cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students as Photo Activists: Using Cameras in the Classroom for Social Change

Although widely accessible, photography continues to be underutilized as an educative tool. In this article, I discuss a need for photography to garner greater presence in the classroom, in particular as students link classroom learning to democratic pursuits. To facilitate this process, I propose photo activism as a useful mechanism for understanding the transformative nature of photo production, interpretation, and dissemination as photography is connected to individuals' lived experiences.
Large scale distributed data repository: design of a molecular dynamics trajectory database

The design of a molecular dynamics trajectory database is presented as an example of the organization of large-scale dynamic distributed repositories for scientific data. Large scientific datasets are usually interpreted through reduced data calculated by analysis functions. This allows a database architecture in which the analyzed datasets, that are kept in addition to the raw datasets, are transferred to a database user. A flexible user interface with a well defined Application Program Interface (API) allows for a wide array of analysis functions and the incorporation of user defined functions is a critical part of the database design. An analysis function is executed only when the requested analysis result is not available from an earlier request. A prototype implementation used to gain initial practical experiences with performance and scalability is presented.
Biochemical and Ultrastructural Demonstration of Elastin Accumulation in the Skin Lesions of the Buschke-Ollendorff Syndrome

The Buschke-Ollendoff syndrome is an association of cutaneous lesions, dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata, with osteopoikilosis. This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. In order to clarify the biochemical nature of the skin lesions, we have examined 12 patients with the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, representing 2 unrelated kindreds. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by excessive amounts of unusually broad, interlacing elastic fibers in the dermis. Digestion of skin sections with pancreatic elastase fibers without fragmention. The accumulation of elastin in the skin was also demonstrated by measurements of desmosine employing a radioimmunoassay. The desmosine content of the skin lesions as increased 3- to 7-fold when compared to the skin either from healthy controls or from univolved skin adjacent to a lesion. The results indicate that the skin lesions of the Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome are connective tissue nevi of the elastin type. Cell cultures form these patients may provide a convenient model to study the control mechanisms involved in elastin metabolism.
Modal decomposition of double-mode Lamb waves: numerical verification and discussion on extension to general multimode leaky Lamb waves

This research proposes a technique to decompose a transient, multi-mode, Lamb wave, time-domain signal into its individual Lamb wave modes. The technique is derived for a Lamb wave signal consisting of two Lamb wave modes (double-mode Lamb wave signal). The extension to the general multi-mode signal is straightforward, but requires additional computations. The proposed technique assumes knowledge of the dispersion characteristics of Lamb waves, which can be theoretically calculated or obtained by other signal processing techniques. The proposed technique is verified for simulated (by eigen-expansion) signals to demonstrate the method's accuracy in a well-controlled environment. The use of eigen-expansion signals for the simulation allows for the calculation of the total response, as a combination of responses due to all existing Lamb modes. The comparison between the decomposed and simulated signals shows good agreement and demonstrates the validity of the proposed technique. The paper concludes with a discussion of the extension of this technique to the more general multimode, Lamb wave signal in leaky conditions, and its use in attenuation calculations.
Residual stress measurement in filament-evaporated aluminium films on single crystal silicon wafers

Shadow Moire interferometry was used to determine the residual stresses in thin, filament-evaporated aluminium films deposited on (100) p-type, 10.16 cm diameter, 0.05 cm thick, circular single crystal silicon wafers. The aluminium film thicknesses ranged from 70 to 780 nm. Benchmark experiments on wafers without aluminium films showed that wafers possess in-plane residual stresses; the centre of the wafer is under tensile stresses of the order of 30 M Pa and these stresses decrease toward the edge of the wafers to approximately 10 M Pa. The deposition of aluminium films increases these tensile residual stresses by 3 to 15 M Pa depending on the film thickness. The increase in the stress is attributed to the stresses in the films.
The effect of tape and neoprene ankle supports on ankle joint position sense

The ankle is especially susceptible to injury during athletic activity. Previous studies have indicated that the ankle sprain is the most common of all ligamentous injuries in the physically active population (Garrick & Requa 1988; Wilkerson 1992). In addition to the ligamentous damage, inversion (lateral) ankle sprains can disrupt the peroneal muscles (Karlsson & Andreasson 1992), super®cial peroneal nerve (Nitz et al. 1985), and ankle joint mechanoreceptors (Feuerbach et al. 1994; Glencross & Thorton 1981; Gross 1987). Perhaps one of the greatest challenges to the clinician is preventing these debilitating injuries. A number of injury prevention steps have been employed in an attempt to prevent ankle sprains, among those is prophylactic taping and bracing. Ankle bracing has long been thought to be bene®cial in improving the mechanical stability of the ankle joint. The research has been inconclusive as to whether or not the maintenance of this mechanical stability occurs after application (Hume & Gerrard 1998). It is apparent that despite proper application, taping and bracing cannot withstand the tremendous forces involved in the inversion ankle sprain (Callaghan 1997). In addition to the mechanical effects of taping some researchers have suggested a proprioceptive bene®t to taping and bracing. It is theorized that an enhancement in cutaneous mechanoreceptor activity results from the taping or bracing applied to the surface of the leg and foot (Feuerbach et al. 1994). Stimulation of the cutaneous nerve receptor with resultant stimulation of the joint mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles and Ruf®ni endings) has
Topology-aware overlay path probing

Path probing is essential to maintaining an efficient overlay network topology. However, the cost of a full-scale probing is as high as O(n^2), which is prohibitive in large-scale overlay networks. Several methods have been proposed to reduce probing overhead, although at a cost in terms of probing completeness. In this paper, an orthogonal solution is proposed that trades probing overhead for estimation accuracy in sparse networks such as the Internet. The proposed solution uses network-level path composition information (for example, as provided by a topology server) to infer path quality without full-scale probing. The inference metrics include latency, loss rate and available bandwidth. This approach is used to design several probing algorithms, which are evaluated through extensive simulation. The results show that the proposed method can reduce probing overhead significantly while providing bounded quality estimations for all of the nx(n-1) overlay paths. The solution is well suited to medium-scale overlay networks in the Internet. In other environments, it can be combined with extant probing algorithms to further improve performance.
Rational actors: Channel selection and rational choices in romantic conflict episodes

The proliferation of communication technologies creates many questions about these tools’ relational uses and effects. Rational Actor Theory posits that individuals consider the benefits and costs of using a channel for communicating a particular message. This study applied Rational Actor Theory to individuals’ (N = 129) channel choices during conflict episodes in their romantic relationships. Results indicated that partners using both integrating and avoiding conflict styles prefer face-to-face channels, while people using dominating styles prefer computer-mediated channels. Channel choice for conflict was not predicted by relationship length, type, or satisfaction. Only integrating and obliging conflict styles predicted relationship satisfaction.
Database prototyping and implementation (abstract only)

1. In previous work (Beuerman, PROC. CSC '85 and PROC. CSC '86), we have used LISP to express relational data base operations. This work is, perhaps, best viewed as prototyping.A number of different systems of relational data base operations have been implemented in Pascal. These Pascal implementations are based on their LISP prototypes.These various Pascal systems all provide for such standard database operations as deletion, insertion, selection and updating. Other operations such as set-theoretic and I/O are also available.Because of Pascal's strong typing (cf. LISP) an early version required all attribute values to be integers. Later versions allow a full range of possibilities.To provide for a user-friendly interface, menu-driven variants have been developed. These are evolving in the direction of natural language processing.This work was begun at Albright College, Reading, PA.
Vulcan: A steady-state tokamak for reactor-relevant plasma–material interaction science

Abstract An economically viable magnetic-confinement fusion reactor will require steady-state operation and high areal power density for sufficient energy output, and elevated wall/blanket temperatures for efficient energy conversion. These three requirements frame, and couple to, the challenge of plasma–material interaction (PMI) for fusion energy sciences. Present and planned tokamaks are not designed to simultaneously meet these criteria. A new and expanded set of dimensionless figures of merit for PMI have been developed. The key feature of the scaling is that the power flux across the last closed flux surface P / S ≃ 1 MW m −2 is to be held constant, while scaling the core volume-averaged density weakly with major radius, n ∼ R −2/7 . While complete similarity is not possible, this new “ P / S ” or “PMI” scaling provides similarity for the most critical reactor PMI issues, compatible with sufficient current drive efficiency for non-inductive steady-state core scenarios. A conceptual design is developed for Vulcan, a compact steady-state deuterium main-ion tokamak which implements the P / S scaling rules. A zero-dimensional core analysis is used to determine R = 1.2 m, with a conventional reactor aspect ratio R / a = 4.0, as the minimum feasible size for Vulcan. Scoping studies of innovative fusion technologies to support the Vulcan PMI mission were carried out for three critical areas: a high-temperature, helium-cooled vacuum vessel and divertor design; a demountable superconducting toroidal field magnet system; and a steady-state lower hybrid current drive system utilizing a high-field-side launch position.
Convergence rate of an SMI canceler in nonstationary noise

Convergence results for the sample matrix inversion (SMI) canceler algorithm in nonstationary noise are presented. Exact results are given for the convergence rate of the average output noise power residue of the canceler normalized to the quiescent average output noise power residue for a two-input canceler (one auxiliary), and lower and upper bounds are derived for cancelers with two or more inputs under the assumption that there is no internal noise. These bounds are a function of the number of independent samples processed per channel (main and auxiliary), the number of auxiliary input channels, and the external noise environment. The external noise environment is modeled as a single interfering source that is conditionally Gaussian, with a power level specified at each sampling time instant. Furthermore, this model is generalized in the sense that a joint probability distribution function is defined for the power levels over a canceler processing batch. This leads to the capability of modeling and evaluating the SMI canceler in a variety of nonstationary single interference scenarios. >
An analysis of time of presentation after stroke.

The recent development of potential therapies for acute stroke has focused attention on the time delay between stroke onset and presentation. We used the Duke/Veterans Administration stroke registry to collect data about this delay. Results were analyzed using Fisher's Exact Test and ridit analysis. Data from 457 patients at two hospitals were used. Only 42% (192/457) of patients presented within 24 hours of stroke onset, while 25% (116/457) presented within 48 hours and 33% (149/457) presented after 48 hours. Presentation time varied significantly with stroke type. A majority of patients with infarcts (64% [176/276]), stroke-in-evolution (54% [44/81]), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (54% [25/46]) did not present within 24 hours of stroke onset. Most patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (63% [34 of 54]) did present within 24 hours. Reasons for this delay may include patients' lack of awareness about the symptoms of stroke and lack of recognition of early signs by medical personnel. Because of this delay in presentation, a majority of patients may not be candidates for some therapies for acute stroke. ( JAMA . 1990;263:65-68)
Oxygen radicals, inflammation, and tissue injury.

Inflammatory reactions often result in the activation and recruitment of phagocytic cells (e.g., neutrophils and/or tissue macrophages) whose products result in injury to the tissue. In killing of endothelial cells by activated neutrophils as well as in lung injury produced by either activated neutrophils or activated macrophages there is evidence that H2O2 and iron play a role. HO. may be a key oxygen product related to the process of injury. Endothelial cells in some vascular compartments may be susceptible to neutrophil mediated injury in a manner that is independent of oxygen radicals. On the basis of in vitro observations, a synergy exits between platelets and neutrophils, resulting in enhanced oxygen radical formation by the latter. Finally, the cytokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, released from macrophages have both direct stimulatory effects on oxygen radical formation in neutrophils and can "prime" macrophages for enhanced oxygen radical responses to other agonists. Cytokines may also alter endothelial cells rendering them more susceptible to oxygen radical mediated injury by neutrophils. This suggests a complex network of interactions between phagocytic cells and peptide mediators, the result of which is acute, oxygen radical mediated tissue injury.
Considerations of a Simplified Analysis of Transducer Dynamics for Measuring Friction

In many tribological investigations, the measurement of friction is complicated by the vibrational characteristics of the transducer. In particular, when a mechanical force transducer is excited, the static calibration factor no longer provides the friction force in the interface. In a recent study (Streator and Bogy, 1997), the problem of determining the friction force from a measurement of the periodic bending strain in a cantilever-mass transducer was solved using the equations of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory
Central Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Caspase-3 Activation

Stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is associated with many neurodegenerative conditions, can lead to the elimination of affected cells by apoptosis through only partially understood mechanisms. Thapsigargin, which causes ER stress by inhibiting the ER Ca2+-ATPase, was found to not only activate the apoptosis effector caspase-3 but also to cause a large and prolonged increase in the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). Activation of GSK3β was obligatory for thapsigargin-induced activation of caspase-3, because inhibition of GSK3β by expression of dominant-negative GSK3β or by the GSK3β inhibitor lithium blocked caspase-3 activation. Thapsigargin treatment activated GSK3β by inducing dephosphorylation of phospho-Ser-9 of GSK3β, a phosphorylation that normally maintains GSK3β inactivated. Caspase-3 activation induced by thapsigargin was blocked by increasing the phosphorylation of Ser-9-GSK3β with insulin-like growth factor-1 or with the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A, but the calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and cyclosporin A were ineffective. Insulin-like growth factor-1, okadaic acid, calyculin A, and lithium also protected cells from two other inducers of ER stress, tunicamycin and brefeldin A. Thus, ER stress activates GSK3β through dephosphorylation of phospho-Ser-9, a prerequisite for caspase-3 activation, and this process is amenable to pharmacological intervention.
The function of the carotenoid pigments of Sarcina lutea.

It has been demonstrated that the carotenoid pigments of Sarcina lutea prevent photodynamic killing by either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizers. Evidence has been presented which suggests that the locus of the lethal photooxidation is in or on the cell membrane.
Abstract C49: Tissue tranglutaminase regulates β-catenin signaling in ovarian cancer cells

Background: Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in protein crosslinking and cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN). In cancer, TG2 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributing to metastasis. As cadherins bind β-catenin at cell-cell junctions, disruption of adherens junctions destabilizes cadherin-catenin complexes. The goal of the present study was to analyze whether and how TG2 interacts with and regulates β–catenin signaling in ovarian cancer (OC) cells. Methods: Western blotting, immuno-fluorescence and immunohistochemistry measured TG2 and β-catenin expression in OC cells and human tumors. B-catenin function was analyzed by TCF/LEF1 promoter reporter assay and Q-RT-PCR based quantification of mRNA levels for target genes (c-myc and cyclin D1). Protein-protein interaction was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Results: We observed a significant correlation between TG2 and β-catenin expression levels in OC cells and tumors. TG2 augmented Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as evidenced by enhanced β-catenin transcriptional activity, inducing transcription of target genes cyclin D1 and c-Myc. By promoting integrin-mediated cell adhesion to FN, TG2 associates with and recruits c-Src, which in turn phosphorylates β-catenin at Tyr654, releasing it from E-cadherin, and rendering it available for transcription regulation. Ultimately the TG2—FN interaction stimulates OC cell proliferation by enhancing β-catenin signaling. Conclusions: Our data show that TG2 regulates β-catenin expression and function in OC cells and define a c-Src dependent mechanism through which this occurs. We posit that the TG2-FN interaction initiates this process and could be a new cancer target. Citation Format: Salvatore Condello, Liyun Cao, Daniela Matei. Tissue tranglutaminase regulates β-catenin signaling in ovarian cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C49.
Dynamic Modeling of the Traveling Chain Transmission

The Traveling Chain Transmission (TCT) is a novel two-speed chain drive developed at the General Motors R&D Center [1]. In order to predict potential performance and develop design requirements, a multi-body dynamic model of the Traveling Chain Transmission (TCT) was developed and validated using dynamometer test data from the first TCT prototype hardware. A vehicle drivetrain model incorporating the TCT as part of a multi-speed transmission was also developed in order to study the potential performance of the TCT in a vehicle environment. The simulated transmission is a nominal 4-speed automatic transmission converted to a 5-speed transmission by replacing the fixed speed-ratio drop chain by the dual speed-ratio TCT. An upshift from 4th to 5th gear is simulated and the resulting torque and speed transients are predicted.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Structure of the Prokaryotic Cyclic Nucleotide-Modulated Potassium Channel MloK1 at 16 Å Resolution

The gating ring of cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels is proposed to be either a two-fold symmetric dimer of dimers or a four-fold symmetric tetramer based on high-resolution structure data of soluble cyclic nucleotide-binding domains and functional data on intact channels. We addressed this controversy by obtaining structural data on an intact, full-length, cyclic nucleotide-modulated potassium channel, MloK1, from Mesorhizobium loti, which also features a putative voltage-sensor. We present here the 3D single-particle structure by transmission electron microscopy and the projection map of membrane-reconstituted 2D crystals of MloK1 in the presence of cAMP. Our data show a four-fold symmetric arrangement of the CNBDs, separated by discrete gaps. A homology model for full-length MloK1 suggests a vertical orientation for the CNBDs. The 2D crystal packing in the membrane-embedded state is compatible with the S1-S4 domains in the vertical "up" state.
The Boxgrove, England, middle Pleistocene herpetofauna: Paleogeographic, evolutionary, stratigraphic, and paleoecological relationships

Triturus vulgaris (smooth newt), Triturus helveticus or T. vulgaris (palmate or smooth newt), Triturus sp. (newt), Pelobates fuscus (common spadefoot), Bufo bufo (common toad), Bufo calamita (natte...
Novice Science Teachers: Expectations and Experiences

This project grew out of concerns expressed by several novice teachers about their lack of preparation to deal with common problems in the classroom. Several trends were evident with the teachers involved in this study. They all came to recognize the importance of effective, organized instruction during the term of the study, along with the importance of effective classroom management and discipline skills. This included an emphasis on planning, preparation, and adequate knowledge of subject matter. They all felt that they were well prepared by their college classes in their primary content area, but less prepared in supporting areas of science. It is hoped that this information will be used to further refine teacher education programs at the university level.
Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy for Anti-Cancer Drug Screening Based on the Identification of Molecular Dynamics

Analysis of protein-protein or protein-DNA interaction in cells is indispensable for current basic cancer research and anti-cancer drug screening. However, it usually performed by conventional biochemical approaches, which require long process time and a large amount of samples. In this presentation, we will show the new application of Raster image Correlation spectroscopy (RICS) that can detect protein-protein, or protein-DNA interactions directly without the time-consuming biochemical process. As a result, this technique significantly reduces the analysis time from a few days to a few hours. As a proof of the concept, we investigated the effects of anti-cancer drugs, cisplatin and etoposide, on tumor-suppressor p53 protein dynamics in Hela cells. We measured the fast diffusion of GFP-tagged p53 in living Hela cells treated or untreated with each anti-cancer drug by RICS. After the drug treatment, the significant reductions of p53 mobility were observed compared to the one without drug treatment. Both cisplatin and etoposide induce DNA damage, and it has been shown that DNA damage stabilizes and activates p53, resulting in the formation of the DNA-p53 complex. Therefore, data obtained by RICS perfectly explain the status of p53 inside the cells. Together, these results suggest that RICS approach is a powerful tool to measure protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions in living cells. Since the small molecules disrupt specific protein-protein interactions are considered as promising drugs for targeted cancer therapy, our novel RICS system may serve as a powerful tool for future drug screening.
Membrane transport of dietary phenethyl isothiocyanate by ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein).

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are non-nutrient constituents abundant in cruciferous vegetables and are effective in blocking carcinogenesis in a variety of tissues. ITCs permeate into cells rapidly and accumulate in cells primarily as glutathione (GSH) conjugates. We have demonstrated recently that certain ITCs are inhibitors of ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP), an ATP-binding cassette transporter that plays an important role in drug absorption and disposition as well as in the development of multidrug resistance in cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of interactions between ITCs and BCRP and elucidate the transport of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) by BCRP. Inside-out membrane vesicles were prepared from human breast cancer BCRP-overexpressing MCF-7/MX100 and the parental MCF-7/sensitive cells. The ATPase study using 100 μM ITCs showed that ITCs are potential inhibitors of BCRP ATPase activity. The transport of 14C-PEITC into BCRP-overexpressing MCF-7/MX100 ...
American Shad Migratory Behavior, Weight Loss, Survival, and Abundance in a North Carolina River following Dam Removals

AbstractDespite extensive management and research, populations of American Shad Alosa sapidissima have experienced prolonged declines, and uncertainty about the underlying mechanisms causing these declines remains. In the springs of 2007 through 2010, we used a resistance board weir and PIT technology to capture, tag, and track American Shad in the Little River, North Carolina, a tributary to the Neuse River with complete and partial removals of low-head dams. Our objectives were to examine migratory behaviors and estimate weight loss, survival, and abundance during each spawning season. Males typically immigrated earlier than females and also used upstream habitat at a higher percentage, but otherwise exhibited relatively similar migratory patterns. Proportional weight loss displayed a strong positive relationship with both cumulative water temperature during residence time and number of days spent upstream, and to a lesser extent, minimum distance the fish traveled in the river. Surviving emigrating mal...
Decomposition method for extracting face topologies from wireframe models

Abstract A new algorithm is presented for the automatic derivation of the surface topologies of a 3D volume from its wireframe representation. This fundamentally new approach overcomes the limitations of the currently known methods, and it relaxes the restriction to manifold solids without holes. A fundamental concept from topology, i.e. that a tetrahedron is the simplest building block for all 3D objects, forms the basis of this development. A general wireframe model is decomposed into a set of simple wireframes (tetrahedra) with the use of a topology-based subdivision strategy. The face data extracted from these simple wireframes are then recombined so that the proper face topology can be established for the original wireframe model. The new algorithm works for objects with holes. It detects and eliminates internal faces, and it is capable of providing all the solutions for ambiguous wireframe models.
Sources of decoherence in beamline optics

Coherent X-ray diffraction (CXD) is a potentially important technique for the study of surfaces and interfaces. The level of coherence achievable in a given situation is a function of both the instrumentation used and the source of X-rays. Coherence can be lost by certain kinds of imperfection within these components. Here, we present some elementary principles for the preservation of coherence in a typical synchrotron radiation beamline. These will be illustrated with results from the Sector 34 CXD beamline at the advanced photon source. The consequences for diffraction imaging of surfaces and interfaces with CXD are also discussed in this paper.
Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) presenting as leukoerythroblastic anemia.

Purpose The diagnosis of transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) is usually straightforward, with temporary cessation of red blood cell production resulting in normocytic normochromic anemia, reticulocytopenia, and bone marrow erythroblastopenia. We describe here a case of TEC presenting with features of leukoerythroblastic anemia. To our knowledge, this is the first such report for TEC. Patient and methods The case of a 1-year-old girl is described who had a leukoerythroblastic anemia. Bone marrow examination and clinical course indicated that the anemia had a benign etiology-TEC. Results The patient presented with anemia, leukocytosis, and a left shift, with metamyelocytes, myelocytes, myeloblasts, and nucleated red cells in the circulation. There was no apparent viral etiology, and the bone marrow aspirate findings were consistent with a recovering marrow. After transfusion, the patient had an uneventful recovery from TEC. Conclusion TEC can cause leukoerythroblastic anemia. TEC with this presentation is clinically similar to TEC without leukoerythroblastosis, but other causes of leukoerythroblastosis need to be excluded.
SFAC no. 2 reliability from a statistical perspective

Students may have a more comprehensive understanding of “reliability” as defined in Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC) No. 2, “Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information,” when reliability is analyzed from a statistical perspective. This interdisciplinary application clarifies their understanding of the accounting concept of reliability, reinforces their understanding of statistics, and demonstrates the relationship between accounting and statistics. Ijiri and Jaedicke (1966) and the AAA Committee on Accounting Evaluation Bases (1972) suggested the application of the Mean-Square Error (MSE) statistical model to conceptualize accounting reliability. These presentations were given prior to the issuance of SFAC No. 2. This teaching note applies the new terminology of SFAC No. 2 to the MSE statistical model. A fundamental equation of accounting reliability is first developed. This equation is then applied to the ingredients of reliability presented in SFAC No. 2 verifiability and representational faithfulness.
Determinants and Behavioral Consequences of Pay Satisfaction: A Comparison of Two Models.

Models of determinants of pay satisfaction proposed by Lawler and by Dyer and Theriault are examined. The basic proposition of Lawler's model is found to explain only a moderate amount of pay satisfaction; a better conceptualization of Lawler's proposition is proposed. Dyer and Theriault add pay administration variables to Lawler's model and this expanded model is found to account for more pay satisfaction variance and to better predict consequences (turnover, absenteeism and pro-union attitudes) of pay dissatisfaction.
A Model for neutrino masses and dark matter

Department of PhysicsSyracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY 13244-1130, USA(Dated: February 1, 2008)We propose a model for neutrino masses that simultaneously results in a new dark matter can-didate, the right-handed neutrino. We derive the dark matter abundance in this model, show howthe hierarchy of neutrino masses is obtained, and verify that the model is compatible with existingexperimental results. The model provides an economical method of unifying two seemingly separatepuzzles in contemporary particle physics and cosmology.
A Lyapunov-based adaptive control framework for discrete-time non-linear systems with exogenous disturbances

A direct adaptive non-linear control framework for discrete-time multivariable non-linear uncertain systems with exogenous bounded disturbances is developed. The adaptive non-linear controller addresses adaptive stabilization, disturbance rejection and adaptive tracking. The proposed framework is Lyapunov-based and guarantees partial asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system; that is, asymptotic stability with respect to part of the closed-loop system states associated with the plant. In the case of bounded energy l 2 disturbances the proposed approach guarantees a non-expansivity constraint on the closed-loop input–output map. Finally, three illustrative numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
On the Choice of Baselines in Multiattribute Portfolio Analysis: A Cautionary Note

In multiattribute portfolio optimization, a decision maker must evaluate a number of projects on multiple dimensions and then select the set of projects that optimizes the portfolio's overall value. In this note, we discuss the importance of establishing an appropriate baseline score for not doing a project in multiattribute portfolio analysis. We believe that practitioners often implicitly assume that not doing a project results in the worst possible score on all attributes. We argue that this assumption is often inappropriate and may lead to incorrect recommendations.
Mouse chromosome 8.

Genetic and physical mapping of the mouse genome is important for studying genome organization and evolution, identifying genes at or near existing mouse mutations, and establishing mouse models for human diseases. Several interesting mutations whose gene products have not yet been identified have been mapped to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 8 (Lyon and Searle 1989). Mutations such as nervous (nr), tottering (tg) and hydrocephalus-3 (hy-3) affect neurological development, and mutations such as oligosyndactylism (Os), amputated (am), quinky (Q), and neonatal anemia (Nan) affect early embryonic development (as well as other functions). As more molecular clones are mapped to Chr 8, it will be possible to identify candidate genes that are altered by the mutations. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive summary of genetic and cytogenetic mapping data that will aid in the development of consensus maps, and to show the homologous relationships between mouse Chr 8 and human chromosomes.
Divorce Attitudes Around the World Distinguishing the Impact of Culture on Evaluations and Attitude Structure

This article examines the link between culture and divorce attitudes using country-level data of the International Social Survey Programme 1994. Outside of examining the favorability of attitudes, we distinguish different types of attitudes based on whether the consequences of marital dissolution on children were considered when evaluating the acceptability of divorce. Testing competing hypotheses derived from attitude research and cross-cultural psychology, we demonstrate that (a) individualist societies exhibit more favorable divorce attitudes than collectivist societies but that (b) there is a curvilinear relationship between culture and type of divorce attitude, such that highly individualist and highly collectivist societies are similar with regard to the structure of prevailing divorce attitudes. The discussion focuses on the broader meanings of endorsing certain types of divorce attitudes in individualist and collectivist cultures.
Test of QED to fourth order by study of four-lepton final states in e+e- interactions at 29 GeV with the HRS detector.

Data taken with the High Resolution Spectrometer detector at the SLAC storage ring PEP were used to test QED to fourth order in the coupling constant a. The experiment studied four-lepton final states produced at high Q' in e+e interactions at &s =29 GeV. All four final-state particles were detected at large angles with respect to the beam axis. We observed 17 e+e e+e, 24 e+e p+p, and 1 p+p p+p events with pair masses greater than 1 GeV/c for an integrated luminosity of 291 pb '. The complete a QED calculation agrees reasonably well with the data.
Book Review of Rewarding Specialties for Mental Health Clinicians: Developing Your Practice Niche

Book reviewed in this article: Rewarding Specialties for Mental Health Clinicians: Developing Your Practice Niche by Rona L. LoPresti and Edward L. Zuckerman. 2004
An Apolipoprotein E Variant may Protect against Age-Related Macular Degeneration through Cytokine Regulation

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among the elderly in Western countries. Genetic factors, age, cigarette smoking, nutrition, and exposure to light have been identified as AMD risk factors. In this study, we investigated the association between ApoE C112R/R158C single nucleotide polymorphisms (which determine the E2, E3, and E4 isoforms) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and the mechanism underlying the association. Genomic DNA was extracted from 133 clinically screened controls, 94 volunteers with a younger mean age, 120 patients with advanced AMD, and 40 archived ocular AMD slides for single nucleotide polymorphism typing. The effects of recombinant ApoE isoforms on CCL2 (a chemokine), CX3CR1 (a chemokine receptor), and VEGF (a cytokine) expression in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were tested and serum cholesterol profiles of the clinically screened subjects were analyzed. ApoE112R (E4) distribution differed significantly between AMD patients and controls. ApoE112R allele frequency was 10.9% in the AMD group when compared with 16.5% in the younger controls and 18.8% in the clinically screened controls. The pathologically diagnosed archived AMD cases had the lowest allele frequency of 5%. No significant differences in ApoE158C (E2) distribution were observed among the groups. A meta-analysis of 8 cohorts including 4,289 subjects showed a strong association between AMD and 112R, but not 158C. In vitro studies found that recombinant ApoE suppresses CCL2 and VEGF expression in RPE cells. However, the E4 isoform showed more suppression than E3 in both cases. These results further confirm the association between ApoE112R and a decreased risk of AMD development. The underlying mechanisms may involve differential regulation of both CCL2 and VEGF by the ApoE isoforms.
“If You're Light You're Alright” Light Skin Color as Social Capital for Women of Color

This article uses two national survey data sets to analyze the effects of skin color on life outcomes for African American and Mexican American women. Using a historical framework of European colonialism and slavery, this article explains how skin color hierarchies were established and are maintained. The concept of social capital is used to explain how beauty, defined through light skin, works as capital and as a stratifying agent for women on the dimensions of education, income, and spousal status. The analysis shows that light skin predicts higher educational attainment for both groups of women. Light skin directly predicts higher personal earnings for African American women and indirectly affects personal earnings for Mexican American women. Light skin predicts higher spousal status for African American women but not for Mexican American women.
Origin, Early Commitment, Migratory Routes, and Destination of Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor-Containing Interneurons

It is now well established that inhibitory interneurons of the cerebral cortex display large diversity, but where each subclass originates and how they acquire final position and physiological characteristics is only begin to be elucidated. Recent studies indicate that the phenotypes of many forebrain interneurons are specified in the ganglionic eminence (GE) at the time of their origin. However, developmental history of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB(1)) positive (+) interneurons is not known. Here, we focus on the origin and migratory routs of prospective CB(1)/cholecystokinin (CCK)+ and CB(1)/reelin/calretinin+ gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic hippocampal interneurons. We have used variety of markers and a combination of methods, including immunocytochemistry at light and electron microscopic level, and in utero electroporation, to identify a subpopulation of CB(1)+ cells at the time of their origin in the caudal GE and pallial-subpallial boundary at the 11th-12th embryonic days. We have followed their migration, first radially to the marginal zone, then tangentially in the lateral-to-medial direction within the dorsal telencephalon, before they reach their final destination in the hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus where they differentiate into CB(1)/CCK+ or CB(1)/reelin/calretinin+ GABAergic interneurons. Thus, the specific subclasses of CB(1)+ inhibitory interneurons, similar to the projection neurons, are determined at the time and place of last cell division and follow their own complex migratory pattern to the final positions.
Cohomology of Groups

The cohomology of a group Π provides our first example of the functors Ext R n (C,A) — with R the group ring and C = Z. These cohomology groups may be defined directly in terms of a standard “bar resolution”. In low dimensions they arise in problems of group extensions by Π in all dimensions they have a topological interpretation (§11).
Comedic Relief in a Culture of Uncertainty: The Contribution of Life Magazine to 1920s America

Amidst the chaotic atmosphere of the 1920s, Life magazine was a common sight in the homes of middle-class Americans everywhere.1 During this period of massive social and cultural change, many Americans experienced an unprecedented loss of certainty. As a humor and general interest publication existing during the time, Life capitalized on the vulnerability of Americans. Life worked on two distinct levels – while it fostered anxiety about modernity and the changing times, it also used humor to provide middle-class Americans with comedic relief from the very anxieties it fueled. In perpetuating the feeling of uncertainty, Life simultaneously offered itself as a salvation from the unsettling problems afflicting 1920s society. Comedic Relief in a Culture of Uncertainty: The Contribution of Life Magazine in the 1920s by Andy Ho is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Strain rate sensitive steel constitutive models for finite element analysis of vessel-structure impacts

Abstract Civil infrastructure systems such as bridge piers, navigational guide walls, and protection structures that are located near navigable waterways are inherently at risk for being impacted by cargo vessels such as barges and ships. To safely design such systems to possess adequate vessel impact resistance, structural loads associated with potential vessel-structure collision conditions must be quantified in a conservative manner. While high-resolution finite element impact simulations may be employed to compute such loads, care must be exercised in defining the material characteristics of the vessel if conservative structural design loads are to be obtained. Importantly, constitutive relationships assigned to steel components in the vessel model must be capable of accounting for strain rate sensitivities and large-scale plastic deformations. In the present study, strain rate sensitive constitutive models were developed for two types of steel commonly utilized in marine construction in the United States—ASTM A36 and ASTM A1011. Tension tests were conducted over a wide range of strain rates (7.00 × 10 −5 s −1 – 250 s −1 ) spanning from quasi-static to intermediate and high rates that are typically associated with vessel-structure impact events. A novel testing apparatus—employing an impact pendulum as an energy supply mechanism—was designed for this study to conduct intermediate to high-rate material testing. Features of the apparatus, discussed in this paper, overcome key problems encountered in other studies that have employed impact loading for tensile material testing. From the testing program, representative stress–strain relations and Cowper–Symonds strain rate sensitivity parameters were developed for the materials tested. Rate sensitivities of the two steel grades tested were found to be very similar to each other. Additionally, rate sensitivities from the present study agreed well with ultimate stress data measured in past studies of mild steel, but were found to be less rate-sensitive than yield stress data measured in past studies.
Structure and Solution Speciation of U(IV) Linked Phosphomolybdate (Mo(V)) Clusters.

Crystals of [NaU(Mo6P4O31H7)2]·5Na·(H2O)n (NaUMo6) have been synthesized by slow evaporation of an aqueous mixture containing uranyl nitrate, sodium molybdate, phosphoric acid, and sodium dithionate. Single crystal diffraction of NaUMo6 reveals the assembly of {Mo6P4} clusters linked into one-dimensional chains with alternating Na+ and U4+ cations. To our knowledge, NaUMo6 is a unique example of Mo5+ based polyoxometalate associated with actinides. With the use of similar synthesis conditions but without uranium in the aqueous solution, [Na(Mo6P4O31H10)2]·5Na·(H2PO4)·(H2O)n (NaMo6) is obtained. NaMo6 is a sandwich type cluster which is built on the assemblage of two {Mo6P4} units linked by one sodium cation. Using small-angle X-ray scattering techniques and aqueous electrolyte based dissolution strategies, we can accurately observe chains of [UNa(Mo6P4O31H7)2]n5n, where n = 7 is the dominant soluble specie. Likewise, the dimeric form of [Na(Mo6P4O31H10)2]5– dominates the aqueous solution, revealing the st...
Compliance Gaining/Resisting Strategies and Principles

Compliance gaining refers to interactions in which an individual attempts to induce a second person to perform a behavior that the second person otherwise might not have performed. Such interactions occur frequently within a variety of personal and professional relationships including those involving spouses or romantic partners, parents/children, friends, work associates, teachers/students, and healthcare providers/patients. Early research focused on describing and predicting the strategies that individuals use when attempting to seek or resist another person's compliance. Contemporary research explores how individuals pursue specific influence goals while also managing relational and identity concerns made relevant by those goals. Keywords: argument and persuasion; identity; interpersonal theory; relational communication; social influence
Child Abuse and Neglect Reports in Foster Care:: The Issue for Foster Families of "False" Allegations

This chapter discusses "false" allegations of child maltreatment in family foster care. What is a "false" report and who reports "falsely" is considered. Foster parent beliefs, experiences and needs are reviewed in relation to how agencies respond when abuse is alleged. Areas of needed change are proposed.