cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy characterization and recovery of rare earth elements from the roof and floor materials of the Guxu coalfield

Abstract Three segments of a core sample collected from the Guxu coalfield (Sichuan Province, China) were evaluated to determine the rare earth element (REE) leachability and mineralogy. Elemental analysis of the three samples showed that the roof and floor strata contained as high as 2087 ppm of total REEs, a value much higher than other coal-based materials reported in the literature. For the floor samples, 47% to 65% of the light REEs (LREEs) were leached within 5 min of contact time using 1 M mineral acid, and prolonged contact, up to 120 min, increased the LREE recovery to as high as 75%. For the roof sample, only 25% of the LREEs were leached at extended contact times. Unlike the LREEs, heavy REE (HREE) recovery from both the roof and floor materials was less than 25%. The relatively high REE content of the feed materials facilitated detailed SEM-EDX and TEM-EDX analyses of the samples. These studies confirmed the presence of several rare earth carbonate minerals, including bastnaesite and parasite, as well as rare earth phosphate minerals such as florencite and apatite. Given the prevalence and rare earth content of the particles analyzed via SEM-EDX, the data suggests that the LREEs present in the floor and roof samples were primarily associated with carbonates and phosphates, respectively. Further SEM-EDX analysis of the leaching residues showed that florencite was the only LREE-bearing species remaining after prolonged acid leaching, indicating that florencite is less soluble relative to the other rare earth minerals. The leaching results corroborate the SEM-EDX and TEM-EDX findings, while providing critical fundamental information on the relationship between REE content, REE mineralogy, and REE leachability in coal refuse materials.
Detecting the Onset of Lithium Plating and Monitoring Fast Charging Performance with Voltage Relaxation

A key challenge for energy storage and conversion technologies is finding simple, reliable methods that can identify device failure and prolong lifetime. Lithium plating is a well-known degradation...
A low noise current readout architecture with 160 dB transimpedance gain and 1.3 MHz bandwidth

Abstract This paper proposes a low-noise readout circuit with a noise floor of 11 fArms/sq(Hz) and a bandwidth of 1.3 MHz. The novel electrostatic discharge (ESD) leakage current cancellation stage allows the circuit to detect sub-pA range current input. A total trans-impedance gain of 160 dB is obtained by a current preamplification stage with a 100 × current gain followed by a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with a 1 Mohm feedback resistive gain. The reader is designed in a 0.18 μm CMOS process and consumes 5.6 mW from a 1.8 V supply.
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors

The study objective was to identify sociodemographic and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) factors that are associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors. Eligible participants were 18 years or older and were diagnosed with cancer as an AYA (ages 15-39 years) and received services through an AYA cancer program. A total of 342 participants completed a cross-sectional survey. Our primary outcome-COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy-was surveyed as a 5-point Likert scale and operationalized as a binary outcome (agree vs hesitant). A large proportion of participants reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (37.1%). In the multivariable regression, female survivors (odds ratio = 1.81, 95% confidence interval = 1.10 to 2.98) and survivors with a high school education or less (odds ratio = 3.15, 95% confidence interval = 1.41 to 7.04) reported higher odds of vaccine hesitancy compared with their male or college graduate or higher counterparts. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy persists among AYA survivors despite their recommended priority vaccination status and higher chances of severe COVID-19 outcomes.
Neurochemical and Behavioral Consequences of Ethanol and/or Caffeine Exposure: Effects in Zebrafish and Rodents.

Zebrafish are increasingly being utilized to model the behavioral and neurochemical effects of pharmaceuticals and, more recently, pharmaceutical interactions. Zebrafish models of stress establish that both caffeine and ethanol influence anxiety, though few studies have implemented co-administration to assess the interaction of anxiety and reward-seeking. Caffeine exposure in zebrafish is teratogenic, causing developmental abnormalities in the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and nervous systems of embryos and larvae. Ethanol is also a teratogen and, as an anxiolytic substance, may be able to offset the anxiogenic effects of caffeine. Co-exposure to caffeine and alcohol impacts neuroanatomy and behavior in adolescent animal models, suggesting stimulant substances may moderate the impact of alcohol on neural circuit development. Here, we review the literature describing neuropharmacological and behavioral consequences of caffeine and/or alcohol exposure in the zebrafish model, focusing on neurochemistry, locomotor effects, and behavioral assessments of stress/anxiety as reported in adolescent/juvenile and adult animals. The purpose of this review is twofold: (1) describe the work in zebrafish documenting the effects of ethanol and/or caffeine exposure and (2) compare these zebrafish studies with comparable experiments in rodents. We focus on specific neurochemical pathways (dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, GABA, adenosine), anxiety-type behaviors (assessed with novel tank, thigmotaxis, shoaling), and locomotor changes resulting from both individual and co-exposure. We compare findings in zebrafish with those in rodent models, revealing similarities across species and identifying conservation of mechanisms that potentially reinforce co-addiction.
Suboptimal accuracy of carcinoembryonic antigen in differentiation of mucinous and nonmucinous pancreatic cysts: results of a large multicenter study

Background and Aims The exact cutoff value at which pancreatic cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level distinguishes pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) from pancreatic nonmucinous cystic neoplasms (NMCNs) is unclear. The aim of this multicenter retrospective study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cyst fluid CEA levels in differentiating between MCNs and NMCNs. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent EUS with FNA at 3 tertiary care centers were identified. Patients with histologic confirmation of cyst type based on surgical specimens served as the criterion standard for this analysis. Demographic characteristics, EUS morphology, FNA fluid, and cytology results were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of MCNs was performed. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for CEA levels. Results A total of 226 patients underwent surgery (mean age, 61 years, 96% white patients, 39% female patients) of whom 88% underwent Whipple's procedure or distal pancreatectomy. Based on surgical histopathology, there were 150 MCNs and 76 NMCNs cases. The median CEA level was 165 ng/mL. The area under the ROC curve for CEA levels in differentiating between MCNs and NMCNs was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.84, P Conclusions Cyst fluid CEA levels have a clinically suboptimal accuracy level in differentiating MCNs from NMCNs. Future studies should focus on novel cyst fluid markers to improve risk stratification of pancreatic cystic neoplasms.
THE PERSISTENCE OF POVERTY IN THE CONTEXT OF FINANCIAL INSTABILITY: A BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

We review recent findings regarding the psychology of decisionmaking in contexts of poverty, and consider their application to public policy. Of particular interest are the oft-neglected psychological and behavioral consequences of economic scarcity coupled with financial instability. The novel framework highlights the psychological costs of low and unstable incomes, and how these can transform small and momentary financial hurdles into long-lasting poverty traps. Financial instability, we suggest, not only has obvious economic ramifications for well-being, but it also creates the need for constant focus and attention, and can distract from the very opportunities otherwise designed to alleviate the effects of poverty. We describe a variety of public policy strategies that emerge from this perspective that are not readily apparent in conventional theories that permeate the design of social programs.
Impact of androgen deprivation on physical well-being in patients with prostate cancer: analysis from the CaPSURE (Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor) registry.

BACKGROUND: As androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) becomes a standard of treatment for men with recurrent or metastatic prostate cancer, evaluation of adverse effects associated with this treatment is needed. In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of ADT administered as monotherapy and in combination with local treatment on physical well-being in a longitudinal sample of men with prostate cancer. METHODS: Exposure to ADT was defined by 3 groups: local (local treatment only), combination (local treatment with adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant ADT), and primary ADT. Associations between exposure to ADT and physical well-being measured by self-reported health-related quality of life outcomes over time were evaluated by repeated measures analysis using mixed modeling. Estimates adjusted for various clinical and demographic variables are reported. RESULTS: A total of 2922 men, who completed both pretreatment and follow-up health-related quality of life assessment, were identified from the CaPSURE (Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor) registry. During 24 months of follow-up, exposure to ADT was associated with worse physical well-being compared with local treatment at all time points (P < .001). Being exposed to ADT as primary therapy was associated with more severe declines compared with combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The potential consequence of decline in physical well-being in patients exposed to ADT has to be included in treatment decision making. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Modeling effects of mutual coupling considered at both ends of a MIMO channel using computational electromagnetics

We describe a technique that uses the method of moments (MoM) to consider the effects of mutual coupling, and electromagnetic ray tracing (ERT) to model far-field propagation. Our technique allows for the comparison of the capacity of a communications channel when mutual coupling is and is not considered at one or both ends of the link. We apply this technique to several representative and actual urban environments. We find that pattern diversity, which results from the inclusion of mutual coupling, should be considered in cases when there is large angle spread at the receiver. Further, with this technique, we are able to simulate a vehicular mobile ad-hoc network and compare spatial multiplexing to beamforming capacity.
U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective: Universal banking, “American style”

American coroporate banking has undergone enormous change over the past two decades. That change reflects a combination of long-run competitive pressures and short-run performance problems that led US banks and their regulators to a new American version of global universal banking. From the perspective of the scale and scope of banks, these changes represent a convergence of US banks to international norms in banking. At the same time, the US version of universal banking entails novel linkages between banks and financial markets in the pursuit of enhancing bank-customer relationships. These new linkages give universal banking a new complexity and richness which banks outside the US will increasingly imitate.
Targeting Oncogenic BRAF in Human Cancer

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway activation is a frequent event in human cancer and is often the result of activating mutations in the BRAF and RAS oncogenes. BRAF missense mutations, the vast majority of which are V600E, occur in approximately 8% of human tumors. These kinase domain mutations, which are non-overlapping in distribution with RAS mutations, are observed most frequently in melanoma but are also common in tumors arising in the colon, thyroid, lung, and other sites. Supporting its classification as an oncogene, (V600E)BRAF stimulates ERK signaling, induces proliferation, and is capable of promoting transformation. Given the frequent occurrence of BRAF mutations in human cancer and the continued requirement for BRAF activity in the tumors in which it is mutated, efforts are underway to develop targeted inhibitors of BRAF and its downstream effectors. These agents offer the possibility of greater efficacy and less toxicity than the systemic therapies currently available for tumors driven by activating mutations of MAPK pathway components. Early clinical results with the BRAF-selective inhibitors PLX4032 and GSK2118436 suggest that this strategy will prove successful in a select group of patients whose tumors are driven by oncogenic BRAF.
Adaptationalist Imperatives and Panglossian Paradigms

This paper defends adaptationalist programs against criticisms offered in R. Lewontin and S. J. Gould, ‘The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm.’ It argues that defects Lewontin and Gould allege are essential features of a research program motivated by any theory which has the extremal character characteristic of the theory of natural selection, it suggests that the constraints on evolution to which Lewontin and Gould look as alteratives to adaptational mechanisms must themselves be adaptationally explained, unless these constraints are altogether non-biological. Gould’s notion of ‘exaptation’ is shown to be consonant with and to provide the vehicle for the adaptational treatment of the developmental results of such constraints. To avoid “Panglossianism”, adaptationalists need only be sophisticated in what they identify as phenotypes subject to selection.
The External Evolution of Criminal Law

While other scholars have pointed to imbalances in the design and functioning of the criminal justice system as the source of troubling disparities between the law on the books and the law in action, this Article argues that for crimes that rest on contested notions of social harm, factors external to the justice system are likely to be far more influential than internal dynamics in producing legal change. This insight, called the external evolutionary model of analysis, derives from social science work on the role of interest groups, social norms, and media influences on the law's creation and development, and the Article discusses these topics in the context of the consensus-conflict debate and the sociology of social problems. It then draws on historical, sociological, and original empirical data about statutory rape enforcement in the United States to demonstrate how political, cultural, and economic forces change the meaning of an unstable criminal law over time. Following this case study, the Article shows how broad statutory language and contested theories of harm largely contribute to the unchecked discretion of law enforcement actors who control the contours of actual criminal cases brought under these types of provisions. Finally, the Article suggests that, while flexibility in criminal prohibitions might be efficient, it ultimately diminishes the criminal law's legitimacy as an instrument of state power.
Parental refusal of transfusion on religious grounds: an exception to the standard approach:

The standard approach to parental refusal of transfusion on religious grounds in many newborn intensive care units and paediatric services is to override the refusal and provide the transfusion, usually with court intervention if time allows. This approach is justified by the child's right to effective treatment, seen to outweigh the parents' right to religious freedom and their right to decide for their child. That justification, however, may be limited by the predicted effectiveness of the transfusion (or any proposed treatment) in preventing significant harm to the child. A case where parental refusal was appropriately respected is briefly discussed.
Carbon–phosphorus triple bond formation through multiple bond metathesis of an anionic niobium phosphide with carbon dioxide

Abstract A novel borane-capped niobium phosphide anion ([B(C6F5)3-1]) has been prepared in 87% yield by reaction of [P Nb(N[Np]Ar)3]− (1, Ar = 3,5-C6H3Me2 and Np = neopentyl) with the Lewis acidic borane B(C6F5)3. Room-temperature reaction of this adduct with carbon dioxide readily yields the OCP− ion 3, isolated as its sodium salt, [Na(dme)2][OCP] (dme = dimethoxyethane), in 70% yield, with concomitant formation of a borane-substituted niobium oxo complex [B(C6F5)3-2] (2 = ONb(N[Np]Ar)3).
Energy and Electron Transfer in Photosystem II of a Chlorophyll b-Containing Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Mutant†

Using a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mutant strain that lacks photosystem (PS) I and that synthesizes chlorophyll (Chl) b, a pigment that is not naturally present in the wild-type cyanobacterium, the...
Convex Polygon Problems on Meshes with Multiple Broadcasting

We propose time-optimal algorithms for a number of convex polygon problems on meshes with multiple broadcasting. Specifically, we show that on a mesh with multiple broadcasting of size n × n, the t...
Influence of adjunct azithromycin on the mortality of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis.

The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo influence of azithromycin subinhibitory concentrations on mortality in a peritonitis-sepsis model. One hour after an intraperitoneal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mice were randomized to receive: ceftazidime, 500 mg/kg SC q4h×two doses alone; azithromycin, 20 mg/kg SC×one dose alone; ceftazidime plus azithromycin×one dose; ceftazidime plus azithromycin×two doses (1 and 24 h); ceftazidime plus prophylactic azithromycin (three doses at −48, −24, 1 h); or no treatment (control). A significant decrease in the rate of mortality was observed in animals treated with all ceftazidime plus azithromycin groups when compared with those receiving ceftazidime alone. These data indicate a potential role for adjunctive azithromycin therapy in P. aeruginosa infection.
Financial Strain and Depression Among Farm Operators: The Role of Perceived Economic Hardship and Personal Control1

The causal processes accounting for the relationship between farm financial strain and depression are not well understood. Using data from a statewide survey of North Carolina farm operators, we develop a covariance structure model that specifies relationships among farm financial strain, perceived economic hardship in the household, personal control, and depression. Analyses reveal that the relationship between farm financial strain and depression is mediated by perceptions of economic hardship and personal control. Results point to the importance of differential resilience to objective economic problems instead of differential exposure to these problems.
Drinking Motives, Negative Consequences, and Protective Behavioral Strategies in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students engage in heavy episodic drinking more frequently than their heterosexual peers. However, there is currently no research on protective behavioral strategies (PBS) or alcohol motives with this population. This study explored the degree to which PBS mediated the relationship between five drinking motives and negative consequences among 143 LGBT college student drinkers. PBS partially mediated the relationship enhancement motives and coping with depression motives had with negative consequences. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Effects of permanent mechanical ablation of marrow of long bones on peripheral blood of living rabbits.

SummaryMarrow was removed from long bones of rabbits and replaced by inert material. This procedure resulted in a permanent suppression of marrow. From 11 to 41% of the total marrow was obliterated by this method. The effects on cell and hemoglobin content of peripheral blood were investigated. In most of the animals there were no significant permanent changes. Extirpation of the marrow was followed frequently by an increase in leukocytes and a decrease in hemoglobin, erythrocytes and platelets. When more than 6 marrows were ablated, some of the animals developed a slight reduction in all the elements investigated. An infrequent animal showed significant changes. Leukocytes were increased in number and the peripheral blood was suggestive of leukemia. Appearance of immature granulocytes and a high leukocyte count was associated with a reduction of hemoglobin and erythrocytes and morphologic abnormalities of red blood cells.
Measurements of the Movement, Concentration and Dimensions of Clouds Resulting from Instantaneous Point Sources

Abstract Puffs of the inert gas 85Kr were released at the surface level and were permitted to drift through a three-dimensional grid of Geiger counter sensors extending to a height of 21 m and to a distance of 800 M. Concentrations were recorded as a series of 4.8-sec duration mean concentrations for each of the 64 sensors. Data specifying the effective speed, the effective height, the magnitude of short-period concentrations, the magnitude of crosswind and downwind concentration integrations, and the dimensions of puffs are reported. It was found that: 1) the speed with which a puff reached a 1.5 m elevation field sensor increased with distance from the source (or with travel time); 2) at the 1.5 m elevation, peak values of short-period concentration, exposure, and crosswind integrated concentration increased with increasing atmospheric stability; 3) regardless of the atmospheric stability, puff dimensions along a downwind axis exceeded those along a crosswind axis, and the crosswind dimension exceeded t...
Study on the growth limiting mechanism in the rat ventral prostate.

SummaryIn search for the mechanism that limits the growth of the prostate, experiments were performed to find evidence for the existence of a prostatic chalone. Inbred rats were hemiprostatectomized to reduce the level of a hypothetical circulating chalone. No evidence of regeneration was found 4 weeks after operation. Other hemiprostatectomized, orchiectomized rats were given androgen to induce prostatic growth. Cell division in the ventral prostate ended when the size of the prostate was only half of that in the control rats. Orchiectomized rats with intrasplenic and intermuscular implants of ventral prostatic tissue from other orchiectomized rats were given androgen. The cell divisions in the prostatic tissue did not end until the total cell number was 170% of that in the control rats. The results indicate that other factors than a prostatic chalone have the dominating role in the mechanism that limits prostatic growth.We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. A. Szolnoky for his precise determination...
Photochemical cross-linking of 125I-hydroxyphenylisopropyl adenosine to the A1 adenosine receptor of rat adipocytes

Abstract Rat adipocyte plasma membranes were incubated with the A1 adenosine receptor agonist, 125I-hydroxyphenylisopropyl adenosine (1 nM) and then treated with the photoactive cross-linking agent, ANB-NOS. The membranes were solubilized and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. A single protein, Mr approx. 38 000, was specifically labeled. Reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol did not affect the apparent Mr of the labeled protein. Labeling was inhibited by the adenosine receptor agonists, HPIA, PIA and NECA, and by the antagonist, theophylline, but was unaffected by inosine. We conclude that the A1 adenosine receptor is a single protein of Mr approx. 38 000.
Selective Killing of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum by a Benzylthiazolium dye

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The most virulent form of the disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum which infects hundreds of millions of people and is responsible for the deaths of 1-2 million individuals each year. An essential part of the parasitic process is the remodeling of the red blood cell membrane and its protein constituents to permit a higher flux of nutrients and waste products into or away from the intracellular parasite. Much of this increased permeability is due to a single type of broad specificity channel variously called the new permeation pathway (NPP), the nutrient channel, and the Plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC). This channel is permeable to a range of low molecular weight solutes both charged and uncharged, with a strong preference for anions. Drugs such as furosemide that are known to block anion-selective channels inhibit PSAC. In this study, we have investigated a dye known as benzothiocarboxypurine, BCP, which had been studied as a possible diagnostic aid given its selective uptake by P. falciparum infected red cells. We found that the dye enters parasitized red cells via the furosemide-inhibitable PSAC, forms a brightly fluorescent complex with parasite nucleic acids, and is selectively toxic to infected cells. Our study describes an antimalarial agent that exploits the altered permeability of Plasmodium-infected red cells as a means to killing the parasite and highlights a chemical reagent that may prove useful in high throughput screening of compounds for inhibitors of the channel.
Manganese Encephalopathy: An Under-Recognized Condition in the Intensive Care Unit

Background Manganese encephalopathy is a potential complication of parenteral nutrition. Lack of early recognition leads to unnecessary testing and to continued exposure to manganese.
Learning theory in practice: case studies of learner-centered design

The design of software for learners must be guided by educational theory. We present a framework for learner-centered design (LCD) that is theoretically motivated by sociocultural and constructivist theories of learning. LCD guides the design of software in order to support the unique needs of learners: growth, diversity, and motivation. To address these needs, we incorporate scaffolding into the context, tasks, tools, and interface of software learning environments. We demonstrate the application of our methodology by presenting two case studies of LCD in practice.
Structures of DNA Polymerase β with Active-Site Mismatches Suggest a Transient Abasic Site Intermediate during Misincorporation

Summary We report the crystallographic structures of DNA polymerase β with dG-dAMPCPP and dC-dAMPCPP mismatches in the active site. These premutagenic structures were obtained with a nonhydrolyzable incoming nucleotide analog, dAMPCPP, and Mn 2+ . Substituting Mn 2+ for Mg 2+ significantly decreases the fidelity of DNA synthesis. The structures reveal that the enzyme is in a closed conformation like that observed with a matched Watson-Crick base pair. The incorrect dAMPCPP binds in a conformation identical to that observed with the correct nucleotide. To accommodate the incorrect nucleotide and closed protein conformation, the template strand in the vicinity of the active site has shifted upstream over 3 A, removing the coding base from the active site and generating an abasic templating pocket. The primer terminus rotates as its complementary template base is repositioned. This rotation moves O3′ of the primer terminus away from the α-phosphate of the incoming nucleotide, thereby deterring misincorporation.
Is the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene also an X-linked retinitis pigmentosa locus?

Deletion mutations and linkage mapping have localized an X-linked retinitis pigmentosa locus to Xp21, and a disease gene (RPGR) has been characterized. However, mutations have not been identified in most families expected to segregate the disease at this locus. Here, a retina-specific mRNA transcript from the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene is identified. Based on these data, it is hypothesized that the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene may represent a second Xp21 site at which retinitis pigmentosa mutations occur.
CD36, but not G2A, modulates efferocytosis, inflammation, and fibrosis following bleomycin-induced lung injury.

Macrophage G2A and CD36 lipid receptors are thought to mediate efferocytosis following tissue injury and thereby prevent excessive inflammation that could compromise tissue repair. To test this, we subjected mice lacking G2A or CD36 receptor to bleomycin-induced lung injury and measured efferocytosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Loss of CD36 (but not G2A) delayed clearance of apoptotic alveolar cells (mean 78% increase in apoptotic cells 7 days postinjury), potentiated inflammation (mean 56% increase in lung neutrophils and 75% increase in lung KC levels 7 days postinjury, 51% increase in lung macrophages 14 days postinjury), and reduced lung fibrosis (mean 41% and 29% reduction 14 and 21 days postinjury, respectively). Reduced fibrosis in CD36−/− mice was associated with lower levels of profibrotic TH2 cytokines (IL-9, IL-13, IL-4), decreased expression of the M2 macrophage marker Arginase-1, and reduced interstitial myofibroblasts. G2A, on the other hand, was required for optimal clearance of apoptotic neutrophils during zymosan-induced peritoneal inflammation (50.3% increase in apoptotic neutrophils and 30.6% increase in total neutrophils 24 h following zymosan administration in G2A−/− mice). Thus, CD36 is required for timely removal of apoptotic cells in the context of lung injury and modulates subsequent inflammatory and fibrotic processes relevant to fibrotic lung disease.
How motivation, opportunity, and ability drive knowledge sharing: The constraining-factor model

Abstract We introduce and empirically test a theoretical metamodel that explains knowledge-sharing behavior among employees. Building on the well-established motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) framework, we posit that knowledge sharing among employees is a function of their MOA to do so. Existing literature suggests that the interaction among motivation, opportunity, and ability drives knowledge-sharing behavior. In contrast, we specify a new model in which the “bottleneck” or constraining factor among the MOA variables determines the degree of knowledge sharing that occurs. This constraining-factor model (CFM) fits the data better than the traditional multiplicative model and reveals a new, qualitatively different portrait of knowledge sharing that resolves some of the puzzles in the previous literature. The CFM provides macro-level insights with respect to how operations managers can improve employee knowledge sharing by focusing on the bottleneck MOA variable. As a result, the CFM can help set strategic directions of related policies. The model emphasizes that, counter to conventional wisdom, the MOA variables should not be addressed independently, but rather in a dynamic and coordinated way.
Facultative polyandry and the role of infant-carrying in wild saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis).

Wild saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) in southeastern Peru have a variable mating system that can differ both between territories at any one time and within territories over time. Groups are usually monogamous or cooperatively polyandrous, but are occasionally even polygynous. This study addressed the following questions: why does this population contain both monogamous and polyandrous groups simultaneously? What factors determine whether specific groups are monogamous or polyandrous? The data from this study population tentatively support the hypothesis that adults should mate monogramously only if they have nonreproductive helpers (usually older offspring) to help rear infants. Without helpers, the reproductive success of both males and females is hypothesized to be higher, on average, if they mate polyandrously than if they mate monogamously. The proposed benefits of polyandry to males and females differ quantitatively, but in both cases benefits stem from the help that males provide in rearing young. The following results support this hypothesis. (1) Lone pairs were never seen to attempt breeding, and calculations suggest that the costs of lactation and infant-carrying are too great for lone pairs to have a high probability of being able to raise twin offspring (the normal litter size). (2) Polyandrous males and nonreproductive offspring contributed substantially to infant care, particularly infant-carrying (fig. 2). (3) Adult males carried infants approximately twice as often as did lactating females, presumably because of the combined costs of (a) lactation (Fig. 3) and (b) infant-carrying (Fig. 4). The proximate causes of cooperative polyandry inS. fuscicollis appear to be different from those responsible in several bird species, showing that cooperative polyandry is a complex phenomenon.
Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation in young children: Relations with self-regulation and adaptation to preschool in children attending head start

We examine a parent-report version of the measure of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation of Carver and White (1994), the BIS/BAS scales. Participants included 42 children (mean age = 4 years, 9 months) attending Head Start programs. Information was collected on aspects of physiological and cognitive regulation, temperamental emotionality, BIS/BAS sensitivity, and teacher report of social competence and on-task behavior in the classroom. Physiological regulation was assessed by cardiac vagal tone and was measured during a baseline period and during the administration of a mildly effortful cognitive task. Cognitive regulation was assessed by executive function and was measured using two tasks that require children to inhibit a prepotent response while remembering and executing the rule for correct responding. Parents reported on behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation and aspects of child negative emotionality associated with fear and anger. Results indicated that the BIS scale was positively related to teacher reported social competence but negatively related to on-task behavior. Associations between the BIS and each of the outcome variables were independent of relations of physiological and cognitive regulation to outcomes and were present when relations between fearful emotionality and the outcomes were not. No relations were observed between any of the BAS scales and the outcome measures. Results recommend the application of neurobiological and psychophysiological approaches to the study of children's adaptation to preschool.
An historical review of multiphasic screening.

Abstract The term multiphasic screening was first applied to a health survey in San Jose, California in 1949. That survey was designed to detect previously unrecognized chronic diseases for which screening tests were then available and for which therapy would presumably be helpful. It appeared that patients with chronic conditions, both communicable and non-communicable, would do better if the diseases were discovered and treated early. Recognizing the importance of this concept, public health workers sought to develop and apply tests for the detection of such conditions even among persons who did not realize they were affected, as a means of improving their prospects for health. The leaders of these early efforts, however, recognized certain limitations of screening surveys. In particular, they emphasized that the tests were not diagnostic; mass testing was seen as merely the first step to medical care. The multiphasic survey was conceived with a view to combining several of these tests in one “package”. In addition to being more effective than screening for single diseases, multiphasic screening was also seen as having relationship to periodic health examinations. Although multiphasic screening encountered initial resistance, it did take root in two group-practice prepayment plans in the early 1950's, the Kaiser Plan in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP). Besides serving as an element of health care, particularly for modern preventive medicine and health maintenance, multiphasic screening also shows promise as a device for research into the nature of disease. By 1970, its use appeared to be accelerating. The current application of advanced technology, particularly automation based on electro-mechanical devices, gives promise for greater speed in analyses and promotion of similarity of laboratory procedures in previously diverse fields. Automated multiphasic screening opens the possiblity of extending the health-maintenance type of health care to all groups of the population and may provide the basis for redirecting medicine in the future.
An Automated Aspheric Polishing Machine

An automated aspheric polishing machine has been constructed using a readily available microcomputer, off-the-shelf servomotors and controllers, and other commercially available mechanical components. A computer model of the polishing process was developed and used to investigate the effect of various tool shapes and motions on the polishing process and the shape of the material removal profile. Suitable tool shapes and motions were determined from the model. A microcomputer controlled aspheric polishing machine was designed to produce these motions. Software was developed to control the servomotors, monitor the process, calculate material removal profiles, and interface with the user. Examples of precision aspheric surfaces fabricated using this process are presented. Other possible uses and future developments are also discussed.
Paleoenvironment of Ankilitelo Cave (late Holocene, southwestern Madagascar): implications for the extinction of giant lemurs.

Following human arrival, Madagascar suffered well-documented megafaunal extinctions and widespread deforestation. Although humans are widely considered to be the primary cause of the extinctions, the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to this ecological transformation remain uncertain. Reconstructing the habitats of the giant lemurs of Madagascar can provide key information for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their extinction. In this study, I present a faunal analysis of the subfossil assemblage from Ankilitelo Cave, southwestern Madagascar. This assemblage documents the latest known occurrence of five species of extinct giant lemur, in association with abundant well-preserved small mammal remains. I compared the small mammal fauna at Ankilitelo with 27 extant Malagasy mammal communities spanning the range of Madagascar's habitat types. Similarities in species composition between modern communities and Ankilitelo were assessed using cluster analysis. Ecological similarities were examined by assigning each species to dietary, locomotor, activity pattern, and body size categories. Multiple discriminant analysis was then used to classify Ankilitelo relative to modern habitat types in Madagascar, based on the ecological structure of the subfossil fauna. Results indicate that the habitat surrounding Ankilitelo during the late Holocene was similar to the succulent woodlands of modern southwestern Madagascar. This suggests that approximately 500 yr BP, these semi-arid habitats supported a subfossil lemur community that included the highly-suspensory Palaeopropithecus, and deliberate slow-climber Megaladapis, as well as Archaeolemur, Pachylemur, and Daubentonia robusta. In such environments, these giant lemurs would likely have been highly vulnerable to increasing human pressure in southwestern Madagascar.
A Method for In vivo Propagation of the Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis Bacterium (NHPB) in Litopenaeus vannamei

The necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHPB) is difficult to preserve and has not been propagated in vitro. NHPB can be maintained continuously by simply adding specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp to tanks containing NHPB-infected shrimp. However, obtaining large amounts of highly concentrated infectious material free of contaminating bacterial flora for repeating challenge experiments was found to be exceedingly difficult using the current published methods. Therefore, a system was implemented using visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags to identify animals within a propagation tank by introduction group. Utilizing this method allowed for continuous reproduction of NHP within propagation tanks and provided researchers with access to infectious material allowing for consistent replication of challenge experiments and concentrated material for preservation.
The late positive potential, emotion and apathy in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease is associated with emotional changes including depression, apathy, and anxiety. The current study investigated emotional processing in non-demented individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) using an electrophysiological measure, the centro-parietal late positive potential (LPP). Non-demented patients with Parkinson’s disease (n=17) and healthy control participants (n=16) viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures while EEG was recorded from a 64-channel geodesic net. The Parkinson patients did not differ from controls in terms of early electrophysiological components that index perceptual processing (occipital P100, N150, P250). Parkinson patients, however, showed reduced LPP amplitude specifically when viewing unpleasant, compared to pleasant, pictures as well as when compared to controls, consistent with previous studies suggesting a specific difference in aversive processing between PD patients and healthy controls. Importantly, LPP amplitude during unpleasant picture viewing was most attenuated for patients reporting high apathy. The data suggest that apathy in PD may be related to a deficit in defensive activation, and may be indexed cortically using event-related potentials.
Arthroscopic repair of radial-sided triangular fibrocartilage complex tears

Abstract Injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex are a common cause of wrist pain. Debridement of this structure has been the historical treatment of choice. Recent surgical advances have made repair of this structure an option. An arthroscopic technique that uses equipment commonly available in the operating room to repair Palmer 1D tears is presented. A retrospective review of these patients shows 79% good or excellent results after this procedure. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
Azaindoles: moderately basic P1 groups for enhancing the selectivity of thrombin inhibitors

Starting from a 2-amino-6-methylpyridine P1 group and following a strategy of enlarging it whilst reducing its polarity, we have developed a series of potent, moderately basic azaindoles which are intrinsically much more selective for thrombin versus trypsin. Certain pyrazinone acetamide azaindole derivatives have pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration to dogs, or efficacy in vitro, comparable to an optimized pyrazinone acetamide 2-amino-6-methylpyridine derivative.
Organizational Slack in Decentralized Firms: The Role of Business Unit Controllers

We study the determinants of organizational slack in large decentralized firms and focus in particular on how management accounting systems (represented by business unit controllers) affect slack. We rely on an adverse selection model to derive several predictions and to motivate our tests. Consistent with this framework, we find that organizational slack (measured by achievability of business unit managers' performance targets) is higher in settings where business unit controllers focus relatively more on providing decision‐making information to business unit managers than on providing information for corporate control. We also find that organizational slack is persistent over time and positively associated with business unit growth, our proxy for the extent of information asymmetry between corporate headquarters and local business unit management.
Perhaps the lexicon is coded as a function of word frequency.

Abstract The present investigation examined the relationship between word frequency and lexical decision performance as stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was varied between the presentation of a letter string and a subsequent pattern mask. For both Experiments 1 and 2, subjects responded significantly faster as word frequency increased (i.e., a word frequency advantage). Furthermore, this effect occurred for all three SOA conditions. Also for both experiments, recognition sensitivity decreased as word frequency decreased. These data indicate that word frequency advantages occur on a lexical decision task because the internal lexicon is coded as a function of word frequency and that word frequency advantages are not the result of verification effects or other later-occurring processes.
SIIp: a unique secretogranin/chromogranin of the pituitary released in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

A monoclonal antibody prepared by immunization of mice with a rat pituitary granule fraction stained a single band on a Western blot of pituitary homogenate (bovine, ovine, porcine, or rat) with an apparent mol wt of 78,000 (7.5% acrylamide gel in sodium dodecyl sulfate) and pI 5.0-5.1 (isoelectric focusing). Subcellular fractionation studies of rat pituitaries indicated that the determinant of the monoclonal antibody was markedly enriched in the secretory granule fraction, an observation that was independently confirmed by immunohistochemistry of intact cells. Immunohistochemistry also indicated that this determinant was selectively located in gonadotropes and thyrotropes. On Western blots, this band comigrated with adrenal secretogranin-II (SII; chromogranin-C), had the same N-terminal sequence (six amino acids), and was heat stable (95 C; 10 min). The pituitary protein containing the determinant for the monoclonal antibody could be precipitated by a polyclonal antibody prepared by immunization of rabbi...
The Smithsonian Solar Eclipse Expedition

THE Smithsonian Institution has sent out a small party to Sumatra, under the immediate charge of Mr. C. G. Abbot, to continue certain of the observations described in NATURE of July 12, 1900, where these, on account of the narrowness of the eclipse track and the brevity of the time, were indeterminate.