cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Adventures of Carbon Bond: Using a melodramatic game to explain CCS as a mitigation strategy for climate change

Policy options for mitigating climate change have been severely limited in the USA by the clash of competing ideologies. People who oppose policies to mitigate climate change have successfully framed climate change as existing outside the realm of fact and empirical reality. Instead, opponents frame the issue as a melodramatic struggle between good and evil. While scientists and engineers tend to be uncomfortable with melodramatic framing, we argue that melodrama resonates with people. Constructing a different melodramatic frame can tap into people's tendency to conceptualize issues in terms of heroes and villains and assist in creating a shift in the political controversy from debating the factuality of climate change to a focus on mitigation. We developed an educational video game that uses this frame to teach students about climate change and carbon capture, and sequestration, to create an understanding of CO2 as the villain and humans as heroes through participation in mitigation strategies. The hero of this melodrama is aided by science and technology to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. We analyze The Adventures of Carbon Bond© as a medium for educating students about climate change and shifting framing. We begin with a discussion of melodrama and the rhetorical nature of video games. Then, through statistical analysis of surveys completed by students who played the game, we demonstrate that students experienced a knowledge increase as a result of game play. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for productively reframing climate change towards an emphasis on technological mitigation. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Comparison of three serological assays to determine the cross-reactivity of antibodies from eight genetically diverse U.S. swine influenza viruses.

Swine influenza virus is an economically important pathogen to the U.S. swine industry. New influenza subtypes and isolates within subtypes with different genetic and antigenic makeup have recently emerged in U.S. swineherds. As a result of the emergence of these new viruses, diagnosticians' ability to accurately diagnose influenza infection in pigs and develop appropriate vaccine strategies has become increasingly difficult. The current study compares the ability of subtype-specific commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and serum neutralization (SN) assays to detect antibodies elicited by multiple isolates within different subtypes of influenza virus. Pigs were infected with genetically and antigenically different isolates of the 3 major circulating subtypes within populations of swine (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2). Serum was collected when all pigs within a group collectively reached HI reciprocal titers $160 against that group's homologous challenge virus. The antibody cross-reactivity of the sera between isolates was determined using ELISA, HI, and SN assays. In addition, the correlation between the 3 assays was determined. The assays differed in their ability to detect antibodies produced by the viruses used in the study. The results provide important information to diagnostic laboratories, veterinarians, and swine producers on the ability of 3 common serological assays used in identifying infection with influenza in pigs.
Going Public: Networking Globally and Locally*

Rural sociologists figure prominently in the move towards public sociology. The paper takes up Michael Burawoy's call for public sociology and discusses what rural sociologists have to offer to publics and how we stand to gain as a discipline in working with publics. The paper argues that rural sociologists' ability to adopt a cosmopolitan view while negotiating the complexities of global/local processes provides a useful theoretical stance for doing public sociology. Methodologically, both feminist methods and various approaches to networks can guide us as we do public sociology. Then, the paper provides two examples of recent efforts to do public sociology with a women's community group in Sri Lanka in response to the tsunami and with the Pennsylvania Women's Agricultural Network to illustrate the possibilities and limitations of working with networks. In conclusion, the paper addresses opportunities for doing public sociology, the challenges we face as we go public, and future work that is needed to develop theoretically and methodologically strong public rural sociology.
Surgical approaches to the orbit

Orbital injuries can only be treated most effectively, aesthetically, and safely when the surgeon's armamentarium includes all contemporary orbital approaches. The lateral orbit, orbital floor, and medial orbit are useful anatomic divisions that are each exposed best through distinct approaches. Lateral brow, upper blepharoplasty, and coronal approaches provide access to the lateral orbit. The orbital floor is accessible through subciliary, subtarsal, transconjunctival, or transantral approaches. Lynch, transcaruncular, transnasal, and coronal approaches are useful for medial orbital exposure. When the surgeon utilizes these approaches appropriately with meticulous surgical technique and close postoperative observation for rare potential complications, excellent outcomes can be achieved following orbital trauma.
A model for repeated clustered data with informative cluster sizes

Many chronic diseases or health conditions manifest with recurring episodes, each of which can be characterized by a measure of intensity or severity. Both the number of episodes and the severity of each episode can depend on the latent severity of an individual's underlying condition. Data such as this are commonly gathered repeatedly at fixed follow-up intervals. An example is a study of the association between stressful life events and the onset of depression. Stress exposure is assessed through the frequency and intensity of stressful life events occurring each month. Both the number of events and the intensity of each event at each measurement occasion are informative about the underlying severity of stress over time. One might hypothesize that people that approach the onset of a depressive episode have worse stress profiles than the controls, reflected by both more frequent and more intense stressors. We propose models to analyze data collected repeatedly on both the frequency of an event and its severity when both of these are informative about the underlying latent severity. Maximum likelihood estimators are developed, and simulations with small to moderate sample sizes show that the estimators also have good finite sample properties, and they are robust against misspecification of the model. This method is applied to a psychiatric data set.
Analyzing Hyperplane Synthesis in Genetic Algorithms Using Clustered Schemata

A new type of schema, c-schema, is introduced, which emphasizes the inner structure, particularly specific-symbol clusters rather than the defining length. A new type of building block, c-building block, is also suggested as a consequence of this. The expected survival probability of a schema based on this new schema model is given as well as a new explanation about how allelic reordering by depth first search can help improve genetic algorithms' search capability. Extensive experimental results are also provided.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TYPHUS FEVER : I. RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKI IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE TYPHUS LESION.

This study of the lesions produced in the skin of guinea pigs inoculated intracutaneously with Mexican typhus virus, shows that there is an early polymorphonuclear response at the point of inoculation. As early as 24 hours after the virus is given, a mononuclear phagocytic infiltration, which is more pronounced around the larger vessels of the corium, vascularis, and muscularis, replaces the polymorphonuclear infiltration. The endothelial cells of capillaries and small vessels swell up, thus partially occluding the lumina. Rickettsia bodies are found in the swollen cells, in numbers which remind one of the intracellular Rickettsiae of the tunica in typhus infected guinea pigs. The mature Mooser's cells are found in abundance on the 3rd to the 4th day after inoculation. They are found in various positions as follows: (a) in the endothelial cells of capillaries, particularly in places of little or no infiltration; (b) within the mononuclear nodules formed around the larger vessels and within the dense infiltration of the vascularis (the parasitized cells are usually traced to a capillary wall); and (c) less frequently the organisms are found within the swollen cells of arterioles and small veins. The organisms disappear gradually from the zones of increasing polymorphonuclear infiltrations, suggesting that the presence of such polymorphonuclears is due to the bursting of the infected cells. In the artificial lesions produced in the skin by the inoculation of considerable numbers of Rickettsiae, the tissue reactions are abnormally enhanced. One can see in the same slide different stages of the development of the lesions and their relationship to the infecting agent. The early perivascular infiltration by mononuclear phagocytes does not seem to be related to an actual infection of the endothelial lining by the inoculated virus, but seems rather, when properly controlled, to be primarily due to a nonspecific type of response. The capillaries or small vessels within these infiltrated zones may become parasitized and call forth a polymorphonuclear reaction which may thus transform the cytological picture of the nodule. The subsequent migration of macrophages terminates the histological sequence. In capillaries apart from areas of cellular infiltrations, the polymorphonuclear reaction is first to appear, when the Rickettsiae are liberated from the cells. One cannot safely generalize from the results observed in an artificial typhus lesion, but in the light of these observations, it is probable that the Rickettsia bodies are difficult to find in typhus patients or infected animals because they disappear rapidly from the nodules, or perhaps because some nodules are not necessarily related to an infected endothelium. At any rate, a late typhus lesion is not likely to reveal Rickettsiae which most probably have been removed by the early polymorphonuclear invasion.
Testing high resolution ADCs using deterministic dynamic element matching

Dynamic element matching (DEM) is an effective approach to achieving good average performance in the presence of major mismatch in matching-critical circuits. This paper presents a deterministic DEM (DDEM) strategy for ADC testing that offers substantial reductions in testing cost. The approach is mathematically formulated and validated with simulation results that show the number of test vectors needed is comparable to what are concurrently used with standard code density linearity testing. It is demonstrated that the DDEM method can be used to accurately test ADCs with linearity that far exceeds that of the DAC used as a signal generator. This technique offers potential for use in both production test and BIST environments where high linearity devices are difficult to test and characterize.
Nonclassical Patrolling Monocyte Function in the Vasculature

Nonclassical patrolling monocytes are characterized by their unique ability to actively patrol the vascular endothelium under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Patrolling monocyte subsets (CX3CR1highLy6C− in mouse and CX3CR1highCD14dimCD16+ in humans) are distinct from the classical monocyte subsets (CCR2highLy6C+ in mouse and CCR2highCD14+CD16− in humans) and exhibit unique functions in the vasculature and inflammatory disease. Patrolling monocytes function in several disease settings to remove damaged cells and debris from the vasculature and have been associated with wound healing and the resolution of inflammation in damaged tissues. This review highlights the unique functions of these patrolling monocytes in the vasculature and during inflammation.
RhoA inactivation by p190RhoGAP regulates cell spreading and migration by promoting membrane protrusion and polarity

The binding of extracellular matrix proteins to integrins triggers rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the Rho family of small GTPases. The signaling events that mediate changes in the activity of Rho proteins in response to the extracellular matrix remain largely unknown. We have demonstrated in previous studies that integrin signaling transiently suppresses RhoA activity through stimulation of p190RhoGAP. Here, we investigated the biological significance of adhesion-dependent RhoA inactivation by manipulating p190RhoGAP signaling in Rat1 fibroblasts. The inhibition of RhoA activity that is induced transiently by adhesion was antagonized by expression of dominant negative p190RhoGAP. This resulted in impaired cell spreading on a fibronectin substrate, reduced cell protrusion, and premature assembly of stress fibers. Conversely, overexpression of p190RhoGAP augmented cell spreading. Dominant negative p190RhoGAP elevated RhoA activity in cells on fibronectin and inhibited migration, whereas overexpression of the wild-type GAP decreased RhoA activity, promoted the formation of membrane protrusions, and enhanced motility. Cells expressing dominant negative p190RhoGAP, but not control cells or cells overexpressing the wild-type GAP, were unable to establish polarity in the direction of migration. Taken together, these data demonstrate that integrin-triggered RhoA inhibition by p190RhoGAP enhances spreading and migration by regulating cell protrusion and polarity.
Can clear ascitic fluid appearance rule out spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of abnormal ascitic fluid appearance in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), as a sensitivity approaching 100% could exclude SBP if the fluid is clear. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all ascitic fluid samples sent for cell count over a 4-year period. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was defined as an absolute neutrophil count of more than 250 cells/mm3 or a positive culture. Abnormal fluid appearance was defined as hazy, cloudy, or bloody. Results There were 916 ascitic fluid samples analyzed during the study period. Eighteen percent of samples had a clear appearance, whereas 82% were abnormal. Abnormal ascitic fluid appearance had a sensitivity of 98.1% (95% confidence interval, 95.3%-99.5%) and a specificity of 22.7% (95% confidence interval, 19.4%-26.3%) in the detection of SBP. Conclusions Abnormal fluid appearance has a high sensitivity for the detection of SBP. Thus, clear fluid might safely exclude SBP.
Individual differences in chromatic (red/green) contrast sensitivity are constrained by the relative number of L- versus M-cones in the eye

Abstract Many previous studies have shown that the relative number of long-wavelength-selective (L) versus medium-wavelength-selective (M) cones in the eye influences spectral sensitivity revealed perceptually. Here, we hypothesize that the L:M cone ratio should also influence red/green chromatic contrast sensitivity. To test this, in each subject we derived an estimate of L:M ratio based on her red/green equiluminance settings (obtained with heterochromatic flicker photometry), and measured both red/green chromatic and luminance contrast sensitivity at different spatial and temporal frequencies. Factor analysis was applied to the data in order to reveal covariance between conditions. As expected, chromatic and luminance contrast sensitivity were found to be independent of one another, and no relationship was observed between L:M ratio and luminance contrast sensitivity. However, a significant relationship was observed between L:M ratio and chromatic contrast sensitivity, wherein subjects possessing the most symmetrical L:M cone ratios (i.e., near 1:1) appear to possess the relatively greatest chromatic contrast sensitivity. This relationship can be accounted for by a simple model based on the notion of random L- and M-cone inputs to the center and surround receptive fields of chromatic (L–M) mechanisms.
Abstract 183: Beta-endorphin neuron transplants suppress mammary tumor growth and progression: role of immune cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC We have recently identified that a set of hormone secreting nerve cells in the hypothalamus, called beta-endorphin (BEP) neurons, have the ability to prevent the growth, progression and metastasis of mammary and prostate tumors in laboratory animals. How these neuronal cells prevent tumor cell growth and progression is not apparent. In order to better understand the mechanism by which endorphin neurons control tumor growth, we determined the growth and clearance of breast cancer derived MADB106 cells in Fisher rats, which are immune intact, and in athymic Nude rats, which are T cells deficient. Adult female Fischer rats or Nude rats were transplanted with either BEP neurons or cortical neurons (control) in the hypothalamus for 4 weeks and then inoculated with MADB106 cells in the jugular vein or under the skin in the back. These animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks to determine the volume of the tumor at the site of inoculation for determining the growth of tumors and the number of other tumors at the distant sites for determining tumor metastasis. Tumors were also collected for histopathology. Blood samples were collected and used for measurements of cytokines and immune cells. In Fischer rats, after tumor inoculation, animals with control cell transplants had tumor colonization in the lung and some on the skin at the site of cell injection. However, BEP neurons treated Fischer rats had no tumor colonization in the body. In the Nude rats, tumor colonization occurred both at the site of injection and at the distant site under the skin as well as in the lung of control transplanted rats. In BEP neurons transplanted Nude rats, tumor colonization only occurred at the site of inoculation. The mean volume of tumor at the inoculation site was smaller in BEP neurons transplanted rats than in control cells transplanted rats. In BEP neurons transplanted rats, corticosterone and inflammatory cytokines levels were lower, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines levels were higher. In addition, NK cell and macrophage cell numbers and their cytolytic functions in peripheral blood of BEP neurons transplanted rats were elevated. These data suggest that the antitumor action of BEP neuron transplants is due to the activation of primarily NK cells and macrophages and also in lesser extent T cells. The data also identify the potential use of BEP cell therapy for cancer prevention. (Supported by R37 AA08757) Citation Format: Dipak K. Sarkar, Changqing Zhang, Sengottuvelan Murugan, Nadka Boyadjieva, Maria Ortiguela. Beta-endorphin neuron transplants suppress mammary tumor growth and progression: role of immune cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 183. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-183
NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebrates.

A battery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against brain cell nuclei has been generated by repeated immunizations. One of these, mAb A60, recognizes a vertebrate nervous system- and neuron-specific nuclear protein that we have named NeuN (Neuronal Nuclei). The expression of NeuN is observed in most neuronal cell types throughout the nervous system of adult mice. However, some major cell types appear devoid of immunoreactivity including cerebellar Purkinje cells, olfactory bulb mitral cells, and retinal photoreceptor cells. NeuN can also be detected in neurons in primary cerebellar cultures and in retinoic acid-stimulated P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Immunohistochemically detectable NeuN protein first appears at developmental timepoints which correspond with the withdrawal of the neuron from the cell cycle and/or with the initiation of terminal differentiation of the neuron. NeuN is a soluble nuclear protein, appears as 3 bands (46-48 × 10(3) M(r)) on immunoblots, and binds to DNA in vitro. The mAb crossreacts immunohistochemically with nervous tissue from rats, chicks, humans, and salamanders. This mAb and the protein recognized by it serve as an excellent marker for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems in both the embryo and adult, and the protein may be important in the determination of neuronal phenotype.
God, Man and Nature: The Problem of Creation in Cartesian Thought

The problem of creation, which has largely disappeared from contemporary scientific discourse, was central to the scientific revolution. What modern scientists recognise as the only relevant relation – that between the knower and the known, man and nature — was understood three centuries ago as secondary to God's relation to the created order and his relation to created minds. For most early modern natural philosophers, both the manner in which and the degree to which the universe could be understood depended on how God had acted in creating it, how he continued to act in sustaining it, and how he had made the human mind — profound theological questions indeed. Over the centuries Christian thinkers, though reaching a consensus on the reality and goodness of the creation, have differed widely on the precise nature of created minds and the created order. The spectrum of views manifests an underlying dialectic between God's unconstrained will, which utterly transcends human comprehension, and God's orderly intellect, which serves as the model for the human mind. Often this has been expressed in terms of the distinction between God's absolute power to do whateverases and God's ordinary power to uphold the creation in an orderly and faithful manner. Individual thinkers typically acknowledge that God has both will and reason, both absolute and ordinary power, but usually emphasize one over the other.
Aortocoronary Artery Graft During Early and Late Phases of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abstract From April, 1968, to August, 1972, 30 patients received one to three emergency saphenous vein grafts during acute myocardial infarction. In all but 1 patient, acute myocardial infarction occurred while the patients were in the hospital awaiting coronary angiography or myocardial revascularization. The patients were divided into two groups: those in the early and those in the late phases of acute myocardial infarction, depending on the time interval between the onset of chest pain and operation. Twenty-four patients (early phase) received grafts within 10 hours after the onset of infarction, and 18 of these 24 patients underwent operation within 4 hours after infarction. Two patients included in this group sustained myocardial infarctions in the operating room during elective myocardial revascularization procedures; another patient was brought to the operating room following cardiac arrest and was supported by internal cardiac massage throughout the opening of the chest and cardiac cannulation. Six patients (late phase) received grafts from three to fourteen days after acute infarction because of postinfarction angina. Only 1 patient was in cardiogenic shock prior to operation. Two patients, both from the early phase group, died in the postoperative period; and 1 patient died seven months postoperatively from a noncardiac cause. Twenty-five of 27 surviving patients became asymptomatic, and 2 patients continue to have mild angina (Functional Class II). Sixteen patients with 24 grafts were restudied in the postoperative period, and 22 of the grafts were found to be patent. This experience suggests that early operative intervention in acute myocardial infarction by the saphenous vein graft technique is beneficial to the patient. The rationale of revascularization in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is to minimize the area of muscle necrosis by increasing perfusion to the ischemic myocardium around the infarct.
Regulation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Its Target Genes by Fasting, cAMP, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor α, and the Coactivator Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α

Animal studies reveal that fasting and caloric restriction produce increased activity of specific metabolic pathways involved in resistance to weight loss in liver. Evidence suggests that this phenomenon may in part occur through the action of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3). Currently, the precise molecular mechanisms that activate CAR during fasting are unknown. We show that fasting coordinately induces expression of genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), CAR, cytochrome P-450 2b10 (Cyp2b10), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1 (Ugt1a1), sulfotransferase 2a1 (Sult2a1), and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) in liver in mice. Treatments that elevate intracellular cAMP levels also produce increased expression of these genes in cultured hepatocytes. Our data show that PGC-1α interaction with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α, NR2A1) directly regulates CAR gene expression through a novel and evolutionarily conserved HNF4-response element (HNF4-RE) located in its proximal promoter. Expression of PGC-1α in cells increases CAR expression and ligand-independent CAR activity. Genetic studies reveal that hepatic expression of HNF4α is required to produce fasting-inducible CAR expression and activity. Taken together, our data show that fasting produces increased expression of genes encoding key metabolic enzymes and an uptake transporter protein through a network of interactions involving cAMP, PGC-1α, HNF4α, CAR, and CAR target genes in liver. Given the recent finding that mice lacking CAR exhibit a profound decrease in resistance to weight loss during extended periods of caloric restriction, our findings have important implications in the development of drugs for the treatment of obesity and related diseases.
Temperature Regulation and the Constraints of Climate in the Eared Grebe

Abstract Eared Grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) encounter a variety of climatic regimes in their annual cycle. The most dramatic occur while on staging areas in autumn. We investigated the thermoregulatory abilities of the Eared Grebe to determine how they coped with these climate changes during staging. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) was higher than predicted. Mass-specific BMR was 1.212 mL O2/g·h for birds averaging 317 g. The thermoneutral zone is wide and extended from 15°C to 38°C. Minimal thermal conductance and average body temperature were not unusual. We conclude that Eared Grebes live most of the year under thermoneutral conditions and that food availability, not temperature extremes, determines the timing of their winter migration.
Questioning Our Questions: A Constructivist Technique for Clinical Supervision

Consistent themes in the constructivist supervision of counseling and psychotherapy include the fostering of supervisee reflexivity, perspective taking, and capacity to generate alternative conceptualizations and interventions. In keeping with these objectives, we describe a technique for deepening therapists' reflection on their interchanges with clients through “questioning their questions” and the clients' responses to them. We further illustrate the procedure in the supervision of a therapist in training who (a) analyzed in writing a series of six question-and-answer cycles pertaining to a client, (b) considered the larger implications of the interaction for the therapeutic relationship with this client, (c) received supervisory feedback on his journaling, and (d) offered a final reflexive comment on the procedure. We conclude with a few thoughts about variations on the technique to enhance its relevance in different supervisory settings.
Archborn: an open source tool for automated generation of chip heterogeneous multiprocessor architectures

Modern platform FPGAs are sufficiently dense to allow the assembly of a complete chip heterogeneous multiprocessor systems on chip (CHMPs) within a single die. Based on CHMP, every research group that sets out to explore how an application can be accelerated on an FPGA platform must firstly integrate processors, buses, memories, and support IP components into a base architecture prior to beginning their application specific analysis. Lacking of computer architecture background, many application developers will spend significant amounts of valuable research time to create and debug the base CHMP system. In this paper, we present Archborn, an open source tool that automates the generation of modifiable CHMP architectures. Archborn can be used by application developers to create a base CHMP system that can be synthesized in seconds. The systems created by Archborn can also be modified by those who wish to create fully customized CHMPs systems.We show the ease and flexibility of Archborn by automatically generating three unique systems: an NUMA architecture that is modified with an Hthreads hw/sw co-designed microkernel for multithreading, and a NUMA architecture to support the OpenCL programming model.We present analysis on resource utilizations and scalability for creating systems with up to 64 processing elements (PEs).
Erratum to: Association of environmental chemicals & estrogen metabolites in children

Erratum to: BMC Endocrine Disorders DOI 10.1186/s12902-015-0079-1 The original version of this article in BMC Endocrine Disorders [1] contained the following errors: The first sentence of the results section in the abstract incorrectly stated the following sentence: 100 % of subjects had detectible levels of at least one chemical in their urine, and 74 % had detectible levels of eight or more chemicals. The corrected sentence should read: 100 % of subjects had detectible levels of at least five chemicals in their urine, and 74 % had detectible levels of eight or more chemicals. The citation of table 1 was misplaced in the text. Find the correct placement of the table citation below: No significant differences were found in mean values between males and females or between age groups for any of the chemicals (Table 1). The original article has been updated with the changes.
Incorporation of Ablative Shape Change into Conceptual Hypersonic Mission Design

During the conceptual design of slender hypersonic vehicles, shape change caused by ablation of thermal protection systems (TPS) is often neglected. However, slender hypersonic vehicles experience severe ablative shape change that significantly alters the aerodynamic and mass properties, and consequently, the trajectory that is flown. This paper incorporates a rapid methodology to model steady-state ablation into conceptual trajectory optimization framework that employs indirect methods. The optimal trajectory solutions to maximize final velocity are found to be different from those obtained using traditional framework that neglects ablation. The difference is observed to be higher for vehicles that are forced to fly at lower altitudes.
Yield Loss to Arthropods in Vegetationally Diverse Agroecosystems

Five methods were evaluated for measuring the effects of arthropod pests on crop yields in vegetationally diverse agroecosystems, and the conditions for vegetational diversity to improve yields were examined. Two methods measured absolute yield benefits in which polyculture yields were higher than yields in monocultures. A review of the literature indicated that absolute yield benefits occurred only rarely and only when the arthropod pests caused severe yield losses in monocultures. One method was judged of limited use. The remaining two methods measured marginal yield benefits, in which yield loss in polycultures is less than that in monocultures. Statistical tests for factorial experiments that estimate this marginal benefit are proposed. A review of 41 cases suggested that this benefit occurred only if polycultures had lower pest populations than monocultures, and even then, it occurred intermittently. Severe competition from the other plants in the polyculture might limit the ability of the crop to compensate for pest injury and crop tolerance, or resistance to pest injury might otherwise limit yield losses in polycultures. In addition, the data suggested that pest injury is less likely to exceed economic injury levels in polycultures than in monocultures.
Contemporary issues in cost-effective drug therapy.

There is more to controlling pharmacy costs than choosing the least expensive drug. Preventing medication errors and reducing overall costs is key.
Corticotropin versus hydrocortisone in the intravenous treatment of ulcerative colitis: A prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial

Abstract Sixty-six patients hospitalized for ulcerative colitis were treated in a prospective, double-blind, clinical trial. They received either 120 U/day of intravenous corticotropin or 300 mg/day of intravenous hydrocortisone. Patients were randomized within strata defined by whether they had received oral corticosteroids continuously for at least 30 days before the study (group A, 35 patients), or whether they had received no such prior treatment (group B, 31 patients). Twenty-eight of the 66 patients (42%) achieved remission. In group B, the proportion of patients entering remission was greater with corticotropin than with hydrocortisone (63% vs. 27%, 0.025
Barriers and Facilitators to Adolescents' Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives

Most pregnancies among teenagers are unintended and many can be attributed to contraception misuse or nonuse. The etonogestrel implant and intrauterine devices, referred to as long-acting reversible contraceptives, or LARCs, are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods. These methods are safe for use by adolescents, yet the number of LARC users remains low among adolescents in the United States. In this review we examine recent literature about barriers and facilitators to LARC use among adolescent women. Factors that influence decision-making and provision are organized into 4 categories: (1) cost and clinical operations; (2) adolescent awareness and attitudes; (3) confidentiality, consent, and parental attitudes; and (4) health care provider knowledge, attitudes, and counseling. Knowledge deficits and misconceptions among adolescents and their health care providers are key barriers to adolescent LARC use.
Policy Issues in the Self-Determination Era

The advent of self-determination, and the ability of Native Nations to engage the federal policy process in a way that includes Native voices, ushered in a new era in the relationship between American Indians and the United States government. Yet self-determination policy as initially implemented failed to meet the needs of many Native communities. As a result, self-governance was offered as a way to expand the policy making power of Native Nations. This was an important step forward in the ability of Native Nations to make as well as carry out policy. Yet numerous challenges remain for tribal governments as they seek self-determination and self-governance. This paper will examine the self-determination to self-governance policy process. We then outline briefly a number of the challenges to self-determination including inadequate federal funding of Indian policy, continued oversight of Indian policy by non-Indian governments and limited tribal capacity to make and implement policy. We conclude by calling for additional research focusing on public policy in the self-determination era.
Modeling the internet from an economic perspective

Modeling the Internet, especially with the emergence of new usage trends, is a challenging problem for the network research community. Recently, user interactions involving content such as sharing, distributing and retrieving images, music, and videos have come to dominate today's Internet usage. In a sense the Internet usage is content-oriented. Consequently, there have been many ongoing efforts to reconsider and redesign various aspects of the Internet to better support this trend. This calls for more practical and comprehensive approaches to understand the Internet, which is a central problem especially in the areas of protocol evaluation, network design and overall performance. In this dissertation, we focus on network optimization problems related to the Internet centered on such content-dominated usage trend. Using the terminology of today's Internet, we model Internet Service Providers (ISPs), which provide network and content services to their customers, and which operate one or more autonomous systems (ASes) that collectively constitute the global Internet. We identify three key problem domains in this space: from the perspective of underlying infrastructure, how a single ISP forms and optimizes its own network topology; how ASes enter into and optimize peering agreements with one another; and from the perspective of support for content-dominated usage, how multiple ISPs collectively facilitate content distribution by strategically placing content motivated by proposed incentive mechanisms. We argue that, compared to more traditional, purely graph-theoretic approaches, modeling focus on economic motivation better underlies and informs each of these problem domains. This dissertation includes our modeling efforts on the following specific problems: (1) A generative model for ISP topologies that explicitly considers economic and technological constraints; (2) A contract-based model for AS-AS topological peering which captures the different business relationships among ASes; and (3) a model for the cost-benefit analysis of content distribution in a global content-oriented network architecture under various incentive mechanisms. Our proposed methods draw primarily from graph-based combinatorial optimization, but also draw on work in cooperative and non-cooperative game theory. We demonstrate that our methods for the first two problems generate more realistic network topologies than traditional approaches, with more explanatory power. For the third problem, we show by analysis and simulation, that a Shapley value-based incentive mechanism for collaborative content placement becomes increasingly compelling as current trends toward larger and richer content continue.
The effect of oxidative stress during exercise in the horse

Oxidative stress is an imbalance of the oxidant-to-antioxidant ratio in the body. Increases in oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant status have been shown during endurance and intense exercise and eventing competition in horses. Antioxidants include vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and proteins that must be synthesized in the body or obtained from the diet. Therefore, exercise level and diet are both factors that play a role in influencing the oxidative stress and antioxidant status of the equine athlete. Along with exercise intensity and duration, diet, age, and training program can also affect oxidative stress in the horse. Several studies using exogenous supplementation of vitamin E, vitamin C, and alpha-lipoic acid have shown positive results in decreasing the effects of exercise (endurance and intense exercise)-induced oxidative stress and increasing the antioxidant status based on the markers and antioxidants measured, whereas other studies using superoxide dismutase showed little effects on the exercise horse. The "free radical theory of aging" states that long-term effects of the degenerative changes associated with aging may induce oxidative stress. However, in old horses (22 ± 2 yr), lipid peroxidation levels and blood antioxidant concentrations were similar to those found in younger but mature (12 ± 2 yr) horses both at rest and during exercise. Other studies found that yearlings (18 ± 2.4 mo) that are novel to forced exercise had less lipid peroxidation and greater antioxidant status than mature mares (13 ± 2.1 yr) prior to exercise training. Exercise training reduced oxidative stress markers and improved antioxidant status in mares, whereas few effects were seen in yearlings. This indicates that youth provided more defense against oxidative stress due to exercise than the exercise training program. Other studies during competition (endurance, jumping, eventing, and racing) have investigated the influence on oxidative stress with varying results. Despite the multitude of studies examining the levels of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and other related metabolites in the horse during exercise, we still have a long way to go before we fully understand the large variation in results both with and without antioxidant supplementation.
Clinical Implications of Complete Left-Sided Reverse Remodeling With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A MADIT-CRT Substudy

Abstract Background Clinical implications of complete left-sided reverse remodeling due to cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRT-D), defined as reduction in both left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and left atrial volume (LAV), are unknown. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the rate and predictive value of complete left-sided reverse remodeling on heart failure (HF) and death events in CRT-D patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) enrolled in MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy). Methods The study population comprised 533 CRT-D patients with LBBB, 212 (40%) with complete left-sided reverse remodeling (above-median change in both LAV and LVESV), 115 (22%) with discordant reverse remodeling (above-median change in only LAV or LVESV), and 206 (38%) with lesser reverse remodeling (below-median LAV and LVESV change). The primary endpoint was HF or death; secondary endpoints included HF alone and death alone during long-term follow-up. Results Patients with complete left-sided reverse remodeling had a significantly lower rate of HF or death than those with discordant reverse remodeling or lesser reverse remodeling (p Conclusions In MADIT-CRT, >20% of CRT-D patients exhibited discordant reverse remodeling in the left ventricle and the left atrium. CRT-D patients with LBBB and complete left-sided reverse remodeling had a significantly lower risk of HF and death, HF alone, and death alone during long-term follow-up than patients with discordant or lesser reverse remodeling. (MADIT-CRT: Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy [MADIT-CRT]; NCT00180271 )
Product Representations by Rationals

A survey is made of the representability of arbitrary rationals by products of given rationals and their reciprocals. Rationals of number theoretic interest are emphasised. There are connections with group theory, harmonic analysis and the theory of algorithms. Outstanding problems of the discipline are identified.
Cognitive development, integrative complexity, and logical consistency of personal constructs

The integrative complexity and logical consistency of personal constructs were examined in groups of children with mean ages of 8.5, 13.1, and 16.1 years. Consistent with Piaget’s theory, the 13- and 16-year-olds were similar and demonstrated greater integrative complexity and logical consistency than the 8-year-olds did. Our results support the predicted relationships among formal operations, integrative complexity, and logical consistency.
Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of Orally Administered Innovator-Formulated Itraconazole Capsules and Solution in Healthy Dogs.

Background Itraconazole is commonly used for treatment of systemic and cutaneous mycoses in veterinary medicine. Two formulations, capsule and solution, are used interchangeably in dogs. However, marked differences in bioavailability have been reported in other species. Similar investigations have not been performed in dogs. Objective To determine and compare pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in dogs after oral administration of commercially available capsule and solution formulations intended for use in humans. Animals Eight healthy, adult, purpose-bred dogs. Methods Dogs received approximately 10 mg/kg of innovator-formulated itraconazole solution and capsule PO in randomized, crossover design with a 10-day washout period. To ensure maximal absorption, solution was administered to fasted dogs, whereas capsules were co-administered with food. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points, and plasma drug concentrations were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with compartmental analysis. Results The mean relative bioavailability of the capsule was 85% that of the solution, but drug absorption was variable, and overall drug concentrations were similar between formulations. Mean elimination half-lives of both formulations were nearly identical at approximately 33 hours. Regardless of formulation, simulations suggest that a loading dose of 20 mg/kg, followed by 10 mg/kg once every 24 hours, will result in plasma concentrations considered to be adequate in most dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Contrary to findings reported in other species, overall drug exposures after capsule and solution administration are not substantially different in dogs. Despite some pharmacokinetic differences between itraconazole capsule and solution, formulation-specific dosages do not appear to be necessary.
Engineering Properties and Applications of Rapidly Solidified Materials

Because of more generous funding, several classes of alloys have received much more attention and development than others. In most cases the R&D efforts were large enough to generate useful data from which potential applications become almost self-evident.
PREDICTING MORTALITY WITH AORTOMITRAL CALCIFICATIONS IN 317 TAVR PATIENTS

Calcification of the aortic valve is associated with mortality in patients with aortic stenosis. However, it is just one manifestation of left-sided valvular and annular calcification, which is associated with systemic atherosclerosis, inflammation and cardiovascular events. We evaluated whether
An analysis of the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in gastrointestinal cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (GI-CAVTE).

505Background: Two major trials and meta-analysis of patients (pts) with active cancer and VTE suggests that apixaban (A) and rivaroxaban (R) showed similar efficacy to enoxaparin and warfarin whil...
An electrohydrodynamic jet printer with integrated metrology

Abstract Integrated metrology is critical for quality control and validation of micro-scale additive and subtractive manufacturing processes. However, the current practice in micro-scale additive manufacturing is to manufacture a component on a die and then transfer the die to a separate metrology tool, losing the datum, increasing production time, and also risking contamination. This paper presents a new system that integrates electrohydrodynamic jet printing, an emerging micro-scale additive manufacturing technique, with inline atomic force microscopy for rapid, die-by-die in-line metrology and quality monitoring. The system performs automatic registration of datums and is self-contained for minimal contamination. To validate the effectiveness of the integrated system, performance metrics such as position precision and accuracy and drop volume precision are derived from 50 samples of a 122-drop pattern. These experimental results provide a demonstration of electrohydrodynamic jet printed patterns with completely automated, in situ quality monitoring.