cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of bladder smooth muscle caveolae in the aging bladder.

Aims Caveolae are specialized regions of the cell membrane that modulate signal transduction and alterations in these structures affect bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contraction. Since bladder dysfunctions are common in the elderly, we evaluated the effect of aging on the morphology of caveolae and caveolin protein expression in BSM. Methods Caveolar morphology (number, size, and depth) in BSM was determined from electron microscopy images of young (10 weeks), adult (6-month old), and old (12-month old) rat urinary bladders. Changes in expression levels of caveolin proteins with age were investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. Caveolin-3 gene expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR in young and 19-month-old rat bladders. Results Twelve-month-old animals exhibited 50% fewer BSM caveolae compared to young (P < 0.01). The area of caveolae was significantly decreased at 6 and 12 months. Despite a decrease in the number of BSM caveolae at 12 months, the expression of caveolin-1 and cavin-1 were unaltered with age. In contrast, caveolin-2 and caveolin-3 protein expression and immunoreactivity were reduced in BSM at 6 and 12 months of age. Caveolin-3 gene expression was also downregulated at 19 months compared to young animals. Conclusion Biological aging significantly decreases BSM caveolae number and morphology with associated selective alteration in caveolin protein expression. Since caveolae are protected membrane regions that regulate signal transduction, age-related alterations in caveolae and caveolin protein expression could alter BSM contractility resulting in bladder dysfunctions of the elderly. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:586–592, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American Dental Association resources supporting evidence-based dentistry

The American Dental Association has devoted substantial resources to the growth, development, and promotion of evidence-based dentistry for more than a decade. It has been active in three primary arenas, developing the evidence translating the evidence, and disseminating it, and helping practitioners incorporate the evidence into their practices. Members and non-members alike benefit from the improved access to the evidence that these activities have provided.
Home-based workers: Worker and work characteristics

The purpose of the study reported here is to describe the worker and work characteristics of 899 home-based business owners and wage earners, using a definition that excludes farmers, hobbyists, and persons taking work home from a job located elsewhere. Contrary to predictions by futurists of an influx of white-collar workers from the office to home, the home-based workers in this research are more likely to be marketing and sales persons, contractors, or mechanical and transportation workers. Full- or part-time employment status, home tenure, seasonality of work, and occupation are significantly associated with ownership status. Findings show significant group differences on age, education, years in the community, household size, and net annual home-based income. Business owners, on average, are older, have less education, come from larger households, have lived in their communities more years, and have lower net annual home-based incomes than their wage earner counterparts.
The Cr2 molecule: some perspectives

Abstract The bonding in Cr 2 is a blend of 4s–4s and 3d–3d interactions with antiferromagnetic coupling, all of which are quite sensitive to the internuclear distance. The computational treatment of this molecule has proven to be extremely challenging. We present an overview of the theoretical and experimental efforts to characterize Cr 2 and a semiquantitative description of its bonding. We suggest that a bond order of roughly one is more realistic than the multiple bonding that is formally possible and has been claimed in the past. It remains to be established whether the Cr 2 potential curve has a second minimum or simply a shelf. Bond lengths and dissociation energies computed by a variety of density functional approaches are presented and discussed.
Strategies for Counterresistance: Toward Sociotransformative Constructivism and Learning To Teach Science for Diversity and for Understanding.

This article reports on two types of resistance by preservice science teachers: resistance to ideological change and resistance to pedagogical change. The former has to do with the feelings of disbelief, defensiveness, guilt, and shame that Anglo-European preservice teachers experience when they are asked to confront racism and other oppressive social norms in class discussions. Resistance to pedagogical change has to do with the roles that preservice teachers feel they need to play to manage conflicting messages about what they are expected to do from their cooperating teachers (cover the curriculum and maintain class control) and from their university supervisors (implement student-centered, constructivist class activities), and about what they desire to do as emerging teachers. Although these two forms of resistance are closely linked, in the literature they are extensively reported separately. This study suggests a sociotransformative constructivist orientation as a vehicle to link multicultural education and social constructivist theoretical frameworks. By using this orientation, specific pedagogical strategies for counterresistance were found effective in helping preservice teachers learn to teach for diversity and understanding. These strategies for counterresistance were primarily drawn from the qualitative analysis of a yearlong project with secondary science preservice teachers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 589–622, 1998.
Condensed Phase Details in the Time-Independent Combustion of AP/Composite Propellants

The problem of nonmetallized AP/composite propellant combustion is studied with the aim of coherently interpreting apparently diverse experimental data. Three fundamental hypotheses are introduced: the extent of propellant degradation at the vaporization step has to be specified through a scientific criterion; condensed phase degradation of AP to vaporizable fragments is the overall rate-limiting reaction; the rate of combustion in the gas phase is controlled by diffusive-mixing processes. Theoretical predictions of the regression rates of AP are seen to match well with experimental observations (both hot-plate pyrolysis and single-crystal deflagration). Theoretical curves of regression rate are presented for a typical composite propellant. The gas phase processes are discussed qualitatively. It is seen through analyses that either of the two familiar models for the gas phase (flame sheet approximation and uniform combustion) describes the general behavior adequately, hence de-emphasizing the role of gas phase details in propellant combustion.
Man of aran revisited: An anthropological critique

While conducting research among the Aran Islanders of Ireland between 1958 and 1968, the author and his wife became aware that their interpretation of Aran culture and personality was at variance w...
Radically Orthodox, Reformed, and Pentecostal: Rethinking the Intersection of Post/Modernity and the Religions in Conversation with James K.A. Smith

The Radical Orthodoxy [RO] movement has been gaining momentum in the theological academy. Its most recent spokesperson, James Smith, attempts to extend the RO vision in dialogue with the Dutch Reformed tradition. Clearly, the central features of ‘Reformed’ RO empower a kind of prophetic engagement with the various domains of late modern society. At another level, however, the globalizing features of our time mean that the dominant pagan deities are not just secularism, nihilism, or capitalism, but also those of other religions. At this level, even a ‘Reformed’ RO may be unable to sustain an engagement with the plurality of mythoi operative in the public square. Rather than undermining the Radically-Reformed project revisioned by Smith, I propose a ‘pneumatological assist’ and argue that a more robust pneumatological theology (suggested but undeveloped by Smith) enables the kind of engagement that is required in our religiously plural late modern world.
Survival of nonsurgically staged patients with negative lymphangiograms who had Stage IIB carcinoma of the cervix treated by pelvic radiation plus hydroxyurea.

Abstract Twenty patients with Stage IIB carcinoma of the cervix who did not undergo pretherapy para-aortic lymphadenectomy, but who had negative preradiation therapy lymphangiograms, were treated with pelvic radiation plus hydroxyurea. Patients received a median of 5020 rads of pelvic radiation plus 4000 rads of radium to point A. During radiation therapy and for a total of 12 weeks, patients received hydroxyurea administered at a dose of 80 mg/kg of body weight every 3 days if the white blood cell count was ≥2,500/mm 3 and platelets were ≥75,000/mm 3 . The median follow-up time was 28 months (6 to 83 months). The estimated 5-year survival rate was 92%. Seventeen patients are alive with no evidence of disease (median, 28 months); one died of intercurrent disease with no evidence of disease (17 months); one is alive with no evidence of disease after recurrence (18 months); and one died of cervical cancer (22 months). The survival rate of patients with nonsurgically staged negative pretherapy lymphangiograms who had Stage IIB cervical cancer treated by pelvic radiation therapy plus hydroxyurea approximated the improved survival rate reported for patients with negative pretherapy para-aortic lymphadenectomh who were treated with pelvic radiation therapy plus hydroxyurea. Both studies would suggest that pelvic radiation plus hydroxyurea improves the rate of survival in patients with Stage IIB cervical cancer.
Necessary conditions for the existence of higher order extensions of univalent mappings from the disk to the ball

If G:Cn−1→C is a holomorphic function such that G(0)=0 and DG(0)=0 and f is a normalized univalent mapping of the unit disk D⊆C, we consider the normalized extension of f to the Euclidean unit ball B⊆Cn given by ΦG(f)(z)=(f(z1)+G(f′(z1)zˆ),f′(z1)zˆ), z∈B, zˆ=(z2,…,zn). While for a given f, ΦG(f) will maintain certain geometric properties of f, such as convexity or starlikeness, if G is a polynomial of degree 2 of sufficiently small norm, these properties may be lost whenever G contains a nonzero term of higher degree. By establishing separate necessary and sufficient conditions for the extension of Loewner chains from D to B through ΦG, we are able to completely classify those starlike and convex mappings f on D for which there exists a G with nonzero higher degree terms such that ΦG(f) is a mapping of the same type on B.
Processing to optimize the strength of heavily drawn Cu-Nb alloys

Heavily drawn Cu-Nb alloys display quite high ultimate tensile strengths. A modification to the consumable arc-casting technique used to prepare these alloys is shown to decrease the as-cast niobium dendrite diameter,t 0, and also increase strength. Evaluation of strength, niobium filament spacing and thickness data show that strength varies with as-cast niobium dendrite size as somewhere betweent o −0.36 tot o −0.50 . Splat-cooling techniques demonstrate that minimum niobium dendrite sizes as small as 0.22μm are possible. These sizes are over a factor of 10 smaller than has been achieved by consumable arc casting, and it is therefore suggested that processing rapidly solidified powders of Cu-Nb alloys should have significant advantages for preparing high-strength heavily drawn Cu-Nb alloys.
Investigation of unrestrained cylinders rolling in steady uniform flows

The goal of this study is to understand the movement of unexploded ordnance that may become unburied and forced by currents. Symmetrical, smooth, finite-length, unrestrained cylinders were studied in steady, uniform flows over a range of Reynolds numbers in a smooth-bottomed, horizontal flume. The study uses PIV tracking methods in the laboratory to identify the movement of ordnance simulated by unrestrained cylinders. The PIV is supported with a numerical analysis using a RANS flow solver. The simulations showed that at low Reynolds numbers the cylinders should roll at speeds near 70% of the free-stream flow.
Coronal mass ejections as loss of confinement of kinked magnetic flux ropes

We perform MHD simulations in a spherical geometry of the evolution of the three-dimensional coronal magnetic field as a twisted magnetic flux tube emerges slowly into the low-β corona previously occupied by a potential arcade. We study the evolution of the emerged flux rope in the corona as its twist and magnetic energy increases due to flux emergence. We find two distinct stages of the evolution. The earlier evolution is nearly quasi-static, with the flux rope being able to settle into an neighboring equilibrium when the emergence is stopped. When the twist in the emerged flux rope reaches some critical level, the flux rope is found to undergo kink motion and erupt through the arcade field at a localized region, with most of the arcade field remaining closed. The nonlinear evolution of the kink instability facilitates the loss of confinement of the flux rope by changing its orientation at the apex such that it becomes easier for the flux rope to part and erupt through the arcade. The eruption of the writhing flux rope produces prominence field with Λ-shaped and cross-legged morphologies that have been seen in the cores of some CMEs.
Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction

The risk of myocardial infarction in contraceptive users is limited to women over 35 years of age who smoke. The cause of myocardial infarction in oral contraceptive users is thrombotic and not atherosclerotic. Minor lipid changes have no clinical relevance to myocardial infarction in contraceptive pill users and do not appear to increase coronary plaques.
Comparison of Three Self-Report Measures of Personality Pathology.

Levels of convergence were examined among three personality instruments: the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders Questionnaire (SCID-IIQ) and the Multi-source Assessment of Personality Pathology (MAPP). Each personality questionnaire was administered three times in an alternating sequence over nine consecutive weekdays to a sample of college students. There was some degree of convergence among the three instruments, but there were also substantial empirical differences between them. The data suggest three related conclusions: (1) in general, the self-report version of the MAPP is more conservative than the other two questionnaires, (2) these questionnaires are not interchangeable measures of personality disorders, and (3) the breadth of measurement provided varies as a function of both the questionnaire and the personality disorder being measured.
Adrenergic and cholinergic drug effects on retention of a discriminated escape

Rats were trained in a discriminated Y-maze escape task. At 1, 3, 7, or 28 days after training, an injection of eserine, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, or saline was given and the rats were retrained. Eserine and chlorpromazine animals showed better retention than saline controls, particularly 1 day after training. Amphetamine enhanced retention at 1 day, but performance deteriorated in groups tested at longer intervals. These results do not agree fully with other experiments and suggest that drug-induced changes in retention may involve central activation levels as well as retrieval processes.
David J. Hofmann (1937–2009)

David J. Hofmann, a pioneer in stratospheric aerosol and ozone research, passed away in Boulder, Colo., on 11 August 2009. He was 72. Dave, a frequent contributor to AGU publications and meetings, was elected an AGU Fellow in 2006. His long and prolific scientific career was, as he would say, simple in concept: Make a long-term commitment to specific measurements, pay attention to the details, and focus on the important issues that the measurements raise. This is simple in concept yet challenging to maintain in a world of short-term contracts and budgets. That Dave sustained and led key measurement programs through 25 years at the University of Wyoming (UW), in Laramie, and 17 years with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL, which became the Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory) in Boulder, speaks volumes about the scientific and societal benefits that have resulted from his work.
Teaching Video NeuroImages: Hollenhorst plaque

A 73-year-old man with hypertension and hyperlipidemia was seen in clinic complaining of decreased vision in his right eye. Bedside examination demonstrated a right eye inferior lateral visual field defect due to ischemic optic neuropathy and 2 bright intraluminal yellow plaques located in 2 different arteriolar bifurcations (figure). Carotid ultrasound showed an unstable, mobile, nonocclusive, ulcerated plaque in the right carotid bifurcation (see video on the Neurology® Web site at www.neurology.org). Hollenhorst plaques1 are cholesterol crystal emboli thought to originate from the ipsilateral carotid artery bifurcation that, in the absence of amaurosis fugax or stenosis, are not associated with an increased risk of ipsilateral cerebral infarct.2
CRYPTIC SPECIATION AND HOST‐RACE FORMATION IN A PURPORTEDLY GENERALIST TUMBLING FLOWER BEETLE

Host-race formation remains controversial as a source of herbivorous insect diversity, and examples of host races are still fairly scarce. In this study, analysis of five enzyme loci in the ostensibly generalist tumbling flower beetle Mordellistena convicta (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) revealed hidden host-plant and plant-organ related genetic differentiation. Mordellistena convicta turned out to be a complex of cryptomorphic species, each with fewer hosts than the nominal species. These cryptic species, in turn, were divided into taxa that showed host-race characteristics: samples from different host plants and organs exhibited (1) genetic indications of partial reproductive isolation, (2) differences in size and emergence timing that suggested divergent host-related selection, and (3) among-host selective differences in mortality from parasitoids. Host-race formation in M. convicta, which has a somewhat different life history from the well-studied host races, enlarges the group of insects considered likely to undergo this process. The widespread sympatry of the M. convicta species complex, along with its spectrum of host-correlated genetic differentiation, suggests that these host specialist taxa developed in sympatry.
An automatic "visitor" generator for ada

This paper describes work that has been done to automatically generate code that implements the Visitor design pattern for a specified grammar. This work is an extension of the work done on the Ada Generator of Object-Oriented Parsers (AdaGOOP) [Car00]. AdaGOOP creates lexer and parser specifications automatically given a specific grammar. The lexer and parser specifications include all methods needed to generate the parse tree. Our work extends AdaGOOP by automatically including the code for visitor objects that can perform operations on the parse tree generated by AdaGOOP.
Electrophysiological properties of nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis cells: antidromic and synaptic activation.

Antidromically and synaptically activated spike and synaptic potentials in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) of the cat were recorded intracellularly. The antidromic firing of the NRTP neurone is composed of IS-SD spikes with short duration and short spike-after-hyperpolarization. Membrane resistance and firing patterns were studied by applying depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current through the recording electrode. Findings indicate that the NRTP neurone has a relatively high membrane resistance and is capable of firing at a high frequency.
Effect of cytomegalovirus retinitis on the risk of visual acuity loss among patients with AIDS.

Purpose To describe the prevalence and incidence of reduced visual acuity in eyes of patients with AIDS and without cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis at enrollment and estimate the proportion of incident vision loss attributable to new-onset CMV retinitis in this cohort. Design Multicenter prospective observational study. Participants Three thousand fourteen eyes of 1507 patients with AIDS and without CMV retinitis at enrollment. Methods Medical history, ophthalmologic examination, and laboratory testing collected at enrollment and at follow-up visits every 6 months thereafter. Main Outcome Measures Loss of visual acuity across the ≤20/50 and ≤20/200 thresholds and doubling of the visual angle; potential causes of this vision loss. Results For eyes of patients without CMV retinitis at enrollment, the proportions with best-corrected visual acuity of ≤20/50 and of ≤20/200 were 3.9% and 1.8%, respectively. The incidence rates of vision loss to ≤20/50, ≤20/200, and to a doubling of the visual angle were 1.5/100 eye-year (EY), 0.8/100 EY, and 2.1/100 EY, respectively. Approximately 40% of the incident vision loss was attributable to CMV retinitis diagnosed during the follow-up period, and approximately 25% was attributable to cataract. Conclusions Although the development of CMV retinitis was the most common reason for visual acuity loss in eyes of our patients with AIDS, it accounted for less than half of the vision loss in our population (∼40%). Newly diagnosed cataract during the follow-up period accounted for a substantial amount of incident vision loss as well.
DIFFERENTIATING STUDENTS WITH MATHEMATICS DIFFICULTY IN COLLEGE: MATHEMATICS DISABILITIES VS. NO DIAGNOSIS

Difficulties with college algebra can be the gate- keeper for earning a degree. Students struggle with algebra for many reasons. The focus of study was to examine students strug- gling with entry-level algebra courses and differentiate between those who were identified as having a mathematics disability and those who were not. Variables related to working memory, math fluency, nonverbal/visual reasoning, attention, and reading were analyzed using a MANOVA and separate ANOVAs. Significant dif- ferences were found on all but attention, supporting the findings of research on students in elementary and secondary education. Implications include a focus on techniques that help to remediate these specific deficits.
Psychophysiological reactivity in female sexual abuse survivors

This study examined psychophysiological reactivity in 37 female childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors. After assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychiatric comorbidity, and trauma history, we conducted a psychophysiological assessment of forehead muscle tension, electrodermal activity, and heart rate during a mental arithmetic task and 4 script-driven imagery tasks (neutral, consensual sex, pleasant, and trauma). PTSD symptom severity correlated positively with psychophysiologic changes and negative emotions during the trauma imagery task. During mental arithmetic, PTSD symptom severity correlated negatively with autonomic changes and positively with negative emotions. These results extend earlier PTSD research showing trauma-specific increased psychophysiological reactivity related to CSA in women with PTSD. They further suggest a negative association between PTSD severity and autonomic reactions to mental arithmetic.
Filtering of spatially invariant image sequences with multiple desired processes

The selection of a filter vector for linear filtering of a sequence of spatially invariant images of an object or scene to maximize the ratio of desired component energy to undesired component and noise energy in the filtered image is considered. The filtered image is a weighted linear combination of the images of the sequence, and the filter vector is the set of weights. New results extend this filtering technique to spatially invariant imaging applications with multiple desired components. The filter vector which provides the filtered image requires the solution of an eta -dimensional eigenvector problem, where eta is the number of desired processes in the image sequence. An explicit result is given for eta =2. Special results are also given for the cases in which the filter is designed only to suppress undesired processes or only noise. A four-image multispectral example illustrates the method. >
The effects of Ta2O5–ZnO films as cathodic buffer layers in inverted polymer solar cells

Ta2O5–ZnO composite films with varied composition were fabricated by sol–gel processing and applied as cathodic buffer layers (CBLs) for inverted polymer solar cells, and demonstrated enhanced power conversion efficiency with excellent stability. Physical and surface properties of Ta2O5–ZnO CBL films were examined by XPS, AFM, UV-Vis absorption spectra, and goniometry. It was found that CBLs incorporated with Ta2O5 exert two competing impacts on the solar cell performances. On one hand, the presence of Ta2O5 is likely to induce more positive charges around the Zn atom and form Ta–O–Zn bonding; it can reduce the surface charge recombination between the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer and the cathodic buffer layer (CBL), and result in high power conversion efficiency; however, on the other hand an excessive amount of Ta2O5 would block the pathways of charge transport and lead to a drastic reduction in power conversion efficiency.
Coinfection with Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species Can Ameliorate or Promote Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Pathology in C57BL/6 Mice

To investigate how different enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) influence Helicobacter pylori gastric pathology, C57BL/6 mice were infected with Helicobacter hepaticus or Helicobacter muridarum, followed by H. pylori infection 2 weeks later. Compared to H. pylori-infected mice, mice infected with H. muridarum and H. pylori (HmHp mice) developed significantly lower histopathologic activity index (HAI) scores (P H. pylori>HmHp) (at 6 MPI, r2 = 0.92, P < 0.0001; at 11 MPI, r2 = 0.82, P < 0.002). Despite disparate effects on gastritis, colonization levels of gastric H. pylori were increased in HhHp mice (at 6 MPI) and HmHp mice (at both time points) compared to those in mono-H. pylori-infected mice. These data suggest that despite consistent downregulation of Th1 responses, EHS coinfection either attenuated or promoted the severity of H. pylori-induced gastric pathology in C57BL/6 mice. This modulation was related to the variable effects of EHS on gastric interleukin 17 (IL-17) responses to H. pylori infection.
Is it time to advance the chemoprevention of environmental carcinogenesis with microdosing trials

This perspective on Jubert et al. (beginning on page [1015] in this issue of the journal) discusses the use of microdosing with environmental carcinogens to accelerate the evaluation and optimization of chemopreventive interventions. The need for chemoprevention of environmental carcinogenesis is considered, as are the structure of microdosing, or phase 0, trials, technologies required to conduct microdose studies in this context, and ethical concerns. We also reflect on what microdosing studies have taught us to date.
Sensor Web for in situ exploration of gaseous biosignatures

A Sensor Web is a system of intra-communicating spatially distributed sensor pods that can be deployed to monitor and explore new environments. By its very nature, the Sensor Web provides spatio-temporal data in a form consistent with that needed for environment modeling and represents a new paradigm for in situ monitoring and exploration. For example, a wireless web of scattered sensor pods on the Martian surface is an ideal way to pursue gaseous biosignature searches. Sensor Web climate and agricultural monitoring on Earth (particularly when coupled with remote measurements) characterize significant commercial opportunities for this technology. Recent laboratory demonstrations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have shown the potential of current Sensor Web technology, These demonstrations are leading to a JPL effort to field a Sensor Web in Baja California to examine gaseous biosignatures from the microbial mats there.
Collection of U.S. Extremist Online Forums: A Web Mining Approach

Extremists' exploitation of computer-mediated communications such as online forums has recently gained much attention from academia and the government. However, due to the covert nature of these forums and the dynamic nature of the Internet, there have been no systematic methodologies developed for collection and analysis of online information created by extremists. In this study, we propose a systematic Web mining approach to collecting and monitoring extremist forums. Our proposed approach identifies extremist forums from various resources, addresses practical issues faced by researchers and experts in the extremist forum collection process. Such collection provides a foundation for quantitative forum analysis. Using the proposed approach, we created a collection of 110 U.S. domestic extremist forums containing more than 640,000 documents. We also report our findings on the multimedia usage pattern, participant distribution, and posting activity distribution. The collection building results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of our approach. Furthermore, the extremist forum collection we created could serve as an invaluable data source to enable a better understanding of the extremists' movements
Training on an iconic communication system for severe aphasia can improve natural language production

Abstract Two patients with chronic Broca's aphasia were trained in the production of locative prepositional phrases and S–V–O sentences on C-VIC, an alternative communication system. After training, their verbal production of these constructions improved markedly. The implications of these results for shared processes between natural language production and C-VIC production are discussed.
The Case for Post‐Modern Management Accounting: Thinking Outside the Box

ABSTRACT: I argue that the time has come for management accounting researchers to again consider the orientation of our research. Over the past several decades, the focus of research in management accounting has evolved. Initially, research was heavily influenced by the needs of practice. After the Ford Foundation's initiative to professionalize business education, research became more and more theoretical and inward‐facing. At a time when practice is in need of assistance, our current focus has led to research that is primarily intended to enhance current models rather than assist in solving the problems of practice. After arguing that there is a need for a change, I offer several examples of new research areas where management accounting research could assist practice.
A thin-sheet model for global electromagnetic induction

SUMMARY We consider the frequency domain electromagnetic (EM) induction problem in a layered spherical Earth overlain by an inhomogeneous thin sheet of finite conductance, and derive an integral equation for the secondary electric fields resulting from surface conductivity variations. The Green’s function kernel of the integral equation is singular, and must in practice be regularized for a numerical treatment. We compare two approaches: truncation of the spherical harmonic representation of the Green’s function, and projection onto a discrete spatial grid, with elements of the resulting discrete system matrix evaluated as contour integrals. In either case rotational symmetry and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) may be exploited to reduce computational costs, and Krylov space methods may be used to solve the resulting discretized integral equation efficiently. We illustrate the methods for several source field geometries. The two regularization schemes result in solutions that agree well at large scales, but exhibit substantial differences as the nominal resolution is approached. The agreement improves with increased resolution. Although the level of solution errors for the two approaches is likely comparable in an L2 sense, the truncation approach results in Gibb’s oscillations near sharp conductivity contrasts. These may be reduced by tapering the truncated kernel, essentially equivalent to low-pass filtering the solution.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SPECIMEN GEOMETRY EFFECTS ON FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE

Elastic-plastic finite element analysis is used to study fatigue crack closure at three different crack length to width ratios for three plane stress specimen geometries: center-cracked plate, single-edge-cracked plate (tension), and single-edge-cracked plate (bend). The maximum stress to flow stress ratio, S max /σ 0 , which successfully describes closure results in many center-cracked plate configurations, does not correlate the effect of different geometries on the normalized opening stress, S open /S max . Crack opening stresses for different geometries and crack lengths are successfully correlated by a normalized stress intensity parameter, K max /K 0 , where K 0 = σ 0 √πa. The quality of the correlation is very high at small K max /K 0 , and gradually deteriorates as K max /K 0 increases beyond the small-scale yielding regime
Scalable, low-overhead network delay estimation

The round trip network delay times between pairs of nodes in a multicast session is a key parameter; it is used in suppressing the implosion of request and repair packets, in detecting congestion, etc. This paper presents a protocol to estimate the delays between every pair of nodes in a multicast group. While existing protocols use O(n) multicast messages with O(n) size each (total of O(n/sup 2/) bits), our protocol requires O(n) multicasts with only O(1) size each (total of O(n) bits); here, n is the session size. It does not require clocks to be synchronized, or any knowledge of network topology and the session size. We incorporate our protocol into the SRM (scalable reliable multicast) protocol (Rhee et al., 1999) and show by our simulations that, (i) our delay estimation protocol is reasonably accurate, (ii) it is just as effective as existing delay estimation protocols in suppressing repair and request traffic in SRM, and (iii) it has significantly lower overhead than the existing delay estimation protocols. Furthermore, our protocol can be extended to run within a hierarchically structured multicast protocol such as RMTP (reliable multicast transport protocol) (Paul et al., 1996). Here the goal is to estimate round trip delays from a sender to each receiver. Our protocol ensures that only the immediate children of the sender send feedback messages directly to the sender, thereby avoiding feedback implosion. Our delay estimation protocols therefore significantly enhance the scalability of unstructured multicast protocols such as SRM, as well as tree-structured multicast protocols such as RMTP.
The Founding of Environmental Justice Organizations Across U.S. Counties during the 1990s and 2000s: Civil Rights and Environmental Cross-Movement Effects

This research expands upon organizational ecology theory to examine variations in founding of organizations in the formalized sector of the environmental justice movement across U.S. counties for two time periods (1990—1999 and 2000—2008). Cross-movement effects are examined to determine if founding is more or less likely to occur in counties where related civil rights and environmental organizations are located. Consistent with the notion of agglomeration effects, we hypothesize that during the 1990s the relationship among civil rights density, environmental density, and environmental justice founding is positive and suggests cooperative efforts. That is, environmental justice organizations should form in counties where civil rights organizations and environmental organizations exist. Because the focus of environmental justice organizations may have expanded over time and created a more competitive atmosphere, cross-movement relationships that were positive across counties during the 1990s are hypothesized to turn negative across counties during the 2000s. Multivariate analysis suggests mixed support for these hypotheses. Specifically, civil rights density is positively associated with environmental justice founding during the 1990s and negatively associated with environmental justice founding during the 2000s—suggesting potential cooperative and then competitive effects across counties over time. However, the correlations between environmental density and environmental justice founding, while positive and statistically significant during the 1990s, are not statistically significant during the 2000s. Thus, in the case of organizations in the formalized sector of the environmental and environmental justice movements it appears that there is a trend toward competitive effects even as those effects have yet to materialize.
On the lags between submission and acceptance: are all referees created equal?

This short note links days and delays in refereeing with some basic characteristics of the reviewers. An altruistic approach is used, and 1994 data from Hamermesh is augmented and it is found that (i) long articles, (ii) referees outside the USA and Canada, (iii) lack of academic experience, (iv) relatively less requested referees, and (v) lower income, are linked with possible delays in response of the referees. There are no differences in gender, type of journal (general or specialized) or prestige of referees. Academic experience is not non-monotonic. ‘Networking’ effects are not present.
Intramuscular Injection of an Adenoviral Vector Expressing Hepatocyte Growth Factor Facilitates Hepatic Transduction with a Retroviral Vector in Mice

Retroviral vectors can result in therapeutic and stable levels of expression of proteins from the liver. However, m ost retroviral vectors transduce only dividing cells, and hepatocytes are normally quiescent. The goal of this study was to determ ine if an adenoviral vector could transiently express hepatocyte growth factor (HG F) in order to induce hepatocyte replication and facilitate retroviral vector transduction of the liver. Intram uscular injection of an adenoviral vector that expressed human HGF from the cytomegalovirus promoter (Ad.C M V.HGF) resulted in m oderate levels of H GF in blood and liver, and replication of 3 to 12% of hepatocytes. No cytopathic effect was observed in the liver, and a control adenoviral vector induced no or lower levels of replication. W hen a retroviral vector expressing b -galactosidase cDNA was injected into a peripheral vein during the peak period of hepatocyte replication induced by intramuscularly adm inistered Ad.C M V.HG F, 8% of hepatocytes were transduced. W e conclude that intram uscular injection of Ad.C M V.HG F is a safe and effective way to induce transient systemic expression of HG F and hepatocyte replication, and to facilitate transduction of hepatocytes with a retroviral vector.
Jogada Lingüística Discursive Play and the Hegemonic Force of Soccer in Brazil

In this article, the author argues that the practice of sports as an articulation of social collectivity should be approached not only in terms of institution and social structure but also in terms of discourse and positioning. The ethnographic case of Brazilian soccer informs this piece as the author analyzes nationalism and hegemony using a sociolinguistic approach. The focus of the article rests on the voices of various dominant as well as fragment populations, whose discursive practice help explain how cultural forms such as soccer can be recognized as national even by disinterested persons or those citizens who seek to resist particular ideologies within such cultural forms.
The Adenovirus L4-22K Protein Has Distinct Functions in the Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression and Encapsidation of the Viral Genome

The adenovirus L4-22K protein is multifunctional and critical for different aspects of viral infection. Packaging of the viral genome into an empty capsid absolutely requires the L4-22K protein to bind to packaging sequences in cooperation with other viral proteins. Additionally, the L4-22K protein is important for the temporal switch from the early to late phase of infection by regulating both early and late gene expression. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of these key functions of the L4-22K protein, we focused our studies on the role of conserved pairs of cysteine and histidine residues in the C-terminal region of L4-22K. We found that mutation of the cysteine residues affected the production of infectious progeny virus but did not interfere with the ability of the L4-22K protein to regulate viral gene expression. These results demonstrate that these two functions of L4-22K may be uncoupled. Mutation of the histidine residues resulted in a mutant with a similar phenotype as a virus deficient in the L4-22K protein, where both viral genome packaging and viral gene expression patterns were disrupted. Interestingly, both mutant L4-22K proteins bound to adenovirus packaging sequences, indicating that the paired cysteine and histidine residues do not function as a zinc finger DNA binding motif. Our results reveal that the L4-22K protein controls viral gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and regulates the accumulation of the L4-33K protein, another critical viral regulator, at the level of alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
A Pharmacological Cocktail for Arresting Actin Dynamics in Living Cells.

The actin cytoskeleton is regulated by factors that influence polymer assembly, disassembly, and network rearrangement. Drugs that inhibit these events have been used to test the role of actin dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Previous methods of arresting actin rearrangements take minutes to act and work well in some contexts, but can lead to significant actin reorganization in cells with rapid actin dynamics, such as neutrophils. In this paper, we report a pharmacological cocktail that not only arrests actin dynamics but also preserves the structure of the existing actin network in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells, human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells, and mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. Our cocktail induces an arrest of actin dynamics that initiates within seconds and persists for longer than 10 min, during which time cells maintain their responsivity to external stimuli. With this cocktail, we demonstrate that actin dynamics, and not simply morphological polarity or actin accumulation at the leading edge, are required for the spatial persistence of Rac activation in HL-60 cells. Our drug combination preserves the structure of the existing cytoskeleton while blocking actin assembly, disassembly, and rearrangement, and should prove useful for investigating the role of actin dynamics in a wide range of cellular signaling contexts.
The community uptake of an online CRC risk assessment and its utility to assess for a potential hereditary colon cancer syndrome

Purpose The identification of individuals with Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) in the population is suboptimal. Causes include lack of physician recognition or failure to take an accurate family history. While colorectal cancer (CRC) in HNPCC is preventable by annual colonoscopy it is underutilized in part by lack of physician recommendation or poor understanding of personal risk of disease. We developed an online CRC risk assessment (http://www.clevelandclinic.org/score) incorporating family and personal history of adenomas and CRC which generated a pedigree, risk category and screening recommendations based on ACG guidelines. Modifiable lifestyle factors were also assessed and personalized recommendations were provided to minimize neoplasia due to those factors. We assessed the feasibility and online uptake of this tool and determined the proportion of high risk individuals who meet criteria suspicious for HNPCC. Methods The assessment included questions on demographics, use of previous CRC screening, and family and personal history of adenomas and CRC in 3 generations. Height, weight, age > or < 50, race, smoking exposure, physical activity, and dietary habits assessed. Risk categories included average, low, medium, and high.
The Syntax of Quantifiers and Quantifier Float

The Arabic quantifier kull displays a Q___NP and NP___Q alternation. Shlonsky (1991) argues that in both patterns Q heads a QP projection with the NP as a complement that may undergo movement to [Spec, QP] or beyond to yield the NP___Q pattern and Q-float structures. On the contrary, I argue on the basis of evidence from reconstruction, Case, and agreement that the two patterns are radically different. In the Q___NP pattern Q is indeed the head of a QP projection that contains the NP. In the NP___Q pattern, however, Q heads a QP adjunct that modifies the NP and in some cases the VP.
The impact of acute and chronic strenuous exercise on pelvic floor muscle strength and support in nulliparous healthy women.

Background Strenuous physical activity, which is known to increase intraabdominal pressure and theoretically places stress on the pelvic floor, may affect pelvic support in nulliparous women. Objective The aims of this study were to: (1) examine the differences in maximal vaginal descent (MVD), vaginal resting pressure (VRP), and pelvic floor muscle strength (PFMS) between women who habitually perform strenuous exercise vs women who refrain from performing strenuous exercise; and (2) compare MVD, VRP, and PFMS before and immediately following physical activity in the strenuous and nonstrenuous groups separately. Study Design Participants were healthy nulliparous women ages 18-35 years who were habitual strenuous or nonstrenuous exercisers. Women in the strenuous group participated in CrossFit (CrossFit, Inc., Washington, DC) at least 3 days per week for at least 6 months. We assessed anthropometric and body composition values using standardized procedures. Participants completed the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification examination and pelvic muscle strength assessment before and again within 15 minutes of completing exercise (CrossFit for the strenuous group and self-paced walking for the nonstrenuous). A research nurse masked to study group assignment recorded MVD, defined as the greatest value of anterior, posterior, or apical support, and VRP and PFMS using a perineometer. Maximal PFMS was recorded as the highest pressure measured in 3 vaginal contraction trials. Data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric tests as appropriate. P Results Seventy nulliparous women participated in the study, 35 in each group. The mean age was 24.77 ± 4.3 years. Compared to the nonstrenuous group, strenuous participants were heavier (64.70 ± 7.78 kg vs 60.6 ± 8.99 kg, P = .027), had lower percent body fat (23.36 ± 5.88% vs 27.55 ± 7.07%, P = .003), and had higher handgrip strength (20.78 ± 5.97 kg vs 16.04 ± 11.04 kg, P = .001). Before exercise, there were no significant differences in VRP ( P = .167), MVD ( P = .49), or maximal PFMS ( P = .773) between the strenuous and nonstrenuous groups. Immediately following exercise, we observed significant increases in MVD in both the strenuous ( P = .008) and nonstrenuous ( P = .025) groups, indicating marginal decreases in support. VRP significantly decreased in both groups after exercise. Maximal PFMS did not change significantly in either group after exercise. Conclusion After an exercise bout typical for each group, vaginal support and VRP decreased slightly in both groups. Based on preexercise measures, chronic strenuous exercise demonstrated neither beneficial nor deleterious effects on pelvic floor strength or support. While strenuous women had greater grip strength than nonstrenuous women, PFMS was not significantly greater, suggesting that targeted pelvic floor muscle strengthening, rather than general muscle fitness, is needed to maximize PFMS.
Deciding under the influence of goals

Decision makers often display bounded awareness – a tendency to miss or overlook highly accessible, critical information – and make suboptimal decisions. This paper provides evidence that specific ...