cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latest highlights from CDF

The CDF II experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider has been running steadily for many years accumulating large datasets which allow to probe many facets of the Standard Model and its possible extensions over a wide range of processes. This contribution presents an overview of the CDF physics program focusing on the most recent results as of April 2010. The CDF II experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider has been steadily acquiring data since the beginning of 2002. The large accumulated datasets allow CDF to pursue a very rich and broad physics program, which is probing many facets of the Standard Model (SM) and its possible extensions over a wide range of processes, whose cross sections span over 10 orders of magnitude, from the tens of millibarns of the total p {bar p} cross section to the fraction of a picobarn expected for the production of the SM Higgs boson. The CDF investigation of the fundamental constituents of matter is organized on the basis of the phenomena and the sector of the Standard Model which are being explored: the study of the strong interactions between the quarks and gluons in the colliding nucleons, the b- and c-quark flavor physics, the more » properties of the top quark and the electroweak gauge bosons, the electroweak symmetry breaking and the Higgs boson, the searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. Following this baseline the contribution will review the CDF physics program focusing on the most recent results as of April 2010: Sec. 2 briefly describes the experimental apparatus, the Tevatron collider and the CDF detector, in the subsequent Sections the results are presented. « less
Vibroseis productivity: shake and go

We use both model and field data to compare three methods for increasing vibroseis productivity and decreasing acquisition costs. The first method, HFVS (high-fidelity vibratory seismic), allows us to separate the responses from individual vibrators when multiple vibrators are operating simultaneously. The data quality of the separated records is superior to that of conventional correlated data because they are processed with measured ground-force signals, but the number of sweeps must be greater than or equal to the number of vibrators. The second method, cascaded sweep, eliminates the listening time between multiple sweeps and partially mitigates harmonic noise observed at later times on near-offset traces. Finally, a combined method, continuous-HFVS (C-HFVS), allows source separation with a single, long, segmented sweep. Separation is as good as with HFVS and interference noise is limited to times near the end of a sweep-segment length. All three methods produce acceptable seismic images for post-stack and prestack amplitude interpretation. The choice of which option to use depends upon the area being investigated. HFVS has numerous benefits, especially when fine sampling is required to mitigate static problems and elevation changes. Due to the ability to separate individual responses, fine sampling can be achieved without sacrificing productivity. For deeper targets, cascaded sweep can be more efficient but data quality suffers from harmonic noise. C-HFVS, which combines features of HFVS and cascaded sweep, has the potential to result in the highest productivity, without sacrificing either fine sampling or data quality.
Conditioning Method Dramatically Alters the Role of Amygdala in Taste Aversion Learning

Although an important role for the amygdala in taste aversion learning has been suggested by work in a number of laboratories, results have been inconsistent and interpretations varied. The present series of studies reevaluated the role of the amygdala in taste aversion learning by examining the extent to which conditioning methods, testing methods and lesioning methods, influence whether amygdala lesions dramatically affect conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. Results indicated that when animals are conditioned with an intraoral (I/O) taste presentation, lesions of amygdala eliminate evidence of conditioning whether animals are tested intraorally or with a two-bottle solution presentation. Dramatic effects of amygdala lesions on CTA learning were seen whether lesions were made electrolytically or using an excitotoxin. In contrast, when animals were conditioned using bottle presentation of the taste, electrolytic lesions attenuated CTAs but did not eliminate them, and excitotoxic lesions had no effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that neural structures critical for CTA learning may differ depending on the extent to which the method of conditioned stimulus delivery incorporates a response component.
African American teen mothers' perceptions of parenting

The purpose of this study was to describe the childbearing African American teens' perceptions of parenting based on their own experiences. Focus group discussions were held with 17 teens in their school setting for 50 minutes each week. Group discussions were audiotaped, tapes were transcribed, and then analyzed for common themes. The unmarried teens ranged in age from 15 to 18 years. Findings indicated that the teens depended on grandmothers to provide child care and for information about parenting. The teens identified parenting problems including crying, discipline, and conflicts dealing with grandmothers and the child's father. Teens wanted more information about breastfeeding and minor childhood diseases. The researchers identified that teens lacked information about their children's growth and development and safety issues. Findings have implications for nurses who care for childbearing teens and their children; and those involved in planning and implementing parent education programs for African American teen mothers and their families. Further research is indicated with larger samples of African American teens; and to explore the context of family relationships in which teen mothers and grandmothers share parenting for the teens' children.
An Evaluative Framework for Selecting Multimedia

This article presents a framework for evaluating the design of multi-media programmes intended for use in training. The evaluative frame-work incorporates principles of adult learning theory, motivation theory, and task analysis as applied to training. Multimedia design features that will realise these principles are enumerated. The issue of systematic professional review of commercial materials is also addressed.
Oxygen and Everest

ON the interesting subject of the need for oxygen on Mount Everest, Prof J. Barcroft has made the remark, before Section I of the British Association, that the whole matter is now merely “an engineer's problem”: the problem of designing a light and efficient oxygen breathing apparatus. This point of view is ably supported by Prof. Margaria.1 There is, however, something more: namely, the disadvantage of acclimatisation in a man using such apparatus. If it is one of the ‘open circuit’ type, acclimatised breathing causes a huge waste of oxygen and adds correspondingly to the difficulty of transportation. Yet a man dare not relinquish this physiological condition, even if he could. For if he relinquished it, he would die of asphyxia as soon as he took the apparatus off.
Identification of a Nonlinear Function in a Dynamical System

Using an adaptive method introduced in (Messner et al., 1991), a standard identification technique for linear systems can be extended to identify nonlinear functions in dynamical systems under a mild condition. Specifically, the assumption is that the nonlinear function can be represented as a integral equation of the first kind. The method identifies the nonlinear function indirectly by estimating the influence function of the integral equation. By analogy to linear methods the kernel of the integral equation serves as the “regressor,” while the influence function is the “parameter” to be identified. This paper focuses on an application to disk drive servos.
Influence of growth hormone, fasting and alloxan diabetes on pituitary, tibia and adrenal glycogen levels in the rat.

The effects of fasting and growth hormone (GH) injections on pituitary, adrenal and tibial glycogen levels were studied in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Fasting caused an initial decrease followed by a progressive rise in pituitary and tibial glycogen in nondiabetic rats. GH decreased all tissue glycogen levels 24 hr after the first injection but only pituitary and tibial glycogen levels remained depressed with additional GH injections in nondiabetic rats. GH decreased the supranormal adrenal and pituitary glycogen levels of diabetic rats as well as furthering the decrement in hypophyseal tissue glycogen if fasting also were induced. Diabetic rats had subnormal tibial glycogen levels. The possibility is discussed that hypophyseal glycogen levels may assist in regulating GH secretion and that plasma GH and/or glucose exerts a negative feedback via altering hypophyseal carbohydrate metabolism.
ASYMMETRY PARAMETER STUDIES FOR SYSTEMS CONTAINING THE 35CL NUCLEUS FROM ZEEMAN NQR DATA

Abstract A review of Zeeman nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) work on systems containing the 35Cl nucleus is presented. In the case of the 35cl nucleus with spin I = 3 2 , owing to the existence of ±m degeneracy in the absence of a magnetic field (Kramer's degeneracy), there exists only one pure NQR frequency which is related to the two electric field gradient (EFG) parameters, η and e2qQ, by the formula, v = ( e 2 qQ 2h )(1 + ( η 2 3 )) 1 2 . Hence it is necessary to study the Zeeman effect to obtain both these parameters. Zeeman NQR studies have been carried out by many workers using single crystals and powder specimens, and these are discussed here. The computer simulation method for powder η values is also presented in this paper. The numerical computation program for an IBM 370-158 computer used to simulate the powder Zeeman spectrum is also discussed briefly. The paper also presents two-dimensional Zeeman NQR and Zeeman perturbed spin-echo envelope modulation (ZSEEM) studies on 35Cl systems. Very recently, two-dimensional NQR experiments based on the principle of nutation spectroscopy have been carried out with zero applied magnetic field on 3 2 spin nuclei. This method is also discussed in this review. The relationship between the asymmetry parameter (η) and bond properties is also discussed.
Computational testing of protein-protein interactions

Abundant protein interaction data are currently available. These interaction networks are important sources of information about how biological systems function. In the present work the yeast protein interaction network is clustered and the individual clusters are investigated for functional relationships among the member proteins. 3D structural models of the proteins in a cluster have been built. We investigate the docking of proteins within the cluster, verifying reported and predicting some unreported interactions.
Low Early Failure Rates Using a Surgical Dislocation Approach in Healed Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Background Hip deformity secondary to Legg-Calve Perthes disease (LCPD) may result in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and ultimately osteoarthritis. Observations made with the surgical hip dislocation approach have improved our understanding of the pathologic mechanics of FAI. However, owing to concerns about complications related to the vascularity, the role of surgical hip dislocation in the treatment of healed LCPD remains controversial.
Theoretical Models of the Biological Catch-Bond

The biological catch-bond is a fascinating and counterintuitive phenomenon, which was predicted theoretically 30 years ago. Recently, this predicted behavior has been observed in a number of protein receptor-ligand complexes. When an external force is applied to a catch-bond in an attempt to break it, either in vivo or in vitro, the bond resists breaking and becomes stronger instead. This is in contrast to ordinary slip-bonds which represent the vast majority of biological and chemical bonds and which dissociate faster when subjected to a force. This report focuses on the fundamental properties of catch-bonds and analyzes the simplest physical-chemical models to explain the experimental data. The simplicity of the theoretical treatment leads to analytic expressions for bond lifetime, concise universal representations of the experimental data, and explicit conditions required for catch-binding.Three different model of the biological catch-bond will be discussed, including the two pathway, deformation and allosteric models. Catch-binding is a consequence of a complex potential energy landscape in a biological receptor-ligand bond. Bond lifetime can increase with force, if this force prevents dissociation through a native pathway and instead drives the system over a higher energy barrier. The lifetime can also increase if the conformations of proteins in the complex are altered by the force in a way that strengthens receptor-ligand interaction. Such bond deformation can be associated with an allosteric effect, in which a conformational change at one end of the protein propagates to the binding site located at the other end. Both experiment and simulation indicate that catch-binding is accompanied by large-scale domain opening in the receptor protein. The models are used to describe catch-binding in P-selectin/PSGL-1, FimH/mannose, actin/myosin and integrin/fibronectin complexes.O. V. Prezhdo, Y. V. Pereverzev, “Theoretical aspects of the biological catch-bond”, Acc. Chem. Res., 42, 693 (2009).
A NEMS vibration energy harvester using ordered piezoelectric Zinc Oxide nanowire arrays

A nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) piezoelectric energy harvester using crystalline ZnO nanowires is developed. The device converts ambient vibrations into usable electrical energy for low power sensor applications. This is accomplished by mechanical excitation of an ordered ZnO nanorod array using a suspended bulk micromachined proof mass. The device is capable of generating up to 14.2 mV single polarity voltage under an input vibration of amplitude 1 g (9.8 m/s2) at a frequency of 1.10 KHz. To realize this structure, highly ordered arrays of crystalline ZnO nanorods have been fabricated using an amorphous silicon template patterned by thermal nanoimprint lithography, in conjunction with a low temperature hydrothermal growth process.
Prepared social learning about dangerous animals in children

Natural selection is likely to have shaped developmental systems for rapid acquisition of knowledge about environmental dangers, including dangerous animals. However, learning about dangerous animals through direct encounters can be costly and potentially fatal. In social species such as humans, the presence of stored information about danger in the minds of conspecifics might favor the evolution of prepared social learning mechanisms that cause children to preferentially attend to and remember culturally transmitted information about danger. Here we use an experimental learning task to show that children from two very different cultures exhibit prepared social learning about dangerous animals: city-dwelling children from Los Angeles, who face relatively little danger from animals, and Shuar children from the Amazon region of Ecuador, to whom dangerous animals pose a much greater threat. Both populations exhibited similar prepared learning effects. Danger information was learned in a single trial without feedback, immediately entered long-term memory, and was recalled with only minor attenuation a week later, while other information presented at the same time (animal names and diets) was immediately forgotten. We discuss the significance of these design features of prepared learning in light of the phylogeny and function of danger learning systems.
The impact of a token economy on injuries and negative events on an acute psychiatric unit.

OBJECTIVE: Although the use of token economies has been shown to facilitate patient change and improve program functioning in numerous settings, token economies have received little attention in acute psychiatric settings. A token economy was introduced on an acute care unit in a rural hospital, and rates of negative events were compared before and after implementation. METHODS: Negative events were defined as patient and employee injuries that were not accidents. Unauthorized absences and use of emergency medications were also counted as negative events. Rates of negative events were calculated over two four-month periods, before and after the token economy was introduced on a 24-bed acute care unit that housed the hospital's neo-adult program for patients between the ages of 18 and 20. The unit also served as an admitting unit for patients over age 20. RESULTS: When the analysis controlled for unit census and the number of neo-adults, an analysis of covariance indicated that the number of negative event...
Bayes factor of model selection validates FLMP.

The fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP; Massaro, 1998) has been extremely successful at describing performance across a wide range of ecological domains as well as for a broad spectrum of individuals. An important issue is whether this descriptive ability is theoretically informative or whether it simply reflects the model’s ability to describe a wider range of possible outcomes. Previous tests and contrasts of this model with others have been adjudicated on the basis of both a root mean square deviation (RMSD) for goodness-of-fit and an observed RMSD relative to a benchmark RMSD if the model was indeed correct. We extend the model evaluation by another technique called Bayes factor (Kass & Raftery, 1995; Myung & Pitt, 1997). The FLMP maintains its significant descriptive advantage with this new criterion. In a series of simulations, the RMSD also accurately recovers the correct model under actual experimental conditions. When additional variability was added to the results, the models continued to be recoverable. In addition to its descriptive accuracy, RMSD should not be ignored in model testing because it can be justified theoretically and provides a direct and meaningful index of goodnessof-fit. We also make the case for the necessity of free parameters in model testing. Finally, using Newton’s law of universal gravitation as an analogy, we argue that it might not be valid to expect a model’s fit to be invariant across the whole range of possible parameter values for the model. We advocate that model selection should be analogous to perceptual judgment, which is characterized by the optimal use of multiple sources of information (e.g., the FLMP). Conclusions about models should be based on several selection criteria.
Direct extraction of proteins from environmental samples

Abstract Two methods were developed and evaluated for extracting proteins from water, sediment, and soil samples. In the first method, microbial proteins were extracted from 1 g soil or sediment, or pellet from 10 ml wastewater, by boiling the samples in a solution containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 100 mM dithiothreitol, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, and 0.2% bromophenol blue. In the second method, the same quantities of environmental samples were incubated for 1 h at 0°C in a volume solution containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 1 mM EDTA, 10% sucrose, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 300 μg/ml lysozyme, 0.1% polyoxyethylene 20 acetyl ether. Lysis was completed by four 10-min freeze-thaw cycles (37°C to dry-ice bath). Cellular debris and other particulate matter were removed from the protein preparations by centrifugation. The boiling method recovered high concentrations of proteins from wastewater (10 to 30 μg per ml), but not from soils and sediments. The freeze-thaw method performed better for soils and sediments, yielding 20 to 50 μg protein per g. Protein extracts were resolved by electrophoresis using 15% polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. The sizes of proteins extracted by both methods ranged from less than 14 kDa to greater than 97 kDa. Both methods are simple and rapid, and both have potential applications for direct analysis of microbial community response to changes in environmental conditions, and for direct measurements of gene expression in complex microbial communities.
A Novel Method for Sinus Node Modification and Phrenic Nerve Protection in Resistant Cases

This is a case report of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in a patient who had a previous unsuccessful endocardial ablation, which had been limited due to concerns of phrenic nerve injury. The patient required a repeat ablation that utilized a novel combined epicardial and endocardial approach for sinus node modification and simultaneous protection of the phrenic nerve via an epicardial balloon.
Physiological Framework for the Regulation of Quorum Sensing-Dependent Public Goods in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Many bacteria possess cell density-dependent quorum-sensing (QS) systems that often regulate cooperative secretions involved in host-microbe or microbe-microbe interactions. These secretions, or “public goods,” are frequently coregulated by stress and starvation responses. Here we provide a physiological rationale for such regulatory complexity in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using minimal-medium batch and chemostat cultures, we comprehensively characterized specific growth rate-limiting macronutrients as key triggers for the expression of extracellular enzymes and metabolites directly controlled by the las and rhl QS systems. Expression was unrelated to cell density, depended on the secreted product's elemental composition, and was induced only when the limiting nutrient was not also a building block of the product; rhl-dependent products showed the strongest response, caused by the largely las-independent induction of the regulator RhlR and its cognate signal. In agreement with the prominent role of the rhl system, slow growth inverted the las-to-rhl signal ratio, previously considered a characteristic distinguishing between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. Our results highlight a supply-driven, metabolically prudent regulation of public goods that minimizes production costs and thereby helps stabilize cooperative behavior. Such regulation would be beneficial for QS-dependent public goods that act broadly and nonspecifically, and whose need cannot always be accurately assessed by the producing cell. Clear differences in the capacities of the las and rhl systems to integrate starvation signals help explain the existence of multiple QS systems in one cell.
Composite skin-stiffener debond analyses using fracture mechanics approach with shell elements

Abstract Fracture mechanics analyses of composite skin-stiffener debond configurations using shell elements are presented. Two types of debond configurations are studied: a flange skin strip debond configuration and a skin-stiffener debond configuration. The flange-skin strip configuration examines debond growth perpendicular to the stiffener while the skin-stiffener configuration examines debond growth parallel to the stiffener. Four-node and 9-node shell elements are used to model both debond configurations. The stiffener flange and skin are modeled as two different layers of elements whose translational degrees-of-freedom, in the bonded portion, of the corresponding flange and skin nodes are constrained to be identical. Strain energy release rate formulae are presented for both 4-node and 9-node element models based on the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). In addition, average values of the strain energy release rates are calculated using a gradient method. The VCCT formulae and the gradient method are used to compute the strain energy release rates ( G -values) for both debond configurations. The G -values predicted by these methods are compared with those predicted by plane-strain and 3D finite element analyses. Excellent correlation is obtained among all the analysis results, thus helping to validate the VCCT formulae derived for the 4- and 9-node shell elements.
Toward controlled resist line-edge roughness: material origin of line-edge roughness in chemically amplified positive-tone resists

Material origin of resist line edge roughness (LER) in positive-tone chemically amplified resists has been investigated by designing experiments to mimic the composition and the morphology of the resists in the line edge regions where the resist consists of both the protected polymer and its de-protected counterparts. Blends of the protected and the de-protected base polymers for two silicon containing, positive-tone chemically amplified resists were prepared. Morphology and surface roughness of thin films of the polymer blends were probed with atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM results clearly showed that the protected polymer and its de- protected counterparts form distinct phase separated morphology after spin coating and baking. This phase separation leads to surface roughening of the blend films. Furthermore, the surface roughness of the blend films is enhanced after development with an aqueous TMAH developer. These results suggest that the material origin of resist LER in positive-tone chemically amplified resists stems from the compositional heterogeneity due to phase incompatibility of the protected base polymer and its de-protected counterparts in the line edge regions. The effects of blend composition, the extent of de-protection, and processing conditions on the morphology and surface roughness will be presented. The implications of these findings for high-resolution resist design will also be discussed.
Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria.

Purpose:: We determine independent prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria.Materials and Methods:: The records of 643 consecutive patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy at our institution between 1987 and 1998 were reviewed. Preoperative evaluation of functional status using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) criteria was performed in all cases. Renal cell carcinoma grade and stage were evaluated using the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer grading and TNM staging criteria, respectively. Patients were followed for a mean plus or minus standard deviation of 47 ± 40 months (median 87). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to determine 5-year cancer specific survival for all patient groups. Univariate analysis using log rank sum tests was performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of overall TNM stage, tumor stage, disease grade and ECOG status. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine which factors had an indepen...
Pharmacokinetics of Highly Ionized Drugs I: Methylene Blue—Whole Blood, Urine, and Tissue Assays

UV spectrophotometric assays which measure both unchanged methylene blue and leucomethylene blue in whole blood and tissues are reported. The major metabolite of methylene blue that appears in urine following oral administration of methylene blue to man was identified as leucomethylene blue stabilized as some salt, complex, or combination form. A UV spectrophotometric assay which allows measurement of both unchanged methylene blue and leucomethylene blue in urine is reported.
Conditioning of within-trial patterns of key pecking in pigeons.

The possibility of conditioning systematic patterns of responding during brief discrete trials was studied by requiring hungry pigeons to key peck and then pause or to pause and then key peck in order to gain access to food. These schedules were highly effective in promoting decelerated and accelerated rates of responding, respectively, within individual trials; indeed, performance was quite similar to that observed when explicit external stimuli were correlated with “peck” and “pause” portions of the daily trials. Finally, schedules of reinforcement that did not selectively reinforce peck-pause or pause-peck patterns neither generated these patterns nor maintained them at the previous high levels. The results, therefore, confirm Shimp's (1976) proposal that organized groupings of discrete responses may function as operants—even in the absence of strict response-reinforcer contiguity.
The somatosensory amplification scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis

Forty-one DSM-III-R hypochondriacs and seventy-five randomly chosen patients were obtained from a medical outpatient clinic, and completed a psychiatric diagnostic interview and a ten-item self-report questionnaire, the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS); The SSAS asks the respondent how much s/he is bothered by various uncomfortable visceral and somatic sensations, most of which are not the pathological symptoms of serious diseases. SSAS scores were normally distributed, and had acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency. They were not related to sociodemographic characteristics, or to aggregate medical morbidity. Amplification was significantly higher in the DSM-III-R hypochondriacs than in the comparison sample, and was significantly correlated with the degree of hypochondriacal symptomatology within each sample. In the comparison sample, it was also significantly associated with depressive and anxiety disorders, but not with antisocial personality or substance abuse. The association between the amplification scale and DSM-III-R hypochondriasis remained highly significant after controlling for these concurrent psychiatric disorders.
Broad band X-ray telescope (BBXRT) displacement monitor system (DMS) testing and calibration

NASA's shuttle-borne Broad Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) consists of two glancing incidence imaging mirror assemblies mounted on an optical bench which is bolted to the primary structure of the instrument. The X-ray detectors are located in the focal plane of the mirror assemblies approximately 3.5 meters away. It is desirable to monitor the relative alignment of these components throughout ground testing, and to determine the magnitude of launch or thermally induced perturbations to the alignment during flight. The Displacement Monitor System (DMS) was designed to accomplish this task. This paper describes the design of the DMS, the development and optimization of the DMS calibration facility, and the characterization of the system. The characterization of the DMS includes environmental qualification, displacement vs output calibration over the operating temperature range, a detailed error analysis, and the generation of a calibration polynomial which utilizes DMS detector output and thermocouple data to optimize system performance. The DMS accuracy exceeded the requirements of a 15 arc second limit of error, and passed the stringent environmental tests. As such, the DMS is one of the first flight qualified displacement monitor systems with this accuracy to be flown in space.
Mars: Fretted and chaotic terrains

Fretted and chaotic terrains are members of a larger family of lowland terrains on the Martian surface. They have formed in equatorial and midnorthern latitudes, within areas reasonably proximate to the extensive volcanic fields of that region. Both are relatively recent developments. Fretted terrain is characterized by extensive, smooth, lowland plains separated from the old cratered upland by an abrupt escarpment of highly irregular planimetric configuration. Chaotic terrain features jumbled assemblages of large, irregular blocks occupying lowlands or depressions within the old cratered upland. Fretted terrain is thought to evolve by recession of a steep bounding escarpment, leaving a smooth lowland floor at a remarkably uniform level. Escarpment recession is speculatively attributed to undermining by evaporation of ground ice exposed within an escarpment face, or, under a different environment, by ground water emerging at its foot. The uniform floor level may reflect the original depth of frozen ground. Removal of debris shed by the receding escarpments could be by eolian deflation, subsequent to weathering by unknown processes to produce material of uniformly small grain size, or by fluvial transport under a vastly different climatic environment. Chaotic terrain is attributed primarily to localized collapse of the cratered upland owing to removal of subsurface material, either ground ice or magma. The ground ice hypothesis suffers from possible quantitative inadequacies, but evacuation of magma seems feasible because of the extensive volcanism in the northern hemisphere. Following collapse, ground ice sapping could have been effective in causing slumps and in modifying the collapsed blocks. Eventually the floors of some areas of chaotic terrain may have been smoothed to the condition of fretted terrain, as suggested by their intimate association. These terrains reflect significant activity on the Martian surface and within the Martian interior during relatively recent times. If liquid water has been the prime agent involved in developing fretted terrain, then it is a fossil feature and carries an implication of an enduring Martian environment vastly different from the environment at present.
Sub-resonant Response of a Mechanical System parametrically excited at its Resonant Frequency

IN the course of an attempt to improve the response of an inertial seismometer to very-low-frequency frame movements, it appeared worthwhile to investigate the response of a spring-mass system subjected to parametric excitation1. The parametric excitation or ‘pumping’ consisted of modulating the restoring force on the mass by means of an electromechanical spring2 driven from a sinusoidal current source. In the initial work the restoring force was varied at twice the resonant frequency of the system as is usually done in a degenerate parametric device. It was found both from theory3 and experiment that this will increase the relative motion between mass and frame only for inputs with a frequency at or near the resonant frequency, and that the input must bear the proper phase relationship to the pump. There is no improvement for frequencies much below resonance.
Constructing International Relations Simulations: Examining the Pedagogy of IR Simulations through a Constructivist Learning Theory Lens.

Simulations are being used more and more in political science generally and in international relations specifically. While there is a growing body of literature describing different simulations and a small amount of literature that empirically tests the impact of simulations, scholars have written very little linking the pedagogic theory behind simulations to the strategies and tactics used to develop and deliver them. Drawing insights from the existing pedagogic literature, material in IR simulation articles, and the small amount of existing literature on this subject, we seek to identify patterns in how instructors use simulations to facilitate student learning. Using a constructivist learning theory approach, this article reviews existing theories on the most effective ways to develop and use simulations. Our review of current IR simulation articles indicates that effective simulations are designed to strike a balance between students’ perceptions on what happened and existing theory as to why it happe...
The relationship of geophysical measurements to hydraulic conductivity at the brantley damsite, New Mexico

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop techniques to correlate hydraulic conductivity tests with geophysical logs. In addition, the relationships obtained from boreholes were correlated to surface resistivity soundings in an effort to define areas of potential high water loss at the proposed site for Brantley Dam. Hydraulic conductivity obtained from water injection pump tests is correlated with neutron logs. Archie's Law and experimental relationships of neutron logs and cores are used for the quantitative evaluation of resistivity. Average porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity are mapped to a depth of 300 ft. based on the geophysical data.
Reflexivity and the girth of spheres

James [4] introduced the concept of a uniformly non-square unit ball and certain other geometric properties of Banach spaces, all related to reflexivity. The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on a similar property, a generalized (negation ot) uniform non-squareness, and show that it can be expressed in terms of the "girth" of the unit ball, as introduced by Sch~iffer [5], i.e., the infimum of the lengths of centrally symmetric simple closed rectifiable curves in its boundary. Specifically, it is shown that a Banach space is reflexive if the girth of its unit ball is not 4.
Genetic susceptibility to lupus nephritis

Although cumulative evidence suggests that a genetic predisposition plays a major role in development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or lupus nephritis (LN), the susceptibility genes are mostly unknown. The difficulty in identifying susceptibility genes is due in part to multiple genes with variable genetic effects and the diverse genetic backgrounds of human populations. In human SLE, genes of early components of complements as well as many polymorphic genes (including the MHC class II and class III, FcgammaR, mannose-binding protein, IL-6, Bcl-2, and IL-10 genes) have been associated with SLE or LN by population-based case-control or within-case studies. The contribution of some of these disease-associated genes to the presence or absence of clinical manifestations has been further tested in mice with targeted disruption of the specific candidate gene. In addition to SLE susceptibility genes, there may be a separate set of nephropathy susceptibility genes predisposing to LN as suggested by the familial clustering of end-stage renal disease in African-Americans with LN. The availability of densely mapped genetic markers spanning the entire genome has enabled the identification of chromosomal regions linked to disease susceptibility genes without prior knowledge of the gene function. Our group has used known murine lupus susceptibility loci as a guide, and conducted linkage analysis of genetic markers located within a specific, possibly syntenic human chromosomal region. Evidence for linkage of a chromosome 1q41-42 region was observed in SLE-affected sib pairs from multiple ethnic groups. More recently, several groups have reported results of genome scans of SLE-affected sib pairs or pedigrees. These exciting recent developments in delineating the genetic basis of SLE or LN are summarized in this review.
Expression of defined idiotypes throughout the BALB/c anti-fluorescyl antibody response: affinity and idiotype analyses of heterogeneous antibodies

Abstract Heterogeneous BALB/c anti-fluorescyl antibodies were shown to display increases (> 50-fold) in binding affinity from the primary through the tertiary responses. The structural basis of such affinity maturation and the diversity exhibited by anti-fluorescyl antibodies was examined by idiotypic analysis using a panel of anti-idiotype reagents specific for seven different monoclonal antifluorescyl antibodies. Because these clones exhibited binding affinities characteristic of a secondary or hyperimmune response, it was possible to examine the mechanism of affinity maturation by determining the prevalence of the seven idiotypes (Id-4-4-20, Id-20-19-1, Id-20-20-3, Id-6-10-6, Id-20-4-4, Id-4-6-10 and Id-6-19-1) in specifically purified heterogeneous preparations with low (i.e. primary response) or high (i.e. secondary and tertiary responses) binding affinities. Four of the idiotypes were not detected in heterogeneous preparations and thus each represented less than 0.1 % of the total anti-fluorescein repertoire. Although results indicated that each of three other clones expressed unique or private idiotypic determinants not present in the heterogeneous population, these idiotypes (Id-4-4-20, Id-6-10-6, Id-6-19-1) were detected and ranged from ∼0.2 to 2.0% of the repertoire. However, results indicated that each clone expressed unique or private idiotypic determinants not present in the heterogeneous population. Determinants expressed by such high-affinity monoclonal antibodies were expressed equally in all heterogeneous preparations examined. Because those determinants which were expressed were found in either low- or high-affinity heterogeneous antibodies, it is likely that the higher affinities exhibited by monoclonal antibodies derived from a secondary response are associated with unique idiotypic determinants which were not detected in polyclonal preparations. Hence, the process of affinity maturation may find as its structural correlate a mechanism such as somatic mutation which generates individual or unique idiotypes.
Aromatische polyedrische Hydroxyborate: eine Brücke zwischen Boroxiden und Borhydriden

Keine Explosion, sondern per-Borhydroxylierung tritt ein, wenn die ikosaedrischen Borhydride [closo-B12H12]2−, [closo-CB11H12]− oder closo-1,12-(CH2OH)2-1,12-C2B10H10 in 30proz. Wasserstoffperoxid unter Ruckflus erhitzt werden. Bei diesen Umsetzungen entstanden die drei isoelektronischen Verbindungen [closo-B12(OH)12]2− (Reaktion gezeigt), [closo-1-H-1-CB11(OH)11]− bzw. closo-1,12-H2-1,12-C2B10(OH)10. ○ = BH, ○ = BOH.
A Cognitive Determinant of Favorability of Impression

Summary The relationship of integrative complexity to the favorability of impressions was investigated. It was hypothesized that (a) favorability of impressions of subjects of high integrative complexity would be less affected by a positive or negative set than the favorability responses of subjects low in integrative complexity, and (b) when no set was induced, that subjects of high integrative complexity would form more favorable impressions of an inconsistently behaving target person than subjects of low integrative complexity. The hypotheses were basically supported for female subjects, but not for male subjects.
Effect of micromolar Ca2+ on NADH inhibition of bovine kidney alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and possible role of Ca2+ in signal amplification.

NADH inhibition of bovine kidney alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex was compared at 10 microM free Ca2+ or in the absence of Ca2+ (i.e., less than 1.0 nM free Ca2+). In the presence of Ca2+, NADH inhibition was appreciably decreased for a wide range of NADH:NAD+ ratios. A half-maximal decrease in NADH inhibition occurred at slightly less than 1 microM free Ca/+ (as determined with EGTA-Ca buffers). Of necessity this was observed on top of an effect of Ca2+ on the S0.5 for alpha-ketoglutarate which was decreased by Ca2+ with a half-maximal effect at a similar concentration. The effect of Ca2+ on NADH inhibition was not observed in assays of the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase component (using dihydrolipoamide as a substrate) or in assays of bovine kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This indicates that the overall reaction catalyzed by the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is required to elicit the effect of Ca2+ on NADH inhibition. At a fixed alpha-ketoglutarate concentration (50 microM), removal of Ca2+ reduced the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by 8.5-fold (due to an increase in S0.5 for alpha-ketoglutarate) and, in the presence of different NADH:NAD+ ratios, decreased the activity of the complex by 50 to 100-fold. Effects of the phosphate potential (ATP/ADPxPi) or a combination of the phosphate potential and NADH:NAD+ ratio are also described. The possibility that the level of intramitochondrial free Ca/+ serves as a signal amplifier normally coupled to the energy state of mitochondria is discussed.
Effect of temozolomide and dacarbazine on O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity and sensitivity of human tumor cells and xenografts to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea

We investigated the ability of 5-(dimethyltriazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC, dacarbazine) and an analogue, temozolomide, to deplete cells or tumors of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) and to enhance the antitumor effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Human colon cancer (HT29) cell survival was decreased by almost 1 log when treated with 500 μM temozolomide prior to 150 μM BCNU. Administration of the maximal tolerated dose of DTIC (300 mg/kg) to nude mice carrying HT29 xenografts resulted in complete depletion of AGT activity in tumors at 4 h and 16 h. Administration of 150 mg/kg DTIC caused a 76% reduction in AGT activity at 4 h, but only a 28% reduction at 16 h. The maximally tolerated doses of DTIC and BCNU, alone and in combination, were used to treat nude mice bearing HT29 xenografts. No difference in tumor growth occurred when animals were treated with either BCNU alone (50 mg/kg), DTIC alone (300 mg/kg), DTIC (150 mg/kg) followed by BCNU (12.5 mg/kg), or BCNU (25 mg/kg) followed by DTIC (150 mg/kg). These data suggest that methylating agents such as DTIC may be too toxic to be used in combination with BCNU to deplete tumor alkyltransferase levels effectively and increase the therapeutic index of BCNU.
Fuel cell performance and characterization of 1-D carbon-supported platinum nanocomposites synthesized in supercritical fluids

We present Pt particle size and fuel cell results for carbon black, carbon fibers, and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The study investigated how high-temperature liquid and supercritical fluid synthesis conditions could influence the Pt particle size and fuel cell performance of these nanocomposite catalyst materials. High-temperature methanol is a suitable medium for Pt particle size deposition, generating smaller particles (90% measuring ⩽5 nm). The addition of a surfactant, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, to the fluid medium improved the fuel cell performance and Pt utilization of all 3 supports by 27 to 63%, with the best catalyst material, Pt/SWCNTs, having a peak power density of 449 mW/cm2. This synthesis technique was a very fast (<5 min) process with no reactor sidewall effects on Pt particle size or yield.
Distribution of chitinase and chitobiase in bacillus

Sixty strains representing 29 taxospecies ofBacillus were assayed for their ability to hydrolyze colloidal chitin. A qualitative estimation of chitinolysis was made from the clear zone produced around colonies in the conventional agar plate method and chitobiase activity by use of the fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide.
Effect of Harvest Timing on Yield and Mineral Nutritional Value of Kabuli Type Chickpea Seeds

ABSTRACT Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds are a good source of protein and mineral nutrients. However, there is no information regarding harvest timing on yield and mineral composition of chickpea seeds. The effect of harvest timing on seed yield, some yield components and mineral nutritional value of seeds of field grown chickpea plants in two different sites were studied. The mineral composition of chickpea straw depending on harvest timing was also evaluated in order to explain the variations of seed mineral concentrations in sink-source relationship manner. Yield and mineral nutritional value of chickpea were significantly affected by harvest timing. When compared to the seed yield at optimal harvest time, seed yield was 18% and 9% lower in the early harvest and 27% and 31% in the late harvest in Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. Late harvest of chickpea crops resulted in significant pod dropping and shattering. Generally, protein, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)...
“The Humaner Instinct of Women”: Hannah Bailey and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's Critique of Militarism and Manliness in the Late Nineteenth Century

From its founding in 1887, the National Peace and Arbitration Department of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), led by Hannah Johnston Bailey (1839–1923), provided an important source of women's peace activism. Bailey used the strength and organization of the WCTU to promote the peace movement, reaching beyond male-dominated peace societies to appeal directly to women. Her work, particularly in the area of peace education, laid the foundation for other peace activists in the early twentieth century. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, when many Americans began to express concern over the decline of masculinity, the women of the WCTU challenged the association of patriotism with manliness and militarism. Instead, they advocated a new definition, seeking to replace the martial ideal with one emphasizing public service.