cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics Analysis Reveals that AICAR Affects Glycerolipid, Ceramide and Nucleotide Synthesis Pathways in INS-1 Cells

AMPK regulates many metabolic pathways including fatty acid and glucose metabolism, both of which are closely associated with insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. Insulin secretion is regulated by metabolic coupling factors such as ATP/ADP ratio and other metabolites generated by the metabolism of nutrients such as glucose, fatty acid and amino acids. However, the connection between AMPK activation and insulin secretion in β-cells has not yet been fully elucidated at a metabolic level. To study the effect of AMPK activation on glucose stimulated insulin secretion, we applied the pharmacological activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) to an INS-1 (832/13) β-cell line. We measured the change in 66 metabolites in the presence or absence of AICAR using different stable isotopic labeled nutrients to probe selected pathways. AMPK activation by AICAR increased basal insulin secretion and reduced the glucose stimulation index. Although ATP/ADP ratios were not strongly affected by AICAR, several other metabolites and pathways important for insulin secretion were affected by AICAR treatment including long-chain CoAs, malonyl-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl CoA, diacylglycerol, and farnesyl pyrophosphate. Tracer studies using 13C-glucose revealed lower glucose flux in the purine and pyrimidine pathway and in the glycerolipid synthesis pathway. Untargeted metabolomics revealed reduction in ceramides caused by AICAR that may explain the beneficial role of AMPK in protecting β-cells from lipotoxicity. Taken together, the results provide an overall picture of the metabolic changes associated with AICAR treatment and how it modulates insulin secretion and β-cell survival.
The sensitivity and specificity of monoclonal antibodies URO-2 and 19-9 in the immunohistochemical classification of primary adenocarcinomas.

The specificity and sensitivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies (McAb) to tumor antigens were tested using McAb 19-9, derived from a colorectal adenocarcinoma, and URO- 2, derived from a renal adenocarcinoma. Using the avidin-biotincomplex technique and frozen tissue, 53 adenocarcinomas representing lung, breast, colorectal, ovarian, renal, and uterine origin were studied. All slides were randomized and subsequently evaluated for staining intensity and percent tumor-area positivity. The sensitivity and specificity of 19-9 for colorectal adenocarcinoma were 74% and 54%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of URO-2 for renal adenocarcinoma were 100% and 87.5%, respectively. In most cases, URO-2 stained greater than 75% of the renal tumor area; however, 19-9 stained less than 50% of the colorectal tumor area.
Nonprimary auditory thalamic representation of acoustic change.

1. The mismatch response, or mismatch negativity (MMN), is a neurophysiologic response to stimulus change. In humans and other animals, the MMN may underlie the ability to discriminate acoustic dif...
Reasons and Countermeasures for Different Compliances of Insulin Pump Therapy in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Objective To analyze rate of and reasons for not undertaking insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes(T1DM) and explore potential countermeasures.Methods Two hundred and seventy-eight persons of T1DM,diagnosed in Tianjin Children′s Hospital from Jan.2000 to Dec.2008,were assigned to fill in a questionnaire on T1DM and insulin pump therapy.Reasons for different compliances were analyzed and strategies were explored.Results Eighty-five point twenty-five percent of the children(237 persons) undertook the therapy and 14.75%(41 persons) refused.In the group of younger than 3 years,58.33%(21 persons)accepted the therapy,while in the group of older than 3 years,89.26%(216 persons) undertook it,consequently there was statistically significant difference(χ2=23.83,P0.01).Eighty-two point sixty-nine percent(172 persons) of the 208 persons who had not heard of the therapia used the instrument,and 92.86%(65 persons) of the children who had employed it before or known the patients who had employed it agreed to the treatment,which suggest statistically significant difference(χ2=4.30,P0.01).The children who had the remedial action compliantly were more knowledgeable of T1DM(t=2.11,P0.05) and the therapy(t=10.53,P0.01).The causes of discontinuing the pumps were discomfort,malfunction,episode of hypoglycaemia,and so on.The reasons of compliancy were owing to poor glucose control,comparison with the ones having insulin pump therapy,expecting tight glycemic control,and so on.Conclusions Intensive education programme,psychological intervention,application guidance,curative effect contrast,professional and proficient operation are recommended for children with T1DM,since they can achieve better compliance and prognosis.
Comparative Analysis of the Logical Structure of the Difference in Geographical Teaching Materials between China and Britain: Based on the Analysis of British“Learning to Teach Geography in the Secondary School”

This paper,from the perspective of the logical structure,analyzes the differences in geographical teaching materials between China and Britain,and finds that both the logical starting point,logical mainline,the logical key and the logic end-result four aspects all exist obvious difference. Learning is the logical starting point of geographical teaching materials in Britain,whose logic key is student learning in difference teaching. But teaching is its logic starting point in China,and developing the necessary teaching literacy of geography teachers in the middle school becomes its logic key. Therefore,the formation of teachers' own teaching ideas has become the logical destination of geographical teaching materials in British,and the ability of problem solving has become the logical destination of geographical teaching materials in China. These ideas can give us some enlightenments on construction of geography teaching materials on the system in our own country.
Inference of kinship using spatial distributions of SNPs for genome-wide association studies

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are powerful in identifying genetic loci which cause complex traits of common diseases. However, it is well known that inappropriately accounting for pedigree or population structure leads to spurious associations. GWASs have often encountered increased type I error rates due to the correlated genotypes of cryptically related individuals or subgroups. Therefore, accurate pedigree information is crucial for successful GWASs. We propose a distance-based method KIND to estimate kinship coefficients among individuals. Our method utilizes the spatial distribution of SNPs in the genome that represents how far each minor-allele variant is located from its neighboring minor-allele variants. The SNP distribution of each individual was presented in a feature vector in Euclidean space, and then the kinship coefficient was inferred from the two vectors of each individual pair. We demonstrate that the distance information can measure the similarity of genetic variants of individuals accurately and efficiently. We applied our method to a synthetic data set and two real data sets (i.e. the HapMap phase III and the 1000 genomes data). We investigated the estimation accuracy of kinship coefficients not only within homogeneous populations but also for a population with extreme stratification. Our method KIND usually produces more accurate and more robust kinship coefficient estimates than existing methods especially for populations with extreme stratification. It can serve as an important and very efficient tool for GWASs.
Reporting Military Sexual Trauma: A Mixed-Methods Study of Women Veterans' Experiences Who Served From World War II to the War in Afghanistan.

ABSTRACTSince 2004, there has been increased effort to reduce military sexual trauma (MST) in the U.S. military. Although MST covers a range of inappropriate behaviors, the majority of research, treatment, and outreach are focused on sexual assault and the experiences of individuals serving in Afghanistan and Iraq. During a study on veterans' involvement in a national peace organization, participants were asked about their military experiences. Veterans served from World War II to current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Emerging out of the responses were descriptions of women's experiences with MST, barriers to reporting incidents of sexual misconduct and sexual assault, and the challenges they faced when seeking care. Data were gathered using anonymous questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Out of 52 female veterans, the majority (90%) was subjected to at least one form of MST, and 15% (8) attempted to report the incident(s). Over half of the assailants were of a higher rank than the survivors...
Microbial Morphology and Motility as Biosignatures for Outer Planet Missions

Meaningful motion is an unambiguous biosignature, but because life in the Solar System is most likely to be microbial, the question is whether such motion may be detected effectively on the micrometer scale. Recent results on microbial motility in various Earth environments have provided insight into the physics and biology that determine whether and how microorganisms as small as bacteria and archaea swim, under which conditions, and at which speeds. These discoveries have not yet been reviewed in an astrobiological context. This paper discusses these findings in the context of Earth analog environments and environments expected to be encountered in the outer Solar System, particularly the jovian and saturnian moons. We also review the imaging technologies capable of recording motility of submicrometer-sized organisms and discuss how an instrument would interface with several types of sample-collection strategies. Key Words: In situ measurement-Biosignatures-Microbiology-Europa-Ice. Astrobiology 16, 755-774.
Applications for Product Positioning and Market Segmentation

As we discussed in the previous chapter, there is a subtle difference between product design and product positioning. While product design deals with decisions on the “optimal” characteristics of a product, product positioning deals with issues of how best to communicate the corresponding benefits (or attributes) to the target consumers (for more details, see Kotler and Keller (2012) and Kaul and Rao (1995)). Naturally the benefits of a product arise from its characteristics and the way consumers interpret them. In applications of conjoint analysis to product positioning, an analyst describes the possible benefits and their levels in the same way as one would in the case of product design; then the problem of determining the best positioning is identical to that of product design. In some cases, the analyst may include both product benefits and characteristics.
Disparity range for binocular summation.

Binocular summation of contrast and stereopsis have been linked because they both disappear under certain pathological conditions. The dependence of stereopsis on spatial frequency prompted us to examine how binocular summation varies with both spatial frequency and binocular disparity. We therefore measured binocular summation at different disparities using spatially localized stimuli which were also restricted in their Fourier composition. Contrast thresholds were measured using three interleaved forced-choice staircases for left and right eye monocular stimuli and a binocular stimulus composed of the two monocular stimuli presented simultaneously. At zero disparity binocular thresholds were 1.4 to 1.6 times lower than monocular. As disparity was increased the ratio between the thresholds became smaller, such that at large disparities it was near 1.2, the value expected from probability summation. The range of disparities over which probability summation was exceeded varied with the spatial frequency of the stimulus. At 6.0 cpd the range was 2-3 deg, but at 2.0 cpd or 0.75 cpd the range increased to 4-6 deg. These values closely parallel the range of disparities over which stereoscopic depth sensations occur, but they exceed the limits within which disparate images of an object can be fused into a single percept. The results support the contentions that "neural" summation occurs in the mechanism for stereopsis, that this mechanism uses spatial frequency selective channels, and that this mechanism is separate from the mechanism which mediates fusion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:283-290,1988
Subnational differences and R&D-performance relationship in an emerging economy context

This study explores how subnational differences in a large emerging economy can moderate the relationship between research and development (R&D) and firm performance. Using a sample of Russian firm...
The Ancient Greek and Latin Dependency Treebanks

This paper describes the development, composition, and several uses of the Ancient Greek and Latin Dependency Treebanks, large collections of Classical texts in which the syntactic, morphological and lexical information for each word is made explicit. To date, over 200 individuals from around the world have collaborated to annotate over 350,000 words, including the entirety of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Sophocles’ Ajax, all of the extant works of Hesiod and Aeschylus, and selections from Caesar, Cicero, Jerome, Ovid, Petronius, Propertius, Sallust and Vergil. While perhaps the most straightforward value of such an annotated corpus for Classical philology is the morphosyntactic searching it makes possible, it also enables a large number of downstream tasks as well, such as inducing the syntactic behavior of lexemes and automatically identifying similar passages between texts.
Chemogenetics revealed: DREADD occupancy and activation via converted clozapine.

The chemogenetic technology DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) is widely used for remote manipulation of neuronal activity in freely moving animals. DREADD technology posits the use of “designer receptors,” which are exclusively activated by the “designer drug” clozapine N-oxide (CNO). Nevertheless, the in vivo mechanism of action of CNO at DREADDs has never been confirmed. CNO does not enter the brain after systemic drug injections and shows low affinity for DREADDs. Clozapine, to which CNO rapidly converts in vivo, shows high DREADD affinity and potency. Upon systemic CNO injections, converted clozapine readily enters the brain and occupies central nervous system–expressed DREADDs, whereas systemic subthreshold clozapine injections induce preferential DREADD-mediated behaviors.
Elections and durable governments in parliamentary governments

This paper provides a dynamic theory of a parliamentary government system with proportional-representation elections, policy-motivated parties and voters, and an endogenous status-quo policy. The t...
Quantification and characterization of chemically-and thermally-labile and recalcitrant biochar fractions.

The C:N ratios of biochar labile fractions is important for assessing biochar stability and N cycling in soil. Here we compare chemically and thermally labile fractions for nine biochars produced from five biomass feedstocks using four production techniques. Biochar fractionation methods included proximate analysis, hot water extraction, acid and base extractions (0.05 M, 0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, and 6 M of either H2SO4 or NaOH), and oxidation with 15% H2O2 and 0.33 M KMnO4 (pH 7.2). Results show chemical addition reactions cause underestimation of mass of the labile fraction for chemical extraction and oxidation procedures but not the thermal procedure. Estimates of C and N in labile and recalcitrant fractions were not adversely affected by addition reactions, because solvents were independent of C or N. Results indicate that herbaceous biochars may be a source of N fertility while hardwood biochars may immobilize N during the first few years after biochar application to soils.
Development of a web-platform for mining applications

Abstract “Web ground control” (webGC) provides users with instantaneous access to mine design applications anywhere, at any time, through a web browser. Utilizing a web-based multiple-tier architecture, users are able to easily access ground control designs, perform on-demand calculations in the field, as well as facilitate project collaborations across multiple users, devices, and operating systems. Currently, the webGC platform contains five ground control related design applications previously developed and distributed by the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), that is, analysis of roof bolt stability (ARBS), analysis of longwall pillar stability (ALPS), analysis of retreat mining stability (ARMPS), analysis of retreat mining stability–highwall mining (ARMPS-HWM), and analysis of horizontal stress in mining (AHSM). With respect to design decisions made by the webGC development team, the webGC platform will be able to further integrate future mine design applications providing the mining industry with one of a kind umbrella suite of ground control related software available at ones fingertips. The following paper provides a detailed overview on the current state of the webGC platform with discussions ranging from back-end database development and design to the front-end user-platform interface. Based on current progress in platform development as well as beta testing results, the webGC platform is scheduled for release in the fall of 2018.
Defining, Initiating, and Reviewing Sustainability and Resilience Planning

The first chapter of the book is aimed at answering the underlying assumptions and inquiries about sustainability and resilience, and corresponding sustainability and resilience planning, the differences and similarities between the two, and how the topics reshape local governments and communities. In this chapter, exact terms and definition related to sustainability, the history of sustainability and Triple Bottom Line (TBL), Quadruple Bottom Line (QBL), and greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint, climate resilience and preparedness, and sustainability planning are provided. Updated definitions of sustainability and resilience with an all-encompassing review of contemporary sustainability and resilience literature are included. Also, a selective review of successful sustainability plans in various local governments across select communities in the United States is incorporated. An analytical assessment of the definitions of the Triple Bottom Line and the Quadruple Bottom Line and the historical evolution of sustainability are offered.
Purpose, Human, Power & Nature in Akiwowo's Sociology of Knowledge: A Realist Interpretation

The articles examines the nature of purpose, human, and power in Akiwowo's sociology of knowledge. It argues that Akiwowo is making an ontological argument, and, that his sociology of knowledge is best understood against the ontology embedded in his thought. This ontology is at odds with positivism and his ideas are best understood in this context. Working with the ontology embedded in Akiwowo's thought, the article argues that a realist interpretation of Akiwowo's sociology of knowledge sheds light on his thoughts and defends him from critics and charges of fuzziness that have been leveled against him.
1005-LBP: Automation and comparative validation of multiple machine learning techniques for the prediction of HLA serologic specificities: Beyond the neural network

Aim A Neural network (NN) to predict serologic specificity of HLA alleles was first introduced in 2003 by Maiers et al. The procedure involved several manual steps and prediction errors were estimated from an arbitrarily selected single partition of available labeled data. However, these might not reflect the true predictive capability of the model. Our aim was to provide an automated framework for the existing NN, estimate the true prediction accuracy and capability using a cross-validation model and compare with other predictive machine learning techniques. Methods An NN framework was created and validated in the R software suite to predict serologic specificities for HLA-A, B, C, DQB1, DRB1 and DPB1. We established a method to tune NN parameters using a grid technique with leave one out cross validation and compared the prediction accuracy of the NN with a k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) technique. Results A concordance between the manual and automated NN of upwards of 96% was obtained for all loci, measured on an independent unlabelled test dataset. With parameter tuning techniques for the NN we have estimated the average prediction accuracy across all loci to be 86% .We also observed that kNN provided better prediction accuracy of 90% (average). These numbers were slightly lower than the previous NN validation based on a single partition of the data, but still provide acceptable performance for both the NN and kNN. Conclusions Human involvement in NN model selection is both extremely time consuming and prone to errors. An automated framework minimizes the risks of over-training by monitoring variations in errors. Cross-validation techniques are known to provide better generalization error estimates. In this context, our reported error estimates maybe closer to the actual error rates one can achieve with similar models. We also demonstrate kNN outperforms the existing NN. This result should support efforts in finding relationships between alleles and associated serologic specificities.
LRP: A Nucleoid-Associated Protein with Gene Regulatory Functions

The Escherichia coli Leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) is a nucleoid-associated protein involved in the transcriptional regulation of 10% of all E. coli genes. The structural and biochemical properties of Lrp suggest roles in both the organization of the bacterial chromosome as well as transcriptional regulation. Lrp adopts higher order oligomerization states and shows low sequence specificity, similar to other nucleoid-associated proteins. However, Lrp transcriptionally regulates several E. coli genes, including those involved in metabolic pathways and those involved in virulence. As its name suggests, leucine affects the ability of Lrp to bind certain sequences and regulate certain genes yet many Lrp-regulated genes are not affected by the presence of leucine.
Assessing the Information Content of Microarray Time Series

While the rise of microarrays has heralded a new era in molecular biology with its ability to measure the expression level of thousands of genes at once, the usefulness of microarrays is exigent upon the ability to obtain accurate gene expression data for the individual genes (Bowtell, 1999; Brown & Botstein, 1999; Cheung, Morley, Aguilar, Massimi, Kucherlapati, & Childs, 1999). However, there has been significant criticism as to how meaningful the information derived via microarrays is. In cases where one has attempted to find genes that correlated to types of cancer or survival rate, it was found that different analysis techniques would often times yield radically different set of genes, calling into question the validity of the overall experiment itself (Dupuy & Simon, 2007). It is our contention that part of the problem associated with microarrays is that there does not exist a coherent method for dealing with data quality, and if a coherent method for dealing with data quality existed, many of the criticisms of microarrays could be addressed.
Utilizing the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework to Understand Quality Variation in Mixed Economies for Toll Goods: The Importance of Governance Structures

This paper utilizes the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework to analyze the delivery of toll goods with post-experience information asymmetry to argue for the adoption of governance structure as the classification criterion rather than sector. Toll goods are goods for which it is possible to exclude people from using the good but the good is consumed jointly with others. This paper focuses particularly on toll goods with post-experience information asymmetry, such as child care and nursing home care, for which quality is difficult to monitor even after the service has been received. The main focus of the paper is to advance our understanding of mixed economies of for-profit, nonprofit, and public providers that emerge in the market for toll goods. Research to date uses sector as the distinguishing criterion to group providers for analysis; however, I argue that governance structure provides a superior criterion precisely because it captures the subsector variation in decision-making that ultimately impacts the quality of services delivered.
Assessing Outsourcing Strategy on Quality and Performanceof US Long-term Healthcare

US healthcare executives face the continual challenge of reducing costs while maintaining quality patient care in an environment of continuous change. As such, outsourcing has become one of the strategic tools healthcare organizations use to control costs without adversely affecting patient care. This study uses transaction cost economic theory to argue that contractual relationships among firms arise from efficiency-seeking actions. This research reveals that a well-developed outsourcing strategy reduces operational costs and improves the quality of long-term care facilities. Furthermore, the results show that healthcare facilities can increase financial performance by building trust and relationships with outsourcing vendors.
Durability and Decay of Treatment Benefit of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: 12-Month Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND:There is a need for safe and effective IBS treatments that provide immediate and sustained improvement of IBS symptoms, particularly among more severe patients. The aim was to assess long-term clinical response of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with reference to IBS education.METHODS:
Three-Year Itch: Communicating Information to Minimize Faculty Anxiety During College and University Presidential Transition

AbstractThrough a mixed methodology study of college and university faculty and presidents’ perceptions as they experience presidential change in Christian higher education, researchers addressed t...
Mobile News Processing: University Students’ Reactions to Inclusion/Exclusion-Related News

This paper presents the results of a diary study involving 49 university students reporting how they consume and react to news via their mobile phones. In their diary entries, participants used 23 pairs of semantic differential scales to express their reactions. Out of 265 political and society news items submitted, 68 were inclusion/exclusion-related news. The most frequent categories of inclusion/exclusion news were related to “ethnicity/race,” “gender/sexual orientation,” and “religion,” and these three groups of news items counted for over 85% of all inclusion/exclusion related news that were submitted. Significant differences were found in participants’ choices of semantic adjectives between inclusion news and exclusion news, as well as between inclusion/exclusion news and general news. Findings provide an insightful understanding of the interests, value judgment, and emotional attachments of university students in the US to inclusion/exclusion and to general news.
Shadow poles in the alternative parametrization of R-matrix theory

As a trilogy, this first paper along with the authors' two companion articles introduces alternate approaches to standard $R$-matrix parametrization of nuclear cross sections. The authors present first evidence of so-called shadow poles in $R$-matrix theory for ${}^{134}$Xe. The number and location of shadow poles depends upon how one continues the $R$-matrix operators to complex wave numbers. The authors also establish a new pole parametrization of $R$-matrix cross sections, called the $w\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}w\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d$ $m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e$ $p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}z\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$, which can be Doppler-broadened analytically. This averaging of cross sections over the thermal motion of target atoms is crucial as it ensures the stability of many nuclear reactors; yet, computing it is a major bottleneck. Doppler-broadened windowed multipole cross sections and their uncertainty can be stored and computed with breakthrough performance.
Association Between Folate Metabolites and the Development of Food Allergy in Children.

Background Studies on the association between folate/folic acid exposure and the development of allergic disease have yielded inconsistent results, which may be due, in part, to lack of data distinguishing folate from folic acid exposure. Objective To examine the association between total folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), and unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) concentrations at birth and in early childhood and the development of food sensitization (FS) and food allergy (FA). Methods A nested case control study was performed in the Boston Birth Cohort (BBC). Total folate, 5-MTHF, and UMFA were measured at birth and in early childhood. Based on food-specific IgE (sIgE) levels, diet, and clinical history, children were classified as FS (sIgE ≥0.35 kU/L), FA, or non-FS/FA (controls). Folate concentrations were divided into quartiles, and multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Of a total of 1394 children, 507 children with FS and 78 with FA were identified. Although mean total folate concentrations at birth were lower among those who developed FA (30.2 vs 35.3 nmol/L; P = .02), mean concentrations of the synthetic folic acid derivative, UMFA, were higher (1.7 vs 1.3 nmol/L, P = .001). Higher quartiles of UMFA at birth were associated more strongly with FA (OR 8.50; 95% CI 1.7-42.8; test for trend P = .001). Neither early childhood concentrations of 5-MTHF nor UMFA were associated with the development of FS or FA. Conclusion Among children in the BBC, higher concentrations of UMFA at birth were associated with the development of FA, which may be due to increased exposure to synthetic folic acid in utero or underlying genetic differences in synthetic folic acid metabolism.
When Am I Ever Going to Use Any of This

Most children are bored by school and can see no connection between what they do there and some exciting future pursuit. The reason why elementary schools are so tedious is that they have no real sense of adventure or high purpose. “High purpose” is what all children’s popular movie and literary heroes have in their lives: a sense they are involved in something of world-saving importance. “Adventure” is the exciting path a person takes when realizing high purpose in life. Without these inspiring images of adventure and high purpose, school is simply drudgery. The chapter concludes by exploring a common scenario where a student asks during his math lesson, “When am I ever going to use this?” If the teacher answers this question, she might say, “Don’t you think you’ll need to balance your checkbook someday?” Hidden within this “need-it-for-your-checkbook” answer is an actual vision of the future. The teacher conjures an image of him sitting at his desk balancing his checkbook. These are the images of the future that often lie hidden within many elementary school lessons, but will this image of an adult balancing a checkbook inspire a child?
Documentation of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Screening in Hospitalized Adolescents

OBJECTIVES: To examine the frequency of documented screening for tobacco, alcohol, and drug use in hospitalized adolescents on the pediatric hospitalist service. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years hospitalized at a large urban academic children’s hospital in the Northeast from 2013 to 2015. Only patients admitted directly to the hospitalist service and only the first admission (if multiple occurred) were included. Patients presenting for psychiatric illness, ingestions, or impaired neurologic functioning were excluded. Admission history and physical (H&P) notes were reviewed to identify documented screening for tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. χ2 tests and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare screenings for each substance and assess for associations of patient and encounter characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 443 charts met criteria for inclusion. The majority of adolescents were girls (n = 286; 64.6%), and mean age was 15.6 years (SD: 1.1). The H&P notes included notation of screening for tobacco use in 75.4% (95% CI: 71.1%–79.3%), alcohol use in 56.4% (95% CI: 51.7%–61.1%), and drug use in 37.9% (95% CI: 33.4%–42.6%) of charts. Girls were 1.4 times more likely to have of documented screening for alcohol use than boys. The admission diagnosis category was significantly associated with documentation of alcohol screening. Tobacco and drug screening frequency did not differ on the basis of sex, age, or diagnosis category. CONCLUSIONS: Documentation of substance use screening was not universal in admission H&P notes. These discrepancies suggest a need for improvements in screening protocols and documentation methods.
What's wrong with me?

Netflix's Diagnosis is the best of two new series that create a real-life House – with added crowdsourcing. It's a moving show that sets out to help people find their longed-for diagnoses , says Chelsea Whyte
“Hybrid DAC” Approach to Increasing Dynamic Range and Signal to Noise in IRSP Systems

We propose and show preliminary test results on a system to improve dynamic range and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in an infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (LED) display system by splitting the digital-to-analog conversion between the close-support electronics (CSE) and the read-in integrated-circuit (RIIC).
Spectrum Awareness at the Edge: Modulation Classification using Smartphones

As spectrum becomes crowded and spread over wide ranges, there is a growing need for efficient spectrum management techniques that need minimal, or even better, no human intervention. Identifying and classifying wireless signals of interest through deep learning is a first step, albeit with many practical pitfalls in porting laboratory-tested methods into the field. Towards this aim, this paper proposes using Android smartphones with TensorFlow Lite as an edge computing device that can run GPU-trained deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for modulation classification. Our approach intelligently identifies the SNR region of the signal with high reliability (over 99%) and chooses grouping of modulation labels that can be predicted with high (over 95%) detection probability. We demonstrate that while there are no significant differences between the GPU and smartphone in terms of classification accuracy, the latter takes much less time (down to $\frac{1}{870}{\mathrm {x}}$), memory space ($\frac{1}{3}$ of the original size), and consumes minimal power, which makes our approach ideal for ubiquitous smartphone-based signal classification.
Prenatal tobacco and marijuana co-use: Sex-specific influences on infant cortisol stress response.

Abstract Although tobacco (TOB) and marijuana (MJ) are often co-used in pregnancy, little is known regarding the joint impact of MJ + TOB on offspring development, including the developing neuroendocrine stress system. Further, despite evidence for sex-specific impacts of prenatal exposures in preclinical models, the sex-specific impact of prenatal MJ + TOB exposure on offspring neuroendocrine regulation in humans is also unknown. In the current study, overall and sex-specific influences of MJ + TOB co-use on offspring cortisol regulation were investigated over the first postnatal month. 111 mother-infant pairs from a low-income, racially and ethnically diverse sample participated. Based on Timeline Followback data with biochemical verification, three groups were identified: (1) prenatal MJ + TOB, (2) TOB only, and (3) controls. Baseline cortisol and cortisol stress response were assessed at seven points over the first postnatal month using a handling paradigm in which saliva cortisol was assessed before, during, and following a standard neurobehavioral assessment (NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale). A significant exposure group by offspring sex interaction emerged for baseline cortisol over the first postnatal month (p = .043); MJ + TOB-exposed males showed 35–36% attenuation of baseline cortisol levels vs. unexposed and TOB-exposed males (ps ≤ .003), while no effects of exposure emerged for females. Both MJ + TOB and TOB-exposed infants showed a 22% attenuation of cortisol stress response over the first postnatal month vs. unexposed infants (ps
Conversion of dietary polyunsaturated fats between humans and rodents: A review of allometric scaling models

The purpose of this research was to explore various allometric scaling models for dietary nutrients to improve translational validity between preclinical experimental rodent models and humans, focusing on polyunsaturated fats. Currently, there is no authoritative document that provides standardized guidelines for which dietary designs can be based on to improve translational fidelity between species. This paper reviews the challenges of using a rodent model, the major allometric scaling models, the use of these mathematical models to extrapolate human equivalent doses, and then tests one of these models using data generated in mice, with comparisons of data generated in human clinical trials. Mice were fed diets containing micro- and macronutrient compositions that approximated the US diet based on energy distribution and were then supplemented with increasing levels of various n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids at human equivalent doses. Changes in plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid phospholipid compositions were determined and compared to corresponding data generated in humans. Our findings suggest that basing lipid composition on percent of energy may result in comparable outcomes between mice and humans and that extrapolation of non-energy producing nutrients between species might be done using differences in energy needs (based on food intake).
The Consequences of Defeat: The Quest for Status and Morale in the Aftermath of War:

Studies of the effect of past actions have focused on yielding without a fight. What happens, however, when states fight and lose? This article assesses the effect of defeat on a state’s behavior a...
Effect of change in preoperative depression/anxiety on patient outcomes following lumbar spine surgery.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between positive change in depression or anxiety within three months post-operation and clinically meaningful changes in long-term clinical outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. Methods This study included adults with preoperative diagnosis of depression or anxiety who underwent lumbar spine surgery in the Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) from 2012 to 2018 with either a 12- or 24-month follow-up. Positive change in depression and anxiety was assessed three months after surgery. Clinical outcomes measured included Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score for back pain (BP) and leg pain (LP), Oswestry Disability Index score (ODI) for disability, EuroQol Visual Analog Scale score (EQ-VAS) for health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and North American Spine Surgery (NASS) index score for patient satiaction measured at 12- and 24 months after surgery. Results Of the 9,656 and 1,393 patients who were included in the 12- and 24-month cohort, respectively, 7,277 patients (75.4 %) and 1,089 (78.2 %) experienced a positive change in depression or anxiety within three months after surgery. At both 12- and 24-month follow-up, patients who had positive change in depression or anxiety were more likely to achieve minimal clinically important changes in NRS-BP/LP, ODI, EQ-VAS, and NASS (all p Conclusion Depression and anxiety are important comorbidities to consider in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. Positive change in depression and anxiety are associated with improvements in pain, disability, satisfaction, and overall functioning.
An Integrative Method for Characterizing Marine Habitat Features Associated With Predation: A Case Study on Juvenile Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Characterizing the habitat associated with predation events can inform on predator-prey dynamics. Despite being evaluated extensively in terrestrial systems, quantifying and characterizing the role predation plays in upper trophic marine ecosystems is challenging due to the cryptic nature of pelagic predators and the difficulty of observing predatory behavior. We developed a multi-step method to characterize habitat associated with predation that integrates data from post-mortem pop-up style mortality transmitters, and data from traditional external tracking devices, both of which use the Argos satellite system. In our case study with juvenile Steller sea lions (SSL, Eumetopias jubatus) in the Gulf of Alaska, 20 mortality events were previously described, of which 18 were attributed to predation. The locations of 13 of these at-sea predation events with post-mortem tracking data were estimated, with spatial uncertainty calculated using movement-based approaches of backwards step-length and state-space modeling. We then generated a Mortality Occurrence Probability Distribution (MOPD), resampled points within the MOPD based on isopleth weighting, and extracted habitat variables (i.e. slope, depth, distance to haulout-rookery) associated with these locations. This final dataset represented ‘case’ points (n=115) in terms of predation and was compared to the habitat associated with ‘control’ points (n=1000), locations within juvenile SSL distribution in this region (i.e. population home range), in a resource-selection function (GAM). Predation events were associated with habitats characterized by greater depths and moderate distances from SSL haulouts and rookeries. This information enabled us to generate a risk-map for juvenile SSL in the Gulf of Alaska, spatially representing areas of high predation probability. Our study provides important information about threats to this vulnerable age-class, and establishes a novel approach to characterizing risk in marine ecosystems that can be applied to other management and ecosystem concerns.
Student sensemaking of proofs at various distances: the role of epistemic, rhetorical, and ontological distance in the peer review process

This manuscript focuses on how students make sense of proofs. Participants were students who engaged in peer-review conferences of each other’s attempted proofs in a graduate-level real analysis course for mathematics teachers. Building on the concept of distance from conversational analysis, we distinguish how three types of distance (epistemic, rhetorical, and ontological) between a student and a particular claim influence sensemaking. This article also explores the impact of students’ sensemaking on their perceptions of proof.
Island Power Systems With High Levels of Inverter-Based Resources: Stability and Reliability Challenges

As many island power systems seek to integrate high levels of renewable energy, they face new challenges on top of the existing difficulties of operating an isolated grid. With their drastically declining cost, variable renewables, such as wind and photovoltaics (PVs), are increasingly being integrated into island grids to reduce the use of imported fuels. These deployments of renewable energy are dominated by PV and wind generators, which bring unique challenges of their own. While the integration issues span numerous timescales (from microseconds to many months), this article focuses on reliability and stability challenges on short timescales (microseconds to seconds). In other words, we seek to answer (to the extent that it is currently known) how to ensure the frequency and voltage stability in an island power system with very high instantaneous levels of wind and PVs. And because island power systems are often among the first to reach these very high instantaneous levels of wind and PV generation, we note that they are forging a path for larger interconnected power systems to follow.
“The Talk” and Parenting While Black in America: Centering Race, Resistance, and Refuge:

“The Talk” refers to a specific type of racial socialization message that many Black parents have with their children about how to safely conduct themselves when interacting with police officers an...
Radiant Temperature Nulling Radiometer and Polarization Enhanced Thermal Radiometer

The two radiometers profiled in this viegraph presentation, the Radiant Temperature Nulling Radiometer and the Polarization Enhanced Thermal Radiometer, were developed for the calibration of remote sensing equipment. This presentation profiles the theory and components of each type of radiometer.
Capillaries and the Nobel Prize (1916–1922)

Krogh’s interest in capillaries was a natural consequence of his interest in oxygen and metabolism. Essential for energy production, oxygen must reach all living cells. He knew that it diffuses across the lung epithelium and becomes bound to hemoglobin in the blood in the lung capillaries. The oxygen-saturated blood reaches the organs and muscles via the capillaries, which branch out among all cells. As Bohr, Hasselbalch, and Krogh had shown, addition of CO2 to blood lowers hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, thus releasing oxygen to the cells where CO2 is produced. While he was pretty sure that oxygen reaches the cells by diffusion from the capillaries, he did not know how this process could be regulated so as to adequately meet the demand of muscles during heavy work as well as at rest.
Test variability of emission and fuel economy measurements using the 1975 Federal Test Procedure

Several sets of repetitive test data using the 1975 Federal Test Procedure ('75 FTP) have been analyzed to establish the variability of each component measured during each phase of the test. The variability characteristics of four different emission control systems have been discussed and compared. The over variabilities of the '75 FTP composite values have been assessed at plus-minus 6% for hydrocarbons and CO, plus-minus 3% for NOX, and plus-minus 1% for CO2. The extremely repeatable behavior of the CO2 emissions is utilized to calculate the fuel economy during the test. This calculation is discussed and some fuel economy results from repetitive tests are presented.
Optimum temperature gradients in tubular reactors—II: Numerical study☆

In this paper extensive numerical calculations for the schematic reaction system A → B → C are described in which the successive reactions may be of either first or second orders or both. From these computations the optimum temperature profiles and maximum yield of B for a given process time may be determined if complete data on the kinetics of the reaction are available. This work is a continuation of a previous paper.
Increasing Health Club Attendance Through Self-Prophecy

Prior research has shown that asking people to anonymously predict whether they will perform a socially desirable behavior increases their probability of performing the action (Sherman, 1980). This article extends the empirical base of the phenomenon in a consumer service context demonstrating that an anonymous prediction request can increase likelihood of performing a socially desirable real-world behavior (working out at a health club). The effect was also observed for the first time over an extended time period (six months). The article concludes with tentative theory-relevant generalizations regarding the phenomenon and directions for further research.