cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Drosophila Somatic Gene Expression: Variation and Regulation by doublesex.

Sex differences in gene expression have been widely studied in Drosophila melanogaster. Sex differences vary across strains, but many molecular studies focus on only a single strain, or on genes that show sexually dimorphic expression in many strains. How extensive variability is and whether this variability occurs among genes regulated by sex determination hierarchy terminal transcription factors is unknown. To address these questions, we examine differences in sexually dimorphic gene expression between two strains in Drosophila adult head tissues. We also examine gene expression in doublesex (dsx) mutant strains to determine which sex-differentially expressed genes are regulated by DSX, and the mode by which DSX regulates expression. We find substantial variation in sex-differential expression. The sets of genes with sexually dimorphic expression in each strain show little overlap. The prevalence of different DSX regulatory modes also varies between the two strains. Neither the patterns of DSX DNA occupancy, nor mode of DSX regulation explain why some genes show consistent sex-differential expression across strains. We find that the genes identified as regulated by DSX in this study are enriched with known sites of DSX DNA occupancy. Finally, we find that sex-differentially expressed genes and genes regulated by DSX are highly enriched on the fourth chromosome. These results provide insights into a more complete pool of potential DSX targets, as well as revealing the molecular flexibility of DSX regulation.
Religious Texts and Popular Media

This chapter shows how the dominate stories, both in religious and popular contexts, led to the now present correlation between stigma and disability, so that disability has automatically became stigmatized. Provides examples of ways disability has and continues to be stigmatized including examples such as eugenics, freak shows, and reality television. It also shows the link between eugenics and practices of exclusion which led to people with disabilities not just being driven from public spaces but isolated in institutions; in doing so establishes that people with disabilities were not always precluded from “public” education.
Modeling considerations for the hardware-software co-design of flexible modern wireless transceivers

Software-defined radios have introduced new platforms for dynamically modifying wireless system designs, and heterogeneous computing has opened up implementing such designs on different computing elements. Our goal is to develop a hardware-software modeling environment that captures reusability of various processing blocks at the physical layer for several modern protocols, and makes decisions regarding whether each processing block should be part of reconfigurable hardware or embedded processor software based on timing constraints and power budgets for the overlying applications. Our approach creates several different MathWorks Simulink model variants for both the transmitter and the receiver, each with a different boundary between hardware and software components. Using the 802.11a standard as an example, we use these models to generate a bitstream for the FPGA and executable code for the ARM processor on a Xilinx Zynq system-on-chip. Our results collect such metrics as data path delay, resource utilization, and power usage and demonstrate how to enhance the SDR design.
In Utero Caffeine Exposure Induces Transgenerational Effects on the Adult Heart

Each year millions of pregnant woman are exposed to caffeine, which acts to antagonize adenosine action. The long-term consequences of this exposure on the developing fetus are largely unknown, although in animal models we have found adverse effects on cardiac function. To assess if these effects are transmitted transgenerationally, we exposed pregnant mice to caffeine equivalent to 2-4 cups of coffee at two embryonic stages. Embryos (F1 generation) exposed to caffeine early from embryonic (E) day 6.5-9.5 developed a phenotype similar to dilated cardiomyopathy by 1 year of age. Embryos exposed to caffeine later (E10.5-13.5) were not affected. We next examined the F2 generation and F3 generation of mice exposed to caffeine from E10.5-13.5, as this coincides with germ cell development. These F2 generation adult mice developed a cardiac phenotype similar to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The F3 generation exhibited morphological changes in adult hearts, including increased mass. This report shows that in utero caffeine exposure has long-term effects into adulthood and that prenatal caffeine exposure can exert adverse transgenerational effects on adult cardiac function.
VCAM-1 Expression in B-Lymphopoiesis and Leukemia.

Abstract Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM; CD106), a member of the Ig Superfamily of molecules, binds to the β-1 integrin, Very Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4; CD49d); this interaction plays an integral role in leukocyte trafficking as well as lymphocyte-stromal cell interactions. VCAM can be shed from the surface of cells, and, in humans, serum levels of soluble VCAM (sVCAM) parallel activity and remission states in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and inflammation. Although widely investigated as a stromal-cell associated molecule, our lab and others have recently identified VCAM expression on normal bone-marrow derived B-lymphoid cells. Using FACS technology, we found that surface expression of VCAM is closely modulated at specific stages of B cell development, with relatively high levels on the pro-B cell population, down-modulation in pre-B cells at the onset of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement, and subsequent re-expression at variable levels in immature and mature peripheral B cell subsets. We have verified VCAM transcripts by cDNA PCR in highly purified populations of murine precursor B cells. Normal human bone marrow precursor B-lymphoid populations (hematogones) also demonstrate VCAM surface protein expression. Finally, in an animal model of BCR/ABL+ ALL, we found that VCAM expression is dramatically increased on lymphoblasts when compared to normal reference populations in bone marrow and spleen. VCAM expression in human lymphoid malignancies is currently under investigation. Antibody-mediated VCAM cross-linking on primary B-cell precursors ex-vivo generates intracellular reactive oxygen species, demonstrating that signaling through this molecule has functional consequences. Intriguingly, in-vivo, VCAM expression is limited to B-lymphoid cells harvested from tissues such as bone marrow, spleen and lymph node; since, in the same animal, peripheral blood lymphocytes and peritoneal cells do not express readily detectable levels of the surface antigen. VCAM-expressing B-lymphoid cells cultured ex-vivo gradually lose surface expression over 24 hours. The tissue-associated modulation of VCAM expression is preserved in the murine Ph+ lymphoblasts; leukemia cells isolated from the peripheral blood express very low levels of surface VCAM compared to those harvested from bone marrow or spleen. Our data suggests that VCAM expression is dependent on tissue-specific microenvironmental signals in-vivo. B-lymphoid expression of both VCAM and its ligand VLA-4 is a surprising finding that has broad implications regarding leukemic cell interaction with endothelial cells, the bone marrow retention and trafficking of precursor- and leukemic-B cell populations, and the interpretation of an extensive experimental database predicated on the stromal-cell specificity of VCAM expression and function.
One Step at a Time: Using Task Analyses to Teach Skills

Task analyses are useful when teaching children how to complete tasks by breaking the tasks into small steps, particularly when children struggle to learn a skill during typical classroom instruction. We describe how to create a task analysis by identifying the steps a child needs to independently perform the task, how to assess what steps a child is able to do without adult support, and then decide how to teach the steps the child still needs to learn. Using task analyses can be the key to helping a young child become more independent.
Narrating political history about contested space: tourism websites of India's Northeast.

Abstract Those who have examined tourism for India’s Northeast have primarily focused on issues of development. However, as a contested, postcolonial space, wherein multiple groups produce contending knowledge claims about political history and belonging, I examine the political implications of tourism for the Northeast. Specifically, I examine the histories offered within state-produced tourism websites for the seven states historically comprising the Northeast. I compare these to twelve corporate tourism websites for the Northeast. I argue that the state websites especially obscure competing knowledge claims and advance the hegemonic narrative of the nation. In doing so, they also reaffirm the state’s racialized, sexualized production of knowledge about the Northeast. Ultimately, a focus on the political underscores the complexity of tourism for complex, postcolonial spaces such as India’s Northeast.
Discursos sobre política y democracia de estudiantes universitarios chilenos de distintas organizaciones juveniles

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigacion sobre como se resignifica la politica y la democracia en los discursos de estudiantes universitarios chilenos que participan en distintas formas de organizacion. Se ha empleado una metodologia cualitativa, utilizando el grupo de discusion como tecnica de produccion de datos y el analisis de discurso como enfoque analitico principal. Los participantes fueron militantes de juventudes politicas, activistas de colectivos no partidistas, participantes de grupos de voluntariado e integrantes de grupos artisticos-culturales de las ciudades de Valparaiso, Santiago y Concepcion. Los resultados muestran tres discursos acerca de la politica y la democracia: (1) «el discurso de la politizacion» de los colectivos no partidistas; (2) «el discurso experiencial de la politica» de los grupos voluntarios y grupos artistico-culturales, y (3) «el discurso del realismo politico» de los militantes en juventudes politicas. Se concluye que los tres discursos convergen en el rechazo de las instituciones, pero se diferencian en los modos de entender la politica y la democracia a partir de distintas maneras de relacionarse con el poder y la participacion.
Clinical toxicity of cryopreserved bone marrow graft infusion.

We prospectively evaluated infusion-related toxicities in 82 recipients of autologous bone marrow grafts. The grafts were cryopreserved in 10% dimethylsulfoxide and stored in liquid nitrogen. All grafts were concentrated and buffy-coat cells were collected. Forty-seven grafts were treated ex vivo with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) at 100 micrograms/mL; 26 grafts were further processed using density-gradient separation and treated with 4-HC at 60 micrograms/mL. Nine buffy-coat concentrates were frozen without drug treatment. Before infusion, patients were medicated with mannitol, hydrocortisone, and diphenhydramine. Grafts were rapidly thawed and immediately infused without further manipulation. During the infusions, 33 (70%) recipients of treated buffy-coat, 5 (56%) recipients of untreated buffy-coat, and 6 (23%) recipients of density-gradient separated grafts experienced varying symptoms including nausea, abdominal cramping, and flushing. Forced vital capacities for 83% of the recipients of treated buffy-coat concentrates decreased after the graft infusion; six of these patients complained of dyspnea and one patient experienced an acute episode of respiratory decompensation. Decreased heart rates were observed in 98% of the recipients of treated buffy-coat cells with asymptomatic bradycardia occurring in 45%. Forty-five patients (96%) in this group experienced transient hypertension, with 18 (38%) requiring additional medications within 6 hours after the infusion for control of blood pressure. Similar cardiovascular changes were observed in the recipients of untreated buffy-coat concentrates. One recipient of an untreated buffy-coat concentrate had 2 degrees heart block after the graft infusion. Twenty-three (88%) recipients of density-gradient separated grafts had decreased heart rates and 21 (81%) had increased blood pressure. However, the degrees of change were less than those experienced by the recipients of treated buffy-coat cells (P less than .01). Forced vital capacities were not affected by the infusion of the density-gradient separated grafts. No renal failure or obvious hemolytic episodes occurred for any patient group. Minor to moderate toxicities were associated with cryopreserved graft infusions. Recipients of buffy-coat separated grafts, both treated and untreated, experienced more complications than the recipients of density-gradient separated grafts. These toxicities may relate to the volumes of cryoprotectant and cell lysis products infused, which were less for the more highly purified density-gradient separated grafts.
Large-area release and transfer of ultrathin, freestanding nanocrystalline ceria films

Abstract Methods for fully releasing ultrathin ceria films onto an aqueous solution interface, and transferring the film onto arbitrary substrates are presented. The area of the released and transferred film is virtually unlimited, and the release procedure completely avoids etching steps which can be slow and contaminating. Transfer of the ceria film from one substrate to another substrate takes
P3.16 Impact of rapid susceptibility profiling on the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in gonorrhoea

Introduction Increasing antibiotic resistance limits treatment for gonorrhoea. We examined the extent to which a hypothetical point-of-care (POC) test reporting antibiotic susceptibility profiles could delay emergence of resistance and prolong effectiveness of existing antibiotics. Methods We developed a deterministic compartmental model describing gonorrhoea transmission in a risk-stratified single-sex population with three different antibiotics available to treat infections. Probabilities of resistance emergence on treatment and fitness costs associated with resistance were based on characteristics of fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone, as inferred from a previous phylogenomic analysis. We compared strategies in which a POC test was used to guide therapy in varying proportions of cases against the current empiric approach (dual treatment with azithromycin plus ceftriaxone). Results Based on current estimates of gonoccoal susceptibility patterns in the United States, the model indicated that continued empiric dual antibiotic treatment without POC testing resulted in >5% of isolates being resistant to both azithromycin and ceftriaxone within 15 years. When POC testing was used in 10% of identified cases, this time was delayed by 4 years, while time to reach a 1% prevalence of triply-resistant strains was delayed by 5 years. With POC testing in >55% of identified cases, it took over 100 years for dual and triple resistance to exceed 1%, and with POC testing in ≥75% of cases, strains resistant to azithromycin and/or ceftriaxone did not persist in the population. Results were sensitive to assumptions about fitness costs and test sensitivity only when POC test deployment was relatively low ( Conclusion Rapid diagnostics that indicate antibiotic susceptibility have the potential to extend the usefulness of existing antibiotics for treatment of gonorrhoea. More broadly, integration of evidence on fitness costs associated with resistance can enhance strategies for rational antibiotic selection and further delay emergence of resistance.
On-demand data assimilation of large-scale spatial temporal systems using sequential Monte Carlo methods

Abstract The proliferation of sensors is generating rapidly increasing quantities of data like never before. These extensive amounts of data can provide useful information for more accurate state inference of large-scale spatial temporal systems. Sequential Monte Carlo methods are used to assimilate the observed data from sensors to improve the state estimation of large-scale spatial temporal systems, which highly rely on the available real time observation data. In many scenarios, the real time data are limited in space and time. Therefore, it is important to effectively obtain critical sensor data in real time and then dynamically feed them into the running model. In this paper, we propose the on-demand data assimilation method for large-scale spatial temporal systems, in which we quantify the spatial states using run-time state quantification methods and decide if we need to trigger data assimilation on demand and obtain more relevant real time data when the state uncertainty is high. The effectiveness of the developed framework is evaluated based on large-scale wildfire spread simulations.
Newton Polygons of Cyclic Covers of the Projective Line Branched at Three Points

We review the Shimura–Taniyama method for computing the Newton polygon of an abelian variety with complex multiplication. We apply this method to cyclic covers of the projective line branched at three points. As an application, we produce multiple new examples of Newton polygons that occur for Jacobians of smooth curves in characteristic p. Under certain congruence conditions on p, these include: the supersingular Newton polygon for each genus g with 4 ≤ g ≤ 11; nine non-supersingular Newton polygons with p-rank 0 with 4 ≤ g ≤ 11; and, for all g ≥ 5, the Newton polygon with p-rank g − 5 having slopes 1∕5 and 4∕5.
Legal Foundations of Adolescents’ Rights and Positive Youth Development

Developmental scientists increasingly understand conditions that contribute to positive youth development and understand well what actually constitutes positive youth development itself. Despite such remarkable progress, much work continues to be needed to turn insights into policies that can shape institutions and personal relationships into environments that would foster positive development. Illustrative of the needed work is how the legal system could benefit from what would be deemed optimal policies for ensuring positive development, particularly because the legal system must rely on established legal principles and presumptions rather than even the best scientific evidence. This is particularly true in the United States, which renders that context an exemplar of limitations and possibilities. To understand U.S. law’s potential receptivity to scientific findings relating to youth development, this chapter provides the groundwork for understanding the foundations on which laws, policies, and other types of legal mandates relating to adolescents must rest – the Constitution and Supreme Court jurisprudence interpreting it. The analysis centers on the development of adolescents’ rights, the central limitations placed on them, and the many ways that social institutions retain the legal power to influence the development of youth. The chapter ends by delineating some of the key lessons gleaned from current jurisprudence and demonstrates how the legal system may be receptive to policies that would ensure appropriate consideration of the principles of positive youth development that continue to emerge from developmental science.
Enhanced precision in the analysis of randomized trials with ordinal outcomes

We present a general method for estimating the effect of a treatment on an ordinal outcome in randomized trials. The method is robust in that it does not rely on the proportional odds assumption. Our estimator leverages information in prognostic baseline variables, and has all of the following properties: (i) it is consistent; (ii) it is locally efficient; (iii) it is guaranteed to have equal or better asymptotic precision than both the inverse probability-weighted and the unadjusted estimators. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first estimator of the causal relation between a treatment and an ordinal outcome to satisfy these properties. We demonstrate the estimator in simulations based on resampling from a completed randomized clinical trial of a new treatment for stroke; we show potential gains of up to 39% in relative efficiency compared to the unadjusted estimator. The proposed estimator could be a useful tool for analyzing randomized trials with ordinal outcomes, since existing methods either rely on model assumptions that are untenable in many practical applications, or lack the efficiency properties of the proposed estimator. We provide R code implementing the estimator.
Development and Survival of Chlosyne acastus sterope (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Larvae on Three Host Plants in South Central Washington

Post-diapause third instar larvae of Chlosyne acastus sterope from shrub-steppe habitat near Benton City in central Washington were reared to adulthood at 25 oC on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Erigeron linearis and a hitherto unrecorded host, Ericameria nauseosa. Larvae developed successfully on all host plants but survival was highest on C. viscidiflorus and E. linearis and lowest on E. nauseosa. Mean larval duration from post-diapause entry into laboratory conditions until pupation was shortest when fed C. viscidiflorus and longest on E. nauseosa or E. linearis. Mean pupal duration was longest on E. linearis and shortest on E. nauseosa and C. viscidiflorus. Mean forewing lengths of adults were shorter when larvae were reared on E. linearis. Ericameria nauseosa is sub-optimal for C. a. sterope in terms of larval survival but produces optimally-sized pupae and adults. Feeding on E. linearis is optimal for survival but slow-developing larvae produce small pupae and adults. Possible fitness implications of this host plant-mediated variation in larval survival, pupal weight, duration and adult size in C. a. sterope are discussed.
Competing 1 n and 2 n decays in Be 12

I have estimated widths for $2n$ decay for all positive-parity states expected in the region of 4.0--5.5 MeV in $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$. Results indicate that $2n$ decay could compete with $1n$ decay for one of the states---the fourth ${2}^{+}$ that is likely to be the state observed in one-proton removal from $^{13}\mathrm{B}$.
Use of a Subtemporal Approach for a Salvage Placement of a Trigeminal Ganglion Stimulating Electrode for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain.

Background Trigeminal ganglion stimulation can be effective for trigeminal neuralgia. For patients who respond well to neurostimulation delivered percutaneously through the foramen ovale but require extensive revision and removal of instrumentation, a subtemporal approach for stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion is an alternative option as a salvage procedure. Case Description We report on a 47-year-old woman who responded well to neurostimulation for trigeminal neuropathic pain over a 1-year period from 2008 to 2009. Her preoperative pain on the numerical rating scale (NRS) was between 7 and 8 out of 10, which decreased to 2 out of 10 postoperatively. However, she developed lead migration because of a motor vehicle accident. After revision surgeries to correct this, she continued to experience pain relief until 2011. At follow-up, signs of infection prompted removal of instrumentation and subsequent return of her pain. She continued to experience persistent and severe pain (NRS score 7 of 10), which was intractable to pharmacologic treatment over 5 years. She returned in 2016 to discuss neurosurgical options, and the original approach was ruled out because of her history of lead migration, erosion, and scarring. A subtemporal approach was pursued as a salvage option, which provided several advantages for this patient. Conclusions The subtemporal approach for salvage placement of the trigeminal ganglion stimulating electrode was effective in this patient and minimized risks given her history of erosion and multiple operations. This suggests that the subtemporal approach is a viable salvage operation for trigeminal ganglion stimulation for trigeminal neuropathic pain.
Synthesis of Naphthoic Acids as Potential Anticancer Agents

As part of ongoing research to investigate structural requirements for lactate dehydrogenase inhibition by highly substituted naphthoic acids, nine new aryl-substituted dihydroxynaphthoic acids were synthesized from three known precursors. Described here are efficient preparations of the 1-naphthoic acid target compounds by using Suzuki coupling reactions, formylations, oxidations, and demethylations. Lactate dehydrogenase inhibition studies conducted with five of the compounds revealed values of the inhibitory constant K i in the low micromolar range.
Designing a Platform for Ethical Citizen Science: A Case Study of CitSci.org

Involving the public in scientific discovery offers opportunities for engagement, learning, participation, and action. Since its launch in 2007, the CitSci.org platform has supported hundreds of community-driven citizen science projects involving thousands of participants who have generated close to a million scientific measurements around the world. Members using CitSci.org follow their curiosities and concerns to develop, lead, or simply participate in research projects. While professional scientists are trained to make ethical determinations related to the collection of, access to, and use of information, citizen scientists and practitioners may be less aware of such issues and more likely to become involved in ethical dilemmas. In this era of big and open data, where data sharing is encouraged and open science is promoted, privacy and openness considerations can often be overlooked. Platforms that support the collection, use, and sharing of data and personal information need to consider their responsibility to protect the rights to and ownership of data, the provision of protection options for data and members, and at the same time provide options for openness. This requires critically considering both intended and unintended consequences of the use of platforms, data, and volunteer information. Here, we use our journey developing CitSci.org to argue that incorporating customization into platforms through flexible design options for project managers shifts the decision-making from top-down to bottom-up and allows project design to be more responsive to goals. To protect both people and data, we developed—and continue to improve—options that support various levels of “open” and “closed” access permissions for data and membership participation. These options support diverse governance styles that are responsive to data uses, traditional and indigenous knowledge sensitivities, intellectual property rights, personally identifiable information concerns, volunteer preferences, and sensitive data protections. We present a typology for citizen science openness choices, their ethical considerations, and strategies that we are actively putting into practice to expand privacy options and governance models based on the unique needs of individual projects using our platform.
Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in men undergoing tunica albuginea plication for congenital penile curvature who present with worsening penile deformity.

Men with congenital penile curvature (CPC) can develop new onset worsening of their lifelong curvature. We sought to evaluate clinical characteristics and postoperative outcomes after tunica albuginea plication (TAP) in patients presenting with CPC who reported new onset worsened curvature (CPC-WC), and compare these with patients reporting stable lifelong curve (“CPC-only”). A retrospective review of demographics, history/exam findings, and postoperative outcomes for patients with CPC who underwent TAP from 2012 to 2018 was performed. Patients were differentiated based on whether or not they reported new onset worsening of their penile curvature preoperatively (CPC-WC versus CPC only). Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences in clinical characteristics and postoperative outcomes after TAP. 60 patients were included [CPC only (n = 39) and CPC-WC (n = 21)]. Mean curvature was 62° (SD 23). CPC-WC patients were older [median 34 years (IQR 27:52) versus 24 years (IQR 20:34); p = 0.004], and more likely to report penile shortening and psychological bother (p < 0.05). On physical examination, CPC-WCs were more likely to have a discrete palpable tunical scar and diminished penile elasticity (p ≤ 0.0002). With median follow up of 12 months, satisfactory straightening with TAP was reported in 56/60 patients (93%) including 35/39 (90%) CPC only and 21/21 (100%) CPC-WC. In men undergoing TAP for CPC, we found that 35% reported new onset worsening of their original curvature preoperatively. These patients were older and more likely to report penile shortening or exhibit palpable tunical scarring with decreased elasticity on examination compared to those with lifelong stable curvature. Regardless, TAP resulted in satisfactory penile straightening in the majority of patients.
Moving beyond induction and mentoring: The influence of networks on novice teacher experiences

ABSTRACTIn this research, I investigated the social support networks of four novice elementary teachers. Data were obtained through one-on-one interviews, egocentric social network map creation, an...
(Invited) Reaction of Aqueous Tetramethylammonium Sulfide on SiGe(100) 25% as a Function of pH

Tetramethylammonium sulfide [(CH3)4N]2S dissociates in water yielding tetramethylammonium cation, which does not hydrolyze, and sulfide anion (S2-), which undergoes hydrolysis reactions forming HS-and H2S. The reaction of these three sources of S with the surface of SiGe(100) 25% was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and a speciation model as a function of pH. Lowering the pH of dilute aqueous TMAS increased the H2S concentration and the S coverage on the surface increased in tandem. Covalent Ge-S bonds formed, and the highest S/elemental Ge molar ratio was 0.66 at pH 2-3. The surface termination was mixed, that is H-SiGe-SH. H2S desorbed in a state with a peak temperature at about 550 K and GeS in a peak at about 600 K. The Ge atoms on the SiGe surface were preferentially oxidized in aqueous TMAS based on the O/Si and Ge123+/Ge molar ratios calculated from XPS data compared to control surfaces.
The Relation Between Narcissistic Personality Traits and Accurate Identification of, and Preference for, Facially Communicated Narcissism

When evaluating someone as a potential social acquaintance, people prefer affiliative, pleasant individuals. This necessitates the evolution of perceptual acuity in distinguishing between genuinely prosocial traits and those connoting exploitative intentions. Such intentions can be readily inferred through facial structures connoting personality, even in the absence of other diagnostic cues. We sought to explore how self-reported narcissism, a personality constellation associated with inflated self-views and exploitative intentions, might facilitate one’s ability to detect narcissism in others’ faces as means of identifying social targets who could best satisfy potential exploitative goals. Participants viewed pairs of male and female targets manipulated to connote high and low levels of narcissism before identifying which appeared more narcissistic and indicating their preference among each pair. Narcissistic individuals were no better at accurately identifying other narcissists, but such individuals demonstrated considerable aversion to narcissistic faces. Women higher in exploitative narcissism additionally preferred narcissistic female faces, while men high in exploitative narcissism demonstrated similar patterns of aversion toward narcissistic male faces. Findings provide evidence that narcissistic individuals may adaptively avoid those whom they identify as having similar exploitative behavior repertoire, though when considering the exploitive dimension of narcissism specifically, sex differences emerged.
S05.1 Working with community to control HIV/STI: A U.S. local health department perspective

Community partners play a central role in planning and implementing HIV/STD control programs in the United States. Because the health care system in the United States is highly decentralized and fragmented, from a local health department perspective, community partners have to be broadly defined to include not only the populations affected by HIV/STD and organizations that represent those populations, but also health care providers and health care organizations. Health departments often have to balance roles that involve collaboration and shared decision-making with roles as funders who monitor contracts and the performance of funded community-based organizations. This presentation will describe how health departments and community collaborators work together in the U.S., examples of how these collaborations have been successful, and some of the challenges local health departments face as they work with diverse community stakeholders to prevent and treat HIV/STD.
Sex, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression: Definitions and Implications for Marginalization

In this chapter, we examine how sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression are linked to the likelihood of being bullied. We will also be defining the terms sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression for our readers, especially in regards to school bullying. Next, we provide the patterns and disparities associated with each of these aforementioned classifications. Of course, we will present how sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression with school bullying should be considered through a social-ecological framework.
Stimulation of an anti-tumor immune response with “chromatin-damaging” therapy

Curaxins are small molecules that bind genomic DNA and interfere with DNA-histone interactions leading to the loss of histones and decondensation of chromatin. We named this phenomenon 'chromatin damage'. Curaxins demonstrated anti-cancer activity in multiple pre-clinical tumor models. Here, we present data which reveals, for the first time, a role for the immune system in the anti-cancer effects of curaxins. Using the lead curaxin, CBL0137, we observed elevated expression of several group of genes in CBL0137-treated tumor cells including interferon sensitive genes, MHC molecules, some embryo-specific antigens suggesting that CBL0137 increases tumor cell immunogenicity and improves recognition of tumor cells by the immune system. In support of this, we found that the anti-tumor activity of CBL0137 was reduced in immune deficient SCID mice when compared to immune competent mice. Anti-tumor activity of CBL0137 was abrogated in CD8+ T cell depleted mice but only partially lost when natural killer or CD4+ T cells were depleted. Further support for a key role for the immune system in the anti-tumor activity of CBL0137 is evidenced by an increased antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cell and NK cell response, and an increased ratio of effector T cells to Tregs in the tumor and spleen. CBL0137 also elevated the number of CXCR3-expressing CTLs in the tumor and the level of interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) in serum, suggesting IP-10/CXCR3 controls CBL0137-elicited recruitment of effector CTLs to tumors. Our collective data underscores a previously unrecognized role for both innate and adaptive immunity in the anti-tumor activity of curaxins.
Regulating PFAS as a Chemical Class under the California Safer Consumer Products Program

Background: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of manmade chemicals containing at least one fully fluorinated carbon atom. The widespread use, large number, and divers...
Review of Crosswinds: The Way of Saudi Arabia: by Fouad Ajami, Hoover Institution Press, 2020

Let me be upfront with my conclusion: The House of Saud is an enigma, a house of contradictions and often intrigues. Today the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has constructed a social process incorpo...
Experience of living with type 1 diabetes in a low-income country: a qualitative study from Liberia.

Introduction While epidemiological data for type 1 diabetes (T1D) in low/middle-income countries, and particularly low-income countries (LICs) including Liberia is lacking, prevalence in LICs is thought to be increasing. T1D care in LICs is often impacted by challenges in diagnosis and management. These challenges, including misdiagnosis and access to insulin, can affect T1D outcomes and frequency of severe complications. Despite the severe nature of T1D and growing burden in sub-Saharan Africa, little is currently known about the impact of T1D on patients and caregivers in the region. Methods We conducted a qualitative study consisting of interviews with patients with T1D, caregivers, providers, civil society members and a policy-maker in Liberia to better understand the psychosocial and economic impact of living with T1D, knowledge of T1D and self-management, and barriers and facilitators for accessing T1D care. Results This study found T1D to have a major psychosocial and economic impact on patients and caregivers, who reported stigma, diabetes distress and food insecurity. Patients, caregivers and providers possessed the knowledge necessary to effectively manage T1D but insufficient community awareness leads to delayed diagnosis, often in an emergency department. Most patients reported receiving free services and materials, though the cost of transportation to clinic visits and recommended foods is a barrier to disease management. Many providers noted the lack of national T1D-specific guidelines and registries. Policy-makers reported a lack of prioritisation of and resources for T1D. These barriers, combined with scarcity and expense of appropriate foods, pose severe barriers for self-management of T1D. Conclusion T1D was found to have a significant impact on patients and caregivers, and informants identified several key individual and systems-level barriers to effective T1D care in Liberia. Addressing these concerns is vital for designing sustainable and effective programmes for treating patients living with T1D.
Field Grid for Testing Winter Feeding by Rabbits or Cottontails

This field experiment requires 4–6 days. Setup on day 1 requires about 2 h, and daily checking of the results on the following days requires about 30–60 min.
A Substantive Conception of the Rule of Law: Non-Arbitrary Treatment and the Limits of Procedure

In his contribution to this volume of Nomos, Jeremy Waldron develops a conception of the rule of law that emphasizes the centrality of procedural guarantees in the courtroom, such as rights to an attorney, to an impartial judge, and to a fair trial. Procedural guarantees should be respected, writes Waldron, because they protect the dignity of individuals as “active intelligences.” In my contribution to the same Nomos volume, I draw on Waldron’s powerful case for the importance of procedures to develop an argument for a more substantive understanding of the rule of law. Specifically, I emphasize two ways that Waldron’s argument might be expanded. I argue first that Waldron’s appeal to dignity as the moral basis of procedures commits him to an account of substantive guarantees. These guarantees may limit, at times, the procedural dimensions of both law and democratic decision-making. Second, I expand on Waldron’s notion of dignity - itself a substantive value - as respect for “active intelligence.” In particular, I argue that those subject to law are entitled to non-arbitrary treatment. When dignity is theorized in this way, we can better understand the relationship between the substantive values at the heart of the rule of law and their substantive implications. This expanded conception of dignity more clearly distinguishes between the concept of the rule of law and the ideal of democratic self-rule. I also specify ways in which our approaches to theorizing the rule of law parallel our competing theories of democracy.
Hybrid Structure: A Scheme for Handling Data Structures in a Data Flow Environment

The asynchronous nature of data flow model of computation allows the exploitation of maximum inherent parallelism in many application programs. However, before data flow model of computation can become a viable alternative to control flow model of computation, one has to find practical solutions to some major problems such as efficient handling of data structures.
The Association of Deoxyribonucleic Acid with Liver Microsomes

Abstract Rats and mice were given 3H-thymidine, and 18 to 24 hours later nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes were isolated from the livers by differential centrifugation. The nucleic acids were extracted from the fractions by means of the phenol-sodium dodecyl sulfate procedure. DNA in amounts of 1% or less of the total tissue content was obtained from both the mitochondria and the microsomes. The specific radioactivity of the DNA samples followed the order mitochondrial g microsomal g nuclear. The radioactivity of the mitochondria- and microsome-associated DNA had half-lives of 8 to 9 days in vivo. The microsome-associated DNA was recovered mainly in the membranous portions of the microsomes, was removed by deoxyribonuclease, and closely resembled nuclear DNA in melting behavior, banding in CsCl, sedimentation rate, appearance under the electron microscope, and hybridization with cytoplasmic RNA. The possibility was examined that microsome-associated DNA represented a mixture of contaminating nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Assays for succinic dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial marker enzyme, indicated a contamination of microsomes by mitochondria of ≤2%, a value insufficient to account for the results on this basis. In other experiments, the loss of DNA from nuclei and its adsorption by microsome were described; the specific radioactivity of the nuclear DNA released, however, was considerably lower than the radioactivity of the microsome-associated DNA, so nuclear leakage of DNA also did not appear to explain the results with microsomes. Microsomes were shown to have RNA polymerase activity but no evidence could be obtained for the involvement of microsome-associated DNA in this activity. The data obtained lead to the conclusion that although DNA has been found to be associated with microsomes and may be an integral component of the latter, alternate explanations based upon contamination by nuclear or mitochondrial DNA, or both, could also account for the recovery of DNA in the microsomal fraction. Since the data do not decide between these possibilities, further experiments will be required to decide if the DNA associated with microsomes is a true microsomal DNA.
Thirty years of permanent vegetation plots, Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA

I established 92 permanent plots on Mount St. Helens starting in 1980 in order to document vegetation recovery from volcanic disturbances. I report data in 1743 records (plot × year), containing 85 species. These represent most common species found in non-forested habitats on Mount St. Helens. Richness, percent cover, diversity (H′ and evenness), and species frequency of a plot are reported. Plots were sampled using 24 quadrats placed in the same location in each sample year by the same observer. Habitats sampled included those experiencing primary succession, secondary succession, and recovery from disturbance. These data have been used to test hypotheses concerning succession trajectories and patterns of species assembly. They also may be used to test models of succession, determine succession rates by several methods, and explore assembly processes and rules. Four files provide the data: (1) the matrix of species in each plot in each year; (2) the matrix of structural measures (e.g., richness) in each plot in each year; (3) taxonomic and life-history characteristics of species in the data set; and (4) geographic and landscape factors for each plot. The data are described in a metadata file, which includes numerous time-series images. The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Electromechanical Finite Elements

For magnetic actuators and sensors, mechanical parameters usually influence performance more than any other nonelectromagnetic parameters. For example, armature mass directly affects the speed of response of a magnetic actuator. This chapter uses electromechanical finite elements to analyze the behavior of magnetic actuators and sensors. An electromagnetic finite-element formulation that is capable of analyzing all types of electromagnetic fields is described in the chapter. To allow nonrigid body motion, that is, deformations and stresses, structural finite elements can be used. Structural finite-element analysis is very commonly used to compute mechanical stresses and other mechanical parameters. The chapter shows examples where the motion is small enough such that no element reconnection is required. All results are obtained by time stepping using both nonlinear electromagnetic and structural-finite elements.
Focusing the immune response on protective epitopes: A new approach to vaccine design using classical immunologic principles

Protective antibodies (Abs) are needed to reduce the size of a virus inoculum and block infection of target cells. Since sera from some HIV-infected individuals have broad neutralizing activity and several human monoclonal Abs neutralize a broad spectrum of primary isolates, it is clear that the human B-cell repertoire includes genes capable of coding for broadly protective Abs. The epitopes that are known to induce broadly neutralizing Abs include the membrane proximal external region of gp41, the CD4 binding site on gp120, complex glycans on gp120, the CD4-induced epitope in and around the gp120 bridging sheet, and the V3 loop of gp120. Despite the extensive information on HIV neutralizing Abs, it has proven difficult to induce broadly neutralizing Ab responses against HIV by immunization. This is due to several factors including the predominant induction of non-neutralizing rather than neutralizing Abs, the masking of neutralization-sensitive epitopes, the high mutation rate of HIV leading to antigenic variability, the physicochemical characteristics of the virus membrane, and the variable affinities of the different gp120 proteins for the virus receptors. While various forms of the HIV envelope proteins have been used as immunogens, the best, albeit modest, results in terms of generating broadly neutralizing Abs have been achieved with strategies utilizing a DNA prime and either a recombinant adenovirus or protein boost. An alternative immunization approach is the construction and use of an immunogen that will focus the immune response on one or a few epitopes that are known to induce neutralizing Abs. An advantage of this approach is the potential to induce an immune response with a larger proportion of neutralizing Abs. To test the concept of "immunofocusing vaccines," we developed an immunization regimen designed to focus the immune response on the V3 loop of the HIV envelope. For this, we used both classical immunologic approaches and more recent data that stress the importance of the conformation of B cell epitopes to prime and selectively stimulate memory B cells. Here, we report the results of experiments in rabbits in which animals were primed with gp120 DNA and boosted with a V3-fusion protein in order to preferentially induce anti-V3 Abs. The results provide a proof-of-principle that it is possible to focus the immune response on a neutralizing epitope and induce a vigorous neutralizing anti-HIV Ab response. The results suggest that immunofocusing vaccine regimens do indeed, target Abs to particular epitopes. This approach can now be employed to provide a platform for inducing Abs of greater potency and breadth by defining the best combinations of strains from which to build the priming and boosting immunogens and by designing immunogens that will optimally present several neutralizing epitopes. This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity, a Cancer Research Institute journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research.