cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal effects on implantation and related phenomena in the rabbit

Intrauterine Embryonenuberfrachtung wurde experimentell durch Ubertragung von Neuseelander-Spenderkaninchen in Neuseelander- und Chinchilla-Empfangerkaninchen, von Chinchilla-Spenderkaninchen in Neuseelander-Empfangerkaninchen erreicht. Die Empfangertiere wurden 9 Tage nach Begattung zur Prufung der Implantation und 29 Tage danach zur Beurteilung des fotalen Entwicklungszustandes eroffnet bzw. abgetotet. Chinchilla-Kaninchen zeigten erhohte Implantationskapazitat und verringertes fotales Uberleben gegenuber den Neuseelandern.
An algebraic independence result for Euler products of finite degree

We investigate the algebraic independence of some derivatives of certain multiplicative arithmetical functions over the field C of complex numbers.
Voluntary Group Prevalence Among U.S. States: Factors Affecting the Distribution of Intercultural Understanding Groups (Sister City Programs)

U.S. Sister City Programs (SCPs) are transnational, cooperative, volunteer ventures between cities in the U.S. and another country. They aim at fostering better inter-cultural understanding. This paper finds that the distribution of such SCPs per thousand population among the 50 U.S. states can be explained (R2 = 49) by the volume of exports of manufacturing and by the number of registered motor vehicles-both per 1000 population. The results confirm a voluntary group prevalence, involving the factors of communication-transportation network development, goal and interest differentiation and collective action orientation (including resources).
Theoretical noise performance of coherence-multiplexed interferometric sensors

If a number of fiber-optic interferometric sensors are arranged so that their outputs are returned to the user via a common optical bus, then some method of distinguishing the returns from different sensors must be used to recover individual signals. One such method involves using light with a short coherence length, so that returns from different sensors will be mutually incoherent. The interferometric signal associated with each sensor can then be recovered via appropriate optical processing. The author considers sensors multiplexed using this technique and calculates their noise performance. It is found that for systems with only a few sensors, the minimum detectable phase is limited by the noise associated with incoherent interference; this can be minimized by using light with as short a coherence length as is practical. The maximum number of sensors that can be multiplexed is limited by optical power loss. A ladder topology is tentatively found to give the best performance. >
The controversy over euthanasia in Uganda: a case of the Baganda

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore attitudes towards euthanasia among Ugandan adults.Design/methodology/approach – This is an important study because data were recently collected in 2010. The sample consists of 80 participants above age 18 who responded to an interview schedule exploring attitudes towards euthanasia. A qualitative approach was utilized to analyze the findings.Findings – Unique to this study is the fact that almost all participants (96 percent) perceived euthanasia as murder. Religious beliefs, hope for recovery, potential for new medical technologies, health care costs, quality of life, and the right to die are some of the themes that influenced attitudes towards euthanasia. Religious and cultural beliefs appear to be the major influential factors for euthanasia attitudes in this study.Originality/value – Generated information may assist in formulating end of life policies as well as addressing related ethical issues in low income nations. Currently, information on attitude...
Development of a Liquid Cooling Garment for the NDX-1 Prototype

The NDX-1 is a planetary space suit concept that was built in 2006 at the Space Suit Laboratory of the University of North Dakota. The prototype has been successfully tested conducting surface operations jointly with NASA in a number of extreme environments around the world. However, some its principal interacting elements are still being subjected to modifications to improve its performance. Such is the case of the liquid cooling garment, built to be used under the suit to remove the metabolic heat produced by the subject. The garment is currently part of an external heat exchange system, whose working fluid is forced by means of a multi-purpose pump. The objectives of this research were: to calculate the heat removal capacity of the system applying a simple heat exchange model; to compare this theoretical value with the values obtained when using thermocouples to register the inlet and outlet temperature of the LCG; and to determine if the capacity of the mechanical pump being currently used is suitable for this system. Results showed that the thermodynamic model applied was accurate and that the system is able to maintain its mean heat removal capacity with a less powerful pump. These observations are crucial for the design of a heat exchanger that will be included in the NDX-1 portable life support system to make the garment operative.
Measuring the Inaccessible Earth: Geomagnetism, In situ Measurements, Remote Sensing, and Proxy Data

The usual problems of measurement and its meaning are complicated and magnified when the object of study is in principle and in fact inaccessible. When a phenomenon occurs in a place where our instruments cannot reach, what can the relation between the instrument, its reading, and the phenomenon be? This essay asks how researchers have addressed questions about inaccessible processes of Earth's magnetic field on the surface, at the edge of space and under its surface. This case takes us beyond simple contrasts of inductive and deductive methods, or field sciences versus basic sciences, to a messier, more nuanced view of inherently complex sciences. The article focuses on investigations of Earth's magnetism and electricity, but its perspectives are applicable to many areas of recent science.
Graduate Student's Guide to Necessary Skills for Nonacademic Conservation Careers

Graduate education programs in conservation science generally focus on disciplinary training and discipline-specific research skills. However, nonacademic conservation professionals often require an additional suite of skills. This discrepancy between academic training and professional needs can make it difficult for graduate students to identify the skills and experiences that will best prepare them for the conservation job market. We analyzed job advertisements for conservation-science positions and interviewed conservation professionals with experience hiring early-career conservation scientists to determine what skills employers of conservation professionals seek; whether the relative importance of skills varies by job sector (government, nonprofit, and private); and how graduate students interested in careers in conservation science might signal competency in key skills to potential employers. In job advertisements, disciplinary, interpersonal, and project-management skills were in the top 5 skills mentioned across all job sectors. Employers' needs for additional skills, like program leadership, conflict resolution and negotiation, and technical and information technology skills, varied across sectors. Our interview results demonstrated that some skills are best signaled to employers via experiences obtained outside thesis or dissertation work. Our findings suggest that graduate students who wish to be competitive in the conservation job market can benefit by gaining skills identified as important to the job sector in which they hope to work and should not necessarily expect to be competent in these skills simply by completing their chosen degree path.
An investigation of the effects of relative probability of old and new test items on the neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful source memory.

Abstract The present event-related fMRI study addressed the question whether retrieval-related neural activity in lateral parietal cortex is affected by the relative probability of test items. We varied the proportion of old to new items across two test blocks, with 25% of the items being old in one block and 75% being old in the other. Prior to each block, participants (N = 18) completed one of two types of study judgment on each of 108 object images. They then performed a source memory test with four response options: studied in task 1, studied in task 2, old but unsure of the study task, and new. Retrieval-related activity in regions previously identified as recollection-sensitive, including the left inferior lateral parietal cortex and bilateral medial temporal cortex, was unaffected by old/new ratio. Generic retrieval success effects – retrieval-related effects common to recognized items attracting either a correct or an incorrect source judgment – were identified in several regions of left superior parietal cortex. These effects dissociated between a middle region of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), where activity did not interact with ratio, and regions anterior and posterior to the middle IPS where activity was sensitive to old/new ratio. The findings are inconsistent with prior proposals that retrieval-related activity in and around the left middle IPS reflects the relative salience of old and new test items. Rather, they suggest that, as in the case of more inferior left parietal regions, retrieval-related activity in this region reflects processes directly linked to retrieval.
Lymphedema of the Lower Extremity: Is It Genetic or Nongenetic?

Lymphedema of the lower extremities is a diagnostic challenge. Exclusion of secondary causes of limb swelling and secondary lymphedema is the initial step. Primary lymphedema is classified into idiopathic and familial (hereditary) subgroups. Hereditary lymphedema can be nonsyndromic or associated with congenital anomalies or with abnormal physical findings. A 13-year-old girl presented with unilateral lower extremity lymphedema. Her medical and family history was unremarkable. The physical examination was negative for dysmorphic features and congenital anomalies. Lymphoscintigraphy showed no evidence of lymph flow in the left lower extremity, which persisted at the delayed 2-hour image. A comprehensive clinical and family history that includes a thorough physical examination are the mainstays of the medical assessment of lymphedema in children. Isotopic lymphoscintigraphy is generally considered the gold standard for confirmation of the diagnosis. This article discusses the differential diagnosis, reviews the literature, and suggests a simplified and an updated flowchart for the classification of unilateral limb lymphedema in children.
Deliberative Business Ethics

Social norms are an important input for ethical decisions in any business context. However, the cross-cultural discovery of extant social norms presents a special challenge to international management because norms may be inscrutable to outsiders. This article considers the contribution of Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) to the analysis of social norms in business ethics. It questions the origins and dynamics of norms from a sociological perspective, and identifies a tension between prescriptive efforts to make norms obligatory and positivist accounts that describe norms as evolving and unstable. In the presence of dynamic and incomplete norms, managers can either deliberate with stakeholders to make norms flexible or codify norms to make them rigid. This essay argues that deliberation is the only reliable method for anticipating emergent norms.
Public Policy in Central America: An Empirical Analysis

This is a cross-sectional study focusing on public policy in the seven nations of Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Outcomes are evaluated in terms of public wellbeing. Public policy is operationalized: with regard to business using two measures, one for economic freedom and another for corporate taxation; with regard to ethics using two measures, one for gender equality and another for corruption; with regard to openness using four measures, two external, trade and tourism, and two internal, the number of roads in a country and the number whites in a country; and with regard to contraception using a single measure, fertility. Public wellbeing is operationalized using: three economic measures, GDP per capita, lost income, and poverty rate; four societal measures, literacy rate, homicide rate, life expectancy, and lost satisfaction; and, two holistic measures, the Human Development Index and the Environmental Performance Index. Pearson correlation is used to calculate the linear association for each pair of measures. The results suggest that there is no relationship between public wellbeing and two measures of public policy: gender equality and the number of roads in a country. But there is evidently a relationship between public wellbeing and the remaining seven measures of public policy: economic freedom, corporate taxation, corruption, trade, tourism, the number of whites in a country, and fertility. And the direction of those seven relationships supports the claims of capitalists as opposed to the claims of socialists.
Sports injuries: An important cause of morbidity in urban youth. District of Columbia Child/Adolescent Injury Research Network.

Introduction. Sports injuries account for substantial morbidity and medical cost. To direct intervention, a population-based study of the causes and types of sports injuries was undertaken. Method. An injury surveillance system was established at all trauma center hospitals that treat residents 10 to 19 years old in the District of Columbia and the Chief Medical Examiner9s Office. Medical record abstractions were completed for those seen in an emergency department, admitted to the hospital, or who died from injury June 1996 through June 1998. Findings. Seventeen percent ( n = 2563) of all injuries occurred while participating in 1 of 6 sports (baseball/softball, basketball, biking, football, skating, and soccer) resulting in an event-based injury rate of 25.0 per 1000 adolescents or 25.0/1000 population year. Rates were higher in males for all sports. The most common mechanisms were falls (E880–888) and being struck by or against objects (E916–918). Hospitalization was required in 2% of visits and there were no deaths. Of those requiring hospitalization, 51% involved other persons, 12% were equipment-related, and 8% involved poor field/surface conditions. Of all baseball injuries, 55% involved ball or bat impact often of the head. Basketball injuries included several injuries from striking against the basketball pole or rim or being struck by a falling pole or backboard. Biking injuries requiring admission included 2 straddle injuries onto the bike center bar and collision with motor vehicles. Of all football injuries, 48 (7%) involved being struck by an opponent9s helmet and 63 (9%) involved inappropriate field conditions including falls on or against concrete, glass, or fixed objects. In soccer there were 4 goal post injuries and a large proportion of intracranial injuries. There were 51 probable or clear assaults during sports and an additional 30 to 41 injuries from baseball bat assaults. Conclusions. Many sports including noncontact sports involved injuries of the head suggesting the need for improved head protection. Injuries involving collisions with others and assaults point to the need for supervision and enforcement of safety rules. The 16% of sports injury visits and 20% of hospitalizations related to equipment and environmental factors suggest that at least this proportion of injury may be amenable to preventive strategies. Design change may be warranted for prevention of equipment-related injuries. The many injuries involving inappropriate sports settings suggest the need for and use of available and safe locations for sports.
DNA Adenine Methyltransferase Influences the Virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila

Among the various virulence factors produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, a type II secretion system (T2SS)-secreted cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) and the T3SS are crucial in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas-associated infections. Our laboratory molecularly characterized both Act and the T3SS from a diarrheal isolate, SSU of A. hydrophila, and defined the role of some regulatory genes in modulating the biological effects of Act. In this study, we cloned, sequenced, and expressed the DNA adenine methyltransferase gene of A. hydrophila SSU (damAhSSU) in a T7 promoter-based vector system using Escherichia coli ER2566 as a host strain, which could alter the virulence potential of A. hydrophila. Recombinant Dam, designated as M.AhySSUDam, was produced as a histidine-tagged fusion protein and purified from an E. coli cell lysate using nickel affinity chromatography. The purified Dam had methyltransferase activity, based on its ability to transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine to N6-methyladenine-free lambda DNA and to protect methylated lambda DNA from digestion with DpnII but not against the DpnI restriction enzyme. The dam gene was essential for the viability of the bacterium, and overproduction of Dam in A. hydrophila SSU, using an arabinose-inducible, PBAD promoter-based system, reduced the virulence of this pathogen. Specifically, overproduction of M.AhySSUDam decreased the motility of the bacterium by 58%. Likewise, the T3SS-associated cytotoxicity, as measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in murine macrophages infected with the Dam-overproducing strain, was diminished by 55% compared to that of a control A. hydrophila SSU strain harboring the pBAD vector alone. On the contrary, cytotoxic and hemolytic activities associated with Act as well as the protease activity in the culture supernatant of a Dam-overproducing strain were increased by 10-, 3-, and 2.4-fold, respectively, compared to those of the control A. hydrophila SSU strain. The Dam-overproducing strain was not lethal to mice (100% survival) when given by the intraperitoneal route at a dose twice that of the 50% lethal dose, which within 2 to 3 days killed 100% of the animals inoculated with the A. hydrophila control strain. Taken together, our data indicated alteration of A. hydrophila virulence by overproduction of Dam.
The effects of aluminum on agonist-induced alterations in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations in rat brain regions in vivo

Abstract Aluminum administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) (1 μmol) caused a significant decrease in cyclic GMP in the cortex after 3 days and a significant increase in cyclic AMP in the cortex after 14 days. Pilocarpine administration to untreated rats elevated cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels in specific brain regions. These pilocarpine-induced increases in the cyclic nucleotide concentrations were significantly attenuated in rats that had been treated with aluminum 14 days previously. Isoproterenol administration to control rats did not alter cyclic AMP concentrations; however, cyclic AMP concentrations were significantly reduced in the cortex of aluminum-treated animals after isoproterenol administration. Apomorphine elevated cyclic GMP concentrations in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and striatum of naive rats. This apomorphine-induced elevation in cyclic GMP concentrations was significantly potentiated in aluminum-treated rats. These results indicate that: (1) cyclic AMP synthesis in the cortex is most sensitive to aluminum; (2) agonist-stimulated changes in cyclic nucleotide concentrations can be altered by pretreatment with aluminum; (3) effects of aluminum persist for at least 2 weeks after central administration; and (4) modulation of the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides may play a role in the neurotoxic effects of aluminum.
Controls of basement faults on the geometry and evolution of compressional basement-involved structures

Foreland basement-involved structures commonly occur in front of major fold-thrust belts as irregular chains of uplifts. The variation in the map and three-dimensional (3-D) geometries of individual structures, and their mutual spatial and angular relationships, are strongly suggestive of the influence of preexisting basement discontinuities. Three-dimensional experimental models were constructed to determine the function of preexisting frontal and lateral discontinuities in determining the geometry of the structures. The models consisted of two layers, with stiff clay representing the basement and soft clay representing the sedimentary cover. Laser scanning and 3-D surface modeling were used to determine the map geometry to compare the models with examples of natural structures from the Rocky Mountain foreland in Wyoming. Planar discontinuities result in doubly plunging structures terminating against a frontal fault with a linear trace (Sheep Mountain anticline), whereas intersecting fault sets with sharp or curved intersections result in trapdoor geometries (Grass Creek anticline). Opposite-dipping faults result in uplifted blocks with varying relief and orientations of the structures, depending on the relative orientations of the two fault trends. Significant strike-slip faulting along the frontal fault only occurs when the angle between the two fault trends exceeds 30°. Chains of structures show offsets or relay patterns, commonly accompanied by changes in the orientations of adjacent structures. The Sage Creek–Steamboat Butte chains, the Hamilton Dome–Wagonhound anticline chain, the Maverick Springs–Circle Ridge chain, and the Grass Creek–Walker Dome trend in the Rocky Mountain foreland are examples of these configurations. These patterns suggest the influence of preexisting frontal or lateral discontinuities on the trends and locations of structures. Lateral discontinuities are either preexisting, controlling the lateral extent of structures, or form during deformation to accommodate the formation of structures formed along offset frontal faults. Preexisting lateral faults that penetrate the entire basement commonly result in surface lateral faults bounding the surface structures. However, reverse faults in the basement connected by buried lateral faults result in surface structures with overlaps between them. A relay of reverse faults in the basement not connected by lateral faults may develop parallel or oblique structures with transfer zones between them. The mapped geometries of the experimental models, and the orientations of secondary faults, provide predictive analogs that can be used in the interpretation of surface and subsurface structures.
Area-Wide Management of Insects Infesting Cotton

Since 1992 insects have consistently cost cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., producers US$ 0.8–1.6 billion annually in direct management costs and associated yield losses (Beltwide Cotton Conference Reports, National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN). In the mid-1980s and continuing to the present, cotton entomologists and producer organizations realized the difficulty in managing all of the major complex and persistent cotton insect problems on a local basis (Henneberry and Phillips 1996). In an attempt to overcome these challenges, management programs were organized on an area-wide concept rather than on an individual field basis. These programs were inspired by the amazing success of eradicating the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from the southeastern United States (Knipling 1960a). In addition, the propensity for development of insecticide resistance in several cotton insects, especially boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Roussel and Clower 1955; Walker et al. 1956; Fye et al. 1957; Smith 1998), tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens F. (Elzen et al. 1992; Elzen and Hardee 2003), tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Pali-sot de Beauvois) (Snodgrass and Elzen 1995; Snodgrass 1996) and sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Prabhaker et al. 1996) created an urgency for development of improved management techniques for cotton insects. We report herein, case histories of attempts to manage six cotton insects in an area-wide system.
Hardware-software co-design of embedded systems

This paper surveys the design of embedded computer systems, which use software running on programmable computers to implement system functions. Creating an embedded computer system which meets its performance, cost, and design time goals is a hardware-software co-design problem-the design of the hardware and software components influence each other. This paper emphasizes a historical approach to show the relationships between well-understood design problems and the as-yet unsolved problems in co-design. We describe the relationship between hardware and software architecture in the early stages of embedded system design. We describe analysis techniques for hardware and software relevant to the architectural choices required for hardware-software co-design. We also describe design and synthesis techniques for co-design and related problems. >
Package thermal resistance model dependency on equipment design

A physical model is presented that describes mechanisms for operating-equipment junction-to-ambient thermal resistance in excess of a typical component manufacturer's data-sheet value by as much as a factor of four under constant cooling conditions. The model accounts for the discrepancy between system thermal performance of a package and data-sheet thermal resistance value which are not accompanied by qualifying data in the form of junction-to-header thermal resistance, board temperature rise over ambient, convection coefficient, mounting sensitivity, and power dissipation. The eight constants used to predict inherent increases in package thermal resistance when going from the data-sheet-specified operating conditions to the excess-value conditions are described. These constants and procedures for obtaining them are given for dual in-line packages (DIPs), pin-grid arrays (PGAs), small-outline transistors (SOTs), and plastic leaded chip carriers (PLCCs). >
Quantum superposition at the half-metre scale

Matter-wave interferometers provide an opportunity to measure whether quantum superpositions exist at macroscopic length scales or only at microscopically small scales; now such instruments have demonstrated quantum interference of wave packets separated by 54 cm. Matter-wave interferometers, which allow for the observation of interference pattern of atomic wave packets that are split and recombined, have proven to be useful tools in precision metrology and fundamental research. These interferometers provide an opportunity to measure whether quantum superpositions exist at macroscopic length scales or only at microscopically small scales. But a truly macroscopic scale that would be necessary for such a test had not been reached in matter-wave interferometers to date. Here the authors show quantum interference of wave packets separated by 54 cm. Their matter-wave interferometer also promises increased sensitivity in precision tests, for example, when measuring the equivalence principle or measuring gravity. The quantum superposition principle allows massive particles to be delocalized over distant positions. Though quantum mechanics has proved adept at describing the microscopic world, quantum superposition runs counter to intuitive conceptions of reality and locality when extended to the macroscopic scale1, as exemplified by the thought experiment of Schrodinger’s cat2. Matter-wave interferometers3, which split and recombine wave packets in order to observe interference, provide a way to probe the superposition principle on macroscopic scales4 and explore the transition to classical physics5. In such experiments, large wave-packet separation is impeded by the need for long interaction times and large momentum beam splitters, which cause susceptibility to dephasing and decoherence1. Here we use light-pulse atom interferometry6,7 to realize quantum interference with wave packets separated by up to 54 centimetres on a timescale of 1 second. These results push quantum superposition into a new macroscopic regime, demonstrating that quantum superposition remains possible at the distances and timescales of everyday life. The sub-nanokelvin temperatures of the atoms and a compensation of transverse optical forces enable a large separation while maintaining an interference contrast of 28 per cent. In addition to testing the superposition principle in a new regime, large quantum superposition states are vital to exploring gravity with atom interferometers in greater detail. We anticipate that these states could be used to increase sensitivity in tests of the equivalence principle8,9,10,11,12, measure the gravitational Aharonov–Bohm effect13, and eventually detect gravitational waves14 and phase shifts associated with general relativity12.
Law as Performance: Presence and Simulation in the Theater/Courtroom

Contemporary theatrical performances and courtroom performances are increasingly grappling with the same challenge, namely: how to respond to world loss, the steadily advancing process of dematerialization. A growing number of cultural productions, including law, oscillate between virtual reality effects (the screen-based sensorium of heightened baroque sensation) and bodily presence. We are torn between reflexive meaning construction, on the one hand, and the material recuperation of reference and perception, on the other. In this essay, I ask what lessons multi-media theater may hold for the contemporary performance of law? I conclude that the current neo-baroque condition of world loss, and the familiar baroque strategy of proliferating form to distract us from metaphysical anxiety, poses serious political and legal challenges. Absent an appropriate response, unchecked growth in ongoing processes of de-realization, dis-ownership, and de-responsification may ultimately threaten the continued legitimation of law’s claim to power in the digital age.
Courting Constituents? An Analysis of the Senate Confirmation Vote on Justice Clarence Thomas

The increasing public attention paid to Supreme Court nominations has elevated the salience of Senate confirmation battles, raising interesting questions about the impact of constituency preferences on senators' voting behavior. In this article, we explore this relationship using a logistical regression model to examine the impacts of African-American constituency size and the proximity of reelection on the roll call behavior of senators on the Clarence Thomas confirmation vote. Our analyses indicate that these factors were both statistically and substantively significant in the Thomas case. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of such findings.
Effect of Squealer Cavity Depth and Oxidation on Turbine Blade Tip Heat Transfer

An experimental study has been performed to investigate the effect of squealer cavity depth on the detailed distribution of convective heat transfer coefficients of a turbine blade tip surface. This paper presents full surface information on heat transfer coefficients within a blade cascade which develops an appropriate pressure distribution about an airfoil blade tip and shroud model. A stationary blade cascade experiment has been run consisting of three airfoils, the center airfoil having a variable tip gap clearance. The airfoil models the aerodynamic tip section of a high pressure turbine blade with inlet Mach number of 0.21, exit Mach number of 0.74, pressure ratio of 1.41, Reynolds number of 2.8•106, and total turning of about 100 degrees. The cascade inlet turbulence intensity level is 9%. Tip surface heat transfer coefficient distributions are first shown for a flat, square-edge tip with a clearance gap of 2.03 mm. Heat transfer distributions are then shown for full-perimeter squealer tip cavities having the same clearance gap above the squealer rim, and clearance-to-cavity depth ratios from 0.67 to 2. Regionally averaged heat transfer coefficients are analyzed to discern a relationship between tip heat transfer and cavity depth. Further tests demonstrate the effect of partial squealer rim oxidation, or material loss, on the surface heat transfer distributions.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Landscape Volumetrics and Visualizations of the Butte Mining District, Montana

The topography of the Butte Mining District, Montana, has been extensively altered by placer, underground, and open-pit mining since 1864. The earliest known large-scale topographic mapping showing the Butte area was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1895 and published in 1897. In 1903, the map coverage was extended several miles east and west, cultural features were revised where necessary, and the map was published in 1904. The most detailed elevation mapping was produced with photogrammetric techniques in 1989 and 1991 by Horizon, Inc. This study uses these two sets of topographic data to measure and visualize volumetric changes of the landscape. Patterns of change associated with the relatively small volume of material filling Butte9s Missoula Gulch and earthworks for highway construction unrelated to mining closely match expected locations, patterns, and thicknesses. The model also estimates the area and allows for visualization of large areas of altered landscape, such as the Berkeley open-pit copper mine and the Yankee Doodle tailings dam. This model provides a visual overview and first-pass assessment tool for an area with multiple environmental concerns, including groundwater and soil contamination, leaching of metals from mine tailings and waste rock, and associated impacts on surface water from runoff.
Haemophilus ducreyi Detection by PCR

Genital ulcers are typically caused by one of three organisms, Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, or herpes simplex virus, which cause chancroid, syphilis, and genital herpes, respectively. Although traditionally these diseases have been differentiated by their clinical presentation, there is considerable overlap in their clinical manifestations (1).
Regulation of DNA synthesis of myocardial and epicardial cells in developing rat heart by [Met5]enkephalin

Endogenous opioids serve as negative growth factors in neural and nonneural tissues in addition to being neuromodulators. This study investigated the hypothesis that native opioid peptides are inhibitory growth factors in heart development. DNA synthesis of ventricular myocardial and epicardial cells in 1-day-old rats was examined. Administration of a variety of opioids and peptides revealed that [Met5]enkephalin had the greatest inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis; peptides related to mu-, delta-, kappa-, epsilon-, and sigma-receptors had no influence on cell proliferation, even at concentrations as high as 10 mg/kg. [Met5]enkephalin, also termed opioid growth factor (OGF), depressed DNA synthesis at 1 and 10 mg/kg but not at 0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg. The effects of OGF were noted within 1 h of treatment, persisted for as long as 22 h after drug administration, and could depress DNA synthesis in myocardial and epicardial cells to 43 and 36%, respectively, of control values. The effect of OGF on DNA synthesis of heart cells was opioid receptor-mediated. Organ culture experiments revealed that opioids acted directly on developing cardiac cells. Both OGF and its receptor, zeta, were detected in heart cells of 1-day-old rats by immunocytochemistry. mRNA for preproenkephalin, the precursor to OGF, was observed in 1-day-old rat heart. These results indicate that an autocrine- or paracrine-produced endogenous opioid peptide (i.e., OGF) and its receptor (i.e., zeta) are present in the developing heart and govern DNA synthesis, with OGF acting directly as a tonic negative regulator of cell generation.
Identification and physiological significance of Na+/K+-pump inhibitors in rats

Recognition of the presence of a receptor on Na+/K+-ATPase for cardiac glycosides has prompted speculation on the existence of an endogenous ligand for the receptor. In support of this speculation, many investigators have reported the existence of Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors in a variety of mammalian tissues (5). The concentrations of these inhibitors have been shown to change in response to several pathophysiological stimuli, particularly evident in hypertension-related conditions (1,3,6). Such inhibitors have been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of salt-dependent hypertension (3,6) and some types of essential hypertension (1). Recently, two Na+/K+-pump specific inhibitors have been isolated from human materials and identified as digoxin (4) and ouabain (13) by mass spectrometric studies. However, it remains controversial as to whether synthetic pathways for these typical plant-derived cardiotonic steroids, digoxin and ouabain, exist in human tissues, whether they are the inhibitors described in many reports (5) and whether they act as regulators of sodium homeostasis. The answers to these questions require further studies.
Smart supply chain management: a review and implications for future research

Purpose – As traditional supply chains are increasingly becoming intelligent with more objects embedded with sensors and better communication, intelligent decision making and automation capabilities, the new smart supply chain presents unprecedented opportunities for achieving cost reduction and enhancing efficiency improvement. The purpose of this paper is to study and explore the currents status and remaining issues of smart supply chain management. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review is conducted to synthesize the earlier work in this area, and to conceptualize and discuss the smart supply chain characteristics. Further, the authors formulate and investigate five key research topics including information management, IT infrastructure, process automation, advanced analytics, and supply chain integration. Findings – Studies in those aforementioned subject fields are reviewed, categorized, and analyzed based on the review questions defined in the study. It is notable that while the topics of converging atoms with digits are increasingly attracting attention from researchers and practitioners alike, there are many more interesting research questions needing to be addressed. Originality/value – The paper provides original and relevant guidance for supply chain management researchers and practitioners on developing smart supply chains.
Assessment of Coal Mining Impact on Water Resources

Because, in Shendong mining area, the burial depth of the mined seams is relatively shallow, the mining height is big, and the overburden is thin, Quaternary thick loose aquifer overlies in the upper part. In gob, the roof is managed by overall caving; in addition, the hydrogeological conditions are special and the ecological environments are fragile.
Reactivity of (Pyridine-Diimine)Fe Alkyl Complexes with Carbon Dioxide

The reaction of CO2 with (PDI)FeMe (1), (PDI)Fe(Me)PMe3 (1-PMe3) and [(PDI)FeMe][BPh4] (2, PDI = 2,6-(2,6-iPr2–C6H3–N═CMe)2–C5H3N) generates (PDI)FeOAc (3), (PDI)Fe(OAc)PMe3 (3-PMe3), and [(PDI)FeOAc][BPh4] (4), respectively. Kinetic data and solvent effects provide evidence that these reactions occur by precoordination of CO2 to the Fe center regardless of the charge state and thus favor an insertion mechanism for carboxylation. Carboxylation of 1-PMe3 requires initial dissociation of PMe3 to generate 1, which reacts with CO2; 1-PMe3 itself does not react directly with CO2. CO2 reacts 5 times faster with neutral 1 than with cationic 2 (at 0 °C), which is ascribed to the higher nucleophilicity of the Fe–Me group in 1.
Insulin modulates energy and substrate sensing and protein catabolism induced by chronic peritonitis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs.

Acute infection promotes skeletal muscle wasting and insulin resistance, but the effect of insulin on energy and substrate sensing in skeletal muscle of chronically infected neonates has not been studied. Eighteen 2-d-old pigs underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery (CON) to induce a chronic infection for 5 d. On d 5, pancreatic-substrate clamps were performed to attain fasting or fed insulin levels but to maintain glucose and amino acids in the fasting range. Total fractional protein synthesis rates (Ks), translational control mechanisms, and energy sensing and degradation signal activation were measured in longissimus dorsi muscle. In fasting conditions, CLP reduced Ks and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and increased AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) activation and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1). Insulin treatment increased Ks and mitochondrial protein synthesis, enhanced translation activation, and reduced SIRT1 in CON. In contrast, in CLP, insulin treatment increased Ks, protein kinase B (PKB) and Forkhead box O1 phosphorylation, antagonized AMPK activation, and decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), MuRF1, and SIRT1. Energy and substrate sensing in skeletal muscle by the PKB–AMPK–SIRT1–PGC-1α axis is impacted by chronic infection in neonatal pigs and can be modulated by insulin.
Structural phase progression in photo-excited VO 2

We reveal inhomogeneous structural phase transformation in photo-excited VO 2 thin films by time-resolved x-ray diffraction microscopy. The in-plane plane phase progression is a result of displacive lattice transformation rather than driven by thermal transport.
The influence of plastic surgeon age and gender on decision-making in breast reconstruction: a national survey of American plastic surgeons

There are numerous options for breast reconstruction after mastectomy, and the final reconstructive option is often influenced by patient preference. This study surveyed plastic surgeons regarding their personal preferences for breast reconstruction after mastectomy to identify the impact of gender and age on reconstructive preference. An anonymous online survey was distributed to plastic surgeons in the American Society of Plastic Surgeons member directory and current plastic surgery residents. Female surgeons were asked to select reconstructive options for themselves as patients, while male surgeons were asked to answer the same questions as if advising a loved one. After unilateral mastectomy, 60.2 % of respondents preferred implant-based reconstruction, increasing to 67.8 % after bilateral mastectomy. Top reasons for selecting implant-based reconstruction were recovery time (78.0 %) and hospital length of stay (54.5 %). In contrast, respondents who preferred abdominal flap-based autologous reconstruction cited the longevity (83.3 %) and the aesthetic appearance of the final result (82.7 %) as top reasons. Female surgeons were significantly more likely to choose implant-based reconstruction than male surgeons (68.7 vs. 56.6 %, p = 0.001). Younger male surgeons preferred autologous reconstruction (58.8 %). Plastic surgeons’ reconstructive choices parallel current patient-based surveys favoring breast reconstruction with implants. Respondents’ reasons for selecting one reconstructive method over another are consistent with prior patient-based surveys. Female plastic surgeons prefer implant-based reconstruction to a greater extent than male plastic surgeons. This survey identifies the need for further prospective study of physician perspectives of patient experiences. Level of Evidence: Not ratable.
Testing monotonic equilibrium residual entropy of N-State Random Evolution

ABSTRACTIn this study, we propose an information measure of uncertainty associated with the random equilibrium residual lifetime of a system driven by N-State Random Evolution. A U-statistic test driven by a moment inequality is proposed for testing the hypothesis that the uncertainty of equilibrium remaining life of a system remains unchanged (when system is in the steady state) against the alternative situation when system’s equilibrium residual life has increasing uncertainty over time (i.e., the life distribution has Increasing Equilibrium Residual Entropy property). Some numerical results such as tabulated critical values and empirical power of the proposed test statistic are presented as well.
Conformity versus manipulation in reputation systems

In this paper, we consider a reputation system, where a number of individuals express their opinions, modeled by discrete scalars in the interval [0,1], about an object and the object's score (reputation) is determined as the arithmetic mean of all expressed opinions. An individual's expressed opinion may or may not be consistent with her actual opinion, a continuous scalar in [0,1], for a variety of reasons. In this paper, we address in a unified, game-theoretic framework the influence of two opposing social behaviors, namely conformity and manipulation, on the outcome of a reputation system. For the purposes of this paper, conformity as a social behavior refers to the tendency of an individual to express an opinion that matches the public opinion, whereas manipulation refers to the tendency of an individual to express an opinion so as to manipulate the public opinion toward her actual opinion.
Cangrelor with and without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Background Cangrelor, an intravenous, reversible P2Y12 antagonist, is approved for use in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Objectives This study sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cangrelor compared with clopidogrel in subgroups that did and did not receive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs). Methods This pooled, patient-level analysis of the 3 CHAMPION (Cangrelor versus Standard Therapy to Achieve Optimal Management of Platelet Inhibition) trials analyzed all randomized patients who underwent PCI and received the study drug (n = 24,902). Only bailout/rescue GPI use was permitted, except in CHAMPION PCI, in which routine or bailout/rescue GPI use was at the site investigator’s discretion. The primary efficacy endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemia-driven revascularization, or stent thrombosis at 48 h after randomization. Results Overall, 3,173 patients (12.7%) received a GPI, most commonly eptifibatide (69.4%). Despite variation in indications for GPIs, baseline characteristics were well balanced between the cangrelor and clopidogrel arms in subsets receiving and not receiving GPIs. Rates of the primary composite endpoint were lower with cangrelor compared with clopidogrel in patients who did (4.9% vs. 6.5%; odds ratio [OR]: 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55 to 1.01) or did not receive a GPI (3.6% vs. 4.4%; OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.94; Pint = 0.55). Cangrelor did not increase the primary safety endpoint, GUSTO-defined severe/life-threatening bleeding, in patients who did (0.4% vs. 0.5%; OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.25 to 1.99) or did not receive GPIs (0.2% vs. 0.1%; OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.80 to 3.04; Pint = 0.21). GPI use was associated with increased risk of bleeding in both treatment arms. Conclusions Cangrelor’s efficacy in reducing ischemic complications in patients undergoing PCI was maintained irrespective of GPI administration. GPI use was associated with substantially higher bleeding rates, regardless of the randomization to cangrelor or clopidogrel. (A Clinical Trial to Demonstrate the Efficacy of Cangrelor [PCI]: NCT00305162 ; Cangrelor Versus Standard Therapy to Achieve Optimal Management of Platelet Inhibition [PLATFORM]: NCT00385138 ; A Clinical Trial Comparing Cangrelor to Clopidogrel Standard Therapy in Subjects Who Require Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [PCI] [CHAMPION PHOENIX] [CHAMPION]: NCT01156571 )
Serving our (in)visible elders: The impact of a LGBTQ+ aging presentation on a rural college campus

ABSTRACTAs the number of individuals 65 and older continues to grow, so too does the richness and complexity of their identity. Specifically, the culture of aging within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) community has received little attention in the literature. In order to best serve this population, human service professionals must understand the reality of aging within diverse communities. This article explores the impact of an invited campus speaker focused on LGBTQ+ aging on a rural college campus. Results indicate a general increase in overall knowledge and appreciation for issues directly impacting the aging LGBTQ+ community. Recommendations for practice, grounded in a social justice framework, are shared.