cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stuttering: the phenomenon, feelings, and the nurse.

Resume "Le begaiement est une reaction hypertonique et anticipative d'apprehension et d'esquive." Le begue ne cree pas son begaiement. Il n'est pas l'objet d'une quelconque force magique. L'individu devient begue apres avoir ete qualifie tel par ses interlocuteurs, lesquels, reagissant de maniere deplaisante a sa facon de parler, l'induisent a apprehender les situations qui le contraindront a parler. Les caracteristiques du begaiement sont a la fois visibles et invisibles. Les hesitations et repetitions sont des caracteristiques visibles. La caracteristique invisible est l'etat tonique de la musculature squelettique. La mesure dans laquelle le begue evite les situations qui l'obligeraient a parler constitue un excellent critere revelateur des sentiments que le begue nourrit envers sa propre personne et envers sa propre elocution. Trois techniques sont generalement admises pour modifier le blocage responsable du begaiement. L' exercice preparatoire (preparatory set) se presente sous trois modes: 1° Le begue doit se preparer lui-meme a prononcer dans un etat de repros le mot qu'il apprehende et a le prononcer avec ses articulations; 2° il doit emettre le premier son du mot redoute comme un mouvement vers le reste du mot; 3° il doit s'appliquer a produire un son audible en meme temps qu'il s'exerce au mot redoute. Le degagement (pull-out) consiste a laisser volontairement agir le blocage jusqu'a ce que le begue sente qu'il peut s'en liberer aussi souvent qu'il le veut. Le processus de resolution (cancellation) comporte 1° le blocage responsable du begaiement, 2° un arret pour analyser ce qui s'est produit durant le blocage, 3° la repetition modifiee du mot begaye et 4° la continuation de la phrase jusqu'a un nouveau begaiement. Un equilibre est necessaire entre l'attention excessive que l'auditeur porte au begaiement et l'esquive complete du propos. Les suggestions suivantes peuvent etre utiles pour aider les begues: 1.1. Creer une ambiance detendue, ou l'emulation oratoire est reduite a un minimum. 2.2. Accorder plus d'importance a ce qui est dit qu'a la maniere de le dire. 3.3. Chez les enfants, substituer des "jeux d'action" aux "jeux parles". 4.4. Eviter les commentaires du genre "parlez moins vite", "reprenez haleine", etc. 5.5. Entretenir la conversation!
Imaging of Foreign Bodies in Prisoners

Foreign body ingestion or insertion is occasionally encountered by radiologists and is associated with significant morbidity, financial burden, and potential mortality. Incarcerated individuals are a unique group where foreign body ingestion or insertion is more common than the general population. Motivations include reprieve from the confines of prison, sexual stimulation or victimization, or may be secondary to compulsions in patients with psychiatric disorders. These foreign bodies may lead to perforation, obstruction, or infection. Radiologists can help clinicians identify unexpected ingested or inserted objects as well as the sequelae of foreign body ingestion or insertion.
Implicit depression and hopelessness in remitted depressed individuals

Cognitive theories of depression posit that automatically activated cognitive schemas, including negative thoughts about the self and the future, predispose individuals to develop depressive disorders. However, prior research has largely examined these constructs using explicit tests in currently depressed individuals. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the present study examined automatic associations between the self and mood state ("depression IAT") and between the future and mood state ("hopelessness IAT") before and after a negative mood induction in 19 remitted depressed individuals and 23 healthy controls. In the depression IAT, remitted depressed participants exhibited an overall lower tendency to associate themselves with happiness relative to the healthy controls before the mood induction. Control, but not remitted depressed, participants' automatic associations between the self and happiness diminished following the mood induction. Contrary to our hypotheses, no significant findings emerged when considering the hopelessness IAT. Consistent with prior studies, no significant correlations emerged between implicit and explicit biases, suggesting that these measures probe different processes. Results extend prior IAT research by documenting the presence of a reduced tendency to associate the self with happiness in a sample at increased risk for depression.
Solutions to the 2D Euler equations with velocity unbounded at infinity

Abstract We prove existence of solutions to the two-dimensional Euler equations with vorticity bounded and with velocity locally bounded but growing at infinity at a rate slower than a power of the logarithmic function. We place no integrability conditions on the initial vorticity. This result improves upon a result of Serfati which gives existence of a solution to the two-dimensional Euler equations with bounded velocity and vorticity.
A Direct Comparison between Structure Correlations and Reaction Paths

Reaction paths for the formation of the donor−acceptor complexes HCN−BF3 and H3N−BF3 have been calculated by ab initio methods. The results are compared with the experimentally observed correlation between the B−N bond length and NBF angle for a series of BF3 complexes with amine and nitrile donors. Radial potential functions for the HCN and NH3 complexes exhibit a single minimum, confirming that the large gas−solid structure differences observed in these systems do not arise from distinct isomeric forms. In the case of HCN−BF3, the ab initio results are combined with published vapor pressure data to obtain a value for the molar lattice energy of the crystal. Dipole moments are calculated as a function of B−N separation for both species, and for HCN−BF3, the dipole−dipole interaction energy between adjacent monomers in the solid is shown to comprise a significant portion of the lattice energy. A simple model is described for reproducing the experimentally observed structure correlation among BF3 complexes...
Resuscitation time limits in experimental pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest using cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Study objective: The objective of this study was to determine the time limits of resuscitation following increasing intervals of untreated pulseless electrical activity using cardiopulmonary bypass as the resuscitation tool. Design: Prospective controlled laboratory investigation using a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Subjects: 20 mechanically ventilated mongrel dogs of either sex under Halothane anesthesia. Interventions: Pulseless electrical activity was produced by clamping the endotracheal tube. The ECG and hemodynamics were monitored until loss of pressure fluctuations by aortic catheter. Animals were then randomized to remain in untreated pulseless electrical activity for 10 min (Group I), 15 min (Group II) or 20 min (Group III). Following each interval, resuscitation was begun using fixed-flow closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass (50 ml/kg/min) and an epinephrine infusion (4 μg/kg/min). Cardiopulmonary bypass was continued for 30 min or until return of spontaneous circulation. Following return of spontaneous circulation, animals were weaned from bypass and observed for 1 h. Measurements and main results: Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 100% (77) Group I, 50% (36) Group II and 29% (27) Group III animals ( P ≤ 0.02, Group I vs. Group III). One-hour survival was achieved in 71% (57) Group I, 33% (13) Group II and 0% (02) Group III animals ( P > 0.05). Coronary perfusion pressure, bypass flow and arterial blood gases during reperfusion were similar between groups. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary bypass is effective at restoring spontaneous circulation when used early in asphyxial pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary bypass is less effective when used after 15 min of pulseless electrical activity with no survivors following 20 min of arrest.
Suppression of postbuckling deflection and panel flutter using shape memory alloy

A novel concept proposed is the use of SMA to reduce the panel thermal deflection and linear flutter responses. SMA has the unique ability of recovering large prestrain completely when the alloy is heated. During the recovery process, a large tensile recovery stress occurs if the SMA is restrained. In this paper, a panel subject to the combined aerodynamic and thermal loading is investigated. A nonlinear finite element model based on von Karman strain displacement relation is utilized to study the effectiveness of an SMA embedded panel on the flutter boundary, critical buckling temperature and post-buckling deflection. The study is performed on an isotropic panel, with embedded SMA. The aerodynamic model is based on the first order quasi-steady piston theory. The aerodynamic pressure effect on the buckling and post-buckling behavior of the panel is investigated by introducing the aerodynamic stiffness term, which changes both the critical buckling temperature and the post-buckling shape. Panels with SMA embedded in either x or y-direction and either partially or fully embedded are investigated for post-buckling behavior. Similarly, the influence of the temperature elevation on the flutter boundary is investigated by including the thermal terms.
Transcriptional Activation: A holistic view of the complex

Recent studies on gene regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae support the view that eukaryotic activators stimulate transcription by recruiting an RNA polymerase II holoenzyme to the promoter in a single step.
Clamping and Failure Mode Transitions in Structural Shear Joints

Applied-load-dependent evolutions of local gross- and net-section stress fields in aluminum and steel lap shear joints are examined in order to identify and define transitions between the frictional and bearing modes of load support. An airframe-type structural geometry is analyzed with an experimentally and numerically validated finite element model. Slip-resistant joints utilize fastener clamping to enhance frictional load support at panel-panel and bolt head-panel interfaces and postpone loading at fastener/panel-hole interfaces (bearing). In this work, nominal clamping strains of 0% and 0.5% are considered. Calculations without and with friction (μ = 0.2 and 0.4) are performed in order to separate effects of mechanical springback and friction on the transitions. The effective clamping is found to be only about one-third the nominal value.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Modification of oxidative stress on gene expression profiling in the rat infarcted heart

Cardiac oxidative stress is developed following myocardial infarction (MI) particularly in the first week of MI. The influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on gene expression profiling and molecular pathways in the infarcted myocardium remains uncertain and is explored in the present study. Rats with MI were treated with or without antioxidants for 1 week. Normal rats served as controls. Cardiac oxidative stress and gene profiling were investigated. Compared to normal hearts, malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly increased in the infarcted myocardium, which was significantly suppressed by antioxidants. Microarray assay showed that over a thousand genes were differentially expressed in the infarcted myocardium. Antioxidants significantly altered the expression of 159 genes compared to untreated MI rats. Ingenuity pathway analysis indicated that multiple pathway networks were affected by antioxidants, including those related to cell movement, growth/development, death, and inflammatory/fibrotic responses. IPA further identified that these changes were primarily related to NFκB, p38 MAPK, and ERκ1/2 pathways. Hub genes were identified in the associated gene networks. This study reveals the gene networks associated with cardiac oxidative stress postMI. These observations indicate that ROS regulate various molecular and cellular actions related to cardiac repair/remodeling through multiple gene networks.
Chronic Ischemia and Neurocognition

Cognitive impairment from a major stroke as a consequence of carotid disease is an acknowledged clinical outcome; however, cognitive impairment without major stroke is open to discussion. The three recognized mechanisms for cognitive dysfunction from internal carotid artery are microembolization, white-matter disease, and hypoperfusion. The last has been most difficult to characterize physiologically. In this article, the authors review evidence supporting the existence of chronic ischemia in the brain and its direct impact on cognitive functions. By incorporating the pathophysiology of chronic ischemia into the algorithm of the management of carotid artery disease, we may be able to extend the goals of carotid artery revascularization beyond merely preventing stroke to include preventing or reversing cognitive decline.
U.S. Geological Survey deep seismic reflection profile across the Gulf of Maine

Deep seismic reflection and magnetic data suggest that the Gulf of Maine is underlain by four crustal blocks of differing reflection and magnetic character. Two of these blocks, the Gulf of Maine fault zone and adjacent central plutonic zone, can be correlated with Avalonian rocks in southern New England and New Brunswick. The boundary between them, the Fundy fault, projects onshore near the Ponkapoag fault in southeastern Massachusetts in a region where no major crustal boundary has (yet) been identified. A third block, called the southern plutonic zone, is interpreted as Avalonian, although the reflection and magnetic data are ambiguous. The fourth block, along the rifted continental margin, is correlated with Meguma rocks of Nova Scotia. The late Paleozoic Variscan front crosses the Gulf of Maine within the Gulf of Maine fault zone and indicates significant compressional movement rather than strike-slip. The Moho surface throughout the region is essentially flat and may have been produced by Mesozoic crustal extension. Associated modification of the lower crust was minimal in the northern Gulf and may have been moderate in the central and southern Gulf. The Franklin rift basin formed by reactivation of the inferred Avalon-Meguma boundary beneath Georges Bank as a low-angle detachment.
Additional results for "joint entropy of continuously differentiable ultrasonic waveforms" [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133(1), 283-300 (2013)].

Previous results on the use of joint entropy for detection of targeted nanoparticles accumulating in the neovasculature of MDA435 tumors [Fig. 7 of M. S. Hughes et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 283–300 (2013)] are extended, with sensitivity improving by nearly another factor of 2. This result is obtained using a “quasi-optimal” reference waveform in the computation of the joint entropy imaging technique used to image the accumulating nanoparticles.
Mortality study of workers employed in 1,3-butadiene production units identified from a large chemical workers cohort.

The IARC has given the designations of "sufficient evidence" of carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in experimental animals and "limited evidence" of carcinogenicity in humans. To investigate the carcinogenic effect in humans, a cohort mortality study was conducted among 364 men who were assigned to any of three 1,3-butadiene production units located within several chemical plants in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia, including 277 men employed in a U.S. Rubber Reserve Plant which operated during World War II. The butadiene production units included in this study were selected from an index developed by the Union Carbide Corporation which listed for each chemical production unit within their South Charleston and Institute plants all products, by-products and reactants. Departments included in the study were those where butadiene was a primary product and neither benzene nor ethylene oxide was present. A total of 185 deaths were observed; the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all causes of death was 91, reflecting lower mortality among the study population than the U.S. population. The study found a significantly elevated standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma based on four observed cases (SMR = 577; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 157-1480), which persisted in an analysis using county referent rates. An excess of lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma among all workers and among workers with routine exposure to 1,3-butadiene was also observed in the only other cohort of 1,3-butadiene production workers previously studied. A statistically non-significant excess of stomach cancer was observed in the overall cohort (five cases; SMR = 243; CI = 79-568) that was most pronounced among workers employed in the Rubber Reserve plant for 2 or more years (five cases; SMR = 657; CI = 213-1530). We conclude that the results of this study add to the weight of evidence suggesting that butadiene is carcinogenic in humans.
The effects of titanium additions on AF1410 Ultra-high-strength steel

The mechanical properties and microstructure of two heats of AF1410 steel were compared. The first heat, heat 811, contained a titanium addition of 0.02 wt pct, while the second heat, heat 91, contained no titanium, manganese, or other strong sulfide formers. The sulfur in heat 811 was gettered as titanium carbosulfide, while in heat 91 the sulfides were chromium sulfide. The toughness of heat 811 was found to be much enhanced compared to heat 91, with Charpy impact energies of 176 J and 79 J and KIC fracture toughness values of 235 MPa.m1/2 and 170 MPa.m1/2, respectively. This significant difference in fracture toughness is attributed to the fact that titanium carbosulfide particles are more resistant to void nucleation than the chromium sulfide particles, which appear to nucleate voids at the onset of plastic strain. In addition to altering the sulfide particle type, the titanium addition also results in the presence of undissolved MC carbides in the titanium-modified steel in addition to the M2C carbides found in heat 91. These carbides act as grain growth inhibitors, resulting in a finer prior austenite grain size and martensite packet size in heat 811.
Cavitary anomalies of the optic disc: neurologic significance

Cavitary congenital optic disc anomalies include optic disc coloboma, morning glory disc anomaly, optic pit, and the papillorenal syndrome. Peripapillary staphyloma is occasionally included in this group but it does not represent an anomaly of the optic disc itself and is not discussed herein. A variety of systemic and neurologic conditions may accompany these optic disc anomalies. Precise classification can be difficult and some debate exists as to whether these anomalies represent distinct clinical entities or are part of a single spectrum of disease. This is further complicated by historical inconsistencies in the literature. Advances in molecular genetics may help to define clearly the etiology of these anomalies.
Outer Space as a Shared Frontier Canada and the United States, Cooperation Between Unequal Partners

Canada’s relationship with the United States in space activities has been a difficult one. This article explores the evolution of this duet and the changing international space policy context. For the United States, the relationship has been more marginal than for Canada, but other alternatives such as the European Space Agency have increased Canada’s degrees of freedom from American dominance.
Introduction to CMA Applications

A competitive process is described using local woody biomass residues, which may also include associated pulp and paper wastes, or municipal solid waste, as potential feedstocks for bioconversion to calcium magnesium acetate, an alternative deicing salt. The process first involves “suppressed methane” fermentation of these woody biomass residues in a “packed bed” fermentor for the production of acetic acid.
Forkhead l2 is expressed in the ovary and represses the promoter activity of the steroidogenic acute regulatory gene.

Premature ovarian failure in a subgroup of women with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus type 1 syndrome has been associated with nonsense mutations in the gene encoding a Forkhead transcription factor, Forkhead L2 (FOXL2). However, the exact function of FOXL2 in the ovary is unclear. We investigated the expression of FOXL2 in the mouse ovary during follicular development and maturation by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. The FOXL2 mRNA is expressed in ovaries throughout development and adulthood and is localized to the undifferentiated granulosa cells in small and medium follicles as well as cumulus cells of preovulatory follicles. FOXL2 belongs to a group of transcription factors capable of interacting with specific DNA sequences in diverse gene promoters. With the presence of multiple putative forkhead DNA consensus sites, the promoter of the human steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene was used to test for regulation by FOXL2. Cotransfection studies revealed that wild-type FOXL2 represse...
Anchoring Pd nanoclusters onto pristine and functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes: A combined DFT and experimental study

The dispersion of Pd nanoclusters on single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) can be enhanced by creating defects on the nanotube walls, which lead to a stronger metal–support interaction. The ONIOM (DFT:MM) calculations show that the binding energy of Pd is significantly enhanced when the SWCNT surface is oxygen-functionalized, compared to the case of the pristine SWCNT surface. The electronic interaction of Pd atoms with oxygen at the defect sites results in a stronger bonding. These calculations are consistent with experimental measurements. Microscopy images clearly show that the functionalized SWCNT surface is much more effective than the pristine surface in anchoring Pd nanoclusters.
Transfer function measuring and recording system

THE SYSTEM DESCRIBED gives a polar plot of the transfer functions of industrial processes, process controllers, and instrument servomechanisms. Included in the system is an accurate mechanical signal generator which produces pneumatic, electric, and motion sine waves having a frequency range of 1/30 to 720 cycles per minute. A data sampling technique is employed which by-passes the need for having recorders with a dynamic response considerably better than the system under test. Furthermore, the Nyquist plot is recorded directly on a single sheet of paper thus simplifying the data reduction, handling, and storage problem. As the transfer function may be studied while the test is in progress, the operator is assured that he will not miss any significant points of the plot.
Application of low-level beta counting of 32Si for the measurement of silica production rates in aquatic environments

Abstract Silicon is an important element for certain plankton groups in aquatic systems. In marine systems there is a strong coupling between the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen with that of silicon due to the high proportion of primary productivity carried out by diatoms. Currently 32 Si is the most used radiotracer for the measurement of biogenic silica production rates in aquatic systems with isotope activity typically quantified by Cherenkov or liquid scintillation counting. Here we describe a new method for quantifying 32 Si activity using a gas-flow proportional counter optimized for low-level beta radiation analysis. The background activity is two-orders of magnitude lower and more stable than that of liquid scintillation counters, leading to consumption of 67–75% less isotope per sample. Sample preparation is non-destructive enabling reanalysis of samples indefinitely. Methods for counting samples under conditions of secular equilibrium and non-equilibrium between 32 Si and its daughter isotope 32 P are described. Analysis of equilibrated samples yields the highest sensitivity and accuracy, but requires that sample analysis be delayed for 120 days for secular equilibrium. Non-equilibrium methods are less accurate, but provide results within 2 days enabling experimental designs and protocols to be evaluated and optimized in near real time.
Strength-interval curves for cardiac tissue predicted using the bidomain model.

Cardiac Strength-Interval Curves. Introduction: Strength-interval curves are predicted for unipolar anodal and cathodal stimulation of cardiac muscle. Methods and Results: Cardiac tissue is represented by the bidomain model, and the active properties of the membrane are described by the Beeler-Reuter model. Two successive stimuli (S1 and S2) are delivered through a single extracellular electrode. The S2 threshold is determined as a function of the S1-S2 interval, for anodal and cathodal S2 stimuli with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-msec durations. Each of the resulting cathodal and anodal strength-interval curves is divided into two parts: one section corresponding to make stimulation (long intervals) and the other section corresponding to break stimulation (short intervals). Generally, the cathodal strength-interval curves are decreasing functions of interval, except for an anomalous section of the 20-msec duration cathodal curve in the interval range from 310 to 318 msec. At short intervals, the anodal strength-interval curve contains a deep dip, which is more prominent for longer S2 durations. The cathodal threshold is less than the anodal threshold for all intervals except those corresponding to the end of the refractory period. Conclusion: The bidomain model predicts complex anodal and cathodal strength-interval curves, with the anodal curve containing a dip (supernormal stimulation). These results resemble the experimental observations of Dekker.
Orthogonal short codes for code division multiple access networks

Short codes are known to have better balance and spectral characteristics than their long counterparts. In this work we show by simulations that for certain users loads their bit error performance are excellent. A CDMA network performance is investigated under different load and fading situations. We also investigate the effects of using orthogonal codewords in conjunction with concatenated short codes to further reduce the multi-user interference in these networks.
Stay in Touch, Won't You? Using the One-Minute Paper

(1993). Stay in Touch, Won't You? Using the One-Minute Paper. College Teaching: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 60-63.
Concurrent forms of signal processing algorithms

Forms of algorithms that facilitate rapid processing on affiliated systolic arrays are examined. Classes of linear maps A: E/sup /n to E/sup /n that can be computed on p*p arrays at speed. O(p) where p= square root n are identified. The array architectures which provide the requisite computational support are proposed. The expansion of arbitrary linear maps in terms of the fast maps is considered. The results include a definitive method for minimal expansions and for best approximations of an a priori order. A detailed comparative example which illustrates the principles in question is also included. >
An efficient Nystr¨om scheme for solving volume integral equations

An efficient Nystr¨om scheme is developed for solving three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic (EM) problems by volume integral equations (VIEs). Although the surface integral equations (SIEs) are preferred whenever available, the VIEs are important and indispensable in the integral equation methods when the problems involve inho-mogeneous media. Currently, the VIEs are usually solved by the method of moments (MoM) and the Nystr¨om method as a good alternative for the MoM has not receive sufficient attention in the VIEs. In this work, we present an efficient Nystr¨om scheme for 3D VIEs based on a robust local correction method. The local correction method first interpolates the unknown function based on the quadrature points in the tetrahedral elements with self or near interactions, and then derives the solutions of the resulting hypersingular integrals from singularity subtraction in the Cauchy-principle-value (CPV) sense. Numerical examples for EM scattering by 3D penetrable objects are used to demonstrate the scheme.
Tension in a double loop tendon anterior cruciate graft during a simulated open chain knee extension exercise.

Concerns exist regarding the tension developed in a reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during open chain knee extension exercises used to rehabilitate the knee. Therefore, the primary objective was to measure tension in an ACL graft during a simulated open chain knee extension exercise as a function of ankle weight. A secondary objective was to determine whether the graft tension was reduced with relatively high stiffness fixation. The open chain exercise was simulated in seven cadaveric specimens in which the ACL had been reconstructed with double loop tendon grafts. Graft tension was measured at 15° of flexion as the effective ankle weight was increased from 22.5 to 67.5 and then to 112.5 N for three different fixation stiffnesses (25, 125, and 225 N/mm). The initial tension was set to restore the 225 N anterior limit of motion to that of the intact knee at 30° of flexion. Increasing the ankle weight caused the graft tension to increase significantly (p < 0.0001), but the increase with the highest ankle weight was only 62 N on average. Increasing the fixation stiffness caused the graft tension to decrease significantly (p < 0.0001) because the initial tension decreased by 107 N as the fixation stiffness increased. Because the graft tension with the highest ankle weight was limited to 112 N on average, high stiffness fixation methods, which are also resistant to lengthening in the region of the fixation, may reduce the risk of graft construct lengthening during open chain knee extension exercises.
Divergent Pottery Firing Practices at the Advent of the Early Bronze Age: The Social Integration of Crafts and Craftspeople at Kura-Araxes Sites in the Northeastern Caucasus

Two separate pottery types, Kura-Araxes and Velikent Fine Wares can be found together at a number of Early Bronze Age sites in the Northeastern Caucasus. These ceramics are strikingly different in their appearance. Velikent Fine Ware bears indications that it may have been fired at a much higher temperature than Kura-Araxes wares. The obvious contrasts in their production raised suspicions that Velikent Fine Wares represented either an import or an intrusive production regime perhaps linked to the advent of Bronze metallurgy in this region or at least relying on a shared pyrotechnology. Prior results of Xeroradiographic analysis and INAA are merged with recent re-firing analysis to examine these hypotheses. The findings suggest that while a specific link between metal and pottery production cannot be confirmed, the emergence of divergent firing practices within an otherwise unified production tradition speaks to complex relationships between craftspeople within Early Bronze Age communities in the Caucasus.
Effects of US‐based franchising in the developing world: a middle‐eastern consumer perspective

This paper investigates the impact of US-based franchising in the Middle Eastern context of Egypt. In a review of the franchise literature, micro- and macro-level effects are identified and categorized across social, economic, cultural, political, and marketplace dimensions. A qualitative analysis using focus groups of Middle Eastern consumers was conducted. Clear evidence of “consumer agency” as a transformative force in the globalization process is revealed. In addition to confirming consumer agency findings from previous research, this study also indicates a sequential progression of product adoption over time along Eckhardt and Mahi's (2004) consumer agency categories. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell therapy for heart failure: the need for a new therapeutic strategy

Improvements in the treatment of ischemic heart disease have led to a significant growth in the numbers of patients with systolic heart failure secondary to myocardial injury. Current therapies fail to address the loss of contractile tissue due to myocardial injury. Cell therapy is singular in its promise of primarily treating this underlying issue through salvage of viable myocardium or generation of new contractile tissue. Multiple cell types have been used to target acute myocardial infarction, chronic ischemic heart disease and heart failure due to infarction. Bone marrow mononuclear cells have been used to increase myocardial salvage after acute infarction. Randomized trials of over 800 patients have demonstrated no safety issues, and meta-analyses have suggested an improvement in left ventricular function in treated patients with trends toward improvements in hard cardiac end points. Cell therapy for chronic ischemic heart disease with bone marrow angiogenic progenitors has shown similar safety and trends toward improvement in function. While these therapies have targeted patients with viable myocardium, myoblasts have been used to treat patients with left ventricular dysfunction secondary to transmural infarction. Cell types with cardiomyogenic potential, including induced pluripotent stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells, offer the promise of true myocardial regeneration. Future studies with these cells may open the door for true myocardial regeneration.
Immunohistochemical reevaluation of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) expression in tumors and normal tissues.

Objectives: To immunohistochemically evaluate the carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) expression on 1,551 cases of tumors and normal tissues from various organs. Methods: Immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of CA IX was performed on 1,125 malignant tumors, 69 benign neoplasms, and 322 normal tissues on tissue microarray sections and 18 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) and 17 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) on routine sections. Results: There was overexpression of CA IX in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) (88%, 68/77). Twenty-six (90%) of 29 ICCs were positive. In contrast, only 5 (15%) of 34 HCCs were focally positive. No staining was seen in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC), oncocytoma, seminoma, or carcinomas of the breast, thyroid, or prostate. All normal renal tubules except one case showed no staining. Conclusions: These data demonstrate the diagnostic utility of CA IX in (1) differentiating CRCC from ChRCC and oncocytomas, (2) distinguishing low-grade CRCC from normal renal tubules in small samples, (3) separating ICC from HCC, and (4) identifying metastatic CRCC from other metastases with clear cell features. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a zinc-containing metalloenzyme that regulates cellular proliferation and acidbase balance. Its ability to transport carbon dioxide and maintain cellular homeostasis may play a key role in tumor progression, allowing tumor cells to adapt and survive even under hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, tumor cells cultured in hypoxic environments have been found to upregulate and express CA IX via the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway, further supporting the role of CA IX in tumor
Palliative care referrals after lung transplantation in major transplant centers in the United States.

OBJECTIVE Although lung transplantation is a widely used treatment modality for patients with end-stage lung disease, its long-term outcomes are limited. Including palliative approaches in the care of lung transplant recipients may be beneficial; however, systematic information regarding the utilization of palliative care services for lung recipients is lacking. DESIGN AND SETTING Of the 27 transplant centers meeting the inclusion criteria (an annual lung transplant volume >or=15 for the past 5 years and the availability of palliative care or pain services at the center), 74 clinicians representing either the transplant or palliative care program from 18 centers completed surveys. RESULTS Both transplant and palliative care clinician respondents strongly favored the idea of integrating palliative care into lung transplant care. However, the number of palliative care referrals made during the last year was low (<or=5 per center). The three most frequently endorsed reasons for palliative care referrals were end-of-life planning, uncontrolled pain and symptoms, and limited functional status. The average length of survival after referral was <30 days. Palliative care clinicians considered misconceptions that palliative care meant "end-of-life care" as a major barrier, whereas transplant clinicians identified uncertainty about recipients' prognoses, the perception that palliative care precludes aggressive treatment, and difficulty in discussing palliative care with recipients and family as barriers. CONCLUSIONS Despite clinicians' positive attitudes toward integrating palliative and lung transplant care, actual utilization of palliative care services is low. Collaborative efforts to enhance communication between the two programs are needed to clarify misconceptions and promote understanding between the programs.
Follistatin-Like 1 Attenuates Apoptosis via Disco-Interacting Protein 2 Homolog A/Akt Pathway After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Background and Purpose— Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1), an extracellular glycoprotein, has been reported to decrease apoptosis in ischemic cardiac diseases, but its effect in ischemic stroke has not been examined. We hypothesized that recombinant FSTL1 attenuates neuronal apoptosis through its receptor disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A) and the Akt pathway after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Methods— One hundred forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 hours of MCAO followed by reperfusion. In a subset of animals, the time course and location of FSTL1 and DIP2A were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence double staining. Another set of animals were intracerebroventricularly given either recombinant FSTL1 1 hour after reperfusion or FSTL1-small interfering RNA (siRNA) 48 hours before reperfusion. Additionally, DIP2A was knockdown by siRNA in some animals. Infarction volume and neurological deficits were measured, and the expression of FSTL1, DIP2A, phosphorylated Akt, cleaved caspase-3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling were quantified using Western blot. Results— The expression of FSTL1 and DIP2A was increased in neurons and peaked 24 hours after MCAO. Recombinant FSTL1 reduced brain infarction and improved neurological deficits 24 and 72 hours after MCAO via activation of its receptor DIP2A and downstream phosphorylation of Akt. These effects were reversed by DIP2A-siRNA and FSTL1-siRNA. Conclusions— Recombinant FSTL1 decreases neuronal apoptosis and improves neurological deficits through phosphorylation of Akt by activation of its receptor DIP2A after MCAO in rats. Thus, FSTL1 may have potentials as a treatment for patients with ischemic stroke.
The use of error correcting codes for nanoelectronic systems: Overview and future prospects

As CMOS devices scale to the very deep submicron (VDSM) regime they become more susceptible to transient faults such as memory bit flips due to alpha particles as well as permanent faults due to manufacturing issues. As the transition is made to emerging nanotechnologies, such as carbon nanotube transistors, the reliability of the electronic components will increasingly become a critical concern. One important solution is to borrow an idea from communication theory and use error correcting codes to improve performance. The interconnect or logic circuitry are analogous to a noisy communication channel. The use of error correcting codes (ECCs) has the potential to improve the computational capacity of the nanoscale circuitry and wires. This paper will survey the field of proposed solutions for use of ECCs in the area of interconnect and logic circuits. Discussion of the current state-of-the-art approaches is provided and some suggestions for future work for making ECCs a viable method of improving the performance of nanoelectronic systems is given.
Considerations of Methodology in the Study of the Mystery Religions and Early Christianity

From the days of the Renaissance and Reformation to the present, the Mystery Religions of antiquity have engaged the attention of classical scholars and theologians alike. During what may be called the precritical stage of the study of this subject, it was commonly believed that by the Mysteries a constant succession of priests or hierophants transmitted from age to age an esoteric doctrine, better and nobler than that of the popular religion. Whether this recondite science had been derived originally from the hidden wisdom of India or Egypt, or from the Old Testament, or even from a primitive revelation to all mankind, was debated with characteristic disregard for historical methodology.
Movement of Macromolecules in Plant Cells Through Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata are intercellular organelles in plants that allow the passage of molecules between plant cells. Movement through plasmodesmata may allow transcription factors expressed in one cell to move into adjacent cells, thereby regulating gene expression non-cell autonomously. The two animations illustrate (i) movement of a protein through an individual plasmodesma and (ii) an experiment to detect the movement of the transcription factor through plasmodesmata from the L1 layer of a plant meristem into the L2 and L3 layers. These two animations would be useful in teaching plant biology or plant development or a cell biology class discussing mechanisms of intercellular transport.
The surgical management of the upper extremity anomalies associated with Du Pan syndrome

Du Pan syndrome is a rare condition comprising complex brachydactyly with fibular hypoplasia that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This article describes experience gained through the management of four patients with this disorder. The surgical management of the upper limb abnormalities is discussed and a detailed timetable for their treatment is suggested.
Evacuation of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in a Disaster: Lessons From Hurricane Sandy

NICU patients are among those potentially most vulnerable to the effects of natural or man-made disaster on a medical center. The published data on evacuations of NICU patients in the setting of disaster are sparse. In October of 2012, New York University Langone Medical Center was evacuated during Hurricane Sandy in the setting of a power outage secondary to a coastal surge. In this setting, 21 neonates were safely evacuated from the medical center’s NICU to receiving hospitals within New York City in a span of 4.5 hours. Using data recorded during the evacuation and from staff debriefings, we describe the challenges faced and lessons learned during both the power outage and vertical evacuation. From our experience, we identify several elements that are important to the functioning of an NICU in a disaster or to an evacuation that may be incorporated into future NICU-focused disaster planning. These include a clear command structure, backups (personnel, communication, medical information, and equipment), establishing situational awareness, regional coordination, and flexibility as well as special attention to families and to the availability of neonatal transport resources.
Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is common and found in nearly 25% of healthy individuals. The majority of patients with PFO remain asymptomatic and they are not at increased risk for developing a stroke. The presence of PFO, however, has been found to be higher in patients with cryptogenic stroke, suggesting there may be a subset of patients with PFO who are indeed at risk for stroke. Paradoxical embolization of venous thrombi through the PFO, which then enter the arterial circulation, is hypothesized to account for this relationship. Although aerated-saline transesophageal echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosis, aerated-saline transthoracic echocardiography and transcranial Doppler are often used as the initial diagnostic tests for detecting PFO. Patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO are generally treated with antiplatelet therapy in the absence of another condition for which anticoagulation is necessary. Based on the findings of 3 large randomized clinical trials, current consensus guidelines do not recommend percutaneous closure, though this is an area of controversy. The following review discusses the relationship of PFO and cryptogenic stroke, focusing on the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic tools, associated clinical/anatomic factors and treatment. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1665-1673).
Antihypertensive efficacy of olmesartan medoxomil alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are highly effective antihypertensive agents with excellent safety profiles. ARBs have been shown to improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with heart failure or diabetic nephropathy. For this later class of patients, the American Diabetes Association recommends ARBs as the primary treatment option. The ARBs function by blocking the binding of angiotensin-II (A-II) to its receptor, thereby inhibiting the action of A-II. Unlike the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which block the production of A-II through the ACE pathway, the ARBs effectively inhibit A-II regardless of whether it is produced through ACE or some alternate enzyme pathway. This difference in action offers a distinct advantage of ARBs over ACE inhibitors. Olmesartan medoxomil, the latest addition to the ARB class, is a long-acting, safe and well-tolerated antihypertensive drug. The combination of olmesartan medoxomil with a low-dose diuretic, potentiates the ...
The New Illinois Constitutional Crime Victim Restitution Right: A Revolutionary Amendment?

Before 1992, any crime victim restitution rights in Illinois were subject to General Assembly direction and, perhaps, some nonconstitutional common law developments. A 1992 Illinois constitutional amendment expressly recognized for crime victims “the right to restitution,” though this right was only “as provided by law,” meaning continuing, and perhaps now exclusive, General Assembly authority. A 2014 Illinois constitutional amendment removed the “as provided by law” language while explicitly recognizing that a crime victim “has standing to assert” the restitution right “in any court exercising jurisdiction over the case,” albeit as nonparty. The 2014 amendment did leave to the General Assembly the responsibility for defining crime “victims.” Further, the 2014 amendment largely left the victims to their own devises since the new restitution right is not to be “construed to alter the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the prosecuting attorney” and since the “court shall not appoint an attorney for the victim.” Yet the trial court is required under the 2014 amendment to “promptly rule on a victim’s request.”Many questions regarding crime victim restitution arise under the 2014 amendment. One involves the types of court proceedings in which there are exercises of restitution jurisdiction. Another involves how the roles of the trial judges in such proceedings should change when crime victim restitution rights are asserted. And a third involves how assertions of the new constitutional crime victim restitution right will alter the balance between the public and private interests in criminal case sentencing and in related (e.g., civil asset forfeiture) matters.The 2014 amendment to the Crime Victims’ Rights provisions within the Bill of Rights of the Illinois Constitution recognize a crime victim restitution right assertable at least within a criminal case, which requires a “prompt” ruling once asserted. This right demands greater judicial attention at both guilty plea and sentencing hearings. It also challenges trial judges to insure a fair allocation of a wrongdoer’s assets between public and private interests.