cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulo graph embedding: mapping applications onto coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures

Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs) present an appealing hardware platform by providing the potential for high computation throughput, scalability, low cost and energy efficiency. CGRAs consist of an array of function units and register files generally organized as a two dimensional grid. The most difficult challenge with deploying CGRAs is compiler scheduling technology that can map software implementations of compute intensive loops onto the array. Traditional schedulers are not suitable because they do not take into account the explicit routing of operand values that is necessary. In essence, the problem of binding operations to time slots and resources is extended to also include explicit routing of operands from producers to consumers. To tackle this problem, this paper introduces a software pipelining technique for mapping loop bodies onto CGRAs, referred to as modulo graph embedding. We leverage graph embedding from graph theory, which is used to draw graphs onto a target space. The loop body is essentially drawn onto the CGRA mesh, subject to modulo resource usage constraints. Modulo graph embedding is effective because it can take into account the communication structure of the loop body during mapping. On average, a compute utilization of 56-68% is achieved for a set of loop kernels across three 4x4 CGRA designs.
Rheological Models for Thin Film EHL Contacts

Rheological behavior in concentrated contacts has been studied extensively. In certain conditions such as a rough concentrated contact or sliding of nominally flat surfaces, films may be of molecular (nanometer) scale. The question arises as to whether the application of any viscous fluid model is appropriate. In this study, elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis is performed on three candidate rheological models: (1) the classical case of viscosity variation with pressure, (2) an isoviscous model which idealizes porous layers on the solid surfaces representing the molecular microstructure, and (3) an isoviscous model which includes van der Waals and solvation surface forces. The latter two models predict behavior similar to classical behavior. The study is not sufficiently sensitive to determine which model best predicts experimental results, but some credence must be given to the latter two because experimental evidence suggests that Reynolds' equation is not valid for molecularly thin films
Abstract W MP97: Post-discharge Pneumonia And Urinary Tract Infection After Hospitalization For Ischemic And Hemorrhagic Strokes

Background and purpose: Stroke related disability is a risk factor for infectious complications and the risk persists even after discharge from the hospital. Therefore, we studied the incidence and predictors of pneumonia and urinary tract infection (UTI) up to 1 year after hospitalization for ischemic stroke, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods: We analyzed all adult cases treated in acute care hospitals and emergency departments in California state between 2005 and 2011 using state inpatient and emergency databases of Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Patients with principle diagnosis of ischemic stroke (ICD-9 codes 433.x1, 434.x1, 436), ICH (431) and SAH (430) surviving up to discharge were followed up for development of first episode of pneumonia and UTI at 30-days, 90-days and 1-year intervals. Index cases were limited to 2005-2010 to ensure at least 1 year of follow up. Negative binomial regression was used to obtain predictors of post-discharge pneumonia or UTI. Results: Among 168,194 ischemic strokes, 26,502 ICH and 10,659 SAH cases, 5.7%, 7.3% and 4.9% developed pneumonia, and 8.6%, 11.5% and 8.8% developed UTI within 90-days after discharge respectively. The incidence rate of pneumonia during first 30 days was 38.8 per 100 person years which decreased to 14.8 per 100 person years between 31-90 days. The rate decreased further during 91-365 days to 7.3 per 100 person years. The rates of pneumonia among ICH and SAH and of UTI among different stroke types showed similar trend with higher risk during immediate post-discharge period. Factors independently associated with post-discharge infections were older age, female sex, non-white race, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, dementia, liver disease, anemia, atrial fibrillation, mechanical ventilation, gastrostomy and longer length of index admission. Conclusions: Risk of infectious complications is highest after ICH among different stroke types. The risk is highest during immediate post-discharge period but remains higher than general hospital population at least up to 1 year.
The Future of Diabetes Therapy

The epidemic of diabetes shows no signs of abating.1 Diabetes is already having an enormous impact on the health and well-being of more than 150 million people, a number that is predicted to grow in the United States and throughout the globe, creating substantial strain on health-care systems. 1 Diabetes mellitus causes resource-intensive complications,2 and while preventive care is effective in reducing overall utilization and improving outcome,3 it too is expensive and requires teams of care providers at a time when the United States is facing a shortage of endocrinologists.4 The future of diabetes therapy must include preventive efforts and improvements in therapeutics incorporating oral and injectable therapies, and will also need to embrace improvements in technology and care efficiency if targets are to be met (Table 48.1). This chapter examines some of the ongoing work in preventing and treating diabetes and outlines some of the approaches that will form part of future armamentaria.
Disjunctively Linear Logic Nets

Three notions are introduced: 1) a class of logic nets with ``disjunctively linear structure,'' 2) ``disjunctively linear behavior'' or logic nets, and 3) ``position diagrams'' to represent logic nets. Through the study of their properties, it is shown that there is a close relationship between disjunctively linear structures and the behavior of logic nets. It is then shown that the state diagrams of Moore and Mealy and the regular expression of Kleene can be considered as particular manifestations of the notion of disjunctive linearity. By means of the notion of disjunctive linearity, a unified treatment is given to state diagrams by Mealy and the logic nets constructed by Copi, Elgot, and Wright from regular expressions. Finally, a discussion is given to the normal form and the position diagram providing a technique for describing disjunctively linear logic nets. Some problems, such as the practical application of disjunctively linear logic nets for hazard-free operation and the minimization of regular expressions through the use of position diagrams, are suggested.
Criminology as moral philosophy: An essay on Richard Quinney's bearing witness to crime and social justice

(2002). Criminology as moral philosophy: An essay on Richard Quinney's bearing witness to crime and social justice. Contemporary Justice Review: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 399-402.
The surgical uprighting of mandibular second molars

The mandibular second molars can become impacted beneath the crown of the first molars and fail to erupt normally. A study of 22 cases with follow-up periods of at least 18 months shows the results obtained by surgical uprighting of these teeth. Of 22 teeth, one has been lost but none of the remaining 21 has developed infection or required root treatment, and all are in good occlusion. Six teeth give a normal response to electrical pulp testing. In most cases, with judicious bone removal, the second molar is firm and stable after uprighting and requires no splinting, but in some cases temporary stabilization is required. The bone defect normally seen mesially after uprighting reossifies both clinically and radiographically.
LAYING-STAGE NEST ATTENDANCE AND ONSET OF INCUBATION IN PRAIRIE NESTING DUCKS

Abstract We used microprocessor data loggers to document patterns of nest attendance during the laying stage and to quantify temperatures of dummy eggs during laying for Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Blue-winged Teal (A. discors), Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata), Northern Pintail (A. acuta), Gadwall (A. strepera), Green-winged Teal (A. crecca), American Wigeon (A. americana), and Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) nesting in southern Manitoba in 1994 and in northeastern North Dakota in 1995–1997 and 2000–2002. Females of all species increased the time they spent on the nest as laying progressed, but species differed in their pattern of increased attendance. Female Blue-winged Teal and Northern Shoveler that laid smaller clutches increased the time they spent on the nest more rapidly than conspecifics that laid larger clutches, but large- and small-clutch conspecifics had similar attendance at the end of the laying period. Attendance during laying was not influenced by low ambient temperature, precipitation, or...
A quantitative case study in engineering of the efficacy of quality cheat-sheets

Although authorized cheat-sheets have been widely accepted as a common examination format, their effectiveness is still being questioned. Some researchers believe authorized cheat-sheets are more like a "crutch" and have no effect on students' performance. In this study, we created a cheat-sheet rating scheme to evaluate the quality of authorized cheatsheets collected with each exam (N=155) and investigated the effect of cheat-sheet quality on students' grades. This study reveals that 1) the average cheat-sheet's quality varies significantly between those students who scored in the top half of the class versus those whose score was in the lower half of the class; 2) students' grades are highly related to their cheatsheet quality and 3) if students manage to improve the quality of their cheat-sheets from one examination to the next, their grades tend to improve for that subsequent examination.
Understanding Programming Expertise: An Empirical Study of Phasic Brain Wave Changes

Recent decades have seen a resurgence of interest in electroencephalography (EEG), as neuroscience develops new models of cognition and refines old ones, associating them with detectable indicators of brain activity. This article presents a more direct measure of programmer expertise, derived from noninvasive observation of the brain’s electrical activity. This article provides a foundational approach for investigating the role of expertise in programming language comprehension, showing that this electrical activity in the brain can indicate (1) prior programming experience by class level (current state of progression through an undergraduate computer science program), and (2) self-reported experience levels.
Tumor Autonomous Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency Promote Breast Cancer Metastasis

Patients with breast cancer (BCa) frequently have preexisting vitamin D deficiency (low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) when their cancer develops. A number of epidemiological studies show an inverse association between BCa risk and vitamin D status in humans, although some studies have failed to find an association. In addition, several studies have reported that BCa patients with vitamin D deficiency have a more aggressive molecular phenotype and worse prognostic indicators. However, it is unknown whether this association is mechanistically causative and, if so, whether it results from systemic or tumor autonomous effects of vitamin D signaling. We found that ablation of vitamin D receptor expression within BCa cells accelerates primary tumor growth and enables the development of metastases, demonstrating a tumor autonomous effect of vitamin D signaling to suppress BCa metastases. We show that vitamin D signaling inhibits the expression of the tumor progression gene Id1, and this pathway is abrogated in vitamin D deficiency in vivo in 2 murine models of BCa. These findings are relevant to humans, because we discovered that the mechanism of VDR regulation of Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1) is conserved in human BCa cells, and there is a negative correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the level of ID1 in primary tumors from patients with BCa.
Democratic Legitimacy of Unwritten Constitutionalism: India and Canada - A Comparative Analysis

In the introductory part, I will explain the rationale for choosing the two jurisdictions for a comparative study. I will highlight the striking similarities of unwritten constitutionalism in both jurisdictions. After showing how the naturalist critiques have been answered in both jurisdictions similarly on the basis of structuralist arguments, I will present the democratic legitimacy question in the context of the debate about the role of courts in constitutional politics in Ackerman’s language.In the second part, I will develop a theoretical framework to examine the question at hand. The theoretical framework about the democratic legitimacy of constitutional amendment will be developed on the basis of Carl Schmitt’s and Emmanuel Siyes’ theories about the distinction between constituent power and amending power. It will highlight the concept of constituent power which lies beyond the reach of judicial review. From this theoretical standpoint,I will develop an argument that unwritten constitutionalism becomes undemocratic only when the court declines either to find or to suggest positively towards the location and ways of expression of constituent power. According to this argument, though the court cannot legitimately guard the process of constitutional politics, it can suggest how such process can be channelized on the face of constitutional failures.In the third part, I will show how the similar unwritten constitutionalism looks differently when it comes to the question of constitutional amendment. I will make a specific argument that in Canada, the court recognizes the location of constituent power in people and suggests positively towards its exercise. In India, the court fails to find the location of constituent power and declines to suggest positively toward its exercise. In India, the court made constitutional politics impossible while, in Canada, the court facilitates the constitutional politics.
Guided-mode resonance nanophotonics in materially sparse architectures

The guided-mode resonance (GMR) concept refers to lateral quasi-guided waveguide modes induced in periodic layers. Whereas these effects have been known for a long time, new attributes and innovations continue to appear. Here, we review some recent progress in this field with emphasis on sparse, or minimal, device embodiments. We discuss properties of wideband resonant reflectors designed with gratings in which the grating ridges are matched to an identical material to eliminate local reflections and phase changes. This critical interface therefore possesses zero refractive-index contrast; hence we call them “zero-contrast gratings.” Applying this architecture, we present single-layer, wideband reflectors that are robust under experimentally realistic parametric variations. We introduce a new class of reflectors and polarizers fashioned with dielectric nanowire grids that are mostly empty space. Computed results predict high reflection and attendant polarization extinction for these sparse lattices. Experimental verification with Si nanowire grids yields ~200-nm-wide band of high reflection for one polarization state and free transmission of the orthogonal state. Finally, we present bandpass filters using all-dielectric resonant gratings. We design, fabricate, and test nanostructured single layer filters exhibiting high efficiency and sub-nanometer-wide passbands surrounded by 100-nm-wide stopbands.
Cyclodextrins stabilize TOPO-(CdSe)ZnS quantum dots in water

Chemical action between cyclodextrins (CDs) and TOPO-(CdSe)ZnS quantum dots (QDs) generates a water-soluble solution of CD-QDs. Hydrophobic TOPO molecules on surface of the QDs are compatible to thread through the pockets of CDs and make the hydroxyl group on end of CDs to approach the ZnS surface, and then cause the interaction between ZnS and the hydroxyls. In this paper, Photoluminescence of the γ-CD-QD solution appeared about 15 nm of red movement compared with that of the QDs in hexane; 58% replacement of the crystal coordinate bond of Zn-S with that of Zn-O in the ZnS shell was demonstrated by using first-principles density functional theory and the red shift of the photoluminescence of CD-QDs; and–0.11eV of the energy gain of the exchange model was calculated by using an effective mass (EM) model. CD-QDs will provide water-soluble QDs with conjugational group for biology and molecule-device applications.
Pixelsior: photo management as a platform service for mobile apps

Photo management has become a sizable fraction of our computer interaction. Due to economic incentives, every software company wants to restrict users to using their software for photo management and use. Unfortunately, this results in duplication of images, repeated image manipulation operations, and an overall uneven and siloed user experience. In this paper, we motivate the need for a dedicated platform service for photo management which can not only manage the photos on one device, but also transparently manage content adaptation, image manipulation and propagation of the manipulation to all the applications on a device, and all devices using the service. Pixelsior presents our study of the requirements of such a system as well as a preliminary design motivated by requirements of consistency and efficiency.
FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Whose Tumors Express Programmed Death-Ligand 1

On October 2, 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval for pembrolizumab, a breakthrough therapy-designated drug, for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), as determined by an FDA-approved test, and who have disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy or targeted therapy against anaplastic lymphoma kinase or epidermal growth factor receptor, if appropriate. This indication was approved concurrently with the PD-L1 immunohistochemistry 22C3 pharmDx, a companion diagnostic test for patient selection based on PD-L1 tumor expression. The accelerated approval was granted based on durable objective response rate (ORR) and an acceptable toxicity profile demonstrated in a multicenter, open-label trial enrolling 550 patients with metastatic NSCLC. The efficacy population comprised 61 patients with tumors identified as strongly positive for PD-L1, and the confirmed ORR as determined by blinded independent central review was 41% (95% confidence interval: 28.6%, 54.3%); all were partial responses. At the time of the analysis, responses were ongoing in 21 of 25 patients (84%), with 11 patients (44%) having response duration of ≥6 months. The most commonly occurring (≥20%) adverse reactions included fatigue, decreased appetite, dyspnea, and cough. The most frequent (≥2%) serious adverse drug reactions were pleural effusion, pneumonia, dyspnea, pulmonary embolism, and pneumonitis. Immune-mediated adverse reactions occurred in 13% of patients and included pneumonitis, colitis, hypophysitis, and thyroid disorders. The accelerated approval regulations describe approval of drugs and biologic products for serious and life-threatening illnesses based on a surrogate endpoint likely to predict clinical benefit. Under these regulations, a confirmatory trial or trials is required to verify and describe the benefit of pembrolizumab for patients with metastatic NSCLC.
Macroglobulinemia in a Child With Acute Leukemia

A 12-yr-old boy with acute leukemia was found to have paraproteinemia and Bence-Jones proteinuria. The paraprotein was characterized as immunoglobulin M, type κ and the Bence Jones protein as free κ-chains. Increased amounts of β2-microglobulin were found in the patient’s serum and urine. Electron microscopic and immunofluorescence studies provided evidence of the presence of lymphoid leukemia cells apparently responsible for the production of the paraprotein.
Pelvic inflammatory disease. Decision making in the pharmacy and therapeutics committee

In today's environment of cost containment, the pharmacy and therapeutics committee plays an increasingly important role in determining the availability of antibiotics for the treatment of specific diseases. However, if the drug is not optimal for treatment and sequelae of a disease process develop, no true savings are gained. The goal of treating pelvic inflammatory disease should not be just reduction of morbidity but preservation of fertility and reduction of surgery after therapy. Multiple factors must be considered when choosing antibiotic therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease, including the spectrum of pathogenic organisms involved, the efficacy of the antibiotic chosen, the safety profile of the antibiotic, the pattern of resistance to the antibiotic in both the hospital and the community, the cost of administering the antibiotic and management of its side effects. This paper reviews the concepts used at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital, University of Chicago, in choosing the primary antibiotic, ceftizoxime, for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. This antibiotic offers a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with little resistance, few side effects, evidence of penetration into the infected tissues and prolonged dosing intervals, which allow substantial cost savings as well as efficacious treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.
Recent biologic and genetic advances in neuroblastoma: Implications for diagnostic, risk stratification, and treatment strategies

Neuroblastoma is an embryonic cancer of neural crest cell lineage, accounting for up to 10% of all pediatric cancer. The clinical course is heterogeneous ranging from spontaneous regression in neonates to life-threatening metastatic disease in older children. Much of this clinical variance is thought to result from distinct pathologic characteristics that predict patient outcomes. Consequently, many research efforts have been focused on identifying the underlying biologic and genetic features of neuroblastoma tumors in order to more clearly define prognostic subgroups for treatment stratification. Recent technological advances have placed emphasis on the integration of genetic alterations and predictive biologic variables into targeted treatment approaches to improve patient survival outcomes. This review will focus on these recent advances and the implications they have on the diagnostic, staging, and treatment approaches in modern neuroblastoma clinical management.
Prognostic Differences: Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Spine Versus Spinal Leiomyosarcoma Metastases.

Objective The authors studied 6 cases of osseous leiomyosarcoma of the spine. Two of these cases were of immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated primary vertebral leiomyosarcomas. The remaining 4 cases were of patients with leiomyosarcoma metastases to the spine. Methods Each patient underwent surgical resection of their vertebral mass; however, the patients with the EBV-associated tumors had the best postoperative prognosis. Results The HIV-positive patients have had no further local recurrence, while the other 4 patients had rapid local recurrences requiring multiple surgical interventions. Furthermore, the patients living with HIV have lived longer with fewer leiomyosarcoma-related health complications. Conclusions These findings suggest that EBV-associated vertebral leiomyosarcoma is of a less aggressive variety than metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the spine.
A more stable transition matrix for acoustic target scattering by highly oblate elastic objects

In previous work, a variant of Waterman's transition (T) matrix utilizing an ansatz for problematic outgoing basis functions in standard formulations was proposed and demonstrated to improve the stability of free-field acoustic scattering calculations for elongated axisymmetric elastic objects. The ansatz replaced the basis causing instability with one consisting of low-order spherical functions made complete by distributing the functions along the axis within the object. Unfortunately, these bases are not as useful for expanding outgoing source fields along oblate axisymmetric surfaces. However, related work by Doicu, Eremin, and Wriedt, [Acoustic & Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis Using Discrete Sources, Academic Press, London (2000)], suggests using an alternate basis of low-order spherical functions made complete by analytically continuing them into the complex plane of the object's axial coordinate, distributing them along the imaginary axis of this plane. This paper will show that this alternative does extend the range of stability of our T-matrix formulation for highly oblate axisymmetric objects to frequencies attainable with competing spheroidal-basis T-matrix formulations. Nevertheless, the range is not as great as achieved for prolate shapes and an analysis of the residual noise sources suggest more optimal basis sets are possible that further stabilize scattering computations for such shapes.
Hardy-Littlewood Constants

Extending a technique introduced in Golomb’s thesis, we look at a Dirichlet series naturally associated to the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture.
Development of the Thalamus

Descriptions of the development of the thalamus began soon after Nissl’s (1889) original cytoarchitectonic parcellation. Wilhelm His (1893, 1904) himself was among the earliest workers in the field when he claimed that the hypothalamic sulcus (Fig. 6.1) on the medial wall of the human diencephalon represented a rostral extension of the sulcus limitans of the spinal cord and brain stem and thus divided the diencephalon into dorsal and ventral parts. The dorsal part, consisting of epithalamus, thalamus, and metathalamus* (the geniculate bodies), he thought was derived from the alar plate of the embryonic neural tube, and the ventral part, consisting of the hypothalamus, he thought was derived from the basal plate. His’s point of view caused much argument partly because of disagreement about what constituted the hypothalamic sulcus in embryos but mainly on account of its implication that the diencephalon could be divided into alar and basal plates equivalent to the sensory and motor portions of the spinal cord and caudal brain stem (e.g., Kingsbury, 1920; Kuhlenbeck, 1948).
CONSTANT STRAIN WAVES IN STRINGS

Abstract : A non-linear theory is developed for constant-strain waves in elastic strings. The speed of longitudinal and transverse waves is related to the strain and tension. The results can be used to calculate tension due to impact and thus breaking loads. Some generalizations are suggested.
Dot Blot Analysis for Measuring Global N 6-Methyladenosine Modification of RNA

Posttranscriptional modification of mRNAs plays an important role in establishing the functional diversity of the proteome. The m6A modification is found in many species of RNA, including tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, and long noncoding RNAs. The physiological role of m6A modification of RNA is not fully explored and is a topic of current research. It is predicted that the major effect of m6A modification of mRNAs is on its stability and/or translation. The global changes in m6A levels in total RNA or particular species of RNAs can be measured by dot blot analysis using m6A specific antibodies or using mass spectrometry following chromatographic separation. The dot blot method for detection of global m6A changes is a relatively straightforward method to quantitate m6A modification but suffers from low sensitivity when the fraction of m6A-modified RNA is small in analyzed samples. Here, we describe a modified dot blot method that is sensitive and quantitative for detecting m6A-modified RNA by adding an immunoprecipitation step to enrich for m6A-modified RNA.
Unexploited Potential? What Role Can International Financial Institutions Play in Drugs and Development?

This paper assesses the potential for and obstacles to engagement on drugs issues from a development perspective by the World Bank and other International Financial Institutions, based on a review of the World Bank’s experience in Afghanistan as well as more general institutional aspects. Afghanistan demonstrates both the possibilities and benefits as well as the limitations of World Bank/IFI engagement on drugs and development. Prospects for duplicating, let alone exceeding, the level of Bank engagement on drugs seen in Afghanistan would not appear to be good. With pro-active encouragement and support by member countries of the World Bank/IFIs, however, there may be some entry points in major drug-producing countries and relating to global themes such as money-laundering or illicit-economic activities.
Genetic screening for single-cell variability modulators driving therapy resistance

Abstract Cellular plasticity describes the ability of cells to transition from one set of phenotypes to another. In the context of cancer therapeutics, plasticity refers to transient fluctuations in the molecular state of tumor cells, driving the formation of rare cells primed to survive drug treatment and ultimately reprogram into a stably resistant fate. However, the biological processes governing this cellular plasticity remain unknown. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genetic screens to reveal genes that affect cell fate decisions by altering cellular plasticity across a range of functional categories. We found that cellular plasticity and cell fate decision making can be decoupled in that factors can affect cell fate decisions in both plasticity-dependent and independent manners. We discovered a novel mode of altering resistance based on cellular plasticity that, contrary to known mechanisms, pushes cells towards a more differentiated state. We further confirmed our prediction that manipulating cellular plasticity before the addition of the main therapy would result in changes in therapy resistance more than concurrent administration. Together, our results indicate that identifying pathways modulating cellular plasticity has the potential to alter cell fate decisions and may provide a new avenue for treating drug resistance.
Do Errorless Methods Improve Discharge Medication Instruction and Adherence

PURPOSE AND DESIGN Postdischarge adverse drug events are a national issue, and effective inpatient instruction may help. Therefore, this intervention study examined whether using errorless teaching/learning methods including pictorial medication cards (ETL + card) improved RN teaching and patient medication adherence among persons with cognitive challenges (PWCCs). METHODS Convenience samples of RNs and PWCCs from a 24-bed rehabilitation unit provided baseline data. RNs implemented ETL + card, and postintervention data were collected. Adapted and investigator-designed instruments had preliminary reliability/validity. FINDINGS Postintervention RNs demonstrated more teaching strategies (p = .003), and teaching satisfaction rose from 0% to 50%. Minutes per teaching interaction were unchanged (p > .05). Baseline patients filled a higher number (p = .02) but a lower percentage (67%) of their prescriptions than did postintervention patients (85%). Medication dose adherence scores were unchanged (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS ETL + card improved RN teaching and possibly patient adherence. Further study is warranted. CLINICAL RELEVANCE ETL + card may help PWCCs achieve safe medication self-management.
Effecting Collective Impact Through Collective Leadership on a Foundation of Generative Relationships

Global health threats challenge leaders to forge a path forward in vague, uncertain, complex and ambiguous situations. Using the Ebola threat of 2014, this chapter identifies key leadership insights from the work done in Virginia to mitigate that health concern. Foundational to the competence required to manage such events is the appreciation by leaders of the value that arises from developing and maintaining positive, generative relationships across scale, space and time. The author, with insights from the leadership literature, shares the experiences and approaches in Virginia during the Ebola concern with an emphasis on the pre-event work done to build such relationships and the resulting public health emergency capabilities that developed. A novel statewide approach to the Ebola threat was implemented and, upon review, was considered instrumental in the effective response that was mounted. It is likely such an approach will inform public health emergency planning and response efforts for some time to come.
Microstructural characterization of dendritic evolution using two-point statistics

Abstract Characterizing large four-dimensional materials datasets is difficult due to the presence of complex microstructures and time-varying length scales. We showcase the use of two-point statistics as an efficient and un-biased way of extracting materials parameters from an Al-Cu alloy during solidification. The evolution of dendrite primary arm thickness, average secondary arm spacing, and average tip-to-tip spacing were tracked using two-point Pearson auto-correlations of scaled mean curvatures. Insights into competitive side-branching are also reported. We show both visually and quantitatively that most length scales change rapidly during early stages of dendritic growth, but slow as diffusion fields of dendrites overlap.
Changes in Black Cherry Seed Production: Is Stand Age a Factor?

Beginning in the early 2000s, managers and scientists observed a change in seed production and seed crop frequency for Prunus serotina (Black Cherry), an ecologically and commercially important species in the Alleghany Plateau region. This study focused on whether older Black Cherry stands are producing less seed than younger stands. We set 3 clusters of 15 seed traps in each of two ∼70-year-old (CG70 and KEF70) and two ∼110-year-old (CG110 and KEF110) Black Cherry-dominated stands (total of 45 traps per stand). We collected seeds from August through November from 2010 to 2018. We found that seed production varied by stand age interacting with year (P < 0.01), and seed production was greater (P < 0.01) in the ∼110-year-old stands (3.5 million seeds/ha [1.4 million seeds/acre]) compared with the ∼70-year-old stands (368,000 seeds/ha [149,000 seeds/ acre]) only in 2018. There were no detectable differences in mean seed production over 9 years based on location (CG vs. KEF; P = 0.27). This study found no evidence that older stands produce less seed than younger stands.
Secondary Soft Tissue Reconstruction

Secondary soft tissue reconstruction may be necessary following surgery of the head and neck region. These areas of the body are prone to secondary soft tissue deficits most often as a result of surgical therapy for malignant diseases and less commonly due to benign tumors traumatic injuries, complicated wounds, inadequate surgical planning, or the chronic effects of radiotherapy. The introduction of microsurgery and soft tissue transfer in the 1980s revolutionized the field of reconstructive surgery of the head and neck allowing surgeons to perform more aggressive and radical resections. Over time, refinement in flap selection and surgical technique has led the way to improve aesthetic outcomes and functionality while concomitantly minimizing donor-site morbidity. Today, surgeons can achieve higher reconstructive requirements by designing composite flaps to meet exact patient needs. This chapter highlights important aspects of the evaluation and management of soft tissue defects of the head and neck.
Relationships Between Chronic Pain Stage, Cognition, Temporal Lobe Cortex, and Sociodemographic Variables.

Background Non-Hispanic black (NHB) individuals have increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) relative to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Ethnicity/race can serve as a proxy sociodemographic variable for a complex representation of sociocultural and environmental factors. Chronic pain is a form of stress with high prevalence and sociodemographic disparities. Chronic pain is linked to lower cognition and accelerated biological aging. Objective The purpose of this study is to seek understanding of potential cognitive and temporal lobe structural brain AD vulnerabilities based on chronic pain stage and ethnicity/race. Methods Participants included 147 community dwelling NHB and NHW adults without dementia between 45-85 years old who had or were at risk of knee osteoarthritis. All participants received an MRI (3T Philips), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and assessment of clinical knee pain stage. Results There were ethnic/race group differences in MoCA scores but no relationships with chronic knee pain stage. Ethnicity/race moderated the relationship between AD-related temporal lobe thickness and chronic pain stage with quadratic patterns suggesting thinner cortex in high chronic pain stage NHB adults. Conclusion There appear to be complex relationships between chronic knee pain stage, temporal lobe cortex, and sociodemographic variables. Specifically, NHB participants without dementia but with high chronic knee pain stage appeared to have thinner temporal cortex in areas associated with AD. Understanding the effects of sociocultural and socioeconomic factors on health outcomes is the first step to challenging the disparities in healthcare that now appear to link disease conditions to neurodegenerative processes.
Snoring and Restlessness During Sleep in Children: Unique Presentations, Diagnosis, and Management

Snoring is a common pediatric disorder and one that should be screened for in all children at every well child visit, as it can be a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Obstructive sleep apnea can trigger an inflammatory cascade that can lead to neurocognitive aberrations and metabolic syndrome. Clinically noted symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea are many and can include labored breathing, snoring, nocturnal diaphoresis, and restless sleep. Less commonly recognized symptoms include impaired attention and concentration, hyperactivity, and poor school performance. OSA severity is based on the frequency of apneas and hypopneas averaged per hour of sleep with more moderate to severe sleep apnea causing more severe symptoms and prompting more aggressive intervention. Obstructive sleep apnea is traditionally treated by either intranasal corticosteroids/leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy, adenotonsillectomy, or positive airway pressure. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea can result in resolution of the negative neurocognitive and health outcomes associated with pediatric sleep apnea.
Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population.

The observed variability in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and severity of the ensuing COVID-19 have raised intense interest in their environmental and genetic risk factors. An early report from China1 suggested that blood group A was associated with increased susceptibility and blood group O was associated with reduced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These reports motivated widespread interest in examining ABO blood groups as potential COVID-19 risk factors. Subsequent studies from Italy and Spain2 reported that blood group A was associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 and blood group O was associated with a reduced risk. In contrast, a large Danish study3 implicated disease susceptibility but not severity. However, observations from Boston, Massachussets,4 and New York, New York,5 did not confirm any specific associations between ABO blood group and disease. The controversy raised by these contrasting reports led to this case-control study.
The Impacts of COVID-19 on US Maternity Care Practices: A Followup Study

This article extends the findings of a rapid response article researched in April 2020 to illustrate how providers' practices and attitudes toward COVID-19 had shifted in response to better evidence, increased experience, and improved guidance on how SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 impacted maternity care in the United States. This article is based on a review of current labor and delivery guidelines in relation to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, and on an email survey of 28 community-based and hospital-based maternity care providers in the United State, who discuss their experiences and clients' needs in response to a rapidly shifting landscape of maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic. One-third of our respondents are obstetricians, while the other two-thirds include midwives, doulas, and labor and delivery nurses. We present these providers' frustrations and coping mechanisms in shifting their practices in relation to COVID-19. The primary lessons learned relate to improved testing and accessing PPE for providers and clients; the need for better integration between community- and hospital-based providers; and changes in restrictive protocols concerning labor support persons, rooming-in with newborns, immediate skin-to-skin contact, and breastfeeding. We conclude by suggesting that the COVID-19 pandemic offers a transformational moment to shift maternity care in the United States toward a more integrated and sustainable model that might improve provider and maternal experiences as well as maternal and newborn outcomes.
Evaluation of immune responses in a novel ovarian cancer immune-oncology three-dimensional cell culture model

Objectives: We aimed to develop and validate a novel ovarian cancer 3D immune oncology co-culture model consisting of high grade ovarian cancer tumor spheroids cultured with immune cells. We evaluated outcomes including tumor spheroid viability, ability to visualize immune cell migration and invasion, cellular expression of immune factors, and cell death resulting from immune co-culture. Methods: Spheroids were grown in 96-well U-bottom microplates using SKOV3 and OVCAR8 cell lines. Spheroids were then co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from gynecologic cancer patients in 96-well 5 mm Transwell plates to allow for immune cell migration and invasion into spheroids. Confocal microscopy of live, labeled cells was performed to visualize migration and spheroid invasion. Flow cytometry was performed to determine spheroid viability over time and expression of immune factors MHC1 and PD-L1 on spheroid cells. Cancer cell death resulting from immune cell co-culture was quantified by propidium iodide immunofluorescence and compared to cell death in spheroids in the absence of PBMC or in spheroids treated with carboplatin. Results: SKOV3 and OVCAR8 spheroids became highly compacted after 48-72 hours in culture and retained excellent viability over 1 week. Strong e-cadherin expression was visible in both cell types at 48 hours. Live imaging of spheroids co-cultured with PBMC revealed robust invasion of the spheroids, which increased with increasing PBMC numbers and with time. MHC1 and PD-L1 levels were measured on spheroids alone cultured over 72 hours. Robust expression of MHC1 was observed on SKOV3 cells but was almost absent on OVCAR8 cells. Conversely, prominent expression of PD-L1 was noted on OVCAR8 cells. Immune cell killing of cancer cells was increased compared to controls for both SKOV3 and OVCAR8. OVCAR8 cells demonstrated different dynamics of cell death than SKOV3, with cell death in OVCAR8 peaking at 72 hours and cell death in SKOV3 peaking at 48 hours. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate feasibility and reproducibility of an ovarian cancer 3D immune oncology co-culture model. As compared to traditional 2D tissue culture, this new technique may offer a more physiologic representation of cancer, its microenvironment, and its interaction with the immune system, which may improve preclinical study of cancer and antineoplastic agents.
A Pilot TB Screening Model in a U.S. Prison Population Using Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon Gamma Release Assay Based on Country of Origin

The objective of this study was to compare tuberculosis (TB) screening results before and after implementation of a stratified testing strategy screening pilot study, incorporating interferon gamma...
Religious Attitudes and Charitable Donations

Nonprofit organizations play a vital role in the United States, often providing goods and services to populations where no alternative is available. We expand the understanding of nonprofit management by focusing on the influence of an individual’s religious attitude on their charitable donations. Using a survey of 1,530 households, we find that religiously conservative individuals contribute more than liberals both in terms of support to religiously affiliated nonprofits and total donations to nonprofit organizations. The findings of this study hold important implications for nonprofits in terms of the types of services they provide and the stipulations placed upon service recipients.
Proton Diffusion in Nickel Hydroxide: Prediction of Active Material Utilization

Galvanostatic charge and discharge experiments reveal that the active material in nickel electrodes cannot be fully accessed at high currents or for thick films. It has been proposed that the utilization of the active material is controlled by the diffusion rate of protons through the film. This hypothesis is supported by the good agreement between mathematical simulations of material utilization and experimental data over a range of charge and discharge currents and film thicknesses. Furthermore, the fraction of material utilized is larger on charge than on discharge. The asymmetry on charge and discharge is due to a diffusion coefficient that is a function of the state‐of‐charge of the active material. The mathematical model is used to perform a parametric study of material utilization as a function of charge and discharge currents, and material loading (i.e., film thickness, concentration of nickel sites) in order to improve battery design and operation.
Shallow Water Acoustic Experiment Analysis

Abstract : The long-term goal of the research is to increase the physical understanding of acoustic propagation in shallow water ocean environments in the 25-5000 Hz band. This includes both the physics of the seabed and the coupling of physical mechanisms in the water column and the seabed in complex range-and azimuth-dependent littoral waveguides.
Springboards into Holocaust Study: Five Activities for Secondary Social Studies Students.

Even with appropriate curriculum materials, teachers need to employ reflective springboards that cause learners to link Holocaust information and personal stories to the students' in-school and out-of-school realities and to issues in community life. The guide provides five activities that are intended to be used in any sequence and for any class. The guide's lessons are independent activities that introduce a serious study of the Holocaust. Each lesson is designed to elicit the students' personal knowledge. The guide offers detailed information as to how to introduce and implement each activity in the secondary classroom. Contains 15 references. (BT) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** Springboards into Holocaust Study: Five Activities for Secondary Social Studies Students.