cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence-driven thermal and kinetic energy fluxes in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters

We have performed high resolution $3-$dimensional compressible hydrodynamics simulations to investigate the effects of shocks and turbulence on energy transport into hot Jupiter atmospheres, under a variety of shear gradients. We focus on a local atmospheric region to accurately follow the small-scale structures of turbulence and shocks. We find that the effects of turbulence above and below a shear layer are different in scale and magnitude: below the shear layer, the effects of turbulence on the vertical energy transfer are local, generally $\lesssim2~\times(\text{scale height})$. However, turbulence can have a spatially and thermally-large influence on almost the entire region above the shear layer. We also find that shock formation is local and transient. Once the atmosphere becomes steady, the time-averaged heat energy flux at $P\sim 1$ bar is insignificant, on the order of 0.001\% of the incoming stellar flux with a shear motion at $P\sim 1$ mbar, and 0.1\% with a deeper shear layer at $P\sim 100$ mbar. Accordingly, the diffusion coefficient is higher for the deeper shear layer. Therefore, our results suggest that turbulence near less dense regions ($P\sim 1$ mbar) does not cause a sufficiently deep and large penetration of thermal energy to account for radius inflation in hot Jupiters, regardless of how violent the turbulence is. However, as the shear layer gets deeper, heat energy transfer becomes more effective throughout the atmosphere (upwards and downwards) due to a larger kinetic energy budget. Therefore, it is more important how deep turbulence occurs in the atmosphere, than how unstable the atmosphere is for effective energy transfer.
Vascular Damage Control

Vascular injuries are the leading cause of potentially preventable deaths following penetrating trauma. Damage control principles in the field, the emergency department, and in the operating room play a major role in the salvage of these victims. External bleeding should be controlled by direct digital compression, judicious use of tourniquets, and rapid transportation to a trauma center, especially in an urban environment with short prehospital times. In all cases with suspected vascular injuries, the concept of permissive hypotension has become the new standard. Temporary bleeding control whenever possible, damage control resuscitation, and rapid transportation to the operating room remain the cornerstones of survival in severe vascular injuries. Damage control should be considered in all cases with exhausted physiological reserves at risk of imminent death, in complex injuries requiring special operative skills, in anatomically difficult injuries, in suboptimal environments such as in the battlefield or community hospitals, and if the surgeon is inexperienced with vascular surgery. The surgeon has many damage control technique options in his armamentarium. These techniques include temporary intraluminal shunt insertion, ligation, simple repair, balloon catheter occlusion, and extremity amputation. Running parallel to these efforts is correction of the systemic coagulation defects, by minimizing the use of crystalloid and the early aggressive use of packed red blood cells, plasma, and platelets in a balanced ratio. Complex repairs, such as end-to-end anastomosis or graft interposition should be undertaken at a later stage, after resuscitation and correction of coagulopathy, hypothermia, and acidosis.
The Truck Backer-upper Problem

In this chapter, we focus on analyzing the truck backer-upper problem (TBU), a real world-like control problem. In this problem a tractor trailer truck must be backed into a specific location with a specific orientation by controlling the orientation of the wheels of the truck cab. We use sequential CART and stochastic kriging to understand how parameters of the neural network and learning algorithm affect convergence and performance in the TBU domain.
What Does It Mean to Be a Partner

This chapter introduces and explores the notion of being a partner, someone who regularly acts in ways to support the business, their customers, and each other. Partnership is a different role for people in our businesses—not in a legal sense, but in an attachment sense. Partners act with a mission to contribute and to do so in ways that might go far beyond a traditional understanding of a work role. They make decisions, they act, they speak up, they push back, they add ideas, they contribute creative ways of thinking about old problems, they take risks, and so forth. Partners do what needs to be done. In white water business realities, businesses need partners to respond in real time to the many challenges and opportunities that an increasingly faster changing business reality brings.
Desaturation during Six-Minute Walk Testing Predicts Major Morbidity Following Anatomic Lung Resection among Patients with COPD

Background: Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is commonly used to risk-stratify patients prior to lung resection. Guidelines recommend that patients with reduced lung function, due to chronic lung conditions such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), should receive additional physiologic testing to determine fitness for resection. We reviewed our experience with six-minute walk testing (SMWT) to determine the association of test results and post-operative complications. Methods: Consecutive adult patients undergoing segmentectomy, lobectomy, bilobectomy or pneumonectomy between 1 January, 2007 and 1 January, 2017 were identified in a prospectively maintained database. Patients with poor lung function, as defined by percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) or diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) ≤60%, had results of SMWT extracted from their chart. Association of test result to post-operative events was performed. Results: 581 patients had anatomic lung resections with predicted post-operative FEV1 or DLCO values ≤60%, consistent with a diagnosis of COPD. Among them, 50 (8.6%) had preoperative SMWT performed. Patients who received SMWT were more likely to have a FEV1 or DLCO less than 40 percent predicted (24/50 (48.0%) vs 166/531 (31.3%), p = 0.016). Post-operatively, patients who had SMWT performed had higher rates of pneumonia, but similar rates of major morbidity. The post-exercise oxygen saturation and the amount of desaturation correlated with the occurrence of major morbidity. In multivariable regression, oxygen desaturation was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of major morbidity, and desaturation was an excellent predictor of major morbidity by receiver operating characteristic curves analsysis. Conclusions: Among patients with elevated risk, oxygen desaturation during SMWT was independently associated with the occurence of major morbidity in multivariable analysis, while pulmonary function testing was not. SMWT is an important tool for risk-stratification, and may be underutilized.
Biased labels: An experimental study of language and stigma among individuals in recovery and health professionals

AbstractBackground: Labels such as “addict” and “substance abuser” have been found to elicit implicit and explicit stigma among the general public previously. The difference in the levels of this b...
Incidence of hip fracture in Native American residents of U.S. nursing homes.

Abstract Objectives To compare the standardized incidence rates (IRs) of hip fracture for Native Americans versus other racial groups in U.S. nursing homes (NHs). Methods We studied Medicare fee-for-service NH residents aged ≥65 years who became long-stay (index date) between 1/1/2008 and 12/31/2009 (n = 1,136,544). Residents were followed from the index date until occurrence of hip fracture, death, Medicare disenrollment, or study end (12/31/2013). We calculated hip fracture IRs by race and used inverse probability weighting to standardize the rates for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics collected from the Minimum Data Set and Medicare claims data. We compared characteristics of NHs used by residents of different races using Online Survey, Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) data. Results Among long-stay U.S. NH residents, the standardized IR of hip fracture per 100 person-years was highest in Native Americans [2.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.91–2.44] and white residents (2.05; 2.03–2.06), and lowest in black residents (0.82; 0.79–0.85). NHs caring for Native American residents were more likely to be rurally located as compared to other racial group. Conclusions In U.S. NHs, Native Americans and whites have the highest standardized IR of hip fracture and should receive particular attention in fracture prevention efforts.
Introduction to Systems Thinking for the Chemistry Education Community

Within recent history, both science research and science education have been largely reductionist in perspective. While the reductionist approach has resulted in a significant increase in our knowledge of the natural world and in great technological advances, it is not sufficient for addressing global world challenges, such as sustainability, pollution, climate change, and poverty. We, as members of the Systems Thinking in Chemistry Education (STICE) project, argue that for science in general, and chemistry in specific, to continue to advance and for citizens to be prepared to participate knowledgeably and democratically in science-related policy decisions, the reductionist approaches that are commonly used in chemistry research and chemistry education must be complemented with a more holistic approach. Systems thinking is such an approach. This article discusses the historical development, describes the key characteristics, and presents some skills and competencies associated with systems thinking. Our i...
Mathematics Teachers' Use of Knowledge Resources When Identifying Proportional Reasoning Situations.

In this qualitative study, we investigated teachers’ use of proportional knowledge resources while being asked to appropriately identify if a given situation was proportional or not using clinical interview data from a large grant funded project. We found that knowledge resources related to the mathematical structure of the situation were most useful in correctly identifying the situation. Interestingly, teachers were often able to identify a mathematical expression for the situations; however, these rules did not support the correct identification of the situation as proportional or not. We discuss suggested knowledge resources for the creation of a coordination class for identifying situations that are proportional from those that are not as well as implications for teacher education and professional development around proportional reasoning.
Review: Enzyme applications for agro-processing in developing countries: an inventory of current and potential applications

The use of enzymes has the potential to increase productivity, efficiency and quality output in agro-industrial processing operations in many developing countries. Enzyme-catalysed processes generally have requirements for a simple manufacturing base, low capital investment and consume relatively small amounts of energy, when compared with other methods of food processing. This review presents an inventory of current and potential areas in which the use of enzymes may expand and diversify markets for agricultural products, facilitate agro-industrial development, improve nutrition, and reduce toxicity in foods produced and consumed in developing countries.
Interestingness Elements for Explainable Reinforcement Learning: Understanding Agents' Capabilities and Limitations

Abstract We propose an explainable reinforcement learning (XRL) framework that analyzes an agent's history of interaction with the environment to extract interestingness elements that help explain its behavior. The framework relies on data readily available from standard RL algorithms, augmented with data that can easily be collected by the agent while learning. We describe how to create visual summaries of an agent's behavior in the form of short video-clips highlighting key interaction moments, based on the proposed elements. We also report on a user study where we evaluated the ability of humans to correctly perceive the aptitude of agents with different characteristics, including their capabilities and limitations, given visual summaries automatically generated by our framework. The results show that the diversity of aspects captured by the different interestingness elements is crucial to help humans correctly understand an agent's strengths and limitations in performing a task, and determine when it might need adjustments to improve its performance.
Chapter 35 – Anger

Anger is an affective response to survival threats or otherwise stressful experiences. It is a primary emotion having adaptive functions linked to survival mechanisms that are biological, psychological, and social in nature. Threat perception is intrinsic to its activation, and symbolic structures govern such perception. Cognitive processing of anger-provoking experiences can alternatively prolong or disengage anger. Anger is primed and demarcated by neurophysiological arousal, and, as a high arousal state, anger can constitute an internal stressor, causing wear and tear on the body when it is recurrently activated. Behaviorally, anger is associated with approach motivational systems and can activate aggressive behavior. While anger expression is governed by social rules, it can be part of an antagonistic style of coping with the stressors of daily life, particularly in responding to interpersonal conflict. The role of anger as an activator of violent behavior is interpersonally and societally problematic. Anger dysregulation produces impairment in functioning across life domains and is associated with various psychiatric disorders through transdiagnostic processes, such as selective attention, threat perception, and rumination. The efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions for anger, principally cognitive-behavioral therapy, is well-established for a wide variety of clinical populations.
Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Sexual Activity and Dating Violence: The Role of Satisfaction, Jealousy, and Self-control.

While research has shown that sexual intercourse within a relationship is positively associated with physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, particularly among young adults, whether well-known correlates of IPV moderate this relationship and whether these effects are gendered is less known. We draw on data from the International Dating Violence Study (2001-2006; n = 5,502) to more thoroughly explore sexual activity in a relationship on the risk for dating violence perpetration among college students in heterosexual relationships. First, the relationship between sexual activity and physical IPV is examined. Second, this study examines the role of sexual satisfaction/disagreement on IPV among sexually active participants as a potential mechanism by which sexual activity impacts IPV. Third, this study examines whether jealousy and self-control, two well-known correlates of IPV, moderate the relationship between sexual activity and IPV. For all analyses, gendered effects were examined. We found that sexual activity was positively related to overall and severe (i.e., potentially injurious) IPV perpetration and the effects were comparable between men and women. Likewise, although there was gender symmetry in the main effects of jealousy, results demonstrate that the interaction between intimacy and jealousy was gendered. Conversely, self-control was related to IPV comparably for men and women but did not moderate the effects of intimacy. Sexual satisfaction was unrelated to IPV perpetration for men and women, but women who report disagreement over frequency of intercourse reported higher offending. The theoretical implications of the current study are discussed as well as avenues for prevention and intervention programming, including collaborative, campus-based approaches to both violence prevention, healthy relationships, and sexual decision-making.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Association with Pediatric Diabetes

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common liver disease in pediatrics. NAFLD is a chronic condition that predisposes to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is a strong link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes in adults and adolescents, while some studies suggest that subjects with type 1 diabetes might be protected against the development of NAFLD. In this chapter, we review the pathophysiology and the clinical characteristics of NAFLD in pediatric groups as well as the current treatments being tested.
Evaluating the impact of frailty on periprocedural adverse events and mortality among patients with GI bleeding

Background and Aims Frailty is a known predictor of mortality and adverse events in the inpatient setting; however, it has not been studied as a modality to assess risk among patients undergoing endoscopy for GI bleeding (GIB). We aimed to determine the association between frailty status and risk of adverse events in hospitalized patients with GIB who underwent endoscopy. Methods We performed a cohort study using the 2016 and 2017 National Inpatient Sample database, using International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes to identify adult patients with GIB who underwent endoscopic procedures within 2 days of admission and the Hospital Frailty Risk Score to classify patients as frail or nonfrail. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to assess the predictors of periprocedural adverse events, and marginal standardization analysis was performed to assess for possible interaction between age and frailty. Results A total of 757,920 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 44.4% (336,895) were identified as frail and 55.6% (421,025) as nonfrail; 49.2% of frail patients had composite periprocedural adverse events compared with 25.5% of nonfrail patients (P Conclusions In hospitalized patients undergoing endoscopy for GIB, frailty status is associated with increased periprocedural adverse events including all-cause mortality. The use of frailty assessments can thus further guide clinical decision-making when considering endoscopy and risk of adverse events in adult patients with GI hemorrhage.
Empirical Measures, Geodesic Lengths, and a Variational Formula in First-Passage Percolation.

This monograph resolves - in a dense class of cases - several open problems concerning geodesics in i.i.d. first-passage percolation on $\mathbb{Z}^d$. Our primary interest is in the empirical measures of edge-weights observed along geodesics from $0$ to $n\xi$, where $\xi$ is a fixed unit vector. For various dense families of edge-weight distributions, we prove that these empirical measures converge weakly to a deterministic limit as $n\to\infty$, answering a question of Hoffman. These families include arbitrarily small $L^\infty$-perturbations of any given distribution, almost every finitely supported distribution, uncountable collections of continuous distributions, and certain discrete distributions whose atoms can have any prescribed sequence of probabilities. Moreover, the constructions are explicit enough to guarantee examples possessing certain features, for instance: both continuous and discrete distributions whose support is all of $[0,\infty)$, and distributions given by a density function that is $k$-times differentiable. All results also hold for $\xi$-directed infinite geodesics. In comparison, we show that if $\mathbb{Z}^d$ is replaced by the infinite $d$-ary tree, then any distribution for the weights admits a unique limiting empirical measure along geodesics. In both the lattice and tree cases, our methodology is driven by a new variational formula for the time constant, which requires no assumptions on the edge-weight distribution. Incidentally, this variational approach also allows us to obtain new convergence results for geodesic lengths, which have been unimproved in the subcritical regime since the seminal 1965 manuscript of Hammersley and Welsh.
Rapid design and implementation of semi-automated research-grade test systems

Abstract As opposed to industrial automation and test equipment, typically requiring teams of engineers to design and operating over multi-year/decade lifetimes; in academic-based materials science labs there often exists a time-sensitive short-term need to (1) implement some level of automation in lieu of brute force testing techniques; (2) enhance or introduce added functionality into existing tools and equipment; or (3) develop completely customized systems to investigate new types of material phenomenon. Herein lies the challenge, as many research teams lack the expertise for rapid prototyping/development of such novel material testing systems. Therefore, here we present a methodology to rapidly create systems that can be quickly designed and fabricated, utilized as needed, and then whose constituent components can be modified for further experimentation or incorporated into future systems.
Active network interface: opportunities and challenges

Modern Network Interface Cards (NICs) incorporate programmable processors, DMA channels, and a significant amount of memory on them. Thus, they are becoming faster, smarter, and intelligent and are being designated as Active Network Interfaces. Similar to an executive offloading common tasks to his/her secretary, a modern NIC provides flexibility to offload parts of a communication protocol from its host (CPU) to itself. Such flexibility leads to a completely new way of designing communication services (point-to-point communication, collective communication, synchronization, and QoS) for clusters with high performance, scalability, and low CPU utilization. The active NICs also provide opportunities for designing other services (such as firewall, intrusion detection, and load balancing) efficiently for cluster-based servers. In this talk, I will present such opportunities and the associated challenges in depth. Next, I will present results from many projects focusing along this objective. In the end, I will provide a short overview of the emerging InfiniBand architecture which uses active NICs extensively.
Abstract 19292: The Efficacy of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and No Heart Failure in the Modern Statin Era: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials

Background: Data from randomized-controlled trials regarding the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) but no evidence of heart failure are inconclusive. Current ACC/AHA guidelines support their use in this population. The variation in efficacy of ACEi and ARBs in improving cardiovascular (CV) outcomes may be related to the rising use of statin therapy in the past two decades. Methods: We conducted literature review of randomized-controlled trials with ACEi or ARBs as the single intervention, focusing on studies involving patients with CAD including patients with left ventricular dysfunction but no clinical symptoms of heart failure. The MEDLINE database was searched for publications between 1/1/1980 and 12/31/2012 with searched terms including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular events, and myocardial infarction. Of the ...
Androgen deprivation therapy and the risk of death from prostate cancer among men with favorable or unfavorable intermediate-risk disease

BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT), short-course androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and brachytherapy in various combinations are treatment options for patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PC), but the question of which combination if any is necessary to minimize PC-specific mortality (PCSM) risk in patients with favorable or unfavorable intermediate-risk PC is unknown. The authors assessed PCSM risk after commonly used treatments. METHODS The cohort consisted of 2510 men with favorable (1902 men; 75.78%) or unfavorable (608 men; 24.22%) intermediate-risk PC who were treated from 1997 to 2013. Treatment included brachytherapy with or without neoadjuvant ADT among men with favorable disease and brachytherapy with neoadjuvant RT or ADT among men with unfavorable disease. Fine and Gray's competing-risks regression model was used to assess whether ADT among men with favorable disease or RT or ADT among men with unfavorable disease decreased PCSM risk after adjusting for treatment propensity score, year of brachytherapy, and PC prognostic factors. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 7.78 years, 366 deaths (14.58%) were observed, 29 of which (7.92%) were from PC. There was a significant reduction in PCSM risk in men with unfavorable disease who were treated with ADT versus RT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.91 [P = .03]), but no significant difference in PCSM risk in men with favorable disease who received ADT and brachytherapy versus brachytherapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-2.57 [P =.56]). CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant ADT does not appear to reduce PCSM risk in men undergoing brachytherapy for favorable intermediate-risk PC and should not be considered a standard; however, it appears superior to neoadjuvant RT in men with unfavorable intermediate-risk PC undergoing brachytherapy, making neoadjuvant ADT and brachytherapy a preferred option in these men. Cancer 2015;121:2713-2719. © 2015 American Cancer Society
Assay of the retinoid isomerase system of the eye.

Publisher Summary The discovery and characterization of the retinoid isomerase have significant implications. It is an enzyme that completes a fundamental biochemical cycle that is apparently common to all vertebrate visual systems. It is also the first known isomerase whose physiological task is to drive the enzymatic conversion of a trans double bond to a higher energy cis configuration. This chapter describes the methods used to assay this important enzyme. It is clear that the retinoid isomerase, an enzyme system that completes the visual cycle of bleaching and dark adaptation, will have an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of vision, as well as providing insights into the study of isomerase enzymes in general. Future purification and characterization of this novel class of enzyme should clarify its relationship to other visual cycle enzymes, its regulation, and its mechanism of action.
Point-spread function in depleted and partially depleted CCDs

The point spread function obtainable in an astronomical instrument using CCD readout is limited by a number of factors, among them the lateral diffusion of charge before it is collected in the potential wells. We study this problem both theoretically and experimentally, with emphasis on the thick CCDs on highresistivity n-type substrates being developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.
Comparison of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) Administered via a Mobile Device Relative to a Paper Form

Mobile devices are increasingly used to administer self-report measures of mental health symptoms. There are significant differences, however, in the way that information is presented on mobile devices compared to the traditional paper forms that were used to administer such measures. Such differences may systematically alter responses. The present study evaluated if and how responses differed for a self-report measure, the PTSD Checklist (PCL), administered via mobile device relative to paper and pencil. Participants were 153 trauma-exposed individuals who completed counterbalanced administrations of the PCL on a mobile device and on paper. PCL total scores (d = 0.07) and item responses did not meaningfully or significantly differ across administrations. Power was sufficient to detect a difference in total score between administrations determined by prior work of 3.46 with a d = 0.23. The magnitude of differences between administration formats was unrelated to prior use of mobile devices or participant age. These findings suggest that responses to self-report measures administered via mobile device are equivalent to those obtained via paper and they can be used with experienced as well as naive users of mobile devices.
Design of an LTCC integrated tri-band direct conversion receiver front-end module

This paper presents the results of a front-end receiver module integrating GSM/DCS/PCS band select functions and a direct conversion IC on a low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) substrate. The front-end-module (FEM) integrated a SP3T GaAs PHEMT switch for band selection, three SAW filters for pre-selection, and a direct conversion IC for down conversion of the RF signal. Integrated passives included a PCS balun, direct conversion IC matching elements and structures to improve the performance of differential SAW filters. The LTCC module contained 24 embedded passives and 15 surface mount components integrated on a 328 mil/spl times/586 mil, 19-layer multi-layer integrated circuit (MLIC). Receiver sensitivity was better than -114 dBm, the system noise figure was less than 9 dB, and the return loss characteristics measured at the antenna input port were better than 10 dB for all three bands. EM simulation was used to achieve first pass design success and the modeling approach yielded excellent agreement between measured and simulated results.
A review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Abstract Objective To review and synthesize findings across qualitative studies on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Methods Articles were systematically reviewed and analyzed within a meta-analytic framework. Analyses included a multi-perspective examination of ME/CFS, as well as a comparative analysis of ME/CFS versus other chronic conditions. Results Thirty-four qualitative studies on ME/CFS were included. Findings include three substantive thematic areas that focus on: (1) experiences of people with ME/CFS, (2) experiences of physicians, and (3) themes that intersect both of these groups. For patients, illness development influenced identity, reductions in functioning, and coping. Physician-specific themes described lack of awareness about ME/CFS and recommended improvement in educational resources. Intersecting themes expressed issues with diagnosis creating tensions and fueling the stigmatization of ME/CFS. Conclusions Findings indicate multilayered, context-specific experiences and ways in which both people with ME/CFS, as well as those involved in their lives (e.g., family or the medical community), interpret this illness. Future qualitative studies should recognize the various facets of the ME/CFS experience, the network members of people with ME/CFS, and the sociocultural environment through which the illness is understood. Practice implications Health care professionals can gain unique insight from patient experiences, allowing for more accurate diagnoses and treatment recommendations.
Individual differences in exploratory behavior in the second year of life

For children in their second year, exploration is an inherently social phenomenon with fundamental implications for learning about the animate and inanimate world. This article examines how 15-month-old children spontaneously involve their mothers in their exploration of a novel task in an unstructured setting. Forty-six 15-month-olds were presented with a novel exploration task with their mothers present but uninvolved. The task consisted of a box with 15 clear plastic drawers each containing a novel toy. Types of bids to mothers, children's affect, and exploratory behaviors were coded. In the absence of active maternal cues, 15-month-old children quickly and frequently involved their mothers in their exploratory efforts, and at least half of the bids were accompanied by positive affect. Active bids to mother (walking or extending a toy) were associated with more manipulation of novel toys, whereas passive bids such as looking were related to less active exploration of toys and more visual inspection of the task stimuli. Furthermore, the earlier any type of bid to mother, the quicker children approached novel toys. Finally, there were notable sex differences both in children's bids to their mothers and in their approach to the task. While exploring, girls made more active bids for physical contact with their mothers. On the other hand, girls spent more time than boys visually examining the box itself without touching, but boys spent more time than girls exploring and touching the box. These results are discussed in terms of how mothers and children mutually contribute to children's interest in novel exploration.
Chronic carbamazepine inhibits the development of local anesthetic seizures kindled by cocaine and lidocaine.

Abstract The effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment on local anesthetic-kindled seizures and lethality were evaluated in different stages of the kindling process and under different methods of CBZ administration. Chronic oral CBZ inhibited the development of both lidocaine- and cocaine-inducedseizures, but had little effect on the fully developed local anesthetic seizures. Chronic CBZ also decreased the incidence of seizure-related mortality in the cocaine-injected rats. Acute CBZ over a range of doses (15–50 mg/kg) had no effect on completed lidocaine-kindled or acute cocaine-induced seizures. Repeated i.p. injection of CBZ (15 mg/kg) also was without effect on the development of lidocaine- or cocaine-kindled seizures. The differential effects of CBZ depending upon stage of seizure development suggest that distinct mechanisms underlie the development versus maintenance of local anesthetic-kindled seizures. The effectiveness of chronic but not repeated, intermittent injections of CBZ sugests that different biochemical consequences result from the different treatment regimens. The possible utility of chronic CBZ in preventing the development of toxic side effects in human cocaine users is suggested by these data, but remains to be directly evaluated.
NAS evaluating water resources research needs

The Water Science and Technology Board of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has begun a congressionally-mandated study, funded by the U.S. Geological Survey to help identify and prioritize areas on which the nation's water resources research should target its efforts. The study also will address the need to better coordinate the efforts of the many agencies and other entities that conduct water resources research in the United States, according to board chair Henry Vaux, professor of resource economics at the University of California, Riverside. Water resources research currently involves more than a dozen federal agencies, along with some state, local, and private agencies which often all act independently of each other.
Comment on the search for the charmonium 1P1 and its theoretical interpretation

Abstract We comment on a recent paper which discusses the theoretical implications of the Crystal Ball search for the 1P1 state of charmonium.
THE EFFECT OF COUMARIN DERIVATIVES ON THE GROWTH OF AVENA ROOTS

GUSTAFSON, F. G. 1937. Parthenocarpy induced by pollen extracts. Amer. Jour. Bot. 24:102-1O0. MANGLESDORF, P. C., AND R. G. REEVES. 1931. Ilybridization of maize, Tripsacum, and Euchlaena. Jour. Heredity 22:328-343. SACCHET, M. H. 1948. Fertilization in six incompatible species crosses of Datura. Amer. Jour. Bot. 35: 302-309. SANSOME, E. R., SOPHIE SATINA, AND A. F. BLAKESLEE. 1942. Disintegration of ovules in tetraploid-diploid and incompatible species crosses in Datura. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 405-420. SANZ, C. 1945. Pollen-tube behavior in interspecific pollinations on Datura stramonium. Thesis. Smith College, Northampton, Mass. SATINA, SOPHIE, AND A. F. BLAKESLEE. 1935. Fertilization in the incompatible cross Datura stramonium X D. metel. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 62:301-312.
Extremely prolonged continuous intraperitoneal infusion of cytosine arabinoside.

Intraperitoneal administration of ara-C produces a peritoneal/plasma concentration ratio of 330–1,000: In principle, optimal tumor-cell kill should be obtained when high ara-C concentrations ar maintained in the environment of the tumor for very long periods of time. A phase 1 study was undertaken to determine the maximum tolerated dose of ara-C that could be given as a continuous i. p. infusion for 3 weeks. A total of 14 patients with refractory malignancies were given 28 courses in the outpatient setting. Ara-C infusions were given using a portable programmable pump (Pancreatec Provider Model 2000). No significant side effects were observed in patients receiving 30 mg/m2 per day (five courses) or 40 mg/m2 per day ×21 days (seven courses). However, at a dose of 60 mg/m2 per day, although 10/16 courses were tolerated for at least 1 week, only 3/16 attempted courses could be continued for the full 3 weeks. The dose-limiting toxicity was chemical peritonitis, which occurred during 7/16 courses at this dose level and required termination of therapy in 4 courses. Myelosuppression was also observed at this dose. There was a large variation in the ara-C and ara-U peritoneal concentrations both within and between patients. The mean peritoneal ara-C concentration increased nonlinearly with ara-C dose whereas the mean ara-U concentration decreased. This study establishes the feasibility and safety of giving a cell-cycle-specific drug intraperitoneally over an extremely prolonged period. For subsequent studies a dose of 40 mg/m2 per day for 21 days is recommended.
Recent directions in netlist partitioning: a survey

Abstract This survey describes research directions in netlist partitioning during the past two decades in terms of both problem formulations and solution approaches. We discuss the traditional min-cut and ratio cut bipartitioning formulations along with multi-way extensions and newer problem formulations, e.g., constraint-driven partitioning (for FPGAs) and partitioning with module replication. Our discussion of solution approaches is divided into four major categories: move-based approaches, geometric representations, combinatorial formulations, and clustering approaches. Move-based algorithms iteratively explore the space of feasible solutions according to a neighborhood operator; such methods include greed, iterative exchange, simulated annealing, and evolutionary algorithms. Algorithms based on geometric representations embed the circuit netlist in some type of “geometry”, e.g., a 1-dimensional linear ordering or a multi-dimensional vector space; the embeddings are commonly constructed using spectral methods. Combinatorial methods transform the partitioning problem into another type of optimization, e.g., based on network flows or mathematical programming. Finally, clustering algorithms merge the netlist modules into many small clusters; we discuss methods which combine clustering with existing algorithms (e.g., two-phase partitioning). The paper concludes with a discussion of benchmarking in the VLSI CAD partitioning literature and some perspectives on more promising directions for future work.
Inhalation of ultrafine and fine particulate matter disrupts systemic vascular function

This study investigated the effects of particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter 0.02–1 μm (noted as PM1) inhalation during exercise on conduit artery and microvascular function. Inhalation of internal combustion-derived PM is associated with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Direct action of PM on the vascular endothelium is likely, as a substantial fraction of ultrafine PM translocates from the alveoli to the circulatory system. Sixteen intercollegiate athletes performed 30 min of exercise while inhaling low or high PM1. Flow-mediated brachial artery dilation (FMD) using high-resolution ultrasonography with simultaneous measurements of forearm oxygen kinetics using near infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) was done before and after exercise. Basal brachial artery vasoconstriction was found after high PM1 exercise (4.0%, 4.66 ± 0.609 to 4.47 ± 0.625 mm diameter; p = .0002), but not after low PM1 exercise (−0.3%, 4.66 ± 0.626 to 4.68 ± 0.613 mm diameter). FMD was impaired after high PM1 exercis...
Selective gastric projections of nitric oxide synthase-containing vagal brainstem neurons

Abstract Nitric oxide has been proposed to act as an intercellular messenger in central brainstem circuits controlling gastrointestinal motility. In particular, a subpopulation of preganglionic vagal neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus have been shown to be reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-diaphorase positive; NADPH-diaphorase positive preganglionic fibers are also known to make contact with enteric neurons in the stomach. No studies, however, have correlated the neurochemical phenotype of preganglionic vagal neurons to their stomach target. The purpose of this study was to identify the subpopulation of nitric oxide synthase positive vagal neurons projecting to the stomach. Fluorescent retrograde tracers were injected in the fundus, corpus or antrum (Rhodamine beads) or painted on the anterior gastric branch of the vagus (DiI); five to 15 days later the brainstem was processed for nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. Of the 532 DiI-labeled neurons from the vagal anterior gastric branch, 25 (4.7%, n =5 rats) were co-localized with nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. Of the neurons labeled following injection of rhodamine beads in the antrum ( N =231 neurons, n =5 rats) or corpus ( N =166 neurons, n =4 rats) only three neurons showed nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (two in antrum and one in corpus, respectively). Conversely, 26 of 222 neurons (12%, n =7 rats) labeled following injection of rhodamine in the fundus showed nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. These results provide evidence for a discrete phenotypic subpopulation of vagal motoneurons that project to the gastric fundus, and suggest that these neurons may be the ones involved in the receptive relaxation reflex.
Parasites as host cholesterol consumers: The special case of Toxoplasma gondii

Statins have become the most widely used drugs for lowering cholesterol with at least 15% of patients requiring admission to hospital on established statin therapy, and this number is growing each year. However, statins have been postulated to have beneficial effects independent of their lipid lowering including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles. Evidence is emerging from observational studies and basic science research that HMG Co A Reductase inhibitors (statins) might be associated with a reduced mortality in sepsis. A number of observational studies have suggested that patients on statins for heart disease are less likely to develop infections and that their infections are less likely to be severe or result in death. Not all studies support a benefit associated with statin therapy for patients with sepsis. Other studies have suggested that stopping statins in patients that present with infections (as suggested by current guidelines), may worsen outcomes. The desire to incorporate the ever expanding potential of these agents into routine clinical practice for patients with sepsis must be tempered by the potential for adverse effects. There is a significant body of evidence that the side effects of statins may be more frequent and serious in the critically ill. A variety of less well known toxicities are being reported as these agents gain more widespread use. This is a rapidly growing field of fascinating experimental biology that suggests an urgent need for the investigation of the pharmacology and a reappraisal of the therapeutic indications of these drugs in patients with sepsis. This may provide new insights to the role of lipids and the endothelium in the response to infection. The potential for statins as an adjuvant therapy in sepsis is a simple, inexpensive intervention that warrants further prospective investigation.
Charitable Giving: Even the Willing Need to be Persuaded

Nonprofits that depend on charitable giving operate in a competitive context and cannot simply expect to receive donations because they represent a “good” or “deserving” cause. To increase the chances of receiving donations, they have to communicate the positive impact of the donor's actions (perceived efficacy) and ensure that the appeals are seen as motivating (persuasiveness). We sampled donors from the database of a local charity and found that perceived efficacy for the charity was significantly influential. We also found that persuasiveness of an appeal fully mediated their charitable giving behavior. Thus, to receive a fair share, or any share, of an individual's donations, even the willing need to be persuaded.
The value of aggressive therapy in the hypertensive patient with azotemia.

By giving diazoxide intravenously and furosemide orally the diastolic blood pressure was kept under 110 mm Hg and the urinary output over 1 L/day for a 2-week period in 25 hypertensive patients with azotemia. During the first 2 weeks of treatment three patients died. Although the 40% decrease in mean arterial pressure in the remaining patients was associated with immediate improvement in the cardiovascular status, for example, clearing of congestive heart failure and papilledema, there was a 19% average increase in BUN and 17% average increase in serum creatinine values. Three months later, however, maintenance of the reduced arterial pressure was associated with average reductions of 24 mg/100 ml in BUN and of 2.8 mg/100 ml in serum creatinine below control values. Each of the patients who remained on therapy continued to do well. Twenty-six months later six additional patients had died. In the remaining 16 patients the average mean arterial pressure was 117 mm Hg; papilledema had cleared; the average concentration of BUN was 22 mg/100 ml; the average serum creatinine was 1.8 mg/100 ml.
Detrapping of interstitial helium in metal tritides-NMR studies

We present measurements of NMR line shapes and relaxation times for $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ nuclei and their $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay products $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in aged samples of titanium tritide ($\mathrm{Ti}^{3}\mathrm{H}_{x}$). Data were obtained on samples aged 1 yr ($x=1.7$) and 8 yr ($x=1.4$), where $x$ is the initial concentration. These data indicate that $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms are trapped interstitially in young crystals; whereas, in contrast, the older samples are found to contain helium-gas bubbles. Additionally, the younger sample was found to exhibit considerably more lattice distortion than the older sample. This---to our knowledge---is the first direct evidence for a detrapping mechanism which has been supported by a growing body of indirect evidence. We describe a theory which explains the detrapping by a percolative mechanism: When enough $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms have been created to exceed a relevant critical percolation density, the helium atoms, which are considerably "oversized" for available interstices, are able to cooperatively strain the lattice beyond its elastic limit, hence irreversibly deforming the lattice. The subsequent rapid diffusion of helium would then allow heterogeneous bubble nucleation with release of helium from the crystal by blistering and/or release along grain boundaries.
Packaging issues for free-space interconnects at the board level

Many researchers have proposed free-space optical interconnects as an alternative to electrical and optical guided wave techniques for connecting electronic or optical processors. However, little discussion has been given to problems associated with system packaging. This paper provides an overview of several important issues in yjis area which must be solved prior to realizing free-space optical interconnect systems.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.