cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the older person : a review

Objective: To study the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) in the older person and to explore treatment strategies for older persons with NHL. Design: Review of the English literature. Measurements: Incidence of NHL in patients of different ages; prevalence of NHL of different grades and stages in persons of different ages; and response to treatment, disease free survival, and survival, for patients of different ages. Results: The incidence of NHL in the aged has increased approximately 80% since 1970, and approximately one-half of the 40,000 annual new cases occur in persons aged 60 and older in the USA. The 2–4 phenoxy pesticides may be partly responsible for this increment. The treatment of low grade lymphoma is mostly palliative and well tolerated by the aged. Age may have an adverse effect on the prognosis of intermediate grade lymphomas, and the prevalence of poor prognostic factors and comorbidity increases with age. Among persons aged 65–75, the complete response rate (CRR) of intermediate grade NHL to chemotherapy is approximately 50%, and approximately one-third of complete responders remain alive and free of disease 5 years from diagnosis. Among those aged 75 and older, the CRR to chemotherapy is approximately 40%, and the median duration of response is 16 months. Strategies aimed to ameliorate treatment-related toxicity include lower doses of chemotherapy, choice of drugs better tolerated by older individuals, and prevention of chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Conclusions: NHL are an increasingly common problem for older persons. Approximately 80% of older patients with low grade lymphomas and 40%–50% of those with intermediate grade lymphomas may benefit from chemotherapy. Individualized treatment, based on life expectancy and comorbidity, is the key to effective management.
The early development of the EEG in the gerbil.

The present study investigated the development of the electroencephalograph in the awake gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Sixteen gerbils, from five different litters, were used. Electroencephalographs were recorded on each subject, from birth to 30 days of age, using a bipolar scalp electrode arrangement. Each of the electroencephalographs was scored for amplitude in microvolts and frequency. Behavioral and morphological measurements were also taken. There were no apparent developmental theta frequency trends. Voltage did vary systematically over time. These results indicated that the electroencephalograph of the gerbil is adultlike at birth, in contrast to other altricial species.
Exploring the Impact of Self-Interests on Market Mavenism and E-mavenism: A Chinese Story

The first goal of this research is to differentiate e-mavenism from market mavenism in the Chinese context. The second objective of this research is to test whether self-interests affect market mavenism and e-mavenism similarly or differently in a typical collectivistic country. The third purpose of this research is to identify the role of gender in the relationships between self-interests and mavenism. The theoretical and practical contributions of this study are established by the findings based on the survey data collected from online consumers in China: Market mavenism and e-mavenism were independent yet moderately related concepts. Status seeking and consumer need for uniqueness were significant predictors of both market mavenism and e-mavenism, while attention seeking affected only e-mavenism. Gender moderated the relationship between consumer need for uniqueness and e-mavenism.
Identification of 6-deoxy-d-talose in an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strain X6C61

Abstract An extracellular polysaccharide made by the obligately anaerobic ruminal bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was purified by anion-exchange chromatography and found to contain an unknown carbohydrate component. This unknown component was purified to homogeneity by preparative paper chromatography and column chromatography on Dowex 50W-X4-immobilized calcium ions. Reaction in the cysteine-sulfuric acid test suggested that the unknown component was a 6-deoxyhexose, a supposition that was confirmed by electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometric studies of alditol acetate derivatives prepared from the unknown sugar. On the basis of results obtained by analytical paper chromatography with three different solvent systems, the unknown was tentatively identified as 6-deoxytalose. The unknown was confirmed as being 6-deoxy- d -talose by g.l.c. analysis of the acetylated glycosides prepared from it and chiral (−)-2-octanol. These were compared with the corresponding sets of diastereometric glycosides of 6-deoxy- d - and - l -talose.
MKP-8, a novel MAPK phosphatase that inhibits p38 kinase.

Abstract Intracellular signaling pathways and their relationship to malignant progression have become a major focus of cancer biology. The dual-specificity phosphatase (DSP) family is a more recently identified family of intracellular signaling modulators. We have identified a novel protein phosphatase with a well-conserved DSP catalytic domain containing the DSP catalytic motif, xHCxxGxSRS, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP) motif, AYLM. Because of these unique characteristics, the protein was named mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-8 (MKP-8). This protein is approximately 20 kDa in size and mainly localizes to the nuclear compartment of the cell. MKP-8 is expressed in embryonal cancers (retinoblastoma, neuroepithelioma, and neuroblastoma) and has limited expression in normal tissues. MKP-8 displays significant phosphatase activity that is inhibited by a cysteine to serine substitution in the catalytic domain. When co-expressed with activated MAPKs, MKP-8 is able to inhibit p38 kinase phosphorylation and downstream activity.
Design and experimental validation of a mobile robot platform for analog planetary exploration

This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a modular robotic platform for planetary exploration. A rover, ORYX 2.0, is designed and developed to serve as a research platform that can transport payloads over rough terrain. Field testing is conducted to evaluate the mobility potential of ORYX 2.0's passive kinematic suspension. Data from field testing is analyzed to identify the wheel velocities over rough terrain when straight line trajectories are desired. A simulation tool is used to estimate the terrain profile, using the 3-axis orientation data and angle of the rocking suspension. The approach used in estimating terrain profiles can effectively be used to improve the rover performance for trajectory tracking control.
18F-FLT and 18F-FDOPA PET kinetics in recurrent brain tumors

Purpose In this study, kinetic parameters of the cellular proliferation tracer 18F-3′-deoxy-3′-fluoro-l-thymidine (FLT) and the amino acid probe 3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-fluoro-l-phenylalanine (FDOPA) were measured before and early after the start of therapy, and were used to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with recurrent malignant glioma using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis.
Modeling of surface and bulk effects in thin-film Pd cathodes with high proton loading

Abstract Electronic structure modeling is carried out for bulk Pd–H system with implications for certain surface effects and hydrogen transport. The calculation is performed under the framework of density functional theory. The results provide new insight into the charge state of H inside Pd. The H is slightly negatively charged over the composition range studied, and the negative charge around the proton increases with an increasing loading of hydrogen. By studying the behavior of H at the “bridging” site, which is important to surface and transport phenomena, this paper helps to explain why the effective charge observed in H drift experiments is different from the static charge state.
EROSION OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE CORROSION SCALES ON METALS

Abstract Combined erosion-corrosion poses a considerable problem to the design of long-lifetime metallic components in energy conversion systems. To gain some insight into this problem, scales were formed on stainless steel at elevated temperature and were subsequently eroded at room temperature to determine the nature of the erosion rates and the mechanism of scale removal. Thin corrosion scales were formed on stainless steel 310 and on an experimental Fe-18Cr-5Al-1Hf alloy at high temperatures (900 and 980°C) in gas mixtures with various levels of oxygen and combined O2-S2. The corroded specimens were eroded at room temperature in an air-solid particle stream using SiC particles 50 μm in size at a velocity of 60 m s−1. The conditions of the corrosive exposures, the rates of erosion of these scales and the microscopic appearance of the eroded surface were correlated to determine the mechanism of thin scale erosion.
Pattern recognition in chemical dynamics

Abstract We have used pattern recognition methods to predict the outcome of classical trajectory calculations directly from the initial conditions, bypassing the need to integrate the trajectories numerically. Two schemes have been used, a nearest neighbor method (NN) and an adaptive digital learning network (DLN). In each, prediction success greater than 80% is achieved. Both schemes use a suitable training set of known trajectories to teach recognition of initial conditions and prediction of trajectory results. For the present example (two atoms recombining on a solid surface), NN achieves a saving in computer time of a factor of roughly 500 over integrating the trajectories. For DLN this factor is about 100.
Expanding Dinitrogen Reduction Chemistry to Trivalent Lanthanides via the LnZ3/Alkali Metal Reduction System: Evaluation of the Generality of Forming Ln2(μ-η2:η2-N2) Complexes via LnZ3/K

The Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3/K dinitrogen reduction system, which mimicks the reactions of the highly reducing divalent ions Tm(II), Dy(II), and Nd(II), has been explored with the entire lanthanide series and uranium to examine its generality and to correlate the observed reactivity with accessibility of divalent oxidation states. The Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3/K reduction of dinitrogen provides access from readily available starting materials to the formerly rare class of M2(μ-η2:η2-N2) complexes, {[(Me3Si)2N]2(THF)Ln}2(μ-η2:η2-N2), 1, that had previously been made only from TmI2, DyI2, and NdI2 in the presence of KN(SiMe3)2. This LnZ3/alkali metal reduction system provides crystallographically characterizable examples of 1 for Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Y, Tm, and Lu. Sodium can be used as the alkali metal as well as potassium. These compounds have NN distances in the 1.258(3) to 1.318(5) A range consistent with formation of an (NN)2- moiety. Isolation of 1 with this selection of metals demonstrates that the Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3/alka...
Coulomb driven chain ordering phase transitions in the quasi-1-D electronic material d8-PtI/en/ClO4

Abstract The MX material [Pt(en)2I2][Pt(en)2](ClO4)4, where en is per-deuterated ethylenediamine, represents a new structural type for the MX family. The material, which crystallizes in the C2/m monoclinic space group, forms sheets of ordered and disordered 1-D chains and exhibits two phase transitions at 160K and ∼120K. By comparison of the crystallographic, vibrational, and acoustic data the transition at 160K can be attributed to c-axis doubling with ordering of the en groups in the disordered sheet and formation of an acentric, C2 crystal. The phase transition is driven by hydrogen bonding in the disordered sheet. The structural transition at ∼120K is a discommensurate to commensurate phase transition in the sheets of disordered chains. The phase transition is driven by coloumbic ordering of the chains in the disordered sheet. Resonant ultrasound and thermal data suggest that both transitions are second or higher order and Raman data suggest ordering of the en's of the ordered chain below 120K.
Interpersonal conflict and referrals to counseling among married soldiers following return from deployment

ABSTRACTDeployment represents a significant potential strain on military families. The impact of postdeployment stresses may be increased if family coping resources are diminished by returning service members' physical injuries, mental health issues, or substance abuse. This article examines the health and mental health correlates of self-reported concerns regarding interpersonal conflict among married soldiers following return from deployment and the likelihood that soldiers acknowledging such concerns are referred to counseling services. Among 20,166 married Army soldiers completing Post-Deployment Health Reassessments, 18% reported having experienced serious interpersonal conflict with their spouse, family members, close friends, or coworkers. Results indicate that interpersonal conflict was more common among those who reported health problems, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and alcohol abuse. Among soldiers reporting interpersonal conflict and not already receiving services, 11% were refe...
Multistage pulse code modulation for progressive spectral signature coding

Spectral signature coding is an effective means to characterize spectral features. This paper presents a novel progressive spectral signature coding, called Multistage Predictive Coding Modulation (MPCM) for hyperspectral imagery. It not only can be used for signature coding, but also can provide a progressive profile for each signature in terms of identification. The idea is to consider the spectrum of a hyperspectral image pixel vector as a 1-D signal, then the proposed MPCM encodes such a 1-D spectral signal progressively based on the priorities assigned to signal points for spectral reconstruction. The MPCM generates priority codewords for a spectral signature in a specific manner that the characteristics of this particular signature can be captured and used as its own fingerprint. Despite that the success of MPCM in spatial coding has been demonstrate in image progressive reconstruction, progressive edge detection and text detection, its utility in spectral coding has not been investigated and is yet to be explored. This paper demonstrates that the MPCM-based progressive spectral coding can be useful not o nly in data compression, progressive reconstruction, but also in progressive material identification.
Mechanisms of surface reactions in thin solid film chemical deposition processes

Abstract In this review, key aspects of the surface chemistry associated with atomic layer deposition (ALD) are discussed. It is argued that, in spite of its central role in defining the efficacy of these film deposition processes, little is known about the mechanisms of the chemical reactions involved in ALD. Even the most basic information, the stoichiometry of the overall process in particular, is in many instances unknown. Limited understanding is also available on the redox chemistry that affords the growth of metallic and other types of films from inorganic compounds containing elements in different initial oxidation states. The role of co-reactants in ALD is often misinterpreted: in many instances, these may not be the reducing agents they are set out to be, but rather are needed to remove the auxiliary moieties formed upon adsorption of the main precursor from the surface. These auxiliary surface species may be the original ligands in the ALD precursors, but quite often are new surface species formed upon thermal activation of the original compounds, a conversion that usually follows complex reaction networks. Reactivity in ALD is also controlled by the nature of the substrate, where specific nucleation sites are often responsible for the initial deposition and where a change in chemistry may take place as the first layer of the growing film is formed. Finally, solid-state chemical reactions may take place after deposition, leading to the formation of new layered structures. Examples from our own laboratory are used in this review to illustrate all these issues and to exemplify the type of surface-science experiments that can be performed to shine light on them. We contend that a basic molecular-level understanding of the surface chemistry that underpins ALD processes should afford a better approach for the selection of ALD precursors and co-reactants and for the optimization of the ALD operating conditions. One of the objectives of this review is to encourage the surface-science community to take on this challenge.
A comparison of strategies for estimating population totals in power systems load research

Abstract In survey sampling, estimating the total for a finite population is a common objective. In power systems load research, as in many other survey sampling applications, the totals of several finite populations must be estimated from the same sample. While the sampling plan may be optimal for estimating one parameter, it is likely not to be optimal for estimating all parameters of interest. Thus a common strategy in such cases is to choose estimators for the other parameters of interest having minimum mean square error (mse) for the selected sampling plan. In this research, the mse's of selected sampling plan and estimator combinations (sampling strategies) are compared. Simple random and stratified sampling, as well as balanced and stratified balanced sampling for sample sizes from 10 to 200 are compared. The estimators studied are the mean per unit, ratio (combined and separate), Beale, Tin and jackknife modified ratio, and regression (separate, Cochran's combined and Sarndal's combined). The comp...
Influence of mono- and multivalent cations on the electrokinetic properties of normal human lymphoid and burkitt lymphoma cells.

Various mono- and multivalent cations, at constant ionic strength, affected the surface electrokinetic properties of normal human lymphoid and Burkitt lymphoma cells in a manner which reflected more the physicochemical properties and binding affinities of the cation than its valence. The effect was expressed in the changes of the magnitude of the net surface charge and in the shift of the isoelectric point of the surface. These changes were greater atthe surface of Burkitt's lymphoma cells than at the surface of their normal cell-line counterparts.
Improvements in computation of form factors

Abstract Tables for form factors and anomalous dispersion are of wide general use in the UV, X-ray and γ-ray communities,and have existed for a considerable period of time. The generality of these works has entailed numerous simplications compared to detailed relativistic S-matrix calculations. However, the latter calculations do not appear to give convenient tabular application for the range of Z and energy of general interest, whereas the former tables have large regions of limited validity throughout the range of Z and energies, and in particular have limitations with regard to extrapolition to energies outside tabulated ranges. Intermediate theoretical and procedural assumptions limit the precision and applicability of available tabulations and procedures. This paper identifies regions of Z and energy where these assumptions fail and the improvement which can be achieved by their avoidance, both in tabulated ranges and by extrapolation. Particular concern involves the application of the dispersion relation to derive Re(f;) from photoelectric absorption cross-sections. Revised formulae can lead to significant qualitative and quantitative improvement, particularly above 30–60 keV energies, near absorption edges, or at 30–3000 eV energies. Current experimental syntheses are not superceded by this approach, but examples are given where predictions underlying revised theoretical tables are in qualitative agreement with experiment as opposed to results in available syntheses. Recent theoretical developments involving small corrections to earlier form factors are of limited usefulness if the relatively large corrections discussed herein are not included.
An online information system for aggregate state and local area economic data

This article describes the design and development of the Kentucky Economic Information System. This system, which is the first of its particular type, is a public computer-based data storage, retrieval, display, and analysis facility that has been developed in order to make aggregate economic data pertaining primarily to the state of Kentucky readily available to and easily usable by a wide variety of people. The system is currently resident on two separate computer networks and is accessible via a telecommunications terminal over an ordinary telephone line, as well as through local modes of access. The system consists of three integrated components: an extensive data-base; software to permit storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of the data; and a user manual which not only explains how to use the system, but also provides detailed descriptions of the data, in terms of concepts, collection or construction methodology, and reliability. This article discusses the various considerations that underlie the design of the system, describes the system's present characteristics, briefly evaluates the development of the system, and points out how this system provides a prototype for the development of other economic database systems.
Comments on the Comment by Philip A. Graham and Reply by Paul M. Bevilaqua

Fancher, R. B., "Low Area Ratio Thrust Augmenting Ejectors," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 9, No. 3, March 1972, pp. 243-248. Heiser, W. H., "Thrust Augmentation," Journal of Engineering for Power, Jan.1967, pp.75-82. Fancher, R. B., "Low Area Ratio Thrust Augmenting Ejectors," AIAA Paper 71-576 Palo Alto, Calif., 1971 Bevilaqua, P. M., "An Evaluation of Hypermixing for V/ STOL Aircraft Augmentors," AIAA Paper 73-654, Palm Springs, Calif., 1973.
Mutagenicity of actinomycin D in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Actinomycin D is known to bind to native DNA and is widely used as an antineoplastic agent and inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA and protein synthesis. We report here the induction by actinomycin D of purple adenine-requiring mutants (ad-3) in wild-type Neurospora crassa. A significant increase in the frequency of ad-3 mutants was evident when the organism was grown vegetatively in the presence of actinomycin D; the mutation frequency was at least 3.6 per 106 survivors. The actinomycin D-induced ad-3 mutants were 29% ad-3A and 71% ad-3B. The ad-3B mutants were classed by complementation pattern as 25% nonpolarized complementing; 14% polarized complementing; and 61% noncomplementing. The spectrum of complementation types of the actinomycin D-induced mutants most closely parallels that of mutants induced by ICR-170, known to induce base-pair insertions or deletions, or that of X ray-induced or spontaneous mutants. It is significantly different from spectra seen following treatment with nitrous acid or N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine, agents known to induce mainly base-pair substitutions.
An improved cyclization procedure for 3-chloropropylchlorosilanes: Efficient syntheses of silacyclobutanes

Abstract Powdered magnesium activated by 1,2-dibromoethane has proved to be an efficient agent for cyclizing (3-chloropropyl)chlorosilanes to silacyclobutanes. 1,1-Dichlorosilacyclobutane, 1-chloro-1-methylsilacyclobutane, 1,1-dimethylsilacyclobutane, and 4-silaspiro[3,3]heptane have been prepared in yields greater than 75%. Discussion of synthetic routes to the precursors of the spiro compound are also included.
Children's Understanding of Preexisting Differences in Knowledge and Belief

Abstract A basic developmental task for children is to understand how people may differ in what they know and believe. Some such differences stem from situationally provided contrasts in immediate information; others reflect more pervasive, naturally occurring variations in thoughts and beliefs. This article reviews research relevant to children's understanding of the second form of cognitive difference. The paradigms reviewed include false belief, origins of knowledge, ambiguity, explicit judgments of knowledge, communication, and information seeking; the target contrasts include self vs other, younger vs older, and familiar vs unfamiliar. This article identifies developmental changes for each of the forms of understanding, with impressive early competence in some instances and surprisingly protracted development in others. It is argued that a consideration of preexisting differences in belief provides an important complement to the situational emphases that have characterized theory-of-mind research, extending both the range of beliefs examined and the scope of developmental changes identified.
Decision directed adaptive demodulation

A new technique is proposed for demodulation of phase modulated signals. The new technique is called Decision Directed Adaptive Demodulation (DDAD) which is an adaptive match filtering algorithm that uses an estimate of the present symbol in the adaptation algorithm. The DDAD replaces the carrier-recovery and baud detection sections found in conventional demodulators. Conventional carrier recovery utilizing phase lock loops is limited to acquisition over a relatively narrow bandwidth and low noise conditions. The advantages of the DDAD include a wide acquisition range, robustness to noise, and rapid initial acquisition.
The ‘Richardson’ criterion for compressible swirling flows

The stability of a compressible non-dissipative swirling flow to adiabatic infinitesimal disturbances of arbitrary orientation is considered. The resulting sufficient condition for stability is the general form of the effective Richardson criterion for swirling flows, first obtained, for axisymmetric modes only, by Howard. In addition, upper bounds to the growth rate of unstable modes are obtained and some extensions of the semicircle theorem to azimuthal disturbances are stated.
Androgen-Stimulated Restoration in Rat Seminal Vesicle and Prostate Epithelial Cells

Between 1 and 2 days after daily 150 μg injections of testosterone have begun the nuclear RNA content reaches peak values in both seminal vesicle and prostate epithelial cells of castrate rats. Between 2 and 6 days the nuclear RNA content decreased to normal control levels, and the cytoplasmic RNA content increased to normal control levels. DNA synthesis began between 1 and 2 days of testosterone injectionsinjections and was complete after 6 days. At the time of maximal mitotic rate, after 3 days of testosterone injections, marked increases were seen in cytoplasmic and nuclear protein-bound sulfhydryl and disulfide concentrations. In spite of cytoplasmic and nuclear enlargement, protein concentrations were maintained relatively constant throughout the experiment. (Endocrinology 84: 844, 1969)
Synthesis of indole analogues of the natural schweinfurthins.

An interest in the schweinfurthins, natural stilbenes with significant antiproliferative activity, has prompted efforts to prepare a set of indole analogues. To approach the desired compounds through a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons condensation, new indole derivatives bearing a phosphonomethyl substituent in the B-ring were required. The parent indole system with the necessary substitution pattern was obtained through Stobbe condensation and cyclization. A prenyl substituent was incorporated at the C3 position of a 4,6-disubstituted indole through a highly regioselective electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, while metalation and alkylation provided the C2-prenylated indole. After introduction of the phosphonate group through classical reactions, the new indole phosphonates were found to undergo the desired condensation with nonracemic aldehydes representing the schweinfurthin left half. This approach provides facile access to new heteroaromatic analogues of the natural schweinfurthins and should be appl...
Developing neuroprotective strategies for treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction

Important advances have been made in recent years in identifying the molecular mechanisms of HIV neuropathogenesis. Defining the pathways leading to HIV dementia has created an opportunity to therapeutically target many steps in the pathogenic process. HIV itself rarely infects neurons, but significant neuronal damage is caused both by viral proteins and by inflammatory mediators produced by the host in response to infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) does not target these mediators of neuronal damage, and the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction has actually been rising in the post-HAART era. This review will briefly summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms of HIV-induced neurological disease, and emphasize translation of this basic research into potential clinical applications.
Mating behaviour and mating success in woodfrogs Rana sylvatica

Abstract Mating behaviour of woodfrogs was investigated in a woodland pond in southeastern Michigan. Males became sexually mature one year before females and outnumbered females by 5.6 to 1 at the breeding site. Males employed searching behaviour to obtain mates. Yearly male mating success varied from 0 to 2 matings, and larger males had a greater probability of mating than smaller males. The mating season lasted less than 10 days. Most egg masses were deposited in 1 m2 of a 256-m2 pond. Experimental introduction of egg masses to the breeding site indicated that presence of eggs was sufficient to stimulate egg deposition. The influence of selection for synchronous sexual receptivity in females, communal egg deposition, and delayed female sexual maturation on male mating behaviour and variation in male mating success is discussed.
Analysis of Mixed Forced and Free Convection About a Sphere

Abstract An analysis is performed to study the flow- and heat-transfer characteristics of laminar mixed forced and free convection about a sphere. The transformed conservation equations of the nonsimilar boundary layers are solved by a finite difference method. Numerical results for gases having a Prandtl number of 0.7 are presented for buoyancy parameters which cover the entire regime of mixed convection, ranging from pure forced convection to pure free convection. In general, it is found that both the local-friction factor and the local Nusselt number increase with increasing buoyancy force for aiding flow and decrease with increasing buoyancy force for opposing flow. The effects of the variation of the local free stream velocities on the wall shear and surface heat-transfer results are also examined. With respect to the heat-transfer results, the buoyancy force effects on forced convection become significant for Gr/Re 2 > 1.67 and 2 /Gr > 0.01. The buoyancy-affected velocity profiles exhibit an overshoot beyond the local free stream velocity for aiding flow and an S-shape for opposing flow.
Consequences of Prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcal Infections of the Neonate

In the 1970s, group B streptococci emerged as the leading cause of neonatal infections. The incidence ranged between 1.5 and 2 cases per 1000 in the U.S. in the 1980s up to the early 1990s. In the 1980s, selective treatment with β-lactam antibiotics of mothers in labor turned out to be the most successful mode of prevention. In 1996, the CDC, American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended the use of one of two prevention strategies: the culture-based strategy or a risk-based strategy for mothers who did not have prenatal cultures. In 2002, the guidelines were updated to recommend as preferable the culture-based method, which was found to result in superior prevention compared with the risk-based method. Subsequent to the 1996 recommendations, early-onset GBS infection has been reduced by greater than 70% and racial inequalities have been narrowed. Whether exposure of millions of mothers to penicillin or ampicillin will have an undesirable effect of causing more Escherichia coli infections in neonates or will result in more ampicillin-resistant organisms being responsible for early-onset neonatal infections remains unclear.
Genetics of the Fowl VII. Breed Differences in Susceptibility to Extreme Heat

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE various breeds and varieties of domestic fowls, like most of those in other domestic animals, have been differentiated at the time of their establishment by characteristics of structure, size, and color rather than by variation in the physiological characters and functions by which their economic use is now measured. Association of some morphological character, or group of such characters, with a physiological one, without artificial selection for the latter. is comparatively rare in domestic animals although a number of such cases have been demonstrated in plants. The present paper reports an association between breed characteristics and an interesting psysiological character, the ability to withstand extreme heat. The unusual heat of July, 1936, in the United States caused abnormally high mortality in the human race, with deaths, for the week ending July 18, 64 percent higher than in 1935 for 86 cities with population of 37 millions 1 . Corresponding figures for . . .
A scanning electron microscopic study of the opossum nasal cavity prior to and shortly after birth.

The nasal cavities of opossums prior to and shortly after birth were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Numerous morphologically mature olfactory receptor neurons are observed in the dorso-rostralmost extent of the olfactory epithelium positioned adjacent to the opening of the nares in all prenatal stages and newborn animals examined. The remainder of the olfactory epithelium, occupying a more dorso-caudal position within the nasal cavity, is undifferentiated, and lacks morphologically mature receptor neurons. A short transition zone of stratified squamous epithelium lies between the epithelium lining the nares and olfactory epithelium. It forms an abrupt junction with the latter. The remainder of the nasal cavity in this group of animals is lined by a non-ciliated pseudostratified type (undifferentiated respiratory) of epithelium. By the end of the second postnatal week the morphologically mature olfactory epithelium is no longer observed in the vestibular area of the nasal cavity, which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium at this time. Mature receptor neurons are now observed within the olfactory epithelium lining the roof of the nasal cavity and covering the turbinates. The greater part of the nasal cavity is lined by a ciliated respiratory epithelium. It is proposed that the precocious differentiation of mature olfactory receptor neurons within the rostral-most extent of the olfactory epithelium just prior to birth is important in guiding the newborn young to the pouch.
Skeptical Theism and Rowe's New Evidential Argument from Evil

Evaluation de la nouvelle version de l'argument evidentialiste du mal developpe par W. Rowe dans le cadre du debat sur le theisme sceptique. Examinant les objections de M. Tooley et B. Russell concernant la representation des biens possibles, l'A. montre que l'argumentation de Rowe n'opere pas une critique significiative du theisme.
LIME: a framework for debugging load imbalance in multi-threaded execution

With the ubiquity of multi-core processors, software must make effective use of multiple cores to obtain good performance on modern hardware. One of the biggest roadblocks to this is load imbalance, or the uneven distribution of work across cores. We propose LIME, a framework for analyzing parallel programs and reporting the cause of load imbalance in application source code. This framework uses statistical techniques to pinpoint load imbalance problems stemming from both control flow issues (e.g., unequal iteration counts) and interactions between the application and hardware (e.g., unequal cache miss counts). We evaluate LIME on applications from widely used parallel benchmark suites, and show that LIME accurately reports the causes of load imbalance, their nature and origin in the code, and their relative importance.
Interleukin-1β gene polymorphism in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome

Abstract Objective : The pathogenesis of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome remains unknown but may be related to a localized chronic inflammation. The relation between this syndrome and a polymorphism at position +3953 in the interleukin-1β gene was examined. Allele 2 of this gene has been associated with increased pro-inflammatory immunity. Study design : Buccal or vestibular swabs from 59 women with strictly defined vulvar vestibulitis and from 48 healthy women were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of two alleles at the +3953 interleukin-1β locus. Results : Allele 2 of the interleukin-1β gene was identified in 27 (46%) women with vulvar vestibulitis as opposed to 12 (25%) control women ( P =0.03). The interleukin-1β 1,1 genotype was present in 36 (75%) controls as opposed to 32 (54%) vulvar vestibulitis syndrome patients ( P =0.02). All subjects had been previously tested for induced interleukin-1β production in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In both patients and controls, possession of allele 2 was associated with a small but non-statistically significant increase in induced interleukin-1β production. Conclusion : Allele 2 in the interleukin-1β gene is more common in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome than in other women. Susceptibility to vulvar vestibulitis syndrome might be influenced by carriage of this polymorphism.
The novel atherosclerosis locus at 10q11 regulates plasma CXCL12 levels.

Aims Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs1746048 and rs501120, from genome wide association studies of coronary artery disease (CAD) map to chromosome 10q11 ∼80 kb downstream of chemokine CXCL12 . Therefore, we examined the relationship between these two SNPs and plasma CXCL12 levels. Methods and Results We tested the association of two SNPs with plasma CXCL12 levels in a two-stage study ( n = 2939): first in PennCath ( n = 1182), a Caucasian, angiographic CAD case–control study, and second in PennCAC ( n = 1757), a community-based study of CAD risk factors. Plasma CXCL12 levels increased with age and did not vary by gender. There was no linkage disequilibrium between these two SNPs and SNPs within CXCL12 gene. However, CAD risk alleles at rs1746048 (C allele, P = 0.034; CC 2.33 ± 0.49, CT 2.27 ± 0.46, and TT 2.21 ± 0.52 ng/mL) and rs501120 (T allele, P = 0.041; TT 2.34 ± 0.49, CT 2.28 ± 0.46, and CC 2.23 ± 0.53 ng/mL) were associated with higher plasma levels of CXCL12 in age and gender adjusted models. In Stage 2, we confirmed this association (rs501120, T allele, P = 0.007), and meta-analysis strengthened this finding ( n = 2939, P = 6.0 × 10−4). Finally, in exploratory analysis, the rs1746048 risk allele tended to have higher transcript levels of CXCL12 in human natural killer cells and the liver. Conclusion Coronary artery disease risk alleles downstream of CXCL12 are associated with plasma protein levels of CXCL12 and appear to be related to CXCL12 transcript levels in two human cell lines. This implicates CXCL12 as potentially causal and supports CXCL12 as a potential therapeutic target for CAD.
The old but new IgM Fc receptor (FcμR).

IgM is the first Ig isotype to appear during phylogeny, ontogeny and the immune response. The importance of both pre-immune “natural” and antigen-induced “immune” IgM antibodies in immune responses to pathogens and self-antigens has been established by studies of mutant mice deficient in IgM secretion. Effector proteins interacting with the Fc portion of IgM, such as complement and complement receptors, have thus far been proposed, but fail to fully account for the IgM-mediated immune protection and regulation of immune responses. Particularly, the role of the Fc receptor for IgM (FcμR) in such effector functions has not been explored until recently. We have identified an authentic FcμR in humans using a functional cloning strategy and subsequently in mice by RT-PCR and describe here its salient features and the immunological consequences of FcμR deficiency in mice. Since the FcμR we cloned was identical to Toso or Fas inhibitory molecule 3 (FAIM3), there have been spirited debates regarding the real function of FcμR/Toso/FAIM3 and we will also comment on this topic.
Systemic determinants of gene evolution and function

Mol Syst Biol. 1: 2005.0021 What determines a gene's evolutionary rate? In particular, does it depend solely on functional constraints imposed on the structure of the encoded protein or are there higher‐level factors related to the selection at the organismal level? These questions seem to be among the most fundamental ones in biology because comprehensive answers will reveal the nature of the links between genome evolution and the phenotypes of organisms. A recent study by Wall et al (2005) proves more convincingly than ever before that systemic determinants of gene evolution rate do exist, and an intriguing paper by Fraser (2005) sheds light on some of the underlying mechanisms. However, a recent report by Coulomb et al (2005) issues an important warning by showing that some of the intuitively plausible connections discovered by Systems Biology may be due to biases in the data. Nearly 30 years ago, Wilson et al (1977) put forward a general proposition that may be called the rate‐dispensability conjecture—the evolutionary rate should be a function of, firstly, the constraints on the function of the given gene (protein) and, secondly, the ‘importance’ (fitness effect of knockout or dispensability) of the gene for the organism: R i = f(P i )f(Q i ) ( R i is the rate of evolution of the given protein, P i is the probability that a substitution is compatible with the function of this protein, and Q i is the probability that the organism survives and reproduces without this protein). The prediction, thus, is that essential (indispensable) genes, on average, should evolve slower than nonessential genes. This conjecture generally follows from Kimura's neutral theory of evolution but is nontrivial given the broad variance of structural–functional constraints on proteins, regardless of their dispensability; in principle, this variance could …
The clinical significance of achieving different levels of cytogenetic response in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure to front-line therapy: is complete cytogenetic response the only desirable endpoint?

Abstract Many patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who have failed initial therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor achieve a cytogenetic response that is not complete (ie, partial or minor). This study analyzes the clinical benefit of such responses and identifies value in achieving such responses. Patients with less than complete cytogenetic response to second -line therapy or beyond should be considered to have benefit from therapy and the value of this considered in the context of which alternative options are available. Background Complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) is the gold standard for response to therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) because it is associated with a survival benefit. However, patients who have failed initial therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) frequently achieve only partial or minor cytogenetic responses. The clinical benefit of such responses is unclear. Patients and Methods We analyzed the records of all 165 consecutive patients treated in clinical trials with TKI as second-line therapy or beyond after failure to prior imatinib therapy. Results A CCyR was achieved with second-line TKI therapy or beyond in 52% of patients, whereas 7% achieved a partial cytogenetic response (PCyR), 14% a minor cytogenetic response (mCyR), 14% complete hematologic response (CHR) only, and 17% no response. The 3-year survival probability was 98% for those with CCyR, compared to 83% with PCyR, 83% for mCyR, 76% for CHR, and 71% for no response. Survival free from transformation rates at 3 years were 93%, 73%, 84%, 88%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusions CCyR is associated with the greatest survival benefit among patients treated with second-line therapy or beyond and remains the optimal cytogenetic goal of therapy. However, patients with partial and minor cytogenetic response derive a benefit compared to patients who have no response. This benefit should be recognized and evaluated against any alternative option available to a given patient before a change in therapy is recommended.
Intestinal and Systemic Inflammatory Responses Are Positively Associated with Sulfidogenic Bacteria Abundance in High-Fat–Fed Male C57BL/6J Mice

Recent studies have highlighted the relation between high-fat (HF) diets, the gut microbiota, and inflammation. However, the role of sulfidogenic bacteria in mediating these effects has been explored only recently. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that an HF diet rich in saturated fat stimulates sulfidogenic bacteria and that these increases correlate with intestinal and systemic inflammatory responses. Forty C57BL/6J male mice were fed a low-fat (LF; 10% of energy) or an HF lard-based (60% of energy) diet for 6 or 20 wk. Mucosa samples were collected from the ileum, cecum, and colon and used for measuring 16S ribosomal RNA and functional genes of sulfidogenic bacteria. Matching intestinal samples and visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) depots were used to measure mRNA abundance for inflammatory genes. Mice fed the HF diet had greater (P < 0.05) abundance of 3 types of sulfidogenic bacteria, primarily in colonic mucosa, compared with LF-fed mice at week 20. Although HF feeding did not increase intestinal inflammation at week 6, ileal markers of macrophage infiltration and inflammation were upregulated (P < 0.05) 1- to 6-fold at week 20. HF feeding impaired the localization of the tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 at the apical area of the ileal epithelium at weeks 6 and 20. Mice fed the HF diet had 1- to 100-fold greater (P< 0.05) mRNA levels of markers of macrophage infiltration in visceral and subcutaneous WAT at week 20, but not at week 6, compared with LF-fed mice. These results provide evidence that chronic, but not acute, consumption of an HF lard-based diet may be linked with pathways of microbial metabolism that potentially contribute to chronic intestinal and systemic inflammation. Such linkage provides further support for reducing consumption of saturated fats. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.194332.
Analysis of throughput and energy efficiency of p-persistent CSMA with imperfect carrier sensing

The drive towards portable wireless devices capable of forming ad-hoc wireless networks on demand has spurred significant interest in the design and analysis of power-efficient schemes at all layers of the protocol stack. In order to increase useful lifetimes of such battery-powered devices, it is vital to understand the role of carrier-sense based multiple access protocols in controlling the trade-offs between throughput and energy consumption performance. Our focus in this work is the impact of imperfect carrier sensing on this trade-off; accordingly, we present an analysis of the energy efficiency of p-persistent CSMA with carrier sense imperfections
Etiology and Management of Eating Disorders

The American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1987) specifies five eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, pica, rumination disorder of infancy, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (or atypical eating disorder). Pica is an eating disorder commonly observed in young children and is most common among children from a low socioeconomic background. The primary symptom of pica is the consumption or mouthing of nonnutrient substances (e.g., dried paint from walls or dirt). Rumination disorder of infancy is characterized by repeated regurgitation and significant weight loss or failure to make expected weight gain. Since both of these disorders occur primarily in infancy and are significantly dissimilar from anorexia and bulimia nervosa, the primary foci of this chapter, they will not be discussed in detail here. The interested reader may refer to Williamson, Prather, Heffer, and Kelley (1988) for a more complete discussion of these disorders.