cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: America and the world, 1945–1991

The era herein reviewed began in the closing months of World War II and ended with the disappearance of the Soviet Union. The central thread in the tapestry of the international politics of the time was the Soviet-American confrontation. In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States, allied in the war against the Axis powers, crushed their enemies and emerged from the war triumphant, each with only the other remaining as a credible adversary. The next forty-five years constituted what John Lewis Gaddis has called the “Long Peace,” as the two great empires competed without direct conflict between them. And then the Soviet empire collapsed and was gone. The period was also striking because of the disintegration of all of the pre–World War II colonial empires, and the appearance of scores of newly independent states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. As each of these new nations struggled to define itself, to search for some modicum of wealth and power, it contributed another ripple to the tides of world affairs, sometimes barely perceptible, often so evident as to force one or both of the great powers to change course. There was too much turmoil in the world for any country, even one as powerful as the United States, to exercise hegemony. And along the way the locus of power shifted, as Chinese military strength developed, and as Japan, South Korea, and the ASEAN states demonstrated their economic vitality.
The Biology of Depression in Children and Adolescents

Until the last two decades, it was assumed that children did not experience adult forms of depression. This was based on etiologic hypotheses of depression which required cognitive maturity beyond that possessed by children. Thus, it was suggested that children might have variant forms of depression, so called “masked depression,” which were symptomatologically unlike adult depression but which might evolve into adult forms of the disorder. It was thought that the adult pattern was just not seen in this younger age group.
Music therapy for pain management: the state of the art

Pain is a common clinical issue in medical populations, and music therapy is widely used as a treatment. The purpose of this presentation is to provide a comprehensive overview of this topic to include the theories underlying the use of music therapy for pain, a categorization of levels of music therapy practice, and clinical considerations based upon type of pain, therapist skill, patient need, and patient preference for coping. A description of the music therapy methods typically used according to levels of practice will be presented. In addition, the most recent meta-analytic evidence for the effects of music therapy will be discussed and compared to other types of music interventions (i.e. music medicine). A brief description of entrainment will be included as well as evidence for its effectiveness. Specific recommendations will be made regarding the future of clinical practice, research needs, and also the training of music therapists for competence in pain management.
Cosmetics and Conflicting Fictions in Balzac's César Birotteau

Scoundrel or honesty incarnate? The problematic representation of Cesar Birotteau has, for some time, been a center of debate for Balzac scholars. This essay examines the subversion of the textual logic in the novel due to a tension created by oppositional readings where authorial and narrative intention directly contradict narrative practice. Where critical attention has thus far centered primarily on Birotteau, my focus on the hair-oil aims to show how Balzac establishes conflicting fictions; around the hair-oil and its true value, the financial speculation, and the presentation and production of the novel itself – all of which share the goal of the acquisition of wealth. Just as the consumer is attracted by the claims of the hair-oil, and Birotteau is lured into the world of financial speculation, so the reader is lured into the novel. It is significant that Balzac chooses the world of cosmetics as the background to his novel, a world where the goal would be to distort the reality of things as they are by covering over or masking the truth.
Dynamic Secrets and Secret Keys Based Scheme for Securing Last Mile Smart Grid Wireless Communication

An integrated and optimized smart grid cannot be achieved without a secure communication network. Due to the large-scale nature of the power system, the variety of technologies used, and limitations of communication bandwidth, supervisory applications for smart grid still use weak security in many deployments. Adversaries can potentially modify measurement values or inject bad commands over the network. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme based on dynamic secrets and encryption with secret keys. The scheme generates a series of dynamic secrets over the communication network, which are used to generate secret keys for data encryption. The generation of dynamic secret is frequent and no adversary can compromise the network for a longer period, even if he/she knows a secret key. The scheme is secure against eavesdropping, malicious communication injection, man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, impersonation attacks, and chosen-plaintext attacks. The security analysis and performance evaluation show that our scheme is feasible to be used in the communications between supervisory and control nodes of various smart grid applications.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Disinfectant Footmats for the Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Footwear in a Large Animal Veterinary Hospital

Background Infection control is critical to providing high-quality patient care. Many veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) utilize footbaths or footmats at entrances and key control points throughout the facility to decrease trafficking of pathogenic microorganism on contaminated footwear. Hypothesis/objectives To compare efficacy of 4 disinfectants used in footmats for decreasing bacterial contamination of footwear in a large animal hospital. Animals A single adult dairy cow was housed in a stall for 4 days to facilitate stall contamination with fecal material. Methods Overboots were experimentally contaminated with organic material in a standardized manner. Each boot was randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments (no treatment, or exposure to 1 of 4 disinfectants: an accelerated peroxygen [AHP], a peroxygen [VIRKON], a quaternary ammonium [QUAT], and a phenolic disinfectant [PHENOLIC]) by stepping on a soaked footmat and collecting samples from boot soles. Generalized linear modeling was used to analyze differences in bacterial counts. Results Reductions in colony-forming units (CFUs) on treated boots ranged from no detectable reduction to 0.45 log10 and varied by disinfectant. Percentage reductions in total bacterial counts generally were larger (albeit still modest) for AHP and QUAT disinfectants (range 37-45%) and smallest for the PHENOLIC (no detectable reduction). Conclusions and clinical importance In general, use of disinfectant footmats was associated with significant reductions in viable bacteria on overboots-albeit with variable efficacy. Footmats may be useful adjuncts to cleaning and disinfection programs for decreasing trafficking of microorganisms throughout VTHs but should not be considered as a sole prevention method.
Attenuation of second sound in He II under pressure

The propagation of second sound in He II has been studied as a function of temperature and pressure using a heat pulse technique. Considerable broadening of the pulses with decreasing temperature has been observed below 1.2 K over a range of pressures. Using an appropriate analysis, values of the velocity and coefficient of absorption of second sound have been obtained. The measurements extend to a lowest temperature of 0.75 K, below which severe attenuation precludes meaningful analysis. The results for the coefficient of absorption are compared with the theory of Khalatnikov and Chernikova.
Stroke hospitalization and case-fatality in the United States, 1988–1997

23 Age-adjusted stroke mortality in the US has declined in recent decades. However, little is known about stroke morbidity. Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1988 to 1997, we examined the change in stroke hospitalization and case-fatality in the US. During the 10 years, age-adjusted stroke hospitalization rate increased 22% (from 381 to 463/100,000, p=0.048). By regions, stroke hospitalization rates overall were 641, 600, 562 and 438 for the South, Midwest, Northeast, and West respectively (p<0.05), and were increased in all regions during the 10 years. Overall, 58% of stroke hospitalizations were due to ischemic stroke, 13% due to hemorrhagic stroke, and 29% were classified as other stroke. The hospitalization rates were 74.8 and 332.4 per 100,000 respectively for hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes and the increase rate in 10 years were 13.5% (p=0.214) and 31.5% (p=0.044) respectively. During 10 years, stroke patients with diabetes, hypertension and congestive heart failure increased 17.4% (p=0.17), 34% (p=0.05), and 31% (p=0.091) respectively. The average length of hospital stay reduced from 11.1 to 6.2 days (decrease of 44.1%), with an average annual percentage decrease of 6.1% (p=0.012). Although the total number of patients hospitalized for stroke increased during this period, the total person-days in hospital decreased 22% (p=006). In-hospital death among stroke decreased steadily from 12.7% to 7.6% (decrease of 40%, p=0.04). In-hospital case-fatality was estimated by stratifying patients on age, gender, region, type of stroke, and other co-morbidity. Case-fatality rate was substantially higher among patients with hemorrhagic than ischemic stroke (28.0% vs 5.8%, p<0.01); among patients with congestive heart failure than those without (17.9% vs 8.5%). In addition, patients of old age (≥75 years), men, those living in the Northeast had higher case-fatality rates than those younger, women and living in elsewhere. In conclusion, the declining of age-adjusted stroke mortality in the US has not been found to be related to the decrease in incidence. However, the observed reduction in hospital case-fatality might contribute to the decline of stroke mortality.
Color Vision in the White-Tailed Deer

An important aspect of deer behavior concerns their ability to discriminate colors. Previous research has shown the presence of color photoreceptors in deer. However, whether behavior could be affected by color cues remained a question. We trained two deer to discriminate green from yellow and orange. We found that the deer could respond differently to the colors.
A Control Performance Index Based on Minimum and Open-Loop Output Variance

Abstract The need to achieve reliable and effective automatic control systems has directed numerous research efforts towards the development of monitoring and assessment methods of the closed-loop performance. A new controller assessment index, called Relative Variance Index or RVI, is introduced in this work, according to which the closed loop performance is compared with the theoretically best control action (minimum variance control) and no control action. For the estimation of RVI, an identification method is employed to extract the system models and an estimate of the process unit delays. The proposed index, RVI, is in agreement with the classical deterministic closed-loop assessment measures and thus can be utilized for the controller performance evaluation more effectively.
Searching for Isard’s Regional Essence

At the inception of the Southern Regional Science Association in the early 1960s, Walter Isard maintained that areal regions are fundamental units of observation and analysis. To this day, understanding the special significance of regions motivates much of our empirical research. In my address, I argue that regional fixed effects estimates from regression analysis can help us comprehend the distinctive character of areal units. This paper offers two examples from my research. First, I present the results of a regression model that explains regional knowledge spillovers in U.S. counties. Santa Clara County (the Silicon Valley) has by far the largest fixed effect estimate of any U.S. county. Overall, the county level fixed effects for knowledge spillovers follow a pattern of rapid exponential decay. Next, I inspect neighborhood fixed effects taken from a hedonic housing price model of the Charleston, South Carolina region. The results suggest a clear preference for coastal proximity as reflected in housing prices. For neighborhoods away from the coast, the fixed effects estimates exhibit a steep decline toward zero. Like the Silicon Valley’s regional advantage in knowledge, beachfront neighborhoods benefit from an exclusive, time invariant advantage that is hard, if not impossible, to replicate in space.
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL RUPTURE POST-ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A UNIQUE CLINICAL CONUNDRUM

Late presentation of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may be associated with complications such as cardiogenic shock (CS) and ventricular septal rupture (VSR). A 63 year old man presented several days after chest pain with an AMI complicated by CS, VSR and multiorgan failure. Coronary angiography
Emergencies in Bariatric Surgery

The postoperative diagnosis and management of complications related to bariatric surgery requires a high degree of clinical suspicion in conjunction with swift implementation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The most common medical complications related to bariatric surgery include venous thromboembolic events, cardiac complications, and nutritional deficiencies. These have all been observed in bariatric patients regardless of the type of surgery. The most common surgical complication related to the gastric band is band slippage, which requires take back to the operating room. The most common surgical complication related to the sleeve gastrectomy is staple line leak. Marginal ulcer, anastomotic leak, and bowel obstruction are all possible complications related to the gastric bypass. Lastly, critical care management of the bariatric patient requires particular attention to the cardiac and pulmonary effects of obesity toward respective physiologic functioning.
Site-selectivity in the halogenation of titanium-functionalized polyoxovanadate–alkoxide clusters

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a dititanium-functionalized polyoxovanadate–alkoxide cluster. The incorporation of a second heterometal within the cluster core results in striking differences in reactivity of the multimetallic complex. Chlorination of the metal oxide cluster is reported, revealing the directing role of titanium in M–O bond cleavage.
Feasibility Study of Embedded Wind Energy Harvesting System for Parafoil-Payload Aircraft

A logistics issue for guided air-drop systems is maintaining batteries inside the airborne guidance unit so that when the system is deployed the batteries are adequately charged to power onboard el...
Sodium conductance kinetics

Methods are described for extracting the rate constants, governing the transitions between states, for a generalized, linear three discrete state model for the Na conductance,g Na. It is shown that the problem cannot be solved given only the time course ofg Na during some test potential step with fixed initial conditions. However, if the effects of any two durations of some conditioning potential step on the peakg Na during the test step are taken into account, and the physically required assumption that the steady state is an equilibrium state is made, then the rate constants for both conditioning and test potentials can be solved for simultaneously. These methods were applied to thev 5 model of Goldman (5) in which theg Na(t) was described in terms of a generalized linear second order variable. After extensive computations involving some 20,000 combinations of experimentally determined input values, it was not found possible to extract a set of rate constants that were all real and positive as is required. It was concluded that if the transitions between states are first order and there are no subunit interactions, then the Na gating unit displays more than three states.
Rolle von Appendix und Milz im Mausmodell chronisch entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen

There is growing clinical evidence suggesting that certain secondary lymphoid tissues (e.g., appendix, spleen) contribute to the initiation and/or perpetuation of ulcerative colitis. The importance of secondary lymphoid tissues in inducing colitis was assessed experimentally by removing the spleen and/or appendix (or sham operation) prior to inducing colitis in mice. Giving the mice 2.5% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in drinking water over 7 days induced colitis. Clinical disease activity was assessed based on weight loss, stool consistency and presence of blood in stools. Additional measurements included blood WBC count and hematocrit, and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in colon samples. Colonic injury was assessed by histology and computerized image analysis. DSS treatment in sham-operated mice produced colitis associated with weight loss, bloody diarrhea and mucosal ulceration. Clinical assessment of DSS-treated mice subjected to appendectomy or combined appendectomy/splenectomy exhibited a delayed onset and course of disease activity. Histomorphologic examination revealed significantly lower damage scores and a reduction in ulcerated mucosal surface area. Colonic MPO activity, which correlated well with tissue injury and disease activity, was lowest in appendectomized mice. The beneficial effects of splenectomy was observed only in the earliest stage (days 2–4) of disease progression. These findings support the hypothesis that appendicular lymphoid tissue contributes to the development of DSS-induced colitis.
Effect of Expert Role Modeling on Skill Performance in Simulation

Abstract Background Infection prevention is a priority in health care, so nursing student competence in clinical skills such as sterile technique is critical to ensure patient safety. Methods Undergraduate nursing students from a large Midwestern public university enrolled in an intermediate adult medical-surgical nursing course were recruited to participate in this study (n = 68). The study was a two-group posttest randomized trial designed to determine if the use of expert role modeling during prebriefing improved skill performance in an individual simulation experience. A blinded rater used a skills checklist to assess the recorded audio and video of nursing student central line dressing change performance. Results Participants who viewed the expert role modeling video scored significantly higher on the skills checklist than participants who did not. Conclusion Use of an expert role modeling video during prebriefing is an effective teaching strategy to improve nursing student skill performance in simulation.
Verbal Arts as Culturally Relevant Pedagogical Tools in Math/Science Education

Research has shown that in education children acquire literacy more easily in a language they already know. This leads to more effective education. The use of a community’s own language in its educational system makes for the utilization of the linguistic and cultural wealth of the community and is an acknowledged right in education. Traditionally, the teaching of math and science (or STEM subjects in general) in African education has departed from the inclusion of the community’s linguistic and cultural wealth largely because these subjects are projected as containing culture-free knowledge. Delivered primarily in European languages, the truths that derive from math and science are held to be culture free, objective, and universal. This paper argues that culture is important to knowledge production and that language arts contain knowledge that is relevant to STEM education. The incorporation of such culturally relevant knowledge into STEM education should provide a means by which the linguistic and cultural wealth of the community can play an essential role in the formal education of its children. It would also make STEM subjects more accessible, being approached from the basis of local knowledge. The paper will examine how verbal arts might get integrated into STEM education with the adoption of culturally relevant pedagogy.
Social Television Viewing with Second Screen Platforms: Antecedents and Consequences

This study investigates the causal relationship between antecedents and consequences of social television viewing combining the television screen and concurrent use of a mobile, “second screen” media platform. The results indicate that social television viewing is a complex process driven by the viewers’ program affinity, motives, interpersonal interaction, and the perceived media characteristics of alternative platforms. The social television viewing behavior also has a positive influence on loyalty to television programs, time-shifted viewing, and product purchase intention. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Neuromuscular Training Availability and Efficacy in Preventing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in High School Sports: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury presents both acute and chronic consequences to injured high school athletes. Young females are especially at risk of this injury for anatomic, hormonal and mechanistic reasons. Neuromuscular training (NMT) has been shown to prevent ACL injuries among youth in both genders. Proven regimens include plyometric exercises, education and feedback regarding proper body mechanics as well as proximal/core muscle strengthening. This is the first study to investigate NMT availability and its impact on ACL injuries in four major high school …
Cerebral Abscess After Onyx Embolization of an Arteriovenous Malformation.

Background Endovascular embolization is being increasingly used to treat cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Common complications associated with embolization include intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke; intracranial infections seldomly occur and are even less frequently reported. Although abscess formation after embolization is exceedingly rare, it is a serious condition that warrants immediate attention. Case Description This 53-year-old male with a ruptured left temporal-occipital arteriovenous malformation. He underwent uncomplicated 2-stage embolization with Onyx and was discharged. Five weeks after embolization, he returned to the hospital with worsening aphasia and contralateral hemiparesis, and a cerebral abscess was detected at the site of embolization. Bacterial cultures were positive for Escherichia coli, and he was treated successfully with surgical excision of the abscess and Onyx material, followed by long-term antibiotics. Conclusions Although rare, formation of an intracranial abscess after endovascular embolization is a potential complication in the treatment of arteriovenous malformations.
Epigenetics and Development

Abstract The field of epigenetics examines how environmental factors influence gene expression. This occurs via modifications to the epigenome, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Environmental exposures throughout the lifespan, but particularly during important developmental stages, can result in epigenetic changes, some of which are associated with various disorders. Further understanding of epigenetic alterations and research examining the reversal of such changes may have widespread implications for maintaining good health throughout the lifespan.
Therapy Dog Effects on Nursing Student Stress: A Mixed Methods Study.

Background Nursing students experience stress levels that may interfere with success in rigorous nursing programs. While evidence indicates therapy dogs can decrease stress, no intervention standards exist, and outcomes are usually measured with questionnaires. Purpose The purpose of this research was to enhance empirical evidence supporting a campus therapy dog by explaining the therapy dog's effect on nursing student stress. Methods The research used an embedded mixed-methods design. Introductory-level students interacted with a therapy dog on designated days. They measured stress using a smartphone application and Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale. Focus group discussion and program graduate surveys provided qualitative data explaining quantitative results. Results Results supported use of a campus therapy dog to decrease nursing student stress. Conclusions The therapy dog's regular presence on campus may have improved student outcomes by decreasing stress and improving focus.
Magnetic resonance imaging for congenital lung malformations.

Congenital lung malformations are most often identified on prenatal US screening. Fetal MRI is often performed to further evaluate these lesions. Although some of these lesions might cause prenatal or early postnatal symptoms that require urgent management, the majority are asymptomatic at birth and might be subtle or invisible on chest radiographs. Postnatal imaging is frequently deferred until 3–6 months of age, when surgery or long-term conservative management is contemplated. High-quality imaging and interpretation is needed to assist with appropriate decision-making. Contrast-enhanced chest CT, typically with angiographic technique, has been the usual postnatal imaging choice. In this review, the author discusses and illustrates the indications and use of postnatal MR imaging for bronchopulmonary malformations as well as some differential diagnoses and the advantages and disadvantages of MR versus CT.
Clinical and Financial Outcomes Associated With Vocal Fold Paralysis in Congenital Cardiac Surgery.

Objectives Vocal fold paralysis (VFP) has proven to increase resource use in several surgical fields. However, its burden in congenital cardiac surgery, a specialty known to be associated with high resource use, has not yet been examined. The authors aimed to assess the impact of VFP on costs, lengths of stay, and readmissions following congenital cardiac surgery. Design A retrospective analysis of administrative data. Setting The 2010-2017 National Readmissions Database. Participants All pediatric patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Vocal fold paralysis was defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions, diagnosis codes. The primary outcome of interest was 30-day nonelective readmissions and 90-day readmissions; costs, length of stay, and discharge status also were considered. Of an estimated 124,486 patients meeting study criteria, 2,868 (2.3%) were identified with VFP. Incidence of VFP increased during the study period (0.7% in 2010 to 3.2% in 2017, nptrend Conclusions Readmission rates after congenital cardiac surgery are significantly greater among those with VFP, as are costs, lengths of stay, and nonhome discharges. Therefore, further efforts are necessary to increase awareness and reduce the incidence of VFP in this vulnerable population to minimize the financial burden of congenital cardiac surgery on the US medical system.
LVAD Inpatient Management

While the evolution of LVAD pump design and management has achieved increased clinical experience and significantly improved 1-year survival rates [1], patients remain at high risk for complications in the immediate perioperative period including thromboembolic events, bleeding, right heart failure, and driveline associated infections. The majority of mortality events occur during the index LVAD implant hospitalization [2] therefore highlights the importance of patient selection and optimal perioperative management. Several factors have the potential to impact the post-operative and long-term course after LVAD implantation. Multidisciplinary teams focusing on education for patients, caregivers, and community health care providers alike as well as modifying risk factors associated with long-term complications pre-discharge are of paramount importance. Moreover, surgical implantation techniques focusing on proper pump pocket creation, optimized positioning of inflow cannula and outflow graft, proper pump position in the body, and fixation were shown to immediately impact post implantation complications, in particular low VAD flows and pump thrombosis. This chapter will provide an introduction to post-operative management for the LVAD patient.
The Philosophical Challenge from China

For too long, analytic philosophy discounted insights from the Chinese philosophical tradition. In the last decade or so, however, philosophers have begun to bring the insights of Chinese thought to bear on current philosophical issues. This volume brings together leading scholars from East and West who are working at the intersection of traditional Chinese philosophy and mainstream analytic philosophy. They draw on the work of Chinese philosophers ranging from early Daoists and Confucians to twentieth-century Chinese thinkers, offering new perspectives on issues in moral psychology, political philosophy and ethics, and metaphysics and epistemology. Taken together, these essays show that serious engagement with Chinese philosophy can not only enrich modern philosophical discussion but also shift the debate in a meaningful way. Each essay challenges a current position in the philosophical literature -- including views expressed by John Rawls, Peter Singer, Nel Noddings, W. V. Quine, and Harry Frankfurt. The contributors discuss topics that include compassion as a developmental virtue, empathy, human worth and democracy, ethical self-restriction, epistemological naturalism, ideas of oneness, know-how, and action without agency. ContributorsStephen C. Angle, Tongdong Bai, Brian Bruya, Owen Flanagan, Steven Geisz, Stephen Hetherington, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Bo Mou, Donald J. Munro, Karyn L. Lai, Hagop Sarkissian, Bongrae Seok, Kwong-loi Shun, David B. Wong, Brook A. Ziporyn
Adenovirus Type 2 Early Nuclear and mRNA: Kinetic Estimation of l and r DNA Strand Fractions Complementary to Different Abundance Classes of Viral RNA

RNA from unfractionated cells, nuclei, and polyribosomes was extracted from adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-infected KB cells early in infection and annealed in vast excess in liquid to purified Ad2 l (heavy) and r (light) [(32)P]DNA strands (specific activity, 3 x 10(6) to 1.5 x 10(7) cpm/mug). The number of abundance classes of Ad2 RNA, their relative concentrations, and the strand fraction from which they arose were determined by a computer-assisted nonlinear regression analysis of hybridization kinetic data. Whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA annealed to 60 and 40%, respectively, of l and r strands. Well-defined abundance (kinetic) classes were identified: abundant and scarce classes were complementary to 15 to 17 and 40 to 45%, respectively, of l strand, and to 11 to 16 and 17 to 23%, respectively, of r strand. In whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA the abundant classes were 57 to 208 and 13 to 27 times more concentrated, respectively, than scarce classes. RNA-RNA hybrids were isolated that annealed to about 70% of both strands, indicating that whole-cell RNA and nuclear RNA hybridization values were minimal. Polyribosomal RNA appeared to anneal as three abundance classes to each DNA strand; abundant, scarce, and very scarce classes, respectively, hybridized to 6, 5, and about 10% of l strand and 7 (6 to 8), 10 (8 to 13), and about 19% of r strand. The abundant classes were 41 (11 to 67) times more concentrated than the scarce classes and 10(3) times more concentrated than the very scarce classes. Although the biological significance of these classes is not known, the very scarce classes probably represent nuclear RNA contaminants of polyribosomal RNA. The abundant and scarce classes may comprise mRNA, because together they are complementary to about the same fraction of each DNA strand (11% [10 to 12%] and 17% [14 to 20%] of l and r strands) known to be expressed as early mRNA. Thus, nuclear RNA contains Ad2 RNA sequences not found on polyribosomes; most or all of both DNA strands are transcribed, but only certain transcripts are processed into mRNA. It is not known whether "non-mRNA" transcripts are intermediates in the pathway of early mRNA production.
Numerical Computation of Nonlinear Waves

Equations that can be described as wave equations arise in a large number of physical situations. Most often, they take a form which includes partial derivatives. In contrast to the case of ordinary differential equations, it tends to be true that each equation involving partial derivatives requires a special solution technique. There are of course some very general approaches, like finite differences, finite elements, spectral decomposition etc. but there are likely to be lots of details that differ from case to case. Program packets which more or less automatically handle a wide range of different problems have so far had little or no impact on wave calculations and I do not think any major changes in that respect are in sight.
An Introduction to Divisible Codes

This paper presents some basic facts about divisible codes, culminating in a ’’divisible‘‘ version of the Gleason-Pierce theorem on self-dual codes.
Role of mechanical stimulation in the establishment and maintenance of muscle cell differentiation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of mechanical stimulation in the establishment and maintenance of muscle cell differentiation. The striated tissues of the myocardium and axial skeleton are exquisitely sensitive to changes in mechanical load. In the heart, an acute increase in preload can act to augment cardiac output on a beat-to-beat time scale. In skeletal muscle, it serves to accelerate shortening velocity and increase contractile force. During early embryonic life, the developing cardiac myocyte displays a rounded, ovoid shape. Myofibrils are disseminated throughout the sarcoplasm and intercellular junctions are distributed at irregular intervals along the periphery of the cells. With continued development, the myocytes grow severalfold in size and begin to gradually elongate to assume a rod-like shape. The essential role which mechanical forces play in directing cardiac morphogenesis is readily apparent when an intact, developing heart is partially unloaded. Externally derived forces may also serve as an early signal that acts to direct the nucleation of myofibrils in the developing heart. Because the primitive myofibrils of the heart appear to be attached to the sarcolemma through nascent costameres and fascia adherens junctions, they appear to be subject to the extrinsic tensile forces that must accompany these morphogenetic events.
Robustness issues in robot control

A scheme is presented for the accurate trajectory control of robot manipulators in the presence of model uncertainty and disturbances. Based on the suction control methodology (an extension of sliding mode control), the scheme addresses the following problem: given the extent of parametric uncertainty (such as imprecisions or inertias, geometry, loads) and the frequency range of unmodeled dynamics (such as unmodeled structural modes, neglected time-delays), design a nonlinear feedback controller to achieve optimal tracking performance (in a suitable sense). The methodology is compared with algorithms such as the computed torque method, and is shown to combine in practice improved performance with simpler and more tractable controller designs. Extensions to compliant motion control are also discussed.
Lateral gene transfer and ancient paralogy of operons containing redundant copies of tryptophan-pathway genes in Xylella species and in heterocystous cyanobacteria

Background Tryptophan-pathway genes that exist within an apparent operon-like organization were evaluated as examples of multi-genic genomic regions that contain phylogenetically incongruous genes and coexist with genes outside the operon that are congruous. A seven-gene cluster in Xylella fastidiosa includes genes encoding the two subunits of anthranilate synthase, an aryl-CoA synthetase, and trpR. A second gene block, present in the Anabaena/Nostoc lineage, but not in other cyanobacteria, contains a near-complete tryptophan operon nested within an apparent supraoperon containing other aromatic-pathway genes.
Heroic Defeats: The Politics of Job Loss

Heroic Defeats is a comparative investigation of how unions and firms interact when economic circumstances require substantial job loss. Using simple game theory to generate testable propositions about when these situations will result in industrial conflict, Professor Golden illustrates the theory in a range of situations between 1950 and 1985 in Japan, Italy, and Britain. Additionally, the author shows how the theory explains why strikes over job loss almost never occur in postwar unionised firms in the United States. With its blend of rational choice and comparative politics, Heroic Defeats is the first systematic attempt to account for industrial conflict or its absence in situations of mass job loss. This book should be of interest to political scientists, sociologists, economists, and students of labour and industrial relations, as well as specialists in European and Japanese history.
Latest results from the hyper-NA immersion scanners S609B and S610C

Nikon released the world's first hyper-NA immersion scanner, the NSR-S609B with NA 1.07 at the beginning of 2006. With the highest NA lens using all-refractive optics, a flexible illumination system, and POLANOTM polarized illumination, the NSR-S609B is capable of manufacturing devices with better than 55 nm resolution. In addition, Nikon has announced the release of the NSR-S610C. With the world's highest NA lens (NA=1.30), the S610C can comfortably achieve 45 nm critical layer volume production with k1=0.30. Nikon's proprietary catadipotric lens design for the S610C provides the lowest flare and eliminates lens heating, resulting in stable imaging. Because the S609B and the S610C are built on the same platform, a number of advantages can be realized. First, both the S609B and the S610C utilize a tandem stage optimized for immersion lithography. The tandem stage consists of separate exposure and calibration stages. This allows for continuous flow of immersion water, and for calibration of the exposure tool during wafer exchange. As a result, throughput of greater than 130 wph is achieved, evaporative cooling of the stage during wafer exchange is prevented, and focus drift, baseline changes, and other issues with tool stability are eliminated. In this way, the tandem stage can achieve productivity and accuracy at the same time. In addition to the calibration functions described above, the Integrated Projection Optics Tester (iPot) mounted on the calibration stage can manage the long term performance of the projection optics. By measuring the wavefront aberration, the polarization quality of POLANOTM, and the pupil fill, iPot supports the optimization of the imaging performance. Nikon's polarized illumination system POLANOTM provides improved contrast with no loss of illumination power. This provides increased process margin for 45 nm volume production using immersion lithography. Finally, Nikon's proprietary local fill nozzle installed on the S609B and the S610C has been shown to eliminate immersion defects from bubbles, watermarks, and particles. Various data showing that the NSR-S609B meets requirements for 55nm and below production and the status of the development of Nikon's newest immersion scanner NSR-S610C are introduced here.
Promoter and transcription of type X collagen gene in broiler chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia.

Abstract Type × collagen is produced exclusively in hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate of the proximal tibiotarsus and is believed to play an important role during normal development from chondrogenesis to osteogenesis. Chondrocytes of chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) fail to attain full hypertrophy and the amount of type × collagen, being a marker of hypertrophy, is likely to be reduced. It is not clear whether transcriptional regulation is functional for expression of the type × collagen gene in TD birds. Nucleotide sequence of the type × collagen gene promoter was determined by sequencing PCR-based DNA clones. Nucleotide identity of this fragment between the normal and TD carriers was 97.6%. Both normal and TD birds were similar in a putative transcription start site, the site of TATAA box, and neither had a CCAAT box. However, there were two gaps in TD carriers, four gaps in normals, and five nucleotide substitution sites. By rapid amplification of cDNA ends by PCR (RACE-PCR), transcription of the gene was assessed using total RNA and mRNA from both normal chondrocytes and TD lesions at 3 and 4 wk of age. The RACE-PCR product for type × collagen mRNA was detectable in both normal and TD birds at two stages. No difference was found between them. This result does not support the hypothesis that transcriptional regulation of type × collagen gene is important in TD development of chickens. Variations in the promoter region did not affect transcription of type × collagen gene in TD carrier chickens.
Reversal of phencyclidine-induced effects by glycine and glycine transport inhibitors

Background: Phencycline (PCP, “angel dust”) and other noncompetitive antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamatergic neurotransmission induce psychotic effects in humans that closely resemble positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Behavioral effects of PCP in rodents are reversed by glycine (GLY) and other NMDA augmenting agents. In rodents, behavioral effects of PCP are mediated, in part, by secondary dysregulation of subcortical dopaminergic neurotransmission. This study evaluates effects of GLY and GLY transport antagonists on behavioral and neurochemical consequences of PCP administration in rodents. Methods: Two separate experiments were performed. In the first, effects of GLY on PCP-induced stimulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission in nucleus accumbens were evaluated using in vivo microdialysis in awake animals. In the second, effects of a series of GLY transport antagonists were evaluated for potency in inhibiting PCP-induced hyperactivity. Results: In microdialysis studies, GLY significantly inhibited PCP-induced stimulation of subcortical DA release in a dose-dependent fashion. In behavioral studies, the potency of a series of GLY transport antagonists for inhibiting PCP-induced hyperactivity in vivo correlated significantly with their potency in antagonizing GLY transport in vitro. Conclusions: These findings suggest, first, that GLY reverses not only the behavioral, but also the neurochemical, effects of PCP in rodents. Second, the findings suggest that GLY transport antagonists may induce similar effects to GLY, and may therefore represent an appropriate site for targeted drug development.
Poverty, consumption risk, and soil conservation ☆

Abstract This paper studies the impact of poverty and uninsured consumption risk on incentives to invest in soil conservation. A stochastic dynamic model is used to show how consumption risks and costs of investment influence incentives to adopt soil conservation measures on low-income farms. The model is calibrated using production data from hillside farms in the Philippines. Simulations with the model demonstrate how the value of soil conservation depends on the cost of investing, the risk characteristics of the soil conservation method and differences among households in capacity to bear risk. Model predictions are compared with empirical adoption patterns, as described by a probit model and nonparametric kernel regressions of adoption probability. Empirical findings show how differences in farm size, tenure security, risk exposure, and access to credit help to explain patterns of soil conservation adoption. Implications for policy are discussed.
Synchronizing clipboards of multiple computers

This paper describes a new technique for transferring data between computers, the synchronized clipboard. Multiple computers can share a synchronized clipboard for all clipboard operations, so that data copied to the clipboard from one computer, using the standard Copy command, can be pasted directly on another computer using the standard Paste command. Synchronized clipboards are well-suited for a single user moving data among several computers in close proximity. We describe an implementation of synchronized clipboards that works across a wide range of existing systems, including 3Com PalmPilots, Microsoft Windows PCs, Unix workstations, and other Java-capable platforms. Our implementation adds no noticeable overhead to local copy and paste operations.
Synthesis of the tetracyclic ring system of cumbiasin via tandem radical cyclizations

Abstract The tetracyclic ring system of cumbiasin was synthesized by a Diels–Alder reaction followed by tandem ring forming reactions from an alpha-keto radical.
The fabric of Africanity Tracing the global threads of authenticity

This article explores the global circulation of a commodity — African wax-prints, manufactured since the late 19th century in Europe for the West African market and increasingly reproduced today in China — by way of focusing on the idea of the `authentically African'. Exploring the biography of wax fabric, this article seeks to cross-examine what serves as a parameter of authenticity, both in international markets, in which the African signifier appears as a source of the renewal of identity, and in Africa, where wax fabric's integration into local structures of consumption as a status symbol is informed by the principles of simulation and imitation. I suggest that the notion of `Africanity' is a conceptual construction whose validation depends more on the observer's gaze than on the object of that gaze in the context of western consumption practices. I propose that the trajectory of wax-cloth, not only in Africa, but also in international markets, is based on the principle of reproduction and imitation w...
More Powerful Tests from Confidence Interval p Values

Abstract In this article the problem of comparing two independent binomial populations is considered. It is shown that the test based on the confidence interval p value of Berger and Boos often is uniformly more powerful than the standard unconditional test. This test also requires less computational time.
On the dynamics of dying.

This study is concerned with dynamic processes that underly the rapid, degenerative changes associated with the “dying” stage of the multicellular organism's life cycle. The interaction between negative and positive feedback cycles is discussed: negative feedback cycles underly the superstability characteristic of health and illness. When negative feedback cycles fade in the dying phase of life, positive feedback cycles, previously held in check by the negative feedback cycles to which they had been coupled, rise explosively, driving physiologic variables from their normal values towards extremes. This results in the rapid downturn that we associate with dying—an accelerating disintegration terminating in death. A medical case history is analyzed.
Rhetorical features of newscasts about the president

This study details the general verbal and visual characteristics of network news coverage of presidential speech‐making between 1969 and 1978. It is argued that a persuasion‐based model of such newscasts best accounts for the phenomena observed and that other models of media bias are less heuristic than the rhetorical approach. Forty‐five newscasts were analyzed from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective. Results indicate that presidents are required to play highly constrained roles on such newscasts and that the media themselves emphasize the institutional, the dialectical, and the dramatistic in their reportage. By means of these reporting strategies, television commentators present themselves as seers and guardians‐of‐the‐truth.