cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A HIRES/KECK SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF THE MEASUREMENT OF SODIUM IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF HD 209458b

We present high-resolution High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES)/Keck spectra of HD 209458, and a Monte Carlo variation on the basic method used by other workers, to look for the excess in-transit absorption in the NaD doublet at 5893 A due to the extrasolar planet. The HIRES data, binned by bandpass, allow a direct comparison with previous results. We find >3{sigma} results in most test bandpasses around the NaD doublet, including relative absorption of (-108.8 {+-} 25.7) x 10{sup -5} in the 'narrow' bandpass used by other workers. This is {approx}4.7 times larger than the 'narrow' results reported by Charbonneau et al. for HD 209458b. However, >2{sigma} absorption is detected in some weak Fe I and Ni I lines that were tested for comparison, raising concern about the uncertainties introduced by continuum-fitting and terrestrial atmosphere subtraction.
Asymmetric region-to-image matching for comparing images with generic object categories

We present a feature matching algorithm that leverages bottom-up segmentation. Unlike conventional image-to-image or region-to-region matching algorithms, our method finds corresponding points in an “asymmetric” manner, matching features within each region of a segmented image to a second unsegmented image. We develop a dynamic programming solution to efficiently identify corresponding points for each region, so as to maximize both geometric consistency and appearance similarity. The final matching score between two images is determined by the union of corresponding points obtained from each region-to-image match. Our encoding for the geometric constraints makes the algorithm flexible when matching objects exhibiting non-rigid deformations or intra-class appearance variation. We demonstrate our image matching approach applied to object category recognition, and show on the Caltech-256 and 101 datasets that it outperforms existing image matching measures by 10∼20% in nearest-neighbor recognition tests.
A block partitioning algorithm for modular robot reconfiguration under uncertainty

We consider the problem of reconfiguring a modular self-reconfigurable robots (MSRs) in the presence of uncertainty due to operational limitations of the robot and dynamic nature of the environment. We employ a coalition game theory-based technique to address this problem by representing a configuration of the modules as a coalition structure and finding the `best' configuration by searching for the optimal coalition structure. The key contribution of this paper is to speed up the search by making the observation that the maximum size a group or coalition of modules can have is limited to a maximum value, nmax, which is determined by the operational and mobility constraints of the modules. We then propose an anytime algorithm called BlockPartitioning that uses integer partitioning along with an intelligent pruning technique to reject coalitions that are infeasible either due to their excessive size or due to excessive cost of coming together under current operational conditions. We have provided analytical results for our algorithm and also simulated it with different number of modules and different values of the maximum coalition size of an MSR called ModRED, and, shown that our algorithm takes nominal time to find the optimal solution (less than 1 sec. for up to 12 modules).
Immunotoxicity of gallium arsenide on antigen presentation: comparative study of intratracheal and intraperitoneal exposure routes.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a semiconductor utilized in electronics and computer industries. GaAs exposure of animals causes local inflammation and systemic immune suppression. Mice were administered 2 to 200 mg/kg GaAs. On day 5, intratracheal instillation increased lung weights in a dose-dependent manner and induced pulmonary inflammation exemplified by mononuclear cell infiltration and mild epithelial hyperplasia. No fibrosis, pneumocyte hyperplasia, proteinosis, or bronchial epithelial damage was observed in the lungs. Splenic cellularity and composition were unaffected. GaAs' effect on antigen presentation by macrophages was similar after intratracheal and intraperitoneal exposure, although the lowest observable adverse effect levels differed. Macrophages from the exposure site displayed an enhanced ability to activate an antigen-specific CD4+ helper T-cell hybridoma compared with vehicle controls, whereas splenic macrophages were defective in this function. The chemical's impact on peritoneal macroph...
Polymorphisms in O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and breast cancer risk.

Objective Endogenous and exogenous estrogens influence breast cancer risk by interacting with estrogen receptor (ER). The O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene has a dual role in repairing alkylation damage and in inhibiting ER-mediated cell proliferation. We assessed the two MGMT polymorphisms, Leu84Phe and Ile143Val, with breast cancer risk. We also evaluated the potential interactions between the two polymorphisms and estrogen-related risk factors and cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk. Methods We conducted a nested case–control study within the Nurses’ Health Study (1311 cases, 1760 controls). Results Compared with the 84Leu/Leu genotype, the Phe/Phe genotype had a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 1.68 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98–2.88). This positive association was magnified among postmenopausal women with body mass index>25 (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.30–6.94), those in the highest tertile of pre-diagnostic plasma endogenous estradiol levels (Phe carriers versus non-carriers, OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.49–3.94), non-current postmenopausal hormone users (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.19–5.64), and possibly estrogen receptor-positive cases (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.99–3.35). We did not observe a main effect of the Ile143Val polymorphism or its interactions with these factors. No interaction was observed between either of the polymorphisms and cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk. Conclusions These data suggest that the Leu84Phe polymorphism affect the capacity of MGMT to inhibit estrogen receptor-mediated cell proliferation and is associated with breast cancer risk.
ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF THE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION ON REGIONAL AND LOCAL PRODUCTS IN FOOD RETAIL

The aim of this paper is to assess if there is a difference in food choice behaviour between regular customers of stores of the retail chain Terno and other consumers. Consequently, the paper aims to discover, if the strategy formulated by the consumer co-operative Jednota Ceske Budějovice was a good strategy. The core of this strategy is the orientation on the region, local and regional food and food products and the co-operation with local small and medium suppliers. Another part of this strategy is also the permanent control of quality of these products and creation of the special private label - Quality food from our region. The consumer co-operative co-operates also with the regional grouping under another label - Tastes great. Southbohemian. The assessment is done by means of the analysis of a questionnaire survey that was done among consumers in the South Bohemia in 2011. The strongest factor differentiating customers of the retail chain TERNO from other consumer is the orientation on regional or local products, which explains about 41% of variability. Other differentiating factors are environment-friendly production and selling and quality of food. All these three factors explain in total 66.5% of variability of the data set.
Program to correct anomalous subsurface temperature gradients resulting from surface temperature variations

Abstract A FORTRAN program is described that calculates the temperature and temperature gradient at specific depths resulting from surface temperature variations in a one-dimensional earth with constant thermal layer properties using a matrix propagator technique. The results can be added to correct anomalous observed subsurface temperature gradients that have been affected by surface temperature variations.
An aldose reductase inhibitor but not myo-inositol blocks enhanced polyphosphoinositide turnover in peripheral nerve from diabetic rats

Experimental diabetic neuropathy, whether chemically induced or present in several spontaneously diabetic animal models, is characterized by sorbitol accumulation and myo-inositol depletion and usually also by enhanced turnover of the monoesterified moieties of polyphosphoinositides, particularly phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). This study examined the relationship of these alterations by assessing the effects of myo-inositol and the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, supplied as dietary supplements, on sorbitol and myo-inositol concentrations and incorporation of 32P into polyphosphoinositides in sciatic nerve from rats killed 8 weeks after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Nerves from diabetic rats killed after 8 weeks of disease exhibited 52% to 76% greater PIP2 labeling, markedly elevated sorbitol levels, and 30% less myo-inositol when compared with age-matched normal rats. Incorporation of isotope into PIP2 in nerves from animals fed a myo-inositol supplement, added to either a high-sucrose diet or standard rat chow beginning immediately after induction of diabetes, remained substantially elevated, whereas myo-inositol levels were corrected to normal. Essentially the same results were obtained when rats were fed the myo-inositol-containing diet beginning 4 weeks after streptozotocin injection. In contrast, PIP2 labeling in nerves from diabetic rats that received the sorbinil-supplemented diet for either 4 or 8 weeks was not different from that in controls. myo-Inositol levels in these animals were also restored to normal, whereas sorbitol levels remained elevated, albeit reduced by approximately 30%. These results indicate that myo-inositol administration is unable to completely counteract the impact of diabetes on the turnover of monoesterified phosphate groups in PIP2. In contrast, sorbinil can correct this abnormality, but this beneficial effect is not dependent on the presence of normal sorbitol concentrations.
Introduction of Planar Compliant Joints Designed for Combined Bending and Axial Loading Conditions in Lamina Emergent Mechanisms

Abstract This work introduces three joints to allow motion in lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) that were designed to have minimal parasitic motion under tension, compression, and a combination of tension and compression loadings. Closed-form models of the joints were developed and combined with optimization algorithms for maximum flexibility in bending and then modeled using finite element analysis (FEA). The FEA results were used to predict the stiffnesses of the joints in bending, tension, and compression. As a baseline, Lamina Emergent Torsional (LET) joints were designed to match the bending stiffness of each of the joints, so that the tensile-compressive performance could be compared. The joints demonstrate improved off-axis stiffness in tensile and/or compressive stiffness, at the cost of limited bending flexibility compared to the LET joint and requiring more material area. The resulting joints provide a broad set of capabilities that can be used by designers in lamina emergent mechanism design.
Quantum Chemical Studies of Free-Radical, Hindered Phenol Stabilizers

Quantum chemical investigations of the action of hindered phenol radical stabilizers in lubricant degradation chemistry have been completed. We are currently developing the first mechanistic models of lubricant degradation with the aim of including the chemistry of additives such as radical stabilizers that are found in commercial lubricant formulations. A key component of development of these models is obtaining reliable estimates of the kinetic parameters for all reactions. Specifically, rate constants and structure-reactivity correlations for the interaction of hindered phenol radical stabilizers with small peroxy radicals have been sought using quantum chemistry and transition state theory. Accurate thermodynamic properties of hindered phenol radical stabilizers and structure-reactivity relationships have been obtained. Such relationships provide researchers the ability to quickly estimate reactivity of hindered phenol stabilizers using their thermodynamic properties and therefore may be useful in additive design.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Modeling field-scale cosolvent flooding for DNAPL source zone remediation

A three-dimensional, compositional, multiphase flow simulator was used to model a field-scale test of DNAPL removal by cosolvent flooding. The DNAPL at this site was tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and the flooding solution was an ethanol/water mixture, with up to 95% ethanol. The numerical model, UTCHEM accounts for the equilibrium phase behavior and multiphase flow of a ternary ethanol-PCE-water system. Simulations of enhanced cosolvent flooding using a kinetic interphase mass transfer approach show that when a very high concentration of alcohol is injected, the DNAPL/water/alcohol mixture forms a single phase and local mass transfer limitations become irrelevant. The field simulations were carried out in three steps. At the first level, a simple uncalibrated layered model is developed. This model is capable of roughly reproducing the production well concentrations of alcohol, but not of PCE. A more refined (but uncalibrated) permeability model is able to accurately simulate the breakthrough concentrations of injected alcohol from the production wells, but is unable to accurately predict the PCE removal. The final model uses a calibration of the initial PCE distribution to get good matches with the PCE effluent curves from the extraction wells. It is evident that the effectiveness of DNAPL source zone remediation is mainly affected by characteristics of the spatial heterogeneity of porous media and the variable (and unknown) DNAPL distribution. The inherent uncertainty in the DNAPL distribution at real field sites means that some form of calibration of the initial contaminant distribution will almost always be required to match contaminant effluent breakthrough curves.
Delamination Susceptibility of Coatings Under High Thermal Flux

Delamination of coatings initiated by small cracks paralleling the free surface is investigated under conditions of high thermal flux associated with a through-thickness temperature gradient. A crack disrupts the heat flow thereby inducing crack tip stress intensities that can become critical. A complete parametric dependence of the energy release rate and mode mix is presented in terms of the ratio of the crack length to its depth below the surface and coefficients characterizing heat transfer across the crack and across the gaseous boundary layer between the surface and the hot gas. Proximity to the surface elevates the local temperature, which in turn, may significantly increase the crack driving force. A detailed assessment reveals that the energy release rates induced by high heat flux are capable of extending subsurface delaminations in thermal barrier coatings, but only when the modulus has been elevated by either calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS) penetration or sintering. Otherwise, the energy release rate remains well below the toughness.
Management options for the complicated pleural space

Clinicians frequently encounter patients with malignant and benign diseases involving the pleural space. Complications from these disease processes pose clinical challenges that often require a multi-disciplinary management approach. Here we discuss therapeutic options available for complicated diseases of the pleural space, including loculated malignant effusions, complicated pleural infections, hemothorax, nonexpanding lung, pleural thickening, and persistent bronchopleural fistulas. Our objective is to review current literature on management of these complex issues.
Activating the Resources of the Soul: A Psycho-Spiritual Intervention for Pain and Suffering in Later Life

For as long as human beings can remember, times of suffering bring with them the question of “Why me.” This theodicy question can be answered in a number of ways including, “Why not me?” In this article, suffering is addressed through a method of redemptive suffering, involving autobiographical and interpersonal methods. This method invites individuals to examine their spiritual resources to move suffering from “desolation” to meaning.
Bayesian analysis of learning in risk analyses

The analysis of technological risks must often proceed with sparse data concerning the systems being evaluated. To expand the empirical basis from which conclusions are reached, data concerning similar systems, or similar components within other systems, are used to estimate the probabilities of various safeguard failures. New systems and components, however, often incorporate improvements that increase their reliability. When systems or components improve over time, learning has taken place. The concept of learning has been studied through the use of learning curves. Learning curves are usually applied, however, to the progress of a single component rather than to progress across systems. In this article, a Bayesian methodology for analyzing “learning” with respect to failure rates across similar systems or components is presented. The goal is to provide a quantitative expression of the knowledge about the failure probability of a new system or component.
Nitrogen and crop rotation effects on fusarium crown rot in no-till spring wheat

Fusarium crown rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum), caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is a yield-limiting disease in the dryland wheat-production area of the intermountain Pacific Northwest and is exacerbated in water-stressed plants induced by overfertilizing with nitrogen (N). Plants with excess N deplete water from the soil profile more rapidly and become drought stressed prematurely. Traditionally a problem on winter wheat in summer fallow, this disease has become more important for spring wheat in continuous cropping areas managed for high grain protein levels. During 3 years with direct seeding (no till) near Pullman, Washington, we investigated whether a split application of N, with some applied the previous fall and some with planting, could limit the disease compared with all N applied in the spring and with no N as the check. We also investigated the influence of the previous (rotation) crop (winter and spring canola, Brassica rapa ; barley, Hordeum vulgare ; or peas, Pisu...
Whoosh Bottle Safety, Again: What About What Is Inside?

Studies regarding the whoosh bottle combustion experiment have largely focused on the detonation hazard of the demonstration, particularly with regards to fuel and container choice. Previous work has suggested that the fuel should be 2-propanol owing to its relatively cool flame characteristics. The current study has found that the combustion of 2-propanol in such fuel-rich environments creates significant levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other complex organic compounds. These materials pose a potential risk to the presenter and should be disposed of as hazardous waste.
Increased fetal hemoglobin production in a child with congenital hyperinsulinism.

During normal human development, a switch from production of fetal hemoglobin (a2A3,2 F) to adult hemoglobin (c~2A32 A) begins between 28 and 34 weeks gestation. ~ This transition from 3'- to 3-globin synthesis is presumably caused by change in gene activity on chromosome 11, which is thought to be controlled by a "developmental clock" inherent to the erythroid stern cell. ~ Factors that modulate this transition in hemoglobin synthesis during human development have not been identified conclusively. Recently, Perrine et al? and Bard and Prosmanne 4 reported that the transition from HbF to HbA production is delayed in infants of diabetic mothers. In both studies, cord blood 3-globin synthesis in full-term infants of diabetic mothers was significantly lower than that in normal full-term infants, but was similar to that in premature infants born at 28 to 34 weeks gestation/ Both groups postulated that infants of diabetic mothers are exposed in utero to a factor(s) that inhibits normal expression of the 3-globin gene. Their studies raise two questions: (1) What is the cause of the delayed switchover in hemoglobin synthesis in infants of diabetic mothers? Is it in utero hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, tissue hypoxia, or some other metabolic abnormality caused by the maternal diabetes? (2) Does the switchover eventually occur postnatally, or will elevation of HbF persist in these children? The ~answers have potential implications for patients with disorders of B-globin synthesis and function, such as sickle cell anemia and 3-thalassemia, in whom increased HbF production would be beneficial. 6 We describe a child with neonatal hypoglycemia secondary to congenital hyperinsulinism who was found to have increased production of HbF. Her case may shed light on these questions.
Non-Compact Quantum Groups Associated with Abelian Subgroups

LetG be a Lie group. For any Abelian subalgebra\(\mathfrak{h}\) of the Lie algebra g ofG, and any\(r \in \mathfrak{h}\Lambda \mathfrak{h}\), the difference of the left and right translates ofr gives a compatible Poisson bracket onG. We show how to construct the corresponding quantum group, in theC*-algebra setting. The main tool used is the general deformation quantization construction developed earlier by the author for actions of vector groups onC*-algebras.
Performance Characteristics of Low-Temperature Co Oxidation Catalysts

A series of Au/MnOx catalysts with the Au content ranging from 0 to 10 at%, a 19.5 wt% Pt/SnOx catalyst and a commercially available 2 wt% Pt/SnOx catalyst have been examined for activity toward low-temperature CO oxidation. A 1 atm, 10 sccm stoichiometric mixture of CO (1 vol.%) and O2 in He were reacted at 55°C over 100 mg of each catalyst for time periods as long as 20,000 min. Under these conditions a 10 at% Au/MnOx catalyst exhibits the highest activity and the lowest decay. Outgassing experiments indicate that CO2 retention is primarily responsible for the activity decay of the Pt/SnOx catalysts and that the 10 at% Au/MnOx catalyst is not significantly affected by this process.
Introduction to special issue: Brain research, learning, and motivation

Abstract The authors in this special issue applied brain-imaging technology to detect underlying neural processes involved in academic learning and motivation. As educational neuropsychologists, they have taken the lead in applying neuroscientific research to educational problems. Educational psychologists should learn more about brain science research methods and principles. They can play either a prescriptive role, helping to identify and investigate relevant research questions, or the middle-person role, translating neuroscientific research findings to preservice and classroom teachers.
Online graduate degrees: A review of three internet‐based master's degree offerings

Abstract This article briefly reviews and compares three offerings of graduate degrees via the Internet—two Master's programs in the field of Management and one Master's program in the area of Library and Information Science. Three different management degrees offered by the University of Phoenix, the Master of Arts in Management offered by The Graduate School of America, and the Master of Science in Library and Information Science offered by the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign are described according to each program's online and printed prospectus. Based on this information, the three programs are compared and evaluated. The article concludes with a “Consumer's Guide” that formulates some key questions that any potential student of these types of programs should ask before enrolling in such a program.
Computer-aided design

The November issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE will be a special issue on computer-aided design, consisting of many papers on specialized aspects of this growing field. To put the new development in proper perspective, this article examines just what it is that justifies all the excitement. It discusses the nature of the engineering design process, man-computer systems, both passive and active computer graphics, nongraphic applications, and problems of computer technology, and points out for engineers the importance of computer-aided design for the future.
Oxidation of Dimethoxylated Aromatic Compounds by Lignin Peroxidase from Phanerochaete Chrysosporium

The stabilities of the cation radicals of veratryl alcohol, 3,4-dimethoxytoluene and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene were compared by monitoring the formation of dimeric products during the oxidation of these substrates by lignin peroxidase (LiP). LiP oxidized veratryl alcohol to generate veratraldehyde as the major product. Several other monomeric products were obtained in low yield. Dimeric products resulting from the coupling of two cation radicals, or a cation radical with a neutral molecule, were obtained only in trace amounts or not at all. This suggests that the cation radical of veratryl alcohol rapidly loses a benzylic proton to form a benzylic radical which undergoes further reactions to form veratraldehyde. In contrast, the LiP oxidation of 3,4-dimethoxytoluene generated the dimeric product 3-(2,3-dimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)-4-methyl-1,2-benzoquinone as the major product. Several other monomeric and dimeric products were produced in lower yields. The generation of these dimeric products indicates that the cation radical of 3,4-dimethoxytoluene is considerably more stable than that of veratryl alcohol. This suggests that the electronegative benzylic oxygen of veratryl alcohol increases the acidity of the benzylic protons, destabilizing the veratryl alcohol cation radical. LiP oxidized 1,4-dimethoxybenzene to generate 1,4-benzoquinone and 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone as the major products. The formation of these products indicates that the cation radical of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene also is relatively stable, as previously demonstrated by ESR. All of these results indicate that the veratryl alcohol cation radical generated by LiP oxidation is unstable, suggesting that it would not act as a diffusable radical mediator in LiP-catalyzed reactions.
Patterned optogenetic modulation of neurovascular and metabolic signals

The hemodynamic and metabolic response of the cortex depends spatially and temporally on the activity of multiple cell types. Optogenetics enables specific cell types to be modulated with high temporal precision and is therefore an emerging method for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. Going beyond temporal investigations, we developed a microprojection system to apply spatial photostimulus patterns in vivo. We monitored vascular and metabolic fluorescence signals after photostimulation in Thy1-channelrhodopsin-2 mice. Cerebral arteries increased in diameter rapidly after photostimulation, while nearby veins showed a slower smaller response. The amplitude of the arterial response was depended on the area of cortex stimulated. The fluorescence signal emitted at 450/100 nm and excited with ultraviolet is indicative of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an endogenous fluorescent enzyme involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. This fluorescence signal decreased quickly and transiently after optogenetic stimulation, suggesting that glucose metabolism is tightly locked to optogenetic stimulation. To verify optogenetic stimulation of the cortex, we used a transparent substrate microelectrode array to map cortical potentials resulting from optogenetic stimulation. Spatial optogenetic stimulation is a new tool for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling.
TESTS OF CARTTER'S WAGE‐PREFERENCE PATH

Over the past decade, Allan Cartter's model of the utility maximizing union and the institutional principles upon which it is based have provided the basis for much of the neoclassical study of union behavior. The most fundamental component of Cartter's model is the union's utility function, which is defined over the wage level and the level of employment. As drawn by Cartter, this utility function expresses two specific hypotheses: (1) The elasticity of substitution between the two arguments will be small; (2) The utility function defines a wage‐preference path that is kinked at the current wage level (Cartter, 1959, p. 90–91).
Design of Optimized RC-CR Filters for Current-Pulse Operation of Fission Counters and High Sensitivity Fission Counters for High Gamma Backgrounds

A calculational procedure was developed to design RC-CR filters for processing current pulses from fission counters in a gamma background ranging from 10$sup 5$ to 6 x 10$sup 6$ R/hr. The effects of noise from the gamma background and the input preamplifier and of the time constant of the fission counter and input cable were studied. Analytical results were in close agreement with experimental data. A pole-zero network was examined as a means of compensating for the time constant of the fission counter and input cable, but its improvement was insignificant. The procedure was expanded to design a high sensitivity, gamma--tolerant fission counter (approximately 10 counts sec$sup -1$ nv$sup -1$ at 10$sup 5$ R/hr), and the result was a conceptual design with a performance almost equal to a recently developed high temperature fission counter. (auth)
Nature of Cohesion within Pollen Tetrads of Typha latifolia

Pollen tetrads in Typha latifolia result from the fusion of the outermost portion of the exine (the tectum) where microspores within the meiotic tetrad are contiguous. Exine stratification is discussed.
P‐215: Improved Carrier Transport into Wide‐Bandgap Host for Low‐Voltage High‐Efficiency Blue PHOLEDs

Low-voltage, high-efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) based on a new composition of emitter, including a wide bandgap host, a carrier-transporting material and an organometallic iridium dopant, have been demonstrated. The device exhibits an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 12%, a power efficiency of 17 lm/W and a low voltage of 4.8 V at a practical brightness of 1000 cd/m2 with a CIEx,y of (0.16, 0.35), which was twofold higher than that of used typical emitter composed host and dopant only. The dramatic enhancement can attributed to the transport of carrier into the wide bandgap host which can be facilitated through doping a carrier-transporting material in emitter for increasing carrier recombination.
Excretion of cyclohexylamine in subjects ingesting sodium cyclamate

Abstract Eleven subjects ingesting sodium cyclamate (CYC) daily (1 or 3 g) all excreted cyclohexylamine (CHA) in urine and feces (0.04–154 mg/day). Although excretion of CYC became essentially maximal within 1 week after the start of ingestion of CYC, that of CHA did not reach an essentially constant value until the second week of ingestion of CYC, CYC ingested was not fully recovered as CYC and CHA in urine and feces. Excretion of CHA correlated with constipation frequency (R = 0.85), but bowel habits and fecal consistency were not altered by ingestion of CYC. Incubation of CYC with fresh feces showed that CYC was not converted anaerobically to metabolites. It is concluded that CYC ingested over a prolonged period cannot be fully recovered in the urine and feces, that conversion of CYC to CHA or other metabolities does not occur in feces, and that the excretion rate of CHA is characteristic for each subject and is in some manner related to frequency of constipation.
Syntactic priming effects in aphasia: an investigation of local syntactic dependencies.

This study explored on-line processing of local syntactic dependencies in normal subjects and in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics using a lexical decision paradigm. In addition, subjects performed a grammaticality judgement task on the real word pairs used in the lexical decision tasks. Results of two experiments for normal subjects indicated different syntactic priming effects as a function of the type of local syntactic dependency. Word pairs that formed a single constituent phrase, i.e., a verb phrase, showed both facilitory and inhibitory effects, whereas word pairs that reflected local syntactic dependencies across a phrase boundary, i.e., pronoun verb, showed only inhibitory effects. Broca's aphasics failed to show facilitory effects when presented with word pairs forming a single constituent phrase but, similar to normals, did show inhibition when presented with word pairs that reflected local syntactic dependencies across a phrase boundary. In contrast, Wernicke's aphasics failed to show inhibitory effects in both experiments. The implications of these results for theories of language processing deficits in aphasia are considered.
In vivo melanoma depth detection by a handheld photoacoustic microscope

We developed a handheld photoacoustic microscope (PAM) to detect melanoma and determine tumor depth in nude mice in vivo. Compared to our previous PAM system for melanoma imaging, a new light delivery mechanism is introduced to improve light penetration. We show that melanomas with 4.1 mm and 3.3 mm thicknesses can be successfully detected in phantom and in vivo experiments, respectively. With its deep melanoma imaging ability and novel handheld design, this system is promising for clinical melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and surgical planning for patients at the bedside.
Beginnings and Endings: Phoebe Stanton on Pugin's Contrasts

STATEMENT OF RETRACTION. This article previously published in Journal of Architectural Education, vol 65, issue 2, 2012, pages 106–116, doi: 10.1111/j.1531-314X.2011.01188.x. Due to numerous errors in logic and layout based on problems during the production process that version has been retracted and should not be cited. The article is being reprinted here in corrected form and is the final version of record for citation.
PHONON CONDUCTION IN PERIODICALLY POROUS SILICON NANOBRIDGES

Thermal conduction in periodically porous nanostructures is strongly influenced by phonon boundary scattering, although the precise magnitude of this effect remains open to investigation. This work attempts to clarify the impact of phonon-boundary scattering at room temperature using electrothermal measurements and modeling. Silicon nanobeams, prepared using electron beam lithography, were coated with a thin palladium overlayer, which serves as both a heater and thermometer for the measurement. The thermal conductivity along the length of the silicon nanobeams was measured using a steady-state Joule heating technique. The thermal conductivities of the porous nanobeams were reduced to as low as 3% of the value for bulk silicon. A Callaway-Holland model for the thermal conductivity was adapted to investigate the relative impact of boundary scattering, pore scattering, and phonon bandgap effects. Both the experimental data and the modeling showed a reduction in thermal conductivity with increasing pore diame...
The Church Struggle and the Confessing Church: An Introduction to Bonhoeffer's Context

This article traces the German church struggle form 1933 to 1945 with particular emphasis on Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s role. Although Bonhoeffer’s status in the world today is that of a great theologian and courageous opponent of the Nazi regime, he did not have much of an impact on the direction of the Confessing Church during the church struggle. Bonhoeffer’s striking albeit marginal role in the German church struggle and his inability to affect significantly the direction of the Confessing Church was due to many factors, including his young age, his liberal-democratic politics, his absence from Germany from October 1933 to April 1935, his vacillating and at times contradictory positions on central issues, his radical theological critique of the Nazi state, his friendship with and family ties to Christians of Jewish descent, and ultimately his willingness to risk his life to destroy Hitler’s regime.
Ouch Ouch Stop It

Abstract There is more that is the same than is different between many schools of counselling and psychotherapy. Building on this assumption, the author rails against what she sees as absurd in-fighting within the field. She further accounts for some failures of good fellowship within the counselling movement by alleging a possible developmental characteristic shared by many counsellors. The piece ends with a rallying cry to a unity which she trusts that in many practitioners' experience was never missing.
Different Paths Lead to the Shelter: Homeless Women's Struggles and Goals

In a survey of ethnicity, gender, and homelessness, S. G. Baker (1994) observes, "at no time in U.S. history has homelessness proved so far-reaching in its demographic scope" (Gender Ethnicity and Homelessness: Accounting for Demographic Diversity on the Streets. The American Behavioral Scientist, 37:476-504, 1994:476). She suggests that the term "homeless" currently refers to men, women, and children of all ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds who live on the streets or use the services of shelters. Baker notes that although many homeless individuals lack familial support, there is a difference in men's and women's relationships with their families. In particular, homeless women often have less desire than men for contact with their families of origin, yet are more likely than men to be accompanied by dependent children.
Validity of the Born-Huang relations in lattice dynamics

Abstract It is shown that for simple cubic crystals with nearest and next nearest neighbor interactions the Born-Huang relations are sufficient to ensure invariance of the potential energy against rigid body rotation and translation. The second order coupling parameters and the external pressure are independent of each other in the case considered.
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the investigational anticancer agent XK469 (NSC 698215) in rats following oral and intravenous administration

Purpose To determine the oral bioavailability of R-XK469, a water-soluble investigational anticancer agent undergoing phase I clinical trials as an intravenous product.
Quantum State-Resolved CO2 Collisions at the Gas−Liquid Interface: Surface Temperature-Dependent Scattering Dynamics†

Energy transfer dynamics at the gas−liquid interface are investigated as a function of surface temperature both by experimental studies of CO2 + perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) and by molecular dynamics simulations of CO2 + fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (F-SAMs). Using a normal incident molecular beam, the experimental studies probe scattered CO2 internal-state and translational distributions with high resolution infrared spectroscopy. At low incident energies [Einc = 1.6(1) kcal/mol], CO2 J-state populations and transverse Doppler velocity distributions are characteristic of the surface temperature (Trot ≈ Ttrans ≈ TS) over the range from 232 to 323 K. In contrast, the rotational and translational distributions at high incident energies [Einc = 10.6(8) kcal/mol] show evidence for both trapping-desorption (TD) and impulsive scattering (IS) events. Specifically, the populations are surprisingly well-characterized by a sum of Boltzmann distributions where the two components include one (TD) that equ...
Computer display menus

Whereas menu selection remains as one of the most popular forms of computer-initiated dialogue, very little is known about the effects of menu structure on selection performance. Menu hierarchies can be arranged with many items on a menu and a minimum number of menus (breadth) or with few options on a menu and several levels (depth). In the present study, subjects searched through one of four verbal hierarchies developed by Miller (1981), each with 64 words at the lowest level. The deepest hierarchy consisted of binary choices at six levels (26) while in the broadest array (641) all target words were presented in a single menu. Intermediate levels of breadth and depth were eight choices at two levels (82) and four choices at three levels (43). Two arrays were used in the 641 condition, one in which categorical relationships between words were maintained by presenting all members of a category in the same area of the display (CAT64), and one in which location of words was randomly determined (RAN64). Trend...
Toward a layered immune system.

Leonore A. Hetzenberg and Leonard A. Herzenberg Department of Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California 94305 The broad outlines of developmental relationships among cells in the immune system appeared to be established some years ago with the introduction of the idea that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells emerge early in fetal life and persist as a self-replenishing population that con- tinues to divide and differentiate throughout life without changing its original potential. Recent studies of lympho- cyte development challenge this paradigm (Herzenberg and Stall, 1989; Linton et al., 1989), suggesting that there are instead several types of hematopoietic stem cells that have evolved sequentially and function at specified times during development; these create layers of progressively more advanced populations of lymphocytes and myeloid cells that collectively provide the diverse capabilities of the mammalian immune system. According to previous dogma, the self-replenishing he- matopoietic stem cells that reside initially in fetal liver and then in adult spleen and bone marrow provide a continu- ing source of myeloid and lymphoid stem cells. These my- eloid and lymphoid stem cell populations are themselves self-replenishing and collectively give rise to all erythro- cytes, myelocytes (granulocytes, macrophages, etc.), and lymphocytes found in the fetus, neonate, and adult. Thus, cells in the hematopoietic system are viewed as a single lineage that is derived from a single progenitor popula- tion, and lymphocytes are one of two major subdivisions of that lineage. The origin of various types of 6 and T lymphocytes can be incorporated into an extension of this model that in- troduces further branchpoints in the overall lineage-one that separates developmental pathways for B cells and T cells, and others that distinguish pathways for various subsets of T and B cells. Some workers refer to each of these pathways as a separate lineage; others reserve the term lineage for those pathways that appear to originate from a distinct progenitor with (at least a limited) capacity for self-regeneration and the ability to give rise to the later cells in the pathway. However, all agree that lymphocyte differentiation proceeds along pathways that at some level merit the designation lineages, because lymphocytes ori- ginate with distinct progenitors that divide and differenti- ate to populate sequential stages of the pathway. The B cell lineages proposed by Klinman and col- leagues (Linton et al., 1989) fall within this general frame- work. The existence of these lineages is predicated on evi- dence indicating that, contrary to conventional textbook wisdom, virgin B cells participating in primary antibody re- sponses are developmentally distinct from memory B cells that participate in secondary antibody responses to the same antigens. Some questions can be raised con- cerning the generality of these findings and their interpre-
Communication networks and collective action

Abstract When individuals in a group have incentives to hoard information, the group may be less effective in achieving its goals. Mixed motives both to communicate and accumulate information create a “social dilemma” in which group and individual goals are in conflict. The results of a series of computer simulations are described in which it is shown that there is a curvilinear relationship between the centralization of a network and its vulnerability to this type of conflict; highly centralized and highly decentralized networks are the least vulnerable.
Timing and Sequence Requirements Defined for Embryonic Maintenance of Imprinted DNA Methylation at Rasgrf1

Epigenetic programming is critical for normal development of mammalian embryos. Errors cause misexpression of genes and aberrant development (E. Li, C. Beard, and R. Jaenisch, Nature 366:362-365, 1993). Imprinted genes are important targets of epigenetic regulation, but little is known about how the epigenetic patterns are established in the parental germ lines and maintained in the embryo. Paternal allele-specific expression at the imprinted Rasgrf1 locus in mice is controlled by paternal allele-specific methylation at a differentially methylated domain (DMD). DMD methylation is in turn controlled by a direct repeat sequence immediately downstream of the DMD which is required for establishing Rasgrf1 methylation in the male germ line (B. J. Yoon et al., Nat. Genet. 30:92-96, 2002). To determine if these repeats have a role in methylation maintenance, we developed a conditional deletion of the repeat sequence in mice and showed that the repeats are also required during a narrow interval to maintain paternal methylation of Rasgrf1 in developing embryos. Removing the repeats upon fertilization caused a total loss of methylation by the morula stage, but by the epiblast stage, the repeats were completely dispensable for methylation maintenance. This developmental interval coincides with genome-wide demethylation and remethylation in mice which most imprinted genes resist. Our data show that the Rasgrf1 repeats serve at least two functions: first, to establish Rasgrf1 DNA methylation in the male germ line, and second, to resist global demethylation in the preimplantation embryo.
Neuro‐oscillatory mechanisms of intersensory selective attention and task switching in school‐aged children, adolescents and young adults

The ability to attend to one among multiple sources of information is central to everyday functioning. Just as central is the ability to switch attention among competing inputs as the task at hand changes. Such processes develop surprisingly slowly, such that even into adolescence, we remain slower and more error prone at switching among tasks compared to young adults. The amplitude of oscillations in the alpha band (~8–14 Hz) tracks the top-down deployment of attention, and there is growing evidence that alpha can act as a suppressive mechanism to bias attention away from distracting sensory input. Moreover, the amplitude of alpha has also been shown to be sensitive to the demands of switching tasks. To understand the neural basis of protracted development of these executive functions, we recorded high-density electrophysiology from school-aged children (8–12 years), adolescents (13–17), and young adults (18–34) as they performed a cued inter-sensory selective attention task. The youngest participants showed increased susceptibility to distracting inputs that was especially evident when switching tasks. Concordantly, they showed weaker and delayed onset of alpha modulation compared to the older groups. Thus the flexible and efficient deployment of alpha to bias competition among attentional sets remains underdeveloped in school-aged children.
Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of complications following pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma.

Background and Objectives Sarcopenia, which is subclinical loss of skeletal muscle mass, is commonly observed in patients with malignancy. The objective of this study is to determine the correlation between sarcopenia and operative complications following pancreatectomy for cancer.