cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Rotational and Vibrational Constants of Photolytically Generated CF Radicals by REMPI Measurements

Abstract The detailed spectroscopic study of transient free CF radicals with the resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) method is the aim of this paper. The CF radicals were generated from the gaseous (50—200 Pa) halocarbons CCl 3 F, CCl 2 F 2 , CClF 3 , 1,2-C 2 Cl 2 F 4 , C 2 ClF 3 , and C 6 F 6 by a combined infrared and UV/VIS laser photolysis. Because of the small absorption of the halocarbon molecules in the dye laser range used (328—485 nm) a preceding production of precursors (capable of absorbing dye laser photons) was necessary, which was achieved by IR multiphoton dissociation of the parent molecules with a TEA CO 2 laser pulse. In a subsequent absorption of UV/VIS dye laser photons the precursors were photolyzed yielding CF radicals. These could be spectroscopically investigated by their REMPI signals in a (2 + 1)-photon absorption process in the focussed radiation of the same dye laser pulse. About 20 vibrational bands were measured, rotationally resolved, and were assigned to a two-photon 3 p π D 2 Π r ←← X 2 Π r resonant transition followed by one-photon absorption for direct ionization of CF. Compared to the cold CF radicals, commonly extracted from a flow reactor, the laser-photolytically generated CF radicals were found to be vibrationally and rotationally extremely excited ( v ″ ≤ 12, J ≤ 80.5). Using the wide rotational contour of the vibrational bands we could determine with greater precision than before the electronic, vibrational, and rotational constants T e , ω e , ω e x e , ω e y e , A v , B v , and D v , respectively, for the Rydberg state 3 p π D 2 Π r ( v ′ = 0—6) and the electronic ground state X 2 Π r ( v ″ = 0—12). Based on these constants we calculated the Morse and the Dunham potential curves for both states. A detailed study of missing and shifted rovibronic lines of the D state yielded first information on the vibrational levels v ′ = 3, 4, and 5 of the B 2 Δ r valence state, which cannot be measured directly by REMPI. Additionally, we measured for the first time in the UV wavelength range a (1 + 1)-photon REMPI spectrum belonging to the vibrational bands v ′ = 0 ← v ″ = 0 and v ′ = 1 ← v ″ = 0 of the A 2 Σ + ← X 2 Π r transition. Even in the range of high rotational quantum numbers J we found no indication of Λ-type doubling of the rovibronic states within a resolution of 0.2 cm −1 .
The Bellman equation for control of the running max of a diffusion and applications to look-back options

We will prove that the value function for the optimal control of the running max of a diffusion is the viscosity solution of an oblique derivative problem. The result is derived using Lp approximations. Then we apply the technique to derive the totally risk averse price of an option, called a look back option, on the running minimum of a stock.
Synthesis and structure of a lead(II)–citrate: {Na(H2O)3}[Pb5(C6H5O7)3(C6H6O7)(H2O)3]·9.5H2O

Abstract The reaction of lead(II) nitrate with trisodium citrate Na3(C6H5O7) in a 1:22.5 ratio at pH 4.8 provides crystals of {Na(H2O)3}[Pb5(H2O)3(C6H5O7)3(C6H6O7)]·9.5H2O (1). The structure of 1 is two-dimensional and exhibits five distinct Pb(II) sites and four different modes of citrate bonding. The five lead sites all display hemidirected coordination geometries, that is, irregular distribution of neighboring oxygen atoms resulting in obvious gaps in the coordination spheres. Consequently, the lead coordination geometries exhibit proximal bonding to a number of oxygen donors, as well as distal interactions with nearest neighbors. The coordination numbers vary from 8 to 10, with ‘5+3’, ‘5+4’, ‘6+4’ and ‘7+3’ coordination modes where the first number refers to the proximal ligands and the second to the distal set. The four crystallographically distinct citrate groups include three with deprotonated carboxylate groups (C6H5O7)3− and one with a single protonated carboxyl group (C6H6O7)2. The citrate ligands bridge 3, 5, 7 and 7 lead sites. Three of the citrate groups exhibit tridentate chelation coordination to a lead site through two carboxylate oxygen donors and the hydroxyl groups. One citrate group projects an uncoordinated –OH group and a pendant protonated carboxyl group into the interlamellar domain. This latter carboxyl group coordinates to a sodium cation, which exhibits five coordinate geometry defined by three aqua ligands and the carbonyl oxygen of the –CO2H groups in the basal plane and a citrate –OH donor in the apical position.
Limited magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of occult hip fractures

The majority of fractures of the hip are readily diagnosed on the basis of the clinical findings and plain radiographs. When initial X-rays are negative or equivocal and a high clinical suspicion exists for an occult hip fracture, additional diagnostic studies need to be performed. Use of limited magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of occult hip fracture upon initial presentation to the emergency department is reported.
Cortical localization of finger spelling and oral language: a case study.

Abstract Finger spelling of letters and words was mapped by means of the cortical stimulation procedure in a hearing patient undergoing a left dominant anterior temporal lobe resection for relief of a seizure disorder. Finger spelling was disrupted at five sites: three overlapping with one or more oral language functions at sites in the classical posterior language area, two relating only to finger spelling in the anterior temporal region. Following the resection which included these latter sites, both short- and long-term postoperative deficits in finger spelling are described. Implications for the organization of manually based communication behavior in the left hemisphere are discussed.
Significance of Mesenteric Arterial Receptors in the Reflex Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure

The isolated abdominal aorta was perfused in 6 cats and 2 dogs, and perfusion of the isolated superior mesenteric arterial system was performed in another 6 cats. In every experiment, wide variations in perfusion pressure produced no alterations in the systemic pressure, although it was responsive to manipulation of the carotid pressure. A comparison of the systemic pressure responses to mesenteric artery occlusion and to carotid artery occlusion prior to and following (1) high spinal transection in 2 cats or (2) venous perfusion of sodium thiopental in 3 cats showed an obliteration of the responses to carotid occlusion while the systemic response to oclusion of the mesenteric artery persisted. The results indicate that the systemic responses seen during mesenteric artery occlusion are probably caused by mechanical diversion of blood from one vascular bed to another and do not represent true reflex responses. The observations indicate that mesenteric pressure receptors do not contribute significantly to t...
Heats of formation and vibrational spectra of two isomers of S2F2. G2, G3, and CBS-QB3 calculations

Abstract The optimized geometries, vibrational frequencies, and heats of formation of disulfur difluoride, FSSF, and thiothionyl fluoride, SSF2, have been determined using G2 theory, G3 theory, and a complete basis set method. Comparison to previously published values is made.
Sample Size Requirements and Study Duration for Testing Main Effects and Interactions in Completely Randomized Factorial Designs When Time to Event is the Outcome.

In this paper, we develop the methodology for designing clinical trials with any factorial arrangement when the primary outcome is time to event. We provide a matrix formulation for calculating the sample size and study duration necessary to test any effect with a prespecified type I error rate and power. Assuming that a time to event follows an exponential distribution, we describe the relationships between the effect size, the power, and the sample size. We present examples for illustration purposes. We provide a simulation study to verify the numerical calculations of the expected number of events and the duration of the trial. The change in the power produced by a reduced number of observations or by accruing no patients to certain factorial combinations is also described.
Immulectin, an inducible C-type lectin from an insect, Manduca sexta, stimulates activation of plasma prophenol oxidase

Immulectin, a C-type lectin from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, was cloned from a larval fat body cDNA library. The immulectin cDNA encodes a 309 residue polypeptide. Immulectin synthesis was induced by injection of killed gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria or yeast. After injection of bacteria, immulectin mRNA appeared in fat body and immulectin protein was detected in hemolymph. Immulectin contains two carbohydrate recognition domains. The carboxyl-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain is most similar (36% identity) to a lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. It also shares 26–35% identity to carbohydrate recognition domains of various mammalian C-type lectins. Two immulectin isoforms were identified in the hemolymph of bacteria-injected larvae. Recombinant immulectin agglutinated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Addition of recombinant immulectin to M. sexta plasma stimulated activation of phenol oxidase. A combination of immulectin with lipopolysaccharide from E. coli activated phenol oxidase more rapidly and to a higher level than immulectin alone, whereas lipopolysaccharide by itself had little effect on phenol oxidase activation. Immulectin synthesized in response to bacterial or fungal infection may help to trigger protective responses in M. sexta in a manner similar to mannose-binding protein, a C-type lectin that functions in the mammalian innate immune system.
Performance Improvement of the Precise Paging in Co-LAC for 2G/3G Convergence Core Networks with Path Diversity

The 2G/3G interoperability is enabled over the real networks since TDS-CDMA has been introduced. However, due to many 2G/3G borders in the same area, especially in the same location, too much extra network traffic is caused by paging signals and location updates within the 2G and 3G networks. Therefore, performance improvement of both theory and implementation becomes very important. In this paper, we firstly study the related theoretical model with network parameters. Next, some system performances metrics including handover success rate and network completion rates are evaluated by the implementation over the real systems.
RhoA GTPase interacts with beta-catenin signaling in clinorotated osteoblasts

Bone is a dynamic tissue under constant remodeling in response to various signals including mechanical loading. A lack of proper mechanical loading induces disuse osteoporosis that reduces bone mass and structural integrity. The β-catenin signaling together with a network of GTPases is known to play a primary role in load-driven bone formation, but little is known about potential interactions of β-catenin signaling and GTPases in bone loss. In this study, we addressed a question: Does unloading suppress an activation level of RhoA GTPase and β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts? If yes, what is the role of RhoA GTPase and actin filaments in osteoblasts in regulating β-catenin signaling? Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique with a biosensor for RhoA together with a fluorescent T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) reporter, we examined the effects of clinostat-driven simulated unloading. The results revealed that both RhoA activity and TCF/LEF activity were downregulated by unloading. Reduction in RhoA activity was correlated to a decrease in cytoskeletal organization of actin filaments. Inhibition of β-catenin signaling blocked unloading-induced RhoA suppression, and dominant negative RhoA inhibited TCF/LEF suppression. On the other hand, a constitutively active RhoA enhanced unloading-induced reduction of TCF/LEF activity. The TCF/LEF suppression by unloading was enhanced by co-culture with osteocytes, but it was independent on the organization of actin filaments, myosin II activity, or a myosin light chain kinase. Collectively, the results suggest that β-catenin signaling is required for unloading-driven regulation of RhoA, and RhoA, but not actin cytoskeleton or intracellular tension, mediates the responsiveness of β-catenin signaling to unloading.
Does Book Subject Influence Format Preference? Survey Results From a Sample of Graduate Business School Students, Staff, and Faculty

A sample of 325 students, faculty, and staff at a graduate business school completed an online survey designed to assess their knowledge and utilization of the library's e-book collection as well as their desired method of accessing various types of books. Participants were asked about their format preference for reading four different types of books: course textbooks, computer software guides, career development books, and popular business titles. The final section of the survey gave respondents an opportunity to provide free form comments and thoughts about e-books. The implications of this research for collection development are discussed.
A stock selection model using Morningstar’s style box

Abstract In this paper, we place firms in the Morningstar’s style box cells and test whether selecting firms from these cells allows investors to compile a portfolio consistent with their risk tolerance. We confirm that the risk of those cells is consistent with the risk expectations published by Morningstar. Firms assigned to the upper left cells are lower risk than those assigned to the lower right cells. When we test for risk-adjusted returns we do not find that investing in high risk cells results in greater returns. Our results suggest higher returns are possible by investing in lower risk value cells.
Optimal Average Value Convergence in Nonhomogeneous Markov Decision Processes

Abstract We address the undiscounted nonhomogeneous Markov decision process with average reward criterion and prove two structural results. First, we establish equivalence of this problem to a discounted Markov decision process by means of an ergodic coefficient embedded in the original problem. Second, we prove, for the original problem, that the optimal finite horizon average values converge to the infinite horizon optimal average value under an ergodic condition.
Visual detection of signals in the presence of continuous and pulsed backqrounds

The detectability of intensity increments in the presence of continuous and pulsed backgrounds was investigated using a two-alternative, temporal, forced-choice procedure. Differences were found in intensity-duration reciprocity relations, the form of the Weber function, and the shape of the psychometric function between continuous- and pulsed-detection conditions. In a second study, signals were added either to a steady background (simple detection) or to background plus pedestal (pedestal detection). Two unusual phenomena were noted, namely, “negative masking” and the “pedestal effect.” The interpretation of the results in terms of a simple, Poisson-detection model is discussed.
Evaporative heat and mass transfer for the diffusion driven desalination process

An innovative Diffusion Driven Desalination process was recently described where evaporation of seawater is driven by diffusion within a packed bed. This work describes the evaporative heat and mass transfer analysis for the packed bed. Temperature and humidity data have been collected over a range of flow conditions at the inlet and outlet of the packed bed. The analysis agrees very well with the experimental data collected during this investigation and that which has been reported in the literature.
Parapharyngeal chordoma: a diagnostic challenge and potential mimic of pleomorphic adenoma on fine-needle aspiration cytology.

Chordomas are rare tumors that are usually located in the sacrococcygeal and sphenooccipital region. Their cytologic diagnosis is rather straightforward when sampled by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) from these characteristic locations, especially when physalipherous cells are present. However, chordomas may pose difficult diagnostic challenges when encountered in unusual locations, such as the parapharyngeal region. We report the cytologic findings of a recurrent chordoma sampled through transoral FNA from the parapharyngeal space of a 66-year-old woman. As the prior history of chordoma was not available during the rapid onsite evaluation, the presence of bland epithelioid nonvacuolated cells and spindle cells intimately admixed with a fibrillary, intensely metachromatic material led to an initial diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. Review of the patient's prior pathology specimen and of the Papanicolaou-stained smears and cellblock sections showing rare multivacuolated (physalipherous) cells led to the correct diagnosis, which was supported by immunoperoxidase stains (cytokeratin AE1/AE3+, S100+, GFAP−). A review of the literature found no previous instances in which chordomas mimicked pleomorphic adenoma on FNA. However, since the two tumors show significant cytomorphologic overlap, including the presence of abundant fibrillary matrix with embedded neoplastic cells and single bland spindle and epithelioid tumor cells with occasional intranuclear pseudoinclusions, we compared their cytologic features. A review of the FNA cytologic features of this case of chordoma and of 17 consecutive cases of pleomorphic adenoma found that the presence of a more abundant, focally vacuolated cytoplasm favors chordoma over pleomorphic adenoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel Algorithms for the Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform

We present in this paper two parallel algorithms for the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. A mathematical model for the computation vs. communication tradeoff for these algorithms is presented and the scalability of the algorithms is analyzed. The wormhole routing model was used to model the communication costs involved. The algorithms were implemented on the Connection Machine-5 (CM-5^{a}). The theoretical results obtained were validated by the simulations on the CM-5.
Stress demagnetization in videotapes

Experience with helical-scan videotape recorders has shown that the mechanical forces involved in handling the tape are sometimes sufficient to cause significant reductions in signal level due to stress demagnetization. A tape-loop recorder was used in an investigation of stress demagnetization in videotapes. Results are presented illustrating the magnitude of stress demagnetization and its dependence on the type of tape and the number of applications of stress. The bending stress resulting from the wrap of the tape around guides was studied in considerable detail. It is found that bending stress can greatly exceed other stresses involved in the normal handling of tape. Results are presented to show how bending-stress demagnetization depends on the depth of recording in the magnetic coating and on the radius of the guide. It is found that there is also a strong dependence on wrap angle around the guide. A new analysis is presented to explain the wrap-angle dependence and to permit calculation of bending-stress demagnetization.
Blast response of a pressurized aircraft fuselage measured using high-speed image correlation

As part of a project examining the blast response of a pressurized aircraft fuselage, high-speed digital image correlation was used to measure the change in surface strain and out-of-plane displacement during an explosive event. Two explosive charges were used for this test, one located in the aft cargo compartment and one located in the forward cargo compartment. Digital image correlation was used to monitor the charge in the aft compartment with the second charge in the forward compartment being detonated 100 ms after the first. Digital image correlation was able to monitor the change in out-of-plane displacement as a result of the high-temperature gas generated during the explosion. Strain measurements made during the explosion were used to calculate the Von Mises stresses and confirmed that the aluminum skin did not plastically deform. The second explosion in the forward baggage compartment did result in fracture of the fuselage skin and post-test analysis of the fracture surfaces showed that tensile stresses in the rivets likely led to failure.
Algebraic approach to the geometry of the (super-) string model

Abstract We discuss the extension of constraint algebras to include subsidiary constraints within a larger algebra. The interplay between various mathematical aspects of this procedure is described. Tools from Lie algebra cohomology and differential geometry are used to gain new insights into BRS techniques for nonabelian constrained systems. We show that cohomology considerations restrict our formalism to non-semisimple constraint algebras, such as the (super-) string model; we illustrate the ideas by presenting concrete results for this case.
Contribution to a theory of hermaphroditism.

Abstract Unlike other vertebrates, a large number of teleost fishes are normal, functional hermaphrodites. In some of these, the male and female elements function at the same time; in others, there is transformation from one sex to the other. Simple mathematical models make possible comparison of the reproductive potentials that can be realized under the conditions of gonochorism and different types of hermaphroditism. These models suggest that life-span and degree of polygamy are critical factors in the evolution of hermaphroditism and that populations of metagonous (transforming) hermaphrodites in which individuals transform at different ages function like populations in which the sexes are separate.
Characterization of the Rhesus Monkey Ghrelin Gene and Factors Influencing Ghrelin Gene Expression and Fasting Plasma Levels

Ghrelin stimulates release of GH from the pituitary, stimulates appetite, and may influence metabolic processes in other tissues expressing the GH secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin can thus influence behaviors and endocrine pathways contributing to weight gain. In this study we characterized the ghrelin gene from the rhesus monkey and analyzed the association of plasma ghrelin levels with metabolic and endocrine markers. Rhesus ghrelin is 97, 91, and 96% homologous to the human cDNA, gene, and peptide, respectively. Ghrelin expression was highest in the stomach with lower levels found in muscle and duodenum. In these tissues, ghrelin expression in calorie-restricted and obese animals was about 40-99% lower than in lean animals. In addition, ghrelin expression in muscle was fairly high and may allow this tissue to contribute significantly to plasma levels. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations were also inversely correlated with body mass index and exhibited a nonlinear association with age with increased levels in younger and older monkeys and lower levels in middle-aged monkeys. Although a significant inverse correlation between fasting plasma ghrelin and fasting insulin levels were found, iv glucose and insulin administration did not significantly alter ghrelin levels. These studies demonstrate that ghrelin levels are influenced by age-related factors and adiposity in the rhesus monkey. These similarities between the rhesus monkey and human ghrelin genes and plasma ghrelin responses suggest a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms regulating ghrelin secretion and gene expression in different tissues in normal and disease states using this model system.
Minibodies to maximize platelets

Comment on Orita et al, page [562][1] Orita and colleagues have created novel c-mpl agonists from antireceptor antibodies. Such “minibodies” may represent a viable alternative for turning on platelet production in thrombocytopenic patients. Clinically significant thrombocytopenia is a common
Expression of NAG-1, a Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily Member, by Troglitazone Requires the Early Growth Response Gene EGR-1

Abstract Troglitazone (TGZ) and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) ligands that have been shown to possess pro-apoptotic activity in human colon cancer. Although these compounds bind to PPARγ transcription factors as agonists, emerging evidence suggests that TGZ acts independently of PPARγ in many functions, including apoptosis. We previously reported that TGZ induces an early growth response transcription factor (EGR-1) by the ERK phosphorylation pathway rather than by the PPARγ pathway (Baek, S. J., Wilson, L. C., Hsi, L. C., and Eling, T. E. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 5845-5853). In this report, we show that the expression of the antitumorigenic and/or pro-apoptotic gene NAG-1 (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1) is induced by TGZ and correlates with EGR-1 induction. In cotransfection and gel shift assays, we show that EGR-1-binding sites are located within region -73 to -51 of the NAG-1 promoter and have an important role in the transactivation of TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression. In contrast, PGJ2 induced NAG-1 protein expression, but PJG2 may not affect the same region that TGZ does in the NAG-1 promoter. The effect of PGJ2 is probably PPARγ-dependent because a PPARγ antagonist inhibited the PGJ2-induced expression of NAG-1. TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression was not inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist. The fact that TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression was accompanied by the biosynthesis of EGR-1 also suggests that EGR-1 plays a pivotal role in TGZ-induced NAG-1 expression. Our results suggest that EGR-1 induction is a unique property of TGZ, but is independent of PPARγ activation. The up-regulation of NAG-1 may provide a novel explanation for the antitumorigenic property of TGZ.
Experimental design protocol for the pattern recognition analysis of bandpass filtered Fourier transform infrared interferograms

Abstract Signal processing techniques are described for open path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements that overcome fundamental limitations in conventional data analysis strategies. Bandpass digital filters are applied directly to FTIR interferograms to isolate spectral frequencies of interest, followed by pattern recognition analysis of segments of the filtered interferogram to provide an automated means for detecting a target analyte. In this work, four experimental variables are significant: (1) interferogram segment length, (2) interferogram segment position, (3) filter bandpass position, and (4) filter bandpass width. The limit of detection of a compound is directly related to the ability to choose optimal settings for these variables. Laboratory data collected when SF 6 was present in the optical path of the spectrometer are employed to perform a full factorial experimental design study of these four variables. Analysis of variance techniques are employed to provide a statistical means of interpreting the main and interaction effects existing among the variables. Based on these results, a protocol for designing a near-optimal bandpass filter is developed. Interferogram segment starting position, filter bandpass position, and filter bandpass width interaction effects are found to be statistically significant. It is concluded that these factors must be optimized jointly. Interferogram segment length is found to have the most overall influence on detection performance, but can be studied independently from the other variables. To validate the filter generation protocol developed with the laboratory data, additional work is performed with open path SF 6 data collected during a series of field trials. The results of this study demonstrate that the protocol is valid and can be extended to develop detection schemes for other compounds.
Effects of multiple dose infections with Ascaris suum on blood gastrointestinal hormone levels in pigs.

Abstract Ten consecutive daily doses of infective Ascaris suum eggs were administered to pigs in two experiments and the levels of gastrointestinal hormones in their blood were measured. The piglets in each experiment were divided into low-dose (LDI) and high-dose (HDI) infections and control groups. Infected pigs had lower feed consumption, lower weight gains, and lower feed efficiency than control pigs. Serum gastrin levels in infected pigs were significantly lower than the controls from Days 7 to 17 post first inoculation (PFI), and so were their serum glucagon levels from Days 12 to 24 PFI. Serum insulin levels in infected animals were sometimes lower than those in controls. These differences were usually more intense in the LDI pigs than in HDI pigs. The plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels in the LDI group were significantly higher than those in controls from Day 10 PFI to the end of the experiment, while the CCK levels in the HDI group did not differ significantly from the controls. Increased plasma CCK levels could be a satiety factor in A. suum infection since the time of occurence of high levels of CCK matched the period of reduced feed consumption.
Narrative possibilities: using mindfulness in clinical practice

Narrative is ever present in medicine and is an integral aspect of the doctor and patient relationship. Although theoretical discussions of narrative medicine and narrative ethics are important, they may serve to reify the patient's story, to make it a specific entity. In practice, the patient's story unfolds in the moment of communication depending on the individuals and the circumstances; the story is not an "object." Patients' narratives heard in clinical settings are often limited by physician behaviors, especially the tendency of physicians to control the interaction with the patient. To develop individual narratives effectively and competently, physicians must be able to help the patient tell the story that is most important, meaningful, and descriptive of the situation. If the patient's narrative is not heard fully, the possibility of diagnostic and therapeutic error increases, the likelihood of personal connections resulting from a shared experience diminishes, empathic opportunities are missed, and patients may not feel understood or cared for. The practice of mindfulness--moment-to-moment, nonjudgmental awareness--opens a doorway into the patient's story as it unfolds. Such mindful practice develops the physician's focus of attention and offers the possibility for a meaningful and important narrative to arise between patient and physician.
Liquid source misted chemical deposition (LSMCD)–a critical review

Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe a relatively new thin film deposition technique called Liquid Source Misted Chemical Deposition (LSMCD) that has been successfully utilized to synthesize a variety of multicomponent oxide materials. This report provides an understanding of the basic principles of operation and the suitability, performance, capabilities and drawbacks for production applications using LSMCD.
Control of organic fouling at two seawater reverse osmosis plants

Abstract Organic fouling of seawater Reverse Osmosis (RC) membranes is a phenomenon not well understood; it can result in a loss of membrane productivity and salt rejection properties. Two seawater RO plants using DuPont B-10 hollow fiber permeators had experienced organic fouling and were studied. The two plants used different sources of feedwater; one RO plant at Culebra, Puerto Rico, used open seawater; while the other RO plant at Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies, used a sea well. Both feed water sources possessed high concentrations of soluble organics (40–80mg/1) which were mainly humic acids. In an attempt to remove these organics with in-line cationic polyelectrolyte coagulation, the plants experienced organic fouling which caused excessive loss of productivity and salt rejection; both plants initially failed their acceptance tests. It was discovered that the fouling was actually caused by interactions between the humic acids and in-line cationic, polyelectrolyte coagulants which were not removed by in-dedth and cartridge filtration. Rather than remove the humic acid material, acid addition was initiated and in-line cationic coagulants use discontinued to keep the humic acids soluble. It should be noted that with the open seawater intake ferrous sulfate was still used to remove colloidal material and reduce the SDI. Both plants subsequently have passed their 720-hour acceptance test. Culebra and Grand Cayman plants have now exceeded design specification for both productivity and salt rejection. The aramid hollow fiber permeators on acidified feed have shown 100% rejection of these organics at both 25% and 50% conversion and organic fouling has not been evident.
Recent advances in multiple-objective design strategies

Many experiments have several goals and it is important to incorporate these goals at the onset of the study. Design strategies for accomplishing this task are reviewed with examples from the biological sciences.
On-axis velocity component measurement with laser velocimeters

The application of Doppler shifted laser light to the measurement of the two velocity components normal to the optical axis of the system is relatively simple as compared to the measurement of the on-axis velocity component. The present paper deals with the reference-beam (local oscillator) technique and the dual-beam (fringe mode) technique, which have been developed for measuring the on-axis component. Some results obtained for the on-axis component are examined.
Accessing Metal−Carbide Chemistry. A Computational Analysis of Thermodynamic Considerations

The electronic structures of terminal metal carbide complexes are calculated using DFT. This study outlines the factors that give rise to stable carbide complexes, which can be used to help in the synthesis of new carbide complexes and to tune their stability as desired. The calculations reveal the presence of a strong Ru≡C triple (σ + 2π) bond. The C atom is nearly unhybridized, such that the C-component of the Ru−C σ-bond has 90% 2p character. This leaves a very stable carbon-based lone pair that is almost entirely 2s in character, which accounts for the lack of Lewis base character exhibited experimentally. Calculations predict a Ru−C bond dissociation energy of 147.4 kcal mol−1 in a typical Ru carbide complex. This large bond strength is not unique to the Ru≡C bond, as revealed by an extension of the study to identify schemes by which to chemically tune the metal−carbide bond strength. Methods examined to achieve this tuning include changing the identity of the central metal and altering the metal lig...
Structures of Active Site Histidine Mutants of IIIGlc, a Major Signal-transducing Protein in Escherichia coli EFFECTS ON THE MECHANISMS OF REGULATION AND PHOSPHORYL TRANSFER

IIIGlc (also called IIAGlc), a major signal-transducing protein in Escherichia coli, is also a phosphorylcarrier in glucose uptake. The crystal and NMR structures of IIIGlc show that His90, the phosphoryl acceptor, adjoins His75 in the active site. Glutamine was substituted for His-, giving H75QIIIGlc and H90QIIIGlc, respectively (Presper, K. A., Wong, C.-Y., Liu, L., Meadow, N. D., and Roseman, S. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 4052-4055), but the mutants showed unexpected properties. H90QIIIGlc loses regulatory functions of IIIGlc, and the phosphoryltransfer rates between HPr/H75QIIIGlc are 200-fold less than HPr/IIIGlc (Meadow, N. D., and Roseman, S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 33440-33445). X-ray crystallography, differential scanning calorimetry, and NMR have now been used to determine the structures of the mutants (phospho-H75QIIIGlc was studied by NMR). The three methods gave completely consistent results. Except for the His to Gln substitutions, the only significant structural changes were in a few hydrogen bonds. H90QIIIGlc contains two structured water molecules (to Gln90), which could explain its inability to regulate glycerol kinase. Phospho-IIIGlc contains a chymotrypsin-like, hydrogen bond network (Thr73-His75-O−-phosphoryl), whereas phospho-H75QIIIGlc contains only one bond (Gln75-O−-phosphoryl). Hydrogen bonds play an essential role in a proposed mechanism for the phosphoryltransfer reaction.
Quantification and relative severity of inflated branch-support values generated by alternative methods: An empirical example

A supermatrix of 272 terminals from Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae that were scored for up to 10 gene regions (two nrDNA, eight plastid) was used as an empirical example to quantify sources of error in heuristic parametric (Bayesian MCMC and maximum likelihood) phylogenetic analyses. The supermatrix includes dramatic disparities in which terminals were sampled for which gene regions. The sources of error examined include poor quality tree searches, requiring a single fully resolved optimal tree, undersampling-within-replicates and frequency-within-replicates bootstrap artifacts, and extrapolation from one character partition to another such that synapomorphies that would only be ambiguously optimized by parsimony are optimized with high probability by parametric methods. Four of our conclusions are as follows. (1) The resolution and support provided by parametric methods for clades that lack unambiguously optimized (by parsimony) synapomorphies are less robust to the addition of terminals and characters than those clades that have unambiguously optimized synapomorphies. (2) Those tree-search methods which can create phylogenetic artifacts (frequency-within-replicates resampling, undersampling-within-replicates resampling, requiring a single fully resolved optimal tree, non-independent resampling among replicates) provide the greatest resolution and support irrespective of whether that resolution or support is corroborated by more conservative and better justified methods. (3) Partitioning data matrices cannot be relied upon to consistently obviate potentially dubious resolution and support caused by missing-data artifacts in likelihood analyses when the models require linked branch lengths among partitions. (4) Undersampling-within-replicates and frequency-within-replicates resampling artifacts are not unique to parsimony and should be accounted for in likelihood analyses by allowing multiple equally likely trees to be saved within each resampling pseudoreplicate and applying the strict-consensus bootstrap rather than the frequency-within-replicates bootstrap.
Intestinal Absorption Mechanism of Dipeptide Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors of the Lysyl-Proline Type: Lisinopril and SQ 29,852

The intestinal absorption mechanism of two nonsulfhydril lysyl-proline angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, lisinopril (1) and SQ 29,852 (2; [(S)-1-[6-amino-2-[[hydroxy (4-phenylbutyl)-phosphinyl]oxy[-1-oxohexyl]-L-proline) were investigated in rats using a single-pass perfusion method. Compound 2 is well absorbed from rat jejunum, whereas lisinopril absorption is relatively low. The permeability of both ACE inhibitors is concentration dependent and is decreased by the dipeptide Tyr-Gly and by cephradine, indicating a nonpassive absorption mechanism via the peptide carrier-mediated transport system. Compound 2 is well absorbed by a nonpassive mechanism, in parallel with a small passive component. The estimated dimensionless carrier parameters for 2 are J*max = 0.16, Km = 0.08 mM, P*c = 2.0, and P*m = 0.25; for lisinopril, passive absorption is not significant and its absorption is nonpassive: J*max = 0.032, Km = 0.082 mM, and P*c = 0.39 (where J*max is the maximal flux, Km is the Michaelis constant, P*c is the carrier permeability, and P*m is the passive permeability). These results offer a mechanistic explanation for the prolonged ACE inhibition and the low oral bioavailability of lisinopril, and for the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of 2.
The Villa Gamberaia in Settignano: the street in the garden

Abstract In the villa you canescape the clamour, the tumult, the worldly stormsof the piazza and the palace. In the villayou canhide yourselfin order to avoidseeing the great quantityof wickedmankind.Only the villa, above all else, is grateful, pretty, loyal, trustworthy. If you govern it with diligence and love, it willnever cease to satisfy you, always heapingreward upon rewardsandwhen you are old and weary (in town), the villa (gives you) the greatest profit, making you refreshed, seasoned, complete, and sound.1
The Two Faces of BRCA2, a FANCtastic Discovery

The molecular defects responsible for the cancer predisposition syndrome Fanconi's Anemia (FA) have been elusive. A recent study reports that the FANC-B and -D1 subgroups result from hypomorphic mutations in BRCA2. Given that BRCA2 protein participates in homologous recombination, this finding connects at least a subset of the FA phenotypes to defective DNA repair.
A BASIC program that computes probits to suggest optimal data transformations

The method of plotting probits against ranked data to obtain scatter plots is a simple, intuitive strategy for determining whether data are approximately normally distributed. A simple graphical technique is illustrated to obtain transformations used to acquire approximately normally distributed data. The method can be implemented on a MacIntosh or PC compatible computer running spread-sheet software with plotting capability.
Fracture toughness of polysilicon MEMS devices

Abstract Polysilicon fracture mechanics specimens have been fabricated using standard microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) processing techniques, with characteristic dimensions comparable to typical MEMS devices. These specimens are fully integrated with simultaneously fabricated electrostatic actuators that are capable of providing sufficient force to ensure catastrophic crack propagation. Thus, the entire fracture experiment takes place on-chip, eliminating the difficulties associated with attaching the specimen to an external loading source. The specimens incorporate atomically sharp cracks created by indentation, and fracture is initiated using monotonic electrostatic loading. The fracture toughness values are determined using finite element analysis (FEA) of the experimental data, and show a median value of 1.1 MPa m 1/2 .
Discussion of factors affecting the absolute accuracy of Mössbauer ƒ measurements

Abstract The possible influence on Mossbauer ƒ measurements of self absorption and inelastic scattering in the source and of re-emission, inelastic scattering and non-resonant nuclear absorption in the absorber are considered.
Appropriate material properties for advective-diffusive solute flux in membrane soil

A generalized advective–diffusive equation for describing electrolytic solute transport in fine-grained soil (clay) membranes is presented. Clarification is made between the current theory and the widely cited coupled-flow theory by Yeung and Mitchell. Results of recently published experimental data are evaluated to demonstrate that the effective diffusion coefficient associated with Fick’s first law is not an appropriate independent material property for solute transport considerations in membrane soil. Three independent and experimentally attainable material properties are identified, specifically: osmotic efficiency, membrane diffusion coefficient, and hydraulic conductivity. Simple physical experiments by which these properties may be measured are described.
Exploring Students' Perceptions of the Web as an Information Source

This article explores undergraduate students' perceptions of the accuracy, relevance, and currency of information presented on the World Wide Web (Web). In this study, we asked our subjects to rank various information sources in terms of perceived accuracy, relevance, and currency. The information sources studied include the Web, business magazines, scholarly journals, general-interest magazines, and books. Our findings indicate that undergraduate students do not perceive the Web to be any less accurate as an information source than other common information sources. In fact, we find that our subjects perceive the Web to be more accurate than several other information sources. Our subjects ranked business magazines as the source of the most relevant information. Our subjects considered newspapers and the Web as being equal in terms of currency. We discuss implications of these findings including the need to educate Web users on the differences in the Web vis-a-vis other information sources.
Coherent states/density functional theory approach to molecular dynamics

Abstract We present a combined coherent states (CS)/density functional theory approach to molecular dynamics within the electron nuclear dynamics framework. Nuclei are described by a product of narrow, frozen Gaussian wave packets that is approximately separable into translational, rotational, and vibrational CS parts. Electrons are described by a single-determinantal Thouless CS in a time-dependent Kohn–Sham fashion. This novel approach improves several features of the Car–Parrinello method by providing an ab initio CS Lagrangian, a quasi-classical CS description for the nuclei, and a non-redundant representation of a general electronic single-determinantal state. Preliminary simulations of the H+ + H2 reaction at ELab = 30 eV are also presented.
An efficient Monte Carlo approach to assessing statistical significance in genomic studies

Motivation: Multiple hypothesis testing is a common problem in genome research, particularly in microarray experiments and genomewide association studies. Failure to account for the effects of multiple comparisons would result in an abundance of false positive results. The Bonferroni correction and Holm's step-down procedure are overly conservative, whereas the permutation test is time-consuming and is restricted to simple problems. Results: We developed an efficient Monte Carlo approach to approximating the joint distribution of the test statistics along the genome. We then used the Monte Carlo distribution to evaluate the commonly used criteria for error control, such as familywise error rates and positive false discovery rates. This approach is applicable to any data structures and test statistics. Applications to simulated and real data demonstrate that the proposed approach provides accurate error control, and can be substantially more powerful than the Bonferroni and Holm methods, especially when the test statistics are highly correlated. Contact: [email protected]
Effects of temperature on Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae and pupae

Developmental thresholds, degree-days for development, larval weights, and head capsule widths for each larval instar and the pupal stage of Anophphora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were studied at eight constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ,35, and 40°C) for two source populations (Ravenswood, Chicago, IL [IL], and Bayside, Queens, NY [NY]). The estimated lower threshold temperature for development of instars 1–5 and the pupal stage was near 10°C and was near 12°C for the higher instars. Developmental rate was less temperature sensitive for instars 5–9 compared with instars 1–4. Development for all but the first instar was inhibited at constant temperatures >30°C, and all instars failed to develop at 40°C. Although the two source populations had similar responses to temperature, IL larvae were heavier than those from NY. Temperature and its influence on larval weight had profound impacts on whether a larva proceeded to pupation. Based on the temperature effects detailed here, larval development and pupation should be possible in most of the continental United States where suitable hosts are available. These data can be used to develop a degree-day model to estimate beetle phenology; however, at least 2°C should be added to air temperatures to adjust for the mediation of temperature by the wood. These data provide a basis for predicting the potential geographical range of this species and for developing phenological models to predict the timing of immature stages, both of which are important for management programs.