cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the Misfit Shine™ to Detect Changes in Laboratory-Based and Free-Living Physical Activity

Purpose: Determine the sensitivity of the Misfit Shine™ (MS) to detect changes in physical activity (PA) measures (steps, “points,” kCals) in laboratory (LAB) and free-living (FL) conditions. Methods: Twenty-one participants wore the MS and ActiGraph GT3X+™ accelerometer (AG) at the hip and dominant-wrist during three, one-hour LAB sessions: sedentary (SS), sedentary plus walking (SW), and sedentary plus jogging (SJ). Direct observation (DO) of steps served as the criterion measure. Devices were also worn during two FL conditions: 1) active week (ACT) and 2) inactive week (INACT). For LAB and FL, significant differences were examined using paired t-tests and linear mixed effects models, respectively. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate differences between MS estimated steps and DO (α ≤ 0.05). Results: For all hip-worn MS measures and wrist-worn MS estimates of steps and “points,” there was a significant increase (p < .05) from SS to SJ. However, wrist-worn MS kCal estimates were greater for ...
A Software Survey of Analytics and Spatial Information Technology

This chapter echos the discussion in Chapter 7, in which we laid out the landscape of analytics and its supporting software, with a special focus on spatial information technology. While the purpose of Chapter 7 is to provide the general picture, the current chapter will review solution methodologies and specific software packages. We start with a general-purpose applied mathematics software, such as MATLAB, and progress toward more specialized tools, ending with vehicle-routing software. Many commercial software packages are multi-purpose; they perform more than one function. Oracle Crystal Ball is a good example, being a key spreadsheet-based application suite for predictive modeling, forecasting, simulation, and optimization. The various packages by Vanguard Software are another example. Instead of listing a general purpose software several times, sometimes we chose to list it only once under what we judge to be the most appropriate use.
On the Third Edition of Testing Statistical Hypotheses

In this article, the history of the third edition of Testing Statistical Hypotheses will be discussed.
Isolation of a Structural Mechanism for Uncoupling T Cell Receptor Signaling from Peptide-MHC Binding.

TCR-signaling strength generally correlates with peptide-MHC binding affinity; however, exceptions exist. We find high-affinity, yet non-stimulatory, interactions occur with high frequency in the human T cell repertoire. Here, we studied human TCRs that are refractory to activation by pMHC ligands despite robust binding. Analysis of 3D affinity, 2D dwell time, and crystal structures of stimulatory versus non-stimulatory TCR-pMHC interactions failed to account for their different signaling outcomes. Using yeast pMHC display, we identified peptide agonists of a formerly non-responsive TCR. Single-molecule force measurements demonstrated the emergence of catch bonds in the activating TCR-pMHC interactions, correlating with exclusion of CD45 from the TCR-APC contact site. Molecular dynamics simulations of TCR-pMHC disengagement distinguished agonist from non-agonist ligands based on the acquisition of catch bonds within the TCR-pMHC interface. The isolation of catch bonds as a parameter mediating the coupling of TCR binding and signaling has important implications for TCR and antigen engineering for immunotherapy.
Identities in the sport workplace: development of an instrument to measure sport employee identification.

Social identity theory (SIT) has proven to be a popular topic of discourse in academia. Scholars in the field of sport management have predominantly focused on team identification and how sport fan...
Recognition, democracy and social liberty: A reply:

An attempt to answer in some detail the questions and criticism brought up in a colloquium on my book on ‘Socialism’.
A Novel Severity Ranking Approach for Continuous Monitoring of Heart Disease Progression Using Beat-wise Classification of ECG

Irregularities in heartbeats and cardiac functioning outside of clinical settings are often not available to the clinicians, and thus ignored. But monitoring these with high-risk population might assist in early detection and continuous monitoring of Atrial Fibrillation (AF). Wearable devices like smart watches and wristbands, which can collect electrocardiograph (ECG) signals, can monitor and warn users of unusual signs in a timely manner. Thus, there is need to develop a real-time monitoring system for AF from ECG. We propose an algorithm for a simple beat-by-beat ECG signal multilevel classifier for AF detection and a quantitative severity scale (0 to 1) for user feedback. For this study, we used ECG recordings from MIT BIH Atrial Fibrillation, MIT-BIH Long-term Atrial Fibrillation Database. All ECG signals are preprocessed for reducing noise using filter. Preprocessed signal is analyzed for extracting 39 features including 20 of amplitude type and 19 of interval type. The feature space of all ECG recordings is considered for classification. Training and testing data include all classes of data i.e., beats to identify various episodes for severity. Feature space from the test data is fed to the classifier which determines the class label based on trained model. A class label is determined based on number of occurrences of AF and other Arrhythmia episodes, such as AB (Atrial Bigeminy), SBR (Sinus Bradycardia), SVTA (Supra ventricular Tachyarrhythmia). Accuracy of 96.7764% is attained with Random Forest algorithm. Furthermore, precision and recall are determined based on correct and incorrect classifications for each class. Precision and Recall on average for Random Forest Classifier are obtained as 0.968 and 0.968 respectively. This work provides a novel approach to enhance existing method of AF detection by identifying heartbeat class and calculates a quantitative severity metric that might help in early detection and continuous monitoring of AF.
Mode of Delivery, Outcomes, and Resource Utilization in Neonatal Gastroschisis

Purpose: The approach taken to delivering fetuses diagnosed with gastroschisis has varied over time. There is scant good-quality evidence in the literature to support one delivery mode over the other, and no existing descriptions of nationwide practice patterns. Methods: We undertook an analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s Kids’ Inpatient Database, in which all cases of gastroschisis in the …
Crystal structures of trans-acetyl-dicarbon-yl(η5-cyclo-penta-dien-yl)(1,3,5-tri-aza-7-phosphaadamantane)molybdenum(II) and trans-acetyl-di-carbon-yl(η5-cyclo-penta-dien-yl)(3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-tri-aza-5-phosphabi-cyclo-[3.3.1]nona-ne)molyb-den-um(II).

The title compounds, [Mo(C5H5)(COCH3)(C6H12N3P)(CO)2], (1), and [Mo(C5H5)(COCH3)(C9H16N3O2P)(C6H5)2))(CO)2], (2), have been prepared by phosphine-induced migratory insertion from [Mo(C5H5)(CO)3(CH3)]. The mol­ecular structures of these complexes are quite similar, exhibiting a four-legged piano-stool geometry with trans-disposed carbonyl ligands. The extended structures of complexes (1) and (2) differ substanti­ally. For complex (1), the molybdenum acetyl unit plays a dominant role in the organization of the extended structure, joining the mol­ecules into centrosymmetrical dimers through C—H⋯O inter­actions with a cyclo­penta­dienyl ligand of a neighboring mol­ecule, and these dimers are linked into layers parallel to (100) by C—H⋯O inter­actions between the molybdenum acetyl and the cyclo­penta­dienyl ligand of another neighbor. The extended structure of (2) is dominated by C—H⋯O inter­actions involving the carbonyl groups of the acetamide groups of the DAPTA ligand, which join the mol­ecules into centrosymmetrical dimers and link them into chains along [010]. Additional C—H⋯O inter­actions between the molybdenum acetyl oxygen atom and an acetamide methyl group join the chains into layers parallel to (101).
The wound healing process

Wound healing, long neglected, has for a number of years begun to receive the attention it deserves in both scientific and clinical circles. This review of the wound healing process is divided into two sections: basic science aspects of wound healing and practical aspects of wound healing. The first section deals with the current knowledge of the three phases of wound healing. The second section is subdivided into acute and chronic wounds. Methods to speed healing of acute wounds and a problem-oriented approach to the management of chronic wounds is discussed, including the potential treatment options based on the causes of wounds.
Meta-analysis of Cryogenian through modern quartz microtextures reveals sediment transport histories

Quantitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) quartz microtextural analysis can reveal the transport histories of modern and ancient sediments. However, because workers identify and count microte...
Is marijuana really a gateway drug? A nationally representative test of the marijuana gateway hypothesis using a propensity score matching design

Marijuana use has been proposed to serve as a “gateway” that increases the likelihood that users will engage in subsequent use of harder and more harmful substances, known as the marijuana gateway hypothesis (MGH). The current study refines and extends the literature on the MGH by testing the hypothesis using rigorous quasi-experimental, propensity score-matching methodology in a nationally representative sample. Using three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994–2002), eighteen propensity score-matching tests of the marijuana gateway hypothesis were conducted. Six of the eighteen tests were statistically significant; however, only three were substantively meaningful. These three tests found weak effects of frequent marijuana use on illicit drug use but they were also sensitive to hidden bias. Results from this study indicate that marijuana use is not a reliable gateway cause of illicit drug use. As such, prohibition policies are unlikely to reduce illicit drug use.
Design of Experiments: Using the Fleeting Time Wisely

As scientists, our patience is constantly put to the test. We understand that running experiments and analyzing data takes time.In this talk, I will discuss the concept of design of experiments (DOE), which is a useful statistical tool for gaining knowledge about a system by varying multiple factors simultaneously. Typical experiments keep everything constant and change one variable at a time. The result is then studied and another experiment is run with a slight change in the conditions. This is not an efficient use of our time.DOE is a tool that enables one to look at multiple parameters and gain a better understanding of the overall system and how changing multiple factors affects the outcome. This is used quite a lot in industry, but rarely in academia.
Solidification behavior of Al-Mg aluminum alloy using double-sided arc welding process

As popular aluminum alloys, the 5xxx Al-Mg series, such as 5050 and 5052, etc., are widely used in applications such as automobile, pressure vessels, armor plate, and components for marine and cryogenic service. In this, as in all non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys, the weld metal zone is considered to be the weakest part of the joint and is the location of failure when the joint is loaded in tension during welding [1]. Solidification behavior of the weld pool, which controls the microstructure of the weld metal zone, plays a critical role in determining the ultimate strength of the joint.
On multidimensional linear phase perfect reconstruction filter banks

We consider the multidimensional version of the problem of linear phase perfect reconstruction filter bank design. We give conditions for linear phase property of the filter bank, enumerate the number of symmetric and antisymmetric filters in the bank and give results on the possibility of construction of the entire filter bank if all filters in the bank except one are specified without any restriction other than the linear phase property. >
Modified cisplatin/interferon α-2b/doxorubicin/5-fluorouracil (PIAF) chemotherapy in patients with no hepatitis or cirrhosis is associated with improved response rate, resectability, and survival of initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with response rate, resectability, and survival after cisplatin/interferon α-2b/doxorubicin/5-fluorouracil (PIAF) combination therapy in patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS The study included 2 groups of patients treated with conventional high-dose PIAF (n = 84) between 1994 and 2003 and those without hepatitis or cirrhosis treated with modified PIAF (n = 33) between 2003 and 2012. Tolerance of chemotherapy, best radiographic response, rate of conversion to curative surgery, and overall survival were analyzed and compared between the 2 groups, and multivariate and logistic regression analyses were applied to identify predictors of response and survival. RESULTS The modified PIAF group had a higher median number of PIAF cycles (4 versus 2, P = .049), higher objective response rate (36% versus 15%, P = .013), higher rate of conversion to curative surgery (33% versus 10%, P = .004), and longer median overall survival (21.3 versus 10.6 months, P = .002). Multivariate analyses confirmed that positive hepatitis B serology (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-2.59) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 (HR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.04-2.93) were associated with worse survival whereas curative surgical resection after PIAF treatment (HR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.07-0.35) was associated with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS In patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, the modified PIAF regimen in patients with no hepatitis or cirrhosis is associated with improved response, resectability, and survival. Cancer 2013;119:3334–42 © 2013 American Cancer Society.
The Biology of Staphylococci

a more certain classification of staphylococci than pigment production, wherein a positive coagulase test, which confirmed the identity of S. aureus, correlated much better with pathogenicity. Another common human pathogen is S. saprophyticus, which produces urinary tract infections in young women [2]. Staphylococcus haemolyticus is somewhat less common, but is important because it can be highly antibiotic resistant even to glycopeptides and linezolid [3]. Many other coagulase-negative strains (41 species identified at present) such as S. schleiferi and S. lugdunesis have been described, and they can produce a variety of nosocomial infections (reviewed by von Eiff et al. [4,5]).
What is a concept

The lattice of theories of Sowa and the formal concept analysis of Wille each address certain formal aspects of concepts, though for different purposes and with different technical apparatus. Each is successful in part because it abstracts away from many difficulties of living human concepts. Among these difficulties are vagueness, ambiguity, flexibility, context dependence, and evolution. The purpose of this paper is first, to explore the nature of these difficulties, by drawing on ideas from contemporary cognitive science, sociology, computer science, and logic. Secondly, the paper suggests approaches for dealing with these difficulties, again drawing on diverse literatures, particularly ideas of Peirce and Latour. The main technical contribution is a unification of several formal theories of concepts, including the geometrical conceptual spaces of Gardenfors, the symbolic conceptual spaces of Fauconnier, the information flow of Barwise and Seligman, the formal concept analysis of Wille, the lattice of theories of Sowa, and the conceptual integration of Fauconnier and Turner; this unification works over any formal logic at all, or even multiple logics. A number of examples are given illustrating the main new ideas. A final section draws implications for future research. One motivation is that better ways for computers to integrate and process concepts under various forms of heterogeneity, would help with many important applications, including database systems, search engines, ontologies, and making the web more semantic.
An expert system to assist distribution dispatchers in the location of system outages

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the expert system concept in the normal operation process of a distribution system to help optimize current service restoration procedures. An expert system prototype was developed for assisting distribution system dispatchers in their responsibility of restoring electric service to affected customers, whenever an outage occurs. It is intended to monitor the system and advise the operator of the location of the protective device most likely to be out of service. The benefits of using a system like this will be improved dispatching of repair crews and potential improved economics for the electric utilities. After intensive validation and testing of the prototype using actual feeder files, results were consistent, and within acceptable computational time. >
Unconditional relationships within zero knowledge

Zero-knowledge protocols enable one party, called the prover, to convince another party, called the verifier, the validity of a mathematical statement such that the verifier learns nothing other than the fact that the proven statement is true. The different ways of formulating the terms "convince" and "learns nothing" give rise to four classes of languages having zero-knowledge protocols, which are: statistical zero-knowledge proof systems, computational zero-knowledge proof systems, statistical zero-knowledge argument systems, and computational zero-knowledge argument systems. We establish complexity-theoretic characterizations of these four zero-knowledge complexity classes, of which our characterizations for argument systems are novel. Using these characterizations, we show that for languages in NP, the following hold. (1) Instance-dependent commitment schemes are necessary and sufficient for zero-knowledge protocols. Instance-dependent commitment schemes for a given language are commitment schemes that can depend on the instance of the language, and where the hiding and binding properties are required to hold only on the YES and NO instances of the language, respectively. (2) Computational zero knowledge and computational soundness (a property held by argument systems) are symmetric properties. Namely, we show that the class of languages in NP ∩ co-NP having zero-knowledge arguments is closed under complement, and that a language in NP has a statistical zero-knowledge argument system if and only if its complement has a computational zero-knowledge proof system. (3) Any zero-knowledge argument system that is only guaranteed to be secure against the honest verifier that follows the prescribed protocol can be transformed into one that is secure against malicious verifiers that can deviate from the protocol. In addition, our transformation gives us zero-knowledge argument systems with desirable properties like public coins, perfect completeness, a black-box simulator, and an efficient prover. The novelty of our results above is that they are unconditional, meaning that they do not rely on any unproven complexity assumptions such as the existence of one-way functions. Moreover, in establishing our complexity-theoretic characterizations, we give the first construction of statistical zero-knowledge argument systems for all of NP based on any one-way function.
Management of a low back pain patient with a prosthesis and a foot drop orthotic.

INTRODUCTION The effect of altered gait on body mechanics presents a stress on patient’s sacroiliac joints (SIJ). The gait of the patient is this case report is altered because of a transtibial amputation with prosthesis; he also has a foot drop orthotic.
The Impact of Glaciogenic Seeding on Snowfall from Shallow Orographic Clouds over the Medicine Bow Mountains in Wyoming

The 2013 AgI Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation (ASCII-13) campaign was conducted over the Medicine Bow range in Wyoming to examine the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on winter orographic clouds and precipitation. The campaign was supported by a network of ground-based instruments, included a microwave radiometer, two profiling Ka-band radars, rawinsonde launches, and a disdrometer. The University of Wyoming King Air with profiling Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) conducted eight successful flights in ASCII-13. WCR profiles from these flights are combined with those from seven other flights, which followed the same geographically-fixed pattern in 2008-09. A case study shows that a clear seeding signature is not apparent in individual WCR reflectivity transects downwind of the silver iodide (AgI) generators, and that natural trends in precipitation over short timescales can easily overwhelm any seeding impact. Therefore the ASCII experimental design included control regions, both upwind of the AgI generators and to the side of the estimated AgI nuclei plumes. Frequency-by-altitude displays show slightly higher reflectivity values during seeding near the ground, at least when compared to the control regions. The near-surface precipitation rate trend from the untreated to the treated period in the target region, compared to that in the control region, varies significantly from flight to flight, according to the WCR reflectivity data within the boundary layer. Most of this variation relates to non-homogenous natural trends across the mountain range, and/or to sample unrepresentativeness, esp. for the control region. While WCR reflectivity profiles from flights over the Medicine Bow range do not show a significant increase in near-surface precipitation during seeding (in comparison with upstream trends), similar data from nine separate flights in 2012 over an adjacent range, the Sierra Madre, do.
Clinical Reasoning: A patient with rapidly progressive sensory loss and imbalance.

A 52-year-old man presented with sudden onset of acral paresthesia and imbalance. The patient did not have any recent illness, sick contacts, or travel abroad. He denied weakness, pain, bowel or bladder incontinence, dysphagia, dysarthria, or shortness of breath. On neurologic examination, 1 month into his symptoms, he had reduced muscle strength in his finger spread, extension, and flexion on both sides graded on Medical Research Council scale 4−/5 and in toe extensors −4/−4 and toe flexors −4/4. The rest of his muscle strength was normal. Reflexes were absent throughout. He had reduced sensation to all modalities in a length-dependent pattern up to his midshin and wrists on both sides. He was severely unsteady when walking and he could not tandem. Romberg was positive. The rest of his neurologic examination was normal apart from high arches and hammertoes. The patient had a family history of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) ( PMP22 duplication) and was himself tested, although asymptomatic, and was also found to be carrying the mutation.
School Climate, Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms Among Asian American Adolescents

The current study examined a multidimensional, developmental, and transactional model for depressive symptoms among Asian American adolescents using longitudinal data from 1,664 Asian American adolescents in the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS). Specifically, the relationships among school climate, acculturation, perceived discrimination, and depressive symptoms among Asian American adolescents were examined. Results showed that Asian American adolescents perceived more discrimination over time. Acculturation to American culture, as indicated by English language abilities, predicted more perceived discrimination at time 1, but not at time 2. Perceived discrimination predicted depressive symptoms at each time point. Furthermore, perceived discrimination mediated the relationship between school climate variables and depressive symptoms at time 2 after controlling for previous level of discrimination and depressive symptoms. Boys perceived more discrimination, more negative school climate and negative peer interactions, and less positive school climate than girls. The importance of reducing discrimination at school, promoting positive school climate, and meeting the mental health needs of Asian American adolescents from immigrant families was discussed.
Combined effects of pH and surface-active-ion concentration in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract The combined effects of pH (3.6–6.0) and octylamine hydrochloride concenttration (0–5.0 mM) in methanol—water (20:80) eluents were determined for hydrocinnamic, trans-cinnamic, phenylacetic, trans-p-coumaric, trans-ferulic, trans-caffeic and vanillic acids; for phenylethylamine; and for phenylalanine. The effects are described by a simple ion-interaction model that does not require ion-pair formation in either phase and is not based upon classical ion exchange. The simplicity and generality of the mathematical forms of the model make it useful for predicting retention behavior.
PLS, balanced, and canonical variate realization techniques for identifying VARMA models in state space

Abstract This paper demonstrates the application of PLS regression, balanced realization, and canonical variate (CV) state space modeling techniques in identifying stationary vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) type of time series models in state space. An example VARMA process model is used to generate data, carry out modeling activities, and compare the three model development techniques. All realization methods provide equivalent state space models. Balanced realization can not handle singularities in the covariance matrix of past observations while all other methods can accommodate such singularities. Balanced realization and classical PLS do not provide minimal state variables that are orthogonal. `Orthogonal states' PLS and canonical variate state space realization give orthogonal state variables that provide robust parameter estimates from real data, however the PLS method requires an additional singular value decomposition step.
‘Window Fields’ in Muscle

THE ‘membrane’, that is, the electric double layer, surrounding the muscle fibre generates no field of forces inside the system. If, however, part of the membrane becomes depolarized, the depolarized part acts, so to say, as a ‘window’ in the closed system and an electric field is generated. If the depolarization should occur with a sharp border, the maximal intensity of the field in the axis of the fibre would correspond to a field generated between the two plates of a condenser placed at a distance equal to the diameter of the fibre and having the same potential difference as the two sides of the ‘membrane’. If the wave of depolarization travels along the membrane, this will have the same effect as if we had pulled electrodes along the axis charged correspondingly. Experiments, performed along this line by St. Hajdu and one of us, show that such a field will actually bring the contractile matter directly to contraction even if the membrane is inoperative.
Impacts of adaptive feedback on teaching test-driven development

Studies have found that following Test-Driven Development (TDD) can improve code and testing quality. However, a preliminary investigation was consistent with concerns raised by other educators about programmers resisting TDD. In this paper, we describe an adaptive, pedagogical system for tracking and encouraging students' adherence to TDD. Along with an empirical evaluation of the system, we discuss challenges and opportunities for persuading student behavior through adaptive technology.
Yeast Sgf73/Ataxin-7 serves to anchor the deubiquitination module into both SAGA and Slik(SALSA) HAT complexes.

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a physically devastating, genetically inherited disorder characterized by abnormal brain function that results in the progressive loss of the ability to coordinate movements. There are many types of SCAs as there are various gene mutations that can cause this disease. SCA types 1–3, 6–10, 12, and 17 result from a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the DNA-coding sequence. Intriguingly, recent work has demonstrated that increased trinucleotde expansions in the SCA7 gene result in defect in the function of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex. The SCA7 gene encodes a subunit of the SAGA complex. This subunit is conserved in yeast as the SGF73 gene. We demonstrate that Sgf73 is required to recruit the histone deubiquitination module into both SAGA and the related SliK(SALSA) complex, and to maintain levels of histone ubiquitination, which is necessary for regulation of transcription at a number of genes.
C-terminal Region Of Troponin I Interacts Near Residue 146 Of Tropomyosin In A Ca2+ Dependent Manner

Force generation in striated muscle is initiated by Ca2+ binding to troponin C in the actin-tropomyosin-troponin (actinTmTn) thin filament. Potter & Gergely, (Biochemistry 1974); have suggested that the inhibitory subunit of Tn, troponin I (TnI) interacts with Tm as well as actin to inhibit contraction in the absence of Ca2+. Zhou et. al., and Geeves et. al., (Biochemistry 2000) proposed that this interaction involves a specific site on Tm. Last year (Mudalige, Tao and Lehrer, 52nd annual meeting of Biophysical Society 2008) we reported the formation of a Ca2+-dependent cross-link between a benzophenone-maleimide label at Tm residue 146 and TnI (Tm∗146-TnI).To determine the cross-linking site of TnI with Tm∗146, we purified the photochemically cross-linked complex, Tm∗146-TnI from uncross-linked proteins using HPLC, and SDS gels and subjected the selected Tm∗146-TnI band to in-gel tryptic digestion .From the comparison of MALDI-TOF spectra of tryptic peptides of in-gel digested Tm∗146, TnI and Tm∗146-TnI, a new peptide of MW 2601.2 Da was identified. Two possible TnI tryptic peptides which contains the Tm 143-154 tryptic peptide and probe with similar MW were identified: 1) peptide 157-163 (MW 2602.4 Da); 2) peptide 176-182 Met oxidized, (MW 2600.3 Da).A cross-link in either of thee peptides supports the recently published image reconstructions which show the C-terminal domain of TnI interacting with both actin and Tm across the actin filament away from the bulk of the Tn complex (Galinska_Pakoczy et al, JMB, 2008). Our identification of the cross-linked residue on TnI (in progress), will further localize Tn on the actinTm muscle thin filament in the absence of Ca2+ (Supported by NIH HL 22461).
The scattering of light from thin polymer films: Multiple scattering. II. Effect of depolarization

A procedure is described to include the effect of depolarization of the originally plane-polarized incident light beam as it passes through a thin polymer sample on the intensity of multiple light scattering. The multiple scattering gives rise to “polarization scrambling” in which, for example, Hv scattering measurements involve multiple scattered rays which may have undergone some Vv scattering. These phenomena reduce the angular dependence of scattering since large intensities originally occurring at small values of θ are rescattered so as to enhance intensities at other angles. Correction factors for both Hv and Vv scattering are presented.
CIRCULAR DICHROISM SPECTRA OF TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN COMPLEXES WITH BOWMAN-BIRK OR CHICKPEA TRYPSIN INHIBITOR

Circular dichroism spectra of trypsin and chymotrypsin complexes with Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor or chickpea inhibitor have been determined at neutral and acid pH. Trypsin spectra show no evidence of conformational change accompanying the binding of either inhibitor to the enzyme. The formation of chymotrypsin-inhibitor complexes may involve a minor change in tertiary structure, as shown by a CD shift between 250 and 320 nm.
In situ microscopic surface characterization studies of polymeric thin films during tensile deformation using atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to study the cracks developed on thin-film coatings on a polymer substrate subjected to external tension. To conduct in situ tensile tests in AFM, a special stage has been built. A new technique to image the same control area at different strains was developed and used to study the propagation of a crack with increasing strain in magnetic tapes. Metal particulate tapes developed numerous cracks of shorter length, perpendicular to the loading direction. In contrast, metal-evaporated tapes developed cracks that extend edge to edge. The variation of the crack width and the spacing with strain were measured and explained with the help of models based on elasticity.
A Generalized Continual Reassessment Method for Two-Agent Phase I Trials.

Numerous models have been suggested for Phase I adaptive designs for identifying the maximum tolerated combination (MTC) of two agents. However, these designs have yet to be adopted as the standard approach to use in actual clinical trials, which we posit is mostly due to the complexity of the models that are used. Given that the continual reassessment method (CRM) is gradually being adopted as a standard for single-agent Phase I trials, we propose a generalized version of the CRM, which we denote by gCRM, in hopes of providing such a standard for two-agent trials. For each dose of one agent, we apply the traditional CRM to study doses of the other agent; each of these CRM designs assumes the same dose-toxicity model, as well as the value of the parameter used in the model. However, each model includes a second parameter that varies among the models in an effort to allow flexibility when modeling the probability of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of all combinations, yet borrow strength among neighboring com...
Scanning Tunnenling Spectroscopy of Oxidized 6H-SiC Surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy have been used to study the electronic states of oxidized 6H-SiC interfaces. The SiC surfaces were oxidized by annealing in an ultra-high vacuum chamber at 600−800°C under 1×10-7 Torr pressure of molecular oxygen. Tunneling spectra revealed two dominant states at –1.8 and 1.5 eV relative to the Fermi level, which lie outside the band gap region but are inhomogeneously broadened such that they extend into the gap, together with additional features within the band gap.
Observations of Harmomegathy in Pollen of Anthophyta

Abstract Measurements and observations of pollen grains of varying structure before and after dehiscence of the anther sac illustrate large magnitudes of harmomegathic changes in volume and shape. Such changes are compared for colpate, porate, and colporate grains, and it is suggested that the nature of the harmomegathal action may serve to distinguish colpi or furrows from pores. Consideration of the requirement to allow harmomegathy while preventing wall collapse may provide at least partial explanation for evolution of the internal structure and external sculpturing of pollen grain walls.
Some empirical observations about early stuttering: A possible link to language development

Abstract This article suggests a possible link between incipient stuttering and early difficulty in language formulation. The hypothesis offers a unifying explanation of an array of empirical observations. Among these observations are the following: early stuttering occurs only on the first word of a syntactic structure; stuttering does not appear to be influenced by word-related factors; early stuttering seldom occurs on one-word utterances; the earliest age at which stuttering is reported is 18 months, with the beginning of grammatical development; the age at which most onset of stuttering is reported, 2–5 years, coincides with the period during which children acquire syntax; considerable spontaneous recovery takes place at the time most children have mastered syntax; incipient stuttering is influenced by the length and grammatical complexity of utterances; young children who stutter may be somewhat deficient in language skills; boys who stutter outnumber girls. Learning outcomes The reader will learn about a number of empirical observations about incipient stuttering and how they may be explained by a syntax-based hypothesis about its etiology.
Structure-relaxation mechanism for the response of T4 lysozyme cavity mutants to hydrostatic pressure.

Application of hydrostatic pressure shifts protein conformational equilibria in a direction to reduce the volume of the system. A current view is that the volume reduction is dominated by elimination of voids or cavities in the protein interior via cavity hydration, although an alternative mechanism wherein cavities are filled with protein side chains resulting from a structure relaxation has been suggested [Lopez CJ, Yang Z, Altenbach C, Hubbell WL (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(46):E4306-E4315]. In the present study, mechanisms for elimination of cavities under high pressure are investigated in the L99A cavity mutant of T4 lysozyme and derivatives thereof using site-directed spin labeling, pressure-resolved double electron-electron resonance, and high-pressure circular dichroism spectroscopy. In the L99A mutant, the ground state is in equilibrium with an excited state of only ∼ 3% of the population in which the cavity is filled by a protein side chain [Bouvignies et al. (2011) Nature 477(7362):111-114]. The results of the present study show that in L99A the native ground state is the dominant conformation to pressures of 3 kbar, with cavity hydration apparently taking place in the range of 2-3 kbar. However, in the presence of additional mutations that lower the free energy of the excited state, pressure strongly populates the excited state, thereby eliminating the cavity with a native side chain rather than solvent. Thus, both cavity hydration and structure relaxation are mechanisms for cavity elimination under pressure, and which is dominant is determined by details of the energy landscape.
Complications and the time to repair of mandible fractures.

Objective: Treatment delays in the operative management of mandible fractures are often unavoidable. We were interested in determining whether delays increased the incidence of complications in these patients. Study Design and Setting: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who presented to the San Francisco General Hospital with an operative mandible fracture in 2002. On the basis of the number of days from initial injury to surgery, the patients were divided into two groups: those repaired in 3 days or less and those repaired after 3 days. The incidence of infectious and technical complications was then compared between these groups. Substance abuse was also evaluated for its role in complication risk. Results: Of the 84 patients in the study, 11 had infectious complications, and 10 had technical complications. Although treatment delay did not increase the risk of developing an infectious complication, substance abuse considerably increased this risk. The incidence of technical complications was remarkably higher in patients repaired after 3 days. Conclusion: Although patients with mandible fractures treated after 3 days do not have a higher risk of developing an infectious complication, this risk is elevated in patients who abuse substances regularly. The risk of technical complications increases with treatment delay, and therefore the surgical team must be even more vigilant when reducing these fractures.
The use of magnetic fields for 14N NQR spin-echo signal enhancements

Abstract The observation of a dependence of the nitrogen-14 NQR T 2 upon small applied magnetic fields is reported for cases in which the asymmetry parameter is small. The usefulness of this effect as a signal-enhancement tool when searching for 14 N quadrupole resonances by spin-echo methods is discussed.
From the Inside: The Meaning of Probation to Probationers

Beyond considerations of relative punitiveness, very little is known about how offenders understand the experience of serving a probation sentence. The current study surveyed offenders currently on probation to assess the extent to which they believed their sentence was rehabilitative, incapacitative, deserved, and a deterrent to future offending. Perceptions that probation served no purpose and that it represented a game of manipulation and impression management were also investigated. The results showed that most probationers believed that their sentence was a deterrent, and it was rehabilitative and deserved. They also felt that probation served multiple purposes, and a minority of respondents perceived that there was no point to being on probation. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Variation in recombination rates across Vitis species

Recombination rate data are presented for three populations of grape based on framework genetic linkage maps developed with simple-sequence repeat markers. These linkage maps were constructed from different Vitis species and represent three genetic backgrounds. The first population is pure Vitis vinifera, derived from a cross of the European cultivars Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon. The second is an interspecific cross between two commercially used rootstock cultivars of different North American Vitis species parentage, Ramsey (Vitis champinii) and Riparia Gloire (Vitis riparia). The third population, D8909-15 (Vitis rupestris × (Vitis arizonica/Vitis girdiana form)) × F8909-17 (V. rupestris × (V. arizonica/Vitis candicans form)), is an F1 from two half-sibs. Genome-wide and chromosome-wide recombination rates varied across the three populations and among the six Vitis parents. Global recombination rates in the parents of the third F1 population, with a complex Vitis background, were significantly reduced. In the first and third populations, the recombination rate was significantly greater in the male parent. Specific genome locations with frequent heterogeneity in recombination were identified, suggesting that recombination rates are not equal across the Vitis genome. The identification of regions with suppressed or high recombination will aid grape breeders and geneticists who rely on recombination events to introgress disease resistance genes from the genomes of wild Vitis species, develop fine-scale genetic maps, and clone disease resistance genes.
Geomorphology and reflectance patterns of vegetation-covered dunes at the Tsodilo Hills, north-west Botswana

Seasonal reflectance variations in semigrid environments provide a means of assessing vegetation health and density as well as monitoring landform processes. Multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes with field measurements are used to map geomorphology and vegetation density in a stabilized dune environment and to measure seasonal reflectance changes for a series of ten geomorphological and vegetation units on the Kalahari-age linear dunes. Units were chosen based on differences in landform and proportion of trees, forbs and bare soil. Reflectance curves and normalized-difference vegetation indices (NDVI) show that dune crests have the strongest seasonal variability in color and brightness. The geomorphological link with reflectance and NDVI values are linked to biomass production and zoning of vegetation with slope, drainage and subtle soil differences.
COMPARTMENTALIZED IGE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN LIVING CELLS

Several receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways, including EGF and IgE receptor pathways, have been proposed to be spatially restricted to plasma membrane microdomains. However, the experimental evidence for signaling events in these microdomains is largely based on biochemical fractionation and immunocytochemical studies and only little is known about their spatial dynamics in living cells. Here we constructed green fluorescent protein–tagged SH2 domains to investigate where and when IgE receptor (FceRI)–mediated tyrosine phosphorylation occurs in living tumor mast cells. Strikingly, within minutes after antigen addition, tandem SH2 domains from Syk or PLC-γ1 translocated from a uniform cytosolic distribution to punctuate plasma membrane microdomains. Colocalization experiments showed that the microdomains where tyrosine phosphorylation occurred were indistinguishable from those stained by cholera toxin B, a marker for glycosphingolipids. Competitive binding studies with coelectroporated unlabeled Syk, PLC-γ1, and other SH2 domains selectively suppressed the induction of IgE receptor–mediated calcium signals as well as the binding of the fluorescent SH2 domains. This supports the hypothesis that PLC-γ1 and Syk SH2 domains selectively bind to Syk and IgE receptors, respectively. Unlike the predicted prelocalization of EGF receptors to caveolae microdomains, fluorescently labeled IgE receptors were found to be uniformly distributed in the plasma membrane of unstimulated cells and only transiently translocated to glycosphingolipid rich microdomains after antigen addition. Thus, these in vivo studies support a plasma membrane signaling mechanism by which IgE receptors transiently associate with microdomains and induce the spatially restricted activation of Syk and PLC-γ1.
Evaluation of the impact of finite-resolution effects on scintillation compensation using two deformable mirrors.

The impact of finite-resolution deformable mirrors and wave-front sensors is evaluated as it applies to full-wave conjugation using two deformable mirrors. The first deformable mirror is fixed conjugate to the pupil, while the second deformable mirror is at a finite range. The control algorithm to determine the mirror commands for the two deformable mirrors is based on a modification of the sequential generalized projection algorithm. The modification of the algorithm allows the incorporation of Gaussian spatial filters into the optimization process to limit the spatial-frequency content applied to the two deformable mirrors. Simulation results are presented for imaging and energy projection scenarios that establish that the optimal spatial filter waist to be applied is equal to the subaperture side length in strong turbulence. The effect of varying the subaperture side length is examined, and it is found that to effect a significant degree of scintillation compensation, the subapertures, and corresponding spacing between actuators, must be much smaller than the coherence length of the input field.
Status Of CuInSe2 Solar Cells

CuInSe2 has unique optical and electronic properties which make it a prime candidate for low-cost high efficiency thin-film polycrystalline solar cells. Within a decade of the first experiments with thin-film solar cells efficiencies had exceeded 10% and already pre-commercialization efforts are underway. The status and prospects of single junction CuInSe2 based solar cells are reviewed and the potential extension into multijunction configurations considered.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PREDICTION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN BINARY MIXTURES USING AN IMPROVED EQUATION OF STATE AND A THEORETICALLY CONSISTENT MIXING RULE

Abstract Prediction of thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria in fluid mixtures using a simple cubic equation of state is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we have predicted vapor/ liquid phase equilibria of several binary fluid mixtures using our previously developed improved Peng-Robinson equation of state and a theoretically consistent mixing rule. Our mixing rule combines the mixing rule of Wong-Sandier with a physically based combination rule. Mixtures are composed of nonpolar, nonassociating polar and associating polar fluids. Comparisons of theoretical predictions with experimental data show a very good performance of our approach in describing vapor/liquid phase equilibria of several mixtures, namely, carbon dioxide/ propane, ethane/hexane, butane/methanol, benzene/methanol, acetone/methanol, methanol/ ethanol, methanol/1-butanol, methanol/water and ethanol/water.