cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aortic root thrombosis in patients supported with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

BACKGROUND Aortic root thrombosis (ART) is a recently recognized complication of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) therapy. However, little is known about the prevalence or clinical significance of this complication. The aim of our study was to systematically evaluate the incidence and significance of ART on CF-LVAD support. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent HeartMate II or HeartWare HVAD CF-LVAD implantation from April 2004 through June 2016 at the Columbia University Medical Center. Echocardiography studies were systematically reviewed to identify patients who developed ART. Study outcomes included post-ART survival on CF-LVAD support, stroke, pump thrombosis, and clinically significant myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 436 CF-LVAD patients with 21 patients (4.8%) diagnosed with confirmed ART at a median time of 22 days (interquartile range [IQR] 3 to 56 days) after CF-LVAD implantation. Involvement of the non-coronary cusp was the most common location of the ART ( n = 15, 71.4%) and concomitant RV failure occurred in 14 patients (66.7%). Actuarial survival at 1 and 2 years after diagnosis of ART was 73.8% and 44.3%, respectively. ART was associated with a high rate of complications, including stroke (28.6%, 0.337 episode per patient-year [EPPY]) and clinically significant MI (28.6%, 0.337 EPPY). CONCLUSIONS ART is not uncommon after CF-LVAD implantation and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in CF-LVAD patients. Given the early occurrence and high incidence of stroke and MI in patients who develop ART, surveillance and treatment strategies should be implemented to address this potentially devastating complication.
Fostering youth leader credibility: Professional, organizational, and community impacts associated with completion of an online master's degree in youth development leadership

Abstract Youth development leaders (YDLs) take diverse pathways to obtain the knowledge and skills needed for youthwork, from progression through organizational positions with no formal educational training in the field to obtaining advanced degrees focusing on specialized knowledge. Youth development degrees at the higher education level improve outcomes for YDLs as well as the youth they serve. When YDLs gain knowledge and skills rooted in youth development theory and practice, they are better able to offer high-quality programs and more likely to advance in their careers. This study identifies the perceived individual, organizational, and community level impacts on graduates of an online master's degree in Youth Development Leadership. The study found that graduates perceived their degrees were related to positive outcomes in professionalism (increased knowledge and application of youth development theory, heightened self-confidence and credibility in professional abilities, improvement of professional skills, career advancement, and recognition); improved organizational practices (with respect to training, staff management, and program quality); and increased community engagement (increased availability of programs and community collaboration). The online master's degree in Youth Development Leadership provided an opportunity for youth workers to build credibility on multiple levels by connecting theory to practice.
Every cloud has a silver lining: X-ray micro-CT reveals Orsunius rove beetle in Rovno amber from a specimen inaccessible to light microscopy

The exceptionally well-preserved and diverse insect fossil record of the Baltic amber group is a unique source for science. However, bubbles and thick layers of white gaseous froth cover numerous i...
(Latinx) Literature’s Work: Between Being and Becoming, Product and Practice

This final section concludes the larger discussion by returning to a combined focus on the articulation of the paired concepts of latinidad and literature to argue finally for a critical recalibration of Latinx literary criticism’s inter-implicated and more than simultaneous commitments to both. It uses work by Horacio Legras and Jean-Marie Schaeffer to trace the return of critical interest in the complex material, practical, laborious ontology of the literary, in the wake of but not necessarily in opposition to deconstruction, to model an alternative critical methodology for Latinx literary studies. The section closes by turning briefly to a story by Junot Diaz to demonstrate how this methodology might already be in performative practice in the literary work itself.
Lateral Elbow (Tennis Elbow) Denervation

The anatomy of the innervation of the lateral humeral epicondyle is described, and related, clinically to “tennis elbow.” Nerve block of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm is described. Confounding clinical decisions related to radial nerve entrapment at the elbow and forearm are discussed. The technical approaches to denervation of the lateral humeral epicondyle are described and illustrated. The results of lateral humeral epicondylar denervation are presented.
A system dynamics model of infection risk, expectations, and perceptions on antibiotic prescribing in the United States.

Rationale, aims, and objectives Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is still a major concern that can lead to devastating outcomes including antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to simulate the antibiotic prescribing behaviour by providers for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and to evaluate the impact of patient expectation, provider's perception of patient's expectation to receive a prescription, and patient's risk for bacterial infection, on the decision to prescribe. Methods We developed a unique system dynamics (SD) simulation model based on the significant factors that impact the interaction between provider and patient during visits for ARTIs and the decision to prescribe antibiotics. In order to validate the model for different age groups and regions in the United States, we used the sample of 53 000 ARTI patient visits made at outpatient settings between 1993 and 2015, based on the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). Results Simulation results reveal that physician diagnosis for prescribing antibiotics is based on physician's experience from their prior prescribing behaviour, their perception of patient's infection risk, and patient's expectation to receive antibiotics. Also, there are some variations depending on patient's age and residential region. The simulation analysis also depicts the decreasing trend in patient's expectation over the past two decades for most age groups and regions. Conclusions Given the high number of unnecessary prescriptions for ARTI, we found that policies are needed to influence provider's prescribing behaviour through patient's expectation and provider's perception regarding those expectations. Our simulation framework can further be used by policymakers to design and evaluate interventions that may modify the interaction between health providers and patients to optimize antibiotic prescriptions among ARTI patients for different regions and age groups.
On background independence in string theory

The problems with background independence are discussed in the example of open string theory. Based on the recent proposal by Witten I calculate the String Field Theory action in conformal perturbation theory to second order and demonstrate that the proper treatment of contact terms leads to non-trivial equations of motion. I conjecture the form of the field theory action to all orders.
Synthesis and binding activity of 4-azanicotine

4-Azanicotine (1) has been synthesized by the cyclopropylimine rearrangement. A study of several Lewis acids as possible catalysts for the NMF-mediated cyclopropyl imine rearrangement of cyclopropyl-2-pyrazinylmethanone (4) indicated that both aluminum chloride and magnesium chloride are suitable catalysts, lithium bromide shows only a trace of activity and zinc chloride, titanium tetrachloride, and titanium tetra-isopropoxide show no activity. Compound 1, in which the aromatic ring is less basic than in nicotine, and 6-aminonicotine (5), in which the aromatic ring is more basic, have been compared with the binding properties of nicotine in the P2 rat brain preparation. Compound 1 binds with an affinity very similar to that of nicotine at two of the receptor sites, 5 binds at these sites but with a lower affinity. Unlike nicotine, 1 and 5 do not bind at the very high affinity ‘upregulatory’ site.
How to be a maker: Communicating with plants

The outdoors is the theme for Hannah Joshua 's new series of projects that you can make at home
Nondestructive characterization of structural changes during in vitro gastric digestion of apples using 3D time-series micro-computed tomography

Abstract An in-depth understanding of food structural breakdown during gastric digestion is paramount for development of health-promoting foods. This study presents a novel application of nondestructive time-series micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to study structural breakdown during in vitro gastric digestion of apples (var. Granny Smith). Data collected from micro-CT images were compared with results from destructive analyses of apple tissue hardness (texture analysis) and moisture uptake during soaking in gastric juice or deionized water. Apples in gastric juice showed similar trends in intensity change (from micro-CT images) and hardness decrease (from texture analysis) over time compared with apples in water (p 0.05). Overall, micro-CT imaging allows for assessment of changes along with detailed structural characterization of solid foods during in vitro gastric digestion.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Behavior Management Training and Reported Experiences with Challenging Behavior.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the extent that school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) received behavior management training and experience challenging behavior. We d...
Encapsulation of collagen mimetic peptide-tethered vancomycin liposomes in collagen-based scaffolds for infection control in wounds.

Abstract Wound infections are a significant clinical problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Topically applied antibacterial formulations with longer residence time and controlled antimicrobial release would offer significant benefits for improved prevention and treatment of infected wounds. In this study, we developed collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) tethered vancomycin (Van)-containing liposomes (Lipo) (CMP-Van-Lipo) hybridized to collagen-based hydrogels (‘co-gels,’ e.g., collagen/fibrin combination hydrogels) for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in vitro and in vivo. Tethering CMP-Van-Lipo nanostructures to co-gels enabled sustained Van release and enhanced in vitro antibacterial effects against MRSA as compared to Van loaded co-gels or Van-Lipo loaded co-gels following multiple fresh bacterial inoculations over a period of 48 h. These results were successfully translated in vivo wherein MRSA infected wounds were effectively treated with CMP-Van-Lipo loaded co-gels for up to 9 days, whereas the activity of Van loaded co-gels and Van-Lipo loaded co-gels were limited to Statement of significance Current topical antimicrobial formulations (e.g., creams, gels, and ointments) do not control release, leaving antimicrobial concentrations either too high or too low at different time points, and provoking the development of antibacterial resistance and recurrence of wound infections. Here, collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) were used to stably hybridize vancomycin-containing liposomal nanocarriers (CMP-Van-Lipo) within collagen-fibrin co-gels via triple-helical integration with collagen, enabling control over Van release for prolonged time periods and minimizing the adverse effects of the Lipo formulations on fibroblast cell viability in the wound bed. The CMP-Van-Lipo loaded co-gel's higher antibacterial effects in vitro were successfully translated in vivo for treatment of MRSA-infected mouse wounds, and thus the co-gels can be a potentially translatable treatment for improved clinical wound management.
Wildfire effects on soil quality: application on a suburban area of West Attica (Greece)

On the occasion of the July 2018 wildfire in the West Attica region (Kineta area, Geraneia Mountain) this study aimed to the assessment of soil quality in Kineta area and the effect of fire on soil properties and the bioavailable forms of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), which is a topic poorly documented. Topsoil (0–5 cm depth) and subsoil (5–25 cm depth) samples were collected from burned sites and unburned control sites two months after the wildfire event. The area is mainly covered by pine trees (Pinus halepensis). Statistical analysis and Geographical Information System (GIS) database elaboration proved successful tools for this research. The type of methodology applied in this study consists of Diethylene-Triamine-Penta-Ace-tic acid (DTPA) chemical extraction, pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Electric Conductivity (EC) and soil organic matter (OM) evaluation, factor analysis, GIS database and comparison of soil parameters with quality standards and levels given from the literature. Results of this study indicated that wildfires significantly (p < 0.05) increased pH values, as well as, OM, FeDTPA and MnDTPA higher contents in topsoil at burned sites than topsoil in unburned locations. This higher availability of elements in the soil may be associated with the addition of ash during a fire. At the same time, relationships between various parameters have been identified from factor analysis and reflect genetic association. A GIS elaboration showed the spatial relationship among high positive factor scores, lithology, Mn-oxides and soil condition (burned or unburned soil). In particular, ZnDTPA contents in Kineta soils constitute a case of lithogenic contamination, while high concentrations of MnDTPA demonstrate the role of wildfire in enhancing levels of available elements in topsoil.
Theorizing Food and Power in the Ancient Andes

Studying what ancient peoples ate is critical to understanding fundamental aspects of culture, and the analysis of archaeological sites and remains has become central to reconstructing ancient diets and subsistence regimes. Much of this work is based, inherently, on material correlates such as botanical and faunal remains, artifacts, iconography, skeletal markers of nutritional status, and so on. Nevertheless, a rich corpus of anthropological theory pertaining to foodways and the intersections of food and culture has great potential in bioarchaeology, allowing us to investigate not only what people ate and how they produced and/or procured it but what significance particular foods, modes of preparation, and contexts of consumption had in producing and reproducing culture. In this chapter, we review key themes and theoretical perspectives in anthropology relevant to studying foodways in antiquity and discuss their applicability in Central Andean settings.
Regional Approaches in Forecasting Rainfall-Induced Landslides

Hydrogeological hazards now exacerbated by the ongoing climate change pose serious challenges for the safety of the population worldwide. Among the others, the landslide risk can be mitigated by setting up efficient and reliable early warning systems. To date, rainfall thresholds are one of the most used tools to forecast the possible occurrence of rainfall-induced failures in large regions. In Italy a dense rain gauge network with hourly or sub-hourly temporal resolution is available. However, in some developing countries, where ground measurements are still absent or are available at coarser (daily) temporal resolution, satellite-based rainfall estimates could be a vital alternative. For this purpose, the reliability of rainfall thresholds defined using both satellite (SB) and ground-based (GB) data and with hourly or daily temporal resolution is assessed in a study area comprising the Abruzzo, Marche and Umbria regions (AMU), central Italy. The comparison between the performance of the different products allows to test their capability in eventually can GB rainfall measurements are gathered at hourly time steps (OBS-H) from a national network and aggregated on a daily scale (OBS-D); SB rainfall estimates are retrieved from the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH, hourly resolution), and from the SM2RASC product, based on the application of SM2RAIN algorithm to ASCAT (Advanced SCATterometer) soil moisture product (daily resolution). Results show that thresholds defined with GB rainfall data perform better than those obtained using SB estimates regardless of the temporal resolution. CMORPH and SM2RASC thresholds are still able to predict landslide occurrence although with a high number of false predictions.
Phenology of Anthonomus eugenii Cano1 in the Central Coast Pepper-Production Region of California

Pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a serious threat to pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production. In California, the pest causes major damage in southern regions where peppers are produced, but is not considered a serious pest in the Central Coast region. However, in recent years, A. eugenii consistently has caused severe yield losses in Central Coast counties of California. In 2016 and 2017, 60-63 pepper fields in the region were monitored from May-November using pheromone-baited yellow sticky traps. Total numbers of adult pepper weevils captured in traps were 1,106 and 3,100 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Abundance of adults peaked during the production season. In 2016, the peak was in mid-September. The first of two peaks in 2017 was in June at the beginning of the season and the second was in September-October. During June-July, when pepper weevils were sprayed with insecticide, few weevils, about two per field, were counted. Starting in August (which overlapped with decreased application of insecticide), fields became very infested until the end of October in 2016 and mid-November in 2017. Peak numbers of adults captured in late season varied between years, with 330 and 463 captured in September 2016 and 2017, respectively. From October onward in both years, fruit drop with various stages of weevils inside was observed in some infested fields.
Financial Burden, Distress and Toxicity in Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major source of financial burden and distress, which has 3 main domains: (1) psychological distress; (2) cost-related care non-adherence or medical care deferral, and (3) tradeoffs with basic non-medical needs. We propose 4 ways to reduce financial distress in CVD: (1) policymakers can expand insurance coverage and curtail underinsurance; (2) health systems can limit expenditure on low-benefit, high-cost treatments while developing services for high-risk individuals; (3) physicians can engage in shared-decision-making for high-cost interventions, and (4) community-based initiatives can support patients with system navigation and financial coping. Avenues for research include (1) analysis of how healthcare policies affect financial burden; (2) comparative effectiveness studies examining high and low-cost strategies for CVD management; and (3) studying interventions to reduce financial burden, financial coaching, and community health worker integration.
Plasmonic Metasurfaces for Directional Light Emission and Photodetection

We report the development of near-infrared plasmonic metasurfaces integrated with optoelectronic active materials for the demonstration of geometrically tunable collimated light emission and angle-sensitive photodetection.
Grace Is a Practice

There was certainly much about the hurried switch from in-person to online teaching and learning in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic that inspired angst. The decisions that many colleges and universities made to halt on-campus activities and deconcentrate their communities left scores of us scrambling to pack up some of the things we hoped would help us withstand a few weeks away from our offices and classrooms. When I think back on those frenzied days, I often chuckle at how naive I was about the extent to which the pandemic would radically upend our lives, forcing us to rethink every aspect of our ways of being in the world. I was in the middle of leading a discussion on The Tempest in my dramaturgy course when the official word came down from university administrators that all classes would move online and most students would have to vacate their residence halls. A palpable feeling of dread quickly swept over the stuffy classroom. Students began to weep and to wonder out loud what the news would mean for, say, their senior thesis projects or the department's futuristic mounting of The Tempest, which would have to shutter before its second weekend of scheduled performances. I tried my best to remain optimistic, even as I too began to question what the fast-moving changes would mean for how we would finish out the semester. I felt a special call to offer comfort, reaffirming my commitment to supporting students no matter what was ahead.
Studies on amphibian yolk. 8. The estrogen-induced hepatic synthesis of a serum lipophosphoprotein and its selective uptake by the ovary and trasformation into yolk platelet proteins in Xenopus laevis.

14C-labeled leucine injected into Xenopus rapidly becomes incorporated into liver protein; subsequently the specific activity of serum protein rises. The extent of serum protein labeling is pronounced, particularly in estrogen-treated males and vitellogenic females; however, in the latter case, labeled protein rapidly disappears from the circulation and the specific activity of ovarian protein simultaneously rises to a plateau. Serum chromatograms demonstrate that most of the variable labeling of the serum is the function of a single serum component, designated SLPP. This component is produced by the liver as indicated by the synthetic capacity of liver slices in vitro, and the hepatic synthesis and secretion of SLPP appears to be under the control of estrogen. SLPP is taken up selectively by the maturing ovary and specifically by the vitellogenic oocyte. The latter, however, must first be activated by a hormonal factor in order to perform this task. Once incorporated into the oocyte, SLPP appears to transform into the two proteins of the crystalline yolk platelet, phosvitin and lipovitellin, and hence represents the precursor molecule for crystalline yolk.
Chalcogenides: Solid-State Chemistry

This article deals with the solid-state chemistry of chalcogenides and describes mainly the developments during the past decade. The article is not exhaustive but is meant to give a broad set of examples of interesting compounds and solid-state chemistry of these compounds so that the reader can obtain a reasonable and rounded view of the recent activities in this area. Further depth and additional information can be obtained from the available references. Keywords: selenides; tellurides; chalcometallates; metal-rich compounds; hydrothermal synthesis; flux synthesis
Do animals see what we see

Do animals experience visual illusions? Nieder and Wagner show that owls perceive, and their neurons respond to, illusory contours that are not physically present.
Pathogen update: Listeria monocytogenes

Abstract: Recent advances regarding the human foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes are discussed with specific emphasis on epidemiology, ecology and virulence. Recent routine surveillance and outbreak investigation studies indicate a shift in L. monocytogenes serotypes linked to listeriosis in some countries. There is growing evidence to show that L. monocytogenes isolates can be divided beyond the serotype level into at least two epidemiologically and genetically distinct subpopulations differentiated by biologically meaningful markers, including strains responsible for the majority of listeriosis cases and strains carrying virulence attenuating mutations in the key virulence gene inlA, which codes for internalin A.
Mapping of the α4 subunit gene (GABRA4) to human chromosome 4 defines an α2—α4—β1—γ1 gene cluster: further evidence that modern GABAA receptor gene clusters are derived from an ancestral cluster ☆

We demonstrated previously that an alpha 1-beta 2-gamma 2 gene cluster of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor is located on human chromosome 5q34-q35 and that an ancestral alpha-beta-gamma gene cluster probably spawned clusters on chromosomes 4, 5, and 15. Here, we report that the alpha 4 gene (GABRA4) maps to human chromosome 4p14-q12, defining a cluster comprising the alpha 2, alpha 4, beta 1, and gamma 1 genes. The existence of an alpha 2-alpha 4-beta 1-gamma 1 cluster on chromosome 4 and an alpha 1-alpha 6-beta 2-gamma 2 cluster on chromosome 5 provides further evidence that the number of ancestral GABAA receptor subunit genes has been expanded by duplication within an ancestral gene cluster. Moreover, if duplication of the alpha gene occurred before duplication of the ancestral gene cluster, then a heretofore undiscovered subtype of alpha subunit should be located on human chromosome 15q11-q13 within an alpha 5-alpha x-beta 3-gamma 3 gene cluster at the locus for Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes.
Assay of Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis in Animal Cells and Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses approaches to measure adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis from mammalian cells and tissues and presents the procedures to estimate the steady-state content of ATP and other high-energy phosphates by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolation of highly coupled mitochondria from cultured cells involves delicate and time-consuming procedures; the results are sometimes inconsistent, leading to a potential lack of reproducibility. Measurement of ATP synthesis on whole cells requires a permeabilization step to allow for the penetration of hydrophilic substrates through biological membranes. In addition, the use of permeabilized cells rather than isolated mitochondria substantially reduces the number of cells required for each assay. Fluorimetry is a commonly used method to detect ATP produced by isolated mitochondria. Another method employed on isolated mitochondria is the incorporation of Pi into ADP and its subsequent transfer to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, followed by extraction of unincorporated Pi and measurement of radioactivity in a scintillation counter. Among the different methods used to assay high-energy phosphates in biological samples, HPLC has the advantage of high sensitivity and efficiency because it allows for the simultaneous analyses of all species of phosphorylated nucleotides in one analysis. The chapter also describes the assay of ATP synthesis in five cell types—HeLa, COS-7, N2A, HEK 293T, and 143 B-derived cytoplasmic hybrids harboring either wild-type mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the T8993G mtDNA mutation in the ATPase 6 gene, which is responsible for a mitochondrial disorder characterized by neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa.
Mixed tumors of the pterygomaxillary space; operative removal; oral approach.

Abstract A case of mixed tumor (salivary type) of the pterygomaxillary space is reported. An operative method of removing benign, encapsulated neoplasms from this relatively inaccessible part of the head via an oral approach with preliminary ligation of the homologous external carotid artery is described. The advantages, indications, and contraindications to the oral approach for the removal of tumors from the pterygomaxillary space are discussed.
Graduate students' perceptions of library support services for distance learners : A university system-wide study

Abstract A survey was conducted in Spring 1999 to assess the library support services for distance learning within the Texas A&M University System. Graduate students actively enrolled at remote sites in one or more courses taught on the system's interactive video network were surveyed. Results of this survey provide insight for improving library services. “People want what they want when they want it. They don't want something else, they don't want less than they want, and they certainly don't want it at some other time” (Forsha, 1992).
Decidability and Complexity of Finitely Closable Linear Equational Theories

We define a subclass of the class of linear equational theories, called finitely closable linear theories. We consider unification problems with no repeated variables.We show the decidability of this subclass, and give an algorithm in PSPACE. If all function symbols are monadic, then the running time is in NP, and quadratic for unitary monadic finitely closable linear theories.
Bioequivalence for Drug Products Acting Locally Within Gastrointestinal Tract

The assessment of bioequivalence (BE) of drug products acting locally within gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the biggest challenges generally in generic product development and approval process. In recent years, considerable progress has been made by the FDA in developing alternative bioequivalence approaches to in vivo clinical endpoint studies for locally acting GI products. These BE approaches include in vitro tests, in vivo BE studies with pharmacokinetic (PK) endpoints and in vivo BE studies with pharmacodynamics (PD) endpoints. The selection of the appropriate product-specific BE recommendations depend on a number of factors including biopharmaceutical properties of the drug substance, formulation design, and drug product safety and efficacy profiles. In this chapter, the newly developed BE approaches for a number of locally acting GI products are reviewed. It is expected that the information provided in this chapter will help the industry and regulatory scientists understand the scientific principles for identification of the most appropriate BE methods and thus accelerate the new as well as the generic product development and life-cycle management for locally acting GI products.
Carrageenan Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Vitro

Multiple studies in animal models have shown that the commonly used food additive carrageenan (CGN) induces inflammation and intestinal neoplasia. We performed the first studies to determine the effects of CGN exposure on human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) in tissue culture and tested the effect of very low concentrations (1-10 mg/L) of undegraded, high-molecular weight CGN. These concentrations of CGN are less than the anticipated exposure of the human colon to CGN from the average Western diet. In the human colonic epithelial cell line NCM460 and in primary human colonic epithelial cells that were exposed to CGN for 1-8 d, we found increased cell death, reduced cell proliferation, and cell cycle arrest compared with unexposed control cells. After 6-8 d of CGN exposure, the percentage of cells reentering G0-G1 significantly decreased and the percentages of cells in S and G2-M phases significantly increased. Increases in activated p53, p21, and p15 followed CGN exposure, consistent with CGN-induced cell cycle arrest. Additional data, including DNA ladder, poly ADP ribose polymerase Western blot, nuclear DNA staining, and activities of caspases 3 and 7, indicated no evidence of increased apoptosis following CGN exposure and were consistent with CGN-induced necrotic cell death. These data document for the first time, to our knowledge, marked adverse effects of low concentrations of CGN on survival of normal human IEC and suggest that CGN exposure may have a role in development of human intestinal pathology.
Isolation, characterization, and distribution of denitrifying toluene degraders from a variety of habitats

Enrichments capable of toluene degradation under O2-free denitrifying conditions were established with diverse inocula including agricultural soils, compost, aquifer material, and contaminated soil samples from different geographic regions of the world. Successful enrichment was strongly dependent on the initial use of relatively low toluene concentrations, typically 5 ppm. From the enrichments showing positive activity for toluene degradation, 10 bacterial isolates were obtained. Fingerprints generated by PCR-amplified DNA, with repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence primers, showed that eight of these isolates were different. Under aerobic conditions, all eight isolates degraded toluene, five degraded ethylbenzene, three consumed benzene, and one degraded chlorobenzene, meta-Xylene was the only other substrate used anaerobically and was used by only one isolate. All isolates were motile gram-negative rods, produced N2 from denitrification, and did not hydrolyze starch. All strains but one fixed nitrogen as judged by ethylene production from acetylene, but only four strains hybridized to the nifHDK genes. All strains appeared to have heme nitrite reductase since their DNA hybridized to the heme (nirS) but not to the Cu (nirU) genes. Five strains hybridized to a toluene ortho-hydroxylase catabolic probe, and two of those also hybridized to a toluene meta-hydroxylase probe. Partial sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of all isolates showed substantial similarity to 16S rRNA sequences of Azoarcus sp. Physiological, morphological, fatty acid, and 16S rRNA analyses indicated that these strains were closely related to each other and that they belong to the genus Azoarcus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design and Critical Appraisal of an Accelerated Integration Procedure for Atmospheric GCM/Mixed-Layer Ocean Models

An accelerated integration procedure (AIP) is developed for the OSU atmospheric GCM/mixed-layer ocean model. In this AIP the depth of the mixed-layer ocean is reduced by an acceleration factor {ital f}{sub {ital a}}=12 from 60 m to 5 m and the length of a solar cycle is correspondingly reduced to eliminate the increase in the amplitude of the annual cycle of oceanic temperature which would otherwise occur. Furthermore, the ground bulk heat capacity, ground water field capacity and heat of fusion for sea ice for snow on sea ice are reduced by {ital f}{sub {ital a}} to accelerate the equilibration of the ground temperature, soil water and sea ice, respectively.
Epidemiologie und lysotypie von Salmonella typhimurium in Österreich 1980–1982

Summary From 1980 to 1982 a total of 4541 strains of S. typhimurium of human origin and 745 S. typhimurium of non-human sources were received by the Salmonella Centre. During this period, the percentage of S. typhimurium rose from 33% to 51% (human origin) and from 12% to 33% (non-human origin), respectively. The incidence of infection was 20.0, the regional distribution showed a prominence of the eastern and western parts of Austria with Styria as leading country (46.2). 60% of the isolates of S. typhimurium were associated with illness, which was 10% more than for the other salmonellae; concerning outbreaks as well as single cases, S. typhimurium dominated, whereas the proportion of carriers of S. typhimurium among foodhandlers was small (12% S. typhimurium, 31% other salmonellae). As to the age-specific attack-rate, children younger than 5 years by far predominated with 67.2, with a falling tendency in the other age groups. As far as food is concerned, the increase of S. typhimurium in poultry is particularly striking. According to the phage-typing results, LT 10 was prominent in the years 1980 and 1981, whereas in 1982, LT 66, accounting for 62% out of 2201 tested human isolates dominated among 44 different phage-types as epidemic strain, especially in Styria and eastern Austria. In addition, LT 10 and LT 3 could be found more frequently. Starting from the important role of food in Salmonella associated enteritis, LT 66 leads to chicken as the main source of infection. Apart from LT 66, LT 1, 2, 3 and LT 140 were more frequent in non-human isolates. This infiltration of LT 66 into the Austrian chicken industry could have its origin in imported parent chickens. As mechanism the single replacement of LT 10 by LT 66 is discussed as well as the phage-conversion of LT 10. The other possible chains of infection (other poultry, feeding-staff, man) are regarded as less probable. To prove this thesis investigations on plasmids should be done.
Control of barrier island shape by inlet sediment bypassing: East Frisian Islands, West Germany

Abstract A study of the East Frisian Islands has shown that the plan form of these islands can be explained by processes of inlet sediment bypassing. This island chain is located on a high wave energy, high tide range shoreline where the average deep-water significant wave height exceeds 1.0 m and the spring tidal range varies from 2.7 m at Juist to 2.9 m at Wangerooge. An abundant sediment supply and a strong eastward component of wave power (4.4 × 103 W m−1) have caused a persistent eastward growth of the barrier islands. The eastward extension of the barriers has been accommodated more by inlet narrowing, than by inlet migration. It is estimated from morphological evidence that a minimum of 2.7 × 105 m3 of sand is delivered to the inlets each year via the easterly longshore transport system. Much of this sand ultimately bypasses the inlets in the form of large, migrating swash bars. The location where the swash bars attach to the beach is controlled by the amount of overlap of the ebb-tidal delta along the downdrift inlet shoreline. The configuration of the ebbtidal delta, in turn, is a function of inlet size and position of the main ebb channel. The swash bar welding process has caused preferential beach nourishment and historical shoreline progradation. Along the East Frisian Islands this process has produced barrier islands with humpbacked, bulbous updrift and bulbous downdrift shapes. The model of barrier island development presented in this paper not only explains well the configuration of the German barriers but also the morphology of barriers along many other mixed energy coasts.
Multilevel projection algorithm for solving obstacle problems

Abstract Obstacle problems are nonlinear free boundary problems and the computation of approximate solutions can be difficult and expensive. Little work has been done on effective numerical methods of such problems. This paper addresses some aspects of this issue. Discretizing the problem in a continuous piecewise linear finite element space gives a quadratic programming problem with inequality constraints. A new method, called the multilevel projection (MP) method, is established in this paper. The MP algorithm extends the multigrid method for linear equations to nonlinear obstacle problems. The convergence theorems of this method are also proved. A numerical example presented shows our error estimate is sharp and the MP algorithm is robust.
Radiation response of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts overexpressing human poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase

Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) [poly(ADP-ribose)] polymerase is a mammalian enzyme which synthesizes long chains of ADP-ribose attached to various nuclear proteins in response to DNA strand breaks. A role for this enzyme in cellular radioresistance has been postulated due to the radiosensitizing effect of chemical inhibitors of the enzyme on some cell lines. Inhibitor studies, however, lack specificity and direct evidence for involvement of the enzyme in radioresistance is still needed. In experiments described here, intracellular levels of the enzyme were modulated using vectors to express sense and antisense human cDNA transcripts of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in stably transfected NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Although antisense constructs failed to lower enzyme levels, sense transcripts increased enzyme levels. None of the transfectants, however, showed any difference in either radiation sensitivity or DNA strand break repair rates. These results suggest that simple elevation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase does not affect the intrinsic cellular radioresistance of these cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of Depsipeptide (FR901228) in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A sensitive method for the determination of depsipeptide (FR901228) in plasma was developed using high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation with tandem mass spectrometric detection. FR901228 was acidified by potassium acid phthalate (0.05 M, pH 4.0) and extracted with ethyl acetate (5:12, v/v); the supernatant of ethyl acetate extract was evaporated, reconstituted in 250 µL mobile phase, and then separated on a Keystone spherisorb C8, 5µ 2.1 × 100 mm2 column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol–12 mM ammonium acetate (85:15, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Detection was achieved by a PE SCIEX API365 LC/MS/MS System at unit (Q1) and low (Q3) resolution in positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, monitoring the transition of the FR901228 molecular ion m/z 541.0 to the product ion m/z 272.0, and of the internal standard (IS) (t‐Boc‐D‐glutamic acid 1‐benzyl ester, BGBE) molecular ion m/z 338.0 to the product ion m/z 91.0. The mean recovery for FR901228 was 60% with a...
Application of dam-break flow to green water prediction

Abstract The present study investigates, through analysis of laboratory measurements, the practice of applying Ritter’s dam-break flow solution to the prediction of overtopping green water on an offshore structure. The flow field of green water has been very difficult to obtain from either numerical computation or laboratory measurement. The dam-break flow model has been used in design to approximate the effect of green water due to the possible resemblance of the two flows, the simplicity of the dam-break flow, and the availability of analytical solutions of dam-break flow. In this study, the velocity of green water on a two-dimensional simplified model structure was measured using a newly developed technique called bubble image velocimetry (BIV). The profiles of horizontal green water velocity along the model deck are presented herein. Ritter’s analytical solution for the dam-break flow problem is examined and compared with the measurements. Two alternative approaches for quantifying the initial water depth, a parameter required in the analytical dam-break flow model, are investigated. The solution with the initial water depth estimated using the front velocity of green water is found to be in good agreement with the green water measurements. In addition, the influence of the deck length on green water velocity is examined.
Preferential activation of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding by AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) in neonatal striatal cell cultures

Abstract Activation of excitatory amino acid receptors increased [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PdBu) binding in four week cultures of striatal cells from postnatal day 7 rat pups (PN7), and in PN7 cells co-cultured the fourth week with striatal cells from postnatal day 1 rat pups. Kainate (KA), trans-1-amino-cyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate (ACPD), and N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) increased [3H]PdBu binding equally in both types of cultures, but α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) increased binding by 3-fold in the co-cultures. Thus, [3H]PdBu binding in these two types of striatal cultures offers a simple model system for studying the regulation of AMPA/KA receptor responses.
Foliar Amino Acid Accumulation as an Indicator of Ecosystem Stress for First‐Year Sugar Maple Seedlings

Accumulation of certain plant foliar amino acids (arginine, glutamine, and proline) can be used as indicators of anthropogenic and natural stressors, such as atmospheric deposition and mineral nutritional imbalances, which result in decreased plant growth. In this study a number of factors were evaluated to assess the use of foliar amino acid accumulation as indicators of sugar maple seedling stress at two sugar maple dominated forests in Michigan. These factors were: (i) first-year sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) seedling growth, (ii) N and P nutrition, (iii) soluble foliar and root total amino acid concentrations, and (iv) concentrations of foliar arginine, glutamine, and proline (.)
Relationships among parental beliefs in corporal punishment, reported stress, and physical child abuse potential.

Abstract Objective: The present study examined the extent to which parental belief in the value of corporal punishment moderates the association between level of parenting stress and physical child abuse potential. Based on existing theory, it was expected that levels of parenting stress would be positively associated with physical child abuse potential among parents who reported high levels of belief in the value of corporal punishment. Method: Forty-one parents (25 general population and 16 at-risk parents) were assessed for belief in the value of corporal punishment, level of parenting stress, and physical child abuse potential using self-report measures. After removal of respondents due to response distortion or missing data, the final sample consisted of 31 parents with valid and complete protocols. Based on their responses on the study measures, respondents were categorized as either high or low on belief in corporal punishment and parenting stress. Results: Level of parenting stress was positively associated with physical child abuse potential. As expected, the interaction of parenting stress and belief in the value of corporal punishment was significant. Level of parenting stress was positively associated with physical child abuse potential among parents who reported high levels of belief in the value of corporal punishment. In contrast, level of parenting stress was not associated with physical child abuse potential among parents who reported low belief in the value of corporal punishment. Conclusions: The present findings are consistent social information processing and stress and coping models of the etiology of physical child abuse, and underscore the importance of considering both parental cognitions and levels of parenting stress in assessing potential for physical child abuse.
Ferromagnetism and nonmetallic transport of thin-film α-FeSi(2): a stabilized metastable material.

The epitaxially stabilized metallic α-FeSi2 thin films on Si(001) were grown using pulsed laser deposition. While the bulk material of α-FeSi2 is a high temperature metastable phase and nonmagnetic, the thin film is stabilized at room temperature and shows unusual electronic transport and magnetic properties due to strain modification. The transport renders two different conducting states with a strong crossover at 50 K accompanied by an onset of ferromagnetism as well as a substantial magnetocaloric effect and magnetoresistance. These experimental results are discussed in terms of the unusual electronic structure of α-FeSi2 obtained within density functional calculations and Boltzmann transport calculations with and without strain. Our findings provide an example of a tailored material with interesting physics properties for practical applications.
Custom circuit design as a driver of microprocessor performance

This paper presents a survey of some of the most aggressive custom designs for CMOS processor products and prototypes in IBM. We argue that microprocessor performance growth, which has traditionally been driven primarily by CMOS technology and microarchitectural improvements, can receive a substantial contribution from improvements in circuit design and physical organization. We predict that in future microprocessor designs the floorplan and wire plan will be as important as the microarchitecture, more control logic will be structured and become indistinguishable from dataflow elements, and more circuits will be designed and analyzed at the level of single transistors and wires.