cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social comparison before, during, and after the competition.

This chapter provides an overview of the interplay between social comparison and competition before, during, and after the competition. We define competition broadly to include an act or process of competition, explicit or implicit, and link it to basic social comparison processes. Before the competition, we consider the lessons of the social comparison literature on motives, individual differences, cultural and social norms, and competition entry decisions. We then review relevant findings on the role of individual factors (personal and relational) as well as situational factors that affect motivation and competitive behavior during the competition. Finally, the chapter examines the social comparison literature on downward comparison, upward comparison, and competition re-entry decisions after the competition.
The Influence of an Acting or Subintern on Third-Year Medical School Surgery Clerkship Students.

Abstract Background Previous reports demonstrated a positive relationship between the surgical clerkship and student likelihood of pursuing a surgical career, but no studies have examined the influence a peer has on comfort during a surgical clerkship. We hypothesized that a fourth-year acting intern (AI) would positively impact third-year medical students’ experience during their surgical clerkship. Methods All third-year medical students at our institution who completed their surgical clerkship in 2019 were surveyed regarding the preclerkship and postclerkship perceptions. Results Of the 110 students surveyed, 52 responded (47.3% response rate), and 25 students (48.1%) reported having an AI during their clerkship rotation, and 27 did not (51.9%). Presence of an AI had no significant effect on the postclerkship perception of surgery, likelihood of pursuing general surgery, or comfort in the OR. Analysis of all responses demonstrated the surgery clerkship had no significant impact on students’ perception of surgery or likelihood of pursuing general surgery but did statistically increase students’ comfort in the OR. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that AI presence did not significantly influence a student’s clerkship experience or comfort in the OR. Further studies are needed to determine what, if any effect, an AI could have on third-year clerkship students.
Schools of international affairs in the United States: a historical sketch

Although disciplines are but one element of the institutional matrix of higher education, historians of International Relations (IR) rarely explore the field beyond its disciplinary context. To red...
More on Politics and Policy

This chapter further considers the relevance of economic thought to public policy matters big and small. Specifically, we consider whether separation of Church and State is a reasonable constitutional construct in light of lobbying efforts by ideologically, politically, and economically motivated groups. We also examine for whom most economic regulations are designed to benefit, consumers or firms. In a democracy, it is often said that government is for the people. By exploring the economic incentives of governance, however, we find that it is not often for all of the people.
Successful Hypoglossal Nerve Upper Airway Stimulator Implantation After Chemoradiotherapy for Oropharynx Malignancy Complicated by Mandibular Osteoradionecrosis

This case demonstrates the first successful treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with hypoglossal nerve upper airway stimulation in a patient with prior radiation for oropharynx cancer complicated ...
Developmental Functional Modules in Infant Vocalizations

Purpose Developmental functional modules (DFMs) are biological modules that are defined by their structural (morphological), functional, or developmental elements, and, in some cases, all three of ...
Time-of-Year Variation in Intraocular Pressure.

PRECIS In this study conducted in Chicago, IL, intraocular pressure (IOP) level was found to have a subtle, but measurable, annual pattern. Reasonable evidence is presented for a time-of-year variation in IOP. Adequate numbers of subjects must be studied to detect this small variation. PURPOSE The aim was to investigate the relationship between IOP and time of year. METHODS During a separate investigation, patients from 2011 to 2018 (dataset A, N=3041) in an urban, academic facility in Chicago, IL received an examination that included Goldmann applanation tonometry. Regression analyses assessed the relationship between time of year and IOP. Two additional datasets, 1 collected in a similar manner during 1999 and 2002 (dataset B, N=3261) and another consisting of all first visits during 2012 and 2017 (dataset C, N=69,858), were used to confirm and further investigate trends. RESULTS For dataset A, peak mean IOP occurred in December/January (15.7±3.7/15.7±3.8 mm Hg) and lowest in September (14.5±3.1 mm Hg). The analysis suggested conventional quarterly analysis (January to March, etc.) can conceal time-of-year relationships because of inadequate statistical power and timing of IOP variation. Multiple linear regression analysis, with a November-to-October reordering, detected an annual, downward IOP trend (P<0.0001). Analysis of dataset B confirmed this trend (P<0.001). Fourier analysis on datasets A and B combined supported a 12-month IOP cycle for right/left eyes (P=0.01/P=0.005) and dataset C provided stronger evidence for an annual periodicity (P<0.0001). Harmonics analysis of dataset C showed a repeating pattern where IOP trended downward around April, and then back upward around October. CONCLUSIONS This analysis strongly supports a demonstrable annual, cyclical IOP pattern with a trough to peak variation of ≈1 mm Hg, which has a seasonal relationship.
Listening to Transgender and Gender Diverse Students on Christian College Campuses

This study was an initial investigation of important areas of interest within the literature on transgender and gender diverse students, namely psychological health, well-being and campus climate for transgender and gender diverse students in young adulthood. What is unique is that data were obtained from Christian transgender and gender diverse students attending Christian college and universities. A sample of 31 undergraduate transgender students at nine Christian institutions in which staff were affiliated with the Association for Christians in Student Development completed an online survey. Participants reported high levels of religiosity, diversity in their attitudes about gender identity, negative perceptions of campus climate, lower levels of social support for gender identity than in general, moderate to high levels of psychological distress, and low to moderate levels of psychological well-being.
Asymptomatic Preoperative Leukocytosis Before Carotid Endarterectomy is Associated With Increased Risk of Stroke: A Study From NSQIP Database.

Background Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the gold standard operation for treating carotid artery stenosis in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis of more than 50% and asymptomatic carotid stenosis of more than 80%. Asymptomatic leukocytosis before CEA represents a clinical dilemma for surgeons about the management options. The objectives of this study are to identify the relationship between asymptomatic preoperative leukocytosis and postoperative complications in patients undergoing CEA and to assess the relationship between asymptomatic preoperative leukocytosis and postoperative complications in the cohort of patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for the years 2011–2019 was utilized for this analysis. Patients with preoperative sepsis, septic shock, pneumonia, wound infections, disseminated cancer, renal failure, and history of chronic steroid use were excluded. The remaining patients were sub-grouped based on white blood cell (WBC) count: Normal WBC ( Results Of the 26,332 patients in the study cohort, 7.4% (n =1,946) had preoperative leukocytosis. Patients with preoperative leukocytosis were relatively younger (mean age: 41.5 +/- 9.7 vs 44.3 +/- 9.1; P 1- week, acute occlusion or revision, acute renal failure, and return to OR when compared to patients with normal WBC count. Furthermore, patients with high WBC count also experienced higher occurrences of infectious complications, such as wound dehiscence, wound infections, pneumonia, and sepsis. However, there was no difference in the overall 30-day mortality. Multivariate regression analysis showed patients with preoperative leukocytosis had anincreased risk of stroke (AOR 1.5, CI: 1.1–1.9, P = 0.009), LOS>1 week (AOR 1.3, CI: 1.1–1.5, P = 0.003), and return to OR (AOR 1.3, CI: 1.0–1.8, P = 0.030). The increased LOS was especially more pronounced in symptomatic carotid stenosis patients with preoperative leukocytosis. The occurrence of LOS>1 week was 4.91% in asymptomatic stenosis patients with high WBC count compared to 21.5% in symptomatic stenosis patients with high WBC count (P Conclusions Patients with asymptomatic preoperative leukocytosis undergoing CEA have a significantly higher risk of stroke and infectious complications in the postoperative period. Furthermore, patients with symptomatic carotid disease are especially at an increased risk of prolonged LOS. A routine preoperative hematological evaluation may be recommended as a risk assessment tool for patients undergoing CEA, and postponing the elective operation in patients with asymptomatic CEA may be advised unless a thorough preoperative infectious workup is completed.
Flight Analysis of the Sounding Rocket

I ATTEMPTING to reach altitudes above those obtainable by sounding balloons, the rocket motor may be utilized to propel a suitable body. In this analysis a wingless shell of revolution will be considered in vertical flight. It was felt that, before entering into practical experimentation, it was desirable to have a preliminary performance analysis based on simplified assumptions, using the most recent data for air resistance at high speeds. As a matter of fact, this analyis was completed without the knowledge of a similar investigation. However, as this treatment is more general in discussing the influence of the design parameters and more suitable for application to particular cases, the authors believe it is worth while to present the analysis. The equations of motion for flight in vacuo have been included to show the optimum performance and for comparison purposes. After developing similar expressions for flight with air resistance, a series of calculations was carried out using the method of step-by-step integration. The dimensions of the rocket chosen were felt to be feasible for practical construction. The motor efficiencies for the two cases were chosen to match closely the reported results of R. H. Goddard and Eugen Sanger. The calculations have not been extended to further cases, as the amount of labor that would be required was not felt justified at the present time.
Dynamic Programming for Conjunctive Water Use

Dynamic programming is used to optimize the conservation and use of a conjunctive system of ground and surface waters involving several surface reservoirs, streams, recharge facilities, distribution pipelines, and aquifers. Subdivision of this complex system into several smaller and simpler subsystems is suggested. Wherever the interdependence of the subsystems is relatively small, their operations are optimized independently. The result is a system of a small number of state and decision variables with predetermined internal operative rules, which is then subjected to a conjunctive optimization. The method is applied to a water-allocation systems to produce an optimal policy for 8 years of operation in 3-month intervals. Conclusions of the optimization are presented and analyzed.
A Controller Design Guaranteeing Precise Trajectory Following for a Robotic Manipulator

The controller synthesis procedure proposed in Jayasuriya, et. al (1984), for precise tracking of reference inputs in the sense of spheres is applied to a 3 d.o.f. robotic manipulator. Their methodology applies to a class of nonlinear systems with input uncertainty and parameter uncertainty. The 3 d.o.f. manipulator to be controlled is subjected to varying payloads and is required to follow specified joint trajectories to within prespecified tolerances. The design procedure lends itself naturally to this type of control problem. In particular, the appeal of such a design procedure lies on a special decomposition which exploits linear control theory on the one hand and facilitates a separate treatment of the effects of nonlinearities and the uncertainties on the other.
The ADA Amendments Act: An Overview of Recent Changes to the Americans with Disabilities Act

Provides an overview of changes made to the Americans with Disabilities Act by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008. The paper examines the legislative history of the ADA Amendments Act and discusses the intention of drafters to interpret the law. The article also provides examples for its application.
Minimal data copy for dense linear algebra factorization

The full format data structures of Dense Linear Algebra hurt the performance of its factorization algorithms. Full format rectangular matrices are the input and output of level the 3 BLAS. It follows that the LAPACK and Level 3 BLAS approach has a basic performance flaw. We describe a new result that shows that representing a matrix A as a collection of square blocks will reduce the amount of data reformating required by dense linear algebra factorization algorithms from O(n3) to O(n2). On an IBM Power3 processor our implementation of Cholesky factorization achieves 92% of peak performance whereas conventional full format LAPACK DPOTRF achieves 77% of peak performance. All programming for our new data structures may be accomplished in standard Fortran, through the use of higher dimensional full format arrays. Thus, new compiler support may not be necessary. We also discuss the role of concatenating submatrices to facilitate hardware streaming. Finally, we discuss a new concept which we call the L1 / L0 cache interface.
Characterization and expression of a novel Na+-inorganic phosphate transporter at the liver plasma membrane of the rat

Abstract Background: Phosphate transport across the plasma membrane of the intestine and kidney occur by an Na + -dependent process. The mechanism by which phosphate enters the hepatocytes across the basolateral membrane is not known. Therefore, our study was designed to investigate whether the plasma membranes of the liver possess a specialized transport system for translocation of phosphate into the hepatocyte. Methods: Liver plasma membrane vesicles and expression of liver poly(A) + RNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes was used. Results: Phosphate was driven into the intravesicular space as depicted by the equation y = 493.96 x + 0.001, r 2 = 0.96. Inwardly directed Na + and pH gradients stimulated phosphate uptake, with a V max of 0.58 ± 0.03 and 0.22 ± 0.03 nmol/mg protein/10 s, at pH 6.1 and 7.4, respectively ( P m values were 0.39 ± 0.07 and 0.25 ± 0.1 mmol/L, respectively. To confirm the presence of a phosphate carrier, the liver Na + phosphate transporter was expressed in X. laevis oocytes. The size-selected messenger RNA encoding for the phosphate transporter was 1.6 kilobases (kb) with kinetic parameters of V max 6.75 ± 0.9 pmol/mg protein/5 min and K m of 0.29 ± 0.1 mmol/L, compared with a V max of 0.41 ± 0.03 pmol/mg protein/5 min and a K m of 0.085 ± 0.022 mmol/L for water injection. Colonic poly(A) + RNA did not stimulate phosphate uptake in the oocytes. Conclusion: The combined studies of plasma membrane vesicles and the expression system into X. laevis oocytes confirm the presence of an Na + -phosphate transporter at the liver plasma membranes.
Immunocytochemical localization of the erythroid glucose transporter: abundance in tissues with barrier functions

We investigated the cellular localization and tissue distribution of the glucose transporter protein in the nervous system of the monkey and rat, and in other tissues of the rat, by immunocytochemical methods with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the glucose transporter of human erythrocytes. We found intense immunostaining, indicating a high density of the glucose transporter, in all intraparenchymal blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord, in pial vessels, and in endoneurial capillaries of peripheral nerves, nerve roots, and dorsal root ganglia. Larger blood vessels at the base of the brain and in major fissures did not stain. The only intraparenchymal brain microvessels that did not immunostain were in circumventricular organs. There was no specific immunostaining of neurons or glia, except for tanycytes in the floor of the third ventricle, which immunostained intensely. Vessels of the choroid plexus did not stain, but the choroid epithelium, especially its basal membranes, stained. The only non- neural organ where immunostaining was evident in its microvessels was the testis. In addition to the endothelium of neural and testicular tissues, there was immunostaining in certain epithelial tissues, such as the perineurium of peripheral nerves and nerve roots, the epithelium of the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney, and the epidermis of the skin. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that a high density of the erythroid-type glucose transporter is inherent to many endothelial and epithelial cells that are joined by occluding junctions. However, other epithelial tissues with known occluding intercellular junctions that lack the erythroid-type of glucose transporter may have other types of glucose transporter proteins.
In response to Impact of dizziness and obesity on the prevalence of falls and fall-related injuries.

The Laryngoscope C 2015 The American Laryngological, V Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc. Letter to the Editor In Response to Impact of Dizziness and Obesity on the Prevalence of Falls and Fall-Related Injuries In Reply: We thank Dr. Dobie for his interest in our article. We agree that age and sex are pertinent variables in fall-related analyses. In fact, we conducted these analy- ses during our preliminary evaluation of the data, and as suggested, present the following data. Controlling for both age and gender with multivariate analysis, the presence of dizziness conferred an increased odds ratio (OR) for a fall of 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.3- 5.4). In that multivariate model, both female sex (increased odds, female vs. male 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4), and increasing age (increased odds for each decade of age 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.1) were associated with an increased risk of falling. When the data analysis was restricted to the elderly (age 65 years or greater), again controlling for both age and gender, the presence of diz- ziness demonstrated an increased OR for a fall of 4.3 (95% CI: 3.5-5.3). These results suggest that sympto- matic dizziness carries with it the most impact with respect to falls, rather than simply the aging process. H ARRISON W. L IN , MD Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery University of California, Irvine Irvine, California N EIL B HATTACHARYYA , MD, FACS Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts DOI: 10.1002/lary.25185 Laryngoscope 125: October 2015 Lin and Bhattacharyya: Letter to the Editor E351
Techniques to provide run-time support for solving irregular problems

We present a runtime library design based on the two-phase collective I/O technique for irregular applications. The design is motivated by the requirements of a large number of ASCI (Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative) applications, although the design and interface is general enough to be used from any irregular applications. We present two designs, namely, Collective I/O and Pipelined Collective I/O. In the first scheme, all processors participate in the I/O at the same time, making scheduling of I/O requests simpler, but creating a possibility of contention at the I/O nodes. In the second approach, processors are grouped into several groups, so that only one group performs I/O simultaneously, while the next group performs communication to rearrange data, and this entire process is pipelined. This reduces the contention at the I/O nodes but requires more complicated scheduling and a possible degradation in communication performance. We obtained up to 40 MBytes/sec application level performance on the Caltech's Intel Paragon (with 16 IO nodes, each containing one disk) which includes on-the-fly reordering costs. We observed up to 60 MBytes/sec on the ASCI/Red machine with only three I/O nodes (with RAIDS).
Regulation of epithelial transport and barrier function by distinct protein kinase C isoforms.

The phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibits Cl− secretion (short-circuit current, I sc) and decreases barrier function (transepithelial resistance, TER) in T84 epithelia. To el...
Implementing Partnerships Across the Curriculum with Technology

AbstractAs the number of computers accessible to students and teachers has increased, there has been a growing emphasis on integrating technology across the curriculum. Even though schools increasingly invest in new technologies, the actual use of computers in classrooms remains limited. This paper examines a model developed to guide the implementation of a Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers to use Technology (PT3) project and its capacity to promote improvement of teachers’ ability to integrate technologies into their instructional practice. The essential conditions, identified by ISTE, provided the foundation on which this model was developed. Emphasis was placed on access, professional development, support, incentives, and assessment, with the remaining conditions embedded within. The findings indicate that the model was effective in improving teachers’ technical skills and their ability to integrate technology into instructional practice.
Exploring biomolecular interactions by single-molecule fluorescence

In recent years, single-molecule detection has evolved from focusing on detecting a single molecule to examining molecular interactions in various systems. This review discusses the recent progress of single-molecule-fluorescence detection with respect to biomolecular interactions. We describe single-molecule-detection instrumentation along with several of the important tools that are used (e.g., anisotropy and resonance-energy transfer). We also review recent applications of single-molecule detection to various types of biomolecular interactions.
The use of biological criteria as a tool for water resource management

Abstract The status of biological criteria in state and federal water quality programs suggest that the majority of North American resource types have at least a single multimetric index developed. Large rivers, wetlands, and lakes are in the process of being studied and reference conditions are being developed but have primarily been developed for the Midwest and Northeastern United States. Biological criteria can include a variety of biological indicators ranging from multimetric indices, univariate indices, standard zoological and botanical indicators, and predictive models. The use of biological models to predict local conditions can result in a variety of spatial scales that biological criteria can address. Biological criteria will be applied as a measure of water resource condition, as biological restoration goals, for enforcement and compliance, for establishing baseline for Natural Resource Damage Assessments (NRDA), for formulating predictive models, and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for meeting the Government Performance and Results Act Goal 2b.
The antibody-induced clustering and endocytosis of HLA antigens on cultured human fibroblasts

Abstract It has previously been shown by immunofluorescence experiments that the cross-linking of HLA antigens into patches (by antibody reagents directed to human β 2 -microglobulin) on the surfaces of cultured human fibroblasts leads to the lining up of the patches over the actomyosin-containing stress fibers lying immediately under the surface membrane. These experiments have now been extended to the resolution of the electron microscope by the use of ferritin-conjugated antibody. The results show that a substantial part of the HLA surface clusters that form by 5 min after the addition of the antibody reagents is found in small uncoated surface invaginations which are subsequently endocytosed and ultimately fuse with lysosomal bodies. At no stage in this process is there any indication that coated pits or coated vesicles participate. These and other results suggest, therefore, that there are at least two distinct mechanisms for the ligand-induced endocytosis and lysosomal processing of membrane components, one involving coated pits and the other the noncoated invaginations described in this paper. Transmembrane associations of clusters with intracellular actomyosin-containing structures may have a role in the endocytosis of these noncoated invaginations.
Development of the California Consonant Test

A 100-item, multiple-choice test for consonant identification labeled the California Consonant Test (CCT) has been developed expressly for use with hearing-impaired patients. A computer-assisted analysis was obtained for the test responses of 550 patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The test seems highly sensitive to configurations of high-tone loss, but the correlation with degree of loss, especially in the instance of flat configurations, is somewhat low (-0.40). Test-retest correlation is 0.96. A correlation of 0.35 with a W-22 list indicates that the two tests are measuring different aspects of speech reception. In addition to its usefulness in identifying consonant confusions for rehabilitation purposes, the CCT may prove helpful in ranking hearing aids. For the latter purpose, two 50-item subforms, designed for equivalence, have been under observation for possible use when time is a critical factor. Repetitions of the 100-item list offer greater stability, however.
Morbidity and Mortality of Intra-aortic Balloon Pumps Placed Through the Aortic Arch

Twenty-four patients required an intra-aortic balloon pump placed through the aortic arch during cardiac operations from 1985 to 1993. The operative procedures of the 24 patients requiring arch balloon pumps included aortocoronary bypass (14), redo aortocoronary bypass (3), valve replacement (3), aortocoronary bypass with concomitant ventricular septal defect repair (1), heart transplantation (2), and aortic to right ventricle fistula repair (1). Mortality was 54%. Morbidity included cerebral vascular accident (17%), acute renal failure (29%), left ventricular thrombus (4%), sternal wound infection (4%), and mediastinal exploration secondary to bleeding from the balloon pump site (4%). This review suggests that (1) mortality for patients requiring arch balloon is significant, (2) complications of cerebral vascular accident and renal failure may be increased, and (3) severe peripheral vascular disease is associated with arch balloon placement and subsequent increased morbidity and mortality.
Matrix games in the multicast networks: maximum information flows with network switching

Network coding for achieving the maximum information flow in the multicast networks has been proposed by Ahlswede, Cai, Li, and Yeung. They have demonstrated that the conventional network switching, without resort to network coding, is in general not able to achieve the optimum information flow that has been promised by network coding. A basic problem arising here is that, for a given multicast network, what is the switching gap of the network defined as the ratio of the maximum information flow in the multicast network with network coding to that only with network switching. In the paper, by considering network switching as a special form of network coding, we make a complete theoretical and computational determination of the achievable information rate region for multisource multicast network switching. The multicast networks are allowed to be cyclic or acyclic with links having arbitrary positive integer or real-valued capacity. Network switching is essentially a problem of multicast-route packing in the multicast networks. Based on this, we use the theory of games to formulate the network switching as a matrix game between the first "player" of links and the second "player" of multicast routes in the multicast networks. We prove that the maximum achievable information rate at each probabilistic direction in the information rate region is the reciprocal of the value of the corresponding game. Consequently, the maximum achievable information rate can be computed in a simple way by applying the existing theory and algorithms for the computation of the value of a matrix game, especially for such multicast networks with links all having unit capacity as the Ahlswede-Cai-Li-Yeung multicast networks. For multicast networks with links having arbitrary positive real-valued capacity, by using convex optimization, we develop a simple and efficient iterative algorithm to find the maximum achievable information rates for multisource multicast network switching. For single-source multicast networks whose links have arbitrary positive real-valued capacity, we present two max-flow min-cut theorems. The maximum information flow for single-source network switching is the minimum capacity among all soft link-cuts of the multicast network, while the maximum information flow for single-source network coding is the minimum capacity among all hard link-cuts. Consequently, by applying the theory of approximation algorithms for the set-covering problem, we demonstrate that the switching gap of a single-source multicast network is upper-bounded by the nth harmonic number Hn=1+1/2+...+1/n where n is the largest number of multicast routes containing a given link in the network. This harmonic-number bound is asymptotically tight as Oscr(ln n) for the combination multicast network. For the special class of multisource multicast networks with the same set of sink nodes, we make a comparison between the achievable information rate regions for network switching and network coding
A writing program for accounting courses

Abstract The author's premise is that communication skills, as well as technical knowledge, are critical elements for success in accounting. Accounting instructors can provide opportunities for students to hone their writing skills while teaching them technical subject matter. Assignments that require research in the profession's literature are particularly valuable for this purpose. Feed-forward and feed-back strategies can simplify the grading task and alert students to their writing deficiencies. Computer-assisted writing and analysis enhance the learning experience by using the technology students will encounter in the work place.
Modeling dynamic sealed-offer k-double auctions using a mixture of distributions

This paper develops a novel market-price statistic for a sealed-offer k-double auction. The auction considered is for a homogenous product with multiple buyers and multiple sellers. The market-price statistic is developed from modeling price as a mixture of statistical distributions for buyers' prices and for sellers' prices. Ex post classical efficiency and ex ante Bayesian incentive efficiency of the method are considered.
Effective interactions: Qualitative discussion of Hartree-Fock effects

We calculate the effective interaction for $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ in a simulated Hartree-Fock basis by taking a fixed oscillator parameter of 1.7 fm for the $s$ and $p$ shells and a variable parameter ${b}_{u}$ for the $\mathrm{sd}$ and $\mathrm{pf}$ shells. A central interaction is used and diagrams of first, second, and third order in $V$ are calculated. The dominant effect is one of scaling with diagrams of second and third order all decreasing in the same exponential fashion as a function of ${b}_{u}$. Comparing pure oscillator (${b}_{u}=1.7$ fm) and simulated Hartree-Fock (${b}_{u}=2.0$ fm) results, we find a reduction factor of roughly 0.7, ${0.7}^{2}$, and ${0.7}^{3}$ for first, second, and third order, respectively. Diagrams containing a particle-particle ladder usually fall off somewhat less rapidly than the others. The implications of these model results are discussed.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Effective interaction theory; model simulation of a Hartree-Fock basis.
Regulations and policies relating to the use of wetlands for nonpoint source pollution control

Abstract The ability of wetlands to transform or trap nutrients and sediments has led to increasing attention to how wetlands can be used or their functions replicated to treat nonpoint sources of pollution. Protection, restoration, and creation of wetlands can be incorporated into nonpoint source pollution management strategies. There are, however, Federal regulations that prohibit the indiscriminate use of wetlands for water treatment. The Clean Water Act regulates all discharges into “waters of the United States” including wetlands. Restored wetlands are subject to the same protection and restrictions as natural wetlands. Created wetlands, on the other hand, are generally not considered “waters of the United States” if constructed solely for purposes of water treatment. Protection, restoration, and creation of wetlands provide opportunities to realize a number of functional benefits including water quality improvement.
MO-D-201C-01: Advances in MR: State of the Art Today and Future Directions — MR Instrumentation

Even though Magnetic Resonance as a modality is now several decades old, instrumentation continues to advance at a vigorous pace. The purpose of this presentation is to review recent advances in the current state of the art and to discuss directions of continued progress. The main magnet continues to be the central platform component from the standpoint of cost and footprint. There has been steady increase in the number of clinical systems at higher field strength (e.g., 3T vs. 1.5T), and the expected increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio is now being realized. Another significant trend has been the increase in bore diameter and decrease in magnet length, both of which are appreciated by patients. A number of systems for human in‐vivo studies at even higher field strength (e.g., 7T) are now in use. These present significant technical challenges that are being addressed, especially in B0 and B1 homogeneity and in RF power deposition. The number of channels used for simultaneous signal reception also continues to increase, with related improvements in SNR and imaging speed through parallel imaging. A newer development is simultaneous RF transmission. This new field of “parallel transmission” promises to overcome problems with B1 homogeneity and perhaps power deposition. Hybrid systems that combine MR with other diagnostic or therapeutic modalities are also receiving attention. Among these hybrids are MR guided focused ultrasound, MR/PET, X‐ray/MR hybrids, and systems for MR guided radiation therapysystems Learning Objectives: 1. Recognize recent technology trends in Magnetic Resonance 2. Understand the benefits and disadvantages of parallel excitation and reception 3. Understand the challenges in combined modality systems 4. Examine possible future directions for Magnetic Resonance Research sponsored by GE Healthcare.
Directional Effects in Transformation Tasks

This study concerned the effects of transformation type and direction on students' understanding of transformations. First, third, and fifth graders (51 girls and 54 boys) with no instruction on transformations were tested on slide, flip, and turn tasks. A significant type-by-direction interaction seemed due to the difficulty of diagonal transformations. Slide tasks seemed easiest regardless of direction, whereas the ordering by difficulty of flip and turn tasks depended on direction. The main effect for sex was not significant. The results suggested that the direction of the transformation should be considered in the curriculum and in research on spatial visualization.
II. In vivo self-control training.

2 groups of 9 overweight women received 12 sessions of self-control training in the presence of fattening foods. In one group self-control was followed by eating a low-calorie food. Results were compared with 2 control groups. Weights for 12 wk. pretreatment and 12 and 24 wk. posttreatment were collected. Only the group receiving self-control training and a substitute low-calorie food lost significant average weight (—8.89 lb.) during treatment. Subject differences between groups preclude firm identification of the reason for this. By 24 wk. posttreatment an average 7.33 lb. had been regained. Comparable studies indicating success with group behavior therapy have either no or inadequate follow-up, or other shortcomings. There is no reliable evidence to date that group behavior therapy will result in permanent weight loss.
Development of intelligence and neuropsychological impairment scales for the Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory.

Summary: The Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (WPSI) was used to evaluate the relative extent of psychosocial problems in 379 adults with epilepsy, having differing levels of intelligence and neuropsychological impairment. In general, there were more psychosocial problems when abilities were decreased. Two new scales for the WPSI were developed, one of which provides an index of intelligence and the other an index of neuropsychological impairment. When groups of patients are considered, these scales correlate well with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and with the Neuropsychological Battery for Epilepsy, respectively, but less well when there is consideration of individual cases. The uses and limitations of the new scales in research and clinical contexts are discussed. RESUMEN Se ha utilizado el Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (WPSI) para evaluar la extension relativa de los problemas psicosociales en 379 adultos con epilepsia con niveles diferentes de inteligencia y de trastornos neuropsicologicos. En general, existian mas problemas psicosociales cuando las habilidades decrecian. Se desarrollaron dos nuevas escalas para el WPSI, una de las cuales proporciona un indice de inteligencia y la otra un indice de trastorno neuropsicologico. Cuando se consideran grupos de enfermos estas escalas correlacionan bien con la escala de Wechler para inteligencia de adultos y con la bateria neuro-psicologica para epilepsyia, respectivamente, pero la correlacion es peor si se consideran casos individuales. Se discuten los usos y limitaciones de nuevas escalas en investigacion y contextos clinicos. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Washingtoner psychosozialer Anfallsinventar (WPSI) wurde benutzt, urn das relative Ausmas der psychosozialen Probleme bei 379 Erwachsenen mit Epilepsie und unterschiedlicher Intelligenz sowie neuropsychologischer Beeintraehtigung zu unter-suchen. Generell gab es mehr psychsoziale Probleme wenn die Leistungsfahigkeit herabgesetzt war. Zwei neue Scalen fur den WPSI wurden entwickelt von denen eine einen Intelligenz-index lieferte und die andere einen Index neuropsychologischer Beeintraehtigung. In Gruppenvergleich korrelierten diese Scalen gut mit dem Wechsler-Intelligenz-Test fur Erwachsene und mit der neuropsychologischen Bat-terie fur Epileptiker; die Beziehung war schwacher bei Beurteilung von Einzelfallen. Die Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der neuen Scalen fur Forschung und Klinik werden diskutiert.
The Damage Awards of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission

On August 17, 2009, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission issued its Final Awards on the claims of the two sides for injury and loss suffered during their 1998-2000 conflict. These Awards dealt with a number of important issues concerning the responsibility of states in armed conflict and the method by which the resulting damages are to be evaluated and compensated. This article reviews the main elements of these Awards and compares them to the results of other international claims processes in modern armed conflicts.
Anatomical characteristics of the cerebral surface in bulimia nervosa.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to examine morphometric features of the cerebral surface in adolescent and adult female subjects with bulimia nervosa (BN). Methods Anatomical magnetic resonance images were acquired from 34 adolescent and adult female subjects with BN and 34 healthy age-matched control subjects. We compared the groups in the morphological characteristics of their cerebral surfaces while controlling for age and illness duration. Results Significant reductions of local volumes on the brain surface were detected in frontal and temporoparietal areas in the BN compared with control participants. Reductions in inferior frontal regions correlated inversely with symptom severity, age, and Stroop interference scores in the BN group. Conclusions These findings suggest that local volumes of inferior frontal regions are smaller in individuals with BN compared with healthy individuals. These reductions along the cerebral surface might contribute to functional deficits in self-regulation and to the persistence of these deficits over development in BN.
Changes toward Earlier Streamflow Timing across Western North America

Abstract The highly variable timing of streamflow in snowmelt-dominated basins across western North America is an important consequence, and indicator, of climate fluctuations. Changes in the timing of snowmelt-derived streamflow from 1948 to 2002 were investigated in a network of 302 western North America gauges by examining the center of mass for flow, spring pulse onset dates, and seasonal fractional flows through trend and principal component analyses. Statistical analysis of the streamflow timing measures with Pacific climate indicators identified local and key large-scale processes that govern the regionally coherent parts of the changes and their relative importance. Widespread and regionally coherent trends toward earlier onsets of springtime snowmelt and streamflow have taken place across most of western North America, affecting an area that is much larger than previously recognized. These timing changes have resulted in increasing fractions of annual flow occurring earlier in the water year by 1...
A mass spectrometric method for the determination of stable isotope labeled phenytoin suitable for pulse dosing studies.

A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method has been developed for the determination in biological fluids of phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhydantoin), 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (the major metabolite of phenytoin), and simultaneously, their stable isotope labeled analogs [5,5-diphenyl-2-13C-1,3-15N2-hydantoin and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2-13C-1,3-15N2-hydantoin]. Quantification was achieved by an isotopic dilution technique: 5,5-di(pentadeuterophenyl)-hydantoin and 5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dideuterophenyl)-5-phenyl-2-13C-1,3-15N2-hydantoin were used as internal standards. Molecular ion abundances of the permethylated derivatives were measured using a limited mass range repetitive scanning technique. The method is accurate, selective, reproducible and linear for analysis of 1.0 ml of serum and 0.5 ml of urine samples at the expected concentrations of drug (serum: 0.1-30.0 micrograms ml-1) and metabolite (serum: 0.1-10.0 micrograms ml-1; urine: 5.0-200.0 micrograms ml-1). The pharmacological equivalence of labeled and unlabeled phenytoin is demonstrated for a human volunteer. The results are discussed in the light of the further applications of the method, i.e. determination of the pharmacokinetics of a pulse dose of the labeled drug administered to patients who are taking a steady state dose of the unlabeled drug.
Histochemical investigation of fiber type ratios with the myofibrillar ATP-ASE reaction in normal and denervated skeletal muscles of guinea pig†

The myofibrillar ATPase histochemical reaction was utilized to determine the proportion of the two basic histochemical fiber types in three “mixed” skeletal muscles of guinea pig after denervation. In five normal control animals, there was no significant difference in the proportion of fiber types on the two sides. In 12 experimental animals from 6–27 weeks after right sciatic neurectomy, the intensity of the myosin ATPase activity was not appreciably altered in the denervated muscle fibers but the type II (dark) fibers underwent preferential atrophy. The fiber type ratio between denervated and control sides in the experimental animals was not significantly different from the same values in the normal control animals. This allowed the conclusion that, up to 27 weeks after denervation, the histochemical typing of a fiber by the myofibrillar ATPase reaction probably reflects the original fiber type. This reaction is the preferred method for fiber typing in denervated guinea pig muscle, especially since most other histochemical reactions show markedly reduced activity of muscle enzymes after denervation and are unsuitable for fiber typing. The soleus, which normally contains only type I fibers, showed numerous type II fibers at 27 weeks after denervation and this was interpreted as a dedifferentiating process.
Studies on Fluorescamine. Part II - Thin-Layer Chromatographic Mobilities of Fluorescamine Positive Drugs

Abstract Fluorescamine reacts with primary amines, it does not react with secondary or tertiary amines, to yield bright acquamarine fluorescent products. This reaction has been developed into a spot test useful for differentiation of amphetamine from methamphetamine; previous spot tests did not have this degree of specificity. The fluorescent products of several primary amines have been demonstrated to have sufficient stability to permit thin-layer chromatography comparisons with authentic materials. The fluorescent derivative of amphetamine has been demonstrated to be capable of differentiation from other fluorescent products formed from fluorescamine based on its unique migration in three different TLC systems.
When is a genomic classifier ready for prime time

Gene-expression profiles are now being used as classifiers of patients' prognosis and response to therapy but the development of classifiers is subject to many pitfalls. This Viewpoint discusses ways to improve development, stressing the importance of internal and external validation.
Training residents in endovascular neurosurgery

NEUROSURGEONS HAVE A long history of treating cerebrovascular disease. Understanding the vascular anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and management of patients with abnormalities of theses vascular structures are vitally important aspects of neurosurgery resident training. Over the past decade, the treatment of cerebrovascular disease has been evolving toward endovascular strategies for many patients. Interventional neuroradiologists were the pioneers in developing this area of therapy, but the number of neurosurgical trainees in neuroendovascular treatment is increasing, and other specialties, including neurology, vascular surgery, and cardiology, are now entering the field of neuroendovascular treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the current credentialing guidelines for neurosurgeons to use endovascular techniques in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease and to consider options for resident training in the rapidly evolving field of endovascular neurosurgery.
Vitamin B2-mediated cellular photoinhibition of botulinum neurotoxin A.

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most toxic species known to humans and has been identified as a potential bioterrorist threat. Unfortunately, the only existing countermeasures for BoNT intoxication involve vaccinations that are only effective prior to entry of the toxin into neuronal cells. Herein, we disclose the ability of the micronutrient riboflavin (vitamin B2) to photooxidatively inactivate BoNT in cell-based assays without the need for toxin and riboflavin pre-exposure. In total, this study suggests that botulism neurotoxicity may be blunted with photodynamic therapy technology.