using the I=72 NMR spectra from 133Cs in an anisotropic phase. The separation of all possible ranks is shown. In this form the experiment can be useful in the analysis of both coherent and dissipative dynamics of quadrupolar nuclei.
On the asymptotic properties of a hard sphere fluid.

An analysis of the expected divergences in thermodynamic properties at the close-pack density (ηcp = π√2/6) along with the known virial coefficients up to 10th order suggests a weak logarithmic sin...
Cosmological baryon diffusion and nucleosynthesis

The diffusion rate of baryons through the big-bang plasma is calculated. Fluctuations in baryon density in the early Universe lead to inhomogeneities in the neutron-proton ratio, due to the differential diffusion of these particles through the radiation plasma. For certain types of nonlinear fluctuations, some nucleosynthesis would occur in very neutron-rich regions. Nuclear products of homogeneous neutron-enriched regions are evaluated numerically using a standard reaction network and these results are used to estimate final abundances in an inhomogeneous universe. Net deuterium and lithium abundances tend to increase and the net helium abundance tends to decrease compared to an unperturbed standard model. It is suggested that pronounced nonlinear baryon-density fluctuations produced in QCD- or electroweak-epoch phase transitions could alter abundances sufficiently to make a closed baryonic universe consistent with current observations of these elements. In such a model the abundance of heavier elements (C,N,O, etc.) increases significantly and approaches observable levels. Abundances can be used to place constraints on extreme scenarios for phase transitions at these epochs.
Psychoneuroendocrine Aspects of Temporolimbic Epilepsy: Part I. Brain, Reproductive Steroids, and Emotions

The temporolimbic structures of the brain that subserve emotional representation are highly epileptogenic and play an important role in the modulation of hormonal secretion and mediation of hormonal feedback. Estrogen is highly epileptogenic and exerts energizing and antidepressant effects. Excessive estrogen influence produces anxiety, agitation, irritability, and lability. It can promote the development of anxiety manifestations (e.g., panic, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder). Progesterone and its metabolites inhibit kindling and seizure activity. They have potent anxiolytic effects, possibly by virtue of their GABAergic activity. Excessive progesterone influence produces sedation and depression. Testosterone has two major metabolites: estradiol, which can exacerbate seizures, and dihydrotestosterone, which blocks NMDA-type glutamate transmission and may be responsible for antiseizure effects. Testosterone has energizing effects and increases sexual desire in both men and women. In excess, however, it may promote aggressive, impulsive, and hypersexual behavior. Hormonal effects tend to be exaggerated or idiosyncratic in the setting of an abnormal or anomalous temporolimbic substrate, especially temporolimbic epilepsy. This may reflect altered neuronal responsivity to hormonal exposure perhaps by virtue of changes in the number of dendritic spines and receptors.
Note: On the universality of proximal radial distribution functions of proteins.

Protein hydration is important to protein structure and function. Molecular distribution functions have been an invaluable tool to study protein hydration. Proximal radial distribution functions (pRDFs) have been postulated as being transferable across proteins based on evidence collected from two proteins [V. A. Makarov, B. K. Andrews, and B. M. Pettitt, Biopolymers 45(7), 469 (1998)]. Here we selected nine proteins with different sizes as well as different secondary topologies. We show that pRDFs are universal for proteins with compact structures. We further compare these pRDFs with those calculated from polyglycines that have no defined structures to consider the extent of the validity of this approach.
Midlatitude cirrus cloud climatology from the Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing. IV. Optical displays

In this fourth of a series of papers that describe long-term cloud research at the Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing at Salt Lake City, Utah, an ∼10-year record of polarization lidar and photographic observations is analyzed to characterize the occurrence of optical displays in our local varieties of midlatitude cirrus clouds. The frequencies of occurrence of various types of halo, arc, and corona displays are evaluated according to their appearance and longevity over nominal 1-h observation periods and to the meteorological source of the cirrus. We find that complex halo-arc displays are rare at our locale and that even the so-called common 22° halo occurs infrequently as a complete long-lived ring. For example, only ∼6% of the 1561-h daytime cirrus periods have bright and prolonged 22° halos, although a total of 37.3% have some indications of this halo, even if they are brief and fragmentary. Other fairly frequent features are the 22° upper tangent arc (8.6%), 22° parhelia (8.5%), and solar corona (7.2%). Of the optical displays observed, 83.6% are refraction based, only 1.9% are due to reflection phenomena, and a surprising 15.4% are caused by diffraction. Complex halo-arc displays are disproportionally associated with cirrus formed in tropical or subtropical airflow and also contain more horizontally oriented planar ice crystals. Lidar linear depolarization ratios from a subset of vivid displays show significant differences between halo- and the corona-producing cirrus, reflecting the effects of particle shape. Halos are associated with relatively warm cirrus that contain randomly and horizontally oriented planar ice crystals, whereas the colder corona cirrus produce much stronger depolarization from crystals too small to be uniformly oriented. Comparisons are made with available information from other locales, and we attempt to explain the geographical differences in terms of basic cirrus cloud processes.
Influencing cigarette smoking with nicotine antagonists

Antagonists of nicotine have been used in an attempt to resolve the continuing controversy about the role of nicotine as the primary reinforcer in cigarette smoking. Mecamylamine, an antagonist which readily penetrates to the central nervous system, increased the rate of cigarette smoking by about 30% in laboratory tests; this was accompanied by reduced blood pressure, impaired performance of a digit symbol substitution test, improved hand steadiness, and by dysphoria. The increased smoking may be regarded as self-titration with nicotine, an interpretation which receives some support from results obtained with pentolinium, an antagonist with predominantly peripheral actions. In the doses used, pentolinium did not affect smoking rate, blood pressure, or hand steadiness, but it impaired digit symbol performance and induced dysphoria. The different results with mecamylamine and pentolinium support previous evidence that the action of nicotine in the central nervous system has a small but clearly demonstrable role as a primary reinforcer of the smoking habit.
Cervicobrachial muscle response to cognitive load in a dual-task scenario.

People working in an office environment often have to deal with significant cognitive workload due to the coordination of multiple, simultaneous tasks. The objective of this research was to examine the impact of cognitive load in office-type tasks on physical-stress response, using a dual-task paradigm involving a primary cognitive task and secondary typing task. The central hypothesis of this research was that altering the demands of the cognitive task would lead to a difference in physical stress-level and performance. Cognitive load was manipulated by presenting participants with three different types of cognitive tasks described in Rasmussen's (1983) taxonomy, including skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based tasks. Dependent variables examined in the study included: (1) electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius (pars descendens) and cervical erector spinae muscles, (2) performance in a secondary typing task, and (3) subjective measures of stress and cognitive workload. The results of this study re...
Pollutant loadings generated by nonpoint sources in the Santa Monica Bay Drainage Basin: A case study

The Santa Monica Bay provides a number of beneficial uses. To protect these, best management practices that control urban runoff should be utilized. In order to determine the types of best management practices to be used, an estimation of nonpoint source pollutant loads generated by the Santa Monica Drainage Basin is needed. Local land use, runoff, and chemical data were used to estimate pollutant loads from nonpoint source pollution and pollutant loads by land use in three subbasins of the Santa Monica Drainage Basin: namely, Ballona Creek, Malibu Creek, and Topanga Creek. The time period of available data was May 1988 to May 1990.