cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine receptor gating at extracellular transmembrane domain interface: the "pre-M1" linker.

Charged residues in the β10–M1 linker region (“pre-M1”) are important in the expression and function of neuromuscular acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). The perturbation of a salt bridge between pre-M1 residue R209 and loop 2 residue E45 has been proposed as being a principle event in the AChR gating conformational “wave.” We examined the effects of mutations to all five residues in pre-M1 (positions M207–P211) plus E45 in loop 2 in the mouse α1-subunit. M207, Q208, and P211 mutants caused small (approximately threefold) changes in the gating equilibrium constant (Keq), but the changes for R209, L210, and E45 were larger. Of 19 different side chain substitutions at R209 on the wild-type background, only Q, K, and H generated functional channels, with the largest change in Keq (67-fold) from R209Q. Various R209 mutants were functional on different E45 backgrounds: H, Q, and K (E45A), H, A, N, and Q (E45R), and K, A, and N (E45L). Φ values for R209 (on the E45A background), L210, and E45 were 0.74, 0.35, and 0.80, respectively. Φ values for R209 on the wt and three other backgrounds could not be estimated because of scatter. The average coupling energy between 209/45 side chains (six different pairs) was only −0.33 kcal/mol (for both α subunits, combined). Pre-M1 residues are important for expression of functional channels and participate in gating, but the relatively modest changes in closed- vs. open-state energy caused mutations, the weak coupling energy between these residues and the functional activity of several unmatched-charge pairs are not consistent with the perturbation of a salt bridge between R209 and E45 playing the principle role in gating.
Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: a novel approach for enhancing vitamin D nutritional health

Background: Fortification of milk with vitamin D may not be adequate for satisfying the vitamin D requirement because of variability in vitamin D content after fortification and because many persons have milk allergy or lactose intolerance. Additional foods need to be fortified with vitamin D. Objective: We determined whether vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, is bioavailable in orange juice and skim milk, 2 nonfat beverages. Design: On 3 separate occasions, 18 adults ingested 25 000 IU vitamin D 2 in 240 mL whole milk or skim milk or in 0.1 mL corn oil applied to toast. A separate, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial investigated whether the consumption of orange juice fortified with vitamin D 3 would increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations: 14 subjects ingested 240 mL orange juice fortified with 1000 IU vitamin D, and 12 subjects ingested a control orange juice daily for 12 wk. Results: Peak serum vitamin D 2 concentrations did not differ significantly after the ingestion of vitamin D 2 in whole milk, skim milk, or corn oil on toast. After subjects consumed orange juice fortified with 1000 IU vitamin D 3 daily for 12 wk, serum 25(OH)D 3 concentrations increased by 150%, and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations decreased by 25% compared with baseline; control subjects had a seasonal increase of 45% in 25(OH)D and no significant change in serum parathyroid hormone. Conclusions: The fat content of milk does not affect vitamin D bioavailability. Vitamin D fortification at 1000 IU/240 mL orange juice for 12 wk safely increased 25(OH)D 3 concentrations in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1478‐83.
Obesity and Cancer: Epidemiology in Racial/Ethnic Minorities

Overweight and obesity continue to be major public health concerns in the United States and increasingly, throughout the world [1]. Obesity is the nation’s fastest rising public health problem and has become the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States, second only to tobacco use [1]. Obesity rates among US adults increased by more than 75% between 1991 and 2006, and rates doubled in children and tripled in teens over the past 20 years. While obesity rates have increased dramatically among most of the population, particular racial, ethnic, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups have experienced disproportionate increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity over this time [2]. This chapter will explore the differences in these trends, discuss implications for cancer prevention and control, examine contributing factors and review potential strategies for positively influencing overweight and obesity trends among all population groups.
Incidence of bowel perforation in gastrointestinal lymphomas by location and histology.

This brief communication is a follow up to our original manuscript titled 'Bowel perforation in intestinal lymphoma: incidence and clinical features' (Annals of Oncology 24(9): 2439-2443). It contains additional information regarding risk of perforation by the site of involvement and type of lymphoma.
Chemistry of thermal and nonthermal springs in the vicinity of Lassen Volcanic National Park

Abstract Meaningful applications of water geothermometry to thermal springs in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP) are limited to Growler Hot Spring and Morgan Hot Springs. Most hot springs located within LVNP are low-chloride, acid-sulfate waters associated with nearby steam vents. This type of hot-spring activity is characteristically found above vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems. These acid-sulfate waters are not generally useful for liquid chemical geothermometry, however, because their chemical compositions result from water-rock interaction at relatively shallow depths. Thermal waters at Drakesbad and in Little Hot Springs Valley have neutral-pH, low-Cl concentrations and have estimated Na-K-Ca and Na-Li geothermometer temperatures close to measured spring temperatures of 65 to 95°C. Hot-spring waters located south of LVNP at Growler Hot Spring, Morgan Hot Springs, and in the south-central part of LVNP in the Walker “O” No. 1 well at Terminal Geyser are rich in chloride and yield calculated geothermometer temperatures between 220 and 230°C. These thermal waters probably originate within a zone of upflow of high-enthalpy fluid inside LVNP and cool conductively during lateral flow to the south and southeast.
An axial gradient of transgene methylation in murine skeletal muscle: genomic imprint of rostrocaudal position.

We previously used mice bearing a myosin light chain-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (MLC1-CAT) transgene to show that adult muscle cells bear a heritable, cell autonomous memory of their rostrocaudal position. CAT mRNA and protein are expressed in a > 100-fold rostrocaudal gradient in skeletal muscles of developing and adult MLC1-CAT mice (Donoghue, M. J., Merlie, J. P., Rosenthal, N. and Sanes, J. R. (1991). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5847–5851; Donoghue, M. J., Alvarez, J. D., Merlie, J. P. and Sanes, J. R. (1991). J. Cell Biol. 115, 423–434). Moreover, both in primary cultures and in myogenic cell lines prepared from individual muscles of these mice, CAT levels reflect the body position from which the myoblasts were derived (Donoghue, M.J., Morris-Valero, R., Johnson, Y.R., Merlie, J.P. and Sanes, J. R. (1992). Cell 69, 67–77). Here, we show that the methylation state of the MLC1-CAT transgene in skeletal muscles is also graded along the rostrocaudal axis: methylation levels decrease and expression levels increase in the order, jaw-->neck-->chest and forelimb-->hindlimb. Methylation levels are also approx. 10-fold higher in rostrally derived than in caudally derived myogenic cell lines, which express low and high levels of CAT, respectively. Within each cell line, undifferentiated cells (myoblasts), which do not express the transgene, and differentiated cells (myotubes), which do, are indistinguishable in methylation state. Thus, differentiation-related changes in transgene expression do not affect position-related levels of transgene methylation. On the other hand, treatment of rostrally derived lines with the demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, decreases methylation and increases expression of the transgene. Thus, perturbation of methylation affects expression. Taken together, these results suggest that methylation provides a genomic imprint of rostrocaudal body position that may serve as a component of the positional memory that mammalian cells retain into adulthood.
Creating Lifelong Science Learners: What Models Form a Firm Foundation?:

Recently published standards for science, mathematics, history, and other fields challenge educators to design instruction that sets in motion a lifelong habit of learning. Creating lifelong learners requires the redesign of instruction to ensure that students have a generative understanding and an inclination to progressively refine their ideas. We discuss research on middle-school science learning and instruction that suggests how generative models of scientific phenomena can be developed, and we offer a framework for curriculum reform.
25 Gbaud DQPSK receiver integrated on the hybrid silicon platform

A monolithic 25 Gbaud DQPSK receiver based on delay interferometers and balanced detection was fabricated on hybrid silicon platform. We report preliminary results regarding the characterization of the InGaAs p-i-n photodetectors and the delay interferometer.
Adaptive signaling schemes with imperfect channel-quality estimates in wireless CDMA communications

Adaptive signaling techniques can be used to more-efficiently utilize system resources in wireless communication systems. We have previously shown that adaptive signaling with non-uniform M-ary phase-shift-keying can improve the throughput in a CDMA wireless communication system. This additional throughput can be used to include a second multimedia message, called an additional message, along with the standard message that would be transmitted without the use of adaptive signaling. The schemes that we have investigated adapt the spacing of points in the signal constellation and the code rate and signaling rate for the additional message. Techniques that employ only adaptation of the code rates for both messages have also been suggested to achieve this same goal. In this paper we analyze the effects of imperfect channel estimates on the performance of adaptive signaling schemes that use nonuniform signaling and schemes that adapt only the code rate. The results show that, in a variety of situations, the nonuniform signaling schemes provide a higher throughput than the schemes that use uniform constellations. We also analyze the effect of using code-combining automatic repeat request (ARQ) with these adaptive techniques.
Senior design for persons with disabilities

This article provides an overview of senior design in the United States and its impact around the world. Within the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Senior Design Projects to Aid Persons with Disabilities program has provided funding since 1988 to thousands of senior design projects that have been completed by students for persons with disabilities. This program combines the academic requirement of a design experience with enhanced educational opportunities for students, and it improves the quality of life for disabled individuals. Also described are two national design competitions hosted by the Rehabilitation Research's Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center (RERC) on Accessible Medical Instrumentation (AMI) and the National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance (NCIIA). In addition, there are a number of biomedical engineering (BMH) programs in the United States that provide an opportunity for students to design and construct projects for individuals in developing countries.
Ethnic Stigma, Academic Anxiety, and Intrinsic Motivation in Middle Childhood

Previous research addressing the dynamics of stigma and academics has focused on African American adolescents and adults. The present study examined stigma awareness, academic anxiety, and intrinsic motivation among 451 young (ages 6–11) and diverse (African American, Chinese, Dominican, Russian, and European American) students. Results indicated that ethnic-minority children reported higher stigma awareness than European American children. For all children, stigma awareness was associated with higher academic anxiety and lower intrinsic motivation. Despite these associations, ethnic-minority children reported higher levels of intrinsic motivation than their European American peers. A significant portion of the higher intrinsic motivation among Dominican students was associated with their higher levels of school belonging, suggesting that supportive school environments may be important sources of intrinsic motivation among some ethnic-minority children.
Comment on “Iron isotope fractionation during planetary differentiation” by S. Weyer et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. V240, pages 251–264

Abstract A review of published Fe isotope compositions measured for mantle xenoliths and massif-type peridotites demonstrates that the Fe isotope composition of the “mantle” is highly heterogeneous as compared to the narrow Fe isotope range measured for basaltic rocks. The greatest isotopic heterogeneity exists for samples derived from the lithospheric mantle, whereas basalts largely record the isotopic compositions of the asthenospheric mantle. These published Fe isotope data show that the variability measured in mantle samples is too large to be used to accurately determine a planetary Fe isotope composition, and, contrary to the assertions of Weyer et al. [S. Weyer, A. Anbar, G. Brey, C. Munker, K. Mezger, A. Woodland, Iron isotope fractionation during planetary differentiation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240 (2005) 251–264], there is no evidence that the bulk terrestrial mantle has a different Fe isotope composition relative to terrestrial basaltic magmas. We contend that similar rock types must be compared (i.e., basalt–basalt) when considering possible inter-planetary Fe isotope differences.
Cytokine therapy in renal cell cancer.

Abstract Despite extensive investigations with many different treatment modalities, metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a disease highly resistant to systemic therapy. The outlook for patients with metastatic RCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Late relapses after nephrectomy, prolonged stable disease in the absence of systemic therapy, and rare spontaneous regression are clinical observations that suggest host immune mechanisms could be important in regulating tumor growth. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-α (IFN-α) have been extensively studied in advanced RCC with responses in the 10 to 20% range. Two randomized trials suggest that treatment with IFN-α compared with vinblastine or medroxyprogesterone results in a small improvement in survival. Prolonged responses with high-dose IL-2 is significant but is accompanied by formidable toxicity. Although the combination of IFN-α and IL-2 compared with monotherapy with IFN-α or IL-2 increases the response proportion, no improvement in survival could be demonstrated in a recent randomized trial. In addition, three randomized trials showed no survival benefit associated with IFN-α therapy given as adjuvant therapy following complete resection of locally advanced RCC. Small numbers of patients exhibit complete or partial responses to IFN-α and/or IL-2, but most patients do not respond and there are few long-term survivors. Clinical investigation of new agents and treatment programs to identify improved antitumor activity against metastases remain the highest priorities in this refractory disease.
Measurement of 10-fs laser pulses

We report full characterization of the intensity and phase of /spl sim/10-fs optical pulses using second-harmonic-generation frequency-resolved-optical-gating (SHG FROG). We summarize the subtleties in such measurements, compare these measurements with predicted pulse shapes, and describe the implications of these measurements for the creation of even shorter pulses. We also discuss the problem of validating these measurements. Previous measurements of such short pulses using techniques such as autocorrelation have been difficult to validate because at best incomplete information is obtained and internal self-consistency checks are lacking. FROG measurements of these pulses, in contrast, can be validated, for several reasons. First, the complete pulse-shape information provided by FROG allows significantly better comparison of experimental data with theoretical models than do measurements of the autocorrelation trace of a pulse. Second, there exist internal self-consistency checks in FROG that are not present in other pulse-measurement techniques. Indeed, we show how to correct a FROG trace with systematic error using one of these checks.
Applications of learnability theory to clinical phonology

This paper provides a tutorial on the selection of complex target sounds for treatment following from known principles of language learnability. The focus is on syllable structure in recommending onset consonant clusters for treatment. The step-by-step procedure of cluster selection is illustrated for one child, Jarrod, who presented with a phonological disorder. Target selection procedures are guided by universal principles that govern the phonotactics of onset clusters and experimental evidence that supports the efficacy of phonologically complex targets. The prediction is that treatment of onset clusters will facilitate Jarrod's learning of both complex and simple properties of the sound system.
The 1:1 Versus the 2:2 Tunnel-Drilling Technique Optimization of Fixation Strength and Stiffness in an All-Inside Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—a Biomechanical Study

BackgroundDouble-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions involve drilling 2 tibial tunnels separated by a narrow 2-mm bone bridge. The sequence of reaming and drilling the tibial tunnels for double-bundle ACL reconstructions has not been defined.HypothesisFixing a graft in the posterolateral ACL tibial tunnel before reaming the anteromedial tibial tunnel will reduce the number of complications, as compared with drilling both the anteromedial and posterolateral tunnels before graft fixation, when performing double-bundle ACL reconstructions.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsTwelve porcine tibias were divided into 2 groups of 6 specimens. Fresh bovine extensor tendons grafts were fixed in 7-mm tunnels reamed using an inside-out method. Grafts were fixed in a retrograde fashion with 7-mm bioabsorbable retrograde screws. The tibias in group 1 were reconstructed by reaming and reconstructing the posterolateral tunnel before reaming and securing the graft for the anteromedial tunnel...
Covariate Balance in Bayesian Propensity Score Approaches for Observational Studies

AbstractBayesian alternatives to frequentist propensity score approaches have recently been proposed. However, few studies have investigated their covariate balancing properties. This article compares a recently developed two-step Bayesian propensity score approach to the frequentist approach with respect to covariate balance. The effects of different priors on covariate balance are evaluated and the differences between frequentist and Bayesian covariate balance are discussed. Results of the case study reveal that both the Bayesian and frequentist propensity score approaches achieve good covariate balance. The frequentist propensity score approach performs slightly better on covariate balance for stratification and weighting methods, whereas the two-step Bayesian approach offers slightly better covariate balance in the optimal full matching method. Results of a comprehensive simulation study reveal that accuracy and precision of prior information on propensity score model parameters do not greatly influen...
High-elevation fire regimes in subalpine ribbon forests during the Little Ice Age and Medieval Period along the Continental Divide, Colorado, U.S.A.

Fires in high-elevation subalpine forests have been rare, making estimates of fire-return intervals and influences of climate on fire in these forests difficult. Lake sediment charcoal provides an opportunity to extend fire records into the past and to compare them with long-term climate reconstructions. Here, we reconstruct fire histories from two high-elevation subalpine lakes that are surrounded by fragmented spruce-fir ribbon forests. We then compare the fire histories to independent temperature and moisture reconstructions. Fire episodes at the two lakes have been rare for the last millennium, but were more frequent when the climate was warm and dry, a period from ∼1000 to 3000 Before Present (BP). Variations in fire-episode frequency at individual lakes rarely exceeded the stochastic range of variability estimated by resampling the fire-episode distributions, although variations at a site with few topographic firebreaks were more significant than at a site in rough terrain. When fire-episode frequencies from both lakes were summed, fire-episode frequencies declined significantly relative to the stochastic range when the climate was cool and wet, suggesting that climate exerts a more meaningful influence at larger spatial scales than individual lake records (>3000 ha). Temperature and moisture were significant predictors of fire frequency, but, overall, climate had a weak influence on burning; regression showed that the two climate variables significantly explained 34% of the variance in the summed frequency record. Based on the results, climate change is an important driver of fire frequency in high-elevation forests, but stochastic influences may overprint the climate controls and determine patterns at local spatial scales.
Exactly solvable model for electromagnetic field in air of a three-phase power line over the Earth

Considerable effort has been focused on the investigation of ELF electromagnetic fields and their interaction with the human body. Much of this effort is concerned with the fields generated by high-voltage transmission lines at frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz. In order to calculate the induced currents in the body for its various orientations near a power line, it is desirable to determine accurately all vector components of the electromagnetic field in the air. There is a need to describe more accurately components which are parallel to the power line and, therefore, vanish in the absence of the Earth. The paper provides: (i) exact integrated formulas for all components of the field in the air, which are valid at any distance from the power line, and (ii) set of simplified expressions for cases of practical interest. Specifically, when the observation point falls into distances of a few meters away from the transmission line.
Cryogenic Material Properties Database

NIST has published at least two references compiling cryogenic material properties. These include the Handbook on Materials for Superconducting Machinery and the LNG Materials & Fluids. Neither has been updated since 1977 and are currently out of print. While there is a great deal of published data on cryogenic material properties, it is often difficult to find and not in a form that is convenient to use. We have begun a new program to collect, compile, and correlate property information for materials used in cryogenics. The initial phase of this program has focused on picking simple models to use for thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and specific heat. We have broken down the temperature scale into four ranges: a) less than 4 K, b) 4 K to 77 K, c) 77 K to 300 K, and d) 300 K to the melting point. Initial materials that we have compiled include oxygen free copper, 6061-T6 aluminum, G-10 fiberglass epoxy, 718 Inconel, Kevlar, niobium titanium (NbTi), beryllium copper, polyamide (nylon), polyimide, 304 stainless steel, Teflon, and Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Correlations are given for each material and property over some of the temperature range. We will continue to add new materials and increase the temperature range. We hope to offer these material properties as subroutines that can be called from your own code or from within commercial software packages. We will also identify where new measurements need to be made to give complete property prediction from 50 mK to the melting point.
Discrete Versus Solid: Representing Quantity Using Linear, Area, and Volume Glyphs

It is common in infographics for quantities to be represented by stacks of discrete blocks. For example, a magazine illustration showing automobile production in different countries might use stacks of blocks with each block representing a thousand cars. This is unlike what is done to represent quantity in the charts used by statisticians, or for quantitative glyphs used in maps. In these cases, solid bars or solid area glyphs such as circles are commonly used to represent quantity. This raises the question of whether breaking bars, area, or volume glyphs into discrete blocks can improve the rapid estimation of quantity. We report on a study where participants compared quantities represented using bar, area, and volume glyphs in both solid and discrete variants. The discrete variants used up to 4, 4 × 4, and 4 × 4 × 4 blocks or 10, 10 × 10, and 10 × 10 × 10 blocks for bar, area, and volume, respectively. The results show that people are significantly more accurate in estimating quantities using the discrete versions, but they take somewhat longer. For both areas and volumes, the accuracy gains were considerable.
A Preliminary Report of Advisor Perceptions of Advising and of a Profession

Practicing advisors may not agree, know, or understand that advising does not meet the scholarly definition of a profession. Through a phenomenological study, members of NACADA: The Global Communit...
Management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a review and update:

Since the first description of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in the 1950s there have been numerous studies that have shed light on the characteristics and immunopathogenesis of this disease. The increased knowledge and awareness have resulted in earlier diagnosis and treatment of patients with this condition. This article aims to provide a summary and updates on ABPA by reviewing the results of recent studies on this disease with a focus on articles published within the last 5 years. A systematic search of PubMed/Medline with keywords of ABPA or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis was performed. All selected articles were reviewed with a focus on findings of articles published from December 2006 to December 2011. The relevant findings are summarized in this paper.
Effect of Bed Height, Bed Diameter and Particle Shape on Minimum Fluidization in a Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed

In this paper parameters most likely to effect pressure drop and particle behavior in gassolid fluidized bed is investigated. These parameters included bed height, bed diameter, and particle shape. For the experiments two laboratory scale fluidized bed systems were used one having a 3.5cm inner diameter and a second having a 12.4cm inner diameter to test the effect of bed diameter. The effect of particle shape was also investigated by testing different shapes of particles ranging from 0.85 to 1.0mm. Also, the bed height varied from 2 to 7 cm. Overall, it is observed that minimum fluidization velocity decreases with decrease of bed diameter. It was also determined that the minimum fluidization velocity did not show a significant variation with bed height. Testing particle shape showed spherical particles requires more pressure drop to reach a minimum fluidization velocity compared to non-spherical particles. Digital imaging of the particle was also recorded to observe incipient minimum fluidization, bubble flow, bubble shape, and particle collisions in the fluidization regime.
Interviewing a Close Friend, First Amendment Activist Frank Wilkinson

The content of an oral history interview is influenced by many contextual factors: initial contact between the interviewer and interviewee; preliminary discussions about taping the interview; recording location; persons present during the interview; off-the-record discussion (remarks related to the interview or mere chitchat); and interviewer-interviewee rapport. If the oral history document fails to include information about context, researchers lose an opportunity to consider the relationship between context and content and to know the hows and whys of the interview's creation. The most critical contextual element in an oral history interview is the relationship between interviewer and interviewee. Mutual respect, rapport, and trust are essential if substantive, meaningful information is to emerge. Experienced oral history interviewers have written about context from theoretical and methodological perspectives, yet neither oral historians nor other interviewers have revealed much specific knowledge about context and its connection to content based on their field taping experiences. Interviewers have shed even less light on their recording experiences with friends., When the principals are close friends, the relationship fosters special opportunities but also presents unique challenges. In an interview with a
Factors affecting the binding of retinol to serum and its components.

SummaryA Sephadex G-25, batchwise, semimicro, partitioning technique is presented for investigating the binding of retinol to serum components. Rat sera from normal, vitamin A-deficient, and vitamin A-supplemented animals exhibited differences in the binding of retinol. These differences were related to variations in the serum content of vitamin A and protein. The major protein fraction responsible for binding retinol was the α-globulin. Other fractions, namely γ-globulin and albumin, were also capable of binding retinol but to a lesser degree. Human and rat sera exhibited a larger amount of binding for 14C-retinol than for 3H-retinoic acid and 14C-β-carotene. Several unlabeled all-trans derivatives of vitamin A inhibited the binding of 14C-retinol.
Reading the Languages of PISA Critically: An analysis through the ‘Immigrant’

This article is an invitation to notice. Reading the languages of PISA critically allows one to understand to a certain extent the reasons that fund the standardized measurements efforts. The article first of all points out the languages of comparison, development and equity, and numbers that PISA employs to justify its project. Secondly it engages with a particular case where PISA is both understood as celebratory gesture to include the “migrant,” and the shortcomings of the test to provide answers for how to appropriately solve the problem of exclusion. Thirdly a reading of test questions is offered where the languages of PISA are highlighted mainly that of equity and development. Finally and by way of conclusion the migrant is discussed not as a minoritized object but as a trigger for different kinds of relations in/with the world of education.
Proposal for a new T-stage classification system for distal cholangiocarcinoma: a 10-institution study from the U.S. Extrahepatic Biliary Malignancy Consortium.

Abstract Background Seventh AJCC distal cholangiocarcinoma T-stage classification inadequately separates patients by survival. This retrospective study aimed to define a novel T-stage system to better stratify patients after resection. Methods Curative-intent pancreaticoduodenectomies for distal cholangiocarcinoma (1/2000-5/2015) at 10 US institutions were included. Relationships between tumor characteristics and overall survival (OS) were assessed and incorporated into a novel T-stage classification. Results 176 patients (median follow-up: 24mo) were included. Current AJCC T-stage was not associated with OS (T1: 23mo, T2: 20mo, T3: 25mo, T4: 12mo; p = 0.355). Tumor size ≥3 cm and presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were associated with decreased OS on univariate and multivariable analyses. Patients were stratified into 3 groups [T1: size Conclusion Current AJCC distal cholangiocarcinoma T-stage does not adequately stratify patients by survival. This proposed T-stage classification, based on tumor size and LVI, better differentiates patient outcomes after resection and could be considered for incorporation into the next AJCC distal cholangiocarcinoma staging system.
POSH Regulates CD4 + T Cell Differentiation and Survival

The scaffold molecule POSH is crucial for the regulation of proliferation and effector function in CD8(+) T cells. However, its role in CD4(+) T cells is not known. In this study, we found that disruption of the POSH scaffold complex established a transcriptional profile that strongly skewed differentiation toward Th2, led to decreased survival, and had no effect on cell cycle entry. This is in stark contrast to CD8(+) T cells in which POSH regulates cell cycle and does not affect survival. Disruption of POSH in CD4(+) T cells resulted in the loss of Tak1-dependent activation of JNK1/2 and Tak1-mediated survival. However, in CD8(+) T cells, POSH regulates only JNK1. Remarkably, each type of T cell had a unique composition of the POSH scaffold complex and distinct posttranslational modifications of POSH. These data indicate that the mechanism that regulates POSH function in CD4(+) T cells is different from CD8(+) T cells. All together, these data strongly suggest that POSH is essential for the integration of cell-type-specific signals that regulate the differentiation, survival, and function of T cells.
Overfishing And Sustainable Fisheries: A Program For Political Action

1. HUGO GROTIUS,THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS 43(Ralph van Demann Magofffin transl., James Brown Scott ed. 1916) (1609). As recently as 40 years ago, the Stratton Commission Report, an important and highly influential study of problems in the fisheries sector, stressed efficient exploitation of fishery resources and economic development rather than conservation and management. COMM’N ON MARINE SCI., ENG’G AND RES., OUR NATION AND THE SEA: A PLAN FOR NATIONAL ACTION (1969). For a similar perspective, see PANEL
THE EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID ON HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLASTS IN MONOLAYER TISSUE CULTURE.

Abstract The effect of ascorbic acid on collagen and acid mucopolysaccharide synthesis and on cell growth has been studied with the use of monalayer tissue cultures of fibroblasts obtained at the time of operation. The addition of ascorbic acid in quantities as low as 50 μg per milliliter of a nutrient medium which consists of 83 per cent Eagle's basal medium, 15 per cent heat deactivated human serum, and 2 per cent embryonic extract 50 , and which is supplemented with antibiotics affected the collagen metabolism of the cells dramatically. In this system, human dermal fabroblasts were capable of synthesizing collagen as long as 3 months after explantation, whereas without supplementation of vitamin C no appreciable collagen synthesis could be observed. Ascorbic acid additions generally enhanced cell growth, whereas they did not show a consistent effect on acid mucopolysaccharide production. Hyaluron c acid rather than sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides ivas synthesized in all the groups whether or not ascorbic acid was added. Possible mechanisms of collagen synthesis are discussed.
Negative superfluid densities in superconducting films in a parallel magnetic field

In this paper we develop a theory of mesoscopic fluctuations in disordered thin superconducting films in a parallel magnetic field. At zero temperature and sufficiently strong magnetic field the system undergoes a phase transition into a state characterized by a superfluid density, which is random in sign. Consequently, in this region, random supercurrents are spontaneously created in the ground state of the system, and it belongs to the same universality class as the two dimensional XY spin glass with a random sign of the exchange interaction.
Impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño on the California Current System: Early assessment and comparison to past events

The 2015–2016 El Nino is by some measures one of the strongest on record, comparable to the 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 events that triggered widespread ecosystem change in the northeast Pacific. Here we describe impacts of the 2015–2016 El Nino on the California Current System (CCS) and place them in historical context using a regional ocean model and underwater glider observations. Impacts on the physical state of the CCS are weaker than expected based on tropical sea surface temperature anomalies; temperature and density fields reflect persistence of multiyear anomalies more than El Nino. While we anticipate El Nino-related impacts on spring/summer 2016 productivity to be similarly weak, their combination with preexisting anomalous conditions likely means continued low phytoplankton biomass. This study highlights the need for regional metrics of El Nino's effects and demonstrates the potential to assess these effects before the upwelling season, when altered ecosystem functioning is most apparent.
Basic Information on Nerve Gas and the Use of Sarin by Aum Shinrikyo

Nerve gas is a major chemical agent stockpiled as a chemical arsenal. Nerve gas was used in actual combat in the Iran-Iraq war and also in the insurgent war against Kurd minorities in Iraq. Recently, a nerve gas, sarin, was used massively against a defenseless public in Matsumoto and in Tokyo, causing a large number of deaths and injuries. This marked the first use of chemical weapons in a noncombat situation by a terrorist group. Information on nerve gas is relatively scarce; it is not easily accessible to most people. A systematic summarized article like the one here should help those who are interested in an overview of scientific information on nerve gas.In this review article, an overall view of poisonous gas is first made. Then different aspects of nerve gas are discussed. Toxicology, treatment, detection, decontamination and control of precursors are also reviewed.
Follicular lymphomatoid papulosis with follicular mucinosis: a clinicopathologic study of 3 cases with literature review and conceptual reappraisal

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), characterized by recurring, waxing and waning, cutaneous papulonodules, is increasingly recognized to represent a heterogeneous collection of pathologically dissimilar subtypes. Recently, a follicular LyP variant was proposed, featuring folliculotropism. Folliculotropism by atypical lymphocytes is conventionally associated with follicular mucinosis and mycosis fungoides (MF), and review of the literature suggests co-occurrence of folliculotropism and follicular mucinosis in LyP to be rare, with only 3 cases identified to date. Herein we describe 3 additional cases, each manifesting a typical LyP clinical picture, with the additional element of folliculotropism and follicular mucinosis on pathology. These cases suggest that LyP should be considered alongside MF in the differential diagnosis of follicular mucinosis with accompanying atypical lymphocytic infiltration. As LyP can occur with other lymphoproliferative disorders such as MF, the finding of follicular mucinosis in LyP may further represent a conceptual intersection between the 2 disease processes.
Secure RAID schemes from EVENODD and STAR codes

We study secure RAID, i.e., low-complexity schemes to store information in a distributed manner that is resilient to node failures and resistant to node eavesdropping. We describe a technique to shorten the secure EVENODD scheme in [6], which can optimally tolerate 2 node failures and 2 eavesdropping nodes. The shortening technique allows us to obtain secure EVENODD schemes of arbitrary lengths, which is important for practical application. We also construct a new secure RAID scheme from the STAR code. The scheme can tolerate 3 node failures and 3 eavesdropping nodes with optimal encoding/decoding and random access complexity.
A new genus for North American Cicadetta species (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

The generic classification of cicadas within the globally distributed tribe Cicadettini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) has been challenging due to their often conservative morphology. A recent molecular analysis has indicated that the six North American taxa currently classified in Cicadetta are unrelated to the European type species of Cicadetta , C. montana Scopoli. Here we identify a set of diagnostic morphological characters for a new genus, which we distinguish from its closest relatives in Eurasia and Australasia.
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Removal Post-Transplant — A Rare Case of Delayed Bowel Perforation:

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a well-established form of renal replacement therapy and the practice of leaving catheters in situ post-transplantation widely accepted. We present a rare complication: a child presenting with anal protrusion of the PD catheter.The patient is an 11-year-old boy with a background of renal dysplasia and congenital cutis laxa. Twenty-three weeks after dialysis was commenced, the patient underwent a renal transplant. Thirteen weeks post-transplant, the patient felt an unusual sensation after defecation. The curled end of the catheter was seen protruding from the anus. He was admitted, and investigations showed stable graft function, with abdominal X ray showing no free air.Intraoperative findings showed a small perforation of the sigmoid colon sealed off by adherence of several small intestinal loops. This was repaired laparoscopically after removal of the distal part of the catheter per rectum. No peritoneal contamination was seen. He was treated with 5 days of intravenous antibiotics and gradual introduction of enteral feeds. His graft function remained stable throughout.Timing of catheter removal varies, from the time of transplantation to over 3 months post-transplantation. Bowel perforation due to PD catheter insertion is rare and tends to occur at the time of insertion. Anal protrusion of a PD catheter in childhood is extremely rare and unrecorded in a pediatric patient with a connective tissue disorder. Our case highlights that serious complications can occur in the period between transplantation and elective PD catheter removal and that, in the immunocompromised patient, signs can be subtle.
Connecting environmental engineers to the Klamath river via a placed based learning community

This innovative practice work in progress describes the Klamath Connection (KC) program at Humboldt State University (HSU). The KC Program is a place-based learning community designed to foster a sense of belonging to improve STEM first-year performance. Initiated through the California State University STEM Collaboratives project, the program is comprised of four high impact practices (a summer immersion, first-year seminar, modified gateway courses with block scheduling, and peer mentoring) woven around an interdisciplinary theme unique to our geographic location, the Klamath River Basin. Initially offered to HSU first-year students entering declared in one of four science majors, the Environmental Resources Engineering (ERE) program joined the KC for the ‘16/17’ academic year as part of the second cohort. The second KC cohort self-report a heightened sense of belonging and stronger development of academic behaviors when compared to other first-year students in the same majors. KC ERE students had improved 1st term retention, GPA, and lower rates of academic probation. That same favorable comparison was seen for participants from traditionally underrepresented backgrounds, but not for those from low-income backgrounds. This paper describes the modifications made to the KC program to include the ERE students and discusses preliminary results.
Regulation of Tumor Cell Adhesion and Motility by Arachidonic Acid Metabolism

During the process of tumor cell invasion, malignant cells interact with the host extracellular matrix. Both adhesion of the cells to matrix components and cell motility are involved. These interactions are mediated through specific receptors on the tumor cell surface for extracellular matrix components. While matrix components such as laminin and fibronectin may facilitate adhesion and motility by providing a substratum on which these processes can occur, recent studies have shown that the binding of these molecules to the tumor cell surface also induces a transmembrane signal. Arachidonic acid is released from phospholipid pools in the stimulated cells and converted into a number of metabolites of both the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. These metabolites directly influence adhesion and motility as positive and negative regulators. Quantitative differences in arachidonic acid metabolism among closely-related tumor cell lines contribute to differences in biological responsiveness. These results suggest that high molecular weight extracellular matrix components can influence tumor cell behavior in a similar manner to low molecular weight chemotactic factors.
Disseminating Design Science Research

As you near the completion of a design science research project, your thoughts are now diverted to what to do next? Every researcher wants to publish their finding to the scientific community and in particular to their peer group. While academic publishing is certainly a preferred outcome of DSR, we would also like to mention that another possible (and lucrative) outcome of DSR is entrepreneurial activity for those who have the mindset. If you have built it, let them come.
Clinical Aspects of Reversible Cerebral Ischemia

The clinical aspects of reversible cerebral ischemia can be approached from two points of view: first, the clinical diseases which cause cerebral ischemia, and second, the pathophysiological processes which initiate or aggravate cerebral ischemia and which also influence reversibility.
Ion Channel Reorganization During Remyelination

Conduction in myelinated axons depends upon both a highly heterogeneous distribution of ionic channels and on passive improvements in cable properties resulting from myelin formation. Under pathological conditions involving demyelination, action potential propagation can be delayed or blocked and recovery requires firstly removal of damaged myelin and secondly association with new glial cells. We have studied these processes extensively in the peripheral nervous system with both electrophysiological and immunocytochemical methods. We show that a complex series of events is initiated by Schwann cell adherence to demyelinated axons and that the recovery of conduction occurs in several stages.
The vermiform larva of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål): Form and activity (Insecta, Orthoptera)

A detailed study of the vermiform larva of Schistocerca gregaria was made using film analysis in combination with morphological studies. The adaptations of the body are illustrated, and the use of these in digging up to the surface of the ground is described. The means of orientation were investigated, and unusual club-tipped hairs are suggested as important mechanoreceptors.
Variable Quantities and Variable Structures in Topoi

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses variable quantities and variable structures in topoi. The chapter presents the conceptual basis for topoi in mathematical experience with variable sets and discusses a formal theory of variable abstract sets as a relativized foundation for geometry and analysis. It also focuses on sheaves of continuous maps. The chapter presents two aspects of sheaf theory not yet sufficiently incorporated into general topoi theory. There has long been in geometry and differential equations the idea that the category of families of spaces smoothly parametrized by a given space X is similar in many respects to the category of spaces itself. Traditionally, the set theory has emphasized the constancy of sets, and both nonstandard analysis and forcing method involve passing from a system of supposedly constant sets to a new system.