cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Failure of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli to produce a cross-reacting protein.

Tests were performed on E. coll in order to determine if the irradiated organisms synthesize a cross-reacting protein instead of active enzyme. Cross- reacting material was not detected in any of the irradiated cultures. From this result, it was concluded that production of an immunologically similar but enzymically inactive protein does not account for a significant part of the disparlty between total protein and detectible enzyme synthesized after irradiation. Apparently any ultraviolet lesion is sufficiently severe to prevent the formation of a slightly damaged but immunologically active protein. (P.C.H.)
Analyst recommendations and corporate governance in emerging markets

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether analyst recommendations are influenced by the strength of corporate governance in emerging markets.Design/methodology/approach – It is expected that analysts take into consideration the corporate governance mechanisms when they set their recommendations because better‐governed companies are associated with less risk from management and have value improvement potentials. This hypothesis is tested with a sample of 805 firms in 26 countries from emerging markets. Corporate governance effectiveness is measured by the ratings compiled by Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia, which are based on a series of corporate governance characteristics.Findings – Results show that analysts tend to issue favorable recommendations for firms with better corporate governance mechanisms. Furthermore, this evidence is concentrated in countries with a code law origin where investor protection is relatively weak.Practical implications – This paper has important implications fo...
Proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Budget Shows Belt-Tightening

[1] President Barack Obama's proposed fiscal year (FY) 2012 budget for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is $8.97 billion, a 13% decrease from the agency's FY 2010 enacted budget of $10.3 billion. While Congress has approved a moderate continuing resolution (CR) to fund the federal government until 18 March, the House of Representatives also has passed a CR (House Resolution 1; HR 1) that would call for sharp cuts to the budget for EPA and other agencies for the current fiscal year (2011). EPA administrator Lisa Jackson acknowledged the difficult budget situation during a 14 February teleconference. The proposed budget “reflects the tough choices needed for our nation's short- and long-term fiscal health and allows EPA to maintain its fundamental mission of protecting human health and the environment,” she said. “This budget focuses our resources on the most urgent health and environmental challenges we face. Though it includes significant cuts, it provides EPA with what we need to fundamentally protect the health of the American people,” Jackson added.
Pin1 dysregulation helps to explain the inverse association between cancer and Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background Pin1 is an intracellular signaling molecule which plays a critical but opposite role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and many human cancers. Scope of review We review the structure and function of the Pin1 enzyme, the diverse roles it plays in cycling cells and neurons, the epidemiologic evidence for the inverse association between cancer and AD, and the potential therapeutic implications of Pin1-based therapies. Major conclusions Pin1 is a unique enzyme that has effects on the function of target proteins by “twisting” them into different shapes. Cycling cells use Pin1 to help coordinate cell division. It is over-expressed and/or activated by multiple mechanisms in many common human cancers, and acts on multiple signal pathways to promote tumorigenesis. Inhibition of Pin1 in animal models has profound anti-tumor effects. In contrast, Pin1 is down-regulated or inactivated by multiple mechanisms in AD brains. The absence of Pin1 impairs tau function and amyloid precursor protein processing, leading to tangle- and amyloid-related pathologies and neurodegeneration in an age-dependent manner, resembling human AD. We have developed cis and trans conformation-specific antibodies to provide the first direct evidence that tau exists in distinct cis and trans conformations and that Pin1 accelerates its cis to trans conversion, thereby protecting against tangle formation in AD. General significance Available studies on Pin1 suggest that cancer and AD may share biological pathways that are deregulated in different directions. Pin1 biology opens exciting preventive and therapeutic horizons for both cancer and neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
Surface-enhanced vibrational raman optical activity: a time-dependent density functional theory approach.

In this work we present the first simulations of the surface-enhanced Raman optical activity (SEROA) using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). A consistent treatment of both the chemical and electromagnetic enhancements is achieved by employing a recently developed approach based on a short-time approximation for the Raman and ROA cross-sections. As an initial application we study a model system consisting of adenine interacting with a Ag 20 cluster. Because both the silver cluster and adenine in the absorption geometry are achiral, the chiroptical properties are due to the interactions between the two systems. Our results show that the total enhancement is on the order of 10 4 both for SEROA and SERS. However, the chemical enhancement is found to be larger for SEROA than for SERS. The results presented here show that SEROA can be a useful approach for studying induced chirality in small metal clusters due to the absorption of molecules.
Cell-free production of active E. coli thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase

Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase (TR) and glutathione reductase (GR) are dimeric proteins that require a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor for activity. A cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) reaction supplemented with FAD was used to produce TR at 760 microg/ml with 89% of the protein being soluble. GR accumulated to 521 microg/ml in a cell-free reaction with 71% solubility. The TR produced was fully active with a specific activity of 1390 min(-1). The GR had a specific activity of 139 U/mg, which is significantly more active than reported for GR purified from cells. The specific activity for both TR and GR decreased without FAD supplementation. This research demonstrates that CFPS can be used to produce enzymes that are multimeric and require a cofactor.
A note on the index complex of a maximal subgroup

Clearly a group G is solvable if all of its chief factors are abelian, in fact G is solvable if each of its maximal subgroups avoids at least one abelian chief factor. In [4] it was announced that G is solvable if each of its maximal subgroups M avoids an abelian section derived from a maximal element of the index complex of M. Also announced was a characterization of the maximal normal solvable subgroup of a group as the intersection of certain maximal subgroups of the group. In this note proofs of these results are presented with some related results. Only finite groups are treated. I. Statements of definitions and results. Let M be a maximal subgroup of group G, M < G. A subgroup C of G is said to be a completion of M in G if C is not contained in M while every proper subgroup of C which is normal in G, is contained in M. The set, I(M), of all completions of M is called the index complex of M in G. The second restriction on a completion C insures that the product of all normal subgroups of G which are proper subgroups of C is itself a proper subgroup of C. It is convenient to define the strict core of a subgroup H + I of G to be the product of all normal subgroups of G which are proper subgroups of H; the strict core of H is denoted by k(H) = kG(H ). Clearly k(H) is proper in H when H~ G but k(H) can differ from H even when H is normal in G, for example, when H is a normal cyclic p-group. (So the strict core of a subgroup can differ from the core.) It follows then that subgroup C of group G is a completion of maximal subgroup M of G, i.e., C ~ I(M), provided (i) G = (C, M) and (ii) k(C) < M. Proposition. The index complex of a maximal subgroup M of group G is nonempty. In particular I (M) contains a normal subgroup of G. Clearly the collection of normal subgroups of G which do not lie in M is nonempty; chose C to be minimal in this partially ordered set. Then CM--(C,M) = G and k(C) < M, so that C ~ Z (M). [] If C is a normal completion of maximal subgroup M of group G, i.e., C< G and C ~ I(M), then C/k(C) is a chief factor of G which is avoided by M. M avoids a chief factor H/K of G if M contains K but not H, in which case H E I (M) and k (H) = K. The set I(M) is partially ordered by set inclusion; maximal elements of I(M) are called
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane on Vanadium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten Oxides

The effect of cation identity on oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) pathways was examined using two-dimensional VOx, MoOx, and WOx structures supported on ZrO2. The similar kinetic rate expressions obtained on MoOx and VOx catalysts confirmed that oxidative dehydrogenation of propane occurs via similar pathways, which involve rate-determining C−H bond activation steps using lattice oxygen atoms. The activation energies for propane dehydrogenation and for propene combustion increase in the sequence VOx/ZrO2 < MoOx/ZrO2 < WOx/ZrO2; the corresponding reaction rates decrease in this sequence, suggesting that turnover rates reflect C−H bond cleavage activation energies, which are in turn influenced by the reducibility of these metal oxides. Propane ODH activation energies are higher than for propene combustion. This leads to an increase in maximum alkene yields and in the ratio of rate constants for propane ODH and propene combustion as temperature increases. This difference in activation energy (48−61 kJ/mol) be...
Evaluation of drying methods with respect to drying parameters, some nutritional and colour characteristics of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.)

Abstract Peppermint leaves ( Mentha x piperita L.) were dried by using sun, oven (50 °C) and microwave oven (700 W) drying methods. Page, Modified page, Midilli and Kucuk models adequately described the oven, sun and microwave oven drying behaviours of peppermint leaves. The drying process was explicated through the diffusional model in order to obtain effective diffusivity values, which were determined as 3.10 × 10 −12 , 2.68 × 10 −12 and 4.09 × 10 −10 for the sun, oven and microwave oven drying process, respectively. Fresh and dried herbs had high amounts of K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Al minerals. Microwave oven drying method leaded to the lowest increase in Ag, Al, B, Na, Mn, Mg and Zn values than the other drying methods. Microwave oven drying shortened the drying time, revealed the highest phenolic content and optimum colour values.
Protein kinase C activity is required for cytotoxic T cell lytic granule exocytosis, but the θ isoform does not play a preferential role

CTLs kill virus-infected, tumor, and transplanted targets via secretion of lytic agents including perforin and granzymes. Knowledge of the signals controlling this important process remains vague. We have tested the idea that protein kinase C (PKC)theta, a member of the novel PKC (nPKC) family, which has been shown to play a preferential role in critical Th cell functions, plays a similar, preferential role in CTL lytic granule exocytosis using T acute lymphoblastic leukemia-104 (TALL-104) human leukemic CTLs as a model. We provide evidence consistent with the idea that PKC activity is important for the degranulation step of lytic granule exocytosis, as opposed to upstream events. In contrast with previous work, our results with pharmacological agents suggest that conventional PKCs (cPKCs) and nPKCs may participate. Our results suggest that stimulation with soluble agents that bypass the TCR and trigger granule exocytosis activates PKCalpha and PKCtheta, which can both accumulate at the site of contact with a target cell, although PKCtheta did so more often. Finally, using a novel assay that detects granule exocytosis specifically in transfected, viable cells, we find that overexpression of constitutively active mutants of PKCalpha or PKCtheta can synergize with increases in intracellular [Ca(2+)] to promote granule exocytosis. Taken together, our results lend support for the idea that PKCtheta does not play a preferential role in CTL granule exocytosis.
Apolipoprotein structure: crystal and models

Abstract The past year has seen significant advances in understanding the detailed molecular features of the plasma lipoprotein apoproteins responsible of lipid binding and function. These advances have been made through a combination of model building, the mapping of epitopes to monoclonal antibodies and X-ray crystallographic structure determination.
Study of 18F by use of (3He, p) and (α, d) reactions☆

Abstract Spectra and angular distributions were obtained for the reactions and conditions 16O(3He, p) 18F at E( 3 H He ) = 19.8 MeV from θlab = 9 ° to 170° for 18F excited states below 11.3 MeV excitation and for 16O(α, d)18F at E(α) = 40.3 MeV from θlab = 8° to 80° for 18F excited states below 12.7 MeV excitation. Distorted-wave (DW) calculations for the (3He, p) reaction were compared to experimental angular distributions and relative total cross sections. Agreement was found when spin-independent interaction potential was used. Nuclear wave functions used in the calculations are discussed. Spectroscopic and configuration assignments were made or confirmed on the basis of excitation energy, angular distributions, comparison of (α, d) and (3He, p) results, relative total cross sections and comparison of experimental quantities to DW calculations. Configurations and Jπ values of 3+ and 4+ were suggested for 18F levels at 3.358 and 5.594 MeV excitation energy, respectively. Configurations and JπT values were confirmed for some levels at T = 0 assignments were made for a large number of levels. A new 18F level at an excitation energy of 8.596 ± 0.019 MeV was identified.
( p , pn ) and ( p , 2 n ) Cross Sections in Medium Weight Elements

The quantity $\frac{{F}_{p}}{{F}_{n}}$, the ratio of probabilities for proton and neutron emission from nuclear reaction in the statistical region, is determined from measurements of ($p, \mathrm{pn}$) and ($p, 2n$) cross sections induced by 21.5-Mev protons bombarding nuclei of masses 48 to 71. The results are then compared with determinations of $\frac{{F}_{p}}{{F}_{n}}$ from reactions induced by lower-energy protons and 14-Mev neutrons. Both the absolute values of $\frac{{F}_{p}}{{F}_{n}}$ and their variation with bombarding energy are very difficult to explain by usual nuclear reaction theories.
Factor Analytic Study of Interracial Similarity for the Supervisory Behavior Description Questionnaire

To examine interracial similarity of the leadership dimensions Initiating Structure and Consideration, a factor analysis was performed on the responses of 224 Black and White male naval recruits to the Supervisory Behavior Description Questionnaire. Coefficients of factorial congruence were computed between the factor structures of two-factor solutions for Black and White subsamples. As hypothesized, no differences were found. The leadership dimensions were found to be stable with respect to race.
Strong prüfer rings and the ring of finite fractions

Abstract A finite fraction over a commutative ring R is a rational function of the form f=(a n X n +…+ a 0 ) (b n X n +…+ b 0 ) for which fb i = a i and a(X) , b ( X )∈ R [ X ]. The collection of all such finite fractions forms a ring Q 0 (R) which sits between the total quotient ring of R and the complete ring of quotients of R . We introduce a new type of Prufer ring, referred to as a Q 0 -Prufer ring and defined as a ring R for which every ring between R and Q 0 (R) is integrally closed in Q 0 (R) . It is shown that every strong Prufer ring is a Q 0 -Prufer ring and every Q 0 -Prufer ring is a Prufer ring. Each converse is shown to be false. However, being a strong Prufer ring is shown to be equivalent to being a Q 0 -Prufer ring with Q 0 (R) having Property A.
Nanoplasmonic Enhanced ZnO/Si Heterojunction Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetectors

This paper presents a nanoplasmonic enhanced ZnO/Si heterojunction metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetector (PD). By depositing different thicknesses of Ag thin film and annealing at a moderate temperature, well-defined silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) with different diameters, densities, and size distributions were produced on the surface of ZnO/Si MSM photodetector devices. By tuning the characteristics of these NPs, a higher-performance ZnO/Si MSM photodetector has been realized. The photocurrent of the detector with NPs was increased by 160% to 680%, depending on the applied voltage. The spectral photocurrent enhancement by a factor of 7 to 18 was broadband from 350 nm to 850 nm.
Substituent effects on the physical properties of (μ-oxo)(μ-carboxylato)bis{tris(2-pyridylmethyl) aminechromium(III)} dimers

Abstract In order to document the influence of carboxylate substituents on the physical properties of [(tmpa)Cr(μ-O)(μ- RCO 2 )Cr(tmpa)] 3+ dimers, electronic spectra, Cr(III,IV/III,III) half-wave reduction potentials, μ-OH − ionization constants and antiferromagnetic coupling constants are reported for R=CH 2 Cl, CHCl 2 , C(CH 3 ) 3 , C(C 6 H 5 ) 3 , 1- adamantyl and Ph-4-X (X=NMe 2 , OH, OCH 3 , CH 3 , CF 3 , F, Cl, CN, NO 2 ); tmpa=tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. Inductive effects of bridging benzoato para substituents are transmitted effectively to the μ-O 2− group in [(tmpa)Cr(μ-O)(μ-4-X-PhCO 2 )Cr(tmpa)] 3+ dimers. A linear free energy relationship between E 1/2 Cr(III,IV/ III,III) and p K a (Cr(μ-OH)Cr) indicates a high degree of cooperativity among bridging oxo, complementary bridging and non-bridging ligands with regard to π-donation towards the Cr(III) centers. Trends in antiferromagnetic coupling constants are interpreted through the influence of configuration interaction between ligand- and metal- centered b 1 symmetry orbitals on the HOMO(b 1 )-LUMO(a 2 ) singlet-triplet energy gap.
Reactive aluminum metal nanoparticles within a photodegradable poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix

Abstract We report here on new photoreactive core-matrix reactive metal nanoparticles. Poly(methyl methacrylate)-capped aluminum nanoparticles (PMMA-Al NPs) were synthesized and demonstrated air stability on the order of 2 months. Upon exposure of the PMMA-Al NPs to UV radiation the composite reacts more rapidly to release H2 gas from alkaline solution. FTIR spectroscopy indicates that the PMMA cap degrades under UV irradiation, exposing the reactive metal core.
PHYLOGENETIC AND ONTOGENETIC INTERPRETATIONS OF THE CATAPHYLL

To many of the early students of plant morphology it seemed only natural to suppose that the organization and position of cataphylls in the shoot system indicated their derivation from foliage leaves in accordance with the need for protective organs about the bud during certain parts of the year. This assumption seemed to be well supported by the frequent occurrence of leaves intermediate in character between foliage leaves and cataphylls, a phenomenon which even at the present time is cited, especially in botanical texts, as showing that scales in reality are "reduced" foliage leaves. Such formal considerations, while of some pedagogical value, entirely neglect the factors responsible for the striking divergence between the scale and the foliage leaf and thereby give to the problem a static quality which has done much to discourage active investigation. Indeed, the problem of the successive and periodic development of scales and foliage leaves on the shoot is still in nearly the same stage as it was during the time of Goethe (i3), Alexander Braun (i), and De Candolle (3). The causes for this unsatisfactory state of knowledge have been examined in a recent paper by the writer (8) and the conclusion reached that at present we have no satisfactory morphological or "causal" interpretation of the cataphyll. This statement was made with due regard to the " transformation theory" developed by Goebel (i I, I2) and to the various phylogenetic theories of the scale as given by Velenovsk' (i8), Tyler (I7), Domin (6, 7) and Cook (4). However, at the 5th International Botanical Congress, Domin, in a re-statement of his theory of the evolution of the phyllome,2 maintained in fundamentals his previous view of the nature of the cataphyll and questioned the value of ontogeny as a method of approach to the problem of foliar morphology. It is not my purpose to analyse in detail Professor Domin's views as to leaf evolution but in the following discussion an effort will be made to show that until our knowledge of the nature of the primitive leaf in seed plants has been inductively established, the problem of cataphyll morphology can be most effectively approached by intensive developmental studies. A few facts will serve to indicate the uncertain position at the present time of phyletic theories of the scale.
Genetic exchange and evolutionary divergence in prokaryotes.

Recent work shows that genetic exchange in prokaryotes is less frequent but more promiscuous than that in eukaryotes. As a result, genetic exchange plays very different roles in determining the patterns of evolutionary divergence in these major groups. Because sexual isolation is not a prerequisite for divergence in the prokaryotic world, the biological species concept is not appropriate for bacteria. However, there is a species concept that may apply universally.
Assessment of glucoregulation in rhesus monkeys sedated with ketamine.

Glucose, insulin, and cortisol were measured in the blood of rhesus monkeys under several conditions. Glucose and insulin concentrations were higher and cortisol lower shortly after the morning meal than after an overnight fast. Ketamine had no detectable effect on basal (fasting) glucose or insulin values in normal monkeys, even when sedation was maintained for more than 2 h. Ketamine did not appear to affect the response to a glucose load or to insulininduced hypoglycemia. It is concluded that ketamine is a useful agent for pharmacological restraint of rhesus monkeys during studies of glucoregulation.
1D and 2D structured mass-spring models with preload

In this paper, the objective is to enrich the existing 1D and 2D mass-spring models with physical accuracy as well as visual realism. It is found that using nonzero preloads on the springs is a necessary condition for the models to approximate their continuum counterparts. First, the parameters of the 1D mass-spring model of a beam are derived based on pure bending and axial action. It is proved that the mass-spring model with this set of parameter has correct characteristics of resistance against lateral displacement, which is one of the most important aspects of the accuracy of the 1D mass-spring model. Then, the method is extended to the 2D mass-spring models of the continuum plate with two different mesh structures. The mass-spring model with equilateral triangle meshes is shown to be physically more accurate than that with rectangular meshes. Finally, the physical accuracy that the mass-spring models with preload can achieve is investigated under different load conditions by comparison with the finite element method (FEM) to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
Nucleation and Growth of Oriented Ceramic Films onto Organic Interfaces

New materials synthetic methods are being investigated involving heterogeneous nucleation and growth of ceramic films from aqueous solutions onto surfaces modified with organic functional groups. Dense, nanocrystalline, iron hydroxide films were deposited onto sulfonated polystyrene and sulfonated self-assembling monolayers on oxidized silicon. (020) oriented goethite films were formed resulting in chains of edge-shared octahedra in the [001] direction lying parallel to the surface. Deposition amounts varied with pH primarily due to changes in solution supersaturation. The best films were formed when deposition occurred heterogeneously at supersaturations just below the critical supersaturation. Induction times decreased with increasing sulfonate site density due to a reduction in interfacial energy. Nucleation was initiated by binding of cationic species to sulfonate sites and hydrolysis and condensation reactions resulted in the growth and coalescence of crystallites.
The application of sinusoidally derived beam receptances to calculation of transient responses for damped composite systems

Abstract A method in which transcendental sinusoidal beam receptances are employed for calculation of transient responses of composite systems containing Bernoulli-Euler beams is given. In the actual response calculations the Gaver-Stehfest algorithm is employed for inverting the transcendental functions of the complex s variable. Several example applications are given.
Comparison of the distribution of Na+,K+-ATPase and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in the optic nerve, spinal cord and trigeminal ganglion of shiverer (shi/shi) and control (+/+) mice.

Abstract Na + , K + ATPase and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) were studied by immunocytochemistry on paraffin sections of the spinal cord, optic nerve and trigeminal ganglion of adult control (+/+) and CNS myelin-deficient shiverer ( shi/shi ) mice. Immunostaining for Na + , K + -ATPase outlined the periphery of nerve fibers in the spinal cord white matter, optic nerve and trigeminal ganglion of +/+ and shi/shi mice. Immunostaining for Na + , K + -ATPase appeared somewhat denser in the optic nerve and spinal cord lateral funiculi of shi/shi than in +/+ mice. In addition, immunostaining for Na + , K + -ATPase was demonstrated at the plasmalemmanof presumed satellite cells situated at the periphery of ganglion cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion of both species of mice. Immunostaining for MAG was localized along the periphery of nerve fibers in the spinal cord funiculi (with little immunostaining within gray horns), optic nerve and trigeminal ganglion of both +/+ and shi/shi mice. The major differences between shi/shi and +/+ mice were that the number of MAG-immunostained nerve fibers was greatly reduced in the spinal cord funiculi and the density of immunostaining was slightly increased in the optic nerve of shi/shi mice. The numbers of MAG-immunostained nerve fibers in trigeminal ganglion were similar in both species. Also, the cytoplasm of some oligodendrocyte-like cell was found densely immunostained for MAG in the spinal cord and optic nerve of shi/shi mice, but not of +/+ mice. This light microscopic study provides evidence that the defective shiverer gene leads to a decrease in MAG deposition and to aggregations of MAG-like material within perikarya of oligodendrocyte-like cells in regions of the CNS.
Pitrazepin: Interactions with Transmitter Receptors of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Pitrazepin [3-(piperazinyl-1)-9H-dibenz(c.f)triazolo(4,5-a)azepin], is an N-aryl-piperazine derivative, whose heterocyclic structure is similar to that of atypical antipsychotics like clozapine. This paper is an overview of the pharmacological actions of pitrazepin, with an emphasis on its actions on GABAA and glycine neurotransmitter receptors. Recent results on the antagonist actions of pitrazepin on acetylcholine (ACh) currents in oocytes expressing either rat neuronal or mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are presented. Many of the pharmacological features of the new-generation antipsychotics have been derived from studies of structurally treated drugs. A detailed understanding of the ineractions of these drugs with neurotransmitter receptor is necessary to develop more effective antipsychotics.
Using Dictionaries to Study the Mental Lexicon

The notion of a mental lexicon has its historical roots in practical reference dictionaries. The distributional analysis of dictionaries provides one means of investigating the structure of the mental lexicon. We review our earlier work with dictionaries, based on a three-way horserace model of lexical access and production, and then present the most recent results of our ongoing analysis of the Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition on CD-ROM, which traces changes in productivity over time of the English suffixes -ment and -ity, both of which originate in French borrowings. Our results lead us to question the validity of automatic analogy from a set of existing words as the driving force behind morphological productivity.
Bark beetle infestations of Lodgepole pine following a fire in South Central Oregon

After light ground fires smolder through climax lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) stands, Dendroctonus ponderosae attacked a high proportion of unscorched and lightly fire-damaged trees; Ips pini preferentially attacked the moderately to heavily fire-damaged trees. Discriminant analysis showed that percent root kill and tree diameter correctly classified 74% of the D. ponderosae infested trees; I. pini attacks were negatively correlated with tree diameter and positively correlated with percent basal kill and these two variables correctly classified 84% of I. pini infestations. Percent root kill was the most important fire related variable associated with combined Ips and/or Dendroctonus attacks. The influence these light fires have on lodgepole pine stand dynamics is also discussed. Zusammenfassung Borkenkaferbefall von Lodgepole-Kiefern nach einem Waldbrand in South Central Oregon Nach einem leichten Bodenschwelbrand in Klimax-Bestanden der Lodgepol-Kiefer (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) befiel Dendroctonus ponderosae einen hohen Anteil der angebrannten und leicht feuergeschadigten Baume. Ips pini dagegen befiel bevorzugt die mittel bis stark vom Feuer geschadigten Baume. Die Diskriminanzanalyse zeigte, das der Prozentsatz getoteter Wurzeln pro Baum und der Stammdurchmesser 74% der von D. ponderosae befallenen Baume einwandfrei klassifizierten. I. pini-Angriffe waren mit dem Stammdurchmesser negativ, mit der basalen Abtotung positiv korreliert, und beide Variablen klassifizierten 84% der von diesem Borkenkafer befallenen Baume. Der Prozentsatz abgetoteter Wurzeln war die wichtigste der mit dem Feuer verbundenen Variablen, die mit beiden Borkenkaferarten korreliert war. Der Einflus solcher leichten Brande auf die Dynamik von Lodgepol-Kiefer-Bestanden wird diskutiert.
Rehydration fluid temperature affects voluntary drinking in horses dehydrated by furosemide administration and endurance exercise

To determine whether temperature of rehydration fluid influences voluntary rehydration by horses, six 2-3-year-old horses were dehydrated (4-5% body weight loss) by a combination of furosemide administration and 30 km of treadmill exercise. For the initial 5 min following exercise, horses were offered a 0.9% NaCl solution at 10, 20, or 30 degrees C. Subsequently, after washing and cooling out, voluntary intake of water at 10, 20, or 30 degrees C from 20 to 60 min after exercise was measured. Fluid intake (FI) during the first 5 min of recovery was 9.8+/-2.5,12.3+/-2.1 and 9.7+/-2.0L (p>0.05) for saline at 10, 20, and 30 degrees C, respectively. Although not a significant finding, horses offered 0.9% NaCl at 20 degrees C tended to take fewer (p=0.07), longer drinks than when saline at either 10 or 30 degrees C was offered. Between 20 and 60 min of recovery, intake of water at 20 degrees C (7.7+/-0.8L) and 30 degrees C (6.6+/-1.2L) was greater (p<0.05) than that at 10 degrees C (4.9+/-0.5L). Thus, total FI was 14.7+/-2.5,19.9+/-2.5, and 16.3+/-2.4L for rehydration fluids at 10, 20, and 30 degrees C, respectively (p<0.05, value for 20 degrees C water greater than that for 10 degrees C water). Although the amount of metabolic heat transferred to the initial saline drink was correlated with the decrease in core temperature during the initial 5 min of recovery, heat transfer to ingested fluid was most likely responsible for the dissipation of, at most, 5% of the heat generated during endurance exercise. In conclusion, following exercise these dehydrated-normothermic horses voluntary drank the greatest amount of fluid at near ambient (20 degrees C) temperature. Although not determined in this study, greater satiation of thirst by oropharyngeal cooling may have contributed to lesser intake of colder (10 degrees C) fluid.
Methyl isocyanate: An evaluation of in vivo cytogenetic activity

The ability of inhaled methyl isocyanate (MIC) to induce genotoxic and cytotoxic damage in vivo was evaluated by assessing the induction of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in bone marrow metaphase cells, the induction of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCEs), and the inhibition of bone marrow cellular proliferation and erythropoiesis. B6C3F1 mice were exposed to MIC by two exposure regiments: in two experiments, male mice only were exposed to 3, 10, and 30 ppm for 2 hr; in four experiments, male and female mice were exposed to 1 and 3 ppm (in one experiment, to 6 ppm, also), 6 hr per day for 4 consecutive days. The various cytogenetic endpoints were analyzed in bone marrow and peripheral blood (4-day exposure regimen only) samples taken from bromodeoxyuridine tablet-implanted animals killed 11 to 22 hr after cessation of the exposure to MIC. Exposure to MIC for 2 hr induced a significant delay in cellular proliferation but did not induce a significant increase in CAs, SCEs (evaluated at 3 and 10 ppm, only) or in bone marrow MN-PCEs. Also, this exposure regimen did not inhibit the rate of erythropoiesis. Following exposure to MIC for 4 days, a weak but significant increase in CAs and SCEs was observed in male (in one experiment) and in female (in two experiments) mice. The induction was especially apparent in the single experiment in which mice were exposed to 6 ppm MIC. At this concentration, a significant increase in MN-PCEs in peripheral blood was observed in male but not female mice. Delay in bone marrow cell proliferation was observed in male mice beginning at 3 ppm and in female mice at 6 ppm. The 4-day exposure regimen resulted also in a depressed rate of erythropoiesis, with male mice appearing to exhibit greater depression than female mice. The results demonstrate that exposure to MIC by inhalation results in bone marrow damage, indicating the systemic genotoxic/cytotoxic activity of MIC and/or reactive metabolites.
Cognition in the Vegetative State

Awake but not aware: This puzzling dissociation of the two central elements of consciousness defines the vegetative state. Traditionally, this condition has been believed to imply a brain with preserved hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic functions but with no capacity for cortical cognitive processes. As is discussed in this review, over a 20-year span neuroimaging techniques have clearly demonstrated that this characterization of patients in a vegetative state is incorrect. Contrary to the initial belief, the “vegetative” brain can retain several high-level aspects of cognitive functions, across sensory modalities, including language processing and learning dynamics. Nonetheless, the residual cognitive functions observed in vegetative patients might reflect intact but functionally disconnected cortical modules that do not give rise to the subjective feeling of phenomenological awareness.
Transcriptome Sequencing Demonstrates that Human Papillomavirus Is Not Active in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

β-Human papillomavirus (β-HPV) DNA is present in some cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cuSCCs), but no mechanism of carcinogenesis has been determined. We used ultra-high-throughput sequencing of the cancer transcriptome to assess whether papillomavirus transcripts are present in these cancers. In all, 67 cuSCC samples were assayed for β-HPV DNA by PCR, and viral loads were measured with type-specific quantitative PCR. A total of 31 SCCs were selected for whole transcriptome sequencing. Transcriptome libraries were prepared in parallel from the HPV18-positive HeLa cervical cancer cell line and HPV16-positive primary cervical and periungual SCCs. Of the tumors, 30% (20/67) were positive for β-HPV DNA, but there was no difference in β-HPV viral load between tumor and normal tissue (P=0.310). Immunosuppression and age were significantly associated with higher viral load (P=0.016 for immunosuppression; P=0.0004 for age). Transcriptome sequencing failed to identify papillomavirus expression in any of the skin tumors. In contrast, HPV16 and HPV18 mRNA transcripts were readily identified in primary cervical and periungual cancers and HeLa cells. These data demonstrate that papillomavirus mRNA expression is not a factor in the maintenance of cuSCCs.
Epidural steroid injections

Epidural steroid injections have a significant role in the treatment of patients with low back, neck, and radicular pain. Although these procedures may not address the causative lesions, they often shorten the clinical course of the disease process, keep patients out of the hospital, and provide symptomatic relief that improves quality of life. These procedures are most accurately performed with fluoroscopic guidance and major complications are rare. Although support for cervical epidural steroid injection is less uniform than that for lumbar and caudal injections, a growing body of experience is beginning to support its efficacy and safety.
The Guinea Pig as a Model for the Study of Maternal Immunization against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Infancy

Maternal immunization might protect infants from severe disease due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Guinea pigs are susceptible to infections with RSV and transfer antibodies to their offspring prenatally. Pregnant guinea pigs were immunized by infection with RSV and their offspring were challenged intranasally with RSV. Pulmonary viral replication was compared among the pups born to immunized mothers (group A) and the pups from nonimmune mothers (group B) in two studies. Mean (+/-SD) log10 virus titers were, in study 1, group A, 2.3 +/- 0.8 pfu/g of lung (n = 10); group B, 3.6 +/- 1.5 pfu/g (n = 13) (P = .0058); and study 2, group A, < 1.69 pfu/g (n = 8); group B, 3.4 +/- 0.9 pfu/g (n = 6) (P = .0002). Thus, immunization of pregnant guinea pigs resulted in a significant reduction in viral replication in the lungs of their offspring. Guinea pigs should be useful for the study of maternal immunization against RSV.
Towards Better ESL Practices for Implementing Automated Writing Evaluation

In the past decade, a new wave of writing assessment has evolved as a result of advances in computer technology, highlighting the potential of automated writing evaluation (AWE) in the L2 writing curriculum (Warschauer & Ware, 2006). Today’s innovative AWE programs offer ESL instructors promising solutions for providing immediate feedback and meeting the demands for better practices in the digital age. However, the outcomes of using AWE programs are not free of challenges and necessitate comprehensive insights about effectively integrating AWE and improving students’ writing (Chen & Cheng, 2008). This longitudinal qualitative study investigates the practices and perspectives of five university-level writing instructors as they meet challenges and possibilities of integrating AWE into seven semester-long university ESL writing courses. Data collection included observations, individual interviews, and delayed focus group interviews. In this paper, we highlight ESL instructors’ teaching strategies, perception of the effectiveness, satisfaction, and concerns with the software during and after one semester of teaching. Results conclude with final suggestions from current instructors. Our research intends to expand the current knowledge of AWE programs by defining appropriate and effective implementation of AWE technologies.
Limitations of “Marching Algorithms” in the Analysis of Multiphase Flow in Pipelines

Marching algorithms are the rule rather than the exception in the determination of pressure distribution in long multiphase-flow pipes, both for the case of pipelines and wellbores. This type of computation protocol is the basis for most two-phase-flow software and it is presented by textbooks as the standard technique used in steady state two-phase analysis. Marching algorithms acknowledge the fact that the rate of change of common fluid flow parameters (such as pressure, temperature, and phase velocities) are not constant but vary along the pipe axis while performing the integration of the governing equations by dividing the entire length into small pipe segments. In this algorithm, governing equations are solved for small single sections of pipe at a time, and the calculated outlet conditions for the particular segment and then propagated to the next segment as its prescribed inlet condition. Calculation continues in a “marching” fashion until the entire length of the pipe has been integrated. In this work, several examples are shown where this procedure cannot longer accurately represent the physics of the flow. The implications related to the use of this common technique are studied, highlighting its lack of compliance with the actual physics of the flow for selected examples. This paper concludes by suggesting remedies to these problems, supported by results, showing considerable improvement in fulfilling the actual constrains imposed by the set of simultaneous fluid dynamic continuum equations governing the flow.© 2007 ASME
Nitric oxide binding to nitrophorin 4 induces complete distal pocket burial.

The nitrophorins comprise an unusual family of proteins that use ferric (Fe(III)) heme to transport highly reactive nitric oxide (NO) from the salivary gland of a blood sucking bug to the victim, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood coagulation. We have determined structures of nitrophorin 4 in complexes with H2O, cyanide and nitric oxide. These structures reveal a remarkable feature: the nitrophorins have a broadly open distal pocket in the absence of NO, but upon NO binding, three or more water molecules are expelled and two loops fold into the distal pocket, resulting in the packing of hydrophobic groups around the NO molecule and increased distortion of the heme. In this way, the protein apparently forms a ‘hydrophobic trap’ for the NO molecule. The structures are very accurate, ranging between 1.6 and 1.4 A resolutions.
Dating and changes in adolescent cigarette smoking: does partner smoking behavior matter?

Introduction : Adolescents' relationships can play an infl uen- tial role in adopting, maintaining, or changing health behaviors. Previous research has suggested that adolescent dating is a risk factor for both concurrent and prospective tobacco use. This study extends previous research by examining whether a partner's smoking status moderated the relationship between dating and adolescent smoking. Methods : Participants were 1,263 9th and 10th grade students who took part in a longitudinal study investigating the social and emotional contexts of adolescent smoking patterns. Adolescents were recruited into the longitudinal study based on prior smoking history. The presence of a romantic partner, the partner's smoking status, and the ado- lescents' smoking behavior were assessed at baseline and at 15 months. Results : Our findings indicated that a change in dating status from not dating to having a partner significantly increased the odds of the adolescent smoking at 15 months but significantly only for those who dated a smoker. This effect was especially pronounced among boys. All boys who dated a smoker smoked themselves. Among adolescents who smoked at 15 months, there was also a strong protective effect among boys for dating a nonsmoker, compared with either those who did not have partners or those with smoking partners; boys with nonsmoking partners smoked significantly less than those with partners who smoked or those without partners. Discussion : These results highlight the importance of considering the smoking status of the romantic partner in the smoking - dating relationship in adolescents.
A highly efficient diode-pumped pulsed laser based on room-temperature Yb:YAG ceramics

A highly efficient pulsed-diode-pumped, room-temperature Yb:YAG ceramic laser with a slope efficiency of 78% and an optical-to-optical efficiency of 51% has been demonstrated. This is the highest slope efficiency for a room-temperature Yb:YAG ceramic laser reported to date.
A review of variance amplifications by advanced process control

As critical dimensions of semiconductor devices shrink towards 10n and smaller, applications of advanced process control (APC) solutions no longer reap large reductions of observed variances as it used to behave, sometimes with bare improvements or even deteriorations, consequently raising disgruntlement of the management.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

One of the first of the specialized agencies of the United Nations to become active, the Food and Agriculture Organization has elicited interest beyond the specialized field of agricultural economists. Attempting as it does to solve one of the very basic problems of the world, that of an adequate food supply, the organization represents a significant and hopeful international attempt to create a world in which there may actually exist “freedom from want.” The objectives of FAO, as formally expressed in the preamble to the constitution, read as follows:“The nations accepting this constitution being determined to promote the common welfare by furthering separate and collective action on their part for the purpose of raising levels of nutrition and standards of living of the people under their jurisdiction, securing improvements in the efficiency of the production of all food and agricultural products, bettering the conditions of rural populations, and thus contributing toward an expanding world economy, hereby establish the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.”
Increasing Collective Efficacy and Social Capital at Crime Hot Spots: New Crime Control Tools for Police

There is strong evidence that focussing police resources at 'crime hot spots'—small geographic places at which crime is concentrated—is an effective crime control strategy. Generally, hot spots policing strategies focus on formal social controls such as police crackdowns and often ignore the social context of the places that are targeted. Our article describes an approach that recognizes the importance of police community collaboration to improve public safety and reinforce informal social controls, and the emerging empirical evidence that social disorganization and collective efficacy may influence crime patterns at the micro-geographic level. We argue for the relevance of informal social controls in place-based policing and describe an innovative Smart Policing collaboration between the Brooklyn Park (Minnesota) Police Department and the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy at George Mason University that implements a department-wide programme in which police lead interventions to increase collective efficacy in hot spots.