cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interplay between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in cardiac proteotoxicity.

Abstract Proteotoxicity refers to the detrimental effects of damaged/misfolded proteins on the cell. Cardiac muscle is particularly susceptible to proteotoxicity because sustained and severe proteotoxic stress leads to cell death and the cardiac muscle has very limited self-renewal capacity. The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP) are two major pathways responsible for degradation of most cellular proteins. Alterations of UPS and ALP functions are associated with the accumulation of proteotoxic species in the heart, a key pathological feature of common forms of heart disease including idiopathic, ischemic, and pressure-overloaded cardiomyopathies and a large subset of congestive heart failure. Emerging evidence suggests that proteasome inhibition or impairment activates autophagy and conversely, acute ALP inhibition may sometimes increase intrinsic proteasome peptidase activities but chronic ALP inhibition hinders UPS performance in ubiquitinated protein degradation. The exact molecular basis on which the two degradative pathways interact remains largely undefined. Here we review current understanding of the roles of the UPS and autophagy in the control of cardiac proteotoxicity, with a specific focus on the crosstalk between the two pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Autophagy and protein quality control in cardiometabolic diseases.
Another constructive axiomatization of Euclidean planes

H. Tietze has proved algebraically that the geometry of uniquely determined ruler and compass constructions coincides with the geometry of ruler and set square constructions. We provide a new proof of this result via new universal axiom systems for Euclidean planes of characteristic ≠ 2 in languages containing only operation symbols.
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING PREFERENCES IN DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES

In this article, we introduce an alternative technique to the single-sentence question for measuring preferences for number of children, age at marriage, length of first birth interval, length of employment, and years of schooling. This new measurement procedure utilizes a graphic scale rather than verbal responses, and it places family size decisions within the context of several other major life cycle decisions. One month reliability data for the measurement technique were obtained from a sample of 107 school children. Reliability results are compared to data from a previous study of teenagers.
Substituent effects in porphyrins and metalloporphyrins

Abstract Substituent effects on complex formation between variously substituted metallodeuteroporphyrins with filled t 20 orbitals and extraplanar ligand(s) can be correlated by Hammett free-energy plots. The slopes of these plots are positive and the correlation is high with substituent constants typical of resonance transmission of electronic effects. Conversely, correlation of the monoprotonation of substituted deuteroporphyrins requires σ m substituent constants, indicative of the inductive mode of transmission. Electron spin resonance spectra of the d 9 metalloporphyrins are in accord with the concept of the resonance mode of transmission and suggest that the porphyrins with strongly electron withdrawing groups produce a relatively low ligand field.
Shape and soft functions of HQET and SCET in the 't Hooft model

Abstract The main application of heavy quark effective theory (HQET) and of soft collinear effective theory (SCET) is in establishing factorization theorems for exclusive and semi-inclusive decays of heavy mesons. However, the calculation of the soft factors from the HQET or SCET factorization relations is, as usual, impeded by the non-perturbative aspect of the strong interactions. In the hope of gaining some insights into some of these quantities we compute them in the 't Hooft model. We find that the B-meson shape function is exactly given by the square of the B-meson light-cone wave-function. The structure of the B – π soft function is more complicated: it is given by the product of wave-functions or by a resonant sum depending on the kinematics. The result simplifies dramatically in the chiral limit, where it can be compared with general arguments based on heavy meson-chiral perturbation theory. No attempt is made to use these results for applications to phenomenology.
High-dose clinical urography with the low-osmolality contrast agent Hexabrix: comparison with a conventional contrast agent.

A double-blind clinical trial was performed in 60 patients to compare Hexabrix (ioxaglate meglumine and ioxaglate sodium) and Renografin-60 (diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium). Use of Hexabrix produced higher urinary iodine concentrations, lower urine volumes at 30 minutes, and excretory urograms significantly better in diagnostic quality, as rated by four independent observers. There was no difference in nephrogram quality between contrast agents. Patients receiving Hexabrix had less of an increase in heart rate and demonstrated a slight rise in mean arterial blood pressure, rather than the biphasic rise then fall seen with Renografin-60. There was no significant change for up to 96 hours after urography in results of hematology, clinical chemistry, or urinalysis, except for an increase of 0.005 in urine specific gravity with Renografin-60. Patients reported significantly less body heat, heat in the injection arm, and overall discomfort with Hexabrix. There was a similar amount of nausea and v...
Unified Analysis of Leap-Frog Methods for Solving Time-Domain Maxwell's Equations in Dispersive Media

In this paper, we consider the time dependent Maxwell's equations resulting from dispersive medium models. First, the stability and Gauss's law are proved for all three most popular dispersive medium models: the isotropic cold plasma, the one-pole Debye medium and the two-pole Lorentz medium. Then leap-frog mixed finite element methods are developed for these three models. Optimal error estimates are proved for all three models solved by the lowest-order Raviart-Thomas-Nedelec spaces. Extensions to multiple pole dispersive media are presented also. Numerical results confirming the analysis are presented.
Sustained IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-6 elevations following correction of hyperglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Objective: An imbalance of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines may accelerate diabetic vascular complications and interfere with proper wound healing. Currently, limited available literature suggests that plasma concentrations of certain pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be altered during hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus. It is still unclear, however, whether these concepts also apply to children with diabetes, and whether alterations in circulating cytokine levels are a permanent feature of diabetes or an acute effect of fluctuating glucose concentrations. Methods: Twenty-two children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) were studied. In 13 children, postprandial morning plasma glucose was >11.1 mmol/L at least once (hyperglycemic group, or HyG group); in 9 subjects, plasma glucose never exceeded 10.6 mmol/L (non-hyperglycemic group, or non-HyG group). After admission, intensive euglycemia (5.0–6.1 mmol/L) was achieved in all participants via intravenous insulin and dextrose for at least 90 min. Blood samples were drawn every 30 min to determine plasma levels of 14 cytokines and chemokines. Results: Interleukin IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-6 were elevated in HyG group compared with non-HyG not only when plasma glucose was elevated but also during the first 2 h following return to euglycemia. The levels of the other 11 cytokines were not significantly different. Conclusions: Specific cytokines (IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-6) are acutely elevated during hyperglycemia in children with T1DM, and these elevations persist for hours after hyperglycemia has been corrected. Therefore, aside from glycemic control, additional therapeutic measures against elevated proinflammatory signals may be necessary for preventing vascular complications in children with hyperglycemic diabetes.
Oral contraceptives and malignant melanoma

The effects if any which oral contraceptive (OC) use has on risk of illness has been widely studied. One such case-control study by Palmer et al. investigated the relationship between OC usage and the risk of developing cutaneous malignant melanoma. It is the Palmer report which serves as the basis of this commentary. The first area addressed the studys grouping criteria. Severe and nonsevere cases were grouped based on tumor thickness and presence of metastases. Palmer et al. concluded that OC use did not increase risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma. This report suggests that a selection bias was evident based on the differences in surveillance methods of OC users and nonusers. The authors then explain that if this bias was present one or both of two explanations must be true. The first explanation states that due to the studys increased level of surveillance many of the detected lesions would not have been diagnosed. The second explanation states that from the population a high proportion of OC users had initiated their own OC use recently and therefore the surveillance level would have been absent. Further they state that the relative risk of melanoma associated with OC use would be unchanged if either explanation was absent due to the lack of early detection efforts. A review of the literature on OC use and melanoma risk indicates that no clear relationship exists between them. The authors believe the Palmer et al. study to be a negative one if the assumption is made regarding the truly nonmalignant nature of some of the lesions being identified as melanoma.
Factors Affecting the Interpretation of Selectivity on Synergi Reversed-Phase Columns

The solvation parameter model is used to establish the contribution of cohesion, dipole-type, and hydrogen-bonding interactions to the retention mechanism on Synergi Hydro-RP, Fusion-RP, and Polar-RP reversed-phase columns with methanol–water mobile phases containing from 10–70% (v/v) methanol. Large changes in relative retention on the compared columns can result from steric resistance, differences in the phase ratios, and from dewetting at low methanol compositions while changes in intermolecular interactions are responsible for smaller changes at a fixed mobile phase composition. For Synergi Hydro-RP and Polar-RP changing methanol for acetonirile is more powerful for affecting changes in retention order than changing the stationary phase. The three Synergi columns show useful selectivity differences for method development when compared with 13 other modern reversed-phase columns representing a selection of different stationary phase chemistries. The results from this study indicate the limitations of classifying reversed-phase columns by the retention of prototypical compounds to define specific retention mechanisms.
Modeling of light propagation in tissue-like media with applications in reconstruction of skin lesions

An optical backscatter measuring instrument called a Nevoscope is being developed to non-invasively determine 3D characteristics of skin lesions with applications in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Backscattered radiation measurements are used in a heuristic 3-D reconstruction scheme. Monte Carlo simulations of photon histories are employed to study the propagation of light in a turbid medium such as the human skin.
Police Perceptions of Alcohol Intoxication

The accuracy of police perceptions of alcohol intoxication was assessed by comparing officers' impressions of intoxication with quantitative Breathalyzer measurements of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Eighteen police officers predicted the BACs of 36 students who had consumed either a high or low dosage of alcohol. Results indicated that the officers could not discriminate between students who had consumed either the high or low alcohol dosage. More specifically, the officers were reasonably accurate in their predictions of students in the low alcohol condition, but they strongly underestimated the degree of intoxication of students in the high dose condition.
Idiopathic immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and recent vaccination in dogs.

Background Vaccination is often cited as a potential cause of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs. Although an association has been documented in humans, particularly in children, this relationship has not been definitively established in dogs. Objectives To identify the presence of an association between recent vaccination and ITP in dogs. Animals Forty-eight client-owned dogs with presumptive idiopathic ITP and 96 age-matched, client-owned dogs with non-immune-mediated disease. Methods Retrospective, case-control study. Dogs were identified through the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB) and Hospital Information System at Purdue University. Results The median age at presentation for dogs with ITP was 7 years (range: 2–15 years). The majority of the ITP group was comprised of mixed breed dogs (38%); no pure breed was represented by more than 3 cases. The number of dogs that were vaccinated within 42 days of diagnosis of ITP did not differ significantly (P = .361) between cases of presumptive ITP (4/48, 8%) and the control group (13/96, 14%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study failed to confirm the presence of an association between presumptive idiopathic ITP in dogs and recent vaccination; however, the possibility of an association cannot be completely ruled out based on the small sample populations and requires further investigation.
Validation of ICD-9 Code 787.2 for Identification of Individuals with Dysphagia from Administrative Databases

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of dysphagia coding using the International Classification of Diseases version 9 (ICD-9) code 787.2. We used the administrative database of a tertiary hospital and sequential videofluorographic swallowing study (VFSS) reports for patients admitted to the same hospital from January to June 2007. The VFSS reports were abstracted and the hospital’s database was queried to abstract the coding associated with the admission during which the VFSS was performed. The VFSS and administrative data were merged for data analysis. Dysphagia was coded (using code 787.2) in 36 of 168 cases that had a VFSS. Of these, 34 had dysphagia diagnosed by VFSS (our gold standard) and one had a prior history of dysphagia. Code 787.2 had sensitivity of 22.8, specificity of 89.5, and positive and negative predictive values of 94.4 and 12.9, respectively. Dysphagia was largely undercoded in this database, but when the code was present those individuals were very likely to be dysphagic. Selection of dysphagic cases using the ICD-9 code is appropriate for within-group comparisons. Absence of the code, however, is not a good predictor of the absence of dysphagia.
Controls on induced polarization in sandy unconsolidated sediments and application to aquifer characterization

Resistivity and induced polarization (IP) measurements (0.1–1000 Hz) were made on clay‐free unconsolidated sediments from a sandy, alluvial aquifer in the Kansas River floodplain. The sensitivity of imaginary conductivity σ″, a fundamental IP measurement, to lithological parameters, fluid conductivity, and degree of saturation was assessed. The previously reported power law dependence of IP on surface area and grain size is clearly observed despite the narrow lithologic range encountered in this unconsolidated sedimentary sequence. The grain‐size σ″ relationship is effectively frequency independent between 0.1 and 100 Hz but depends on the representative grain diameter used. For the sediments examined here, d90, the grain diameter of the coarsest sediments in a sample, is well correlated with σ″. The distribution of the internal surface in the well‐sorted, sandy sediments investigated here is such that most of the sample weight is likely required to account for the majority of the internal surface. We fin...
Documentation of Agricultural Tractor and Combine Modifications for Physically Disabled Operators

In 1986, the authors conducted a study of self-propelled agricultural machines for the National Institute of Handicapped Research. The primary goals of the study were to identify and evaluate the modifications made to agricultural machines to enable farmers with serious physical handicaps to operate them and to document the results for use by rehabilitation professionals. One type of information frequently requested from Purdue University's Breaking New Ground Resource Center has dealt with access to agricultural machinery by farmers with restricted mobility caused by spinal cord injuries or amputations. Even in today's highly automated farm operation, it appears that the ability to run agricultural production equipment remains essential to its success. It has been concluded that the operation of this equipment is one of the most serious vocational barriers perceived by physically disabled agricultural workers. A uniform technique and a supporting documentation tool were developed and used in a study of 2...
Ownership of the fish in 200 mile zones

The fish in a 200-mile zone are owned by the coastal state, under a completely new concept of tiered jurisdiction which has emerged in a relatively few years. The history of this development, not intended by the authors of numerous acts, is discussed. It is on the basis of this new concept of ownership that economic rent may be collected for the fish in the zone. This disagrees with the theory that economic rent may be collected even if the fish are not owned. Ownership does not have adverse implications for other jurisdictional aspects beyond the territorial sea.
Optical test alignment using computer generated holograms

Measurement systems for optical surfaces that lack axisymmetry are notoriously difficult to align and have limited accuracy. This paper describes a technique that uses a single CGH to act as null lens for measuring the aspheric surface, at the same time as it projects alignment marks into space that can be used for aligning the test. By providing reference features and the surface shape on the same hologram, we ensure accurate alignment. This method can also be used for aligning systems with multiple surfaces.
Fabrication, Processing, and Characterization of Braided, Continuous SiC Fiber-Reinforced/CVI SiC Matrix Ceramic Composites

Abstract Three-dimensionally reinforced continuous-fiber ceramic matrix composites (CFCCs) were fabricated from preforms of braided SiC fiber (Nicalon(™)) tows that had been coated with 0.4 μm thick layer of pyrolytic graphite. A hybrid infiltration process of chemical vapor infiltration and polymer impregnation pyrolysis was used to form the matrix. The as-fabricated CFCCs were composed of ∼34 vol% fiber and ∼36 vol%matrix with ∼29 vol% residual porosity. Appropriate specimens were tested at 20° and 1000°C along the longitudinal braiding direction in uniaxial tension, compression and three and four-point flexure. Linear stress-strain responses to well-defined proportional limits (∼75 MPa) occurred for tension and flexure at both temperatures. Nonlinear stress-strain behaviour occurred beyond the proportional limit up to fracture at ultimate strengths in tension on the order of 175-200 MPa for 20°C and 100 MPa for 1000°C. SEM fractography revealed fiber pullout for the 20°C tests and evidence of brittle f...
Phagocytic activities of the gorgonian coral Swiftia exserta.

The cellular response component of body defense in gorgonians and other cnidarians is thought to be carried out by cells with phagocytic capabilities. To test for the phagocytic character of cells, the introduction of foreign particles was employed and observed in both living cells and histological preparations of the gorgonian coral Swiftia exserta. Observations of untreated tissues revealed normal cells and tissue morphologies. A microscopic observation of living cells following the introduction of particles in a cut revealed that only a mixed population of colorless cells phagocytized the particles. Also particles or clumps of particles were seen on the surface of the colorless cells. Subsequent histological observations allowed identity of colorless cells to be inferred as granular amoebocytes, ectodermal cells, and gastrodermal cells. Cells stained for localization of peroxidase (indicative of phagocytic activity) demonstrated the presence of peroxidase-positive cells. Histological preparations revealed that major phagocytosis of particles was associated with tissue trauma. When particles were introduced by means of a cut or inserted thread, phagocytic activity was detected within 2 h. However, it was confined to the granular amoebocytes in the immediate site of trauma. After 24 h, extensive phagocytosis spread throughout a relatively large area surrounding the wound. At that later time, phagocytic cell types included granular amoebocytes, epidermal cells, sclerocytes, mesogleal cells, and gastrodermal cells of the solenia. Observations suggest that trauma induces phagocytosis in cells not normally phagocytic in S. exserta. No localization of phagocytic cells and no mitotic cells were observed at either 2 or 24 h after particle introduction.
Are users threatened by credibility assessment systems

Despite the improving accuracy of agent-based expert systems, human expert users aided by these systems have not improved their accuracy. Self-affirmation theory suggests that human expert users co...
Pedestal or Gutter Exploring Ambivalent Sexism’s Relationship With Abortion Attitudes

Previous research has examined many aspects of ambivalent sexism theory, although there has been an overall dearth of research conducted on its potential relationship to abortion attitudes. This st...
Space-time defect solutions of the Einstein field equations

Ideas from the theory of defects in crystalline matter are combined with results from the direct gauge theory for the Poincare group to obtain exact solutions of the Einstein field equations. Many of the solutions are sufficiently simple that the equations for geodesic motion can be solved in closed form. Some of these solutions exhibit unexpected behaviors and properties, such as geodesic motions with hyperlight speed and local time reversals relative to observers in the asymptotic Minkowski space-time at large distances from the defect core regions. However, these same geodesic motions are regular in the frames of reference attached to observers that move along the geodesies, and hence no established physical laws are broken by such solutions.
Arapaho Imperatives: Indirectness, Politeness and Communal "Face"

This article first provides a description of the imperative verb order in Arapaho, which has never been fully described. It then examines the use of indirect imperatives in particular, which grammaticalize the roles of third parties, as well as speakers and addressees. Close attention is paid to the interplay between prototypical reference-world situations, questions of socially-determined authority and relationships, and the issue of deference and politeness more generally. This discussion is placed in the context of Arapaho society, where traditional ceremonial roles, stereotyped kinship relationships, and an age-graded hierarchy remain important among older Arapaho speakers. The article concludes with a consideration of the concept of communal "face" as a revision to excessively individualistic analyses of politeness.
Characteristics of the child behavior checklist in adolescents with depression associated with bipolar disorder

Background The child behavior checklist-Juvenile bipolar disorder phenotype (CBCL-JBD) has been proposed as a distinct profile specific to children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The objective of this study was to examine whether bipolar disorder youth with depression exhibit the “CBCL-Juvenile bipolar disorder phenotype.”
Tissue culture and plant regeneration of big cordgrass,Spartina cynosuroides: implications for wetland restoration

Big cordgrass,Spartina cynosuroides (Poaceae), grows in extensive stands in brackish marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States and along the margins of tidal streams where freshwater wetland plants dominate the back marsh. Since big cordgrass is a species of ecological importance in wetland replenishment, a tissue culture and regeneration protocol was developed for it. This protocol provides a mechanism for producing improved varieties.Spartina cynosuroides callus was initiated from the mesocotyl of sterile seedlings grown on both a medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts + 3% sucrose + 0.5 mg 1−1 6-benzylaminopurine + 1 mg 1−1 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid + 0.5 mg 1−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5% coconut water and a medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts + 3% sucrose + 1 mg 1−1 Indole-3-acetic acid and 1 mg 1−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, but not from seedlings germinated on the previous medium plus 5% coconut water. Shoots formed from callus after it was transferred to a shoot regeneration medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts plus 1.0 mg 1−1 6-benzylaminopurine. Roots formed from the base of these shoots after the larger shoots were transferred to root regeneration medium containing reduced-strength Murashige and Skoog medium. The mode of plant regeneration was via organogenesis, and the regenerated plants have set viable seeds in the greenhouse. This callus culture and regeneration procedure will be useful for producingS. cynosuroides somaclonal variants with superior characteristics for wetland restoration and creation in stressful habitats.
Creep cavitation in the neighborhood of stress concentrations

Abstract The results of several experiments into the formation and distribution of creep cavitation in the neighborhood of stress concentrations in 2 1 4 Cr −1 Mo and 304 stainless steel are reported. Of particular interest is the use of an image analyzing computer to construct quantitative maps of cavity sizes and distributions. Comparisons are drawn in one case with the results of a finite element simulation, and some degree of overall agreement is noted.
Wetland hydrology as a function of hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclass

Characterizing wetland hydrology is key to assessing relative function over a range of wetland types. However, hydrologic data are often lacking. To address this lack of information, we categorized a set of 24 reference wetlands by hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclass from 1993 to 1995, installed monitoring wells and piezometers, and assessed local water-table levels, pH, and specific conductance by month. Four HGM wetland subclasses were common to central Pennsylvania (riparian depression (n=8), slope (n=7), mainstem floodplain (n=5), and headwater floodplain (n=4)) and formed the basis for our analysis. Median depth to water in the wells differed by HGM subclass. Riparian depressions had the shallowest depth to water (−8 cm) and headwater floodplain wetlands the greatest (−70 cm). Comparisons of the percent occurrence of a piezometric head (from comparisons between paired piezometer and slotted wells) indicated that riparian depressions and slopes had significant ground-water inputs (47 and 48%, respectively), whereas the mainstem floodplain (31%) and headwater floodplain wetlands (23%) were more surface-water-driven systems. Water occurred within the root zone (30 cm) most often for riparian depressions (80% of observations), intermediate for slopes (48%), and least for mainstem floodplains (17%) and headwater floodplains (6%). Headwater floodplain wetlands were never inundated by overbank flow during this study but instead received water from snowmelt and overland flow after rain events. Mainstem floodplain wetlands were inundated by floods during major storm events. The upper 30 cm of soil (i.e., the root zone of plants) was almost continually saturated in riparian depressions, but rarely for both floodplain systems. Slope wetlands were intermediate between riparian depressions and floodplain systems in the amount of time water was present within 30 cm of the ground surface. Riparian depressions and slopes had lower pH than floodplain systems, and pH did not vary significantly by month for any HGM subclass. Floodplain systems (both headwater and mainstem) had greater values of specific conductance than either riparian depressions or slopes; riparian depressions were the only HGM subclass to show seasonality in specific conductance. Factors other than HGM subclass that may have influenced the hydrologic pattern and water quality parameters included bedrock geology, disturbance levels, and watershed attributes.
Developing texture-based image clutter measures for object detection

Automatic object detection is one of the basic tasks performed by an image understanding system. Object detection approaches need to perform accurately and robustly over a wide range of scenes. Although a number of detection approaches have been developed and reported, a need remains for standards by which to judge the relative merits of such approaches. Image characteristics, object characteristics, and detection methodology are recognized as the main variables affecting object detection. A basis for their quantitative analysis and evaluation is developed. This research keeps object detection methodology constant while varying image and object characteristics to develop a set of quantiative standards. This requires an ability to derive a quantitative measure for the "clutter" observed in an image. A performance index for object detection approaches, as a function of scene nature, is valuable. Current approaches to image clutter or quality characterization are studied and a new measure based on image texture content and object characteristics is proposed. An extensive set of experimental studies is utilized to evaluate this texture-based image clutter (TIC) measure. TIC is shown to be better suited than other reported clutter measures because of its ability to accurately quantify perceptual effects and to serve as a robust indicator ofthe object detection and false alarm rates as a function of image clutter.
Expanding bubbles in a thermal background

Real scalar field models incorporating asymmetric double well potentials will decay to the state of lowest energy. While the eventual nature of the system can be discerned, the determination of the dynamics of the bubble wall provides many difficulties. In the present study we investigate numerically the evolution of spherically symmetric expanding bubbles coupled to a thermal bath in $3+1$ dimensions. A Markovian Langevin equation is employed to describe the interaction between bubble and bath. We find the shape and velocity of the wall to be independent of temperature, yet extremely sensitive to both asymmetry and viscosity.
Small Angle Electron Scattering from Vacuum Condensed Metallic Films II. Experimental Results

The electron microscope is used as a small angle diffraction camera, with an angular resolution of about 5 × 10−6 rad, to investigate the structure of some vacuum deposited metallic films. Film structure is sensitive to condensation rate and radiant heat received from the vapour source. The growth of crystallites as separate columns is favoured by slow condensation rates in the case of nickel, permalloy, and palladium whilst at faster rates the films become continuous at an earlier stage in their growth. The sensitivity of the diffraction effects on the film structure is demonstrated and the general relations proposed in Part I are verified.
Trends in epistaxis embolization in the United States: a study of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2003-2010.

Abstract Purpose Endovascular embolization has emerged as a viable adjunct and alternative to surgical ligation in selected cases of epistaxis refractory to nasal packing. A large administrative database was used to study outcomes, complications, and trends in utilization of surgical and endovascular treatments for epistaxis. Materials and Methods With the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2003 to 2010, patients with a primary diagnosis of epistaxis undergoing surgical ligation and/or endovascular embolization were identified. Trends in the use of these procedures from 2003 to 2010 were examined. Three groups of patients were defined: those who underwent (i) surgical ligation, (ii) endovascular embolization, or (iii) both. Demographic variables, comorbidities, and outcomes were compared across groups. Results Among a total of 69,410 patients identified, 64,289 (92.6%) underwent surgical ligation alone for epistaxis, 4,440 (6.4%) underwent endovascular embolization alone, and 681 (1.0%) underwent both treatments. Use of endovascular embolization for epistaxis increased from 2.8% of cases in 2003 to 10.7% of cases in 2010 ( P P = .89). Endovascular embolization was associated with significantly higher rates of stroke (0.9% [41 of 4,440] vs 0.1% [34/64,289]; P P Conclusions Use of endovascular embolization for treatment of epistaxis increased significantly between 2003 and 2010. Patients who underwent endovascular embolization had similar mortality rates but higher stroke rates compared with those who underwent surgical ligation.
Ubiquitous computing design principles: supporting human-human and human-computer transactions

In this paper, we discuss the results from ethnographic and informance work related to transactions in retail settings as related to the design of interactive ubiquitous computing systems. We find that - for practical considerations of design and implementation - transactions can be represented as balanced exchanges in the context of a trust relationship. We've proposed that such exchanges become trusted - and that trust must be accommodated - through at least three characteristics of social systems as applied to transactions: accountability, real-time inspectability and the capacity to exercise recourse. In this paper, we extend further recent work on designing for accountability (Eriksen, 2002). We suggest that ubiquitous computing technologies applied to transactions in general and, retail transactions more specifically, need to explicitly consider these characteristics in their design to support trusted, balanced exchanges.
AN ATTITUDE STUDY OF STUDENTS IN A COMMUNITY COLLEGE, A STATE UNIVERSITY, AND A TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

The purpose of this study in college student culture was to determine whether students entering different types of postsecondary institutions have value systems and/or personality characteristics which differ according to the type of institution they select An assessment of the attitudes and traits students bring with them to college was made at a comprehensive state university, a technical institute, and a community college. The 16 Personality Factors Test of the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing (16 PF of the IPAT) was administered to 269 students in selected freshman level mathematics classes at the three schools. Individual factor scores were used to compute group means for each type of school on the 16 personality factors. The t test applied to differences in group means revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among groups on several factors. The results support the hypothesis that student personality factors are related to the type of college selected. If further research as recommen...
Antibody 17b binding at the coreceptor site weakens the kinetics of the interaction of envelope glycoprotein gp120 with CD4.

HIV-1 utilizes CD4 and the chemokine coreceptor for viral entry. The coreceptor CCR5 binding site on gp120 partially overlaps with the binding epitope of 17b, a neutralizing antibody of HIV-1. We designed a multicomponent biosensor assay to investigate the kinetic mechanism of interaction between gp120 and its receptors and the cooperative effect of the CCR5 binding site on the CD4 binding site, using 17b as a surrogate of CCR5. The Env gp120 proteins from four viral strains (JRFL, YU2, 89.6, and HXB2) and their corresponding C1-, V1/V2-, C5-deleted mutants (ΔJRFL, ΔYU2, Δ89.6, and ΔHXB2) were tested in this study. We found that, across the primary and lab-adapted virus strains, 17b reduced the affinity of all four full-length Env gp120s for sCD4 by decreasing the on-rate and increasing the off-rate. This effect of 17b on full-length gp120 binding to sCD4 contrasts with the enhancing effect of sCD4 on gp120−17b interaction. For the corresponding loop-deleted mutants of Env gp120, the off-rates of the gp12...
A wire probe as an ion source for an electron beam ion trap

A thin wire probe inserted near the electron beam in an electron beam ion trap provides a source of ions for the trap. The wire can be plated with a small amount of source material permitting the use of rare or expensive materials. Here we present results on tests with probes of various materials to demonstrate the success of the technique. In one case a sample of approximately 100 ng of 233U was plated on a platinum wire tip and used to continuously fill the trap for 10 days.
Norepinephrine does not contribute to methamphetamine-induced changes in hippocampal serotonergic system

The purpose of this study was to determine whether norepinephrine (NE) mediated the reduction in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the hippocampus and other serotonergic changes, induced by a single or multiple administrations of methamphetamine. The NE in the hippocampus was depleted by injecting rats with DSP4 intraperitoneally, 10 days prior to administration of methamphetamine. A single administration of methamphetamine (15 mg/kg) reduced the activity of TPH to 40% of control after 3 hr. A 90 to 98% reduction in the concentration of NE in the hippocampus, failed to alter this methamphetamine-induced response. The reduction in serotonin (5-HT) in the hippocampus induced by methamphetamine, was not altered by the treatment with DSP4. These observations were confirmed by a lack of effect on methamphetamine-induced changes in 5-HT and TPH after inhibition of the synthesis of NE with U-14,624. The pretreatment with DSP4 also failed to block the decline in activity of TPH in the hippocampus or concentrations of 5-HT measured 18 hr after the last of 4 doses of methamphetamine (15 mg/kg, s.c.). The results presented in this study indicate that NE is not involved in the response of the serotonergic system to methamphetamine.
Sorption irreversibility of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in two natural organic matter-rich geosorbents

Hysteresis, a frequently observed phenomenon in sorption studies, is inconsistent with the key assumption of sorption reversibility in most fate and bioavailability models. Therefore, a study of the underlying causes of hysteresis is essential. Carbon-radiolabeled 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) isotope tracer exchange was carried out at select points along the isotherms of DCB in a brown coal and a peat soil, holding total DCB concentration constant. Tracer exchange was performed both in the forward (sorption) and reverse (desorption) directions at the bulk sorption points and in the desorption direction at the corresponding bulk desorption points. Bulk DCB isotherms showed concentration-dependent hysteresis. However, tracer reequilibration in all cases was consistent with free exchange between sorbed and aqueous-phase molecules. These results rule out common experimental artifacts and demonstrate that sorption of bulk DCB is truly hysteretic (i.e., irreversible). The differences in rates between bulk and tracer sorption and desorption are consistent with the coupling of bulk DCB diffusion to other processes that retard equilibration, which we assign to matrix swelling or shrinking. Hysteresis is attributed to matrix deformation--specifically, to inelastic expansion and creation of voids accommodating sorbate molecules in the matrix, which leads to enhanced affinity in the desorption step. Comparing the results to previous results for naphthalene in the coal, we find that irreversible effects are similar for DCB and naphthalene in the coal but differ for DCB between the two sorbents. An explanation based on the different physical properties of these sorbents is provided. Solid-phase extraction of equilibrated DCB with Tenax revealed a highly desorption-resistant fraction. While too small to account for the observed hysteresis, this fraction may represent molecules that become trapped as the matrix collapses and simultaneously stiffens during abrupt desorption.
Filtration of string proximity search via transformation

The problem of proximity search in biological databases is addressed. We study vector transformations and conduct the application of DFT (Discrete Fourier Transformation) and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transformation, Haar) dimensionality reduction techniques for DNA sequence proximity search to reduce the search time of range queries. Our empirical results on a number of Prokaryote and Eukaryote DNA contig databases demonstrate up to 50-fold filtration ratio of the search space, up to 13 times faster filtration. The proposed transformation techniques may easily be integrated as a preprocessing phase on top of the current existing similarity search heuristics such as BLAST, PattenHunter, FastA, QUASAR and to efficiently prune non-relevant sequences. We study the precision of applying dimensionality reduction techniques for faster and more efficient range query searches, and discuss the imposed trade-offs.
Childhood Origins of Tolerance for Dissent.

The origins of children's attitudes toward freedom of dissent were investigated using questionnaire data from 1384 children in grades 5 through 9. Political socialization of attitudes toward free speech apparently does occur during late childhood and early adolescence. Most children acquire support for the abstract principle of free speech in slogan form, without learning its concrete implications. Support for free speech in concrete instances is dictated largely by the child's attitude toward the dissenting out-group in question and only rarely by the general principle of free expression. There are indications that the child's confidence in his ability to think divergently contributes to tolerance, presumably by reducing the personal threat posed by deviant out-groups. Language: en
Collision avoidance in multi-hop ad hoc networks

Collision avoidance is very important in contention-based medium access control protocols for multi-hop ad hoc networks due to the adverse effects of hidden terminals. Four-way sender-initiated schemes are the most popular collision-avoidance schemes to date. Although there has been considerable work on the performance evaluation of these schemes, most analytical work is confined to single-hop ad hoc networks or networks with very few hidden terminals. We use a simple analytical model to derive the saturation throughput of collision avoidance protocols in multi-hop ad hoc networks with nodes randomly placed according to a two-dimensional Poisson distribution, which, to our knowledge, has not been investigated sufficiently before. We show that the sender-initiated collision-avoidance scheme achieves much higher throughput than the idealized carrier sense multiple access scheme with an ideal separate channel for acknowledgments. More importantly, we show that the collision avoidance scheme can accommodate much fewer competing nodes within a region in a network infested with hidden terminals than in a fully-connected network, if reasonable throughput is to be maintained. This shows that the scalability problem of contention-based collision-avoidance protocols looms much earlier than might be expected. Simulation experiments of the popular IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol validate the predictions made in the analysis.
Fear Extinction to an Out-Group Face: The Role of Target Gender

Conditioning studies on humans and other primates show that fear responses acquired toward danger-relevant stimuli, such as snakes, resist extinction, whereas responses toward danger-irrelevant stimuli, such as birds, are more readily extinguished. Similar evolved biases may extend to human groups, as recent research demonstrates that a conditioned fear response to faces of persons of a social out-group resists extinction, whereas fear toward a social in-group is more readily extinguished. Here, we provide an important extension to previous work by demonstrating that this fear-extinction bias occurs solely when the exemplars are male. These results underscore the importance of considering how gender of the target stimulus affects psychological and physiological responses to out-group threat.
Anesthetic exposure in the treatment of symptomatic urinary calculi in pregnant women.

Objective To assess the duration and total number of anesthetic exposures required for the treatment of urolithiasis during pregnancy, specifically comparing temporizing measures with active treatment because urolithiasis and its management may pose potential theoretical risks for the mother and fetus. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with a confirmed diagnosis of urolithiasis during pregnancy who underwent surgical intervention from 1997 to 2012 at our institution. The number and duration of anesthetic exposures were assessed. Results We identified 26 women with urolithiasis during pregnancy, of which 15 (58%) were treated with temporizing stents and 11 (42%) with ureteroscopic stone extraction. In the ureteroscopy group, the median number of anesthetic exposures was 1.18 (interquartile range [IQR], 1-2), and the median total anesthetic time was 80 minutes (IQR, 37-126 minutes). In the stent group, 6 (40%) required multiple stent exchanges for a median of 1.47 (IQR, 1-3) anesthetic events and a median total anesthetic time of 70 minutes (IQR, 29-208 minutes). In the ureteral stent group, 7 women (47%) were induced before spontaneous labor due to inability to tolerate the stent. There was no difference in the number of anesthetic events ( P = .208) or anesthesia time ( P = .503) between stenting and ureteroscopy. Conclusion Women undergoing ureteroscopic surgical intervention during pregnancy were at no greater risk in the number or cumulative duration of anesthesia exposure than women managed with temporizing ureteral stent placement and subsequent exchanges.
Helping software architects design for usability

In spite of the goodwill and best efforts of software engineers and usability professionals, systems continue to be built and released with glaring usability flaws that are costly and difficult to fix after the system has been designed and/or built. Although user interface (UI) designers, be they usability or design experts, communicate usability requirements to software development teams, usability features often fail to be implemented as expected. If, as seems likely, software developers intend to implement what UI designers specify and simply do not know how to interpret the architectural ramifications of usability requirements, then Usability-Supporting Architectural Patterns (USAPs) will help to bridge the gap between UI designers and software engineers to produce software architecture solutions that successfully address usability requirements. USAPs achieve this goal by embedding usability concepts in templates that can be used procedurally to guide software engineers' thinking during the complex task of software architecture design. A tool design supports delivery of USAPs to software architects for use in the early stages of the design process.