cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Padé approximants and unitarity in W+W- and Z0Z0 scattering.

The effect of unitarization on the {ital s}-wave amplitudes for the coupled {ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup +}{ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup {minus}}{endash}{ital Z}{sub {ital L}}{sup 0}{ital Z}{sub {ital L}}{sup 0} system is studied using the Pade-approximant method and the complete one-loop expressions for the perturbative amplitudes. For values of the Higgs-boson-mass parameter {ital m}{sub {ital H}} less than 1.0 TeV, the Pade amplitudes and those unitarized using the one-loop {ital K}-matrix method are essentially identical. When {ital m}{sub {ital H}}, which also determines the strength of the Higgs-boson self-coupling in the standard model, exceeds 2.6 TeV, the Pade amplitudes begin to develop a resonant feature {ital below} the value of {ital m}{sub {ital H}}. The {ital K}-matrix amplitudes {ital do} {ital not} develop a low-mass resonance. At {ital m}{sub {ital H}}=10 TeV, this peak occurs at about 1.4 TeV, while at {ital m}{sub {ital H}}=50 TeV, it occurs at 950 GeV with a width of about 325 GeV. The Argand diagrams exhibit resonant behavior at these energies. By examining the Argand diagrams for a large range of values of {ital m}{sub {ital H}}, it appears that this Higgs-boson-like resonance has a mass that does not exceed 2.6 TeV. It is alsomore » evident that both the mass and width of the resonance decrease as {ital m}{sub {ital H}} increases beyond 10 TeV. The couplings of the resonance to {ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup +}{ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup {minus}} and {ital Z}{sub {ital L}}{sup 0}{ital Z}{sub {ital L}}{sup 0} are similar to the standard-model couplings of a low-mass elementary Higgs boson. We compare our conclusions with those reached by Dobado, Herrero, and Truong for {ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup +}{ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup {minus}} scattering.« less
Circuit-level benchmarking of access devices for resistive nonvolatile memory arrays

Access Devices (1AD) for crossbar resistive (1R) memories are compared via circuit-level analysis. We show that in addition to intrinsic properties, AD suitability for 1AD+1R memories is strongly dependent upon (a) nonvolatile memory (NVM) and (b) circuit parameters. We find that (1) building large arrays (≥1Mb) with ≥10uA NVM current would require MIEC ADs and moderate NVM switching voltage (≤1.2V). (2) For all ADs high NVM voltages (>2V) are supported only at sub-5uA currents. AD improvements to expand this design space are discussed.
Transformation of Access Services in the New Era

Today, accessing world information via search engines and discovery tools has changed how researchers and information users employ library resources eliciting their expectation for traditional library services. Additionally, social networking and wireless personal devices have created convenient new ways for people to obtain, produce, and share information instantaneously. The library is no longer the center that researchers must rely on to access information and research materials. This indeed has propelled the transformation of Access Services. Balancing emerging services and core services to meet the new expectations and demands of our users in the new era has become a major challenge for Access Services and for public services managers. In the new era, Access Services supports “many services to many users” onsite and online simultaneously, customer-driven one-stop service, along with seamless and embedded services. This article articulates the changing process in Access Services since the first transf...
Experimental verification of a theory for the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of thick tissues

Fluorescence spectroscopy provides potential contrast enhancement for near-infrared tissue imaging and physiologically correlated spectroscopy. We present a fluorescence photon migration model and test its quantitative predictive capabilities with a frequency-domain measurement that involves a homogeneous multiple-scattering tissue phantom (with optical properties similar to those of tissue in the near infrared) that contains a fluorophore (rhodamine B). After demonstrating the validity of the model, we explore its ability to recover the fluorophore’s spectral properties from within the multiple-scattering medium. The absolute quantum yield and the lifetime of the fluorophore are measured to within a few percent of the values measured independently in the absence of scattering. Both measurements are accomplished without the use of reference fluorophores. In addition, the model accurately predicts the fluorescence emission spectrum in the scattering medium. Implications of these absolute measurements of lifetime, quantum yield, concentration, and emission spectrum from within multiple-scattering media are discussed.
Long range absorption and other optical-model effects from strong inelastic coupling

Abstract An optical potential component is constructed to represent the effect of a strongly coupled inelastic excitation upon elastic scattering. In the particular case of quadrupole Coulomb excitation a long range imaginary potential component is derived in closed form. The effects of long range absorption upon the elastic scattering are considered in a general way by inserting this potential into a weak absorption model and deriving an elastic scattering cross section in closed form. Below the Coulomb barrier the formula takes a simple form which may be related to the semiclassical theory of Coulomb excitation. The potential component arising from nuclear excitation of an inelastic state may be evaluated numerically on a computer. Two examples computed (50 MeV α-scattering on 154Sm and 60 MeV 16O scattering on 40Ca) exhibit strong l-dependence in the potential component.
Leading from the middle: surviving the squeeze of apparently irreconcilable forces

Leaders and managers often are asked to take positions on various issues that reflect the needs or particular agendas of various individuals or groups with whom they interact directly. Supervisors and subordinates, however, may have differing perspectives on and differing expectations of the leader’s or manager’s decisions or actions. The latter, in turn, commonly feels caught in the “middle” of the conflicting needs or agendas of individuals or groups whose support and approval is needed in order for the leader or manager to function successfully over an extended period of time. This paper describes the phenomenon that the author terms “leading from the middle,” in which he describes the personal and organizational conundrums leaders and managers face when beset by conflicting needs or purposes of others who have realistic or unrealistic expectations of them. An approach towards extricating oneself from this uncomfortable middle position, while also managing successfully from personal and organizational perspectives, is offered.
Regional Correction of Positron Emission Tomography Data for the Effects of Cerebral Atrophy

Given the low spatial resolution of positron emission tomography (PET), regional measurements of neural tissue are often inaccurate because of the presence of non-neural elements and to mixtures of different tissue types within the volume of space influencing the measurements. These effects are significant in scans of brains both with and without atrophy, but are particularly significant when comparing measurements of brains with atrophy with those of normals, as is typically done in studies of aging and dementia. Previous attempts to correct for cerebral atrophy have been limited to global measurements. Using computer simulations, we illustrate the effects of atrophy and describe a method for correcting regional PET data to represent units of actual neural tissue volume.
Viscoelastic Responses of Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxane Reinforced Epoxy Systems

The properties of nanostructured plastics are determined by complex relationships between the type and size of the nanoreinforcement, the interface, and the chemical interaction between the nanoreinforcement and the polymeric chain, along with macroscopic processing and microstructural effects. Recently, families of mono- and difunctionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) macromers bearing epoxide groups have been developed. This paper presents an investigation of the thermal and viscoelastic property enhancements in commonly used model epoxy resins reinforced with monofunctional POSS-epoxy macromers. The glass transitions of these POSS-epoxy nanocomposites were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Small-strain stress relaxations under uniaxial deformation were examined to provide insight into the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of these nanocomposites. The POSS-epoxy macromers utilized in this study were monofunctional and hence occupied chain terminus points within the net...
Defects in Accepting Another Person's Reactions

The hypothesis that there is a relationship between a person's being psychologically unable and unwilling to live with something in himself and being defective in his psychologically living with the same thing in other people is presented to explain frequently observed clients' reactions. The meaning of the concept of acceptance and the intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics of the defect are discussed. Four case abstracts and one example from the experiences of a psychotherapist are described as a way of giving the hypothesis and discussion additional meaning.
Automated classification system for Bone Age X-ray images

Bone Age (BA) determination using radiological images of left hands and wrists is important in pediatric endocrinology to correctly assess growth and pubertal maturation. In this paper, we propose a fully automated Greulich and Pyle Atlas (GP) bone age determination system using feature extraction and machine learning classifiers. The original contributions of this paper are as follows: (i) We use commercially available morphing tools to create a modified GP atlas that has images regularly spaced at three month intervals, (ii) We propose a novel Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based feature extractor to create a feature vector. We use the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) to extract features from the images then apply SVD to compose the feature vectors. Then, we train a Neural Network classifier using the generated feature vectors. Our preliminary results show that, even with a small number of training data sets, we obtain promising results. Future direction is discussed.
Altered glial gene expression, density, and architecture in the visual cortex upon retinal degeneration

Genes encoding the proteins of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments (IF) are tightly regulated, and they are important for establishing neural connections. However, it remains uncertain to what extent neurological disease alters IF gene expression or impacts cells that express IFs. In this study, we determined the onset of visual deficits in a mouse model of progressive retinal degeneration (Pde6b(-) mice; Pde6b(+) mice have normal vision) by observing murine responses to a visual task throughout development, from postnatal day (PND) 21 to adult (N=174 reliable observations). Using Q-PCR, we evaluated whether expression of the genes encoding two Type III IF proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin was altered in the visual cortex before, during, and after the onset of visual deficits. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we investigated the impact of vision loss on the density and morphology of astrocytes that expressed GFAP and vimentin in the visual cortex. We found that Pde6b(-) mice displayed 1) evidence of blindness at PND 49, with visual deficits detected at PND 35, 2) reduced GFAP mRNA expression in the visual cortex between PND 28 and PND 49, and 3) an increased ratio of vimentin:GFAP-labeled astrocytes at PND 49 with reduced GFAP cell body area. Together, these findings demonstrate that retinal degeneration modifies cellular and molecular indices of glial plasticity in a visual system with drastically reduced visual input. The functional consequences of these structural changes remain uncertain.
The Cysteine-proximal Aspartates in the FX-binding Niche of Photosystem I EFFECT OF ALANINE AND LYSINE REPLACEMENTS ON PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC GROWTH, ELECTRON TRANSFER RATES, SINGLE-TURNOVER FLASH EFFICIENCY, AND EPR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES

The FX electron acceptor in Photosystem I (PS I) is a highly electronegative (E m = −705 mV) interpolypeptide [4Fe-4S] cluster ligated by cysteines 556 and 565 on PsaB and cysteines 574 and 583 on PsaA in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. An aspartic acid is adjacent to each of these cysteines on PsaB and adjacent to the proline-proximal cysteine on PsaA. We investigated the effect of D566PsaB and D557PsaB on electron transfer through FX by changing each aspartate to the neutral alanine or to the positively charged lysine either singly (D566APsaB, D557APsaB, D566KPsaB, and D557KPsaB) or in pairs (D557APsaB/D566APsaB and D557KPsaB/D566APsaB). All mutants except for D557KPsaB/D566APsaB grew photoautotrophically, but the growth of D557KPsaB and D557APsaB/D566APsaB was impaired under low light. The doubling time was increased, and the chlorophyll content per cell was lower in D557KPsaB and D557APsaB/D566APsaB relative to the wild type and the other mutants. Nevertheless, the rates of NADP+photoreduction in PS I complexes from all mutants were no less than 75% of that of the wild type. The kinetics of back-reaction of the electron acceptors on a single-turnover flash showed efficient electron transfer to the terminal acceptors FA and FB in PS I complexes from all mutants. The EPR spectrum of FX was identical to that in the wild type in all but the single and double D566APsaB mutants, where the high-field resonance was shifted downfield. We conclude that the impaired growth of some of the mutants is related to a reduced accumulation of PS I rather than to photosynthetic efficiency. The chemical nature and the charge of the amino acids adjacent to the cysteine ligands on PsaB do not appear to be significant factors in the efficiency of electron transfer through FX.
On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet

This volume is one of a series of studies related to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) history. The authors have researched the available documents in detail and have conducted extensive interviews with scientists, engineers, and technicians who participated in the exploration of Mars during the last 20 years. Interviews and quotations from these participants give immediacy and authenticity to this work that are absent from most other historical studies. A small picture book that was privately published by Hans-Peter Biemann, the son of the Viking lander mass spectrometer team leader, has the same immediacy but is less scholarly and complete. It, too, has a fine authentic flavor because it was done virtually in real time (The Vikings of 76, published by the author, Westford, Mass., 1977; available from the author, 175 Brattle St., Cambridge, MA 02138).
Foliar morphology and chemistry of upland oaks, red maple, and sassafras seedlings in response to single and repeated prescribed fires

Managers increasingly use prescribed fire in oak forests to decrease fire-sensitive species, increase understory light, and improve oak (Quercus spp.) regeneration. To better understand woody seedling response to burning, single and repeated (3×) prescribed fires were implemented over 6 years (2002–2007) in eastern Kentucky, and leaf traits of red (Erythrobalanus spp.) and white oaks (Leucobalanus spp.) were compared with competitors red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees). Burned seedlings had higher total leaf area (TLA) because of two to three times higher TLA of sassafras. Leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf N content per area (Narea) increased postfire but were independent of seedling identity. Canopy openness during 2006, which was lower on unburned sites (4%–8%) compared with those burned 1× (4%–16%) and 3× (7%–33%), was positively correlated with sassafras TLA, oak and sassafras Narea, and LMA of all seedling groups the subsequent year. In 2007, TLA, LMA, and Narea ...
The extrafloral nectaries of Ipomoea leptophylla (Convolvulaceae).

Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. (Convolvulaceae) is a sprawling dry-site morning glory with two types of extrafloral nectaries: foliar nectaries and nectaries on the outside of the sepals. Both are shown to greatly increase insect visitation to the plant. Ants visiting sepal-surface nectaries significantly decrease flower damage caused by grasshoppers and seed losses caused by bruchids. These results are similar to those for I. carnea and other plants whose extrafloral nectary-ant interactions have been studied, but differ in detail. This is the first demonstration of antiherbivore defense of a prairie plant by nectary visitors. EXTRAFLORAL nectaries (EFNs) are nectarsecreting glands on a plant which do not function in pollination. They are distinguished from hydathodes, resin glands, and other structures, by the secretion of aqueous sugar solution, almost invariably containing amino acids (Baker and Baker, 1973; Bentley, 1977a; Baker, Opler and Baker, 1978). Recent studies of the function of EFNs have generally supported the theory that they are one of the plant' s defenses against herbivores. An ant-plant mutualism occurs at the EFNs: the plant derives protection from the actions of the ants (predation on other insects or defense of the nectary) while the ants receive food (nectar with its carbo
MPC under the hood/sous le capot/unter der Haube

Abstract The paper develops achieved performance bounds for MPC control applied over the infinite horizon to constrained systems with persistent disturbances and persistently active constraints. This is approached from a minimalist perspective of introducing as few assumptions as possible and separating the feasibility analysis, which is shown to be purely topological, from the performance analysis, which is based on value functions and builds on the work of Jadbabaie, Hauser, Grune and Rantzer. A specific focus is on the requirements for stability, where MPC stability in the sense of bounded-input/bounded-state is addressed.
LIVER HEMATOMA AND RUPTURE IN PREGNANCY

Liver hematoma and rupture is a rare but devastating complication of pregnancy. The majority of cases have been associated with severe preeclampsia, but unlike typical preeclampsia, it is a disease of older, multiparous patients. Although there are predictable findings on liver pathology, the underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood. Early recognition and prompt surgical intervention are crucial to reduce the high fetal and maternal mortality rate associated with this disease.
Power reduction and power-delay trade-offs using logic transformations

We present an efficient technique to reduce the switching activity in a technology-mapped CMOS combinational circuit based on local logic transformations. The transformations consist of adding redundant connections or gates so as to reduce switching activity. We describe simple and efficient procedures, based on logic implication, for identifying the sources and targets of the redundant connections. Additionally, we give procedures that permit the designer to trade-off power and delay after the transformations. Results of experiments on both the MCNC benchmark circuits and the circuits of a PowerPC microprocessor chip are given. The results indicate that significant power reduction of a CMOS combinational circuit can be achieved with very low area overhead, delay penalty, and computational cost.
Subpixel displacement and deformation gradient measurement using digital image/speckle correlation (DISC)

Experimental solid mechanics relies heavily on surface dis- placement and deformation gradient measurements. Digital image/ speckle correlation (DISC) uses digital image processing to resolve dis- placement and deformation gradient fields. The practical implementation of DISC involves important challenges such as computation complexity and the discrepancy of the sensitivities and accuracies claimed in previ- ous studies. We develop an iterative, spatial-gradient based algorithm, which uses only first-order spatial derivatives of the images before and after deformation. Simulated images are then used to verify this algo- rithm, as well as to study the impact of speckle size on the accuracy. Based on these simulations, the sensitivity of DISC to displacement and deformation gradient, as well as an optimal speckle size for optimal ac- curacy, is recommended. The algorithm is then calibrated using rigid body translation and rotation, and an application of DISC to thermome- chanical diagnostics of electronic packaging is also presented. © 2001
Orthovoltage intraoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancers pose a significant therapeutic challenge. Orthovoltage intraoperative radiotherapy provides one potential means of improving disease control at the time of surgery. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to analyze outcomes and identify prognostic factors of patients treated with orthovoltage intraoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study is a retrospective chart review conducted at a tertiary medical center. PATIENTS: Between January 1990 and July 2009, 55 patients underwent intraoperative radiotherapy to a total of 61 sites for locally advanced (n = 14) or recurrent (n = 41) cancers of colon (n = 18) or rectum/rectosigmoid junction (n = 37). INTERVENTIONS: Median dose was 12 Gy (range, 7.5–20 Gy). Among locally advanced rectal/rectosigmoid cases, surgery included abdominoperineal resection (n = 3) or low anterior resection (n = 9). Seven treated sites had gross residual (R2) disease, 28 had pathologic or clinical microscopic residual disease (R1), and 15 were complete resections (R0). Treated sites included sacrum (n = 22), anterior pelvis/pelvic sidewall (19), sacrum and sidewall (n = 1), aortic bifurcation (n = 2), vaginal cuff (n = 2), psoas (n = 3), perivesicular region (n = 2), and other (n = 10). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Outcomes measures included in-field local control, locoregional control, overall survival, and grade ≥3 toxicity. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 27 months (range, 4–237) among living patients, 2-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of in-field local control, locoregional control, and overall survival were 69%, 51%, and 59%. Margin status predicted for improved locoregional control (p = 0.01) and overall survival (p = 0.01). Seventeen patients (31%) developed a grade 3 to 5 toxicity following surgery with intraoperative radiotherapy. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective nature and relatively small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Local control with intraoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancers is good despite the high risk of residual disease. Among carefully selected patients, multimodality regimens including intraoperative radiotherapy may permit long-term survival.
Sorting out language and level: examining the relation between productive vocabulary and category differentiation

In two experiments we examined the relation between productive vocabulary and categorization at the basic and superordinate levels. Experiment 1 assessed categorization using a spontaneous object-m...
Proliferation of Cultured Mouse Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells

The choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium is a multifunctional tissue found in the ventricles of the brain. The major function of the ChP epithelium is to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that bathes and nourishes the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to the CSF, ChP epithelial cells (CPECs) produce and secrete numerous neurotrophic factors that support brain homeostasis, such as adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Accordingly, damage and dysfunction to CPECs are thought to accelerate and intensify multiple disease phenotypes, and CPEC regeneration would represent a potential therapeutic approach for these diseases. However, previous reports suggest that CPECs rarely divide, although this has not been extensively studied in response to extrinsic factors. Utilizing a cell-cycle reporter mouse line and live cell imaging, we identified scratch injury and the growth factors insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as extrinsic cues that promote increased CPEC expansion in vitro. Furthermore, we found that IGF-1 and EGF treatment enhances scratch injury-induced proliferation. Finally, we established whole tissue explant cultures and observed that IGF-1 and EGF promote CPEC division within the intact ChP epithelium. We conclude that although CPECs normally have a slow turnover rate, they expand in response to external stimuli such as injury and/or growth factors, which provides a potential avenue for enhancing ChP function after brain injury or neurodegeneration.
Enoxaparin-associated severe retroperitoneal bleeding and abdominal compartment syndrome: a report of two cases

Objective: To describe a complication of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) in the setting of critically ill patients. Design: Case report. Setting: The medical and surgical intensive care units of a tertiary care university teaching hospital. Patients: Two adult patients receiving enoxaparin developed retroperitoneal hematoma and abdominal compartment syndrome. Both patients became anuric and required high-dose intravenous fluids and vasopressors to maintain blood pressure. Intervention: Discontinuation of enoxaparin, followed by exploratory laparotomy and evacuation of the hematoma. Measurements and results: Immediate clinical improvement following evacuation of hematoma. Conclusions: High-risk patients receiving low-molecular-weight heparin should be identified and closely monitored to prevent serious bleeding complications.
The mathematical bases for qualitative reasoning

The practices of researchers in many fields who use qualitative reasoning are summarized and explained. The goal is to gain an understanding of the formal assumptions and mechanisms that underlie this kind of analysis. The explanations given are based on standard mathematical formalisms, particularly on ordinal properties, continuous differentiable functions, and the mathematics of nonlinear dynamic systems. >
Extracellular fluid restoration in dehydration: a critique of rapid versus slow.

We compared current recommendations for treatment of severe dehydration by World Health Organization physicians and by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Gastroenterology with those in general textbooks of pediatrics, written mostly by pediatric nephrologists. The former recommend rapid (1- to 2-h) and generous intravenous restoration of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume followed by oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to replace potassium, current maintenance, and diarrheal losses – the rapid rehydration regimen. Oral feedings usually are resumed in 8–24 h. General textbooks of pediatrics usually recommend giving 20 ml/kg saline ”to restore circulation,” followed by the deficit therapy regimen to correct serum electrolyte abnormalities and replace remaining deficits of water, sodium, chloride, and potassium over 1–2 days. Mortality for hospitalized patients with dehydration treated with rapid rehydration was <3 per 1,000; no recent results are reported for patients treated by deficit therapy. The rapid rehydration regimen improves patient well being and restores perfusion, so that oral feedings are readily tolerated and renal function corrects serum electrolyte abnormalities in 6 h. Amounts of saline given correspond to amounts given for treating various forms of shock. Deficit therapy regimens provide less ECF restoration and are slower at restoring perfusion; tolerance for oral feedings is delayed. Two hundred pediatric nephrologists were surveyed, asking how they would treat a patient with severe dehydration and a patient with 40% burns. Only 30 of 200 responded; 29 used a deficit therapy regimen, with 20–40 ml/kg ECF replacement, while a majority rapidly and generously restored ECF volume in burn shock. We recommend that fluid therapy chapters should stop teaching deficit therapy for treating severe dehydration and instead teach the rapid rehydration regimen.
Remission of myasthenia gravis caused by proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome

Myasthenia gravis is caused by antibodies against acetylcholine receptors and is treated with inhibition or elimination of antibody production. We report a 43-year-old myasthenic female who was symptomatic until she developed proteinuria from nephrotic syndrome, which caused a marked drop in acetylcholine receptor antibody titer with remission of myasthenia. Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome produced exacerbation of her myasthenia and a rise in antibody level. This patient's improvement is the result of antibody elimination during proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome.
Sodium-coupled ion cotransport and the volume regulatory increase response

In conclusion, maintenance of volume homeostasis is a fundamental requirement of all cells. For many cell types, this process requires expression of ion cotransport mechanisms as well as accumulation of osmotically-active organic compounds. Recent observations have indicated that the cellular mechanisms responsible for modulating hypertonic volume regulation are complex and appear to involve hormonal, biochemical and physico-chemical stimuli. Knowledge of the specific ion-transport mechanisms involved in the initial phase of VRI, the factors that control their expression, and the interrelationships between inorganic and organic solute accumulation will be required before an in depth understanding of hypertonic cell volume regulation in medullary nephron segments can be achieved.
Emotional attributes of color: a comparison of violet and green.

14 human Ss were exposed for 60-sec. intervals to violet light and to green light, in alternating order, for a total period of 6 min. Electrical skin conductance was monitored throughout the session. The crucial measure was the galvanic skin response (GSR) occurring in the first 12 sec. of exposure to a given color. As predicted, GSR was greater to violet than to green.
Multiserver queueing for supervisory control of autonomous vehicles

Widespread adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles has led to intense interest in increasing the vehicle-to-operator ratio in unmanned systems. We propose a multiserver queueing structure for the supervisory control of multiple autonomous unmanned vehicles and demonstrate that multiserver queueing can increase the vehicle-to-operator ratio. Analytical results are derived for M/M/c queues with identically and non-identically distributed service times, and vehicle-to-operator ratio increases of up to 50% are predicted for multiserver queues compared to single server queues. A human fatigue model is applied to determine the performance of fixed shift and staggered shift structures in the presence of operator fatigue. Results are extended to log-normally distributed service times in discrete event simulation.
Comparison of linearly predicted multichannel EMG signals: amplitude and phase dissimilarities

Coordinated muscle contractions are responsible for many complex actions in biology such as respiration, swallowing, etc. Detailed information concerning the central nervous system (CNS) regulation may be contained in the electromyographic (EMG) signals produced by the muscles. Therefore, techniques to extract the information and produce appropriate models are desirable. In this study, multichannel EMG signal comparison by the linear prediction method is proposed. Estimation of the dissimilarities between the predicted signals can be quantified in terms of the poles of the linearly predicted signal. The method allows differentiation of the signals under various physiological as well as pathological conditions. >
Synchrotron radiation optics in the short-pulse limit: design implications for the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)

In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted on the source properties of linac-driven X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers (XRFELs) operating in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) regime. In longitudinal phase space the output of such devices typically consists of a randomly-distributed train of fully-transversely-coherent micropulses of randomly varying intensity and an average length (corresponding to the coherence length) two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the transverse diameter of the beam. Total pulse lengths are typically of the same order of size as the beam diameter. Both of these properties can be shown to significantly impact the performance of otherwise conventional synchrotron radiation optics (viz., mirrors, lenses, zone plates, crystals, multilayers, etc.) designed to filter or modulate the phase space parameters of the radiation pulses. This, in turn, can influence the design and performance of beam line instrumentation (viz., monochromators, spectrometers, etc.) employed to match the phase space acceptance of an experiment to an XRFEL source. In this paper we outline a preliminary investigation of short-pulse effects on the performance and design of selected optical components and instrumentation for the proposed 1.5 Angstrom SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and discuss the implication of our results for critical applications such as microfocusing and monochromatization.
Climate and the effectiveness of Psyllaephagus bliteus as a parasitoid of the red gum lerp psyllid

The encyrtid parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek was introduced to California in 2000 to control the red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of regional summer climate (California coastal vs. interior valleys) on P. bliteus performance. Measurements of parasitoid performance, including reproduction and longevity, showed that P. bliteus was adversely affected by the extreme summer heat in the interior valley sites. The results suggest that regional climatic differences can contribute to the lower parasitism rates observed in California's warmer interior valleys. The results are discussed with respect to biological control of G. brimblecombei and the potential limitations of the parasitoid P. bliteus, as well as the possible impact of climate and intraguild predation as alternative hypotheses for the observed variable geographic performance of P. bliteus.
Molecular Evolution of the Wound-Induced Serine Protease Inhibitor wip1 in Zea and Related Genera

Plant defense mechanisms have been the subject of intensive investigation. However, little is known about their long-term evolutionary dynamics. We investigated the molecular diversity of a wound-induced serine protease inhibitor, wip1, in the genus Zea, as well as the divergence of wip1 among four genera, Zea, Tripsacum, Sorghum, and Oryza, in order to gain insight into the long-term evolution of plant defense. The specific objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether wip1 has a history of positive or balancing selection, as has been shown for genes involved in plant defense against pathogens, and (2) if the evolutionary histories of wip1 inhibitory loops, which come into closest contact with proteases, differ from the evolutionary history of other parts of this gene. The Zea polymorphism data are consistent with a neutral evolutionary history. In contrast, relative-rate tests suggest a nonneutral evolutionary history. This inconsistency may indicate that selection acting on wip1 is episodic or that wip1 evolves in response to selection favoring novel alleles. We also detected significant heterogeneity in the evolutionary rates of the two inhibitory loops of wip1-one inhibitory loop is highly conserved, whereas the second has diverged rapidly. Because these two inhibitory loops are predicted to have very similar biochemical functions, the significantly different evolutionary histories suggest that these loops have different ecological functions.
The ‘Draw a Scientist Test’: interpreting the data

(1990). The ‘Draw a Scientist Test’: interpreting the data. Research in Science & Technological Education: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 75-77.
Mock Jurors' Perceptions of Facial Hair on Criminal Offenders:

Two studies were conducted to measure whether mock jurors would stereotype criminal offenders as having facial hair. In Study 1, participants were asked which photograph belonged to a defendant in a rape case and which photograph belonged to a plaintiff in a head-injury case after they were "accidentally" dropped. The photographs were similar in appearance except one had facial hair. 78% of 63 participants (or 49) identified the photograph with facial hair as being involved in the rape case. In Study 2, 371 participants were asked to sketch the face of a criminal offender. 82% of the sketches (or 249) contained some form of facial hair. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that criminal defendants are perceived as having facial hair.
Layout-Aware Pattern Generation for Maximizing Supply Noise Effects on Critical Paths

As technology scales, gate sensitivity to noise increases due to supply voltage scaling and limited scaling of the voltage threshold. As a result, power supply noise plays a greater role in sub-100nm technologies and creates signal integrity issues in the chip. It is vital to consider supply voltage noise effects (i) during design validation to apply sufficient guardbands to critical paths and (ii) during path delay test to ensure the performance and reliability of the chip. In this paper, a novel layout-aware pattern generation procedure for maximizing power supply noise effects on critical paths while considering local voltage drop impacts is proposed. The proposed pattern generation and validation flow is implemented on the ITC’99 b19 benchmark. Experimental results for both wire-bond and flip-chip packaging styles are presented in this paper. Results demonstrate that our proposed method is fast, significantly increases switching around the functionally testable critical paths, and induces large voltage drop on cells placed in the critical paths which results in increased path delay. The proposed method eliminates the very time consuming pattern validation phase that is practiced in industry.
Human exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields: neurophysiological effects

The neurophysiological effects of exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields at two occupationally-relevant intensities were evaluated in a single-blind study with 18 male and 18 female volunteers. Auditory brainstem (BAEP) and somatosensory (SEP) evoked potentials were recorded before, during and after field exposure (duration = 45 min, frequency = 60 Hz, field intensities = 14.1 or 28.3 microtesla, microT), or an equivalent sham-exposure control period. Visual event-related potentials (VEP) to pattern reversal stimuli were also recorded before and after the exposure period. Field exposure had no differential effects on the BAEP, the VEP, or on SEP measures of central conduction time. Men and women showed a similar lack of sensitivity to exposure. The present results do not support the mechanistic hypothesis that the transmission of sensory information to appropriate cortical centers is delayed or distorted by exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields at occupational intensities.
Theory for automatic learning under partially observed Markov-dependent noise

A vigorous branch of automatic learning is directed at the task of locating a global minimum of an unknown multimodal function f( theta ) on the basis of noisy observations L( theta (i))=f( theta (i))+W( theta (i)) taken at sequentially-chosen control points ( theta (i)). In all preceding convergence deviations known to the authors, the noise is postulated to depend on the past only through control selection. Here they allow the observation noise sequence to be stochastically dependent, in particular, a function of an unknown underlying Markov decision process, the observations being the stagewise losses. In a sense, in order to be made precise, the algorithm offered is shown to attain asymptotically optimal performance, and rates are assured. A motivating example from queueing theory is offered, and connections with classical problems of Markov control theory and other disciplines are mentioned. >
The spectral analysis of short data-segments using an IIR adaptive filter

An infinite impulse response (IIR) adaptive filter that is efficient and can be used to analyze short data segment with high resolution and very small biases is presented. The approach taken is to run the short data segment continuously forwards and backwards in time through the adaptive filter. The proposed adaptive filter is a filter bank composed of a number of parallel digital resonators with common feedback around all of them. Because of this particular architecture, the filter is easy to reset the internal state variables of the adaptive filter each time the direction of the input data segment is changed. This allows the same data segment to be run through the adaptive filter many times, with the adaptive filter converging closer to its optimum state each time. No windowing is required, which results in higher accuracies when determining the sinusoidal components of the input data. The resonator frequencies are adapted to match the frequencies of the input data segment. When the adaptive filter has converged, the isolated input sinusoids are available at the outputs of the resonators. >
Effect of evidence-based acute pain management practices on inpatient costs.

Objectives. To estimate hospital cost changes associated with a behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based acute pain management practices in an inpatient setting and to estimate the direct effect that changes in evidence-based acute pain management practices have on inpatient cost. Data Sources/Study Setting. Data from a randomized ‘‘translating research into practice’’ (TRIP) behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based acute pain management practices for patients hospitalized with hip fractures. Study Design. Experimental design and observational ‘‘as-treated’’ and instrumental variable (IV) methods. Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Abstraction from medical records and Uniform Billing 1992 (UB92) discharge abstracts. Principal Findings. The TRIP intervention cost on average $17,714 to implement within a hospital but led to cost savings per inpatient stay of more than $1,500. The intervention increased the cost of nursing services, special operating rooms, and therapy services per inpatient stay, but these costs were more than offset by cost reductions within other cost categories. ‘‘As-treated’’ estimates of the effect of changes in evidencebased acute pain management practices on inpatient cost appear significantly underestimated, whereas IV estimates are statistically significant and are distinct from, but consistent with, estimates associated with the intervention. Conclusions. A hospital treating more that 12 patients with acute hip fractures can expect to lower overall cost by implementing the TRIP intervention. We also demonstrated the advantages of using IV methods over ‘‘as-treated’’ methods to assess the direct effect of practice changes on cost. In this study we estimate cost changes associated with implementing a ‘‘translating research into practice’’ (TRIP) behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based acute pain management practices for hospitalized older patients with hip fractures. This paper is a companion
Extremely Large Variations of Atmospheric 14C Concentration During the Last Glacial Period

A long record of atmospheric 14C concentration, from 45 to 11 thousand years ago (ka), was obtained from a stalagmite with thermal-ionization mass-spectrometric 230Th and accelerator mass-spectrometric 14C measurements. This record reveals highly elevated Δ14C between 45 and 33 ka, portions of which may correlate with peaks in cosmogenic 36Cl and10Be isotopes observed in polar ice cores. Superimposed on this broad peak of Δ14C are several rapid excursions, the largest of which occurs between 44.3 and 43.3 ka. Between 26 and 11 ka, atmospheric Δ14C decreased from ∼700 to ∼100 per mil, modulated by numerous minor excursions. Carbon cycle models suggest that the major features of this record cannot be produced with solar or terrestrial magnetic field modulation alone but also require substantial fluctuations in the carbon cycle.
Remembering War: The Great War and Historical Memory in the Twentieth Century – By Jay Winter

As Jay Winter has written and edited multiple works on the First World War, one might wonder what new contribution the author wishes to make in a field already well traversed by scholars, including...
Non-operative management of symptomatic cholelithiasis in pregnancy is associated with frequent hospitalizations

Symptomatic cholelithiasis (SC) is common in pregnancy. Guidelines recommend laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for SC in pregnancy. Our aim was to evaluate current practice patterns and outcomes for patients undergoing initial non-operative management for uncomplicated SC during pregnancy. We performed a retrospective analysis and telephone survey of all patients presenting in a 42-month period to a tertiary care center for uncomplicated SC during pregnancy. Women with complicated gallstone disease, including cholecystitis, pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholangitis were excluded. We identified 53 patients with uncomplicated SC during pregnancy. LC was performed in 4 (7.5%) antepartum and in 28 (51.7%) postpartum. The majority of LCs (21, 75%) were performed within 3 months postpartum. Of those with postpartum LC, 22 (78.6%) had recurrent postpartum symptoms prior to LC, and 14 (50%) had repeat hospitalizations prior to undergoing surgery. Given the safety of antepartum LC and the frequency of recurrent symptoms and hospitalizations, early surgical intervention during pregnancy may be the optimal strategy to reduce antepartum and early postpartum admissions for uncomplicated SC.
Growth Response and Resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Fed Diets Containing Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles

A study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary levels of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, body composition, hematology, immune response, and resistance of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus ,t oEdwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Five diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% DDGS with supplemental lysine (Diets 1‐5) as partial replacements of a combination of soybean meal and cornmeal on an equal protein basis were fed to juvenile catfish (13.33 6 0.25 g) for 12 wk. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were similar for fish in all treatments. Body lipid and moisture increased and decreased, respectively, in fish feed DDGS-containing diets relative to the control group. Dietary treatment had no effect on red and white blood cell counts. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in fish fed diets containing DDGS than in those fed the control diet. Fish fed 20‐40% DDGS diets had increased serum total immunoglobulin, and those fed the 30% DDGS diet had significantly increased antibody titers 21 d following E. ictaluri challenge. Other immune variables evaluated were not affected by dietary treatments. Preliminary results on bacterial challengeshowedanincreasedresistanceagainstE. ictaluriinfishfedDDGS-containingdiets(Diets2‐5).