cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Software design for implementation of the Selectively Reliable Multicast Protocol

The Selectively Reliable Multicast transport Protocol (SRMP) supports a mix of reliable and best-effort multicast by taking advantage of the specific requirements of distributed virtual simulation. It serves as the transport layer of a protocol stack with Internet Protocol multicast, and has been demonstrated to support distributed simulation with significantly lower demands on the network than that generated by use of multiple TCP connections. We address the iterative design and prototyping process used to develop the current implementation of SRMP. We begin with a review of the principles involved in SRMP. We then focus on two major aspects of the SRMP implementation software design, inter-process communication and process concurrency (threading), which were developed using an iterative or spiral development model. The earliest prototypes we developed showed disappointingly poor performance. Inter-process communication went through three distinct iterations before arriving at an efficient implementation; threading required two iterations for the basic SRMP functionality, and a third for implementation of heartbeats and bundling. We describe how the iterative development process has produced an efficient and effective implementation, and can be expected to yield similar results with ongoing enhancements to SRMP.
Getting the Most Out of the U.S. Healthcare System

Kids with life-threatening illnesses need cutting-edge technology and medical expertise, but families face uneven access and paths to such care.
Endothelial Cell Adhesion on Highly Controllable Compared to Random Nanostructured Titanium Surface Features

The application of vascular stents using conventional metals is limited because the implantation process will cause significant injury to the vascular wall and endothelium, resulting in neointima hyperplasia and then the development of long-term restenosis. The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate endothelial cell function (especially their adhesion behavior) on highly controllable nanostructured surface features. Considering the importance of the endothelium and its properties, highly controllable nanostructured surface features of titanium (a popular vascular stent metal) were created using E-beam evaporation to promote endothelialization and to control the direction of endothelial cells on vascular stents. Endothelial cells are aligned with blood flow naturally in the body. In this manner, the present in vitro study provides much promise for the use of nanotechnology for improving metals for vascular stent applications.
Recovery narrative photovoice: Feasibility of a writing and photography intervention for serious mental illnesses.

Objective The primary purpose of this article is to describe the development and feasibility of the Recovery Narrative Photovoice intervention. The nature of this intervention will be discussed, including facilitating empowerment and a positive sense of identity among people with serious mental illnesses. We will also describe the integration of Photovoice methodology with psychoeducational components, informed by principles of the recovery movement and narrative therapy. Methods Sixteen participants with serious mental illnesses from a psychosocial rehabilitation and education center in the Northeast participated in a pilot study evaluating this new 10-week intervention with a pre-post test design. To assess feasibility, descriptive statistical analyses were conducted of attendance data and number of works produced. The pilot study was implemented in 2 consecutive waves with 8 participants each. Results High rates of attendance (69%) and production of photovoice works (82%) were demonstrated over the course of the 2 waves of the pilot. Conclusions and implications for practice Findings support the feasibility and acceptability of the Recovery Narrative Photovoice for individuals with serious mental illnesses. These results reflect the potential for using this intervention in psychiatric rehabilitation settings to facilitate recovery-related outcomes, including empowerment, positive identity, and community integration. Future research will require a replication of pre-post assessment of this intervention to further establish the efficacy of this program.
A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVARIAN NOREPINEPHRINE AND BREAST CANCER IN HUMANS.

SummaryOf a wide variety of human female disorders, breast cancer was found to be associated with high levels of ovarian norepinephrine. Whether this observation indicates that norepinephrine contributes to an altered ovarian activity as a factor in the hormonal involvement of ovaries in breast cancer remains to be seen.
PRESENT STATUS OF HAND HYGIENE AMONG MEDICAL STAFF

Objective To know the present status of hand hygiene compliance rate of medical staff and correlation factors in our hospital,in order to increase the quality of hand hygiene.Methods Questionnaires and on-site check method were used to investigate the status of hand hygiene among medical staff in the hospital.Results The hand hygiene compliance rate is less than 50%.The hand-washing compliance and correctness of physicians are much lower than that of nurses.The main influence factors are the heavy workload and the inconvenience of facilities for hand washing.Conclusions The hand hygiene compliance of medical staff in our hospital is not satisfied.Strengthen the management and training will improve the quality of hand hygiene.
Pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Since 2010 multiple targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Pembrolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against programed death receptor 1 has shown significant activity in advanced melanoma resulting in its approval first as post-ipilimumab and subsequently as frontline treatment.Areas covered: This article reviews the approved agents for the treatment of advanced melanoma with a focus on the preclinical and clinical evidence for the use of pembrolizumab in this setting. Primary emphasis is given to the clinical development of pembrolizumab, including phase I-III trials. Finally, we explore the role of pembrolizumab in combination with other therapies and ongoing investigations into its effectiveness in expanded patient populations.Expert opinion: Pembrolizumab provides durable responses and represents a major advancement in the treatment options for patients with advanced melanoma. Early studies of pembrolizumab ...
MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER

Medullary thyroid cancer is a tumor of the thyroid C cells that occurs in sporadic and hereditary clinical settings. Genetic testing of at-risk individuals is available and has been applied to patient management. Plasma calcitonin levels are a very sensitive marker for the presence of disease. Surgery offers the best hope for cure and also is an effective modality for managing metastatic and recurrent disease.
Policy Options and Constraints

Part IV introduces the analysis to a new world of uncharted phenomena and uncertainty. For these reasons, conclusions and proposals are tentative. This lead-in chapter addresses possible approaches to the creation of a new international financial architecture and identifies some of the constraints on both policies and the structural elements of the system. Chapter 9 will address very briefly the problems of transition from the moribund system left over from the last century and the establishment of a transitional international financial architecture. Chapter 10 will offer a possible “broad brush” design for a new long-term architecture as a basis for discussion.
Formylation of functionalized P-H bonds - A novel approach to the design of synthons for use in biomedicine

Formylation of phosphorus-hydrogen bonds has become a versatile strategy to producing compounds with phosphorus-carbon bonds. However, the utility of such reactions on functionalized phosphines is a recent development. Our laboratory has developed new approaches to the synthesis of phosphorus(III) hydrides functionalized with main group backbones (e.g. thioether: (P2S2), alkyl amino (P2N2)). The formylation of P2S2 and P2N2 functionalized phosphorus(III) hydrides, using formaldehyde, produced hydroxymethyl-substituted (P(CH2OH)n)n compounds. Recent results suggest that formylation of P-H bonds occur under mild conditions in aqueous media without the aid of transition metal catalysts. The hydroxymethyl (HMP) functionalized P2S2 and P2N2 phosphines are highly soluble in water and display oxidative-stability in aqueous media. The HMP functionalized phosphines react with the early (e.g. Re(V)) and late transition metals (e.g. Rh(I), Pd(II), Pt(II), Ag(I) and Au(I)), under biphasic (aqueous-organic) solvent media to produce a new generation of water-soluble transition metal compounds. The electronic characteristics of HMP groups dictate high kinetic inertness and thermal stability in aqueous media and therefore provide a novel access to stabilize specific oxidation states of transition metals in aqueous media. Our laboratory has also concentrated its efforts on the application of HMP-based ligands in the design of site-directed and tumor-specific radiopharmaceuticals. This interest stems from the fact that the development ofin vivo-stable186/188rhenium (and99mTc) and199gold compounds and their conjugation to specific biomolecular vectors (e.g. peptides or proteins) will provide new avenues in the discovery of cancer diagnostic, and more importantly, therapeutic pharmaceuticals. Our studies have demonstrated that the HMP ligands upon complexation with technetium-99m and gold-198, produce complexes that are highly stable underin vivo conditions as evidenced through studies in experimental animal models. Details on ligand design and transition metal/organometallic chemistry as they relate to the development of aqueous-soluble transition metal/radiometal compounds with potential applications in nuclear medicine will be discussed.
3D printing integrated with controlled delivery for musculoskeletal tissue engineering

3D printing is an emerging tool to fabricate scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, benefited by customized design, tunable internal microstructure and a wide range of applicable materials. As a recent technical advancement, 3D-printed scaffolds have been incorporated with a controlled delivery of growth factors and/or other bioactive cues to facilitate tissue regeneration, in addition to providing a temporal structural substrate for cell and tissue ingrowth. This review covers a number of the existing approaches to incorporate a controlled delivery system in 3D-printed scaffolds from hydrogel adsorption and surface coating to chemical integration and embedding microspheres. In addition, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each delivery method integrated in 3D-printed scaffolds, outstanding challenges and future directions.
Using Clinical Assessment to Enhance Adoption Success

There is a growing recognition that adoptive families have unique clinical needs, including the need for postadoption mental health services that are adoption competent, trauma informed, and eviden...
Experimental Factors Involved in Separation by Centrifugal Elutriation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the experimental factors involved in separation by centrifugal elutriation. The chapter describes a few methods for preparation of single-cell suspensions for elutriation. Some cell systems, such as peripheral blood, are already in single-cell suspensions and require no treatment. Whole blood can be separated by elutriation with the red cells being removed in the elutriation process. Alternatively, erythrocytes and granulocytes may be removed by centrifugation through layers of Ficoll–Hypaque, and the remaining mononuclear cells separated by elutriation or buffy coat may be used to reduce erythrocyte contamination. The choice of temperature of elutriation is dependent on the ability to keep cells viable and free from perturbations that would affect the course of the particular experiments. In an elutriation experiment described in the chapter, testis cells dissociated from the tissue by trypsinization were elutriated in the presence of 0.5% Ficoll instead of BSA. The use of BSA and fetal calf serum in the medium has been compared in only one instance. Excessive aggregation occurred during early attempts to separate mouse spleen cells in medium containing fetal calf serum. The use of BSA instead of fetal calf serum appeared to reduce this clumping.
Addressing Social Determinants of Health Among HIV Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM): The Need for Synergy

The incongruence between HIV rates and the estimated population size of MSM highlights the need to consider other factors—beyond individual risk taking—that may be driving HIV infections for MSM. Much of the HIV prevention and treatment research has examined individual-level factors such as an individual’s self-reports of unprotected anal sex. However, investigators have recently begun to explore the relationship between structural-level factors such as social determinants of health and sexual decision-making. Though sexual decision-making occurs on the individual level, individuals make these decisions within a larger social context. Consequently, researchers are broadening their efforts to not only identify direct (individual-level) causes for sexual decision-making but also indirect (structural-level) causes. In an effort to explore this relationship among MSM, we will first examine why it is important to consider social determinants of health (not just individual behavior) when discussing health behaviors, particularly risk behaviors for HIV infection. Next, we will review the pertinent current research on the role of structural-level factors in the lives of MSM. Then, we will highlight two federal-level programs which are currently underway to help overcome these structural-level factors. Finally, we will end our discussion with actions that can be taken on two emerging structural-level factors to improve the health of HIV positive MSM.
Use of Barbed Suture for Wound Closure in Electrophysiology Device Procedures.

BACKGROUND Barbed suture use in surgical fields such as gynecology and orthopedic surgery has been associated with faster wound closure, improved cosmesis, increased cost-effectiveness and potentially decreased rates of infection. However, the use of barbed suture in electrophysiology device procedures has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study aims to (1) investigate the safety and effectiveness of barbed suture in wound closure in patients after EP implantable cardioverter defibrillators and loop recorders (CIED) procedures, (2) to determine whether these sutures have an advantage in device implant procedures by improving incision integrity, (3) and to find out whether these sutures would potentially lead to lower rates of infections compared to non-barbed sutures. METHODS We retrospectively compared the closure success and complications in 413 patients undergoing CIED procedures without Quill sutures and with Quill sutures. The primary outcome was closure success and pocket infection/dehiscence within 3 months of CIED. RESULTS Of the 413 patients who were followed up in 3 months, there was a non-significant trend toward a lower infection rate with barbed versus non-barbed suture 1.31%, vs 1.63% p= 0.78. CONCLUSION This study confirms the safety and usefulness of barbed suture material for wound closure during CIED procedures.
Far Infrared Synchrotron Near-Field Nanoimaging and Nanospectroscopy

Scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has emerged as a powerful imaging and spectroscopic tool for investigating nanoscale heterogeneities in biology, quantum matter, and electronic and photonic devices. However, many materials are defined by a wide range of fundamental molecular and quantum states at far-infrared (FIR) resonant frequencies currently not accessible by s-SNOM. Here we show ultrabroadband FIR s-SNOM nanoimaging and spectroscopy by combining synchrotron infrared radiation with a novel fast and low-noise copper-doped germanium (Ge:Cu) photoconductive detector. This approach of FIR synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy (SINS) extends the wavelength range of s-SNOM to 31 μm (320 cm–1, 9.7 THz), exceeding conventional limits by an octave to lower energies. We demonstrate this new nanospectroscopic window by measuring elementary excitations of exemplary functional materials, including surface phonon polariton waves and optical phonons in oxides and layered ultrathin van der W...
The Use of Clozapine in the Treatment of Aggressive Schizophrenia

The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine was introduced to clinical practice in 1972. It is a dibenzodiazepine derivative with, among other known receptor site activities, a relatively high D1/D2 receptor affinity ratio. The serious side effects of bone marrow suppression and agranulocytosis delayed the acceptance of clozapine into common clinical practice but scrupulous application of a monitoring protocol led to adequate protection from these side effects. There is now a broad consensus about the benefits of clozapine which supports the use of clozapine as a first-line treatment of schizophrenia. There is good evidence that relapse and rehospitalization drop to 22% of the incidence in preclozapine treatment patients. The majority of responders are identified within 4 months of treatment. Clozapine has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for neuroleptic refractory patients. Forty percent of clozapine-treated patients show significant improvement, with 11% of treated patients showing no residual psychosis. This review also describes the results of clozapine on aggressive and violent assault in a patient population characterized by severe functional deficits, typically chronic schizophrenia with severe impairment, chronic brain syndromes, and developmental handicap. Prior to the introduction of clozapine therapy, in a chronically disrupted milieu that precluded adequate psychosocial programming, seriously assaultive behaviour resulting in peer and staff injury was a common occurrence. Evidence suggests that clozapine is an effective medical treatment for the target symptoms of hostile agitation, threatening, and assaultive violence.
Optimum distributed wing shaping and control loads for highly flexible aircraft

Abstract In highly flexible aircraft, the large structural slenderness associated to their high-aspect-ratio wings, while bringing challenges to the design, analysis, and control of such aircraft, can be pro-actively exploited for improving their flight performance, resulting in mission-adaptive morphing configurations. This paper studies the optimum wing bending and torsion deformation of highly flexible aircraft, with distributed control loads along the wing span to achieve the optimum wing geometry. With the goal of improving flight performance across the entire flight regime, a modal based wing shaping optimization is carried out, subject to the requirement of trim and control cost limitation. While a single objective of the minimum drag can be used to find the optimum wing geometry, this paper further considers a trade-off between flight efficiency and structural integrity. In this trade-off study, a multi-objective optimization is formulated and performed, targeting for both minimizing the drag to improve flight efficiency and reducing the gust-induced wing bending moment to enhance the structural integrity. Finally, this paper explores the minimum control cost for different targets of combined flight efficiency and structural integrity. This paper provides not only an efficient way to search for the desired wing planform geometry at a given flight condition but also insights of the required control effort that is necessary to maintain the wing geometry.
Single-Photon Detector Calibration

Abstract We discuss applying single-photon detectors to measurements with high accuracy. Two primary standard methods of detector calibration are reviewed: one based on a radiant power measurement (substitution method) and the other—on a simultaneous generation of photon pairs (correlation method). It is shown how to apply these methods to two types of detectors: with no photon number resolution (PNR) and with full PNR. In addition, an experimental comparison of the two calibration methods with non-PNR detectors is presented.
Hypoxia and angiogenesis in experimental tumor models: therapeutic implications.

W.C. Rontgen’s discovery of X-rays (1895) was followed almost immediately by considerations of the possible medical uses of ionizing radiation. These included the use of “Rontgentherapie” in the treatment of human malignancies. By 1904, it had been found that the effects of X-rays were influenced by the presence or absence of oxygen, and the implications of this fact for Rontgentherapie were being discussed (Hahn, 1904). Tumor oxygenation was therefore a matter of interest and concern even at the dawn of modern cancer therapy. Interest in this problem continues today, and has even increased, because technology now becoming available allows us to explore the mechanisms by which oxygen modulates the efficacy of cancer therapy and may allow us to alter tumor oxygenation and angiogenesis and thereby improve the treatment of malignant diseases.
Delay-decoupling control, a novel method for mimo systems with multiple input delays

Abstract A novel control logic is introduced for linear time-invariant minimum phase MIMO plants with multiple control delays. It is shown that the application of this control law generates delay decoupling within the characteristic equation. The delays appear in factorized form without delay cross-talk and commensurate terms in any of the factors. Both of these features make the stability analysis extremely easy which is the main novelty in this method. Additionally, the structure of the controller empowers the designer to achieve desired tracking performance as well as improved disturbance rejection features. As an example, the method is applied to a second order unstable SISO plant, which can not be stabilized by a P-controller. But introducing a delay in the control input line achieves the task. The new technique is also implemented on a fourth order dynamics with promising results which prove the effectiveness and strength of the performance. Copyright © 2007 IFAC
The Two Faces of January: Theseus and the Minotaur

As both director and screen writer, Hossein Amini uses the myth of the Minotaur as the force behind the accelerating energy of the relationships in his 2014 film adaptation of The Two Faces of January. This powerful ancient Greek tale, lurking beneath the realistic surface narrative of Highsmith’s novel, shows its frightening contours more clearly in the film and supplies the novel’s sordid noir narrative with the weighty psychological significance of an ancient myth. Theseus, the monstrous Minotaur, Ariadne, and the vortex of the labyrinth exist as faint undercurrents in Highsmith’s narrative, but are made explicit in the film, imparting a psychological depth to each scene and fashioning a climax in which the principle characters acquire archetypal significance.
Surgical management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a specialized hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy center.

Abstract Objectives This study evaluates operative approach and contemporary surgical outcomes in the management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by a single surgeon at a high-volume, specialized hypertrophic cardiomyopathy center. Methods This is a retrospective review of 1559 consecutive operations for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction from 2005 to 2015. Demographic profiles, echocardiogram-derived ventricular morphology and hemodynamics, operative data, and in-hospital outcomes were analyzed. Results Of the 1559 operations, 586 were isolated septal myectomies, 522 were myectomies with mitral valve or subvalvular apparatus intervention, 422 were myectomies with another concomitant procedure, and 29 were isolated mitral valve interventions without myectomy. Common mitral valve interventions included anterior leaflet shortening (16%), chordae tendineae resection (9.8%), papillary muscle resection (7.2%), and papillary muscle reorientation (7.5%). Ninety-two patients underwent mitral valve replacement, 42 for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and 50 for intrinsic mitral valve pathology. Patients undergoing mitral interventions had thinner septums (18 ± 0.4 mm vs 22 ± 0.5 mm, P Conclusions Septal myectomy can be performed safely with excellent outcomes when the procedure is performed by a highly experienced surgeon in a high-volume, specialized center. A mitral valve intervention is a useful adjunct in patients with moderate hypertrophy.
Depositional environment, sediment provenance and oxygen isotope paleoaltimetry of the early Paleogene greater Green River Basin, southwestern Wyoming, U.S.A.

Depositional process, sediment provenance, and paleotopography are critical to paleogeographic reconstruction during the coeval Laramide and Sevier orogenies in the Cordillera orogenic system. Here we conduct lithofacies analysis, sediment provenance, and paleoelevation studies in the fluvial lower Paleogene Fort Union and the main body of the Wasatch formations in the center of the greater Green River Basin in order to reconstruct paleogeography. The depositional environment changed from low-energy floodplains and associated meandering river during the Paleocene to braided rivers during the earliest Eocene. The lowermost Eocene strata have more Precambrian basement-derived feldspar grains compared to the Paleocene strata. This change in sediment provenance was associated with the change to dominant northwestward paleoflow direction, suggesting major uplift of the Laramide Uinta Mountains during the earliest Eocene. The δ18O values of authigenic carbonates were stable during the early Paleocene, but decreased gradually from −10 permil during the late Paleocene to −18 permil during the earliest Eocene, suggesting the lack of highland precipitation in the basin catchment during the early Paleocene, and significant surface uplift and arrival of highland precipitation from the Uinta Mountains during the earliest Eocene. The reconstructed paleoelevation of the Uinta Mountains was at least 3 km, possibly greater than 3.5 km, and the paleoelevation of the greater Green River Basin floor was at most 1 km, and the paleorelief between the greater Green River Basin and Uinta Mountains was ∼ 2 km during the earliest Eocene. Our record of the earliest Eocene establishment of high topography of the Uinta Mountains through renewed uplift is 4 to 6 Myr older than previously thought. If the carbonate cements in the Fort Union Formation record the isotope compositions of surface water from the Sevier orogen, their high δ18O values likely suggest that the Sevier orogen had rugged topography during the Paleocene.
Infrared nanospectroscopic imaging in the rotating frame

Infrared (IR) vibrational scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has advanced to become a powerful nanoimaging and spectroscopy technique with applications ranging from biological to quantum materials. However, full spatiospectral s-SNOM continues to be challenged by long measurement times and drift during the acquisition of large associated datasets. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach of computational spatiospectral s-SNOM by transforming the basis from the stationary frame into the rotating frame of the IR carrier frequency. We demonstrate an acceleration of IR s-SNOM data collection by a factor of 10 or more in combination with prior knowledge of the electronic or vibrational resonances to be probed, the IR source excitation spectrum, and other general sample characteristics. As an example, we apply rotating-frame s-SNOM (R-sSNOM) to chemical nanoimaging of ultrathin protein sheets in a mollusk shell. R-sSNOM enables high-voxel-density imaging of sparsely distributed molecules in an extended matrix. It is generally applicable to many multiscale material systems with sparse features and can be extended to other spectroscopic nanoimaging modalities.
George Scrope, Free Bankers, and The Bank Charter Act of 1833

This article explores the contributions of George Poulett Scrope and the free bankers to monetary reforms in 1833 through their parliamentarian efforts by exploring Hansard recordings. Scrope joined a group of free bankers in the British Parliament to lead a partially successful effort to derail the Whig Government’s monetary reform plan. Many monetary economic historians do not emphasize these efforts and simplify the struggle as a pamphlet battle between the Currency School and the Banking School over the currency principle. Free bankers and Scrope were instrumental in defeating the government’s effort to eliminate any future joint-stock banking formations under the Banking Co-Partnership Act of 1826 and impose a royal chartering process on banks. The Bank Charter Act of 1833 was approved with a declaratory statement that made clear that joint-stock banks of deposit were allowed to operate within the 65 mile exclusion zone of London. These events allowed for a significant increase in joint-stock banking after 1833, which may have helped British economic development.
Association between PSA values and surveillance quality after prostate cancer surgery.

Background Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is used for prostate cancer detection and posttreatment surveillance, thresholds in these settings differ. The screening cutoff of 4.0 ng/mL may be inappropriately used during postsurgery surveillance, where 0.2 ng/mL is typically used, creating missed opportunities for effective salvage radiation treatment. We performed a study to determine whether guideline concordance with annual postoperative PSA surveillance increases when PSA values exceed 4 ng/mL, which represents a screening threshold that is not relevant after surgery. Methods We used US Veterans Health Administration data to perform a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer from 2005 to 2008 who underwent radical prostatectomy. We used logistic regression to examine the association between postoperative PSA levels and receipt of an annual PSA test. Results Among 10 400 men and 38 901 person-years of follow-up, annual guideline concordance decreased from 95% in year 1 to 79% in year 7. After adjustment, guideline concordance was lower for the youngest and oldest men, Black, and unmarried men. Guideline concordance significantly increased as PSA exceeded 4 ng/mL (adjusted odds ratio 2.20 PSA > 4-6 ng/mL vs PSA > 1-4 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval 1.20-4.03; P = .01). Conclusions Guideline concordance with prostate cancer surveillance increased when PSA values exceeded 4 ng/mL, suggesting a screening threshold not relevant after prostate cancer surgery, where 0.2 ng/mL is considered treatment failure, is impacting cancer surveillance quality. Clarification of PSA thresholds for early detection vs cancer surveillance, as well as emphasizing adherence for younger and Black men, appears warranted.
Metabolic Targets for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases

There is a considerable unmet demand for safe and efficacious medications in the realm of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The fate of the immune cells is precisely governed by control of various metabolic processes such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, beta-oxidation, amino acid metabolism, and several others including the pentose phosphate pathway, which is a unique source of metabolites for cell proliferation and maintenance of a reducing environment. These pathways are tightly regulated by the cytokines, growth factors, availability of the nutrients and host-microbe interaction. Exploring the immunometabolic pathways that govern the fate of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, during various stages of activation, proliferation, differentiation and effector response, is crucial for new development of new treatment targets. Identifying the pathway connections and key enzymes will help us to target the dysregulated inflammation in autoimmune diseases. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is increasingly recognized as one of the key drivers of proinflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of the metabolic signatures noted within different immune cells of many different autoimmune diseases with a focus on selecting pathways and specific metabolites as targets for treatment.
On the Motives of Eye Movement

Our eye movements are usually directed by spatial perceptions or conceptions; indirectly and thus unclearly seen objects which excite our attention, and therefore the effort to see them more clearly, are the most frequent triggers of eye movement. A spatial perception precedes the movement of the eyes and determines their direction. The simple conjecture of an object present somewhere which triggers eye movements is much less frequent; here a conception of the location where one supposes the object to be precedes the movement and determines its direction. Striving for the clearest possible perception of an object combined with the perception or conception of its position relative to the object just observed determines our eye movement. This does not include the eye movements which are not in the interest of vision but result from other conditions such as affect.
Ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of the n-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl radicals.

Photodissociation dynamics of the jet-cooled n-butyl radical via the 3s Rydberg state and the s-butyl radical via the 3p Rydberg states in the ultraviolet region of 233 nm–258 nm, as well as the t-butyl radical via the 3d Rydberg states at 226 nm–244 nm, are studied using the high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight technique. The H-atom photofragment yield spectra of the n-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl radicals show a broad feature centered around 247 nm, 244 nm, and 234 nm, respectively. The translational energy distributions of the H + C4H8 products, P(ET)’s, of the three radicals are bimodal, with a slow (low ET) component peaking at ∼6 kcal/mol and a fast (high ET) component peaking at ∼52 kcal/mol–57 kcal/mol, ∼43 kcal/mol, and ∼37 kcal/mol for n-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, respectively. The fraction of the products’ translational energy in the available energy, ⟨ fT⟩, is 0.31, 0.30, and 0.27 for n-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, respectively. The H-atom product angular distributions of the slow component are isotropic for all three radicals, while those of the fast component are anisotropic for n-butyl and s-butyl with an anisotropy parameter β ∼ 0.7 and ∼ 0.3 and that of the fast component of t-butyl is nearly isotropic. The bimodal product translational energy and angular distributions indicate two dissociation pathways to the H + C4H8 products in these three radicals, a direct, prompt dissociation on the repulsive potential energy surface coupling with the Rydberg excited states, and a unimolecular dissociation of the hot radical on the ground electronic state after internal conversion from the Rydberg states.
Language and Metaphysics

All I was concerned to do in Chapter 1 was to point out that the use of linguistic analysis as a mode of philosophical investigation has meant an inevitable return to metaphysical problems. In this chapter I propose to examine the relation between metaphysics and language. In a sense much of what I will say in this chapter has been implied in the preceding one. But I want to emphasize certain points and to clarify some others before I undertake to define what can be meant by ‘metaphysics’.
Loss convergence in a causal Bayesian neural network of retail firm performance.

We extend the empirical results from the structural equation model (SEM) published in the paper Assortment Planning for Retail Buying, Retail Store Operations, and Firm Performance [1] by implementing the directed acyclic graph as a causal Bayesian neural network. Neural network convergence is shown to improve with the removal of the node with the weakest SEM path when variational inference is provided by perturbing weights with Flipout layers, while results from perturbing weights at the output with the Vadam optimizer are inconclusive.
Lattice Collective Modes from a Continuum Model of Magic-Angle Twisted Bilayer Graphene

Utilizing a time-dependent mean-field approximation, the authors calculate collective particle-hole modes in a correlated insulating phase of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. They find that the low-energy modes are well described by a model with a local pseudospin composed of spin, valley, and orbital degrees of freedom in each moir\'e unit cell. They further show that the intra-flavor collective mode couples strongly to terahertz light, giving a significant signature in the system's optical response.
Injury Patterns and Demographics in Child and Adolescent Assault Victims Presenting to US Emergency Departments.

Objective To correlate injury patterns with patient demographics in child and adolescent assault victims. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program data for the years 2005 through 2015 was used. Injuries due to assault were identified and analyzed with SUDAAN 11.0.01™ software to account for the weighted, stratified nature of the data. Results There were an estimated 4,407,009 ED visits for assault in patients ≤ 19 years of age. With increasing age, the percentage of females decreased. Sexual assaults were more common in females (87.4%), and robbery/burglary was more common in males (79.8%). When the perpetrator was a spouse/partner, the assault victim was most commonly female (88.8%), and when a stranger, the assault victim was most commonly male (71.5%). With increasing age, the percentage of sexual assaults decreased while the reason for the assault being unknown increased. The assault occurred in the home in 59.6% of those ≤ 4 years of age, decreasing to 18.7% in those 15 to 19 years of age. The anatomic location was the head/neck in 32.8% of those ≤ 4 years of age, increasing to 60.6% in those 15-19 years old. Those ≤ 4 years old had the highest hospital admission rate (8.3%). The main diagnoses were concussion (3.0%), contusion/abrasion (33.3%), fracture (11.5%), laceration (11.5%), internal organ injury (11.5%), puncture (2.8%), and strain/sprain (20.7%). The number of assaults from 2005 to 2015 decreased for all age groups except for those ≤ 4 years old. Conclusions These data provide a comprehensive overview of child and adolescent assault victims presenting to the ED in the USA and can be used as background data for further study. The decreasing numbers of assaults over the 11 years of the study are encouraging, and challenges still exist in decreasing the number for those ≤ 4 years old.
Iridium valence variation and carrier sign tuning in ( Ca , Ba ) x La 2 − x CuIrO 6 double perovskites

We report the structure and properties of ${(\mathrm{Ca},\mathrm{Ba})}_{x}{\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{CuIrO}}_{6}$. The rock-salt double perovskite structure goes through a $P\overline{1}$ to $P{2}_{1}/n$ phase transition with increasing Ba content but not with Ca content. In both cases, the Ir ion is oxidized from $4+$ to $5+$ with increasing substitution. Transport and magnetic properties measurements reveal that all compositions are insulating with hysteretic spin-freezing magnetic behavior. Seebeck coefficient measurements reveal a large thermopower change from $+176\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{V}$/K in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuIrO}}_{6}$ to $\ensuremath{-}223\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{V}$/K with increasing Ba content in ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{x}{\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{CuIrO}}_{6}$. This behavior is modeled well by the Heikes formula for correlated hopping conduction. ${(\mathrm{Ca},\mathrm{Ba})}_{x}{\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{CuIrO}}_{6}$ provides a model system for investigations of other systems with similar carrier sign tuning, with applications toward semiconductors and thermoelectric materials.
Our Great Sustainability Challenge

Our great sustainability challenge goes beyond climate change into other areas of how we live and how we impact the environment, the economy, and social equity. We are living in a new age of extreme environmental change that geologists have termed the Anthropocene. We can find evidence of widespread change all around us including extensive pollution, changes to water quantity and quality, species and habitat loss, growing limits to natural resources, and widespread waste, garbage, and litter. At the same time, we are seeing that economic systems are trying to incorporate sustainability into business practices while some are declaring our modern capitalist system responsible for our many sustainability problems. Challenges associated with environmental equity, environmental justice, and environmental racism continue to be important issues as demonstrated by the Flint water crisis and the murder of indigenous environmental activists in South America.
Emergency cricothyrotomy in morbid obesity: comparing the bougie-guided and traditional techniques in a live animal model.

Abstract Background Cricothyrotomy is a rare, time sensitive procedure that is more challenging to perform when anatomical landmarks are not easily palpated before the initial incision. There is a paucity of literature describing the optimal technique for cricothyrotomy in patients with impalpable airway structures, such as in morbid obesity. In this study, we used a live sheep model of morbid obesity to compare the effectiveness of two common cricothyrotomy techniques. Methods We randomly assigned emergency medicine residents to perform one of two cricothyrotomy techniques on a live anesthetized sheep. To simulate the anterior soft tissue neck thickness of an adult with morbid obesity we injected 120 mL of a mixture of autologous blood and saline into the anterior neck of the sheep. The traditional technique (as described in the New England Journal Video titled “Cricothyroidotomy”) used a Shiley tracheostomy tube and no bougie, and the bougie-guided technique used a bougie and a standard endotracheal tube. The primary outcome was the total procedure time; the secondary outcome was first attempt success. Results 23 residents were included, 11 assigned to the bougie-guided technique and 12 to the traditional technique. After injection of blood and saline, the median depth from skin to cricothyroid membrane was 3.0 cm (IQR 2.5–3.4 cm). The median time for the bougie technique was 118 s (IQR 77–200 s) compared to 183 s (IQR 134–270 s) for the traditional technique (median difference 62 s, 95% CI 10–144 s). Success on the first attempt occurred in 7/11 (64%) in the bougie group and 6/12 (50%) in the traditional technique group. Conclusion In this study, which simulated morbid obesity on a living animal model complete with active hemorrhage and time pressure caused by extubation before the procedure, the bougie-guided technique was faster than the traditional technique using a tracheostomy tube without a bougie.
The Changing Lunar Surface Environment: Hazards and Resources

The changing lunar surface environment reviews the current state of knowledge characterizing the lunar surface including observed and simulated conclusions. This chapter discusses potential hazards and possible mitigation for humans and machines at the lunar surface including the near surface plasma, dust, and high energy radiation. The implications of these processes for a human settlement at or within the lunar surface, are discussed for nominal and extreme solar conditions. This chapter also discusses the driving processes that contribute to the dynamic environment and changing surface including the movement of the Moon through the Earth’s magnetosphere each month as well as the varying solar inputs over each solar cycle. The lunar water cycle and location of volatiles is discussed. Lastly, the potential resources are considered, including water, iron, and titanium, at and near the lunar surface and challenges for a self-sustaining lunar settlement.
Statistical Model of Turbulence in Sediment-Laden Streams

Turbulent flow in a sediment laden stream is described by a random walk model which simulates the behavior of sediment particles, fluctuating in depth near the surface of the stream down to the stream bed. The basic aspect of this model is the probability laws which govern the transfer of mass for both water and sediment from one level to another throughout the total depth. The downstream velocity at each level is introduced to convert mass to momentum. Three sources of momentum loss are taken into account. The downstream velocities at the various levels, which are unknown, are determined from a set of equations based on the assumption that the expected momentum at a given level equals the sum of the expected momentum contributed at time Δt previous from all levels and by gravity. The solution of these equations in the limit where the distance between levels goes to zero leads to the vertical velocity distribution of the sediment-water mixture which is dependent upon four parameters.
Wavelength beam combining of slab-coupled optical waveguide laser (SCOWL) arrays

A diffraction-limited output beam from a diode bar using slab-coupled optical waveguide laser (SCOWL) arrays is demonstrated. Even at 15-W peak power, the spatial brightness is at least 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than any commercially available diode power sources.
Heritability and molecular-genetic basis of resting EEG activity: a genome-wide association study.

Several EEG parameters are potential endophenotypes for different psychiatric disorders. The present study consists of a comprehensive behavioral- and molecular-genetic analysis of such parameters in a large community sample (N = 4,026) of adolescent twins and their parents, genotyped for 527,829 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Biometric heritability estimates ranged from .49 to .85, with a median of .78. The additive effect of all SNPs (SNP heritability) varied across electrodes. Although individual SNPs were not significantly associated with EEG parameters, several genes were associated with delta power. We also obtained an association between the GABRA2 gene and beta power (p < .014), consistent with findings reported by others, although this did not survive Bonferroni correction. If EEG parameters conform to a largely polygenic model of inheritance, larger sample sizes will be required to detect individual variants reliably.
Sacerdotes Supremos Y Filósofos Humildes: La Batalla Por El Alma De La Economía

Este articulo presenta una vision critica de las pretensiones cientificistas de la economia como ciencia social. Los economistas, argumenta, han dejado de ser los filosofos humildes que fueron algun dia y se han convertidos en los sacerdotes supremos de la sociedad moderna. Esta metamorfosis se ha realizado de la mano de las doctrinas keynesianas de control de la demanda, de los analisis costo-beneficio y del debate en torno al socialismo de mercado, aspectos que han tenido consecuencias economicas nefastas. Para que la economia recupere su "alma", los economistas deberian volver a su rol original de filosofos humildes.
From Within the Frame: Storytelling in African-American Studies

Acknowledgements/Introduction Chapter 1 "A Little Personal Attention": Storytelling and the Black Audience in Charles Chesnutt's The Conjure Woman Chapter 2 "Ah don't mean to bother wid tellin' 'em nothin'": Zora Neale Hurston's Critique of the Storytelling Aesthetic in Their Eyes Were Watching God Chapter 3 Listening to the Blues: Ralph Ellison's Trueblood Episode in Invisible Man Chapter 4 The Best "Possible Returns": Storytelling and Gender Relations in James Alan McPherson's "The Story of a Scar" Chapter 5 From Within the Frame: Narrative Negotiations with the Black Aesthetic in Toni Cade Bambara's "My Man Bovanne" Chapter 6 "Would she have believed any of it?": Interrogating the Storytelling Motive in John Edgar Wideman's "Doc's Story" BibliographyIndex