cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“To tell you the truth, I did not choose early childhood education”: Narratives of becoming a pre-primary teacher in Tanzania

Abstract The current global focus on expanding access to early childhood education (ECE) is accompanied by calls to professionalize the ECE teaching force. In Tanzania, efforts to improve the quality of teaching and learning at the pre-primary level led to the development of a new pre-primary diploma training program. In this article, I examine this effort from the perspective of 12 prospective teachers. By tracing their narratives of becoming a pre-primary teacher, I demonstrate how diploma students navigated competing discourses and incorporated institutional discourses into their own narratives as a way of exercising agency in a context of constrained opportunity.
Commentary: Creating Hybrid After-School Enrichment Activities

In this commentary we propose a collaborative strategy for the creation of informal learning activities in after-school settings that are also shared sites of learning, research, and development. We briefly trace the history of a research program—"UCLinks"—whose defining feature is a form of collaboration between institutions of higher learning and local community institutions responsible for youth in the afterschool hours. These collaborations thrive only to the degree that "mutual appropriation" can be negotiated between partners, and it is within mutual appropriation that new possibilities for creative cross-generational and cross-cultural informal learning activities are materialized.
Optimal STRIPS planning by maximum satisfiability and accumulative learning

Planning as satisfiability (SAT-Plan) is one of the best approaches to optimal planning, which has been shown effective on problems in many different domains. However, the potential of the SAT-Plan strategy has not been fully exploited. Following the SAT-Plan paradigm, in this paper we formulate a STRIPS planning problem as a maximum SAT (max-SAT) and develop a general two-phase algorithm for planning. Our method first represents a planning problem as a combinatorial optimization in the form of a SAT compounded with an objective function to be maximized. It then uses a goal-oriented variable selection to force goal-oriented search and a accumulative learnt strategy to avoid to learn a learnt clause multiple times. We integrate our new methods with SATPLAN04. We evaluate and demonstrate the efficacy of our new formulation and algorithm with SATPLAN04 on many well-known real-world benchmark planning problems. Our experimental results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms SATPLAN04 on most of these problems, sometimes with an order of magnitude of improvement in running time.
Individual differences in attributional style: the relational influence of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and sex role identity

The purpose of this study was to expand on achievement attribution research by investigating the relationship between individual differences in attributional styles for success and failure and sex, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and sex role identity. A sample of 163 undergraduate students at a large midwestern university completed a test packet containing the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Self-Efficacy Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Multiple correlation and regression analyses were used to analyze their responses. Results indicated that masculinity and self-esteem were important in the prediction of the adaptive success attributions of women and masculinity was important in the prediction of the adaptive success attributions of men, however, sex and femininity had little relationship with success and failure attributions. Masculinity was the best unique predictor of attributional styles for success and failure. In addition, better prediction occurred for attributional styles for success than attributional styles for failure. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.
Evaluation of the Healthy Lifestyles Initiative for Improving Community Capacity for Childhood Obesity Prevention

Purpose and objectives Policy, systems, and environmental approaches are recommended for preventing childhood obesity. The objective of our study was to evaluate the Healthy Lifestyles Initiative, which aimed to strengthen community capacity for policy, systems, and environmental approaches to healthy eating and active living among children and families. Intervention approach The Healthy Lifestyles Initiative was developed through a collaborative process and facilitated by community organizers at a local children's hospital. The initiative supported 218 partners from 170 community organizations through training, action planning, coalition support, one-on-one support, and the dissemination of materials and sharing of resources. Evaluation methods Eighty initiative partners completed a brief online survey on implementation strategies engaged in, materials used, and policy, systems, and environmental activities implemented. In accordance with frameworks for implementation science, we assessed associations among the constructs by using linear regression to identify whether and which of the implementation strategies were associated with materials used and implementation of policy, systems, and environmental activities targeted by the initiative. Results Each implementation strategy was engaged in by 30% to 35% of the 80 survey respondents. The most frequently used materials were educational handouts (76.3%) and posters (66.3%). The most frequently implemented activities were developing or continuing partnerships (57.5%) and reviewing organizational wellness policies (46.3%). Completing an action plan and the number of implementation strategies engaged in were positively associated with implementation of targeted activities (action plan, effect size = 0.82; number of strategies, effect size = 0.51) and materials use (action plan, effect size = 0.59; number of strategies, effect size = 0.52). Materials use was positively associated with implementation of targeted activities (effect size = 0.35). Implications for public health Community-capacity-building efforts can be effective in supporting community organizations to engage in policy, systems, and environmental activities for healthy eating and active living. Multiple implementation strategies are likely needed, particularly strategies that involve a high level of engagement, such as training community organizations and working with them on structured action plans.
Association between postgraduate year 2 residency program characteristics and primary project publication

Purpose The association among residency program and research mentor characteristics, program director perceptions, and the publication of the primary research project for postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) graduates was assessed. Methods Using a validated electronic survey, residency program directors (RPDs) of critical care PGY2 graduates were asked about primary research project publication success, program and research project mentor characteristics, and RPDs’ perceptions surrounding project completion. Results All 55 RPDs surveyed responded; 44 (79%) reported being a research project mentor. PGY2 research project publications in 2011 and 2012 totaled 26 (37%) and 27 (35%), respectively. A significant relationship existed between research project publication and the number of residents in the program ( p p p = 0.04), employer ( p p = 0.01), and research training ( p p p p = 0.01). The publication of 1 research project versus no research projects was also independently associated with the RPD’s perception that the employer valued research project publication (OR, 5.1; p = 0.04). Conclusion A survey of RPDs of critical care PGY2 residents found that the number of PGY2 residents, the number of publications by the least experienced research mentor, and the perception that publishing the residents’ research projects is important to the employer were independently associated with publication rates of residency research projects.
Delafloxacin: Place in Therapy and Review of Microbiologic, Clinical and Pharmacologic Properties

Delafloxacin (formerly WQ-3034, ABT492, RX-3341) is a novel fluoroquinolone chemically distinct from currently marketed fluoroquinolones with the absence of a protonatable substituent conferring a weakly acidic character to the molecule. This property results in increased intracellular penetration and enhanced bactericidal activity under acidic conditions that characterize the infectious milieu at a number of sites. The enhanced potency and penetration in low pH environments contrast what has been observed for other zwitterionic fluoroquinolones, which tend to lose antibacterial potency under acidic conditions, and may be particularly advantageous against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, for which the significance of the intracellular mode of survival is increasingly being recognized. Delafloxacin is also unique in its balanced target enzyme inhibition, a property that likely explains the very low frequencies of spontaneous mutations in vitro. Delafloxacin recently received US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and is currently being evaluated in a phase 3 trial among patients with community-acquired pneumonia. In the current era of a heightened awareness pertaining to collateral ecologic damage, safety issues and antimicrobial stewardship principles, it is critical to describe the unique properties of delafloxacin and define its potential role in therapy. The purpose of this article is to review available data pertaining to delafloxacin’s biochemistry, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics characteristics, in vitro activity and potential for resistance selection as well as current progress in clinical trials to ultimately assist clinicians in selecting patients who will benefit most from the distinctive properties of this agent.
Liver Transplantation for Hepatoma: Raising the Bar

Ever since the birth of liver transplantation, cancer has played a major role in the advances to the field. With improved outcomes came increasing demands on a limited organ supply and the need for policy development to guide organ allocation. This is an attempt to summarize important milestones in the practice and policy developments over the past 50 years with a nod to our collective ability to continue to improve the field of transplantation, care of liver cancer, and value of that gift of life—the donor liver. The most recent Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) Policy changes further improve liver allocation to cancer candidates with a focus on (1) current hepatocellular cancer (HCC) size and number, (2) downstaging criteria, and (3) AFP limits and will help to better achieve equitable allocation of livers to HCC and non-HCC candidates needing transplantation using objective real-time evidence to base our practice. We, as a community have and despite our individual needs and patterns, have shown how data collection, review, and discussion can lead to best practice at a grand scale. From its first days as a procedure to our current state of expertise, liver transplantation for HCC remains a classic example of evidence-based practice.
The role of vaccines in fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

The problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the associated morbidity and mortality due to antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens is not new. However, AMR has been increasing at an alarming ...
A Solution to Hironaka’s Polyhedra Game

In this paper we present a solution to Hironaka’s polyhedra game. That is, we prove the existence of a winning strategy for the first player.
Models of Development in Insect Populations

The features of development essential to analyses of insect population dynamics, development time and mortality, are discussed in the context of convolution and network models. Whether representing one or several successive stages of a life cycle, a model in either class is designed from relevant statistics of development time and mortality. Network models are emphasized, and Erlang and Bessel networks are discussed in particular. Use of networks in models of population systems is discussed briefly with examples.
Collegiate Recovery Program (CRP): Student Needs and Employee Roles

Background: Research on Collegiate Recovery Programs (CRPs) is emerging. There is a need to examine aspects of CRPs to highlight program efficacy and best practices within local settings. Aim: As distinct cycles within a larger action research study, two small inquiries within a local university setting assessed: (1) how student members of the organization "Students for Recovery" defined their needs, and (2) how student employees of the CRP described their roles and success in their work. Methods: Semi-structured interviews examined students in recovery and student CRP employees. Results: Thematic analysis for each group produced two sets of qualitative results. Members of the student organization "Students for Recovery" described their needs as social support and safety , awareness and advocacy . Student employees of the CRP described their role as outreach and one-on-one support as well as strategic program planning . Instances of success were described as the departmental support , and their unique peer perspective . Conclusions: Two queries described needs of students in recovery and role descriptions of student CRP employees within a specific setting. Robust studies are needed to understand the impact of local CRP programs and can provide context to guide informed, responsive programming and best practices.
Translating the Ta: Pagoda, Tumulus, and Ritualized Mahāyāna in Seventh-Century China

This essay examines the relationship between pagodas and tombs in Medieval China through a close reading of the “Preface to the Sūtra on the Merits of Constructing a ta, as Spoken by the Buddha” (F...
Image: its power, use, and abuse

This position paper addresses three areas in which photographic images are used and abused: Journalism, Advertising, and Public Relations. These areas do not use images for aesthetic purposes only; for these businesses, the images are more than mental impressions. In these three industries, the messages they deliver through the images have little to do with the objective reality. All three use images to deliver an opinion in the name of journalism, distorted needs, benefits, and solutions in advertising, and put spins on facts to present favorable images of their clients in Public Relations. Historically, all three have engaged in the unethical use of the concept “image making” and of manipulation of actual images.
Light that Conquers the Darkness: Oscar Romero on the Transfiguration of Jesus

Oscar Romero’s homilies on the transfiguration of Jesus offer a unique window into his way of reading Scripture as a churchman seeking to bring the gospel to bear on his historical moment. For Rome...
The Potential Global Distribution and Voltinism of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Current and Future Climates

Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman), is a severe invasive insect pest of turf, landscapes, and horticultural crops. It has successfully colonized much of the United States and has recently established in mainland Europe. The distribution and voltinism of P. japonica will undoubtedly change as a consequence of climate change, posing additional challenges to the management of this species. To assess these challenges, a process-oriented bioclimatic niche model for P. japonica was developed to examine its potential global distribution under current (1981-2010) and projected climatic conditions (2040-2059) using one emission scenario (representative concentration pathway [RCP] 8.5) and two global climate models, ACCESS1-0 and CNRM-CM5. Under current climatic conditions, the bioclimatic niche model agreed well with all credible distribution data. Model projections indicate a strong possibility of further range expansion throughout mainland Europe under both current and future climates. In North America, projected increases in temperature would enable northward range expansion across Canada while simultaneously shifting southern range limits in the United States. In Europe, the suitable range for P. japonica would increase by 23% by midcentury, especially across portions of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, cumulative growing degree-days increased, thereby reducing the probability of biannual life cycles in northern latitudes where they can occur, including Hokkaido, Japan, northeastern portions of the United States, and southern Ontario, Canada. The results of this study highlight several regions of increasing and emerging risk from P. japonica that should be considered routinely in ongoing biosecurity and pest management surveys.
Right Ventricular Dominance Is Associated With Inferior Outcomes After the Extracardiac Fontan

Background:Investigations of ventricular dominance and outcomes after the Fontan procedure have shown conflicting results. This may be due to the inclusion of multiple modifications of the Fontan o...
Effect of Noctuidonema guyanense (Nematoda: Acugutturidae) on the longevity of feral male Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths.

Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain is an ectoparasitic nematode of certain species of adult Lepidoptera, particularly Noctuidae, in the Western Hemisphere. It is transferred to a new host ...
General Relativity and the Eternal Return

Abstract An arbitrarily close return to a previous initial state of the Universe, such as is predicted by the Poincare recurrence theorem, cannot occur in a closed universe governed by general relativity. The significance of this result for cosmology and thermodynamics is pointed out.
Synthetic investigation of competing magnetic interactions in 2D metal-chloranilate radical frameworks.

The discovery of emergent materials lies at the intersection of chemistry and condensed matter physics. Synthetic chemistry offers a pathway to create materials with the desired physical and electronic structures that support fundamentally new properties. Metal–organic frameworks are a promising platform for bottom-up chemical design of new materials, owing to their inherent chemical predictability and tunability relative to traditional solid-state materials. Herein, we describe the synthesis and magnetic characterization of a new 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone based material, (NMe2H2)3.5Ga2(C6O4Cl2)3 (1), which features radical-based electronic spins on the sites of a kagome lattice, a geometric lattice known to engender exotic electronic properties. Vibrational and electronic spectroscopies, in combination with magnetic susceptibility measurements, revealed 1 exhibits mixed valency between the radical-bearing trianionic and diamagnetic tetraanionic oxidation states of the ligand. This unpaired electron density on the ligand forms a partially occupied kagome lattice where approximately 85% of the lattice sites are occupied with an S = ½ spin. We found that gallium mediates ferromagnetic coupling between ligand spins, creating a ferromagnetic kagome lattice. By modulation of the interlayer spacing via post-synthetic cation metathesis of 1 to (NMe4)3.5Ga2(C6O4Cl2)3 (2) and (NEt4)2(NMe4)1.5Ga2(C6O4Cl2)3 (3), we determined the nature of the magnetic coupling between neighboring planes is antiferromagnetic. Additionally, we determined the role of the metal in mediating this magnetic coupling by comparison of 2 with the In3+ analogue, (NMe4)3.5In2(C6O4Cl2)3 (4), and we found that Ga3+ supports stronger superexchange coupling between ligand-based spins than In3+. The combination of intraplanar ferromagnetic coupling and interplanar antiferromagnetic coupling exchange interactions suggests these are promising materials to host topological phenomena.
Hypertension During Pregnancy

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect about 5–10% of pregnancies impacting maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. We review the recent studies in this field and discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of hypertension during pregnancy, as well as the short- and long-term consequences on the cardiovascular health of women. Although the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association revised their guidelines for hypertension in the general population in 2017, hypertension during pregnancy continues to be defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, measured on two separate occasions. The addition of stage 1 hypertension will increase the prevalence of hypertension during pregnancy, identifying more women at risk of preeclampsia; however, more research is needed before changing the BP goal because a lower target BP has a risk of poor placental perfusion. Women with chronic hypertension have a higher incidence of superimposed preeclampsia, cesarean section, preterm delivery before 37 weeks’ gestation, birth weight less than 2500 g, neonatal unit admission, and perinatal death. They also have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease later in life. The guidelines recommend low-dose aspirin for women with moderate and high risk of preeclampsia. While treating pregnant women with hypertension, the effectiveness of the antihypertensive agent must be balanced with risks to the fetus. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy should be appropriately and promptly recognized and treated during pregnancy. They should further be co-managed by the obstetrician and cardiologist to decrease the long-term negative impact on the cardiovascular health of women.
Chinese Women’s Reproductive Justice and Social Media

By utilizing rhetorical analysis with a focus on agency and feminist rhetoric, this article focuses on China’s most popular pregnancy and mothering app – Babytree – to examine how users assume the ...
A four-stream method for providing variable dialysis fluid bicarbonate concentrations for bicarbonate-based dialysis fluid delivery systems.

BACKGROUND Hemodialysis corrects metabolic acidosis by transferring bicarbonate or bicarbonate equivalents across the dialysis membrane from the dialysis fluid to the plasma. With the conventional three-stream bicarbonate-based dialysis fluid delivery system, a change in the bicarbonate concentration results in changes in the other electrolytes. In practice, the dialysis machine draws either a little less or more from the bicarbonate concentrate and a little more or less from the acid concentrate, respectively in a three-stream delivery system. The result not only changes the bicarbonate concentration of the final dialysis fluid but also causes a minor change in the other ingredients. METHODS We propose a four-stream bicarbonate-based dialysis fluid delivery system consisting of an acid concentrate, a base concentrate, a product water, and a new sodium chloride concentrate. RESULTS By adjusting the flow rate ratio between the sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate concentrates, one can achieve the desired bicarbonate concentration in the dialysis fluid without changing the concentration of sodium or ingredients in the acid concentrate. The chloride concentration mirrors the change in bicarbonate but in the opposite direction. CONCLUSION A four-stream, bicarbonate-based dialysis fluid delivery system allows the bicarbonate concentration to be changed without changing the other constituents of the final dialysis fluid.
On the practical use of Euler-Rodrigues parameters in multibody system dynamic simulation

Computational details of how the Euler-Rodrigues parameters can be applied to rotations with one, two or three dynamical degrees of freedom are given. The complexity of this implementation is compared with that of the usual representation of rotation by angle variables. Conclusions are that Euler-Eodrigues parameters are fully competitive, computationally, with the use of angle variables, regardless of the nature of the rotation. Redundant kinematical equations are not essential. In certain cases Euler-Rodrigues parameters are distinctly superior.
How Doctors Think: Clinical Judgment and the Practice of Medicine

Introduction: rationality in an uncertain practice PART 1: MEDICINE AS A PRACTICE 1. Medicine and the limits of knowledge 2. The misdescription of medicine 3. Clinical judgement and the interpretation of case PART 2: CLINICAL JUDGEMENT AND THE IDEA OF CAUSE 4. "What brings you here today?": the idea of cause in medical practice 5. The simplification of clinical cause 6. Clinical judgement and the problem of particularizing PART 3: THE FORMATION OF CLINICAL JUDGEMENT 7. Aphorisms, maxims, and old saws: some rules of clinical reasoning 8. "Don't think zebras": a theory of clinical knowing 9. Knowing one's place: the evaluation of clinical judgement PART 4: CLINICAL JUDGEMENT AND THE NATURE OF MEDICINE 10. The self in medicine: the use and misuse of the science claim 11. A medicine of neighbours 12. Uncertainty and the ethics of practice
Luminescence lifetime-based sensor for cyanide and related anions.

A new Ru(II) complex is described which serves as a luminescence lifetime-based sensor for fluoride and cyanide anions (KF = 640 000 mol-1, KCN = 430 000 mol-1). This chromophore displays observable changes in its UV−vis and steady-state luminescence spectra upon cyanide binding. Prior to cyanide addition, this complex exhibits a single-exponential lifetime (τ = 377 ± 20 ns). With increasing cyanide concentrations, the intensity decays are composed of two exponentials: long τ (320−370 ns) and short τ (13−17 ns). The average lifetimes shorten as a function of cyanide concentration since the fractional intensity shifts from an initial dominant long lifetime component to the short lifetime component. This work represents the first example of a direct method for the luminescence lifetime-based sensing of anions.
Ryle on "Use," "Usage," and ??Utility"

To distinguish the practice of linguistic analysis from the practice of grammarians and philologists the philosopher must make clear the relations among use, usage, and utility. Ryle's attempt' to distinguish sharply among these concepts is brilliantly metaphorical, rich in suggestive analogies, and finally succeeds in obscuring the distinctions it sets out to illuminate. Central to Ryle's discussion is an analogy between words and tools, an analogy on which he most depends where it is weak, and which he neglects where it is strong. The analogy fails when Ryle attempts to make a distinction between use and usage. The analogy holds in a way he disregards when he distinguishes use and utility. We shall show that his exploitation of the analogy destroys the distinction he prizes and that its aptness is destructive to his conception of analysis. Ryle makes a sharp distinction between use and usage. He writes: "A usage is a custom, practice, fashion or vogue. It can be local or widespread, obsolete or current, rural or urban, vulgar or academic . . . The methods of discovering linguistic usages are the methods of philologists. By contrast, a way of operating with a razor blade, a word, a traveller's cheque or a canoepaddle is a technique, knack or method. Learning it is learning how to do
Comparison of Four Ratio-Type Estimates under a Model

Abstract Mean square errors of the simple ratio estimate, the estimate obtained by Quenouille's method of bias reduction, Goodman and Hartley's estimate and the estimate proposed by Hartley are compared.
Magnesium pemoline: Facilitation of one way and two way avoidance learning

Rats injected with magnesium pemoline required fewer trials to reach criterion on both a one way and two way avoidance task. However, there was no effect of the drug on latency measures. Magnesium pemoline did not appear to have its facilatory effect by reducing freezing or decreasing response latency.
Postischemic Ventricular Function of Stunned Myocardium: A Modeling Perspective

Myocardial stunning is a prolonged postischemic dysfunction that compromises ventricular performance. Several contributing factors have been identified, but the exact mechanism of myocardial stunning remains unclear. A computer model of the ventricle can be effective in modeling the dominant observable features of myocardial stunning. A regional ventricular model is first introduced here, followed by a single cardiac muscle fiber model. The regional model is based on a previously developed multicompartment model with normal and ischemic zones incorporating time-varying elastance and viscoelastic properties. The mathematical model of the single cardiac muscle fiber consisted of three elements: a contractile element, a series elastic element, and a parallel elastic element. On the basis of the classic force-velocity-length relations, the single muscle model could generate muscle length waveforms based on time-dependent force and contractile stiffness functions. By entering the same parameter values used in the regional ventricular model, and by reducing contractile stiffness function or the rates of activation and deactivation, the three-element model could mimic similar results observed in canine experiments.
Predictive modeling of CO2 sequestration in deep saline sandstone reservoirs: Impacts of geochemical kinetics

Abstract One idea for mitigating the increase in fossil-fuel generated CO 2 in the atmosphere is to inject CO 2 into subsurface saline sandstone reservoirs. To decide whether to try such sequestration at a globally significant scale will require the ability to predict the fate of injected CO 2 . Thus, models are needed to predict the rates and extents of subsurface rock–water–gas interactions. Several reactive transport models for CO 2 sequestration created in the last decade predicted sequestration in sandstone reservoirs of ∼17 to ∼90 kg CO 2 m −3 . To build confidence in such models, a baseline problem including rock + water chemistry is proposed as the basis for future modeling so that both the models and the parameterizations can be compared systematically. In addition, a reactive diffusion model is used to investigate the fate of injected supercritical CO 2 fluid in the proposed baseline reservoir + brine system. In the baseline problem, injected CO 2 is redistributed from the supercritical (SC) free phase by dissolution into pore brine and by formation of carbonates in the sandstone. The numerical transport model incorporates a full kinetic description of mineral–water reactions under the assumption that transport is by diffusion only. Sensitivity tests were also run to understand which mineral kinetics reactions are important for CO 2 trapping. The diffusion transport model shows that for the first ∼20 years (20 a) after CO 2 diffusion initiates, CO 2 is mostly consumed by dissolution into the brine to form CO 2,aq (solubility trapping). From 20 to 200 a, both solubility and mineral trapping are important as calcite precipitation is driven by dissolution of oligoclase. From 200 to 1000 a, mineral trapping is the most important sequestration mechanism, as smectite dissolves and calcite precipitates. Beyond 2000 a most trapping is due to formation of aqueous HCO 3 - . Ninety-seven percent of the maximum CO 2 sequestration, 34.5 kg CO 2 per m 3 of sandstone, is attained by 4000 a even though the system does not achieve chemical equilibrium until ∼25,000 a. This maximum represents about 20% CO 2 dissolved as CO 2,aq , 50% dissolved as HCO 3 ,aq - , and 30% precipitated as calcite. The extent of sequestration as HCO 3 - at equilibrium can be calculated from equilibrium thermodynamics and is roughly equivalent to the amount of Na + in the initial sandstone in a soluble mineral (here, oligoclase). Similarly, the extent of trapping in calcite is determined by the amount of Ca 2+ in the initial oligoclase and smectite. Sensitivity analyses show that the rate of CO 2 sequestration is sensitive to the mineral–water reaction kinetic constants between approximately 10 and 4000 a. The sensitivity of CO 2 sequestration to the rate constants decreases in magnitude respectively from oligoclase to albite to smectite.
Kilobot: A low cost scalable robot system for collective behaviors

In current robotics research there is a vast body of work on algorithms and control methods for groups of decentralized cooperating robots, called a swarm or collective. These algorithms are generally meant to control collectives of hundreds or even thousands of robots; however, for reasons of cost, time, or complexity, they are generally validated in simulation only, or on a group of a few tens of robots. To address this issue, this paper presents Kilobot, a low-cost robot designed to make testing collective algorithms on hundreds or thousands of robots accessible to robotics researchers. To enable the possibility of large Kilobot collectives where the number of robots is an order of magnitude larger than the largest that exist today, each robot is made with only $14 worth of parts and takes 5 minutes to assemble. Furthermore, the robot design allows a single user to easily operate a large Kilobot collective, such as programming, powering on, and charging all robots, which would be difficult or impossible to do with many existing robotic systems.
Experimental and computational investigation of progressive damage accumulation in CFRP composites

Abstract This manuscript presents an experimental and computational study of progressive damage accumulation in carbon fiber reinforced polymers. A series of monotonic tension experiments with acoustic emission, X-ray radiography, and X-ray computed tomography were performed on a quasi-isotropic layup to ascertain the initiation, progression, and modes of damage accumulation under tensile loading. A multiscale computational model was used to aid in understanding the progressive damage accumulation. The eigendeformation based reduced order homogenization modeling approach was used due to its computational efficiency and its ability to incorporate distinct damage modes. The combined experimental and computational investigation provided a detailed picture of the progression of damage accumulation in the CFRP composite. The multiscale model predictions were in good agreement with experimental observations.
Dryden's Occult Rhetoric in the Early Poems, 1649–1663

In the poems composed before his first serious plays, Dryden rhetorically exploits the malleability of occult beliefs during this period. He uses the mixed attitudes toward astrology, alchemy, and, to a lesser extent, demonology and other folks beliefs, to broaden meaning and to address some of the problems associated with the subjects he chooses to discuss.
Absolute Age, Stratigraphic Correlation, and Mineralogy of Ash Layers in Tertiary Sediments from Atlantic off Florida: ABSTRACT

Volcanic ash layers were penetrated in three of the sediment cores recovered during 1965 off Florida as part of the JOIDES deep drilling program. The ash in these cores consists of shards of fresh acidic glass with a size distribution centered in the 30-60-micron fraction. In all samples, the ash is in Oligocene strata, as indicated by planktonic Foraminifera such as Chiloguembelina cubensis, Globoanomalina micra, Globorotalia postcretacea, and G. yeguaensis. Such a fauna is typical of the Vicksburg Group of the United States, and other Oligocene sections in Europe and Africa. Potassium-argon dates of the ashes provide absolute ages for the Oligocene. These JOIDES ash layers appear not to be correlative with ash beds found in the Tertiary Oceanic Formation of Barbados.End_of_Article - Last_Page 462------------
Bayesian Estimation of Parameters of Life Distributions and Reliability from Type II Censored Samples

The Bayesian approach to reliability estimation from Type II censored samples is discussed here with emphasis on obtaining natural conjugate prior distributions. The underlying sampling distribution from which the censored samples are drawn follows a generalized life model (GLM) which includes a model proposed by Epstein and Sobel, Weibull, exponential, and Rayleigh distributions as special cases. Results are given for the Type II asymptotic distribution of largest values, Pareto, and Limited distribution. The natural conjugate prior, Bayes estimate for the generalized scale parameter, posterior risk, Bayes risk and Bayes estimate of the reliability function were derived for the distributions studied. In every case the natural conjugate prior is a 2-parameter family which provides a wide range of possible prior knowledge. Conjugate diffuse priors were derived. A diffuse prior, also called a quasi-pdf, is not a pdf because its integral is not unity. It represents roughly an informationless prior state of knowledge. The proper choice of the parameter for the diffuse prior leads to maximum likelihood, classical uniform minimum-variance unbiased estimator, and an admissible biased estimator with minimum mean square error as the generalized Bayes estimate. A feature of the GLM is the increasing function g(·) with possible applications in accelerated testing. KG(·) is a s-complete s-sufficient statistic for ?, and KG(·)/m is a maximum likelihood estimate for ?. Similar results were obtained for the Pareto, Type II asymptotic distribution of extremes, Pareto (associated with Pearl-Reed growth distribution) and others.
Change detection and off-frequency listening: A reply to Leshowitz and Wightman

Leshowitz and Wightman’s (1972) account of the fact that recognition of increments and decrements in intensity improves with signal duration relative to detection of increments and decrements is found wanting. Not only does their interpretation fail to explain the occurrence of the effect in several different stimulus situations, but it is inconsistent with the results of detection experiments in which either signal duration or the signal polarity is uncertain.
Analysis for the optimal performance of three-channel split-flow heat exchangers

Governing equations for describing the axial variation of temperature differences of fluids flowing in a three-channel single-pass heat exchanger are formulated by adopting similar assumptions as those used in the classical log-mean-temperature-difference (LMTD) method for two-channel heat exchangers. A special-case solution and a generalized solution of these governing differential equations are obtained for designing exchangers with split-flow channels in both parallel-flow and counterflow configurations. The special-case solution can be obtained under the condition of having identical axial-temperature distributions in the split-shell-flow channels and is similar to the classical formulation for two-channel heat exchangers, but with some parameter modifications. Solutions of this general model confirm that the special-case model represents the optimum design of such heat exchangers. These results are also verified experimentally using a concentric-tube heat exchanger. Theoretically predicted heat-exchanger effectivenesses are found on the average to be within ±5% of the experimental measurements.
In Situ Study of Oxidation-Induced Growth Strains In a Model NiCrAlY Bond-Coat Alloy

Synchrotron radiation has been used to study in situ the evolution of growth strains in an Al2O3 scale (the so-called TGO or thermally grown oxide) on a model bond-coat alloy (Ni-19.7 Cr-19.2 Al-0.1 Y at.%) as oxide growth proceeds in air at 950–1100°C, and the changes in these strains due to thermal-expansion mismatch as the samples are cooled. Tensile growth stresses develop in the oxide scales during the initial stages of oxidation, a result of initially formed transition aluminas converting to the stable α-Al2O3 form, but large residual compressive stresses are present at room temperature due to thermal-expansion mismatch between the scale and the bond-coat.
Probabilistic characterization of wind turbine blades via aeroelasticity and spinning finite element formulation

Wind energy is an increasingly important component of this nation's renewable energy portfolio, however safe and economical wind turbine operation is a critical need to ensure continued adoption. Safe operation of wind turbine structures requires not only information regarding their condition, but their operational environment. Given the difficulty inherent in SHM processes for wind turbines (damage detection, location, and characterization), some uncertainty in conditional assessment is expected. Furthermore, given the stochastic nature of the loading on turbine structures, a probabilistic framework is appropriate to characterize their risk of failure at a given time. Such information will be invaluable to turbine controllers, allowing them to operate the structures within acceptable risk profiles. This study explores the characterization of the turbine loading and response envelopes for critical failure modes of the turbine blade structures. A framework is presented to develop an analytical estimation of the loading environment (including loading effects) based on the dynamic behavior of the blades. This is influenced by behaviors including along and across-wind aero-elastic effects, wind shear gradient, tower shadow effects, and centrifugal stiffening effects. The proposed solution includes methods that are based on modal decomposition of the blades and require frequent updates to the estimated modal properties to account for the time-varying nature of the turbine and its environment. The estimated demand statistics are compared to a code-based resistance curve to determine a probabilistic estimate of the risk of blade failure given the loading environment.
Excitations of SU(5) Monopoles

The author reinterprets Witten's analysis of the dyons in the SU(2) Georgi-Glashow model, showing that his peculiar formula for their electric charge is due to a symmetry of the semiclassical configuration space under the noncompact group of real numbers. This method of analysis extends easily to the SU(5) dyons and shows that their color hypercharge is also arbitrary when the vacuum angle theta is nonzero.
Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a review.

Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DCMR) is useful for identifying myocardial ischemia and viability in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). This article reviews the performance and utility of DCMR, its association with dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), and areas of active investigative research. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
HOMAJ: A Tool for Higher Order Mutation Testing in AspectJ and Java

The availability of automated tool support is an important consideration for software developers before they can incorporate higher order mutation testing into their software development processes. This paper presents HOMAJ, a higher order mutation testing tool for AspectJ and Java. HOMAJ automates the process of generating and evaluating first order mutants (FOMs) and higher order mutants (HOMs). In particular, HOMAJ can be used to generate subtle HOMs, which are HOMs that cannot be killed by an existing test set that kills all the FOMs. Subtle HOMs can be valuable for improving test effectiveness because they can simulate complex and non-trivial faults that cannot be simulated with the use of traditional FOMs. HOMAJ implements a number of different techniques for generating subtle HOMs, including several search-based software engineering techniques, enumeration search, and random search. HOMAJ is designed in a modular way to make it easy to incorporate a new search strategy. In this paper we demonstrate the use of HOMAJ to evaluate the implemented techniques.
Improved synthesis of 15-deoxyspergualin analogs using the Ugi multi-component reaction

Spergualin is a natural product that exhibits immunosuppressive, anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activities. Its derivatives, such as 15-deoxyspergualin (15-DSG), have been clinically approved for acute allograft rejection. However, the reported syntheses are cumbersome (>10 steps) and they suffer from low overall yields (∼0.3% to 18%). Moreover, spergualin and its derivatives are chemically unstable and rapidly hydrolyzed in aqueous buffer. Here, we have re-explored these issues and report a modified synthetic route with significantly improved overall yield (∼31% to 47%). The key transformation is a microwave-accelerated Ugi multi-component reaction that is used to generate the peptoid core in a single step. Using the products of this route, we found that modifications of the hemiaminal significantly increased chemical stability. Thus, we anticipate that this synthetic route will improve access to biologically active 15-DSG derivatives.
Integrated distribution management — The American perspective

Abstract In this article the author of the leading text on Physical Distribution Management analyses U.S. experience in this area. During the past ten years the concept of a “total distribution system” has become a relatively common operating philosophy for many American companies. During the 1960's firms which have developed these systems have benefitted from lower total costs, improved customer service, and a competitive edge in the market place. In the 1970's as more firms adopt this philosophy, companies which do not will begin to lose their capacity to complete effectively.
Internal binding sites for MSH: Analyses in wild‐type and variant Cloudman melanoma cells

Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells express both external (plasma membrane) and internal binding sites for MSH. Using 125I-beta melanotropin (beta-MSH) as a probe, we report here an extensive series of studies on the biological relevance of these internal sites. Cells were swollen in a hypotonic buffer and lysed, and a particulate fraction was prepared by high-speed centrifugation. This fraction was incubated with 125I-beta-MSH with or without excess nonradioactive beta-MSH in the cold for 2 hours. The material was then layered onto a step-wise sucrose gradient and centrifuged; fractions were collected and counted in a gamma counter or assayed for various enzymatic activities. The following points were established: (1) Specific binding sites for MSH were observed sedimenting at an average density of 50% sucrose in amelanotic cells and at higher densities in melanotic cells. (2) These sites were similar in density to those observed when intact cells were labeled externally with 125I-beta-MSH and then warmed to promote internalization of the hormone. (3) Most of the internal binding sites were not as dense as fully melanized melanosomes. (4) In control experiments, the MSH binding sites were not found in cultured hepatoma cells. (5) Variant melanoma cells, which differed from the wild-type inmore » their responses to MSH, had reduced expression of internal binding sites even though their ability to bind MSH to the outer cell surface appeared normal. (MSH-induced responses included changes in tyrosinase, dopa oxidase, and dopachrome conversion factor activities, melanization, proliferation, and morphology.) (6) Isobutylmethylxanthine, which enhanced cellular responsiveness to MSH, also enhanced expression of internal binding sites. The results indicate that expression of internal binding sites for MSH is an important criterion for cellular responsiveness to the hormone.« less
On Rethinking Marketing: Our Discipline, Our Practice, Our Methods

Rethinking marketing should start with answers to three questions: Why has our discipline made so few original contributions to the strategy dialogue? Why have we focused on dysfunctional, rather than functional, relationships, i.e. on unsuccessful marketing practice rather than successful practice? Why do qualitative studies lack acceptance in marketing? I suggest that the fact that marketing has viewed itself as an “applied discipline” has significantly contributed to our making so few original contributions to the strategy dialogue. Furthermore, the “applied discipline” view has contributed to our focusing on dysfunctional and unsuccessful, rather than functional and successful, relationships. Finally, the lack of acceptance in marketing for qualitative methods has resulted from advocates of those methods embracing relativism, constructionism and subjectivism. In general, the time for obfuscation and obscurantism masquerading as profundity has passed; the time for reasoned rethinking is just beginning.