cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a variant erythrocyte surface antigen (VESA1) expressed by Babesia bovis during antigenic variation

Babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic, protozoal parasite of cattle, undergoes clonal antigenic variation (Allred DR, Cinque RM, Lane TJ, Ahrens KP. Infect Immun 1994;62:91-98). This ability could provide a mechanism by which the parasite escapes host immune defenses to establish chronic infection. Previous work identified two parasite-derived antigens of Mr 128,000 and 113,000 that were present on the surface of the infected erythrocyte and appeared to be associated with clonal antigenic variation (Allred DR, Cinque RM, Lane TJ, Ahrens KP. Infect Immun 1994;62:91 98). Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 3F7.1H11 and 4D9.1G1, which recognize the variant erythrocyte surface antigen (VESA1) have been identified. These mAbs react only with the surface of erythrocytes infected with the B. bovis C9.1 clone in live-cell immunofluorescence assays. In both conventional and surface immunoprecipitations, the mAbs precipitate a variant antigen doublet that matches in mass the infected red blood cell (IRBC) surface antigens precipitated with bovine serum. In contrast, Western blot analysis revealed that only the Mr 128,000 polypeptide is recognized by the mAbs. Neither mAb recognizes antigenically variant progenitor or progeny parasite clones in any of the immunoassays, confirming the involvement of this antigen in rapid clonal antigenic variation. Failure to label this antigen with [9,10(n)-3H]myristic acid, [9,10(n)-3H]palmitic acid or D-[6-3H]glucosamine indicates that these polypeptides are neither N-glycosylated nor fatty acylated. Identity of the variant antigen recognized by the mAbs with that putatively identified with immune serum was confirmed by comparison of partial proteolytic digestion products. Unambiguous identification of the VESA1 antigen as a component of antigenic variation will facilitate characterization of the events leading to antigenic variation on the B. bovis-infected erythrocyte surface and its significance to parasite survival during chronic infection.
Behavioral Comparisons of the Tastes of l-Alanine and Monosodium Glutamate in Rats

Recent research has implicated T1R1/T1R3 as the primary taste receptor in mammals for detecting L-amino acids, including Lmonosodium glutamate (MSG) and L-alanine. Previous behavioral studies with rodents found only minimal evidence that these two substances share perceptual qualities, but those studies did not control for the taste of sodium associated with MSG. This study used several behavioral methods to compare the perceptual qualities of MSG and L-alanine in rats, using amiloride (a sodium channel blocker) to reduce the sodium component of MSG taste. Detection thresholds of L-alanine in rats ranged between 0.4 and 2.5 mM, with or without amiloride added, which are similar to threshold estimates for MSG. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) found that rats showed strong cross-generalization of CTA between MSG and L-alanine when mixed with amiloride, indicating the two substances have similar perceptual qualities. Discrimination methods showed that rats easily discriminated between L-alanine and MSG unless the cue function of sodium was reduced. The discrimination became significantly more difficult at concentrations <100 mM when amiloride was added to all stimuli and became even more difficult when NaCl was also added to L-alanine solutions to match the sodium concentrations of MSG. These results indicate that, perceptually, MSG and L-alanine have quite similar taste qualities and support the hypothesis that these two L-amino acids activate a common taste receptor. The differences in perceptual qualities also suggest separate afferent processing of one or both substances may also be involved.
Deep vein thrombosis, ecythyma gangrenosum and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurring in a man with a heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation

Skin necrosis and limb gangrene are occasional thrombotic manifestations of anticoagulation therapy. We report a man heterozygous for the Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, and with a history of recurrent deep venous thrombosis, who initially presented with a necrotic skin lesion of the right flank while on warfarin therapy with a therapeutic international normalized ratio. Warfarin was discontinued and he received intravenous heparin. Thereafter he developed thrombocytopenia and pedal erythema and was diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Heparin was replaced with argatroban. He ultimately underwent bilateral below-knee amputations for the thrombotic complications of the HIT. The initial necrotic lesion healed with antibiotics and wound care. Pathologic examination of multiple biopsy specimens revealed two separate lesions. One was necrotic tissue infiltrated with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus having features of ecthyma gangrenosum. The second showed thrombotic changes consistent with HIT. The case illustrates the differential diagnosis of skin necrosis and limb gangrene in patients on warfarin and heparin, and also the clinical complexities that can occur in a FVL heterozygote.
An improvement of thermal conductivity of underfill materials for flip-chip packages

Effective heat dissipation is crucial to enhance the performance and reliability of electronic devices. In this work, the performance of encapsulants filled with carbon fiber was studied and compared with silica filled encapsulants. Encapsulants filled with mixed combination of fillers for optimizing key properties were also investigated. The thermal and electrical conductivities were investigated and glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal expansion coefficient (TCE), and storage modulus (E') of these materials were studied with thermal analysis methods. The composites filled with both carbon fiber and silica showed an increase of thermal conductivity three to five times of that of silica filled encapsulants of the same filler loading while maintaining/enhancing major mechanical and thermal properties.
Diagnosis by computed tomography of arteriovenous fistula complicating ruptured iliac artery aneurysm.

Abstract Isolated iliac artery aneurysms comprise less than 1% of all arteriosclerotic aneurysms. Spontaneous iliac arteriovenous fistula is a rare complication of these aneurysms with only 16 cases previously described. The diagnosis depends on a strong clinical suspicion and usually requires angiography for confirmation. We report a case in which CT with contrast medium showed clear findings of a spontaneous iliac arteriovenous fistula complicating rupture of an isolated iliac artery aneurysm. CT findings included: (1) iliac artery aneurysm, (2) vena caval dilatation, (3) rapid flow of contrast medium from the arterial side into the dilated inferior vena cava on dynamic scanning, (4) increased density of the inferior vena cava similar to that of the aorta caused by entry through the fistula of blood with a high concentration of iodinated contrast medium, and (5) the actual fistula connecting the two vessels. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:605-8.)
Review of Low Frame Rate Effects on Human Performance

In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive survey of the effects of different frame rates (FRs) on human performance and reviewed more than 50 studies and summarized them in the areas of psychomotor performance, perceptual performance, behavioral effects, and subjective perception. Overall, there seems to be strong support for a threshold of around 15 Hz for many tasks, including those that are psychomotor and perceptual in nature. Less impressive yet acceptable performance may be accomplished at around 10 Hz for many tasks. Subjective reactions to the quality and watchability of videos seem to support rates of 5 Hz, although videos presented at 15 Hz and above are generally more widely preferred. These generalizations regarding superior and acceptable FRs may also be subject to the effects of several moderating factors such as display characteristics, nature of the tasks, viewing condition, additional cues, and user experience.
Current status of endovascular management of complicated acute type B aortic dissection

Acute type B dissection is a catastrophic condition. Up to 20% of these patients develop severe complications such as rupture or branch vessel malperfusion. These challenging patients are usually triaged to surgical or endovascular management. The surgical approach has been the gold standard for treatment of complicated type B dissection. However, the management has been challenging even in centers of excellence. For these reasons, thoracic endovascular aortic repair of acute aortic dissection has gained increased interest as an initial treatment option. The goal of this therapy is to exclude the primary entry site, obliterate the false lumen, prevent aortic rupture, and relieve visceral and lower body malperfusion. The aim of this study is to review the contemporary outcome of patients undergoing endovascular treatment for complicated acute type B aortic dissection.
Parental Alcoholism and Coping: A Comparison of Female Children of Alcoholics With Female Children of Nonalcoholics

The authors assessed potential differences between children of alcoholics and children of non· alcoholics in depression and choice of coping strategies. Although significant group differences were detected for level of depression. mean depression scores for both groups fell within the no depression range on the Beck Depression Inventory. No significant differences in coping strategies were detected.
Extending the Measurement with a Larger Data Set

This chapter presents an extension of the measurement discussed in the previous chapters, this time exploiting the majority of the 2010 dataset and extending the upper \(E_{\text{T}}^{\gamma }\) reach to 400 GeV. The final measurement is made in eight bins of \(E_{\text{T}}^{\gamma }\): 45–55, 55–70, 70–85, 85–100, 100–125, 125–150, 150–200, and 200–400 GeV. By improving the selection criteria applied by the trigger and offline reconstruction algorithms, the pseudorapidity region \(1.81 \le |\eta | < 2.37\) is also included in the measurement, in addition to the three pseudorapidity regions used in the 880 nb\(^{-1}\) analysis.
An Investigation of Consumers' Responses to Comparative “Attack” Ads

The current study contributes to the ever-expanding literature pertaining to comparative advertising by focusing specifically on comparative “attack” ads. Using the persuasion resistance process as a theoretical foundation, our findings indicate that users committed to the comparative referent are much more likely to resist persuasive attempts than are less-committed users, and hold brand attitudes with greater confidence. However, commitment of the consumers to the comparative referent has little impact on their reactions to positively- versus negatively-framed comparative ads. This pattern of effects was observed in both immediate and delayed (two-week) ad exposure conditions.
Dual slotted plates in fixation of fractures of the femoral shaft.

Internal fixation of fractures of the femoral shaft by two slotted plates is advocated for the treatment of fractures in Which internal fixation is indicated for malposition, nonunion, or malunion, or in which open reduction is the treatment of choice. The report includes a series of eighteen fractures which were treated successfully by this method. The absolute rigidity and contact established by two slotted plates make it possible to dispense with external immobilization, and the patient may bear weight without restriction as early as a week after the operation.
The DARE Corpus: A Resource for Anaphora Resolution in Dialogue Based Intelligent Tutoring Systems

We describe the DARE corpus, an annotated data set focusing on pronoun resolution in tutorial dialogue. Although data sets for general purpose anaphora resolution exist, they are not suitable for dialogue based Intelligent Tutoring Systems. To the best of our knowledge, no data set is currently available for pronoun resolution in dialogue based intelligent tutoring systems. The described DARE corpus consists of 1,000 annotated pronoun instances collected from conversations between high-school students and the intelligent tutoring system DeepTutor. The data set is publicly available.
Linking Human Rights and Climate Change at the United Nations

This essay describes and analyzes the recent report by the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights ('OHCHR') on climate change and human rights, the first effort by an international human rights body to examine the relationship. The OHCHR report reaches several important conclusions: (1) climate change threatens the enjoyment of a broad array of human rights; (2) climate change does not, however, necessarily violate human rights law; (3) human rights law nevertheless places duties on states concerning climate change; and (4) those duties include an obligation of international cooperation. Although some of these conclusions are likely to be controversial, they are all firmly grounded in human rights law. The report portends a sea change in the consideration of climate change by international human rights bodies. Citing the report, the U.N. Human Rights Council has already encouraged its special mandate-holders to address climate change within their specific mandates. It seems likely that the report will also help to spur human rights treaty bodies to take climate change into account as they monitor state compliance with their treaty obligations. It is far less clear, however, whether the consideration of climate change by human rights bodies will affect the negotiation of a new climate agreement.
Return to Work for Patients with Low Back Pain: Two Case Studies

Dismal return to work rates and mounting disability costs in the chronic low back pain (LBP) population imply the need for innovative re-employment strategies. The supported employment approach utilizes a vocational specialist under close physician supervision. It is more proactive, less biased, and more specialized than the more traditional case management approach used by many insurance companies. Supported employment has been used extensively at our institution in the brain injured population and we have recently begun exploring its use in LBP patients. Herein, we describe the successful use of supported employment in two individuals with chronic disabling LBP.
Pivot Points: Direct Measures of the Content and Process of Community-based Learning

This research is an initial investigation into the ways community-based learning increase the cognitive skills central to the exercise of the sociological imagination. In addition to identifying a means to reveal that learning had occurred, we looked for evidence that the students were mastering sociological content, especially the concepts and habits of the sociological imagination. Using a grounded theory approach, a student/faculty research team conducted a content analysis of 160 field notes from 34 undergraduate participant-observers enrolled in an academically grounded, field-based sociology course. The analysis revealed patterns of "pivot points" where students’ understanding is characterized by a noticeable jump rather than as incremental or gradual change in knowledge acquisition. These pivot points are fundamental, categorical shifts in understanding connecting particular observations to generalized theories or constructs.
Some Polynomials of Touchard Connected with the Bernoulli Numbers

In a recent paper (4) Touchard has constructed a set of polynomials Ω n (z) such that (1) , where after expansion of the left member B m is replaced by B m , , and (2) .
The Brazilian Armed Forces and the Overthrow of the Monarchy: Another Perspective

In mid-November of 1889, elements of the armed forces stationed in Rio de Janeiro formally overthrew the Brazilian monarchy. Analyses of these events always include the discontent of the army as one of the major factors in the downfall of the empire, along with the disillusionment of the planters following the abolition of slavery without compensation, the gradual acceptance of the inevitability of a republic by Brazil's political elite, and the “religious question,” that is, the conflict between secularism and ultramontanism in the 1870's. Many of the older studies of these events, such as Oliveira Vianna's, stress the armed forces as the major factor in the downfall of the empire; however, several more recent works, for example, that of Jose Maria Bello, relegate the officers to a far less important role. In this article, both these views will be considered, and then the composition and activities of the Brazilian armed forces will be examined in greater detail.
The railway demand sound of the northwest development——Seeing based on the view of economy

Modern China in developing the northwest a national consensus to various specific development plan also is repeatedly raised by the community.Among them,in order to pull the Northwest Railway proposed economic development,rather the time attracted much attention.As a newmode of transport,railway transport Czech province of its fees by the Northwest Development of the characteristics of persons and ordinary people great concern to the northwest,at the time of the Northwest Development plays an important role on the tide.
Virulence Gene-Associated Mutant Bacterial Colonies Generate Differentiating Two-Dimensional Laser Scatter Fingerprints.

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated whether a laser scatterometer designated BARDOT (bacterial rapid detection using optical scattering technology) could be used to directly screen colonies of Listeria monocytogenes, a model pathogen, with mutations in several known virulence genes, including the genes encoding Listeria adhesion protein (LAP; lap mutant), internalin A (ΔinlA strain), and an accessory secretory protein (ΔsecA2 strain). Here we show that the scatter patterns of lap mutant, ΔinlA, and ΔsecA2 colonies were markedly different from that of the wild type (WT), with >95% positive predictive values (PPVs), whereas for the complemented mutant strains, scatter patterns were restored to that of the WT. The scatter image library successfully distinguished the lap mutant and ΔinlA mutant strains from the WT in mixed-culture experiments, including a coinfection study using the Caco-2 cell line. Among the biophysical parameters examined, the colony height and optical density did not reveal any discernible differences between the mutant and WT strains. We also found that differential LAP expression in L. monocytogenes serotype 4b strains also affected the scatter patterns of the colonies. The results from this study suggest that BARDOT can be used to screen and enumerate mutant strains separately from the WT based on differential colony scatter patterns. IMPORTANCE In studies of microbial pathogenesis, virulence-encoding genes are routinely disrupted by deletion or insertion to create mutant strains. Screening of mutant strains is an arduous process involving plating on selective growth media, replica plating, colony hybridization, DNA isolation, and PCR or immunoassays. We applied a noninvasive laser scatterometer to differentiate mutant bacterial colonies from WT colonies based on forward optical scatter patterns. This study demonstrates that BARDOT can be used as a novel, label-free, real-time tool to aid researchers in screening virulence gene-associated mutant colonies during microbial pathogenesis, coinfection, and genetic manipulation studies.
Growth of the Normal Trunk in Boys and Girls During the Second Decade of Life: Related To Age, Maturity, And Ossification Of The Iliac Epiphyses

The length of the truk and its growth in children have been determined at yearly intervals during the last nine years of their growth from a longitudinal study of a series of boys and girls with normal spines. The amounts of growth in sitting height which remain at successive levels of maturity (skeletal ages) have been provided in both numerical and graphic form. These values show the average trend as well as the extent of variation at each age considered. This informations should help in the evaluations of the growth potential of individual children who may have some interference with the normal growth of their spines.
The FDA and Surgical Innovation

The United States is the largest single medical device market in the world representing more than a third of the global market which might reach as much as $133 billion by 2016. Most of the 6500 medical device companies in the USA are small- or medium-sized businesses with less than 50 employees. A significant percentage of these small businesses are startups with a little or no revenue. These small businesses are the lifeblood of innovation that has been responsible for the preeminent position that the USA has enjoyed thus far. The characteristics of the innovation pathway are critical to the success of device development, improvements in health, and cost-effectiveness of care in this country. Although the FDA stands as the first significant gatekeeper in the innovation process, this innovation pathway has several components in addition, such as the impact of CPT coding, payers, group pricing, training, and the like.
Therapies That Manipulate Host Defense Mechanisms

Physicians manipulate the adaptive immune responses to assist patients in overcoming immune-mediated pathologies and to protect against potential pathogenic microorganisms. Even before the discovery of microorganisms, medical practitioners developed vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. In the late nineteenth century, researchers discovered antibodies specific for bacteria, and the era of serotherapy began. Infusion of antibodies against toxin into infected patients significantly decreased morbidity and mortality in children infected with diphtheria. The success of vaccines is evidenced by the elimination of smallpox from the world (1980) and a significant decrease in other viral and bacterial infections. New vaccines are continually being sought, particularly to emerging pathogens including Ebola and human immunodeficiency virus. During the last two decades of the twentieth century and in the twenty-first century investigators developed immunotherapies against immune-mediated diseases including asthma and autoimmunity. Major breakthroughs include development of technology to produce monoclonal antibodies, methods to regulate the synthesis and/or function of various cytokines, and replacement of mutated genes in immunocompetent cells. These advances produced Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies for several clinical pathologies including cancer, allogeneic transplantation, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, and congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies.
The Neural Mechanisms of Prejudice Intervention

Abstract Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a person based on their group membership. These typically unjustified evaluations affect a person's emotions and behavior, sometimes leading to discrimination. Our chapter focuses on the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to inform our understanding of prejudice expression and interventions. We first review the meaning of prejudice—how social scientists define and measure it as a psychological phenomenon. We then provide an overview of a neural network comprised of brain areas involved in emotion processing and regulation that neuroscientists have consistently implicated in prejudice. We conclude with an optimistic outlook. Despite the fact that neural regions are reliably associated with prejudice exhibition, successful interventions have been developed that shape race processing and attenuate prejudice.
Perspectives on Auditory Translational Research

Translational research encompasses a spectrum beginning with basic scientific inquiry, extending into applied assessment in clinical trial evaluations, and ultimately extending to clinical application and assessment of the impact on public health. Translational research occurs at the boundaries between each of these steps, with specific activities required to move from basic science into clinical testing (translation 1, T1), from clinical testing into clinical best practice guidelines (translation 2, T2), from guidelines into healthcare practice (translation 3, T3), and from clinical practice into public health benefit (translation 4, T4). This volume on translational research introduces scientists and clinicians to this process via specific examples across current “hot topics” in auditory research. Among the topics are examples from central auditory processing disorder, sudden hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus, cisplatin-induced hearing loss, molecular therapies for hair cell regeneration, and next-generation novel cochlear implant devices relying on optical stimulation. A brief review of each chapter is included here. Across the chapters, readers will appreciate the current state of the science, a review of current clinical practices, and emerging evidence-based interventions with the overarching goal of providing interested parties with a reference highlighting the process, challenges, and rewards of translational research.
Asymmetry Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Production in Emerging Countries

ABSTRACTPrevious studies that tried to assess the impact of exchange rate changes on domestic production of emerging economies assumed that the effects are symmetric and used a linear model to provide mixed results. In this paper, we try to determine whether exchange rate changes could have asymmetric effects which amounts to using a nonlinear model. We find that the nonlinear model performs much better than the linear model and yields results that support asymmetry effects of exchange rate changes on domestic production in many of the countries in our sample, both in the short run and in the long run.
Data Acquisition: Towards Optimal Use of Sensors

The main source of knowledge is processing data. Data comes from sensors. Within a limited budget, it is extremely important to make sure that the use of the sensors is optimized so that we get the largest possible amount of useful data from these sensors. Traditionally, most data comes from stationary sensors, i.e., sensors which we place at fixed locations . For such sensors, it is important to come up with the optimal placement , the placement which would lead to the largest amount of useful data. We analyze this problem in Sect. 2.1, on the example of placing bio-weapon detectors, and in Sect. 2.2, on the example of placing environmental sensors. The problem of optimal use becomes more technically challenging if we take into account the possibility of using mobile sensors , i.e., sensors which we can move along different trajectories. In this case, it is important to come up with optimal trajectories, i.e., the trajectories which would lead to the largest amount of useful data. We analyze this problem in Sect. 2.3, on the example of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) patrolling the border . In all these cases, it is important to make sure that not only we have an algorithm producing the optimal placement or optimal trajectory: we also need to make sure that the corresponding algorithms are computationally efficient, i.e., that the corresponding optimization algorithms can produce the resulting optimal setting in reasonable time. The more sensors we need to place, the more computations we need and therefore, the more important it is for the computation time to be reasonable. This is especially important in situations of big data , when the amount of data is so huge that the traditional numerical methods are not applicable [1, 2, 3, 4]. We analyze this problem in Sect. 2.4, again on the example of security problems.
Terahertz conductivity and scattering in few-layer stacked graphene

We study the role of complex scattering effects in transferred bi-layer and tri-layer CVD graphene, wherein the dynamics of intrinsic and photo-excited carriers is governed by interactions between adjacent layers. We observed non-Drude conductivity stemming from scattering in electrically connected systems; these effects being more pronounced at low temperatures. Dynamics of photo-excited carriers are studied in the context of intense terahertz field and optical fluence. We observe enhanced scattering and attribute it to coulombic interactions in the stacked systems investigated under various non-equilibrium conditions.
An iPod-based adaptation of MBSR for lung cancer: Associations of usage with depression and behavioral and endocrine circadian markers

Depressive symptoms are common in lung cancer. In turn, depression and disrupted circadian rhythms predict early mortality in several cancer types, including lung cancer. Mindfulness-based Stress-Reduction (MBSR) shows promise for depression treatment but lacks feasibility for those with socioeconomic disadvantage or functional disability precluding group attendance. We piloted an iPod-based adaptation of MBSR for cancer patients. We explored patient factors related to intervention use; and associations of usage with depressive symptoms, rest activity rhythms, and cortisol rhythms. Participants reported distress and depressive symptoms. They wore actigraphs and collected waking and bedtime saliva for cortisol assessment over 10 days. A subsequent interview oriented them to mindfulness. They were given iPods with MBSR didactic and meditation practice tracks. Follow-up data were collected at three months. Alpha = 0.10 was adopted for this pilot. The sample (n = 65, 67% female, 78% non–Hispanic white) averaged 23 months post-diagnosis, mostly with advanced or metastatic disease. Thirty-eight participants provided follow-up data, and 24 returned iPods. Usage was not linked with baseline demographic, medical, or psychological factors. Stronger baseline rest-activity and cortisol rhythms emerged as predictors of subsequent intervention use. Usage (total minutes, tracks played) was linked with reduction of depression and bedtime cortisol. It’s interesting that rhythms, not clinical factors/symptoms, predicted iPod use. Future research should continue to explore the potential of simple media-based interventions to alleviate psychological symptoms in patients with advancing cancer.
Targeted Elimination of Immunodominant B Cells Drives the Germinal Center Reaction toward Subdominant Epitopes

Rapidly evolving pathogens such as HIV or influenza can quickly mutate their antigenic profiles, reducing the efficacy of conventional vaccines. Despite this challenge, functionally required epitopes are highly conserved among heterologous viral strains and represent a key vulnerability that could be targeted during vaccine development. As the antigenicity of these conserved epitopes is frequently subdominant, there is a critical need for innovative vaccination strategies designed to target these neutralizing epitopes. Here, we immunized mice with antigens containing discrete immunodominant and subdominant moieties and show that treatment with soluble heterologous antigen bearing only the immunodominant epitope selectively suppresses these germinal center (GC) B cells. By exploiting this intrinsic tolerance mechanism, we promote the expansion of subdominant B cells in the GC and the subsequent long-lived components of the humoral response. We propose that this strategy may be applied to elicit preferential expansion of subdominant B cells that recognize weakly immunogenic epitopes on microbial pathogens.
On Educational Advocacy and Cultural Work: Situating Community-Based Youth Work[ers] in Broader Educational Discourse.

Background/ContextThe current educational market nestled in neoliberal and market-based reform efforts has shifted the nature of public education. Community-based educational spaces are also shaped...
Xenon Nmr Spectroscopy of Xenon Gas Adsorbed in Nickel-Exchanged Sodium Y-Zeolites

Abstract Xenon NMR spectra of the gas adsorbed in nickel-exchanged sodium Y-zeolites are affected by the nature of the zeolite, including the temperature at which the outgassing is done, the amount of ion exchange, and the xenon pressure. We discuss the factors that influence the chemical shift.
Detection of Pulmonary Gene Transfer Using Iodide-124/Positron Emission Tomography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role played by molecular imaging in pulmonary gene therapy, especially positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using [124]I as a radiotracer. Tumor suppressor genes are among the most popular therapeutic targets. Mutated in >50% of lung cancers, p53 is the classic tumor suppressor gene involved in cell-cycle regulation and apoptosis. Gene transfer of p53 in retroviral or adenoviral vectors has confirmed its therapeutic effects in animal models of human lung cancer. Besides p53, mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, including p16, p21, and p27, are frequently seen in lung carcinoma. The fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene and melanoma differentiation associated gene (MDA-7) also promote apoptosis while maintaining no toxicity to normal cells. These genes are all promising targets for pulmonary gene therapy. The gene transfer to humans can be achieved using either ex vivo or in vivo strategies. For pulmonary cancer gene therapy, central tumors can often be reached by flexible bronchoscopy and peripheral tumors by established transthoracic radiologic-guided approaches. The vectors used in gene therapy usually contain an expression cassette comprised by the cDNA of interest, and both 5’ upstream and 3’ downstream flanking regions. The 5’ region is the promoter sequence, and the 3’ flanking region usually influences the RNA splicing and polyadenylaiton and post-translational processing. There are a few viral vectors available for gene transfer, including retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. The double-stranded DNA adenovirus is the most widely used vector in pulmonary gene therapy. Adenoviruses have large, complex, linear 36 kb DNA genomes and are known for their high gene transfer efficiency in multiple tissues, especially lung.
Emily Dickinson in "The land of dye-wood"

Included in my teaching in USP for eighteen months in 1969-70 were classes on Emily Dickinson’s poetry at several levels. My preparation led to several publications, including studies of Brazilian translations of her work and of the handful of her poems that make reference to Brazil. My interpretations of the so-called “Brazil poems” were to be contested by the noted Dickinson scholar Rebecca Patterson in a preface intended for the book she was just finishing. The story of these conflicting interpretations is told largely through quotation from Patterson’s unpublished letters to me and to my colleague and friend Barton L. St. Armand. Patterson’s death preceded her final preparation of the book for publication; when Emily Dickinson’s Imagery, edited by Margaret H. Freeman, did appear in 1979, the volume failed to contain the preface Patterson had written for it.
Teaching with Citizen Science—It’s More than Just Putting Out Fires!

Reformers in science education continue to stimulate thinking, debate, and changes in the way we conceptualize the preparation of science teachers, reflecting a shift in emphasis from teaching skills and strategies of teaching to providing conditions associated with prospective teachers’ increased responsibility for their own learning. Yet, as Northfield (1998) points out, for the most part, pre-service teacher preparation programs are designed to present what “science educators believe new teachers need to know and understand to work in the profession” (p. 695). Researchers such as Aikenhead (2006), Elmesky (2006), Maulucci (2008) and Tobin (2006) suggest the need for changes in the way that science teachers are prepared to meet the demands of diverse communities who are often at risk socially and environmentally. Not surprisingly, a half-century after Sputnik, these science educators, and others like them point to the failures of science teacher preparation to align with criteria such as relevance, interest and justice underlying many of the pervasive questions of equity in science education and schooling in general. Thus, it is imperative that schools and universities come together to understand the intent of education in the twenty-first century and create a new vision of science teacher preparation, in which prospective teachers examine the way their assumptions come to be formed, and not only solve problems but discover how they originate. We share one perspective on how change can be enacted by drawing from research conducted in a secondary science teacher preparation course organized around the tenets of citizen science.
On a Circularity in Our Knowledge of the Physically Real

In this essay I wish to raise a comparatively innocent-looking problem and explore the consequences of taking it seriously. The problem, briefly stated, is this: is there an essential circularity in our knowledge of the physical world? If so, does it matter? That is, does it have a systematically self-defeating effect on our attempts to understand that world? It will be seen as we proceed that a similar question can be raised for all claims to knowledge, but for the time being I restrict my attention to the episte-mology of science. By way of an approach to the problem, consider an example that embodies it. Suppose we take some book about the physical world, for example, Henry Margenau’s The Nature of Physical Reality.(1) It is an object in the physical world and has all the properties of such an object—location, cohesion, relative impenetrability, mass, motion, and the rest. Also, it consists of an ingenious and compact ordering of plane surfaces, about 1.7× 105 cm2 of them, that allows the display of an arrangement of some 9.5 × 105 marks, of roughly 75 basic types, by means of a technique of impregnating the surface at the appropriate points with a preparation that changes its reflective power. These marks constitute a code that can be decoded by certain other physical objects, namely human beings, which share the same basic properties—location, cohesion, and the rest—but have in addition special facilities for receiving and analyzing visual signals and processing and storing information.
Rapid Shear Flow of Densely Packed Granular Solids

Abstract Present theories cannot yet accurately describe the rapid shear flow of granular solids. Most theoretical formulations of the equations of motion contain undetermined functions or coefficients. Those equations that are fully deterministic predict stresses that differ from experimentally determined results by one or more orders of magnitude. Previous investigations that have provided a quantifiable description of the stress state have adopted a binary collision model to describe the momentum exchange within the granular flow. A preliminary analysis which incorporates the kinematic constraints of the flow process, indicates that a lateral mass transfer occurs that has a significant effect upon the momentum exchange between colliding solids. These effects have not been previously reported. By incorporating the effects of this lateral mass transfer into the analytical procedure proposed by Shen and Ackermann (1982), theoretically predicted stresses are found which agree well with experimentally determined values.
The Trump Transition: Beginning a Distinctive Presidency

Objective Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign was unorthodox by any standard. But does an unorthodox campaign result in an administration different from its predecessors? Methods We examine the Trump transition to identify similarities with and differences from previous administrations. Results Similarities include certain patterns in personnel selections, centralization of policy making, and the role of the vice president. Key differences include fewer high‐ranking officials with prior experience in government, the White House chief of staff lacking policy experience, a higher proportion of nominations being challenged in the Senate, and decrease in gender and ethnic diversity among key appointees. Conclusion An unorthodox presidential campaign produced an administration somewhat different but not wholly different from its predecessors.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)- induced extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)- phosphorylation is mediated by EP4 receptor in human colon cancer cells

1639 Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colorectal tumor tissues leads to increased production of prostaglandins, of which PGE2 is the major abundant prostaglandin. Several studies have demonstrated the role of PGE2 in colon carcinogenesis through increased cell proliferation, cell invasion, angiogenesis, and reduced apoptosis. These biological effects of PGE2 are mediated by four types of G-protein coupled receptors, termed as EP1-4. The data from in vitro as well as in vivo studies have shown that activation of MAP kinases such as ERK1/2 is involved in PGE2-stimulated cell proliferation. However, the EP receptors that mediate ERK activation by PGE2 are not known. Here we show that exogenous treatment of HCA-7 colon cancer cells (expressing all four EP receptors) with PGE1 alcohol (EP3/EP4 agonist), but not 17-phenyltrinor prostaglandin E2 (EP1/EP3 agonist), leads to ERK phosphorylation, suggesting the possible involvement of EP4 receptor in PGE2-induced ERK activation. However, the receptor agonists used are not highly selective. Therefore, by using a highly selective EP4 receptor antagonist L-161,982 and by depleting the EP4 receptor using RNA interference (RNAi) approach, we provide evidence for the specific involvement of EP4 receptor in PGE2-induced ERK activation in HCA-7 as well as LS174T cells. We also show that the EP4-receptor mediated ERK activation is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MEK- dependent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that stimulation of EP4 receptor leads to significant increase in cell proliferation, and blocking this receptor with L-161,982 significantly attenuates PGE2-stimulated cell proliferation. Our results indicate that EP4 receptor mediates PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation and plays a role in PGE2-stimulated cell proliferation. Therefore, selective targeting and blocking the EP4 receptor subtype would be a logical approach in the treatment of colon cancer without inhibiting the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.
Making it Old: Premodern Japanese Poetry in English Translation

ABSTRACTPremodern Japan boasts one of the world’s richest and most venerable poetic traditions, with a written history dating back to about the 6th century CE. But translations into English of its ...
Kinetically Controlled Photoinduced Phase Separation for Hybrid Radical/Cationic Systems

Controlling phase separation in polymer systems has shown significant promise in combining properties of different components into an integrated polymer system. In this work, we investigate the eff...
Shipibo Hunting And The Overkill Hypothesis

. In his paper, and in other publications, Martin advanced the hypothesis that Pleistocene hunters who had entered North America caused, or contributed heavily to, the extinction of many North American megafauna that existed in abundance just prior to the new human arrivals (Martin 1989, 2005; Steadman et al. 2005). Although I did not set out to test Martin’s “overkill” hypothesis, I had several occasions to witness the behavior of Native Americans in the Peruvian Amazon who found themselves in a more or less undisturbed and sometimes pristine natural environment brimming with wildlife unaccustomed to human presence.
Prevention of diabetes-related retinal microangiopathy with aldose reductase inhibitors.

One of the most significant breakthroughs in research on diabetes since the advent of insulin was the discovery, in animal models, that the polyol pathway involving aldose reductase is responsible for tissue complications similar to those occurring in diabetic patients (1). Under diabetic conditions polyol accumulates in cells from the activity of aldose reductase which would normally remain inactive. The accumulation of intracellular polyol and associated loss of myo-inositol somehow result in alternations in cell function and eventual cell death, though the mechanisms are not thoroughly understood and may vary from tissues to tissue.
Recent Developments in Behavioral Intervention Informed by Basic Research

Abstract The standard of care for severe behavioral problems of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities involves conducting assessments to determine the variables that give rise to and support problem behavior and hypothesis-driven intervention that addresses these causes. Conventional interventions involve disrupting the contingency between problem behavior and the consequences that support it, while establishing or strengthening alternative behavioral repertoires to displace problem behavior. Numerous studies have shown that these interventions can be effective, but the context in which researchers have demonstrated this effectiveness has not always mirrored what is practical or practicable in “the real world”. In this chapter, we describe basic, translational, and applied studies that embrace the conventional strategy, while considering the influence of basic behavioral processes to shed light on how these interventions may go awry and, in some cases, what practitioners can do to enhance their effectiveness. The implications of recent basic research on several topics are considered, but we focus on behavioral momentum theory and the burgeoning field of behavioral economics.
Leveraging Surface Hsp90 Expression for Rapid-on-site Breast Cancer Diagnostics

We developed a portable, low-cost, handheld fluorescent microscope to perform rapid heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) molecular imaging. The source of non-specific signal and diffusion kinetics of the probe is studied.
Spatial Distribution Profiles of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Efavirenz, and Rilpivirine in Murine Tissues Following In Vivo Dosing Correlate with Their Safety Profiles in Humans

Emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir (TFV), efavirenz (EFV), and rilpivirine (RPV) are currently used as components of HIV combination therapy. Although these drugs are widely used in antiretroviral ther...
The inpatient burden and comorbidities of pyoderma gangrenosum in adults in the United States.

Hospital admission is often necessary for management of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), including wound care and pain control. No large-scale controlled studies examined the burden of hospitalization for PG. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, predictors, outcomes, and costs of hospitalization for PG in United States adults. Data were analyzed from the 2002 to 2012 National Inpatient Sample, including a 20% representative sample of United States hospitalizations. The prevalence of hospitalization for PG increased between 2002 and 2012. Primary admission for PG was associated with age 40–59 years, female sex, black race/ethnicity, second-quartile household income, public or no insurance, and multiple chronic conditions. PG admissions were more likely at teaching and medium or large hospitals. Geometric-mean length and cost of hospitalization were higher in inpatients with vs. without a primary diagnosis of PG. The majority of inpatients with PG were classified with minor (64.4%) or moderate (25.7%) likelihood of dying, but moderate (52.5%) and major (28.7%) loss of function. PG was associated with numerous other health disorders. The limitation of this study is the lack of data on PG treatment. This study demonstrated a substantial and increasing inpatient burden of PG in the United States, with considerable disability and mortality risk, multiple comorbid health disorders, and costs.
A Gay Male Leadership Advantage? How Agency Affects Evaluations of Gay and Straight Male Leaders

The current research contributes to the ongoing debate of the effects of demographic characteristics on leadership evaluations, focusing on sexual orientation. As attitudes toward sexual minorities...