cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aligning Theory and Practice in Teacher Professional Development for Computer Science

Since the Advanced Placement Computer Science Principles (AP CSP) course has been released, it has vastly increased the need for highly trained CSP teachers who are prepared to bring CS to a diverse group of students. We have designed professional development (PD) workshops for high school teachers learning to teach this new CSP course, basing our design and iterative refinements on effective practices from other STEM disciplines. In summers 2012-2019, we have prepared over 600 teachers to teach CSP. Our PD provides teachers with time to learn CS content and pedagogical content knowledge. A key component of our PD design focuses on professionally-relevant activities– specifically, teachers develop and lead CSP lessons and provide feedback to each other through practice-focused discussions with experienced teachers and their peers. Another key component of our PD is including opportunities for continued professional growth, where we provide opportunities for teachers to engage as leaders who mentor others, curate materials, or facilitate future PDs. Our data has shown an increase in teachers’ confidence to lead in the classroom and also shown equal accessibility and growth for participants regardless of prior programming experience. In this paper, we examine and articulate the foundational theories for our CSP PD and how we have adapted these methodologies to cultivate an inclusive and productive learning environment for teachers. We also perform a retrospective analysis to determine which PD and program activities our teachers found most meaningful and relevant to their daily teaching.
The Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on the Level of Taxation and the Fiscal Balance in Developing Countries

In recent years the taxation level in many developing countries has changed dramatically over relatively short periods. These changes are too large and too sudden to be attributed fully to a deterioration in tax administration or to changes in the traditional determinants of tax levels. They can be attributed, to a considerable extent, to the connection between tax levels and macroeconomic policies--in particular, exchange rate, import substitution, trade liberalization, inflation, public debt, and financial policies. Thus, more attention should be paid to these relationships, and tax reform should aim to neutralize some of their effects.
A dataset of vulnerable code changes of the chromium OS project

This paper presents a an empirically built and validated dataset of code reviews from the Chromium OS project that either identified or missed security vulnerabilities. The dataset includes total 890 vulnerable code changes categorized based on the CWE specification and is publicly available at: https://zenodo.org/record/4539891
Supporting communication of visit information to informal caregivers: A systematic review.

Importance When caregivers cannot attend the clinic visit for the person they provide care for, patients are the predominant source of clinic visit information; however, poor patient recall inhibits the quality of information shared, resulting in poor caregiver preparedness and contributing to caregiver morbidity. Technological solutions exist to sharing clinic visit information, but their effectiveness is unclear. Objectives To assess if and how technology is being used to connect informal caregivers to patient clinic visit information when they cannot otherwise attend, and its impact on caregiver and patient outcomes. Evidence review MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and CINAHL were searched through 5/3/2020 with no language restrictions or limits. ClinicalTrials.gov and other reference lists were included in the search. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized trials that involved using a technological medium e.g., video or the electronic health record, to communicate visit information to a non-attending caregiver were included. Data were collected and screened using a standardized data collection form. Cochrane's Risk of Bias 2.0 and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for RCTs and nonrandomized trials, respectively. All data were abstracted by two independent reviewers, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Findings Of 2115 studies identified in the search, four met criteria for inclusion. Two studies were randomized controlled trials and two were nonrandomized trials. All four studies found positive effects of their intervention on caregiver outcomes of interest, and three out of four studies found statistically significant improvements in key outcomes for caregivers receiving visit information. Improved outcomes included caregiver happiness, caregiver activation, caregiver preparedness, and caregiver confidence in managing patient health. Conclusions and relevance Our review suggests that using technology to give a caregiver access to clinical visit information could be beneficial to various caregiver outcomes. There is an urgent need to address the lack of research in this area.
Early-Phase Performance-Driven Design using Generative Models.

Current performance-driven building design methods are not widely adopted outside the research field for several reasons that make them difficult to integrate into a typical design process. In the early design phase, in particular, the time-intensity and the cognitive load associated with optimization and form parametrization are incompatible with design exploration, which requires quick iteration. This research introduces a novel method for performance-driven geometry generation that can afford interaction directly in the 3d modeling environment, eliminating the need for explicit parametrization, and is multiple orders faster than the equivalent form optimization. The method uses Machine Learning techniques to train a generative model offline. The generative model learns a distribution of optimal performing geometries and their simulation contexts based on a dataset that addresses the performance(s) of interest. By navigating the generative model's latent space, geometries with the desired characteristics can be quickly generated. A case study is presented, demonstrating the generation of a synthetic dataset and the use of a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) as a generative model for geometries with optimal solar gain. The results show that the VAE-generated geometries perform on average at least as well as the optimized ones, suggesting that the introduced method shows a feasible path towards more intuitive and interactive early-phase performance-driven design assistance.
Mechanisms of the Extensor Rigidity Caused by Spinal Cord Asphyxiation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an investigation on extensor rigidity caused by spinal cord asphyxiation using spinal cords of the cats. Asphyxiation of the lumbosacral spinal cord may cause several periods of extensor tone in the hind legs in succession. A secondary tone was investigated 24 hours after cord asphyxiations of 30 to 35-minute duration; a late tone after 2 weeks. In preparations with secondary as well as in those with late tone, the recovery cycle of the monosynaptic spike elicited in a ventral root by stimulation of the dorsal root at the same segmental level showed less post-activation depression than in spinal control preparations. Also, these preparations conducted impulse trains at 50/sec better than the controls. These differences may be due to a decrease in effectiveness of the factors that cause the marked post-activation depression in the preparations with the secondary tone, and to an increase in excitability of the motoneurons caused by extensive destruction of interneurons (denervation hyperexcitability) in preparations with late tone.
Nontropical sprue: diagnosis and therapy.

Summary Nontropical sprue may be defined as a disease of unknown cause, without specific anatomicopathologic changes, which occurs in adults living in temperate climates and in which absorption from and motility of the small bowel are impaired. Nontropical sprue includes celiac disease when it persists into adult life. Impairment of absorption in nontropical sprue, contrary to early beliefs, affects all nutrients including fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and even water. Impaired absorption causes deficiency states which together with the symptoms and signs of impaired bowel function are the essential clinical features of the syndrome. The diagnosis of nontropical sprue rests, first, upon the demonstration of malabsorption with its associated deficiency states and, secondly, upon exclusion of specific pathologic abnormalities that may also produce the syndrome. Until a specific remedy is discovered, therapy must be directed toward control of malabsorption and correction of the several deficiency states. The corticosteroids and a gluten free diet are promising adjuncts to standard forms of therapy.
The specific association of a phosphofructokinase isoform with myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2. Implications for the coordinated regulation of phospholipolysis and glycolysis.

We have demonstrated previously that myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 is a 40-kDa polypeptide regulated by ligand-modulated protein-protein interactions (Hazen, S.L., and Gross, R.W. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14526-14534). We now demonstrate that an 85-kDa polypeptide which possesses sequence homology to and chemical, physical, immunological, and chromatographic similarities with phosphofructokinase (PFK) specifically interacts with the 40-kDa phospholipase A2 catalytic subunit and represents the putative protein regulatory element identified in previous work. Multiple independent lines of evidence document the association between the 85-kDa phosphofructokinase isoform and the 40-kDa myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 catalytic polypeptide, including 1) the coelution of the 85- and 40-kDa polypeptides which migrate as a 400-kDa complex during gel filtration chromatography, 2) the stoichiometry between the 85- and 40-kDa polypeptides which corresponds to a complex comprised of a tetrameric PFK isoform and a 40-kDa phospholipase A2 catalytic polypeptide, 3) the demonstration that the 85-kDa phosphofructokinase isoform acts as a specific and reversible affinity adsorbent for myocardial cytosolic phospholipase A2 catalytic activity, 4) the immunoprecipitation of myocardial cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity utilizing chicken anti-rabbit skeletal muscle PFK IgG, 5) the specific release of phospholipase A2 from ATP-agarose after formation of a ternary complex comprised of allosteric modifiers of phosphofructokinase, and 6) the selective attenuation of the denaturation of purified homogeneous calcium-independent cytosolic phospholipase A2 with PFK. Collectively, these results demonstrate the highly specific association of a phosphofructokinase isoform with myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and suggest a novel biochemical mechanism underlying the coordinated regulation of phospholipolysis and glycolysis previously observed in myocardium and in other mammalian tissues.
The Built Environment and Physical Activity Levels: The Harvard Alumni Health Study

Background Physical activity is associated with better health, but many individuals are insufficiently active. Modifying the built environment may be an approach capable of influencing population-wide levels of physical activity, but few data exist from longitudinal studies that can minimize bias from active people choosing activity-friendly neighborhoods. Purpose This study aims to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the built environment and physical activity on a large scale. Methods This study examined cross-sectional associations between urban sprawl (mapping addresses to corresponding counties) and physical activity (self-reported) among men throughout the U.S. in 1993 and in 1988, and longitudinal associations between changes in exposure to urban sprawl for movers and physical activity, 1988–1993. Included were 4997 men (mean age, 70 years) in the 1993 cross-sectional study; 4918 men in the 1988 cross-sectional study; and 3448 men in the longitudinal study, 1988–1993. Data were collected prospectively in 1988 and 1993, and analyses were performed in 2007–2008. Results In cross-sectional analyses, less sprawl was significantly associated with more walking OR, comparing least with most sprawling areas, for meeting physical activity recommendations by walking=1.38 [95% CI=1.09, 1.76] in 1993 and 1.53 [1.19, 1.96] in 1988). Less sprawl also was associated with lower prevalence of overweight (corresponding OR=0.79 [0.64, 0.98] in 1993 and 0.81 [0.66, 1.00] in 1988). However, longitudinal analyses assessing change did not show that decreasing sprawl was associated with increased physical activity or decreased BMI. Conclusions These findings suggest that the cross-sectional results may reflect self-selection, rather than indicating that the built environment—as measured by urban sprawl—increases physical activity. However, the longitudinal findings were limited by small numbers of men changing residence and associated sprawl levels.
Orgasmic Auras as an Initial Symptom of a Primary Brain Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review (P7.028)

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of orgasmic auras as an initial symptom of a primary brain tumor and review the literature on orgasmic auras. BACKGROUND: Orgasmic auras and ictal events are rare. A limited number of case reports and reviews have been published since the early 1980’s. These cases offer valuable information in regards to sexual function localization in the human brain. DESIGN/METHODS: Medical record review and literature search using PubMed. RESULTS: A 56 year old presented to the emergency room for confusion. He had become disoriented while watching television. Although the patient denied previous symptoms, he described sensations of unprovoked sexual arousal and orgasm occurring a few times daily and lasting several seconds in the few years preceding. His initial neurological exam, including a detailed mental status exam, was normal. Laboratory work up was unremarkable. MRI scan of the brain with gadolinium contrast revealed an infiltrative non-enhancing 3x4 cm lesion in the right medial temporal lobe. Levetiracetam was introduced at a dose of 500 mg twice daily under suspicion of partial seizures with and without dyscognitive features. Open biopsy revealed WHO Grade 2 oligodendroglioma. At follow up the patient complained of continued unprovoked orgasmic sensations. Levetiracetam dosing was escalated with cessation of these sensations. Several months later the patient complained of recurrence. Repeat MRI studies showed new tumor growth. Temozolamide was initiated with post chemotherapy radiation planned. Lacosamide was added as second line anti-seizure therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In the large majority of published cases of orgasmic auras, including this case, events can be localized to the right temporal lobe. Orgasmic auras appear to have powerful localizing value and once established can aid in long term management decisions, particularly in the case of primary brain tumors. Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Glover has nothing to disclose. Dr. LaSala has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weidenheim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Graber has received personal compensation for activities with Stemedica Inc., Novocure Inc., and Biogen Idec.
Neuropathology of non-Alzheimer degenerative disorders.

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by selective and progressive loss of specific populations of neurons, which determines the clinical presentation. The same neuronal populations can be affected in a number of different disorders. Given that the clinical presentation reflects the particular population of neurons that are targets of the disease process, it is clear that for any given clinical syndrome, more than one neurodegenerative disease can account for the clinical syndrome. Because of this clinical ambiguity, for the purpose of this brief review neurodegenerative disorders are classified according to the underlying molecular pathology rather than their clinical presentation. The major neurodegenerative diseases can be classified into amyloidoses, tauopathies, α-synucleinopathies and TDP-43 proteinopathies.
Dynamical Stability in Lagrangian Systems

The first part of this paper surveys results on time-periodic Lagrangian systems on a hyperbolic manifolds. Results of the authors show that the dynamics of such systems are, in a precise sense, at least as complicated as those of the geodesic flow of the hyperbolic metric. The second part of the paper presents original results on autonomous Lagrangian systems on the two torus including a precise description of Mather’s beta function. Examples are given of mechanical systems with non-strictly convex beta function and with an Euler-Lagrange minimizer which is not a Jacobi minimizer.
Stimulatory effects of B7-related protein-1 on cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.

Inducible costimulator (ICOS) and B7-related protein-1 (B7RP-1) constitute a receptor-ligand pair involved in T cell costimulation. In this study, the stimulatory effects of B7RP-1 on cellular and humoral immune responses were investigated giving mice a construct with the extracellular domain of murine B7RP-1 fused with human IgG1 Fc (B7RP-1-Fc). B7RP-1-Fc stimulated contact hypersensitivity (CH) given near either the time of sensitization or challenge with oxazolone. When given near challenge time, B7RP-1-Fc stimulated CH more than a construct containing the extracellular domain of murine B7.2 and Fc (B7.2-Fc). B7RP-1-Fc increased the number of cells in lymph nodes draining the skin sensitized with oxazolone, especially activated T cells. B7RP-1-Fc also increased the ability of the cells in these lymph nodes to induce CH when transfused into naive mice. B7RP-1-Fc stimulated the production of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) Ab, increasing anti-KLH IgG, IgG2a, and IgE, whereas B7.2-Fc did not affect this production. B7RP-1-Fc also increased the number of cells in lymph nodes draining the skin immunized with KLH and their production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 in response to KLH. Finally, B7RP-1-Fc increased the presence of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs of mice sensitized and challenged with OVA so to mount an asthmatic reaction. B7RP-1-Fc stimulates both cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo by increasing number and function of T and B cells reacting to Ag exposure.
Contractive presentations: A family of inverse monoids and semigroups with finiteR-classes

There has recently been considerable interest in inverse monoids which are presented by generators and relations. In this work the author employs graphical techniques to investigate the word problem for presentations of inverse monoids which generalize the case in which all relations in a presentation are of the formw=w2. The work also investigates free objects in finitely based varieties of inverse semigroups, where the free objects have similar presentations. A fundamental charecteristic of the monoids (semigroups) investigated is: ifF is a free inverse monoid andM=F/θ, then form∈F, theR-class ofmθ has no more elements than theR-class ofm.
Distribution of Locally Delivered Antimicrobials Is Limited by Cortical Bone: A Pilot Study

Background Local delivery is required to achieve the high antimicrobial concentrations needed to treat biofilm-forming infections. The delivery site is commonly either in the intramedullary canal or at the periosteal surface. It is unknown whether locally delivered antimicrobials are transported transcortically between the endosteal and periosteal surfaces when the infection involves the opposite surface.
Mergers and the sustainability of collusion in a Cournot-Nash supergame

Abstract Cartels may apportion profit among member firms in any number of ways. This paper demonstrates that in a Cournot-Nash supergame the impact of mergers on the sustainability of industrywide collusion depends crucially on the choice of such an apportionment scheme.
Repetitive polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by phase 4 block in the His-Purkinje system

We report a case of a patient who developed repetitive episodes of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a stereotypical pattern of initiation. A premature atrial complex would result in a brief pause followed by left bundle branch block aberrancy. Ventricular bigeminy would ensue followed by episodes of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, some requiring cardioversion. We postulate that delay within the His-Purkinje system initiated by phase 4 block was proarrhythmic in this patient.
High harmonic transient grating spectroscopy

We demonstrate a unique pump-probe scheme for high harmonic spectroscopy, which is sensitive to weak excitations and provides spectral information without the need for a VUV spectrometer.
Serotonin distribution in the limbic system of the rat

Abstract The level of serotonin has been measured in nuclei of the limbic system. Serotonin is unevenly distributed among these nuclei. High levels of serotonin were found in the medial forebrain bundle, the ventral tegmental area, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the nucleus interstitialis medullaris, and several nuclei of the amygdala.
Attributional biases in subclinical depression: A schema-based account

Non-depressed individuals exhibit a self-serving attributional bias, taking more credit for success than for failure. Clinically and subclinically depressed people are less self-serving, often to the point of making similar attributions (explanations) for successes and failures. The present studies evaluated a schematic account of these distinct attributional biases. Subclinically depressed and non-depressed participants completed measures of attributional bias (the relative strength of ability attributions for success versus failure), schema-based optimism (the relative expectedness of success versus failure) and self-schemas of competence. Two studies evaluated a hypothesis derived from the schematic account: the greater the perceived competence and optimism, the more self-serving the attributional bias. As predicted, (a) attributional bias scores covaried with optimism and competence scores in both magnitude and valence (or direction), (b) depressed-non-depressed differences in attributional biases paralleled differences in competence and optimism and (c) when attributional bias scores were adjusted for the effects of optimism or competence, depressed–non-depressed differences in attributional biases were eliminated. The schematic account raises questions about the common assumptions that attributional patterns are traits, and that they play a central role in the aetiology and treatment of depression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tanganyika and the Peace Corps: Unanswered Questions

Anthropologists, as well as other members of the behavioral sciences, have for some time bewailed the fact that "The Government" has neither called upon them regularly to contribute their talent and resources nor utilized the information and insights they are capable of transmitting. The implied blame, that "The Government" was at fault, has been taken for granted. Actually, this is only partially accurate on several counts. First, few people in the academic world have asked the government what it needed in terms of information from the behavioral-science community. Second, the efforts of many anthropologists, sociologists, and social-psychologists in government, or those invited to develop materials for government, have often been unfortunate. Essentially this has been for two reasons. In the first instance, as behavioral scientists, they have failed to learn about, adjust to, or effectively operate within bureaucracy. Secondly they have often been unable to communicate what they know, or they have misas...
An experimental study to determine task size for rollback recovery systems

The effects of using a recovery cache to save the variables of a program are studied. A novel optimization model for rollback is formulated to include the effects of a recovery cache in rollback systems. The parameters of the model proposed are the maximum recovery time, the cache size, and the save and load time associated with the task size. The results are also discussed of an experimental study conducted to estimate the parameters of the programs that are critical for arriving at a suitable task size or cache size to minimize the cost of recovery. >
SPR: an architecture-adaptive CGRA mapping tool

In this paper we present SPR, a new architecture-adaptive mapping tool for use with Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs). It combines a VLIW style scheduler and FPGA style placement and pipelined routing algorithms with novel mechanisms for integrating and adapting the algorithms to CGRAs. We introduce a latency padding technique that provides feedback from the placer to the scheduler to meet the constraints of a fixed frequency device with configurable interconnect. Using a new dynamic clustering method during placement, we achieved a 1.3x improvement in throughput of mapped designs. Finally, we introduce an enhancement to the PathFinder algorithm for targeting architectures with a mix of dynamically multiplexed and statically configurable interconnects. The enhanced algorithm is able to successfully share statically configured interconnect in a time-multiplexed way, achieving an average channel width reduction of .5x compared to non-shared static interconnect.
Computer Simulation of Large-Scale Econometric Models: Project Link

Large-scale systems of nonlinear difference equations are well suited for implementations on a parallel vector processor. This report de scribes the fast solution methods encompassed by Project LINK, including implementation on an IBM 3090-200VF supercomputer. LINK comprises 79 macroeconometric models emulating the economies of countries or regions linked through international trade. The model, with more than 20,000 equations, is solved by nesting a Jacobi iteration procedure with a combined Gauss- Seidel and Newton-Raphson procedure. The so lution performance, in terms of elapsed time, can be improved almost proportionally to the number of parallel processors. One can take advantage of vector processing at several stages of the solution algorithm. By exploiting the dynamics of the model, it is possible to gain a factor of 2 or more in speed from vectorization. Furthermore, the availability of large computer memory has significantly reduced the time spent on disk input/output.
Effects of metamphetamine, pipradrol and methylphenidate on instrumental conditioning and spontaneous motor activity in the immature rat

Ip injections of methamphetamine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg), pipradrol (2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg), and methylphenidate (2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) impaired the acquisition and performance of a simple alternation light-on-light-off instrumental response in weanling rats. High drug doses drastically reduced differential response (DR) rates and markedly elevated spontaneous motor activity (SMA). Low drug doses depressed DR asymptotes and slightly increased SMA. These findings with young rats are comparable to those with adult rats and question the usefulness of the immature rat as a model for the effects of stimulants in children.
Photoalignment of Glassy-Nematic Oligofluorenes on Coumarin-Containing Polymer Films

Orientation of a series of nematic oligofluorenes was investigated on coumarin-containing photoalignment films. Cross-over behavior in liquid crystal alignment was observed and interpreted with a kinetic model. The spectroscopic analyses revealed no evidence of photodegradation.
Cross-tolerance and μ agonist efficacy in pigeons treated with LAAM or buprenorphine

The mechanism responsible for decreased opioid use during opioid substitution therapy is not fully understood. To examine whether l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) or buprenorphine attenuate behavioral effects of opioids through cross-tolerance, discriminative stimulus effects of high and low efficacy mu agonists were examined following 3- or 7-day treatment with LAAM or buprenorphine in pigeons discriminating between saline and heroin or between saline and buprenorphine, respectively. Heroin, buprenorphine and nalbuphine occasioned high levels of drug-appropriate responding in both groups; kappa opioids and non-opioids occasioned predominantly saline-appropriate responding. Administration of LAAM (3.2 mg/kg) or buprenorphine (3.2 mg/kg) occasioned predominantly heroin- or buprenorphine-appropriate responding, respectively. After discontinuation of LAAM treatment, the potency in occasioning heroin-key responding was markedly decreased for nalbuphine, slightly decreased for buprenorphine, and unchanged for heroin. Following discontinuation of buprenorphine treatment, the potency in occasioning buprenorphine-key responding was decreased for nalbuphine and unchanged for buprenorphine and heroin. Thus, greater cross-tolerance developed from LAAM and buprenorphine to low efficacy mu agonists as compared to a higher efficacy agonist. Failure of LAAM and buprenorphine treatment to modify the effects of heroin, under conditions that attenuate the effects of lower efficacy mu opioids, provides a possible rationale for why heroin abuse persists in some patients receiving large doses of agonists in substitution therapy.
Ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses and morphine-induced changes in nociception and activity in mice

Mice were exposed to ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic pulses averaging 99-105 kV/m peak amplitude, 0.97-1.03 ns duration, and 155-174 ps rise time, after intraperitoneal administration of saline or morphine sulfate. They were then tested for thermal nociception on a 50 degrees C surface and for spontaneous locomotor activity and its time profile over 5 min. Analysis of results showed no effect of UWB exposure on nociception and activity measures in CF-1 mice after 15-, 30-, or 45-min exposure to pulses at 600/s or after 30-min exposure to UWB pulses at 60/s. Similarly, no effect was seen in C57BL/6 mice after 30-min exposure to pulses at 60/s or 600/s. Although trends in morphine-modified measures seen with UWB pulse repetition frequency could be expected because of increased levels of low-frequency energy, no significant change was seen in normal or morphine-modified nociception or activity after UWB exposure. This indicated lack of effect of the UWB pulses used in these experiments on nervous system components, including endogenous opioids, involved in these behaviors.
Toxicities of Human Recombinant Interferon-α2 in Patients with Advanced Prostate Carcinoma

ABSTRACT Nine patients with hormone-resistant prostate carcinoma were treated with subcutaneous injection of recombinant human interferon-α2 (rHuIFN-α2), 5-10 χ 106 U/m2, three times a week. One pa...
Novel method for producing high H2 permeability Pd membranes with a thin layer of the sulfur tolerant Pd/Cu fcc phase

Abstract A novel method for producing high permeance, Pd/Cu alloy membranes in the fcc phase is presented. The deposition of sub-micron layers of Cu by electroless plating and Pd by the galvanic displacement of Cu on top of an already dense Pd membrane enabled an fcc Pd/Cu alloy to be present on just the surface of the membrane. The result was a Pd/Cu/Pd tri-layer that when annealed formed the sulfur resistant fcc phase without the hydrogen permeance decrease associated with fcc Pd/Cu alloys. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to study the effect of stirring on the kinetics of both the plating and displacement baths. Bath agitation rates of 400 rpm were found sufficient to deposit uniform sub-micron layers at high deposition rates by minimizing the diffusional mass transfer resistance within the solutions. XRD studies showed that the tri-layer formed the sulfur tolerant fcc phase within 36 h of annealing at 450 °C in H2. A tri-layer Pd/Cu/Pd alloy membrane was fabricated by depositing 0.4 μm of Cu with a bath agitation speed of 400 rpm on an already dense Pd membrane and depositing 0.15 μm of Pd through the displacement of Cu with a bath agitation speed of 400 rpm. The total membrane thickness was 19.0 μm. The permeance at 450 °C was 22.9 m3/m2 bar0.5 h which was 93% of the permeance of a pure Pd foil of the same thickness. Previous Pd/Cu fcc alloy membranes resulted in permeances with roughly 50–60% of the permeance of pure Pd foils of the same thicknesses. The membrane tested in this work performed similarly to pure Pd membranes due to thin layer of the fcc Pd/Cu alloy.
Targeting a new regulator of erythropoiesis to alleviate anemia.

Anemia is a debilitating condition that can be complicated by ineffective erythropoiesis. Two new studies identify GDF11 as a regulator of erythropoiesis and show that its inhibition in mouse models of anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis restores normal erythropoietic differentiation and alleviates anemia (pages 398–407 and 408–414).
New rural livelihoods or museums of production? Quality food initiatives in practice.

Abstract In recent years, the European Union’s stated commitment to the principle of multifunctionality within its Common Agricultural Policy has fostered a resurgence of interest in recovering and protecting the heritage and traditions associated with local agricultural products. In spite of, or perhaps because of, the growing political and economic salience of heritage-based initiatives, however, we argue that it is important to interrogate the meanings and assumptions that underlie notions of heritage and tradition. In this paper, we use case study research from France and Poland to explore the potential contradictions associated with heritage-based food systems. While quality initiatives create essential spaces for maintaining rural livelihoods in the face of the homogenizing trends in the global agro-food system, particularly for regions where traditional agriculture has been economically marginalized, they also have the potential to undermine local specificity and privilege powerful extralocal actors at the expense of local communities. We pay particular attention to how, in practice, these initiatives may (1) reduce the diversity of available products, (2) create static notions of culture and (3) fundamentally change or distort the character of products in promoting the shift from local to extralocal markets. Our analysis suggests that a more careful investigation of heritage-based initiatives’ vulnerabilities is warranted, particularly with respect to the varied nature of local contexts. Initiatives that merely codify cultural products without taking the social-organizational context into account risk becoming little more than “museums of production.”
Lateral Space Distribution of X-ray Photoelectrons

The lateral distribution in space of the directions of emission of photoelectrons ejected from argon atoms by partially polarized x-rays having the mean wave-length 0.53A was determined by examination of photographs of 2008 condensation tracks produced in a C. T. R. Wilson expansion apparatus. Discarding by a definite analytical procedure the isotropically distributed emissions, which are ascribed to unpolarized radiation, the distribution of the remaining 752 tracks is found to be in excellent agreement with the indications of quantum mechanics that (for $K$ electrons) the probability of emission is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between the electric vector of the absorbed radiation and the projection of the direction of emission upon a plane normal to the direction of incidence.
Molecular Series-Tunneling Junctions

Charge transport through junctions consisting of insulating molecular units is a quantum phenomenon that cannot be described adequately by classical circuit laws. This paper explores tunneling current densities in self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based junctions with the structure AgTS/O2C–R1–R2–H//Ga2O3/EGaIn, where AgTS is template-stripped silver and EGaIn is the eutectic alloy of gallium and indium; R1 and R2 refer to two classes of insulating molecular units—(CH2)n and (C6H4)m—that are connected in series and have different tunneling decay constants in the Simmons equation. These junctions can be analyzed as a form of series-tunneling junctions based on the observation that permuting the order of R1 and R2 in the junction does not alter the overall rate of charge transport. By using the Ag/O2C interface, this system decouples the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO, which is localized on the carboxylate group) from strong interactions with the R1 and R2 units. The differences in rates of tunneling...
Oxygen Diffusion in Blood: A Translational Model of Shear-Induced Augmentation

Possible models of shear-induced augmentation of oxygen transfer in laminar blood flow are discussed and evaluated in the light of recently published experimental results [1]. A new transfer augmentation model is presented which evaluates the effect of microscopic translational motions of the red blood cells back and forth across the flow streamlines. The results of this model appear to be consistent with the experimentally measured diffusion augmentation.
Properties of a Deuteron and e2H Scattering for the Nijmegen Potentials

In the present paper, the tensor polarization in elastic e2H scattering is considered for four Nijmegen nucleon-nucleon potentials. The numerical wave function of a deuteron is approximated by a series of the Gaussian curves, which allows it to be used in any calculations. The correctness of a description of the deuteron characteristics by the approximate wave function is demonstrated on examples of their comparison with exact calculations of the quadrupole moment, the probability of the D-state, and the deuteron radius.
Universality in structure and elasticity of polymer-nanoparticle gels.

We propose a combination of polymer field theory and off-lattice computer simulations to study polymer-bridged gelation in polymer-nanoparticle mixtures. We use this method to study the structure of gels formed in attractive polymer-colloid systems. Our results indicate that such gels exhibit a universal structure with a fractal dimension ${d}_{f}\ensuremath{\approx}2.5$ characteristic of random percolation. By mapping to an affine-network model, the enhancement in elastic moduli is predicted to follow a critical exponent ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\eta}}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.8$ characteristic of the resistor network percolation. We analyze selected experimental results to suggest the existence of a universality class corresponding to our results.
Repeated embryo recovery attempts and subsequent fertility of two-year-old fillies

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine if 2-year-old fillies could be used successfully for embryo donors and whether repeated embryo recovery attempts would affect subsequent fertility. Twenty-three (Year 1) and 16 (Year 2) 2-year-old fillies were evaluated as embryo donors. The fillies were teased and palpated daily. When a follicle was palpated, the fillies were inseminated (500 × 106 motile spermatozoa) every other day until ovulation was detected. Nonsurgical embryo recoveries were attempted on Days 5 and 6 (−120 and 144 hours) postovulation for a total of 32 times for 16 fillies (Year 1). No embryos were recovered on Day 5. However, seven embryos were recovered during the subsequent collection on Day 6. Fifty-one additional embryos and 19 degenerated ova were recovered from 120 collection attempts which were performed only on Day 6 (Year 1). Eighteen embryos and eight degenerated ova were recovered from 38 collection attempts on Day 6 in Year 2. Mean collections per filly were 8 (range 3 to 16) and 2.69 (range 1 to 4) for Years 1 and 2, respectively. No differences (P>0.05) were found in the interval from collection (prostaglandin injection) to the first day of estrus or from the first day of estrus to ovulation for the collection periods during either year. Moreover, no differences (P>0.05) were found in the interval between collections within or between years. The influence of repeated embryo recovery on subsequent fertility was studied using eight fillies which had undergone collections a mean of 12 times in Year 1. Five of the eight fillies conceived during the first estrous cycle and the remaining three conceived during the second cycle. All fillies produced normal healthy foals and were rebred on the first or second estrous cycle postpartum. These results indicate that repeated embryo recovery attempts yield multiple embryos and do not compromise the subsequent reproductive performance of 2-year-old fillies.
Isolated Preset Architecture for a 32nm SOI embedded DRAM macro

The Isolated Preset Architecture (IPA) improves retention characteristics by implementing a weak read ‘1’ Isolation scheme, allowing a lower stored ‘1’ level to be sensed. The architecture also reduces sub-array area by 15% and bit-line activation power by 2× compared to previous design, without impacting performance. The architecture was implemented in IBM's 32nm High-K/Metal SOI embedded DRAM technology. Hardware results confirm 1.8ns random cycle and 2× improved retention characteristic with optimized Analog reference tuning.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Discrete-to-Continuous Dynamic System Transformation

A sensitivity analysis of the discrete-to-continuous transformation used in the «indirect» modeling of continuous-time systems from sampled experimental data is presented. For the transformation of poles it is shown that small errors in the discrete-time domain may yield large errors in corresponding continuous-times parameters. The results of the analysis are finally used for the development of guidelines for the appropriate selection of the sampling period so that the transformation sensitivity be confined within prespecified design limits
Long-run relations and short-run dynamics among coal, natural gas and oil prices

We examine the long-run relations and short-run dynamics among the three primary energy prices–coal, natural gas and crude oil–using the annual and monthly US data for the post-1970 period. The results are consistent with the view that oil prices are determined globally; natural gas prices are determined regionally and coal prices are set by long-term contracts.
Advancing monosaccharides as biomarkers: Part II. Effects of starvation and cadmium in Chironomus riparius as detected by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate-electrophoresis.

Abstract Saccharides were evaluated as biomarkers for cadmium (Cd) and starvation using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate-electrophoresis (FACE) in 4th instar Chironomus riparius . FACE allowed different types of saccharides in whole larval homogenate to be analyzed simultaneously and in parallel with other larval samples. Larval homogenates showed seven principle bands labeled A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Previous work found that the migration patterns of bands A, C, D and F matched those of ribose, glucose, galactose and fructose, respectively. Four of the bands, B, C, E and G were generated from glucose-based mono, oligo, and polysaccharides. Band B was primarily derived from glucose and band E from glycogen. Experiments (0–72 h) with starved larvae showed a time dependent reduction in bands B and E that was statistically significant at 72 h. Experiments with Cd (0.01–1000 μM) showed a concentration and time dependent reduction in band E with a LOEL of 1 μM and NOEL of 0.01 μM at 48 h. The LOEL was 0.014% of the 48 h LC50. Significant reduction of band E only occurred in fed larvae indicating that food was an important route of exposure. Reductions in saccharides were independent of larval weight loss at 48 h. This suggested that major changes in saccharides were not due to weight loss but metabolic stress in the presence of Cd.
Study of Anion Order/Disorder in RTaN2O (R = La, Ce, Pr) Perovskite Nitride Oxides

Symmetries and model structures are given for ABN2O (and ABNO2) perovskites that possess long-range ordering of anions in combination with a0a0c–, a–b0a–, and a–b+a– octahedral tilting. The stabilities of competing structures have been evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which show that cis-ordered models are more stable than competing trans-ordered polymorphs. To test the validity of these predictions, the perovskite nitride oxides LaTaN2O, CeTaN2O, and PrTaN2O have been synthesized and characterized using neutron powder diffraction. CeTaN2O and PrTaN2O crystallize with orthorhombic Pnma symmetry (Ce: a = 5.69666(8), b = 8.03272(9), and c = 5.70893(7) A; Pr: a = 5.6868(1), b = 8.0153(1), and c = 5.68057(8) A) as a result of a–b+a– tilting of the octahedra. The structure of LaTaN2O is re-examined and found to possess orthorhombic Imma symmetry (a = 5.7093(1), b = 8.0591(2), and c = 5.7386(2) A) as a result of a–b0a– tilting. No evidence for long-range anion order is found in any ...
Compact grating interferometer for producing photoresist gratings with incoherent light

An achromatic interferometer was developed to produce 1200-lines/mm crossed-line photoresist gratings with a mercury arc light source. It is a compact reflection system of outstanding stability. Alignment procedures are described. The most stringent requirement, coplanar alignment of two folding gratings, was accomplished with the aid of a Twyman-Green interferometer. The grating interferometer produced crossed-line photoresist gratings with first-order diffraction efficiency exceeding 20%.
Scholarly use of referenced information in physics journals

This article describes an exploratory study of how researchers in physics use references information in presenting the results of their research in journal articles. The specifice question addressed was: do physicists use direct quotations from the journal articles they cite in sufficient quantities for a major analysis that could lead to an improvement in information retrieval?
Decoupling of nonequilibrium spin systems

On montre que le decouplage peut jouer un role actif en determinant les resultats d'experiences a impulsions multiples puisque le decoupleur peut convertir la coherence quantique multiple parasite en aimantation transversale heteronucleaire observable et que les signaux induits par le decoupleur peuvent etre aussi grands ou plus grands que les signaux desires
Shifting garbage collection overhead to compile time

This paper discusses techniques which enable automatic storage reclamation overhead to be partially shifted to compile time. The paper assumes a transaction oriented collection scheme, as proposed by Deutsch and Bobrow, the necessary features of which are summarized. Implementing the described optimizations requires global flow analysis to be performed on the source program. It is shown that at compile time certain program actions that affect the reference counts of cells can be deduced. This information is used to find actions that cancel when the code is executed and those that can be grouped to achieve improved efficiency.
Group theory approach to scattering III. Realistic models

Abstract We discuss how to construct a class of solvable S-matrices in arbitrary space dimensions starting from a dynamic group G and using the technique of Euclidean connection. We construct explicitly the S-matrices corresponding to the dynamic groups SO(2, 1), SO(2, 2), and SO(2, 3). The latter provides a realistic model for studying heavy-ion collisions.
Increases in early season ecosystem uptake explain recent changes in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 at high northern latitudes

We report changes in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 at high northern latitudes from 1980 to 1997 based on NOAA/CMDL observation stations. Using a combination of biogeochemical and atmospheric modeling approaches, we show that increases in early season net ecosystem uptake explain the recent trends in the seasonal cycle. A strong year-to-year correlation between spring temperatures and early season uptake further suggests that increased photosynthetic activity is the primary mechanism. At the end of the growing season, a strong correlation between fall temperatures and late season releases provides evidence for a large active pool of decomposing soil carbon. Taken together, our results suggest that the seasonal timing of temperature anomalies may have important consequences for the interannual carbon balance of northern ecosystems.