cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Collisionless Dark Matter: Particle Physics Dynamics for Dark Matter Halo Structure

Dark matter (DM) self-interactions have important implications for the formation and evolution of structure, from dwarf galaxies to clusters of galaxies. We study the dynamics of self-interacting DM via a light mediator, focusing on the quantum resonant regime where the scattering cross section has a nontrivial velocity dependence. While there are long-standing indications that observations of small scale structure in the Universe are not in accord with the predictions of collisionless DM, theoretical study and simulations of DM self-interactions have focused on parameter regimes with simple analytic solutions for the scattering cross section, with constant or classical velocity (and no angular) dependence. We devise a method that allows us to explore the velocity and angular dependence of self-scattering more broadly, in the strongly coupled resonant and classical regimes where many partial modes are necessary for achieving the result. We map out the entire parameter space of DM self-interactions—and implications for structure observations—as a function of the coupling and the DM and mediator masses. We derive a new analytic formula for describing resonant s-wave scattering. Finally, we show that DM self-interactions can be correlated with observations of Sommerfeld enhancements in DM annihilation through indirect detection experiments.
Unidirectional travelling wave operation of a mode-locking Nd:Glass ring laser

Abstract The development of unidirectional mode-locked pulses in a Nd:glass ring laser is studied for various combinations of active and passive mode-locking and pulse direction discrimination elements.
On the numerical analysis of photon transport

Abstract In radiative transport problems two different forms representing the energy balance can be derived from the photon transport equation. In a numerical solution, where small errors are introduced, these two forms are inconsistent in either the optically thin or the optically thick limit and it is not possible to give one universally applicable numerical prescription for the calculation. Furthermore, the set of difference equations representing the transport equations are non-linear and must be solved by iteration. Cases will always arise, as shown by specific examples, in which a particular iteration scheme diverges. Lastly the requirements of low truncation error in the difference equations and positive intensity cannot be satisfied simultaneously. These essential mathematical difficulties must be considered before any code designed to handle general problems in radiative transport can be sensibly constructed.
Analysis of non-explosive bubble growth within a superheated liquid droplet suspended in an immiscible liquid☆

Abstract Bubble growth within a volatile droplet (liquid 1) at its superheat limit suspended in an immiscible nonvolatile field liquid (liquid 2) is analysed by solving the coupled energy and momentum equations for the temperature fields in liquids 1 and 2. A numerical solution is presented for a two-phase droplet modelled as a vapour bubble growing from the centre of liquid 1. It is shown that when the properties of liquids 1 and 2 are appreciably different, the bubble growth rate can experience a significant increase or decrease when the thermal boundary layer extends into liquid 2. The present calculations are also compared with available data and the agreement is reasonable.
Nucleoside conjugates. 8. The preparation of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine conjugates of corticosteroids.

Abstract Three 5′-(steroid-21-phosphoryl)-5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridines (VI–VIII) have been prepared and characterized by uv, ir, 1H-nmr, elemental analysis, chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. These new compounds are 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine conjugates of cortisol (VI), cortico-sterone (VII), and prednisolone (VIII). Besides the physical and analytical data, all of the conjugates were demonstrated to be enzymatically hydrolyzed to the corresponding steroid and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (III), and the latter was further shown to be hydrolyzed to 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (II) by phosphodiesterase I, 5′-nucleotidase, and acid phosphatase. However, they were shown to be resistant to hydrolysis by bacterial alkaline phosphatase.
Laser interferometry for the Big Bang Observer

The Big Bang Observer is a proposed space-based gravitational-wave detector intended as a follow on mission to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). It is designed to detect the stochastic background of gravitational waves from the early universe. We discuss how the interferometry can be arranged between three spacecraft for this mission and what research and development on key technologies are necessary to realize this scheme.
Gate control of the spin-splitting energy in a quantum dot: Application in single qubit rotation

Abstract We numerically calculate modulation of the spin-splitting energy in an asymmetric quantum dot due to an external electrostatic potential (applied via gates) that induces the Rashba spin–orbit interaction. The quantum dot has finite potential barriers and contains a built-in electric field (due to doping or compositional variation) that makes the potential profile asymmetric in space. It is placed in a magnetic field which lifts the spin degeneracy of every subband due to the Zeeman effect and we calculate by how much the Rashba interaction can change the total spin-splitting energy in the lowest subband. In the past, a perturbative solution that ignored “spin texturing” effects indicated that (1) the Rashba interaction always increases the total spin-splitting energy and that (2) the increase is a negligible fraction ( 0.1 % ) of the total spin-splitting energy for reasonable parameters. The more accurate non-perturbative solution presented here accounts for spin texturing and shows that (1) the total spin-splitting energy may actually decrease (instead of increasing) owing to the Rashba effect and that (2) the Rashba interaction can decrease the spin-splitting energy by > 50 % for reasonable parameters. A modulation this large can be used for single qubit rotation in a quantum gate.
Text Mining of Protein Phosphorylation Information Using a Generalizable Rule-Based Approach

Literature-based annotation of protein phosphorylation is the focus of many biological databases, as phosphorylation is a global regulator of cellular activity. To speed up manual curation of phosphorylation information, text mining technology has been utilized. In this paper, we report our ongoing effort to enhance RLIMS-P, a rule-based information extraction (IE) system to identify protein phosphorylation information in scientific literature. Despite the high accuracy attained by RLIMS-P, the use of elaborated patterns and rules resulted in a substantial effort for system development and maintenance. To mitigate this challenge, we redesigned RLIMS-P and integrated new natural language processing (NLP) techniques. It has also been adapted to mine full-text articles and generalized to be able to exploit common features for different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The updated RLIMS-P (version 2.0) was evaluated on abstracts in the publicly available BioNLP GENIA event extraction (GE) corpus, and achieved F-scores of 0.92 and 0.96 for phosphorylation substrate and site, respectively. On a full-text corpus developed in-house, it achieved F-scores of 0.91 and 0.92 for substrate and site, and 0.88 for kinase. The system was applied to the PubMed Central (PMC) Open Access Subset, and promising results have been obtained in mining the full-text articles. RLIMS-P focuses on protein phosphorylation information, but its new design would be generalizable for other PTM types. RLIMS-P version 2.0 is available at: http://proteininformationresource.org/rlimsp/.
Caribbean basin becomes large telecommunications market

Abstract The Caribbean Basin, generally considered a collection of small markets, has emerged as a large market for telecommunications equipment and services. The Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) has extended to the region many benefits beyond trade expansion. One such benefit is the investment associated with the CBI. Among this new investment are a number of projects to expand and improve regional telecommunications as well as telecommunications projects within individual countries. These projects are creating opportunities for U.S. companies to market their telecommunications products.
Data protection and data sharing in telematics

Automotive telematics may be defined as the information-intensive applications enabled for vehicles by a combination of telecommunications and computing technology. Telematics by its nature requires the capture, storage, and exchange of sensor data to obtain remote services. Such data likely include personal, sensitive information, which require proper handling to protect the driver's privacy. Some existing approaches focus on protecting privacy through anonymous interactions or by stopping information flow altogether. We complement these by concentrating instead on giving different stakeholders control over data sharing and use. In this paper, we identify several data protection challenges specifically related to the automotive telematics domain, and propose a general data protection framework to address some of those challenges. The framework enables data aggregation before data is released to service providers, which minimizes the disclosure of privacy sensitive information. We have implemented the core component, the privacy engine, to help users manage their privacy policies and to authorize data requests based on policy matching. The policy manager provides a flexible privacy policy model that allows data subjects to express rich constraint-based policies, including event-based, and spatio-temporal constraints. Thus, the policy engine can decide on a large number of requests without user assistance and causes no interruptions while driving. A performance study indicates that the overhead is stable with an increasing number of data subjects.
Hyperfine interactions on 237Np and 239Np implanted into copper and nickel

Abstract Alpha-gamma perturbed angular correlations after recoil implantation have been used to study the hyperfine interactions acting on neptunium isotopes in metals. The interaction in coper is shown to be nonstatic and is probably of quadrupole character. The effective magnetic hyperfine field on 239 Np in nickel has been determined to be −0.170 ± 0.040 MOe.
A DNA microarray-based genetic screen for nonhomologous end-joining mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We describe a microarray-based screen performed by imposing different genetic selections on thousands of yeast mutants in parallel, representing most genes in the yeast genome. The presence or absence of mutants was detected by oligonucleotide arrays that hybridize to 20-nucleotide "barcodes." We used this method to screen for components of the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. Known components of the pathway were identified, as well as a gene not previously known to be involved in NHEJ, NEJ1. Nej1 protein interacts with the amino terminus of LIF1/XRCC4, a recently recognized "guardian of the genome" against cancer.
Possible role of charged defects in molecular solids

The atomistic fundamentals of the initiation of chemical reactions, combustion, or detonation in a molecular solid system is a largely unexplored area. What is clear is that in many molecular solids, largely van der Waals bonded, the solids largely decompose in a way that destroys the integrity of the well-bound molecules rather than dissociating into the constituent molecules. In this brief note we explore one possible mechanism for such behavior. We postulate the existence of charged defects in such a system and explore their effects. Because of the presence of charges, molecules polarize. This modifies their interactions with each other and may simultaneously destabilize the constituent molecule.
Compositional and transcriptional analyses of reduced zein kernels derived from the opaque2 mutation and RNAi suppression

Corn protein is largely made up of a group of nutritionally limited storage proteins known as zein. The reduction of zein can be achieved by a transcriptional mutation, opaque2 (o2), or a transgene targeting zein through RNA interference (RNAi). Zein reduction results in an increase of more nutritionally balanced non-zein proteins, and therefore enhance the overall quality of corn protein. In this study, the composition of mature kernels and the transcriptional profile of developing kernels of these two types of zein reduced kernels were compared. Both zein reduced kernels contained higher levels of lysine and tryptophan and free amino acids were 10–20-folds more abundant than the wild-type counterpart. We also found that free lysine contributed partially to the increased lysine in o2 kernels while protein-bound lysine was mainly responsible for the increased lysine in transgenic zein reduction (TZR) kernels. Although they had relatively similar gene expression patterns in developing endosperm, o2 kernels had greater transcriptional changes than TZR kernels in general. A number of transcripts that were specifically down-regulated in o2 were identified. Many promoter sequences of these transcripts contain putative O2 binding motifs, suggesting that their expression is directly regulated by O2.
Baker on the Psychological Account of Personal Identity

Lynne Rudder Baker’s Constitution View of human persons has come under much recent scrutiny. Baker argues that each human person is constituted by, but not identical to, a human animal. Much of the critical discussion of Baker’s Constitution View has focused upon this aspect of her account. Less has been said about the positive diachronic account of personal identity offered by Baker. Baker argues that it is sameness of what she labels ‘first-person perspective’ that is essential to understanding personal identity over time. Baker claims that her account avoids the commitment to indeterminacy of personal identity entailed by the psychological account. Further, the psychological account, but not her account, is plagued by what Baker labels the ‘duplication problem’. In the end, I argue that neither of these considerations forces us to renounce the psychological account and adopt Baker’s favored account.
High-performance liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric examination of C-methylation artifacts from the permethylation reaction of peptides

Combined high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using a moving belt interface was used to investigate C-methylation artifacts arising from the permethylation reaction of peptides with methyl sulfinyl carbanion and methyl iodide. C-Methylation was not limited to glycine but, depending on the reaction conditions, other amino acids were also susceptible to it. In the absence of a glycine residue, preference for C-methylation of the C-terminus amino acid was observed. The use of on-line high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry allowed the separation of N, O, C-methylated from the N, O, S-permethylated derivatives, thus facilitating interpretation of the mass spectra.
Laser treatment of nevus of Ota

: Nevus of Ota is an often disfiguring dermal melanocytosis of the face most prevalent in the Japanese population. Since these lesions persist in the absence of treatment, various modalities have been used to make a nevus of Ota less noticeable. Treatment with Q-switched lasers can selectively destroy the melanosomes and melanocytes that are responsible for the pigmentation. Compared to other treatments, laser treatment is well tolerated and usually results in good to excellent lightening without scarring.
Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evidence for Miocene Gulf of California: ABSTRACT

The correlation of clasts in Eocene river gravels in Baja California with the sources for the clasts in Sonora has indicated the necessity for the dilation of the northern Gulf of California depression prior to, or concurrent with, the 23-18 m.y. opening of the Basin Range province in Sonora. The appearance of an extensive, basin-filling seaway in Baja California and Sonora during the Miocene is consistent with a regional subsidence resulting from crustal extension. The presence of shelf-type lower Miocene marine sediments on both coasts of Baja California Sur, between Loreto and La Paz, suggests that the marine waters entered the early Gulf across a shallow, nontectonic seaway which opened to the Pacific Ocean. The recognition of the early Miocene seaway extending into the northern Gulf, coupled with a later (4-10 m.y.) opening of the modern Gulf, supports the idea of a Gulf formed in at least 2 tectonic stages. End_of_Article - Last_Page 795------------
Behavioral activities of opioid peptides and morphine sulfate in golden hamsters and rats.

The behavioral effects of β-endorphin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and morphine were investigated in golden hamsters and in rats. In golden hamsters, β-endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin induced loss of righting reflex, whereas morphine caused no such effect. Both opiate peptides and morphine caused the inhibition of tail-flick response and catalepsy in rats. β-Endorphin was the most potent, followed by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and then by morphine. The catalepsy induced in rats by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin was different from that of β-endorphin and morphine in that it produced catalepsy without muscular rigidity. β-Endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin caused hypothermia in golden hamsters; morphine was less active in altering the body temperature. β-Endorphin caused hypothermia at high doses and hyperthermia at low doses in rats. These heterogenous behavioral responses indicate that multiple types of receptors mediate the effects of opiates in the central nervous system.
The Cambridge Container Company: managing customer-centric information integration

Abstract This case illustrates the efforts of the Cambridge Container Company, a fictitious manufacturer of plastic containers, as they consider methods for moving organizational decision-making toward a more customer-centric focus. Cambridge has four independent manufacturing units, each of which currently bases all operational decisions on internally generated cost and profitability information. 1 In 2000, Cambridge established a special enterprise level division to consider best practices for collecting qualitative product and service feedback from customers and to subsequently consider how to best integrate such nontraditional, nonfinancial information into their own operational decision models. This realistic scenario gives students an opportunity to consider the financial and managerial implications of moving to customer-centric operational decision-making. Business articles on the advantages of customer centricity abound, but few sources consider the financial and managerial consequences beyond increased customer loyalty and satisfaction. In actuality, this current business trend requires significant reengineering of information systems and management practices. Consequently, accounting methods must be re-evaluated for accuracy and fit with new systems and management practices. At the heart of this case is an opportunity for students to consider the appropriate balance of traditional financial and customer-driven nonfinancial information in management decision models for optimal profitability of the company and its individual units. In addition, the instructor can delve into a number of internal control and political issues related to information sharing. There is also opportunity for students to consider at a high level the complexities of balancing open information sharing and information security. Several alternative questions and suggested solutions are provided for the instructor at the end of the case. We suggest that instructors select only three or four of the questions so students can spend more time on each selected issue. This case is adaptable for use in managerial accounting, accounting systems or management systems courses at the undergraduate or graduate levels.
Factor VII, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides: The CARDIA Study

Cross-sectional studies have shown that factor VII coagulant activity (VIIc) is positively associated with plasma total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) as well as body mass index (BMI) and diastolic blood pressure. To determine whether changes in VIIc parallel changes in coronary risk factors over a period of 2 years, we examined data from 1514 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA), an ongoing investigation of lifestyles and evolution of cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects were 23 to 35 years old at the year 5 examination. Cross-sectional analyses at these examinations showed that VIIc was positively correlated (P < .001) with TC and TG in all race/sex groups except for TC in black women at the year 5 examination. Changes in VIIc over the 2-year period were correlated positively with changes in TC in all except black men and TG in all groups; the association of VIIc change with change in TC and TG was reduced only slightly with adjustment for age and BMI at year 5 and 2-year change in BMI. To determine whether the higher levels of VIIc in subjects with higher lipid values were due to activation of the factor or to an increase in the concentration of the factor VII clotting protein, we measured factor VII antigen (VIIag) in a randomly selected subsample of 223 subjects at the year 7 examination. In all sex/race groups, VIIag correlated with VIIc (r = .69 to 0.81). After adjustment for sex and race, the partial correlation coefficient between TG and VIIc was .28 (P = .0001); between TG and VIIag, .35 (P = .0001); between TC and VIIc, .39 (P = .0001); and between TC and VIIag, 0.43 (P = .0001). No associations were observed between lipid levels and the ratio of VIIc to VIIag. We conclude that the raised VIIc with higher lipid levels occurs in blacks as well as whites, in men and women, persists over time, and represents a true increase in the plasma concentration of this clotting factor.
Alzheimer's memory strategies A new look at the communication strategies with Alzheimer's patients through the intact part of their memory

Problems associated with the communication processes between Alzheimer's patients and their caregivers is suggested to be related to the memoryfailure of the Alzheimer's patient. In this study we explored the ways in which the Alzheimer's patient's recall ability of verbally communicated information may be improved. TWo strategies that werefound to be effective were: (1) simultaneous presentation of pictorial and verbal information; and (2) the enhanced reproduction of the processed information through the provision of response chosen. Findings from this study suggest that the A lzheim ers m em ory deficit does not globally affect the overallprocessingstrategies and that communication may improve ifothermodes of communication are introduced.
Pharmacogenomic knowledge gaps and educational resource needs among physicians in selected specialties.

BACKGROUND The use of pharmacogenomic testing in the clinical setting has the potential to improve the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, yet studies have revealed that physicians lack knowledge about the topic of pharmacogenomics, and are not prepared to implement it in the clinical setting. This study further explores the pharmacogenomic knowledge deficit and educational resource needs among physicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surveys of primary care physicians, cardiologists, and psychiatrists were conducted. RESULTS Few physicians reported familiarity with the topic of pharmacogenomics, but more reported confidence in their knowledge about the influence of genetics on drug therapy. Only a small minority had undergone formal training in pharmacogenomics, and a majority reported being unsure what type of pharmacogenomic tests were appropriate to order for the clinical situation. Respondents indicated that an ideal pharmacogenomic educational resource should be electronic and include such components as how to interpret pharmacogenomic test results, recommendations for prescribing, population subgroups most likely to be affected, and contact information for laboratories offering pharmacogenomic testing. CONCLUSION Physicians continue to demonstrate pharmacogenomic knowledge gaps, and are unsure about how to use pharmacogenomic testing in clinical practice. Educational resources that are clinically oriented and easily accessible are preferred by physicians, and may best support appropriate clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics.
Effect of Protein on the Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds in a Lecithin−Liposome Oxidation System

The effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, grape extracts, and red wines in a lecithin−liposome system oxidized at 37 °C with copper. In the absence of BSA, the phenolic compounds inhibited hydroperoxide formation in decreasing order: ferulic acid, epicatechin, catechin, rutin, malvidin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and propyl gallate. Hexanal formation was inhibited in the following decreasing order: ferulic acid, epicatechin, catechin, malvidin, caffeic acid, quercetin, rutin, and propyl gallate. Gallic acid and delphinidin promoted hydroperoxide and hexanal formation. In the presence of 20% BSA, liposome oxidation was much slower. Ferulic acid followed by malvidin and rutin were the most efficient in inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation. Two grape extracts and two red wines inhibited hydroperoxide and hexanal formation more efficiently without BSA. With BSA, the red wines were more active than the grape extracts in inhibiting lipid oxida...
Sensory Extinction and Sensory Reinforcement Principles for Programming Multiple Adaptive Behavior Change.

The role of sensory reinforcement was examined in programming multiple treatment gains in self-stimulation and spontaneous play for developmentally disabled children. Two phases were planned. First, we attempted to identify reinforcers maintaining self-stimulation. Sensory Extinction procedures were implemented in which auditory, proprioceptive, or visual sensory consequences of self-stimulatory behavior were systematically removed and reintroduced in a reversal design. When self-stimulation was decreased or eliminated as a result of removing one of these sensory consequences, the functional sensory consequence was designated as a child's preferred sensory reinforcer. In Phase 2, we assessed whether children would play selectively with toys producing the preferred kind of sensory stimulation. The results showed the following. (1) Self-stimulatory behavior was found to be maintained by sensory reinforcement. When the sensory reinforcer was removed, self-stimulation extinguished. (2) The sensory reinforcers identified for self-stimulatory behavior also served as reinforcers for new, appropriate toy play. (3) The multiple treatment gains observed appeared to be relatively durable in the absence of external reinforcers for play or restraints on self-stimulation. These results illustrate one instance in which multiple behavior change may be programmed in a predictable, lawful fashion by using "natural communities of sensory reinforcement."
IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF BLECHNUM FERNS: CHANGES IN T1 AND N(H) DURING DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION

The order, rate, and extent with which plant tissues dehydrate during water stress and rehydrate remains largely unknown. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging was used at seven Tesla to measure changes in degree of water binding and relative water content (through T1 and N[H] changes) of Blechnum unilaterale stem regions as water stress developed and was relieved
Peptide-Labeled Near-Infrared Quantum Dots for Imaging Tumor Vasculature in Living Subjects

We report the in vivo targeting and imaging of tumor vasculature using arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide-labeled quantum dots (QDs). Athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous U87MG human glioblastoma tumors were administered QD705-RGD intravenously. The tumor fluorescence intensity reached maximum at 6 h postinjection with good contrast. The results reported here open up new perspectives for integrin-targeted near-infrared optical imaging and may aid in cancer detection and management including imaging-guided surgery.
The characteristics of ultraviolet-sensitized photographic plates in the vacuum ultraviolet

The D vs log t curves of Eastman 103a–O uv-sensitized plates have been studied in the near ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet, respectively, together with the absorption and fluorescence spectrum of the sensitization lacquer. It was found that the contrast γt, obtained from the D vs log t curves calibrated in the vacuum spectrograph, was a constant within an experimental deviation of 4 percent throughout all observed wavelengths from 1320A to 360A and was equal to the contrast of the emulsion at the wavelength of maximum intensity of fluorescence of this lacquer. Numerous methods for the calibration of plates in air have been suggested and one of them was tested in detail. The reciprocity law of these uv-sensitized plates was studied and suggestions are made on the procedures leading to correct calibration curves of commercial plates for the purpose of photographic photometry in the vacuum ultraviolet.
Comparison of the retinitis pigmentosa mutations in rhodopsin with a functional map of the C5a receptor

We compare the known retinitis pigmentosa (RP) mutations in rhodopsin with mutational data obtained for the complement factor 5a receptor (C5aR), a member of the rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have performed genetic analyses that define residues that are required for C5aR folding and function. The cognate residues in rhodopsin are not preferentially mutated in RP, suggesting that the predominant molecular defect in RP involves more than simple misfolding or inactivation. Energy calculations are performed to elucidate the structural effects of the RP mutations. Many of these mutations specifically disrupt the environment of the retinal prosthetic group of rhodopsin, and these do not correspond to essential residues in C5aR. This may be because a retinal group is present in rhodopsin but not in C5aR. Another subset of RP mutations is more generally important for receptor structure, and these mutations correlate with essential residues of C5aR.
Tetracycline-Resistant Escherichia coli in a Small Stream Receiving Fish Hatchery Effluent

We examined the impact of the effluent discharged from a freshwater (trout and related species) fish hatchery on the presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in a small stream. There had been no documented use of antibiotics in the hatchery for at least 6 months prior to our study, although a variety of biocides were employed routinely for cleaning. Heterotrophic bacteria and Escherichia coli were isolated from both water column and sediment samples at sites above and below the discharge of the hatchery effluent as well as from the hatchery effluent itself. Randomly chosen isolates (≥96 isolates per site) were tested for their resistance to ampicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Resistance to at least one antibiotic was found in greater than 30% of both the heterotrophic isolates and the E. coli isolates from each of the sites. There were no significant differences among the sites in the proportion of the heterotrophic isolates resistant to any specific antibiotic. The proportion of E. coli isolates resistant to tetracycline in the hatchery effluent and in both the downstream water and sediment samples was significantly higher than in either the upstream water or sediment. These results support the possibility of the hatchery as a source of tetracycline-resistant microorganisms even in the absence of recent use of this antibiotic.
Free, complexed and total serum prostate-specific antigen : the establishment of appropriate reference ranges for their concentrations and ratios

AbstractPurpose: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) exists in the serum in several molecular forms that can be measured by immunodetectable assays: free PSA, PSA complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (complexed PSA) and total PSA, which represents the sum of the free and complexed forms. We determined the normal distribution of values and established the appropriate reference ranges for these 3 molecular forms of PSA and their ratios (free-to-total, complexed-to-total and free-to-complexed PSA). Knowing the amount and ratio of these molecular forms appears to be useful in enhancing the ability of PSA to distinguish potentially curable prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and in decreasing the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies.Materials and Methods: A total of 422 healthy men 40 to 79 years old was randomly chosen from the male population of Olmsted County Minnesota and underwent a detailed clinical examination that included digital rectal examination, serum PSA determination and transrecta...
The Clock Protein CCA1 and the bZIP Transcription Factor HY5 Physically Interact to Regulate Gene Expression in Arabidopsis

The circadian clock regulates the expression of an array of Arabidopsis genes such as those encoding the LIGHT-HARVESTING CHLOROPHYLL A/B (Lhcb) proteins. We have previously studied the promoters of two of these Arabidopsis genes—Lhcb1*1 and Lhcb1*3—and identified a sequence that binds the clock protein CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1). This sequence, designated CCA1-binding site (CBS), is necessary for phytochrome and circadian responsiveness of these genes. In close proximity to this sequence, there exists a G-box core element that has been shown to bind the bZIP transcription factor HY5 in other light-regulated plant promoters. In the present study, we examined the importance of the interaction of transcription factors binding the CBS and the G-box core element in the control of normal circadian rhythmic expression of Lhcb genes. Our results show that HY5 is able to specifically bind the G-box element in the Lhcb promoters and that CCA1 can alter the binding activity of HY5. We further show that CCA1 and HY5 can physically interact and that they can act synergistically on transcription in a yeast reporter gene assay. An absence of HY5 leads to a shorter period of Lhcb1*1 circadian expression but does not affect the circadian expression of CATALASE3 (CAT3), whose promoter lacks a G-box element. Our results suggest that interaction of the HY5 and CCA1 proteins on Lhcb promoters is necessary for normal circadian expression of the Lhcb genes.
Urban home gardens in the Global North: A mixed methods study of ethnic and migrant home gardens in Chicago, IL

In the United States, interest in urban farms and community gardens is flourishing, yet the urban home food garden (UHFG) and its contributions to urban systems have been overlooked and understudied. To begin to address this gap, we are conducting a mixed methods study of African American, Chinese-origin and Mexican-origin households with home gardens in Chicago, IL. Study methods include in-depth interviews, participant observation, ethnobotanical surveys and analysis of the chemical and physical properties of garden soils. As of this writing, findings indicate that home gardening has an array of beneficial effects, contributing to household food budgets and community food systems, the reproduction of cultural identity and urban biodiversity. The majority of informants in the study were internal or international migrants. For these individuals, gardening, culture-specific food plant assemblages and the foodways they support represent a continuation of cultural practices and traditional agroecological knowledge associated with their place of origin. The gardens of some migrant households also harbor urban agrobiodiversity with roots in the Global South. At the same time, gardens may have less salubrious effects on urban systems and populations. A lack of knowledge of safe gardening practices may expose vulnerable populations to environmental hazards such as soil contaminants. Gardeners in this study reported using synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides, sometimes indiscriminately, and the repeated application of synthetic fertilizers and compost may contribute to the nutrient loading of urban stormwater runoff. These effects may be moderated by the relatively low bulk density and high porosity of garden soils due to tillage and the application of organic matter, which can be expected to enhance stormwater infiltration. While the UHFG's potential contributions to urban systems are significant, outreach and research are needed to help gardeners grow food safely and sustainably in ways that contribute to overall ecosystem health.
The Differential Effects of Phonics versus Sight-Recognition Methods of Teaching Reading on the Eye Movements of Good and Poor Second-Grade Readers

Four groups of second-grade subjects, good or poor readers who were respectively being taught reading by phonics or sight-recognition methods (N = 5 per group), were tachistoscopically shown and requested to read four replications of 20 four-letter stimulus words. Three aspects of eye movements were recorded. It was found that total number of eye movements, direction of the reading scan, and total scanning time were sensitive to an interaction of reading achievement and method of initial reading acquisition.
Tomography-measured Macropore Parameters to Estimate Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media☆

Abstract A critical hydraulic parameter for geomedia is the saturated hydraulic conductivity. This property is needed in models for predicting water infiltration into soils and water runoff from landscapes. The objective of this study was to use computed tomography (CT)-measured macropore data to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity at four sites from several soil depths and multiple treatments. These core samples were removed from four Midwestern sites. Some study sites included soils developed in loess and glacial till as well as soils developed in deep loess. The four sites included treatments which evaluated different soil management relative to conservation programs with vegetative grasses and agroforestry treatments as well as restored and native prairies. The samples (76 mm diam. by 76 mm long) were scanned using a computed tomography scanner with 0.19 by 0.19 by 0.5 mm resolution. CT-measured pore parameters included macroporosity (> 1000 μm diam.), coarse mesoporosity (200 to 1000 μm diam.), number of pores, circularity of pores, and fractal dimension of macroporosity. The log-transformed saturated hydraulic conductivity was best estimated using the logarithm of number of pores (r2 = 0.69). Results indicate that CT methods can be used as a characterization tool to assess soil pore properties for prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Developmental Word Recognition: A Study of L1 English Readers of L2 Japanese.

This study focused on developmental word recognition strategies used by first language (L1) English readers of second language (L2) Japanese. There were two proficiency groups of Japanese learners. The study considered whether or not word recognition strategies are developmental and whether or not L1 orthographic interference (i.e., involvement of phonological coding) diminishes as learners gain L2 proficiency. In Experiment 1, consisting of “context-free” lexical judgment tests controlled by visual familiarity, the higher-proficiency group showed more visual reliance and diminishing L1 English orthographic effects at the beginning stages of instruction. However, this developmental difference was not apparent in Experiment 2, in which “contextual” passage reading tests were controlled by word visual familiarity. The higher proficiency learners showed a trend toward greater reliance on visual information; however, no significant difference in visual familiarity effects was observed between the two groups. These results imply that (a) the L2 word recognition strategy is developmental and reconstructed as proficiency advances, yet (b) automaticity takes time to develop, and (c) developmental effects may be involved differently between prelexical and postlexical phonology.
Agar Layer Method for Production of High Titer Phage Stocks.

SummarySome of the variables involved in the production of high titer phage stocks by the agar layer method have been investigated using coli phage T4r as an example. The significant factors have been shown to be the number of virus particles and the number of bacteria inoculated per plate, the length of incubation, the volume of soft agar in the agar layer and the volume of broth used for extraction of the virus from the agar. By an appropriate adjustment of these variable factors it is possible to obtain stocks of the various coli phages of the T series ranging from 1011 to 1012 infectious particles/ml.
Belief state approaches to signaling alarms in surveillance systems

Surveillance systems have long been used to monitor industrial processes and are becoming increasingly popular in public health and anti-terrorism applications. Most early detection systems produce a time series of p-values or some other statistic as their output. Typically, the decision to signal an alarm is based on a threshold or other simple algorithm such as CUSUM that accumulates detection information temporally.We formulate a POMDP model of underlying events and observations from a detector. We solve the model and show how it is used for single-output detectors. When dealing with spatio-temporal data, scan statistics are a popular method of building detectors. We describe the use of scan statistics in surveillance and how our POMDP model can be used to perform alarm signaling with them. We compare the results obtained by our method with simple thresholding and CUSUM on synthetic and semi-synthetic health data.
Analysis of alkyl gallates and nordihydroguaiaretic acid using plastic capillary electrophoresis - microchips

Abstract A simple and fast method for the simultaneous determination of the antioxidants propyl gallate (PG), octyl gallate (OG), lauryl gallate (LG), and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) has been established by using microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Under the optimum conditions (30 mM borate buffer, pH 9.7, 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, separation voltage of 1200 V and 5 s injection time) the analytes were baseline separated. Linear relationships were found between the concentration and peak current for all the selected antioxidants. The measured detection limits (S/N ≥ 3) of PG, OG, LG, and NDGA were 2.2, 1.4, 2.3, and 4.6 μM, respectively, which corresponds to 2–6 fmol of analyte. This approach has remarkable advantages with respect to other methodologies involving separations and electrochemical detection including minimal sample consumption, higher analysis speed, lower cost, and portability. Additionally, a highly reproducible signal (migration time and peak current) was obtained for a series of injections (n = 30). In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the method, the determination of antioxidants in a commercial food sample is also presented.
Carbostannolysis mediated by bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)lanthanide catalysts. Utility in accessing organotin synthons

Facile carbon–tin bond activation in the reaction of 2-(trimethylstannyl)pyridine (1) with the organolanthanide complexes Cp*2LaCH(TMS)2 (2a) and [Cp*2LaH]2 (2b) yields Cp*2La(2-pyridyl) (3), as well as Me3SnCH(TMS)2 and Me3SnH, respectively. At room temperature, ethylene then undergoes insertion into the resulting La–C(pyridyl) bond followed by carbostannolysis to catalytically generate 2-(2-(Me3Sn)ethyl)pyridine (4) or, with extended reaction times, 6-ethyl-2-(2-(trimethylstannyl)ethyl)pyridine (5). In contrast to 1, 6-methyl-2-(trimethylstannyl)pyridine (6) is unreactive, likely reflecting steric constraints. With terminal alkynes, this catalytic heterocycle–SnMe3 activation/carbostannylation process affords tin-functionalized conjugated enynes. Thus, at 60 °C 2b catalyzes the conversion 1 + 1-hexyne to yield (E)-2-butyl-1-(Me3Sn)-oct-1-en-3-yne in a 60:1 ratio E:Z isomer ratio. This reaction is available to α-monosubstituted and α-disubstituted terminal alkynes, while α-trisubstituted alkynes are too ...
Reduced Variation in Death Rates after Introduction of Antimicrobial Agents

There was a sharp, persistent drop in annual variation in life expectancy at birth in the United States between 1940 and 1950. To evaluate the possible relationship of this drop to the introduction of antimicrobial agents, we examined standardized death rates (SDR) and life expectancy (LE) in the United States and in England and Wales, both of which participated in the discovery and development of antimicrobials, especially penicillin, during this period. Annual variation in life expectancy and directly standardized death rates are measured as residuals from moving means. There were sharp drops in residual variation for males and females starting as early as 1944 in the United States and 1951 in England and Wales that persist to the present. The standard deviations of residuals dropped by 59–81% from before 1940 to after 1950 depending on sex, country, and SDR or LE. The timing and persistence of reduced annual variation indicates that antimicrobials contributed substantially to the change.
A Closed-Form Expression for the Energy Dissipation in a Low-Loss Transmission Line

An uncharged two-conductor transmission line is considered whose ends are terminated in resistances. Initially the line is assumed to be charged along its length for a time interval that is short compared to the transit time along the line, as in the case of a cable irradiated with x rays. It is shown that the distribution of the subsequent energy dissipation in the line and its terminations can be calculated in closed form if the line is assumed to have low losses. The result here is of interest in some internal electromagnetic pulse (IEMP) problems.
Radiative energy transfer to centrally located areas in cylindrical and conical chambers containing isothermal, grey emitters☆

The geometrical interchange factors for radiative energy transfer have been evaluated for various conical configurations. A representative calculation has been carried out for the radiant energy transfer to a centrally located area element at the plane of intersection between two coaxial cones.
The City Manager’s Role in Policy-Making A Perspective Beyond Substitution and Collaboration Models

The city manager’s role in policy-making has long been recognized in the public administrationliterature. However, it remains unclear why city managers participate in policy-making at different lev...
HYPOTHALAMIC UNIT ACTIVITY DURING DEFENSIVE CONDITIONING

1. During defensive conditioning of waking rabbits 44% of 86 neurons of the ventromedial and 42% of 40 cells of the perifornical group of hypothalamic nuclei formed conditioned responses. Of the total number of neurons giving conditioned responses, 71% in the ventromedial and 53% in the perifornical nucleus showed responses of inhibitory type. In half of all the neurons giving conditioned responses differentiation and extinctive inhibition could be produced. 2. Comparison of conditioned and trace responses (conditioned reflex to time) of hypothalamic neurons during the formation of a motor conditioned reflex revealed similar features of their formation and development; distinguishing features of the dynamics of conditioned and trace responses were found during extinctive inhibition. The lateral and medial groups of hypothalamic nuclei play roles of different importance, and this may be evidence that these hypothalamic formations participate in the formation of the autonomic and motor components of the defensive conditioned reflex respectively.