cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Harmonic Oscillator

In this section I will put the hamwnic oscillator in its place-on a pedestaL Not only is it a system that can be exactly solved (in classical and quantum theory) and a superb pedagogical tool (which will be repeatedly exploited in this text), but it is also a system of great physical relevance. As will be shown below, any system fluctuating by small amounts near a configuration of stable equilibrium may be described either by an oscillator or by a collection of decoupled harmonic oscillators. Since the dynamics of a collection of noninteracting oscillators is no more complicated than that of a single oscillator (apart from the obvious N-fold increase in degrees of freedom), in addressing the problem of the oscillator we are actually confronting the general problem of small oscillations near equilibrium of an arbitrary system.
The entitlement/forgiveness conflict of self-relevant and self-neutral relationships during service failure and recovery

Abstract The current research examines the difference between strong self-relevant (SR) customer-brand relationships (as represented by brand identification and self-brand connection) and strong self-neutral (SN) brand relationships (as represented by quality, satisfaction, and trust) in the context of service failure and recovery. Whereas strong SR relationships foster a sense of entitlement in customers after service failure, strong SN relationships foster forgiveness. As a result, SR relationships increase recovery expectations and subsequent complaint behavior whereas SN relationships decrease complaint behavior. Study 1 examines these effects using complaint behavior for airlines. Study 2 confirms these effects on survey data from hotel customers and Study 3 then explores the phenomenon more deeply in a controlled situation using scenario-based surveys. Viewed holistically, the results help further understanding of how a brand's deep, customer relationships can either become a thorn in the company's side or provide forbearance.
Safety and Efficacy of Moderate Sedation in Super Obese Patients Undergoing Lower and Upper GI Endoscopy: a Case-Control Study.

Obesity is a disease of increasing prevalence. There is minimal research on the safety of sedation for general endoscopic procedures among super obese patients (BMI ≥ 50). The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety of moderate sedation and endoscopic procedural outcomes for super obese patients in a case-control study. We completed an age and sex–matched case-control study comparing 132 super obese patients with 132 non-obese controls. We assessed intra-procedure adverse events, delayed adverse events, doses of sedation medication used, and procedure duration at a tertiary care setting. The mean BMI for the obese cohort was 55.6 compared with 22.5 for the controls (P < 0.001). The mean intra-procedure fentanyl and midazolam dose was higher for the obese patients compared with the controls, fentanyl 180 mcg, midazolam 7.7 mg vs fentanyl 148 mcg, midazolam 6.4 mg, respectively (P < 0.001). There was a significantly higher percentage of brief intra-procedure hypoxia (oxygen blood saturation < 90%) for the obese patients compared with the controls, 5% vs 0% (P = 0.02). There was no difference in delayed adverse events with 2% of the cases and 2% of the controls having delayed adverse events (P = 1.0). Procedure completion rates were 100% for both cases and controls. General endoscopic procedures can be safely and effectively performed in super obese patients with moderate sedation. Brief intra-procedure hypoxia more commonly occurs in super obese patients, and higher medication doses are required.
Intervention in an opioid overdose event increases interest in treatment among individuals with opioid use disorder.

This study sought to explore whether intervening in suspected cases of opioid overdose alters interest in treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). Data were collected as a part of a trial comparing...
Grade inflation in restaurant hygiene inspections: Repeated interactions between inspectors and restaurateurs

Abstract Restaurant hygiene grading schemes are considered exemplars of targeted transparency policies. We investigate the impact of an administrative design feature found in many schemes: repeated interactions between health inspectors and restaurateurs. Data was analyzed from 336,208 inspections of 27,119 restaurants conducted by 493 inspectors from 2000 to 2010 by the Los Angeles Department of Public Health (LADPH). The findings associate repeated interactions with higher public letter grades, and these grades drop with the assignment of a new inspector. Specifically, a one-unit increase in the logged number of visits by a prior inspector is associated with a 71% increased chance the restaurant will be downgraded to a lower letter grade upon the arrival of a new inspector. Exploiting an inspection protocol change in 2007, we also find that inspectors with more repeated visits to a restaurant are more likely to code a higher number of compliant rules as “Not Observed,” thereby possibly avoiding potential violations and corresponding penalties. Analysis of subsequent consumer complaints filed with the local health department shows that a one-unit increase in repeated inspector-restaurateur interactions is associated with an 10% increase in the likelihood of a consumer complaint, suggesting a public health impact. Coupled with prior evidence, the study demonstrates that administrative and design features of targeted transparency policies can impact the information provided to the public and potentially affect health outcomes.
Returns to skills and the speed of reforms: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe, China, and Russia

Using metadata from 39 studies of 11 countries, we explore the growth in returns to schooling during transition across Central and Eastern European countries, Russia, and China. China differs from the other countries in exhibiting a relatively slow increase in returns to schooling. We investigate the relative importance of the slow decay of the effects of wage grids compared to the return to the ability that educated individuals have in taking advantage of economic disequilibria caused by reform. Both explanations receive empirical support. We also investigate the systematic effects of sample characteristics, estimation methods, and model specifications on estimated returns to schooling. Journal
Beyond Stamp Collecting: Evolutionary and Functional Genomics Advance Our Understanding of Cancer Biology

In this issue of Cancer Research, Emami and colleagues leveraged genetic data from over 200,000 men of European descent to implicate rare alleles that are associated with prostate cancer. However, this study went beyond a simple description of statistical associations between genetic variants and cancer risk. Polygenic risk scores were applied to large cohorts from Kaiser Permanente and the UK Biobank, demonstrating the clinical utility of genetic predictors of disease risk. Furthermore, by placing their results in an evolutionary framework and integrating genetic information with functional data, the authors of this major study were able to bridge the gap between genome-wide association studies and the biological mechanisms underlying prostate cancer risk.See related article by Emami et al., 1695.
Offloading Hard-Deadline Constrained Traffic in Multi-Flow Interference-Aware Cellular Systems

We consider a single BS serving G groups (flows) of users each with N real-time (RT) users. Each group is requesting to download some data by a hard-deadline at the end of a T -slot-frame. In addition, the BS is serving multiple non-real-time (NRT) users with no deadlines. The problem is to schedule the BS’s transmission to the RT and NRT users to maximize the network’s sum throughput, for users that are cooperating in the presence of interference. We present a scheduler with complexity of O(G2), where G is the number of RT groups in the system, and show it is throughput-optimal. Then we present extensive simulations to validate our findings.
The Impact of Age and Type of School in Career Decision-Making Difficulties

The research investigated age, type of school and career decision-making difficulties. It used a purposeful drawn sample of 341 secondary school students in Delta State. To guide the study, two research questions were raised and two hypotheses were formulated. The Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) by Gati, Krausz and Osipow (1996) was used for data collection. Data obtained were analysed by inferential statistics of mean, standard deviation and t-test analysis. The results revealed no significant differences in terms of age and type of school attended, but there was a significant difference between private and public schools in seven of the ten distinct categories. Discussion of the findings, conclusions and recommendations are provided. Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 13 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
Impact of a Peripheral Vascular Access Service on Device Use.

BACKGROUND More than 1 billion peripheral vascular access devices are inserted annually worldwide with potential complications including infection, thrombosis, and vasculature damage. Vasculature damage can necessitate the use of central catheters, which carry additional risks such as central catheter-associated bloodstream infections. To address these concerns, one institution used expert nurses and a consult request system with algorithms embedded in the electronic medical record. OBJECTIVES To develop a uniform process for catheter insertion by means of a peripheral vascular access service dedicated to selecting, placing, and maintaining all inpatient peripheral catheters outside of the intensive care units. METHODS Descriptive analysis and χ2 analysis were done to describe the impact of the peripheral vascular access service. RESULTS In 2018, 6246 consults were reviewed. Of these, 26% did not require vascular access. Similarly, in 2019, 7861 consults were reviewed, and 35.3% did not require vascular access. Use of central catheters decreased from 21% in 2017 to 17% in 2018 and 2019. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral vascular access service allowed patients to receive appropriate peripheral vascular access devices and avoid unnecessary peripheral catheter placements. This may have preserved patients' peripheral vasculature and thus prevented premature central catheter placement and contributed to an overall decrease in central catheter days. With the peripheral vascular access service, peripheral vascular access devices were selected, placed, and maintained by experts with a standardized process that promoted a culture of quality and patient safety.
Optimizing distributed computing workflows in heterogeneous network environments

Next-generation computation-intensive applications in various science and engineering fields feature large-scale computing workflows. Supporting such computing workflows and optimizing their network performance in terms of end-to-end delay or frame rate in heterogeneous network environments are critical to the success of these distributed applications that require fast response time or smooth data flow. We formulate six linear pipeline configuration problems with different mapping objectives and network constraints, and one general workflow mapping problem. We investigate the computational complexity of these problems and design optimal or heuristic algorithms with rigorous correctness proof and performance analysis. An extensive set of optimization experiments on a large number of simulated workflows and networks illustrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithms in comparison with that of existing methods.
Cultivating Land-Based Literacies and Rhetorics

Article for LiCS special issue The New Activism: Composition, Literacy Studies, and Politics.
On Computer-Assisted Proofs in Ordinal Number Theory

Some basic theorems about ordinal numbers were proved using McCune’s computer program OTTER, building on Quaife’s modification of Godel’s class theory. Our theorems are based on Isbell’s elegant definition of ordinals. Neither the axiom of regularity nor the axiom of choice is used.
Interaction between satellite cells and skeletal muscle fibers

Single myofibers with attached satellite cells isolated from adult rats were used to study the influence of the mature myofiber on the proliferation of satellite cells. The satellite cells remain quiescent when cultured in serum containing medium but proliferate when exposed to mitogen from an extract of crushed adult muscle. The response of satellite cells to mitogen was measured under three situations with respect to cell contact: (1) in contact with a viable myofiber and its basal lamina, (2) detached from the myofiber by centrifugal force and deposited on the substratum and (3) beneath the basal lamina of a Marcaine killed myofiber. The results show that satellite cells in contact with the plasmalemma of a viable myofiber have reduced mitogenic response. Since inhibiting growth may induce differentiation, I tested whether satellite cells proliferating on the surface of a myofiber would fuse. Although the satellite cell progeny were fusion competent, they did not fuse with the myofiber. To determine whether fusion competence of the myofiber changes with time in culture, embryonic myoblasts were challenged to fuse with myofibers that had been stripped of satellite cells and cultured for several days. The myoblasts fused with pseudopodial sprouts growing from the ends of the myofiber, but did not fuse with the original myofiber surface. These results indicate that contact with the surface of a mature myofiber suppresses proliferation of myogenic cells but the cells do not fuse with the myofiber.
Enumeration of particle-bound and unattached respiring bacteria in the salt marsh environment.

Abstract Proportions of respiring bacteria determined with a 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride dye-epifluorescent technique were significantly elevated in the 300-μm surface layer of a salt marsh estuary. Almost all the detectably respiring bacteria in the particle-laden surface layer and a significant proportion in subsurface waters were attached to particles.
Onset of Spermatozoal Degeneration in Low-Fertility Delaware Roosters and Test for Autoimmune Basis

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the onset of a heritable reproductive disorder in the rooster that is characterized by extensive spermatozoal degeneration within the ductus deferens, and 2) to determine if autoimmunity was associated with spermatozoal degeneration. Seventy-five percent of the affected roosters did not ejaculate large percentages of degenerate spermatozoa at 20 wk of age, approximately the age of sexual maturity. Rather, seminal quality gradually declined over the next 6 wk, as both ejaculate volume and number of spermatozoa ejaculated increased. The evaluation of testicular and excurrent duct tissues via immunofluorescence failed to reveal either IgY or IgA associated with spermatozoa. While histological examination revealed greater lymphocyte numbers (P less than .05) in the proximal ductus deferens, these cells were not associated with spermatozoa nor spermatozoal clumping. While spermatozoal degeneration tends to be latent at the onset of semen production, it does not appear to be due to spermatozoal autoimmunity.
Power Generation From Concentration Gradient by Reverse Electrodialysis in Ion Selective Nanochannel

In this article, ion selective nanochannels are studied to generate electric power from concentration gradient by reverse electrodialysis. When nanochannels bring into contact with aqueous solution, the surface of nanochannels acquires charges from ionization, ion adsorption, and ion dissolution. These surface charges draw counter-ions toward the surface and repel co-ions away. Therefore, when an electrolyte concentration gradient is applied to nanochannels, counter-ions are transported through nanochannels much more easily than co-ions, which results in a net charge migration of ions. Gibbs free energy of mixing, which forces ion diffusion, thus can be converted into electrical energy by using ion-selective nanochannels. Silica nanochannels with heights of 26 nm and 80 nm fabricated by glass-silicon anodic bonding were used in this study. We experimentally investigated the power generation from these nanochannels placed between two potassium chloride solutions with various combinations of concentrations. The power generation per unit channel volume increases when the concentration gradient increases, while it decreases as channel height decreases. The highest power density measured is 26 kW/m3 . Our data also indicates that the efficiency of energy conversion and the ion selectivity increase with a decrease of concentrations and channel height. The best efficiency obtained is 24%. Compared with ion-selective membranes, nanochannels promise more reliable operation since they are readily compatible with standard CMOS process and do not shrink and swell in response to their environment. Power generation from concentration gradient in ion selective nanochannels could be used in a variety of applications, including micro batteries and micro power generators.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The impacts of age and absolute threshold on binaural lateralization

Listeners varying in audiometric thresholds (70‐dB range) and in age (52‐year range) lateralized complex tones relative to a diotic standard. Stimuli were composed of one, two, three, or six tones amplitude modulated at a rate of 75 Hz. Carrier frequencies were selected from a set of seven values (roughly log‐spaced between 700 and 7000 Hz) and sensation levels were equated across listeners. Baseline performance was obtained for one‐ and two‐component signals and the effects of diotic interference were assessed with two‐, three‐, and six‐component signals. For all signals, the dichotic components contained interaural differences in time (whole‐waveform delay), level, or both across a range of values. Listeners with higher audiometric thresholds performed more poorly in all conditions, despite the use of equivalent sensation levels. Diotic interferers reduced performance, but there were no additional impacts of age or absolute threshold. Statistical analyses indicated that the impacts of age were primarily due to the co‐occurring increases in pure‐tone thresholds, suggesting that: (1) absolute threshold is a better predictor of binaural ability than age and (2) reduced sensitivity to binaural differences is not addressed by presenting stimuli at equivalent sensation levels. [Work supported by VA RRD CDA‐2 C4963W.]
Pseudomonal and candidal peritonitis as a complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

Abstract purpose: To our knowledge, there has been no report documenting the spectrum of peritonitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. We therefore analyzed our records to confirm our previous observation of a higher incidence of pseudomonal and fungal peritonitis in a group of HIV antibody-positive (HIV+) patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). patients and methods: During a 22-month period, we retrospectively studied 71 patients with endstage renal disease undergoing CAPD. Of these seven were HIV+, five were at high risk for HIV infection but antibody-negative, and 59 were at low risk for HIV infection. Organisms isolated in episodes of peritonitis were classified microbiologically as one of the following: gram-positive, non-pseudomonal gram-negative, pseudomonal, fungal, or culture-negative. results: The total peritonitis rate was higher in both the high-risk (p ≤0.01) and the HIV+ (p ≤0.02) groups when compared with that in the low-risk population. These differences were attributable to the following: (1) the high-risk group's two-fold increase in gram-positive infections (p ≤0.01), and (2) a 24-fold increase in pseudomonal (p conclusion: We believe that the use of CAPD in HIV+ patients may be limited by this increased occurrence of pseudomonal and fungal peritonitis.
How sterols regulate protein sorting and traffic.

Students of cell biology and physiology are in for a treat with the discoveries, reported in this issue of PNAS by Radhakrishnan et al. (1) and Sun et al. (2), that cholesterol and an enigmatic but potent derivative, 25-OH cholesterol, exert their effect on gene expression by changing the conformation of two membrane protein sensors that guide a transcription factor precursor into the machinery responsible for vesicular traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Over the past dozen years or so, the prolific team of Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein has elucidated a control pathway in which the production of a transcription factor responsible for the expression of HMG–CoA reductase, a key branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, among other targets, is controlled by the cholesterol-regulated proteolytic maturation of a transcription factor precursor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) (3). In cells grown with excess exogenous cholesterol, SREBP is synthesized as a membrane protein precursor housed in the ER. On cholesterol starvation, SREBP precursor is mobilized and transported via a vesicle carrier to the Golgi apparatus, where two site-specific proteases act to liberate the N-terminal cytosolic domain of SREBP. This domain constitutes a transcription factor that is directed to the nucleus, where it engages genes controlled by the sterol regulatory element (SRE) promoter sequence.
The effects of message sidedness and evidence on inoculation against counterpersuasion in small group communication

This study tested the generalizability of previous research concerning inoculation against counterpersuasion when the counterpersuasive influence is exerted in a small group communication context. Earlier findings indicated that a two‐sided message which includes refutation of opposing positions or which includes documented supporting material tends to inoculate receivers against counterpersuasion in a confrontation setting. Results indicated that a two‐sided message produced more attitude change after counterpersuasion than did a one‐sided message. Evidence effects in the present study were significant at only the .10 level, but in the hypothesized direction. Message sidedness had no significant effect on perceived source credibility. Inclusion of evidence significantly increased perceived source credibility on the authoritativeness dimension.
The Government's Role As Stakeholder In Industrial Crises

Industrial crises involving chemical releases into the environment are trans forming the way that government regulates industry in general, and emer gencies and crises of industrial origins in particular. Statistics on the occur ence of accidents over the past decade show numbers of accidents in the thousands, many with severe consequences, indicating a potentially severe problem.The major thesis explored here is that traditional governmental regula tory and financial policies and programs for health and safety are aimed at more frequent and predictable events rather than rare catastrophic ones. Even the antecedents of accidents have not been regarded as predictable or within the purview of most governmental programs. As a result of ap proaching accidents with great uncertainty, government's estimates and al location of organizational, human, and financial resource needs both before and after a crisis, are characterized by a high degree of variation. This creates deficiencies in the management scheme for ...
Risk factors for vesicourethral anastomotic stricture after radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives. Preoperative comorbidities associated with microvascular disease may contribute to the development of bladder neck contracture (BNC) by alteration of anastomotic healing. We investigated potential risk factors for development of BNC after radical prostatectomy (RP) and reviewed management of this complication. Methods. A retrospective review of 467 consecutive patients (mean age 63.2 years) undergoing RP between 1991 and 1999 was performed. In all cases, the bladder neck was tailored to 20 to 22F in a racket handle fashion. After mucosal eversion of the reconstructed bladder neck, a mucosa-to-mucosa vesicourethral anastomosis was created over an 18 to 22F catheter using 4 to 6 anastomotic sutures. The relationship between comorbidities identified preoperatively by patient interview and medical record review (coronary artery disease [CAD], diabetes mellitus [DM], hypertension [HTN], cerebral vascular accident, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking history) and the incidence of BNC was determined. Risk factors including prior transurethral prostatectomy (TURP), estimated blood loss (EBL), and operative time (OR time) were also evaluated. Factors were evaluated for their ability to predict BNC using both univariate and multivariate analysis. Treatment results for BNC were also assessed. Results. A total of 52 (11.1%) patients developed BNC. Current cigarette smoking resulted in a significantly higher (26%) rate of BNC ( P P P = 0.015), and DM (21%, P = 0.030). Average OR time was longer (271 versus 249 minutes, P = 0.025) and EBL was greater (1639 versus 1092 mL, P P Conclusions. Several comorbidities associated with microvascular disease are significant risk factors for development of BNC after RP. Current cigarette smoking in particular is a strong predictor. Transurethral dilation and transurethral incision are equally effective as initial treatment of BNC.
The unresolved safety concerns of bovine thrombin

A recent review has suggested that bovine thrombin is not associated with an increased risk of bleeding in surgical populations. In spite of extremely limited evidence available, many valuable resources (e.g. safety surveillance and post-marketing programs, case reports) were excluded in reaching this conclusion. While waiting for the adequately powered, controlled clinical trials to address the effects of bovine thrombin on bleeding and thrombotic events, the potential risk cannot be simply ignored. Rather, continued vigilance in the post-surgical setting for bleeding events that may be associated with the development of acquired coagulation factor inhibitors following bovine thrombin administration is warranted.
Robust J-EFVIE solvers based on purely surface integrals

A simple transformation of the Galerkin inner products arising in the numerical solution of volume integral equation formulations with piece-wise constant functions is presented. Making use of some simple steps, we derive integrals of reduced dimensionality and smoother kernels, amenable to standard cubatures developed for surface integral equation formulations.
Evaluation of Keros Score in Patients with Congenital Anosmia

Conclusions: Patients with flat olfactory clefts noted on imaging may also suffer from olfactory dysfunction • Total number of participants: 104 •Control: 57: Smell Disturbances: 47 subjects • Smell disturbance etiologies: Post Head Trauma (13%) Congenital (10%) • 2 patients with Kallmann’s Syndrome Post Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) (23%) Rhinosinusitis (13%) Other/Unknown (40%) • No differences between men and women • Congenital had a statistically significant younger age group • Comparisons were made separately for right and left nasal passageways • Lower olfactory fossa height in congenital anosmia vs. controls • Left side: 2.24mm less in congenital vs. control (p<0.0001) (see figure 2) • Right side: 0.95mm less in congenital vs. control (p<0.004) (see figure 3)
Systems of semipositone discrete fractional boundary value problems

We consider the existence of at least one positive solution to the discrete fractional systemwhere , . Due to the fact that and are allowed to be negative for some values of t, , and , we consider here the semipositone problem. In addition to discussing conditions under which this problem is guaranteed to have at least one positive solution for sufficiently small values of , we provide an example to illustrate the use of our results.
THE SNARE TECHNIQUE: A NOVEL ATRAUMATIC METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF DIFFICULT NASAL FOREIGN BODIES

Abstract Background Nasal foreign bodies (NFBs) are a common occurrence, particularly in children between 2 and 4 years old. Many techniques have been developed to remove NFBs, though intranasal batteries, in particular, possess characteristics such as round shape, smooth surface, and limited visibility that make attempts at removal significantly more difficult. In the context of intranasal batteries, a considerable local soft tissue reaction and potential necrosis may exist to further complicate removal. Objective To present a technique for removal of difficult intranasal foreign bodies that may be utilized by health care practitioners, particularly in the Emergency Department setting. Case Report We present a case of a 4-year-old child presenting with intranasal battery with mucosal necrosis. After conventional techniques failed, we utilized a novel wire snare technique to dissect the NFB free from the nasal mucosa safely and in an atraumatic fashion. Conclusion This technique is noted to be a rapid, atraumatic, and effective means for the removal of difficult NFBs.
Alteration of the acyl chain composition of free fatty acids acyl coenzyme a and other lipids by dietary polyunsaturated fats

Dietary alterations were used to demonstrate selective handling of fatty acids during their redistributionin vivo. Differences in the mol Per cent of individual acyl chains in the non-esterified fatty acid, acyl-coenzyme A and PhosPholiPid fractions reflected a result of relative Precursor abundance combined with enzymic selectivities. Selective distributions were observed in the utilization of individual acyl chains between 16:0 and 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2, and among 20:3, 20:4 and 20:5, 22:6 by ligase(s), hydrolase(s) and acyl-transferases. The variations in the mol Per cent of linoleate Present in the acyl-coenzyme A fraction of liver relative to that in the non-esterified fatty acids suggested anin vivo regulation of the level of linoleoyl-coenzyme A that influenced the synthesis of both arachidonoyl-coenzyme A and lipids. The greater abundance of eicosaPentaenoic acid in the free fatty acid fraction relative to that in the acyl-coenzyme A fraction may increase the ability of dietary 20: 5n-3 to be an effective inhibitor of the synthesis of Prostaglandins derived from 20:4n-6.
Effects of Age and Diet on the Heart Rate of the Developing Cockerel

Abstract INTRODUCTION A STUDY of the literature revealed a paucity of information on the heart rate pattern of chicks throughout normal development from hatch to maturity. One such study was reported by Ringer et al. (1957). These workers revealed there was a rapid increase in heart rate of restrained, unanesthetized White Leghorn chicks of mixed sexes in the first week posthatch and a gradual decrease in rate up to six months of age. They did not, however, give the composition of the ration fed in their studies. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to learn the normal heart rate pattern of the male chick from the first day posthatch to six months fed a diet of known composition. Three different basal rations were also fed in an attempt to learn if type of diet had an effect on the heart rate pattern within the first week posthatch. EXPERIMENTAL S. C… .
Prospective staged volume radiosurgery for large arteriovenous malformations: indications and outcomes in otherwise untreatable patients.

OBJECTIVE: The obliteration response of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) to radiosurgery is strongly dependent on dose and volume. For larger volumes, the dose must be reduced for safety, but this compromises obliteration. In 1992, we prospectively began to stage anatomic components in order to deliver higher single doses to symptomatic AVMs >15 ml in volume. METHODS: During a 17-year interval at the University of Pittsburgh, 1040 patients underwent radiosurgery for a brain AVM. Out of 135 patients who had multiple procedures, 37 patients underwent prospectively staged volume radiosurgery for symptomatic otherwise unmanageable larger malformations. Twenty-eight patients who were managed before 2002 were included in this study to achieve sufficient follow-up in assessing the outcomes. The median age was 37 years (range, 13-57 yr). Thirteen patients had previous hemorrhages and 13 patients had attempted embolization. Separate anatomic volumes were irradiated at 3 to 8 months (median, 5 mo) intervals. The median initial AVM volume was 24.9 ml (range, 10.2-57.7 ml). Twenty-six patients had two stages and two had three-stage radiosurgery. Seven patients had repeat radiosurgery after a median interval of 63 months. The median target volume was 12.3 ml. (range, 4.2-20.8 ml.) at Stage I and 11.5 ml. (range, 2.8-22 ml.) at Stage II. The median margin dose was 16 Gy at both stages. Median follow-up after the last stage of radiosurgery was 50 months (range, 3-159 mo). RESULTS: Four patients (14%) sustained a hemorrhage after radiosurgery; two died and two patients recovered with mild permanent neurological deficits. Worsened neurological deficits developed in one patient. Seizure control was improved in three patients, was stable in eight patients and worsened in two. Magnetic resonance imaging showed T2 prolongation in four patients (14%). Out of 28 patients, 21 had follow-up more than 36 months. Out of 21 patients, seven underwent repeat radiosurgery and none of them had enough follow- up. Of 14 patients followed for more than 36 months, seven (50%) had total, four (29%) near total, and three (21%) had moderate AVM obliteration. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective staged volume radiosurgery provided imaging defined volumetric reduction or closure in a series of large AVMs unsuitable for any other therapy. After 5 years, this early experience suggests that AVM related symptoms can be stabilized and anticipated bleed rates can be reduced.
Relaxation to equilibrium of a two-dimensional plasma

Abstract We have calculated the H function numerically as a function of time for two cases, a heavy two-dimensional test particle in brownian motion and a negatively charged test particle in a two-dimensional background plasma of negative field particles of identical type. The H function is found to decrease monotonically in time for both cases. Our relaxation time for H = −2.7 agrees quite well with the PIC results for a negatively charged test particle. Certain theoretical results for kinetic equations and H theorems are presented.
Externalizing Disorders in Adolescence Mediate the Effects of Maternal Depression on Substance Use Disorders

Maternal depression has been linked to increased risk of substance use disorders (SUDs) in offspring. Cross-sectional studies have identified relationships among maternal depression, externalizing disorders and SUDs, but no longitudinal examination of causality has been undertaken. In order to address this gap in the literature, depression and externalizing disorders at or prior to age 15 were tested as mediators of the relationship between maternal depression and SUDs diagnosed between ages 16 and 20 in a sample of 702 Australian youth (363 women) using path models. Mothers’ and fathers’ substance diagnoses and earlier onset of substance abuse in youth were controlled for in all analyses. Consistent with previous work, maternal depression predicted SUDs between ages 16 and 20. An indirect effect of maternal depression through youth externalizing disorders diagnosed by age 16 was detected for alcohol and cannabis use disorders, but not drug disorders. Early adolescent depression was not a mediator of the relationship between maternal depression and any of the substance outcomes measured. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine depression and externalizing disorders in early adolescence as mediators of the effect of maternal depression on psychopathology in later adolescence. Further work is needed to understand how family environment and genetic factors may explain the mediation by externalizing disorders.
Child Neglect and the Development of Externalizing Behavior Problems: Associations with Maternal Drug Dependence and Neighborhood Crime

Given the high prevalence of child neglect among maltreatment subtypes, and its association with exposure to additional environmental adversity, understanding the processes that potentiate child neglect and link neglect to subsequent child externalizing psychopathology may shed light on key targets for preventive intervention. Among 170 urban low-income children (ages 4-9) and their mothers, this 5-year prospective study examined the effects of early neglect severity and maternal substance abuse, as well as neighborhood crime, on children's later externalizing behavior problems. Severity of child neglect (up to age 6 years) mediated the relation between maternal drug dependence diagnosis (MDDD), determined at children's age of 4 years, and children's externalizing behavior problems at age 9. Rates of neighborhood crime mediated the link between presence of child neglect and children's externalizing behavior problems. The roles of MDDD, child neglect, and community violence in the development of child psychopathology are discussed in terms of their implications for intervention.
Phase-sensitive detection of dipole radiation in a fiber-based high numerical aperture optical system

We theoretically study the problem of detecting dipole radiation in a fiber-based confocal microscope of high numerical aperture. By using a single-mode fiber, in contrast to a hard-stop pinhole aperture, the detector becomes sensitive to the phase of the field amplitude. We find that the maximum in collection efficiency of the dipole radiation does not coincide with the optimum resolution for the light-gathering instrument. The derived expressions are important for analyzing fiber-based confocal microscope performance in fluorescence and spectroscopic studies of single molecules and/or quantum dots.
Meteorus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids of Pyralidae: description and biology of two new species and first record of Meteorus desmiae Zitani, 1998 from Ecuador

Two new Ecuadorian wasp species attacking pyralid larvae are described: Meteorus albisericus and Meteorus pyralivorus, as well as a new Ecuadorian distribution record for Meteorus desmiae Zitani, another pyralid parasitoid, previously known from Costa Rica and Colombia. The hosts of M. albisericus were found feeding on Clibadium glabrescens S. F. Blake (Asteraceae), Diplazium costale var. robustum (Sodiro) Stolze (Dryopteridaceae), Brunellia tomentosa Bonpl. (Brunelliaceae) and Cavendishia sp. Lindl. (Ericaceae). Chusquea scandens Kunth (Poaceae) is the associated plant for M. pyralivorus hosts. Meteorus. albisericus is the first Neotropical Meteorus species with dorsopes whose biology is known. We hypothesize that the parasitism of pyraloid caterpillars has originated at least twice in Neotropical Meteorus.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B603F36B-4645-490D-AD4D-469088EEF36F
Medicare Reform Preferences: Before and After Education and Deliberation

Using the case of Medicare reform, this article provides data on whether certain deliberative democracy efforts result in higher quality public opinion. Through a survey of preexisting social groups before and after a review of educational materials and participation in group discussion, the study hypothesized that: (1) respondents would change their reform preferences due to participation in an educational and deliberative forum; and (2) respondents' reform and value preferences would be more congruent after the forum than they were before it. Results supported these hypotheses. Reform preference changes were influential in terms of overall public opinion. In three cases, opinion changes resulted in the majority response changing from opposition or uncertainty to support. In other instances, preference change was evident in the magnitude of support indicated for particular reform proposals. Congruence between respondent value preferences and related reform proposals increased for all five major policy variables and their corresponding values, indicating higher quality opinion. Utilizando el caso de la reforma al sistema de salud, este articulo provee informacion acerca de si algunos foros de democracia deliberativa ocasionan una mayor calidad de la opinion publica. A traves de una encuesta a grupos sociales pre-existentes antes y despues de la revision de los materiales educacionales y participacion en la discusion de grupo, el estudio plantea que: (1) los encuestados cambiarian sus preferencias de reforma debido a la participacion en un foro educacional y deliberativo; y (2) las preferencias y valores de reforma de los encuestados serian mas congruentes despues del foro que antes del mismo. Los resultados apoyaban estas hipotesis. Los cambios en las preferencias de reforma fueron influyentes en terminos del conjunto de la opinion publica. En tres casos, los cambios de la opinion resultaron en que la respuesta de la mayoria cambiara de la oposicion o indecision al apoyo. Por otro lado, el cambio en la preferencia fue evidente en la magnitud del apoyo indicado para una propuesta de reforma particular. La congruencia entre el valor de la preferencia del encuestado y las propuestas de reforma relacionadas incremento en todas las cinco variables politicas mas importantes y sus valores correspondientes, indicando una mayor calidad de la opinion.
Natural Resource Policy and the Paradox of Public Involvement: Bringing Scientists and Citizens Together

Summary Immersed in natural resource policy approaches such as ecosystem management is the expectation that the best available science will be applied so that the best policy management decision will result. Citizens, like scientists and land managers, want natural resource management decisions based on good science rather than special interest group politics. Yet citizens also want to be involved in the decision process and are skeptical about the very science they claim must be the basis for policy actions. Herein lies an apparent paradox. Citizens' want the best science to guide natural resource management decisions, but not to the exclusion of their input. Similarly, there seems to be a paradox in the sentiments expressed by natural resource management agency administrators and specialists. Agency personnel know they need meaningful citizen involvement in their management decisions, but they also want citizens to trust their scientific expertise. This paper is about that paradox and innovative ways to...
On the origin of the R orientation in the recrystallization textures of aluminum alloys

The crystallographic textures of most Al alloys, after rolling and recrystallization, are composed of two components, the cube orientation {001}〈100〉 and a component similar to the former rolling texture, the so-called R orientation {124}〈211〉. The R orientation can be retained from the rolling texture in cases where the stored dislocation energy is being reduced merely through extended recovery reactions, which is referred to as continuous recrystallization. In addition, R-oriented grains can form through genuine, discontinuous recrystallization by nucleation within S-oriented grains at the grain boundaries between the deformed bands and a subsequent growth selection as caused by orientation pinning. The strength of the R orientation in the recrystallization textures strongly depends on the pretreatment and processing parameters of the material and, in particular, on the alloy investigated. The present article gives a survey of the factors affecting the R orientation and reviews recent results on the formation mechanisms of this orientation, which have been obtained by local texture analysis. The results are discussed with regard to the competition of the R orientation with the cube orientation during the evolution of the recrystallization textures in Al alloys.
Experimental Mean y Values and Integrated Structure Functions for Neutrino and Antineutrino Scattering at High Energy

We present measurements of for deep-inelastic charged-current distributions with incident neutrino and antineutrino energies ranging from 45 to 205 GeV. The neutrino values show little energy dependence, while the antineutrino data indicate a 10% rise over this energy range. Integrated structure functions obtained from our total-cross-section and results are also discussed.
First Results from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) Mission

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) is a Small Explorer mission designed to study the global interaction between the heliosphere and the local interstellar medium. IBEX does this by measuring energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) created by both solar wind ions and pickup ions in the solar wind when they charge exchange with cold interstellar neutrals drifting in from the interstellar medium. Because the ENAs are not magnetically confined, some of them propagate back into the inner heliosphere, where IBEX can detect them. IBEX was launched October 19th 2008, using a new launch technique that was also developed as a part of the IBEX project. The first scientific observations from IBEX were of ENAs coming from the Moon—these represented the first ever lunar ENA observations from any spacecraft and provided important information about the universal physical processes of backscatter and neutralization from complex planetary surfaces like the lunar regolith. Since then, IBEX has been collecting its first all‐sky maps of heliospheric ENAs and initial direct, in situ observations of interstellar H, He, and O. At the time of this writing, these observations have been submitted and are under review for a special IBEX section of Science magazine nominally scheduled to be published in October 2009.