cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dorsal rhizotomy does not alter rat estrous cycles or ovarian compensatory responses.

Rats were subjected to right side dorsal rhizotomy of spinal nerves T12-L2 and ipsior contralateral unilateral ovariectomy at estrus (day 1). Estrous cycles were recorded daily, and on day 15 the remaining ovary was removed and weighed. Antral follicles were counted in representative day 1 and day 15 ovaries. Dorsal rhizotomy did not affect estrous cycles during the period after surgery. Also dorsal rhizotomy did not alter ipsilateral ovarian hypertrophy or follicular activation following unilateral ovariectomy. Thus, although the major portion of the ovarian sensory innervation is via the lesioned segments, interruption of these segments centrally does not alter compensatory ovarian responses subsequent to unilateral ovariectomy.
Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters and Metal Thiophosphates as Lubricant Additives

Phosphate esters, thiophosphate esters and metal thiophosphates have been used as lubricant additives for over 50 years. While their use has been extensive, a detailed knowledge of how they work has been a much more recent development. In this paper, the use of phosphate esters and thiophosphate esters as anti-wear or extreme pressure additives is reviewed with an emphasis on their mechanism of action. The review includes the use of alkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates and metal containing thiophosphate esters. The mechanisms of these materials interacting with a range of iron and steel based bearing material are examined.
Phase-modulated series-parallel resonant convertor with series load

A phase-modulated series-parallel resonant convertor is introduced and analysed in the frequency domain using Fourier-series techniques. The convertor consists of a class-D phase-modulated series-parallel resonant inverter and a class-D rectifier. Analytical expressions are derived for various parameters of the inverter to study its behaviour. Three types of voltage-driven rectifier are considered and a simple procedure is developed for designing the convertor. The theoretical calculations are verified experimentally on a 30 W convertor.
Forced exercise before or after induction of 6-OHDA-mediated nigrostriatal insult does not mitigate behavioral asymmetry in a hemiparkinsonian rat model.

Studies on exercise before and after toxin-induced hemiparkinsonism have reported promising findings in terms of amelioration of motor asymmetry in adult, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rats. However, recent studies have had more mixed results. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to further explore the notion of exercise, in particular forced exercise, as a potential neuroprotective therapy when implemented before and after 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonism. To explore this, two experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 – exercise before a 6-OHDA lesion; and, Experiment 2 – exercise after a 6-OHDA lesion. In Experiment 1, rats were randomly assigned into one of the two 4-week experimental conditions, a forced exercise condition and a non-exercise control condition. Then, after the experimental conditions rats were injected with 6-OHDA into the right medial forebrain bundle. In Experiment 2, rats were first injected with 6-OHDA and were then randomly assigned into one of the two 4-week experimental groups, a forced exercise group and a non-exercise control group. Outcomes in both experiments did not show any differences in terms of motor behavioral tests (i.e., apomorphine rotations, forelimb placement asymmetry, exploratory rearing) between the forced exercise and sedentary control groups. Based on our results and in light of the body of literature, it is possible that the stress of shock-motivated forced running utilized in this study may have canceled beneficial behavioral effects. Additionally, it is possible that the one-week delay in the forced exercise protocol implementation in Experiment 2 may have prevented behavioral rescue.
The future of chemical physics

In this inaugural commentary, we offer a personal perspective which delineates past successes and future challenges of 21st century chemical physics.
A Study of the Effect of Procaine Amide Hydrochloride in Supraventricular Arrhythmias

The effect of the intravenous administration of procaine amide in 25 patients with supraventricular arrhythmias is reported. The data, including six conversions of auricular fibrillation, indicate a pronounced effect of this drug on the auricles as well as on the heart as a whole. Special attention is directed to the finding of frequent and undesirable electrocardiographic and hypotensive effects of this drug.
The Transport Signal on Sec22 for Packaging into COPII-Coated Vesicles Is a Conformational Epitope

The mechanism of cargo concentration into ER-derived vesicles involves interactions between the COPII vesicular coat complex and cargo transport signals-peptide sequences of 10-15 residues. The SNARE protein Sec22 contains a signal that binds the COPII subcomplex Sec23/24 and specifies its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit as an unassembled SNARE. The 200 kDa crystal structure of Sec22 bound to Sec23/24 reveals that the transport signal is a folded epitope rather than a conventional short peptide sequence. The NIE segment of the SNARE motif folds against the N-terminal longin domain, and this closed form of Sec22 binds at the Sec23/24 interface. Thus, COPII recognizes unassembled Sec22 via a folded epitope, whereas Sec22 assembly into SNARE complexes would mask the NIE segment. The concept of a conformational epitope as a transport signal suggests packaging mechanisms in which a coat is sensitive to the folded state of a cargo protein or the assembled state of a multiprotein complex.
An intrinsic membrane glycoprotein of the lens

A major glycoprotein of relative molecular weight of 130,000 daltons of chick lens cell membranes was identified by Concanavalin-A staining and enriched for by Con A-Sepharose chromatography. Using both Con A binding and immunological analyses with a specific polyclonal antibody, the glycoprotein was detected in chick lens epithelium, annular pad, cortex and nucleus. Localization to the plasma membranes of lens cells was demonstrated by immunofluorescence. A similar protein, which cross-reacts with the antibody to the chick protein and also binds Con A was demonstrated in human and bovine lenses.
A three-dimensional protein graphic program

Abstract A FORTRAN program was developed to generate the three-dimensional vector graphics of protein molecules. The program used DISSPLA subroutines (Computer Associates International Inc.) to interface the computer system for graphic display. Two data formats supported by the program were the X-ray crystallographic protein data and the structure data from the program PROADS. A protein molecule was interactively rotated or enlarged for display. The program provides a simple solution to the need of protein graphics.
Liquid crystal adaptive lens: beam translation and field meshing

The liquid crystal adaptive lens (LCAL) is an electrooptic device that emulates a variable focal length lens. The LCAL focuses light by creating a parabolic refractive-index profile across the aperture of a liquid crystal cell. The focal length is electronically controlled by applying appropriate voltages to the array of independent electrodes, thus grading the refractive index of the liquid crystal material across the aperture. Beam translation perpendicular to the optical beam path is described theoretically and demonstrated. This capability coupled with the LCAL's programmable focal length allows 3-D beam control. Meshing, the smoothing of the refractive index between adjacent electrodes, is a critical parameter in achieving near diffraction-limited optical performance. Using two planar electrodes and a ground plane immersed in an isotropic dielectric as a model, a steady-state dc theoretical computer simulation is compared with experiment. Improvements in the liquid crystal cell design demonstrate improved performance over previous LCALs. A larger number of electrodes creates an image without spatial aliasing within the aperture.
Hyperspectral chemical plume quantification and temperature estimation

Most hyperspectral chemical gaseous plume quantification algorithms assume a priori knowledge of the plume temperature either through direct measurement or an auxiliary temperature estimation approach. In this paper, we propose a new quantification algorithm that can simultaneously estimate the plume strength as well as its temperature. We impose only a mild spatial assumption, that at least one nearby pixel shares the same plume parameters as the target pixel, which we believe will be generally satisfied in practice. Simulations show that the performance loss incurred by estimating both the temperature and plume strength is small, as compared to the case when the plume temperature is known exactly.
Bringing People to Work: A Sustaining Function of Commuter Rail Services

As evidenced by the services provided to travelers for almost a century, commuter rail proved that it not only played significant roles in reducing congestion but also a sustainable mode in providing safe, reliable, and high-quality options for commuters. Recent travel behavior changes show that the share of commuting trips during peak periods are declining while recreational, social, and personal trips during nonpeak times and weekends are rising. This manuscript records an effort to explore viable ways for a traditional commuter rail, Atlantic City Rail (ACR), to serve the current travel market. After a brief review of the historical development, the authors have focused on temporal distribution of travel demands along the ACRL corridor. Responding to the demands of patrons, schedule optimization was developed and partially implemented for the service.
Dopamine Regulation of Transcription Factor-Target Interactions in Rat Striatum

Transcriptional regulation is an important mechanism by which neurons adapt to environmental stimuli. The indirect dopamine agonists, amphetamine and cocaine have been shown to induce expression of immediate early genes, such as c-fos, and neuropeptide genes, such as prodynorphin in the rat striatum. Here we show that phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB is a critical early event coupling dopamine stimulation to gene regulation. CREB interacts with functional regulatory elements in both the c-fos and prodynorphin genes, and is phosphorylated in response to dopamine in a D1 dopamine receptor-dependent manner. In addition, we show by intra-striatal injection of antisense oligonucleotides directed against CREB mRNA, that CREB protein is required for c-fos induction by amphetamine
Early to middle Tertiary foreland basin development and the history of Andean crustal shortening in Bolivia

A >2.5-km-thick succession of Tertiary strata in the Eastern Cordillera of southern central Bolivia consists of predominantly fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The age of the base of the succession is middle Paleocene, and its upper part (which is erosionally truncated) is probably late Oligocene-early Miocene. The lower 50-130 m of the succession consists of interbedded fluvial sandstone and mudstone (including minor paleosols) of the Santa Lucia Formation. These strata are overlain by up to 50 m of pervasively pedogenically altered mudstone and sandstone in the upper part of the Santa Lucia Formation and lower part of the Impora Formation that may represent much of late Paleocene-Eocene time. Above the paleosol zone is a thin zone (∼10 m) of lacustrine carbonate and clastic rocks in the uppermost Impora Formation, and this in turn is overlain by a >2000-m-thick, upward-coarsening succession of clastic fluvial deposits in the Cayara, Camargo, and Suticollo Formations. Paleocurrent data indicate that fluvial channels that deposited the Santa Lucia, Impora, and Cayara Formations flowed mainly westward, whereas channels responsible for the Camargo and Suticollo Formations flowed generally eastward. Modal sandstone petrographic data show a long-term evolution from subarkosic (during Santa Lucia deposition) to quartz-arenitic (during Impora and Cayara deposition) to sublitharenitic (during Camargo and Suticollo deposition) compositions. We argue that the lithofacies and sediment-accumulation history of this succession are most consistent with deposition in an eastward-migrating foreland basin system. E -mail: decelles@geo.arizona.edu. Critical to this interpretation is the zone of extreme stratigraphic condensation in the lower Impora Formation, the inferred upper Paleocene-Eocene part of the succession. The abrupt decrease in sediment accumulation represented by this zone is difficult to reconcile with the leading alternative model in which continuous, postrift thermal subsidence resulted in a gradual, continuous decay of early Tertiary sediment-accumulation rates. Stratigraphic condensation is, however, consistent with passage of the forebulge through the region, an interpretation that also can be reconciled with the record of foreland basin development in the Altiplano to the west and gross sediment accumulation patterns in the Subandean zone and modern foreland basin to the east. Simple flexural modeling and palinspastic reconstruction of the complete Cenozoic migration history of the foreland basin system suggest that ∼1000 km of foreland lithosphere has been underthrust westward beneath the Andean orogenic belt at the latitude of southern Bolivia. The amount of middle and lower crust that would have been added to the Andean infrastructure is sufficient to explain the present crustal thicknesses in Bolivia.
Forest policy analysis praxis: Modelling the problem of forest loss in Cameroon

Abstract This study employs survey and ground truthing methodologies for determining individuals' concerns for forest loss and its environmental impacts in Cameroon. The aim of this practical modelling exercise is to acquire information from people experiencing actual conditions of forest loss on the ground. The information acquired through the modelling exercise is used to conceptualise people's concerns about the problem of forest loss in Cameroon. These concerns are aggregated into groups and qualitative public policy analysis methods (Benefit/Cost Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Analysis, and Multi-Goal Analysis) are used to facilitate the identification of goals, constraints and objectives. Based on identified goals, constrains and objectives, seven policy options are proposed to mitigate the problem of forest loss in Cameroon. The analysis in this study show that market failure, policy failure, institutional weakness, debt crises, and population growth are issues that intricately work together to produce the negative outcome that is being witnessed in the forest sector of Cameroon.
Medicinal history of North American Veratrum

Plants belonging to the genus Veratrum have been used throughout history for their medicinal properties. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, phytochemical investigations revealed a host of steroidal alkaloids in Veratrum species, some of which are potent bioactives. This review discusses Veratrum species that grow in North America with a focus on the medicinal history of these plants and the steroidal alkaloids they contain. While significant reviews have been devoted to singularly describing the plant species within the genus Veratrum (botany), the staggering breadth of alkaloids isolated from these and related plants (phytochemistry), and the intricacies of how the various alkaloids act on their biological targets (physiology and biochemistry), this review will straddle the margins of the aforementioned disciplines in an attempt to provide a unified, coherent picture of the Veratrum plants of North America and the medicinal uses of their bioactive steroidal alkaloids.
Initial experimental tests on the use of small passive-solar test-boxes to model the thermal performance of passively solar-heated building designs

Abstract Small passive-solar test-boxes can be a useful tool in the thermal-modelling of a passively solar-heated building designs. Several cubic-meter sized test-boxes have been constructed that incorporate basic elements of passive-solar design: glazings to admit solar radiation, good thermal insulation, and large thermal storage capacity within the insulation-envelope. The experimental thermal behavior of these text-boxes has been accurately computer simulated using weather and solar radiation data inputs, and correlated with the performance of large passive test rooms nearby. Similar small test boxes can be constructed to perform as thermal models of a particular passive-solar building design, by normalizing the appropriate thermal design parameters to one critical parameter, such as south-facting glazing area, or building floor area. Thus a thermal model will not resemble a scaled architectural model of the building, but will be distorted in appearance so as to exhibit thermal behavior similar to the real building. For a particular passive-solar building design to be located at a given site, a small thermal model of the building can be constructed and placed at the site to investigate possible micro-climate effects, such as a south-facing slope or nearby trees. The use of small passive-solar test-boxes complements simulation analyses of the influence of macro-climate and geometry on the performance of passive solar heated buildings. The accuracy and limitations of using small test-boxes to predict passive-solar building performance are discussed.
Workup of the abnormal pap test

Cytologic evaluation of cells obtained from the cervix and vagina was first proposed by Papanicolaou and Traut in the 1940s as a method of detecting cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Since that time, cervical cytology has proved to be the most efficacious and cost-effective method of cancer screening. By increasing detection of preinvasive and early invasive disease, use of Papanicolaou's (Pap) test has decreased both the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in areas with well-established screening programs (1). The American Cancer Society has estimated that in the United States, cervical cancer will be diagnosed in 14,900 women and 4500 women will die as a result of this disease during the year 2000. More than 50 million Pap tests are performed annually in the United States, and about 5% of them will be abnormal (2). Consequently, it is incumbent on the practicing primary care physician to be familiar with the clinical significance and natural history of abnormal cervical cytologic diagnoses as well as the available treatment options. This discussion will delineate practical management protocols for the full range of cervical dysplasia commonly encountered in clinical practice.
THE TRUE SELF METHOD FOR STUDYING THE SELF-CONCEPTION*

An open-ended questionnaire technique for identifying the self-conception which can be used in lieu of or in cornbindtion with the TST is described. Respondents are asked to relate experiences in which they felt that their true selves were expressed, and in which their true selves were misrepresented. It is assumed that investigators can make more refined inferences about the social anchorage of the self-conception from accounts of experience than from single words and short phrases, and that understanding the circumstances which evoke vital feelings of true-self and not-self is more fundamental than knowing the self designations that people make on the basis of these experiences. Possible uses of the method are discussed. Preliminary findings from using the method to distinguish between self-anchorage in impulse and in institution are briefly presented. We all experience ourselves continuously, directly and indirectly, through feelings, intentions and actions. But we respond very selectively to this stream, identifying some of it as manifesting our “real” selves and either discounting or actively rejecting other aspects. Although unclear about the precise relationship, many sociologists suspect that this pattern of selectiveness is an important clue to the individual’s anchorage in society. Recently it has been suggested that mass shifts in the relationship between individual and society have been reflected in a declining tendency to find the “real self” in institutional experience and an increasing tendency to perceive the experience of impulse as revealing the “real self’ (Turner, 1976). The attempt to explore this hypothesis empirically led us to devise a more suitable method for studying the institution-impulse-self continuum. The product promises to be equally useful in examining many other aspects of self-anchorage. The aim of this paper is to describe the trur-se!f’ method, suggest some of the uses for it, and report some preliminary results employing the institution-impulse dichotomy.
Prevalence of bulimia among patients in a chemical dependency treatment program

The present study sought to determine the prevalence of bulimia in a chemically dependent population and to examine the patterns of psychopathology and eating attitudes among chemically dependent patients. Seventy-six male and 62 female consecutive admissions to an impatient treatment facility for chemical dependency were administered the BULIT. Restraint Scale, MMPI and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. There was no evidence for an increased prevalence of bulimia in this sample. Five of the women (8%) achieved a cutoff score on the BULIT indicative of bulimia. The similarity between mean MMPI profiles of female patients in this sample and those previously obtained for bulimic patients was greater than the similarity between MMPI profiles for the male and female chemically dependent patients in this sample. Findings are discussed within the context of previous research.
The Anthropometry of Forest Machine Operators in the Southern USA

Anthropometric dimensions critical to the design of operator workspaces and cab access in grapple skidders were collected from a sample of Southern United States loggers. The data were then compared to existing SAE and ILO anthropometric recommendations and data. Results indicated that southern grapple skidder operators are generally taller in stature, sitting height and seated eye height than the worldwide population measured to determine the SAE and ILO guides. Southern operators are also heavier than subjects measured for the SAE recommendations.
Induction and restriction of characters and Hall subgroups

Abstract Let H be a Hall π -subgroup of a π -separable group G . Given a character χ ∈ Irr ( G ) , we determine when it happens that χ = α G for every irreducible constituent α of χ H , and dually, given a character α ∈ Irr ( H ) , we determine when it happens that α = χ H for every irreducible constituent χ of α G . We also study some related questions.
Developmental hyperthermic seizures alter adult hippocampal benzodiazepine binding and morphology

Experimental hyperthermic seizures in 15-day-old rats resulted in both an alteration in the benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding site in the hippocampal region and morphologic changes in hippocampal neurons. These alterations were not apparent until adulthood. Experimental adult animals also showed a reduced anticonvulsant response to a selective BDZ ligand when challenged with pentylenetetrazol. Developmental hyperthermic seizures may initiate dynamic changes in the hippocampus that contribute to adult functional impairment.
Atoh1 expression defines activated progenitors and differentiating hair cells during avian hair cell regeneration.

In the avian inner ear, nonsensory supporting cells give rise to new sensory hair cells through two distinct processes: mitosis and direct transdifferentiation. Regulation of supporting cell behavior and cell fate specification during avian hair cell regeneration is poorly characterized. Expression of Atoh1, a proneural transcription factor necessary and sufficient for developmental hair cell specification, was examined using immunofluorescence in quiescent and regenerating hair cell epithelia of mature chickens. In untreated birds, Atoh1 protein was not detected in the auditory epithelium, which is quiescent. In contrast, numerous Atoh1-positive nuclei were seen in the utricular macula, which undergoes continual hair cell turnover. Atoh1-positive nuclei emerged in the auditory epithelium by 15 hr post-ototoxin administration, before overt hair cell damage and supporting cell re-entry into the cell cycle. Subsequently, Atoh1 labeling was seen in 15% of dividing supporting cells. During cell division, Atoh1 was distributed symmetrically to daughter cells, but Atoh1 levels were dramatically regulated shortly thereafter. After cellular differentiation, Atoh1 labeling was confined to hair cells regenerated through either mitosis or direct transdifferentiation. However, Atoh1 expression in dividing progenitors did not necessarily predict hair cell fate specification in daughter cells. Finally, predominant modes of hair cell regeneration varied significantly across the radial axis of the auditory epithelium, with mitosis most frequent neurally and direct transdifferentiation most frequent abneurally. These observations suggest a role for Atoh1 in re-specifying supporting cells and in biasing postmitotic cells toward the hair cell fate during hair cell regeneration in the mature chicken ear. Developmental Dynamics 236:156–170, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microstructures and rheology of a calcite-shale thrust fault

Abstract A thin (∼2 cm) layer of extensively sheared fault rock decorates the ∼15 km displacement Copper Creek thrust at an exposure near Knoxville, TN (USA). In these ultrafine-grained ( 5 μm) that exhibit a lattice preferred orientation (LPO) with pores at twin–twin and twin-grain boundary intersections, and (2) ultrafine-grained (0.3 μm) calcite that exhibits interpenetrating grain boundaries, four-grain junctions and lacks a LPO. Coarse calcite layers crosscut ultrafine-grained layers indicating intermittent vein formation during shearing. Calcite in the fault rock layer is derived from vein calcite and grain-size reduction of calcite took place by plasticity-induced fracture. The ultrafine-grained calcite deformed primarily by diffusion-accommodated grain boundary sliding and formed an interconnected network around shale clasts within the shear zone. The interconnected network of ultrafine-grained calcite indicates that calcite, not shale, was the weak phase in this fault zone.
Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Baccharis macraei

Abstract Two new neo-clerodane diterpenes, hautriwaic acid acetate and 4β-hydroxyisobacchasmacranone, were isolated from the aerial parts of Baccharis macraei . The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The structure of hautriwaic acid acetate was confirmed by correlation with its known deacetyl derivative, hautriwaic acid.
Advances in modifying and understanding whey protein functionality

Abstract Whey protein ingredients are used for a variety of functional applications in the food industry. Each application requires one or several functional properties such as gelation, thermal stability, foam formation or emulsification. Whey protein ingredients can be designed for enhanced functional properties by altering the protein and non-protein composition, and/or modifying the proteins. Modifications of whey proteins based on enzymatic hydrolysis or heat-induced polymerization have a broad potential for designing functionality for specific applications. The effects of these modifications are demonstrated by discussing how they alter gelation and interfacial properties.
Destination Attractiveness Based on Supply and Demand Evaluations: An Analytical Framework

This article presents a model to explain and measure the determinants of tourism attractiveness of a destination by measuring supply-and-demand indicators. The guiding principle of this study is that the overall tourism attractiveness of a destination depends on the relationship between the availability of existing attractions and the perceived importance of such attractions. The method used qualitative and quantitative statistical analysis to inventory, group, and measure the existing attraction portfolio and its perceived importance. The findings confirmed that tourism regions are not created equal and reveal significant spatial differences in terms of resource availability and actual perception of these resources. The proposed framework could be used as a decision-making tool in planning, marketing, and developing appropriate resource allocation strategies.
Dosimetric analysis and clinical implementation of 6 MV X-ray radiosurgery beam

Abstract The dosimetric data on tissue maximum ratios (TMR), output factors, off axis ratios and beam profiles are presented for small circular fields of diameters ranging from 12.5 to 40 mm for 6 MV radiosurgery beam. It is noticed that d max increases as the collimator field size increases. Comparison of our data with the published TMR and output factors of similar small circular fields shows that our values are higher than those data. Similarities in trend are noticed with the published isodose volumes for 1–5 and 10 arcs. Not much variation is seen beyond two ares for 80% isodose volumes for all the field sizes. The variation is small in 20% isodose volumes beyond three arcs. Variations are noticed in 5% isodose volumes for 12.5 mm diameter collimated beam. Our experience has been exclusively with malignant neoplasms. An ideal target volume is covered by 80% isodose volume with 3–4 arcs and a single isocenter. Sixteen patients have been treated to date at our institution, including one patient with brain metastases, two patients with meningiomas, one patient with lymphoma and 12 patients with astrocytomas. The majority of tumors have been treated with single isocenter but some as large as 7 cm have been treated safely with two isocenters.
Pseudofolliculitis cutis: a vexing disorder of hair growth

Pseudofolliculitis cutis (PFC) is a troublesome and potentially disfiguring cutaneous disorder characterized by a chronic inflammatory response to ingrown hair. Despite a simple precipitating stimulus, ingrown hair, PFC has a relatively complex aetiology that can involve grooming practices, hair type, genetic predisposition and medication history. Curly hair and a single-nucleotide substitution in the gene encoding keratin 75 may act synergistically to increase the risk for developing this condition. PFC is most common in men of sub-Saharan African lineage, but can occur in men and women of many different ethnicities, particularly in body areas where hair is coarse, abundant and subject to traumatic removal. Treatment options for PFC can be divided into three main categories: modifying hair removal practices, managing symptoms with medication, and long-term hair removal with laser therapy. Laser hair removal is safe and effective in most skin types and has become increasingly popular among dermatologists in the treatment of PFC. However, it is imperative that the laser system and parameters are specifically matched to the patient's skin type.
Modeling, Identification and Control of an Under Actuated Inertial Wheel Pendulum

This work describes the modeling and identification of the parameters of an actual under actuated pendulum that uses an inertial wheel to produce the torque that moves the pendulum arm. The results are validated using a prototype constructed in the System and Control Laboratory at Hope College. This mechanical system is a useful tool for teaching and research. This paper describes the parameter identification methodology of the proposed model. A comparison between simulation and experimental data are included to analyze the accuracy of the model. Different models for non-lineal behavior like certain kinds of frictions and dead-zone effect are presented. This work concludes with a simple strategy to control the swing up and catching the pendulum in its inverted position.
Distinct roles of matrix metalloproteases in the early- and late-phase development of neuropathic pain

Treatment of neuropathic pain, triggered by multiple insults to the nervous system, is a clinical challenge because the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain development remain poorly understood. Most treatments do not differentiate between different phases of neuropathic pain pathophysiology and simply focus on blocking neurotransmission, producing transient pain relief. Here, we report that early- and late-phase neuropathic pain development in rats and mice after nerve injury require different matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). After spinal nerve ligation, MMP-9 shows a rapid and transient upregulation in injured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) primary sensory neurons consistent with an early phase of neuropathic pain, whereas MMP-2 shows a delayed response in DRG satellite cells and spinal astrocytes consistent with a late phase of neuropathic pain. Local inhibition of MMP-9 by an intrathecal route inhibits the early phase of neuropathic pain, whereas inhibition of MMP-2 suppresses the late phase of neuropathic pain. Further, intrathecal administration of MMP-9 or MMP-2 is sufficient to produce neuropathic pain symptoms. After nerve injury, MMP-9 induces neuropathic pain through interleukin-1beta cleavage and microglial activation at early times, whereas MMP-2 maintains neuropathic pain through interleukin-1beta cleavage and astrocyte activation at later times. Inhibition of MMP may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of neuropathic pain at different phases.
Who teaches surgical airway management and how do they teach it? A survey of United States anesthesiology training programs.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the methods used to teach surgical airway management to residents. Design Electronic mail survey instrument. Setting Academic medical center. Participants 82 (of a possible 132) United States residency program directors. Measurements Data including whether instruction in surgical airway management was provided, which methods were used, whether these teaching methods have changed since the subject was first examined, were recorded. The number of residents in each program represented by a respondent also was recorded. Main Results The survey response rate was 62% (82 of 132). Seventy-two respondents (88%) reported that education in surgical airway management was part of their curriculum. Practice on a mannequin was the most common form of instruction (57%), followed by traditional didactic teaching (31%), a cadaver workshop or a large animal laboratory (29%), human patient simulator training (24%), and supply of subject-specific reading materials alone (3%). Forty-seven programs (65%) taught surgical airway management using a single method, whereas the remainder (35%) incorporated more than one approach. Training experience was dependent on the program size. The top one quarter of the programs in size (67 ± 10 residents) were more likely to use a multimodal approach (48%) and a cadaver workshop or large animal laboratory (38%). Conclusions The majority of anesthesiology training programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education provide some form of skill-based instruction in surgical airway management for their residents.
Fiscal News and Inflationary Expectations in Germany after World War I

Inflation in Germany from 1919 to 1923 resulted from the accumulation and the anticipation of government deficits. Inflationary expectations depended therefore on fiscal news. Allied demands for reparations, the occupation of the Ruhr, and domestic revolts were important negative news and led to increased inflation. Tax reforms and eventually the end to government deficits were important positive news and ushered in periods of price stability. Political events were fiscal news as they changed the chances for the government to balance the budget.
Noncooperative N-person game theory (N≥2) using expected relative desirability criterion

Considered is noncooperative discrete N-person game theory forN≥2 (where the players choose their strategies separately and independently). Payoffs can be of a very general nature and are not necessarily numbers. However, each player is able to quantitatively specify the relative desirability of the possible game outcomes (N-dimensional, a pay off to each player) according to his preferences. That is, he specifies a positive number for each outcome and these numbers are such that their ratios quantitatively represent the relatively desirability of the corresponding outcomes to this player. For each player, the criterion is the expected relative desirability to him of what occurs for the game, and an optimum mixed strategy maximizes the minimum value of this criterion over all possible mixed strategies that could be used by the other players. An optimum solution is obtained by used of classical minimax game theory. Practical implications of applying thisN-person game theory are examined. Also, a possible approach for developing quantitative functions to provide the relative desirability numbers is outlined.
An estimator for uncertain output matrix systems

A linear time-invariant optimal estimator for uncertain output matrix systems is considered. Uncertainty of the output matrix is represented by a set of multiple parameters, and the optimal estimator is introduced by minimizing the expected cost function of the estimation error. When the number of measured variables is small, the order of the optimal estimator does not depend on the number of models, and meeting the computational demand becomes quite feasible. >
A New Species of Artemisia (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) from Sichuan, China

Abstract. A new species of Artemisia, A. lingyeouruennii, from western Sichuan Province, China, is described, illustrated and discussed.
Building between past and future Nostalgia, historical materialism and the architecture of memory in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor

To balance radical changes in the built environment that accompany urban renewal, many cities deploy historical design elements to provoke a sense of physical and temporal continuity. By examining the theory and practice of nostalgia in renewal projects, I argue that this strategic deployment of historical signifiers is more complex and normatively problematic than it first appears. Analysing the design and construction of Baltimore’s Oriole Park at Camden Yards through Walter Benjamin’s theories of cultural production and historical succession, I show the problematic political effect of such image-led regeneration projects. The stadium exemplifies a system of urban and historical design and construction that uses material artifice to make totalizing political claims, deploying specific historical signifiers as a means to silence others. Drawing from Benjamin’s materialist historiography, I conclude with a survey of the resources that remain for the practice of an architecture of memory in light of my cri...
The informatics of indoor and outdoor space: a research agenda

As indoor spaces become more complex, and information technology develops, there is a growing use of devices that help users with a variety of tasks in indoor space. Outdoor spatial informatics is well developed, with GIS at their core. Indoor spatial informatics is less well developed, and there is currently a lack of integration between outdoor and indoor spatial information systems. This paper reports on the development of a research agenda for the integration of outdoor and indoor spaces that has proceeded as part of two research projects funded by the USA National Science Foundation and the Korean Land Spatialization Group. The paper discusses potential application domains. Also discussed are a variety of models of indoor space and unified outdoor-indoor space, from formal models through data models, to functional models related to usability of indoor and outdoor-indoor information systems
The Effects of Climatological and Persistence Variables on the Intensities of Tropical Cyclones over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean

Abstract The effects of 10 climatological and persistence variables (latitude, maximum wind speed, 12-h change of maximum wind speed, longitude, distance to land, Julian date, sea surface temperature, speed of movement, zonal component of motion, and meridional component of motion) on changes of intensities of tropical cyclones over the eastern North Pacific Ocean were examined for the periods 1982–87 and 1988–93. Backward multiple regressions were performed to relate these 10 variables to changes in maximum intensity (as determined by wind speed) over periods ranging from 12 to 72 h. Latitude, maximum wind speed, and the 12-h change of maximum wind speed were the most significant variables. Each of the 10 variables was statistically significant at the 95% level at one or more of the time periods. Speed of movement, the component of motion, and the meridional component of motion were the least significant factors. The statistical relationships were tested using independent data from 1994. The mean absolut...
Distribution system reliability improvement using predictive models

this paper describes the methodology used by the authors for performing a predictive reliability assessment of a real distribution system of the USA. In the first stage of this approach, a Predictive Reliability Model (PRM) was developed by using five-year historical outage data, information about reliability improvement projects recently implemented by the distribution utility, distribution feeder models, and customer and feeder load data. Then the PRM parameters were iteratively adjusted to match the estimated current reliability values of the real feeders. Next, a comprehensive set of reliability improvement projects was evaluated and prioritized according to a cost-effectiveness metric based on SAIFI. After modeling the implementation of the selected projects, the SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI and MAIFI values of the study area were estimated. Finally, the reductions achieved by implementing the projects under fuse-clearing and fuse-saving overcurrent protection schemes were compared. The results demonstrate the advantages, versatility and potential of predictive reliability modeling.
Influence of metals on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide fixation, and cytochrome reduction in Nitrobacter Agilis

Oxygen uptake coupled with nitrite oxidation by washed cell suspensions of Nitrobacter agilis was tested in the presence of copper, nickel, aluminum, uranyl, and molybdate ions. Copper ion was slightly stimulatory at low concentrations and strongly inhibitory at 17 mM. Molybdate ion showed either slight enhancement or no inhibition at all test concentrations. With the other test ions, inhibition of oxygen uptake was observed. Carbon dioxide fixation was generally more sensitive to metal ions than was oxygen uptake. Cytochrome reduction in washed cells of N. agilis was demonstrated in the presence and absence of metal ions. Cytochrome aa3 and cytochrome a1 (α-peak at 590 nm) were sensitive to aluminum, uranyl, and molybdate ions, whereas cytochrome c (β-peak at 520 nm) was insensitive to test ions. All metal ions inhibited the reduction of cytochrome a1 (γ-peak at 438 nm). This inhibition decreased when the concentration of copper and molybdate was increased to 1.7 mM. Only aluminum and nickel ions demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of cytochrome a1 (438 nm). The test ions blocked the activity of cytochrome c (α-peak at 550 nm). The inhibition of cytochrome c at 415 nm (γ-peak) was also apparent.
Mobility of olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) late third instars and teneral adults in test arenas.

ABSTRACT The mobility of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), late third instars before pupation, teneral adults before flight, and mature adults restricted from flight were studied under mulches in greenhouse cage tests, in horizontal pipes, vertical bottles and pipes filled with sand, and by observation on smooth laboratory surfaces. Percentage adults emerging from pupae and percentage adult females that escaped soil, fabric, and paper mulches over a soil or sand substrate ranged from 63 to 83, and 40–53%, respectively. Percentage adults emerging from pupae and percentage adult females that walked through the open interior of 1.52–6.10-m horizontal pipes of 1.5–2.0-cm inner diameter ranged from 57 to 81, and 27–61%, respectively. Percentage adults emerging from pupae that escaped through sand depths of 2.5–10.2, and 12.7–20.3 cm, ranged from 68 to 87, and 12–88%; and percentage adult females that escaped ranged from 46 to 58, and 38–70%, respectively. In 15.4-cm-inner-diameter pipes filled with di...
Characteristics of alumina diffusion barrier films on Hastelloy

The diffusion behavior of elements constituting Hastelloy C-276 (C, Si, Mn, Co, W, Fe, Cr, Mo, and Ni) in alumina films was investigated using secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The films were deposited by ion-beam-assisted deposition and annealed in vacuum over a temperature range of 500–1000 °C. Characterization of film microstructure was performed using transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analyses. The films were predominantly amorphous with alumina nanocrystallites nonuniformly dispersed throughout the volume both before and after annealing. A relatively wide interface region between the Hastelloy substrate and alumina film was formed in the as-deposited sample due to ion beam mixing. No diffusion of any of the substrate elements was observed after annealing, except for Mn, Cr, and Ni. The impurity depth distributions consisted of two components, which differed by several orders of magnitude with respect to diffusion coefficient and solubility. Activation energies and temperature dependencies of the diffusion coefficients were determined, and a diffusion mechanism was discussed.
Maternal Entrainment of tau Mutant Hamsters

Maternal entrainment of the circadian wheel-running activity rhythm was examined in Syrian hamsters heterozygous for a single gene mutation (tau) that affects the free-running period of circadian rhythms. Heterozygous tau pups were born to and raised by wild-type mothers under constant dim light. The pups' wheel-running activity was recorded after weaning on postnatal day 18 or 24. Pups weaned on day 18 had an average free-running period of 21.70 hr, demonstrating that the tau phenotype was fully expressed at this age. Using the activity onset of the postnatal free-running rhythms as a phase reference, we estimated the phase relationships between the pups and their mothers on days 18 and 24. In contrast to results with wild-type pups, the activity rhythms of tau pups were not in phase with the rhythms of their wild-type mothers; that is, activity onsets of mothers and pups did not coincide. The pups did, however, show synchrony among themselves, indicating that they had been exposed to a synchronizing signal sometime during development. It is likely that this synchronizing signal was provided by the mothers, since pups from different litters showed phase relationships similar to those of their mothers. Thus the mothers provided a signal that was sufficient to cause entrainment, despite the 2-hr difference in free-running period between the mothers and pups. Although the pups' activity rhythms appeared to have been entrained by the mothers, they were clearly free-running by postnatal day 18. The mechanism for entrainment is lost during the course of development, despite continued interaction between the mothers and pups.