cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Security Education and Foundational Research

The mini-track on Information Security Education and Foundational Research is a forum for the discussion of advances in two important areas of information security: education and basic research. The information security education area is concerned information security curriculum design at the national and institutional levels, innovative approaches to teaching information security, evaluations of existing approaches, emerging needs for information security curriculum, innovative approaches to faculty development and capacity building, challenges faced by institutions and programs, and other topics relevant to information security education. The fundamental research area is concerned with advances in the theory and foundations of information security such as new analytic results, mathematical developments and proofs. Topics covered in this category include cryptography and cryptographic protocols, mathematical analyses of secure computing systems, foundations of network security, ethical and legal issues in information security, the theoretical foundations of information security, information security management policy and response, and other foundational topics.
Photographing Medicine: Images and Power in Britain and America since 1840

Prologue Images As History Portraits of Doctors and Disease, 1840-1890 Defining an Image, 1880-1918 Multiplying Images, 1918-1939 Intensifying the Image, 1939 and After Sources for the Hisotry of Medicine and the Photograph Notes Index
The effect of early starvation on later feeding success of king crab zoeae

Abstract First zoeae of Cook Inlet king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius), were held at 2, 4, and 6°C and starved for 12, 60, and 84 h, then a known number of prey organisms were made available. Zoeae first fed at age 12 and 60 h were able to successfully capture prey. Zoeae starved for 84 h and held at 6°C retained the ability to capture prey; however, there was a significant reduction in predation rates in comparison to zoeae starved for shorter periods and held at this temperature. The zoeae starved for 84 h and held at 2 and 4°C were generally unable to capture prey. The results of the study indicate that prey availability when the zoeae first begin to feed has more effect on later feeding success than water temperature. King crab zoeae that receive food within 60 h of hatching are capable of capturing prey thereafter if prey concentrations are adequate. If feeding is delayed an additional 24 h, the ability to capture prey is reduced, especially at water temperatures
Seizing the cultural and political moment and catching fish: Political development of Māori in New Zealand, the Sealord Fisheries Settlement, and social movement theory

Abstract Why did Māori issues and treaty grievances become politically salient in the 1970s? I argue that contemporary social movement theory, which examines both political opportunities and the use of cultural resources by emerging movements helps to answer this question. A unique moment coalesced in the 1970s and 1980s, bringing together favorable political and cultural variables for Māori not altogether present in previous eras. I locate the negotiation of the 1992 Sealord Fisheries Settlement in this cultural and political moment and evaluate the social and political consequences for Māori and the New Zealand Government.
Patterns of gene dysregulation in the frontal cortex of patients with HIV encephalitis

The neurodegenerative process in HIV encephalitis (HIVE) is associated with extensive damage to the dendritic and synaptic structure that often leads to cognitive impairment. Several mechanisms might be at play, including release of neurotoxins, oxidative stress and decreased activity of neurotrophic factors. Furthermore, HIV-mediated dysregulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance might play an important role. For this purpose, cRNA was prepared from the brains of 17 AIDS patients for analysis with the Affymetrix Human U95Av2 GeneChip and analyzed with the GeneSpring Expression Analysis Software. Out of 12,625 genes analyzed, 74 were downregulated and 59 were upregulated compared to controls. Initial alternative analysis of RNA was performed by ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). In cases with HIVE, downregulated genes included neuronal molecules involved in synaptic plasticity and transmission (ion channels, synaptogyrin, synapsin II), cell cycle (p35, p39, CDC-L2, CDC42, PAK1) and signaling molecules (PI3K, Ras-Raf-MEK1), transcription factors and cytoskeletal components (MAP-1B, MAP-2, tubulin, adducin-2). Upregulated genes included those involved in neuroimmune (IgG, MHC, beta2microglobulin) and anti-viral responses (interferon-inducible molecules), transcription (STAT1, OLIG2, Pax-6) and signaling modulation (MEK3, EphB1) of the cytoskeleton (myosin, aduccin-3, radixin, dystrobrevin). Taken together, this study suggests that HIV proteins released from infected macrophages might not only induce a neuroinflammatory response, but also may promote neurodegeneration by interfering with neuronal transcription of genes involved in regulating signaling and cytoskeletal molecules important in maintaining synapto-dendritic functioning and integrity.
On the relationship between empathy and the actor versus observer hypothesis

Abstract Subjects listened to a tape recording of a dyadic interaction. It was predicted that the observational set instructions received by the subjects (to empathize with one member of the dyad or not to empathize with this person) would create evaluation effects similar to those created for attributions of responsibility by actor-observer differences: The actor would receive credit for his positive outcome and blame for his negative outcome more when evaluated by nonempathizing observers, and the social environment would receive credit and blame for the actor's outcomes more when evaluated by empathizing observers. The predicted three-way interaction was obtained. Additional results are discussed in terms of previous empathy research.
Methamphetamine-induced serotonin neurotoxicity is attenuated in p53-knockout mice.

Abstract Methamphetamine (METH) is a drug of abuse that causes deleterious effects to brain monoaminergic systems. The tumor suppressor gene, p53, is thought to play an important role in cell death. In the present study, we have assessed the participation of p53 in METH-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity, by using the mice lacking the gene for p53 protein. Three dosages (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg×4) of METH were administered to wild-type (p53 +/+ ), heterozygous (p53 +/− ) and homozygous (p53 −/− ) p53-knockout mice. The two lower doses caused no significant changes in serotonin (5-HT) transporters in any of the groups. The highest dose (10.0 mg/kg) caused significant decreases in striatal 5-HT transporters in wild-type (−31%) and heterozygous (−18%) mice. In contrast, 5-HT transporters were not significantly decreased in homozygous mice. These results suggest that the tumor suppressor, p53, plays an important role in METH-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity in mice brain. These data provide further evidence for a role of p53 in the neurotoxic effects of METH.
High-index immersion lithography with second-generation immersion fluids to enable numerical aperatures of 1.55 for cost effective 32-nm half pitches

To identify the most practical and cost-effective technology after water immersion lithography (Gen1) for sub-45 nm half pitches, the semiconductor industry continues to debate the relative merits of water double patterning (feasible, but high cost of ownership), EUV (difficulties with timing and infrastructure issues) and high index immersion lithography (single-exposure optical lithography, needing a suitable high index last lens element [HILLE]). With good progress on the HILLE, high index immersion with numerical apertures of 1.55 or above now seems possible. We continue our work on delivering a commercially-viable high index immersion fluid (Gen2). We have optimized several fluids to meet the required refractive index and absorbance specifications at 193 nm. We are also continuing to examine other property/process requirements relevant to commercial use, such as fluid radiation durability, last lens element contamination and cleaning, resist interactions and profile effects, and particle contamination and prevention. These studies show that both fluid handling issues, as well as active fluid recycling, must be well understood and carefully managed to maintain optimum fluid properties. Low-absorbing third generation immersion fluids, with refractive indices above 1.7 (Gen3), would further expand the resolution of singleexposure 193 nm lithography to below 32 nm half pitch.
On Becoming Italian American: An Autobiography of an Ethnic Identity

This article is about growing up Italian in Connecticut after World War II, and the author finding in the 1980s and 1990s that he is supposed to be Italian American, which, to him, is not satisfying to be. The density of family and ethnicity in the first 22 years of the author's life, and how that changed over time, is delineated. The quest for the Ameri can dream, driven by the Newtonian world machine (in both its modern and postmodern modes), has eclipsed the world he grew up in. The author tries to communicate through prose and poetry that what was lost has not been replaced, hasn't even been substituted for. Put over-simply, most of the wine the author now drinks is better than the wine he made with his uncles, grandfather, and cousin. But going to a liquor store is an incredi bly impoverished cultural experience compared to making 200 gallons of wine in one's own cellar.
Study of Solute Influences on the Binding of Metals to Stichococcus Bacillaris with 113Cd NMR

The interaction between a unialgal species (Stichococcus bacillaris) and cadmium in the presence of several different solutes was investigated by 113Cd NMR. The interaction between the algae and cadmium was very strong, and the Cd/algae complex has an average formation constant of 2.8 × 105. Upon addition of different solutes into the algae suspension, two results were obtained: in some cases the cadmium in the Cd/algae biomass was removed, and in other situations water molecules around the bound cadmium were replaced by the added ligands. When the Cd/algae biomass was suspended in acetic acid or sodium acetate buffer solutions, some of the bound cadmium was released, but only one resonance was observed for both the Cd/algae complex and the free cadmium in the solution. This chemical shift similarity indicates that the predominant functional group on the cell wall of S. bacillaris is carboxylate. Gold(III) was also found to strongly interact with S. bacillaris.
The reduction of oxides, halides and oxyhalides in liquid sulphur

Abstract The following compounds have been shown to be unreactive toward liquid S at temperatures up to 400°: TiO2, TiCl4, CrCl3, and MnO2. The principal products (in parenthesis) of the reactions of S with other oxides, halides and oxyhalides of Ti, V, Cr and Mn are: TiOCl2 (TiS2), V2O5 (VO2 at 250°; V3O5 at 400°), VOCl3 (VOCl2, VCl4 and VCl3 at 125 and 250°; VCl3 at 400°), CrO3 (Cr3O8 at 250°; Cr2O3 and Cr3O8 at 400°), CrO3Cl2 (Cr2O5 at 25°; CrOCl and CrCl3 at 250°; some CrCl2 at 400°), Mn2O7 (MnS2 at
At a crossroad of data envelopment and principal component analyses

Abstract Data envelopment analysis (DEA), a popular linear programming technique is useful to rate comparatively operational efficiency of decision making units (DMU) based on their deterministic (not necessarily stochastic) input–output data. Only when the input–output data are stochastic (preferably distributed as a multivariate Gaussian), a statistical technique called principal component analysis (PCA) could alternatively be used for the same purpose of rating DMU. Because of these choices, research interest has been growing among statisticians and mathematical programmers to explore benefits versus disadvantages of using one technique over the other. Yet, the duality between DEA and PCA has not been fully understood. This article is devoted to investigate their complementarities. With an expectation that an integration of both techniques would offer the best of DEA and PCA, several integration methods have been suggested in the literature. In these methods, ratio of two Gaussian random variables is involved and this creates a flaw. The ratio is Cauchy distributed and not Gaussian distributed. Neither mean nor dispersion exists in Cauchy distribution. To overcome this flaw of trapping into a Cauchy distribution, a novel method of integrating DEA and PCA, as it is proposed and demonstrated in this article, would enrich the validity of the integration. A medical example is considered for illustration. In the medical example, 45 countries are rated with respect to their survival rate from melanoma cancer among men and among women as output data variable and data on location latitude, ozone thickness, ultraviolet rays of type A and type B as input data variables. Firstly, DEA, secondly PCA are separately applied and then thirdly integrated approach of this article is tried on data. The results are compared and commented with a few concluding thoughts.
The artificial radiation belt made on July 9, 1962

The available information on the artificial radiation belt formed by the July 9, 1962, high-altitude nuclear explosion is reviewed. Data from Injun (1961o 2). Telstar 1 (1962αe1), Traac (1961 αη2), and Ariel 1 (1962o 1) are combined to form one picture of the artificial belt. The data are consistent to about a factor of 3. The flux map obtained in this way is used to calculate the flux encountered by several satellites. These show reasonable agreement with data on solar cell damage. Crude calculations of shielding are made to indicate the doses received inside various vehicles.
Oxygen related defect center formation in MeV energy boron implanted silica

Abstract Silica samples were implanted with 1.6 and 4 MeV B2+ at nominal doses ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 × 1015 ions/cm2. Sample temperatures during implantation were either 100, 300 or 673 K. Optical absorption was measured from 2.7 to 6.5 eV and in all spectra two maxima were resolved at 5.0 and 5.8 eV. Based on the literature we assumed bands at 4.8, 5.01, 5.17, 5.88, and 7.15 eV comprised the observed spectra. Assuming that the shapes of these bands were Gaussian functions, the data was fitted by allowing the maximum amplitude to be a free parameter. The fit between 2.5 and 5.5 eV was within ±3%. At larger energies the fit was worse. Assuming that there was a band at 6.35 eV reduced the difference between the fit and the data to
Personalizing Oncology: Perspectives and Prospects

This article provides an overview of the research, beginning a century ago, that has led to the current use of genomically informed methods for selection of targeted therapies to treat individual patients with cancer—so-called precision cancer medicine. Until 1980, most research on cancer therapy was not targeted in the sense we use the word today. Since then, there has been an acceleration in research identifying genetic and molecular targets and in clinical trials using biomarkers that identify the presence of genetic or molecular markers in a patient's cancer to select appropriate targeted therapy. This approach has been made possible by increased knowledge of the genetic pathogenesis of cancer and by increased capacity to sequence genes and genomes in clinically useful timeframes and at a reasonable cost. However, many challenges and pitfalls remain in selecting optimal targets, interpreting data on genetic aberrations, designing effective targeted drugs and antibodies, dealing with resistance to trea...
Tumor lysis syndrome.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a constellation of metabolic disturbances observed in tumors with high cell turnover. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. TLS is characterized by the increased release of intracellular contents (uric acid, potassium, phosphorus) into the extracellular compartment, which can overwhelm the body's capacity for clearance. TLS is usually caused by response to chemotherapy; however, it may also occur spontaneously. Because uric acid, potassium, and phosphorus are excreted primarily by the kidneys, TLS can lead to hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia with accompanying renal compromise. The pathophysiology of TLS-associated acute renal failure is probably multifactorial. Potential etiologies include intravascular volume depletion, urinary precipitation of nucleic acid metabolites and calcium phosphate, and malignancy-associated nephrotoxins. Despite prophylactic therapy with allopurinol and volume repletion, patients may still develop TLS with acute renal failure. While reducing the risk of uric acid precipitation, allopurinol and alkalinization increase the risk of xanthine and calcium phosphate crystals, respectively. Aggressive hydration might lead to volume overload, specifically in older patients. Novel approaches in the management of TLS include the use of urate oxidase, which can provide effective treatment with an acceptable safety profile.
Physics, technology, and modeling of polysilicon emitter contacts for VLSI bipolar transistors

The physics of minority-carrier injection into polysilicon-contacted emitters has been studied through a series of experiments correlating the base current of the transistor to the structure of the polysilicon/single-crystal silicon interface. Most of the relevant material and processing parameters have been examined. In addition, a novel approach has been taken in the modeling of transport in these emitters to quantify the minority-carrier blocking properties of the polysilicon contacts. Experimental results show that extremely low values of base current can be obtained for devices etched in HF prior to the polysilicon deposition, i.e., devices with only a remnant "native" oxide layer at the polysilicon/single-crystal silicon interface. For these devices, the base current is mainly determined by the recombination and blocking of minority carriers at the polysilicon/monosilicon interface. A number of competing mechanisms exist in several domains of doping, temperature, and time which influence the properties of this interface. One of these mechanisms is the blocking of minority carriers by the native oxide layer itself. The uniformity and, consequently, the blocking characteristics of this layer were found to be strongly affected by the polysilicon doping level and thermal treatment.
Planned educational change in Japan: the case of elementary science instruction

Available evidence suggests that Japanese elementary science education has shifted, in recent decades, away from lecture‐style, rote ‘teaching as telling’ toward ‘teaching for understanding’. How has this change been accomplished? Drawing on our ongoing study of innovations in Japanese elementary science instruction, we describe three features of the Japanese system that may facilitate planned change. First, we describe Japan's broad national goals for elementary education and the alignment of textbooks with these goals. We point out that Japan's national goals focus on the whole child (social, ethical and intellectual development), a breadth which, we speculate, may reduce the kind of pendulum swings between goals of academic and social development that have plagued some other countries’ educational policies. In addition, we note that the national goals are abstract and are translated into classroom practice through the collaborative work of teachers. Second, we describe three routes through which the na...
Handheld ultrasound versus physical examination in patients referred for transthoracic echocardiography for a suspected cardiac condition.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that handheld ultrasound (HHU) provides a more accurate diagnosis than physical examination in patients with suspected cardiovascular abnormalities and that its use thus reduces additional testing and overall costs. Background Despite the limitations of physical examination and the demonstrated superiority of HHU for detecting cardiac abnormalities, it is not routinely used for the bedside diagnosis of cardiac conditions. Methods Patients referred for a standard echocardiogram for common indications (cardiac function, murmur, stroke, arrhythmias, and miscellaneous) underwent physical examination and HHU by different cardiologists, who filled out a form that also included suggestions for additional testing, if necessary, based on their findings. Results Of 250 patients, 142 had an abnormal finding on standard echocardiogram. Of these, HHU correctly identified 117 patients (82%), and physical examination correctly identified 67 (47%, p Conclusions When used by cardiologists, HHU provides a more accurate diagnosis than physical examination for the majority of common cardiovascular abnormalities. The finding of no significant abnormality on HHU is also likely to result in less downstream testing and thus potentially reduce the overall cost for patients being evaluated for a cardiovascular diagnosis.
Quantum Field Theory Cannot Provide Faster-Than-Light Communication

We spell out a demonstration that, within the framework of quantum field theory, no faster-than-light communication can be established between observers. The steps of the demonstration are detailed enough to pinpoint which properties of the theory have been misinterpreted in previous papers claiming the existence of effects that could permit such communication. The developments described here can also be used to analyze future papers making similar claims.
Dynamics, Viability, and Resilience in Bioeconomics

This article presents an overview of the economics and management of a population. It reviews the biology of survival and reproduction and various feedback effects that exist between the population and the environment. This discussion leads to an assessment of the potential complexities characterizing population dynamics. The review evaluates the options available in population management, with a focus on the choice of decision rules used by managers and policy makers. The analysis investigates several important concepts in bioeconomics, including dynamics, viability, sustainability, efficiency, and resilience.
When is Fiction as Good as Fact? Comparing the Influence of Documentary and Historical Reenactment Films on Engagement, Affect, Issue Interest, and Learning

This study advances documentary film effects research by comparing the influence of a political documentary with a historical reenactment film on narrative engagement, affect, learning, and interest. Using the Rwandan genocide as a context of study, a documentary film, The Triumph of Evil, and the historical reenactment fictional film, Hotel Rwanda, were examined. Results revealed significant differences between documentary and historical reenactment film exposure for affective responses and issue knowledge gain. However, increased issue interest and narrative engagement were not significantly different for the two stimulus groups, suggesting that dramatic fictional reenactments of socio-political events lead to increased issue interest as much or more than the live footage and factual account of events offered in a documentary. The results of this study are discussed in terms of their importance for key democratic outcome variables (e.g., knowledge and participation), along with suggestions for future do...
Integrative Confusion: An Examination of Integrative Models in Couple and Family Therapy.

This article examines integrative therapy, emphasizing couple and family therapeutic models. Integrative models have developed at such a rapid pace that a review of their origins is essential. The ...
Mutation induction by the direct treatment of Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid.

Summary A procedure was developed to select for specific mutations obtained by means of transformation with DNA previously exposed to potentially dangerous chemical compounds. The 70% co-transformation of hisB and trpC genes in Bacillus subtilis provided a convenient opportunity to select for new mutations. When purified DNA from wild type bacteria was treated with N(OH) acetyl-aminofluorene or Hoechst dye 37 507 and used to transform a recipient bearing of a trpC2 mutation, a high proportion of the Trp+ transformants had new hisB mutations.
Multi-core Real-Time Scheduling for Generalized Parallel Task Models

Multi-core processors offer a significant performance increase over single core processors. Therefore, they have the potential to enable computation-intensive real-time applications with stringent timing constraints that cannot be met on traditional single-core processors. However, most results in traditional multiprocessor real-time scheduling are limited to sequential programming models and ignore intra-task parallelism. In this paper, we address the problem of scheduling periodic parallel tasks with implicit deadlines on multi-core processors. We first consider a synchronous task model where each task consists of segments, each segment having an arbitrary number of parallel threads that synchronize at the end of the segment. We propose a new task decomposition method that decomposes each parallel task into a set of sequential tasks. We prove that our task decomposition achieves a resource augmentation bound of 2.62 and 3.42 when the decomposed tasks are scheduled using global EDF and partitioned deadline monotonic scheduling, respectively. Finally, we extend our analysis to directed a cyclic graph tasks. We show how these tasks can be converted into synchronous tasks such that the same transformation can be applied and the same augmentation bounds hold.
Signaling pathways controlling the production of inflammatory mediators in response to crystalline silica exposure: role of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.

Occupational exposure to crystalline silica has been linked to pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. Surface properties of crystalline silica are critical to the production of oxidant species, chemokines, inflammatory cytokines, and proliferative factors involved in the initiation and progression of silica-induced damage, inflammation, alveolar type II cell hyperplasia, fibroblast activation, and disease. The transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) have been shown to play key roles in gene promotion for inflammatory mediators, oncogenes, and growth factors. This review summarizes evidence that in vitro and in vivo exposure to crystalline silica results in activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Signaling pathways for activation of these transcription factors are described. In addition, the role of silica-induced reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the activation of these signaling events is presented. Last, the generalizability of mechanisms regulating silica-induced pulmonary responses to pulmonary reactions to other occupational particles is discussed.
A Food Store–Based Environmental Intervention Is Associated with Reduced BMI and Improved Psychosocial Factors and Food-Related Behaviors on the Navajo Nation

The prevalence of obesity is significantly higher among American Indians (AIs) and is associated with increased rates of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. We implemented a 14-mo intervention trial (Navajo Healthy Stores) on the Navajo Nation that sought to increase availability of healthier foods in local food stores and to promote these foods at the point of purchase and through community media. We divided the Navajo Nation into 10 store regions, half of which were randomized to intervention and half to comparison. We evaluated the program by using a pre-post sample of systematically sampled adult Navajo consumers (baseline, n = 276; postintervention, n = 145). Intervention impact was examined by analyzing pre-post differences by intervention group and by intervention exposure level. When intervention and comparison groups were compared, only body mass index (BMI) showed a trend toward impact of the intervention (P = 0.06). However, greater exposure to the intervention was associated with significantly reduced BMI (P ≤ 0.05) and improved healthy food intentions (P ≤ 0.01), healthy cooking methods (P ≤ 0.05), and healthy food getting (P ≤ 0.01). With increasing exposure, the odds of improving overweight or obese status was 5.02 (95% CI: 1.48, 16.99; P ≤ 0.01) times the odds of maintaining or worsening overweight or obese status. In summary, a food store intervention was associated with reduced overweight/obesity and improved obesity-related psychosocial and behavioral factors among those persons most exposed to the intervention on an AI reservation.
Sequence complexity in Darwinian evolution

Whether or not Darwinian evolution leads to an increase in complexity depends crucially on what we mean by the term. Physical complexity is a measure based on automata theory and information theory that turns out to be a simple and intuitive measure of the amount of information that an organism stores, in its genome, about the environment in which it evolves. It can be shown that the physical complexity of the genomes of clonal organisms must increase in evolution, if they occupy a single niche and if the environment does not change. This law of increasing complexity is a consequence of natural selection only and can be violated in co-evolving systems as well as at high mutation rates, in sexual populations, and in time-dependent landscapes. Yet, co-evolution, because it can be viewed as creating an increase in physical complexity across niches, is likely the agent of a global increase in complexity.
The TGF-beta superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms.

In the last 10 years, a large family of secreted signaling molecules has been discovered that appear to mediate many key events in normal growth and development. The family is known as the TGF-p superfamily (Massague 1990), a name taken from the first member of the family to be isolated (transforming growth factor-^l). This name is somewhat misleading, because TGF-p 1 has a large number of effects in different systems (Spom and Roberts 1992). It actually inhibits the proliferation of many different cell lines, and its original "transforming" activity may be due to secondary effects on matrix pro­ duction and synthesis of other growth factors (Moses et al. 1990). The two dozen other members of the TGF-p superfamily have a remarkable range of activities. In Diosophila, a TGF-p-related gene is required for dorsoventral axis formation in early embryos, communication between tissue layers in gut development, and correct proximal distal patterning of adult appendages. In Xenopus, a TGF-p-related gene is expressed specifically at one end of fertilized eggs and may function in early signaling events that lay out the basic body plan. In mammals, TGF-p-related molecules have been found that control sexual development, pituitary hormone production, and the creation of bones and cartilage. The recognition of TGF-p superfamily members in many different organ­ isms and contexts provides one of the major unifying themes in recent molecular studies of animal growth and development. The rough outlines of the TGF-p family were first rec­ ognized in the 1980s. Since that time, a number of ex­ cellent reviews have appeared that summarize the prop­ erties of different family members (Ying 1989; Massague 1990; Lyons et al. 1991; Spom and Roberts 1992). Here, I will focus on four areas that have seen major progress in the last 3 years: structural characterization of the signal­ ing molecule, isolation of new family members, cloning of receptor molecules, and new genetic tests of the func­ tions of these factors in different organisms.
Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Mg2+- and K+- Bound E1 Intermediate States of the Calcium Pump

We have performed microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize the structural dynamics of cation-bound E1 intermediate states of the calcium pump (sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, SERCA) in atomic detail, including a lipid bilayer with aqueous solution on both sides. X-ray crystallography with 40 mM Mg2+ in the absence of Ca2+ has shown that SERCA adopts an E1 structure with transmembrane Ca2+-binding sites I and II exposed to the cytosol, stabilized by a single Mg2+ bound to a hybrid binding site I′. This Mg2+-bound E1 intermediate state, designated E1•Mg2+, is proposed to constitute a functional SERCA intermediate that catalyzes the transition from E2 to E1•2Ca2+ by facilitating H+/Ca2+ exchange. To test this hypothesis, we performed two independent MD simulations based on the E1•Mg2+ crystal structure, starting in the presence or absence of initially-bound Mg2+. Both simulations were performed for 1 µs in a solution containing 100 mM K+ and 5 mM Mg2+ in the absence of Ca2+, mimicking muscle cytosol during relaxation. In the presence of initially-bound Mg2+, SERCA site I′ maintained Mg2+ binding during the entire MD trajectory, and the cytosolic headpiece maintained a semi-open structure. In the absence of initially-bound Mg2+, two K+ ions rapidly bound to sites I and I′ and stayed loosely bound during most of the simulation, while the cytosolic headpiece shifted gradually to a more open structure. Thus MD simulations predict that both E1•Mg2+ and E•2K+ intermediate states of SERCA are populated in solution in the absence of Ca2+, with the more open 2K+-bound state being more abundant at physiological ion concentrations. We propose that the E1•2K+ state acts as a functional intermediate that facilitates the E2 to E1•2Ca2+ transition through two mechanisms: by pre-organizing transport sites for Ca2+ binding, and by partially opening the cytosolic headpiece prior to Ca2+ activation of nucleotide binding.
Pleuroscopy and Cautery Control of Intrathoracic Hemorrhage with a Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscope

Intrathoracic hemorrhage from adhesions torn by a spontaneous pneumothorax is relatively uncommon. Continued hemorrhage from such adhesions after the evacuation of 1,500 ml of blood would usually require thoracotomy for control. Through a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, we confirmed the source of hemorrhage and cauterized the bleeding point. This case illustrates another application for pleuroscopic examination, further broadening the use of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.
Rheological properties of diblock copolymer/layered‐silicate nanocomposites

The melt-state viscoelastic properties of nanocomposites prepared with a symmetrical polystyrene–polyisoprene block copolymer and organically modified layered silicates are examined. Nanocomposites based on three thermodynamically equivalent organically modified layered silicates, primarily differing in lateral disk diameter (d), are studied with small-amplitude oscillatory shear. The effects of the domain structure of the ordered block copolymer and the mesoscale dispersion of the layered silicates on the rheological properties are examined via a comparison of data for the nanocomposites in the ordered and disordered states of the block copolymer. Hybrids prepared with 5 wt % organically modified fluorohectorite (d ∼ 10 μm) and montmorillonite (d ∼ 1 μm) demonstrate a notable decrease in the frequency dependence of the moduli at low frequencies and a significant enhancement in the complex viscosity at low frequencies in the disordered state. This behavior is understood in terms of the development of a percolated layered-silicate network structure. However, the viscoelastic properties in the disordered state with 5 wt % organically modified laponite (d ∼ 30 nm) and in the ordered state of the block copolymer for all layered silicates demonstrate only minor changes from those observed for the unfilled polymer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1434–1443, 2002
The Promotional Role of the Network Upfront Presentations in the Production of Culture

This article explores the Upfront presentations made by United States broadcasters to the media-buying community each year to analyze the complicated economic and cultural functions of promotional processes that occur before programs ever reach the viewing audience. The analysis draws from observation of Upfront presentations, triangulated with analysis of trade press articles and interviews, to present a comprehensive examination of this component of promotion within the circuit of cultural production. Examining the promotional activities that occur before programming reaches audiences illustrates the dual client nature of the United States commercial television industry, and the different strategies evinced indicate the need to theorize internal promotion distinctly from the promotion of texts and networks to audiences. Additionally, the variant promotional strategies used by different networks in this internal venue reveal institutional priorities in audience composition and brand differentiation among...
Aircraft measurements of turbulence spectra in the marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layer

Abstract Mixed-layer scaling was successfully applied to the velocity, temperature, and moisture spectra of the marine stratocumulus-topped mixed layers observed during the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE). These turbulence spectra provide considerable insight into the physical phenomena that affect this kind of boundary layer. At least four of these phenomena contribute to the turbulence spectra: eddies that result directly from shear and buoyant production of turbulent kinetic energy (the microscale energy production subrange); smaller eddies that result from the inertial cascade of energy (the inertial subrange); quasi-two-dimensional mesoscale variations; and gravity waves. The velocity, temperature, and moisture spectra are affected differently by each of these phenomena. The turbulence spectra highlight the differences between the cold-current marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layer and the overland convective boundary layer.
Turkish stress: a review

This work evaluates an argument recently made in these pages by Kabak & Vogel (2001) to the effect that the analysis of Turkish which they develop is superior on theoretical grounds to that of past accounts. Kabak & Vogel explicitly contrast their account to that offered in two recent, comprehensive discussions of Turkish stress by Inkelas & Orgun (1998) and Inkelas (1999). Careful consideration of the data discussed by Kabak & Vogel and by Inkelas & Orgun, as well as some additional data introduced in this paper, shows that the original Inkelas & Orgun analysis achieves greater empirical coverage while using less theoretical machinery.
Diabetes and Aging

In this chapter, we concentrate on aging as a risk factor for diabetes and diabetes as a risk factor for additional age-related diseases, and provide an overview of the role of insulin signaling/action in the control of mammalian aging. We discuss current knowledge regarding the possible causes of altered glucose homeostasis during aging, including decreased mitochondrial function, lipotoxicity, and inflammation. Also, we review findings from studies that suggest that therapies used to prevent and treat diabetes, such as metformin and physical activity, also may have more global effects to modulate aging, and therefore be used against many aging-related diseases.
Diffusion of Plasmas from Ablating Meteoroids in the Ionosphere

High Power, Large Aperture (HPLA) Radars have been used to characterize the plasmas formed as meteoroids ablate in Earth’s atmosphere. These plasmas are referred to as heads, which are the plasmas surrounding the meteoroids, and trails, which are plasmas behind the meteoroids. A particular subset of the trails is nonspecular trails, which are detected when the radar beam is quasi-perpendicular to the magnetic field. These returns are thought to be the reflection from field aligned irregularities (FAIs) that form after the onset of turbulence in the meteor trail. In this paper, we present a case study analysis of a nonspecular trail detected by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Long-range Tracking and Identification Radar (ALTAIR). These data include dual frequency, dual polarized, and high range resolution in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) returns with additional azimuth and elevation data derived from the monopulse system. For the first time, we determine the ambipolar diffusion coefficients for the nonspecular trails and compare these with previous specular trail studies. Second, we use the monopulse angles to determine the position of the plasma trail in order to develop an understanding of the meteor trail diffusion process. Our results demonstrate that the ambipolar diffusion coefficient, though sufficient for a specular trail, may not provide a complete description of the diffusion of a nonspecular trail and that other types of diffusion may need to be considered.
Enlarging the Bandwidth of Nano-scale Propagating Plasmonic Modes in Deep-subwavelength Cylindrical Holes

Subwavelength cylindrical holes in optically thick metallic films always support a propagating HE11 mode near the surface plasmon frequency, regardless of how small the holes are. For holes filled with a uniform dielectric material, the bandwidth of the HE11 mode asymptotically approaches zero as the hole size is reduced to deep-subwavelength scales. We show that it is possible to create nano-scale propagating plasmonic modes with very large bandwidth in holes that are concentrically filled with two different dielectric materials, even when the hole radius goes to zero.
Comparison of Eight Modifications of Hedley’s Method for Flow Cytometric DNA Ploidy Analysis of Paraffin-Embedded Tissue

Flow cytometric DNA analysis of nuclear suspensions from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue often fails to detect aneuploid cell populations present in corresponding fresh tissue. Nuclear suspensions were prepared by 8 different modifications and standard Hedley's method using 50-microns sections of tissue blocks from 8 breast and 8 colonic carcinomas, all previously known to be DNA aneuploid by analysis of fresh tumor. Pepsin solutions of three different enzymatic activities were used to release nuclei using three different tissue digest formats. DNA aneuploidy was demonstrated overall in 7 of 72 different colon tumor experiments and 25 of 72 breast cancer experiments. Modifications yielded aneuploid populations not detected by the standard Hedley method; DNA aneuploidy of 4 breast and 2 colon cancers was detected by modifications compared to 2 breast and 1 colon cancer demonstrated by the standard. No single method consistently demonstrated DNA aneuploidy. High histogram baselines, presumably from debris, contributed to the marked loss of sensitivity in detecting most DNA aneuploid populations. Detection of DNA aneuploidy was most closely associated with specific cases, regardless of the method of nuclear suspension preparation. Recovery of DNA aneuploid nuclei seems to depend primarily on tissue processing or innate characteristics of the tumor cells, not on the method used to prepare the nuclear suspension.
Lateral supporting ligament of the distal phalanx.

A 49-year-old woman complained of 3 months of constant aching pain deep to the ingrown medial nail margin of her right hallux that was unaffected by shoe wear. Physical examination disclosed no purulence, discoloration, or obvious acute inflammation; an incurved medial nail plate was seen. There was mild chronic thickening of the medial nail fold. Tenderness was maximal 2 to 3 mm plantar to the medial edge of the nail.By roentgenogram (Fig. 1), bony projections were seen arcing from the distal phalangeal tuft and the proximal metaphyseal flare toward each other. This was considered to be a “normal” radiological variant.A partial medial onychectomy and matricectomy (Winograd procedure) was performed. Further dissection 1 to 2 mm deeper along the medial phalangeal border revealed a 1-mm wide longitudinal ligament extending from the phalangeal distal tuft to the proximal metaphyseal flare. Bony projections and ligament were excised. The wound healed satisfactorily, and symptoms ceased.
Erythrocyte 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Concentrations in Hibernating, Hypothermic, and Rewarming Hamsters

Hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentrations were examined in normothermic control, hibernating, and helium-cold hypothermic hamsters. Hematocrit was not signigicantly different (P greater than 0.05) between groups, but did reflect alterations reported for hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentration did not change from control values during 12 hr at Tre 7 degrees; however, approximately a 20% decrease occurred in hibernators (48 hrs) and animals hypothermic (24 hr). 2,3-DPG concentrations declined 39.1 and 33.9% from control values in the hibernating and 24 hr hypothermic groups, respectively. No change was observed in animals hypothermic for 12 hr. Both parameters were studied in the aroused animal. Hemoglobin returns to control values immediately after the animals reached a stable Tre approximately equal to 37 degrees. Although 2,3-DPG levels increased during arousal, they were still 10% lower than control values in both metabolically depressed groups. 2,3-DPG remained approximately 10% less than controls in rewarmed hypothermic animals studied 2 hr after reaching stable Tre approximately equal to 37 degrees. The data are discussed in terms of cold depression of erythrocyte glycolysis.
Effect of penicillin on the reaction between phage and staphylococci.

In Fleming's original paper on penicillin,1 he described the lysis of staphylococci by this agent. Since then the lytic process and ancillary morphologic changes in the bacteria concerned have been studied by several investigators.2345678 We wish to report here the effect of penicillin on the lytic action of bacteriophage.∗The phage employed in our experiments is the “K” race; it and the homologous strain of Staphylococcus aureus have been used in studies described in a series of papers appearing since 1929. Stock cultures were grown in Roux flasks for 18 hours at 36°C. In order to have a substrate of actively growing cells, 1 × 108 staphylococci/ml were suspended in 100 ml of broth contained in a 500 ml flask; aeration was provided by placing the flask in a shaker operating in a water bath set at 36°C. When growth had progressed to a level of 1 × 109 bacteria/ml, the cell suspension was removed from the shaker and used for the experiments described below. To determine [bacteria] when values were >5 × 108...