cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical studies on the behavior of carotid sinus baroreceptors.

An approach to mathematical modeling of the baroreceptor that appears suitable for modeling mechanoreceptors in general is discussed. It differs from earlier works reported in the literature in the fact that it divides the baroreceptor into different functional components and attempts to describe mathematically the functioning of each component. The model consists of three first-order ordinary differential equations, one of which is linear; and there are ten free parameters. The ability of the model to fit different sets of experimental data with a single set of parameter values for a given class of inputs is demonstrated.
Fletcher factor deficiency: family study and detection.

Eight of 11 children of a known Fletcher factor-deficient individual were found to have normal activated partial thromboplastin times, normal levels of factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII, and a mean Fletcher factor level of 53% (range 40%-72%), suggesting a heterozygous state for the genecontrolling Fletcher factor production. All partial thromboplastin time reagents containing celite or kaolin were sensitive to Fletcher factor deficiency, while one reagent containing ellagic acid did not detect this abnormality. The finding of an abnormal partial thromboplastin time that is corrected by a 10-min incubation period is presumptive evidence for Fletcher factor deficiency.
Trouble for a new generation in librarianship

Library students and new librarians face many challenges when deciding to become librarians, including increasing entry-level requirements, a very competitive job market, and increased cost of education. This article is a discussion of some of the realities new librarians and library students face when entering the profession
On the ℓ1 non-embedding in the James Tree Space

Abstract James Tree Space ( JT ), introduced by R. James in James (1974), is the first Banach space constructed having non-separable conjugate and not containing l 1 . James actually proved that every infinite dimensional subspace of JT contains a Hilbert space, which implies the l 1 non-embedding. In this expository article, we present a direct proof of the l 1 non-embedding, using Rosenthal’s l 1 -Theorem (Rosenthal, 1974) and some measure theoretic arguments, namely Riesz’s Representation Theorem (Rudin, 1966).
Comparative Effectiveness and Maintenance of Diabetes Self-Management Education Interventions for Marshallese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE Marshallese adults experience high rates of type 2 diabetes. Previous diabetes self-management education (DSME) interventions among Marshallese were unsuccessful. This study compared the extent to which two DSME interventions improved glycemic control, measured on the basis of change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A two-arm randomized controlled trial compared a standard-model DSME (standard DSME) with a culturally adapted family-model DSME (adapted DSME). Marshallese adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 221) received either standard DSME in a community setting (n = 111) or adapted DSME in a home setting (n = 110). Outcome measures were assessed at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at 6 and 12 months after the intervention and were examined with adjusted linear mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS Participants in the adapted DSME arm showed significantly greater declines in mean HbA1c immediately (−0.61% [95% CI −1.19, −0.03]; P = 0.038) and 12 months (−0.77% [95% CI −1.38, −0.17]; P = 0.013) after the intervention than those in the standard DSME arm. Within the adapted DSME arm, participants had significant reductions in mean HbA1c from baseline to immediately after the intervention (−1.18% [95% CI −1.55, −0.81]), to 6 months (−0.67% [95% CI −1.06, −0.28]), and to 12 months (−0.87% [95% CI −1.28, −0.46]) (P CONCLUSIONS Participants receiving the adapted DSME showed significantly greater reductions in mean HbA1c immediately after and 12 months after the intervention than the reductions among those receiving standard DSME. This study adds to the body of research that shows the potential effectiveness of culturally adapted DSME that includes participants’ family members.
Refining dataset curation methods for deep learning-based automated tuberculosis screening

Background: The study objective was to determine whether unlabeled datasets can be used to further train and improve the accuracy of a deep learning system (DLS) for the detection of tuberculosis (TB) on chest radiographs (CXRs) using a two-stage semi-supervised approach. Methods: A total of 111,622 CXRs from the National Institute of Health ChestX-ray14 database were collected. A cardiothoracic radiologist reviewed a subset of 11,000 CXRs and dichotomously labeled each for the presence or absence of potential TB findings; these interpretations were used to train a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to identify CXRs with possible TB (Phase I). The best performing algorithm was then used to label the remaining database consisting of 100,622 radiographs; subsequently, these newly-labeled images were used to train a second DCNN (phase II). The best-performing algorithm from phase II (TBNet) was then tested against CXRs obtained from 3 separate sites (2 from the USA, 1 from China) with clinically confirmed cases of TB. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated with area under the curve (AUC) calculated. Results: The phase I algorithm trained using 11,000 expert-labelled radiographs achieved an AUC of 0.88. The phase II algorithm trained on images labeled by the phase I algorithm achieved an AUC of 0.91 testing against a TB dataset obtained from Shenzhen, China and Montgomery County, USA. The algorithm generalized well to radiographs obtained from a tertiary care hospital, achieving an AUC of 0.87; TBNet’s sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 85%, 76%, 0.64, and 0.9, respectively. When TBNet was used to arbitrate discrepancies between 2 radiologists, the overall sensitivity reached 94% and negative predictive value reached 0.96, demonstrating a synergistic effect between the algorithm’s output and radiologists’ interpretations. Conclusions: Using semi-supervised learning, we trained a deep learning algorithm that detected TB at a high accuracy and demonstrated value as a CAD tool by identifying relevant CXR findings, especially in cases that were misinterpreted by radiologists. When dataset labels are noisy or absent, the described methods can significantly reduce the required amount of curated data to build clinically-relevant deep learning models, which will play an important role in the era of precision medicine.
An Account of 'The Core' in Economic Theory

The concept of ‘the core’ originates in cooperative game theory and its introduction to economics in the 1960s as a basis for proofs of existence of general equilibrium is one of the earliest attempts to use game theory to address big questions in economics. Discovery of the core was met with enthusiasm among the community of economic theorists at the time. However, use of the core eventually waned and the concept faded into the backdrop of economic theory. This paper makes use of unpublished correspondence between Herbert Scarf, Lloyd Shapley, and Martin Shubik, as well as other archival and secondary resources, to provide an account of the development of the core and the trajectory of this concept, including those who developed it, after its initial appearance. It is found that the core’s eventual decline is explained by the combined eﬀect of the slowing general equilibrium research program in the 1970s, the increasing prominence of non-cooperative game theory, and subtle issues with the concept that shaped Scarf and Shubik’s research programs after the 1960s.
Economic evaluation of different chickenpox vaccination strategies

Objective To evaluate the cost/benefit of different vaccination strategies related to chickenpox vaccine. Methods The direct economic cost and indirect economic cost caused by chickenpox were obtained through questionnaire survey. The epidemic characteristics of chickenpox in Zhejiang province were studied by literature review. Dynamic model was set up by Matlab software based on the parameters of chickenpox, to predict the incidence trends of chickenpox with different immunization strategies (no vaccination, 1-dose vaccination, 2-dose vaccination) in future 40 years (2017-2056). A cost-benefit analysis was conducted, and the sensitivities of the main parameters were analyzed. Results Through the questionnaire survey of 105 cases, the direct and indirect economic cost per case was 506.84 Yuan and 1045.39 Yuan respectively, with the total of 1552.23 Yuan. During the prediction period (40 years), there would be 7.0908 million cases in strategy 2, which was 59.71% less than strategy 1 (17.5989 million cases). Total vaccination costs in strategy 2 were 2.366 billion Yuan, with a total economic gain of 33.741 billion Yuan and benefit/cost ratio (BCR) of 14.26:1. If strategy 3 was adopted, 2.7249 million chickenpox cases would occur, with a decrease of 84.52% compared with strategy 1. Total vaccination costs in strategy 3 was 4.495 billion Yuan, with a total economic gain of 44.309 billion Yuan and BCR of 9.86:1. Analysis showed that the vaccine price was the most sensitive variable, followed by the incidence of chickenpox in the absence of vaccine. Conclusions In Zhejiang province, one-dose strategy and two-dose strategy were both cost effective. It is suggested that the chickenpox vaccination should be included in the immunization program in Zhejiang province.
Using Prompts and Feedback to Reduce Illegal Parking in a University Parking Lot

University parking can be expensive and frustrating for students and faculty due to the limited number of parking spaces on campus and the distance from most parking lots to the campus buildings. M...
Procedural Fairness Is the Foundation for Making Nonlawyer Judges Effective

This article begins by examining the origins and modern standing of nonlawyer judges. It moves on to recite criticisms levied at nonlawyer judges and the reasons that large-scale elimination of non...
Disruption risks to material supply chains in the electronics sector

Abstract Electronic products are an essential part of modern society, but their importance has perhaps never been as palpable as when the COVID-19 pandemic forced almost every aspect of human interaction to go online. However, the pandemic also revealed that the supply chains that provide crucial raw materials for manufacturing electronics are increasingly vulnerable to social, geopolitical, and technical disruptions. These vulnerabilities are likely to escalate in the future, due to global health crises, natural disasters, and global political instability, all of which will be magnified by looming climate change impacts. This study investigates potential supply chain disruption risks in the electronics sector by applying metrics that capture supply, demand, socio-political, and environmental risks in a multi-criteria framework to almost 40 metals and minerals that provide critical functionality to electronic products. Results illustrate that the material risks varied with the potential nature of the disruption. For example, in scenarios where disruptions led to price volatility or weakening of environmental regulations, highest risks were observed for precious metals such as gold, rhodium, platinum, and palladium. On the other hand, in scenarios where disruptions led to supply pressures or geopolitical tensions, cobalt, gallium, and key rare earth elements exhibited the highest risks. These metals are characterized by energy-intense manufacturing and highly concentrated geographic production, suggesting that recycling and supply chain diversification may alleviate some of the identified risks. The analysis also considers trade-offs that may occur across social, economic, and environmental dimensions. For example, cobalt, a critical component in lithium-ion batteries, has significant social impacts due to production concentration in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Shifting production to other regions may alleviate these risks but introduce new concerns about economic and environmental impacts.
Inferring Population Size Histories using Coalescent Hidden Markov Models with TMRCA and Total Branch Length as Hidden States

Abstract Unraveling the complex demographic histories of natural populations is a central problem in population genetics. Understanding past demographic events is of general anthropological interest and is also an important step in establishing accurate null models when identifying adaptive or disease-associated genetic variation. An important class of tools for inferring past population size changes are Coalescent Hidden Markov Models (CHMMs). These models make efficient use of the linkage information in population genomic datasets by using the local genealogies relating sampled individuals as latent states that evolve across the chromosome in an HMM framework. Extending these models to large sample sizes is challenging, since the number of possible latent states increases rapidly. Here, we present our method CHIMP (CHMM History-Inference ML Procedure), a novel CHMM method for inferring the size history of a population. It can be applied to large samples (hundreds of haplotypes) and only requires unphased genomes as input. The two implementations of CHIMP that we present here use either the height of the genealogical tree (TMRCA) or the total branch length, respectively, as the latent variable at each position in the genome. The requisite transition and emission probabilities are obtained by numerically solving certain systems of differential equations derived from the ancestral process with recombination. The parameters of the population size history are subsequently inferred using an Expectation-Maximization algorithm. In addition, we implement a composite likelihood scheme to allow the method to scale to large sample sizes. We demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of our method in a variety of benchmark tests using simulated data and present comparisons to other state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, our implementation using TMRCA as the latent variable shows comparable performance and provides accurate estimates of effective population sizes in intermediate and ancient times. Our method is agnostic to the phasing of the data, which makes it a promising alternative in scenarios where high quality data is not available, and has potential applications for pseudo-haploid data.
The Association of Pre-Kidney Transplant Dialysis Modality with de novo Posttransplant Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) after kidney transplantation is a significant but understudied problem. Pretransplant dialysis modality could influence incident HF risk through differing cardiac stressors. However, whether pretransplant dialysis modality is associated with the development of posttransplant HF is unknown. METHODS We used the US Renal Data System to assemble a cohort of 27,701 patients who underwent their first kidney transplant in the USA between the years 2005 and 2012 and who had Medicare fee-for-service coverage for >6 months preceding their transplant date. Patients with any HF diagnosis prior to transplant were excluded. Detailed baseline patient characteristics and comorbidities were abstracted. The outcome of interest was de novo posttransplant HF. Pretransplant dialysis modality was defined as the dialysis modality used at the time of transplant. We conducted time-to-event analyses using Cox regression. Death was treated as a competing risk in the study's primary analysis. Graft failure was included as a time-varying covariate. RESULTS Among eligible patients, 81% were treated with hemodialysis prior to transplant, and hemodialysis patients were more likely to be male, had a shorter dialysis vintage, and had more diabetes and vascular disease diagnoses. When adjusted for all available demographic and clinical data, pretransplant treatment with hemodialysis (vs. peritoneal dialysis) was associated with a 19% increased risk in de novo posttransplant HF, with sub-distribution HR 1.19 (95% CI: 1.09-1.29). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that choice of pretransplant dialysis modality may impact the development of posttransplant HF.
The Effects of Vestibular Stimulation to Enhance Rehabilitation and Enable Robotic Exoskeleton Training for Persons with CP

Reduction of spasticity in persons with cerebral palsy is possible using the application of non-invasive mechanical vestibular stimulation (VS) to the otoliths (in the inner ear). In this study we examined the effects of providing a single session of VS (15 min of a 3-in. of vertical oscillation) to a 35-year old male with spasticity due to CP. This investigation shows promising results of VS application as an intervention that could magnify the effectiveness of conventionally prescribed rehabilitation training/exercises, and can even unlock newly established rehabilitation options (e.g. gait training using robotic exoskeleton).
Social Work with Transgender Survivors of Human Trafficking: Implications for Practice

Migrant transgender individuals are at an increased risk of becoming victims of human trafficking and yet are under-represented in research and policy on human trafficking. In the United States (US), they may often be seen in hospital emergency rooms but are frequently mis-gendered and discriminated against. This article discusses the issue of human trafficking of migrant transgender women through the lens of a case example and advocates for the use of trauma-informed care in US-based agencies serving this population. The composite case of Esperanza illustrates the implementation of human rights principles, ethical treatment, and trauma-informed care with a transgender survivor of human trafficking in US-based agencies. The ethics of care are discussed with an emphasis on the core social work principles of service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. Autonomy and beneficence are also integral to the ethical approach of provision for trauma-informed and culturally responsive care of migrant transgender women who are survivors of human trafficking.
Bayes–Nash: Bayesian inference for Nash equilibrium selection in human-robot parallel play

We consider shared workspace scenarios with humans and robots acting to achieve independent goals, termed as parallel play. We model these as general-sum games and construct a framework that utilizes the Nash equilibrium solution concept to consider the interactive effect of both agents while planning. We find multiple Pareto-optimal equilibria in these tasks. We hypothesize that people act by choosing an equilibrium based on social norms and their personalities. To enable coordination, we infer the equilibrium online using a probabilistic model that includes these two factors and use it to select the robot’s action. We apply our approach to a close-proximity pick-and-place task involving a robot and a simulated human with three potential behaviors—defensive, selfish, and norm-following. We showed that using a Bayesian approach to infer the equilibrium enables the robot to complete the task with less than half the number of collisions while also reducing the task execution time as compared to the best baseline. We also performed a study with human participants interacting either with other humans or with different robot agents and observed that our proposed approach performs similar to human-human parallel play interactions.
The Mathematical Analysis of Biological Aggregation and Dispersal: Progress, Problems and Perspectives

Motile organisms alter their movement in response to signals in their environment for a variety of reasons, such as to find food or mates or to escape danger. In populations of individuals this often this leads to large-scale pattern formation in the form of coherent movement or localized aggregates of individuals, and an important question is how the individual-level decisions are translated into population-level behavior. Mathematical models are frequently developed for a population-level description, and while these are often phenomenological, it is important to understand how individual-level properties can be correctly embedded in the population-level models. We discuss several classes of models that are used to describe individual movement and indicate how they can be translated into population-level models.
A theory of rational choice under ignorance

This paper contributes to a theory of rational choice for decision-makers with incomplete preferences due to partial ignorance, whose beliefs are representable as sets of acceptable priors. We focus on the limiting case of `Complete Ignorance' which can be viewed as reduced form of the general case of partial ignorance. Rationality is conceptualized in terms of a `Principle of Preference-Basedness', according to which rational choice should be isomorphic to asserted preference. The main result characterizes axiomatically a new choice-rule called `Simultaneous Expected Utility Maximization'. It can be interpreted as agreement in a bargaining game (Kalai-Smorodinsky solution) whose players correspond to the (extremal) `acceptable priors' among which the decision maker has suspended judgment. An essential but non-standard feature of Simultaneous Expected Utility choices is their dependence on the entire choice set. This is justified by the conception of optimality as compromise rather than as superiority in pairwise comparisons.
The turnover of the protein components of mitochondria from rat liver, kidney, and brain.

The turnover rates of the protein components of rat liver, kidney, and brain mitochondria were determined. In liver mitochondria, all protein components had an identical half-life of 8.5 days. In kidney mitochondria, the water-soluble proteins had a half-life of 5.9 days which was significantly shorter than that of the whole mitochondria, 8.6 days. The other protein components of kidney mitochondria had half-lives which did not differ significantly from that of the whole mitochondria. A similar situation was obtained with brain mitochondria in which the water-soluble proteins had a half-life of 17.9 days as compared to 26.3 days for the whole mitochondria. It is of interest that these water-soluble proteins appear to be synthesized extramitochondrially and then subsequently integrated into the mitochondrial structure.
A 3.125 Gb/s limit amplifier with 42 dB gain and 1 /spl mu/s offset compensation in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS

An offset-compensation method uses a peak detector and multiple tap feedback to achieve 1000/spl times/ improvement in settling time compared to prior art. Measurement results for a 3.125 Gb/s limit amplifier with 42 dB gain implemented in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process are presented.
Molecular defect of truncated beta-spectrin associated with hereditary elliptocytosis. Beta-spectrin Gottingen.

A large German family with autosomal dominantly inherited elliptocytosis, associated with truncated beta-spectrin missing the phosphorylated C-terminal peptide, has been described (Eber, S.W., Morris, S. A., Schroeter, W., and Gratzer, W. B. (1988) J. Clin. Invest. 81, 523-530). We have attempted to delineate the molecular defect of this abnormality at the gene level. Southern blot analyses revealed no evidence of a partial gene deletion or rearrangement. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplified several relevant portions of the beta-spectrin gene, using genomic DNA from two different heterozygous patients. No abnormality was found in the last four exons of the beta-spectrin gene produced by PCR. Examination of the introns connecting the last four exons revealed a T to A substitution in the 5' splice site following the exon X in four of eight clones prepared from two affected individuals, but not from a normal subject of this family. To examine the effect of the T to A substitution in these patients, we made cDNA from the reticulocyte mRNA of the patient and examined its composition by PCR. Two distinct PCR fragments produced from the patient's beta-spectrin cDNA were found. One matched the predicted size for normal spectrin, while the other was 197 base pairs shorter. The mutant cDNA sequence revealed that the entire exon preceding the T to A substitution was spliced out, while the two terminal exons were preserved. The deletion of this exon resulted in a frameshift giving a different terminal amino acid (serine instead of leucine) as well as a new termination codon causing a deletion of 129 amino acids including potentially phosphorylated residues.
Accuracy of a home throat culture program: a study of parent participation in health care.

During the past four years, the Pediatric Department of the Columbia Medical Plan, a Johns Hopkins affiliated Health Maintenance Organization, has developed a home culture program in which parents are taught to obtain throat cultures from their children at home when symptoms appear, with a subsequent visit only if the culture is streptococcal-positive. This study was done to assess parents9 accuracy by (1) a direct comparison of culture results between parents and health assistants at the clinic (group 1) and (2) an evaluation of children with negative cultures taken by parents at home, measured by the need for subsequent clinic visits (group 2). The attitudes of 70 participating families toward the program were also elicited. Families were selected on subjective criteria by the pediatric staff which instructed parents in technique and indications. Culturettes were taken home to be used as needed. Of 137 children in group 1, 24.8% were streptococcal-positive. Comparisons between health assistant and mother revealed agreement in 136 out of 137 specimens. In group 2, 28% of 100 children were streptococcal-positive; of those who were initially streptococcal-negative, 4.2% appeared within three weeks for an illness with a positive culture, compared to 4.7% in group 1. Two thirds of families felt our home culture approach improved medical care, and stated it reduced anxiety, decreased contagion, and eliminated unnecessary visits for children and their siblings. The data strongly suggest that a trained mother can play a major role in promptly and accurately identifying streptococcal throat infections without consulting a health care provider.
The adsorption of hydrogen on W(110) and Fe covered W(110) surfaces

Equilibrium values of isosteric desorption enthalpies ΔH and entropy changes ΔS for 2H(ads) → H2(gas) on W(110) and Fe1W(110) were determined from equilibrium coverage vs temperature plots at a number of fixed H2 pressures and plots of log P vs 1T at fixed coverages. The latter were obtained from work function increments Δo, and Δo vs absolute coverage data. The ΔS values also yield differential, and after integration over coverage, integral surface entropies. For H on W(110) ΔHdes decreases linearly from 35 Kcal mol−1 of H2 at low coverage to 29 Kcal mol−1 of H2 at θ = 0.5 and then remains virtually constant. Integral surface entropy exceeds that for an immobile, random lattice gas, presumably because of contributions from HW vibrations, but is much less than for a 2-d translational gas at all coverages. For H on Fe1W(110) maximum attainable coverage is HW ≅ 0.6. ΔHdes is roughly constant at 19–20 Kcal mol−1 for HW ≤ 0.3 but then rises to 30 Kcal mol−1 of H2. For HW ≤ 0.3 surface entropy is somewhat above that of a 2-d translational gas, but concomitant with the increase in ΔHdes differential entropy drops to −35 cal K−1mol−1 of H2. LEED indicates no changes in the Fe layer associated with the enthalpy and entropy changes. It is hypothesized that these changes correspond to changes in H binding from sites on top of the Fe layer to locations between Fe atoms or between Fe and W.
A new and improved MILP formulation to optimize observability, redundancy and precision for sensor network problems

New mathematical formulations of observability, redundancy, and an improved formulation for precision are provided which can be explicitly and analytically solved using mixed integer linear programming (MILP). By using the Schur complement found at the heart of both Gaussian elimination and Cholesky factorization for direct block matrix reduction and the variable classification and covariance calculations found in the reconciliation, regression, and regularization approach of Kelly, it is possible to efficiently optimize the overall instrumentation cost considering both estimability and variability as constraints during the branch-and-bound search of the MILP. Two illustrative examples are highlighted which minimize the cost of sensor placement subject to software and hardware redundancy of the measured variables, observability of the unmeasured variables, and their precision (i.e., inverse of their variance). This formulation is well suited to the problems of designing as well as retrofitting sensor locations in arbitrary networks. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Improving the Quality of Students' Dietary Intake in the School Setting.

The dramatic increase in our understanding of the brain's development throughout childhood has increased our knowledge of the significance of micronutrients, such as iron and vitamin B-12, for this development. Deficiencies of these micronutrients have been shown to have an impact on students' cognitive development. Regardless of this knowledge, students continue to make unhealthy food choices and develop poor dietary habits. School environments are places where there is an opportunity to practice healthy eating habits. Yet many school policies fail to address the sale of foods of minimal nutritional value in the school setting. School nurses can play a vital role in planning policies at the local and national level that support and encourage healthy food environments, performing assessments of the nutritional status of students, and spearheading the implementation of evidence-based health promotion programs. It is time for school nurses to take the lead in efforts aimed at improving the quality of students' dietary intake in the school setting.
Surface-plasmon field-enhanced multiphoton photoelectric emission from metal films.

We report a study of surface-plasmon-mediated multiphoton photoelectric emission from thin films of Ag, Au, Cu, and Al. The experiments were performed in the Kretchmann attenuated-total-internal reflection geometry while the excitation source was an unamplified femtosecond colliding-pulse mode-locked ring laser. Contrast to the electron emission obtained by irradiating the laser on a metal surface, electron yield increases by several orders of magnitude with fairly high quantum efficiency, is observed when photons are coupled to the surface-plasmon modes of these films. Although the photon absorption reaches its maximum when the reflectivity exhibits a deep minimum at the surface-plasmon resonance angle, it is found that the maximum electron yield occurs at a slightly different angle than the reflectivity dip. The results of these measurements favor the field-density calculations using the Fresnel equations. The width of the electron temporal profile, measured utilizing this nonlinear photoelectric effect, however, fails to show the narrowing commensurate with the higher-order nonlinearity.
Recording Power Characteristics of 130 mm Overwritable MO Disk by Laser Power Modulation Method

The authors investigate the recording power characteristics of 130 mm overwritable MO disk by laser power modulation method. At 2400 rpm, the laser power of 11 mW on disk is enough to record marks on our disk. When we choose the recording conditions properly, PL power margin of ±20% is attained at overall area of the disk.
The RenalGuard system reduced kidney injury more than a control system in high-risk patients

Source Citation Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, et al. Renal Insufficiency After Contrast Media Administration Trial II (REMEDIAL II): RenalGuard system in high-risk patients for contrast-induc...
Cyclotron production of 123Xe and high purity 123I: A comparison of tellurium targets

Abstract Cyclotron production of 123Xe from isotopically enriched tellurium targets was evaluated as a source of high purity 123I for radiopharmaceutical applications. The 123 Te ( 3 He , 3n) 123 Xe and the 124 Te ( 3 He , 4n) 123 Xe nuclear reactions have cross section peaks of 178 mb and 162 mb at 26 MeV and 45 MeV, respectively. The 123Xe thick target production yields for the reactions were 6·44 mCi/μAhr and 7·16 mCi/μAhr, respectively, as compared to >5 mCi/μAhr for the 122 Te ( 4 He , 3n) 123 Xe reaction. The radionuclidic impurity of 125I in the 123I can be kept to ≤0·2% in all cases. Considering the production yield and the cost per mg of enriched 124Te, the 124 Te ( 3 He , 4n) 123 Xe reaction is acceptable, although it has not been used in the past.
Demographic change and implications for planning economic strategy

Abstract The growth of population and jobs in nonmetropolitan areas and the decline in growth of metropolitan areas during the previous decade represented a significant reversal in previous settlement patterns in the industrial world. This paper examines the importance of economic and demographic change in explaining recent spatial patterns of concentration and deconcentration within a system's framework, and suggests implications for strategic economic and planning policies. The central hypothesis of this paper is that the nature of these interrelationships determine in large part the dynamics of change within metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas and makes possible a comprehensive view of the implications, for spatial redistribution, of planning policies and strategies.
Slicing-Independent RISC Activation Requires the Argonaute PAZ Domain

Small RNAs regulate genetic networks through a ribonucleoprotein complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which, in mammals, contains at its center one of four Argonaute proteins (Ago1-Ago4). A key regulatory event in the RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNA (miRNA) pathways is Ago loading, wherein double-stranded small-RNA duplexes are incorporated into RISC (pre-RISC) and then become single-stranded (mature RISC), a process that is not well understood. The Agos contain an evolutionarily conserved PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domain whose primary function is to bind the 3' end of small RNAs. We created multiple PAZ-domain-disrupted mutant Ago proteins and studied their biochemical properties and biological functionality in cells. We found that the PAZ domain is dispensable for Ago loading of slicing-competent RISC. In contrast, in the absence of slicer activity or slicer-substrate duplex RNAs, PAZ-disrupted Agos bound duplex small interfering RNAs, but were unable to unwind or eject the passenger strand and form functional RISC complexes. We have discovered that the highly conserved PAZ domain plays an important role in RISC activation, providing new mechanistic insights into how miRNAs regulate genes, as well as new insights for future design of miRNA- and RNAi-based therapeutics.
A Developmental Approach to Understanding Drawings and Narratives From Children Displaced by Hurricane Katrina

Abstract Using art as a process to help children externalize complex feelings can add another layer of assessment in the primary care setting. In the face of trauma, drawing may help children gain symbolic control over events that are confusing and frightening. Through examples of children who were affected by Hurricane Katrina, this article describes the use of drawings and narratives to understand children’s experiences related to traumatic displacement. Recommendations include using a developmental lens to understanding children’s art, asking children to talk about their drawings, and considering the significance of place for children who have been traumatically displaced.
Evaluation of Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Detection of Disbonds in Graphite/Epoxy To Metal Joints

Abstract Composite materials offer many attractive features in the design of aircraft, naval, and automotive vehicles. In order to employ composites in design with more confidence, it is necessary to be able to assess their integrity and strength by nondestructive means. One of the most widely used methods of nondestructive evaluation is the ultrasonic method with its many variations and techniques.
PRESUMPTIVE PARATUBERCULOSIS IN A VIRGINIA WHITE-TAILED DEER

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is described in a 5-month-old white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and pathology.
Population density and area: the role of within- and between-generation processes over time

The density‐area relationship has received considerable attention recently. A limitation of empirical examinations of the density‐area relationship is that they have been conducted over short time spans, focusing on within-generation mechanisms such as dispersal and ignoring potential between-generation effects. I used simulation modeling to investigate the effects of both within- and between-generation factors that vary with patch size on the density‐area relationship. In general, between-generation factors had a greater effect on long-term density‐area patterns than within-generation processes, but within-generation processes are important under certain conditions. Interactions between within- and between-generation processes produced several non-intuitive results. The results of this study demonstrate that to fully understand density‐area patterns both within- and between-generation patterns must be investigated. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
In vitro metabolism of trazodone by CYP3A: inhibition by ketoconazole and human immunodeficiency viral protease inhibitors

Abstract Background: Pharmacologic treatment of emotional disorders in HIV-infected patients can be more easily optimized by understanding of potential interactions of psychotropic drugs with medications used to treat HIV infection and its sequelae. Methods: Biotransformation of the antidepressant trazodone to its principal metabolite, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), was studied in vitro using human liver microsomes and heterologously expressed individual human cytochromes. Interactions of trazodone with the azole antifungal agent, ketoconazole, and with human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors (HIVPIs) were studied in the same system. Results: Formation of mCPP from trazodone in liver microsomes had a mean (± SE) K m value of 163 (± 21) μmol/L. Ketoconazole, a relatively specific CYP3A inhibitor, impaired mCPP formation consistent with a competitive mechanism, having an inhibition constant (K i ) of 0.12 (± 0.01) μmol/L. Among heterologously expressed human cytochromes, only CYP3A4 mediated formation of mCPP from trazodone; the K m was 180 μmol/L, consistent with the value in microsomes. The HIVPI ritonavir was a potent inhibitor of mCPP formation in liver microsomes (K i = 0.14 ± 0.04 μmol/L). The HIVPI indinavir was also a strong inhibitor, whereas saquinavir and nelfinavir were weaker inhibitors. Conclusions: CYP3A-mediated clearance of trazodone is inhibited by ketoconazole, ritonavir and indinavir, and indicates the likelihood of pharmacokinetic interactions in vivo.
Slash expenses with consumer‐driven health plans

Health-care costs continue to soar, affecting firms of all sizes. Companies need cost relief. So, they're now looking at consumer-driven healthcare plans instead of traditional ones. How do these innovative new plans work? What are their advantages and disadvantages? And what's the best way to implement them? The authors have some answers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continental Ice Sheets: Conditions for Growth

The conditions required for the development of major ice sheets in eastern Canada appear to have been approximated by those of the Little Ice Age in the 17th through the 19th centuries. Former exte...
Validation study of a method for assessing complex ill-structured problem solving by using causal representations

The important but little understood problem that motivated this study was the lack of research on valid assessment methods to determine progress in higher-order learning in situations involving complex and ill-structured problems. Without a valid assessment method, little progress can occur in instructional design research with regard to designing effective learning environments to facilitate acquisition of expertise in complex, ill-structured knowledge domains. In this paper, we first present a method based on causal representations for assessing progress of learning in complex, ill-structured problem solving and discuss its theoretical framework. Then, we present an experimental study investigating its validity against adapted protocol analysis. This study explored the impact of a massively multiplayer online educational game, which was designed to support an interdisciplinary STEM education on ninth-grade students’ complex, ill-structured problem solving skill acquisition. We identify conceptual similarities and differences between the two methods, present our comparative study and its results, and then discuss implications for diagnostics and applications. We conclude by determining how the two approaches could be used in conjunction for further research on complex and ill-structured problem solving.
A 44-year-old woman with cutaneous bullae and extensive skin necrosis.

Five weeks before presentation, the patient had experi-enced a cough and mild dyspnea. She was diagnosed withpneumonia, completed a 7-day course of ciproﬂoxacin anddoxycycline, and her respiratory symptoms resolved.Three weeks before presentation, the patient had reportedfevers, chills, diaphoresis, arthralgias, and myalgias, anddeveloped a small erythematous lesion on her left breast.The lesion subsequently enlarged and became hemor-rhagic. She simultaneously developed additional lesionson her chest, abdomen, arms, and back. The largest ofthese, located on her left arm, was 15 cm in diameter. Allof the lesions were exquisitely tender. She was hospital-ized at an outside hospital for 5 days and given a diagnosisof cocaine-induced vasculitis. Upon discharge, she wasinstructed to abstain from cocaine and was prescribedtrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for a possible cellulitis in-volving the skin lesions.Ten days after discharge from the outside hospital, thepatient presented to our institution for pain managementand further evaluation. The rash had progressed since herearlier discharge. She had continued to use cocaine, her-oin, and prescription opioids. She had last smoked co-caine 3 days before presentation and last used intranasalheroin 1 week before admission. She reported acquiringcocaine from a new supplier 2 weeks before her rash hadbegun.
Does Sequence of Presentation Matter in Reading Comprehension? A Model Based Analysis of Semantic Concept Network Growth during Reading

Though not completely natural, reading is one of the most common means of learning for modern humans. In this paper we present an interesting study how the presentation sequence of concepts during reading might impact the semantic network of meaning generated. Text comprehension can be viewed as an incremental and episodic process. Concepts which are recognized are subsequently integrated into the background knowledge represented by a semantic network. We present a reading experiment in which groups of readers are presented same sample texts but in varying order of sentences to simulate different sequences of concept presentation. For comprehensive analysis, we also use a new computational model of the segmentation and integration process and summarize the learning. We then compare the resulting summary networks of the reader groups revealing a number of interesting observations.
The effects of instructions, fixed rate of presentation, and complexity on free looking time

The effect of stimulus complexity, prior experience with a short or long fixed rate of presentation (FRP) and S’s knowledge concerning the purpose ot the experiment on free looking time (FLT), was examined. Results indicated that under all conditions, Ss view complex stimuli longer than simple. A long FRP produced longer FLT than did a short FRP for Ss uninformed of the purpose of the experiment, hut FRP had no effect on FLT for Ss who were informed.
Pharmacoprophylaxis of tension-type headache

Although tension-type headache typically is not as disabling as migraine, its chronic form may significantly impair patients’ functional ability. The pathogenesis of tension-type headache remains largely unknown. Compared with migraine, tension-type headache is the object of much less research. For a number of years, research on headache therapy has vastly emphasized migraine. Even cluster headache, which is far less frequent than tension-type headache, has been subject to more therapeutic trials than tensiontype headache. Therefore, it is not surprising that since the advent of studies (as early as 1964) on amitriptyline, which remains a pivotal treatment choice, the number of emerging treatments for this condition remains scarce, even in 2005. This emphasizes the need for renewed interest in this field. However, alternate treatment approaches, such as botulinum toxin injections, albeit controversial, have renewed hopes lately. In addition, recent progress in the understanding of tension-type headache pathophysiology, such as the role of peripheral and central sensitization, has revived interest in the field. This is a review of available, proven, or suspected prophylactic therapies for tensiontype headache.
Histological and morphometric evaluation of transient retinal and optic nerve ischemia in rat

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is caused by a transient optic nerve ischemia and results in permanent vision loss. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this ischemic optic nerve injury. This study characterized the duration and extent of ischemia induced after a coagulopathy injury to the optic nerve of adult rats. Acute ischemia was induced in adult rats by intravenous injection of Rose Bengal dye, followed by argon green laser treatment of the vessels at the optic disc. Rats were assessed in the short-term for hypoxyprobe-1 binding and expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and fractin, markers of neuronal injury. Five months after injury, optic axon number was quantified. The coagulopathy injury resulted in short-term hypoxia in the optic nerve and retina. Tissues were hypoxic within 15 min of the coagulopathy injury, but normoxic by 24 h as measured by hypoxyprobe-1 staining. Both HIF-1alpha and fractin were upregulated in ganglion cells variably across the retina. Five months after the ischemic injury, there was a 71% reduction in optic axon number compared to controls. It is critical to have a reproducible and relevant method for producing transient hypoxia in order to test therapeutic strategies for rescuing injured neurons. The coagulopathy induced in this study resulted in a reproducible and transient ischemic optic nerve injury and long-term axonal loss. This ischemia shows similar, although not identical, morphological and physiological changes to those seen in the human eye after optic nerve ischemia. We are currently testing therapeutic strategies to protect ganglion cells from degeneration after this ischemic injury.
Accelerometer-Based Computer Navigation for Performing the Distal Femoral Resection in Total Knee Arthroplasty

The use of intramedullary alignment guides for performing the distal femoral resection in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have not been shown to be highly accurate. Forty-eight knees underwent a TKA using a portable, accelerometer-based surgical navigation system for performing the distal femoral resection (KneeAlign 2 system; OrthAlign, Inc, Aliso Viejo, Calif). Of the femoral components, 95.8% were placed within 90° ± 2° to the femoral mechanical axis in the coronal plane, and 93.8% of the TKAs had an overall lower extremity alignment within 3° of neutral to the mechanical axis, based on postoperative, standing, hip-to-ankle radiographs. The KneeAlign 2 is highly accurate in positioning the femoral component in TKA, and accelerometer-based navigation is able to reliably determine the hip center of rotation and femoral mechanical axis.