cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entorhinal‐Hippocampal Interactions in Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Experimental studies suggest important interactions between hippocampus and entorhinal cerebral cortex in generation of temporal lobe seizure activity. We studied electrical expression of spontaneous temporal lobe ictal activity in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in 9 medically refractory epileptic patients who had intracranial depth and subdural electrodes implanted during surgical evaluation. All 9 patients subsequently underwent anteromedial temporal lobectomy with hippocampectomy, all had > 50% decrease in neuronal cell density in hippocampal CA1 and CA3, and all had good to excellent seizure outcome after operation. Two to 10 spontaneous seizures were analyzed per patient (total 41 seizures). Nine patients had variable onset of seizure activity recorded in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, or both simultaneously. Low-voltage fast activity was observed in either location and varied among seizures in an individual patient. Periodic preictal spikes, when present, were often synchronous in both locations, but were noted independently only in hippocampus. Our data suggest that preictal spikes and low-voltage fast seizure discharges have anatomically distinct origins, and that some syndromes of medial temporal lobe epilepsy involve interactions between entorhinal and hippocampal regions that act together to produce and propagate the seizures in such patients.
Participation of Fathers in Early Childhood Special Education Programs: An Exploratory Study

This article describes and summarizes an exploratory study on the topic of fathers' participation in early childhood special education programs. The purpose of the study was to explore factors and issues that may influence the participation of fathers. Telephone interviews were conducted with representatives from 15 programs, Data from the interviews are presented in a discussion of the following topics: the nature of fathers' participation, related factors, programming issues, family reactions, and changes over time. Goals were (1) to offer suggestions to programs interested in increasing the participation of fathers, and (2) to propose directions for further research.
The Promise of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback: Evidence-Based Applications

Heart rate variability biofeedback has enjoyed increased popularity in recent years. In this review, empirical evidence from multiple sources is presented from the point of view of possible mechanisms of effect. While more research is clearly needed, the data thus far are certainly promising.
Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Risk, and HIV Disease

Metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and increased inflammatory indexes, have been increasingly observed among HIV-infected patients in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.1,2 The causes of these abnormalities are complex and multifactorial, likely related in part to the effects of HIV, itself a chronic inflammatory condition; medication effects, eg, of specific protease inhibitors on lipid metabolism and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on mitochondrial function; and changes in body composition, with relative losses in subcutaneous fat and gains in central adiposity with the institution of antiretroviral therapy.3 These changes may place HIV-infected patients at greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, although overall morbidity and mortality have decreased significantly with the institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy, concern has been raised that cardiovascular disease will become an increasing problem for such patients, especially as they age. In developed countries, management of HIV has increasingly become that of a chronic disease, in which the majority of patients who receive therapy can expect to live longer with the disease as a result of reductions in life-threatening opportunistic infections. In contrast, antiretroviral therapy is not currently available in some resource-poor settings, where morbidity and mortality rates from opportunistic infections remain high. Article p 805 Recent data suggesting increased myocardial infarction rates are of particular concern for patients with chronic HIV infection. Increased myocardial infarction rates have been shown in both longitudinal cohort studies4 and retrospective data analyses from large US healthcare systems.5,6 Myocardial infarction rates have been shown to be significantly increased both in relation to specific antiretroviral therapies7,8 and in HIV-infected patients relative to non-HIV-infected patients (relative risk [RR], 1.75; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.02; P <0.0001, HIV versus non-HIV).5 It is important to emphasize that the absolute risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular …
Economic Development Priorities and Central-City and Suburb Differences:

Results of prior research indicate that central cities are likely to adopt progrowth policies, whereas suburbs have become increasingly “antigrowth.” This research further examines the city and suburb differences in economic development priorities at the city-administrator level. By utilizing survey data that targeted administrators of cities with a population of at least 5,000 in the state of Texas, this study tests four hypotheses that are derived from previous theories. Results show that there is a high level of consensus among city and suburb administrators regarding the importance of economic development and job creation. However, central-city administrators accord a greater level of importance to job creation and to a regional economy than do administrators in suburbs. Furthermore, the administrators’ perceptions of policy priorities are also conditioned by the structure of their local government.
The relationship between cortical synchrony and behavioral inhibition.

Abstract Three cats were trained in an appetitive classical differential discrimination situation in order to investigate the relationship between behavioral (internal) inhibition and electrocortical synchrony. Care was taken to avoid the production of cortical driving by using dim illumination for stimuli: 2/sec for the CS; constant for the DS. Animals were run under three conditions: Normal, Saline injections, and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) injections. Synchrony did not invariably accompany behavioral inhibition. The extent of this relationship was lowest under Saline, higher for the Normal condition, and highest under the influence of CPZ. Utilizing liberal criteria for the scoring of synchrony, the percentage of trials (during which the subjects inhibited responding to the DS) associated with synchrony ranged from 21% under Saline to 83% under CPZ. The probability of obtaining synchrony during behavioral inhibition to the DS appears to vary directly with the amount of synchrony present immediately preceding the trial (onset of the DS). These results support the interpretation that electrocortical activity is insensitive to slight changes in arousal level at the upper end of the sleep-waking continuum (i.e., in the alert-aroused state). Alternative methods for investigating the neural bases of alert and attentive states are discussed.
Another look at the subculture of violence thesis: Who murders whom and under what circumstances

This research brings new evidence to bear on the question of whether a subculture of violence exists in the southern United States. Specifically, we use 1991 homicide data from the FBI to determine that (a) Southerners are more likely than people in other regions to murder in argumentative situations and (b) Southerners are more likely than non‐Southerners to kill people they know. We contend that these findings are consistent with the subculture of violence thesis.
Social Psychological Models of Impression Formation among Consumers

Abstract Three different perspectives on the formation of product impressions among consumers were compared: the adding model of impression formation, the averaging model of impression formation, and attribution theory. These three models lead to mutually exclusive predictions regarding the results of information processing and impression formation among consumers. One hundred thirty-four subjects participated in three studies which compared the accuracy of predictions derived from the three perspectives. The Ss viewed advertisements, which varied in product information, for an inexpensive ballpoint pen and reported their impressions of the product. Results indicate that the attribution perspective generally provided the most accurate predictions, although both attribution principles and averaging principles might operate in some situations.
YINSAR: a compact, low-cost synthetic aperture radar

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has proven useful for many different applications. Many more applications would be possible with a low-cost instrument. To address this need, BYU has developed its interferometric SAR, YINSAR. This compact, low-cost system is operated from a four passenger aircraft. This paper reports the current status of YINSAR. We report the results of some new theoretical work and empirical tests regarding the performance of interferometric SAR. We show data collected with the YINSAR hardware empirically verifying the theoretical statistics of interferograms and estimate the accuracy and sensitivity of this instrument. We describe a new method of combining interferograms from multiple baselines to reduce the error in the final height map.
The Importance of Early Nurturance for Social Development.

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 54 - N° 12 - p. 972-973
Podcasting Legal Guide: Rules for the Revolution

This practical legal guide deals with the legal implications of podcasting and vlogging (video-blogging). Building on a blogging resource guide recently published by EFF, this paper focuses on the issues specifically faced by individuals and entities publishing digital content on the web through podcast and video technology. The end result will be a practical guide to issue spotting and minimizing legal risks for publishing content through these methods. Version 1.0 of the Podcasting Legal Guide was published in April 2006.
Alleviating Tax Distortion by Subsidizing Private Donation to Public Goods

Many industrialized countries implement a policy to enhance private donations to public goods, i.e. tax deduction for charitable donation or further aggressive tax credit. There are already many theories supporting such favorable policies for private donations. However, there is another reason why such policies are favorable from the viewpoint of social welfare; if properly designed, such policies not only increase voluntary provision to public goods but also alleviate tax distortion on labor supply. When government’s policy increases net-of-subsidy private donations, it inevitably decreases individual private consumption. Therefore, the marginal utility for consumption increases, which results in increase in labor supply. As labor supply is normally suppressed by the decrease of net-of-tax wage rate, such an enhancement effect on labor supply caused by government’s policy alleviates the tax distortion on labor supply. This mechanism is strengthened if Edgeworth complementarity is considered between public good and private consumption. Such a mechanism has not been reported out so far but should be considered carefully where many countries which have accumulated huge amount of government debt are inevitably going to increase tax rate.
N22C2 versus N24: Role of Molecular Curvature in Determining Isomer Stability

Three-dimensional N22C2 cages are examined by theoretical calculations to determine relative stability among various isomers. Stability as a function of cage shape and stability as a function of carbon location are calculated and discussed. The results are compared to isomers of N24 to determine the effects of carbon substitution into the cage structure. Further, since the various cage shapes in this study vary by degree of curvature, model calculations are carried out to determine the energetic consequences of curving the local structure around nitrogen and carbon. The model calculations are compared to the actual results on the larger cages to determine how well curvature effects explain the relative stability of N22C2 isomer as compared to the corresponding N24.
A cell-compatible conductive film from a carbon nanotube network adsorbed on poly-L-lysine.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have shown promise for use in organic electronic applications including thin film transistors, conducting electrodes, and biosensors. Additionally, previous studies found applications for SWNTs in bioelectronic devices, including drug delivery carriers and scaffolds for tissue engineering. There is a current need to rapidly process SWNTs from solution phase to substrates in order to produce device structures that are also biocompatible. Studies have shown the use of surfaces covalently functionalized with primary amines to selectively adsorb semiconducting SWNTs. Here we report the potential of substrates modified with physisorbed polymers as a rapid biomaterials-based approach for the formation of SWNT networks. We hypothesized that rapid surface modification could be accomplished by adsorption of poly-l-lysine (PLL), which is also frequently used in biological applications. We detail a rapid and facile method for depositing SWNTs onto various substrate materials us...
First-principles real-space study of electronic and optical excitations in rutile TiO 2 nanocrystals

We model rutile titanium dioxide nanocrystals (NCs) up to $\ensuremath{\sim}1.5$ nm in size to study the effects of quantum confinement on their electronic and optical properties. Ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) are obtained via the perturbative $GW$ approximation (${G}_{0}{W}_{0}$) and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathrm{SCF}$ method for NCs up to 24 and 64 ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ formula units, respectively. These demanding $GW$ computations are made feasible by using a real-space framework that exploits quantum confinement to reduce the number of empty states needed in $GW$ summations. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is used to predict the optical properties of NCs up to 64 ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ units. For a NC containing only 2 ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ units, the offsets of the IP and the EA from the corresponding bulk limits are of similar magnitude. However, as NC size increases, the EA is found to converge more slowly to the bulk limit than the IP. The EA values computed at the ${G}_{0}{W}_{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathrm{SCF}$ levels of theory are found to agree fairly well with each other, while the IPs computed with $\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathrm{SCF}$ are consistently smaller than those computed with ${G}_{0}{W}_{0}$ by a roughly constant amount. TDDFT optical gaps exhibit weaker size dependence than $GW$ quasiparticle gaps, and result in exciton binding energies on the order of eV. Altering the dimensions of a fixed-size NC can change electronic and optical excitations up to several tenths of an eV. The largest NCs modeled are still quantum confined and do not yet have quasiparticle levels or optical gaps at bulk values. Nevertheless, we find that classical Mie-Gans theory can quite accurately reproduce the line shape of TDDFT absorption spectra, even for (anisotropic) ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ NCs of subnanometer size.
Lifetimes of the First Excited States of B 10 and Al 28

The lifetimes of the first excited states of ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{28}$ have been measured by a recoil technique which incorporates coincidence counting. Recoil nuclei are produced in a unique manner which facilitates an accurate determination of the recoil velocity. Corrections to the velocity for target thickness were investigated experimentally. Lifetimes of (8.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec and (3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec were obtained for the first excited states of ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{28}$, respectively.
Prolonged discordant xenograft survival by inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in complement C6-deficient recipients.

Background: Xenotransplantation of vascularized organs between unmodified discordant species results in hyperacute graft rejection within minutes to hours after graft reperfusion. This process is due to the presence of natural xenoreactive antibodies and complement activation, which lead to vessel injury, thrombosis, and hemorrhage. Because multiple components of the coagulation and complement cascades interact with each other, we have investigated the effects of inhibiting these systems together. The recombinant Kunitz type serine protease inhibitor (KPI-BG022) tested in these experiments inhibits factor XIIa, kallikrein, and plasmin. Methods: Cardiac xenografts from male Hartley guinea pigs were heterotopically grafted into male PVG rats that were either sufficient (C6[+]) or deficient (C6[-]) for the complement component C6 and thus formation of the membrane attack complex. Experimental animals received KPI 5 mg/kg intravenously before reperfusion, and control animals received saline placebo. Results: C6(+) recipients rejected their grafts hyperacutely, without a significant difference between KPI-treated (0.12 ± 0.05 hours) and placebo-treated (0.13 ± 0.06 hours) recipients (n = 10). As expected, C6(-) recipients showed prolonged graft survival (17.65 ± 3.45 hours, n = 5). However, a single intravenous bolus of KPI before releasing the clamps further delayed graft rejection in C6(-) recipients (46.2 ± 3.3 hours; n = 5). Histologic examination at 2, 6, and 12 hours after transplantation showed platelet aggregation and inflammatory infiltrates were significantly decreased in KPI-treated (C6[-]) recipients. However, intragraft hemorrhage was apparent at 6 and 12 hours. Conclusions: We conclude that in vivo inhibition of the intrinsic clotting cascade by functional inactivation of factor XIIa has a synergistic effect with inhibition of membrane attack complex formation in preventing hyperacute discordant xenograft rejection.
Privacy-Preserving Social Network Integration, Analysis, and Mining

Social network analysis and mining has drawn a significant attention in the recent years due to the proliferation of online communities and the advance of information-sharing technologies. Social network analysis and mining techniques discover the knowledge embedded in the structure of social networks. Such knowledge is useful in many domains such as marketing, management, epidemiology, homeland security, and psychology. Sharing of social networks between organizations enables knowledge discovery from an integrated and larger social network obtained from multiple sources. However, concerns over respect for individuals’ privacy usually prohibit the possibility of information sharing. Early research work on respect for privacy focused on relational data and some recent works have extended this to social network data. The work on privacy of social network data relies on anonymity and perturbation. These techniques are developed for the purpose of data publishing but the utility of the published data on social network analysis and mining has not been explored. The global network structure is mostly retained after perturbation and anonymization, so that analysis can be conducted on the structural properties. However, without integrating the social networks with those of other organizations, the results of social network and analysis mining tasks can only be obtained from an incomplete social network since each organization owns a partial network of the complete social network. It is desirable to share the insensitive and generalized information to support social network analysis and mining, whilst at the same time respecting individuals’ privacy. In this chapter, we explore the subgraph generalization approach to construct generalized social networks in which only insensitive and generalized information is shared. We also investigate how to integrate the generalized information with social networks of other organizations in order to achieve better performance in the social network analysis and mining tasks. At the same time, we need to ensure that a prescribed level of privacy leakage tolerance is satisfied. The measurement of privacy leakage should be independent of the privacy-preserving techniques of integrating social network data. Privacy-preserving social network integration, analysis, and mining are beneficial to many practical domains, such as public health, national security, marketing, psychology, and many others. Social network sharing will be encouraged and knowledge can be discovered to provide better support for practical applications such as investigating the spreading of contagious diseases and identifying the communication patterns across and within terrorist or criminal groups.
Classification with Concept Lattice and Choquet integral

This contribution explores the link between Formal Concept Analysis and non-additive set functions, called capacities, for pattern classification and decision making. Capacities can be obtained from the Concept Lattice. The use of these functions for decision making, with the help of Choquet integration, is illustrated on a two class classification problem.
Wellbeing of Children in the Foster Care System

Children and adolescents in foster care, the vast majority of whom have been abused and/or neglected, are at increased risk for physical and mental health problems throughout development. The consequences of maltreatment, early life instability, and trauma are far-reaching and can lead to an intergenerational cycle of both maltreatment and placement in foster care. Although it is impossible to disentangle whether the functioning of youth in foster care is due to abuse, neglect, placement in foster care, instability, and/or exposure to other adverse events, this chapter will review the health of children in foster care and young adults with a history of foster care placement, identified protective factors, and health-promoting efforts.
Seamless Lesion Insertion for Data Augmentation in CAD Training

The performance of a classifier is largely dependent on the size and representativeness of data used for its training. In circumstances where accumulation and/or labeling of training samples is difficult or expensive, such as medical applications, data augmentation can potentially be used to alleviate the limitations of small datasets. We have previously developed an image blending tool that allows users to modify or supplement an existing CT or mammography dataset by seamlessly inserting a lesion extracted from a source image into a target image. This tool also provides the option to apply various types of transformations to different properties of the lesion prior to its insertion into a new location. In this study, we used this tool to create synthetic samples that appear realistic in chest CT. We then augmented different size training sets with these artificial samples, and investigated the effect of the augmentation on training various classifiers for the detection of lung nodules. Our results indicate that the proposed lesion insertion method can improve classifier performance for small training datasets, and thereby help reduce the need to acquire and label actual patient data.
Inter- and intra-group differences in psychological concerns among international students

With data gathered from 47 university counseling centers in the United States, this study addresses both inter- and intra-group differences in symptomatology at intake among international students. In Study 1, symptomatology among international students was explored in comparison to US ethnic groups. In Study 2, intra-group differences in symptomatology among international students were examined. In Study 1, data consisted of 14,421 international, White American, African American, Asian American, and Latina/Latino American counseling center clients who completed the CCAPS-62 at intake. Partially supporting our hypothesis, results indicate significant findings among international students in the social anxiety and academic distress domains of the CCAPS-62. Contrary to our expectations, Asian American students reported significantly greater concerns across many domains when compared to other groups. In Study 2, international students (n = 607) were further divided into five continents of origin: Asia, Afric...
Water Hardness Testing by Complexometric Determination of Calcium

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) complexes with numerous mineral ions, including calcium and magnesium. This reaction can be used to determine the amount of these minerals in a sample by a complexometric titration. Endpoints in the titration are detected using indicators that change color when they complex with mineral ions. A major application of EDTA titration is testing the hardness of water, for which the method described is an official one. Hardness of water also can be tested by a more rapid test strip method. The commercial test strips contain EDTA and an indicator chemical to cause a color change when the calcium and magnesium in water react with the EDTA. In this laboratory exercise, hardness of water is determined by both the EDTA titration method and with Quantab® test strips.
Untangling Rocky Mountain Elk Ecology and Population Dynamics: A Regional Synthesis Across the Northwestern U.S.

The Western Elk Research Collaborative (WERC) is a group of state and federal biologists and university faculty that is pooling Rocky Mountain elk data from 7 states to understand factors affecting elk (Cervus elaphus) population dynamics at broad spatial and temporal scales. These “value-added” analyses leverage the considerable investment collaborators made to develop their respective datasets. Our initial efforts pooled data from 12 elk populations to evaluate calf survival and cause-specific mortality (Journal of Animal Ecology 80:1246-1257) and 45 datasets to assess adult female survival and cause-specific mortality (Journal of Applied Ecology in press). We will briefly describe those findings. We also seek to understand how reproductive output varies across space and time as a function of factors such as weather, plant productivity, and predation. Therefore, we are assembling population and reproduction data from our 7 state study area. The spatial and temporal (≤ 25 years) scales are unique and may provide insight into the effects of climate change on elk population dynamics. As a direct result of the exceptional cooperation and communication among collaborators ... a signature success of WERC ... we are developing an unprecedented Rocky Mountain elk dataset that will provide a fertile arena to investigate relevant management and research questions.
Child maltreatment: Emerging issues in practice, care and prevention

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Extramedullary haematopoiesis presenting with cardiac tamponade in a patient with polycythaemia vera

A 71-year-old man with a history of polycythaemia vera, diagnosed 4 years ago, presented to the emergency room with shortness of breath. A bedside echocardiogram revealed a large pericardial effusion with features concerning for pericardial tamponade. A left anterior thoracotomy and a pericardial window were emergently performed in the operating room and relieved the patient’s symptoms. Histology evaluation of the pericardial fragments and pericardial fluid revealed the presence of trilineage haematopoietic elements without any increase in the blasts. A bone marrow core biopsy revealed an increase in reticulin fibre and increase in the number of blasts of 5%–10%, whereas peripheral blood testing was positive for JAK2 V617F mutation. This case report reviews the literature for cases of extramedullary haematopoiesis associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Controlling selectivities in CO 2 reduction through mechanistic understanding

Catalytic CO2 conversion to energy carriers and intermediates is of utmost importance to energy and environmental goals. However, the lack of fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism renders designing a selective catalyst inefficient. Here we show the correlation between the kinetics of product formation and those of surface species conversion during CO2 reduction over Pd/Al2O3 catalysts. The operando transmission FTIR/SSITKA (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis) experiments demonstrates that the rate-determining step for CO formation is the conversion of adsorbed formate, whereas that for CH4 formation is the hydrogenation of adsorbed carbonyl. The balance of the hydrogenation kinetics between adsorbed formates and carbonyls governs the selectivities to CH4 and CO. We apply this knowledge to the catalyst design and achieve high selectivities to desired products. Understanding the mechanism of CO2 reduction on a catalyst surface is essential for achieving the desired product selectivity. Here, the authors show an operando kinetic analysis of CO2 hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst in order to address the factors governing the selectivity of the process.
Increased foot strike variability in Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait.

Abstract Introduction Freezing of gait (FOG) is a debilitating, late motor complication of Parkinson's disease (PD) that occurs in 50–80% of patients. Gait freezing significantly worsens quality of life by decreasing mobility and increasing falls. Studies have shown that patients with episodic freezing episodes also have deficits in continuous gait. We evaluated whether there was an objective gait correlate to the increased stumbling reported by many patients with gait freezing. Methods PD subjects and healthy controls (HC) were enrolled after IRB approval. Subjects with more than 1 fall/day or a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score Results 72 age matched subjects (22 PD FOG, 27 PD no-FOG, and 23 HC) were enrolled. Disease duration and Hoehn & Yahr scores were not significantly different between the PD groups. Mean dimensions of foot strike were not significantly different between groups, but PD FOG subjects had increased step-to-step variability in foot strike as measured by the percent coefficient of variation (%CV) in foot strike length compared to PD no-FOG and HC, independent of stride velocity. In PD no-FOG subjects, fallers also had higher variability in foot strike length compared to non-fallers. Conclusion PD subjects with FOG had increased variability in foot strike suggesting that in addition to stride length variability, foot strike variability could contribute to imbalance leading to falls.
Regional Rarity: Consequences of Dispersal Limitation and Strategies for Reintroduction

of the Dissertation ii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents ix List of Figures xi List of Tables xii Epigraph 1 Introduction 2 Works Cited 9 Chapter 1 ..... Plant traits associated with regional occupancy and local abundance in a restored habitat 12 Abstract 13 Introduction 14 Methods 18 Results 23 Discussion 25 Works Cited 36 Chapter 2 ... Propagule availability rather than competition or stress limits the establishment of rare species in a restored system 42 Abstract 43 Introduction 44 Methods 48
Starving counties, squeezing cities: tax and expenditure limits in the US

Policy HighlightsWe create a 50 state Tax and Expenditure Limits (TEL) severity index by government type. Counties and municipalities differ in their revenue structure and economic functions.TELs c...
RHETORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCHOOL DISCOURSE FOR WRITING PLACEMENT

Recent emphasis on literacy and writing competence has caused com­ position researchers and evaluators to develop, review, and revise prompts and evaluation systems aimed at valid and reliable assessment of student writing. It is commonplace now that multiple-choice tests are invalid because they rely on the doubtful assumption that writing competence can be measured by mastery of its parts. Instead, evaluators have developed holistic scoring methods whose intent is to assess the effect of a sample of discourse as a whole on a human reader. Readers using this method are trained to internalize criteria for judging writing so that they can assign a reliable ranking to student writing samples on the basis of one reading. When holistic scoring was proved feasible by the Educa­ tional Testing Service (ETS), researchers, liberated from multiple-choice mass testing, immediately began to investigate ways to make holistic scoring ever more valid and reliable. Richard Lloyd-Jones found holistic scoring as used by ETS wanting, mainly because it admits no differences in the demands of various modes of writing. Together with Carl H. Kraus and others under the auspices of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), Lloyd-Jones advanced the art of evaluation by mak­ ing rhetorical concerns paramount. These researchers redesigned prompts to specify a full rhetorical situation: accordingly, the main criterion for judging the writers' level of success is the writers' control of the pri­ mary rhetorical demand, labeled the primary trait, of the particular assignment. As NAEP implemented Primary Trait Scoring, the primary trait came to be identified with purpose. Ina V.S. Mullis states, "the method [Primary Trait Scoring] recommended for use by NAEP in the second Kathryn R. Fitzgerald serves as coordinator of the Preparatory Writing Program and coor­ dinator of Placement for The University of Utah's Writing Program. The author wishes to acknowledge the seminal contribution of Susan Miller to this project.
Toward Paradoxical Inconsistency in Electrostatics of Metallic Conductors

In a recent report, we drew attention to the paradoxical inconsistency of classical electrostatics with the model of a crystalline conductor. There are different ways to avoid this inconsistency. Mostly, they rely on physical ad hoc assumptions associated with the introduction of additional constants and models of charged liquids. In this report, we suggest another approach, which does not require the introduction of any additional physical constants. The proposed theory includes classical electrostatics as a special case.
Quantitative second harmonic generation imaging of leporine, canine, and porcine vocal fold collagen

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Vocal fold collagen composition is an important determinant of material properties and mucosal wave propagation. Collagen alignment and straightness are quantitatively characterized by second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging. We examined leporine, canined and porcine vocal folds showing collagen composition variation that is species, location, and strain specific. STUDY DESIGN Animal model. METHODS Leporine (n = 5), canine (n = 5), and porcine (n = 5) larynges were harvested and fixed in situ. Samples were transversely sectioned, and SHG images were collected for two inferior-superior sections along five anterior-posterior locations. Additional porcine samples were fixed and imaged under tensile strain (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, n = 5 per group). Two-way repeated measures (RM) analysis of variance (ANOVA) tested for section and location differences in each species. Multiway RM-ANOVA tested for section, location, and strain differences in porcine samples. RESULTS Alignment and straightness were higher inferiorly in the porcine (P = .0047, P = .002) and canine (P = .0011, P < .001) vocal folds, but not in leporine samples (P = .67652, P = .4831). There were significant interactions between elongation and superior-inferior section for both alignment (P = .0047) and straightness (P = .0371). CONCLUSIONS Our results correspond well to findings in the literature that the inferior vocal fold lip is stiffer in porcine and canine larynges. The absence of a collagen gradient in the leporine vocal fold is notable because rabbits are less vocal animals, indicating the collagen gradient may be a result of voice use and an important consideration in model selection when extracellular matrix is of interest. Strain results were also consistent with the role of collagen in strain stiffening behavior of vocal fold tissue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:2549-2556, 2019.
Bad Romance: Exploring the Factors That Influence Revenge Porn Sharing Amongst Romantic Partners

The study of revenge in a romantic context has steadily gained traction in the social sciences. Researchers have been interested in exploring what influences romantic revenge, but most studies have failed to specify the type of romantic revenge individuals carry out and also ignored the impact of technology on the enactment of revenge. The current study addressed these issues using social cognitive theory by examining a specific type of romantic revenge enabled by technology– revenge porn. Revenge porn is the nonconsensual sharing of a romantic partner’s sexual images through the Internet or mobile phones. Although this behavior has been widely covered by the mainstream media, it has been largely ignored by the scientific community. Two provocation conditions (high severity and low severity) were designed to act as a stimulus to elicit responses from participants. Following exposure to one of the provocation stimuli, participants (N = 200) answered questions designed to examine the motivations that were most likely to lead them to participate in disseminating revenge porn. Results reveal that dispositional vengefulness, vicarious experience, and expected outcomes played a role in predicting the likelihood for sharing revenge porn. Implications for future research on revenge porn are discussed.
Trauma-Informed Nursing Care

Trauma-informed care (TIC) is still a relatively new concept and not fully understood or implemented in many healthcare settings. Nurses are the healthcare professionals most likely to have the first contact with many patients, and nursing training and process emphasizes a person-centered relationship, enabling nurses to be advocates for a patient’s advancement toward recovery and optimal health. While a robust trauma-informed nursing care literature exists for mental health and pediatric settings, less has been written to guide nursing care in adult medical settings including primary care, emergency department/urgent care, and inpatient medical-surgical settings.
Fine-scale damage estimates of particulate matter air pollution reveal opportunities for location-specific mitigation of emissions

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution has been recognized as a major source of mortality in the United States for at least 25 years, yet much remains unknown about which sources are the most harmful, let alone how best to target policies to mitigate them. Such efforts can be improved by employing high-resolution geographically explicit methods for quantifying human health impacts of emissions of PM2.5 and its precursors. Here, we provide a detailed examination of the health and economic impacts of PM2.5 pollution in the United States by linking emission sources with resulting pollution concentrations. We estimate that anthropogenic PM2.5 was responsible for 107,000 premature deaths in 2011, at a cost to society of $886 billion. Of these deaths, 57% were associated with pollution caused by energy consumption [e.g., transportation (28%) and electricity generation (14%)]; another 15% with pollution caused by agricultural activities. A small fraction of emissions, concentrated in or near densely populated areas, plays an outsized role in damaging human health with the most damaging 10% of total emissions accounting for 40% of total damages. We find that 33% of damages occur within 8 km of emission sources, but 25% occur more than 256 km away, emphasizing the importance of tracking both local and long-range impacts. Our paper highlights the importance of a fine-scale approach as marginal damages can vary by over an order of magnitude within a single county. Information presented here can assist mitigation efforts by identifying those sources with the greatest health effects.
The Supermarket Model with Known and Predicted Service Times.

The supermarket model refers to a system with a large number of queues, where arriving customers choose $d$ queues at random and join the queue with the fewest customers. The supermarket model demonstrates the power of even small amounts of choice, as compared to simply joining a queue chosen uniformly at random, for load balancing systems. In this work we perform simulation-based studies to consider variations where service times for a customer are predicted, as might be done in modern settings using machine learning techniques or related mechanisms. Our primary takeaway is that using even seemingly weak predictions of service times can yield significant benefits over blind First In First Out queueing in this context. However, some care must be taken when using predicted service time information to both choose a queue and order elements for service within a queue; while in many cases using the information for both choosing and ordering is beneficial, in many of our simulation settings we find that simply using the number of jobs to choose a queue is better when using predicted service times to order jobs in a queue. Although this study is simulation based, our study leaves many natural theoretical open questions for future work.
High Rate of Early Intraprosthetic Dislocations of Dual Mobility Implants: A Single Surgeon Series of Primary and Revision Total Hip Replacements

Abstract Background Dual mobility (DM) articulations have become an increasingly popular bearing choice in efforts to reduce dislocation rates in high risk primary and revision total hip arthroplasties (THA). However, DM dislocations can still occur. Intraprosthetic dislocation (IPD) is a unique failure mode for DM compared to standard femoral heads. Currently, the incidence of this phenomenon during attempted hip reduction is unknown. Methods A retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of all primary, revision, and conversion THA procedures performed by a single surgeon was collected. For all dislocations, patient demographics, location where reduction was performed, type of anesthetic used was recorded. For DM dislocations, the rate of successful closed reduction, reoperation due to failure of closed reduction, and incidence of IPD at time of reduction was recorded. Descriptive statistics were conducted on the data. Results In total, 527 cases were included for analysis. The overall rate of dislocation (with and without DM) was 2.85%. Among DMs, the dislocation rate was 4.55%. The rate of IPD after closed reduction was 5/7 (71%) with all five requiring revision surgery to either another DM bearing or constrained liner. Conclusions We report a high rate of early IPD after DM dislocation. This study supports alternative treatment protocols for these patients including regional or general anesthesia to be administered in the operating room and for the reduction to be performed under fluoroscopy. Dislocated DM components handled in this manner could reduce the high incidence of IPD reported.
Do Business Groups Use Dividends to Fund Investments

In this paper we offer a theory of dividends in business groups. We hypothesize that business groups operate a type of internal capital market and use dividends as a transparent means of transferring cash across group firms. The intuition, formalized in a simple model, is that insiders use their share of dividends to finance investment in member firms, thereby limiting the dilution of their equity stake when firms raise outside capital. The correlation between dividends and investments is predicted to be stronger for smaller and more profitable investments and when the legal regime is more protective of shareholder rights. We test our predictions using firm level data from 23 countries from Asia and Europe. Our evidence is consistent with the predictions. Changes in group firm dividends are positively associated with changes in both contemporaneous and subsequent equity-financed investments in other member firms. The association is stronger for smaller and more profitable investments and in firms located in countries with strong legal regimes. Aggregate dividends paid by group firms in a year finance upto 10% of insider equity investment in the next year. Consistent with our model, insider holding in group firms is positively related to dividend distribution from the other member firms.
Deintensification of Diabetes Medications among Veterans at the End of Life in VA Nursing Homes

OBJECTIVES Many older adults with limited life expectancy and/or advanced dementia (LLE/AD) are potentially overtreated for diabetes and may benefit from deintensification. Our aim was to examine the incidence and predictors of diabetes medication deintensification in older Veterans with LLE/AD who were potentially overtreated at admission to Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes (community living centers [CLCs]). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using linked VA and Medicare clinical/administrative data and Minimum Data Set assessments. SETTING VA CLCs. PARTICIPANTS A total of 6960 Veterans with diabetes and LLE/AD admitted to VA CLCs in fiscal years 2009 to 2015 with hemoglobin (Hb)A1c measured within 90 days of admission. MEASUREMENTS We evaluated treatment deintensification (discontinuation or dose reduction for a consecutive 7-day period) among residents who were potentially overtreated (HbA1c ≤7.5% and receiving hypoglycemic medications). Competing risk models assessed 90-day cumulative incidence of deintensification. RESULTS More than 40% (n = 3056) of Veteran CLC residents with diabetes were potentially overtreated. The cumulative incidence of deintensification at 90 days was 45.5%. Higher baseline HbA1c values were associated with a lower likelihood of deintensification (e.g., HbA1c 7.0-7.5% vs <6.0%; adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = .57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .50-.66). Compared with non-sulfonylurea oral agents (e.g., metformin), other treatment regimens were more likely to be deintensified (aRR = 1.31-1.88), except for basal insulin (aRR = .59; 95% CI = .52-.66). The only resident factor associated with increased likelihood of deintensification was documented end-of-life status (aRR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.01-1.25). Admission from home/assisted living (aRR = .85; 95% CI = .75-.96), obesity (aRR = .88; 95% CI = .78-.99), and peripheral vascular disease (aRR = .90; 95% CI = .81-.99) were associated with decreased likelihood of deintensification. CONCLUSION Deintensification of treatment regimens occurred in less than one-half of potentially overtreated Veterans and was more strongly associated with low HbA1c values and use of medications with high risk for hypoglycemia, rather than other resident characteristics. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:736-745, 2020.
The Regulatory Effect: Did Regulatory Change Slow Credit Growth after the Great Depression and Great Recession?

Both the Great Depression and the Great Recession followed systemic banking crises and preceded unusually weak and slow recoveries. The prior literature has identified monetary, household demand, and credit effects as contributors to the severe and prolonged downturns. This paper studies a regulatory effect. In 1933-35 and 2010, Congress enacted far-reaching regulatory reforms that imposed substantial compliance costs on commercial and investment banks and some of their borrowers. I ask whether increases in regulation-related costs reduced bank lending in the aftermath of both financial crises and discuss potential policy responses.