cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type-1 angiotensin receptor signaling in central nervous system myeloid cells is pathogenic during fatal alphavirus encephalitis in mice

Alphaviruses can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. Natural infections occur via the bite of infected mosquitos, but aerosol transmissibility makes some of these viruses potential bioterrorism agents. Central nervous system (CNS) host responses contribute to alphavirus pathogenesis in experimental models and are logical therapeutic targets. We investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) activity within the CNS contributes to fatal alphavirus encephalitis in mice. Infected animals were treated systemically with the angiotensin receptor-blocking drug, telmisartan, given its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, selectively block type-1 angiotensin receptors (AT1R), and inhibit Nox-derived ROS production in vascular smooth muscle and other extraneural tissues. Clinical, virological, biochemical, and histopathological outcomes were followed over time. The importance of the angiotensin II (Ang II)/AT1R axis in disease pathogenesis was confirmed by demonstrating increased Ang II levels in the CNS following infection, enhanced disease survival when CNS Ang II production was suppressed, increased AT1R expression on microglia and tissue-infiltrating myeloid cells, and enhanced disease survival in AT1R-deficient mice compared to wild-type (WT) controls. Systemic administration of telmisartan protected WT mice from lethal encephalitis caused by two different alphaviruses in a dose-dependent manner without altering virus replication or exerting any anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS. Infection triggered up-regulation of multiple Nox subunits in the CNS, while drug treatment inhibited local Nox activity, ROS production, and oxidative neuronal damage. Telmisartan proved ineffective in Nox-deficient mice, demonstrating that this enzyme is its main target in this experimental setting. Nox-derived ROS, likely arising from CNS myeloid cells triggered by AT1R signaling, are pathogenic during fatal alphavirus encephalitis in mice. Systemically administered telmisartan at non-hypotensive doses targets Nox activity in the CNS to exert a neuroprotective effect. Disruption of this pathway may have broader implications for the treatment of related infections as well as for other CNS diseases driven by oxidative injury.
Curricular Space Allocated for Dance Content in Physical Education Teacher Education Programs: A Literature Review

ABSTRACTThis literature review examines curricular space allocated to activity based/movement content courses in Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) pre-service programs, specifically focusing on how dance content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge are addressed within those programs. This review includes original empirical research conducted on PETE pre-service programs and graduates within the United States after 1990. The review defines “activity based/movement content knowledge course” as any course in which students learn the knowledge, skills, and dispositions to engage in or perform a particular sport, game, dance or other physical activity. Only one study within the review of nine total studies focuses solely on dance content within PETE pre-service programs. This review also analyzes the placement of dance content knowledge within the Society for Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE America) Grade Level Outcomes for K–12 Physical Education (PE). Suggestions are made for future re...
Electrostrictive polymers for mechanical-to-electrical energy harvesting

Research of electrostrictive polymers has generated new opportunities for harvesting energy from the surrounding environment and converting it into usable electrical energy. Piezoelectric ceramic based devices have long been used in energy harvesting for converting mechanical motion to electrical energy. Nevertheless, those materials tend to be unsuitable for low-frequency mechanical excitations such as human movement. Since organic polymers are typically softer and more flexible, the translated electrical energy output is considerably higher under the same mechanical force. Currently, investigations in using electroactive polymers for energy harvesting, and mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion, are beginning to show potential for this application. In this paper we discuss methods of energy harvesting using membrane structures and various methods used to convert it into usable energy. Since polymers are typically used in capacitive energy harvesting designs, the uses of polymer materials with large relative permittivities have demonstrated success for mechanical to electrical energy conversion. Further investigations will be used to identify suitable micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMs) structures given specific types of low-frequency mechanical excitations (10–100Hz).
Vulnerability of crops and croplands in the US Northern Plains to predicted climate change

The states of Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming comprise the Northern Great Plains region of the USA. The soil and water resources contained in this region have historically supported highly diverse and productive agriculture enterprises that provide a significant proportion of the food, feed, and oilseed for the nation. The region also provides ecological services that influence air, water, and soil quality along with biological diversity. Combined with livestock production and a biofuel industry, crop production forms an integrated system that can offer producers flexibility in management decisions. Projected climatic changes for this region include increasing atmospheric CO2, a longer, warmer growing season, and increased precipitation, likely received in more frequent extreme events. These changes will impact soil and water resources in the region and create opportunities and challenges for land managers. The objectives of this paper are to describe anticipated impacts of projected mid-(2050) and late-(2085) climatic changes on crop production systems in the Northern Great Plains and provide adaptation strategies that should be developed to take advantage of positive and mitigate negative changes. Projected climatic changes will influence agricultural productivity directly as well as indirectly due to changes in weed pressure, insect populations, and diseases. A warmer, longer growing season will change the crops and distribution of those crops grown within the region. An increase in the number of extreme temperature events (high daytime highs or nighttime lows) will decrease crop yields due to increased plant stress during critical pollination and grain fill periods. Adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability of soil and water resources to projected climatic changes include increasing cropping intensity, reducing tillage intensity, and use of cover crops to provide surface cover to reduce erosion potential and improve nutrient and water use efficiency. Increased use of perennial forages, crop residue, and failed crops in integrated crop-livestock systems will add biological diversity and provide options for converting vegetation biomass into animal protein. Socio-economic changes will need to be incorporated into adaptation strategies planning to insure that sustaining ecosystem services and meeting desired production and conservation goals is accomplished. Education and extension services will be needed to transfer adaptive knowledge in a timely manner to producers in the field.
Usefulness of Positron Emission Tomography in Clinical Oncology

Although positron emission tomography (PET) is expensive in terms of absolute dollars per exam ($2000 reimbursement by Medicare), its superior accuracy for multiple oncologic indications makes it a...
Place and participation in local elections

Abstract How does place matter for participation in local politics and elections? To date, social scientists have largely ignored this question, in part because their focus has not been on local politics and elections. We think this is unfortunate given that 99% of all governments in the U.S. are local governments. Given stark differences in rates of turnout and office seeking across local and state/federal elections, we believe more attention to the way in which ‘sense of place’ affects residents' political behavior is warranted. In this study we look explicitly at how the geographic, functional, and socio-demographic features of cities shape turnout and contestation in local elections. Analyzing mayoral elections in two U.S. states, we find evidence not only that contextual factors are associated with both turnout and contestation, but place itself matters, independently of the features of its inhabitants, for the health of local democracy.
Magnetoresistance in Antiferromagnetic Chromium

In measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, the de Haas-van Alphen effect and the magnetoresistance of chromium single crystals cooled through the Neel temperature in a magnetic field, Montaivo and Marcus1 observed that the symmetry of the magnetic structure is reduced from cubic to tetragonal. Subsequently, the effect of field cooling was observed in the pulsed field de Haas-van Alphen effect by Watts,2 in neutron diffraction by Moller et al.,3 and in Young’s modulus by Munday et al. 4
Probability of survival during accidental immersion in cold water.

Background: Estimating the probability of survival during accidental immersion in cold water presents formidable challenges for both theoreticians and empirics. A number of theoretical models have been developed assuming that death occurs when the central body temperature, computed using a mathematical model, falls to a certain level. This paper describes a different theoretical approach to estimating the probability of survival. Method: The human thermal model developed by Wissler (33) is used to compute the central temperature during immersion in cold water. Simultaneously, a survival probability function is computed by solving a differential equation that defines how the probability of survival decreases with increasing time. The survival equation assumes that the probability of occurrence of a fatal event increases as the victim's central temperature decreases. Generally accepted views of the medical consequences of hypothermia and published reports of various accidents provide information useful for defining a fatality function that increases exponentially with decreasing central temperature. Results: The particular function suggested in this paper yields a relationship between immersion time for 10% probability of survival and water temperature that agrees very well with Molnar's empirical observations based on World War II data (19). Discussion: The method presented in this paper circumvents a serious difficulty with most previous models-that one's ability to survive immersion in cold water is determined almost exclusively by the ability to maintain a high level of shivering metabolism.
Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on WCOT Glass Capillary Columns

During the past decade, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have become a matter of public concern, since they are one of the most persistent and widespread environmental pollutants in our ecosystem. As stated in the W.H.O. Environmental Health Criteria Report (1978), the cumulative world production of PCBs since 1930 is in the order of one million tonnes and have been found to bioaccumulate in low level organisms, higher level species, and human beings.
Evaluation of a phenotype imputation approach using GAW20 simulated data.

Statistical power, which is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis, is a limitation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Sample size is a major component of statistical power that can be easily affected by missingness in phenotypic data and restrain the ability to detect associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with small effect sizes. Although some phenotypes are hard to collect because of cost and loss to follow-up, correlated phenotypes that are easily collected can be leveraged for association analysis. In this paper, we evaluate a phenotype imputation method that incorporates family structure and correlation between multiple phenotypes using GAW20 simulated data. The distribution of missing values is derived using information contained in the missing sample’s relatives and additional correlated phenotypes. We show that this imputation method can improve power in the association analysis compared with excluding observations with missing data, while achieving the correct Type I error rate. We also examine factors that may affect the imputation accuracy.
Inciteful language: knowing and naming technology in south central Africa

ABSTRACTThe word busongo names a kind of technological ‘know-how’ across a large number of languages in south central Africa, a distribution that is a testament to the word’s age. This essay reconstructs the history of the invention and changing meanings of busongo from its first millennium origins and tracks its use to the present using the methods of comparative historical linguistics. The resulting history illustrates the interplay of affective and sensory dimensions of technology in the creation of new understandings of technological practices in medieval central Africa. As a form of conceptual history, the story of busongo also raises new questions about the relationship between tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge and speech: is speech a form of tacit knowledge? If so, what are the implications for the distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge?
The Energy Harvesting Mode Abstraction

We propose a new abstraction for understanding energy harvesting behaviors in the wild, especially how these behaviors impact energy constrained and battery-free sensors. The Energy Harvesting Mode abstraction explores ways to make sense of energy harvesting behaviors. We take known energy harvesting datasets, and create a few of our own, then classify energy harvesting behavior into modes. Modes are periodic or repeated elements caused by systematic or fundamental attributes of the energy harvesting environment. We show the existence of these Energy Harvesting Modes using real world data and IV surfaces created with the Ekho emulator. We discuss the impacts and usage of this powerful abstraction, including enabling adaptation, test case generation, and efficiency analysis for energy harvesting and intermittently powered sensing devices.
Money, museums, and memory: cultural patronage by black voluntary associations

While the middle- and upper-class is typically cast as using museum patronage to support narratives that reinforce the position of dominant racial groups, this paper presents an alternative perspec...
The effects of information and communication technologies on informal caregivers of persons living with dementia: A systematic review.

Abstract Introduction Information and communication technology (ICT) has emerged as promising to support health care consumers, including informal caregivers. This systematic review seeks to evaluate the state of the science of ICT interventions on the health of informal dementia caregivers. Methods We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO using concepts associated with ICT, dementia, and caregiver. Studies were assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Results We identified 657 full-text publications. After removal of duplicates and title, abstract, and full-text screening, the quality of 12 studies was assessed. Studies varied in technology, implementation, results, and intervention evaluation. Discussion The methodological quality of the ICT intervention studies among dementia family caregivers was moderate to strong, yet outcome measurement was not uniform. The evidence is strongest for various forms of telephone-based interventions. However, there is a need for research that includes heterogeneous participants based on gender, race, and ethnicity.
Imagining the Future of Medicine

Christopher J. Czura, PhD, is Vice President of the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Executive Publisher of the Feinstein Institute Press’s international, peer-reviewed journals, Molecular Medicine and Bioelectronic Medicine, and Executive Producer of the Merinoff Conference Series. A pioneer in the emerging field of bioelectronic medicine, Dr. Czura’s primary work in this field led to the discovery of the “neural tourniquet,” a field of technology that uses electrical nerve stimulation to control surgical and traumatic hemorrhage. Dr. Czura’s current research focuses on the molecular mechanisms of the neural tourniquet, and the development of new devices to activate this novel mechanism to control bleeding. Dr. Czura received his B.S. in biotechnology from William Paterson University in 1996 and a doctoral degree in molecular microbiology from Stony Brook University in 2009. He is author of approximately 80 peer-reviewed publications, book chapters and abstracts, and coinventor on a patent to control hemorrhage via vagus nerve stimulation.
A KRAS mutation is associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in mismatch-repair proficient colorectal cancer.

609Background: KRAS-mutant (KRASmut) colorectal cancers (CRCs) are associated with worse prognosis and resistance to therapy. We have previously shown that KRASmut CRCs have different transcriptomi...
1605-P: Profiling Risk among Sepsis Survivors with Diabetes in Home Care

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing infectious complications, including sepsis. Little is known about sepsis survivors with DM. Overall, there are limited and conflicting information regarding outcomes of patients with diabetes after a hospitalization for sepsis. The purpose of this study was to profile the characteristics and outcomes for sepsis survivors with (n = 80,312) and without DM (n = 84,916). The sample included Medicare beneficiaries discharged from the hospital to home health care (HHC) after a sepsis admission between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014. We utilized Medicare administrative claims and the Outcome and Assessment Information Set Version C start of care assessments. The incidence of older adults with DM and sepsis in HHC was 48.6%; a much higher rate than the 20-30% reported in the general hospitalized population. Those with DM and sepsis had a higher proportion of 30-day rehospitalization (24.3% verse 20.8%, p Disclosure C.R. Whitehouse: None. L. Jordan: None. K. Bowles: None. C.M. Murtaugh: None. Funding National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR016014); Visiting Nurse Service of New York; Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award; University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
The Reach and Limits of Asian Panethnic Identity: The Dynamics of Gender, Race, and Class in a Community-Based Organization

What are the processes that foster or inhibit the development of panethnic alliances? Through ethnographic study of an Asian pan-ethnic community agency I examine the ways organizational dynamics simultaneously shape ethnic, gender, and class relations and how these in turn both thwart and facilitate interethnic and interracial alliances. I find that the deployment of multiple organizational processes and discourses had a direct impact on ethnicity, gender, and class. The paper also explores how the politics of race and ethnicity at the agency created, supported, and subverted institutional authority relations. Through this analysis of organizational processes that draw on and create race, gender, and class differences the study widens the scope of organizational theory to include multiple axes of inequality.
The effect of patient-reported metal allergies on the outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty

Background Although literature exists regarding hip and knee arthroplasty outcomes in patients with skin allergy to metals, there is minimal information about skin allergy implications on shoulder arthroplasty outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the results, complications, and failure rate among patients with a self-reported metal allergy undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. Methods Fifty-two shoulder arthroplasties were performed at our Institution in 43 patients with self-reported metal allergies. Forty primary and 12 revision shoulder arthroplasties were performed using anatomic (30) and reverse (22) components. Retrospective chart review was performed to determine metal allergy history, implant composition, pain, motion, and complications. Radiographs were reviewed to determine mechanical failure rates. Average follow-up time was 65 months. Results Allergies reported included nickel (37), cobalt chrome (4), copper (2), zinc (1), titanium (1), gold (1), and nonspecific metal allergy (8); 8 patients reported multiple metal allergies. All components implanted in patients with nickel allergies contained nickel. At most recent follow-up, pain was rated as none or mild in 88% of shoulders. Active elevation improved from 80° to 141° and external rotation from 24° to 52°. Two revisions were performed for glenoid loosening (3.8%); both were revision cases with substantial glenoid bone loss. One patient with mild pain had a radiographically loose glenoid component 12 years after anatomic shoulder arthroplasty. Conclusion Results from this study suggest that shoulder arthroplasty in patients with self-reported metal allergy provides satisfactory pain relief and improved range of motion with low revision rates.
Impact of C-reactive protein results on prolonged early antibiotic use in infants with negative cultures

Background: Neonatal studies reporting the diagnostic performance of C-reactive protein (CRP) often use “clinical sepsis” as the outcome of interest, despite the subjective nature of this diagnosis. Blood or CSF culture is the diagnostic standard for neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS). As the incidence of culture-confirmed EOS has declined, the statistical performance of CRP in predicting EOS and the clinical impact of its use in EOS management is questioned. While some studies report use of serial CRP to allow timely discontinuation of antibiotics, others report increases in antibiotic initiation and duration when determining antibiotic therapy on CRP results. Objective: To determine the performance of CRP in the …
Electronic structure basis of strength and toughness in fluoropolymers

Using density functional theory calculations, we investigate and report the electronic structure basis of symmetry-breaking in atomic structures and variations in extreme mechanical properties of a number of widely used polymers, namely, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, and three structural variants of PVDF. All of these polymers consist of C–C bonds in the backbone and a combination of C–H and C–F bonds attached to the backbone. Our results show that the relative proportion and arrangement of the C–H and C–F bonds, hereafter called the chemical heterogeneity, lead to two distinct sets of structural symmetries and mechanical properties. The set with the lower chemical heterogeneity possesses higher structural symmetry and exhibits higher strength and toughness. Electronic population analysis shows that chemical heterogeneity breaks the structural symmetry and alters deformation induced “electron redistribution patterns” in the C–C backbone. Strong variations in electron redistribution serve as the basis for distinctive mechanical behavior among the polymers: the higher the structural variation and electron redistribution, the lower the bond rupture force and toughness of the polymer. The bond rupture process is initiated by a decrease in the electronic population in the backbone, while the electronic interactions at the C–H and C–F bonds dictate where, how, and which bonds rupture. Furthermore, in the linear regime of mechanical deformation, the force–strain behavior is insensitive to the chemical heterogeneity and controlled by the strong covalent interactions of the C–C bonds. In the nonlinear regime, the chemical heterogeneity dramatically reduces the strength and toughness of the polymer chain.
Overview on the use of IL-6 agents in the treatment of patients with cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and pneumonitis related to COVID-19 disease.

A novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has caused significant life loss and healthcare burden globally. COVID-19 is known to cause a cytokine release syndrome (CRS) like response, and interleukin...
Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in the Competitive Athlete

Major neurovascular conditions of the upper extremity are relatively rare and often difficult to recognize in competitive overhead athletes and those involved in frequent throwing or weight lifting regimens. Understanding these conditions is particularly important for vascular and thoracic surgeons caring for athletes, as well as orthopedic surgeons, emergency room physicians, and sports medicine specialists, because they can seriously limit athletic performance and may even have limb-threatening consequences. Some of the most significant upper extremity neurovascular disorders are related to compression of the brachial plexus nerves or the axillary and subclavian vessels, and are therefore considered different forms of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). In this chapter, current strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of arterial TOS are highlighted, both to avoid serious complications and to promote successful treatment outcomes, including arterial TOS involving the subclavian artery, compressive lesions of the axillary artery and its branches, and some forms of the quadrilateral space syndrome. Although the treatment options to be considered for arterial TOS are similar for all patients, competitive athletes often present special circumstances that need to be taken into account in the decision-making process. With early recognition, proper initial treatment, and definitive surgical care, most competitive athletes affected by arterial TOS can return to previous levels of performance.
Show me the monolingualism: Korean hip-hop and the discourse of difference

Today, the ubiquitousness of Korean hip-hop is evident in the popularity of the reality show Show Me the Money (henceforth referred to as SMTM), a musical competition featuring aspiring Korean and ...
Bayesian time delay interferometry

Laser frequency noise (LFN) is the dominant source of noise expected in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, at approximately 7 orders of magnitude greater than the typical signal expected from gravitational waves (GWs). Time-delay interferometry (TDI) suppresses LFN to an acceptable level by linearly combining measurements from individual spacecraft delayed by durations that correspond to their relative separations. Knowledge of the delay durations is crucial for TDI effectiveness. The work reported here extends upon previous studies using data-driven methods for inferring the delays during the postprocessing of raw phase meter data, also known as TDI ranging (TDIR). Our TDIR analysis uses Bayesian methods designed to ultimately be included in the LISA data model as part of a ``Global Fit'' analysis pipeline. Including TDIR as part of the Global Fit produces GW inferences which are marginalized over uncertainty in the spacecraft separations and allows for independent estimation of the spacecraft orbits. We demonstrate Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inferences of the six time-independent delays required in the rigidly rotating approximation of the spacecraft configuration (TDI 1.5) using simulated data. The MCMC uses fractional delay interpolation to digitally delay the raw phase meter data, and we study the sensitivity of the analysis to the filter length. Varying levels of complexity in the noise covariance matrix are also examined. Delay estimations are found to result in LFN suppression well below the level of secondary noises and constraints on the arm lengths to $\mathcal{O}(30)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}$ over the approximately $2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}\text{ }\mathrm{m}$ baseline.
Coulomb phase corrections to the transverse analyzing power AN(t) in high energy forward proton-proton scattering

Study of polarized proton-proton elastic scattering in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region allows one to measure the forward hadronic single spin-flip amplitude including its phase. However, in a precision experimental data analysis, a phase shift correction $\delta_C$ due to the long distance Coulomb interaction should be taken into account. For unpolarized scattering, $\delta_C$ is commonly considered as well established. Here, we evaluate the Coulomb phase shifts for the forward elastic proton-proton single spin-flip electromagnetic and hadronic amplitudes. Only a small discrepancy between the spin-flip and non-flip phases was found which can be neglected in the high energy forward elastic $\mathit{pp}$ studies involving transverse spin. Nonetheless, the effective alteration of the hadronic spin-flip amplitude by the long distance electromagnetic corrections can be essential for interpretation of the experimental results.
Long Range Cooperative and Local Jahn-Teller Effects in Nanocrystalline Transition Metal Thin Films

The group IVB TM elemental oxides, TiO2, ZrO2 and HfO2, have emerged as candidate materials for advanced gate dielectrics for scaled Si microelectronics. Additionally, complex oxides, comprised of TM oxides and ordinary oxides, or TM and rare earth (RE) atom oxides are also being considered by the microelectronics community in the context of combining microprocessor and memory Si chip functions with additional types of functionality derived from complex oxides. This functionality includes ferroelectric and/or ferromagnetic storage or switching, which are generally enabled by Jahn-Teller (J-T) effects. The properties and reliabilities of both elemental and complex TM oxides are closely correlated with intrinsic TM-atom bonding defects, where J-T local bonding distortions are expected to be important. Defect centers can also be associated with impurity atoms, e.g., TM atoms that are not a constituent of the host TM oxide. J-T distortions in defect centers can manifest themselves in two ways: (1) adversely, as traps and/or charged defects that reduce carrier transport, or (2) positively, as centers which provide a pathway to control of nano-grain symmetry and thin film morphology, and promote changes in long range order as required for ferroelectric or ferromagnetic behavior.
Fitting biomechanical data with cubic spline functions.

Abstract A systematic comparison of orthogonal polynomial and cubic spline function data modeling techniques was conducted for empirical biomechanical data. Kinetic data derived from mathematical modeling and cinematographic techniques, using either polynomial or spline curve fitting and differentiation, were compared to simultaneously recorded force platform data. Results indicated a superiority of the spline functions for modeling the empirical data. Mean percent difference between vertical ground reaction forces recorded by the force platform and the film derived data was less than 5% when spline curve fitting techniques were used. Orthogonal polynomial curve fitting techniques produced a mean percent difference greater than 10% for the same comparison.
Synthetic mucin fragments: synthesis of O-sulfo and O-methyl derivatives of allyl O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D- galactopyranoside as potential compounds for sulfotransferases.

Abstract Allyl 2- acetamido -4,6-O-(4- methoxybenzylidene )-2- deoxy -α- d -galactopyranoside (1) was condensed with either 2,3,4,6- tetra -O- acetyl -α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide (2) or 2,3,4- tri -O- benzoyl 6-O- bromoacetyl -α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide (14) in the presence of mercuric cyanide. Selective substitution with methyl, sulfo or both at desired positions, followed by the removal of protecting groups, afforded allyl O-(β d -galactopyranosyl )-(1 → 3)-2- acetamido-2-deoxy -6-O- methyl -α- d -galactopyranoside (5), allyl O-(6-O- sulfo -α- d -galactopyranosyl sodium salt)-(1 → 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy -6-O- methyl -α- d -galactopyranoside (10), allyl O-(β- d -galactopyranosyl)-(1 → 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy -6-O- sulfo -α- d -galactopyranoside sodium salt (13), allyl O-(6-O- sulfo -β- d -galactopyranosyl sodium salt)-(1 → 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy -α- d -galactopyranoside (17) and allyl O-(3-O- sulfo -β- d -galactopyranosyl sodium salt)-(1 → 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy -α- d -galactopyranoside (22). The structures of compounds 5, 10, 13, 17 and 22 were established by 13C NMR and FAB mass spectroscopy.
Selling Reclamation Water Rights: A Case Study in Federal Subsidy Policy

THE federal reclamation program was designed to provide working farmers with irrigation water at prices they could afford. The farmers got their water at low prices, but in the process they got something else even more important-the right to continue to receive that share of water year after year.2 In the arid reclamation states, assurance of a continuing, dependable supply of irrigation water is an extremely valuable asset. A piece of dry land may be almost worthless, but that same tract with a reliable water supply will generally be worth a substantial amount of money. Since the worth of the water right is thus typically reflected in land values, one who sells a farm in a reclamation project may also receive payment for this valuable right.3 Moreover, since the asset which is being thus marketed was created by the investment of public funds in the construction of the project,4 the effect is that the seller converts the
Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis: Tight linkage to chromosome 2q

Abstract Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC) is characterized by attacks of involuntary movements that last up to several hours and occur at rest both spontaneously and following caffeine or alcohol consumption. We analyzed a Polish-American kindred with autosomal dominant PDC and identified tight linkage between the disorder and microsatellite markers on chromosome 2q (maximum two-point LOD score 4.77; recombination fraction 0). Our results clearly establish the existence of a locus for autosomal dominant PDC on distal chromosome 2q. The fact that three other paroxysmal neurological disorders (periodic ataxia with myokymia and hypo- and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) are due to mutation in ion-channel genes raises the possibility that PDC is also due to an ion-channel gene mutation. It is noteworthy that a cluster of sodium-channel genes is located on distal chromosome 2q, near the PDC locus. Identifying the PDC locus on chromosome 2q will facilitate discovery of the PDC gene and enable investigators to determine whether PDC is genetically homogeneous and whether other paroxysmal movement disorders are also genetically linked to the PDC locus.
Interplay of image and fact: the Pavilion of Surging Waves) Suzhou

Abstract Among the existing gardens in Suzhou, Cang Lang Ting (Pavilion of Surging Waves),2 in the south of the city, is noted for two distinctive features. One is its visual and spatial openness to the outside public areas, as compared with the closed-off character of most of the private gardens in and around the city. This is achieved in a number of ways. First, as the plan of present-day Cang Lang Ting shows (figure 1), two double verandahs stand on the north boundary of the site, which is marked by a stream. Each is separated in the middle by a wall, which is nevertheless pierced by a series of large ‘flower windows,’ therefore allowing visual access to the site from the outside. At the same time, the outer part of the verandahs not only makes it possible for the visitor to experience the edge of the stream, but also appropriates the space beyond the stream. This latter effect is further enhanced by the placement of the small pavilion, called the ‘Place of Watching the Fish’ (Guan Yu Chu), at the nort...
Formation of the LLBL in the Context of a Unifying Magnetopause Reconnection Mechanism

A recently proposed unifying magnetopause reconnection mechanism combines elements of the Bursty Single X-line and Multiple X-line Reconnection models. This reconnection scenario is based on ion precipitation data from two co-orbiting Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft (F6 and F8). The two energy dispersions observed can be explained by two separate injections resulting from two bursts of magnetopause reconnection. However, their observed overlap cannot be explained with the conventional model of bursty magnetopause reconnection, but requires additional assumptions which form the basis of the generalized reconnection scheme. In the framework of this unifying model, the observed electron features of a mixed magnetosheath and magnetospheric population can be explained in terms of the fossil Flux Transfer Event picture. In doing so this model provides a direct way for the formation of the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer (LLBL) via magnetic merging, on both open and closed field lines, at the dayside magnetopause during southward IMF conditions with a strong By component.
Nonlinear power flow control applied to power engineering

This paper1 applies a novel nonlinear power flow control design to power engineering. The methodology [1], [2], [3] uniquely combines: concepts from thermodynamic exergy and entropy; Hamiltonian systems; Lyapunovpsilas direct method; Lyapunov optimal analysis; electric AC power concepts; and power flow analysis. Power engineering terminology is derived from the classical linear mass-spring-damper and an RLC electrical network. The methodology is then used to design both a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and PID with adaptive control architectures for both linear and nonlinear RLC dynamic network systems. The main contribution of this paper is to present a new nonlinear power flow control design as it applies to power engineering and how it is enhanced through adaptive control.
Site-Specific Fluorescence Labeling of the β2Adrenergic Receptor Amino Terminus

Abstract A modified human β 2 receptor, designated 0K-β 2 , was developed for site-specific labeling at the amino terminus with amine reactive fluorescent probes. 0K-β 2 has the following modifications: (1) all 16 lysines in the wild-type β 2 receptor were mutated to arginines, (2) a FLAG epitope preceded by a cleaved hemagglutinin signal sequence was fused to the amino terminus, and (3) a hexahistidine tail was added to the carboxyl terminus. The FLAG epitope and hexahistidine tail were added to facilitate purification while lysine to arginine mutations eliminate potential labeling sites for amine-reactive fluorescent probes. The remaining primary amines in the 0K-β 2 receptor, the amino terminal amine and the ϵ-amine of Lys 3 , both reside in the amino-terminal FLAG epitope. The 0K-β 2 receptor expressed in Sf9 insect cells exhibited ligand binding and G-protein coupling characteristics similar to the wild-type β 2 receptor. The modified receptor was labeled with fluorescamine, an amine-reactive fluorescent probe. Proteolysis with factor Xa showed that labeling was confined to the amino terminus of the 0K-β 2 receptor. Our results demonstrate site-specific fluorescamine labeling at the amino terminus of the 0K-β 2 receptor, a lysine-depleted β 2 receptor that retains functional characteristics of the wild-type receptor.
Relationship between motivating and rewarding stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.

Abstract A comparison was made between the current thresholds for self-stimulation and for the motivating effects of lateral hypothalamic stimulation through the same electrodes in rats. Three behavioral criteria for motivation were: (a) the display of stimulus-bound eating, drinking or copulating; (b) the facilitation of responding under fixed-ratio schedules; and (c) priming: the release of a lever-pressing response that had been extinguished. Stimulus-train duration in each case was held constant at 1 sec. The threshold of reinforcing brain stimulation significantly exceeded the thresholds for the motivating effects. Furthermore, the threshold for stimulus-bound consummatory behavior correlated significantly with threshold of reinforcement. This suggests that separate but related systems underlie the motivating and rewarding properties of hypothalamic stimulation.
Channels with arbitrarily varying channel probability functions

Let S be a finite collection of c.p.f.’s as described in Section 4.1. Suppose that s varies arbitrarily from letter to letter, instead of remaining constant during the transmission of a word of length n. Let S t = S, t = 1, . . . , n. For every n-swquence \( {s_n} = \left( {{s^1}, \ldots ,{s^n}} \right)\varepsilon \prod\limits_{t = 1}^n {{S^t} = {S^n}} \) we define $$ {P_{{s_n}}}\left\{ {v\left( {{u_0}} \right) = {v_0}} \right\} = P\left\{ {v\left( {{u_0}} \right) = {v_0}|{s_n}} \right\} = \prod\limits_{t = 0}^n {w\left( {{y_t}|{x_t}|{s^t}} \right)} $$ (6.1.1) Such a channel is called “arbitrarily varying”. Results on such channels have not yet reached the level of results on compound channels because the problems are much more difficult. This chapter is devoted to some of the results already obtained.
Serum β-(1→4)-galactosyltransferase activity with synthetic low molecular weight acceptor in human ovarian cancer

Abstract A modified procedure was developed for the determination of UDP-galactose: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucopyranoside β-(1→4)-galactosyltransferase (GT) in huamn serum which employed the synthetic substrates p-nitrophenyl 6-0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl 6-0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-α- d -mannopyranoside as receptors. THe enzyme products were identified by thin layer chromatography with authentic reference compounds, and the galactosyl linkage was characterized by hydrolysis with β- d -galactosidase from jack beans. The diagnostic value of this GT for ovarian cancer was tested by measuring the serum enzyme activity in 28 ovarian cancer patients with disease, 20 ovarian cancer patients with no clinical evidence of disease, and 22 healthy females. Although the level of the enzyme activity was significantly higher (P
Wide-Range Tunable Waveguide Resonators

A study is made of the design of broad-band (2: 1 tuning range) resonators for use with reflex klystrons of the external cavity type. The resonators considered are variations of a general type consisting of a section of waveguide with movable shorting plungers at each end and the tube located at the center. They are divided into two groups: quarter-wave or fundamental mode resonators whose high-frequency limit is set by the physical size of the tube envelope, and three-quarter-wave resonators which allow operation up to the electronic limit of the tube. Methods of treating the mode interference problem are considered for both classes of resonators.
Incorporation of l-[14C]leucine by isolated nuclei

Abstract Incorporation of l -[ 14 C]leucine into intact nuclei from pea stems has been studied in vitro . Factors affecting the structural integrity and the biological activity of isolated nuclei have been described and optimal conditions for l -[ 14 C]leucine incorporation into nuclear proteins established. Such incorporation lasts for 25–45 min and up to 100 μμmoles of l -[ 14 C]leucine/mg protein are recovered in hot trichloroacetic acid-stable, 1 M NaOH-resistant compounds.
Bromination of sydnones. III†. Bromination of 3-(2-substituted-phenyl)sydnones and subsequent side chain modification

Bromination of the sydnone ring of several ortho-substituted N-arylsydnones is reported. Subsequent side-chain modification generally can be achieved without concomitant removal of the 4-bromo protective group.
Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts among Youth with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Objective To investigate the prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviors among youth with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) for up to 12 years after disease onset. Method The occurrence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was assessed shortly after disease onset and repeatedly thereafter as part of a longitudinal study of diabetic children. Initial psychiatric status and symptomatology, characteristics of the medical illness, and sociodemographic variables were considered as potential correlates of suicidal behaviors. Results Young patients evidenced higher than expected rates of suicidal ideation, but relatively few attempted suicide over the follow-up. Among those who did attempt suicide, diabetes-related methods commonly were used. Suicidal ideation shortly after IDDM onset was related only to concurrent severity of depressive symptoms. Suicidal ideation over the follow-up was associated with later noncompliance with the medical regimen. Conclusions Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of suicidal ideation among youth with IDDM because of the prevalence of those cognitions, the potential lethality of attempts due to insulin misuse, and the relationship of suicidal thoughts to later noncompliance with the medical regimen.
Average Thermionic Constants of Polycrystalline Tungsten Wires

Because of its property of producing large crystals, the "doped" variety of tungsten wire is used in the study of the thermionic properties of single crystal surfaces of tungsten. In order to determine the effect of the impurities added to produce this property, the average high field thermionic constants of polycrystalline doped tungsten wire and undoped tungsten wire were measured. The thermionic constants from the doped wire are somewhat lower than those from the undoped wire which agree well with previously published values. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses before and after heat treatment are included. It is concluded that the differences in thermionic properties between the two types of wire are probably due to different distributions of the types of crystal surfaces exposed.
THE ASSESSMENT OF PREFERENCE FOR BALANCE: INTRODUCING A NEW TEST

Balance is a central feature that contributes to the organizational structure of aesthetic visual images. Balance gives unity to an otherwise diverse display. Dynamic balance refers to the way in which disparate elements of an image produce visual forces that compensate for each other. Despite the importance of balance on aesthetic perception and production, few tests are designed to assess sensitivity or preference for this important attribute of images. Here, we introduce the assessment of preference for balance (APB) and report a method to derive an objective balance score. In selecting items for this test, we eliminated images that produce local grouping effects and confound assessment of the effects of dynamic balance per se. Our final test constitutes 130 images comprised of circles or hexagon elements. The objective balance scores accounted for 73% and 78% of the variance, respectively, in subjective preferences for these images.