cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hudson's Bay Company as a context for science in the Columbia Department.

This article aims to elucidate and analyze the links between science, specifically natural history, and the imperialist project in what is now the northwestern United States and western Canada. Imperialism in this region found its expression through institutions such as the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC). I examine the activities of naturalists such as David Douglas and William Tolmie Fraser in the context of the fur trade in the Columbia Department. Here I show how natural history aided Britain in achieving its economic and political goals in the region. The key to this interpretation is to extend the role of the HBC as an imperial factor to encompass its role as a patron for natural history. This gives a better understanding of the ways in which imperialism—construed as mercantile, rather than military—delineated research priorities and activities of the naturalists who worked in the Columbia Department.
Intravenous lipid emulsion in the management of amlodipine overdose.

ObjectiveTo report a case of amlodipine overdose successfully treated with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE).Case SummaryA 47-year-old, 110 kg female ingested at least 350 mg of amlodipine with an u...
A web-based learning tool that simulates a simple computer architecture

As a supplement to an introduction to engineering systems course, the article presents a self-paced, web-based learning tool that introduces computer concepts by simulating the Lego Mindstorm s RCX programmable brick. It discusses the motivation for creating this tool and its implementation. The materials presented give students a broader perspective of an engineering system (the computer) and a sense of what goes on under the hood of a computer. They also give students, in conjunction with a physical laboratory project, a sense of working on a real workplace assignment.
Are water‐immiscibility and apolarity of the solvent relevant to enzyme efficiency?

The question of whether the solvent's water-immiscibility is relevant to enzymatic activity was addressed by assaying four different hydrolases (three lipases and one protease) in nine anhydrous solvents of similar hydrophobicities of which four were infinitely miscible with water and five were not. For no enzyme was a jump in activity observed upon a transition from water-miscible to water-immiscible solvent. The relevance of solvent apolarity to enzymatic efficiency was also examined. To this end, three groups of isomeric anhydrous solvents were selected where within each group of isomeric anhydrous solvents were selected where within each group one solvent was apolar (i.e., lacked a permanent dipole moment). For none of the four enzymes studied was activity significantly higher in apolar solvents than in their polar counterparts. Thus we conclude that often-cited solvent's immiscibility with water and apolarity by themselves are irrelevant to enzymatic activity.
Reflex erector spinal responses in disorders of the central nervous system

In 64 patients with various central and peripheral nervous system disorders, the lumbar erector spinal muscle responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus at Erb's point or of the posterior tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa while standing were recorded. These responses were either absent or delayed in patients with involvement of the posterior columns. The latency of the responses was the same in patients with cerebellar syndromes, Parkinsonism, spastic hemiparesis or vestibular ataxia as in normal subjects. The size of the responses was diminished in patients with cerebellar syndromes and increased in those with Parkinsonism and spastic hemiparesis as compared with normal subjects.
Self-organizing primitives for shape composition based on chemotaxis and genetic programming

In living things, cells aggregate and grow to create complicated structures. This process, called morphogenesis, is one of the fundamental components involved in the development of all complex organisms. One of the essential processes involved in morphogenesis is chemotaxis. Chemotaxis is the phenomenon where cells interact with other cells by emitting a chemical that diffuses into the surrounding environment. Neighboring cells detect the overall chemical concentration at their surfaces and respond to the chemical stimulus by moving either towards or away from the source. The motions induced by chemotaxis may then produce patterns or sortings of cells, or even large-scale structures, e.g. cavities or vessels. These phenomena have motivated us to look to developmental biology for concepts that lead to a more organic, living-cell-inspired approach to shape composition.
Abducens internuclear and ascending tract of Deiters inputs to medial rectus motoneurons in the cat oculomotor nucleus: neurotransmitters.

The abducens internuclear and ascending tract of Deiters (ATD) pathways are the principal excitatory inputs to medial rectus motoneurons in the oculomotor nucleus and are related to the control of conjugate horizontal eye movements. Differences in the morphology and soma-dendritic distribution of abducens internuclear and ATD synaptic endings are correlated with known differences in the physiological properties of these independent inputs. The present study extends these observations to the ultrastructural localization of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, glutamate and aspartate, using a postembedding immunogold procedure combined with the pre-embedding immunoperoxidase localization of anterogradely transported biocytin from the abducens nucleus and the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus. Consistent with their spheroidal synaptic vesicle content and the asymmetric pre/postsynaptic membrane profile, both the abducens internuclear and ATD synaptic endings are labeled with glutamate and aspartate. However, quantitative analysis of the density of colloidal gold particles associated with mitochondria versus synaptic vesicles/axoplasmic matrix reveals significant differences in the metabolic versus neurotransmitter pools of the amino acids in the two populations of synaptic endings. The findings indicate that both aspartate and glutamate, possibly co-localized, are the excitatory neurotransmitters utilized by abducens internuclear synaptic endings whose burst-tonic physiological activity conveys information related to eye position to medial rectus motoneurons. By contrast, glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter associated with ATD synaptic endings whose high frequency burst activity is related to head velocity.
Short Term, Low Dosage Amphotericin B Therapy for Residuals of Coccidioidomycosis

This paper deals with a clinical report of four cases treated with short term, low dosage amphotericin B therapy, the total doses being limited to a total of 2 gm. or less, with rapid clearing of the pulmonary lesions, and with no residual renal toxicity noted. It appeared that this drug may have certain potentialities, some of which are as yet incompletely explored. The question thus remains unanswered as to whether one could reap benefits of value in pulmonary coccidioidomycosis by treating more cases of pulmonary involvement, by treating them earlier, and by using less drug in this low dose, short span treatment.
On‐Line Flow‐Injection Detection System and Its Application to the Measurement of Ethanol Transfer and Osmosis Rate in Centrifugal Precipitation Chromatography

Abstract An on‐line flow‐injection detection system is newly designed and successfully used in the basic research on determination of the mass transfer and osmosis rates of ethanol through the membrane in centrifugal precipitation chromatography. The system improves the linearity range of the calibration curve, which showed linearity coefficient of correlation of 0.998 between 10 and 80% ethanol solution.
What We Owe to the Global Poor

This essay defends an account of the duties to the global poor that is informed by the empirical question of what makes countries rich or poor, and that tends to be broadly in agreement with John Rawls’s account in The Law of Peoples. I begin by introducing the debate about the sources of growth and explore its implications for duties towards the poor. Next I explore whether (and deny that) there are any further-reaching duties towards the poor. Finally, I ask about the moral foundations for the duties to the poor of the sort that earlier parts argue there are.
Consciousness and Action: Does Cognitive Science Support (Mild) Epiphenomenalism?

AbstractQuestions about the function(s) of consciousness have long been central to discussions of consciousness in philosophy and psychology. Intuitively, consciousness has an important role to pla...
Microstructural evolution during directional annealing

Development of a columnar-grained structure and its continued propagation during directional annealing has been studied using a front-tracking, grain-growth model. The effects of the initial microstructure, hot zone velocity, and hot zone width were investigated for a single-phase system without a texture. Decreasing zone velocity and increasing zone width increase the ease of forming and propagating a columnar-grained structure. For a given zone width, grain length decreases with increasing velocity and the grain structure becomes equi-axed at high velocities. For a given zone velocity, critical zone width for propagation of a columnar grain is lower than that for its development. Critical zone velocity for propagation is independent of zone width for widths greater than about twice the initial grain size, while it increases with the width for lower zone widths. For a given initial grain size, the critical velocity for propagation increases with increasing width of the initial columnar grain.
Phase equilibria in fluid mixtures at high pressures: The He-CH4 system

An experimental study of phase equilibria in the He-CH4 system was carried out over the temperature range 95 to 290 K and at pressures to 10,000 atm. The experimental results consist of equilibrium phase composition for twenty-eight isotherms in the region of coexistence of two fluid phases, together with the pressure-temperature trace of the three-phase boundary at which a CH4-rich solid phase is in equilibrium with the two fluid phases. The system exhibits a fluid-fluid phase separation which persists to temperatures and pressures beyond the range of this experiment. These results, together with those recently obtained for other binary systems, provide information about the form of phase diagrams for binary gas mixtures in the region of pressure induced phase transitions at high pressures. These findings are relevant to problems of deep atmosphere and interior structures in the outer planets.
The occurrence of large earthquakes in south Italy

Abstract An analysis of the data in the catalogues of Italian earthquakes indicates that large earthquakes which occur in the area of radius of about 140 km centered in the Straits of Messina occur in sequences. Each sequence is generally formed by two events and covers an average time window of 10 years. The last four sequences occurred in the time windows 1783–1891, 1818–1823, 1865–1870, 1905–1908 and are separated by about 40 years indicating that in that area there is now a gap in the time domain. The analysis of the data in the Catalogue for the region between the latitudes 39°N and 41°50′N indicates that in that region the large earthquakes occurred in 13 sequences. Each sequence is formed by 3 events in average and covers an average time window of 7 years. This indicates that, after the earthquake of Nov. 1980, which occurred after a gap of 67 years, other moderately large earthquakes may be expected in that area in the next few years.
On the construction of finite field elements of large order

In numerous applications involving finite fields, we often need high-order elements. Ideally we should be able to obtain a primitive element for any finite field in reasonable time. However, if the prime factorization of the group order is unknown, we do not know how to achieve the goal. We thus turn our attentions to a less ambitious problem: constructing an element of provably high order. In this paper, we survey various algorithms that find an element of high order for general or special finite fields.
MINOS: THE PHYSICS PROGRAM AND THE CONSTRUCTION STATUS

The MINOS experiment will study muon neutrino oscillations in the range of parameter space implied by the measurements with atmospheric neutrinos. The two magnetized toroidal tracking calorimeters, 1 kton at Fermilab and 5.4 kton in the Soudan Mine 735-km away, are constructed out of extruded scintillator strips and use wavelength-shifting and clear fibers read out by multi-anode photomultipliers. The far detector is now more than 3/4 completed and commenced collecting cosmic ray data. The neutrino beamline and the near detector will be finished by the end of 2004. In addition, a calibration detector was also constructed and exposed to the test beams. Over the last two years the entire project has progressed on schedule and budget and with most of the civil construction out of the way the road to this interesting physics program is finally cleared.
Symptomatic outcomes after laparoscopic antireflux surgery1

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate symptomatic outcomes following laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Methods: Patients referred for antireflux surgery completed a self-administered 19-question gastrointestinal (GI) survey. The survey evaluates 4 GI symptom complexes: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), abdominal pain, dysphagia and irritable bowel. The GERD symptoms are broken down into GI and respiratory symptoms. Questions are scored on a Likert scale with 0 = no symptoms and 100 = severe symptoms. All patients who had an antireflux procedure and completed pre- and postoperative surveys were included in the study. Results: The 40 patients studied included 21 men and 19 women of mean age 47 ± 15 years. Analysis of pre- and postoperative scores using the paired Student’s t-test was as follows (values expressed as mean ± SEM): Symptom complex Preoperative score∗ Postoperative score∗ p Value GERD 54.3 ± 3 20.7 ± 4 <.0001 Abdominal pain 40.7 ± 4 21.4 ± 4 .001 Dysphagia 43.8 ± 6 20.0 ± 4 .002 Irritable bowel 19.1 ± 2 19.0 ± 3 >.97 Analysis of the GI components (heartburn, regurgitation, eructation) and respiratory components (difficulty falling asleep, insomnia, feeling rested on awakening) of the GERD symptom complex reveals that both types of symptoms improved Preoperative Postoperative p Value Gastrointestinal GERD score 63.1 ± 3 16.1 ± 4 <.0001 Respiratory GERD score 46.0 ± 5 24.9 ± 5 .002 Conclusions: Overall, GERD, abdominal pain, and dysphagia symptoms all improve following laparoscopic antireflux surgery; however, irritable bowel symptoms do not improve. Both the GI and respiratory components of GERD symptoms are improved by antireflux surgery.
Wavelet transform applied to synthetic aperture radar - optical implementation and adaptive techniques

The wavelet transform is applied to signal processing of synthetic aperture radar and techniques for determining the range, cross-range, and rotation of the target as well as adaptive process for better resolution are studied. We also optically implement the wavelet transform in the laboratory for real-time processing of radar data, and describe methods for adaptive processing.
A Comparison of the Collaborative Scientific Argumentation Practices of Two High and Two Low Performing Groups

This qualitative study examines the interactions between individuals, ideas, and materials as two high and two low performing groups of students engaged in a process of collaborative scientific argumentation. To engage students in collaborative scientific argumentation the students were randomly assigned to small groups of three students each. Each triad was asked to critique six alternative explanations for a discrepant event and to produce a single written argument justifying the explanation they felt was most valid or acceptable. The two higher performing triads produced arguments that included a sufficient and accurate explanation that was well supported with appropriate evidence and reasoning while the two lower performing triads produced arguments that included an inaccurate explanation supported by inappropriate justification. A verbal analysis of the interactive processes that took place within these four triads identified five distinct differences in the ways these triads engaged in collaborative scientific argumentation that seemed to promote or constrain the development of high quality written arguments. These differences include (1) the number of unique ideas introduced into the conversation, (2) how individuals responded to these ideas, (3) how often individuals challenged ideas when discussing them, (4) the criteria individuals used to distinguish between ideas, and (5) how group members used the available corpus of data. The conclusions and implications of this study include recommendations for the design and revision of curriculum, the development of new instructional models and technology-enhanced learning environments, and areas for future research.
Rectification and flux reversals for vortices interacting with triangular traps

We simulate vortices in superconductors interacting with two-dimensional arrays of triangular traps. We find that, upon application of an ac drive, a net dc flow can occur which shows current reversals with increasing ac drive amplitude for certain vortex densities, in agreement with recent experiments and theoretical predictions. We identify the vortex dynamics responsible for the different rectification regimes. We also predict the occurrence of a novel transverse rectification effect in which a dc flow appears that is transverse to the direction of the applied ac drive.
Workshop Summary: The cobbler's children: How can and should we use CSCW tools in our own work?

The purpose of this workshop was to consider the practical ways CSCW tools are already being used or might be used by the CSCW research community itself. Participants explored the full lifecycle of research, from idea generation and issue definition to collaborative writing and the peer review process. Several collaborative applications already in use in the CSCW research community were presented, discussed, and debated, with special consideration given to how and whether the CSCW Program Committee's experimental use of Lotus Notes should be extended in the future.
Are corruption levels accurately identified? The case of U.S. states

Abstract This paper applies a novel methodology to measure corruption levels in U.S. states, leading to insights which could be useful to policymakers in their effort to reduce unethical behavior. The level of public corruption is difficult to quantify because much of it goes undetected and because different cultures and jurisdictions have different definitions and different degrees of tolerance for corruption. When comparing corruption across countries, in the absence of another solution, this difficulty has been addressed by using survey-based methods. Within countries, because of the greater homogeneity in culture, institutions, and legal frameworks, other measures have been used, such as public official convictions per capita. This paper suggests that even these more objective measures of corruption may lead to distortions, describes an alternative methodology based on the analysis of public official non-compliance as compared to general population non-compliance, and illustrates its use. The method is based on modeling an institution as a system (and corruption as a failure in that system) and using time-tested statistical quality control techniques to examine its incidence. When applied to states of the U.S. Union, the methodology flags some states as more corrupt than estimated through other methods and, conversely, identifies other states as less corrupt than anticipated. The paper thus offers a tool and suggestions to support policy-makers in their efforts to evaluate the prevalence of unethical practices and to reduce corruption levels.
Electrophysiologic effects of placing cochlear implant electrodes in a perimodiolar position in young children.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to intraoperatively record the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) before and after placement of the electrode positioning system (EPS) (CII Bionic Ear with HiFocus I cochlear implant electrode array) as well as before and after stylet removal (Nucleus Contour cochlear implant electrode array). It was hypothesized that physiologic changes would occur after perimodiolar positioning of the electrode array and these changes would be evident from the EABR recordings. Study Design: Consecutive young (11-36 month old) pediatric cochlear implant recipients (n = 17) had intraoperative EABRs recorded from three intracochlear electrodes that represented apical, medial, and basal locations. Wave V amplitudes and thresholds were studied relative to electrode location and pre- versus postperimodiolar positioning. These evoked potential measures were analyzed for statistical significance. Setting: Tertiary referral children's hospital/medical college. Results: Wave V thresholds of the EABR were lower, and amplitudes were larger after perimodiolar positioning, although the changes were dependent on electrode location and implant design. Statistically significant decreases in EABR wave V threshold and increases in suprathreshold wave V amplitude were found for the basal electrode for the CII Bionic Ear HiFocus I and for the apical electrode for the Nucleus Contour. Conclusions: Placement of either the CII Bionic Ear HiFocus I or Nucleus Contour cochlear implant electrode array in the perimodiolar position in young children resulted in less electrical current necessary to stimulate the auditory system. Changes in electrophysiologic thresholds and amplitudes, measured with EABR, indicate that the electrode array is placed closer to the modiolus with both electrode designs.
Force-balance equation for a pinned lattice of Abrikosov vortices

We present a simple derivation of the force-balance equation for a pinned lattice of Abrikosov vortices in the presence of a driving current. The formalism employed is based on a general macroscopic theory developed by Larkin to describe the effect of defects in the Shubnikov phase of a type-II superconductor.
Brain Tumor Rehabilitation

Brain and other central nervous system tumors have a very high likelihood of producing long-term disabling effects owing to the tumor itself and the effects of treatment, including surgical complications, neurotoxic effects of radiation, and debility caused by chemotherapy. Even benign or low-grade brain tumors can cause significant disability. Brain tumors occur over the life span, showing progressively higher incidence with advancing age. The common types of primary brain tumor differ between pediatric and adult age groups. Evidence for effectiveness of rehabilitation is favorable. Brain tumor patients treated in acute rehabilitation settings improve comparably with individuals with stroke or traumatic brain injury. Although patients with primary brain tumors have been better studied than those with metastatic disease, significant gains with inpatient rehabilitation have been reported in the latter group also. Outpatient programs to address cognitive deficits in brain tumor survivors, including cognitive therapy and pharmacologic strategies, have found benefit. While the patient is receiving rehabilitation care, physiatrists, in interdisciplinary collaboration with the pertinent oncology-related services, assist with managing symptoms including fatigue, headache, and sleep disturbance and medical complications including depression, seizures, and thromboembolic disease. Better methods are needed to identify patients for rehabilitation services when appropriate over the course of the disease process.
Towards a comprehensive evaluation of V-I-S sub-pixel fractions and land surface temperature for urban land-use classification in the USA

Remote-sensing image classification based on the vegetation–impervious surface–soil V-I-S model and land-surface temperature LST has proved to be more efficient in characterizing the urban landscape than conventional spectral-based classification. However, current literature emphasizes discussion of the classifier's accuracy improvement achieved by the input of V-I-S fractions and LST over conventional spectral-based classification while ignoring the stability evaluation. Hence, this study proposes an evaluation framework for exploring the superiority of the input features and the stability of classifiers by integrating statistical randomization techniques and a kappa-error diagram. The evaluation framework was applied to case studies for demonstrating the superiority of V-I-S fractions and LST in the context of urban land-use classification with five different types of classifiers, including the maximum likelihood classifier MLC, the tree classifier, the Bagging classifier, the random forest RF and the support vector machine SVM. It followed that the use of V-I-S fractions and LST 1 could alleviate the ‘salt and pepper’ effect; 2 is preferred by tree and tree-based ensembles for branch splitting; 3 could produce classification trees with less complexity; 4 could benefit the stability of classifiers in addition to the accuracy improvement; and 5 could allow histograms following nearly normal distribution in its feature space, which boosts the performance of MLC. It is shown that MLC becomes comparable with modern classifiers when trained with V-I-S fractions and LST combination. Because of its adequacy and simplicity, MLC is recommended for urban land-use classification when V-I-S fractions and LST are used as the only input features. However, replacing them with, or including, the band reflectance might degrade MLC. A direct use of spectral band reflectance is not recommended for any of the classification approaches being considered in this study, except for SVM, which is the most robust classifier as it has a consistently high performance for all the input feature combinations. We recommend using tree-based ensemble classifiers or SVM when V-I-S fractions and LST as well as the band reflectance are all used in the classification. The proposed evaluation framework can also be applied to the assessment of input features and classifiers in other remote-sensing classification endeavours.
Relations among wavelet coefficients and features for ATR

Wavelets have been used successfully for signal compression. A signal can be represented very concisely and with a high fidelity, by a set of wavelet coefficients. This suggests that wavelet coefficients can efficiently represent the contents of a signal and, consequently, could be used as features. Such features then can be used for signal classification. The quality of classification depends on the choice of the features. Fixing the set of features in both time and frequency domains results in the lack of invariance of the classification method with respect to translations and scaling of signals. In this paper we propose an approach that addresses this problem. We achieve this goal by using the following two techniques. First, our classification method test weather a specific relation among wavelet coefficients is satisfied by a given signal. And second, our method selects features dynamically, i.e., it searches for features that satisfy the relation. The relations are learned from a database of pre-classified signals. In this paper we provide the description of the relation learning approach and results of testing the approach on a simple scenario. The results of our simulations showed that this approach gives a higher classification accuracy than a similar approach based on a fixed set of features.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cux-1 transgenic mice develop glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis

Cux-1 transgenic mice develop glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Background. Cux-1 is a murine homeobox gene that is highly expressed in the nephrogenic zone of the developing kidney. Transgenic mice ectopically expressing Cux-1 develop renal hyperplasia associated with down-regulation of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27. Because the reduction of p27 has been associated with mesangial cell proliferation and glomerular disease, we evaluated glomerular changes in Cux-1 transgenic mice. Methods Adult kidneys from Cux-1 transgenic mice were analyzed morphologically for changes in glomerular cell number and for changes in mesangial and interstitial extracellular matrix deposition. Mesangial matrix expansion was identified by light microscopy. Glomerular cell number was performed following immunohistochemistry. Type IV collagen deposition was analyzed by immunofluoresence and Western blotting. Renal function was evaluated by serum protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and electrolyte analysis, and by urine protein and creatinine analysis. Results In adult transgenic glomeruli, Cux-1 was ectopically expressed in mesangial cells, and this was associated with an increase in mesangial cell number, resulting from an increase in proliferation. There was a marked increase in mesangial matrix area in transgenic mice compared to non-transgenic littermates, related to an increase in type IV collagen. Podocyte foot process effacement was observed in transgenic mice, and this was related to an increase in urinary albumin. Interstitial fibrosis was also observed in transgenic kidneys. Conclusion These observations indicate that increased expression of Cux-1 in mesangial cells results in cell proliferation and mesangial expansion. In addition, these changes are potentially related to disruption of podocyte architecture leading to loss of filtration. These results suggest that expression of Cux-1 is sufficient to induce the early events of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.
Ozone and aerosol productivity of reactive organics

A technique developed to determine the amount of ozone and secondary photochemical species generated by the individual organic components of a complex atmospheric organic/NOx mixture (Bowman and Seinfeld, J. geophys. Res. 99, 5309–5324 (1994a)) is used to study the individual contributions of carbonyl, aromatic, alkane, and alkene emissions to ozone and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol species in the South Coast Air Basin of California for the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) air pollution episode of 27–28 August 1987. Aldehydes exhibit the highest ozone productivity followed by alkenes, and lumped reactive aromatics. The aromatic species and formaldehyde enhance the production of secondary organic and secondary sulfate aerosol, because they are effectively OH sources. The same species, through their effect on both OH and O3 production, are also significant precursors of HNO3, and consequently, of nitrate aerosol. This methodology can be used in conjunction with urban airshed models to investigate alternative emission control scenarios.
Feeding China's little emperors : food, children, and social change

List of figures and tables Introduction: food, children, and social change in contemporary China Jun Jing 1. Paradoxes of plenty: China's infant and child-feeding transition Georgia S. Guldan 2. Eating snacks and biting pressure: only children in Beijing Bernadine W. L. Chee 3. Children's food and Islamic Dietary restrictions in Xi'an Maris Boyd Gillette 4. Family relations: the generation gap at the table Guo Yuhua 5. Globalized childhood?: kentucky fried chicken in Beijing Eriberto P. Lozada, Jr 6. Food, nutrition, and cultural authority in a Gansu village Jun Jing 7. A baby-friendly hospital and the science of infant feeding Suzanne K. Gottschang 8. State, children, and the Wahaha group of Hangzou Zhao Yang 9. Food as a lens: the past, present, and future of Family life in China James L. Watson Appendix Notes Index.
Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation

Summary The Rayleigh damping model, which is pervasive in nonlinear response history analysis (RHA) of buildings, is shown to develop ‘spurious’ damping forces and lead to inaccurate response results. We prove that a viscous damping matrix constructed by superposition of modal damping matrices—irrespective of the number of modes included or values assigned to modal damping ratios—completely eliminates the ‘spurious’ damping forces. This is the damping model recommended for nonlinear RHA. Replacing the stiffness-proportional part of Rayleigh damping by the tangent stiffness matrix is shown to improve response results. However, this model is not recommended because it lacks a physical basis and has conceptual implications that are troubling: hysteresis in damping force–velocity relationship and negative damping at large displacements. Furthermore, the model conflicts with the constant-damping model that has been the basis for fundamental concepts and accumulated experience about the inelastic response of structures. With a distributed plasticity model, the structural response is not sensitive to the damping model; even the Rayleigh damping model leads to acceptable results. This perspective on damping provides yet another reason to employ the superior distributed plasticity models in nonlinear RHA. OpenSees software has been extended to include a damping matrix defined as the superposition of modal damping matrices. Although this model leads to a full populated damping matrix, the additional computational demands are demonstrated to be minimal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peritoneal tuberculosis: diagnostic options.

BACKGROUND: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis has vague symptoms and few signs. It is essential to recognize and diagnose this curable disease prior to performing definitive surgery. Newer tests such as DNA or RNA amplification allow for early diagnosis but have limitations. CASE: We report a case of peritoneal tuberculosis in an immigrant woman. She had vague symptoms of low-grade fever, mild abdominal pain, obstipation, and bloating. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed to establish the diagnosis. Tuberculosis was confirmed by DNA extraction from the frozen section specimen with subsequent analysis using polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal tuberculosis is a disease that often simulates malignancies. With the increasing prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in developed countries, tuberculosis is also on the rise and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with an abdominal/pelvic mass and ascites.
Social Business Education: An Interview With Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus

In this interview, Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus outlines the role of social business education and its potential in teaching the next generation of social innovation leaders. Our questions and his...
Cortisol metabolism and visceral obesity: Role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I enzyme and reduced co-factor NADPH

Several factors including genetic and environmental play a role in the development of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The transgenic mouse overexpressing 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β‐HSD) develops visceral obesity. However, it remains unclear how a ubiquitously expressed 11β‐HSD1 enzyme affects adipose tissue so much that it would lead to obesity. In this commentary we explore the possibility that increased intracellular availability of reduced co‐factor, NADPH, could exacerbate the enzymatic activity.
Development and implementation of Baltimore Healthy Eating Zones: a youth-targeted intervention to improve the urban food environment

Poor accessibility to affordable healthy foods is associated with higher rates of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. We present our process evaluation of a youth-targeted environmental intervention (Baltimore Healthy Eating Zones) that aimed to increase the availability of healthy foods and promote these foods through signage, taste tests and other interactive activities in low-income Baltimore City. Trained peer educators reinforced program messages. Dose, fidelity and reach-as measured by food stocking, posting of print materials, distribution of giveaways and number of interactions with community members-were collected in six recreation centers and 21 nearby corner stores and carryouts. Participating stores stocked promoted foods and promotional print materials with moderate fidelity. Interactive sessions were implemented with high reach and dose among both adults and youth aged 10-14 years, with more than 4000 interactions. Recreation centers appear to be a promising location to interact with low-income youth and reinforce exposure to messages.
MicroRNA-199a-3p is downregulated in human osteosarcoma and regulates cell proliferation and migration.

microRNAs (miRNA, miR) play an important role in cancer cell growth and migration; however, the potential roles of miRNAs in osteosarcoma remain largely uncharacterized. By applying a miRNA microarray platform and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, we found that several miRNAs have altered expression levels in osteosarcoma cell lines and tumor tissues when compared with normal human osteoblasts. Three miRNAs, miR-199a-3p, miR-127-3p, and miR-376c, were significantly decreased in osteosarcoma cell lines, whereas miR-151-3p and miR-191 were increased in osteosarcoma cell lines in comparison with osteoblasts. Transfection of precursor miR-199a-3p into osteosarcoma cell lines significantly decreased cell growth and migration, thus indicating that the inhibition effect is associated with an increase in the G1-phase and a decrease of the S-phase cell population. In addition, we observed decreased mTOR and Stat3 expression in miR-199a-3p transfected cells. This study provides new insights for miRNAs in osteosarcoma and suggests that miR-199a-3p may play a functional role in osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation. Restoring miR-199a-3p's function may provide therapeutic benefits in osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8); 1337–45. ©2011 AACR .
A strategic approach to technical and product data management

The paper discusses Technical Data (TD) rights regulations and policies, and presents specific guidelines for the preparation of a Technical Data Strategy (TDS). Practical criteria for decision making regarding Technical Data options are identified and assessed through the conduct of a Business Case Analysis (BCA). While processes and methodologies have been put into place, lack of guidance and governance in implementing Technical Data Strategies has limited their effectiveness.
The Campylobacter jejuni Dps homologue is important for in vitro biofilm formation and cecal colonization of poultry and may serve as a protective antigen for vaccination

In this work, we investigated the Campylobacter jejuni dps (DNA binding protein from starved cells) gene for a role in biofilm formation and cecal colonization in poultry. In vitro biofilm formation assays were conducted with stationary-phase cells in cell culture plates under microaerophilic conditions. These studies demonstrated a significant (>50%) reduction in biofilm formation by the C. jejuni dps mutant compared to that by the wild-type strain. Studies in poultry also demonstrated the importance of the dps gene in host colonization by C. jejuni. Real-time PCR analysis of mRNA extracted from the cecal contents of poultry infected with wild-type C. jejuni indicated that the dps gene is upregulated 20-fold during poultry colonization. Cecal colonization was greater than 5 log CFU lower in chicks infected with the dps mutant than chicks infected with the wild-type C. jejuni strain. Moreover, the dps mutant failed to colonize 75% of the chicks following challenge with 10(5) CFU. Preliminary studies were conducted in chicks by parenteral vaccination with a recombinant Dps protein or through oral vaccination with a recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica strain synthesizing the C. jejuni Dps protein. No reduction in C. jejuni was noted in chicks vaccinated with the parenteral recombinant protein, whereas, a 2.5-log-unit reduction of C. jejuni was achieved in chicks vaccinated with the attenuated Salmonella vector after homologous challenge. Taken together, this work demonstrated the importance of Dps for biofilm formation and poultry colonization, and the study also provides a basis for continued work using the Dps protein as a vaccine antigen when delivered through a Salmonella vaccine vector.
Dynamics and zero vibration input shaping control of a small-scale boom crane

Cranes are vital to many manufacturing and material-handling processes. However, their physical structure leads to flexible dynamic effects that limit their usefulness. Large payload swings induced by either intentional crane motions or external disturbances decrease positioning accuracy and can create hazardous situations. Mobile boom cranes are one of the most dynamically complicated types of cranes. Boom cranes cannot move the payload in a straight line by actuating only one axis of motion because they have rotational joints. This paper presents a nonlinear model of a mobile boom crane. Then, a large range of possible motions is analyzed to investigate the dynamic behavior of the crane. A command-shaping control technique is applied to this nonlinear machine and its effectiveness is analyzed. Experimental results confirm the predicted oscillation phenomenon.
Inherently lower-power high-performance superscalar architectures

In recent years, reducing power has become an important design goal for high-performance microprocessors. This work attempts to bring the power issue to the earliest phases of microprocessor development, in particular, the stage of defining a chip microarchitecture. We investigate power-optimization techniques of superscalar microprocessors at the microarchitecture level that do not compromise performance. First, major targets for power reduction are identified within microarchitecture, where power is heavily consumed or will be heavily consumed in next-generation superscalar processors. Then, a new, energy-efficient version of a multicluster microarchitecture is developed that reduces energy the identified critical design points with minimal performance impact. A methodology is developed for energy-performance optimization at the microarchitecture level that generates, for a microarchitecture, a set of energy-efficient configurations, forming a convex hull in the power-performance space. Detailed simulation of the baseline and proposed multicluster architectures has been performed using the developed optimization methodology. A comparison of the two microarchitectures, both optimized for energy efficiency, shows that the multicluster architecture is potentially up to twice as energy efficient for wide issue processors, with an advantage that Grows with the issue width. Conversely, at the same power dissipation level, the multicluster architecture supports configurations with measurably higher performance than equivalent conventional designs.
Realignment: The Eternal Question

Realignment is one of the few political science concepts that have made their way into the popular culture. Writers like Samuel Lubell, Kevin Phillips, and David Broder, borrowing heavily from the political science literature, have made informed political observers aware of the cyclical nature of party dominance in American political history and of the fact that the demise of the so-called "fifth" or New Deal party system has been overdue since about 1968. It is not unusual for political reporters to ask each other after a presidential election whether it was a "critical election" or not. They are, in other words, hip to our jargon.
Time-efficient and cost-effective network hardening using attack graphs

Attack graph analysis has been established as a powerful tool for analyzing network vulnerability. However, previous approaches to network hardening look for exact solutions and thus do not scale. Further, hardening elements have been treated independently, which is inappropriate for real environments. For example, the cost for patching many systems may be nearly the same as for patching a single one. Or patching a vulnerability may have the same effect as blocking traffic with a firewall, while blocking a port may deny legitimate service. By failing to account for such hardening interdependencies, the resulting recommendations can be unrealistic and far from optimal. Instead, we formalize the notion of hardening strategy in terms of allowable actions, and define a cost model that takes into account the impact of interdependent hardening actions. We also introduce a near-optimal approximation algorithm that scales linearly with the size of the graphs, which we validate experimentally.
High pressure study of AgI: Diffusion in a pressure gradient☆

Large pressure gradient effects on AgI using diamond anvil high pressure cell, noting ionic dissociation and diffusion
Symbolic Artificial Intelligence and Numeric Artificial Neural Networks: Towards A Resolution of the Dichotomy

The attempt to understand intelligence entails building theories and models of brains and minds, both natural as well as artificial. From the earliest writings of India and Greece, this has been a central problem in philosophy. The advent of the digital computer in the 1950’s made this a central concern of computer scientists as well (Turing, 1950). The parallel development of the theory of computation (by John von Neumann, Alan Turing, EmilPost, Alonzo Church, Charles Kleene, Markov and others) provided a new set of tools with which to approach this problem — through analysis, design, and evaluation of computers and programs that exhibit aspects of intelligent behavior — such as the ability to recognize and classify patterns; to reason from premises to logical conclusions; and to learn from experience.
A parallel algorithm for random walk construction with application to the Monte Carlo solution of partial differential equations

Random walks are widely applicable in statistical and scientific computations. In particular, they are used in the Monte Carlo method to solve elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs). This method holds several advantages over other methods for PDEs as it solves problems with irregular boundaries and/or discontinuities, gives solutions at individual points, and exhibits great parallelism. However, the generation of each random walk in the Monte Carlo method has been done sequentially because each point in the walk is derived from the preceding point by moving one grid step along a randomly selected direction. A parallel algorithm for random walk generation in regular as well as irregular regions is presented. The algorithm is based on parallel prefix computations. The communication structure of the algorithm is shown to ideally fit on a hypercube of n nodes, where n is the number of processors. >