cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Displacement of Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Groups after the Installation of Stormwater Control Measures (i.e., Green Infrastructure): A Case Study of Washington, DC

Stormwater control measures (SCMs) (i.e., green infrastructure) are advantageous methods of stormwater management. However, studies suggest that urban greening may be associated with gentrification, displacing racially/ethnically minoritized groups due to increased housing costs and loss of feelings of belonging. We studied displacement of racially/ethnically minoritized groups after SCM installation in Washington, DC. We compared the change in percentage of persons in racial/ethnic groups at the Census block group level with varying levels of SCM installation (i.e., area-weighted SCM count at 300 m buffer). We stratified findings by SCM type, pre-installation income, and SCM size. DC installed a higher density of SCMs in areas with a higher percentage of Black and/or Hispanic/Latino residents. Nonetheless, findings suggest SCM installation is associated with displacement of Black residents. The percentage of residents who are Black decreased by 2.2% [95% Confidence Interval: 1.7, 2.7] and 4.1% [95% Confidence Interval: 3.4, 4.8] after low and high levels of SCM installation, respectively. In turn, the change in percentage of residents who are White increased with increasing levels of SCM installation. Compared to ecological studies on SCMs, studies about social impacts are scarce. This research intends to help optimize SCM installations so more residents can enjoy their health, economic, and ecological benefits.
The End of an Old Dogma with Crucial Implications for Medical and Biology Students and for Medicine: regenerative, Developmental, Paleontological and Evolutionary Studies Contradict the Fore-hindlimb Serial Homology

Most evolutionary and medical textbooks state that the tetrapod fore and hindlimb are serial homologues. Here we show how regenerative studies of axolotls, developmental studies of tetrapods, and comparative and evolutionary studies of all major vertebrate groups, including recent re-analyses of the appendicular muscles of chondrichthyans, dipnoans and coelacanths contradict this old dogma. The integrative analysis of the data available strongly supports the idea that the similarity of the muscles and bones of the fore and hindlimbs of tetrapods such as salamanders and modern humans is not due to serial homology, but is instead the result of independent evolutionary changes (homoplasy) occurred mainly during the origin of tetrapods due to the co-option of similar genes for the development of both limbs. It also offers new insights about the ancestral Bauplan and morphogenetic gradients of tetrapod limbs, including the striking similarity of the zeugopodial (forearm/leg) and autopodial (hand/foot) muscles ...
Experiments on Lateral Dispersion in Porous Media

Experiments are carried out to determine the coefficient, \ID\N, of lateral dispersion in flow through porous media, with values of R between 0.3 and 380. It Is found that, when R reaches a value of about 10, there is a change in the relationship between the coefficient \ID\N and the seepage velocity. The data indicate that the variation of the flow pattern with the Reynolds number is important in the study of dispersion, even when Darcy’s law is applicable.
Student-perceived factors for an enhanced advanced education program in prosthodontics recall system.

Purpose: A qualitative study of Advanced Education Programs in Prosthodontics (AEPPs) students was conducted to identify best practices to effectively promote ongoing health and student learning within the context of a patient-centered recall system. Materials and Methods: Ten students from seven AEPPs nationwide were invited to participate in a focus group on recall systems within AEPPs. The discussion first identified whether an active recall program existed and then delved into benefits for patients and students, positive and negative features of existing recall systems, and factors that can be improved upon for an enhanced recall system. Results: Participants advocated the highest standard of patient care, including regular ongoing care once restorative therapy is complete. Discussion indicates that not only does regular patient recall lead to health promotion, disease prevention, and monitoring of existing prostheses for the patient, but also provides for an enhanced learning experience for the students. Recognizing this, several students from AEPPs lacking an official recall system have established a “makeshift” system, encompassing a treatment completion letter, final intraoral photographs, patient education, and regular prosthetic evaluations, for their existing patients. Conclusions: Prosthodontic program students perceived their program's recall effectiveness could be improved. Due to the numerous potential benefits of an active recall system for both patients and students, some perceived factors to be improved upon include treatment completion protocol, patient education, and establishment of a patient-centered recall system managed by a team of hygienists, receptionists, attending faculty, and residents.
An Introduction to Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis

Often quantities of interest in psychology cannot be observed directly. These unobservable quantities, known as latent variables, tend to be complex, often multidimensional, constructs. In many cases these constructs are categorical, such that individuals belong to mutually exclusive and exhaustive unobservable subgroups. Latent class analysis (LCA) is a statistical approach to modeling a discrete latent variable using multiple, discrete observed variables as indicators. Examples of latent class variables that appear in the psychology literature include temperament type, substance use behavior, teaching style, stages of change in the transtheoretical model, and latent classes of risk. The first section of this chapter provides a conceptual introduction to the concept of a latent class followed by a technical introduction to the mathematical model, including multiple-groups LCA and LCA with covariates. This is followed by a discussion of parameter restrictions, model selection, and goodness-of-fit. The second section demonstrates LCA using the empirical example of depression subtypes in adolescence. Five latent classes were identified based on responses to eight questionnaire items assessing depression symptoms: Non-depressed (characterized by a low probability of reporting all eight depression symptoms), sad, disliked, sad + disliked, and depressed (characterized by a high probability of reporting all eight depression symptoms). The third section presents longitudinal extensions of the model, including repeated-measures LCA and latent transition analysis (LTA). The empirical example is extended to examine change in depression subtypes over time. The final sections describe recent extensions to the latent class model and areas that merit additional research in the future. Keywords: latent class analysis; latent transition analysis; latent variable model; categorical data
Entrepreneurship: The College as a Business Enterprise.

This chapter explores the concept of entrepreneurial waves, with a special focus on the “third wave” of entrepreneurial ventures: alternative means of funding programs and services in light of continued reductions in public financial support and as an approach to building strong and sustainable relationships with external constituencies. The chapter also explores the leadership characteristics necessary to create and sustain a culture of entrepreneurship.
Treatment of left pneumonectomy syndrome with an expandable endobronchial prosthesis.

Postpneumonectomy syndrome has only been described after a right pneumonectomy except in cases of congenital mediastinal anomalies or right-sided aortic arch. Placement of Silastic prostheses into the empty hemithorax is the preferred surgical treatment; however, other nonsurgical options exist. Herein, we report a case of left postpneumonectomy syndrome in an adult who was successfully treated with the placement of an endobronchial stent.
Two‐dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy of aqueous solutions with elimination of the water resonance by transverse relaxation: Application to assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of reduced arginine vasopressin

The measurement of two-dimensional COSY and TOCSY 1H NMR spectra of aqueous solutions with elimination of the water resonance by the water attenuation by transverse relaxation (WATR) method is described. With the WATR method the water resonance can be completely and selectively eliminated, allowing observation of resonances that would normally be obscured by the water resonance or eliminated if the water resonance is suppressed by selective presaturation. COSY spectra are measured by a modified COSY pulse sequence, with a delay between the second 90° pulse of the standard COSY pulse sequence and data acquisition to eliminate the water resonance by transverse relaxation. TOCSY spectra are measured using a modified TOCSY pulse sequence which includes a delay for transverse relaxation immediately following the 90° pulse. The effectiveness of the WATR method for elimination of the water resonance from COSY and TOCSY spectra is illustrated with spectra measured for the reduced, dithiol form of arginine vasopressin in H2OD2O (90:10) solution. These spectra, together with one-dimensional spectra and two-dimensional ROESY spectra, also measured with elimination of the water resonance by the WATR method, are used to make the first complete assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of reduced arginine vasopressin. Elimination of the water resonance is sufficiently complete and selective that the resonance for the α-proton of the cys6 residue, which has a chemical shift of 4.758 ppm, is observed without interference from the water resonance. Chemical shift and J(NH, H-α) data are also presented for native arginine vasopressin under the same solution conditions.
Modelling airline flight cancellation decisions

Abstract In order to predict airline responses to Traffic Management Initiatives (TMIs), and reveal the underlying preference structures that shape these responses, we study US domestic airlines’ cancellation decisions in response to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s TMIs, in particular, to Ground Delay Programs (GDPs). By observing the actual flight-cancellation choices made by airline dispatchers, the airlines’ cancellation utility functions can be inferred through the use of binary choice models. The model captures how delays to a given flight and potential delay savings to other flights affect flight cancellation decisions. We also find larger, fuller, less frequent, shorter-distance, and spoke-bound flights are less likely to be cancelled, and that there is inter-airline variation in flight cancellation behaviour.
Numerical Study of a Rotating Blade Platform With Film Cooling From Cavity Purge Flow in a 1-1/2 Turbine Stage

Numerical simulations were performed to predict the effect of cavity purge flow on the rotating blade platform in a 1-1/2 turbine stage using a Reynolds stress turbulence model together with a non-equilibrium wall function. Simulations were carried out with a sliding mesh for the rotor under three rotating speeds (2000, 2550 and 3000 rpm) and three purge-to-mainstream mass flow ratios (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) to investigate the effects of rotating speed and coolant purging rate on the rotating blade platform film cooling. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness was evaluated using the adiabatic wall temperatures with and without coolant purging to examine the true effect of coolant protection. The film cooling effectiveness increases with increasing coolant purging flow ratio from 0.5% to 1.5% of mainstream. Higher rotating speed also enhances film cooling effectiveness for the range of rotating speed considered. The predicted laterally averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness is in good agreement with the corresponding experiment data except for the platform leading edge region. However, the detailed effectiveness distribution on the platform is not well predicted by this study. In addition, the detailed instantaneous film cooling effectiveness and the associated heat transfer coefficients for four different time phases are also reported.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Special Subjects Teaching Methods in Marine Engineers’ Vocational Education System

The world marine engineering sector has been developing rather swiftly recently. Every year the majority of leading shipping companies raise the level of management & maintenance of their vessels. Therefore the requirements to seafarers are increasing constantly. All these circumstances lead to the fact that every year marine institutions, having limited time for teaching process, face rising difficulties in seafarer’s proper training. That goes particularly for the special (technical) subjects, which are being taught to future marine engineers and form the level of their proficiency by the time of the graduation.
Crack stability and branching at interfaces

The various events that occur at a crack on an interface are explored, and described in terms of a simple graphical construction called the crack stability diagram. For simple Griffith cleavage in a homogeneous material, the stability diagram is a sector of a circle in the space of stress intensity factors, ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{I}}$/${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{II}}$. The Griffith circle is limited in both positive and negative ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{II}}$ directions by nonblunting dislocation emission on the cleavage plane. For a branching plane inclined at an angle to the original cleavage plane, both cleavage and emission (which blunts the crack) can be described as a balance between an elastic driving force and a lattice resistance for the event. We use an analytic expression obtained by Cotterell and Rice for cleavage, and show that it is an excellent approximation, but show that the lattice resistance includes a cornering resistance, in addition to the standard surface energy in the final cleavage criterion. Our discussion of the lattaice resistance is derived from simulations in two-dimensional hexagonal lattices with UBER force laws with a variety of shapes. Both branching cleavage and blunting emission can be described in terms of a stability diagram in the space of the remote stress intensity factors, and the competition between events on the initial cleavage plane and those on the branching plane can be described by overlays of the two appropriate stability diagrams. The popular criterion that ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{II}}$=0 on the branching plane is explored for lattices and found to fail significantly, because the lattice stabilizes cleavage by the anisotropy of the surface energy. Also, in the lattice, dislocation emission must must always be considered as an alternative competing event to branching.
Determining hybridization differences for amorphous carbon from the XPS C 1s envelope

Abstract Two kinds of amorphous carbon (a-C) thin film samples were synthesized, one by magnetron sputtering, the other by filtered cathodic arc deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the C 1s envelope for each sample was primarily a convolution of three peaks which are assignable to sp2 hybridized carbon, sp3 hybridized carbon (shifted from the sp2 peak by ∼ 1 eV) and an sp2 satellite peak, possibly due to π-π ∗ transition. The satellite typically comprised just under 14% of the total sp2 signal and was shifted from the main sp2 peak by ∼ 2 eV. The relative amounts of each bonding type were determined by comparing the integrated areas of the sp2 and sp3 peaks. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was also performed on these samples, along with highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (100% sp2) and natural diamond (100% sp3) for comparison purposes. The binding energy width D between the highest maximum and lowest minimum values of the first derivative C (KLL) spectra were obtained and a linear relationship between D and the amount of sp3 bonding assumed. When comparing sp3 values obtained by AES and deconvoluted XPS spectra an error range within ±1.5% was found, making XPS a satisfactory method for obtaining hybridization information. It was noted that Ar+ ion bombardment has a substantial effect on the surface sp2/sp3 ratio, as observed by XPS. These results are related to other studies of ion bombardment of graphite and diamond.
Do prophylactics prevent inflation? Post-identification feedback and the effectiveness of procedures to protect against confidence-inflation in earwitnesses.

After viewing or hearing a recorded simulated crime, participants were asked to identify the offender’s voice from a target-absent audio lineup. After making their voice identification, some participants were either given confirming feedback or no feedback. The feedback manipulation in experiment 1 led to higher ratings of participants’ identification certainty, as well as higher ratings on retrospective confidence reports, in both the immediate and delay groups. Earwitnesses who were asked about their identification certainty prior to the feedback manipulation (experiment 2) did not demonstrate the typical confidence-inflation associated with confirming feedback if they were questioned about the witnessing experience immediately; however, the effects returned after a week-long retention interval. The implications for the differential forgetting and internal-cues hypotheses are discussed.
COMPARISON OF K-Ar AGES OF DIAGENETIC ILLITE-SMECTITE TO THE AGE OF A CHEMICAL REMANENT MAGNETIZATION (CRM): AN EXAMPLE FROM THE ISLE OF SKYE, SCOTLAND

The clay fractions of Jurassic marls in the Great Estuarine Group in southern Isle of Skye are composed of mixed-layered illite-smectite (I-S) with large percentages (>85%) of illite layers, kaolinite, and generally smaller amounts of chlorite. These marls have not been buried to the depths normally required to convert smectite to illite-rich I-S, so it is possible that the conversion was in response to heat and hydrothermal fluids from nearby early Tertiary igneous activity ∼55 Ma ago. The large percentages of illite layers in I-S, the Środon intensity ratios, and the Kubler index values appear to be consistent with the formation of diagenetic I-S as a result of relatively brief heating caused by igneous activity. The Jurassic rocks in southern Skye contain a secondary chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) that resides in magnetite and formed at approximately the same time as the Tertiary igneous rocks on Skye. K-Ar age values for I-S based on illite age analysis have been determined to test the hypothesis that the CRM was acquired coincidently with the smectite-to-illite conversion. However, linear extrapolation of K-Ar age vs. percentage of 2M1 polytype (detrital illite) from one marl (EL-6) yields an estimate for the age of diagenetic illite of 106 Ma, which is close to the measured age of the finest subfraction (108 Ma). These estimated and measured age values, however, could be substantially greater than the true age of the diagenetic illite in I-S because of the presence of detrital 1Md illite that was recycled from early Paleozoic shales and whose abundance relative to the diagenetic I-S may have been enhanced because the diagenetic fluid had a low K/Na ratio, limiting the amount of diagenetic illite formed. Nevertheless, most of the illite in the Elgol marls (80% or more in the finest fractions) must be diagenetic and probably formed in response to the early Tertiary magmatism.
THE DEVITRIFICATION OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES1

The isotherms and boundary curves in that portion of the ternary system Na2O-SiO2–CaO.SiO2–SiO2 of direct application to glass technology, namely, from 64 to 78% SiO2, 0 to 20% CaO, including the whole of the field of the compound Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2, and portions of the adjoining fields of Na2O.2SiO2, Na2O.2CaO.3SiO2, CaO.SiO2, tridymite, and quartz, have been determined with greater precision than in a previous study2 by greatly increasing the number of mixtures studied, and thereby decreasing the interpolation necessary in the interpretation. An extended discussion is given of the devitrification of glass, in which it is shown that the liquidus temperature is the only datum point which is solely a function of glass composition, and is unaffected by the past history of the glass or by fortuitous circumstances at the time devitrification is taking place. At the liquidus the first trace of crystalline phase is in equilibrium with the glass; above the liquidus the glass will dissolve any such crystals which may have been formed at some previous time, but new crystals cannot form; while only below the liquidus is there a tendency for crystals to separate. The driving force causing this reaction is derived from the difference in free energy between the unstable glass and the stable aggregation of crystalline phases, and this force is opposed by a resistance of the nature of a viscosity. The dissociation in the liquid phase of the compounds which separate on devitrification diminishes the rate at which the devitrification equilibrium is reached, and increasing the complexity of the glass will have a similar effect. The excess in surface energy at the interface glass-crystal may have an influence at the instant of formation of the first infinitesimal crystal, hut after the crystal has grown to a dimension appreciably greater than the sphere of molecular action the excess energy at this interface ceases to be of importance. The only surface tension measurements which have been made on glass refer to the interface glass-air, and the excess energy at this interface has no necessary correlation with the devitrification process.
Flow/Acoustic Mechanisms in Three-Dimensional Vortices Undergoing Sinusoidal-Wave Instabilities

It has been identified that vorticity in a vortex core directly relates to the frequency of a significant sound peak from an aircraft wake vortex pair where each of the vortices is modeled as an elliptic core Kirchhoff vortex. In three-dimensional vortices, sinusoidal instabilities at various length scales result in significant flow structure changes in these vortices, and thus influence their radiated acoustic signals. In this study, a three-dimensional vortex particle method is used to simulate the incompressible vortical flow. The flow field, in the form of vorticity, is employed as the source in the far-field acoustic calculation using a vortex sound formula that enables computation of acoustic signals radiated from an approximated incompressible flow field. Cases of vortex rings and a pair of counter-rotating vortices are studied when they are undergoing both long- and short-wave instabilities. Both inviscid and viscous interactions are considered and effects of turbulence are simulated using sub-grid-scale models.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A *-closed subalgebra of the Smirnov class

We study real Smirnov functions and investigate a certain *-closed subalgebra of the Smirnov class N + containing them. Motivated by a result of Aleksandrov, we provide an explicit representation for the space H p ∩ H p . This leads to a natural analog of the Riesz projection on a certain quotient space of L p for p ∈ (0,1). We also study a Herglotz-like integral transform for singular measures on the unit circle ∂D.
Evaluation of the cushion setting on performance of a Biodex II dynamometer.

Abstract Objectives: To compare the effects of the soft cushion setting with those of the hard cushion setting of a Biodex II isokinetic dynamometer on peak velocity and peak torque with six loads at 23 preset speeds. Design: Mixed within- and between-groups, repeated-measures design. Setting: Research laboratory of a physical therapy education program. Interventions: Each load was strapped onto the right knee attachment of the dynamometer and was dropped through a 100° arc of motion five times at each preset speed using the soft and hard cushion settings. Main Outcome Measures: Peak velocity, peak torque, time to peak velocity, time to peak torque. Results: Peak velocity was significantly influenced by the cushion setting, the weight dropped, and the preset speed. Maximal peak velocity achieved was 400°/sec. Peak torque was influenced significantly by the cushion setting, the load, and the preset speed. Maximal peak torque measured was 34.99kg-m. Conclusion: The rotating shaft of Biodex II dynamometer moved at a slower speed through the entire arc of motion at the soft cushion setting and often failed to achieve a constant, preset speed. Peak torque measured using the soft cushion setting was more variable and therefore questionable.
Heat retention by webs of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): infrared warming and forced convective cooling

Abstract 1. Webs of the fall webworm (Lepidoptera: Hyphantria cunea Drury) were studied to determine how web temperatures respond to infrared radiation and wind. Webs were individually mounted under an infrared light source at the end of a wind tunnel. 2. During infrared heating, the front (outward-facing) surface and central interior of the web were more effective at trapping and holding heat than the back (inner) surface. 3. Thermal heterogeneity inside webs represents options to larvae, allowing the possibility of behavioral thermoregulation. 4. During windy conditions, webs slowed air movements enough to allow the web interior to retain some captured heat.
Review of Large-Eddy Simulation of Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion

Recent developments in the methodology of large-eddy simulation applied to turbulent, reacting flows are reviewed, with specific emphasis on mixture-fraction-based approaches to nonpremixed reactions. Some typical results are presented, and the potential use of the methodology in applications and the future outlook are discussed.
Further studies of in-source fragmentation of peptides in matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization

Abstract A variety of additional factors that influence the in-source fragmentation of MALDI ionized peptides have been studied. In an attempt to further understand this in-source fragmentation process, instrumental parameters such as the desorption laser pulse width and wavelength, and ion-extraction delay period have been examined as to their effect on peptide fragmentation. Use of a shorter desorption wavelength (266 nm) increases the intensity of in-source fragment ions (relative to the intact protonated molecular ion species), but does not change the types of fragment ion series that are observed. Essentially, no differences in the fragmentation spectra were observed when the laser pulse width was varied (700 ps versus 5 ns) and a constant (337 nm) desorption wavelength was employed. In addition, both positive- and negative-ion in-source fragmentation spectra for several matrices were examined. The previously reported cn and yn in-source fragment ion series are very similar as to occurrence and intensity in both positive- and negative-ion mode MALDI spectra. This similarity in positive- and negative-ion mass spectra suggests that in-source fragmentation most probably occurs independent of the ionization pathway (protonation or deprotonation) and is therefore not linked to the “exothermicity” of the proton transfer reaction as previously suggested. Possible alternative ion activation processes are discussed. A new “an-type” ion fragment series has also been identified and is more prevalent with certain classes of MALDI matrices. Finally, in-source fragmentation can be suppressed by certain MALDI matrices. Super-DHB almost completely suppresses yn-series fragment ions relative to DHB. The cn-series fragment ions are also reduced in relative intensity but are still observed. Alpha-cyano-3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamic acid is shown to almost completely suppress both of the cn and yn fragmentation ion series.
Periodic waves with constant vorticity in water of infinite depth

Periodic waves propagating at a constant velocity at the surface of a fluid with constant vorticity in water of infinite depth are considered. The problem is solved numerically by a boundary-integral-equation method. Simmen & Saffman (Stud. Appl. Maths 75, 35, 1985) showed that there are families of solutions which have limiting configurations with a 120° angle at their crests or a trapped bubble at their troughs. It is shown that there are additional families of solutions. These families have limiting configurations with trapped bubbles at their crests. Each bubble is circular and contains fluid in rigid-body rotation. The results are consistent with previous calculations for solitary waves in water of finite depth.
The Barrier of Hypoglycemia in Diabetes

Glycemic control, a worthwhile goal for people with diabetes, is limited by the barrier of iatrogenic hypoglycemia (1). Iatrogenic hypoglycemia 1 ) causes recurrent morbidity in most people with type 1 diabetes and many with advanced type 2 diabetes and is sometimes fatal, 2 ) compromises physiological and behavioral defenses against subsequent falling plasma glucose concentrations and thus causes a vicious cycle of recurrent hypoglycemia, and 3 ) precludes maintenance of euglycemia over a lifetime of diabetes and therefore full realization of the vascular benefits of glycemic control. The premise of this “Perspective in Diabetes” is that insight into the pathophysiology of glucose counterregulation in diabetes leads to understanding of the frequency and impact of, risk factors for, and prevention of iatrogenic hypoglycemia. Partial glycemic control reduces, but does not eliminate, the development of microvascular complications of diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) in type 1 (2) and type 2 (3,4) diabetes. Extrapolation of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) retinopathy data suggests that long-term maintenance of euglycemia might eliminate those complications (5). Follow-up of the DCCT patients seemingly indicates that a period of earlier partial glycemic control reduces the development of macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes (6). Aside from the metformin subset of the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (4), randomized controlled trials of intensive glycemic therapy have not documented a cardiovascular mortality benefit in type 2 diabetes (3,7,8). However, those trials do not exclude a cardiovascular benefit if glycemic control, or even partial glycemic control, could be maintained over a longer period of time. In any event, given its documented microvascular benefit, maintenance of euglycemia over a lifetime of diabetes would be in the best interest of people with diabetes if that could be accomplished safely. Unfortunately, maintenance of euglycemia over a lifetime of diabetes …
Acquisition of knowledge from data

The work described here addresses two problems: information overload of database users, and knowledge acquisition for use in Al systems. We have implemented programs that use artificial intelligence techniques to prepare high-level, intelligent summaries of databases, and that use empirical databases in turn, in combination with statistical and Al methods, to generate new domain knowledge base. Both programs are examples of the aquisition of knowledge from data: the Summarization Module fuses large amounts of data succinctly, the Discovery Module extracts new knowledge present implicitly in data. We describe the implementation of our programs and outline planned extensions which combine both approaches. This work is distinguished from current knowledge engineering approaches in that we prime the system with expert knowledge, and then use factual data to learn more about the domain.
Heat Transfer through Irradiated, Semi-transparent Layers at High Temperature

A model is proposed for predicting conduction and radiation heat transfer across an irradiated layer of semitransparent material at high temperature. The validity and accuracy of the model are established by comparing the predictions with those reported in the literature. Results of sample calculations are included for the purpose of determining the relative importance of radiation in comparison to the total heat transfer across the layer. The sample results show that treatment of the slag as an opaque substance could result in large underpredictions of the total heat transfer in comparison to the case where the material of the layer is semitransparent to radiation. The findings have practical implications to the design of components of coal-fired combustion systems.
Effects of estradiol-17beta and pimozide on prolactin synthesis in male and female rats.

The effects of in vivo treatment with estradiol-17β and pimozide on the in vitro incorporation of radioactive amino acids into prolactin were determined. The synthesis of anterior pituitary proteins was examined in a double label experiment in which pituitaries from ovariectomized, female rats were incubated with [14C]leucine and pituitaries from rats receiving estradiol injections were incubated with [3H]leucine. Electrophoresis of the combined samples demonstrated that estradiol specifically increased incorporation into prolactin, but not other pituitary proteins. The quantitation of prolactin synthesis was compared using gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. The methods yielded results which were indistinguishable quantitatively and both methods demonstrated the ability of estradiol to stimulate prolactin synthesis. Anterior pituitaries were able to incorporate [3H]leucine into total protein, prolactin and growth hormone for at least 6 h in vitro. Differences between pituitaries from control and...
Distribution and molecular heterogeneity of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive peptides in the brain and gut of the rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri

Abstract Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (CCK-li) was measured in extracts of various brain and gut regions of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri . All regions of the brain except the cerebellum and pituitary contained detectable CCK-li. In the gut, the highest concentrations of CCK-li were found in the small intestine and pyloric caeca. Lesser amounts were found in rectum and gastric antrum extracts. In some fish, extracts of these regions contained no detectable CCK-li. Rainbow trout brain extracts contained CCK-li that co-eluted with CCK-8 in gel permeation chromatography whereas CCK-li extracted from the various gut regions exhibited marked molecular heterogeneity. Tissue distribution and apparent molecular size of CCK-li in trout is very similar to mammals for brain but distinct from the mammalian pattern in the gut.
Nonnegative Scaling Vectors on the Interval

In this paper, we outline a method for constructing nonnegative scaling vectors on the interval. Scaling vectors for the interval have been constructed in [1–3]. The approach here is different in that the we start with an existing scaling vector ϕ that generates a multi-resolution analysis for L2(R) to create a scaling vector for the interval. If desired, the scaling vector can be constructed so that its components are nonnegative. Our construction uses ideas from [4,5] and we give results for scaling vectors satisfying certain support and continuity properties. These results also show that less edge functions are required to build multi-resolution analyses for L2 ([a; b]) than the methods described in [5,6].
Electrical influence on molecular conformation in glyoxal and glycine

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been performed to find the internal rotation potentials of glyoxal and glycine under the influence of different external electric fields and electric field gradients. Not only is the interconversion barrier height directly affected by both fields and field gradients, but also important is the reshaping of the internal rotational potentials. In certain regions, a field gradient introduces a particularly sharp dependence of the potential on the internal rotation angle. These results serve to give a quantitative assessment of the field and field gradient strengths necessary for influencing conformational energetics and dynamics. We also find that there is mostly a small interplay between electron correlation effects and the conformational effects of the electric field and field gradient, including those from sizable fields and field gradients.
Contractility of late pregnant rat myometrium is refractory to activation of soluble but not particulate guanylate cyclase.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare the effects of agents activating particulate or soluble guanylate cyclases on the spontaneous contractile activity of the isolated pregnant rat uterus. Study Design: Uterine rings from midpregnant (14-day) and late pregnant (21-day) rats were suspended in organ chambers to record spontaneous contractile activity. Concentration-response curves were obtained for the following natriuretic peptides: atrial, brain, and C-type; concentration-response curves were also obtained for diethylamine nitric oxide, 3-morpholino-sydnominine, and authentic nitric oxide. Results: All 3 natriuretic peptides inhibited spontaneous uterine contractions equally at midgestation and late gestation. The inhibitory effects of the nitric oxide donors diethylamine nitric oxide, 3-morpholino-sydnominine, and authentic nitric oxide were attenuated in uterine tissues from animals in late stages of pregnancy. Conclusion: Agents activating either soluble or particulate guanylate cyclase inhibit contractions of uterine rings from midgestation rats, whereas the effects of soluble guanylate cyclase are attenuated at late pregnancy. Thus spontaneous uterine contractions are under the control of both soluble and particulate guanylate cyclases; the former is dependent on gestational age but the latter is not. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:158-62.)
Cyclic AMP and the reverse transformation reaction.

: Traditional methods for cancer treatment have been aimed at killing the cancer cells. Unfortunately this approach all too often is accompanied by harmful killing of normal cells. The present paper describes an experimental program in our laboratory in which cancer cells are treated so as to revert to normal cell behavior. This process, which we have named reverse transformation, appears to offer considerable hope in the treatment of a large number of malignancies.
The role of brain computed tomography in evaluating children with new onset of seizures in the emergency department.

Summary: Background: The purpose of neuroimaging of a patient with new onset of seizures is to demonstrate cause and explore the prognosis. It was recently recommended that emergency brain computed tomography (CT) be performed only in adult seizure patients with an increased likelihood of life-threatening lesions, i.e., those with new focal deficits, persistent altered mental status, fever, recent trauma, persistent headaches, history of cancer, history of anticoagulation, or suspicion of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic utility of emergency brain CT in children who present to the emergency department with new onset of seizures. Methods: A 1-year retrospective chart review of all children who presented to the emergency department of the Schneider Children's Hospital with a new onset of seizures and who underwent CT of the brain, excluding children with simple febrile seizures. Results: Sixty-six patients, 34 boys and 32 girls with a mean age of 4.9 years, qualified for inclusion in the study. Fifty-two patients (78.8%) had normal CT results and 14 patients (21.2%) had abnormal CT results. Seizure cause was considered cryptogenic in 33 patients, of whom 2 (6%) had abnormal CT results; neither patient required intervention. Seizure cause was considered symptomatic in 20 patients, of whom 12 (60%) had abnormal CT results (p < 0.0001). In two patients with abnormal CT scans (both acute symptomatic), the imaging findings were of immediate therapeutic significance and were predictable from the clinical history and the physcial examination. None of the 13 patients with complex febrile seizure cause had an abnormal CT scan. Patients with partial convulsive seizures were more likely to have abnormal CT scans than patients with generalized convulsive seizures, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The routine practice in many pediatric emergency Department of obtaining brain CT scans for all patients with new onset of nonfebrile seizures is unjustified. History and physical examination are sufficient to identify those patients for whom such studies are likely to be appropriate. Emergent CT is not indicated for patients with no known seizure risk factors, normal neurological examinations, no acute symptomatic cause other than fever, and reliable neurological follow-up. For these patients, referral to a pediatric neurologist for further workup, including electroencephalography and the more diagnostically valuable magnetic resonance imaging, would be more appropriate.
Determination of equilibrium and individual rate constants for subtilisin‐catalyzed transesterification in anhydrous environments

We report here the first determinations of individual rate constants and equilibrium constants for enzymatic reactions in essentially anhydrous organic solvents. Using the added nucleophile method we have measured the effect of changing solvent on the binding and catalytic steps for subtilisin-catalyzed transesterification of N-protected amino acid esters. The detailed information generated indicates that once the substrate has bound to the enzyme, the catalytic machinery can work at rates equivalent to those in water. The decreased overall rates for subtilisin suspended in anhydrous solvents are merely the result of extremely high values for Ks, in most cases, coupled with low concentrations of nucleophile (∼1.0M in organic solvents, and 55M in water). The method described, which is generally applicable, and straightforward experimentally, will, we believe, enable a clearer understanding of how changing solvent can predictably affect the activity and specificity of the enzyme. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effectiveness of a comprehensive mind body weight loss intervention for overweight and obese adults: a pilot study.

Summary Objectives This pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive mind body intervention for weight loss in overweight and obesity and the maintenance of weight loss at 6-month follow-up. Design Thirty-one overweight and obese employees (Body Mass Index (BMI) 28.6–47.9kg/m 2 ) from a large corporation participated in a 20-week comprehensive mind body intervention targeting weight loss. Main outcome measures Weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, rate pressure product (RPP), blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and psychological variables were collected at baseline, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up. Results Using linear mixed model analyses, the intervention resulted in significant mean weight loss (−4.3kg, 95% CI −5.8 to −2.8), decreases in BMI (−1.51, 95% CI −2.1 to −1.0), hip circumference measurement (−4.3cm, 95% CI −6.9 to −1.5), and triglyceride levels (95% CI −33.1 to −4.8). In 6-month follow-up after intervention, statistically significant improvements in weight, BMI and waist measurement were sustained. Participants also showed positive changes in self-reported psychological indices: food-related disinhibition, and hunger both decreased significantly ( p p p p p Conclusions This comprehensive mind body intervention showed modest effects on physical, laboratory, and psychological outcomes, both immediately following treatment and at 6-month follow-up, in overweight and obese individuals.
Translational research in the Gynecologic Oncology Group: Evaluation of ovarian cancer markers, profiles, and novel therapies

Objectives To review the translational research (TR) performed in the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) to evaluate ovarian cancer markers, profiles and novel therapies.
Harmonic Fields in a Non Uniform Plasma

The magnitudes of the harmonic fields which are generated when an alternating electric field is applied to a plasma are calculated. The plasma has a density gradient and is immersed in a uniform static magnetic field. The harmonics are very strongly excited near the upper hybrid frequency. A fluid theory is employed to describe the highly non linear behavior near resonance and a kinetic theory is used to find the effect of a finite temperature. It is found that kinetic effects are important if the radius of gyration is comparable in size to the scale length.
The role of interferon alpha in initiation of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in both humans and the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, in which the insulin-producing-cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed by a beta islet cell-specific T cell immune response. We recently reported that interferon (IFN)-α is an early trigger of the T1D process in NOD mice. Here, we show that extensive blockade of IFN-α action by a monoclonal antibody specific to IFN-α receptor 1 results in nearly complete prevention of T1D in NOD mice. Whether professional IFN-α producing cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), are responsible for the initiation of T1D has been unclear. Here we demonstrate that depletion of pDCs in NOD mice by a specific mAb given at 15–25 days of age significantly delays the onset and decreases the incidence of T1D. These findings indicate that pDC and pDC-derived IFN-α are the prime initiators of the pathogenesis of T1D in NOD mice.
A conversation on protein folding.

(2011). A Conversation on Protein Folding. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 587-588.
Rediscovery of Polypodium calirhiza (Polypodiaceae) in Mexico

This study addresses reported discrepancies regarding the occurrence of Polypodium calirhiza in Mexico. The original paper describing this taxon cited collections from Mexico, but the species was omitted from the recent Pteridophytes of Mexico. Originally treated as a tetraploid cytotype of P. californicum, P. calirhiza now is hypothesized to have arisen through hybridization between P. glycyrrhiza and P. californicum. The tetraploid can be difficult to distinguish from either of its putative parents, but especially so from P. californicum. Our analyses show that a combination of spore length and abaxial rachis scale morphology consistently distinguishes P. calirhiza from P. californicum, and we confirm that both species occur in Mexico. Although occasionally found growing together in the United States, the two species are strongly allopatric in Mexico: P. californicum is restricted to coastal regions of the Baja California peninsula and neighboring Pacific islands, whereas P. calirhiza grows at high elevations in central and southern Mexico. The occurrence of P. calirhiza in Oaxaca, Mexico, marks the southernmost extent of the P. vulgare complex in the Western Hemisphere.