cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Super-Resolution Imaging of Cav1.2 Channel Clusters

L-type Cav1.2 channels regulate multiple processes in neurons, muscle and endocrine cells, including action potential duration, excitation-contraction coupling, gene expression, neurotransmitter and insulin release. The amplitude and functional impact of local Ca2+ signals (“Cav1.2 sparklets”) depends on the spatial distribution of Cav1.2 channels in the surface membrane. Here, we used TIRF microscopy in combination with STORM and GSD super-resolution imaging to determine the organization of Cav1.2 channels in the surface membrane of arterial myocytes and tsA-201 cells. The spatial resolution of our super-resolution maps was ∼30 nm. The localization of Cav1.2 was determined based on immunofluorescence or EGFP fluorescence. As shown in the super-resolution map in Fig. 1, we found that in arterial myocytes, Cav1.2 channels were expressed in clusters broadly throughout the cell membrane. However, the size and geometry of these clusters varied, suggesting that number of Cav1.2 channels within clusters was dissimilar. The average size of the clusters was ∼3 μm2. Up to 12 channels could occupy clusters of this size assuming a monomer occupies ∼240 nm2. Similar findings were obtained from tsA-201 cells expressing Cav1.2-EGFP or immuno-labeled Cav1.2 channels. Data will be presented on the functional implications of these findings.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Ni foam as the current collector for high capacity C–Si composite electrode

Abstract Si electrode is very promising as the anode material for next generation lithium ion batteries requiring high capacity and energy because of its high theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g−1 compared to 372 mAh g−1 for graphite) and low discharge potential (∼0.5 V vs. Li/Li+). However, fast capacity fading of Si electrode is suffered from huge volume expansion and contraction during charging and discharging. Although many methods, including nanostructured electrode, thin film and composite electrode, have been proposed to overcome the capacity fading problem, high synthesis cost and/or poor effects prevent them from being used in the commercial applications. In this study, 3-dimensional (3D) Ni foam is adopted as the current collector for high capacity C–Si composite electrode. The results show that Ni foam can effectively suppress the electrode expansion and greatly improve the cycle life of Si electrode due to the 3D structure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also shows that the electrode with Ni foam show much lower impedance after cycling. Therefore, adopting Ni foam as the current collector provides a new way to incorporate the electrode materials with large volume expansion.
Comparison of the modified Seldinger and through-the-needle jugular catheter placement techniques in the dog

Abstract Objectives: •To compare the ease of placement of central intravenous catheters in the dog using 2 techniques: the modified Seldinger jugular catheter placement technique and the through-the-needle jugular catheter placement technique. •To evaluate the ease and effectivness of teaching the 2 jugular catheter placement techniques. •To determine the utility of a synthetic vascular access model for teaching the 2 techniques to veterinary students. Design: Students were taught 2 jugular catheter placement techniques using a synthetic jugular venipuncture model and were then observed placing catheters using each technique in live dogs enrolled in a terminal surgery laboratory. Time taken for catheter placement, success or failure of catheter insertion, indicators of catheter viability (time required for blood to be collected through the catheter and for fluid to flow through the catheter), and complications associated with catheter insertion (hematoma presence/size post-mortem) were objectively evaluated by the authors, and ease of catheter placement was subjectively evaluated by the students. Setting: Surgical techniques laboratory in a veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Dogs destined for a terminal student surgery laboratory (n=35). Intervention: Jugular catheterization. Measurements and main results: Catheter placement was successful for 27/35 (77.1%) first attempts on a live dog with the modified Seldinger technique, and for 26/35 (74.3%) first attempts on a live dog with the through-the-needle technique. The modified Seldinger technique took significantly longer (mean 452 seconds) than the through-the-needle technique (mean 273 seconds). There was no significant difference in time taken to aspirate 5 mL of blood through catheters placed by either technique. Time required to flow 25 mL of fluid through the catheter was slightly longer for the modified Seldinger technique (mean 133 seconds) than for the through-the-needle technique (mean 113 seconds). Post-mortem hematomas were detected at 26/26 (100%) of through-the-needle insertion sites and at 24/27 (89%) of modified Seldinger insertion sites. Hematoma diameter at the through-the-needle insertion site (mean 2.2 cm) was significantly greater than at the modified Seldinger insertion site (mean 1.1 cm). Student assessments of the comparable difficulties of the 2 jugular catheter placement techniques were not significantly different, and both techniques were assessed to be only slightly more difficult than placement of a cephalic catheter. Conclusions: Jugular catheter placement by either the modified Seldinger or through-the-needle technique can be relatively easily mastered by entry-level veterinarians. Hematoma formation is common with both techniques. The teaching of jugular catheter placement is facilitated by the use of a synthetic jugular venipuncture model.
Developing A “Water Concern” Scale

(1974). Developing A “Water Concern” Scale. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 5, Social Studies and the Environment, pp. 54-58.
Accelerated testing of metal foil tape joints and their effect of photovoltaic module reliability

A program is underway at Sandia National Laboratories to predict long-term reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The vehicle for the reliability predictions is a Reliability Block Diagram (RBD), which models system behavior. Because this model is based mainly on field failure and repair times, it can be used to predict current reliability, but it cannot currently be used to accurately predict lifetime. In order to be truly predictive, physics-informed degradation processes and failure mechanisms need to be included in the model. This paper describes accelerated life testing of metal foil tapes used in thin-film PV modules, and how tape joint degradation, a possible failure mode, can be incorporated into the model.
Further studies on the effect of neuraminidase on tumor cell transplantability.

Neuraminidase-induced alteration of transplantability was studied using a relatively nonspecific subline of strain A mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3. Reduction of lethal takes in allogeneic C3H hosts occurred after in vitro removal of sialic acid from the tumor cells. This was shown by a variety of criteria to be due to cellular alteration rather than to decreased cellular viability. Absorption studies with monospecific H-2 antisera directed against subcomponents 3, 4, 11, or 28 showed essentially the same absorption capacity for neuraminidase-treated or untreated TA3 cells, with both absorbing approximately as well as positive control strain A spleen cells. On the other hand, neuraminidase-treated TA3 cells were destroyed by normal guinea pig serum or by allogeneic C3H serum while control TA3 cells were unaffected. Carbohydrate specificity was suggested by the fact that such toxicity could be removed by absorption with either agarose or neuraminidase-treated TA3 cells without destroying complement activity. It is proposed that altered transplantability of neuraminidase-treated TA3 cells reflects an antigenic change, either through direct exposure of new antigenic sites by cleavage of neuraminosyl groups at the cell surface or because of altered molecular conformation resulting from decreased negative charge.
Technical Reports: Ultrafast X-ray Science at the Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source

The ultrafast, high brightness X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources of the future have the potential to revolutionize the study of time-dependent phenomena in the natural sciences. These linear accelerator (linac) sources will generate femtosecond (fs) X-ray pulses with peak flux comparable to conventional lasers, and far exceeding all other X-ray sources. The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) has pioneered the development of linac science and technology for decades, and since 2000 SLAC and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) have focused on the development of linac based ultrafast electron and X-ray sources.
Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines protect nonhuman primates against Bundibugyo ebolavirus.

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for human use. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine vectors, which encode an EBOV glycoprotein in place of the VSV glycoprotein, have shown 100% efficacy against homologous Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) or Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) challenge in NHPs. In addition, a single injection of a blend of three rVSV vectors completely protected NHPs against challenge with SEBOV, ZEBOV, the former Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus, and Marburg virus. However, recent studies suggest that complete protection against the newly discovered Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) using several different heterologous filovirus vaccines is more difficult and presents a new challenge. As BEBOV caused nearly 50% mortality in a recent outbreak any filovirus vaccine advanced for human use must be able to protect against this new species. Here, we evaluated several different strategies against BEBOV using rVSV-based vaccines. Groups of cynomolgus macaques were vaccinated with a single injection of a homologous BEBOV vaccine, a single injection of a blended heterologous vaccine (SEBOV/ZEBOV), or a prime-boost using heterologous SEBOV and ZEBOV vectors. Animals were challenged with BEBOV 29-36 days after initial vaccination. Macaques vaccinated with the homologous BEBOV vaccine or the prime-boost showed no overt signs of illness and survived challenge. In contrast, animals vaccinated with the heterologous blended vaccine and unvaccinated control animals developed severe clinical symptoms consistent with BEBOV infection with 2 of 3 animals in each group succumbing. These data show that complete protection against BEBOV will likely require incorporation of BEBOV glycoprotein into the vaccine or employment of a prime-boost regimen. Fortunately, our results demonstrate that heterologous rVSV-based filovirus vaccine vectors employed in the prime-boost approach can provide protection against BEBOV using an abbreviated regimen, which may have utility in outbreak settings.
End-to-end embedded approach for digital video multicast/broadcast over CDMA cellular networks

We investigate multicast/broadcast of digital video over spread-spectrum CDMA cellular networks, a platform targeted at various kinds of multimedia services. In particular, we propose an end-to-end embedded transmission scheme which combines a scalable video source coder, adaptive power allocation, adaptive channel coding and an embedded multiresolution modulation strategy to simultaneously deliver a basic quality-of-service (QoS) to less capable receivers and an enhanced QoS for more capable receivers. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach using the ITU-T H.263+ video source coder, although the approach is generally applicable to other scalable source coding schemes as well.
Dissociative attachment in vinyl and allyl chloride, chlorobenzene and benzyl chloride

Abstract Relative cross sections for dissociative attachment are measured in vinyl and allyl chloride, chlorobenzene and benzyl chloride. For each pair, the compound with the Cl located out of the π nodal plane yields the larger cross section, by a factor of 5.3 and 17.5 respectively. In each case the maximum in the cross section occurs within 100 meV of the lowest π ∗ resonance located by electron transmission spectroscopy.
Population genetics of Great Basin feral horses

Summary The genetic make-up of Great Basin wild (feral) horses was investigated by blood typing studies. Blood samples of 975 feral horses from seven trap sites in Nevada and Oregon were tested by serological and electrophoretic techniques for genetic markers at 19 polymorphic loci. The average number of variants for the seven feral populations [72·1 ± 3·2 (SEM), range 62–85] was not significantly different from that of 16 domestic breeds (75·0 ± 11·5, range 58–105). The expected average frequency of heterozygotes per locus (average heterozygosity) for the feral populations (0·402 ± 0·009, range 0·368–0·442) was not significantly different from the domestic breeds (0·389 ± 0·045, range 0·295–0·443). Dendrograms constructed using pairwise comparisons of Nei's distance measurements substantiated anecdotal accounts of the origins of Great Basin horses from Iberian, American saddle horse and draft horse breeds.
Analysis of Neuronal Dendrite Patterns Using Eigenvalues of Graph Laplacians

We report our current effort on extracting morphological features from neuronal dendrite patterns using the eigenvalues of their graph Laplacians and clustering neurons using those features into different functional cell types. Our preliminary results indicate the potential usefulness of such eigenvalue-based features, which we hope to replace the morphological features extracted by methods that require extensive human interactions.
The action of solubilizing agents on the solubility of xanthine derivatives in water. I. The application of partition studies to theophylline and caffeine combinations.

The effect of solubilizing agents on the partition coefficient of caffeine and theophylline between chloroform and water was observed. Results indicate that caffeine and citric acid, caffeine and sodium acetate, caffeine and sodium benzoate, and theophylline and sodium acetate do not react while in solution. Caffeine and sodium salicylate, and theophylline and sodium salicylate, probably react by forming an associated product as a result of hydrogen bonding. Theophylline and ethylenediamine probably form a salt in solution, indicated by the large change in the coefficient of theophylline in the presence of ethylenediamine.
The Institute of Medicine's new report on living well with chronic illness.

In the United States, chronic illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, stroke, and chronic lung disease account for 70% of deaths and 75% of health care costs (1,2) and have received attention in the professional and lay literature. Although efforts in managing chronic illness typically originate in the health care system, governmental and community-based public health organizations play an important role in helping people with chronic illness maintain optimal health. To help advance the chronic illness programs and policies of public health organizations, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), with the sponsorship of the Arthritis Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has produced a new report, “Living Well With Chronic Illness: A Call for Public Health Action” (3). In this essay, we highlight findings from the report related to the consequences of chronic illness, the need for enhanced surveillance, the state of interventions and policies to decrease the effects of chronic illness, and the need for coordinated action in both health care and community-based settings. We close with a discussion of the report’s implications for public health organizations.
A comparative analysis of management accounting systems’ impact on lean implementation

Lean principles and practices have been widely adopted by many companies since the early 1990s. These companies are now beginning to realise that traditional costing and accounting methods may hinder the lean initiatives that they are implementing. This raises an important question: “Which cost management and accounting approaches best support the newly implemented lean principles and practices?” This paper examines the relative impact of three different management accounting systems on lean manufacturing implementation through simulation modelling with a single performance metric – net income. Three management accounting alternatives included in this study: traditional management accounting (TMA), activity-based costing (ABC), and value stream costing (VSC). This study compares these three management accounting alternatives using process simulation and statistically designed experimental methods. The results demonstrate that VSC appears to provide a bridge between operational views and financial views of lean, which enhances the transfer of information from shop level to management level.
Three-dimensional nonequilibrium viscous shock-layer flow over the Space Shuttle Orbiter

A numerical method has been developed to predict the three-dimensional nonequilibrium flowfield past the Space Shuttle Orbiter at high angle of attack. An existing viscous shock-layer method has been extended to include finite-rate chemical reactions of multicomponen t ionizing air. A general nonorthogonal computational grid system was introduced to treat the nonaxisymmetric geometry. At Shuttle re-entry flight conditions, nonequilibrium real gas effects on the surface-measurable quantities are significant. The present method can predict the nonequilibrium flowfield over the entire windward surface of the Shuttle Orbiter at high angle of attack (up to 50 deg). The computational results obtained show good agreement compared to the STS-2 flight data and other numerical solutions.
Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Reinfections

Between 1979 and 1989, families enrolled in the Houston Family Study were prospectively monitored for influenza virus infections. Reinfection with the H3N2 subtype occurred in a number of family members, and 6 pairs of isolates (interval between collection of first and second isolate, 2-5 years) were available for molecular analysis. Changes in the hemagglutinin genes of pairs of viruses isolated from the same individuals were examined to determine the molecular basis for reinfection. The findings of this study indicate that reinfection of an individual by viruses of the same subtype may occur within a relatively short period of time when the paired strains have genetically distinct hemagglutinin genes in which amino acid changes are present in the defined antigenic sites.
An Evaluation of Dried Distillers Feedstuffs Fed to Chickens Throughout Their Life Cycle I. During the Starting and Growing Period

Abstract DURING the past ten years considerable attention has been directed toward the complete recovery of distillery wastes. According to statistics from the United States Department of Agriculture, the yearly production of dried distillers feedstuffs during the past five years has ranged from 328,000 to 634,000 tons. Since D’Ercole, Esselen, and Fellers (1939), and Boruff, Langlykke, and Black (1940), and others, have shown that distillery by-products are sources of B-complex vitamins, as well as protein minerals and other nutrients, considerable attention has been directed toward their use in poultry rations. Allman and Branion (1938), and Nelson et al. (1944) have used dried distillers grains successfully to replace 12 to 16 percent of the cereal grains in practical chick rations. Sloan (1941), Shea et al. (1941), and Nelson et al. (1944) have used distillers dried grains with solubles successfully to replace all of the dried skimmilk in practical chick rations which contained . . .
The Right Writing Sample

Students need strong writing samples. This article discusses the importance of writing samples, which writing samples to bring to a job interview, and how to be sure that your writing samples are strong. It includes advice on writing samples from law professors across the United States.
Providing bandwidth guarantees in an input-buffered crossbar switch

Introduces and analyzes a method for providing bandwidth reservations in an input-buffered non-blocking crossbar switch. The scheme, which the authors call weighted probabilistic iterative matching (WPIM), is an improvement over probabilistic iterative matching and allows flexible allocation of bandwidth among the switch inputs sharing a common output link in a simple manner. Weighted probabilistic iterative matching allocates the output bandwidth among the inputs based on reservations made during the connection setup phase, and can guarantee that traffic from each input receives its promised share of the bandwidth of the output link. In addition, the algorithm provides isolation between two flows arriving on distinct input links and directed at a common output link; misbehaving flows at one of the inputs do not affect the bandwidth guarantees or delays of traffic from other inputs. Results from simulations show that the scheme is able to maintain probabilistic bandwidth and delay guarantees in the presence of misbehaving traffic. the authors also derive an analytical upper bound for the average delay under the scheme and validate it by simulation.
Recent Advances in Biology and Immunobiology of Eimeria Species and in Diagnosis and Control of Infection with These Coccidian Parasites of Poultry

Avian coccidiosis, an intestinal disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, occurs worldwide. It is considered to be one of the most economically important diseases of domestic poultry. For many years, prophylactic use of anticoccidial feed additives has been the primary means of controlling coccidiosis in the broiler industry and has played a major role in the growth of this industry, which now can produce about 7.6 billion chickens annually. However, development of anticoccidial resistance has threatened the economic stability of the broiler industry. Although there has been little effort by the pharmaceutical industry to develop new anticoccidials, the mounting problem of drug resistance of Eimeria species has prompted major research efforts to seek alternative means of control through increased knowledge of parasite biology, host response, and nutritional modulation. As a consequence, important advancements have been made, particularly in defining parasite antigens that have potential use in vaccines, defining the Eimeria genome, understanding the immunology of coccidial infections, and the practical applications of live vaccines. This review describes the progress in these areas, most of which has occurred within the past 10 to 15 years.
Novel transmit aperture for very large depth of focus in medical ultrasound B-scan

Obtaining high quality ultrasound images at high frame rates has great medical importance, especially in applications in which tissue motion is significant (e.g., the beating heart). Dynamic focus and dynamic aperture can improve image quality significantly, and they have been implemented on the receive beam in state-of-the-art medical ultrasound systems. However, implementing dynamic focus and dynamic aperture on the transmit beam compromises frame rate. We introduce a novel sine squared-argument transmit aperture that is obtained by coherently integrating the quadratic phase change over a continuum of focal points. Thus uniform sensitivity and uniform point spread function can be achieved over a very large depth without reducing the frame rate. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical analysis and demonstrate significant promises of the new technique.
Modulation of α-Adrenergic Receptors and their Intracellular Coupling in the Ischemic Heart

The α1-adrenergic receptor exists as at least two distinct subtypes, α1a and α1b. Based on hydrophobic exclusion studies and limited proteolysis of the cloned receptor, it appears to possess characteristics analogous to other membrane-bound receptors including seven membrane spanning domains, three extracellular, and three intracellular loops, with extensive glycosylation near the extracellular amino terminus. Although the receptor is coupled to phospholipase C in cardiac myocytes, with activation resulting in the production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol, recent findings suggest that the receptor may also be linked to phospholipase A2, phospholipase D, and cyclic nucleotide Phosphodiesterase. The α1-adrenergic receptor has been shown to increase in response to myocardial ischemia in a number of different species and to mediate not only positive inotropic effects, but also to contribute substantially to arrhythmogenesis. The increase in α1-adrenergic receptors can also occur in isolated adult ventricular myocytes in response to hypoxia, a mechanism which appears to be secondary to the sarcolemmal accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines. This increase in α1-adrenergic receptors in hypoxic myocytes is also linked to an enhanced increase in IP3 in response to receptor stimulation. These and other findings obtained in vivo during ischemia suggest that α1-adrenergic mechanisms can become prominent in myocardium under pathophysiologic conditions in which a depressed contractile state exists and may therefore serve as a secondary inotropic system. However, the arrhythmogenic effects of stimulation of the α1-adrenergic receptor in the ischemic heart in man may contribute substantially to arrhythmogenesis and, thereby, to the incidence of sudden cardiac death.
L2 Learner Talk-about-Language as Social Discursive Practice

The purpose of this article is to explore the discursive and social functions of talk engaged in by language learners about language in natural settings, to raise awareness of the benefits of such practice, and to discuss some of its pedagogical implications. Authentic interactions between study-abroad students and native speakers of German that deal overtly with aspects of language are analyzed. These conversational events are labeled “Talk-about-Language” and are distinguished from focus-on-form (Long, 1991) because they do not relate directly to the acquisition of particular forms, and because they do not occur in the classroom, but rather in naturalistic settings in Germany. The research questions for the analysis are (1) how do L2 learners engage in Talk-about-Language?, (2) what conversational or discursive functions does Talk-about-Language serve?, and (3) how is Talk-about Language to be understood as social practice? Employing some of the tools of conversation and discourse analysis, several conversational excerpts are analyzed in order to categorize Talk-about-Language events into a taxonomy and explore Talk-about-Language as a component of L2 learners’ socialization as legitimate peripheral participants in the L2 culture (Lave & Wenger, 1991). Implications for issues of language program articulation, curriculum design, and classroom practice are also discussed.
Refining the relationship between homozygosity and the frequency of the most frequent allele

Recent work has established that for an arbitrary genetic locus with its number of alleles unspecified, the homozygosity of the locus confines the frequency of the most frequent allele within a narrow range, and vice versa. Here we extend beyond this limiting case by investigating the relationship between homozygosity and the frequency of the most frequent allele when the number of alleles at the locus is treated as known. Given the homozygosity of a locus with at most K alleles, we find that by taking into account the value of K, the width of the allowed range for the frequency of the most frequent allele decreases from \({2/3-\pi^2/18 \approx 0.1184}\) to \({1/3-1/(3K)-\{K/[3(K-1)]\}\sum_{k=2}^K 1/k^2}\). We further show that properties of the relationship between homozygosity and the frequency of the most frequent allele in the unspecified-K case can be obtained from the specified-K case by taking limits as K → ∞. The results contribute to a greater understanding of the mathematical properties of fundamental statistics employed in population-genetic analysis.
Algorithms for solving the conditional covering problem on paths

Consider the conditional covering problem on an undirected graph, where each node represents a site that must be covered by a facility, and facilities may only be established at these nodes. Each facility can cover all sites that lie within some common covering radius, except the site at which it is located. Although this problem is difficult to solve on general graphs, there exist special structures on which the problem is easily solvable. In this paper, we consider the special case in which the graph is a simple path. For the case in which facility location costs do not vary based on the site, we derive characteristics of the problem that lead to a linear-time shortest path algorithm for solving the problem. When the facility location costs vary according to the site, we provide a more complex, but still polynomial-time, dynamic programming algorithm to find the optimal solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 52: 293-301, 2005.
Short- and Long-Term Response of Deteriorating Brackish Marshes and Open-Water Ponds to Sediment Enhancement by Thin-Layer Dredge Disposal

Artificial sediment enhancement using a thin layer of dredged material has been suggested as a means to increase elevation and create soil conditions conducive to increased marsh structure and function in deteriorating marshes. Using a chronosequence approach, we examined the effects of sediment enhancement in deteriorating marsh and open-water pond habitats located in six brackish marshes. Sediment enhancement of both marsh and interior pond sites had significant, immediate, and long-lasting effects on physical soil properties and nutrient status with increased bulk density and inorganic nitrogen. Vegetative cover and productivity response were minimal for deteriorating vegetated marshes with the short-term response data showing no significant impact of sediment enhancement and long-term trends indicating decreasing productivity over time. In contrast, trajectory models of vegetative cover and productivity in interior pond sites showed increases over time indicating that, for restoration of interior ponds, sediment enhancement may prove valuable. The use of trajectory models emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring to determine restoration success of projects.
Variación temporal del fitoplancton entre 1993 y 1998 en una estación fija del seno Aysén, Chile (45º26′S 73º00′W)

Temporal distribution of the phytoplankton in a fixed station inside Aysen fjord is described using 130 qualitative phytoplankton samples and water surface temperature measurements taken every 15 days from February
Teachers’ perceptions of youth with obesity in the classroom

Pediatric obesity is a widespread health concern and youth with obesity face teasing and ridicule, which can lead to academic difficulties (e.g., falling behind from missed class time). Teachers have a direct role in how children are treated by peers. We examined how teachers’ views of children with obesity differ from their views of children with asthma, a less stigmatized chronic condition. Online questionnaires assessing attitudes toward children with health conditions were completed by 140 first- to fifth-grade teachers. Teachers rated children with asthma as more likely to be accepted by their peers than children with obesity. Additionally, teachers reported children with obesity as more burdensome to have in their classroom. Our findings that teachers reported children with obesity as more burdensome and less accepted may be influenced by societal attitudes related to the stigma associated with obesity. Findings highlight the importance of education for teachers on how to improve attitudes and outco...
An Alternative to the Constitutional Privilege Against Self-Incrimination

This article proposes that the 5th Amendment self-incrimination privilege, as it is presently understood, be overruled or repealed, and it proposes a substitute. After exploring the genesis of the privilege and its historical purposes, the article examines problems with the current privilege, as well as the values that it serves. Professor Bonventre contends that there is little independent justification for protecting the withholding of evidence by individuals reasonably suspected of criminality. The proffered reasons for such protection are typically circular arguments favoring the adversarial system and disfavoring incrimination by the suspect himself. On the other hand, Bonventre finds compelling reasons for a free society to guard against certain evils which are, at least partially, thwarted by the privilege: the inhumane extraction of confessions, government fishing expeditions, and unwarranted invasions of personal privacy. Professor Bonventre outlines a proposed alternative to the privilege which might avoid the present problems and more effectively promote the values it serves.
Highly Stretchable Miniature Strain Sensor for Large Strain Measurement

In this research, a new type of highly stretchable strain sensor was developed to measure large strains. The sensor was based on the piezo-resistive response of carbon nanotube (CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite thin films. The piezo-resistive response of CNT composite gives accurate strain measurement with high frequency response, while the ultra-soft PDMS matrix provides high flexibility and ductility for large strain measurement. Experimental results show that the CNT/PDMS sensor measures large strains (up to 8 %) with an excellent linearity and a fast frequency response. The new miniature strain sensor also exhibits much higher sensitivities than the conventional foil strain gages, as its gauge factor is 500 times of that of the conventional foil strain gages.
Positive and Horizontal Rights: Proportionality's Next Frontier or a Bridge Too Far?

This chapter seeks to demonstrate that the well-known geographical spread of proportionality has not been matched by a growth in its jurisprudential scope. Specifically, the actual practice of rights adjudication around the world reveals that even those constitutional courts most committed to proportionality are reluctant to employ it in positive and horizontal rights cases. To help see this clearly, the chapter first presents a more sharply defined account of proportionality than is frequently employed, in which (in Weberian terms) it operates only in the realm of instrumental, and not in that of value, rationality. This account helps to explain why not all forms of reasonableness review or balancing are actually or necessarily instances of proportionality analysis. Rather, proportionality incorporates a specific conception of reasonableness (reasonableness as proportionality) and a particular type of balancing, and cannot be equated with generic versions of either. Armed with this more bounded sense of proportionality, the chapter proceeds to show that the German and South African constitutional courts, as well as the European Court of Human Rights, largely eschew proportionality analysis in their adjudication of positive and horizontal rights cases. The interesting question is why the resistance. In exploring it, the chapter suggests there may be both conceptual and normative tensions in applying proportionality outside the more conventional rights context in which it has triumphed. In particular, judges may intuit the moral appropriateness of a form of "human rights exceptionalism," although of a different and less abstract nature than one previously canvassed and rejected in the literature. The conclusion considers the chapter's implications for both the theory of the "global model of rights" and the further growth of proportionality in such countries as the United States.
Synthesis and spectroscopic evaluation of PbS quantum dots emitting at 1300 nm for optimized imaging in optical window II

Contrast agents for optical imaging have traditionally been designed for the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range (700-900 nm, Optical Window I) where absorption and scattering of tissue are relatively low. Recently, another window beyond 1000 nm has been discovered known as Optical Window II or the extended Near Infrared (exNIR) with improved transparency. In this work, we present a method to synthesize quantum dots emitting at 1300 nanometers, the optimal wavelength. The quantum dots were synthesized in organic solvents, and a method of transforming them into water is discussed. Optical characterizations including absolute quantum yield and the fluorescence lifetime are presented.
Respiratory Regulation of the Crayfish (Cambarus immunis).

Some 600 modified Winkler oxygen consumption tests were made to determine (1) the normal variation in oxygen consumption of crayfish under constant oxygen tensions, CO2 content and H-ion concentration, (2) the effect of H-ion concentration on oxygen consumption, and (3) the oxygen consumption under successively lowered oxygen tensions.Crayfish were found to exhibit considerable variation in their normal oxygen consumption from hour to hour, the consumption being frequently doubled or halved. Both sexes, in weights ranging from 1.5 to 28.0 gm., exhibit this respiratory fluctuation.Oxygen consumption determinations for 6 consecutive hours, during which crayfish were tested in water ranging in pH from 6.8 to 5.2, gave no evidence within these limits of a possible effect of H-ion concentration on respiration. The variation in oxygen consumption from hour to hour was of the same magnitude previously determined for normal variation in oxygen consumption under a constant pH.Respiratory regulation under different...
Potential value of protocols in substantially bleeding trauma patients.

Purpose of reviewEarly identification of shock and coagulopathy coupled with damage control resuscitation are central tenets of early trauma management. In traumatic injury, haemorrhage is responsible for almost 50% of deaths occurring within the first 24 h of injury and up to 80% of intraoperative
Aristocracy Assailed: The Ideology of Backcountry Anti-Federalism

Historical accounts of the ratification of the federal Constitution have viewed AntiFederalism through the eyes of the leading political figures who opposed adoption of the new frame of government. By focusing too narrowly on the delegates to the state ratifying conventions and leading Anti-Federalist politicians, studies of ratification have underestimated the depth of hostility to the new Constitution characteristic of grass-roots Anti-Federalism. Discussions of Anti-Federalist political thought have also been obscured by the tendency to treat Anti-Federalism as a monolithic ideology.1 Since the Progressive Era, historians have vigorously debated who was more democratic: the Anti-Federalists or their Federalist opponents. Neo-progressive historians likeJackson Turner Main have cast the Anti-Federalists as the first genuine democratic populists and the Federalists as opponents of further democratization of American society. Against this view, consensus historians have generally followed the lead of Cecelia M. Kenyon who claimed that the Anti-Federalists were "men of little faith" who distrusted the common people as much as their elected represen-
Initial Postmigration Employment among European Immigrants: 1900–1935

This article presents an examination of cultural determinants of patterns in the postmigration employment of European immigrants to Philadelphia who entered skilled and semiskilled manual occu? pations in manufacturing from 1900 to 1935. Hypotheses concern? ing immigrant employment difficulty, deduced from assimilationist theory, are evaluated using a 1,078 case sample of retrospective work histories gathered by Gladys L. Palmer in 1936.
The Sixty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians

PLANNING for the sixty-seventh annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Denver, April 17, 18, 19, and 20, 1974, began two years earlier, when then vice-president-elect John Higham and program chairman Robert Kelley met during the Washington (1972) annual meeting. Thereafter, following a careful canvass, the members of the program committee were selected: Richard L. Bushman, Boston University; Clyde C. Griffen, Vassar College; Thomas C. Reeves, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha; Anne Firor Scott, Duke University; Joel A. Tarr, Carnegie-Mellon University; Samuel F. Wells, Jr., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The choices proved to be happy ones, for, to the program chairman's considerable relief and gratitude, each member not only contributed ideas but also worked hard and thoughtfully to produce a program of significant scholarly value to the profession. During spring and summer of 1972, the committee arrived at the basic decision that about one fifth of the sessions at Denver would be devoted to presenting overviews of the major periods in American history since the Revolution and suggesting where research should be headed. As the committee stated in its announcement in the journal of American History (December 1972) and in a flyer dispatched to all history departments, "The immense volume of publication in recent years has left many members of the profession in a quandary as to what new discoveries are really salient; how they relate to each other and to older emphases; where consensus lies, and where conflict still goes on." In selecting this as the distinguishing theme of the meeting, the committee sought to reflect in the program the historiographical studies which have formed so central an element in Professor Higham's work and have given such notable intellectual leadership to the discipline.
Jelly-filled optical fiber cable

It is important in designing jelly-filled optical cables to take the squeezing properties into consideration. When a jelly-filled cable is squeezed, the optical fibers tend to move in the cable by the lubricant effect of the jelly compound; the fibers are disarranged and bent by the jelly flow, which results in an optical loss increase.
E-116 symptomatic thrombosed developmental venous anomaly

Introduction/purpose Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are variations of normal transmedullary veins that are necessary for the drainage of white and gray matter. DVAs are predominantly benign anatomic variations and are usually incidentally discovered. In exceedingly rare cases, DVAs can be symptomatic due to mechanical or flow-related pathophysiological mechanisms. Restriction of outflow can produce a variety of morphological and clinical presentations ranging from venous congestive edema to hemorrhage. We present a case of a 53-year-old female with an infratentorial thrombosed DVA that caused venous congestive edema. Materials and methods A retrospective review of the patient’s electronic medical record including inpatient notes and all radiological exams was performed. Results A 53 year-old female without past medical history presented to the emergency room with 3 days of headache, vertigo and ataxia. On physical examination, she demonstrated left upper extremity dysmetria and abnormal gait. MRI of the brain showed tortuous venous structures in the left cerebellar hemisphere and left side of the pons converging into a prominent structure with extensive susceptibility artifact. There was increased T2/FLAIR signal in the pons, left brachium pontis and dorsal medulla. These findings were consistent with a thrombosed developmental venous anomaly causing venous congestive edema. The patient was placed on steroids and diagnostic cerebral angiography confirmed the DVA. No other vascular malformation was identified. Demonstration of a thrombosed DVA in the absence of an associated cavernous malformation, arteriovenous malformation or dural fistula justified treatment with anticoagulation. Her symptoms improved on steroids and she was continued on anticoagulation. Conclusion Although the vast majority of DVAs are benign lesions, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind symptomatic DVAs is important for treatment. We present a case of thrombosed DVA in the absence of additional vascular abnormality, thus justifying anticoagulation therapy. Differentiating a thrombosed DVA from a partially thrombosed arteriovenous malformation or dural fistula is vital as these other conditions may warrant surgery, radiosurgery or endovascular embolization. Disclosures K. Amuluru: None. Y. Alderazi: None. C. Gandhi: None.
Arthroscopic Repair of Massive Retracted Rotator Cuff Tears

Modern advances in arthroscopy have afforded the shoulder arthroscopist the ability to surgically treat massive rotator cuff tears. In order to do this effectively, the surgeon must understand the biomechanics of the shoulder joint and respect the force couple. The goal of surgery should be to obtain a tension-free repair that restores the force couple. Visualizing and understanding the tear pattern is the first step in achieving this. This chapter outlines the pillars of the surgical management of massive rotator cuff tears and offers some “pearls” that the senior author has amassed while treating these difficult injuries.
Beyond the Ecomap: GIS as a Promising Yet Chronically Under-Utilized Method in Social Work

Social work has used the ecomap approach to situate individuals within their environments since the 1970’s. While a useful tool, ecomaps have limitations, including their qualitative nature and pen-and-paper technology. GIS mapping, when conceptualized as an evolution of ecomaps, can situate individuals in their environment and quantify threats and resources. Social work literature mentions the usefulness of GIS as far back as the 1990’s, however current application of mapping in the profession is still quite rare. The purpose of this brief review is to examine the current state of GIS in social work teaching and published research, explore reasons why social work has been slow to adopt this methodology, and invigorate social work’s knowledge of and interest in mapping.
Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss: The Continuing Hegemony of Fossil Fuels and Hydraulic Fracking in the Third Carbon Era

Since the oil embargos of the 1970s, the fossil fuel industry and allied energy interests have helped manufacture a variety of discursive narratives that an alternative energy revolution is on the horizon which will someday replace conventional fuels with clean, renewable, noncarbonized sources of energy. A closer inspection of the industry’s investments and rhetoric, however, suggests that they are currently investing most of their historic profits in creating a future largely driven by unconventional fossil fuel dependence, intensive hydraulic fracking, and the continued control of the energy sector by essentially the same transnational corporations that control the market today. This article offers a critical analysis of the historical roots of our fossil fuel dependency, some of the key socioenvironmental threats associated with the emerging Third Carbon Era, and the myriad dangers associated with a future based on unconventional energy development, hydraulic fracking, and other “extreme energy” techn...
Synthesis and characterization of iron and cobalt complexes with an asymmetric N-alkyl,N′-aryl-β-diketiminate ligand

Abstract An asymmetric N-alkyl,N′-aryl-β-diketiminate ligand L (L = 2-((S)-(-)-1-phenylethylimino)-4-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimido)pentane) was prepared. Synthesis of solvent-free chloro-bridged dimers, [LFe(μ-Cl)]2 and [LCo(μ-Cl)]2 are presented. Upon reduction in the presence of cis-cyclooctadiene, rare examples of low-valent complexes LFe(cod) and LCo(cod) were obtained. All metal complexes were fully characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. Crystallographic and spectroscopic results indicate that the N-alkyl,N′-aryl-β-diketiminate ligand L is sterically smaller but a better electron donor than the N,N′-diaryl-substituted β-diketiminate ligand LMe,Dipp (LMe,Dipp = 2,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimido)pentane).