cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weak-base amines inhibit the anterograde-to-retrograde conversion of axonally transported vesicles in nerve terminals.

Acidotropic weak-base amines were used to investigate the role of acidic compartments in the pathway of aterograde-to-retrograde conversion of axonally transported vesicles in axon terminals. A local concentrated population of nascent axon tips was produced by transecting the rat sciatic nervein situ to allow local and direct exposure of the axon tips to test solutions. Immersion of the nascent axon tips in solutions containing 10mm ammonium choloride or 10mm propylamine caused the axon tips to become distended by an accumulation of elongated membranous tubules and occasional large vacuoles that were both distinct from retrograde organelles. To test whether this accumulation was the result of an impairment of anterograde-to-retrograde conversion, a radioactive pulse-labelling method was used together with a retrograde collection ligature, to quantify the proportion of anterogradely transported proteins that returned from the axon tips by retrograde transport. Exposure of the axon tips to 10mm ammonium chloride caused the anterogradely transported membrane proteins to accumulate in the axon tips and reduced by about 50% the amount of protein that returned to the retrograde collection ligature. These observations implicate the involvement of acidic membranous compartments in the anterograde-to-retrograde conversion pathway that leads to the formation of retrograde organelles in axon tips. Exposure of nerves to Acridine Orange, which is a vital acidotropic fluorescent dye, confirmed the presence of acidic compartments in the axon tips. Based on these observations, we propose that the membranous tubules that accumulated in the axon tips in the presence of weak-base amines represent a transient intermediate in the pathway of anterograde-to-retrograde conversion of axonally transported vesicles in axon terminals, and that acidic membranous compartments within axon terminals are required for the conversion of these tubules into retrograde organelles.
Chapter 6 Axiomatic cost and surplus sharing

Abstract The equitable division of a joint cost (or a jointly produced output) among agents with different shares or types of output (or input) commodities, is a central theme of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. Ever since Shapley's seminal contribution in 1953, this question has generated some of the deepest axiomatic results of modern microeconomic theory. More recently, the simpler problem of rationing a single commodity according to a profile of claims (reflecting individual needs, or demands, or liabilities) has been another fertile ground for axiomatic analysis. This rationing model is often called the bankruptcy problem in the literature. This chapter reviews the normative literature on these two models, and emphasizes their deep structural link via the Additivity axiom for cost sharing: individual cost shares depend additively upon the cost function. Loosely speaking, an additive cost-sharing method can be written as the integral of a rationing method, and this representation defines a linear isomorphism between additive cost-sharing methods and rationing methods. The simple proportionality rule in rationing thus corresponds to average cost pricing and to the Aumann-Shapley pricing method (respectively for homogeneous or heterogeneous output commodities). The uniform rationing rule, equalizing individual shares subject to the claim being an upper bound, corresponds to serial cost sharing. And random priority rationing corresponds to the Shapley-Shubik method, applying the Shapley formula to the Stand Alone costs. Several open problems are included. The axiomatic discussion of non-additive methods to share joint costs appears to be a promising direction for future research.
SMALL-DOSE EMULSION TREATMENT OF RAGWEED POLLINOSIS. A DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY CONTINUED FOR THREE SEASONS.

T he use of emulsified pollen extract in the treatment of rhinitis due to allergy has been increasingly popular since its introduction by Loveless1 and the extension of her original work by Bro&n .2 Although the reports are too numerous to mention, there have been few well-controlled studies”-” since Loveless6 published the results of a double-blind study in 1957. Only two such studies with aqueous therapy have been reported.‘, y Because all reports prior to the initiation of our study, and most of them since, have been primarily concerned with determination of the largest dose that could be given without producing a reaction, we became interested in evaluating the effects of very small doses, since reaction is one of the problems in emulsion therapy. One purpose of our study was to determine the results of treatment with relatively small doses of emulsified pollen extract in rhinitis caused by allergy to ragweed pollen. A double-blind study was carried out through the allergy seasons of 1960, 1961, and 1962. We felt that an understanding of the difficulties in establishing proper experimental design was perhaps more important than the actual results themselves. The study was initiated as a pilot study in 1960 in cooperation with the Committee on Specific Therapy of the American Academy of Allergy. E’ortyfive patients with ragweed allergic rhinitis were selected from The New York Hospital Allergy Clinic. These patients were grouped in pairs matched as closely as possible according to sex, duration of disease, previous aqueous hypo-
The same but different: HRD master’s programmes in the United States

In this study, we examined the curricular and institutional characteristics of HRD master’s programmes in the United States. Our sample included 108 programmes in 100 institutions that were self-identified as HRD programmes. Among our findings: (1) fewer programmes were located in schools of education (44%) and more were located in schools of business (28%) than indicated by previous research; (2) there was greater homogeneity in curriculum among programmes in the same institutional locations (e.g. schools of education or schools of business) and greater variation among programmes in different institutional locations; (3) the curriculum of programmes located in schools of education tended to focus on traditional educational topics such as adult learning and instructional design, while the curriculum of programmes located in school of business tended to focus on management topics such as organization development, staffing and employment law. Our findings suggest that the nature of HRD as an academic subjec...
Alkin‐Komplexe von Wolfram(IV)

Das vollstandige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 1409. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198314090
Computed tomography in acute cholecystitis

It has been our experience that acute cholecystitis can frequently be diagnosed on the basis of computed tomography (CT) alone, without the need for further confirmatory studies. This capability has not been emphasized in the radiologic or surgical literature.
Total Syntheses of (−)-Transtaganolide A, (+)-Transtaganolide B, (+)-Transtaganolide C, and (−)-Transtaganolide D and Biosynthetic Implications

‘Dibal'lin’ on a budget: The enantioselective total syntheses of transtaganolides A–D are rapidly achieved by a highly diastereoselective Ireland–Claisen/Diels–Alder cascade reaction of an enantioenriched geraniol derivative (see scheme). Based on X-ray diffraction data, the absolute configuration of these metabolites is established and discussed within the context of existing biosynthetic hypotheses.
Alternative Approaches of Capacity Assignment for Delay Bounded Traffic

The capacity assignment (CA) problem is one of the most fundamental topics in packet communication networks. In a previous work, we established the CA model with the packetized generalized processor sharing (PGPS) discipline, took the non-Markovian traffic into account, and introduced the stochastic programming (SP) methodology to solve the problem. In the present work, we address three new issues: the dual model, the multi-session model, and the wait-and-see method.
An empirical comparison of spatial scan statistics for outbreak detection

Background: The spatial scan statistic is a widely used statistical method for the automatic detection of disease clusters from syndromic data. Recent work in the disease surveillance community has proposed many variants of Kulldorff's original spatial scan statistic, including expectation-based Poisson and Gaussian statistics, and incorporates a variety of time series analysis methods to obtain expected counts. We evaluate the detection performance of twelve variants of spatial scan, using synthetic outbreaks injected into four real-world public health datasets. Results: The relative performance of methods varies substantially depending on the size of the injected outbreak, the average daily count of the background data, and whether seasonal and dayof-week trends are present. The expectation-based Poisson (EBP) method achieves high performance across a wide range of datasets and outbreak sizes, making it useful in typical detection scenarios where the outbreak characteristics are not known. Kulldorff's statistic outperforms EBP for small outbreaks in datasets with high average daily counts, but has extremely poor detection power for outbreaks affecting more than 2 of the monitored locations. Randomization testing did not improve detection power for the four datasets considered, is computationally expensive, and can lead to high false positive rates. Conclusion: Our results suggest four main conclusions. First, spatial scan methods should be evaluated for a variety of different datasets and outbreak characteristics, since focusing only on a single scenario may give a misleading picture of which methods perform best. Second, we recommend the use of the expectation-based Poisson statistic rather than the traditional Kulldorff statistic when large outbreaks are of potential interest, or when average daily counts are low. Third, adjusting for seasonal and day-of-week trends can significantly improve performance in datasets where these trends are present. Finally, we recommend discontinuing the use of randomization testing in the spatial scan framework when sufficient historical data is available for empirical calibration of likelihood ratio scores.
A unified charge-current compact model for ambipolar operation in quasi-ballistic graphene transistors: Experimental verification and circuit-analysis demonstration

This paper presents a compact virtual source (VS) model to describe carrier transport valid in both unipolar and ambipolar transport regimes in quasi-ballistic graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). The model formulation allows for an easy extension to bilayer graphene transistors, where a bandgap can be opened. The model also includes descriptions of intrinsic terminal charges/capacitances obtained self-consistently with the transport formulation. The charge model extends from drift-diffusive transport regime to ballistic transport regime, where gradual-channel approximation (GCA) fails. The model is calibrated exhaustively against DC and S-parameter measurements of GFETs. To demonstrate the model capability for circuit-level simulations, the Verilog-A implementation of the model is used to simulate the dynamic response of frequency doubling circuits with GFETs operating in the ambipolar regime.
Personality Typologies of Male Juvenile Offenders Using a Cluster Analysis of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory Introduction

The Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) is a unique adolescent instrument that attempts to delineate between personality and acute symptoms. This study sought to explore typologies based on the Personality Pattern scales of theMACI in a sample of detained male juvenile offenders (N = 103). A Ward’s method cluster analysis yielded a four-cluster solution, and each cluster was provided a clinically relevant label: (a) disruptive, antisocials; (b) agreeable, antisocials; (c) anxious, prosocials; and (d) reactive, depressives. The largest group consisted of the reactive depressives (n = 41). This suggests the importance of considering the role of internalizing problems as a conduit to delinquency in addition to antisocial personality. No interaction between cluster membership and offense history or race was found.
Robust Computed Torque Control of Mechchanical Manipulators: Non-Adaptive vs. Adaptive

We consider the tracking control problem of mechanical manipulators in the presence of uncertainty. Two classes of control algorithms are proposed. If the possible bound of the uncertainty is known, a class of non-adaptive robust computed torque control schems is used. The control guarantees the tracking error to be confined within a specified region after a finite time. If the bound of uncertainty is unknown, a class of adaptive robust computed torque control schemes is used. The control guarantees the tracking error to converge to zero. Both classes of controls are continous and no statistical information on the uncertainty is ever assumed, nor is such information used. Use of the controls is illustrated by a two-link planar robot manipulator. The resulting system performance is compared with that of the manipulator when the traditional computed torque control scheme is employed.
Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer

Appropriate treatment of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) remains one of the most difficult challenges in head and neck oncology. Overall survival of patients with HNSCC remains at approximately 50% at 5 years. Surgical therapy can be mutilating and often has significant effects on swallowing, speech, and physical appearance. The addition of chemotherapy to radiation treatment has shown efficacy in organ preservation in some sites in the head and neck, but has resulted in limited improvement in survival rates. HNSCC resistance to chemotherapy has limited the usefulness of chemotherapy in the treatment of this disease. We have recently demonstrated that human head and neck squamous cell cancers contain a tumorigenic, so-called cancer stem cell, subpopulation of cells that can self-renew and produce differentiated cells that form the bulk of the tumor. These tumorigenic HNSCC cells have a distinct phenotype and can be identified by a surface marker. Current treatment for HNSCC regimens may selectively kill the differentiated cancer cells, producing tumor regression while sparing the cancer stem cells, leading to tumor regrowth and relapse. It is important for us to understand why HNSCC does not respond to chemotherapy and to identify new targeted treatments that can overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. Further study of HNSCC stem cells will increase our knowledge of this devastating disease and allow us to develop novel treatments.
Remote Raman Spectroscopic Detection of Minerals and Organics Under Illuminated Conditions from a Distance of 10 m Using a Single 532 nm Laser Pulse

Raman spectra of several minerals and organics were obtained from a small portable instrument at a distance of 10 m in a well-illuminated laboratory with a single 532 nm laser pulse with energy of 35 mJ/pulse. Remote Raman spectra of common minerals (dolomite, calcite, marble, barite, gypsum, quartz, anatase, fluorapatite, etc.) obtained in a short period of time (1.1 μs) clearly show Raman features that can be used as fingerprints for mineral identification. Raman features of organics (benzene, cyclohexane, 2-propanol, naphthalene, etc.) and other chemicals such as oxides, silicates, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and carbonates were also easily detected. The ability to identify minerals from their Raman spectra obtained from a single laser pulse has promise for future space missions where power consumption is critical. Such a system could be reduced in size by minimizing the cooling requirements for the laser unit. The remote Raman system is also capable of performing time-resolved measurements. Data indicate that further improvement in the performance of the system is possible by reducing the gate width of the detector (ICCD) from 1.1 μs to approximately 20 ns, which would significantly reduce the background signal from daylight or a well-illuminated laboratory. The 1.1 μs signal gating was effective in removing nearly all background fluorescence with 532 nm excitation, indicating that the fluorescence in most minerals is probably from long-lifetime inorganic phosphorescence.
An empirical evaluation of supervised learning in high dimensions

In this paper we perform an empirical evaluation of supervised learning on high-dimensional data. We evaluate performance on three metrics: accuracy, AUC, and squared loss and study the effect of increasing dimensionality on the performance of the learning algorithms. Our findings are consistent with previous studies for problems of relatively low dimension, but suggest that as dimensionality increases the relative performance of the learning algorithms changes. To our surprise, the method that performs consistently well across all dimensions is random forests, followed by neural nets, boosted trees, and SVMs.
The BsmI vitamin D receptor restriction fragment length polymorphism (BB) predicts low bone density in premenopausal black and white women

We conducted a study to determine whether a recently described restriction fragment length polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR-RFLP) predicts bone mineral density (BMD) in unrelated, premenopausal women as well as to determine the racial contribution to any genotypic influences on BMD. White (n = 83) and black (n = 72) women between 20 and 40 years of age were genotyped based on the presence (b) or absence (B) of a BsmI restriction enzyme site in the VDR gene, and BMD in the lumbar spine and femur neck was determined for each subject. There were 16 BB, 73 Bb, and 66 bb women. No significant difference was observed in genotypic distribution between the racial groups. The interaction of race by genotype on age- and body mass index (BMI)-adjusted BMD was not significant at either site. Age- and BMI-adjusted BMD was higher in black women at the spine (by 7.2%, p = 0.046) and femur neck (7.3% higher, p = 0.004). In the group as a whole, mean BMD in the femur neck was lower in the BB women that the bb (by 8.1%, p = 0.034) or Bb women (by 9.3%, p = 0.015) after controlling for age, BMI, race, and the race by genotype interaction. Adjusted lumbar spine BMD was lower in the BB women than the Bb women (6.4% lower, p = 0.036) in the group as a whole. No difference were detected between Bb and bb women at either site. A similar pattern of low BMD at the femur neck and the lumbar spine was seen in BB women of both races.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structure and Catalytic Properties of Supported Vanadium Oxides: Support Effects on Oxidative Dehydrogenation Reactions

Abstract The effects of support (Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , HfO 2 , TiO 2 , and ZrO 2 ) on the structure and catalytic behavior of supported vanadia in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane were examined over a wide range of vanadium surface densities (0.5–15.0 VO x /nm 2 ). X-ray diffraction and Raman and UV-visible spectra showed that vanadia exists as highly dispersed species at surface densities below 7 VO x /nm 2 on Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , TiO 2 , and ZrO 2 , but as large V 2 O 5 crystallites on SiO 2 . Surface structures evolve from isolated monovanadates to polyvanadate domains and V 2 O 5 crystallites as VO x surface density increases. Polyvanadates appear at lower surface densities on ZrO 2 and TiO 2 than on Al 2 O 3 and HfO 2 . UV-visible edge energies decrease as VO x domains grow with increasing VO x surface density on all supports. Initial propene selectivities increase with increasing VO x surface density, as monovanadate species and exposed support sites, which favor primary combustion pathways, decrease in concentration. Oxidative dehydrogenation rates per V-atom reach a maximum on VO x domains of intermediate size, which provide a balance between the activity of surface VO x species and their accessibility to reactants. Interactions with supports determine the type of VO x structures present at a given surface density, but turnover rates do not depend on the identity of the support when differences in VO x structure are taken into account. Oxidative dehydrogenation turnover rates are similar on polyvanadate species and on surface VO x sites on bulk V 2 O 5 . The relative rates of oxidative dehydrogenation to form propene and of secondary propene oxidation to CO x do not depend on the identity of the support or on VO x surface density or structure. Thus, it appears that these two reactions require similar VO x surface sites and that these sites are present at similar surface densities on polyvanadate domains and small V 2 O 5 clusters.
Case study: The furniture company: deductive databases and the scheduling problem

In this paper we address the possibility of utilizing a deductive database solution to assist a furniture company to solve its delivery scheduling problems. We first present the company's current approach to scheduling furniture deliveries using their present computing facilities. Then, we discuss their search for an off-the-self solution, resulting in the proposed solution employing the capabilities of a deductive database application. An evaluation of the current state of commercially available deductive database is conducted and presented to assess the possibilities and availability of the technology to focus on an alternative for the furniture company.
Effects of high-temperature stress on microsporogenesis in heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris

High ambient temperature (32/27 °C, day/night, 12 h photoperiod) applied prior to anthesis to Phaseolus vulgaris plants results in abnormal pollen and anther development during microsporogenesis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine anther and pollen morphology and pollen wall architecture after heat stress was applied to two genotypes that differ with respect to yield potential under high-temperature field conditions: one, a heat-sensitive, Mesoamerican genotype, A55, the second, a heat-tolerant, Andean genotype, G122. High-temperature treatment of both genotypes was applied 1-13 d before anthesis. Under heat stress, the heat-tolerant genotype showed anther and pollen characteristics that were generally similar to the low temperature controls. In contrast, after 9 d of heat treatment before anthesis, the anthers of the heat-sensitive genotype were indehiscent and contained abnormal pollen. Pollen wall architecture was also affected in the 12 and 13 d treatments. In addition to the morphological changes, the heat-sensitive genotype also experienced reduced pollen viability and reduced yield in high-temperature experiments conducted in both the greenhouse and field.
A Typology of Conceptions of the Public Interest

A typology of conceptions of the public interest is presented, and the occurrence of public interest rhetoric is discussed. Classifying dimensions of the typology include (1) number of sets of preferences and agreement among them, (2) the existence and level of the actor holding the preferences, (3) whether determination of the public interest requires participation of units of the polity in certain acts, or is merely passive or investigatory in nature, and (4) whether determination of the public interest is or is not rule-determined. Reasons suggested for the occurrence of public interest rhetoric include the avoidance of protest, the constraints of general value consensus, and the behavior of fiduciaries. It is argued that development of a general theory relating public interest conceptions to behavior may be aided by construction of typologies like the present one.
Radiation Dose Reduction during Radial Cardiac Catheterization: Evaluation of a Dedicated Radial Angiography Absorption Shielding Drape

Objectives. Radiation scatter protection shield drapes have been designed with the goal of decreasing radiation dose to the operators during transfemoral catheterization. We sought to investigate the impact on operator radiation exposure of various shielding drapes specifically designed for the radial approach. Background. Radial access for cardiac catheterization has increased due to improved patient comfort and decreased bleeding complications. There are concerns for increased radiation exposure to patients and operators. Methods. Radiation doses to a simulated operator were measured with a RadCal Dosimeter in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. The mock patient was a 97.5kg fission product phantom. Three lead-free drape designs were studied. The drapes were placed just proximal to the right wrist and extended medially to phantom’s trunk. Simulated diagnostic coronary angiography included 6 minutes of fluoroscopy time and 32 seconds of cineangiography time at 4 standard angulated views (8s each), both 15frames/s. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used for statistical analysis. Results. All drape designs led to substantial reductions in operator radiation exposure compared to control ( P< 0.0001). The greatest decrease in radiation exposure (72%) was with the L-shaped design. Conclusions. Dedicated radial shielding drapes decrease radiation exposure to the operator by up to 72% during simulated cardiac catheterization.
Graphical Representation for Unit Systems

This paper presents some ideas concerning physical systems of units, and a graphical representation of them, which has been found useful in teaching the subject.
Visualizing Laurentian Great Lakes ice cycles

In 1994, under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Earth System and Data Information Management (ESDIM) Program, a project was initiated to update a 20-winter digital ice concentration database and ice concentration climatology (see Internet at http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Task_rpts/ccassell l-2.html). The data reduction phase of that project is now complete. The National Ice Center (NIC) and the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) contributed the historic ice charts used in this project. The first analysis product from the updated database is a set of computer animations of the seasonal progression of ice cover extent and concentration for 23 individual winter seasons.
Upper bound on wave speeds in anisotropic materials based on elastic projection operators

An upper bound on the speeds of waves propagating along an arbitrary direction in an elastic material with general anisotropy has been developed from an additive decomposition of the acoustic tensor. Several examples of materials with different elastic symmetries (cubic, tetragonal) are presented. A validation is provided by comparing the upper bounds for copper and tin crystals with numerical solutions of the eigenvalue problems.
Arterial thrombosis resulting in amputation in a child with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes and heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation.

: Children with venous thromboses have greater than 50% likelihood of carrying a genetic thrombophilic defect, and two-thirds of such defects will be a mutation in the factor V gene referred to as Factor V Leiden. Poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) increases the risk for thrombosis. We report a massive arterial thrombosis resulting in unilateral below-the-knee amputation in a 12-yr-old white girl with a heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation and a 2-yr history of poorly controlled T1DM. This report emphasizes the need to test for thrombophilic defects in children with thrombosis or with a family history of thrombosis. Good metabolic control is especially important in children with T1DM and known thrombophilic defects.
Knock-in Mutation of the Distal Four Tyrosines of Linker for Activation of T Cells Blocks Murine T Cell Development

The integral membrane adapter protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) performs a critical function in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction by coupling the TCR to downstream signaling pathways. After TCR engagement, LAT is tyrosine phosphorylated by ZAP-70 creating docking sites for multiple src homology 2–containing effector proteins. In the Jurkat T cell line, the distal four tyrosines of LAT bind PLCγ-1, Grb2, and Gads. Mutation of these four tyrosine residues to phenylalanine (4YF) blocked TCR-mediated calcium mobilization, Erk activation, and nuclear factor (NF)-AT activation. In this study, we examined whether these four tyrosine residues were essential for T cell development by generating LAT “knock-in” mutant mice that express the 4YF mutant protein under the control of endogenous LAT regulatory sequences. Significantly, the phenotype of 4YF knock-in mice was identical to LAT−/− (null) mice; thymocyte development was arrested at the immature CD4−CD8− stage and no mature T cells were present. Knock-in mice expressing wild-type LAT protein, generated by a similar strategy, displayed a normal T cell developmental profile. These results demonstrate that the distal four tyrosine residues of LAT are essential for preTCR signaling and T cell development in vivo.
What might retrotransposons teach us about aging

Retrotransposons are activated as organisms age, based on work from several model systems. Since these mobile DNA elements can promote genome instability, this has raised the possibility that they can contribute to loss of cellular function with age. Many questions remain to be addressed about the relationship between retrotransposons and aging, so it is unclear if changes in their activity will be found to contribute to aging or to be a consequence of aging. A few broad perspectives are presented regarding how continued work on these elements could provide important insights into the aging process, regardless of whether their mobility is ultimately found to significantly contribute to reduced lifespan and healthspan.
Is there a genetic basis for lung cancer susceptibility

The major risk factor for lung cancer is exposure to tobacco smoke. Exposure to radon, heavy metals used in smelting, and asbestos also greatly increase risks for lung cancer. However, only about 11% of tobacco smokers ultimately develop lung cancer, suggesting that genetic factors may influence the risk for lung cancer among those who are exposed to carcinogens. Further support for this hypothesis is provided by several epidemiological studies and also from molecular epidemiological studies. Epidemiological studies show approximately 14-fold increased risks for lung cancer among average tobacco smokers and approximately 2.5-fold increased risks attributable to a family history of lung cancer after controlling for tobacco smoke. Segregation analyses suggest that a rare autosomal dominant gene may explain susceptibility to early-onset lung cancer, but these results explain a minority of lung cancer cases, which include a familiy history. Therefore, more common genetic variants or polymorphisms are hypothesized to affect lung cancer risk. Environmental carcinogenesis resulting from tobacco smoke exposure is a complex process that can involve activation of procarcinogens that lead to adduct formation and subsequent failure of DNA repair, which should normally remove these adducts. Studies comparing DNA repair capacity among newly diagnosed lung cancer patients and age-matched controls indicate significant differences between the two groups. On culturing with bleomycin lymphocytes from lung cancer patients and age- and ethnicity-matched controls, the lymphocytes from lung cancer cases have been consistently observed to show higher levels of chromatid breaks than the control lymphocytes. A similar assay has been developed using benzo-[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE), a reactive substrate that is derived by in vitro processes from benzo[a]pyrene, a major carcinogen in tobacco smoke. Results from this assay show an even more significantly higher level of damaged chromatids in lung cancer patients than in controls. Poor DNA repair is independent of tobacco smoking status. The cellular processes involved in DNA repair of bleomycin and BPDE have not yet been fully elaborated. However, the consistency of findings with these two carcinogens indicates that DNA repair capacity influences risk for lung cancer among individuals.
Aggregation kinetics of stimulus-responsive polymer-coated gold nanoparticles driven by Hofmeister effects

Abstract Stability of engineered nanomaterials within natural aquatic systems is generally difficult to predict due to multiple roles that background electrolytes may play in these suspensions. Here we utilize core shell nanoparticles based on random copolymers of di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate ( x = MEO 2 MA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate ( y = OEGMA) to investigate specific ion effects on colloidal stability. Aggregation kinetics ( k 11 ) of Au@(MEO 2 MA x -co-OEGMA y ) NPs were measured for KCl, NaCl, SrCl 2 , and MgCl 2 at various concentrations by means of time-resolved dynamic light scattering (TR-DLS). It was found that the smallest concentration of K + and the greatest concentration of Mg 2 + were required to increase the aggregation rate. Specifically, we demonstrate k 11 scales not only as a result of ionic strength, but also in some cases in a direction opposite to that expected by the Schultz–Hardy rule. For these systems, aggregation kinetics can be better predicted by ion characterization within the well-established Hofmeister series.
A biogeographic perspective on early human colonization of the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract Whence came the early human colonizers of the Tibetan Plateau? Recent genomic research of modern Tibetan gene pool diversity provides evidence of numerous different founding haplogroups among populations. Age estimates suggest that much of the Tibetan gene pool is the product of Holocene migration and admixture, but at least one distinct ancestral haplotype may pre-date the last glacial maximum. Key genes conferring high-altitude adaptation to Tibetan populations suggest that those populations diverged from Han Chinese ancestors between ~ 8–18 cal ka BP. Diverse Upper Paleolithic technological packages existed in different regions around the margins of the Plateau that could have been carried up by potential early colonizers. However, archeological evidence of early (pre-Neolithic) occupation on the Plateau itself is remarkably uniform, consisting of small short-term camps with a mixed lithic technology featuring simple flakes and shatter, microblades and microcores, larger blades or bladelets, discoidal tablet cores, and occasional bipolar pebble cores; well-dated sites are all post-glacial in age. A simple biogeographic model, the “up from the north” hypothesis, asserts that human groups best suited to colonizing the harsh alpine Plateau environments would have been those adapted to life typical of higher latitudes, and those advantaged northern-latitude colonizers routinely carried microlithic technology with them in hunting the same Palearctic steppe fauna found on the Plateau. The archeological record of early colonizers on the Plateau should therefore be dominated by the north Asian epi-Paleolithic technological package in which microblades were a key component. Complications to this simple model, and possible scenarios addressing the disparity between the evidence from historical genetics and the archeological record, are considered.
Abstract 1594: Significant in vivo activity of ENMD-2076, a novel inhibitor of Aurora receptor tyrosine kinases, alone and in combination with lenalidomide against plasma cell myeloma

Aurora kinases, particularly aurora A and aurora B, play a role in normal cell proliferation. Since an unusually high expression of Aurora kinases has been reported in tumor cells, they have become the target of a variety of novel anticancer drugs. One such drug, ENMD-2076, was studied in a translational research project involving a xenograft mouse model and a phase I clinical trial. The preclinical xenograft model evaluated multiple myeloma tumors in NOD/SCID mice treated with ENMD-2076, lenalidomide, and combinations of both drugs, and compared to an untreated vehicle control group. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to predict the effectiveness of treatment for multiple myeloma based on caspase-3, Ki67, phospho-histone H3 (p-H3), and CD34 biomarker expression. IHC slides were quantified using both a traditional pathology hand count and an image analysis program (Image J). The Image J data closely mirrored the hand count for all four biomarkers. At the highest combined dosage, hand count data showed CD34 levels down 74.2% from the vehicle control. Ki67 and p-H3expression were down slightly, and caspase-3 was increased two fold in the combined drug treatment group. Comparing the two drugs, it was evident that the ENMD-2076 aurora kinase inhibitor had a stronger anti-angiogenic effect, while the Lenalidomide had a stronger apoptotic effect. Although the human clinical trial is still in its early stages, initial trends are consistent with results seen in this mouse model. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1594. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1594
Average-value Modeling of Hysteresis Current Controlled Three-phase Inverters

AbstractThe primary existing methods for average-value modeling of hysteresis current controlled three-phase inverters do not accurately portray transient or over-modulation operation. This article presents two new methods for average-value modeling of hysteresis current controlled three-phase inverters: the effective voltage model and the slew-rate limitation model. These models are compared both in simulation and experimentally with the existing perfect hysteresis current control model in a variety of cases. It is shown that the proposed models are better able to predict the transient and over-modulation performance of the inverter than the existing method while retaining the computational efficiency advantages of average-value models.
Cryogenic Microcracking in IM7/5250-4 Laminates: Edge Effects and Crack Density Saturation

The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine micro-crack densities in a CFRP cross ply laminate subject to cryogenic thermal cycling in liquid nitrogen. Cross-ply [0/90]2s IM7/5250-4 coupons with free-edges were cycled 2,600 times and similar coupons with free-edges embedded in epoxy were cycled 1,600 times. Microcrack densities were measured as a function of the number of cycles in order to determine the effect of free-edges on crack formation and saturation. Cracks formed early in the free-edge coupons, with the exception of plies 3 and 6, and accumulated throughout cycling with the most damage occurring on plies 2 and 7. No crack density saturation level was observed. Coupons with epoxy coated edges had delayed crack formation and all interior plies had much lower crack densities when compared to the free-edge coupons. In the outer plies, 1 and 8, it appears that the specimens may have been near crack density saturation as the density approached 10 cracks per centimeter. This is equivalent to an average crack spacing of about 3.6 crack lengths.
Relation of human neutrophil phorbol ester receptor occupancy and NADPH- oxidase activity

Phorbol esters are potent stimulants of the respiratory burst of the human neutrophil as assessed by superoxide (O2-) generation in whole cells and by NADPH-oxidase activity in a broken-cell 27,000-g particulate fraction. Phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) stimulate production of O2- by human neutrophils with ED50 concentrations of 3.9 +/- 2.1 and 41.7 +/- 7.1 nM, respectively. The relation of biologic activity to receptor occupancy was assessed with binding studies of PMA and PDBu. Phorbol ester binding revealed a single high affinity phorbol ester receptor present at 7.6 x 10(5) sites/cell. The binding affinities for PMA and PDBu, 4.9 nM and 38.4 nM, respectively, agreed quantitatively with that of biologic potencies. Because of the high concentration of phorbol ester receptors (up to 125 nM) and the large amount of nonspecific binding at high cell density, apparent discrepancies between ED50′s for NADPH-oxidase and whole cell O2- generation were noted. With the use of low cell concentrations, quantitative agreement between intact cell production of O2-, NADPH-oxidase activity, and receptor binding was found. These results further support the identity of the NADPH-oxidase as the enzymatic source of respiratory burst O2- production in human neutrophils.
Calculation of the limit axial force of the rotor based on design optimization

In this paper,according to segregator and rotor of electric submersible pump,the limit axial force of the rotor with sliding bearing is calculated by FEM(finite element method).Rotor dynamic model is constituted by means of APDL(ANSYS Parametric Design Language).Based on the design optimization module,the limit axial force is calculated by its method of sub-problem.Calculation program is programmed,providing data for the solution to the stabilization operation of segregator and rotor.
Determination of clinafloxacin in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection

Objective:To set up a sensitive and accurate method for the determination of clinafloxacin in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.Methods:After clinafloxacin in whole blood was extracted by phosphate buffer,the sample was cleaned with solid-phase extraction(SPE) using Waters OasisMAX cartridges.The separation was performed on a Cloversil-C18 column(150 mm×3.0 mm,5 μm)using the mobile phase consisting of CH3CN-0.2%HCOOH(30:70,v/v).Detection was carried out with a fluorescence detector at λex 290 nm and λem 490 nm using ciprofloxacin as an internal standard.Results:Calibration curve was linear within the range of 5.0～1000.0 μg/L,and the extraction recoveries were from 87.0% to 95.2%,the RSD were less than 6.0%.The limit of quantification was 5.0 μg/L.Conclusion:This method is simple,sensitive and of little interferential for the determination of clinafloxacin in whole blood.
On the Significance of the Overseas Students' Education to the Internalization of Our Universities

Oversea students for education are the exchange of Higher Education of the important components.Developing oversea students on education for our Universities approach to the international,this is the one of the important factors.Thinking deeply on the education opportunities and challenges,higher education reform and development of a cause for concern and explore the issue.This is the key step for developing our Universities.China's stable political and economic environment for the students is a good opportunity for development.In view of this,this article analyzed our universities to recruit Oversea students,raises the opportunity and the challenge which the aspect faced,proposed further developed Oversea students' the measure and the conception.
Gene sequence analysis of the Norovirus detected in diarrhea samples from infants in a region of Shanghai

Objective In order to study the genotype and the genetic identity of Norovirus in sporadic infant diarrhea samples collected from surveillance hospitals from the Shanghai area in 2006.Methods The viral RNA was RT-PCR amplified using human caliciviruses-specific primers. The amplified genes were then sequenced and analyzed using Genetic Analyzer and DNAstar software to complete genotyping and homology analysis.Results Homology analysis revealed that the sequences of 13 specimens were homogeneous with Norovirus GⅡ. The sequences of 2 specimens were closer to the viral sequence obtained from Hamburg in 2006. The sequences of 2 other specimens were closer to the sequences obtained from a virus from Utrecht in 2006 and the sequences of 9 other specimens were closer to those of sequences from Guangxi in 2006 and Tokyo between 2004 and 2005.Conclusion The cases of diarrhea presented at various surveillance hospitals in Shanghai were diverse with regard to Norovirus genogroup GⅡ.The majority of the sporadic strains in this study belonged to genotype GⅡ.
Goal Programming Formulations For A Comparative Analysis Of Scalar Norms And Ordinal Vs. Ratio Data

AbstractGoal programming has proven a valuable mathematical programming form in a number of venues. There has been a similar rapid growth in interest in data mining, where a variety of different data types are encountered. This paper applies goal programming formulations to compare relative performance of L1, L2, and L∞ norms as well as ordinal and ratio data types in a dynamic predictive environment. The models are applied to compare relative accuracy and stability in forecasting a professional athletic environment. Results confirm that ratio data provide more accurate forecasts than ordinal data. Responsiveness to error can be good and bad in prediction. Too much response to outlying events makes the predictor “nervous” and unreliable. L1 metric models are much easier and faster to solve, but involve higher levels of ambiguity than nonlinear models. L1 metric models also were more responsive to changes, but correspondingly tend to be more affected by unexpected outcomes.
Musicians have enhanced audiovisual multisensory binding: experience-dependent effects in the double-flash illusion

Musical training is associated with behavioral and neurophysiological enhancements in auditory processing for both musical and nonmusical sounds (e.g., speech). Yet, whether the benefits of musicianship extend beyond enhancements to auditory-specific skills and impact multisensory (e.g., audiovisual) processing has yet to be fully validated. Here, we investigated multisensory integration of auditory and visual information in musicians and nonmusicians using a double-flash illusion, whereby the presentation of multiple auditory stimuli (beeps) concurrent with a single visual object (flash) induces an illusory perception of multiple flashes. We parametrically varied the onset asynchrony between auditory and visual events (leads and lags of ±300 ms) to quantify participants' "temporal window" of integration, i.e., stimuli in which auditory and visual cues were fused into a single percept. Results show that musically trained individuals were both faster and more accurate at processing concurrent audiovisual cues than their nonmusician peers; nonmusicians had a higher susceptibility for responding to audiovisual illusions and perceived double flashes over an extended range of onset asynchronies compared to trained musicians. Moreover, temporal window estimates indicated that musicians' windows (<100 ms) were ~2-3× shorter than nonmusicians' (~200 ms), suggesting more refined multisensory integration and audiovisual binding. Collectively, findings indicate a more refined binding of auditory and visual cues in musically trained individuals. We conclude that experience-dependent plasticity of intensive musical experience extends beyond simple listening skills, improving multimodal processing and the integration of multiple sensory systems in a domain-general manner.