cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choosing the Right Mix of At-speed Structural Test Patterns: Comparisons in Pattern Volume Reduction and Fault Detection Efficiency

The generation, qualification and validation of structural patterns for transition and path delay faults present several problems due to various design, tools and tester constraints. This paper proposes a flow for the generation and selection of a reduced set of structural patterns for at-speed testing, based on pattern reuse across different fault models, and based on metrics of minimum single detect and a qualified N-detect coverage. Patterns generated using ATPG and deterministic BIST techniques are considered for large representative SOC designs. It is shown that significant reduction of up to 35% in the pattern volume is achieved without compromising the test quality. These pattern selection techniques are being deployed in different designs in Texas Instruments (India).
Design of Stephenson Linkages that Guide a Point Along a Specified Trajectory.

Abstract This paper presents a design procedure for Stephenson I-III six-bar linkages that guide a point along a specified trajectory. The first step is to identify an RR serial chain with a point on its end-link that traces the required trajectory. Eleven configurations of this chain are selected to provide accuracy points for the synthesis of Stephenson II and III function generators that coordinate the two joint angles of the RR chain. These function generators can be attached to the RR chain four different ways to obtain four kinds of Stephenson path generators. (1) A Stephenson I path generator and (2) a Stephenson II path generator are obtained by attaching a Stephenson III function generator. (3) Another kind of Stephenson II path generator and (4) a Stephenson III path generator are obtained by attaching a Stephenson II function generator. An example of this synthesis procedure finds six-bar leg designs that produce a desired foot trajectory for each of these cases.
Partial lookup services

Lookup services are used in many Internet applications to translate a key (e.g., a file name) into an associated set of entries (e.g., the location of file copies). The key lookups can often be satisfied by returning just a few entries instead of the entire set. However, current implementations of lookup services do not take advantage of this usage pattern. In this paper, we formalize the notion of a partial lookup service that explicitly supports returning a subset of the entries per lookup. We present four schemes for building a partial lookup service, and propose various metrics for evaluating the schemes. We show that a partial lookup service may have significant advantages over conventional ones in terms of space usage, fairness, fault tolerance, and other factors.
A “Mix of Attributes” Approach to the Study of Media Effects and New Communication Technologies

The purpose of this article is to discuss the media effects approach broadly, to point out limitations the traditional approach imposes on the field, and to discuss a “mix of attributes” approach with a focus on the study of “new” technologies for the dissemination of news. It is argued that the mix of attributes approach would better serve to advance both theory and empirical research, not only in the area of new media technologies, but also for more traditional media effects research.
Rethinking College Readiness.

Students vary in the degree to which high school and family life prepare them for college, and that preparation has a dramatic impact on their transition to college and subsequent success there.
Faculty Research and Publication Practices

Understanding faculty work practices can translate into improved library services. This study documents how education and behavioral science faculty locate, retrieve, and use information resources for research and writing and how they publish and store their research materials. The authors interviewed twelve professors using a structured interview instrument and analyzed the data. Findings cover the role of library services in scholarly research processes, as well as the use of software and technologies and the challenges faculty face.
Equilibrium analysis of a stochastic model of traffic flow

A. J. Miller has proposed a stochastic model for the study of highway traffic in one direction along a two-lane road in which the desired speed of a vehicle is sampled from a continuous probability distribution and queues of vehicles are Poisson distributed on the highway. Miller has derived the equilibrium expression for the relation between the spacial densities of all vehicles and the spacial densities of those which are freely travelling. This relationship takes the form of a non-linear integral equation which is left unsolved. The present model differs from the original only in the assumption of a discrete distribution of desired speeds. Although the derivations of the equilibrium equations are based upon different arguments from those of Miller, these relations transform to the corresponding integral equations in the limit of a continuous speed distribution. The main body of the paper is devoted to a detailed investigation of the case of two speeds and asymptotic results are obtained for three speeds.
Modeling Communication Systems

Modeling techniques have proved to be powerful tools for investigating communication system performances and for comparing the behaviour of different systems. This report is devoted to a description of results obtained in simulating modulation and demodulation devices and the HF-path on an electronic computer. The discussion has been restricted to digital communication. Emphasis is placed on results and system implication rather than on details of the techniques employed.
Ru-based Z-selective metathesis catalysts with modified cyclometalated carbene ligands†

A series of cyclometalated Z-selective ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts with alterations to the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand were prepared. X-Ray crystal structures of several new catalysts were obtained, elucidating the structural features of this class of cyclometalated complexes. The metathesis activity of each stable complex was evaluated, and one catalyst, bearing geminal dimethyl backbone substitution, was found to be comparable to our best Z-selective metathesis catalyst to date.
Generalized Negation As Failure and Semantics of Normal Disjunctive Logic Programs

We introduce the concept of generalized negation as failure (GNAF) to infer the falsity of a conjunction of atoms when the individual atoms can not be inferred to be false. Using GNAF, we present disjunctive well-founded semantics (DWFS), an extension of well-founded semantics, to the class of normal disjunctive logic programs. We also use an extension of Rajasekar and Minker's fixpoint operator for disjunctive logic programs [10] to be able to infer the truth of disjunctions of literals. Our semantics is equivalent to well-founded semantics for normal logic programs. For disjunctive programs (i.e. without negation in their bodies) it gives a fixpoint characterization of Minker's GCWA [9]. It differs from the Generalized Disjunctive Well-Founded semantics by Baral et al. [2] and well-founded semantics for normal disjunctive logic programs given by Ross [14].
Spectrally Efficient Frequency Hopping System Design forWireless Networks

Frequency hopping systems have been widely used in military communications to prevent hostile jamming, interception and detection. In traditional frequency hopping (FH) systems, the transmitter hops in a pseudo-random manner among available frequencies according to a pre- specified algorithm, and the receiver operates accordingly in exact synchronization with the transmitter's hopping pattern. In multiple access systems, a collision may happen when more than one users transmit in the same frequency band simultaneously. Two major limitations with the conventional frequency hopping systems are: strict requirement on frequency acquisition/synchronization, and very low spectral efficiency due to inefficient utilization of the available bandwidth. In this paper, we introduce a new concept collision-free frequency hopping (CFFH). Based on the OFDM framework and the secure subcarrier assignment algorithm, the proposed CFFH system can achieve high information capacity through collision-free multiple access, and can successfully resolve the strict synchronization limitation. At the same time, as each user still transmits through a pseudo-random frequency hopping scheme, CFFH can maintain the inherent anti-jamming, anti-interception security features of the conventional FH system. The proposed CFFH scheme can be used for both civilian and military applications where secure high speed information transmission is needed.
Cantor diffractals and lacunarity

We examine diffraction by Cantor apertures (Cantor diffractals) including a new class of Cantor targets based on a polyadic Cantor set described by several fractal descriptors. We find scaling properties characteristic of these apertures and examine their radiation patterns through the introduction of twist plots which allows one to find windows of lacunarity and fractal dimension for which these apertures exhibit desired behavior such as low sidelobes. We find these diffractals have distinctive subfractal, fractal and superfractal radiation regimes with boundaries that are predicted from the diffractal geometry.
Physiology of Fetal Lung Fluid Clearance and the Effect of Labor

Respiratory morbidity in near term (≥34 and <37 weeks) infants delivered spontaneously or by elective cesarean section (ECS) has been well documented in the literature, and accounts for a significant number of admissions to intensive care units among these neonates. Given the high rates of near-term deliveries in the USA and worldwide, the public health and economic impact of morbidity in this subgroup is considerable. Causes of respiratory distress include transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), surfactant deficiency, pneumonia, and pulmonary hypertension. There is considerable evidence that physiologic events in the last few weeks of pregnancy coupled with the onset of spontaneous labor are accompanied by changes in the hormonal milieu of the fetus and its mother, resulting in rapid maturation and preparation of the fetus for delivery and neonatal transition. A surge in endogenous steroids and catecholamines accompanies term gestation and spontaneous vaginal delivery, and is responsible for some of the maturational effects. Rapid clearance of fetal lung fluid clearance plays a key role in the transition to air breathing. The bulk of this fluid clearance is mediated by transepithelial sodium reabsorption through amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the alveolar epithelial cells with only a limited contribution from mechanical factors and Starling forces. Disruption of this process can lead to retention of fluid in air spaces, setting the stage for alveolar hypoventilation. When infants are delivered near-term, especially by cesarean section (repeat or primary) before the onset of spontaneous labor, the fetus is often deprived of these hormonal changes, making the neonatal transition more difficult. This chapter discusses the physiologic mechanisms underlying fetal lung fluid absorption and explores potential strategies for facilitating neonatal transition.
Fraction of inspired oxygen in relation to cerebrospinal fluid hyperintensity on FLAIR MR imaging of the brain in children and young adults undergoing anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hyperintensity has been described on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging in anesthetized patients who underwent MR imaging without apparent subarachnoid abnormality. The purpose of our study was to delineate likely causes for this hyperintensity. Specifically, we sought to determine whether a high inspired oxygen fraction given as part of the anesthetic was responsible for the CSF hyperintensity seen on FLAIR imaging.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective study was conducted using anesthetic records and brain MR images of 70 children and young adults who had a FLAIR sequence while undergoing general anesthesia. Information about inspired oxygen fraction, oxygen saturation, and type of anesthetic agents preceding the FLAIR sequence was obtained from the anesthetic record. A pediatric neuroradiologist who was unaware of the inspired oxygen fraction and anesthetic agent ascertained the presence of CSF hyperintensity in the basilar cisterns and cerebral sul...
In vivo effects of zoledronic acid on oral mucosal epithelial cells.

Objective—Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a serious complication of bisphosphonate treatment for which the pathophysiology is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether in vivo zoledronic acid (ZA) induces alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in oral mucosal epithelial cells. Methods—One year old dogs were either untreated (control group) or given high doses of intravenous ZA (ZA group) for three months. The doses of ZA were equivalent to those given to cancer patients, yet were administered two times more frequently (every 2 weeks). Mucosal tissues were assessed immunohistochemically for cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and apoptosis (caspase 3 and TUNEL). Results—There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to PCNA, MMP-2, MMP-14, and TUNEL positive cells. However, the expression of MMP-9 was significantly higher in the control group than in the ZA group (p<0.05), while the expression of caspase 3 was significantly lower in the control group than in the ZA group (p <0.05). Conclusion—These results suggest that high doses of ZA resulted in higher levels of apoptosis and lower levels of MMP-9 in the oral epithelial cells supporting the idea of bisphosphonate treatment affects the oral mucosa.
Conceptualizing Humanistic Management - Introduction to Special Issue

The various crises require a different paradigm for business theory and practice. For this special issue contributors were asked to conceptualize such an alternative paradigm and propose and discuss heretofore unnamed phenomena. We present six contributions from renowned experts in the field that argue for a shift in perspective of management and organizational research and practice to allow us to conceptualize a life-conducive economic system.
Platelet Function Analysis Using PFA-100 Tests in Patients With Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding:

Aim. To investigate platelet function in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods. We prospectively studied platelet function using the PFA-100 test in a convenience sample of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding admitted to the medical ICU from July 2010 to August 2011. Patients on warfarin or heparin were excluded. Results. In all, 41 patients (30 men) participated in the study. The mean age was 55 years (range 25-74 years). Most patients (31/41) presented with blood in their stools as at least one of their presenting symptoms. Fourteen of the 41 patients were on aspirin, 4 on nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, and 5 on clopidogrel or other antiplatelet drugs. The average hemoglobin was 9.2 g/dL (range 5.1-16.1 g/dL). The average platelet count was 170 kU/L (range 41-496 kU/L). The average international normalized ratio was 1.37(range 1.01-2.08). Analysis of platelet function was performed in 9 patients (22%). These patients had closure times which ranged from 98 to >300 seconds wit...
A modified F-K filter for removing the effects of higher-mode dispersion patterns from surface wave data

Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is widely accepted for quickly and efficiently estimating shear-wave velocity structure in a variety of environments (Xia et al., 1999; Park et al., 1999). In areas with vertical heterogeneities or shallow bedrock (less than 5 m), dispersion curves can be difficult to interpret due to higher mode contamination. By picking a dominant higher-mode trend and misinterpreting it and inverting it as a fundamental mode, the resulting velocity profile can give inconsistent or unrealistic results. Such misinterpretation can happen because some of the dispersion modes interfere or masked by this higher energy making it difficult to differentiate them. To account for this problem, a modified frequency-wavenumber (FK) filter was applied to surface-wave data to lessen or remove the impact of observed higher-mode energy. This dispersion-curve based-FK filter inputs velocity-frequency information from a picked dispersion curve tapered to define a curved cut zone, rather than the conventional pie-shape. This filter is applied to dispersion information in the FK domain through a series of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) resulting in dispersion patterns with more prominent fundamental energy that were more representative of the geologic structure. This technique has been successful on datasets collected in the Caribbean and the Western United States.
Study Progress in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injury With Chinese Herbs

Through analyzing and summarizing recent literatures to treat peripheral nerve injury(PNI) with Chinese herbs,the result showed Chinese herbs and its effective components,compound prescriptions had reliable treatment effects,various experiments and clinical studies also showed Chinese herbs could promote the protein expression of nerve growth factor,schwann cell multiplication,protecting damaged neuron and promoting nerve repopulation and frame reconstitution.
Reply: To PMID 25086190.

We thank Dr. Rokutan for the interest in our recent paper1 and for raising the important issue about therapeutic endpoints in EoE. There is as yet no consensus on the most appropriate endpoint of EoE treatment,2 and in addition to histologic response, symptoms, endoscopic findings, esophageal remodeling, and quality of life have all been proposed.3 We chose to focus on histologic response for this study because it is objective and readily quantifiable, but we agree that symptom response is important as well. It has only been recently that validated symptom instruments in EoE have become available,4, 5 and we could not employ these due to the retrospective cohort design of our study. Symptomatic and histologic responses may not correlate in EoE, a finding that has been noted in several previous clinical trials.2 Potential explanations for improved symptoms despite histologic non-response include esophageal dilation at baseline, dietary modification or food avoidance, and a decrease in eosinophil count that does not reach the empirically chosen response threshold. In our study we could not investigate the specific reasons for the gap between symptomatic and histologic response, but this is an active area of investigation.6 We were able to reassess baseline immunohistochemical staining as a predictor of symptom response. While there was a trend for increased tryptase staining in symptom responders compared to non-responders (median 199 vs 153 cells/mm2; p=0.08), this was not seen for major basic protein (1460 vs 1363; p=0.89) or eotaxin-3 (786 vs 204; p=0.13). However, given that only a subset of the study subjects had this staining performed, this should be studied prospectively in a larger sample. We agree with Dr. Rokutan that understanding discordance between histologic, symptomatic, and other treatment outcomes in EoE is of importance, and we and others are pursuing this area of research.
The Pseudouridine Synthases Proceed through a Glycal Intermediate.

The pseudouridine synthases isomerize (U) in RNA to pseudouridine (Ψ), and the mechanism that they follow has long been a question of interest. The recent elucidation of a product of the mechanistic probe 5-fluorouridine that had been epimerized to the arabino isomer suggested that the Ψ synthases might operate through a glycal intermediate formed by deprotonation of C2′. When that position in substrate U is deuterated, a primary kinetic isotope effect is observed, which indisputably indicates that the proposed deprotonation occurs during the isomerization of U to Ψ and establishes the mechanism followed by the Ψ synthases.
Science Signaling Podcast for 13 September 2016: DMF and the immune system

Abstract This Podcast features an interview with Benjamin Cravatt, John Teijaro, and Megan Blewett authors of a Research Resource that appears in the 13 September 2016 issue of Science Signaling , about the proteins in human immune cells that are modified by the drug dimethyl fumarate (DMF). DMF is used to treat the autoimmune diseases psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, but the molecular basis of its immunosuppressive properties is not well understood. This drug can covalently modify cysteine residues in proteins, but it is also converted in vivo to monomethyl fumarate (MMF), which can activate signaling through G protein–coupled receptors. Blewett et al . found that DMF, but not MMF, inhibited the activation of primary human T cells in vitro. Using a quantitative chemical proteomics approach, the authors identified human T cell proteins that contained cysteines that were modified by DMF, but not MMF. One of the proteins they identified was protein kinase C θ (PKCθ), which plays a role in T cell activation. Modification of PKCθ by DMF prevented PKCθ from interacting with the costimulatory receptor CD28, thus reducing T cell activation. A better understanding of the biochemistry of DMF may enable the development of drugs that deliver the therapeutic benefits of DMF without the side effects. Listen to Podcast
The 4-H Youth Development Professionals Workload Relationship to Job Satisfaction

A study to determine what job responsibilities Extension 4-H youth development professionals (n=241) chose to spend their work time doing and how the workload related to their job satisfaction and burnout is discussed in this paper. Workload was determined using the 4-H Professional, Research, Knowledge, and Competencies (4-H PRKC). Professionals identified their level of job satisfaction and burnout. Based on the previous research on workload, burnout, and job satisfaction, 4-H youth development professionals are prime candidates for experiencing low job satisfaction and increased burnout, which may lead to professionals leaving the organization early. 4-H youth development professionals reported being satisfied with their job and felt very little burnout. Even with the positive job satisfaction and low burnout, there are strategies shared for each of the 4-H PRKC domains to help 4-H professionals continue to have a high level of job satisfaction and low burnout. Many of the strategies that are shared in this paper are applicable to not only 4-H youth development professionals but to any professional who works in the field of youth development.
Sex Trafficked and Missed

A survivor case study demonstrates how health care professionals miss opportunities to identify and respond to persons who may be trafficked. This oversight occurs because medical professionals and health care systems often lack the education and tools needed for an appropriate and effective response. All staff in a health care system should receive basic education on sex and labor trafficking, including legal definitions, descriptions of vulnerable populations, red flags in the health care setting, and survivor stories to facilitate understanding of trafficked persons’ perspectives and vulnerabilities. Extended education should address trauma-informed care as well as potential ways to engage patients and internal protocols. Curriculum modules developed at Dignity Health, one of the nation’s largest health systems, serve as examples of education for medical staff.
METABOLISM OF H2O2 AND FATTY ACIDS BY RAT LIVER PEROXISOMES: IMPLICATIONS FOR ETHANOL DETOXIFICATION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the metabolism of H2O2 and fatty acids by rat liver peroxisomes. Peroxisomes are centers for the metabolism of H2O2. The association of H2O2-producing oxidases with catalase in a single cell organelle was discovered by de Duve and his collaborators in Belgium, and has since been found in many cell types. In addition, numerous other catalase-positive structures have been recognized morphologically. Peroxisomes, through their metabolism of H2O2, function as a primitive oxidizing organelle. A few substrates appear to be oxidized directly; through coupled reactions NADH may hypothetically also be oxidized, and indirectly, many other metabolites. The peroxisomes liberate the energy of their oxidations as heat, unlike the mitochondria that conserve much of this energy in the form of ATP. Therefore, the peroxisomes could play a role in thermoregulation. The dissipative peroxisomal oxidation of NADH, free of the throttle of respiratory control, could also be useful to cells when they are overloaded with reducing equivalents, as in ethanol intoxication.
Tubal sterilization and risk of breast cancer mortality in US women.

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that tubal sterilization is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Methods: We examined this hypothesis in a large prospective study of US adults. After 14 years of mortality follow-up, 3837 deaths from breast cancer were observed in a cohort of 619,199 women who were cancer-free at study entry in 1982. Results: Cox proportional hazards models (adjusted for multiple breast cancer risk factors) showed a significant inverse association between tubal sterilization and breast cancer mortality (adjusted rate ratio (RR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70–0.96). Women who were sterilized before age 35 had a lower risk (adjusted RR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.53–0.88) than women who were sterilized at 35 years of age or older (adjusted RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.75–1.13). Also, sterilizations performed before 1975 resulted in a lower risk (RR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.62–0.91) than those performed during or after 1975 (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.74–1.29), possibly reflecting the likelihood of greater tissue damage with earlier procedures. Conclusions: These results suggest that tubal sterilization may lower subsequent risk of breast cancer, especially among women who are sterilized at a relatively young age. Additional studies are needed to confirm or refute these findings.
A PATHWAY FROM PSYCHIATRY TO CANCER

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the pathway from psychiatry to cancer. Geiger and Ochoa reported that rat brains that were homogenized with distilled water did not glycolyze because of the release of a glycolytic inhibitor. With the help of Ochoa, it was discovered that this inhibitor was a DPNase. With phosphocreatine and creatine kinase present, the ATP concentration in the brain homogenates was maintained and glucose phosphorylation was sustained. The ATP-regenerating system soon became a favorite tool in many other laboratories. In brains infected with poliomyelitis, the utilization of glucose was impaired to a much greater extent than that of hexose diphosphate. When glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was added to infected brain homogenates, it was slowly inactivated. The manometric assay for glyoxalase was not sensitive enough for the experimental purposes. It was found that a thiolester may be an intermediate in the mechanism of action of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and undergo phosphorylative cleavage to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.
One-Dimensional Shape Functions

The Galerkin finite element method requires the use of the test functions w in polynomial form. We will first define the local and global linear and quadratic Lagrange and Hermite interpolation shape functions. These interpolation shape functions are used in the next two chapters to solve one-dimensional steady-state second-order and fourth-order boundary value problems by finite element methods.
High-Frequency and Microwave Electromagnetic Analysis Calibration and De-embedding

Just as physical microwave measurements must be de-embedded from test fixtures by means of calibration, electromagnetic analysis must likewise be calibrated so the results may be de-embedded. This chapter investigates the nature of the electromagnetic analysis port discontinuity, how it is characterized by calibration, and how it is removed (including a possible reference plane shift) by de-embedding. Both double-delay and short-open calibration are described. The theory for single port calibration and de-embedding is presented in a manner that is easily extended to treat multiple coupled ports. Additional theory shows how to extend calibration to groups of internal ports, critical, for example, in analyzing the passive planar portion of an amplifier (both the input and output matching networks in the same analysis) and having internal calibrated ports for connecting the transistor. Evaluation of error (accuracy) is covered in detail. Techniques that take advantage of calibrated ports, including circuit subdivision and port tuning, are described.
Development and Evolution: The Physics Connection

This chapter argues that although Darwin aspired to a materialist understanding of evolution, his theory was imbued (in accordance with the physics of his time) with a notion of organisms as passively molded products of their circumstances. The Modern Synthesis that followed from this failed to incorporate new discoveries of physical processes relevant to the formation and transformation of morphological phenotypes and therefore never moved beyond an increasingly obsolete incrementalism it inherited from its originating doctrine. It is proposed here that the emergence of the most distinctive aspects of evolutionary developmental biology in the late twentieth century was due less to insights from comparative genomics than to a growing recognition by a group of cross-disciplinary scientists of the dynamic, nonlinear and plastic nature of developing systems: in particular, the role of physical processes that were unknown to the early evolutionists in producing predictable and often abruptly changing body plans and other morphological motifs.
Fights on the Right: Social Citizenship, Ethnicity, and Postwar Cohorts of the Japanese Activist Right

In the late 2000s, a new wave of xenophobic activism known as the ‘Action Conservative Movement’ (ACM) began to engage in prominent actions against ethnic minorities. Its aggressive use of hate speech confirmed fears of a rightward shift in Japan, echoing the rise of nationalist movements elsewhere around the globe. However, as the ACM moved from online organizing to high-profile public protest, pre-existing factions of rightist activists challenged ACM methods and viewpoints on multiculturalism. These ‘fights on the right’ highlight the diversity of rightist groups that are often treated monolithically in academia and the media. The critique some rightists made of the ACM’s xenophobic activism was based on a view of ethnicity that embraced Japan as a multi-ethnic empire—an iconoclastic view itself, and a reflection of Cold War geopolitics, the dynamics of domestic political polarities, and Japan’s colonial legacy manifested by ethnic minorities. It built as well from the cultivation of a particular form of anti-establishment ethos. Based upon my ethnographic fieldwork since 2005, this article offers a detailed typography of several generations of right-wing activism in Japan and an examination of how their diverse views of social citizenship, activist method, and ideological commitment have come into conflict as they grapple with ethnicity in contemporary Japan.
Precision Fully-Actuated UAV for Visual and Physical Inspection of Structures for Nuclear Decommissioning and Search and Rescue

The Dexterous Hexrotor is a fully-actuated multi-rotor UAV developed for precision operations close to and in contact with physical structures. The fully-actuated nature of this type of UAV allows it to exert forces instantaneously in any direction in $R^{6}$ . This, in turn, provides higher closed-loop control bandwidth for better disturbance rejection in free space and high performance impact and force control in contact with the environment. This paper presents a numeric estimation for a new term in aerodynamic performance of the Dexterous Hexrotor as well as an optimization approach to configure the nonparallel thrusters with respect to operating parameters of the drone including the desired force signature of interaction with the environment. A previously-developed fully-actuated Dexterous Hexrotor UAV is used as an example to introduce the nonparallel actuation related benefits, including mobility measure, dihedral effect and efficiency. Then we implement the numeric estimation and optimization method to the Dexterous Hexrotor UAV prototype to setup the rotor configuration. Experiments were performed to validate the optimized result with a contact based force control test and sample tests of the device in a mock nuclear decommissioning task at the DOE Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Portsmouth, Ohio, USA and at a mock-up of the exhaust shaft of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant.
Boundary-work and the demarcation of civil from uncivil protest in the United States: control, legitimacy, and political inequality

Beyond the reaches of scholarly debates about how to define and value civility properly, social actors across various institutional domains routinely demarcate civil from uncivil behavior. Yet this everyday classification process remains understudied and undertheorized, despite being widespread and having significant stakes for the individuals and groups involved. This article begins to fill this gap by developing the concept of civility contests—practical efforts to draw symbolic boundaries between civil and uncivil individuals, groups, or behaviors. Through a focus on the realm of political protest in the United States, this article demonstrates that civility contests involve a wide range of political actors (including institutionalized power holders, opposing movements, and the media) who engage in this boundary-work in order to justify the control or (de)legitimation of protest. It then highlights patterned disparities in the outcomes of these contests, demonstrating that the likelihood of being marked as uncivil and the extent to which this prompts negative social sanction is shaped by one’s social position. Overall, the article seeks to stimulate and guide future empirical research on civility contests and to deepen theoretical understandings of the relationship between symbolic and social boundaries and the role of symbolic boundary-work in the reproduction of political inequality.
Near-Surface Frontogenesis and Atmospheric Instability along the U.S. East Coast during the Extratropical Transition of Hurricane Matthew (2016)

AbstractHurricane Matthew locally generated more than 400 mm of rainfall on 8–9 October 2016 over the eastern Carolinas and Virginia as it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The heaviest p...
Reply to Barton and Montgomery: A case for preferential prefrontal cortical expansion

In our article (1), we focus on prefrontal cortex (PFC) to ( i ) arrive at a surface-based delineation of PFC using modern architectonic and functional criteria; ( ii ) determine its absolute size in humans, macaques, and chimpanzees in terms of gray and white matter volumes analyzed using structural MRI data from many subjects; and ( iii ) compare PFC size across species both in absolute terms and relative to other brain regions. Barton and Montgomery (2) dispute neither our findings nor our conclusion that PFC is disproportionately larger in humans compared with nonhuman primates. They instead take issue with several matters of interpretation, particularly how relative size and preferential … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: donahuec{at}wustl.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Transforming Indigenous research: Collaborative responses to historical research tensions

Ongoing colonial power has long been ascribed to government bureaucracy and institutions of higher learning. By consequence, Indigenous communities today are still experiencing challenges regarding the function, foundation and fabric of research that impacts Indigenous peoples, including in the arena of social work education. Writing as an Indigenous scholar and Director of a Master of Social Work programme at a university in the Pacific region, the author’s goal in this article is twofold. On the one hand, he aims to contribute to critical self-reflection of Western research methodologies, while on the other hand offering a reconceptualisation of research tools and techniques that empower the researched and create reciprocal learning opportunities. Through discussion of Indigenous and allied or “co-conspirator” partnerships, and drawing on the example of a model called strengths-enhancing evaluation research (SEER), the author outlines observations regarding the tensions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers and processes. He challenges the established norms of social science research, and offers theoretical and practical examples and questions – including the notion of the researcher as a guest –, that demonstrate how higher education institutions and Indigenous and non-Indigenous collaborations can provide critical responses to historical tensions regarding research and Indigenous peoples. The conduct and behaviour of researchers can have long-lasting, unintended consequences on communities at multiple levels of well-being. The author argues that both Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers must collaboratively work with communities for change.
2509: Estimation of HIV viral load using quantitative measurement of HIV-p24 on lateral flow immunoassays

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: High-sensitivity diagnostics for early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV at the point of care (POC) are not widely available. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFA) can detect HIV-p24, but are not sensitive enough in practice. With improvements, LFA are a compelling platform for POC in EID. We used functionalized magnetic beads and immunocomplex dissociation to improve sensitivity of HIV-p24 LFA. Here, we evaluate the utility for LFA to quantitatively report HIV-p24 concentration and estimate HIV viral load. Using purified p24 protein and virion constructs, we determined the limits of detection for HIV-p24 using LFA rapid tests. Using measurements from HIV-p24 ELISA, laboratory-developed RT-qPCR, droplet digital PCR, and gold standard clinical viral load, we further characterized the relationship between HIV-p24 concentration, HIV genomic RNA, and LFA test line signal. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We measured HIV-p24 concentration by ELISA (RD p=0.0004). We compared p24 concentration (ELISA). We evaluated the utility of LFA to quantify HIV-p24 from virions suspended in human plasma, which increased the limit of detection for HIV-p24 to 100 pg/mL and shifted the linear range 100–10,000 pg/mL (Spearman r=0.77; p<0.001). To evaluate the relationship between HIV-p24 concentration and concentration of HIV RNA, we employed 3 molecular techniques. The LFA is capable of detecting HIV-p24 concentrations that correspond to a range of viral loads between 653,000 and 1655 copies of viral RNA/mL. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our preliminary results are very promising, indicating that commercially available LFA can quantitatively measure HIV-p24 concentration to low levels. When coupled with our analysis of the relationship between HIV-p24 concentration and HIV RNA concentration, LFA may be a potential platform allowing us to estimate HIV viral burden at clinically relevant levels. Our next steps will be to evaluate this relationship in primary, clinical specimens in collaboration with the Tennessee Center for AIDS Research. We will incorporate technologies to improve the sensitivity of these LFA and evaluate their performance in field settings in Zambia. Our findings are broadly applicable for use in HIV care and treatment programs and early infant diagnosis programs around the world.
Leading for research excellence and integrity: A qualitative investigation of the relationship-building practices of exemplary principal investigators.

We conducted semi-structured, telephone interviews with 52 federally funded researchers nominated as exemplars for their integrity and professional conduct, and their scientific achievements. The a...
Expression and Purification of a Mammalian Protein: Cytosolic Domain of IRE1α from Insect Sf21 Cells

Abstract Eukaryotic proteins can be expressed in different heterologous systems. However, mammalian proteins in general have specific post-translational processing requirements that may not be fulfilled by a regular bacterial expression system. In this study, we use an insect cell system to express a mammalian protein of interest. Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cells were used in conjunction with a baculoviral expression system to produce the cytosolic domain (CD) of IRE1, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor protein. Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) is a dual function kinase and endoribonuclease protein that cleaves X-box binding protein (XBP1) mRNA. We used the pFastBac plasmid to insert the coding sequence into a recombinant bacmid shuttle vector which was then used to infect Sf21 cells. The expressed protein was then purified with an MBPTrap column to obtain >85% pure protein.
Converting lateral scanning into axial focusing to speed up 3D microscopy

In optical microscopy, the slow axial scanning rate of the objective or the sample has traditionally limited the speed of 3D volumetric imaging. Recently, by conjugating either a movable-mirror to the image plane or an electrotuneable lens (ETL) to the back-focal plane respectively, rapid axial scanning has been achieved. However, mechanical actuation of a mirror limits axial scanning rate (usually only 10-100 Hz for piezoelectric or voice coil based actuators), while ETLs introduce spherical and higher order aberrations, thereby preventing high-resolution imaging. Here, we introduce a novel optical design that can transform a lateral-scan motion into a spherical-aberration-free, high-resolution, rapid axial scan. Using a galvanometric mirror, we scan a laser beam laterally in a remote-focusing arm, which is then back-reflected from different heights of a mirror in image space. We characterize the optical performance of this remote focusing technique and use it to accelerate axially swept light-sheet microscopy (ASLM) by one order of magnitude, allowing the quantification of rapid vesicular dynamics in 3D.
The Uncanny Valley of the Television Remake: Äkta Människor and Humans

The Swedish television series Akta manniskor (2012–2014) and its British/US remake Humans (2015–2018), with their AI-themed depictions of near-sentient synthetic humans, present a useful pair of shows to think through questions of originality and repetition in international adaptations and remakes. Using Masahiro Mori’s idea of the “uncanny valley” to frame the discussion, this article examines the applicability of his concept to adaptation studies to explain potentially negative viewer reactions to adaptations that too closely simulate originals. The scrambled international distribution of these two shows created different experiences of “the original,” however, a confusion of sequence, and in the show’s relationship to both science fiction and Nordic Noir, a confusion of genre that challenges hierarchies of similarity and difference.
Real-time, interactive website for US-county level Covid-19 event risk assessment

Large events and gatherings, particularly those taking place indoors, have been linked to multi-transmission events that have accelerated the pandemic spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To provide real-time, geo-localized risk information, we developed an interactive online dashboard that estimates the risk that at least one individual with SARS-CoV-2 is present in gatherings of different sizes in the United States. The website combines documented case reports at the county level with ascertainment bias information obtained via population-wide serological surveys to estimate real time circulating, per-capita infection rates. These rates are updated daily as a means to visualize the risk associated with gatherings, including county maps and state-level plots. The website provides data-driven information to help individuals and policy-makers make prudent decisions (e.g., increasing mask wearing compliance and avoiding larger gatherings) that could help control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in hard-hit regions.
Influential nodes and anomalous topic activities in social networks using multivariate time series and topic modeling

It is important to understand the behavior within a social network, particularly excessive communications between nodes. Such excessive activities in a network provide an insight into the pattern o...
Elastic moduli of hexagonal diamond and cubic diamond formed under shock compression

The relative stiffnesses and strengths of hexagonal diamond and cubic diamond constitute long-standing unresolved issues, because relevant experimental results are lacking. Laser interferometry was used to experimentally determine the longitudinal sound speeds and moduli in hexagonal diamond and cubic diamond formed during the shock compression of graphite. The hexagonal diamond longitudinal moduli are significantly larger than the cubic diamond longitudinal moduli, and even exceed averaged cubic diamond single crystal values. The measured hexagonal diamond longitudinal moduli, combined with high-pressure bulk moduli for cubic diamond single crystals, show that shock-formed hexagonal diamond shear moduli are larger than the shear moduli for cubic diamond single crystals.
Dual modulatory effects on feedback from a proprioceptor in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system

We report that the combination of GABA and the peptide proctolin increases contraction of a stomatogastric muscle while decreasing the corresponding response of the proprioceptor that reports on it...
Life cycle embodied energy analysis of higher education buildings: A comparison between different LCI methodologies

Abstract Nearly half of the global annual energy supply is consumed by the building construction sector, indicating an enormous potential to minimize the carbon footprint. During its life cycle, a building consumes energy in the form of embodied and operational energy. Embodied energy (EE) is expended in processes during construction (ex: extraction of raw material, transportation, manufacturing, etc.). Operating energy (OE) is spent on operating and maintaining the building to ensure occupant comfort. Unlike OE, the methods used to calculate EE are complex, unstandardized, and time-consuming. Each EE calculation method utilizes different sources of data and system boundary definitions, therefore making it difficult to comprehensively evaluate building life cycle energy (LCE). Literature suggests that the disaggregated input-output based hybrid (IOH) approach is more accurate, complete, and reliable in comparison to the other EE calculation methods. In this study, we examine the EE-OE relationship by calculating EE factors for a newly constructed and renovated educational building. Next, we also compare the variation in EE factors across different life cycle inventory (LCI) methods (process-based, aggregated IOH, and disaggregated IOH). The results of this study indicate that using different LCI techniques to calculate EE causes massive variations in EE factors, which represent the EE expense of saving one unit of OE. The findings of our study and literature review show that the process-based approach underestimates EE, therefore the values of EE factors calculated using this approach need to be interpreted with caution. These results further elucidate the importance of standardizing the EE calculation method.