cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The side-chain cleavage of cholesterol sulfate--III. The effect of adrenodoxin, membrane phospholipids and Tween 80 on the kinetics of oxidation of the sterol sulfate by a reconstituted cholesterol desmolase system.

Abstract This paper reports the K m values of a reconstituted cholesterol side-chain cleavage system for cholesterol sulfate, cholesterol, and adrenodoxin, determined under several experimental conditions. The K m values for adrenodoxin change depending on whether cholesterol or its sulfate is used as the substrate. Moreover, the K m values for both of the substrates and for adrenodoxin are greatly modulated by both membrane phospholipids, isolated from adrenal mitochondria, and Tween 80, 0.002%. In the absence of detergents or phospholipids, the enzyme system shows a high affinity for cholesterol sulfate, but is inhibited when high concentrations of the sterol sulfate are added to the incubation mixture. Raising the concentration of adrenodoxin in the assay mixture prevents the substrate inhibition. When cholesterol sulfate is incorporated into micelles containing the phospholipids, the enzyme system does not display substrate inhibition, and the kinetics of cleavage of the sterol sulfate are relatively independent of the concentration of adrenodoxin in the assay mixture. In the absence of phospholipids, the apparent kinetics of cleavage of cholesterol and its sulfate are quite different from each other, but when incorporated into micelles containing phospholipids, the kinetics of cleavage of the two substrates are similar to each other.
Kin Support among Blacks and Whites: Race and Family Organization:

This article addresses two central debates in the scholarship on black families: the disorganization versus superorganization debate and the culture versus structure debate. Focusing on kin support as a measure of family integration and using the National Survey of Families and Households (1992-1994), this article challenges the assumptions about black and white families in both debates. It shows that blacks and whites have different patterns of kin support involvement. Whereas blacks are more involved in practical support (help with transportation, household work, and child care), whites report greater involvement in financial and emotional kin support. This article also shows that gender is crucial for understanding racial differences. Black men and white men are very much alike, whereas there are many significant differences between black women and white women. Furthermore, in understanding kin support, diversity within racial groups appears to matter more than race itself. Social structure explains mo...
Fluorescent Colored Highway Signs Don't 'Grab' Attention; They 'Guide' It:

A novel inattention search paradigm (Mack & Rock, 1998) was used to assess the visual efficiency of fluorescent colored relative to nonfluorescent colored highway signs. Unexpected presentation of a fluorescent colored search target was not accompanied by an improvement in visual search time. However, visual search times improved dramatically once the participants developed the expectancy that the target feature would be presented on a fluorescent colored singleton. This pattern of results suggests that many of the visibility advantages attributed to the use of fluorescent colors in safety applications may be mediated by top-down attentional mechanisms rather than bottom-up (preattentive) mechanisms as previously assumed.
The Molecular Turn in Conservation: Genetics, Pristine Nature, and the Rediscovery of an Extinct Species of Galápagos Giant Tortoise

Genetic science is an increasingly common tool in conservation management that is reshaping understandings of biodiversity and how best to “save” it. In the Galapagos Islands, genetic science has led to the rediscovery of a species of giant tortoise that by all accounts went extinct more than 150 years ago. This article uses the story of these tortoises to examine how one area of conservation genetics—reconstructions of evolutionary history, or phylogenetics—is contributing to a shift in the way pristine nature is understood and managed. Drawing on political ecologies and critical geographies of genetics, I trace the story of these tortoises, which are at the center of a conservation breeding and repatriation program aimed to “retortoise” an island with tortoises as genetically close to the original population as possible. I argue that genes are emerging objects of conservation that not only call forth new configurations of knowledge production but also open new possibilities for managing endangered natur...
Reproductive Performance of Turkeys Subjected to Blackout Versus Brownout Restricted Light Conditions

Abstract THE increased demand in recent years for turkey poults throughout the year has stimulated a great deal of interest in light environment studies which might enhance out-of-season reproductive proformance. The reports of Albright and Thompson (1933) and Marsden (1936) showed that turkeys could be stimulated into early egg production through the use of supplementary artificial lights. Asmundson et al. (1946) stated a minimum of 21.5 lux was adequate to bring turkeys into production in the springtime while Garland et al. (1961) stated that as little as 5.4 lux was adequate and that 129.1 lux resulted in higher egg production than 21.5 lux or less. The length of light for optimum response as noted by Amundson and Moses (1950) was between 13 and 15 hours per day. Harper and Parker (1957) observed that Beltsville Small White turkeys, hatched during the winter months, became refractory to light; but that this condition could…
The epidemiology of bluetongue

The perception that bluetongue virus (BTV), once introduced to a country, would decimate its sheep industry, grew from the acceptance in the late 1950s that it was an emerging virus with Africa as its source. Epidemiological studies in the 1960s and early 1970s confirmed that the geographic distribution of BTV infections included regions of the world, outside the traditionally defined areas where BT was observed. This was interpreted at the time as representing serious and rapid spread of the virus. This review provides evidence to rebut this earlier view. What has emerged through the 1980s is: (a) the recognition that BTV is a common infection of ruminant livestock throughout the tropics and sub-tropics apparently within several separate ecosystems; (b) in most areas of the world, infection is sub-clinical; (c) incursions of virus (with accompanying disease) into temperate climates do occur at certain key locations, but "die out" usually within the same year; (d) recognition of the vector competence of Culicoides spp in the different ecosystems of the world is critical for understanding the epidemiology of disease; (e) persistent infection in ruminants is no longer considered important in the long term perpetuation of the virus.
Removable singularities and non-uniqueness of solutions of a singular diffusion equation

We prove that the solution u of the equation ut=Δlog u, u>0, in (Ω\{x0})×(0,T), Ω⊂ℝ2, has removable singularities at {x0}×(0,T) if and only if for any 0 0, such that C1|x−x0|α≤u(x,t)≤C2|x−x0|−α holds for all 0<|x−x0|≤ρ0 and a≤t≤b. As a consequence we obtain a sufficient condition for removable singularities at {∞}×(0,T) for solutions of the above equation in ℝ2×(0,T) and we prove the existence of infinitely many finite mass solutions for the equation in ℝ2×(0,T) when 0≤u0∉L1(ℝ2) is radially symmetric and u0Lloc1(ℝ2).
Reply to Lindburg and Hazell

and still allow correct assignment of terms to relationship types. Furthermore, there are degrees of name relatedness that are independent from degrees of genealogical relatedness. Thus, the primary name giver is just as primary if she is a FZ or if she is no kinsman at all. However, an older MZS who has the same names as ego but did not give them directly to ego is a more distant naming relative than a MMBS who is primary name giver. The question of what is "fundamental" in this system really only has meaning with reference to the goals of the analysis. Complete semantic analysis of the Krikatri domain of relationship terms requires both genealogical and naming relations in order to make correct term assignments to hypothetical relationships.3 The formal analysis of the significata of terms in multi-relation systems is a complex task which needs a more detailed demonstra-
The Obsolescence of Evaluation Research.

Abstract As a discipline within the applied social sciences, evaluation research survives despite mounting evidence that it is peripheral or even damaging to efforts aimed at the improvement of public policies and programs. The obsolescence of evaluation research is a consequence of its failure to recognize that the enterprise of evaluation is an ill-structured problem; and of its uncritical acceptance of implicit decision rules and underlying philosophical assumptions which maximize its own irrelevance: An alternative approach—systemic-dialectical evaluation —is proposed as a concrete means for enhancing the relevance of the discipline.
The urinary excretion of penicillins G and K in rabbits

Results of experiments designed to determine the fate of penicillins G and K from the rate and total amount of urinary excretion of these fractions in rabbits are reported. Comparative data on the rate of excretion, blood levels, and relative effectiveness of penicillins G and K are presented.
Recycling parental sexual messages

The purpose of this study was to explore parent-child sexual communication by investigating the impact of direct and indirect parental messages on the sexual attitudes and sexual satisfaction of young adults. A survey research design was used to obtain data from undergraduate students attending a large Southern university. The findings indicate that both direct and indirect parental sexual messages are negative and restrictive and have a differential impact on sexual satisfaction and sexual attitudes. While sexual satisfaction was positive, sexual attitudes were found to be problematic, especially among females. Suggestions are given for approaches that family life educators and parents may use in order to recycle previous sexual messages.
The Vibrational Level Spectrum of H2O(X̃1A′) on a Partridge–Schwenke Potential up to the Dissociation Limit

Abstract We report accurate vibrational energy levels of H2O(X1A′) up to the dissociation limit on a recent ab initio potential energy surface of Partridge and Schwenke. Eigenvalues of the exact vibrational Hamiltonian in the Radau coordinates were obtained using the Lanczos algorithm. To improve computational efficiency, we utilized the extended symmetry-adapted discrete variable representation for the angular kinetic energy operator and adapted the hydrogen exchange symmetry in the radial coordinates using an index-swapping scheme. Normal mode assignments have been made to vibrational levels up to 20 000 cm−1, and several (local mode) stretching overtones up to the dissociation limit have been identified. Agreement with available experimental data is excellent.
System for upper airway segmentation and measurement with MR imaging and fuzzy connectedness.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a computerized system developed to help delineate the upper airway and surrounding structures with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was effective for aiding in the diagnosis of upper airway disorders in children. Materials and Methods The authors performed axial T2-weighted MR imaging to gather information about different aspects of the airway and its surrounding soft-tissue structures, including the adenoid and palatine tonsils, tongue, and soft palate. Images were processed and segmented to compute the architectural parameters of the airway (eg, surface description, volume, central [medial] line, and cross-sectional areas at planes perpendicular to the central line). The authors built a software package for the visualization, segmentation, registration, prefiltering, interpolation, standardization, and quantitative analysis of the airway and tonsils. Results The system was tested with 40 patient studies. For every study, the system segmented and displayed a smooth three-dimensional rendition of the airway and its central line and a plot of the cross-sectional area of the airway orthogonal to the central line as a function of the distance from one end of the central line. The precision and accuracy for segmentation was 97%. The mean time taken per study was about 4 minutes and included the operator interaction time and processing time. Conclusion This method provides a robust and fast means of assessing the airway size, shape, and level of restriction, as well as a structural data set suitable for use in modeling studies of airflow and mechanics.
Building automation: Modeling and optimization of emergency

With time-based competition and rapid technology advancements, effective manufacturing scheduling and supply chain coordination are critical to quickly respond to changing market conditions. These problems, however, are difficult in view of inherent complexity and various uncertainties involved. A manufacturing problem is first formulated within the job shop context with order arrivals, processing times, due dates, and part priorities as a separable optimization problem. A solution methodology that combines Lagrangian relaxation, dynamic programming, and heuristics is developed. Method improvements to consider uncertainties and to effectively solve large problems are highlighted. The approach is then extended to coordinate companies in a decentralized supply chain. By relaxing cross-company constraints, the model is decomposed into company-wise subproblems, and a nested optimization structure is developed based on the job shop scheduling results. Coordination is performed through the iterative updating of cross-company prices without accessing companies' private information or intruding their decision-making authorities.
Tracking with wire chambers at the SSC

Abstract Limitations placed on wire chambers by radiation damage and rate requirements in the SSC environment are reviewed. Possible conceptual designs for wire chamber tracking systems that meet these requirements are discussed. Computer simulation studies of tracking in such systems are presented. Simulations of events from interesting physics at the SSC, including hits from minimum bias background events, are examined. Results of some preliminary pattern recognition studies are given.
Perspectives on: Information and coding in mammalian sensory physiology: Inhibitory synaptic mechanisms underlying functional diversity in auditory cortex

In the auditory system, acoustic information conveyed by hair cells and auditory nerves is broken up into different components in central neural circuits, which can then be processed and encoded separately. This process relies on the generation of a variety of response features different from
Domestic Violence Among the Black Poor: Intersectionality and Social Justice

There are striking gender, race, and class variations in rates of domestic violence. Some leading family theorists called for an intersectional analysis of how gender, race and class systems interact to improve domestic violence theory. This article improves domestic violence theory by: 1) using the discourse, or language, of intersectionality; 2) developing a metadisciplinary ecological model of the intersectionality of gender, race and class to investigate domestic violence in lower-class Black communities; and 3) listing implications for counselors that are derived from the perspectives of intersectionality and social justice. These implications are applicable throughout those regions where, historically, colonialist enterprises established racial hierarchies, with enslaved Africans at the bottom.
Ecology of SO2 resistance: I. Effects of fumigations on gas exchange of deciduous and evergreen shrubs.

A unique gas exchange system is described in which photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance can be measured on leaves during SO2 fumigations. SO2 concentrations can be continuously monitored and manipulated between 0 and 2.0 ppm. Rates of total SO2 uptake and SO2 absorption through stomates of a fumigated leaf can also be determined.
High-Tech Production Workers’ Fear of Unionizing: A Wheeler–McClendon Model Analysis of a Union Organizing Campaign at a US Medical Electronics Factory

Using the framework of the Wheeler and McClendon (1991) theory of employee support for unionization, the purpose of this article is to examine an unsuccessful unionization drive in a US medical electronics factory that the author took part in while working as a production worker during 1983 in order to gain insight into why unionization is so difficult to promote among production workers in high-tech industry. I argue that high-tech companies take advantage of the inherent fear in production employees to organize in order to defeat unionization campaigns. That is, they negatively affect employee support for unionization through the development of inhibiting conditions of the emotional path of the Wheeler–McClendon theory to prevent unionization. The use of this widespread strategy is crucial for understanding such low rates of unionization in this industry.
Transformations of Galaxies. II. Gasdynamics in Merging Disk Galaxies: Addendum

In mergers of disk galaxies, gas plays a role quite out of proportion to its relatively modest contribution to the total mass. To study this behavior, we have included gasdynamics in self-consistent simulations of collisions between equal-mass disk galaxies. Computer animations of these simulations illustrate several key results of our investigation. In particular, they show how gas is funneled inward during strong tidal interactions and how massive central gas clouds form during mergers. Our results are more fully discussed in the associated paper by Barnes & Hernquist.
Players' Success in T-Baseball

The purpose of this investigation was to determine success of 6-yr.-old boys in T-baseball. These young athletes (100 players in a 10-team league) were very proficient in the offensive component of batting the ball from a stationary tee, however, 62% of all balls in play resulted in errors. Possible reasons for poor defensive performance are discussed.
Structural damage detection via impediographic tomography

We investigate the use of impediographic tomography to achieve high sensitivity and high resolution damage identification in plate-like structures. The impediographic approach exploits the coupled piezo-resistive and electrostatic response of the host structure to generate high sensitivity and high resolution maps of its internal electrical conductivity. Focused acoustic waves are used to generate localized electrical conductivity perturbations that allow a drastic improvement in the conditioning of the inverse problem. The localized acoustic perturbations are obtained by exploiting the concept of Frequency Selective Structures (FSS) in which intentional mistuning of periodically distributed structural features, such as thin notches, enables self-focusing and vibration localization by using a single ultrasonic transducer. The impediographic reconstruction is achieved by using two different methods: the 0-Laplacian and the Levenberg-Marquardt. Both methodologies are compared in terms of accuracy of the reconstructed electrical conductivity and of their ability to deal with important practical issues such as limited view and limited perturbation data. Numerical results show that, although both approaches perform well in terms of damage identification, localization, and sizing, the LM technique allows higher flexibility in handling imperfect data.
Migration inhibitory factor-related protein (MRP)8 and MRP14 are differentially expressed in free-electron laser and scalpel incisions

Incisions made in mouse skin by scalpel or the free-electron laser heal at different rates. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in free-electron laser or scalpel wounds, we isolated total RNA from free-electron laser- or scalpel-produced incisions and normal skin at day 7 postwounding. cDNA microarray analysis identified 89 of 15,000 genes in a mouse microarray as having significantly different expression levels. Migration inhibitory factor-related protein (MRP) 14 was almost 30 times more highly expressed in scalpel wounds than in free-electron laser wounds. This result was confirmed by Northern blot analysis, which also showed that scalpel wounds expressed higher levels of MRP8, a related S100 protein that can heterodimerize with MRP14, at days 2, 7, and 14 postwounding. Free-electron laser wounds also showed elevated expression of MRP8 and MRP14 relative to normal skin. In situ hybridization showed that the patterns of MRP14 and MRP8 expression in free-electron laser and scalpel wound tissues were similar. MRP14 and MRP8 were expressed in the dermal wound margin, while a very low level of MRP14 and MRP8 expression was seen in the migrating epidermis. Dual immunofluorescence staining for MRP14 or MRP8 and macrophage (F4/80) showed that most of the wound macrophages simultaneously expressed MRP14 and MRP8. Some expression was also found in neutrophils, while neither antigen accumulated to a significant degree in the epidermis. Relatively lower MRP8 and 14 expression in free-electron laser wounds was correlated with a higher level of matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression and a reduced rate of wound healing. While the regulation of MRP8 expression in mouse may be different from human skin, we suggest that elevated expression of MRP8 and MRP14 may have a relevant therapeutic effect against inflammation in wound healing.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Live Cell Imaging of DNA Damage Response Proteins

Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious DNA lesions a cell can encounter. If left unrepaired, DSBs harbor great potential to generate mutations and chromosomal aberrations. To prevent this trauma from catalyzing genomic instability, it is crucial for cells to detect DSBs, activate the DNA damage response (DDR), and repair the DNA. When stimulated, the DDR works to preserve genomic integrity by triggering cell cycle arrest to allow for repair to take place or force the cell to undergo apoptosis. The predominant mechanisms of DSB repair occur through nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) (reviewed in). There are many proteins whose activities must be precisely orchestrated for the DDR to function properly. Herein, we describe a method for 2- and 3-dimensional (D) visualization of one of these proteins, 53BP1. The p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) localizes to areas of DSBs by binding to modified histones, forming foci within 5-15 minutes. The histone modifications and recruitment of 53BP1 and other DDR proteins to DSB sites are believed to facilitate the structural rearrangement of chromatin around areas of damage and contribute to DNA repair. Beyond direct participation in repair, additional roles have been described for 53BP1 in the DDR, such as regulating an intra-S checkpoint, a G2/M checkpoint, and activating downstream DDR proteins. Recently, it was discovered that 53BP1 does not form foci in response to DNA damage induced during mitosis, instead waiting for cells to enter G1 before localizing to the vicinity of DSBs. DDR proteins such as 53BP1 have been found to associate with mitotic structures (such as kinetochores) during the progression through mitosis. In this protocol we describe the use of 2- and 3-D live cell imaging to visualize the formation of 53BP1 foci in response to the DNA damaging agent camptothecin (CPT), as well as 53BP1's behavior during mitosis. Camptothecin is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that primarily causes DSBs during DNA replication. To accomplish this, we used a previously described 53BP1-mCherry fluorescent fusion protein construct consisting of a 53BP1 protein domain able to bind DSBs. In addition, we used a histone H2B-GFP fluorescent fusion protein construct able to monitor chromatin dynamics throughout the cell cycle but in particular during mitosis. Live cell imaging in multiple dimensions is an excellent tool to deepen our understanding of the function of DDR proteins in eukaryotic cells.
Activated carbons from bituminous coals by reaction with H3PO4: The influence of coal cleaning

Abstract A study has been made to examine the effects of coal cleaning by column flotation on the properties of carbons prepared by the phosphoric acid activation of bituminous coals. Earlier work has shown that while moderate surface areas are generated by the reaction of coals with H 3 PO 4 at temperatures around 550°C, phosphoric acid also reacts with coal sulfur and mineral matter. These side reactions consume reagent that is otherwise available for reaction with the organic structure, and result in the formation of insoluble phosphates, increasing the carbon ash content and limiting the amount of recoverable reagent. Lowering the mineral matter content of the coals prior to carbon synthesis is found to have a direct influence on reducing the ash content of the derived carbons and the extent of phosphorus retention. Coal cleaning also increases the extent of sulfur removal (most of which is liberated as H 2 S), the BET and mesopore surface areas, and the carbon pore volume. Possible causes of these effects are discussed. The assumption that the ash in the carbon has negligible porosity, and hence that the reduction in mineral matter content of the coal will automatically increase the specific surface area of the carbon by lowering the ash content, does not appear to fully explain the results. The consumption of phosphoric acid by side reactions lowers the effective reagent to coal ratio and limits the amount of available reagent, which can cause a reduction in surface area. Further, it is possible that ash constituents can block the pore structure, and that lowering the coal mineral matter content will improve access. It seems probable that all three explanations have some validity and can contribute to the observed changes.
The energy of semicoherent interfaces

Abstract A model for the energy of a semicoherent interface between two crystal planes is presented. The interface is decomposed into coherent regions and defect regions, such that the defects compensate for the misfit between the two planes. The relaxed energy of the interface — the energy after separation into coherent and defect regions — is given by a weighted average of the energy of the individual regions. Thus, given any two crystal structures with arbitrary lattice parameters, one can find the planes and relative rotations that yield good-fitting, low energy interfaces. Calculations are performed by varying both the planes comprising the interface and the rotation between them, and computing the associated energy. Results for low energy habit planes in face centered cubic (FCC)/body centered cubic (BCC) systems match well with experimental data. The results also show that in many, but not all, cases, the optimal relative rotation between planes corresponds to an invariant line orientation.
Response summation and noncontingent reinforcement

A series of experiments showed that if a subject was reinforced for responding separately to two discriminative stimuli, light and tone, their simultaneous presentation increased respond­ ing during extinction. However, if the subject was reinforced for responding to light, and tone preceded noncontingent reinforcement, the simultaneous presentation of light and tone did not increase responding. A number of experiments have demonstrated the phenomenon of additive summation using operant procedures. In a typical experiment (e.g., Meltzer & Masaki, 1972; Weiss, 1969), responses were reinforced on the same schedule during each of two stimuli and were never reinforced in their absence. However, the simultaneous presentation of the two stimuli caused the subject to respond at a higher rate than when each stimulus was presented alone. The increased rate occur­ red even though the schedule remained the same during simultaneous and separate stimulus presentations. The demonstration of summation of operant responses extended the range of conditions under which the summation phenomenon could be observed. Konorski (1948) and Pavlov (1927) had previously shown the same result. They demonstrated that dogs made stronger conditioned salivary responses when conditioned stimuli (CSs) were presented together than when each was presented alone. These earlier studies suggest the possi­ bility that the summation of operant responses might be more complex than was first imagined. For example, do subjects show summation of operant responses because of stimulus control of the operant responses themselves or because these stimuli elicit classically conditioned mediating responses? Several recent theories have presented accounts of how media­ tion of instrumental responses might occur (e .g., Boakes, 1979 ; Overmier & Lawry, 1979 ; Rescorla & Solomon, 1967). If such hypotheses are correct , response sum­ mation might actually be produced because of the summation of classically conditioned anticipatory responses. Since a response during either of the com­ ponent stimuli led to the same reinforcement in most response summation studies, not only would the instru­ mental response be the same during each component stimulus, but anticipatory responses would also be identical. The summation of anticipatory responses that are similar because they precede the same reinforcement is consistent with what Overmier and Lawry (1979) have called an "affective" model of mediation and which they compared with another view of mediation that they called the "associative" model. In the latter case, a discriminative stimulus elicited a mediating response that had stimulus properties for both the response to be emitted and the reinforcement to be received. According to this view, summation should occur only when stimuli elicit mediating responses associated with the same instrumental response. Thus, one might find that a classically conditioned stimulus that preceded food would not cause an increase in response rate when it was presented while the subject
Psychotropic use among older residents of board and care facilities.

OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of psychotropic use as well as clinically relevant and concurrent nonpsychotropic use among older residents of board and care facilities in 10 states. METHODS: Weighted use rates were based on data from a sample of 2054 residents aged 65 and older from 410 facilities in 10 states, drawn via a complex, multistage sampling design. Data, including drug name, use frequency, and PRN use, were collected on all drugs taken by the resident during a 7-day period. During face-to-face interviews with residents and/or proxies, data were also collected on resident characteristics. SUBJECTS: The majority of subjects were female, white, and widowed. Average age was 82 years. Approximately 25% had a current mental or emotional condition, and 8% had been hospitalized for a psychiatric condition during the year before admission. More than half needed help with at least one activity of daily living. Forty percent had moderate or severe cognitive impairment, and 18% had received mental health care during the previous year. ANALYSES: Weighted descriptive analyses were performed with Software for Survey Data Analysis (SUDAAN), which accounts for the complex, multistage sampling design. RESULTS: Approximately 35% of the older residents used at least one psychoactive agent, with 30% of psychotropic users receiving two to four different psychotropic medications. Use rates decline with age, for psychotropics overall and for therapeutic classes. Results revealed potentially problematic polypharmacy in relation to drug duplication within therapeutic classes, use of multiple psychotropics across classes, and concurrent nonpsychotropic use. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with community-dwelling older adults, this study revealed high psychotropic use rates among older board and care facility residents. Overall, our results suggest that serious consideration be given to the apparent need for systematic drug utilization review, a potentially useful program that is mandated in other settings.
Nutritional assessment and support during pregnancy

Proper nutrition during pregnancy is critically important to mother and fetus. For most healthy women, the only nutritional intervention required may be adequate iron and folate intake; however, for others, who begin pregnancy in a malnourished state or whose nutritional intake deteriorates during pregnancy, invasive nutritional support, including tube feeding or parenteral nutrition, may be indicated. To guide nutritional therapy and to avoid its potential complications, it is necessary to evaluate the patient's nutritional state. Such evaluation must focus not only on body composition and substrate reserves but also on the patient's changing nutrient requirements and any impediments to the patient's capacity to ingest and assimilate food.
Canonical forms and spectral determination for a class of hyperbolic distributed parameter control systems

Abstract In this article we examine the effect of linear feedback control u(t)= w(.,t) v(.,t) ,k L 2 ([0,1];E 2 ) in the hyperbolic distributed parameter control system ∂ ∂t w v − 0 1 1 0 ∂ ∂x w v − A(x) w v = g(x) u(t). By means of a reduction to canonical form similar to the one already familiar for finite-dimensional systems we show this system to be equivalent to the controlled difference-delay system ζ(t+2)=e 2α ζ(t) + ∫ 0 2 p(2−s) ζ(t+s) ds + u(t). The theory of nonharmonic Fourier series is then employed to investigate the placement of eigenvalues in the closed loop system. Boundary value control and canonical form for observed systems are also studied.
The reaction between active hydrogen and Cl2- evidence for the participation of vibrationally excited H2

Abstract Coupled discharge-flow system, T.O.F. mass spectrometer observations of the mass 2 peak in the active H 2 Cl 2 system showed unexpected consumption of some hydrogen. This is suggested to arise from the reaction Cl + ??? a HCl + Cl, enhanced in rate by H2 vibrational excitation. Excite??? H2 in other systems is presented. Rate constants are determined at 300°K for the reactions H + Cl2 and ??? + Cl2 of (3.5 ± 1.2) × 10−11 and (1.2 ± 0.5) × 10−11 cm3molecule−1 sec−1, respectively.
Developmental expression of GABA and subunits of the GABAA receptor complex in an inhibitory synaptic circuit in the rat cerebellum.

Abstract The temporal relationship between the expression of a transmitter and its corresponding receptor may provide important insights into the development of synaptic circuits in the central nervous system. Here we examined the emergence of the inhibitory transmitter GABA, and subunits of the GABA A /benzodiazepine receptor complex in a well-characterized cerebellar circuit formed by granule cells and the synapses they make with Golgi II neurons in the cerebella of rats ranging in age form birth to 21 days. The presence of GABA was determined immunocytochemically. The presence of the GABA A receptor was demonstrated by localizing the α 1 subunit of the receptor using in situ hybridization and immunochemical localization of a 50 kDa benzodiazepine-binding subunit using monoclonal antibodies. Germinal cells of the external granular layer which give rise to granule cells did not express the GABA A receptor at any age. Similarly, receptor labeling could not be detected in granule cells during their postmitotic migratory period. In the internal granular layer, immature postmigratory granule cells are unlabeled. The expression of GABA A receptor subunits was first observed on the fifth postnatal day (P5) and then only in the more mature granule cells which have well elaborated dendrites in contact with presynaptic elements. The number of labeled neurons increased over the subsequent ages examined. Presynaptic elements in association with the dendrites of labeled granule cells had ultrastructural features characteristic of Golgi II cell axon terminals. These elements demonstrate GABA transmitter as early as P3, preceded by 2–3 days receptor labeling in the granular layer. Therefore, granule cells express GABA A receptor subunits only after they have completed migration and their dendrites have become involved in specific synaptic circuits, including innervation by GABAergic afferents.
Component analysis of verbal fluency performance in younger participants with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury

AbstractPrimary objective: To investigate phonemic and semantic verbal fluency performance in a group of young adult participants with and without traumatic brain injury.Research design: Group comparison.Methods and procedures: Twenty-five participants with moderate-to-severe TBI and 25 participants with no brain damage (NBD) were given phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks. Responses were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively.Main outcomes and results: Young participants with moderate-to-severe TBI generated significantly fewer total correct words and sub-categories for both fluency conditions when compared to controls. The total number of correct words generated on the phonemic condition and for the semantic category of animals was positively correlated with the number of category switches produced during the task.Conclusions: While young participants with moderate-to-severe TBI produced fewer total correct words on both verbal fluency conditions in comparison to controls, these differences wer...
Effects of clenbuterol, a β2-Adrenoceptor agonist, on Macronutrient selection in rats

Abstract In these studies, clenbuterol, a β 2 -adrenergic agonist, was injected into male rats and the intake of a three-choice macronutrient diet was measured. The intakes of fat and protein were selectively inhibited by clenbuterol in both overnight-fasted and freely fed rats. There was no effect of clenbuterol on carbohydrate intake. Prior administration of nadolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, which does not easily pass the blood-brain barrier, completely antagonized the anorectic effect of clenbuterol. However, section of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve did not abolish the nadolol effect. These results suggest that the anorectic effect of clenbuterol is mediated by peripheral β 2 -adrenergic receptors rather than central β 2 -adrenoceptors, and is not related to information transmitted from the liver via the vagus nerve.
Statistical media analysis in video indexing

Media analysis for video indexing is witnessing an increasing influence of statistical techniques. Examples of these techniques include the use of generative models as well as discriminant techniques for video structuring, classification, summarization, indexing, and retrieval. Advances in multimedia analysis are related directly to advances in signal processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, multimedia databases, and smart sensors. This paper highlights the statistical techniques in multimedia retrieval with particular emphasis on semantic characterization.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quasiparticle Model for La 140

A model is proposed for odd-odd nuclei in which the independent excitations are quasiparticles defined by a special Bogoliubov transformation and in which a finite-range two-body central force acts as the residual interaction. The model is applied to ${\mathrm{La}}^{140}$, whose energy levels, wave functions, ($d,p$) spectroscopic factors, and $M1$ transition rates are computed and compared with experiment.
Comparison of Three-Phase Modulation with Two-Phase and Four-Phase Modulation

For a constant added noise density at high signal-to-noise ratios and for the same error rate, three-phase PSK requires about 0.75 dB less energy per bit than two-phase or four-phase PSK. However, at very low signal-to-noise ratios, three-phase PSK requires about 0.74 dB more energy per bit of channel capacity than two-phase or four-phase PSK.
Comparison of ear-tagging and toe-clipping in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster

Particularly with the recent interest in animal rights and renewed emphasis on humane treatment of research animals, mammalogist should be concerned about effects of marking techniques on free-living animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ear -tagging and toe-clipping on free living population of prairie voles
Sequential Valuation Networks for Asymmetric Decision Problems

Abstract This paper deals with representation and solution of asymmetric decision problems. We describe a new representation called sequential valuation networks that is a hybrid of Covaliu and Oliver’s sequential decision diagrams and Shenoy’s valuation networks. The solution algorithm is based on the idea of decomposing a large asymmetric problem into smaller sub-problems and then using the fusion algorithm of valuation networks to solve the sub-problems. Sequential valuation networks inherit many of the strengths of sequential decision diagrams and valuation networks while overcoming many of their shortcomings. We illustrate our technique by representing and solving a modified version of Covaliu and Oliver’s [Manage. Sci. 41(12) (1995) 1860] Reactor problem in complete detail.
INTOR impurity control and first wall system

The highlights of the recent INTOR effort on examining the key issues of the impurity control/first wall system are summarized. The emphasis of the work was an integrated study of the edge-region physics, plasma-wall interaction, materials, engineering and magnetic considerations associated with the poloidal divertor and pump limiter. The development of limiter and divertor collector plate designs with an acceptable lifetime was a major part of the work.
Finite Element Analysis of the Distortion of a Crystal Monochromator from Synchrotron Radiation Thermal Loading

The first crystal of the Brown-Hower x-ray monochromator of the LBL-EXXON 54 pole wiggler beamline at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) is subjected to intense synchrotron radiation. To provide an accurate thermal/structural analysis of the existing monochromator design, a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed. A very high and extremely localized heat flux is incident on the Si (220) crystal. The crystal, which possesses pronouncedly temperature-dependent orthotropic properties, in combination with the localized heat load, make the analysis ideally suited for finite element techniques. Characterization of the incident synchrotron radiation is discussed, followed by a review of the techniques employed in modeling the monochromator and its thermal/structural boundary conditions. The results of the finite element analysis, three-dimensional temperature distributions, surface displacements and slopes, and stresses, in the area of interest, are presented. Lastly, the effects these results have on monochromator output flux and resolution are examined.
Study on Remote Control and Fault Diagnosis for Ultrahigh Speed Grinding

Remote control and fault diagnosis of ultrahigh speeding grinding is studied, which is based on the theory of rough set. Knowledge acquisition and reduction rule of fault diagnosis, realization method of remote control for ultrahigh speed grinding are studied, diagnosis model is established. Based on the theoretical research and ultrahigh speed grinder with a linear speed of 250 m/s, the remote control and fault diagnosis system of ultrahigh speed grinding is developed. Results of the system running show that the environment is improved, the mental pressure of workers is relieved and the efficiency is improved. At the same time, it proves that the ability to diagnosis and the accuracy of diagnosis for the ultrahigh speed grinding are improved and the time for diagnosis is shortened by applying rough set.
The physiological effects of dietary fiber—a review

Abstract The physiological role of dietary fiber is reviewed with respect to alteration of gut transit time, gut morphology and flora, glucose tolerance, serum lipid levels, colon cancer risk and mineral availability. The digestibility of various types of fiber is examined. Potential mechanisms for the different effects of fiber are evaluated. The benefits and risks of increasing consumption of dietary fiber are discussed.
Tutorial on the importance of color in language and culture

This tutorial examines how people of various cultures classify different colors as belonging together under common color names. This is addressed by examining Berlin and Kay's (1969) hierarchical classification scheme. Special attention is paid to the additional five (derived) color terms (i.e., brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray) that must be added to Herings' six primaries (i.e., white, black, red, green, yellow, blue) to constitute Berlin and Kay's basic color terms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 179–192, 2001
Timing and magnitude of C partitioning through a young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand using 13C labeling and shade treatments

The dynamics of rapid changes in carbon (C) partitioning within forest ecosystems are not well understood, which limits improvement of mechanistic models of C cycling. Our objective was to inform model processes by describing relationships between C partitioning and accessible environmental or physiological measurements, with a special emphasis on short-term C flux through a forest ecosystem. We exposed eight 7-year-old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees to air enriched with 13 CO2 and then implemented adjacent light shade (LS) and heavy shade (HS) treatments in order to manipulate C uptake and flux. The impacts of shading on photosynthesis, plant water potential, sap flow, basal area growth, root growth and soil CO 2 efflux rate (CER) were assessed for each tree over a 3-week period. The progression of the 13 C label was concurrently tracked from the atmosphere through foliage, phloem, roots and surface soil CO2 efflux. The HS treatment significantly reduced C uptake, sap flow, stem growth and fine root standing crop, and resulted in greater residual soil water content to 1 m depth. Soil CER was strongly correlated with sap flow on the previous day, but not the current day, with no apparent treatment effect on the relationship. Although there were apparent reductions in new C flux belowground, the HS treatment did not noticeably reduce the magnitude of belowground autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration based on surface soil CER, which was overwhelmingly driven by soil temperature and moisture. The 13 C label was immediately detected in foliage on label day (halflife = 0.5 day), progressed through phloem by Day 2 (half-life = 4.7 days), roots by Days 2–4, and subsequently was evident as respiratory release from soil which peaked between Days 3 and 6. The δ 13 C of soil CO2 efflux was strongly correlated with phloem δ 13 C on the previous day, or 2 days earlier. While the 13 C label was readily tracked through the ecosystem, the fate of root C through respiratory, mycorrhizal or exudative release pathways was not assessed. These data detail the timing and relative magnitude of C flux through various components of a young pine stand in relation to environmental conditions.