cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sedative infusions during local and regional anesthesia: a comparison of midazolam and propofol.

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the intraoperative effects and recovery characteristics when either midazolam or propofol was used for sedation during local or regional anesthesia. Design: Open-label, randomized study with blinded observer assessing recovery data. Setting: Outpatients undergoing elective surgical procedures under local or regional anesthesia at Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, California. Patients: Sixty-eight consenting, unpremedicated ASA physical status I, II, or III patients. Interventions: After achieving adequate analgesia with local anesthetic solutions, patients were administered a loading dose of either midazolam (4.2 ± 1.4 mg) or propofol (69 ± 23 mg) followed by a variable-rate maintenance infusion equal to 8.6 ± 5.4 mg/h or 265 ± 185 mg/h, respectively, to maintain a stable level of sedation during the operation. Measurements and Main Results: Intraoperative assessments included level of sedation, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory status, at 1- to 5-minute intervals during the operation. Postoperatively, recovery of cognitive and psychomotor function was assessed using analog scales and the digit-symbol substitution test. The overall quality of intraoperative sedation was similar in the two sedative treatment groups. Although midazolam produced less pain on injection and more effective intraoperative amnesia, use of propofol was associated with less postoperative sedation, drowsiness, confusion, clumsiness, and amnesia, as well as more rapid recovery of cognitive function. However, discharge times were similar in the two sedative treatment groups. Conclusions: Propofol infusion is a clinically useful alternative to midazolam for sedation during ambulatory surgery under local or regional anesthesia.
Hypertension, diuretics and breast cancer risk

It is unclear whether hypertension and antihypertensive medication use are associated with breast cancer. In order to examine these associations, we conducted a case-control study among women aged 50-75 years. Breast cancer cases were ascertained via a population-based cancer registry (n=523) and controls were ascertained via random-digit-dialing (n=131). Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire which queried history of hypertension, antihypertensive medication use and risk factors. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, menopausal status, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, age at first full-term pregnancy and education. History of treated hypertension was associated with significant increased risk of breast cancer (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.04-3.03) and this association appeared only in women with BMI > or =25 kg/m(2) (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.12-4.71). Diuretic use was also associated with elevated breast cancer risk (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.07-3.01). The risk associated with diuretic use increased with duration of use (P for trend, <0.01). Use of other blood pressure medications was not found to be associated with breast cancer risk. These results support a positive association between treated hypertension, diuretic use and breast cancer risk among women aged 50-75 years.
Quantitative measurement of protease activity with correction of probe delivery and tissue absorption effects

Proteases play important roles in a variety of pathologies from heart disease to cancer. Quantitative measurement of protease activity is possible using a novel spectrally matched dual fluorophore probe and a small animal lifetime imager. The recorded fluorescence from an activatable fluorophore, one that changes its fluorescent amplitude after biological target interaction, is also influenced by other factors including imaging probe delivery and optical tissue absorption of excitation and emission light. Fluorescence from a second spectrally matched constant (non-activatable) fluorophore on each nanoparticle platform can be used to correct for both probe delivery and tissue absorption. The fluorescence from each fluorophore is separated using fluorescence lifetime methods.
Local values in quantum mechanics

Abstract An exact equation is derived for the uncertainty of an operator in terms of the real and imaginary parts of A ψ ψ . We show that the uncertainty always consists of two terms which are qualitatively different and that can be interpreted in terms of local values. Exact equations are given for the spread of momentum, energy, and squeezing operator in terms of the amplitude and phase of the wave function.
Tolerance factor rules for Sr1-x-yCaxBayMnO3 perovskites

Abstract Synthesis of new perovskite Sr1−x−yCaxBayMnO3−δ compounds is described in detail and dependence of their phase stability and structural distortions on the tolerance factor is discussed. Oxygen contents have been measured over extended temperature and composition ranges. Neutron powder diffraction was used to precisely measure the A–O and Mn–O bond lengths and derive accurate interatomic distances [Ca–O], [Sr–O], [Ba–O], and [Mn–O]. By using these parameters instead of tabulated ionic radii we have derived the functional dependence of the tolerance factor t=t(x,y,T,δ) on composition, temperature, and oxygen content. At a fixed oxygen content, the tolerance factor is an increasing function of temperature as a result of greater thermal expansion of the average 〈A–O〉 bond relative to the 〈Mn–O〉 bond. We find that the stability of the perovskite phase at high temperature is governed, as expected, by the magnitude of tolerance factor (t⩽1) which can be adjusted by controlling the oxygen content 3−δ. This dependence of the tolerance factor on oxygen content and temperature can be utilized to design synthesis conditions for the controlled formation of the new, kinetically stable, perovskite phases.
A modified X 2 test when some cells have small expectations in the multionmial distribution

This paper examines a modification of Pearson's X 2 test statistic when used in the presence of small cell expectations in the one-way multinomial. This modified test, denoted as T 2 in this study, maintains type I error rates that are very much closer to the nominal values than those of X 2. Simulated power results also show that both X 2 and T 2 behave very much alike and that differences in power values are not too apparent. ConsequentlyT 2 may provide a better statistic than X 2 in terms of attained α levels in small samples situations.
Classroom and community influences on youths' perceptions of science in a rural county school system

This qualitative, descriptive study presents several dimensions of students' science perceptions in Grades 1–12 in a rural county school system, and relates the pupils' viewpoints to school and nonschool experiences, and to the views of local adults. The students' perceptions of science are also used as a basis to explore three issues that were raised by school administrators and teachers in the community of study, and that have general bearing in science education. These issues are (a) the need for articulation of school science offerings across grade levels; (b) the need for the science program to make connections with locally held ideas and values; and (c) the need for the science program to be comprehensive and accurate, reflecting science professional's thinking, and yet retaining sensitivity to local viewpoints.
A curvilinear cluster set uniqueness theorem for meromorphic functions

In [1] I proved a radial cluster set uniqueness theorem for holomorphic functions in the open unit disk D of the complex plane. Kurbanov generalized this result in [4] to obtain a chordal cluster set uniqueness theorem for meromorphic functions in D. In the present note I prove a general curvilinear cluster set uniqueness theorem for meromorphic functions in D, which contains the aforementioned two results as special cases. Let F denote the unit circle, and suppose that ~sF. Assume that 2(1) is an arc in D terminating in the point I~F. Then by the arc at ~ that is the rotational transform of the arc 2(1) about the origin, we mean the arc 2(0 at ~ that is obtained by rotating the arc 2(1) about the origin through the angle arg ~. By a nontangential arc at ~, we mean an arc at ~, some terminal subarc of which is contained in a Stolz angle at ~. If f ( z ) is a meromorphic function in D, and if 7 is an arc at ~, then C~(f, ~) denotes the cluster set o f f at ~ along 7. The letter g2 represents the Riemann sphere.
Physical mapping of the loci Gabra3, DXPas8, CamL1, and Rsvp in a region of the mouse X chromosome homologous to human Xq28

Abstract Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a 3 million-bp physical map containing the X-linked loci Gabra3, DXPas8, CamL1 , and Rsvp has been constructed for a segment of the mouse X chromosome homologous to human Xq28. Detailed mapping was performed using single and double digestions with rare-cutter restriction enzymes. Gabra3 and DXPas8 have been shown to be physically linked within a maximal distance of 1600 kb, DXPas8 and CamL1 within 750 kb, and CamL1 and Rsvp within 450 kb. In addition, several CpG islands have been detected in the region encompassing CamL1 and Rsvp . These studies confirm a gene order of cen- Gabra3-DXPas8-CamL1-Rsvp -tel determined by genetic mapping in interspecific backcrosses (A. S. Ryder-Cook et al. 1988, EMBO J. 7: 3017–3021; G. E. Herman et al. 1991, Genomics 9: 670–677). Physical distances for the loci studied agree with the calculated genetic distances. Assuming that there is conserved linkage between man and mouse in the region, the physical mapping data presented here may help to clarify the uncertain gene order for some human Xq28 loci.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Left vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising new treatment for epilepsy. In 1997, VNS was approved in the United States as an adjunctive treatment for medically refractory partial-onset seizures in adults and adolescents. For some patients with partial-onset seizures, the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are intolerable; for others, no single AED or combination of anticonvulsant agents is effective. Cerebral resective surgery is an option to pharmacotherapy in some cases, but many patients with partial-onset seizures are not optimal candidates for intracranial surgery. VNS entails implantation of a programmable signal generator--the Neuro-cybernetic Prosthesis (NCP)--in the chest cavity. The stimulating electrodes of the NCP carry electrical signals from the generator to the left vagus nerve. Although the mechanism of action of VNS is not known, controlled studies have shown that it is safe and well-tolerated by patients with long-standing partial-onset epilepsy. Side effects, which are generally of mild to moderate severity, almost always disappear after the stimulation settings are adjusted. Encouraging results have also been reported in pediatric patients.
Ideal entropy of mixing

Abstract The entropy of mixing of chain-propagating atoms and chain-terminating atoms on a one-dimensional lattice is calculated. The ideal entropy as a function of the mole fraction of either atom is not symmetric about 1 2 .
A three-dimensional program for the treatment of obesity

Summary-Obesity is seen as a consequence of a positive balance of energy consumed over energy expended. The reduction of obesity is accordingly sought through the reduction in the amount of food eaten coupled with an increase in the rate at which energy is expended. Both the reduction in the rate of eating and the increase in the rate of exercise are sought through management of critical aspects of the environment. Specific recommendations are made for the behavioral treatment of obesity, with the success of the treatment seeming to depend upon the effectiveness with which environmental stimuli are brought under control rather than depending upon motivational or other personal characteristics of the overeater. Pre-test data generated by the use of this procedure, coupled with the results of several recent studies appear to indicate uniquely positive results for the behavior& control of overeating. WHETHER overweight is determined by gross body weight (Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1969) or skin-fold measurement (Seltzer and Mayer, 1965) even when differences in fat as a proportion of body weight are controlled (Durnin and Passmore, undated, p. 137), at least one in five Americans is found to be overweight (United States Public Health Service, undated). The social and economic costs of being overwieght are staggering and are complicated by greatly increased vulnerability to a broad range of physical diseases, including cardiovascular and renal diseases, maturity-onset diabetes, cirrhosis of the liver, and gall bladder diseases, among many others (Mayer, 1968).+ + Despite the history of concern with obesity and the magnitude of the problem, little uncontested knowledge has been accumulated with respect to its etiology and treatment. Mayer (1968) has suggested that genetic factors may contribute to the onset of a smal1 number of cases, while an additional small number of cases can be explained on the basis of injury to the hypothalamus, hormonal imbalance and other threats to normal metabolism. The exact role of genetic and physiological factors has, however, remained a mystery, and there has been little evidence to countermand an early observation by Newburgh and Johnston (1930) that most cases of obesity are :
Simulated comparison of the pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using pharmacokinetic data from healthy volunteers and 2002 minimum inhibitory concentration data.

Abstract Background: Until the 2002 approval of levofloxacin 750 mg QD, ciprofloxacin was the fluoroquinolone of choice against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Objective: This study evaluated the AUC:MIC ratios for ciprofloxacin 400 mg BID and TID and levofloxacin 750 mg QD, all administered intravenously, against P aeruginosa using a Monte Carlo simulation. Methods: Pharmacokinetic data for ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin and 2002 MIC distributions against P aeruginosa were obtained from studies in healthy volunteers published in the peer-reviewed literature. Pharmacokinetic studies of each agent were identified by separate MEDLINE searches combining the MeSH heading pharmacokinetics with the generic name of the antimicrobial. Only human studies published in English between 1990 and 2001 were included. Included studies also had to meet 3 minimum criteria: evaluation of clinically relevant dosing regimens, use of rigorous study methods, and provision of mean (SD) values for the pharmacokinetic parameters of interest. When multiple studies met these criteria, a single study was selected for each antimicrobial regimen. Pharmacodynamic analysis was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation of 10,000 patients by integrating the pharmacokinetic parameters, their variability, and 2002 MIC distributions for each antimicrobial regimen. The probability of target attainment was determined for each regimen for an AUC:MIC ratio from 0 to 300. A ≥90% probability of target attainment was considered satisfactory. Results: For ciprofloxacin 400 mg TID and levofloxacin 750 mg QD, the AUC:MIC ratio at the corresponding 2002 Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute break points of 1 and 2 μg/mL were 33 and 34, respectively. The probabilities of target attainment for a free AUC:MIC ratio >90 (equivalent to a total AUC:MIC ratio ≥125) were 47% for ciprofloxacin 400 mg BID, 54% for ciprofloxacin 400 mg TID, and 48% for levofloxacin 750 mg QD. Condusion: When pharmacokinetic data from healthy volunteers and 2002 MIC data were used, none of the simulated fluoroquinolone regimens achieved a high likelihood of target attainment against P aeruginosa .
Fusion Induced by a Class II Viral Fusion Protein, Semliki Forest Virus E1, Is Dependent on the Voltage of the Target Cell

Cells expressing the low pH-triggered class II viral fusion protein E1 of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) were fused to target cells. Fusion was monitored by electrical capacitance and aqueous dye measurements. Electrical voltage-clamp measurements showed that SFV E1-induced cell-cell fusion occurred quickly after acidification for a trans-negative potential across the target membrane (i.e., negative potential inside the target cell) but that a trans-positive potential eliminated all fusion. Use of an ionophore to control potentials for a large population of cells confirmed the dependence of fusion on voltage polarity. In contrast, fusion induced by the class I fusion proteins of human immunodeficiency virus, avian sarcoma leukosis virus, and influenza virus was independent of the voltage polarity across the target cell. Initial pore size and pore growth were also independent of voltage polarity for the class I proteins. An intermediate of SFV E1-induced fusion was created by transient acidification at low temperature. Membranes were hemifused at this intermediate state, and raising the temperature at neutral pH allowed full fusion to occur. Capacitance measurements showed that maintaining a trans-positive potential definitely blocked fusion at steps following the creation of the hemifusion intermediate and may have inhibited fusion at prior steps. It is proposed that the trans-negative voltage across the endosomal membrane facilitates fusion after low-pH-induced conformational changes of SFV E1 have occurred.
Complimenting and Involvement in Peer Reviews: Gender Variation.

This article presents an analysis of gender differences in the use of compliments in one genre of written discourse. The data base is a set of 47 peer reviews of academic papers written by graduate students in the form of letters. Drawing on work from several theoretical perspectives, we analyzed the forms, strategies, and discourse functions of compliments in these papers. We found that women made significantly greater use of compliment intensifiers and personal referencing than did men. In using compliments to structure discourse, women more often framed the text with both opening and closing compliments. Consistent patterns suggested that women writers accommodated to the gender of their addressee more than did men, resulting in a discernible female-female complimenting style. The study illustrates specific ways that gender is involved in being polite and in creating and sustaining a sense of involvement in written discourse. (Complimenting, politeness, sociolinguistics, gender, discourse strategies, cross-sex communication, English)
Religious Symbolism in Cuban Political Performance

When a white dove alights on his shoulder, is Fidel Castro being crowned by Obatala, a Santeria god? What is the relationship between Santeria, Cuba's vibrant Afro-Caribbean religion, and Cuba's head of state?
Radar target imaging using distributed radar networks

Target images can be clearly reconstructed from the monostatic and bistatic range profiles generated by a DRN with enough radar sensors. Because the images are instantly formulated, no synthetic aperture processing or motion compensation is needed. From the generated image, various target features such as target sizes, speed and scattering center pattern can be extracted for target recognition.
Addition of Thiazolidinedione or Exenatide to Oral Agents in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis

Background:The introduction of several new therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus has led to significant challenges for providers in deciding which agent to select during the disease course.Objective:To provide a relative comparison of the efficacy and safety of adding thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or exenatide to oral agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus by performing meta-analyses of relevant published studies.Methods:We systematically searched PubMed, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE (inception to March 2008 for all databases), and abstracts presented at the 2006 and 2007 American Diabetes Association conferences to identify all relevant publications. Studies were included in the analysis if they (1) were published in English, (2) were prospective, randomized, and controlled with placebo or comparator, (3) were at least 24 weeks' duration, (4) included nonpregnant adults with type 2 di...
Interactive construction of 3D models from panoramic mosaics

This paper presents an interactive modeling system that constructs 3D models from a collection of panoramic image mosaics. A panoramic mosaic consists of a set of images taken around the same viewpoint, and a transformation matrix associated with each input image. Our system first recovers the camera pose for each mosaic from known line directions and points, and then constructs the 3D model using all available geometrical constraints. We partition constraints into soft and hard linear constraints so that the modeling process can be formulated as a linearly-constrained least-squares problem, which can be solved efficiently using QR factorization. The results of extracting wire frame and texture-mapped 3D models from single and multiple panoramas are presented.
Decrease in gamma-band activity tracks sequence learning

Learning novel sequences constitutes an important example of declarative memory formation. Performance in sequence learning tasks improves with repetition and involves forming temporal associations over scales of seconds to minutes. To further understand the neural circuits underlying declarative sequence learning over trials, we tracked changes in intracranial field potentials from 1142 electrodes in fourteen human subjects while they learned the temporal-order of multiple sequences over trials through repeated recall. We observed a decrease in power in the gamma frequency band (30-100Hz) in the recall phase during the course of learning over trials, particularly in areas within the temporal lobe. Gamma power was directly correlated with the improvement in recall performance and was reset when learning new sequences. The decrease in gamma frequency band amplitudes over trials may reflect the need for plasticity early in the learning process combined with relatively reduced levels of plasticity required to maintain learned memory traces.
Enzymatic relay mechanism stimulates cyclic GMP synthesis in rod photoresponse: biochemical and physiological study in guanylyl cyclase activating protein 1 knockout mice.

Regulation of cGMP synthesis by retinal membrane guanylyl cyclase isozymes (RetGC1 and RetGC2) in rod and cone photoreceptors by calcium-sensitive guanylyl cyclase activating proteins (GCAP1 and GCAP2) is one of the key molecular mechanisms affecting the response to light and is involved in congenital retinal diseases. The objective of this study was to identify the physiological sequence of events underlying RetGC activation in vivo, by studying the electrophysiological and biochemical properties of mouse rods in a new genetic model lacking GCAP1. The GCAP1 2/2 retinas expressed normal levels of RetGC isozymes and other phototransduction proteins, with the exception of GCAP2, whose expression was elevated in a compensatory fashion. RetGC activity in GCAP1 2/2 retinas became more sensitive to Ca 2+ and slightly increased. The bright flash response in electroretinogram (ERG) recordings recovered quickly in GCAP1 2/2 , as well as in RetGC1 2/2 GCAP1 2/2 , and RetGC2 2/2 GCAP1 2/2 hybrid rods, indicating that GCAP2 activates both RetGC isozymes in vivo. Individual GCAP1 2/2 rod responses varied in size and shape, likely reflecting variable endogenous GCAP2 levels between different cells, but single-photon response (SPR) amplitude and time-to-peak were typically increased, while recovery kinetics remained faster than in wild type. Recovery from bright flashes in GCAP1 2/2 was prominently biphasic, because rare, aberrant SPRs producing the slower tail component were magnified. These data provide strong physiological evidence that rod photoresponse recovery is shaped by the sequential recruitment of RetGC isozyme activation by GCAPs according to the different GCAP sensitivities for Ca 2+ and specificities toward RetGC isozymes. GCAP1 is the ‘first-response’ sensor protein that stimulates RetGC1 early in the response and thus limits the SPR amplitude, followed by activation of GCAP2 that adds stimulation of both RetGC1 and RetGC2 to speed-up photoreceptor recovery.
Eye Movements, Attention and Trans-saccadic Memory

The eyes make rapid, saccadic movements from point to point in space several times each second. It is generally assumed that some mental representation of the visual environment is maintained across eye movements in a trans-saccadic memory. We examined the role of attention in the encoding of information into trans-saccadic memory using a partial report procedure. A letter array was presented in one fixation, then a bar marker probed report of one array position after a saccade was made to a new location. Accuracy was high for positions that subjects had been told to attend to, but it was also high for positions near the saccade target, even if subjects had been instructed to attend elsewhere. These results indicate that attention determines what information is encoded into trans-saccadic memory and hence remembered across eye movements. Because attention automatically precedes the eyes to the saccade target location, information near the saccade target is likely to be encoded. The results are discussed i...
Polysomnographic characteristics of schizophrenia in comparison with mania and depression

Despite the recognized importance of the study of sleep in schizophrenic patients~ there is little consensus as to the pattern of polysomnographic abnormalities displayed by schizophrenic patients and even less regarding how thc.~e ,d~normalitics compare with patients with other disorders. Earlier studies of schizophrenia are difficult to interpret because of the effects of medication and use of broad diagnostic criteria (Hiatt et al 1985; Keshavan et al 1990). More recently, six polysomnographic studies (Hiatt et al 1985; Ganguli et al 1987; Zarcone et al 1987; Kempenaers et al 1988; Riemann et al 1991; Tandon et al 1992) have evaluated the characteristics of unmedicated schizophrenic patients versus healthy control subjects, with three of these studies (Ganguli et al 1987; Kempenaers et al 1988; Riemann et al 199 I) also comparing schizophrenic patients with age-matched patients with major depression. These studies have yielded somewhat inconsistent findings: whereas schizophrenic and depressed patients have displayed disturbances in sleep continuity, abnormalities of sleep architecture and rapid eye movement (REM) measures have been found variably in both groups. Furthermore, no study has compared schizophrenia with mania--a disorder important in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia. To evaluate further the characteristics of sleep in schizophrenia, we performed a polysomnographic study of eight patients with schizophrenia, compared with age-matched patients with mania, patients with major depression, and healthy individuals studied previously at our center (Hudson et ai 1992a).
Displacive Phase Transformation in Vanadium — Substituted Lanthanum Niobate

The displacive transformations in complex oxides of the type LaNb/sub 1-x/V/sub x/O/sub 4/ has been studied by x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering for 0 less than or equal to x < 0.3. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the transformation from the tetragonal high temperature structure (C/sub 4h//sup 6/) to the monoclinic low-temperature structure (C/sub 2h//sup 6/) is higher than first order and that the transformation temperature T/sub c/ is depressed significantly by V substitution. Raman scattering results show that the force constant between the nearest (Nb, V)O/sub 4/ tetrahedral units behave uniquely compared to others. It softens at T/sub c/ as a function of composition and it also softens as a function of temperature as T/sub c/ is approached from above. 10 references, 2 figures, 2 tables.
TE modes of an axially multiple-grooved rectangular waveguide

A method is developed to calculate the TE mode fields and cut-off frequencies of an axially multiple-grooved rectangular (AGR) waveguide. A low frequency AGR waveguide is used as a part of a microwave cavity and the cut-off frequencies are measured in order to verify the analytically derived results. Excellent agreement between the measured and calculated values provide the basis for the design of waveguides for millimeter wave applications. The method has also been extended to a waveguide with multiple grooves cut into two of its broad wall parallel surfaces. >
Effect of Prompting on the Immediate Recall of Meaningful Material Practiced under Delayed Auditory Feedback

80 Ss were divided into four groups. The two experimental groups read the stimulus story under conditions of DAF, and the two control groups were not so treated. One set of the control experimental groups was questioned regarding the content of the story immediately following the reading and before a recall was obtained (this was called the prompt procedure). The other groups recited the story immediately after reading it and were then prompted on those points not covered in their recall. There were significant differences between control and experimental groups on both indicants of accuracy of retention.
Vortex Line Fluctuations and Phase Transitions in Type II Superconductors

The helicity modulus is defined as a criterion for superconducting order in a fluctuating type-II superconductor. Numerical simulations of a lattice London superconductor in an external magnetic field are carried out, and evidence is found that superconducting order parallel to the applied magnetic field persists above the vortex lattice melting, into the vortex line liquid.
Causality and Symmetry

This paper is concerned with inferences from phenomenological variables to hidden causes or hidden variables. A number of theorems of a general sort are stated. The paper concludes with a treatment of Bell’s inequalities and their generalization to more than four observables.
Civil Engineering in City and Regional Planning

City planning is an established activity, field of knowledge, and profession. Except for river basin development and specific functional programs, regional planning is presently limited as an organized endeavor. Civil engineers will continue their roles relating to the design and construction of certain physical facilities; but greater knowledge of the dynamics of urban-regional organisms and subsystem analysis will be necessary for effective participation as the scope of planning broadens and deepens. The current focus is on comprehensive planning which analyzes and projects all major elements in shaping the city or region in accordance with trends and objectives. This calls for improved techniques of synthesizing disparate interdependent variables, projecting into the future, formulating sound subjective judgments, and systems design. Together with other engineers and professions, the civil engineer is a potential candidate for directorial positions in comprehensive or master planning; these require graduate education in city or regional planning, or acquiring equivalent knowledge through university extension, self-education, or expanded civil engineering curricula.
Delayed Effects of a Low-Cost and Large-Scale Summer Reading Intervention on Elementary School Children's Reading Comprehension.

ABSTRACTTo improve the reading comprehension outcomes of children in high-poverty schools, policymakers need to identify reading interventions that show promise of effectiveness at scale. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a low-cost and large-scale summer reading intervention that provided comprehension lessons at the end of the school year and stimulated home-based summer reading routines with narrative and informational books. We conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 59 elementary schools, 463 classrooms, and 6,383 second and third graders and examined outcomes on the North Carolina End-of-Grade (EOG) reading comprehension test administered nine months after the intervention, in the children's third- or fourth-grade year. We found that on this delayed outcome, the treatment had a statistically significant impact on children's reading comprehension, improving performance by .04 SD (standard deviation) overall and .05 SD in high-poverty schools. We also found, in estimates from an inst...
Estrogen-Related Changes in Anterior Pituitary RNA Levels

SummaryHypophysial RNA in the female rat was found to fluctuate during the estrous cycle. Pituitary RNA levels were highest at proestrus and lowest at diestrus 1. The concentration of pituitary RNA and the RNA/DNA ration decreased after ovariectomy. Estradiol (1 μg/day) restored the hypophysial RNA/DNA ratio of ovariectomized rats to a level comparable to that of cyclic females, whereas progesterone (1 mg/day) had no effect. It was concluded that the elevation in pituitary RNA at proestrus can be attributed to estrogen stimulation and that a certain portion of pituitary RNA is estrogen dependent.
Chiral Lepidopteran Sex Attractants: Blends of Optically Active C20 and C21 Diene Epoxides as Sex Attractants for Geometrid and Noctuid Moths (Lepidoptera)

Sex attractants and behavioral antagonists comprising C20 and C21 triene hydrocarbons and chiral epoxydienes are reported for male moths of two noctuid and six geometrid species. Moths of the noctuid Idia americalis (Guenee) were attracted to lures containing a 1:1 mixture of 3 Z ,9 Z -6 S ,7 R -epoxy-eicosadiene (3 Z ,9 Z -6 S ,7 R -epoxy-20:H) and 3 Z ,9 Z -6 S ,7 R -epoxy-21:H. Moths of the noctuid species Bleptina caradrinalis (Guenee) were specifically attracted to a blend consisting of a 1:1 mixture of the enantiomers of 3 Z ,9 Z - cis -6,7-epoxy-20:H and to a 4:1 mixture of the enantiomers of 3 Z ,9 Z - cis -6,7-epoxy-21:H. The following geometrid moth species were also caught (optimum lure components in parentheses): Plagodis alcoolaria (Guenee) (3 Z ,9 Z -6 R ,7 S -epoxy-20:H + 3 Z ,6 Z ,9 Z -20:H), Xanthorhoe munitata Hubner (3 Z ,9 Z -6 S ,7 R -epoxy-21:H + 3 Z ,6 Z ,9 Z -21:H), X. abrasaria aquilonaria (Herrich-Schaffer) (3 Z ,9 Z -6 S ,7 R -epoxy-21:H + 3 Z ,6 Z -9 S ,10 R -epoxy-21:H), X. ferrugata (Clerck) (3 Z ,9 Z -6 S ,7 R -epoxy-21:H), Mesoleuca ruficillata (Guenee) (3 Z ,6 Z ,9 Z -20:H or 3 Z ,6 Z ,9 Z -21:H or both), and Anticlea vasiliata (Guenee) (3 Z ,6 Z ,9 Z -21:H). Chiral and achiral attractants for one species often acted as antagonists for closely related or sympatrie species, indicating how discrete chemical communication channels may be maintained.
GENETIC ASPECTS OF SALIVARY SECRETION OF ISOAGGLUTININS.

SummaryWhole saliva was collected from 201 individuals, a number of which were selected specifically for mating studies. Blood types and ability to secrete salivary isoagglutinins were determined. Salivary isoag-glutinins were detected in 31% of blood type A individuals, 46.2% of type B and 75% of type O. The following observations suggest that the ability to secrete salivary isoagglu-tinin is genetically influenced. 1. Blood type O individuals were able to secrete anti-A without secreting anti-B isoagglutinin, or the converse. 2. A comparison of salivary and serum isoagglutinin shows that the serum ti-ters are generally reflected by salivary titers in secretors; serum levels alone, however, do not account for the secretion of salivary iso-agglutinins. 3. Twenty-two matings suggest that the ability to secrete isoagglutinin by type A humans (anti-B) is a recessive characteristic and the secretor ability in type O is not sex-linked. The term “iso-secretor” is suggested for humans who secrete isoaggluti-nins...
Effects of urea on selectivity and protein-ligand interactions in multimodal cation exchange chromatography.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed in concert with chromatography to provide insight into the effect of urea on protein–ligand interactions in multimodal (MM) chromatography. Chromatographic experiments with a protein library in ion exchange (IEX) and MM systems indicated that, while urea had a significant effect on protein retention and selectivity for a range of proteins in MM systems, the effects were much less pronounced in IEX. NMR titration experiments carried out with a multimodal ligand, and isotopically enriched human ubiquitin indicated that, while the ligand binding face of ubiquitin remained largely intact in the presence of urea, the strength of binding was decreased. MD simulations were carried out to provide further insight into the effect of urea on MM ligand binding. These results indicated that, while the overall ligand binding face of ubiquitin remained the same, there was a reduction in the occupancy of the MM ligand interaction regio...
Interferon action in heterokaryons.

SummaryChick interferon was active in chick red blood cell-human fibroblast heterokaryons, whereas it was inactive in the human fibroblasts without fused chick nuclei. The heterokaryons were much less sensitive to human interferon than were the human fibroblasts without chick nuclei. Both human and chick interferons together were more active in heterokaryons than was either interferon alone. Ribosomal turnover studies in heterokaryons and in the human cells without chick nuclei suggest the possibility that the site of interferon action may not be on the ribosomes.
Specific Elimination of Latently HIV-1 Infected Cells Using HIV-1 Protease-Sensitive Toxin Nanocapsules

Anti-retroviral drugs suppress HIV-1 plasma viremia to undetectable levels; however, latent HIV-1 persists in reservoirs within HIV-1-infected patients. The silent provirus can be activated through the use of drugs, including protein kinase C activators and histone deacetylase inhibitors. This "shock" approach is then followed by "kill" of the producing cells either through direct HIV-1-induced cell death or natural immune mechanisms. However, these mechanisms are relatively slow and effectiveness is unclear. Here, we develop an approach to specifically target and kill cells that are activated early in the process of virus production. We utilize a novel nanocapsule technology whereby the ricin A chain is encapsulated in an inactive form within a polymer shell. Specificity for release of the ricin A toxin is conferred by peptide crosslinkers that are sensitive to cleavage by HIV-1 protease. By using well-established latent infection models, J-Lat and U1 cells, we demonstrate that only within an HIV-1-producing cell expressing functional HIV-1 protease will the nanocapsule release its ricin A cargo, shutting down viral and cellular protein synthesis, and ultimately leading to rapid death of the producer cell. Thus, we provide proof of principle for a novel technology to kill HIV-1-producing cells without effects on non-target cells.
A Developmental Approach to Concept Learning

The ability to learn new concepts is essential for any robot to be successful in real-world applications. This is due to the fact that it is impractical for a robot designer to pre-endow it with all the concepts that it would encounter during its operational lifetime. In this context, it becomes necessary that the robot is able to acquire new concepts, in a real-world context, from cues provided in natural, unconstrained interactions, similar to a human-teaching approach. However, existing approaches on concept learning from visual images and abstract concept learning address this problem in a manner that makes them unsuitable for learning in an embodied, real-world environment. This paper presents a developmental approach to concept learning. The proposed system learns abstract, generic features of objects and associates words from sentences referring to those objects with the features, thus providing a grounding for the meaning of the words. The method thus allows the system to later identify such features in previously unseen images. The paper presents results obtained on data acquired with a Kinect camera and on synthetic images.
Repeated plasmapheresis of blood donors as a source of platelets.

Repeated plasmapheresis with simple plastic equipment was performed on six normal donors for the purpose of obtaining platelet-rich-plasma. Plasmapheresis was performed at rates of up to 1000 ml. of plasma per week for periods up to three months. The six donors produced a total of 26.5 liters of platelet-rich-plasma, an amount which would have requried 106 separate blood donations had conventional means been used. No significant changes in hemoglobin, platelets or white cells were observed in the donors and serum protein depletion was minimal. No reactions to intensive plasmapheresis were encountered even when the procedure was abruptly terminated. Repeated donor plasmapheresis is a convenient method for producing large amounts of platelet-rich-plasma and affords a practical means of controlling donor factors in platelet transfusion studies.
Student Veteran perceptions of facilitators and barriers to achieving academic goals

According to recent estimates, over 1 million Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) Veterans are utilizing the post-9/11 GI Bill to pursue higher education. Data collected by the Department of Defense suggests that greater than 17% of returning Veterans may suffer from mental and physical health disorders, which can negatively affect school performance. The current study explored student Veterans' perceived facilitators and barriers to achieving academic goals. Thirty-one student Veterans completed self-report measures and interviews. Results suggested that Veterans that were reporting problems or symptoms in one mental or physical health domain were likely to be reporting symptoms or problems in others as well. The interview data were coded, and three overarching themes related to barriers and facilitators emerged: person features (e.g., discipline and determination, symptoms and stressors), institutional structure (i.e., what schools and the Department of Veterans Affairs do that was perceived to help or hinder student Veteran success), and policy concerns (i.e., how the structure of the GI Bill affects student Veteran school experience). Results from this research indicate the need for larger studies and program development efforts aimed at enhancing academic outcomes for Veterans.
In Vivo Imaging to Monitor Trafficking and Engraftment of Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Rhesus Monkeys

Abstract Significant advancements have been made in the use of noninvasive imaging techniques which includes dramatic improvements in resolution and sensitivity, and imaging systems designed specifically for animals. The non-invasive nature of these techniques allows longitudinal assessments over time, and the evaluation of protocols that could be applied in a human clinical setting. Imaging is also of great utility in situations when it is unclear where to focus the analyses, such as the challenges presented by systemic administration of transplanted cells, which can traffic to different anatomical sites. Our prior studies have shown that we can monitor gene expression in fetal and infant monkeys using reporter genes, microPET, and optical imaging. We have also shown that human mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (hPBSC) from adult male donors and male cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can readily engraft in fetal rhesus monkeys and persist over time. Other recent findings suggest that growth factor expansion of cord blood CD34+ HSC in vitro prior to transplant substantially increases the level of engraftment, with evidence of human hematopoietic cells in the rhesus host at levels significantly greater than the approximate 2% we previously reported. Our studies have also focused on new ways to use optical imaging to monitor transplanted hPBSC, cord blood HSC, and CD34+ precursors differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) that express firefly luciferase and a drug resistance gene, and the development of PET techniques for short-term tracking of transplanted cells. Transduced cells (1×104–20×106 cells/fetus) were transplanted intraperitoneally into fetal monkeys in the late first trimester under ultrasound guidance (N=27), then animals were monitored sonographically during gestation, and delivered by cesarean-section at term. At 1 week postnatal age and monthly thereafter animals were imaged for firefly luciferase expression (bioluminescence) following the intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg D-luciferin, and after the collection of blood and bone marrow for analysis. While evidence of the human Y chromosome (hSRY, hTSPY) was found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD34+ immunoselected cells from marrow by qRT-PCR, the range of copies detected over time did not reflect the imaging findings. Foci of engrafted human cells were found to persist for ≥1 year, to date, in the rhesus host and in anatomical areas not previously identified (e.g., ribs, sternum, liver). In addition, 64Cu-PTSM radiolabeled hPBSC from the same donors were injected postnatally and cell trafficking monitored without evidence of toxicity or adverse effects. These in vivo imaging studies have provided unique insights into the fate of CD34+ cells post-transplantation, and indicate the importance of these techniques for cell transplant protocols.
Bloch-like surface waves in Fibonacci quasi-crystals and Thue-Morse aperiodic dielectric multilayers

Bloch surface waves (BSWs) in periodic dielectric multilayer structures with surface defect have been extensively studied. However, it has recently been recognized that quasi-crystals and aperiodic dielectric multilayers also support Bloch-like surface waves (BLSWs). In this work, we numerically show the existence of BLSWs in Fibonacci quasi-crystals and Thue-Morse aperiodic dielectric multilayers using the prism coupling technique. We compare the surface field enhancement and penetration depth of BLSWs in these structures with that of BSWs in their periodic counterparts.
Teoria inteligentnego projektu a nadnaturalizm. O tezie, że projektantem może być Bóg lub istoty pozaziemskie

When proponents of Intelligent Design (ID) theory deny that their theory is religious, the minimalistic theory they have in mind (the mini-ID theory) is the claim that the irreducibly complex adaptations found in nature were made by one or more intelligent designers. The denial that this theory is religious rests on the fact that it does not specify the identity of the designer – a supernatural God or a team of extra-terrestrials could have done the work. The present paper attempts to show that this reply underestimates the commitments of the mini-ID Theory. The mini-ID theory, when supplemented with four independently plausible further assumptions, entails the existence of a supernatural intelligent designer. It is further argued that scientific theories, such as the Darwinian theory of evolution, are neutral on the question of whether supernatural designers exist.
From Critique to Transformative Leadership

The essays in this excellent anthology illustrate the pedagogy of hope and the practice of democratic education. Each one presents a progressive vision and an inclusive path toward social transformation against the bitter tide of heightened inequality and social despair. Each one points toward a liberating educational goal of developing students as engaged, progressive, global citizens prepared to address the growing and indefensible economic and social inequalities that they have inherited.
Interactive design and the human experience: what can industrial design teach us

With more than a third of PC users, 37 percent are now turning to Smartphones and Tablets to surf the Internet and access entertainment. With this dynamic shift, the use of the wide-open Web has migrated to a semi-closed platform, or Apps, that uses the Internet for data transportation, something once performed by a browser. Users are accessing data all at the same time these devices are becoming intergraded into every aspect of modern life. User interfaces and experiences are changing and designers and developers have to become aware of addressing these changes.