cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Chimeric Nectin-1(HveC)-Related Receptors to Demonstrate That Ability to Bind Alphaherpesvirus gD Is Not Necessarily Sufficient for Viral Entry

Human nectin-1 (HveC, Prr1), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and a receptor for the entry of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), binds to viral gD. For HSV-1, HSV-2, and PRV, the gD-binding region of nectin-1 has been localized to the N-terminal V-like domain. To determine whether the two C-like domains of nectin-1 influenced gD binding and entry activity, genes encoding chimeric proteins were constructed. Portions of nectin-1 were replaced with homologous regions from nectin-2 (HveB, Prr2), a related protein with ability to mediate the entry of PRV, HSV-2, and Rid mutants of HSV-1, but not HSV-1 or BHV-1. Also, one or more domains of nectin-1 were fused to the two membrane-proximal Ig domains of CD4, a protein with no herpesvirus entry or gD-binding activity. The chimeric proteins were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which normally lack alphaherpesvirus entry receptors, and detected on the cell surface by one or more anti-nectin-1 monoclonal antibodies. One chimeric protein (nectin-1 amino acids 1-124 fused to CD4) failed to bind to soluble forms of HSV-1, HSV-2, PRV, and BHV-1 gD and, as expected, also failed to mediate entry of the viruses from which these gDs were derived. The other chimeric receptors bound all forms of gD. Some mediated the entry of all the viruses tested but others mediated entry of some but not all the viruses. We conclude that binding of gD to the nectin-1 V domain is not sufficient for entry activity, that there are structural requirements for entry activity independent of gD binding, and that these requirements are different for the several alphaherpesviruses that can use nectin-1 as a receptor.
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride (6R-BH4) and Maternal Phenylketonuria Two Case Studies:

The dietary treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) is a success story. However, the Maternal PKU Collaborative Study reported microcephaly, congenital heart defects, facial dysmorphology, and intrauter...
Bronchiectasis, a long-term sequela of ammonia inhalation: A case report and review of the literature

Anhydrous ammonia is a colorless, highly irritating, watersoluble gas with a pungent odor. It is commonly used as a refrigerant in industry and fertilizer in agriculture. Ammonia is pressurized into a liquid for storage and transport. Inhalation of this gas may acutely cause a variety of respiratory conditions including laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia and pulmonary edema. The patients that survive the acute phase may develop a disabling pulmonary disease characterized by bronchiectasis, airway hyperreactivity [11,13], bronchiolitis obliterans [3,6], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [10,12] and occasionally interstitial lung disease [5,9]. We present a case and a literature review about the development of bronchiectasis after ammonia inhalation.
Subscription Supply Chains: The Ultimate Collaborative Paradigm

Supply chain practitioners have made great strides in forming collaborative partnerships, yet the end consumer is often left out of these plans. Being an important member of the supply chain, we propose that supply chains need to get closer to the end consumer ‐ forming collaborative relationships that center around demand planning. Developing subscription relationships with end consumers will lead to increased planning time, which will result in dramatic cost reductions and superior consumer value and satisfaction through lower costs, increased convenience, and improved availability of supply. Being a new and unique strategy, not all consumers will adopt subscription supply chains. However, we argue that some consumer segments will receive tremendous value and satisfaction purchasing certain types of products and services through subscriptions. Tremendous opportunities await those supply chains who target the right consumers, marketing the right products and services through a subscription supply chain.
Determinants of Renal Function in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients: Long-term Follow-up Study

Background Renal insufficiency (RI) is a known complication in heart transplant recipients. We sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for RI in pediatric heart transplant recipients over a long-term follow-up period. Methods The study cohort included 77 pediatric heart transplant recipients (35 girls, 18 African Americans) who had a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Data were obtained from pre-transplant evaluations and at 1, 6 and 12 months post-transplant and annually thereafter. Factors evaluated for their influence on renal function included duration of listing, age at transplant, gender, race, cardiac diagnosis, use of assist devices, inotropic support, rejection episodes and use of calcineurin inhibitors. Results The median age at transplant was 2 years, with a median follow-up duration of 5.1 years. RI was prevalent in 33% pre-transplant, and in 17%, 21% and 25.9% at 1, 3 and 5 years post-transplant, respectively. Two patients developed end-stage renal disease requiring long-term dialysis, with 1 eventually receiving a renal transplant. Significant risk factors for RI were African-American race (p = 0.04), younger age at transplant (p = 0.007), duration of listing (p < 0.0001) and calcineurin inhibitor level (p = 0.003). RI at 6 months post-transplant predicted chronic kidney disease at 5 years (odds ratio = 9). Conclusions The prevalence of RI increased during a median follow-up of 5 years in this pediatric heart transplant cohort. African-American race, younger age at transplant, longer duration of listing, high level of calcineurin inhibitors and RI at 6 months were important determinants of RI. These patients should be followed-up carefully with early referral to a pediatric nephrologist if they develop chronic kidney disease.
Analytical validation of a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for evaluation of T-cell targeted immunosuppressive therapy in the dog

Abstract Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent that inhibits T-cell function by decreasing production of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In dogs, there is currently no reliable analytical method for determining effective cyclosporine dosages in individual patients. Our laboratory has developed a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay that measures IL-2 and IFN-γ gene expression, with the goal of quantifying immunosuppression in dogs treated with cyclosporine. This study focuses on analytical validation of our assay, and on the effects of sample storage conditions on cyclosporine-exposed samples. Heparinized whole blood collected from healthy adult dogs was exposed to a typical post-treatment blood concentration for cyclosporine (500 ng/mL) for 1 h, and then stored for 0, 24, and 48 h at both room temperature and 4 °C. The study was then repeated using a cyclosporine concentration of 75 ng/mL, with sample storage for 0, 24, and 48 h at 4 °C. Cytokine gene expression was measured using RT-qPCR, and assay efficiency and inter- and intra-assay variability were determined. Storage for up to 24 h at room temperature, and up to 48 h at 4 °C, did not significantly alter results compared to samples that were processed immediately. Validation studies showed our assay to be highly efficient and reproducible and robust enough to be feasible under standard practice submission conditions.
Defective lipolysis persists in hearts of rats with heymann nephritis in the absence of nephrotic plasma.

Catabolism of trig lyceride-rich lipoproteins, including chylomicrons (CM), is reduced in the nephrotic syndrome. It has been suggested that hyperlipidemia per se might lead to reduced CM catabolism by saturating catabolic sites. Evidence also implicates disordered high-density lipoprotein function as reducing the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the final effector of CM lipolysis. To establish whether CM lipolysis would be abnormal in the absence of either abnormal rat lipoproteins or hyperlipidemia, we measured CM lipolysis by isolated perfused hearts of rats with passive Heymann nephritis. We found that lipolysis was significantly reduced by 30% at 30 minutes (246 ± 40 μmol v 164 ± 10 μmol fatty acid released/hr, P P v 210.6 ± 25.9 μmol free fatty acid released/hr/g heart, P v 19.4 ± 11.7 μmol free fatty acid released/hr/heart, P
Computation of cyclic redundancy checks via table look-up

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) codes provide a simple yet powerful method of error detection during digital data transmission. Use of a table look-up in computing the CRC bits will efficiently implement these codes in software.
Determination of some mixed phenolic antioxidants in polyethylene

Abstract An analytical method was developed for the determination of some mixed phenolic antioxidants in polyethylene. It is applicable to the analyses of mixtures of 4,4'-butyl-iden-bis-(6-tert.-butyl-m-cresol) with 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) and 4,4'-thio-bis-(6-tert.-butyl-m-cresel) with BHT in polyethylene in the range of 0.01% to 0.3% The method is based on the separation of the mixed antioxidants by adsorption chromatography with subsequent spectrophotometric determination of the separated antioxidants.
Solvent-suppression pulses. I. Design using optimal control theory

Abstract Pulses have been designed using optimal control theory to overcome the problems associated with the observation of weak proton resonances in aqueous solution. Pulses are tailored to provide null excitation at the water proton resonance frequency with uniform excitation and phasing of other proton resonance frequencies. The pulse duration is reasonable, easily enabling study of nuclei with spin-spin relaxation time T2 ⩾ 10 Ins. In general, effects from inhomogeneities in the stationary magnetic field and the radiofrequency field are minimal. The objectives were best achieved using a tailored 90° pulse in a Hahn spin-echo sequence, but a self-refocusing pulse with several desirable characteristics was also designed.
ON THE UPPER AND LOWER SEMICONTINUITY OF THE AUMANN INTEGRAL

Abstract Let ( T ,τ,μ) be a finite measure space, X be a Banach space, P be a metric space and let L 1 (μ, X ) denote the space of equivalence classes of X -valued Bochner integrable functions on ( T ,τ,μ). We show that if φ: T × P →2 X is a set-valued function such that for each fixed p ϵ P , φ(·, p ) has a measurable graph and for each fixed t ϵ T , φ( t ,·) is either upper or lower semicontinuous then the Aumann integral of φ, i.e.,∫ T φ ( t , p )d μ ( t )= {∫ T x ( t )d μ ( t ): xϵS φ ( p )}, where S φ ( p )= { yϵL 1 ( μ , X ): y ( t ) ϵφ ( t , p ) μ −a.e.}, is either upper or lower semicontinuous in the variable p as well. Our results generalize those of Aumann (1965, 1976) who has considered the above problem for X = R n , and they have useful applications in general equilibrium and game theory.
Training on Perceptual-Motor Tasks Using Simulated Construction Equipment

A prior study addressed whether practicing on both an excavator and a loader result in poorer learning of excavator operation than practicing solely on the excavator. Performance of a controls familiarization task, requiring selection of a control action in response to a stimulus, showed no cost or benefit from inserting practice on a simulated loader between learning sessions on a simulated excavator. The present study sought to verify whether alternating between the excavator and loader yields a similar outcome for a more complex truck-loading task with multiple subgoals and requiring perceptual-motor coordination. The number of sessions was increased to examine the possible interference when participants continued alternating between the machines. The group whose excavator operating practice was interrupted by practice on the loader continued to show improvement on the excavator, with performance picking up where it had left off. These results imply that operators can train on two machines concurrently...
Adsorption of Eu(III) onto Roots of Water Hyacinth

The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has drawn attention as a plant capable of removing pollutants, including toxic metals, from water. We are interested in the capacity of the water hyacinth ...
Developmental disabilities and intracranial abnormalities in children with symptomatic cytomegalovirus and cochlear implants.

Objective. To examine the association of intracranial radiographic abnormalities and developmental measures with outcomes in children with congenital symptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) and cochlear implants (CI). Design/Methods. It was a retrospective review of 15 children implanted from 2004 to 2010. Preimplant nonverbal intelligence quotient/developmental quotient (IQ/DQ) and head circumference (HC) were obtained. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and post-CI audiometry and language assessments were reviewed. Results. Eleven children (73%) had cognitive delay. Most had >1 developmental disability. Median IQ/DQ was 65 (23–90). All had imaging abnormalities. Most imaging abnormalities were in parietal (60%) and temporal (60%) lobes. Children with HC < 5th percentile had poorer median post-CI PTA (38 dB versus 27 dB, ). Periventricular calcifications were associated with lower receptive (, ) and expressive (, ) language. Because IQ/DQ was associated with periventricular calcifications (, ) and small HC (, ), their relationships with language appear partially driven by IQ/DQ. Conclusions. The location of brain abnormalities appears to correlate with worse outcomes after CI. These findings may allow for more accurate counseling of parents regarding anticipated postimplantation performance.
Dissociation kinetics of thorium and humic acid

Abstract The dissociation of thorium bound to humate in aqueous solution has been studied by spectroscopic measurement of the rate of formation of the thorium xylenol orange complex. The overall rate expression was found to be R=k 1 (ThHu)+k 2 (ThHu)(H + ) 0.3 +k 3 (ThHu)(H + ) 0.7 In addition, a fraction of the thorium remained bound to the humate after 24 hr. These results suggest that Th(IV) is bound by at least four types of sites with different basicities and different local polymer structure.
The contributions of Horneyan psychology to the study of literature.

When accepting the Nobel Prize for literature, William Faulkner said that the "only" things "worth writing about" are the "problems of the human heart in conflict with itself." He laments that too many young writers "labo[r] under a curse" because they have ignored these problems. Many literary critics also labor under this curse, for the new emphasis on structuralism, semiotics, linguistic typology, and sociopolitical theory has resulted in a disregard of the mimetic quality, which to a great extent gives literature its power and humanistic value. Certainly, if literature is to be fully appreciated, neither its formal nor its mimetic dimensions can be slighted. However, I have discovered as a teacher and student of literature that often the predominant reason why I, my students, and more of my colleagues than will admit it have read and re-read the great masterpieces is that we identify with the intensity of the struggling human beings portrayed. Indeed, it might be concluded that the fundamental criterion by which a work's greatness is measured is that it "speak[s] to our condition," striking some common chord in human experience. 1,p.~7 This is the yardstick used by Karen Homey, when at the age of twenty-one she explored the question, '%~lhat does 'artistic value' mean? "2'p.t79 She was certain that "it can't be purely formalfor with 'structure' or 'dialogue' alone it still isn't done." Although Homey discovered no definitive answer, her own interaction with literature corresponds to that of most readers: " . . . I must say, if I approach any literary creation it is with the question: what ideas has the poet or writer about people and human life, about this or that struggle which happens to preoccupy me? Or else I can find in the work some sort of tone that is sympathetic to me . . . . " Horney's career channeled her energies in another direction, and she does not address this
Metaphors and their meaning for information systems development

Information systems development is rife with problems, as witness the large numbers of systems that fail or fall into disuse. This paper hypothesises that the presence or absence of particular user metaphors might have an impact on the successful development of particular information systems. The paper introduces nine main metaphors – journey, game, war, machine, organism, society, family, zoo and jungle – that we identified in interviews with a cross-section of users. Four key attributes of the metaphors are identified: whether they are goal or alternative oriented; whether their environment is chaotic or ordered; whether their scope is internal or external; and the type of leader featured in each metaphor. Key attributes of six different types of information systems are then identified. Several connections between the presence of metaphors and the successful development of information systems are found after mapping the metaphor attributes onto the six system types: cooperative systems, competitive information systems, traditional MIS, expert systems (and artificial intelligence), decision support systems and executive information systems. Observations suggest that systems analysts may find more success in developing systems that go beyond the traditional information system when organism or game metaphors are used by organizational members. Mappings of attributes revealed that the zoo metaphor was not useful in developing any of the six system types considered. Use of the family metaphor suggested success only for the development of traditional MIS and decision support systems.
Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy within the Organizational Context An Empirical Examination

The self-concept has emerged as an important component of organizational paradigms. This article reviews the conceptual meanings of self-esteem and self-efficacy, clarifies the relation-ship betwee...
Molecular Glass Resists for High-Resolution Patterning

This paper describes a series of photoresists constructed from glass-forming, low-molecular-weight organic compounds, also known as molecular glasses. Compared with traditional polymeric resists, molecular glass resists are composed of smaller and more-uniform molecular building blocks. In this work, both positive-tone and negative-tone molecular glass photoresists with a range of core structures were designed and synthesized for study in advanced lithography. These molecular glass resists have asymmetric, rigid cores, which is important for producing glassy materials with glass transition temperatures substantially above room temperature. For positive-tone molecular glass photoresists, amorphous films could be obtained by partial protection of the core structure. Images were produced using photoacid-generator-catalyzed deprotection chemistry. Amorphous negative-tone resists were obtained by mixing molecular glass core structures with another minor resist component such as a photo cross-linker. It was sho...
Characterizations of the exponential distribution through a lower record

Let where is a independent nonnegative random variables having a common continuous distribution. Some characterizations of the exponential distribution are proved through properties of N XN.
Flash spectroscopic studies of cyclic electron flow in intact chloroplasts

Abstract The kinetic behaviours of cytochrome b -563 and cytochrome f are shown to be consistent with their participation in coupled cyclic electron flow in intact chloroplasts. Electron transfer between cytochromes b -563 and cytochrome f is antimycin sensitive. Fluorescence induction studies indicate that plastoquinone may function in a coupled step between the cytochromes.
A post column solvent trapping technique for the analysis of very volatile halocarbons

Utilisation d'un piege garni d'alumine activee entre le chromatographe et le detecteur pour l'elimination du solvant (methanol)
What's in a name? Biomedical photographic communications?

The Biomedical Photographic Communications Department at the Rochester Institute of Technology currently offers the only university‐based degree programme in this field in the United States. With an enrolment of more than eighty students, the curriculum and its delivery are continually challenged by the ‘new world’ of imaging and the needs of the increasingly diversified industry where its graduates are finding employment. This paper reports on a recent self‐study of the programme and examines the future directions for educating tomorrow's information imaging professionals. In particular, the paper evaluates the name of the department, which has become both an asset and liability in describing the programme to perspective students.
Moisture content in a wheat germ diet and its effect on the growth of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)

The growth rate of Plodia interpunctella larvae feeding on wheat germ was highly dependent upon the water content in the diet. The water content in a cereal diet is established by the hygroscopicity of the dietary components and the relative humidity (r.h.) in the equilibrating atmosphere. The larval growth rates on wheat germ increased with corresponding increases in r.h. over the range of 40-85%. Similar changes in r.h. had a measurable, albeit minimal, impact on the time required for embryonic development and egg hatch. The water content of wheat germ was further increased by supplementing the germ with the humectant, glycerol. The larval growth rate increased with each incremental increase in dietary water content irrespective of whether it resulted from increases in r.h. or glycerol. However, glycerol supplementation provided an additional boost to the growth rate that was in addition to and distinct from the dietary water increase.
Estimation of thyroid secretion rate in the chicken by a direct output method with related observations on thyroidal iodine, body weight, and thyroid weight in the chicken and quail

The thyroid secretion rate (TSR) in chickens of different ages was estimated by a direct output method and the relationship between thyroidal iodine, body weight, and thyroid weight in the chicken and quail were determined. The thyroidal 131I output rate was observed by daily thyroid counts, the thyroids were removed, analyzed for total iodine, and TSR was estimated as the product of daily 131I Output Rate × Thyroidal Iodine × 1.53, the T4 iodine equivalent. The TSR values obtained by this method in chickens are about 1.0 μg/100 gm/day. In iodine-deficient chickens the values (0.46 μg) were significantly lower. The values in normal chickens as obtained by the direct-output method are lower than those generally observed by other known methods. Several factors contributing to these differences have been discussed, and it is the opinion of the authors that the direct output method most nearly represents the true TSR of the chicken. The following parameters were found to be significantly related: Log K4 and log age, r = −0.8351, p <0.005; thyroidal iodine and age, r=0.8869, p < 0.005; log K4 and log thyroidal iodine, r = −0.8285, p < 0.005; log K′4 and U uptake, r = −0.6719, p < 0.005; log thyroidal iodine and log body weight in growing chicks, r = 0.9784, p < 0.005; and thyroidal iodine and thyroid weight in adult chickens and quail, r = 0.9416, p < 0.005.
A Hymnal's Theological Significance

Abstract: A hymnal is a synthetic theological manual, which is a cue card to the church's sounding form. It lives in a stream with a soundscape, expresses a theological orientation, and stands as an ethical check and balance with a prophetic voice against the empire's addictions and entrapments.
Nonlinear cause-effect analysis for a second order system using Volterra kernels

In this paper, generalized analytical first and second Volterra kernels are developed for a nonlinear second order system as a paradigm for many dynamic systems. A step input is then employed to quantify and qualify the nonlinear response characteristics. The proposed analytical solution shows the ability of Volterra-based models to predict and understand the nonlinear system behavior beyond that attainable by linear-based models.
One-dimensional photonic crystals from CDMA

1D photonic crystals offer extraordinarily low group velocities and high dispersion near their bandgaps. They therefore have an immediate application in CDMA and optical encoding. In our approach we have chosen photonic crystal implementations using long fiber optic Bragg gratings. This system has been numerically investigated and modeled for experimentally realizable structures. We have developed an experimental technique to measure the group delay, produced by 1D Photonic Bandgap structures, in the time domain. At the core of this technique we used a tunable optical pulse source. It consisted of a 1.55 micrometers , 160 fs mode-locked fiber laser with a bandwidth of 50 nm. One nm spectral slices were taken from this laser to obtain picosecond pulses that were tunable. The group delay was measured using a commercial autocorrelator as an ultrafast optical detector and cross-correlator. This technique allowed us to measure the effective dispersion incurred by optical pulses propagating through the grating. A maximum group delay of 10 ps was measured for a 3mm fiber Bragg grating. We have experimentally demonstrated the sensitivity of the group delay as a function of wavelength in the vicinity of the grating bandgap. Our experimental results were quantitatively confirmed by both theoretical and simulation predictions. We also performed experimental studies on cascaded fiber gratings and showed that group delay was additive for the two gratings measured. The use of 1D photonic crystals for pulse shaping and coding applications is important because of its inherent flexibility. By going to the other side of the photonic bandgap it is possible to make conjugate gratings, reversing the dispersion,and performing the task of decoding. Transmission losses and dispersion compensation in this spread spectrum approach will also be presented.
U.S. military weight standards: what percentage of U.S. young adults meet the current standards?

Abstract Purpose Each branch of the U.S. military enforces maximum allowable weight standards that must be met to join the military. We wanted to determine what percentage of U.S. civilians between the ages of 17 and 20 years met these standards. Methods The height and weight of adults between the ages of 17 and 20 years, as measured in the nationally representative sample of the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, were matched against the height/weight charts of the military services. The percentage of men and women in each population subgroup who weighed more than the maximum allowable weight was calculated. Results The percentage of young adults whose weight exceeded the military weight standard ranged from 13% to 18% for men and 17% to 43% for women. When stratified by race, 15% to 20% of non-Hispanic white men and 12% to 36% of non-Hispanic white women were over the weight standards, 11% to 19% of non-Hispanic black men and 35% to 56% of non-Hispanic black women were over the standards, and 13% to 24% of Mexican American men and 26% to 55% of Mexican American women exceeded the military weight standards. Conclusion A large percentage of the young adult population from which the U.S. volunteer military is drawn is over the military weight standards, particularly among minorities, who comprise a disproportionately large proportion of the military. There is a marked discrepancy between the weight standards for men and women, and the appropriateness of these standards needs to be assessed.
The Location of Asparagine-linked Glycans on West Nile Virions Controls Their Interactions with CD209 (Dendritic Cell-specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin)

Mammalian cell-derived West Nile virus preferentially infects cells expressing the C-type lectin CD209L (dendritic cellspecific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin-related protein; liver- and lymph node-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin) but not cells expressing CD209 (dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin). In contrast, Dengue virus infection is enhanced in cells expressing either attachment factor. The West Nile virus envelope (E) protein contains a single N-linked glycosylation site at residue 154, whereas Dengue virus E contains sites at residues 153 and 67. We introduced a glycosylation site at position 67 into West Nile virus E. Reporter virus particles pseudotyped with this E protein infected cells using either CD209 or CD209L. We also introduced glycosylation sites at several novel positions. All sites allowed CD209L-mediated infection, but only a subset promoted CD209 use. As seen for other viruses, mannose-rich glycans on West Nile virus were required for its interactions with CD209. Surprisingly, however, mannose-rich glycans were not required for CD209L-mediated infection. Complex glycans, particularly N-acetylglucosamine-terminated structures, were able to mediate reporter virus particle interactions with CD209L. We propose that CD209L recognizes glycosylated flaviviruses with broad specificity, whereas CD209 is selective for flaviviruses bearing mannose-rich glycans. The location of the N-linked glycosylation sites on a virion determines the types of glycans incorporated, thus controlling viral tropism for CD209-expressing cells.
Application of Boltzmann Statistical Mechanics in the Validation of the Gaussian Summit-Height Distribution in Rough Surfaces

In theoretical modeling of contact mechanics, a homogeneously, isotropically rough surface is usually assumed to be a flat plane covered with asperities of a Gaussian summit-height distribution. This assumption yields satisfactory results between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of the physical characteristics, such as thermal/electrical contact conductance and friction coefficient. However, lack of theoretical basis of this assumption motivates further study in surface modeling. This paper presents a theoretical investigation by statistical mechanics to determine surface roughness in terms of the most probable distribution of surface asperities. Based upon the surface roughness measurements as statistical constraints, the Boltzmann statistical model derives a distribution equivalent to Gaussian. The Boltzmann statistical mechanics derivation in this paper provides a rigorous validation of the Gaussian summit-height assumption presently in use for study of rough surfaces.
On the neural correlates of object recognition awareness: Relationship to computational activities and activities mediating perceptual awareness

Based on theoretical considerations of Aurell (1979) and Block (1995), we argue that object recognition awareness is distinct from purely sensory awareness and that the former is mediated by neuronal activities in areas that are separate and distinct from cortical sensory areas. We propose that two of the principal functions of neuronal activities in sensory cortex, which are to provide sensory awareness and to effect the computations that are necessary for object recognition, are dissociated. We provide examples of how this dissociation might be achieved and argue that the components of the neuronal activities which carry the computations do not directly enter the awareness of the subject. The results of these computations are sparse representations (i.e., vector or distributed codes) which are activated by the presentation of particular sensory objects and are essentially engrams for the recognition of objects. These final representations occur in the highest order areas of sensory cortex; in the visual analyzer, the areas include the anterior part of the inferior temporal cortex and the perirhinal cortex. We propose, based on lesion and connectional data, that the two areas in which activities provide recognition awareness are the temporopolar cortex and the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Activities in the temporopolar cortex provide the recognition awareness of objects learned in the remote past (consolidated object recognition), and those in the medial orbitofrontal cortex provide the recognition awareness of objects learned in the recent past. The activation of the sparse representation for a particular sensory object in turn activates neurons in one or both of these regions of cortex, and it is the activities of these neurons that provide the awareness of recognition of the object in question. The neural circuitry involved in the activation of these representations is discussed.
Scopolamine: effects on fear or defense responses in the rat.

Abstract In previous research scopolamine reduced fear or defense responses of rats to a cat, and removal of the rats' olfactory bulbs had the same effect. This suggested that scopolamine might have affected defense responses by blocking olfactory perception of the stimulus cat. The present experiments studied this possibility and explored further the effects of scopolamine on defense responses of the hooded rat. In Experiments 1 rats treated with scopolamine were found to be responsive to olfactory cues from a cat. When cat smell, but not a cat, was present in the apparatus, scopolamine-treated rats showed a large and significant suppression of food consumption. In Experiment 2 the effects of scopolamine on defense responses were shown to be generalizable to an inanimate stimulus, mechanical robot. Scopolamine caused significantly less freezing and avoidance and significantly shorter latencies to drink in the presence of the robot. One of the primary findings of the present research is that scopolamine has now been shown to reduce the defensive response of freezing in a variety of stimulus situations. This finding was thought to have important implications for the literature relating anticholinergic drugs and avoidance behavior.
Prevention of Pericardial Adhesions with Dextran 70

Pericardial adhesions pose a major problem during reoperative cardiac surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intrapericardial dextran 70 on the formation of pericardial adhesions in an animal model. The data obtained revealed that intrapericardial dextran 70 reduced the incidence of experimental pericardial adhesions.
Work in progress - comparing the results of Reflective Thinking interventions at IIT and Uppsala University

A common problem in higher education is the question of whether or not students are obtaining the skills they need to solve problems in the real world. At the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), an attempt to address this problem has led to the concept of Reflective Judgment, defined by Patricia M. King and Karen Strohm Kitchener (1994) as the ability to make good decisions about ill-structured problems, or problems that do not have a single right answer. At IIT, a written measure of Reflective Thinking has been developed using questions included in Reflections assignments. At Uppsala University, a similar interest in the question of how students learn has led educators to experiment with the use of Reflections assignments in their courses as a means of stimulating deeper learning. Comparing IITpsilas scoring of student Reflections for Reflective Thinking to Uppsalapsilas interest in ill-structured problem solving and use of Reflections as an enhancement of the student learning process, it is clear that while these two universities have in common the use of reflections and the goal of helping students develop advanced problem solving skills, they are taking two fairly distinct approaches. What is not clear is whether one approach is more effective than the other approach at enhancing studentspsila problem solving skills.
The Blalock-Taussig Shunt in Infants: Standard versus Modified

Abstract In recent years, the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt—a polytetrafluoroethylene graft from the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery—has been preferred over the standard shunt by some surgeons because (1) it requires less dissection and (2) length of native vessels is not critical. From January, 1979, to June, 1985, we operated on 51 infants less than 1 year of age, including 26 less than 1 week of age, to palliate severe complex cyanotic congenital cardiac malformations. Twenty-four modified Blalock-Taussig shunts and 29 standard Blalock-Taussig shunts were created. The groups were concurrent. We reviewed all available cineangiograms and measured branch pulmonary and subclavian arteries. Pulmonary artery index was not different preoperatively in patients given a modified versus a standard Blalock-Taussig shunt (144 ± 118 and 118 ± 59 mm 2 /m 2 , respectively), but it was greater postoperatively in patients with a modified shunt (431 ± 188 and 189 ± 106 mm 2 /m 2 ) ( p = 0.07). Distortion of the pulmonary artery occurred less often after a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (4/11) than a standard Blalock-Taussig shunt (6/8) ( p = 0.06), though none of the distortions was severe. Early and late shunt failure occurred less often with a modified shunt (5/24) than with a standard shunt (15/29) (p
Coupling effects on current-assisted magnetization switching

Abstract We show that antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic coupling between Co layers strongly affects the switching behavior of Co/Cu/Co nanopillars, changing hysteretic switching at low magnetic field to nonhysteretic. We describe the behavior in terms of current-assisted thermal activation over a barrier.
Naphthylamidase in ameloblasts during enamel maturation.

Naphthylamidase activity was studied in rat molar and incisor teeth at different stages of development. L-leucyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, L-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide and DL-alanyl-2-naphthylamide were used as substrates and Fast blue B and Fast Garnet GBC as diazonium salts. Naphthylamidase was not demonstrable in the teeth during enamel matrix formation. After the termination of this stage, naphthylamidase was present in the ameloblasts in their distal ends close to the enamel surface. The enzyme activity retained this localization until the dental epithelium fused with the oral epithelium at the time of tooth eruption into the oral cavity. Naphthylamidase was not found in other dental tissues, but marked activity was found in osteoclasts at the resorbing surfaces of alveolar bone surrounding the developing and erupting teeth and in certain areas of the connective tissue.
Characterization of Organosilicon‐Infiltrated Porous Reaction‐Sintered Si3N4

Polymeric organosilicon compounds such as hexaphenylcyclo-trisilazane and methylphenyl polysilane were used to infiltrate porous reaction-sintered silicon nitride. The in situ thermal decomposition of the infiltrated body under controlled atmosphere and temperature resulted in pronounced changes in the microstructure, increased densities, and significantly improved room-temperature strength. The silicon oxynitride phase present in some as-received materials is eliminated and the ratio of α- to β-phase silicon nitride increases during infiltration processing
A novel approach for global noise reduction in resting-state fMRI: APPLECOR

Noise in fMRI recordings creates uncertainty when mapping functional networks in the brain. Non-neural physiological processes can introduce correlated noise across much of the brain, altering the apparent strength and extent of intrinsic networks. In this work, a new data-driven noise correction, termed "APPLECOR" (for Affine Parameterization of Physiological Large-scale Error Correction), is introduced. APPLECOR models spatially-common physiological noise as the linear combination of an additive term and a mean-dependent multiplicative term, and then estimates and removes these components. APPLECOR is shown to achieve greater consistency of the default mode network across time and across subjects than was achieved using global mean regression, respiratory volume and heart rate correction (RVHRCOR (Chang et al., 2009)), or no correction. Combining APPLECOR with RVHRCOR regressors attained greater consistency than either correction alone. Use of the proposed noise-reduction approach may help to better identify and delineate the structure of resting state networks.
The challenge of changing drug and sex risk behaviors of runaway and homeless adolescents.

Abstract Objective: To assess HIV-related drug and sex risk behaviors and evaluate factors associated with change in risk behaviors among runaway and homeless adolescents, 244 street youth were recruited from a community drop-in center serving high-risk youth. Method: Using a cross-sectional design, approximately half of study participants received training in a peer-based intervention that included principles derived from the health belief model, while the remaining subjects received no intervention. Subjects were interviewed at baseline, immediately following the intervention (for those receiving the training) and 3 months later. Logistic regression and analysis of covariance were used to analyze intervention effects. Results: Compared to youth in the control condition, runaways receiving the intervention significantly increased their knowledge about HIV. Contrary to the health belief model, in multivariate analyses knowledge and greater perceived chance for HIV were associated with high risk behavior. On the other hand, lower concern about HIV infection was also associated with high risk behavior, supporting the health belief model. Conclusions: Despite the intervention’s success in increasing knowledge of HIV and AIDS, the association between knowledge, perceived likelihood of infection and high risk behaviors suggest that, without other alternatives, runaways will maintain their risks. The association noted between lower concern and high risk behaviors underscores the challenge faced in developing effective interventions with this population.
Conservation laws from Hamilton's principle for nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium fluids with heat flow.

Extended thermodynamics of heat-conducting fluids is used to give explicit formulas for non- equilibrium energy density of ideal gas expressed as functions of classical variables and the diffusive entropy flux (a nonequilibrium variable). A Lagrangian density associated with the energy density is used to obtain the components of energy-momentum tensor and corresponding conservation laws on the basis of Hamilton's principle of stationary action and Noether's theorem. The heat flux appears naturally as a consequence of a free entropy transfer (independent of mass transfer) and a momentum transport is associated with tangential stresses resulting from this entropy transfer. The compatibility of the present description with the kinetic theory is shown. Hamilton's principle is extended so that the flux of entropy as well as the fluxes and densities of mass are varied independently. The concept of thermal momentum as the derivative of the kinetic potential with respect to the entropy flux is introduced; this quality plays a fundamental role in the extension of Gibbs's equation to describe a nonequilibrium fluid with heat flux.
Transnationalism and American Exports in an English-Speaking World

Investigating the relationship between immigration, middleman minority status, transnationalism, and U.S. foreign trade, the authors assembled a census-based data file that contains aggregate-level...
Influence of Mild Cognitive Impairment on Visual Word Recognition

ABSTRACT The present study examined the effects of normal aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on visual word recognition. Madden et al. (1999) reported evidence of general slowing of cognitive processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients relative to younger adults and healthy older adults using a lexical decision task. It was of interest to determine whether similar effects would be observed in MCI patients relative to healthy younger and older adults. We extended the lexical decision task paradigm developed by Allen et al. (2004b) on younger adults to an examination of the effect(s) of MCI on visual word recognition. Results from the present study showed that healthy older adults and MCI patients performed similarly. That is, both groups took longer than younger adults to process words presented in mixed-case than in consistent-case letters. Mild cognitive impairment patients, however, responded significantly more slowly than healthy older adults across all lexical decision task conditions and sh...
Oral Rehydration Therapy and Broiler Performance During Summer Growing Conditions

Abstract Two 8-wk broiler trials were conducted during summer growing conditions. Mild heat stress (30 C), as evidenced by panting, was induced by ventilation adjustments. From 4 to 8 wk of age, half of the pens were provided with a .10 strength, human oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solution containing .35 g sodium chloride, .25 g sodium bicarbonate, .15 g potassium chloride, and 4.0 g sucrose/L of drinking water. No significant (P .05) between treatments in either trial. A crystalline deposit was observed in the internal filters of the bell-type waterers, which was probably caused by the sucrose (sugar) component of the ORT solution.
Precious Metals in Dentistry

Precious alloys are an important material group in dentistry because of their ease of use, excellent compatibility, favorable mechanical and physical properties, and application in ceramometal bonding. Although new precious alloys have been introduced in the past decades, frequently because of economic pressure, gold-based alloys remain a popular choice. Researchers have suggested that alloys should be chosen based on an understanding of the alloy system, selection of proven alloys from quality manufacturers, and consideration of the requirements of a given clinical situation.
Contagion of aggression and the number of reinforcements given by a model to an instigator

The present study was concerned with effects on an O of varying amounts of reinforcement given by an aggressive or rewarding model to an instigating or noninstigating confederate. There were no significant main effects of Os’ responses to one hostile response by a model as opposed to four hostile responses by a model when a confederate gave an instigating opinion.
Compressibility and structural stability of nanoparticulate goethite

Synchrotron high-pressure X-ray diffraction was used to study the compressibility and structural stability of synthetic 17 nm nanoparticulate goethite at pressures up to ∼30 GPa. The lattice parameters and the unit cell volume were determined. We observed much higher contraction along c than a and b (Pnma space group), which we attribute to relatively weak hydrogen bonding along the c axis. In the hydrostatic pressure regime (pressures up to ∼10 GPa) the bulk modulus, K0, of 17 nm goethite was determined to be 109.4 ± 2.2 GPa. The compressibility of the 17 nm goethite is comparable to that of the bulk goethite. Amorphization of the nano-goethite began at ∼17 GPa, an effect not observed in bulk goethite, even at much higher pressures. The findings indicate that for 17 nm particles, the size-dependence of goethite compressibility is small at low to moderate pressures, but at very high pressure, surface effects on nanoparticle structure become very significant.