cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do the fastest concepti have a shorter life span

An evolutionary hypothesis based on an 'antagonist pleiotropy' or 'disposable soma' mechanism is put forward to explain differences in longevity between species, strains, and sexes. Data from several congenic mouse strains and mammalian species suggest that there may be an association between cleavage rate of concepti and longevity, in such a way that concepti from species, strains or the sex (male) with the fastest cleavage rates have shorter life spans. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and, in particular, the conceptus development gene (Fed) together with several Y-linked genes that are expressed during the preimplantation stages of development may play an important role in determining or modulating longevity in mammals. Notwithstanding, effects of other loci as well as environmental factors on conceptus development and longevity cannot be ignored.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Hyperimmune Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Immunoglobulin Administered to HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Their Newborns

The pharmacokinetics and safety of hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) intravenous immunoglobulin (HIVIG) were evaluated in the first 28 maternal-infant pairs enrolled in a randomized, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-controlled trial of HIVIG maternal-infant HIV transmission prophylaxis. Using 200 mg/kg, mean half-life and volume of distribution (Vd) in women were 15 days and 72 mL/kg, respectively, after one and 32 days and 154 mL/kg after three monthly infusions, with stable 4 mL/kg/day clearance. Transplacental passage occurred. Newborn single-dose half-life, Vd, and clearance were 30 days, 143 mL/kg, and 4 mL/kg/day, respectively. HIVIG rapidly cleared maternal serum immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen, and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were stable. Mild to moderate adverse clinical effects occurred in 2 of 103 maternal and 2 of 25 infant infusions. No adverse hematologic, blood chemistry, or immunologic effects were seen. HIVIG is well-tolerated in HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns, clears antigenemia, crosses the placenta, and exhibits pharmacokinetics similar to those of other immunoglobulin preparations.
Phosphate Transport, Nucleotide Pools, and Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Growing and in Density-inhibited 3T3 Cells

Comparing growing and density-inhibited cultures of mouse 3T3 cells, we have determined that when cells became density-inhibited: 1. The sizes of the ribonucleotide pools and of the inorganic and organic phosphate pools dropped only slightly, if at all. 2. The sizes of the deoxyribonucleotide pools dropped several-fold. 3. The rate of 32PO4 transport across the cell membrane declined 5-fold. 4. There was no reduction in the rate at which 32PO4 labeled the ATP pool beyond the initial inhibition of the rate of 32PO4 entry into the cell. This indicates that the rate of ATP turnover was approximately the same in growing and in density-inhibited cells. 5. Similarly, the rate at which 32PO4 labeled RNA of density-inhibited cells was reduced only slightly more than was the rate of labeling of the ribonucleoside monophosphates, indicating that much of the decreased incorporation of 32PO4 into RNA could be accounted for by the decreased rate of labeling of the precursor pools. Taking into account the differences in specific activity of the ribonucleoside monophosphates, we calculate that the rate of synthesis of pulse-labeled RNA in density-inhibited cells during a 3-hour pulse was approximately 75% of the rapidly growing rate. We conclude that the density-dependent inhibition of growth is not accompanied by gross, nonspecific reductions in the amount of available energy or in the rate of synthesis of pulse-labeled RNA, but is accompanied by changes in the rate of 32PO4 transport and in the sizes of the deoxyribonucleotide pools.
Pathogenesis of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

Increasing interest in the vascular features of scleroderma has led to the hypothesis that the blood vessel is the major target tissue and that the endothelial cell is the principal cell target. Useful observations stemming from the vascular hypothesis include the use of microvascular abnormalities in the early detection of the patient destined to develop classical scleroderma, the discovery of a serum protease selectively cytotoxic to endothelial cells, and the study of a serum mitogenic activity for fibroblasts in scleroderma patients. Immune events related to the vascular lesions are under active study but have not as yet provided a unique immunological lesion in scleroderma patients. The possibility that immunity to basement membrane (type IV) collagen may be selective for scleroderma patients deserves further study. Persistent immunity to endothelial basement membrane structures would provide a basis for continued endothelial injury. Techniques to quantify endothelial injury are useful to assess activity of the vascular lesions and to monitor therapies designed to block further vascular injury. The definition of pre-fibrotic vascular lesions may have future therapeutic and preventive implications for scleroderma.
Democracy, the Market, and the Logic of Social Choice

This article compares the types of knowledge democracy and the market require to rationally allocate resources. I argue that high levels of public ignorance and voters� inability to compare the effects of different parties� policies make it difficult for parties and elections to rationally allocate resources. Markets mitigate these problems because the simultaneous existence of multiple firms� products facilitates comparisons that mimic the conditions of scientific experimentation. The economy of knowledge involved in such comparisons indicates there are epistemic advantages to using firms and markets, instead of political parties and elections, to allocate scarce resources. However, in contrast to arguments that markets merely provide better information than political decisions, I argue markets� epistemic advantages are derived from the way they facilitate comparisons that minimize decision makers� need for knowledge or understanding.
Comparison of Killer Ig-Like Receptor Genotyping and Phenotyping for Selection of Allogeneic Blood Stem Cell Donors

The repertoire of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) can be determined at the level of DNA, RNA, or surface protein expression for selection of blood stem cell donors. We compared genotyping and phenotyping of the four inhibitory KIRs that are important in transplantation for leukemia in 73 unrelated persons. In 5 (7%) of the 68 individuals in whom the KIR2DL1 gene was present and in 10 (15%) of the 67 in whom KIR3DL1 was present, the corresponding receptor was not expressed by NK cells, as determined by flow cytometry analysis. In contrast, one or both allelic forms of KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3 were expressed by a high proportion of NK cells in all 73 individuals. However if both KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 genes were present, KIR2DL3 was preferentially expressed, as transcripts of KIR2DL2 was not detectable by RT-PCR in 42% of these individuals. In total, repertoire assessment for the four KIRs by genotyping vs phenotyping was not in complete agreement in 18 (25%) of the 73 individuals. Furthermore, among the samples that tested positive for the expression of a certain KIR gene, the levels of transcripts and surface expression varied considerably as measured by both real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Extension of this comparative analysis to include all 12 KIR family members showed that KIR2DL3 and KIR3DL2 were the only genes whose transcripts were consistently detectable. These results caution the use of genotyping alone for donor selection or leukemia-relapse prognostication because some KIRs may be expressed at a very low level.
New diagnostic, staging, and therapeutic aspects of early breast cancer

Many advances have occurred in breast cancer through research and clinical trials. More confidence in new biological consumptions about invasive breast cancer indicate that: (1) details of the primary breast cancer do not control survival; (2) breast-only failures after local excision do not bias against survival; and (3) cancer cell dissemination occurs at the same time via both lymphatic and hemotogenous routes. Early detection with mammographic screening has indicated a greater number of smaller breast cancers, including sharp increases in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). With proper analysis and control, DCIS of limited extent can be treated by local excision with or without radiation. Invasive breast cancer of limited extent can frequently be managed by lumpectomy and radiation therapy with survival rates equivalent to the more traditional mastectomy. Patient desires regarding breast preservation and quality of life are paramount. Risk: benefit analyses for individual patients need to be emphasized in issues of breast preservation and in selecting adjuvant therapy, both regional (radiotherapy) and systemic (chemotherapy and hormonal therapy). We are entering an era of highly selective therapy based on more sophisticated analysis of the primary cancer. In the future, not only statistical predictions of outcome as achieved by flow cytometry, for example, will be more widely used, but individual prognostic factors may be developed such as with oncogene expression. Such individual prognostic factors will enable more selective therapy. Cancer 65634-647, 1990. N NO FIELD OF CANCER TODAY is there such a wealth I of investigation, both clinical and laboratory, as there is in breast cancer. This reflects the obvious emotional impact of a disease that arises in a prominent secondary sexual organ that has always represented beauty and femininity. It also reflects its frequency in young women, the patient. It is overwhelming to summarize the advances in breast cancer in a single article, and only a few highlights that represent the author’s selective review of the large literature and his own attitudes about the care of patients with the disease are presented.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is the most common and best studied of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders, resulting from a characteristic Philadelphia chromosomal abnormality, t(9;22)(q34q11). The molecular consequence of this chromosomal translocation is production of a hybrid BCR-ABL (breakpoint cluster region–Abelson leukemia virus) fusion protein product (p210) with tyrosine kinase activity and transforming properties. Morphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular studies are essential in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with CML. Newer chemotherapeutic agents and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have substantially improved the prognosis for patients with CML.
CLAM: A Framework for Audio and Music Application Development

The CLAM (C++ Library for Audio and Music) development framework offers a complete R&D platform for the audio and music domain. Winner of the 2006 ACM Open Source Multimedia Software Competition, CLAM originated in an effort to organize a repository of audio-processing algorithms. Today it includes an abstract model for audio systems, a repository of processing algorithms and data types, and several tools and stand-alone applications. Developers can exploit all these features to build cross-platform applications or rapid prototypes for testing signal- and media-processing algorithms and systems
TGF-β downregulates the activating receptor NKG2D on NK cells and CD8+ T cells in glioma patients

The activating receptor NKG2D, expressed by natural killer (NK) cells and CD8(+) T cells, has a role in the specific killing of transformed cells. We examined NKG2D expression in patients with glioblastoma multiforme and found that NKG2D was downregulated on NK cells and CD8(+) T cells. Expression of NKG2D on lymphocytes significantly increased following tumor resection and correlated with an increased ability to kill NKG2D ligand-positive tumor targets. Despite the presence of soluble NKG2D ligands in the sera of glioblastoma patients, NKG2D downregulation was primarily caused by tumor-derived tumor growth factor-beta, suggesting that blocking of this cytokine may have therapeutic benefit.
Oxygen consumption following pediatric cardiac surgery

Metabolic responses during recovery from cardiac operations for various congenital heart defects were studied in 30 mechanically ventilated pediatric patients in two groups: infants 1 year or less (group I) and children more than 1 year old (group II). Oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured using a pediatric metabolic monitor intermittently after induction of anesthesia, after skin closure, 2 to 4 hours postoperatively, and on the first postoperative morning in the pediatric intensive care unit. Energy expenditure and respiratory quotient were determined from respiratory gas measurements. Rectal and skin temperatures and hemodynamic variables were recorded at the same time. VO2 increased during rewarming 2 to 4 hours after the operation by 12 +/- 15% in group I and by 24 +/- 19% in group II, while rectal temperature increased by 2.0 +/- 1.2 degrees C and 1.8 +/- 1.4 degrees C, respectively. No further increase in VO2 occurred until the first postoperative morning. A hypermetabolic response was not seen in all cases despite marked thermal changes. High-dose fentanyl anesthesia partly explains the low responses. On the other hand, low cardiac output may also compromise oxygen supply. Sixty-three percent of infants were treated for cardiac failure before surgery and 75% needed inotropic support immediately after the operation. Low central venous oxyhemoglobin saturation values (ScvO2 < 60%) were observed during rewarming, indicating an increase in oxygen extraction secondary to an increased oxygen demand in the brain during recovery from anesthesia, and a low cardiac output or delayed restoration of cerebral blood flow after CPB and deep hypothermia.
Vernalization response of plants grown from spikelets of spring and fall cohorts of jointed goatgrass

Abstract Jointed goatgrass is most commonly described as a winter annual species. However, it has been observed to produce spikes in spring crops, apparently without being exposed to vernalizing conditions. A controlled environment study was conducted to determine the reproductive response of jointed goatgrass plants grown from seeds of fall- and spring-emerging parent plants to various vernalization durations. Winter wheat was included as a control. Winter wheat spikelet production was dependent on vernalization, and the number of spikes per plant was 10-fold greater if the plants were exposed to 4 C for 10 wk. In contrast, jointed goatgrass spike production without vernalization remained as high as 50% of that produced by plants exposed to 10 wk of vernalization conditions. Jointed goatgrass is thus not as dependent on vernalization for reproduction as the comparative winter wheat standard. Apparently, jointed goatgrass is more a facultative rather than an obligate winter annual. Rotating to a spring-se...
Comparison of the reproductive biology of two neotropical wrens in an unpredictable environment in northeastern Colombia

Abstract Buff-breasted (Thryothorus leucotis) and Rufous-and-white (T. rufalbus) wrens living in a dry forest in northeast Colombia (Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona) are faced with a large year-to-year uncertainty in the arrival time of the rainy season, as well as the amount of rain falling in the first six months of the year. Those factors are thought to be important cues used by those species in their reproductive decisions. In this study, I gathered data on several reproductive parameters (clutch size, nesting success, timing of breeding, renesting attempts) for both species during two years of contrasting rainfall patterns. I collected information on the foraging behavior of both species to identify their main food and to study how rainfall affects the dynamics of those resources. Buff-breasted Wrens fed mostly in the understory, gleaning arthropods from upper and lower leaf surfaces, dry branches, and aerial litter. Numbers of arthropods in those microhabitats depend strongly on the amount of rainfa...
Status and Changes of Ohio River Fish Assemblages around William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow, Ohio

ABSTRACT As a great river, the Ohio is an important natural resource. It is crucial that we understand the implications that human disturbances are having on the biological integrity of this ecosystem. By monitoring current conditions and the health of this ecosystem, we may be able to identify causes of degradation and potentially determine the stability of the ecosystem to human and natural alterations. In this study, we analyzed fish data collected in 1982–1986 and 2001–2005 to characterize the current fish assemblage around William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow Ohio and investigate any long-term (past 20 years) and short-term (past 5 years) effects of disturbance in this area. During these two 5-year study periods, over 30,000 individuals were collected comprising 12 families and 60 species. We found that many metrics of the Ohio River Fish Index have improved over the past 20 years and the fish assemblages have remained stable over the past 5 years. Despite apparent stability, we found a decrease in ...
Does closing schools close doors? The effect of high school closings on achievement and attainment

The idea that low-performing schools should be closed, either through market competition or government intervention, is now a central tenet of state and federal school reform efforts, yet little is known about the impacts of these closures. Most previous studies examine the effects of elementary school closings on test scores. This study furthers the literature by focusing on high school closures and examining several measures of both achievement and attainment. I utilize student level data from the Milwaukee Public School district and follow five freshman cohorts (2005-06 to 2009-10) as they progress through high school. I find that, on average, school closings cause a negative shock to students, lowering both their GPA and attendance. There is evidence that this effect lessens overtime, however, for many students, high school ends before the effects can completely be reversed. The closures also lower the probability of high school graduation and college attendance suggesting that the effects of these closures can be long lasting and have important long-term consequences.
Modeling co-occupancy of transcription factors using chromatin features

Regulation of gene expression requires both transcription factor (TFs) and epigenetic modifications, and interplays between the two types of factors have been discovered. However study of relationships between chromatin features and TF-TF co-occupancy remains limited. Here, we revealed the relationship by first illustrating distinct profile patterns of chromatin features related to different binding events, including single TF binding and TF-TF co-occupancy of 71 TFs from five human cell lines. We further implemented statistical analyses to demonstrate the relationship by accurately predicting co-occupancy genome-widely using chromatin features including DNase I hypersensitivity, 11 histone modifications (HMs) and GC content. Remarkably, our results showed that the combination of chromatin features enables accurate predictions across the five cells. For individual chromatin features, DNase I enables high and consistent predictions. H3K27ac, H3K4me 2, H3K4me3 and H3K9ac are more reliable predictors than other HMs. Although the combination of 11 HMs achieves accurate predictions, their predictive ability varies considerably when a model obtained from one cell is applied to others, indicating relationship between HMs and TF-TF co-occupancy is cell type dependent. GC content is not a reliable predictor, but the addition of GC content to any other features enhances their predictive ability. Together, our results elucidate a strong relationship between TF-TF co-occupancy and chromatin features.
Teacher–Student Relationship and Peer Disliking and Liking Across Grades 1–4

Between-child and within-child effects of teacher-student warmth and conflict on children's peer-nominated disliking and liking across Grades 1-4 (ages 6-10) were investigated in a sample of 746 ethnically diverse and academically at-risk children in Texas. Multilevel modeling controlled for time-invariant between-child differences while modeling the effect of time-varying teacher-student relationship (TSR) warmth and conflict on children's peer relatedness. Teachers reported on warmth and conflict. Peers reported on liking and disliking. Above between-child effects of average levels of teacher warmth and conflict on initial level and rate of change in liking and disliking and classroom teacher support, year-to-year changes in TSR conflict and warmth predicted intraindividual change in children's peer disliking but not peer liking.
Experiment 4: Trading Treatment Options—Diet Versus Exercise

In personal health regulation, as in romance and most other endeavors, people have a spectrum of options they can choose from to achieve their goals, which is a good thing, for it allows us to both choose interventions that best suit our needs and change treatment paths when our needs or life’s circumstances change. However, as the previous chapters have explained, selecting the option that works better for us requires knowledge and skill, as well as appropriate decision-support tools.
Take No Quarter, and Give None (Book Review of Richard O. Baumbach, Jr. and William E. Borah, the Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carre Riverfront-Expressway Controversy (1981))

This article reviews Richard O. Baumbach, Jr. And William E. Borah, The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carre Riverfront-Expressway Controversy (1981).
Validation of L-Myc as a viable therapeutic target in small cell lung cancer

Background: The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is critical for embryonic development and its deregulation is implicated in a number of tumor types. The role of the Hh signaling pathway, however, in the initiation and growth of non-small cell lung cancer is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the Hh pathway transcription factor, GLI1, in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of lung SCC. Methods: GLI1 expression in human SCC cell lines was evaluated by quantitative PCR and Western Blot. siRNA and shRNA of GLI1 in these cell lines were utilized in vitro and in vivo to test the requirement of GLI1 in tumor growth. Small molecule modulators of GLI1 were tested for their therapeutic potential. Results: GLI1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in lung SCC compared to normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma patient specimens in several human genomic databases. Importantly, overexpression of GLI1 was correlated with poor overall survival in lung cancer patients. siRNA-mediated knock down of GLI1 in SCC cell lines decreased the expression of GLI1 target genes and caused a significant reduction in colony formation. Stable knock down of GLI1 in SCC cell lines caused a significant reduction in growth of xenograft tumors indicating the critical role of GLI1 in lung SCC progression. Inhibition or activation of SMO, an upstream component of Hh pathway, did not alter GLI1 expression level in lung SCC cell lines. However, inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways down-regulated GLI1 expression, suggesting that GLI1 expression is dependent on PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway activity rather than Hh ligand. Small molecule inhibition of PI3K/ mTOR pathway or GLI1 significantly reduced GLI1 expression, proliferation, and clonogenicity in SCC cell lines. Combinatorial inhibition of PI3K and GLI1 by BKM120 and arsenic trioxide (ATO), respectively, significantly abrogated the in vivo growth SCC tumors in mice and correlated with decreased tumor GLI1 expression. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that GLI1 is essential for lung SCC tumor progression. Furthermore, GLI1 expression in SCC is independent of Hh pathway ligand action and dependent on MAPK and PI3K pathway activity. Direct inhibition of GLI1 by repurposing ATO in combination with a PI3K inhibitor may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for lung SCC.
Full and Incomplete Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

The clinical features and hospitalization rates of children with full or incomplete fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were compared in retrospective case-controlled studies of affected Northern Plains American Indian children attending Aberdeen Area Indian Health Service hospitals, South Dakota.
Global Energy Cultures of Speed and Lightness: Materials, Mobilities and Transnational Power

Following aluminum as part of a material culture of speed and lightness, this article examines how assemblages of energy and metals connect built environments, ways of life, and ideologies of acceleration. Aluminum can be theorized as a circulatory matrix that forms an energy culture. Through a discussion of speed and social justice, the history of aluminium-based socioecologies reveals how the materiality of energy forms assemblages of objects, infrastructures, and practices. The article then traces the aluminum industry’s involvement in the production and distribution of energy itself both at the national scale of power grids and in the emergence of transnational transfers of energy, such as hydropowered smelters in Iceland. Finally, this analysis of deeply embedded energy cultures calls for a transnational approach to the accelerated socioecologies of aluminum production and consumption; and for energy transition theories to pay closer attention to the figured worlds and figuring work of the military-i...
The Role of Cholinesterase in Secondary Anemia—Experimental Phase

Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase was partially inhibited by physostigmine (Eserine), and the normal balance of cholinesterase between these two blood compartments was disturbed. This change increased erythrocytic fragility. The results of the experiment provide an explanation for secondary anemia in patients with certain chronic diseases.
Infrared Dual-Line Hanle Diagnostic of the Coronal Vector Magnetic Field

Measuring the coronal vector magnetic field is still a major challenge in solar physics. This is due to the intrinsic weakness of the field (e.g. ~4G at a height of 0.1Rsun above an active region) and the large thermal broadening of coronal emission lines. We propose using concurrent linear polarization measurements of near-infrared forbidden and permitted lines together with Hanle effect models to calculate the coronal vector magnetic field. In the unsaturated Hanle regime both the direction and strength of the magnetic field affect the linear polarization, while in the saturated regime the polarization is insensitive to the strength of the field. The relatively long radiative lifetimes of coronal forbidden atomic transitions implies that the emission lines are formed in the saturated Hanle regime and the linear polarization is insensitive to the strength of the field. By combining measurements of both forbidden and permitted lines, the direction and strength of the field can be obtained. For example, the SiX 1.4301 um line shows strong linear polarization and has been observed in emission over a large field-of-view (out to elongations of 0.5 Rsun. Here we describe an algorithm that combines linear polarization measurements of the SiX 1.4301 um forbidden line with linear polarization observations of the HeI 1.0830 um permitted coronal line to obtain the vector magnetic field. To illustrate the concept we assume the emitting gas for both atomic transitions is located in the plane of the sky. The further development of this method and associated tools will be a critical step towards interpreting the high spectral, spatial and temporal infrared spectro-polarimetric measurements that will be possible when the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) is completed in 2019.
Scaling of the fast-start escape response of juvenile bluegills.

Abstract Morphology, size and physiological properties change markedly across fish ontogeny. This impacts locomotor performance and organismal fitness, although the effects are unpredictable due to the complexity of phenotype–function relationships. Morphological and behavioral changes with growth are often paralleled by changes in habitat use, diet and vulnerability to predators. Our goal was to quantify the changes in external morphology and escape performance throughout post-larval development in bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ), and place these changes in context with known changes in habitat use in the field. Development into adult ecomorphs is associated with phenotypic plasticity in response to habitat-specific differences in diet. On this basis, we hypothesized that variation in morphology and performance would increase during bluegill ontogeny as diversification of adult ecomorphs occurred. However, we found that variation in phenotype and escape performance decreased during early ontogeny. Phenotypic variation expanded later in development, after fish gained access to the variety of habitats and food types that may favor phenotypic plasticity. Performance is predicted to decline with growth due to the differential scaling of inertia and cross-sectional area, a major determinant of muscle force. In contrast, acceleration increased with size, and velocity and acceleration increased more rapidly with size than predicted. Post-larval maturation in bluegill featured a shift to a deeper body shape, and an increase in the relative size of the anal and caudal fins. This was a likely factor in the deviation of escape performance scaling relationships from predictions based on geometric similarity.
Taming variability in free text: application to health surveillance.

Introduction Use of free text in syndromic surveillance requires managing the substantial word variation that results from use of synonyms, abbreviations, acronyms, truncations, concatenations, misspellings, and typographic errors. Failure to detect these variations results in missed cases, and traditional methods for capturing these variations require ongoing, labor-intensive maintenance. Objectives This paper examines the problem of word variation in chief-complaint data and explores three semi-automated approaches for addressing it. Methods Approximately 6 million chief complaints from patients reporting to emergency departments at 54 hospitals were analyzed. A method of text normalization that models the similarities between words was developed to manage the linguistic variability in chief complaints. Three approaches based on this method were investigated: 1) automated correction of spelling and typographical errors; 2) use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes to select chief complaints to mine for overlooked vocabulary; and 3) identification of overlooked vocabulary by matching words that appeared in similar contexts. Results The prevalence of word errors was high. For example, such words as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting were misspelled 11.0%-18.8% of the time. Approximately 20% of all words were abbreviations or acronyms whose use varied substantially by site. Two methods, use of ICD-9-CM codes to focus searches and the automated pairing of words by context, both retrieved relevant but previously unexpected words. Text normalization simultaneously reduced the number of false positives and false negatives in syndrome classification, compared with commonly used methods based on word stems. In approximately 25% of instances, using text normalization to detect lower respiratory syndrome would have improved the sensitivity of current word-stem approaches by approximately 10%-20%. Conclusions Incomplete vocabulary and word errors can have a substantial impact on the retrieval performance of free-text syndromic surveillance systems. The text normalization methods described in this paper can reduce the effects of these problems.
Anisotropic storage medium development in a full-scale, sodium alanate-based, hydrogen storage system

Abstract Deuterium desorption in an automotive-scale hydrogen storage tube was studied in-situ using neutron diffraction. Gradients in the concentration of the various alanate phases were observed along the length of the tube but no significant radial anisotropy was present. In addition, neutron radiography and computed tomography showed large scale cracks and density fluctuations, confirming the presence of these structures in an undisturbed storage system. These results demonstrate that large scale storage structures are not uniform even after many absorption/desorption cycles and that movement of gaseous hydrogen cannot be properly modeled by a simple porous bed model. Furthermore, the evidence indicates that there is slow transformation of species at one end of the tube indicating loss of catalyst functionality. These observations explain the unusually fast movement of hydrogen in a full scale system and shows that loss of capacity is not occurring uniformly in this type of hydrogen-storage system.
Shock Propagation Through Cross-Learning in Opaque Networks

This paper studies how firms' learning from their neighbor's stock price ("cross-learning") affects the exposure of firm investment and stock prices to local firm-specific shocks. In my framework, firms are located in a circular network and share a common productivity shock with their direct neighbors. Stock prices reflect informed traders' private information about future productivity shocks and firm managers learn from their neighbor's stock price to improve investment efficiency. In opaque networks, managers cannot filter out movements in their neighbor's price that arise because this firm is learning from its neighbor as well. Consequently, local shocks are transmitted from one firm to all other firms and can have a sizeable impact on aggregate variables. This impact is particularly strong in more uncertain episodes, when managers face a higher incentive to cross-learn.
Replication-Competent Viral Vectors for Vaccine Delivery

Abstract Some of the most effective vaccines used for preventing viral diseases are based on live attenuated viruses. Although this approach has been very effective against highly infectious pathogens (e.g., viruses causing smallpox, poliomyelitis, and measles) and has been the basis for some of the most effective experimental vaccines in animal models (e.g., live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus), development of analogous replication-competent human vaccine candidates is not practical for some viral pathogens (e.g., HIV, Ebola virus) because vaccination with live virus presents significant risks. An alternative pathway is being developed that involves the use of replication-competent viral vectors, and a growing number of viruses have been used as platforms to make experimental vaccines. As these candidates are advanced and tested in nonhuman primates or in human clinical trials, researchers will be able to characterize how the biological properties of different vaccine delivery vectors modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. This chapter includes a brief description of available viral vector technologies and their contribution to vaccine design, using human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development as a case study.
Beyond Territorial and Worldwide Systems of International Taxation

The dialogue regarding the international taxation of multinational firms should move beyond the rhetoric of comparing supposedly territorial and worldwide systems of taxation. Among major countries, there are no pure territorial or pure worldwide systems, just systems that lie on a spectrum between these extremes. Once one recognizes the characteristics that determine where on the spectrum particular countries lie, it is far from clear that purportedly worldwide countries are further to the “pure worldwide” end of the spectrum than are many purportedly territorial countries. Still, along the spectrum, tradeoffs between “competitiveness” and efficient capital allocation (with attendant effects on the home country tax base) are inevitable. Thus, I describe international tax system design proposals that might transcend this tradeoff, examining several such options. Finally, I discuss the current efforts of the BEPS process.
POTENTIAL FLOW IN TUBE BANKS

This paper presents an analytical solution for potential cross-flow in doubly-periodic in-line and staggered tube banks. The solution, in the form of a power series for the complex potential, is consistent with the well-known solution for a single cylinder. Results are tabulated for in-line square, rotated square, and equilateral triangle geometries for pitch-to-diameter ratio 1.25 ≤ s/d ≤ 2. Pressure contours and flow nets are presented for selected cases, together with local pressure coefficient and wall velocity data.
The Concept of Systolic Myocardial Stiffness with Applications to the Assessment of Myocardial Contractility in Health and Disease

This review article briefly describes the new concept of systolic myocardial stiffness and its application to assessing the myocardial contractile state in patients with aortic and mitral valve disease. The physiologic studies demonstrate linearity of the end-systolic stress-strain relation (ESSSR) which results in nonlinearity of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation. If Vo (volume at zero stress), is not markedly altered by drug interventions, changes in the slope of the ESSSR reflect changes in the inotropic state. The concept also permits the development of the entire ejection fraction-afterload relation (for a given preload) thus enabling contractile states to be compared between ventricles.
Structure Determination of Macromolecular Complexes by Experiment and Computation

Departments of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, Mission Bay Genentech Hall, Suite N472D, 600 16 Street, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2240, USA. tel +1 (415) 514-4227, fax +1 (415) 514-4231, email: sali@salilab.org, web: http://salilab.org, corresponding author, * both authors contributed equally.
Reliability Models — Practical Constraints

There are a number of practical constraints which may limit the accuracy of reliability prediction models in real-life situations. Topics to be addressed include confidence intervals for predicted reliability, errors due to sampling, errors due to unusual or defective components and others. Quantitative examples will be provided.
Vector intensity properties from direct and reverberant field from a mid-frequency sonar in shallow water

The Intensity Vector Autonomous Recorder (IVAR) is a benthic lander system that coherently measures 3-axis acoustic particle velocity and pressure (combined sensor). Results using IVAR in a mid-frequency propagation and reverberation study conducted near Geoje Island, Republic of Korea, are presented. The measurements were made within shallow semi-circular bay (depth ~25 m) with bay opening to deeper waters, and with directional wave measurements made within the bay waters. This presentation will focus on measurements made at a fixed range (100–1000 m, depending on test) from the Autonomous Reverberation Measurement System (ARMS), a benthic lander with a source and receive array mounted on a rotation stage in order to collect reverberation data as a function of bearing angle. Several vector and scaler metrics emerge based on different combinations of second-order acoustic fields are discussed, such as rate of energy transport and active and reactive intensity that lend insight into the process of shallow water reverberation. For example, in one continuous measurement made over a 12 hour period, there is high correlation between wave slope and horizontal beam width as determined with horizontal active intensity. This and other effects related to variability in shallow water reverberation will be discussed.
Protective effects of 17β-estradiol on Benzo(e)pyrene[B(e)P]-induced toxicity in ARPE-19 cells

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 17β-estradiol on Benzo(e)pyrene [B(e)P]-induced toxicity in ARPE-19 cells. Methods: We pretreated ARPE-19 cells with 20 nM and 40 nM 17β-estradiol for 6 hours, followed by addition of 300 μM B(e)P for additional 24 hours. Cell viability was measured using Trypan blue dye-exclusion assay. JC-1 assay was performed to measure mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). For a quantitative estimation of cell death, apoptotic markers such as caspase-3/7, caspase-9, and caspase-12 were measured. Results: Our results demonstrated that when treated with B(e)P, the viability and ΔΨm of ARPE-19 cells declined by 25% and 63%, respectively (P Conclusion: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that 17β-estradiol protects ARPE-19 cells against B(e)P-induced toxicity by decreasing apoptosis, preventing cell death, and restoring mitochondrial membrane potential.
Como comunicamos las/os enfermeras/os: una reflexión necesaria

La comunicacion es un proceso dinamico y luido, que se genera a partir de la relacion que se establece con el otro. Para el profesional de enfermeria esta competencia se transforma en un vinculo vital que le permite generar una relacion armonica y coniable en el proceso de cuidado. Sin embargo, la voragine en el quehacer profesional, favorece a que tanto la relacion como la comunicacion que se instaura con la persona cuidada, corra el riesgo de deshumanizarse. El siguiente manuscrito tiene como proposito, relexionar sobre como es el proceso de comunicacion en la disciplina enfermera, entregando herramientas que permitan fortalecer la relacion interpersonal y con ello llevar a repensar e inspirar a la enfermeria con la base de su esencia, que es el cuidado humano.
Crossing over as assessed by late recombination nodules is related to the pattern of synapsis and the distribution of early recombination nodules in maize

Recombination nodules (RNs) are multicomponent proteinaceous ellipsoids found in association with the synaptonemal complex (SC) during prophase I of meiosis. Numerous early RNs (ENs) are observed during zygotene, and they may be involved in homologous synapsis and early events in recombination. Fewer late RNs (LNs) are observed during pachytene, and they occur at crossover sites. Here we describe the pattern of synapsis and the distribution of ENs and LNs in maize. Synapsis starts almost exclusively at chromosome ends, although later in zygotene there are many interstitial sites of synaptic initiation. ENs do not show interference, except possibly at distances < or = 0.2 micron. The frequency of ENs is higher on distal compared to medial SC segments, and the highest concentration of ENs occurs at synaptic forks. The number of ENs on an SC segment does not change during zygotene. These observations are interpreted to indicate that ENs are assembled at synaptic forks. Like ENs, LNs are more concentrated distally on bivalents but, unlike ENs, LNs show interference. A model is presented that relates the pattern of synapsis and ENs to the pattern of late nodules and crossing over.
The Brief Case: Laryngeal Blastomycosis Involving a Vocal Cord Implant.

A 54-year-old woman from southern Ohio presents with progressive dysphonia and a chronic nonhealing neck wound. She has a history of Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with external beam radiation of the neck 30 years ago. Beginning 3 to 4 years ago, she began to experience dysphonia and was diagnosed
The Game in Chase: Conflicting Controversies in the Production of Sir John Oldcastle

Critical studies of Sir John Oldcastle often view the play in relation to Shakespeare’s more familiar plays, Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2. Such studies draw attention to a famous controversy, which invo...
Effective Strategies for Communication Management in a Project Management Environment

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of using strategic approaches for managing communication in projects, especially for top-level managers and lower-level employees. The gap of communication co...
Abstract 6471: Variable expression of ZEB-1, Bcl-2, and E-cadherin in human hepatocholangio and renal cell carcinomas

Although Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in cancers remains controversial, its relevance in tumor progression is a subject of investigation. The presence of cellular changes associated with EMT in bladder tumor progression have been well investigated, unlike other human carcinomas with very little data available to date. ZEB-1 which targets E-Cadherin repression is a transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in EMT, and its nuclear expression in tumor cells has been associated with aggressive malignancies in some types of cancer. Recently, it was also reported that ZEB-1 inhibits the expression of proapoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 interacting mediator of cell death (BIM) by binding directly to the BIM promoter and repressing its transcription. We tested this hypothesis with a human cohort of 24 Cholangiocarcinoma (CC), 18 Hepatocellular (HCC) and 31 Renal Cell (RCC) human carcinomas. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections containing benign and tumor lesions were immunostained using the Dako Autostainers Link 48 along with ZEB-1 monoclonal OT13G6 (ABCAM), Bcl-2 monoclonal 124 (Agilent, Dako), and E-Cadherin monoclonal NCH-38 (Agilent, Dako) antibodies. Nuclear, membraneous and/or cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was scored based on the intensity and percentage of positive cells in both the benign epithelium and adjacent tumor in each case. E-Cadherin was highly expressed in both the adjacent benign and malignant components with no significant variability in all three carcinomas, with ZEB-1 and Bcl-2 evaluated for the any positivity staining in both components for all cases. Results are detailed in the table below.All positive ZEB-1 cases in HCC were in high grade cases unlike the positive ZEB-1 in RCC which were in low grade cases. But more noticeably, 8/10 (80%) positive ZEB-1 were also positive for Bcl-2 in all three carcinoma types. Despite the small number of cases analyzed in this cohort a trend in the expression of ZEB-1 and its co-expression with BCL-2 may have some prognostic implications. We are currently extending this analysis to a larger number of CC, HCC, and RCC to closely examine the significance of ZEB-1, and Bcl-2 expression across differently graded lesions to further test our hypothesis. Citation Format: Joeffrey J. Chahine, Kyungmin Ko, Bhaskar VS Kallakury, Pamela L. Tuma. Variable expression of ZEB-1, Bcl-2, and E-cadherin in human hepatocholangio and renal cell carcinomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6471.
Modular Approaches to Understand the Immunobiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency.

Despite advances in slowing the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there is no viable cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The challenge toward a cure is mainly the f...
War football: World War I and the birth of the NFL: by Chris Serb, Lanham, MA, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, xi+275 pp., £25.00 (ebook), ISBN 978-1-5381-2484-0

Before World War I, football was the black sheep of American sports, confined to university gridirons and disreputable semi-professional competitions. By the end of the century, the National Footba...
Population structure within the Hard Maple complex

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is the most economically important member of the Hard Maple species complex, a group of related species that occupy a range between Canada and Mexico, which are ...