cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical representation of multi-component gas flow in stimulated shale reservoirs

Abstract Unlike conventional or tight gas reservoirs, shale gas or oil reservoirs have complex fracture networks that are often developed due to the interactions between natural and hydraulic fractures. Another major characteristic of shale reservoirs is that a good portion of shale gas can be in adsorbed state. In order to capture these characteristics of shale reservoirs numerically, PSU-SHALECOMP, a compositional dual-porosity, dual-permeability, multi-phase reservoir simulator is employed together with the implementation of stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) approach. In this approach, three of the reservoir parameters are altered to define hydraulic fractures in the form of SRV. These altered properties are SRV fracture permeability, SRV fracture porosity and SRV fracture spacing. In the validation phase of these computationally inexpensive SRV models, rock and fluid properties and reservoir conditions representative of a Marcellus shale reservoir and normalized field data from Marcellus shale wells to history-match the production performances were used. It is shown that the PSU-SHALECOMP simulator with the implementation of SRV model is capable of matching the historical data effectively and rapidly. In pursuit of successful validations of various production scenarios, several carbon dioxide injection scenarios were performed to see the performance of the PSU-SHALECOMP simulator in depleted Marcellus shale reservoirs.
Bcl-2: B cell life, death and neoplasia

The t(14;18)(q32;q21) is the most common translocation associated with human lymphoid malignancies. Approximately 85% of follicular and 20% of diffuse B cell lymphomas possess this translocation (Fukuhara 1979, Yunis 1987). Follicular lymphoma is initially a low grade disease consisting of small resting B cells. Over time, a histologic conversion to diffuse large cell architecture and aggressive high grade lymphoma occurs frequently in patients (Horning 1989). Molecular cloning of the t(14;18) breakpoint revealed a putative proto-oncogene, Bcl-2 at 18q21 (Bakhshi 1985, Cleary 1985, Tsujimoto 1985). The translocation occurs early in pre B cell development during Ig gene rearrangement and juxtaposes Bcl-2 with the Ig heavy chain locus at 14q32 (Bakhshi 1987). This creates a Bcl-2-Ig fusion gene that is markedly deregulated resulting in inappropriately elevated levels of Bcl-2-Ig RNA and the 25 kd Bcl-2 protein (Graninger 1987, Seto 1988). Bcl-2 encodes a 25 kd integral membrane protein of an intracellular organelle (Hockenbery, submitted). We have taken several approaches to examining the functional role of Bcl-2 including overexpressing Bcl-2 in lymphoblastoid lines, growth factor dependent lines and transgenic mice.
The Autism Theory of Speech Development and Some Clinical Applications

The following chapter (published) in the Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorder, (1952, 17, 263–268) was prepared for and presented at the 1951 Convention of the American Speech and Hearing Association, in Chicago, as part of a symposium on “Speech Development in the Young Child,” under the chairmanship of Professor George J. Wischer. There I ventured to suggest certain clinical applications of the autism theory of imitation delineated and documented in the preceding chapter. But before perusing the paper as it is reproduced here, the reader is asked to consider the following maximally simple and, hopefully, clear description of the basic principles involved in the autism theory of language learning.
The many talents of transforming growth factor-β in the kidney.

Purpose of reviewPreclinical data suggests that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is arguably the most potent profibrotic growth factor in kidney injury. Despite this, recent clinical trials targeting TGF-β have been disappointing. These negative studies suggest that TGF-β signaling in the injure
Unsettled intimacies: revisiting Edith Wharton’s The Custom of the Country through Nella Larsen’s Quicksand

Scholars have highlighted Nella Larsen’s textual interventions into aspects of Edith Wharton’s major works. The interventions, they claim, not only unmask Wharton’s pointed operations of erasure against people of color but, in some cases, showcase her racism. None of these works, however, devote critical analysis to the interventions staged in Wharton’s The Custom of the Country (1913), the novel that, I argue, is her most definitive statement on the role of market-based capitalism on the fate of Western civilization. Larsen’s Quicksand (1928) shares many of Custom’s thematic concerns. Though writing from different class and racial perspectives, both writers must account for the social developments that spilled over from the previous century to articulate their implications for their heroines in terms of marriage, family, work, divorce, sex, and race relations on a trans-Atlantic scale. However, given that Custom almost entirely elides the presence of people of color, assessing it alongside Quicksand animates the specter of colonialism that haunts the text, inviting us to remember why not all bodies, as M. Jacqui Alexander argues in “Not Just (Any) Body Can Be a Citizen,” can be imagined as naturalized citizen subjects within the rubric of modern capitalism. Keywords: Nella Larsen, Edith Wharton, colonialism, capitalism, motherhood, racism
Role of immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell cancer: past, present and future.

It was only in the late 90s when the link between the immunology and oncology was known to scientists. Tumor shrinkage of sarcoma following injection of killed bacteria noted by Coley was one of the earlier observations which led to considering immunotherapy in cancer treatment (1). Although the initial studies on interferon gamma-1b failed to improve outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) (2), cases of spontaneous regression of metastatic lung lesions perpetuated investigations to study the potential role of immunotherapy in mRCC (3).
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Analysis of Image Search-and-Localize Tasks.

Rationale and Objectives Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the common image search-and-localize task, in which readers search an image for lesion or lesions not knowing a priori any exists, has been studied for over four decades. However, a satisfactory solution seems elusive. Materials and Methods We show that the ROC curve predictive of clinical outcomes where readers are penalized appropriately for not correctly localizing known lesions cannot be obtained because it is a missing data problem. Further, this ROC curve is between the case-based ROC curve where readers are not penalized and the lesion-based ROC curve where penalty applies. Moreover, the lesion-based ROC curve is the LROC curve proposed by Starr et al. We show maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation of the LROC curve, validation of this procedure with Monte Carlo simulations, and its application to reader ROC datasets. Results Monte Carlo simulations validated ML estimation of area under the LROC curve (AUC) and its variance. Example applications showed that ML estimate of LROC curve fits experimental datasets. Conclusion The ROC curve predictive of clinical performance cannot be estimated from reader ROC data alone because it is a missing data problem, and is between the case-based ROC curve where readers are not penalized for not correctly identifying known lesions and the lesion-based ROC curve where penalty applies. The lesion-based ROC curve is the LROC curve proposed by Starr et al. and can be estimated via ML estimation.
Energy use and the sustainability of intensifying food production

Energy fuels, and is central to, all physical and biological systems, including the human population and economy. Yet science has missed the significance of civilization’s growing energy consumption. The energetics of the global food system illustrate the counterintuitive aspects of present energy consumption circumstances.
On the correlation between second order texture features and human observer detection performance in digital images.

Image texture, the relative spatial arrangement of intensity values in an image, encodes valuable information about the scene. As it stands, much of this potential information remains untapped. Understanding how to decipher textural details would afford another method of extracting knowledge of the physical world from images. In this work, we attempt to bridge the gap in research between quantitative texture analysis and the visual perception of textures. The impact of changes in image texture on human observer’s ability to perform signal detection and localization tasks in complex digital images is not understood. We examine this critical question by studying task-based human observer performance in detecting and localizing signals in tomographic breast images. We have also investigated how these changes impact the formation of second-order image texture. We used digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) an FDA approved tomographic X-ray breast imaging method as the modality of choice to show our preliminary results. Our human observer studies involve localization ROC (LROC) studies for low contrast mass detection in DBT. Simulated images are used as they offer the benefit of known ground truth. Our results prove that changes in system geometry or processing leads to changes in image texture magnitudes. We show that the variations in several well-known texture features estimated in digital images correlate with human observer detection–localization performance for signals embedded in them. This insight can allow efficient and practical techniques to identify the best imaging system design and algorithms or filtering tools by examining the changes in these texture features. This concept linking texture feature estimates and task based image quality assessment can be extended to several other imaging modalities and applications as well. It can also offer feedback in system and algorithm designs with a goal to improve perceptual benefits. Broader impact can be in wide array of areas including imaging system design, image processing, data science, machine learning, computer vision, perceptual and vision science. Our results also point to the caution that must be exercised in using these texture features as image-based radiomic features or as predictive markers for risk assessment as they are sensitive to system or image processing changes.
Time-Domain Analysis and ZVS Assistance Design for a DAB LCL-T Resonant Converter in Underwater DC Current Distribution Network

In underwater observatory networks, power converters are needed on the seabed for powering marine sensors located far away from the shore. Current source based power distribution networks with series connected loads provide robustness against voltage drop over cable length and cable faults. Dual active bridge LCL-T (DAB LCL-T) resonant converters operating at resonance in such applications provide load independent constant DC voltage output when powered from constant DC current input. In this paper, simplified time domain expressions of the tank currents are derived to solve the switching instant current in the MOSFETs in order to determine the conditions and assistance required for zero voltage switching (ZVS). Experimental results are presented for a converter with ZVS assisting circuits and 1 A DC source, 150 V DC output, operating at 250 kHz switching frequency and maintaining ZVS over a load range of 50 W to 500 W.
Abstract P570: Arterial Stenosis in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome

Objectives: Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is characterized as reversible vasogenic cerebral edema in a posterior-dominant distribution. Some patients with PRES have diffusion-...
Counting Women Judges: The Intersection of Law and Politics

This paper is a commentary about the significance of the Intersection of Law and Politics' study, 'The Status of Women in the States', and the difficulties in getting good data on women in courts.
Nickel-Catalyzed Regioselective Alkenylarylation of γ,δ-Alkenyl Ketones via Carbonyl Coordination

We disclose a nickel-catalyzed reaction, which enabled us to difunctionalize unactivated γ,δ-alkenes in ketones with alkenyl triflates and arylboronic esters. The reaction was made feasible by the use of 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline as a ligand along with NiBr2 ⋅DME as a catalyst and LiOtBu as base. The reaction proceeded with a wide range of cyclic, acyclic, endocyclic and exocyclic alkenyl ketones, and electron-rich and electron-deficient arylboronate esters. The reaction also worked with both cyclic and acyclic alkenyl triflates. Control experiments indicate that carbonyl coordination is required for the reaction to proceed.
Association of Medicare Advantage Star Ratings With Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Quality of Care

Importance Medicare Advantage (MA) plans, which disproportionately enroll racial/ethnic minorities and persons with socioeconomic disadvantage, receive bonus payments on the basis of overall performance on a 5-star rating scale. The association between plans’ overall quality and disparities in quality is not well understood. Objective To examine the association between MA star ratings and disparities in care for racial/ethnic minorities and enrollees with lower income and educational attainment. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included 1 578 564 MA enrollees from 454 contracts across the 2015 and 2016 calendar years. Data analyses were conducted between June 2019 and June 2020. Exposures Self-reported race and ethnicity and low socioeconomic status (SES) (defined by low income or less than a high school education) vs high SES (neither low income nor low educational attainment). Main Outcomes and Measures Performance on 22 measures of quality and satisfaction determined at the individual enrollee level, aggregated into simulated star ratings (scale, 2-5) stratified by SES and race/ethnicity. Results A total of 1 578 564 enrollees were included in this analysis (55.8% female; mean [SD] age, 71.4 [11.3] years; 65.8% White; 12.3% Black; 14.6% Hispanic). Enrollees with low SES had simulated stratified star ratings 0.5 stars lower (95% CI, 0.4-0.6 stars) than individuals with high SES in the same contract. Black and Hispanic enrollees had simulated star ratings that were 0.3 stars (95% CI, 0.2-0.4 stars) and 0.1 stars (95% CI, −0.04 to 0.2 stars) lower than White enrollees within the same contracts. Black enrollees had a 0.4-star lower rating (95% CI, 0.1-0.7 stars) in 4.5- to 5-star contracts and a no statistical difference in 2.0- to 2.5-star–rated contracts (difference, 0.3 stars; 95% CI, −0.02 to 0.7 stars). Hispanic enrollees had a 0.6-star lower simulated rating (95% CI, 0.2-1.0 stars) in 4.5- to 5-star contracts and no statistical difference in 2- to 2.5-star contracts (difference, −0.01 stars; 95% CI, −0.5 to 0.4 stars). There was low correlation between simulated ratings for enrollees of low SES and high SES (difference, 0.2 stars; 95% CI, 0.03-0.4 stars) and between simulated ratings for White and Black enrollees (difference, 0.4 stars; 95% CI, 0.3-0.5 stars) and White and Hispanic enrollees (difference, 0.3 stars; 95% CI, 0.2-0.4 stars). As the proportion of Black and Hispanic enrollees increased in a contract, racial/ethnic disparities in ratings decreased. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, simulated MA star ratings were only weakly correlated with those for enrollees of low SES in the same contract, and contracts with higher star ratings had larger disparities in quality. Measures of equity in MA plans’ quality of care may be needed.
Enhancing Nocturnal Habitat for the American Woodcock on Louisiana Wintering Grounds

American woodcock (Scolopax minor; hereafter, woodcock) have experienced long-term population declines across much of their breeding distribution since 1968. Previous research suggests that nocturnal habitat availability on the wintering grounds is important to wintering woodcock survival. We compared 4 different land management techniques: mowing, burning, disking, and a mow/burn combination for enhancing nocturnal habitat for woodcock in south-central Louisiana. From 2011–2013, we monitored study plots during overcast nights throughout winter months. We detected woodcock most frequently in both the burn and mow treatments and least frequently in the disk treatment. The total numbers of woodcock we captured and flushed were 13 times greater in the burn treatment than in the disk treatment. We captured 24 times more juvenile woodcock in the mow and burn treatments than in the disk treatment. We captured 12 times more female woodcock in the burn treatment than in the disk treatment, whereas we captured 9 times more male woodcock in the mow treatment than in the disk treatment. Our results suggest that suitable nocturnal habitat for woodcock on the wintering grounds in south-central Louisiana can be enhanced by burning and/or mowing.
New Design and Operating Techniques for Improved Terminal Area Compatibility

Current aircraft operating problems that must be alleviated for future high-density terminal areas are safety, dependence on weather, congestion, energy conservation, noise, and atmospheric pollution. The microwave landing system (MLS) under development by FAA provides increased capabilities over the current ILS. It is, however, necessary and urgent to develop the airborne system's capability to take maximum advantage of the MLS capabilities in order to solve the terminal area problems previously mentioned. A major limiting factor in longitudinal spacing for capacity increase is the trailing vortex hazard. Promising methods for causing early dissipation of the vortices are being explored. Also, flight procedures for avoiding the hazard will be explored.
Catalytic Syntheses of Ketones

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates catalytic syntheses of ketones. Primary alcohols of n -carbon atoms are readily converted to symmetrical ketones of 2 n − 1carbon atoms by vapor-phase contact with various catalysts. The first direct conversion of a primary alcohol to a ketone was reported by Donath in 1889. Dolgov and Golodnikov developed an activated copper catalyst and produced a mixture of esters and ketones from alcohol. The reactions proceed by ester mechanism, and at lower temperatures, the formation of esters predominates. This ketone synthesis is equally applicable to higher members of the primary alcohol series. The conversion of primary alcohols to ketones without any participation of water in the reaction was reported during an extended study of the action of the metallic oxide catalysts on oxygenated compounds. Primary alcohols ranging from n -propyl to n -octadecyl alcohol of n carbon atoms are converted by vapor-phase contact with chromium oxide at 400°C to symmetrical ketones with 2 n − 1 carbon atoms.
The presentation and complications of odontogenic septic shock: Report of a case

Although most odontogenic infections spread locally to adjacent fascial spaces, usually contiguous with the offending odontogenic pathosis, occasionally such an infection can spread rapidly across the midline and appear on the opposite side of the face and neck. Debilitated chronic alcohol abusers who are nutritionally deficient are more likely to develop serious life-threatening infections, either through serious airway involvement as seen in Ludwig's angina or manifest as a gram-negative septicemia with life-threatening shock and even cardiac arrest, than the usual dental patient with cellulitis. Early recognition through a high index of suspicion and vigorous monitoring will pick up the initial manifestation of toxic shock, as noted in this case report.
Evaluating the clinical outcomes associated with a modified prolonged infusion piperacillin–tazobactam protocol: A pilot study

AbstractPurpose: This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of a hospital-wide initiative of a 4-h prolonged infusion piperacillin–tazobactam (pip–tz) vs. a 30-min and a 4-h prolonged infusion. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who received pip–tz by two different infusion models with a documented or suspected Gram-negative infection. Patients can receive a 30-min infusion then a 4-h infusion or a 4-h infusion of pip–tz. The study’s primary outcomes were length of stay (LOS) and 30-day mortality. Findings: Seventy-four patients received both types of infusion (SP) and 275 patients received only the prolonged infusion (PI). Using univariate analysis, the PI group had a higher mortality rate (13%) vs. SP group (4%) (p = 0.033). The PI group had a higher mean LOS (12.6 ± 9.5 days) vs. the SP group (10.3 ± 8.2 days) (p = 0.04). The type of infusion was not a significant predictor of LOS or mortality in multiple regression analysis (p > 0.05). Implications: This preliminary study showed that ...
Malacoplakia of the cranium and cerebrum in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected man. Case report.

✓Malacoplakia is a rare chronic inflammatory disease associated with infection and immunosuppression, and very few occurrences have been reported in the cerebrum. The authors describe the case of a 41-year-old man with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented with a very aggressive malacoplakia lesion that had extended through the scalp, temporalis muscle, skull bone, and deep through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus and adjacent brain. Pathological examination revealed sheets of histiocytes invading these structures, and macrophages containing numerous round bodies known as Michaelis–Guttmann bodies, pathognomic for malacoplakia. Because of the rarity of this phenomenon, appropriate treatment and management of malacoplakia are speculative. A complete resection of the lesion, antibiotic therapy, and treatment of his underlying HIV infection had a salutary effect, with the patient faring well more than 9 months postoperatively.
Combating Cyber-Victimization

In today’s interconnected society, high profile examples of online victimization abound. Cyber-bullies, stalkers and harassers launch attacks on the less powerful, causing a variety of harms. Recent scholarship has identified some of the more salient damage, including reputational harms, severe emotional distress, loss of employment, and physical assault. Extreme cases of online abuse have resulted in death through suicide or as a result of targeted attacks. This article makes two major contributions to the cyber-victimization literature. It proposes specific reforms to criminal and tort laws to address this conduct more effectively. Further, it situates those reforms within a new multi-modal regulatory framework. This new approach advocates a combination of enhanced public education initiatives, enhanced access to effective reputation management services, the development of more pro-bono reputation management strategies, reporting hotlines, social norms, and industry self-regulation. The goal is to combine law with other regulatory modalities in order to facilitate the development of a more civil and accountable global online society. * Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Faculty Development and Research; CoDirector, Center for Law, Technology and the Arts; Associate Director, Frederick K Cox International Law Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Law, 11075 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH, 44106, Email – JDL14@case.edu, tel – 216 368 3303. The author would like to thank Professor Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky, Professor Elizabeth Rowe, and Professor Ann Bartow for comments on an earlier draft of this article. Additionally, the author is extremely grateful for comments from participants at the 3 Annual Privacy Law Scholars’ Conference at the George Washington Law School, Washington D.C., June 3, 2010, including comments from Mr David Thompson, Professor Mary Fan, Professor Bruce Boyden, Professor Danielle Keats Citron, Mr Ryan Calo, Professor Jon Mills, Mr Avner Levin, Mr Doug Curling, Ms Eileen Ridley, Mr Stefaan Verhulst, and, Professor Joel Reidenberg. In particular, Professor Raphael Cohen-Almagor was extremely generous with his time and comments. All mistakes and omissions are, of course, my own. 2 Combating Cyber-Victimization [Draft: July 31, 2010]
Identification and preliminary characterization of mouse Adam33

The metalloprotease-disintegrin family, or ADAM, proteins, are implicated in cell-cell interactions, cell fusion, and cell signaling, and are widely distributed among metazoan phyla. Orthologous relationships have been defined for a few ADAM proteins including ADAM10 (Kuzbanian), and ADAM17 (TACE), but evolutionary relationships are not clear for the majority of family members. Human ADAM33 refers to a testis cDNA clone that does not contain a complete open reading frame, but portions of the predicted protein are similar to Xenopus laevis ADAM13. In a 48 kb region of mouse DNA adjacent to the Attractin gene on mouse chromosome 2, we identified sequences very similar to human ADAM33. A full-length mouse cDNA was identified by a combination of gene prediction programs and RT-PCR, and the probable full-length human cDNA was identified by comparison to human genomic sequence in the homologous region on chromosome 20p13. Mouse ADAM33 is 44% identical to Xenopus laevis ADAM13, however a phylogenetic alignment and consideration of functional domains suggests that the two genes are not orthologous. Mouse Adam33 is widely expressed, most highly in the adult brain, heart, kidney, lung and testis. While mouse ADAM33 is similar to Xenopus ADAM13 in sequence, further examination of its embryonic expression pattern, catalytic activity and protein interactions will be required to assess the functional relationship between these two proteins. Adam33 is expressed in the mouse adult brain and could play a role in complex processes that require cell-cell communication.
Diamonds are forever, files are not

This work was motivated by the observation that not all objects are equally important. In many scenarios, the importance also wanes with time. We leveraged this importance notions to reduce the management overhead for less important objects. In our system, all objects were explicitly annotated by the content creators using a temporal importance metric. The storage system used these hints to manage the reliability (by reducing the replication levels for less important objects), fidelity (by transcoding objects), performance (by moving more important objects to faster storage locations), security (by encrypting important objects with stronger encryption) and persistence (by reducing the persistence guarantees for less important objects). Our initial focus was on policies for managing the object persistence. Our experiments were motivated by a university wide lecture video capture and storage system. Multimedia objects are large; depending on the quality used, compressed media objects can consume storage at the rate of multiple gigabytes per hour. Multimedia objects can eventually fill even the largest storage. Users were forced to either keep adding more storage on a regular basis or manually delete some objects. Keeping track of objects for deletion is cumbersome; many objects are orphaned and much of the storage remained under utilized. The difficulty was that traditional storage systems considered that all objects were equally important. When the storage was full, the storage system denied requests to store newer objects even though old objects that were already stored in the system were potentially less important than the incoming object. Storage systems relied upon user intervention to reclaim the space consumed by less important objects. We relegated object reclamation policies to the storage system itself. This delegation notions is not new; Roscoe et. al. [1] described a system which evicted objects in a FIFO basis; the persistence achieved depends on the future object arrival rates. Zadok et. al. [2] defined two classes of objects wherein objects in the elastic quota class can be reclaimed as necessary. In their position paper, Douglis et. al. [3] introduced the notions of retention value of objects. Our analysis shows that, FIFO cache like replacement policies are agnostic towards object impor
Ernest Everett Just: Egg and embryo as excitable systems

Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941) was an African American embryologist of international standing whose research interests lay in the area of fertilization and early development in marine invertebrates. Perhaps best known for his discovery of the dynamical and structural blocks to polyspermy that sweep over the egg upon fertilization, E. E. Just also was the first to associate cell surface changes with stages of embryonic development. He was deeply familiar with the natural history of the animals whose eggs he studied, and his knowledge of natural settings led him to emphasize the importance of using laboratory conditions that closely match those in nature. Based on more than 30 years of work, he came to believe that it was the cell surface that played the most critical role in development, heredity, and evolution. He promoted a holistic view of cells and organisms in opposition to the gene-centric view that was becoming more prevalent with the rise of genetics, but rejected the vitalism espoused by some biologists of his era, calling instead for "a physics and chemistry in a new dimension …superimposed upon the now known physics and chemistry" to account for biological phenomena. Just's incisive critique of genetic reductionism finds echoes in contemporary multiscale, systems approaches in biology. His speculations on the relationship between developmental and evolutionary mechanisms resonate with today's evolutionary developmental biology. After a brief biographical sketch, this paper outlines and discusses some of Just's scientific contributions, and shows how his ideas remain relevant today.
Lithium Di‐tert‐butylcuprate

[23402-75-7] C8H18CuLi (MW 184.75) InChI = 1S/2C4H9.Cu.Li/c2*1-4(2)3;;/h2*1-3H3;;/q;;-1;+1 InChIKey = JQWYZIKIUWSMTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (t-butylating reagent which undergoes conjugate addition reactions,1, 2 1,2-addition reactions,3 substitution reactions,2b,4, 5 carbocupration of alkynes,6 and oxidation reactions7) Physical Data: dark red-brown to black solution; decomposes at 25 °C.1b Solubility: sol Et2O, THF, pentane–Et2O–Me2S (1:1:1). Preparative Methods: prepared in situ from CuI salts (Copper(I) Iodide,1b,5 Copper(I) Bromide1b) and complexes (CuBr·SMe28a and Copper(I) Iodide–Tributylphosphine7a) under an inert atmosphere of N2 or argon in Et2O or THF. Polymer-supported t-Bu2CuLi can be prepared.9 Preparation, stability and reactivity of organolithium- and organomagnesium-derived cuprate reagents and mixed hetero-t-butylcuprate reagents have been noted.1, 4c,10, 11 See Lithium Dimethylcuprate for purification of CuI salts. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air- and moisture-sensitive. Use in a fume hood.
IS THERE A CULTURE WAR? HETEROGENEOUS VALUE CHOICES AND AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION

This paper examines the "culture war" hypothesis by examining American citizens' choices among a set of core values. Specifically, a geometric model is developed to represent differences in the ways that individuals rank-order seven important values: freedom, equality, economic security, social order, morality, individualism, and patriotism. The model is fitted to data on value choices from the 2006 Comparative Congressional Election Survey. The empirical results show that there is an enormous amount of heterogeneity among individual value choices; the model estimates directly contradict any notion that there is a consensus on fundamental principles within the mass public. Further, the differences break down along political lines, indicating that it probably is not inappropriate to describe the American public's feelings about values as a culture war.
Multiphyletic origins of methylotrophy in Alphaproteobacteria, exemplified by comparative genomics of Lake Washington isolates

We sequenced the genomes of 19 methylotrophic isolates from Lake Washington, which belong to nine genera within eight families of the Alphaproteobacteria, two of the families being the newly proposed families. Comparative genomic analysis with a focus on methylotrophy metabolism classifies these strains into heterotrophic and obligately or facultatively autotrophic methylotrophs. The most persistent metabolic modules enabling methylotrophy within this group are the N-methylglutamate pathway, the two types of methanol dehydrogenase (MxaFI and XoxF), the tetrahydromethanopterin pathway for formaldehyde oxidation, the serine cycle and the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway. At the same time, a great potential for metabolic flexibility within this group is uncovered, with different combinations of these modules present. Phylogenetic analysis of key methylotrophy functions reveals that the serine cycle must have evolved independently in at least four lineages of Alphaproteobacteria and that all methylotrophy modules seem to be prone to lateral transfers as well as deletions.
Psychiatric “Co‐occurrence”? I'll Stick with “Comorbidlty”

Lilienfeld et al's critique of the use of the term comorbid in psychopathological research is critically examined. They are incorrect in asserting that the original use of the term in medical epidemiology was intended to restrict it to disease entities. Furthermore, the ways in which medical comorbidity can be understood apply equally well to understanding the comorbidity of psychiatric or psychological disorders. Just as it has been useful to use the general term psychiatric disorders to include symptom patterns and syndromes and few If any true diseases, so to it is useful to apply the generic term of comorbidity to the joint occurrence of psychiatric disorders. Because methodological factors can sometimes contribute to artifactual comorbidity which is uninformative about the disorders being studied is no reason to abandon the term comorbidity in psycho-pathological research.
Spore Photoproduct (SP) Lyase from Bacillus subtilis Specifically Binds to and Cleaves SP (5-Thyminyl-5,6-Dihydrothymine) but Not Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers in UV-Irradiated DNA

The predominant photolesion in the DNA of UV-irradiated dormant bacterial spores is the thymine dimer 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine, commonly referred to as spore photoproduct (SP). A major determinant of SP repair during spore germination is its direct reversal by the enzyme SP lyase, encoded by the splB gene in Bacillus subtilis. SplB protein containing an N-terminal tag of six histidine residues [(6His)SplB] was purified from dormant B. subtilis spores and shown to efficiently cleave SP but not cyclobutane cis,syn thymine-thymine dimers in vitro. In contrast, SplB protein containing an N-terminal 10-histidine tag [(10His)SplB] purified from an Escherichia coli overexpression system was incompetent to cleave SP unless the 10-His tag was first removed by proteolysis at an engineered factor Xa site. To assay the parameters of binding of SplB protein to UV-damaged DNA, a 35-bp double-stranded oligonucleotide was constructed which carried a single pair of adjacent thymines on one strand. Irradiation of the oligonucleotide in aqueous solution or at 10% relative humidity resulted in formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (Py lozengePy) or SP, respectively. (10His)SplB was assayed for oligonucleotide binding using a DNase I protection assay. In the presence of (10His)SplB, the SP-containing oligonucleotide was selectively protected from DNase I digestion (half-life, >60 min), while the Py lozengePy-containing oligonucleotide and the unirradiated oligonucleotide were rapidly digested by DNase I (half-lives, 6 and 9 min, respectively). DNase I footprinting of (10His)SplB bound to the artificial substrate was carried out utilizing the (32)P end-labeled 35-bp oligonucleotide containing SP. DNase I footprinting showed that SplB protected at least a 9-bp region surrounding SP from digestion with DNase I with the exception of two DNase I-hypersensitive sites within the protected region. (10His)SplB also caused significant enhancement of DNase I digestion of the SP-containing oligonucleotide for at least a full helical turn 3' to the protected region. The data suggest that binding of SP lyase to SP causes significant bending or distortion of the DNA helix in the vicinity of the lesion.
An SFFS technique for EEG feature classification to identify sub-groups

Pattern recognition techniques can be applied to problems in medicine to aid diagnostic accuracy and uncover patterns associated with disease states that are not always obvious to the clinician. In this work, a sequential forward floating search technique (SFFS) was applied to the problem of classification of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal controls. The technique resulted in superior classification rates over statistical methods, as described in the paper. The advantage of SFFS may lie in the technique's ability to identify sub-groups within diagnostic categories, and to correctly select features that identify those sub-groups.
Tillage and Cover Crop Management for Soil Water Conservation

(...) We determined effects of tillage systems, N fertilizer rates, and cover crop management on soil temperature, soil moisture, and corn (Zea mays L.) yields. Tillage treatments were chisel-plow tillage, conventional tillage (moldboard plowing and disking), disk tillage, and notillage. Nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 75, 150, or 225 kg N ha -1 were broadcast on the soil surface. Rye (Secale cereale L.) on one-half of each split plot was killed 3 wk before corn planting time, while the other half was allowed to grow until the corn was planted (...)
Some engineering properties of sandcrete blocks containing rice husk ash

Abstract The high and increasing cost of cement, coupled with its continuing scarcity has contributed to the non-realization of adequate housing for both urban and rural dwellers in Nigeria. As such any material that could complement cement but was much cheaper would be of interest. Rice husk ash has been found to possess some pozzolanic properties. If found adequate for partially replacing cement in sandcrete blocks, it would drastically reduce the cost of building in Nigeria, since sandcrete blocks are the major cost component of the most common building forms in the country. The rice husk ash (RHA) used was found to have a specific gravity of 1.54 and its chemical constituents met the BS 3892 and ASTM C-618 requirements for pozzolanas. Addition of the RHA in cement paste increased both the initial and final setting times. For a given hydration period and mix proportions, the strength of the blocks decreased with increasing RHA content. Sandcrete mix of 1:6 (cement/sand) ratio with up to 40%, cement replacementwith RHA and 1:8 ratio with cement replacement of up to 30% with RHA, are adequate for sandcrete block productions for both urban and rural dwelling in Nigeria.
COMET-PE as an Alternative to Monte Carlo for Photon and Electron Transport

Monte Carlo methods are a central component of radiotherapy treatment planning, shielding design, detector modeling, and other applications. Long calculation times, however, can limit the usefulness of these purely stochastic methods. The coarse mesh method for photon and electron transport (COMET-PE) provides an attractive alternative. By combining stochastic pre-computation with a deterministic solver, COMET-PE achieves accuracy comparable to Monte Carlo methods in only a fraction of the time. The method’s implementation has been extended to 3D, and in this work, it is validated by comparison to DOSXYZnrc using a photon radiotherapy benchmark. The comparison demonstrates excellent agreement; of the voxels that received more than 10% of the maximum dose, over 97.3% pass a 2% / 2mm acceptance test and over 99.7% pass a 3% / 3mm test. Furthermore, the method is over an order of magnitude faster than DOSXYZnrc and is able to take advantage of both distributed-memory and shared-memory parallel architectures for increased performance.
Short-/Intermediate-Term Outcomes after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in the Treatment of Chronic Lateral Patellofemoral Instability

AbstractPurpose: Disruption of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is now considered the essential lesion of recurrent lateral patellar dislocation in patients with normal lower extremity alignment. Reconstruction of the MPFL is a technique gaining significant success in the treatment of patients with this disabling condition. Hypothesis: Reconstruction of the MPFL in patients with chronic patellar instability and normal lower extremity alignment will improve knee function and symptoms, with a high percentage of patients achieving good to excellent results at early follow-up. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence; 4. Methods: A consecutive series of patients with lateral patellofemoral instability who underwent MPFL reconstruction were reviewed. Reconstruction was performed with either soft tissue allograft (23 patients) or hamstring tendon autograft (12 patients). Outcomes were determined by patient scores from the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale, recurrence of patellar instability, and pati...
Topologies for neutral functional differential equations.

Bounded topologies are considered for functional differential equations of the neutral type in which present dynamics of the system are influenced by its past behavior. A special bounded topology is generated on a collection of absolutely continuous functions with essentially bounded derivatives, and an application to a class of nonlinear neutral functional differential equations due to Driver (1965) is presented.
M13 Bacteriophage as Materials for Amplified Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Protein Sensing

Because of their unique properties, nanomaterials have been actively investigated in recent years for biosensing applications. A typical approach for biomarker detection is to attach capture or detection antibodies to nanomaterials, allow the analyte to bind, and measure the resulting change in signal. While antibodies or aptamers possess at most one binding site each for the nanomaterial and analyte, it is shown that the high surface area filamentous M13 bacteriophage can be utilized as a scaffold for generating an amplified signal. Since only a few proteins at the tip of the micrometer-long virus are involved in antigen binding, the rest of the bacteriophage can be augmented with hundreds of functional groups, each of which can bind to a specific nanomaterial. It is demonstrated that the combination of DNA-modified M13 bacteriophage and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active nanoparticles can be used to produce exponential gains in Raman signal compared to that of antibodies at the same antigen concentration. Because of these high sensitivities, Raman measurements can be made directly from individual silica microparticles, potentially enabling future single step identification and analysis of different proteins in complex mixtures, while avoiding additional processing steps or prepatterned microarrays.
A nanoscale soft-ionization membrane: A novel ionizer for ion mobility spectrometers for space applications

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has developed a novel nanometer-thick "Soft Ionization Membrane" (SIM) which is capable of ionizing nearly 100% of the gases that pass through it. Both sides of the membrane are coated with a metallic conducting film. A modest potential of less than 10 Volts across the membrane produces an electric field in excess of 107 V/cm over a region that is smaller than the mean free path of gas molecules which ionizes the neutral molecules that passing through. Because the region of high electric field is smaller than the mean free path of gas molecules, there are virtually no high energy collisions and the system does not suffer from the fatal problem of avalanche breakdown. The soft ionization mechanism does not fracture the medium or cause any secondary ionization. Thus, a truly new ionization technique is enabled by a simple nanoscale micromachined device. The SIM is tiny, rugged and well suited for a wide variety of applications ranging from space micropropulsion systems to miniature analytical separation devices. In this paper we focus our attention on ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) as a potential candidate to be incorporated with SIM.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transrectal probe for 1H MRI and 31P MR spectroscopy of the prostate gland

A transrectal probe for 1H imaging and 31P MR spectroscopy of the prostate gland is described. The probe is covered with plastic and consists of an insectional portion containing an rf coil and a handle containing a tuning and matching circuit. Using this transrectal probe, 1H MR images and the first 31P MR spectra of the in situ canine prostate were obtained. Serial alterations in prostate size and changes in the ratio of phosphomonoesters to ATP ratio following orchiectomy were observed. Transrectal images of the prostate appear to be superior to conventional whole body coil images in the canine. For the first time a device to obtain high signal-to-noise 1H images and 31P spectra of the in situ prostate has been constructed. This will allow the assessment of transrectal imaging and spectroscopy as tools for medical studies of prostate pathophysiology.
Codeswitching, speech community membership, and the construction of ethnic identity

The relationship between codeswitching, speech community membership and the discursive construction of ethnic identity is examined through a discourse analysis of a conversation between two Asian American men in Los Angeles. In unraveling the ethnicity of a non-present third party, the speakers take moral stances towards the desirability of Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean women. Through codeswitching, these stances are constructed as characteristic of a given ethnic category, simultaneously projecting category memberships for speakers and recipients through the assignment of participant roles. These ethnic identities are contingent, as codeswitching which is not reciprocated rejects proposed claims to membership in a speech community. Speakers' ideologies about appropriate outgroup talk and the histories they attribute to a particular derogatory term are also shown to influence the local construction of ethnic identity.