cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of two different frequency photonic crystal waveguide modes through the resonant excitation of modes on off-channel Kerr nonlinear media

The properties of two photonic crystal waveguide modes at different frequencies that propagate down a straight photonic crystal waveguide are studied for cases in which the two modes interact with off-channel structures composed of Kerr nonlinear dielectric media. The optical nonlinearity of the off-channel structures mediates an interaction between the two modes that allows the modes to modulate the transmission of each other down the waveguide channel. This interaction and mutual modulation is shown to be pronounced in the case when either of the two waveguide modes resonantly excites a localized mode on the off-channel features formed of Kerr nonlinear media. Cases that are considered are a straight linear dielectric media waveguide with off-channel structures formed as: (a) a single off-channel Kerr site that supports a bound localized electromagnetic mode, (b) multiple off-channel Kerr sites that support a bound intrinsic localized electromagnetic mode, and (c) multiple off-channel Kerr sites that support an intrinsic localized mode that in turn interacts with a semi-infinite waveguide of linear dielectric media. In cases (a) and (b) the effects of resonant excitation of single site and intrinsic localized modes in the Kerr medium on the transmission characteristics are determined. In case (c) the effects of resonant excitation of intrinsic localized modes in the Kerr medium on the transmission characteristics of the two waveguide modes into the infinite and semi-infinite waveguides are studied.
A Procedure for Alcohol Inversion Using Cesium Acetate

Abstract A convenient and efficient procedure for alcohol inversion by means of the reaction of mesylates or alkyl halides with cesium acetate is described.
Satellite-measured net primary production in the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract The regional daily-integrated net primary production (NPP) model for the Chesapeake Bay, Chesapeake Bay Production Model (CBPM), has been improved for use with ocean color products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the satellite Aqua. A polynomial regression formula for the photosynthetic parameter (i.e., optimal carbon fixation rate, PoptB) as a function of sea surface temperature (SST) was derived for the Chesapeake Bay. Results show that the CBPM-derived NPP using the new model for PoptB are improved for the Chesapeake Bay. Comparisons of MODIS-Aqua-derived and in situ-measured NPP show that the satellite-derived data correspond reasonably well to in situ measurements, although MODIS-Aqua-derived NPP values may be slightly overestimated for the upper Bay, primarily due to uncertainties in the bio-optical algorithm for satellite ocean color products for that region. We also generated MODIS-Aqua-derived NPP maps using the improved CBPM for the period of 2002 to 2011 to characterize NPP in the Chesapeake Bay. Spatial distributions of MODIS-Aqua-derived NPP products show that higher NPP values are generally found in the southern upper Bay and northern middle Bay (regions around 38.3°N–39.0°N), including the Potomac River, while relatively low NPP values were found in the northern upper Bay, the eastern area of middle Bay, and lower Bay. The temporal pattern of MODIS-Aqua-derived NPP showed lowest values in winter (December to February) over the entire Bay, while high NPP values were in late spring to summer (May to August), depending on location. Furthermore, there is a strong interannual variability in NPP for the Chesapeake Bay, and an apparent increasing trend from 2003 to 2011.
Certified Miniaturized Charpy Specimens for the Indirect Verification of Small-Size Impact Machines

Small specimen test techniques are becoming ever more popular as the need increases to characterize mechanical properties by the use of the smallest possible amount of material, because of various restrictions on material availability, irradiation, testing space, and other factors. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently developing certified miniaturized Charpy V-notch (MCVN) specimens for the indirect verification of small-scale impact testing machines. The same materials used for NIST standard verification specimens are being evaluated at three energy levels (low, high, and super-high). Two specimen types are being investigated, denominated KLST (from the German Kleinstprobe, or “small specimen”) and RHS (reduced half-size). Several instrumented impact tests on miniaturized KLST and RHS specimens of low, high, and super-high energy have been performed and analyzed. The variability of MCVN data has been compared to that of full-size Charpy data from the same lots of test specimens. Although this can be considered as just the preliminary phase of this project, the results indicate that MCVN verification specimens can be used for the indirect verification of small-scale instrumented impact testers, both in terms of absorbed energy and maximum force.
Numerical simulations of MHD turbulence

Abstract Several results using numerical experimentation on homogeneous three-dimensional turbulent MHD flows are reviewed. The role (or absence thereof) of chaos and that of kinetic helicity for the kinematic dynamo problem is described. A second topic concerns the formation of large scale coherent structures due to the inverse cascade of magnetic helicity, and the competing effect of the growth of the strong correlation between velocity and magnetic field at all scales. The subsequent influence of the latter on the spectral index of the energy inertial range is finally discussed in the two-dimensional framework.
Macrophage fusion and multinucleated giant cell formation, surface morphology

Abstract Crude supernatants from BCG sensitized lymphocytes incubated with BCG were capable of mediating the in vitro fusion of and subsequent multinucleated giant cell (MGC) formation of either alveolar or peritoneal macrophages obtained from normal rabbits. The crude supernatant fluids which contained a lymphokine termed Macrophage Fusion (MFF) mediated the fusion of over 88% of the macrophages present in the experimental system. MGC possesing several hundred nuclei per cell were commonly observed with dimensions of over 1.5 mm. Control supernatants in most instances did not induce cell fusion. The surfaces of BCG-induced multinucleated giant cells of alveolar macrophage origin were examined using the scanning electron microscope. The surface of many MGC which were spread out onto the plastic substrate possessed four distinct morphological areas: a central area with a dense array of membranous veils, a transitional area with few veils, a peripheral area composed of pits and ridges giving an undulating appearance, and terminal edges which were smooth or possessed filopodia. Occasionally an atypical morphology consisting of dendritic-like structures were present on small sites on the MGC surface. Frequently many alveolar macrophages possessing typical membranous veils were attached to the MGC surface. It was concluded that the surface morphology of multinucleated giant cells was similar to that of macrophages.
All-Digital Circuits for Measurement of Spatial Variation in Digital Circuits

Increased variation in CMOS processes due to scaling results in greater reliance on accurate variation models in developing circuit methods to mitigate variation. This paper investigates spatial variation in digital circuit performance: we describe a test-chip in 90 nm CMOS containing all-digital measurement circuits capable of extracting accurate variation data. Specifically, we use replicated 64-bit Kogge-Stone adders, ring oscillators (ROs) of varying gate type and stage length and an all-digital, sub-picosecond resolution delay measurement circuit to provide this data. Measurement data from the test-chips indicate that 1) relative variation is significantly larger in low-voltage domains, 2) within-die variation is spatially uncorrelated, and 3) die-to-die (or global) variation is strongly correlated, but degrades toward uncorrelated as the power-supply voltage is lowered. Lastly, extended analysis of the data reveals that systematic effects such as layout pattern dependencies or circuit structure can be misinterpreted as random but spatially-correlated variation. This suggests that circuit designers will reap more benefit from design tools capable of modeling systematic, position-dependent variation rather than spatially correlated, distance-dependent variation.
Evolution of the Integrin α and β Protein Families

A phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate and invertebrate α integrins supported the hypothesis that two major families of vertebrate α integrins originated prior to the divergence of deuterostomes and protostomes. These two families include, respectively, the αPS1 and αPS2 integrins of Drosophila melanogaster, and each family has duplicated repeatedly in vertebrates but not in Drosophila. In contrast, a third family (including αPS3) has duplicated in Drosophila but is absent from vertebrates. Vertebrate αPS1 and αPS2 family members are found on human chromosomes 2, 12, and 17. Linkage of these family members may have been conserved since prior to the origin of vertebrates, and the two genes duplicated simultaneously. A phylogenetic analysis of β integrins did not clearly resolve whether vertebrate β integrin genes duplicated prior to the origin of vertebrates, although it suggested that at least the gene encoding vertebrate β4 may have done so. In general, the phylogeny of neither α nor β integrins showed a close correspondence with patterns of α–β heterodimer formation or other functional characteristics. One major exception to this trend involved αL, αM, αX, and αD, a monophyletic group of immune cell-expressed α integrins, which share a number of common functional characteristics and have evolved in coordinated fashion with their β integrin partners.
UTILIZATION OF INSTANTANEOUS EJECTION VOLUME IMAGES TO PRODUCE VENTRICULAR VOLUME CURVES FROM AN EQUILIBRIUM RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAM

Equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms were performed in 6 normal dogs during resting and isoproterenol challenged states. A new method of analysis of the equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms using a simple digital subtraction technique was compared to traditional methods of analysis and echocardiography. There was no significant difference between ejection fraction values from the three methods tested. The equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms ejection fraction was significantly increased following isoproterenol administration using both the new and traditional methods of analysis but the pre versus post-isoproterenol increase ejection fraction derived from echocardiographic measurements of ejection fractions was not significantly different. The new digital subtraction method consistently produced reproducible, high quality ventricular volume curves for the left and right ventricle. Left and right ventricular maximum and average emptying and filing rates were determined from the slopes of the volume curve and the results were similar to those previously published for man and dog. The emptying and filling rates of both ventricles were significantly increased following isoproterenol administration. The time to peak emptying significantly decreased following isoproterenol. Time to peak filing decreased following isoproterenol but the difference was not significant.
Uncommon presentations of parathyroid adenoma.

Background Patients with parathyroid adenomas (PAs) are commonly encountered in otolaryngology and may present with asymptomatic hypercalcemia. Retropharyngeal hematoma and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis are less commonly encountered presentations and may be harbingers of a malignant process. Methods and Results We present 2 patients with rare presentations of parathyroid adenoma. The first is a 57-year-old man with retropharyngeal hemorrhage and progressive airway compromise. The second is a 51-year-old woman presenting with dysphonia who was found to have RLN paralysis. Both of these patients were found to have benign disease. Conclusions Although most patients with PA present with asymptomatic hypercalcemia, this disease entity must be considered in patients with other unusual presentations including hemorrhagic neck masses and dysphonia. The importance of a broad differential diagnosis and thorough workup is emphasized. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
A study of the mechanism of intestinal absorption of benzo(a)pyrene.

Abstract 1. 1. Benzo(a)pyrene and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are readily absorbed from the gut when fed to rats, but little is known about the mechanism of the absorption. To study the mechanism, everted sacs of small intestine were incubated in a medium containing a lipid emulsion of benzo(a)pyrene (50–1500 μM). After incubation, the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the sac tissue and in the medium inside the sac was determined by spectrofluorimetric analysis of chloroform extracts. 2. 2. For incubation medium concentrations above 200 μM, accumulation of benzo(a)pyrene in the sac tissue increased exponentially with increase in incubation medium concentration. The transfer of benzo(a)pyrene from sac tissue to the inside medium was proportional to the concentration in the sac tissue. The regression lines were not greatly influenced by fasting, rat age, or sex. Comparison of incubation at 0, 23 and 42° with that at 37° showed a lowered sac accumulation at 0° and an increase in accumulation with temperature. Anaerobiosis and/or 0.1 M iodoacetate did not appreciably influence sac tissue accumulation. Benzo(a)pyrene also accumulated in strips of small and large intestine and slices of liver and kidney and epididymal fat. The feature of exponential accumulation was not limited to tissue, for adsorption isotherms and time curves for string incubated in the same media has the same forms as those obtained for the sacs. Intragastric doses of benzo(a)pyrene appeared quickly in thoracic duct lymph and reached a peak in 3–4 h, but no more than 20% of the dose was recovered in the lymph. An exponential relationship between size of intragastric dose and concentration in adipose and mammary tissue, 18 h later, was noted. 3. 3. The data are in accord with a mechanism of physical adsorption of benzo(a)pyrene to the intestinal mucosal surfaces and them passive diffusion into and through the intestinal wall. Two phases of adsorption are postulated: first, unilayer (Langmuir) adsorption, then multilayer (Polanyi) adsorption which would account for the exponential nature of the accumulation.
Aortic Valve Replacement in Octogenarians With Prior Cardiac Surgery

Background Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been advocated for very elderly patients with aortic stenosis, and prior cardiac surgery as a less invasive treatment option. Although surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) is safe and effective in selected elderly patients, the perioperative and mid-term outcomes of AVR in very elderly with prior cardiac surgery are unknown. Methods The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Database at our center enrolled 3,735 patients after AVR since 1997. In this time interval, we identified 61 patients 80 years and older who underwent AVR for severe AS or failed aortic bioprosthesis after having prior cardiac surgery. All clinical parameters were derived from the STS database. Follow-up mortality was assessed using the Social Security Death Index. Results The average age of the patients was 83 ± 2 years, 77% were male, and 75% underwent an isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) as their first cardiac procedure. The mean ejection fraction was 0.53 ± 0.13. The CABG was performed concurrently in 49% of patients at the time of redo sternotomy and AVR. Stented bioprosthesis was implanted in 61% of patients and stentless in 39%. Perioperative mortality was 1.6% (1 of 61). One, 3, 5, and 7 year survival rates were 85%, 69%, 63%, and 43%, respectively. Patients with AVR only had similar survival to patients who underwent concomitant AVR and CABG. Type of aortic prosthesis did not influence postoperative survival. Conclusions In selected patients over the age of 80 with history of prior cardiac surgery, AVR can be performed safely with very good mid-term outcomes. Age alone should not be exclusion criteria for surgical AVR in octogenarians with prior cardiac surgery.
Radio meteor wind analysis using finite element approximation

Abstract A method for decomposing radio meteor wind data into the instantaneous velocity component functions is introduced. The technique employs finite element least squares approximation, and is spectrally unbiased. It is also limited in resolution essentially only by the data. The decomposition is demonstrated on known test function and on actual meteor wind data.
Role of Phosphorylation on DNA Binding and Transcriptional Functions of Human Progesterone Receptors

To study the function of human progesterone receptor (hPR) phosphorylation, we have tested four sets of serine to alanine substitution mutants: 10 serine clusters, located in regions common to both hPR isoforms (the M-series mutants) were mutated in A-receptors and B-receptors; 6 serine clusters located in the B-upstream segment (BUS; the B-series mutants) were mutated individually and collectively and cloned into B-receptors and into BUS-DBD-NLS, a constitutive transactivator, in which the AF3 function of BUS is fused to the DNA binding domain (DBD) and nuclear localization signal (NLS) of hPR. Transcription by most of the M-series mutants resembles that of wild-type A- or B-receptors. Mutation of 3 sites, Ser190 at the N terminus of A-receptors, a cluster of serines just upstream of the DBD, or Ser676 in the hinge region, inhibits transcription by 20-50% depending on cell or promoter context. These sites lie outside the AF1 activation function. M-series mutants are substrates for a hormone-dependent phosphorylation step, and they all bind well to DNA. Progressive mutation of the B-series clusters leads to the gradual dephosphorylation of BUS, but only the 6-site mutant, involving 10 serine residues, is completely dephosphorylated. These data suggest that in BUS alternate serines are phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at any time. However, even when BUS is completely dephosphorylated, both BUS-DBD-NLS and full-length B-receptors remain strong transactivators. Mutant B-receptors also do not acquire the dominant negative properties of A-receptors, and they retain the ability to activate transcription in synergy with 8-Br-cAMP and antiprogestins. We conclude that phosphorylation has subtle effects on the complex transcriptional repertoire that distinguishes the two hPR isoforms and does not influence transactivation mediated by AF1 or AF3, but subserves other functions.
Adverse effects in maintenance treatment: Practical and theoretical considerations

Abstract 1. 1. Subsequent to the introduction of therapeutically effective psychotropic drugs, there has been a decrease in the resident population in mental hospitals. 2. 2. Since maintenance therapy with neuroleptics and lithium may alleviate and/or prevent relapse in a considerable percentage of schizophrenic and manic depressive patients, there is a gradual increase of these patients in the community. 3. 3. In this paper some of the adverse effects of long-term pharmacotherapy with psychotropic drugs will be presented, and possible negative effects of the increase in fertile marriages among community-based patients will be discussed.
Work-related asthma and employment status--38 states and District of Columbia, 2006-2009.

AbstractObjectives: To examine differences in current employment status between persons with health professional-diagnosed work-related asthma and non-work-related asthma and to examine factors associated with unemployment in these groups. Methods: We analyzed the 2006–2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Asthma Call-back Survey for ever-employed adults (excluding those who were retired, homemakers and students at the time of the interview) with current asthma in 38 states and District of Columbia (N = 25 680). We calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education and income. Results: Among adults with current asthma, individuals with work-related asthma were less likely to be currently employed for wages (PR = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84–0.95) and more likely to be unable to work (PR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.24–1.67) than those with non-work-related asthma. Among adults with current asthma who were unemployed at the time of the interview, adults with wo...
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN SEDIMENT FROM THE SETO INLAND SEA, JAPAN

Abstract To discuss the geochemical and environmental behaviors of heavy metals in the Seto Inland Sea which is the largest semi-closed coastal sea in Japan, (1) distributions of heavy metals concerning pollution were examined and (2) mass balances of Zn and Cu were studied by applying a simple box model. Increase in heavy metal contents of core sediments already started in the late 1800s and is considered to be due to human activities. Recently, the pollution of sediment in Osaka Bay which is most contaminated sea area in the Sea, seems to have tended to decrease. In 1980, total sedimentary loads of Cu and Zn over the whole area of the Sea were estimated to be 630 and 3,500 tons/yr, respectively. Further, the sedimentary loads without and with human activities were estimated separately to be, respectively, 320 and 310 tons/yr for Cu and 1,800 and 1,700 tons/yr for Zn. Total inputs of Cu and Zn into the Sea were estimated to be 870 and 4,250 tons/yr and about one half of this being the results of human activities. 70% of the Cu input and 80% of the Zn input are accumulated into the sediments.
Properties of Kamaboko made from red hake (Urophycis chuss) fillets, mince, or surimi.

Fresh red hake (Urophycis chuss) was randomly assigned to three treatments: whole fillets, minced flesh, and surimi. These treatments were stored at −5°C for 10 wk and tested for salt-extractable protein, actomyosin, and Ca++– ATPase activity prior to the manufacture of Kamaboko. Kamaboko quality was determined by the fold test and percent expressible fluid. Salt-extractable protein, actomyosin, and Ca++– ATPase activity all decreased throughout the storage period and were found to be good measures of the ultimate quality of Kamaboko. The data suggest red hake is suitable for the manufacture of surimi which can be stored frozen and subsequently manufactured into an acceptable Kamaboko.
Influence of Gas Flow Rate for Formation of Aligned Nanorods in ZnO Thin Films for Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production

ZnO thin films have been deposited in mixed Ar/N2 gas ambient at substrate temperature of 500°C by radiofrequency sputtering of ZnO targets. We find that an optimum N2-to-Ar ratio in the deposition ambient promotes the formation of well-aligned nanorods. ZnO thin films grown in ambient with 25% N2 gas flow rate promoted nanorods aligned along c-axis and exhibit significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) response, compared with ZnO thin films grown in an ambient with different N2-to-Ar gas flow ratios. Our results suggest that chamber ambient is critical for the formation of aligned nanostructures, which offer potential advantages for improving the efficiency of PEC water splitting for H2 production.
The Enskog repeated ring equations for tagged molecule motion and variational solutions

The Enskog repeated ring equations (ERRE) for tagged molecule motion are derived from the BBGKY hierarchy. The hierarchical deviation demonstrates the problem associated with using naive truncations for complex fluid systems. A moment-variational solution is suggested for the ERRE. The moment-variational method is applied to the ERRE for the two- and three-dimensional overlapping Lorentz gas (LG). Both self-consistent and non-self-consistent equations for the diffusion constant are solved. The results compare favorably with previous calculations and molecular dynamics (MD).
Novel Bis-arylPheDOT Synthons for Electrochromic Polymers

Two terthiophenes incorporating the synthon 3,4-(1,2-phenylenedioxy)thiophene (PheDOT) have been developed. Specifically, 2,5-bisthienyl-3,4-(1,2-phenylenedioxy)thiophene (BTh-PheDOT 1) and 2,5-bisethylenedioxythienyl-3,4-(1,2-phenylenedioxy)thiophene (BEDOT-PheDOT 2) were electropolymerized to form electroactive polymer films (P1 and P2) that switched between two highly colored states with the more electron-rich EDOT derivative P2 observed to switch at a lower potential. Additionally, both P1 and P2 displayed moderate to low optical bandgaps of 1.8 and 1.6 eV, respectively. Crystal structures of BTh-PheDOT showed the monomer to be nearly planar with π -stacking observable between monomers. These findings demonstrate the potential of PheDOT as an electroactive synthon for the formation of well-ordered systems.
GRAMS: a distributed multimedia service system

This paper is on the design and implementation of GRAMS (Gopher-style Real-time ATM Multimedia Services), a multimedia system designed for a star configuration ATM LAN with the central server providing multimedia services to multiple users in real-time. It is also the initial step towards and the essential part of a distributed multimedia system over larger area networks.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
OBSERVATIONS OF IONOSPHERIC ELECTRON CONTENT AT MEDIUM LATITUDE GEOMAGNETICALLY CONJUGATE STATIONS.

Abstract Electron content data recorded at Cold Bay, Alaska and Invercargill, New Zealand have been used to study the geomagnetic conjugate effects. The correlation on day-to-day variations at these two stations is found to be negative at extreme magnetic quiet and it then increases to positive values with magnetic activities. When disturbed magnetically, the correlation is + 0.73. Evidence is presented to show that, on the first day following the sudden commencement, the afternoon rise and the subsequent pre-sunset fall in electron content is controlled geomagnetically.
A model for the mechanism of human topoisomerase I.

The three-dimensional structure of a 70-kilodalton amino terminally truncated form of human topoisomerase I in complex with a 22–base pair duplex oligonucleotide, determined to a resolution of 2.8 angstroms, reveals all of the structural elements of the enzyme that contact DNA. The linker region that connects the central core of the enzyme to the carboxyl-terminal domain assumes a coiled-coil configuration and protrudes away from the remainder of the enzyme. The positively charged DNA-proximal surface of the linker makes only a few contacts with the DNA downstream of the cleavage site. In combination with the crystal structures of the reconstituted human topoisomerase I before and after DNA cleavage, this information suggests which amino acid residues are involved in catalyzing phosphodiester bond breakage and religation. The structures also lead to the proposal that the topoisomerization step occurs by a mechanism termed “controlled rotation.”
Optimal rates of convergence for estimating Toeplitz covariance matrices

Toeplitz covariance matrices are used in the analysis of stationary stochastic processes and a wide range of applications including radar imaging, target detection, speech recognition, and communications systems. In this paper, we consider optimal estimation of large Toeplitz covariance matrices and establish the minimax rate of convergence for two commonly used parameter spaces under the spectral norm. The properties of the tapering and banding estimators are studied in detail and are used to obtain the minimax upper bound. The results also reveal a fundamental difference between the tapering and banding estimators over certain parameter spaces. The minimax lower bound is derived through a novel construction of a more informative experiment for which the minimax lower bound is obtained through an equivalent Gaussian scale model and through a careful selection of a finite collection of least favorable parameters. In addition, optimal rate of convergence for estimating the inverse of a Toeplitz covariance matrix is also established.
Analytical technique for determining the size of subwavelength focal spots in far field

We develop a technique for determining the size of subwavelength focal spots without near-field microscopy, based on carefully designed gratings that convert the subwavelength information into propagating waves, far-field measurements, and computer post-processing.
Free licensing to boost aggregate odds for success

Abstract We show how technological leader gains from inviting an entrant into R&D competition to improve over existing patented technology, as the entrant takes complementary R&D effort, and the demand for both current and improved technologies is increasing with aggregate probability for successful quality improvement.
The influence of chicken luteinizing hormone on radioactive phosphorus uptake and incorporation into pullet ovarian RNA, DNA, protein, phospholipid and acid-soluble fractions (chicken LH effects on the ovary).

1. 1. A comparative response in stimulation of 32P uptake was made in 1- to 3-day-old pullets; 2.5 μg of chicken luteinizing hormone (LH) produced a 187 per cent increase in uptake over the controls, while an equivalent amount of bovine LH had no effect on 32P uptake. 2. 2. The stimulative effect of chicken LH on ovarian 32P uptake reached a maximum 30 min following the injection of the hormone. 3. 3. Increased 32P activity was noted in all chemical fractions 30 min following LH treatment. However, a significant increase in activity of the RNA fraction was detected within 15 min after treatment.
Shape and the First Hundred Nouns

This paper reports evidence from a longitudinal study in which children’s attention to shape in a laboratory task of artificial noun learning was correlated with a rate shift in noun acquisitions. Eight children were tested in the laboratory at 3-week intervals beginning when they had less than 25 nouns in their productive vocabulary (M age 517 months). Children were presented with a novel word generalization task at each session. Additionally, the study examined the kinds of words the children learned early, based on parent reports, and the statistical regularities inherent in those vocabularies. The results indicate that as children learned nouns, they also learned to attend to shape in the novel word task. At the same time, children showed an acceleration in new noun production outside of the laboratory. Shape is a feature that human infants appear ready to notice (Johnson, 2001; Spelke, 1990). Attention to shape is essential to the everyday recognition of objects (Biederman, 1987; Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976) and to the nouns that dominate the speech young children hear (Poulin-Dubois, Graham, & Sippola, 1995; Sandhofer, Smith, & Luo, 2000). Much research has been devoted to establishing the importance of shape to successful noun learning. In studies that examine children’s understanding of how nouns link to object categories, investigators have found a general tendency to extend novel names to solid things that share a common shape (Baldwin, 1989, 1992; Imai, Gentner, & Uchida, 1994; Jones, Smith, & Landau, 1991; Landau, Smith, & Jones, 1988; Samuelson & Smith, 1999; Smith, Jones, & Landau, 1992; Soja, Carey, & Spelke, 1991). Although the existence of a shape bias is not
Reproductive cell specification during Volvox obversus development.

Abstract Asexual spheroids of the genus Volvox contain only two cell types: flagellated somatic cells and immotile asexual reproductive cells known as gonidia. During each round of embryogenesis in Volvox obversus, eight large gonidial precursors are produced at the anterior extremity of the embryo. These cells arise as a consequence of polarized, asymmetric divisions of the anteriormost blastomeres at the fourth through ninth cleavage cycles, while all other blastomeres cleave symmetrically to yield somatic cell precursors. Blastomeres isolated from embryos at any point between the 2-cell and the 32-cell stage cleaved in the normal pattern and produced the same complement and spatial distribution of cell types as they would have in an intact embryo. This result indicates that intrinsic features control the cleavage patterns and developmental potentials of blastomeres, and rules out any significant role for cell-cell interactions in gonidial specification. When substantial quantities of anterolateral cytoplasm were deleted from uncleaved gonidia or 4-cell stage blastomeres, the cell fragments frequently regulated and embryos were produced with the expected number of asymmetrically cleaving cells and gonidial precursors at their anterior ends. However, when anterior cytoplasm was deleted from 8-cell stage blastomeres, the depleted cells frequently failed to cleave asymmetrically and produced no gonidial precursors. Furthermore, when compression was used to reorient cleavage planes at the fourth division cycle, so that anterior cytoplasm was transmitted to more than the normal number of cells, those cells receiving a significant amount of such cytoplasm cleaved asymmetrically to produce supernumerary gonidial precursors. Together, these last two experiments indicate that blastomeres in the V. obversus embryo acquire (at least by the end of the third cleavage cycle) a polarized organization in which anterior cytoplasm plays a causal role in the process of reproductive-cell specification.
Calculation of mean airway pressure during mechanical ventilation in neonates

Mean airway pressure (Paw) calculated by 4 methods was compared with measured Paw, using 833 observations on 16 infants requiring constant-flow, pressure-limited mechanical ventilation. Measured Paw was most accurately predicted by determining a waveform constant for each infant every 12 h, and then using the waveform constant in a general Paw equation for the ensuing 12 h. However, this method is impractical for clinical use. A square-waveform equation more accurately predicted Paw than did triangular or sine-like waveform equations. Because there was considerable interindividual variation in the accuracy of all methods, due to different individual respiratory waveforms and waveform constants, Paw should be measured and not calculated.
Structural limitations of self-affine and partially self-affine fractal compression

Fractal image compression using self-affine transformations has recently drawn considerable attention. Although some elements of the technique have a well-established foundation, many issues remain unclear. We consider the attractors that are obtained by varying the parameters of the contractive transformation. We show that the parameters can be divided into two groups and that if the parameters in the first group are fixed, the set of attractors obtained by varying the parameters in the second group is a vector space. Based on this observation, an improvement to the collage coding technique for encoding data is obtained. We then present a coder, referred to as the classified transform coder, which is structurally limited in the same way as the fractal coder. However, in the classified transform coder, the design of the pool of subspaces is directly addressed. Finally, some performance results are presented for the classified transform coder.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TspO as a Modulator of the Repressor/Antirepressor (PpsR/AppA) Regulatory System in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1

The TspO outer membrane protein of Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been shown to be involved in controlling the transcription of a number of genes which encode enzymes involved in photopigment biosynthesis and the puc operon. The display of regulated genes appears identical to those genes encompassing the PpsR/AppA repressor/antirepressor regulon, although the effect of TspO is modest relative to that of PpsR/AppA. To directly address the hypothesis that TspO is effective through the PpsR/AppA system, we constructed mutant strains with mutations in both tspO and appA. In all cases, the phenotypes examined resembled those of the appA lesion by itself, leading us to conclude that TspO works through or modulates the PpsR/AppA system and acts upstream of the site of action of these regulatory proteins. In earlier publications, we had suggested that TspO is involved in the efflux of a certain intermediate(s) of the porphyrin biosynthesis pathway and that transcriptional regulation of target gene expression could be explained by the accumulation of a coactivator of AppA function. Although the data reported here do not precisely identify this coactivator, they lend support to this hypothesis. We discuss the importance of this form of gene control as the result of the recent extension of the TspO system to Sinorhizobium meliloti, as described by Davey and de Bruijn (M. E. Davey and F. J. de Bruijn, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:5353–5359, 2000). It is therefore possible that this system constitutes a more widely, although not universally, demonstrated form of gene regulation.
Folate, Methyl-Related Nutrients, Alcohol, and the MTHFR 677C→T Polymorphism Affect Cancer Risk: Intake Recommendations

Colorectal cancer and adenoma risk are inversely associated with higher total folate intake. Significant modifiers of cancer risk also include other methyl-related nutrients and alcohol. Adequate folate intake is particularly important for women at higher risk for breast cancer because of moderate alcohol consumption. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C-->T polymorphism is associated with a reduced risk of some forms of cancer. The protective effect of this folate-related polymorphism is dependent on adequate folate status. Cancer risk may be increased in individuals with the homozygous genotype for the MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism who have low status of methyl-related nutrients including folate. Intake recommendations to potentially reduce cancer risk include substitution of low folate foods with folate-dense fruits and vegetables and in countries where there is no mandatory folic acid fortification, increased consumption of folic acid from available fortified foods or supplements. Adequate dietary intake of vitamin B-6 and methionine can be achieved by consumption of low fat, concentrated food sources of these nutrients. The recommended intake for vitamin B-12 for individuals >/==" BORDER="0">51 y should be provided predominately in crystalline form (e.g., fortified ready-to-eat cereal, supplements). If alcohol is consumed, consumption should be restricted to <15 g/d or <1 drink/d. The negative effects of low intakes of the methyl-related nutrients with high intakes of alcohol are additive, therefore changes in overall dietary patterns to ensure the consumption of a protective high methyl diet are recommended.
The Milk of Human Kindness: Environmental and Human Interactions in a WIC Clinic That Influence Infant-Feeding Decisions of Black Women

In this ethnographic study, the author explores the context of Black women’s infant-feeding decisions in an urban WIC clinic. Data were obtained from 319 people (130 Black women enrolled in WIC [BWEW], 189 relatives and friends) with close follow-up of 11 primiparous key informants during pregnancy and the first year postpartum. The major findings include (a) the WIC clinic environment set a positive tone for service, (b) WIC employees treated the women with caring and respect, (c) BWEW believed that WIC was a source of support in time of need, and (d) WIC influenced infant-feeding decisions. The availability of free formula facilitated bottle feeding, but personalized breast-feeding promotion with trusting relationships with WIC providers encouraged breast-feeding decisions for almost half of the key informants.
Detecting cognitive activity related hemodynamic signal for brain computer interface using functional near infrared spectroscopy

The ideal non-invasive brain computer interface (BCI) transforms signals originating from human brain into commands that can control devices and applications. Hence, BCI provides a way for brain output that does not involve neuromuscular system. This represents an advantage for those individuals suffering from neuromuscular impairments such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or various types of paralysis. In this study we propose to design a new noninvasive BCI that is based on optical means to measure brain activity by monitoring hemodynamic response. The proposed system uses functional near infrared (fNIR) spectroscopy to detect cognitive activity from prefrontal cortex elicited voluntarily by performing a mental task namely N-back test. Our findings indicate that fNIR signal correlates with cognitive tasks associated with working memory. These experimental outcomes compare favorably with previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and complement electroencephalogram (EEG) findings. Since fNIR can be implemented in the form of a wearable and minimally intrusive device, it also has the capacity to monitor brain activity under real life conditions in everyday environments leading the way to potential applications of fNIR in BCI development for communication and entertainment purposes.
Talk amongst yourselves

Comment on Masood et al, page [1310][1] The role of the HHV-8 vGPCR gene in KS pathogenesis is further explained by the finding that it induces ephrin B2 expression. That KS cell survival is dependent upon ephrin B2 raises broader questions about the biology and therapy of this tumor. Human
A Fast and Efficient Method to Compensate for Brain Shift for Tumor Resection Therapies Measured Between Preoperative and Postoperative Tomograms

In this paper, an efficient paradigm is presented to correct for brain shift during tumor resection therapies. For this study, high resolution preoperative (pre-op) and postoperative (post-op) MR images were acquired for eight in vivo patients, and surface/subsurface shift was identified by manual identification of homologous points between the pre-op and immediate post-op tomograms. Cortical surface deformation data were then used to drive an inverse problem framework. The manually identified subsurface deformations served as a comparison toward validation. The proposed framework recaptured 85% of the mean subsurface shift. This translated to a subsurface shift error of 0.4 ± 0.4 mm for a measured shift of 3.1 ± 0.6 mm. The patient's pre-op tomograms were also deformed volumetrically using displacements predicted by the model. Results presented allow a preliminary evaluation of correction both quantitatively and visually. While intraoperative (intra-op) MR imaging data would be optimal, the extent of shift measured from pre- to post-op MR was comparable to clinical conditions. This study demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed framework in predicting full-volume displacements from sparse shift measurements. It also shows that the proposed framework can be extended and used to update pre-op images on a time scale that is compatible with surgery.
Conversion from agriculture to grassland builds soil organic matter on decadal timescales.

Soil organic matter (SOM) often increases when agricultural fields are con- verted to perennial vegetation, yet decadal scale rates and the mechanisms that underlie SOM accumulation are not clear. We measured SOM accumulation and changes in soil properties on a replicated chronosequence of former agricultural fields in the midwestern United States that spanned 40 years after perennial-grassland establishment. Over this time period, soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 10 cm of soil accumulated at a constant rate of 62.0 g·m 22 ·yr 21 , regardless of whether the vegetation type was dominated by C3 or C4 grasses. At this rate, SOC contents will be equivalent to unplowed native prairie sites within 55-75 years after cultivation ceased. Both labile (short turnover time) and recalcitrant (long turnover time) carbon pools increased linearly for 40 years, with recalcitrant pools increas- ing more rapidly than expected. This result was consistent across several different methods of measuring labile SOC. A model that investigates the mechanisms of SOM formation suggests that rapid formation of stable carbon resulted from biochemically resistant mi- crobial products and plant material. Former agricultural soils of the Great Plains may function as carbon sinks for less than a century, although much of the carbon stored is stable.
New diagnostic modalities in the histopathological diagnosis of hydatidiform moles

Abstract Hydatidiform moles represent a fascinating group of trophoblastic proliferative disorders with unique genetic compositions and often challenging morphologic features for diagnosis. While conventional histomorphology remains the cornerstone of the diagnosis of molar gestations, there has been an ongoing search for the past three decades for new diagnostic modalities to aid the pathologist. In this review first we will discuss the histopathologic features of molar gestations and their mimics, including non-molar hydropic abortions, chromosomal trisomy syndromes, digynic non-molar triploidy and placental mesenchymal dysplasia. Then we will focus on the conventional and novel ancillary techniques – ploidy analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping – and their role in the diagnostic algorithm.
Technology Training for Future Art Therapists: Is There a Need?.

The focus of this study was art therapy students' and professionals' perceptions of their preparedness to understand and deal with technology as an art media and work tool within the practice of art therapy. To study the need for training in technology, surveys were sent to 177 current art therapy students and practicing art therapists resulting in a 32.2% return rate. The survey targeted American Art Therapy Association (AATA) members who were either current students or practicing art therapists. Credentialed professionals and students were randomly selected from the AATA membership directory. Questions focused on current use of technology (defined as computers and accessories, the internet, and digital-based tools) within art therapy practice, current and past training in technology use, the quality of that training, ideas about training needs, and demographic data. The findings of the questionnaire showed that those who responded had little formal training but in general were using technology in their ...
Role of Xanthine Oxidase-Derived Oxidants and Granulocytes in Ischemia/Reperfusion

There is now a large body of experimental data which suggests that oxygen radicals mediate the microvascular and parenchymal cell damage observed during reperfusion of ischemic tissues. The information derived from several studies performed in our laboratory and by others have led us to construct a biochemical scheme to explain oxygen-dependent reperfusion injury (Fig. 1). The scheme predicts that xanthine oxidase-derived oxidants produced after reoxygenation of ischemic intestine play an important role in recruiting and activating circulating granulocytes, which ultimately mediate reperfusion-induced microvascular injury. Although the proposed mechanism may be applicable to several organ systems, the following discussion is largely confined to the small intestine (Granger, 1988).
A Gradient Estimation Scheme of an External Unknown Torque on a Satellite

Inherent among newly developed "plug and play" satellites will be errors in measurement and placement of the devices-sensors and actuators-on the satellite. Other uncertainties also arise due to the unprecise nature of plug and play (PNP) satellites. One of these uncertainties is the body frame to the orbit frame transformation. Not knowing this transformation makes it difficult to accurately model the gravity gradient's influence on the satellite. An adaptive algorithm for the gravity gradient estimation problem is presented.