cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between TI-201, Tc-99m (Sn) pyrophosphate and F-18 2-deoxyglucose uptake in ischemically injured dog myocardium

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that enhanced glucose utilization in reperfused myocardium as assessed by F-18-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) and positron tomography predicts functional recovery. In this study, we compared segmental uptake of F-18 FDG with that of TI-201 and Tc-99m (Sn) pyrophosphate (Tc-99m PPi) as conventional markers of tissue viability in seven dogs after a 3-hour intracoronary balloon occlusion and 20 hours of reperfusion. Myocardial blood flow was determined with microspheres. Regional retention fractions were calculated from tracer tissue concentrations, the arterial input function, and blood flow. ischemic injury was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and histologic analysis. At 24 hours, blood flow was 22% lower in reperfused than in control myocardium ( p r = 0.92), while glucose utilization and Tc-99m PPi were 2.9 ( p p
Major Northern Hemisphere deglaciation caused by a moisture deficit 140 ka

A variety of marine evidence indicates that much of the deglacial activity that ended the Illinoian glaciation occurred under cold climate conditions prior to the glacial termination 2 warming at 127 ka in the {delta}{sup 18}O deep-sea core record. This anomalous deglaciation is explained by a reduction of water-vapor input to the ice sheets caused by weaker summer atmospheric circulation due to a known smaller latitudinal insolation gradient associated with Earth's orbital variations. A major factor in the eventual marine and atmospheric warming of termination 2 was the formation of unusually warm deep water in the eastern North Atlantic and its circulation to Antarctica, with the probable consequence that the marine-based West Antarctic ice sheet melted, resulting in a eustatic sea level 6 m higher than present.
Applications Of High Power Laser Radiation To Controlled Fusion

The application of high energy laser radiation to the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion is discussed. Consideration of the radiation absorption process in a high temperature plasma, which serves as the working fluid for a fusion reactor, leads to an optimum laser power and pulse shape. Single laser pulse energies required approach 107 joules for a working reactor. A review of present high power experimental laser plasma work is presented, together with a series of concepts in which the method of laser ignition of a fusion reaction is applied to a stationary power plant and a spacecraft propulsion system.© (1969) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quick Survey of Smartphone Features and Functions

What do you do when you leave the house without your smartphone? Do you sleep with it beside your bed? For us, these devices are as much a part of our lives as the belts around our waists. But, how long has it been since you surveyed the market? We provide a topical update on the current features and functions of these immensely important devices.
The Pathology of EMT in Mouse Mammary Tumorigenesis

Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) tumorigenesis in the mouse was first described over 100 years ago using various terms such as carcinosarcoma and without any comprehension of the underlying mechanisms. Such tumors have been considered artifacts of transplantation and of tissue culture. Recently, EMT tumors have been recognized in mammary glands of genetically engineered mice. This review provides a historical perspective leading to the current status in the context of some of the key molecular biology. The biology of mouse mammary EMT tumorigenesis is discussed with comparisons to human breast cancer.
FEMO treatment of all trans-polyenes with parametric energy dependences

The semi-empirical free electron theory with inclusion of interelectronic and electron-nuclear molecular integrals is used to examine the spectroscopic properties of the trans-polyenes. The molecular integrals were calculated at many values ofQ, the free electron theory length parameter. Comparisons are made to equivalent LCAO-MO methods, especially in regard to molecular coulomb and exchange integrals, singlet-triplet separations and parametric dependence. The FET viriel theorem is examined.
ISOLATION AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NUCLEI FROM CHICK EMBRYO LIVER

A procedure is described for the isolation of enzymatically active nuclei from chick embryo liver. It consists of the homogenization of the pooled tissue in 0.32 M sucrose-3 mM MgCl2 followed by a slow centrifugation. The resulting nuclear pellet is then purified further in a discontinuous density gradient composed of sucrose solutions containing Mg2+ ions, the lower portion of the gradient being 2.2 M sucrose-1 mM MgCl2. Based on DNA recovery, the nuclear fraction isolated by the procedure described contained an average of 62% of the nuclei in the original filtered homogenate. Light and electron microscope examinations showed that 90% of the isolated nuclei were derived from hepatocytes. They appeared intact with well preserved nucleoplasmic and nucleolar components, nuclear envelope, and pores. The isolated nuclei were quite pure, having a very low level of cytoplasmic contamination as indicated by cytoplasmic enzyme marker activities and electron microscope studies. The nuclear fraction consisted of 19.9% DNA, 6.2% RNA, 74% protein, the average RNA/DNA ratio being 0.32. Biosynthetic activities of the two nuclear enzymes NAD-pyrophosphorylase and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase were preserved. The specific activities of these enzymes were: NAD-pyrophosphorylase, 0.049 µmoles nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesized/min per mg protein; Mg2+ activated RNA polymerase, 4.3 µµmoles UMP-2-C14 incorporated into RNA/µg DNA per 10 min; and Mn2+-(NH4)2SO4 activated RNA-polymerase, 136 µµmoles UMP-2-C14 incorporated into RNA/µg DNA per 45 min.
Mechanisms of thrombus formation and lysis

Maintenance of a patent vasculature is critical to provide nutrient blood flow to dependent tissues. This is normally facilitated by vessels composed of actively nonthrombogenic endothelium and blood that contains both nonactivated platelets and inactive coagulation proenzymes. Following vessel injury, active hemostasis results from vasoconstriction, adherence and aggregation of activated platelets, and coagulation enzyme activation. The resulting thrombus contains a mixture of blood cells and the insoluble product of coagulation, fibrin, which further stimulates the activation of another blood enzyme system known as the fibrinolytic system. This results in the conversion by plasminogen activators of the circulating plasma proenzyme plasminogen into the active fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin, which dissolves the clot into degradation products. Vascular patency ultimately is restored and healing is thus facilitated. The hemostatic system is highly regulated by a variety of processes. Derangement of regulation can lead to disease manifesting either as thrombosis or hemorrhage. Furthermore, improved understanding of the molecular interactions involved in these processes has led to design of newer therapeutic interventions targeted toward amelioration of the sequelae of thromboembolic disease.
Bistable Versions of the Marriages and Roommates Problems

A stable matching for an instance of the stable marriages problem or the stable roommates problem is bistable if it is also a stable matching when the ordering of the input preference lists is reversed. For the stable marriages problem, it is shown that the bistable matchings are a sublattice of the distributive lattice of stable matchings. In addition, the Gale?Shapley algorithm is modified to find the man-optimal bistable matching and to determine the irreducible bistable matchings.
Natural course after the development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study

— To examine the early stage of the natural course of liver cirrhosis, a prospective follow-up study was conducted in a series of 76 patients with recent development of cirrhosis during the course of chronic type B hepatitis. During a mean follow-up period of 34.4 months, 45 episodes of acute exacerbation were recorded; the majority of the episodes occurred within 2 years after entry. The calculated annual incidence of acute exacerbation was significantly higher in patients seropositive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA (25.9%) than in those without these markers (11.9%). Three-fourths of the acute exacerbations were attributable to the reactivation of HBV. Spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion to anti-HBe also occurred in the early phase, but less than 30% of the events were preceded by acute exacerbation. Late hepatitis B surface antigen clearance occurred in two patients. Hepatic decompensation, esophageal variceal bleeding and hepatocellular carcinoma developed relatively late in the course of the disease with a calculated annual incidence of 2.3%, 2.3% and 2.8%, respectively. Seven patients (9.2%) died of hepatic failure or variceal bleeding, usually more than 3 years after entry. The estimated 5-year survival rate was 80%. The results suggest that the natural events of chronic HBV infection, including exacerbation, seroconversion and its sequelae could occur after the development of cirrhosis. In addition, these events might be responsible for the clinicopathological changes and the outcomes of these cirrhotic patients.
A package for geostatistical integration of coarse and fine scale data

Building numerical models in earth science requires integration of many different data. Data typically come from different sources with different volume supports: fine-scale point support and coarse-scale block support. All are valuable information and should be incorporated into the final models. In addition, prior information, such as spatial correlation and property statistics (mean, variance, etc.), should also be considered. Several approaches are proposed to build high resolution models conditioned to both point and linear average block support data and accounting for prior structural information. A 3D case study for downscaling coarse scale data conditioned to point support data is presented. The results demonstrate the applicability and limitations of the proposed algorithms and software package.
Experiencing a Social Network in an Organizational Context: The Facebook Internship

As Facebook becomes increasingly more popular as a communication tool for businesses and organizations, it is important that our students learn to transfer personal Facebook skills to professional ...
Dexamethasone as Prophylaxis for Acute Mountain Sickness: Effect of Dose Level

Rapid exposure of unacclimatized persons to high altitude causes the syndrome acute mountain sickness (AMS). Prophylactic treatment with frequent high doses of dexamethasone has been shown to prevent AMS. To determine whether lower, less frequent doses were effective in preventing AMS, 28 men between the ages of 18 and 32 were exposed to a simulated altitude of 4,570 m for 45 h in a hypobaric chamber on two occasions while taking one of three doses of dexamethasone (4 mg, 1 mg, or .25 mg every 12 h) or a placebo in a double-blind, crossover design. The 4-mg dose of dexamethasone reduced the incidence of AMS symptoms compared with placebo and the other dose levels. Dexamethasone did not alter fluid balance or plasma volume changes, but treatment with 1 mg and 4 mg suppressed cortisol secretion. There was no evidence of adrenal cortical suppression after treatment with dexamethasone or placebo 48 h after discontinuing altitude exposure and drug treatment. The results indicate that 4 mg of dexamethasone twice daily is an effective prophylactic treatment for AMS, while lower doses are relatively ineffective.
Glucocorticoid Resistance Caused by Reduced Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Cells From Human Vascular Lesions

Abstract—Mechanisms that control the balance between cell proliferation and death are important in the development of vascular lesions. Rat primary smooth muscle cells were 80% inhibited by low microgram doses of hydrocortisone (HC) and 50% inhibited by nanogram concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), although some lines acquired resistance in late passage. However, comparable doses of HC, or TGF-β1, failed to inhibit most human lesion-derived cell (LDC) lines. In sensitive LDC, HC (10 μg/mL) inhibited proliferation by up to 50%, with obvious apoptosis in some lines, and TGF-β1 inhibited proliferation by more than 90%. Collagen production, as measured by [3H]proline incorporation or RIA for type III pro-collagen, was either unaffected or increased in the LDCs by HC. These divergent responses between LDC lines were partially explained by the absence of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and heat shock protein 90 mRNA in 10 of 12 LDC lines, but the presence of the mineralocorticoid receptor ...
Rarefaction waves in van der Waals fluids with an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom.

The isentropic expansion of an instantaneously and homogeneously heated foil is calculated using a 1D fluid model. The initial temperature and density are assumed to be in the vicinity of the critical temperature and solid density, respectively. The fluid is assumed to satisfy the van der Waals equation of state with an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom. Self-similar Riemann solutions are found. With a larger number of degrees of freedom $f$, depending on the initial dimensionless entropy ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{s}}_{0}$, a richer family of foil expansion behaviors have been found. We calculate the domain in parameter space where these behaviors occur. In total, eight types of rarefaction waves are found and described.
High performance Fortran for highly irregular problems

We present a general data parallel formulation for highly irregular problems in High Performance Fortran (HPF). Our formulation consists of(1) a method for linearizing irregular data structures (2) a data parallel implementation (in HPF) of graph partitioning algorithms applied to the linearized data structure, (3) techniques for expressing irregular communication and nonuniform computations associated with the elements of linearized data structures.We demonstrate and evaluate our formulation on a parallel, hierarchical N--body method for the evaluation of potentials and forces of nonuniform particle distributions. Our experimental results demonstrate that efficient data parallel (HPF) implementations of highly nonuniform problems are feasible with the proper language/compiler/runtime support. Our data parallel N--body code provides a much needed "benchmark" code for evaluating and improving HPF compilers.
Paras and Centurions: Lessons Learned From the Battle of Algiers

This article revisits the Battle of Algiers as a lesson for our time, with special attention to the moral vicissitudes of the elite military corps of paratroopers that won the battle for France. A historical sketch of the role of the French military in colonial Africa and Indochina develops the context in which the French paratroopers resorted to torture interrogation of thousands of Algerian Arabs to crush the terrorist insurgency. The lessons focus on terrorist insurgent strategies, vulnerabilities in traditional guideposts for military ethics, and dangers in disrupted civil–military relations. As described in the concluding section, a current U.S. Army training program for commanders and staff officers incorporates these lessons.
Design techniques for reduction of reluctance torque in brushless permanent magnet motors

Reluctance torque is often a principal source of vibration and control difficulty in motors, especially at low speeds and loads. This paper examines two motor design techniques, stator tooth notching and rotor pole skewing with magnetic pole shaping, for reduction of reluctance torque, and the effect of each method on the output torque. Prediction of results was performed by finite element analysis of the airgap flux, Maxwell stress method and Fourier decomposition to calculate the periodic reluctance torque. The analyses show that the reluctance torque can be nearly eliminated by the suggested designs, with minimal sacrifice of output torque. >
Stem cell-derived, tissue-engineered pulmonary artery augmentation patches in vivo.

Background Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is a frequently encountered component of many congenital cardiac repairs. We sought to tissue engineer pulmonary artery augmentation patches from retrovirally labeled endothelial progenitor and mesenchymal stem cells and determine the persistence of the seeded cells in vivo. Methods Autologous ovine endothelial progenitor and mesenchymal stem cells were labeled with a retroviral vector encoding green and red fluorescent proteins, coseeded onto biopolymers, and cultured for 5 days. The tissue-engineered patches were implanted into the main pulmonary artery with 1, 2, 4, and 6 week in vivo maturation (n = 8). In vivo evaluation included ultrasonography and angiography, with preimplant and explanted specimens evaluated using histologic examination and immunofluorescence. Results Echocardiography at each time demonstrated laminar pulmonary artery flow without a pressure gradient across the replaced segment. Pulmonary angiography did not exhibit stenosis or aneurysmal change. Gross appearance of all explanted patches showed progressive tissue formation with increased length of time in vivo. Retrovirally labeled cellular persistence was 96%, 82%, 85%, and 66% at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after implantation, respectively. Early in the in vivo remodeling period, the number of green fluorescent protein–positive endothelial progenitor cells was 1.6 fold greater than the red fluorescent protein–positive mesenchymal stem cells. As in vivo remodeling continued, red fluorescent protein–expressing mesenchymal stem cells were expressed 1.2 to 1.7 times that of the green fluorescent protein–positive endothelial progenitor cells. Conclusions The data demonstrate the successful creation of an anatomically functional, autologous tissue-engineered pulmonary artery using coseeded progenitor cell sources. Labeled implanted stem cells persisted in the engineered construct, suggesting that in vitro seeding is necessary to engineer tissue. This study demonstrates an effective method to track multiple cell types after implantation.
Continuous measurement of atomic force microscope tip wear by contact resonance force microscopy.

devices, [ 3 ] and manufacturing. [ 4 ] In these applications, tip size and shape critically affect the accuracy, resolution, and reliability of measurements and processes. [ 5 ] However, during tip–sample contact the tip can wear and break, undermining the utility of the instrument. [ 6 ] Thus, the development of wear-resistant probes, protocols for their testing and a fundamental understanding of their wear process is of vital importance. Although wear-resistant probes continue to advance, [ 7 , 8 ] tribological test methods and the collection of data for theoretical models still require measurements ex situ to the scanning process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [ 8–12 ] and blind reconstruction while scanning on highaspect-ratio reference samples [ 8 , 12 , 13 ] have both been used to correlate scanning history with tip geometry changes. Such ex-situ approaches are slow and can cause additional wear, fracture, and contamination. More recently, periodic force– displacement adhesion measurements have provided a less disruptive means of monitoring changes in contact area after scanning a fi nite distance. [ 8 , 11 , 12 ] Still, adhesion measurements require interruption of the scan, and quantitative determination of a contact radius can be strongly affected by geometry, contamination, and environmental conditions. Here, we demonstrate how contact resonance force microscopy (CR-FM) methods enable quantitative in-situ evaluation of tip wear by measurement of instantaneous changes in contact radius while scanning Si cantilevers on a Si substrate. It is found that CR-FM measurements do not adversely affect the wear process, and the results compare favorably with ex-situ techniques. Overall, CR-FM is shown to be an effective tool for detecting subnanometer changes in the contact radius while also revealing novel information about tip symmetry and wear rate. Contact resonance force microscopy experiments and analysis are well described in the literature. [ 14 ] Briefl y, an AFM tip is brought into contact with a sample, and the sample or cantilever is vibrated out of plane over a frequency range that excites a fl exural resonance. Due to tip–sample interactions, the contact resonance of a given eigenmode
Evidence for a G2 checkpoint in p53-independent apoptosis induction by X-irradiation

The p53 tumor suppressor gene is thought to be required for the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) initiated by DNA damage. We show here, however, that the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60, which is known to be deficient in p53 because of large deletions in the p53 gene, can be induced to undergo apoptosis following X-irradiation. We demonstrate that the decision to undergo apoptosis in this cell line appears to be made at a G2 checkpoint. In addition, we characterize an HL-60 variant, HCW-2, which is radioresistant. HCW-2 cells display DNA damage induction and repair capabilities identical to those of the parental HL-60 cell line. Thus, the difference between the two cell lines appears to be that X-irradiation induces apoptosis in HL-60, but not in HCW-2, cells. Paradoxically, HCW-2 cells display high levels of expression of bax, which enhances apoptosis, and no longer express bcl-2, which blocks apoptosis. HCW-2 cells' resistance to apoptosis may be due to the acquisition of expression of bcl-XL, a bcl-2-related inhibitor of apoptosis. In summary, apoptosis can be induced in X-irradiated HL-60 cells by a p53-independent mechanism at a G2 checkpoint, despite the presence of endogenous bcl-2. The resistance shown by HCW-2 cells suggests that bcl-XL can block this process.
Estimation of fractal dimension using alternating sequential filters

The computation of the fractal dimension of a 2-dimensional image has become an important issue in various image processing applications such as texture analysis. The fractal dimension is a measure of the similarity in a multiresolution representation. An alternating sequential filter (ASF), a morphological transformation, is used to generate such a representation. The surface areas at different resolutions, computed using a piecewise planar approximation, are used to estimate the fractal dimension. Comparisons with existing methods are done to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. The robustness to noise is also demonstrated. Testing was done on synthetic and natural textured images.
The Determinants of Environmental Awareness and Behavior

This paper investigates the determinants of environmental values across countries. Its purpose is to put the role of economic affluence into perspective by challenging the conventional wisdom that states that the level of economic affluence influences the level of environmental concern expressed by the population. While this paper does not question the fact that large scale environmental defensive activities are likely to be influenced by the level of income in a country, it is hypothesized that environmental awareness and individual involvement in environmental protection need not be a function of the level of economic affluence. To test this hypothesis, three variables are created—Positive Environmental Attitudes, Willingness to Pay to Protect the Environment, and Human-Environment Relationship—using data from the World Values Survey (1995-1997). The variables are regressed against a set of economic, demographic, political, psychological and education variables. The results show that economic affluence has, at best, a marginal direct influence on environmental awareness and no direct impact on environmental behavior. The paper demonstrates that the degree of urbanization, the level of subjective wellbeing and the level of income equality have direct effects on awareness, while education, population pressure and happiness are significantly correlated with environmental behavior.
Exact Solutions of the Multi Variable Allele Frequency Equations Problems in Population Genetics

There has been great progress in understanding genetics of populations over the past several decades. Beginning from Kimura's work of mathematical modeling of the fixation of a trait as coded by alleles the theory has had greatly success and much progress since has been based on the noted theory. More recently the multi variable allele frequency variability problem with generalized conditions allowing for a more physically realistic description of overlapping generations and time dependent factors of population and selecting strengths has been introduced and solved from master equations and from the continuous approximation by diffusion approximation mathematics. We believe further generalizations conceptually in describing physically observed genetic phenomenon and also then mathematical generalizations are needed and possible for the theory, as well as a completely novel description from within alternative recently introduced statistical ensembles such as the superstatistics and specifically the apriori nonlinear information and negentropy compositions nonextensive statistics. These then if successful can be utilized to accurately describe high frequency mutation of organisms such as HIV viruses, and in describing biological species that have a puzzling high genetic variation.such as certain marine species. In this letter we derive such generalizations to include general evolutionary processes, including generalizations of overlap of populations, time dependence of drift and of population stochastic evolution and of stochastic selection strength of alleles.
Advances in Fine Pitch Off-Chip Interconnections Through the Use of a Novel Surface Finish

One constant in electronic system integration is the continuous trend towards smaller devices with increased functionality, driven by emerging mobile and high-performance applications. This brings the need for higher bandwidth at lower power, translating into increased I/O density, to enable highly-integrated systems with form factor reduction. These requirements result in the necessity of interconnection pitch-scaling, below 30 μm in the near future, and substrates with high wiring densities, leading to routing with sub 5 μm L/S where standard surface finishes (ENIG, ENEPIG) are no longer applicable. Copper pillar with solder caps technology is currently the prevalent solution for off-chip interconnections at fine pitch, dominating the high performance and mobile market with pitches as low as 40 μm in production. However, this technology faces many fundamental limitations in pitch scaling below 30 μm, due to solder bridging, IMC-solder interfacial stress management, and poor power handling capability of ...
Banking Strategy and Financial Exclusion: Tracing the Pathways of Globalization

This paper argues that the current world-wide scenario of liberalized banking and financial exclusion has emerged because of two successive phases of financial globalization: a macro-scale globalization beginning in the late 1970s and persisting two decades; and a micro-scale globalization - that is, the movement across borders of banking firms and banking practices - beginning in the late 1980s and still gathering force. Contrary to those who view micro-scale globalization as shifting formerly sheltered national banking systems toward efficiency, this paper argues that micro-scale globalization is generating both financial inclusion for the privileged and financial exclusion for the poor or working poor. That is, the micro-scale globalization processes move not only along an efficiency/inefficiency axis, but also along an axis of wealth-equality/opportunity; and moves in the direction of efficiency may force a given economy further from the point of equality of opportunity and wealth.
Alternative Accounting Measures as Predictors of Municipal Financial Distress

This paper explores the role that alternative accounting measures can play in predicting the downgrade of municipal general obligation bond ratings.
Foreign Tax Credit Reform: A Response to Peroni, et al.

In this report the author responds to Peroni, et al., considering alternatives for reform and simplification of the foreign tax credit rules.
Rescattering Across Shells and Into Ultra-Strong Fields

Multielectron, nonsequential ionization has been measured up to Xe11+. The data shows rescattering collisions at 1016W/cm2 to 1017W/cm2 and across electron shells. A rescattering deflection parameter predicts the change from the strong to ultrastrong field.
Literature-Based Problems for Introductory Organic Chemistry Quizzes and Exams

Literature-based problems expose students to current, real world applications of chemistry. These types of problems are often confined to graduate and advanced undergraduate courses. We describe incorporation of literature-based problems in Organic I and II courses on quizzes and exams. We give students at least 1 week to study and discuss portions of a paper, then ask students to answer quiz and exam questions based on the paper. Students show high levels of engagement with and interest in the primary chemical literature when faced with these types of assessments.
Antibody Formation in Hibernating Ground Squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus)

SummarySpecific antibody formation to influenza A virus vaccine (strain PR8) has been demonstrated in hibernating Citellus tridecemlineatus. Although only a small amount of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was formed on primary antigenic stimulation, it was detectable. A true anamnestic response was shown in animals given a booster dose of antigen 1 month after the initial injection when these animals were awake at room temperature for 5 days before sacrifice. Whether a true secondary response was obtained entirely in hibernation is not ascertainable from our data, although the GMT was significantly different from the primary GMT. A possible pseudosecondary response was also noted following primary antigenic stimulation when the antigen presumeably was retained in the hibernating animals.
Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance after Valkyrie

The subject of resistance in Nazi Germany has generated a great deal of scholarship, most famously, Martin Broszat's concept of Resistenz and Klaus-Jurgen Muller's definition of Widerstand. In Diso...
The study for gypsum mine’s reversed program of mining technology

In order to promote gypsum mine safety production management,the determination of reasonable mining anointed method and mining parameters,through to the ore room design and stress and stability of the tiberium spikes,room and pillar size and spacing layer of stability,the results showed that,the program gypsum mine mining,can not only ensure the safety production,and can effectively reduce the roof collapsed and fell in board mine earthquake accident risk.And through the use of simply supported beam theory or fixed and auxiliary area theory,calculated by the span of room and the anointing column width.A final determination in mining width room 4.0 m,5.0 m width anointed column and a set of not less than 1.5 m to protect the cream,1.0 m of the bottom of the most favorable anointed mining.
Colostomy in the trauma patient: Experience in 55 cases

Fifty-five consecutive patients undergoing colostomy for colonic trauma are reviewed. A complication rate of 18 per cent is reported, with a higher rate of patients with stomal management problems.
Environmentally Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth

Modeling of environmentally assisted fatigue (or corrosion fatigue) crack growth in terms of environmental variables and of microstructure is presented. The models serve as a framework for understanding the mechanisms for corrosion fatigue and the crack growth response. Crack growth response is determined by the underlying rate controlling processes (namely, transport, surface reaction and hydrogen diffusion), and can be modified by metallurgical processes, such as strain induced hydride formation. The principal features of fatigue crack growth response and the current state of understanding are illustrated by data on structurally important alloys. The interactions between environment and microstructure are illustrated by recent results on a high-strength steel and an aluminum alloy. The need for utilizing such a framework and for environmental control in the study of fatigue mechanisms is emphasized. Implications for design are discussed.
Ultrasonic characterization of microstructure in powder metal alloy

The ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics were measured for IN-100, a powder metallurgy alloy used for aircraft engine components. This material was as a model system for testing the feasibility of characterizing the microstructure of a variety of inhomogeneous media including powder metals, ceramics, castings and components. The data were obtained for a frequency range from about 2 to 20 MHz and were statistically averaged over numerous volume elements of the samples. Micrographical examination provided size and number distributions for grain and pore structure. The results showed that the predominant source for the ultrasonic attenuation and backscatter was a dense (approx. 100/cubic mm) distribution of small micropores (approx. 10 micron radius). Two samples with different micropore densities were studied in detail to test the feasibility of calculating from observed microstructural parameters the frequency dependence of the microstructural backscatter in the regime for which the wavelength is much larger than the size of the individual scattering centers. Excellent agreement was found between predicted and observed values so as to demonstrate the feasibility of solving the forward problem. The results suggest a way towards the nondestructive detection and characterization of anomalous distributions of micropores when conventional ultrasonic imaging is difficult. The findings are potentially significant toward the application of the early detection of porosity during the materials fabrication process and after manufacturing of potential sites for stress induced void coalescence leading to crack initiation and subsequent failure.
Mobile tracked displays as engaging and effective learning platforms

We present the design of a novel educational virtual reality application to aid undergraduate engineering students in understanding the basic principles of fluid mechanics. The application was deployed on a tablet computer, and we compared two 3D userinterfaces, which differed primarily by locomotion technique. The first technique employed multi-touch gestures. The second technique used a mobile-tracked display. We conducted a pilot study with 23 participants, divided into two groups according to user-interface type. We restricted participants to undergraduate engineering students in an engineering statics course that were familiar with free-body diagrams of distributed loads but had not been taught the principles of fluid mechanics. Participants answered applied visual reasoning questions and theoretical questions, while they interacted with the application. Our results indicate that a mobile-tracked display is a usable, engaging approach, but results were unclear with respect to learning.
Apnea in the Otherwise Healthy, Term Newborn: National Prevalence and Utilization during the Birth Hospitalization.

Objectives To describe the prevalence of apnea in otherwise healthy term newborns, identify attributable length of stay (LOS) and healthcare utilization (cost) of apnea, and measure hospital variation in attributable LOS and cost of apnea in this population. Study design We conducted a secondary analysis of a national administrative dataset, the 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database, which included 3.4 million newborn discharges in the US. The birth hospitalizations of approximately 2.6 million otherwise healthy, full-term newborns were included for analysis. Attributable LOS and cost of apnea were calculated using multivariate analyses. Results Apnea was diagnosed in 1 in 1000 healthy full-term newborns. Multivariate analyses showed that newborns with apnea had 0.6 days longer LOS ( P P P P Conclusions Apnea is associated with higher LOS and cost in the newborn hospitalization, with variation in hospital practice. This suggests the need for better comprehension of the underlying physiology and standardization of practice in its management in the term newborn.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Sickle Cell Disease: A Common Complication for Both Adults and Children.

Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is a risk factor for death in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). Although occurring in >30% of adult patients, routine screening is not yet standard of care, and many patients are undiagnosed and untreated. Little is known on the prevalence of PHT in the pediatric population. A retrospective chart review was performed on 362 patients to evaluate screening practices and prevalence of PHT in both adults and children with SCD. Thirty percent (n=110) were LFTs, >creatinine, and more were on oxygen and/or hydroxyurea therapy compared to those without PHT. Surprisingly, history of ACS and splenectomy was similar in both groups. Comparing adults to children with PHT, more men than women were affected among adults (however more men were screened), while gender was equally distributed among children. Age of children with PHT ranged from 7–17 years (mean 12.6±3 years). Children were more likely to be homozygous for SS (14/15), carry the diagnosis of PHT, have a history of ACS (93% vs. 52%), and a higher incidence of sepsis (40% vs. 14%) than their adult counterparts. However they had fewer complications overall; renal and liver disease was rare, and less were transfused. Compared to children who do not have PHT, kids with PHT are more likely to have a history of ACS (93% vs. 63%), an abnormal CXR (87% vs. 57%), asthma (33% vs. 15%), >VOC events (60% vs. 39%), history of sepsis (40% vs. 9%), but less stroke (7% vs. 17%) and less transfusions including chronic transfusion (27% vs. 50%). It is possible that early transfusion secondary to a CNS event is protective against the development of PHT in children. Stepwise logistical regression modeling included renal disease, chronic transfusion, liver disease and alcohol use as significant risk factors for PHT (ROC = 0.82). Current mortality rate is 2% for patients without PHT vs. 8% for the PHT group (p=0.03). In conclusion, PHT is a common complication in SCD that affects both adults and children. The diagnosis is often missed, even with echo evidence of PHT. In this population 96% were untreated. Children with PHT have a different profile of complications than adults with PHT, suggesting alternate mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in children. Since PHT is associated with high mortality and morbidity, universal screening by echo and increased awareness is essential to identify patients at risk, and new therapies are critically needed.
Comments on the Normative Challenge of Environmental “Soft Law”

This paper describes the increased presence of non-binding soft law in international environmental law and begins by listing the possible uses of a “non-binding normative instrument.” Next, the paper describes the relationship between soft law and customary international law and notes that soft law may result in subsequent codification of those principles or interpret existing treaty obligations. The paper then contemplates why states are utilizing soft law in international environmental law and discusses issues regarding compliance with non-binding soft law. The paper concludes that the complicated nature of the international system prevents a prediction of the extent to which states will use and enforce hard or soft law.
Teaching on the Farm: Farm as Place in the Sociology of Food and Sustainability

Place-based pedagogies offer instructors opportunities to use place and space as objects for learning and for critique. This chapter reflects on two years of place-based teaching social science on a multi-acre organic farm. First, the chapter introduces the college, the farm, and the larger community of which they are a part. Next, I outline how the farm can be used as a metaphor to discuss the macro-micro link in the social sciences and issues surrounding diversity. I then offer ways that teaching on the farm can aid in student understandings of epistemic distance and relations of inequality. Finally, I reflect on the connections between the farm and the larger community and their role in student learning.
Morphological Sampling of Random Closed Sets

We consider the problem of morphologically sampling binary images and binary morphological image operators, as proposed by Heijmans and Toet. In the deterministic case, we obtain some new results, including approximation of continuous space erosions by discrete erosions and discretization of composite operators. These results are then applied to the case of a random closed set. We show convergence of a morphologically sampled random closed set, and its associated capacity functional, in the limit as the sampling grid size goes to zero. Similar results are obtained for the case of a morphologically transformed random closed set, and for a large class of morphological operators.
Existence of the solutions to convolution equations with distributional kernels

It is proved that a class of convolution integral equations of the Volterra type has a global solution, that is, solutions defined for all \( t\ge 0\) . Smoothness of the solution is studied.
Discrete Wigner formalism for qubits and noncontextuality of Clifford gates on qubit stabilizer states

We show that qubit stabilizer states can be represented by non-negative quasiprobability distributions associated with a Wigner-Weyl-Moyal formalism where Clifford gates are positive state-independent maps. This is accomplished by generalizing the Wigner-Weyl-Moyal formalism to three generators instead of two---producing an exterior, or Grassmann, algebra---which results in Clifford group gates for qubits that act as a permutation on the finite Weyl phase space points naturally associated with stabilizer states. As a result, a non-negative probability distribution can be associated with each stabilizer state's three-generator Wigner function, and these distributions evolve deterministically to one another under Clifford gates. This corresponds to a hidden variable theory that is noncontextual and local for qubit Clifford gates while Clifford (Pauli) measurements have a context-dependent representation. Equivalently, we show that qubit Clifford gates can be expressed as propagators within the three-generator Wigner-Weyl-Moyal formalism whose semiclassical expansion is truncated at order ${\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{0}$ with a finite number of terms. The $T$ gate, which extends the Clifford gate set to one capable of universal quantum computation, requires a semiclassical expansion of the propagator to order ${\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{1}$. We compare this approach to previous quasiprobability descriptions of qubits that relied on the two-generator Wigner-Weyl-Moyal formalism and find that the two-generator Weyl symbols of stabilizer states result in a description of evolution under Clifford gates that is state-dependent, in contrast to the three-generator formalism. We have thus extended Wigner non-negative quasiprobability distributions from the odd $d$-dimensional case to $d=2$ qubits, which describe the noncontextuality of Clifford gates and contextuality of Pauli measurements on qubit stabilizer states.
Temporary ileostomy for ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: Function and complications

The function and complications associated with temporary ileostomies were reviewed in patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. A series of 180 patients had temporary ileostomies established (157 loop, 23 Brooke). Patients with incomplete fecal diversion had a significantly higher incidence of pouch-anal anastomotic complications (44 percent) than did those with complete diversion (14 percent). Patients with loop ileostomies were more likely than patients with Brooke ileostomies to develop technique-related complications (18 percent vs. 13 percent) and peristomal irritation (54 percent vs. 26 percent). The most frequent complications after take-down of the ileostomy were transient bowel obstruction (13 percent) and peritonitis (7 percent). These complications could not be related to the type of stoma used or the interval to closure. Temporary diversion of a pouch-anal anastomosis decreased the incidence of anastomotic complications. These ileostomies, however, are associated with a significant risk of complications, which can be minimized by meticulous surgical technique.
Modeling acoustic resonators: An application to resonator-enclosure coupling

Acoustic resonators, such as the Helmholtz resonator, provide a stable, cost effective passive noise control solution, and have been widely used to attenuate unwanted sound in enclosures and ducts. Classical formulations predicting the input impedance of such resonators often have significant error, creating a need for repeated prototyping or tuning during fabrication to achieve the desired response. Previous work found that higher-order calculations, including impedance translation and equivalent circuit modelling, produce much more accurate predictions [Calton and Sommerfeldt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139, 2205 (2016)], allowing prototyping to be done quickly on a computer before fabrication of the resonators. This talk will continue the discussion in the work referenced above. In addition to resonator impedance predictions, resonator-enclosure coupling predictions will be discussed. It will be shown through comparison of predicted and experimental results that the impedance and coupling predictions can remove the need for repeated prototyping and tuning. We will also show the incorporation of these predictions into a user interface allowing engineers without acoustics background the ability to design resonators for passive noise control.
Habitual Domains: Expansion and Interactions

In this chapter we shall discuss five topics related to the expansion and interaction of habitual domains. Section 6.1 focuses on general methods for expanding our HDs, Section 6.2 describes ideas and operators that can catch our attention, Section 6.3 describes arriving ideas and operators that are hard to catch our attention and be accepted, Section 6.4 looks at proper attitudes in the interaction of HDs and Section 6.5 treats expansion of HDs as a learning process. Finally, Section 6.6 provides a summary on what we have discussed on HDs.
Distribution of Ergot Alkaloids within the Family Clavicipitaceae

In the twenty years since the first report of an ergot alkaloid-producing endophytic fungus being the causal agent of grass-associated toxicoses in livestock (Bacon et al., 1977), the production of these alkaloids are now well documented among several grass endophytes of the family Clavicipitaceae (Porter, 1994). These endophytes have been shown to convey to the host grasses certain advantageous physiological and ecological characteristics such as increased vigor, tolerance, and resistance to drought and pests (West, 1994; Rowan and Latch, 1994). Research interests have begun to focus on the potential manipulation of the fungi to retain the beneficial qualities communicated to the plant but to down-regulate or eliminate the production of toxicosis-inducing ergot alkaloids (Schardl, 1994). However, little attention has been given to the distribution of these alkaloids within the Clavicipitaceae. While select species of grass endophytes within the genera Neotyphodium, Epichloe, and Balansia have been assayed for alkaloid production, a broad sampling of the entire family is lacking, especially among the entomopathogenic species. We have undertaken such a sampling within a phylogenetic construct and have assayed ergot alkaloid production by certain grass associates and by several species of entomopathogenic Cordyceps with the objective of more clearly defining the evolutionary history, derivation, and biological significance of ergot alkaloids within the family.