cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aortoiliofemoral Assessment: MRA

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an undergoing evaluation for the treatment of inoperable or high-risk severe aortic stenosis (AS) patients. Patients with symptomatic, severe AS are at high risk for conventional surgical aortic valve replacement procedures. One of the alternate ways of managing these patients is through TAVR. Several studies on post TAVR patients with a follow-up interval up to 2 years showed significant clinical benefit, improvements in exercise capacity and in quality of life. Proper patient selection is key to optimize successful clinical outcomes. A number of imaging modalities are available for patient screening. One of them is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI provides morphological information, functional status, pre-operative planning and thus plays a role in selection of patients. It is ideally suited for patients with renal insufficiency as evaluation could be done without contrast administration. MRI may prove to be a useful alternative for TAVR evaluation and is particularly beneficial to patients with underlying chronic kidney disease.
‘That they will be capable of governing themselves’: Knowledge of Amerindian Difference and early modern arts of governance in the Spanish Colonial Antilles:

Contrary to conventional accounts, critical knowledge of the cultural differences of Amerindian peoples was not absent in the early Conquest of the Americas. It was indeed a constitutive element of...
The Boundaries of Habeas: Due Process, the Suspension Clause, and Judicial Review of Expedited Removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act

Recent events have highlighted the vexed relationship between habeas corpus, due process, and immigration law. The Supreme Court may be poised to review the Ninth Circuit's decision in Thuraissigiam v. Dep’t of Homeland Security holding that curbs on judicial review in the Immigration and Nationality Act's expedited removal provisions violate the Suspension Clause. At the same, the Trump administration has expanded expedited removal's temporal and geographic scope, making its statutory curbs on judicial review applicable to the United States' interior for foreign nationals who have been in the country for less than two years. That expansion may severely strain the U.S. connections of foreign nationals affected by the change. Both the Ninth Circuit's decision in Thuraissigiam and the Department of Homeland Security's expansion of expedited removal neglect the relationship between habeas and other constitutional rights, such as procedural due process. The Ninth Circuit's decision disregarded the traditional view that foreign nationals seeking admission are requesting a privilege, not invoking an enforceable constitutional right. In disaggregating habeas and due process, the Thuraissigiam court read too broadly the Supreme Court's decision in Boumediene v. Bush making habeas available to Guantanamo detainees. The government's expansion of expedited removal discounts the role in due process analysis played by the U.S. ties of foreign nationals who have already entered the United States. Through expanded expedited removal, the government wants to relegate entrants to the same unreviewable privilege-not-rights regime now occupied by candidates for admission. The Article seeks to remedy the deepening confusion wrought by both the Ninth Circuit and the expansion of expedited removal. Instead of disaggregating due process and habeas, the Article reaffirms their doctrinal and practical relationship. In place of the overly intrusive review that Thuraissigiam contemplates, the Article suggests a new option, inquisitorial integrity, that builds on the good-faith judging stressed in the Supreme Court's decisions on extradition and transfers of custody to a foreign state. That option — more deferential than the Ninth Circuit's approach in Thuraissigiam — nonetheless introduces judicial review into admission cases, where nonreviewability has traditionally held sway. The Article similarly invokes the interaction of due process and habeas to find that more rigorous error-correction judicial review is required to disrupt the U.S. ties of individuals subject to expanded expedited removal.
Molecular Chemical Imaging of Critical Anatomical Structures in vivo

Improved patient outcomes highlight the need to avoid errors in surgery. Molecular Chemical Imaging (MCI) aids in identifying critical structures without reagents and in vivo results are presented for a range of surgical applications.
K-space algorithmic reconstruction (KAREN): a robust statistical methodology to separate Bragg and diffuse scattering

Diffuse scattering occurring in the Bragg diffraction pattern of a long-range-ordered structure represents local deviation from the governing regular lattice. However, interpreting the real-space structure from the diffraction pattern presents a significant challenge because of the dramatic difference in intensity between the Bragg and diffuse components of the total scattering function. In contrast to the sharp Bragg diffraction, the diffuse signal has generally been considered to be a weak expansive or continuous background signal. Herein, using 1D and 2D models, it is demonstrated that diffuse scattering in fact consists of a complex array of high-frequency features that must not be averaged into a low-frequency background signal. To evaluate the actual diffuse scattering effectively, an algorithm has been developed that uses robust statistics and traditional signal processing techniques to identify Bragg peaks as signal outliers which can be removed from the overall scattering data and then replaced by statistically valid fill values. This method, described as a `K-space algorithmic reconstruction' (KAREN), can identify Bragg reflections independent of prior knowledge of a system's unit cell. KAREN does not alter any data other than that in the immediate vicinity of the Bragg reflections, and reconstructs the diffuse component surrounding the Bragg peaks without introducing dis­contin­uities which induce Fourier ripples or artifacts from underfilling `punched' voids. The KAREN algorithm for reconstructing diffuse scattering provides demonstrably better resolution than can be obtained from previously described punch-and-fill methods. The superior structural resolution obtained using the KAREN method is demonstrated by evaluating the complex ordered diffuse scattering observed from the neutron diffraction of a single plastic crystal of CBr4 using pair distribution function analysis.
Evaluating and Mapping Grape Color Using Image-Based Phenotyping

Grape berry color is an economically important trait that is controlled by two major genes influencing anthocyanin synthesis in the skin. Color is often described qualitatively using six major categories; however, this is a subjective rating that often fails to describe variation within these six classes. To investigate minor genes influencing berry color, image analysis was used to quantify berry color using different color spaces. An image analysis pipeline was developed and utilized to quantify color in a segregating hybrid wine grape population across two years. Images were collected from grape clusters immediately after harvest and segmented by color to determine the red, green, and blue (RGB); hue, saturation, and intensity (HSI); and lightness, red-green, and blue-yellow values (L∗a∗b∗) of berries. QTL analysis identified known major QTL for color on chromosome 2 along with several previously unreported smaller-effect QTL on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 18, and 19. This study demonstrated the ability of an image analysis phenotyping system to characterize berry color and to more effectively capture variability within a population and identify genetic regions of interest.
Siloseam: A Morphogenetic Workflow for the Design and Fabrication of Inflatable Silicone Bladders

Silicone is a transformative design material found within a variety of emerging HCI practices including shape-changing interfaces, soft robotics, and wearables. However, workflows for designing and fabricating silicone forms require a time-intensive mold-cast-cure pipeline that limits the experiential knowledge that can be gained from working directly with silicone. In this work, we conduct a material-centric exploration of silicone and develop designerly workflows for creating inflatable silicone bladders. We present Siloseam, a creative framework that streamlines a bladder design and fabrication process, collects tacit knowledge involved in recovering from errors, and introduces new workflows that reuse existing molds. A set of exemplar artifacts demonstrates an expanded repertoire of silicone forms that leverage various configurations of airtight seams to create playful, haptic interactions. We discuss the remaining challenges in integrating silicone with a broader range of materials and opportunities for developing designerly workflows for other mold-and-cast processes.
A Portfolio Replacement for a Traditional Final Exam in Thermodynamics

Abstract As in many undergraduate chemical engineering courses, Bucknell University’s Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics course typically had a summative final exam that constituted a substantial portion of a student’s overall grade. In the spring 2020 semester, emergency remote instruction was instituted for the final six weeks of the semester, making a simultaneous timed exam a less attractive option for summative assessment. In place of the exam, students were asked to provide a portfolio of situations, calculations, and reflections documenting that they had achieved core learning outcomes. Assessment of these portfolios revealed comparable student performance on learning outcomes to those documented by exams in previous years. Students reported a generally favorable impression of the portfolio assignment, particularly given the novel remote-instruction circumstances. Portfolios took a similar amount of instructor time to grade using a rubric. This assignment is easily modifiable for use in other chemical engineering courses.
Charge and energy transfer in the context of colloidal nanocrystals

As the number of hybrid systems comprising quantum-confined semiconductor nanocrystals and molecules continues to grow, so does the need to accurately describe interfacial energy and charge transfer in these systems. The earliest work often successfully captured at least qualitative trends in the rates of these processes using well-known results from Forster, Dexter, and Marcus theories, but recent studies have showcased how unique properties of nanocrystals drive interfacial energy transfer (EnT) and charge transfer (CT) to diverge from familiar trends. This review first describes how the nanocrystal-ligand system fits, at least superficially, into conventional models for EnT and CT, and then gradually introduces individual properties of nanocrystals that complicate our understanding of EnT and CT mechanisms. The review then explores instances in which features of nanocrystals that seem detrimental, such as trap states that introduce non-radiative recombination pathways and strong spin–orbit coupling, can be controlled or used synergistically to produce a wider range of functionality than available in all-molecular donor-acceptor systems.
The Association Between Resident Participation and Hysterectomy Outcomes in Morbidly Obese Patients

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of resident participation in hysterectomy on perioperative complications in morbidly obese patients. Materials and Methods: We random...
Implications of International Relations Theory for the International Law of Human Rights

This article seeks to apply international relations theory to international human rights law in an effort to examine the ways in which the structure of the international system affects that body of law. More specifically, the article attempts to determine whether that structure renders unlikely the success of the dominant approaches to the international protection of human rights, and makes suggestions for alternatives. The article first reviews the most important human rights treaty regimes, demonstrating the ineffectiveness of almost all of them. It then sets out several case studies of repressive regimes which were modified substantially with no obvious contribution made by international law to those modifications. Next, it provides a relatively brief description of leading theories of international relations-those focusing on interest-based bargaining, power-based bargaining, and interactions driven by guiding ideas. The following section applies the theory from the second section to the data from the first, and shows that all approaches to international relations theory would predict the actual lack of success of existing treaty regimes. It adds, however, that the case studies from the first section demonstrate the importance of changes in ideas in affecting the internal political structures of states. It concludes by arguing that human rights are more likely to be advanced through efforts to alter the thinking of populations and government officials than by more traditional legal tools, and makes some tentative suggestions as to how such efforts might proceed.
Quantification and removal of some contaminating gases from acetylene used to study gas-utilizing enzymes and microorganisms

Acetylene generated from various grades of calcium carbide and obtained from commercial- and purified-grade acetylene cylinders was shown to contain high concentrations of various contaminants. Dependent on the source of acetylene, these included, at maximal values, H2 (0.023%), O2 (0.779%), N2 (3.78%), PH3 (0.06%), CH4 (0.073%), and acetone (1 to 10%). The concentration of the contaminants in cylinder acetylene was highly dependent on the extent of cylinder discharge. Several conventional methods used to partially purify cylinder acetylene were compared. A small-scale method for extensively purifying acetylene is described. An effect of acetylene quality on acetylene reduction assays conducted with purified nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii was demonstrated.
Differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children with clinical prediction algorithms.

Background: Differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children can be difficult. Kocher et al. recently developed a clinical prediction algorithm for septic arthritis based on four clinical variables: history of fever, non-weight-bearing, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of ≥40 mm/hr, and a serum white blood-cell count of >12,000/mm3 (>12.0 × 109/L). The purpose of this study was to apply this clinical algorithm retrospectively to determine its predictive value in our patient population. Methods: A retrospective review was performed to identify all children who had undergone a hip arthrocentesis for the evaluation of an irritable hip at our institution between 1992 and 2000. One hundred and sixty-three patients with 165 involved hips satisfied the criteria for inclusion in the study and were classified as having true septic arthritis (twenty hips), presumed septic arthritis (twenty-seven hips), or transient synovitis (118 hips). Results: Patients with septic arthritis (true and presumed; forty-seven hips) differed significantly (p 12,000/mm3 (>12.0 × 109/L), and a previous health-care visit. When all three variables were present, the predicted probability of the patient having septic arthritis was 71%. Conclusions: Although the use of a clinical prediction algorithm to differentiate between septic arthritis and transient synovitis may have improved the utility of existing technology and medical care to facilitate the diagnosis at the institution at which the algorithm originated, application of the algorithm proposed by Kocher et al. or of our three-variable model does not appear to be valid at other institutions. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic study, Level I-1 (testing of previously developed diagnostic criteria in series of consecutive patients [with universally applied reference “gold” standard]). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Discovery of Novel Selective Hypotensive Vasopressin Peptides

Arginine-vasopressin (VP) in addition to its well known antidiuretic action mediated by renal V2 receptors has also complex cardiovascular actions. It has both vasoconstricting and vasodilating actions that may play an important role in maintaining systemic blood pressure and regulating regional blood flows in hypovolemic states. The vasopressor action of VP is mediated by Vla receptors. The vasodilating mechanism of VP is less well understood. Extrarenal V2 receptors and endothelial NO have been implicated. Efforts to delineate the vasodilating VP receptor have been hampered by the lack of receptor-selective vasodilating VP agonists or antagonists. During our course of studies to develop more selective V2 antagonists [1], we discovered unexpectedly a series of novel selective hypotensive VP peptides [2]. We now report the pharmacology of four of these hypotensive VP peptides which suggests the existence of a new vasodilating VP receptor.
Ion distributions at charged aqueous surfaces: Synchrotron X-ray scattering studies

Surface sensitive synchrotron X-ray scattering studies were performed to obtain the distribution of monovalent ions next to a highly charged interface at room temperature. To control surface charge density, lipids, dihexadecyl hydrogen-phosphate (DHDP) and dimysteroyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA), were spread as monolayer materials at the air/water interface, containing CsI at various concentrations. Five decades in bulk concentrations (CsI) are investigated, demonstrating that the interfacial distribution is strongly dependent on bulk concentration. We show that this is due to the strong binding constant of hydronium H3O+ to the phosphate group, leading to proton-transfer back to the phosphate group and to a reduced surface charge. Using anomalous reflectivity off and at the L3 Cs+ resonance, we provide spatial counterion (Cs+) distributions next to the negatively charged interfaces. The experimental ion distributions are in excellent agreement with a renormalized surface charge Poisson-Boltzmann theory for monovalent ions without fitting parameters or additional assumptions. Energy Scans at four fixed momentum transfers under specular reflectivity conditions near the Cs+ L3 resonance were conducted on 10-3 M CsI with DHDP monolayer materials on the surface. The energy scans exhibit a periodic dependence on photon momentum transfer. The ion distributions obtained from the analysis are in excellent agreement with those obtained from anomalous reflectivity measurements, providing further confirmation to the validity of the renormalized surface charge Poisson-Boltzmann theory for monovalent ions. Moreover, the dispersion corrections f0 and f00 for Cs+ around L3 resonance, revealing the local environment of a Cs+ ion in the solution at the interface, were extracted simultaneously with output of ion distributions.
The cosmic dust environment at earth, jupiter and interplanetary space results FRO, Langley experiments on MTS, Pioneer 10, and Pioneer 11

Langley Research Center cosmic dust experiments aboard the Earth orbiting Meteoroid Technology Satellite (MTS) and the Pioneer 10 and 11 Jupiter fly-by spacecraft are described and discussed.
Resonant Raman Scattering near Excitonic Transitions

We use the cases of Cu2O and MnF2 to illustrate the principles and usefulness of the resonant Raman technique. We show that the resonant Raman results can give not only a better understanding of the phonon (magnon) structure but also more details about the excitonic structure and the coupling between excitons (or electrons and holes) and phonons (magnons).
Population Dynamics of the Mysid Shrimp Mysidopsis Bigelowi W. M. Tattersall in a Temperate Estuary

ABSTRACT Mysidopsis bigelowi, a common epibenthic mysid crustacean, was collected in a New Jersey estuary to determine its seasonal abundance, distribution, and life history pattern. Mysids were sampled with an epibenthic sled, and densities of M. bigelowi were among the highest reported for any shallow-water mysid. This mysid occurred in all subtidal areas of the high salinity embayment throughout the year, but was most abundant in sandy habitats near the inlet and in the ocean. Variations in abundance between stations and between cruises, which were often greater than two orders of magnitude, were attributed to patchy distribution and a high degree of motility. A significant correlation was observed between the abundance of M. bigelowi and that of the dominant sympatric mysid Neomysis americana. An inshore migration of adult M. bigelowi in spring coincided with the onset of reproduction of the overwintering generation. Females from 4.4-8.5 mm total length incubated from 5-43 young; the mean was 17.4. The number of eggs or larvae was linearly related to female length. Individuals produced multiple broods and reproduction was continuous from April through November. Abundance, distribution, and life history adaptations of M. bigelowi in Hereford Inlet are compared to those of populations from New England to Texas.
Food adaptations of a transplanted Japanese macaque troop (Arashiyama West)

In 1972 Arashiyama West troop of Japanese macaques was transplanted to southcentral United States and kept in semi-free ranging conditions. The new environment provided an opportunity to assess aspects of the species' adaptive potential. About 1,500 feeding observations were made monthly over 6.5 months. Unlimited provisioned food was available, but monkeys utilized native plants immediately and use increased until it included 50+ % of the diet by weight. Shrubs provided 75% of foods in first month and 32% thereafter. Sorghum comprised 25% in May–July. Soil, arthropods, fungi, bulbs, and roots each comprised less 5%. Between 21 and 37 foods were utilized monthly. Monthly food uses corresponded to availability. Many food plants required unique handling by monkeys. Four general adaptive responses to potential foods are described. Evolution has clearly shaped the Japanese macaque into a highly omnivorous and behaviorally flexible animal.
Witnesses to Reality: Working Psychodynamically With Survivors of Terror 1

As generations of young men and women return from combat scarred not only physically but also psychologically by their experiences, as civil wars and genocide proliferate and refugees seek sanctuary in America from persecution in their native countries, even while others are held in violation of their international human rights by the United States government, this paper asks what role psychoanalysts can play in working with those who have survived violence and terror as adults. Offering a relational formulation of adult onset trauma, the author reviews some of the difficulties inherent in being called upon to bear witness to destructive social forces. The paper concludes with the case of a man who has been detained in Guantanamo Bay for the last 6 years.
Sequential negotiations with costly information acquisition

Abstract Negotiations about a merger or acquisition are often sequential and only partially disclose to bidders information about each otherʼs bids. This paper explains the seller optimality of partial disclosure in a single-item private-value auction with two bidders. Each bidder can inspect the item at a nonprohibitive cost. If a revenue-maximizing seller cannot charge bidders for the information about the otherʼs bid, then the seller optimally runs a sequential second-price auction with a reserve price and a buy-now price. The seller prefers to keep the bids confidential and, sometimes, to hide the order in which he approaches the bidders.
Genomics and Integrative Analyses of Division of Labor in Honeybee Colonies

One approach to understanding proximate and evolutionary mechanisms of social behavior is to analyze mechanisms of neural and behavioral plasticity and their underlying genes. This article deals with such analyses in the honeybee Apis mellifera. The first part reviews the control of age-related division of labor in honeybee colonies with special attention to social, endocrine, and neurochemical factors. The second part reviews progress in studying changes in gene expression that are associated with division of labor, including a brief description of a genomics project that involves a set of 20,000 expressed sequence tags from the honeybee brain and cDNA microarrays for large-scale gene expression analysis. The article concludes by considering some of the general issues associated with studies of genes and social behavior in honeybees.
Relationship between Frequency of Skin Ulceration and Total Plasma Immunoglobulin Levels in Atlantic Menhaden from Delaware and Maryland Inland Bays

Abstract In the summer and fall of 2000, a high prevalence of ulcerative skin lesions in Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus from inland bays of Delaware and Maryland caused public and governmental concern. The relationship between the frequency of skin ulceration and total plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) levels was investigated for Atlantic menhaden from these inland bays in 2000 and 2001. Total plasma Ig levels were determined using goat anti-menhaden Ig in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total plasma Ig levels were higher in nonulcerated fish (7.4 ± 0.02 mg/mL [mean ± SE]; n = 543) than in skin-ulcerated ones (4.2 ± 0.42; n = 120). Skin ulcers were less frequent among small fish (67-80 mm fork length; 6%) than in medium (81-105 mm; 21%) or large fish (106-190 mm; 27%). Nonulcerated large fish had higher total plasma Ig levels (8.5 ± 0.44 mg/mL) than nonulcerated small fish (6.1 ± 0.28) but not medium fish (7.9 ± 0.42). The total plasma Ig levels were higher in all sizes of fish in 2001 (8.9 ± 0.26) ...
Restoration of growth plate function following radiotherapy is driven by increased proliferative and synthetic activity of expansions of chondrocytic clones

Radiation therapy encompassing an active epiphysis can negatively impact the potential for bone growth by disrupting cell-cycle progression and accelerating apoptosis and terminal differentiation in physeal chondrocytes. Despite functional derangement following radiation exposure, the irradiated growth plate retains a capacity for regeneration and recovery of growth. The purpose of this study was to characterize the initial sequence of events leading to functional growth recovery in irradiated weanling rat growth plates. We hypothesized that growth in an irradiated epiphysis would be partially restored due to the expansion of chondrocytic clones. Stereological histomorphometry was used to compare chondrocytic cell and matrix turnover between the first and second week following irradiation, and to determine the relative contribution of each of the cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) compartments to growth. We found that restoration of growth in the irradiated limb was strongly associated with the proliferative activity and production of ECM by these chondrocytic clones, as they expand in average volume, but not in numerical density. We conclude that chondrocytes forming expansive clones and exhibiting increased mitotic and matrix synthesis activity initiate the early restoration of function in the irradiated growth plate, and would be a logical target for strategies to restore full growth potential.
The structural transformation of China’s propaganda: An Ellulian perspective

In this historical analysis, Jacques Ellul’s theory of propaganda is applied to analyse the changes of China’s propaganda. It is found that China’s propaganda is undergoing structural transformations from depending on human organisation to extensive control and use of media technology. Sociological propaganda as a complement to political propaganda has significantly expanded; integration propaganda replaced agitation propaganda. International image management by the government has become a new dimension of China’s propaganda. The research is one of the first to observe such structural changes.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Lactonization of Coumarinic Acids and Hydrolysis of Coumarins II

The kinetics of lactonization of α-chloro-, α-bromo-, α-phenyl-, α-methyl-, and α-methylcoumarinic acids and the hydrolyses of their respective 3- and 4-substituted coumarins were studied at all pH values and at various temperatures. The order of hydrogen-ion-catalyzed lactonizations is consistent with α-substituted steric effects which destroy the acid-weakening resonance of the conjugated carboxylic system by disrupting the coplanarity of the carboxylic oxygen. The order of reactivity in alkaline hydrolysis is consistent with inductive effects, i.e., accelerated by electron-withdrawing substituents. The order of reactivity for other derived microscopic rate constants is consistent with the model proposed previously to rationalize the apparent discrepancies between the apparent kinetic and spectral pKa′ values. The intramolecular formation of an anionic orthoacid lactonization intermediate by the attack of a phenate anion on the substituted coumarinic acid carboxyl, its subsequent protonation to the orthoacid H2†, and its possible loss of a hydroxyl ion to form coumarin are inhibited by electron-withdrawing groups that modify carboxyl carbon electrophilicity. This order of reactivity for these rate constants are as expected for such mechanisms. The ratio of rates of spontaneous dehydration to hydrogen-catalyzed dehydration of the neutral orthoacid lactonization intermediate, H2C†, to yield coumarin decreases with electron-donating substituents, as expected by the proposed mechanism since hydrogen-ion attack should be inhibited by electron-withdrawing substituents such as halogens.
Airborne brake wear debris: size distributions, composition, and a comparison of dynamometer and vehicle tests.

Particle size distributions of light-duty vehicle brake wear debris are reported with careful attention paid to avoid sampling biases. Electrical low-pressure impactor and micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor measurements yield consistent size distributions, and the net particulate matter mass from each method is in good agreement with gravimetric filter measurements. The mass mean diameter of wear debris from braking events representative of urban driving is 6 μm, and the number-weighted mean is 1−2 μm for three currently used classes of lining materials: low metallic, semimetallic, and non-asbestos organic (NAO). In contrast, the wear rates are very material dependent, both in number and mass of particles, with 3−4 times higher emissions observed from the low metallic linings as compared to the semimetallic and NAO linings. Wind tunnel and test track measurements demonstrate the appearance of micron size particles that correlate with braking events, with approximately 50% of the wear debris being air...
Frequency-dependent reflectivity image reconstruction

We evaluate a recently reported algorithm for computing frequency-dependent radar imagery in scenarios relevant for performing spectral feature identification. For each image pixel in the spatial domain a computed frequency­ dependent reflectivity is used to produce a corresponding spectral feature identification. We show that this novel image reconstruction technique is capable of considerable flexibility for achieving fine spectral resolution in comparison with previous techniques based on conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR), yet new challenges are introduced with regard to achieving fine range resolution.
Constraints on measuring heart rate and period sequentially through real and cardiac time.

It is generally assumed that either heart rate or heart period can be used to measure phasic cardiac activity changing either from beat to beat or from second to second. However, only rate analyzed in real-time units and only period analyzed in cardiac-time units have the important property that the arithmetic mean of the unit estimates is free to vary and yields an average equal to the definitional estimate based on all units.
Investigation into the immunologic cross-reactivity of aztreonam with other beta-lactam antibiotics

The cross-reactivity between the monobactam antibiotic aztreonam and the commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillins, and cephalosporins was investigated. Antibodies to aztreonam, penicillin, and cephalothin were raised in rabbits. The ability of the homologous or heterologous drug or drug conjugates to inhibit antibody binding was assessed in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Aztreonam demonstrated very little ability to interact with anti-penicillin or anti-cephalothin antibodies as it required 10,000-fold higher concentrations than other beta-lactams to achieve equivalent blocking. Similarly, penicillin and cephalothin conjugates did not cross-react, to any significant degree, with anti-aztreonam rabbit antiserums. Interestingly, free aztreonam was as effective as conjugated aztreonam in reacting with antibodies raised against conjugated aztreonam. This result suggested that, in contrast to the other beta-lactams, antibodies to aztreonam recognize the side chain rather than the nuclear structures. Studies with other beta-lactam analogs confirmed that the IgG rabbit anti-aztreonam binding was indeed side chain-specific. Thirty-six volunteers were given a seven-day course of therapeutic doses of aztreonam and in none did any detectable IgE anti-aztreonam antibodies develop. Four of these subjects had evidence of preexisting IgG antibodies cross-reactive with aztreonam, but the levels rose in only one patient following drug exposure. This human IgG anti-aztreonam was also directed to the side chain and did not cross-react with cephalothin or penicillin. The ability of aztreonam to cross-react with human IgE to various penicillin determinants was also investigated. Aztreonam determinants analogous to the penicillin determinants (penicillin, penicilloyl, and penicilloate) were constructed and the maximal concentration that did not evoke false-positive skin test results was determined to be 6 X 10(-3) mol/liter. None of 41 patients with documented IgE-reactive skin tests to various penicillin determinants concurrently demonstrated reproducible reactivity to any aztreonam reagents. IgE anti-penicilloyl antibodies from three persons were also tested in vitro for their ability to cross-react with conjugated or free aztreonam. Minimal, if any, reactivity was observed between the IgE anti-penicilloyl and any of the aztreonam materials. These results indicate that there is very little cross-reactivity between the monobactam aztreonam and other beta-lactam antibiotics.
Magnetic Studies on Single-Crystal Chrome Potassium Alum Below 1° Kelvin

The magnetic susceptibility of a spherically shaped single crystal of chrome potassium alum has been measured as a function of entropy and applied external field along the [100], [110], and [111] directions in the crystal at temperatures below 0.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Zero-field measurements of the static susceptibility were made with a moving coil apparatus and longitudinal field measurements were made using the conventional ballistic bridge method. A ballistic galvanometer with period 4.6 seconds was used in both circuits. Drop coil measurements indicate no long-time effects in the magnetization and show no appreciable difference from the susceptibility measured by the ballistic method. The isentropic susceptibility measured in fields up to 300 gauss indicates definite anisotropy below the N\'eel point in fields from 50 to 300 gauss.
MRI-SPECT image registration using multiple MR pulse sequences to examine osteoarthritis of the knee

We have examined whether automated image registration can be used to combine metabolic information from SPECT knee scans with anatomical information from MRI. Ten patients, at risk of developing OA due to meniscal surgery, were examined. 99mTc methyldiphosphonate SPECT, T2-weighted fast spin echo (FSE) MRI, and T1-weighted, 3D fat-suppressed gradient recalled echo (SPGR) MRI images were obtained. Registration was performed using normalized mutual information. For each patient, FSE data was registered to SPGR data, providing a composite MRI image with each voxel represented by two intensities (ISPGR, IFSE). Modifications to the registration algorithm were made to allow registration of SPECT data (one intensity per voxel) to composite MRI data (2 intensities per voxel). Registration sources was assessed by visual inspection of uptake localization over expected anatomical locations, and the absence of uptake over unlikely sites. Three patients were discarded from SPECT-MRI registration tests since they had metallic artifacts that prevented co-registration of MR data. Registration of SPECT to SPGR or FSE data alone proved unreliable, with less than 50% of attempts succeeding. The modified algorithm, treating co-registered SPGR and FSE data as a two-value-per-voxel image, proved most reliable, allowing registration of all patients with no metallic artifacts on MRI.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse prevention and cessation programming for alternative high school youth: a review

BACKGROUND: Relative to youth in regular high schools, alternative high school (AHS) youth are at high risk for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) misuse. Prevention and cessation efforts are needed for this population. METHODS: A systematic, exhaustive literature search was completed to identify ATOD misuse prevention and cessation research studies with AHS youth. RESULTS: For the AHS population, 23 ATOD misuse prevention or cessation program evaluations were located. This review indicated that successful efforts have focused on instruction in motivation enhancement, life coping skills, and decision making. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse prevention and cessation programming for AHSs is effective, delivered in the classroom or as a school-based clinic. There is little evidence, though, that this programming is effective when delivered through other modalities such as via computer or bridging beyond the school setting. More research and application of evidence-based programming are recommended for youth in AHS settings. Language: en
Analysis of behavior based control for planetary cliff descent using cooperative robots

Future robotic planetary exploration will need to traverse geographically diverse and challenging terrain. Cliffs, ravines, and fissures are of great scientific interest because they may contain important data regarding past water flow and past life. Highly sloped terrain is difficult and often impossible to safely navigate using a single robot. This paper describes a control system for a team of three robots that access cliff walls at inclines up to 70°. Two robot assistants, or anchors, lower a third robot, called the rappeller, down the cliff using tethers. The anchors use actively controlled winches to first assist the rappeller in navigation about the cliff face and then retreat to safe ground. This paper describes the control of these three robots so they function as a team to explore the cliff face. Stability requirements for safe operation are identified and a behavior-based control scheme is presented. Behaviors are defined for the system and command fusion methods are described. Controller stability and sensitivity are examined. Controller performance is evaluated with simulation and a laboratory system.
Numerical simulation of two-dimensional late-stage coarsening for nucleation and growth

Numerical simulations of two-dimensional late-stage coarsening for nucleation and growth or Ostwald ripening are performed at area fractions 0.05 to 0.4 using the monopole and dipole approximations of a boundary integral formulation for the steady state diffusion equation. The simulations are performed using two different initial spatial distributions. One is a random spatial distribution, and the other is a random spatial distribution with depletion zones around the particles. We characterize the spatial correlations of particles by the radial distribution function, the pair correlation functions, and the structure function. Although the initial spatial correlations are different, we find time-independent scaled correlation functions in the late stage of coarsening. An important feature of the late-stage spatial correlations is that depletion zones exist around particles. A log-log plot of the structure function shows that the slope at small wave numbers is close to 4 and is -3 at very large wave numbers for all area fractions. At large wave numbers we observe oscillations in the structure function. We also confirm the cubic growth law of the average particle radius. The rate constant of the cubic growth law and the particle size distribution functions are also determined. We find qualitatively good agreement between experiments and the present simulations. In addition, the present results agree well with simulation results using the Cahn-Hilliard equation.
The Effect of Broiler Breeder Flock Age and Length of Egg Storage on Egg Albumen During Early Incubation

The objective of these two experiments was to determine the temporal changes in albumen during storage and early incubation as a means of understanding some of the effects of egg storage on early embryonic development. Eggs from 30- or 50-wk-old broiler breeder hens were incubated (37.5 C dry bulb, 30 C wet bulb) after storage for 0 (fresh) or 5 d (18 C, 75% RH) in Experiment 1. Albumen height, albumen pH, and egg weight loss were recorded at 2, 24, 48, and 66 h of incubation. The same measurements were taken on another group of eggs from 43-wk-old hens stored for 0 (fresh), 4, 8, or 12 d in Experiment 2. All hens were of the same strain. Egg weight loss during incubation was significantly greater in fresh eggs than in stored eggs in Experiment 1. Fresh eggs had significantly greater albumen height and significantly lower albumen pH than stored eggs in both experiments. These differences diminished with length of incubation. Because the blastoderm is located adjacent to the albumen, changes in the viscosity or pH of the albumen may play an integral role in determining the viability of the embryo during the very early stages of development. Incubation of fresh eggs without storage appears to expose the developing embryo to an inappropriate trans-vitelline membrane pH gradient and a thick albumen that may slow vital gas diffusion and limit nutrient availability. These conditions may cause an increased incidence of embryonic death.
A miniature implantable axial flow ventricular assist device

Abstract Background . Since 1984, in collaboration with NASA engineers, we developed an axial flow pump that is 86 mm long, 22 mm wide, weighs 95 g, produces a flow of 5 to 6 L/min against a 100-mm Hg pressure at about 10,000 rpm, and requires less than 10 W of power. Methods . The pump has been implanted in 9 calves with the inlet cannula inserted into the left ventricle and the outlet cannula, consisting of an albumin-coated Dacron graft, attached by end-to-side anastomosis to the descending thoracic aorta. Results . All animals showed normal behavior until they were killed 1 to 3 months after operation. At autopsy, systemic studies of vital organs demonstrated no evidence of thromboembolism; the rpm of the pump was maintained between 9,000 and 10,000; the wattage ranged between 7 and 9; the output between 4 and 5 L/min; the hemoglobin was maintained between 32 and 35 mg/dL; the plasma-free hemoglobin ranged between 0.5 and 3 mg/dL; the BUN ranged between 8 and 14 mg/dL; the creatinine remained less than 1 mg/dL; and bilirubin studies were within normal limits. Bearing wear-tear tests up to about 5 months have been negative. Conclusions . The performance characteristics of the pump implanted in calves up to 90 days are highly gratifying, particularly in terms of pump output of 5 L/min, an index of hemolysis well within normal limits, and absence of thromboembolism.
Dynamics of political instability in the United States, 1780–2010

This article describes and analyses a database on the dynamics of sociopolitical instability in the United States between 1780 and 2010. The database was constructed by digitizing data collected by previous researchers, supplemented by systematic searches of electronic media archives. It includes 1,590 political violence events such as riots, lynchings, and terrorism. Incidence of political violence fluctuated dramatically over the 230 years covered by the database, following a complex dynamical pattern. Spectral analysis detected two main oscillatory modes. The first is a very long-term – secular – cycle, taking the form of an instability wave during the second half of the 19th century, bracketed by two peaceful periods (the first quarter of the 19th century and the middle decades of the 20th century, respectively). The second is a 50-year oscillation superimposed on the secular cycle, with peaks around 1870, 1920, and 1970. The pattern of two periodicities superimposed on each other is characteristic of...
Long-term outcome after autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with recurrent follicular lymphoma

Thirty-five consecutive patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) receiving SCT at our institution between January 2000 and December 2010 were included in this study. At the time of presentation, 30 (86%) had advanced stage disease and 25 (71%) received three or more chemotherapy regimens prior to transplantation. In all, 12 (34%) patients were in complete response pre-SCT following salvage therapy. At the time of analysis (median follow-up 6 years from diagnosis and 4 years from transplantation), 24 patients were alive with an estimated 5-year OS and PFS of 66.5 and 53%, respectively. OS and PFS in patients receiving auto-SCT (91.7%, 73.3%) were superior compared with patients receiving allo-SCT (53.9%, 43%). Our data support early use of auto-SCT in patients with FL and suggest the need to improve allo-SCT outcome. Integrating novel agents in a combined modality approach may improve long-term outcome in FL.
Problems with determining package cohesion and coupling

LINDA RISING AND FRANK W. CALLLSSDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and AppliedSciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5406, U.S.A.SUMMARYThe cohesion and coupling guidelines described by Yourdon, Constantine and Myers have proved usefulaids for the design of modular programs. They have also provided direction for the evaluation of existingmodules, pointing to those candidates for restructuring during perfective maintenance. For languageslike Ada, where support for a higher-level of abstraction is provided in the form of a package, subprogramheuristics are inadequate. This paper examines existing guidelines and taxonomies for the Ada packageand proposes extensions to these schemes. These package-level schemes are applied in a case study ofan existing Ada program.
Uptake of Radioactive Magnesium in Liver Damage

BRANDT et al. 1 injected isotopic magnesium intravenously in the dog and found that kidney, heart and liver have a relatively high activity as compared with skeletal muscle; Rogers and Mahan2 found a similar distribution in the rat following intraperitoneal administration.