cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The artifactual nature of fluoride inhibition of reverse transcriptase and associated ribonuclease H

Abstract Rauscher leukemia virus reverse transcriptase associated polymerization and ribonuclease H activities were totally resistant to sodium fluoride inhibition in contrast to AMV reverse transcriptase enzyme activities. We have found that the observed fluoride mediated inhibition is divalent-cation specific and is solely due to Mg2+ dependent precipitation of substrates and polynucleotides. Furthermore, the differential inhibition of AMV polymerase and RNase H could be explained on the basis of stoichiometry of fluoride to polynucleotide substrate or template primer used in the individual assay. The non-specific nature of fluoride mediated inhibition is further confirmed by the observation that the fluoride sensitivity of several DNA polymerases and RNase H activities is seen only when Mg2+ is an effective divalent cation.
Effect of plant population on ear differentiation and growth in maize

SUMMARY Maize was grown at 2.47, 3.70 and 4.94 plants m-2. Ears were apparently initiated about 2 days later in the densest than in the least dense population, but rate of formation and final number of female floret primordia per row of the ear were similar in the two populations. In the densest population fewer primordia produced fully developed florets than in the least dense population and of those that were produced fewer extruded silks before pollen shedding ceased. Relative growth rates of dry mass and of length of the ear before flowering were unaffected by density, but with the apparent later start of ear growth in the densest population ears were lighter and shorter than in the least dense population. Number of florets per row of the ear at the time of flowering decreased slightly with increase in population. Number of kernels per row decreased with time after flowering, especially in the densest population. At final harvest size and mass per kernel, number of kernels per ear, length and circumference of the rachis, and space per kernel on the rachis all decreased with increase in population. Thinning the intermediate population at various times from shortly before flowering until near final harvest increased mass of grain and shoot, and number of kernels of the remaining plants at final harvest. The extent of the increases decreased progressively the later the thinning. Mass and volume per kernel were increased by thinnings done up to the time of flowering, but were unaffected by thinning from c. 16 days after flowering.
Information Processing and Policy Dynamics

In this article, we trace the evolution of punctuated equilibrium theories of the policy process to the development of a full theory of government information processing. Noting that punctuated equilibrium is one realization of a larger theory of government information processing, we outline a research agenda for the study of agenda setting, policy dynamics, and information flows in the policy process. In doing so, we relate the study of government information processing to such important features of American government as inter-institutional dynamics and delegation in the policy process.
Restricting Use of Reverse Thrust as an Emissions Reduction Strategy

As more metropolitan areas approach "nonattainment" status for ozone, air pollution at airports is becoming an increasingly important topic. Most proposed emissions reduction strategies target passenger automobiles and airport ground service equipment (GSE). At many airports, the future growth in oxides of nitrogen (NO,) emissions from aircraft is likely to offset any reduction achieved from GSE or passenger vehicles. In some metropolitan areas, airports may be responsible for as much as 10% of the regional NOx. As a result, other alternatives are needed for emissions reduction at airports. Reverse thrust is commonly used along with wheel brakes to slow aircraft during landing and to "power back" aircraft away from a boarding gate. Currently, air pollution emissions generated during reverse thrust are not included in airport emissions inventories. Because the majority of aircraft NO, emissions occur off-airport during climb out and approach, reverse thrust can be responsible for an additional 15% or more ...
The stages in calcification of the rat kidney after the administration of uranium nitrate.

The anatomical and histochemical alterations in rat kidneys after the parenteral administration of uranium nitrate [UO2(NO3)2·6H2O] have been studied. The histological effects produced by this agent over a wide range of dose levels were nearly identical in character and differed principally in their speed of evolution. The deposition of calcium always began at foci in the cytoplasm of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the inner cortex. It remained intracellular until the cell boundaries were destroyed. Deposits of calcium could be found before any other cellular damage could be demonstrated by histological examination. Later, when degeneration and necrosis were present, the foci of calcification were imperfectly related to them in location or degree. In contrast, the amount of calcification was correlated with the dose of uranium nitrate, being greatest in the kidneys of rats that received 20 mg./kg., next greatest in the 30 mg./kg. rats, less in the 10 mg./kg. rats, and slight in those that received 2 mg./kg. Histochemical stains for ferric and ferrous iron, chondroitinsulfate, and polysaccharides gave results that were negative or unrelated to the deposits of calcium, thus making it unlikely that these substances held any appreciable amount of calcium in the tissue. Yet it is clear that some anion other than phosphate must be combined with part of the calcium; the results with the alizarin and von Kossa stains confirmed an earlier result (1) in showing that the first deposits of calcium are formed without comparable accumulations of phosphate.
Study of scanner stage vibration by using scatterometry

The stage synchronization (vibration) performance highly impacts image quality, especially for ArF immersion tool due to high NA and high scan speed is used. But it is very difficult to judge scanner stage vibration effect by measuring CD impact since different factors such as energy, focus, PEB temperature may cause CD variation and cannot be decoupled. This problem can be solved by using a focus-energy regression model based Scatterometry CD measurement. Exposed wafers by ArF immersion scanner with different scan speed are measured by Scatterometry with 12X13 intra field measurement points. Then the data is regressed by the focus-energy model to separate the factors of energy, focus (z direction), and fitting error (other factors include x, y direction). Based on the regression result, stripes can be clearly seen in the focus and fitting error map which indicates the vibration distribution. By reducing the stage scan speed, the fitting error can be significantly reduced.
An “o-Hydroquinone” Analog of Thyroxine*

Abstract The synthesis of a new type of derivative of thyroxine is presented.This "e-hydro-quinone" analog was prepared in order to explore further the hypothesis that a quin-oid-like equilibrium is important in determining thyroxine-like action.The analog possessed some thyromimetic activity as shown by biological assay, but was not sufficiently active to justify the unequivocal conclusion that the quinoid-like equilibrium is essential.
Antibody to immunoselected L-cell antigens mimics stimulating activity of antibody to whole L cells☆

Abstract A heterogeneous IgG antibody raised in rabbits in response to injections of whole L cells was used to identify and select relevant antigens in a nonionic detergent extract of L cells prelabeled with [ 35 S]methionine by means of immunoprecipitation and immunoaffinity chromatography. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the immunoprecipitate and immunoeluate contained far fewer protein bands than the whole cell extract but selectively retained a 42,000-MW protein species. In response to injections of the immunoprecipitate, rabbits produced a new antiserum which reacted predominantly with the 42,000-MW protein when reacted with L-cell proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper by the Western blot technique. The new antiserum (raised to the immunoprecipitate) and the original antiserum (raised to whole cells) were equipotent in stimulating calcium transport, phospholipid metabolism, and DNA synthesis in L cells. Binding of the IgG fractions of the two antisera displayed identical high affinity binding to L-cell surface antigens, with the same average association constant of 1.5 × 10 6 M −1 . These studies have shown that an antiserum raised to whole L cells has a much narrower reactive spectrum with L-cell membrane antigens than might be imagined and has identified a 42,000-MW membrane protein as an important immunogen which itself elicits a potent immune response resulting in an antibody capable of mimicking the cell stimulatory properties of the original antiserum.
Phosphate deprivation increases serum 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D concentrations in healthy men

Abstract Phosphate deprivation increases serum 1,25-(OH) 2 -vitamin D concentrations in healthy men. To re-evaluate whether phosphate-deprivation alters serum 1,25-(OH) 2 -D concentrations in men, we measured serum 1,25-(OH) 2 -D levels in seven healthy men while they ate constant diets providing 52.2 ± 4.3SD mmoles PO 4 /day for 12 days and then while they ate a diet providing 29.4 ± 6.0 mmoles PO 4 /day and also were given Al(OH) 3 for 18 days. Serum PO 4 levels fell only transiently. Net intestinal PO 4 absorption became indistinguishable from zero but, because of renal PO 4 conservation, PO 4 balances did not change. Nevertheless, serum 1,25-(OH) 2 -D concentrations increased from 80 ± 21 pM during control to 104 ± 26 pM; during PO 4 deprivation; P 4 deprivation, the individual increments being correlated to the increments in serum 1,25-(OH) 2 -D concentrations (r = 0.78; P 4 deprivation appears to cause enhanced net bone resorption apparently by reducing bone formation. La restriction phosphatee augmente les concentrations de 1,25-(OH) 2 -vitamine D serique chez l'homme normal. Afin de reevaluer si la restriction en phosphate altere les concentrations seriques de 1,25-(OH) 2 D chez l'homme, nous avons mesure les niveaux seriques de 1,25-(OH) 2 D chez sept hommes sains, alors qu'ils consommaient des regimes constants apportant 52,2 ± 4,3 SD mmoles PO 4 /jour pendant 12 jours et pendant qu'ils consommaient un regime apportant 29,4 ± 6,0 mmoles PO 4 par jour, en meme temps qu'ils recevaient de l'Al(OH) 3 pendant 18 jours. Les niveaux de PO 4 se sont abaisses seulement transitoirement. L'absorption intestinale de PO 4 est devenue non differente de zero, mais en raison de la conservation renale du PO 4 , la balance de PO 4 n'a pas change. Cependant, les concentrations seriques de 1,25-(OH) 2 D se sont elevees de 80 ± 21 pM pendant le controle a 104 ± 26 pM pendant la restriction en PO 4 : P 4 , les augmentations individuelles etant correlees avec les augmentations des concentrations de 1,25-(OH) 2 D serique (r = 0.78, P 4 parait entrainer une stimulation de la resorption osseuse nette, apparemment en reduisant la formation d'os.
A superior desensitizer—potassium nitrate

Potassium nitrate obtained favorable results when it was used as a desensitizing agent for tooth hypersensitivity. Potassium nitrate was used as a desensitizing agent for tooth hypersensitivity. Two forms of the potassium nitrate were prepared: one form used saturated solutions, or 15%, 10%, 5%, 2%, and 1% solutions; the other form was a paste that contained 10% potassium nitrate. Both forms obtained favorable results.
Photochemical reactions of substituted cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl complexes with acetylenes

Abstract When mixtures of monosubstituted cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl complexes and propyne are irradiated, substituted toluenes are obtained. The composition of the isomeric mixture is influenced by the nature of the substituent in the metal complex. Electron-withdrawing groups produce mixtures containing a very large percent of the ortho isomer while electron-releasing groups yield mixtures rich in the para isomer. Complex mixtures of isomeric benzene compounds are obtained when substituted acetylenes are allowed to react with methyl- or isopropylcyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl.
Cytological analysis of wheat infection by the leaf blotch pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola

We have investigated the wheat infection process of Mycosphaerella graminicola (teleomorph of Septoria tritici) through the combined application of differential interference contrast light, confocal laser scanning, and cryo-scanning electron microscopies. Several aspects of fungal development have been documented, including the presence of extracellular cirrus and germling matrices, as well as nutrient-sensitive morphogenesis. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy was invaluable in documenting the time course of pathogen invasion and symptom development. These data were used to generate summary diagrams of the asexual infection cycle of M. graminicola, to benchmark the efficacy of various crop protection strategies.
Conformational Free Energy Surfaces of Ala10 and Aib10 Peptide Helices in Solution

A newly developed molecular simulation algorithm, the multidimensional conformational free energy thermodynamic integration (CFTI) method, has been applied to describe the conformational free energy surfaces of regular peptide helices in solution. The systems studied are (Ala)10 and (Aib)10 peptides, where Aib is α-methylalanine, in water and DMSO solution. The CFTI approach was used to calculate two-dimensional maps of the conformational free energy and its gradient as a function of the peptide backbone dihedrals (φ,ψ). In the region of right-handed helical structures of (Ala)10 and (Aib)10, the α-helix and π-helix were found to be locally stable states, corresponding to free energy minima. The location of the minima was refined by free energy optimization. Unexpectedly, solvation by both water and DMSO tended to strongly stabilize the π-helix relative to the standard α-helical structure. The π and α-helices had essentially identical stability for (Ala)10 in water and DMSO. The (Ala)10 π-helical free ene...
Prediction of LDEF exposure to the ionizing radiation environment

Predictions of the LDEF mission's trapped proton and electron and galactic cosmic ray proton exposures have been made using the currently accepted models with improved resolution near mission end and better modeling of solar cycle effects. An extension of previous calculations, to provide a more definitive description of the LDEF exposure to ionizing radiation, is represented by trapped proton and electron flux as a function of mission time, presented considering altitude and solar activity variation during the mission and the change in galactic cosmic ray proton flux over the mission. Modifications of the AP8MAX and AP8MIN fluence led to a reduction of fluence by 20%. A modified interpolation model developed by Daly and Evans resulted in 30% higher dose and activation levels, which better agreed with measured values than results predicted using the Vette model.
Explaining campaign timing and support for a UN Convention on the Rights of Older People

The aged remain one of the few vulnerable groups without formalized protection in their own covenant. Attempts to secure a UN declaration on older persons' rights in 1948, 1991, and 1999 failed to gain traction, but the most recent attempt to launch a campaign has garnered support from civil society and a large group of states. What explains the traction of the rights frame during the most recent campaign? Through interviews, observation, and qualitative analysis of key documents, I argue that norm diffusion from Latin America to the international level and from the debate and passage of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006 drove the timing and, to some degree, the salience, of the contemporary CROP campaign and that states' interests and incentives, which have shifted as population ageing has intensified, mainly explain their support or resistance. The findings increase our understanding of agenda-setting in social movements and at the UN, and of the broader political impl...
Liver autophagy in the influenza B virus model of Reye's syndrome in mice

Biochemical evidence is presented for the autophagic destruction of liver mitochondria in the influenza B virus model of Reye's syndrome in mice. Separation of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles from mitochondria was accomplished by prior treatment of the mice with Triton WR-1339, resulting in uptake of detergent by these organelles (tritosomes), reducing their densities. The organelles were banded in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Total protein in the heavy tritosomal fraction increased from 1–2% in controls to 7–8% in virus-treated animals. Ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCTase), a mitochondrial marker, increased from 2–3% (controls) to 11–15% (virus-treated), and glucose-6-phosphatase, a marker for endoplasmic reticulum, increased from 1–2% (controls) to 8–10% (virus-treated). β-Galactosidase, a soluble enzyme in the lysosome, and OCTase also increase in the cell extract fraction following virus treatment, indicating that there was turnover of heavy lysosomal contents.
Protein synthesis and retention of a conditioned response in rainbow trout as affected by temperature reduction

Abstract Temperature reduction of rainbow trout from 13° to 3°C inhibits whole brain protein synthesis by 75–80% within minutes after temperature change and maintains this degree of inhibition during a 24 h period at the lowered temperature. Application of this temperature reduction for 24 h immediately after acquisition of a conditioned shock avoidance response by trout did not interfere with retention of the response measured 5 days after acquisition. Further, temperature reduction did not interfere with retention of a conditioned reversal response. The inhibition of anabolism and catabolism, non-specifically, by temperature reduction distinguishes this means of inhibition of protein synthesis from that achieved with antimetabolites in other studies. It is proposed that temperature reduction inhibits breakdown of RNA and protein as well as inhibiting protein synthesis, and for this reason, retention is not reduced.
Analytical distillation with a micromolecular still

Abstract A molecular still has been developed in which analytical distillations of milligram quantities of material can be made without use of constant-yield or carrier oils. The still consists of a glass pan suspended from a quartz helix in the longitudinal axis of an internal heating coil. An internal thermocouple is used to estimate temperature of distilland and the course of distillation is followed by measuring, with a cathetometer, change in extension of the helix. Acetates of mono-, di- and trisaccharides, anthraquinone dyes, fatty acids, monomeric and polymeric esters of fatty acids, triglyceride oils and cholesteryl esters have been distilled succesfully. Composition of mixtures has been determined by analytical distillation and molecular weights of components have been estimated through reference to distillation temperatures characteristic of the materials.
Baclofen in the treatment of idiopathic dystonia in children.

Baclofen benefits some patients with adult onset dystonia, but few reports document the response to baclofen of children with idiopathic dystonia. Sixteen of 80 patients less than age 21 years with idiopathic dystonia seen by the Movement Disorder Group at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York were treated with baclofen. Five had substantial improvement in symptoms, two had moderate improvement, and nine failed to benefit. Three of the improved patients had transient improvement on high dose anticholinergics, but had sustained, dramatic improvement when baclofen was added. At last follow-up, five patients maintained improvement for a mean 3.8 years (19 months-8 years) on a mean 79 mg of baclofen (40-120 mg). Response to baclofen did not correlate with age at onset of dystonia or age at onset of therapy, but did correlate with duration of symptoms before therapy (3 years for those who improved vs 7.8 years for those who did not: p less than .002 by t-test). Baclofen can be an effective treatment for childhood dystonia.
Characterization of the glucose-induced inactivation of maltose permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The addition of glucose to maltose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells causes a rapid and irreversible loss of the ability to transport maltose, resulting both from the repression of transcription of the maltose permease gene and from the inactivation of maltose permease. The latter is referred to as glucose-induced inactivation or catabolite inactivation. We describe an analysis of this process in a maltose-fermenting strain expressing a hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged allele of MAL61, encoding maltose permease. The transfer of maltose-induced cells expressing the Mal61/HA protein to rich medium containing glucose produces a decrease in maltose transport rates which is paralleled by a decrease in Mal61/HA maltose permease protein levels. In nitrogen starvation medium, glucose produces a biphasic inactivation, i.e., an initial, rapid loss in transport activity (inhibition) followed by a slower decrease in transport activity, which correlates with a decrease in the amount of maltose permease protein (proteolysis). The inactivation in both rich and nitrogen-starved media results from a decrease in Vmax with no apparent change in Km. Using strains carrying mutations in END3, REN1(VPS2), PEP4, and PRE1 PRE2, we demonstrate that the proteolysis of Mal61/HAp is dependent on endocytosis and vacuolar proteolysis and is independent of the proteosome. Moreover, we show that the Mal61/HA maltose permease is present in differentially phosphorylated forms.
Development of Temperature-Sensitive Paints for High Temperature Aeropropulsion Applications

Fluorescence from a phosphor coating will indicate the temperature of the substrate to which it is attached, assuming thermal equilibrium is achieved. The goal of this investigation is to identify phosphors for making temperature measurements on aerospace surfaces with temperatures varying from ambient to 1000 C and to identify and test binders/adhesives that may be mixed with thermographic phosphors and sprayed onto surfaces of interest to provide a durable and uniform coating. The surfaces of interest include various high-strength metal alloys, such as stainless steel and nickel with and without thermal barrier coats, ceramics, carbon/carbon composites, and copper. Our initial efforts have concentrated on the most challenging substrates, the high-strength nickel alloy without the thermal barrier coating. Several candidate phosphors have been identified, and we are considering mixing two or more phosphors to cover the full temperature range. The phosphors being considered are Y2O3:Eu, YAG:Eu, YAG:Dy, YAG:Cr, and YPO4:Eu,Dy. The initial results indicate that two binders—Sauereisen’s Thinning Liquid #14 and a mix of ZYP, Inc.’s, LK and HPC will function well on high-strength nickel alloys to 800C. Furthermore, the LK and HPC mix This material is declared a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. performed well on high-strength stainless steel substrates coated with a thermal barrier coat to a temperature of 1000C. Introduction and Background Phosphor coatings are the basis for a viable means of measuring temperature in a wide variety of situations. A phosphor is a fine powder that efficiently fluoresces when suitably excited by sources such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, ultraviolet lamps, or electron beams. A phosphor is thermographic when the fluorescence characteristics change with temperature. Fluorescence from a thermographic phosphor coating will indicate the temperature of the substrate to which it is attached, assuming thermal equilibrium is achieved. Noel et al. and Grattan and Zhang provide in-depth descriptions of the physical basis and many useful applications. Goal Described in this paper is a recently initiated effort aimed at an application for temperature measurement on aerospace surfaces wherein the temperature may vary over the entire range from ambient to 1000°C. There is a further constraint regarding the method by which a phosphor coating may be applied. Earlier work has indicated that sputtering or E-beam deposition of a pure phosphor onto a surface makes a very useful and
Elevated serum concentrations of β-glucuronide metabolites and 4-oxoretinol in lactating sows after treatment with vitamin A: a model for evaluating supplementation in lactating women

Background: The effects of large doses of preformed vitamin A, such as those provided in supplementation programs for the prevention of deficiency, on total serum vitamin A have been inadequately investigated. Objective: This study characterized the time course of serum vitamin A metabolites in lactating sows after single high doses of retinyl ester. Design: Lactating sows were fitted with jugular catheters and subsequently fed either 1.05 or 2.1 mmol retinyl ester (n = 6/group) or a corn oil vehicle (n = 3). Blood was collected at baseline and at intervals to 48 h and analyzed by gradient HPLC for retinol, retinyl esters, and metabolites. Results: The mean (+/-SD) total serum vitamin A concentration peaked at 1 h (3.69 +/- 4.0 micromol/L) and 2 h (7.70 +/- 6.8 micromol/L) in the low- and high-dose groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Retinyl esters accounted for most of the serum vitamin A in both groups at peak time points. Mean serum retinol concentrations changed little and accounted for most of the serum vitamin A at baseline (94% and 97% for the low- and high-dose groups, respectively) but for only 22% and 14% at peak times for the low- and high-dose groups, respectively. Postdosage increases were observed for total vitamin A and retinyl esters, 4-oxoretinol, retinoyl beta-glucuronide, and retinyl beta-glucuronide but not for retinoic acid. Conclusions: Serum retinol concentration remains relatively static after a large dose of preformed vitamin A and therefore is not an appropriate measure of intervention efficacy. The increases in beta-glucuronide metabolites and 4-oxoretinol suggest a preventive role against a rise in retinoic acid and retinol.
Gene Profiling of Keloid Fibroblasts Shows Altered Expression in Multiple Fibrosis-Associated Pathways

Keloids are benign tumors of the dermis that form during a protracted wound healing process. Susceptibility to keloid formation occurs predominantly in people of African and Asian descent. The key alteration(s) responsible for keloid formation has not been identified and there is no satisfactory treatment for this disorder. The altered regulatory mechanism is limited to dermal wound healing, although several diseases characterized by an exaggerated response to injury are prevalent in individuals of African ancestry. We have observed a complex pattern of phenotypic differences in keloid fibroblasts grown in standard culture medium or induced by hydrocortisone (HC). In this study Affymetrix-based microarray was performed on RNA obtained from fibroblasts cultured from normal scars and keloids grown in the absence and presence of HC. We observed differential regulation of approximately 500 genes of the 38,000 represented on the Affymetrix chip. Of particular interest was increased expression of several IGF-binding and IGF-binding-related proteins and decreased expression of a subset of Wnt pathway inhibitors and multiple IL-1-inducible genes. Increased expression of connective tissue growth factor and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 was observed in keloid fibroblasts only in the presence of HC. These findings support a role for multiple fibrosis-related pathways in the pathogenesis of keloids.
Zeolite Crystal Layers Coupled To Piezoelectric Sensors: Molecular Recognition Demces

Microporous zeolite crystals were successfully coupled onto the gold electrodes of quartz crystal microbalances (QCM). A self-assembled monolayer of thiol-alkoxysilane coupling agent on the gold surface was used as the Interfacial layer to promote adhesion of the zeolite crystals to the QCM. The resulting, densely packed single layers of zeolite crystals were stable to at least 625 K. Transient sorption behavior of organic vapor pulses, dynamic vapor sorption isotherms and nitrogen sorption isotherms at liquid nitrogen temperature were examined to characterize the zeolite-coated QCMs. Depending on the type of zeolite coating, the resonance frequency response to vapor pulses could be increased up to 500-fold compared to the bare QCM. The regular micropores (0.3-0.8 nm) of the QCM-attached zeolite crystals were found to control molecular access into the extensive intrazeolite volume. Selectivity of the frequency response in excess of 100:1 toward molecules of different size and/or shape could be demonstrated. An additional recognition mechanism based upon intrazeolite diffusion rates was also established.
A large deformation mortar formulation of self contact with finite sliding

This paper presents a new numerical method, in which self contact phenomena associated with a body undergoing large deformations and sliding can be described. In particular, the approach relies on a particular extension of the mortar approach appropriate for this class of problems. A bounding volume hierarchy (organized as a binary tree) is built for the self contact surface, based on the geometry and the mesh connectivity of the surface. A curvature criterion, using a new algorithm to detect subsurface adjacency, is used to accelerate the self contact searching procedure. To ensure that the mortar traction fields are properly defined on contiguous surface patches, a novel facet sorting algorithm is also proposed, based on the mesh connectivity of the contact element pairs found by the self contact searching algorithm. Several two- and three-dimensional numerical examples show the new self contact mortar formulation to be very efficient, and also demonstrate that it can be combined with multi-body contact algorithms to simulate a very general class of contact problems.
Supersymmetric Effective Actions for Anomalous Internal Chiral Symmetries

Abstract The effective action satisfying the anomalous axial current Ward identities in supersymmetric (SUSY) QCD theories is derived. It incorporates the consequences of these anomalies for low-energy theorems governing the Goldstone interactions as well as interactions of their SUSY partners.
Teaching with Technology: Using Tpack to Understand Teaching Expertise in Online Higher Education:

In this study, we used the TPACK profile as a framework for evaluating teaching expertise in higher education. Through interviews and non-participant observation, we created individual TPACK profiles for three professors within a college of education in a large Midwestern university. The profiles illustrate how each professor's degree of Content, Technology, and Pedagogical knowledge levels interact in unique patterns. We conclude that, when instructors' Technology Knowledge is defined solely as their ability to use various technology tools, a balanced and integrated TPACK profile is unlikely. In contrast, instructors who are able to explicitly articulate their understanding and application of Pedagogical Knowledge are more likely to demonstrate TPACK integration.
The action of desoxycorticosterone acetate on the mammary gland of the immature ovariectomized rat.

Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) exerts a progesterone- like action on the uterus (Van Heuverswyn, et al., 1939a; Engle, 1941; Masson, 1943) and mammary gland (Mixner and Turner, 1942; Trentin and Turner, 1948; Speert, 1940) of several laboratory animals. It also shows estrogen-like activity on the mammary gland (Van Heuverswyn, et al., 1939b; Leonard and Reece, 1942.) However, no comprehensive study of its action on the mammary gland of the rat has been undertaken. The experiments reported here were designed to elucidate the action of DCA on the mammary gland of the immature ovariectomized rat, alone, and in combination with estradiol or progesterone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four day-old female albino rats were ovariectomized. Treatment was begun on the 29th day with daily subcutaneous injections of the hormones in sesame oil with the exception of the highest dose of DCA which was administered in propylene glycol.3
Association Between Telomere Length, Specific Causes of Death, and Years of Healthy Life in Health, Aging, and Body Composition, a Population-Based Cohort Study

Although telomere length (TL) is known to play a critical role in cellular senescence, the relationship of TL to aging and longevity in humans is not well understood. In a large biracial population-based cohort, we tested the hypotheses that elderly persons with shorter TL in peripheral white blood cells have poorer survival, shorter life span, and fewer years of healthy life (YHL). Associations were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models and linear regression analyses where appropriate. TL (in kilo base pairs) was not associated with overall survival (hazard ratio 1.0; 95% confidence interval 0.9-1.1) or death from any specific underlying cause including infectious diseases, cancer, or cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases. TL, however, was positively associated with more YHL (beta = 0.08 +/- 0.04, p = .03). Findings suggest that TL may not be a strong biomarker of survival in older individuals, but it may be an informative biomarker of healthy aging.
Retention of oncogenicity by a Marek's disease virus mutant lacking six unique short region genes.

We previously reported the construction of Marek's disease virus (MDV) strains having mutations in various genes that map to the unique short (US) region of the viral genome (J.L. Cantello, A.S. Anderson, A. Francesconi, and R.W. Morgan, J. Virol. 65:1584-1588, 1991; M.S. Parcells, A.S. Anderson, and R.W. Morgan, Virus Genes 9:5-13, 1994; M.S. Parcells, A.S. Anderson, and R.W. Morgan, J. Virol. 68:8239-8253, 1994). These strains were constructed by using a high-passage-level serotype 1 MDV strain which grew well in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Despite the growth of the parent and mutant viruses in cell culture, in vivo studies were limited by poor growth of these strains in chickens. One of the mutants studied lacked 4.5 kbp of US region DNA and contained the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli inserted at the site of the deletion. The deletion removed MDV homologs to the US1, US2, and US10 genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 as well as three MDV-specific open reading frames. We now report the construction of a mutant MDV containing a similar deletion in the US region of the highly oncogenic RB1B strain. This mutant, RB1B delta 4.5lac, had a growth impairment in established chicken embryo fibroblasts similar to that described previously for MDVs lacking a functional US1 gene. In chickens, RB1B delta 4.5lac showed decreased early cytolytic infection, mortality, tumor incidence, and horizontal transmission. Several lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from RB1B delta 4.5lac-induced tumors, and virus reactivated from these cell lines was LacZ+. These results indicate that the deleted genes are nonessential for the transformation of chicken T cells or for the establishment and maintenance of latency. On the basis of the growth impairment observed for RB1B delta 4.5lac in cell culture and in vivo, we conclude that deletion of these genes affects the lytic replication of MDV. This is the first MDV mutant constructed in the RB1B oncogenic strain, and the methodology described herein provides for the direct examination of MDV-encoded determinants of oncogenicity.
Grip and Knee extension muscle strength reflect a common construct among adults

Introduction: Both grip and knee extension strength are often used to characterize overall limb muscle strength. We sought to determine if the measures actually reflect a common construct. Methods: The isometric grip and knee extension strength of 164 healthy men and women (range, 18–85 years) were measured bilaterally using standard procedures. Pearson correlations (r), Cronbach alpha, principal components analysis, and multiple regression/correlation were used to investigate the dimensionality of the measures. Results: Left and right grip forces and knee extension torques were highly correlated, internally consistent, and loaded on a single component. Gender and age explained the variance in both measures, but height added to the explanation of grip strength, whereas weight added to the explanation of knee extension strength. Conclusions: Among healthy adults, grip and knee extension strength reflect a common underlying construct. The measures, however, are affected differently by height and weight. Muscle Nerve 46: 555–558, 2012
Sex Crimes, Children, and Pornography Public Views and Public Policy

“Get tough” approaches for responding to sex crimes have proliferated during the past decade. Child pornography in particular has garnered attention in recent years. Policy makers increasingly have emphasized incarceration as a response to such crime, including accessing child pornography. Juxtaposed against such efforts is a dearth of knowledge about “get tough” policies for responding to sex crimes, particularly those targeting children, and how most appropriately to respond to such crimes. The authors examine data from a national telephone survey of Americans to explore views toward sex crimes, with a special emphasis on crimes against children. The findings indicate the public supports tough responses to child sex crimes, but they also support treatment of sex offenders. Also, despite views that incarceration is an appropriate response to possessing child pornography, several social and demographic cleavages in such support exist. The authors discuss these findings and their implications for policy an...
The Effect of Oil Entrapment in an Axial Piston Pump

Influence de l'huile coincee sous la plaque de distribution sur le fonctionnement d'une pompe a pistons axiaux
Adapting the Turing Test for Declaring Document Analysis Problems Solved

We propose to adapt Turing's seminal 1950 test for machine intelligence to evaluating progress in document analysis systems. Our premise is that a problem can be considered solved if automated and human solutions to the underlying task are indistinguishable to a skeptical human judge. For the domain-specific problems of concern here, we reformulate the test to keep the interaction between judges and human/machine participants to graphical user interfaces that do not require natural language processing, a notable difference from Turing's original formulation. Examples of tasks that may lend themselves to such tests include detecting or identifying specific document components such as logos, photographs, tables, as well as writer and language identification. The administration of the test would be facilitated by commercial crowd-sourcing systems such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, as well as research platforms such as the Lehigh Document Analysis Engine (DAE) that accept arbitrary documents for input, record test results, and provide for trusted execution of submitted programs.
Effect Modification by Community Characteristics on the Short-term Effects of Ozone Exposure and Mortality in 98 US Communities

Previous research provided evidence of an association between short-term exposure to ozone and mortality risk and of heterogeneity in the risk across communities. The authors investigated whether this heterogeneity can be explained by community-specific characteristics: race, income, education, urbanization, transportation use, particulate matter and ozone levels, number of ozone monitors, weather, and use of air conditioning. Their study included data on 98 US urban communities for 1987 to 2000 from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study; US Census; and American Housing Survey. On average across the communities, a 10-ppb increase in the previous week’s ozone level was associated with a 0.52% (95% posterior interval: 0.28, 0.77) increase in mortality. The authors found that community-level characteristics modify the relation between ozone and mortality. Higher effect estimates were associated with higher unemployment, fraction of the Black/African-American population, and public transportation use and with lower temperatures or prevalence of central air conditioning. These differences may relate to underlying health status, differences in exposure, or other factors. Results show that some segments of the population may face higher health burdens of ozone pollution. air conditioning; air pollution; continental population groups; income; mortality; ozone; particulate matter; socioeconomic factors
A Classifier-based approach to identify genetic similarities between diseases

Motivation: Genome-wide association studies are commonly used to identify possible associations between genetic variations and diseases. These studies mainly focus on identifying individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially linked with one disease of interest. In this work, we introduce a novel methodology that identifies similarities between diseases using information from a large number of SNPs. We separate the diseases for which we have individual genotype data into one reference disease and several query diseases. We train a classifier that distinguishes between individuals that have the reference disease and a set of control individuals. This classifier is then used to classify the individuals that have the query diseases. We can then rank query diseases according to the average classification of the individuals in each disease set, and identify which of the query diseases are more similar to the reference disease. We repeat these classification and comparison steps so that each disease is used once as reference disease. Results: We apply this approach using a decision tree classifier to the genotype data of seven common diseases and two shared control sets provided by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. We show that this approach identifies the known genetic similarity between type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, and identifies a new putative similarity between bipolar disease and hypertension. Contact: serafim@cs.stanford.edu
Accuracy of mean gravity anomalies obtained from point and profile measurements

Abstract : Mean gravity anomalies for a certain rectangular area (block) can be computed from observed point or profile gravity values using some interpolation method (e.g., representation or least squares interpolation). If the covariance function of the gravity anomalies is known and the interpolation method is specified, then the accuracy (standard error and error covariance) of the mean anomalies can be computed without any additional numerical data. The formulas for this purpose are evaluated numerically for different sizes of blocks and different interpolation methods using an estimate for the covariance function. The integrals involved are approximated by summations performed by a highspeed computer. The results show the accuracies obtainable with a given observational material, by different interpolation methods. They are useful for numerical studies on the error propagation in the computation of gravimetric quantities (e.g., geoid undulations). (Author)
Description and Status of the Azithromycin and Coronary Events Study (ACES)

The Azithromycin and Coronary Events Study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of azithromycin among adults with stable coronary artery disease. The study is based on the hypothesis that infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae may be causally associated with cardiovascular disease and therefore that treatment directed against this organism may reduce the risk of subsequent coronary events. Participants randomized to treatment will receive 600 mg of azithromycin orally once a week for 1 year and will be followed a mean of 4 years for the composite primary outcome of coronary heart disease death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, and coronary revascularization. Secondary objectives include those related to a better understanding of the relationship between antibody titer and inflammatory markers with treatment status and outcome; therefore, all participants will have blood specimens obtained at enrollment and a random 25% will have additional specimens collected periodically during follow-up.
Damages as the Appropriate Remedy for 'Abuse' of an Easement: Moving Toward Consistency, Efficiency, and Fairness in Property Law

The current majority position - what I will label the American rule - is that the proper remedy for 'abuse' or 'misuse' of an easement is an injunction. In this Article, I argue that courts should move away from this position and adopt instead a rule permitting courts to award damages when two conditions are met: (1) when the dominant tenant's servicing of nondominant land does not pose an unreasonable burden on the servient estate; and (2) when the cost to the dominant tenant of ceasing his servicing of nondominant land is substantially greater than the benefit to the servient tenant. I call this the Brown rule after the Washington Supreme Court case, Brown v. Voss, where it found its most prominent statement. A remedy of damages instead of an injunction, under these circumstances, fits well with earlier case law, builds on courts' equitable authority and concomitant case law, accords with the broader movement in property law from property to contract concepts and remedies, and is more efficient and fair. I first review the history of easements and argue that, at least in the United States, the common law rule was that courts would enjoin a dominant tenant's use of an easement to service nondominant land. Only in the relatively rare circumstance where legitimate use of a dominant estate could not be separated from abuse of the easement, courts would permanently enjoin - in effect, extinguish - use of the easement. The common law did not authorize courts to extinguish an easement in the normal course, simply because of its abuse by the dominant estate holder. I will show, however, that there was much confusion among courts, counsel, and scholars on what the proper remedy was. This resulted from the continued influence of English law in this area. Consequently, I will label the remedy of an injunction for abuse of an easement the American rule, and the rule that requires forfeiture for abuse of an easement I will label the English rule. Recently, the American rule has been challenged. Some courts have ruled that, instead, the proper remedy under certain conditions is damages. I argue below that this movement in the courts, exemplified by Brown, is consistent with and further supports claims that property law has been moving away from property-based concepts and remedies and toward contract-based concepts and remedies. I will also show that there is in the United States a broader tradition than is commonly realized of courts employing their equitable discretion to grant damages instead of injunctive relief. Lastly, I will argue that damages is more efficient and fair than injunctive relief, at least under the two conditions I outlined above.