cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Evidence for Intra- and Intermolecular Disulfide Bond Formation in the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor: Inhibition of DNA Binding and Identification of a New Receptor-associated Protein

We have investigated the potential for the steroid affinity-labeled human glucocorticoid receptor to form both intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds. Glucocorticoid receptors labeled in intact HeLa S3 cells with the covalent affinity label [3H]dexamethasone mesylate ([3H]DM) were analyzed on denaturing 5-12% polyacrylamide gels under both nonreducing and reducing conditions. Under nonreducing conditions the affinity-labeled receptor migrated as a heterogeneous species having an average molecular mass of approximately 96 kDa whereas, under reducing conditions, the receptor migrated as a more discrete form. These data suggest that a reducing environment can influence the structure of the glucocorticoid receptor monomer and further imply that sulfhydryl groups within the affinity-labeled receptor are available for modification. To pursue this observation in greater detail, we tested the effect of oxidizing conditions on the structure of the glucocorticoid receptor. The presence of low concentrations (0.125-0.5 mM) of three oxidizing reagents (sodium tetrathionate, disulfiram, and iodosobenzoate) altered the migration of the affinity-labeled receptor resulting in forms of apparent lower molecular mass (as low as 78 kDa). This altered migration, not seen with most other cytosolic proteins, is consistent with the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds within the receptor which presumably cause it to assume a folded conformation and migrate faster through the gel. At higher concentrations of these reagents (up to 5.0 mM), we also detect a saturably labeled [3H]DM band which has a higher molecular mass (approximately 140 kDa), indicating the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds between the [3H]DM-labeled receptor and another closely associated protein(s) having a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa. The effects which these oxidizing reagents have on glucocorticoid receptor structure are completely reversed upon the addition of dithiothreitol, indicating that the observed changes in migration do not reflect receptor proteolysis but rather a folding and unfolding within the receptor monomeric protein. We have also analyzed the effect of this oxidation/reduction on the function of the glucocorticoid receptor. Oxidation of the [3H]DM-labeled receptor complex with 0.5 mM sodium tetrathionate inhibited activation of receptor to a form capable of binding to DNA-cellulose. This inhibition can be reversed with dithiothreitol at 25 degrees C but not at 0 degrees C, suggesting that these oxidizing reagents are inhibitory at the transformation and/or activation steps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Cloning and sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium hemL gene and identification of the missing enzyme in hemL mutants as glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase.

Abstract Salmonella typhimurium forms the heme precursor delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) exclusively from glutamate via the five-carbon pathway, which also occurs in plants and some bacteria including Escherichia coli, rather than by ALA synthase-catalyzed condensation of glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A, which occurs in yeasts, fungi, animal cells, and some bacteria including Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhodobacter capsulatus. ALA-auxotrophic hemL mutant S. typhimurium cells are deficient in glutamate-1-semialdehyde (GSA) aminotransferase, the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of ALA synthesis via the five-carbon pathway. hemL cells transformed with a plasmid containing the S. typhimurium hemL gene did not require ALA for growth and had GSA aminotransferase activity. Growth in the presence of ALA did not appreciably affect the level of extractable GSA aminotransferase activity in wild-type cells or in hemL cells transformed with the hemL plasmid. These results indicate that GSA aminotransferase activity is required for in vivo ALA biosynthesis from glutamate. In contrast, extracts of both wild-type and hemL cells had gamma,delta-dioxovalerate aminotransferase activity, which indicates that this reaction is not catalyzed by GSA aminotransferase and that the enzyme is not encoded by the hemL gene. The S. typhimurium hemL gene was sequenced and determined to contain an open reading frame of 426 codons encoding a 45.3-kDa polypeptide. The sequence of the hemL gene bears no recognizable similarity to the hemA gene of S. typhimurium or E. coli, which encodes glutamyl-tRNA reductase, or to the hemA genes of B. japonicum or R. capsulatus, which encode ALA synthase. The predicted hemL gene product does show greater than 50% identity to barley GSA aminotransferase over its entire length. Sequence similarity to other aminotransferases was also detected.
Protein Components of Bacteriophages λ and λ Virulent

Parallel studies have been made of the protein coats of the temperate bacteriophage lambda and of a deletion mutant, lambda virulent. A new method for preparing ghosts of both phages by the action of Cu(++) is described. Protein ghosts of both phages can be dissolved in citrate at pH values below 3, more rapidly in the presence of 8 m urea. Both phages yielded three apparently identical protein components which can be separated by thin-layer gel filtration and thin-layer gel electrophoresis. The protein of molecular weight 47,000 +/- 1,500 represents about 55% of the protein of the ghosts and is therefore likely to be the subunit of the head. The other proteins of molecular weight 30,000 +/- 1,500 and 16,000 +/- 1,500 represent approximately 25% and 20% of the protein, respectively. Amino acid analyses of the ghosts from the two phages have been carried out and show no significant differences. The buoyant density of phage lambda virulent is 0.016 g/ml less than that of lambda. Since no differences have been found in the protein components of the two phages, this indicates that the virulent mutant contains approximately 16% less deoxyribonucleic acid than the temperate phage.
Reaching beyond the invisible barriers: serving a community of users with multiple needs

This paper discusses a four-phase model for evaluating multimedia learning materials that emphasizes the diversity of learners and variations in instructional needs and user characteristics. The authors begin with an overview of the model, supporting evidence for its use, and key characteristics of users supported by each of the phases. They then focus on results of a current use that emphasized stage four, real-time usability, and show how they were able to document that the models under review met the needs of diverse learners and varied instructional strategies.
Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm following total knee arthroplasty: a case report

Direct vascular injury after primary total knee arthroplasty is rare. This case report illustrates a 65-year-old female who was diagnosed with a pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery when she was investigated for increased leg swelling and pain 1 week after total knee arthroplasty. She had a percutaneous endovascular repair with a stent after thrombectomy.
Generating transgenic quail using lentiviruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several methods used in the laboratory for the purpose of generating transgenic avians. Avian embryos are ideal for imaging because they are accessible to study at all stages of development outside of their vertebrate mother, unlike mammals. The ability to combine transgenic avian technology with the use of dynamic imaging can be used to dynamically follow cell movements in living embryos. Access to the avian embryo requires the researcher to cut a small opening in the eggshell. After experimental manipulation, the opening is sealed with transparent adhesive tape and the egg is incubated to the desired development stage. It has been possible to make transgenic chickens through the use of viral vectors and transplantation of embryonic blastodermal cells for some time. Numerous techniques have been developed for isolation, culture, and reintroduction of blastoderm cells to generate chimeric animals. Cell tracking studies that rely upon microinjection or micro-application of vital dyes find that their dyes can bleach from prolonged imaging or be diluted out as the labeled cells divide. Using vectors that express fluorescent proteins provide both a renewable source of the fluorescent label via continued gene expression, as well as tissue-specific expression to study subsets of cells. Introducing such vectors into avian embryos is typically done by either electroporation or viral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are preferred to introduce foreign genes into both quail and chicken because one can recapitulate and maintain endogenous gene expression in differentiating somatic cells and in germ cells.
Building a diabetes screening population data repository using electronic medical records

There has been a rapid advancement of information technology in the area of clinical and population health data management since 2000. However, with the fast growth of electronic medical records (EMRs) and the increasing complexity of information systems, it has become challenging for researchers to effectively access, locate, extract, and analyze information critical to their research. This article introduces an outpatient encounter data framework designed to construct an EMR-based population data repository for diabetes screening research. The outpatient encounter data framework is developed on a hybrid data structure of entity-attribute-value models, dimensional models, and relational models. This design preserves a small number of subject-specific tables essential to key clinical constructs in the data repository. It enables atomic information to be maintained in a transparent and meaningful way to researchers and health care practitioners who need to access data and still achieve the same performance level as conventional data warehouse models. A six-layer information processing strategy is developed to extract and transform EMRs to the research data repository. The data structure also complies with both Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations and the institutional review board's requirements. Although developed for diabetes screening research, the design of the outpatient encounter data framework is suitable for other types of health service research. It may also provide organizations a tool to improve health care quality and efficiency, consistent with the "meaningful use" objectives of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act.
Sensor biases effect on the estimation algorithm for performance-seeking controllers

The performance-seeking-control algorithm (PSC) is designed to continuously optimize the performance of propulsion systems. The PSC uses a nominal model of the propulsion system and estimates, in flight, the engine deviation parameters (EDPs) characterizing engine deviations with respect to nominal conditions. In practice, the measurement biases (or model uncertainties) may prevent the estimated EDPs from reflecting the engine's actual off-nominal condition. This factor has a direct impact on the PSC scheme exacerbated by the open-loop character of the algorithm. An observability analysis shows that the biases cannot be estimated together with the EDPs. Moreover, biases and EDPs turn out to have equivalent effects on the measurements, leaving it undecided whether the estimated EDPs represent the actual engine deviation or whether they simply reflect the measurement biases. In this article, the effects produced by unknown measurement biases over the estimation algorithm are evaluated. This evaluation allows for identification of the most critical measurements for application of the PSC algorithm to an F100 engine.
Interaction of Heterotrimeric G Protein Gαowith Purkinje Cell Protein-2 EVIDENCE FOR A NOVEL NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR

Abstract The heterotrimeric G protein Gαo is ubiquitously expressed throughout the central nervous system, but many of its functions remain to be defined. To search for novel proteins that interact with Gαo, a mouse brain library was screened using the yeast two-hybrid interaction system. Pcp2 (Purkinje cellprotein-2) was identified as a partner for Gαo in this system. Pcp2 is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells and retinal bipolar neurons, two locations where Gαo is also expressed. Pcp2 was first identified as a candidate gene to explain Purkinje cell degeneration in pcdmice (Nordquist, D. T., Kozak, C. A., and Orr, H. T. (1988) J. Neurosci. 8, 4780–4789), but its function remains unknown as Pcp2 knockout mice are normal (Mohn, A. R., Feddersen, R. M., Nguyen, M. S., and Koller, B. H. (1997) Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 9, 63–76). Gαoand Pcp2 binding was confirmed in vitro using glutathioneS-transferase-Pcp2 fusion proteins and in vitrotranslated [35S]methionine-labeled Gαo. In addition, when Gαo and Pcp2 were cotransfected into COS cells, Gαo was detected in immunoprecipitates of Pcp2. To determine whether Pcp2 could modulate Gαo function, kinetic constants k cat andk off of bovine brain Gαo were determined in the presence and absence of Pcp2. Pcp2 stimulates GDP release from Gαo more than 5-fold without affectingk cat. These findings define a novel nucleotide exchange function for Pcp2 and suggest that the interaction between Pcp2 and Gαo is important to Purkinje cell function.
Estimated phase equilibria in the transition metal-Ga-N systems: consequences for electrical contacts to GaN

High quality electrical contacts to GaN are required for the advancement of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on the III-V nitrides. In this study, the metallurgy of contacts to GaN and the implications for the design of electrical contacts are considered. First, phase diagrams are estimated for the transition metal-Ga-N systems. The diagrams are then used as an aid in predicting the reaction products of annealed metal/GaN contacts, to suggest materials that may be useful as thermally stable electrical contacts and to explore the role of the partial pressure of N2 in the annealing environment on the reactions in metal/GaN contacts. It is believed that this information will be particularly useful to researchers during the early stages of contact development since very little experimental information is currently available on the GaN contact metallurgy.
Performance testing using silicon devices - Analysis of accuracy

Accurately determining PV module performance in the field requires accurate measurements of solar irradiance reaching the PV panel (i.e., Plane-of-Array - POA Irradiance) with known measurement uncertainty. Pyranometers are commonly based on thermopile or silicon photodiode detectors. Silicon detectors, including PV reference cells, are an attractive choice for reasons that include faster time response (10 microseconds (μs)) than thermopile detectors (1 s to 5 s) and lower cost and maintenance. The main drawback of silicon detectors is their limited spectral response. Therefore, to determine broadband POA solar irradiance, a pyranometer calibration factor that converts the narrowband response to broadband is required. Normally, this calibration factor is a single number determined under clear-sky conditions with respect to a broadband reference radiometer. The pyranometer is then used for various scenarios including varying airmass, panel orientation, and atmospheric conditions. This would not be an issue if all irradiance wavelengths that form the broadband spectrum responded uniformly to atmospheric constituents. Unfortunately, the scattering and absorption signature varies widely with wavelength and the calibration factor for the silicon photodiode pyranometer is not appropriate for other conditions. This paper reviews the issues that will arise from the use of silicon detectors for PV performance measurement in the field based on measurements from a group of pyranometers mounted on a 1-axis solar tracker. We also present a comparison of simultaneous spectral and broadband measurements from silicon and thermopile detectors and estimated measurement errors when using silicon devices for both array performance and resource assessment.
Unusual complication associated with severe maxillofacial trauma

Abstract The aspiration or inhalation of foreign objects during severe maxillofacial trauma is a rare occurrence, but is usually manifested by various clinical signs and symptoms. It is important that a careful examination of chest roentgenograms be made whenever missing teeth cannot be located. This case report presents a rare example of aspiration of a tooth fragment during maxillofacial trauma without any evidence of clinical signs or symptoms.
Projecting Gene Expression Trajectories through Inducing Differential Equations from Microarray Time Series Experiments

Microarray technologies are enabling measurements of gene expression levels at large scales. Applications of microarrays in medicine, biological engineering and agriculture often depend on quantitative studies of time-series data. For drug delivery, fed batch reactors and crop growth, time series analysis is essential in optimizing controlled biological processes. In particular, it is useful to project discrete time series data into continuous dynamic trajectories with a global gene expression model. Time series microarray data were fitted with differential equations based on Singular Value Decomposition. Using the data from two different organisms, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster the local predictive accuracy was assessed with cross-fold validation across all experiments. The equations were integrated and inspected visually. The algorithm for inducing differential equations was found to produce a good fit both globally and locally.
Bifurcation in a complex-valued wave-field model

Abstract The travelling-wave solutions of a model Lagrangian density for a complex-valued scalar field (with possible applications related to charge density waves, magnetic domain walls and particle physics) are explored by means of the slow-fluctuation technique. There are three main wave types, with the amplitudes modulated periodically and the complex amplitude vector either librating or precessing. They are separated by two bifurcations, one with respect to a system parameter, the other due to initial conditions. In addition, there are several classes of degenerate waves, including some with purely harmonic, stable, straight-line or circular motions of the amplitude vector. Beyond the range of the slow-fluctuation approximation there are several soliton solutions which all lack stability.
703-1 Detection of Coronary Stenoses and Quantification of Blood Flow Mismatch Using Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography During Coronary Hyperemia with FS-069, a New Intravenous Contrast Agent

We hypothesized that coronary stenoses, which are not flow-limiting at rest, can be detected and the degree and spatial extent of blood flow mismatch can be quantified during pharmacologically-induced coronary hyperemia using FS-069, a new intravenous contrast agent. In 15 open-chest dogs, myocardial contrast echo (MCE) was performed using 1-2 ml of FS-069 injected intravenously and myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured using radiolabeled microspheres at baseline and during dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg) induced coronary hyperemia. In the presence of this drug, a stenosis was placed either on the left anterior descending (LAD) (n = 9) or the left circumflex (LC) (n = 6) coronary arteries and MCE and MBF assessment were repeated at each stage. MCE images, where contrast disparity between LAD and LC beds was maximal, were digitally-subtracted from pre-contrast images and mean videointensities in the LAD and LC beds were measured. There was a good correlation between the LAD/LC bed videointensity ratio and LAD/LC bed MBF ratio (y = 0.2x + 0.71, r = 0.77, p = 0.0001, SEE = 0.16, n = 45). In addition, the region showing hypoperfusion during LAD or LC stenosis was planimetered and expressed as a percent of the myocardial area in the short-axis slice. There was also a fair correlation between the hypoperfused bed size on MCE and the hypoperfused myocardium as determined by radiolabeled microspheres during LAD or LC stenosis (y = 0.8x + 3.3, r = 0.65, p l 0.001, SEE = 4.2, n = 15). We conclude that it is possible to detect coronary stenoses that are not flow limiting at rest with MCE using intravenous injection of FS-069 during pharmacologically-induced coronary vasodilation. The magnitude of blood flow mismatch and the spatial extent of relative hypoperfusion can also be quantified using this approach. Thus it is possible not only to detect the presence of coronary stenoses, but also to quantify their severity and the quantum of myocardium they supply using MCE from venous injection of 1-2 ml of this new contrast agent.
Closed transversals and the genus of closed leaves in foliated 3-manifolds

Abstract The classical local theory of integrable 2-plane fields in 3-space leads to interesting qualitative questions about the global properties of solutions surface (i.e., leaves of a foliation) on 3-manifolds. It is now known that foliations admitting a closed leaf of suitably high genus abound on all closed or orientable 3-manifolds that are not rational homology spheres (S. Goodman, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 (1974), 4414–4415), and this leads to natural questions about the “positions” of such leaves relative to the rest of the foliation. One such question, suggested by Goodman's theorem on closed transversals (S. Goodman, ibid.), is considered here.
Ethnographic boundaries: Culture, class, and sexuality in Tokyo

For those engaged in participant-observation, the first few months in the field are usually extremely difficult. By taking a reflexive turn, however, the events recorded during entree are invaluable for revealing the social and cultural dimensions of the new life a researcher creates for him or herself. The following is an account of one researcher's attempt to enter a community in contemporary Tokyo. This account reveals the boundaries of culture, class and sexuality between the researcher and the community. The complex set of highly personal ramifications resulting from crossing those boundaries are also discussed.
Good and Evil in the Chairmen's 'Boiler Plate': An Analysis of Corporate Visions of the 1970s

Boiler plates, the chairman's message that begins each corporation's annual report, provide a reflection of the self-image of American big business. This paper uses the method of dramatism for discovering and interpreting corporate dramas inherent in the language of the boiler plates of the Dow Jones Industrials. The U.S. economy of the 1970s provides the dramatic setting, with the company as hero, the government as villain and public interest groups as minor players. The overriding corporate drama can be traced to the archetypal drama of pure competition. Understanding corporate dramas allows us to see how companies create a shared rhetorical vision to unify their shareholders with management and employees, label actions as good or evil, and influence the public by putting forward a positive corporate self-image.
IMMUNOPROLIFERATION AND CANCER: A COMMON MACROPHAGE-DERIVED PROMOTER SUBSTANCE

It is suggested that a common proliferative factor is required for the growth of clones of both antigen-triggered B lymphocytes and carcinogen-triggered epithelial cells, and that the common growth-promoting substance is secreted by macrophages which have originally differentiated in support of the immune response. This macrophage-derived factor seems to be antigenically distinct from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Identification of the macrophage-derived clonal proliferative factor could provide new understanding of the proliferation of clones of immunocytes and neoplastic cells.
Infant abuse and neglect: lessons from the primate laboratory

We review the several areas in which research on nonhuman primates contributes to our understanding of child abuse and neglect in human children. One special advantage of primate studies is that the experimental method can be utilized to examine the short- and long-term effects of relatively well-defined and circumscribed alterations in early experience and the manner in which they can affect later behavioral and physiological development. Four studies in M. nemestrina (pigtail) monkeys are described in which relatively short social separation experiences in infancy were associated with evidence of persistent changes in certain aspects of social behavioral functioning and immunological functioning, up to six years later, when the previously separated animals were in late adolescence or early adulthood. Such findings suggest that nonhuman primates may be used as animal model systems with considerable relevance to issues surrounding human child abuse and neglect.
Unified assembly- and disassembly-line model formulae

Purpose – There is a rich body of literature on sequencing assembly and on sequencing disassembly, but little that either fuses or contrasts the two, which may be valuable for long-range planning in the closed-loop supply chain and simply convenient in terms of consistency in nomenclature and mathematical formulations. The purpose of this paper is to concisely unify and summarize assembly and disassembly formulae – as well as to add new formulations for completeness – and then demonstrate the similarities and differences between assembly and disassembly. Design/methodology/approach – Along with several familiar assembly-line formulae which are adapted here for disassembly, five (two specific and three general) metrics and a comparative performance formula from disassembly-line balancing are proposed for use in assembly- and disassembly-line sequencing and balancing either directly, through generalization, or with some extension. The size of assembly and disassembly search spaces are also quantified and fo...
The healing wound: A case for extracellular matrix

Heart failure that accompanies chronic ischemic heart disease is a worldwide health problem of major proportions. Pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for its onset and progressive nature pose serious challenges, while repeated hospitalizations stress health care resources. Herein the microscopic structural remodeling of the myocardium that appears at and remote to myocardial infarction is reviewed. Using a paradigm of wound healing, the involvement of chemical mediators of tissue repair generated within granulation tissue by constitutive cells is examined.
ENDOR spin-echo spectroscopy

The line shapes of ENDOR spin-echoes of free radicals in liquid solution are calculated by exact solution of the equation of motion of the density matrix including relaxation and coherence effects. It is found that the duration of the r.f. pulse is very important in determining the ENDOR line width. The strength of the r.f. field, the various relaxation times, and the inclusion of r.f. coherence effects also contribute to the line shape in a complicated way. Although the theory is presented for free radicals in the motionally narrowed regime, it is expected that the calculated line shapes demonstrate the gross features of relaxation and coherence effects in rigid limit ENDOR spin-echo spectra.
PROCESS QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN PEDIATRIC DIABETES CARE

The description of a functioning pediatric diabetes center continuously reaching an acceptable metabolic control for the average diabetic patient cannot be done on a substantial scientific basis. Such an approach obviously relies on empirical observations and personal opinion. In this article, it is first demonstrated that the outpatient clinic of the center for pediatric diabetology in Zurich can be compared with the general population of this region of Switzerland and, in addition, that the average HbA1c is not representing a selected cohort or a privileged population. In the following, the long-term strategy of our diabetes staff is described on the example of insulin-dependent diabetes during adolescence.
Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Multicomponent Ni-base Superalloy Diffusion Couples

A multicomponent diffusion mobility database for the Ni-rich fcc phase [2002 Cam] is evaluated by comparing diffusion simulations to two experimental multicomponent Ni-base superalloy diffusion couples: Ni/Rene-88 and IN718/Rene-88. The diffusion simulations use composition-dependent thermodynamic and diffusion quantities within a finite difference code to simulate single-phase and multiphase planar layers. The multiphase layers consist of a matrix phase and a disperse phase. The calculated composition profiles, interdiffusion coefficients, phase fraction profiles, and location of Kirkendall porosity are compared with experimental results. To treat diffusion in the IN718 alloy, iron and carbon are added to the existing diffusion mobility database using previous assessment work and new assessments of Fe-Al and Fe-Co.
Electrorheology at small strains and strain rates of suspensions of silica particles in silicone oil

Abstract The electrorheological behavior of suspensions in silicone oil of ultrafine silica particles (0–3.16 wt.%) coated with a surfactant was investigated at room temperature with electric fields up to 2 kV mm−1. The studies consisted of in situ observations with an optical microscope and determination of the rheological properties for shears in the range 10−2−2.8 and shear rates of 10−3 -101 s−1. The microscopy observations revealed that a fibrated structure formed immediately on application of the field, which ruptured near the center of the gap when the suspension was sheared. Swirling of the fluid was occasionally noted, which occurred more frequently the higher the field strength or shear rate. Strain hardening and a yield point-type phenomenon occurred during the rheological tests. The shear stress at a given strain was a complex function of the shear rate. For a given strain and strain rate, the shear stress was proportional to the electric field and to the two-thirds power of the concentration of silica particles. The electrorheological behavior was attributed to the polarization of molecules adsorbed on the silica particles and their alignment into a fibrated structure by the external field. The complex effects of strain and strain rate on the shear stress were concluded to reflect their influence on the continuing rupture and re-formation of the fibrated structure.
CO2 insulation for thermal control of the Mars Science Laboratory

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is sending a large (>850 kg) rover as part of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission to Mars in 2011. The rover's primary power source is a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) that generates roughly 2000 W of heat, which is converted to approximately 110 W of electrical power for use by the rover electronics, science instruments, and mechanism-actuators. The large rover size and extreme thermal environments (cold and hot) for which the rover is designed for led to a sophisticated thermal control system to keep it within allowable temperature limits. The pre-existing Martian atmosphere of low thermal conductivity CO2 gas (8 Torr) is used to thermally protect the rover and its components from the extremely cold Martian environment (temperatures as low as -130 deg C). Conventional vacuum based insulation like Multi Layer Insulation (MLI) is not effective in a gaseous atmosphere, so engineered gaps between the warm rover internal components and the cold rover external structure were employed to implement this thermal isolation. Large gaps would lead to more thermal isolation, but would also require more of the precious volume available within the rover. Therefore, a balance of the degree of thermal isolation achieved vs. the volume of rover utilized is required to reach an acceptable design. The temperature differences between the controlled components and the rover structure vary from location to location so each gap has to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to arrive at an optimal thickness. For every configuration and temperature difference, there is a critical thickness below which the heat transfer mechanism is dominated by simple gaseous thermal conduction. For larger gaps, the mechanism is dominated by natural convection. In general, convection leads to a poorer level of thermal isolation as compared to conduction. All these considerations play important roles in the optimization process. A three-step process was utilized to design this insulation. The first step is to come up with a simple, textbook based, closed-form equation assessment of gap thickness vs. resultant thermal isolation achieved. The second step is a more sophisticated numerical assessment using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to investigate the effect of complicated geometries and temperature contours along them to arrive at the effective thermal isolation in a CO2 atmosphere. The third step is to test samples of representative geometries in a CO2 filled chamber to measure the thermal isolation achieved. The results of these assessments along with the consistency checks across these methods leads to the formulation of design-guidelines for gap implementation within the rover geometry. Finally, based on the geometric and functional constraints within the real rover system, a detailed design that accommodates all these factors is arrived at. This paper will describe in detail this entire process, the results of these assessments and the final design that was implemented.
The 16O(d, n)17F reaction at Ed = 8.0 and 9.3 MeV

Abstract The reaction 16 O(d, n) 17 F was investigated by the neutron time-of-flight method at E d = 8.0 and 9.3 MeV. Absolute angular distributions were obtained for the transitions to the ground and first excited states in 17 F. Excited states in 17 F at E x = 3.10 and 3.86 MeV were identified. No evidence was found in 17 F for the mirror level of the 5.22 MeV state in 17 O. The distorted wave method analysis of 16 O(d, P) 17 O and 16 O(d, n) 17 F ground state and first excited state transitions yielded spectroscopic factors near 0.9.
Hypersensitivity following ingestion of hydroxyzine (Atarax) in a meprobamate-sensitive patient

Abstract A case of apparent hypersensitivity to hydroxyzine hydrochloride (Atarax) in a 39-year-old white man known to be allergic to meprobamate is presented. The patient had shown no previous allergic manifestations, although he did suffer from migraine, as did one of his brothers, and his grandfather was said to have had eczema. Meprobamate and hydroxyzine are not closely related chemically, but the possibility of related sensitizing properties is considered. No cases of hypersensitivity to hydroxyzine have been previously reported, and the drug has been considered relatively free from toxic or antigenic properties.
Extended Family Networks of Older Black Adults

The correlates of three characteristics of familial networks (i.e., residential proximity, family affection, and family contact) were examined among a national sample of older Black Americans. Overall, the findings indicated high levels of interaction and strong emotional bonds between older Black adults and their extended families. While the oldest respondents were less likely to reside near immediate family and other relatives, there were no age differences in levels of contact and emotional closeness. Having an adult child and proximity of relatives facilitated the emotional and social integration of older Black adults in family networks.
A Reliability Analysis of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) Weights

Goal attainment scaling (GAS) has been considered to be one of the most versatile and appealing evaluation protocols available for human services. Aspects of the protocol that make the method so appealing to practitioners—that is, collaboratively working with individual clients to identify and assign weights to goals they will work to achieve—have produced critical psychometric challenges that have threatened the method's acceptance by funders and researchers. This interrater reliability study of weighted goals contributes to their psychometric validation and therefore to the continued use of a methodology so attractive to practitioners. The subjective clinical impressions of 43 students trained in using GAS has statistically significant scorer reliability. These findings suggest that use of GAS composite scores (weight times the problem level) is a reliable tool and therefore not a reason to discourage the use of GAS as a means for monitoring a client's progress over time.
Enhancing Comprehension and Retention of Safety-Related Pictorials

Because of their relatively universal information transmission potential, pictorials have been suggested as a common means of safety communications across heterogeneous groups of users and uses. The present study used a training paradigm designed to enhance comprehension and retention of pharmaceutical and industrial-safety pictorials. Manipulated were time of testing (prior to training, immediately following training, and after a one-week delay), content of instruction (supplying the associated verbal label vs. the verbal label plus an extra explanatory statement), and difficulty level (“easy” vs. “difficult” to understand pictorials according to comprehension rates in earlier studies). Using an incomplete factorial mixed-model design experiment, the results showed substantial training effects. There was little change in scores between the test immediately after training and the test after a one-week delay (and the final test scores did not differ between participants who took or did not take the immedia...
“In the Jealous Way of Pictures”: Gertrude Stein's Collections

Gertrude Stein stood apart from other collectors of her day, according to the critic Henry McBride, because “she collected geniuses rather than masterpieces.” 1 In fact, she did both. The foundatio...
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE UNUSUAL TYPE OF LATICIFEROUS CANALS IN MAMMILLARIA (CACTACEAE): STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEMI‐MILKY TYPE

The development and structure of the laticifers in several species of the section Subhydrochylus of the genus Mammillaria (Cactaceae) were examined. These laticifers were found to be similar to those of the section Mammillaria in that both types develop from the complete lysis of several rows of parenchyma cells, and both types consist of long, branching, tubular lumens which are lined by epithelia. The laticifers of the section Subhydrochylus differ from those of the section Mammillaria in that those of the former are more irregular in shape, lumen development, and epithelium form. Also, the Subhydrochylus laticifers occur only as a single ring in the outermost cortex and tubercle bases, whereas those of section Mammillaria can be found in pith, medullary rays, cortex and throughout the tubercles. Because the structure of the laticifers in the section Mammillaria is much more regular and orderly, it is postulated that they are the derived type and that the laticifers of the section Subhydrochylus more closely resemble the ancestral condition. Two species, M. elegans and M. tegelbergiana, were found to be intermediate in nature, having characteristics of both types of laticifer systems. Solisia pectinata was found to have laticifers similar to those in section Subhydro-
Local density theory of X-ray and photoemission from YBa2Cu3O7-δ: The high Tc superconductor

Abstract Photoemission, inverse photoemission and X-ray emission spectra have been calculated using results of a highly precise local density energy band study. Compared to experiment, we find a shift of ∼2 eV to higher binding energy for the Cu-d and the O-pπ bonding states. This shift is attributed to the lack of metallic screening for the Cu-d holes which leaves only charge transfer screening by O ligand electrons. The larger shift of the O-pπ states close to EF compared to those lying lower in energy is attributed to different degrees of localization. By contrast, the lower lying O-pσ bonding states, which show greater itinerant character than the higher lying pπ states, are less affected by relaxation effects.
Congruence Between Roles and Actions of Secondary Special Educators in Co-Taught and Special Education Settings:

We examined co-teaching in secondary classrooms by interviewing and observing special education teachers in co-taught and special education classrooms. Using qualitative methods and a grounded theory (constant—comparative) method of data analysis, we identified salient, recurrent patterns that suggested a description of co-teaching definitions, roles, and instructional actions and then compared this description to roles and actions in special education classrooms. We found that special educators take on various roles when co-teaching that are different from the roles that they reportedly assume when they are teaching in special education classrooms; the differences between these roles are influenced by personal definitions of co-teaching and perceived pressures from the classroom, administration, and professional community. During co-taught classes, special educators may simply provide support for students in the general education classroom, teach the same content in a separate classroom, teach a separate...
Smoking initiation and cessation in African Americans attending an inner-city walk-in clinic

Abstract Objectives: Data collected from a population of African Americans were analyzed to examine patterns of smoking initiation, smoking cessation, and factors related to smoking cessation. Methods: Over a 4-month period, all (N = 2,928) patients attending an inner-city medicine clinic were recruited to participate in a smoking intervention trial. Over 99% participated, providing information on their smoking experiences, including smoking status (current, former, or never a smoker), duration of regular smoking, and year of quitting when applicable. Data on African Americans with complete information on these variables (n = 2,428) were analyzed with respect to initiation and duration of smoking. Results: More than half of African-American smokers in the population studied initiated regular smoking after age 19. Later age of initiation of smoking and female gender were associated with short duration smoking (i.e., quitting before 10 years of regular smoking); these variables, but not age, were identified as significant factors in a Cox Proportional Hazards model with duration of smoking as the outcome variable. Conclusions: A sizable opportunity for primary prevention of regular smoking appears to exist among African Americans aged 20 to 30 years as evidenced by patterns of smoking initiation in the population studied. The importance of age at initiation of regular smoking to the duration of smoking is demonstrated in this population over a wide range of duration.
Functional parallel algorithms

Functional programming presents several important advantages in the design, analysis and implementation of parallel algorithms: It discourages iteration and encourages decomposition.It supports persistence and hence easy speculation.It encourages higher-order aggregate operations.It is well suited for defining cost models tied to the programming language rather than the machine.Implementations can avoid false sharing.Implementations can use cheaper weak consistency models.And most importantly, it supports safe deterministic parallelism.In fact functional programming supports a level of abstraction in which parallel algorithms are often as easy to design and analyze as sequential algorithms. The recent widespread advent of parallel machines therefore presents a great opportunity for functional programming languages. However, any changes will require significant education at all levels and involvement of the functional programming community.In this talk I will discuss an approach to designing and analyzing parallel algorithms in a strict functional and fully deterministic setting. Key ideas include a cost model defined in term of analyzing work and span, the use of divide-and-conquer and contraction, the need for arrays (immutable) to achieve asymptotic efficiency, and the power of (deterministic) randomized algorithms. These are all ideas I believe can be taught at any level.
Interactions of gold nanoparticles with freshwater aquatic macrophytes are size and species dependent

The partitioning of 4- and 18-nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to aquatic macrophytes was investigated in vivo with exposure suspension in well water. Three morphologically distinct aquatic macrophytes were studied. Myriophyllum simulans Orch. and Egeria densa Planch. are submerged aquatic vascular plants, whereas Azolla caroliniana Willd. is a free-floating aquatic fern. Because aquatic plants absorb the majority of their nutrients from the water column, it is logical to hypothesize that they may absorb nanomaterials in suspension, potentially facilitating trophic transfer. Each plant was exposed to two different-sized gold nanospheres at a nominal concentration of 250 µg/L AuNPs for 24 h. Macrophytes were harvested at six time points (1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h), dried, and then analyzed for gold concentration via inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Concentrations were normalized to whole-plant dry tissue mass. The present study shows that absorption of AuNPs through root uptake was size and species dependent. Electron microscopy revealed that 4- and 18-nm AuNPs adsorbed to the roots of each species. Root tissue was sectioned, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that 4-nm and 18-nm AuNPs were absorbed by A. caroliniana, whereas only 4-nm AuNPs were absorbed by M. simulans. Egeria densa did not absorb AuNPs of either size. Gold nanoparticles were confirmed in tissue by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Absorption of AuNPs by plants may be a function of the salinity tolerance of each species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:194–201. © 2011 SETAC
Assessing the Effectiveness of Executive Order 12898: Environmental Justice for All?

This article examines several federal and state laws, such as the Worker Protection Standards and the Florida Pesticide Law, to determine whether the goals of these laws are being achieved in the State of Florida. A survey based on questions pertaining to various laws was used to gather data on farm workers in three South Florida counties. Face–to–face interviews were conducted with farm workers in Palm Beach and Indian River counties, Florida, in 1997 and in Collier County, Florida, in 1999. Overall, the findings indicate that farm workers in South Florida have been exposed to pesticides through direct or indirect spraying. The findings of the study reveal that federal and state laws—currently in place to protect the workers from pesticide exposure—are not effectively implemented, and farm workers are uninformed of the laws that exist to protect them from pesticide exposure. The study concludes with policy recommendations that will improve the implementation and enforcement of the current laws, which are designed to protect farm workers from pesticide exposure.
Chipping Away at the State: Workers' Resistance and the Demise of East Germany

This article is a study of everyday resistance and political protest among East German workers under communism. It develops and adduces evidence for two hypotheses based on evidence from Communist Party and state archives. First, in contrast to the standard explanation for the revolution of 1989, which emphasizes intellectual and popular mobilization against the regime, this essay emphasizes the long-term capacity of otherwisepowerless workers to immobilize the regime through nonpolitical acts of everyday resistance. This resistance, coupled with the rare act of political protest, rendered ineffective the conventional methods of labor discipline and undermined any hope of meaningful economic reform. The second hypothesis concerns the motivation for working-class behavior. Two models of social action have dominated studies of subalterns: rational choice and moral economy. The models are evaluated against the archival record. While the evidence is not overwhelmingly in favor of either model, the moral economy approach provides a better account of the sporadic acts of rebellion and the myriad acts of everyday resistance.