cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Critical Examination of Dialysis-Induced Hypotension

Dialysis-induced hypotension has received considerable attention recently because of its high incidence of occurrence. Several factors have been proposed as etiologic mechanisms. They include hypovolemia, autonomic dysfunction, decreasing serum osmolality, vasodilation (or the inhibition of compensatory vasoconstriction), efficiency of diffusive solute transport, depletion of vasoactive substances and blood gas and acid-base changes. The primary determinants of blood pressure being cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, the magnitude and direction of change of these two parameters determines the blood pressure response. If the rate of ultrafiltration exceeds the rate of vascular refilling, hypovolemia results. Intracellular fluid shifts secondary to preferential solute removal from the extracellular space may compromise vascular refilling and contribute to hypovolemia. If the hypovolemia is not compensated for by increases in heart rate or stroke volume, the cardiac output falls. Autonomic dysfunction, a previous history of myocardial infarction or impaired tissue oxygenation secondary to hypoxia may limit compensatory increases in heart rate and stroke volume. Even if the cardiac output falls, if compensatory vasoconstriction is elicited, blood pressure can be maintained. The experimental evidence suggests that the diffusive aspect of dialysis therapy plays an important role in inhibiting compensatory vasoconstriction. Such inhibition is not observed with hemofiltration, a therapy based on convective rather than diffusive solute removal. While autonomic dysfunction and the diffusive removal of vasoactive substances may play a role in inhibiting the vasoconstrictive response, the use of acetate as a buffer source and the decreasing serum osmolality seem to be of greater importance. Acetate produces vasodilation. It also has a positive inotropic effect. Studies suggest that the vasodilation produced by acetate is compensated for by a proportionate increase in cardiac output except during the early stages of the therapy when the fall in total peripheral resistance may overwhelm the increase in cardiac output. The substitution of bicarbonate for acetate results in a decrease in the incidence of symptomatic hypotension in some patients. This alleviation of symptoms appears to be significant only when the dialystate sodium concentration is relatively low (130–135 m M ). At higher dialysate sodium concentrations (140–145 m M ), the blunting of the fall in serum osmolality seems to be of greater importance than the nature of the buffer source in reducing the incidence of symptomatic hypotension. It is not clear if blunting the fall in serum osmolality has a greater beneficial influence on the cardiac output or on the total peripheral resistance. While the etiology of dialysis-induced hypotension is complex, controversial, and multifactorial, amelioration of symptomatic hypotension with a higher dialysate sodium concentration offers a practical solution. The substitution of bicarbonate for acetate is a technically more complex and expensive alternative.
Dual responsiveness of a tunable thermo-sensitive polypeptide.

The temperature- and pH-dependent solubility of poly(γ-propargyl l-glutamate) (PPLG) functionalized through a copper-catalyzed 1,3-cycloaddition reaction between an alkyne and an azide can be tuned with precision over a broad range of conditions by varying the ratio of substitution of short oligo(ethylene glycol) and diisopropylamine side groups.
A pooling procedure for the exponential distribution

If two censored samples come from the same exponential distribution, it is advantageous to pool the two samples for estimating the scale parameter. In practice, when there are two censored samples available and it is uncertain whether these two samples come from the same distribution, the question of whether to pool these two samples is usually determined via a preliminary test. In this paper we propose an empirical Bayes pooling procedure and study its properties. Under the uniform prior distribution and the inverted gamma prior distribution the empirical Bayes shrinkage estimators are developed and compared with a preliminary test estimator and with a shrinkage testimator in terms of mean squared error. Two empirical Bayes shrinkage estimators under the inverted gamma prior distribution are shown to be preferable to the preliminary test estimator and the shrinkage testimator when the scale parameters may be similar in size.
Visual Simple Reaction Time in Cyanotic Heart Disease

CHILDREN with acquired or congenital cerebral defects accompanied by obvious motor impairment, such as cerebral palsy, have slower performance speed by virtue of their neurologic damage. Prolonged, severe hypoxia of the central nervous system has been shown to lead to profound physiologic and psychologic changes in the organism. 1-3 The psychologic effects of mild to moderate degrees of chronic hypoxia are more subtle and difficult to measure and, therefore, present a challenge in diagnosis. One useful index in judging the level of psychomotor performance of subjects is reaction time (RT) measurement. 4-7 Previous studies on adults at high altitudes and on subjects exposed to oxygen deprivation have shown a correlation between the degree of hypoxia and RT scores. 7,8 Members of the High Altitude Expedition to Chile in 1935 had a significantly longer and more variable simple RT when tested at an altitude of 20,140 feet than at sea level.
Study of the hydrodynamics within a draft tube spouted bed system

Two dimensional Darcy and Ergun models are used to describe the hydrodynamics within the annulus of a spouted bed equipped with a draft tube. Experimental pressure and stream function data for water spouting are shown to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Verification of a general spout-annulus interfacial boundary condition is also established and it is shown that the entry region below the draft tube functions as a classical spouted bed. In addition, an experimental procedure for determining the location of the spout-annulus interface is presented. Fluid residence time distributions are calculated for a few cases of practical interest. Deux modeles dimensionnels de Darcy et d'Ergun sont utilises pour decrire l'hydrodynamique dans l'espace annulaire d'un lit jaillissant muni d'un tube de circulation. On montre que les donnees experimentales sur la pression et la fonction de courant pour le jaillissement d'eau concordent bien avec les predictions theoriques. La verification d'une condition limite interfaciale jet-espace annulaire generale est egalement effectuee et I'on montre que la region d'entree au-dessous du tube de circulation fonctionne comme un lit jaillissant classique. En outre, on presente une methode experimentale pour determiner la localisation de l'interface jet-espace annulaire. Les distributions de temps de sejour des fluides sont calcuetes pour quelques cas d'interět pratique.
Three Different Kinds of Fraunhofer Approximations. II. Propagation of the Cross-spectral Density Function

Abstract The Fraunhofer approximations of the first, second and third kinds are applied to the propagation of the cross-spectral density function of coherence theory. Important differences between the conditions for validity and mathematical structure of these three approximations are described. Applications of these approximations to inverse problems are also discussed. From this work it appears possible to refocus a radio telescope to image objects close to the antenna array.
MDA IR sensor technology program and applications

Infrared (IR) sensors are needed for ballistic missile defense (BMD). BMD IR sensor applications extend from surveillance using ground, airborne and space-based platforms, to both endo- and exo-atmospheric interceptor seekers. Even though IRFPAs using material systems, such as HgCdTe and InSb, are adequate for most tactical military applications, certain IR systems for BMD have much more stringent requirements. With a cold dim target a long distance away, IR sensors having extended wavelengths are needed in the mid course. The requirements of BMD IR sensors with high sensitivity, large format, small pixel size and high frame rate, plus long cutoff wavelength and operating at low temperatures present great challenges to IR sensor technology. This presentation will cover the current MDA IR sensor technology development, its system application for block upgrades and advanced concepts.
Detecting silent data corruption through data dynamic monitoring for scientific applications

Parallel programming has become one of the best ways to express scientific models that simulate a wide range of natural phenomena. These complex parallel codes are deployed and executed on large-scale parallel computers, making them important tools for scientific discovery. As supercomputers get faster and larger, the increasing number of components is leading to higher failure rates. In particular, the miniaturization of electronic components is expected to lead to a dramatic rise in soft errors and data corruption. Moreover, soft errors can corrupt data silently and generate large inaccuracies or wrong results at the end of the computation. In this paper we propose a novel technique to detect silent data corruption based on data monitoring. Using this technique, an application can learn the normal dynamics of its datasets, allowing it to quickly spot anomalies. We evaluate our technique with synthetic benchmarks and we show that our technique can detect up to 50% of injected errors while incurring only negligible overhead.
What's the Big Idea? Intellectual History and the Longue Duree

Summary Historians of all kinds are beginning to return to temporally expansive studies after decades of aversion and neglect. There are even signs that intellectual historians are returning to the longue duree. What are the reasons for this revival of long-range intellectual history? And how might it be rendered methodologically robust as well as historically compelling? This article proposes a model of transtemporal history, proceeding via serial contextualism to create a history in ideas spanning centuries, even millennia: key examples come from work in progress on ideas of civil war from ancient Rome to the present. The article concludes with brief reflections on the potential impact of the digital humanities on the practice of long-range intellectual history.
tert‐Butyldi(1‐adamantyl)phosphine

[163124-39-8] C24H39P (MW 358.54) InChI = 1S/C24H39P/c1-22(2,3)25(23-10-16-4-17(11-23)6-18(5-16)12-23)24-13-19-7-20(14-24)9-21(8-19)15-24/h16-21H,4-15H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = XJIXVSYABXKOAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (ligand for palladium-catalyzed arylations1) Physical Data: mp 160–165 °C. Solubility: benzene, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, heptane, hexanes, pentane, tetrahydrofuran. Form Supplied in: white solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H and 32P NMR, mp. Preparative Methods: from tert-butyldichlorophosphine and 1-adamantyl magnesium bromide in the presence of lithium bromide and copper(I) iodide;1 or, from di(1-adamantyl)phosphine in the presence of 1-adamantyllithium and tert-butyllithium.2 Purification: treatment of the crude product with BH3, followed by purification on a SiO2 column, heating in morpholine, and subsequent solvation in pentane, filtering through a SiO2 plug, and solvent evaporation;1 or recrystallization from hexanes.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: handled in a dry box or under an inert atmosphere.
Intensity interferometry and its application to beam diagnostics

The author discusses an undulator at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) as a source for intensity interferometry. An approach is presented for the measurement of the particle beam size based on X-ray intensity interferometry. Two technically feasible schemes are proposed and analyzed. This type of interferometer will provide a resolution of a few tenths of a micron for a positron beam that emits undulator radiation. The minimum required time for the measurement is about 30 s. The feasibility of intensity interferometry for the APS undulator is demonstrated. In addition, it is shown that both an acceptable time scale for measurements and the spatial resolution are readily available. >
An Evaluation of a Family-Centered Cognitive Skills Program for Prison Inmates

This article evaluates a cognitive program at a state correctional institution. The program points to the benefits of cognitive skill development as inmates reflect on rejoining their families. Inmates are instructed on identifying problems, recognizing resources for solving problems, and thinking of alternative ways to respond as they apply principles of practical reasoning to everyday problems families experience. The development, implementation, and evaluation of the program and the implications for professionals and students are discussed.
Sonodynamic therapy--a review of the synergistic effects of drugs and ultrasound

Sonodynamic therapy, the ultrasound dependent enhancement of cytotoxic activities of certain compounds (sonosensitizers) in studies with cells in vitro and in tumor bearing animals, is reviewed. The attractive features of this modality for cancer treatment emerges from the ability to focus the ultrasound energy on malignancy sites buried deep in tissues and to locally activate a preloaded sonosensitizer. Possible mechanisms of sonodynamic therapy include generation of sonosensitizer derived radicals which initiate chain peroxidation of membrane lipids via peroxyl and/or alkoxyl radicals, the physical destabilization of the cell membrane by the sonosensitizer thereby rendering the cell more susceptible to shear forces or ultrasound enhanced drug transport across the cell membrane (sonoporation). Evidence against the role of singlet oxygen in sonodynamic therapy is discussed. The mechanism of sonodynamic therapy is probably not governed by a universal mechanism, but may be influenced by multiple factors including the nature of the biological model, the sonosensitizer and the ultrasound parameters. The current review emphasizes the effect of ultrasound induced free radicals in sonodynamic therapy.
GYRE: An open-source stellar oscillation code based on a new Magnus Multiple Shooting Scheme

We present a new oscillation code, GYRE, which solves the stellar pulsation equations (both adiabatic and non-adiabatic) using a novel Magnus Multiple Shooting numerical scheme devised to overcome certain weaknesses of the usual relaxation and shooting schemes appearing in the literature. The code is accurate (up to 6th order in the number of grid points), robust, efficiently makes use of multiple processor cores and/or nodes, and is freely available in source form for use and distribution. We verify the code against analytic solutions and results from other oscillation codes, in all cases finding good agreement. Then, we use the code to explore how the asteroseismic observables of a 1.5 M star change as it evolves through the red-giant bump.
Hydrodynamics of particle formation following femtosecond laser ablation

Ablation driven by intense, femtosecond laser pulses offers a novel route to fabrication of nanometer-sized particles. I model particle formation by considering the hydrodynamics of material expansion into vacuum. Modeling reveals rapid material dilution and cooling. Vacuum expansion is found to quench the ejected material 1–3 orders of magnitude more efficiently than thermal conduction quenches the residual bulk surface. Efficient quenching implies that solid-phase particles are produced rapidly (in ≪1 ns) following laser excitation; this may allow unique material states to be frozen within the ejected particles. Finally, the mean particle size is estimated to range from ∼1 to ∼10 nm for initial lattice temperatures ranging from 0.3 to 10 eV.
Multi-layer active queue management and congestion control for scalable video streaming

Video streaming is becoming an increasingly important part of the present Internet. To guarantee a high-quality streaming environment to end users, many video applications require a strict form of network QoS that is not available in the present Internet. Thus, to supplement the best-effort model of existing networks, we study a new video streaming framework that allows applications to mark their own packets with different priority and use multiqueue congestion control inside routers to effectively drop the less-important packets during buffer overflows. We describe priority AQM algorithms that provide "optimal" performance to video applications under arbitrary network loss and study a variation of Kelly's congestion control in combination with our framework. We call the combined architecture PELS - partitioned enhancement layer streaming.
A surface-emitting laser incorporating a high-index-contrast subwavelength grating

Semiconductor diode lasers can be used in a variety of applications including telecommunications, displays, solid-state lighting, sensing and printing. Among them, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers1,2,3 (VCSELs) are particularly promising. Because they emit light normal to the constituent wafer surface, it is possible to extract light more efficiently and to fabricate two-dimensional device arrays. A VCSEL contains two distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors for optical feedback, separated by a very short active gain region. Typically, the reflectivity of the DBRs must exceed 99.5% in order for the VCSEL to lase. However, the realization of practical VCSELs that can be used over a broad spectrum of wavelengths has been hindered by the poor optical and thermal properties of candidate DBR materials4,5,6. In this Letter, we present surface-emitting lasers that incorporate a single-layer high-index-contrast subwavelength grating7,8 (HCG). The HCG provides both efficient optical feedback and control of the wavelength and polarization of the emitted light. Such integration reduces the required VCSEL mirror epitaxial thickness by a factor of two and increases fabrication tolerance. This work will directly influence the future designs of VCSELs, photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes at blue–green, 1.3–1.55 µm and mid- to far-infrared wavelengths.
Physics with dense positronium

Our recent experiment on Ps-Ps spin exchange quenching represents the first time that two Ps atoms have been observed interacting with each other. The implication is that experimentation on various systems containing more than one Ps atom is now possible, including the Ps2 molecule, the Ps Bose-Einstein condensate, the Ps atom laser and the annihilation gamma ray laser. Here we describe various aspects of such research, including the development of new techniques, work currently underway and some possible future experiments. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Negotiated Access Control

List-oriented systems integrate protection of an object with the object; ticket oriented systems delegate this responsibiIity to the call hierarchy. We argue that there are situations where integration of protection with the object is more natural, but Iist-oriented systems, due to the static and declarative nature of access-Iists, are too weak for any sophisticated process-object interactions. To solve this, we superimpose procedural access control over the object - oriented capabiIity system model: objects may be associated with so-called access control procedures (ACP) that embody protection decisions. We define several protocols by which a process that wishes to access an object can negotiate with the ACP of the object to ensure that neither party's protection requirements are violated in the interaction.
Hypercube implementations of parallel shooting

We consider parallel shooting for linear two-point boundary-value problems with separated boundary conditions. Two different strategies are considered for mapping associated tasks onto the nodes of a hypercube. One of these (the domain strategy) corresponds to a decomposition by subintervals of the independent variable, and the other (the column strategy) to decomposition by dependent variable. Under suitable assumptions the two strategies are compared in terms of estimated computational times. Estimated regions of efficiency, in terms of various parameters, are obtained for the two strategies.
Shallow Roots Require Constant Watering: The Challenge of Sustained Impact in Educational Programs

Socially-oriented educational programs often face societal barriers. Peace education in a region of prolonged conflict faces a negative socio-political environment that works against its effects. The media, leadership, educational system and other societal institutions continue to express a culture of conflict. Recent studies show that the effects of peace education programs are short-lived and methods to sustain the effects over time are needed. The present paper describes the societal-psychological climate of prolonged conflict, the goals of peace education in such regions, the challenges of achieving these goals, and possible ways to overcome these challenges. The main argument is that peace education programs should be designed to effectively manage the “reality dissonance” between the sought-for effects and socio-political environment. Mechanisms for sustaining educational change are described along with considerations for program design. Finally the paper offers several conclusions and directions for future research.
Carbokationen und elektrophile Reaktionen

Der allgemeine Begriff Carbokation umfast alle Kationen der Kohlenstoffverbindungen. Diese Kationen konnen in zwei Klassen von wohlcharakterisierten Verbindungen eingeteilt werden : dreibindige(“klassische”) Carbenium-Ionen und funffach koordinierte (“nichtklassische”) Carbonium-Ionen. In dieser Ubersicht wird die Herstellung stabiler Carbenium- und Carbonium-Ionen sowie die Untersuchung ihrer Struktur (durch NMR-. IR-, Raman- und ESCA-Spektroskopie) besprochen. Die dreibindigen Carbenium-Ionen spielen bekanntlich bei elektrophilen Reaktionen von π- und n-Donorsystemen eine fundamentale Rolle, wahrend die funffach koordinierten Carbonium-Ionen den Schlussel zu elektrophilen Reaktionen von σ-Donorsystemen (Einfachbindungen) bilden. Die Fahigkeit von Einfachbindungen, als σ-Donor zu wirken, beruht darauf, das sie mit Elektrophilen unter Ausbildung von Zwei-Elektronen-Dreizentrenbindungen Carbonium-Ionen ergeben konnen. Es scheint daher kein prinzipieller Unterschied zwischen den elektrophilen Reaktionen von π- oder σ-Bindungen zu existieren, nur reagieren die ersteren viel leichter auch mit schwachen Elektrophilen, wahrend die Umsetzungen der letzteren verscharfte Bedingungen erfordern. Die Rolle der Carbokationen bei elektrophilen Reaktionen von π- und σ-Donorsystemen wird besprochen.
Phylogeny of medicinal plants depicts cultural convergence among immigrant groups in New York City

Abstract New York City (NYC) has a diverse range of immigrant populations that consequently brought to the city their traditional herbal knowledge. Medicinal plants have been used by different cultures worldwide, long before the development of pharmaceuticals. Studying the traditional uses of plants in a phylogenetic framework can help determine pharmacologically important plant families. A phylogeny of common medicinal plant species sold in NYC and traditionally used in Ayurvedic/Indian, Chinese, Latin/Caribbean, Middle Eastern/Islamic, and African cultures has been reconstructed, and the traditional medicinal function of each plant was mapped on the phylogeny. The results showed that the plant families Apiaceae, Burseraceae, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Rubiaceae, and Zingiberaceae have disproportionate importance to herbal medicine in NYC, and collectively, show applications for gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, gynecological conditions, and as antibiotic/anti-parasitic agents. Our study has demonstrated that different immigrant groups converge on related plants for similar ailments. This cultural convergence, possibly through independent discoveries of these plants' medicinal uses, suggests that there may be underlying bioactivity that should be further explored. Our study also highlights the utility of phylogenetic analysis in uncovering new medicinal applications and novel therapeutic sources. Addition of more plant species to the phylogeny may uncover plant families that could be medicinally important for other applications or health conditions.
Making Students Make Music: Integrating Composition and Improvisation into the Early Music Classroom

In his essay “Teaching Music History: Principles, Problems, and Proposals,” Douglass Seaton advises teachers to “make students make music” by having them perform, compose, or simply write out scores. His specific recommendations for composition assignments include Aquitanian organum, isorhythmic motets, and a mass movement based on a soggetto cavato on the student's own name. Seaton also proposes introducing students to historical composition assignments such as those Handel created for Princess Anne. This article provides specific examples of how this approach can be implemented in daily teaching. The authors, a musicologist and a composer, have designed and team-taught an undergraduate course in early music that integrates the studies of composition and improvisation into the traditional survey of music history. As part of this class, they have developed methodologies and exercises that not only incorporate Seaton's suggestions, but also extend their principles to other genres. The exercises require students to demonstrate fluency in major musical styles from the Medieval through the Baroque Period by analyzing, interpreting, and then reconstructing significant compositions and improvisations. Some of the resources designed for this approach were inspired by pedagogical manuals such as the Scolica enchiriadis and Handel’s composition assignments. Adhering to Seaton’s adage that “the history of music is the music itself,” the majority of the tasks are drawn directly from music literature, from compositional procedure in Machaut's Messe de Nostre Dame to improvisational practice in Corelli's Violin Sonata, op. 5, no. 1. Integrating composition and improvisation into the early music classroom has transformed “the history of music” into “the history of music-making.” Instead of passively learning historical details and music literature, the students are actively scrutinizing and then replicating various artistic choices made by composers and performers of early music. In doing so, the students become engaged not only in mastering musical concepts, but—more importantly—in actually making music.
Application of lime (CaCO3) to promote forest recovery from severe acidification increases potential for earthworm invasion

Abstract The application of lime (calcium carbonate) may be a cost-effective strategy to promote forest ecosystem recovery from acid impairment, under contemporary low levels of acidic deposition. However, liming acidified soils may create more suitable habitat for invasive earthworms that cause significant damage to forest floor communities and may disrupt ecosystem processes. We investigated the potential effects of liming in acidified soils where earthworms are rare in conjunction with a whole-ecosystem liming experiment in the chronically acidified forests of the western Adirondacks (USA). Using a microcosm experiment that replicated the whole-ecosystem treatment, we evaluated effects of soil liming on Lumbricus terrestris survivorship and biomass growth. We found that a moderate lime application (raising pH from 3.1 to 3.7) dramatically increased survival and biomass of L. terrestris, likely via increases in soil pH and associated reductions in inorganic aluminum, a known toxin. Very few L. terrestris individuals survived in unlimed soils, whereas earthworms in limed soils survived, grew, and rapidly consumed leaf litter. We supplemented this experiment with field surveys of extant earthworm communities along a gradient of soil pH in Adirondack hardwood forests, ranging from severely acidified (pH 5). In the field, no earthworms were observed where soil pH 4.4 and human dispersal vectors, including proximity to roads and public fishing access, were most prevalent. Overall our results suggest that moderate lime additions can be sufficient to increase earthworm invasion risk where dispersal vectors are present.
Preference of Gossypium genotypes to Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Several Gossypium species and genotypes were evaluated in field and greenhouse tests in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, for preference to the whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Genotypes within G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. herbaceum , and G. arboretum were examined, including commercial and obsolete cultivars (cultivars that are no longer commercially produced), and modem and diploid genotypes. These genotypes possessed different leaf shapes, pubescence, and foliage color. Field results showed that the highest whitefly populations were on ‘Stoneville 453’ and the modem genotype 89F46h. The lowest populations were on the obsolete ‘Lone Star’ and genotypes 88G104 and ‘MACAOS’. Greenhouse choice bioassays indicated that several genotypes from G. hirsutum had lower egg or nymph numbers than ‘Deltapine 50’, including Lone Star, MACAOS, 88G104, and 89E62. Greenhouse bioassays appeared to provide information comparable to Held testing, at least for whitefly oviposition. Therefore, in preliminary screening tests where cotton seed is in short supply or certain genotypes cannot be incorporated into field testing, greenhouse bioassays can offer a complementary method.
On linking risk preferences and time preferences when estimating incentive effects

This study estimates incentive effects for time preferences while jointly controlling for how incentives alter risk preferences. I find traditional time preference incentive effect estimates are substantially biased when incentives also alter risk preferences.
Mold development in ears of corn from tasseling to harvest.

Reports in the literature indicate that corn at the time of harvest typically is infected (55–92% of the kernels) with a variety of fungi. This study was initiated to determine the time, kind, and ...
Kinetics of copper metabolism in rats: a compartmental model.

odel-based compartmental analysis was used to describe data on the whole body kinetics of copper metabolism in rats. Data were collected on recovery of radio-copper in plasma, liver, skin, skeletal...
Rates of synthesis and degradation of Na+-K+-ATPase during chronic ouabain treatment

Chronic inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity in outer medullary kidney tubules has previously been demonstrated to elicit a 60% increase in activity, measured under maximal velocity (Vmax) conditions (J. Biol. Chem. 260: 12740-12743, 1985). To investigate the cellular mechanism of this response, we measured the rates of Na+-K+-ATPase synthesis and degradation over its full time course. A transient increase in the rate of synthesis occurred after 12 h of ouabain treatment. After 24-h treatment, the rate of synthesis returned to a level not different from control levels. The relative degradation rate after 24-h treatment, however, was markedly lower in ouabain-treated cells than in control cells. Thus the augmentation of the number of Na+-K+-ATPase sites, elicited by the transient increase in synthesis described, was maintained under steady-state conditions by a reduction in apparent degradation rate constant.
SWELLING-ACTIVATED KCL COTRANSPORT IN RABBIT RED CELLS : FLUX IS DETERMINED MAINLY BY CELL VOLUME RATHER THAN SHAPE

The effect of cell shape on ouabain-insensitive 86Rb+ fluxes was examined in rabbit red blood cells. The purpose of the study was to assess the role of mechanical deformations of the membrane in the activation of KCl cotransport by cell swelling. Conversion of cells to echinocytes with low concentrations of amphiphilic agents (anionic and cationic detergents and dipyridamole) in an isotonic medium activates KCl cotransport only very slightly. Hypotonic swelling of echinocytes causes a large increase in KCl cotransport flux just as in swollen discocytes; both the rate and the extent of activation are unaffected by the shape change. Stomatocyte (cup cell) formation with 20 microM chlorpromazine in isotonic medium causes slight activation of KCl cotransport. The KCl cotransport flux induced by cell swelling is approximately 20% higher in swollen stomatocytes than in swollen discocytes. It is concluded that major changes in cell shape have only minor effects on the swelling sensor, signal transduction apparatus, and KCl cotransport protein. We interpret these findings as evidence against the idea that the cell detects its volume by way of a membrane-associated mechanical sensor. As an alternative to a mechanical volume sensor, a hypothetical mechanism for swelling activation of transport is presented in which dilution of the cytoplasm, by mass action alone, can have very large effects on KCl cotransport.
Steady-state response of an elastic half-space to a moving dislocation of finite width

An analytical method to evaluate the transient response on the surface of an elastic half-space for a kinematic dislocation over an infinitely long fault of finite width and arbitrary dip is presented. The model includes finite rupture velocities in the direction of both the strike and dip of the fault. In this sense, it differs from previous two- and three-dimensional models which typically assume one of these velocities to be infinite. In addition to the effects of the free boundary, the model considers a slip vector in an arbitrary direction. The assumptions of infinite fault length and uniform rupture velocities account for the relative simplicity of the solution which is invariant to an observer moving along the strike of the fault with a speed equal to the rupture velocity. These assumptions limit the applicability of the solution to near-field locations far from the ends of realistic faults. A limited set of numerical results illustrating the types of pulse shapes obtained by use of this model, and, some tests to validate the derivation and the numerical results are presented.
IgG4‐related skin disease may have distinct systemic manifestations: a systematic review

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an increasingly prevalent protean multisystem disorder characterized by single or multi-organ infiltration of IgG4-bearing plasma cells. Skin involvement has been recognized and is relevant to proper diagnosis. A systematic literature review of 50 cases involving the skin reveals that patients with IgG4-related skin disease show predominant involvement of the head and neck and have a distinct pattern of systemic involvement, also favoring the head and neck - lymphatics, orbit, salivary, and lacrimal glands - but generally lacking pancreaticobiliary involvement (16% of cases), which by contrast is a predominant manifestation in systemic IgG4-RD (60% with pancreaticobiliary involvement). We summarize clinical and pathologic descriptive data from this systematic review. We review differential diagnosis and propose a diagnostic scheme for stratifying probability of disease based upon comprehensive integration of clinical, histopathologic, and laboratory data. Plasmacyte infiltration and storiform fibrosis are prominent in IgG4-related skin disease, but obliterative venulitis is less common than in the prototypical IgG4-related disease manifestation of autoimmune pancreatitis. IgG4 tissue and serum values, with a mean (±95% CI) in the reviewed cases of 132.8 ± 32.6 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field and 580 ± 183.8 mg/dl, respectively, are incorporated into the suggested criteria. The distinct set of manifestations identified by this systematic review and the proposed diagnostic considerations, while requiring further validation in prospective studies, highlight the need to consider that IgG4-related skin disease defines a unique systemic disease complex along the spectrum of IgG4-RD.
Market Orientation, Learning and Innovation

After a long period of dormancy, there is a renewed interest in the topic of market orientation (Day, 1994; Kohli and Jaworski, 1990; Narver and Slater; 1990). This stream of research has recently been expanded to include the notion that a market orientation is inherently a learning orientation (Slater and Narver, 1995).
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivities of Molybdenum and Tungsten PONOP Pincer Complexes

A new series of molybdenum and tungsten tricarbonyl pincer complexes, bearing pyridine-based PONOP-type pincer ligands, have been synthesized and fully characterized. Addition of HBF4·Et2O to these tricarbonyl complexes generated seven-coordinate molybdenum and tungsten hydride complexes, and these compounds have been isolated in good yields. These metal hydrides show fluxional behavior in solution. The hydride ligands on these metal complexes are acidic in nature and are readily deprotonated by bases. The molybdenum hydride complex is shown to catalyze isomerization of 1-hexene to internal isomers under mild conditions.
A DSP based Calorimeter Trigger for the DO experiment

We describe the goals, design, implementation, and performance of the DO Level 1.5 Calorimeter Trigger. This system has been added to the DO hardware trigger and is based on Digital Signal Processors (DSP's). The Level 1.5 Calorimeter Trigger is a combined hardware and software system which can identify objects (e.g. isolated electrons), or combinations of objects in the calorimeter. The system uses the Level 1 Calorimeter Trigger Tower data and applies filtering algorithms based on neighbor sums of the electromagnetic (EM) and total (EM+hadronic) transverse Energies. Eleven Local DSP's, operating in parallel, process data from overlapping sections of the calorimeter and transfer their results to a Global DSP where the Level 1.5 Calorimeter Trigger decision is made. This decision is then sent to the Level 1.5 Trigger Framework as one of the inputs to the final trigger decision. The average processing time is measured at 136 /spl mu/s, which implies a maximum input rate of 370 Hz for a 5% deadtime. More than most hardware trigger processors built for High Energy Physics experiments so far, this project relies on commercial products, and uses them in an application for which they were designed and optimized. The resulting system offers advantages in terms of flexibility and upward migration as improved products become available. >
Bayesian ABC-MCMC Classification of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Data.

Proteomics promises to revolutionize cancer treatment and prevention by facilitating the discovery of molecular biomarkers. Progress has been impeded, however, by the small-sample, high-dimensional nature of proteomic data. We propose the application of a Bayesian approach to address this issue in classification of proteomic profiles generated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Our approach relies on a previously proposed model of the LC-MS experiment, as well as on the theory of the optimal Bayesian classifier (OBC). Computation of the OBC requires the combination of a likelihood-free methodology called approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) as well as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. Numerical experiments using synthetic LC-MS data based on an actual human proteome indicate that the proposed ABC-MCMC classification rule outperforms classical methods such as support vector machines, linear discriminant analysis, and 3-nearest neighbor classification rules in the case when sample...
Socialization of coping in a predominantly female sample of caregivers: Contributions to children's social adjustment in middle childhood

This study applied a short-term longitudinal design to examine whether socialization of coping, observed in real time, predicted social adjustment (i.e., friendship quality and social problems) in middle childhood. Further, this study explored whether socialization of coping contributed to children's social adjustment independent of other aspects of parenting (i.e., positive involvement, autonomy support). Parents' (primarily mothers') coping suggestions were observed while children completed a challenging star-tracing task, and children and parents reported on children's social adjustment at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. Results revealed that primary control engagement suggestions predicted fewer social problems, and disengagement suggestions predicted lower friendship quality. These results demonstrate that coping suggestions observed in the context of a cognitive stressor help to explain individual differences in children's social development during middle childhood above and beyond other aspects of parenting. (PsycINFO Database Record
OUTCOME OF LUNG DISEASE-RELATED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND IMPACT OF VASOREACTIVITY

The clinical characteristics, hemodynamic changes and patient outcomes of lung disease-related pulmonary hypertension (LD-PH) are poorly defined. A prospective two-center cohort of PH patients undergoing initial hemodynamic assessment was designed, from which 64 patients with LD-PH were identified
Origins of the Cherkesov–Zolotov and Sechin Groupings, and of the Fierce Rivalries Between Silovik Groups

The first of the two silovik groupings took shape over time, as the St Petersburg business partners Roman Tsepov and Viktor Zolotov developed friendly relations with Viktor Cherkesov, Andrei Novikov, Vladimir Kumarin, Oleg Deripaska and Vladimir Putin. The second, much more secretive grouping formed around Igor Sechin, Putin’s close associate since 1991. Its inner workings were always opaque. The roots of the conflict between the groups lie in business rivalries between two ‘consummate bureaucratic infighters’, Sechin and Zolotov. In 1991–1992 Zolotov started a business jointly with Roman Tsepov, an unusually intriguing and complex individual. The two men created the Baltik-Eskort security agency. The agency prospered from the start. Its clients included deputy-mayor Putin. Tsepov provided the brains, charm, inventiveness, and flexibility. Evidently Putin got to know Tsepov well enough to see and value these qualities and to put them to use. He had Tsepov collect tribute from city businesses for the use of the city’s Committee on Foreign Economic Relations (CFER), which Putin headed.
Synthesis and Analysis of Stable Isotope- and Radioisotope-Labeled Fatty Acids

This chapter will touch on points of general consideration for preparing labeled fatty acids and on selected methods used to label fatty acids. Representative syntheses of some labeled fatty acids will be described, and typical analytical methods for determining isotope purities and label position will be covered.
The Role of Peer Relationships in Student Academic and Extracurricular Engagement

Friends and other peer relationships can motivate students to engage in school work as well as in extracurricular activities. To understand when and how peers matter, research on the positive and negative engagement “effects” of friends, peer support, and socially marginalizing experiences, such as peer rejection and bullying, is reviewed. The chapter starts with a brief summary of research demonstrating the links between school belonging and academic engagement and extracurricular involvement. The ways in which selection of friends and the influence of friends, quality of friendships, and type of friendship support (academic or emotional) are related to academic engagement and extracurricular involvement in school are then discussed. Studies examining whether the number of friends or the size of peer network is related to school engagement are also included. The chapter ends with a discussion about future research needs in relation to the role of peer relationships and student engagement, and implications for school policies (e.g., academic tracking, grade retention, and extracurricular practices).
Promoting links and developing students' criteria for visualizations by prompting judgments of fidelity

Chemistry students struggle to bridge molecular, symbolic, and molecular representations of chemical phenomena. For example, students view chemical equations, such as 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O as math problems to solve instead of breaking and forming bonds among atoms (Krajcik, 1991). Research demonstrates that powerful visualization tools can help students add normative ideas about phenomena on a molecular level (Pallant & Tinker, 2004). However, students need support to connect these ideas to symbolic and everyday ideas, develop criteria for these ideas and sort and refine the links among ideas to build coherent understandings of complex phenomena (Linn & Eylon, 2006). Past studies show that students have rich intuitive abilities to critique representations, do well reacting to representations in design settings but have trouble articulating their ideas (diSessa, 2002). We hope to build upon these existing capabilities to help students link pre-designed, interactive visualizations to the real world and promote the development of criteria for these connections.
Erratum to: Carpal coalition: A review of current knowledge and report of a single institution's experience with asymptomatic intercarpal fusion.

The name of one of the authors, Roberto Augusto Miki Jr., was misspelled. We regret the error.The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11552-013-9498-5.
A Word to the Wise: Age Matters When Considering Mindfulness in Romantic Relationships

Mindfulness has been associated with relationship satisfaction among older and younger individuals across long-term and early-stage relationships (Khaddouma et al. in Couple Fam Psychol Res Pract 4:1–13, 2015a; Lenger et al. in Mindfulness 8:171–180, 2017). However, it remains unclear whether age or relationship length are relevant factors in the benefits couples may expect from mindfulness. The present study sought to examine age and relationship length as potential moderators of the association between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Data were collected from older and younger individuals in well-established and early stages of relationship formation. Results revealed that age moderates the association between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction whereas relationship length does not. Probing the age × mindfulness interaction indicated that mindfulness is more relevant to relationship satisfaction for older individuals than younger individuals, even when controlling for relationship length. This suggests that age may be an important factor to consider in the development of new mindfulness based relationship models.
Unmet needs in community-living persons with dementia are common, often non-medical and related to patient and caregiver characteristics.

Objective:Understanding which characteristics of persons with dementia (PWD) and their caregivers are associated with unmet needs can inform strategies to address those needs. Our purpose was to determine the percentage of PWD having unmet needs and significant correlates of unmet needs in PWD.Design:Cross-sectional data were analyzed using bivariate and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses.Setting:Participants lived in the greater Baltimore, Maryland and Washington DC suburban area.Participants:A sample of 646 community-living PWD and their informal caregivers participated in an in-home assessment of dementia-related needs.Measurements:Unmet needs were identified using the Johns Hopkins Dementia Care Needs Assessment. Correlates of unmet needs were determined using demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, functional and quality of life characteristics of the PWD and their caregivers.Results:PWD had a mean of 10.6 (±4.8) unmet needs out of 43 items (24.8%). Unmet needs were most common in Home/Personal Safety (97.4%), General Health Care (83.1%), and Daily Activities (73.2%) domains. Higher unmet needs were significantly related to non-white race, lower education, higher cognitive function, more neuropsychiatric symptoms, lower quality of life in PWD, and having caregivers with lower education or who spent fewer hours/week with the PWD.Conclusions:Unmet needs are common in community-living PWD, and most are non-medical. Home-based dementia care can identify and address PWD’s unmet needs by focusing on care recipients and caregivers to enable PWD to remain safely at home.