cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental investigation of the interactions between reaction-driven and stress-driven melt segregation: 1. Application to mantle melt extraction

[1] We present results from experiments designed to investigate the interactions between stress-driven melt segregation and reaction-enhanced melt infiltration, two mechanisms that have previously been studied independently of each other. A melt source (with a melt fraction below the rheologically critical melt fraction) in which the basaltic melt is either orthopyroxene-saturated or orthopyroxene-undersaturated was coupled with a nominally melt-free olivine + orthopyroxene sink in two cylindrical configurations deformed in torsion. As melt migrates from the source to the sink in samples with an orthopyroxene-undersaturated melt source, the basalt dissolves orthopyroxene and precipitates olivine. The local increase in melt fraction during this process increases permeability and enhances melt infiltration. As melt migrates from the source to the sink in samples with an orthopyroxene-saturated melt source, the reaction described above does not occur. These samples display modest infiltration associated with combined surface tension-driven flow and mechanical segregation. Our experiments demonstrate (1) that combined reaction and deformation leads to greater infiltration of melt than does either mechanism alone, and (2) that melt segregation associated with deformation is an effective way to create perturbations in melt fraction along the source-sink interface, which act as nucleation points for reaction-enhanced infiltration in the experiments.
Inside, Outside African Lives

Marianne Alverson. Under African Sun. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. xvi. 233 pp. $19.95 (cloth). Francis Mading Deng. The Man Called Deng Majok. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. xvi. 294 pp. $26.00 (cloth). Edith Turner. The Spirit and the Drum. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1987. xii. 165 pp. $18.95 (cloth).
Temporal characterization of intrauterine pressure data

Abstract The development of an algorithm for the identification and characterization of uterine contractions (UC), which yields results consistent with clinical visual interpretation of intrauterine pressure (IUP) curves, has been complicated by the presence of artifacts and variations in the base line and shapes of intrauterine pressure. In order to meet these problems, real time programmed analysis of intrauterine pressure data is accomplished by an algorithm which first smooths the data and then determines temporal characteristics of uterine contractions, including onset time, peak time, and end time, ulitizing elementary methods of calculus. The interval between contractions is also defined. Results from 94 intrauterine pressure data files, each 512 seconds in length, are presented. Atypical intrauterine pressure records which complicate algorithmic characterization are illustrated.
Effect of initial delamination on Mode 1 and Mode 2 interlaminar fracture toughness and fatigue fracture threshold

Static and fatigue double-cantilever beam (DCB) and end-notch flexure (ENF) tests were conducted to determine the effect of the simulated initial delamination in interlaminar fracture toughness, G(sub c), and fatigue fracture threshold, G(sub th). Unidirectional, 24-ply specimens of S2/SP250 glass/epoxy were tested using Kapton inserts of four different thickness - 13, 25, 75, and 130 microns, at the midplane at one end, or with tension or shear precracks, to simulate an initial delamination. To determine G(sub c), the fatigue fracture threshold below which no delamination growth would occur in less than 1 x 10(exp 6) cycles, fatigue tests were conducted by cyclically loading specimens until delamination growth was detected. Consistent values of model 1 fracture toughness, G(sub Ic), were measured from DCB specimens with inserts of thickness 75 microns or thinner, or with shear precracks. The fatigue DCB tests gave similar values of G(sub Ith) for the 13, 25, and 75 microns specimens. Results for the shear precracked specimens were significantly lower that for specimens without precracks. Results for both the static and fatigue ENF tests showed that measured G(IIc) and G(IIth) values decreased with decreasing insert thickness, so that no limiting thickness could be determined. Results for specimens with inserts of 75 microns or thicker were significantly higher than the results for precracked specimens or specimens with 13 or 25 microns inserts.
Nononcogenic deletion mutants of herpesvirus saimiri are defective for in vitro immortalization.

Abstract Herpesvirus saimiri L-DNA sequences between 0.0 and 4.0 map units (4.5 kilobase pairs) are required for oncogenicity; these sequences are not required for replication of the virus. To investigate the basis for the lack of oncogenicity of mutants with deletions in this region and to study the function of this region, we developed a reliable system for in vitro immortalization by herpesvirus saimiri. In contrast to peripheral blood lymphocytes from cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and owl monkeys (Aotus sp.), infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes from common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in vitro with herpesvirus saimiri consistently yielded continuously growing lymphoblastoid cell lines. Such cell lines were established using strains of herpesvirus saimiri from group A and group non-A, non-B; however, repeated attempts to immortalize common marmoset peripheral blood lymphocytes using strains from group B were not successful. Common marmoset cell lines immortalized by herpesvirus saimiri were T12+, T8+, T4-, and B1-, indicating that they were derived from suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell lines could not be established using the nononcogenic mutants 11att and S4, both of which were derived from the group A strain 11 virus. Strain 11att has a spontaneous deletion and S4 has a constructed deletion in the 0.0 to 4.0 map unit region. Constructed strains which had these deleted sequences restored did immortalize common marmoset peripheral blood lymphocytes. Thus, the nononcogenic deletion mutants are defective for immortalization. This system should facilitate attempts to define the sequences responsible for immortalization and to determine their function.
Esophagus and Contralateral Lung-Sparing IMRT for Locally Advanced Lung Cancer in the Community Hospital Setting.

Background: The optimal technique for performing lung IMRT remains poorly defined. We hypothesize that improved dose distributions associated with normal tissue sparing IMRT can allow for safe dose escalation resulting in decreased acute and late toxicity. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 82 consecutive lung cancer patients treated with curative intent from 1/10 to 9/14. From 1/10 to 4/12, 44 patients were treated with the community standard of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy or IMRT without specific esophagus or contralateral lung constraints (standard RT). From 5/12 to 9/14, 38 patients were treated with normal tissue-sparing IMRT with selective sparing of contralateral lung and esophagus. The study endpoints were dosimetry, toxicity and overall survival. Results: Despite higher mean prescribed radiation doses in the normal tissue-sparing IMRT cohort (64.5 Gy vs. 60.8 Gy, p=0.04), patients treated with normal tissue-sparing IMRT had significantly lower lung V20, V10, V5, mean lung, maximum esophagus and mean esophagus doses compared to patients treated with standard RT (p≤0.001). Patients in the normal tissue-sparing IMRT group had reduced acute grade ≥3 esophagitis (0% vs. 11%, p<0.001), acute grade ≥2 weight loss (2% vs. 16%, p=0.04), late grade ≥2 pneumonitis (7% vs. 21%, p=0.02). The 2-year overall survival was 52% with normal tissue-sparing IMRT arm compared to 28% for standard RT (p=0.015). Conclusion: These data provide proof of principle that suboptimal radiation dose distributions are associated with significant acute and late lung and esophageal toxicity that may result in hospitalization or even premature mortality. Strict attention to contralateral lung and esophageal dose volume constraints are feasible in the community hospital setting without sacrificing disease control.
Synthesis and nucleophilic substitutions of 3-alkyl-5-chloroisoxazoles

Abstract A 3-alkyl-5-chloroisoxazole synthesis is described based on the cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to 1,1-dichloroethylene, an inexpensive dipolarophile. Substitution of the chloride in these adducts by various nucleophiles is also described.
Magnetic field dependence of the superconductivity in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors

Abstract The changes in superconducting behavior of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O high temperature superconductors upon the application of an applied field of 0.5 T are explored, using field-modulated-microwave absorption. Significant differences in the behavior are noted and discussed.
Use of capillary electrophoresis as a method development tool for classical gel electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to optimize the buffer pH, ionic strength and sulfated cyclodextrin concentrations for enantiomeric separation of piperoxan. These enantioseparation conditions were then applied to a classical gel electrophoresis system. Binding constants of the sulfated β-cyclodextrin–piperoxan couple were approximated using CE and the effects of organic solvents on the system were also investigated.
Predictors of Adherence to a Brief Behavioral Insomnia Intervention: Daily Process Analysis

Behavioral interventions for insomnia are effective in improving sleep, yet adherence is variable, and predictors of adherence have not been consistently replicated. The relationships between daily variations in state factors at the initiation of treatment and adherence have not been investigated. Using 2-week, self-report online logs, this study determined, among 53 college students with probable insomnia, the associations of pretreatment factors and daily factors during treatment on daily variations in adherence to one session of behavioral treatments for insomnia. These treatments included stimulus control therapy (SCT), sleep restriction therapy (SRT), and sleep hygiene (SH). Low self-efficacy was associated with poorer SCT and SH adherence. Participants with a "bed partner or pet" at least some of the time had better SCT adherence. Greater total sleep time and poorer sleep quality were associated with poor SCT and SRT adherence the following night. Greater sleep efficiency was related to greater next night SCT and SRT adherence. Alcohol consumption was related to poorer SRT and SH adherence the following night. Future studies should test the replicability of these findings. Adherence trials may want to test whether discouraging alcohol intake, enhancing treatment-related self-efficacy, and monitoring and providing feedback on sleep, early in treatment, affects adherence.
Gender Differences in Psychosocial Determinants of Adolescent Smoking.

Because of the social meaning smoking has acquired and because of different trends in male and female initiation rates, it is reasonable to suspect that different psychosocial factors predict smoking in teen-age boys and girls. A literature review revealed external pressures such as peer and parental smoking are important for both boys and girls though their influence may be moderated differentially by age and type of smoking behavior assessed. Some data support the hypothesis that female smoking is associated with self-confidence, social experience, and rebellion, whereas male smoking is associated with social insecurity. Overall, group differences such as gender and socioeconomic status are well-documented in terms of smoking prevalence but underexplored in the area of psychosocial predictors. In this review, gender differences have been documented with sufficient frequency to warrant further attention to develop gender specific components of smoking prevention programs.
Desire to Listen: One Learning Management System-Based Solution to Providing Copyright Compliant Streaming Audio Reserves

In 2008, the Performing Arts Librarian and the Bierce Library Course Reserves Manager at the Bierce Library at the University of Akron were charged by library administration to explore possible solutions for providing online media reserves in a manner compliant with U.S. copyright law. In collaboration with the University's Information Technology Services, they developed a system that would deliver streaming music files via Desire2Learn, the University's learning management system. This article explores the development of the service, policy creation, copyright compliance, the testing and implementation of the system, instructor training, and future possibilities.
Central leptin differentially modulates ultradian secretory patterns of insulin, leptin and ghrelin independent of effects on food intake and body weight

We tested the hypothesis that leptin acts centrally to differentially modulate the ultradian communication of leptin, insulin and ghrelin with the hypothalamus. The ultradian fluctuation of these hormones in plasma after central leptin gene therapy was analyzed. Increased leptin transgene expression in the hypothalamus significantly decreased energy intake and body weight concomitant with severe hypoleptinemia and hypoinsulinemia resulting from drastically suppressed peak heights with unchanged frequency discharge of these hormones. Ghrelin secretion was, however, increased solely due to increased pulse amplitude. In pair-fed control rats leptin and ghrelin secretion was unchanged. In conclusion, independent of restraint on caloric intake and weight, leptin acting centrally modulates only the pulse amplitude of ultradian rhythmicity of the three afferent signals involved in the hypothalamic integration of energy balance. Since rhythmic discharge patterns dictate target response of hormones, these findings reveal a novel hypothalamic action of leptin in the pathophysiology of the obesity-dependent metabolic syndrome.
Sum1 and Hst1 repress middle sporulation‐specific gene expression during mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Meiotic development in yeast is characterized by the sequential induction of temporally distinct classes of genes. Genes that are induced at the middle stages of the pathway share a promoter element, termed the middle sporulation element (MSE), which interacts with the Ndt80 transcriptional activator. We have found that a subclass of MSEs are strong repressor sites during mitosis. SUM1 and HST1, genes previously associated with transcriptional silencing, are required for MSE-mediated repression. Sum1 binds specifically in vitro to MSEs that function as strong repressor sites in vivo. Repression by Sum1 is gene specific and does not extend to neighboring genes. These results suggest that mechanisms used to silence large regions of chromatin may also be used to regulate the expression of specific genes during development. NDT80 is regulated during mitosis by both the Sum1 and Ume6 repressors. These results suggest that progression through sporulation may be controlled by the regulated competition between the Sum1 repressor and Ndt80 activator at key MSEs.
Synthesis of the five-coordinate ruthenium(II) complexes [(PCP)Ru(CO)(L)][BAr'4] [PCP = 2,6-(CH2P(t)Bu2)2C6H3, BAr'4 = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, L = eta1-ClCH2Cl, eta1-N2, or mu-Cl-Ru(PCP)(CO)]: reactions with phenyldiazomethane and phenylacetylene

Reaction of (PCP)Ru(CO)(Cl) (1) with NaBAr'4 yields the bimetallic product [[(PCP)Ru(CO)](2)(mu-Cl)][BAr'4] (2). The monomeric five-coordinate complexes [(PCP)Ru(CO)(eta1-ClCH2Cl)][BAr'4] (3) and [(PCP)Ru(CO)(eta1-N2)][BAr'4] (4) are synthesized upon reaction of (PCP)Ru(CO)(OTf) (6) with NaBAr'4 in CH2Cl2 or C6H5F, respectively. The solid-state structures of 2, 3, and 4 have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies of single crystals. The reaction of 3 with PhCHN2 or PhCCH affords carbon-carbon coupling products involving the aryl group of the PCP ligand in transformations that likely proceed via the formation of Ru carbene or vinylidene intermediates. Density functional theory and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations were performed to investigate the bonding of weak bases to the 14-electron fragment [(PCP)Ru(CO)]+ and the energetics of different isomers of the product carbene and vinylidene complexes.
Aptamers: turning the spotlight on cells

This article is a review of the development and application of aptamer probes for cell imaging. Aptamers selected against whole cells have been modified with different fluorescent dyes and nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, and superparamagnetic iron oxide, for their use as imaging probes of live cells. These probes have been successfully used for cell imaging both in vitro and in vivo by optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron-emission tomography (PET). In this article, we discuss the development of different aptamer-based probes currently available for imaging of live cells and their applications in the biomedical field.
The legal responsibility of the dentist

The dentist’s role in various legal situations is slated clearly; for example, are you responsible for the actions of your auxiliary personnel?
Inductively coupled plasma etching of CoFeB, CoZr, CoSm and FeMn thin films in interhalogen mixtures

Abstract Two new plasma chemistries (ICl and IBr) have been employed for patterning of CoFeB, CoZr, CoSm and FeMn thin films for application in magnetic memories. The interhalogen mixtures produced faster etch rates for FeMn, CoSm, and CoZr in both chemistries compared to Cl 2 plasmas under the same conditions. The etch rates are a strong function of discharge composition, pressure, ion flux and ion energy. The data are consistent with an ion-assisted desorption mechanism for the metal chloride etch products. No effect on magnetic properties of etched CoSm was detectable under our conditions.
The extraction of americium and strontium by P,P'-Di(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2- diphosphonic acid.

ABSTRACT A new acidic organophosphorus extractant, P,P′-di(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-diphosphonic acid (H2DEH[1,2-BzDP]), has been synthesized. Though the extractant proved unstable with respect to acid hydrolysis upon storage at room temperature, it was sufficiently stable in o-xylene solution under refrigeration to determine its aggregation and extraction properties for Sr2+ and Am3+ between 25 and 60°C. Slope analysis of radioanalytical data and the results of osmometric measurements indicate that the dominant extraction reaction for both metal ions is M n++n HL⇋ML n +n H+ where n=2 for Sr(II) and 3 for Am(III). In the Sr system there is also evidence for the extraction of SrNO3 +. As the extractant aggregation and extraction stoichiometries do not change significantly with temperature, it was possible to derive enthalpies and entropies of extraction from the temperature dependence of the metal extraction equilibrium constants between 25.0 and 60.0°C. The extraction of both metal ions is driven by an e...
Morphology and molecular orientation of thin-film bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene

As a modification to the insoluble and herringbone-structured pentacene, bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) (TIPS) pentacene has two bulky side groups, leading to good solubility in common organic solvents and regular π–π stacking arrangements in the crystalline state. Solution processing of TIPS–pentacene thin films was investigated as a function of various process parameters in this work. Electron diffraction results suggested that TIPS–pentacene molecules tended to align with the acene unit edge on to the substrate, touching down with their bulky side groups. In a TIPS–pentacene polycrystalline film, the long axis of individual crystallite is [2 1 0], while the shorter axis is [1 2 0]. High-resolution electron microscopy was used to study the local crystal structure and characteristic defects of TIPS–pentacene thin films. Due to the nonaromatic side groups, TIPS–pentacene was found to be significantly more sensitive to the electron beam (critical dose Jc = 0.05 C/cm2 at 300 kV) than pentacene itself (Jc = 0.2 C/cm2 at 100 kV).
Electrochemical investigations of electronically conductive polymers VII. Charge transport in lightly doped polypyrrole

Abstract We, and other researchers, have shown that the mechanism and rate of charge transport in polypyrrole films (on electrode surfaces) depend on whether the polymer is in its electronically conductive or electronically insulating state. This paper focuses on the mechanism and rate of charge transport in the electronically insulating state, i.e., we describe results of electrochemical investigations of polypyrrole films which were equilibrated at initial potentials negative of −0.30 V versus SCE. With regard to the mechanism of charge transport, we show that this lightly doped material behaves like a redox polymer. In particular, we show that, like other redox polymers, redox reactions for lightly doped polypyrrole begin at the polymer/electrode interface and propagate to the polymer/solution interface. With regard to the rate of charge transport, we show that apparent diffusion coefficients for polypyrrole synthesized from acetonitrile solutions containing 2% added water are significantly lower than charge transport rates in films synthesized in rigorously dried acetonitrile. Finally, we report exchange current densities associated with the oxidation of lightly doped polypyrrole. These exchange current densities are on the order of 4 mA/cm 2 , indicating relatively facile electron transfer kinetics.
On a linear diophantine problem for geometrical type sequences

Etude d'un probleme diophantien lineaire pour les suites de type geometrique et generalisation d'un resultat de E. L. Goldberg
GNeosomes: Highly Lysosomotropic Nanoassemblies for Lysosomal Delivery

GNeosomes, lysosomotropic lipid vesicles decorated with guanidinoneomycin, can encapsulate and facilitate the cellular internalization and lysosomal delivery of cargo ranging from small molecules to high molecular weight proteins, in a process that is exclusively dependent on cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Their cellular uptake mechanism and co-localization with lysosomes, as well as the delivery, release, and activity of internalized cargo, are quantified. GNeosomes are proposed as a universal platform for lysosomal delivery with potential as a basic research tool and a therapeutic vehicle.
Structure of the antibiotic dianemycin

Abstract X-ray crystallography has been used to determine the structure of dianemycin, C47H78O14, an antibiotic from Streptomyces hydroscopicus , which binds monovalent metal cations. The molecule is a polyether, polyalcohol monocarboxylic acid which completely surrounds the cation forming a complex completed by extensive hydrogen bonding.
Variation in reproductive investment among and within populations of the scorpion Centruroides vittatus

Although information concerning variation among and within populations is essential to understanding an organism's life history, little is known of such variation in any species of scorpion. We show that reproductive investment by the scorpion Centruroides vittatus varied among three Texas populations during one reproductive season. Females from the Kickapoo population produced smaller offspring and larger litters than females from the Independence Creek or Decatur populations; this pattern remained when adjusting for among population variation in either female mass or total litter mass. Relative clutch mass (RCM) and within-litter variability in offspring mass (V*) did not differ among populations. Among-population variation may result from genetic differences or from phenotypically plastic responses to differing environments. Within populations, the interrelationships among reproductive variables were similar for Decatur and Independence Creek: females investing more in reproduction (measured by total litter mass, TLM) produced larger litters and larger offspring, and V* decreased with increased mean offspring mass (and with decreased litter size at Decatur). At Kickapoo, larger females produced larger litters and had larger TLM; females investing more in reproduction produced larger litters but not larger offspring. Within litter variability in offspring mass was not correlated with any reproductive variables in this latter population. These patterns may be explained by the fractional clutch hypothesis, the inability of females precisely to control investment among offspring or morphological constraints on reproduction.
Cardiac glycosides: A physical system for their sequestration by the milkweed bug

The large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus sequesters cardenolides from the seeds of milkweed species and other artificial food sources in direct proportion to the cardenolide concentration in the food source. The sequestration of cardenolides into the dorso-lateral space fluid is a physical process displaying first order kinetics, energy independent, and mediated by the presence of an emulsion phase.
Room-Temperature Hydrogen Storage in Nanotubes

In the reports “Hydrogen storage in single-walled carbon nanotubes at room temperature” by C. Lui et al. (5 Nov., p. [1127][1]) and “High H2 uptake by alkali-doped carbon nanotubes under ambient pressure and moderate temperatures” by P. Chen et al. (2 July, p. [91][2]), the authors make the
Osteoclastic differentiation and function regulated by old and new pathways

The osteoclast is a specialized multinucleated variant of the macrophage family. It degrades mineralized tissue, and is required for modeling and remodeling of bone. The osteoclast has long been known to require vitamin D for its differentiation and to be regulated by parathyroid hormone via circulating Ca2+ levels. Two local signals important in osteoclast survival and differentiation, CSF-1 and RANKL, were characterized by the mid-1990s. A basic framework of specialized cell attachment and resorption molecules was also clear by that time, including the αvβ3 integrin, the key adhesion molecule of the mature osteoclast, the highly expressed vacuolar-type H+-ATPase that drives acid secretion to dissolve mineral, and cathepsin K, the predominant acid proteinase for collagenolysis. Recently, additional detail has been added to this framework, showing that the osteoclast has more complex regulation than was previously believed. These include the findings that one component of the V-H+-ATPase is unique to the osteoclast, that chloride transport and probably Cl−/H+ exchange are also required for mineral degradation, and that additional receptors besides RANK and Fms regulate osteoclast formation and survival. Additional receptors include estrogen receptor-α, TNF-family receptors other than RANK, and, at least in some cases, glycoprotein hormone receptors including the TSH-R and the FSH-R. Challenges in understanding osteoclast biology include how the signalling mechanisms function cooperatively. Recent findings suggest that there is a network of cytoplasmic adapters, including Gab-2 and BCAR1, which are modified by multiple signalling mechanisms and which serve to integrate the signalling pathways.
Respiratory Enzyme Activities in Different Regions of the Mouse Heart.

SummaryThe enzymatic activities of NADH-, NADPH-, and succino-cytochrome c reductases and cytochrome oxidase were determined in homogenates of different regions of the mouse heart. It was found that the pattern of enzymatic activities in the atria was different from the right ventricle, left ventricle, and inter-ventricular septum. The atria contained only 57% of the succino-cytochrome c reductase and 46% of the cytochrome oxidase activity of the right ventricle, which was the same as the other ventricular regions. On the other hand, NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity was the same in both atria and ventricles. The atria also differed in gross chemical composition and contained more water and less lipid and protein than the ventricles.
Trauma and violence: are women the weaker sex?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a response to trauma is repeatedly found to be more common among women than men. This article explores prevalence rates and gender differences. Explanations for this gender bias and examined and the literature on trauma types and resulting PTSD is reviewed. Other disorders that may result from trauma that also have gender biases are considered as a potential way to understand this difference. Risk and resilience can perhaps more appropriately be considered specific to symptom picture rather than merely development of pathology. Language: en
Generation of ZnO nanowires with varied densities and lengths by tilting a substrate

Recently, ZnO nanowires have received wide attention. Existing fabrication approaches mainly focused on generating such nanowires with uniform density and length over a substrate. On the other hand, ZnO nanowires with gradients of density and length over a single substrate could make the corresponding devices have varied properties. Therefore, in this work, we developed a simple approach to generate ZnO nanowires of varied morphology on a common substrate. This was achieved by creating a boundary layer of non-uniform thickness which affected the amount of reactants reaching the surface during the growth. This was done by tilting the substrate relative to the incoming gas flow. Here, we first presented theoretical background of the critical idea, and then simulated the thicknesses of boundary layers for different substrate tilt angles. Finally, based on these theoretical and numerical investigations, we fabricated two types of surfaces, which had one- and two-tier wire structures, respectively.
Learners' perspectives on competency-based education.

I n the last decade of the 20th century, competency garnered a great deal of attention in medical education. Spurred by broader educational trends, many medical educators, administrators, and accrediting agencies shifted their educational emphasis from inputs to outputs, focusing less on what educators teach and more on what learners should be capable of doing. This fostered a great deal of discussion regarding which competencies physicians at various levels of training should be able to demonstrate. What should all graduating fourth-year medical students be able to do?What additional abilities should radiology residents be able to demonstrate by the end of their training? In 1999, the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education endorsed new core competencies, expecting residency and fellowship programs to demonstrate their educational effectiveness in each of the following six areas: patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and systems-based practice. Residents and fellows must demonstrate that they have achieved competence in each of these areas, and programs must prove that they are not only teaching but assessing and documenting learner performance. Also in 1999, the Indiana University School of Medicine adopted a competency-based curriculum, consisting of the following nine competencies: effective communication; basic clinical skills; using science to guide diagnosis, management, therapeutics, and prevention; lifelong learning; selfawareness, self-care, and personal growth; the social and community contexts of health care; moral reasoning and ethical judgment; problem solving; and professionalism and role recognition. Students are expected to achieve intermediate knowledge and skill in all areas by the end of the first 2 years, then progress to proficiency in all by the end of the third year, and finally to demonstrate advanced knowledge and skill in three of these areas by the end of the fourth year. Developing, implementing, and evaluating competencybased curricula at both the graduate and postgraduate levels
On the decomposition of Cayley color graphs into isomorphic oriented trees

Abstract We prove that if Δ is a minimal generating set for a nontrivial group Γ and T is an oriented tree having |Δ| edges, then the Cayley color graph DΔ(Γ) can be decomposed into Absolute value of |Γ| edge-disjoint subgraphs, each of which is isomorphic to T; we say that DΔ(Γ) is T-decomposable. This result is extended to obtain a result concerning H-decompositions of Cayley graphs for weakly connected oriented graphs H. The first result is then used to derive several theorems concerning decompositions of Cayley color graphs into prescribed families of oriented trees. Applications of some of these theorems to the verification of statements about decompositions of the n-dimensional hypercube Qn are also discussed.
Concrete Mixing Methods and Concrete Mixers: State of the Art

As for all materials, the performance of concrete is determined by its microstructure. Its microstructure is determined by its composition, its curing conditions, and also by the mixing method and mixer conditions used to process the concrete. This paper gives an overview of the various types of mixing methods and concrete mixers commercially available used by the concrete industry. There are two main types of mixers used: batch mixers and continuous mixers. Batch mixers are the most common. To determine the mixing method best suited for a specific application, factors to be considered include: location of the construction site (distance from the batching plant), the amount of concrete needed, the construction schedule (volume of concrete needed per hour), and the cost. Ultimately, the quality of the concrete produced determines its performance after placement. An important measure of the quality is the homogeneity of the material after mixing. This paper will review mixing methods in regards to the quality of the concrete produced. Some procedures used to determine the effectiveness of the mixing will be examined.
Sasanian Persia (ca. 224–651 C.E.)

ITHE STUDY OF SASANIAN HISTORY AND SOCIETY HAS RECEIVED A GOOD share of attention in the past century. Hundreds of articles and several important books and monographs have contributed to our knowledge of the period. The most important monograph on the history of Iran from the third to the seventh century is that of Arthur Christensen.' The book was written in the first half of the twentieth century, and although we have come to understand its shortcomings through advancing textual criticism and changing methodological strategies, it still remains the source referred to by all the scholars in this field. Shorter monographs, such as that of Klaus Schippmann,2 have added important information and a different approach, giving more attention to primary sources and material culture. Since Christensen's magnum opus, the most complete work on Sasanian Iran is The Cambridge History of Iran,3 which covers many aspects of Sasanian history, language, and culture.4 Since the time of Christensen no one has produced a "complete" work on the Sasanian period, although one should ask whether this is again possible or even prudent. It may be more beneficial for the various aspects of Sasanian history to be relegated to the experts of a specific discipline, such as history, art, archaeology, language, literature, philosophy, and law. The articles and monographs published in the past half century have demonstrated that the history and institutions of the Sasanian period were complex and fluid, leaving more room to study these developments to bring about a better understanding of the period. The Encyclopaedia Iranica has begun to complement this process and to discuss the many aspects of the Sasanian em which can bring about a thorough understanding of the salient features of Sasanian history.
Nitric Oxide Binding to the Heme of Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase Links Its Activity to Changes in Oxygen Tension

Neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (NOS-1) is a hemeprotein that generates NO and citrulline from L-arginine, O2, and NADPH. During catalysis, a majority of NOS-1 binds self-generated NO and converts to a ferrous-NO complex, which causes it to operate at a fraction of its maximum possible activity during the steady state (Abu-Soud, H. M., Wang, J., Rousseau, D. L., Fukuto, J., Ignarro, L. J., and Stuehr, D. J. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22997-23006). To examine how NO complex formation affects the O2 response of NOS-1, we measured rates of NO synthesis and NADPH oxidation versus O2 concentration in the presence and absence of L-arginine. In the absence of L-arginine, NOS-1 catalyzed simple O2 reduction, and its heme iron displayed a typical affinity for O2 (estimated KmO2≤ 40 μM, saturation at ~100 μM). In the presence of L-arginine, the rates of NO synthesis and NADPH oxidation were proportional to the O2 concentration over a much broader range (estimated KmO2 ~400 μM, saturation at ~800 μM), indicating that ferrous-NO complex formation altered the O2 response of NOS-1. Stopped-flow experiments revealed that the rate of ferrous-NO complex formation was relatively independent of the O2 concentration between 100 and 700 μM, while the rate of complex breakdown was directly proportional to O2 concentration. We conclude that the O2 sensitivity of the ferrous-NO complex governs the O2 response of NOS-1 and thus its activity during the steady state. This enables NOS-1 to couple its rate of NO synthesis to the O2 concentration throughout the physiologic range.
Comments on ‘Forecasting with a real-time data set for macroeconomists’

Abstract This note extends the analysis in Stark and Croushore with an emphasis on the importance of data vintage for evaluating survey forecasts and modeling expectations. For both of these types of empirical exercises, results suggest that the choice of latest available or real-time data is critical for variables subject to large level revisions, but almost irrelevant for variables subject to only small revisions. Other forecasting practices were examined, with some surprising results.
Residual Stress and Wave Reflectivity When Laser Peening Thin Curved Sections

Laser Peening is an emerging technology that shows promise for extending the fatigue life of special-purpose metal components in the aerospace, automotive, medical, manufacturing, and other industries. While laser peening has been shown to extend the fatigue life of metal components such as turbine blades and other high value-added components, the technology is not yet understood well enough to deploy it cost-effectively, without extensive experimental testing, for widespread application in diverse industries. Because laser peening can adversely affect fatigue life if the process parameters are not selected appropriately, identification of tamping layers, pulse energy densities, shot patterns, and other parameters is critical to the component geometry, material, and loading. When laser peening thin sections, preliminary finite element studies indicate that reflectivity of shock waves can induces regions of residual stress or damage on opposing surfaces. Through a series of finite element simulations, this work explores the effects of stress wave reflectivity on component life for thin, curved, 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sections. The simulations are based on an 800 mJ, 5 ns pulsed, near-infrared laser, serves to define the pressure pulse boundary condition, and allow more reliable deployment of laser peening technology.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Ausculatory Gap in Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease

Auscultatory gaps, found in some patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease, can be elicited in others by reducing blood flow in the extremity. Reactive hyperemia eliminates the gap in every instance. The gap therefore appears to represent a vasospastic disturbance that limits the blood flow to the extremities, despite the presence of an enhanced pressure head.
Minimally non-Pfaffian graphs

We consider the question of characterizing Pfaffian graphs. We exhibit an infinite family of non-Pfaffian graphs minimal with respect to the matching minor relation. This is in sharp contrast with the bipartite case, as Little [C.H.C. Little, A characterization of convertible (0,1)-matrices, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 18 (1975) 187-208] proved that every bipartite non-Pfaffian graph contains a matching minor isomorphic to K"3","3. We relax the notion of a matching minor and conjecture that there are only finitely many (perhaps as few as two) non-Pfaffian graphs minimal with respect to this notion. We define Pfaffian factor-critical graphs and study them in the second part of the paper. They seem to be of interest as the number of near perfect matchings in a Pfaffian factor-critical graph can be computed in polynomial time. We give a polynomial time recognition algorithm for this class of graphs and characterize non-Pfaffian factor-critical graphs in terms of forbidden central subgraphs.
Scientific objectivity and the logics of science

This paper develops an account of scientific objectivity for a relativist theory of evidence. It briefly reviews the character and shortcomings of empiricist and wholist treatments of theory acceptance and objectivity and argues that the relativist account of evidence developed by the author in an earlier essay offers a more satisfactory framework within which to approach questions of justification and intertheoretic comparison. The difficulty with relativism is that it seems to eliminate objectivity from scientific method. Reconceiving objectivity as a function of the social character of science, rather than of individually practiced methods, allows us to claim that science is objective even if relativism is true, and provides a more realistic account of scientific objectivity than is possible on either the empiricist or the wholist accounts.
A large erythroid spectrin β‐chain variant

A large variant of erythrocyte beta-spectrin was found in a child presenting with hereditary elliptocytosis and anaemia. This polypeptide was phosphorylated, cross-reacted with normal beta-spectrin in immunoblotting and formed a dimer with alpha-spectrin that co-purified with normal alpha beta dimer. The molecular weight was estimated to be 330 kD by SDS gel electrophoresis, which is 84 kD (35%) larger than the normal beta-chain. This variant has been tentatively named spectrin Detroit (beta Detroit). Tryptic digests demonstrated a coexisting alpha-spectrin variant Sp alpha I/65 in the propositus, his father and a paternal uncle. Anaemia and elliptocytosis was associated with Sp alpha I/65 rather than beta Detroit, since other family members with beta Detroit in whom alpha-spectrin was normal had no morphological or clinical abnormalities. Family members were identified who had normal alpha-spectrin but were heterozygotic for the large beta-spectrin. Their erythrocyte membranes were more rigid and fragile than normal. The fragility is probably a consequence of both weaker dimer association and spectrin deficiency. Variant spectrin dimers (alpha beta Detroit) had a reduced self-association constants. Binding to ankyrin was normal. Instability of beta Detroit during erythropoiesis is suggested by the fact that it comprises only 25% of the beta-spectrin in beta Detroit heterozygote erythrocytes, and total spectrin was reduced by 20%. Although beta Detroit has some functional defects, this 84 kDa insert in erythrocyte spectrin is compatible with nearly normal function.
Games, information, and simulations in C3

C3 is big $; it is nationally important; it promises to provide exciting research topics. Thus, it seems natural that control theorists and engineers should get into it. Question: What does C3 and control theory have to offer each other? My personal, perhaps pessimistic, and undoubtedly controversal answer is that 90% of what is accepted as mainstream control theory is insignificantly related to C3 problems. Worse yet, it is not yet clear to me what parts of the system, OR, computer science knowledge that will eventually emerge as the unifying force in the C3 area. This is partly attributible to my own ignorance. Nevertheless, I maintain that we are not ready for nor is there a "theory of C3". To quote Kalman [1] "System theory (of modelling) begins after the basic science has been straightened out". We don't know enough about the basic science of C3. In the below paragraph, I'll speculate on and sketch out three topics which are not in the mainstream of control theory and which I believe will have an impact on C3 problems. These topics are more descriptive (dealing with how things are) than prescriptive (how things should be).
Construction Aspects of Plasma Based Technology for Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Management in Urban Areas

Abstract The paper presents construction aspects of plasma based technology for waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management in urban areas. Urban areas are becoming the new source of “renewable resources” to be “mined” through WEEE waste collection and processing. Authors focus on identification of possibility to process segregated category of waste of printed circuit boards from WEEE locally, instead of using the distant centralized installations. Problem of waste transportation is also presented, proving the advantages of local processing of waste of printed circuit boards. Moreover, the mass of PCB is calculated for each voivodeship in Poland, and throughput of installation required for its processing. Paper presents construction aspects of designed plasma technology for processing of waste of printed circuit boards for metals recovery, with design and exploitation data of plasma reactor: throughput, power, and products. Additionally, currently available technologies for processing of PCB waste are briefly presented.
Study on Separation of Niobium and Iron from Low Grade Niobium Ore

The separation of niobium and iron from the low grade niobium ore was researched by the technology process of reductive roasting and magnetic separation. Experiments of reductive roasting and magnetic separation were carried out in order to investigate the separation effect at different conditions of roasting temperature and addition amount of coal powders. The results show that the separation of niobium and iron can be realized, meanwhile the niobium can be enriched in the magnetic tailings. The main mineral phase of niobium in magnetic tailings changes into NbC from (Ce,Nd)NbTiO5 when the roasting temperature exceeds 1150°C. By magnetic separation after roasting with adding 37.5% coal powders at 1050°C, w(T.Fe) of the reduced iron is 86.11%, the percentage metallization is 87.6%, and the yield ratio of iron is 77.4%. Meanwhile, w(Nb2O5) of the magnetic tailings is 7.35% which is 2.4 times higher than low grade niobium ore, and the yield ratio of niobium is 98.1%.