cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three junction holographic micro-scale PV system

In this work a spectrum splitting micro-scale concentrating PV system is evaluated to increase the conversion efficiency of flat panel PV systems. In this approach, the dispersed spectrum splitting concentration systems is scaled down to a small size and structured in an array. The spectrum splitting configuration allows the use of separate single bandgap PV cells that increase spectral overlap with the incident solar spectrum. This results in an overall increase in the spectral conversion efficiency of the resulting system. In addition other benefits of the micro-scale PV system are retained such reduced PV cell material requirements, more versatile interconnect configurations, and lower heat rejection requirements that can lead to a lower cost system. The system proposed in this work consists of two cascaded off-axis holograms in combination with a micro lens array, and three types of PV cells. An aspherical lens design is made to minimize the dispersion so that higher concentration ratios can be achieved for a three-junction system. An analysis methodology is also developed to determine the optical efficiency of the resulting system, the characteristics of the dispersed spectrum, and the overall system conversion efficiency for a combination of three types of PV cells.
Ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electrooptic materials

In this 1970 Digest we commence to mutate the presentation, without departing strongly from the previously established practice, toward a more critical commentary upon the important developments in these related fields of ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electrooptic materials. To this end we have attempted to be more selective in description, emphasizing the articles which appear to be more important and informative.
Long-term effects of ethnic cleansing in the former Polish-German borderlands

Abstract In compulsory population transfers and expulsions such as those wrought by partition, costs may accrue not only to the banished, but also to the places left behind. In particular, forcibly removing portions of the population rends social networks and discards location-specific skills and knowledge; these costs may be even worse if the expellees are replaced by refugees from elsewhere. The case of the interwar German-Poland borderlands, now Polish territory, shows that even six-plus decades after a population expulsion, ethnically cleansed and resettled places are appreciably different, with higher crime rates, lower civic engagement (measured by voter turnout), and less efficient public services (as measured by educational statistics). Although post-conflict population transfers might increase local social cohesion in some dimensions, this does not guarantee improved economic and sociological outcomes. Expelling local populations can, instead, cause highly persistent damage.
Zynq-based SoC implementation of an induction machine control algorithm

In this paper, a new hardware/software design and implementation of an Induction Machine (IM) drive control topology is presented. Power electronic applications such as three-phase inverter require highly accurate switching frequency. This design uses a System on Chip (SoC) approach and implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The on-chip processor is used for high level programing while the FPGA's programmable fabric is used to create precise gating signals for a three-phase inverter. These signals are generated in the hardware side of the design. Floating-point calculations and control flow of the whole design are managed by SoC. This method is suitable for any power electronic application where precise gating signals are required. The methodology used in this solution is explained and experimental results are presented.
Extracellular motility and cell-to-cell transmission of enterohemorrhagic E. coli is driven by EspFU-mediated actin assembly.

Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC) are closely-related pathogens that attach tightly to intestinal epithelial cells, efface microvilli, and promote cytoskeletal rearrangements into protrusions called actin pedestals. To trigger pedestal formation, EPEC employs the tyrosine phosphorylated transmembrane receptor Tir, while EHEC relies on the multivalent scaffolding protein EspFU. The ability to generate these structures correlates with bacterial colonization in several animal models, but the precise function of pedestals in infection remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, we characterized the colonization properties of EPEC and EHEC during infection of polarized epithelial cells. We found that EPEC and EHEC both formed distinct bacterial communities, or “macrocolonies,” that encompassed multiple host cells. Tir and EspFU, as well as the host Arp2/3 complex, were all critical for the expansion of macrocolonies over time. Unexpectedly, EspFU accelerated the formation of larger macrocolonies compared to EPEC Tir, as EspFU-mediated actin assembly drove faster bacterial motility to cell junctions, where bacteria formed a secondary pedestal on a neighboring cell and divided, allowing one of the daughters to disengage and infect the second cell. Collectively, these data reveal that EspFU enhances epithelial colonization by increasing actin-based motility and promoting an efficient method of cell-to-cell transmission.
Feminizing Famine, Imperial Critique: Pandita Ramabai's Famine Essays

(2004). Feminizing Famine, Imperial Critique: Pandita Ramabai's Famine Essays. South Asian Review: Vol. 25, Colonial Studies 1880-1947, pp. 156-176.
Lesbian Cultural Criticism

Lesbian cultural criticism is part of the broader field of lesbian studies, which began in the 1960s and 1970s as a series of grassroots intellectual and activist movements within and alongside second-wave feminism. With roots in communitarian activism, the field of lesbian cultural criticism has been particularly open to voices and perspectives from outside of the traditional academic milieu, emphasizing the importance of remaining cognizant of the institutional nature and privileged position of the university system and of academia more broadly. While much lesbian cultural criticism focuses on identifying, exposing, and repudiating patriarchal, heteronormative structures and ideologies, it is also deeply invested in exploring the specificities of the category of “lesbian” and the possibility of a lesbian aesthetics. Critics debate, for instance, what might constitute a lesbian gaze, lesbian voice, or lesbian narrative, as well as the potential merits and perils of such taxonomies. Yet even among these critics, the usefulness of “lesbian” as a category of identity and critical analysis remains an unresolved question. Lesbian cultural criticism may take the form of traditional scholarly essays and monographs, though it also frequently appears in other media, including film, comic strips, theater, visual arts, and music. Keywords: cultural criticism; feminisms; gender politics; lesbian; sexual politics
Imaging for pulmonary embolism in sickle cell disease: A 17-year experience

Sickle cell disease, a complex disorder with known pulmonary complications, has the potential to confound the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. We hypothesized that when the choice of imaging is guided by chest radiographic results, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy have comparable diagnostic performance in sickle cell disease. Methods: A retrospective cohort of adults with sickle cell disease who were imaged for suspected pulmonary embolism with either CTPA or V/Q, from 2000-2016, at our institution, was established. To reduce radiation exposure, our practice recommends V/Q for stable patients with normal chest radiographs. Results of index pulmonary embolism imaging, 90-day follow-up, and results of chest radiography were recorded. Results: 245 adults with sickle cell disease comprised the cohort. Mean age of 33±10.5 years and 58% (141) were men. Index imaging was V/Q in 62.9% (154) and CTPA in 37.1% (91). Chest radiographs, performed in 96.3% (236), were normal in 72.8% (172). Imaging results for pulmonary embolism were negative in 88.2% (216), positive in 4.1% (10) and indeterminate in 7.8% (19) with no difference between V /Q and CTPA (P = 0.63). Reimaging within 90-days occurred in 9.8% (24), 14.7% (20/136) after initial V/Q and 5% (4/109) after initial CTPA, P = 0.08. Reimaging revealed a pulmonary embolism diagnosis after negative/indeterminate results in 0.7% (1/149) of V/Qs and 1.2% of (1/86) CTPAs, (P = 0.69). Over the 17-year study period 47% (114/245) underwent repeat imaging and 11% (27/245) were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism at least once. Conclusion: In sickle cell disease patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, positive imaging rates were low for any given clinical presentation, but 11% of the cohort was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism over the 17-year study period. CTPA and V/Q performed comparably for pulmonary embolism diagnosis when the choice of imaging was guided by results of chest radiography. Hence, V/Q is a reasonable first choice for sickle cell disease patients with normal chest radiographs.
History of Transportation, Henry County, Iowa

Review of: "History of Transportation, Henry County, Iowa," by the Henry County Historic Preservation Commission.
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8-associated extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma presenting as multiple lymphomatous polyposis.

Summary Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity usually characterized by presentation as a lymphomatous body cavity effusion in the absence of solid tumor mass or dissemination during its clinical course. PEL can also rarely occur as a solid lymphoma involving nodal and extranodal sites and is referred to as extracavitary PEL. Here we report a unique case of extracavitary PEL in a 49year-old HIV-seropositive patient, who presented with vague abdominal pain and 20 pound weight loss. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy revealed >100 broad based intestinal polyps ranging from 2 mm to 3cm in size, spreading from the duodenum to the rectum as a typical impression of "intestinal polyposis syndrome". Multiple biopsies demonstrated sheets of large lymphoid cells with characteristic features of extracavitary PEL with strong KSHV/HHV8 virus positivity by immunohistochemistry. Extracavitary PEL presenting as distinctive multiple lymphomatous polyposis as manifested in the case has not been described previously.
Abdominal Panniculectomy: Determining the Impact of Diabetes on Complications and Risk Factors for Adverse Events.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity along with bariatric surgery and massive weight loss requiring panniculectomy is increasing in the United States. The effect of diabetes mellitus on outcomes following panniculectomy remains poorly defined despite its prevalence. This study aims to evaluate the impact of diabetes mellitus on complications following panniculectomy and determine risk factors for adverse events. METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to identify patients undergoing panniculectomy between 2010 and 2015. Patients were stratified based on diabetes status. RESULTS Review of the database identified 7035 eligible patients who underwent panniculectomy, of which 770 (10.9 percent) were diabetic. Multivariate regression showed that diabetes mellitus was a significant risk factor for wound dehiscence (OR, 1.92; 95 percent CI, 1.41 to 3.15; p = 0.02). Obesity was a significant risk factor for superficial (OR, 2.78; 95 percent CI, 1.53 to 3.69; p < 0.001) and deep (OR, 1.52; 95 percent CI, 1.38 to 3.97; p = 0.01) incisional surgical-site infection. Smokers were also at an increased risk for superficial (OR, 1.42; 95 percent CI, 1.19 to 1.75; p = 0.03) and deep (OR, 1.63; 95 percent CI, 1.31 to 2.22; p = 0.02) incisional surgical-site infection. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for wound dehiscence following panniculectomy. Obesity and smoking were significant risk factors for superficial and deep incisional surgical-site infection. These results underscore the importance of preoperative risk factor evaluation in patients undergoing panniculectomy for safe outcomes. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, II.
Detection of conformational changes in human chorionic gonadotropin upon binding to rat gonadal receptors.

After binding to rat testicular or ovarian luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and mammalian LH can be detected with monoclonal antibodies directed against a conserved epitope on the beta subunit of the hormones. Two such anti-hCG/anti-LH monoclonal antibodies, known as B105 and B110, compete with one another for binding to this epitope region on free and receptor-bound hormone. By comparing the affinities of B105 and B110 for these two forms of hCG, we have detected apparent changes in the structure of the hormone which develop subsequent to receptor binding. Whereas the affinity of B105 for receptor-bound hCG is approximately 10-fold lower than that for free hCG, the affinity of B110 for receptor-bound hCG is nearly 20-fold greater than that for free hCG. Both B105.hCG and B110.hCG complexes bind to the receptor; however, they have approximately 25 and 50% lower affinity than hCG. Thus, although B110 binds better to the form of hCG which is bound to receptors, binding of B110 to hCG does not appear to induce a conformational change in the hormone which facilitates hormone-receptor binding. Consequently, both B105 and B110 partially inhibit binding of hCG to its receptors. Fab fragments of B105 and B110 are as effective as intact B105 and B110 in inhibiting the binding of labeled B105 and B110 to hCG-receptor complexes, suggesting that circular complexes which might be formed by the interaction of divalent antibody, two molecules of hCG, and two membrane-bound receptors or one divalent receptor are not contributing to the affinity of the antibodies for receptor-bound hCG. Alternatively, formation of circular complexes can explain an increase in apparent affinity of B105 for ovine or bovine LH-receptor complexes. Data obtained with B105 suggest either that the structure of the epitope is altered following binding or that a portion of the epitope is partially obscured when hCG binds to the receptor. In contrast, the data obtained using B110 are not explained by models in which steric factors reduce the affinity of the antibody for the hormone-receptor complex. Therefore, as a minimal explanation for these observations, we postulate that the conformation of the B105/B110 epitope region is altered following binding of the hormone to receptors. The nature of the conformational change and its relationship to LH/hCG action is unknown.
General Considerations of Autonomous Combustion Oscillations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents general considerations of autonomous combustion oscillations. There are three general classes of combustion oscillations that may occur, namely, low-frequency system instability, higher-frequency acoustic instability, and intermediate frequency transition instability. An unstable condition for oscillation in which the frequency of the oscillation is closely related to the size of the combustion chamber and to the velocity of sound in the combustion gases may be called an acoustical instability. Acoustic instability is distinguishable from system instability only in that the fuel and oxidizing supply lines and controls are not involved. The energy by which the oscillation is driven may stem from several sources. The addition of heat in a periodic manner to a body of gas can result in the driving of an acoustical oscillation. The component of heat release in phase with the pressure serves to overcome damping forces or to increase the amplitude of oscillation, while the component of heat release out of phase with the pressure changes the frequency of this oscillation.
Angular momentum dependent absorption in 6Li scattering.

Measurements are reported for (a) 50 MeV $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{12}$C elastic and inelastic scattering to the ${2}^{+}$ (4.44 MeV), ${0}^{+}$ (7.65 MeV), and ${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ (9.64 MeV) states in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, (b) 20 MeV $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{12}$C elastic scattering, (c) 50 MeV $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{16}$O elastic and inelastic scattering to the unresolved ${0}^{+}$/${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ (6.05/6.13 MeV) and ${2}^{+}$/${1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ (6.92/7.12 MeV) states in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, and (d) 50 MeV $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{9}$Be elastic and inelastic scattering to the 5/${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ (2.43 MeV) state in $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$. Data were measured out to approximately 100${\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$. A mid-angle plateau characteristic of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ scattering in the 5--10 MeV/nucleon energy range is confirmed in the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ scattering but is not so apparent in the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ scattering.Two energy-dependent, six-parameter optical model potentials, both of which describe $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{12}$C elastic scattering at $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ bombarding energies of 11, 20, 24, 30, 50, 60, 99, 156, and 210 MeV through the forward angle region before the plateau, are coupled with an angular momentum dependent imaginary potential. The results show improved descriptions of the plateau region and back angle scattering and a better description of 30 MeV $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{12}$C vector analyzing power data than has previously been published. The $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{12}$C inelastic scattering data are described by distorted-wave-Born-approximation calculations. Results of a double folded analysis of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{12}$C elastic scattering at the above energies show a systematic variation of the double folded normalization, N, and the imaginary volume integral. $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{16}$O, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ elastic scattering data are analyzed with optical model and double folded potentials and the inelastic scattering data are described with distorted-wave-Born-approximation calculations.
Immunological Studies of Nude Mice

Nude mice pose several interesting biological questions. On the one hand they present a variety of pleiotropic effects, ranging from hairlessness to thymic dysgenesis, which have an unknown common property. On the other hand they may very well be a model for the study of immune reactions in which a single major participant—the thymus—is absent.
Using objective measures of muscle color to predict beef longissimus tenderness.

This research was conducted to determine whether objective measures of muscle color could be used to classify beef carcasses with respect to tenderness. Bos taurus (161 steers) and Bos indicus cross (101 steers, 55 heifers) cattle were fed a high-concentrate diet and slaughtered in seven groups when ultrasound scans indicated approximately 1.1 cm fat thickness. Following low-voltage electrical stimulation and a 24-h chill, all routine carcass data, USDA grade data, and colorimeter readings (luminance, L*; redness, a*; yellowness, b*) of the exposed longissimus muscle were obtained. The longissimus lumborum was sampled for ultimate pH (pHU) measurement, shear force at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 35 d postmortem, and taste panel assessment at 14 d postmortem. The pHU was correlated (P < .05) with L*, a*, and b* values (r = -.48, -.52, and -.60, respectively). Correlations of color measurements with tenderness measurements were higher than correlations of marbling score with tenderness measurements. Of the three color measurements, b* value showed the highest correlation with shear force value (r = -.38) and taste panel tenderness rating (r = .37). A classification system (lowest 25%, middle 50%, highest 25%) based on marbling score resulted in classes of beef that were 9, 3, and 4% tough, respectively. A classification system (darkest/bluest 25%, middle 50%, lightest/yellowest 25%) based on colorimeter readings resulted in classes of beef that were 15, 3, and 0% tough, respectively. Bos taurus cattle had lower shear force values, higher panel tenderness ratings, higher L* values, and lower a* values (P < .05) than Bos indicus cross cattle.
Incorporation of Personality Typing into a Neurologic Surgery Residency Program: Utility in Systems Based Practice, Professionalism, and Self-Reflection

Background In the neurosurgery residency, inherent personality traits can play a significant role in the adaptability and success of the resident physician. Methods The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator has been used extensively in the business and administrative world. As a quality improvement effort to promote self-reflection, personal and professional improvement among both faculty and resident members of a department of neurosurgery at a tertiary care academic medical center, a group learning exercise was implemented using the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator. Results All residents (11/11) and 85% of faculty (11/13) participated in the exercise. INTJ ("Mastermind," "Scientist") was the most commonly represented (36.4% compared with 2.1% in the general population; P Conclusions Personality typing can be used to gain valuable insight into the composition of neurosurgery residency cohorts and resolve conflicts arising from personality differences within these groups as well as within the larger hospital setting.
Association Rules with Additional Semantics Modeled by Binary Relations

This paper continues the study of mining patterns from the real world data. Association rules that respects the semantics modeled by binary relations are called binary semantic association rules. By experiments we find that semantic computation is necessary, efficient and fruitful. It is necessary, because we find the supports of length 2 candidate is quite high in randomly generated data. It is efficient, because the checking of semantics constraints occurs only at length 2. It is fruitful the additional cost is well compensated by the saving in pruning away (non-semantic) association rules.
Diversity in and among Rhetorical Traditions

Rhetoric often serves as a way to bridge important differences in the act of persuasion. As a field, rhetoric has worked to include more and more diverse voices. Much more is left to be written, ho...
Influence of Pathogens and Mechanical Stimuli in Inflammation

Inflammation is a process driven by underlying cell-cell communication and many other factors. In this study, a model of cell-cell communications was proposed to study factors driving the inflammation time course. Analyses of inflammations that are driven by the combined effects of strain (mechanical stimuli) and/or pathogens are considered in this paper. An agent-based model was employed to simulate inflammation where macrophages and fibroblasts influence each other through cell signaling cytokines that diffuse and spread in the tissue space. The communication network of macrophages and fibroblasts was then inferred and its network model (termed TE network) was generated and analyzed. The results suggest that factors driving inflammation time course can be discriminated by the characteristics of TE networks. Inflammation driven only by pathogens has certain TE network characteristics indicating slower and lower information exchange among cells. Multiple stimuli can help to maintain sufficient information exchange among cells, which is beneficial for inflammation resolution. The TE network captures the unfolding of the innate immune system over time, and the history of pathogens invasion. The resulting network leads to an improved understanding of the resilience of the system to future pathogen invasion.
Genetically Encoded Halide Sensor-Based Fluorescent Assay for Rapid Screening of Glutamate Transport and Inhibition

Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are a family of transmembrane transporters responsible for glutamate uptake into cells, and their malfunction is related to a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Screening for and developing inhibitors of EAATs as well as related transporters is a significant field of study for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Rapid, high-throughput methods are critical for the study of glutamate transporters, and fluorescent methods are appealing for this purpose as compared to more traditional electrophysiological methods. In this study, we present a method for studying glutamate transporters and inhibitors by utilizing a mutated version of a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) highly sensitive to quenching by anions (mClY). We applied this YFP variant to fluorescent imaging of anion flux in HEK293 cells caused by transiently expressed excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and its inhibition by competitive blockers. This method enables rapid identification of inhibitors and, potentially, activators of EAAT function, which is critical for glutamate transport research.
Parsing complex terrain controls on mountain glacier response to climate forcing

Abstract Glaciers are a key indicator of changing climate in the high mountain landscape. Glacier variations across a mountain range are ultimately driven by regional climate forcing. However, changes also reflect local, topographically driven processes such as snow avalanching, snow wind-drifting, and radiation shading as well as the initial glacier conditions such as hypsometry and ice thickness. Here we assess the role of these various terrain influences on change to Little Ice Age (LIA) glaciers in Glacier National Park, U.S.A. With available data for LIA and modern glacier areas, we estimate glacier volumes using simple ice flow assumptions and topographically driven processes using terrain proxies. At the LIA glacial maxima there were 82 glaciers larger than 0.1 km2 ranging from 0.11 to 4.97 km2. Over the course of the 20th century, every single LIA glacier decreased in area and 60% (49 glaciers) diminished to below the 0.1 km2 threshold. Glaciers with large initial area (>1.5 km2) at the end of LIA persisted. Within the intermediate size class (0.5 km2
Revealing the Decision-Making Processes of Chemical Engineering Students in Process Safety Contexts

Chemical engineering students need to be prepared to make process safety decisions in industry. Through analysis of the decision-making process of senior chemical engineering students, we found students would rather be “better safe than sorry” and did not often acknowledge complexities associated with their decisions. Their decisions were mostly justified by rationalization. This work reaffirms the need to contextualize process safety decision making as part of the design process to better prepare students for industry.
A Dual-Rail Hybrid Analog/Digital LDO with Dynamic Current Steering for Tunable High PSRR and High Efficiency

A dual-rail hybrid analog/digital LDO achieves both high efficiency and tunable high PSRR simultaneously using a dynamic current steering mechanism. Measurements on a 22nm CMOS test chip demonstrate up to −46dB PSRR and 89% efficiency across 0–80mA load from1.8V/1.05V dual-input rails.
The Perils of 'Old' and 'New' in Sentencing Reform

The introduction of actuarial risk assessment tools into the sentencing process is a controversial, but popular trend in the states. While tools' proliferation is debated from numerous angles, scholarship tends to emphasize why this reform is new or old, and focus on whether and how this trend may improve or undermine sentencing law and policy. This Essay suggests that the institutionalization of actuarial risk assessments into the sentencing process in response to social and political critiques of criminal administration is both a new and old idea. It situates the proliferation of actuarial risk assessments in the context of technical guidelines created to structure and regulate judicial sentencing discretion in the 1980s and beyond. It then examines debates about two conceptual issues - selective incapacitation and equality - to highlight that technical sentencing reforms raise recurring questions at sentencing, even as social perspectives on resolving those questions are shifting. Rather than using the "old" nature of these issues as evidence that actuarial risk assessments should proliferate, however, this Essay urges critical reflection on the turn toward the technical in the present day, in the face of mass incarceration. It urges scholars to dispense of the "old" and "new" concept when reflecting on whether and why actuarial risk assessments are proliferating in the states. It also encourages scholars to draw on the expansive methodological approaches applied to study of sentencing guidelines when considering this reform going forward.
Evaluation of the Asian Smokers' Quitline: A Centralized Service for a Dispersed Population.

Introduction Asian immigrants to the U.S. smoke at higher rates than U.S.-born Asians. However, few programs exist to help these immigrants quit and little is known about their real-world effectiveness. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded the Asian Smokers’ Quitline to serve Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese immigrants nationwide. This study examines service utilization and outcomes from the first 7 years of the program. Methods From August 2012 to July 2019, the Asian Smokers’ Quitline enrolled 14,073 Chinese-, Korean-, and Vietnamese-speaking smokers. Service utilization rates and cessation outcomes were compared with those of an earlier trial (conducted 2004–2008) that demonstrated the efficacy of an Asian-language telephone counseling protocol. Data were analyzed in 2019. Results Asian Smokers’ Quitline participants came from all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The main referral sources were Asian-language newspapers (37.2%), family and friends (16.4%), healthcare providers (11.9%), and radio (11.9%). Overall, 37.6% were uninsured, 38.8% had chronic health conditions, and 15.4% had mental health conditions. Compared with participants in the earlier trial, Quitline participants received 1 fewer counseling session (3.8 vs 4.9, p Conclusions The Asian Smokers’ Quitline was utilized by >14,000 Asian-language–speaking smokers across the U.S. in its first 7 years. This quitline could serve as a model for delivering other behavioral services to geographically dispersed linguistic minority populations.
Medical Therapies for Marfan Syndrome and Other Thoracic Aortic Dilatation in Adults: A Contemporary Review

Thoracic aortic dilatation often has an asymptomatic course but may present with lethal complications such as aortic rupture or dissection, particularly when the thoracic aorta is aneurysmally enlarged; therefore, appropriate diagnosis, surveillance, and management are vital. Recommendations regarding imaging and surgical management are outlined in contemporary clinical practice guidelines. Dedicated guidelines regarding medical therapies for the management of thoracic aortic dilatation are lacking. Most of the medical treatment strategies, especially recommendations regarding pharmacological medical therapies related to β-blockade and angiotensin receptor blockers, are derived from data on patients with Marfan syndrome. The main aims of medical therapies for the management of thoracic aortic dilatation are (1) to control the progression of the disease, and (2) to prevent complications related to the disease (such as aortic dissection and mortality). This paper reviews the contemporary evidence and highlights the gaps in evidence to be investigated in further studies.
Alternative pathway to photorespiration protects growth and productivity at elevated temperatures in a model crop.

Adapting crops to warmer growing season temperatures is a major challenge in mitigating the impacts of climate change on crop production. Warming temperatures drive greater evaporative demand and can directly interfere with both reproductive and vegetative physiological processes. Most of the world's crop species have C3 photosynthetic metabolism for which increasing temperature means higher rates of photorespiration, wherein the enzyme responsible for fixing CO2 fixes O2 instead followed by an energetically costly recycling pathway that spans several cell compartments. In C3 crops like wheat, rice and soybean, photorespiration translates into large yield losses that are predicted to increase as global temperature warms. Engineering less energy-intensive alternative photorespiratory pathways into crop chloroplasts drives increases in C3 biomass production under agricultural field conditions, but the efficacy of these pathways in mitigating the impact of warmer growing temperatures has not been tested. We grew tobacco plants expressing an alternative photorespiratory pathway under current and elevated temperatures (+5 °C) in agricultural field conditions. Engineered plants exhibited higher photosynthetic quantum efficiency under heated conditions than the control plants, and produced 26% (between 16% and 37%) more total biomass than WT plants under heated conditions, compared to 11% (between 5% and 17%) under ambient conditions. That is, engineered plants sustained 19% (between 11% and 21%) less yield loss under heated conditions compared to non-engineered plants. These results support the theoretical predictions of temperature impacts on photorespiratory losses and provide insight toward the optimisation strategies required to help sustain or improve C3 crop yields in a warming climate.
Identifying Event Descriptions using Co-training with Online News Summaries

Systems that distill information about events from large corpora generally extract sentences that are relevant to a short event query. We present a novel co-training strategy for this task that employs a multidocument news summary corpus featuring 2.5 million unlabeled sentences, thus obviating the need for extensive manual annotation. Our experiments indicate that this technique significantly outperforms standard classification approaches with linear feature combination on this task. An analysis of our approach under various settings reveals how classifier and parameter choice can be used to control runtime overhead while contributing to an absolute increase of 22% in recall.
Logic programming and software maintenance

The main objective of this short paper is to describe the relationship between software maintenance and logic programming (both declarative and procedural), and to show how ideas and methods from logic programming (in particular, methods invented by M. Gelfond) can be used in software maintenance. The material presented in this paper partly appeared in (Luqi and Cooke, 1995). The main difference is that (Luqi and Cooke, 1995) is aimed mainly at software engineers, so it only briefly touches on the software engineering problems, while describing in great detail the basics of logic programming. In contrast, in this paper, we assume that the corresponding logic programming notions are well known, but describe the corresponding software engineering applications in greater detail.
Unsteady Transonic Flows: Time-Linearized Calculations,

A combination of technical advances should improve the fuel efficiency of transport aircraft by fifty percent in the next decade. Analogous improvements in the transonic performance of military aircraft should also be realized. These large gains will come from a combination of improvements in engine, structural, and aerodynamic efficiency. More than half will come from improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency, including active control, and the use of composite materials in the primary structure. Part of the improvement in aerodynamic efficiency will result from flight at supercritical Mach numbers with subcritical levels of lift-to-drag ratio.
Spatial organization and coordination of slow waves in the mouse anorectum

Key points The internal anal sphincter (IAS) develops tone important for maintaining high anal pressure and continence whereas tone in the rectum is less. To investigate tone generation, the electrical properties [membrane potential (Em) and slow waves (SWs)] and morphology of the mouse IAS and distal rectum were compared. SWs were greatest in amplitude and frequency at the distal end of the IAS and declined toward the rectum. SWs were also coordinated to a greater degree in the circumferential than the oral direction. The circular muscle was divided into ‘minibundles’ in the IAS but not rectum. Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive cells were present in each minibundle making each a possible candidate for SW generation. The features that distinguish the IAS from rectum (i.e. depolarized Em, larger and higher frequency SWs and multiunit configuration) are all properties that are predicted to result in greater tone generation. Abstract The internal anal sphincter (IAS) develops tone and is important for maintaining a high anal pressure while tone in the rectum is less. The mechanisms responsible for tone generation in the IAS are still uncertain. The present study addressed this question by comparing the electrical properties and morphology of the mouse IAS and distal rectum. The amplitude of tone and the frequency of phasic contractions was greater in the IAS than in rectum while membrane potential (Em) was less negative in the IAS than in rectum. Slow waves (SWs) were of greatest amplitude and frequency at the distal end of the IAS, declining in the oral direction. Dual microelectrode recordings revealed that SWs were coordinated over a much greater distance in the circumferential direction than in the oral direction. The circular muscle layer of the IAS was divided into five to eight ‘minibundles’ separated by connective tissue septa whereas few septa were present in the rectum. The limited coordination of SWs in the oral direction suggests that the activity in adjacent minibundles is not coordinated. Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive cells were present in each minibundle suggesting a role for one or both of these cells in SW generation. In summary, three important properties distinguish the IAS from the distal rectum: (1) a more depolarized Em; (2) larger and higher frequency SWs; and (3) the multiunit configuration of the muscle. All of these characteristics may contribute to greater tone generation in the IAS than in the distal rectum.
Tense and Aspect

Tense and aspect convey temporality in language. Tense relates situations to a reference time and the moment of speech. Aspectual information classifies events and states into situation types, and presents them from a perfective or imperfective viewpoint. Keywords: temporality; deictic; absolute; relative; deixis; Reference Time; context; situation types; aspectual viewpoint; coercion; bounded events
Establishing a custom of proving in american school geometry: evolution of the two-column proof in the early twentieth century

Having high school students prove geometrical propositions became the norm in the United States with the reforms of the 1890's - when geometry was designated as the place for students to learn the 'art of demonstration.' A custom of asking students to produce and write proofs in a 'two-column format' of statements and reasons developed as the teaching profession responded to the demands of reform. I provide a historical ac- count for how proving evolved as a task for students in school geometry, starting from the time when geometry became a high school subject and continuing to the time when proof became the centerpiece of the geometry curriculum. I use the historical account to explain how the two-column proof format brought stability to the course of studies in geometry by making it possible for teachers to claim that they were teaching students how to prove and for students to demonstrate that their work involved proving. I also uncover what the nature of school geometry came to be as a result of the emphasis in students' learning to prove by showing that students' acquisition of a generic notion of proof was made possible at the expense of reducing students' participation in the development of new ideas. I draw connections between that century-old reform and current reform emphases on reasoning and proof. I use observations from history to suggest that as we carve a place for proof in present-day school mathematics we must be leery of isolating issues of proving from issues of knowing.
A general attack method for steganography removal using Pseudo-CFA re-interpolation

Watermarking and steganography are two of the most researched topics in multimedia forensics. However, easy availability of tools and technology has made their misuse a serious concern. To counteract this development some effective tools are necessary to remove malicious steganography. In this work, we introduce a novel watermark attack method which can destroy hidden information embedded in images based on the principle of re-interpolation of Color Filter Array (CFA) artifacts. In digital cameras and scanners, CFA filters are used to acquire low-resolution physical color channel information and produce a high-quality image by subsequent interpolation. We propose to emulate a similar scheme in which image information is removed and reconstructed through interpolation and thereby destroy any hidden information without impairing the visual quality. Most importantly, our presented method is general and does not assume any knowledge of the used watermarking methods, the hidden message or the host image.
Afferent baroreceptor discharge in pregnant rats.

The baroreflex function curve is shifted to lower operating pressures, efferent sympathoexcitatory responses are attenuated, and sympathoinhibitory responses are potentiated in pregnant compared wi...
Enfoques lingüísticos sobre la prehistoria del sur de California

El estudio de la evidencia sobre los idiomas indigenas yumanos, utoaztecanos y chumashanos del sur de California y de la parte norte de Baja California se plantea por el autor como una forma que puede ayudarnos a entender mejor el desarrollo prehistorico de la region. Para esto, se analizan en este documento diversos enfoques utilizados en los estudios linguisticos de estas comunidades tempranas. El modelo genetico de la descendencia linguistica sugiere que grupos de idiomas del periodo historico tienen origenes comunes, que son seguidos por una sucesion de separaciones que se pueden atribuir a diversos factores. La glotocronologia ofrece estimaciones de los periodos de esas separaciones. La teoria de la migracion evalua la probabilidad relativa de que sean regiones particulares las patrias originales de las comunidades linguisticas antes de que se dividieran. La difusion de lenguajes refleja las yuxtaposiciones geograficas e interacciones de comunidades de idiomas en el pasado. Por su parte la reconstruccion de la proto-cultura promete ayudar en la identificacion de las patrias originales y de las sucesiones de innovaciones culturales
Neuropsychological Factors and Bariatric Surgery: A Review

Obesity has become a global epidemic with associated physical, psychological, and cognitive deficits that tax the healthcare system and result in a significant economic burden. These costs have necessitated treatment measures to reduce the incidence of obesity as well as comorbidities associated with obesity. We review the current literature in order to describe the pre-surgical psychological and cognitive characteristics of individuals undergoing bariatric surgery and the possible changes in these functions following surgery. We discuss the importance of a pre-surgical evaluation that adequately evaluates cognitive and emotional functioning and what this evaluation should entail. Finally, we discuss recent trends in the types of bariatric surgeries being performed and how these changes may influence subsequent physical, cognitive, and emotional health.
Comparison of Two Frameworks for Measuring the Stability of Gene-Selection Techniques on Noisy Class-Imbalanced Data

A common challenge encountered with feature (gene) selection is the instability of selected genes, which is defined as the degree of agreement between its outputs to differently-perturbed versions of the same input data. Very little work considers the impact of noise and sampling (e.g., preprocessing techniques used to cope with class imbalance, such as undersampling and oversampling) on the stability of gene selection techniques. In this study we compare two frameworks for evaluating this stability: "sampled-noisy vs. clean" and "sampled-noisy vs. sampled-noisy." Both frameworks involve noise injection followed by sampling, they differ in that the first compares the features selected from the perturbed (due to noise injection followed by sampling) datasets with the features selected from the original (clean) dataset, while the second performs a pairwise comparisons among the results from the perturbed datasets. Intuitively, the first framework should have more consistent results, since it is only randomizing one half of the comparison rather than both halves. The primary goal of this paper is to discover whether despite this, these two frameworks show similar patterns and conclusions. This is tested using four groups of cancer gene datasets. We employ ten feature rankers from three different families, apply three sampling techniques, and generate artificial class noise to better simulate real-world datasets. The results show that Mutual Information, Signal-To-Noise, and Deviance show the best stability across the two frameworks, while Gain Ratio shows the worst stability on average. The results also show that two frameworks have the same stability pattern, i.e., the rankers that perform well (or poorly) in the first framework perform as well (or as poorly) in the second. This means that the second framework, which is less computationally intensive (due to not performing feature selection on the clean data), can be used without requiring the first framework.
A Reproducible Model of Middle Cerebral Infarcts, Compatible with Long-term Survival, in Aged Rats

Background and Purpose Stroke is a disease associated with aging, but experimental stroke studies are generally done in young male animals. Because there are numerous differences associated with aging, such as an altered immune system and altered neurochemistry, that could affect the outcome of these experiments, a model of reproducible cerebral infarction in aged rats is needed. Methods We attempted to produce middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarcts in aged (22 months of age) rats using two standard methods. A nylon suture with a heat-induced bulb was passed through the external carotid artery in seven animals, with an attempt to place the tip at the origin of the MCA. The MCA was ligated through a craniotomy just proximal to the internal cerebral vein in 14 rats. Survival potential was tested by attempting 2-week survival in four rats and 2-month survival in one rat. Results The suture model failed to produce MCA infarcts, even when the bulb of the suture was properly placed in the MCA. The intracranial M...