cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol levels modulate EGF receptor-mediated signaling by altering receptor function and trafficking.

A variety of signal transduction pathways including PI turnover, MAP kinase activation, and PI 3-kinase activation have been shown to be affected by changes in cellular cholesterol content. However, no information is available regarding the locus (or loci) in the pathways that are susceptible to modulation by cholesterol. We report here that depletion of cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin increases cell surface 125I-EGF binding by ∼40% via a mechanism that does not involve externalization of receptors from an internal pool. Cholesterol depletion also enhances in vivo EGF receptor autophosphorylation 2−5-fold without altering the rate of receptor dephosphorylation. In vitro kinase assays, which are done under conditions where phosphotyrosine phosphatases are inhibited and receptor trafficking cannot occur, demonstrate that treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin leads to an increase in intrinsic EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. EGF receptors are localized in cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts but are ...
Effect of Dietary and Injected Fat on the Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Depot Fat and Milk Fat

Summary The ingestion of soybean oil by cows resulted in a distinct increase in stearic acid of both milk fat and adipose tissue, but oleic acid increased only in the milk fat. Linoleic acid increased only slightly when soybeans were fed, whereas intravenous infusion of a cottonseed oil emulsion produced a dramatic increase in the linoleate content of milk fat. These findings support the view that dietary unsaturated fatty acids are hydrogenated by the rumen microflora, then deposited by the animal. If the rumen is bypassed, unsaturated fatty acids are deposited without hydrogenation.
The School Performance of Children From Single-Mother and Single-Father Families: Economic or Interpersonal Deprivation?

Very little is known about the academic performance of children from single-father families. How do they achieve in school relative to children from single-mother and two-parent families? Do the same processes posited to explain the school performance of children from single-mother households account for the educational performance of children in single-father homes? These questions are addressed using a nationally representative sample of 8th graders from the National Longitudinal Study of 1988. Eight different educational outcomes are compared for 409 children in single-father, 3,483 in single-mother, and 14,269 children in biological two-parent families. Children from single-father and single-mother families perform roughly the same in school, but both are outperformed by children from two-parent families. The intervening processes explaining school performance for children from single-father and single-mother families are somewhat different, however. Economic deprivation, or the lack of economic resou...
Embodying Place: Pathologizing Chinese and Chinatown in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco

This paper argues for uniting disease with body theories in investigations of power relations and the construction of race. It examines this alliance through the case studies of smallpox and syphilis in nineteenth century San Francisco. In locating epidemics inside the Chinese community and by reproducing Chinese bodies as intrinsically diseased, medical theories explaining smallpox and syphilis succeeded in shifting dominant constructions of race from different to pathological. But the process of body production and the role of disease in it cannot be divorced from a simultaneous analysis of the production of place. The configuration of Chinatown's streets and alleyways, perceptions of filth and crowding, and the bodies resident within Chinatown were simultaneously pathologized in a process that exemplifies the need for a better integration of body theories with theories of the social production of place.
Local sorting, bend curvature, and particle mobility in meandering gravel bed rivers

[1] Hydraulic, grain scale sorting of mixed bed sediment influences the mobility of grains in discrete areas of river channels. To assess this effect, local values of surface grain size sorting were compared with measurements of bed load at corresponding locations in a bend of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), and the distribution of local Shields stress through the reach was derived from a two-dimensional flow model. With decreasing degrees of local sorting, the relative mobility of the fine- and coarse-size fractions of the load appeared to decrease and increase, respectively. Furthermore, back-calculated critical Shields stress values for sediment entrainment decreased with values of local sorting, particularly for the upstream portion of the reach where particles were more poorly sorted and coarse grains had higher relative exposure. To evaluate the pervasiveness of these and other patterns of sorting in gravel rivers, detailed field measurements of channel topography and surface grain size (317 pebble counts) were obtained for seven additional reaches of differing curvature (radius of curvature/width from 1 to 28) near the headwaters of the Colorado and Fall rivers in RMNP. Moderately curved and tight bends (radius of curvature/width ≤ 7) were significantly better sorted than comparatively straight reaches. Values of local sorting decreased with distance downstream for the majority of curved channels, reflecting a reduction in the standard deviation of surface grain sizes toward the lower end of the reach; this effect increased slightly with bend sharpness.
Student-Retention and Career-Placement Rates Between Bachelor's and Master's Degree Professional Athletic Training Programs

Context: The debate over what the entry-level degree should be for athletic training has heightened. A comparison of retention and career-placement rates between bachelor's and master's degree professional athletic training programs may inform the debate. Objective: To compare the retention rates and career-placement rates of students in bachelor's and master's degree professional programs. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 192 program directors (PDs) from bachelor's degree (n = 177) and master's degree (n = 15) professional programs. Intervention(s): The PDs completed a Web-based survey. Main Outcome Measure(s): We instructed the PDs to provide a retention rate and career-placement rate for the students in the programs they lead for each of the past 5 years. We also asked the PDs if they thought retention of students was a problem currently facing athletic training education. We used independent t tests to compare the responses bet...
Opponent-Colors Theory and Color Blindness

Color vision defects have been studied extensively by visual scientists because they have been considered to be “test cases” for theories of normal color vision. Color defects are assumed to represent modifications of the normal color vision system, rather than totally different systems; therefore, a theory proposed for normal color vision must be able to account for each form of defect by maintaining the same general scheme and merely changing one or more parameter values.
Effect of Incremental Endoscopic Maxillectomy on Surgical Exposure of the Pterygopalatine and Infratemporal Fossae.

Objective Access to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae presents a significant surgical challenge, owing to their deep-seated location and complex neurovascular anatomy. This study elucidates the benefits of incremental medial maxillectomies to access this region. We compared access to the medial aspect of the infratemporal fossa provided by medial maxillectomy, anteriorly extended medial maxillectomy, endoscopic Denker approach (i.e., Sturmann-Canfield approach), contralateral transseptal approach, and the sublabial anterior maxillotomy (SAM). Methods We studied 10 cadaveric specimens (20 sides) dissecting the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae bilaterally. Radius of access was calculated using a navigation probe aligned with the endoscopic line of sight. Area of exposure was calculated as the area removed from the posterior wall of maxillary sinus. Surgical freedom was calculated by computing the working area at the proximal end of the instrument with the distal end fixed at a target. Results The endoscopic Denker approach offered a superior area of exposure (8.46 ± 1.56 cm 2 ) and superior surgical freedom. Degree of lateral access with the SAM approach was similar to that of the Denker. Conclusion Our study suggests that an anterior extension of the medial maxillectomy or a cross-court approach increases both the area of exposure and surgical freedom. Further increases can be seen upon progression to a Denker approach.
Is a Peace Treaty with Germany Legally Possible and Politically Desirable

By its complete defeat, the surrender of its armed force, and the abolishment of its national government, Germany has ceased to exist as a sovereign state and subject of international law. By the Declaration of Berlin, June 5, 1945, the four Powers occupying the country—the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the French Republic—assumed “supreme authority with respect to Germany including all powers possessed by the German Government, the High Command, and any state, municipal, or local government or authority.” This meant that the four occupant Powers have assumed sovereignty over the former German territory and its population, though the term “sovereignty” was not used in the text of the Declaration. The four occupant Powers exercise their joint sovereignty through the Control Council, established at Berlin as the legitimate successor of the last national government of Germany. All this is in complete conformity with general international law, which authorizes a victorious state, after so-called debellatio of its opponent, to establish its own sovereignty over the territory and population of the subjugated state. Debellatio implies automatic termination of the state of war. Hence, a peace treaty with Germany is legally not possible. For a peace treaty presupposes the continued existence of the opponent belligerents as subjects of international law and a legal state of war in their mutual relations. The opposite doctrine, advocated by some authorities and governments, that Germany, in spite of the fact that there exists no independent national government, not even a “government in exile,” still exists as a sovereign state, that the four occupant Powers are not the sovereigns in relation to the German territory and its population, that they only exercise Germany's sovereignty just as a warden exercises the rights of his ward, is manifestly based on a legal fiction. According to international law, a community is a state if, and as long as, a certain population is living on a definite territory under an independent government. If one of these three essential elements of a state in the sense of international law is missing, the state as a subject of international law disappears, or, in other words, the community ceases to exist as a sovereign state. No state can exercise the sovereignty of another state. State sovereignty does not permit representation or substitution.
A Jigsaw Strategy: Teaching Opposing Viewpoints on the Ratification of the United States Constitution

A. Vincent Ciardiello is chair of the Social Studies Department at Jane Addams Voca tional High School in Bronx, New York and Adjunct Associate Professor of History at Iona College in New Rochelle, New York. C ocialstudieseducatorsgenerallyagree W-J that two major goals of the twenty first century should be the development of critical thinking and cooperative learning skills (1). These objectives do not have to be separate endeavors. There is an opportu nity to use critical thinking skills while engaged in cooperative learning (2). In deed, cooperative learning research has in dicated that the attainment of higher-level thinking skills is a concomitant develop ment of student team learning (3). In social studies research there is evidence that coop erative learning procedures increase stu dents' thinking skills (4). A cooperative learning strategy that offers promise for the development of think ing skills is the jigsaw technique introduced by Aronson and his colleagues (5). This strategy employs a high degree of task specialization in which students become proficient on selected topics and then share with others in the group. As specialists, students have the opportunity to delve deeply into the topic and enhance their thinking skills. According to critical thinking advo cates, a skill that is essential for cognitive development is that of recognizing oppos ing viewpoints (6). This skill identifies an author's beliefs on issues and recognizes the stated and unstated assumptions that sup port these perspectives. John Stuart Mill offered the following persuasive case for learning this skill: The only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion, and studying all modes in which it can be looked at by every character of mind. No wise man ever acquired his wisdom in any mode but this (7). Recognizing point of view is a skill that is readily adaptable to the jigsaw strategy. Each part of an issue can be investigated separately. Since each point of view can stand independent of the others, the mate rial can easily be divided into alternate positions. Each jigsaw group could repre sent a different point of view. All points of view are needed to be known to fully under stand the issue.
The use of strontium isotopes in determining groundwater mixing and brine fingering in a playa spring zone, Lake Tyrrell, Australia. J..Hydrol. 167, 225-239

Abstract Playas in arid and semi-arid regions can be important regional groundwater discharge zones. Located in the northwestern portion of Victoria, Australia, Lake Tyrrell is a large playa that serves as a major discharge zone of regional groundwater. The chemistry of the regional groundwater is unique, having salinities of approximately 30 g 1−1 and pH values as low as 2.8. As the regional groundwater is discharged along the western edge of the playa in the ‘spring zone’, it is evapo-concentrated into a dense brine which sinks through the playa sediments. Macumber's pioneering work on the geohydrology of this region established that this denser, ‘reflux’ brine below the playa surface has evolved from the evaporation of regional groundwaters. We have measured the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of a number of groundwater samples taken at shallow depths along the spring zone at the playa edge and compared them with the regional groundwaters and the reflux brine. Our data reveal a rather complex pattern of mixing of the various water masses associated with the playa system, most probably the result of density driven convective plumes. Two types of regional groundwater can be identified based on their 87Sr/86Sr values, with groundwater from the south being less radiogenic than that flowing from the north (i.e. 0.7108 vs. 0.7142). Vertical variations in 87Sr/86Sr in the regional groundwaters observed in wells adjacent to the spring zone can also be identified along a vertical gradient in the spring zone. Besides the hydrogeological information provided by these measurements, the strontium isotope variations allow us to evaluate the source of strontium to these waters. The regional groundwaters south of the lake are very similar in 87Sr/86Sr ratio to the reflux brines, whereas the northern regional groundwaters are comparatively enriched in 87Sr. This enhanced 87Sr signature indicates the addition of Sr along the flow path via the weathering of the aquifer material, the Miocene Parilla Sand. The southern waters have 87Sr/86Sr values closer to that of present-day seawater and/or Miocene seawater, indicating that the major source of Sr to the system is from one or both of these sources. Our results demonstrate that strontium isotopes can be extremely useful in studying the dynamics as well as the geochemistry of surface-water-groundwater interactions.
Influence of Surface Wettability on Transport Mechanisms Governing Water Droplet Evaporation

Prediction and manipulation of the evaporation of small droplets is a fundamental problem with importance in a variety of microfluidic, microfabrication, and biomedical applications. A vapor-diffusion-based model has been widely employed to predict the interfacial evaporation rate; however, its scope of applicability is limited due to incorporation of a number of simplifying assumptions of the physical behavior. Two key transport mechanisms besides vapor diffusion—evaporative cooling and natural convection in the surrounding gas—are investigated here as a function of the substrate wettability using an augmented droplet evaporation model. Three regimes are distinguished by the instantaneous contact angle (CA). In Regime I (CA ≲ 60°), the flat droplet shape results in a small thermal resistance between the liquid–vapor interface and substrate, which mitigates the effect of evaporative cooling; upward gas-phase natural convection enhances evaporation. In Regime II (60 ≲ CA ≲ 90°), evaporative cooling at the ...
Measurement of NO, COF(subscript)2, and H(sub)2O with a single mid-infrared laser

A single IV-VI semiconductor mid-IR laser was used to measure NO, COF2, and H2O molecules. Potential applications for such measurements include medical diagnostics and plasma etching endpoint detection in semiconductor manufacturing.
Application of the Sulfur Transport Eulerian Model (Stem) to a Sure Data Set

Regional scale models are important tools in the study of the atmospheric cycles of trace gases. For example, it is apparent that only after the regional cycle of a pollutant is understood can an efficient and cost-effective control strategy be developed. However, the observed distribution of a pollutant in the atmosphere results from complex interactions between the source distribution, the transport by the mean winds (both horizontally and Vertically), the mixing by turbulent diffusion, the generation or depletion by chemical interaction with other trace species, and the removal by physical interaction with surfaces (dry deposition) and by encounter with a dispersed liquid phase (wet removal). Regional scale models provide a means of studying these complex processes.
Antihypertensive activity of monoclonal antibody to angiotensin II

The antihypertensive effect of monoclonal antibody to angiotensin II (MAAII) was studied in renovascular hypertensive (RVH) rats. We found that MAAII could antagonize the pressor effect of exogenous angiotensin II but not of vasopressin in vivo. Five minutes after the administration of MAAII (15 mg/kg, i.v.), plasma angiotensin II could not be detected by radioimmunoassay and the mean blood pressure (MBP) decreased in RVH rats more than in normotensive rats (delta MBP: -5.33 +/- 0.12 and -1.17 +/- 0.29 kPa, respectively, P less than 0.01). The hypotensive effect of captopril was markedly inhibited by prior administration of MAAII, while that of nitroprusside and phentolamine was not. The results suggest that the antihypertensive effect of MAAII is mainly due to its specific binding to circulating angiotensin II.
Fieldwork Using the Professional Development Schools Model: Developing a Social Justice Orientation and Multicultural Competency

Practicum fieldwork was conducted in an urban high school setting using a Professional Development Schools (PDS) model, with a focus on multicultural and social justice counseling competencies (MSJCC). Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the journal responses of 16 counseling students to ascertain MSJCC development during fieldwork. Themes emerged related to multicultural counseling skills, self-awareness, understanding educational inequities, and serving as agents of change. Implications of using a PDS model in counselor training are explored. Se llevo a cabo un trabajo de campo en practica clinica en una escuela secundaria usando un modelo de Escuelas de Desarrollo Profesional (PDS, por sus siglas en ingles), con un enfoque en las competencias en consejeria multicultural y de justicia social (MSJCC, por sus siglas en ingles). Se empleo un analisis fenomenologico interpretativo para analizar las respuestas registradas de 16 estudiantes de consejeria para determinar el desarrollo de las MSJCC durante el trabajo de campo. Surgieron temas relacionados con las habilidades en consejeria multicultural, la autoconciencia, la comprension de desigualdades educativas, y la actuacion como agentes de cambio. Se exploran las implicaciones de usar un modelo PDS en la formacion de consejeros.
SU-F-I-13: Correction Factor Computations for the NIST Ritz Free Air Chamber for Medium-Energy X Rays

Purpose: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses 3 free-air chambers to establish primary standards for radiation dosimetry at x-ray energies. For medium-energy × rays, the Ritz free-air chamber is the main measurement device. In order to convert the charge or current collected by the chamber to the radiation quantities air kerma or air kerma rate, a number of correction factors specific to the chamber must be applied. Methods: We used the Monte Carlo codes EGSnrc and PENELOPE. Results: Among these correction factors are the diaphragm correction (which accounts for interactions of photons from the x-ray source in the beam-defining diaphragm of the chamber), the scatter correction (which accounts for the effects of photons scattered out of the primary beam), the electron-loss correction (which accounts for electrons that only partially expend their energy in the collection region), the fluorescence correction (which accounts for ionization due to reabsorption ffluorescence photons and the bremsstrahlung correction (which accounts for the reabsorption of bremsstrahlung photons). We have computed monoenergetic corrections for the NIST Ritz chamber for the 1 cm, 3 cm and 7 cm collection plates. Conclusion: We find good agreement with other's results for the 7 cm plate. The data used to obtain these correction factors will be used to establish air kerma and it's uncertainty in the standard NIST x-ray beams.
The Decalogue in Early Christianity

Tannaite rabbis were accustomed to summarize succinctly the 611 or 613 commandments of the Law in from one to eleven general precepts; but these summaries were merely private halakoth . Until the second century A.D. there were read in the synagogue service the Ten Words which God himself spoke directly to his people, without the mediation of Moses. A Hebrew papyrus from about 200 B.C. includes the Decalogue with the Shema. And Philo goes so far as to declare that “the Ten Words are summaries of the special laws which are recorded in the sacred books.”
Nutritional planning by the pharmacist for patients with chronic diseases

T pharmacist’s of knowledge of physiology and biochemistry allow them to really learn to apply this knowledge to helping patients with understanding the importance of nutrition to good health and the treatment of chronic disease. There is significant evidence that diabetes, CVD, and even cancer are associated with glucose toxicity. Understanding how to control a patient’s blood glucose through nutritional education and design of a diet plan can be provided by a pharmacist. Add knowledge of nutrition to the patient’s medication therapy plan can increase therapy effectiveness. An understanding of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of differing carbohydrates allows the pharmacist to design a dietary plan for the patient to enhance their total therapy. Point-of-Care devices allow the pharmacist to measure a patient’s body density in particular the percentage of the patient’s weight that is fat, thus allow the pharmacist to focus on developing a diet that is designed to feed muscle and at the same time reduce body fat through the use of Low Glycemic Index carbohydrates. Low Glycemic Index carbohydrates are more slowly absorbed and therefore also maintain a lower serum glucose level for a longer interval, thus the patient will not get hungry as soon as compared to High Glycemic Index carbohydrates. High Glycemic Index carbohydrates produce high peak glucose levels which result in increased fat production. Further the development of a nutrition plan allows the pharmacist to select foods that are high in potassium and low in sodium which brings significant benefit in managing hypertension. The application of nutritional principals to the patient’s diet allows the pharmacist to improve total therapy benefit. Roger S. Klotz, Clinic Pharmacol Biopharmaceut 2013, 2:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.S1.002
The Effects of the Congrès mondial acadien 2014 on la grande Acadie

This article analyzes Acadie's most celebrated organization, the World Acadian Congress, a civil society platform established over 20 years ago as a means of building bridges between Acadians from around the world. Despite the most recent attempt in 2014 to promote Acadie in a manner that would stimulate community building through economic cooperation, I argue that, in scholarship primarily, the congress is (naturally) a product of the history of the New Brunswick Acadian national ideology and that despite an idealistic desire to embrace a movement of cultural change that would see all diasporic Acadians in social agreement, the organization continues to rest on the modernizing ideology in a manner that benefits chiefly the Acadian territorial/hegemonic beacon of New Brunswick. To counter this natural, yet hegemonic, trend, I follow the call of certain Acadian elites by proposing that scholarship in Acadian studies leads the way by diversifying itself to include more expanded representation of la grande A...
The Effect of Stakes on Accountability Test Scores and Pass Rates.

ABSTRACTStudents may not fully demonstrate their knowledge and skills on accountability tests if there are no stakes attached to individual performance. In that case, assessment results may not accurately reflect student achievement, so the validity of score interpretations and uses suffers. For this study, matched samples of students taking state accountability tests under low-stakes and high-stakes conditions were used to estimate the effect of stakes on test performance and subsequent pass rates. Across five assessments, expected performance was greater under high-stakes conditions, with effect sizes ranging from 0.41 to 0.50 standard deviations and with students of lower ability tending to be slightly more affected by stakes. Depending on where cut scores were set, pass rates differed by up to 30% when comparing the low- and high-stakes conditions.
Table talk: How mothers and adolescents across socioeconomic status discuss food

This article reports findings from a qualitative study of food practices among families of differing socioeconomic circumstances. Using in-depth interviews from sixty-two families in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2015-2016, we find socioeconomic differences in how mothers and adolescents talk about food. Across SES, mothers and adolescents engage in discussions about healthy eating. However, these conversations are more commonplace and embedded within high-SES family life than among low-SES families. Beyond conversations about 1) healthy eating, the topics of 2) food quality and 3) price are discussed to varying degrees across SES. Within high-SES families, frequent discussions of healthy eating are paired with dialogue highlighting the importance of consuming higher quality food. Price is largely absent as a topic of conversation among high-SES families. On the other end of the socioeconomic spectrum, low-SES mothers and adolescents frequently engage in conversations about price when discussing food. Mentions of food quality are rare, but when they do occur, they underscore important trade-offs between food's healthiness, quality and price. Given prior research showing the impact of dialogue between parents and adolescents on adolescents' dietary behaviors, these findings help us understand how family discussions contribute to shaping adolescents' approaches to food. An important implication is that high-SES families' discussions of food quality may strengthen messages about healthy eating, while conversations about affordability within low-SES families may highlight financial barriers to healthy eating.
Employee Perceptions Regarding an Organizational Change Initiative in a State Wildlife Agency

Strategic planning is a common pathway used by state wildlife agencies to adapt to financial constraints and changing societal needs; both are accelerating developments. Yet evaluations of organiza...
How the Hilbert integral theorem inspired flow lines

Nonimaging Optics has been shown to achieve the theoretical limits constrained only by thermodynamic principles. The designing principles of nonimaging optics allow a non-conventional way of thinking about and generating new optical devices. Compared to conventional imaging optics which rarely utilizes the framework of thermodynamic arguments, nonimaging optics chooses to map etendue instead of rays. This fundamental shift of design paradigm frees the optics design from ray based designs which heavily relies on error tolerance analysis. Instead, the underlying thermodynamic principles guide the nonimaging design to be naturally constructed for extended light source for illumination, non-tracking concentrators and sensors that require sharp cut-off angles. We argue in this article that such optical devices which has enabled a multitude of applications depends on probabilities, geometric flux field and radiative heat transfer while “optics” in the conventional sense recedes into the background.
Using branch predictors to predict brain activity in brain-machine implants

A key problem with implantable brain-machine interfaces is that they need extreme energy efficiency. One way of lowering energy consumption is to use the low power modes available on the processors embedded in these devices. We present a technique to predict when neuronal activity of interest is likely to occur so that the processor can run at nominal operating frequency at those times, and be placed in low power modes otherwise. To achieve this, we discover that branch predictors can also predict brain activity. We perform brain surgeries on awake and anesthetized mice, and evaluate the ability of several branch predictors to predict neuronal activity in the cerebellum. We find that perceptron branch predictors can predict cerebellar activity with accuracies as high as 85%. Consequently, we co-opt branch predictors to dictate when to transition between low power and normal operating modes, saving as much as 59% of processor energy.
Coupled End-to-End Transfer Learning with Generalized Fisher Information

In transfer learning, one seeks to transfer related information from source tasks with sufficient data to help with the learning of target task with only limited data. In this paper, we propose a novel Coupled End-to-end Transfer Learning (CETL) framework, which mainly consists of two convolutional neural networks (source and target) that connect to a shared decoder. A novel loss function, the coupled loss, is used for CETL training. From a theoretical perspective, we demonstrate the rationale of the coupled loss by establishing a learning bound for CETL. Moreover, we introduce the generalized Fisher information to improve multi-task optimization in CETL. From a practical aspect, CETL provides a unified and highly flexible solution for various learning tasks such as domain adaption and knowledge distillation. Empirical result shows the superior performance of CETL on cross-domain and cross-task image classification.
First-Principles Statistical Mechanics of Semiconductor Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds

A binary substitutional system can exist in 2N configurations that can be formed by occupying any of the N sites of a lattice by either an A or a B atom. Substitutional configurations include compounds, alloys, superlattices, and substitutional impurities. This article addresses the questions of (i) finding the lowest energy configuration of a given A/B substitutional system, (ii) calculating its composition-temperature phase diagram, and (iii) its finite-temperature thermodynamic properties, using the first-principles local density approximation (LDA). Mapping of the LDA energies of 10–20 ApBq compounds onto an Ising-like “cluster expansion” enables use of lattice statistical mechanics techniques that elegantly solve the above problems. This extends the utility of the LDA from simple, perfectly-ordered compounds to truly complex structures. We illustrate the method for semiconductor systems and transition-metal intermetallic systems, emphasizing the role of lattice relaxation.
The Effects of Drugs and Electrical Stimulation of the Brain on Memory Storage Processes

The ultimate goal of studies of the neurobiology of memory is to understand how the nervous system processes, stores, and utilizes information. The problem is not one simply of determining the mechanism underlying the neural trace of an experience. We need to know how such traces are produced, where they occur and how they are used when required to control learned behavior. The neuronal basis of memory is undoubtedly highly complex. When new information is acquired many brain systems are probably involved. The particular neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems activated by any new experience will depend upon the type of information to be stored. Visual information, for example, will probably involve at least some neuronal systems and specific cells that are different from those involved in auditory information. Consequently, it does not seem likely that there are unique neuroanatomical systems or unique neurochemical systems that store many different types of memories. But, it may be that some brain systems are involved in certain processes which promote the storage of most if not all information. Thus, although it may not be possible to locate specific “engrains” it should be possible to locate the neural systems which are involved in the processing and storing of information and, eventually, to understand the anatomical interactions and neurochemical bases of such systems.
Analysis of Genetic Linkage

Linkage analysis is a well-established statistical method for mapping heritable trait genes to their chromosome locations. Genome-wide markers are tested in pedigrees segregating a trait. The statistical method of linkage analysis combines these data to identify chromosome regions likely to harbor genes for the trait. Parametric linkage analysis is used for traits with a Mendelian form of inheritance. LOD scores and recombination fractions are used to test the gene locations. Model-free linkage analysis is used for complex traits, where the model of inheritance is not known. Linkage analysis can be used to map genes for both binary and quantitative traits.
The Nuclear Matrix: an Organizing Structure for the Interphase Nucleus and Chromosome

The interphase nucleus is characterized by a nuclear matrix structure that forms a residual scaffolding network composed of only 10% of the total nuclear proteins. The nuclear matrix contains residual elements of the pore-complex lamina, the nucleolus, and an intranuclear fibrous network. The matrix provides the basic shape and structure of the nucleus. In the interphase nucleus this nuclear matrix has been reported to be a central element in the organization of DNA loop domains and contains fixed sites for DNA replication and transcription. In this study, we have analyzed the role of the nuclear matrix and the DNA loop domains in the organization and structure of the number four human chromosome. A scale model is proposed and constructed that closely approximates the observed structural dimensions of this chromosome. The model is composed of equivalent 30 nm diameter filaments formed from solenoid with 6 nucleosomes per turn. This 30 nm solenoid filament is organized into loops of DNA each containing approximately 60,000 base pairs; each loop is anchored at its base to the nuclear matrix structure. A radial loop chromosome model containing 18 of these loops per turn forms a new unit of chromosome structure termed the miniband. Each miniband contains approximately one million base pairs of DNA and this is equivalent to a centimorgan in DNA content. Approximately 106 of these minibands are stacked longitudinally along a central axis to form the final chromatid. The role of the nuclear matrix in this organization is presented. The accuracy of the proposed model is tested by comparing its features with the known properties of the number four human chromosome.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen rheumatoider Arthritis und Krebs

Because it is a systemic disorder, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is known to predispose affected individuals to other organ manifestations as well as arthritic problems. The serious complications include pericarditis, pulmonary and cutaneous nodules, episcleritis, and rheumatoid vasculitis. Of late, a significantly increased incidence of lymphoma has also accumulated. The overall risk is about double than in the general population, but that in patients with the most severe arthritis is dramatically higher. Men with RA appear to have an extremely elevated risk of Hodgkin's disease, which has also been observed at a higher incidence among the children of affected patients. These lymphomas are not typically infected with EBV, though RA patients have a defective capacity to control systemic EBV infection. Increasing attention is being paid to the effect of RA treatments on development of lymphoma, and some patients with EBV-positive tumors who have been taking methotrexate have shown a positive response after just discontinuing this drug. More controversial is the question of whether anti-TNF alpha agents involve an increased risk of lymphoma; in light of the conflicting evidence this matter is still unresolved.
Therapy and the Flow of Thought

It is uncannily fitting that the first annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Mental Imagery took place on the centennial of Wilhelm Wundt’s founding of his Leipzig laboratory; but at the same time it is somewhat eerie that this meeting was only the first gathering of an American association for the study of mental imagery. There appeared to be a faintly festive spirit—even a somewhat triumphant spirit—about this occasion, a sense that within a framework of historic dimensions something with which the members of AASMI identify was being vindicated.
Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials and Devices for Optoelectronics

Light has several unique properties that are potentially of great use for storage, transmission, processing, and display of information. Among these are action at a distance (focusability), massive 2-D parallelism, fast access by beam deflection, and a huge usable bandwidth. For many applications, the fact that photons are bosons without charge or rest mass is an advantage, since beams of light can usually pass freely through each other without interaction or cross-talk. However, for advanced opto-electronics applications, where light is being harnessed to perform a function previously done exclusively by electronics, it is often necessary to find ways to rapidly control beams of light by electric fields or by other beams of light. Nonlinear optical materials provide a means of doing this
Mushroom Cultivation: An Illustrated Guide to Growing Your Own Mushrooms at Home

Understanding how mushrooms grow is crucial to successfully cultivating them, and Mushroom cultivation offers comprehensive instruction both on how mushrooms grow and how you can cultivate them yourself.
Change management in extremis: A case study

After 40 years under one manager, the Circulation Department at the Richard J. Daley Library was long past due for a change. The challenge of reorganizing included interesting and interrelated aspe...
Variation in Surgical Outcomes Across Networks of the Highest-Rated US Hospitals.

Importance Hospitals are rapidly consolidating into regional delivery networks. To our knowledge, whether these multihospital networks leverage their combined assets to improve quality and provide a uniform standard of care has not been explored. Objective To evaluate the extent to which surgical outcomes varied across hospitals within the networks of the highest-rated US hospitals. Design, Settings, and Participants This longitudinal analysis of 87 hospitals that participated in 1 of 16 networks that are affiliated withUS News & World ReportHonor Roll hospitals used data from Medicare beneficiaries who were undergoing colectomy, coronary artery bypass graft, or hip replacement between 2005 and 2014 to evaluate the variation in risk-adjusted surgical outcomes at Honor Roll and affiliated hospitals within and across networks. The data were analyzed between April 20, 2018, and June 25, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Thirty-day postoperative complications, mortality, failure to rescue, and readmissions. Results Of 143 174 patients, 68 718 (48.0%) were men, 124 427 (86.9%) were white, and the mean (SD) age was 71.8 (9.9) years and 73.5 (9.1) years in Honor Roll and affiliated hospitals, respectively. Outcomes were not consistently better at Honor Roll hospitals compared with network affiliates. For example, Honor Roll hospitals had lower failure to rescue rates (13.3% vs 15.1%; odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98) but higher complication rates (22.1% vs 18.0%; odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19). Within networks, risk-adjusted outcomes varied widely across affiliated hospitals. The differences in failure to rescue varied by as little as 1.1-fold (range, 12.7%–14.3%) in some networks to as much as 4.9-fold (range, 7.6%–37.3%) in others. Similarly, complication rates varied by 1.1-fold (range, 21%–23%) to 4.3-fold (range, 6%–26%) across all networks. Conclusions and Relevance Surgical outcomes vary widely across hospitals affiliated with theUS News & World ReportHonor Roll hospitals. Public reporting mechanisms should provide patients with information on the quality of all network-affiliated hospitals. Networks should monitor variations in outcomes to characterize and improve the extent to which a uniform standard of care is being delivered.
Examining the quality of social support messages produced face-to-face and in computer-mediated communication: The effects of hyperpersonal communication

ABSTRACTThe hyperpersonal communication model was used to investigate the implications of the reduced social cues in computer-mediated communication (CMC) for the production of social support messa...
The rhetoric of de-policing: Evaluating open-ended survey responses from police officers with machine learning-based structural topic modeling

•Machine learning-based textual analysis is a viable tool for police survey research•Analyzing large numbers of police free-text responses provides more nuanced understanding of police perceptions of the public•Officers' attention to professionalism guards against de-policing, while attention to perceived unfair criticism increases it•The public's integrity has a stronger effect on propensity to de-police than the public's knowledge about police work
Condemned and Condoned: Polygynous Marriage in Christian Africa

Objective This study contributes to a better understanding of the role of Christianity in the persistence of polygyny in sub-Saharan Africa. Background Marital systems and practices are closely connected to religious norms, but these connections are often complex and contradictory. Polygynous marriage remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, including its heavily Christianized parts, where public opposition to it should be strongest. Methods The study analyzes a rich combination of quantitative and qualitative data from a predominantly Christian district in Mozambique. The data include a household-based survey, a census of the district's religious congregations, and focus group discussions and individual interviews with leaders and rank-and-file members of various churches. Results The multivariate statistical tests point to instructive denominational differences in the prevalence and acceptance of polygyny, with the starkest contrast being between two types of African Initiated Churches - one that is more lenient on pre-Christian practices and the other that is vehemently opposed to them. These tests also show a contrast between church leaders and rank-and-file members, the latter being generally more accepting of polygyny, and illustrate variations in acceptability of polygyny across different church membership scenarios. The analysis of the qualitative data complements the statistical tests by highlighting ideological and social mechanisms through which polygynous marriage is both rejected and legitimized in Christian communities. Conclusion Both condemnation and toleration of polygyny by Christian churches reflect the complexities of the transformation of sub-Saharan marital systems and of the role that religion plays in that process.
A case for directives: Strategies for enhancing clarity while mitigating reactance

Persuasive appeals that are direct and explicit are easier to understand than appeals that are indirect and implicit (Bessarabova et al. Human Communication Research, 39, 339–364, 2013; Gardner and Leshner Health Communication, 31, 738–751, 2016; Miller et al. Human Communication Research, 33, 219–240, 2007). Unfortunately, as psychological reactance theory (PRT; Brehm 1966) contends, directive messages are often met with resistance due to the likelihood of their threatening a receiver’s perceived freedom and autonomy. In response, reactance researchers have undertaken the task of identifying strategies that attempt to utilize the strengths of directives (e.g., clarity) while mitigating the occurrence of reactance. In this article, we review these strategies and argue for the merits of direct and explicit language applied to pro-social and health related contexts. We conclude by examining strategies that use reactance as a persuasive tactic rather than an outcome to be avoided.
Parent Leadership and Civic Engagement: Suggestions for the Next Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization:

Although parent involvement is a cornerstone of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), few individual parents of children with disabilities participate in civic engagement to voice...
Does inside debt help mitigate agency problems? The case with investment inefficiency and payout policies

Abstract Although the literature has established that CEO inside debt induces risk aversion, it remains inconclusive whether these CEOs increase firm payout or not. While some studies show that high inside debt CEOs increase firm payout to avoid risky projects, others document that they reduce payout to preserve funds. This study addresses this contradiction by examining a sample of U.S. firms over the 2006–2018 period. Consistent with the agency theory, our results show that CEOs with larger inside debt adjust payout policies to mitigate prior overinvestment. Specifically, they increase payout in the subsequent period if their firm is already overinvested.