cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propagation of uncertainties in deterministic systems

Abstract This paper addresses the propagation of uncertainties in deterministic systems, i.e. the system definition is known but the system parameters and input to the system contain uncertain information. The effect of the uncertain information on the system response is to be assessed. Three models of uncertainties corresponding to differing degrees of knowledge about the uncertainty are considered: interval, fuzzy and random. A method to propagate uncertainties expressed as intervals is described; the method, called the Vertex method, is based on a generalization of combinatorial interval analysis techniques. It is shown how the Vertex method can be extended naturally to treat the propagation of uncertainties modeled as fuzzy sets. Finally, propagation of random uncertainties is described using the classical probabilistic technique of derived distribution functions. The computational implications of the three models of uncertainties and the corresponding methods of propagation are contrasted. It is suggested that when the available information is too crude to support a random definition, the interval or fuzzy model should be used to take advantage of the expediency with which interval and fuzzy uncertainties can be propagated and processed.
Up-regulation of stromal versican expression in advanced stage serous ovarian cancer

Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the role of versican (VCAN) in advanced stage serous ovarian cancer by investigating its expression, its function, and its correlation with clinical outcomes.
The normal and the scanning normal form of nonlinear dynamical systems

In this paper a new analytical technique for constructing a normalizing change of variables is presented. The Generalized Normal Form Method allows one to widen substantially the class of dynamic systems suitable for normalization and to include new kinds of dynamic systems in the method scheme which have never been considered previously. The procedure described reveals clearly the similarity and difference between the traditional local approximation of a small parameter and modern methods based on the change of variables. The Normal Form Method allows the maximum possible simplification of the vector field in the neighborhood of a singular point of the phase space. However, under such a simplification the normalized vector fields at various points are not smoothly consistent. The construction of the Scanning Normal Form (SNF) allows one to get over this discrepancy. The SNF is obtained in an open neighborhood of an arbitrary fixed point of the phase space, so that both the vector field determined by the SNF and normalizing change of variables depend smoothly on the coordinates of this point. The smooth normalization of the vector field in the extended parametric family whose dimension depends on the dimension of the phase space leads formally to the SNF. The SNF method leads to continuous approximation of the solutions of dynamic systems and can be considered as a basis of parallel computing procedures for the large-scale nonlinear dynamic systems.
An investigation of steam production in chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) for solid fuels

Abstract Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) are being actively explored as solid fuel combustion technologies that have the potential to facilitate CO 2 capture. While CLC and CLOU have similarities operationally, there are some key differences. In particular, the CLC process requires a coal gasification step where coal is first broken down into a syngas with the use of steam or CO 2 . The resulting syngas is then oxidized with the metal oxide to release energy. In the CLOU process the metal oxide releases oxygen that combusts the solid fuel, resulting in a lower residence time, as the coal gasification reactions are avoided. The CLC and CLOU systems were modeled with ASPEN Plus at a 10 MW th scale, and the process streams were analyzed by ASPEN Energy Analyzer to determine the amount of industrial process steam that could be generated from CLC or CLOU. Both the air and fuel reactor were analyzed as two circulating fluidized beds, with metal oxide circulating between the two reactors. The air reactor, where metal oxide is oxidized, was fluidized with air. The fuel reactor, where the metal oxide is reduced, was fluidized with steam for CLC and recirculated CO 2 for CLOU. It was identified that the CLOU process had the potential to produce more steam, approximately 7920 kg/h, as compared to CLC (6910 kg/h).
Innovation and Discretion The Drug Court as a People-Processing Institution

Drug courts emerged in the late 1980s as a solution to the mutual person-processing needs of the criminal justice and substance abuse treatment systems. In this article, the author draws on a rich body of observational data gathered during a 2-year period to illustrate the ways in which drug courts process program participants. I focus on the challenges faced by a drug court work group in shepherding new program participants into treatment. Specific processing activities include (a) locating appropriate eligible participants, (b) discovering an adequate diagnosis, (c) aligning resources necessary for placement, and (d) monitoring placements. The article identifies ways in which the interdisciplinary drug court model is optimally designed to address people-processing objects and simultaneously limited by conceptual and organizational ambiguities. The author concludes with a discussion of the unintended policy consequences of the drug court model and suggestions for future research.
Long-term administration of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) to rats induces changes in serotonin receptor binding, dopamine levels and locomotor activity without altering prolactin and corticosterone secretion

Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) is a serotonin (5-HT) agonist with antidepressant actions. In order to investigate the effects of chronic mCPP treatment the drug was administered to rats for 15 days (5 mg/kg twice daily). Controls were administered saline. Long-term mCPP treatment led to a 36% increase in [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT) binding to 5-HT1a receptors in hippocampus and a 74% decrease in [3H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT2 receptors in cortex, while (-)[125I]iodocyanopindolol ([125I]CYP) binding to 5-HT1b receptors in hypothalamus and striatum was unchanged. In hypothalamus, chronic mCPP treatment decreased the levels of dopamine (DA) but not 5-HT. The usual suppression of locomotor activity induced by acute mCPP administration was less after long-term mCPP treatment. Brain and plasma levels of mCPP following an acute dose were not different between controls and rats previously administered mCPP, suggesting that altered rate of metabolism of the drug did not explain the tolerance to the mCPP-induced decrease in locomotor activity. mCPP-induced prolactin (PRL) and corticosterone release were not changed by previous long-term mCPP administration. Thus, chronic mCPP administration to rats induced alterations in density of 5-HT receptor subtypes, hypothalamic levels of DA and locomotor behavior.
Positron annihilation measurements of Dy-doped YBCO superconductors

Abstract Positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler broadening energy spectra have been measured in Dy-doped high-temperature YBCO superconductors as a function of temperature between 40 and 295 K. The defect-related lifetime component τ 2 was approximately constant from room temperature to above T c at about 90 K and then showed a step-like decrease. These results indicated that the electronic structure changed below T c . It was also found that a transition in the positron Doppler line-shape parameter S occurred at the superconducting transition temperature. These results show that the average electron momentum at the annihilation sites increases as temperature is lowered across the superconducting transition range.
The Computation of the Unrestricted AOQL when Defective Material is Removed but Not Replaced

Abstract The choice of a Dodge-Type continuous sampling plan is usually based upon the requirement of a maximum limit on the expected fraction of accepted defective material (AOQL). This limit is contingent upon the process producing the material being in “a state of statistical control”. White (1966) has provided a method by which a corresponding limit (UAOQL) can be obtained without the assumption that the process in statistical control. White assumed that all defective items were replaced by good items. This paper presents a method for calculating UAOQL's when defective items are removed but not replaced by good units.
Age-related changes in neuronal RNA content in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)☆

Abstract The prefrontal cortex and subiculum of the hippocampal formation was sampled from 10 Macaca mulatta aged 7 to 30 years. There was no significant difference in RNA content affrontal and subicular neurons between 7 and 20 years. The mean RNA content was 22.86 pg for the cortical and 45.14 pg for the subicular neuron. Contrarily, a significant decrease in neuronal RNA content in both the prefrontal cortex and the subiculum was found for the four M . mulatta of advanced age. The oldest M. mulatta aged 27 to 30 years revealed a mean RNA content of 16.8 pg for the prefrontal cortex and 33.5 pg for the subiculum. Age-related RNA changes in M. mulatta was discussed in relation to that in the human brain.
Encouraging Self-Assessment: Writing as Active Learning.

Writing is a useful tool for helping students achieve the distance they need to begin to critically evaluate their own work.
Going anywhere anywhere: Creating a low cost portable immersive VE system

In general, the use of VE (Virtual Environment) systems has required users to travel to specialized facilities in which an expensive infrastructure has been pre-installed. Often these facilities allow only one user at a time, and users usually move through virtual worlds by means of an artificial interface device or a movement metaphor. In short, most VR facilities are centralized, specialized, and expensive, and have thus been relatively unavailable to a great majority of the population. This paper reports on the development of an innovative immersive VE system that is completely portable. The proposed system would allow multiple users to be immersed simultaneously and could be used in any large indoor or outdoor area such as a gymnasium or parking lot. Users will move through virtual worlds naturally, and will be able to walk for miles in a virtual world without ever becoming aware of the physical limits of the tracking space or the locations of other users. The portable system will cost far less than current systems. The research hinges on three emerging techniques. The first is redirected walking (RDW). The second is self-contained inertial position tracking (SCIPT). The last is the use of ultrasonic and/or laser ranging systems to simultaneously localize and map (SLAM) within an unfamiliar tracking area. The paper describes the effort that is underway and reports preliminary results which have been obtained in each of these areas over the last few years.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of the Light Elements in Rocks and Minerals:

Recent advances in the x-ray fluorescence analysis of the light elements offer the advantage of speed and an accuracy approaching that of wet chemical procedures. In addition to Fe, Mn, Ti, Ca, and K, the elements P, Si, Al, and Mg, previously considered too light to be determined quantitatively, can now be included in the scheme of analysis X-ray fluorescence analysis of these light elements is primarily confined to layers close to the surface, with the attendant problems of particles size, mineralogic history, and absorption differences owing to compositional variation among samples. Fusion of the sample with a suitable flux eliminates problems of particle size and mineralogic differences. Simple fusion, however, does not eliminate absorption differences due to variation in matrix By introducing into the fusion melt a strong absorber (La2O3) for the light elements, the variation in concentration of absorbing elements in the unknown sample will not materially affect the overall absorption of the fused mass for the elements being determined. This permits the use of a single set of standards regardless of the rock type to be analyzed The x-ray fluorescence method has been applied to the analysis of a wide variety of rock types such as granite, diabase, dunite, limestone, dolomite, and phosphate rock, with results that compare favorably with chemical values.
Seasonal and Acute Changes in Adrenocortical Responsiveness in an Arctic-Breeding Bird

The Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus, times its breeding season so that chicks hatch coincident with the brief period of food abundance in the high arctic. This synchronization requires that all reproductive activities occur in over a much shorter period than at lower latitudes. Because of the known influence of stress hormones on delaying breeding in temperate-zone birds and the detrimental effects of such delays in the arctic, we expected the performance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of arctic-breeding birds to show less sensitivity to environmental stress than their mid-latitude counterparts. We found that adrenocortical responsiveness to the standardized stress of capture and handling, measured by taking five serial blood samples for corticosterone during the course of a 1-hr period, was similar to many temperate passerines and was also similar both between male and female longspurs and between the migratory and reproductive phases. However, the profile of plasma corticosterone during capture stress was significantly damped in longspurs sampled as they began their postnuptial molt. In addition, we had the opportunity to examine endocrine responses to a natural environmental stress in 1989 during a 3-day snowstorm which concealed available food resources. During this storm longspurs formed progressively larger flocks each day, with females abandoning incubation duties by the third day. Birds captured during the storm showed highly significant increases in both the rate of plasma corticosterone increase during capture and the peak postcapture level compared with birds sampled before the storm. This increased adrenal potential suggests increased activity of the HPA axis in response to severe conditions and is reminiscent of the response to fasting. Although the storm occurred during incubation, and reproductive hormone levels had begun to decline, we measured significant reductions in luteinizing hormone in both males and a subset of females captured during the storm.
TOWARDS CHARACTERIZING AND PLANNTNG FOR DROUGHT IN VERMONT‐PART II: POLICY IMPLICATIONS1

: Vermont is one of approximately half a dozen states for which no official drought mitigation plan exists. Given the recurring nature of this natural hazard, current contingency measures should be expanded upon into a coherent mitigation framework. The types of drought and impacts resulting from the 1998 to 1999 event were the focus of a previous article in this volume. The present article builds on the understanding of drought characteristics specific to the Vermont context and introduces the rationale behind a proposed drought planning framework. Pivotal organizations and institutions that should be involved in this process are also presented.
On the relationship between sulfate air quality and visibility with examples in los angeles

Routine air monitoring data are related to visibility in downtown Los Angeles over the decade 1965–1974. A non-linear regression model for light extinction is employed which uses particle chemical composition as a key to particle size and solubility. Sulfates and oxides of nitrogen (NO_2 and nitrates) plus particulates correlated with NO_2 are implicated as the major contributors to visibility reduction in downtown Los Angeles. It is shown that there is a pronounced increase in light scattering per unit sulfate solute mass on days of high relative humidity, as would be expected for a hygroscopic or deliquescent substance. Using the chemically resolved regression model, estimates are made of the long-run visibility impact of reducing sulfates to one half and to one quarter of their measured historic values on each past day of record. It is found that the effect of such a sulfate concentration reduction would have been manifested most clearly by a substantial reduction in the number of days per year with average visibility less than 3 miles (4.8 km).
Perfect seed pairing is not a generally reliable predictor for miRNA-target interactions

We use Caenorhabditis elegans to test proposed general rules for microRNA (miRNA)-target interactions. We show that G.U base pairing is tolerated in the 'seed' region of the lsy-6 miRNA interaction with its in vivo target cog-1, and that 6- to 8-base-pair perfect seed pairing is not a generally reliable predictor for an interaction of lsy-6 with a 3' untranslated region (UTR). Rather, lsy-6 can functionally interact with its target site only in specific 3' UTR contexts. Our findings illustrate the difficulty of establishing generalizable rules of miRNA-target interactions.
Clustering and confidence intervals for radar target identification and estimation

Pulsed radar data often presents the task of identifying targets and estimating their properties through use of a metric (data-derived, modeled, or hybrid) unique to the targets under study. Accuracy and reliability of this procedure is extremely important, especially since subsequent processing and scientific results can be inaccurate or misleading if target identification and estimation is flawed. For this reason, we present reliable methods for performing these processing steps and quantify their accuracy using real and simulated data.
Electron Transport in Polymeric μ-Cyclopentadienylelement Complexes of the Main Group Elements

I examined electrical conduction in polymeric μ-cyclopentadienylelement (Cp-E) complexes of the main group elements using the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism with the density functional theory. The polymeric Cp-E complexes of group 1 elements, which had ionic Cp-E bonds, showed very low conductance. In contrast, the polymeric Cp-E complexes of groups 13 and 14 elements exhibited enhanced n-type electrical conduction when a bias was applied between the electrodes, because the delocalized electronic states of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital were within the bias window.
Vertical three-terminal structures in semiconductor heterostructure quantum wells using a novel sidewall gating technique

We present the application of a self-aligned sidewall gating technique in the fabrication of gated resonant tunneling devices with active mesa areas in the sub-micron regime. This technique should prove useful for the fabrication of variable area, vertical quasi one- and two-dimensional structures. We present current-voltage curves of gated devices at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperatures for conduction in both directions through the double barrier structure. An analysis demonstrating the vertical uniformity of the gate field around the double barrier structure, a discussion on the possible extension of the technique to low-dimensional structures and the limits of application are presented.
Influence of orientational relaxation on the electrostrictive coupling in KLixTaO3

Abstract Polar regions are shown to mediate a strong coupling between polarization and strain in the paraelectric phase of the mixed ferroelectric K 1−x Li x TaO 3 (KLT) and KTa 1−x Nb x O 3 (KTN). This coupling is shown to result in a resonance in the dielectric spectrum of the crystals. In KLT, polar nanoregions can reorient via 180° (π-relaxation) or 90° (π/2-relaxation) rotations. While the π-relaxation is of no consequence, the π/2-relaxation has a strong influence on the overall character of the resonance. In addition to providing a mechanism for loss and degradation of the quality factor of the resonance, this relaxation alters its character from that of a resonance to that of a relaxation as the lithium reorientation frequency approaches and crosses the resonance. Experimental results from dielectric spectroscopy above and below this crossover are presented and discussed. Most significantly, the field strength needed to observe the polarization–strain coupling in KLT in the paraelectric phase is found to be 100 times smaller than it is needed for SrTiO 3 and BaTiO 3 . This indicates that the electrostrictive coefficient is correspondingly 100 times larger in KLT and is due to the presence of polar nanoregions.
Genome-wide co-occupancy of AML1-ETO and N-CoR defines the t(8;21) AML signature in leukemic cells

Many leukemias result from chromosomal rearrangements. The t(8;21) chromosomal translocation produces AML1-ETO, an oncogenic fusion protein that compromises the function of AML1, a transcription factor critical for myeloid cell differentiation. Because of the pressing need for new therapies in the treatment of acute myleoid leukemia, we investigated the genome-wide occupancy of AML1-ETO in leukemic cells to discover novel regulatory mechanisms involving AML-ETO bound genes. We report the co-localization of AML1-ETO with the N-CoR co-repressor to be primarily on genomic regions distal to transcriptional start sites (TSSs). These regions exhibit over-representation of the motif for PU.1, a key hematopoietic regulator and member of the ETS family of transcription factors. A significant discovery of our study is that genes co-occupied by AML1-ETO and N-CoR (e.g., TYROBP and LAPTM5) are associated with the leukemic phenotype, as determined by analyses of gene ontology and by the observation that these genes are predominantly up-regulated upon AML1-ETO depletion. In contrast, the AML1-ETO/p300 gene network is less responsive to AML1-ETO depletion and less associated with the differentiation block characteristic of leukemic cells. Furthermore, a substantial fraction of AML1-ETO/p300 co-localization occurs near TSSs in promoter regions associated with transcriptionally active loci. Our findings establish a novel and dominant t(8;21) AML leukemia signature characterized by occupancy of AML1-ETO/N-CoR at promoter-distal genomic regions enriched in motifs for myeloid differentiation factors, thus providing mechanistic insight into the leukemic phenotype.
Mobile Opportunities: Experiencing TV Outside Your Living Room

Here we list some of the more interesting highlights and multimedia-related innovations of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) conference. The article focuses on mobile devices and novel listening and browsing experiences.
Spectral sensitivity design for maximum colour separation in artificial colour systems

Engineers have utilised spectral information and have steadily improved its applications in imaging systems for more than a century. The course of technological developments in colour imaging has been dictated by system improvements measured by their efficacy for direct human consumption. It seems reasonable to us to try to emulate nature and boost capabilities of machine vision systems by optimising the way in which they exploit spectral information. This is a two-step process: first step involves using a few spectrally broad detectors to compress the information content of the scene and the second step constructs spectral discriminants for image segmentation based on a small number of spectrally generated features assigned to each pixel. In animals the discriminant value is attributed to the object as what is called colour. Previous papers have concentrated on the final segmentation step. Here we show a straightforward way to design application-specific spectral sensitivity functions to improve image segmentation. The resulting functions can be used for reliable recognition of objects in a hyperspectral image in real time. These functions can also be used to design task-specific specialised cameras that can outperform current hyperspectral systems in terms of sensitivity, size, power consumption, robustness, price and complexity.
Dynamic local connectivity and its application to page segmentation

Page segmentation is one of the important stage in most document processing systems. Algorithms found in published literatures often rely on some predetermined parameters such as general font sizes, distances between text lines and document scan resolutions. Variations of these parameters in real document images greatly affect the performance of the algorithms. In this paper we present a novel approach for document page segmentation using dynamic local connectivity transform. An efficient implementation of a local connectivity algorithm transforms a document image into a parameter domain in which a parameter value at a pixel location represents a connectivity property for its neighboring foreground pixels in the original document image. Then a top-down approach with a linear search reveals the document regions at each resolution levels as text block, text lines and graphics. We consider our algorithm a transform based multi-resolution method. Our ongoing research shows that the algorithm is robust for variations of document parameters.
Damage detection with spatially distributed 2D continuous wavelet transform

The response of a structure is usually modified when the structure is damaged, especially in the vicinity of the damaged zones. Such local perturbations are generally very small but they can be detected using wavelet transform techniques. To this end, a distributed two-dimensional Continuous Wavelet Transform (2D CWT) algorithm is proposed that can use data from discrete sets of nodes and provide spatially continuous variation in the structural response parameters that are used to monitor structural degradation. Combined with an embedded sensor network to provide nodal response signals, this algorithm has potential for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The advantageous features of this algorithm are its reliance on local data, its ability to yield spatially continuous information, and its limited communication and computation requirements.
Raising the bar: The case for doctoral training in forensic psychology

In this article we argue that doctoral education is the logical entry level for professional work in forensic psychology. The broad background provided by doctoral training gives context and foundation to the specialized skills acquired through specific forensic courses, research and clinical experiences with forensic populations, and related internships and postdoctoral fellowships. The field requires ongoing research advances and nuanced professional expertise to implement state-of-the-discipline assessments and interventions. Macro- or systems-level advances also require broad training in program evaluation and policy implementation. We describe some of the features of doctoral programs as well as the benefits to prospective students of such an approach to graduate training in forensic psychology.
Engaging Girls’ Sociohistorical Identities in Science

What does it mean for ethnic minority girls, who have historically been marginalized by schools, to “see themselves” in science? Schools fail to create spaces for students to engage their identity resources in the learning of science or to negotiate and enact new science-related identities. This study investigates relationships among identity, engagement, and science discourse and provides a conceptual argument for how and why underserved ethnic minority girls engage in collective identity work, with science learning as a valued byproduct. The primary context for the study was Lunchtime Science, a 4-week lunchtime intervention for girls failing their science courses. There were 4 distinct ways the girls engaged in learning during Lunchtime Science: gleaning content for outside worlds, supporting the group, negotiating stories across worlds, and critiquing science. Each pattern had a signature profile with variations in the sociohistorical narratives used as resources, the positioning of one another as com...
Markov inequality for polynomials of degree n with m distinct zeros

Let Pnm be the collection of all polynomials of degree at most n with real coefficients that have at most m distinct complex zeros. We prove that maxx ∈ [0,1] | P'(x| ≤ 32.8m n maxx ∈ [0,1] |P(x)| for every P∈ Pnm. This is far away from what we expect. We conjecture that the Markov factor 32.8mn above may be replaced by cmn with an absolute constant c > 0. We are not able to prove this conjecture at the moment. However, we think that our result above gives the best-known Markov-type inequality for Pnm on a finite interval when m ≤ c log n.
A probabilistic framework for car detection in images using context and scale

Detecting cars in real-world images is an important task for autonomous driving, yet it remains unsolved. The system described in this paper takes advantage of context and scale to build a monocular single-frame image-based car detector that significantly outperforms the baseline. The system uses a probabilistic model to combine multiple forms of evidence for both context and scale to locate cars in a real-world image. We also use scale filtering to speed up our algorithm by a factor of 3.3 compared to the baseline. By using a calibrated camera and localization on a road map, we are able to obtain context and scale information from a single image without the use of a 3D laser. The system outperforms the baseline by an absolute 9.4% in overall average precision and 11.7% in average precision for cars smaller than 50 pixels in height, for which context and scale cues are especially important.
Effects of the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716 (rimonabant) and d-amphetamine on palatable food and food pellet intake in non-human primates.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if a cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonist would selectively decrease consumption of highly palatable food in non-human primates. The CB 1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (rimonabant; 0.12–1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) and the stimulant anorectic drug d -amphetamine (0.12–1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) were administered to non-food deprived baboons for the purpose of measuring the effect of each drug on consumption of the normal diet, and a large single meal of a high-carbohydrate candy. Four male and four female baboons had access to food 24 h each day, but they had to complete a two phase operant procedure in order to eat. Responding on one lever during a 30-min appetitive phase was required before animals could start a consumption phase, where responding on another lever led to food delivery, i.e., a meal. Three days a week baboons received a jelly sugar-coated candy (Skittles®) during the first meal and then pellets were available in subsequent meals. All baboons ate as many individual candies in one meal as they did pellets throughout the entire day. Acute d -amphetamine and, to a lesser extent, SR141716 decreased both candy intake in a single meal and pellet intake in a single meal and over 24 h. d -Amphetamine, but not SR141716, increased latency to the candy meal and the first pellet meal indicating that the two drugs differentially altered feeding topography. Although males ate more food pellets than females, few other sex differences were observed. Thus, although effective in decreasing food intake, there was no evidence of a specific effect of CB 1 receptor antagonism on consumption of a large meal or a palatable food.
Crystal Structures of Dimers of Uracil and 6-Methyluracil

THERE is at present great interest in the chemical and biological effects of ultraviolet irradiation of nucleic acids. The possible correlation between the stereochemistry of the photoproducts and the biological consequences requires a detailed knowledge of the structures of these photo products. In addition to the methods of nuclear magnetic resonance1,2, mass spectra3, topochemistry4–7 and chemical analysis8–10, X-ray analysis is most conclusive. Consequently, crystal structure analyses have been performed on an adduct of thymine11–13 and a trimer of thymine (unpublished) in addition to the cis-syn14–16, cis-anti17 and trans-anti18,19 cyclobutyl dimers of uracil and thymine derivatives. The analyses of various dimers show remarkable agreement in bond lengths and angles of the molecules even though the packing and hydrogen bonding, if any, are quite different for the various materials. The cis-syn and cis-anti forms all have a puckered four-membered ring with a dihedral angle ∼155° except for the cis-syn photoproduct from 1,1′-trimethylene bis-thymine where the trimethylene bridge seems to force the cyclobutyl ring into a planar configuration16. The two structure determinations of the trans-anti form showed that the molecules themselves have a centre of symmetry and consequently the four-membered rings must be planar.
Numerical relationships for temperature integrals with temperature dependent frequency factors

Abstract Temperature integrals having a negative exponent (m) on temperature have been evaluated for m= − 1 2 . −1. − 3 2 . and −2 with E=30–100 kcal mole−1 and T = 300–1000 K. For a given value of m. −log I is linearly related to E and l/T. The slopes and intercepts of these linear equations have been found to be functions of E and T. Also, a linear relationship exists between −log I and m for given values of E and T. By combining these results with those previously published for temperature integrals having positive values of m, equations have been obtained that permit accurate evaluation of temperature integrals for any combination of m. E. and T values.
Maternal Control of Development at the Midblastula Transition and beyond: Mutants from the Zebrafish II

Many maternal factors in the oocyte persist in the embryo. They are required to initiate zygotic transcription but also function beyond this stage, where they interact with zygotic gene products during embryonic development. In a four-generation screen in the zebrafish, we identified 47 maternal-effect and five paternal-effect mutants that manifest their phenotypes at the time of, or after, zygotic genome activation. We propagated a subset of 13 mutations that cause developmental arrest at the midblastula transition, defects in cell viability, embryonic morphogenesis, and establishment of the embryonic body plan. This diverse group of mutants, many not previously observed in vertebrates, demonstrates a substantial maternal contribution to the "zygotic" period of embryogenesis and a surprising degree of paternal control. These mutants provide powerful tools to dissect the maternal and paternal control of vertebrate embryogenesis.
Molecular characterization of the drosophila trp locus: A putative integral membrane protein required for phototransduction

Recent studies suggest that the fly uses the inositol lipid signaling system for visual excitation and that the Drosophila transient receptor potential (trp) mutation disrupts this process subsequent to the production of IP3. In this paper, we show that trp encodes a novel 1275 amino acid protein with eight putative transmembrane segments. Immunolocalization indicates that the trp protein is expressed predominantly in the rhabdomeric membranes of the photoreceptor cells.
Linear free energy relationships for C1-oxygenate decomposition on transition metal surfaces

Linear free energy relationships for the decomposition of formate and methoxide intermediates on metal surfaces have been developed. These demonstrate that Group VIII and Group IB metals do not obey the same correlations. Implications of these observations include the potential for misinterpretation of classical Balandin “ volcano” plots.
Friendship and the Comparison of Goods

My concern in this paper is with the last sentence of VIII.1 of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (EN). The correct understanding of that sentence has, I believe, significant philosophical implications. But I want to approach the philosophical issues cautiously, through a somewhat narrow textual question, viz. Was the sentence written by Aristotle? My contention is that it was, and, in order to establish this, I will first argue, negatively, that the linguistic arguments to the contrary have little force, and then positively, that the sentence does refer to an earlier passage in EN, namely, book I chapter 6. If this thesis is correct, then the argument of book I, and especially the opening of 1.7, appears in a new light; furthermore, we are then provided with the key to understanding the nature of Aristotle's classification of friendship into three kinds. Chapter 1 of book VIII of EN serves as an introduction to Aristotle's discussion of friendship. The first half of the chapter provides a series of reasons why friendship ought to be discussed in a treatise on ethics (1 155al31); the second half briefly reviews some of the opinions of some of Aristotle's predecessors on the subject (1155a32-bl6). This brief review generates some difficulties about friendship, and, as is common in Aristotle, the ensuing discussion is motivated by these difficulties. The chapter closes with parenthetical remarks of a logical character. I translate the end of the chapter, together with the opening sentence of chapter two:
Evidence that two species of aphid ingest fod through an open stylet sheath.

Myzus persicae undAcyrthosiphon pisum nehmen beim Saugen an Saccharoselosungen Kohlenstoffteilchen bis zu einem Durchmesser von 0,5–1μ auf (ungefahre Weite des Nahrungskanals der Stechborsten). Demnach muss die um die Stechborsten ausgebildete Speichelscheide am Ende offen sein. BeiA. pisum konnte beobachtet werden, dass grossere Kohlenstoffteilchen an der Stechborstenspitze das Saugen deutlich behindern, was durch Bewegungen der Stechborsten und erneute Speichelabgabe behoben werden konnte.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and human cancer. Report of an interdisciplinary research workshop.

Background. Since the 1970s, work in several disciplines (toxicology, pharmacology, clinical medicine, epidemiology) increasingly has suggosted that aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the occurrence or progression of colorectal cancers and polyps and perhaps of other gastrointestinal tumors. The potential application of these findings for chemoprevention of such cancers in man now deserves serious consideration. Methods. An interdisciplinary workshop was held by the American Cancer Society in March 1994 to review the current knowledge of NSAIDs and cancer and to seek a consensus on future research directions, particularly concerning the possibility of randomized prevention trials in human populations. Results. A wide-ranging review was conducted of past and current research regarding (1) NSAIDs' effects in experimental animal cancer models; (2) clinic experience in NSAID treatment, particularly in familial polyposis; (3) pharmacologic studies regarding the enzymatic and metabolic actions of NSAIDs; and (4) epidemiologic observations on the relationship of aspirin/NSAID usage to colorectal cancer occurrence in human populations. Conclusions. Combined evidence from different research disciplines strongly supports the notion that aspirin and other NSAIDs act to prevent the development or progression of certain human gastrointestinal cancers, especially colorectal cancer. Consequently, the workshop recommended that randomized prevention trials be undertaken. For various logistic reasons, such trials probably should focus on NSAID effects on the occurrence and progression of colorectal polyps rather than on carcinoma itself, Continued research also is needed to clarify further the pharmacologic, clinical, and epidemiologic nature of NSAIDs' influences on human carcinogenesis.
Particle-hole states in 48Sc observed via the 48Ca(3He, t) reaction

Abstract A number of levels in 48 Sc are observed and identified with particle-hole configurations. Tentative spins are assigned to some states on the basis of their angular distributions.
Changes in mitochondrial protein composition during testicular differentiation in mouse and bull

The morphology of testicular mitochondria changes markedly during spermatogenesis from a form normally seen in somatic cells to a “germ cell” form in which the matrix is diffuse and vacuolated and finally to a form with a condensed matrix seen in spermatozoa. Colloidal silica gel gradients and high-resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were used to define the changes in density and polypeptide composition that occur in testicular mitochondria during spermatogenesis. Similar densities were observed for mitochondria isolated from the same bovine or murine tissue, but mitochondria from different tissues usually had different densities. Mitochondria from testis of calf, bull, or sexually mature mouse had densities of 1.06 gm/cm3 while liver mitochondria were more dense, having a density of 1.09 gm/cm3. “Somatic-type” testicular mitochondria from calf and “germ cell-type” mitochondria from sexually mature mouse or bull had similar densities, 1.06 gm/cm3, while the density of mitochondria from ejaculated spermatozoa differed, ρ = 1.08 gm/cm3. Analysis of polypeptide composition of somatic and germ cell mitochondria from testes of prepuberal and sexually mature animals and from highly enriched populations of pachytene primary spermatocytes and round spermatids revealed a staining pattern of mitochondrial proteins that was markedly constant throughout development with most polypeptides being conserved and a few specific spots changing in abundance. Marked differences were detected, however, when mitochondria from ejaculated spermatozoa were compared with those from testis with many minor and major polypeptides missing and several new polypeptides present at high concentration.
The ROQ domain of Roquin recognizes mRNA constitutive-decay element and double-stranded RNA

A conserved stem-loop motif of the constitutive decay element (CDE) in the 3′ UTR of mRNAs is recognized by the ROQ domain of Roquin, which mediates their degradation. Here we report two crystal structures of the Homo sapiens ROQ domain in complex with CDE RNA. The ROQ domain has an elongated shape, with three sub-domains. The 19-nt Hmgxb3 CDE is bound as a stem-loop to domain III. The 23-nt TNF RNA is bound as a duplex, to a separate site at the interface between domains I and II. Mutagenesis studies confirm that the ROQ domain has two separate RNA binding sites, one for stem-loop RNA (A site) and the other for dsRNA (B site). Mutation in either site perturbs the Roquin-mediated degradation of HMGXB3 and IL-6 mRNAs in human cells, demonstrating the importance of both sites for mRNA decay.
Tabular and textual methods for selecting objects from a group

The accurate formulation of boolean expressions is a notorious problem in programming languages and database query tools. This paper studies the ways that untrained users naturally express and interpret queries, revealing some of the underlying reasons why this task is so difficult. Among the study's findings are: people interpret the word AND to mean either conjunction or disjunction depending on context, the scope to which they attribute the word NOT depends on whether the subsequent operator is AND or OR, and they often ignore parenthesis. Therefore, relying on these words and symbols for query formulation will result in poor usability. A tabular query form is proposed that avoids the need to name the operators, provides a clear distinction between conjunction and disjunction, and makes grouping more explicit. Comparing the tabular language with textual boolean expressions, the study finds that untrained users perform better when they express their queries in the tabular language, and about equally well when interpreting queries written in either language. We conclude that systems may benefit by adopting a tabular notation for query formulation.
The determinants of female junior high school students' intentions to enroll in elective physical science courses in high school: Testing the applicability of the theory of reasoned action

Data were collected from female junior high school students (N=94) to identify the determinants of their intentions to enroll in at least one elective physical science course (e.g., physical science, chemistry physics) in high school. The model used in the study was Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action. According to the model it is supposed that the intention to perform a certain behavior is a function of the weighted attitude toward performing the behavior and the weighted subjective norm. The effects of external variables (e.g., science grades, academic ability) on females' intentions to enroll in at least one elective physical science course in high school are mediated by the model's theoretical constructs. The findings provide support for several hypotheses derived from the model. The females' intentions to enroll in at least one elective physical science course in high school were found to be a function of both attitude toward performing the behavior and subjective norm. Attitude toward performing the behavior and subjective norm, in combination, were found to predict behavioral intention with a high degree of accuracy. Attitude toward performing the behavior was also found to carry more weight than subjective norm in the multiple regression on behavioral intention. In contrast, academic ability, science grades, and attitude toward science failed to predict behavioral intentions, just as they were unrelated to the females' attitudes toward performing the behavior and subjective norms.
Stability and Translation of TCR ζ mRNA Are Regulated by the Adenosine-Uridine-Rich Elements in Splice-Deleted 3′ Untranslated Region of ζ-Chain

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells display reduced expression of TCR zeta protein. Recently, we reported that in SLE T cells, the residual TCR zeta protein is predominantly derived from an alternatively spliced form that undergoes splice deletion of 562 nt (from 672 to 1233 bases) within the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of TCR zeta mRNA. The stability and translation of the alternatively spliced form of TCR zeta mRNA are low compared with that of the wild-type TCR zeta mRNA. We report that two adenosine-uridine-rich sequence elements (AREs), defined by the splice-deleted 3' UTR region, but not an ARE located upstream are responsible for securing TCR zeta mRNA stability and translation. The stabilizing effect of the splice-deleted region-defined AREs extended to the luciferase mRNA and was not cell type-specific. The findings demonstrate distinct sequences within the splice-deleted region 672 to 1233 of the 3' UTR, which regulate the transcription, mRNA stability, and translation of TCR zeta mRNA. The absence of these sequences represents a molecular mechanism that contributes to altered TCR zeta-chain expression in lupus.
Neutralino with the right cold dark matter abundance in (almost) any supersymmetric model

We consider nonstandard cosmological models in which the late decay of a scalar field $\ensuremath{\phi}$ reheats the Universe to a low reheating temperature, between 5 MeV and the standard freeze-out temperature of neutralinos of mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$. We point out that in these models all neutralinos with standard density ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{std}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}(100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/{m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}})$ can have the density of cold dark matter, provided the right combination of the following two parameters can be achieved in the high-energy theory: the reheating temperature, and the ratio of the number of neutralinos produced per $\ensuremath{\phi}$ decay over the $\ensuremath{\phi}$ field mass. We present the ranges of these parameters where a combination of thermal and nonthermal neutralino production leads to the desired density, as functions of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{std}}$ and ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$.