cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSION ON THE PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF THIN FILMS

The equations governing time dependent and steady state photoconductivity are solved analytically for some approximations and numerically in exact form. The diffusion terms are shown to be important especially in thin films and some data of Farmer and Lee on photoconductivity in MOS structures is reinterpreted with losses due to diffusion to the contacts included.
Renal Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids

The sections in this article are: 1 Biochemistry 1.1 Eicosanoid Synthesis 1.2 Eicosanoid Degradation 1.3 Lipoxygenase and Epoxygenase Derivatives of Arachidonic Acid 1.4 Sites of Renal Eicosanoid Synthesis 1.5 Mechanism of Peptide Hormone Stimulation of Eicosanoid Synthesis 1.6 Eicosanoid Receptors and Mechanism of Action of Eicosanoids 1.7 Prostaglandin Excretion and Secretion 2 Influence of Prostaglandins on Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate 2.1 Administration of Prostaglandins and Their Precursors 2.2 Influence of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration 2.3 Role of Prostaglandins in Renal Autoregulation and Tubuloglomerular Feedback 2.4 Hormonal Stimulation of Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis 2.5 Peptide Hormones and Prostaglandin Interactions in the Control of Renal Blood Flow 2.6 Some Conditions in Which Prostaglandins Exert an Important Vasodilatory Action 2.7 Summary: Prostaglandins and Renal Hemodynamics 3 Prostaglandins and Renal Water Excretion 3.1 Capacity of Renal Prostaglandins to Modulate Water Excretion in the Presence of Vasopressin 3.2 Capacity of Renal Prostaglandins to Modulate Water Excretion When Vasopressin Is Absent or Severely Reduced 3.3 Vasopressin and Vasopressin Analogs Stimulate Prostaglandin Synthesis in the Kidney 3.4 Mechanisms by Which Prostaglandins Modulate Renal Water Excretion 3.5 Prostaglandin Antagonism of AVP-Stimulated Water Flow: A Physiologic Phenomenon Mediated through the cyclic-AMP System? 3.6 Summary: Prostaglandins and Renal Water Excretion 4 Staglandins and Sodium Excretion 4.1 Influence of Prostaglandins and Arachidonic Acid on Renal Sodium Excretion 4.2 Cyclooxygenase Inhibition and Renal Sodium Excretion 4.3 Effect of Sodium Intake on Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis and Excretion 4.4 Nephron Sites Where Prostaglandins Oppose Sodium Absorption 4.5 Summary: Prostaglandins and Sodium Excretion 5 Contribution of Prostaglandins to the Renal Release of Renin 5.1 Effects of Exogenous Prostaglandins and Arachidonic Acid on Renal Renin Release 5.2 Influence of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on Renal Renin Release 5.3 Renin Release by the β-Adrenergic, Renal Baroreceptor, and Macula Densa Mechanisms: Role of Prostaglandins 5.4 Summary: Prostaglandins and Renin Release 6 Prostaglandins as Mediators of Erythropoietin Release 7 Effect of Prostaglandins on Tubular Transport of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium, and on Renal Ammoniagenesis 7.1 Calcium 7.2 Phosphate 7.3 Magnesium 7.4 Renal Ammoniagenesis
Probabilistic classification and clustering in relational data

Supervised and unsupervised learning methods have traditionally focused on data consisting of independent instances of a single type. However, many real-world domains are best described by relational models in which instances of multiple types are related to each other in complex ways. For example, in a scientific paper domain, papers are related to each other via citation, and are also related to their authors. In this case, the label of one entity (e.g., the topic of the paper) is often correlated with the labels of related entities. We propose a general class of models for classification and clustering in relational domains that capture probabilistic dependencies between related instances. We show how to learn such models efficiently from data. We present empirical results on two real world data sets. Our experiments in a transductive classification setting indicate that accuracy can be significantly improved by modeling relational dependencies. Our algorithm automatically induces a very natural behavior, where our knowledge about one instance helps us classify related ones, which in turn help us classify others. In an unsupervised setting, our models produced coherent clusters with a very natural interpretation, even for instance types that do not have any attributes.
Book Review: Studies of Everyday Literacy Practices and Case-Study Methodology

Everyday Literacies is a research study describing the varied literacy practices of four adolescents in Brisbane, Australia during 1994, but it also outlines a theory of literacy and a research methodology that the author, Michele Knobel, believes can help illuminate people's everyday literacy practices. Knobel's research for Everyday Literacies was historically situated alongside a movement to set national academic literacy standards in Australia. Standards setting, Knobel argues, generally involves discussion about what students should know, while ignoring or devaluing the knowledge and understanding they bring with them to the classroom. In an attempt to understand both the range of literacy practices in which young people engage in their everyday lives and how those practices intersect with the
Support varieties for infinitesimal group schemes

The representation theory of a connected smooth affine group scheme over a field k of characteristic p > 0 is faithfully captured by that of its family of Frobenius kernels. Such FRobenius kernels are examples of infinitesimal group schemes, affine group schemes G whose coordinate (Hopf) algebra k[G] is a finite-dimensional local k-algebra. This paper presents a study of the cohomology algebra H* (G, k) of an arbitrary infinitesimal group scheme over k. We provide a geometric determination of the "cohomological support variety" CGl _ Spec H" (G, k) analogous to that given by D. Quillen for the cohomology of finite groups [Q]. We further study finite-dimensional rational G-modules M for arbitrary infinitesimal group schemes G over k. In a manner initiated by J. Alperin and L. Evens [A-E] and J. Carlson [CI] for finite groups, we consider the variety IGIM c IGI of the ideal IM = ker{Hev(G,k) -* Ext*(M,M)} and provide a geometric description of this variety which is analogous to that given by G. Avrunin and L. Scott for finite-dimensional modules for finite groups [A-S]. This paper is a continuation of our recent work establishing the finite generation of H* (G, k) [F-S] and investigating the infinitesimal 1-parameter subgroups of G [S-F-B]. Earlier work of E. Friedlander and B. Parshall [FP1], [FP2], [FP3], [FP4] and J. Jantzen [JI] concerning the cohomology of restricted Lie algebras are forerunners of the results presented here: finite-dimensional restricted Lie algebras are in 1-1 correspondence with infinitesimal group schemes of height < 1. Our main theorems (Theorems 5.2 and 6.7 below) when restricted to infinitesimal group schemes of height < 1 significantly strengthen previously known cohomological information for restricted Lie algebras. An interesting aspect of our work is the extent to which infinitesimal 1-parameter subgroups v : G?a(r) G for infinitesimal group schemes G of height < r play the role of elementary abelian p-subgroups (and their generalizations, shifted subgroups) for finite groups. Indeed, much of our effort is dedicated to proving that cohomology classes are detected (modulo nilpotence) by such 1-parameter subgroups. This is first done in ?2 for unipotent infinitesimal group schemes, using an induction argument made possible by a structure theorem presented in ?1. This structure theorem is the analogue in our context of a theorem of J.-P. Serre characterizing elementary abelian p-groups [S].
LINT CLEANING EFFECT ON SEED-COAT FRAGMENT SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN COTTON

The effect of saw-cylinder lint cleaning at gins on the number, weight, and size of seed-coat fragments in cotton was studied in a three-year investigation. The experimental treatments included zero, one, two, and three stages of lint cleaning. Fragments were sized in ten categories ranging from those with a maximum physical length shorter than 0.4 mm (1/64 in.) to those greater than 6.4 mm (1/4 in.). The study showed that lint cleaning has little effect on the number of fragments in the lint, although it shifts their size distribution toward the smaller fragments. The first and second lint cleaner stages both significantly reduce the weight of fragments present, but more than two lint cleaners are not recommended because of fiber breakage and lint loss attributed to the additional cleaning.
Modeling mammography examinations

The modeling of diagnostic examinations reduces the sample size needed to acquire statistical power. This paper compares the models of ROC analysis, channel models of diagnostic examinations, and uncertainty measures in modeling mammography examinations. The cited models are applied to screening mammography. The result of the use of these models is that less data is required for achieving the chosen levels of statistical power. Thee models are able to manage the large number of variables involved in comparing diagnostic examinations.
A Cross-Layer Framework for Designing and Optimizing Deeply-Scaled FinFET-Based Cache Memories

This paper presents a cross-layer framework in order to design and optimize energy-efficient cache memories made of deeply-scaled FinFET devices. The proposed design framework spans device, circuit and architecture levels and considers both super- and near-threshold modes of operation. Initially, at the device-level, seven FinFET devices on a 7-nm process technology are designed in which only one geometry-related parameter (e.g., fin width, gate length, gate underlap) is changed per device. Next, at the circuit-level, standard 6T and 8T SRAM cells made of these 7-nm FinFET devices are characterized and compared in terms of static noise margin, access latency, leakage power consumption, etc. Finally, cache memories with all different combinations of devices and SRAM cells are evaluated at the architecture-level using a modified version of the CACTI tool with FinFET support and other considerations for deeply-scaled technologies. Using this design framework, it is observed that L1 cache memory made of longer channel FinFET devices operating at the near-threshold regime achieves the minimum energy operation point.
Discriminative stimulus effects of prototype opiate receptor agonists in monkeys.

Abstract This study was performed to clarify the apparent differences in the cellular substrates mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine and cyclazocine. Squirrel monkeys trained to discriminative between i.m. injections of saline and either morphine (3.0 mg/kg) or cyclazocine (0.1 mg/kg) in a two-choice avoidance paradigm were tested for stimulus generalization to ethylketocyclazocine and SKF 10,047, proposed agonists of receptors mediating the effects of cyclazocine. Both drugs completely mimicked the stimulus effects of cyclazone but not those of morphine. Naltrexone (0.3 mg/kg) produced a 3-fold shift to the right of the clyclazocine dose-response curve but did not completely block the cyclazocine-like stimulus effects of either SKF 10,047 or ethylketocyclazocine. SKF 10, 047 was a competitive antagonist at the receptors mediating the stimulus effects of morphine. These data are consistent with a multiple opiate receptor model, and provide further evidence that the stimulus effects of morphine and cyclazocine are subserved by different cellular substrates.
Wear of conventional pearlitic and improved bainitic rail steels

Abstract A major objective in the development of new rail materials is improving their wear performance. Historically, the main method to accomplish this goal was to manufacture rail steels with higher hardness. However, there is a limit to the hardness that can be achieved with conventional pearlitic rail steels. As a result, there has been an increased focus on improving rail steel hardness with alternative microstructures, such as bainitic microstructure, which indeed can achieve higher hardness than conventional pearlitic rail steels. Unexpectedly, the newly developed harder bainitic rails exhibited worst wear performance than conventional pearlitic rails when tested in actual rail track trials. In the first part of this paper, we obtained bainitic and pearlitic rail steel samples that were tested in an actual wheel/rail track. Using these samples, detailed micro-Vickers and Rockwell C hardness measurements at different length scales were conducted to investigate the cause of their wear behavior, namely the fact that softer pearlitic steels exhibited better wear performance than the harder bainitic steels. It was found that the initially softer pearlitic rail steel was work hardened more than the initially harder bainitic rail steel as in-service stresses accumulated on the rails, and thus the better wear performance. The second part of the paper describes pure sliding laboratory experiments that were performed using both pearlitic and bainitic samples. These simpler laboratory experiments, confirmed that indeed pearlitic steel work hardens more with tribological contact testing and exhibits less wear compared to J6 bainitic steel, supporting the rail track findings. It is therefore important to consider the in-service work microhardening behavior of rail steels as the initial hardness cannot reliably predict rail wear and rail life.
Comparative OH radical oxidation using UV-Cl2 and UV-H2O2 processes

Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are a direct photolysis product of both aqueous free chlorine and hydrogen peroxide under UV irradiation. The photooxidation rates of an OH-radical probe compound, nitrobenzene, were compared in aqueous solutions of free chlorine, and H 2 O 2 , exposed to monochromatic UV irradiation (254 nm). Acidic ( 2 (pH 7) 2 O 2 2 (pH 6) 2 (pH 5). However, water quality had a significant impact; background photon and radical scavengers led to reduced rates of nitrobenzene decay in natural waters. Analysis of the necessary energy input required to achieve 90% nitrobenzene degradation showed UV-Cl 2 at pH 5 to be the most efficient oxidation process whereas at neutral pH, process efficiency was a function of the initial concentration of the oxidant; at 0.05 or 0.06 mM initial oxidant, UV-Cl 2 was the most efficient oxidation process, while at >0.15 mM initial oxidant, UV-H 2 O 2 was most efficient.
On the Sex Ratio of the Painted Ghost Crab Ocypode Gaudichaudii H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1843 (Brachyura, Ocypodidae)

The sex ratio of the painted ghost crab Ocypode gaudichaudii is 1 : 1. When sampled in different areas of the intertidal zone, the number of males and females varied according to differences in their spatial patterns of behaviour. Male crabs that remained in the burrow area, i.e., the upper third of the beach, at low tide outnumbered females 2 : 1. Large sexually mature males were more abundant in the upper third of the beach in the burrow area than near the low-tide mark. Equal numbers of males and females foraged away from the burrow area at the waters edge. Twice as many females were captured away from the burrow area than in it. Previous reports of skewed sex ratios may have resulted from sampling bias introduced by the different behaviours of each sex.
Daily rhythm of S32 incorporation into epiphyseal cartilage in mice

Nous avons administre du soufre radioactif par voie i.p. a des souris, chaque groupe recevant l'injection a un moment different de la journee (intervalle de 3 h entre les injections a 2 groupes successifs). L'analyse microdensitometrique d'autoradiographies du traceur dans les cartilages de conjugaison (femurs, tibias) 24 h apres l'injection a demontre que la retention etait la plus grande chez les souris qui avaient recu l'injection entre 15 et 18 h.
Formation of partially trimethylsilylated derivatives of carbohydrates. The trimethylsilyl tris-o-trimethylsilyl-d-glucopyranosides and tetrakis-o-trimethylsilyl-d-glucose

When mixtures of the α and β anomers of benzyl d-glucopyranoside, and of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-O-benzyl-d-glucose were treated with hexamethyldisilazane, the tetrakis-O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of the benzyl glycosides and the tris-O-trimethylsilyl ethers of the trimethylsilyl glycosides were obtained (anomeric mixtures). On hydrogenolysis of the trimethylsilyl 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-O-benzyl-tris-O-trimethylsilyl glycosides, the α- and β-anomers of the trimethylsilyl tris-O-trimethylsilyl-d-glucosides having the following substitution patterns were obtained, respectively: 3,4,6; 2,4,6; 2,3,6; and 2,3,4. The anomers were separated by gas-liquid chromatography. Hydrogenolysis of benzyl tetrakis-O-trimethylsilyl-α,β-d-glucopyranoside gave mainly a mixture of trimethylsilyl tetrakis-O-trimethylsilyl-α- and β-d-glucosides. Direct trimethylsilylation of α- and β-d-glucose with limiting amounts of trimethylsilyl donor [hexamethyldisilazane or N-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide] yielded complex mixtures of partially trimethylsilylated derivatives. The composition of such mixtures has been determined by g.l.c. The major components were the trimethylsilyl tetrakis-O-trimethylsilyl and the 2,3,6- and 2,4,6-tris-O-trimethylsilyl-d-glucosides.
Modeling Plan-Related Clinical Complications Using Machine Learning Tools in a Multiplan IMRT Framework

Purpose To predict organ-at-risk (OAR) complications as a function of dose–volume (DV) constraint settings without explicit plan computation in a multiplan intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) framework. Methods and Materials Several plans were generated by varying the DV constraints (input features) on the OARs (multiplan framework), and the DV levels achieved by the OARs in the plans (plan properties) were modeled as a function of the imposed DV constraint settings. OAR complications were then predicted for each of the plans by using the imposed DV constraints alone (features) or in combination with modeled DV levels (plan properties) as input to machine learning (ML) algorithms. These ML approaches were used to model two OAR complications after head-and-neck and prostate IMRT: xerostomia, and Grade 2 rectal bleeding. Two-fold cross-validation was used for model verification and mean errors are reported. Results Errors for modeling the achieved DV values as a function of constraint settings were 0–6%. In the head-and-neck case, the mean absolute prediction error of the saliva flow rate normalized to the pretreatment saliva flow rate was 0.42% with a 95% confidence interval of (0.41–0.43%). In the prostate case, an average prediction accuracy of 97.04% with a 95% confidence interval of (96.67–97.41%) was achieved for Grade 2 rectal bleeding complications. Conclusions ML can be used for predicting OAR complications during treatment planning allowing for alternative DV constraint settings to be assessed within the planning framework.
Frontal glands and frontal sensory structures in the Macrostomida (Turbellaria)

The ultrastructure of the frontal gland complex of six species of Macrostomida is investigated. In all species it comprises an array of discretely emerging gland necks of at least two gland types, including one with rhammite secretion granules and one with rhahdite granules. Moreover, mucous glands and glands containing other secretion granules are found in Microstomum sp. No intermeditate form which would allow bridging of the present lack of ultrastructural, histochemical and positional similarities between the Macrostomida and the Acoela is found in the examined species. Therefore, the probability of homology between the frontal organs of the Acoela and the frontal glands of the Macrostomida remains low. Even though two or three tyes of sensory receptors are found distributed over the anterior end of all examined species, the frontal gland complex does not appear to be sensory. Because of the uniformity in frontal gland ultrastructure. relationships within the Macrostomida based on this character alone cannot be detected.
Does Infantile Esotropia Arise From a Dissociated Deviation

Tonus refers to the effects of baseline innervation on musculature in the awake, alert state.(1) Since the normal anatomical resting position of the eyes is one of exodeviation, extraocular muscle tonus plays a vital physiologic role in establishing ocular alignment. Under normal conditions, binocular esotonus is superimposed on the baseline anatomical position of rest to maintain approximate ocular alignment, save for a minimal exophoria that is easily overcome by active convergence. When binocular visual input is preempted early in life, monocular fixation may give rise to a larger dissociated esotonus that gradually drives the 2 eyes into a "convergent" position, resulting in infantile esotropia.(2).
Mechanical effectiveness of lateral foot wedging in medial knee osteoarthritis after 1 year of wear

The use of lateral foot wedging in the management of medial knee osteoarthritis is under scrutiny. Interestingly, there have been minimal efforts to evaluate biomechanical effectiveness with long-term use. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate dynamic knee loading (assessed using the knee adduction moment) and other secondary gait parameters in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis wearing lateral foot wedging at a baseline visit and after 1 year of wear. Three-dimensional gait data were captured in an intervention group of 19 patients with symptomatic medial knee osteoarthritis wearing their prescribed laterally wedged foot orthoses at 0 and 12 months. Wedge amounts were prescribed based on symptom response to a step-down test. A control group of 19 patients wearing prescribed neutral orthoses were also captured at 0 and 12 months. The gait of the intervention group wearing neutral orthoses was additionally captured. Walking speed and shoes were controlled. Analyses of variance were conducted to examine for group-by-time (between the groups in their prescribed orthoses) and condition-by-time (within the intervention group) interactions, main effects, and simple effects. We observed increased knee adduction moments and frontal plane motion over time in the control group but not the intervention group. Further, within the intervention group, the mechanical effectiveness of the lateral wedging did not decrease. In patients with medial knee osteoarthritis, the effects of lateral foot wedging on pathomechanics associated with medial knee osteoarthritis were favorable and sustained over time. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 659–664, 2013
Process Development and Die Shear Testing in MOEMS Packaging

Micro-Opto-electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS), which are MEMS integrated with photonics, share the traditional challenges of MEMS packaging with the additional issues of optical interconnects and optical surface contamination. Optoelectronic systems require signals through a package using fiber-optics, coaxial or other interconnection approaches. Precise optical component alignment and accurate thermal management is critical to achieve component and system performance capabilities. As the requirements for higher signal speeds and higher data rates grow, and as operating frequencies move to the higher GHz regions and beyond, the choice of packaging technology becomes critical. Optical MEMS packages not only have to provide electrical connections but also support high precision optics and mechanics, vital for operation of optical MEMS devices. Analogous to MEMS, packaging is also a critical path in reliability and cost of MOEMS devices. One of the commonly observed failures is the de-lamination between the chip (die) and the die attach. The focus of this paper is the development of a reliable fluxless die attachment process suitable for MOEMS assemblies with long operational life time. The reliability assessment was carried out at the Texas Microfactory™ at UT Arlington according to the MIL-STD-883F for die shear reliability.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The effects of solids density and void fraction on the bubble rise velocity in a liquid-solid fluidized bed

Abstract The effects of solids density and void fraction on the bubble rise velocity of distorted spherical and circular-cap bubbles in two- and three-dimensional liquid-solid fluidized beds have been examined. Specific gravities of the solid phase ranged from 1.02 to 2.50, and the equivalent bubble diameter varied from 0.07 to 2.0 cm. Bubble rise velocities were found to decrease with increasing solids fraction and density and to increase with bubble size. The reduction in the bubble rise velocity due to the presence of the solid phase was semi-empirically modeled for bubble diameters greater than 0.20 cm using a virial expansion in the solids fraction. Smaller bubbles seemed to be influenced by local liquid flow patterns. The bubble rise velocity model was found to fit experimental results and literature values for solids fractions up to 0.43.
Family violence: A challenge for behavior therapists

The field of family violence poses a challenge for professionals at the levels of both research and practice. Fundamental to this challenge is clarity regarding the nature and labeling of phenomena, where we seek to find the phenomena and how we view them, the role of gender and of context in understanding the phenomena, and the integration of work on family violence into broader literatures on basic psychological processes. The present article discusses each of these issues in turn.
How do friendship, indirect, and direct aggression relate?

Most studies that report males as more aggressive than females have examined only direct aggression. However, recent research has shown that females may be more indirectly aggressive than males. Lagerspetz et al. [1988: Aggressive Behavior 14:403-414] have suggested that this gender difference in indirect aggression may arise because females have more dense networks than males, providing them with more opportunities for using indirect aggression. The present study examined the relationship between network density and aggression by administering self-report measures of each variable to 148 undergraduates. Males with high-density networks reported more indirect than direct aggression, and less direct aggression than males with low-density networks. Use of direct and indirect aggression by females was not related to network density. Explanations consider possible inhibitory and facilitating effects of network density.
Alarm in a wasp-wasp nesting association: Do members signal cross-specifically?

We studied interspecific alarm communication between two species of social wasps in a nesting association in northwestern Costa Rica by testing the alarm responses ofPolybia occidentalis andMischocyttarus immarginatus to venom of both species. This is the first investigation of alarm pheromone in the genusMischocyttarus. M. immarginatus did not respond with alarm behavior to the venom of either species.P. occidentalis, which responds to its own venom with alarm behavior (Jeanne, 1981), also responded with alarm behavior to the venom ofM. immarginatus, but with much less intensity. Since heterospecific venoms did not release species-typical levels of alarm behavior, we conclude that interspecific alarm signalling plays no role in the nesting association.
Pathological Review of Turbinate Tissue from Functional Nasal Surgery Incurring Costs without Adding Quality

ObjectiveInferior turbinate surgery for nasal obstruction can be performed in a variety of ways. Only a few of these methods produce tissue that can be sent for pathologic analysis. According to the College of American Pathologists, turbinate tissues are not exempt from requisite pathologic evaluation. Our objectives were to evaluate the clinical value and cost implications of routine pathological examination of turbinate specimens.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary care medical center.Subjects and MethodsCharts of patients who underwent an inferior turbinate procedure for nasal obstruction between January 2008 and August 2011 were reviewed.ResultsThirteen hundred consecutive cases from 17 surgeons were identified. Among these patients, 223 (17%) underwent an isolated turbinate reduction procedure and 779 (59%) underwent a reduction procedure in conjunction with a septoplasty. The remaining patients had a turbinate procedure in addition to another head and neck procedure. O...
Diel and density-related changes in food consumption and prey selection by brook charr in a New Hampshire stream

We report the results of a field study testing influences of both density and changes over the diel cycle on food consumption and prey selection by brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis. Charr density in replicate 35 m long sections of a New Hampshire stream was adjusted to either medium or high levels (relative to natural densities). Diets of charr and the availability of drifting prey were then sampled every four hours for 24 hours. There were no significant diel changes in the weight of prey consumed by charr per four hours, though there was some indication of reduced feeding at night. Chary fed selectively on different prey taxa, showing most preference for cased caddis larvae. Several species of mayflies and stoneflies were selected more strongly during the day than at night. Charr fed selectively on larger prey during the daytime but showed no size-selection at night. The density of charr had no significant effects on either their rate of food consumption or on selection for prey of different taxa or sizes.
The micromechanics of fatigue-induced delamination of a graphite/epoxy composite

Fatigue crack growth in the resin layer between 0 and 90 plies of an AS/3501-5A graphite fibre/epoxy composite is discontinuous. Regularly spaced extensions of the crack front occur after periods of arrest. Crack compliance and tip strain fields have been measured to determine how the local minimum (K min l) and maximum (K max l) crack tip stress intensities affect growth. Contact of the fracture surfaces and swelling of the 90° ply modify these local stress intensities by an amount sensitive to load ratio (R), and the resulting propagation rate depends strongly onR. A model capable of describing thisR effect relates the distance of each individual crack advance to Kmax l and the duration of each arrest toK mnax l -K min l, i.e., to ΔK eff. We discuss the genesis of this model, and its explanation of the large Paris law coefficient which results if growth rates are instead expressed against the applied cyclic stress intensity.
An Alternate Pathway for CD4 T Cell Development: Thymocyte-Expressed MHC Class II Selects a Distinct T Cell Population

Conventional understanding of CD4 T cell development is that the MHC class II molecules on cortical thymic epithelial cell are necessary for positive selection, as demonstrated in mouse models. Clinical data, however, show that hematopoietic stem cells reconstitute CD4 T cells in patients devoid of MHC class II. Additionally, CD4 T cells generated from human stem cells in immunocompromised mice were restricted to human, but not mouse, MHC class II. These studies suggest an alternative pathway for CD4 T cell development that does not normally exist in mice. MHC class II is expressed on developing human thymocytes, indicating a possible role of MHC II on thymocytes for CD4 T cell generation. Therefore, we created mice in which MHC class II is expressed only on T lineage cells. Remarkably, the CD4 compartment in such mice is efficiently reconstituted with unique specificity, demonstrating a novel thymocyte-driven pathway of CD4 T cell selection.
Role of intrarenal biotransformation in chloroform-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Various ketonic agents potentiate the hepatic and renal toxicity of halogenated solvents in mice and rats. Characteristics of CHCl3 nephrotoxicity and of 2-hexanone potentiation were evaluated in adult male Fischer 344 rats pretreated with vehicle (oil, 10 ml/kg, po) or 2-hexanone (10 mmol/kg, po) 18 hr prior to CHCl3 exposure. In contrast to the liver, little metabolism of 14CHCl3 by renal cortical microsomes from vehicle- or 2-hexanone-pretreated rats was detected. However, CHCl3 produced a concentration-related dysfunction when added to renal cortical slices from Fischer 344 or Sprague-Dawley rats. The degree of CHCl3 toxicity in vitro was not altered when renal cortical slices were preincubated with CHCl3 (8.5 μl) under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. In renal cortical slices, deuterated-CHCl3 was less toxic than CHCl3. Although 2-hexanone pretreatment increased renal slice metabolism of 14CHCl3 twofold, this increase was not associated with an increase in nephrotoxicity after direct exposure of slices to CHCl3 (0 to 10 μl) in vitro. CHCl3 (0.5 ml/kg, ip) did not alter renal cortical glutathione concentrations in vehicle or 2-hexanone pretreated rats. The association of 14CHCl3-derived radiolabel was increased over control by 2-hexanone pretreatment in protein, lipid, and acid soluble fractions from the renal cortex by approximately two-, two-, and fivefold, respectively. In conclusion, renal cytochrome P-450 did not appear to mediate CHCl3 metabolism and nephrotoxicity in the rat to the extent observed previously in mice. 2-Hexanone appeared to potentiate nephrotoxicity by a mechanism different than that observed in rat liver.
D1- and D2 dopaminergic receptors in the developing cerebral cortex of macaque monkey: A film autoradiographic study

Abstract Film autoradiography was used to study the distribution of D 1 - and D 2 -dopaminergic receptors in the prefrontal association, somatosensory, primary motor and visual regions in the developing cerebral cortex of macaque monkeys. D 1 receptors were labeled with [ 125 I]SCH23982, while D 2 sites were visualized with [ 125 I]epidepride. D 1 - and D 2 -dopaminergic sites are already present in all cortical areas at embryonic day 73, the earliest age observed in this study. In contrast to the adult cortex, where D 1 and D 2 receptors have different distributions, during development there are substantial similarities in the laminar patterns of these sites. In particular, both D 1 and D 2 receptors tend to concentrate in the marginal zone and layer V of the developing cortical plate. The autoradiograms also show a high density of D 1 -dopaminergic sites in the transient ventricular and subventricular zones, where cortical neurons are generated. Although there is a significant rearrangement of the early laminar patterns, the adult distribution of both dopaminergic receptors in most cortical areas is achieved prenatally, soon after all cortical neurons assume their final positions. An early presence in the cerebral wall, a high density in the proliferative zones and fast maturation of the laminar distribution suggests that dopaminergic receptors may be involved in the regulation of cortical development.
Experiments on electron transfer at the membrane-solution interface

The objective of the present work is to establish that electron transfer occurs at a biosurface in contact with an ionic solution. For this purpose, electrical contact between evaporated films of metals and metal oxides and the membrane (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine alone or containing gramicidin) was made by use of a Langmuir-Blodgett trough technique. Three or five layers of lipid were thus formed on the metal substrate (gold, platinum, or tin dioxide); electronic connection was made to the latter but contact to the solution was via the membrane. A solution containing redox ions (p-benzoquinone-hydroquinone system) was used to make an interface with the membrane. Experiments were particularly designed to guard against the possibility that electrons would reach the quinone via unintended contact of the solution with the underlying metal via pinholes in the membrane, and in diffusion through the membrane. Thus, experiments were made with the biolipid alone, and then with the biolipid-gramicide mixture. Behavior of these two systems differed radically in that the biolipid alone showed time dependence in its behavior and after a few minutes behaved as though it presented only a permeable barrier between the ionic solution and the underlying metal (so that electron transfer occurred to the ions in solution from the metal or metal oxide). However, the biolipid-gramicidin behaved radically differently in that electrical currents measured in its presence did not change with time. Underpotential deposition on the biolipid-gramicidin differed from that on the biolipid alone; the latter showed anodic stripping peaks equal to those of the metal substrate, but on the former, the peaks were decisively shifted. Tafel lines for Q+2H++2e→QH2 in the presence of the biolipid membrane at least a few minutes old were essentially the same as on the Au, Pt, and SnO2, respectively, underlying the membrane (hence it is permeable to ions from solution). However, measured Tafel lines for the same reaction and electrode system, except for the fact that gramicidin was mixed with the biolipid, were independent of the age of the membrane and differed from those obtained on the metallic underlay. Hence, electron transfer to the quinone occurs at the gramicidin-solution interface.
How happy have you felt lately? Two diary studies of emotion recall in older and younger adults

The current studies investigated age-related biases in recall of emotion in older and younger adults. In two prospective–retrospective, Internet-based diary studies, older (aged 65 years and older) and younger participants (aged 18 to 37) reported on their affect at the end of every day. Participants then recalled their affect during the diary rating periods. In both studies, recall bias was assessed by comparing retrospective reports to the prospective diary ratings. Older adults tended to overestimate positive affect more than younger adults, who themselves tended to overestimate negative affect more than older adults, relative to diary ratings. Age-related patterns of recall bias are discussed in light of recent literature on the interface between cognition and emotion in ageing, particularly on increased positivity and reduced negativity effects in emotional processing and recall.
The Xenopus Cdc6 Protein Is Essential for the Initiation of a Single Round of DNA Replication in Cell-Free Extracts

Abstract We have cloned a Xenopus Cdc6 homolog (Xcdc6) and characterized its role in DNA replication with Xenopus egg extracts. Immunodepletion of Xcdc6 abolishes chromosomal replication but not elongation on single-stranded DNA templates. Xcdc6 binds to chromatin at the beginning of interphase but disappears from chromatin upon initiation of replication. Immunodepletion studies indicate that binding of Xcdc6 to chromatin requires Xorc2, a component of the origin recognition complex. Moreover, Xmcm3 cannot bind to chromatin lacking Xcdc6, suggesting that Xorc2, Xcdc6, and Xmcm3 associate with the DNA sequentially. In postreplicative nuclei, Xcdc6 is associated with the nuclear envelope. These studies indicate that Xcdc6 is essential for initiation of replication in vertebrates and that interaction with the nuclear envelope may regulate its function.
Mobility Control of Caustic Flood

Displacement tests to date of oil field core with alkaline solutions at reservoir temperature show low tertiary oil recovery. Inadequate mobility control is singled out as the reason for such poor recovery. To test the validity of this reasoning, a laboratory study was undertaken in which a high heat resistant polymer was used as the mobility control agent in a hot alkaline solution recovery technique. A combination of varying concentration and volumes of the polymer solution was injected into the sandpack which was then flooded with hot sodium hydroxide solution. The range of polymer concentration was between 0.0% and 3.0%, while the volume varied between 0.0 pore volume and 1.7 pore volume. It was observed that polymer injection actually did improve recovery substantially and that there is an optimum concentration and slug size of polymer for a particular reservoir. Higher concentrations of pore volumes injected did not improve recovery significantly.
Mobilizing Constituency Pressure to Influence State Education Policy Making

Minnesota case studies on the issue of tax concessions for private school parents provide the basis for an analysis of the political strategy of constituency mobilization and its policy impact. A generalized model is thenpresented, and it is discussed in relationship to the pluralist bargaining description of state education policy making.
Effect of toxic and non-toxic sugars on motility of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) spermatozoa

Die Motilitat der Spermien bei der HonigbieneApis mellifera L. wird in vitro furch die Monosaccharide Glukose, Fruktose und Galaktose, die Dissacharide Maltose, Melibiose und Trehalose, sowie das Trisaccharid Melezitose ausgelost. Mamose Rhamnose und Raffinose hingegen sind unwirksam. Von den wirksamen Zuckern sind Galaktose und Melibiose fur Bienen giftig.
Mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide-induced contraction of rat aorta.

It has been suggested that reactive oxygen species may be involved in the regulation of vascular tone. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present studies were designed to investigate the contractile effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), one of the reactive oxygen species, on isolated ring segments of rat aorta with and without endothelium. H2O2 induced an endothelium-independent contraction in isolated rat aorta ring segments in a concentration-dependent manner at concentrations from 5 x 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-3) M. H2O2-induced contractions of denuded rat aorta rings were stronger than those on intact rat aorta segments. The contractile effects of H2O2 were inhibited completely by 1200 u/ml catalase. The presence of 1.0 microM Fe2+ or 10 microM proadifen, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, potentiated the contractile effect of H2O2 on isolated rat aorta segments. 1 mM deferoxamine (a Fe2+ chelator) or 100 microM dimethyl sulfoxide (a hydroxyl radical scavenger) significantly attenuated the vessel contractions induced by hydrogen peroxide plus Fe2+ or hydrogen peroxide itself. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]0), addition of 5 microM verapamil, administration of a protein kinase C inhibitor (staurosporine), treatment with an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphorylation (genistein) or employment of 5.0 microM indomethacin resulted in a significant attenuation of the contractile responses of the vessels to H2O2. Pharmacological antagonists (e.g. a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (atropine), an antagonist of histamine H1 receptors (diphenhydramine), an antagonist of histamine H2 receptors (cimetidine), an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist (phentolamine), a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (propranolol) and an antagonist of serotonin receptor (methysergide)) did not inhibit or attenuate the contractions induced by H2O2. Exposure of primary aortic smooth muscle cells to H2O2 (5 x 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-3) M) produced significant rises of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) within 20 s. Employment of 1.0 microM Fe2+ markedly enhanced the increment in [Ca2+]i in the smooth muscle cells. 10 microM proadifen treatment failed to alter the hydrogen peroxide-induced increment in [Ca2+]i of the smooth muscle cells. However, the presence of 5 microM indomethacin significantly attenuated the rise in [Ca2+]i in smooth muscle cells. The present results suggest that H2O2 can induce contractions of rat aorta segments, at pathophysiological concentrations, which are Ca2+-dependent. Hydroxyl radicals (.OH), cyclooxygenase products, protein kinase C and products of protein tyrosine phosphorylation appear to play some role in hydrogen peroxide-induced contractions. Metabolites catalyzed by cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide) appear to exert a vasodilator effect on rat aorta segments. Lastly, some unidentified mediators, produced by a cytochrome P450 inhibitor (proadifen), during hydrogen peroxide treatment, appear to play some role in contraction of vascular smooth muscle of rat aorta segments in vitro.
The sentimental logic of Wollstonecraft's prose

(1987). The sentimental logic of Wollstonecraft's prose. Prose Studies: Vol. 10, Women's Prose of the Romantic Period and Related Essays, pp. 143-158.
Comrades in health: U.S. health internationalists, abroad and at home

In 1999 a Socialist Caucus of the American Public Health Association provided the opportunity to dream up this collection. A labour of love, the project demanded the participation of 24 authors and...
Multiple Elastic Scattering in Electron Diffraction by Molecules

Electron diffraction patterns from gas molecules containing heavy atoms can be satisfactorily interpreted in terms of a pseudokinematical theory, in which rigorous atomic scattering amplitudes are used, but the Born approximation is retained for expressing the (molecular) interference between the various atomic contributions. It is shown that the correction brought by the second approximation of the pseudokinematical theory, involving multiple scattering on different atoms, is a smooth function of scattering angle and is therefore unimportant in the study of the oscillating interference term.
New York University proteus project: robust and portable text processing

Our primary goal is the development of robust and portable systems for processing natural language text, particularly for the purposes of extracting information or retrieving passages or documents from a text collection. A major focus has been on automatically or semi-automatically acquiring the syntactic and semantic characteristics of new domains from samples of text.
Composite smart skins for airborne structures

The composite smart skin approach to airborne structures advances the capability of monito ring and controllingforces acting upon the structure. These capabilities include the ability to characterize and control the external boundary layer condition acting upon the structure, control of internal vibrations as causedfromforces acting upon and within the structure and damage localization along the structure. The inclusion of the smart skins, and hence the localization for control, is within the composite air wings of the airborne structure. With the advent of composites as the fabrication material ofchoice in recent airborne structures, newproblems result in the composite structure from forces offlow znd vibration. Additionally, damage within these composites is dfflcult to realize and can potentially lead to criticalfatigue conditions throughout the structure. The smart skin approach offers the potentialfor early warning and control over such problems.