cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choice-Based Authentication: A Usable-Security Approach

Authentication is an important security component of almost any software application. It serves as the application’s security front door by controlling access with the goal of protecting the confidentiality and integrity of the system. However, with the large variety of software applications that an end user interacts with daily, authentication is becoming a usability issue that has the potential to weaken a system’s overall security. The increasing complexity of dealing with a variety of authentication mechanisms often causes end users to develop negative security behaviours, such as writing down passwords. Moreover, some of the currently available authentication mechanisms, such as alphanumeric passwords, raise universal access issues due to both the issue of remembering a complex sequence of characters and the difficulty some individuals may have in entering that exact sequence on a keyboard or mobile device. This article proposes an authentication approach that seeks to address these usability, universal access, and security issues.
Mechanistic insights into aqueous phase propanol dehydration in H-ZSM-5 zeolite

Aqueous phase dehydration of 1-propanol over H-ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The water molecules in the zeolite pores prefer to aggregate via the hydrogen bonding network and be protonated at the Bronsted acidic sites (BAS). Two typical configurations, i.e., dispersed and clustered, of water molecules were identified by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the mimicking aqueous phase H-ZSM-5 unit cell with 20 water molecules per unit cell. DFT calculated Gibbs free energies suggest that the dimeric propanol-propanol, the propanol-water, and the trimeric propanol-propanol-water complexes are formed at high propanol concentrations in aqueous phase, which provide a kinetically feasible dehydration reaction channel of 1-propanol to propene. The calculation results indicate that the propanol dehydration via the unimolecular mechanism becomes kinetically discouraged due to the enhanced stability of the protonated dimeric propanol and the protonated water cluster acting as the BAS site for alcohol dehydration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Compact on-chip monopole antennas on 20-/spl Omega/-cm silicon substrates for operation in the 5.8-GHz ISM band

An antenna operating at 5.8GHz, which can be used to communicate over 30m, is integrated onto a 20-Omega-cm silicon substrate. The range is more than 6times larger than the previously reported results using a pair of 3-mm long zigzag dipole antennas operating at 24GHz, which are ~30% smaller. The ground plane of this monopole antenna can be a part of on-chip matching network
Conservation decision making: integrating the precautionary principle with uncertainty

The precautionary principle suggests that more conservative actions are prudent when levels of uncertainty are high. Decision makers often rely on intuition rather than specific methods to implement the precautionary principle. I demonstrate how Bayesian data analysis produces uncertainty metrics that can be easily blended with a mathematically explicit rendition of the precautionary principle. This results in decisions that are transparent, replicable, and exact. Societal values will often determine appropriate levels of precaution, so methods that elicit input from public stakeholders are needed.
A Simple and Sensitive Method for Quantitative Measurement of Methylmalonic Acid by Turbulent Flow Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

A simple and sensitive method for the detection of methylmalonic acid in serum without derivatization has been developed. This method implements protein precipitation using methanol followed by additional sample clean up by turbulent flow liquid chromatography (TFLC). The sample was directly injected into the turbulent flow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometrysystem (TFLC-MS/MS) for online extraction followed by HPLC separation. The eluent was transferred to the mass spectrometer and ionized by heated electrospray negative ionization (HESI) and the analyte was quantified using a six-point calibration curve. The validated analytical measurement range (AMR) is 30-1,000 nMol/L. Dilutions of 10 and 200-fold were validated giving a clinical reportable range (CRR) of 30-200,000 nMol/L. The between-day and within-day imprecision values at concentrations spanning the AMR were less than 15%. This method was compared to an established LC-MS/MS method at a CLIA certified national reference laboratory and shows an excellent correlation with our TFLC-MS/ MS method.
Acute GVHD in AML and MDS Patients Receiving Matched Related Donor (MRD) Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Allogeneic Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplant (RIC-AHPCT) Correlates with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Related Molecule A (MICA) Gene Polymorphisms,

Abstract Abstract 4072 Donor immune effector cells including T and NK cells have been implicated in the development of GVHD after AHPCT. MICA is a ligand recognized by the activating receptor NKG2D that is expressed on the surface of NK, NKT, CD8+ and TCRγδ+ T cells. Allelic variants of MICA due to a single amino acid substitution at position 129 in the alpha2 domain have been reported to result in large differences in NKG2D binding. MICA alleles with a methionine (M) or valine (V) have been classified as having strong or weak binding affinity for NKG2D, respectively. It has been suggested that these variable affinities affect thresholds of NK cell triggering and T cell modulation. Homozygosity of V alleles (VV) has been associated with chronic GVHD (Boukouaci et al. Blood 2009;114:5216–5224). However, the effect of such polymorphisms on outcomes after RIC-AHPCT is not clear. We studied 31 patients (20 AML and 11 MDS) who had MRD RIC-AHPCT with fludarabine/low-dose TBI conditioning. All patients received peripheral blood stem cells and GVHD prophylaxis consisted of a calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate. Genotyping was performed retrospectively on patients’ DNA samples by rSSOP to determine MICA 129 dimorphisms and they were then categorized as having VV (n=12), MV (n=17) or MM (n=2) dimorphisms. Post-transplant outcomes were compared between patients with VV (weak) vs. VM/MM (mixed/strong binding affinities). Outcomes were estimated using the cumulative incidence method and compared between groups with the Pepe-Mori test. Patients in the VV group had significantly less grade 3–4 acute GVHD (0 vs. 26%, respectively, p=0.022) and a trend to less chronic GVHD (8 vs. 37%, respectively, p=0.07) than the VM/MM group (see Figures ). Download : Download high-res image (17KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (18KB) Download : Download full-size image There were no differences between these groups regarding pre-transplant patient characteristics, CD34+/TNC doses, neutrophil or platelet engraftment, CMV/other infections, relapse, relapse mortality, non-relapse mortality, relapse-free or overall survival. We conclude that assessment of MICA gene polymorphisms in MRD RIC-AHPCT patients may have important implications for predicting GVHD. Those with a MICA dimorphism indicating weak binding affinity (VV) for the NKG2D activating receptor may have less alloreactive recipient immune effector cells that decrease the risk of developing GVHD. Further investigation of this observation with larger study populations is warranted. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Influence pattern as a form of unified software engineering reuse

There are many situations in the modern world where influence is a subtle, but significant, factor. Business and politics abound with a myriad of instances that each must be analyzed and understood for the right course of action to be determined and followed. This paper proposes a model for analyzing these situations without resorting to constructing entirely new software systems for each. The reuse of the core elements of the system will reduce the long term costs in both development and maintenance, and the resulting systems will be able to adapt to meet continuing needs.
Endovascular management for peripheral arterial trauma: The new norm?

Abstract Background Endovascular therapy is well studied in atraumatic conditions; and there appears to be a growing interest in its application to traumatic injuries. The objective of this study is to compare open and endovascular techniques in the management of peripheral arterial trauma. Methods This is a retrospective review of patients admitted to a Level I Trauma Center sustaining injuries to the subclavian, axillary, superficial femoral, and popliteal arteries. Demographics, surgical interventions, complications, and clinical outcomes were evaluated in patients requiring open or endovascular repair between 2009 and 2015. Results Sixty-eight patients with 70 total arterial injuries were identified. There were 10 subclavian, 14 axillary, 15 superficial femoral, and 31 popliteal artery injuries. Endovascular (n = 20) compared to open repairs (n = 50) were more commonly performed: by vascular surgeons (90% vs. 54%, p = 0.01); in older patients (median age: 38 years vs. 25, p = 0.01); primarily involving upper extremity injuries (60% vs. 24%, p = 0.01). Furthermore, endovascular repairs less commonly required fasciotomy (15% vs. 46%, p = 0.03) and trended towards lower transfusion requirements (50% vs. 77%, p = 0.06). Patients undergoing open repair had lower pre-hospital systolic blood pressures (110 vs. 120, p = 0.03) and lower initial hematocrit (31.5 vs. 36.2, p = 0.02). However, outcomes between groups were trending higher in the endovascular group with respect to limb salvage rates at discharge (94% vs. 89%), median length of stay (14 days vs. 9), and median follow-up (288 days vs. 92) compared to the open group, but the data were not statistically significant. There was increasing utilization of endovascular repair over time (7% of total procedures in 2009; 50% in 2014). Conclusions Overall, endovascular and open techniques were not statistically different in early outcomes. Endovascular therapy appears to provide some advantage when it comes to: challenging anatomy, decreasing blood product utilization, and minimizing physiologic derangement. However, patients with injuries resulting in free hemorrhage or significant external blood loss may still be best served with open repair. Despite this, given the increasing use of endovascular techniques, close collaboration is needed between trauma and endovascular specialists to properly select the optimal management for patients with peripheral arterial trauma.
Methodological Guidelines for the Study of Materiality and Affordances

Technological artifacts are increasingly central to the organizing process. Over the past several years, organizational scholars have begun to make strong ontological claims for the mutual constitution of technologies and organizing. The notion of materiality serves as a linchpin connecting the technological artifacts to social outcomes. Yet, we have few methodological approaches for studying materiality. This chapter outlines three cumulative steps for analyzing the role of technological artifacts in organizations. The first step requires an accounting of the materials out of which technological artifacts are fashioned. The second step requires an accounting of the materiality of the object in ways that link materials to the affordances they produce. Finally, the third step requires an accounting for the processes whereby those affordance materialize into practices that shape the action and interaction that constitutes organizing. For each of these steps, I generate a list of questions that analysts must answer when coding their data to be able to uncover the ways in which technological artifacts come to matter for organizing.
Heterogeneous pathological processes account for thalamic degeneration in multiple sclerosis: Insights from 7 T imaging.

Background:Thalamic degeneration impacts multiple sclerosis (MS) prognosis.Objective:To investigate heterogeneous thalamic pathology, its correlation with white matter (WM), cortical lesions and th...
Abstract 15963: Ultrastructural Evidence for Plaque Erosions in Hypercholesterolemic Apoe -/- Mice

Introduction: Up to 1/3 of acute myocardial infarctions are due to thrombosis initiated by plaque erosions. In the fat-fed ApoE-/- mouse, dramatic increases in plaque permeability and excessive procoagulant risk are observed after ~4 months on a high fat diet, which resolves within weeks of restoring a regular diet. However, whether endothelial barrier disruption is due to dissociation of lateral cell junctions or to frank plaque erosions with endothelial death and sloughing is not known. Methods and Results: 80 male ApoE-/- mice were divided into 8 groups, including high-fat diet for 4, 5, and 6 months, age-matched controls fed normal chow, and mice on a high-fat diet for 4 months followed by normal chow for 1 or 2 months. Aortas were collected for transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Unlike the smooth and intact endothelial layer in younger ApoE-/- mice on normal chow (Fig A), high fat fed mice exhibited cholesterol crystals (Fig C) densely deposited on the surface of aortic plaques (Fig B), with no evidence of normal endothelium, consistent with extensive denudation. However after switching to normal chow for 2 months, endothelial recovery was notable (Fig D), in contrast to mice remaining on high-fat diet (Fig E) with persistent denudation. Denser intimal collagen fibers with fewer lipid droplets were observed in the healing plaques of the diet adjusted groups (Fig F) but not the high fat groups (Fig G). Conclusions: Evidence of plaque erosions and endothelial denudation is revealed as a cause of excessive permeability and thrombotic risk in ApoE-/- mice after prolonged fat feeding. These data argue for a more ubiquitous presence of hypercoagulable erosions than has previously been assumed in individuals at risk for acute vascular events. Accordingly, we hypothesize the plaque erosions may be present in all hypercholesterolemic individuals and some go on to rupture, but that the risk is reversible by dietary manipulation following endothelial recovery.
Ökonometrische Schätzungen zum interindustriellen Informationstransfer

In diesem Kapitel wird das interindustrielle Informationsverhalten der Automobilzulieferer mit Hilfe geeigneter multivariater Analysemethoden abgeschatzt, um die in Kapitel 6 aufgestellten Hypothesen zu uberprufen. Haufigkeit und Qualitat der erhaltenen und weitergegebenen Informationen sowie die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer strategischen Induzierung der Informationsweitergabe werden als endogene Grosen betrachtet.
Transduodenal Resection of Periampullary Villous Neoplasms

Preoperative Investigations and Preparation for Procedure Endoscopy with Biopsy ■ Mandatory in all patients ■ With high suspicion or biopsy-proven malignancy, especially with tissue invasion, strong consideration should be given for radical resection ■ Findings suggesting malignancy include: bile and/or pancreatic ductal dilation, hard or ulcerated tumor, or high-grade dysplasia ■ Cautionary notes: – Endoscopic biopsy misses diagnosis of malignancy in 40% – Most accurate diagnostic method for invasion is complete excision with pathologic analysis
STIGMA OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND WILLINGNESS TO USE NURSING HOME AMONG KOREAN AMERICANS

The study explored the predictors of (1) feeling shame to have a dementia member in the family and (2) willingness to use a nursing home in Korean American older adults (aged 60 and older). Andersen’s behavioral health model was adapted with predisposing factors (age, gender, education, acculturation), potential health needs (chronic health, self-rated health), and enabling factors (depressive symptoms, attitude towards mental health service utilization). Data were driven from a cross-sectional study of 235 community-dwelling Korean American older adults (aged 60 and older) in 2013. Logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of feeling shame to have a dementia member in the family increased when participants were older, and had negative attitudes towards mental health service utilization. Another set of logistic regression analysis suggested that the likelihood of willingness to use a nursing home increased when participants were acculturated more into the U.S. culture.
Legitimate concerns: On complications of identity in school punishment:

In the present unjust context of US schools, many educators face uncertainty about the legitimacy of their issuing punishments, especially when their identity meaningfully differs from that of thei...
Fracture Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) represent a new concept of tailoring materials with microstructural and properties gradients to achieve optimized performance. FGMs were originally conceived as high temperature resistant materials for aircraft and aerospace applications. The FGM concept has since spread to other areas, for example, tribological coatings, diesel engines, energy conversion systems, optical fibers and filters, wireless communication devices, dental implants and posts, and so on. The interest in FGMs has been growing rapidly in recent years due to their unique characteristics and potential advantages.
Descriptive study comparing outcomes of classic and nonclassic lobular carcinoma in situ (florid and pleomorphic) initially diagnosed on core needle biopsy.

The lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) subtypes include classic (CLCIS), pleomorphic (PLCIS), and florid LCIS (FLCIS). The CLCIS is considered a breast cancer risk factor, but clinical significance and natural history of other LCIS subtypes are unclear. The outcome data on PLCIS and FLCIS is limited. The aim of current study is to compare excision and follow-up findings of CLCIS and nonclassic LCIS (NCLCIS). The breast needle biopsies (NBs) with LCIS during 01/2007-12/2017 were identified. The imaging, clinical findings, and outcome were compared between CLCIS and NCLCIS. A total of 36 NBs from 32 patients with NCLCIS (14 PLCIS & 22 FLCIS) and 73 NBs from 68 patients with CLCIS were identified. The NCLCIS patients were older (57 vs 52 years; P = .02) and presented more often with calcifications (78% vs 44%; P = .01). Seven (19%) PLCIS were initially diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The microscopic invasion was frequent with NCLCIS (25%). No invasion was identified in NBs with CLCIS. A separate concurrent NBs with a carcinoma (29% vs 6%; P = .018) or ductal atypia (12% vs 3%; P = .1) was more frequent with CLCIS. The upgrade rate (invasion or DCIS) was higher with NCLCIS (25% vs 4%). Four NCLCIS developed ipsilateral recurrences: 2 NCLCIS, 1 IDC, and 1 ILC (50; 10-96 months). No breast event was reported in 24 pure CLCIS (60; 8-144 months). Invasive carcinoma with NCLCIS, unlike CLCIS, is always lobular type. Recurrences following NCLCIS are ipsilateral lobular tumors. NCLCIS subtypes are nonobligate precursors to invasive lobular carcinoma.
Association Between Breastfeeding and Child Stunting in Mexico.

Background: Globally, the prevalence of child stunting has been decreasing over the past decades. However, in low- and middle-income countries such as Mexico, stunting is still the most prevalent form of undernutrition affecting a large number of children in the most vulnerable conditions. Breastfeeding has been identified as one of the key affordable and modifiable maternal health behaviors protecting against child stunting. Objective: To examine the association between breastfeeding (defined as never breastfed, any breastfeeding for Methods: Secondary data analysis using the 2012 Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey, which allowed representativeness of rural and urban areas at national level and among 4 regions in Mexico. Our subset included data on 2,089 singleton Mexican children aged 6–35 months with information on previously identified risk and protective factors for stunting. We conducted fixed- and mixed-effects logistic regression models sequentially controlling for each level of factors. Findings: Overall, 12.3% of children were stunted and 71.1% were breastfed for ≥6 months. Any breastfeeding and being female were consistent protective factors against child stunting across all models. In contrast, child low birthweight, maternal short stature, higher number of children aged Conclusions: According to our findings, efforts to reduce child stunting in Mexico should include prenatal strategies aiming to prevent low birthweight offspring particularly among short-stature women, moderate to severe food insecure households, families with a higher number of children aged
Eine Soziologie des Privaten in Zeiten fortgeschrittener Modernisierung – eine Synopse

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, eine sozialkonstruktivistische Soziologie des Privaten vor dem Hintergrund der Gesellschaftsdiagnose einer reflexiv-modernen Entgrenzung von Privatheit zu entwerfen. Dafur wurde eine soziologische Theoriearchitektur mit verschiedenen Ebenen als Gerust und Dimensionen als Bausteinen von Privatheit auf der Basis bestehender Ansatze entworfen, die das Fundament der vorgeschlagenen Soziologie des Privaten bildet (Kapitel 2). Anschliesend wurde der Baugrund gesellschaftsdiagnostisch aktualisiert, indem diese konzeptionell-analytische Architektur, die als Essenz vorwiegend aus Reflexionen und Konzeptualisierungen des Privaten in der Ersten Moderne bestand, in den modernisierungstheoretischen Rahmen der reflexiven Modernisierung eingebettet und anhand theoriegeleiteter Analysen des aktuellen Forschungsstands zu Privatheit empirisch gefullt wurde (Kapitel 3). Daran anknupfend wurde Privatheit als mehrdimensionales Konstrukt konzeptionell auf die Probe gestellt, indem das Private beim Sterben-Machen zuhause empirisch rekonstruiert wurde (Kapitel 4). Durch differenzierte Analysen einer historisch neuartigen mehrfachen Entgrenzung des Privaten beim Sterben zuhause konnten weitere Erkenntnisse fur eine Soziologie des Privaten gewonnen werden, die im Folgenden nun zu einer Theorieskizze des Privaten zusammengefuhrt werden sollen.
Cast netting new species: Integrative taxonomy of Distichodus notospilus (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) discovers new species and overlooked areas of endemism in Central Africa

Distichodus notospilus was described from the Ogooue River and is considered to occur throughout the Lower Guinea ichthyofaunal province and the western tributaries of the middle and lower Congo River. Recent expeditions in Equatorial Guinea collected D. notospilus specimens in the Mbini River drainage and the Mbia River; a small coastal river that is located between the Ntem and Mbini river drainages. Detailed morphological analyses and multilocus molecular analyses confirm that these two populations are distinct from one another. Topotypic populations of D. notospilus were included in the analyses and demonstrated that populations in the Mbini and Mbia rivers are distinct and these two new species are described herein. Distichodus microps sp. nov. is endemic to the Mbia River drainage and is distinguished from D. notospilus in having more scales along the lateral line (41, rarely 40 versus 37–39, rarely 40), a nearly inferior mouth versus subterminal in D. notospilus, a curved posterolateral margin of the opercle versus straight in D. notospilus, a smaller eye (56.7–80.4 versus 70.1–104.3 % of snout length), and a less prominent elongated spot at the base of the caudal fin. Distichodus mbiniensis sp. nov. is endemic to the upper Mbini River drainage and distinguished from D. notospilus in having more scales along the lateral line (41–42, rarely 40 versus 37–39, rarely 40), a much less prominent elongated dark spot at the base of the caudal fin, and a shorter dorsal fin (21.4–27.2 versus 22.7–34.2% standard length). Distichodus microps is distinguished from D. mbiniensis in having a shallower body (usually six scales from lateral line to the pelvic fin versus seven), fewer anal-fin rays (usually 12 total rays versus 13 or 14), a more inferior mouth, a deeper and longer caudal peduncle, a smaller eye, and differences in several features associated with the head. In addition to the two new species described this study also revealed potential undescribed diversity in the D. notospilus species complex in the Ntem River and Dja River (Congo R. basin) in Cameroon. The biogeography of these fishes in the rivers of Lower Guinea suggests that the Mbini River and smaller coastal rivers are overlooked areas of endemism. Studies of other reported widespread species will likely reveal additional diversity and further elucidate the processes promoting and maintaining freshwater diversity in Central Africa.
Lowering Ternary Oxide Synthesis Temperatures by Solid-State Cometathesis Reactions

Author(s): Wustrow, A; Huang, G; McDermott, MJ; O'Nolan, D; Liu, CH; Tran, GT; McBride, BC; Dwaraknath, SS; Chapman, KW; Billinge, SJL; Persson, KA; Thornton, K; Neilson, JR | Abstract: Low-temperature synthesis routes are necessary for selectively synthesizing many metastable solid-state materials. Here, we identify a cooperative effect that starting materials have in lowering temperatures in solid-state metathesis reactions by studying the formation of yttrium manganese oxide. Previous studies have shown that YMnO3 can be synthesized by ternary metathesis with an alkali halide being produced as a secondary product. In this contribution, we show that by using alkaline earth metals instead of alkali metals, the polymorph selectivity of the reaction is changed, as orthorhombic YMnO3 forms at lower temperatures than the hexagonal polymorph. Reactions were studied using ex post facto synchrotron X-ray diffraction. These experiments reveal that reactions using alkaline earth manganese oxides as a starting material require high temperatures to progress. Reaction temperatures can be lowered from 700 to 550 °C while maintaining phase selectivity by reacting both MgMn2O4 and CaMn2O4 with YOCl in a cooperative "cometathesis"reaction. The nascent halide salts appear to improve the reaction kinetics. Since the onset temperature for YMnO3 formation falls 50 °C below the MgCl2-CaCl2 liquidus, the enhanced reactivity is consistent with the surface melting of a nasscent salt byproduct at the interfaces. Cometathesis routes have similar phase selectivity and temperature reduction in reactions that form TbMnO3, ErMnO3, and DyMnO3. Cometathesis lowers reaction temperatures while preserving the reaction selectivity of the end members, making it a valuable approach for synthesizing metastable targets.
Vesicular and extravesicular protein analyses from the airspaces of ozone-exposed mice revealed signatures associated with mucoinflammatory lung disease.

Lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) harbors a variety of proteins that influence homeostatic and stress responses in the airspaces. Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles, contain many proteins that vary in abundance and composition based on the prevailing conditions. Ozone causes inflammatory responses in the airspaces of experimental animals and humans. However, the exosomal protein signatures contained within the ELF from ozone-exposed lung airspaces remain poorly characterized. To explore this, we hypothesized that ozone triggers the release of exosome-bound inflammatory proteins from various cells that reflect mucoobstructive lung disease. Accordingly, we repetitively exposed adult male and female C57BL/6 mice to HEPA-filtered air (air) or 0.8 ppm ozone (4 h per day) for 14 days (five consecutive days of exposure, 2 days of rest, five consecutive days of exposure, 2 days of rest, four consecutive days of exposure). Exosome-bound proteomic signatures, as well as the levels of soluble inflammatory mediators in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), were determined 12-16 h after the last exposure. Principal component analyses of the exosome-bound proteome revealed a clear distinction between air-exposed and ozone-exposed mice, as well as between ozone-exposed males and ozone-exposed females. In addition to 575 proteins that were enriched in both sexes upon ozone exposure, 243 and 326 proteins were enriched uniquely in ozone-exposed males and females, respectively. Ingenuity pathway analyses on enriched proteins between ozone- and air-exposed mice revealed enrichment of pro-inflammatory pathways. More specifically, macrophage activation-related proteins were enriched in exosomes from ozone-exposed mice. Cytokine analyses on the BALF revealed elevated levels of G-CSF, KC, IP-10, IL-6, and IL-5 in ozone-exposed mice. Finally, the histopathological assessment revealed significantly enhanced intracellular localization of mucoinflammatory proteins including MUC5B and FIZZ1 in ozone-exposed mice in a cell-specific manner indicating the cellular sources of the proteins that are ferried in the exosomes upon ozone-induced lung injury. Collectively, this study identified exosomal, secretory, and cell-specific proteins and biological pathways following repetitive exposure of mice to ozone.
Efficient Graph Representations

Explanatory remarks Introduction Implicit representation Intersection and containment representations Real numbers in graph representations Classes which use global information Visibility graphs Intersection of graph classes Graph classes defined by forbidden subgraphs Chordal bipartite graphs Matrices Decomposition Elimination schemes Recognition algorithms Robust algorithms for optimization problems Characterization and construction Applications Glossary Survey of results on graph classes Bibliography Index.
Liquid crystals : III. 4,4′-di-n-alkoxyazoxybenzenes and their mixtures as stationary liquid phases in gas—liquid chromatography☆☆☆

Abstract The 4,4′-din-alkoxyazoxybenzene (I) homologs in which the alkyl group is methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and n-hexyl and mixtures of these compounds have been studied as stationary phases in gas—liquid chromatography. The nematic mesophases of the materials are selective toward solutes on the basis of molecular shape. Specifically, they effect good separations of close-boiling meta- and para-disubstituted benzene isomers, the more linear para isomer being eluted last. The results support earlier evidence that the use of nematic mixtures is a promising approach to maximum selectivity of this type because it makes lower operating temperatures possible. Previously unreported phase diagrams of four binary systems of homologs of I and criteria for choosing components of highly selective nematic mixtures are presented.
Characterization of Food Binding of Vitamin B-6 in Orange Juice

There is substantial evidence that natural vitamin B-6 exists largely in a bound form. It has been shown that the principal modes of binding represents an interaction of pyridoxal and/or pyridoxal phosphate with protein moieties. The nature and extent of binding of different forms of the vitamin in orange juice was investigated. Studies employing ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and, membrane dialysis of this food product suggested binding to a molecule of less than 3,500 daltons molecular weight. Binding was resistant to protease treatment although susceptible to heat-acid hydrolysis. Separation of pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine species of the vitamin by ion exchange chromatography was followed by fluorometric analysis with and without preparative hydrolysis. Extensive and equal binding of both pyridoxal and pyridoxine was observed by this method. Thus, the binder(s) of vitamin B-6 in orange juice is a small dialyzable molecule which is heat stable, binds both pyridoxal and pyridoxine and is non-protein in nature.
Behavioral, biochemical, histological, and electrophysiological effects of 192 IgG-saporin injections into the basal forebrain of rats

The behavioral, biochemical, histological, and electrophysiological effects of a basal forebrain injection of saporin, a ribosome- inactivating protein, coupled to a monoclonal antibody against the low- affinity NGF receptor (192 IgG) were investigated in adult rats. Within the basal forebrain region, the low-affinity NGF receptor is exclusively expressed by cholinergic neurons in the medial septal area, diagonal band, and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). The presence of this receptor upon these cells confers a degree of specificity to the 192 IgG-saporin that could not previously be achieved by previous lesioning techniques, such as excitatory amino acids. Rats with unilateral injections of different amounts of 192 IgG-saporin were prepared to determine the optimal conditions in order to produce a lesion restricted to the NBM that would not destroy cholinergic afferents to hippocampus or nearby regions. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were taken from these lesioned rats before and during treatment with scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Another group of rats received bilateral NBM injections of 192 IgG-saporin and were behaviorally tested using a rewarded, delayed-alternation task on a T- maze and a passive avoidance task. Finally, histological and biochemical investigations confirmed the effectiveness and specificity of the 192 IgG-saporin. The results showed that the 192 IgG-saporin did not destroy neurotensin, galanin, somatostatin, NADPH-diaphorase, or neuropeptide Y neurons within the NBM. Also, biomarkers of cholinergic function were significantly decreased throughout the neocortex and within the NBM, but not in the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, or dorsal caudate nucleus. Intraperitoneal injections of scopolamine, but not NBM injections of 192 IgG-saporin, increased total power across all frequency bands; however, slow-wave frequencies showed a greater increase in power as compared to fast-wave frequencies. Acquisition, and performance of the delayed-alternation or passive avoidance tasks were not impaired by the lesions. These data confirm the effectiveness and specificity of this novel lesioning tool and suggest that selective loss of NBM cholinergic cells is not sufficient to impair performance in these behavioral tasks.
Toward a theory of punctuated subsistence change

Discourse on the origins and spread of domesticated species focuses on universal causal explanations or unique regional or temporal trajectories. Despite new data as to the context and physical processes of early domestication, researchers still do not understand the types of system-level reorganizations required to transition from foraging to farming. Drawing upon dynamical systems theory and the concepts of attractors and repellors, we develop an understanding of subsistence transition and a description of variation in, and emergence of, human subsistence systems. The overlooked role of attractors and repellors in these systems helps explain why the origins of agriculture occurred quickly in some times and places, but slowly in others. A deeper understanding of the interactions of a limited set of variables that control the size of attractors (a proxy for resilience), such as population size, number of dry months, net primary productivity, and settlement fixity, provides new insights into the origin and spread of domesticated species in human economies.
A study of strontium in core 119K, Discovery deep, Red Sea

Abstract The isotopic composition of strontium of pore water and of authigenic minerals leached from the sediment of core 119K with hot aqua regia is similar to that of the brine in the Discovery deep and differs from that of normal seawater. The average 87 Sr 86 Sr ratio of strontium removed by acid leaching is 0.7077 ± 0.0007 (1σ) compared to a value of 0.70904 for the Red Sea. The detrital silicate fraction exhibits an approximate inverse correlation between 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios and strontium concentrations which provides tentative support for a model in which the detrital silicate fraction of deep-sea sediment is considered to be a mixture of terrigenous dust of sialic composition enriched in radiogenic 87Sr and of volcanogenic material of basaltic composition and low 87Sr abundance. The 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of the shells of foraminifers and pteropods, expressed as δ 87Sr‰ relative to 0.70904 for seawater, decrease from −0.23 ± 0.17‰ at 90 cm to −0.82 ± 0.17‰ at 273 cm and remain constant at this value to a depth of 450 cm. The lowering of the δ 87Sr values is attributed both to the presence of aragonite overgrowths on pteropod shells and to possible isotope exchange with strontium in the connate fluid.
The SU(3) phase transitions in the presence of light dynamical quarks

Abstract We investigate the deconfinement and the chiral phase transitions in QCD with 3 light dynamical flavors, using the pseudo-fermion method. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed on a lattice of size 8 3 × 4 with fermions of mass 0.1 and 0.075 respectively. A rapid change from the low-temperature region of hadrons to the high-temperature quark-gluon plasma is observed in all the physical quantities studied. Our detailed, high-statistics results, however, do not show any signs of a strong first-order transition. In the zero mass limit we find evidence for a chiral phase transition at T c / Λ L ≅ 183 ± 10.
Lung Sound Nomenclature Survey

We report the terms used by 223 pulmonary physicians and 54 physicians in other specialties to describe eight recorded examples of lung sounds. The participants listened to the lung sounds at the 1988 American College of Chest Physicians annual convention and wrote "free form" answers. Pulmonary physicians used the terms "crackles" and "rales" with equal frequency to describe discontinuous adventitious lung sounds (ALS) and not at all to describe continuous ALS. Other physicians preferred the term "rales" in describing discontinuous ALS. The terms "wheeze" and "stridor" were used only in describing continuous ALS; however, the term "rhonchi" was frequently used to describe continuous and discontinuous ALS. The majority of participants recognized the normal breath sounds but not the pleural friction rub. Most did not use a qualifying adjective to describe ALS, and there was little agreement among those who did. The lung sound terminology used by physicians is not well standardized and the recommendations of the ATS/ACCP nomenclature subcommittee are not widely accepted.
Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia express μ opiate receptor transcripts exhibiting high sequence identity with human neuronal μ1

Previous pharmacological and biochemical evidence suggests that μ-subtype opiate receptors are expressed in the mollusk Mytilus edulis (Bivalve), including the organism's ganglia. In this study, we present molecular evidence of μ opiate receptor expression. Using primers derived from the human neuronal μ1 opiate receptor, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect expression of μ transcripts from Mytilus pedal ganglia. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products revealed 95% identity with the neuronal human μ1 receptor. Furthermore, interleukin-1 and morphine exposure to excised pedal ganglia resulted in up- and down-regulation of the μ receptor transcripts, respectively. This study provides molecular evidence that μ-type opiate receptors are expressed in molluscan ganglia, suggesting that they first appear in invertebrate organisms and are retained during evolution.
Twice constrained investment under uncertainty: A mixed time model

Abstract This paper explores the investment decision of a firm facing both an irreversibility constraint and a financial constraint on investment. I show that, for all but the fastest growing firms, the planned investment delaying impact of an irreversibility constraint dominates the planned investment accelerating impact of a financing constraint. This result is especially likely to hold in a reality where firms have a variety of strategies not modeled here, from holding cash reserves to taking on debt, that can mitigate the financing constraint.
Prevalence of nocturnal panic in a college population

Abstract The lifetime prevalence of nocturnal panic was examined in 294 college students. A questionnaire was used to examine the frequency with which nocturnal panic occurred and its relationships with daytime panic attacks. Standardized measures were used to examine perceived emotional control, anxiety sensitivity, and trait anxiety. Uncued nocturnal panics were reported by 5.1% of the sample, which was the same as the prevalence for uncued daytime panic attacks. Of those who reported nocturnal panic, 50% did not report the occurrence of daytime panic. The occurrence of uncued nocturnal panic was predicted significantly by the intensity of somatic sensations reported to occur out of sleep due to an obvious cue and by anxiety sensitivity index scores. The number of uncued nocturnal sensations seemed related to the tendency to experience somatic sensations under other conditions (i.e., during the day for no apparent reason and out of sleep due to an obvious cue). On the other hand, level of anxiety about the experience of uncued nocturnal sensations seemed related not only to the sensations typically experienced under such conditions, but also to the tendency to view such sensations as threatening (i.e., anxiety sensitivity). It is concluded that, as with uncued daytime panic attacks, nocturnal panic is likely to entail both arousability and cognitive attributional factors.
Subunit Interactions of Yeast NAD+-specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Yeast mitochondrial NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase is an octamer composed of four each of two nonidentical but related subunits designated IDH1 and IDH2. IDH2 was previously shown to contain the catalytic site, whereas IDH1 contributes regulatory properties including cooperativity with respect to isocitrate and allosteric activation by AMP. In this study, interactions between IDH1 and IDH2 were detected using the yeast two-hybrid system, but interactions between identical subunit polypeptides were not detected with this or other methods. A model for heterodimeric interactions between the subunits is therefore proposed for this enzyme. A corollary of this model, based on the three-dimensional structure of the homologous enzyme from Escherichia coli, is that some interactions between subunits occur at isocitrate binding sites. Based on this model, two residues (Lys-183 and Asp-217) in the regulatory IDH1 subunit were predicted to be important in the catalytic site of IDH2. We found that individually replacing these residues with alanine results in mutant enzymes that exhibit a drastic reduction in catalysis both in vitro and in vivo. Also based on this model, the two analogous residues (Lys-189 and Asp-222) of the catalytic IDH2 subunit were predicted to contribute to the regulatory site of IDH1. A K189A substitution in IDH2 was found to produce a decrease in activation of the enzyme by AMP and a loss of cooperativity with respect to isocitrate. A D222A substitution in IDH2 produces similar regulatory defects and a substantial reduction in Vmax in the absence of AMP. Collectively, these results suggest that the basic structural/functional unit of yeast isocitrate dehydrogenase is a heterodimer of IDH1 and IDH2 subunits and that each subunit contributes to the isocitrate binding site of the other.
The past, present and future of meridian system research

In 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reclassified acupuncture needles and substantially equivalent devices from class III (premarket approval, investigational use) to class II (special controls), which includes medical devices for general use such as scalpels and syringes [1]. Hundreds of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture have been published [2]. Positive results of acupuncture were demonstrated in a variety of conditions such as renal colic [3], migraine [4], osteoarthritis [5], Raynaud’s syndrome [6], stroke [7, 8], and low sperm quality [9]. A systematic review of the high quality randomized controlled trials for acupuncture antiemesis showed consistent positive results across different investigators, different groups of patients, and different forms of acupuncture point stimulation such as electroacupuncture, laser, acupressure, and manual acupuncture [10]. The success of acupuncture has sparked many studies on the nature of the meridian system - the foundation of traditional acupuncture theory. According to the Standard Acupuncture Nomenclature proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) [11], there are about 400 acupuncture points and 20 meridians/vessels connecting most of the points. Since the 1950s, it has been discovered and confirmed by researchers in several countries with refined techniques [12] that most acupuncture points correspond to the high electric conductance points on the body surface [13, 14, 15, 16, 17] and vice versa [18]. The high skin conductance of the meridian system is further supported by the finding of a high density of gap junctions at the sites of acupuncture points [19, 20, 21, 22]. Gap junctions are hexagonal protein complexes that form channels between adjacent cells. It is well-established in cell biology that gap junctions facilitate intercellular communication and increase electric conductivity. Acupuncture and meridian points have also been found to have higher temperature [23], metabolic rates, and carbon dioxide release [24].
Isoelectric focusing of carnitine acetyltransferases isolated from tissues of man, rabbit and pigeon.

Abstract 1. 1. Carnitine acetyltransferases (acetyl-CoA: carnitine O-acetyltransferase, E.C.2.3.1.7) of rabbit, human, and pigeon were separated into apparent multiple enzyme forms by the method of isoelectric focusing on acrylamide gel 2. 2. Species differences in electrofocusing patterns were observed. Extracts prepared from different tissues of the same species exhibited similar electro focusing patterns.
Where have all the houses (among other things) gone? Some critical reflections on urban agriculture

Urbandale Farm (Lansing, MI) has much in common with other urban agricultural projects throughout the US and especially those in the rust-belt cities of the Midwest. It raises food for an economically challenged neighborhood. It offers opportunities for local participation, education and job creation, and it is supported by diverse public and private institutions. By all official accounts, Urbandale Farm is good at what it does. Its acreage, production, income and entrepreneurial activities are all increasing, and it has become a poster child for urban agriculture throughout the city. However, despite its good work (or possibly because of it), Urbandale Farm, and urban agriculture more generally, may unwittingly be helping to rationalize the displacement and continued social and political inequity of urban neighbors rather than reinforcing greater place-making, neighborhood empowerment and sustainability. Using Urbandale Farm as a case in point, this paper critically explores how urban agriculture is being used by some scholars, activists, governmental offices and agencies to transform fragile neighborhoods. It questions some of the movement's underlying assumptions as well as some of its actual benefits and beneficiaries. The paper also offers suggestions—for the purpose of initiating a more nuanced conversation—on how urban agriculture can be reconfigured philosophically and practically to shed its neoliberal tendencies and contribute to a more structurally based social and political transformation.
CHOOSING SENSOR CONFIGURATION FOR A FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE USING FULL CONTROL SYNTHESIS

Optimal locations and types for feedback sensors which meet design constraints and control requirements are difficult to determine. This paper introduces an approach to choosing a sensor configuration based on Full Control synthesis. A globally optimal Full Control compensator is computed for each member of a set of sensor configurations which are feasible for the plant. The sensor configuration associated with the Full Control system achieving the best closed-loop performance is chosen for feedback measurements to an output feedback controller. A flexible structure is used as an example to demonstrate this procedure. Experimental results show sensor configurations chosen to optimize the Full Control performance are effective for output feedback controllers.