cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Governance Reform of Higher Education: Patterns, Trends, and Theories of the Public Policy Process

The American campus-state relationship typically is cast in terms of a fundamental, even paradoxical, tension between the dual demands of institutional autonomy and public accountability, or between the university’s right to regulate its affairs from within and the state’s authority (and responsibility) to regulate the university’s affairs from without (Bailey, 1975; Berdahl, 1971; Carnegie Foundation, 1982; Glenny and Schmidtlein, 1983; Graham, 1989; Hines, 1988; Millet, 1982; Mortimer and McConnell, 1982; Newman, 1987; Volkwein, 1987). Because neither absolute autonomy of the campus from the state nor complete accountability of the campus to the state is likely to be feasible, the vexing question confronting policymakers is where, precisely, the line should be drawn between campus and state. The dominant pattern of the twentieth century was one of increasing involvement and intervention by state governments in the higher education sector. A large volume of literature has amassed, around, the interactions between higher education and state governments, focusing particularly on the development and functioning of different governance arrangements for higher education and on the effects of these different arrangements upon various institutional and state policy outcomes.
Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Co2-xFexVGa Heusler alloys

The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of iron-substituted Co2VGa alloys, Co2-xFexVGa (x = 0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3), were investigated. The Fe-substituted samples, prepared by arc melting, melt spinning, and annealing, crystallized in the L21 Heusler structure, without any secondary phases. The Curie temperature and high-field magnetization at 50 K decreased from 345 K and 44 emu/g (1.90 μB/f.u.) for Co2VGa to 275 K and 39 emu/g (1.66 μB/f.u.) for Co1.7Fe0.3VGa, respectively, but the maximum entropy change remained almost insensitive to Fe concentration for x ≤ 0.2, the highest value being 3.3 J/kgK at 7 T for Co1.85Fe0.15VGa. First-principle calculations show that Co2VGa retains its half-metallic band structure until at least 30% of the cobalt atoms are replaced by Fe atoms. The wide operating temperature window near room temperature and the lack of thermal and magnetic hysteresis are the interesting features of these materials for application in room-temperature magnetic refrigeration.
Acoustic Wave Guiding by Reconfigurable Tessellated Arrays

Guided sound waves from arrays of acoustic transducers are key to myriad techniques in medicine, engineering, and the physical sciences, but digital methods of wave-field control are restrictive. This study investigates physical reconfiguration of array elements according to the folding sequences of origami, which allows portability. Reconfiguring a tessellated array is more effective than digital methods of acoustic-wave guidance, using fewer array elements, while refinement of array topology tends to the ideal case of geometrical acoustics. These findings may promote adaptive, deployable waveguides for $e.g.$ medical ultrasound or the study of underwater ecosystems.
A dialyzable protein synthesis inhibitor released by mammalian cells in vitro

Abstract Macrophages, lymphocytes, and HeLa cells when incubated in vitro at 37° in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer release a dialyzable, heat-stable, ninhydrin-reacting factor which inhibits protein synthesis by intact cells and isolated ribosomes. Release of the inhibitor appears to be dependent on metabolism. Partial purification of the inhibitor by Sephadex G-10 chromatography suggests it has a molecular weight of 400–600.
POU Domain Transcription Factors in the Neuroendocrine System

The precise molecular mechanisms by which distinct, mature neuronal phenotypes arise from a common primordium, in response to specific morphogens and signals, remains a fundamental question in neurobiology. We have discovered and characterized eight novel neuronally-expressed mammalian POU domain transcription factors. Based on the distinct spatial and temporal patterns of their expression, and their structural similarity to critical determining factors in other organ systems, we hypothesize that these POU domain factors exert essential roles in establishing specific neuronal and glial phenotypes and the patterns of connection between them. We have discovered the cognate DNA recognition elements for the three classes of neuronally-expressed POU domain factors for Brn-1, Brn-2, Tst-1, Brn-4 (Class III), and Brn-3.0, Brn-3.1, and Brn-3.2 (Class IV), revealing differential spacing and orientation between the core elements of the bipartite DNA binding motif. Genetic methods are being used to critically test our hypothesis concerning the roles of these POU domain factors in determining the generation and function of specific neuronal and glial phenotypes. Homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells will be used to generate mice null for these POU IV class genomic loci, alone and in combination. We plan to test the roles of these factors in differentiation and survival of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and retinal ganglion cells, and their connections. Furthermore, we plan to examine the role of the four Class III POU domain factors, Brn-1, Brn-2, Tst-1 and Brn-3 in establishing central neuronal and glial phenotypes by gene deletion.
Thermal Stability of Hole-Selective Tungsten Oxide: In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study.

In this study, the thermal stability of a contact structure featuring hole-selective tungsten oxide (WOx) and aluminum deposited onto p-type crystalline silicon (c-Si/WOx/Al) was investigated using a combination of transmission line measurements (TLM) and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The TEM images provide insight into why the charge carrier transport and recombination characteristics change as a function of temperature, particularly as the samples are annealed at temperatures above 500 °C. In the as-deposited state, a ≈ 2 nm silicon oxide (SiOx) interlayer forms at the c-Si/WOx interface and a ≈ 2-3 nm aluminum oxide (AlOx) interlayer at the WOx/Al interface. When annealing above 500 °C, Al diffusion begins, and above 600 °C complete intermixing of the SiOx, WOx, AlOx and Al layers occurs. This results in a large drop in the contact resistivity, but is the likely reason surface recombination increases at these high temperatures, since a c-Si/Al contact is basically being formed. This work provides some fundamental insight that can help in the development of WOx films as hole-selective rear contacts for p-type solar cells. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that in situ TEM can provide valuable information about thermal stability of transition metal oxides functioning as carrier-selective contacts in silicon solar cells.
Use of ReDS Technology to Triage Heart Failure Patients in the Emergency Department

Background Reducing heart failure (HF) readmissions has become an important, but elusive, goal for many hospital systems. The Emergency Department (ED) is the final common pathway through which patient stabilization occurs and where disposition decisions are made. Thus, improving triage of HF patients in the ED may provide an effective way to reduce the rate of HF readmissions. The Remote Dielectric Sensing (ReDS) Wearable System is an FDA-approved device developed by Sensible Medical Innovations that allows clinicians and other health care providers to accurately, quickly and non-invasively measure lung fluid. Methods At MCHS, about 88% of patients seeking care for SOB with history of HF are admitted to the hospital for inpatient treatment. This identified a need to develop a tool to assist in risk stratification. The primary outcome was to provide an objective measure to aid in making a disposition decision. The secondary outcome was to determine the percentage of patients who present to the ED with signs and symptoms of acute HF and fall into the mild, moderate, or high risk categories.• ReDS reading of Results We assessed 39 HF patients presenting to the ED with complaints of worsening HF symptoms. Each underwent a ReDS reading during the ED triage process. Conclusion In our pilot study, implementing a ReDS assessment into the ED triage process was feasible. Most patients who present to ED with SOB and history of HF are either significantly volume overloaded and require an inpatient admission for diureses or have SOB from a non-HF cause. Adequate ED treatment and close HF clinic follow up may be a safe and effective resource utilization for those patients with moderately elevated volume to prevent an inpatient admission.
Insights into Europa's ocean composition derived from its surface expression

Abstract The global ocean believed to exist beneath Europa's thick ice shell is often cited as one of the most likely places in the solar system to find evidence of extraterrestrial habitable environments or even extant life. However, given the technical challenges and the costs associated with outer solar system exploration, direct analysis of the ocean appears unlikely in the foreseeable future. Therefore, constraints on the chemical composition of the ocean will need to be inferred, for example, from analysis of the surface ice, either via remote sensing or landed surface missions. In this paper, we combine our recent body of work studying the chemistry of frozen putative Europa ocean brines with new experiments to develop predictions of the sequence by which the hydrated minerals form when a four-ionic component ocean (Na+, Cl−, Mg2+, and SO42−) freezes as a function of relative ionic concentrations and pH. This in turn provides a means to begin linking observed surface chemistry and the chemical environment of the subsurface ocean as well as insight into endogenic versus exogenic origin of detected species.
Censorship Resistant Decentralized IoT Management Systems

Blockchain technology has been increasingly used for decentralizing cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT) architectures to address some limitations faced by centralized systems. While many existing efforts are successful in leveraging blockchain for decentralization with multiple servers (full nodes) to handle faulty nodes, an important issue has arisen that external clients (also called lightweight clients) have to rely on a relay node to communicate with the full nodes in the blockchain. Compromization of such relay nodes may result in a security breach and even a blockage of IoT sensors from the network. We propose censorship resistant decentralized IoT management systems, which include a "diffusion" function to deliver all messages from sensors to all full nodes and an augmented consensus protocol to check data loss, replicate processing outcome, and facilitate opportunistic outcome delivery. We also leverage the cryptographic tool of aggregate signature to reduce the complexity of communication and signature verification.
A Problem-Solving Intervention for Hospice Family Caregivers: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objectives Family caregivers of hospice patients have multiple needs as they try to cope during a stressful time. Translatable interventions effective in improving caregiver outcomes are greatly needed. Our objective was to assess the impact of a problem-solving intervention (called Problem-Solving Intervention to Support Caregivers in End-of-Life Care Settings [PISCES]) to support hospice caregivers on caregiver quality of life and anxiety, and compare its effectiveness delivered face to face and via videoconferencing. Design In this 4-year randomized clinical trial, caregivers were randomly assigned to a group receiving standard care with added "friendly calls" (attention control [AC] group), a group receiving standard care and PISCES delivered face to face (F2F), or a group receiving standard care and PISCES delivered via videoconferencing (VC). Setting Home hospice. Participants A total of 514 caregivers participated (172 in AC, 171 in F2F, and 171 in VC). Caregivers were predominantly female (75%); mean age was 60.3 years. Intervention PISCES includes a structured curriculum delivered in three sessions and motivates caregivers to adopt a positive attitude, define problems by obtaining facts, set goals, and generate and evaluate solutions. Measurements Quality of life was measured by the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Revised; anxiety was measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item. Other measures included the Caregiver Reaction Assessment scale, demographic data, and an exit interview. Results Compared with AC, caregivers in the F2F condition had postintervention reduced anxiety (-1.31 [95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.11 to .50]; p = .004) and improved social (.57 [95% CI = .19-.95]; p = .01), financial (.57 [95% CI = .21-.93]; p = .004), and physical quality of life (.53 [95% CI = .19-.87]; p = .01). There were no differences in caregivers in the VC condition compared with the AC condition. Conclusion The PISCES intervention improves caregiver outcomes and is effective when delivered in person. How to integrate technology to reduce the intervention delivery cost warrants further investigation.
Test case recommendation system

A code transaction modifies a set of code files and runs a set of tests to make sure that it does not break any of the existing features. But how do we choose the target set of tests? There could be 1000s of tests. Do we run all those tests? In that case, are we not wasting resources, and delaying the whole process of merging a code change? Can we choose a static set of tests? In that case, we have a chance of missing a set of tests which may be related to the code changes. How do we find out the optimal set of tests for a given code change – is the goal which we are trying to solve using the Recommendation System.
A Framework for Biomechanics Simulations Using Four-Chamber Cardiac Models

Computational cardiac models have been extensively used to study different cardiac biomechanics; specifically, finite-element analysis has been one of the tools used to study the internal stresses and strains in the cardiac wall during the cardiac cycle. Cubic-Hermite finite element meshes have been used for simulating cardiac biomechanics due to their convergence characteristics and their ability to capture smooth geometries compactly-fewer elements are needed to build the cardiac geometry-compared to linear tetrahedral meshes. Such meshes have previously been used only with simple ventricular geometries with non-physiological boundary conditions due to challenges associated with creating cubic-Hermite meshes of the complex heart geometry. However, it is critical to accurately capture the different geometric characteristics of the heart and apply physiologically equivalent boundary conditions to replicate the in vivo heart motion. In this work, we created a four-chamber cardiac model utilizing cubic-Hermite elements and simulated a full cardiac cycle by coupling the 3D finite element model with a lumped circulation model. The myocardial fiber-orientations were interpolated within the mesh using the Log-Euclidean method to overcome the singularity associated with interpolation of orthogonal matrices. Physiologically equivalent rigid body constraints were applied to the nodes along the valve plane and the accuracy of the resulting simulations were validated using open source clinical data. We then simulated a complete cardiac cycle of a healthy heart and a heart with acute myocardial infarction. We compared the pumping functionality of the heart for both cases by calculating the ventricular work. We observed a 20% reduction in acute work done by the heart immediately after myocardial infarction. The myocardial wall displacements obtained from the four-chamber model are comparable to actual patient data, without requiring complicated non-physiological boundary conditions usually required in truncated ventricular heart models.
Approaching Religiously Reinforced Mental Health Stigma: A Conceptual Framework

Religious reinforcement of mental health stigma is a widespread obstacle to treatment. Understanding its principal causes—fundamentalist thinking, communal bonding, misattribution of psychopatholog...
Introduction and Historical Background

Not even the wisest minds can reliably predict the future course of science. One particularly striking example of utter failure is a report on future technological developments prepared in 1937 by the best talent presumed to be available in the United States (1). The report concluded, for example, that any further changes in commercial aviation would be in the direction of improved safety and comfort, although the possibility was entertained that a limited number of airplanes capable of flying at 20,000 feet and at a speed of 240 miles per hour would be built. There is no mention whatever of jet engines nor, in other spheres, of plastics or nuclear energy. It seems that the fantastic imaginations of writers of science fiction are better at prediction than are the rational minds of experts.
Effects of Preference on Outcomes of Preventive Interventions among Ethnically Diverse Adolescents At-Risk of Depression

Patient-centered care includes efforts to align treatment with patient preferences to improve outcomes and has not been studied in adolescent depression prevention. Within a school-based randomized...
The Relationship between Parent-reported PEDI-CAT Mobility and Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Brief Report

Purpose: The PEDI-CAT mobility domain (PEDI-mob) is a parent-reported measure of mobility for children up to 21 years of age. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the PEDI-mob and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-66 and Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS) levels.Methods: Fifty-seven children (N = 57), ages 2-8.8 years participated. PEDI-mob and GMFM were administered and GMFCS was confirmed during the same session. A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for PEDI-mob and GMFM-66 scores to evaluate the association between these two measures. An ANOVA was used to analyze PEDI-mob across GMFCS levels.Results: Large, statistically significant correlation was found between PEDI-mob and GMFM-66 scores (r = 0.894, p-value<0.001). Differences in PEDI-mob scores were found across GMFCS levels (p-value <0.001), where patients with higher GMFCS levels had lower PEDI-mob scores.Conclusion: These results support a strong relationship between parent-reported and clinically measured motor function.
Evaluation of a system for intragastric pH monitoring of intensive care unit patients: preliminary report.

BACKGROUND A new pH probe-tipped nasogastric sump tube is available to monitor gastric pH conveniently. This study assesses its ability to measure gastric acidity accurately. METHODS The accuracy of the combined pH probe nasogastric tube (GrapHprobe ST) was determined by comparing it with standard buffer solutions (pH 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0) traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gastric pH values obtained were compared with values obtained using indicator paper and a calibrated glass electrode on gastric aspirate. RESULTS Although statistically significant differences were found in vitro between the pH of three of the buffer solutions and the pH values obtained by the nasogastric sump tube, the results were within 0.5 pH unit. When rounded to the nearest pH unit, all values were the same as the buffer solutions. No significant difference was found in the pH values obtained during in vivo testing. CONCLUSIONS The GrapHprobe ST measured gastric pH within reasonable accuracy in this small series.
Guidelines for Presentation of Methodological Choices in the Publication of Computational Results—A. Ab initio Electronic Structure Calculations

Guidelines are presented to assist authors in preparing manuscripts that describe the results of ab initio computation. These guidelines are not intended to recommend how ab initio calculations should be done, but rather to ensure that the reader can have a clear understanding of what actually was done. They are written in a form to facilitate reprinting in original research journals and as information sheets that can be distributed to authors and reviewers.
Inferring the impacts of evolutionary history and ecological constraints on spore size and shape in the ferns.

Premise In the ferns, cell size has been explored with spores, which are largely uniform within species, produced in abundance, and durable. However, spore size and shape have been variously defined, and the relationship of these traits to genome size has not been well established. Here, we explore the variation in fern spore size and shape by ploidy level and genome size. Methods Measurements of spore dimensions for two study sets of ferns, Polystichum and Adiantum, both including diploid and tetraploid taxa, provided the basis for computing estimates of shape and size as defined here. These traits were compared between and within ploidy levels and regressed with genome size estimates from flow cytometry analysis. Results All size traits were strongly correlated with genome size; the shape trait was weakly correlated. Tetraploids were larger than diploids as expected; the spores of some closely related diploid species were also significantly different in size. Discussion Researchers with access to a student-grade compound microscope can develop a valid estimate of relative genome size for ferns. These estimates provide enough resolution to infer ploidy level and explore the relationship between genome size, habitat, and physiological constraints for species within ploidy level.
Diabetes Education Desert: Regional Disparity Between Diabetes Prevalence and Diabetes Self-Management Education Programs in Texas

Diabetes is a major chronic disease that was the seventh leading cause of death in the United States in 2017. Although diabetes self-management education (DSME) programs have been implemented to pr...
A High Performance Interleaved Discontinuous PWM Strategy for Two Paralleled Three-Phase Inverter

This article aims to obtain the optimal combination of the switching loss, maximum zero-sequence circulating current (ZSCC), and line current ripple, which benefits most of the applications. The analysis shows that the interleaved discontinues pulsewidth modulation (IDPWM) maintains the minimum switching loss and line current ripples, but it introduces a larger ZSCC. Therefore, to obtain the optimal combination of the switching loss, maximum ZSCC peak, and line current ripple, it is essential to retain the minimum switching times and the optimal line current ripple of IDPWM but further reducing its overly large ZSCC. Further analysis reveals that IDPWM includes the vector combinations with medium ZSCC change rates, resulting in the larger ZSCC. Given the redundancies of the vector combinations, this article proposes a simple matrix to modify the original modulation signals of IDPWM, eliminating the medium ZSCC change rates. The proposed PWM scheme retains the minimum line current ripple and switching times as those of IDPWM while further reducing its overly large ZSCC, as validated by analytical results as well as experimental results. Since the proposed method obtains the optimal combination among switching loss, line current ripple, and maximum ZSCC peak, we name the proposed PWM scheme a high-performance DPWM.
Estrogen Withdrawal Increases Postpartum Anxiety via Oxytocin Plasticity in the Paraventricular Hypothalamus and Dorsal Raphe Nucleus

Abstract Background Estrogen increases dramatically during pregnancy but quickly drops below prepregnancy levels at birth and remains suppressed during the postpartum period. Clinical and rodent work suggests that this postpartum drop in estrogen results in an estrogen withdrawal state that is related to changes in affect, mood, and behavior. How estrogen withdrawal affects oxytocin (OT) neurocircuitry has not been examined. Methods We used a hormone-simulated pseudopregnancy followed by estrogen withdrawal in Syrian hamsters, a first for this species. Ovariectomized females were given daily injections to approximate hormone levels during gestation and then withdrawn from estrogen to simulate postpartum estrogen withdrawal. These hamsters were tested for behavioral assays of anxiety and anhedonia during estrogen withdrawal. Neuroplasticity in OT-producing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and its efferent targets was measured. Results Estrogen-withdrawn females had increased anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze and open field tests but did not differ from control females in sucrose preference. Furthermore, estrogen-withdrawn females had more OT-immunoreactive cells and OT messenger RNA in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and an increase in OT receptor density in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Finally, blocking OT receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus during estrogen withdrawal prevented the high-anxiety behavioral phenotype in estrogen-withdrawn females. Conclusions Estrogen withdrawal induces OT neuroplasticity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and dorsal raphe nucleus to increase anxiety-like behavior during the postpartum period. More broadly, these experiments suggest Syrian hamsters as a novel organism in which to model the effects of postpartum estrogen withdrawal on the brain and anxiety-like behavior.
Mathematical model of the human respiratory system in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory illness with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The human respiratory system undergoes many chronic changes and adaptations under this disease conditions. The purpose of this study was to devise a mathematical model of the human respiratory system under COPD. The model presented is based on a previous detailed model of the human respiratory system. Cyclic changes of the lung volume with the effects of increased dead space are included and the lung mechanics are used to adjust the rate of breathing. Continuous and dynamic changes in the cardiac output and cerebral blood flow are represented in the model. The model includes the modified response of the respiratory control system under the chronic effects of COPD including the shifting of the acid–base balance under the disease conditions. The performance of the model has been examined at rest and during moderate exercise with and without oxygen supplementation. The results under different stimuli are found to be in general agreement with experimental observations.
Revisiting dequantization and quantum advantage in learning tasks

It has been shown that the apparent advantage of some quantum machine learning algorithms may be efficiently replicated using classical algorithms with suitable data access -- a process known as dequantization. Existing works on dequantization compare quantum algorithms which take copies of an n-qubit quantum state $|x\rangle = \sum_{i} x_i |i\rangle$ as input to classical algorithms which have sample and query (SQ) access to the vector $x$. In this note, we prove that classical algorithms with SQ access can accomplish some learning tasks exponentially faster than quantum algorithms with quantum state inputs. Because classical algorithms are a subset of quantum algorithms, this demonstrates that SQ access can sometimes be significantly more powerful than quantum state inputs. Our findings suggest that the absence of exponential quantum advantage in some learning tasks may be due to SQ access being too powerful relative to quantum state inputs. If we compare quantum algorithms with quantum state inputs to classical algorithms with access to measurement data on quantum states, the landscape of quantum advantage can be dramatically different.
CALIBRATION OF INTRAS FOR SIMULATION OF 30-SEC LOOP DETECTOR OUTPUT

Since its inception in the early 1980s, the Integrated Traffic Simulation (INTRAS) model has been used in many studies involving freeway corridor traffic simulation. The model was originally calibrated with data collected in the 1970s in Los Angeles. In view of changing traffic conditions during the past decade, the validity of the parameter values as calibrated in the original setting is questionable. In several recent studies that used INTRAS as an evaluation tool, the model has been recalibrated with recent data. However, because of the different applications of the INTRAS model in these studies, the calibrations were made with output averaging at longer time intervals and for different output variables. To simulate traffic operation on Southern California freeways consistent with surveillance data currently being collected by the California Department of Transportation in traffic operations centers, INTRAS has been calibrated with respect to loop detector data at 30-sec intervals. The calibration process involved traffic during conditions with and without incidents, based on data collected along a 5-mi section of a major freeway in Orange County. Key parameters calibrated in this study include car-following sensitivity constants, minimum car-following distance, vehicle lengths, effective detector lengths, and the INTRAS "rubbernecking factor". The calibrated model has been used to simulate detector data for evaluating incident detection algorithms and for training artificial neural network models to detect freeway incidents.
FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE AND SUBACUTE LEUKEMIA

Forty cases of acute and subacute leukemia were treated with one or more of various folic acid antagonists, usually aminopterin. Thirty-two cases were treated for at least one week, remissions occurring in 10. The remissions were of a temporary nature and variable in duration. As of June 1, 1949, two patients were still alive and in good condition, seven and one-half and thirteen months, respectively, after onset of therapy. Clinical, hematologic, and to lesser extent, marrow remissions were obtained most commonly in the lymphocytic type, none in the 4 monocytic cases. The subacute cases responded far better than did those of the acute, fulminating variety. The exact mechanism of action of the folic acid antagonists is not known, although one may speculate that anti-PGA, an anti-growth factor which resembles PGA so closely, is readily accepted by the primitive white cell with resultant cell death. The margin between a therapeutic or effective dose and one causing a toxic reaction is a narrow one. A "toxic" reaction may in fact be an indication of a therapeutic response. The pattern of therapy was (1) administration of the drug, usually by parenteral injection until a toxic or a pronounced hematologic reaction occurred, at which point (2) the drug was discontinued. With subsidence of the toxic reaction, (3) a maintenance dosage was then given, usually in the form of oral medications, 0.5 mg. daily for adults and 0.25 mg. for children. Transfusions and antibiotics were administered as indicated. Frequent transfusions were usually very helpful at the time of the initial reaction when anemia was ordinarily severe. Penicillin and other antibiotics were used for supportive therapy. Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage were exceedingly difficult to control. The observed remissions appeared to be directly attributable to the action of the drug. Although temporary, they indicate that acute leukemia is not necessarily completely irreversible. Thus, there is hope that more potent anti-growth factors may someday be discovered which will be of value in ultimate control of the disease.
The Design of Industry

We study the division of labor within an industry, formulate it as a generalized make-or-buy problem, and characterize the optimal allocation of work as that minimizing the sum of adjustment-costs within and between firms. Using a unique dataset on eight segments of the global automobile industry, we test the theory from several angles: We first show that any two tasks are more likely to be performed by the same firm if mutual adjustments between them are needed on a sufficiently frequent basis. To take indirect effects into account, we then look at the entire industry and find that a disproportionate number of adjustments are managed inside firms. We finally use simulated GMM to estimate a structural model in which industry design is portrayed as the solution to an integer program aimed at minimizing industry-wide adjustment-costs. The program is extremely complex and while there is a significant heterogeneity in the eight actual designs, they all fit the model very well. The main substantive contribution of the paper is thus to present robust evidence consistent with the view that the firm is a low variable, but high fixed cost way to govern adjustments. A more methodological contribution is to introduce industry-level estimates and show that they outperform the firm-level estimates used in other studies of make-or-buy decisions.
International Trade and US Relations with China

US relations with China are critically important for the future of world politics. They are also a useful case in which to test the individual-level implications of the liberal commercial peace argument. A plausible case can be made on both sides of the claim that China poses a security threat to the United States. China's economy is growing far faster than the United States' economy, while the country remains a communist autocracy. At the same time, trade between the United States and China has expanded dramatically in the last three decades. Its dual role as a major trading partner and a growing international rival generates substantial uncertainty about China's future status as friend or foe. Using data from a recent survey by the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, we find that economic interests help explain individual Americans' assessment of China as a threat and their views concerning hostile policies toward that country. Those who stand to benefit from trade with China hold more positive views of the country and oppose conflictual foreign policies with respect to it. Those whose incomes are likely to decline because of trade with China tend to take the opposite position on these questions.
Investigation of magnetic and magnetoelastic properties of novel materials involving cobalt ferrite and terbium silicon germanium systems

The effects of pure shear stress on magnetization in nickel have been studied with a view to developing a theoretical understanding of the Matteucci effect, which is of great technological interest in the search for viable magnetic torque sensors. The effects of pure shear stress on a planar magnetic material and those due to torque applied to a rod are analogous in the sense that they can be described in terms of a pair of tensile and compressive stresses acting at 45° to the neutral axis of the plate or the rod axis. In this work the responses of nickel to shear stresses were studied under various dc applied fields. A model description was developed as a generalization of the theory of magnetomechanical effect to include shear stresses. This theory can be used as an aid to interpretation of the experimental results.
SPINDLE-CELL CARCINOMA OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH; REPORT OF A CASE.

Abstract Spindle-cell carcinoma of the mouth is an interesting variant of epidermoid carcinoma. Although past reports have emphasized the importance of radiation and other forms of trauma in the etiology of this variant, it now seems that other, as yet unknown, factors may be of equal importance in producing spindling. Since stains that have been developed to the present time are of limited value in differentiating this tumor from those of mesenchymal origin, the importance of the careful study of serial sections as suggested by Greene and Bernier cannot be overemphasized. These tumors are almost consistently polypoid in nature and produce exophytic growths. This factor should be taken into account when one is viewing a controversial slide. The presence of tumor giant cells, so commonly seen in rhabdomyosarcomas, can occur in spindle-cell carcinomas as well and thus should not preclude the latter diagnosis. Finally, the tremendous potential of the basal cell, which is so dramatically shown in pleomorphic adenomas, is re-emphasized when one sees the bizarre cells that can be produced by anaplastic basal cells.
the effects of advertisements on the consumers’ brand preference of white goods

The most important reasons for buying white goods according to consumers are to use or take advantage of them for various purposes. Meanwhile, consumers may also have other purposes such as innovation, prestige, brand and flashiness. Many people perceive white goods as comfort and ease of life. However, the most important thing is to figure out why or why not consumers buy and the factors which affect their brand preference most. During brand life cycle, the links produced by advertisements in consumers’ mind will determine consumers’ decision for brand preference, in addition to brand awareness. Although there are several researches on the effects of advertisements on consumers’ decision in general, there are no researches about effects of advertisement on decision of white goods. This situation required this study. The aim of this research is to explore the effects of advertisements in white goods sector on brand preference. According to this aim, firstly brand and ad concepts are reviewed and then the relationship between them is stated. Afterwards for the preference of white goods brands are evaluated through results of the research. The study participants are customers of white goods brands in Istanbul and the data collection method used is questionnaire. (After questionnaires recovered, SPSS 11.5 was used for frequence analysis, reliability & validity analysis, anovo and t-tests respectively).It is assessed that the results and findings of the research will be helpful for white goods vendors about advertisement decisions.
The Medicine Line: Life and Death on a North American Borderland

The Medicine Line: Life and Death on the North American Borderland, is a complex and oftentimes dramatic mix of narrative storytelling and history in which ironies are explored, patterns of deed and response are uncovered, examined and evaluated...Beth Ladow is a compelling stylist who writes with warmth and insight, and she has given us a smart book, which will help us understand one another, and a good read. We need more books like this one. -- William Kittredge, Author of THE NATURE OF GENOROSITY(knopf,2000)
Collaborative Portfolio Assessment in the English Secondary School System

(1995). Collaborative Portfolio Assessment in the English Secondary School System. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 244-247.
Follow-up study of MRI for osteochondral lesion of the talus.

Characteristic MRI findings of osteochondral lesions of the talus have been reported. We examined how they change before and after treatment and discussed their significance. Twenty two ankles in 2...
Patient representatives' contributions to the benefit–risk assessment tasks of the European Medicines Agency scientific committees

In the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the involvement of patients has been increasingly recognized as valuable and necessary. Specifically in scientific committees, patients through patient representatives are actively involved in deliberations and decision making processes. These scientific committees are meant to ensure that licensed medicines have a positive benefit–risk ratio in favour of the patients and users. To investigate what the contributions are of patient representatives in benefit–risk assessment, we interviewed 15 scientific committee members, 10 of whom are/were EU-state regulatory representatives and five are/were patient representatives. We asked the participants questions related to the benefit–risk assessment tasks of their committees, the connection between patient representatives and the patient perspective, and the contribution of patient representatives in the various benefit–risk assessments tasks. We found that the contribution of patient representatives benefit–risk assessment may be a variable of the benefits and the risks involved in the drug such that the necessity of their contribution is strongly felt when both benefits and risks are high, when benefits are almost equal or are equal to risks and when both benefits and risks are low. In terms of the various benefit–risk tasks, patient representatives contribute to benefit–risk analysis by providing criteria that help define the benefit–risk picture. In benefit–risk evaluation, patient representatives aid in providing a specific basis for the values and weights given to specific benefits and risks and in decision making, they provide what may be a crucial patient perspective in terms of the acceptability of risks. Hence, patient representatives provide a specific expertise in these scientific committees.
Postulações provocativas sobre a aprendizagem da avaliação escolar como processo formativo

O artigo em pauta resulta de revisao de literatura, reflexoes sobre a pratica vivida e algumas postulacoes que definimos como provocativas para um desempenho docente mais qualificado no que diz respeito a realizacao da avaliacao da aprendizagem como processo formativo e a promocao da aprendizagem do estudante. O objetivo deste texto e tematizar ideias a respeito da avaliacao da aprendizagem com a finalidade de subsidiar educadores, gestores e estudantes para que atinjam uma maior compreensao de seu real significado e importância no desenvolvimento de praticas pedagogicas cujo intuito seja melhorar as aprendizagens. Este possui pretensoes bem definidas: epistemologicas e didaticas, ou seja, almeja alimentar e discutir alguns pressupostos teoricos que embasam e orientam os processos de realizacao da avaliacao e, tambem, servir para calibrar olhares e posturas adotadas no seu trato.
Corporate Irresponsibility: America's Newest Export

The article reviews the book “Corporate Irresponsibility: America's Newest Export,” by Lawrence E. Mitchell.
Rod-Cone Interaction in Human Scotopic Vision

Thresholds of a test flash were measured at various time intervals from onset of a conditioning flash under parafoveal scotopic conditions; rods or cones were selectively stimulated by utilizing either 420- or 680-nanometer light. Rod-cone interaction was indicated because conditioning flash presentation increased test threshold above control level for heterochromatic as well as for homochromatic stimulus pairs. The time course of these t.. reshold changes indicates that the rod system has a longer latency than the cone system.
The Teaching of Business Cycles in 1905–6: Insight into the Development of Macroeconomic Theory

Traditional business cycle theories and the business cycles course were important facets of the development of what is now seen as macroeconomics, and knowledge of their development affords insight into the development of macroeconomic theory. Fortunately there is now available a set of excellent lecture notes and student reports from a course, ‘Commercial Crises and Cycles of Trade’, given at Harvard two-thirds of a century ago. The notes cast light on the early identity and character of the study of what is now within the domain of macroeconomic (and monetary) theory, as well as the quality of teaching in that field, during a period when macroeconomic questions hitherto have appeared to have been largely dormant. They reflect a surprisingly ‘modern’ business cycles course in both coverage and execution, as well as basic conceptualization, and also evidence the considerable intellectual ferment — largely forgotten and thus neglected by both macro theorists and historians of economic thought — that accompanied the acknowledged doctrine of Say’s law.
Observation of a Reversible Thermotropic Order–Order Transition in a Diblock Copolymer

The authors report the observation of a reversible thermotropic transition between the lamellar and cylindrical morphologies in a polystyrene-poly(ethene-co-butene) diblock copolymer. The nature of the intermediate structures which form as the transition progresses has been examined using two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that the transformation from the lamellar to the cylindrical morphology proceeds in two steps. Initially, fluctuations along the interface joining the components of the copolymer grow in amplitude until the lamella transforms into a sheet of eventually spaced cylinders; cylinders which form in adjacent lamellae are usually in poor register with one another. This intermediate structure subsequently anneals into the hexagonal packing of cylinders characteristic of the cylindrical morphology. The reverse transition from cylinders to lamellae proceeds without producing any intermediate signature detectable by SAXS.
Pressure dependence of nonmetalized hybrid fuel regression rates.

Theoretical interpretations are reviewed and discussed for recent experimental observations on the pressure dependence of nonmetalized hybrid fuel regression rates. It is emphasized that regression rate data alone are not likely to be capable of demonstrating whether the major heat-release reactions are heterogeneous or homogeneous. A method for plotting experimental data is suggested which, in principle, can distinguish between rival qualitative homogeneous-reaction theories, one of which is developed herein. It is shown that existing data are not sufficiently accurate to distinguish between alternative homogeneous-reaction hypotheses, and the need (and feasibility) of developing an accurate homogeneous-reaction theory that describes small departures from pressure independence is underscored. On the basis of an approximate homogeneous-reaction analysis of large departures from pressure independence (which shows that the regression rate varies as the square root of the pressure if it is assumed that the fuel concentration at the wall is independent of pressure), it is concluded that many difficulties will arise in attempts to predict theoretical values for homogeneously controlled regression rates in the strongly pressure-dependent regime.
Nuclear ferritin-mediated protection of corneal epithelial cells from oxidative damage to DNA.

We previously obtained evidence that ferritin is a nuclear protein in embryonic avian corneal epithelial (CE) cells, and that the ferritin in this site protects DNA from UV-induced damage. UV irradiation is known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferritin is known to ameliorate further oxidative damage by sequestering free iron, thus decreasing the formation of hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton reaction. Here we present evidence that nuclear ferritin can similarly prevent damage by the ROS, H2O2. These results, when coupled with our previous ones showing that nuclear ferritin appears in the CE early in its development, raises the possibility that this ferritin may serve two protective roles. The initial one would be during embryonic development to protect the CE from ROS endogenously produced by the embryo itself (e.g., H2O2; the latter one would be post-hatching to protect the CE from environmentally produced oxidative insults (e.g., from U.V. light). Developmental Dynamics 237:2676–2683, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reflections of a Maverick Measurement Maven

All living physicians who have ever practiced medicine in the United States share memories of a common ordeal—designed, most of us believe, to protect the public or, as some cynics would have it, to preserve a profitable monopoly—namely, the examination for licensure and/or specialty certification. Herewith, a very personal view of the alleged horrors of"how it used to be" and an account of the changes (progress?) I have witnessed over the past third of a century in the philosophy, procedures, and techniques of assessing physician competence. For editorial comment see p 741. When I entered the field of medical testing 35 years ago, no one had ever heard the word "simulation" applied to examinations in medicine, nor had anyone read a book or seen a test printed in invisible ink. The few existing computers occupied entire floors of large university buildings; litigation against a testing authority for unwelcome results was