cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Sorry, it's my first time!' Will patients consent to medical students learning procedures?

Context The clinical teaching of medical students is essential to medicine; however, medical students often may not inform patients of their inexperience. Hence patients do not have the opportunity to consent specifically to the procedures being performed by medical students. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients, when informed of the inexperience of a medical student, would still consent to the procedure. Methods Adult emergency department patients (114) were enrolled if they required one of the following procedures: sutures, intravenous (i.v.) access or splinting. Patients were first surveyed about his or her perceptions of medical student performing procedures. The first-year medical student then informed the patient of their inexperience (the number of procedures they had performed successfully). Finally, the patient was asked to consent to the student performing the procedure (i.e. ‘this is my first/third time suturing, may I suture you?’) The main outcome measure was patient consent to the student performing the procedure. Results Only 48% of participants knew they could be the first patient on whom a medical student might perform a procedure. A total of 66% thought they should be told if a student was performing his or her first procedure on them. The majority of patients (90%) consented (69/80 i.v., 20/20 splints, 13/14 sutures). For 7 of the 12 refusals, it was the student's first time performing the procedure. Conclusion Most patients will allow medical students to perform minor procedures, even when informed of the student's inexperience.
Seizures in a boy with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency treated with vigabatrin (γ-vinyl-GABA)

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease involving the catabolism of the neurotransmitter γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA). The main symptoms include retardation of psychomotor and language development, muscle hypotonia and non-progressive ataxia. Therapy consisting of approximately 75 mg/kg per day of vigabatrin, an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, is reported to lead to some improvement of the clinical condition in affected patients. We report on a 12-year-old boy with SSADH deficiency who, when treated with 75 mg/kg per day of vigabatrin, showed marked amelioration of symptoms but also EEG changes and two generalized seizures. On discontinuing vigabatrin therapy, the seizures resolved and the EEG improved, but the patient's clinical condition deteriorated to its pre-treatment state. A stable EEG without the recurrence of seizures as well as renewed improvement of cognitive and behavioural functions was achieved with a reduced vigabatrin dose of 25 mg/kg per day. We conclude that vigabatrin in SSADH deficiency should be administered in a gradually increasing dosage combined with frequent evaluation of the clinical condition and the EEG.
Glyphosine, a plant growth regulator, affects chloroplast membrane proteins

Abstract Glyphosine (N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is known to increase sucrose levels in sugarcane and to cause chlorosis in maize and other plants. It has been suggested (Crofts, S.M., Arntzen, C.J., Vanderhoef, L.N. and Zettinger, C.S. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 335, 211–217) that its primary mode of action is to inhibit the synthesis of plastid rRNA. Growth of Lemna gibba L. G-3 on 5 · 10−4M glyphosine causes the plants to produce fronds lacking chlorophyll. The plastids in these white fronds contain only a few internal membrane structures, some of which are stacked. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows an accumulation of substantial amounts of both the large and small subunits of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by the white fronds. The membrane fraction from these fronds contains only traces of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a b apoprotein in comparison to control plants. In vivo labeling and immunoprecipitation show that the large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase is actively synthesized by the white fronds. However, labeling of the chlorophyll a b apoprotein and a 32000 dalton protein in the membrane fraction is extremely low compared to control plants. We conclude that in Lemna, glyphosine differentially affects the synthesis and/or processing of soluble proteins and some membrane chloroplast proteins, and could be useful in understanding the biogenesis of chloroplast membranes.
Effect of design-adaptive allocation on inference for a regression parameter: Two-group, single-covariate and double-covariate cases

Abstract Assignment to treatment group by randomization has been advocated with great success in biomedical trials. Research on optimal experimental design suggests, however, that it should be possible to obtain efficiency gains over randomization by balancing treatment groups with regard to prognostic factors. The only practical way of doing this involves sequential allocation to treatment that evolves during the recruitment period, but any such method has been questioned on the grounds that statistical inference using the estimated treatment effect is suspect. Results reported here show by means of a regression simulation that the estimate obtained from a dynamically balanced trial is unbiased, and a new estimate of its standard deviation is similarly shown to be unbiased. If one does not adjust for the balancing factors in the analysis, then randomization is frequently unacceptably inefficient. If one does adjust, then the efficiency advantage of balancing is modest on average, but still important in an appreciable fraction of trials with small sample sizes.
River sediment flux and shelf sediment accumulation rates on the Pacific Northwest margin

Abstract To test the generality of insight obtained from recent STRATAFORM studies of northern California's Eel margin, river sediment sources and continental shelf sinks were examined on the Pacific Northwest margin from 38° to 44.5°N. River discharge and sediment concentration data acquired by the US Geological Survey were used to update long-term annual suspended-sediment loads for 17 rivers that range in basin area from 635 to ∼22,000 km2. Resulting annual load estimates vary over 3 orders of magnitude (0.065–18×109 kg/yr), with major suspended-sediment fluxes supplied by, in decreasing order, the Eel, Klamath/Trinity, Mad, Rogue, Umpqua and Russian rivers. Down-core profiles of excess 210Pb and 137Cs were used to estimate sediment accumulation rates (SARs) at prescribed depths (70 and 110 m) and distances (0–40-km north and south along-shelf) from each of the major rivers. SARs were found to vary much less than the river flux estimates, and are mostly in the range of 1.5 to 6 mm/yr. Most significantly, shelf SARs on the other Pacific Northwest margins are only slightly less than those observed on the Eel shelf, implying that much higher proportions of riverine sediment are retained on those shelves. Likely reasons that the Eel dispersal system exhibits greater off-shelf transport are (1) the narrower and steeper shelf geometry, and (2) the existence of a newly documented cross-isobath sediment transport mechanism that involves wave-modulated fluid mud flows. Testing whether the fluid mud flows are a consequence of the Eel River basin's high sediment yield, and are thus unique to the Eel, or are caused by intense wave energy during discharge events, and hence are operative on many other margins, awaits future bottom-boundary layer measurements.
On Strategic Defense in Stochastic Networks

This paper deals with the detection and prediction of losses due to cyber attacks waged on vital networks. The accumulation of losses to a network during a series of attacks is modeled by a 2-dimensional monotone random walk process as observed by an independent delayed renewal process. The first component of the process is associated with the number of nodes (such as routers or operational sites) incapacitated by successive attacks. Each node has a weight associated with its incapacitation (such as loss of operational capacity or financial cost associated with repair), and the second component models the cumulative weight associated with the nodes lost. Each component has a fixed threshold, and crossing of a threshold by either component represents the network entering a critical condition. Results are given as joint functionals of the predicted time of the first observed threshold crossing along with the values of each component upon this time.
Nanomaterials in the construction industry: A review of their applications and environmental health and safety considerations

The extraordinary chemical and physical properties of materials at the nanometer scale enable novel applications ranging from structural strength enhancement and energy conservation to antimicrobial properties and self-cleaning surfaces. Consequently, manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and nanocomposites are being considered for various uses in the construction and related infrastructure industries. To achieve environmentally responsible nanotechnology in construction, it is important to consider the lifecycle impacts of MNMs on the health of construction workers and dwellers, as well as unintended environmental effects at all stages of manufacturing, construction, use, demolition, and disposal. Here, we review state-of-the-art applications of MNMs that improve conventional construction materials, suggest likely environmental release scenarios, and summarize potential adverse biological and toxicological effects and their mitigation. Aligned with multidisciplinary assessment of the environmental implicatio...
Step-up maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic arrays

Abstract This paper discusses a new maximum power point tracker (MPPT), which has been devised and tested at the laboratory. This MPPT is a high-frequency set-up dc-to-dc power conditioning unit. Simple and inexpensive analog circuitry is used to continually maximize the true PV array output power rather than maximizing the current or voltage at either the PV array or load. The control circuit is designed such that the actual current and voltage are sensed directly from the PV array. These two signals are then multiplied by a single-chip multiplier. The multiplier output charges or discharges two separate RC circuits of different time constants. These two RC signals are then mixed to set the duty cycle of a pulse width modulated signal to continually track the array maximum power point. This MPPT is simple and inexpensive; and it continuously tracks the true PV array maximum power point regardless of the load type.
The synthesis of multiple-effect evaporator systems using minimum utility insights—II. liquid flowpattern selection

Abstract The concept of a “heat shunt” provides the insight needed to predict the extra utility consumption that is caused by the liquid flowpattern of a multieffect evaporator system. When no liquid bypassing of the effects is permitted, the liquid flowpattern requiring the minimum use of utilities follows one of two possible shortest “temperature paths” through the process, i.e. either a “down first” path that starts at the feed temperature, proceeds all the way to the lowest effect temperature, reverses, proceeds to the highest effect temperature and finally returns to the final concentrated product temperature; or an “up first” path that proceeds first to the highest effect temperature, etc. A simple calculation permits one to choose between these two paths. The liquid enters each effect the first time the selected path passes the effect temperature. When liquid bypassing is allowed, the paper shows that parallel feed to the effects is best. Major assumptions are constant boiling point elevation and negligible heat of mixing. An example illustrates all ideas.
Diagnostic Testing of Mouse and Rat Colonies for Infectious Agents

Rodent health monitoring programs make an essential contribution to biomedical research by identifying the presence of infectious agents that might confound animal research. The authors discuss the types of diagnostic tests available, which agents deserve monitoring, and the appropriate frequency for such interventions.
Augmented plane wave calculation of the electronic energy bands of NaCl

Abstract Some results of an augmented plane wave calculation of both the conduction and valence bands of NaCl are presented. The conduction bands possess structure in accord with a proposal of Baldini and Bosacchi based upon their investigations of exciton structure in the alkali halides.
Sleep Onset and Night Waking Insomnias in Preschoolers with Psychiatric Disorders

This study examined the nature and prevalence of diagnostically defined sleep disorders, including Sleep Onset Insomnia (SOI) and Night Waking Insomnia (NWI), in a sample of 183 young children admitted to an early childhood psychiatric day treatment program. A semi-structured diagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment, was used to assess for sleep and other psychiatric disorders. Daily sleep diaries and the Child Behavior Checklist were also examined. 41 % of children met criteria for a sleep disorder; 23 % met diagnostic criteria for SOI and 4 % met criteria for NWI, with an additional 14 % meeting criteria for both (SOI + NWI). Sleep-disordered children demonstrated longer latency to sleep onset, longer and more frequent night awakenings, less total sleep, and lower sleep efficiency than non-sleep disordered participants. Diagnosable sleep disorders, particularly SOI, were quite common in this acute clinical sample, exceeding previous estimates obtained in community and pediatric practice samples.
Growth, Microstructures and Optical Properties of KnbO3 Thin Films

Potassium niobate, KNbO 3 , possesses high nonlinear optical coefficients making it a promising material for frequency conversion into the visible wavelength range. While epitaxial thin films of KNbO 3 have been reported [1,2], only limited data exists concerning the optical loss mechanisms and nonlinear optical properties of these films. In this study, epitaxial thin films of KNbO 3 have been grown using ion beam sputter deposition and evaluated in terms of their microstructures and optical properties. Characterization of the microstructures of these films includes the in-plane epitaxial relationship to the substrate. The relationships between the growth parameters and microstructures developed to the indices of refraction and the optical losses (absorption and scattering) are discussed.
Distributed Virtual Diskless Checkpointing: A Highly Fault Tolerant Scheme for Virtualized Clusters

Today's high-end computing systems are facing a crisis of high failure rates due to increased numbers of components. Recent studies have shown that traditional fault tolerant techniques incur overheads that more than double execution times on these highly parallel machines. Thus, future high-end computing must be able to provide adequate fault tolerance at an acceptable cost or the burdens of fault management will severely affect the viability of such systems. Cluster virtualization offers a potentially unique solution for fault management, but brings significant overhead, especially for I/O. In this paper, we propose a novel diskless check pointing technique on clusters of virtual machines. Our technique splits Virtual Machines into sets of orthogonal RAID systems and distributes parity evenly across the cluster, similar to a RAID-5 configuration, but using VM images as data elements. Our theoretical analysis shows that our technique significantly reduces the overhead associated with check pointing by removing the disk I/O bottleneck.
Establishment and characterization of a poorly differentiated lethal human endometrial carcinoma cell line (NOU-1) with karyotype 46,XX

Immortal gynecologic cell lines, especially those of endometrial origin are diverse with multiple chromosomal alterations, making the study of origin and molecular genetic characteristics of such neoplasms difficult, if not impossible. We have established a new epithelial, poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (NOU-1) with a 46,XX chromosome complement. To confirm the tumor characteristics, we injected this cell line subcutaneously into the nude mouse. The tumor grown in vivo had the identical histology and the same 46,XX chromosome complement as the original tumor excised from the patient. The cells from the original tumor and those in the nude mouse shared the same characteristics with respect to histopathology, immunohistochemistry, steroid hormone receptor content, and growth characteristics. We report on the only established cell line of a highly aggressive, poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma with 46,XX chromosome complement where both estrogen and progesterone receptors are absent.
Tourists’ Souvenir Purchase Behavior and Retailers’ Awareness of Tourists’ Purchase Behavior in the Southwest

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) determine retailers’ awareness of tourists’ souvenir purchase behavior and (b) provide guidelines for retailers concerning the souvenir purchase behavior of tourists in the southwestern United States. Two random samples were used, tourists (n = 398) and retailers (n = 307). Printed questionnaires included demographic questions respective to each sample and Likert-like scales (Souvenir Merchandise Assortment, Merchandise Selection Factors, Store Attributes). Data were obtained through a modified Salant and Dillman (1994) procedure and analyzed with AnswerTree® software. Retailers were somewhat aware of the souvenir purchase behavior of tourists when consideration was given to souvenir assortment, merchandise selection factors, and store attributes. Tourists wanted retailers to (a) carry souvenir assortments that included local foods and fine jewelry, (b) consider souvenir selection factors such as craftsperson’s reputation and motif or design of place visited, and...
Studies on an iodinated protein in the serum of subjects with cancer of the thyroid.

Tumors of endocrine glands may possess functional activity and secrete “normal” hormones or substances with similar physiologic activity but different in chemical structure. Cancers of the thyroid in the absence of any normal tissue may maintain a subject in an euthyroid state. It has been demonstrated that some cancers of the thyroid, especially the metastatic variety, secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine (1). Moreover, an iodinated substance, presumably protein in nature and not present normally, has been found in the blood of some patients with cancer of the thyroid (1). This material was shown to have an electrophoretic mobility at both pH 8.6 and pH 4.5 similar to that of serum albumin. It was not dialyzable and has a sedimentation constant S20, w =4.2 (2). This substance, designated compound X, could be hydrolyzed by trypsin or alkali and yielded monoiodotyrosine and a very small amount of thyroxine. The present study was undertaken to investigate in more detail some of the properties of compound ...
End-of-Life Options for Patients with Advanced Heart Failure

Heart failure is a progressive disease with significant morbidity and mortality, but prognostication often is difficult. Many of the evidence-based therapies for heart failure provide symptomatic benefit, but may have intolerable side effects for patients with advanced disease. At the end of life, there is evidence of varying strengths for pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic relief of common symptoms like dyspnea, fatigue, pain, and depression. Patients also may benefit from inotropic therapy, ventricular assist devices, and hospice care. It is important for physicians to encourage patients to formulate advance directives, including decisions about do not resuscitate orders and deactivation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and ventricular assist devices.
Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx Can Regulate Flow-Induced Nitric Oxide Production in Microvessels In Vivo

Due to its unique location, the endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG) at the luminal side of the microvessel wall may serve as a mechano-sensor and transducer of blood flow and thus regulate endothelial functions. To examine this role of the ESG, we used fluorescence microscopy to measure nitric oxide (NO) production in post-capillary venules and arterioles of rat mesentery under reduced (low) and normal (high) flow conditions, with and without enzyme pretreatment to remove heparan sulfate (HS) of the ESG and in the presence of an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). Rats (SD, 250–300g) were anesthetized. The mesentery was gently taken out from the abdominal cavity and arranged on the surface of a glass coverslip for the measurement. An individual post-capillary venule or arteriole was cannulated and loaded for 45 min with 5 μM 4, 5-Diaminofluorescein diacetate, a membrane permeable fluorescent indictor for NO, then the NO production was measured for ~10 min under a low flow (~300 μm/s) and for ~60 min under a high flow (~1000 μm/s). In the 15 min after switching to the high flow, DAF-2-NO fluorescence intensity increased to 1.27-fold of its baseline, DAF-2-NO continuously increased under the high flow, to 1.53-fold of its baseline in 60 min. Inhibition of eNOS by 1 mM L-NMMA attenuated the flow-induced NO production to 1.13-fold in 15 min and 1.30-fold of its baseline in 60 min, respectively. In contrast, no significant increase in NO production was observed after switching to the high flow for 60 min when 1 h pretreatment with 50 mU/mL heparanase III to degrade the ESG was applied. Similar NO production was observed in arterioles under low and high flows and under eNOS inhibition. Our results suggest that ESG participates in endothelial cell mechanosensing and transduction through its heparan sulfate to activate eNOS.
Study of chirping toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Chirping toroidicity-induced Alfv?n eigenmodes (TAEs) are destabilized during neutral beam injection on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX (Ono M. et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 557)) by super-Alfv?nic ions with velocities up to five times larger than the Alfv?n velocity. TAEs exhibit repeated bursts in amplitude and down-chirps in frequency. Larger bursts, so-called TAE avalanches, are eventually observed and correlate with a loss of fast ions up to 30% over ?1?ms. Frequency, amplitude and radial structure of TAEs are characterized via magnetic pickup coils and a multi-channel reflectometer system. The modes have a broad radial structure, which appears to be unaffected by the large frequency and amplitude variations. However, the large mode amplitude does impact the modes' dynamics by favouring the coupling among different modes. In addition, the coupling involves kink-like modes and can therefore degrade the thermal plasma confinement. In spite of the non-linear regime characterizing the TAE dynamics, the measured properties are found to be in reasonable agreement with solutions from the ideal MHD code NOVA.
Utility of micro-indentation technique for characterization of the constitutive behavior of skin and interior microstructures of die-cast magnesium alloys

Abstract There has been increasing thrust lately on the development of lightweight cast magnesium alloy components for structural automotive and other applications. The microstructure of the high-pressure die-cast Mg alloys usually contains a fine-grained “skin” having a microstructure significantly different from that of the bulk material. Characterization of the local constitutive behavior of the skin microstructure is of interest as it can affect the overall mechanical response of the component. However, the standard mechanical tests on the macro-specimens are not useful for characterization of the local stress–strain response of the skin microstructure. In this contribution, we present a novel methodology based on a combination of micro-indentation experiments and three-dimensional (3D) finite elements based simulations that permits computation of the local stress–strain (constitutive) behavior of the skin and the interior microstructures at the length scales of 100 μm in a cast high-pressure die-cast AM60 Mg-alloy. The methodology involves development of a numerical solution to the inverse problem. The computed constitutive equations are then utilized to simulate the effect of skin thickness on the overall global mechanical response of the alloy under uniaxial compression.
Sharpening Our Focus in Measuring Classroom Instruction

This commentary highlights convergent themes from four articles in the March 2009 issue of Educational Researcher on measuring classroom instruction. Classroom instruction is a complex enterprise that occurs at the intersection of teachers, students, and texts within the surrounding classroom, school, and community environments. Progress in studying the complexity of classroom instruction on a large scale relies on our ability to pose research questions at the appropriate levels of analysis and to attempt to answer the questions using rigorous methods. These articles contribute to this task by sharing theoretical and practical viewpoints based on systematic programs of mixed methods research. The value of this body of research is reinforced through evidence of its impact on teaching practices and student learning.
Effects of bronchopulmonary inflammation induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to airway epithelial cells in mice

Effects of bronchopulmonary inflammation induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to airway epithelial cells in mice
The interfacial chemistry of solidification/stabilization of metals in cement and pozzolanic material systems

Abstract The chemistry of cement, its hydration and mechanisms of solidification/stabilization ( s s ) of toxic metals by cement-based systems and pozzolanic materials are significantly controlled by surface, near-surface and interfacial phenomena. The adsorption conditions and the selectively strong affinity of hazardous metals towards clay minerals, certain hydrated metal oxides and oxyhydroxides, and cementitous substances also play an important role in the s s process for the immobilization of contaminants. Recent works from our laboratory involving metal ions and superplasticizers have elucidated the mechanisms of reactions leading to the retardation of cement hydration and subsequent setting and their interactions with silicate-based systems. This article delineates the current status of interfacial chemistry at the solid-liquid boundary and places it in perspective with present and future s s processes based on Portland cement and pozzolanic materials. The importance of surface charge, the role of interfacial phenomena on adsorption, and the importance of calcium and other types of anions and cations in s s are also discussed. A surface charge control reaction model that accounts for the importance of calcium and other cations and anions is outlined and used to discuss the chemical nature and microstructure of the interfacial transition zone.
Roles of Additives and Precipitants in Crystallization of Calcium- and Integrin-Binding Protein

The interactions leading to crystallization of calcium- and integrin-binding protein (CIB), a novel Ca2+ binding protein, were characterized in terms of osmotic second virial coefficients, B22, measured by self-interaction chromatography. In particular, the role of additives such as alkanediols or DMSO in improving crystal growth in the presence of sodium malonate, sodium formate, and sodium acetate was investigated. Short-chain alkane-1,n-diols were found to be effective in a range of 10−20% (v/v) in preventing CIB precipitation at the high sodium formate concentrations necessary for crystallization, whereas for alkane-1,2-diols longer chains were necessary, although at concentrations less than 5% (v/v). In both cases, significant improvement in protein crystal growth and suppression of precipitation were observed. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements indicate that the differences in alkanediol specificity are a result of interactions with hydrophobic regions on the protein surface, which in tur...
DNA-dependent kinase (p350) as a candidate gene for the murine SCID defect

Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice are deficient in a recombination process utilized in both DNA double-strand break repair and in V(D)J recombination. The phenotype of these mice involves both cellular hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a lack of B and T cell immunity. The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase, p350, was identified as a strong candidate for the murine gene SCID. Both p350 and a gene complementing the SCID defect colocalize to human chromosome 8q11. Chromosomal fragments expressing p350 complement the SCID phenotype, and p350 protein levels are greatly reduced in cells derived from SCID mice compared to cells from wild-type mice.
Measuring and training dimensional preferences.

MEDIN, DOUGLAS L. Measuring and Training Dimensional Preferences. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 359-362. 30 kindergarten children were presented with 1 standard stimulus and pairs of comparison stimuli and asked to judge which comparison stimulus was most like the standard. The stimuli could differ in size and brightness, and both free (preference) and forced trials were given. The first trial was always a forced trial. The children showed strong dimensional preferences and frequently made errors on forced trials involving the nondominant dimension. These preferences could be almost perfectly predicted on the basis of the first forced trial, with 27 of 30 children responding primarily to the dimension involved on the initial trial.
Understanding the social brain in autism

Autism is an early onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by disruption of early social interaction. Although the social disability of autism remains the central defining feature of the condition, mechanisms that might account for this disability remain poorly understood. This paper briefly reviews some aspects of the social deficit in autism focusing on new approaches to characterizing social information processing problems, potential brain mechanisms, and theoretical models of the disorder. It will touch on aspects of specific social processes that appear to develop in unusual ways in autism including facial perception, joint attention, and social information processing. The importance of adopting more ecologically valid methods and for integrating the various approaches in deriving new models for social deficits in autism will be highlighted. Future research should build on the emerging synergy of different aspects of social neuroscience.
An Application of Symbolic Logic to a Selection Problem

Given a set of jobs that must be performed, although not necessarily concurrently, a set of resources to perform the jobs, a set of cost measures for the resources, and a set of restrictions on the resources that may be used, the selection problem is to find a least-cost subset of resources that satisfies the restrictions and is capable of performing all the jobs. This selection problem is generalized into minimizing a linear function of Boolean variables subject to Boolean restriction equations. A "smallest" complete set of solutions is found that contains all optimal solutions.
Nonequilibrium noise of InSb hot electron bolometers

Noise spectra of a InSb hot electron bolometer at 4.2 K bath temperature are measured and compared with theory. Bolometer phonon noise and Johnson noise are included in the analysis. A nonequilibrium Johnson noise model, due to Mather, gives good agreement with experiment over the frequency range 0.2-1.1 MHz. This model incorporates an elevated electron gas temperature and electrothermal feedback from the bias supply.
Professional development for mid-career women in computer science and engineering

This paper reports on self-rated career management knowledge, use, and confidence for women in computer science and engineering before and after participating in a CRA-W Cohort of Associate Professors Project (CAPP) professional development workshop. We find that months after their workshop, three years worth of participating women gave higher ratings for their knowledge and use of skills such as time management, networking, and productive mentoring relationships, as well as confidence in their promotability. These findings suggest that professional development interventions can have long lasting positive effects on mid-career women in computing, and that the type of group mentoring, role models, and community offered by CAPP can help compensate for women's reduced access to career mentoring.
Vorticity-Generation Mechanisms in Bores

Rotational motions, or vorticity, can be created within a fluid domain by two mechanisms: baroclinic torque and viscous-shear torque. Both baroclinic and viscous-shear torques require the presence of fluid-density gradients. It is shown that vortical motions in the surface roller of a bore are created by baroclinic torque acting along the front face of the bore; this baroclinic torque is caused by the dynamicpressure gradient along the air-water interface. On the other hand, vortical motions in an internal bore, with a small density difference between the upper and lower fluids, are generated by baroclinic torque caused by the static-pressure gradient along the interface of two fluids. Vorticity generated in an internal bore has the opposite rotation to that of a bore in the air-water environment. In both cases, the viscous-shear torque plays an insignificant role in the creation of vorticity. Consider a layer of water bounded by the free surface from above and a horizontal impermeable boundary from below. The flow depth may increase to a greater depth in a short distance without alternating its momentum for a frictionless flow; this sudden increase in depth occurs at the transition from the supercritical flow, where the inertial force is dominant, to the subcritical flow where the pressure force is dominant. Based on the shallow-water wave theory, this transition is considered to be a mathematical discontinuity of the flow depth and velocity. This phenomenon is often called a hydraulic jump or, simply, a jump. Although the total momentum is conserved across the jump, the total mechanical energy dissipates. This energy dissipation is attributed to turbulence generated at the jump associated with the surface roller (the surface roller is a recirculating mean flow at a jump front). The characteristics of turbulence generated at the jump are not clear. Rouse et al. (1959) modelled a hydraulic jump as a flow expansion and interpreted the turbulence as separation eddies. Rajaratnam (1965) and Narayanan (1975) modelled the jump as a wall jet. Peregrine & Svendsen (1978) suggested that turbulence in the jump resembles that of a mixing layer. The analogy to mixing-layer turbulence was further elaborated by Hoyt & Sellin (1989).
Synthesis and reactions with DNA of a family of DNA-DNA afinity cross-linking agents

Abstract A family of DNA-DNA cross-linking agents has been synthesized, in which 2,3-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-pyrrole is linked to the oligopeptide distamycin. These substances were efficient, sequence selective, DNA-DNA interstrand and intrastrand cross-linking agents. Substance 1a formed interstand and intrastrand cross-links at the sequences 5′ d(CGAATT) and 5′ d(GGAATT), respectively. The lesions from hydrolysis of the phosphodiester backbones of inter- and intrastrand cross-linked DNA were identical, and possessed the structure 20. Substance 1a was 1000-fold more active as a cross-linking agent than 2,3-bis-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methylpyrrole (19). The cytotoxicity of 2a was comparable to cis-DDP.
Renal Artery Aneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula Associated with Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Successful Treatment with Detachable Coils

Renal artery aneurysms are more common in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). Although these aneurysms have traditionally been managed surgically, endovascular techniques are playing a larger role. Many treatment methods involve the use of stent-grafts to exclude the aneurysm or bare stents to protect the main renal artery while coil embolization is performed through the interstices. Herein, the authors present a patient with an arteriovenous fistula secondary to FMD that was managed entirely with use of detachable coils, which allowed preservation of the uninvolved renal parenchyma.
Uncertainty-Aware Dynamic Power Management in Partially Observable Domains

This paper tackles the problem of dynamic power management (DPM) in nanoscale CMOS design technologies that are typically affected by increasing levels of process and temperature variations and fluctuations due to the randomness in the behavior of silicon structure. This uncertainty undermines the accuracy and effectiveness of traditional DPM approaches. This paper presents a stochastic framework to improve the accuracy of decision making during dynamic power management, while considering manufacturing process and/or environment induced uncertainties. More precisely, variability and uncertainty at the system level are captured by a partially observable semi-Markov decision process with interval-based definition of states while the policy optimization problem is formulated as a mathematical program based on this model. Experimental results with a RISC processor in 65-nm technology demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique and show that the proposed uncertainty-aware power management technique ensures system-wide energy savings under statistical circuit parameter variations.
Generating finite state machines from abstract state machines

We give an algorithm that derives a finite state machine (FSM) from a given abstract state machine (ASM) specification. This allows us to integrate ASM specs with the existing tools for test case generation from FSMs. ASM specs are executable but have typically too many, often infinitely many states. We group ASM states into finitely many hyperstates which are the nodes of the FSM. The links of the FSM are induced by the ASM state transitions.
Active learning using mechatronics in a freshman information technology course

This paper details efforts at the United States Military Academy to employ mechatronics in an active-learning environment. We use mechatronics to teach future Army leaders information technology (IT) and problem-solving with computers, as well as introduce them to autonomous vehicles, sensors, and computer simulation. Cadets are taught a four-step problem-solving methodology to develop and implement the components for a mechatronic device using the Mindstorms Lego Robot. After cadets complete problem analysis and design, they code and test their Java programs that control the robot in a graphical simulation environment called Jago. Once cadets are confident in their solution, they download their completed Java program to the Mindstorms robot to verify that their code solves the problem in the real world. The impact on the cadets using mechatronics to solve problems has been very positive, and we are confident that the long-term impact will be substantial. Cadets are exposed to a number of different disciplines, gaining an understanding of how these disciplines work together to develop mechatronic devices. In addition, the robot projects help enforce the problem-solving methodology where cadets analyze, design, implement, and test their solutions.
Positional-dependent changes in glenohumeral joint contact pressure and force: Possible biomechanical etiology of posterior glenoid wear

The purpose of this study was to simulate the forces in the individual periscapular muscles and investigate the possible biomechanical etiology of posterior erosion of the glenoid. Twelve fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were used with a custom shoulder jig that uses independently controlled pneumatic cylinders to apply forces across the tendon of each muscle. The simulated muscle forces included the rotator cuff, the deltoid, the latissimus dorsi, and the pectoralis major. The shoulders were tested in 12 overhead activity positions. A 6-degree-of-freedom load cell was used to measure the glenohumeral joint forces, and the glenohumeral contact pressures and areas were measured by use of Fuji pressure-sensitive film. There were no significant differences in glenohumeral joint forces between 60° and 90° of vertical abduction or between 60° and 90° of external rotation. At 70° of horizontal adduction from the scapular plane, there was a significant decrease in superior force, a significant increase in posteriorly directed force, and a significant decrease in compression when compared with 30° and 50° of horizontal adduction ( P P P
Microsatellite DNA markers for the study of population structure and dynamics in nutria (Myocastor coypus)

We document the isolation and characterization of 27 microsatellite DNA markers for nutria, or coypu (Myocastor coypus), an invasive rodent introduced to North America as a domestic furbearer. Markers revealed moderate levels of diversity (averaging 5.0 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (averaging 46%). Genotypic frequencies at 25 of 27 (93%) markers conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations and no linkage disequilibrium was observed in a M. coypus collection (N = 64) from Maryland, USA. We believe this suite of markers to yield sufficient diversity to resolve patterns of effective migration among subpopulations, breeding structure, and demographics. This information can be instrumental to eradication programs that attempt to prevent recolonization among subpopulations.
Microcrystalline and Nanocrystalline Diamond Film Deposition on Cobalt Chrome Alloy

The cobalt chrome alloy Co-28Cr-6Mo is widely used in human joint replacement applications. These joints are highly sensitive to wear and are usually replaced after approximately ten years of use. In order to extend these implants’ service lifetimes, a thin film of diamond may be applied to the implant wear surfaces by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) following MPCVD nitridation. Diamond films often delaminate from cobalt chrome due to a high thermal expansion mismatch. Additionally, under most conditions diamond films degrade into graphite by dissolution of nuclei into solvents like Co and Cr. By nitriding the cobalt chrome through MPCVD prior to diamond deposition, a usable diamond film may be achieved. It may be possible to merge both the nitriding and deposition steps into a single process, since both nitridation and deposition will be performed by MPCVD. In addition, controlled amounts of nitrogen in hydrogen/methane plasma under CVD conditions result in a nanostructured diamond coating. We have investigated the formation of both micro- and nanocrystalline diamond formation on cobalt chrome.
Orientation factors in three-centre energy pooling

At high levels of optical illumination, multichromophore arrays can exhibit a novel form of resonance energy transfer involving the coupling of two donors and one acceptor chromophore. This three-centre energy pooling is the subject of an investigation into its dependence on the mutual positions and orientations of the participating chromophores. Employing results obtained through quantum electrodynamical calculation, comparisons are made between pairwise resonance energy transfer and the novel three-body analogue, with counterparts to the conventional orientation factor identified. The interplay of such factors is analysed in the context of molecular architectures based on linear configurations. The relative dominance of cooperative and accretive mechanisms for energy pooling is addressed and the relative alignments and magnitudes of the donor and acceptor transition moments and polarisabilities are shown to have a profound effect on achievable pooling efficiency.
The enduring effects of marital status on subsequent depressive symptoms among women: investigating the roles of psychological, social and financial resources

Objectives To investigate the mechanisms through which marital status exerts long-term effects on depressive symptoms among women and to evaluate the relative importance of psychological, social and financial resources in mediating this relationship. Methods Data came from 6107 female respondents to a nationally representative longitudinal data set from the USA (National Survey of Families and Households 1987–1988/1992–1994). Mediation was investigated using semi-longitudinal structural equation modelling and bias-corrected bootstrapped CIs. Latent constructs with multiple indicators were used to measure depressive symptoms, primary and secondary social integration and self-esteem. Results The total effect of marital status on subsequent depressive symptoms was statistically significant for all marital statuses relative to those in first marriages controlling for age, education, race, number of children younger than 5 in the household, T1 depressive symptoms and marital status transitions between waves; all groups experienced higher levels of depressive symptoms than those in first marriages. These effects were completely mediated for never-married women and partially mediated for separated/divorced, widowed and cohabiting women. Adjusted household income was the largest mediator for the separated/divorced, widowed and never-married, but primary social integration also played a role. Self-esteem was the only significant mediator for the remarried and cohabiting and was also important in explaining differences between the first-married and separated/divorced. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the reasons why marital status has an influence on subsequent depressive symptoms varies depending on the specific marital status being compared with the married.
The child as linguistic historian

ABSTRACTThough the diachronic dimension of linguistic variation is often identified withlinguistic change, many stable linguistic variables with no synchronic motiva-tion show historical continuity with little change over long periods of time.Children acquire at an early age historically transmitted constraints on variablesthat appear to have no communicative significance, such as the grammaticalconditioning of (ING i)n English. Studies (TD) of and (ING i)n King of Prussiafamilies show that children have matched their parents' patterns of variationby age 7, before many categorical phonological and grammatical rules areestablished. Some dialect-specific and socially marked constraints are acquiredbefore constraints with general articulatory motivation. (TD) Constraints onappear in the speech of a 4-year-old, but there is no evidence in the produc-tions of a 2-year-old child in the same family. One of the strongest arguments for the separation of synchronic and di-achronic linguistics is that children do not know the history of the languagethey are learning. As the grammar of the language must be the rule systemthat is learned and internalized by the language learner, and the child isignorant of its history, it follows that historical linguistics is irrelevant forstudents of synchronic linguistics.This principle seems perfectly clear in responding to people who wouldreject automobile as a barbaris —m because it is half Greek and half Latin —in favor o autokineton.f But recent research on variable patterns of languageproduction shows that the principle is not as firm as it once seemed. In manyways, the child is a perfect historian of the language.It is clear that children inherit the history of the language as they learn it,as every construction, every word, every sound and vocal gesture of theirlocal dialect is the product of an historical evolution. All language is anhistorical residue, except perhaps for that shimmering target of formal lin-guistics, the principles of innate and universal grammar. In general, the lan-guage learner would not benefit from knowing where all of this linguisticdetritus comes from, and very often, we cannot tell as observers of the syn-chronic scene what has come from what. (1) lists some isolated historical res-idues that are more or less opaque to synchronic analysis.